bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term ultraviolet B-induced impairment of Langerhans cell function: an immunoelectron microscopic study
Authors: VAN PRAAG M C G , MULDER A A , CLAAS F H J , VERMEER B-J , MOMMAAS A M
Published: July 2010

The influence of low-dose, long-term ultraviolet B (UVB) light exposure on HLA class Il-positive human epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) was studied using a sensitive immunoelectron microscopic technique for the ultrastructural assessment of HLA class II expression on LC and for quantification of these cells in situ. Six healthy Caucasian volunteers participated in the experiments and received thrice weekly UVB treatments for 4 weeks. The initial dose ranged from 30 to 50mJ'cnv and the total dose from 600 to 3500 mJ/cm2, depending on skin type. Suction blisters and biopsies were obtained before the start of the UVB protocol and 48 h after the last UVB irradiation, and processed for the mixed epidermal cell-lymphocyte reaction (MECLR) and electromicroscopy, respectively, The MECLR was used as a measure of the immune response. The distribution of HLA class 11 molecules on LC was studied by incubating ultrathin cryosections of human skin tissue with an anti-HLA class II MoAb that was conjugated to 10 nm colloidal gold. Furthermore the number of LC was assessed ultrastructurally, when they could be recognized by their unique cytoplasmic organdie, the Birbeck granule (BG). The UVB protocol that was employed caused a marked suppression of the MECLR responses. This UVB-induced reduction of the immune response was not paralleled by changes in HLA class II expression on LC. nor in the number of epidermal LC. These findings are further support for our hypothesis that UVB-induced immune suppression in the skin is not due to a depletion of local LC.
Anti-αβ T cell receptor antibody prevents the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis
Authors: HANAWA H , KODAMA M , INOMATA T , IZUMI T , SHIBATA A , TUCHIDA M , MATSUMOTO Y , ABO T
Published: July 2010

We investigated the effects of anti-αβ T cell receptor antibody in rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis (HAM), using a new animal model of autoimmune myocarditis characterized by the appearance of multinucleated giant cells. KAM was induced by injecting Lewis rats subcutaneously in the footpads with 1.0 mg of human cardiac myosin in an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) on days 0 and 7. In experiment 1, we evaluated the effect of long-term anti-αβ TCR antibody therapy on prevention of progression of EAM. Long-term administration of anti-αβ TCR antibody prevented progression of FAM in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry performed at the time of sacrifice showed that the percentage of αβ T cells in lymph nodes and spleen was similar in the control group and the group in which almost no histologic evidence of myocarditis was found. In experiment 2, we examined the effects of short-term therapy. Rats were killed at different stages and pathologic specimens were examined. Short-term therapy delayed the onset of myocarditis. Results of flow cytometry suggested that impairment of antigen recognition or T cell function by occupancy of the TCR rather than depletion of TCR was the mechanism responsible for suppression of EAM.
Development of antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigen in bone marrow transplant recipient following treatment with peripheral blood lymphocytes from immunized donors
Authors: ILAN Y , NAGLER A , SHOUVAL D , ACKERSTEIN A , OR R , KAPELUSHNIK J , ADLER R , SLAVIN S
Published: July 2010

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients are immunosuppressed and are at risk for contracting severe infections. Recently, adoptive transfer of immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) was documented in BMT recipients receiving bone marrow from ‘naturally’ HBV-infected individuals who recovered spontaneously, or those transplanted with bone marrow cells obtained from actively immunized donors. Furthermore, reconstitution of the immune system in a BMT recipient who was a hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg)+/HBV DNA+ carrier with HBV immune bone marrow ceils led to clearance of the replicating virus, presumably through adoptive cell-mediated immunotherapy. We report three cases of induction of immunity to HBV by selective adoptive transfer by i.v. injection of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from BMT donors who were actively immunized against HBV after harvesting of bone marrow. Ail three BMT recipients developed anti-HBs antibodies. In one BMT case in whom antibodies to HBsAg developed following adoptive transfer of immune PBL, a mild booster effect was documented in the BMT recipient upon immunization with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The two remaining patients lost their antibodies to HBsAg in association with relapse of leukaemia. This immune manipulation may open the door to evaluation of adoptive transfer of immunity to HBV through selective transplantation of HBV immune lymphocytes in selected patients such as those with persistent HBV infection, as well as liver transplant recipients who require protection of the graft against HBV re-infection.
Binding of mannan-binding protein to various bacterial pathogens of meningitis
Authors: VAN EMMERIK L C , KUIJPER E J , FIJEN C A P , DANKERT J , THIEL S
Published: July 2010

Mannan-binding protein (MBP), a calcium-dependent plasma lectin, may play a role in the innate defence against microorganisms. After binding lo carbohydrate structures at the bacterial surface, MBP activates the classical pathway of the complement system. To investigate the binding capacity of MBP to various bacteria associated with meningitis, an assay was developed to study the binding of MBP to bacteria grown in a semisynthetic fluid culture medium. Salmonella montevideo (containing a mannose-rich lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), used as a positive control strain, showed binding of radiolabelled MBP at a level of 80% compared with binding of MBP to zymosan. Binding of labelled MBP to Salm. montevideo was time-dependent, temperature-dependent and saturable. The binding, was inhibited by unlabelled MBP., by mannose and by N-acetyl-o-glucosamine. Among bacterial pathogens often found to cause meningitis, a wide range of MBP binding capacities could be determined. The encapsulated Neisseria meningitidis (representatives from 11 serogroups other than group A were included: n = 22), N. mucosa (n = 1), Haemophilus influenzae type b (n = 10) and Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 5) had a low MBP binding capacity of 21.7% (95% confidence interval (Cl) 3.3–40.1%). Escherichia coli K1 (n = 11). Strep, suis (n = 5), Strep, pneumoniae (n = 10) and N. meningitidis scrogroup A (n = 2) showed intermediate MBP binding capacity of 58.4% (95% Cl 40.0–76.8%). A third group consisting of non-encapsulated Listeria monocytogenes (n = 11), non-encapsulated H. influenzae (n = 2), non-encapsulated N. meningitidis (n = 2), N. cinera (n = 1) and N. subflava (n = 1) strains had a high MBP binding capacity of 87.5% (95% CI 62.5–12.5%). The majority of encapsulated pathogens causing bacterial meningitis seem to have a rather low MBP binding capacity.
Increased levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) mRNA expressing blood mononuclear cells in human HIV infection
Authors: NAVIKAS V , LINK J , WAHREN B , PERSSON Ch , LINK H
Published: July 2010

Evidence has been presented for the involvement of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TGF-β in AIDS. Measured plasma levels may, however, poorly reflect in vivo production, since cytokines act auto- and paracrinally and have very short half life in plasma. In situ hybridization with complementary DNA oligonucleotide probes was used lo enumerate blood mononuclear cells expressing cytokine messenger RNA(mRNA). HIV-infected patients had elevated blood levels of cells expressing each of the cytokines, with predominance for cells expressing TGF-β mRNA. All AIDS patients included had elevated numbers of IL-4 mRNA-expressing cells, and levels of cells expressing this cytokine correlated inversely with counts of CD4+ cells in blood, reflecting the involvement of Th2-like cells in later stages of HIV infection. The described approach should be useful in further studies of cytokines in HIV infection and other diseases.
Generation and characterization of a continuous line of CD8+ suppressively regulatory T lymphocytes which down-regulates experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in mice
Authors: MUKASA A , HIRAMINE C , HOJO K
Published: July 2010

We have previously shown that two injections with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) alone developed experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice, and that the induction of antigen-specific tolerance in this EAO model is associated with the generation of antigen-specific suppressively regulatory T (Ts) cells. For the elucidation of the nature of these Ts cells, a murine Ts cell line (designated Ts-A) was established. This line was generated from the spleen cells of C3H/He mice which had received three i.v. injections of a soluble (deaggregated) form of murine testicular antigen (mTA), followed by the repeated selection of these spleen lymphocytes in vitro by stimulation with mTA. Adoptive transfer of Ts-A cells into naive syngeneic mice immediately before the first TC injection was found to downgrade EAO in actively immunized recipients. The transferred Ts-A cells significantly inhibited the cellular immune response to TC in the recipients in an antigen-specific manner, but these cells had no inhibitory effect on the humoral immune response to TC. This line could also inhibit in vitro syngeneic TC-driven proliferation of orchitogenic lymphocytes. Surface phenotype of this line was GD8+, GD4−, Thy-1.2+, CD3 +, and TGR αβ+. These findings may suggest an in vivo role for suppressively regulatory lymphocytes, capable of inhibiting helper T cells, in the regulation of EAO.
The costimulatory signal CD28 is fully functional but cannot correct the impaired antigen response in T cells of patients with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: FISCHER M B , WOLF H M , EGGENBAUER H , THON V , VOGEL E , LOKAJ J , LITZMAN J , MANNHALTER J W , EIBL M M
Published: July 2010

A wide spectrum of different immunologic abnormalities have been postulated as being responsible for the impairment of specific antibody production and the decrease in all or selected immunoglobulin isotypes present in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). These abnormalities include impaired B cell differentiation and or function, defective macrophage function, and significant T cell detects. The aim of the present study was to delineate whether the accessory molecule CD28 is involved in the impaired antigen response of T cell from patients with CVID. Our results demonstrate that CD28 costimulation was functional in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 or anti-TCR MoAb. but could not correct the impaired response of patients' peripheral blood T cells to tetanus toxoid. Analysis of patients' long-term cultured T cells further confirmed these results. Exogenous rIL-2, another costimulus, augmented but did not correct the defective proliferation and lymphokine production in patients' antigen-driven peripheral blood T lymphocytes or in long-term cultured T cells. These findings indicate that the CD28 signalling pathway in these patients'T cells is unimpaired, and that costimulation via CD28 cannot correct the defect occurring in the course of TCR-mediated T cell activation.
Antigen presentation by macrophages from bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-resistant and -susceptible mice
Authors: HILBURGER M E , ZWILLING B S
Published: July 2010

We have compared the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages from congenic BALB/c.Bcgr and BALB/c.Bcgs mice that differentially express MHC class II glycoproteins. Several different criteria were used to evaluate the presentation of a protein antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), including limiting the concentration of antigen or the numbers of macrophages, and using both native OVA and OVA peptide 323–339. No differences in the capacity of macrophages from Bcgr and Bcgs mice to present antigen to a OVA-specific T cell hybridoma were found. Splenic macrophages from BCG-infected congenic mice also induced an equivalent amount of IL-2 production by the T cell hybridoma. The relationship of these findings to other differences that have been attributed to Bcg are discussed.
Complement inhibition by human vitronectin involves non-heparin binding domains
Authors: SHEEHAN M , MORRIS C A , PUSSELL B A , CHARLESWORTH J A
Published: July 2010

Vitronectin (complement S-protein), a multifunctional glycoprotein, inhibits complement-mediated cytolysis at two identified stages of terminal complement complex (TCC) formation: blocking of C5b-7 membrane binding, and prevention of C9 polymerization. However, the functional domain(s) of vitronectin involved in these reactions remains incompletely defined. In order to identify the complement inhibition site, a 12-kD heparin binding fragment and two other internal fragments (53kD and 43 kD) of vitronectin were isolated after cyanogen bromide (CNBr) treatment of the native molecule. Potent inhibition of guinea pig erythrocyte (GPE) reactive lysis was demonstrated with native vitronectin, total CNBr digest and the 53-kD and 43-kD fragments, but only very poorly by the heparin binding 12-kD peptide. Similarly, the 43-kD fragment blocked the binding of C5b-7 to immobilized vitronectin, whereas the 12-kD fragment had no effect. These data localize the C5b-7 binding site to a 43-kD internal region. Further characterization of the fragments was carried out in an assay which detected C9 polymerization in the presence of C5b-8. Polymerized material was separated by PAGE, detected by autoradiography and quantified after excision from the gels. Results showed that polymerization did not occur in the presence of the 53-kD and 43-kD fragments. However, the 12-kD heparin binding fragment had no effect. It is proposed that prevention of C5b-8-induced C9 polymerization resides at a site in an internal region of the vitronectin molecule.
Participation of CR1 (CD35), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I
Authors: SOMA J , SAITO T , SEINO J , SATO H , OOTAKA T , YUSA A , ABE K
Published: July 2010

Intraglomerular expression of complement receptors (CR) was investigated chronologically in 22 repeatedly biopsied patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I by indirect immunoperoxidase staining using MoAbs. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether intraglomerular C3c deposition was decreased at the second biopsy (2nd Bx) (group A, n= 12), or not (group B, n= 10). At the first biopsy (1st Bx), the severity of glomerular injury and the degree of glomerular C3c deposition were compatible between the two groups. Four patterns of CR1 (CD35) expression on podocytes were recognized: normal; generally decreased; focally/ segmentally lost; and completely lost. The numbers of CR3 (CD11b/CD18)- and CR4 (CD11c/ CD18)-positive cells per glomerular cross-section were counted. At the 1st Bx, no significant difference was found in the number of CR3+ or CR4+ cells between the two groups. At the 2nd Bx. the numbers of both the CR3+ and CR4+ cells were significantly decreased only in group A (P <0·01). The numbers of CR3+ and CR4+ cells were significantly higher in cases with moderate or marked C3c deposits than in those with no or mild C3c deposits. The intensity of CR1 expression in group B was less than that in group A at both the 1st and 2nd Bx (1 st, P <0·05; 2nd, P < 0·01), and chronological improvement of CR1 expression was observed only in group A. The severity of glomerular injury was increased only in group B (P <0·01), and was associated with persistent massive proteinuria and hypocomplementaemia. Our results suggest that, in cases with an adverse outcome, a more severe defect of CR1 initially exists and the expression of CR1 is not recoverable chronologically. This irreversible decrease or loss of CR1 may partly contribute to the continuous C3c deposition and intraglomerular infiltration of CR3+ and CR4+ cells.
Occurrence of disseminated Intravascular coagulation (DIC) in active systemic anaphylaxis: role of platelet-activating factor
Authors: CHOI I H , HA T Y , LEE D G , PARK J S , LEE J H , PARK Y M , LEE H K
Published: July 2010

The possible occurrence of DIC in active systemic anaphylaxis was investigated in mice. Induction of active systemic anaphylaxis resulted in the development of DIC symptoms such as thrombo-cytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin time, hypofibrinogaemia, and elevated level of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products. In addition, in histological examinations, massive congestion and cellular infiltration in pulmonary interstitia, and considerable haemorrhage in renal medullae were observed. All these changes were nearly completely prevented by pretreatment with platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist (BN 50739). Moreover, the same haematological and morphological changes were produced by a bolus injection of PAF. These data strongly suggest that DIC occurs in active systemic anaphylaxis and PAF plays a pivotal role in the development of DIC in anaphylaxis.
Expression of the B cell repertoire inlprmice; abnormal expansion of a few VHJ558 germ-line genes
Authors: AlarcÓN-Riquelme M E , FernÁNdez C
Published: July 2010

Analysis of the VH gene repertoire of the J558 family was done in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated resting cells and in vivo activated cells derived from C51B1/6-lpr mice (IghCb). Using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based on digestion with the restriction enzyme Pst l, the expression of the subfamilies of the J558 family of VH genes could be determined. The J558 subfamily repertoire of resting B cells of the lpr mice was similar to that of the normal mice, while the J558 repertoire of the in vivo-activated cells was altered: analysis and sequencing of the IgM-expressed J558 repertoire of a sick female mouse showed that 50% of the J558 genes were represented by a single VH gene rearrangement, showing that its expansion was monoclonal. Furthermore, this same rearrangement made up to 90% of the J558 repertoire in the IgG2a+ population, showing that it had been preferentially selected, expanded and switched. However, compared with its IgM counterpart, it showed no evidence of somatic hypermutation.
The pyrimidin analogue cyclopentenyl cytosine induces alloantigen-specific non-responsiveness of human T lymphocytes
Authors: Nikolaeva N , Bemelman F J , Yong S-L , Verschuur A , van Lier R A W , ten Berge I J M
Published: July 2010

Cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) has been shown to induce apoptosis in human T lymphoblastic cell lines and T cells from leukaemia patients. In this study we have addressed the question of whether CPEC is able to decrease proliferation and effector functions of human alloresponsive T lymphocytes and induce T cell anergy. The proliferative capacity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to allogeneic stimulation was measured by 5,6-carboxy-succinimidyl-diacetate-fluorescein-ester staining. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using surface CD4, CD8, CD25, CD103 and intracellular perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B, caspase-3 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) markers. The in vivo immunosuppressive capacity was tested in a murine skin graft model. Addition of CPEC at a concentration of 20 nM strongly decreased the expansion and cytotoxicity of alloreactive T cells. Specific restimulation in the absence of CPEC showed that the cells became anergic. The drug induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of alloreactive T lymphocytes. Finally, CPEC increased the percentage of CD25high FoxP3+ CD4+ and CD103+ CD8+ T cells, and potentiated the effect of rapamycin in increasing the numbers of alloreactive regulatory T cells. Treatment with CPEC of CBA/CA mice transplanted with B10/Br skin grafts significantly prolonged graft survival. We conclude that CPEC inhibits proliferation and cytotoxicity of human alloreactive T cells and induces alloantigen non-responsiveness in vitro.
Lipopolysaccharide augments thein vivolethal action of doxorubicin against mice via hepatic damage
Authors: Hassan F , Morikawa A , Islam S , Tumurkhuu G , Dagvadorj J , Koide N , Naiki Y , Mori I , Yoshida T , Yokochi T
Published: July 2010

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the in vivo lethal action of doxorubicin (DOX) against mice was studied. DOX killed LPS-pretreated mice much earlier than untreated mice, and exhibited a stronger toxic action against LPS-pretreated mice. DOX-induced lethality in LPS-pretreated mice was due to severe hepatic damage, but there were no significant lesions in the heart, kidney and lung. Hepatic lesions were accompanied by caspase 3-positive cells and fragmented DNA-positive cells, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis. DOX induced the production of a high level of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-pretreated mice, but not in non-treated mice. The DOX-induced lethality was prevented significantly by anti-IFN-γ antibody, but not anti-TNF-α antibody. Administration of recombinant IFN-γ in place of LPS augmented definitively the DOX-induced lethality. LPS augmented the DOX-induced lethality in TNF-α-deficient mice. Taken together, LPS was suggested to enhance DOX-induced IFN-γ production and augment the in vivo lethal action via hepatic damage.
Identification of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes and recombinant IgE reactivities of a latex cross-reacting Indian jujube Ziz m 1 allergen
Authors: Lee M F , Tsai J J , Hwang G Y , Lin S J , Chen Y H
Published: July 2010

Ziz m 1 is a major Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana) allergen involved in latex-fruit syndrome, and cDNA of the allergen has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in yeast by our laboratory previously. In this study, we performed an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitope analysis of Ziz m 1 using overlapping recombinant fragments. Eight overlapping recombinant fragments were generated from the recombinant Ziz m 1 allergen. The fragments were expressed in Escherichia coli and IgE-binding activities were evaluated by sera of latex–Indian jujube-allergic subjects and normal subjects using immunoblotting. Human allergic sera are not able to recognize fragments consisting of amino acid sequences 26–71, 119–280 and 119–291. However, residues at positions 26–199, 26–105, 26–86, 119–320 and 238–330 were found relevant in the IgE-binding. Our results indicate that 72NISGHCSDCTFLGEE86 and 292VWNRYYDLKTNYSSSIILEYVNSGTKYLP320 of Ziz m 1 are the sequences required for human IgE binding. Four corresponding peptides, 72NISGHCSDCTE86, 292VWNRYYDLKT301, 300KTNYSSSIILEY311 and 309LEYVNSGTKYLP320, were synthesized, and these peptides reacted with 70%, 100%, 70% and 70% of 10 allergic sera tested, as revealed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sensitization to 292VWNRYYDLKT301 correlated significantly with the presence of allergic symptoms (P < 0·001). These findings will be useful in designing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, thereby contributing to the development of specific immunotherapy for subjects with latex–fruit syndrome.
99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: The role of infections in allergy: atopic asthma as a paradigm
Authors: Holt P G , Van Den Biggelaar A H J
Published: July 2010

Earlier iterations of the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, in which infections during childhood protect against allergic disease by stimulation of the T helper type 2 (Th2)-antagonistic Th1 immunity, have been supplanted progressively by a broader understanding of the complexities of the underlying cellular and molecular interactions. Most notably, it is now clear that whole certain types of microbial exposure, in particular from normal gastrointestinal flora, may provide key signals driving postnatal development of immune competence, including mechanisms responsible for natural resistance to allergic sensitization. Other types of infections can exert converse effects and promote allergic disease. We review below recent findings relating to both sides of this complex picture.
The evaluation of the apple cultivars Bramley's Seedling, Suntan and East Malling A 3022 for the production of apple slices
Authors: WILLIAMS A. A. , ARNOLD GILLIAN M. , WARRINGTON MARJORIE
Published: July 2010

Comparison of slices of the apple cultivars Bramley's Seedling, Suntan and East Malling A 3022 showed that both objective and subjective assessments were considerably influenced by: (1) preparatory procedure (blanching time, sugar or malic‐acid additions), and (2) storage (whether as whole fruit or as previously prepared frozen slices). The addition of sugar and acid and method of storage produced a more marked effect than differences due to cultivar. Although Bramley's Seedling could be distinguished objectively from the other two cultivars, primarily on the basis of appearance, this had little influence when it came to making hedonic assessments. Products from Suntan and East Malling A 3022 were considered at least as good in a number of respccts as those from Bramley's Seedling.
Determinants of bacteriophage P22 polyhead formation: the role of coat protein flexibility in conformational switching
Authors: Suhanovsky Margaret M. , Parent Kristin N. , Dunn Sarah E. , Baker Timothy S. , Teschke Carolyn M.
Published: July 2010

We have investigated determinants of polyhead formation in bacteriophage P22 in order to understand the molecular mechanism by which coat protein assembly goes astray. Polyhead assembly is caused by amino acid substitutions in coat protein at position 170, which is located in the β‐hinge. In vivo scaffolding protein does not correct polyhead assembly by F170A or F170K coat proteins, but does for F170L. All F170 variants bind scaffolding protein more weakly than wild‐type as observed by affinity chromatography with scaffolding protein‐agarose and scaffolding protein shell re‐entry experiments. Electron cryo‐microscopy and three‐dimensional image reconstructions of F170A and F170K empty procapsid shells showed that there is a decreased flexibility of the coat subunits relative to wild‐type. This was confirmed by limited proteolysis and protein sequencing, which showed increased protection of the A‐domain. Our data support the conclusion that the decrease in flexibility of the A‐domain leads to crowding of the subunits at the centre of the pentons, thereby favouring the hexon configuration during assembly. Thus, correct coat protein interactions with scaffolding protein and maintenance of sufficient coat protein flexibility are crucial for proper P22 assembly. The coat protein β‐hinge region is the major determinant for both features.
HLA‐D typing with homozygous cells identified in an American indigenous isolate: II. Family studies and D/DR relationship
Authors: LAYRISSE Z. , HEINEN H. D. , SIMONNEY N. , STOIKOW Z. , BALBAS O. , LEETS I. , GARCÍA E.
Published: July 2010

Twelve American Indian nuclear families with 2‐5 siblings have been HLA‐D typed using mixed lymphocyte cultures and clusters of homozygous typing cells (HTC) of Caucasoid origin to detect DW1‐DW7 and typing cells of American Indian origin to detect LDSA, LD15A and LDl5B antigens. Results obtained demonstrate complete absence of DWl‐DW7 in these families and illustrate the inheritance and segregation of LDSA, LDl5A and LD15B. DR typing results obtained with the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop genetic set of antisera indicate inheritance in coupling of DR2 with LD5A, of DR6.2 (DR3+6, MTl negative, MT2 positive) with LD15A, and of DRW8 with LDlSB. The existence of MLC activating antigen(s) different to DW4, yet associated to DRW4 in this population is postulated. The D/DR relationship present in this American Indian isolate demonstrate once more that DR2 can be inherited in combination with an HLA‐D antigen different to DW2, and that LD15A HTC define a second sub‐cluster of the broad DW6 specificity group, which is inherited with DRW6.2 and BW62 antigens in the Warao population.
Die Cleistothecium‐Bildung von Ctenomyces trichophyticus — Trichophyton gypseum var. asteroides — auf sterilisiertem Heu
Authors: SZATHMÁRY S.
Published: July 2010

Die auf sterilem Heu gebildeten Cleistothecia des Ctenomyces trichophyticus haben sich identisch mit jenen erwiesen, welche sich auf mit Frauenhaar bestreutem Erde‐Nährboden entwickelten. Dies wird als Beweis dafür angesehen, daß einerseits das T. gypseum var. asteroides mit dem Ctenomyces trichophyticus identisch ist, andererseits aber ermöglicht dieses Verfahren die Ausarbeitung einer Methode, durch die das zur botanischen Klassifizierung nötige Cleistothecium auch für andere Dermatophyten aufgedeckt werden könnte.
Zur Selektivzüchtung von Cryptococcus neoformans*
Authors: Staib F. , Seeliger H. P. R.
Published: July 2010

Es wird über die Erfahrungen mit dem Selektivmedium Negerstaat‐Kreatinin‐Anti‐biotika‐Diphenyl‐Agar zur Isolierung von C. neoformans aus schimmelpilzreichen Un‐tersuchungsmaterialien berichtet. Die optimale Diphenyl‐Konzentration liegt um 0,1 %.

Ce rapport concerne l'expérience avec le milieu sélectif «Guizotia abyssinica‐créatinine‐antibiotica‐diphényle‐agar» pour l'isolement de Cryptococcus neoformans des matières riche en moisissures (fécale, sol, etc.).

En outre, in vitro, 16 differentes espèces de moisissures ont été examinées. La concentration optimale de diphényle pour l'inhibition de moisissures sans changer l'effet de couleur brune est d'environ 0,1%. Seulement sur le substrat spécifique avec diphényle quelques souches de Candida albicans avaient inhibité l'effet de couleur brune (ECB) de C. neoformans; jusqu'à présent, cet effet n'avait pas été expliqué.
Pilzse in Lebensmitteln: Incidence of Candida species in Damietta cheese
Authors: Ghoniem N. A. , Refai M.
Published: July 2010

De 200 muestras de queso se aislaron 380 cepas de levaduras. Candida (C.) parapsilosis, C. parapsilosis var. intermedia, C. tenuis, C. guilliermondii, C. pulcherrima, C. reukaufii y C. albicans fueron las cepas mas frecuentemente halladas, mientras que se halló C. robusta, forma imperfecta de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sólo en 2 muestras.
Comparative Physiological Studies on Saprophytic and Pathogenic Dermatophytes
Authors: Balabanoff V. A. , Strashilova M.
Published: July 2010

Es wurden 75 Stämme von 26 Pilzarten hinsichtlich ihres Thiamin‐ und Inositbedarfs untersudit, und zwar einige saprophytische Schimmelpilzarten, Gymnoascaceen, geo‐ und pathogene (zoophile und anthropophile) Dermatophyten. Die saprophytischen Schimmel‐pilzarten, die Geodermatophyten und die Übergangsformen zum Parasitismus – M. gyp‐seum und T. mentagrophytes – wuchsen üppig wie die Kontrollen, sogar beim Fehlen der Vitamine. Das eng spezialisierte T. verrucosum (beim Rind) zeigt ein ausgeprägtes Bedürfnis für Thiamin und Inosit. Ein Bedürfnis in verschiedenem Grade für Thiamin haben audi andere zoophile und anthropophile Arten gezeigt. – T. tonsurans, T. cerebri‐forme, T. violaceum, T. (A.) gallinae und M. ferrugineum.

Die Notwendigkeit mandier Wachstumsfaktoren bei biologisch höherdifferenzierten Dermatophytenarten, Ausdruck einer schwächeren enzymatischen Aktivität, ist ein Zeichen der von uns so genannten “physiologischen Reduktion beim Parasitismus” (1955). Diese physiologische Reduktion wird in phylogenetischem Aspekt bei der evolutiven Klas‐sifizierung der Dermatophyten verwendet.
Zur Pathogenese der Tinea pedis, insbesondere bei peripheren Durchblutungsstörungen
Authors: Dahlke H.
Published: July 2010

Nach einem einleitenden Überblick über die Verbreitung der Fußpilzinfektionen sowie einer kurzen Erörterung ihrer Ursachen wurde zu der Frage des Zusammenhanges zwischen Tinea pedis und peripheren arteriellen Durchblutungsstörungen Stellung genommen. Zu diesem Zweck untersuchten wir 116 Patienten mit arteriellen Durchblutungsstörungen der unteren Extremitäen auf Fußpilzerkrankungen. In 47,4 % konnte eine Tinea pedis nachgewiesen werden. Es zeigte sich, daß der Pilzbefall an den Fußnägeln den anderer Lokalisationen an den unteren Extremitäten übertraf. Mit dem Grad und der Zeitdauer der Durchblutungsstörung sowie durch die Kombination mit einer venösen Insuffizienz nimmt die Tinea pedis deutlich zu.

Bei den kulturellen Untersuchungen wuchsen 32mal Trichophyton rubrum, 7mal Trichophyton mentagrophytes und 5mal Hefen an. Ob in einem Terrain, welches durch eine arterielle Durchblutungsstörung gekennzeichnet ist, eine Pilzinfektion besser angeht als in einem gefäßgesunden, sollte durch Inokulationsversuche mit Trichophyton rubrum und Trichophyton mentagrophytes an unteren und oberen Extremitäten von Patienten mit arteriellen Durchblutungsstörungen und gefäßgesunden Patienten geprüft werden. Wir fanden, daß die Rate der durch Inokulation angegangenen Pilzinfektionen an Patienten mit arteriellen Durchblutungsstörungen höher und die Abheilungstendenz der Infektion deutlich verzögert war im Vergleich zu der infizierten gesunden Patientengruppe.

Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, daß sich bei Patienten mit einer Durchblutungsstörung der unteren Extremitäten häufig eine Tinea unguium findet, wurde abschließend eine Methode erarbeitet, auf Nagelspänen von Patienten mit einer Durchblutungsstörung der unteren Extremitäten und auf Nagelspänen von gefäßgesunden Patienten Dermatophyten (Trichophyton rubrum und Trichophyton mentagrophytes) anzuzüchten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß auf dem Nagelmaterial durchblutungsgestörter Patienten ein intensiveres Wachstum der Dermatophyten erfolgte. Die hohe Inokulationsrate und das bessere Wachstum von Dermatophyten auf Nagelspänen durchblutungsgestörter Patienten wird auf das durch eine Durchblutungsstörung besonders pilzgef ährdete und abwehrgeschwächte Terrain zurückgeführt. Darüber hinaus vermuten wir eine das Pilzwachstum fördernde Änderung in der Zusammensetzung des Nagelkeratins.
Zum Candida albicans‐Agglutinationstiter bei jungen Säuglingen
Authors: Seebacher C.
Published: July 2010

Der Agglutinationstiter mit einem Candida albicans‐Vollantigen wurde bei 155 Säuglingen mit einer Candidose der Haut unter dem klinischen Bild der Dermatitis seborrhoides infantum (D.s.i.), der Erythrodermia desquamativa Leiner oder der Windeldermatitis geprüft. Als Vergleichskollektiv dienten 153 gleichaltrige Säuglinge mit anderen Dermatosen oder internen Krankheiten. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: Der Titer zeigt Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter und ist in den ersten 5 Lebenswochen deutlich höher als später. Die gleichzeitige Titerbestimmung von 72 Müttern und ihren Kindern offenbarte in der 1.–5. Woche und in der 6.–10. Woche nach der Entbindung eine signifikante Kor‐relation. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß der Agglutinationstiter vorwiegend an die diaplazentar übertragenen IgG Antikörper gebunden ist. Säuglinge mit D.i.s. haben mit Ausnahme der Altersgruppe 1.–5. Lebenswoche signifikant höhere Titer als die gleichaltrigen Kinder des Vergleichskollektivs, auch dann, wenn bei letzteren eine C. albicans‐Infektion, vor‐wiegend des Digestionstraktes, kulturell nachgewiesen wurde. Im Zusammenhang mit anderen Untersuchungen (LTT, Therapie mit Nystatin) wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß bei der Pathogenese der Dermatitis seborrhoides C. albicans eine ursächliche Rolle spielt.

The agglutination titer with a Candida albicans full antigen was examined in 155 babies with Candida‐mycosis of the skin with the clinical picture of seborrhoeic dermatitis, Leiner's disease or napkin dermatitis. A comparative group of the same age of 153 babies with other dermatoses or internal diseases was tested.

Results: The titer is dependent on the age. In the first 5 weeks of life the titer is higher than later. The simultaneous test of 72 mothers and their babies indicated in the 1.‐5. week and in the 6.‐10. week after birth a significantly correlation of the titers. From these findings we conclude that the antibodys are bound to IgG transfered through the mother. Young infants with seborrhoeic dermatitis, except at the age of 1–5 weeks, have significantly higher titers than the control group. This and other findings (predominantly positive lymphocyte transformation tests using a Candida albicans‐polysaccharideantigen, and good results with local and oral nystatin treatment) confirm our conviction that the so‐called infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis is in fact a Candida‐mycosis accompanied with allergic skin reaction.
Der Lymphozytenstimulationstest (LST) zum Nachweis einer Sensibilisierung durch Pilze.
Authors: Hollmann Ingrid , Friedrich Erika
Published: July 2010

Die Empfindlichkeit des Lymphozytenstimulationstestes (LST) als in vitro‐Nachweis‐methode einer Candida‐Allergisierung wurde an Personen mit und ohne kulturell nachweisbarer Candida albicans‐Besiedlung überprüft. Nach Inkubation der Lymphozyten dieser Patienten mit dem spezifischen Antigen aus Zellwänden von C. albicans erhielten wir folgende Ergebnisse:

Die Lymphozyten von 30 Personen der candidafreien Kontrollgruppe zeigten, bis auf eine Ausnahme, keine Reaktion. Von 46 Probanden mit wenigen bis mehreren C. albicans‐Kolonien in der Originalkultur reagierten nur 16 (34 %) positiv.

Demgegenüber waren 33 Patienten, bei welhen von mindestens einer Lokalisation Sproßpilze in vielen Kolonien isoliert werden konnten, 29 positiv. Bei 2 von diesen verbliebenen 4 Probanden mit negativem LST konnte ein Lymphotytendefekt infolge anders‐artiger klinisch manifester Krankheitsbilder und/oder medikamentöser Einflüsse festgestellt werden. Diese und weitere Ursachen für das Ausbleiben einer in vitro‐Antwort der Lymphozyten auf Candida‐Antigen bei Patienten mit Candida‐Infektionen werden diskutiert.

The sensitivity of the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) for the dedection of Candida allergy in man was investigated in persons with and without culturally evident Candida albicans colonisation. Lymphocytes of these persons cultured with the specific antigen ‐ an extract from the cell membranes of C. albicans ‐ showed the following reactions.

30 controls without Candida ‐ with only one exception ‐ were found to show no in vitro lymphocyte stimulation.

From 46 patients having few or several yeast colonies in the original culture 16 (34 %) showed lymphocyte response to Candida antigen.

From the group of 33 patients having many yeasts 29 were positive. In 2 out of the 4 negative cases the specific in vitro lymphocyte response was lost due to other clinical manifest diseases and/or drug therapy. These and other reasons for the lack of specific in vitro lymphocyte stimulation are discussed.
Beitrag zu immunologischen Untersuchungen bei Dermatophytosen
Authors: Tomŝíková Alena , Pokorný M. , Nováĉková Dana
Published: July 2010

Bei 175 Patienten mit einer Dermatophytose der Füβe oder der Hände wurden spezifische Antikörper gegen Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum und Microsporum gypseum mittels Immunodiffusion und Komplementbindungs‐reaktion und Allergie gegen T. mentagrophytes und T. rubrum mittels der Hautteste angetroff en, Das Niveau der Antikörper wurde bei 50 gesunden Personen—Blutspendern—verglichen.

Sowohl die Präzipitine als auch die komplementfixierenden Antikörper wurden in einem signifikant höherem Ausmaβ bei den kranken Personen gefunden. Die Antikörper gegen T. rubrum waren im Übergewicht vorhanden.

Bei den Frauen kamen beide Annikörpertypen viel häufiger vor. Die Menge der Anti‐körper stieg mit dem Alter.

Die Komplementbindungsreaktion war viel empfindlicher als die Immunodiffusion und die Ergebnisse beider serologischen Reaktionen waren besser bei der Benutzung des metabolischen Antigens.

Die Patienten reagierten gegen die Antigene aus T. rubrum und T. mentarophytes sowohl mit der Früh‐ als auch mit der Spätreaktion. Die Reaktivität gegen T. rufrum war stärker.

Specific antibodies against Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagropbytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum were investigated by means of immunodiffusion and fixation of complement and the allergy against T. rubrum and T. mentagropbytes was studied in 175 patients with dermatophytosis of the feet and hands. The antibody level was compared in 50 healthy person (blood‐donors).

The precipitins as well as the complement fixing antibodies were found in a significantly greater quantity in patients than in healthy persons. The antibodies against T. rubrum prevailed. Women developed both types of antibodies more frequently than men. Both types of antibodies increased according to the age of the patients.

The complement fixation test was more sensitive than the immunodiffusion. The results of the complement fixation test as well as of the immunodiffusion test were better when metabolic antigen was used.

The patients showed immediate and late type allergy against T. rubrum and T. mentagropbytes. The reactions against T. rubrum were stronger.
Effect of Different Media on the Synthesis of Capsular Material in Cryptococcus neoformans: Die Wirkung verschiedener Nährmedien auf die Synthese von Kapselmaterial bei Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Abou‐Gabal M. , Atia M.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Effect of different media in common use for isolation and identification of C. neoformans was studied with regard to degree of encapsulation on 4 strains. The degree of encapsulation seemed to be influenced variably according to the medium used and incubation temperature. Enrichment of conventional media with blood and/or yeast extract or the use of a combination of more than one medium such as brain‐heart infusion dextrose peptone blood agar stimulated a higher percentage of encapsulated cells. The effect of incubation temperature on capsule formation is not a constant variable and the range of its stimulating effect depends on the media used. It was noticeable that the degree of encapsulation is not greatly correlated to the rate of growth.

Zusammenfassung: Der Effekt verschiedener Nährböden, die für die Isolierung und die Identifizierung von Cryptococcus neoformans in Gebrauch sind, auf den Grad der Kapselbildung wurde bei 4 Stämmen untersucht. Der Grad der Kapselbildung schien in unterschiedlicher Weise von der Art des Mediums und der Bebrütungs‐temperatur beeinflußt zu werden. Die Anreicherung herkömmlicher Nährmedien mit Blut und/oder Hefeextrakt oder die Verwendung einer Kombination von mehr als einem Medium, wie z. B. Hirn‐Herz‐Dextrose‐Pepton‐Blut‐Agar rief einen höheren Prozentsatz von Zellen mit Kapselbildung hervor. Die Wirkung der Inkubationstemperatur auf die Kapselbildung ist keine konstante Größe und das Ausmaß ihres stimulierenden Effektes hängt von den benutzten Medien ab. Es war festzustellen, daß der Grad der Kapselbildung mit der Wachstumsrate nicht korreliert.
Production of Phosphatase Enzymes by Different Candida Species: Phosphatase‐Aktivitäten bei verschiedenen Candida‐Arten
Authors: Farid A. , Atia M. , Hassouna N.
Published: July 2010

Summary: A total of 99 strains of different Candida species were obtained from 238 specimens, collected from pathological and normal materials. The isolated strains were examined for the production of phosphatase enzyme using phenolphthalein diphosphate as substrate. Candida albicans which was the most frequently recovered yeast was unable to produce the enzyme. On the other hand, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei were highly active in the enzymatic production. It was noticed that no correlation could exist between the cell growth or decrease in pH with the enzymatic activity. Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei isolated from pathological materials were relatively more productive than isolates recovered from normal samples. This may probably suggest the relation between pathogenicity and enzymatic production in some Candida species.

Zusammenfassung: Insgesamt 99 Stämme von verschiedenen Candida‐Arten wurden aus 238 Proben isoliert, die aus pathologischen Veränderungen und von normalen Personen gewonnen worden waren. Die isolierten Stämme wurden auf Phosphatase‐Akti‐vität untersucht, indem Phenolphthaleindisphosphat als Substrat benutzt wurde. Candida albicans, die am häufigsten isoliert wurde, zeigte keine Enzymaktivität. Andererseits wiesen Candida tropicalis und Candida krusei eine hochaktive Enzymproduktion auf. Eine Korrelation zwischen Enzymaktivität einerseits und Zellvermehrung oder Absinken des pH konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Aus pathologischem Material isolierte Stämme von Candida tropicalis und Candida krusei zeigten höhere Enzymaktivitäten als Stämme, die von Gesunden isoliert worden waren. Dieser Befund könnte möglicherweise auf eine Beziehung zwischen Pathogenität und enzymatischer Aktivität bei einigen Candida‐Arten hinweisen.
Anatomical Studies on Abnormal Growth Caused by Puccinia butleri on Launaea asplenifolia Hook: Anatomische Untersuchungen über abnormes Wachstum, das durch Puccinia butleri auf Launaea asplenifolia Hook hervorgerufen wird
Authors: Srivastava R. C. , Tripathi O. P. , Srivastava S. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Present paper deals with the histopathological studies on rust infected plants of Launaea asplenifolia. Apparently distinct galls on axis revealed the complete absence of any sort of gall parenchyma etc. in cross sections. Instead, the galls were formed of compactly packed spermatiophores of the fungus. Cross sections of the radical leaves passing through teleutosori have shown the involvement of palisade as well as of spongy parenchyma cells. These infections were usually amphiphyllous. Young leaves borne on emerging axis of the infected plants were the sites of aecia whose aggregation resulted in distortion of leaf shape. It also involved both the palisade as well as the spongy parenchyma cells and this rendered the leaf tissue homogenous. Materials and methods

Zusammenfassung: Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit histopathologischen Untersuchungen an Launaea asplenifolia mit Rostpilz‐Infektion. Gutausgebildete Pilzgallen am Stiel der Pflanze zeigten in histologischen Schnitten kein charakteristisches Parenchym. Statt dessen wurden die Gallen aus dicht aneinander gepackten Spermatiophoren des Pilzes gebildet. Schnitte durch Teleutosori an Wurzelblättern zeigten die Beteiligung von Palisaden ‐ und von spongiformem Parenchym. Aecidien saßen hauptsächlich an jungen Blättern und führten zu einer Verformung.
Untersuchungen zur Peptidaseaktivitat hautpathogener Pilze*
Authors: Danew P. , Friedrich E.
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung: Nach Wachstum in einer Aminosäure‐haltigen Glukose‐Salzlösung wurde das Trockengewicht und der Anteil an löslichem Gesamt‐Protein‐N des Pilzmyzels bei M. gypseum und T. rubrum über einen Zeitraum bis zu 3 Monaten bestimmt. Mit den Substraten Leucinamid bei pH 9,0 und Leucin‐ß‐Naphthylamid bei pH 8,0 wurde die Aminopeptidaseaktivität ermittelt und den Wachstumsphasen zugeordnet. Dabei wurde das Verhalten der Aminopeptidaseaktivität in Abhängigkeit vom Pilzwachstum vergli‐chen: sowohl bei M. gypseum als auch bei T. rubrum fanden sich die höchsten Aktivitäten am Anfang der Pilzentwicklung (Beginn der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase). Während der log‐Phase erfolgte ein Aktivitätsabfall. Am Ende der Untersuchungen wurde im Myzelhomogenat von M. gypseum wieder ein Anstieg der Aminopeptidase‐Aktivitäten gemessen. Bei T. rubrum hingegen fehlte dieser.

Summary: After growth in a solution containing aminoacids, glucose and mineral salts the dry weight and the soluble part of mycelial protein nitrogen were measured up to three months. Peptidase activity was determined by the use of leucineamide ar pH 9,0 and of leucine‐ß‐naphthylamide ar pH 8,0 and was coordinated with the growth phases. M. gypseum as well as T. rubrum showed highest enzyme activities at the beginning of mycelial growth (early logarithmic growth phase). In the course of the log phase a decrease of activity was observed. Towards the end of the obversation time in this study, an increase of peptidase activity was seen in homogenates of M. gypseum but not of T. rubrum.