bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escape from Psychiatrization: A Statistical Analysis of Referrals to a Forensic Unit
Authors: Palermo George B. , Gumz Edward J. , Smith Maurice B. , Liska Frank J.
Published: March 2007

The authors offer a pertinent review of statistical studies concerning the psychiatric disorders in jail populations and present their statistical analysis of a group of 272 mentally ill inmates seen for competency evaluation at the Milwaukee County Mental Health Forensic Unit during a period of three years. The mentally ill pseudo-offenders have been divided by type of offense and typology of mental disorder using the DSM-III-R diagnostic manual. The discussion of the results of this study reveals, and statistically supports, the presence of the mentally ill in the Milwaukee County Jail and, by sound generalization, in other United States jails. Chronic schizophrenics and psychopathic drug abusers are highly represented. The authors' critical analysis points to the possibility of a new trend among mentally ill inmates: escapism from psychiatrization. They argue that the pseudo-offenders, inheritance of deinstitutionalization and the present day social climate, should be offered proper psychiatric-legal assessment, and treatment when necessary. Social factors leading to the criminalization of the mentally ill are offered. Suggestions are given to rectify the de facto revolving door situation by which society unintentionally victimizes mentally ill offenders.
Staff-to-Inmates Relations in a Total Institution: A Model of Five Modes of Association
Authors: Ben-David Sarah
Published: March 2007

The findings presented in the following paper suggest that contrary to Goffman's description of staff-inmate relations in total institutions, the social relations between prison staff members and prisoners are diverse and not necessarily fixed and/or hostile. The paper describes five relationship prototypes ranging from the Punitive Relations Prototype to the Integrative Relation Prototype. The prototypes are measured by staff perception of the inmates; orientation of the relationship; relation's model; and social distance. The findings were gathered and confirmed by three phases of research: participant observation; staff questionnaire; and inmate interviews.
Nigerian Crime Networks in the United States
Authors: Jones Mark
Published: March 2007

This article discusses a relatively new phenomenon in international organized crime, Nigerian crime networks. The criminal activities of some Nigerians have been the focus of law enforcement efforts on several continents, including Africa, Asia, and North America. Within the international community, heroin smuggling andfraud have been the primary crimes of concern. This article describes the activities of Nigerian crime networks in the United States. The second portion of the paper, relying primarily on the academic writings of Nigerian scholars, suggests some etiological origins of these activities. Finally, the article offers suggestions on how to deal with this emerging problem.
Death by Inmate: Multiple Murder in a Maximum Security Prison
Authors: Palermo George B. , Palermo Mark T. , Simpson Douglas J.
Published: March 2007

The authors report the killing of two inmates by a third inmate in a maximum security prison in the State of Wisconsin. All three had been sentenced to life imprisonmentfor murder, and one was a notorious serial killer. They touch on the variables ofjail/prison overcrowding, the psychosocial traits andpsychopathology of inmates, and theirethnicityas potentialfactors in violent crimes. They conclude that the selection of inmate housing should take into consideration the past history the personality, and the possible psychopathology of the inmate.
The Trouble with American Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Colbach Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty with training programs and board recognition. The cornerstone of the field is expert testimony on subjects ranging from criminal responsibility to work stress to malpractice. In the adversary system, however, the impartial expert may well be a myth. By not paying enough attention to the problems of being truly objective in court, forensic psychiatrists encourage the hired gun label and risk making a mockery of their subspecialty. Solutions first demand ongoing recognition and focus on the problem by organizations and training programs. Giving up the idea of being impartial and openly becoming debaters committed to whatever issue is at hand is one possibility. Other solutions are also discussed. Giving up the work is one form of protest.
An Evaluation of the Implementation of a Specialized Treatment of Sexual Offenders Program
Authors: Hageman John T. , Sigler Robert T.
Published: March 2007

The implementation process of a treatment program for sexual offenders was assessed using models developed by Lewis and by McLaughin and Provus. The program successfully adapted to its environment and appears to be successful in accomplishing its goals; however, long-term viability is threatened by the lack of an effective strategy for long-term financing.
Book Review : A Review of Ernest Mandel's Late Capitalism
Authors: Clawson Patrick , Clawson Patrick
Published: March 2007

Late Capitalism, Ernest Mandel's latest and most rigorous work, makes a substantial contribution towards analyzing the dynamics of monopoly capitalism Mandel draws attention to the importance of the distinction between "many capitals" and "social capital " While Mandel begins by rejecting left Keynesianism, he unfortunately reverts in the latter part of Late Capitalism to his earlier underconsumptionism and general equilibrianism His discussion of the "realization problem" ignores capital's nature as self-expanding value Besides its left Keynesiamsm, the other major shortcoming ofLate Capitalism is its view of technol ogical change. The theory of capital accumulation is based on clusters of technological innovations which fall from the sky to spark "long waves" of expan sion. The underlying conception of technology as neutral in the class struggle is characterized as revisionist
Dependency, Marxist Theory, and Salvaging the Idea of Capitalism in South Korea
Authors: Barone Charles E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a critique of dependency theorists' claim that South Korea has been unable to successfully develop capitalism. My major contention is that South Korea has experienced successful captialist industrialization while at the same time being dependent on foreign capital. The first part of the paper provided empirical proof of the fallacy of the dependency claim. In the second part the shortcomings of dependency theory are discussed showing the inadequacy of such theory to an understanding of Korea or the rise of capitalism in general. The third part of the paper survey's Korea's history from within a more explicitly Marxist framework showing present-day Korea to be the product of the complex interplay of class and other historical forces.
From Hoes to Hoes: State Policy, Agricultural Mechanization, and Women's Work Under Central Planning
Authors: Meurs Mieke
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I reexamine the finding that the collectivization of agriculture in Eastern Europe resulted in its feminization. Using Bulgarian data, I find that, despite an increase in women's formal labor force participation, women remained concentrated in the least-mechanized, low-wage jobs. I argue that the Bulgarian state did little to break the pattern of women's responsibility for household labor and weak income opportunities. Despite its claim of promoting gender equality, the Bulgarian state incorporated women's subordinate role into a development strategy based on the extraction of surplus from agriculture.
Marxian Theories of Value-Form
Authors: Likitkijsomboon Pichit
Published: March 2007

In his value-form theory, Marx employs the paired categories of use-value and value, concrete labor and abstract labor, individual labor and social labor, the value-substance and value-form, the equivalent form and the relative form in the conceptual transition from the commodity to money, integrating both social and quantitative aspects of value. Modern theories of value-form, claiming to "reconstruct" Marx's theory, tend to collapse these paired categories into mystified concepts of pure form without content, abstract money imposed from without, and understate or banish the quantitative aspect of Marx's theory. These writers have in fact constructed alternative theories different from Marx's. Marx's value-form theory also gives rise to certain logical implications on the current solutions to the transformation problem and points to further studies on the capital-form and capitalist crises.
Fragile Boundaries: A Group-Analytic Experience with Secretaries
Authors: Rohr Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

In an experiential group-analytic group with women secretaries from various counselling services in the Frankfurt area, the typical secretarial working condition and the setting of the counselling service were reproduced and mirrored. Through the slow emergence of fears, anxieties and mutual mistrust in the group the members' hidden structural conflict became obvious and could in part be worked through.
Glimpses of Projective Identification in Inpatient Groups and in Life
Authors: Rafaelsen Lise
Published: March 2007

Projective identification is a fashionable concept. `We see it here, we see it there, we see it everywhere', just like the Scarlet Pimpernel during the French Revolution. However, in spite of its elusiveness it is one of the few concepts that describes and catches the process in and the relationship between the intrapsychic and the interpersonal.
Training Student Counsellors: The Hidden Agenda
Authors: Smith Basil
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an attempt to address the deep unconscious concerns of a group of university students on an intensive residential one-year Diploma/MA Course in Counselling. The work gives some support to the idea that there are unconscious preoccupations in all such training groups that can inhibit the effectiveness of the course.
Working with Schizophrenics Individually and in Groups: Understanding the Psychotic Process
Authors: Sandison Ronald
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to further our dynamic understanding of schizophrenia through its literature and the therapeutic insights gained from individual and group psychotherapy. A method of conducting group analysis with psychotics using several conductors is described. The author's experience with a schizophrenic patient in individual therapy is compared with that of the group as experienced by one member of that group. A case is made for preferring group methods to individual therapy.
Dreams as Defence and Coping Strategies in Group Analysis
Authors: Rauchfleisch Udo
Published: March 2007

Group dreams reflect not only the individual psychodynamics of the dreamer, but articulate a problem that concerns the group as a whole. Working with this material in psychoanalytic groups can give the dreamer and the group a message about individual and collective defences and can also lead to coping strategies which are used to solve situations of conflict and tension in a more mature way.
Self Psychology and the Higher Mental Functioning Hypothesis: Complementary Theories
Authors: Stone Walter N.
Published: March 2007

Self Psychology and the Higher Mental Functioning hypothesis emphasize positive aspects of patients' efforts to stabilize defective (unstable) functioning and begin growth. The theories overlap and their application increases clinical awareness of transactions within the treatment setting. Clinical examples are presented from psycho-therapy groups that illustrate applications, advantages and problems of the two theoretical approaches.
Group Analysis and the Self: The Political-Environmental-Transpersonal
Authors: Maria Franco Di , Lavanco Gioacchino
Published: March 2007

In this paper the authors try to put the basis for a new sense of group analysis, meant as the psychology of the field and the future, able to unblock saturated sets of meanings. Their work with groups has shown that there is a time in the group analytic process in which the individual explores the possibility of changeover. That time is also the space for the foundation of a new Self: the space for the difference, the space for the fight for giving and receiving'.
Interpersonal Conflict Management in Group Psychotherapy: An Integrative Perspective
Authors: Kellermann Peter Felix
Published: March 2007

The author presents an integrative approach to understanding and managing interpersonal conflicts that can be applied both to intragroup conflicts in psychotherapy groups and to the marital and organizational environment within either a psychoanalytical or an action-orientated framework. Four levels of intervention approaches are reviewed, including their underlying theoretical assumptions. At the first `emotional' level of conflict-management, group leaders focus on the expression of pent-up hostility. At the second `intrapsychic' level, they focus on the correction of perceptual distortions in one or both of the antagonists. At the third `interpersonal' level, leaders focus on disturbances of interaction and communication between two antagonists and at the fourth `group-as-a-whole' level, they focus on global group dynamic factors that seem to be influencing the conflict. Perspectives that focus solely on one level are seen as limited and incomplete.
Group Therapy and Phobic-Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Migliorati Piergiacomo
Published: March 2007

Group therapy is particularly valuable in the treatment of phobic obsessional neurosis, connecting both psychoanalytical and behavioural approaches. In group sessions it is possible to find a counterphobic situation but also to encourage, under control, a deep regression of the patient toward the most archaic levels of the psyche: that is, to lead him or her inside the symptom emerging from the problem of birth and death, where all phobias are in fact rooted. To demonstrate this assumption we consider dreams shared during group therapy by a woman suffering from phobic symptoms.
Group Therapy within the NHS IV. Organizational Mourning: Post-Fire Trauma in a Psychotherapy Service
Authors: Prodgers Alan
Published: March 2007

The first stage of organizational mourning is said to involve numbness, panic and disorientation. A retrospective study of a psychotherapy service where fire had completely disrupted the organization suggests that this initial period is also characterized by a need for survival and the search for psychic space, identity and coherence, which would allow further mourning to occur
Rousseau's Social Contract and the Functional Integrity of the Group-As-A-Whole
Authors: Ettin Mark F
Published: March 2007

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory considered how individuals might be governed as a group without losing their rights as individuals. He speculated about what type of group process would support individual freedom and hypothesized about the formulation of a `general will' to account for the uniformity of belief and action by which a political body charts a common course. Support for the autonomy of individuals and the functional integrity of the group-as-a-whole is also critical to the work of group psychotherapy. This article uses Rousseau's ideas to examine how the group-as-a-whole configures in order to express its general will, what channels of expression are open to members within the body politic, and the nature of the relationship between leaders and followers within the social and therapeutic contract.
The Deadly Embrace: An Approach to Abusive Relationships
Authors: Green Roberta
Published: March 2007

Many of the patients referred to NHS groups are involved in abusive relationships. This article seeks to examine the nature of such relationships through the literature of psychoanalysis and psycho-therapy and to put forward the proposal that heterogeneous groups provide a good opportunity to look at making changes in such relationships.
Bounded Instability, Group Analysis and the Matrix: Organizations under Stress
Authors: Blackwell Dick
Published: March 2007

In times of rapid change and uncertainty in many organizations, there is potential for both chaos and creativity. Much depends on the way that the anxiety generated by such instability is managed. Group analysis offers a model for counteracting regressive tendencies which lead to rigidity and chaos, by promoting communication and dialogue, so as to use anxiety as a source of creativity.
From Demand to Desire: What do We Offer when We Offer Group-Analytic Training?
Authors: Nitzgen Dieter
Published: March 2007

What is offered in group-analytic training? The tentative answer is twofold. It is argued that by changing verbal communication in the group into a free-floating group discussion' Foulkes developed a consistent method for getting access to unconscious processes in groups, a method that is different from classical psychoanalysis. Implicitly, this approach is conceived of as ethical in nature, recognizing individual associations as interpretations valuable to the whole of the group. Referring to Lacan, this mode of access to unconscious processes is characterized as the step from `demand' to `desire'. The possible consequences of these assumptions in group-anayltic training institutions are discussed and a suggestion is made to include a large group experience of the training institution as a whole as an integral part of the training process.
Effective ways of handling work events in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Smith Peter B. , Kruzela Pavla , Groblewska Beata , Halasova Daniela , Pop Dana , Czegledi Reka , Tsvetanova Sevda
Published: March 2007

Five hundred and sixty-one managers in Central and Eastern Europe were asked how much they relied on each of eight sources of guidance in handling eight relatively routine work events. A previous study indicated particularly strong reliance on one's own experience and training in the Czech Republic and Hungary. Managers from Poland and Slovakia relied more on superiors, while in Romania and Bulgaria proportionally greater account was taken of “beliefs that are widespread in my country as to what is right”. These analyses are extended by examining respondents' ratings of how well each work event was handled. Overall, most events were seen as best handled on the basis of one's own experience and training. However, substantial divergences between the more northerly and more southerly nations were again found, and these are discussed in terms of locally differing circumstances.
The formation of the elites in São Paulo
Authors: Almedia Ana Maria F.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the educational system's contribution to the creation and reproduction of social hierarchies in Brazil. Drawing on Weber's and Bourdieu's works, it reports the findings of research on the secondary school experiences of the elites in São Paulo. The economic dimension of the Brazilian student's social origin carries special weight in the determination of his or her schooling path. Private, expensive schools nearly monopolize the preparation of students to enter the most prestigious university courses. Financial prosperity is not sufficient, however. In order to obtain the necessary diplomas, students are subjected to strict school requirements, imposed by the public universities' entry exams. The Brazilian educational system has a legitimizing power due to a capacity to present itself as transmitting a stock of knowledge deemed necessary for occupying many of the privileged positions. At the same time, it contributes to the creation and reproduction of social differences by inculcating the students with dispositions typical of specific social groups.
Work-life Balance: the Case of Sweden in the 1990s
Authors: Johansson Gunn
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of Swedish conditions with regard to work-life balance in the 1990s. This decade was characterized by high unemployment, increasing frequency of insecure employment contracts and downsizing, but also by increasing productivity. National statistics and scientific surveys indicate that large groups of the Swedish labour force experienced increasing work-load and intensification of work routines. At the end of the decade national costs of long-term sick leave doubled in two years. Two empirical studies performed with a stress and health approach are reported. Results show that a majority of workers experienced work-nonwork im balance, rather than balance. Work tended to interfere with nonwork activities rather than impact in the opposite direction, and individuals reporting work-nonwork balance reported better health and well-being than those reporting imbalance.
Social memory, social creativity and collective subjectivity
Authors: Domingues José Maurício
Published: March 2007

Social memory and social creativity are the two processes whereby social systems are reproduced and change without teleology. Social memory, with its ideal features but also its material embodiments, must have the collective dimension brought out, without detriment to the shifting and personalized ways with which individuals deal with it. It provides the patterns for the structuring of social life in the hermeneutic-cognitive and in the material, as well as in the space-time dimension. Social creativity is responsible for the introduction of innovations in daily life and in history. Creativity is to a great extent rooted in the fluid unconscious of individuals, but demands rational thinking to achieve greater impact upon social life. Immersed in undetermined social interactions, individual action is mediated by variably (de)centred collective subjectivities that possess a specific property, namely collective causality. Social creativity thus develops in both the individual and the collective dimensions.
Trust but verify: social capital and moral behavior
Authors: Uslaner Eric M.
Published: March 2007

Rational choice approaches suggest that decisions to behave morally depend largely on how people expect others to act. A social capital approach suggests that moral codes, rather than expectations of others, lead people to endorse strong standards of moral behavior. Using the 1981 World Values Study in the United States, I find strong support for the social capital perspective and at best limited backing for the rational choice approach in explaining why people endorse strong standards of moral behavior. Core values such as religion and trust in others, together with a belief that one adheres to the Ten Commandments, lead people to abjure a wide range of “immoral” acts from lying to buying stolen goods and claiming government benefits unfairly.
Spengler's Theory of Civilization
Authors: Farrenkopf John
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of Oswald Spengler's theory of civilization based upon his `first' and `second' philosophies of history. The `late' Spengler left behind his more aesthetic and historicist understanding of civilization, turning to philosophical anthropology. Spengler lost confidence that a new great culture would someday emerge. While Samuel Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations argues that civilizational pluralism is growing and anticipates a non-Western civilization eventually succeeding a West in decline, dialog with Spengler suggests otherwise.
Sites of Lost Memory: Malika Mokeddem and the Necessity of Writing
Authors: Reiss Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

The Algerian writer Malika Mokeddem embeds her novels in the geography of a desert that belongs ever more to the past of the nomadic immediate ancestors of her main characters. Object of nostalgic yearning, this desert past and the nomads peopling it also necessitate flight, especially for women, trapped there in a patriarchal culture and society whose violence has been perpetuated into that of contemporary Algeria - also often aimed against women. Besides a few strong older women able to take advantage of their age and status to help their juniors, these novels principally set on stage young women or girls whose accidental or perilously self-willed access to education and - above all, writing - frees them from binding traditions even while, for most, such writing is akin to the nomadic traveling of their ancestors (as `writing' on the desert's very body). Even so, because it is a revolt against such traditions, their writing is the site and actuality of fraught struggle and pushes them into the `nomadism' of literal exile, across seas themselves often envisaged as wider deserts.
The Left After May 1968 and the Longing for Total Revolution
Authors: Boltanski Luc
Published: March 2007

In various European countries, the relation between `the left' and `the right' presents itself today in paradoxical form: the attenuation of the differences at the level of policy making is accompanied by the persistence, if not even strengthening, of the polarisation in terms of verbal position taking and of partisan self-description. To understand this situation, one needs to return to that which constitutes the ideological core of the opposition between left and right. The left remains marked, though not necessarily in an explicit fashion, by the heritage of the quest for `total revolution'. Such quest presupposes a radical critique of the world in the form in which it presents itself, namely as an obstacle to the full realisation of humanity. In this sense, the left is intrinsically connected to critique, and left and right stand opposed to each other in the same way that critique is opposed to celebration. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, the critique of the left was elaborated in particular in the form of a social critique of capitalism. Since the 1970s and 1980s, and since the end of communism in particular, the theme of total revolution, however, dissociates itself more and more from the idea of social revolution to focus instead on the idea of sexual revolution. Certain problems that the left encounters today stem from the fact that it amalgamates two highly different kinds of expectation and of critiques. On the one hand, there are the social concerns and the critiques of capitalism, which, however, are no longer oriented towards total revolution. On the other hand, there are expectations that are still turned towards total revolution, but have been shifted towards the exigency of a revolution in the order of reproduction and of sexuality and, thus, have dissociated themselves from the critique of capitalism.
The 20th Century: the End or a Beginning?
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: March 2007

Contrary to its heaping disasters, various actors and interpreters viewed the 20th century as the century of progress. This was as true of certain Marxists, or communists, as it was of Americanists such as Parsons. The temptation was to view the century, even in progress, as result, to view change as the precondition rather than as the process. Capitalism and modernity live on, rather, in the permanent revolution of liquid modernity. Capitalist, or at least liberal-democratic, and socialist utopias nevertheless behaved as though perpetual peace was possible, if not impending. Uncertainty and contingency reigned in everyday life, if not in intellectual or progressive culture. Only now does the serpent again have its tail in its mouth.
The Spaces of Poverty: Zygmunt Bauman `After' Jeremy Seabrook
Authors: Hogan Trevor
Published: March 2007

The poor might always be with us but neither in ways that we imagine them nor in circumstances of their own choosing. Poverty (and its subject class, the poor) has been a persistent presence in the modern social sciences - both as ethical shadow and methodological stimulus. Throughout his self-described career as `professional storyteller of the contemporary human condition', Bauman's hermeneutical, dialectical and anthropological foci and modus operandi are impressively consistent, none more so than in his reflections on the problem of poverty. An important stimulant to Bauman's ruminations on the new poor has been the work of Jeremy Seabrook and not only because Seabrook's primary foci have been the symbiotic and dialectical relationships in the production of poverty and wealth in his chronicles of the poor in contemporary capitalism, in Europe and Asia. Indeed, it is arguable that Seabrook's own vocation as freelance journalist is emblematic of the kind of sociology Bauman exhorts the salaried members of the academy to embrace for now. This article traces the lineaments of the biographical parallels, intellectual resonances and methodological (or at least epistemological) affinities shared between Seabrook and Bauman so as to tease out what a sociology of the new poor looks like in the hands of Bauman after Seabrook.
Primordial Home, Elusive Home
Authors: Leontis Artemis
Published: March 2007

This article builds on a developing interdisciplinary discussion of home. It studies two 20th-century texts in counterpoint: political philosopher Agnes Heller's essay, `Where Are We at Home,' and novelist Melpo Axioti's My Home, a nostalgic recollection of life on Mykonos. Heller contrasts the elusive, self-appointed geography of postmodern living with a traditional view of primordial dwelling, a non-transient way of dwelling that gave to Earth a commitment stretching from ancestral past to a distant future. That experience is all but lost today, Heller muses as she surveys the horizon for space-bound alternatives to today's geographic promiscuity. The closing paragraph of her essay, which settles inconclusively on a Mediterranean landscape, opens a portal to My Home, the work of another political exile deprived of nationality and citizenship during the Cold War. Axioti's postmodern novel juxtaposes native stories of a transient life on Mykonos with the modern developer's efforts to discover firm foundations for building and an exile's wish to recover solid memories of home. Between those perspectives, Mykonos comes alive as a different type of home, in which obligation forms a bridge between presence and absence. The article closes by inquiring whether a thoughtful look at fragile Mediterranean worlds might reintroduce the idea of obligation to postmodern conceptions of home.
Change in Job Values During the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: JOHNSON MONICA KIRKPATRICK
Published: March 2007

This panel study of young people in the United States addresses a set of interrelated questions on how job values change during the transition to adulthood, including whether the gender differences in job values apparent in adolescence persist across the transition to adulthood, and whether young men's and women's job values change in similar ways. The findings indicate that there is a good deal of instability in job values during this stage of the life course, as young people make the transition from student to adult worker. Gender differences in job values narrow in the process, though do not disappear. For both males and females, job values change in response to the attainment of valued rewards, and not in response to their family roles.
The “Overtime Culture” in a Global Corporation
Authors: WHARTON AMY S. , BLAIR-LOY MARY
Published: March 2007

This article uses a multilevel model to study financial professionals' expressed interest in working part-time. The sample includes 260 financial professionals in the United States, Hong Kong, and Great Britain who do similar work for one division of one multinational company headquartered in the United States. The authors find that the hours worked are similarly long across countries. Critical constituents, that is, employees with family responsibilities, are most likely to be interested in part-time work. Even net of critical constituency, however, Hong Kong finance professionals are much more likely than their American and British counterparts to be interested in reduced-hour arrangements. American finance professionals are least likely to express interest in working part-time, suggesting a strongly American emphasis on a culture of overtime in this U.S.-headquartered global company.
The Two-Person Career
Authors: Taylor Mary G. , Hartley Shirley Foster
Published: March 2007

After fitting the Protestant ministry to a model of Papanek's "two-person career, " this paper utilizes data from a survey of 448 ministers' wives to examine hypotheses relating to some of Papanek's contentions. As expected, respondents showed a high acceptance of the principle of vicarious achievement—fulfillment through the husband and his work. Further, higher rates of participation in ministry-related activities were accompanied by lessening rates of participation in the work force, thus supporting the notion of occupational "derailment." However, the hypothesis that the educational system socialized women into the vicarious achievement of the two-person career was not supported and a more complex analysis of the functions of higher education is suggested.
Commitment to Work and Wages
Authors: Hudis Paula M.
Published: March 2007

Studies of earnings differences between black and white women consistently indicate that the major source of black women's lower annual earnings is their smaller human capital accumulation, in the form of schooling and their less prestigious occupations. However, this research also indicates that black women partially compensatefor these deficiencies by achieving a higher rate of wage return on their human capital and occupational status. In this study earnings models are examined for black and white women 30 to 44 years old. The results indicate that experience does influence differ ential wage returns to schooling and occupational status by enhancing the value of these characteristics for women with high education, greater prestige occupations, and extensive work experience. These analyses also provide support for an occupational decision-making explanation which contributes to observed differentials in wage returns to schooling.
Work Satisfaction and General Adjustment of Migrants
Authors: Berman Gerald S.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the effect of job satisfaction on general life adjustment of a sample of North American immigrants in Israel. The results reveal a conditional relationship: that life adjustment is a function of work satisfaction among migrants, unless there is a lack of work commitment, or if there exists an alternative life commitment, such as religious identity. The interpretation offered is that when work is important to a person or in the absence of an alternative commitment, such as religion, to offset the importance of work, then job satisfaction can affect the general adaptation of migrants.
Discrimination in Industrial Employment
Authors: HITT M. A. , ZIKMUND W. G. , PICKENS B. A.
Published: March 2007

Empirical evidence suggests that race and sex discrimination may still exist in industry. This study investigated the existence of race and sex discrimination in the evaluation of job applicant resumes sent to personnel directors of 200 corporations across the United States. Applicant race and sex were systematically varied on the resumes to yield four cells with n = 50. The race of the applicant was identified as Black American or was unspecified. The sex of the applicant was identified by an obvious female name (Beverly) or was unspecified (initials B. A.). The results show that identification of race generated more replies but fewer number of positive responses than when race was not identified. No sex effect was found, but the pattern of responses suggests the possibility of sex reverse discrimination. The results suggest the need for more creative approaches to affirmative action programs.
Women Truckers' Problems and the Impact of Sponsorship
Authors: LEMBRIGHT MURIEL FALTZ , RIEMER JEFFREY W.
Published: March 2007

Women who drive tractor-trailer rigs face many of the same problems encountered by women pursuing other nontraditional occupations. However, our research, conducted through an open-ended questionnaire, showed that the extent of these tensions is less than expected, due largely to the influence of male support, sponsorship, and protection.
The Economic Integration of Women
Authors: NUSS SHIRLEY , MAJKA LORRAINE
Published: March 2007

This research examines the relationship between economic development and the integration of women into economic activity in 162 countries. Polynomial regression using indices of femaleness for major industrial sectors and occupational categories assesses this relationship. The data suggest no clear-cut linear or curvilinear relationship. Economic development appears to be unrelated to the integration of women into important sectors of the national economy, namely the agricultural, mining and manufacturing sectors. The data suggest that economic development is also unrelated to the integration of women in production occupations and the important decision-making category of administration and management. Of the seventeen areas of economic activity examined in this article, economic development appears to be related to only two areas. Higher levels of economic development are associated with higher levels of integration of women in clerical occupations and in the transport, storage, and communication sector of the economy.
Work Satisfaction and Family Responsibility Correlates of Employment among Nurses
Authors: GAERTNER KAREN N.
Published: March 2007

Employment status of nurses is examined in the context of a role conflict-job satisfaction model. It is proposed that nurses experience a pull toward nursing due to the satisfaction they derive from providing important care to patients, but also a push away from the profession if there are competing demands for their time from children or spouse. The latter is exacerbated by the hours and schedules required of nurses, whereas the former is compromised by a lack of autonomy with respect to determining the way in which nursing care will be delivered in the hospital setting.
Determinants of the Increasing Work Attachment of Married Women
Authors: SHAW LOIS B.
Published: March 2007

Between 1966 and 1976, the proportion of married women in their late thirties who exhibited a strong attachment to the labor force increased faster than the proportion with a weaker work attachment. This article focuses on factors that have encouraged or prevented strong attachment. For white women, the most important factors contributing to the trend toward greater work attachment were: lessening family responsibilities, increases in their previous work experience and changing attitudes toward women's roles; for black women, lessening family responsibilities, higher educational attainment, and improved health were most important. Rising unemployment rates prevented still larger increases in strong attachment to the labor force than those that were observed. Although the labor force participation of midlife married women may continue to increase in the future, it is possible that adverse economic conditions could promote intermittent work patterns rather than strong attachment.
The Effects of Tokenism on Work Alienation among Urban Public School Teachers
Authors: DWORKIN ANTHONY GARY , CHAFETZ JANET SALTZMAN , DWORKIN ROSALIND J.
Published: March 2007

Existing theories of the effects of relative numbers, and especially tokenism, on worker behaviors and attitudes are reviewed. Despite the absence of specific reference in the literature to worker alienation as an outcome of token status, an argument is presented drawing upon this research tradition and discussions of marginality to link this dependent variable to tokenism. In addition, often neglected status considerations are included to predict directionality in that linkage. Findings suggest that relative numbers play a minimal role in worker alienation. Some limited support for the relevance of status concerns is found, but only in sex tokenism. Absolute size appears to have negligible effects. It is suggested that theories of tokenism may need to define more narrowly the occupations to which they apply and also delineate other, more social psychological variables that may intervene between numbers and attitudes.
Brave New Workplace
Authors: WALLACE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article examines the present and future effects of technological change in the workplace. Several key technological innovations in the factory and in the office are examined with respect to their relevance to ten long-standing core issues: the “high flex” workplace; control of work; organizational change; impact on skill; technological unemployment; educational requirements and retraining; changing occupational and class structures; occupational safety and health; the interaction of work, leisure, and family; and the quality of working life. The article argues that while technological change sometimes makes work easier, cleaner, and safer, it also has a disruptive impact on many facets of working life that will have to be confronted by participants in, and students of, the New Economy.
Managerial Promotions in the Public Sector
Authors: STEINBERG RONNIE J. , HAIGNERE LOIS , CHERTOS CYNTHIA H.
Published: March 2007

Barriers to the promotion of women and minorities into managerial positions in the New York State government work force are analyzed using two sets of data—one set consisting of those promoted through a formal competitive examination process and a second consisting of those promoted through nonexamination administrative transfer. Although it is commonly believed that the competitive examination process and the inflexible Rule of Three final selection procedure constitute the primary institutional barriers to advancement for women and minorities, these data revealed that the main barrier to promotion of women and minorities is eligibility requirements. Job titles which qualify incumbents to apply to take examinations for managerial positions are disproportionately held by White males. Even more skewed, titles eligible for administrative transfer without examination are overwhelmingly held by White males.
Social Networks, Social Circles, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: HURLBERT JEANNE S.
Published: March 2007

This paper tests the proposition that social networks serve as a social resource which affects job satisfaction through the provision of social support. Drawing from the literature on job satisfaction and social support, the author argues that three types of networks are likely to affect job satisfaction: dense networks, social circles composed of co-workers, and kin-centered networks. Data from the 1985 General Social Survey, indicates that co-worker social circles and kin-centered networks positively affect job satisfaction and that certain of these network effects vary by contextual factors.
Work Is Desirable/Loathsome
Authors: FREUD MARX VERSUS , TAUSKY CURT
Published: March 2007

Interpreting and predicting the social world requires assumptions about human tendencies. Empirical validation of such premises, however, is not available. They are, essentially, beliefs held by the observer. Most important, perceptions of the sources and types of effective social control hinge on conceptions of human nature. This is awkward for the sociology of work because quite starkly divergent analytical consequences can result. This article describes two contrasting sets of assumptions: the optimistic and the pessimistic. A towering representative of the former perspective is Karl Marx, and of the latter, Sigmund Freud. The perspectives are then applied to Kai Erikson's recent essay on alienation to illustrate the different conclusions that one might draw by substituting one cluster of assumptions for the other. The results suggest that the sociology of work would be better served if our writing and teaching explicitly stated the conjectures that guide research and inference.
Negotiating Professionalism
Authors: SERON CARROLL , FERRIS KERRY
Published: March 2007

Sociological research on the professions studies the public workplace and the ways in which task, organizational, and institutional arrangements of select occupations coalesce to secure expertise to work autonomously. The authors argue that a neat public/private divide does not, however, actually fit professional practice. Rather, the time demands of professional tasks are open-ended, and underscoring this practice, organizational policies do not compensate for extended professional hours. To ensure the viability of this task-organizational arrangement, professions require an institutional system of social capital or release from the time demands of private obligations. Using data about allocation of time from a study of self-employed professionals, the authors demonstrate the ways in which access to time is qualitatively different for men and women. In the conclusion, the authors discuss the ways in which an analysis of time provides an entry point for explaining the persistence of deeply gendered professional hierarchies.
Employment Transitions in the Japanese Male Labor Force
Authors: CHENG MARIAH MANTSUN
Published: March 2007

This study examines mobility patterns among Japanese employees who are not permanently employed. Based on the 1975 Social Stratification and Mobility data, mobility distance structures are estimated using log-multiplicative models along the firm and occupation dimensions. Findings indicate that firm mobility distances are essentially ordered by organizational sizes, except for the reverse positions of firms with 501-1,000 workers and 1,000+ workers. Mobility gaps exist between small and large firms and private and public sectors. Despite the perception that the Japanese are less occupationally conscious, mobility distances among occupational groups in Japan show a stratification and status ranking similar to that in the United States.
A Tale of two Career Paths: The Process of Status Acquisition by a New Organizational Unit
Authors: BRIODY ELIZABETH K. , BABA MARIETTA L. , COOPER LINDSAY
Published: March 2007

This study examines the process of status acquisition by a new organizational unit in a General Motors (GM) sales and service division. Through qualitative data collection methods, we elicited employees' perspectives concerning the ranking of organizational units, identifying key organizational factors that influence status acquisition. As part of this effort, we discovered a relationship between the status of organizational units and career mobility. We also reconstruct the process by which organizational status was acquired, showing the role of American and GM culture in shaping status outcomes.
Trade Unions and European Integration
Authors: HYMAN RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the role of trade unions in the process of European economic integration. European experience is distinctive in that the creation of a free-trade area has occurred within a supranational political and institutional framework, which has offered scope for Europeanwide regulation of market forces. Labor movements, organized within the European Trade Union Confederation, have attempted to influence the construction of a “social dimension” to economic integration. This article discusses reasons for their limited success and considers whether the obstacles can be better overcome in the future.