bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The vinland Riddle
Authors: Irving
Published: March 2013

If you enter the Gallery of Armour of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto today, the first display that will strike you is a collection of Norse weapons. The collection is small, but it is significant, for it has helped to focus attention on a part of North American history that by some scholars has been placed in the realm of myth, and by others in the field of possibilities which, though interesting, could scarcely hope to be proved.
Reviews
Authors: Woodhouse  , Wilson  , McRae Robert , Dunn Charles , Lynch
Published: March 2013

Arthur O. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas, reviewed byASP Woodhouse

Rene Welek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature, reviewed by H.S. Wilson

T.E. Jessop and A.A. Luce, ed., The Works of George Berkeley, reviewed by Robert McRae

A.A. Luce, Life of George Berkeley, reviewed by Robert McRae

T.E. Jessop ed., Vol. II of The Works of George Berkeley, reviewed by Robert McRae

Stith Thompson, The Folktale, reviewed by Charles W. Dunn

C. Grant Loomis, White Magic: An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend, reviewed by Charles W. Dunn

Jean Wahl, A Short History of Existentialism, reviewed by L.E.M. Lynch

Jaques Maritain, Existence and the Existent, reviewed by L.E.M. Lynch

Roy Wood Sellars, V.J. McGill, and Marvin Farber, ed., Philosophy tor the Future: The Quest of Modern Materialism, reviewed by Thomas A. Goudge

Joseph S. Roucek, eds., Slavonic Encyclopaedia, reviewed by Leonid I. Strakhovsky

John E. Burchard, Charles W. David, and Julian P. Boyd, Planning the University Library Building: A Summary of Discussions by Librarians, Architects, and Engineers, reviewed by W.S. Wallace

obert ooster Stallman, eds., Essays in Criticism, 1920-1948: Representing the Achievement of Modern British and American Critics, reviewed by H.M. McLuhan
The Meaning of Economic Democracy
Authors: MacPherson
Published: March 2013

The term economic democracy has been used so loosely by so many writers in the popular press and elsewhere that it is in danger of having no meaning at all or any meaning anyone cares to give it. Since this is what commonly happens to a concept which expreses some real, popular aspirations, we need not view the fact with too much concern. But some attempt at clear definition is necessary. Economic democracy, then, may be defined as an economic order which would make possible the realization of the purposes or values which political democracy can no longer realize by itself. Alternatively it may be defined as an economic order which would make democracy work, or permit it to be more nearly democratic. Such a definition, I believe, comes close to stating the essential meaning of the phrase, economic democracy.
“... And On His Crest Sat Horror”: Eighteenth Century Interpretations of Milton's Sublimity and His Satan
Authors: Barker Arthur
Published: March 2013

Milton's reputation in the eighteenth century has already been so thoroughly examined that another article on the subject must seem superfluous. I am however less concerned with Milton and his influence on literary practice than with the development of certain ideas which played an important part in the evolution of Romanticism and readily found illustration in his work. Few of us still believe that the paradoxical interpretation of Paradise Lost set forth by Blake and Shelley, expanded by other early nineteenth-century writers, and given respectability by Sir Walter Raleigh, sprang fully-armed from the miraculous marriage of Heaven and Hell effected by Romantic inspiration over the dead body of Neo-classicism. We understand nineteenth-century Romanticism better through seeing it as the fruit of a steady (though complex) growth. I propose to trace and document two minor elements in this complexity which have not, I think, received much attention: the interpretation of Milton's sublimity, and of his Satan. Such a study should throw some indirect light on our own interpretation of Paradise Lost; but its purpose is to examine the emergence of the romantic attitude from the neo-classical, not in aesthetic theory or literary practice, but in one specific critical instance.
Canadian Anthologies, New and Old
Authors: Smith
Published: March 2013

The publication, in Canada, the United States, and England, of a compact anthology of Canadian poetry in the widely circulated Penguin Books is an event of more than literary importance. For quite apart from its merit the new book seems, as one of the reviewers in the Toronto press put it, “foredoomed” to have a big sale not only in Canada but throughout the whole English-speaking world. People in England and America who want to know whether Canada has an intellectual and spiritual identity are going to seek an answer in the hundred and twenty pages of this book. That they may perhaps be a little disappointed is not Mr Gustafson's fault. His scope was hardly large enough, and he has wisely avoided attempting the impossible. There is refreshingly little in his introduction—as there is much in the prefaces of previous anthologists—about Nationhood, Empire, the Canadian Spirit, and abstractions of that sort. Instead he merely tells us that he has tried to make a small collection of good poems written by Canadians since Confederation. “I have measured and judged my material,” he writes, “not by historical significance nor by 'Canadianism' but in terms of vitality. . . . I am hoping that the poems herein will become synonymous with pleasure.” This is admirable, for it enables us to discuss the book as poetry and to discover why, although it is much slighter than many previous Canadian anthologies, it is one of the best that has ever been made. Such a statement is not in itself, alas, very high praise, and there is much more to be said in favour of the new collection than that, just as there is something to be said also about the weakening effect of the limitations imposed upon the compiler. The book is so good that we are surprised and a little annoyed that it isn't better.
Beatrice and the Poetry of Dante
Authors: Leo Ulrich
Published: March 2013

In sketching the portrait of Virgil I have tried to show the earthly reality, the humanity, naturally imperfect, that belongs to him and confers upon him his corresponding poetical perfection. He germinates from the stratum of everyday experience, the kind that anyone can have with his contemporaries, and if the person enjoying such experience is a great poet the result is a poetical figure like that of Dante's Virgil. Exactly the opposite happens in the case of Beatrice. She had to be from the beginning something supernatural, something perfect, not earthly but celestial. She was not to resemble the young woman of Florence whose name she bore: she was to be as different from the latter as an angel is different from a woman. We shall have to see whether the poet succeeded as well in creating a woman on the plane of the other world as he did in creating a man grown in the soil of earthly experience.
Books about India
Authors: Brett
Published: March 2013

The limits of this review of books about India were defined by the material which was made available. The, problem of selection, which would have been serious was thus eliminated. There remained only the question of the plan which should be followed in order to produce the best results with the greatest economy of space and time. After much consideration and perplexity it seemed best to concentrate attention on three works which had special claims both on account of their size and because they represented distinct types of approach to the subject which we comprehensively denote by the word India. Accordingly, the survey begins with the work of Mr Shridharani continues with the volumes by W. R. Smith and the co-operating authors of Modern India and the West, and concludes by directing attention to a group of publications which could only be treated in a more summary manner. If the order of treatment or proportion of emphasis is open to criticism, these remarks may serve to explain and justify the procedure adopted.
The Value in the Novel Today
Authors: Kirkwood M. M.
Published: March 2013

Mr. Frank Swinterton, in an article published in the Spectator for July 10, 1942, has as his text the bankruptcy of the modern novel. His position reminds one of that taken up by Mr Ford Madox Ford's great-aunt Eliza when she uttered the famous saying, “Sooner than be idle, I'd take up a book and read”! Himself a serious practitioner in the field of fiction, and a critic well aware of the achievements in technique among modern novelists, he yet believes that the modern novel lacks creative power and imaginative sympathy, significance, in short—greatness. Here he puts a case popularly which has been stated in more academic ways by writers of different shades of opinion over a considerable period. Yet, in spite of the weight of the arguments advanced by attackers of twentieth-century work, it may not prove necessary to share Mr Swinnerton's downcast mood. Certain novels have appeared, the quality of which will only be fully assessed by time, but which bear genuine marks of power and of life beyond today. Thus significance may be emerging from those very tendencies condemned by the critics although, blinded by the light of the established masterpiece, reader and critic alike may fail to see the beauty of its analogue as it slips from the press of today into their hands.
The Eloquence of Churchill
Authors: Norwood Gilbert
Published: March 2013

The Editors have suggested that this latest collection of Mr Churchill's be reviewed purely as examples of eloquence. My pleasure in consenting was due only in part to admiration for the Prime Minister's character, methods and oratory: quite as strong was the conviction that a detailed appraisal of artistry in speech might be not only interesting of itself but also serviceable as a protest against the widespread neglect, not to say derision into which genuine eloquence is falling. Again and again we hear that “eloquence is out of fashion,” and the level of oratory in the British House of Commons has become a byword. Even Mr Churchill's achievement, though it enjoys the immense yet partly irrelevant advantage that it deals with matters of unique moment, seems likely to suffer in some degree from the current distaste for nobility in public speaking. One of our most excellent war-commentators, Mr Raymond Gram Swing, has perpetrated an ineptitude which the publishers have seen fit to print on the jacket of this volume. “Nothing quite so much misses the importance of Mr Churchill's speeches as to say that they are examples of superb English rhetoric. What makes his speeches invaluable is not their technique. It is what he has to tell.” Such a pronouncement hardly deserves refutation: on these lines, any truthful and clear report of events, which a thousand living journalists could produce, equals any oration here printed.
Something of What Happens in Hamlet
Authors: Davis Joe Lee
Published: March 2013

The tendency of recent scholarship is to seek to resolve the vexing, many-faceted issue of what happens in Hamlet by viewing the play with reference to various Renaissance ideas rather than with reference to the frequently told but still disputed story of its dramatic genesis. Approached in terms of Renaissance political speculation, Hamlet is conceived by John W. Draper as turning upon the theme of regicide and as having a protagonist in some respects comparable to Dr Stockmann of Ibsen's An Enemy of the People. Studied in relation to Renaissance psychological notions, Hamlet becomes, according to Lily Bess Campbell, the tragedy of a sanguine temperament in the throes of an unnatural melancholy perilously teetering over the abyss of madness. When certain concepts of Renaissance “Christian philosophy” and pneumatology are brought forward and clarified as a basis for Shakespearean study, as has been done by Dover Wilson, Willard Farnham, Robert H. West, and Kenneth Myrick among others, the motif of “a divinity that shapes our ends” or “a special providence in the fall of a sparrow” and the motif of “an honest ghost” versus “a damned ghost” can be regarded as bulking larger in a complete interpretation of Hamlet than an older criticism was in the fullest sense aware, although Bradley was so impressed by the role which providence plays in this one tragedy that he made it an exception to his dictum that the Shakespearean tragic world is distinguished by its secularity.
Reviews
Authors: MacKay  , Parker William Riley , Scott  , Quintana Ricardo , Lewis Cecil , Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

Quincy Wright, A Study of War, reviewed by R. A. MacKay

Arthur Barker, Mitlon and the Puritan Dilemma, 1641-1660, reviewed by William Riley Parker

R. MacGregor Dawson, Canada in World Affairs: Two Years of War, 1939–1941, reviewed by F. R. Scott

Herbert Davis, Stella: A Gentlewoman of the Eighteenth Century, reviewed by Ricardo Quintana

Stefan George, Poems, reviewed by Cecil Lewis

Eugene A. Forsey, The Royal Power of Dissolution of Parliament in the British Commonweatlh, reviewed by Alexander Brady
Convoy Diary
Authors: Graham Gerald
Published: March 2013

Aug. 29, 1942 (Saturday) Arrived at the pier about nine to be handed the sad news that the Harvester had sailed. Feverish enquiry disclosed that she was oiling up the river. So away we tore to Captain D, where I learned that she was oiling in. the estuary. Missed the ship's motor boat, but caught the ferry with bags and kit at ten. After visiting half the fleet (so it seemed) we finally found her and I clambered on board, with difficulty and without dignity, scraping my shins on the wire cables. Met the captain, a robust and cheery R. N., and No. 1, a cheerful Welshman with a puckish grin, both of whom promised me excitement with a lusty optimism. The officers seem to be a good lot; “Snotty” and the Sub-Lieutenant helped me stow away.
Sir Charles G. D. Roberts and His Time
Authors: Edgar Pelham
Published: March 2013

Miss Pomeroy's adequate and entertaining narrative biography possesses and lacks many qualities that we usually associate with the organized story of a great man's life. It would be possible to cavil at its lack of critical discrimination, its failure to relate Roberts in any large way with the movements of his time, its episodic fullness and its dearth of general conclusions. Yet these negative features in the book do not seem greatly to matter. A living and lovable figure emerges from her pages, and we atune ourselves readily to the full confidence of the author's assumptions and to her unquestioning belief in the high importance of her theme.
A New Manifest Destiny in the Pacific: An American View
Authors: Wright Louis
Published: March 2013

For more than a century and a half, North Americans have been dimly conscious of a great world in the Pacific Ocean, but by and large they have done their best to ignore it. Before the mid-nineteenth century, interest in the Pacific was a monopoly chiefly of whalers, merchants in the China trade, missionaries, and an occasional explorer or adventurer. With the discovery of gold in California and the consequent migration around the Horn and across the Isthmus of Panama, interest in the Pacific increased slightly, but to the rank and file of American citizens it concerned them scarcely more than the mountains on the moon.
Malice Reconciled: A Note on Melville's Billy Budd
Authors: Weir, Jr. Charles
Published: March 2013

The attitude of the critic toward the later work of Herman Melville has, during the past twenty years, undergone a happy change. There wre always those, to be sure, who were fascinated by the perplexities of Pierre or The Confidence Man; but today it is not merely the attraction of esotericism which predisposes the general reader or the scholar to acccept those books which follow Moby-Dick, if not as a perfecting and strengthening of Melville's craft, at least as an organic developent of it. It is true that Melville's poetry remains almost unread and unappreciated, but the late prose has been at least tacitly accepted, and no one today would maintain, as did an earlier generation, that it is the work of an unbalanced mind. But though the legend of Melville's insanity has been pretty thoroughly exploded, in the main, it is still in terms of Moby-Dick and the volumes preceding it that Melville is discussed and evaluated. In part, the reason for this placing of emphasis are not hard to understand.
I. A. Richards
Authors: Blissett William
Published: March 2013

For twenty years Dr. I. A. Richards has been a pioneer in new fields of intellectual interest and activity. If, then, we find it difficult to classify his work, except very generally, as relevant to literary criticism, or if we notice a shift of emphasis in successive books, we must remember that an explorer is seldom at hand when a census is taken, and that his business is not to give a definitive topographical account of his field or to find the ideal site for a roadway, but to form some idea of the distinctive aspects of his surroundings and eventually—perhaps after many detours and much doubling of tracks—to reach a destination. It would be inefficient, of course, for us to follow Richards through all his involutions and circumambulations; we are, after all, interested in results, in destinations, not routes. I suggest, accordingly, that we leave the trail blazed by Richards and proceed as it were by plane, stopping at the most important “landing stages” which he has mapped out. The important landing stages are four, as I see it, and I have called them psychology, semantics, ethics and education. Richards never deals in an individual book with one of these topics alone; we shall never, therefore, be dealing in this essay with one work of Richards to the exclusion of the others.
Critic and Teacher
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

The common opinion is that Professor Alexander was first and last a great teacher—perhaps the greatest this University has seen—and that in him the activities of scholar and critic were subordinated to those of the instructor and educator. In this common opinion there is a large measure of truth, but it needs to be placed in its proper context.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1944.
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkonnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1944.
The Legacy of Baudelaire
Authors: Bondy
Published: March 2013

Since we are to discuss the legacy of Baudelaire, it will be well to note that a legacy, i.e., that part of himself which a man leaves to posterity, will seldom have the same value for heirs as it had for himself. This is particulary true of literary inheritance. It will necessarily enter into composition with other and most varied elements, with results that will be even more varied and sometimes frankly contadictory. Take the Cartesian inheritance, for example, in Condillac and in Berkeley; the Augustinian inheritance in St. Thomas Aquinas and in Martin Luther or John Calvin; the easily recognizable legacy of Baudelaire in a Rimbaud and Lautrémont on the one hand, in Huysmans and a Paul Claudel on the other. An attempt to trace exhausitvely the influence of any great man will therefore be not only an endless task but also one beset with innumerable opportunities for being wrong.
Athens During the Civil War: 1944
Authors: Thompson H. A.
Published: March 2013

Our aircraft droned low over the Ionian Islands in its passage from south Italy to Athens on November 29, 1944. To the north, Corfu clung to the mainland; to the south, as we approached, Ithaca detached herself from the embrace of Cephalonia; in a few minutes we were over the Gulf of Patras and were looking down on Messolonghi: a dull blur in a dreary waste of lagoons.
A French Life of Pope
Authors: MacDonald W. L.
Published: March 2013

Those who are at all familiar with Pope biography must be impressed with the sad state into which it had got and remained until Johnson's Life of Pope put it upon a sound basis. Contemporary lives of this poet, and indeed all the biographies up to Ruffhead's in 1769, were for the most part hack-work written to take advantage of some event which excited renewed interest in Pope's career. The most extensive of these, “Squire” Ayre's Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Pope, in two volumes, was one of the sources to which the later biographers turned for information or misinformation about the poet's life; and from it they also learned the trick of eking out the meagre life with critical comments on the poems. The other sources were of course what the poet had said about himself in the Correspondence, the poems, and the notes.
Disproportion: A study in the Work of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester
Authors: Bruser Fredelle
Published: March 2013

“Give me to Day, and take thou to Morrow,” writes the biographer David Lloyd, “is both the Courtier and the Christian's Language.” And so in a sense John Wilmot never changed his tune. The need for present, sensuous apprehension shapes the lyrics into cynical admonition “Phillis, be gentler, I advise; Make up for time mis-spent, When Beauty on its Death-bed lies, 'Tis high time to repent.”—and emerges, strangely altered, in the troubled accents of the penitent: “Bid them make haste, for ye night cometh, when no man can work.” The change is important, but it is a change in direction rather than in the texture of emotion. Rochester was all his life, as Hugo shrewdly perceived, “tantôt Ezéchiel et tantôt Scaramouche,” and the elements of prophet and jester were not mutually exclusive. Early cynicism-the self-conscious flouting of emotion by reason—is as much a testimony of Rochester's intellectual and spiritual torments as his dramatic conversion. The knowledge which comes, at the end, in conventional religious terminology—“sin is like the Angeles Book in the Revelations; it is sweet in the mouth and bitter in the belly”—runs like spilt acid, across the worldliness of the courtier.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin W.E.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1945.
Reviews
Authors: Woodhead W.D. , Sirluck Ernest , Norwood Gilbert , Kelly J.M. , Graff W.L.
Published: March 2013

Gilbert Norwood, Pindar: The Sather Classical Lectures, reviewed by W.D. Woodhead

Ralph Ingersoll, Top Secretreviewed by Ernest Sirluck

Q [Sir A. T. Quillercouch], Memories and Opinions: An Unfinished Biography, reviewed by Gilbert Norwood

T.R. Glover, Springs of Hellas and Other Essays, reviewed by Gilbert Norwood

Vernon J. Bourke, Augustine's Quest of Wisdom: Life and Philosophy of the Bishop of Hippo, reviewed by J.M. Kelly

Victor Lange, Modern German Literature, 1870–1940, reviewed by W.L. Graff
Reviews
Authors: Bush Douglas , Sandwell  , Barker Arthur , Heckscher
Published: March 2013

F. P. Wilson, Elizabethan and Jacobean, reviewed by Doulgas Bush

Frederick Philip Grove, In Search of Myself, reviewed by B. K. Sandwell

Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century, 1600–1660, reviewed by Arthur Barker

Erwin Panofsky, ed., On the Abbey Church of St. Denis and Its Art Treasures, reviewed by W. S. Heckscher

George F. Willison, Saints and Strangers, reviewed by J. R. M.

John Allen, The Completion of Independence, 1790–1830, reviewed by J. R. M.
The Historical Significance of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Kollman Eric
Published: March 2013

With the military defeat of the Hitler regime in Germany in 1945, the chapter of German history between the end of the Second and the beginning of the Third Reich takes on a new significance for the historian. In the first place, unhampered research in the field of German history from 1918 to 1933 becomes once more possible, though some very valuable sources of documents have been destroyed by the Hitler regime. Secondly, the period of the “Republican Experiment” becomes to the observer in 1947 at once more historical (now not the last but the second to the last chapter of German history) and more timely, because of possible attempts to go on from where the Republic left off and because of the temptation for the historical observer to compare 1918 and after with 1945 and after.
Racine, Poet of Destruction
Authors: Carter
Published: March 2013

The day is coming when it will be possible to write an article in English on Racine without an apology. It is still only a short time ago that our Shakespearean prejudices made us intolerant of any tragic poet whose work differed from Macbeth and King Lear; and since Racine's work differed in nearly every way, the critic who wrote of him favourably was in danger of being supposed an apostate from good Anglo-Saxon doctrine, a wilful Francophile or an arty poseur whose judgment was not worth much for those very reasons. But a change is at hand—if it has not already arrived. The defence of Racine which Lytton Strachey began some forty years ago has made great strides in the last few decades; and the time has even come when Mr. Somerset Maugham, in a popular novel, can praise Bérénice. Such a critical revolution poses a number of interesting problems. When an age like the twentieth century sets about re-reading a poet like Jean Racine, we are justified in asking the reasons; and complex and difficult as many of those reasons are, one or two are clear enough and throw an interesting light on the spirit of our time.
Poetry
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1946.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1946.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1946.
Remaining Material
Authors: Garrett and Others
Published: March 2013

Reviews of works published in Canada in 1946.
The Heritage of Johann Gottfried Herder
Authors: Gillies
Published: March 2013

Herder was the third of the great German Classical writers who assembled at the court of Weimar at the end of the eighteenth century. Unlike Goethe and Schiller, he was not, primarily, a writer of drama or lyrical verse and fiction, but a critic, philosopher, and theologian. Born in 1744, of poor parents, in the small East Prussian town of Mohrungen, he became a pupil and later a bitter opponent of Kant. Before he was twenty-five he had held and resigned important positions as a teacher and minister of the Gospel in Riga, and he came to Weimar in 1776, at Goethe's instigation, as Chief Pastor and Court Preacher. He became at once an honoured member of the distinguished circle that surrounded the ducal court and remained so till he died in 1803. In, his lifetime he achieved eminence in a number of different fields, as preacher and educator, literary critic and philosopher of history, translator and folk-lorist, and in these and a score of ancillary subjects, ranging from geography and archaeology to sociology and the history of literature, and from feminism to phonetics, his influence is still felt today. Yet his name is now generally remembered only by specialists. Students of German literature turn to him as the teacher of Goethe and the father of Romanticism. Writers on linguistics acknowledge that his researches were the start of all scientific work on the nature and origin of language and comparative philology. He is known, especially in Eastern Europe, as the founder of nationalism. Philosophers recognize that his grasp of the principle of historical evolution marks a turning-point in the philosophy of history. He was the most fertile and suggestive of thinkers—with the result that his ideas were quickly taken up by others and their parentage forgotten. “Of illustrious men the whole world is the sepulchre,” is literally true of Herder.
Reviews
Authors: Taylor  , Edel Leon , Brady  , Wilson  , Woodhouse  , Riddell
Published: March 2013

Sir Richard Livingstone, Some Tasks for Education, reviewed by W. R. Taylor

F. O. Matthiessen, Henry James: The Major Phase, reviewed by Leon Edel

Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, reviewed by A. Brady

Petrarch, Sonnets and Songs, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

John S. Diekhoff, Milton's Paradise Lost: A Commentary on the Argument, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, The United Nations, 1946: Report on the Second Part of the First Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, held in New York, October 23–Dec. 5, 1946, reviewed by W. A. Riddell
Yeats and the Language of Symbolism
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

In reading any poem we have to know at least two languages: the language the poet is writing and the language of poetry itself. The former exists in the words the poet uses, the latter in the images and ideas which those words express. And just as the words of a language are a set of verbal conventions, so the imagery of poetry is a set of symbolic conventions: This set of symbolic conventions differs from a symbolic system, such as a religion or a metaphysic, in being concerned, not with a content, but with a mode of apprehension. Religions, philosophies, and other symbolic systems are as a rule presented as doctrines; poetic symbolism is a language. Sometimes a symbolic system, such as classical mythology may lose its doctrinal content and so become purely linguistic, but this does not affect the distinction. So while poetry can be made of any account of spiritual reality because it is itself the language of spiritual reality, it does not follow that poetry represents something truer, because broader, than religion or philosophy. The French language is a much broader thing than the philosophy of Montaigne or Pascal, and we can learn French without being converted to any Frenchman's views; but the French language itself represents no truth.
Matthew Arnold and Ireland
Authors: Robbins William
Published: March 2013

When Frederic Harrison declared with, some acerbity that “the man of culture is in politics the poorest mortal alive,” a verdict which Arnold was to quote against himself with mock humility on several occasions, he expressed the common view of Arnold's political pronouncements. His phrasing, unfortunately for him, struck Arnold as exuberantly Philistine, and it naturally suggests a query as to which is at fault, the man of culture or politics. Yet there is general agreement that Arnold, when he forsook broad critical principles and got down to political cases, was not a sound observer. Certainly his letters and essays offer erratic judgments on the political scene in Italy, on Franco-Prussian relations, and on matters of domestic policy. In the field of education, of course, his experience as school inspector and foreign observer produced penetrating and significant social criticism with valid political generalizations. But the fact remains that even enthusiastic admirers would find it difficult to champion Arnold as a political commentator.
Motivation and Character Portrayal in Othello
Authors: Raymond William
Published: March 2013

Whatever may have been the limitations of pre-nineteenth-century criticism of Shakespeare as a poet and dramatist, it has paid fine tribute to the excellence of his plays as “a just and lively image of human nature” and to the reality of the characters depicted in them. At the same time, its estimate, judiciously, stopped short of Romantic extravagance. A by-product of the fervency of Romantic eulogy was the habit of discussing the characters of Shakespeare as though they were existent beings whose psychology must conform in every particular to the actualities of life. It would, however, be unjust to the aesthetic discernment of Coleridge to maintain that reality in dramatic representation was regarded by him as a photographic copy of life.
Virgina Woolf as a Literary Critic
Authors: Pacey Desmond
Published: March 2013

She was a born critic, and a critic whose judgments Were inborn, unhesitating. She is always referring her impressions to a standard—hence the incisiveness, the depth and the comedy that make those spontaneous statements so illuminating. There is nothing naive about, her. She is by no means a simple spectator. Maxims fall from her pen. She sums up; she judges. But it is done effortlessly. She has inherited the standard and accepts it without effort: She is heir to a tradition, which stands guardian and gives propoportion. Thus Virginia Woolf writes of Madame de Sévigné, and in so doing utters a judgment which is at least as true of herself as of her subject. For Mrs. Woolf was herself a born critic, an impressionist who nevertheless had clear and consistent standards of judgment, a literary experimenter to whom tradition was a real and living force.
An Episode in the History of the University of Toronto
Authors: Creighton D. G.
Published: March 2013

On Friday, June 7, 1889, in a crowded Convocation, the University of Toronto conferred upon Sir John A. Macdonald the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. It was a distinction which a good many people might have regarded as due—if not, indeed, long overdue. In January of that year, Sir John had celebrated his seventy-fourth birthday. For forty-five years he had been active in Canadian politics; he had been Prime Minister of the Dominion for seventeen out of the twenty-two years of its existence. In 1867 a grateful sovereign had made him a Knight Commander of the Bath; and his academic distinctions had an even longer history than his political honours. It was now twenty-four years since the University of Oxford had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws.
Drama
Authors: Tovell Vincent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1947.
Drama
Authors: Tovell Vincent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1948.
"All Passion Spent": A Revaluation of Jane Eyre
Authors: Scargill
Published: March 2013

From the day of its first appearance Jane Eyre has been credited with adding something new to the tradition of the English novel, though just what this is, and whether it is desirable, continues to puzzle the critics. To some the new quality is the voice of a woman who speaks with perfect frankness about herself; to others it is "passion," though the nature of this "passion" is left undefined. To all, Jane Eyre is remarkable for its intensity and this intensity is usually taken as sufficient to counteract what critics regard as a sensational and poorly constructed plot. The cause of this intensity remains uncertain. Some have suggested that it is love; some even go so far as to suggest that it is the memory of a real love which Charlotte Brontë herself had experienced, that is that the novel is some kind of autobiography and, if we take this view to its logical conclusion, not a novel at all.
Economic and Social Tendencies of French Canada
Authors: Minville Edras
Published: March 2013

Economic and social life, in strict dependence one on the other, are functions of the collective life. .As such, they are facts of civilization, and hence the manifestation of a certain general philosophy of life. Without some knowledge of the thought of French Canada, there cannot be any full explanation of the tendencies of its economic and social life; for if the latter differs in form from that of the Anglo-Canadians, this is owing first and foremost to the fact that the everyday activity of the two groups proceeds from different conceptions of life, from different national cultures.
The Vogue of Science in English Literature, 1600–1800
Authors: Simpson
Published: March 2013

The importance of the study ofthe natural sciences, so slightly regarded, for the most part, in the older periods of history, has, during the last two centuries, finally impressed itself upon the minds of men. The first stirrings of modern science may be dated with sufficient accuracy from the Renaissance, and it cannot be too often explained that this was an element in Humanism-a return to Greek thought and Greek method. Gilbert and Galileo, Copernicus and Vesalius are the direct spiritual descendants of Thales, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes and Erasistratus.
The Hard Winter
Authors: McInnis Edgar
Published: March 2013

Look from the window; you can see how harsh and bitter stands the tree, the stark gnarled branches lifting black against the sullen shifting wrack of clouds; and how the first faint snow edges the skeleton limbs with white to make them bleaker still, and slow the last brown leaf swirls out of sight. The last leaf and the first snow fall together: leaves and leaves were all it bore us summer and autumn through; now even they are gone, and you and I have dreamed our dreams in vain, and winter is on us once again.
On Reading Proust
Authors: MacKay
Published: March 2013

The tenth anniversary of Marcel Proust's death, in November, 1922, suggests a more detached reconsideration of the lasting significance of his work. Earlier and more closely contemporary critics frequently suffered from the disadvantage of having only a portion of that work before them, and being unable to judge it as a whole. Proust did not indeed live to complete the working out of all the later volumes, but enough has been done to make clear the general trend and intention. The whole of the Recherche du temps perdu is now available in English; but if one has even a slight competence in French, it is infinitely more valuable to read the original. After the first feeling of strangeness has passed, the difficulties are not excessive. Fifty pages usually suffice to give not only a grasp, but an enjoyment of the style.
The Character of Philosophy in Canada
Authors: Hendel Charles
Published: March 2013

I shall offer for consideration an opinion concerning the character of philosophy in Canada. The expression “philosophy in Canada” is chosen deliberately instead of “Canadian philosophy.” For to talk of a Canadian philosophy may, in the present temper of the world, be misleading because one might suppose that there is a national philosophy of Canada, that is, a philosophy which is consciously national in character, and this would be contrary to fact.
The Framework of the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Clawson W. H.
Published: March 2013

For the purposes of this article, a framework or framing story is to be understood as a narrative which, however interesting in itself, was composed for the primary purpose of introducing and connecting a series of tales, which are the raison d'être of the whole work. Though it is outside my plan to trace the origin and growth of this literary genre, a few examples may be given. In the oriental collections entitled The Thousand and One Nights and The Seven Sages, the stories are told in order to postpone the execution of a condemned person. In the first case, this is done by the device of interrupting each story at a critical point, with a promise to conclude it if the execution is put off for a day. In The Seven Sages, a work known in various forms in medieval Europe, a young prince, the son of a Roman emperor, has resisted the amorous advances of his stepmother and has been accused by her of assault and of plotting his father's death. Because she has put a spell upon him which makes it impossible for him to speak for seven days without losing his life, he is unable to refute the charge; but his seven wise tutors come to his assistance. Each evening the stepmother relates to the emperor a story that recalls the wiles of counsellors, and each morning one of the tutors tells a tale illustrating woman's cunning. They thus succeed in putting off the execution from day to day until the period of the spell is completed. When the prince can speak, he convinces the emperor of his own innocence and his stepmother's guilt and she suffers the fate she had planned for him. Both framing stories gain interest through suspense and the second imposes unity and didactic purpose on the tales it encloses.
Joseph Furphy, Australian
Authors: Sutherland Bruce
Published: March 2013

In the year that Furphy's first book, Such is Life, was published Havelock Ellis wrote a short essay on Australian fiction. Furphy is not mentioned, for Ellis had never heard of him, but the tone of the essay is prophetic. “It is always interesting,” wrote E1lis, “to study the literature of a young race, the offshoot of an old race living under the influences of an absolutely new environment. The interest of such work is often out of all relation to its absolute literary quality, because ... we see the outcome of a new combination of influences and ideals, a combination which has never exactly come about before.... In a land like Australia where a predominantly northern and British race, brought into closer contact with the sunshine, has become accustomed to find the extremes of luxury and hardship almost side by side . . . a young nation runs the risk of becoming rotten before it is ripe. That is a risk which the Australians may happily escape . . . and the beginnings of their national literature will one day, we may be sure, be a subject of reverent study.”
Paradise Lost: The Double Standard
Authors: Miller Milton
Published: March 2013

It may well be that, inheriting the romantic reaction to the “theological and moral system under which Milton disciplined himself,” we no longer feel that system's validity and so think it a contradiction of the poet's actual experience or, at all events, of our own; and we cannot, therefore, admit Paradise Lost on the poet's own terms. It was Dr. Johnson's view that the “substance of the narrative is truth” and, though exceptions may be made to the “accidental or adventitious parts, as to everything human,” “the main fabric is immovably supported”; but few modem commentators or readers take such a view of Paradise Lost any longer. Thus C. S. Lewis, as a Christian guide, asks the uninitiated reader to assume, if he cannot believe, certain things about the theological and moral system of the poem in order to understand it; and, more recently, Mr. Rajan in his book on Paradise Lost asks us to look at the poem with the eyes of the seventeenth-century reader, hoping to make good as history what he cannot claim as truth. Particularly in relation to the role of Satan in the poem is it felt that the reader needs guidance. But in spite of such guidance there are those who continue to be impressed with Satan's heroic or tragic proportions and who find him and his crew rather more attractive and better realized than that: heavenly actors generally. E. E. Stoll, for example, cautious about admitting Milton to be of the devil's party, is nevertheless forthright in upholding the superior charms of Hell and its inhabitants in Paradise Lost.
The Future of the Family Farm
Authors: MacFarlane David
Published: March 2013

In its economic setting the family farm is the last bulwark of the small independent entrepreneur, the man who combines the roles of the capitalist, the manager, and the labourer. In its political setting it represents a decentralization of power necessary to the safeguarding of liberty. In its social setting it provides a wholesome atmosphere for the development of individual initiative and responsibility, for a healthful life, and a well-balanced and rich social experience.
Symbolism in Tennyson's Minor Poems
Authors: Waterson Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

Many of Tennyson's mature poems follow the method of symbolism: they reinforce our direct attention to the “subject” by dealing with another reality which will create emotional and intellectual responses in its own right but which is recognizable in the particular instance as a sign directing our interest back to the original subject. Using this tentative definition of the symbolic method as a touchstone, we observe in Tennyson's work a steady development in the technique of obliquity. In the present study I would first indicate certain general features of symbolic expression, as Tennyson practised it in the minor poems, and second, consider chronologically some minor poems that are typical in their symbolism.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1950.
Mr. Churchill as Journalist and Essayist
Authors: Stewart Herbert
Published: March 2013

Journalism has been called “a literary appetizer,” the hors d'oeuvres of a full literary meal. Its merit is to open rather than to complete inquiry, to be provocative of thought beyond all it has given. The essay, on the other hand, is-as the advertisement says about even a miniature flat-“self-contained.” It is a small-scale treatise, presenting a complete picture, though in miniature.In both these types of composition Mr. Churchill has contributed notably. Step by Step and Great Contemporaries may be taken to illustrate his talent in journalism and the essay at its best.
Structure and Intention in the First Fragment of the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Stokoe William
Published: March 2013

Not the least attraction of Professor Wilson's recent interpretation of Chaucer's Knight's Tale appearing in these pages is his opening statement: “The Knight's Tale is a masterpiece.” Very few students of Chaucer would take exception to it, and furthermore it expresses admirably the attitude of scholars who have recently published studies of that tale. There has long been agreement that The Canterbury Tales is a masterpiece, and the General Prologue is likewise so regarded. But following it and the Knight's Tale without a break-in fact with the closest kind of linkage Chaucer used-are the Miller's Prologue and Tale, the Reeve's Prologue and Tale, the Cook's Prologue, and fifty-seven lines of the Cook's unfinished tale. This 4422-line group of tales and links (designated Fragment I by Professor Robinson whose text I am using) is more than a repository for one or two masterpieces: it is a masterpiece itself. As there is no need to press the claims of the General Prologue or the Knight's Tale, much of what follows will be a discussion of the other parts of Fragment I, though not with the purpose of declaring them individually masterpieces. The aim is to discover the artistic integrity of the group as a whole. Professor William Frost in another recent interpretation of the Knight's Tale' stops just short of a similar purpose. To support his interpretation he cites briefly several features of the Miller's Tale. The procedure here, however, will not be to argue for one or another interpretation of the Knight's Tale by reference to other tales but to discover how carefully Chaucer has interconnected all the parts of the group and to demonstrate if possible how in this group as in any work with a unified theme the whole transcends the sum of the parts.
The Recent Development of the French-Canadian Novel
Authors: Sylvestre Guy
Published: March 2013

The literary life of Canadians is in no way limited to the publication and assimilation of the works of our best writers and thus it is not necessarily the most representative books of our native authors which are the most widely read and constitute the spiritual nourishment of our community. Our two cultural groups are the inheritors of great previously established cultures and it is a fact that the Canadian general public reads and discusses the works of the mother countries' writers, as well as the best-sellers south of the border, in preference to those of Canadian writers. Since our early days-and this is a normal development in a community emerging from colonial status to full nationhood-French Canadians have looked to Paris rather than to Montréal or Québec, as English Canadians have looked to London or New York rather than to Toronto, Vancouver, or Winnipeg, for intellectual nourishment. For some years, however, and particularly since the last war, we have been less indifferent to the efforts of our best authors. In isolating us from Paris, and in making more difficult cultural imports from London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, the war had the effect of forcing us, almost in spite of ourselves, to take more thought of our national values, and the unprecedented success achieved abroad by some of the best novelists and poets of the two languages gives reason for hope that their works will eventually be accorded as much attention at home as those of the major foreign writers.