bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Thyroid Hormone in Children and Adolescents in a Series of MZ and DZ Twins and Their Siblings
Authors: Stabenau J. R. , Mirsky H.
Published: July 2016

Stabenau and Pollin (1968) observed, in a study of 23 pairs of adult MZ twins, that a significant correlation existed between birth-weight (a measure of fetal maturity) and adult protein-bound iodine (PBI) (r = + 0.58, P < 0.001). In a sub-sample of 12 individuals, the correlation between birthweight and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was + 0.94 (P < 0.001). These data suggested that differences in protein hormonal binding may be established as a result of intrauterine factors, the effect of which may persist into adulthood. The study of neonates has demonstrated that measures of PBI and butanol-extractable iodine (BEI) are higher at birth than in later adulthood, and that rapid changes in individual values occur during the early neonatal period. Marks and Man (1965), Perry et al (1965) and Man (1966) have demonstrated that BEI and PBI values are higher for infants who are heavier in weight at birth and lower for infants of low birthweight. The weight of a fetus at birth has been used as one single estimate of fetal maturity when measures such as fetal length and gestational age are unavailable.

A sample of children and adolescent MZ and DZ twins and singletons was studied to test the hypothesis that measures of thyroid hormone activity are related to maturity at birth. In addition, estimates of the relative genetic control for thyroid hormone levels were made.
Correlations between Personality Structure and Adrenocortical Excretion Patterns in MZ Twins
Authors: Fox H. M. , Gifford S. , Valenstein A. F. , Murawski B. J.
Published: July 2016

Twenty-one pairs of healthy MZ twins, all males 18-21 years of age, have been studied for possible correlations between individual personality characteristics and relatively constant patterns of pituitary-adrenocortical functioning. Subjects were studied by means of psychiatric interviews, Rorschach and other psychological tests, and 35 24-hour urine collections for 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (17KS) determinations.

Our previous observations have been reported, both on these healthy male volunteers (Fox et al, 1961 and 1965) and on various clinical syndromes (Rizzo et al, 1954; Fox et al, 1958; Gifford and Gunderson, 1970). Our cumulative clinical impressions suggested that high levels of 17OHCS excretion are found in individuals with an intense need for close personal relationships, or with an equally intense need to defend themselves against emotional involvement, by active forms of avoidance and denial. Low 17OHCS levels were found in individuals who were more effectively defended against emotional intimacy by well-organized neurotic defenses, with some isolation, constriction of affect or less conscious awareness of conflict.

In studying twins, however, an unusual pattern of high 17KS and low 17OHCS compelled us to pay more attention to the significance of 17KS levels. High 17KS excretion patterns were found in energetic, ambitious individuals, with strong aggressive drives or equally strong defenses against them. Individuals with low 17KS levels were overcon trolled, with limited drive-endowment and widespread inhibitions of impulse and action.
L'Impiego dei Gemelli nella Sperimentazione Zootecnica
Authors: Bonadonna T. , Succi G. , Annoni A.
Published: July 2016

In ogni paese si annette una rilevante importanza alla disponibilità di gemelli MZ, nelle specie normalmente unipare, per la ricerca sperimentale di base e dimostrativa.

In zootecnia, la specie più interessante a questo riguardo è quella bovina. Le ricerche attuate nei laboratori dei vari paesi riguardano: (1) l'utilizzazione e conversione di diversi alimenti e sistemi di razionamento; (2) l'accrescimento diario in p.v.; (3) il rendimento quanti-qualitativo di prodotto (latte, carne, grasso); (4) la precocità ed il comportamento sessuale (produzione spermatica ed ovulazione); (5) il comportamento alle variazioni di determinati fattori ambientali (luminosità, temperatura, ventosità).
Morfologia e Misurazioni Scheletriche in Gemelli
Authors: Hadžidekov G. , Ikonomov G.
Published: July 2016

I nostri studi ed esami radiografici si riferiscono alle ossa delle mani e dei piedi, del cranio, della gabbia toracica e della colonna vertebrale, e agli organi interni del torace.

I nostri esami hanno dimostrato che la forma delle ossa delle mani e dei piedi nei gemelli MZ presenta sempre netta analogia, mentre nei gemelli DZ presenta delle differenze. L'analogia nella forma delle ossa si riferisce pure ai centri di ossificazione delle epifisi, alla presenza di epifisi accessorie e di pseudoepifisi.

Per quanto riguarda le dimensioni, è stato constatato che più sovente esse si distinguono, specialmente nei gemelli più adulti, a causa del differente sviluppo dei gemelli sotto l'azione dei fattori esterni. Gli esami radiometrici dello scheletro delle mani e dei piedi hanno dimostrato che le differenze omolaterali nella misura delle ossa omonime sono minori nei MZ rispetto ai DZ, e che il confronto eterolaterale fra le dimensioni delle ossa omonime della mano sinistra e della mano destra dimostra la presenza di differenze a carico della mano destra, essendo questa funzionalmente più operosa della sinistra. Gli esami radiometrici permettono di accertare in modo più esatto la concordanza e la discordanza delle dimensioni delle ossa dei due gemelli.
Reazioni Gustative alla PTC in Gemelli MZ
Authors: Gaffuri G.
Published: July 2016

È noto come l'individualità delle risposte alla degustazione della paraetossifenil-tiocarbamide (PTC) poggi su base ereditaria, risultando nulla l'influenza dei fattori ambientali. Sono meno chiari, invece, i meccanismi che comportano, sia pure eccezionalmente, una discordanza in gemelli MZ.

Nell'ambito di più ampie ricerche, si è voluto quindi rilevare:

1) La frequenza, in una data popolazione di gemelli, del fenomeno della discordanza;

2) Se la discordanza non rappresenti piuttosto un'elevata differenza della soglia della sensibilità;

3) Se, nei casi di discordanza, venga rilevata l'interferenza di fattori neurologici o psichici.

Le ricerche hanno interessato 110 coppie di gemelli MZ: 80 coppie di soggetti “normali” e 30 coppie in cui uno o entrambi i soggetti erano sofferenti per gravi disturbi organici o psichici.

I soggetti sono stati esaminati almeno nove volte, nel corso di tre o più anni, con somministrazioni per carta e per goccia di soluzioni di sostanza in concentrazione scalare da 0.02% a 0.90%. Parallelamente, è stato tenuto conto di tutte le varianti ambientali (fattori fisici e psichici) di possibile rilievo, agenti su uno o su entrambi i soggetti.

Nella popolazione di gemelli «normali» si è osservato il 100% di concordanza per il carattere gustatore-non gustatore e, tra i gustatori, il 100% di concordanza nella determinazione dei diversi sapori (amaro, acido, dolce, salato, gusto vario). Ogni gustatore mostra, alle diverse prove, un'oscillazione della propria soglia di sensibilità, spesso in relazione con varianti biologiche apprezzabili (p. es., un episodio febbrile acuto, una grave sofferenza epatica di origine tossica o infettiva); ma nel 100% dei casi lo spostamento in più o in meno dei valori di soglia tende a tornare ai valori di base non appena vengono a mancare le particolari condizioni ambientali che lo hanno sostenuto. Inoltre, i limiti estremi di questi spostamenti sono parsi strettamente individuali con una concordanza intracoppia del 100% dei casi — rilievo che acquista maggiore significato se raffrontato al 20% di concordanza riscontrato nei gemelli DZ.
Malformazioni Disrafiche in una Coppia di Gemelli DZ
Authors: Morabito F. , Calderoni G.
Published: July 2016

Nella presente nota viene data una descrizione essenzialmente clinica delle malformazioni rilevate in una coppia di gemelli DZ ricoverati presso il Centro Auxologico Italiano di Piancavallo.

Nati da parto distocico per placenta previa, espletato mediante taglio cesareo. Figli primogeniti di genitori sani, non consanguinei; all'età del concepimento, padre e madre avevano, rispettivamente, 30 e 24 anni. Il fratello, di 4 anni, è apparentemente sano. Nella parentela non si rilevano anomalie ossee.

Franco. Gruppo sanguigno O, Rh+; peso neonatale 3.55 kg; ernia scrotale congenita e frattura ostetrica del femore dx. A 13 anni e 4 mesi: scadenti condizioni di nutrizione (166 cm, 54.9 kg); asimmetria facciale con prevalenza dell'emifaccia sn.; deviazione setto nasale verso sn. con aspetto di facies scoliotica sn.-convessa; asimmetria toracica con spiccata prominenza del manubrio ed affossamento del corpo dello sterno; scoliosi ad S del rachide cervico-dorso-lombare, confermata dall'esame radiografico della colonna vertebrale, che consente di accertare, inoltre, un dismorfismo di D1-D2-D3 con schisi dell'arco in D1. L'esame radiografico della gabbia toracica mostra deformazione asimmetrica con incisura al terzo medio del profilo esterno sn. e bifidità posteriore della terza costola.

Sergio. Gruppo sanguigno B, Rh+; peso neonatale 3.05 kg. Palatoschisi trattata con un intervento correttivo duplice a 7 mesi e a 2 anni. A 13 anni e 4 mesi: scadenti condizioni di nutrizione (170.7 cm, 50 kg); asimmetria facciale per prevalenza dell'emifaccia sn.; deviazione del setto nasale verso dx.; irregolarità della volta palatina per gli esiti correttivi della palatoschisi; spiccata prominenza del manubrio ed affossamento del corpo dello sterno. L'esame radiografico del rachide rivela schisi incompleta dell'apofisi spinosa di D5, senza deviazioni scoliotiche della colonna dorso-lombare. Schisi paramediana sn. del palato con anomalie d'impianto dei denti all'arcata superiore.
Chromosome Chimerism and Skin Grafts in Bovine Twins and a Shift in the Sex Ratio of Their Progeny
Authors: Lojda L. , Černý L.
Published: July 2016

Chromosome analysis was made on peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of bovine twins, triplets and quadruplets of different sex. Both sexes showed 60,XY/60,XX chimerism. The percentage of cells with XX and XY chromosomes varied from animal to animal, ranging from 10% to 76%. The differences between the peripheral blood and bone marrow were relatively small. Some males had a majority of cells with female heterochromosomes.

This chimerism presumably also affects other tissues, because the progeny of a bull with a 60,XX/60,XY pattern and 68% of cells with XX heterochromosomes showed a marked shift in the sex ratio, namely, 68 ♂: 100 ♀. This evidence suggests that the chimerism affects spermatogonia, which, nevertheless, are able to produce fertile spermatozoa.

Immunological studies of the quadruplets showed identity of red blood cell antigens in the A, B, C, FV, L, SU, Z and Ŕ/Ś systems. Cross transplantation of skin grafts among the quadruplets produced not even traces of antibodies to these red blood cell antigens, and no cytotoxic antibodies to peripheral blood lymphocytes in these animals.
The Role of Xga Blood Group Incompatibility in Fetal Loss — Twin study
Authors: Plato C.C. , Mann J.D. , Schwartz J.T. , Leyshon W.
Published: July 2016

The Xg blood group system is unique in that it is the only blood group antigen which is controlled by a gene residing on the X chromosome. There are six possible mating types in X-linked dominant inheritance, such as the Xg system represents. One of these types is of particular interest in this presentation, even though it amounts to only 6% of possible matings, assuming the usual western Caucasian gene frequency of the Xg system. In this mating type, an Xg(a+) father, whose X chromosome is designated as +, mates with an homozygous Xg(a—) mother (Fig. 1). The offspring of such a mating, if female, will be incompatible with their mother, since they have received their father's Xg(a+) X chromosome. Male offspring are of course compatible, since they receive their mother's Xg(a—) X chromosome and their father's Y chromosome. It follows that any biologically significant materno-fetal incompatibility with respect to the Xg system might lead to preferential loss of daughter conceptions.

The present paper deals with data collected during the course of a study of twin pairs who were participating in an ophthalmologic investigation. The twins were classified as MZ or DZ on the basis of their blood types (ABO, MNS Rh, Kell, Duffy, etc.), physical likenesses, and dermatoglyphic findings. The results expected of Xga testing, assuming random mating and no selection, were calculated by Li's method (1955), using the gene frequency of 0.65 for the Xga allele.
The Serum Ig Level in Human Twins
Authors: Carbonara A.O. , Ceppellini R. , Yount W. , Landucci S.
Published: July 2016

The serum levels in different subjects of the classes and subclasses of Ig are considerably variable. The influence of the environmental factors on Ig concentration is well documented; however, direct data on the influence of genetic factors are lacking.

To this aim, the Ig serum levels were determined in 45 pairs of MZ and 30 pairs of DZ twins. The quantitative evaluation concerned the different classes (IgG, IgA, IgM), subclasses (γG1, γG2, γG3, γG4) and types (k and λ), and was performed by the method of single radial diffusion.

The F ratio of variances between and within pairs is highly significant (0.001) for MZ twins, which are clearly concordant for high or low levels of all molecular classes. The comparison between and within pairs is also significant for DZ twins, albeit to a lower degree. Actually for H chains, the concordance is significantly higher for MZ than DZ. On the contrary, both kinds of twins are equally concordant for L chain levels.
Heritability of the Effect of Corticosteroids on Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Reuling F.H. , Schwartz J.T.
Published: July 2016

In the late 1950's and early 1960's, it became evident that some glaucoma patients developed elevations of intraocular pressure, which were difficult to control, following prolonged use of systemic or ocular medications containing corticosteroids (Chandler, 1955, Alfano, 1963; Armaly, 1963). In addition, some patients without glaucoma, when treated with steroids for long periods of time, developed clinical signs of chronic simple glaucoma (McLean, 1950; François, 1954; Covell, 1958; Linner, 1959; Goldman, 1962). Fortunately, the elevation of intraocular pressure was reversible if the drug was discontinued.

Over the past decade, extensive investigation of the “steroid response” has been undertaken. For this presentation, the steroid response may be considered as a gradual elevation of intraocular pressure, occurring over several weeks, in an eye being medicated with corticosteroid drops several times a day. The elevation in pressure is usually accompanied by a reduction in the facility of aqueous outflow. When relatively large numbers of subjects were tested with topical steroids, so that a wide range of responsiveness could be observed, a variation in individual sensitivity was demonstrated. Frequency distributions of intraocular pressure or change in pressure following steroids showed a skew toward the high side. On the basis of trimodal characteristics which they observed in such frequency distributions, Becker and Hahn (1964), Becker (1965) and Armaly (1965, 1966) considered the possible existence of several genetically determined subpopulations. These investigators distinguished three subpopulations on the basis of low, intermediate, and high levels of pressure response. It was hypothesized that these levels of response characterized three phenotypes, corresponding to the three possible genotypes of an allele pair, wherein one member of the pair determined a low level of response, and the other member determined a high level of response (Armaly, 1967).
La Componente Ereditaria nei Tempi di Reazione
Authors: Gedda L. , Tatarelli R. , Brenci G. , Gazzabin B.
Published: July 2016

La misura del tempo è un dato indispensabile per la comprensione dei processi fisiologici e, nel nostro caso, più propriamente psico-neurofisiologici.

Uno degli aspetti più evidenti della variabilità dei tempi psicofisiologici è dato dall'esistenza di una variabilità dei sistemi operativi nel porre in atto la risposta individuale a stimoli ambientali.

Definiti come « intervallo minimo di tempo tra uno stimolo dato e una risposta volontaria », i tempi di reazione occupano un posto particolare tra i vari sistemi operativi, per la possibilità di standardizzazione delle condizioni sperimentali, di ripetibilità, di confrontabilità dei risultati e di adattabilità, mediante il cambiamento degli stimoli e delle reazioni, a un notevole numero di funzioni psicofisiologiche complesse.

I lavori sperimentali realizzati per identificare i fattori causali della variabilità dei tempi di reazione non hanno condotto finora a risultati apprezzabili, in quanto tutti i ricercatori hanno utilizzato l'analisi fattoriale, con il risultato che le stime delle singole componenti causali sono state variabilmente esaltate o diminuite.
Poliomielite in Gemelli Un contributo alla «genetica» delle malattie infettive
Authors: Raimondo F. Di , Pedone S. , Casale I. , Santangelo G.
Published: July 2016

Precedenti ricerche popolazionistiche (Witkop-Oosternyk, 1957), genealogiche (Aycock, 1942) e gemellari (Herndon e Jennings, 1951; Masini, 1953; Rainero e Terragna, 1959; Di Raimondo e Pedone, 1964) hanno portato dati consistenti a favore dell'ipotesi di un'influenza del genotipo dell'ospite nel trasformare la semplice infezione da virus polio in malattia paralitica. Rimangono aperti, tuttavia, molti problemi riguardanti la reale estensione e le modalità operative, cioè, la fenogenesi, di un tale condizionamento genetico.

È dunque parso utile portare un contributo personale con un'analisi — condotta parallelamente in coppie di consanguinei, a livello qualitativo (presenza), quantitativo (entità) e cronologico (tempo) — delle fasi acuta ed evolutiva della malattia.

Sono state studiate 71 coppie consanguinee di poliomielitici (43 coppie di gemelli, 19 di fratelli, 2 di cugini, 2 padre-figlio, 2 zia-nipote), per alcune delle quali soltanto è stato possibile condurre un sufficiente studio longitudinale.

Esaminando, in questa sede, le sole coppie gemellari, osserviamo, soprattutto per la classe MZ, una notevole concordanza, a livello sia quali-quantitativo che temporale, come risulta dai seguenti esempi.
A Twin Register for Eye Studies and Need for Collaboration
Authors: Schwartz J. T.
Published: July 2016

This twin register was organized as a resource for studies on the eye. It has been possible to share this resource with other disciplines through effective collaboration. Conversely, only through the assistance of other investigators who are working with twins, will it be practical to undertake certain studies which are important in ophthalmology. The purpose of this presentation is to convey a description of our register and some of its limitations, and to specify the need for collaboration with others.

The original purpose in assembling this register was to identify a group of twins readily available for multiple clinical examinations. Since the first examining facility was to be located near the National Institutes of Health, practical considerations required that twin residence be limited to the metropolitan Washington, D. C. area. Twins of all ages were included in the register, since proposed investigations pertained to different age categories. No effort was made to select twins through randomization procedures; all twins who were identified were invited to membership in the register. A variety of methods were used to locate twins, including contact with schools and clubs, but the largest proportion of registrants were recommended by other twins.

Twins were offered a thorough eye examination, along with the solicitation of their interest in participating in future research activities. The clinical examination was offered for the following reasons:

1) To encourage informed interest in proposed future investigations by acquainting the twins with our facility and purpose;

2) To perform base-line observations, so as to identify and enumerate ocular characteristics as an aid in selecting subsets of twins for future studies;

3) To obtain data for possible estimates of heritability of selected ocular characteristics.
The Twin Register of Lund
Authors: Essen-Möller E.
Published: July 2016

A systematic register of twin births, covering the southernmost province of Sweden from 1870 onwards, was erected at the Psychiatric Department of the University of Lund in the late forties; it is thus the oldest of the Scandinavian twin registers. The register contains 20 000-25 000 twin pairs, unselected for survival. By confrontation with some 15 000-20 000 consecutive Cases of acute concussion of the brain, from surgical wards, and a similar number of alcoholics, and of patients with peptic ulcer, a number of MZ pairs discordant for each of these diagnoses were extracted and thoroughly examined in a psychiatric and psychological study of nervous sequels, organic deterioration, and the influence of stress.
Proliferation Kinetics of Acute Leukemia Cells in Relation to the Chemotherapy
Authors: Gavosto F. , Pileri A. , Pegoraro L.
Published: July 2016

The proliferative characteristics of human acute leukaemia cells are reported and the relationships between the proliferative alterations and differentiation defect of these cells discussed. The proliferative activity of acute leukaemia cells was also studied in relation to cytostatic treatment.

Emphasis is laid on the fact that in all cases of acute leukaemia the characteristic blast cells of the disease do not constitute a homogenous cell population but can be divided into various sub-classes with different kinetic and proliferative characteristics. It is also pointed out that all cytostatic treatment acts on the most actively proliferating classes and only indirectly on the non-proliferating classes.

Finally, the need for more detailed study of DNA synthesis at chromosome and sub-chromosome level for the purpose of more fully understanding the response of leukaemic cells to the various chemiotherapies is underlined.
Mechanism of Action of Daunomycin
Authors: Di Marco A.
Published: July 2016

Daunomycin (Da) a metabolite of Streptomyces peucetius has a cytotoxic and antimitotic activity on normal and neoplastic mammalian cells grown in vitro and strongly inhibits a variety of experimental tumors.

The cell damage induced by Da is mainly nuclear.

A finely granular appearance of the chromatin and marked alterations in shape and size of nucleoli in resting cells and many mitotic aberrations in mitotic cells were observed.

Biochemical and autoradiographic researches show that the binding of Da with DNA causes a reduction of the DNA and RNA synthesis, especially of the RNA which is synthesized in the nucleoli and then passes into the cytoplasmic ribosomic RNA.

Treatment with Da on synchronized cells shows a marked drop of the mitotic index and appearance of mitotic anomalies when the cells are treated in S and G2 phases.

This reduction keeps also in the second mitotic wave. A reduction of the mitotic activity is observed also if the cells are treated near the middle of the interphase.

Da causes a reduction in the percentage of the nuclei labelled with 3H thymidine and in the number of grains per nucleus, when the cells are treated in S phase, in the very beginning and middle of interphase.
Our experience with 5-Fluoro-2-Desoxyuridine
Authors: Brulé G. , Hane S.
Published: July 2016

The authors report 13 observations concerning solid tumors treated with 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine.

11 of the patients have received protracted infusions at the rate of 1 mg/kg/24h during about a week.

2 patients have received the drug by direct intravenous injection at the rate of 15 mg/kg/24h during 6 days for one of them and during 12 days for the other one. These two methods are discussed according to the results and toxicity of both of them.
Clinical Studies on the Effect of Imuran and Vincristine in the Treatment of Leukaemia
Authors: Storti E. , Traldi A. , Quaglino D.
Published: July 2016

The Authors describe the therapeutic effects obtained with Vincristine and Imuran in patients with acute leukaemia.

The results obtained with Vincristine indicate that the drug may be usefully employed in some cases of lymphoblastic leukaemia, both in the untreated phase or when the disease has become resistant to other antimetabolites. The remissions are of shorter duration compared with those obtained with other available compounds and are substantially confined to the lymphoblastic variety of acute leukaemia.

The preliminary clinical trial with Imuran has shown that the drug is better tolerated than 6-mercaptopurine and is able to produce good and satisfactory remissions in lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia, as well as in the blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, provided the dosage employed reaches 7-8 mg/Kg body weight daily.
Azathioprine in Myeloproliferative and Autoimmune Disorders
Authors: Taglioretti D. , Giangrande A.
Published: July 2016

The report presents the clinical results of treatment with Azathioprine 6 [(methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolyl) thio] purine, in patients with acute leukaemia, the acute relapsing phase of chronic myelocytic leukaemia and in a group of patients affected by illness which have probably an autoimmune pathogenesis.

Favorable results were obtained in the group of patients suffering from acute leukaemia with a percentage of clinical and/or haematological remission of 57%.

A comparative analysis of the length of survival in these patients compared to that of a similar group of patients treated with 6-mercaptopurine is also reported.

A fair response was also obtained in the group of patients in the acute relapsing phase of C.M.L.

In the group of patients affected by diseases probably due to an immune pathogenesis, a favorable response was obtained in 2 cases of systemic lupus erithematosus with haemolytic anaemia and 1 case of acquired autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
The different interpretations of the mechanism of action of antimitotics and the actual treatment of malignant hemopathies
Authors: Baserga A.
Published: July 2016

Antimitotic drugs essentially induce a direct inhibition on the malignant cellular proliferation. Secondary mechanisms should even be considered: i.e. neoplastic clonal disadvantage, indirect antivitaminic mechanism for the intestinal atrophy caused by antimitotic drugs, endocrine failance due to the antimitotic drugs damages in the endocrine glands (pharmacological « hypophysectomy » and « castraction ») etc.
The Selectivity of Effectiveness of Cytostatic Agents
Authors: Gerhartz H. , Hampel K. E.
Published: July 2016

The selectivity of cytostatic action depends of the following factors:

a) the compound, its mode of action, the applied dosage, the localization and the speed of activation, its metabolites and excretion;

b) the sensitivity or resistance of the proliferated tissue;

c) the individual general condition of the patient, the degree of malnutrition, the integrity of defense mechanisms and the ability of detoxication and the regenerative capacity of hemopoiesis.

The action of cytostatic agents directed against specific cell functions of different cell systems develops distinct differences in clinical effects and toxicity among alkylating agents, antimetabolites and mitotic inhibitors. Comparative data of these compounds are given. Due to its selectivity of action each cytostatic agent possesses a specific optimal indication in hemoblastoses, neoplasias or immune reactions.
Sullo studio morfologico degli eritrociti dal punto di vista della genetica
Authors: Gedda L. , Torrioli-Riggio G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied the erythrocytometric curve in twins using for comparison the Price-Jones' index for the evaluation of long term-findings in the same healthy subject. The upper limit of such an index is = 3. The monozygotic twins show curves which, when statistically analized, behave just as curves of the same subject. When the index values are over such a limit, a discordant disease — i. e. a disease present only in a twin — is usually observed. These findings may be explained by admitting that the diameter of erythrocytes represents a hereditary trait conditioned by the genotype.
Chromosomale Geschlechtsdiagnose mit Hilfe des Leukocytentests
Authors: Kosenow Wilhelm
Published: July 2016

Die chromosomale Geschlechtsdiagnose mit Hilfe des Leukocytentests beruht auf dem Nachweis von Kernanhängen bestimmter Form und Grösse an polymorphkernigen Neutrophilen. Morphologische Grundlagen und methodische Einzelheiten dieses in der klinischen Praxis vielfach bewährten Verfahrens werden an Hand von eigenen Untersuchungen kurz geschildert.
Considerazioni intorno alla metodologia della ricerca sull'associazione fenotipica tra gruppi sanguigni e malattie nelle popolazioni umane
Authors: Serra Angelo
Published: July 2016

The genetical and medical importance of the research on the relations between blood groups and disease in the human populations requires a notable caution.

In the present paper the need is pointed out that the samples be representative, sufficient and homogeneous and some elements are noted which might introduce sampling biases.

Then the classic methods of analysis according to Aird, Woolf and Haldane are mentioned and their advantages and disadvantages outlined.

Finally a sequential method of analysis is presented that may be applied very easily and usefully by the researchers who might have the data directly and continuously in the hospitals.
Familienbefunde bei Letalen Herzmissbildungen
Authors: Grebe Hans
Published: July 2016

Report about examinations in the families of 24 children with severe, lethal malformations of the heart. At all probands, who had died before 6th month of life, the, cause of death could be insured by autopsy.

Under 16 children with lethal defects of the septum 6 suffered frommongolism(additional one with enterocystom of oesophagus, one with double inguinal rupture, one with cleft palate and one with microcephaly and atresia of the duodenum). In none of these families any sign for heredital cause or « ovarial insufficience » of the mother could be found.

In the families of 10 children withdefect of the septum without additional malformationtwo times the clinical examinations of the mother showed distinct symptoms of heart decompensation without evidence for acquired heart diseases. In two other families beside the probands other family-members with inborn heart diseases could be found, one time an autoptical proved defect of the septum at a cousin of our probands father.

During these families seem to show heredity of lethal defects of the septum in anirregular dominant inheritance, only one time in an «isolated » case of lethal defects of the septum the cause of the malformation may be seen in severe bleedings of the mother during pregnancy.

In an earlier report about similiar examinations two siblings could be found, one of them had only a defect of the septum, the other had beside a defect of septum, a severe harelip and cleft palate, a hernia diaphragmatica, a hypoplasia of the fingers and a microcephalia combined with arhinencephalia. The father of another child with a defect of the septum suffered from coloboma of the iris.

It is supposed, that there are several gens to septum defects, that meansHeterogenie. Polyphenical effects of the gens result differential forms of manifestation, not only at the heart. There wereno differencesfound onhomozygoticsandheterozygotics.

Among 8 children with differential other malformations of the heart (5 cases of severe stenosis of the aorta, 1 case of malformation of the pulmonal valve, 1 case of trasposition of the big arterias) only one time could be found the same anomaly (open foramen ovale, open ductus arteriosus) on two cousins (each of them have an non dissecated brother with equal clinical symptoms). Because the parents were non blood-related also in this family anunregular dominant inheritanceof the anomalies at the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus seems probable.

Systematical examination in families with lethal malformations are further equal necessary as explications of pregnancy harms for exclusion of exogen factors.
The contribution of twin research to the physiology of exercise
Authors: Jokl Ernst
Published: July 2016

« Physical characters in general are more influenced by heredity than are mental traits as measured by intelligence tests. Motor activity and temperament seem to be least influenced by heredity ».

(H. H. Newman, Twins and Super Twins, New York, 1942).

Twin research affords an opportunity to study the interplay of heredity and environment. For this reason, twin research is of special interest in the study of physiology of exercise. Genetically, identical twins are the same individual in duplicate because they are the product of a single fertilized egg which splits in half to form two individuals. Non-identical twins are different individuals who through chance were born together. They originate from two different eggs.

In non-identical twins, physique may differ significantly because each partner possesses his own hereditary endowment (fig. 1). By contrast, identical twins represent two editions, so to speak, of the same body type (fig. 2). The degree of correspondence of morphological body features in identical, as against non-identical, twins has been statistically assessed by Newman, Freeman, and Holzinger (Twins, A Study of Heredity and Environment, Chicago, 1937).
Rara osservazione di “Osteogenesis imperfecta” riguardante la madre e due figlie gemelle MZ concordanti
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Gentile Raffaele
Published: July 2016

Die Verfasser berichten ausführlich über einen seltenen Familienbefund einer osteogenesis imperfecta tarda bei einer fünfzigjährigen Frau und ihren beiden Zwillingstöchtern, MZ, im Alter von zwanzig Jahren. Dieser neue veröffentlichte Fall bestätigt die Erblichkeit der Krankheit und ihren dominanten Charakter; ausserdem zeugt er von einem hohen Durchdringungsvermögen und der Möglichkeit eines Familienmerkmals, welches — vie im vorliegenden Falle — in einem Vorwiegen der Plastizität über die Zerbrechlichkeit der Knochen und in fehlender Otosklerose besteht.

Beim Skelett der Zwillinge bemerkt man ausserdem — im Gegensatz zur Mutter — Zonen von Knochenverdìchtung (lokalisierte, sekundäre Osteosklerose); und zwar an ähnlichen Stellen, was darauf schliessen lässt, dass sie genotypisch bedingt sind, obwohl dieses ein ungewöhnliches Symptom ist.
Concurrence of Morgagni's Syndrome, Schizophrenia and Adenomatous Goiter in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Aschner Bertha M. , Kallmann Franz J. , Roizin Leo
Published: July 2016

Clinical and histopathological data are presented on monozygotic twin sisters concordant as to schizophrenia, Morgagni's syndrome, and adenomatous goiter. The association of the three traits may have been coincidental, but apparently had a common denominator. The genetic theory of Morgagni's syndrome (pointing to autosomal dominance with irregular penetrance and especially low manifestation in the male) is discussed.
Ueber eine Familie mit multiplen Missbildungen an Handen und Fuessen
Authors: Lehmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

In a family 5 females belonging to 3 generations were found with following malformations: Syndactyly (webbed up to the nails), oligodactyly, tendency towards duplication of digits, and brachydactyly. The intrafamiliar variability was not considerable with exception of an probandus having with 5 digits (with duplication on one digit). On the base of ontogeny the question is discussed if the disturbing factor concerning the palm of hand or concerning the squeleton is prevalent. In this family the two dispositions are probably combined. In bibliography a pedrigree with this combination of multiple malformations was not found.
Recent Statistics of Multiple Births in England and Wales
Authors: Stocks Percy
Published: July 2016

Analysis of the statistics of multiple births in England and Wales between July, 1938 and December, 1945 proves that the frequency of monozygotic twin births is virtually constant, at about 3 per 1000 pregnancies, for all ages of mothers. The frequency of dizygotic twinning, however, increases with maternal age from 2 per 1000 pregnancies at 17 to a maximum of 14 per 1000 pregnancies at 38, and then decreases gradually to 5 per 1000 maternities at 45. Comparison of the average numbers of previous children to mothers at each age shows that the twin pregnancies were associated with a greater number of previous children then were the single maternities. While the reasons for this difference cannot be deduced from this data, if the tendency to multiple births is governed entirely by heredity and is independent of a woman’s parity, this greater number of previous children to mothers of twins vould indicate that the probability of repetition of a twin birth is ten times as large as he total population frequency of twins births.
Twins and Research
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: July 2016

1. The uses of twins as a tool to estimate heritability are reviewed.

2. Comparisons of dizygotic twins with sibs provide a means of estimating how effective conditions in utero common to both types of twins may be in producing intra-pair differences.

3. Genetic variations in plasticity should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of data obtained from twins.

4. Methods for testing simple modes of inheritance by information obtained from dizygotic twins are reviewed.
Diskordanzursachen bei erbgleichen Zwillingen
Authors: Grebe Hans
Published: July 2016

This article discusses the major differences which can be fuond from time to time in homozygotic twins. In some instances there may be differences in manifestation, as in the case of a pair of monozygotic twins, aged 12, with concordant dysplasia of the hipjoint but with different radiological pictures. Differences may also be due to particular incidents during intrauterine life, alterations in growth resulting from hormonal disturbances etc. In some cases the cause of the differences is not known and, as an example, the author cites a monozygotic twin-pair aged 10, one member of which is much retarded in growth while the co-twin suffers from coloboma of the iris.
Considerazioni Sulla Sordità Congenita Ereditaria Apparentemente Legata Al Sesso
Authors: De Vido G. , De’ Stefani G. B.
Published: July 2016

After some brief considerations about the etiopatogenesis of the hereditary deafness, and the modern classification of its different nosologic pictures, the AA. pass on to consider four cases of female sex, two sisters and two cousins of mother side, with hereditary familiary deafness, apparently boun to the sex. All the four cases are characterized by the identity of the audiometrie findings, after the « Law of the symmetry of the hereditary deafness ».

The AA. discuss at least the modality of the hereditary transmission and the anatomopatologic picture of the morbide form.
Concordant albinism in MZ twin girls
Authors: Waardenburg P. J.
Published: July 2016

A new case has been presented of MZ twin girls, both showing albinism of the incomplete generalized type. Such cases are quite rare. Two elder siblings and the parents presented various degrees of diascleral translucency of the irides.
Retinoblastoma in two single-born sisters and two MZ female twins in the same sibship
Authors: Gedda L. , Alfieri A.
Published: July 2016

A sibship is reported, including four female children, two of which MZ twins, all affected by retinoblastoma (the lesion being bilateral in three of them, and unilateral in a fourth one). The literature on the heredity of the condition is considered; the latter does not appear to be inherited as a regular dominant. Finally its genetic interpretation in the observed sibship is considered.
On the Internal Constitutions of the Planets
Authors: Bullen K. E.
Published: July 2016

The internal constitutions of the terrestrial planets Mars, Venus and Mercury are investigated through the use of ‘equations of state’ empirically derived for particular internal zones of the Earth. The equations usually take the form of tabular relations between the pressure p and density p, temperature dependence being treated as of secondary consequence. In using p rather the full stress tensor in solid zones, i.e. in using a hydrostatic theory, the effects of strength and deviatoric stress are also treated as of secondary consequence. Except for the use of data on the ellipticity ∊ of figure of a planet to provide evidence on the moment of inertia I, the planets are treated as spherically symmetrical.
Interaction of the Planets through the Solar Wind
Authors: Bowen E. G.
Published: July 2016

It is usual to describe the motion of the planets around the sun in terms only of the gravitational forces between them. The purpose of this note is to point out that another form of interaction between bodies in the solar system is possible through the medium of the solar wind.
Angular Diameters and Effective Temperatures of Some Bright Stars
Authors: Brown R. Hanbury
Published: July 2016

The Stellar Interferometer at Narrabri Observatory consists of two large reflectors which focus the light from a star on to two photoelectric detectors. The output currents from these detectors contain fluctuations which correspond to fluctuations in the starlight itself. The fluctuations from the two detectors are amplified in the frequency range 10-100 Mc/s and their correlation is measured by a linear multiplier. This correlation is measured as a function of the separation between the two detectors. It can be shown theoretically that the correlation at any given baseline is proportional to the square of the fringe visibility which would be observed by a classical Michelson interferometer. It is therefore possible from observations of the correlation at different baselines to find the angular diameter of a star.
Rocket Determination of the Ultra-Violet Reflectivity of the Moon
Authors: Carver J. H. , Horton B. H.
Published: July 2016

We have used rocket-borne photometers to determine the ultra-violet flux of the full moon in the wavelength range 2400-2900A where atmospheric ozone prevents ground-based observations. The lunar fluxes determined in two rocket firings from Woomera on 9th December, 1965, and 30th August, 1966, are summarized in the Table. The results for the two firings have been corrected to full moon values on the assumption that the lunar phase law is the same at these ultra-violet wavelengths as it is in the visible.
Variations in the Influx of Small Meteoroids
Authors: Keay Colin S. L.
Published: July 2016

A morphological comparison between radar meteor survey data obtained at Ottawa (Millman and McIntosh, 1964) from 1958 to 1962 and that obtained from Christchurch (Ellyett and Keay, 1963) in 1960-61, confirms that the Daytime Arietid, Delta Aquarid meteor shower association is the most prominent feature of the annual activity. The data from Canada and New Zealand are easily reconciled as far as this activity is concerned and also for the weaker Eta Aquarid shower which, having a radiant at zero declination, is equally prominent in both sets of data. Furthermore, the data from both hemispheres is consistent with a forty per cent increase in overall activity during the second half of the year.
Accurate Positions of Extragalactic Radio Sources
Authors: Shimmins A. J.
Published: July 2016

Over the past three years, using the Parkes Telescope, accurate positions of over 700 extragalactic radio sources have been obtained for the purpose of optical identification of the sources.
X-Ray Surveys of the Quiet Sun, the Magellanic Clouds and the Cygnus Region
Authors: Edwards P. J. , McCracken K. G.
Published: July 2016

Balloon borne alt-azimuth mounted X-ray telescopes flown from Hyderabad, India (17°N), Palestine, Texas (32°N), and Mildura, Australia (34°S), have detected hard X-rays (hv>20KeV) from discrete sources in the Cygnus region.
Digital Measurement of Radio Source Positions
Authors: Murdoch H. S. , Large M. I.
Published: July 2016

The accurate determination of radio source positions is one of the principal uses of high resolution instruments such as the Molonglo Radio Telescope. A critical stage in this process familiar to all radio astronomers involves the measurement of the instrumental response pattern relative to some accurate time or position marker. Ideally, the analysis procedure should introduce no further errors either random or systematic beyond those which are already present in the data. This is virtually impossible with chart analysis.
Observations of the Sun with the Molonglo Cross
Authors: Little A. G.
Published: July 2016

Transit observations of the Sun can be made with the Molonglo radio telescope which is now in full operation at 408 MHz. Thus the Sun can be scanned once per day by eleven separate beams evenly spaced in declination. Because of foreshortening of the north-south arm with increasing zenith angle, the total coverage varies and in winter about 28′ arc can be covered by the eleven beams, whereas only 15′ is covered in mid-summer. This also means that the beamwidth in declination changes from 2′.9 at the zenith to about 5′.8 for the mid-winter sun. The beam is 2′.8 wide in right ascension. A further complication is the fact that the positions of the eleven beams cannot be chosen arbitrarily but can only be selected from a predetermined set of beam positions. These latter have been fixed by the phasing connections built into the telescope and cannot be changed easily. Hence for all the above reasons the strip of Sun which can be scanned will vary from day to day.
Evolutional Features of Solar Microwave Type IV Bursts
Authors: Kai K.
Published: July 2016

Large outbursts from the Sun which are widely extended over centimetre and decimetre ranges and show smooth time variations in intensity have been called microwave type IV bursts (μ-IV). Those bursts generally consist of more than two successive components, the spectra of which move progressively towards the lower frequencies. Furthermore there is a tendency for the decay times, which are defined as the times occupied by the decreasing parts of the bursts, to become successively longer. It seems worth while to make a quantitative study of the time variation of the decay times and flux densities of μ-IV burst spectra and to infer how the physical conditions in the source change with time.
The Culgoora Radiospectrograph
Authors: Sheridan K. V.
Published: July 2016

From 1951 to December 1964 the Radiophysics Division of CSIRO regularly operated a solar radiospectrograph at Dapto, N.S.W. This instrument finally spanned the frequency range from 5-2000 MHz with 8 separate receivers, 6 of which used mechanical tuning. Simple rhombic aerials were used on all bands except the 200-2000 MHz band which used a parabolic reflector. The quiet sun could be detected on the latter band only.

During 1965 a section of this spectrograph covering the frequency bands from 10-210 MHz was moved to the CSIRO Solar Observatory, Culgoora, N.S.W., and operated as an interim measure to maintain continuity of observations during the installation of the 80 MHz radioheliograph.
The 158 MHz Solar Interferometer at Culgoora
Authors: Stewart R. T.
Published: July 2016

The function of the 158 MHz interferometer operating at the CSIRO Solar Observatory, Culgoora, N.S.W., is the measurement of solar radio burst positions at a frequency close to the second harmonic frequency of the radioheliograph. The interferometer is designed to measure the north-south and east-west position co-ordinates of an isolated active region on the Sun with an accuracy of ~1′ arc, at rates up to 16 s−1.
A Simple Image-forming Technique Suitable for Radio Astronomy
Authors: Komesaroff M. M. , Ponsonby J. E. B.
Published: July 2016

This note describes a method of image formation which i applicable to radio astronomy. AH the information simultaneously reaching an aerial array from an extended region is utilized to produce the image so that the maximum sensitivity is realized. The method is simple in principle and involves relatively few components. One stage of the data processing presents some technical difficulty, but it is believed that particularly for observations below about.