bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of canine retraction by conventional and corticotomy-facilitated methods
Authors: Raza Monis , Sharma Payal , Kumar Piush , Vaish Shubhra , Pathak Bhavana
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this split-mouth single-centered, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficiency of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics in rapid canine retraction.

METHODS:

The sample consisted of 10 patients (15–25 years old) requiring extraction of the maxillary first premolars with subsequent canine retraction. The patients’ right sides were randomly assigned to either the corticotomy (experimental) or control groups. Corticotomy cuts and perforations were performed and canine retraction was initiated bilaterally with closed-coil nickel-titanium springs that applied 150 g of force. The following variables were examined till the end of canine retraction on both sides: Rate of canine retraction, canine root resorption, and patient perception of the procedure. The rate of canine retraction was assessed every month using study models while root resorption was evaluated using CBCT. Patient`s perception was evaluated using a 100 mm VAS.

RESULT:

Mean time taken for full completion of canine retraction: 5.7 months (test) and 7.1 months (control). Mean root resorption: 0.53 ± 0.10 (control) and 0.24 mm ± 0.10 (test). Mean VAS scores: 16 ± 3.94 (24 hours) and 2 ± 2.58 (1 week) at control side and 46.50 ± 6.69 (24 hours) and 2 ± 2.58 (1 week) at test.

CONCLUSION:

There was an overall reduction in the time taken for canine retraction with corticotomy; however, an increase in the rate of canine retraction in the corticotomy-facilitated method was evident only for the first four months, compared to the conventional method. Less root resorption was observed in corticotomy-facilitated method than conventional method. Pain perception was more for corticotomy-facilitated method than conventional method at 24 hours, but similar after one week.
Evaluation of stress changes in the maxilla with fixed functional appliances—A 3D FEM study
Authors: Kendre Balaji , Kumar Anil , Shetty K Nillian , Hedge Gautham , Umale Vinay , Kulshrestha Rohit
Published: July 2021

AIM:

To evaluate the stress changes in the maxilla during fixed functional appliance use using three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) stress analysis.

SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION:

A three-dimensional finite element model of the maxilla was constructed using the images generated from the cone-beam computed tomography of a patient treated for Class II malocclusion with a fixed functional orthodontic appliance. The FEM was used to study the stress changes seen in the maxilla, which were evaluated in the form of highest von Mises stress and maximum principal stress before and after the application of fixed functional appliance.

RESULTS:

Higher areas of stress were seen in the model of the maxilla with the fixed functional appliance (140 MPa) compared to that in the resting stage (58.99 MPa).

CONCLUSIONS:

An increase in the maximum principal stress and von Mises stress in the posterior regions of the maxilla and maxillary teeth was seen. The stresses seen were double than that without the appliance. A high distalization force on the maxilla was seen with the fixed functional appliance.
Mortality and characteristics of older people dying with COVID-19 in Lombardy nursing homes, Italy
Authors: Arienti Chiara , Brambilla Lorenzo , Campagnini Silvia , Fanciullacci Chiara , Giunco Fabrizio , Mannini Andrea , Patrini Michele , Tartarone Federica , Carrozza Maria Chiara
Published: July 2021

Background:

The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Nursing Homes (NHs) residents infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to compute the related case-fatality rate.

Materials and Methods:

The outcomes were mortality and case-fatality rate with related epidemiological characteristics (age, sex, comorbidity, and frailty).

Results:

During the COVID-19 outbreak lasted from March 1 to May 7, 2020, 330 residents died in Fondazione Don Gnocchi NHs bringing the mortality rate to 27% with a dramatic increase compared to the same period of 2019, when it was 7.5%. Naso/oropharyngeal swabs resulted positive for COVID-19 in 315 (71%) of the 441of the symptomatic/exposed residents tested. The COVID-19 population was 75% female, with a 17% overall fatality rate and sex-specific fatality rates of 19% and 13% for females and males, respectively. Fifty-six percent of deaths presented SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia, 15% cardiovascular, and 29% miscellaneous pathologies.

Conclusion:

Patients’ complexity and frailty might influence SARS-CoV-2 infection case-fatality rate estimates. A COVID-19 register is needed to study COVID-19 frail patients’ epidemiology and characteristics.
Diagnostic imaging to investigate pulmonary embolism in pregnancy using CT-Pulmonary angiography versus perfusion scan
Authors: Sadeghi Somayeh , Arabi Zahra , Moradi Maryam , Raofi Elham
Published: July 2021

Background:

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the major causes of maternal mortality; however, its diagnosis based on clinical presentation is a significant challenge; therefore, imaging is required. This study aims to determine the nondiagnostic rate of PE in pregnant women who initially undergone computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or perfusion scan.

Materials and Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, all pregnant or 6-week postpartum women with clinical suspicion of PE were evaluated and underwent CTPA or perfusion scan between March 2017 and June 2019. The nondiagnostic rate of each method was defined as the outcome of this study.

Results:

One hundred and eighty-two women with a clinical suspicion of PE were included, among which the initial imaging method was CTPA in 122 (67.03%) and perfusion scan in 60 (32.97%) women. The nondiagnostic imaging for CTPA was significantly lower than the perfusion scan (9 cases (7.4%) versus 25 cases (41.7%), respectively). Logistic regression assessment revealed a statistical outcome by controlling the confounders including gestational trimester at diagnosis, hypertension, ejection fraction, and tachycardia (odds ratio 15.911, 95% confidence interval: 5.177–48.897, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Based on the current study, CTPA is superior to perfusion scans to diagnose PE among pregnant or postpartum women with normal chest X-ray suspicion for PE.
Insulin resistance and the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid
Authors: Rezazadeh Hossein , Sharifi Mohammad Reza , Soltani Nepton
Published: July 2021

Insulin resistance (IR) is mentioned to be a disorder in insulin ability in insulin-target tissues. Skeletal muscle (SkM) and liver function are more affected by IR than other insulin target cells. SkM is the main site for the consumption of ingested glucose. An effective treatment for IR has two properties: An inhibition of β-cell death and a promotion of β-cell replication. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can improve beta-cell mass and function. Multiple studies have shown that GABA decreases IR probably via increase in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression and prevention of gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver. This review focused on the general aspects of IR in skeletal muscle (SkM), liver; the cellular mechanism(s) lead to the development of IR in these organs, and the role of GABA to reduce insulin resistance.
تطبيق اثنان من قرائن الجفاف الميتورولوجي في وسط السودان: دراسة في المناخ
Authors: خديجة يونس عبد المولى خديجة يونس عبد المولى
Published: July 2021

. أختيرت ثلاثة متغيرات مناخية، وهي هطول الأمطار اليومي، درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا، لفترة 30 عامًا من 1988 إلى 2017، لتسع محطات رصد في جميع أنحاء السودان. تم استخدام طريقتين لمؤشر الجفاف ((AI بناءًا على قيم هطول الأمطار الشهرية / الموسمية والسنوية ودرجة الحرارة للحصول على ظروف الجفاف في السودان خلال فترة الدراسة. علاوةً على ذلك، فإن الهدف الرئيسي من هذه الدراسة هو قياس قرينة الجفاف في السودان. الأهداف الأخرى هي قياس ظروف الجفاف والرطوبة الشهرية / الموسمية أو السنوية في نفس المنطقة؛ للتعرف على التصنيف المناخي للمحطات التسع التي تضمنتها هذه الدراسة. وأخيراً، عمل خريطة تمثل جميع جوانب الجفاف لإظهار المناطق الأكثر تضرراً خلال فترة الدراسة ومساعدة متخذي القرار في قطاعات الموارد الطبيعية. لهذا السبب، تم تطبيق مؤشرين للجفاف بناءً على المتغيرات المناخية. تم تطوير أول طريقة لمؤشر الجفاف بواسطة ثورنثويت والطريقة الأخرى بواسطة ديمارتون. استخدمت هذه الأساليب لتحقيق أهداف هذه الدراسة. تم تقدير مؤشر الجفاف الشهري / الموسمي باستخدام طريقة ثورنثويت، ومن ثم تم تصنيف منطقة الدراسة إلى خمس فئات وهي الجافة (16)، شبه الجافة (16-31)، شبه الرطبة (32-63)، الرطبة (64-127) ورطب جدًا (?128). أكثر المحطات تأثراً بالجفاف هي عطبرة والخرطوم، حيث تم تسجيلها كظروف قاحلة حوالي 30عاماً، بينما سجلت كادوقلي والجنينه والقضارف مؤشر الرطوبة الشديدة (?128) خلال مواسم الصيف، لكن الفاشر والأبيض وكسلا يشار إليها رطبة في الصيف وجافة وشبه جافة لبقية الفصول. تم تطبيق قرائن الجفاف السنوي باستخدام طريقة ديمارتون. وعليه فقد تم تصنيف النتائج في أربع فئات بشكل رئيسي، جاف (قيم 5) في محطتي الخرطوم وعطبرة، وشبه جاف (قيم -5) في محطتي الفاشر وكسلا، وشبه رطب (-10) ممثلة في الجنينة والأبيض وكوستي ورطب جدًا (قيم 30) يمثلهما كادوقلي والقضارف. وأخيراً تشير هذه النتائج إلى تكرار حدوث الجفاف في منطقة الدراسة وانتشاره بسرعة جنوباً.
In silico model and design of novel 5α-reductase inhibitors for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Lin Qi , Lin Danhua , Zhang Ying
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To carry out in silico design of 5α-reductase inhibitors and study their potential for use in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods: In silico molecular docking simulation-based virtual screening of NCI Diversity Set-II containing 1880 diverse ligands was performed against human 5α-reductase for identification of potential lead molecules. The pharmacological properties and toxicity of the lead compounds were determined using software, Marvin Sketch and OSIRIS online programs, respectively.

Results: Three compounds: ZINC13099050, ZINC01569237 and ZINC17995347_2 showed potent inhibition of 5α-reductase enzyme protein and good pharmacokinetic properties without any serious toxic effects.

Conclusion: The selected lead molecules are promising inhibitors of 5α-reductase. They are recommended for further structure-based development of drugs for the treatment of BPH.
Resveratrol increases the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells against bortezomib via Hedgehog signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Riyong , Ma Ruye , Jin Zhenlin , Tang Liyuan , Zhou Ying , Zhang Yu
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effect of resveratrol (RSV) on bortezomib (BTZ)-resistant multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action.

Methods: H929 cell lines were exposed to BTZ for 8 months to establish BTZ-resistant MM cell model. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was measured using annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining while cell cycle analysis was evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling proteins (sonic hedgehog (SHH), smoothened (SMO), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI)) was analyzed by western blot.

Results: H929R was confirmed as a MM cell line that is resistant to BTZ. RSV enhanced the sensitivity of H929R cells against BTZ via inhibition of cell viability and colony formation, induction of cell apoptosis and regulation of expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Furthermore, RSV inhibited the expression of Hh signaling proteins (p < 0.05.

Conclusion: RSV enhances the sensitivity of MM cells to BTZ, partly via Hh signaling pathway. Thus, Hh pathway is a probable target for MM treatment, and RSV has potentials for use in the clinical management of MM.
Morphological characterization, phytochemical profile, and cytotoxic and insecticidal activities of diverse parts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.)
Authors: Shaheer Talal , Ali Syed Tahir , Rizwani Ghazala Hafeez , Qaisar Muhammad Naeem , Abbas Khizar , Qadir Muhammad Imran , Siddique Faheem Ahmad
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To standardize Zakham-e-Hayat (Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam.) as well as determine its cytotoxic and insecticidal activity.

Methods: Different parts of the plant (flowers, young leaves, old leaves and stem) and different solvents, viz, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane were used for the extraction. Morphological characterization (macroscopic and microscopic), phytochemical screening for primary and secondary metabolites, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) using various solvent systems, namely, methanol/chloroform (MeOH/CHCl3), n-hexane/methanol/chloroform (n-hexane/MeOH/CHCl3), methanol/chloroform/water (MeOH/CHCl3/H2O), n-hexane/chloroform (n-hexane/CHCl3), n-hexane/ethyl acetate (n-hexane/EtOAc) were carried out. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also performed. In addition, the extracts were evaluated for their cytotoxic and insecticidal activities.

Results: The methanol fraction of the young leaves had 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 28.46 µg/mL while the ethyl acetate fraction of young and old leaves showed significant cytotoxicity at LD50 of 0.13 µg/mL and 142.68 µg/mL respectively. On the other hand, n-hexane fraction was inactive. The methanol fraction of the flower revealed the presence of carbohydrates, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the presence of carbohydrates and amino acids, while the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of carbohydrates as primary metabolites. Furthermore, alkaloids, flavonoid, saponins and resins were present in the methanol fraction, flavonoid and alkaloids in the ethyl acetate fraction, and alkaloids and resins in the n-hexane fraction as secondary metabolites.

Conclusion: Methanol and n-hexane fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum have some safe bioactive compounds which may exhibit potential health benefits.
Knowledge of mothers about use of fissure sealant therapy and professional fluoride therapy among children in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Zakirulla M. , Mustafa Malaz M. , Ravi K.S. , Alwabel Yomna S. , Aldayel Manal A. , Alshareef Wafa’a S.
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To evaluate mothers’ knowledge of the use of fissure sealant (FS) and topical fluoride (TF) therapy among children aged between 7 to 12 years in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants (n = 350) were selected based on simple random sampling method from the mothers’ of children aged from 7 to 12 years old, attending outpatient pediatric dental clinics in College of Dentistry King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Results: The age group of mothers included are as follows: 31.7 % in 20 - 30 years age group, 53.1 % in 31 - 40 years age range, and 15.1 % in 41 - 50 years. On FS therapy benefits in the prevention of caries in children, 22 % responded that it was beneficial. When participants were asked regarding FS wearing out easily after application on the tooth, 8 % agreed while 13.4 % disagreed. A majority of mothers (40.9 %) agreed that TF therapy prevents caries, while 47.7 % stated that they brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste. The mothers that disagreed that fluoride gel is recommended only for children, not for adults were 32.9 %. When the mothers were asked about the benefit of fluoride if its cost is taken into consideration, 46.6 % disagreed that fluoride gel was worth its cost, while 22.3 % took the opposite view.

Conclusion: Positive knowledge of FS and TF therapy have been observed among mothers. However, mothers demonstrated greater positive knowledge of TF therapy than FS therapy.
Anticancer effect of the fruit and seed extracts of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) on human cancer cell lines
Authors: Güneş Hatice , Alper Mehlika , Çelikoğlu Nevin
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To investigate anticancer effects of Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia) fruit and seed extracts on some cancer cell lines.

Methods: Human cancer cell lines, including lung cancer (A549), breast cancer (MCF-7), chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) and T cell leukemia (Jurkat) were incubated with the extracts (0 - 0.8 mg/mL) for 72 h. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- dipenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A549 and MCF-7 cells were treated with the ethanol fruit extract (FE) for 24 h and stained with propidium iodide (PI) for the analysis of cell cycle arrest using flow cytometry. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining along with flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 assays were carried out to determine the apoptosis of the cells treated with FE extract for 24 h. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion of the cells exposed to FE extract for 1 h was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell invasion assay was applied to detect cell migration after treatment with FE extract for 48 h.

Results: Ethanol fruit extract (FE) resulted in 90, 92, 85 and 87 % cytotoxicity against K562, A549, MCF-7 and Jurkat cell lines, respectively. However, ethanol seed extract of seed (SE) was less effective (≤42 %) on cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Acetone fruit extract (FA) caused 82, 75 and 59 % cytotoxicity on MCF-7, Jurkat and K562 cells, respectively, whereas 20 % cytotoxicity was observed on A549 cells. Dose analyses of FE extract indicated that K562 cells had the lowest IC50 value (0.082 mg/mL). In addition, FE extract treatment caused accumulation of A549 and MCF-7 cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, apoptotic cell death was observed in A549 or MCF-7 cells treated with the FE extract. While the treatment of A549 cells with LPS for 24 h resulted in 19-fold increase in VEGF secretion, combination of FE with LPS caused 9.6-fold decrease in VEGF secretion, indicating the antiangiogenic activity of FE extract. Furthermore, FE extract treatment led to a significant decrease in the invasive properties of A549 and PC-3 cells when compared to untreated cells.

Conclusion: Among the M. charantia extracts, FE extract displayed the highest anticancer potency against cancer cell lines, indicating that M. charantia FE extract may be a potential source for development of anticancer compounds in future.
Development and characterization of k-carrageenan platforms as periodontal intra-pocket films
Authors: Tarawneh Ola , Al-Ass Ameen Rasheed , Hamed Rania , Sunoqrot Suhair , Hasan Lina , Al-Sheikh Iyad , Al-Qirim Rania , Alhusban Ala A. , Naser Wisam
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To prepare emulsion-based Intrapocket polymeric films for the treatment of periodontitis.

Method: Films were fabricated by dehydration of an emulsion containing k-carrageenan (KC) in aqueous phase and Compritol® 888 ATO (Compritol® ) or Dimodan® UJ (DU® ) or different ratios of both. The resulting films were characterized by mechanical texture analyser to determine Young’s modulus and tensile strength. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the films was evaluated by dynamic mechanical and thermal analyser while surface morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscope. In-vitro drug release was conducted in pre-warmed phosphate buffer. Bacterial adherence was assessed after 24 h.

Results: Young’s modulus was highest for KC films to which no lipid was added (5.33 ± 0.38 GPa) and decreased following lipid incorporation. Tg was highest in KC films (106.25 ± 4.53 ° C) but decreased upon addition of lipids. The surface of KC was smooth but roughness increased with increasing Compritol® load. Drug release from KC films was complete (99.80 ± 8.43 %) after 2 h; however, upon adding lipid, the release was extended 8 h and was affected by lipid type and ratio. Microbiologic assay demonstrated noticeable reduction in viable count compared to control and was affected by lipid type and ratio. The film formulated from a combination of DU® and Compritol® in a ratio of 80:20 was strong, flexible and reduced microbial adherence. Moreover, it showed a smooth surface and extended release for over 8 h.

Conclusion: Intra-pocket films were prepared by drying emulsion-based films. Resulted films were strong, flexible, prolonged drug release over 8 h and could lower bacterial growth. The prepared film may offer efficient treatment in periodontitis patients.
Effect of hyaluronic acid: Mechanistic investigations via topological and functional analysis of its protein interaction network
Authors: Xi Ji , Ting Yu Li , Xue Li , Dan Luo
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To predict molecular targets and the mechanism of action of hyaluronic acid against various disease conditions.

Methods: The present study was designed and conducted based on the principle of network pharmacology, protein-protein interaction (PPI) database, and biological process analysis. At a high confidence score, a protein network comprising seventeen human protein targets was achieved from STITCH (Search Tool for Interaction of Chemicals).

Results: Cytoscape-based protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) with 342 nodes was developed and analyzed to ascertain the molecular basis of hyaluronic acid actions. It revealed that hyaluronic acid was mainly involved in various physiological processes including extracellular matrix (ECM) disassembly, collagen catabolic process, mucopolysaccharide metabolic process, and circadian regulation of gene expression.

Conclusion: The retrieved pathways are known to be involved in causing several pathologies such as leukemia, psoriasis, tick-borne encephalitis, etc. These pathways are influenced by hyaluronic acid. However, further explanations are required to elucidate whether these targets of hyaluronic acid have a therapeutic or toxicological role.
Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies on topically delivered technetium-99m-labeled 5-FU nanogel formulation for management of pre-cancerous skin lesions
Authors: Rajagopalan R. , Jain Sanjay K. , Kaul Ankur , Trivedi Piyush
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To prepare technetium-99m (99mTc)-labelled nanogel loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) containing synthesized gallic acid-stearylamine (GA-SA) conjugate in order to reduce its systemic toxicity and provide site-specific delivery to skin lesions.

Methods: Lipid nanocarrier-based 1 % (w/w) 5-FU nanogel containing GA-SA conjugate was successfully formulated. Parameters that included pH, viscosity and entrapment efficiency were measured. Furthermore, 1 % (w/w) 5-FU nanogel and 1 % (w/w) 5-FU commercial formulations were radiolabelled with 99mTc. The radiolabelled 99mTc-5-FU nanogel and commercial formulations were subjected to successive preclinical assessments with respect to radiochemical stability, biodistribution, and gamma scintigraphy in BALB/c mice, and pharmacokinetic studies in New Zealand albino rabbits.

Results: The entrapment efficiency of 5-FU in the nanogel preparation was 82.12 ± 1.2 %. The 5-FU nanogel formulation exhibited excellent radiolabelling efficiency (> 93 %) and high stability. Skin/blood localization ratios of 274.93 and 167.89 were obtained for topical radiolabelled drug-loaded 5-FU nanogel formulation and 5-FU commercial formulation, respectively, after 1 h of administration. Gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution studies showed that topically administered 99mTc-5-FU nanogel was distributed mostly in skin, when compared to marketed 5-FU formulation. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed low maximum activity in the blood (Cmax = 34.20 µg/mL), with low intensity (AUC) for topically administered 99mTc-5-FU nanogel formulation.

Conclusion: 5-FU nanogel enhances specific delivery of 5-FU at targeted sites and decreases its toxicity in tissues distant from the site of application. The results suggest that nanogel loaded with 5-FU containing synthesized GA-SA conjugate is a novel effective approach for the treatment of skin lesions.
Sinfonietta for String Orchestra by Weronika Ratusińska in the Context of the Issue of (Sub)Genre
Authors: Krymska Martyna
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the article is to focus on certain terminological and historical aspects related to the genre of sinfonietta in the Polish music of the 20th and 21st century. In the introduction, the author presents the definition and general characteristics, listing the sources and the most representative works in the Polish music. Additionally, she presents numerical statistics and classification of the sinfonietta in Polish music and on this basis she analyses one of the most interesting works representing the type of sinfonietta-transcription – Sinfonietta for string orchestra by Weronika Ratusińska from 2009. The author analyses the use and manner of modification of musical motifs, the way in which the sound layer is shaped and the relation between Ratusińska’s work and tradition of the genre.
PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN METODE INKUIRI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DALAM MATERI SEGI EMPAT DAN SEGITIGA SISWA SMP
Authors: Safitri Winda Listya , Darma Yudi , Haryadi Rahman
Published: July 2021

This research aimed to know: (1) Validity; and (2) Practicality of the mathematics learning module with the inquiry method on the ability to think critically in the material of squares and triangles. This research used research and development with the model used the ADDIE. The subject of this research was student class VII in SMP Cahaya Harapan Tayan. The tools of data collection were the validation sheet of material experts, media experts, student responses questionnaires, and teacher responses questionnaires. Data analysis technique used descriptive quantitative. The result of this research showed that the average score of material validity was 84,6%  and media validity was 85,3%  with very decent category, and the practicality was  83% with very decent category. It can be concluded that the mathematics learning module with the inquiry method developed was feasible to be used to improve critical thinking skills in the material of squares and triangles in students of class VII SMP.

Abstrak

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Kevalidan; dan (2) Kepraktisan modul pembelajaran matematika dengan metode inkuiri terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam materi Segi empat dan Segitiga. Metode penelitian menggunakan research and development dengan model ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Develoment-Implementation-Evaluation). Subjek dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas subjek pengembangan yaitu tiga validator yang merupakan 2 orang dosen program studi pendidikan matematika dan seorang validator lain merupakan guru SMP Cahaya Harapan Tayan dan subjek ujicoba produk yaitu kelas VII SMP Cahaya Harapan Tayan.. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa lembar validasi ahli materi, ahli media, angket respon siswa, dan angket respon guru. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh skor rata-rata kevalidan materi dan media sebesar 84,6% dan 85,3% dengan kategori sangat valid , serta kepraktisan 83% dengan kategori sangat praktis. Disimpulkan bahwa modul pembelajaran matematika dengan metode inkuiri yang dikembangkan layak digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam materi Segi empat dan Segitiga pada siswa kelas VII SMP.

Kata Kunci: Modul, Inkuiri, Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis
PROSES BERPIKIR KOMPUTASIONAL SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL PISA KONTEN CHANGE AND RELATIONSHIP BERDASARKAN SELF-REGULATED LEARNING
Authors: M. Gunawan Supiarmo  , Turmudi  , Elly Susanti
Published: July 2021

This study aims to describe students' computational thinking processes in solving PISA questions on change and relationship content based on self-regulated learning. This type of research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried out in class VIII MTS Daruttauhid Malang. The research data consisted of students' answers, think aloud, and semi-structured interview results. Students' computational thinking skills are seen through indicators, including decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and algorithmic thinking. The results of the study inform that students 'computational thinking skills who have high and moderate levels of self-regulated learning do not have a significant difference, because students' computational thinking skills are limited to the pattern recognition stage. The problem-solving steps applied by students are less coherent because abstraction and algorithms has not been done in solving the PISA questions.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan proses berpikir komputasional siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA konten change and relationship berdasarkan self-regulated learning. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang dilaksanakan pada siswa kelas VIII MTS Daruttauhid Malang. Data penelitian terdiri atas jawaban siswa, think aloud, dan hasil wawancara semi terstruktur. Kemampuan berpikir komputasional siswa dilihat melalui indikator, antara lain dekomposisi, pengenalan pola, abstraksi dan berpikir algoritma. Hasil penelitian menginformasikan bahwa kemampuan berpikir komputasional siswa yang mempunyai tingkat self-regulated learning tinggi dan sedang tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, karena kemampuan berpikir komputasional siswa terbatas pada tahap pengenalan pola. Adapun langkah pemecahan masalah yang diaplikasikan siswa kurang koheren karena belum dilakukan abstraksi dan berpikir algoritma dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA tersebut.

Kata Kunci: Berpikir Komputasional, Self-Regulated Learning, Change and Relationship
ETNOMATEMATIKA: KEKAYAAN BUDAYA KABUPATEN ALOR SEBAGAI SUMBER MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Manapa Imanuel Yosafat Hadi
Published: July 2021

Ethnomatematics presents as a bridge between culture and mathematics. Awareness of the importance of preserving culture early on and presenting the context of real situations in the mathematical learning process is the basis of this research. Ethnomatematika sourced from the local culture of Alor Regency is very rich and can be used as a media of mathematics learning but has not been explored in depth. The purpose of this study is to associate ethnomatematics of Alor Regency with the context of learning in elementary schools. This research is qualitative with an explorative, descriptive, and ethnography approach. Data retrieval techniques using interviews, observations, and documentation. Data collection was carried out in January to February 2021. The results of the study found elements of ethnomatematics derived from traditional clothing and accessories, dowry, traditional clothing, earthenware, war tools, musical instruments, fishing instruments, traditional houses, and traditional games. Ethnomatematics product can be used on the basic competencies of plane geometry, solid geometry, symmetry, mirroring, symmetry, arithmetic, interline relationships, angular types, inter-angle relationships, and measurements in elementary schools.

Abstrak

Etnomatematika hadir sebagai sarana untuk menjembatani antara budaya dan matematika. Kesadaran akan pentingnya melestarikan budaya sejak dini dan menghadirkan konteks situasi nyata dalam proses pembelajaran matematika merupakan landasan dilakukannya penelitian ini. Etnomatematika yang bersumber dari budaya lokal Kabupaten Alor sangat kaya dan dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran matematika namun selama ini tidak dieksplorasi secara mendalam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengaitkan etnomatematika Kabupaten Alor dengan konteks pembelajaran di sekolah dasar. Penelitian merupakan kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif, deskriptif, dan etnografi. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi.  Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Januari hingga Februari 2021. Hasil penelitian menemukan unsur etnomatematika yang berasal dari pakaian adat beserta asesorisnya, mas kawin, pakaian adat, gerabah, alat perang, alat musik, alat menangkap ikan, rumah adat, serta permainan masyarakat lokal. Produk etnomatematika ini dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran pada kompetensi dasar bangun datar, bangun ruang, kesimetrisan, pencerminan, aritmatika, hubungan antar garis, jenis-jenis sudut, hubungan antar sudut, dan pengukuran di sekolah dasar.

Kata Kunci:  Etnomatematika, Media Pembelajaran Matematika, Sekolah Dasar
De la sabiduría en la vejez
Authors: Etxeberria Mauleon Xabier
Published: July 2021

De la lectura de las consideraciones que siguen podría extraerse la conclusión de que la sabiduría en la vejez está solo al alcance de quienes pueden ela­borarla a través de procesos reflexivos explícitos y complejos, que suponen en general cierto nivel de formación académica. Éstos, por supuesto, están presentes en un sector de personas mayores que tratan de cultivarla. Pero vivir esa sabiduría —lo que importa— desborda am­pliamente a este sector. Incluye también a quienes la van alimentando con reflexiones vitales no expresamente planteadas, no estructuradas y cuasi espontáneas en torno a lo que van viviendo, que están arraigadas en una especie de intuición psico-moral certera para avanzar, con la edad, en la maduración de la experiencia personal y de la percepción de la realidad; lo que, evidentemente, se traduce en las conductas correspondientes. El testimonio de personas mayores de todo tipo y condición, que todos conocemos, está ahí para probarlo y mostrarlo. Estas líneas pretenden dar, sin ánimo de exhaustividad y desde el reconocimiento de la plura­lidad de enfoques, una trabazón argumental, una motivación e incluso una orientación a tan amplia realidad, vivida en la mayor diversidad por muchas personas mayores.
Breaking Masked Implementations with Many Shares on 32-bit Software Platforms
Authors: Bronchain Olivier , Standaert François-Xavier
Published: July 2021

We explore the concrete side-channel security provided by state-of-theart higher-order masked software implementations of the AES and the (candidate to the NIST Lightweight Cryptography competition) Clyde, in ARM Cortex-M0 and M3 devices. Rather than looking for possibly reduced security orders (as frequently considered in the literature), we directly target these implementations by assuming their maximum security order and aim at reducing their noise level thanks to multivariate, horizontal and analytical attacks. Our investigations point out that the Cortex-M0 device has so limited physical noise that masking is close to ineffective. The Cortex-M3 shows a better trend but still requires a large number of shares to provide strong security guarantees. Practically, we first exhibit a full 128-bit key recovery in less than 10 traces for a 6-share masked AES implementation running on the Cortex-M0 requiring 232 enumeration power. A similar attack performed against the Cortex-M3 with 5 shares require 1,000 measurements with 244 enumeration power. We then show the positive impact of lightweight block ciphers with limited number of AND gates for side-channel security, and compare our attacks against a masked Clyde with the best reported attacks of the CHES 2020 CTF. We complement these experiments with a careful information theoretic analysis, which allows interpreting our results. We also discuss our conclusions under the umbrella of “backwards security evaluations” recently put forwards by Azouaoui et al. We finally extrapolate the evolution of the proposed attack complexities in the presence of additional countermeasures using the local random probing model proposed at CHES 2020.
Pay Attention to Raw Traces: A Deep Learning Architecture for End-to-End Profiling Attacks
Authors: Lu Xiangjun , Zhang Chi , Cao Pei , Gu Dawu , Lu Haining
Published: July 2021

With the renaissance of deep learning, the side-channel community also notices the potential of this technology, which is highly related to the profiling attacks in the side-channel context. Many papers have recently investigated the abilities of deep learning in profiling traces. Some of them also aim at the countermeasures (e.g., masking) simultaneously. Nevertheless, so far, all of these papers work with an (implicit) assumption that the number of time samples in raw traces can be reduced before the profiling, i.e., the position of points of interest (PoIs) can be manually located. This is arguably the most challenging part of a practical black-box analysis targeting an implementation protected by masking. Therefore, we argue that to fully utilize the potential of deep learning and get rid of any manual intervention, the end-to-end profiling directly mapping raw traces to target intermediate values is demanded.In this paper, we propose a neural network architecture that consists of encoders, attention mechanisms and a classifier, to conduct the end-to-end profiling. The networks built by our architecture could directly classify the traces that contain a large number of time samples (i.e., raw traces without manual feature extraction) while whose underlying implementation is protected by masking. We validate our networks on several public datasets, i.e., DPA contest v4 and ASCAD, where over 100,000 time samples are directly used in profiling. To our best knowledge, we are the first that successfully carry out end-to-end profiling attacks. The results on the datasets indicate that our networks could get rid of the tricky manual feature extraction. Moreover, our networks perform even systematically better (w.r.t. the number of traces in attacks) than those trained on the reduced traces. These validations imply our approach is not only a first but also a concrete step towards end-to-end profiling attacks in the side-channel context.
Analysis and Comparison of Table-based Arithmetic to Boolean Masking
Authors: Van Beirendonck Michiel , D’Anvers Jan-Pieter , Verbauwhede Ingrid
Published: July 2021

Masking is a popular technique to protect cryptographic implementations against side-channel attacks and comes in several variants including Boolean and arithmetic masking. Some masked implementations require conversion between these two variants, which is increasingly the case for masking of post-quantum encryption and signature schemes. One way to perform Arithmetic to Boolean (A2B) mask conversion is a table-based approach first introduced by Coron and Tchulkine, and later corrected and adapted by Debraize in CHES 2012. In this work, we show both analytically and experimentally that the table-based A2B conversion algorithm proposed by Debraize does not achieve the claimed resistance against differential power analysis due to a non-uniform masking of an intermediate variable. This non-uniformity is hard to find analytically but leads to clear leakage in experimental validation. To address the non-uniform masking issue, we propose two new A2B conversions: one that maintains efficiency at the cost of additional memory and one that trades efficiency for a reduced memory footprint. We give analytical and experimental evidence for their security, and will make their implementations, which are shown to be free from side-channel leakage in 100.000 power traces collected on the ARM Cortex-M4, available online. We conclude that when designing side-channel protection mechanisms, it is of paramount importance to perform both a theoretical analysis and an experimental validation of the method.
Online Template Attacks: Revisited
Authors: Cabrera Aldaya Alejandro , Brumley Billy Bob
Published: July 2021

An online template attack (OTA) is a powerful technique previously used to attack elliptic curve scalar multiplication algorithms. This attack has only been analyzed in the realm of power consumption and EM side channels, where the signals leak related to the value being processed. However, microarchitecture signals have no such feature, invalidating some assumptions from previous OTA works.In this paper, we revisit previous OTA descriptions, proposing a generic framework and evaluation metrics for any side-channel signal. Our analysis reveals OTA features not previously considered, increasing its application scenarios and requiring a fresh countermeasure analysis to prevent it.In this regard, we demonstrate that OTAs can work in the backward direction, allowing to mount an augmented projective coordinates attack with respect to the proposal by Naccache, Smart and Stern (Eurocrypt 2004). This demonstrates that randomizing the initial targeted algorithm state does not prevent the attack as believed in previous works.We analyze three libraries libgcrypt, mbedTLS, and wolfSSL using two microarchitecture side channels. For the libgcrypt case, we target its EdDSA implementation using Curve25519 twist curve. We obtain similar results for mbedTLS and wolfSSL with curve secp256r1. For each library, we execute extensive attack instances that are able to recover the complete scalar in all cases using a single trace.This work demonstrates that microarchitecture online template attacks are also very powerful in this scenario, recovering secret information without knowing a leakage model. This highlights the importance of developing secure-by-default implementations, instead of fix-on-demand ones.
Learning Parity with Physical Noise: Imperfections, Reductions and FPGA Prototype
Authors: Bellizia Davide , Hoffmann Clément , Kamel Dina , Liu Hanlin , Méaux Pierrick , Standaert François-Xavier , Yu Yu
Published: July 2021

Hard learning problems are important building blocks for the design of various cryptographic functionalities such as authentication protocols and post-quantum public key encryption. The standard implementations of such schemes add some controlled errors to simple (e.g., inner product) computations involving a public challenge and a secret key. Hard physical learning problems formalize the potential gains that could be obtained by leveraging inexact computing to directly generate erroneous samples. While they have good potential for improving the performances and physical security of more conventional samplers when implemented in specialized integrated circuits, it remains unknown whether physical defaults that inevitably occur in their instantiation can lead to security losses, nor whether their implementation can be viable on standard platforms such as FPGAs. We contribute to these questions in the context of the Learning Parity with Physical Noise (LPPN) problem by: (1) exhibiting new (output) data dependencies of the error probabilities that LPPN samples may suffer from; (2) formally showing that LPPN instances with such dependencies are as hard as the standard LPN problem; (3) analyzing an FPGA prototype of LPPN processor that satisfies basic security and performance requirements.
Denial-of-Service on FPGA-based Cloud Infrastructures — Attack and Defense
Authors: La Tuan , Pham Khoa , Powell Joseph , Koch Dirk
Published: July 2021

This paper presents attacks targeting the FPGAs of AWS F1 instances at the electrical level through power-hammering, where excessive dynamic power is used to crash FPGA instances. We demonstrate different power-hammering attacks that pass all AWS security fences implemented on F1 instances, including the FPGA vendor design rule checks. In addition, we fingerprint the FPGA instances to observe the responsiveness of the instances, which indicates a successful denial-of-service attack. Most importantly, we provide an FPGA virus scanner framework, which was improved to support large datacenter FPGAs for preventing such attacks, including virtually all currently demonstrated side-channel attacks. Our experiments showed that an AWS F1 instance crashes immediately by starting an FPGA design demanding 369W. By using FPGA-fingerprinting, we found that crashed instances are unavailable for about one to over 200 hours.
Let’s Take it Offline: Boosting Brute-Force Attacks on iPhone’s User Authentication through SCA
Authors: Lisovets Oleksiy , Knichel David , Moos Thorben , Moradi Amir
Published: July 2021

In recent years, smartphones have become an increasingly important storage facility for personal sensitive data ranging from photos and credentials up to financial and medical records like credit cards and person’s diseases. Trivially, it is critical to secure this information and only provide access to the genuine and authenticated user. Smartphone vendors have already taken exceptional care to protect user data by the means of various software and hardware security features like code signing, authenticated boot chain, dedicated co-processor and integrated cryptographic engines with hardware fused keys. Despite these obstacles, adversaries have successfully broken through various software protections in the past, leaving only the hardware as the last standing barrier between the attacker and user data. In this work, we build upon existing software vulnerabilities and break through the final barrier by performing the first publicly reported physical Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) attack on an iPhone in order to extract the hardware-fused devicespecific User Identifier (UID) key. This key – once at hand – allows the adversary to perform an offline brute-force attack on the user passcode employing an optimized and scalable implementation of the Key Derivation Function (KDF) on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) cluster. Once the passcode is revealed, the adversary has full access to all user data stored on the device and possibly in the cloud.As the software exploit enables acquisition and processing of hundreds of millions oftraces, this work further shows that an attacker being able to query arbitrary many chosen-data encryption/decryption requests is a realistic model, even for compact systems with advanced software protections, and emphasizes the need for assessing resilience against SCA for a very high number of traces.
Probing Security through Input-Output Separation and Revisited Quasilinear Masking
Authors: Goudarzi Dahmun , Prest Thomas , Rivain Matthieu , Vergnaud Damien
Published: July 2021

The probing security model is widely used to formally prove the security of masking schemes. Whenever a masked implementation can be proven secure in this model with a reasonable leakage rate, it is also provably secure in a realistic leakage model known as the noisy leakage model. This paper introduces a new framework for the composition of probing-secure circuits. We introduce the security notion of input-output separation (IOS) for a refresh gadget. From this notion, one can easily compose gadgets satisfying the classical probing security notion –which does not ensure composability on its own– to obtain a region probing secure circuit. Such a circuit is secure against an adversary placing up to t probes in each gadget composing the circuit, which ensures a tight reduction to the more realistic noisy leakage model. After introducing the notion and proving our composition theorem, we compare our approach to the composition approaches obtained with the (Strong) Non-Interference (S/NI) notions as well as the Probe-Isolating Non-Interference (PINI) notion. We further show that any uniform SNI gadget achieves the IOS security notion, while the converse is not true. We further describe a refresh gadget achieving the IOS property for any linear sharing with a quasilinear complexity Θ(n log n) and a O(1/ log n) leakage rate (for an n-size sharing). This refresh gadget is a simplified version of the quasilinear SNI refresh gadget proposed by Battistello, Coron, Prouff, and Zeitoun (ePrint 2016). As an application of our composition framework, we revisit the quasilinear-complexity masking scheme of Goudarzi, Joux and Rivain (Asiacrypt 2018). We improve this scheme by generalizing it to any base field (whereas the original proposal only applies to field with nth powers of unity) and by taking advantage of our composition approach. We further patch a flaw in the original security proof and extend it from the random probing model to the stronger region probing model. Finally, we present some application of this extended quasilinear masking scheme to AES and MiMC and compare the obtained performances.