bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P.115 Association of phantogeusia with Parkinson Disease
Authors: Patel M , Mohyuddin S , Hirsch A
Published: June 2018

Background: Phantogeusia associated with Parkinson Disease has not heretofore been reported. Methods: A 59 year old right handed female presented with a four year history of a bitter, sour and sweet taste on her entire tongue and roof of her mouth, 8/10 intensity, constant, persistent, without any external stimuli. Drinking water tasted bitter and sour. The phantogeusia was unresponsive to dietary changes, gabapentine, and allergy medications. Results: Abnormalities in Neurological examination: Decreased blink frequency. Hypokinetic. Hypomimetic face. Mood appears sad. Cranial Nerve (CN) examination: CN lll, lV, Vl: Saccadization of horizontal eye movements. Motor Examination: Pill rolling tremor in right hand. 1+ cogwheel rigidity in left upper extremity. Gait: 2+ retropulsion. Chemosensory testing: Olfactory: Alcohol Sniff Test: 6 (anosmia). SNAP Phenylethyl Alcohol Threshold Testing left -2.5 (hyposmia) & right > -2.0 (anosmia). Gustatory testing: Propylthiouracil Disc Taste test: 10 (normogeusia). Taste Testing Threshold: normogeusia to NaCl, Sucrose, HCl, Urea, and PTC. Other: DOPAPET: positive for Parkinson disease. Upper endoscopy: normal. Conclusions: Investigation for the presence of parkinsonian features in those with phantogeusia is warranted and chemosensory dysfunction including phantogeusia in those who presents with Parkinson’s disease is worthy of exploration.
P.120 Conflict of interest in neurosurgery: an analysis of disclosure policies in neurosurgical journals
Authors: de Lotbiniere-Bassett MP , McDonald PJ , Riva-Cambrin J
Published: June 2018

Background: Industry funding of neurosurgery research is on the rise and this creates a conflict of interest (COI) with the potential to bias results. The reporting and handling of COI is impacted by the variation in policies and definitions between journals. In this study we sought to evaluate the prevalence and comprehensiveness of COI policies amongst leading neurosurgical journals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of publicly available online disclosure policies in the 20 highest-ranking neurosurgical journals, as determined by Google Scholar Metrics, in July of 2016. Results: Eighteen (89.5%) of the top neurosurgical journals included COI policy statements. Ten journals requested declaration of non-financial conflicts, while two journals defined a time period of interest for conflicts. Sixteen journals required declaration from the corresponding author, 13 from all authors, six from reviewers and five from editors. Five journals included COI declaration verification, management or enforcement. Journals with more comprehensive COI policies were significantly more likely to have higher h5-indices (p=0.003) and higher impact factors (p=0.01). Conclusions: In 2016, the majority of high-impact neurosurgical journals had publicly available COI disclosure policies. Policies varied substantially across neurosurgical journals; but COI comprehensiveness was associated with impact factor and h5-index. More comprehensive and consistent COI policies will facilitate increased transparency in neurosurgery research.
P.139 Fixation of Type II Odontoid fractures with anterior single screw
Authors: Seleem AM , Sayed NM
Published: June 2018

Background: More than 60% of spinal injuries affect the cervical spine,and approximately 20% of all cervical spine injuries involve the axis.The most common axis injury is odontoid fracture.The management of odontoid fractures became less controversial than before. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients(25 males and 5 females)who underwent anterior single screw fixation for recent Type II odontoid fractures at King Fahd Hospital,Al-Madina Al-Munawarah,in Saudi Arabia(SA) between January 2004 and December 2007 were included in this study.Data including clinical examination,imaging studies and operative technique were used to analyze the results of this surgical technique. Results: Single screw for fixation of type II odontoid fracture was found easier and simpler than double screws with the same advantages.This method resulted in immediate spinal stability and preserves normal rotation at C1–2 in all patients.Radiological evidence of bone union achieved in 22 patients(73% of cases);and nonunion in 8 patients(27% of cases).Complications related to surgical procedure and hardware failure were recorded in 4 patients(13% of cases). Conclusions: Direct anterior single screw fixation is an effective,simple,and safe method for treating type II odontoid fractures.It is associated with rapid patient mobilization,minimal postoperative pain,and shorter hospital stay.By this technique,the required anatomical and functional outcome can be obtained through immediate stability of the axis,preserves C1–2 rotatory motion,and achieved high union rate.
GP.03 Immune deficiencies/dysregulations underpinning childhood limbic encephalitis: a case series and literature review
Authors: Alawadhi A , Wilson N , Alizadehfar R , Sebire G
Published: June 2018

Background: Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare autoimmune syndrome affecting limbic system structures and causing variety of manifestations including memory changes, temporal epilepsies, and psychiatric symptoms. It is a rare disease in children but with a well-recognizable combination of clinical, neuroimaging and/or histological signature. Beyond the association with anti-neuronal auto-antibodies, no clear immune system phenotype has been associated with limbic encephalitis. Our aim is to characterize the clinical and paraclinical features of non-paraneoplasic limbic encephalitis and to correlate them with potential underlying immune deficiencies. Methods: Retrospective case series of seven patients with limbic encephalitis recruited at the Montreal Children’s Hospital (MCH) with a focus on the immune- and neuro-phenotypes, including anti-neuronal antibodies, lymphocyte sub-typing, key markers of immunoglobulin and complement systems. Literature review showed 77 cases of non-paraneoplastic non-NMDA limbic encephalitis. Results: Symptoms included temporal epilepsy (n=5), psychiatric symptoms such as ADHD or autistic symptoms (n=2), and memory changes (n=3). One patient was positive for both voltage gated potassium channel antibodies (VGKC) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO) and two were positive only for anti TPO antibodies. One patient showed low CD19, and immunoglobulins. Three patients showed chronic low CD56 cell count. Conclusions: The study is still ongoing, but at least 3 patients already display some traits of immune dysregulation.
A.05 Association between timing of direct enteral tube placement and outcomes after acute stroke
Authors: Joundi RA , Saposnik G , Martino R , Fang J , Kapral MK
Published: June 2018

Background: The relationship between timing of direct enteral feeding tube (DET; gastrostomy/jejunostomy) placement and outcomes after stroke is unknown. Methods: We used the Ontario Stroke Registry and linked administrative databases to identify patients with acute stroke between 2003-2013 who received DET during hospital admission. We used multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models to determine the association between time from admission to DET placement and outcomes of severe disability at discharge (modified Rankin Scale score 4-5) and 30-day mortality after DET placement, adjusting for age, sex, co-morbidities, stroke type, stroke severity, intensive care or stroke unit admission, palliation, and hospital type. Results: 1,342 patients met our inclusion criteria. There was a lower hazard of 30-day mortality for each week in delay to DET placement (adjusted HR 0.89, 95%CI 0.80 to 0.99), but higher odds of severe disability (adjusted OR 1.36, 95%CI 1.14 to 1.62). Patients with DET placement within 1 week had the highest 30-day mortality compared to subsequent weeks (adjusted HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.05 to 2.4). Conclusions: Delayed DET placement after stroke is associated with lower 30-day mortality but greater disability. Thirty-day mortality was highest in those who received DET within 1 week of admission. These associations may inform decisions regarding timing of DET placement after stroke.
B.02 Recessive mutations in ATP8A2 cause severe hypotonia, cognitive impairment, hyperkinetic movement disorders and progressive optic atrophy
Authors: McMillan HJ , Telegrafi A , Singleton A , Cho M , Lelli D , Lynn FC , Griffin J , Asamoah A , Rinne T , Erasmus CE , Koolen DA , Haaxma CA , Keren B , Doummar D , Mignot C , Thompson I , Velsher L , Dehghani M , Vahidi Mehrjardi M , Maroofian R , Tchan M , Simons C , Christodoulou J , Martín-Hernández E , Guillen Sacoto MJ , Henderson LB , McLaughlin H , Molday LL , Molday RS , Yoon G
Published: June 2018

Background:ATP8A2 mutations have only recently been associated with human disease. We present the clinical features from the largest cohort of patients with this disorder reported to date. Methods: An observational study of 9 unreported and 2 previously reported patients with biallelic ATP8A2 mutations was carried out at multiple centres. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 9.4 years old (range: 2.5-28 yrs). All patients demonstrated developmental delay, severe hypotonia and movement disorders: chorea/choreoathetosis (100%), dystonia (27%) or facial dyskinesia (18%). Hypotonia was apparent at birth (70%) or before 6 months old (100%). Optic atrophy was observed in 75% of patients who had a funduscopic examination. MRI of the brain was normal for most patients with a small proportion showing mild cortical atrophy (30%), delayed myelination (20%) and/or hypoplastic optic nerves (20%). Epilepsy was seen in two older patients. Conclusions:ATP8A2 gene mutations have emerged as a cause of a novel phenotype characterized by developmental delay, severe hypotonia and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Optic atrophy is common and may only become apparent in the first few years of life, necessitating repeat ophthalmologic evaluation. Early recognition of the cardinal features of this condition will facilitate diagnosis of this disorder.
Understanding the effect of ultraviolet light intensity on disinfection performance through the use of ultraviolet measurements and simulation
Authors: Tande Brian M. , Pringle Todd A. , Rutala William A. , Gergen Maria F. , Weber David J.
Published: June 2018

We measured the disinfection of MRSA and Clostridium difficile spores using an ultraviolet C (UV-C) device, and we correlated those results to measurements and computer simulations of UV-C surface intensity. The results demonstrate both large differences in UV light intensity across various surfaces and how this leads to significant differences in disinfection.
Building Capacity for Global Tobacco Treatment: International Frontline Provider Perspectives
Authors: Gomide Henrique P. , Richter Kimber P. , Cruvinel Erica , Martins Leonardo Fernandes ,   The International Relations Committee of ATTUD
Published: June 2018

Introduction: Many countries are enacting tobacco treatment training, guidelines and policies in order to fulfil Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) treaty agreements. This study tapped the perspectives of international treatment providers to identify challenges and recommendations for improvement.

Methods: The cross-sectional survey included closed- and open-ended items. Distribution included professional listservs (ATTUD; Global Bridges; ENSH Global) and word-of-mouth. The survey collected data using an open-source platform (Enketo Smart Paper/Ona). We used R for quantitative analysis and Google Sheets to categorize open-ended responses.

Results: There were 155 respondents from 49 countries. Most (78.6%) provided direct services. Almost half (48.1%) reported receiving less than 6 hours of tobacco treatment training; respondents from low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) received significantly less training (Fisher's p < 0.014). Likewise, among all respondents, 43% rated poor access to treatment; this rose to 100% among LMICs (Fisher's p < 0.001). To improve treatment and training, respondents suggested increasing government funding for pharmacotherapy and behavioural services; providing training in local languages and in the treatment of smokeless tobacco forms; trainee certification and access to online support for providers.

Conclusions: Globally, half of front-line treatment providers reported having poor access to training; this was true for all providers in LMICs and most in upper middle-income countries. Existing online trainings, available mainly in English, could be migrated to open-access formats to permit countries to tailor them to their local needs and languages. Countries in geographical proximity or historical linguistic/political alliances could forge cross-country mentoring relationships and mutual support for training.
SALT HRS Discovery of the Binary Nucleus of the Etched Hourglass Nebula MyCn 18
Authors: Miszalski Brent , Manick Rajeev , Mikołajewska Joanna , Van Winckel Hans , Iłkiewicz Krystian
Published: June 2018

The shaping of various morphological features of planetary nebulae is increasingly linked to the role of binary central stars. Identifying a binary within a planetary nebula offers a powerful tool with which to directly investigate the formation mechanisms behind these features. The Etched Hourglass Nebula, MyCn 18, is the archetype for several binary-linked morphological features, yet it has no identified binary nucleus. It has the fastest jets seen in a planetary nebula of 630 km s−1, a central star position offset from the nebula centre, and a bipolar nebula with a very narrow waist. Here we report on the Southern African Large Telescope High Resolution Spectrograph detection of radial velocity variability in the nucleus of MyCn 18 with an orbital period of 18.15 ± 0.04 d and a semi-amplitude of 11.0 ± 0.3 km s−1. Adopting an orbital inclination of 38 ± 5° and a primary mass of 0.6 ± 0.1 M⊙ yields a secondary mass of 0.19 ± 0.05 M⊙ corresponding to an M5V companion. The detached nature of the binary rules out a classical nova as the origin of the jets and the offset central star as hypothesised in the literature. Furthermore, scenarios that produce the offset central star during the AGB and that form narrow waist bipolar nebulae result in orbital separations 80–800 times larger than observed in MyCn 18. The inner hourglass and jets may have formed from part of the common envelope ejecta that remained bound to the binary system in a circumbinary disk, whereas the offset central star position may best be explained by proper motion. Detailed simulations of MyCn 18 are encouraged that are compatible with the binary nucleus to further investigate its complex formation history.
Greater Dietary Inflammatory Index score is associated with higher likelihood of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Shivappa Nitin , Wirth Michael D. , Hebert James R. , Kengne Andre P.
Published: June 2018

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described as a progressive alteration of kidney function, resulting from multiple factors, including behaviours. We investigated the association of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) with prevalent CKD in adult Americans. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants with measured data on kidney function markers from 2005 to 2012 were included in this study. Prevalent CKD was based on an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min per 1·73 m2or urinary albumin/creatinine≥30 mg/g. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DIITM) scores were calculated from 24-h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. We included 21 649 participants, with 1634 (6·8 %) having prevalent CKD. Participants with high E-DII scores had greater BMI, fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure, and were more likely to be diabetic or hypertensive (allP<0·001) compared with those with lower E-DII scores. In regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, BMI, hypertension and diabetes status, mean eGFR significantly decreased across increasing quartiles of E-DII, whereas serum uric acid level and log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio significantly increased (allP<0·001). Prevalent CKD increased from 5·3 % in the lowest to 9·3 % in the highest E-DII quartile (P=0·02). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, the odds of prevalent CKD were 29 % higher in the highest compared with the lowest E-DII quartile. Pro-inflammatory diet is associated with declining kidney function and high prevalence of CKD. Dietary changes that reduce inflammation have a potential to prevent CKD.
Use of an electronic malnutrition screening tool in a hospital setting: effects on knowledge, attitudes and perceived practices of healthcare staff
Authors: Eglseer Doris , Halfens Ruud J. G. , Lohrmann Christa
Published: June 2018

Malnutrition risk screening is essential for the adequate identification and treatment of malnourished hospitalised patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the use of an electronic malnutrition screening tool on the knowledge, attitudes and perceived practices (KAP) of a pool of nurses, nurses’ aides and physicians. A controlled study using a pre-test–post-test design was carried out in two Austrian hospitals. The hospital that was assigned to the intervention group used the Graz malnutrition screening tool. The hospital that was assigned to the control group received no intervention. To collect data, a questionnaire was filled out by the study participants at baseline (T0) and 1 month after the implementation (T1) to assess KAP. All data were analysed using descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Student’s t tests. A total of 269 nurses, nurses’ aides and physicians participated in the study and completed the questionnaires at T0, and 190 people at T1. The sum score for the KAP questionnaire changed significantly after the implementation of the malnutrition screening tool in the intervention group (P<0·001), but not in the control group. The use of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool effectively improved the KAP of healthcare staff. The KAP described here are essential for providing successful nutritional care in malnourished patients, and improving these factors may result in improved patient outcomes. To attain these outcomes, stakeholders, as well as members of all professions involved in multidisciplinary nutritional care, must invest significant efforts.
Guns or Money? Defense Co-operation and Bilateral Lending as Coevolving Networks
Authors: Kinne Brandon J , Bunte Jonas B.
Published: June 2018

How are defense co-operation and economic co-operation related? To answer this question, this article analyzes the coevolution of defense co-operation agreements (DCAs) and government-to-government loans. It argues that governments pursue two distinct sets of interests. At thebilateral level,governments use issue linkages and side payments to encourage spillover from defense co-operation to economic co-operation, and vice versa. That is, governments’ bilateral interests in DCAs and loans are largely complementary. However, at thenetwork level,interests may diverge. Specifically, governments use DCAs to build clubs of like-minded defense collaborators or ‘security communities’, while they use loans to impose asymmetric forms of political authority or ‘hierarchies’. In some contexts, these network-level interests are, like bilateral interests, complementary. For example, defense partners rely on loans to co-ordinate their foreign policies and better respond to security threats, and debtors rely on lending patterns to identify suitable defense partners. In other cases, however, these interests strongly conflict. For example, governments that are highly active in the loan network are especially likely to rely on asymmetric exercises of political authority, which is incompatible with the network-level goal of using DCAs to establish communities of defense collaborators. Similarly, governments that are highly active in the DCA network are, due to their complex multilateral political commitments, less vulnerable to the asymmetric influences that loans enable. To empirically test these claims, the study develops a longitudinal model of multiplex network coevolution. Overall, the results show that while economic and defense co-operation often reinforce one another, they sometimes conflict in unexpected ways.
The Potter's Field
Authors: Denyer Willis Graham
Published: June 2018

I unpack the “potter's field” as an everyday practice and a category, especially as it operates in the material treatment of bodies as a mirror of life. I examine this space of “worthlessness” as it exists in liberal capitalism. From the potter's fields of São Paulo, Brazil, I consider how these are, in fact, mundane mass graves, made politically useful as a means to obscure important bodies alongside those who are, today, the subjects of terror. I then ask how the rise of the uncertified potter's field—a burial field for disposable bodies, not made legal by the state—is inseparable from recent historical and contemporary conditions of political abandonment. The uncertified field is made easy by a politics of abandonment, and becomes useful to state institutions as a material invocation of responsibility, interred elsewhere, while nonetheless advancing a larger logic of governance and political will in our times.
“Hail the Census Night”: Trust and Political Imagination in the 1960 Population Census of Ghana
Authors: Serra Gerardo
Published: June 2018

The article uses the first population census of postcolonial Ghana to analyze the relationship between statistics and the process of imagining the nation-state. In contrast with much historical and sociological literature, which conceptualizes the relationship between census-taking and state formation in terms of identification, classification, and quantification, the departure point of this analysis is the importance of gaining the trust of the counted subjects. In Ghana, where the possibility of obtaining accurate population returns had been severely hindered by people's distrust in the state, the 1960 population census saw the organization of a capillary education campaign in schools and in the press. By dissecting the iconographies emerging from the Census Education and Enlightenment Campaign, the article makes three contributions. First, it shows that understanding the concrete ways in which statistics inform political imagination requires an expansion of the field of observation beyond the statistical machinery and other “centers of calculation.” Second, complementing James Ferguson's understanding of “development discourse” as an “anti-politics machine,” it is argued that the possibility of making the people of Ghana “census minded” depended on the construction of a much richer set of inherently political representations about the nature of the postcolonial state. Finally, it shows the importance of critically interrogating the political implications acquired by the reception of global statistical practices. It does so by documenting the multiple ways in which the international standards promoted by the United Nations became entwined with the transformation of Ghanaian politics through the mobilization of children and press propaganda.
From conversation to connection: a cross-case analysis of life-story work with five couples where one partner has semantic dementia
Authors: Kindell Jackie , Wilkinson Ray , Keady John
Published: June 2018

Semantic dementia causes progressive communication difficulties that significantly impact on the person and their family. There is a paucity of research examining conversation skills in this condition and associated interventions to support interaction, such as life-story work. This study used a multiple case study design to: (a) explore the everyday conversation experiences of five individuals with semantic dementia and their spouses; and (b) examine how intervention using interaction-focused life-story work could support communication needs. A total of 74 home visits were conducted over a longitudinal period. An innovative combination of conversation analysis of video and audio data alongside biographical interviewing was used. Information derived from these strands was utilised to design an individually tailored life-story intervention. Cross-case analysis examined the contribution of life-story work to interaction and other aspects of care. Results showed that a range of challenges and skills were present within conversation. Life-story work was delivered in all cases using a variety of formats and the work could be conceptualised under various points of connection: interactional, emotional, new, practical and future. Detailed assessment was important to define aims for intervention and appropriate format(s) for life-story work for the individual concerned. Outcomes for communication in this study were not solely about supporting the telling of facts about the person's life but represented a broader focus to facilitate embodied and emotional connections. This study demonstrates that creativity within life-story work is important to foster social interaction, beyond information exchange, using both verbal and non-verbal behaviours. In addition, video data show promise for exploring in-the-moment outcomes for research and practice, particularly to capture the non-verbal dimensions of this work.
The role of the visual arts in the resilience of people living with dementia in care homes
Authors: Newman Andrew , Goulding Anna , Davenport Bruce , Windle Gill
Published: June 2018

This study responds to a gap in the literature relating to the resilience of people living with dementia in care homes. We applied an ecopsychosocial framework of resilience, theorising that sources of resilience may be personal, social and structural. Visual arts enrichment activities were examined to see how they might provide opportunities for resilience. The data used for this study were qualitative and originated from people with dementia aged between 70 and 99 years old (N = 48) living in four care homes in North East England, United Kingdom and staff/carers/family members (N = 37). The results showed that visual arts enrichment activities supported the resilience of those with dementia through creative expression, increased communication, improved self-esteem, and influenced relationships with carers and family members. It is concluded that even those with advanced dementia are capable of demonstrating resilience which can be supported by, and explored through, visual arts enrichment activities.
DISTINGUISHING THE USES, FUNCTIONS, AND PURPOSES OF CLASSIC MAYA “CHOCOLATE” CONTAINERS: NOT ALL CUPS ARE FOR DRINKING
Authors: Loughmiller-Cardinal Jennifer
Published: June 2018

Traditionally, cups have been the primary artifact through which beverage consumption has been inferred or defined, regardless of the numerous other artifacts that may be involved in beverage production, preparation, and service. Conversely, not all cup-shaped artifacts were intended to be used as drinking vessels, nor were all of them necessarily intended to contain a liquid. For the Maya Classic period (a.d.250–900) decorated cylinder vessels in particular, this paper shows that the residues of their former contents do not agree with epigraphers’ interpretations of what have been taken as self-referential statements about their contents and uses. This disparity between expectations and data indicates that we have misunderstood both the vessels and the text, and perhaps that we have failed to recognize one or more classes of vessels. The research presented here suggests that we need to rethink the generally accepted interpretation that all cylinders were drinking vessels and that those that are currently referred to as “chocolate” vessels were never used for the consumption of liquid cacao beverage. These results provide a new context for interpreting the use, function, and purpose of these vessels. Methods drawn from both the natural and social sciences are used to relate archaeological materials, residues of their ancient contents, their hieroglyphic texts, ceramic imagery(/iconography), and past behavior. This diversity of methods accentuates that combining data from all these sources constrains the interpretations of each, and shows that our initial expectations about vessels with hieroglyphic tags have been overly specific. Determining the functions and uses of these vessels is not as simple as we have been supposing, but distinctions that prove to be relevant give us access to more complex systems of cultural practice.
Gratitude, resignation and the desire for dignity: lived experience of food charity recipients and their recommendations for improvement, Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Booth Sue , Begley Andrea , Mackintosh Bruce , Kerr Deborah Anne , Jancey Jonine , Caraher Martin , Whelan Jill , Pollard Christina Mary
Published: June 2018

Objective

The present study explored recipients’ perceptions of food charity and their suggested improvements in inner-city Perth, Western Australia.

Design

In-depth interviews were conducted with charitable food service (CFS) recipients. Transcripts were thematically analysed using a phenomenological approach.

Setting

Interviews were conducted at two CFS in inner-city Perth.

Subjects

Fourteen adults.

Results

The recipients’ journeys to a reliance on CFS were varied and multifactorial, with poverty, medical issues and homelessness common. The length of time recipients had relied on food charity ranged from 8 months to over 40 years. Most were ‘grateful yet resigned’, appreciative of any food and resigned to the poor quality, monotony and their unmet individual preferences. They wanted healthier food, more variety and better quality. Accessing services was described as a ‘full-time job’ fraught with unreliable information and transport difficulties. They called for improved information and assistance with transport. ‘Eroded dignity’ resulted from being fed without any choice and queuing for food in public places, often in a volatile environment. ‘Food memories and inclusion’ reflected a desire for commensality. Recipients suggested services offer choice and promote independence, focusing on their needs both physical and social.

Conclusions

Although grateful, long-term CFS recipients described what constitutes a voluntary failure. Their service improvement recommendations can help meet their nutritional and social needs. A successful CFS provides a food service that prioritises nutritious, good-quality food and individual need, while promoting dignity and social inclusion, challenging in the current Australian context.
Does CBT for Psychosis Have an Impact on Delusions by Improving Reasoning Biases and Negative Self-Schemas?
Authors: Mehl Stephanie , Schlier Björn , Lincoln Tania M.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) builds on theoretical models that postulate reasoning biases and negative self-schemas to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, it is unclear whether CBTp induces change in delusions by improving these proposed causal mechanisms. This study reports on a mediation analysis of a CBTp effectiveness trial in which delusions were a secondary outcome. Patients with psychosis were randomized to individualized CBTp (n = 36) or a waiting list condition (WL; n = 34). Reasoning biases (jumping to conclusions, theory of mind, attribution biases) and self-schemas (implicit and explicit self-esteem; self-schemas related to different domains) were assessed pre- and post-therapy/WL. The results reveal an intervention effect on two of four measures of delusions and on implicit self-esteem. Nevertheless, the intervention effect on delusions was not mediated by implicit self-esteem. Changes in explicit self-schemas and reasoning biases did also not mediate the intervention effects on delusions. More focused interventions may be required to produce change in reasoning and self-schemas that have the potential to carry over to delusions.
Effects of Nutrient Limitations and Watershed Inputs on Community Respiration in a Deep, Tropical Lake: Comparison of Pelagic and Littoral Habitats
Authors: Weisman Alecia , Chandra Sudeep , Rejmánková Eliška , Carlson Emily
Published: June 2018

Community respiration and nutrient limitation are frequently studied in pelagic habitats; however, comparisons of these processes between littoral and pelagic habitats are less common and do not exist from mountain lake ecosystems in the tropics. Community respiration was measured in the littoral benthic and pelagic habitats of a deep, endorheic mountain lake in Guatemala. Community respiration rates were quantified using biochemical oxygen demand within a temperature controlled, dark, laboratory incubation. Community respiration was measured in the pelagic habitat in response to inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen and phosphorus, glucose, five different soils, and sewage additions and in the littoral habitat in response to inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen and phosphorus, and sewage additions. During all periods, community respiration was higher and more variable in the littoral habitat than in the pelagic habitat. The additions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen and phosphorus had no effect on community respiration, in either habitat. Glucose and four of the five soil additions from various watershed vegetation types significantly stimulated community respiration in the pelagic habitat. Sewage additions elicited the highest response in both pelagic and littoral habitats. We demonstrate that community respiration in a tropical montane lake is not limited by inorganic nitrogen or phosphorus and is not colimited by both nutrients combined. Treatments containing organic carbon and organic nutrients were significant stimulators of community respiration; therefore, organic carbon is likely limiting community respiration in Lake Atitlán.
A Century of Legacy Phosphorus Dynamics in a Large Drainage Basin
Authors: McCrackin Michelle L. , Muller‐Karulis Bärbel , Gustafsson Bo G. , Howarth Robert W. , Humborg Christoph , Svanbäck Annika , Swaney Dennis P.
Published: June 2018

There is growing evidence that the release of phosphorus (P) from “legacy” stores can frustrate efforts to reduce P loading to surface water from sources such as agriculture and human sewage. Less is known, however, about the magnitude and residence times of these legacy pools. Here we constructed a budget of net anthropogenic P inputs to the Baltic Sea drainage basin and developed a three‐parameter, two‐box model to describe the movement of anthropogenic P though temporary (mobile) and long‐term (stable) storage pools. Phosphorus entered the sea as direct coastal effluent discharge and via rapid transport and slow, legacy pathways. The model reproduced past waterborne P loads and suggested an ~30‐year residence time in the mobile pool. Between 1900 and 2013, 17 and 27 Mt P has accumulated in the mobile and stable pools, respectively. Phosphorus inputs to the sea have halved since the 1980s due to improvements in coastal sewage treatment and reductions associated with the rapid transport pathway. After decades of accumulation, the system appears to have shifted to a depletion phase; absent further reductions in net anthropogenic P input, future waterborne loads could decrease. Presently, losses from the mobile pool contribute nearly half of P loads, suggesting that it will be difficult to achieve substantial near‐term reductions. However, there is still potential to make progress toward eutrophication management goals by addressing rapid transport pathways, such as overland flow, as well as mobile stores, such as cropland with large soil‐P reserves.
A Metric for Rainfall Asymmetry in Recurving Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Deng Difei , Ritchie Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2018

Using a data set of 138 recurving tropical cyclones (TCs) from 2004 to 2015 in the western North Pacific, a new metric, Brain, is proposed, which quantifies the asymmetry in the rainfall within the TC circulation relative to its track. When Brain is positive (negative), the rainfall has a right of track (left of track) preference. Using the new metric, the rainfall asymmetry is found to be closely related to thermal structure asymmetry (B) in TCs. A well‐defined anticorrelated relationship is found between Brain and B for all recurving TCs. Prior to recurvature, Brain decreases linearly as B increases. After recurvature, the linear relationship weakens, and TC rainfall is almost entirely concentrated left of track as B increases. A phase‐space composed of Brain and B provides substantial insight into cyclone structural and rainfall asymmetric evolution.
Proton irradiation orchestrates macrophage reprogramming through NFκB signaling
Authors: Genard Géraldine , Wera Anne-Catherine , Huart Camille , Le Calve Benjamin , Penninckx Sébastien , Fattaccioli Antoine , Tabarrant Tijani , Demazy Catherine , Ninane Noëlle , Heuskin Anne-Catherine , Lucas Stéphane , Michiels Carine
Published: June 2018

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent potential targets for anticancer treatments as these cells play critical roles in tumor progression and frequently antagonize the response to treatments. TAMs are usually associated to an M2-like phenotype, characterized by anti-inflammatory and protumoral properties. This phenotype contrasts with the M1-like macrophages, which exhibits proinflammatory, phagocytic, and antitumoral functions. As macrophages hold a high plasticity, strategies to orchestrate the reprogramming of M2-like TAMs towards a M1 antitumor phenotype offer potential therapeutic benefits. One of the most used anticancer treatments is the conventional X-ray radiotherapy (RT), but this therapy failed to reprogram TAMs towards an M1 phenotype. While protontherapy is more and more used in clinic to circumvent the side effects of conventional RT, the effects of proton irradiation on macrophages have not been investigated yet. Here we showed that M1 macrophages (THP-1 cell line) were more resistant to proton irradiation than unpolarized (M0) and M2 macrophages, which correlated with differential DNA damage detection. Moreover, proton irradiation-induced macrophage reprogramming from M2 to a mixed M1/M2 phenotype. This reprogramming required the nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 subunit as the inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation completely reverted the macrophage re-education. Altogether, the results suggest that proton irradiation promotes NFκB-mediated macrophage polarization towards M1 and opens new perspectives for macrophage targeting with charged particle therapy.
Nogo-A inactivation improves visual plasticity and recovery after retinal injury
Authors: Mdzomba Julius Baya , Jordi Noémie , Rodriguez Léa , Joly Sandrine , Bretzner Frédéric , Pernet Vincent
Published: June 2018

Myelin-associated proteins such as Nogo-A are major inhibitors of neuronal plasticity that contribute to permanent neurological impairments in the injured CNS. In the present study, we investigated the influence of Nogo-A on visual recovery after retinal injuries in mice. Different doses of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) were injected in the vitreous of the left eye to induce retinal neuron death. The visual function was monitored using the optokinetic response (OKR) as a behavior test, and electroretinogram (ERG) and local field potential (LFP) recordings allowed to assess changes in retinal and cortical neuron activity, respectively. Longitudinal OKR follow-ups revealed reversible visual deficits after injection of NMDA ≤ 1 nmole in the left eye and concomitant functional improvement in the contralateral visual pathway of the right eye that was let intact. Irreversible OKR loss observed with NMDA ≥ 2 nmol was correlated with massive retinal cell death and important ERG response decline. Strikingly, the OKR mediated by injured and intact eye stimulation was markedly improved in Nogo-A KO mice compared with WT animals, suggesting that the inactivation of Nogo-A promotes visual recovery and plasticity. Moreover, OKR improvement was associated with shorter latency of the N2 wave of Nogo-A KO LFPs relative to WT animals. Strikingly, intravitreal injection of anti-Nogo-A antibody (11C7) in the injured eye exerted positive effects on cortical LFPs. This study presents the intrinsic ability of the visual system to recover from NMDA-induced retinal injury and its limitations. Nogo-A neutralization may promote visual recovery in retinal diseases such as glaucoma.
Autophagy activation contributes to lipid accumulation in tubular epithelial cells during kidney fibrosis
Authors: Yan Qi , Song Yuan , Zhang Lu , Chen Zhaowei , Yang Cheng , Liu Shan , Yuan Xiaohan , Gao Hongyu , Ding Guohua , Wang Huiming
Published: June 2018

Sustained activation of autophagy and lipid accumulation in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are both associated with the kidney fibrosis progression. Autophagy has been found involved in the lipid metabolism regulation through a bi-directional mechanism of inducing lipolysis as well as promoting lipid droplet formation. However, whether and how autophagy influences lipid accumulation in kidney fibrosis remain unclear. In the current study, we show that UUO-induced lipid accumulation in tubular cells was significantly reduced when the pharmacological inhibitor 3-MA or CQ was administrated both in vivo and in vitro. Of interest, colocalization of LDs and autophagosomes, as well as colocalization of LDs and lysosomes were undetected in UUO-induced fibrotic kidneys, although lysosome function remained robust, indicating the lipid accumulation is lipophagy-lysosome pathway independent. TGF-β1-induced lipid droplets formation in HK-2 cells were decreased when the Beclin-1 expression was silenced, implying that autophagy-upregulated lipid droplets formation is Beclin-1 dependent. Finally, CQ treatment of UUO-induced fibrotic kidneys reduced the expression of α-SMA and tubular cell apoptosis and rescued the expression of E-cadherin, which was associated with the ameliorated lipid deposition. Therefore, our work documented that autophagy promotes lipid droplet formation in TECs in a Beclin-1-dependent manner, which causes renal lipotoxicity and contributes to the progression of kidney fibrosis.
Genetic editing and interrogation with Cpf1 and caged truncated pre-tRNA-like crRNA in mammalian cells
Authors: Zhang Xuhua , Xu Linping , Fan Ruihua , Gao Quanli , Song Yunfeng , Lyu Xiaodong , Ren Jiangtao , Song Yongping
Published: June 2018

Cpf1, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that belongs to a new class II CRISPR system, has recently been harnessed for genome editing. Herein, we report an RNase-resistant caged truncated pre-tRNA-like crRNA (catRNA) that confers precise and efficient gene editing with the Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cpf1 (LbCpf1) and enables the reprogramming of catalytically dead LbCpf1 (dCpf1) lacking DNA endonuclease activity into a transcriptional modulator. Specific gene knock-outs and knock-ins were increased 3.2-fold and 4.3-fold, respectively, with catRNA compared to that induced by conventional crRNA. A much higher augmentation of gene disruption (up to 37-fold) was observed when electroporation was used. We report herein that catRNA enables efficient gene activation with dCpf1 activators. Our study reveals the potential of catRNA and a versatile application of the CRISPR/Cpf1 system, establishing a simple approach for selective gene perturbation in mammalian cells.
Uhrf1 regulates active transcriptional marks at bivalent domains in pluripotent stem cells through Setd1a
Authors: Kim Kun-Yong , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Su Juan , Cakir Bilal , Xiang Yangfei , Patterson Benjamin , Ding Junjun , Jung Yong-Wook , Kim Ji-Hyun , Hysolli Eriona , Lee Haelim , Dajani Rana , Kim Jonghwan , Zhong Mei , Lee Jeong-Heon , Skalnik David , Lim Jeong Mook , Sullivan Gareth J. , Wang Jianlong , Park In-Hyun
Published: June 2018

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency through unique epigenetic states. When ESCs commit to a specific lineage, epigenetic changes in histones and DNA accompany the transition to specialized cell types. Investigating how epigenetic regulation controls lineage specification is critical in order to generate the required cell types for clinical applications. Uhrf1 is a widely known hemi-methylated DNA-binding protein, playing a role in DNA methylation through the recruitment of Dnmt1 and in heterochromatin formation alongside G9a, Trim28, and HDACs. Although Uhrf1 is not essential in ESC self-renewal, it remains elusive how Uhrf1 regulates cell specification. Here we report that Uhrf1 forms a complex with the active trithorax group, the Setd1a/COMPASS complex, to maintain bivalent histone marks, particularly those associated with neuroectoderm and mesoderm specification. Overall, our data demonstrate that Uhrf1 safeguards proper differentiation via bivalent histone modifications.
Novofumigatonin biosynthesis involves a non-heme iron-dependent endoperoxide isomerase for orthoester formation
Authors: Matsuda Yudai , Bai Tongxuan , Phippen Christopher B. W. , Nødvig Christina S. , Kjærbølling Inge , Vesth Tammi C. , Andersen Mikael R. , Mortensen Uffe H. , Gotfredsen Charlotte H. , Abe Ikuro , Larsen Thomas O.
Published: June 2018

Novofumigatonin (1), isolated from the fungus Aspergillus novofumigatus, is a heavily oxygenated meroterpenoid containing a unique orthoester moiety. Despite the wide distribution of orthoesters in nature and their biological importance, little is known about the biogenesis of orthoesters. Here we show the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of 1 and the identification of key enzymes for the orthoester formation by a series of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-deletion experiments and in vivo and in vitro reconstitutions of the biosynthesis. The novofumigatonin pathway involves endoperoxy compounds as key precursors for the orthoester synthesis, in which the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme NvfI performs the endoperoxidation. NvfE, the enzyme catalyzing the orthoester synthesis, is an Fe(II)-dependent, but cosubstrate-free, endoperoxide isomerase, despite the fact that NvfE shares sequence homology with the known Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. NvfE thus belongs to a class of enzymes that gained an isomerase activity by losing the α-ketoglutarate-binding ability.
A senataxin-associated exonuclease SAN1 is required for resistance to DNA interstrand cross-links
Authors: Andrews Alex M. , McCartney Heather J. , Errington Tim M. , D’Andrea Alan D. , Macara Ian G.
Published: June 2018

Interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs) block both replication and transcription, and are commonly repaired by the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. However, FA-independent repair mechanisms of ICLs remain poorly understood. Here we report a previously uncharacterized protein, SAN1, as a 5′ exonuclease that acts independently of the FA pathway in response to ICLs. Deletion of SAN1 in HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts causes sensitivity to ICLs, which is prevented by re-expression of wild type but not nuclease-dead SAN1. SAN1 deletion causes DNA damage and radial chromosome formation following treatment with Mitomycin C, phenocopying defects in the FA pathway. However, SAN1 deletion is not epistatic with FANCD2, a core FA pathway component. Unexpectedly, SAN1 binds to Senataxin (SETX), an RNA/DNA helicase that resolves R-loops. SAN1-SETX binding is increased by ICLs, and is required to prevent cross-link sensitivity. We propose that SAN1 functions with SETX in a pathway necessary for resistance to ICLs.
Author Correction: Recurrent lower respiratory illnesses among young children in rural Kyrgyzstan: overuse of antibiotics and possible under-diagnosis of asthma. A qualitative FRESH AIR study
Authors: Østergaard Marianne Stubbe , Kjærgaard Jesper , Kristensen Mette Marie , Reventlow Susanne , Poulsen Anja , Isaeva Elvira , Akylbekov Azamat , Sooronbaev Talant
Published: June 2018

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Mette Marie Kristensen, which was incorrectly given as Mette-Marie Kristensen. The affiliation details for Mette Marie Kristensen were also incorrect in this Article. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of this article