bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability‐based bridge design and assessment
Authors: Stewart Mark G
Published: December 2005

Information about present and anticipated bridge reliabilities, in conjunction with decision models, provides a rational and powerful decision‐making tool for the design and assessment of bridges. This review describes the concepts, methodology, immediate applications and the potential of reliability‐based bridge design and assessment. Present applications include reliability‐based design specifications and bridge assessment for present conditions. The practical implementation of lifecycle reliabilities promises optimum expenditure when making decisions related to design, construction, inspection, maintenance and repair.
Reliable timber connections
Authors: Madsen Borg
Published: December 2005

The review starts with a short description of how our previous knowledge of the strength of timber, based only upon empirical observations, must be changed to reliable strength values based upon an engineering understanding of the structural behaviour of timber.

The functional requirements for structural timber connections are then reviewed briefly, and it is emphasized that structural codes are becoming more strict and will not allow some of the lenient attitudes held previously. The traditional connection methods are evaluated relative to today's requirements and found to be wanting.

Two engineered timber connection methods are shown to represent a large improvement over traditional connection methods. They will open the doors to structurally indeterminate systems which previously could not be built with timber because the traditional connection methods were unreliable.
Advances in understanding shear performance of concrete structures
Authors: Kuchma Daniel A , Collins Michael P
Published: December 2005

Recent research has improved our understanding of the mechanisms of shear resistance, which has enabled the development of improved models for predicting shear strength and shear behavior. These models have been used to develop new and more rational shear design expressions, replacing the complex set of empirical expressions that are used in many codes of practice. They have also been used to develop non‐linear finite element programs that can be used to predict the complete load‐deformation response of complex concrete structures. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing procedures for using strut‐and‐tie models to proportion reinforcement in disturbed regions. This article summarizes these advances.
Pressure vessel components: some recent developments in strength and buckling
Authors: Blachut J
Published: December 2005

This article contains a survey of some of the recent literature on the structural integrity of metallic and composite domed closures subjected to external or internal pressure. The article refers to other recent reviews and gives a general overview of recent and current research with which the author has been directly or indirectly concerned. For externally pressurized heads this includes correlation between experimental and numerical results, imperfection sensitivity, low buckling resistance of shallow torispheres, and modelling of wound and handdraped multi‐ply composite domes. For internally pressurized heads, the topics include the plastic buckling paradox, plastic loads and first cycle shakedown pressures. Structural optimization of vessel closures is also mentioned in the article.
Chimneys, towers and masts
Authors: Smith B W
Published: December 2005

This article describes the particular problems associated with the design and analysis of chimneys, towers and guyed masts. Procedures for the analysis under wind action are described and the treatment of aerodynamic stability outlined. Safety aspects are discussed, including how they are treated in the draft Eurocode, for both ultimate and fatigue limit states.
Development of the European wind loading Code
Authors: Smith B W
Published: December 2005

This article outlines the development of the draft Eurocode on wind actions (ENV 1991–2–4). The scope of the draft is described and the derivation of the various parameters needed to define wind actions is outlined. These include meteorological factors to modify the basic wind speed, the treatment of in‐line response and the range of pressure coefficients covered. The future programme to convert the draft into a full Code is outlined.
Presynaptic GABAB receptors on glutamatergic terminals of CA1 pyramidal cells decrease in efficacy after partial hippocampal kindling
Authors: Poon Nick , Kloosterman Fabian , Wu Chiping , Leung L. Stan
Published: December 2005

We tested the hypothesis that presynaptic GABAB receptors on glutamatergic terminals (GABAB heterosynaptic receptors) decreased in efficacy after partial hippocampal kindling. Rats were implanted with chronically indwelling electrodes and 15 hippocampal afterdischarges were evoked by high‐frequency electrical stimulation of hippocampal CA1. Control rats were implanted with electrodes but not given high‐frequency stimulations. One to 21 days after the last afterdischarge, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded in CA1 of hippocampal slices in vitro, following stimulation of the stratum radiatum. Field EPSPs (fEPSPs) were recorded in CA1 stratum radiatum and intracellular EPSPs (iEPSPs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. GABAB receptor agonist ± baclofen (10 μM) in the bath suppressed the fEPSPs significantly more in control than kindled rats, at 1 or 21 days after kindling. Similarly, baclofen (10 μM) suppressed iEPSPs more in the control than the kindled group of neurons recorded at 1 day after kindling. Suppression of the fEPSPs by 1 μM N6‐cyclopentyladenosine, which acted on presynaptic A1 receptors, was not different between kindled and control rats. Activation of the GABAB heteroreceptors by a conditioning burst stimulation of CA3 afferents suppressed the iEPSPs evoked by a test pulse. The suppression of the iEPSPs at 250–500 ms condition‐test interval was larger in control than kindled groups of neurons. It was concluded that the efficacy of presynaptic GABAB receptors on the glutamatergic terminals was reduced after partial hippocampal kindling. The reduction in heterosynaptic presynaptic GABAB receptor efficacy will increase glutamate release and seizure susceptibility, particularly during repeated neural activity. Synapse 59:125–134, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lesion of the lateral entorhinal cortex amplifies odor‐induced expression of c‐fos, junB, and zif 268 mRNA in rat brain
Authors: Bernabeu Ramón , Thiriet Nathalie , Zwiller Jean , Di Scala Georges
Published: December 2005

Paradoxical facilitation of olfactory learning following entorhinal cortex (EC) lesion has been described, which may result from widespread functional alterations taking place within the olfactory system. To test this hypothesis, expression of the immediate early genes c‐fos, junB, and zif 268 was studied in response to an olfactory stimulation in several brain areas in control and in EC‐lesioned rats. Olfactory stimulation in control rats induced the expression of the three genes in the granular/mitral and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, as well as c‐fos and junB expression in the piriform cortex. However EC lesion was devoid of effects in nonstimulated animals; it significantly amplified the odor‐induced expression of the three genes in these areas, as well as in the amygdala, hippocampus, and parietal‐temporal cortices. The data suggest that EC lesion modifies the neural processing of odor by suppressing an inhibitory influence on brain areas connected to this cortex. Synapse 59:135–143, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivity Studies of η5‐ Indenyl and η5‐Cp* Ruthenium(II) Complexes towards some Polypyridyl Ligands
Authors: Singh Keisham Sarjit , Mozharivskyj Yurij A. , Kollipara Mohan Rao
Published: December 2005

The reaction of [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)2Cl], where; L3 = C9H7 (1), C5Me5 (Cp*) (2) with acetonitrile in the presence of [NH4][PF6] yielded cationic complexes [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)2(CH3CN)][PF6]; L3= C9H7 ([3]PF6) and L3 = C5Me5 ([4]PF6), respectively. Complexes [3]PF6 and [4]PF6 reacts with some polypyridyl ligands viz, 2,3‐bis (α‐pyridyl) pyrazine (bpp), 2,3‐bis (α‐pyridyl) quinoxaline (bpq) yielding the complexes of the formulation [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)(L2)]PF6 where; L3 = C9H7, L2 = bpp, ([5]PF6), L3 = C9H7, L2 = bpq, ([6]PF6); L3 = C5Me5, L2 = bpp, ([7]PF6) and bpq, ([8]PF6), respectively. However reaction of [(η5‐C9H7)Ru(PPh3)2(CH3CN)][PF6] ([3]PF6) with the sterically demanding polypyridyl ligands, viz. 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tptz) or tetra‐2‐pyridyl‐1,4‐pyrazine (tppz) leads to the formation of unexpected complexes [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)(CH3CN)][PF6]2; L2 = tppz ([9](PF6)2), tptz ([11](PF6)2) and [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)Cl][PF6]; L2 = tppz ([10]PF6), tptz ([12]PF6). The complexes were isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts. They have been characterized on the basis of micro analytical and spectroscopic data. The crystal structures of the representative complexes were established by X‐ray crystallography.
Anisotropic symmetrization
Authors: Van Schaftingen Jean
Published: December 2005

The partial anisotropic symmetrization is defined, extending Steiner symmetrization and convex symmetrization. Inequalities of the type of Hardy–Littlewood, Pólya–Szegő and Klimov are proved for this symmetrization, while it is shown that Riesz–Sobolev rearrangement inequalities are not valid. Applications are given to the proof of isoperimetric inequalities, integral inequalities and existence and symmetry of solutions of variational problems.

Nous définissons la symétrisation anisotrope partielle, qui est à la fois une extension de la symétrisation de Steiner et de la symétrisation convexe. Nous prouvons des inégalités du type Hardy–Littlewood, Pólya–Szegő et Klimov pour cette symétrisation, alors qu'elle ne vérifie pas d'inégalité de réarrangement du type Riesz–Sobolev. Nous donnons des applications à la preuve d'inégalités isopérimétriques et intégrales ainsi qu'à celle de l'existence et de la symétrie de solutions de problèmes anisotropes.
Partial hyperbolicity for symplectic diffeomorphisms
Authors: Tahzibi Ali , Horita Vanderlei
Published: December 2005

We prove that every robustly transitive and every stably ergodic symplectic diffeomorphism on a compact manifold admits a dominated splitting. In fact, these diffeomorphisms are partially hyperbolic.
The structure of the third intracellular loop of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtype
Authors: Ichiyama Susumu , Oka Yoshiaki , Haga Kazuko , Kojima Shuichi , Tateishi Yukihiro , Shirakawa Masahiro , Haga Tatsuya
Published: December 2005

We have examined whether the long third intracellular loop (i3) of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtype has a rigid structure. Circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of M2i3 expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli indicated that M2i3 consists mostly of random coil. In addition, the differential CD spectrum between the M2 and M2Δi3 receptors, the latter of which lacks most of i3 except N‐ and C‐terminal ends, gave no indication of secondary structure. These results suggest that the central part of i3 of the M2 receptor has a flexible structure.
Hansenula polymorpha and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pex5p's recognize different, independent peroxisomal targeting signals in alcohol oxidase
Authors: Ozimek Paulina , Kötter Peter , Veenhuis Marten , van der Klei Ida J.
Published: December 2005

In contrast, HpPex5p‐mediated sorting of AO into S. cerevisiae peroxisomes is independent of the PTS1, but requires an alternative PTS that is only formed when HpPyc1p is co‐produced and most likely involves folding and co‐factor binding to AO.
Cooperative interaction of Zhangfei and ATF4 in transactivation of the cyclic AMP response element
Authors: Hogan Melissa R. , Cockram Gregory P. , Lu Rui
Published: December 2005

Zhangfei (ZF) is a basic region‐leucine zipper protein that has been implicated in herpesvirus infection cycle and related cellular processes. Here we show both in vivo and in vitro data demonstrating that ZF is a novel cellular binding partner of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) (or CREB2). We found that ZF competed with ATF4 to form ATF4‐ZF heterodimeric complexes through the bZIP regions. ZF enhanced ATF4 binding to the cAMP response element (CRE), and augmented activation of a CRE reporter by ATF4, in response to MEK1 activation. These results suggest an important role of ZF in the MEK1‐ATF4 signaling pathway.
The ABC of auxin transport: The role of p‐glycoproteins in plant development
Authors: Geisler Markus , Murphy Angus S.
Published: December 2005

A surprising outcome of the Arabidopsis genome project was the annotation of a large number of sequences encoding members of the ABC transporter superfamily, including 22 genes encoding the p‐glycoprotein (PGP) subfamily. As mammalian PGP orthologs are associated with multiple drug resistance, plant PGPs were initially presumed to function in detoxification, but were soon seen to have a developmental role. Here, we summarise recent studies of plant PGPs indicating that PGPs mediate the cellular and long‐distance transport of the plant hormone auxin. One class of PGPs, represented by AtPGP1, catalyze auxin export, while another class with at least one member, AtPGP4, appears to function in auxin import. Current models on the physiological role of PGPs, their functional interaction and their involvement in cell‐to cell (polar) auxin transport are discussed.
Heat shock protein 60: Identification of specific epitopes for binding to primary macrophages
Authors: Habich Christiane , Kempe Karina , Gomez Francisco J. , Lillicrap Mark , Gaston Hill , van der Zee Ruurd , Kolb Hubert , Burkart Volker
Published: December 2005

In the present study, we characterized regions of human heat shock protein (HSP) 60 responsible for binding to primary macrophages. Studies using 20‐mer peptides of the HSP60 sequence to compete with HSP60‐binding to macrophages from C57BL/6J mice showed that regions aa241–260, aa391–410 and aa461–480 are involved in surface‐binding. HSP60 mutants, lacking the N‐terminal 137, 243 or 359 amino acids, inhibited HSP60‐binding to primary macrophages to different degrees, demonstrating that all three regions are required for optimal binding. Analysis of different pro‐ and eukaryotic HSP60 species indicated that phylogenetically separate HSP60 species use different binding sites on primary macrophages.
Isolation and functional characterization of fatty acid Δ5‐elongase gene from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L
Authors: Kajikawa Masataka , Yamato Katsuyuki T. , Sakai Yasuyoshi , Fukuzawa Hideya , Ohyama Kanji , Kohchi Takayuki
Published: December 2005

Bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha L. produces C22 very‐long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA). Thus far, no enzyme that mediates elongation of C20 VLCPUFAs has been identified in land plants. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the gene MpELO2, which encodes an ELO‐like fatty acid elongase in M. polymorpha. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that MpELO2 encodes Δ5‐elongase, which mediates elongation of arachidonic (20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acids (20:5). Phylogenetic and gene structural analysis indicated that the MpELO2 gene is closely related to bryophyte Δ6‐elongase genes for C18 fatty acid elongation and diverged from them by local gene duplication.
Involvement of de novo ceramide biosynthesis in macrophage death induced by activation of ATP‐sensitive P2X7 receptor
Authors: Raymond Marie-Noëlle , Le Stunff Hervé
Published: December 2005

Macrophage ionotropic P2X7 receptors regulate cell‐death through ill‐defined signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of ceramide, an apoptogenic sphingolipid and showed that ATP stimulated ceramide accumulation in macrophages. Benzoylbenzoyl‐ATP, a potent P2X7 agonist, was able to mimic the effects of ATP on ceramide accumulation while oxidized ATP had the opposite effect. Ceramide accumulation was blocked by de novo ceramide biosynthesis inhibitors. Interestingly, ATP‐induced caspase‐3/7 activation was dependent on ceramide generation. Finally, we showed that de novo ceramide biosynthesis is involved in ATP‐induced macrophage death in a caspase‐dependent manner. Our results indicate a novel role of ceramide in P2X7‐regulated cell‐death.
A history of rhinology in North America
Authors: Leopold Donald
Published: December 2005

The history of rhinology is the story of the efforts of men and women who have tried to help patients who have nasal and sinus disorders or other conditions thought to be related to the nose or sinuses. Woven through this story are the subplots of the progress of surgical technology, the understanding of anatomy and physiology, and the hit‐or‐miss relationship between them. Through the last half of the nineteenth century, great strides were made in understanding nasal and sinus anatomy and physiology. As that century ended and as the twentieth century began, there was a surge of technology that allowed a marked increase in the type and number of surgeries performed. Unfortunately, nasal and sinus surgery holds the awesome potential to promote health or to severely hurt someone. The knowledge of nasal physiology and anatomy had been exceeded, and often those operations were not in the patient's best interest. Through the middle of the twentieth century the basic science knowledge seems to have caught up with the care being provided, but as the end of the century approaches, another tide of surgical activity seems to be upon us. Perhaps in no other area of surgery has this disparity between biologic knowledge and surgical activity been so well demonstrated. Perhaps the next 100 years will witness a better coordination of these activities. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 115:283‐97.)
Techniques for human temporal bone removal: Information for the scientific community
Authors: Nadol Joseph B. ,   Scientific Advisory Council of the National Institute On Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Temporal Bone, Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry
Published: December 2005

Human temporal bones provide an irreplaceable resource for study of the pathology and pathophysiology of disorders of hearing, balance, taste, and facial nerve function. Additional specimens are needed to study disorders for which there are few human specimens; to increase the number of specimens for a given disorder to understand the natural variability and expression of the disease entity; to evaluate the accuracy of otologic diagnoses and the efficacy of otologic treatment modalities; to apply newly available scientific methods, including immunohistochemistry and molecular biologic or molecular genetic techniques; and to teach the anatomy of the human ear and modern otologic surgical techniques. This article provides information for the scientific community concerning techniques for temporal bone and auditory brain stem removal, including intracranial and extracranial approaches and methods to minimize postmortem autolysis and cosmetic defects. Close collaboration between physicians and funeral directors will maximize the yield and utility of these valuable specimens for scientific inquiry and training. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:298‐305.)
Tonsillectomy in children with or at risk for velopharyngeal insufficiency: Effects on speech
Authors: D'Antonio Linda L. , Snyder Lynn S. , Samadani Saghi
Published: December 2005

Recent case reports have challenged the notion that tonsillectomy is contraindicated in patients with or at risk for velopharyngeal insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) on perceptual speech characteristics, aerodynamic measures, and endoscopic descriptions of velopharyngeal function in a clinical population. Fifteen children 4 to 10 years of age received preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Perceptual speech characteristics improved or remained the same for most variables. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative ratings of hypernasality or frequency and severity of nasal emission. However, ratings of voice quality (pitch and breathiness) were significantly improved after surgery. Aerodynamic measures showed improvement or no change in velopharyngeal function for 12 of 15 children. Endoscopic assessment showed improvement or no change in velopharyngeal closure for 7 of 11 children tested. Cross‐method analysis indicated that no single subject showed deterioration in velopharyngeal function in all three measures. The data from this investigation do not support the assumption that tonsillectomy is contraindicated for all children with or at risk for velopharyngeal insufficiency. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:319‐23.)
Vocal fold vibration viewed from the tracheal side in living human beings
Authors: Yumoto Eiji , Kadota Yoshimi , Mori Toshihiro
Published: December 2005

The mucosal upheaval where the mucosal wave starts and propagates upward appears on the lower surface of the canine vocal fold during vibration. We investigated the vibratory behavior of the in vivo human vocal fold viewed from the tracheal side. Subjects consisted of 14 men and 6 women who had undergone tracheostomy for various head and neck diseases; their ages ranged from 22 to 70 years, with a mean of 53.9 years. The inferior aspect of the vocal fold during phonation was observed with the aid of a rigid oblique‐view endoscope inserted through a tracheostome (inferior glottoscopy). Each subject was asked to sustain the vowel /a/ at a comfortable pitch and loudness (easy phonation) and then at a higher pitch. Inferior glottoscopy could be performed during easy phonation in 19 subjects and during high‐pitched phonation in 10 subjects. During easy phonation, the mucosal upheaval appeared on the lower surface of the vocal fold between the anterior commissure and the vocal process in all 19 subjects. During high‐pitched phonation, the vocal fold became longer, and the subglottic vault surrounded by the bilateral mucosal upheavals became narrower compared with those during easy phonation. Use of a dilated blood vessel as a landmark in one subject showed the location of the mucosal upheaval on the vocal fold mucosa to actually shift medially toward the oral side during high‐pitched phonation. Despite structural differences between the human and canine vocal folds, the infraglottic aspect of the vocal fold vibration observed in the living human larynx was quite similar to that observed in the excised canine larynx (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:329‐34.)
Third Place—Resident Basic Science Award 1997: Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Causes Elevation of Hearing Thresholds
Authors: Zdanski Carlton J. , Carrasco Vincent , Johnson Kenneth , Prazma Jiri , Pillsbury Harold C.
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVE

Nitric oxide mediates the effects of excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system. The excitatory amino acids are thought to be the neurotransmitters at the cochlear hair cell‐afferent nerve synapse. Nitric oxide synthase is present in spiral ganglion cells. This study investigated the role of nitric oxide in cochlear neurotransmission.

METHODS

In gerbils, cochlear compound action potential thresholds were recorded before and after cochlear perfusions with control solutions of artificial perilymph solution and test solutions of S‐methyl‐L‐thiocitrulline (MTC), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Cochleas were also pre‐perfused with L‐arginine before perfusion with a mixture of MTC/L‐arginine (to overcome competitive inhibition by MTC with L‐arginine, the natural substrate of nitric oxide synthase).

RESULTS

Cochlear perfusion with MTC caused significant elevations of compound action potential threshold of 51 dB as opposed to insignificant elevations of only 10 dB in control animals. An insignificant threshold shift of 9 dB was observed when L‐arginine was coperfused with MTC.

CONCLUSIONS

Nitric oxide is involved in neurotransmission/neuromodulation in the cochlea. Because nitric oxide is both a mediator of neurotoxicity and an initiator of apoptosis in the central nervous system, nitric oxide may play a role in these processes in the cochlea.
Evolution of the Vestibulo‐Ocular System
Authors: Fritzsch Bernd
Published: December 2005

The evolutionary and developmental changes in the eye muscle innervation, the inner ear, and the vestibulo‐ocular reflex are examined. Three eye muscle patterns, based on the innervation by distinct ocular motoneurons populations, can be identified: a lamprey, an elasmobranch, and a bony fish/tetrapod pattern. Four distinct patterns of variation in the vestibular system are described: a hagfish pattern, a lamprey pattern, an elasmobranch pattern, and a bony fish/tetrapod pattern. Developmental data suggest an influence of the hindbrain on ear pattern formation, thus potentially allowing a concomitant change of eye muscle innervation and ear variation. The connections between the ear and the vestibular nuclei and between the vestibular nuclei and ocular motoneurons are reviewed, and the role of neurotrophins for pattern specification is discussed. Three patterns are recognized in central projections: a hagfish pattern, a lamprey pattern, and a pattern for jawed vertebrates. Second‐order connections show both similarities and differences between distantly related species such as lampreys and mammals. For example, elasmobranchs lack an internuclear system, which is at best poorly developed in lampreys. It is suggested that the vestibulo‐ocular system shows only a limited degree of variation because of the pronounced functional constraints imposed on it.
SLAVERY AND HUMAN SACRIFICE IN YORUBALAND: ONDO, c. 1870–94
Authors: OJO OLATUNJI
Published: December 2005

This article, focusing on the operation and abolition of human sacrifice in eastern Yorubaland, examines a key aspect of the dialogue and conflict between Yoruba chiefs and their opponents – slaves, Christians and British colonialists – during the late nineteenth century. The exchange reflected the position of human sacrifice in the consolidation of economic inequalities and socio-cultural privileges. The article examines this controversy in the context of the broader changes of the era, including the ending of the Yoruba wars and the approach of colonial rule. It analyses the interaction of external and internal forces that produced the eventual demise of human sacrifice.
MUSLIM HISTORIES, AFRICAN SOCIETIES: THE VENTURE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES IN AFRICA Muslim Societies in African History. By DAVID ROBINSON. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xx+220. £35/$55 (ISBN 0-521-82627-6); £14.99/$19, paperback (ISBN 0-521-53366-X). The History of Islam in Africa. Edited by NEHEMIA LEVTZION and RANDALL L. POUWELS. Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+591. $75 (ISBN 0-8214-1296-5); $26.95, paperback (ISBN 0-8214-1297-3).
Authors: HANRETTA SEAN
Published: December 2005

WITH the publication of these two volumes, the historical study of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa has reached its maturity. Drawing on five decades of scholarship since the professionalization of African history, and the long traditions of Islamic and African studies before that, these works – one the first truly usable textbook survey of the field, the other the first comprehensive reference – are both a successful culmination of what has gone before and guides to the paths ahead. In some cases the authors' and editors' careers are virtually synonymous with the field as a whole, as with the late Nehemia Levtzion, and all are among the acknowledged authorities on their specialties. David Robinson, author of Muslim Societies in African History, is one of the few who have established themselves as authorities on both the precolonial and colonial periods, and his work is central to active debates in each subfield. The individual and collective stature of Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels, editors of The History of Islam in Africa, along with that of the twenty-two other contributors, makes the authority of the volume unprecedented.
BRITAIN'S GULAG Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. By DAVID ANDERSON. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005. Pp. viii+406 (ISBN 0-297-84719-8). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. By CAROLINE ELKINS (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005). Pp. xiv+475. £20 (ISBN 0-224-07363-X).
Authors: OGOT BETHWELL A.
Published: December 2005

GULAG is the Russian acronym for the Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps made famous and permanently inscribed into the English vocabulary through the genius of Alexander Solzhenitsyn in his classic, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, published in 1974. The author used the testimony of 227 survivors as well as recollections of his own 11 years of labour camps and exiles. The Archipelago of Solzhenitsyn's work is that system of secret police installations, camp prisons, transit centers, communication facilities, transport systems and espionage organizations which, in his view, was a state within a state holding about 15 million people. The book shows how ordinary people, who are referred to by their own names, can be turned into planners and executives of oppression, brutality and torture.
CONTESTING SPACE, SHAPING PLACES: MAKING ROOM FOR THE MURIDIYYA IN COLONIAL SENEGAL, 1912–45
Authors: BABOU CHEIKH ANTA
Published: December 2005

This article offers a cultural approach to Murid migration to eastern Bawol. It argues that Murid settlement of eastern Bawol was part of an effort to transform the land then under French colonial domination into daar al Islam (house of Islam) or daara al Murid (house of the Murids). This endeavor to create Murid sacred space in Bawol was a conscious effort undertaken by sheikhs and disciples under the leadership of Amadu Bamba. The process of building daar al Murid unfolded in three empirically overlapping but analytically distinguishable steps: first, physical occupation of the space; second, its investment with religious meanings; and third, the containment of French cultural influences.
SPATIAL CORRELATES OF US HEIGHTS AND BODY MASS INDEXES, 2002
Authors: KOMLOS JOHN , LAUDERDALE BENJAMIN E.
Published: December 2005

Aiming to further explore possible underlying causes of the recent remarkable stagnation and relative decline in American heights, this paper describes the result of analysis of the commercial US Sizing Survey (2002). Heights are correlated positively with income and education among both white males and females while Body Mass Index (BMI) is correlated negatively among females, as in other samples. In contrast to much of the literature, this paper considers geographic correlates of height such as local poverty rate, median income and population density at the zip code level of resolution. After adjusting for confounding factors that influence height such as income and education, population density is found to be strongly and negatively correlated with height among white men, but less so among white women. The effect on BMIs less convincing. Other ethnic groups are not analysed in detail because of the small number of observations available. Local economic conditions as measured by median income, unemployment and poverty rate do not have a strong correlation with height or BMI after adjusting for individual income and education.
Decline of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae) in south-east Madagascar
Authors: Lehman Shawn M. , Ratsimbazafy Jonah , Rajaonson Andry , Day Sabine
Published: December 2005

This paper describes the results of field surveys for two Endangered lemurs, Milne-Edward's sifaka Propithecus diadema edwardsi and the black and white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata variegata, in the unprotected Fandriana-Marolambo forest corridor in south-east Madagascar. Published range maps show P. d. edwardsi and V. v. variegata present in the corridor, although few surveys have been conducted in this area. A total of 292.9 km of surveys were conducted at eight sites in the corridor but P. d. edwardsi and V. v. variegata were each located at only one site. Absence of these species at other sites may be the combined result of altitudinal and anthropogenic effects. Conservation plans for P. d. edwardsi and V. v. variegata are complicated because gaps in forest cover prevent dispersal of conspecifics from nearby protected areas. Conservation authorities should be cautious in using range maps based on the presumed distribution of lemur species.
Rachel Elior. The Three Temples: On the Emergence of Jewish Mysticism. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 20004. xiv, 301 pp.
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: December 2005

In this bold and ambitious book, Rachel Elior seeks to trace the early history of Jewish mysticism, from biblical through rabbinic times. In the course of ten chapters, the author covers a wide range of material, with special attention devoted to Ezekiel, 1 Enoch, the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, and of course the Hekhalot texts. While not all scholars will be convinced by the analysis presented here, one should welcome this latest installment in the author's wide-ranging and creative efforts to understand better the origins and later developments of Jewish mysticism.
Christopher R. Browning. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942, with contributions by Jürgen Matthäus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004. xii, 615 pp.
Authors: Engel David
Published: December 2005

Christopher Browning is perhaps most widely known for his seminal study of the motives of the “ordinary men” who perpetrated the systematic murder of European Jewry at the behest of the Third Reich. Nevertheless, in the past two decades he has devoted much of his attention to studying the processes and decisions that led the Reich to make systematic mass murder its official policy and to provide the impetus and means for its implementation. Now he has brought his empirical findings and interpretations together in a single volume that provides the most rigorous, cogent, and lucid analysis currently available of this crucial problem in the history of the encounter between Nazi Germany and the Jews.
Gary Weissman. Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 288 pp.
Authors: Lang Berel
Published: December 2005

This is a compelling, meticulously argued, subtle, and literate book on an important subject—although the question of what that subject is remains oddly open. Gary Weissman interprets a number of authoritative and popular representations of the Holocaust (principally those by Elie Wiesel, Lawrence Langer, Stephen Spielberg, and Claude Lanzmann) as evidence of their—and presumably their audiences'—post-Holocaust “efforts to experience the Holocaust” and somehow to recapture that horrific reality in feeling. These efforts, Weissman shows in a measured discussion that contrasts with the high-pitched register of much Holocaust writing, encounter what he sees as fundamental difficulties—and not only because of Primo Levi's chilling reminder that if direct experience is a requirement for authenticity, the only true witnesses of the Holocaust are not those who survived but those who died. The difficulties he identifies vary in the works discussed, and his book's concluding chapter, in which he ends up questioning the warrant for any “fantasies of witnessing,” provides only a brief conspectus. He thus leaves his readers to make their own way back to the Holocaust from the post-Holocaust—from which, when the survivors are gone, everyone will set out.
Ofira Seliktar. Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. xvi, 272 pp.
Authors: Waller Harold M.
Published: December 2005

Israel, and before that the idea of a Jewish state in the traditional homeland, has long captured the imagination of many, if not always most, American Jews. The close connection between Jews in Israel and the United States intensified as the events of the last century unfolded, especially the Holocaust, the struggle for Israel's independence, and then the unending effort to safeguard that independence and ensure security. The 1967 Six-Day War, the run-up to which conjured up images of another calamity, had a profound effect in the Diaspora, driving home the reality of Israel's precarious security and the state's central importance in modern Jewish life. That watershed produced a relatively short-lived period when it seemed that American Jews were united in their support for Israel. But, since 1977, that “sacred unity” has been called into question as sharp divisions have appeared—exacerbated by controversial Israeli government decisions and the pressures of the peace process since 1991.
Beyond the exotic: How ‘Eastern’ is Aida?
Authors: LOCKE RALPH P.
Published: December 2005

Various commentators on Aida express disappointment that the music for the opera’s main characters is not more distinctive, i.e., does not make much use of the exotic styles that mark the work’s ceremonial scenes and ballets. Others argue that exotic style is mostly confined to female, hence powerless, characters. Much of this commentary draws on the same limited selection of data and observations: the exotic style of those few numbers, the opera’s plot, and the circumstances of the work’s commissioning (by the Khedive of Egypt).

The present study aims to broaden the discussion. Most unusually, it dwells on various aspects of words and music that are not in themselves ‘markers’ of exoticism or Orientalism but that nonetheless here manifestly announce traits of this or that character (or group) and thereby communicate indelible impressions of what Egyptians and Ethiopians supposedly ‘are like’ (or were like in an earlier era). For example, the music of the priests is mostly not, as commentators regularly claim, marked by imitative counterpoint; rather, it engages in several distinct archaicising tendencies, some of which characterise the priestly caste (and hence the Egyptian government) as rigid and menacing.

In addition, this study calls on such varied evidence (rarely if ever examined in this regard) as costume designs, directions in the disposizione scenica for the opera’s first Italian production, relevant remarks by Verdi and early commentators (including two Egyptians writing in 1901 and a late interview with Verdi about European imperialism), some early sound recordings, and Western fears/knowledge of the Wahhabist strain of Islam then expanding across the Middle East. While such a multifaceted exploration certainly cannot be definitive, it can point to new possibilities for exploration.
The coevolution of morality and legal institutions: an indirect evolutionary approach
Authors: GÜTH WERNER , OCKENFELS AXEL
Published: December 2005

Moral behavior and legal institutions coevolve. While evolutionary game theory has often analyzed the evolution of moral behavior within given institutional rules, it has not examined the coevolution of moral preferences and different institutional aspects of the decision environment. By an ‘indirect’ evolutionary approach, we analyze the coevolution of moral preferences (in the sense of trustworthiness) and legal institutions like court rulings and legal insurance. We find that preference detection capabilities crowd in morality and can thus render useless the role of courts and legal insurance as public institutions. Legal institutions become crucial for the emergence of morality, however, when information about preference types is not available. This holds true even when courts do not have superior detection capabilities than other agents.
Water mass modification in an Arctic fjord through cross‐shelf exchange: The seasonal hydrography of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
Authors: Cottier Finlo , Tverberg Vigdis , Inall Mark , Svendsen Harald , Nilsen Frank , Griffiths Colin
Published: December 2005

Kongsfjorden and the West Spitsbergen Shelf is a region whose seasonal hydrography is dominated by the balance of Atlantic Water, Arctic waters, and glacial melt. Regional seasonality and the cross‐shelf exchange processes have been investigated using conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) observations from 2000–2003 and a 5‐month mooring deployment through the spring and summer of 2002. Modeling of shelf‐fjord dynamics was performed with the Bergen Ocean Model. Observations show a rapid and overwhelming intrusion of Atlantic Water across the shelf and into the fjord during midsummer giving rise to intense seasonality. Pockets of Atlantic Water, from the West Spitsbergen Current, form through barotropic instabilities at the shelf front. These leak onto the shelf and propagate as topographically steered features toward the fjord. Model results indicate that such cross‐front exchange is enhanced by north winds. Normally, Atlantic Water penetration into the fjord is inhibited by a density front at the fjord mouth. This geostrophic control mechanism is found to be more important than the hydraulic control common to many fjords. Slow modification of the fjord water during spring reduces the effectiveness of geostrophic control, and by midsummer, Atlantic Water intrudes into the fjord, switching from being Arctic dominant to Atlantic dominant. Atlantic Water continues to intrude throughout the summer and by September reaches some quasi steady state condition. The fjord adopts a “cold” or “warm” mode according to the degree of Atlantic Water occupation. Horizontal exchange across the shelf may be an important process causing seasonal variability in the northward heat transport to the Arctic.
On the global short‐term forecasting of the ionospheric critical frequencyfoF2up to 5 hours in advance using neural networks
Authors: Oyeyemi E. O. , Poole A. W. V. , McKinnell L. A.
Published: December 2005

In this paper the use of neural networks (NNs) to forecast daily hourly values of the ionosphericF2layer critical frequency,foF2, at any target geographic location up to 5 hours ahead is illustrated. The inputs used for the NN are universal time, day of the year, a 2 month running mean sunspot number (R2), a 2 day running mean of the 3 hour planetary magneticapindex (A16), solar zenith angle, geographical latitude, magnetic dip angle, angle of magnetic declination, angle of meridian relative to subsolar point, and the four recent past observations offoF2(F−3,F−2,F−1, andF0) from that target geographic location. The outputs of the NN areF+1,F+2,F+3,F+4, and F+5, representing the values offoF2up to 5 hours ahead ofF0. In this work, data from 40 worldwide ionospheric stations spanning the period 1964–1986, which include all periods of calm and disturbed magnetic activity, were used for training the NN. In order to test the predictive ability of the NN, the NN was verified with data from 10 stations not included in the training set that were selected for their remoteness from the trained stations. The results obtained from the NN are compared with the observed values offoF2obtained from these selected verification stations. The performance of the NN is measured by calculating the root‐mean‐square (RMS) error difference between the NN model and measured station data. This paper illustrates that short‐term predictions offoF2are much improved by including past observations offoF2itself, in addition to those temporal and spatial inputs mentioned above, and that NNs can successfully be applied to the task of global forecasting.
On the interpretation of gravity variations in the presence of active hydrothermal systems: Insights from the Nisyros Caldera, Greece
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Rymer H. , Wooller L. K.
Published: December 2005

We report on short‐term (over tens of minutes) residual gravity changes recorded at the restless Nisyros caldera in Greece via a series of discrete measurements at benchmarks within or in proximity to a hydrothermal area located along the caldera floor. The obtained time series reveal sinusoidal gravity variations with amplitudes of up to 25 μGal and wavelengths of 40–50 min. Degassing of a magmatic source coupling into (shallow) hydrothermal systems including the ascent of steam pockets and transient pressure variations during steam/liquid interface propagation appear to be the most likely causative process for the observed short‐term variations. We assess standard protocols of microgravity surveys for hazard assessment in volcanic areas in the light of these findings and propose additional techniques, such as continuous gravimetry, for the discrimination of hydrothermal signals from deeper‐seated, i.e. magmatic, signals during gravity monitoring of restless volcanoes hosting active hydrothermal systems.
Variations in late syn‐rift melt alignment inferred from shear‐wave splitting in crustal earthquakes beneath the Ethiopian rift
Authors: Keir Derek , Kendall J‐M. , Ebinger C. J. , Stuart G. W.
Published: December 2005

The northern Main Ethiopian rift (MER) marks the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading. We constrain anisotropy of the upper‐crust in the MER and its uplifted rift flanks using shear‐wave splitting from 24 earthquakes located beneath 18 broadband stations. Along the axis of the MER the fast polarization direction is oriented between ∼N and ∼NNE, parallel to Quaternary‐Recent faults, aligned cones and maximum horizontal stress. Delay times are highest (0.24 s) where independent seismic studies show evidence of shallow partial melt. We attribute anisotropy along the rift axis to aligned melt‐filled micro‐cracks and dikes. At stations flanking the rift, the fast polarization direction is oriented ∼NE and delay‐times are smaller (0.04–0.14 s). The lower amount of anisotropy is consistent with reduced melt away from the rift axis. These results show melt‐induced anisotropy persists into the crust, and magma injection localizes and accommodates strain just prior to continental break‐up.
Explosive eruption of a picrite: The 3930 BP subplinian eruption of Etna volcano (Italy)
Authors: Coltelli M. , Del Carlo P. , Pompilio M. , Vezzoli L.
Published: December 2005

We report on a subplinian eruption fed by a picritic magma that occurred 3930 ± 60 BP at Etna volcano. The eruption produced a fallout deposit of 0.183 km3 (0.055 km3 DRE), widely dispersed eastward, which represents a marker bed for the Holocene stratigraphy of the volcano. Tephra have a composition of nearly primary magma, owing to their high Mg# (72–79). Glass geothermometry indicates eruptive temperatures (1159–1171°C) ≈ 100° higher than those measured in recent eruptions. High volatile content and unusual enrichment of LIL elements in feeding magma, both suggest addition of fluids in the source zone accounting for a large production of highly buoyant fast‐rising melt. Vigorous degassing of volatile‐rich picritic magma is responsible for the explosive nature of this eruption.
Glacial‐interglacial modulation of eastern tropical North Pacific denitrification over the last 1.8‐Myr
Authors: Liu Zhonghui , Altabet Mark A. , Herbert Timothy D.
Published: December 2005

A 1.8 Myr‐long δ15N record from the California margin provides the first continuous record of denitrification in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) over the entire Pleistocene epoch. Comparison of the nitrogen isotopic time series with proxies for ice volume, sea surface temperature (SST), and biological productivity place variations in the intensity of the denitrification zone in the context of global and regional climatic changes. Throughout the Pleistocene, ETNP denitrification remained linked to glacial‐interglacial climate cycles. The pacing of denitrification cycles switched from 41‐kyr in the mid‐ to early Pleistocene to 100‐kyr in the late Pleistocene, in tandem with the well‐known frequency shift identified from ice volume records. It therefore appears that denitrification remained an integral component of the marine feedbacks to orbital forcing, and through its effect on the nitrate inventory of the ocean might have played a role in driving atmospheric CO2 cycles throughout the Pleistocene.