bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
US Civil-Military Relations in the Gray Zone
Authors: Sewall Sarah
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that the changing character of conflict demands rethinking U S civil-military relations. The United States has long relied on a nuclear deterrent and conventional military superiority to defend itself, but its adversaries have changed the rules of the game to exploit civilian vulnerabilities in the U S homeland using non kinetic tools. To ensure continued civilian control of the military use of force and effective management of competition below the threshold of war, civilian leaders must assume greater responsibility for the political and operational management of hostilities in the Gray Zone. Because civilian leaders are underprepared for this new global competition, they will be tempted to default to conventional military solutions. Traditional civil-military frameworks did not envision permanent conflict or the centrality of civilian terrain, capabilities, and operational responsibilities. The United States needs civilian-led tools and approaches to effectively avoid the dual extremes of national immobilization in the face of non kinetic threats and inadvertent escalation of conflict without civilian authorization or intent. Civilian adaptation could also diminish the traditional role of the armed forces in defending the nation. The United States must rewire the relationship of the military and civilians through its decisions about how to manage Gray Zone competition.
On the Continuous and Concurrent Application of Ad Bellum and In Bello Proportionality
Authors: Lieblich Eliav
Published: November 2020

The principle of proportionality in international law operates both in the law on the resort to force—or jus ad bellum—and the law that governs how wars are fought, or jus in bello. On both levels, it seeks to constrain force in relation to a certain lawful objective. Yet, beyond this understanding, few other aspects concerning the interaction between ad bellum and in bello proportionality are clear. This chapter addresses two distinct yet interrelated aspects of this interaction. The first concerns the question whether ad bellum proportionality applies throughout an armed conflict, alongside proportionality under jus in bello. The second addresses the manner in which both levels of proportionality interact, assuming that they indeed apply concurrently. Concerning the first question, this chapter revisits the debate between the “static approach,” which argues that at least in some cases, ad bellum proportionality ceases to apply after the initial judgment on the resort to force, and the “continuous approach,” which holds that ad bellum proportionality applies continuously throughout the conflict. By uncovering and contesting the normative and theoretical assumptions that underlie the static approach, this chapter offers a defense of the continuous approach. Regarding the second question, this chapter explores the specific difficulties of concurrent application, as these arise under different conceptions of ad bellum proportionality. It concludes that although both levels of proportionality apply concurrently, and albeit they share some moral and conceptual similarities, we should not conflate between them. Rather, owing to the difficulties this chapter discusses, a functional separation between the spheres of proportionality should be maintained.
The Proportionality Rule and Mental Harm in War
Authors: Knuckey Sarah , Moorehead Alex , McCalley Audrey , Brown Adam
Published: November 2020

The foundational international humanitarian law rule of proportionality—that parties to an armed conflict may not attack where civilian harm would be excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage—is normally interpreted to encompass civilian physical injuries only. Attacks may cause significant mental harms also, yet current interpretations of the law lag behind science in understanding and recognizing these kinds of harms. This article analyzes legal, public health, psychology, and neuroscience research to assess the extent to which mental health harms should and could be taken into account in proportionality assessments.
The Natural Body in Somatics Dance Training
Authors: George Doran
Published: November 2020

The Natural Body in Somatics Dance Training examines the development of Somatics as it has been adopted by successive generations of practitioners since its early beginnings in the 1950s. The book elucidates the ways in which Somatics has engaged globally with some of the various locales in which it was developed and practiced, in terms of its relationships both to other dance training programs in that region and to larger aesthetic and political values. The book thereby offers a cogent analysis of how training regimens can inculcate an embodied politics as they guide and shape the experience of bodily sensation, construct forms of reflexive evaluation of bodily action, and summon bodies into relationship with one another. Throughout, it focuses on how the notion of a natural body was implemented and developed in Somatics pedagogy.
What’s Wrong with ‘Compassion’?
Authors: Hordern Joshua
Published: November 2020

This chapter diagnoses various ills which beset the language and practice of ‘compassion’. To begin with, problems in the political context for compassion in healthcare are considered, especially the complex relationship between patriotism, political liberalism, and health. In light of this, problems for compassion which require therapy are diagnosed. To some people, compassion seems an unreasonable demand to place on healthcare workers in modern, liberal democracies. This seems to be corroborated by the indeterminacy of compassion’s meaning, leading to a corruption in practice whereby compassion becomes acquiescence to the wishes of sufferers. Moreover, placing a demand for compassion upon healthcare workers seems liable to lead to burn-out. Two contrasting trends in healthcare practice exacerbate problems for compassion further: first, the possible decomposition of healthcare roles in light of machine learning, stripping out previous expectations for compassionate relationships, and, second, the overwhelming challenge of social death among the frail elderly.
Compassion and Peregrinatio
Authors: Hordern Joshua
Published: November 2020

This chapter begins to describe the response to Chapter 1’s diagnosis. The core of a social theory which will provide therapy is introduced, namely, peregrinatio, the wayfaring and pilgrim experience of life. Peregrinatio is explained and deployed to show how it reframes healthcare encounters, illuminating the nature of compassion, its civic context, and its everyday practice and fostering six attitudes which conduce to compassion: (i) interest in the human life-course; (ii) patience with plurality of perspective; (iii) curiosity in human encounter and companionship; (iv) humility in conversation; (v) recognition of the proper value of healthcare; and (vi) perseverance in preserving the communal nature of human life amidst suffering. The benefits of such a framing of the human condition for three aspects of healing are considered: (i) the healing of the affections; (ii) the healing encounter with God amidst suffering; and (iii) the healing role of healthcare professionals. Objections to peregrinatio are considered and addressed.
Compassion and Time
Authors: Hordern Joshua
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores how differing views of time and narrative give rise to different objects of hope and corresponding content to compassion. Reflection on the human life-course, increasingly influential in policy, practice, political thought, and ethics, provides a frame of reference for interrelating different interpretations of human life from conception to death. A faithfully secular enquiry is pursued to explore this possibility, being capacious enough to interweave various ways of conceiving the human condition. To show how compassion’s content is differentiated by varying accounts of time, the chapter examines the interrelation of tragedy, Christian theology, and compassion in conversation with Martha Nussbaum, with an excursus on Buddhism. The aim is to clarify how creation, sin, Christ’s death, and Christ’s resurrection influence the content of compassion. The account of time’s relationship to compassion which emerges—‘time suspended and reconciled’—is defined by Christ’s life-course and applied to obstetrics and palliative care.
Religious Practices at Court
Authors: Thomas Hugh M.
Published: November 2020

John oversaw a surprisingly active religious life at court that nonetheless failed to create an aura of pious kingship for him. Despite his reputation for impiety, recent work has shown that John carried out the religious practices expected of kings in his day, such as honouring saints’ relics, giving alms, and supporting religious houses. John’s religious activities were perforce generally court activities. Kingship was in part a religious office and religious activities at court were partly designed to project an image of sacral kingship. The chapter explores why the court’s many religious activities failed so miserably to improve John’s religious reputation and discusses the broader relationship between power, pleasure, and piety.
John’s Court in a Comparative Context
Authors: Thomas Hugh M.
Published: November 2020

How did John’s court compare to those of other rulers in his own period and with earlier and later courts? Variation in the quality and quantity of sources makes precision difficult. Nonetheless, what we know about court culture in other European countries in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries suggests that many aspects of court culture were similar across a wide range of territories. Indeed, one can even find similarities with Byzantine and Islamic courts. The evidence also indicates a great deal of continuity across the long historic arc of court culture in Western Europe. However, this continuity was combined with gradual but cumulatively radical change, so that by the early modern period, courts had become much larger and more complex, and very different in other respects as well.
Domestic Explanations: Inequalities
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Raniolo Francesco
Published: November 2020

The most salient empirical results can be summed up in a few points. First, despite the complexities and necessary distinctions, the consensual democracies with coordinated economies tend to have redistributive policy solutions and to correct inequalities. Second, the salience of the migration issue derives either from the consequences of the economic crisis (Italy, Spain, and France) or from basic ideological orientations (Poland). Third, with the Great Recession, the presence of new parties and populist parties became a distinguishing aspect of our six countries. Greater dissatisfaction and the growth of the new protest parties pushed the incumbent leaders to be more responsive. Fourth, we distinguish between a revendicative populism (leftist or inclusionary) and an identitarian populism (rightist or exclusionary). Identitarian populism mainly prevailed in Poland—but has a specific salience also in other countries: from France, with the Front National, to Italy with the League of Salvini, the United Kingdom with UKIP and also with Boris Johnson, and, to a more limited extent, Germany with AfD, and lastly Spain with Vox. Revendicative populism became politically and electorally relevant where the economic crisis was felt most, as Southern European democracies. Fifth, the relationship between the vote of the left parties (moderate and radical) and the trend of inequality shows a rather random connection. It is possible to identify a few patterns in the six countries. Finally, the connection between protest movements and the related institutionalization is different from case to case, with Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland, where there are no relevant social movements.
Domestic Explanations: Freedoms
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Piana Daniela
Published: November 2020

When explaining the trends and level of the three freedoms, the role of the rule of law with regards to governmental effectiveness, the control of corruption, and the compliance of public order with fundamental rights should be considered. Besides, there is the paradox of more information and less freedom and the paradox of more rules and less freedom. We also focused on economic freedom, freedom of religious association, freedom of movement, and improvement of protection of dignity because of the modernization of the judicial systems and the prisons. Moreover, the wave of technological development did not translate into an improvement of individual freedoms, especially for privacy protection, freedom to access information, and freedom of movement. The media and pluralism of information are considered critical in helping individuals to make conscious choices and ensuring the possibility of shedding light on rulers’ behaviour and filling the gap between the asymmetry of information that marks the hiatus between rulers and ruled. Despite the undeniable advantage of being provided with a potentially infinite range of information and being able to access a spectacular plurality of sources of information, citizens easily fall victim to what is now labelled as fake news. Overall, the Web is ill-prepared to cope with the risks of the biased information available on the Internet. Freedoms seem to be running the risk of being subverted by the overwhelming availability of data and information if a sound plural and institutionally embedded system of media pluralism is not in place.
Introduction
Authors: Gold Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces key topics covered in the book, including the justice in redress, the value in a right holder’s authoring acts of redress, and the distinction between the standing to demand a remedy and the standing to enforce it. The chapter also endorses the view that private law has plural aims, allowing for an understanding of private law that avoids unifying private law under a single value or principle. As will be developed, these aims can co-exist without problematic or contradictory effects. From a political theory perspective, this chapter suggests a fiduciary account of the state’s obligations, and it also provides a new take on the relation between redress and self-help. This introductory chapter closes with a look at the role of equity in moderating the effects of redress and an analysis of contemporary legal variations (such as arbitration, damage caps, litigation finance, and class actions).
The State as a Fiduciary
Authors: Gold Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyses the state’s responsibility to provide a venue for civil recourse (ordinarily, by means of a private right of action). Civil recourse theorists have explained the state’s obligation to provide for private rights of action in terms of social contracts. On this view, the state owes its citizens a means to act against a wrongdoer, given that the state has largely prohibited self-help. Such accounts are discussed along with an alternative to a social contract theory: the state may be a fiduciary to its citizens. Elaborating on the fiduciary account, this chapter suggests the state may have an obligation to provide for private law institutions of a certain type. Notably, part of the state’s responsibility may be to provide private law institutions that facilitate pursuit of those projects that individuals find meaningful. Provision for rights of redress may then be an important component of the state’s fiduciary obligations.
Modern Variations on the Theme
Authors: Gold Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers contemporary developments in private law. We live in a world that increasingly includes statutory encroachments on common law principles, and some of these revisions alter the way legal claims are pursued. A focus on rights of redress offers different perspectives on several of these developments, sometimes offering grounds for critique and sometimes providing support. This chapter will assess the implications of damage caps, arbitration, litigation finance, corporate claims, and class actions. As will be developed, these contemporary legal features suggest that redress exists along several continuums: it can be more or less private; it can depend on a neutral third-party decision-maker or it can be unilateral; it can be more or less subject to a right holder’s control; and it can be more or less complete. Whichever form redress takes, however, it will also implicate questions of justice. In order to fully appreciate why redress matters, each of these features needs to be assessed.
Game Theory in Biology
Authors: McNamara John M. , Leimar Olof
Published: November 2020

Game theory in biology seeks to predict social behaviour and other traits that influence how individuals interact. It does this by tentatively assuming that current traits are stable endpoints of evolution by natural selection. The theory is used to model aggressive behaviour, cooperation, negotiation, and signalling, as well as phenotypic attributes like an individual’s sex and mating type. This book covers the basic concepts and the traditional examples of biological game theory. It expands the frontiers of the field, emphasizing the importance of the co-evolution of traits and the implications of variation for reputation, markets, negotiation, and other social phenomena. It also highlights that it can be important to embed game interactions in the environment and an individual’s life. A major new direction developed in the book is that game theory can be extended by incorporating behavioural mechanisms, including mechanisms of reinforcement learning. By doing this the theory can successfully describe important phenomena like social dominance in group-living animals that previously have been difficult to model. By focusing on behavioural mechanisms, game theory can also make closer contact with empirical observation and with current research in fields like animal psychology and neuroscience.
Noise and Rationality
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter highlights the role of noise in decision-making processes, its nature, and its consequences on behaviour and rationality. Noise is a prerequisite for the system to generate a choice, and synaptic noise is considered to be the main source of noise in the nervous system. At the network level, these phenomena can be amplified by bifurcation processes, especially in networks that rely on populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons interconnected randomly. This bifurcation phenomenon belongs to what physics calls chaotic processes. Associated with stochastic phenomena, bifurcation leads to equilibrium states that can be very far apart. This chapter then goes on to explain that the very basis of the apparent irrationality of behaviour is intrinsic to the properties of the decision-making network. This approach provides an alternative explanation to individual and inter-individual variability in behaviour. The variability of behaviour that results from these processes may provide an evolutionary advantage by allowing individuals of each species to be able to switch from exploitation to exploration behaviour.
The Machine-Learning Approach of Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter assesses alternative approaches of reinforcement learning that are developed by machine learning. The initial goal of this branch of artificial intelligence, which appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, was to develop and implement algorithms that allow a machine to learn. Originally, they were computers or more or less autonomous robotic automata. As artificial intelligence has developed and cross-fertilized with neuroscience, it has begun to be used to model the learning and decision-making processes for biological agents, broadening the meaning of the word ‘machine’. Theoreticians of this discipline define several categories of learning, but this chapter only deals with those which are related to reinforcement learning. To understand how these algorithms work, it is necessary first of all to explain the Markov chain and the Markov decision-making process. The chapter then goes on to examine model-free reinforcement learning algorithms, the actor-critic model, and finally model-based reinforcement learning algorithms.
Bias and Heuristics
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses the cognitive bias and heuristics of judgement. It also considers possible underlying neural mechanisms. Economist Herbert Simon introduced the notion of heuristics in judgement to define the approximate rational rules upon which individuals rely to make decisions. Experimental psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky transformed this notion of heuristics by highlighting the cognitive biases that influence judgements. From his work with Tversky, Kahneman elaborated the two-systems theory. According to him, human decision-making is the result of a competition between a fast, automatic system (System 1) that is prone to make mistakes and a slower, more demanding but also more reliable one (System 2). Both systems use heuristics, but the second compensates with anticipation. This chapter then looks at initial bias and beliefs. It also explains the anchoring effect, as well as the dilution effect. Anchoring is the excessive influence of a first impression on judgements.
The Origin and the Instrument of Animal Motion
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: November 2020

This contribution comments on Aristotle’s De Motu Animalium 9–10 (MA 9–10). In these chapters Aristotle first argues that all movement originates from a central region within the body and then identifies the instrument of animal movement with the connate pneuma. The contribution shows how Aristotle’s exploration of the internal unmoved origin of animal motion has led him from (i) the joints, with their relative origins which are unmoved in some cases but moved in others, to (ii) the middle part of the body; and then from the middle part of the body to (iii) the Aristotelian soul, an unextended entity which is the absolute origin of animal motion.
The Data Imperative
Authors: Schildt Henri
Published: November 2020

Companies across all industries are engaging in digital transformation to harness the power of advanced information technologies. Building on interviews and diverse case studies, this book describes how data and algorithms are reshaping management practices, organizational structures, corporate culture, and work roles. The book develops a broad framework for understanding digitalization not as a technological change, but as a new normative mindset, ‘the data imperative’. New managerial ideals compel companies to pursue digital omniscience and omnipotence—the abilities to represent and understand the world through real-time data flows and to control customer experiences, physical equipment, and workers with software. The efforts to complement and replace human expertise with data and smart algorithms are associated with shifts in strategic priorities, adoption of powerful modular architectures, new organizational structures, and introduction of artificial intelligence into diverse work roles. Surveying the changes in management and the workplace, this book offers an integrative and balanced account of the ongoing changes. It elaborates how artificial intelligence is changing work at all levels of the hierarchy and envisions how the emerging artificially intelligent organization will change how professionals work. The frameworks and ideas espoused in this book will help the reader understand the ongoing changes in the workplace that affect everyone from executives and professionals to frontline workers.
The Principles of Judaism
Authors: Lebens Samuel
Published: November 2020

In this book Samuel Lebens takes the three principles of Jewish faith, as they were proposed in the fifteenth century by Rabbi Joseph Albo, and seeks to scrutinize and refine them with the toolkit of contemporary analytic philosophy. What could it mean for a perfect being to create a world out of nothing? Could such a world be anything more than a figment of God’s imagination? What is the Torah, and what must a person believe before it would make sense to treat it as Orthodox Judaism does? What does Judaism expect from a Messiah, and what would it mean for a world to be redeemed? These questions are explored in conversation with a wide array of Jewish sources—the Bible, Philo, the rabbis of the Mishna and Talmud, the medieval rationalists and mystics, the Hassidim, and more, with an eye towards diverse fields of contemporary research, such as cosmology, logic, the ontology of literature, and the metaphysics of time. This book is an attempt to articulate the most fundamental axioms of Orthodox Judaism in the vernacular of contemporary philosophy.
Creatio ex Nihilo
Authors: Lebens Samuel
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the medieval debate about the nature of creation. It compares and contrasts arguments of three major schools. The first school suggests that the universe had no start, and that God’s work of creation is, accordingly, continuous and with no beginning. The second two schools suggest that the creation had a beginning but differ as to whether God created the universe out of nothing, or out of some primordial matter. Bringing these arguments into conversation with contemporary philosophy and cosmology, this chapter finds in favor of an original creation from nothing.
What Is the Torah?
Authors: Lebens Samuel
Published: November 2020

This chapter develops a traditional riddle concerning the relationship between the “Heavenly Torah” and the “Earthly Torah.” First it is established that the Jewish tradition is heavily committed to the existence of a Heavenly Torah, and that contemporary philosophy of literature provides us with no reason to demur. How are the Heavenly and Earthly Torah related? This chapter sketches all the possibilities, and shows how each answer comes at a cost. This is the internal problem with the revelation.
How is Islam Known and Not Known on Campus?
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha
Published: November 2020

The specific social, intellectual and historical trajectories that produce knowledge about Islam are complex and may be problematic. They are caught up in patterns of cultural othering and stereotyping that distort the ways in which Islam and Muslims are represented, patterns shaped by a narrative of securitization that stoke fear and prejudice rather than dispassionate awareness. University courses are surprisingly fertile as an occasional source of knowledge about religion, but only a small minority draw on them a great deal. Students find more knowledge outside degree programmes, in friendships, and in sacred texts. Both Shi’i and Sunni Muslims want to identify both differences and similarities between academic and spiritual needs. We identify the need to increase conversations about systems of knowledge and they need to be cross-cultural and collaborative to serve humanity at large.
Should Middle-Income Countries Implement Environmental Policies?
Authors: Rosa Emilio Padilla
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes the reasons for middle-income countries to enforce environmental policies and not leaving them for later development stages. It puts into question the premise that low- and middle-income countries should grow first and clean up later. Furthermore, it explains several possible co-benefits for middle-income countries of implementing environmental policies and how the application of international environmental policies and agreements influences them. These potential gains provide strong arguments to enforce environmental policies and facilitate a green transformation in middle-income countries. There are, however, several problems and challenges that may make this transformation difficult. The implementation of environmental policies should be tailored to the economic and institutional context of each country and accompanied by measures allowing an adequate achievement of economic, social, and environmental goals.
Middle-Income Countries and Multilateral Development Banks
Authors: Canuto Otaviano , Cavallari Matheus , Santos Tiago Ribeiro dos
Published: November 2020

Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) have two financing windows, with different terms, dedicated to low- and middle-income countries. Countries are presumed to cross those windows as their income per capita rises, with middle-income countries (MICs) eventually “graduating” to non-client status once they reach certain criteria. However, due to what may be called “middle-income traps,” such progression toward graduation has been limited to a small number of countries. This chapter suggests areas where support by MDBs would yield the highest results toward the “graduation” of MICs. Item 1 reviews the criteria that have been used to justify graduation, whereas item 2 approaches middle-income levels as a stage of growth and development. Finally, item 3 proposes an interface between MDBs’ support to MICs and the policy agenda to overcome middle-income traps.
Introduction
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter stresses the recurrent sense of the fragility and contingent character of liberalism not just in relation to external challenges but also its capacity for self-harm. Liberalism’s ideals are prey to erosion through self-regarding practices of crony capitalism and competitive party politics. This diagnosis of liberalism’s ills forms the background to the cross-national attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. The chapter stresses the value of history in examining Ordo-liberalism as a tradition with its own roots and canon, rather than more narrowly as a school or theory; in setting it in its larger context of cross-national family resemblances; in using original archival evidence to go behind published texts; and in clearing up misconceptions of Ordo-liberalism, above all in the English-speaking world. History is also valuable in rescuing thinkers from the neglect and silence that accompanies processes of memorialization. It helps to bring out the nature and significance of stabilization traditions in France and Italy as well as in Germany. It also highlights the imperfect correspondence between Ordo-liberalism and economic policy practice in Germany as well as in the European Union and the euro area. The chapter concludes by asking why Ordo-liberalism is so important; by outlining what is distinctive about the book; and by explaining the book’s structure.
Just a Germanic Tradition? The Cross-National Significance of Conservative Liberalism
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the various factors that have shaped the cross-national significance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in public debate, in institutions and how they operate, and in policies, across space and over time. It argues that these factors have interacted in a way that gives this type of liberalism a historically contingent character. The chapter looks at self-assessment by conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals of Ludwig Erhard in Germany, Reinhard Kamitz in Austria, Jacques Rueff in France, and Paul van Zeeland in Belgium and the sense of beleaguerment that affects them. It also considers the cross-national reception of Ordo-liberalism and the process of cross-national convergence in conservative liberalism through networks, conferences, and institutions and through the emergence of family resemblance. The chapter pays close attention to the factors driving differences in significance: founding myths and aristocratic liberalism; mainstream philosophy of political economy; religion; state tradition; state- and nation-building; parties and party systems; events and crises; net creditors and net debtors; international structure of power and Americanization; and networking though university patronage, think tanks, and media dissemination. The chapter closes with reflections on the potential for conservative liberalism.
How Ordo-Liberal Is Germany? Ordo-Liberalism in Post-War National Unifying Mythology
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the myth and reality of Ordo-liberal intellectual capture of Germany and the role of Ordo-liberalism in efforts to construct a new post-war national unifying myth. It focuses on the genesis of the concept of the social market economy and its relationship to Ordo-liberalism; on the distinction between fundamentalists and realists in Ordo-liberalism; and on the differences between philosopher-economists and statesmen-economists. Close attention is paid to the ideas and role of Ludwig Erhard and his network of support; the institutional appropriation of Ordo-liberalism by the Bundesbank, the federal cartel office, and the federal economic ministry’s economic policy division; and the role of Ordo-liberalism in competition policy, in European economic and monetary union, and in German policy during the euro area crisis. At the same time, stress is placed on the gaps in Ordo-liberal thinking and counter-national unifying myths, drawing on social Catholicism, social partnership, and civilian power. The chapter has three main case studies: of Ordo-liberalism in the Great Depression, focusing on the Brauns Commission, the Lautenbach Plan, and the role of Wilhelm Röpke; central bank independence, monetary policy reform in the early 1970s, and the ‘monetarist revolution’; and Alfred Müller-Armack’s proposal for a European Stabilization Board. These case studies use archival evidence. The chapter closes with reflections on the significance of Ordo-liberalism in Germany.
Linguistic Ontology
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

Chomsky’s opposition to intentionality is rooted in his denial that SLEs are the external phenomena they seem be. Taking for granted a Quinean view of ontology whereby real phenomena have to earn their explanatory keep or be identifiable with phenonema that do, this chapter argues that, although Chomsky’s flirtations with a general anti-realism fail, it is quite plausible with regard to SLEs: they serve no explanatory role and they can not be identified with anything in the acoustic stream, nor with idealized dispositions to produce or respond to that stream Some claim SLEs are “psychologically real,” a problematic notion that leads to identifying SLEs with neural states. This however involves a use/mention confusion or deliberate collapse that is ultimately incoherent. Along the lines of §8.7, the chapter tentatively concludes that linguistic entities are best regarded as “perceptual inexistents,” a view called here “Folieism.”
Island Insularities
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This first chapter frames this study historiographically and theoretically by reference to scholarship on the British Atlantic archipelago, problems of overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions within early modern England, and the processes and personnel of state formation. Informed by interdisciplinary ‘island studies’, it considers island writing and the distinctiveness of offshore communities, including difficulties of access owing to maritime conditions. Such features as separateness, remoteness, and more than material insularity were exacerbated in jurisdictions surrounded by water. Relations between England’s central government and its offshore periphery entailed qualities of reciprocity and negotiation that were not always forthcoming. The centralizing state made increased demands on the islands, but islanders often responded with recalcitrance and obstruction. Marooned by circumstances as stranded travellers, garrison officers, political prisoners, or refugees from conflict, island writers have reflected on problems of insularity, distance, estrangement, and connection that are recurrent themes in this book.
Māyā in the Bhāgavata and Preceding Texts
Authors: Gupta Gopal K.
Published: November 2020

While there is disagreement among various scholars as to precisely when the Bhāgavata was written, all sides agree that the compilation of the Vedas, Brāhmaṇas, Upaniṣads, and Mahābhārata preceded its composition. As such, any discussion of the Bhāgavata’s treatment of māyā must begin with an examination of this concept’s lexical and historical development in these earlier Sanskrit works, as well as how their formulations of the term were used in Śaṅkara’s Vedānta. The Sanskrit term māyā has held a variety of meanings in Indian religious thought, although its etymology remains a matter of some dispute. This chapter attempts to demonstrate how the Bhāgavata’s doctrine of māyā constitutes a refinement of earlier Vedic, Upaniṣadic, and Epic formulations.
Sensational Babies
Authors: Wagner Tamara S.
Published: November 2020

The final chapter analyses the reconfiguration of the Victorian baby in the sensation genre. As sensation novelists participate in social and scientific discourses on infancy, the baby might exemplify theories of infant development or care; more provocatively, its sensationalization showcases how and why particular methods do not work or how normative attitudes require a critical rethinking. Mrs Henry Wood capitalizes on modern mothers’ self-doubts to produce new sources of sensationalism. Babyhood is not merely vulnerable and easily mismanaged, but also a target of criminal intervention, and in the process, Wood identifies parenting practices she disagrees with as a crime. In Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s fiction, by contrast, the baby features as an inadvertent impostor as well as a target in criminal plots. In his complex representations of maternal love for an illegitimate infant who has been removed from its mother, Wilkie Collins challenges normative conceptions of breastfeeding, illegitimacy, and adoption in Victorian Britain. Literary sensationalism, I contend, at once utilizes, criticizes, and thereby transforms images of babyhood in nineteenth-century popular culture. While sensation novelists participated in topical controversies surrounding new expert knowledge of infancy and infant care, genre developments produced as well as traded on changing attitudes to babies. A close look at these interchanges enables us to realize how different and self-conscious as well as culturally central the changing images of infancy were at the time and how they informed debates that still determine discourses on babyhood, baby care, and their expected roles in literature today.
Separate Worlds?: Peasant Society in the Mountains
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

By contrast to the settler-dominated plain (Chapter 1), this chapter examines the long-term socio-economic development of the peasantry massed in the mountains of the Ouarsenis and Dahra. European occupation of the cereal lands in the plain cooped up the peasants on the poor, rocky soils of the interior where they faced a cycle of periodic drought and a ‘Malthusian’ crisis, in which small subsistence farmers faced deepening poverty and malnutrition. The peasants placed growing pressure on the resources of the forests from which they were excluded by draconian laws, commercial mines, and dam construction, leading to an environmental catastrophe and soil erosion. Apart from a degree of social banditry and forest ‘invasions’, the peasantry remained politically quiescent, but the characteristic pattern of dispersed settlement in isolated farmhouses meant that the large, joint family remained strong, a basis for future resistance.
The Janus-faced Politics of the caids, c.1936 to 1954
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

From the 1930s onwards the aristocratic élite that monopolized the caidat in the Chelif entered a phase of deepening economic and political crisis, so that the key instrument of colonial governance in the interior was weakened and internally divided. A case study of two prominent Chelif leaders, Abdelkader Saiah and Mohammed Bentaieb, shows how the grandes familles, facing economic ruin, were forced towards electoral competition as a way to tap into the state gravy train, but in doing so they had to extend their patron-client base by moving towards a populist agenda, reformism, and moderate nationalism. The aristocratic élite, who retained a degree of cultural and religious identity in opposition towards French secularism, played an ambiguous role, a ‘double jeu’, of public loyalty to France, and private opposition. Prior to the 1954 insurrection deep internal cracks had thus appeared inside the class that held the key to indirect rule of the rural masses, fatally weakening the CM system and the intelligence state.
The Genesis of Opération Pilote
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

In January 1957 the military and colonial government accepted a master plan drawn up by the anthropologist Jean Servier to undertake Opération Pilote in the Chelif region, the biggest counterinsurgency (COIN) experiment of the Algerian War. The arrival of Salan and Indochina specialists in command accelerated the adoption of the doctrine of revolutionary warfare, that victory over the FLN could not be achieved by conventional ‘big’ force operations, but only through winning over the indigenous population. The catastrophic failure of counterinsurgency in Kabylia in late 1956 diverted attention to the Chelif where a dispersed population was seen as advantageous to COIN operations. Servier’s plan was linked to the revival of Lucien Paye’s communal reform of 1945 to 1948, seen as the key reform to retain Algérie française. By late 1956 the colonial government and military had rapidly lost control of the Dahra and Ouarsenis mountains, a collapse signalled by the evacuation of isolated colons, and the aim was to ‘reconquer’ the interior through driving the ALN and its OPA structures from each douar, and replacing it by ‘djemâa amie’ that could form the core of future rural municipalities in which peasants could take on board their own local government and auto-defense. Unable to guarantee open elections Opération Pilote aimed to secretly train future douar leaders in the psychological warfare centre at Arzew.
The Role of the Council of Europe in Improving General Principles of Administrative Law in Poland—Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Grabowska-Moroz Barbara , Wierzbowski Marek
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the influence on Polish administrative law of pan-European principles of good administration stemming from the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals that membership of the CoE can be perceived as an element of the democratization process that has had a direct influence on Poland, especially through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It furthermore establishes that Polish administrative law generally follows the CoE standards even if at the same time they are overshadowed by the standards flowing from the EU. In addition, the unwillingness of the Polish courts to refer to non-binding CoE standards of conduct which are not strongly founded in statutory law is another obstacle precluding full reception of the said principles.
Europeanization through Constitutionalism
Authors: Ernits Madis , Pähkla Karmen
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact on Estonian administrative law of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It argues that there is no conceptual mismatch between Estonian law and the administrative law of the CoE. This is attested by the fact that the European Convention on Human Rights was one of the main models for the constitutional rights chapter of the Estonian Constitution and remains widely discussed in the case law of Estonian courts. Moreover, the laws on the general part of Estonian administrative law—the Administrative Procedure Act and State Liability Act of 2001—among other things, have been guided by the pan-European principles of good administration. At the same time the chapter expresses doubts regarding the significance of the soft law sources of the CoE because of the principle of legality prevalent in Estonian law, which presents a hindrance to their permeation.
Georgian Administrative Law
Authors: Gvaramadze Tamar
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Georgian administrative law. It shows that the legal reforms and modern administrative legislation that started in Georgia in the 1990s were mostly influenced, and directed by, Western values and European principles, including core provisions of the Council of Europe. This influence has manifested itself, among other things, in the Georgian legislator giving constitutional importance to the right to a fair hearing in administrative proceedings and underlining the importance of good administration. Moreover, special parts of administrative law, such as regulation of local self-governance and personal data protection, have also not been immune to this influence, which has been strengthened by the progressive approach undertaken by Georgian courts.
The Pan-European General Principles of Administrative Law
Authors: Cucić Vuk
Published: November 2020

This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Serbian administrative law. It shows that the main (and almost exclusive) path for reception of these principles in Serbia has been through legislation, including the ‘core’ domains of administrative law. This chapter furthermore reveals that the Serbian legal system only rarely relies on alternatives to legislative enactment such as direct application of ratified international agreements or development of standards through judicial and administrative case law. It identifies that the reasons for this are the language barrier, the lack of online dissemination of the relevant Council of Europe materials, and the prevailing ‘formalistic’ attitude—to name but a few.
Introduction
Authors: Maguire Laurie
Published: November 2020

The Introduction looks at blank space in an era in which the blank did not yet prompt readerly unease, suspicion of error, or the need for reassurance (as in Google books: ‘this page intentionally left blank’). It discusses the development of negative vocabulary for blanks, at cognitive research on how the brain responds to what is not there, at reading as an act of completion, and at typographical ways of representing stage business. It engages with the work of recent book historians on experimentation in early modern printed books. It reviews critical work on the architecture of the page and the page as a visual unit. It explores a number of early modern literary works that are thematically dependent on gaps of various kinds from things that are unsaid or glossed over to those that call attention to what cannot be articulated.
‘This Page Intentionally Left Blank’; or, the Apophatic Page
Authors: Maguire Laurie
Published: November 2020

Chapter 1 explores how readers interact with and interpret blank space and blank spaces on the early modern page. This is the beginning of this chapter’s enquiry into the ways in which practical typography came to be seen as creative opportunity, for writers as well as readers, and how modern editorial treatment elides that creativity. Part I focuses on the interactive reader generally as he/she is faced with items that invite filling in: incomplete rubrication in incunabula, errata lists, blanks for topical and personal references, initials for names, censorship. Part II covers literary works that exploit gaps and incompletion from the disingenuous ‘desunt nonnulla’ through metrical half-lines, incomplete quotations and gaps in collaborative manuscripts to direct addresses to the reader to fill in blank space left for their use. This section also reviews blanks in different media such as sculpture and cartography. Part III shows how editors treat blanks in print editions and digital books, exploring literary material from the medieval to the early modern.