bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supervision Of Supervised Agricultural Experience Programs: A Synthesis Of Research
Authors: Dyer James E. , Williams David L.
Published: December 2010

This article presents a synthesis of research and identifies research deficiency on supervising supervised agricultural experience (SAE) programs during a thirty-year period, 1964 - 1993. A library search of selected sources was used to gather data for the study. Research in this area was found to be primarily descriptive. SAE program partners (teachers, students, parents, and employers) value the supervisory role of teachers in conducting SAE programs, however, implementation of the practice varies greatly from state to state. Cumulative data are not available to guide the development of policies and standards for supervising SAE programs. Future research in this area should focus on effects of supervision on SAE programs, when in a SAE programs is supervision most critical to student learning, roles of each area partner in supervising SAE programs, goals for SAE visits, strategies for planning SAE programs and recording accomplishments, extended contracts and release time for SAE supervision, and teacher education related to supervising SAE programs.
ATTITUDES OF ILLINOIS HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS TOWARD EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Osborne Edward W. , Dyer James E.
Published: December 2010

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of Illinois high school science teachers toward high school educational programs in agriculture. Results of the study indicated approximately one-half of the science teachers reported some collaboration with agriculture teachers. The greatest collaboration occurred in the areas of sharing laboratory and teaching materials and discussing teaching strategies and course content. Science teachers felt that (I) high school agriculture courses are beneficial for h&her achieving students; (2) stronger ties should be made between agriculture and science curricula; (3) agriculture programs should become more science based; (4) applied agricultural science courses make scientific principles more meaningful; and (5) selected agriculture courses are appropriate for lab science credit. Attitudes toward educational programs in agriculture were significantly higher if teachers were (I) familiar with the applied agricultural science courses, (2) wanted to learn more about agriculture, and (3) lived on a farm. No significant relationships were found between science teaching area and attitudes toward agriculture or educational programs in agriculture. Recommendations included directing efforts/programs toward science teachers to inform and build a more positive image of high school agriculture programs, identification of effective strategies for collaboration, and implementation.
PERCEPTIONS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF YOUNG AND POTENTIAL PRODUCERS
Authors: Gamon Julia A. , Scofield Gaylan G.
Published: December 2010

The sustainable agriculture movement is an important one for educators because ofincreasing societal concern about the effects of agriculture on the environment. Three groups of young people were studied over a four-year period to determine what theyperceived to be the consequences of adoption of sustainable agriculture practices. The most likely consequences were greater management requirements and changes in equipment Potential producers were more likely than those somewhat older to expect positive consequences and to use dealers as a source of information.. Neighbors, family, and friends wereratedmost highly as a source of information for all groups. Adoption/diffusion tbeoryprovided the base for studying the attributes of sustainable practices affecting adoption, and the attribute of complexity had the most influence. Recommendations were: (a) include observations of conservation practices in under-graduate programs, (b) establish networks of graduates, and (c) target dealers who cooperate with Extension in providing educational programs on sustainable agriculture.
THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE: AN INFORMAL HISTORY OF ITS USE IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION RESEARCH SINCE 1984.
Authors: Martin Andrew G. , Frick Martin J.
Published: December 2010

This investigation addresses the use of the delphi technique in agricultural education research from I984 to the present. Delphi has been used steadily i n the discipline over the course of that time with the exception of an activity peak in 1991-1993. Its most frequent application is in the area of curriculum planning.. Delphi appears to be a unique alternative to tie more traditional kinds of evaluation and survey work and will likely see continued use in the future of agriucultural education research. However, there are some indications that the validity of the technique, relative to its use in agricultural education, should be tie focus of additional study.
A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TEACHER AND SCHOOLINFLUENCES ON AFRICAN AMERICAN ENROLLMENTS IN SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE COURSES
Authors: Jones Kenneth R.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to enrollment of African Americans in secondary agricultural science programs. Eleven agricultural science programs in Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia were studied during site visits. Also, one agricultural science teacher in each of the high schools was interviewed. Based on the observations and other data that were collected, the researchers found that agricultural science teachers’ attitudes toward teaching and students had a significant impact on African American enrollments in agricultural science courses. Those teachers who could relate well to all students and were enthusiastic about their programs had the highest number of African American students in their courses. In addition, programs that had high technology, science-based curricula enrolled more African American students than traditional production oriented programs. Also, schools with an African American agricultural science teacher had higher percentages of African American students in the agricultural science program.
ASSESSING CUSTOMER ORIENTATION IN PUBLIC, NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: A PROFILE OF OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
Authors: Berrio Angel A. , Henderson Janet L.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of the study was to describe the customer orientation profile of Ohio State University Extension (OSU Extension). The sample for the study consisted of Extension personnel (n= 265) at the county level. An evaluative framework was utilized to describe the organizational customer orientation profile in four dimensions: Definition, Sensitivity, Measurement, and Implementation. Additionally, the level of commitment to Customer Service and attitude toward Continuous Quality Improvement (@I,) were analyzed. A mail survey was used to collect the research data. A slightly high level of customer orientation was found, portraying the organization (OSIJ Extension) as extroverted, proactive, formal, and action-oriented. A slightly high level of commitment to customer service and a slightly positive attitude toward CQI were exhibited by OSIJ Extension personnel. A statistically significant association was found between customer service and customer orientation, and also between customer orientation and attitude toward CQI, job title and gender. Paraprofessionals had a higher customer orientation than professionals and support staff Females had a higher customer orientation than males.
IMPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATING SCIENCE IN SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Thompson Greg
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine how the National FFA AgriScience Teacher of the Year Award Program winners perceived the impact that integrating science has had on their agricultural education program. The target population consisted of all state, regional, and national winners of the National FFA AgriScience Teacher of the Year Award Program from the years I988 - 1995. Responses were collected from 131 teachers (71.98% response rate). A Jive point Likert-type scale (I = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) was used to measure the teachers ‘perceptions toward integrating science into their agricultural education programs. The respondents perceived that integration of science was an effective delivery method for agricultural education, as over one-third of the instrument items received mean scores greater than 4.0 and 90% of the items received mean scores of 3.0 or greater. The findings of this study support the need to integrate science into agricultural education programs.
Associated Factors In Recruitment And Retention Of 4-H Members In West Virginia
Authors: Wingenbach Gary J. , Meighan Terence , Lawrence Layle D. , Gartin Stacy A. , Woloshuk Jean M.
Published: December 2010

This study was designed to determine effective recruitment and retention techniques for increasing enrollment in the West Virginia 4-Hprogram. Data were collectedfor this survey research from county 4-H club leaders and Extension agents via two mail questionnaires. The sample consisted of I65 county 4-H club leaders and 55 Extension agents. A total of 115 (52%) usable questionnaires were returned Participants rated the perceived importance of various recruitment and retention techniques used by 4-H club leaders. The highest rated recruitment techniques were "have exciting and active clubs to entice others to join, "word of mouth--friends telling friends about 4-H," "make meetings/programs interesting and fun," "make members feel welcome," and "'allow 4-H members to participate and take active roles in the club." The highest rated retention techniques were "an effective county agent, staff, and 4-H leader," "must be pro 4-H," "fun camping programs," "provide praise, motivation, and encouragement," "let older members know how important they are to the success of the club," and "provide efficient and fun meetings, programs, and activities." Inservice workshops for West Virginia Extension agents and 4-H club leaders should be conducted on organizing an effective and exciting 4-H club meeting and maintaining a dynamic 4-H club.
Safety Issues In Agricultural Education Laboratories: A Synthesis Of Research
Authors: Dyer James E. , Andreasen Randall J.
Published: December 2010

The objectives of this investigation were to synthesize research related to safety in agricultural education laboratories and to identify areas of deficiency in laboratory safety-related research. Findings showed that research in this area is primarily a mixture of descriptive, survey, and experimental research. Most laboratory research has been focused on agricultural mechanics laboratories. Studies revealed that agricultural education laboratories are potentially hazardous places for both work and study. Due to the nature of these laboratories, the potential for injury and subsequent litigation exists. Both teachers and administrators should assume a more active role in monitoring laboratory safety and in the procurement of necessary safety equipment and materials. Generally, teachers appear to be remiss both in their knowledge of local, state, and national safety laws, and in their performance in providing a safe environment for themselves and their students. Future research in this area should be directed toward determining the relationships between teacher attitudes and quality of instruction, identification of effective teaching strategies, determining ways to motivate students to practice safety techniques, identification of hazardous safety practices, determining inservice needs of teachers, identification of characteristics of students who are safety risks, and safety effects of laboratory instruction on teachers.
Assessing The Inservice Needs Of Entry-Phase Agriculture Teachers In Texas: A Discrepancy Model Versus Direct Assessment
Authors: Edwards M. Craig , Briers Gary E.
Published: December 2010

This was a descriptive study to assess inservice education needs of entry-phase agriculture teachers in Texas. The purpose was to compare the ranking of inservice needs as determined by direct assessment to a ranking based on a mean weighted discrepancy score (MWDS), i.e., the Borich model. Via a mail questionnaire, teachers "graded" their performance for I63 competencies and their need for inservice (expressed need) for each competency. Teachers then responded to a second questionnaire by "'rating" the level of importance for these competencies. Each questionnaire used a Likert-type scale. Subjects responded to 51 "core " competencies and to approximately one-fourth of the remaining items. During Phase I, competencies were ranked based on teachers' expressed need The importance rating, obtained during Phase II, allowedfor calculation of a MWDS for each competency and ranking of the competencies based on these scores. Only four competencies ranked among the top 15 for both rankings. Because MWDS rankings were more congruent with inset-vice needs identified in the literature, it was concluded that a discrepancy approach does provide a more valid picture of inservice needs. Providers should allocate resources based on MWDS rankings. Future needs assessment studies should incorporate the calculation and ranking of MWDS.
Level Of Teaching Skills And Interest In Teaching Improvement As Perceived By Faculty In A Land-Grant College Of Agriculture
Authors: Wardlow George W. , Johnson Donald M.
Published: December 2010

This study described the level of skills, and interests in learning more about, selected teaching activities and educational technologies among faculty with teaching appointments in the College of Agricultural, Food and LifeSciences at the University of Arkansas. As part of a United States Department of Agriculture grant, the study served as a needs assessmentfor designingfaculty development activities. Teaching faculty perceived that they had relatively high levels of skills in traditional classroom teaching areas such as lecture and discussion methods. However, they had high levels of interest in learning more about these skills. Their self-perceived levels of skills were low in such non-traditional areas as case studies, discovery learning, and peer observation, and they expressed little interest in learning more about these topics. There was little relationship between their level of skill and level of interest in learning more about teaching methods. These faculty rated their levels of skill in educational technologies lower than for the teaching methods. However, they expressedgenerally high levels of interest in learning more about the technologies. A substantial positive relationship was found between level of skill and interest in learning more about educational technologies.
Global and regional trends in aerosol optical depth based on remote sensing products and pollutant emission estimates between 2000 and 2009
Authors: de Meij A. , Pozzer A. , Lelieveld J.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. This study evaluates global and regional aerosol optical depth (AOD) trends in view of aerosol (precursor) emission changes between 2000 and 2009. We use AOD products from MODIS, MISR and AERONET, and emission estimates from the EMEP, REAS and IPCC inventories. First we compare trends in global Level 3 AOD products of MODIS, MISR and AERONET (Level 2). We find generally negative trends over Europe and North America, whereas over South and East Asia they are mostly positive. The negative trends over parts of Europe and North-East America appear to be significant. Second, we analyze MODIS Level 2 AODs for three selected regions with good data coverage (Central Mediterranean, North-East America and East Asia) and compare with Level 3 products. This corroborates that the 2000–2009 AOD trend over the Central Mediterranean is negative and corresponds well with the MODIS Level 3 analysis. Also for North-East America the trend is generally negative and in agreement with MODIS Level 3 products. For East Asia the trends derived from Level 2 products are mostly positive and correspond with the MODIS Level 3 results. Over Europe, the trends in aerosol single scattering albedo, as derived from MISR data, appear to be positive (declining solar radiation absorption), whereas this is not the case over the USA, though these data are not yet validated. Third we compare trends in AOD with emission changes of SO2, NOx, NH3 and black carbon. We associate the downward trends in AOD over Europe and North America with decreasing emissions of SO2, NOx, and other criteria pollutants, and consequently declining aerosol concentrations. Over East Asia the MODIS Level 2 trends are generally positive, consistent with increasing pollutant emissions by fossil energy use and growing industrial and urban activities. It appears that SO2 emission changes dominate the AOD trends, although especially in Asia NOx emissions may become increasingly important. Our results suggest that solar brightening due to decreasing SO2 emissions and resulting downward AOD trends over Europe may have weakened in the 2000s compared to the 1990s.
Atmospheric nutrient inputs to the northern levantine basin from a long-term observation: sources and comparison with riverine inputs
Authors: Koçak M. , Kubilay N. , Tuğrul S. , Mihalopoulos N.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Aerosol and rainwater samples have been collected at a rural site located on the coastline of the Eastern Mediterranean, Erdemli, Turkey between January 1999 and December 2007. Riverine sampling was carried out at five Rivers (Ceyhan, Seyhan, Göksu, Berdan and Lamas) draining into the Northeastern Levantine Basin (NLB) between March 2002 and July 2007. Samples have been analyzed for macronutrients of phosphate, silicate, nitrate and ammonium (PO43−, Sidiss, NO3− and NH4+). Phosphate and silicate in aerosol and rainwater showed higher and larger variations during the transitional period when air flows predominantly originate from North Africa and Middle East/Arabian Peninsula. Deficiency of alkaline material have been found to be the main reason of the acidic rain events whilst high pH values (>7) have been associated with high Sidiss concentrations due to sporadic dust events. In general, lowest nitrate and ammonium concentrations in aerosol and rainwater have been associated with air flow from the Mediterranean Sea. Comparison of atmospheric with riverine fluxes demonstrated that DIN and PO43− fluxes to NLB have been dominated by atmosphere (~90% and ~60% respectively) whereas the input of Si was mainly derived from riverine runoff (~90%). N/P ratios in the atmospheric deposition (233); riverine discharge (28) revealed that NLB receives excessive amounts of DIN and this unbalanced P and N inputs may provoke even more phosphorus deficiency. Observed molar Si/N ratio suggested Si limitation relative to nitrogen might cause a switch from diatom dominated communities to non-siliceous populations particularly at coastal NLB.
Effect of Adjuvant Perioperative Desmopressin in Locally Advanced Canine Mammary Carcinoma and its Relation to Histologic Grade
Authors: Hermo Guillermo A. , Turic Esteban , Angelico Daniel , Scursoni Alejandra M. , Gomez Daniel E. , Gobello Cristina , Alonso Daniel F.
Published: December 2010

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a vasopressin peptide analog with hemostatic properties that has been successfully used during surgery in patients with bleeding disorders. Recently published experimental and clinical data indicate that perioperative administration of DDAVP can minimize spread and survival of residual mammary cancer cells. The central aim of this study was to explore the effect of perioperative DDAVP and its relation to histologic grade in bitches with locally advanced mammary carcinoma. Of the 32 dogs initially recruited, 28 intact bitches with mammary carcinoma tumors stage III or IV were ultimately included. These dogs were randomized to receive DDAVP at intravenous doses of 1 μg/kg (n=18) or saline solution as placebo (n=10). En bloc mastectomy of the affected gland(s) was performed. Tumor malignancy was graded by the method of Elston and Ellis into well-differentiated (grade 1), moderately differentiated (grade 2), or poorly differentiated (grade 3). DDAVP therapy significantly prolonged the disease-free survival (P<0.001) and overall survival (P<0.01) in bitches with grade 2 or 3 carcinomas compared with bitches in the control group. No significant difference in disease-free period or overall survival was found between treatment groups in bitches with grade 1 tumors. The present data suggest that DDAVP may be an excellent candidate as a surgical adjuvant in the management of aggressive cancers in small animals. More research in this field is warranted.
Recent Trends in Feline Intestinal Neoplasia: an Epidemiologic Study of 1,129 Cases in the Veterinary Medical Database from 1964 to 2004
Authors: Rissetto Kerry , Villamil J. Armando , Selting Kim A. , Tyler Jeff , Henry Carolyn J.
Published: December 2010

A retrospective epidemiologic study evaluated 1,129 feline intestinal tumor patients via data entered into the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) from 1964 to 2004. Cases were analyzed by breed, age, yr of diagnosis, tumor type, and location. The VMDB incidence of all intestinal tumors reported during this 40 yr period was 0.4%, with small intestinal tumors predominating. The most common intestinal tumor was lymphoma, but the most common nonlymphoid tumor was adenocarcinoma. The Siamese breed and increasing age after 7 yr conferred an increased risk. Intact males and females appeared to have a decreased risk compared with neutered patients, but this may be explained by the age difference among these patients as older patients were more likely to be neutered. Prospective studies evaluating neuter status predilection and prognosis are warranted.
Multiple Magnet Ingestion as a Cause of Septic Peritonitis in a Dog
Authors: Rossmeissl Erin M. , Palmer Katharine G. , Hoelzler Michael G. , Fulcher Ryan P.
Published: December 2010

A 1 yr old male castrated Yorkshire terrier was referred after ingesting magnets. Dehydration, fever, tachycardia, and abdominal pain were noted on physical examination. Abdominal radiographs revealed two radiopaque foreign objects in close proximity to each other with decreased abdominal detail. Surgical exploration identified magnets adhered together in the omentum with perforations present in the transverse colon and stomach. The perforations were closed and a Jackson-Pratt continuous suction drain was placed. Septic peritonitis secondary to intestinal perforation from magnet ingestion was successfully treated with a combination of surgery and a closed suction drain.
Catalysis
Authors: Rothenberg Gadi
Published: December 2010

This chapter covers the basics of catalysis from a broad perspective. The main message is that heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, and biocatalysis are all one discipline, and you only need to understand once how catalysis works. The chapter is divided into five sections. Sections 1 and 2 introduce and explain the fundamentals of sustainable chemistry, catalysis, and reaction kinetics. Sections 3–5 show how these principles are applied in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysis, respectively. I included in each section examples that emphasize the strong connection between fundamental research in catalysis and its application in the chemical industry. To help you master the catalysis jargon, key terms are printed in boldface type and are defined the first time they appear. For a more detailed discussion on the various aspects of catalysis, see the books listed in Further Reading.
Copper
Authors: Kundig K. J. A. , Dresher W. H.
Published: December 2010

Copper and its various alloys are used in industrial and consumer applications because of its high electrical and thermal conductivities, wear and corrosion resistance, and mechanical and aesthetic properties. Pure copper is most often produced by electrofining. Sulfuric acid is a principal by‐product of copper smelting. These various copper minerals, mining, ore treatment, and refining are discussed. as are the chemical reactions specific to these processes. Copper is vital to every industrial sector. World and U.S. production is discussed. Uses of copper and alloys mill products can be broken down into five principal markets: building construction, electrical and electronics products, transportation, consumer products and industrial machinery. Copper and its alloys are considered strategic materials essential to the U.S. economy and national defense. Copper is and essential trace element required for human metabolism.
Analysis of Snow Microstructure by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction Contrast Tomography
Authors: Roscoat Sabine Rolland du , King Andrew , Philip Armelle , Reischig Peter , Ludwig Wolfgang , Flin Frédéric , Meyssonnier Jacques
Published: December 2010

Snow is an agglomerate of ice crystals. The details of its mechanical behavior are still controversially discussed: what is the relative importance of intragranular‐viscoplastic deformation versus grain boundary sliding under mechanical loading? In order to understand how snow deforms at the grain scale, micro‐mechanical compression tests on dry snow have been performed using X‐ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT). DCT is a non‐destructive, 3D characterization technique which combines the principles of X‐ray absorption and diffraction imaging. DCT reveals simultaneously the grain structure (in terms of 3D shape and crystallographic orientation) and the absorption microstructure of polycrystalline materials that fulfill specific requirements. Coupled with a sample environment that maintains the snow sample at sub‐zero temperature and allows the application of a constant load, this technique allows us to follow at the grain scale the microstructural changes undergone by the sample. We briefly describe the principle of the DCT technique and then present and discuss the first results obtained during in situ compression experiments performed on large‐grained snow samples.
Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas
Authors: Gao Wenjun , Wan Ying , Dou Yuqian , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: December 2010

Graphitic carbons with ordered mesostructure and high surface areas (of great interest in applications such as energy storage) have been synthesized by a direct triblock‐copolymer‐templating method. Pluronic F127 is used as a structure‐directing agent, with a low‐molecular‐weight phenolic resol as a carbon source, ferric oxide as a catalyst, and silica as an additive. Inorganic oxides can be completely eliminated from the carbon. Small‐angle XRD and N2 sorption analysis show that the resultant carbon materials possess an ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, uniform bimodal mesopores (about 1.5 and 6 nm), high surface area (∼1300 m2/g), and large pore volumes (∼1.50 cm3/g) after low‐temperature pyrolysis (900 °C). All surface areas come from mesopores. Wide‐angle XRD patterns demonstrate that the presence of the ferric oxide catalyst and the silica additive lead to a marked enhancement of graphitic ordering in the framework. Raman spectra provide evidence of the increased content of graphitic sp2 carbon structures. Transmission electron microscopy images confirm that numerous domains in the ordered mesostructures are composed of characteristic graphitic carbon nanostructures. The evolution of the graphitic structure is dependent on the temperature and the concentrations of the silica additive, and ferric oxide catalyst. Electrochemical measurements performed on this graphitic mesoporous carbon when used as an electrode material for an electrochemical double layer capacitor shows rectangular‐shaped cyclic voltammetry curves over a wide range of scan rates, even up to 200 mV/s, with a large capacitance of 155 F/g in KOH electrolyte. This method can be widely applied to the synthesis of graphitized carbon nanostructures.
Positive antibody response to vaccination in adolescence predicts lower C‐reactive protein concentration in young adulthood in the philippines
Authors: Mcdade Thomas W. , Adair Linda , Feranil Alan B. , Kuzawa Christopher
Published: December 2010

Objectives: Inflammation has been associated with a wide range of chronic degenerative diseases, but the developmental factors contributing to the regulation of inflammation are poorly understood. This study investigates the within‐individual association between antibody response to vaccination in adolescence and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration in young adulthood.

Methods: In 1998–99, at age 14–15 years, a subset of participants (N = 96) in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey were administered a typhoid vaccine, and baseline and follow‐up blood samples were drawn to assess the strength of the antibody response to vaccination. In 2005, at age 20–21 years, blood samples were drawn from the full cohort for measurement of CRP. N = 74 individuals had complete data at both time points. Bivariate associations and multivariate logistic regression models were evaluated to test the hypothesis that vaccine responsiveness in adolescence was significantly associated with CRP level in young adulthood.

Results: There was a strong and statistically significant association between antibody response to vaccination in adolescence and CRP in young adulthood. Median CRP was more than four times higher among nonresponders than responders, and nonresponders were 2.3 to 3.6 times more likely to have CRP in the top tertile of the sample distribution.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence for a prospective, within‐individual link between more effective antibody‐mediated immune defenses and lower levels of inflammation. In the context of prior research in this population, these results suggest that early environments are important determinants of multiple aspects of an individual's immuno‐phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugation of enzymes on RNA probes through Cu(I) catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition
Authors: Kitaoka Momoko , Tanaka Yukari , Tada Yutaka , Goto Masahiro , Miyawaki Katsuyuki , Noji Sumihare , Kamiya Noriho
Published: December 2010

Northern and Southern blots are the most commonly used techniques for the confirmation of presence and expression of target genes. Molecular tools available for this purpose include radioisotope‐, enzyme‐ and hapten‐labeled nucleic acid probes. In particular, the use of enzyme‐labeled probes are easy and safe, and do not require bound/free processes after hybridization associated with an antibody‐based detection system. However, there are few approaches that enable the post‐transcriptional modification of RNA with enzymes or proteins. In this study, we applied the Cu(I)‐catalyzed [3 + 2] azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to the labeling of an RNA strand with enzymes. The C‐5 position of UTP was modified with an alkyne group and alkyne‐bearing RNA was prepared by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase. Surface amino groups of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were randomly derivatized with azide groups at different modification ratios. The CuAAC reaction occurred selectively between the alkyne‐modified RNA and the azide‐modified enzyme. The RNA probe conjugated with BAP using this technique could detect a specific RNA by dot blot northern hybridization.
Hiring and recruiting female faculty
Authors: Lester Jaime , Bers Trudy
Published: December 2010

This chapter explores the attractiveness of community colleges for female faculty. It highlights several areas that need continued improvement to attract and retain female faculty and provides recommendations for changes to policies and practices.
Allenes as Three‐Carbon Units in Catalytic Cycloadditions: New Opportunities with Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: López Fernando , Mascareñas José Luis
Published: December 2010

Allenes are very versatile synthetic units that are used in many types of catalytic cycloaddition reactions. Most examples reported so far involve their use as 2C‐atom components, whereas their participations as 3C‐atom components have been much less frequent. In this concept article, we present an overview of this latter strategy, emphasizing on those more recent contributions involving the use of PtII and AuI catalysts, which have uncovered new opportunities in this area.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilization of Ca1‐δFe2‐xMnxO4 (0.44 ≤ x ≤ 2) with CaFe2O4‐Type Structure and Ca2+ Defects in One‐Dimensional (1D) Channels.
Authors: Yang Tao , Croft Mark , Ignatov Alexander , Nowik Israel , Cong Rihong , Greenblatt Martha
Published: December 2010

Solid solutions Ca1‐δFe2‐xMnxO4 (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 2) are synthesized from mixtures of CaCO3, Fe2O3, and Mn2O3 using CaCl2 as a flux (alumina crucible, 850 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon Doping in Ba2In2O5: Example of a Beneficial Effect of Silicon Incorporation on Oxide Ion/Proton Conductivity.
Authors: Shin J. F. , Apperley D. C. , Slater P. R.
Published: December 2010

Silicon doping of Ba2In2O5 significantly enhances the oxide ion conductivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Mn3O4—Graphene Hybrid as a High‐Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wang Hailiang , Cui Li‐Feng , Yang Yuan , Sanchez Casalongue Hernan , Robinson Joshua Tucker , Liang Yongye , Cui Yi , Dai Hongjie
Published: December 2010

Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites are prepared by hydrolysis of Mn(OAc)2 in a DMF/H2O (10:1) graphene oxide suspension at 80 °C, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C (autoclave, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Hydrogen Storage Properties of Calcium Borohydride Diammoniate.
Authors: Chu Hailiang , Wu Guotao , Xiong Zhitao , Guo Jianping , He Teng , Chen Ping
Published: December 2010

Ca(BH4)2·6NH3 is synthesized in almost quantitative yield by reaction of Ca(BH4)2 (obtained by metathesis of CaCl2 and NaBH4 in THF) with excess anhydrous NH3 at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Sr2ZnS3: Crystal Structure and Fluorescent Properties of a New Eu(II)‐Activated Yellow Emission Phosphor.
Authors: Petrykin V. , Okube M. , Yamane H. , Sasaki S. , Kakihana M.
Published: December 2010

Sr2‐xEuxZnS3 phosphors (x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) are prepared from mixtures of Sr2‐xEuxS2 (obtained by the polymerizable complex method) and ZnS (5 GPa, 1000 °C, 90 min) and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and fluorescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of La3OBr[AsO3]2.
Authors: Ben Yahia Hamdi , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2010

Colorless needles of the title compound are prepared by reaction of a 1:1:2 mixture of NH4H2AsO4, NH4Br, and La2O3 in an equimolar NaBr/KBr flux (silica tube, 900 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hexazirconium‐ and Hexahafnium‐Containing Tungstoarsenates(III) and Their Oxidation Catalysis Properties.
Authors: Al‐Kadamany Ghada , Mal Sib Sankar , Milev Borislav , Donoeva Baira G. , Maksimovskaya Raisa I. , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: December 2010

The isomorphous compounds (IV) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acid Flux Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Uranium and Neptunium Boronates and Borates: A Low‐Temperature Route to the First Neptunium(V) Borate.
Authors: Wang Shuao , Alekseev Evgeny V. , Miller Hannah M. , Depmeier Wulf , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: December 2010

Compounds (III) and (V) are synthesized using molten MeB(OH)2 as a reactive flux and their structures are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Intralayer Cation Ordering in a Brownmillerite Superstructure: Synthesis, Crystal, and Magnetic Structures of Ca2FeCoO5.
Authors: Ramezanipour Farshid , Greedan John E. , Grosvenor Andrew P. , Britten James F. , Cranswick Lachlan M. D. , Garlea V. Ovidiu
Published: December 2010

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3, Fe2O3, and CoO in a 4:1:2 molar ratio (1100 °C in air for 24 h, 1200 °C in air for 48 h, and 1250 °C in air for 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermediate‐Valent Cerium in CeRu2Mg5.
Authors: Linsinger Stefan , Eul Matthias , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2010

The new Mg‐rich title compound is synthesized by high‐frequency melting of a stoichiometric mixture of the elements (sealed tantalum tube, 1373 K, 10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones and Imines Catalyzed by (CN‐Box)ReV—Oxo Complexes.
Authors: Nolin Kristine A. , Ahn Richard W. , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kennedy‐Smith Joshua J. , Toste F. Dean
Published: December 2010

Novel chiral non‐racemic bis(oxazoline)—Re(V)‐oxo complexes are successfully applied in the enantioselective reduction of aromatic (I), (III) as well as α,β‐unsaturated ketones (VII) to give the corresponding alcohols in up to 95% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective (Formal) Aza‐Diels—Alder Reactions with Non‐Danishefsky‐Type Dienes.
Authors: Tambar Uttam K. , Lee Sharon K. , Leighton James L.
Published: December 2010

Both glyoxylate‐ and aliphatic aldehyde‐derived hydrazones and the dienes undergo a chiral silicon Lewis acid promoted reaction to give a diverse array of tetrahydropyridines with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Terminal Alkynes to α,βUnsaturated Thioamides.
Authors: Yazaki Ryo , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: December 2010

Soft Lewis acid/hard Broensted base cooperative catalysis is crucial for the simultaneous activation of terminal alkynes and thioamides, affording β‐alkynylthioamides in a highly enantioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Stereoselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes with Stable Carbocations.
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Benedetto Elena , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: December 2010

Stereoselective α‐alkylation of aldehydes is achieved in the presence of MacMillan catalyst salts and lutidine as base.
ChemInform Abstract: MPHT‐Promoted Bromocyclization of ortho‐Substituted Arylalkynes: Application to the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Bromobenzofurans and ‐Benzo[b]thiophenes.
Authors: Jacubert Maud , Tikad Abdellatif , Provot Olivier , Hamze Abdallah , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: December 2010

N‐methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one hydrotribromide is used as a soft and compatible reagent to promote the bromocyclization of ortho‐substituted alkynes at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkane C—H Arylation from Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Rousseaux Sophie , Davi Michael , Sofack‐Kreutzer Julien , Pierre Cathleen , Kefalidis Christos E. , Clot Eric , Fagnou Keith , Baudoin Olivier
Published: December 2010

The first efficient and general palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)—H arylation of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides, giving rise to a variety of valuable cyclobutarenes, indanes, indolines, dihydrobenzofurans, and indanones, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: SmI2‐Mediated 3‐exo‐trig Cyclization of β,γ‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanols.
Authors: Martin‐Fontecha Mar , Agarrabeitia Antonia R. , Ortiz Maria J. , Armesto Diego
Published: December 2010

High degree of diastereoselectivity is observed in the reaction leading to (E)‐cyclopropanols.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese Acetate in Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquid as a Robust and Efficient Catalytic System for Epoxidation of Aliphatic Terminal Alkenes.
Authors: Ho Kam‐Piu , Wong Wing‐Leung , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk , Lam Kin‐Ming , Chan Tak Hang , Wong Kwok‐Yin
Published: December 2010

An efficient, reusable and scalable protocol for the rapid and selective oxidation of aliphatic, terminal alkenes to epoxides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Protected Allylic Amines.
Authors: Steinhuebel Dietrich P. , Krska Shane W. , Alorati Anthony , Baxter Jenny M. , Belyk Kevin , Bishop Brian , Palucki Michael , Sun Yongkui , Davies Ian W.
Published: December 2010

A variety of protected allylic amines is hydrogenated using the axially chiral ligand in combination with the ruthenium complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Highly Efficient N‐Formylation of Amines Using a Catalytic Amount of Iodine under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kim Joong‐Gon , Jang Doo Ok
Published: December 2010

A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic amines is transformed to formamides in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Small Molecules with High Scaffold Diversity: Exploitation of Metathesis Cascades in Combination with Inter‐ and Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: O'Leary‐Steele Catherine , Pedersen Palle J. , James Thomas , Lanyon‐Hogg Thomas , Leach Stuart , Hayes Jerome , Nelson Adam
Published: December 2010

A metathesis cascade reaction generates dienes, which are suitable substrates for inter‐ [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Acylation of Thiols with Anhydrides.
Authors: Temperini Andrea , Annesi Diego , Testaferri Lorenzo , Tiecco Marcello
Published: December 2010

Various thiols can be easily acylated under conditions A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Organoaluminum Reagents from Propargylic Bromides and Aluminum Activated by PbCl2 and Their Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Addition to Carbonyl Derivatives.
Authors: Guo Li‐Na , Gao Hongjun , Mayer Peter , Knochel Paul
Published: December 2010

Treatment of propargylic bromides with Al and PdCl2 allows mild and efficient access to propargylic and/or allenic aluminum reagents depending on the substitution pattern.
ChemInform Abstract: Ugi—Smiles Couplings in Water.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Purumandla Srinivas Reddy
Published: December 2010

The results are similar to those observed in organic solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Preparation of N‐Methylpentan‐1‐amine: A Key Intermediate for Ibandronate Sodium.
Authors: Reddy V. V. R. M. Krishna , Chintamani U. S. , Udaykiran D. , Madhusudhan G. , Mukkanti K.
Published: December 2010

An improved access to N‐methylpentan‐1‐amine (IV), key intermediate in the synthesis of the anti‐osteoclast agent ibandronate sodium (V), is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel/Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Cyanoesterification and Cyanocarbamoylation of Alkynes.
Authors: Hirata Yasuhiro , Yada Akira , Morita Eiji , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: December 2010

The reactions of cyanoformates and cyanoformamides with alkynes are proceeding with high stereo‐ and regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allyl—Allyl Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Zhang Ping , Brozek Laura A. , Morken James P.
Published: December 2010

A highly regio‐ and enantioselective allyl—allyl coupling reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 2,3‐Allenoates by Organocatalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Yu Jie , Chen Wei‐Jie , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: December 2010

The reaction is catalyzed by the chiral bisphosphoric acid and affords the (R)‐2,3‐allenoates [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Per‐6‐amino‐β‐cyclodextrin as a Reusable Promoter and Chiral Host for Enantioselective Henry Reaction.
Authors: Kanagaraj Kuppusamy , Suresh Palaniswamy , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: December 2010

A wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes is reacted with nitromethane and nitroethane to afford the products with high yields, enantio‐ and in the case of nitroethane with high syn‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Addition of Linear Alkyl Alkynes to Linear Aldehydes.
Authors: Du Yuhao , Turlington Mark , Zhou Xiang , Pu Lin
Published: December 2010

Cy2NH as catalyst component significantly improves the enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Synthesis of Trisubstituted Z‐Allylic Esters by Wittig—Schlosser Reaction.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Arif Tanzeel
Published: December 2010

A new, experimentally straightforward method for the stereocontrolled formation of allylic esters by in situ trapping of β‐lithiooxyphosphonium ylides with readily available halomethyl esters is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement of Pyran Derivatives Obtained from Vinyl Malononitriles and Aldehydes via Vinylogous Aldol Reaction: A Novel Facile Method for the Synthesis of Dienamides.
Authors: Babu Thelagathoti Hari , Pawar Sujeet , Muralidharan D. , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: December 2010

The simple one‐pot procedure proceeds via vinylogous aldol reaction of vinyl malononitriles with aldehydes followed by electrocyclic cleavage of the resulting pyran intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild, Efficient, and Robust Method for Stereocomplementary Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Using (E)‐ and (Z)‐Enol Tosylates.
Authors: Nishikado Hiroshi , Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Ueno Kanako , Nagase Ryohei , Tanabe Yoo
Published: December 2010

The simple procedure uses different iron(III) catalysts to prepare (E)‐ and (Z)‐disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfides by Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative C—S Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Ranjit Sadananda , Duan Zhongyu , Zhang Pengfei , Liu Xiaogang
Published: December 2010

The reaction of the arylpropiolic acids with a wide range of thiols proceeds mostly with high or complete (Z)‐selectivity tolerating functionalized aromatic, benzylic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic thiols.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Reaction of Sterically Hindered Hydrazones with Aryl Halides: Synthesis of Tetra‐Substituted Olefins Related to iso‐Combretastatin A4.
Authors: Brachet Etienne , Hamze Abdallah , Peyrat Jean‐Francois , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: December 2010

The reaction is catalyzed by PdCl2/(MeCN)2/dppp and provides an easy synthetic method for the preparation of tetrasubstituted alkenes, including those with the cycloalkylidene unit.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkynes with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Lin Che‐Hung , Wang Yu‐Jen , Lee Chin‐Fa
Published: December 2010

The combination of Cu2O with Xantphos serves as powerful catalytic system for coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Iron(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Dimerization of 1,1,3‐Trisubstituted‐prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ols as an Expedient Route to Highly Conjugated Indenes.
Authors: Rao Weidong , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: December 2010

The iron‐catalyzed route to the conjugated indenes is based on dimerization of trisubstituted propargylic alcohols such as (I) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiroazoles Using Multicomponent Domino Transformations.
Authors: Altieri Elisa , Cordaro Massimiliano , Grassi Giovanni , Risitano Francesco , Scala Angela
Published: December 2010

An improved synthetic protocol is developed for the highly regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of spiroisoxazoles (IV) via a domino double nucleophilic addition—cyclization—alcoholic sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Catalysis in Ionic Liquids: A Recyclable Catalytic Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivatives.
Authors: Gabriele Bartolo , Mancuso Raffaella , Lupinacci Elvira , Salerno Giuseppe , Veltri Lucia
Published: December 2010

The reaction proceeds via sequential dealyllation/carbonylative heterocyclization of a variety of substituted 1‐(2‐allyloxyphenyl)‐2‐yn‐1‐ols [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroatom‐Directed Alkylcyanation of Alkynes.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Yada Akira , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2010

Regio‐ and stereoselective alkylcyanation of alkynes is achieved by introducing a coordinating heteroatom in alkanenitriles and using nickel/Lewis acid catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric One‐Pot Sequential Organo‐ and Gold‐Catalysis for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Monge David , Jensen Kim L. , Franke Patrick T. , Lykke Lennart , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2010

An asymmetric one‐pot two‐step synthesis of dihydropyrrole derivatives (III) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Biologically Interesting 3,4‐Diaryl‐Substituted Succinimides and Maleimides: Application of Iron‐Catalyzed Carbonylations.
Authors: Prateeptongkum Saisuree , Driller Katrin Marie , Jackstell Ralf , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2010

Sonogashira coupling of (het)aryl bromides with terminal arylacetylenes provides access towards aryl (het)aryl acetylenes (III) which smoothly undergo Fe(III)‐catalyzed double carbonylation in the presence of simple amines or ammonia.