bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of the Distribution of Sand Sheet on Some Pastures in the Western Desert of Iraq
Authors: Alalwany A A M , Mukhlif H N , Abdulkareem B M
Published: November 2021

This research aims to track the spatial extensions of the sand accumulations significantly over the past few years, on the pastoral lands of two regions in the Western Desert of Iraq for the years (2000-2005-2013-2019), depending on the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system, which covered an area of (1826.5 km2), the satellite visuals of the Landsat sensors (OLI, TM) were used for the selected years of observations, within path 171, row 36 and 37, and the program to build classification equations within the ArcGis9.3 software environment for classification and mapping from the US Geological Survey website analysis, treatment, classification, improvement and calculation of the spread areas of sand accumulation, the results showed the affected areas in the north of Al-Rutba reached 304,443,268,280 km2, either in part of Wadi Al-Ratqah reached 289,346,191,113 Square kilometers, 34 grazing plant species belong to 12 families, The vegetative density ranged between 3.7 – 36.0 plant. m-2, the vegetation coverage was between 9.5-73.8 cm.m-2 and the total biomass was 28.1 g. m-2, noting the low values in the sand accumulations. This study emphasizes the need to develop policies, procedures and future plans to reduce the phenomenon of sand accumulation on pasturelands in the study areas.
An Epidemiological and Diagnostic Study of The Microfilaria Parasite in Cows in Western Regions of Iraq
Authors: Shahatha S S , Ayyed I M , Abood N M
Published: November 2021

The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Microfilaria in cows in the western regions of Iraq, by examining 382 cows of both sexes and for ages from 1-11 years during the year 2020. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping collected from the infected animals in the laboratory, and the results showed that the cows were infected with the microfilariae parasite by 34%, and the highest infection rate was recorded in Al-Qa’im area 51.6% and Haditha 49.%. Significant differences were observed between males (21.9%) and females (44.6%). The highest incidence rate was recorded in cows aged 3-5 years, at 45.3%, with significant differences from the rest of the ages. Furthermore, the highest incidence rate was observed in Summer seasons, reaching 64.8%. The current study concludes that cattle in the western regions of Iraq are infected with the microfilariae parasite at a high rate, and this necessitates the establishment of an integrated control approach to control parasitic diseases and prevent their spread in farm animals because they cause serious disease effects and heavy economic losses.
The Effect Irrigation Scheduling and Potassium Fertilization on Water Consumption of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Under Modern Irrigation Systems
Authors: Ati A S , Razin H A
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was conducted in Yusufiya sub-district - Mahmudiya township/Baghdad governorate in silty loam texture soil during the spring season of 2020. The experiment included three treatments with three replicates, as the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used according to the arrangement of the split design block. The treatments are in the irrigation system, which included surface drip irrigation (T1) and sprinkler irrigation (T2). Secondly, the Irrigation levels including the irrigation using 0.70 Pan Evaporation Fraction PEF (I1), irrigation using 1.00 PEF (I2), and irrigation using 1.30 PEF (I3). Coupled with, Potassium fertilization treatments that include (0.0 kg k ha-1 (K1), 150 kg k ha-1 (K2) and 300 kg k ha-1 (K3)). The results showed that the actual seasonal water consumption reached its peak at irrigation level I1, which reached 390.03 and 256.41 mm for the sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, respectively. However, the actual seasonal water consumption at irrigation level I2 was 373.92 and 255.63, and it was 353.82 and T255.15 mm at irrigation level I3 for the sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, respectively. The lowest values of the crop coefficient at the tuber maturity stage using the sprinkler irrigation system were 0.49, 0.46, and 0.44, and at the vegetative growth stage using the surface drip irrigation system by 0.37, 0.32, and 0.38 for irrigation levels I1, I2, and I3, respectively. Even though the greatest values were in the tuber Initiation and bulking stages, as they reached 0.86, 0.66, and 0.79 using the sprinkler irrigation system, while they reached 0.49, 0.54, and 0.51 using the surface drip irrigation system for I1, I2, and I3 levels, respectively. The highest water productivity for treatment I3K3 was 15.70 and 27.20 kg m-3 of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. In contrast, the lowest water productivity was 8.73 and 17.72 kg m-3 for treatment I1K1 of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Whereas, the highest value of crop water use efficiency was 11.70 and 17.58 kg m-3 for I3K3 treatment of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Although, the lowest value of crop water use efficiency was 6.71 and 11.49 kg m-3 for I1K1 treatment of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Lastly, the highest yield was 44.87 Mg ha-1 at treatment T1I3K3.
Estimation of the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Groundwater in Rutba City
Authors: Abd Byty A W , Gharbi M A , Assaf A H
Published: November 2021

Toxic metal pollutants in groundwater should be identified to prevent future health risks. In this paper, the presence of heavy metals in groundwater in the western region of Iraq was investigated. The heavy metals concentrations, including Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, Cd2+, As3+and Hg2+were explored in twenty selected aquifers near Rutba City and the results were presented as spatial distribution maps. Findings indicate that contamination with the investigated heavy metal ions possesses a serious threat to the study area’s groundwater quality when compared to WHO and IEPA guideline values. Thus, a new approach to remove or adsorb heavy metal ions can be developed for large-scale production and the safe use of these aquifers water. Results revealed that the highest concentrations in mg/L1of 2.312 in w19, 1.098 in w2, 5.78 in w17, 0.292 in w9, 3.349 in w5, 0.32 in w13, 0.074 in w11 and 5.622 in w1 for Zn2+, Cr3+, As3+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+and Hg2+were recorded, respectively.
Study of Combining Ability and Hybrid Vigor in Many Maize lines Zea mays L
Authors: Mukhlif F. H. , Abdullah A. Sh. , Hammody D. T.
Published: November 2021

In this study, nine pure maize lines were tested, in the analytical program (Line X Tester), during spring season 2020 to obtain individual hybrids which are 20. Parents and the resulting individual hybrid seeds were cultivated in the autumn season 2020 in accordance with random complete block design R.C.B.D. in three replicates to estimate the general and specific combining ability, some genetic parameters, and study the hybrid vigor by the best parents. The statistical analysis results showed significant differences between parents and individual hybrids for every studied character. Tester (ART-B-17) showed superiority with the highest positive effect of the general combining ability for grains number per row, weight of 300 grains and grains yield per plant where it gave 51.81, 7.71, and 45.74 respectively. The line (Zm4) has the most desired effect with regard to the general combining ability for the parameters; the hight of upper cob, plant height, number of grans per raw, number of cobs per plant and, weight of 300 grains, and single plant grains yield (10.53, 11.48, 2.89, 0.08, 29.28) respectively. The hybrid (Zm3 × ART-B-17) gave the highest wanted effect for the specific combining ability for the following traits; the height of upper cob, number of cobs per plant and single plant grains yield 13.34, 0.15 and 48.46 respectively. The genetic analytical results showed the presence of additive non-additive effects that control the parameters inheritance. Percentages of broad and narrow sense heritability for grains crop parameter reached 100 % and 30.95% respectively, while the average degree of dominance for the same parameter reached 2.11. the hybrid (Zm4 × S6) achieved the highest positive hybrid vigor for single plant grains yield (64.45%). In conclusion, this study showed the possibility to use some dominant parental crosses to obtain single hybrids with high grain yield because the single plant grains yield parameter was complying the effect of highly dominant genes.
Effect of Storage Methods, Covering and Spraying Treatments of Sugar Beet Roots During Storage Periods on Quality Characters of Roots
Authors: Ibrahim M E M , Seadh S E , Abdel-Moneam M A , Mohamed I K E
Published: November 2021

A research experiment was conducted after sugar beet harvesting season of 2018/2019 to study the losses in sugar beet roots quality after harvesting and reducing it by using different storage methods (storage roots in shadow and open air), covering (without, covering with rice straw, sugar beet foliages and net) and spraying treatments (without, spraying with tap water and Mepiquat chloride at the rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm/L) during storage periods (one, two, three and four weeks from beginning the study) under environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The experiment was carried out in factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. Stored sugar beet roots in piles under shading net conditions indexed the highest sucrose and quality percentages and lowest K, Na and alfa amino nitrogen percentages in roots. The highest sucrose and quality percentages and lowest K, Na and alfa amino nitrogen percentages in roots were obtained by covering sugar beet piles with sugar beet foliages. The highest sucrose and quality percentages and lowest K, Na and alfa amino nitrogen percentages in roots were resulted when spraying piles before storage with Mepiquat chloride at 1.0 cm/L. It can be concluded that stored sugar beet roots after harvesting directly in piles under shading and covering with beet foliages and spraying piles with Mepiquat chloride at 1.0 cm/L to reduce losses in sugar beet roots quality after harvesting and during storage and achieve high quality characters of roots under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Effect of Planting Dates on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Three Cultivars of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Authors: Ajaj H A , Mohammed Y A , Alrubaya A AM , Addaheri A MS
Published: November 2021

A field study was carried out during the spring season of 2017 in the fields of a farmer in the district of Habbaniyah, which is 70 km west of Baghdad, to study the effect of three planting dates (15 March, 1 April and 15 April) on the growth, yield and quality of three cultivars of sorghum (Babel, Warka and Rabeh). The implementation of the experiment was according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with split-plot arrangement with three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that the cultivar Rabeh was superior in most of the studied traits such as leaf area (3968 cm2), number of grains per head (2659.00 grains head-1), weight of grains per head (63.41 g) and grain yield (7.44 ton ha-1), while the Babel variety was superior in the percentage of protein (12.21%). As for planting dates, the date of April 1 was superior in most of the studied traits, such as leaf area (3635.33 cm2), number of grains per head (2670.33 grains head-1), weight of grains per head (62.12 g), grain yield (7.55 ton ha-1) and the percentage of protein (11.49%).
Studying the Effectiveness of Anise Extract and Alignite Nanoparticles on the Balance of the Microbial Gut Flora and Some Immunological Parameters in the Laboratory Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dawood F S , Thalij K M
Published: November 2021

The study aims to determine the effect of oral dosage of anise fruit alcoholic extract and Alignite Nanoparticles (AlgNPs) and their interaction with the antibiotics Cefotaxime and Metronidazole concerning the parameters related to the balance of intestine normal flora with some immunological parameters in laboratory guinea pigs induced with diarrhea by E.coli. The results show that the Enterobacteriaceae bacterial colonies counts belonging less than those accounts of lactic acid bacteria in the intestines of laboratory guinea pigs. It is also found that the synergistic action of the nanocomposites with different antibiotics like what: have a better antimicrobial effect than the effect of each individually. There is also a significant increase (p<0.05) in the IgM and IgA values, which are at 1789 and 362 ng/L, respectively compared with their levels in the control group animals which are at 1230 and 184.5 (ng/L), respectively. The value of IgG does not change significantly in the oral dosage of the extract or the AlgNPs. After the recovery status of laboratory animals from infection, the level of IgG increased significantly, which gives evidence of bacterial infection in the infected animals.
Potential Role of Cutting Date in Lodging and Yield of Three Oat Cultivars
Authors: Addaheri A M S , Hassan O M , Khalf Q S , Athab M U , Meshal O S
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to investigate the role of cutting at different growth stages according to the Zadoks scale and the possibility of reducing plant height and lodging at the end of the season. Moreover, it aimed to study the effect of cutting on some growth and yield traits of oat cultivars introduced into Iraq. A field experiment was carried out in an agricultural area on the left bank of the Euphrates River in the city of Ramadi during the winter season of 2020-2021. In this experiment, a randomized complete block design (RCBD), factorial arrangement, with three replications was used. The experiment included two factors: the first factor included three cutting dates according to the Zadoks scale: “Main stem and one tiller (GS21), main stem and four tillers (GS24), Main stem and seven tillers (GS27)”, in addition to the control without cutting. The second factor included three oat cultivars: Carrolup, Genzania, and Shafa. The most important results are summarized as follows: Cutting at all growth stages delayed ripening and reduced plant height, cutting at GS24 and GS27 reduced lodging, and cutting at GS27 reduced the grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and total dry matter. Genzania cultivar was superior in grain yield and total dry matter. The cultivars showed similar responses to cutting dates in the terms of lodging and yield. It can be concluded from this study that cutting at GS24 is beneficial in reducing lodging without a negative impact on yield quantity.
Determining Some Undesirable Behavioral Traits and Their Impact on the Behavioral Performance of Broiler Chicks
Authors: Mahmood N A , Abdulateef S M
Published: November 2021

This study was carried out on a poultry farm in the department of Animal Production – College of Agriculture - University of Anbar was achieved through two experiments, the first experiment was carried out during the period of 01-12-2020 to 15-12-2020. This experiment aimed to determine the undesired behavior in broiler chicks including fear, gathering, and isolation. Seventy-five unsexed chicks were used that belong to strain Ross 308 with the age of one day. Chicks were randomly distributed to five replications, each replicate contained 15 chicks. The second experiment from 31-01-2021 to 14-02-2021 and remove the undesired behavioral traits which were determined in the first experiment by using the natural stimulator (sound). Also, seventy-five unsexed chicks belonging to the same strain (Ross 308) were used with an age of one day as well as distributed to 5 replicates and each replicate contained 15 chicks. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two experiments in each of the traits of fear, grouping, and isolation due to the natural stimulator (sound) to broiler chicks.
An Epidemiological and Diagnostic Study of Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasite in Anbar Province - Iraq
Authors: Shahatha S S , Alkubaisy S A , Mousa M O
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in humans, animals, and vegetables in Anbar province-Iraq. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the samples microscopically, by examining 560 stool samples (262 males and 298 females) that were collected from patients attending hospitals (Ramadi, Fallujah, and Haditha), and its health centers. The results showed that the total infection rate was 12.1%, and no significant difference was recorded between the infection of both sexes. The highest rate of infection was 25.8% in the age group (1-9) years, with significant differences (P ≤0.05) from the rest of the age groups. The infection rate in the rural was 14.5% higher than in the urban 8.4%. The highest rate was recorded at 41.5% in April and the lowest at 2.5% in November, while the summer months did not record any infections. The study also included an examination of 188 samples of animal feces (48 sheep, 50 cows, 47 goats, and 43 dogs), the parasite was not diagnosed in any of the examined animals. This is the first study in the country to investigate the parasite in goats. The study also included the investigation of the C. cayetanensis parasite in five types of vegetable leaves (garden cress, radish, leek, green onions, and purslane). Where it is observed the presence of Oocyst in vegetables washing water by a percentage (6, 7.8, 7.2, 4.4, and 3.2) Oocyst/liter respectively.
A New Record For The Flora of Iraq: Astragalus vogelii (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Mousa M O , Abood N M , Shahatha S S
Published: November 2021

The Western Desert is a wide area of Iraq, it is bordered by three Arab countries, and characterized by the great plant diversity in the rainy years, including year 2019, during the spring season of the same year, a number of field trips were carried out in which wild plants were collected, and among them was Astragalus vogelii (webb) Bornm. of the papilionaceae family for the first time in Iraq, specifically in the Obealah valley, which intersects with the highway road towards Jordan and Syria (about 18 km. west of Rutba). The species was identificated according to the Flora of neighboring and near countries, the morphological description of the sprcies was done through a taxonomic treatment supported by photographic and microscopic images for all floral and vegetative parts, as well as anatomical description of the stem based on the cross section. Amap was also developed the specifies the locations of the species distribution. After making sure that there was no previous sample for the species in the Iraqi Herbaria, the sample of this study were deposited in the Iraqi National Herbarium with numbers 60340, 60341, 60342 and in the Anbar University Herbarium with numbers 6670, 6671, 6672 and 6673.
Effect of Spraying with Potassium and Kinetin on Specific Physiological and Productive Characteristics of Three Mungbean Genotypes (Vigna Radiata L.)
Authors: Habeeb M I , Abdullah B H
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the fall season of 2019 in Anbar Governorate, Al-Khalidiya city, located at longitude °43.46 and latitude ° 33.41, in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition with three concentrations of potassium (0, 400, and 800 mg.L-1). Combined with, three concentrations of kinetin (0, 100, and 200 mg.L-1) on the physiological and productive characteristics of three Mungbean genotypes (Local Khadrawy, Green Indian VC6089A10, and Black Indian GOLDSTAR). The experiment was implementedby the arrangement of the split-split plot using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Thus, the genotypes represented the Main plots, and kinetin represented the Sub-plots, while potassium represented the Sub-subplots. The study findings showed that the potassium concentration of 800 mg K.L-1gave the highest average for leaf area, potassium content in leaves, number of pods/plants, fertility percentage in pods, and seed yield. Whereas, the concentration of 400 mg K.L-1gave the highest activity of nitrate reductaseenzyme (NR) and the highest average of the pod length. In the same role, the foliar nutrition with a concentration of kinetin 200 mg.L-1achieved the highest potassium content in leaves and the highest activity of nitrate reductaseenzyme (NR). It also gave the highest average of the number of pods/plants, pod length, fertility percentage per pod, and seed yield per unit area. On the other hand, the local genotype was superior in the two characteristics of leaf area and the number of pods/plants, while the green Indian genotype was superior in the potassium content, NR enzyme activity, pod length, and seed yield, while the black Indian genotype was superior atfertility percentage per pod.
Study of Yield and its Components for Several Genotypes of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum L.) Newly Derived Under Three Seeding Rate in the Conditions of Anbar Governorate
Authors: Al-Hiti M J H , Al-Ubaidi M A G
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in a farmer’s field in Zakhikha which is one of the rural areas of western Heet City (about 15 kg) in Anbar Governorate, during Winter season 2020-2021, with sandy loam soil, to study seven newly derived genotypes from durum wheat, including two cultivars. They are registered, certified, and commonly cultivated in Iraq, under three seeding rate to select the ones that are suitable for the conditions of Anbar Governorate. Randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) was used in a split plot arrangement with three replications. The experiment included three Seeding rate (140, 160 and 180 kg ha-1) that represented the main plot, whereas the sub plots were occupied by seven genotypes (Latifia, Babel-30, Babel-31, Babel-32, Babel-86, and the two approved varieties Dour-29 and Dour-85). The results of the study showed that Babel-32 outperformed the rest of significant effect genotypes with highest average number of spikes (507.6 spike m-2) and grain yield (8.741 Mg ha-1), while the genotype Babel-86 was superior in weight of 1000 grain (55.89 g), and the cultivar (Dour-29) outperformed for the trait of number of grains per spike (39.15 grains spike-1). A significant effect of plant densities appeared in the studied traits, as the plants grown at seeding rate (180 kg ha-1) recorded the highest average in the trait of number of spikes m-2 (506.2 spike m-2) and grain yield (8.898 Mg ha-1) And the percentage of protein (11.89%). While planting plants at seeding rates (140 kg ha-1) led to the highest rate of number of grains per spike (38.42 grains) and 1000 grains weight (52.71 g). There was a significant interaction between genotypes and Seeding rate.
Effect of Nano Potassium and Cytokinins in the Vegetative Growth Traits of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Al-Falahi A S , AbdulKafoor A H
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out at the Al-Hsai District/Falluja City/Al-Anbar Province during the winter season 2020-2021. To study the effect of Nano potassium (NK) and Cytokinin (CTK) on the growth, and quality of the local cultivar of faba bean. Split plot system was used according to the design of a completely randomized block design R.C.B.D and three replications. The main blocks included four concentrations of CTK; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg. L-1, while the secondary blocks included four concentrations of NP; 0, 1, 2, and 3 g.L-1. The results of the experiment were summarized as follows: The NK concentrations influenced all the studied properties. Where the concentration of 2 g.L-1 affected most of the studied properties, like the plant height of 122.9 cm, the number of branches per plant of 14.34 branches. plant-1, the number of leaves per plant of 157.9 leaves. plant-1, leaf area 4918 cm2. plant-1, and leaf content of chlorophyll of 48.28 SPAD, while the control treatment outperformed in the trait of flowering beginning with the lowest average number of days (61.67 days). The CTK concentration of 100 mg. L-1 affected significantly on most of the studied traits. Where it prevails in plant height of 130.97 cm, number of branches per plant 13.55 branches. plant-1, number of leaves per plant of 165.5 leaves. plant-1, and LA of 5689 cm2. Plant-1. The highest level of Leaf chlorophyll content of 44.98 SPAD was found in the CTK concentration of 50 mg. L-1, which was not significantly different from 150 mg.L-1. Whereas the lowest number of days from cultivation to flowering starts of 62.58 days were found at control treatment. The interaction between NK and CTK had affected most of the studied traits, as the interaction of 2 gm. L-1 and 100 mg. L-1 (NK x CTK) has the highest average of plant height (158 cm) and number of leaves per plant (186.1 leaves. plant-1). Whereas the interaction between 1 gm. L-1 NP and 50 gm. L-1 CTK has the highest number of branches per plant 16.61 branches. Plant-1. Moreover, the highest average of LA (6812 cm2.plant-1) was found in the interaction between 1 gm. L-1 NP and 100 mg.L-1 CTK. The highest Leaf chlorophyll content of 56.53 SPAD was found in the interaction of 2 gm. L-1 of NP and 50 gm.L-1 of CTK. Whereas, the same interaction has an insignificant difference on number of days from cultivation to flowering starts trait.
Managing the Hazards of Aeolian, Fluvial and Coastal Erosion in Gudhi Area-Northern Kuwait Bay
Authors: Dousari Ali Al , Ahmed Modi , Dousari Noor Al , Al Saleh Abeer , William Teena
Published: November 2021

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research plans to set up some research facilities within the Gudhi area, which lies north of the coastal spill of Kuwait Bay. The area is about 653,000 m2, the region highly sensitive from an environmental perspective and ecological. It is a coastal strip dominated by rich fauna and flora mainly Nitraria retusa forming large nabkhas that attract many wildlife scientists. The presence of nabkhas is a good indicator of fluvial and aeolian activities in the area. The establishment of infrastructures within this area is anticipated to cause significant damage to wildlife. Additionally, any future infrastructures in the area is under the following threats: 1-S and encroachment as it is located within an active wind corridor. 2-Fluvial action during flood seasons as it is located at downstream of Jal Al-Zur watershed. 3-The wave erosion along 1200m coastal margin. As an important role of KISR is the attention and care regarding the environmental aspects associated with project actions, therefore, it is proposed that a proper scientific research project should be implemented prior to the establishment of any infrastructure development. The main objective of this study is to assess and control hazards in the Gudhi area by implementation of native plants and mangroves landscape design. Assessment and monitoring of fauna and flora have provided initial information on existing vegetation, soil properties that are considered important to quantify ecological conditions prior to actual vegetation plantation establishment or restoration effort. Nitraria and Lycium populations were found the most proper in controlling hazards of mobile sand and flush floods for the study area.
The Influence of Bunches Thinning and Pesticides on Some Traits and the Rate of Infection with Lesser Date Moth in Date Palm
Authors: Mahidi S M , Hamad R M
Published: November 2021

The experiment was carried out in one of the private palm orchards infested with the lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick) in the village of AL-Bualay AL-Jassim 8 km northwest of Ramadi during the season 2020, with the aim of studying the influence of bunches thinning and pesticides on some of physical and chemical and productivity and rate of infection with lesser date moth on date palm. The results revealed that the thinning factors C1(6 bunch) and C2 (8 bunch) date palm-1 reduce rate of infestation of the lesser date moth after 14 days of spraying pesticides at rates of 20.80 and 23.10% compared to the control treatment (28.30%). The pesticide A2 (Matrixine plus) outperformed in reducing the rate of infection after 7, 14, 21 days with an average of 6.34, 16.10, and 26.10% respectively, these rates were increased in the control treatment (11.88 and 31.30 and 61.90%) respectively. On the other hand, treatments 6 and 8 bunch outperformed the control treatment in terms of fruit setting, increased ripening rate and reduced khalal ratio, with rates of (76.33 and 73.78%), (50.00 and 50.11%), and (50.00 and 50.00%) respectively. The results confirmed that there were no significant differences between the thinning treatments on the total yield between treatments and their interactions. When using the pesticide A2, it caused a significant increase in the rate of ripening and a decrease in the percentage of khalal with rates of 56.22 and 43.78% respectively. The results indicate outperformed of the thinning treatment C2 and pesticide treatment A2 in phosphor, nitrogen, and potassium percent in fruits with an average of (0.0806,0.0820%), (0.4022,0.3989%), and (0.6856,0.6933%) respectively. These values decreased in the control treatment by rates of (0.0766 and 0.0750%), (0.3767 and 0.3767%), and (0.6422 and 0.6356%) respectively.
Effect of Exogenous Selenium Intake on Yield and Quality of Tomatoes Grown Under Salt Stress
Authors: Hajlaoui F , Hajlaoui H
Published: November 2021

The aim of the work undertaken is to study the impact of the exogenous supply of a biostimulant, which is selenium (sodium selenate Na2SO4), on tomatoes fruits quality under salt stress conditions. To this end, an experimental trial has been conducted on a seasonal tomato crop. Within the agricultural domain of the Regional Centre for Agricultural Research (CRRA), Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia (9°430 E, 35° 010 N; altitude 354 m above sea level). The variety used is Firenze. The latter is irrigated with saline water with two different concentrations of NaCl (3 and 6 g/l of NaCl). For each type of salinity, three levels of treatment with the biostimulant were used which correspond to the control plants (without foliar spraying) and to the two doses of application of sodium selenate C1 and C2 which are respectively in the order of 0.5 mM and 1 mM Na2SeO4. The results show that salt stress has a depressive effect on the morphometric and physicochemical characteristics of fruits such as weight, size, color, Brix degree, and lycopene content. However, the application of selenium further improved these parameters. This improvement was more significant in plants that were grown at moderate salinity (3g/l) and were also sprayed with a high dose of selenium (1mM Na2SeO4). For example, yield and fruit weight increased by 228.45 percent and 73.07 percent, respectively, when compared to non-treated plants. Also, fruit width and length increased by 42.31% and 35.57%. In addition, for the physiocochemical parameters the Brix degree and the lycopene content increased respectively by 18.45% and 237.38%.
Response of Apple Trees (cv. Ibrahimi) to the Time of Foliar Application with Zinc and Boron
Authors: Hadi A N , Saleh S A A
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted in one of the private orchards in the Saqlawiya area - Fallujah during the 2020 growing season. The foliar spray was used to study the effect of the timing of foliar spraying (three sprays, the first at the beginning of flowering, second at the stage of full flowers blooming, and the third at the stage of petal fall), Presented with symbols (D1, D2 and D3), respectively. The second factor consisted of spraying with boron and zinc with the following concentrations (0,1, and 3 gm. L-1), mentioned as (S0, S1, S2, S3), respectively. these elements were used singly or in the form of a mixture with the same concentrations. This study aims to study the effect of the two factors on the growth and setting of apple trees, cv. Ibrahimi. Therefore, (36) five-year-old apple trees with homogeneous vegetative growth were selected as much as possible. The results revealed that foliar application with boron and zinc for the Ibrahimi apple trees improved the quality of the fruits and their vegetative and flowering traits. The results revealed that spraying with micronutrients at the stage of petal fall had a significant effect on flower traits and yield especially the media culture (M3) which presented the best results for the traits. The results revealed that spraying with micronutrients at the stage of petal fall had a significant effect on flower traits and yield especially the time (D3) which presented the best results for the traits (leaf area, Rate of increase in the length of the branches, Rate of increase in branch diameters, Fruits set Percentage, Percentage of fallen fruits and Percentage of remaining fruits, which reached (24.25cm2, 56.77cm, 0.42cm, 26.65%, 45.25%, 54.75%), respectively. On the other hand, spraying with micronutrients achieved significant effect, especially (S3), that gave the highest values for the traits (Rate of increase in branch diameters, Fruits set Percentage, Percentage of fallen fruits and Percentage of remaining fruits), which were (37.50 cm, 0.42%, 26.65%, and 46.71 gm L-1).
The Effect of the Growing Media and Planting Distances on the Growth and Yield of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Grown in Plastic Tubes
Authors: Mustafa M A , AbdulRahman H B
Published: November 2021

This study is conducted in the unheated greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University during the two seasons 2020-2021. It aims to know the effect of growth medium and planting distances on growth and yield of three varieties of strawberry with a diameter of 6 inches. The study includes three factors, the first factor is media at three levels which are the loamy soil only, the loamy soil + peat moss and peat moss only, The second factor is planting distances which include three distances, 15, 20 and 25 cm between one plant and another, The third factor is the varieties which include three varieties, namely Camarosa, Sweet Charlie and Ruby gem. The experiment is implemented by designing randomized complete sectors according to the split-split plot design with three replicates, each replicate containing three tubes with a diameter of 6 inches, length of each tube 6 meters and each tube containing three experimental units. Thus, each replicate contains 9 experimental units with a length of 2 meters, the growth medium was set in the main plots and the planting distances in the sub-plots, while the cultivars took the sub-sub-plots The most important results can be summarized as follows: Peat moss is significantly superior in the characteristics of average number of leaves, leaf area, average number of flowers, total soluble solids, and total acidity, amounting to 21.95 leaf plant-1, 753.6 cm2, 20.22 flower plant-1, 9.119 and 1.335%, respectively. Ruby gem variety significantly outperformed in the characteristics of average number of leaves, leaf area, average number of flowers, and total soluble solids percentage, amounting to 19.65 leaf plant-1, 594.6 cm2, 20.22 flower plant-1 and 8.537%, respectively; while the verities have not differed significantly among themselves in the total acidity ratio. The distance D3 is significantly superior in the average number of leaves and leaf area, amounting to 18.73 leaf plant-1, 577.2 cm2. On the other hand, the distance D2 is superior in the two characteristics, namely the average number of flowers and the percentage of total soluble solids amounting to 19.70 flower plant-1 and 8.156%, while no significant differences are observed in the characteristic of the total acidity percentage.
Response of Wheat Crop to Biofertilizer Combined with Chemical Fertilizer Under Salinity Stress
Authors: Majeed R E , Attiya H J , Rasheed F T
Published: November 2021

This study was done to evaluated the PGPMs (Rhizobium ciceriCP-93 +Azospirillum brasilense+Trichoderma harzianum.+Pseudomonas fluorescence+Bacillus megaterium)+ 25% chemical fertilizer under salinity stress for four levels. S0 ((2.7 − 3.4) dS/m, S1(4.5 − 5), S2 (7 − 9) and S3 (10 − 15) dS/m. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out in the plant protection directorate/ministry of agriculture/Abu-ghreeb/Baghdad. In 2018 - 2019, using IPA 99 wheat cultivar. laboratory Experiment demonstrated, the ability of the microorganisms used in this study, to growth and survive normally and similar to the control treatment under salinity stress in vitro for three concentration of drainage water (5, 10, 15) dS/cm. Results of field experiment showed, T6(Rhizobium ciceriCP-93 +Azospirillum brasilense+Trichoderma harzianum.+Pseudomonas fluorescence+Bacillus megaterium+ 25% chemical fertilizer) and T4(Rhizobium ciceriCP-93 +Azospirillum brasilense+Pseudomonas fluorescence+Bacillus megaterium+25% chemical fertilizer) recorded significant increased in the number of spike, number of spikletes, number of tillers and length of spike in the S1 and S2, comparison with other treatments. T6 recorded significant increase in the weight of 1000 seed in both S1 and S2 with (38.5, 38) g respectively, and in the yield of crop of one meter T6 and T4 recorded significant increase over other treatments, with 435 g/m2and 421 g/m2respectively in S1and (335, 330) g/m2in S2.T6 also recorded significant increase in harvest index in both levels 27.23 % in S1 and 26 % in S2. results also showed there were no seed germination in S3, and there are not any data had been taken.
Estimation of Genetic Parameter by Using Full Diallel Cross in Maize under Different Irrigation Interval
Authors: Abd H S , Abdulhamed Z A , Ghadir M A
Published: November 2021

The research was carried out with the aim of estimating the general and specific capabilities of the coalition and the genetic action of inbred lines of maize The field experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields of Al-Khalidiya District - Anbar Governorate - Iraq for the spring season 2019, five inbred lines AG116, AG-M20, MH17, MH121 and ZM4 were used for this study and entered into a full diallel-cross breeding program, and evaluate the behavior of these inbred lines and their diallel and reciprocal crosses according to the first Griffing method and the fixed model. A comparison experiment was carried out between parental inbred lines and diallel and reciprocal hybrids using the RCBD design in split-plot arrangement with three replications. Where the irrigation intervals 6 and 12 days allocated to the main plots, and genotypes (inbred lines and hybrids) allocated to the sub plots in order to estimate the general and specific combining ability of the studied traits. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences between the parental inbred lines and their diallel and reciprocal hybrids in the general and specific combining abilities and their effects for most of the studied traits. The inbred ZM4 gave the highest negative combining ability to female flowering, which was −0.77 and −1.06 for 6 and 12-day irrigation intervals, respectively. While the MH121 inbred line with 6-day irrigation interval and ZM4 inbred line with 12-day irrigation interval were distinguished by giving it the highest positive and significant combining ability of grain yield, which amounted to 4.78 and 9.45, respectively. The specific combining ability of the hybrids was characterized by negative and positive values, the cross-hybrid AG116 × AGM20 with the irrigation interval of 6 days gave the highest positive and significant combining ability of 34.05. While the hybrid MH17 × ZM4 with an irrigation interval of 12 days was distinguished by giving it a positive combining ability of 7.12. As for the reciprocal hybrids, the reciprocal hybrid MH121 × AG116 with irrigation intervals of 6 and 12 days gave the highest positive and significant values of 48.74 and 25.76, respectively. The percentage of heritability in the broad sense was 99.8% in the leaf area of the 6-day irrigation interval, while with the 12-day irrigation interval it was 98.76% in the female flowering trait. Whereas, the percentages of heritability in the narrow sense reached 78% in the number of rows in ear with the irrigation interval of 6 days for the reciprocal hybrids, while it reached 78.91 in the reciprocal hybrids at the 12-day irrigation interval for female flowering.
Effect of Spraying with Water Hyacinth and Silverleaf Extractson Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Houry W K , Alkaisy A M A , Almehemdi A F
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in one of the special fields Al-Jazirah - Al-Budhiyab located at latitude 38.28° north and longitude 43.19° east, to find out the effect of different concentrations of the extract of the Water hyacinth and silverleaf plants in three varieties of sun flower. The experiment was applied using a split-plate arrangement within an RCBD design with three replications. The main plots were represented by the varieties Ishaqi, Sakha, and Iqmar, and the sub plots included the spray concentrations 0, 5, 15 and 25 mg L-1. The results showed that the Iqmar variety was superior in plant height (179.73 cm) in the spring season, and the cultivar Ishaqi (175.50 cm) in the fall season. The variety also outperforms generously in leaf area (307.4 cm2) in the fall season. As for the extracts, the water hyacinth outperformed the plant height (177.74 and 175.11 cm) in both seasons, respectively. And in the stem diameter (20.45 mm) in the spring season and in the dry weight of the weeds (0.045 and 0.053 g m2) in both seasons respectively. While silverleaf herb extract exceeded the leaf area (213.9 and 271.1 cm2) in both seasons sequentially and the stem diameter (20.86 mm) in the fall season, the silverleaf herb extract reduced the dry weight of the weeds (0.032 and 0.043 g m2) in both seasons respectively. He increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.25 and 67.20 grams) in both seasons and the total yield (3.26 ton ha-1) in the fall season. The 15 mg L-1concentration also increased plant height (180.02 cm) and leaf area (208.9 cm2) in the spring season, disc diameter (22.39 cm) in the fall season and the number of seeds (924 seeds per disc-1). While the concentration increased plant height (176.19 cm) and leaf area (276.8 cm2) in the fall season. The concentration outperformed 5 mg L-1in stem diameter (19.65 and 20.32 mm) in both seasons and increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.57 and 67.94 g) in both seasons sequentially and the overall yield (4.35 and 3.18 ton ha-1) in both seasons. Sequentially. We conclude that there is a fluctuation in the behavior of the same crop varieties due to the overlap of study factors and in different directions, so it is recommended to individualize the factors in their influence on the varieties to know the behavior of those varieties more accurately.
Vital Response of the Wheat to Gibberellic Acid ”GA3” and Prolin Under Water Defect Conditions
Authors: Al fahad A Ch , Hassan Z A , AL-Shaheen M R
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the 2019-2020 agricultural season in the experimental fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, to study the effect of spraying with gibberellic acid 0, 100 and 200 mg. Liters and Proline (0, 300 and 400) in some characteristics of germination and growth of wheat, (class 33) the rate of irrigation every twenty days with the calculation of the rate of rain if it falls. The experimental units were distributed according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. It is evident from the results of the statistical analysis that there is a significant effect of gibberellic acidin all the studied traits, as the concentration of 200 mg. gave the highest Plant Height (cm), Chlorophyll rate, Percentage of protein % and Vegetative dry weight per plant (gm), as well as Proline recorded a high rate for all characteristics of the study. A high rate of interaction between the experimental factors was recorded in the Plant Height (cm), Chlorophyll rate, Percentage of protein % and Vegetative dry weight per plant (gm).
Vitality and Vigour Seed of Wheat Affected By Storage and Soaking With MnNPs
Authors: Altayy A L , Cheyed S H
Published: November 2021

The experiment was carried out in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad for the 2018 season, with the aim of determining the effect of soaking wheat seeds with nanoparticles (MnNPs) at concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L-1 in addition to the two comparison treatments (distilled water and dry seeds), and for a period Soaking 6, 12 and 24 hours in the germination and seedling strength and using the best concentration and the best soaking time for nanoscale iron fertilizer for use in subsequent field and laboratory experiments. The treatments were distributed using the complete random design (CRD) with four iterations. The results of the study showed the superiority of the nano fertilizer over the two comparison treatments (soaking in distilled water and dry seeds) in giving the highest average for all the standard germination and seedling strength characteristics. In addition. The 24-hour soaking time outperformed the periods 6 and 12 hours in giving the highest average for all the studied traits.
Effect of Soaking Maize Seeds with Selenium and Chitosan on Improving Germination, Vigour and Viability of Seed and Seedling
Authors: Al-Omairi A A , Al-Hilfy I H
Published: November 2021

An experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Seed Technology-College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad – Iraq, to studying the stimulation of maize seeds by soaking with selenium and chitosan to improve the vigour and viability of seeds. By using factorial experiment according to the Complete Random Design (CRD) with three replications. The seeds of two synthetic cultivars of maize (Baghdad 3 and Buhoth 5018) were soaked in selenium solutions at two concentrations (2 and 5 mg L-1), and chitosan (100 and 500 mg L-1) for 10 hours, as well as the two control treatments, which were dried seeds (without soaking) and the seeds soaked in distilled water. Results are shown that low concentration of 2 mg L-1 give highest mean were recorded in the percentage of germination in the first and final counts, the mean time germination, length of root and the plumule, the seedling vigour index, germination speed, and dry weight of the seedling. Seeds soaking with the solutions containing chitosan at both concentrations did not give significant results compared to the selenium treatments, both cultivars differed significantly in some germination characteristics and the vigour and viability of the seed: (length of root and the plumule, dry weight of the seedling). The results also showed a significant effect of the interaction between seed soaking treatments and cultivar on all studied traits. We conclude from this study that treatments of stimulating seeds by soaking them with distilled water and solutions of selenium and chitosan positively affected germination and its characteristics, so we recommend using low concentrations of selenium and chitosan to improve seed germination, vigour, and viability of the seedling.