bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanofabrication route to achieve sustainable production of next generation defect-free graphene: analysis and characterisation
Authors: Misra Shikhar , Katiyar Nirmal Kumar , Kumar Arvind , Goel Saurav , Biswas Krishanu
Published: January 2022

In the past two decades, graphene has been one of the most studied materials due to its exceptional properties. The scalable route to cost-effective manufacture defect-free graphene has continued to remain a technical challenge. Intrinsically defect-free graphene changes its properties dramatically, and it is a challenging task to control the defects in graphene production using scaled-down subtractive manufacturing techniques. In this work, the exfoliation of graphite was investigated as a sustainable low-cost graphene manufacturing technique. The study made use of a simple domestic appliance e.g., a kitchen blender to churn graphene in wet conditions by mixing with N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). It was found that the centrifugal force-induced turbulent flow caused by the rotating blades exfoliates graphite flakes to form graphene. The technique is endowed with a high yield of defect-free graphene (0.3 g/h) and was deemed suitable to remove 10% fluoride content from the water and color absorption from fizzy drinks.
Unveiling radial breathing mode in a particle-on-mirror plasmonic nanocavity
Authors: Wang Qifa , Li Chenyang , Hou Liping , Zhang Hanmou , Gan Xuetao , Liu Kaihui , Premaratne Malin , Xiao Fajun , Zhao Jianlin
Published: January 2022

Plasmonic radial breathing mode (RBM), featured with radially oscillating charge density, arises from the surface plasmon waves confined in the flat nanoparticles. The zero net dipole moment endows the RBM with an extremely low radiation yet a remarkable intense local field. On the other hand, owing to the dark mode nature, the RBMs routinely escape from the optical measurements, severely preventing their applications in optoelectronics and nanophotonics. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the existence of RBM in a hexagonal Au nanoplate-on-mirror nanocavity using a far-field linear-polarized light source. The polarization-resolved scattering measurements cooperated with the full-wave simulations elucidate that the RBM originates from the standing plasmon waves residing in the Au nanoplate. Further numerical analysis shows the RBM possesses the remarkable capability of local field enhancement over the other dark modes in the same nanocavity. Moreover, the RBM is sensitive to the gap and nanoplate size of the nanocavity, providing a straightforward way to tailor the wavelength of RBM from the visible to near-infrared region. Our approach provides a facile optical path to access to the plasmonic RBMs and may open up a new route to explore the intriguing applications of RBM, including surface-enhanced Raman scattering, enhanced nonlinear effects, nanolasers, biological and chemical sensing.
Cascaded microsphere-coupled surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CMS-SERS) for ultrasensitive trace-detection
Authors: Mi Yanlin , Yan Yinzhou , Wang Mengyuan , Yang Lixue , He Jing , Jiang Yijian
Published: January 2022

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely investigated and employed as a powerful optical analytical technique providing fingerprint vibrational information of molecules with high sensitivity and resolution. In addition to metallic nanostructure, dielectric micro-/nano-structures with extraordinary optical manipulation properties have demonstrated capability in enhanced Raman scattering with ultralow energy losses. Here we report a facile cascaded structure composed of a large microsphere (LMS) and a small microsphere array with Ag nanoparticles as a novel hybrid SERS substrate, for the first time. The cascaded microsphere-coupled SERS substrate provides a platform to increase the molecular concentration, boost the intensity of localized excitation light, and direct the far-field emission, for giant Raman enhancement. It demonstrates the maximum enhancement factor of Raman intensity greater than 108 for the limit of detection down to 10−11 M of 4-nitrothiphenol molecules in aqueous solution. The present work inspires a novel strategy to fabricate cascaded dielectric/metallic micro-/nano-structures superior to traditional SERS substrates towards practical applications in cost-effective and ultrahigh-sensitive trace-detection.
Crystal structure of bis((1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)methyl)amine, C18H19N5
Authors: Gaoxiang Meng , Yang Yongming , Li Qiang , Li Zhou
Published: January 2022

C18H19N5, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 6.612(4) Å, b = 8.800(5) Å, c = 13.777(8) Å, α = 83.219(7)°, β = 79.329(6)°, γ = 78.744(6)°, V = 769.8(8) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0394, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0996, T = 100(2) K.
The role of semiotics in the unification of langue and parole: anAgentive Cognitive Construction Grammarapproach to English modals
Authors: Torres-Martínez Sergio
Published: January 2022

This article introducesAgentive Cognitive Construction Grammar, an emerging field that seeks to connect the linguistic system with speaker-meaning. The stated purpose is thus to tackle a pervasive disconnect in both cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, whereby the linguistic system (langue) and speaker selections (parole) are separated in the belief that language is essentially a mental process associated with the brain, and hence, separated from bodily experience. I contend this view by introducing a triadic model of construction (based on the Peircean sign) in which form and function are inextricably bound up withagency. This is possible because language is tethered to senses of movement and balance that connect experiences with the physical world with the mental. A major insight of the paper is that argument structure constructions partake of both linguistic and non-linguistic signs, which provides speakers with a means to verbalize their thoughts and distribute agency in specific events.
Európai Újraélesztési Társaság (ERC) 2021. évi, alapszintű újraélesztésről (BLS) szóló ajánlásának(1) összefoglaló bemutatása
Authors: Priskin Gábor , Schiszler Bence , Pandur Attila , Tóth Balázs , Betlehem József , Radnai Balázs
Published: January 2022

A World Health Organization (WHO) 2019-es, legújabb, globális halálozási adatai(2) szerint a világon továbbra is vezető halálokként jelölhetők meg az iszkémiás szívbetegségek. Ezen kórfolyamatok gyakran okoznak keringésmegállást, mely hátterében leginkábba szívet ellátó erek károsodása, arteriosclerosisa, atherosclerosisa, vagy zsíros plakkosodása állhat. Ugyancsak kialakulhat arreszt állapot a szívizom iszkémia miatti károsodásból, megvastagodott szívizomzat következményeként, és malignus ritmuszavarokból fakadóan. Az előjelek nélküli, hírtelen bekövetkező szívhalál (SCA) kóroka 80%-ban koronária betegeségből kialakuló esemény,  minek bizonyítására sokszor csak a pathológiai diagnózis alkalmas(3). A szívmegállás terápiája alapszinten a kardiopulmonális  eszuszcitáció (CPR) illetve a félautomata külső defi brillátorral (AED) történő defi brilláció, ugyanis a keringésmegállások nagyjából harmadában kamrafi brilláció (VF) áll fenn(4). Számos kutatás számolt be arról, hogy a laikusok által megkezdett CPR jelentősen képes növelni a betegek túlélési esélyeit(5).
Könyvajánló
Authors: Mártai István
Published: January 2022

A Semmelweis Kiadó jelentette meg Dr. Oszvald Péter „Ami az ABC-n túl van” című könyvét, melyetMadarassy István ötvös- és szobrászművész alkotásairól készült képek díszítenek.A 252 oldalas, igényes mű első része ismerteti a Szerző életének főbb állomásait, orvossá és gyógyítóvá válásának útját.
The Exotic in Nineteenth-Century French Opera, Part 1: Locales and Peoples
Authors: Locke Ralph P.
Published: January 2022

Nineteenth-century French opera is renowned for its obsession with “the exotic”—that is, with lands and peoples either located far away from “us” Western Europeans or understood as being very different from us. One example: hyper-passionate Spaniards and “Gypsies” in Bizet’s Carmen. Most discussions of the role that the exotic plays in nineteenth-century French opera focus on a few standard-repertory works (mainly serious in nature), rather than looking at a wider range of significant works performed at the time in various theaters, including the Opéra, the Opéra-Comique, and Offenbach’s Bouffes-Parisiens.

The present article attempts to survey the repertory broadly. Part 1 examines various “different” (or Other) lands and peoples frequently represented on stage in French operas. Part 2 discusses typical plots and character types found in these operas (sometimes regardless of the particular exotic land that was chosen) and concludes by exploring the musical means that were often employed to impel the drama and to convey the specific qualities of the people or ethnic group being represented. These musical means could include special or unusual traits: either all-purpose style markers of the exotic generally or more specific style markers associated with identifiable peoples or regions. But the musical means could also include any of the rich fund of devices that opera composers normally used when creating drama and defining character: melodic, harmonic, structural, and so on. This last point is often neglected or misunderstood in discussions of “the exotic in music,” which tend instead to focus primarily on elements that indisputably “point to” (as if semiotically) the specific land or people that the work is seeking to evoke or represent.

In both Parts 1 and 2, instances are chosen from works that were often quite successfully performed at the time in French-speaking regions and that, even if little known today, can at least be consulted through recordings or videos. The works come from the standard recognized operatic genres: five-act grands opéras, three-act opéras-comiques, and short works in bouffe style. The composers involved include (among others) Adam, Auber, Berlioz, Bizet, Chabrier, Cherubini, Clapisson, Félicien David, Delibes, Flotow, Gomis, Gounod, Halévy, Messager, Meyerbeer, Hippolyte Monpou, Offenbach, Ernest Reyer, Saint-Saëns, Ambroise Thomas, and Verdi (Les vêpres siciliennes, Don Carlos).

Examining certain lesser-known works reveals merits that have gone relatively unheralded. As for the better-known works, approaching them in this wide-angled way grants us a richer appreciation of their strengths and their often-enlivening internal contradictions.
Dokument utraconego/zanikającego dziedzictwa. Różnorodność leksykalno-słowotwórcza matki w gwarach Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur
Authors:   Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN, Grześkiewicz Ewelina
Published: January 2022

The aim of the article was to present the lexical richness and word-formation potential of the lexeme matka [mother] in the dialects of Ostróda, Warmia and Mazury. The lexemes mother, mama and muter, as well as their derivatives were analyzed. The linguistic material was based on the file of Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur [A Dictionary of Dialects of Ostróda, Warmia and Masuria Regions] that is a record of dialect status at the end of the 1950s. The lexeme matka is connected with the creation of 10 derivatives, the lexeme mama – with 7 derivatives, and muter – 2 derivatives. The derivation of the last word is a proof of the adaptation of a German root in the dialects under discussion. The analysis of the material has shown that the derivatives have a modify ing semantic function and they convey positive emotions towards the referent. In this way, hypocoristic formations were created whose suffixes do not differ significantly from the general Polish word-formation system. In addition, it turned out that about 80% of the derivatives come from the dialect literary style, as the second degree suffixes are not functional in the analyzed dialects. In communicating positive feelings towards the designate, simple suffixes were sufficient for the language users. It is not possible to determine isomorphs on the basis of the material collected in the file, as questions about diminutives were attached to the questionnaire at the last stage of the fieldwork.
Cognitive linguistics – a historical context
Authors:   Lingwistyczna Szkoła Wyższa w Warszawie, Shtok Nina
Published: January 2022

The article offers a brief overview of the most prominent landmarks in the development of Cognitive Linguistics. It starts with the very inception of the field in the late 70s as a strong reaction against a doctrine of generative linguistics dominating at that time. Later the paper describes the cornerstone theories which were at the onset of this linguistic enterprise. From the very beginning the movement was rather diverse and still cannot be defined as one unified theory; however, there has always been one common factor in its approaches which is the centrality of meaning in language study. The works of the second wave of cognitive linguists, which are also outlined in the article, focused even more increasingly on cognitive functions providing insights into the nature and organization of human thoughts. Nowadays the postulates of Cognitive Linguistics are applied not only to all levels of language study but extended to other scientific areas.
Wyraz pluszczyć ‘zamykać, mrużyć oczy’ w języku polskim, ukraińskim i białoruskim
Authors:   Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Rembiszewska Dorota Krystyna , Siatkowski Janusz ,   Uniwersytet Warszawski
Published: January 2022

The article aims to determine the status and origin of the verb pluszczyć in three Slavic languages. The analysis of linguistic data has shown that, in terms of diachronic perspective, the unit under scrutiny is a semantic innovation that is common to Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish (the Mazovian dialect), but has a slightly different character in each of these languages. While in Belarusian pluszczyć belongs to the lexical inventory of literary language, in Ukrainian it appears rather occassionally, but in Polish it is a regionalism (Podlasie) that can be synchronically considered as a loanword adopted from Belarusian.
Час i чалавек у кантэксце аўтарскай тыпiзацыi героя (на матэрыяле беларускай прозы першай трэцi ХХ стагоддзя)
Authors:   Baranowicki Uniwersytet Państwowy, Białoruś, Biełaja Alena
Published: January 2022

In the article social and artistic phenomena of time and man depicted in interliterary context in the prose of K. Chorny, K. Krapiva, Z. Byaduli and M. Zaretsky are discussed. The analysis includes the uniqueness of the authors’ vision of reality, the characters’ diversity and dynamics, the peculiarities of artistic typification, universal human features and national diversity of the concept of man. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of personality self-identification in the critical period as well as to the principles and methods of artistic depiction of a character in the context of the era. The article examines the key existential principles and humanistic dominants embodied by Belarusian writers in their artistic concept of personality in the era of wars and revolutions.
Спроба паразумецца: перакладчыцкая канцэпцыя i чытацкая рэцэпцыя ў практычным узаемадзеяннi
Authors:   Narodowa Akademia Nauk Białorusi, Mińsk, Yakavenka Natalia
Published: January 2022

The article reveals the actual problem of understanding and reception of the translation of a literary work in the context of Belarusian-Russian bilingualism with the dominant use of the Russian language. Although the translation in a bilingual context often helps readers to understand better, it can also hinder the reception when bilingual readers comparing both texts are not satisfied with translation. It is not possible to establish general limitations on account of the variability of both understanding and subsequent creation of the work which is by nature subjective and ambiguous. Not only should translators have a thorough knowledge of the language of the original work but they also are expected to know social-cultural conditions of the society for whom they translate.
Праблемна-тэматычная i жанрава-стылëвая полiфанiчнасць у раманах Вiктара Марцiновiча
Authors:   Witebski Państwowy Uniwersytet im. P.M. Maszerawa, Nawasielcawa Hanna
Published: January 2022

Viktar Martsinovich’s novels reveal the aesthetic searches conducted in modern Belarusian literature. In the work “Sphagnum” the classical form of the social novel is originally reproduced, where various representatives of the society are convincingly shown in colorful images-types. The novels “Lake of Joy” and “Revolution” reveal first of all the psychological reflection of main characters, who act as symbolic incarnations of the spiritual aspirations of our time. Novels with assessments of psychological anti-utopia “Language” and “Night” represent the author’s prediction of the loss of national identity and spiritual literary tradition.
Беларускi сенатар Польшчы Вячаслаў Багдановiч
Authors:   Rosyjska Akademia Nauk, Moskwa, Łabyncew Jurij , Szczawinskaja Łarysa ,   Rosyjska Akademia Nauk, Moskwa
Published: January 2022

The article discusses life and work of Vyacheslav Bogdanovich (1878–1939/1940?), an outstanding figure of Belarusian national movement, a senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The son of a Belarusian Orthodox priest, he became one of the most recognized intellectual leaders of his nation, a talented writer, a skilled polemicist and a politician. V. Bogdanovich is the author of many different works. Special attention is paid to his articles devoted to the poetry of Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas as well as hagiographic studies related to the mission of the Orthodox patrons of Belarus – Anthony, John and Eustafij. The problem of autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which became disastrous for V. Bogdanovich, affected all aspects of his multilateral activities. It also had a direct impact on his description of such topics as “Belarusian spiritual heritage”, “languages of the Orthodox Church”, “the people and the intelligentsia”, “the church and the state”. The last days of V. Bogdanovich’s life were tragic. He was released from Polish detention in September 1939, less than a month later he was arrested in Vilnus by the NKVD and went missing.
Polsko-niemiecki pakt o nieagresji z 1934 r. – geneza i przegląd postanowień
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Koniecko Michał
Published: January 2022

One of the effects of the end of the First World War (then known as the Great War), was a significant geopolitical transformation on the map of Europe. Many new states were established at that time. One of them was Poland (the Second Polish Republic). The territory of the newly created state included part of the lands previously belonging to Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary. The conceding of Greater Poland and parts of Pomerania and Upper Silesia to the reborn Republic of Poland caused a deep conflict between Poland and Germany. One of the main goals of the Weimar Republic’s foreign policy was to regain the disputed territories. The interests of both countries were therefore at odds, and one of the manifestations of the poor relations was the Customs War. Following Adolf Hitler’s seizure of power, Marshal Józef Piłsudski proposed France a preventive war, in order to remove the dictator from power. This was a turning point that led to an improvement in mutual relations, resulting in the conclusion of a non-aggression pact. Contacts between the two countries revived, and Nazi propaganda ceased its attacks on Poland. The period of warming ended with the first territorial claims against the Republic of Poland, including the incorporation of the Free City of Danzig into the Third Reich. Deterioration of diplomatic relations, combined with British-French military guarantees for Poland, led to the declaration of the Pact by Germany in April 1939. The aim of this article is to present the genesis and content of the Polish-German non-aggression pact and to analyze it from the legal point of view, as well as from the point of view of the intentions of the parties which accompanied its conclusion.
Karol Brzostowski i jego Instytucja Rolno-Fabryczna Sztabińska
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Ułanowicz Mateusz
Published: January 2022

Karol Brzostowski was born in 1796. His parents were Ewa Chreptowicz and Michał Hieronim. His grandfather was Joachim Litawor Chreptowicz – writer, poet, and activist of the Commision of National Education. Karol Brzostowski was a famous landowner in the first half of the 19th century. He was a farmer of the Sztabin estates. His greatest achievement in the field of industrial development was the establishment of the Sztabińska Huta settlement, in which there were: a factory of agricultural machines and tools; glassworks, foundry and a blast furnace. Karol Brzostowski was also an inventor and constructor. In his will, written on November 29, 1853, he granted Sztabin’s provincial landowners ownership of the land, and from the rest of the property he created the Factories Fund, called the Sztabińska Agricultural and Factory Institution. The Institution started operating on January 1, 1855, a few months after the testator’s death. Its property consisted of industrial plants and agricultural estates. A few years after his death, the Institution started to go bankrupt. In 1948, the remains of the Institution, in the form of a forest known as the Sztabin Parcellation, became property of the state. The main aim of this article is to present a short outline of the history of the Sztabińska Agricultural and Factory Institution. The most important source giving rise to its existence is the mentioned will of Karol Brzostowski. The Sztabińska Agricultural and Factory Institution was written about by, inter alia, L. Pietrusiński, J. Rółkowski, I.W. Kosmowska, J. Bartyś, G. Ryżewski, H. Zawistowska-Zacharewicz and S. Maciejewski. The files concerning the Sztabińska Agricultural and Factory Institution are located, among others, in the State Archives in Suwałki and the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw.
Działalność parlamentarna Michała Łazarskiego (1928–1939)
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Ułanowicz Mateusz
Published: January 2022

Michał Łazarski (1896–1944) was born in Sztabin in Suwałki Governorate. His parents were Teofila and Józef. He was a deputy of Sejm of the Republic of Poland in the years 1928–1938 and subsequently a senator from 1938 until 1939. He was also a well-known local government activist in the Białystok Voivodeship. He was interested in agriculture and the military. Before he started his career in the Parliament, he had fought for his Motherland as a member of The Polish Military Organisation as well as during the Polish-Soviet War. Michał Łazarski died at the time of the Warsaw Uprising on 1st of August 1944. The main point of this publication is to present his parliamentary activity. The biography of Łazarski was a subject of research by H. Majecki, J. Rółkowski, G. Ryżewski, W. Batura, A. Makowski, J. Szlaszyński and others. The majority of information about the deputy was gathered in a publication called “Aktywni w codzienności: z dziejów instytucji i stowarzyszeń gminy Sztabin”. The main resources of Łazarski’s parliamentary activity of the interwar period are Sejm and Senate documents located in the Sejm Library’s website (https://biblioteka.sejm.gov.pl). I have also used press materials and publications describing the history of Polish parliamentarism. The point of this publication is also to present how the Sejm and Senate in II Republic of Poland operated. The parliamentary activity of Michał Łazarski in the interwar period is a good way to realise this intention. It was a very intense period in the history of polish parliamentarism.
O sędziach pokoju w pracach Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Mohyluk Mariusz
Published: January 2022

The article presents work on the unification of the Polish judiciary in the Second Republic in the years 1918–1928. It was carried out in three tracks. The initiator of the first moves consisting in unification of district regulations, reorganisation and taking over the judiciary was the government and the Ministry of Justice. Since February 1919, these measures were supported and approved by the Legislative Sejm (later the Sejm). Since November 1919 the burden of work was taken over by the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland. The aim of this article is to discuss the course of work on the law on the system of common courts within the Codification Committee of the Republic of Poland, with particular emphasis on the provisions on justices of the peace. From this point of view, it will help to solve the main research problem of the article: to what extent did the Polish Codification Commission contribute to shaping the institution of justices of the peace in the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland on Law on the System of Judiciary of 6 February 1928. The article makes use of archival materials, protocols from the sessions of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic, the legal literature of the Second Republic and the current literature on the subject.
Ochrona interesów publicznych w Rozporządzeniu Rzym I w kontekście zróżnicowania standardów pracowniczych w UE
Authors:   Biuro Eksperckie Komisji Krajowej NSZZ Solidarność, Surdykowska Barbara
Published: January 2022

The paper refers to the concept of public interest contained in Art. 9 of the Rome I Regulation. The author argues that in the light of the processes taking place on the labor market (such as the digitization of the labor market and employment via platforms) and problems with defining the scope of the directive on posted workers in the context of drivers of international transport, courts may treat national regulations in the field of labor law as overriding mandatory provisions. The main goal of the paper is to draw attention to the need to increase the interest in the doctrine of labor law in the sphere of the potential application of Art. 9 Rome I. With regard to employment issues, a question arises regarding the minimum wage applicable in a given country in conjunction with the issue of the freedom to provide services. The European Court of Justice referred to the issue of ensuring fair remuneration of employees as an important element of the “overriding general interest” justifying the restriction of the freedom to provide services. In the deliberations in the Mazzoleni judgment, the ECJ also emphasized that the application of the minimum wage of the country in which the service is performed may be a disproportionate burden, especially in a situation where the enterprise providing the services is located in the border territory and the work performed in the host country is temporary, short and part-time. An interesting issue is the “translation” of the considerations contained in the aforementioned judgment into the emerging employment through internet platforms. Some background for the above considerations is the fact that in the literature of private international law, among the overriding mandatory provisions, the most frequently indicated are anti-monopoly provisions, in the field of foreign exchange law, regarding the prohibition of import or export of certain goods, but this is also important from the point of view of the paper, more and more often regulations based on a private-law method of regulation. The paper also includes considerations regarding the concept of “public interest”.
Corona Ignorers – Only Annoying or Already Punishable? A Consideration of §§ 178, 179 Austrian Criminal Code (Endangering People by Infectious Diseases)
Authors:   Universität Salzburg (University of Salzburg, Austria), Schallmoser Nina Marlene
Published: January 2022

The Corona pandemic, which has dominated everyday life since the beginning of 2020, has brought Sections 178 and 179 of the Austrian Criminal Code (StGB) into the focus of criminal law discussion. They criminalize endangering other people through certain diseases: The perpetrator can be punished if he or she risks to transfer a disease, of which the presence must be reported to public authorities according to the law, to at least about ten other persons. Not least because these offenses have not had particular practical relevance up to date, several dogmatic questions remain unresolved, to which this paper provides an answer. These include, in particular, the extent to which a behavior must be dangerous for the health of others to lead to a criminal liability, how to deal with a lack of dangerousness that is determined ex post, and whether and under what conditions criminal liability by omission can exist. The proposed solutions are examined for their practical suitability based on typical “Corona cases” such as visiting so-called “Corona parties”, ignoring a segregation duty or concealing contacts during contact tracing. To answer the unresolved dogmatic questions, it is first necessary to present the relevant literature and second to interpret the criminal law provisions according to the recognized interpretation methods (especially systematic interpretation and historical will of the legislator). This will lead to new solutions that partially differ from the prevailing opinion.
Recenzja: J. Widacki, A. Szuba-Boroń, Sprawy o szpiegostwo przed sądami wileńskimi w okresie II RP. Przyczynek do historii zmagań polskiego wywiadu i kontrwywiadu z wywiadem sowieckim i litewskim, Kraków 2020, 208 s.
Authors:   Uniwersytet Opolski, Hoc Stanisław
Published: January 2022

As so far, the research issues that J. Widacki and A. Szuba-Boroń became interested in have not been the subject of scientific interests. During the diplomatic mission in Vilnius, J. Widacki continued his scientific interests, reaching the files of espionage cases dated from the interwar period. On the other hand, A. Szuba-Boroń examined, inter alia, the files of espionage cases, dealing with the prose of Sergiusz Piasecki, the writer and former spy. The picture of a border, and in it the struggle of Soviet, Lithuanian and Polish intelligence services is undoubtedly an interesting background for research. The authors are aware of the research limitations, as they did not reach the cases tried in other Regional Courts, located in the territory of the then – Republic of Poland. They realistically estimate that finding and examining all of the criminal espionage cases pending before the courts of the Second Polish Republic seem to be impossible today. The undertaken research efforts are worth to be emphasized.
Interdisciplinary interplay between government programs, politics and demography as exemplified by the Polish family 500+ program: assumptions and first experiences
Authors:   University of Lodz, Guziejewska Beata
Published: January 2022

Purpose – In 2016 the Polish government launched the Family 500+ program. This family policy instrument is regarded as a unique but debatable measure. The paper assesses the program in terms of interdisciplinary relationships between public programs, politics, sociology and demography.Research method – The research for the paper was carried out using a qualitative case study-based method. A critical analysis of the relevant legislation, public policy assumptions, reports, and earlier studies was performed. The data contained in the Demographic Yearbook of Poland [2018, 2019, 2020] published by Statistics Poland and simple methods of descriptive statistics were also used.Results – The conclusions from the research are that while the program’s effect on the demographic situation in Poland is limited, it helps reduce poverty, supports families and politically benefits the ruling party. They also suggest that the current sociological, social, cultural, historical, and political factors have an essential influence on how this type of programs is received by voters and on their success.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The program has prevented the demographic gap in Poland from widening. A new study using simulation modelling will seek to determine whether it also reduces poverty among families with children. The program’s demographic effectiveness and its effect on the female labor market should be further studied in the future
Awareness of Polish consumers as the basis of development from the sharing economy in the context of own research
Authors:   Rzeszow University of Technology, Pasternak-Malicka Monika , Dębowski Tomasz ,   University of Bialystok
Published: January 2022

Purpose – The aim of the article is an attempt to assess the approach of market participants to the sharing economy in the context of own empirical research against the background of surveys of agen-cies and other research centres. Research method – The implementation of the aim required the use of the direct method – question-naires. The research results from 2016-2020 are presented.Result – The obtained results of own research and the data taken from reports of other research centres do not give a clear answer to the question of how the sharing economy will develop in Poland. However, it seems that the growth will be inevitable. The only question is how dynamic the new eco-nomic model and the development of companies based on it will be. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The publication describes the essence of the sharing economy, and also changes in consumption trends, which are more and more frequently encountered also in Poland. Fragments of own survey research from 2016-2020 involving the issue were presented. In the future, it is necessary to continue research in the marked area.
Paradoks i precyzja. Studia o fantastyce naukowej
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Leś Mariusz Maciej
Published: January 2022

Monografia zawiera studia poświęcone fantastyce naukowej w jej różnych wymiarach: od światostwórstwa i strategii narracyjnych po walory edukacyjne. Autor traktuje literaturę fantastycznonaukową jako istotny czynnik współkształtujący współczesną wyobraźnię zbiorową.
Legal Restrictions of the Members of Parliaments of Belarus and Poland
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Chmyha Aksana
Published: January 2022

Goal – to analyse the key concepts of legal restrictions on the members of the Parliaments of Belarus and Poland in a comparative feature. Research methodology – the basis of the work is the comparative-legal method of research, as well as other methods of scientific inquiry. Score/results – there are significant obligations on Polish and Belarusian parliamentarians following from the requirements of legislative acts on the observance of a number of legal restrictions in the implementation of their mandates. In the article a number of progressive characteristics of legal restrictions on the members of the Parliaments of Belarus and Poland are stated. Originality/value – a new conclusion has been reached that it is preferable to further improve the regulatory framework that promotes the establishment of the legal restrictions of the members of Parliaments, which should be based both in Poland and in Belarus on the study and mutual implementation of the accumulated positive legislative experience of these states in this area.
Государственная служба в судебных органах Европы и Украины: сравнительный анализ
Authors:   Одесский региональный институт государственного управления Национальной академии государственного управления при Президенте Украины, Гладунова Елена
Published: January 2022

Goal – to carry out a comparative analysis of civil service in the judiciary of Europe and Ukraine and highlight the positive foreign experience for the possibility of borrowing it in the Ukrainian state. Research methodology – the article uses the method of system analysis, an integrated approach, a comparative method, as well as analysis and generalization of practical activities. Score/results – the article analyses the organization and functioning of the civil service on the example of some foreign countries. The main similarities and differences in the relationship between the institution of public service and the judicial authorities of Ukraine are highlighted. Ways of functional optimization and problem solution based on borrowing foreign experience are proposed. Originality/value – the work was performed by the author independently, without outside help. The article contains links to quotes, as well as links to legislation. In essence, the article is an overview report.
Модели и правовое регулирование здравоохранения в Польше и Италии
Authors:   Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku, Kobus Grażyna , Maksimczuk Marta ,   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
Published: January 2022

Goal – the paper assessed (main objective) the assumptions of the selected models and legislation regulating health care in the studied countries and examined their impact on the implementation of the constitutional guarantee of access to health services (specific objective). Research methodology – the descriptive method was mainly used, with elements of system‑legal and formal‑legal analysis, as well as cause‑and-effect analysis. Score/results – main hypothesis was negatively verified (the assumptions of adopted models of health care in Poland and Italy lead to the improvement of constitutional guarantee of access to health services), while the specific one was positively verified (adopted conditions have a significant impact on the functioning of health care in Italy and Poland, in particular during the COVID‑19 pandemic). Originality/value – organise and systematise the healthcare reality described.
Cooperation of Territorial Communities: International Experience and New Possibilities for Ukraine
Authors:   Odessa Regional Institute for Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine, Maiev Andrii
Published: January 2022

Goal – the research is focused on two main goals: 1) study of international experience of inter‑municipal cooperation which is considered together with the widespread trends for consolidation of communities; 2) definition of the ways for inter‑municipal cooperation development in Ukraine on the basis of the best European practices and taking into account the implementation of the territorial organization reform at the present stage. Research methodology – for the realization of the research the methods of synthesis, generalization, comparison, observation as well as other general scientific methods were used. Score/results – various types of inter‑municipal entities created in different countries, their legislative basis, responsibility area, financial resources and other aspects were examined in the context of further implementation of the best foreign models in Ukraine. Originality/value – as a result of the conducted analysis recommendations were elaborated for the more successful development of inter‑municipal cooperation in Ukraine as an efficient way for the solution of local economic problems and sustain‑able development of communities.
Classification of maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy using repeated blood samples
Authors: Knøsgaard Louise , Andersen Stig , Hansen Annebirthe Bo , Vestergaard Peter , Andersen Stine Linding
Published: January 2022

Objective

The assessment of maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy is debated. It is well-established that pregnancy-specific reference ranges preferably should be used. We speculated if the use of repeated blood samples drawn in early pregnancy would influence the classification of maternal thyroid function.

Methods

Pregnant women with repeated early pregnancy blood samples were identified in the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort. Each sample was used for the measurement of TSH, free T4 (fT4), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab) (ADVIA Centaur XPT, Siemens Healthineers). Method- and pregnancy week-specific reference ranges were used for the classification of maternal thyroid function.

Results

Among 1466 pregnancies included, 89 women had TSH above the upper reference limit in the first sample (median pregnancy week 8) and 44 (49.4%) of these similarly had high TSH in the second sample (median week 10). A total of 47 women had TSH below the lower reference limit in the first sample and 19 (40.4%) of these similarly had low TSH in the second sample. Regarding women classified with isolated changes in fT4 in the first sample, less than 20% were similarly classified as such in the second sample. The percentage agreement between the samples was dependent on the level of TSH in the first sample and the presence of TPO- and Tg-Ab.

Conclusion

In a large cohort of pregnant women, the classification of maternal thyroid function varied considerably with the use of repeated blood samples. Results emphasize a focus on the severity of thyroid function abnormalities in pregnant women.
ПРОСТОРОВІ ЧИННИКИ ФОРМУВАННЯ УМОВ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Rodchenko V.B. , Rekun G.P. , Prus Yu. I.
Published: January 2022

Мета статті полягає в розвитку теоретичних основ та методичних положень трансформації параметрів системи управління просторовим капіталом регіону під впливом глобальних викликів. Проаналізувавши праці провідних науковців та аналітичні матеріали світових дослідницьких центрів, у роботі виокремлено сучасні тенденції розвитку бізнес-структур, обумовлені трансформацією системи управління просторовим капіталом; особливості впливу змін в системі управління просторовим капіталом на процеси реалізації державного врядування та життєдіяльності людини. Серед глобальних викликів трансформації властивостей простору авторами виокремлено цифровізацію, сервісизацію, індустрію 4.0, декарбонізацію економіки. У роботі доведено, що у сукупності саме ці виклики змінюють традиційне розуміння сутності менеджменту як виду управлінської діяльності, що проявляється у переході до концепції напрацювання диференційованих індивідуальних показників ефективності діяльності; перманентного зменшення поляризації між поняттями масове виробництво та якість локальних товарів, робіт, послуг; переходу від масового ринку до мінливого ринку індивідуальних або мікрогруп покупців тощо. Як наслідок, під впливом цих процесів виникають нові системи виробництва (вікіноміка, нові мережеві кооперативи), нові способи доставки товару (віртуальні примірочні, 3D-друк, електронні книги), нові системи власності (економіка дарування та економіка розподіленого користування, безкоштовні та умовно-безкоштовні товари/послуги); нові системи управління (незалежні ради директорів, мультистейкхолдеризм, відсутність ієрархій, колективне лідерство); нові системи фінансування (краудфандинг та «етичний банкінг»); нові системи організації ринку (механізми співконкуренції).
СМАРТ-СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЯ У ПОСТУЛАТАХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ШКІЛ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ ДИСКУРС
Authors: Voznyak H.V.
Published: January 2022

В статті проведено огляд сучасних теорій економічного розвитку територій, доцільність врахування яких дасть змогу скоротити розрив між практичною спрямованістю смарт-спеціалізації та її теоретично обґрунтованою концепцією. Метою статті є дослідження еволюції теорій у постулатах економічних шкіл, які формують теоретичний базис смарт-спеціалізації регіонів. Застосування методів логічного узагальнення, аналізу та історичного підходу дало змогу стверджувати, що теоретичне підґрунтя смарт-спеціалізації формують ідеї теорії ендогенного зростання, теоретичні постулати нерівномірного розвитку, окремі позиції теорії креативного класу, інформаційного суспільства, низка положень теорії колективних дій тощо. З’ясовано, що формування теоретичного концепту смарт-спеціалізації регіонів на сучасному етапі пов’язано із  актуалізацією теорії ендогенного зростання, ключова ідея якої базується на орієнтації на внутрішні чинники та механізми технологічного прогресу, які в сукупності здатні забезпечити саморозвиток і самовідтворення цілісних соціально-економічних систем. Збалансоване поєднання державного втручання, протекціонізму та стратегічних інвестицій - визначальні детермінанти економічного поступу прихильників теорії  «економічного націоналізму», яка переконливо доводить, що тільки завдяки індустріалізації можна досягнути добробуту. Аргументовано, що з кожним роком традиційні чинники економічного зростання втрачають свою вагу, натомість більшого значення набуває креативний клас, а відкритість і спільне використання стають новітніми принципами розвитку соціально-економічних систем. Спільним вираженням аналізованих концепцій є розбудова взаємозв’язків між стейкхолдерами,  розбудова і посилення багатостороннього партнерства, комунікації із зовнішніми мережами, формування і просування унікальності регіону. Саме такі домінанти, синергія яких гарантуватиме підприємницьке відкриття та конкурентну перевагу регіону набувають особливої актуальності в існуючих умовах. Проведене дослідження вказує на необхідність застосування ключових положень даних теоретичних концепцій при обґрунтуванні теоретико-методологічного ядра смарт-спеціалізації.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЛОВОГО ЦИКЛУ В СУЧАСНІЙ СВІТОВІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ
Authors: Vasylchenko S.М. , Vasylyuk M.M. M.M. , Mykhailyshyn L.I.
Published: January 2022

В статті досліджуються можливі фактори посилення амплітуди циклічних спадів в розвинутих країнах світу в періоди глобальної фінансової кризи 2008-2009 років та пандемічної кризи 2020 року, викликаної  COVID-19. Розвинуті країни в ході останніх періодів ділового циклу почали зазнавати більших економічних спадів, порівняно з іншими країнами. Особливо звертає на себе увагу те, що країни що розвиваються та країни з ризиковими ринками (еmerging markets and developing economies) в цей час продовжували економічне зростання, хоча і з нижчими темпами. І це вимагає наукового пояснення, оскільки вже стало загальноприйнятим вважати, що розвинуті економіки є конкурентоздатнішими і стійкішими, аніж країни з ризикованими ринками та країни, що розвиваються. Це явище виглядає парадоксально, бо після кейнсіанської революції продовж минулого століття людство набуло великого досвіду з регулювання національних економік та, здавалось, навчилося згладжувати амплітуду циклічних коливань. З огляду на це метою статті є обґрунтування причини посилення амплітуди циклічних коливань  в країнах з розвинутою економікою. В ході дослідження було використано емпіричний метод, який включав збір інформації, спостереження явища та його аналіз, висунення гіпотези та розробку теорії, що пояснює сучасний феномен циклічності у ширшому плані.       Автори статті пропонують та обґрунтовують гіпотезу про те, що причиною більшої амплітуди циклічних спадів в економіках розвинутих країн порівняно з іншими країнами, окрім всього іншого, може бути значна відмінність в структурі економік країн. Розвинуті країни вирізняються значним переважанням третинного сектору. Третинний сектор більший, має більшу прибутковість, здатний генерувати більшу додану вартість порівняно з іншими секторами економіки, але,  і сильно скорочувати її в періоди рецесії. Це є силою і, одночасного, слабкістю сучасних розвинутих економік. Таким чином, ріст третинного сектору розвинутих економік призводить до посилення циклічних коливань в періоді економічного циклу. Для підтвердження цієї гіпотези було розраховано коефіцієнт кореляції Пірсона, який показав існування високої залежності між показниками динаміки ВВП та розміром третинного сектору в економіці. Тому, на думку авторів, заходи з антициклічного регулювання економік розвинутих країн мають бути спрямовані, в першу чергу, на третинний сектор. Це допоможе протистояти глобальним рецесіям, бо розвинуті країни сьогодні все частіше стають генераторами нестабільності внаслідок зростання фінансиалізації їхніх економік і росту третинного сектору загалом.