bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Logic of Analysis of Variance in Relation to Predictions and Evaluations of Interaction Means”
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

Cutter and Heilizer (1971) suggested the use of adjusted interaction means for examining interactions in analysis of variance designs. However, the adjusted interaction means were estimates of the parameter, αβIJ, which represents the interaction between the Ith level of factor A and the Jth level of factor B. Therefore, estimated [Formula: see text] would have been more straightforward terminology than adjusted interaction means.
Water Beds and Sexual Satisfaction: Wike's Law of Low Odd Primes (WLLOP)
Authors: Wike Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A powerful methodological principle, Wike's Law of Low Odd Primes (WLLOP), is described and its limitations are noted. A 5-step procedure for applying WLLOP to research is presented and then exemplified by an analysis of the Nasters-Yonson investigation of water beds and sexual satisfaction. Two criticisms of WLLOP are responded to. Finally, admonitions regarding the application of WLLOP are offered.
Values of Business Administrators: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Singer Henry A. , Abramson Paul R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between values and financial status was investigated in 49 business administrators using a longitudinal design. Values were measured using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey “Study of Values.” The results indicated that there were no changes in values over the period assessed even though substantial changes in financial status occurred. The data also demonstrate that values are not related to success in business.
Selected Schedules of Reinforcement in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Vanderweele Dennis A. , Abelson Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Gerbils acquired bar-pressing when water or rat Noyes pellets were contingent. Responding was analyzed under intermittent, time-contingent schedules of reinforcement—FI, VI, and DRL—as well as a variation of a mixed FR schedule. Gerbils responded well above operant level for prolonged periods of time under all schedules examined. Gerbils bar-pressed at 80 to 90% ad lib. body weight for conventional rewards if operant sessions were under 30 min. Also gerbils showed consistent high rates of response under the mixed FR schedule.
State and Trait Anxiety in Voluntary Withdrawal of Student Naval Aviators from Flight Training
Authors: Bucky Steven F. , Spielberger Charles D.
Published: September 2011

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered to 316 student naval aviators, 68 of whom dropped out of the flight program within the first 6 mo. of their training. These students who dropped out of the program were significantly more anxious as measured by the STAI A-State and A-Trait scales; the higher the A-State score, the earlier the students dropped.
On Having the Teeth Set on Edge: Preliminary Inquiry
Authors: Delin P. S. , Winefield A. H.
Published: September 2011

385 undergraduates filled out a questionnaire about the experience of “having the teeth set on edge.” Analysis indicated a clear split between Ss interpreting the phrase as applying to sensation-based as opposed to emotion-based experiences, about two-thirds of Ss falling into the former category and about one third into the latter. This finding may have implications about the process of learning terms to describe one's psychological state and also illustrates a distinction between direct and interpretative modes of responding.
Model's Race and s's Race in Imitation of Cognitive and Motor Tasks
Authors: Thelen Mark H. , Roberts Michael C. , Coverdell Sue A.
Published: September 2011

The influence of S's race, model's race, and type of task on imitation was assessed when a black model and a white model were juxtaposed such that imitation of one model precluded imitation of the other. The results showed no differential modeling as a function of S's race, the model's race or type of task under these experimental conditions. The white Ss showed a strong disposition to imitate the first modeled answer on the cognitive task, regardless of the model's race.
Indications of Psychopathology in Applicants to a County Methadone Maintenance Program
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Ricca Elizabeth , Fracchia John , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The MMPI was completed by 74 applicants to a Suffolk County methadone maintenance program. All had measurable psychopathology as reflected in T scores of 70 or above on one or more of the original clinical scales. Data demonstrated heterogeneity in MMPI protocol code types, character structure, and psychopathological indications. Comparisons with previously reported data for addict samples committed to federal and state treatment units indicates fewer neurotic and sociopathic, but more schizotypic, incipient schizophrenic, or schizophrenic personality types applying to the methadone maintenance clinic. The most prevalent code type seen (842'), however, was identical with that reported for a sample of 117 patients seen at a VA methadone maintenance clinic.
Effect of Competitive Success and Failure on Pupil's Choice of Task
Authors: Sattler Howard E. , Van Wagenen R. K. , Fry Maurine A. , Slattery Patrick D.
Published: September 2011

Third-grade pupils representing both high and low economic strata were exposed to 2 competitive and 1 non-competitive experimental conditions. Children who were led to believe that they were competitively successful in performing an originally preferred task persisted in their preference for that task. Pupils who were led to believe that they were competitively successful at an originally non-preferred task did not switch their preference from an originally preferred task. The results indicate that contrived information concerning competitive success does not cause pupils to shift their preference for a task.
Comparability of Drug Abuse Rating Scales
Authors: Kahn Malcolm , Holroyd Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Drug histories of 144 college students were rated on five different scales of degree of drug use. The scales were based on frequency of marijuana use, life style, and nature of marijuana use, number of drugs used, types of drugs used, and over-all involvement with drugs. While significant intercorrelations were obtained, the most consistent scales were those that took into account life style, history, and over-all involvement rather than simply drug type or single drug frequency. It was concluded that many individual Ss would be misclassified in regard to this position-toward-drug-use by ratings based only on drug type or frequency.
Relationship between the Attractiveness of a Competitor and His Chances of Winning the Race
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Lipets Marsha S.
Published: September 2011

Before the election, 112 voters rated Nixon and McGovern on a 7-point attraction scale and evaluated the two men's chances of winning. After the election, the same voters were asked to re-rate the candidates. It was found that Ss expressed a greater liking for the candidate they were going to vote for if they thought he had relatively less chances of winning (the “underdog effect”). Voters also overestimated their candidate's chances of winning. Contrary to the hypothesis, those persons who had voted for McGovern did not find him less attractive after the election. Possibly because he was held responsible for his failure, his voters did not need to derogate him in order to maintain the concept of a just world.
Effects of Orienting Instructions, Feedback-Information, and Trait-Anxiety Level on State-Anxiety
Authors: Auerbach Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the effects of orienting instructions and feedback-information on state anxiety (A-state) for Ss who differed in trait anxiety (A-trait). A-state and A-trait were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Differential orienting instructions (ego vs task) had no effect on change in A-state scores from a pretest to a test period. However, differential feedback-information was a significant determinant of change in A-state, with failure-feedback inducing greater increases in A-state than either no feedback or success-feedback. The largest differential increase in A-state scores between Ss high and low in A-trait occurred with the failure-feedback, though this effect only approached statistical significance.
Similarity as Determinant of Social Influence in Affective Judgments
Authors: Misovich Stephen , Colby John J. , Welch Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The present study tests the hypothesis that emotional judgments are more influenced by the comparative information provided by similar others than by dissimilar others. Male Ss heard 2 accomplices evaluate a series of 10 slides depicting nude females and details from paintings by Bosch and were given the task of publicly offering their own evaluations. Similarity between Ss and accomplices was manipulated through the attire of the accomplices and through bogus scores on a fake artist subscale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The results show that only evaluations of the nude slides were significantly influenced by the similar accomplice. Similar others may be less influential as evaluative concerns become less emotional (personal) and more cognitive (impersonal).
Prolonged Suppression of Irritable Aggression in Rats by Facial Anesthesia
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Ghiselli William B.
Published: September 2011

Local anesthesia of the mystacial epidermis with Lidocaine HCl reliably decreased shock-elicited fighting in 8 pairs of mature male Long-Evans rats. The decrease in aggressive responding was approximately twice as great as that reported for devibrissaed rats. Subsequent fighting, 3-hr. post-injection, did not differ from control or pre-injection baselines. Recording of intense vocalization accompanying fighting yielded objective data comparable to attack scores visually observed and allowed an independent measure of depressed fighting behavior. The results are discussed in reference to the import of tactual orientation for guiding directed attack and the relative merits of the technique as a vehicle for further investigation.
The Less They Have, the More They Want: Reexamination of Concern with Status
Authors: Owens Walton H.
Published: September 2011

Kaufman's scale of status concern, originally developed on an undergraduate sample, was administered to a general population in a county-wide survey ( N = 300). The scale was judged to be homogeneous, using both the Guttman and Proctor techniques of analysis. A high negative correlation obtained between concern with status and actual socio-economic status and a positive one between concern with status and age.
Social Intelligence: Its History and Measurement
Authors: Walker Ronald E. , Foley Jeanne M.
Published: September 2011

Social intelligence, the ability to understand others and to act wisely in social situations, is a concept with a long history, sporadic development, but promise as a late bloomer. Although current references to social intelligence per se are limited, the concept appears to be alive and well under various terms, e.g., role-taking, interpersonal competence, egocentrism (or decentering), and empathy. This review was designed, therefore, to: (a) serve an integrative function by tracing the history of social intelligence and its ramifications; (b) provide an overview of the measurement approaches and relevant research; (c) consider substantive issues, such as the relationship of social intelligence to abstract intelligence and the status of measuring the understanding and action aspects of the concept.
Authoritarian Avoidance of Ambiguity
Authors: Zacker Joseph
Published: September 2011

Authoritarian people can be expected to manifest intolerance of ambiguity in the autokinetic situation by responding in ways that are consistent with their own prior responses, and reporting movement of the autokinetic light sooner. 30 Ss receiving high scores on the California Fascism Scale formed the authoritarian group; 30 Ss receiving low scores formed the nonauthoritarian group. No sex differences were found. Both expectations were supported by the data, discussed in terms of authoritarians' avoidance of stimulus ambiguity, responding in terms of available anchorage points.
Cross-Validation of a System for Predicting Training Success of Medex Trainees
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Brosseau James D.
Published: September 2011

An already developed multiple-regression model for predicting success of Medex trainees in their training program was cross-validated using a new group of Medex trainees. Six psychological test predictor variables (2 on the MMPI and 4 on the Strong) “held up” upon cross-validation. The results lent credence to the use of multidimensional judgment scaling for establishment of a personnel evaluation-grading criterion measure.
Birth-Order Differences in Special Ability: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: McCall John N.
Published: September 2011

A 1% subsample of Project Talent Data Bank's national high school sample provided test score and demographic data for 3,308 Ss. Partial correlation and multiple regression methods were used to test hypotheses concerning birth-order differences in special ability, over and above expected differences due to sex or to socio-economic status. After controlling for socio-economic status and family size, birth order accounted for only 2% of the variance in Vocabulary and English test scores; and birth order accounted for less than 1% of the variance in the Mechanical Reasoning, Visualization, Arithmetic Computation, Clerical Checking, and Object Inspection scores. Sex differences in ability were independent of birth order and socio-economic status.
Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Haraway Maury M. , Wirth Philip W. , Maples Ernest G.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to demonstrate that a stimulus presented contiguously with the onset of a positive reinforcer, food, may serve as a conditioned elicitor of approach behavior. 20 naive male rats were assigned to two groups. Experimental Ss received their entire daily food supply paired with a flashing light. For control Ss, the light was presented uncorrelated with feeding. Approach behavior was assessed in a shuttle box. When the light was presented on the side of the hurdle opposite S, experimental Ss crossed the hurdle and approached the light significantly faster than did control Ss. The results are taken as physical representation of the conditioned approach responses postulated in Denny's interpretation of positive reinforcement effects.
Bayesian Analysis of Overprediction of Insanity
Authors: Peterson R. E. , Seo K. K.
Published: September 2011

Decision-making under uncertainty is visualized as a two-action game against nature. The psychiatrist is the player and has two actions from which to choose: predict violent behavior or predict sanity. The two states of nature are (i) the accused is in fact guilty and (ii) the accused is in fan innocent. The psychiatrist acts as if he evaluates a loss function which is such that overprediction of violent behavior is the natural consequence of a rational person who wishes to minimize his personal risk. Society's loss function, however, differs from the psychiatrist's loss function to such an extent that a rational society would want to underpredict violent behavior in order to minimize the risk of false confinements. It is suggested that the player of this game (the psychiatrist) has been ill-advisedly chosen.
Differential Personality Inventory for Male and Female Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: September 2011

Normative data on the Differential Personality Inventory for 282 male and 114 female alcoholics were reported. Significant differences ( p < .01) between sexes were found on 11 of the 26 clinical scales. Male alcoholics scored significantly higher on scales for character disorders and female alcoholics scored significantly higher on scales for neuroticism.
Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in an Australian Sample
Authors: Gillis John S. , Moens Paul R.
Published: September 2011

Following a cognitive conflict paradigm derived from Brunswik's “lens-model,” this study sought to investigate further the cross-national generality of quantitative results demonstrating how persons resolve cognitive differences. Ten pairs of Australian university students were trained to depend on one of two cues in a judgment task. Ss who had learned contrasting cue dependencies, i.e., contrasting policies, were then paired and required to make joint decisions concerning similar types of problems. Several quantitative indices were used to determine agreement, conflict, and consistency of judgments. Results were similar to those found for other national samples in suggesting that when persons who disagree come together to solve problems, they progressively diminish “policy” differences but become increasingly inconsistent in their policies so that conflict is not significantly reduced beyond its initial level. A brief rationale for each index is presented along with substantive data for that index.
Comments on “Re-Examination of the Fakability of the Gordon Personal Inventory and Profile: A Reply to Schwab”
Authors: Schwab Donald P.
Published: September 2011

This comment shows that Braun and Farrell's (1974) reply to Schwab (1970) was deficient because it inappropriately generalized from an independent samples design to a repeated-measures design. It further corrects several erroneous interpretations made by Braun and Farrell of the Schwab study. Finally, it suggests some new directions for test-faking research.
Relations between Analysis of Variance and its Nonparametric Analogs
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A series of demonstrations shows the essential unity of analysis of variance and its nonparametric analogs.
Acoustic Similarity and Release from Proactive Inhibition
Authors: Henriksen Kerm , Fleming John P. , Pilichowski Donna L.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have reported acoustic factors to be of little importance in the release from proactive-inhibition methodology. 96 Ss were run to investigate whether words are encoded acoustically in the release from proactive-inhibition paradigm. Half of the Ss experienced acoustically similar triads for 4 trials; the other half were shifted to an acoustically different triad on the fourth trial. Proactive inhibition increased for both groups during the first 3 trials. Release from proactive inhibition was obtained on the fourth trial for the shifted group. The changes in proactive inhibition were interpreted as encoding along the acoustic dimension.
Comparison of Two Groups in a Southern State Women's Prison: Homosexual Behavior versus Non-Homosexual Behavior
Authors: Norris Linda
Published: September 2011

The incidence of homosexual behavior among 376 female inmates in a southern state women's prison was explored, with homosexual behavior being viewed as a normal reaction to a situation where isolation from the opposite sex occurs. The method of determining membership in the homosexual (Group I) and the non-homosexual (Group II) groups was survey with 52% of the prison population being assigned to Group I and 48% to Group II. Comparison of the groups showed: (a) no significant difference in racial distribution, length of sentence, or IQ, (b) Group I had a higher percentage of recidivists than Group II, (c) Group I was 9.5 yr. younger than Group II ( p = .01), (d) Group I mean grade level attained was 1.23 yr. higher than Group II ( p = .01), and (e) there was a higher percentage of single women and fewer widows in Group I.
Comparison of Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Slosson Intelligence Test with Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Johnson D. Lamont , Shinedling Martin M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships among the Columbia, Peabody, and Slosson. The Slosson showed signs of becoming a legitimate substitute for the other intelligence tests, while the Columbia yielded erratic results for the mentally retarded Ss tested in this study.
Attitudes toward Conflict with Authority as a Function of Sex, I-E, and Dogmatism
Authors: Gray-Little Bernadette
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the extent to which Ss' desirability judgments of MMPI “conflict with authority” items would vary as a function of sex and relevant personality variables. Women were more disapproving that men of statements reflecting rebellious attitudes and behavior. Rotter's internal-external locus of control dimension was unrelated to attitudes toward authority. Ss who were low in dogmatism expressed greater respect for authority than Ss who were high in dogmatism. These results highlight the paradoxical nature of the dogmatism variable and support the utility of desirability judgments as a measure of personality.
Free Word Association of Adult Aphasics
Authors: Timmermans Barbara , Kumin Libby
Published: September 2011

Free associations of 10 aphasic and 10 matched normal Ss indicated that responses could identify two types of aphasic syndromes and that auditory presentation produced more mature responses, whereas pictures produced more label responses. Results also demonstrated that normal Ss produced a greater number of both paradigmatic and syntagmatic responses than aphasics.
Emotional Responses to Frustration of Approval Seeking and Personal Identity
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: September 2011

Several emotional responses may be made to frustration depending on the type of goal frustrated. Two types of broad goals are approval and personal identity seeking. 32 male and 38 female undergraduates participated in this role-playing study. 43 Ss were oriented toward approval seeking and 27 Ss were oriented toward personal identity. Sadness was a more dominant response (104 responses) than anger (34 responses) for high approval-seeking Ss. Approval-seeking Ss also showed more rejection of other groups on the Bogardus social-distance scale. For such Ss the inhibiting effects of approval seeking may lead to the displacement of anger toward potential outgroups.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XVI. Eponymy in Psychology: Early versus Recent Textbooks
Authors: Roeckelein Jon E.
Published: September 2011

A survey was conducted on the frequency of usage of psychologists' names in early introductory psychology textbooks (1920–1939) and recent introductory psychology textbooks (1968–1971) in order to assess differences between these periods. Using eponymy indexes, such as naming ratios which were derived from frequency of naming divided by textbook pages, a methodology was developed for comparing early and recent textbooks. Results showed that: (1) the average naming ratio for early textbooks was significantly lower than the ratio for recent textbooks; (2) there were significant differences in naming between early and recent textbooks in terms of various chapter headings and subject materials; and (3) there were significant differences in naming particular psychologists, e.g., Freud and Pavlov, with greater frequency occurring in the recent over the early textbooks. Results were discussed within the context of E. G. Boring's writings concerning eponymy and the future state of psychology.
Relation of Academic Achievement to Scales of Famous Sayings Test
Authors: Skeen David R. , Zacchera Wendy
Published: September 2011

Correlations of the four Famous Sayings test scales with student GPRs indicate that only the Fear of Failure was related to the academic achievement. With academic ability partialled out, the Fear of Failure scale may be of value in predicting academic success, as measured by GPR, in a college setting.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XV. Uniformitarianism in Geology and Behavior Modification
Authors: Weber Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A parallel is drawn between the geological principle of uniformitarianism and the presuppositions of contemporary behavior modification. The uniformitarian principle has four main aspects: (1) a concern with ultimate origins or ends is futile; (2) any change in topography is gradual rather than sudden, at least in terms of underlying events; (3) the forces that have effected change in the past continue to be operative today; and (4) the proper study of any phenomenon begins with its present state and the forces currently affecting it. Psychological examples of uniformitarian thinking are given for individual and for aggregate behavior.
Introversion-Extraversion and Imagery
Authors: Huckabee Malcom W.
Published: September 2011

Significant correlations were found between scores on the introversion-extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the rated ease with which abstract and concrete nouns evoked images for 111 Ss. Ease of imagery was not related to the neuroticism scores, nor was there a significant correlation between ease of imagery scores for abstract and for concrete nouns.
Attitude Changes of General Hospital Personnel following an Alcoholism Training Program
Authors: Powell Barbara J. , Mueller John F. , Schwerdtfeger Terri
Published: September 2011

Attitudes, measured on a 7-point semantic differential, of 25 nursing personnel toward concepts about alcoholics and their treatment potential improved after a 3-day training program. Interest was directed at whether these changes in concepts would remain stable and influence the effectiveness of the participants in their subsequent work with alcoholics.
Subject's Satisfaction with a Task as a Function of E's Communication Style and S's Dependency
Authors: Gerson Allan R.
Published: September 2011

80 Ss who scored as highly dependent or highly independent on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule were matched with Es whose communications either encouraged or discouraged dependent statements. Each S was asked to solve the Doodlebug Problem, after which he was asked to rate E and the situation on a measure of S's satisfaction. Communication style significantly increased the number of dependent statements elicited from Ss, while dependency of Ss and the interaction of dependency with E's communication were significant factors in S's satisfaction with the task.
Relationship between Verbal Reinforcers, Source and Task Difficulty for Youthful Felons and Non-Felons
Authors: Makey Miller S. , Bruning James L.
Published: September 2011

Ss from reformatory, vocational school, and college settings were presented with a rating task to determine how they would react to positive, negative and neutral reinforcers (good, mmm-hmm, or poor) in relation to the source of reinforcement (boss, friend, and stranger), and the difficulty of the task (changing a tire, adjusting brakes, and grinding valves). As compared with the vocational and college Ss, convicted felons (both psychopathic and non-psychopathic) consistently assigned more neutral values to both positive and negative verbal reinforcers. In addition, felons also showed an inability to differentiate various sources of reinforcement.
Dissonance, Knowledge about Consequences, and Task Experience
Authors: Jastrebske Ellen M.
Published: September 2011

A forced compliance paradigm was used to vary two levels of task experience and four levels of feedback about the results of Ss' counter-attitudinal task descriptions. Task-experience affected differential modes of dissonance-resolution following the description, but contrary to predictions, increasing information about effects of the counter-attitudinal descriptions failed to increase evidence of dissonance-resolution.
MMPI Indices of Personality Change following Short- and Long-Term Hospitalization of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Allain Albert N. , Cohen Gary H.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined test-retest MMPI profile patterns for two highly similar groups of hardcore heroin addicts: 30 clients admitted to 6-mo. hospitalization in the NIMH Clinical Research Center, Fort Worth and 28 addicts confined approximately 6 wk. in an inpatient hospital setting. MMPI changes following hospitalization were characterized by decreases in scale scores on almost every clinical scale with higher elevations on scales reflecting ego strength and personal guardedness. Elevations on Scales Pd and Ma remained relatively constant over intake and discharge conditions, while scores on Scales Hs and Hy were particularly sensitive to changes in circumstance. Although both conditions produced diagnostic signs of general improvement, changes in personality functioning appeared to be most dramatic in the shorter, more intensive treatment condition.
Modeling, Anonymity, and Performance of an Undesirable Act
Authors: Lenga Margi R. , Kleinke Chris L.
Published: September 2011

To see whether or not a model would influence persons to take a shopping bag without paying 100 female shoppers preparing to obtain a shopping bag in a downtown department store were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (a) controls; (b and c) a female model who did not interact with the S but who either paid for a bag or stole one immediately ahead of S; (d and e) a female model who took a bag without paying after interacting in either a polite or impolite manner with S. The presence of another person per se had an inhibiting effect on the stealing behavior. Controls were more likely to steal bags than Ss in any of the modeling conditions. Ss with a polite stealing model were least likely to steal bags. It was concluded that group inhibition of an act may be a function of embarrassment as well as diffusion of responsibility.
Learning in Two-Person, Zero-Sum Games
Authors: Pate James L. , Broughton Elizabeth D. , Hallman Lorraine K. , Letterman N. Lynn
Published: September 2011

In a series of three studies, Ss were required to play a two-person zero-sum game. Ss low in dogmatism tended to approach the optimum or exploiting strategy more closely than highly dogmatic Ss, but two other personality variables (internal-external control and computer confidence, a measure of willingness to have decisions made by a computer) were unrelated to gaming strategies. The value of the game and the required strategy affected significantly Ss' choice behavior.
The APA's Aristocracy
Authors: Young Francis A.
Published: September 2011

Narrowly focussed control is seen in APA's brief history of officers' service.
Effect of Passage of Time on Reactions to Help and Harm
Authors: Bar-Tal Daniel , Greenberg Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Reactions of 91 female Ss to being either helped or harmed were assessed over a period of 1 wk. Results showed that reactions to help and harm were significantly different and that there was no dissipation of these reactions over time.
Effects of Target's Disclosure of Intent on Exercise of Influence in Conflict
Authors: Lindskold Svenn , Horai Joann
Published: September 2011

40 preadolescents played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game in which they were given opportunities to communicate either promises of their own cooperation or threats of a fine if the target did not cooperate. A simulated target replied either honestly or evasively while being two-thirds cooperative on the message-relevant trials. The results supported an extension of the Osgood proposal and clarified previous research. As hypothesized, Ss in the honest-replies condition sent more messages, were more cooperative on threat-relevant trials, and made greater use of the promise message than did the evasive-replies Ss.
Some Correlates of Feminism
Authors: Dempewolff J. A.
Published: September 2011

To look at attitudinal and demographic characteristics of individuals who support or oppose the aims of the women's movement, a feminism scale, several measures of autonomy, and a questionnaire concerning family background were given to 154 Ss from selected groups at the University of Cincinnati. Supporters of feminism achieved significantly lower Social Distance scores, higher Independence of Judgment scores, and higher Modernism scores than opposers ( p < .001). Also, male supporters of feminism were more likely to have mothers who completed some college, and female supporters of feminism were more likely to have parents who were either Jewish, atheist, or agnostic. All supporters of feminism were more likely to be atheist, agnostic, Jewish, or Unitarian, while opposers of feminism were more likely to be Protestant or Roman Catholic. Personality correlates are discussed.
Is the Representation of the Objective Body-Image in Figure Drawings Related to the Personality Characteristics of the Drawer?
Authors: Apfeldorf Max , Peixotto Helen E. , Smith Walter J. , Hunley Phyllis J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation attempted to determine whether drawings that can be matched with the drawer's photographs are made by Ss with certain personality characteristics. Characteristics studied were: (a) emotional adjustment, (b) self-acceptance, (c) field-independence, (d) positive body cathexis. A study of 81 drawers gave a low but significant correlation between matchability of drawings and emotional maladjustment as indicated by number of high T scores on the MMPI. The findings are in a direction opposite to that expected and suggest caution in making personality interpretations regarding the representation of one's own physical features in drawings.
Availability of Activity Reinforcers in a Drug Abuse Clinic: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Yen Sherman
Published: September 2011

To determine the availability of effective reinforcers of activity which could be delivered in an outpatient drug abuse clinic, a survey was administered to 25 Methadone maintenance patients. The privilege of taking Methadone home on occasion was the most powerful single reinforcer, while psychotherapy (not yet part of the program) had a low reinforcing property. Further exploration and cross-validation are needed.
Relationship between a Forward Learning Set and Three Orders of Multiple-Choice Examinations
Authors: Hughes George E. , Prytula Robert E. , Schnelle John F.
Published: September 2011

A series of 4 replication-design experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of arrangement of test-items and its effects on S's performance for teacher-devised examinations. A 30-item, four-choice, multiple-choice examination was prepared by the teacher and presented in three forms. The Forward-Backward form, presented test items covering material from the first lecture through the last; the Backward-Forward form, presented the same items in reverse order; and the third form had a random order of items. For Exp. I the above procedure was administered to 105 college students enrolled in a course on behavior modification. Replications used the same procedure with 20, 20, and 21 students respectively. Results of all studies were nonsignificant; experimental outcomes were varied and totally different.
A Critical-Incidents Study of the Motivational Effect of Grades on College Students
Authors: Norton Steven D. , Wims Earl W.
Published: September 2011

Herzberg's Motivation-to-Work interview was modified and administered to 48 business students in order to study the psychological effect of grades. An analysis of the reported events did not support Motivator-Hygiene theory in that significantly more of the incidents about low grades were (about) motivators than hygiene. An analysis of the feelings associated with the events did support Motivator-Hygiene theory in that significantly more of the high incidents were motivators and more of the low incidents were hygiene. The feelings due to the motivator incidents lasted significantly longer than those due to the hygiene incidents, also supportive of Motivator-Hygiene theory.
Arousal and Attribution
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Huang Lily C.
Published: September 2011

To study the effects of one's cognitive attribution of his emotional state on his experienced arousal, Ss were exposed to an unpleasant noise and told either that it might lead to physiological arousal symptoms or that it might cause non-arousal symptoms. While listening to the noise they rated the attractiveness of slides of either semi-nude females or landscapes, along with the unpleasantness of the noise, their belief about common effects of noise pollution and their current physiological state. No meaningful effects of viewing the pictures were found, apparently because the semi-nude pictures were not in fact very arousing. However, Ss reported beliefs about common side-effects of noise pollution were related both to the attribution-manipulation and to the symptoms they experienced. These results suggested that a person's expectations do indeed affect his experience of arousal.
Psychology of Scientist: XXXI. Discriminability of a Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List among Scientists and Engineers
Authors: Lacey L. A. , Erickson C. E.
Published: September 2011

117 scientists and engineers at a large research and development laboratory were divided into high and low creatives on the basis of creativity scores on a biographical inventory. Conventional scales on the Adjective Check List discriminated better between the high and low creatives than did an empirically constructed creativity scale developed by Smith and Schaefer (1969).
Similarity to a Group and Desire for Leadership Status
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

48 college students filled out a 14-item Survey of Attitudes and subsequently received an attitude survey purportedly representing the attitudes and opinions held by most of the members of a small work-group which evidenced either 14% or 86% agreement with each S's own views. Ss then filled out a Group Judgment Scale for their evaluations of the stimulus groups. The hypothesized effect of person-group attitude similarity on one's desire for leadership status in the group (enjoy functioning in a leadership capacity and perceived ease of functioning effectively in a leadership position) was confirmed.
Group-Assertive Training in Treatment of Expression of Inappropriate Anger
Authors: Rimm David C. , Hill George A. , Brown Nancy N. , Stuart James E.
Published: September 2011

Male volunteers reporting a history of expressing anger in an inappropriate or antisocial manner were assigned to an assertive training group or to a placebo group. Assertive training, conducted over a total of 8 hr., consisted primarily of behavior rehearsal, i.e., role-playing anger-inducing situations. On objective measures of assertion and comfort, 7 Ss in the assertive condition showed significantly greater improvement than the 6 controls. Subjective measures of discomfort and anger showed significantly greater improvement for assertive Ss than for the controls, although a significant treatment effect was not observed for self-rated confidence. Results for a global assertive inventory, while in the predicted direction, were not significant. A measure relating to internal versus external control did not yield a treatment effect. Thus, consistent with previous findings, the effects of assertive training were highly situation-specific. These results support the value of group-assertive training. They also suggest that assertive training may provide an effective means for dealing with anger which typically leads to anti-social aggression.
Primary and Secondary Motivational Properties of a Light Stimulus
Authors: Goodrick Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a continuous reward schedule (CRF) in a 2-bar test box with or without light contingency associated with food reward. During extinction trials with the light contingency presented on CRF, the light contingency was shown to facilitate extinction on the basis of response totals (energizing effect) and percentage of responses on the reward bar (directional effect). For these extinction trials, no evidence was obtained for secondary reinforcing (Sr) properties of the light contingency. However, a second experiment found a strong Sr energizing effect when the light contingency was presented on a FR-5 or FR-10 schedule during extinction trials. These energizing effects were also obtained for rats trained without the light contingency, but to a lesser degree than for rats trained with the light contingency. Presentation of the light contingency on a FR schedule during extinction trials also resulted in a strong directional effect for all groups, regardless of the training condition. A moderately durable energizing effect of Sr was obtained which was an increasing function of partial periodic Sr during extinction trials.
Memory Search of Words and Nonwords
Authors: Banks William P.
Published: September 2011

Classification of single-letter probes as members or nonmembers of a list of letters held in memory is faster if the memory list spells a word than if it does not. In terms of Sternberg's theory of memory search, the results seem to show that the speed of the letter-by-letter memory-comparison stage is increased when the letters in the memory set spell a word.
Realism and Risk Taking
Authors: Lafferty Terence , Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Ss made decisions on a questionnaire for real payoffs and for hypothetical payoffs. They tended to be less risky when their decisions were made for real consequences than when their decisions were hypothetical, suggesting that one should be cautious in predicting real risk-taking behavior from measures of hypothetical risk.
Children's Prediction of Parental Rewards and Actual Parental Behavior
Authors: Young Richard David , Cochran Gloria McVay
Published: September 2011

20 boys and girls, ages 7 to 9 yr., predicted size of mother's and father's rewards for their performance on WISC Block Design (two success and two failure items). Mother and father both predicted success or failure for each design prior to the child's performance and rewarded their child's performance on each design. Predictions based on previous studies concerning (a) children's perceptions of mother as more nurturant and father as more punishing and (b) boys as having a less favorable perception of parents than girls were not supported. While children did underestimate parents' rewards ( p < .05), they correctly perceived parents as equally rewarding and appropriately decreased their expectancies in light of failure ( p < .001).
More Evidence for Psychological Correlates of Lexical Marking
Authors: Gilpin Andrew R. , Allen Terry Walter
Published: September 2011

25 college students were given a checklist listing names of 25 dimensions, and the lexically marked and unmarked antonyms describing the dimensions, e.g., evaluation: bad, good. Ss were instructed to choose which of each pair was closer in meaning to the dimension name. On 21 of the 25 dimensions, Ss chose the unmarked term, evidence indicating that they were able to utilize information about lexical marking, or some correlate thereof.
Personality, Attitudes and Humor Preferences of Prisoners and Controls
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , MacLean Alastair
Published: September 2011

A sample of 100 recidivists were compared with 100 trainee bus drivers on measures of personality, social attitudes and humor preferences. Results support Eysenck's findings that criminals tend to be more psychotic, extra-verted, and neurotic than controls, and that a “criminal propensity” scale derived from these three personality characteristics can give reasonable separation of prisoners from non-prisoners. Results from the attitude and humor tests indicated that the prisoners were less favorable toward sexual stimuli than controls, a finding that is particularly interesting because it is not paralleled by the differences between those scoring low and high on “criminal propensity” within the prisoner and control groups. These findings may reflect psychological characteristics of people who are prone to criminal behavior and/or the effects of the prison environment and subculture; the present data do not allow separate consideration of these questions.
Hostile Press and Internal versus External Standards of Success and Failure
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Fischer Robert I.
Published: September 2011

44 male university students were administered a 12-item true-false questionnaire to determine whether they conceptualized success and failure in terms of internal or external locus of control. They were also administered a measure of fear of failure (the Hostile Press measure). It was predicted that persons high on Hostile Press would be higher on external locus of control than the lows. The prediction was borne out. This study has been repeated twice, once with high school students, and the results have been equivalent.
Cooperation and Competitive Goals: A Social-Comparison Analysis
Authors: McNeel Steven P. , Sweeney James D. , Bohlin Peter C.
Published: September 2011

Ss' choice behavior in two types of mixed-motive games was used to classify them according to their predominant goal orientation. Ss with competitive (Relative Gain) goals and those with individualistic (Own Gain) goals were then presented with 50 decomposed Prisoner's Dilemma games in which they interacted with a conditionally cooperative other. Some Ss saw their own and the other person's outcomes displayed on each trial, while others also saw a bogus Average outcome. The latter outcome was constructed such that comparison with it made the mutually competitive outcomes “look bad” and the mutually cooperative outcomes “look good.” On the basis of social-comparisons, it was predicted that Relative-gain Ss would learn to cooperate in the “Average” condition but not in the Other condition. Own-gain Ss were expected to show high levels of cooperation over-all and to cooperate sooner in the Average condition than in the Other condition. Predictions were significant only for Own-gain Ss, though they were also in the expected direction for Relative-gain Ss. The discussion focused on problems with using social-comparison processes as a basis for training Ss to be cooperative, with special emphasis placed on the issue of the relevance of the available comparisons.
Differences in Responding under Fixed-Time and Fixed-Interval Schedules of Electric Shock Presentation
Authors: Mc Kearney James W.
Published: September 2011

In a squirrel monkey with prior training under a shock-escape schedule, response rate increased and the pattern of positively accelerated responding sharpened when electric shocks (10 mA) were presented on a response-dependent (fixed-interval) rather than on response-independent (fixed-time) basis. The differences in responding under the two schedules were apparent over several transitions from one schedule to the other and were independent of whether or not time-out periods followed presentation of shock. These differences are the same as those seen after similar manipulations of the schedule of presentation of food. The clear differences observed are testament to the degree of control exerted by temporally close and consistent relations between the emission of an operant and presentation of the maintaining event.
Historical Trends in the Age at Menarche and Menopause
Authors: Diers Carol Jean
Published: September 2011

Although more historical research is required, the pattern for menarche is reasonably well established. During classical and medieval times the typical age for menarche was around the 14th year of life; prior to the 1800s there was a marked shift upwards in age, and a subsequent downward trend to the current age of around 13 yr. The pattern for menopause is not so well established. Age 50 is by far the most frequently cited, both historically and at present, but data are sketchy. Numerous correlational studies have produced some interesting questions but few solid answers to the determinants of the age at which menarche and menopause occur.
Human Ethology: Displacement Activities in a Dental Office
Authors: Barash David P.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the behavior of 28 dental patients with non-patients showed that the patients demonstrated a variety of “irrelevant” behaviors explicable in terms of the ethological concept of “displacement activity.”