bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894
Authors: Quigley David
Published: June 2008

Congressional enactment of the Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 marked an unprecedented federalization of voting rights. The various election laws aimed to make real the promise of the recently enacted Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the constitution. A complex duality characterized this new departure in the constitutional understanding of democratic suffrage. On one hand, Republican leadership looked to secure the rights of freedmen in the Reconstruction-era South. At the same time, from the outset, northern Republicans strategically worked to strengthen the party in all regions with a particular interest in urban America. From the immediate postwar years down to the early 1890s, congressional committees regularly investigated the problematic and deeply partisan politics of enforcement. Often, House and Senate investigators were more concerned with developments in northern cities than with the state of African American voting across the rural South. This urban story of the consequences of constitutional revision illuminates the often-obscured national dimensions of Reconstruction and its aftermath, while also alerting us to shifting visions of the vote across the final third of the nineteenth century. This essay explores this nationalization of Reconstruction in the wake of the Fifteenth Amendment's enactment by first documenting the central place of New York City in the emerging postbellum electoral regime and then expanding out from Manhattan to look at broader patterns of urban experience with enforcement.
Governance and Democracy: Public Policy in Modern America
Authors: Keller Morton
Published: June 2008

Each stage of our national development has had a distinctive form of public policy. And each has faced a core tension between the dictates of governance and the constraints of democracy. Economic or social interests, and advantage-seeking politicians, forge policies. Countervailing interests, or changing times, or the limits of state capacity see to it that those policies rarely if ever live up to the expectations of their progenitors. But then no one ever said that the American polity, to say nothing of its democratic ideal, is a neat or orderly thing.
“The Least Vaccinated of Any Civilized Country”: Personal Liberty and Public Health in the Progressive Era
Authors: Willrich Michael
Published: June 2008

Epidemic disease, like war, is the health of the state. Since the dawn of the American Republic, state and local governments have wielded powers both plenary and plentiful to defend the people against smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, and other pestilences. Individual liberty and property rights melted away before the state's power—indeed its inherent legal duty—to protect the population from peril. Under the broad authority of the police power, state and local governments in the nineteenth century confined suspected disease-carriers against their will, established armed quarantines on land and at sea, seized private homes for smallpox pest houses, and enacted, in the approving words of the U.S. Supreme Court, “health laws of every description.”
Forging Fiscal Reform: Constitutional Change, Public Policy, and the Creation of Administrative Capacity in Wisconsin, 1880–1920
Authors: Mehrotra Ajay K.
Published: June 2008

At the turn of the twentieth century, Wisconsin, like many northern industrial states, faced a profound fiscal challenge. As one concerned citizen succinctly explained, “The two great administrative problems before our people at this time are, first, the control of corporate wealth, and, second, the establishment of a rational system of taxation.” The large-scale structural pressures created by the rise of corporate capitalism and the decline of an obsolete tax system forced all levels of government to reexamine the substance and administration of their fiscal policies. At the state and local level, many governments addressed the mismatch between the increasing demand for state services and the declining supply of revenue by turning to new levies and innovative forms of administration.
Introduction: The Constitution and Public Policy in U.S. History
Authors: Schulman Bruce J. , Zelizer Julian E.
Published: June 2008

Huzza! My brave boys, our work is complete;

The world shall admire Columbia's fair feat;

Its strength against tempest and time shall be proof, And

thousands shall come to dwell under our roof:

Whilst we drain the deep bowl, our toast still shall be

Our government firm, and our citizens free.
Woodrow Wilson and a World Governed by Evolving Law
Authors: Thompson John A.
Published: June 2008

It is a regrettable feature of the scholarly literature on Woodrow Wilson that so little of it relates to, or attempts to integrate, all the different phases or various aspects of his career—as an academic political scientist, as a figure in American domestic politics, and as a shaper of American foreign policy (and begetter of what has become known as “Wilsonianism”). Of course, there have been many biographies, including some fine ones, but they have generally paid more attention to Wilson's personal life and characteristics than to his thinking. There have also been some books on his work as an academic political scientist, but these have not explored in any depth its relation to his later political career. The disjunction has some justification in that Wilson's actions and utterances as a politician certainly reflected both immediate pressures and a variety of considerations apart from his own personal beliefs and ideals. Nevertheless, he remained the same man, and an appreciation of the long-established and deeply rooted views Wilson held about the nature of politics and of historical development can enhance our understanding of his approach to the problems he faced—not least with respect to foreign policy. In this essay I will attempt to make such a connection by focusing on Wilson's thought about law and constitutions—subjects central to his thinking about politics throughout his life.
Idea or Practice: A Brief Historiography of Judicial Review
Authors: Bilder Mary Sarah
Published: June 2008

Judicial review may be the most publicly contested aspect of American constitutionalism. When courts void legislation, they implicitly seem to strike at the heart of the principle of separation of powers. The act inherently suggests that the elected legislature is not always the legitimate representative of the people and that democratic majoritarianism is not the fundamental principle of American politics. Because judicial review can be described in opposition to ideas often deemed fundamental to American constitutionalism, the origins of judicial review have intrigued scholars of politics, history, and law. For the last century, the origins inquiry has started from the assumption that the origins of judicial review lie in an idea, an intellectual doctrine about judicial power. In fact, the origins of judicial review lie in a pre-Revolutionary practice and idea of limited legislative authority.
The South Confronts the Court: The Southern Manifesto of 1956
Authors: Badger Anthony
Published: June 2008

On Monday, March 12, Georgia's senior senator, Walter George, rose in the Senate to read a manifesto blasting the Supreme Court. The Manifesto condemned the “unwarranted decision” of the Court in Brown as a “clear abuse of judicial power” in which the Court “with no legal basis for such action, undertook to exercise their naked judicial power and substituted their personal political and social ideas for the established law of the land.” The signers pledged themselves “to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation.” It was signed by nineteen of the twenty-two southern senators, by every member of the congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, by all but one of the representatives from Florida, all but one from Tennessee, all but three from North Carolina, and half of the Texas delegation.
From Blood to Profit: Making Money in the Practice and Imagery of Early America
Authors: Desan Christine
Published: June 2008

Money, wrote Pennsylvanian Francis Rawle in 1725, is “the vital spirit and blood of the body politick.” Is not money, another pamphleteer contended, “the blood of life, which circulates from member to member, throughout the whole body of all living creatures?” It followed that the tokens acting as the medium of value could be anything, “whether it be pewter, silver, spelter, brass or paper, matters not which.” Americans in fact used provincial tax credit notes for money, along with other specie substitutes: “bills of credit” were issued to public creditors and could be employed by the holder or others to pay public obligations like taxes. They were “in value equal” to coin and, like coin, could be passed from hand to hand in the meantime. It was their circulating property—”the ready currency of the thing”—that controlled.
State Constitutionalism and the Death Penalty
Authors: Rogers Alan
Published: June 2008

Concerned that the United States Supreme Court's abolition of the death penalty inFurman v. Georgia(1972) would not be sustained, abolitionists turned to state supreme courts. Through their efforts, two states succeeded in realizing that goal: California, briefly, and Massachusetts, where the death penalty remains unconstitutional.
Necessities of State: Police, Sovereignty, and the Constitution
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: June 2008

Over the last fifteen years, legal historians have been exploring conceptualizations of the state and state capacity as phenomena of police. In this essay, I offer a genealogy of police in nineteenth-century American constitutional law. I examine relationships among several distinct strands of development: domestic regulatory law, notably the commerce power; the law of indigenous peoples and immigrants; and the law of territorial acquisition. I show that in state and federal juridical discourse, police expresses unrestricted and undefined powers of governance rooted in a discourse of sovereign inheritance and state necessity, culminating in the increasingly pointed claim that as a nation-state the United States possesses limitless capacity “to do all acts and things which independent states may of right do.”
The Responsibility of the Psychopath Revisited
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: June 2008

Abstract: The question of the psychopath's responsibility for his or her wrongdoing has received considerable attention. Much of this attention has been directed toward whether psychopaths are a counterexample to motivational internalism (MI): Do they possess normal moral beliefs, which fail to motivate them? In this paper, I argue that this is a question that remains conceptually and empirically intractable, and that we ought to settle the psychopath's responsibility in some other way. I argue that recent empirical work on the moral judgments of psychopaths provides us with good reason to think that they are not fully responsible agents, because their actions cannot express the kinds of ill-will toward others that grounds attributions of distinctively moral responsibility. I defend this view against objections, especially those due to an influential account of moral responsibility that holds that moral knowledge is not necessary for responsibility.
Mental Disorder and Values
Authors: Brülde Bengt
Published: June 2008

Abstract: It is now generally agreed that we have to rely on value judgments to distinguish mental disorders from other conditions, but it is not quite clear how. To clarify this, we need to know more than to what extent attributions of disorder are dependent on values. We also have to know (1) what kind of evaluations we have to rely on to identify the class of mental disorder; (2) whether attributions of disorder contain any implicit reference to some specific evaluative standard; and (3) whether the concept of mental disorder is value laden in the definitional or in the epistemic sense. I will argue that the evaluations we have to rely on are mainly considerations of harm, but that we also need to rely on other evaluations; that there should be no references to specific evaluative standards; and that even though mental disorders are necessarily undesirable, "mental disorder" may well be a descriptive phrase.
Doctor Faustus and the Printer’s Devil
Authors: Wall-Randell Sarah
Published: June 2008

The German legend of the sorcerer Doctor Faustus is the primary source for Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy of the same name, but to what extent was Marlowe, and late-sixteenth-century English culture generally, influenced by confusion with the Doctor Faust or Faustus who appears in early histories of the printing press? This essay explores the historical connection between print technology and magic, specifically focusing on humanist encyclopedic books and their supernatural resonances, suggesting that such a dark side of the print revolution, alive in the early modern English imagination, influenced ideas about authorship and reading.
Performance, Performativity, and Identity in Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure
Authors: Kellett Katherine R.
Published: June 2008

Critics of Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure frequently tackle the question of the play’s genre, debating whether it is a stage play or a closet drama. Yet when the play is examined through theories of performativity, the clear distinction between the two categories becomes less clear. Through the play’s rapidly shifting spaces and the characters’ varying gender and sexual identities, the play highlights the instability of all performing bodies, material or not. The play also reveals the proximity of the terms “performance” and “performativity,” terms often opposed, by both flaunting theatricality and questioning the stability of its own bodies.
Elizabethan Play-Boys in the Adult London Companies
Authors: Barrie Robert
Published: June 2008

In the absence of evidence that a players’ guild formally existed, scholars have tended to assume that the adult acting companies simply copied the guild apprenticeship model as a long-established norm for child labor or that acting company members used their formal guild affiliations to apprentice and train boys as stage players. While some Elizabethan and early Stuart play-boys in the adult London drama companies might have been guild apprentices or been like guild apprentices, others were more like covenant servants or parish apprentices, and while some of these “boys” were children with unbroken voices, others were adults.
Kent and Primogeniture in King Lear
Authors: Cooley Ronald W.
Published: June 2008

This essay explores how, through the figure of Kent in King Lear , Shakespeare evokes the stereotype of the proud and rugged “Men of Kent,” even as he repudiates the customs of partible inheritance held by contemporary authors such as William Lambarde to be the source of that Kentish character. Kent’s name and dramatic function, along with the play’s treatment of inheritance and succession, mark King Lear as an intervention into contemporary debates about inheritance practices, a defense of early modern England’s particularly strict system of primogeniture.
Siring the Grandchild in The Winter’s Tale and The Fawn
Authors: Reeder Robert W.
Published: June 2008

Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale (1610–11) and John Marston’s The Fawn (1604–06) explore the father-son agon as intensified by the prospect of a next generation. Having begotten heirs, fathers find that this act of self-copying will be undermined if these heirs marry badly or not at all. Shakespeare and Marston stage paternal efforts to control children’s sexual maturation and thereby to “sire” grandchildren. The Winter’s Tale , however, also stages a way for fathers and sons to accept the passing of time and to alleviate their rivalry: by seeing in the succession of generations the succession of selves comprising their own story.
The End of the English History Play in Perkin Warbeck
Authors: Taylor Miles
Published: June 2008

In the early seventeenth century, history as a discipline was being constituted through a series of exclusions of historiographic practices that earlier had enjoyed widespread acceptance. Conversely, as historiography was being distinguished by its prohibitions against practices decidedly literary, literature came to be marked by disinterest. John Ford’s Perkin Warbeck appears a generation after the heyday of the English history play, and its central concern is to explore the fissures between the literary and the authentically historical. It is a history play about the end of history plays.
Single Parenting, Homeschooling: Prospero, Caliban, Miranda
Authors: Shin Hiewon
Published: June 2008

This essay explores Prospero’s unconventional parenting of Miranda and Caliban. First, the essay takes up the relationship between parenting and education and compares Prospero’s treatment of Caliban and Miranda in The Tempest . It takes a view of Caliban not only as a colonial subject, but also as Prospero’s adopted child, servant, pupil, and household slave. While Prospero is successful in bringing up Miranda, he fails in educating Caliban. Prospero’s reliance on verbal and physical punishment toward Caliban is disturbing, but Prospero was initially presented as Caliban’s loving surrogate father and teacher until Caliban’s attempted rape of Miranda, which postcolonial criticism has described as a pretext for seizing and annexing colonial power. The essay takes up the issue of women’s education, evidenced in Prospero’s unconventional upbringing of Miranda, beyond the postcolonial perspective which has dominated discussions of The Tempest in the past generation. Contrary to Renaissance humanists’ advocacy of the same-sex mentor system, Miranda’s education lies in the hands of her single father. Despite the period’s bias against this style of education, Prospero’s unorthodox education produces a very modern and well-balanced human being who turns out to possess not only feminine but also masculine attributes.
Gertrude’s Elusive Libido and Shakespeare’s Unreliable Narrators
Authors: Levin Richard
Published: June 2008

We receive very different accounts of Gertrude’s sexuality from Hamlet and the Ghost, which raises the question of the reliability of Shakespeare’s narrators. They range from completely reliable messengers to completely unreliable villains, although most of them fall between these extremes, since they are not deliberately deceptive and yet possess an interiority, including emotions and agendas, that can influence their narrations. This clearly applies to Hamlet, but we cannot tell if the Ghost is supposed to be a human being, with an internal agenda, or another kind of creature. Nor can the question be settled by Gertrude, who never testifies on her own behalf against these two hostile witnesses.
Recent Studies in Tudor and Stuart Drama
Authors: Platt Peter G.
Published: June 2008

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of Tudor and Stuart drama and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Patient Grissil and Jonsonian Satire
Authors: Rutter Tom
Published: June 2008

It has generally been assumed that the relationship between Thomas Dekker, Henry Chettle, and William Haughton’s Patient Grissil and Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of His Humour is limited to the similarity between episodes where the characters Emulo and Brisk recount duels in which they have participated. In fact, in another of its subplots Patient Grissil responds to the satirical agenda of Jonson’s play, questioning in the disaffected scholar Laureo the motivation, the wisdom, and the capacity of the individual who criticizes the powerful.
Intrauterine Insemination With Double Ejaculate Compared With Single Ejaculate in Male Factor Infertility: A Pilot Study
Authors: Küçük Tansu , Sozen Eran , Buluc Burcu
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of using a double ejaculate with the efficiency of using a single ejaculate for intrauterine insemination in male subfertility. Eligibility for the study was a total motile sperm count between 1 × 106 and 5 × 106 on postwash sperm analysis. Thirty‐nine couples were randomized to the study group, while another 50 couples were randomized to serve as the control group. Males in the study group were asked to produce a second semen sample within 2 hours of the first sample on the day of insemination. In the study group, the mean total motile sperm count in the first sample was 3.83 × 106 (SD ± 0.85 × 106; range 1.1–4.9) and 3.99 × 106 (SD ± 0.72 × 106; range 0.9–4.4) in the control group. The mean total motile sperm count in the second sample was 3.52 × 106 (SD ± 1.46 × 106; range 0.9–3.7) in the study group. The mean total motile sperm count in the final inseminate was 7.35 × 106 (SD ± 1.90 × 106; range 2.9–10.6) in the study group. The difference in total motile sperm counts between the study and the control group was statistically significant (P < .001). There were 6 pregnancies in the study group, providing a pregnancy rate of 15.3%, whereas there were 5 pregnancies in the control group, representing a pregnancy rate of 10% (P = .44). We concluded that although it does not increase the pregnancy rate significantly, obtaining a second semen sample when the motile sperm yield of the first semen sample is 1 million to 5 million significantly increases the total motile sperm count in the final inseminate.
Evaluation of floristic diversity in urban areas as a basis for habitat management
Authors: Muratet Audrey , Porcher E. , Devictor V. , Arnal G. , Moret J. , Wright S. , Machon N.
Published: June 2008

Questions: How can floristic diversity be evaluated in conser‐vation plans to identify sites of highest interest for biodiversity? What are the mechanisms influencing the distribution of species in human‐dominated environments? What are the best criteria to identify sites where active urban management is most likely to enhance floristic diversity?

Location: The Hauts‐de‐Seine district bordering Paris, France.

Methods: We described the floristic diversity in one of the most urbanized French districts through the inventory of ca. 1000 sites located in 23 habitats. We built a new index of floristic interest (IFI), integrating information on richness, indigeneity, typicality and rarity of species, to identify sites and habitats of highest interest for conservation. Finally, we explored the relationship between site IFI and land use patterns (LUP).

Results: We observed a total of 626 vascular plant species. Habitats with highest IFI were typically situated in seminatural environments or environments with moderate human impact. We also showed that neighbouring (urban) structures had a significant influence on the floristic interest of sites: for example, the presence of collective dwellings around a site had a strong negative impact on IFI.

Conclusions: Our approach can be used to optimize management in urban zones; we illustrate such possibilities by defining a ‘Site Potential Value’, which was then compared with the observed IFI, to identify areas (e.g. river banks) where better management could improve the district's biodiversity.
Aesthetic and Other Values in the Rural Landscape
Authors: Benson John
Published: June 2008

The paper discusses some relationships between aesthetic and non-aesthetic reasons for valuing rural landscape, i.e., landscape shaped by predominantly non-aesthetic purposes. The first part is about the relationship between aesthetic reasons and considerations of utility and argues for an intimate connection between them. The next part considers the relationship between aesthetic and other non-instrumental reasons for valuing landscape and argues that there are important contingent but no essential connections between them. The third part considers the strength or weakness of aesthetic reasons for resisting landscape changes that would result from changes in land use.
An efficient method for combining adaptive echo and noise canceller in hands‐free systems
Authors: Mohammed Jafar Ramadhan
Published: June 2008

Acoustic interferences severely degrade the quality and the intelligibility of the desired speech signal, thus posing a severe problem for many speech applications. Several acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) techniques have been proposed with a view to solving this problem. There are, however, few reports of AEC methods working under real noisy conditions. In this paper, we investigate the maximum positive synergies of the combination of acoustic echo canceller with a new adaptive beamformer. The proposed system achieves both the AEC and noise reduction of speech in an actual environment with real noise sources. Since the AEC is located behind the fixed beamformer of the new adaptive beamformer only one AEC is required for an arbitrary number of array elements, and the AEC does not feel any repercussions from the new adaptive beamformer. The proposed system was implemented in a real environment using National Instruments NI‐PXI‐1042Q controller system and data acquisition card PXI‐4472. Experimental results show that the proposed system has successfully improved the performance of hands‐free systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model predictive control of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations with application to a sputtering process
Authors: Lou Yiming , Hu Gangshi , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: June 2008

A method is developed for model predictive control of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations (PDEs) to regulate the state variance, which physically represents the roughness of a surface in a thin film growth process, to a desired level. Initially a nonlinear stochastic PDE is formulated into a system of infinite nonlinear stochastic ordinary differential equations by using Galerkin's method. A finite‐dimensional approximation is then derived that captures the dominant mode contribution to the state variance. A model predictive control problem is formulated, based on the finite‐dimensional approximation, so that the future state variance can be predicted in a computationally efficient way. To demonstrate the method, the model predictive controller is applied to the stochastic Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky equation, and the kinetic Monte Carlo model of a sputtering process to regulate the surface roughness at a desired level. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Dynamics of fines deposition in an alternating semifluidized bed
Authors: Dehkissia S. , Baçaoui A. , Iliuta I. , Larachi F.
Published: June 2008

A semifluidized bed was proposed to allay bed plugging during the filtration of fines‐hydrocarbon suspensions. Mitigation of plugging was allowed by alternating semifluidization during capture with unconstrained fluidization for removal of deposits. Solids holdup conditions were established to prevent deposition in the fluidization section. The cyclic parameters were varied to allow efficient removal of deposits during washing. Analysis with a filtration model accounting for solids detachment in the fixed bed section revealed that the fluidization section favored growth of aggregate size entering the fixed bed. Analysis of the split ratios between fixed and fluidized bed heights revealed that the shallowest fluidization sections delayed deposition in the fixed bed. In cyclic operation, reversibility of the semifluidized bed was best recovered via gas injection during the washing stages. However, the filtration times in successive cycles shortened with increasing washing times but lengthened with increasing the washing superficial suspension velocity. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Effect of the silane modification of an organoclay on the properties of polypropylene/clay composites
Authors: Joo Jung Hiuk , Shim Jae Hun , Choi Jae Hoon , Choi Chi‐Hoon , Kim Dae‐Sik , Yoon Jin‐San
Published: June 2008

A commercial clay, Cloisite®20A (C20A) was modified with three different silane compounds, propyltrimethoxy silane, octyltrimethoxy silane, and octadecyltrimethoxy silane, to control the hydrophobicity of C20A. The amount of the silane compounds grafted to C20A was quantified from the weight loss by using TGA, and the hydrophobicity was evaluated by the amount of water absorption. The variation of the interlayer distance was traced by XRD and TEM observation. SEM/EDS was employed to visualize the morphology of the fractured surface and the degree of dispersion of the clay layers in the PP/clay composites. Measurements of the tensile properties of the PP/clay composites indicated that the composite made from PP and the C20A modified with octadecyltrimethoxy silane exhibited the most excellent tensile properties. This was ascribed to the fact that the C20A modified with octadecyltrimethoxy silane possessed the most favorable interfacial interaction with PP and thus the degree of dispersion of the clay layers was the best in the PP matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of swelling pretreatment on the deposition structure on electroless copper of polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Chen Chang‐Cheng , Hung Chih‐Wei , Yang Sung‐Yeng , Huang Chi‐Yuan
Published: June 2008

In this investigation, the electroless copper method with various cupric sulfate concentrations (0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.60M) without sensitizing and activating is used to deposit electroless copper compounds (CuS) on the swelling pretreatment polyacrylonitrile(SPAN) surface for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. The acetic acid can swell polyacrylonitrile (PAN) effectively which donot destroy the hexagonal structure of polyacrylonitrile, only looses the molecule chain of polyacrylonitrile then the hexagonal CuS crystal deposits on the SPAN easily, and increases the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of CuS‐SPAN composites. However, the nearly amorphous of CuS deposits on the surface of without swelling pretreatment PAN(CuS‐PAN). The EMI SE of CuS‐SPAN composites are better than those of CuS‐PAN, 10–15 dB larger from CuS‐PAN. In the study, the best EMI SE of CuS‐SPAN and CuS‐PAN composites are about 30–35 dB and 18–20 dB respectively, as the cupric ion concentration is 0.48M. From the high resolution transmission electron micrographs(HR‐TEM) analysis, there are two structures, face‐centered cubic(FCC) Cu2‐xS crystal in the inner layer of CuS‐SPAN composite and hexagonal CuS crystal on the outer layer of CuS‐SPAN composite, in the SPAN as the cupric ion concentration is 0.48M. The particle size distribution of Cu2‐xS in the inner layer of CuS‐SPAN is from 6 to 30 nm. However, the major particle size distribution of Cu2‐xS in the inner layer of CuS‐SPAN is from 15 to 20 nm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Eliminating side products and increasing succinate yields in engineered strains of Escherichia coli C
Authors: Jantama Kaemwich , Zhang Xueli , Moore J.C. , Shanmugam K.T. , Svoronos S.A. , Ingram L.O.
Published: June 2008

Derivatives of Escherichia coli C were previously described for succinate production by combining the deletion of genes that disrupt fermentation pathways for alternative products (ldhA::FRT, adhE::FRT, ackA::FRT, focA‐pflB::FRT, mgsA, poxB) with growth‐based selection for increased ATP production. The resulting strain, KJ073, produced 1.2 mol of succinate per mol glucose in mineral salts medium with acetate, malate, and pyruvate as significant co‐products. KJ073 has been further improved by removing residual recombinase sites (FRT sites) from the chromosomal regions of gene deletion to create a strain devoid of foreign DNA, strain KJ091(ΔldhA ΔadhE ΔackA ΔfocA‐pflB ΔmgsA ΔpoxB). KJ091 was further engineered for improvements in succinate production. Deletion of the threonine decarboxylase (tdcD; acetate kinase homologue) and 2‐ketobutyrate formate‐lyase (tdcE; pyruvate formate‐lyase homologue) reduced the acetate level by 50% and increased succinate yield (1.3 mol mol−1 glucose) by almost 10% as compared to KJ091 and KJ073. Deletion of two genes involved in oxaloacetate metabolism, aspartate aminotransferase (aspC) and the NAD+‐linked malic enzyme (sfcA) (KJ122) significantly increased succinate yield (1.5 mol mol−1 glucose), succinate titer (700 mM), and average volumetric productivity (0.9 g L−1 h−1). Residual pyruvate and acetate were substantially reduced by further deletion of pta encoding phosphotransacetylase to produce KJ134 (ΔldhA ΔadhE ΔfocA‐pflB ΔmgsA ΔpoxB ΔtdcDE ΔcitF ΔaspC ΔsfcA Δpta‐ackA). Strains KJ122 and KJ134 produced near theoretical yields of succinate during simple, anaerobic, batch fermentations using mineral salts medium. Both may be useful as biocatalysts for the commercial production of succinate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin production and glycosylation in a perfusion culture of recombinant CHO cells
Authors: Ahn Woo Suk , Jeon Jae‐Jin , Jeong Yeong‐Ran , Lee Seung Joo , Yoon Sung Kwan
Published: June 2008

To investigate the effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin (EPO) production and glycosylation in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we cultivated CHO cells using a perfusion bioreactor. Cells were cultivated at 37°C until viable cell concentration reached 1 × 107 cells/mL, and then culture temperature was shifted to 25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C, 37°C (control), respectively. Lowering culture temperature suppressed cell growth but was beneficial to maintain high cell viability for a longer period. In a control culture at 37°C, cell viability gradually decreased and fell below 80% on day 18 while it remained over 90% throughout the culture at low culture temperature. The cumulative EPO production and specific EPO productivity, qEPO, increased at low culture temperature and were the highest at 32°C and 30°C, respectively. Interestingly, the cumulative EPO production at culture temperature below 32°C was not as high as the cumulative EPO production at 32°C although the qEPO at culture temperature below 32°C was comparable or even higher than the qEPO at 32°C. This implies that the beneficial effect of lowering culture temperature below 32°C on qEPO is outweighed by its detrimental effect on the integral of viable cells. The glycosylation of EPO was evaluated by isoelectric focusing, normal phase HPLC and anion exchange chromatography analyses. The quality of EPO at 32°C in regard to acidic isoforms, antennary structures and sialylated N‐linked glycans was comparable to that at 37°C. However, at culture temperatures below 32°C, the proportions of acidic isoforms, tetra‐antennary structures and tetra‐sialylated N‐linked glycans were further reduced, suggesting that lowering culture temperature below 32°C negatively affect the quality of EPO. Thus, taken together, cell culture at 32°C turned out to be the most satisfactory since it showed the highest cumulative EPO production, and moreover, EPO quality at 32°C was not deteriorated as obtained at 37°C. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 1234–1244. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel simulation for a fish schooling model on a general‐purpose graphics processing unit
Authors: Li Hong , Kolpas Allison , Petzold Linda , Moehlis Jeff
Published: June 2008

We consider an individual‐based model for fish schooling, which incorporates a tendency for each fish to align its position and orientation with an appropriate average of its neighbors' positions and orientations, in addition to a tendency for each fish to avoid collisions. To accurately determine the statistical properties of the collective motion of fish whose dynamics are described by such a model, many realizations are typically required. This carries a very high computational cost. The current generation of graphics processing units is well suited to this task. We describe our implementation and present computational experiments illustrating the power of this technology for this important and challenging class of problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient compression scheme for data communication which uses a new family of self‐organizing binary search trees
Authors: Rueda Luis , Oommen B. John
Published: June 2008

In this paper, we demonstrate that we can effectively use the results from the field of adaptive self‐organizing data structures in enhancing compression schemes. Unlike adaptive lists, which have already been used in compression, to the best of our knowledge, adaptive self‐organizing trees have not been used in this regard. To achieve this, we introduce a new data structure, the partitioning binary search tree (PBST) which, although based on the well‐known binary search tree (BST), also appropriately partitions the data elements into mutually exclusive sets. When used in conjunction with Fano encoding, the PBST leads to the so‐called Fano binary search tree (FBST), which, indeed, incorporates the required Fano coding (nearly equal probability) property into the BST. We demonstrate how both the PBST and the FBST can be maintained adaptively and in a self‐organizing manner. The updating procedure that converts a PBST into an FBST, and the corresponding new tree‐based operators, namely the shift‐to‐left and the shift‐to‐right operators, are explicitly presented. The encoding and decoding procedures that also update the FBST have been implemented and rigorously tested. Our empirical results on the files of the well‐known benchmarks, the Calgary and Canterbury Corpora, show that the adaptive Fano coding using FBSTs, the Huffman, and the greedy adaptive Fano coding achieve similar compression ratios. However, in terms of encoding/decoding speed, the new scheme is much faster than the latter two in the encoding phase, and they achieve approximately the same speed in the decoding phase. We believe that the same philosophy, namely that of using an adaptive self‐organizing BST to maintain the frequencies, can also be utilized for other data encoding mechanisms, even as the Fenwick scheme has been used in arithmetic coding. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A correlation study on diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of lymph nodes with histological and clinical diagnoses, the UCLA Medical Center experience
Authors: Naini Bita V. , Apple Sophia K. , Presley Michelle , Moatamed Neda A.
Published: June 2008

Endoscopic ultrasound guided (EUS) FNA procedure has two aspects, the endoscopic sampling and the FNA interpretation. The two aspects of the procedure are performed in two different disciplines; gastroenterology (EUS) and pathology (FNA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV).

Sixty‐one EUS‐FNA procedures of the lymph nodes were analyzed by correlating the FNA results with histological or clinical diagnoses. The lymph nodes were divided in five groups; mediastinal, gastrohepatic, peripancreatic, portal, and perirectal.

The study showed a concordance of 92% in mediastinal, 80% in gastrohepatic, 81% in peripancreatic, 95% in portal, and 100% in perirectal lymph nodes with an overall sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 92%, PPV of 88%, and NPV of 89%.

In conclusion, EUS‐FNA offers an invaluable approach for diagnostic examination of the internal lymph nodes where percutaneous FNA is either difficult or impossible. impossible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:460–466. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a lipoblastoma: A case report
Authors: Hong Ran , Choi Dong‐Youl , Do Nam‐Yong , Lim Sung‐Chul
Published: June 2008

A lipoblastoma is a rare benign tumor of immature white fat, and more than 90% of lipoblastomas occur before the age of 3 years. The diagnosis of a lipoblastoma is mostly dependent on a histopathological examination of a surgically excised specimen. However, an accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential for the planning of surgery, particularly for a lesion of the head and neck area. We experienced a case of a cervical lipoblastoma of a 23‐month‐old boy. A preoperative fine‐needle aspiration biopsy showed the sample as moderately cellular and showed fragments of mature and immature adipose tissues containing a large number of capillary vessels. There were numerous lipoblast‐looking cells with a multivacuolated cytoplasm, and the nuclei were small, compressed by vacuoles, and centrally located. According to the cytological findings, the lesion was diagnosed as a benign adipose tumor suggestive of a lipoblastoma. Subsequent surgical excision confirmed the diagnosis of the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic features of lipoblastoma are not well known because of the rarity of the lesion. However, the fine‐needle aspiration cytological features of a lipoblastoma are sufficiently characteristic to make a specific preoperative diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:508–511. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosis tumor of the breast: Cytological and radiological features of a case confirmed by histology
Authors: El Aouni Nadra , Balleyguier Corinne , Mansouri Dhouha , Mathieu Marie‐Christine , Suciu Voichita , Delaloge Suzette , Vielh Philippe
Published: June 2008

We report the case of a 63‐year‐old woman who presented with a right breast lump detected by screening mammography. The lesion was nonpalpable, and the ultrasonography revealed suspicious features. In contrast with imaging features, fine‐needle aspiration cytology showed benign ductal cells arranged in groups, with fragments of hyalinized eosinophilic stroma, and round or bipolar bare nuclei in the background, findings consistent with a benign tumor. A core needle biopsy performed to rule out a breast cancer revealed an adenosis tumor of the breast. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:496–498. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of Rosai‐Dorfman disease of bone
Authors: Jing Xin , McHugh Jonathan B. , Pu Robert T.
Published: June 2008

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai‐Dorfman disease) is a rare, benign self‐limiting condition of unknown etiology. Less than a quarter of cases have only extranodal involvement and a few cases of skeletal involvement of Rosai‐Dorfman disease without associated lymphadenopathy have been reported in the literature. We herein report cytohistologic findings in a case of sole skeletal Rosai‐Dorfman disease in a 51‐year‐old woman who presented with an expansile, heterogeneous lesion at T11 with cord compression and edema. A CT‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of T‐11 lesion was performed and the sample was processed by ThinPrep technique. The ThinPrep smear showed characteristic features of Rosai‐Dorfman disease including hypercellularity with moderate number of histiocytes in a background of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils. The histiocytes possessed abundant, pale and vacuolated cytoplasm, rounded nuclei with smooth nuclear membranes, fine chromatin, and distinct nucleoli. The histiocytes showed emperipolesis of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The diagnosis was confirmed by concurrent biopsy with immunhistochemical study. Our case highlighted the role of fine‐needle aspiration with ThinPrep technique in the diagnosis of Rosai‐Dorfman disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:516–518. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
General and program‐specific moderators of two eating disorder prevention programs
Authors: Stice Eric , Marti Nathan , Shaw Heather , O'Neil Kelly
Published: June 2008

Objective:

To investigate general and program‐specific factors hypothesized to moderate the effects of two eating disorder prevention programs.

Method:

High‐risk adolescent girls (N = 481; M age = 17) were randomized to a dissonance‐based thin‐ideal internalization reduction program, a healthy weight management program, an expressive‐writing control condition, or an assessment‐only control condition. Participants completed diagnostic interviews and surveys at pretest, post‐test, 6‐month follow‐up, and 12‐month follow‐up.

Results:

Dissonance program effects on bulimic symptoms were stronger for participants with initial elevations in body image distress, bulimic symptoms, and thin‐ideal internalization. Healthy weight program effects on bulimic symptoms were stronger for adolescents with initial elevations in body image distress, bulimic symptoms, readiness to change, body mass, and emotional eating.

Conclusion:

Overall, intervention effects tended to be amplified for high‐risk versus low‐risk adolescents. However, certain moderator effects appeared to be specific to the two different prevention programs. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified
Authors: Torgersen Leila , Von Holle Ann , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Berg Cecilie Knoph , Hamer Robert , Sullivan Patrick , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: June 2008

Objective:

To explore the prevalence of pregnancy‐related nausea (PN) and vomiting (PV), and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), in women with bulimia nervosa (BN) and EDNOS purging subtype (EDNOS‐P).

Method:

Pregnant women (38,038) enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study had questionnaire‐based information on eating disorder diagnosis and PN, PV, and HG. We estimated the odds for PN, PV, and HG using logistic regression.

Results:

Women with BN, purging subtype, but not women with BN, nonpurging subtype, had statistically significant higher odds of PN and PV compared to women without eating disorders. The EDNOS‐P group showed significantly higher odds of PV. The odds of HG did not differ significantly between those with and without an eating disorder, or across eating disorder subtypes.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that eating disorders marked by the symptom of purging are associated with increased odds of PN and PV. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Assessment of tracheal temperature and humidity in laryngectomized individuals and the influence of a heat and moisture exchanger on tracheal climate
Authors: Zuur J. Karel , Muller Saar H. , Vincent Andrew , Sinaasappel Michiel , de Jongh Frans H. C. , Hilgers Frans J. M.
Published: June 2008

Background

The beneficial function of heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) is undisputed, but knowledge of their effects on intra‐airway temperature and humidity is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of a new airway climate explorer (ACE) and to assess the HME's influence on tracheal climate.

Methods

Intratracheal temperature and humidity were measured with and without HME in 10 laryngectomized patients.

Results

An HME causes the intratracheal mean humidity minima to increase with 3.2 mg H2O/L (95% CI: 1.5–4.8 mg H2O/L; p <.001), from 21.4 to 24.6 mg H2O/L, and the mean temperature minima to decrease with 1.6°C (95% CI: 0.9–2.4°C; p <.001) from 28.5°C to 26.9°C. Relative humidity values suggest that the tested HME keeps inspired air (nearly) fully saturated during the full course of inspiration.

Conclusion

Assessment of intratracheal temperature and humidity, and evaluation of HME effectiveness is feasible with the ACE. The tested HME significantly increases the intratracheal humidity, but decreases the intratracheal temperature. Relative humidity calculations suggest that increasing the thermal capacity of this rehabilitation device can further increase the heat and moisture exchange efficiency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008