bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of adverse drug reactions in the primary care setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Insani Widya N. , Whittlesea Cate , Alwafi Hassan , Man Kenneth K. C. , Chapman Sarah , Wei Li
Published: May 2021

Background

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major cause of iatrogenic morbidity and mortality in patient care. While a substantial body of work has been undertaken to characterise ADRs in the hospital setting, the overall burden of ADRs in the primary care remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of ADRs in the primary care setting and factors affecting the heterogeneity of the estimates.

Methods

Studies were identified through searching of Medline, Embase, CINAHL and IPA databases. We included observational studies that reported information on the prevalence of ADRs in patients receiving primary care. Disease and treatment specific studies were excluded. Quality of the included studies were assessed using Smyth ADRs adapted scale. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimate. Potential source of heterogeneity, including age groups, ADRs definitions, ADRs detection methods, study setting, quality of the studies, and sample size, were investigated using sub-group analysis and meta-regression.

Results

Thirty-three studies with a total study population of 1,568,164 individuals were included. The pooled prevalence of ADRs in the primary care setting was 8.32% (95% CI, 7.82, 8.83). The percentage of preventable ADRs ranged from 12.35–37.96%, with the pooled estimate of 22.96% (95% CI, 7.82, 38.09). Cardiovascular system drugs were the most commonly implicated medication class. Methods of ADRs detection, age group, setting, and sample size contributed significantly to the heterogeneity of the estimates.

Conclusion

ADRs constitute a significant health problem in the primary care setting. Further research should focus on examining whether ADRs affect subsequent clinical outcomes, particularly in high-risk therapeutic areas. This information may better inform strategies to reduce the burden of ADRs in the primary care setting.
Candidemia in intensive care units over nine years at a large Italian university hospital: Comparison with other wards
Authors: Mazzanti Sara , Brescini Lucia , Morroni Gianluca , Orsetti Elena , Pocognoli Antonella , Donati Abele , Cerutti Elisabetta , Munch Christopher , Montalti Roberto , Barchiesi Francesco
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Candidemia is an alarming problem in critically ill patients including those admitted in intensive care units (ICUs). We aimed to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections (BSIs) due toCandidaspp. in patients admitted to ICUs of an italian tertiary referral university hospital over nine years.

Methods

A retrospective observational study of all cases of candidemia in adult patients was carried out from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018 at a 980-bedded University Hospital in Ancona, Italy, counting five ICUs. The incidence, demographics, clinical and microbiologic characteristics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes of ICU-patients with candidemia were collected. Non-ICU patients with candidemia hospitalized during the same time period were considered for comparison purposes. Early (7 days from the occurrence of the episode ofCandidaBSI) and late (30 days) mortality rates were calculated.

Results

During the study period, 188/505 (36%) episodes of candidemia occurred in ICU patients. Cumulative incidence was 9.9/1000 ICU admission and it showed to be stable over time.Candida albicansaccounted for 52% of the cases, followed byC.parapsilosis(24%), andC.glabrata(14%). There was not a significant difference in species distribution between ICU and non-ICU patients. With the exception of isolates ofC.tropicaliswhich showed to be fluconazole resistant in 25% of the cases, resistance to antifungals was not of concern in our patients. Early and late mortality rates, were 19% and 41% respectively, the latter being significantly higher than that observed in non-ICU patients. At multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk of death were septic shock, acute kidney failure, pulmonary embolism and lack of antifungal therapy. The type of antifungal therapy did not influence the outcome. Mortality did not increased significantly over time.

Conclusion

Neither cumulative incidence nor crude mortality of candidemia in ICU patients increased over time at our institution. However, mortality rate remained high and significantly associated with specific host-related factors in the majority of cases.
Less effort but equal result: Introducing the daily run-size estimation method for quantifying fish passage in fishways
Authors: Côrtes Mariana O. , Peressin Alexandre , Godinho Alexandre L.
Published: May 2021

Determining the number of fish that use a fishway is essential to fisheries management but counting all fish can be impracticable due to labor and cost. We present the daily run-size estimation (DARSE) method, which uses systematic sampling to estimate the number of fish per species that pass through a fishway daily (daily run size, D). The DARSE method makes it possible to determine the minimum fraction of each hour (or hourly samples) of the day necessary to estimate D with known accuracy. We apply DARSE to each of the seven most abundant fish species (other species grouped under ‘Others’) recorded in video images taken during 46 days of one year at the Igarapava Fish Ladder, Brazil. Accuracy in estimating D was influenced by the fraction of the hour sampled and the temporal pattern of fish passage through the fishway. For species with a more uniform temporal pattern of passage, the DARSE method reduced the time spent on sampling by up to 96%, depending on the accuracy used to estimate D. Some of these species required counts of fish that pass in a fraction of an hour for all hours of the day while counts for other species can be done every 2 hours or, more rarely, every 3 hours. For species with a more aggregated temporal pattern of passage, it was possible to estimate D by sampling a fraction of an hour but with reduced accuracy in the estimation of D and little reduction in sampling time.
Grain security assessment in Bangladesh based on supply-demand balance analysis
Authors: Jiang Luguang , Wu Si , Liu Ye , Yang Cheng
Published: May 2021

Ensuring the grain supply-demand balance and achieving grain security had been the main tasks for the government of Bangladesh. On the supply side, Bangladesh’s supply of grain products has increased substantially, with an average annual growth rate of 1.99 million tons in 1998–2018. Domestic grain production, especially rice production, accounted for the largest proportion in its structure. However, under the constraints of resources and environment, imports and international aid were needed to ensure a stable and sustainable grain supply. On the demand side, Bangladesh’s demand for grain products continued to grow at an average annual rate of 2.09 million tons and its structure was constantly diversified. In recent years, domestic grain production has fully met the grain demand for food use, but the overall grain supply dependence on foreign gradually increased. From the analysis of the influencing factors, the grain supply, especially the domestic production of rice and maize, had the greatest impact on the balance of grain supply-demand in Bangladesh. Moreover, multiple cropping index, chemical fertilizer application per hectare and irrigation rate were the three main factors affecting grain production. As a typical agricultural country, Bangladesh’s grain security was faced with challenges, such as high population density, insufficient cultivated land resources, international grain trade and frequent natural disasters. It is suggested that its government should strengthen scientific and technological research, adjust agricultural structure, improve the efficient utilization of agricultural resources and grain circulation systems, and balance the grain demand between food use and indirect use, so as to achieve complete grain self-sufficiency and overall grain security.
Conditions for the emergence of circumnutations in plant roots
Authors: Loshchilov Ilya , Del Dottore Emanuela , Mazzolai Barbara , Floreano Dario
Published: May 2021

The plant root system shows remarkably complex behaviors driven by environmental cues and internal dynamics, whose interplay remains largely unknown. A notable example is circumnutation growth movements, which are growth oscillations from side to side of the root apex. Here we describe a model capable of replicating root growth behaviors, which we used to analyze the role of circumnuntations, revealing their emergence I) under gravitropic stress, as a combination of signal propagation and sensitivity to the signal carriers; II) as a result of the interplay between gravitropic and thigmotropic responses; and III) as a behavioral strategy to detect and react to resource gradients. The latter function requires the presence of a hypothetical internal oscillator whose parameters are regulated by the perception of environmental resources.
Oviposition by a lycaenid butterfly onto old host parts is adaptive to avoid interference by conspecific larvae
Authors: Mochioka Yukari , Kinoshita Motoaki , Tokuda Makoto
Published: May 2021

Oviposition site selection by herbivores can depend not only on the quality of host resources, but also on the risk of predation, parasitism and interference. Females of the lycaenid butterflyArhopala bazalus(Lepidoptera) lay eggs primarily on old host foliage away from fresh growth, where larval offspring live and feed. Resource availability of young host leaves seems not to affect the oviposition site preference by the females. To clarify the adaptive significance ofA.bazalusoviposition behavior on old foliage, we tested three hypotheses: eggs on fresh foliage are (1) easily dropped during rapid leaf expansion (bottom-up hypothesis), (2) more likely to be attacked by egg parasitoids (top-down hypothesis), and (3) frequently displaced or injured by other herbivores (interference hypothesis). In field surveys, rates of egg dropping and parasitism by egg parasitoids were not significantly different between fresh and old host parts. However, the portions of fresh leaves on whichA.bazaluseggs had been laid were cut from shoots on which conspecific larvae fed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that eggs on young leaves were displaced in the presence of conspecific larvae and we observed that fifth instar larvae actively displaced conspecific eggs by feeding on the surrounding leaf tissue. These findings indicate that eggs laid on fresh leaves are at risk of being displaced by conspecific larvae, and support the interference hypothesis. Larval behavior is a likely evolutionary force forA.bazalusto lay eggs apart from larval feeding sites on the host plant.
Peripheral blood basophils are the main source for early interleukin-4 secretion upon in vitro stimulation with Culicoides allergen in allergic horses
Authors: Raza Fahad , Babasyan Susanna , Larson Elisabeth M. , Freer Heather S. , Schnabel Christiane L. , Wagner Bettina
Published: May 2021

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a key cytokine secreted by type 2 T helper (Th2) cells that orchestrates immune responses during allergic reactions. Human and mouse studies additionally suggest that basophils have a unique role in the regulation of allergic diseases by providing initial IL-4 to drive T cell development towards the Th2 phenotype. EquineCulicoideshypersensitivity (CH) is a seasonal immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic dermatitis in horses in response to salivary allergens fromCulicoides(Cul) midges. Here, we analyzed IL-4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CH affected (n = 8) and healthy horses (n = 8) living together in an environment with naturalCulexposure. DuringCulexposure when allergic horses had clinical allergy, IL-4 secretion from PBMC after stimulation withCulextract was similar between healthy and CH affected horses. In contrast, allergic horses had higher IL-4 secretion from PBMC than healthy horses during months without allergen exposure. In addition, allergic horses had increased percentages of IL-4+cells afterCulstimulation compared to healthy horses, while both groups had similar percentages of IL-4+cells following IgE crosslinking. The IL-4+cells were subsequently characterized using different cell surface markers as basophils, while very few allergen-specific CD4+cells were detected in PBMC afterCulextract stimulation. Similarly, IgE crosslinking by anti-IgE triggered basophils to produce IL-4 in all horses. PMA/ionomycin consistently induced high percentages of IL-4+Th2 cells in both groups confirming that T cells of all horses studied were capable of IL-4 production. In conclusion, peripheral blood basophils produced high amounts of IL-4 in allergic horses after stimulation withCulallergens, and allergic horses also maintained higher basophil percentages throughout the year than healthy horses. These new findings suggest that peripheral blood basophils may play a yet underestimated role in innate IL-4 production upon allergen activation in horses with CH. Basophil-derived IL-4 might be a crucial early signal for immune induction, modulating of immune responses towards Th2 immunity and IgE production.
Cultural resistance in occupied Palestine and the use of creative international solidarity through song1
Authors: Scandrett Eurig , Soliman Mahmoud , Stone Penny
Published: May 2021

Protest song has been an important component of grassroots political struggles, and the Palestinian resistance to Zionist settler-colonization is no exception. This article draws on original research with activists in the Palestinian popular resistance on the impact of song during the first intifada (1987 to 1993) and more recently in the opposition to the segregation wall and accelerated colonization of the West Bank. The significance of international solidarity to the Palestinian struggle is noted, and the role of protest song in international solidarity is explored. The activities of Edinburgh-based community choir San Ghanny in using song as an expression of solidarity with the Palestinian popular anti-colonial struggle is analysed. Protest song is a globally recognizable form, which can help to build connections with social movements in different parts of the world and in different periods of history, which is both rooted in individual places and struggles, and also transcends these at the level of global solidarity.
Physiological status of broiler chickens with diets supplemented with milk thistle extract
Authors: Bagno Olga , Shevchenko Sergey , Shevchenko Antonina , Prokhorov Oleg , Shentseva Anna , Vavin Grigory , Ulrich Elena
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: In recent decades, the use of various feed supplements is the current trend in poultry farming, among which phytogenics serve as alternatives to feed antibiotics. This study aimed to examine the effect of feeding various doses of milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum) on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out in an industrial poultry farm on broiler chickens of the Hubbard ISA F15 cross for 40 days. One control group and five experimental groups of day-old chickens were formed. The number of birds in each group was 50. Broilers of all groups received complete feed, and the experimental groups received an additional milk thistle extract at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg of body weight. Milk thistle medicinal plant extract was obtained using water-ethanol extraction followed by low-temperature vacuum drying. For the assessment of blood analyses, samples were collected from the wing vein of six chickens per group. Using unified methods recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, the content of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, total protein, protein fractions, triglycerides, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, and the concentration of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood serum were determined.

Results: It was found that the introduction of milk thistle extract into the diet of broiler chickens with the aforementioned doses increased the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells in the blood, as well as a decrease in the level of albumin and an increase in the content of γ-globulins in its serum.

Conclusion: The authors assume that the introduction of milk thistle extract into a complete feed for broiler chickens increased the anabolic processes in their bodies, accompanied by increased use of proteins of the albumin fraction as the main material for organogenesis.
Playing Seriously: An Introduction to Corporeal Architecture, Neuroscience, and Performance Art
Authors: Piedade Ferreira Maria da
Published: May 2021

Editorial Summary: With a focus on experiential qualities Maria da Piedade Ferreira distinguishes her research object from classical (rather technical) quantities such as load-bearing capacities. In her text she illustrates how she employs methods, techniques, and instruments from performance art and neurosciences to investigate the effects of spatial conditions on the human body. In doing so, she explores a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches, namely by experimenting with emotion measurement: Qualitative research, by including methodologies which attribute measurable values to the felt experience, might help us better understand the effects of the built environment in the human body during the design process itself, and after building. Accordingly, her aim is to integrate art and science methodologies that allow us to design spaces as intelligent extensions of the human body and positively impact how this feels and acts in the world. [Ferdinand Ludwig]
These Are Only Hints and Guesses
Authors: Torzo Francesca
Published: May 2021

Editorial Summary: In »These Are Only Hints and Guesses« Francesca Torzo explores experience, conscience, and culture as territories to reflect on architecture. Tracing back the narratives and stories from the past as a basic foundation of knowledge, she unravels the resonance of history and knowledge within contemporary experience and design in architecture. Based upon what has been, the thinking and making of architecture is always embedded in the stream of memory and tradition, referring to what was there before. Proceeding from this basis, the personal archive of memories fuels the processes of association and imagination. Any idea is integral to a cultural context, while culture is considered to be this stream of consciousness, forming the background to recent lived experience and its projection into future conception and design. [Uta Graff]
On the Entanglement between Sociology and Architecture in Spatial Research
Authors: Marguin Séverine
Published: May 2021

Editorial Summary: Coming from a background of sociology, but taking part in the interdisciplinary research network »Re-figuration of Space«, Séverine Marguin describes the »design turn« as a driving force for new directions in the humanities and natural sciences as well as a starting point for new formats and procedures in scientific investigation. She emphasizes the potential of cross-disciplinary research for either discipline involved, as it fosters new insights beyond disciplinary framings. »On the entanglement between sociology and architecture in the field of spatial research« highlights the »design turn« in social sciences as a catalyst for the incorporation of design-based procedures into the humanities, opening new possibilities to reconfigure the thematic field, its methodologies, and its forms of research. [Katharina Voigt]
Arrestin-dependent internalization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Wanka Lizzy , Behr Victoria , Beck-Sickinger Annette G.
Published: May 2021

The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an important mechanism regulating the signal strength and limiting the opportunity of receptor activation. Based on the importance of GPCRs, the detailed knowledge about the regulation of signal transduction is crucial. Here, current knowledge about the agonist-induced, arrestin-dependent internalization process of rhodopsin-like GPCRs is reviewed. Arrestins are conserved molecules that act as key players within the internalization process of many GPCRs. Based on highly conserved structural characteristics within the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the identification of arrestin interaction sites in model systems can be compared and used for the investigation of internalization processes of other receptors. The increasing understanding of this essential regulation mechanism of receptors can be used for drug development targeting rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Here, we focus on the neuropeptide Y receptor family, as these receptors transmit various physiological processes such as food intake, energy homeostasis, and regulation of emotional behavior, and are further involved in pathophysiological processes like cancer, obesity and mood disorders. Hence, this receptor family represents an interesting target for the development of novel therapeutics requiring the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms influencing receptor mediated signaling.
A note on an extreme left skewed unit distribution: Theory, modelling and data fitting
Authors: Chesneau Christophe
Published: May 2021

In probability and statistics, unit distributions are used to model proportions, rates, and percentages, among other things. This paper is about a new one-parameter unit distribution, whose probability density function is defined by an original ratio of power and logarithmic functions. This function has a wide range of J shapes, some of which are more angular than others. In this sense, the proposed distribution can be thought of as an “extremely left skewed alternative” to the traditional power distribution. We discuss its main characteristics, including other features of the probability density function, some stochastic order results, the closed-form expression of the cumulative distribution function involving special integral functions, the quantile and hazard rate functions, simple expressions for the ordinary moments, skewness, kurtosis, moments generating function, incomplete moments, logarithmic moments and logarithmically weighted moments. Subsequently, a simple example of an application is given by the use of simulated data, with fair comparison to the power model supported by numerical and graphical illustrations. A new modelling strategy beyond the unit domain is also proposed and developed, with an application to a survival times data set.
Loading of capsaicin-in-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes into PEGylated liposomes and the inhibitory effect on IL-8 production by MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines
Authors: Abdelnabi Hiba , Alshaer Walhan , Azzam Hanan , Alqudah Dana , Al-Samydai Ali , Aburjai Talal
Published: May 2021

Capsaicin (CAP) is an active component in Capsicum annuum L. known to have anti inflammatory and anticancer activity. CAP is highly lipophilic and suffers low bioavailability. Therefore, developing delivery systems that enhance solubility and bioavailability can provide more promising therapeutic applications for CAP. In the current work, CAP was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) to form capsaicin-in-β-cyclodextrin (CAP-in-βCD) inclusion complexes. Then, the CAP-in-βCD inclusion complexes were characterized and loaded into PEGylated liposomes using the thin-film hydration extrusion method. The size, charge, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the PEGylated liposomes were characterized. The levels of IL-8 production were quantified after treatment using array beads. The results of this work showed that the successful formation of inclusion complexes at 1:5 M ratio of CAP to βCD respectively. PEGylated liposomes loaded with βCD/CAP inclusion complexes (CAP-in-βCD-in-liposomes) have a hydrodynamic diameter of (181 ± 36) nm, zeta potential of (−2.63 ± 4.00) mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of (38.65 ± 3.70)%, drug loading (DL) of (1.65 ± 0.16)%, and a stable release profile. Both free CAP and liposomal CAP showed a significant reduction in the IL-8 production by the MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines after treatment. In conclusion, a liposomal-based drug delivery system for CAP was achieved.
Factors That Influence Career Choice among Different Populations of Neuroscience Trainees
Authors: Ullrich Lauren E. , Ogawa John R. , Jones-London Michelle D.
Published: May 2021

Specific groups have historically been, and continue to be, underrepresented in the biomedical research workforce, especially academia. Career choice is a multifactorial process that evolves over time; among all trainees, expressed interest in faculty research careers decreases over time in graduate school, but that trend is amplified in women and members of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups (Golde and Dore, 2004; Fuhrmann et al., 2011; Sauermann and Roach, 2012; Gibbs et al., 2014; Roach and Sauermann, 2017). This work was designed to investigate how career interest changes over time among recent neuroscience PhD graduates, and whether differences in career interests are associated with social identity, experiences in graduate school and postdoctoral training, and personal characteristics. We report results from a survey of 1479 PhD neuroscientists (including 16% underrepresented scientists and 54% women scientists). We saw repeated evidence that individual preferences about careers in general, and academic careers specifically, predict current career interest. These findings were moderated by social identity and experiences in graduate school and postdoctoral training. Our findings highlight the important influence of the advisor in shaping a trainee’s career path, and the ways in which academic culture is perceived as unwelcoming or incongruent with the values or priorities of certain groups. They suggest several areas for positive growth, ways to change how we think about the impact of mentorship, and policy and programmatic interventions that extend beyond trying to change or “fix” the individual and instead recognize the systemic structures that influence career choices.
Adaptation of energy methods to automated calculation of mobile machines frame constructions
Authors: Ripetskyi E. , Ripetskyy R. , Pidgurskyi M. , Pidgurskyi I. , Korobkov O.
Published: May 2021

The paper shows that the adaptation of energy methods to automated calculation of mobile machines frame constructions consists of developing a single algorithm applicable to different construction schemes. The calculation outset still remains the idea of getting a function of potential energy of deformation as a function with unknown inner power factors. Search for local function minimum of potential power of deformation has been based on the function’s discrete grid-surface. We managed to reach tactical flexibility of coordinate descent method in an attempt to continue approaching local minimum in cases of a dead end situation by changing the discrete course. The paper suggests extending the implemented algorithm from 3-D surface dealing only with two power factors, to n-D one with many unknown values.
Selected physical and mechanical properties of hemp seeds
Authors: Kaliniewicz Zdzisław , Jadwisieńczak Krzysztof , Żuk Zbigniew , Lipiński Adam
Published: May 2021

The basic physical properties of hemp seeds were measured to determine the correlations between these properties to facilitate the planning of seed sorting operations. The basic dimensions (length, width, and thickness), terminal velocity, angle of external friction, and mass were determined in the selected seeds. The seeds were subjected to a uniaxial compressive strength test to determine the force required to damage a seed, the corresponding displacement, and the energy consumed during the trial. The seed sorting was based on the basic dimensions of the seeds in order to divide the seeds into groups with similar average mass. The hemp seeds were most effectively sorted with the use of a screen with slotted apertures. The optimal set of screens should separate approximately 11% to 24% of the seeds into a fraction with the lowest seed thickness, and approximately 16% to 21% of the seeds into a fraction with the highest seed thickness. The basic seed dimensions significantly influenced the specific mass of the individual hemp seeds, and the corresponding correlations are most effectively described by power functions.
CHANGES IN THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF SERVICEMEN AFTER A LONG STAY IN THE COMBAT ZONE
Authors:   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kalnysh V.V. , Maltsev O.V. ,   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: May 2021

The characteristics of transformation of the psychophysiological state of servicemen during a long stay in the combat zone have been studied. The psychophysiological status of servicemen, muscular strength and endurance of right and left arms were assessed. The obtained results indicate that the studied contingent was heterogeneous in its psychophysiological status and was divided into two subgroups «better» and «worse». It was found that the studied psychophysiological parameters are described by two orthogonal factors (65%) - the «activation and stress of the body» factor (38%) and the «quality of cognitive processes» factor (27%). The first factor is the most powerful, this indicates a significant role of a serviceman’s stress-resistance in the conditions of long stay in the combat zone. It was found that this factor is also the leading one in the «worse» subgroup, this to a lesser extent can prevent disorder and unpredictability of behavioral reactions of combatants. In the «better» subgroup «quality of cognitive processes» was the leading factor. It plays a significant role in the balanced activity of functional systems of the body responsible for formation of adaptive behavioral responses during long-term action of high-level stressors. The decisive rules for selection of servicemen best suited for carrying out official duties in conditions of high-risk activities have been developed.
CYTOCHROMES OF MITOCHONDRIES AND ACTIVITY OF HEME METABOLISM ENZYMES IN THE LIVER UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT REGIMES
Authors:   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine, Kopylchuk G.P. , Grynenkiv Z.-M. I. ,   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine, Voloshchuk O.M. ,   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine
Published: May 2021

The content of mitochondrial cytochromes and the activity of key enzymes of heme metabolism in the liver of rats under conditions of different dietary supply of protein and sucrose were investigated. The quantitative determination of mitochondrial cytochrome was performed by differential spectrophotometry, δ-aminolevulinate synthase activity was determined spectrophotometrically taking into account the molar extinction coefficient of 0.023x10(3) M(-1)sm(-1). Hemoxygenase activity was determined using the amount of formed bilirubin. It was found that under conditions of consumption of high-sucrose diet a significant decrease in the content of all mitochondrial cytochromes is noted: the content of cytochromes aa3, b and c1 decreases within 1.2-1.7 times, and content of cytochrome c decreases in two times. In the case of excessive consumption of sucrose on the background of alimentary protein deprivation the content of cytochromes b and c1 in the liver of rats does not differ statistically from similar indicators of the group of animals kept on a high-sucrose diet. At the same time, the content of cytochromes aa3 and c is significantly reduced. According to the activity of δ-aminolevulinate synthase under conditions of consumption of a high-sucrose diet, the studied enzymatic activity decreases by about 1.5 times with a simultaneous increase in the activity of heme oxygenase. Thus, there is a marked decrease in heme synthesis against the background of increased catabolism, which explains the decrease in the content of cytochromes in the mitochondria of the liver of rats under conditions of excess sucrose in the diet. The maximum increase in the activity of heme oxygenase (almost threefold) is observed in animals that were kept on a high-sugar diet deficient in protein content. Thus, dietary protein deficiency is a critical factor affecting the heme metabolism in the mitochondria of liver cells. The established changes in the content of mitochondrial cytochromes and the activities of key enzymes of heme metabolism in the liver could be considered as prerequisites for deepening its energy imbalance in conditions of different supply of sucrose and protein in diet.
The natural and cultural determinants of social tensions in the contemporary European societies
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine, Sudakov V. I. , Lapina V. V. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01691, Ukraine
Published: May 2021

The characteristics of the main directions of the fundamental innovative sociological research, which are orientated to identification the new determinants of social tensions caused by the contradictory practical human attitudes to nature and environment, have been presented in the article – argued that the latest global and regional transformations change the traditional forms of the human cultural influence to nature as the physical reality. Therefore, the sociological research of the cultural integration and differentiation in contemporary European societies, as the social systems of industrial and post-industrial types, open the new cognitive stimulus for the fundamental and applied scientific studies of the new forms of social tensions in the “nature-society” system. Proved that in the contemporary multicultural European societies, the different subcultures arise and coexist in their competitive and contradictory interactions. These subcultures, reflecting the essential humanitarian values, at the same time, produce the critical human attitude to existing social orders. So, the scholars, who study the reasons for the contradictory human attitudes to nature, try to develop conceptual views on the subculture phenomena as the specific sources of the social tensions. Paid attention to the need for the correct identification of the “social tension” concept’s cognitive status, taking into account that this concept is vital for innovative studies in the scientific spheres of sociology, social ecology, and social management.
The language policy of Ukraine in the retail and services sphere
Authors:   Institute of the Ukrainian Language of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Hontar Maryna
Published: May 2021

This paper explores how the language policy of Ukraine is established in the retail and services sphere. The analysis focuses on the Ukrainian legislation which regulates the use of the official language and other languages in advertising, product information, and services. In the period of the Ukrainian state independence, the language use in the retail and servi-ces sphere is determined by Article 10 of the Constitution of Ukraine which lays down the basic principles for the operation of languages in Ukraine and the legislative documents which regu-late customer-provider relationships and contain requirements for goods and consumer services.The article states that information should be provided to the consumer in accordance with the lan-guage legislation requirements. The Law “On Languages in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” (1989) and especially the so-called “Kivalov – Kolesnichenko language law” did not guarantee Ukrainian citizens the right to receive information and to be served in the official language, i.e., in Ukrainian. The 2019 language law, Article 30, however, obliges all service providers to serve consumers and provide information about goods and services in Ukrainian. Keywords: sociolinguistics, language policy, retail and services sphere, Ukrainian language.
Valoración genética de unidades comportamentales en una ganadería de lidia colombiana
Authors: Calero Quintero David , Uribe Ceballos José Reinel , Bartolomé Rodríguez Daniel José , Muñoz-Flores Jaime Eduardo , González-Valencia María Fernanda
Published: May 2021

Se diseñó un etograma para desagregar el comportamiento del ganado de lidia, cuantificar la bravura y consolidar la selección. Se analizaron 933 hembras y 787 machos de la ganadería colombiana “Ernesto González Caicedo” (EGC), encaste Santa Coloma, en Popayán, Cauca, Colombia. Las unidades comportamentales (UC) identificadas fueron fijeza (FIJ), distancia de arrancada (DIS), prontitud (PRO), recargar (RGR), ausencia de dolor (DOL), grado de encelamiento (GEN), recorrido (RDO), humillar (HUM), repetir (REP), tipo de embestida (TEM), fondo (FON), fuerza (FZA) y ausencia de defectos (AUD). La información se analizó con el software DeLidia®, desarrollado para esta investigación. Las UC se ajustaron según el efecto de la edad, consanguinidad, peso, sexo, lugar, tipo de festejo, número de varas, torero y picador. Se estimaron índices de herencia, correlaciones fenotípicas y genéticas y valores de cría de sementales. Los valores resultantes de h2 para la UC FZA y REP fueron de 0.06±0.03 y 0.36±0.026, respectivamente, con un promedio de 0.21±0.05 para todas las UC. Todas las rg fueron positivas a excepción de las involucradas con FZA. El valor positivo más bajo de rg fue de 0.1 para GEN y HUM, mientras el más alto fue de 0.79 para FIJ y RDO. Las tendencias de los VG fueron positivas y diferentes de cero (P<0.01), excepto FZA (-0.004±0.0004). Las ganancias por año, como parte porcentual de la media, estuvieron entre -0.191% para FZA y 1.024% para REP. Los resultados encontrados para h2 y VG en este estudio sugieren su utilidad en programas de selección, favoreciendo un mayor progreso genético
Water requirements and restrictions to sugarcane in cane plants and ratoon cane cycles in Southern Brazil
Authors: Gurski Bruno Cesar , Souza Jorge Luiz Moretti de , Oliveira Ricardo Augusto de , Gerstemberg Emerson
Published: May 2021

In a site with a Cfa-type climate in southern Brazil, the water requirements and restrictions for the cultivation of sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), in plant and soca (second cut) were characterized. Water availability was calculated based on the daily water balance and evapotranspiration was estimated using the Penman-Monteith method. The thermal and water requirements of sugarcane were calculated taking as reference the agroecological zoning in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Water requirement index did not show limiting factors for the development of the crop both in plant and soca. Water deficit was the most important agroclimatic risk factor. In Paranavaí-PR, Brazil, sugarcane is a safe crop, with possibilities of saving water in the development stage (phase II), with frequent additional irrigation needs of 508.8 mm/crop cycle for plant and 486.5 mm/sugarcane cycle for soca.
Caracterización morfo-anatómica y protocolo para estimar la viabilidad de semillas de Psidium guajava
Authors: Guevara Ohara Jorge Ernesto , Cardozo Conde Carlos Iván , Santos Meléndez Luis Guillermo
Published: May 2021

Los estudios con guayaba (Psidium guajava) han estado orientadas principalmente a conocer la composición nutricional de los frutos y el uso de tratamientos pregerminativos para la liberación de latencia presente en la semilla de algunos materiales genéticos. No obstante, son escasos los protocolos para la determinación de viabilidad de la semilla; mediante el uso de tetrazolio como indicador. En el presente estudio, se caracterizó la composición morfo-anatómica de semilla de las variedades de P. guajava Palmira ICA-I, Cimpa Pulpa Roja, Manzana y Cl-0440ª, de gran importancia económica para el Banco de Germoplasma en CORPOICA. Además, se realizó un ensayo factorial para determinar los efectos de la concentración y el tiempo de exposición a Tetrazolio y los efectos de la temperatura. Las semillas de este fruto tienen una testa de consistencia dura, lo cual no es impedimento para que se produzca el proceso de imbibición. Estas presentan diferentes formas (obovada, dentada, clavada, oblonga, ovoide y reniforme). El embrión es de tipo periférico y posee estructuras completamente desarrolladas al momento de la extracción de la semilla de frutos que presentan madurez fisiológica. Los diámetros, grosor y peso unidad (gramos/100 semillas) de la semilla de guayaba varían de acuerdo con la variedad, lo que probablemente está relacionado con el número de semillas que contiene cada fruto. El conocimiento de la concentración y tiempo de exposición de las semillas a Tetrazolio es de una alta importancia para la valoración de la calidad fisiológica de la semilla. La exposición a una concentración de 0.1% de este producto, durante 12 horas a 26 ± 2°C y 40% humedad relativa, y 1% durante 3 horas, en condiciones controladas de temperatura 40 °C permite la valoración segura de la calidad fisiología de la semilla de esta especie.
Palabras claves: Calidad Fisiológica, Guayaba, Semilla, Tetrazolio, Viabilidad
Postharvest quality of tomato as affected by nitrogen and sulfur interaction
Authors: Siueia Júnior Matias , Silva Maria Ligia de Souza , Trevizam Anderson Ricardo , Faquin Valdemar , Silva Deivisson Ferreira da
Published: May 2021

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are nutrients that, in addition to influencing plant growth and production, interfere with processes related to postharvest fruit quality. In the present study, N x S interaction was evaluated in the postharvest quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using 5 dm3 capacity vessels containing a 0-20 cm layer of a dystropherric Red Latosol. A 5 x 3 factorial design was used, with combinations of five doses of N (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg dm-3) and three doses of S (0, 60 and 120 mg dm-3) distributed in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions. After harvest, the attributes of fruit quality were evaluated: firmness, pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), soluble solids ratio and titratable acidity (SS / AT), vitamin C, lycopene and beta-carotene. An increase in firmness was observed, as well as the content of soluble solids, titratable acidity and the SS / AT ratio of the fruits as a result of the interaction N x S. However, this interaction favoured the reduction of the contents of vitamin C, lycopene and beta-carotene, and the quality characteristics of tomato fruit in relation to the recommended values. Only the increasing doses of N favoured a higher pH in the tomato fruits.
ImageJ software as an alternative method for estimating leaf area in oats
Authors: Newton Martin Thomas , Monçon Fipke Glauber , Minussi Winck José Eduardo , Marchese José Abramo
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to compare two methods of estimating leaf area (leaf area meter LI-COR 3100 and ImageJ software) in oats. Renascem black oats and UTF Iguaçu white oats cultivars were evaluated. All the leaves of one plant per plot, with six repetitions, were evaluated every seven days to obtain five assessments for each cultivar. The leaves were identified and fixed on a white A4 sheet of paper with an indication of a known area (45 cm²), photographed and evaluated using a leaf area meter (LI-3100 - LI-COR). Leaf area was then estimated using ImageJ software. Estimates were obtained for standard deviation and coefficient of variation, and a simple linear regression equation was estimated based on the two estimation methods. Mean variances were tested using the ‘F’-test and the means compared by the ‘t’-test. There was no difference between the leaf areas found by both methods. In addition, they were highly correlated, and variances were homogeneous. We concluded that ImageJ software can be used instead of the leaf area meter on the two oat cultivars evaluated.
Manejo de nutrientes en solución basado en la conductividad eléctrica y concentración de iones en lixiviados de cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Barzan Renan Ribeiro , Takahashi Hideaki Wilson , Fregonezi Gustavo Adolfo de Freitas , Sampaio Marita Di Loreto Y , Firmano Ruan Francisco , Contreras Hector Augusto Sandoval
Published: May 2021

La fertirrigación se caracteriza por una mayor eficiencia en el uso de insumos como agua y fertilizantes, además de la facilidad para programar la aplicación de nutrientes según los requerimientos de cultivo. El objetivo en este estudio fue evaluar dos formas diferentes de manejo de fertirrigación utilizando lixiviados resultantes de la aplicación de insumos de síntesis en cultivo tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).  Los manejos se basaron en la conductividad eléctrica (CE) y la concentración individual de iones (CI) en el lixiviado, con dos niveles base iniciales de nutrientes (1.6 y 3.2 dS/m).  Los lixiviado fueron recolectados cada semana para analizar la CE y la CI de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, y con base en ellos manejar los nutrientes en solución.  Cuando el valor de CE eran menores o mayores que el 20% del valor establecido, la solución nutritiva fue diluida o concentrada en un porcentaje igual, adicionando agua o una solución principal (20 dS/m), respectivamente.  Los resultados mostraron que, las aplicaciones de N, P y K fueron más altas en el manejo CI, pero no así para Ca y Mg, lo que afecta el estado nutricional de la planta.  Los parámetros fitotécnicos de los frutos de tomate presentaron mejores características cuando se utiliza la CE como criterio para el manejo de fertirrigación, mientras que el incremento en el nivel inicial de nutrientes se reflejó en una mayor producción.
Fraccionamiento de metales pesados en suelos cultivados con tabaco en Pinar del Río, Cuba
Authors: Martínez Robaina Alexei Yoan , Do Amaral Sobrinho Nelson Moura B. , Febles González José M. , Abreu Lima Erica Souto , Benítez Odio Mileisys
Published: May 2021

El conocimiento de la presencia de metales pesados en suelos de zonas agrícolas es importante para prevenir su acumulación en las plantas cultivadas.  El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar las concentraciones totales y las fracciones de los metales pesados Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr y Co de la zona tabacalera Pinar del Río (Cuba) y su relación con las propiedades físicoquímicas del suelo.  Para el estudio fueron recolectadas a 20 cm de profundidad 59 muestras de tres tipos de suelos.  Las concentraciones seudototales de los metales en los suelos son bajas e inferiores a los valores de prevención registrados para suelos cubanos.  En general los metales pesados estudiados presentan una alta afinidad por las fracciones más estables del suelo, lo cual significa un bajo riesgo de transferencia al cultivo del tabaco o de acumulación en aguas subterráneas.  Las concentraciones seudototales de metales pesados fueron bajas, inferiores a los valores de alerta establecidos para los suelos en la región.  Los metales pesados estudiados estuvieron asociados principalmente con la fracción residual, la segunda fracción de mayor asociación con los metales fue la ligada a óxidos de manganeso y de hierro.  El análisis de componente principales mostró que su principal fuente de procedencia es pedogenética y que estos elementos están estrechamente relacionados con la capacidad de intercambio catiónico y el contenido de calcio.