bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Ownership and Land‐Cover Change in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and the Olympic Peninsula
Authors: Turner Monica G. , Wear David N. , Flamm Richard O.
Published: April 2006

Social and economic considerations are among the most important drivers of landscape change, yet few studies have addressed economic and environmental influences on landscape structure, and how land ownership may affect landscape dynamics. Watersheds in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the southern Appalachian highlands of western North Carolina were studied to address two questions: (1) Does landscape pattern vary among federal, state, and private lands? (2) Do land‐cover changes differ among owners, and if so, what variables explain the propensity of land to undergo change on federal, state, and private lands? Landscape changes were studied between 1975 and 1991 by using spatial databases and a time series of remotely sensed imagery. Differences in landscape pattern were observed between the two study regions and between different categories of land ownership. The proportion of the landscape in forest cover was greatest in the southern Appalachians for both U.S. National Forest and private lands, compared to any land‐ownership category on the Olympic Peninsula. Greater variability in landscape structure through time and between ownership categories was observed on the Olympic Peninsula. On the Olympic Peninsula, landscape patterns did not differ substantially between commercial forest and state Department of Natural Resources lands, both of which are managed for timber, but differed between U.S. National Forest and noncommercial private land ownerships. In both regions, private lands contained less forest cover but a greater number of small forest patches than did public lands. Analyses of land‐cover change based on multinomial logit models revealed differences in land‐cover transitions through time, between ownerships, and between the two study regions. Differences in land‐cover transitions between time intervals suggested that additional factors (e.g., changes in wood products or agricultural prices, or changes in laws or policies) cause individuals or institutions to change land management. The importance of independent variables (slope, elevation, distance to roads and markets, and population density) in explaining land‐cover change varied between ownerships. This methodology for analyzing land‐cover dynamics across land units that encompass multiple owner types should be widely applicable to other landscapes.
Clues to the Chronology of Coastal New York
Authors: Smith Carlyle S.
Published: April 2006

The region under consideration comprises the coastal portion of New York State east of the Hudson River, including Manhattan Island, Long Island, and southern Westchester County (Map, Fig. 4). The archaeological sites consist of shell middens along the tidal waferways. Although construction work coincident with the expansion of New York City has destroyed many of them and the rest are at least partially disturbed, sufficient material has been obtained for the purpose of this analysis. An attempt is made to establish a chronology of ceramic traits based upon sherds excavated by the writer and his associates as members of the Committee on American Anthropology of the Flushing (New York) Historical Society. Additional data were obtained from a study of collections made by Harrington for the American Museum of Natural History. Consideration of the non-ceramic material is beyond the scope of this paper and must await further study.
Concerning Sandia Cave
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

With the publication, in this issue of American Antiquity, of a review of the Hibben-Bryan report on evidence of early occupation in Sandia cave and its correlation with the glacial chronology, there will doubtless come to the minds of many readers the interchanges which have occurred in these pages from time to time since the publication of “A Chronological Problem Presented by Sandia Cave” by Wesley L. Bliss, V. 5, p. 200, this series. The reviewer is not acquainted with the facts and circumstances that gave rise to this controversy, and he and the Editor have deemed it wise that he judge only the published report without knowledge of events which might lead to a biased review. Accordingly, these paragraphs will attempt to explain occurrences that might lead some persons to consider the site as so tainted that its evidence must be taken with a grain of salt.
An Oneota Site in Missouri
Authors: Berry Brewton , Chapman Carl
Published: April 2006

The village site, which is the subject of this report, has been known for at least three-quarters of a century. Its large size, the abundance of surface materials, and the nearby presence of a conspicuous earthwork, combined to attract attention to the site. Prof. G. C. Broadhead, of the University of Missouri, explored the region in 1872, and gathered a number of sherds which form part of the present archaeological collection at the University. During the '70's and '80's there were quite a few pseudo-scientific excavations on the site, the published reports of which are more tantalizing than illuminating to the modern student. Fowke was there in 1907; and local amateurs have long made a practice of gathering specimens there, and sending them to scientific institutions.
Another Subterranean Passage Legend
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton
Published: April 2006

Four legends of subterranean passages in as many parts of Middle America have recently been reported or cited by J. Eric S. Thompson (Apuntes Sobre Las Super sticiones de Los Mayas de Socotz, Honduras Britanica, in Los Mayas Antiguos, Mexico, 1941). They range in time from the present back to 1580, and in space from Zapotecan to eastern Maya country. He concludes that they were general among Mexican Indians and mixed bloods and may have been carried to New Mexico by Spanish-speakers, citing Kidder as authority for existence of a local belief in a passage connecting the ruins of Pecos with Taos.
Geometric Designs on Mimbres Bowls: (The Gunnison Collection, IX)
Authors: Hurst C. T.
Published: April 2006

In a series of eight former articles, published elsewhere, the writer has described the designs on many of the prehistoric pottery vessels in the collection of the Museum of Archaeology of The Western State College of Colorado Of these eight articles, the last three1 have dealt with the designs on Mimbres vessels. Of the thirty-four vessels of this culture illustrated in these three papers, all but eight show naturalistic art in their decoration. The present, and subsequent papers will deal with geometric forms exclusively.

The Mimbres culture developed in southwestern New Mexico in the valley of the Mimbres River and adjacent regions. It is one of the smallest of the more or less definitely delimited southwestern culture areas. From the standpoint of variety of design, the black-on-white type of pottery reached its greatest degree of specialization in this region in prehistoric times.
A Shell Collar from Puerto Rico
Authors: Montalvo Guenard J. L.
Published: April 2006

While the stone collars of Puerto Rico are well known none has been reported of other materials. The writer, however, has in his collection a collar of shell in the shape of a slender stone collar. I t has been made out of the top portion of one of the so-called giant conch shells, so common in this island. The shell is of the same kind as those from which shell cups were constructed.

The specimen measures 7¼ inches in height and 5¼ inches in its greater width. Its thickness varies from 1 inch to nearly ¼ inch, being thicker at the junction of the shoulder and the decorated panel, where the arch is almost round. It is pear-shaped in its general outline, with the central opening, also of pear shape, surrounded by an almost flat band, an inch wide, which forms the shoulder and the decorated and undecorated panels above it (Fig. 53).
Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples: I
Authors: White Theodore E.
Published: April 2006

During the identification of the osteological material from two archaeological sites (39FA23 and 39FA83) in the Angostura Reservoir basin, South Dakota, the distribution of the various elements began to assume a pattern which invited closer examination on the chance that inferences might be drawn concerning the method of preparing the carcass for food.

Although the numerical count of the elements is subject to the accidents of preservation and the size of the excavation, the distribution of the various elements from an excavation which meets the archaeological requirements is probably a reasonably accurate reflection of the parts brought into camp, since one element has as good a chance of being preserved as another.
Another Maya Falsification
Authors: Ramos César Lizardi
Published: April 2006

The claims of antiquity and authenticity made for the Manuscrito pictorico de la Cultura Maya sobre piel de mamifero are false. It contains many elements and scenes copied from a variety of sources, Mixtec, Aztec, Teotihuacan, as well as Maya. Numerals are used in meaningless fashion; many copied items are obviously misunderstood.
Tradition Trend in Ceramic Development
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

Arecent Paper by Sears (1952) calls attention to an overall time trend in the design changes of various complicated stamped pottery styles in the southeastern United States. His analysis raises the question as to whether certain principles implied might not have more general application for the understanding of historical phenomena.

A number of years ago I ventured a definition of what seemed to be a kind of entity in the history of aboriginal Peruvian ceramics. This was termed a “pottery tradition.”
Fraser River Delta Archaeological Findings
Authors: Borden Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Our findings to date indicate that the archaeology of the Fraser Delta region is far more complicated than Harlan I. Smith or even Philip Drucker anticipated. Every major site investigated so far has a distinctive character. At some of them culture sequences are clearly apparent.

Harpoon points are being recognized as important diagnostic elements. Three main classes can be distinguished: 1, barbed harpoons with tang (Pt. Grey, Marpole); 2, one-piece toggles (Locarno Beach); 3, twopiece toggles (Whalen, Musqueam). Two-piece toggles are present at sites with historic (Musqueam) and protohistoric (Whalen) horizons, but conspicuously absent at sites where very old (500 + years) coniferous trees grow on the deposits (Pt. Grey, Marpole, and probably Locarno Beach).
Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples No. 2
Authors: White Theodore E.
Published: April 2006

In a brief report, which was read before the 8th Conference for Plains Archeology by George Metcalf, 1 attempted to reconstruct the procedure by which the carcass of an antelope was prepared for food. The inferences thus drawn were based upon the ratio of the various elements to each other and to the greatest number of individuals represented, as well as the location of the breaks or cuts in the bones. Since the antelope is one of the smaller food animals and could be moved to a convenient butchering place, the question immediately posed itself: “How would size affect the butchering technique since a bison must necessatily be butchered where it is killed?“

The bison bone which provides the basis for this study was collected during the excavation of two archaeological sites near Pierre, South Dakota. The Dodd site was a multi-component village, but there was evidence of only a single cultural complex at the Phillips Ranch site (Lehmer, 1952).
An Unusual Pueblo III Ruin, Mesa Verde, Colorado
Authors: Luebben Ralph A. , Herold Laurence , Rohn Arthur
Published: April 2006

Site 52, a possible platform mound, is unusually situated near the bottom of a draw rather than along the ridge of Chapin Mesa. Complete excavation of the small surface structure yielded two distinct levels of construction and several architectural phenomena which previously had not been reported from San Juan Anasazi sites. A rectangle of multiple-coursed masonry was built on a sloped, irregular ground surface. An interior crosswall with a floor level opening, a raised circular floor feature, two peripheral stepped abutments on opposite sides, and a complex of masonry walls and external alignments on the third side were added to the basic rectangle. The second construction level utilized what appeared to be intentional interior and exterior fill as a base, and two alignments further subdivided the rectangle. Two rubble-filled abutments were appended externally to the fourth wall of the rectangle. Artifacts were rarely found. Solid, continuously built coursed masonry, construction techniques, and pottery types suggest that Site 52 was built during Pueblo III and may have been a platform mound of ceremonial significance.
The Lucy Site in Central New Mexico
Authors: Roosa William B.
Published: April 2006

The Lucy site in the Estancia Valley of central New Mexico promises to be an important locality for Early Man. Excavations were conducted there in the summer of 1954 as part of the University of New Mexico Field Sessions, directed by Frank C. Hibben. Much of the field work was done by Thomas B. Hughes and William B. Roosa, who acted as foreman. Other students who worked at the site are Erica Child, George Hopkins, Charles McNutt, Stewart Peckham, Octavio Romano, Russell Schorsch, and Gretchen Steiner.

The Lucy site was discovered by K. W. (Sambo) Kendall of Willard. It consists of a series of sand blowout areas south of Lucy. The site is in the head of a broad valley well above the shoreline of Pleistocene Lake Estanc'a and appears to have been a series of former ponds or springs. The Estancia Valley, especially around Willard, has a great many blowouts which contain early types of projectile points.
Additional Examples of an Unusual Peruvian Shirt Type
Authors: Emery Irene , King Mary Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

In “A New Type of Ancient Peruvian Shirt” (American Antiquity, 1955, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 263–73) A. H. Gayton described a late period Peruvian shirt (UNMF 15–93) from the Central Coast, collected by Edwin Ferdon of the Museum of New Mexico, especially notable for its horizontal neck opening. The more typical vertical opening has been thought to have been universal in pre- Conquest Peru. The shirt is composed of 3 long narrow webs folded vertically, seamed horizontally, with a horizontal neck slit and short sleevelike extensions closed at the ends but left open along the lower edges (Fig. 1). The 2 lower webs are of very open, almost square count, plain weave of 2-ply natural brown alpaca warps and wefts. The upper and longer one, which forms the shoulder and sleeve section, has the same open construction in natural brown alpaca for something less than half its width; the rest is warp faced in red and slate blue warp stripes.
The Vehicular Slip
Authors: Shaeffer James B.
Published: April 2006

The small agricultural slip formerly used with horses or mules for dirt removal on farms and railroads is an efficient and inexpensive device for two or three men with a pick-up truck to use for moving back dirt.
Maya Blue: Alternative Hypotheses
Authors: Shepard Anna O.
Published: April 2006

Although the stability of the pigment, Maya blue, indicates to Gettens that the blue colorant as well as the attapulgite clay base of the pigment is inorganic, the optical properties and thermal behavior of the pigment suggest the alternative hypothesis that Maya blue is a clay-organic complex with an organic colorant in an inorganic base of attapulgite clay.
The Antiquity of Pottery in the Northeast
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: April 2006

Radiocarbon dates indicate the beginning of fiber-tempered pottery in Georgia and Florida around 2000 B.C. In discussing the relative antiquity of ceramics in the Southeast and Northeast, Bullen rejects a radiocarbon date of 2448 B.C. for Vinette 1 pottery from the Hunter site, New York, because of dubious association of pottery and burial complex. The association is shown to be secure, but a new gas-method radiocarbon date of 841 B.C. for the same sample, removes the difficulty, and establishes an approximate age of 1000 B.C. for the earliest known Northeastern ceramics.
Omaha Kinship Terminology and Spruce-Fir Pollen
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Two points raised in a review of Indian Life in the Upper Great Lakes are discussed. The points questioned were statements about Winnebago social organization and the late glacial and early postglacial vegetation of the Upper Great Lakes. A review of the available evidence suggests that the Winnebago had an Omaha type of kinship system and that the late glacial and early post-glacial vegetation included spruce and fir or spruce and deciduous trees with coeval differences of vegetation being due to factors of soil, drainage, light, elevation, and pioneering ability instead of climate.
Microblades at Cahokia, Illinois
Authors: Mason Ronald J. , Perino Gregory
Published: April 2006

Small blades, blade tools, and cores recently found at the Cahokia site, Illinois, represent a microblade industry probably affiliated with the Old Village stage of Middle Mississippian. The artifacts are described, and attempts to assess their probable functions are discussed. The available comparative evidence is insufficient to demonstrate the degree of historical relationship, if any, between this newly defined industry and such other blade industries in the eastern United States as Poverty Point and Hopewell.
Two Unpublished Letters to Erasmus
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: April 2006

The letter is preserved in MS. w 340 of the Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln, a volume of collected writings of the author, which is probably autograph and which I found in 1955. I hope to discuss the author, and especially his letters, in another study, and wish to thank Dr. H. Gerig of the Historisches Archiv for his permission to publish this letter ahead of the others which I promised to contribute to the Mitteilungen published by the archive itself. The author begins his letter by stating that he had read a letter from Erasmus to Arnoldus Bostius, in which Erasmus complained about the bad treatment he had received from an Englishman. Rutgerus comforts Erasmus, combining pious admonitions with a quotation from Plato. Bostius had sent him Erasmus’ letter that he may know the latter's ‘hand', which I take to mean not only his handwriting, but also his literary style.
A Word to the Wise: Microfilm Projection at Home
Authors: Seng Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Research projects that require extensive reading of microfilms can be frustrating and exhausting, as most Renaissance scholars well know. Some scholars already know, but many do not, that an ordinary color-slide projector can easily be converted into a machine for reading microfilms at home. All that is required is the construction of a simple film-holder or frame, through which microfilm may be continuously threaded, to replace the color-slide-holder of the ordinary home projector.

The design of the frame for holding the film must be modified to fit the particular brand of projector used, but the general principles of that design would seem to be constant: a flat sleeve of some stiff material like heavy cardboard, into which have been cut ‘windows’ approximately the size of a 35 mm.
Antiquarians at Work
Authors: Gottfried Rudolf B.
Published: April 2006

The marks and annotations with which sixteenth-century readers littered the vacant spaces in their printed books are not often of much interest to the twentieth-century scholar, who knows how unlikely it is that he has Shakespeare's copy before him, or that he will discover another body of marginalia as large and significant as Gabriel Harvey's. Yet a certain real if narrow interest may be found, I think, in two sixteenth-century books of mine which were annotated by British antiquarians of the period.
So Slendre Effect
Authors: Lindsay Jean S.
Published: April 2006

The problems of the overcrowded cities of today had their parallels in sixteenth-century London, and Elizabeth and the Council struggled with them during the greater part of the reign. Persistent attempts to check the growing population are recorded in the Acts of the Privy Council in memorandums for letters chiefly to the Lord Mayor, the Master of the Rolls, and the Justices of the Peace for Middlesex and Surrey. These entries give a wryly amusing account of conditions familiar in our own time—high rents, relief rolls, emergency legislation, evasions of the law, and possible favoritism in administering it. They suggest one other point of interest—that the Queen felt very strongly about the situation. Though it may be rash to see an immediate expression of her personal attitude in the communications of the Council, it is difficult to do otherwise.
Spanish Secular Vocal Music of The Sixteenth Century
Authors: Pope Isabel
Published: April 2006

Two types of secular vocal music were cultivated in Spain during the sixteenth century: unaccompanied polyphonic songs and solo songs with instrumental accompaniment. The compositions for unaccompanied voices have been preserved principally in musical anthologies, the Cancioneros. Many remain anonymous, but recent investigations have disclosed new names and made possible new and more complete attributions. A number of the composers were chiefly celebrated for their religious works. Usually they were attached to the Royal Chapels in the Peninsula itself or in the Kingdom of Naples. Later in the century Spanish composers lived much abroad holding posts at various Italian courts or at the Imperial Court in Vienna. The great trio, Morales, Guerrero, Victoria wrote little or no secular music.

A considerable literature of solo songs with instrumental accompaniment has been preserved in the very numerous collections of music for the vihuela. This instrument, shaped very like the guitar, with narrow waist and flat back, was designed, however, for the performance of complicated contrapuntal music such as was played more generally at that time on the lute.
The Lost Translation Made by Ambrosius Traversarius of the Orations of Gregory Nazianzene
Authors: Way Agnes Clare
Published: April 2006

From letters of Ambrosius Traversarius, edited by Cannetus and published with the Vita Ambrosii Traversarii of Mehus, it is known that Ambrosius Traversarius translated the Vita Gregorii Nazianzeni written by Gregorius Presbyter and also four orations of Gregory Nazianzene, numbers 18, De Obitu Patris, and 6, 23, and 22, the three orations De Pace. The Vita with its dedicatory letter is preserved in at least eight manuscripts, but no trace of the orations has been found. Our information concerning the translation of the orations comes from the letters written by Ambrosius in the year 1436.

Scholars interested in Ambrosius Traversarius have uncovered no further information on these Latin translations. Ludwig Bertalot found twelve additional letters not contained in the collection of Cannetus.
The Neo-Latin Lexicon
Authors: Blackford Paul W.
Published: April 2006

The Neo-Latin Lexicon was launched two years ago with the publication of a brief prospectus appearing in the Winter, 1955, issue of Renaissance News (vii, 160-162). That prospectus announced the initiation of a cooperative project in Neo-Latin lexicography which would study and codify the Latin coinages and neologisms of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Subsequently, an editorial committee was formed consisting of R. T. Bruère (Chicago), Fred W. Householder, Jr. (Cornell), James R. Naiden (Lakeside School), and Paul W. Blackford (Western Illinois State College). With the publication of a detailed outline of the project in Classical Weekly (No. 8, March 7, 1955) and in the Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance (1955, xvii, 2), and with the distribution of that outline to scholars with known interests and proficiencies in the field of modern Latin studies, a group of collaborators was recruited.
Aulus Gellius: A Post-Praefatio
Authors: Schoeck R. J.
Published: April 2006

My brief note on Sir Thomas More's reading and use of Aulus Gellius did not pretend to be a complete survey of the fortunes of the Nodes Atticae in the Renaissance; nonetheless it should have made reference to Hans Baron's important essay on Aulus Gellius in the Middle Ages and the Italian Renaissance. Echoing Professor Baron's statement that ‘the study of Gellius’ fortunes in the Renaissance has not made much headway beyond a modest start; we cannot point to any monograph on Gellius among the humanists, or in other Renaissance circles'—I would like to add this further note.

Besides More himself and Erasmus, others in the More circle knew their Attic Nights. For having disparaged Seneca, Gcllius was ‘passionately taken to task’ by Juan Luis Vivcs, yet Vivcs cited Gcllius with great frequency in his commentary on the City of God. Clearly, Gellius is one of those classical authors whose influence upon other members of the More-Erasmus circle (such as Bude and Pace) it would be most fruitful to explore further, and that influence will doubtless also be found in many minor writers of the earlier sixteenth century.
The Mind is its Own Place: Paradise Lost, I. 253–255
Authors: Chambers A. B.
Published: April 2006

Satan's fall from heaven to hell is an external or physical reflection of his moral degeneration from Lucifer to Adversary. Yet Satan himself understandably rejects this parallel, insisting that his is

A mind not to be changed by Place or Time.

That is Satan's conclusion; the major premise upon which his argument depends is this:

The mind is its own place, and in itself

Can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n.

As Isabel MacCaffrcy notes, Satan's boast is at odds with the action of the epic as a whole; and, as D. C. Allen's scholarship has shown, it perhaps is based on heresy. I nevertheless suggest that to reject Satan's speech out of hand is in one way wrong, for the premise of his argument—if not the conclusion—is partially true. And fully to appreciate the way in which Satan's logic goes awry requires, I think, an understanding of the philosophic background from which Satan's words arise.
‘Blurt, Master Constable’: A Possible Authorship Clue
Authors: Schoenbaum Samuel
Published: April 2006

Printed anonymously in 1602, Blurt, Master Constable was attributed to Thomas Middleton by Francis Kirkman in his 1661 playlist. For almost three centuries the ascription went unchallenged. Dyce and Bullen included the play in their editions of Middleton; Chambers did not question its authenticity in The Elizabethan Stage. But in 1926 Oliphant suggested Thomas Dekker as the possible author, and his proposal has met with more favor than is usually accorded such conjectures. However, the argument for Dekker has consisted entirely of stylistic impressions—the kind of evidence which does not often persuade the skeptical reader—and as recently as 1948 the serious student of Middleton could accept without qualm the traditional attribution. It might, therefore, be useful if some external evidence, however slight, were forthcoming to support Dekker's claim to the play. Such evidence may be afforded by a possible contemporary allusion to Dekker's authorship of Blurt in the anonymous Wily Beguiled, printed in 1606 but probably acted ca. 1602.
New Poems by George Herbert: The Cambridge Latin Gratulatory Anthology of 1613
Authors: Bradner Leicester
Published: April 2006

On February 14, 1613, Frederick, the Elector Palatine, was married to Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James 1 of England. Shortly afterwards he and Prince Charles made a visit to Cambridge University. As on all such occasions, disputations were held, plays were acted, and congratulatory poems in Greek and Latin were offered. A contemporary account preserved in Gonville and Caius College (MS. 73, p. 232) records that after a speech the orator ‘presented the Princes with eyther of them a written book of verses, fairly bownd in vellum filletted and guilded, with crimson strings; that to the Prin: was gratulatorie, only that to the Palat: the former part gratulatori, the latter Epithalamia.’
The Editing of Monteverdi
Authors: Redlich Hans F.
Published: April 2006

That decisions of this sort must have caused some headache even to contemporary conductors may be guessed from Michael Praetorius’ practical editing of another item of the Monteverdi Vespers, ‘Ave maris Stella.’ These choral variations ‘a 8’ on a plain-chant melody are written for eight-part double choir, Basso continuo, with intersticial ritornelli, scored for an unspecified orchestra ‘a5’. There are variations for semi-chorus and for soloists. In the very end (‘Sit laus’) the composer unites both semi-choirs (without the usually preceding ritornelli).
All's Well that's not Well, or Measure beyond Measure
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: April 2006

It is not ordinarily wise to draw readers’ attention to further developments of Shakespearean themes unless such developments may be said in some sense to throw interesting light on Shakespeare's particular treatment, or because the developments have worth-while intrinsic merits which may owe their very origin to the vogue sustained if not actually created by him. I should like to bring a thematic development before readers so that they may judge for themselves whether or no it fulfills either or both conditions as well as contributing to the variety of the analogues of the ‘bed-trick’ which has already been pointed out by scholars not necessarily claiming a possible source for Shakespeare but indicating the prevalence of such story material.
A Three-Man Song in Fulwell's Like Will to Like at the Folger
Authors: Sabol Andrew J.
Published: April 2006

The quarto (ca. 1570) of Ulpian Fulwell's An Enterlude intituled Like wil to like quod the Deuel to the Colier at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D. C. (STC 11473.2 bd. with 4965), contains on its back leaf (Sig. F2v) in ink in what appears to be a contemporary hand the music of a three-man song arranged for counter-tenor, tenor, and bass. The piece is anonymous and has no heading, and there are no words with the music. The rest of the quarto is free from annotations of any kind.

The music, whose distribution and range of parts as well as part movement point clearly to a concerted vocal piece, is presumably a setting for the concluding lyric of the play. Sung by Virtuous Life, Honour, and Good Fame, the lyric appears on the preceding signature (F2r). The music easily accommodates the words of the first four lines of each verse; the remaining two lines require the repetition of the second section of the music.
Conceptual Patterns Underlying the Vinland Map
Authors: Goldstein Thomas E.
Published: April 2006

The so-called ‘Vinland map’ seems to possess an innate capacity for creating confusion and misunderstandings. Released by Yale University (with unfortunate timing) on the eve of Columbus Day 1965, the map at once caused a public outcry, both here and abroad, unusual for any historic document—let alone an object of that most intricate technical discipline, the history of cartography. There can be no doubt that the public storm was provoked by a misunderstanding, and the attendant world-wide curiosity therefore was aroused for the wrong reasons—even though it may have involved a vague feeling for the real (and very considerable) intrinsic interest which the map represents. Extensive comments were heard from such diverse sources as the Foreign Minister of Italy, Amintore Fanfani; Harvard's Samuel Eliot Morison; and Vladimir Nevsky, a Soviet geographer, who pronounced the map to be a clever fake.
Scholarship in the Renaissance: English Nondramatic Literature
Authors: Jayne Sears
Published: April 2006

The scholarly books in this field during the current year fall into four main groups. Much the largest of these is a welcome group of scholarly editions, led by William Ringler's masterly Clarendon edition of the poems of Sidney. In Max Patrick's series of Stuart Editions the new titles include his own edition of Herrick, W. B. Hunter's edition of Jonson's poems, J. C. A. Rathmell's edition of the psalms of Sidney and the Countess of Pembroke, a collection of meditative poems edited by Louis Martz, and a collection of short seventeenth-century fiction, edited by C. C. Mish. An anthology of masques and triumphs and an anthology of seventeenth-century epics are also promised later in this series.
The Effects of Contracts on Interpersonal Trust
Authors: Malhotra Deepak , Murnighan J. Keith
Published: April 2006

This paper uses two laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of contracts on interpersonal trust. We predict that the use of binding contracts to promote or mandate cooperation will lead interacting parties to attribute others' cooperation to the constraints imposed by the contract rather than to the individuals themselves, thus reducing the likelihood of trust developing. We also predict that, although non-binding contracts may not generate as much initial cooperation as binding contracts, they will generate personal rather than situational attributions for any cooperation that results and will therefore not interfere with trust development. Two experiments investigated the effects of the use and removal of binding and non-binding contracts. When binding contracts that were previously allowed were no longer allowed or no longer chosen, trust dropped significantly. In contrast, non-binding contracts led to considerable cooperation, and their removal reduced trust less than removing binding contracts. Behavioral and perceptual data suggest that non-binding contracts lead to personal attributions for cooperation and thus may provide an optimal basis for building interpersonal trust in a variety of situations.
Getting to Know You: The Influence of Personality on Impressions and Performance of Demographically Different People in Organizations
Authors: Flynn Francis J. , Chatman Jennifer A. , Spataro Sandra E.
Published: April 2006

This paper extends social categorization theory to understand how personality traits related to information sharing may correspond with positive perceptions of demographically different people, thereby enhancing their experience and performance in organizations. We tested our hypotheses in a sample of MBA candidates and a sample of financial services firm officers and found that people who were more demographically different from their coworkers engendered more negative impressions than did more similar coworkers. These impressions were more positive, however, when demographically different people were either more extraverted or higher self-monitors. Further, impressions formed of others mediated the influence of demographic differences on an individual's performance such that the negative effect of being demographically different disappeared when the relationship between impression formation and performance was considered. This suggests that demographically different people may have more control over the impressions others form of them than has been considered in previous research.
Barbot, Dapper, Davity: A Critique of Sources on Sierra Leone and Cape Mount
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: April 2006

It is over a decade since Professor Lawrence made a plea “for subjecting the sources for African history to that kind of critical appraisal which has customarily been applied to Greek and Roman authors.” Among Anglophone African historians, the plea has largely gone unheard. Could this conceivably be because critical source analysis is dull stuff for minds accustomed to the excitement of filling blank plains of African history with elephants of speculation and castles of moralistic stance? The opportunity provided by the reprinting of the standard sources has all too frequently been lost. One editor of an essential west African source is content to remark that the contemporary translation into English he is reprinting, considered together with another contemporary translation into French, are “all [sic], for the most part, considered faithful renditions of the original Dutch.” Standards of source-verification in published African history not uncommonly fall below the standards demanded in other fields of history; even reputable publishing houses occasionally produce works whose standards of historical enquiry are so low that they have been termed, unkindly but not altogether unjustly, “Academic Oxfam for Africa.” Perhaps a case does exist for speculation and commitment in African history, perhaps non-written sources may inform in detail as well as stimulate in general; but if the African historian dares to step outside the ivory tower of African studies, and is concerned that his subject be taken seriously by the historical profession as a whole, he must perform his exercises on the common ground of historical enquiry. This means that he must include a measure of dull critical analysis of written sources. Professor Shepperson once suggested that the time had come for more ‘dull’ African history: the present paper is intended as a contribution to this and to no other good cause.
Die Buschmänner Südwestafrikas
Authors: Lebzelter Viktor
Published: April 2006

Im folgenden gebe ich in grossen Züigen das Bild wieder, welches sich mir nach meinen Beobachtungen in den Jahten 1926–1928 und nach der Durcharbeitung der Ergebnisse von den Buschmännern Südwestafrikas bietet.

Die Besuchten Stämme: Besondere Aufmerksamkeit habe ich den Ost-!Kung ausserhalb der Polizeizone im Norden und Osten des Bezirkes Grootfontein gewidmet. Weiterhin habe ich die auf den Farmen dieses Bezirkes und des Bezirkes Outjo lebenden Hei||om und die Hei||om der Etoshapfanne studiert. Im Ambolande besuchte ich die sogenannten !Kung im westlichen Otjimpolofelde, die Daman-Buschmänner des Palmbusches östlich von Ondonga, die bantuisierten Buschleute von Eunda, Ongandjera, Uukualuthi und Ukuambi. Besondere Exkursionen führten mich zu den Nogau am mittleren Omuramba Epukiro und in die Naukluft.
The Study of Modern Literature in the Education of Our Time
Authors: MacAlister James
Published: April 2006

Ladies and Gentlemen:—The invitation to address you this evening was not accepted without considerable misgiving, and nothing but the urgent solicitation of your Secretary could have induced me to appear before an Association whose professional pursuits are in many respects so different from my own. The daily round of my duties is so far removed from the “ quiet and still air of delightful studies” which the scholar so much covets that it is not very easy to take up a subject which implies constant intercourse with the great masters of literature and an intimate familiarity with the college and university work of our time. At the same time I may venture to say that, while my labors have been almost wholly in the field of elementary education, I have not been unmindful of the important questions pertaining to higher education that have been so warmly discussed during the past quarter of a century. The question of educational reform touches schools of every grade, and no change can be made in any one department of school work without materially affecting all the others. While I beg of you to understand, therefore, that I shall speak of the points involved in this paper with great diffidence, what will be said may be taken as the result of careful observation and serious thought.
The Origin of the Teutonic Weak Preterit
Authors: Collitz Hermann
Published: April 2006

The fect that the verbs m the Teutonic languages are divided into two classes according to the different formations of their preterits, gives the inquiry into the origin of the preterit of the so-called weak verb a peculiar interest to the student of Teutonic philology. The regular development of the strong preterit from the perfect active of the Aryan parent-speech has long been recognized, but the origin of the weak preterit is still an open question. Formerly the weak preterit was considered to be formed by the addition to the verbal stem of the Aryan root dhē (or as it was formerly put, dhā) “do.” Since the publication by Wilhelm Begemann of his two monographs ‘ Das schwache Präteritum der germaniscben Sprachen’ (Berlin 1873) and ‘ Zur Bedeutting des schwachen Preteritums der germanischen Sprachen’ (ib. 1874), this composition-theory has gradually been abandoned, for Begemann showed that such formations as mah-ta, kun-pa, wis-sa, etc. on the one hand, and nasi-da, habaida, fullnōda, on the other, did not, as the early theory assumed, originally contain a dh in their suffixes, but rather a t in accordance with the similar formation of their participles. (e. g. Goth. mah-t-s and mah-ta). However, his thesis, though supported with acumen and scholarship, was at first rejected by all who passed judgment upon it But it has come to honor since the partial adhesion of Windisch and the full adhesion of Möller, the former m Kuhn‘s Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung, VIII (1876), p. 456f., and the latter in Kölbing‘s Englische Studien, III (1880), p. 160f. But the recognition of the fect that the characteristic of the weak preterit was originally a dental tenuis does not constitute a solution of the problem, but only the beginning of a solution. It still remains to inquire further into the source of this tense characteristic and to explain the striking similarity in the formation of the weak preterit and the weak participle.
American Literature in the Class-Room
Authors: Smyth Albert H.
Published: April 2006

The increased attention to the study of American Literature in our higher institutions, and the want of any good text-book to assist the teacher, seem to warrant the discussion here of the subject which I have ventured to bring before you, and which, I am well assured, holds a considerable place in the thought of many teachers of English. If there seem to be but little that is original in the following brief outline, and indeed much that is not new, it has nevertheless seemed to me worth while to emphasize the educational capabilities of our own literature and perhaps to suggest method in the study of it. It is certainly discreditable to us that we have done so little toward a faithful and affectionate study of what is purely native and national in our American writings. The text-books intended for use in our schools are, for the most part, sadly incapable. They are without critical ability, and are constructed usually upon the same pattern : —a number of names of greater or less eminence in several departments of intellectual activity are set down in chronological order, with a few lines of biography concerning each. There is rarely any sense of proportion, the same space is given to a wretched poetaster like James Gates Percival as to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Tvlor's ‘History of American Literature is a permanent honor to American scholarship, a skilful and laborious examination of all the literary remains before 1765. Professor Richardson's unfinished ‘American Literature’ contains much that is interesting, but we still need for class use, a book from which teachers can teach, and from which students cannot ‘cram.’
Folk Music in the Caste System of Nepal
Authors: Hoerburger Felix
Published: April 2006

Twelve years ago during the IFMC conference at Copenhagen, Arnold Bake gave an excellent paper on Nepalese folk music, which unfortunately appeared in the Journal of the IFMC only as a short summary. But even this brief summary shows the very complicated situation arising from the fact that in Nepal two communities, the Nevari and the Nepali, have lived together for two hundred years, each preserving more or less intact its own language and separate musical tradition as well as its own hierarchy of castes. These castes, because of their social separation, continue to keep pure their separate traditions. Hence, one cannot understand the different styles of Nepalese music in their cultural context without taking into account the caste system and its effect on the music.
Reflections on the Problem: How Old is the Concept Folksong?
Authors: Wiora Walter
Published: April 2006

This year musicology should remember the two men who have given a greater part of their creative life to the folk song: Béla Bartók, who died a quarter-century ago on September 26, 1945, and Werner Danckert, who passed away on March 5, 1970.
Scottish Folkmusic: An Historical Survey
Authors: Collinson Francis
Published: April 2006

I would like to begin, if I may be allowed, upon a personal note. It has been my privilege to be a member of the International Folk Music Council since its inception in 1947 – a founder member in fact. In those twenty-two years, fellow members have become dear friends. To meet them, in the various capitals of the world over the years, has added a savour and an extra dimension to life which I would have been very sorry to miss. I would like to say what a delight it is to me personally to welcome you now to my native city of Edinburgh.
African Dance: The Continuity of Change
Authors: Hanna Judith Lynne
Published: April 2006

African dance has, in the past, sent some admiring Western poets and artists into ecstasy and many Christian missionaries and other colonialists into a state of horror. “The quintessential aesthetic form” or “the expression of moral turpitude,” respectively, were common verdicts. And frequently, early European observers of African behavior did not consider African dance to be dance, for it was not the familiar classical ballet or foot-tapping folk dance of their home countries. Perceptions and evaluations are now more balanced. We have first-hand reports about African dance by African and other scholars, an extensive survey of old and new literature relevant to African dance, an increasing number of African dance films, and African dance companies that have performed around the world.
The Study of Individual Carnatic Musicians
Authors: Geekie Gordon
Published: April 2006

In southern India, the term ‘Carnatic music’ is usually employed to refer to the ‘art’ form of devotional music. This is mostly played by and for members of the Brahman caste, by whom it is termed sam̩gīta.
Human Factors Engineering
Authors: Phillips Chandler A. , Repperger Daniel W. , Reynolds David B.
Published: April 2006

Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is that discipline of engineering concerned with the analysis, design, and development of human‐technological systems in which the primary emphasis is to improve or optimize system performance by considering the human's capabilities and limitations in the system. HFE uses the fundamental engineering sciences to provide the mathematical and analytical methods necessary to implement human factors applications. This chapter describes the applications of HFE to ergonomic engineering practice with specific examples from biomechanics, bioelectronics, and biothermodynamics. The chapter concludes with the application of human control engineering for evaluating the tradeoff in equipment design and human operator capabilities.
Why Are Proteins Charged? Networks of Charge–Charge Interactions in Proteins Measured by Charge Ladders and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Gitlin Irina , Carbeck Jeffrey D. , Whitesides George M.
Published: April 2006

Almost all proteins contain charged amino acids. While the function in catalysis or binding of individual charges in the active site can often be identified, it is less clear how to assign function to charges beyond this region. Are they necessary for solubility? For reasons other than solubility? Can manipulating these charges change the properties of proteins? A combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and protein charge ladders makes it possible to study the roles of charged residues on the surface of proteins outside the active site. This method involves chemical modification of those residues to generate a large number of derivatives of the protein that differ in charge. CE separates those derivatives into groups with the same number of modified charged groups. By studying the influence of charge on the properties of proteins using charge ladders, it is possible to estimate the net charge and hydrodynamic radius and to infer the role of charged residues in ligand binding and protein folding.