bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Girls' Performance in Mathematics in Upper Primary Schools of Addis Ababa
Authors: Kassahun Tilaye , Kedir Bedru
Published: October 2006

This article was designed to make a comprehensive comparative analysis of mathematics achievement for females and males at the upper primary education level. It was also aimed at investigating the extent of association between females' maths achievement and school ownership, and probing into existing gender stereotypes among the minds of schoolchildren. To this end, the article has employed both objective and subjective data-gathering instruments. The instruments were applied to 309 boys and 302 girls drawn from 10 schools (five government and five non-government) on the basis of diversified sampling techniques. The results of data analyses revealed that mathematics achievement was strongly associated with student gender, and girls' achievement was significantly lower than that of boys'. However, girls' mathematics performance did not show significant difference in government and non-government schools. Further, it was evident that traditional stereotypes, which favour male dominance in mathematical ability, were still prevalent at a modest level in the schools studied.
Women's Political Participation in Rural India
Authors: Vissandjée Bilkis , Abdool Shelly , Apale Alisha , Dupéré Sophie
Published: October 2006

This paper explores selected underlying themes related to rural Gujarati women's political participation. An analysis of this data subset provides an understanding of how gender operates in rural Gujarat with respect to women's social mobility as mediated by dimensions such as age, education, socio-economic status and household dynamics. Through qualitative inquiry and a gender-based analysis, this paper reveals the discrepancies between female and male perceptions concerning persistently low levels of female political participation, and in turn informs future directives working towards women's empowerment and gender parity.
Philosophizing Sociology
Authors: Ward Matthew
Published: October 2006

Currently, much of sociology lacks an accurate understanding of what it means to be human. Hence, as a discipline, it often finds itself erroneously searching for probabilistic social laws based on inadequate philosophical anthropologies derived from the natural sciences. This article proffers a solution by re-acknowledging an overlooked axis of ‘human nature’. By conceiving of human beings as fundamentally moral, believing creatures, I argue that more adequate explanations of social life require a hermeneutical, historical and moralistic reading. Employing this alternative approach to sociological analysis, I unearth the moral groundwork under-girding the debate between Easterners and Westerners over the question of whether the Hindu caste system is exploitative. Having done so, I conclude that only a more in-depth acknowledgment and articulation of the moral sources from which we draw our beliefs can propel debaters of both Eastern and Western philosophical dispositions towards resolution.
Transitioning to Survivorship: A Pilot Study
Authors: Duffey-Lind Eileen C. , O’Holleran Eileen , Healey Martha , Vettese Margaret , Diller Lisa , Park Elyse R.
Published: October 2006

There are no clear transition guidelines for adolescent and young adult cancer patients, their parents, and their primary care providers (PCPs) when completing active therapy and within the first few years after therapy. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify needs and concerns of recently treated adolescent cancer patients and their parents, young adult cancer survivors, and the community PCPs of adolescent patients. Four focus group interviews were conducted with survivors and parents, and 3 in-depth interviews were conducted with PCPs. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for content analysis. A range of needs were identified, including lack of adequate written and verbal information about their prior treatment, its potential side effects, and appropriate follow-up care. The best sources for education were identified as the primary oncologist, nurse practitioner, or nurse. At completion of treatment, parents and adult survivors felt a lack of psychosocial support. Suggestions from participants included use of informational videos for survivors, weekend education and support programs, ongoing support groups, use of the Internet, and educational newsletters. The PCPs reported a lack of general pediatric oncology knowledge and specific patient information, time constraints in their patient schedules, and having few survivors in their practices as barriers to optimal survivorship care. Further research is needed to look at the unmet educational and psychological needs of childhood cancer survivors and their parents during the critical time when they transition off treatment.
Curvature Mode Shape-based Damage Assessment of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Beams
Authors: Lestari Wahyu , Qiao Pizhong , Hanagud Sathya
Published: October 2006

In this article, a combined analytical and experimental damage assessment method using curvature mode shapes is developed. The curvature mode is selected due to its sensitivity to the presence of the damage and the localized nature of the changes. An analytical relationship between the damaged and the healthy beams is formulated, for which the effect of damage in the form of stiffness loss is accounted. This relationship is later used to estimate the extent of damage from the experimentally identified changes in structural dynamic characteristics. Surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors are used to directly acquire the curvature modes of composite structures, which simplify the identification procedure. The specimens are made of carbon/epoxy laminated composite beams. Several different types of damages are introduced in the beams (i.e., delamination, impact, and saw-cut damages) to simulate possible damage scenarios. Several limitations and remarks of the proposed experimental and damage identification approaches are discussed. The study shows that the present technique using curvature mode shapes and piezoelectric materials can be used effectively to locate the damage in the laminated composite structures.
Control of Wind-induced Nonlinear Oscillations in Suspension Bridges using a Semi-Active Tuned Mass Damper
Authors: Abdel-Rohman Mohamed , John Mariam Joseph
Published: October 2006

In this article, the along-wind and across-wind response of the suspended cables and the bridge deck response of a suspension bridge subjected to wind loading are studied. The mean wind direction is assumed to be perpendicular to the planes of the suspended cables. It is shown that the suspended cable, if constructed alone, will gallop in the across-wind direction when the mean wind speed exceeds a certain critical wind speed. Similarly the bridge deck, if constructed alone, will gallop when a critical wind speed is exceeded. The construction of a suspension bridge, through coupling the bridge deck with the suspended cables via vertical hangers, increases the critical wind speed at which galloping occurs. However, the increase in the critical wind speed of a suspension bridge over a normal bridge is not sufficient to prevent galloping at moderate wind speeds. This article investigates the use of a passive or semi-active tuned mass damper control mechanism to increase critical wind speed for a flexible suspension bridge without changing the shape or size of the bridge deck cross section.
Building the Capacity to Act Regionally
Authors: Alpert Lenore , Gainsborough Juliet F. , Wallis Allan
Published: October 2006

As interest in informal methods of regional coordination has grown, it is increasingly important to understand how alternative forms of regional governance emerge. This article addresses this question through analysis of recent attempts at regional transportation coordination in South Florida. Through a detailed case study of the creation of the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority, we demonstrate how informal ties among transportation stakeholders were strengthened over time in ways that eventually made possible the creation of a more formal coordinating mechanism for regional transportation policy. A formal network analysis of transportation stakeholders in South Florida further illustrates the way the strength of ties among those involved in transportation policy in the region facilitated increased regional coordination and positioned business organizations to act as policy entrepreneurs.
Keeping the Unit Safe: Mapping Psychiatric Nursing Skills
Authors: Delaney Kathleen R. , Johnson Mary E.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND: The de-escalation skills of inpatient psychiatric nurses are considered key to violence prevention. Yet their efficacy and translation into practice remains in question.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the de-escalation skills of psychiatric nurses. In the process, the investigators uncover ways nurses interact with patients to create and maintain a safe environment.

STUDY DESIGN: Grounded theory methods are used to collect and analyze data derived from staff interviews and direct observation of milieu interactions.

RESULTS: Staff behaviors are seen to create a safe milieu and promote a positive unit culture. Skills critical to maintaining a safe environment center on nurses’ awareness, attending, caring, and connecting.

CONCLUSIONS: The behaviors identified in this study are at the heart of managing the clinical context of acute psychiatric units. Attention to these behaviors is especially critical in light of the staff expertise needed to keep the unit safe.
NAMA Negotiations in the WTO and Preference Erosion
Authors: Rahman Mustafizur , Shadat Wasel Bin
Published: October 2006

The on-going negotiations on non-agricultural market access (NAMA) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are expected to lead to substantive reductions in MFN tariff rates on industrial goods in both the developed and developing countries. Although the LDCs are not required to undertake any tariff reduction commitment under the Doha Round, they are likely to suffer substantive tariff preference erosion as a consequence of these negotiations since any reduction of MFN tariffs by the developed countries will result in a reduction in the preferential margins currently enjoyed by LDCs under the various GSP schemes operated by those developed countries. In this context this article undertakes the following: (a) reviews relevant literature dealing with the issue, (b) examines the importance of preference erosion for LDCs, and particularly for Bangladesh, (c) makes an attempt to estimate, under various scenarios, the range of preference erosion which Bangladesh is likely to suffer given her current trade pattern and the preferential treatment she currently enjoys as a beneficiary of the EU and US GSP schemes, and (d) presents a number of possible solutions to address the issue of preference erosion. In this context the article also reviews the WTO Ministerial Decision in Hong Kong as regards the duty free, quota free market access as articulated in Annex F of the Decision on S&D treatment for LDCs, and also subsequent developments with respect to NAMA negotiations in Geneva and examines their possible implications in terms of preference erosion for LDCs.
Public-Private Investment Linkage in Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Abdul
Published: October 2006

The link between public and private investment is investigated using annual data for the period 1964–65 to 2004–05. The estimates based on the structural cointegration approach indicate that both are cointegrated and public investment crowds in private investment. The study then used the McCabe et al. (2003) test to identify whether the existing cointegration vector is stationary or heteroscedastic. The findings of the analysis suggest that private investment can be enhanced by increasing public expenditure in infrastructure. The results of this study support the complementarity hypothesis, which states that stock of public capital crowds in private capital accumulation via increasing the return to private capital in private production technology.
Gender Bias in Nutrient Intake
Authors: Lancaster Geoffrey , Maitra Pushkar , Ray Ranjan
Published: October 2006

The importance of nutrient intake in the development literature stems from its role as a determinant of economic growth and welfare via its link with productivity and deprivation. This article analyses nutrient intake in rural India and provides evidence on its determinants in selected Indian states. Of particular interest is the analysis of gender bias in nutritional intake. The estimation results show that there is considerable heterogeneity in the experience of various Indian states and between various age groups. For example, while Kerala and Maharashtra record significant gender bias in the intra-household allocation of nutrients to adults in the age group 18–60 years, the bias occurs in the younger age group of 11–17 years in case of Haryana. None of the selected states records significant gender bias in the allocation of nutrients to young infants (0–5 years). The results of this study suggest that policies need to be tailored to the realities of individual states for their effectiveness. The study also provides evidence that suggests that the conventional expenditure based poverty rates underestimate poverty considerably in relation to those based on minimum levels of calorie intake recommended by the Indian Planning Commission. Finally the results also show that the use of age and gender invariant ‘minimum’ calorie levels overestimate poverty in relation to those that recognize their variation between individuals.
Galston on liberal virtues and the aims of civic education
Authors: Costa M. Victoria
Published: October 2006

This article examines Galston’s account of civic education in light of the understanding of liberal virtues that partially informs his educational recommendations. It argues that the main limitations of Galston’s account have their origin in a mistaken view of the traits of character that are essential to good citizens. Historical examples are presented in criticism of Galston’s pedagogy, and in support of the need to develop an alternative account of civic virtues that incorporates critical reflection as a core component. The article concludes that the reflective and deliberative capacities of citizens, rather than being a threat to the just functioning of social and political institutions, are one of their main sources of support.
Teaching Planners History
Authors: Hise Greg
Published: October 2006

Might students come to see the possibilities and limitations of planning as a profession and an avocation through their study of history? Might historians help students see planning as a ubiquitous and ongoing process that has shaped the present and will inform the future? Every planning report includes a history; it may be brief in scope, it may be implied or inferred, it may be potted. Planners can do better. Their histories ought to reveal the fact that multiple, competing paradigms are always in play; that those who preceded us grappled with issues similar to those that challenge us today; that they crafted policy, drew up plans, and struggled for justice to the best of their ability; that we build upon their success and failure; that all plans are compromised in implementation; and, perhaps most importantly, that humility and persistence have been and remain essential when you aspire to make change.
the civic remit of educational practice in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Murphy Timothy
Published: October 2006

This article will attempt to sketch what are considered to be the necessary conditions for the advancement of democratic citizenship in society today. The pivotal role that education plays in this process will be examined and, for that purpose, particular reference will be made to two very influential educationalists, who have written extensively on the nature of the educational project, especially in its relation to democratic citizenship. The capacity for such a project in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) will be examined, particularly in the light of those same educationalists. It is anticipated that this examination will help to unveil, what this author considers to be, educational ‘limit-situations’ in the RoI’s schooling system. It is suggested that such situations inhibit the full-flourishing of democratic citizenship there. The article will conclude with an outline of potential ‘limit-acts’, from an educational perspective, which could help to counteract the aforementioned ‘limit-situations’. In that respect, particular attention will be drawn to the potential of service-learning for pre-service teacher educators.
concerned citizens
Authors: Holden Cathie
Published: October 2006

Recent initiatives in England have promoted education for citizenship, including teaching about topical global issues, for both primary and secondary pupils. Little is known, however, of primary children’s interest in this area or the extent to which they see themselves as active citizens. This article reports on a study into primary children’s hopes and fears for the future at personal, local and global levels, their action for change and the contribution of schools. The research replicates a similar study undertaken 10 years ago. Findings indicate that children are concerned about particular local and global issues - including poverty, conflict, violence and the environment - and want solutions. There are differences in the responses of girls and boys, and in the responses of the 1994 and 2004 cohorts. Possible reasons for these are discussed as are curriculum implications for citizenship education in both primary and secondary schools.
Outcome of 609 adults after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); an MRC UKALL12/ECOG 2993 study
Authors: Fielding Adele K. , Richards Susan M. , Chopra Rajesh , Lazarus Hillard M. , Litzow Mark R. , Buck Georgina , Durrant I. Jill , Luger Selina M. , Marks David I. , Franklin Ian M. , McMillan Andrew K. , Tallman Martin S. , Rowe Jacob M. , Goldstone Anthony H. ,   Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom Adult ALL Working Party and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Published: October 2006

Most adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who achieve complete remission (CR) will relapse. We examined the outcome of 609 adults with recurring ALL, all of whom were previously treated on the Medical Research Council (MRC) UKALL12/ECOG2993 study, where the overall survival (OS) of newly diagnosed patients is 38% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36%-41%) at 5 years. By contrast, OS at 5 years after relapse was 7% (95% CI = 4%-9%). Factors predicting a good outcome after salvage therapy were young age (OS of 12% in patients younger than 20 years vs OS of 3% in patients older than 50 years; 2P < .001) and short duration of first remission (CR1) (OS of 11% in those with a CR1 of more than 2 years versus OS of 5% in those with a CR1 of less than 2 years; 2P < .001). Treatment received in CR1 did not influence outcome after relapse. In a very highly selected subgroup of patients who were able to receive HSCT after relapse, some were long-term survivors. We conclude from a large, unselected series with mature follow-up that most adults with recurring ALL, whatever their prior treatment, cannot be rescued using currently available therapies. Prevention of recurrence is the best strategy for long-term survival in this disease.
New agents that stimulate erythropoiesis
Authors: Bunn H. Franklin
Published: October 2006

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) has proven to be remarkably safe and effective for treatment of anemias, primarily those secondary to renal disease and malignancy. Despite the worldwide use of rhEpo, concerns about its cost, the need for frequent parenteral administration, and the development of anti-Epo antibodies have prompted development of improved agents to stimulate erythropoiesis. Three strategies appear to be particularly promising. The half-life of Epo in the circulation can be prolonged by the addition of N-linked carbohydrate groups, by formation of adducts with polyethylene glycol, and by preparation of Epo multimers. Second, mimetic peptides can effectively trigger signal transduction at the Epo receptor, thereby boosting red-cell production. Finally, the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) can be pharmacologically induced by oral agents, resulting in enhanced expression not only of endogenous Epo but also of other genes important in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Role of TNFα in pulmonary pathophysiology
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Srirupa , Hoidal John R , Mukherjee Tapan K
Published: October 2006

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is the most widely studied pleiotropic cytokine of the TNF superfamily. In pathophysiological conditions, generation of TNFα at high levels leads to the development of inflammatory responses that are hallmarks of many diseases. Of the various pulmonary diseases, TNFα is implicated in asthma, chronic bronchitis (CB), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In addition to its underlying role in the inflammatory events, there is increasing evidence for involvement of TNFα in the cytotoxicity. Thus, pharmacological agents that can either suppress the production of TNFα or block its biological actions may have potential therapeutic value against a wide variety of diseases. Despite some immunological side effects, anti-TNFα therapeutic strategies represent an important breakthrough in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and may have a role in pulmonary diseases characterized by inflammation and cell death.
Extent and structure of health insurance expenditures for complementary and alternative medicine in Swiss primary care
Authors: Busato Andre , Eichenberger Reiner , Künzi Beat
Published: October 2006

Background

The study is part of a nationwide evaluation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in primary care in Switzerland. The goal was to evaluate the extent and structure of basic health insurance expenditures for complementary and alternative medicine in Swiss primary care.

Methods

The study was designed as a cross-sectional evaluation of Swiss primary care providers and included 262 certified CAM physicians, 151 noncertified CAM physicians and 172 conventional physicians. The study was based on data from a mailed questionnaire and on reimbursement information obtained from health insurers. It was therefore purely observational, without interference into diagnostic and therapeutic procedures applied or prescribed by physicians. Main outcome measures included average reimbursed costs per patient, structured into consultation- and medication-related costs, and referred costs.

Results

Total average reimbursed cost per patient did not differ between CAM physicians and conventional practitioners, but considerable differences were observed in cost structure. The proportions of reimbursed costs for consultation time were 56% for certified CAM, 41% for noncertified CAM physicians and 40% for conventional physicians; medication costs – including expenditures for prescriptions and directly dispensed drugs – respectively accounted for 35%, 18%, and 51% of costs.

Conclusion

The results indicate no significant difference for overall treatment cost per patient between CAM and COM primary care in Switzerland. However, CAM physicians treat lower numbers of patients and a more cost-favourable patient population than conventional physicians. Differences in cost structure reflect more patient-centred and individualized treatment modalities of CAM physicians.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the extracellular DNA delivered to the nucleus of a living cell
Authors: Rogachev Vladimir A , Likhacheva Anastasia , Vratskikh Oksana , Mechetina Lyudmila V , Sebeleva Tamara E , Bogachev Sergei S , Yakubov Leonid A , Shurdov Mikhail A
Published: October 2006

Background

The blood plasma and other intertissue fluids usually contain a certain amount of DNA, getting there due to a natural cell death in the organism. Cells of this organism can capture the extracellular DNA, whereupon it is delivered to various cell compartments. It is hypothesized that the extracellular DNA is involved in the transfer of genetic information and its fixation in the genome of recipient cell.

Results

The existence of an active flow of extracellular DNA into the cell is demonstrated using human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells as a recipient culture. The qualitative state of the DNA fragments delivered to the main cell compartments (cytoplasm and interchromosomal fraction) was assessed. The extracellular DNA delivered to the cell is characterized quantitatively.

Conclusion

It is demonstrated that the extracellular DNA fragments in several minutes reach the nuclear space, where they are processed so that their linear size increases from about 500 bp to 10,000 bp. The amount of free extracellular DNA fragments simultaneously present in the nuclear space may reach up to 2% of the haploid genome. Using individual DNA fragments with a known molecular weight and sequence as an extracellular DNA, it is found that these fragments degrade instantly in the culture liquid in the absence of a competitor DNA and are delivered into the cell as degradants. When adding a sufficient amount of competitor DNA, the initial undegraded molecules of the DNA fragments with the known molecular weight and sequence are detectable both in the cytoplasm and nuclear space only at the zero point of experiments. The labeled precursor α-dNTP*, added to culture medium, was undetectable inside the cell in all the experiments.
Secretory PLA2-IIA: a new inflammatory factor for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moses Guna SD , Jensen Michael D , Lue Lih-Fen , Walker Douglas G , Sun Albert Y , Simonyi Agnes , Sun Grace Y
Published: October 2006

Secretory phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is an inflammatory protein known to play a role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Although this enzyme has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, there has not been a direct demonstration of its expression in diseased human brain. In this study, we show that sPLA2-IIA mRNA is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains as compared to non-demented elderly brains (ND). We also report a higher percentage of sPLA2-IIA-immunoreactive astrocytes present in AD hippocampus and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). In ITG, the majority of sPLA2-IIA-positive astrocytes were associated with amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques. Studies with human astrocytes in culture demonstrated the ability of oligomeric Aβ1–42and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to induce sPLA2-IIA mRNA expression, indicating that this gene is among those induced by inflammatory cytokines. Since exogenous sPLA2-IIA has been shown to cause neuronal injury, understanding the mechanism(s) and physiological consequences of sPLA2-IIA upregulation in AD brain may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit the inflammatory responses and to retard the progression of the disease.
Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Muthu Chellaiah , Ayyanar Muniappan , Raja Nagappan , Ignacimuthu Savarimuthu
Published: October 2006

An ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collect information from traditional healers on the use of medicinal plants in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu during October 2003 to April 2004. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional healers and the native plants used for medicinal purposes were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips.

The investigation revealed that, the traditional healers used 85 species of plants distributed in 76 genera belonging to 41 families to treat various diseases. The documented medicinal plants were mostly used to cure skin diseases, poison bites, stomachache and nervous disorders. In this study the most dominant family was Euphorbiaceae and leaves were most frequently used for the treatment of diseases.

This study showed that many people in the studied parts of Kancheepuram district still continue to depend on medicinal plants at least for the treatment of primary healthcare. The traditional healers are dwindling in number and there is a grave danger of traditional knowledge disappearing soon since the younger generation is not interested to carry on this tradition.
DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger
Authors: Bianchi Marco E
Published: October 2006

Multicellular animals detect pathogens via a set of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, pathogens are not the only causative agents of tissue and cell damage: trauma is another one. Evidence is accumulating that trauma and its associated tissue damage are recognized at the cell level via receptor-mediated detection of intracellular proteins released by the dead cells. The term “alarmin” is proposed to categorize such endogenous molecules that signal tissue and cell damage. Intriguingly, effector cells of innate and adaptive immunity can secrete alarmins via nonclassical pathways and often do so when they are activated by PAMPs or other alarmins. Endogenous alarmins and exogenous PAMPs therefore convey a similar message and elicit similar responses; they can be considered subgroups of a larger set, the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
The role of CXC chemokine receptor 2 inPseudomonas aeruginosacorneal infection
Authors: Khan Shamila , Cole Nerida , Hume Emma B , Garthwaite Linda , Conibear Timothy C R , Miles David H , Aliwaga Yulina , Krockenberger Mark B , Willcox Mark D P
Published: October 2006

Pseudomonas is one of the leading causes of contact lens-related microbial keratitis. Despite the use of antibiotics, the host inflammatory response continues to cause damage to the cornea, which may lead to blindness. CXCR2-binding chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas keratitis, and the exact role of this receptor remains to be elucidated. Corneas of CXCR2 knockout and wild-type mice (Cmkar 2−/− and Cmkar 2+/+) were scratched, and 2 × 106 CFU/mL Pseudomonas 6294 or 6206 was added to corneas. Twenty-four hours postinfection, mice were killed, and eyes were harvested for enumeration of bacteria, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and inflammatory mediators. Cmkar 2−/− had 20- to 100-fold more bacteria than Cmkar 2+/+ mice. There were no differences in MPO levels between gene knockout and Cmkar 2+/+ mice. Histology revealed PMN were restricted to the limbal area. Levels of CXCR2 chemokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and MIP-2) were elevated significantly in gene knockout mice. A lack of CXCR2 leads to an inability to control bacterial numbers as a result of the inability of PMN to reach the site of infection in the avascular cornea. These results imply that CXCR2 is critical to the extravasation of neutrophils into the avascular cornea.
Regulatory T cell-mediated suppression: potential role of ICER
Authors: Bodor Josef , Fehervari Zoltan , Diamond Betty , Sakaguchi Shimon
Published: October 2006

How regulatory T (TR) cells dampen T cell responses remains unclear. Multiple modes of action have been proposed, including cell contact-dependent and/or cytokine-dependent mechanisms. Suppression may involve direct contact between TR cells and responder T cells. Alternatively, TR cells may act on dendritic cells to reduce their abiity to prime T cells by modulating costimulation, inducing the secretion of suppressive cytokines or the increase of tryptophan metabolism. Here, we review emerging, novel mechanisms involved in contact-dependent, TR-mediated suppression of IL-2 production in responder CD25− T lymphocytes and the potential involvement of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) in this suppression. Finally, cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10, produced by TR cells or other cells, may exert local suppression, which can be conveyed by basic mechanism(s) acting in a similar manner as contact-dependent, TR-mediated suppression.
Research Priorities for Surge Capacity
Authors: Rothman Richard E. , Hsu Edbert B. , Kahn Christopher A. , Kelen Gabor D.
Published: October 2006

The 2006 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference discussed key concepts within the field of surge capacity. Within the breakout session on research priorities, experts in disaster medicine and other related fields used a structured nominal‐group process to delineate five critical areas of research. Of the 14 potential areas of discovery identified by the group, the top five were the following: 1) defining criteria and methods for decision making regarding allocation of scarce resources, 2) determining effective triage protocols, 3) determining key decision makers for surge‐capacity planning and means to evaluate response efficacy (e.g., incident command), 4) developing effective communication and information‐sharing strategies (situational awareness) for public‐health decision support, and 5) developing methods and evaluations for meeting workforce needs. Five working groups were formed to consider the above areas and to devise sample research questions that were refined further by the entire group of participants.
Number of CD4+ Cells and Location of Forkhead Box Protein P3–Positive Cells in Diagnostic Follicular Lymphoma Tissue Microarrays Correlates With Outcome
Authors: Lee Abigail M. , Clear Andrew J. , Calaminici Maria , Davies Andrew J. , Jordan Suzanne , MacDougall Finlay , Matthews Janet , Norton Andrew J. , Gribben John G. , Lister T. Andrew , Goff Lindsey K.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To examine the immune microenvironment in diagnostic follicular lymphoma (FL) biopsies and evaluate its prognostic significance.

Patients and Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to study numbers and location of cells staining positive for immune cell markers CD4, CD7, CD8, CD25, CD68, forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3), T-cell intracellular antigen-1, and Granzyme B in tissue microarrays of paraffin-embedded, diagnostic lymph node biopsies taken from 59 FL patients who lived less than 5 years (short-survival group; n = 34) and more than 15 years (long-survival group; n = 25).

Results

CD4 and FOXP3 expression were significantly different between the two groups. Samples from the long-survival group were more likely than those from the short-survival group to have CD4+ staining cells and to have FOXP3-positive cells in a perifollicular location.

Conclusion

This study has identified differences in immune cell composition of the diagnostic FL lymph node immune microenvironment and these have the potential for use as prognostic biomarkers in a routine histopathology setting.
Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells
Authors: Rae M. T. , Gubbay O. , Kostogiannou A. , Price D. , Critchley H. O. D. , Hillier S. G.
Published: October 2006

Context: Ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells express multiple nuclear hormone receptor genes, including those encoding thyroid hormone and estrogen receptors (TR and ER, respectively). Ovarian cancer is hormone-dependent, and epidemiological evidence links hyperthyroidism, inflammation of the ovarian surface, and increased risk of ovarian cancer.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess T3 action on human OSE cells in vitro, asking 1) is there evidence for (pre)receptor control, 2) is T3 inflammatory, and 3) does T3 affect ER expression?

Design: Immunohistochemical analysis of fixed human ovaries and in vitro analysis of human OSE primary cell cultures were performed.

Patients: Twelve women aged 29–50 yr (median, 41 yr) undergoing elective gynecological surgery for nonmalignant conditions were studied.

Results: Messenger RNA transcripts for TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, and T3 activating deiodinase 2 and inactivating deiodinase 3 were present in primary OSE cell cultures by RT-PCR. TRα and TRβ proteins were also localized to intact OSE by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of OSE cell cultures for 24 h with T3 caused dose-dependent mRNA expression of inflammation-associated genes: cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and 11βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, treatment with T3 dose dependently stimulated ERα mRNA expression without affecting ERβ1 or ERβ2.

Conclusion: The ovarian surface is a potential T3 target. T3 exerts direct inflammatory effects on OSE cell function in vitro. OSE cell responses to T3 include increased expression of ERα mRNA, which encodes the ER isoform most strongly associated with ovarian cancer. This could help explain suggested epidemiological links between hyperthyroidism and ovarian cancer.
The nucleoporin Nup214 sequesters CRM1 at the nuclear rim and modulates NFκB activation inDrosophila
Authors: Xylourgidis Nikos , Roth Peggy , Sabri Nafiseh , Tsarouhas Vasilios , Samakovlis Christos
Published: October 2006

CRM1-mediated protein export is an important determinant of the nuclear accumulation of many gene regulators. Here, we show that the NFκB transcription factor Dorsal is a substrate of CRM1 and requires the nucleoporin Nup214 for its nuclear translocation upon signaling. Nup214 bound to CRM1 directly and anchored it to the nuclear envelope. In nup214 mutants CRM1 accumulated in the nucleus and NES-protein export was enhanced. Nup214 formed complexes with Nup88 and CRM1 in vivo and Nup214 protected Nup88 from degradation at the nuclear rim. In turn, Nup88 was sufficient for targeting the complex to the nuclear pores. Overexpression experiments indicated that Nup214 alone attracts a fraction of CRM1 to the nuclear envelope but does not interfere with NES-GFP export. By contrast, overexpression of the Nup214-Nup88 complex trapped CRM1 and Dorsal to cytoplasmic foci and inhibited protein export and immune response activation. We hypothesize that variation in levels of the Nup214-Nup88 complex at the pore changes the amount of NPC-bound CRM1 and influences the relative strength and duration of NFκB signaling responses.
BMP-2-dependent integration of adult mouse subventricular stem cells into the neural crest of chick and quail embryos
Authors: Busch Christian , Oppitz Matthias , Sailer Martin H. , Just Lothar , Metzger Marco , Drews Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Central nervous system (CNS) stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) show a remarkable differentiation potential into neural derivatives. Surprisingly adult SVZ cells can also be induced in vitro to differentiate into neural crest cell fates. This fate switch is dependent on the combination of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here we transplanted adult SVZ stem cells from GFP mice as neurospheres into the trunk neural tube of chick and quail embryos. Only neurospheres pre-exposed to BMP-2 and FGF2 formed close contacts with the dorsal neuroepithelium corresponding to the neural crest area. GFP-positive cells emigrated from the neurosphere and were identified in the roof plate, the dorsal neuroepithelium and among emigrating neural crest cells adjacent to the neural tube. Neurospheres not treated with BMP-2 did not integrate into the neuroepithelium. Our data demonstrate that adult CNS stem cells can be efficiently prepared in vitro for integration into the embryonic neural crest. BMP-2 treatment conveys the necessary morphogenetic capabilities to adult stem cells for future clinical transplantation strategies.
Gliotactin and Discs large form a protein complex at the tricellular junction of polarized epithelial cells inDrosophila
Authors: Schulte Joost , Charish Kristi , Que Jaimmie , Ravn Sarah , MacKinnon Christina , Auld Vanessa J.
Published: October 2006

The tricellular junction (TCJ) forms at the convergence of pleated septate junctions (SJs) from three adjacent cells in polarized epithelia and is necessary for maintaining the transepithelial barrier. In Drosophila, the transmembrane protein Gliotactin was the first identified marker of the TCJ, but little is known about other molecular constituents. We now show that Gliotactin associates with Discs large at the TCJ in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Discs large is essential for the formation of the TCJ and the localization of Gliotactin. Surprisingly, Gliotactin localization at the TCJ was independent of its PDZ-binding motif and Gliotactin did not bind directly to Discs large. Therefore Gliotactin and Discs large association is through intermediary proteins at the TCJ. Gliotactin can associate with other septate junction proteins but this was detected only when Gliotactin was overexpressed and spread throughout the septate junction domain. Gliotactin overexpression and spread also resulted in a reduction of Discs large staining but not vice versa. These results suggest that Discs large participates in different protein interactions in the SJ and the TCJ. Finally this work supports a model where Gliotactin and Dlg are components of a larger protein complex that links the converging SJs with the TCJ to create the transepithelial barrier.
S. pombe FEAR protein orthologs are not required for release of Clp1/Flp1 phosphatase from the nucleolus during mitosis
Authors: Chen Chun-Ti , Peli-Gulli Marie-Pierre , Simanis Viesturs , McCollum Dannel
Published: October 2006

Cdc14 family phosphatases are highly conserved regulators of cell-cycle progression. Two of the best studied members of this family are budding yeast Cdc14p and its fission yeast homolog Clp1p/Flp1p. The function of both Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc14p and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Clp1p/Flp1p are controlled in part by their regulated sequestration and release from the nucleolus. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae a set of proteins collectively termed the FEAR network promote nucleolar and telomeric DNA segregation by triggering the release of the conserved Cdc14 phosphatase from the nucleolus. Here we show that FEAR homologs in S. pombe do not promote release of the Cdc14 homolog Clp1p/Flp1p from the nucleolus, and that Clp1p/Flp1p is not required for nucleolar and telomeric DNA segregation suggesting that this aspect of Cdc14 regulation and function may not be universally conserved.
The Development of Coaching Knowledge
Authors: Côté Jean
Published: October 2006

Coaches are known to fulfill many different roles including leader psychologist, friend, teacher, personnel manager, administrator, fundraiser and role model. The papers presented in this special issue emphasize these different roles by highlighting how coaches learn and how they foster an optimal learning environment. In the first section of this discussion article, will briefly summarize the main issues covered in the five target papers. will then propose that the learning environment of coaches needs to be put into a larger conceptual framework that would allow one to account for the variability of experiences that coaches go through before becoming a coach. The third section of this paper will describe three different settings in which coaches learn their skills. Finally, I will offer some concluding remarks and briefly outline directions for future studies.
Reflecting on Video Feedback as a Tool for Learning Skilled Movement
Authors: Cassidy Tania , Stanley Steve , Bartlett Roger
Published: October 2006

The software developer of siliconCOACH, a computerized two-dimensional video analysis tool for coaches, was assisted to reflect on how his software provided coaches with learning opportunities to understand how coaches and athletes use performance feedback. Our understanding of reflection was informed by the work of Van Manen [9] and Zeichner & Liston [10]. To assist in the reflection process, literature associated with feedback, physical education, and information & communication technology (ICT) was drawn upon. The ICT literature informed the technical reflection and had specific relevance for software development. The motor control and physical education literature informed the practical reflection and had relevance for any future development of support material to assist coaches in providing feedback to athletes. These reflections will be of interest to those coaches and sports scientists who are interested in gaining further insight into the interface between technology and coaching practice.
Hyaluronan synthesis in the adult guinea pig endolymphatic sac
Authors: Parker David A. , Schindler Robert A. , Amoils C. Philip , Lustig Lawrence R. , Hradek Gary T.
Published: October 2006

The endolymphatic sac is believed to play a major role in membranous labyrinth homeostasis by controlling the volume of endolymph, removing debris, and participating in the immune response of the inner ear. The endolymphatic sac is postulated to absorb endolymph and to synthesize and secrete high‐molecular‐weight and osmotically active glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The present study examines the ability of in vitro adult guinea pig endolymphatic sac cells to synthesize complex proteins and polysaccharides. The intent is to characterize the nature of these compounds by studying carbon‐14 (14C) glucose incorporation in tissue cultured endolymphatic sac specimens using autoradiographic and specific enzymatic digestion techniques. Our results suggest that sac cells can synthesize GAGs and proteins in vitro in proportionately larger amounts than surrounding connective tissue and dura. The principal GAG synthesized by the endolymphatic sac appears to be hyaluronan.
Early experience with percutaneous tracheotomy
Authors: Wang Marilene B. , Berke Gerald S. , Ward Paul H. , Calcaterra Thomas C. , Watts Donna
Published: October 2006

Early reports of a percutaneous dilatational technique for tracheotomy tube placement have been encouraging. This method uses a needle for placement into the trachea, a J‐tipped guidewire, and progressively larger dilators to widen the stoma for insertion of a tracheotomy tube.

A prospective study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of this percutaneous tracheotomy technique. Serious complications were encountered, including difficulty with dilatation, excessive bleeding, false passage of the tracheotomy tube, and death. Because of this unacceptable morbidity, the study was terminated after enrollment of only seven patients. Percutaneous tracheotomy is a dangerous procedure with potential for catastrophic complications. These complications were encountered by third‐and fourth‐year surgical residents performing the procedure under close supervision. If the puncture technique is further popularized and attempted by untrained physicians, these authors predict many disasters.
Oncofetal antigen expression in head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Gussack Gerald S.
Published: October 2006

Oncofetal antigens (OFA) are proteins expressed during periods of embryonal/fetal development and on malignant cells. Previous investigations detected the presence of phase‐specific 44‐and 200‐kd OFA, using a monoclonal antibody (MoAb 115). This study will determine if primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas express the 44‐kd OFA, and will assess the possible role of OFA in oncogenesis.

Fifteen primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and six HNSCC cell lines were tested for OFA expression. Thirteen primary cancers and three cell lines demonstrated various degrees of OFA positivity. Oncofetal antigens are proposed to represent a proto‐oncogene active during fetal development and malignant growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.