bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MILTON'S NATIVITY POEM AND THE DECORUM OF GENRE
Authors: Rollinson Philip
Published: May 2022

Although Milton's Nativity poem is usually considered to be an early example of the English ode, it is probably a literary hymn. In it the young poet is consciously emulating and reworking elements traditionally associated with literary hymns. Viewed from this generic perspective, the Nativity poem is, as a poem, a lofty "hymn" (17), and at the same time, devotionally considered, a "humble ode" (24). Milton's fiction of his muse presenting his hymn as a gift to the Christ-child is neither original nor particularly fanciful. Rather, it is a version of a commonplace of the hymn tradition. The traditional uses of feigned liturgical occasions to introduce literary hymns explain some of the ways in which the Nativity poem may be considered liturgical. The important function of narrative in previous literary hymns and in Renaissance critical theory about hymns also provides the standard for evaluating the importance and function of narrative in the Nativity poem. Finally, the prominence of the pagan gods in the Nativity hymn is best explained by the Renaissance controversy concerning the revival of an essentially pagan literary form. Milton's Christian hymn incorporates, while nullifying, its pagan predecessors and competitors.
“Stand” and “Fall” as Images of Posture in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Jones Nicholas R.
Published: May 2022

Emphasis on the doctrines of Paradise Lost without constant reference to their narrative foundation obscures the clarity of Milton's epic instruction. A major example of the unique conjunction of physical and metaphysical action which characterizes Paradise Lost is the multiple use of the verbs “stand” and “fall.” These words signify not only the moral aspect of the epic—obedience and disobedience—but also, simultaneously, its physical adjuncts—posture and position within the cosmos. Picturing the prelapsarian unity of obedience and upright posture, Milton narrates theological events in terms of concrete actions. Similarly, the wild infernal oscillations of size and stance in Book I vividly present the inevitable fall of disobedient creatures. The metaphoric complex associated with “stand” and “fall” operates most fully in the events of the temptation, where images of posture continually figure forth the crucial moral decisions. After the Fall, mankind, bereft of the image of God, learns of his promises to regenerate that image through Christ: Milton demonstrates that man will again stand upright in self-esteem.
Composite versus Amalgam Restorations Placed in Canadian Dental Schools
Authors: Alreshaid L , El-Badrawy W , Lawrence HP , Santos MJ , Prakki A
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To investigate the latest teaching policies of posterior composite placement versus amalgam and to determine the actual numbers of posterior composites versus amalgam restorations placed in Canadian dental schools, over the years from 2008 to 2018.

Methods

Emails were sent to Chairs/Heads of Restorative Departments and Clinic Directors of all 10 Canadian dental schools to collect data in the forms of: 1) Questionnaire on current teaching policies of posterior composite and amalgam restorations; 2) data entry form to collect the actual numbers of posterior composite and amalgam restorations placed in their clinics.

Results

For the teaching questionnaire, the response rate was 90% (n=9). Seven (78%) of the responding schools reported that they assign 25%–50% of their preclinical restorative teaching time towards posterior composite placement. While, three (33%) of the responding schools allocated 50%–75% of their restorative teaching towards amalgam placement. Data entry response rate was 80% (n=8). Amalgam material was dominant in the restoration distribution from 2008 to 2012. While from 2013 to 2018, resin composite material was dominant in all eight responding schools. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant increasing trend in placing posterior composites in all the responding schools over time (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Data analysis revealed a clear trend towards an increase of posterior composite restoration placement and a decrease in the number of amalgam restorations placed. However, the teaching time assigned for posterior composite is not aligned with quantity placed. Review and adjustment of time allocated for teaching and training of each material are recommended.
Vankiterveydenhuollon ammattilaisten tietosuoja- ja turvaosaaminen: kansallinen kyselytutkimus
Authors: Taanila Anni , Jylhä Virpi
Published: May 2022

Terveydenhuollon henkilöstön tietosuojaosaamisen tutkimus on toistaiseksi rajoittunut tarkastelemaan vain yhtä osa-aluetta kerrallaan, ilman moniulotteista kokonaiskuvan hahmotusta. Terveydenhuollossa tietosuojaosaaminen toteutuu tietosuojakäyttäytymisenä. Tietosuojaosaaminen ilmenee kykynä käsitellä henkilötietoja hyvin. Tietosuojaosaamisen ytimessä toimii oikein toteutettu hyvä tiedonhallinta, oikein käsitellyt henkilötiedot ja hallitut tietovarannot. Varmistamalla tietosuojaosaaminen ja toimintatapojen oikea toteutus voidaan välttää pahimmat tietosuojariskit, sekä tehostaa organisaatioiden ja työntekijöiden toimintaa.
Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvata oppimisen teorian ulottuvuuksien ilmenemistä vankiterveydenhuollon ammattilaisten tietosuoja- ja tietoturvaosaamisessa. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään koko Vankiterveydenhuollon henkilöstölle tehtyä tietosuojaosaamista koskevaa poikkileikkaavaa kyselytutkimusta. Tutkimuksen tulokset kuvataan Knud Illeriksen oppimisen teorian ulottuvuuksia hyödyntäen. Tietosuoja- ja tietoturvaosaamisen merkitys vankiterveydenhuollossa korostuu, sillä vankiterveydenhuollossa potilas- ja henkilötietojen käsittelyä ohjaavat terveydenhuollon lainsäädännön lisäksi laki vankiterveydenhuollon yksiköstä, joka määrittää poikkeavuudet potilaan tietojenluovutukseen.
Tutkimuksen tuloksista heijastuu terveydenhuollon henkilöstön tietosuojaosaamisen moniulotteisuus. Tietosuojaosaamisen ja tietoturvakäyttäytymisen toteutuminen terveydenhuollossa ei ole riippuvaista vain yksilön käymistä koulutuksista, vaan toimintaympäristöllä ja kohdennetulla ohjeistuksella on merkittävä vaikutus tietosuojan toteutumiseen. Aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella terveydenhuollon tietosuojaosaamisen tutkiminen on painottunut työympäristön ja yksilön sisäisten kannustimien tarkasteluun, sekä tietosuojarikkeisiin vaikuttavien tekijöiden tunnistamiseen. Tämä tutkimus tukee näkemystä tietosuojaosaamisen moniulotteisuudesta ja aiheen kansallisesta ja kansainvälisestä tutkimusaukosta.
Vapaaehtoisen vaaratapahtumajärjestelmän kehittäminen korkean kehitysasteen potilastietojärjestelmissä
Authors: Palojoki Sari , Skants Noora , Reponen Elina , Vakkuri Anne , Saranto Kaija , Vuokko Riikka
Published: May 2022

Vaaratapahtumien raportointia pidetään potilasturvallisuutta parantavien toimien käynnistämisen kulmakivenä. Korkean kehitysasteen potilastietojärjestelmiin liittyvissä vaaratapahtumissa on tunnistettu tarve kehittää toimintaympäristöömme soveltuva luokitus, joka hyödyttäisi tapahtumien tunnistamista, rakenteista raportoimista ja analysointia. Tutkimuksella pyrittiin vaaratapahtumien raportointijärjestelmän käytön ja tiedon hyödynnettävyyden edistämiseen potilastietojärjestelmäturvallisuuden osa-alueella. Tavoitteena oli kuvata vaaratapahtumaluokituksen sisältöä ja perustella luokituskehitystyössä tehtyjä ratkaisuja, jotta raportointia voidaan toteuttaa kehittyneimpien potilastietojärjestelmien ongelmatilanteissa ja vaaratapahtumissa. Luokituskehityksen lähtökohtana olivat potilastietojärjestelmien virhetyyppien aiemmat tutkimustulokset, joissa vaaratapahtumailmoitusten kuvauksia analysoitiin ja luokiteltiin koskien välittömästi uuden potilastietojärjestelmän käyttöönoton jälkeistä kuutta kuukautta. Luokittelutyön ohjaavat periaatteet perustuivat luokituksen ominaispiirteisiin, käyttötarkoitukseen ja käytettävyyteen. Luokituksen 13 pääluokkaa kuvaavat korkean kehitysasteen potilastietojärjestelmän kliinisen käytön aikana syntyviä vaaratapahtumia, joista suurimmat luokat aineistossa olivat rajapinta-, käytettävyys-, työnkulku-, lääkitysosio- ja kirjaamisongelmat. Puolta luokituksen pääluokkaa täydentää 2-6 alaluokkaa, jolloin lopputuloksena oli 35 luokkaa. Tulokset kuvastavat sekä teoreettisia ja metodologisia tavoitteita luokituksen sisällölliseksi ja laadulliseksi kehittämiseksi että käytännöllisiä tavoitteita raportoinnin kehittämiseksi. Kliinisestä näkökulmasta laadituilla ongelmatyypin kuvauksilla on tarkoituksena ohjata tapahtumien luokittelemista käytännössä. Tutkimus tuotti teoreettis-käytännöllisen tuloksen luokitustutkimuksen alueella. Kehitettyä luokitusta voidaan soveltaa korkean kehitysasteen potilastietojärjestelmiin liittyvien vaaratapahtumien raportoinnissa ja analysoinnissa. Tuloksissa kuvataan luokkien erityispiirteet ja erottavat tekijät suhteessa muihin luokkiin perustellen tehtyjä ratkaisuja. Luokituksen käytön oletetaan tukevan vaaratapahtumien raportointia ja tiedon käyttämistä. Jatkossa edellytetään luokituksen systemaattista ylläpitoa ja kehittämistä empiiriseen aineistoon pohjautuen, jotta tiedon laatu kehittyisi edelleen tukemaan potilasturvallisuutta potilastietojärjestelmien käytössä.
Human heritage and sustainable development on arid islands: the case of the Eastern Canary Islands
Authors: García-Rodríguez José-León , García-Rodríguez Francisco J.
Published: May 2022

The islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are the easternmost of the Canary Islands, and are located on the southern edge of the temperate zone, in the subtropical anticyclone belt. With less than 150 mm of rainfall a year, they are classified as an arid zone. Their inhabitants have devised original agricultural systems to combat the aridity, although low yields have historically limited socioeconomic development and population growth. These systems were used until the introduction of seawater desalination plants and the arrival of tourism in the last third of the 20th century, which improved living standards for the local population but also led to a cultural transition. Nevertheless, these farming systems have left behind an important regional heritage, with an environmental and scenic value that has played an integral role in the latest phase of development. The systems have become a tourist attraction and have been central to the two islands being designated biosphere reserves by UNESCO. This article seeks to analyze the main socioeconomic and land-use changes that have come about as a result of desalination technology.
TINJAUAN YURIDIS PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI MELALUI MEDIA ELEKTRONIK
Authors: Ranto Roberto
Published: May 2022

Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli melalui media elektronik. Tujuan dari perlindungan konsumen adalah untuk menciptakan sistem perlindungan konsumen yang mengandung unsur  kepastian hukum. Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli melalui media elektronik diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan dan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli melalui media elektronik terdiri dari dua konsep perlindungan hukum yaitu perlindungan hukum preventif dan perlindungan hukum represif.

The purpose of this research is to find out the legal protection of consumers in commerce transactions through electronic media. The purpose of consumer protection is to create a consumer protection system that contains the legal certainty principle. Such protection in buying and selling transactions is regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade, Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning the amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. This article concluded that the legal protection for consumers in commerce transactions through electronic media consists of two concepts of legal protection, namely preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection.
KONSEP TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT DALAM PERJANJIAN BAKU SESUAI DENGAN ASAS KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK
Authors: Mahendar Fahdelika , Budhayati Christiana Tri
Published: May 2022

Salah satu asas yang ada dalam hukum perjanjian adalah Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak. Berdasarkan asas ini, para pihak diberikan kebebasan  untuk menentukan isi, bentuk dan dengan siapa akan mengadakan perjanjian. Realisasi asas ini  nampak dalam Perjanjian Baku (standaard contract), yakni perjanjian yang  isi atau klausulanya sudah dibakukan oleh salah satu pihak sehingga pihak lainnya tidak ikut menentukan substansi perjanjian. Dalam Perjanjian Baku dikenal adanya konsep take it or leave it . Dikaitkan dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak, dalam Perjanjian Baku masih dimungkinkan adaya kebebasan berkotrak karena pihak yang tidak membuat perjanjian diberikan kebebasan untuk menerima perjanjian dilambangkan dengan ”take” atau menolak perjanjian dilambangkan dengan “leave”. Dengan demikian perjanjian baku yang mengenal take it or leave it telah sesuai dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam aspek formil karena tidak terdapat adanya paksaan untuk mengikatkan diri dalam perjanjian.

One of the basic principles of the legal contract is the freedom of contract. According to this principle, freedom is given to determine the content, form, and to whom the contract is made. The realization of this principle appears in the standard contract, known as an agreement in which the content has been standardized. So the parties could choose to take it or leave it. Furthermore, there might be freedom of contract in standardize contracts because those who disagree are given the freedom to accept the agreement (“take”) or reject the agreement (“leave”). Eventually, the standard contract of “take it” or “leave it” is already suitable with the principle of freedom contract in the formal aspect because there is no pressure to commit in the contract.
Wpływ różnych sposobów przygotowania ziarna pszenicy do przemiału na wilgotność mąki
Authors: Kania Mariusz , Andrejko Dariusz
Published: May 2022

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zmiany wilgotności mąki uzyskanej z ziarna pszenicy poddanego różnym sposobom obróbki przed przemiałem. Przebadano 3 odmiany pszenicy jarej. Ziarno o różnej wilgotności początkowej nawilżano w różnych warunkach ciśnienia, a następnie poddawano działaniu promieni podczerwonych przez 90 i 150 s. Przygotowane w ten sposób ziarno poddano przemiałowi, a następnie oznaczono wilgotność uzyskanej mąki. Na podstawie wyników badań stwierdzono, że z ziarna poddanego nawilżaniu w ciśnieniu niższym od atmosferycznego uzyskano mąkę o wyższej wilgotności, przy takim samym czasie ogrzewania promieniami podczerwonymi.
A Study on the Evolution of the Supplying Current Absorbed By an AC Driving Motor During a Transient Regime on a Lathe Headstock Gearbox
Authors: Bumbu Neculai Eduard , Horodincă Mihăiţă
Published: May 2022

This paper focuses on the evolution of instantaneous supplying current absorbed by an AC motor used to drive a lathe headstock gearbox during a transient regime characterised by a strong acceleration and deceleration and a strong variations of the absorbed active electrical power (with positive and negative power flows). A relationship between the current root mean square and active electrical power evolutions was established and proved in experimental terms. A severe limitation of the electrical current evolution was revealed: the impossibility to describe a negative flow of absorbed electrical power.
The Influence of Internal Communication on Employees Motivation in Organizations in Serbia
Authors: Petković Nebojša M. , Rapajić Milan M.
Published: May 2022

Extremely motivated and satisfied employees lead an organization towards the desired results. One of the strategies for motivating people is communication. The condition for functioning of the organization and achieving the individual goals of employees as well as those of the organization a good communication between managers and employees. The bearers of good communication are managers and their commitment to employees, readiness to find out about problems of employees, and solving them. The aim of this paper is, based on systematization and analysis of a) relevant theoretical sources and b) results of research on the impact of communication on development of employees’ motivation in the organization, to examine the existing differences in managers’ and employees’ attitudes about the influence of communication on the increase of motivation. Therefore, the paper analyzes: the nature of employees’ motivation; the importance of communication among employees for development of motivation; the influence of employees’ position in the organization on the evaluation of certain communication factors of motivation, and the influence of appropriate communication in organization on the increase of motivation for work.
desaparición de las islas: cambios ambientales en el delta del río Magdalena desde la cartografía histórica
Authors: Fuentes Delgado Jose Eduardo
Published: May 2022

Hasta hace más de un siglo existieron diversas islas formadas por los procesos hidrográficos y sedimentarios resultantes de la interacción del delta del río Magdalena y el mar Caribe enfrente del municipio de Puerto Colombia y de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Este artículo analiza la transformación y posterior desaparición de dichas islas utilizando cartografía histórica y sistemas de información geográfica con el objetivo de comprender los eventos históricos que transformaron el paisaje. Los resultados evidencian que los procesos de expansión y avance del desarrollo portuario marítimo y fluvial, particularmente el desarrollo de Bocas de Ceniza, aceleró el deterioro ambiental y la posterior desaparición de estos espacios.
La práctica médica de Juan Luis Chavert y los debates en torno a la fiebre amarilla a través de los impresos mexicanos, 1824-1833
Authors: Vega y Ortega Baez Rodrigo Antonio
Published: May 2022

Juan Luis Chavert was a French doctor who settled in Mexico in the first half of the 19th century. Between 1824 and 1833, he published the results of his research on yellow fever. The objective of the article is to examine the production of scientific knowledge of Chavert through the books and writings of the Mexican press of his authorship in the framework of public debates on the disease. The methodology takes up the social history of science to analyze Chavert's scientific practice in terms of the problematization of yellow fever from the Mexican cases as part of the local production of knowledge and with global implications through print. The results of the article indicate that Chavert approached yellow fever from the miasmatic theory, for which he analyzed the environmental conditions of the port of Veracruz, developed several hospital observations, made known different therapeutic prescriptions for the sick, and reported the experiments he carried out. out with the huaco to fight yellow fever.
Pestes y enfermedades: la pandemia de gripe de 1918 y su inserción sociocultural en España
Authors: Rubiano Bedoya Juan Diego
Published: May 2022

La pandemia de gripe de 1918 fue tal vez el acontecimiento biológico-social más significante y desastroso del siglo XX, producto de la Gran Guerra o Primera Guerra Mundial; pandemia que eliminó a una suma considerable de personas en el mundo. Dicha enfermedad denominada injustamente “gripe española” condicionó la vida cotidiana de muchos habitantes, grupos, pueblos, comunidades y sociedades, entre los que se destacó la comunidad española, la cual a pesar de su neutralidad en el conflicto bélico fue devastada por aquel fenómeno. Por ello, el presente escrito tiene como finalidad realizar un breve acercamiento hacia la configuración sociocultural que tomó la sociedad española frente al primer contacto con la mal llamada “gripe española” o “soldado de Nápoles” en 1918, cuando la mencionada sociedad generó todo tipo de respuestas, interpretaciones y reconfiguraciones generales que repercutieron en el día a día, reflejadas en la prensa con base en los espacios públicos y privados, en los ideales, las concepciones, la salubridad, entre otros. En consecuencia, se ilustraron todo tipo de respuestas que pueden ejemplificarse en la conformación de nuevos hábitos o en el mantenimiento de los mismos.
Pulled elbow: Diagnosis and management, the Paraguay experience
Authors: Vergara Alberto Daniel Navarro
Published: May 2022

Objectives:

The objectives of the study were to show the Paraguay experience in the diagnosis and handling of pulled elbows in recent years.

Methods:

A retrospective study of patients who presented to the emergency service was carried out from July 2019 to December 2021. Patients under 6 years with typical symptoms and signs of pulled elbow were included in the study. The data collected were demographics, affected side, mechanism of injury, and number of times pulled elbow occurred. The maneuver performed for the treatment and its success was also recorded.

Results:

There were 30 pulled elbow cases in 26 patients. Age ranged from 1 to 5 years, with a median of 3 years. The left side was more frequently affected (53%). There were more females affected (77%). The main mechanism of injury was upper limb traction, which occurred in 26 elbows (86.6%), followed by falling from a standing height in four cases. We found that imaging studies are requested when the reason for consultation is referred to as a possible fall from one’s own height. The hyperpronation method of reduction was effective in all cases. The treating physician felt the “click” in 93.3% of the times.

Conclusion:

The pulled elbow is a frequent injury in pediatric emergencies. It requires a high index of suspicion to make the diagnosis and a training to perform the hyperpronation reduction maneuver. Physicians subjected to the diagnosis and reduction maneuver training, can treat these injuries successfully without consultation of pediatric orthopedics.
Empowering Patients Using Smart Mobile Health Platforms: Evidence of a Randomized Field Experiment
Authors:   New York University, Ghose Anindya , Guo Xitong ,   Harbin Institute of Technology, Li Beibei ,   Carnegie Mellon University, Dang Yuanyuan ,   South China University of Technology
Published: May 2022

With today’s technological advancements, mobile phones and wearable devices have become extensions of an increasingly diffused and smart digital infrastructure. In this paper, we examine mobile health (mHealth) platforms and their health and economic impacts on the outcomes of chronic disease patients. To do so, we partnered with a major mHealth firm that provides one of the largest mobile health app platforms in Asia specializing in diabetes care. We designed and implemented a randomized field experiment based on detailed patient health activities (e.g., steps, exercises, sleep, food intake) and blood glucose values from 1,070 diabetes patients over several months. Our main findings show that the adoption of the mHealth app leads to an improvement in health behavior, which in turn leads to both short term metrics (such as reduction in patients’ blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels) and longer-term metrics (such as hospital visits and medical expenses). Patients who adopted the mHealth app undertook higher levels of exercise, consumed healthier food with lower calories, walked more steps and slept for longer times on a daily basis. They also were more likely to substitute offline visits with telehealth. A comparison of mobile versus PC-enabled versions of the same app demonstrates that the mobile version has a stronger effect than PC version in helping patients make these behavioral modifications with respect to diet, exercise, and lifestyle, which ultimately leads to an improvement in their healthcare outcomes. We also compared outcomes when the platform facilitates personalized health reminders to patients vis-à-vis generic (non-personalized) reminders. Surprisingly, we found that personalized mobile messages with patient-specific guidance can have an inadvertent (smaller) effect on patient app engagement and lifestyle changes, leading to a lower health improvement. However, they are more like to encourage a substitution of offline visits by telehealth. Overall, our findings indicate the massive potential of mHealth technologies and platform design in achieving better healthcare outcomes.
Effects of Personalized Recommendations Versus Aggregate Ratings on Post-Consumption Preference Responses
Authors:   University of Minnesota, Adomavicius Gediminas , Bockstedt Jesse ,   Emory University, Curley Shawn ,   University of Minnesota, Zhang Jingjing ,   Indiana University
Published: May 2022

Online retailers use product ratings to signal quality and help consumers identify products for purchase. These ratings commonly take the form of either non-personalized, aggregate product ratings (i.e., the average rating a product received from a number of consumers such as “the average rating is 4.5/5 based on 100 reviews”), or personalized predicted preference ratings for a product (i.e., recommender-system-generated predictions for a consumer’s rating of a product such as “we think you’d rate this product 4.5/5”). Ratings in either format can provide decision aid to the consumer, but the two formats convey different types of product quality information and operate with different psychological mechanisms. Prior research has indicated that each recommendation type can significantly affect consumer’s post-experience preference ratings, constituting a judgmental bias, but has not compared the effects of these two common product-rating formats. Using a laboratory experiment, we show that aggregate ratings and personalized recommendations create similar biases on post-experience preference ratings when shown separately. Shown together, there is no cumulative increase in the effect. Instead, personalized recommendations tend to dominate. Our findings can help retailers determine how to use these different types of product ratings to most effectively serve their customers. Additionally, these results help to educate the consumer on how product-rating displays influence their stated preferences.
The Chiral Switch of Metolachlor: The Development of a Large-Scale Enantioselective Catalytic Process
Authors: Blaser Hans-Ulrich , Buser Hans-Peter , Coers Klaus , Hanreich Reinhard , Jalett Hans-Peter , Jelsch Eric , Pugin Benoît , Schneider Hans-Dieter , Spindler Felix , Wegmann Arthur
Published: May 2022

The development of an enantioselective catalytic process for the technical preparation of chiral agrochemicals is illustrated by the case history of the herbicide (S)-metolachlor (trade name Dual Magnum®). Four synthetic routes were investigated in some detail. The key step for the technical process of the enantiomerically enriched compound is the asymmetric hydrogenation of an imine intermediate made possible by a new iridium ferrocenyl diphosphine catalyst system. Using optimized conditions, the isolated imine can be hydrogenated at a hydrogen pressure of 80 bar and 50°C with a substrate-to-catalyst ratio of >1'000'000. Complete conversion is reached within 4 h with an enantioselectivity of 79% with an initial turnover frequency (tof) exceeding 1'800'000 h-1. This sets a new standard for the technical application of enantioselective catalysts. Important aspects and results for the different phases of the process development of the catalyst system as well as minimal prerequisites for the use of enantioselective catalysts for the production of agrochemicals are discussed.
ESI/TOF-MS Detection for Microseparation Techniques
Authors: Selditz Ulrike , Nilsson Stefan , Barnidge David , Markides Karin E.
Published: May 2022

The choice of electrospray ionisation/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI/TOF-MS) as mass analyser for combination with microseparation techniques, such as µLC, CE and CEC, may be recommended due to the features that present-day TOF-MS instruments have to offer. Advanced digital electronics, which ensure a fast and accurate data handling over a more or less 'unlimited' mass range, make these mass spectrometers the instruments of choice to sensitively cope with low flow rates, high-speed analyses and often very narrow bandwidths without risking the loss of valuable information. Recent achievements in interfacing microseparation techniques to ESI/TOF-MS will be presented and discussed.
Preparation of Biotinylated and FITC-Labelled Phosphorylcholine Poly(acrylamide) Derivatives and Their Application for Protein Ligand-Binding Studies
Authors: Liberda Jiří , Trnka Tomáš , Sejbal Jan , Jonáková Věra , Kraus Marek , Tichá Marie
Published: May 2022

Biotin- and FITC-labelled water-soluble poly(acrylamide) derivatives of phosphorylcholine were prepared by coupling either maleinylated (a) or periodate-oxidized (b) L-glyceryl phosphorylcholine to poly-(acrylamide-allylamine) copolymer. Biotinylated phosphorylcholine poly(acrylamide) derivatives of both types were tested with Limulus polyphemus C-reactive protein and were used for the study of the phosphorylcholine-binding properties of boar seminal plasma proteins. Binding sites for phosphorylcholine on the surface of bull sperms were visualized using a FITC-labelled derivative of the ligand.
Application of Biotechnology at Fluka
Authors: Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: May 2022

Preparative tools based on the combination of chemistry and biotechnology have been used to make products of the required quality with respect to high-purity reagents for bioanalysis, or chiral products of high enantiomeric purity. Biotransformation with the development and production
of the biocatalyst, stabilization and application of the biocatalyst are described as key elements to achieve these goals.
Structural Modification of the Immunosuppressants FK-506 and Ascomycin Using a Biological Approach
Authors: Chen Tom S. , Li Xiaohua , Petuch Brian , Shafiee Ali , So Lydia
Published: May 2022

Bioconversion was utilized to conduct structural modification of the complex molecules FK-506 and ascomycin. Four interesting microbial reactions, regiospecific O-demethylation, glucosylation, hydroxylation, and phosphorylation, yielding various derivatives of the title compounds,
were discovered from screening more than thousand microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. The isolated compounds were evaluated for a better understanding of structural and functional features responsible for their biological activity.
Forschung und Entwicklung am Departement Chemie der ZHW
Authors: Graf Ursula , Bührer Heiner G.
Published: May 2022

A major activity of the Department of Chemistry at the ZHW is research and development with Swiss chemical and biotechnological companies. A key asset is the network of the chemistry department with the other departments of ZHW and other universities in Switzerland. The activities of
the department are grouped in three sections: Specialty Chemicals, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, and (Bio)Chemical Sensors and Measurement Techniques. A number of projects, often supported by KTI (Commission for Technology and Innovation), are mentioned in the article.
Patent Information on the Internet
Authors: Stauffer Thomas P. , Escher André J. , Litscher Andreas
Published: May 2022

Many people believe that the entire world's information is somehow accessible on the Internet and costs virtually nothing to retrieve. Others view the Internet as a slow, overrated mechanism for obtaining information that may or may not be reliable. For the information specialist, the Internet has become another useful resource for obtaining information. This article is an attempt to provide an overview of free and commercial sites containing patent databases and to outline the possibilities as well as the limitations of these patent information sources. In addition to this written article, we have set up a Web site (http://chemsear.ch/chimia/) which contains all the important links as well as additional information about patents on the Internet.
Safeguarding Europe-Wide Patent Protection: the European Patent Office
Authors: Schatz Ulrich
Published: May 2022

The European patent system, created in 1977, provides for the co-existence of a national and a centralised procedure for the grant of patents. Central grant authority for European patents is the European Patent Office in Munich, which carries out its task on the basis of the provisions
laid down in the European Patent Convention. The establishment of a Europe-wide patent system has led to a significant increase in the demand for patent rights in Europe. In the framework of their co-operation, the member states of the European Patent Organisation have also created a unique
patent information network for accessing the information contained in patent documents. In view of its impending eastward expansion, the European Patent Organisation is set to undertake a revision of the European patent system to ensure its flexibility in the future.
An Effective sui generis System for Protection of Plant Varieties According to TRIPs
Authors: Küng Peter
Published: May 2022

The TRIPs agreement is one of the three pillars of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) defining a minimum standard for the protection of intellectual property rights in the member countries. Pursuant to Article 27(3)b of the TRIPs agreement the member countries are obliged to provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system. This article describes the minimum requirements of a sui generis system for the protection of plant varieties according to TRIPs and proposes that the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) can serve as a basis for a sui generis right. The article concludes with a summary of the criticism of a UPOV Convention based sui generis proprietary right.
Intellectual Property Protection – Lifeline for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Cueni Thomas B.
Published: May 2022

Pharmaceutical patents are often an area of controversy. Yet, knowledge, i.e. intellectual property, is the capital without which many modern biotech companies could not raise money to finance their research. Patents are the lifeline of the pharmaceutical industry: it is relatively
easy to copy a pharmaceutical product, and no other industry spends as much on research and development. Protection of intellectual property has stimulated competition on innovation and contributed to medical progress for the benefit of patients.
Femtochemistry
Authors: Chergui Majed
Published: May 2022

A brief review of the developments leading to the advent of femtochemistry is presented, along with the major achievements that have marked the past fifteen years since the birth of the field.
Digitalisation in accounting
Authors: Gileva D. V.
Published: May 2022

The aim of the article is to identify the problems encountered in the digitalisation process in accounting, consider ways of implementing digital transformation, and proposals to improve the enterprise’s accounting apparatus quality and efficiency. In accordance with this aim, the following research objectives have been defined: to justify the need to introduce digitalisation in the accounting field, determine key digital technologies, identify the transformation problems and advantages. In the course of the study, ways to solve urgent problems have been proposed, such as planning for digital transformation and the qualified employees lack in this field. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the prerequisites for the digital technologies introduction into the enterprise accounting department. As the results of the study, the need to compile competencies in digital technologies and introduce digitalisation into accounting has been identified. The main conclusion of the article is the necessity to digitalise the accounting aspect in order to generate reliable data on a company’s financial position.
The influence of moral and ethical aspects on the organisation’s economic security
Authors: Antonov S. A.
Published: May 2022

The modern features of the moral and ethical values implementation in the individual’s and society’s economic life have been considered. The negative consequences of the moral norms current system in economic relations and the difficulties of taking into account the activity’s ethical aspects have been revealed. The economic life key problems of a part of modern society have been indicated, namely: “goals substitution by means” and “absolute norms loss”, which gradually turns the humanity’s life into an instinctive struggle of living organisms for the goods consumption. In conclusion, attention has been paid to the need to organise axiological studies of the Russian economic life and foreign countries in order to increase the economic security level of organisational and managerial solutions to the national economy problems.
The Idea of Civil Society in the Enlightenment Age
Authors: Karsanova E. S. , Volgin O. S.
Published: May 2022

The authors emphasise two necessary conditions for civil society: the existence of a public space and a social activism culture that protects personal autonomy. The last condition was substantially developed in the Enlightenment Age, when the belief that civil society was a counterbalance to the state became widespread. In this article the authors justify point of view according to which the connection between the state and the civil society is subject to the dialectics of unity and struggle of opposites. The formation of civil society is closely linked to the development of the bourgeois class under the aegis of the state during the industrial revolution, which was the main focus of Enlightenment thinkers from T. Hobbes to H. Hegel. The social structures growing complexity and the bourgeois society conflict potential was reflected in the liberal constitutionalism which was the basis for diverse political changes leaded to formation of the civil society institutions. The authors conclude that a contemporary civic culture is all the more likely to be successful the deeper Enligtenment’s ideological potential, which includes the pluralism values, the free and self-governing citizen associations ideological diversity is realised .
Specificity and current trends in the digital advertising development
Authors: Veretyokhin A. V.
Published: May 2022

The digital advertising development features and prospects in the world and in the Russian Federation in particular have been considered. An approach to defining the advertising concept essence in the digital field has been presented. A summary of the scientific research results has made it possible to identify the industry’s growth constraints and its main development drivers, as well as define the importance and distinguishing features of modern advertising campaigns in the digital space. Based on analysis of current data from relevant organisations for the digital advertising market, an increase in growth rates has been identified overall by region and country, as well as for individual advertising segments.
Investigation of the digital technologies influence on the process transformation in cinema
Authors: Vorontsova Yu. V. , Koltsov D. N.
Published: May 2022

Within the sectoral structure of the national economy, audiovisual industries are parts of the cultural industry. Cinema is a particularly effective means of satisfying the human need for affective self-expression and establishing emotional communication between people. To increase the audiovisual product competitiveness, an analysis of the digital technologies impact on it was carried out in order to attract an additional audience. It is noted that modern technologies have paved the way for multifunctional devices: the creative process is increasingly becoming technological in nature. The use of digital technologies has led to the creation of high-quality films. Due to technological progress, the equipment becomes available to more participants in the film business. Digital technologies have become a powerful and accessible tool that allows non-professional artists/directors to enter the cinematic space. However, for the author’s cinema, digital technologies have only become a tool to improve picture quality, as well as expand the capabilities for the artist / director to bring their ideas to life on screen.
Regional development dynamics: university-business cooperation strategies
Authors: Karimli A. G.
Published: May 2022

In today’s world, with the globalisation process, the functions of higher education institutions have changed within the framework of new strategies and cooperation models. In this process, the potential of higher education institutions to increase local, regional, national and international development and competitiveness, especially through their innovation development capabilities, becomes increasingly important. Universities, within the framework of their education, research and innovation missions, have deﬁned their role in regional development by developing other cooperation models. The most eﬀective way of transferring the knowledge produced in the academic ﬁeld to the production process is to provide university-business cooperation. The cooperation in question both ensures the rational use of scarce resources and constitutes the driving force of national and regional development. Higher education institutions reﬂect political, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the region. Universities have to respond to the opportunities presented in the regional context by developing research agendas that reﬂect these characteristics and to be the focal point of the regional innovation system and trigger the process. In this study, university business world cooperation models and the eﬀects of these formations on the regional economy are examined.
Application of machine learning tools and immersive technologies in management
Authors: Sosnilo A. V.
Published: May 2022

The article considers the experience of using machine learning tools and the application of immersive technologies in management: the development areas have been identiﬁed, the dynamics of the technologies and application practices implementation has been studied, the risks of their application have been analysed. The study uses general scientiﬁc and special methods, comparative analysis and systematisation method. An analysis of the domestic and foreign experience in the application of these technologies in the ﬁeld of management has been carried out. As a result of the study, the main directions have been identiﬁed, within the framework of which, the application of these tools is developed, threats and disadvantages of the application practice of these instruments and technologies have been formulated. It has been concluded that most of the technologies described in the study are able to signiﬁcantly improve the organisation’s eﬃciency, identify hidden relationships, more productively manage employees in the ﬁeld of hiring, selection, personnel training, motivation and development of talents, improving corporate culture, to ensure the organisation’s security, etc. It has been also noted that the application of individual technologies can be used for pressure on employees, invasion of privacy, administrative pressure due to a political position, personal medical information, etc. and requires a balanced policy with the involvement of all interested parties.
A Density Functional Theory Study of two-dimensional post-transition metal chalcogenides and halides for interfacial charge transport in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Matta Sri Kasi , Tang Cheng , O'Mullane Anthony , Du Aijun , Russo Salvy P
Published: May 2022

This computational study focuses on charge transport using two-dimensional materials as the interfacial materials in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs). Layered structures of post-transition metal chalcogenides (InS, InSe, PbI2) and tin and lead monoxides (SnO and PbO) are studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT). A hybrid exchange-correlation functional based assessment was conducted for variation in the electronic properties with an increase of numbers of 2D layers of these materials. Their band edge positions are then compared with that of MAPbI3 perovskite (as an archetypal PSC material) and assessed for their use as either for electron or hole transport materials (ETM or HTM). Further analysis of charge density distribution, planar potential variation, and Bader charge analysis was conducted for PbO (as an HTM) and InSe (as an ETM) monolayers and compared with MAPbI3. Mono-layered lead monoxide (PbO) and double-layered tin monoxide (SnO) were useful for transporting holes, while hexagonal phases of InS and InSe are suitable for electron transport in PSCs.
Activating the potent antimicrobial activities of gold nanoclusters against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ndugire William , Truong Dang , Raviranga N.G. Hasitha , Lao Jingzhe , Ramstrom Olof , Yan Mingdi
Published: May 2022

In this work we show that biological inactive gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) capped with D-maltose can be converted to antimicrobial AuI species by the addition of thiourea (TU). The antimicrobial activity mainly arises from the reaction of AuNCs with TU generating [Au(TU)2]Cl and small Au nanoclusters. Excess TU also maintains the oxidation state as AuI (vs. AuIII) which is key in maintaining activity. The AuNCs/TU combination was a powerful bactericidal agent against resistant bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and could eradicate S. epidermidis biofilm. It is unaffected by the efflux or bacterial outer membrane. The modes of action are multiple, including inhibition of thioredoxin reductase, CuI regulation interference and depletion of ATP. The formulation was 30-60 times less toxic on mammalian cells. This represents a new strategy enabling the antimicrobial activity of otherwise inactive AuNCs against the most difficult to treat MDR bacteria.
Palladium Nanocrystals-embedded Covalent Organic Framework (Pd@COF) as Efficient Catalyst for Heck Cross-Coupling Reaction
Authors: Abdelhamid Hani Nasser , Abdellah Ahmed R , El-Adasy Abu-Bakr AAM , Atalla Ahmed A , Ali Kamal I
Published: May 2022

Nanoparticles, such as noble metal nanoparticles and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), advance heterogeneous catalysis. Three COFs were synthesized via the solvothermal method using tricarboxylic acids (tricarboxylic benzene (2,4,6-tri-p-carboxyphenylpyridine (H3L2), 4,4',4''-tri carboxyl triphenylamine (H3L1), and trimesic acid (H3BTC)) and 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine moieties. The synthesized COFs were potentially used as supports for the in-situ growth of palladium nanocrystals (Pd NCs), offering a particle size of 1-5 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterized the materials. Using Heck cross-coupling reaction, Pd NCs@COFs were used as catalysts to synthesize different organic molecules via carbon-carbon (C-C) formation. They exhibit complete conversion (100%) for vinyl derivatives and aryl halides (Bromo- and Chloro-derivatives) with good stability. Pd NCs@COFs maintain high catalytic activity over four consecutive cycles.