bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct Neuropsychological Correlates in Positive and Negative Formal Thought Disorder Syndromes: The Thought and Language Disorder Scale in Endogenous Psychoses
Authors: Nagels Arne , Fährmann Paul , Stratmann Mirjam , Ghazi Sayed , Schales Christian , Frauenheim Michael , Turner Lena , Hornig Tobias , Katzev Michael , Müller-Isberner Rüdiger , Grosvald Michael , Krug Axel , Kircher Tilo
Published: April 2016

The correlation of formal thought disorder (FTD) symptoms and subsyndromes with neuropsychological dimensions is as yet unclear. Evidence for a dysexecutive syndrome and semantic access impairments has been discussed in positive FTD, albeit focusing mostly on patients with schizophrenia. We investigated the correlation of the full range of positive and negative as well as subjective and objective FTD with neuropsychological domains in different patient groups. Patients with ICD-10 schizophrenia (n = 51), depression (n = 51), and bipolar mania (n = 18), as well as healthy subjects (n = 60), were interviewed with the Rating Scale for the Assessment of Objective and Subjective Formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD) and assessed using a multidimensional neuropsychological test battery (executive function, semantic and lexical verbal fluency, attention, working memory, and abstract thinking). Partial correlation analysis, controlling for age and word knowledge, revealed significant results for the objective positive FTD dimension and executive dysfunctions. Objective negative FTD was associated with deficits in lexico-semantic retrieval, as well as attention and working memory dysfunctions. The results suggest that different neuropsychological substrates correlate with the multidimensional and phenomenologically different FTD syndromes. FTD is a complex, multidimensional syndrome with a variety of neuropsychological impairments, which should be accounted for in future studies investigating the pathogenesis of FTD.
Sonographically Assessed Intra-Abdominal Fat And Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents with Extreme Obesity
Authors: Moss Anja , Sievert Kolja , Siegfried Wolfgang , Siegfried Alena , Brandt Stephanie , Koenig Wolfgang , Wabitsch Martin
Published: April 2016

Objective: The metabolic and cardiovascular risk of obesity is predominantly defined through the amount of intra-abdominal fat (IAF). Regarding this risk and the benefits of weight reduction gender-specific differences have been described. The aim of this study was to examine the gender-specific relationship between IAF assessed via ultrasound and the cardiometabolic risk profile in extremely obese adolescents before and after weight loss. Methods: In 107 consecutively admitted adolescents (n = 59 girls, mean age 15.4 ± 2.6 years boys and 15.1 ± 2.1 years girls, mean BMI z-score 3.2 ± 0.6 boys and 3.5 ± 0.6 girls) anthropometric and fasting laboratory chemical parameters were measured before and after an in-patient long-term therapy (mean durance 5.6 ± 2.3 months). IAF was determined by measuring the intra-abdominal depth (IAD) via ultrasound. Results: IAD was higher in boys as compared to girls (58.0 ± 22.4 mm vs. 51.3 ± 16.0 mm). IAD values were positively associated with BMI-z scores, waist circumferences, HOMA-IR and serum levels of γGT, hs-CRP and IL-6 in both genders. In boys, but not in girls, IAD was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum levels of triglycerides, ALT as well as adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol. After a marked mean weight loss of -27.1 ± 16.2 kg (-20.1 ± 7.9%) in boys and of -20.5 ± 11.5 kg (-17.3 ± 7.1%) in girls, IAD decreased by -20.7 ± 16.2 mm (--32.4 ± 16.9%) in boys and by -18.4 ± 12,7 mm (-34.3 ± 18.4%) in girls, resulting in more pronounced ameliorations of cardiovascular risk factors in boys than in girls. Conclusions: The present study indicates that IAF assessed by ultrasound is a good indicator for the cardiometabolic risk factor profile in extremely obese adolescents. Associations between IAF and risk factors are more pronounced in boys than in girls.
Effects of Phototherapy on Coronary Blood Flow in Healthy Neonates: A Pilot Study
Authors: Borenstein-Levin Liron , Sharif Dawod , Amshalom Annat , Riskin Arieh , Hemo Miri , Khalil Amen , Bader David , Kugelman Amir
Published: April 2016

Background: Phototherapy has been reported to alter blood flow to various tissues. We hypothesized that during phototherapy the coronary blood flow will decrease because of a ‘steal effect' to the periphery. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of phototherapy on coronary blood flow in healthy, jaundiced, term neonates. Methods: Flow velocity [peak diastolic velocity (Vd)] and flow measures [diastolic time velocity integral (TVId) and flow index (FI)] in the left main (LM) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries were prospectively studied with 2D/pulsed Doppler ultrasound before, during and after phototherapy in 19 healthy term, jaundiced neonates (study group) and in matched nonjaundiced controls (25 neonates). Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The neonates' characteristics were comparable in both groups. Sequential studies in the study group showed no significant decrease in measures of velocity and flow during phototherapy; however, there was a significant increase in some of these measures (Vd and TVId in the LM coronary artery, and Vd in the LAD coronary artery) after phototherapy. Velocity (Vd) and flow measures (TVId and FI) in the LAD coronary artery, but not in the LM coronary artery, were significantly lower when comparing the study group during phototherapy with the controls. In a multivariate model, phototherapy was an independent variable affecting Vd and TVId in LAD coronary arteries. Measures of cardiac output did not change significantly throughout the study. Conclusions: While part of our findings may suggest a modestly lower flow in coronary arteries during phototherapy, we conclude that no clinically significant alteration in coronary arterial flow occurs during phototherapy in healthy term neonates.
Hemorrhage Risk in Pediatric Patients with Multiple Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Boone Christine , Caplan Justin M. , Garzon-Muvdi Tomas , Yang Wuyang , Ye Xiaobu , Groves Mari L. , Tamargo Rafael J. , Ahn Edward S. , Huang Judy
Published: April 2016

Background/Aims: This study aims to characterize the clinical features, treatment strategies, and annual hemorrhage incidence rate of pediatric patients with multiple arteriovenous malformations (MAVM). Methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases and the arteriovenous malformations (AVM) database at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for reports of pediatric patients (under 21 years of age) with MAVM. Data related to demographics, clinical features, management, and treatment outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Twenty-four pediatric patients met the inclusion criteria. Results: The annual hemorrhage incidence rate was 2.1%. The most common presenting features were neurological deficit (38%) and hemorrhage (21%). Treatment with embolization has become the most frequently used modality. In patients undergoing staged treatment of MAVM, hemorrhage of an untreated nidus (n = 1), visualization of a new nidus (n = 2), or disappearance of a draining vein (n = 1) occurred. Conclusion: The annual hemorrhage incidence rate for pediatric patients with MAVM approaches the upper range of previously reported hemorrhage rates for solitary AVM. A staged approach to treating MAVM requires close follow-up as changes to the remaining nidi may occur during the latency period. Limitations of this study include its small sample size and reporting bias.
Inhibitory Effect of Chrysin (5,7-Dihydroxyflavone) on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization in Rats
Authors: Song Ji Hun , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Sung Chul , Kim Min Ho , Lee Ji Hwan
Published: April 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chrysin on laser-induced experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a rat model. Methods: Male brown Norway rats were anesthetized, and a diode laser was used to break Bruch's membrane. One week later, each rat was intravitreally injected with 5 µl of 15 mg/ml chrysin, and CNV development was determined by fluorescein angiography at 2 weeks. The effect of chrysin on experimental CNV was assessed by fluorescein angiography and histology. Results: Two weeks after laser treatment, the intensity of fluorescein leakage from the photocoagulated lesions decreased significantly compared with the control group (p = 0.044). When the lesions were categorized into low- and high-leakage groups, there was a significant correlation between chrysin treatment and degree of leakage (p = 0.028). Compared with the chrysin-treated group, the relative risk of developing high-leakage lesions in the control group was 3.18. The mean CNV thickness was significantly thinner in chrysin-treated eyes than in control eyes (34.13 ±.0.88 vs. 37.76 ± 0.90 μm, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Chrysin has an inhibitory effect on CNV in an experimental rat model, indicating that chrysin should be further evaluated for its potential as a therapy for CNV in age-related macular degeneration and in other vision-threatening conditions associated with CNV.
The Role of T-Cell Subsets in Chronic Inflammation in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: More Common Mechanisms or More Differences?
Authors: Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Erben Ulrike , Kühl Anja A.
Published: April 2016

Background: Chronic intestinal inflammation due to noninfectious causes represents a growing health issue all over the world. Celiac disease as well as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like Crohn's disease and ulcerative and microscopic colitis involve uncontrolled T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated damage as common denominators. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment decisions clearly benefit from the knowledge of the intricacies of the systemic and the local T-cell activity. Summary: Depending on the cytokine milieu, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1), anti-inflammatory Th2, antimicrobial Th17, pleiotropic Th9, tissue-instructing Th22 cells, and in the regulatory compartment forkhead box protein 3+ Treg, suppressive Tr1 or Th3 cells. Additionally, follicular Th cells provide B-cell help in antibody class switching; cytotoxic CD8+ T cells target virus-infected or tumor cells. This review discusses our current knowledge on the contribution of defined T-cell subpopulations to establishing and maintaining chronic intestinal inflammation in either of the above entities. It also puts emphasis on the differences in the prevalence of these diseases between Eastern and Western countries. Key Messages: In celiac disease, the driving role of T cells in the lamina propria and in the epithelium mainly specific for two defined antigens is well established. Differences in genetics and lifestyle between Western and Eastern countries were instrumental in understanding underlying mechanisms. In IBD, the vast amount of potential antigens and the corresponding antigen-specific T cells makes it unlikely to find universal triggers. Increased mucosal CD4+ regulatory T cells in all four entities fail to control or abrogate local inflammatory processes. Thus, prevailing differences in the functional T-cell subtypes driving chronic intestinal inflammation in celiac disease and IBD at best allow some overlap in the treatment options for either disease.
A Player and Coordinator: The Versatile Roles of Eosinophils in the Immune System
Authors: Long Hai , Liao Wei , Wang Ling , Lu Qianjin
Published: April 2016

Eosinophils have traditionally been associated with allergic diseases and parasite infection. Research advances in the recent decades have brought evolutionary changes in our understanding of eosinophil biology and its roles in immunity. It is currently recognized that eosinophils play multiple roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As effector cells in innate immunity, eosinophils exert a pro-inflammatory and destructive role in the Th2 immune response associated with allergic inflammation or parasite infection. Eosinophils can also be recruited by danger signals released by pathogen infections or tissue injury, inducing host defense against parasitic, fungal, bacterial or viral infection or promoting tissue repair and remodeling. Eosinophils also serve as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in response to allergen challenge or helminth infection, and, meanwhile, are known to function as a versatile coordinator that actively regulates or interacts with various immune cells including T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. More roles of eosinophils implicated in immunity have been proposed including in immune homeostasis, allograft rejection, and anti-tumor immunity. Eosinophil interactions with structural cells are also implicated in the mechanisms in allergic inflammation and in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. These multifaceted roles of eosinophils as both players and coordinators in immune system are discussed in this review.
Serum Anti-PLA2R Antibody Predicts Treatment Outcome in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Wei Shi-Yao , Wang Yu-Xiao , Li Jian-Si , Zhao Shi-Lei , Diao Tian-Tian , Wang Yu , Wang Chang , Qin Ying , Cao Yang , Wei Qiuju , Li Bing
Published: April 2016

Background: M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the major target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). However, the role of glomerular PLA2R (gPLA2R) and the associations of serum anti-PLA2R antibody (sPLA2R-Ab) titre with diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in IMN need to be further investigated. Methods: We screened 148 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy (MN; 113 with IMN and 35 with secondary MN (SMN)) who were followed up for ≤20 months. Serum and urine samples were simultaneously collected at different time points. The levels of sPLA2R-Ab were detected using immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. gPLA2R was assessed by immunofluorescence. Results: Most patients with IMN displayed both gPLA2R and sPLA2R-Ab positive (85.8 and 82.3%, respectively). In contrast, very few patients with SMN showed either gPLA2R or sPLA2R-Ab positive. The sPLA2R-Ab titre, not gPLA2R, was significantly correlated with proteinuria. Surprisingly, changes in sPLA2R-Ab titre occurred earlier and faster than proteinuria in patients who were followed up for ≤20 months during the whole period of observation. Survival analysis of IMN patients indicated a significant association between sPLA2R-Ab titre and outcome, whereas, no significant difference was observed between the gPLA2R intensity and outcome. Conclusions: These data indicate that sPLA2R-Ab might be a better biomarker for IMN diagnosis and treatment outcome. In addition, monitoring sPLA2R-Ab titre may assist in determining when to initiate the administration of immunosuppressive agents and in evaluating treatment efficacy.
German as a foreign language and multilingual education in Brazil and in Europe
Authors: Grilli Marina
Published: April 2016

This work gathers and compares research reports published in Brazil and in Germany which deal with multilingual constellations, in which German is one of the three or more spoken or learned languages in the analyzed context. It is a bibliographical research of quantitative character, inasmuch as the number of articles published on the theme in the last ten years is considered, and also of qualitative character, for consonance and dissonance points between the articles and recent theoretical recommendations are sought, as well as consonance and dissonance points among the articles themselves. First of all, a link among three key points of the multilingual education is established. Then a general overview of the analyzed articles is presented, followed by three sections in which the key points are confronted with the articles where each one of them is approached. Thereon, perspectives of German teaching in multilingual contexts of other countries are discussed. The closing remarks resume some theoretical points highlighted throughout the text and present suggestions for improving German teaching in Brazil
On Translating Homer's Iliad
Authors: Alexander Caroline
Published: April 2016

This reflective essay explores the considerations facing a translator of Homer's work; in particular, the considerations famously detailed by the Victorian poet and critic Matthew Arnold, which remain the gold standard by which any Homeric translation is measured today. I attempt to walk the reader through the process of rendering a modern translation in accordance with Arnold's principles.
Greco-Roman Studies in a Digital Age
Authors: Crane Gregory
Published: April 2016

What is the audience for the work that we professional researchers conduct on Greco-Roman culture? If the public outside academia does not have access to up-to-date data about the Greco-Roman world, whose problem is it? Frequently heard remarks, observed practices, and published survey results indicate most of us still assume that only specialists and revenue-generating students really matter. If we specialists do not believe that we have a primary responsibility to open up the field as is now possible in this digital age, then I am not sure why we should expect support from anyone other than specialists or the students who enroll in our classes. If we do believe that we have an obligation to open up the field, then that has fundamental implications for our daily activities, for our operational theory justifying the existence of our positions, and for the hermeneutics (following a term that is still popular in Germany) that we construct about who can know what.
Mapping Paris: Social and Artistic Networks, 1855–1889
Authors: Kovacs Claire L.
Published: April 2016

Mapping Paris: Social and Artistic Networks, 1855–1889 charts and analyzes 19th-century social networks in order to map the artistic collaborations taking place in Paris between the Universal Expositions of 1855 and 1889. In doing so, it allows scholars to view the data in novel ways and to foster considerations of aesthetic dialogue through crossed paths, acquaintances, friendships, conversations and collaborations in the social condenser of Paris. This article focuses on situating the project on its theoretical foundations, considers some of the research questions that can be investigated through such a methodological tool and contemplates the implications on the discipline of art history.
Echoing Narcissus: Bio-Adaptive, Game-Based Networked Performance
Authors: Boisvert Heidi
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the author provides a critical examination and a creative reversal of the legacy of cybernetics. It seeks to both interrogate the underlying rhetoric fueling the post-biological technocracy and explores how embodied, bio-adaptive, game-based networked performance practices can serve as an antidote.
Pausanias and Rome’s Eastern Trade
Authors: Sánchez Hernández Juan Pablo
Published: April 2016

This article studies Pausanias’ description of Chinese silk production and Chinese geography within the context of Rome’s eastern trade. China was the last stop of land and sea routes connecting Rome and the Far East through Asia Minor, Egypt, Arabia, Persia and India. Although he never journeyed into the Far East, Pausanias provides vivid descriptions of these regions, their products and inhabitants, and the people involved in trade there. The article examines the sources he might have used to construct narratives about the Far East, China and Chinese silk and where such sources might have been made available to him.
Happy Years
Authors: Tophoven Erika
Published: April 2016

After attending the premiere of En attendant Godot at the Théâtre de Babylone in January 1953, there was no doubt in Elmar Tophoven’s mind that this was a play he must translate and without delay. Willing to risk translating Beckett’s tragicomedy without first obtaining the rights, he deposited the completed German Godot on Jérôme Lindon’s desk three weeks later.
On Meeting Samuel Beckett
Authors: O’Brien John
Published: April 2016

An American historian and art collector recalls his conversations with Samuel Beckett in the early seventies.
Memories of Meeting Beckett
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda
Published: April 2016

My first contact with Beckett was actually initiated by my students in a Beckett seminar at Colorado State University, spring semester 1979, and our correspondence continued for the next ten years.
The frontiers of identity, and the identity of frontiers
Authors: Burszta Wojciech
Published: April 2016

The frontiers of identity, and the identity of frontiersThe essay discusses the relationship between group identities (especially national) and the notion of territory and its symbolic significance in the creation of the idea of community. The author examines possible contexts that connect the frontiers of identity with the identities of national state borders, as well as ways in which these connections become symbolic, using the example of the recent plane crash tragedy in Smoleńsk. In the final part of the essay the author refers to Leszek Kołakowski’s notion of myth in order to justify the thesis that each nation (also in the first decades of the 21th century) is always a mythical community that is being constantly reactivated through current political and ideological actions. Granice tożsamości i tożsamość granicArtykuł omawia kwestie związków tożsamości zbiorowych, zwłaszcza narodowych, z pojęciem własnego terytorium i jego symbolicznego znaczenia dla budowania dla wyobrażeń wspólnotowych. Na przykładzie tragedii katastrofy samolotu pod Smoleńskiem autor artykułu pokazuje możliwe konteksty, w jakich tytułowe granice tożsamości wiążą się z tożsamością granic narodowego terytorium oraz w jaki sposób zaznacza się symbolicznie ten nierozerwalny związek. W końcowej partii artykułu autor odwołuje się do koncepcji mitu Leszka Kołakowskiego, aby uzasadnić tezę, że każdy naród, także w pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku, jest zawsze wspólnotą mityczną, która nieustannie się reaktywuje również w kontekście działań politycznych i ideologicznych.
Mother Mary in the Rising Sun: A “Ritual Drama” among the Csango Hungarians
Authors: Mateffy Attila
Published: April 2016

Mother Mary in the Rising Sun: A “Ritual Drama” among the Csango HungariansThe paper deals with the origin and symbolism of the multirooted rite of “Looking into the Sun at Dawn,” performed yearly on Pentecost, as a part of the Csíksomlyó indulgence (Şumuleu Ciuc, Romania) organised by the Catholic Church. Predominantly female ethnic Csango Hungarians performed this rite until the 21st century, and in the course of their communal visions they often saw the shape of Virgin Mary in the rising sun. The local Franciscan church shelters a 16th century Mother Mary statue — to which miraculous powers are attributed, reflecting the iconography of Mulier Amicta Sole. The paper concludes that the form of Virgin Mary taking shape in the ritualized communal visions does not only incorporate the concept of the Virgin Mother of God but also the one of the pre-Christian ancestress. By methods of comparative mythology and ritual analysis, employing written sources this paper makes an attempt to present how in their deer chasing origin myth, the Huns and Hungarians worshiped the ancestress in the figure of the doe, which they identified with the sun. The conclusion of the study is that the primeaval connection of the sun with the ancestress was adopted into Christianity reapearing in the ritualized communal visions. Maryja Matka Boża w słońcu o świcie: „dramat obrzędowy” u Csango na WęgrzechArtykuł dotyczy określenia źródeł i symboli niejednorodnego obrzędu „Patrzenia w Słońce o świcie” wykonywanego co roku w trakcie Zielonych Świątek w ramach odpustu w Csíksomlyó (Şumuleu Ciuc w Rumunii), organizowanego przez Kościół katolicki. Obrzędu wykonywanego również dziś, głównie przez kobiety należące do grupy etnicznej Csango na Węgrzech, które w trakcie wspólnych wizji często dostrzegają postać Maryi Panny we wschodzącym Słońcu. W lokalnym kościele oo. franciszkanie przechowują XVI-wieczną figurę Matki Bożej odzwierciedlającą ikonografię Mulier Amicta Sole, której przypisuje się cudowną moc. Autor artykułu wskazuje się, że postać Maryi Panny nabierająca kształtu w zrytualizowanych wspólnych wizjach odnosi się nie tylko do koncepcji Bogarodzicy Dziewicy, ale do jednej z przedchrześcijańskich przodkiń. Dzięki metodom komparatystyki mitologicznej i analizie rytuałów zawartych w źródłach pisanych artykuł ten stanowi próbę omówienia, jak w micie o pogoni za jeleniem Hunowie i Węgrzy czcili tę przodkinię w postaci łani, którą utożsamiali ze Słońcem. Konkluzją artykułu jest to, że pierwotny związek Słońca z ową przodkinią został przejęty przez chrześcijaństwo i przywrócony w zrytualizowanych wspólnych wizjach.
Rozrachunek z polskością. Poszukiwanie tożsamości narodowej w twórczości Wojciecha Smarzowskiego
Authors: Radomski Marcin
Published: April 2016

Struggle for national identity in Wojciech Smarzowski's cinemaThe essay discusses mental and political thoughts in Smarzowski’s cinema and presents an analysis on Polish mentality, class differentiation and deconstruction of traditional symbols. The author begins his study by outlining three theories tied with political ideology of national identity. Next, he traces the struggle for national mentality in Smarzowski’s movies and through an account of how characters of varying films unite in search of ethnic roots. The article concludes with a discussion on Smarzowski’s thinking about collective memory. Rozrachunek z polskością. Poszukiwanie tożsamości narodowej w twórczości Wojciecha SmarzowskiegoEsej analizuje myśl narodową zawartą w filmach Wojciecha Smarzowskiego. Autor na filmowych egzemplifikacjach interpretuje zagadnienia polskiej mentalności, zróżnicowania klasowego i dekonstrukcji tradycyjnych symboli. W eseju zaprezentowane zostają teorie związane z pojęciem tożsamości narodowej. Zastanawiając się nad komunikatem, jaki Smarzowski wysyła do widza, autor wyróżnia trzy kategorie: odbicia lustrzanego, narodowych gustów i pierwiastka etnicznego. Artykuł kończy się dyskusją na temat pamięci zbiorowej w twórczości Smarzowskiego.
‘Guru’ devotion in India: Socio-cultural perspectives and current trends
Authors: Gavankar Anusha
Published: April 2016

‘Guru’ devotion in India: Socio-cultural perspectives and current trendsThough the academic study of religion is considered nascent in India, eminent scholars speak of Hindu restoration and the evolution of a guru. In a highly dynamic and pluralistic India, various sociological perspectives stand valid even today, for a better understanding into the spurt of the new movements – religious, spiritual and charismatic. These offer several insights into the evolution of the ‘guru phenomenon’ in the country. We have come a long way from the traditional guru to the contemporary godman (godwoman). The ‘Guru’ in India has today entered the realm of religion. Despite having access to a wide pantheon of divine entities, what makes a people of a nation in current civilized and better literate times, cut across all barriers of caste and religion (also class) and surrender one’s all to that one ultimate authority called a ‘guru’? What makes him ‘god’? This paper attempts to comprehend, appreciate and study the evolution and progression of the ‘guru’ tradition in India - with an understanding of some sociological perspectives, the need for a ‘Guru’, role in Indian society, related psychoanalysis, and finally current trends. As we do so, this would only be the beginning of a journey in discovering the numerous traditions and movements that come to be associated with this phenomenon, each enshrined with its own trends, plentiful stories and abundant miracles – taking it to a new level, altogether. Zjawisko guru w Indiach. Perspektywy społeczno-kulturowe i aktualne kierunkiChociaż akademickie studia nad religią nadal postrzegane są w Indiach jako nowość, to wybitni uczeni mówią o hinduskim odnowieniu i ewolucji „guru”. W dynamicznych i pluralistycznych Indiach wciąż pojawiają się różnorodne koncepcje socjologiczne mające pomóc w lepszym zrozumieniu wzrostu liczby nowych ruchów religijnych, duchowych i charyzmatycznych. Odnoszą się one do wielu spostrzeżeń dotyczących ewolucji „zjawiska guru” w Indiach. Albowiem przebyliśmy długą drogę od tradycyjnego pojmowania guru do współczesnego rozumienia „boga-mężczyzny” („boga-kobiety”). Obecnie „guru” w Indiach jest częścią religii. Co jednak sprawia, że pomimo dostępu do szerokiego panteonu boskich istot ludzie danego narodu w obecnych cywilizowanych i lepiej wykształconych czasach, we wszystkich kastach i religiach (także klasach) poddają się najwyższej władzy nazywanej „guru”? Co umożliwia stanie się „bogiem”? W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę – opierając się na wybranych koncepcjach socjologicznych, psychoanalizie, a także aktualnych trendach – zrozumienia, poznania i zbadania ewolucji i rozwoju tradycji „guru” w Indiach i jego roli w społeczeństwie indyjskim. Jednakże jest to dopiero początek podróży w odkrywaniu licznych tradycji i ruchów związanych z tym zjawiskiem, gdyż każde z nich zawiera własne nurty, bogactwo opowieści i obfitość cudów – wznoszą je na całkowicie nowy poziom.
Pojęcie narodu w koncepjach współczesnych środowisk nacjonalistycznych na Ukrainie
Authors: Strutyński Maciej
Published: April 2016

The notion of nation in the thought of contemporary nationalistic groups in UkraineThe nation is a key notion for all nationalistic movements. It can be seen from an axiological perspective. Some nationalistic environments perceive the ethnical background as crucial, other stress the importance of spiritual community. The nationalistic groups in contemporary Ukraine represent various stages of work on their ideological system as crucial, Other stress the importance of spiritual community. Several of them find it essential to indicate the source of their philosophy, hence the presence of deep deliberations about the essence of nation and the relationship between an individual and national community. A number of other organizations underline the importance of current politics over ideological considerations and effectively find notions such as nation obvious and see no need to comment on them. The contemporary Ukrainian nationalism clearly emphasizes ethnical and cultural distinction of Ukrainians from other nations. It might be argued that the intent to reject the apparent Polish and Russian historical influences is one of important factors contributing to this attitude. The contemporary Ukrainian nationalism clearly emphasizes ethnical and cultural distinction of Ukrainians from other nations. It might be argued that the intent to reject the apparent Polish and Russian historical influences is one of important factors contributing to this attitude. Pojęcie narodu w koncepjach współczesnych środowisk nacjonalistycznych na UkrainiePojęcie narodu jest kluczowe dla wszystkich ruchów nacjonalistycznych. Z koncepcją narodu wiąże się także odwołanie do kwestii aksjologicznych. Niektóre środowiska nacjonalistyczne za najważniejszy czynnik uznają pochodzenie etniczne, inne większy nacisk kładą na wspólnotę ducha. Środowiska nacjonalistyczne na współczesnej Ukrainie prezentują różny poziom wypracowania zasad ideowych. Dla niektórych dokładne wskazanie źródeł przyjętego światopoglądu jest bardzo istotne. Stąd obecność głębszych rozważań na temat istoty narodu, relacji pomiędzy jednostką a wspólnotą narodową. Pozostałe organizacje polityczne przedkładają bieżącą politykę, w efekcie czego pewne pojęcia, takie jak naród, uważają za zrozumiałe same z siebie i niewymagające szerszego komentarza. Współczesny ukraiński nacjonalizm w dość wyraźny sposób akcentuje odrębność etniczną i kulturową od innych narodów. Wydaje się, że bardzo istotnym impulsem do takiej postawy jest chęć zerwania z widocznymi historycznymi wpływami polskimi i rosyjskimi.
The attitude–achievement paradox in Belgium
Authors: D’hondt Fanny , Van Praag Lore , Van Houtte Mieke , Stevens Peter AJ
Published: April 2016

In Belgium, students of Turkish and North African descent express optimistic attitudes toward education. However, these attitudes conflict with their achievement results, as many underachieve compared to their peers of Belgian descent. Mickelson’s work discusses this attitude–achievement paradox in the United States. In the current study, we use Mickelson’s framework to investigate the attitude–achievement paradox in Belgium. Using quantitative and qualitative research methods, we find that students of Turkish, North African and Belgian descent believe in the importance of education to get ahead in society, holding optimistic abstract attitudes. Students of Turkish and North African descent hold more optimistic attitudes than students of Belgian descent. However, these abstract attitudes toward education do not translate into ethnic minority students’ concrete attitudes toward education, which depend mainly on the socioeconomic background of the student. Students with a low socioeconomic background are much more pessimistic than students with a high socioeconomic background. Concrete attitudes influence the achievement of students of Belgian descent; this is not the case for students of Turkish and North African descent. Qualitative research shows that to understand the interpretation of concrete school attitudes and its relationship with achievement results, we need to consider students’ definitions of success, frames of reference and perceived constraints and opportunities.
Nondestructive Handheld Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Analysis of Spectroscopic Changes and Multivariate Modeling of Thermally Degraded Plain Portland Cement Concrete and its Slag and Fly Ash-Based Analogs
Authors: Leung Tang Pik , Alqassim Mohammad , Nic Daéid Niamh , Berlouis Leonard , Seelenbinder John
Published: April 2016

Concrete is by far the world’s most common construction material. Modern concrete is a mixture of industrial pozzolanic cement formulations and aggregate fillers. The former acts as the glue or binder in the final inorganic composite; however, when exposed to a fire the degree of concrete damage is often difficult to evaluate nondestructively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy through techniques such as transmission, attenuated total reflectance, and diffuse reflectance have been rarely used to evaluate thermally damaged concrete. In this paper, we report on a study assessing the thermal damage of concrete via the use of a nondestructive handheld FT-IR with a diffuse reflectance sample interface. In situ measurements can be made on actual damaged areas, without the need for sample preparation. Separate multivariate models were developed to determine the equivalent maximal temperature endured for three common industrial concrete formulations. The concrete mixtures were successfully modeled displaying high predictive power as well as good specificity. This has potential uses in forensic investigation and remediation services particularly for fires in buildings.
Code of the Classroom? Social Disadvantage and Bullying Among American Adolescents, U.S. 2011-2012
Authors: Sykes Bryan L. , Piquero Alex R. , Gioviano Jason P.
Published: April 2016

Little research has explored whether social policies aimed at lessening economic hardship affect the prevalence of bullying, particularly after the Great Recession. This article investigates how the strains of neighborhood and cumulative disadvantage are associated with racial differences in bullying, and we consider whether social program participation—enlistment in needs-based social programs to attenuate poverty and disadvantage—upends race-based differences in bullying. Using probit, negative binomial, and propensity score matching methods, we show that adolescents who experience any markers of disadvantage are more likely to bully others, with Black and Hispanic adolescents being more likely to engage in bullying than Whites. Importantly, matched estimates reveal that participation in needs-based social programs eliminates racial differences in bullying.
Section 60 and the Supreme Court
Authors: Parpworth Neil
Published: April 2016

Unlike many other statutory stop and search powers, s. 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for suspicionless searches in certain circumstances. Although originally intended for use in relation to football-related violence, the power has often been exercised in connection with knife crime and gang violence. Despite controversy surrounding its use, the s. 60 power has rarely featured in legal proceedings. Accordingly, this article considers a legal challenge brought against the power which has now been heard in the Divisional Court, the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. The unanimous view of each court that s. 60 is compatible with the ECHR is significant. However, it need not necessarily be the last judicial word on the matter.
Community-centred police professionalism
Authors: Williams Brian N , Brower Ralph S , Klay W Earle
Published: April 2016

Earlier studies suggest that community policing requires a shift in the guiding philosophy and supporting organisational structure of law enforcement. This shift encompasses police professionalism and police professionalisation. The prevailing model invests ‘know-how’ in officers and rarely rewards ‘learn-how’ behaviour with citizens that facilitates community involvement and community change. Consequently, the traditional or ‘pure’ professional model has led to a distancing of the police from the community. When considering natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, and related challenges of post 9-11 America, the insular nature of the traditional professional model presents a tremendous obstacle to achieving the needed levels of community-police integration, collaboration and problem solving in the co-production of public safety, public order, emergency management and homeland security. This paper explores the historical origins of this breach, sketches the nature of police professionalism in typical present-day law enforcement, and offers a template for a community-centred model of police professionalism that better aligns with the contemporary and future challenges facing local law enforcement agencies in the United States and other countries. From the community-centred template, the paper outlines key implications for individual police professionals, police organisations and agency-community relations in the co-production of public safety and public order.
Transparent thermoplastic polyurethanes based on aliphatic diisocyanates and polycarbonate diol
Authors: Gomez Clara Maria , Gutierrez D , Asensio M , Costa V , Nohales A
Published: April 2016

Segmented thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs) were synthetized using polycarbonate diol as soft segment with a molar mass of 500 and as a hard segment 1,5-pentanediol with a combination of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Differential scanning calorimetry, differential mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, haze, transmittance, hardness, tensile properties and retention of tensile properties tests were employed to characterize the different PUs. The results of this study show that IPDI/HDI relation has a significant impact on the phase mixing, crystallinity and therefore on the PU’s properties. The variation of diisocyanate type ratio allows obtaining PUs of different nature from a high rubbery material with a high content in IPDI to high crystalline PU increasing the HDI content. Material transparency was also modified by decreasing the amorphous nature of the materials with the increase in the HDI content. The weather resistance of the final PU is related with the different isocyanate relation.
Errors in Organizations
Authors: Lei Zhike , Naveh Eitan , Novikov Zhanna
Published: April 2016

Errors are a recurring fact of organizational life and can potentially yield either adverse or positive consequences. Organizational researchers and practitioners alike have become increasingly interested in understanding the causes of errors and the coping strategies that foster organizational success. Although we have learned much about errors in specific research areas across specific organizational contexts, we know little about how multifaceted forces in organizations, especially when they contradict each other, might affect the pathways of errors in organizations. This review strives to integrate the literature on errors, not only by summarizing conceptual foundations and empirical findings, but also by discussing discrepancies, inconsistencies, and opportunities for research synthesis via level of analysis, temporal dynamism, and priority lenses. At the core of this integrative review is a call for future research to explain how to reduce the underlying causes and negative consequences of errors while promoting positive outcomes and learning benefits in organizations. We close this review by offering suggestions that help develop an integrative, rather than isolated, investigation of errors in organizations.
Protrusion of The Laryngeal Ventricle in a Pediatric Patient Following Nasotracheal Tube Intubation
Authors: Seid Allan B. , Millet Dan , Cotton Robin
Published: April 2016

Nasotracheal intubation has been well established as a method for maintaining an artificial airway in children. Approximately 0.5% to 1.0% of cases have complications that require surgical intervention to correct the laryngeal trauma. A complication described as protrusion of the laryngeal ventricle following nasotracheal intubation is reported. The clinical presentation and a rationale for the treatment plan are discussed.
Evaluation of The Speech Perception in Noise (Spin) Test
Authors: Hutcherson Robert W. , Dirks Donald D. , Morgan Donald E.
Published: April 2016

Several investigations were performed with normal hearing subjects to determine the effects of presentation level and signal‐to‐babble ratio on the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test. The SPIN test contains sentences that simulate a range of contextual situations encountered in everyday speech communication. Findings from several representative patients with sensorineural hearing loss demonstrate the possible clinical utility of the test to measure the effects of context on speech discrimination.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Authors: Baker Daniel C. , Perzin Karl H. , Conley John
Published: April 2016

Olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor arising from olfactory epithelium. Generally considered to be a tumor of slow growth, it varies in aggressiveness and may cause death by distant metastasis or local invasion. The pathologic diagnosis is difficult, and this tumor is often erroneously diagnosed.

Nine previously unreported cases are presented, and a review of the various treatment modalities and course of the disease is given. Maximum therapeutic success is best achieved by radical excision followed by a full course of radiation. Because of the high incidence of local recurrence (46%) and slow growth, patients should be followed up closely for life.
Iontophoresis Treatment
Authors: Lekas Mary D.
Published: April 2016

Iontophoresis can be used as a method of treating herpes simplex virus and aphthous gingivostomatitis. Idoxuridine has been used for herpes simplex virus, and corticosteroids and antibiotics have been used for aphthous stomatitis. Levamisole hydrochloride has been used for both herpes simplex virus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

A lidocaine and adrenaline mixture is used with iontophoresis for myringotomy procedures and equalizing tubes. Also, anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with lidocaine hydrochloride by iontophoresis are useful for minor surgical procedures (“ouchless surgery”).
Correlation of Pharyngeal Fistulization with Preoperative Radiotherapy, Reduced Serum Albumen, and Dietary Obstruction
Authors: Gullane Patrick J. , Jabbour Joseph M. , Conley John J. , Nealon Thomas F.
Published: April 2016

The clinical courses of patients on the Head and Neck Service undergoing radical procedures were reviewed in retrospect. Factors that appeared to influence the courses such as preoperative radiotherapy, reduced serum albumen, and preoperative oropharyngeal obstruction were correlated with fistulization rate, flap necrosis, and other complications.

The study included 105 radical procedures performed over a seven‐month period. Sixty‐six of these operations included laryngectomies, laryngopharyngectomies, and composite resections.

The overall complication rate was 37%, with major complications accounting for 9%. A fistula rate of 20% was found in the pharyngeal group and ranged from 12% in the nonirradiated patients to 44% in the irradiated group.

Those patients with preoperative obstruction secondary to tumor bulk had a complication rate of 58%. Patients with reduced serum albumen levels had a higher complication rate of 55% compared with 35% for the group with normal albumen levels.

This study suggests that preoperative replenishment of protein, particularly in the obstructed patient or in those with reduced serum albumen levels, would correlate with a more favorable clinical course.
Completion Laryngectomy
Authors: Myers Ernest M. , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: April 2016

From 1965 to 1975, 452 total laryngectomies were performed at the Washington University Medical Center, St Louis. Forty‐two or 9% were completion laryngectomies. Completion laryngectomy is defined as the removal of the remaining larynx following an antecedent partial laryngectomy. These 42 cases are retrospectively analyzed with regard to original conservation surgery, clinical presentation, histopathology, and salvage rate.

The most common indications for completion laryngectomy were (1) local recurrence, (2) local recurrence with associated severe upper repiratory obstruction, and (3) fistula control. The overall salvage rate following completion laryngectomy was 55% (23 patients). The highest rate was in patients with previous hemilaryngectomy (69%), followed by subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy (44%) and partial laryngopharyngectomy (14%). There is a high incidence of stomal occurrences (24% or ten patients) associated with completion laryngectomy, particularly in patients with antecedent hemilaryngectomy.

Most indications for completion laryngectomy appear early; however, all patients must be carefully followed up after conservation surgery.
The Study of IgE in the Diagnosis of Allergic Disorders in an Otolaryngology Practice
Authors: Nalebuff Donald J. , Fadal Richard G. , Ali Majid
Published: April 2016

Within months after the identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody and principal trigger of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, several radioimmunoassays were developed for its detection in serum. Observations and results obtained with the use of two commercially available in vitro assays in the screening diagnosis of inhalant allergic disease are reported. Over 80% of suspected atopic patients tested had detectable specific IgE to at least two allergens. Both total and specific IgE determinations served useful roles in the recognition of clinically significant allergic disease. Results obtained with these procedures correlate well with information previously obtained only by skin test endpoint titration.