bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Why Patients Die After Gastrostomy Tube Insertion: A Retrospective Analysis of Mortality
Authors: Longcroft‐Wheaton Gaius , Marden Peter , Colleypriest Ben , Gavin Daniel , Taylor Gordon , Farrant Mark
Published: April 2009

Objectives: To understand the causes of mortality of inpatients receiving a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube compared with a survival curve predicted from a model proposed by Levine et al (2007). Design: A retrospective study of patients receiving a PEG over an 18‐month period. Setting: Royal United Hospital Bath, a district general hospital in the southwest of England. Patients: Fifty‐five cases, with 44 found eligible for inclusion. Interventions: A Levine score was calculated for this cohort. A survival curve after PEG was produced and compared with the Kaplan‐Meier curve predicted by the Levine model. Main Outcome Measures: Mortality over a period of 1 year. Results: The mortality at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 16%, 20%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. This matched the predicted death rate from the Levine model closely (Pearson's rank correlation coefficient = 0.96). Conclusions: The authors found that the mortality of patients receiving a PEG followed that predicted for a similar cohort of patients without PEGs in the Levine model. This suggests that the deaths observed were due to underlying comorbidities, can provide a baseline for mortality targets for PEG services, and is useful patient information regarding the risks and benefits of the procedure. The findings demonstrate that PEG does no harm and supports the accepted opinion that nutrition support is associated with a better outcome. Furthermore, they show that most deaths occur within the first month of placement and would support arguments for delaying placement until outcome from the underlying condition is more predictable.
Notch1, Notch2, and Epstein-Barr virus–encoded nuclear antigen 2 signaling differentially affects proliferation and survival of Epstein-Barr virus–infected B cells
Authors: Kohlhof Hella , Hampel Franziska , Hoffmann Reinhard , Burtscher Helmut , Weidle Ulrich H. , Hölzel Michael , Eick Dirk , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Strobl Lothar J.
Published: April 2009

The canonical mode of transcriptional activation by both the Epstein-Barr viral protein, Epstein-Barr virus–encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), and an activated Notch receptor (Notch-IC) requires their recruitment to RBPJ, suggesting that EBNA2 uses the Notch pathway to achieve B-cell immortalization. To gain further insight into the biologic equivalence between Notch-IC and EBNA2, we performed a genome-wide expression analysis, revealing that Notch-IC and EBNA2 exhibit profound differences in the regulation of target genes. Whereas Notch-IC is more potent in regulating genes associated with differentiation and development, EBNA2 is more potent in inducing viral and cellular genes involved in proliferation, survival, and chemotaxis. Because both EBNA2 and Notch-IC induced the expression of cell cycle–associated genes, we analyzed whether Notch1-IC or Notch2-IC can replace EBNA2 in B-cell immortalization. Although Notch-IC could drive quiescent B cells into the cell cycle, B-cell immortalization was not maintained, partially due to an increased apoptosis rate in Notch-IC–expressing cells. Expression analysis revealed that both EBNA2 and Notch-IC induced the expression of proapoptotic genes, but only in EBNA2-expressing cells were antiapoptotic genes strongly up-regulated. These findings suggest that Notch signaling in B cells and B-cell lymphomas is only compatible with proliferation if pathways leading to antiapototic signals are active.
Indications for computed tomography (CT-) diagnostics in proximal humeral fractures: a comparative study of plain radiography and computed tomography
Authors: Bahrs Christian , Rolauffs Bernd , Südkamp Norbert P , Schmal Hagen , Eingartner Christoph , Dietz Klaus , Pereira Philippe L , Weise Kuno , Lingenfelter Erich , Helwig Peter
Published: April 2009

Background

Precise indications for computed tomography (CT) in proximal humeral fractures are not established. The purpose of this study was a comparison of conventional radiographic views with different CT reconstructions with 2 D and 3 D imaging to establish indications for additional CT diagnostics depending on the fractured parts.

Methods

In a prospective diagnostic study in two level 1 trauma centers, 44 patients with proximal humeral fractures were diagnosed with conventional X-rays (22 AP + axillary views, 22 AP + scapular Y-views) and CT (multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP)) with 2 D and 3 D imaging. 3 observers assessed the technical image quality, the assessment of the relevant anatomical structures (2-sample-t-test) and the percentage of the osseous overlap of the proximal humerus (Welch-test) using a scoring system. The quality of the different diagnostic methods was assessed according to the number of fractured parts (Bonferroni-Holm adjustment).

Results

There was significantly more overlap of the fractured region on the scapular Y-views (mean 71.5%, range 45–90%) than on axillary views (mean 56.2%, range 10.5–100%). CT-diagnostics allowed a significantly better assessment of the relevant structures than conventional diagnostics (p < 0.05) independently of the fracture severity (two-, three-, and four-part fractures).

Conclusion

Conventional X-rays with AP view and a high-quality axillary view are useful for primary diagnostics of the fracture and often but not always show a clear presentation of the relevant bony structures such as both tuberosities, the glenoid and humeral head. CT with thin slices technology and additional 3 D imaging provides always a clear presentation of the fractured region. Clinically, a CT should be performed – independently of the number of fractured parts – when the proximal humerus and the shoulder joint are not presented with sufficient X-ray-quality to establish a treatment plan.
Expression of GIMAP1, a GTPase of the immunity-associated protein family, is not up-regulated in malaria
Authors: Saunders Amy , Lamb Tracey , Pascall John , Hutchings Amanda , Dion Carine , Carter Christine , Hepburn Lucy , Langhorne Jean , Butcher Geoffrey W
Published: April 2009

Background

GIMAP (GTPase of the immunity-associated protein family) proteins are a family of putative GTPases believed to be regulators of cell death in lymphomyeloid cells. GIMAP1 was the first reported member of this gene family, identified as a gene up-regulated at the RNA level in the spleens of mice infected with the malarial parasite,Plasmodium chabaudi.

Methods

A monoclonal antibody against mouse GIMAP1 was developed and was used to analyse the expression of the endogenous protein in tissues of normal mice and in defined sub-populations of cells prepared from lymphoid tissues using flow cytometry. It was also used to assess the expression of GIMAP1 protein after infection and/or immunization of mice withP. chabaudi. Real-time PCR analysis was employed to measure the expression ofGIMAP1for comparison with the protein level analysis.

Results

GIMAP1 protein expression was detected in all lineages of lymphocytes (T, B, NK), in F4/80+splenic macrophages and in some lymphoid cell lines. Additional evidence is presented suggesting that the strong expression by mature B cells of GIMAP1 and other GIMAP genes and proteins seen in mice may be a species-dependent characteristic. Unexpectedly, no increase was found in the expression of GIMAP1 inP. chabaudiinfected mice at either the mRNA or protein level, and this remained so despite applying a number of variations to the protocol.

Conclusion

The model of up-regulation of GIMAP1 in response to infection/immunization withP. chabaudiis not a robustly reproducible experimental system. The GIMAP1 protein is widely expressed in lymphoid cells, with an interesting increase in expression in the later stages of B cell development. Alternative approaches will be required to define the functional role of this GTPase in immune cells.
Motor performance in five-year-old extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors: a population-based study
Authors: Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria WG , van der Cammen-van Zijp Monique HM , Janssen Anjo JWM , Reuser Jolanda JCM , Mazer Petra , van Heijst Arno FJ , Gischler Saskia J , Tibboel Dick , Kollée Louis AA
Published: April 2009

Introduction

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a cardio-pulmonary bypass technique to provide life support in acute reversible cardio-respiratory failure when conventional management is not successful. Most neonates receiving ECMO suffer from meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), sepsis or persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In five-year-old children who underwent VA-ECMO therapy as neonates, we assessed motor performance related to growth, intelligence and behaviour, and the association with the primary diagnosis.

Methods

In a prospective population-based study (n = 224) 174 five-year-old survivors born between 1993 and 2000 and treated in the two designated ECMO centres in the Netherlands (Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen and Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam) were invited to undergo follow-up assessment including a paediatric assessment, the movement assessment battery for children (MABC), the revised Amsterdam intelligence test (RAKIT) and the child behaviour checklist (CBCL).

Results

Twenty-two percent of the children died before the age of five, 86% (n = 149) of the survivors were assessed. Normal development in all domains was found in 49% of children. Severe disabilities were present in 13%, and another 9% had impaired motor development combined with cognitive and/or behavioural problems. Chi-squared tests showed adverse outcome in MABC scores (P < 0.001) compared with the reference population in children with CDH, sepsis and PPH, but not in children with MAS. Compared with the Dutch population height, body mass index (BMI) and weight for height were lower in the CDH group (P < 0.001). RAKIT and CBCL scores did not differ from the reference population. Total MABC scores, socio-economic status, growth and CBCL scores were not related to each other, but negative motor outcome was related to lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores (r = 0.48, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The ECMO population is highly at risk for developmental problems, most prominently in the motor domain. Adverse outcome differs between the primary diagnosis groups. Objective evaluation of long-term developmental problems associated with this highly invasive technology is necessary to determine best evidence-based practice. The ideal follow-up programme requires an interdisciplinary team, the use of normal-referenced tests and an international consensus on timing and actual outcome measurements.
Communities of sound: Examining meaningful engagement with generative music making and virtual ensembles
Authors: Dillon Steve , Adkins Barbara , Brown Andrew , Hirche Kathy
Published: April 2009

In this article, we examine the affordances of the concept of network jamming as a means of facilitating social and cultural interaction, that provides a basis for unified communities that use sound and visual media as their key expressive medium. This article focuses upon the development
of a means of measuring social and musical benefit through correlation with meaningful engagement and provides examples of inclusive ensembles, and the specification of musical knowledge through algorithmic and educational experience design. This research builds on the design and development
of the jam2jam family of generative software and hardware applications. An emerging theoretical model for observing meaningful engagement in community music making is examined against three case studies selected from a larger scale long-termed research project. In this analysis of case studies
we specifically employ an observational tool called the meaningful engagement matrix, discuss its development and describe how it functions to feed back data which informs software development, theories of social engagement and experience design.
Changing from Syllable-Rhythm to Word-Rhythm: Parallels between Danish and Northern Alemannic
Authors: Schrambke Renate
Published: April 2009

Languages and dialects can change from one prosodic category to another, causing thereby phonetic and phonological changes. This happened in Danish as well as in Northern Alemannic when both changed their basic rhythm from a more syllable-based system to a more word-based one. The consequences of this transition were very similar, some even identical. This article focuses on these similarities comparing the development of the plosive sounds as well as the assimilation ofnd>nin Danish and in a small area of Northern Alemannic in the transition area to Rhenish Franconian. Furthermore some of the changes that have taken place in a wider area of Northern Alemannic are discussed such as the deletion of word final vowels (apocope), the introduction of the glottal stop, the linkingnin hiatus position as well as phonetic assimilation across word boundaries.
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: clinical feature, laboratorial and imaging assessment, therapeutic management and outcome
Authors: Cury Maria Licia Calado de Aguiar Ribeiro , Fernandes Juliana Coutinho , Machado Hélio Rubens , Elias Lucila Leico , Moreira Ayrton Custódio , Castro Margaret de
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE: This study is an updated review of a Southeast Brazilian experience NFPA, emphasizing clinical features, laboratorial and imaging assessment, therapeutic management and outcome. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective study, in which 104 patients with NFPA were evaluated by the same team of endocrinologists and neurosurgeon. Patients underwent biochemical evaluation, radiological studies and visual field assessment. RESULTS: Hypopituitarism and neuro-ophthalmological defects were observed in 89%. We observed GH deficiency (81.4%), hypogonadism (63.3%), adrenal hypofunction (59.5%), hypothyroidism (20.4%), high (38.5%) and low (16.7%) prolactin levels. Preoperative imaging classified 93% of the tumors as macroadenomas. Extra-sellar expansion was observed in 83.8%. Varying degrees of visual disturbance were observed in 74%. Primary treatment was transsphenoidal surgery (75%). Clinical control was achieved with one surgery in 37.5 % of patients. The majority of patients needed a second therapeutic approach, radiotherapy or other surgeries. Immunohistochemistry resulted negative for pituitary hormones in 43%. Improvement of neuro-ophthalmological symptoms was observed in 61% of the patients after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm elevated prevalence of mass effect and hypopituitarism in patients harboring NFPA. Recurrence due to invasion or incomplete resection of the tumor is quite common, which frequently leads to a second therapeutic option.
Transferência de lípides para a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDl) em mulheres com diabetes melito tipo 1
Authors: Feitosa Alina Coutinho Rodrigues , Maranhão Raul Cavalcante , Feitosa Filho Gilson Soares , Wajchenberg Bernardo Léo
Published: April 2009

INTRODUÇÃO: Os portadores de diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) possuem aumentado risco de doença cardiovascular e, ainda assim, podem apresentar perfil lipídico normal. Para esclarecer se os níveis normais de HDL podem ocultar defeitos na função, foram estudados a transferência de lípides para a HDL em DM1. MÉTODOS: Vinte e uma mulheres jovens portadoras de DM1 foram comparadas com 21 mulheres não-diabéticas. Nanoemulsões foram usadas como doadoras de lípides para HDL: uma marcada com ³H-triglicérides e 14C-colesterol livre e outra com ³H-éster de colesterol e 14C-fosfolípides. Após 1 hora de incubação com amostras de plasma, seguida por precipitação química, o sobrenadante, contendo HDL, teve a radioatividade contada. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada nas transferências dos ésteres de colesterol, triglicérides, colesterol livre e fosfolípides para as HDL. CONCLUSÃO: A transferência de lípides para a HDL não está afetada em portadoras de DM1. Isso sugere que a doença não altera a composição de lipoproteínas e a ação de proteínas de transferência.
Adubação da soja: IV - Estudo preliminar sobre maneiras de efetuar a calagem com calcário dolomítico e cal extinta
Authors: Miyasaka Shiro , Freire E. S. , Abkamides E.
Published: April 2009

Em experiência realizada por três anos em solo ácido foi estudado o efeito, sôbre a produção da soja, da calagem com calcário dolomítico e cal extinta, aplicados em sulcos laterais aos de plantio ou a lanço, sòmente no primeiro ano ou parceladamente. O aumento médio de produção proporcionado pela calagem correspondeu a 59%, mas as diferenças entre os dois corretivos e os métodos de aplicação foram pequenas. O efeito imediato das doses empregadas sòmente no primeiro ano foi bem menor que o residual.
Influência do tempo decorrido entre a colheita e o despolpamento de café cereja, sôbre a qualidade da bebida
Authors: Rigitano Ayrton , Garrutti Ruth dos Santos , Jorge Joassy de Paula Neves
Published: April 2009

São apresentados resultados de ensaios relativos à influência do tempo decorrido entre a colheita e o despolpamento de café maduro, sôbre a qualidade da bebida, na zona ecológica de Campinas. Os resultados acusaram não haver influência do tempo de armazenamento até 46 1/2 horas após a colheita. Todos os tratamentos alcançaram valores correspondentes a bebida "mole" ou "apenas mole".
Caracterização de eucaliptais em fotografias áreas verticais da região centro-sudeste paulista
Authors: Coelho Arnaldo Guido de Souza
Published: April 2009

Utilizando-se de fotografias aéreas verticais, em escala aproximada de 1:25.000, foram fixadas características para a fotointerpretação de eucaliptais, na região centro-sudeste paulista. Na escala referida pôde-se estabelecer a distribuição e localização das glebas cultivadas, estimar as áreas ocupadas e o número de árvores existentes em 1962. Os aspectos definidos, para as diferentes fases da cultura, foram indicados em estereogramas nas escalas aproximadas de 1:25.000 e 1:10.000, mostrando as principais formas básicas para fotointerpretação de eucaliptais.
Redes de C&T em institutos públicos de pesquisa brasileiros: o caso do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (Iapar)
Authors: Chagas Priscilla Borgonhoni , Ichikawa Elisa Yoshie
Published: April 2009

Este artigo demonstra como foram e como são executados projetos em rede de C & T no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (Iapar). Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa é qualitativa, descritiva e seccional, com perspectiva longitudinal, e foi desenvolvida por meio de um estudo de caso. Os dois projetos selecionados foram os que mais trouxeram visibilidade ao instituto, de acordo com informações extraídas de entrevistas com as várias pessoas que dirigiram o Iapar desde a sua fundação. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados de forma primária (por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes e pesquisadores envolvidos nos projetos) e secundária (pesquisa documental). A compreensão do fenômeno apoiou-se fundamentalmente na interpretação das falas dos sujeitos de pesquisa. A análise dos dois projetos executados em rede de C & T em épocas distintas pelo Iapar revelou que seu significado mudou ao longo do tempo. As primeiras redes foram formadas para o cumprimento do papel social do Iapar no Paraná. Mais recentemente, os projetos conduzidos em rede pelo instituto têm o objetivo prioritário de captação de recursos e obtenção de legitimidade ante o Estado e a sociedade.
Temperatura cardeal e potencial hídrico na germinação de sementes de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba)
Authors: Rizzardi M.A. , Luiz A.R. , Roman E.S. , Vargas L.
Published: April 2009

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade na germinação e na emergência de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e determinar o efeito de potenciais hídricos e de temperaturas na germinação de sementes e na elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie. Avaliaram-se os termoperíodos de 9,3 e 5 (7,5); 14,3 e 10 (12,5); 19,3 e 15 (17,5); 24,3 e 20 (22,5); 29,3 e 25 (27,5); 34,3 e 30 (32,5); 39,2 e 35 (37,5) e 44,2; 40 (42,5); e 49,2 e 45 (47,5) ºC, alternando-se durante 14 e 10 horas, e os potenciais hídricos de 0, -0,03, -0,06, -0,1, -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. A germinação de corda-de-viola foi descrita pela interação da temperatura e do potencial hídrico, e a taxa de elongação da radícula e do hipocótilo, em função da temperatura. Os parâmetros do modelo usado para estimar as temperaturas cardeais e o potencial hídrico base foram determinados por "probit" análise, para a germinação. Em se tratando dos processos de elongação, as temperaturas cardeais foram determinadas por regressão linear, e suas respostas à temperatura, descritas por equação de regressão de segunda ordem. Os modelos matemáticos usados descreveram os processos de germinação e elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie em termos de tempo hidrotérmico e temperatura, respectivamente.
Emergência de Bidens pilosa em diferentes profundidades de semeadura
Authors: Souza M.C. , Pitelli R.A. , Simi L.D. , Oliveira M.C.J.
Published: April 2009

Bidens pilosa é uma das mais importantes plantas daninhas que ocorrem em lavouras anuais e perenes da região Centro-Sul do Brasil. A grande capacidade de produção de aquênios é uma das suas principais estratégias de sobrevivência, e o conhecimento das condições fundamentais para germinação e emergência das plântulas é essencial para predição do crescimento populacional e para a elaboração de plano de manejo de suas infestações e de seus biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas. Foram conduzidos ensaios em condições de casa de vegetação, onde foi avaliada a emergência de aquênios de B. pilosa em diferentes profundidades (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 cm). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro de 2006 e em março de 2007. Os resultados mostraram que a emergência de plântulas de picão-preto foi bastante afetada pela localização do aquênio no perfil do solo, ocorrendo expressiva redução a partir de 2 cm de profundidade. Essa característica da biologia reprodutiva do picão-preto é importante para a formação de densos bancos de sementes em solos submetidos ao preparo convencional, onde grande parte da chuva de sementes é nele incorporada.
Período anterior à interferência na cultura da soja-RR em condições de baixa, média e alta infestação
Authors: Silva A.F. , Concenço G. , Aspiazú I. , Ferreira E.A. , Galon L. , Freitas M.A.M. , Silva A.A. , Ferreira F.A.
Published: April 2009

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar o período anterior à interferência (PAI) das plantas daninhas na cultura da soja, cv. BRS 243-RR, cultivada em condições de baixa, média e alta infestação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com dez tratamentos, constituídos por períodos crescentes de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0 42, 0-49 e 0-125 dias). Na área de baixa infestação, as principais espécies infestantes foram Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil e Euphorbia heterophylla. Nas áreas de média e alta infestação, destacaram-se Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Digitaria horizontalis e Cyperus rotundus. Considerando 5 e 10% de tolerância na redução da produtividade da soja, conclui-se que em áreas de baixa, média e alta infestação de plantas daninhas os períodos anteriores à interferência (PAI) foram de: 17 e 24 dias após a emergência (DAE), 11 e 15 DAE e 11 e 16 DAE, respectivamente. A interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura durante todo o ciclo reduziu o rendimento de grãos da soja, em média, em 73% (área de baixa infestação), 82% (área de média infestação) e 92,5% (área de alta infestação).
Local de absorção de fomesafen como mecanismo de resistência em biótipo de Euphorbia heterophylla resistente aos inibidores da PROTOX
Authors: Trezzi M.M. , Vidal R.A. , Kruse N.D. , Silva R.P. , Gustmann M.S. , Franchin E.
Published: April 2009

Três experimentos foram realizados para verificar se o local de aplicação de fomesafen, folhas ou solo, afeta a eficácia desse herbicida em biótipos de E. heterophylla resistente e suscetível a ele; e determinar quais estruturas da planta são mais importantes no processo de absorção desse herbicida. Nos dois primeiros experimentos, testaram-se curvas de dose-resposta de fomesafen em biótipos com e sem resistência a inibidores da PROTOX, em pré-emergência (primeiro experimento) e em pós-emergência (segundo experimento). No terceiro experimento, diferentes locais de deposição de fomesafen foram avaliados, por meio do método de vaso duplo, para verificar quais as estruturas das plantas de E. heterophylla mais importantes na absorção do herbicida. Os resultados, em geral, indicam menor eficiência de controle quando o fomesafen é aplicado na parte aérea das plantas de E. heterophylla resistentes a esse herbicida, em comparação às suscetíveis, e que as diferenças entre os biótipos foram menores na aplicação em pré-emergência. Detectou-se maior eficiência do herbicida fomesafen aplicado ao solo quando este foi colocado junto à parte aérea emergente das plantas suscetíveis e resistentes do que junto ao sistema de raízes destas. Esses resultados apóiam a hipótese de que diferenças foliares entre plantas resistentes e suscetíveis podem dificultar a absorção de fomesafen nos biótipos resistentes aos inibidores da PROTOX.
Estratégia partidária e preferência dos eleitores: as eleições municipais em São Paulo entre 1985 e 2004
Authors: Limongi Fernando , Mesquita Lara
Published: April 2009

O artigo reconstitui a história eleitoral da cidade de São Paulo discutindo as eleições para prefeito transcorridas entre 1985 e 2004. Os resultados são explicados com base em um modelo que considera a interação entre as estratégias dos partidos e a transformação das preferências dos eleitores. Partidos de direita e de esquerda foram os grandes vencedores, com vantagem para os primeiros. Contudo, eleitores de centro foram decisivos e sua inclinação, ora à direita, ora à esquerda, explica a alternância no poder entre o PDS-PP e o PT. A exceção fica para a última eleição, em que ocorre uma divisão mais nítida entre um bloco de centro-direita, comandado pelo PSDB, e um de esquerda, liderado pelo PT.
Uma introdução ao capitalismo dirigido pelas finanças
Authors: Guttmann Robert
Published: April 2009

O capitalismo dirigido pelas finanças sempre teve uma propensão a crises financeiras em momentos fundamentais de sua expansão territorial ao trazer economias até então dirigidas pelo Estado para a órbita da regulamentação do mercado. A crise atual, todavia, é diferente. Não apenas emanou do centro, em vez surgir de algum ponto da periferia, como também revelou falhas estruturais profundas na arquitetura institucional de contratos, fundos e mercados que compunham o sistema financeiro novo e desregulamentado. Estamos diante de uma crise sistêmica, que é sempre um evento de proporções épicas e efeitos duradouros. O objetivo deste artigo é lançar uma luz sobre este momento significativo.
Effect of psychological stress on blood pressure increase: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Gasperin Daniela , Netuveli Gopalakrishnan , Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares , Pattussi Marcos Pascoal
Published: April 2009

Studies have suggested that chronic exposure to stress may have an influence on increased blood pressure. A systematic review followed by a meta-analysis was conducted aiming to assess the effect of psychological stress on blood pressure increase. Research was mainly conducted in Ingenta, Psycinfo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were: published in any language; from January 1970 to December 2006; prospective cohort design; adults; main exposure psychological/emotional stress; outcome arterial hypertension or blood pressure increase > 3.5mmHg. A total of 2,043 studies were found, of which 110 were cohort studies. Of these, six were eligible and yielded 23 comparison groups and 34,556 subjects. Median follow-up time and loss to follow-up were 11.5 years and 21%. Results showed individuals who had stronger responses to stressor tasks were 21% more likely to develop blood pressure increase when compared to those with less strong responses (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.14-1.28; p < 0.001). Although the magnitude of effect was relatively small, results suggest the relevance of the control of psychological stress to the non-therapeutic management of high blood pressure.
Culto ao corpo e uso de anabolizantes entre praticantes de musculação
Authors: Iriart Jorge Alberto Bernstein , Chaves José Carlos , Orleans Roberto Ghignone de
Published: April 2009

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as motivações para a prática da musculação e uso de anabolizantes, assim como as representações e usos sociais do corpo entre usuários de anabolizantes praticantes de musculação. Foi realizado um estudo etnográfico com observação participante em academias de musculação de bairros de classe média e classes populares de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, e realização de 43 entrevistas em profundidade com usuários de anabolizantes. A prática da musculação e o uso de anabolizantes, tanto entre usuários de classe média quanto populares, são motivados sobretudo por razões estéticas. A insatisfação com corpo real em comparação ao padrão ideal disseminado pela mídia, o receio de ser desvalorizado ou excluído do grupo de pares, o capital simbólico associado ao corpo "trabalhado" e o imediatismo na obtenção dos resultados favorecem o uso de anabolizantes. Faz-se necessária a realização de campanhas de prevenção voltadas para os jovens que aliem a visão crítica na desconstrução dos valores associados ao corpo na sociedade de consumo à veiculação de informação de qualidade sobre os riscos à saúde no consumo de anabolizantes.
Estudo da energética modal para episódios de ZCAS. Parte II: impacto da resolução do modelo e da parametrização de convecção
Authors: Mendonça Renata Weissmann Borges , Bonatti José Paulo
Published: April 2009

O desempenho do Modelo Global do Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) em simular a energética modal para um composto de sete episódios de Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS) é avaliado, enfatizando-se a influência da resolução espacial do modelo e de três diferentes parametrizações de convecção profunda: Kuo, Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert (RAS) e Grell na partição vertical de energia entre os modos externos e internos, e as trocas de energia entre os modos horizontais de oscilação Rossby, Kelvin, Misto Rossby-Gravidade, Gravidade Oeste e Leste. Os resultados mostraram que as previsões utilizando os esquemas de convecção profunda Kuo, RAS e Grell foram semelhantes entre si e apresentaram uma boa concordância em relação aos padrões obtidos na parte observacional (Parte I deste artigo). O emprego de diferentes esquemas de convecção profunda não apresentou impactos significativos na partição e interação de energia entre os modos verticais e horizontais. Um impacto maior foi obtido com o aumento da resolução vertical das análises e do modelo, de 28 para 42 níveis, em que um maior número de modos internos apresenta um papel relevante nas trocas horizontais e verticais de energia.
Qualidade das sementes de soja após a colheita com dois tipos de colhedora e dois períodos de armazenamento
Authors: Cunha João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da , Oliveira Pablo de , Santos Carlos Machado dos , Mion Renildo Luiz
Published: April 2009

A colheita mecanizada de soja pode acarretar perdas qualitativas nas sementes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de sementes de soja colhidas mecanicamente por sistemas axial e tangencial de trilha, em diferentes velocidades de avanço da colhedora, antes e após o período de armazenamento de seis meses. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida no tempo, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliados os procedimentos de colheita e, nas subparcelas, as épocas de avaliação da qualidade da semente. Os procedimentos de colheita foram: colhedora com sistema de trilha axial, deslocando-se a 6, 8 e 10km h-1, colhedora com sistema de trilha tangencial (convencional), deslocando-se a 4 e 6km h-1, e colheita manual. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: germinação, porcentagem de plântulas fortes, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), emergência em areia e injúria mecânica. Pôde-se concluir que o emprego das colhedoras com sistemas de trilha tangencial e axial não provocou diferenças no índice de velocidade de emergência, no vigor e na germinação das sementes de soja. No entanto, com relação à injúria mecânica, a colhedora axial mostrou-se superior à convencional. O incremento da velocidade de deslocamento, dentro dos parâmetros recomendados pelo fabricante, não alterou a qualidade das sementes. O armazenamento reduziu o vigor das sementes colhidas.
Sobre a dimensão tempo-espaço na análise organizacional
Authors: Vergara Sylvia Constant , Vieira Marcelo Milano Falcão
Published: April 2009

No presente ensaio trata-se da dimensão tempo-espaço na evolução da realidade humana e busca resposta para a seguinte questão: essa dimensão é uma categoria útil para a compreensão das organizações? Por quê? Argumenta-se que sim, porque ela amplia o poder explicativo dos objetos que compõem as organizações, as quais se configuram de maneira distinta conforme o tempo-espaço em que são concebidas e praticadas. O ensaio parte da premissa leibiniziana de que o tempo é uma ordem de sucessões e o espaço uma ordem de coexistências. Vale-se da reflexão dos autores sobre o tema, em um processo argumentativo, que procura justificar que o tempo-espaço e as formas de organização da sociedade assinalam o habitus social em diversas temporalidades e que a semiologia determinante da contagem do tempo permitiu estabelecer a seqüência evolucionária da organização e das técnicas no interior das civilizações. Na presente atualidade, o tempo-espaço é uma variável fundamental na dinâmica da economia global e nas relações sociais e culturais. Se, na física, o tempo e o espaço ganharam novas conceituações, numa ruptura com a teoria newtoniana, nas ciências sociais revela-se ser o tempo-espaço socialmente construído, logo, os eventos sociais representam a dimensão humana da espaciotemporalidade.
Continuous and Short Fiber Reinforced Composite in Root Post-Core System of Severely Damaged Incisors
Authors: Garoushi Sufyan , Vallittu Pekka K , Lassila Lippo V.J
Published: April 2009

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to determine the static load-bearing capacity of endodontically treated maxillary incisors restored with post-core complex made of experimental fiber composite resin (FC) and complete crown made of particulate filler composite (PFC). Further aim was to evaluate the effect of FC resin on the failure mode of the restoration.

Material and Methods:

The experimental composite resin (FC) was prepared by mixing 22.5 wt% of short E-glass fibers (3 mm in length) and 22.5 wt% of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) resin with 55 wt% of silane treated silica fillers. Thirty extracted sound upper central incisors were used. Twenty teeth were prepared by cutting the clinical crown 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction horizontally. Restorations were made by two techniques (n=10). Group A (control group) contained samples of sound incisor teeth. Group B had teeth restored using glass fiber post (everStick, Stick- Teck) and PFC (Filtek Z250, 3M-ESPE) to build up core and complete crown. In Group C, the teeth were restored with FC as post-core and complete crown of PFC. The root canals were prepared and posts were cemented with a dual cure resin cement. The restorations were polymerized with a hand-light curing unit. All restored teeth were stored in water at room temperature for 24 h before they were statically loaded with speed of 1.0 mm/min until fracture. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (p=0.05). Failure modes were visually examined.

Results:

ANOVA revealed that restored incisors (Group B and C) had a statistically significantly lower load-bearing capacity (p<0.05) than the control group. Restorations made from FC post-core and PFC coverage (Group C) gave force value of 363 N (112 SD), which was higher than the value of Group B (211 N, 50 SD).

Conclusions:

Within the limitations of this study, the teeth restored with experimental fiber composite post-core demonstrated higher load bearing capacity than those with fiber post and PFC core.
Biomarker Discovery in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tung Celestine S , Wong Kwong-Kwok , Mok Samuel C
Published: April 2009

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of gynecologic cancer death among women. Tumors diagnosed early (in stage I) have a cure rate approaching 90%. However, because specific symptoms and screening tools are lacking, most ovarian cancers are very advanced when finally diagnosed. CA125 expression and pelvic ultrasonography are of limited efficacy in screening, and the search for new, complementary ovarian cancer biomarkers continues. New technology and research techniques have allowed the identification of over 100 possible tumor markers, many of which are still being evaluated for clinical relevance and several of which have entered clinical trials. Here, we review the methods of biomarker discovery, address the significance and functions of newly identified ovarian cancer tumor markers, and provide further insight into the future of ovarian cancer biomarkers.
THE GOAL-FOCUSED COACHING SKILLS QUESTIONNAIRE: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Authors: Grant Anthony M. , Cavanagh Michael J.
Published: April 2009

Goal-focused coaching is increasingly being used to help people set and reach personal and workplace goals. However, coaches' coaching skills are rarely measured. This exploratory study reports preliminary findings on the initial development and validation of a self-report measure,
the Goal-focused Coaching Skills Questionnaire (GCSQ). Some participants also completed the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (Schutte et al., 1998) and the Insight subscale of the Self-reflection and Insight Scale ([SRIS-IN], Grant, Franklin, & Langford, 2002). Convergent,
face validity and test-retest reliability were found to be good, and scores on the GCSQ distinguished between professional and nonprofessional coaches. Scores on the GCSQ were also related to measures of emotional intelligence and personal insight. Behavioral observations following a coaching
session indicated a significant correlation between coachees' ratings of the coaches' skills and the self-reported skill ratings of the coaches themselves. Limitations of the study are discussed and future research suggestions presented.
EMOTION ELICITATION EFFECT OF FILMS IN A JAPANESE SAMPLE
Authors: Sato Wataru , Noguchi Motoko , Yoshikawa Sakiko
Published: April 2009

Films are effective stimuli to elicit emotions. A set of films to elicit specific emotions was developed in a previous study (Gross & Levenson, 1995), and emotional reactions to them were investigated in Western participants. In this study, we investigated whether these films have
a similar capacity to elicit emotions in a Japanese sample. Thirty-one Japanese participants viewed 8 films selected to elicit specific emotions (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise) and evaluated their emotional experiences using 16 discrete and 2
dimensional emotion scales. The discrete scales indicated that all of the films evidently elicited the target emotions, as well as some nontarget emotions. The dimensional emotion scales showed that almost all of the films elicited theoretically reasonable emotions in terms of valence. These
results suggest that the films may have a universal capacity to elicit emotions.
HARMONIOUS PASSION AND OBSESSIVE PASSION IN PLAYING ONLINE GAMES
Authors: Wang Chih-Chien , Chu Yi-Shiu
Published: April 2009

The concepts of passion as proposed by Vallerand et al. (2003) were employed to describe the passion of online computer game players. An empirical survey was conducted, and statistical analysis was utilized to analyze the 404 responses. The empirical evidence confirms the theory of
Vallerand et al. that the passion for online computer games can be divided into two subdimensions, namely harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Furthermore, the influences of harmonious and obsessive passion on players' addiction to online computer games differ significantly. Obsessive
passion may lead to addiction, while harmonious passion normally does not. These results support the argument that only obsessive passion leads to negative outcomes.
CONFLICT, CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, AND PERFORMANCE IN ERP TEAMS
Authors: Chou Huey-Wen , Yeh Ying-Jung
Published: April 2009

The effects of team process on team performance in ERP implementation teams were investigated. Data collected from 103 companies in Taiwan that had completely or mostly implemented ERP systems were analyzed. We found positive effects of cohesiveness on team performance, which suggests
the critical role of cohesiveness on determining ERP implementation team success. The significant direct and positive effects of problem-solving and compromising strategy on team performance partially conform to previous research (Montoya-Weiss, Massey, & Song, 2001). The results suggest
that in order to deal effectively with different degrees of conflict situation, team members ought to learn various conflict management strategies.
THE MODERATION EFFECT OF HR STRENGTH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND JOB PERFORMANCE
Authors: Chen Shyh-jer , Lin Pei-fen , Lu Chia-mei , Tsao Chiung-wen
Published: April 2009

In this study a hierarchical linear model was employed to identify the specific relationships between employee affective commitment, employee perceptions of HR practices and job performance, and the moderating effect of HR strength was examined, using the extent to which employers and
employees share the same perceptions of HR practices as a proxy for consistency. The data were collected via structured questionnaire from hairdressing salons throughout Taiwan. Usable questionnaires from 307 hairdressers and 103 shop owners constituted individual- and organizational-levels
of data. We found that the more consistent the perception of HR practices between hairdressers and shop owners, the greater the employee affective commitment to the organization, emphasizing the value of HR practices in communicating clear and direct signals to employees regarding norms and
expectations.
WHO GIVES WHAT TO CHARITY? CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING DONATION BEHAVIOR
Authors: Lee Yu-Kang , Chang Chun-Tuan
Published: April 2009

Giving to charities takes two major forms: time and money. In this study the authors explored whether donors/nondonors can be distinguished using demographic, socioeconomic, and psychographic variables suggested by literature across disciplines. Data were collected through a large-scale
telephone survey in Taiwan. The results indicate that determinants affecting volunteering are mostly intrinsic while those for monetary donations are mostly extrinsic. Additionally, educational attainment and income are useful to explain and predict monetary donation amounts. Major differences
between our results and previous findings in Western countries are drawn and fund-raising strategies discussed.
THE EMPATHIC TENDENCIES AND SKILLS OF NURSING STUDENTS
Authors: Mete Samiye
Published: April 2009

The objective of this two-staged study was to examine effects of problem-based learning (PBL) on empathy of nursing students. ET (Empathic tendency) and ES (Empathic skill) scales were used to collect data. The first stage of the study was descriptive and longitudinal (n = 20).
There were significant differences in ET average between the years. There were also significant differences in ES average between the first and second, and third and fourth year students. The second stage of the study was descriptive and cross-sectional (n = 192). There were no significant
differences in ET means between the years of the program, but there were significant differences in ES points between the years of the program. It can be concluded that nursing students exposed to PBL develop empathic skills through the years of the PBL program.
THE INFLUENCES OF PERSONALITY AND MOTIVATION ON EXERCISE PARTICIPATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Authors: Huang Chu-Hsin , Lee Li-Yueh , Chang Man-Ling
Published: April 2009

The major purpose of this study was to identify the effects of personality on individual exercise motivation and exercise participation, which then influences quality of life. A comprehensive model was developed, based on an extensive literature review, and empirically tested using
members of fitness centers from Taiwan, Europe and the United States as respondents. The results indicate that individuals with a positive personality tend to have higher levels of exercise motivation and exercise participation. Personality and exercise participation then impacted on individuals'
quality of life, in terms of physical health improvement, psychological health improvement, and sexual satisfaction. The study results offer valuable suggestions not only to marketing managers of fitness centers but also to government officers to promote health and quality of life through
stimulating exercise motivation and exercise participation.
DISPOSITIONS RELATED TO SENSITIVITY IN THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS FOR ACTIVATION OF APPROACH-AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION, ANTISOCIAL ATTRIBUTES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Bjørnebekk Gunnar
Published: April 2009

During the last 30 years, social learning theory has been at the theoretical forefront of research on development of antisocial behavior. Only a few studies have focused on temperamental factors that underlie, determine, and maintain antisocial behavior. Some of these studies suggest
that high approach-reward drive, weak fear-motivation and weak punishmentinsensitivity constitute a critical mix of temperamental variables associated with aggressive and violent behavior in individuals with high impulsivity or low effortful or inhibitory control (e.g., Rothbart, Ahadi, &
Evans, 2000). The present study examines hypotheses drawn from temperament-based theories derived from Gray’s model (1987, 1991). There were 42 participants; a target group of 21 adolescents who had a defined behavioral problem, and a matched referential group of 21 adolescents who did
not. The results suggest that attributes related to primary psychopathy are rooted in low anxiety/low fear, and predict both instrumental and emotional aggression. Moreover, attributes related to secondary psychopathy seem rooted in temperamental approach and are positively associated
with dysregulation of negative affect.
The development of a compact free spectral range semiconductor laser biosensor
Authors: Coote J. , Reddy S. , Sweeney S. J.
Published: April 2009

We present a new evanescent field sensor based on InP/InGaAsP ridge waveguide semiconductor lasers. The laser itself forms an integrated sensing chip containing both a light source and a waveguide. Simple modifications are made to readily available devices, meaning that the chips could form very compact and cost effective sensors.
Biodegradable Polymers
Authors: Vroman Isabelle , Tighzert Lan
Published: April 2009

Biodegradable materials are used in packaging, agriculture, medicine and other areas. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in biodegradable polymers. Two classes of biodegradable polymers can be distinguished: synthetic or natural polymers. There are polymers produced from feedstocks derived either from petroleum resources (non renewable resources) or from biological resources (renewable resources). In general natural polymers offer fewer advantages than synthetic polymers. The following review presents an overview of the different biodegradable polymers that are currently being used and their properties, as well as new developments in their synthesis and applications.