bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lacerations to Zones VIII and IX: It Is Not Just a Tendon Injury
Authors: Fischer Charla R. , Tang Peter
Published: September 2010

Extensor tendon injuries are widely believed to be straightforward problems that are relatively simple to manage. However, these injuries can be complex and demand a thorough understanding of anatomy to achieve the best functional outcomes. When lacerations occur in the forearm as in Zones VIII and IX injury, the repair of the extensor tendon and muscle, and posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is often challenging. A review of the literature shows little guidance and attention for these injuries. We present four patients with injuries to Zones VIII and IX as well as a review of surgical technique, postoperative rehabilitation, and pearls that may be of benefit to those managing these injuries.
Computer hardware for radiologists: Part I
Authors: Indrajit IK , Alam A
Published: September 2010

Computers are an integral part of modern radiology practice. They are used in different radiology modalities to acquire, process, and postprocess imaging data. They have had a dramatic influence on contemporary radiology practice. Their impact has extended further with the emergence of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), Radiology information system (RIS) technology, and Teleradiology. A basic overview of computer hardware relevant to radiology practice is presented here. The key hardware components in a computer are the motherboard, central processor unit (CPU), the chipset, the random access memory (RAM), the memory modules, bus, storage drives, and ports. The personnel computer (PC) has a rectangular case that contains important components called hardware, many of which are integrated circuits (ICs). The fiberglass motherboard is the main printed circuit board and has a variety of important hardware mounted on it, which are connected by electrical pathways called "buses". The CPU is the largest IC on the motherboard and contains millions of transistors. Its principal function is to execute "programs". A Pentium® 4 CPU has transistors that execute a billion instructions per second. The chipset is completely different from the CPU in design and function; it controls data and interaction of buses between the motherboard and the CPU. Memory (RAM) is fundamentally semiconductor chips storing data and instructions for access by a CPU. RAM is classified by storage capacity, access speed, data rate, and configuration.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuro-malaria
Authors: Lacout Alexis , Guidoux Celine , Carlier Robert Yves
Published: September 2010

We report a case of a 37-year-old patient with Plasmodium falciparum infestation who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy. In cerebral malaria, microscopic studies have shown endothelial dysfunction and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Data from the literature show that one of the mechanisms of posterior reversible encephalopathy may be capillary leakage and acute disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Our case supports the theory of blood-brain barrier disruption being a key factor in the causation of cerebral malaria.
Predilatation of a stenotic ostium of a bronchial artery, followed by embolization in recurrent hemoptysis
Authors: Cherian Mathew P , Mehta Pankaj , Kalyanpur Tejas M , Hedgire Sandeep S , Narsinghpura Kaustubh , Venkatesh K
Published: September 2010

Bronchial artery embolization may be the only life-saving procedure available in a patient presenting with massive hemoptysis. Rarely, selective catheterization of these vessels may be rendered difficult due to a stenotic ostium. This may result in closure of the vessel or absence of forward flow after the stenotic segment is crossed with a diagnostic catheter or a microcatheter. Further, it may also lead to recurrence of hemoptysis if the distal vessel and the prearteriolar bed are inadequately embolized. We describe a technique of selective cannulation of the stenotic vessel, dilatation of the stenosis and then successful embolization.
PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOMASA DE NACEDERO (Trichanthera gigantea) EN DIFERENTES ESCENARIOS DE SOMBRA Y FRECUENCIAS DE CORTES, EN EL RANCHO EBENEZER. NIQUINOHOMO, MASAYA. 2005
Authors: Ruiz-Fonseca Carlos J , Jiménez-Campos Marcos Antonio
Published: September 2010

Con el objeto de contribuir al uso y manejo de nuevas especies forrajeras como alternativas para la alimentación animal, se realizó un estudio en el Rancho Agropecológico de Especies Menores Ebenezer (RAEME), ubicado a 4 km del Municipio de Niquinohomo, Departamento de Masaya. El cual está a una altitud de 384 msnm, con latitud norte de 11°52′25.18'' y longitud oeste de 86°05′14.89'', precipitación media anual es de 1,200 mm, con periodos lluviosos generalmente en los meses de Julio a Noviembre y con temperaturas mínimas de 22° C y máximas de 38° C, variando estas durante todo el año. Los suelos son de textura franco arcilloso y una profundidad efectiva de 40 cm. Se utilizaron plantaciones de nacedero (Trichanthera gigantea), bajo tres escenarios de sombra (4 hrs sol o penumbra, 8 hrs sol o sombra y más de 8 hrs sol), los que fueron establecidos hacia tres años y tenían espaciamientos de 1 m entre surcos y 1 m entre plantas. Además se realizaron cuatro frecuencias de corte (30, 60, 90 y 120 días). Se evaluaron las características morfoestructurales de nacedero, como: grosor, altura y número de tallos y rebrotes. Así como la producción de biomasa forrajera y el contenido de proteína. Al iniciar el estudio se hizo un corte de uniformidad. Posteriormente se seleccionaron cinco plantas sobre las cuales se evaluaron las características morfoestructurales, la producción de biomasa y el contenido de proteína. Se encontró que los mejores resultados de la morfoestructura de nacedero se presentan bajo condiciones de sombra o 8 hrs sol, seguido de la penumbra o 4 hrs sol, así mismo que la producción de biomasa fue mejor cuando los cortes se realizaron cada 120 días, siendo estas mayores cuando estaban en condiciones de sombra y penumbra (31 y 32 t ha-1 respectivamente). En cambio los contenidos de proteína fueron mayores cuando los intervalos de cortes eran menores (60 días), los cuales fluctuaron entre 20 y 23%. Encontrándose una relación inversa entre la edad de corte y producción de biomasa con respecto al contenido de proteína. Se concluye que el nacedero requiere de sombra para su buen comportamiento morfoestructural y productivo.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v10i14.25
NOPAL (Opuntia ficus indica L.), DELICIOSO Y MEDICINAL
Authors: Blanco-Navarro Moisés
Published: September 2010

DOI: 10.5377/calera.v10i14.31
AGRICULTORES, ABRAN LOS OJOS: NO SE DEDIQUEN APENAS A LA ETAPA POBRE DEL AGRO NEGOCIO
Authors: Lacki Polan
Published: September 2010

DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.10
DIVERSIDAD DE FAUNA SILVESTRE EN BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL, NANDAROLA, NANDAIME
Authors: Zapata Miguel Garmendia , Sánchez Carlos Lenin Tercero
Published: September 2010

Frente a los efectos de la degradación de hábitat porfragmentación que enfrentan los bosques de nuestro país,es importante conocer las especies de fauna silvestre quemantienen relación ecológica con estos fragmentos aislados yque promueven el desarrollo de la vegetación a consecuenciade sus actividades y hábitos. El objetivo de este estudioes determinar y comparar la diversidad de fauna silvestre(vertebrados terrestres) en dos fragmentos de bosque secosecundarios de diferentes edades y tamaños (15 años, 3.5 ha;11 años, 2.8 ha) en bosque seco tropical, Nandarola, Nandaime,e identificar los gremios alimenticios de las especies. Seestablecieron seis transeptos de 20 x 100 m en el fragmentode 15 años denominado "La Chipopa" y tres transeptos deiguales dimensiones en el fragmento de 11 años denominado"La Zorra", en estos se cuantificó la diversidad de anfibios,reptiles y mamíferos. En el extremo de cada transepto seestableció un punto de muestreo de 25 m de radio para evaluardiversidad de aves, se realizaron 17 observaciones distribuidasen ocho meses. Como resultados se determinaron 2 especiesde anfibios, 10 de reptiles, 26 de aves y 7 de mamíferos.La riqueza de especie para los cuatro grupos fue mayoren La Zorra (69 especies) comparada con La Chipopa (49especies). Los índices demostraron una mayor diversidad dereptiles, aves y mamíferos en La Zorra al compararse con LaChipopa según los índices ecológicos de Shannon-Wiener ySimpson. Se identificaron nueve gremios alimenticios en losdos sitios de estudio. El gremio más grande fue el Insectívoroinvolucrando a 26 especies, para los gremios importantes enla dispersión de frutos y semillas, y en la polinización: losFrugívoros, Granívoros Nectarívoros fueron determinadas12, 10 y 2 especies respectivamente. Pese a las diferencias enedades y tamaños el fragmento de La Zorra presenta la mayordiversidad de vida silvestre comparado con La Chipopa, peroesas diferencias no son significativas. En sí la presencia dedispersores de semillas y frutos es muy baja en ambos sitios,en cuanto a los vertebrados polinizadores solo se determinóuna especie. El 44% de las especies son exclusivas de bosquesintervenidos y lugares abiertos.Palabras Clave: Fragmentación; Gremios Alimenticios;Vertebrados Terrestres.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.2
INTRODUCCIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DEL PARASITOIDE Diadegma semiclausum (HELLEN) PARA EL CONTROL DE Plutela xylostella EN NICARAGUA
Authors: Cerda-Cerda Kelving John , Miranda-Ortiz Freddy Miranda
Published: September 2010

Con el propósito de evaluar el parasitoide Diadegmasemiclausum Hellen, como una alternativa biológica(parasitoide) en el manejo de Plutella xylostella (L) se introdujoa Nicaragua un pie de cría. Se realizaron estudios relacionado asaneamiento del pie de cría traído desde Taiwán (Cuarentena),comportamiento biológico del insecto en condiciones delaboratorio y establecimiento en campos de repollo. Losestudios se realizaron en el laboratorio de parasitoides de laUniversidad Nacional Agraria (Managua) y en condicionesde campo en el Departamento de Estelí. Las condiciones quese mantuvieron en el estudio fueron de 21°C de temperatura ypromedio de 65 % de humedad relativa. La fase de saneamientoconsistió en evaluar la idoneidad de los parasitoides enviadosdesde Taiwán. Se identificó cada uno de los insectos (adultos)proveniente del pie de cría y de las tres primeras generacionesen etapa de cuarentena. Durante este período no se encontraroninsectos atípicos a D. semiclausum. Otra variable evaluada fuela relación hembra: macho, la que comenzó con 1:7 del pie decría mejorándose hasta 1:2 al final de la etapa de cuarentena. Labiología se separó en periodos de huevo, larva; pupa y adultoobteniendo valores promedio de 10.2 días; 5.7 días y 14.8 díasrespectivamente, para un ciclo total de 31.4 días. El porcentajede parasitismo registrado durante las dos primeras fases alcanzóun promedio de 90 % en condiciones de laboratorio. Se colocouna parcela de repollo (Brassica oleoreacea var. Capitata)en el campo para conocer la incidencia de D. semiclausum, alfinal se encontró que en el periodo de cosecha del cultivo, elporcentaje de parasitismo fue de 70 % asociando la incidenciadel parasitoide nativo de la región D. insulare (Cresson) con un59 % y un 11 % de parasitismo del parasitoide introducido D.semiclausum.Palabras clave: Parasitoide, Diadegma semiclausum, Plutellaxylostella.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.5
ANÁLISIS DE LA UTILIZACIÓN DEL RECURSO SUELO EN NICARAGUA
Authors: Vivas-Viachica Elgin Antonio
Published: September 2010

El suelo se puede valorar desde una perspectiva productiva,económica, social, organizativa e histórica. En este caso sequiere hacer una valoración desde el punto de vista del suelocomo mercancía, por ser objeto de compra venta. Pero hayparticularidades que lo diferencian de otras mercancías, talescomo no ser el resultado del trabajo precedente del hombrey tener un espacio geográfico limitado. En Centroamérica,Nicaragua es el país que tiene la más alta disponibilidad desuelo por habitante y El Salvador el que tiene la más bajadisponibilidad de suelo por persona, en caso de relacionarlo conla superficie total. Pero cuando se relaciona con la superficiearable, la situación cambia para El Salvador, ya que Costa Ricatiene menos disponibilidad de suelo arable por persona. Locual es una buena noticia, debido a que el país dispone de mástiempo para mejorar los indicadores: productivos, ambientales,económicos y sociales. Nicaragua tiene el 82.2% del suelo de usoagropecuario, pero, la estructura de uso del área agropecuaria,se encuentra un uso extensivo. El 39.9% es de pasto natural yel 23.1% de suelo en descanso y tacotales. Este es un ángulode importancia, debido a la creciente necesidad de alimentosy conservación de los recursos naturales. Tomando en cuentala cantidad de explotaciones y el área, el coeficiente de Gini esde 0.72, el cual representa un alto nivel de concentración deluso del suelo. De acuerdo al modelo de regresión simple se hautilizado en base a los datos de la FAO, se espera que cada añose pierdan 91 760 hectáreas de bosques. De 1 925 000 hectáreasde tierras arables que tiene Nicaragua, lo que significa que un4.8% del suelo arable de nuestro país se deforesta cada año. Estees un panorama grave que se le debe prestar atención.Palabras clave: Capa arable, uso de suelo, disponibilidad desuelo, pérdida de suelo.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.7
PRIMEROS AUXILIOS EN DECOMISOS DE ANIMALES DE VENTA O TRÁFICO ILEGAL
Authors: Rimbaud Enrique
Published: September 2010

DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.8
INFLUENCIA DE LA ESTRUCTURA ARBÓREA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PASTO EN UN SISTEMA DE ÁRBOLES DISPERSOS EN POTRERO, TIPITAPA, NICARAGUA
Authors: Noguera-Talavera Alvaro , Flores Francisco Reyes , Murillo Ivannia , Sanchez Lea
Published: September 2010

En el Municipio Tipitapa, Departamento de Managua, en unsistema silvopastoril, se llevó acabo un estudio con el propósitode evaluar la influencia de la estructura de las arbóreas sobrealgunas variables de la producción del pasto. Las arbóreasfueron caracterizadas a partir del cálculo de la densidad deindividuos pertenecientes a las categorías fustales y brinzales,en parcelas de 20 m x 20 m. Así mismo fueron tomadas variablesde altura, diámetro y longitud de copa. Para el componenteherbáceo (pasto) se evaluó la incidencia de las arbóreas a partirde la densidad del pasto en parcelas bajo sombra y parcelas apleno sol; además de la variable, número y longitud de brotes. Seencontraron un total de 20 especies leñosas, de las cuales cuatroson útiles como forrajeras, siendo las restantes proveedoras desombra y otras (3 especies) fijadoras de nitrógeno. Las especiesmás representativas con base en la abundancia relativa son:Tabebuia rosea (53.93%), Pithecellobium dulce (26.35%),Azadirachta indica (10.19%). Las leñosas, en la categoría defustales presentan densidades dentro del rango del número deárboles reportados en sistemas de árboles dispersos en potrerosen Centroamérica .Los valores de diámetro y altura promedioson de 1.0 cm. y 0.92m, respectivamente. El porcentaje decobertura generado por las leñosas es de 10.6. Mediante análisisestadístico se determinó que no existen diferencias entrela densidad del pasto (p > 0.05) entre parcelas bajo sombra.De la misma forma, no se encontraron diferencias (p > 0.05)entre parcelas a 5m y la densidad de parcelas a pleno sol. Seencontraron diferencias (p < 0.05) entre la densidad de pasto enparcelas bajo sombra ubicadas a 10m del centro de árboles y ladensidad de pasto en parcelas a pleno sol. De la misma forma,el análisis reveló diferencias estadísticas (p < 0.05) en cuantoal número y longitud de brotes y correlación entre las variablesárea de copa y abundancia de las arbóreas con las variablesnúmero de brotes y longitud de brotes.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.11
DIAGNÓSTICOS EQUIVOCADOS Y SOLUCIONES DEMAGÓGICAS ESTÁN “PARALIZANDO” LAS INICIATIVAS DE LOS PRODUCTORES RURALES
Authors: Lacki Polan
Published: September 2010

DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.21
Especies vegetales que habitan en los derechos de vía de las carreteras principales de Nicaragua
Authors: Jiménez J
Published: September 2010

En este artículo se presenta información sobre las especies de árboles que se encuentran en los derechos de vía de las carreteras de Nicaragua, para lo cual se utilizó el inventario de árboles y arbustos en dos tramos de carreteras representativos del sistema ambiental dominante que se relacionan con vegetación en las carreteras y caminos que constituyen la red vial nacional. Con la información válida y un nivel de precisión satisfactorio, se establecieron los criterios de selección para elegir las carreteras en donde se estudiaron a las especies vegetales. Los aspectos analizados fueron abundancia, riqueza de las especies, grado de cubierta, dominancia, composición florística y vitalidad. Se concluye que las especies de árboles que habitan en las áreas verdes de los derechos de vía de las carreteras analizadas son especies ruderales, o remanentes de bosques riparios siendo frecuentes de encontrar: Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae), Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae), Senna siamea (Caesalpiniaceae), y Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Mimosaceae). Palabras claves: abundancia; ambiente; riqueza de las especies; grado de cubierta; dominancia; composición florística; vegetación.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i1.40Nexo: Revista Científica Vol.22, No.01, pp.15-22/Agosto 2009
Indicadores para la evaluación de la calidad ambiental del hábitat urbano
Authors: Zúñiga A
Published: September 2010

La presente investigación consistió en el diseño y aplicación de una metodología para la evaluación de la calidad del medio construido en asentamientos humanos urbanos. El proceso metodológico inició con el establecimiento del estado del arte sobre la materia, destacando los aspectos conceptuales sobre la sustentabilidad como máxima aspiración a lograr en la evaluación de un asentamiento y determinando los componentes significativos de la problemática objeto de trabajo. Posteriormente se caracterizó el sistema vigente de asentamientos urbanos en Nicaragua y se determinaron los asentamientos objeto de estudio. Se identificaron las clasificaciones tipológicas existentes sobre los asentamientos humanos urbanos nicaragüenses, las cuales se completaron mediante la propuesta de una nueva forma de agrupación según la estructuración de los componentes, lo que permitió la selección de los asentamientos donde se aplicó el instrumental. A continuación se desarrolló la metodología de evaluación conformado por el instrumental teórico, los histogramas de evaluación ambiental y las matrices de evaluación de la calidad. Se finalizó el proceso de validación del instrumental diseñado, aplicándose a cuatro asentamientos seleccionados, con base en una muestra del 5% del total de asentamientos de la zona de estudio elegida. Se valoraron los resultados obtenidos, relacionándolos con otros análisis del área, lo que posibilitó demostrar su efectividad y eficacia. Palabras claves: asentamientos humanos urbanos; hábitat urbano; medio construido; calidad ambiental.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i1.41Nexo: Revista Científica Vol.22, No.01, pp.23-31/Agosto 2009
Variables ambientales y actividades ganaderas determinantes para la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica de la ganadería bovina en Nicaragua
Authors: Gallo J
Published: September 2010

Como resultado de esta investigación se determinaron las variables ambientales y actividades ganaderas determinantes para la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) de la ganadería bovina en Nicaragua. El estudio permitió definir que las variables ambientales determinantes, por la relación existente entre las actividades ganaderas y antrópicas, están contenidas principalmente en los factores del medio físico construido y medio socioeconómico, siendo estas: el propósito productivo y la integración de la ganadería con los cultivos y pastos. A su vez, las actividades ganaderas se relacionan directamente con las dimensiones técnicas propias del sector ganadero, así como de los aspectos sociales y económicos, resultando la de mayor valor, la alimentación del ganado. Las variables y actividades ganaderas determinantes, permitieron definir el inicio del proceso de evaluación y constituyeron una herramienta para planificar y ejecutar acciones para el desarrollo del sector ganadero en el país, y a su vez, representaron un equilibrio para la relación sostenible entre los factores ambientales y el sector mismo. La formación de paneles de expertos y el empleo de métodos matemáticos fueron necesarios para la selección de las variables y actividades. Palabras claves: variables ambientales, evaluación ambiental estratégica, ganadería bovina.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.33Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.02-08/Mayo 2010
Estimación de la carga de nutrientes procedentes de la cuenca de drenaje superficial del rio Tepenaguasapa
Authors: Morales B , Chávez G
Published: September 2010

El Lago Cocibolca merece atención especial por ser una fuente importante de agua para el consumo humano. El río Tepenaguasapa es una de sus subcuencas, que tiene entre otros problemas, la contaminación con nutrientes. Para el estudio de este problema, fue necesario determinar la carga de nutrientes (Fósforo y Nitrógeno) procedentes de las subcuencas. La carga de Fósforo estimada fue de 24.33 t/año y de Nitrógeno de 632.57 t/año, para totalizar 656.89 t/año, con un orden de importancia por su origen de: uso de suelo, precipitación y escurrimiento artificial. El río varía en su estado trófico con un gradiente de concentración de nutrientes aguas arriba hacia aguas abajo. La carga de nutrientes es originada por la gran cantidad de área empleada para pasto y actividad ganadera extensiva, tierras de labranza, monocultivo, manejo de las aguas residuales, tala de árboles, además de ser una cuenca con abundante precipitación y de gran tamaño en comparación con el espejo de agua. Palabras clave: fósforo; nitrógeno; actividad ganadera extensiva; carga de nutrientes; estado trófico.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.35Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.18-26/Mayo 2010
Aplicación del concepto de participación ciudadana y su impacto en la gestión integral de los recursos hídricos. Caso cuenca del lago Cocibolca
Authors: Espinal S
Published: September 2010

Al implementar y desarrollar proyectos con intervención en los recursos naturales los cuales presentan problemas de uso y escasez, normalmente existe competencia entre usuarios y portadores de interés. La Gestión Integral de los Recursos Hídricos, promueve el uso, desarrollo y seguimiento coordinado del recurso e integra el enfoque de involucramiento de actores claves. En la ejecución del Proyecto TwinLatin (Hermanamiento de Cuencas) se retoma el concepto de participación ciudadana y la cuál se aplicó durante todas las fases de la investigación. Asimismo se desarrollaron métodos cualitativos, tales como diagnósticos, talleres, entrevistas y conversatorios. Involucrando activamente en diferentes niveles a los actores que tienen incidencia en la protección de la cuenca. Palabras claves: Gestión integral; recursos hídricos; involucramiento; actores; participación ciudadana.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.36Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.27-32/Mayo 2010
Rotary‐Wing Flight Mechanics
Authors: Newman Simon
Published: September 2010

This chapter is concerned with the basic performance of the helicopter and the aerodynamic implications of various flight regimes. It introduces the power variation of the helicopter in hover, climb, and forward flight. Calculating the consumption of fuel is then outlined followed by the concepts of endurance and range optimization. Discussion then turns to aerodynamic limitations such as autorotation and the various flow states encountered, particularly in descent where the vortex ring state occurs. The benefits of operating close to the ground are then introduced. The chapter concludes with an outline of the aerodynamic interactions experienced between the main and tail rotors.
Overview of Micro Air Vehicle System Design and Integration Issues
Authors: Michelson Robert C.
Published: September 2010

The design of micro air vehicles (MAV) presents one of the most formidable challenges to not only aerospace, but electrical, mechanical, and computer engineers because of flight regime in which these tiny aircraft operate. Aerospace designers must contend with issues surrounding low Reynolds number flight while electrical and mechanical designers will be concerned with issues of energy storage, behavior of materials at small scales, and non‐scaling items. The missions at which MAVs will excel demand increased levels of autonomy, forcing computer engineers to create innate onboard intelligence exhibiting high bandwidth and superior abilities to interpret obstacle‐rich environments not usually encountered by larger flying machines. This chapter provides an overview of the issues associated with micro flight and how some researchers are taking cues from creation to produce insecta‐ and aves‐class robotic life forms for a wide range of useful missions.
Air Traffic Management
Authors: Fewings Rodney
Published: September 2010

Air traffic management is the process of managing the safe and efficient movement of aircraft through the sky and on the ground, by means of a complex interaction between air traffic controllers and pilots, with the assistance of both ground and airborne infrastructure. This chapter will initially concentrate on how air traffic management was seen in the early years of aviation as being necessary for aviation safety, in part being driven by the standards and recommended procedures of the International Civil Aviation Organization. After discussing the services provided by air traffic controllers, the chapter then outlines the different infrastructure systems that make up the global air transport management system starting with the “invisible” infrastructure, airspace. Control of airspace, both above continental landmass and oceanic areas, is the responsibility of individual sovereign states. Airspace is divided up into a number of segments, and each of these is controlled by a control center; likewise, aerodrome operations are directed from the control tower. Apart from receiving instructions from air traffic controllers, pilots are able to use signals from both ground and satellite systems to aid navigation and ensure the safety of their aircraft. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges that are being faced by air traffic management, including congestion, delays, pressures to reduce costs, changes to airspace operations, and the use of new technologies and procedures.
Airfoil/Wing Optimization
Authors: Zang Thomas A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter discusses techniques for improving the aerodynamic characteristics of an aerospace vehicle through refinement of the vehicles shape. The discussion contains an elementary example followed by a focus on those components of the optimization process that are of special importance to aerodynamic shape optimization: optimization formulation (objectives and constraints), shape definition, mesh generation, and gradient computation. Some illustrations of representative current applications are provided.
Prevalence of cam‐type deformity on hip magnetic resonance imaging in young males: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Reichenbach Stephan , Jüni Peter , Werlen Stefan , Nüesch Eveline , Pfirrmann Christian W. , Trelle Sven , Odermatt Alex , Hofstetter Willy , Ganz Reinhold , Leunig Michael
Published: September 2010

Objective

To determine the prevalence of cam‐type deformities on hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young males.

Methods

This was a population‐based cross‐sectional study in young asymptomatic male individuals who underwent clinical examination and completed a self‐report questionnaire. A random sample of participants was invited for MRI of the hip. We graded the maximal offset at the femoral head–neck junction on radial sequences using grades from 0 to 3, where 0 = normal, 1 = possible, 2 = definite, and 3 = severe deformity. The prespecified main analyses were based on definite cam‐type deformity grades 2 or 3. We estimated the prevalence of the cam‐type deformity adjusted for the sampling process overall and according to the extent of internal rotation. Then we determined the location of the deformity on radial MRI sequences.

Results

A total of 1,080 subjects were included in the study and 244 asymptomatic males with a mean age of 19.9 years attended MRI. Sixty‐seven definite cam‐type deformities were detected. The adjusted overall prevalence was 24% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 19–30%). The prevalence increased with decreasing internal rotation (P < 0.001 for trend). Among those with a clinically decreased internal rotation of <30°, the estimated prevalence was 48% (95% CI 37–59%). Sixty‐one of 67 cam‐type deformities were located in an anterosuperior position.

Conclusion

Cam‐type deformities can be found on MRI in every fourth young asymptomatic male individual and in every second male with decreased internal rotation. The majority of deformities are located in an anterosuperior position.
Reaching those most in need: A scoping review of interventions to improve health care quality for disadvantaged populations with osteoarthritis
Authors: Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Wieland Mark L. , Myasoedova Elena , Ahmad Zareen , Welch Vivian , Hawker Gillian A. , Li Linda C. , Buchbinder Rachelle , Ueffing Erin , Beaton Dorcas , Cardiel Mario H. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Guillemin Francis , Adebajo Ade O. , Bombardier Claire , Hajjaj‐Hassouni Najia , Tugwell Peter
Published: September 2010

Objective

To conduct a systematic review to identify and describe the scope and nature of the research evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in the care of disadvantaged populations with osteoarthritis (OA) as an example of a common chronic disease.

Methods

We searched electronic databases from 1950 through February 2010 and grey literature for relevant articles using any study design. Studies with interventions designed explicitly to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in the care of disadvantaged adult populations with OA and including an evaluation were eligible. We used the PROGRESS‐Plus framework to identify disadvantaged population subgroups.

Results

Of 4,701 citations identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Eight were community based and 6 targeted race/ethnicity/culture. All 10 studies evaluated interventions aimed at people with OA; 2 studies also targeted the health care system. No studies targeted health care providers. Nine of 10 studies evaluated arthritis self‐management interventions; all showed some benefit. Only 1 study compared the difference in effect between the PROGRESS‐Plus disadvantaged population and the relevant comparator group.

Conclusion

There are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve health care quality in disadvantaged populations with OA. Further research is needed to evaluate interventions aimed at health care providers and the health care system, as well as other patient‐level interventions. Gap intervention research is also needed to evaluate whether interventions are effective in reducing documented health care inequities.
Synthesis of Nonwoven Nanofibers by Electrospinning – A Promising Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery
Authors: Naveen N. , Kumar R. , Balaji S. , Uma T.S. , Natrajan T.S. , Sehgal P.K.
Published: September 2010

PHB nanofibers are synthesized by electrospinning of a PHB solution prepared using HFIP as the solvent. The nanofibrous scaffold supports rapid cell growth with normal morphology and attains a viability of 87% after 48 h. Kanamycin sulphate‐loaded PHB nanofiber mats are synthesized, with the antibiotic on the surface and sandwiched within the nanofiber mats: their antimicrobial property is proved by the good zone of inhibition tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The drug shows more than 95% release within 8 h. These results indicate that nanofibers loaded with the antibiotic have potential applications as a template for tissue engineering and as a drug carrier.
Size Independent Shape Memory Behavior of Nickel–Titanium
Authors: Clark Blythe G. , Gianola Daniel S. , Kraft Oliver , Frick Carl P.
Published: September 2010

While shape memory alloys such as NiTi have strong potential as active materials in many small‐scale applications, much is still unknown about their shape memory and deformation behavior as size scale is reduced. This paper reports on two sets of experiments which shed light onto an inconsistent body of research regarding the behavior of NiTi at the nano‐ to microscale. In situ SEM pillar bending experiments directly show that the shape memory behavior of NiTi is still present for pillar diameters as small as 200 nm. Uniaxial pillar compression experiments demonstrate that plasticity of the phase transformation in NiTi is size independent and, in contrast to bulk single crystal observations, is not influenced by heat treatment (i.e., precipitate structure).
Bulk Nanostructured Functional Materials By Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Zehetbauer Michael , Grössinger Roland , Krenn Heinz , Krystian Maciej , Pippan Reinhard , Rogl Peter , Waitz Thomas , Würschum Roland
Published: September 2010

Since severe plastic deformation (SPD) has demonstrated its capability of producing bulk nanomaterials with highly advanced mechanical properties, research is increasingly focusing on the question as to whether functional nanomaterials can be achieved by SPD and in bulk shape, too. This paper presents promising results of reaching functional properties in SPD‐processed bulk nanocrystalline magnetic alloys, bulk shape memory nanoalloys, as well as nanometals and alloys for hydrogen storage, and also reports on problems with other functional properties, like those of thermoelectricity, occurring in non‐metallic nanomaterials.
Low Temperature Fabrication of β‐TCP–PCL Nanocomposites for Bone Implants
Authors: Bernstein Michael , Gotman Irena , Makarov Carina , Phadke A. , Radin Shulmit , Ducheyne Paul , Gutmanas Elazar Y.
Published: September 2010

A method to fabricate strong bioresorbable calcium phosphate–polymer nanocomposites with low polymer content without exposing the material to excessively high‐processing temperatures is reported. Dense β‐TCP‐based nanocomposites containing 5 or 15 vol% of uniformly distributed polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer were obtained by mixing β‐TCP nanopowder with PCL dissolved in chloroform followed by room temperature consolidation at the high pressure of 2.5 GPa (cold sintering). The composites had an attractive combination of compressive strength and ductility, and their dissolution behavior was similar to that of pure cold sintered β‐TCP. The immersion of β‐TCP–PCL composites in simulated body fluid (SBF) yielded in vitro deposition of a bone‐like apatite layer suggesting the ability of these materials to bind to native bone tissue upon implantation.
Large‐Scale Highly Ordered Chitosan‐Core Au‐Shell Nanopatterns with Plasmonic Tunability: A Top‐Down Approach to Fabricate Core–Shell Nanostructures
Authors: Baek Youn‐Kyoung , Yoo Seung Min , Kang Taejoon , Jeon Hwan‐Jin , Kim Kyounghwan , Lee Ji‐Sun , Lee Sang Yup , Kim Bongsoo , Jung Hee‐Tae
Published: September 2010

A new strategy for fabricating highly ordered chitosan–Au core–shell nano­patterns with tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties is developed. This strategy combines fabrication of a chitosan nanopattern by using a soft‐nanoimprint technique with selective deposition of Au nanoparticles onto the patterned chitosan surface. The SPR response can be tuned by controlling the features of the resulting Au shell/polymer hybrid pattern, which makes these materials potentially useful in ultrasensitive optical sensors for molecular detection.
Recent Developments in Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Shufen , Deng Lingling , Xie Jun , Peng Ling , Xie Linghai , Fan Quli , Huang Wei
Published: September 2010

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have rapidly progressed in recent years due to their unique characteristics and potential applications in flat panel displays. Significant advancements in top‐emitting OLEDs have driven the development of large‐size screens and microdisplays with high resolution and large aperture ratio. After a brief introduction to the architecture and types of top‐emitting OLEDs, the microcavity theory typically used in top‐emitting OLEDs is described in detail here. Then, methods for producing and understanding monochromatic (red, green, and blue) and white top‐emitting OLEDs are summarized and discussed. Finally, the status of display development based on top‐emitting OLEDs is briefly addressed.
Laminar flow with injection through a long dead‐end cylindrical porous tube: Application to a hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Kim Albert S. , Lee Yong Taek
Published: September 2010

Effects of membrane length and hydraulic resistance on the steady‐state laminar flow of a fluid with injection in a dead‐end cylindrical porous tube have been investigated using the perturbation approach of the Navier‐Stokes and continuity equations. Analytic solutions of the dynamic equations, reduced to non linear differential equations, were obtained and applied to submerged, dead‐end hollow fiber membranes of large resistances and small wall Reynolds numbers. The velocity and pressure profiles were solved using the method of separation of variables as with physical properties of the membrane and fluid and the wall velocity at the dead end. The constant flux approximation was found to be valid only for a short membrane with a large hydraulic resistance. The constant permeability approximation used in this study is universal for a membrane of an arbitrary length, through which the fluid velocities and pressure increase exponentially from the dead end to the open end. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Effect of rapid mold surface inducting heating on the replication ability of microinjection molding light‐guided plates with V‐grooved microfeatures
Authors: Huang Ming‐Shyan , Yu Jyh‐Cheng , Lin Ying‐Zhi
Published: September 2010

This study applies a magnetic induction heating method for rapid and uniform heating of a mold surface for injection molding of 2‐inch light‐guided plates (LGPs). Mold temperature is an important process parameter that affects microinjection molding quality. This research investigates the effects of high‐mold surface temperature generated by induction heating in enhancing the replication rate of microfeatures of LGPs. This study has three stages. First, an appropriate power rate setting is determined for induction heating and injection molding process window. Second, all key parameters affecting microfeature quality are identified to determine the optimum LGP micromolding parameters using the Taguchi and ANOVA methods. Third, the quality of microfeature heights and angles are experimentally verified. Polymethyl methacrylate was molded under various injection molding conditions to replicate an electroformed nickel stamper with V‐grooves 10 μm in width and 5 μm in depth. In this investigation, injection speed was set in the conventional range. Experimental findings indicate that instead of high‐mold temperature, the combination of low mold temperature and high surface temperature obtained using induction heating improve replication quality and reduce cycle time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Craniosynostosis and nutrient intake during pregnancy
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Lammer Edward J. , Ma Chen , Shaw Gary M. ,   and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of craniosynostosis with maternal intake of folic acid–containing supplements and dietary nutrients. METHODS: The study included deliveries from 1997 to 2005 from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Nonsyndromic infants with craniosynostosis (n = 815) were compared to nonmalformed, population‐based liveborn control infants (n = 6789), by estimating adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression models that included mother's age, parity, race‐ethnicity, education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, fertility treatments, plurality, and study center. We compared quartiles of intake and specified nutrients as continuous. RESULTS: Intake of folic acid–containing supplements was not associated with craniosynostosis (AORs were close to 1). Analyses of dietary nutrients were restricted to mothers who took supplements during the first trimester (i.e., most women). Based on continuous specifications of nutrients, sagittal synostosis risk was significantly lower among women with higher intake of riboflavin and vitamins B6, E, and C; metopic synostosis risk was significantly higher among women with higher intakes of choline and vitamin B12; and coronal synostosis risk was significantly lower among women with higher intake of methionine and vitamin C. As examples, AORs for sagittal synostosis among women with intakes of vitamin B6 and riboflavin in the highest versus lowest quartiles were 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2–0.6) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.7), respectively. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that dietary intake of certain nutrients may be associated with craniosynostosis, and results may vary by suture type. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of repeated exposure to fearful and disgusting stimuli among spider phobics
Authors: Choplin Christine E. , Carter Michele M.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the role of fear and disgust in repeated exposure among spider phobics. Thirty spider phobics were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Both groups completed measures of fear and disgust and performed two initial standardized Behavioral Avoidance Tests (BATs; one with a fear stimulus – live tarantula, and one with a disgust stimulus – dead rat). One group was then repeatedly exposed to the tarantula and the other to the dead rat. Results of the study indicated that exposure to either the disgust stimulus or the live tarantula was associated with significant decreases in fear, avoidance, and disgust. However, it was found that repeated exposure to the fear stimulus produced a greater decrease in avoidance behavior. Results suggest that both types of exposure can be effective in alleviating associated symptoms and provide additional evidence that disgust sensitivity plays a role in the treatment of spider phobia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescence determination of antioxidant property of Zizyphus mistol and Prosopis alba during oxidative stress generated in blood by Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome‐producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Albrecht Claudia , Pellarin María G. , Baronetti José , Rojas María J. , Albesa Inés , Eraso Alberto J.
Published: September 2010

This study was undertaken to elucidate the antioxidant effect of Zizyphus mistol and Prosopis alba, with the hypothesis that these fruits can counteract the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by toxins produced by Escherichia coli. In the search of nutrients effective against the Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), we detected by chemiluminescence a protective role of both plants, due to their natural antioxidants significantly decreasing the levels of ROS induced by toxins from E. coli in blood. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was found to be higher in Z. mistol than in P. alba. The chemical analyses of the phenols and flavonoids present in the fruit extracts indicated that the FRAP correlated with the amount of phenolic compounds, but not with the flavonoids analyzed. Both fruits studied reduce the induction of ROS, and in this way help to prevent the development of complications related to oxidative stress generated in the blood of patients with HUS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of CHO host cell subclones with increased specific antibody production rates by repeated cycles of transient transfection and cell sorting
Authors: Pichler Johannes , Galosy Sybille , Mott John , Borth Nicole
Published: September 2010

Optimization of host cell lines both for transient and stable protein production is typically hampered by the inherent heterogeneity of cells within a population. This heterogeneity is caused not only by “hard fact” gene mutations, but also by subtle differences in the cellular network of regulation, which may include epigenetic variations. Taking advantage of this heterogeneity, we sorted for naturally occurring variants of CHO‐K1 and CHO‐S host cells that possess an improved cellular machinery for transient antibody production. The long‐term goal of this study was both to identify host cells that yield recombinant cell lines with on average higher productivity, but also to study the molecular differences that characterize such cells, independent of the site of gene integration or gene amplification. To identify such cells we optimized the procedure for transient transfection by electroporation to a degree that gave uniform transfer of plasmid DNA into nearly 100% of the cells and resulted in reproducible average productivities, with a standard deviation of 16% between independent experiments. Using this optimized protocol, the 1% of cells with the highest specific productivity was sorted and subcloned with a cold capture secretion assay. Upon re‐transfection, the resulting subclones showed the same specific productivity as their respective parental cell line. To enrich for cells with potentially stable improved properties, the 1% highest producers were sorted three times, 2 days after transient transfection each, and the enriched population was again sorted into microtiter plates for subcloning. For each of the two parental cell lines tested, three subclones were obtained that had a threefold higher specific productivity after transient transfection. This property was stable for approximately 3 months, indicating that the changes in productivity were regulatory and not mutational. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 386–394. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excitation Mechanism for the Atomic Oxygen and OH Emissions in the Night Airglow
Authors: Schiff H. I.
Published: September 2010

The detailed mechanisms for excitation of all the night glow emissions remain very much in doubt. The green atomic oxygen line appears to be excited by a modification of the Chapman mechanism, although recent laboratory studies still show some inconsistent features. The red atomic oxygen line most likely results from the atomic exchange reaction between 0+ ions and either N2 or O2. However, comparison of laboratory measurements and airglow observations suggests these reactions have low pre‐exponential factors. Recent laboratory measurements and Nicolet's estimate of the H‐atom concentration at 85 km indicate that the reaction between H‐atoms and ozone remains the most attractive process for excitation of the OH emission. It is shown that the mechanisms suggested by Krassovsky are not as likely as the H — O3 process.