bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper mesospheric lunar tides over middle and high latitudes during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Chau J. L. , Hoffmann P. , Pedatella N. M. , Matthias V. , Stober G.
Published: March 2015

In recent years there have been a series of reported ground‐ and satellite‐based observations of lunar tide signatures in the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere/thermosphere around sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. This lower atmosphere/ionosphere coupling has been suggested to be via the E region dynamo. In this work we present the results of analyzing 6 years of hourly upper mesospheric winds from specular meteor radars over a midlatitude (54°N) station and a high latitude (69°N) station. Instead of correlating our results with typical definitions of SSWs, we use the definition of polar vortex weaking (PVW) used by Zhang and Forbes (). This definition provides a better representation of the strength in middle atmospheric dynamics that should be responsible for the waves propagating to the E region. We have performed a wave decomposition on hourly wind data in 21 day segments, shifted by 1 day. In addition to the radar wind data, the analysis has been applied to simulations from Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended version and the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model. Our results indicate that the semidiurnal lunar tide (M2) enhances in northern hemispheric winter months, over both middle and high latitudes. The time and magnitude of M2 are highly correlated with the time and associated zonal wind of PVW. At middle/high latitudes, M2 in the upper mesosphere occurs after/before the PVW. At both latitudes, the maximum amplitude of M2 is directly proportional to the strength of PVW westward wind. We have found that M2 amplitudes could be comparable to semidiurnal solar tide amplitudes, particularly around PVW and equinoxes. Besides these general results, we have also found peculiarities in some events, particularly at high latitudes. These peculiarities point to the need of considering the longitudinal features of the polar stratosphere and the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions. For example, during SSW 2009, we found that M2 enhances many days before PVW which is not in agreement with most of our results.
Evolution and Reconstruction of Learning Cities for Sustainable Actions
Authors: Watson Connie , Wu Aimee Tiu
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes how the concept of learning cities evolved from the “learning society” and the lifelong education and learning movements, and advances multiple forms of communities of learning.
A Connected History of Health and Education: Learning Together Toward a Better City
Authors: Howard Joanne , Howard Diane , Dotson Ebbin
Published: March 2015

The infrastructure, financial, and human resource histories of health and education are offered as key components of future strategic planning initiatives in learning cities, and 10 key components of strategic planning initiatives designed to enhance the health and wealth of citizens of learning cities are discussed.
Deficiency of ECHS1 causes mitochondrial encephalopathy with cardiac involvement
Authors: Haack Tobias B. , Jackson Christopher B. , Murayama Kei , Kremer Laura S. , Schaller André , Kotzaeridou Urania , de Vries Maaike C. , Schottmann Gudrun , Santra Saikat , Büchner Boriana , Wieland Thomas , Graf Elisabeth , Freisinger Peter , Eggimann Sandra , Ohtake Akira , Okazaki Yasushi , Kohda Masakazu , Kishita Yoshihito , Tokuzawa Yoshimi , Sauer Sascha , Memari Yasin , Kolb‐Kokocinski Anja , Durbin Richard , Hasselmann Oswald , Cremer Kirsten , Albrecht Beate , Wieczorek Dagmar , Engels Hartmut , Hahn Dagmar , Zink Alexander M. , Alston Charlotte L. , Taylor Robert W. , Rodenburg Richard J. , Trollmann Regina , Sperl Wolfgang , Strom Tim M. , Hoffmann Georg F. , Mayr Johannes A. , Meitinger Thomas , Bolognini Ramona , Schuelke Markus , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Kölker Stefan , Prokisch Holger , Klopstock Thomas
Published: March 2015

Objective

Short‐chain enoyl‐CoA hydratase (ECHS1) is a multifunctional mitochondrial matrix enzyme that is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids such as valine. Here, we describe the broad phenotypic spectrum and pathobiochemistry of individuals with autosomal‐recessive ECHS1 deficiency.

Methods

Using exome sequencing, we identified ten unrelated individuals carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in ECHS1. Functional investigations in patient‐derived fibroblast cell lines included immunoblotting, enzyme activity measurement, and a palmitate loading assay.

Results

Patients showed a heterogeneous phenotype with disease onset in the first year of life and course ranging from neonatal death to survival into adulthood. The most prominent clinical features were encephalopathy (10/10), deafness (9/9), epilepsy (6/9), optic atrophy (6/10), and cardiomyopathy (4/10). Serum lactate was elevated and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed white matter changes or a Leigh‐like pattern resembling disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Analysis of patients’ fibroblast cell lines (6/10) provided further evidence for the pathogenicity of the respective mutations by showing reduced ECHS1 protein levels and reduced 2‐enoyl‐CoA hydratase activity. While serum acylcarnitine profiles were largely normal, in vitro palmitate loading of patient fibroblasts revealed increased butyrylcarnitine, unmasking the functional defect in mitochondrial β‐oxidation of short‐chain fatty acids. Urinary excretion of 2‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydroxybutyrate – a potential derivative of acryloyl‐CoA in the valine catabolic pathway – was significantly increased, indicating impaired valine oxidation.

Interpretation

In conclusion, we define the phenotypic spectrum of a new syndrome caused by ECHS1 deficiency. We speculate that both the β‐oxidation defect and the block in l‐valine metabolism, with accumulation of toxic methacrylyl‐CoA and acryloyl‐CoA, contribute to the disorder that may be amenable to metabolic treatment approaches.
Psychopathology Symptoms, Rumination and Autobiographical Memory Specificity: Do Associations Hold After Bereavement?
Authors: Eisma Maarten C. , Schut Henk A. W. , Stroebe Margaret S. , Voerman Kim , van den Bout Jan , Stroebe Wolfgang , Boelen Paul A.
Published: March 2015

Symptoms of psychopathology are associated with overgeneral memory retrieval. Overgeneral memory is hypothesized to be the result of an emotion regulatory process, dampening emotional reactions associated with retrieval of distressing specific memories. However, higher post‐loss symptom severity has been related to higher specificity of loss‐related memories recalled on the Autobiographical Memory Test. This may imply that such memories are ‘immune’ to the reduced specificity effect. We aimed to test this idea by investigating, for the first time, associations of depressive and complicated grief symptoms and depressive and grief rumination with autobiographical memory specificity on a sentence‐completion task (SCEPT) in a bereaved sample. One hundred ninety‐one adult mourners (89% women) filled out questionnaires and the SCEPT. A main finding was that higher depressive and complicated grief symptom and grief rumination levels were associated with reduced specificity of non‐loss‐related memories but not with specificity of loss‐related memories. Implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers
Authors: Denissen Wim , Rivero Guadalupe , Nicolaÿ Renaud , Leibler Ludwik , Winne Johan M. , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: March 2015

Vitrimers are a new class of polymeric materials with very attractive properties, since they can be reworked to any shape while being at the same time permanently cross‐linked. As an alternative to the use of transesterification chemistry, we explore catalyst‐free transamination of vinylogous urethanes as an exchange reaction for vitrimers. First, a kinetic study on model compounds reveals the occurrence of transamination of vinylogous urethanes in a good temperature window without side reactions. Next, poly(vinylogous urethane) networks with a storage modulus of ≈2.4 GPa and a glass transition temperature above 80 °C are prepared by bulk polymerization of cyclohexane dimethanol bisacetoacetate, m‐xylylene diamine, and tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine. The vitrimer nature of these networks is examined by solubility, stress‐relaxation, and creep experiments. Relaxation times as short as 85 s at 170 °C are observed without making use of any catalyst. In addition, the networks are recyclable up to four times by consecutive grinding/compression molding cycles without significant mechanical or chemical degradation.
Engineering Stem Cells for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Yin Perry T. , Han Edward , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: March 2015

Stem cells are characterized by a number of useful properties, including their ability to migrate, differentiate, and secrete a variety of therapeutic molecules such as immunomodulatory factors. As such, numerous pre‐clinical and clinical studies have utilized stem cell‐based therapies and demonstrated their tremendous potential for the treatment of various human diseases and disorders. Recently, efforts have focused on engineering stem cells in order to further enhance their innate abilities as well as to confer them with new functionalities, which can then be used in various biomedical applications. These engineered stem cells can take on a number of forms. For instance, engineered stem cells encompass the genetic modification of stem cells as well as the use of stem cells for gene delivery, nanoparticle loading and delivery, and even small molecule drug delivery. The present Review gives an in‐depth account of the current status of engineered stem cells, including potential cell sources, the most common methods used to engineer stem cells, and the utilization of engineered stem cells in various biomedical applications, with a particular focus on tissue regeneration, the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer.
Silk‐Based Biomaterials in Biomedical Textiles and Fiber‐Based Implants
Authors: Li Gang , Li Yi , Chen Guoqiang , He Jihuan , Han Yifan , Wang Xiaoqin , Kaplan David L.
Published: March 2015

Biomedical textiles and fiber‐based implants (BTFIs) have been in routine clinical use to facilitate healing for nearly five decades. Amongst the variety of biomaterials used, silk‐based biomaterials (SBBs) have been widely used clinically viz. sutures for centuries and are being increasingly recognized as a prospective material for biomedical textiles. The ease of processing, controllable degradability, remarkable mechanical properties and biocompatibility have prompted the use of SBBs for various BTFIs for extracorporeal implants, soft tissue repair, healthcare/hygiene products and related needs. The present Review focuses on BTFIs from the perspective of types and physical and biological properties, and this discussion is followed with an examination of the advantages and limitations of BTFIs from SBBs. The Review covers progress in surface coatings, physical and chemical modifications of SBBs for BTFIs and identifies future needs and opportunities for the further development for BTFIs using SBBs.
Saloplastics: Processing Compact Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Schaaf Pierre , Schlenoff Joseph B.
Published: March 2015

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are prepared by mixing solutions of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. These diffuse, amorphous precipitates may be compacted into dense materials, CoPECs, by ultracentrifugation (ucPECs) or extrusion (exPECs). The presence of salt water is essential in plasticizing PECs to allow them to be reformed and fused. When hydrated, CoPECs are versatile, rugged, biocompatible, elastic materials with applications including bioinspired materials, supports for enzymes and (nano)composites. In this review, various methods for making CoPECs are described, as well as fundamental responses of CoPEC mechanical properties to salt concentration. Possible applications as synthetic cartilage, enzymatically active biocomposites, self‐healing materials, and magnetic nanocomposites are presented.
Linked‐Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymer for High Performance Organic Photovoltaics with an Open‐Circuit Voltage Exceeding 1 V
Authors: Xia Benzheng , Lu Kun , Zhao Yifan , Zhang Jianqi , Yuan Liu , Zhu Lingyun , Yi Yuanping , Wei Zhixiang
Published: March 2015

A linked‐acceptor type conjugated polymer is designed and sythesized based on 4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDTT) and linked‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (LTPD). This polymer uses alkyl‐substituted thiophene as a bridge. The PBDTT‐LTPD includes two TPD units in one repeating unit, which can enhance acceptor density in the polymer backbone and lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level. By contrast, variable alkyl substitutions in the thiophene‐bridges ensure the subtle regulation of polymer properties. The solar cells based on PBDTT‐LTPD display an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) that exceeds 1 V, and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.59% is obtained. This PCE value is the highest for conventional single‐junction bulk heterojunction solar cells with Voc values of up to 1 V. Given that PBDTT‐LTPD exhibits a low HOMO energy level and a band gap equivalent to that of poly(3‐hexylthiophene), PBDTT‐LTPD/phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester may be a promising candidate for the front cell in tandem polymer solar cells.
Intensification of convective heat transfer in a stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor
Authors: de Beer Michiel M. , Keurentjes Jos T.F. , Schouten Jaap C. , van der Schaaf John
Published: March 2015

A stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor is presented, which aims at intensification of convective heat‐transfer rates for chemical conversion processes. Single phase fluid‐rotor heat‐transfer coefficients hr are presented for rotor angular velocities
rad s−1 and volumetric throughflow rates
m3s−1. The values of hr are independent of
and increase from 0.95 kWm−2K−1 at ω = 0 rad s−1 to 34 kWm−2K−1 at ω = 157 rad s−1. This is a factor 2–3 higher than values achievable in passively enhanced reactor‐heat exchangers, due to the 1–2 orders of magnitude larger specific energy input achievable in the stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor. Moreover, as hr is independent of
, the heat‐transfer rates are independent of residence time. Together with the high mass‐transfer rates reported for rotor–stator spinning disc reactors, this makes the stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor a promising tool to intensify heat‐transfer rates for highly exothermal chemical reactions. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2307–2318, 2015
Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the MgCl2‐NH4Cl‐NH3‐H2O system for the production of high purity MgO from calcined low‐grade magnesite
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Li Zhibao , Park Ah‐Hyung Alissa , Petit Camille
Published: March 2015

To improve the overall sustainability of MgO‐based refractory production, a novel process to produce high purity MgO from calcined low‐grade magnesite in ammonium chloride solution was developed. The process was designed on the basis of the phase equilibria of the NH4Cl‐MgCl2‐NH3‐H2O system obtained using the Mixed Solvent Electrolyte model embedded in OLI software. The optimum calcination temperature of low‐grade magnesite was determined to be 650°C in terms of the conversion ratio of magnesium and calcium in the leaching experiments. An apparent activation energy of Mg extraction was 30.98 kJ/mol, which is slightly lower than that of Ca leaching. An empirical kinetic model of magnesium extraction was also developed to describe the effects of NH4Cl concentration, particle size of calcined magnesite, and solid‐to‐liquid ratio on the extent of extraction of magnesium. At leaching time of 10 min, the leachate with high Mg/Ca molar ratio was obtained. Then, MgO with a purity of 99.09% was produced through the decomposition of intermediate 4MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·4H2O. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1933–1946, 2015
Designing of anion‐functionalized ionic liquids for efficient capture of SO2 from flue gas
Authors: Chen Kaihong , Lin Wenjun , Yu Xini , Luo Xiaoyan , Ding Fang , He Xi , Li Haoran , Wang Congmin
Published: March 2015

Five kinds of anion‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) with different basicity and substituent were selected, prepared and applied in the capture of SO2 from flue gas, where the concentration of SO2 is only 2000 ppm. The effect of the anion on SO2 absorption capacity, desorption residue, and available absorption capacity under 2000 ppm was investigated. The relationship between available absorption capacity and absorption enthalpy was also studied. Through a combination of thermodynamic analysis and quantum calculation, the results indicated that the effect of the cation in the IL on absorption enthalpy was significant. However, the effect of chain length in the cation was weak. Hence, a new IL with low molecular weight, [P4442][Tetz], was further designed and applied for the capture of SO2, which shows the high absorption capacity of 0.18 g SO2 per g IL and excellent reversibility for 2000 ppm SO2. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2028–2034, 2015
Shift work and hypertension: Prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in a German car manufacturing company
Authors: Ohlander Johan , Keskin Mekail‐Cem , Stork Joachim , Radon Katja
Published: March 2015

Background

Hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may share a similar pathophysiology. Despite shift workers' CVD excess risk, studies on shift work and hypertension are inconclusive.

Methods

Blood pressure and shift status for 25,343 autoworkers were obtained from medical check‐ups and company registers. Cross‐sectional associations modeling the total effect from shift work (day shifts, shift work without nights, rotating shift work with nights, and night shifts) on hypertension were assessed. By sequential adjustments, the influence of behavioral, psychosocial, and physiological factors on the total effect was examined, with subsequent mediation and moderation analyses.

Results

Adjusted for confounders, shift work without nights (vs. day shifts) was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 1.15, 95%CI 1.02–1.30). The total effect was mediated by BMI, physical inactivity, and sleep disorders. No moderation of the total effect by behaviors was found.

Conclusion

The association between shift work and hypertension seems mainly attributable to behavioral mechanisms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:549–560, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors for neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A multicenter study
Authors: Postuma Ronald B. , Iranzo Alex , Hogl Birgit , Arnulf Isabelle , Ferini‐Strambi Luigi , Manni Raffaele , Miyamoto Tomoyuki , Oertel Wolfgang , Dauvilliers Yves , Ju Yo‐El , Puligheddu Monica , Sonka Karel , Pelletier Amelie , Santamaria Juan , Frauscher Birgit , Leu‐Semenescu Smaranda , Zucconi Marco , Terzaghi Michele , Miyamoto Masayuki , Unger Marcus M. , Carlander Bertrand , Fantini Maria‐Livia , Montplaisir Jacques Y.
Published: March 2015

Objective

To assess whether risk factors for Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies increase rate of defined neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Methods

Twelve centers administered a detailed questionnaire assessing risk factors for neurodegenerative synucleinopathy to patients with idiopathic RBD. Variables included demographics, lifestyle factors, pesticide exposures, occupation, comorbid conditions, medication use, family history, and autonomic/motor symptoms. After 4 years of follow‐up, patients were assessed for dementia or parkinsonism. Disease risk was assessed with Kaplan–Meier analysis, and epidemiologic variables were compared between convertors and those still idiopathic using logistic regression.

Results

Of 305 patients, follow‐up information was available for 279, of whom 93 (33.3%) developed defined neurodegenerative disease. Disease risk was 25% at 3 years and 41% after 5 years. Patients who converted were older (difference = 4.5 years, p < 0.001), with similar sex distribution. Neither caffeine, smoking, nor alcohol exposure predicted conversion. Although occupation was similar between groups, those who converted had a lower likelihood of pesticide exposure (occupational insecticide = 2.3% vs 9.0%). Convertors were more likely to report family history of dementia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.09), without significant differences in Parkinson disease or sleep disorders. Medication exposures and medical history were similar between groups. Autonomic and motor symptoms were more common among those who converted. Risk factors for primary dementia and parkinsonism were generally similar, except for a notably higher clonazepam use in dementia convertors (OR = 2.6).

Interpretation

Patients with idiopathic RBD are at very high risk of neurodegenerative synucleinopathy. Risk factor profiles between convertors and nonconvertors have both important commonalities and differences. Ann Neurol 2015;77:830–839
Identification of Covalent Bromodomain Binders through DNA Display of Small Molecules
Authors: Daguer Jean‐Pierre , Zambaldo Claudio , Abegg Daniel , Barluenga Sofia , Tallant Cynthia , Müller Susanne , Adibekian Alexander , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: March 2015

The regulation of transcriptional programs by epigenetic readers (bromodomains) has been linked to the development of several pathologies. Notably, it has been implicated in the regulation of cellular growth and evasion of apoptosis, in cancer as well as in inflammation. The discovery of small‐molecule probes to dissect the role of bromodomains is thus important. We demonstrate that specific cysteine residues conserved across the bromodomains can be harnessed for covalent trapping. We report the discovery of two small molecules that form a covalent bond with cysteine residues conserved across the bromodomain family, analyze the subset of bromodomains that can be addressed through covalent binding, and show proteomic analyses enabled by the enrichment of bromodomains from native lysates.
Electrospinning of gelatin fibers using solutions with low acetic acid concentration: Effect of solvent composition on both diameter of electrospun fibers and cytotoxicity
Authors: Erencia Marisa , Cano Francisco , Tornero Jose A. , Fernandes Margarida M. , Tzanov Tzanko , Macanás Jorge , Carrillo Fernando
Published: March 2015

Gelatin fibers were prepared by electrospinning of gelatin/acetic acid/water ternary mixtures with the aim of studying the feasibility of fabricating gelatin nanofiber mats at room temperature using an alternative benign solvent by significantly reducing the acetic acid concentration. The results showed that gelatin nanofibers can be optimally electrospun with low acetic acid concentration (25%, v/v) combined with gelatin concentrations higher than 300 mg/mL. Both gelatin solutions and electrospun gelatin mats (prepared with different acetic acid aqueous solutions) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry techniques to determine the chemical and structural changes of the polymer. The electrospun gelatin mats fabricated from solutions with low acetic acid content showed some advantages as the maintenance of the decomposition temperature of the pure gelatin (∼ 230°C) and the reduction of the acid content on electrospun mats, which allowed to reach a cell viability upper than 90% (analyzed by cell viability test using human dermal fibroblast and embryonic kidney cells). This study has also analyzed the influence of gelatin and acetic acid concentration both on the solution viscosity and the electrospun fiber diameter, obtaining a clear relationship between these parameters. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42115.
Synthesis and swelling properties of a pH‐ and temperature‐dual responsive hydrogel by inverse microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Wan Tao , Chen Qiaohe , Zhao Qihua , Huang Runqiu , Liao Ling , Xiong Jing , Tang Li
Published: March 2015

A novel pH‐ and temperature‐dual responsive hydrogel was synthesized by inverse microemulsion polymerization, using itonic acid (IA) as pH‐responsive monomer, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NPAM) as thermo‐responsive monomer and acrylamide (AM) as the nonionic hydrophilic monomer. Factors affecting water and salt absorption, as well as swellability of the dual responsive hydrogels, such as IA/NPAM mass ratio and crosslinker amount, were investigated. pH‐ and temperature‐sensitivity and dynamic viscoelasticity behaviors of the dual responsive hydrogels were also studied. The dual responsive responsive hydrogels showed suitable water and salt absorbency, remarkable pH‐, and temperature‐sensitivity, adjustable swellability and enhanced viscoelastic behaviors under high stress. Water absorbency and pH‐sensitivity increased while salt absorbency and temperature‐ sensitivity decreased with increasing IA/NIPAM mass ratio. Both water absorbency and salt absorbency increased first with crosslinker amount increased to 0.2 wt %, and then decreased with increasing crosslinker amount. Temperature‐induced shrinkage range of the dual responsive hydrogels was higher and broader than that of the conventional poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel. TEM indicated that the as‐synthesized hydrogel particles were regular and spherical‐like in shape and had the mean particle size of 49nm in the range of 30–78 nm. FTIR indicated the structure of the dual responsive hydrogels. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42139.
An improved incremental assignment model for parking variable message sign location problem
Authors: Ni Xun‐You , Sun Daniel (Jian) , Peng Zhong‐Ren
Published: March 2015

Operators and planners of parking guidance and information system (PGIS) often encounter the difficulty when and how to provide parking information to drivers in peak hours. The aim of this study was to assign the parking demands onto the urban network, find the positions suitable to locate the parking variable message sign (parking VMS), and try to solve the problem when to provide parking information to drivers. Parking VMS, as the most common forms of the information display terminal of PGIS, becomes critical in designing PGIS. This paper started from analyzing the relationship between the location and the performances of parking VMS. If a parking VMS is placed right along the link approaching to the divarication intersection of the subsequent “shortest path” and the previous one, the travel time declines abruptly, and the guiding compliance ratio becomes superior. Then, the network‐based parking choice model for the parking VMS was proposed. Network modification and incremental assignment were used to find the divarication intersections caused by the changes of space availability. In addition, MATLAB software package (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) was adopted to calculate the entire process mentioned. The proposed model and the algorithm were applied to a numerical example, where the location of parking VMS was obtained. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Wicked Character of Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Evidence from Sustainability Reports
Authors: Meckenstock Johann , Barbosa‐Póvoa Ana Paula , Carvalho Ana
Published: March 2015

Supply chains are changing their business paradigm as they strive for sustainability and not just for increasing profits. Sustainability, however, is a concept that is open to interpretation since it is based on societal and organizational values. Little is known about what companies actually mean when referring to sustainability, and how this contrasts with the understanding at different echelons of the supply chain. Diverging interpretations and translations of sustainability among stakeholders, termed wicked problems, affect the progress of sustainable supply chain management. This paper aims to contribute to closing the gap between our common sense expectations and the actual evidence from sustainability reports of how sustainability evolves from abstract ideas to operational practices across the supply chain. To this end, this study employs a computer‐aided content analysis of 142 corporate sustainability reports across 12 industries. Building on the findings, and using the lens of wicked problems, this paper provides guidance to practitioners on how to develop strategies that are effective across the whole supply chain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Forest Certification and ISO 14001: Current State and Motivation in Forest Companies
Authors: Tuppura Anni , Toppinen Anne , Puumalainen Kaisu
Published: March 2015

In this study, we explore the current state of specific corporate responsibility practices in the global forest sector. We compare the motivations for the leading forest industry companies to invest in certification from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), and in the ISO 14001 environmental management system. For the empirical investigation, we use quantitative survey data collected from 60 of the world's leading forestry companies. This study's empirical results indicate that incentives for adopting forest certification are more often external rather than internal, and more market driven than regulation driven, which would suggest the dominance of extrinsic motivation. The results also indicate that the adoption of ISO 14001 certification represents a reactive strategic approach, emphasizing customer satisfaction as a key motivation. Motivations differ depending on the firm's business sector and the geographical location of its headquarters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Do Women Leaders Promote Sustainability? Analyzing the Effect of Corporate Governance Composition on Environmental Performance
Authors: Glass Christy , Cook Alison , Ingersoll Alicia R.
Published: March 2015

In this study, we investigate the impact women leaders have on the corporate environmental strategies of organizations. Using a dataset of all Fortune 500 CEOs and boards of directors for a ten‐year period, we examine several aspects of gender in leadership on environmental strategy. Specifically, we test the impact of women CEOs, the proportion of women on the BOD, the number of interlinks women board members hold, and the interactive and cumulative effects of women CEOs and gender diverse boards. Findings suggest that firms characterized by gender diverse leadership teams are more effective than other firms at pursuing environmentally friendly strategies. This study contributes to research on corporate governance and environmental performance by showing how the gender composition of leaders affects corporate practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Phase I trial of systemic intravenous infusion of interleukin‐13‐Pseudomonas exotoxin in patients with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Liu‐Chittenden Yi , Jain Meenu , Kumar Parag , Patel Dhaval , Aufforth Rachel , Neychev Vladimir , Sadowski Samira , Gara Sudheer K. , Joshi Bharat H. , Cottle‐Delisle Candice , Merkel Roxanne , Yang Lily , Miettinen Markku , Puri Raj K. , Kebebew Electron
Published: March 2015

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but lethal malignancy without effective current therapy for metastatic disease. IL‐13‐PE is a recombinant cytotoxin consisting of human interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE). The main objectives of this Phase I dose‐escalation trial were to assess the maximum‐tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of IL‐13‐PE in patients with metastatic ACC. Eligible patients had confirmed IL‐13 receptor alpha 2 (IL‐13Rα2) expressions in their tumors. IL‐13‐PE at dose of 1–2 μg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) on day 1, 3, and 5 in a 4‐week cycle. Six patients received 1 μg/kg and two patients received 2 μg/kg of IL‐13‐PE. Dose‐limiting toxicity was observed at 2 μg/kg, at which patients exhibited thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency without requiring dialysis. PK analysis demonstrated that at MTD, the mean maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of IL‐13‐PE was 21.0 ng/mL, and the terminal half‐life of IL‐13‐PE was 30–39 min. Two (25%) of the eight patients had baseline neutralizing antibodies against PE. Three (75%) of the remaining four tested patients developed neutralizing antibodies against IL‐13‐PE within 14–28 days of initial treatment. Of the five patients treated at MTD and assessed for response, one patient had stable disease for 5.5 months before disease progression; the others progressed within 1–2 months. In conclusion, systemic IV administration of IL‐13‐PE is safe at 1 μg/kg. All tested patients developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies during IL‐13‐PE treatment. Use of strategies for immunodepletion before IL‐13‐PE treatment should be considered in future trials.
Extraordinary consumer experiences: Why immersion and transformation cause trouble
Authors: Lindberg Frank , Østergaard Per
Published: March 2015

This paper presents and discusses how consumers are transformed in and out of immersion during extraordinary, long‐lasting wilderness canoeing experiences. Based on a hermeneutic multi‐phase empirical approach, we show how extraordinary experiences can be dynamic, multifaceted, and emergent. The positive connotations of prior research are questioned as we find that consumers face various paradoxes and ambiguities throughout the various consumption phases. While a major part of research today focuses on the co‐creation efforts of consumers when they combine various on‐site resource of experiencescapes, our findings point to the importance of understanding consumer resources. The distinction held between the ordinary and the extraordinary does not hold within the present context, and we discuss how role conflicts may influence transformation and immersion during consumption of experiences.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Abies alba and A. koreana Seed and Cone Essential Oils and Characterization of Their Seed Hydrolates
Authors: Wajs‐Bonikowska Anna , Sienkiewicz Monika , Stobiecka Agnieszka , Maciąg Agnieszka , Szoka Łukasz , Karna Ewa
Published: March 2015

The chemical composition, including the enantiomeric excess of the main terpenes, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities, as well as the cytotoxicity of Abies alba and A. koreana seed and cone essential oils were investigated. Additionally, their seed hydrolates were characterized. In the examined oils and hydrolates, a total of 174 compounds were identified, which comprised 95.6–99.9% of the volatiles. The essential oils were mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas the composition of the hydrolates, differing from the seed oils of the corresponding fir species, consisted mainly of oxygenated derivatives of sesquiterpenes. The seed and cone essential oils of both firs exhibited DPPH‐radical‐scavenging properties and low antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains tested. Moreover, they evoked only low cytotoxicity towards normal fibroblasts and the two cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MBA‐231. At concentrations up to 50 μg/ml, all essential oils were safe in relation to normal fibroblasts. Although they induced cytotoxicity towards the cancer cells at concentrations slightly lower than those required for the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, their influence on cancer cells was weak, with IC50 values similar to those observed towards normal fibroblasts.
Exploring the Protein Stability Landscape: Bacillus subtilis Lipase A as a Model for Detergent Tolerance
Authors: Fulton Alexander , Frauenkron‐Machedjou Victorine Josiane , Skoczinski Pia , Wilhelm Susanne , Zhu Leilei , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Jaeger Karl‐Erich
Published: March 2015

A systematic study was conducted with Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA) to determine the effect of every single amino acid substitution on detergent tolerance. BSLA is a minimal α/β‐hydrolase of 181 amino acids with a known crystal structure. It can be expressed in Escherichia coli and is biochemically well characterized. Site saturation mutagenesis resulted in a library of 3439 variants, each with a single amino acid exchange as confirmed by DNA sequencing. The library was tested against four detergents, namely SDS, CTAB, Tween 80, and sulfobetaine. Surface remodeling emerged as an effective engineering strategy to increase tolerance towards detergents. Amino acid residues that significantly affect the tolerance for each of the four detergents were identified. In summary, this systematic analysis provides an experimental dataset to help derive novel protein engineering strategies as well as to direct modeling efforts.
A very unusual complication of amniocentesis
Authors: Hayat Munawar , Hill Michael , Kelly David , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

The uses of amniocentesis are numerous, including determination of chromosomal abnormalities, lung maturity, and infections. A common complication of amniocentesis is loss of the pregnancy, but rare complications should be considered. The role of patient history and clinical observation of uncommon presentations are critical in the management of the patient.
Activity Enhancement upon the Incorporation of Titanium: Au@Ti–SiO2 Core–Shell Nanocatalysts for the CO Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Sunil Sekhar Anandakumari C. , Ziyad Kottavarithottil , Soni Yogita , Vinod Chathakudath P.
Published: March 2015

The encapsulation of gold nanoparticles 8–12 nm in size within a porous Ti–SiO2 shell to form a core–shell nanoarchitecture was investigated, and the catalytic activity of the resulting structure was probed. Detailed characterization of the synthesized materials shows that the core–shell morphology is lost beyond a certain amount of incorporated titanium, and results in normal gold‐supported Ti–SiO2. The material has a high surface area (913 m2 g−1) and high porosity, both of which make it an excellent choice for catalytic applications. With the optimum amount of incorporated Ti, the core–shell catalyst shows excellent room‐temperature CO oxidation activity over several cycles with retention of its morphology at higher temperatures.
Guanosine in a Single Stranded Region of Anticodon Stem–Loop tRNA Models is Prone to Oxidatively Generated Damage Resulting in Dehydroguanidinohydantoin and Spiroiminodihydantoin Lesions
Authors: Tomaszewska‐Antczak Agnieszka , Guga Piotr , Nawrot Barbara , Pratviel Geneviève
Published: March 2015

Oxidation of RNA hairpin models corresponding to anticodon stem–loop (ASL) of transfer RNA led to RNA damage consisting solely of a unique loop guanine oxidation. Manganese porphyrin/oxone treatment of RNA resulted in dehydroguanidinohydantoin (DGh; major) and/or spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) lesions. Ribose damage was not observed. This two‐electron transfer oxidation reaction allowed the identification of guanine oxidation products for further study of RNA species carrying a unique lesion at a single G to investigate their biological impact.
Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gasdiffusionselektroden zur elektrochemischen Reduktion von CO2
Authors: Kopljar Dennis , Inan Andrea , Vindayer Patrick , Scholz Ralf , Frangos Nicolaos , Wagner Norbert , Klemm Elias
Published: March 2015

Die elektrochemische Verwertung von CO2 ist eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zu dessen stofflicher Nutzung und zur chemischen Speicherung von elektrischem Strom. Um die Limitierung der Stromdichten durch die begrenzte Löslichkeit des CO2 zu umgehen, wurden Gasdiffusionselektroden mit Zinn als Elektrokatalysator entwickelt und ihre Eignung in der Reduktion von CO2 getestet. Durch ihren Einsatz ist es möglich, die erreichbaren Stromdichten von ca. 10 auf bis zu 200 mA cm−2 bei einer Faraday‐Effizienz von 90 % zu steigern, bevor Stofftransportlimitierung einsetzt. Zudem wurden erste Versuche im mikrostrukturierten Reaktor durchgeführt, die die Übertragung vom Semi‐Batch zum kontinuierlichen Betrieb beschreiben.
Modulares Mikroreaktorsystem aus ultraschallheißgeprägten Polymerfolien
Authors: Tollkötter Alexander , Sackmann Johannes , Baldhoff Tobias , Schomburg Werner Karl , Kockmann Norbert
Published: March 2015

Verkürzte Entwicklungszeiten chemischer Prozesse sind durch Laborexperimente und Erkenntnisse daraus möglich. Dies wird durch modulare Mikrosysteme und deren Standardisierung der Apparate vereinfacht. Kunststoffe bieten durch ihre variablen Materialeigenschaften die Anpassung an die jeweiligen Prozesse sowie kostengünstige Herstellung. Das modulare Konzept besteht aus ultraschallheißgeprägten PVDF‐Folien. Zwei mögliche Anordnungsvarianten werden bezüglich ihrer Charakteristiken und der Verbindungsarten einzelner Module diskutiert. Die Durchführung einer Neutralisationsreaktion zeigt die Flexibilität dieses modularen Systems hinsichtlich Prozessanforderungen.
Studies on photo‐assisted removal of Cr(VI) by ZnO particles
Authors: Paul Madona Lien , Samuel Jastin , Garg Hemant , Bhalerao Gopalkrishna M. , Chakravarty Sujay , Chandrasekaran Natarajan , Mukherjee Amitava
Published: March 2015

The present work deals with the photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) by zinc oxide particles. Cr(VI) removal capacity of 494.4 mg/g, 369.27 mg/g, and 355.59 mg/g was noted in sunlight, fluorescent, and dark conditions respectively at optimized parameters (pH: 5.0, initial Cr(VI) concentration: 50 mg/L, particle dosage: 10 mg/L, contact time: 60 min). A Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo first order kinetics were observed. The aggregation of Cr(VI) interacted ZnO particles was observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results suggest the photon‐assisted reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) on the ZnO particle. The EDX, FTIR, and EELS indicated Cr(VI) removal by an adsorption‐coupled reduction mechanism. Lower aggregation observed in the sunlight condition favoured enhanced Cr(VI) sorption compared to that in fluorescent light. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the interaction of Cr(VI) on the particle surface and the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) confirmed its subsequent reduction to Cr(III). The applicability of the process was studied with Cr(VI)–Cr(III) binary mixture and the multi–metal solutions.
A Chemical Chaperone‐Based Drug Candidate is Effective in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Getter Tamar , Zaks Ilana , Barhum Yael , Ben‐Zur Tali , Böselt Sebastian , Gregoire Simpson , Viskind Olga , Shani Tom , Gottlieb Hugo , Green Omer , Shubely Moran , Senderowitz Hanoch , Israelson Adrian , Kwon Inchan , Petri Susanne , Offen Daniel , Gruzman Arie
Published: March 2015

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy. The majority of ALS cases are acquired spontaneously, with inherited disease accounting for only 10 % of all cases. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that aggregates of misfolded proteins underlie both types of ALS. Small molecules such as artificial chaperones can prevent or even reverse the aggregation of proteins associated with various human diseases. However, their very high active concentration (micromolar range) severely limits their utility as drugs. We synthesized several ester and amide derivatives of chemical chaperones. The lead compound 14, 3‐((5‐((4,6‐dimethylpyridin‐2‐yl)methoxy)‐5‐oxopentanoyl)oxy)‐N,N‐dimethylpropan‐1‐amine oxide shows, in the micromolar concentration range, both neuronal and astrocyte protective effects in vitro; at daily doses of 10 mg kg−1 14 improved the neurological functions and delayed body weight loss in ALS mice. Members of this new chemical chaperone derivative class are strong candidates for the development of new drugs for ALS patients.
Molecular margin of surgical resections—Where do we go from here?
Authors: Mao Li , Clark David
Published: March 2015

The molecular surgical margin may provide a more accurate and objective assessment, which may improve current clinical practice for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, more work is needed to develop clinically applicable assays.
Correlation of gene methylation in surgical margin imprints with locoregional recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hayashi Masamichi , Wu Gaosong , Roh Jong‐Lyel , Chang Xiaofei , Li Xiufeng , Ahn Julie , Goldsmith Marla , Khan Zubair , Bishop Justin , Zhang Zhe , Zhou Xian Chong , Richmon Jeremy , Agrawal Nishant , Koch Wayne M.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Securing negative surgical margins is a critical goal for head and neck surgery. Local recurrence develops even in some patients who have histologically negative surgical margins. Minimal residual tumor cells may lead to locoregional recurrence despite clear histologic margins reported at the time of resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To identify subclinical residual disease, the authors analyzed deep margin imprint samples collected on 1‐layer nitrocellulose sheets.

METHODS

Bisulfite‐treated DNA samples from 73 eligible patients were amplified by quantitative methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) targeting 6 genes (deleted in colorectal cancer [DCC], endothelin receptor type B [EDNRB], homeobox protein A9 [HOXA9], kinesin family member 1A [KIF1A], nidogen‐2 [NID2], and N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptor subtype 2B [NR2B]). QMSP values were dichotomized as positive or negative. Associations between the QMSP status of deep margin samples and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Two‐gene methylation combinations among the genes DCC, EDNRB, and HOXA9 were associated with decreased locoregional recurrence‐free survival, recurrence‐free survival, and overall survival. The methylated gene combination of EDNRB and HOXA9 in margin imprints was the most powerful predictor of poor locoregional recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30‐8.46; P = .012) independent of standard histologic factors. In addition, methylation of both EDNRB and HOXA9 indicated a trend toward reduced recurrence‐free survival (HR, 2.74; 95% CI, 0.90‐8.33; P = .075) and reduced OS (HR, 5.78; 95% CI, 0.75‐44.7; P = .093) in multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

A panel of gene methylation targets in deep surgical margin imprints provides a potential predictive marker of postoperative locoregional recurrence. Intraoperative use of molecular margin imprint analysis may assist surgeons in obtaining rigorously negative surgical margins and improve the outcome of head and neck surgery. Cancer 2015;121:1957–1965. © 2015 American Cancer Society.