bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un Filósofo en la Real Academia de San Carlos -Entrevista al Prof. Román de la Calle-
Authors: Seguí Jose Ricardo
Published: October 2015

Durante dos mandatos, esto es, ocho años, el Catedrático de Estética  de la Universitat de València-Estudi General ha estado al frente de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos, una institución con más de dos siglos de historia y garante básico de nuestro patrimonio. Román de la Calle analiza en esta conversación su paso por la institución, el trabajo desarrollado durante su presidencia así como la situación actual del universo cultural valenciano y los retos que, frente a sí, tiene el organismo, en el futuro más inmediato.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.6.6808
A despertar conciencias
Authors: Domínguez Ruiz Ricardo
Published: October 2015

Reseña del libroHuerta, R. (2015). La ciudad y sus docentes. Miradas desde el arte y la educación. Barcelona: Editorial UOC
Créditos
Authors: Domínguez Ruiz Ricardo
Published: October 2015

Créditos EARI 6
Static Foot Posture and Mobility Associated With Postural Sway in Elderly Women Using a Three-dimensional Foot Scanner
Authors: Saghazadeh Mahshid , Tsunoda Kenji , Soma Yuki , Okura Tomohiro
Published: October 2015

Background

Maintaining balance is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a range of sensorimotor factors. Foot posture and mobility may also influence balance and postural sway. Recently, three-dimensional foot scanners have been used to assess foot posture. This tool allows many individuals to be scanned quickly and easily and helps eliminate patients' radiation exposure. The objective of this study was to determine whether static foot posture and mobility are independently associated with postural sway in a large community sample of older women using objective measures of balance status and the recently launched technology of three-dimensional foot scanning.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 140 community-dwelling elderly women (mean ± SD age, 73.9 ± 5.1 years) recruited in Kasama City, Japan. The postural sway variables were total path length and area and were measured by force plate. We measured static foot posture, sitting and standing navicular height, and mobility using a three-dimensional foot scanner. Foot mobility was determined as the amount of vertical navicular excursion between the positions of the subtalar joint, from neutral in sitting position to relaxed bilateral standing.

Results

After adjusting for potential cofounders, analysis of covariance revealed that sitting navicular height was associated with total path length (P = .038) and area (P = .031). Foot mobility was associated with total path length (P = .018).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that sitting navicular height and foot mobility are associated with postural sway in elderly women and might be an important factor in defining balance control in older adults.
Identification of Pol IV and RDR2-dependent precursors of 24 nt siRNAs guiding de novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Blevins Todd , Podicheti Ram , Mishra Vibhor , Marasco Michelle , Wang Jing , Rusch Doug , Tang Haixu , Pikaard Craig S
Published: October 2015

In Arabidopsis thaliana, abundant 24 nucleotide small interfering RNAs (24 nt siRNA) guide the cytosine methylation and silencing of transposons and a subset of genes. 24 nt siRNA biogenesis requires nuclear RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 (RDR2) and DICER-like 3 (DCL3). However, siRNA precursors are mostly undefined. We identified Pol IV and RDR2-dependent RNAs (P4R2 RNAs) that accumulate in dcl3 mutants and are diced into 24 nt RNAs by DCL3 in vitro. P4R2 RNAs are mostly 26-45 nt and initiate with a purine adjacent to a pyrimidine, characteristics shared by Pol IV transcripts generated in vitro. RDR2 terminal transferase activity, also demonstrated in vitro, may account for occasional non-templated nucleotides at P4R2 RNA 3’ termini. The 24 nt siRNAs primarily correspond to the 5’ or 3’ ends of P4R2 RNAs, suggesting a model whereby siRNAs are generated from either end of P4R2 duplexes by single dicing events.
Rapid cell-free forward engineering of novel genetic ring oscillators
Authors: Niederholtmeyer Henrike , Sun Zachary Z , Hori Yutaka , Yeung Enoch , Verpoorte Amanda , Murray Richard M , Maerkl Sebastian J
Published: October 2015

While complex dynamic biological networks control gene expression in all living organisms, the forward engineering of comparable synthetic networks remains challenging. The current paradigm of characterizing synthetic networks in cells results in lengthy design-build-test cycles, minimal data collection, and poor quantitative characterization. Cell-free systems are appealing alternative environments, but it remains questionable whether biological networks behave similarly in cell-free systems and in cells. We characterized in a cell-free system the ‘repressilator’, a three-node synthetic oscillator. We then engineered novel three, four, and five-gene ring architectures, from characterization of circuit components to rapid analysis of complete networks. When implemented in cells, our novel 3-node networks produced population-wide oscillations and 95% of 5-node oscillator cells oscillated for up to 72 hr. Oscillation periods in cells matched the cell-free system results for all networks tested. An alternate forward engineering paradigm using cell-free systems can thus accurately capture cellular behavior.
The ASTER Global Emissivity Dataset (ASTER GED): Mapping Earth's emissivity at 100 meter spatial scale
Authors: Hulley Glynn C. , Hook Simon J. , Abbott Elsa , Malakar Nabin , Islam Tanvir , Abrams Michael
Published: October 2015

Thermal infrared (TIR) data, acquired by instruments on several NASA satellite platforms, are primarily used to estimate the surface temperature/emissivity of the Earth's land surface. One such instrument launched on NASA's Terra satellite in 1999 is the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), which has a spatial resolution of 90 m. Using ASTER data, NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory recently released the most detailed emissivity map of the Earth termed the ASTER Global Emissivity Dataset (ASTER GED) that was acquired by processing millions of cloud free ASTER scenes from 2000 to 2008. The ASTER GEDv3 provides an average emissivity at ~100 m and ~1 km, while GEDv4 provides a monthly emissivity from 2000 to 2015 at ~5 km spatial resolution in the wavelength range between 8 and 12 µm. Validation with lab spectra from four desert sites resulted in an average absolute band error of ~1%, compared to current heritage MODIS products that had average absolute errors of 2.4% (Collection 4) and 4.6% (Collection 5).
Scintillation and loss of signal lock from poleward moving auroral forms in the cusp ionosphere
Authors: Oksavik K. , van der Meeren C. , Lorentzen D. A. , Baddeley L. J. , Moen J.
Published: October 2015

We present two examples from the cusp ionosphere over Svalbard, where poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) are causing significant phase scintillation in signals from navigation satellites. The data were obtained using a combination of ground‐based optical instruments and a newly installed multiconstellation navigation signal receiver at Longyearbyen. Both events affected signals from GPS and Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS). When one intense PMAF appeared, the signal from one GPS spacecraft also experienced a temporary loss of signal lock. Although several polar cap patches were also observed in the area as enhancements in total electron content, the most severe scintillation and loss of signal lock appear to be attributed to very intense PMAF activity. This shows that PMAFs are locations of strong ionospheric irregularities, which at times may cause more severe disturbances in the cusp ionosphere for navigation signals than polar cap patches.
The persistence of the NWA effect during the low solar activity period 2007–2009
Authors: Jakowski N. , Hoque M. M. , Kriegel M. , Patidar V.
Published: October 2015

The ionospheric Nighttime Winter Anomaly (NWA) was first reported more than three decades ago based on total electron content (TEC) and vertical sounding data. The aim of this paper is to provide further evidence that the NWA effect is a persistent feature in the Northern Hemisphere at the American and in the Southern Hemisphere at the Asian longitude sector under low solar activity conditions. The analysis of ground‐based GPS derived TEC and peak electron density data from radio occultation measurements on Formosat‐3/COSMIC satellites confirms and further supports the findings published in earlier NWA papers. So it has been confirmed and further specified that the NWA appears at longitude sectors where the displacement between the geomagnetic and the geographic equator maximizes. Here NWA peaks at around 40°–50° geomagnetic midlatitude supporting the idea that wind‐induced plasma uplifting in the conjugated summer hemisphere is the main driving force for the accumulation of ionospheric plasma in the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere. In parallel, the midsummer nighttime anomaly (MSNA) is caused at the local ionosphere. Simultaneously, interhemispheric coupling causes severe downward plasma fluxes in the conjugated winter hemisphere during night causing the NWA at low solar activity. With increasing solar activity, the downward plasma fluxes lose their impact due to the much stronger increasing background ionization that masks the NWA. It is assumed that MSNA and related special anomalies such as the Weddell Sea Anomaly and the Okhotsk Sea Anomaly are closely related to the NWA via enhanced wind‐induced uplifting of the ionosphere.
Sensitivities of WRF‐Chem to dust emission schemes and land surface properties in simulating dust cycles during springtime over East Asia
Authors: Su Lin , Fung Jimmy C. H.
Published: October 2015

The sensitivities of Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and Shao2011 (S11) dust emission schemes, and to various land surface properties generated from United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Beijing Normal University (BNU) soil data over East Asia for spring 2012, are examined in this study. The results show that the dust emissions generated with the S11 scheme are 2–5 times that generated with the AFWA emission scheme, with emissions ranging from 0.2–1 Tg/d over East Asia in the relevant period. The AFWA emission scheme omits almost the entire Gobi desert and produces low dust emissions, whereas large amounts of dust emission in this region are produced with the S11 emission scheme, regardless of whether USGS or BNU soil data are used. The surface particulate matter 10 (PM10) concentrations are reasonably well reproduced by the model with different configurations. However, the S11 emission scheme has better performance in simulating the surface PM10 concentrations than the AFWA scheme, especially near the Gobi desert. Comparisons with satellite‐based observations suggest that WRF‐Chem gives better performance with S11 emission scheme in reproducing the horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties. The discrepancy between the performances of the AFWA and S11 emission schemes is mainly due to the underestimation of the dust emission over the Gobi desert by the AFWA scheme, which scales the dust emission directly based on the erodibility factor, indicating that the erodibility factor over the Gobi desert is highly underestimated and highlighting an urgent need to improve the erodibility data set.
Metallocorroles as Nonprecious‐Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Levy Naomi , Mahammed Atif , Kosa Monica , Major Dan T. , Gross Zeev , Elbaz Lior
Published: October 2015

The future of affordable fuel cells strongly relies on the design of earth‐abundant (non‐platinum) catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the bottleneck in the overall process occurs therein. We have examined herein trivalent Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu complexes of β‐pyrrole‐brominated corrole as ORR catalysts. The adsorption of these complexes on a high‐surface‐area carbon powder (BP2000) created a unique composite material, used for electrochemical measurements in acidic aqueous solutions. These experiments disclosed a clear dependence of the catalytic activity on the metal center of the complexes, in the order of Co>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu. The best catalytic performance was obtained for the CoIII corrole, whose onset potential was as positive as 0.81 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Insight into the properties of these systems was gained by spectroscopic and computational characterization of the reduced and oxidized forms of the metallocorroles.
TiO2 Microboxes with Controlled Internal Porosity for High‐Performance Lithium Storage
Authors: Gao Xuehui , Li Gaoran , Xu Yangyang , Hong Zhanglian , Liang Chengdu , Lin Zhan
Published: October 2015

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is considered a promising anode material for high‐power lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its low cost, high thermal/chemical stability, and good safety performance without solid electrolyte interface formation. However, the poor electronic conductivity and low lithium ion diffusivity of TiO2 result in poor cyclability and lithium ion depletion at high current rates, which hinder them from practical applications. Herein we demonstrate that hierarchically structured TiO2 microboxes with controlled internal porosity can address the aforementioned problems for high‐power, long‐life LIB anodes. A self‐templating method for the synthesis of mesoporous microboxes was developed through Na2EDTA‐assisted ion exchange of CaTiO3 microcubes. The resulting TiO2 nanorods were organized into microboxes that resemble the microcube precursors. This nanostructured TiO2 material has superior lithium storage properties with a capacity of 187 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 C and good rate capabilities up to 20 C.
Perovskites with the Framework‐Forming Xenon
Authors: Britvin Sergey N. , Kashtanov Sergei A. , Krzhizhanovskaya Maria G. , Gurinov Andrey A. , Glumov Oleg V. , Strekopytov Stanislav , Kretser Yury L. , Zaitsev Anatoly N. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: October 2015

The Group 18 elements (noble gases) were the last ones in the periodic system to have not been encountered in perovskite structures. We herein report the synthesis of a new group of double perovskites KM(XeNaO6) (M=Ca, Sr, Ba) containing framework‐forming xenon. The structures of the new compounds, like other double perovskites, are built up of the alternating sequence of corner‐sharing (XeO6) and (NaO6) octahedra arranged in a three‐dimensional rocksalt order. The fact that xenon can be incorporated into the perovskite structure provides new insights into the problem of Xe depletion in the atmosphere. Since octahedrally coordinated XeVIII and SiIV exhibit close values of ionic radii (0.48 and 0.40 Å, respectively), one could assume that XeVIII can be incorporated into hyperbaric frameworks such as MgSiO3 perovskite. The ability of Xe to form stable inorganic frameworks can further extend the rich and still enigmatic chemistry of this noble gas.
Metallfreie Additions‐/Kopf‐Schwanz‐Polymerisation von intermediär gebildeten Phosphanylboranen, RPH‐BH2: ein Weg zu Poly(alkylphosphanylboranen)
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Jurca Titel , Schwan Karl‐Christian , Stauber Andreas , Virovets Alexander V. , Whittell George R. , Manners Ian , Scheer Manfred
Published: October 2015

Die milde Thermolyse der Lewis‐Base‐stabilisierten Phosphanylboran‐Monomere R1R2P‐BH2⋅NMe3 (R1,R2=H, Ph oder tBu/H) von Raumtemperatur bis 100 °C ist eine bequeme Synthesemethode für Oligo‐ und Poly(phosphanylborane) [R1R2P‐BH2]n. Die Polymerisation scheint über eine Additions‐/Kopf‐Schwanz‐Polymerisation kurzlebig, freier Phosphanylboran‐Monomere, R1R2P‐BH2, zu verlaufen. Diese Methode liefert hochmolekulare Materialien, wie durch Poly(tert‐butylphosphanylborane) veranschaulicht, die gegenwärtig auf anderen Wegen (z. B. katalytische dehydrierende Kupplung) nicht zugänglich sind.
A EuII‐Containing Cryptate as a Redox Sensor in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Living Tissue
Authors: Ekanger Levi A. , Polin Lisa A. , Shen Yimin , Haacke E. Mark , Martin Philip D. , Allen Matthew J.
Published: October 2015

The EuII ion rivals GdIII in its ability to enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. However, all reported EuII‐based complexes have been studied in vitro largely because the tendency of EuII to oxidize to EuIII has been viewed as a major obstacle to in vivo imaging. Herein, we present solid‐ and solution‐phase characterization of a EuII‐containing cryptate and the first in vivo use of EuII to provide contrast enhancement. The results indicate that between one and two water molecules are coordinated to the EuII core upon dissolution. We also demonstrate that EuII‐based contrast enhancement can be observed for hours in a mouse.
Metal‐Free Addition/Head‐to‐Tail Polymerization of Transient Phosphinoboranes, RPH‐BH2: A Route to Poly(alkylphosphinoboranes)
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Jurca Titel , Schwan Karl‐Christian , Stauber Andreas , Virovets Alexander V. , Whittell George R. , Manners Ian , Scheer Manfred
Published: October 2015

Mild thermolysis of Lewis base stabilized phosphinoborane monomers R1R2PBH2⋅NMe3 (R1,R2=H, Ph, or tBu/H) at room temperature to 100 °C provides a convenient new route to oligo‐ and polyphosphinoboranes [R1R2P‐BH2]n. The polymerization appears to proceed via the addition/head‐to‐tail polymerization of short‐lived free phosphinoborane monomers, R1R2P‐BH2. This method offers access to high molar mass materials, as exemplified by poly(tert‐butylphosphinoborane), that are currently inaccessible using other routes (e.g. catalytic dehydrocoupling).
Einbindung tageslichttechnischer Messwerte in Planungsprogramme am Beispiel eines neuartigen Sonnenschutzsystems
Authors: Aydınlı Sırrı , Gramm Stefan , Kaase Heinrich , Köster Helmut
Published: October 2015

Für eine zuverlässige Tageslichtplanung im Innenraum ist die genaue Kenntnis insbesondere über die bi‐direktionalen Kennzahlen (räumliche Verteilung des Leuchtdichtekoeffizienten q in Abhängigkeit des Lichteinfalls) der Tageslichtsysteme unverzichtbar. Es wird eine Methode mit Beispielen (RETROLux‐Tageslichtsysteme) vorgestellt, bei der die gemessenen Verteilungen des Leuchtdichtekoeffizienten konvertiert werden, so dass die Ergebnisse in konventionellen Lichtplanungstools wie DIALux oder Relux importiert werden können, um lichttechnische Berechnungen mit photorealistischen Darstellungen durchzuführen.

Integration of luminous characteristics into lighting design tools using the example of an innovative sun protection system. For reliable daylighting design in interior, precise knowledge is essential in particular on the bi‐directional characteristics (spatial distribution of luminance coefficient q as a function of the light incidence) of the daylighting systems. A new method is presented with examples (RETROLux‐daylighting systems), in which the measured distributions of luminance coefficients are converted, so that the results can be imported into conventional lighting design tools such as DIALux and Relux to perform calculations with photo‐realistic representations.
Aus Altbeton wird Beton – ein innovativer Recyclingansatz
Authors: Gehring Florian , Albrecht Stefan , Homolka Sarah , Leistner Philip , Thome Volker , Seifert Severin
Published: October 2015

Altbeton wird eine Rohstoffquelle der Zukunft sein und damit zur Nachhaltigkeit beitragen. In welche Richtung dies geschehen kann, wird in diesem Beitrag mithilfe von Ökobilanzergebnissen aus dem BMBF‐Projekt “ELDYNTON – Elektrodynamische Fragmentierung von Altbeton“ erläutert. Hier wird Altbeton durch ein innovatives Recyclingverfahren ELDYNTON aufbereitet, um ein hochwertiges Recycling (Rückführung in den Betonkreislauf) der entstandenen Fraktionen zu gewährleisten. Eine entscheidende Voraussetzung ist die zerstörungsfreie Trennung von Zementstein und Gesteinskörnung. Die Methode der elektrodynamischen Fragmentierung beruht auf ultrakurzen Unterwasserentladungen und ermöglicht eine sortenreine Separierung. Unter dem Aspekt der Ressourcenschonung ist das Rückgewinnen von Rohstoffen via Recycling grundsätzlich wünschenswert, ob es sich jedoch unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ökologie lohnt, muss näher untersucht werden. Hierzu wird die Methode der Ökobilanz (ISO 14040/44) herangezogen und die Ergebnisse mit den ökologischen Wirkungen der Primärbereitstellung verglichen. Bei gleicher Transportdistanz liegen die Emissionsäquivalente des ELDYNTON‐Verfahrens in einigen Kategorien über denen der primären Bereitstellung. Müssen die Substitutionsgüter jedoch weiter als 125 km gegenüber denen des ELDYNTON‐Verfahrens transportiert werden, schneidet das ELDYNTON‐Verfahren in den betrachteten Wirkungskategorien besser ab.

Old concrete becomes new concrete – an innovative recycling approach. Old concrete will be a future raw material source and is thereby resource‐saving. The study underlines this with the results of the conducted life cycle assessment. For this purpose old concrete gets treated by an innovative recycling approach to ensure a high valuable recycling of the prepared fractions (recirculation into the concrete cycle). A vital prerequisite is the non‐destructive separation of cement stone and aggregate. The methodology of the electrodynamic fragmentation guarantees this with ultrashort, underwater electrical discharges. The recycling of resources is generally desirable under the target of resource conservation, but the methodology of the electrodynamic fragmentation has to be investigated if it is advantageous under environmental aspects. Therefore the methodology of the life cycle assessment according ISO 14040/44 is used and the results are compared with the environmental impact of the primary provision. The results show that by using waste heat from another suitable location/site the impacts of the innovative approach are lower than the impacts of the primary production. The results are similar by using higher transport distances for the primary products than for the recycled materials.
Ökologisch optimale Dämmdicken bei Wohngebäuden
Authors: Wohlgemuth Daniela , von Gunten Dimitri , Manz Heinrich , Zeyer Christian , Althaus Hans‐Jörg
Published: October 2015

Der schweizerische Gebäudepark besteht zu 83 % aus Wohngebäuden. Wohngebäude verursachen in der Schweiz rund 46 % des gesamten Energiebedarfs und 19 % der Gesamtumweltbelastung in der Schweiz [1], [16]. In Bezug auf politisch festgelegte Energieeffizienz‐ und Umweltschutz‐Ziele stellt sich im Wohnbau vor allem die Frage, welcher Wärmeschutz und welche Art der Beheizung optimale Ergebnisse erzielen. In einer vom Bundesamt für Energie beauftragten Studie wurden die ökologisch optimalen Dämmdicken bei Wohngebäuden in der Schweiz ermittelt [10]. Um den Einfluss bestimmter verschiedener Umweltaspekte zu berücksichtigen, wurden die Indikatoren Primärenergie, Treibhauspotenzial und Umweltbelastungspunkte verwendet. Es wurde ein mathematisches Modell zur analytischen Berechnung des Optimums entwickelt. Der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter, wie zum Beispiel des Dämmstoffes, des Standortes oder des Energieträgers, wurde aufgezeigt. Die entwickelte Berechnungsmethode erlaubt eine quantitative, ökologische Analyse von Dämmstandards. Verschiedene Optimierungskriterien führen zu unterschiedlichen optimalen Dämmdicken. In vielen Fällen ist besonders der erste Bereich der Wärmedämmung – knapp 20 cm (U ≈︁ 0,15 W/(m²K)) – für die Minimierung der Umweltbelastung von Wohngebäuden äußerst wichtig.

Ecologically optimal insulation thicknesses for residential buildings. The Swiss building stock consists of 83 % residential buildings. Residential buildings cause 46 % of the total energy demand and 19 % of the total environmental impact in Switzerland [1], [16]. The question then arises as to which insulation thicknesses and what types of heating systems are optimal? In a survey the optimal insulation thicknesses for residential buildings in Switzerland were calculated [10]. In order to take the influence of the focus on different environmental aspects into account, primary energy, global warming potential and environmental impact points were used as optimization criteria. A mathematical model for the analytical calculation of the optimum was developed. The influence of different parameters (e. g. the influence of the insulation material or the location or the energy carrier) was shown. The developed calculation method allows a quantitative analysis of ecological insulation standards. The three environmental indicators lead to different optimal insulation thicknesses. In many cases, particularly the first part of the thermal insulation – approximately 20 cm (equals U ≈︁ 0.15 W/(m²K)) – is crucial in order to minimize the environmental impact of residential buildings.
A cell‐free expression and purification process for rapid production of protein biologics
Authors: Sullivan Challise J. , Pendleton Erik D. , Sasmor Henri H. , Hicks William L. , Farnum John B. , Muto Machiko , Amendt Eric M. , Schoborg Jennifer A. , Martin Rey W. , Clark Lauren G. , Anderson Mark J. , Choudhury Alaksh , Fior Raffaella , Lo Yu‐Hwa , Griffey Richard H. , Chappell Stephen A. , Jewett Michael C. , Mauro Vincent P. , Dresios John
Published: October 2015

Cell‐free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful technology for rapid and efficient protein production. Cell‐free methods are also amenable to automation and such systems have been extensively used for high‐throughput protein production and screening; however, current fluidic systems are not adequate for manufacturing protein biopharmaceuticals. In this work, we report on the initial development of a fluidic process for rapid end‐to‐end production of recombinant protein biologics. This process incorporates a bioreactor module that can be used with eukaryotic or prokaryotic lysates that are programmed for combined transcription/translation of an engineered DNA template encoding for specific protein targets. Purification of the cell‐free expressed product occurs through a series of protein separation modules that are configurable for process‐specific isolation of different proteins. Using this approach, we demonstrate production of two bioactive human protein therapeutics, erythropoietin and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, in yeast and bacterial extracts, respectively, each within 24 hours. This process is flexible, scalable and amenable to automation for rapid production at the point‐of‐need of proteins with significant pharmaceutical, medical, or biotechnological value.
Polymorphisms in three genes are associated with hemorrhagic stroke
Authors: Liu Wenpeng , Ge Shichao , Liu Yan , Wei Can , Ding Yunlong , Chen Aimin , Wu Qiyao , Zhang Yuqing
Published: October 2015

Background

Multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), osteoprotegerin, and Golgb1 genes may be implicated in atherosclerosis and vascular diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1035798 in RAGE gene, rs2073617 and rs2073618 in TNFRSF11B, and rs3732410 in Golgb1 will be investigated on whether there is an association with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in Chinese population.

Methods

A total of 600 subjects including 199 HS patients and 401 controls were assayed. These samples were divided into two groups: the ≤50 year and >50 year groups. Genotyping of SNPs was determined using the SEQUENOM MassARRAY matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry. The association between genotype and HS risk was evaluated by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses.

Results

Our data showed that in the ≤50 year group, the rs1035798 major allele homozygote C/C in RAGE gene was associated with an increased risk of HS, while Golgb1 rs3732410 minor allele homozygote G/G was associated with a decreased risk of HS. In the >50 year group, the major allele homozygote G/G of rs2073618 was found to be associated with an increased risk of HS.

Conclusions

The polymorphisms rs1035798 of RAGE gene, rs2073618 of TNFRSF11B, and rs3732410 of Golgb1 might be involved in the risk of HS at different stage of ages.
Conjugated Polyelectrolyte‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐Bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine Complexes
Authors: Chan Kevin , Chung Clive Yik‐Sham , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: October 2015

Water‐soluble cationic alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine (bzimpy) complexes have been demonstrated to undergo supramolecular assembly with anionic polyelectrolytes in aqueous buffer solution. Metal–metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) absorptions and triplet MMLCT (3MMLCT) emissions have been found in UV/Vis absorption and emission spectra of the electrostatic assembly of the complexes with non‐conjugated polyelectrolytes, driven by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π interactions among the complex molecules. Interestingly, the two‐component ensemble formed by [Pt(bzimpy‐Et){CCC6H4(CH2NMe3‐4)}]Cl2 (1) with para‐linked conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), PPE‐SO3−, shows significantly different photophysical properties from that of the ensemble formed by 1 with meta‐linked CPE, mPPE‐Ala. The helical conformation of mPPE‐Ala allows the formation of strong mPPE‐Ala–1 aggregates with Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt, electrostatic, and π–π interactions, as revealed by the large Stern–Volmer constant at low concentrations of 1. Together with the reasonably large Förster radius, large HOMO–LUMO gap and high triplet state energy of mPPE‐Ala to minimize both photo‐induced charge transfer (PCT) and Dexter triplet energy back‐transfer (TEBT) quenching of the emission of 1, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from mPPE‐Ala to aggregated 1 molecules and strong 3MMLCT emission have been found, while the less strong PPE‐SO3−–1 aggregates and probably more efficient PCT and Dexter TEBT quenching would account for the lack of 3MMLCT emission in the PPE‐SO3−–1 ensemble.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes and Their Hetero‐Fused Analogues through Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative CH Functionalization/Intramolecular Arylthiolation
Authors: Acharya Anand , Kumar S. Vijay , Ila Hiriyakkanavar
Published: October 2015

An efficient, high yielding route to multisubstituted benzo[b]thiophenes has been developed through palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular oxidative CH functionalization–arylthiolation of enethiolate salts of α‐aryl‐β‐(het)aryl/alkyl‐β‐mercaptoacrylonitriles/acrylates or acrylophenones. The overall strategy involves a one‐pot, two‐step process in which enethiolate salts [generated in situ through base‐mediated condensation of substituted arylacetonitriles, deoxybenzoins, or arylacetates with (het)aryl (or alkyl) dithioates] are subjected to intramolecular CH functionalization–arylthiolation under the influence of a palladium acetate (or palladium chloride)/cupric acetate catalytic system and tetrabutylammonium bromide as additive in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. In a few cases, the yields of benzo[b]thiophenes were better in a two‐step process by employing the corresponding enethiols as substrates. In a few examples, Pd(OAc)2 (or PdCl2) catalyst in the presence of oxygen was found to be more efficient than cupric acetate as reoxidant, furnishing benzothiophenes in improved yields by avoiding formation of side products. The method is compatible with a diverse range of substituents on the aryl ring as well as on the 2‐ and 3‐positions of the benzothiophene scaffold. The protocol could also be extended to the synthesis of a raloxifene precursor and a tubulin polymerization inhibitor in good yields. The versatility of this newly developed method was further demonstrated by elaborating it for the synthesis of substituted thieno‐fused heterocycles such as thieno[2,3‐b]thiophenes, thieno[2,3‐b]indoles, thieno[3,2‐c]pyrazole, and thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines in high yields. A probable mechanism involving intramolecular electrophilic arylthiolation via either a Pd‐S adduct or palladacycle intermediate has been proposed on the basis of experimental studies.
Identification of a Lead Candidate in the Search for Carbene‐Stabilised Homoaromatics
Authors: Mattock James D. , Vargas Alfredo , Dewhurst Rian D.
Published: October 2015

The effect of carbenes as Lewis donor groups on the homoaromaticity of mono‐ and bicyclic organic molecules is surveyed. The search for viable carbene‐stabilised homoaromatics resulted in a large amount of rejected candidates as well as nine promising candidates that are further analysed for their homoaromaticity by using a number of metrics. Of these, five appeared to show modest homoaromaticity, whereas another compound showed a level of homoaromaticity comparable with the homotropylium cation benchmark compound. Isoelectronic analogues and constitutional isomers of the lead compound were investigated, however, none of these showed comparable homoaromaticity. The implications of these calculations on the design of donor‐stabilised homoaromatics are discussed.
Towards Organized Hybrid Nanomaterials at the Air/Water Interface Based on Liquid‐Crystal/ZnO Nanocrystals
Authors: Paczesny Jan , Wolska‐Pietkiewicz Małgorzata , Binkiewicz Ilona , Wróbel Zbigniew , Wadowska Monika , Matuła Kinga , Dzięcielewski Igor , Pociecha Damian , Smalc‐Koziorowska Julita , Lewiński Janusz , Hołyst Robert
Published: October 2015

The ability to self‐assemble nanosized ligand‐stabilized metal oxide or semiconductor materials offers an intriguing route to engineer nanomaterials with new tailored properties from the disparate components. We describe a novel one‐pot two‐step organometallic approach to prepare ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) coated with deprotonated 4‐(dodecyloxy)benzoic acid (i.e., an X‐type liquid‐crystalline ligand) as a model LC system (termed ZnO‐LC1 NCs). Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films of the resulting hybrids are investigated. The observed behavior of the ZnO NCs at the air/water interface is rationalized by invoking a ZnO‐interdigitation process mediated by the anchored liquid‐crystalline shell. The ordered superstructures form according to mechanism based on a ZnO‐interdigitation process mediated by liquid crystals (termed ZIP‐LC). The external and directed force applied upon compression at the air/water interface and the packing of the ligands that stabilize the ZnO cores drives the formation of nanorods of ordered internal structure. To study the process in detail, we follow a nontraditional protocol of thin‐film investigation. We collect the films from the air/water interface in powder form (ZnO‐LC1 LB), resuspend the powder in organic solvents and utilize otherwise unavailable experimental techniques. The structural and physical properties of the resulting superlattices were studied by using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray studies, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, UV/Vis absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Novel Chiral Bifunctional L‐Thiazoline‐Thiourea Derivatives: Design and Application in EnantioselectiveMichael Reactions
Authors: Lai Qi , Li Yang , Gong Zhiyong , Liu Qingwen , Wei Chiyu , Song Zhiguang
Published: October 2015

Several novel chiral bifunctional L‐thiazoline‐thiourea derivatives were easily synthesized from commercially available L‐cysteine in high yield. These catalysts were subsequently applied to the enantioselective Michael addition of acetylacetone to β‐nitrostyrenes. The products with S configuration were obtained in 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) when the L‐thiazoline‐thiourea derivatives were used. A plausible transition state model is proposed to explain the observed enantioselectivities. Chirality 27:979–988, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ESPS scheme for two‐tier interference suppression in a heterogeneous network with cooperative femtocells
Authors: Xu Datong , Ren Pinyi , Sun Li
Published: October 2015

The coexistence of a macrocell and a number of femtocells often leads to a two‐tier heterogeneous network, where the co‐tier interference (CotIN) and cross‐tier interference (CrotIN) both degrade users' quality of service. In order to suppress these interferences, we propose a precoding scheme in a heterogeneous network with cooperative femtocells, called CotIN elimination and CrotIN suppression with precoding criterion selection (ESPS) scheme. In this scheme, we first eliminate the CotINs of each user by applying the QR decomposition to channel matrix. Then the CrotINs of macrocell users and femtocell users are suppressed via the macrocell base station (MBS) and femtocell access points (FAPs) with precoding criterion selection, respectively. By using the ESPS scheme, spatial resources can be efficiently exploited. In addition, our ESPS scheme requires little information exchange between MBS and FAPs without iteration and thus significantly reduces the implementation complexity. Furthermore, the robustness is increased through introducing the information of channel uncertainty into the ESPS when channel estimation or quantization error exists. The performance analysis for the ESPS demonstrates that the ESPS is practical in the heterogeneous networks. Finally, simulation results show that the ESPS can decrease users' bit error rates and increase their transmission rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin analogues in pregnancy and specific congenital anomalies: a literature review
Authors: de Jong Josta , Garne Ester , Wender‐Ozegowska Ewa , Morgan Margery , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Wang Hao
Published: October 2015

Insulin analogues are commonly used in pregnant women with diabetes. It is not known if the use of insulin analogues in pregnancy is associated with any higher risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring compared with use of human insulin. We performed a literature search for studies of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes using insulin analogues in the first trimester and information on congenital anomalies. The studies were analysed to compare the congenital anomaly rate among foetuses of mothers using insulin analogues with foetuses of mothers using human insulin. Of 29 studies, we included 1286 foetuses of mothers using short‐acting insulin analogues with 1089 references of mothers using human insulin and 768 foetuses of mothers using long‐acting insulin analogues with 685 references of mothers using long‐acting human insulin (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn). The congenital anomaly rate was 4.84% and 4.29% among the foetuses of mothers using lispro and aspart. For glargine and detemir, the congenital anomaly rate was 2.86% and 3.47%, respectively. No studies on the use of insulin glulisine and degludec in pregnancy were found. There was no statistically significant difference in the congenital anomaly rate among foetuses exposed to insulin analogues (lispro, aspart, glargine or detemir) compared with those exposed to human insulin or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn insulin. The total prevalence of congenital anomalies was not increased for foetuses exposed to insulin analogues. The small samples in the included studies provided insufficient statistical power to identify a moderate increased risk of specific congenital anomalies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine root dynamics in lodgepole pine and white spruce stands along productivity gradients in reclaimed oil sands sites
Authors: Jamro Ghulam Murtaza , Chang Scott X. , Naeth M. Anne , Duan Min , House Jason
Published: October 2015

Open‐pit mining activities in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, create disturbed lands that, by law, must be reclaimed to a land capability equivalent to that existed before the disturbance. Re‐establishment of forest cover will be affected by the production and turnover rate of fine roots. However, the relationship between fine root dynamics and tree growth has not been studied in reclaimed oil sands sites. Fine root properties (root length density, mean surface area, total root biomass, and rates of root production, turnover, and decomposition) were assessed from May to October 2011 and 2012 using sequential coring and ingrowth core methods in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) stands. The pine and spruce stands were planted on peat mineral soil mix placed over tailings sand and overburden substrates, respectively, in reclaimed oil sands sites in Alberta. We selected stands that form a productivity gradient (low, medium, and high productivities) of each tree species based on differences in tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) increments. In lodgepole pine stands, fine root length density and fine root production, and turnover rates were in the order of high > medium > low productivity sites and were positively correlated with tree height and DBH and negatively correlated with soil salinity (P < 0.05). In white spruce stands, fine root surface area was the only parameter that increased along the productivity gradient and was negatively correlated with soil compaction. In conclusion, fine root dynamics along the stand productivity gradients were closely linked to stand productivity and were affected by limiting soil properties related to the specific substrate used for reconstructing the reclaimed soil. Understanding the impact of soil properties on fine root dynamics and overall stand productivity will help improve land reclamation outcomes.
One‐Pot Metal‐Free Cascade Synthesis of 2‐(Perfluoroalkyl)pyrroles
Authors: Sun Xuechun , Han Jing , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo
Published: October 2015

An efficient synthesis of 2‐(perfluoroalkyl)pyrroles that employs a sequential one‐pot three‐component reaction between substituted ω‐bromoacetophenones, anilines, and methyl perfluoroalk‐2‐ynoates has been developed. This transition‐metal‐free cascade process provides a practical way to construct perfluoroalkylated pyrroles in moderate to good yields.
An assessment of the ocean wave climate of New Zealand as represented in Kidson's synoptic types
Authors: Coggins Jack H. J. , Parsons Simon , Schiel David
Published: October 2015

Recent studies have shown large increases in global significant ocean wave height since the genesis of satellite‐borne altimeter wave observations in the mid‐1980s. The island nation of New Zealand (NZ) has many coastal communities and ecosystems which are sensitive to changes in ocean wave climate. In this article we document regional ocean wave height in the seas around NZ, employing significant wave height output from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) Re‐analysis (ERA)‐Interim reanalysis. Initially, we perform a comparison against independent satellite altimeter observations in deep waters around NZ. Results indicate that the ERA‐Interim well represents wave heights in this region, although there is some underestimation of extremes. We apply the Kidson types, a synoptic climatology of NZ lower atmospheric circulation to the wave fields, finding that mean swell and wind‐sea heights greatly depend on local weather conditions. High waves in the south of the country coincide with local strong south‐westerly winds, while those in the north are dominated by distantly generated swells, punctuated by strong local events.

Linear trend analysis of ocean wave height shows increases that are statistically significant in many areas. Trends vary by location and season, are larger in winter than summer, and appear to change according to different seasonal forcings. We find that summer wave trends are congruent with mean sea‐level pressure gradient trends in large sectors of the Southern Ocean, suggesting that distant forcing is important. In summer, the height of swells has increased over the period examined, while those of locally generated wind‐sea have decreased. This is consistent with the movement south and intensification of the near‐surface westerly jet.

In winter, trends are forced via intensification and shifts in the dominant NZ wind patterns. Pressure gradient congruent trends are large only in the vicinity of NZ, and both the heights of swell and wind‐sea have increased over the period.
Radiation‐associated sarcoma after recurrent colorectal primary tumor: A complex surgical case
Authors: Stephen Andrew H. , Fallon Eleanor A. , Kalife Elizabeth , Wanebo Harold
Published: October 2015

Radiation associated sarcoma is a significant consequence of cancer therapy. Incidence of radiation associated sarcoma correlates with overall radiotherapy exposure. Prognosis is generally poor with 5 year survival rates lower than that for spontaneously occurring sarcomas. Surgical management presents many challenges including having to work in irradiated tissue planes while trying to achieve negative margins. We present a patient with a rare radiation associated pelvic sarcoma whose course illustrates the complexity of this problem. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:658–661. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of treatment factors with surgical outcomes in tri‐modality therapy for esophageal cancer
Authors: Shaikh Talha , Thomay Alan , Ruth Karen , Cohen Steven J. , Meyer Joshua E.
Published: October 2015

Background and Objectives

To identify the impact of the interval between chemoradiation to surgery on morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing tri‐modality therapy for esophageal cancer.

Methods

Eighty‐five patients completed chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy between 2006 and 2011. The interval between completion of chemoradiation and surgery was calculated for each patient. We evaluated the association of quartiles and 3‐week groups with morbidity and mortality using logistic regression. Other treatment and clinical factors were also assessed.

Results

A total of 59 patients(69%) experienced at least one complication. When examining specific complications, patients with pulmonary complications had a longer mean time interval from chemoradiation to surgery (P = 0.02). Linear regression showed an association between longer interval between chemoradiation to surgery and hospital length of stay (LOS) >14 days when analyzing by both interval quartile (P = 0.04) and 3‐week intervals (P = 0.04). On multivariable analysis, increased time interval predicted for pulmonary complications (P < 0.01) and LOS >14 days (P = 0.03). When examining other treatment factors, squamous cell histology (P = 0.02) also predicted for a hospital length of stay >14 days.

Conclusions

Factors such as interval between completion of chemoradiation and surgery and squamous cell histology may be associated with surgical morbidity. Further data is warranted to confirm these findings. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:629–633. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyers–Ulam stability of delay differential equations of first order
Authors: Huang Jinghao , Li Yongjin
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we establish the Hyers–Ulam stability of delay differential equations in the form of with a Lipschitz condition on a bounded and closed interval by using successive approximation method.