bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Different Techniques in Post-Extractive Socket Regeneration Using Autologous Tooth Graft: Histological and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Minetti Elio , Palermo Andrea , Berardini Marco
Published: September 2023

Objective Post-extractive socket grafting techniques reduce alveolar ridge dimensional changes. Numerous graft materials have been suggested and a growing interest in tooth material has been observed as a valuable alternative to synthetic biomaterials or xenografts. Furthermore, different clinical procedures have been proposed for the wound closure of the post-extractive site. This study aims to compare histological and clinical outcomes of two different surgical techniques to seal the post-extractive site with the use of autologous demineralized extracted tooth as graft material.

Materials and Methods Sixteen post-extractive socket without buccal and/or palatal bone walls, in sixteen healthy patients, were grafted with the autologous tooth material treated by the new Tooth Transformer device (Tooth Transformer, Milan, Italy). Alveolar socket preservation procedures were performed without flap elevation. Patients were randomly subdivided into two equal groups according to the site closure technique. In group A, the pedunculate tissue was used, while in group B ice cone technique. A bone samples were collected in each site after 4 months for histological analysis.

Results No significant clinical differences among the different sealing techniques were observed. In both groups, the site was filled by new bone formation after 4 months of healing. The histological analysis revealed 46.1 ± 8.07% of bone volume, 9.2 ± 9.46% of residual graft, and 35.2 ± 12.36% of vital bone in group A, while group B shows 41.22 ± 5.88% of bone volume, 7.94 ± 7.54% of residual graft, and 31.7 ± 7.52% new bone. No statistical differences were detected (p > 0.05).

Conclusion Further studies with a large number of patients, and different observation periods will be needed to confirm the results of this pilot study; however, the interesting data obtained have shown how these techniques, mixed with the autologous dentin derived graft material, seem to promote bone regeneration and reduce physiological bone resorption during alveolar socket preservation treatments.
Shaping Ability of TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper in C-Shaped Canals Using 3D-Printed Replicas: A Micro-CT Study
Authors: Falcão Natália Pereira da Silva , Marceliano-Alves Marilia Fagury , Tavares Sandro Junio Oliveira , Amoroso-Silva Pablo , Neves Aline de Almeida , Bastos Luan Ferreira , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Dantas Wania Christina Figueiredo , Galhardi Michelle Paiva Weydt , Marceliano Eduardo Fagury Videira , Gomes Cinthya Cristina
Published: September 2023

Objective This study compared the shaping ability of TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper systems on C-shaped root canals replicas using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT).

Material and Methods Thirty three-dimensional replicas based on a mandibular second molar classified as C1 type I C-shaped canal were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15): TRUShape (G.TRU) and XP-endo Shaper (G.XP) and instrumented with each system according to the manufacturer's instructions. Changes in volume and surface and the unprepared area of the root canal were measured by scanning on micro-CT before and after instrumentation.

Results The unprepared areas were 39% in the G.TRU and 43% in the G.XP group with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05), but both the tested systems left a high percentage of unprepared root canal walls of C-shaped root canals.

Conclusion TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper showed a high rate of unprepared areas with similar results after C-shaped root canals replicas for root canal preparation.
The Suitability of Trabecular Patterns in the Assessment of Dental Implant Osseointegration Process through 2D Digital and 3D CBCT Radiographs
Authors: Putri Annisa , Pramanik Farina , Azhari Azhari
Published: September 2023

Objective The research aims to determine the suitability of the trabecular pattern in the assessment of the dental implant osseointegration process through two-dimensional (2D) digital and three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs.

Materials and Methods This is a correlation description that explains the relationship between variables. The population consisted of 24 data points on 3D CBCT and 2D digital radiographs from the procedure after dental implants were inserted into the tibia of a New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on days 3, 14, and 28. The radiograph was selected based on the region of interest (ROI), which covers the peri-implant area with a width of 1 mm and length following the height of the implant. The ROI was analyzed for trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), separation (Tb.Sp), number (Tb.N), and fractal dimension.

Statistical Analysis The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to statistically test the data to assess the consistency of intraobserver measurements and the r value (Pearson's correlation coefficient). This determines the correlation between trabecular patterns in both radiographic modalities and the Bland–Altman plot to observe the limits of acceptable discrepancies.

Results The ICC test showed high intraobserver consistency in trabecular pattern measurements on 2D digital radiographs and 3D CBCT. The trabecular space pattern and number showed an r value of 0.88 with radiographic modalities of 0.72 mm and 0.018, respectively. Additionally, the trabecular thickness and fractal dimension had an insignificant correlation, with an r value of 0.22, and the mean of the 2D radiograph was lower than that of CBCT.

Conclusion The 2D radiograph and 3D CBCT showed correlations in the trabecular number and space results but had no correlation in the trabecular thickness and fractal dimension results. Based on intraclass correlation analysis, 3D CBCT appeared to be more reliable for measuring trabecular patterns (Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.N, and fractal dimension) than 2D radiograph.
Patient Portal Privacy: Perspectives of Adolescents and Emerging Adults Living with HIV and the Parental/Guardian Role in Supporting Their Care
Authors: Jackman Kevon-Mark P. , Ohene-Kyei Elise Tirza , Barfield Ashle , Atanda Fopefoluwa , Smith Raina , Huettner Steven , Agwu Allison , Trent Maria
Published: September 2023

Background Increasing the percentage of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including youth, who are virally suppressed to 95% is an overall goal of the ending the HIV epidemic initiative. While patient portals have become ubiquitous, questions remain about how best to operationalize parental/guardian access to youth's patient portals in alignment with optimizing HIV care outcomes and patient preferences. This qualitative study focuses on understanding perspectives among youth with HIV (YHIV) about parental access to patient portals.

Methods Eligible participants were YHIV aged 13 to 25 years receiving care at an urban academic hospital. Semistructured individual/paired interviews were conducted between May 2022 and March 2023. Participants were asked to discuss thoughts on parental access to patient portals, and roles parents/guardians have in supporting their HIV care. Semistructured interviews were conducted with adolescent and emerging adult health care workers (HCWs) to gain perspectives on YHIV emergent themes. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and we conducted thematic analysis using an inductive approach to identify codes and themes.

Results Sixteen YHIV and four HCWs participated in interviews. Parental roles in coordinating HIV care ranged from supporting YHIV needs for transportation, acquiring, and taking medications, to not having any role at all. Participants shared heterogeneous perspectives about their openness to share patient portal access with their parents/guardians. Perspectives were not strictly congruent along lines of participant age or parental roles in helping youth to manage HIV care. Sharing passwords emerged both as a pathway that YHIV grant access to their accounts and a source of confusion for clinicians when parents/guardians send messages using their child's account.

Conclusion Findings suggest HCWs should initiate conversations with YHIV patients to determine preferences for parental/guardian access to their patient portal, educate on proxy access, and explain the extent of medical information that is shared with proxy accounts, regardless of age and perceived parental involvement in HIV care.
Printing flexible thin-film transistors
Authors: Zhang Gengming , Xu Yunchao , Haider Mustafa , Sun Jia , Zhang Dingke , Yang Junliang
Published: September 2023

Flexible thin-film transistors (f-TFTs) not only attract research attention but also possess significant application potential in various fields, such as consumer electronics, human–machine interfaces, healthcare, multipurpose sensors, and logic circuits. Printing is one of the most appealing technologies for fabricating f-TFTs owing to its low cost, suitability for large-scale fabrication, and possibility to be customized under non-vacuum conditions. Significant advancements have been achieved in the printing of f-TFTs regarding several aspects, including printing techniques, printable materials, device performance, and applications, which are summarized and discussed here. Specifically, this review focuses on the recent developments achieved regarding four typical materials commonly used in printed f-TFTs: low-dimensional materials, carbon-based materials, organic materials, and metal-oxide materials. Furthermore, the actual applications of printed f-TFTs are discussed to highlight the issues in contemporary research, and future outlook and prospects regarding the development of printed f-TFTs are provided.
High-sensitivity electronic Stark spectrometer featuring a laser-driven light source
Authors: Huff J. S. , Duncan K. M. , van Galen C. J. , Barclay M. S. , Knowlton W. B. , Yurke B. , Davis P. H. , Turner D. B. , Stanley R. J. , Pensack R. D.
Published: September 2023

We report developmental details of a high-sensitivity Stark absorption spectrometer featuring a laser-driven light source. The light source exhibits intensity fluctuations of ∼0.3% over timescales ranging from 1 min to 12 h, minimal drift (≤0.1%/h), and very little 1/f noise at frequencies greater than 200 Hz, which are comparable to or better than an arc-driven light source. Additional features of the spectrometer include balanced detection with multiplex sampling, which yielded lower noise in A, and constant wavelength or wavenumber (energy) spectral bandpass modes. We achieve noise amplitudes of ∼7 × 10−4 and ∼6 × 10−6 in measurements of single A and ΔA spectra (with 92 data points) taking ∼7 and ∼19 min, respectively.
Spontaneous plasma formation via electrical explosion of nanostructured metal surface layers in plasma–surface interactions
Authors: Tsventoukh M. M.
Published: September 2023

The article is aimed at studying the issue of spontaneous, i.e., triggerless ignition of arcing plasma splashes due to explosive-electron-emission pulses at fiber-form nanostructured (W-fuzz) surface during plasma–surface interaction. There has been proposed an equivalent sputtering yield for arcing Yeff = 4.8 γ C/mg, where γ is the rate of plasma production (mass per charge) from a cathode by vacuum arc discharge. The ratio of the released-to-incident atoms Yeff can reach the value of about 10 for the plasma production rate of 2 mg/C. The increase in the plasma production rate γ has been estimated as (i) an increase in mass due to mechanical destruction of neighboring nanofragments and (ii) a decrease in ions average charge. The resulting twentyfold increase in γ at few-μm layers agrees with the experimental observations. The critical temperature Tcr (and corresponding cohesive energy Ecoh = 5 Tcr) for the W-fuzz nanostructure has been estimated as Tcr = 2 n/n0 eV, where n/n0 is the relative density of the W-fuzz nanostructure. It falls below 1 eV for typical fuzz layer thickness larger than few tenths of μm. This results in the experimentally observed reduction of the average W-ions charge in vacuum arc plasma.
Effects of fabrication routes and material parameters on the control of superconducting currents by gate voltage
Authors: Ruf L. , Elalaily T. , Puglia C. , Ivanov Yu. P. , Joint F. , Berke M. , Iorio A. , Makk P. , De Simoni G. , Gasparinetti S. , Divitini G. , Csonka S. , Giazotto F. , Scheer E. , Di Bernardo A.
Published: September 2023

The control of a superconducting current via the application of a gate voltage has been recently demonstrated in a variety of superconducting devices. Although the mechanism underlying this gate-controlled supercurrent (GCS) effect remains under debate, the GCS effect has raised great interest for the development of the superconducting equivalent of conventional metal-oxide semiconductor electronics. To date, however, the GCS effect has been mostly observed in superconducting devices made by additive patterning. Here, we show that devices made by subtractive patterning show a systematic absence of the GCS effect. Doing a microstructural analysis of these devices and comparing them to devices made by additive patterning, where we observe a GCS, we identify some material and physical parameters that are crucial for the observation of a GCS. We also show that some of the mechanisms proposed to explain the origin of the GCS effect are not universally relevant.
Impact of growth conditions on magnetic anisotropy and magnon Hanle effect in α-Fe2O3
Authors: Scheufele M. , Gückelhorn J. , Opel M. , Kamra A. , Huebl H. , Gross R. , Geprägs S. , Althammer M.
Published: September 2023

The antiferromagnetic insulator α-Fe2O3 (hematite), widely used in spintronics and magnonics, features a spin-reorientation transition (Morin transition) at 263 K. Thin films, however, often lack this Morin transition, limiting their potential applications. Here, we investigate the impact of different growth conditions on the magnetic anisotropy in α-Fe2O3 films to tune the Morin transition temperature. To this end, we compare the structural, magnetic, and magnon-based spin transport properties of α-Fe2O3 films with different thicknesses grown by pulsed laser deposition in molecular and atomic oxygen atmospheres. We observe a finite Morin transition for those grown by atomic-oxygen-assisted deposition, interestingly even down to 19 nm thickness, where we find a Morin transition at 125 K. In easy-plane antiferromagnets, the nature and time-evolution of the elementary excitations of the spin system are captured by the orientation and precession of the magnon pseudospin around its equilibrium pseudofield, manifesting itself in the magnon Hanle effect. We characterize this effect in these α-Fe2O3 films via all-electrical magnon transport measurements. The films grown with atomic oxygen show a markedly different magnon spin signal from those grown in molecular oxygen atmospheres. Most importantly, the maximum magnon Hanle signal is significantly enhanced, and the Hanle peak is shifted to lower magnetic field values for films grown with atomic oxygen, suggesting changes in the magnetic anisotropy due to an increased oxygen content in these films. Our findings provide new insights into the possibility to fine-tune the magnetic anisotropy in α-Fe2O3 and thereby to engineer the magnon Hanle effect.
Comprehensive interpretations of thermodynamic and kinetic effects on the phase fractions in Hf1-xZrxO2 by first principle calculations
Authors: Ye Kun Hee , Yeu In Won , Han Gyuseung , Jeong Taeyoung , Yoon Seungjae , Kim Dohyun , Hwang Cheol Seong , Choi Jung-Hae
Published: September 2023

Phase control in Hf1-xZrxO2 (HZO) is crucial for optimizing its electrical properties, such as ferroelectricity and high dielectricity. However, phase optimization in HZO has remained challenging due to limited theoretical understanding. This work devised an atomistic methodology based on density functional theory calculations to predict the phase fractions in HZO. The detailed phase evolution and phase fractions during the sequential processes of crystallization, annealing, and cooling were predicted by calculating the nucleation barrier from amorphous, the transition barrier between polymorphs, and Boltzmann fractions, considering the combined effects of composition (x), grain size (dT), and annealing temperature (Tannealing). The findings revealed that the polar orthorhombic (PO) phase exhibited the highest fraction at Tannealing = 770 K in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2, resulting in maximum ferroelectricity. Meanwhile, the fractions of PO and tetragonal phases are similar at dT = 7 nm in Hf0.4Zr0.6O2 and dT = 11 nm in Hf0.3Zr0.7O2, both at Tannealing = 770 K, leading to the highest dielectricity. These results are highly consistent with the experimental results. This work demonstrates that the comprehensive interpretations of both thermodynamic and kinetic effects are essential for quantitatively predicting the phase fraction and their corresponding electrical functionality.
On the number of stable solutions in the Kuramoto model
Authors: Arenas Alex , Garijo Antonio , Gómez Sergio , Villadelprat Jordi
Published: September 2023

We consider a system of n coupled oscillators described by the Kuramoto model with the dynamics given by θ˙=ω+Kf(θ). In this system, an equilibrium solution θ∗ is considered stable when ω+Kf(θ∗)=0, and the Jacobian matrix Df(θ∗) has a simple eigenvalue of zero, indicating the presence of a direction in which the oscillators can adjust their phases. Additionally, the remaining eigenvalues of Df(θ∗) are negative, indicating stability in orthogonal directions. A crucial constraint imposed on the equilibrium solution is that |Γ(θ∗)|≤π, where |Γ(θ∗)| represents the length of the shortest arc on the unit circle that contains the equilibrium solution θ∗. We provide a proof that there exists a unique solution satisfying the aforementioned stability criteria. This analysis enhances our understanding of the stability and uniqueness of these solutions, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of coupled oscillators in this system.
Optimized hologram generation method for real-time spontaneous manipulation
Authors: Qu Zhelin , Liu Shuo , Fan Xudong , Fang Changfeng , Wang Jun-Lei , Zhao Xian
Published: September 2023

Aided by computer generated holography, holographic optical tweezers enable manipulation of particles and objects with exceptional versatility. The responsiveness of the manipulation is often hindered by the speed of holograph generation, especially when the number of manipulated objects is high. Here, we propose an optimized hologram generation method with an improved iterative algorithm utilizing parallel computation with graphic processing units. The algorithm requires fewer iterations to produce high-quality holograms than established methods, such as weighted Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, leading to a responsive and stable micromanipulation. This method expands the capabilities of holographic optical tweezers and provides more responsive traps in micro-manipulation.
Finding influential nodes in networks using pinning control: Centrality measures confirmed with electrochemical oscillators
Authors: Bomela Walter , Sebek Michael , Nagao Raphael , Singhal Bharat , Kiss István Z. , Li Jr-Shin
Published: September 2023

The spatiotemporal organization of networks of dynamical units can break down resulting in diseases (e.g., in the brain) or large-scale malfunctions (e.g., power grid blackouts). Re-establishment of function then requires identification of the optimal intervention site from which the network behavior is most efficiently re-stabilized. Here, we consider one such scenario with a network of units with oscillatory dynamics, which can be suppressed by sufficiently strong coupling and stabilizing a single unit, i.e., pinning control. We analyze the stability of the network with hyperbolas in the control gain vs coupling strength state space and identify the most influential node (MIN) as the node that requires the weakest coupling to stabilize the network in the limit of very strong control gain. A computationally efficient method, based on the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of the network Laplacian matrix, was found to be efficient in identifying the MIN. In addition, we have found that in some networks, the MIN relocates when the control gain is changed, and thus, different nodes are the most influential ones for weakly and strongly coupled networks. A control theoretic measure is proposed to identify networks with unique or relocating MINs. We have identified real-world networks with relocating MINs, such as social and power grid networks. The results were confirmed in experiments with networks of chemical reactions, where oscillations in the networks were effectively suppressed through the pinning of a single reaction site determined by the computational method.
Ferroelectric-programmed photonic computing in monolayer WS2
Authors: Wu Xing , Xu Kai , Leng Kangmin , Ma Ruihua , Shu Longlong , Wang Li , Wang Qisheng
Published: September 2023

Photonic computing has the potential to significantly improve energy efficiency and data processing speed beyond that of von Neumann architecture. Although various optical processing techniques have been developed during recent two decades, the photonic manipulation is still a big challenging due to the bosonic nature of photons. Herein, we propose a ferroelectric field-controlled photonic computing based on the heterostructure of ferroelectric/van der Waals semiconductor. The strong and tunable electrostatic coupling of ferroelectric (PMN-PT) with monolayer WS2 results in a multi-level (24 bits) photoluminescence (PL) output. Furthermore, combining device modeling with experiments, we find that the multi-level PL output is because of the regulation of ferroelectric polarization on the net recombination rate of WS2. The ferroelectric field-controlled multi-level PL output enables us to design an optical arithmetic operation in the PMN-PT/WS2 heterostructure, which provides an attractive solution for photonic information computing.
Delayed detached eddy simulation-based aerothermoelastic analysis of deployable control fin in supersonic and hypersonic flows
Authors: Thawait Amit Kumar , Tandaiya Parag , Jain Prakash C. , Chandy Abhilash J.
Published: September 2023

In the present work, nonlinear aerothermoelastic characteristics of a deployable control fin subjected to high supersonic and hypersonic flow are investigated. The delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES)-based computational fluid dynamics solver is strongly coupled to the finite element method-based structural dynamics and thermoelastic solver to perform coupled fluid-thermal-structural interaction analysis. A shear stress transport (SST) k−ω based DDES model is used for turbulence modeling, whereas the advection upstream splitting method scheme is used for flux calculation, and for dynamic meshing, a diffusion-based smoothing method is used. To solve the governing nonlinear structural dynamics equations of motion in the time domain, the Hilber–Hughes–Taylor (HHT)-α method is used with the Newton–Raphson linearization technique. Profile preserving and conservative mapping-based interfacing modules are used to couple the different solvers. For the validation of the methodology, two experimental test cases are considered, and the computations are in very good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of Mach number, angle of attack, and joint freeplay on the fin's structural and aerodynamic characteristics are investigated and presented. The results show a complex flow behavior over the fin including several separation and attachment zones because of the deployable joint arrangement. It is also observed that the temperature due to the severe aerodynamic heating effect is very high at the leading edge and increasing thickness zones at the joint. With increasing joint freeplay, the amplitude of the deformation response increases, indicating increased dynamic instability.
Synchronization onset for contrarians with higher-order interactions in multilayer systems
Authors: Rathore Vasundhara , Suman Ayushi , Jalan Sarika
Published: September 2023

We investigate the impact of contrarians (via negative coupling) in multilayer networks of phase oscillators having higher-order interactions. We report that the multilayer framework facilitates synchronization onset in the negative pairwise coupling regime. The multilayering strength governs the onset of synchronization and the nature of the phase transition, whereas the higher-order interactions dictate the backward critical coupling. Specifically, the system does not synchronize below a critical value of the multilayering strength. The analytical calculations using the mean-field Ott–Antonsen approach agree with the simulations. The results presented here may be useful for understanding emergent behaviors in real-world complex systems with contrarians and higher-order interactions, such as the brain and social system.
Analysis of an accident of abnormal increase in pole bus differential current caused by DC line faults
Authors: Hu Xingyang , Li Hengxuan , Yao Qixin , Chen Kun , Zhang Longen , Zhang Kanjun
Published: September 2023

This paper analyzes an accident of abnormal increase of pole bus differential current and pole differential current of a converter station caused by line fault of a ±800 kV extra high-voltage direct current transmission project. After a lightning strike caused a short circuit and grounding of the DC line, the sudden voltage change protection of the DC line was triggered and the DC full voltage restart was successful. The pole bus differential current and pole differential current of the converter station have reached the protection set but have not reached the protection delay set; therefore, the differential protection has not acted. This paper first introduces the configuration principles of pole differential protection, pole bus differential protection, and line voltage sudden change protection for extra-high voltage converter stations. Second, the operation of the DC protection under this fault was analyzed in detail, and the reasons for the occurrence of pole bus differential current and pole differential current were also analyzed in this paper. Then, the range of equipment that caused the abnormal increase in differential current was identified. Finally, the lightning strike model was built on the real-time digital system, and the fault was simulated and replicated. It was determined that the abnormal increase in differential current was caused by the discharge of the pole bus surge arrester caused by the second lightning strike on the DC line.
Electro-elastic migration of particles in viscoelastic fluid flows
Authors: Li Di , Xuan Xiangchun
Published: September 2023

Microfluidic manipulation of particles usually relies on their cross-stream migration. A center- or wall-directed motion has been reported for particles leading or lagging the Poiseuille flow of viscoelastic polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution via positive or negative electrophoresis. Such electro-elastic migration is exactly opposite to the electro-inertial migration of particles in a Newtonian fluid flow. We demonstrate here through the top- and side-view imaging that the leading and lagging particles in the electro-hydrodynamic flow of PEO solution migrate toward the centerline and corners of a rectangular microchannel, respectively. Each of these electro-elastic particle migrations is reduced in the PEO solution with shorter polymers though neither of them exhibits a strong dependence on the particle size. Both phenomena can be reasonably explained by the theory in terms of the ratios of the forces involved in the process. Decreasing the PEO concentration causes the particle migration to shift from the viscoelastic mode to the Newtonian mode, for which the magnitude of the imposed electric field is found to play an important role.
On the Child–Langmuir law in one, two, and three dimensions
Authors: Lau Y. Y. , Li Dion , Chernin David P.
Published: September 2023

We consider the limiting current from an emitting patch whose size is much smaller than the anode–cathode spacing. The limiting current is formulated in terms of an integral equation. It is solved iteratively, first to numerically recover the classical one-dimensional Child–Langmuir law, including Jaffe's extension to a constant, nonzero electron emission velocity. We extend to two-dimensions in which electron emission is restricted to an infinitely long stripe with infinitesimally narrow stripe width so that the emitted electrons form an electron sheet. We next extend to three-dimensions in which electron emission is restricted to a square tile (or a circular patch) with an infinitesimally small tile size (or patch radius) so that the emitted electrons form a needlelike line charge. Surprisingly, for the electron needle problem, we only find the null solution for the total line charge current, regardless of the assumed initial electron velocity. For the electron sheet problem, we also find only the null solution for the total sheet current if the electron emission velocity is assumed to be zero, and the total maximum sheet current becomes a finite, nonzero value if the electron emission velocity is assumed to be nonzero. These seemingly paradoxical results are shown to be consistent with the earlier works of the Child–Langmuir law of higher dimensions. They are also consistent with, or perhaps even anticipated by, the more recent theories and simulations on thermionic cathodes that used realistic work function distributions to account for patchy, non-uniform electron emission. The mathematical subtleties are discussed.
Influence of lightweight material on tip flow of a transonic centrifugal impeller based on bidirectional fluid-structure coupling
Authors: Li Huanjun , Zhang Yimin
Published: September 2023

The energy consumption and stability of centrifugal impellers can be effectively improved by using a lightweight material. Tip flow is the main factor affecting energy consumption and operational stability of centrifugal impellers. In this study, the mechanism underlying the influence of material weight on the flow in the tip region of a centrifugal impeller was explored. First, a numerical model of a bidirectional fluid-structure coupling was established and validated. Then, a comparative analysis was conducted on the vibration deformation of 17-4PH, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, and epoxy carbon UD (CFP) impellers under extreme stall conditions. Finally, the changing trends of shock wave structure, leakage flow, and secondary flow in the tip region of these four kinds of impellers were compared and analyzed. The results show that tip clearance decreases gradually with decreasing impeller material density. By comparing with a stainless-steel impeller, the tip clearance of a CFP impeller decreased by 53% at most, and the total displacement decreased by nearly 100% (except in the case of resonance). The shock wave of the CFP impeller can be characterized by fast detachment, fast dissipation, and minimal countercurrent. The leakage flow of the CFP impeller was uniform, the leakage vortex moved forward slowly, the volume of the vortex was small, and the flow velocity on the blade surface was also small. With decreasing impeller density, the influence of the secondary flow on the main flow gradually weakened. These results lay a theoretical foundation for optimizing the structural and aerodynamic design of centrifugal impellers.
Power Lambert uniform distribution: Statistical properties, actuarial measures, regression analysis, and applications
Authors: Gemeay Ahmed M. , Karakaya Kadir , Bakr M. E. , Balogun Oluwafemi Samson , Atchadé Mintodê Nicodème , Hussam Eslam
Published: September 2023

Here, we present a new bounded distribution known as the power Lambert uniform distribution, and we deduce some of its statistical properties such as quantile function, moments, incomplete moments, mean residual life and mean inactivity time, Lorenz, Bonferroni, and Zenga curves, and order statistics. We presented different shapes of the probability density function and the hazard function of the proposed model. Eleven traditional methods are used to estimate its parameters. The behavior of these estimators is investigated using simulation results. Some actuarial measures are derived mathematically for our proposed model. Some numerical computations for these actuarial measures are given for some choices of parameters and significance levels. A new quantile regression model is constructed based on the new unit distribution. The maximum likelihood estimation method is used to estimate the unknown parameters of the regression model. Furthermore, the usability of the new distribution and regression models is demonstrated with the COVID-19 and educational datasets, respectively.
Modified XLindley distribution: Properties, estimation, and applications
Authors: Gemeay Ahmed M. , Beghriche Abdelfateh , Sapkota Laxmi Prasad , Zeghdoudi Halim , Makumi Nicholas , Bakr M. E. , Balogun Oluwafemi Samson
Published: September 2023

This article aims to introduce the inverse new XLindley distribution, a further extension of the new XLindley distribution. The article explores various properties of the proposed model, such as the quantile function, stochastic orders, entropies, fuzzy reliability, moments, and stress–strength estimation. The paper also compares different methods of estimating the parameters of the proposed model and evaluates their performance using a simulation study. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed model by applying it to two real datasets. The article shows that the proposed model fits the data better than seven existing models based on model selection criteria, goodness-of-fit test statistics, and graphical visualizations. The paper concludes that the new model can be a valuable tool for modeling and analyzing hazard functions or survival data in various fields and contributing to probability theory and statistical inferences.
Respiration-driven methanotrophic growth of diverse marine methanogens
Authors: Yan Zhen , Du Kaifeng , Yan Yunfeng , Huang Rui , Zhu Fanping , Yuan Xianzheng , Wang Shuguang , Ferry James G.
Published: September 2023

Anaerobic marine environments are the third largest producer of the greenhouse gas methane. The release to the atmosphere is prevented by anaerobic ‘methanotrophic archaea (ANME) dependent on a symbiotic association with sulfate-reducing bacteria or direct reduction of metal oxides. Metagenomic analyses of ANME are consistent with a reverse methanogenesis pathway, although no wild-type isolates have been available for validation and biochemical investigation. Herein is reported the characterization of methanotrophic growth for the diverse marine methanogens
Methanosarcina acetivorans
C2A and
Methanococcoides orientis
sp. nov. Growth was dependent on reduction of either ferrihydrite or humic acids revealing a respiratory mode of energy conservation. Acetate and/or formate were end products. Reversal of the well-characterized methanogenic pathways is remarkably like the consensus pathways for uncultured ANME based on extensive metagenomic analyses.
Photoswitching alters fluorescence readout of jGCaMP8 Ca
2+
indicators tethered to Orai1 channels
Authors: Dynes Joseph L. , Yeromin Andriy V. , Cahalan Michael D.
Published: September 2023

We used electrophysiology and Ca
2+
channel tethering to evaluate the performance of jGCaMP8 genetically encoded Ca
2+
indicators (GECIs). Orai1 Ca
2+
channel–jGCaMP8 fusions were transfected into HEK 293A cells and jGCaMP8 fluorescence responses recorded by simultaneous total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. Noninactivating currents from the Orai1 Y80E mutant provided a steady flux of Ca
2+
controlled on a millisecond time scale by step changes in membrane potential. Test pulses to −100 mV produced Orai1 Y80E-jGCaMP8f fluorescence traces that unexpectedly declined by ~50% over 100 ms before reaching a stable plateau. Testing of Orai1-jGCaMP8f using unroofed cells further demonstrated that rapid and partial fluorescence inactivation is a property of the indicator itself, rather than channel function. Photoinactivation spontaneously recovered over 5 min in the dark, and recovery was accelerated in the absence of Ca
2+
. Mutational analysis of residues near the tripeptide fluorophore of jGCaMP8f pointed to a mechanism: Q69M/C70V greatly increased (~90%) photoinactivation, reminiscent of fluorescent protein fluorophore cis-trans photoswitching. Indeed, 405-nm illumination of jGCaMP8f or 8m/8s/6f led to immediate photorecovery, and simultaneous illumination with 405 and 488-nm light blocked photoinactivation. Subsequent mutagenesis produced a variant, V203Y, that lacks photoinactivation but largely preserves the desirable properties of jGCaMP8f. Our results point to caution in interpreting rapidly changing Ca
2+
signals using jGCaMP8 and earlier series GECIs, suggest strategies to avoid photoswitching, and serve as a starting point to produce more photostable, and thus more accurate, GECI derivatives.
Recovering the susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria using photooxidative damage
Authors: Soares Jennifer M. , Yakovlev Vladislav V. , Blanco Kate C. , Bagnato Vanderlei S.
Published: September 2023

Multidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the most serious threats to infection control. Few new antibiotics have been developed; however, the lack of an effective new mechanism of their action has worsened the situation. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) can break antimicrobial resistance, since it potentiates the effect of antibiotics, and induces oxidative stress in microorganisms through the interaction of light with a photosensitizer. This paper addresses the application of PDI for increasing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and helping in bacterial persistence and virulence. The effect of photodynamic action on resistant bacteria collected from patients and bacteria cells with induced resistance in the laboratory was investigated.
Staphylococcus aureus
resistance breakdown levels for each antibiotic (amoxicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin) from the photodynamic effect (10 µM curcumin, 10 J/cm
2
) and its maintenance in descendant microorganisms were demonstrated within five cycles after PDI application. PDI showed an innovative feature for modifying the degree of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics according to dosages, thus reducing resistance and persistence of microorganisms from standard and clinical strains. We hypothesize a reduction in the degree of antimicrobial resistance through photooxidative action combats antibiotic failures.
Numerical calculations of high temperature superconductors with the J-A formulation
Authors: Wang Sijian , Yong Huadong , Zhou Youhe
Published: September 2023

One of the main challenges in superconductivity modeling stems from the strong nonlinearity of the E-J power law relationship. To overcome this difficulty, various numerical models have been developed by the superconductivity community, such as the H formulation and the T-A formulation. These models are implemented based on different state variables in Maxwell’s equations and have the advantage of efficiency and versatility. In this study, a finite element model based on the J-A formulation is further developed to enhance its accuracy and versatility. The discontinuous Lagrange shape function is employed in the J formulation to stabilize the numerical results. Meanwhile, the Lagrange multiplier method is applied to impose the transport current on the superconductors. In terms of applications, the J-A formulation can efficiently simulate the electromagnetic responses not only of superconducting films but also of superconducting bulks. Moreover, homogeneous and multi-scale strategies are introduced to simplify the model and reduce the computation cost, allowing efficient simulation of large-scale HTS systems. Finally, the three-dimensional (3D) J-A formulation is proposed to incorporate the 3D structure of HTS systems, examples including the CORC cables as well as the racetrack coils. These results reveal that the J-A formulation is an efficient and versatile numerical method for calculating the electromagnetic behavior of high temperature superconductors.
Rapid Imaging Planetary Spectrograph
Authors: Lierle Patrick , Schmidt Carl , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Moore Luke , Lovett Emma
Published: September 2023

The Rapid Imaging Planetary Spectrograph (RIPS) was designed as a long-slit high-resolution spectrograph for the specific application of studying atmospheres of spatially extended solar system bodies. With heritage in terrestrial airglow instruments, RIPS uses an echelle grating and order-sorting filter to obtain optical spectra at resolving powers of up to R ∼ 127,000. An ultra-narrowband image from the reflective slit jaws is captured concurrently with each spectrum on the same electron-multiplying charge-coupled device detector. The “rapid” portion of RIPS’s moniker stems from its ability to capture high frame rate data streams, which enables the established technique known as “lucky imaging” to be extended to spatially resolved spectroscopy. Resonantly scattered emission lines of alkali metals, in particular, are sufficiently bright to be measured within short integration times. RIPS has mapped the distributions of Na and K emissions in Mercury’s tenuous exosphere, which exhibits dynamic behavior coupled with the planet’s plasma and meteoroid environment. An important application is daylight observation of Mercury with solar telescopes, as the synoptic context of the exosphere’s distribution comprises valuable ground-based support for the upcoming BepiColombo orbital mission. As a conventional long-slit spectrograph, RIPS has targeted the Moon’s surface-bound exosphere, where structures in line width and brightness are observed as a function of tangent altitude. At the Galilean moons, RIPS can study the plasma interaction with Io and place new constraints on the sputtered atmosphere of Europa, which in turn provides insight into the salinity of Europa’s subsurface ocean. The instrumental design and construction are described herein, and these astronomical observations are presented to illustrate the performance of RIPS as a visiting instrument at three different telescope facilities.
Quantum correlation swapping between qutrit states
Authors: Xie Chuanmei , Zhang Zhanjun , Chen Jianlan , Yin Xiaofeng , Sun Jin
Published: September 2023

In this study, the qubit quantum correlation swapping (QCS) is generalized to the qutrit case. To be concrete, two qutrit Werner states are taken as the research objects and the complete set of qutrit Bell states are utilized as the intermediate two-qutrit measure to implement QCS. The popular quantum correlation measure, i.e. quantum discord (Ollivier and Zurek 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett.
88 017901), is employed to characterize and quantify quantum correlations in the concerned states. The properties of the variance and threshold of quantum correlations occurring in the swapping process are revealed, and two distinct QCS phenomena are thus observed. Moreover, it is found that the maximal amount of quantum correlations in the final state can not exceed the minimal one of these in the initial states.
Corrigendum to “Reactive oxygen species in plasma against E. coli cells survival rate”
Authors: Zhou 周 Renwu 仁武 , Zhang 张 Xianhui 先徽 , Zong 宗 Zichao 子超 , Li 李 Junxiong 俊雄 , Yang 杨 Zhoubin 周斌 , Liu 刘 Dongping 东平 , Yang 杨 Size 思泽
Published: September 2023

Recently, we found some errors in Fig. 3 of the article Chin. Phys. B
24 085201 (2015). Upon a thorough examination of the raw data materials, we confirm that the image error did not impact any of the findings and conclusions of the paper. Based on this, we have made corrections to the original article.
Research on the Multi-probability of a Nuclear Reactor Core Digital Twins in the HeTu platform
Authors: Li Wenhuai , Cai Jiejin , Li Hansheng , Hu Shuowen , Ding Peng
Published: September 2023

Digital twin (DT) technology plays a fundamental role in innovation in the energy field. At present, research of nuclear reactor DT is mainly focused on methodologies of multi-disciplinary, multi-physical, and multi-scale coupling simulation. However, the lack of research on multi-probability seems to limit the DT application. Multi-probabilities are widely found in reactor operation, such as process measurement uncertainty, equipment degradation uncertainty, theoretical model uncertainty, and so on. How to realize the DT of the reactor system based on the multi-probability principle to achieve the real-time operation state and the remaining useful life estimation, and to realize the autonomous operation control under the uncertainties, are the current hotspot and difficult issues. The solutions of a reactor core DT platform HeTu are discussed in this paper for probability estimation and probability control based on probability programming methodologies. The results show that Bayesian estimation and model prediction control methods proposed in HeTu could obtain satisfactory results for practical application.
Study and management of flow and concentration field problems in 600 MW SCR unit
Authors: Zhao Rui , Zhang Yanan , Wang Zhekun , Xiao Han
Published: September 2023

With the increasingly stringent national requirements for environmental protection, the control of pollutants in coal-fired power plants has been gradually strengthened. In order to meet the NOx emission standard, some coal-fired units achieve ultra-low emissions by excessive ammonia injection, which seriously affects the unit operation economy. This paper takes the SCR denitrification unit of a 600 MW coal-fired unit with a Π-type furnace in China as the research object and studies the distribution of flow and concentration fields inside the unit under a 60% load section by means of CFD numerical simulation. It points out the problems of flow and concentration fields at local locations under current operating conditions and proposes the rectification of the corresponding area of the inflow equipment and the idea of a zonal ammonia injection optimization method. It provides a certain reference value for the optimized management of the denitrification system of coal-fired units in the future.
Effects of the supported FeOOH on catalyzing gasification of oily sludge in supercritical water
Authors: Wang Yulong , Li Kang , Jiang Huayi , Qi Hongyuan , Duan Yuanwang
Published: September 2023

FeOOH/AC-, FeOOH/Al2O3- and FeOOH/ZnO-supported catalysts were synthesized by immersion, hydrothermal hydrolysis, and hydrothermal methods, and used for supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of oily sludge. Under the same conditions, compared to FeOOH/Al2O3 and FeOOH/ZnO, the catalytic effect of FeOOH/AC was superior. When the concentration is 5% and the loading is 10%, the hydrogen production rate with FeOOH/AC composite is the highest, which is 4.638 mmol/g, and the hydrogen gasification efficiency (HE) is 89.50%. The reaction mechanism of FeOOH composites in the SCWG was also investigated. These results indicate that FeOOH composites are potential catalysts for oily sludge treatment.