bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adipose‐Derived Biogenic Nanoparticles for Suppression of Inflammation
Authors: Tian Ming , Ticer Taylor , Wang Qikun , Walker Sierra , Pham Anthony , Suh Annie , Busatto Sara , Davidovich Irina , Al‐Kharboosh Rawan , Lewis‐Tuffin Laura , Ji Baoan , Quinones‐Hinojosa Alfredo , Talmon Yeshayahu , Shapiro Shane , Rückert Felix , Wolfram Joy
Published: February 2020

Extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases. However, production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from ADSCs is costly, inefficient, and time consuming. The anti‐inflammatory properties of adipose tissue‐derived EVs and other biogenic nanoparticles have not been explored. In this study, biogenic nanoparticles are obtained directly from lipoaspirate, an easily accessible and abundant source of biological material. Compared to ADSC‐EVs, lipoaspirate nanoparticles (Lipo‐NPs) take less time to process (hours compared to months) and cost less to produce (clinical‐grade cell culture facilities are not required). The physicochemical characteristics and anti‐inflammatory properties of Lipo‐NPs are evaluated and compared to those of patient‐matched ADSC‐EVs. Moreover, guanabenz loading in Lipo‐NPs is evaluated for enhanced anti‐inflammatory effects. Apolipoprotein E and glycerolipids are enriched in Lipo‐NPs compared to ADSC‐EVs. Additionally, the uptake of Lipo‐NPs in hepatocytes and macrophages is higher. Lipo‐NPs and ADSC‐EVs have comparable protective and anti‐inflammatory effects. Specifically, Lipo‐NPs reduce toll‐like receptor 4‐induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Guanabenz‐loaded Lipo‐NPs further suppress inflammatory pathways, suggesting that this combination therapy can have promising applications for inflammatory diseases.
The Design of 3D‐Interface Architecture in an Ultralow‐Power, Electrospun Single‐Fiber Synaptic Transistor for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Liu Dapeng , Shi Qianqian , Dai Shilei , Huang Jia
Published: February 2020

Synaptic electronics is a new technology for developing functional electronic devices that can mimic the structure and functions of biological counterparts. It has broad application prospects in wearable computing chips, human–machine interfaces, and neuron prostheses. These types of applications require synaptic devices with ultralow energy consumption as the effective energy supply for wearable electronics, which is still very difficult. Here, artificial synapse emulation is demonstrated by solid‐ion gated organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with a 3D‐interface conducting channel for ultralow‐power synaptic simulation. The basic features of the artificial synapse, excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), and high‐pass filtering, are successfully realized. Furthermore, the single‐fiber based artificial synapse can be operated by an ultralow presynaptic spike down to −0.5 mV with an ultralow reading voltage at −0.1 mV due to the large contact surface between the ionic electrolyte and fiber‐like semiconducting channel. Therefore, the ultralow energy consumption at one spike of the artificial synapse can be realized as low as ≈3.9 fJ, which provides great potential in a low‐power integrated synaptic circuit.
All Antimony Chalcogenide Tandem Solar Cell
Authors: Zhang Jianwang , Lian Weitao , Yin Yiwei , Wang Xiaomin , Tang Rongfeng , Qian Chen , Hao Xiaojing , Zhu Changfei , Chen Tao
Published: February 2020

A proof‐of‐concept tandem solar cell using Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 as top and bottom cell absorber materials is demonstrated. The bandgaps of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 are 1.74 and 1.22 eV, perfectly satisfying the requirement of tandem solar cells. The application of few‐layer graphene enables high transmittance and excellent interfacial contact in the top subcell. By controlling the thickness of the top cell for maximizing the spectral application, the tandem device delivers a power conversion efficiency of 7.93%, which outperforms the individually optimized top cell (5.58%) and bottom cell (6.50%). Mechanistical investigation shows that the tandem device is able to make up voltage loss in the subcells, which is a critical concern in the current antimony chalcogenide solar cells. This study provides an alternative approach to enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of antimony selenosulfide.
Coexistence of D3R typical and atypical signaling in striatonigral neurons during dopaminergic denervation. Correlation with D3nf expression changes
Authors: Campos Campos Baruc , Ávalos‐Fuentes Arturo , Piña Leyva Celia , Sánchez‐Zavaleta Rodolfo , Loya‐López Santiago , Rangel‐Barajas Claudia , Leyva‐Gómez Gerardo , Cortés Hernán , Erlij David , Florán Benjamín
Published: February 2020

Dopamine D3R are widely expressed in basal ganglia where interact with D1R. D3R potentiate cAMP accumulation and GABA release stimulated by D1R in striatonigral neurons through “atypical” signaling. During dopaminergic denervation, D3R signaling changes to a “typical” in which antagonizes the effects of D1R, the mechanisms of this switching are unknown. D3nf splice variant regulates membrane anchorage and function of D3R and decreases in denervation; thus, it is possible that D3R signaling switching correlates with changes in D3nf expression and increases of membranal D3R that mask D3R atypical effects. We performed experiments in unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rats and found a decrease in mRNA and protein of D3nf, but not of D3R in the denervated striatum. Proximity ligation assay showed that D3R‐D3nf interaction decreased after denervation, whereas binding revealed an increased Bmax in D3R. The new D3R antagonized cAMP accumulation and GABA release stimulated by D1R; however, in the presence of N‐Ethylmaleimide (NEM), to block Gi protein signaling, activation of D3R produced its atypical signaling stimulating D1R effects. Finally, we investigated if the typical and atypical effects of D3R modulating GABA release are capable of influencing motor behavior. Injections of D3R agonist into denervated nigra decreased D1R agonist‐induced turning behavior but potentiated it in the presence of NEM. Our data indicate the coexistence of D3R typical and atypical signaling in striatonigral neurons during denervation that correlated with changes in the ratio of expression of D3nf and D3R isoforms. The coexistence of both atypical and typical signaling during denervation influences motor behavior.
A study on thermal‐interrupting performance improvement of SF6 gas circuit breaker by promotion of nozzle ablation
Authors: Sato Motohiro , Horinouchi Katsuhiko , Hiza Shuichi , Kawana Takashi , Nakamura Yasunori , Yoshitomo Yuji , Shimizu Yoshinori , Yokomizu Yasunobu
Published: February 2020

In this paper, ablation polymer was studied to improve the thermal interrupting performance of an SF6 gas circuit breaker. One kind of polymer was used as the ablation polymer on the basis of the specific constraint conditions for SF6 gas circuit breakers, such as not including hydrogen, and its ablation characteristics were investigated. Furthermore, the dominant factor of that polymer ablation was discussed by comparing ablated mass characteristics between the ablation polymer and polytetrafluoroethylene, which is widely used as the nozzle material of an SF6 gas circuit breaker. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Short‐ and long‐term outcome following thoracoamniotic shunting for fetal hydrothorax
Authors: Kelly E. N. , Seaward G. , Ye X. Y. , Windrim R. , Van Mieghem T. , Keunen J. , Abbasi N. , Chitayat D. , Ryan G.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To assess short‐ and long‐term outcome in a cohort of fetuses diagnosed with hydrothorax (FHT) which underwent thoracoamniotic shunting in utero, and to examine the antenatal predictors of survival and of survival with normal neurodevelopmental outcome.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 132 fetuses that underwent thoracoamniotic shunting at our center between 1991 and 2014. Data were extracted from hospital obstetric and relevant neonatal intensive care and neonatal developmental follow‐up databases. Outcomes included survival to discharge and survival with normal neurodevelopmental outcome beyond 18 months. Information on malformations, syndromes and genetic abnormalities were obtained from antenatal, postnatal and pediatric hospital records or by parent report. We compared pregnancy characteristics among those who survived vs non‐survivors and among those with normal neurodevelopmental outcome vs those who were abnormal or died. We explored whether there was a trend in survival over the study period.

Results

The mean gestational age at diagnosis of FHT was 25.6 weeks. The fetus was hydropic at diagnosis in 61% of cases, 69% had bilateral effusions and 55% had bilateral shunts inserted. Other diagnoses were present in 24% of cases, two‐thirds of which were discovered only postnatally. There were 16 intrauterine and 30 neonatal deaths, with a 65% survival rate overall. The mean gestational age at delivery of liveborns was 35.4 (range, 26.9–41.6) weeks, and 88/116 (76%) were preterm (< 37 weeks). Of 87 liveborn at the treatment center, 75% experienced some respiratory and/or cardiovascular morbidity after birth, many with a lengthy hospital stay (mean, 36 (range, 1–249) days). Overall, 84% of survivors were developmentally normal beyond 18 months and outcomes were better when pleural effusions were isolated, 92% of these cases being neurodevelopmentally normal. There was no trend in survival or neurodevelopmental outcome over time. Despite the presence of FHT and neonatal respiratory issues, most (89%) of the 55 survivors with relevant follow‐up had no long‐term pulmonary complications. Gestational age at delivery was the only factor independently predictive of both survival and survival with normal neurodevelopmental outcome.

Conclusions

FHT is associated with other pathologies in a quarter of cases and carries a significant risk of prematurity, mortality and neonatal morbidity. The outcome is good in survivors but is best in isolated cases. Predictors of outcome at diagnosis are poor. Future improvement in diagnostics at time of identification of FHT may help to identify those that would benefit most from thoracoamniotic shunting. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Offshore wind farm wake recovery: Airborne measurements and its representation in engineering models
Authors: Cañadillas Beatriz , Foreman Richard , Barth Volker , Siedersleben Simon , Lampert Astrid , Platis Andreas , Djath Bughsin , Schulz‐Stellenfleth Johannes , Bange Jens , Emeis Stefan , Neumann Thomas
Published: February 2020

We present an analysis of wind measurements from a series of airborne campaigns conducted to sample the wakes from two North Sea wind farm clusters, with the aim of determining the dependence of the downstream wind speed recovery on the atmospheric stability. The consequences of the stability dependence of wake length on the expected annual energy yield of wind farms in the North Sea are assessed by an engineering model. Wakes are found to extend for significantly longer downstream distances (>50 km) in stable conditions than in neutral and unstable conditions (
 15 km). The parameters of one common engineering model are modified to reproduce the observed wake decay at downstream distances
 30 km. More significant effects on the energy yield are expected for wind farms separated by distances
 30 km, which is generally the case in the North Sea, but additional data would be required to validate the suggested parameter modifications within the engineering model. A case study is accordingly performed to show reductions in the farm efficiency downstream of a wind farm. These results emphasize not only the importance of understanding the impact of atmospheric stability on offshore wind farms but also the need to update the representation of wakes in current industry models to properly include wake‐induced energy losses, especially in large offshore clusters.
Heavy holographic QCD
Authors: Kovensky Nicolas , Schmitt Andreas
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We study the phase structure of the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model in the plane of temperature and baryon chemical potential, including the effect of a nonzero current quark mass. Our study is performed in the decompactified limit of the model, which, at least regarding the chiral phase transition, appears to be closer to real-world QCD than the original version. Following earlier studies, we account for the quark mass in an effective way based on an open Wilson line operator whose expectation value is identified with the chiral condensate. We find that the quark mass stabilizes a configuration with string sources and point out that this phase plays an important role in the phase diagram. Furthermore, we show that the quark mass breaks up the first-order chiral phase transition curve and introduces critical points to the phase diagram. Similarities of the phase structure to other holographic approaches and to lattice simulations of “heavy QCD” are found and discussed. By making holographic QCD more realistic, our results open the door to a better understanding of real-world strongly coupled hot and dense matter.
One-Dimensional Schrödinger Operators with Complex Potentials
Authors: Dereziński Jan , Georgescu Vladimir
Published: February 2020

We discuss realizations of$$L:=-\partial _x^2+V(x)$$L:=-∂x2+V(x)as closed operators on$$L^2]a,b[$$L2]a,b[, whereVis complex, locally integrable and may have an arbitrary behavior at (finite or infinite) endpointsaandb. The main tool of our analysis is Green’s operators, that is, various right inverses ofL.
Bacterial community composition and function along spatiotemporal connectivity gradients in the Danube floodplain (Vienna, Austria)
Authors: Mayr Magdalena J. , Besemer Katharina , Sieczko Anna , Demeter Katalin , Peduzzi Peter
Published: February 2020

It is well recognized that river-floodplain systems contribute significantly to riverine ecosystem metabolism, and that bacteria are key players in the aquatic organic carbon cycle, but surprisingly few studies have linked bacterial community composition (BCC), function and carbon quality in these hydrologically highly dynamic habitats. We investigated aquatic BCC and extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) related to dissolved organic carbon quality and algae composition, including the impact of a major flood event in one of the last remaining European semi-natural floodplain-systems. We found that surface connectivity of floodplain pools homogenizes BCC and EEA, whereas low connectivity led to increased BCC and EEA heterogeneity, supported by their relationship to electrical conductivity, an excellent indicator for surface connection strength. Hydrogeochemical parameters best explained variation of both BCC and EEA, while the algal community and chromophoric DOM properties explained only minor fractions of BCC variation. We conclude that intermittent surface connectivity and especially permanent isolation of floodplain pools from the main river channel may severely alter BCC and EEA, with potential consequences for nutrient cycling, ecological services and greenhouse gas emissions. Disentangling microbial structure–function coupling is therefore crucial, if we are to understand and predict the consequences of human alterations on these dynamic systems.
Messung der körperlichen Fitness in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie – Methoden, Qualitätssicherung und erste deskriptive Ergebnisse
Authors: Kluttig Alexander , Zschocke Johannes , Haerting Johannes , Schmermund Axel , Gastell Sylvia , Steindorf Karen , Herbolsheimer Florian , Hillreiner Andrea , Jochem Carmen , Baumeister Sebastian , Sprengeler Ole , Pischon Tobias , Jaeschke Lina , Michels Karin B. , Krist Lilian , Greiser Halina , Schmidt Gerhard , Lieb Wolfgang , Waniek Sabina , Becher Heiko , Jagodzinski Annika , Schipf Sabine , Völzke Henry , Ahrens Wolfgang , Günther Kathrin , Castell Stefanie , Kemmling Yvonne , Legath Nicole , Berger Klaus , Keil Thomas , Fricke Julia , Schulze Matthias B. , Loeffler Markus , Wirkner Kerstin , Kuß Oliver , Schikowski Tamara , Kalinowski Sonja , Stang Andreas , Kaaks Rudolf , Damms Machado Antje , Hoffmeister Michael , Weber Barbara , Franzke Claus-Werner , Thierry Sigrid , Peters Anette , Kartschmit Nadja , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Fischer Beate , Leitzmann Michael , Brandes Mirko
Published: February 2020

Die körperliche Fitness ist das Maß für die individuelle Fähigkeit, körperlich aktiv zu sein. Ihre wesentlichen Komponenten sind die kardiorespiratorische Fitness (Cardiorespiratory Fitness, CRF), die Muskelkraft und die Beweglichkeit. Neben der körperlichen Aktivität ist die körperliche Fitness ein wesentlicher Prädiktor für Morbidität und Mortalität.

Ziel der Arbeit sind die Beschreibung der Erhebungsmethoden körperlicher Fitness in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie und die Darstellung erster deskriptiver Ergebnisse.

In der NAKO-Basiserhebung wurden die maximale Handgreifkraft (Grip Strength, GS) und die CRF als Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness über ein Handdynamometer bzw. über einen Fahrradergometertest mit submaximaler Belastung erhoben. Daraus wurde die maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2max) zur Beurteilung der CRF abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse von insgesamt 99.068 GS-Messungen und 3094 Messungen der CRF beruhen auf einem Datensatz zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung der NAKO (Alter 20–73 Jahre, 47 % Männer).

Männer zeigten im Vergleich zu Frauen höhere Werte der körperlichen Fitness (Männer: GS = 47,8 kg, VO2max = 36,4 ml·min−1 · kg−1; Frauen: GS = 29,9 kg, VO2max = 32,3 ml·min−1 · kg−1). Ungefähr ab dem 50. Lebensjahr konnte ein Rückgang der GS verzeichnet werden, wohingegen die CRF ab der Altersgruppe 20–29 Jahre bis zu den ≥60-Jährigen kontinuierlich abfiel. Die GS und die VO2max zeigten nach Korrektur für das Körpergewicht einen linear positiven Zusammenhang (Männer β = 0,21; Frauen β = 0,35).

Die Analysen zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung der Verteilung der körperlichen Fitness in der NAKO im Vergleich zu anderen bevölkerungsbasierten Studien. Zukünftige Auswertungen werden insbesondere die unabhängige Bedeutung der GS und CRF bei der Prädiktion von Morbidität und Mortalität beleuchten.
Improving Intraoperative Communication in Trauma: The Educational Effect of the Joint DSTC™–DATC™ Courses
Authors: Alexandrino Henrique , Baptista Sérgio , Vale Luís , Júnior José Hélio Zen , Espada Paulo César , Junior Danilo Stanzani , Vane Luiz Antonio , Carvalho Vanessa Henriques , Marcelo Lara , Madeira Filipa , Duarte Ricardo , Ferreira Luís , Pereira Jorge , Pinheiro Luís Filipe , Fraga Gustavo Pereira , Mesquita Carlos
Published: February 2020

Background

Operative management of severe trauma requires excellent communication among team members. The surgeon and anesthesiologist need to interact efficiently, exchanging vital information. The Definitive Surgical Trauma Care (DSTC) and Definitive Anesthesia Trauma Care (DATC) courses provide an excellent opportunity for teamwork training. Our goal was to study the impact of the joint DSTC–DATC courses in candidates’ self‐reported assessment in communication skills and techniques in a simulated intraoperative trauma scenario.

Methods

Study population consists of 93 candidates (67 surgeons and 26 anesthesiologists) participating in four consecutive joint DSTC–DATC courses in May and June 2019 in Brazil (3) and in Portugal (1). Median age was 30 years; 53 (60%) of subjects were male (46 senior residents and 47 specialists). All participants attended joint lectures, case discussions and surgical skills session, emphasizing intraoperative communication. Post‐course survey on several aspects of perioperative communication (responses on a Likert scale) was conducted with participants being asked which aspects of intraoperative communication they valued the most.

Results

All participants responded to the survey. Results displayed an increase in the self‐assessed importance of team briefing and intraoperative communication, particularly routine periodic communication, rather than only at critical moments. Postoperative team debriefing was also valued as highly relevant. Closed‐loop and direct, by‐name communication were highly rated. Self‐reported communication skills improved significantly during the course.

Conclusions

Joint training in the DSTC–DATC courses improved candidates’ perception and skills on proficient intraoperative communication. Further studies should address both the durability of these changes and the potential impact on patient care.
Bedeutung von Instagram und Fitspiration-Bildern für die muskeldysmorphe Symptomatik
Authors: Schoenenberg Katrin , Martin Alexandra
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund

Das männliche Körperideal unterscheidet sich von dem weiblichen durch eine Orientierung am muskulösen Körperbau. Diese Studie untersucht, inwiefern der Konsum von Instagram das Streben nach Muskulosität und muskeldysmorpher Symptomatik bei Männern vorhersagt. Darüber hinaus wird geprüft, ob relevante Mediatoren die Zusammenhänge in einer männlichen Stichprobe beeinflussen.

Methodik

Es wurden sportliche, Instagram nutzende Männer befragt (n = 203). Neben der Nutzungshäufigkeit von Instagram im Allgemeinen und der Betrachtung von Fitspiration-Bildern im Speziellen wurden das Streben nach Muskulosität, die Ausprägung muskeldysmorpher Symptomatik, die Tendenz zu aussehensbezogenen Vergleichen und die Internalisierung des medialen Schönheitsideals erfasst.

Ergebnisse

Gruppenvergleiche wiesen auf Unterschiede zwischen Männern, die zusätzlich Ballsport ausübten, zu solchen, die hauptsächlich Kraftsport trieben, hin. Die Internalisierung des medialen Schönheitsideals mediierte den Zusammenhang zwischen der allgemeinen und spezifischen Nutzungshäufigkeit von Instagram und dem Streben nach Muskulosität sowie der Ausprägung muskeldysmorpher Symptomatik.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Zusammenhang zwischen der Nutzungshäufigkeit von Instagram und Facetten des männlichen Körperbilds. Sie verdeutlichen ebenfalls die Bedeutung der Internalisierung des medialen Schönheitsideals bei der Nutzung sozialer Medien. Kraftsport ausübende Männer wiesen im Selbstbericht ein höheres Risiko für eine muskeldysmorphe Symptomatik auf. Die Nutzung sozialer Medien könnte im Rahmen einer muskeldysmorphen Störung eine aufrechterhaltende Funktion einnehmen.
Influence of field of view size on image quality: ultra-high-resolution CT vs. conventional high-resolution CT
Authors: Miyata Tomo , Yanagawa Masahiro , Hata Akinori , Honda Osamu , Yoshida Yuriko , Kikuchi Noriko , Tsubamoto Mitsuko , Tsukagoshi Shinsuke , Uranishi Ayumi , Tomiyama Noriyuki
Published: February 2020

Objectives

This study was conducted in order to compare the effect of field of view (FOV) size on image quality between ultra-high-resolution CT (U-HRCT) and conventional high-resolution CT (HRCT).

Methods

Eleven cadaveric lungs were scanned with U-HRCT and conventional HRCT and reconstructed with five FOVs (40, 80, 160, 240, and 320 mm). Three radiologists evaluated and scored the images. Three image evaluations were performed, comparing the image quality with the five FOVs with respect to the 160-mm FOV. The first evaluation was performed on conventional HRCT images, and the second evaluation on U-HRCT images. Images were scored on normal structure, abnormal findings, and overall image quality. The third evaluation was a comparison of the images obtained with conventional HRCT and U-HRCT, with scoring performed on overall image quality. Quantitative evaluation of noise was performed by setting ROIs.

Results

In conventional HRCT, image quality was improved when the FOV was reduced to 160 mm. In U-HRCT, image quality, except for noise, improved when the FOV was reduced to 80 mm. In the third evaluation, overall image quality was improved in U-HRCT over conventional HRCT at all FOVs. Noise of U-HRCT increased with respect to conventional HRCT when the FOV was reduced from 160 to 40 mm. However, at 240- and 320-mm FOVs, the noise of U-HRCT and conventional HRCT showed no differences.

Conclusions

In conventional HRCT, image quality did not improve when the FOV was reduced below 160 mm. However, in U-HRCT, image quality improved even when the FOV was reduced to 80 mm.

Key Points

• Reducing the size of the field of view to 160 mm improves diagnostic imaging quality in high-resolution CT.

• In ultra-high-resolution CT, improvements in image quality can be obtained by reducing the size of the field of view to 80 mm.

• Ultra-high-resolution CT produces images of higher quality compared with conventional HRCT irrespective of the size of the field of view.
Objectivation of laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) data: turn number vs. qualitative analysis
Authors: Kneisz Lukas , Volk Gerd Fabian , Mayr Winfried , Leonhard Matthias , Pototschnig Claus , Schneider-Stickler Berit
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This paper describes a first attempt to quantify LEMG data based on turn number calculation. The results obtained for both healthy and ailing thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles of patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) were compared with the respective qualitative evaluation concerning volitional activity to determine whether the two types of analyses deliver similar results.

Methods

LEMG data obtained from 44 adults with UVFI were considered for the study. Semiquantitative evaluation of TA volitional activity and turn number were assessed for the ailing and the healthy TA and the difference in percentage was calculated. Paired data were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The volitional activity assessment and the turn number evaluation were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test, and their relationship was tested with the Kendall rank correlation.

Results

Datasets of 27 patients were considered compatible with turns/s calculation. The results showed that complete paralysis correlated with no turns; single fiber volitional activity with 62–208 turns/s, strongly decreased volitional activity with 198–501 turns/s; and dense volitional activity with 441–1234 turns/s. On the ailing VF only, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0001), and the Kendall rank correlation a positive relationship (r = 0.853,p ≤ 0.0001) between the volitional activity rating and the turn number assessment.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results showed that turn number evaluation is an effective tool to confirm LEMG qualitative analysis, and that, in combination with laryngostroboscopy and voice assessment, can help improving the accuracy of the diagnosis and prognosis and the effectiveness of the chosen therapy.
Word learning reveals white matter plasticity in preschool children
Authors: Ekerdt Clara E. M. , Kühn Clara , Anwander Alfred , Brauer Jens , Friederici Angela D.
Published: February 2020

Word learning plays a central role in language development and is a key predictor for later academic success. The underlying neural basis of successful word learning in children is still unknown. Here, we took advantage of the opportunity afforded by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural plasticity in the white matter of typically developing preschool children as they learn words. We demonstrate that after 3 weeks of word learning, children showed significantly larger increases of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left precentral white matter compared to two control groups. Average training accuracy was correlated with FA change in the white matter underlying the left dorsal postcentral gyrus, with children who learned more slowly showing larger FA increases in this region. Moreover, we found that the status of white matter in the left middle temporal gyrus, assumed to support semantic processes, is predictive for early stages of word learning. Our findings provide the first evidence for white matter plasticity following word learning in preschool children. The present results on learning novel words in children point to a key involvement of the left fronto-parietal fiber connection, known to be implicated in top-down attention as well as working memory. While working memory and attention have been discussed to participate in word learning in children, our training study provides evidence that the neural structure supporting these cognitive processes plays a direct role in word learning.
Correction to: Analytical Solutions for Tunnels of Elliptical Cross-Section in Rheological Rock Accounting for Sequential Excavation
Authors: Wang H. N. , Utili S. , Jiang M. J. , He P.
Published: February 2020

The article Analytical Solutions for Tunnels of Elliptical Cross-Section in Rheological Rock Accounting for Sequential Excavation, written by H. N. Wang, S. Utili, M. J. Jiang, P. He, was originally published.
Microbiota changes associated with ADNP deficiencies: rapid indicators for NAP (CP201) treatment of the ADNP syndrome and beyond
Authors: Kapitansky Oxana , Giladi Eliezer , Jaljuli Iman , Bereswill Stefan , Heimesaat Markus M. , Gozes Illana
Published: February 2020

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) and its protein snippet NAP (drug candidate CP201) regulate synapse formation and cognitive as well as behavioral functions, in part, through microtubule interaction. Given potential interactions between the microbiome and brain function, we now investigated the potential effects of the ADNP-deficient genotype, mimicking the ADNP syndrome on microbiota composition in the Adnp+/– mouse model. We have discovered a surprising robust sexually dichotomized Adnp genotype effect and correction by NAP (CP201) as follows. Most of the commensal bacterial microbiota tested were affected by the Adnp genotype and corrected by NAP treatment in a male sex-dependent manner. The following list includes all the bacterial groups tested—labeled in bold are male Adnp—genotype increased and corrected (decreased) by NAP. (1) Eubacteriaceae (EubV3), (2) Enterobacteriaceae (Entero), (3) Enterococcus genus (gEncocc), (4) Lactobacillus group (Lacto), (5) Bifidobacterium genus (BIF), (6) Bacteroides/Prevotella species (Bac), (7) Clostridium coccoides group (Coer), (8) Clostridium leptum group (Cluster IV, sgClep), and (9) Mouse intestinal Bacteroides (MIB). No similarities were found between males and females regarding sex- and genotype-dependent microbiota distributions. Furthermore, a female Adnp+/– genotype associated decrease (contrasting male increase) was observed in the Lactobacillus group (Lacto). Significant correlations were discovered between specific bacterial group loads and open-field behavior as well as social recognition behaviors. In summary, we discovered ADNP deficiency associated changes in commensal gut microbiota compositions, a sex-dependent biomarker for the ADNP syndrome and beyond. Strikingly, we discovered rapidly detected NAP (CP201) treatment-dependent biomarkers within the gut microbiota.
Effects of Extreme Disturbance Events: From Ecesis to Social–Ecological–Technological Systems
Authors: Lugo Ariel E.
Published: February 2020

Ecologists addressed the effects of disturbances from the onset of the field by focusing on ecesis, which is the process by which organisms migrate and establish under the environmental conditions created by disturbances. Ecesis is the onset of succession, a self-organizing process whose nature, speed, and outcome depend in part on the outcomes of ecesis and the residual legacies remaining after disturbances. A by-product of succession after a disturbance is the reorganization of species dominance, or novelty. The degree of novelty in the outcome increases with the severity of the disturbance event. Initially, ecologists focused mostly on non-anthropogenic disturbances, but as human activity intensified and became a global force, more attention was given to the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystems. Today, anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances and their interactions are increasingly affecting ecosystems, particularly those exposed to extreme disturbance events. Extreme disturbance events are complex and low probability events composed of several disturbance forces that individually and in synergy affect different sectors of ecosystems, including the conditions that drive ecesis. I review the literature on disturbance research including the effects of extreme disturbance events on social–ecological–technological systems (SETSs). A SETS is an ecosystem defined by the flow and accumulation of energy through the medium of organisms, constructed infrastructure, institutions, and their environment. Human intentions, values, and capacities are part of the functioning of SETS, and they can drive ecological processes as do non-anthropogenic forces. Moreover, human-directed activities after an extreme disturbance event affect whole landscapes. The passage of hurricane María over the Puerto Rico SETS established that extreme disturbance events are of such power and complexity that they can influence the level and kind of relationship between humans and the environment, including the structure and species composition of the ecological systems within SETS. However, extreme disturbance events such as hurricanes have not changed the successional trajectory originally impulsed by anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, the species composition and functioning of novel forests in Puerto Rico are tied to economic activity in the social and technological sectors of SETS. It is no longer possible to interpret ecosystem functioning without considering the synergy between anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic extreme disturbances.
Water quality changes and organic matter removal using natural bank infiltration at a boreal lake in Finland
Authors: Jylhä-Ollila M. , Laine-Kaulio H. , Niinikoski-Fusswinkel P. , Leveinen J. , Koivusalo H.
Published: February 2020

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) refers to intentional infiltration of surface water to an aquifer for facilitating natural water treatment and storage. MAR is often used as a treatment to remove natural organic matter from water in drinking water production. The sustainability of MAR depends on how the aquifer capacity to remove organic matter will evolve over the long term. This report explores the behavior of MAR systems by using a natural lake–aquifer system as a surrogate. Natural infiltration of lake water to groundwater has been going on for millennia at the research site in Finland chosen for this study. According to the measurements, the mean concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in lake water was 3.0 mg/L. Within the distance of 3 m from the lake bank (retention time 7–15 days), already 46% of TOC was removed. At greater distances along the flow paths within the aquifer, 80–90% of TOC was removed. The observed TOC removal in the aquifer was slightly higher than the reported values at MAR sites, indicating that MAR can be an effective solution to the problem of removing natural organic matter in the long term. Signs of accumulation of organic matter were not observed in the aquifer, which suggests that biodegradation was the main removal method, and the role of sorption was minor. Several processes had an impact on oxygen levels in the aquifer, which led to spatial and seasonal changes in the redox conditions and in the iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater.
The clinical value and usage of inflammatory and nutritional markers in survival prediction for gastric cancer patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and D2 lymphadenectomy
Authors: Li Ziyu , Li Shuangxi , Ying Xiangji , Zhang Lianhai , Shan Fei , Jia Yongning , Ji Jiafu
Published: February 2020

Background

The clinical values of inflammatory and nutritional markers remained unclear for gastric cancer with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT).

Methods

The inflammatory, nutritional markers and their changes were analyzed for locally advanced gastric cancer with NACT. The predictive value was evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards regressions under three hypothesized scenarios. The nomograms including independent prognostic factors were plotted for survival prediction.

Results

A total of 225 patients were included in the study. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index, and hemoglobin (Hgb) were significantly reduced, and the body mass index was significantly increased after NACT (all P < 0.05). The pre-NACT NLR [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.176, P = 0.059] showed a trend to correlate with the overall survival (OS) when only pre-NACT markers available; The post-NACT Hgb (HR = 0.982, P = 0.015) was the independent prognostic factor when only post-NACT markers available; The post-NACT Hgb (HR = 0.984, P = 0.025) and the change value of LMR (HR = 1.183, P = 0.036) were the independent prognostic factors when both pre- and post-NACT markers available. The nomogram had a similar Harrell’s C-statistic compared to ypTNM stage (0.719 vs. 0.706).

Conclusion

For locally advanced gastric cancer, the NACT could significantly decrease some inflammatory markers. The pre-NACT NLR, the post-NACT Hgb and the change value of LMR had some values in survival prediction combined with age, sex, tumor location and the clinical stages under different clinical scenarios. The elevated initial NLR, the preoperative anemia and the greater change value of LMR implied a poor prognosis.
Factors Associated with Attrition: Analysis of an HIV Clinic in Japan
Authors: Hashiba Chieko , Imahashi Mayumi , Imamura Junji , Nakahata Masashi , Kogure Ayumi , Takahashi Hideto , Yokomaku Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2020

This study evaluated the impact of a public medical interpreter on the follow-up clinic attendance rate of foreign-born people with HIV who live in Japan. Participants were patients who visited Nagoya Medical Center from 2009 to 2016. Lost to follow-up was defined as an absence from follow-up visits for more than six months without any notification. A log-rank test was conducted to compare the lost-to-follow-up rates by patients’ nation of origin and medical interpreter use. Of the 931 participants, 114 were foreign patients, whose overall attendance rate at 5 years was 75.5%, which was significantly lower than that of Japanese patients (94.1%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in regular attendance with respect to medical interpreter use (p = 0.09). Social support in addition to a medical interpreter may be needed to improve attendance rates in the study population.
Dynamic absolutism and qualitative change
Authors: Eker Bahadır
Published: February 2020

According to Fine’s (Modality and tense: philosophical papers. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 261–320, 2005) famous take on the infamous McTaggartian paradox, realism about tensed facts is incompatible with the joint acceptence of three very general and seemingly plausible theses about reality. However, Correia and Rosenkranz (As time goes by: eternal facts in an ageing universe. Mentis, Paderborn, 2011) have recently objected that Fine’s argument depends on a crucial assumption about the nature of tensed facts; once that assumption is given up, they claim, realists can endorse the theses in question without further ado. They also argue that their novel version of tense realism, called dynamic absolutism, is to be preferred over its rivals. I argue in this paper that dynamic absolutism does not constitute a genuine alternative for realists about tense.
Ecosystem services potential for climate change resilience in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mngumi Lazaro Eliyah
Published: February 2020

Ecosystem services provide considerable development opportunities, including incorporating land use planning and enhancing climate change resilience in peri-urban communities. However, the application of this concept in planning and enhancing climate change resilience is negligible in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article reviews state-of-the-art research on the potential contribution of peri-urban ecosystem services to climate change resilience in SSA and identifies research gaps for further work. This study was conducted through systematic review of articles from the Web of Science. The literature shows limited knowledge on peri-urban ecosystem services research globally and SSA in particular. The gaps in this knowledge stem from inadequate conceptualization and lack of understanding about how such knowledge can be translated into policy, planning and management and, hence, realizing development goals. In nutshell, the potential for climate change resilience of well-managed peri-urban ecosystem services includes reducing the physical exposure of peri-urban areas to floods and droughts and minimizing climate change risks through increased socio-economic resilience to hazard impacts and provision of the carbon sequestration function. However, specific peri-urban studies describing ecosystem service types and how they can be synchronized into mainstream urban planning and climate change resilience strategies are lacking in most SSA urban regions/landscapes. Therefore, case studies need to be conducted to contextualize and downscale the concept in peri-urban areas and to determine how the concept can be synchronized into broad urban planning and strategies for enhancing resilience to climate change in vulnerable urban and peri-urban communities.
Understanding the Prevalence and Situational Characteristics of Hostage and Crisis Negotiation in England: an Analysis of Pilot Data from the National Negotiator Deployment Database
Authors: Grubb Amy Rose
Published: February 2020

The following paper outlines the findings from an exploratory analysis of the hostage and crisis negotiator deployment database that was piloted within Norfolk and Suffolk Constabularies prior to national rollout of a centralised and standardised online recording mechanism for negotiator deployments across the majority of police forces within the UK. The research utilised a descriptive research design, whereby the secondary data from an initial 24-month recording period was analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings provide a descriptive representation of (1) the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects encountered by negotiators, (2) the typical situational characteristics/circumstances in which subjects present and the most frequently encountered subject impact factors and (3) how hostage/crisis incidents are typically resolved. The findings are discussed with relevance to the implications for negotiator practice and policy. An emphasis is placed on identification of recommendations for improving the discipline of hostage and crisis negotiation via the standardisation of deployment recording and targeted/focused training and continuing professional development of negotiators based on the characteristics of deployments observed.
Die AfD ist (mittlerweile) eine rechtsextremistische Partei
Authors: Pfahl-Traughber Armin
Published: February 2020

Die „Alternative für Deutschland“ (AfD) hat sich mittlerweile zu einer rechtsextremistischen Partei entwickelt, wofür zahlreiche Aussagen von führenden Funktionsträgern gegen die Grundlagen moderner Demokratie und offener Gesellschaft sprechen.
Current state and perspectives of checkpoint inhibitors in ovarian cancer treatment
Authors: Bartl Thomas , Paspalj Valentina , Polterauer Stephan , Grimm Christoph
Published: February 2020

The introduction of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) has set a paradigm shift within the therapies for a variety of advanced solid tumors. By altering key regulators of cellular immune response, so-called immune checkpoints, CPIs modulate peripheral cancer immune tolerance to induce cancer-targeted immune reactions. Response rates, however, vary significantly between different solid tumor types. A certain efficacy of CPIs has been described for gynecological malignancies, as the KEYNOTE-028 study reported an objective response rate (ORR) of 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–33.6) for endometrial and the CheckMate-358 study an ORR of 26.3% (95% CI 9.1–51.2) for cervical cancer. With respect to epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), recent evidence suggests only modest response, as the largest study to date by Matulonis et al. reported in 2019 that pembrolizumab induced an ORR of only 8.0% in 376 patients with EOC. Thus, latest clinical data indicate EOC to be rather “immunologically cold”, most likely due to both an inherently low tumor mutational burden (TMB) and a subsequently limited cellular antigen presentation. As CPI monotherapy therefore seems to be of limited clinical significance, ongoing clinical trials moved to combine CPI with PARP inhibitors and/or with antiangiogenic agents to elucidate possible synergistic antitumoral effects of these combinations. Despite promising preliminary data, the large phase 3 trials are still ongoing. To date, CPI monotherapy in OC remains highly experimental and is only to be administered within clinical studies and a highly selected group of patients.
On the Outskirts of the Charmed Circle—Challenges and Limitations of Sexual Health Promotion to Young People in Secure State Care
Authors: Lindroth Malin
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Young people on the verge of, or in, secure state care or incarceration have reduced general and sexual health. The promoting of sexual health among young people in secure state care is therefore a responsibility for both the state-run agency responsible for this care and for the professionals who work there.

Methods

This position paper discusses sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for young people in secure state care in Sweden. Four previous studies on sexual health of young people in secure state care are revisited, and governmental policy documents are examined.

Results

Young people in secure state care face many threats to their sexual and reproductive health and rights. Some of these threats originate with the institutional placement itself and the lack of knowledge among the staff. Clashes on various levels between the subjectively desired (young people seeking pleasure from sex, alcohol, or other drugs) and the societally desired (sexual health, minimal alcohol use, and no drug use among young people) are described. In addition, clashes are seen between young people who want to be like everyone else in their social context and the staff with a mission (i.e. job description) to readjust young people into adopting socially accepted behaviour.

Conclusion

I argue that young people in secure state care have sexual experiences that are marginalized and placed on the outskirts of the charmed (sexual) circle of societally accepted sexual behaviour. In addition, their experiences are surrounded by silence, a silence sustained by both young people and professionals. The readiness of professionals to handle SRHR for young people in secure state care in a knowledge-based and non-judgemental fashion is crucial. Future research should focus on this readiness and have the needs and wishes of young people as its departing point. Although the article involves a local context, it may be of interest to a wider audience, as the placement of young people in secure state care and other forms of incarceration occurs worldwide.