bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children’s Exploration as a Key in Children’s Play and Learning Activity in Social and Cultural Formation
Authors: Hedegaard Mariane
Published: February 2020

Children are active and intentional from birth, and from infancy explorative activity is central (Bruner, 1972, Stern, 2000, Vygotsky, Child psychology. The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, vol 5. Plenum Press, New York, 1998), but children’s learning and development must be seen in relation to a society’s cultural and educational practice. Three different educational approaches to early childhood education (Maria Montessori, Bert van Oers, and Roland Tharp) have contributed to turning the focus on learning in early childhood away from receptive learning to exploration as the central activity. Montessori’s contribution was to let the child become an agent in his or her own learning activity, by providing opportunities and materials for children’s exploration. Van Oers focuses on creating opportunities for children’s cooperation through playful activities that model well-known adult activities. Tharp and colleagues put weight on children’s possibility to model community activities. However, none of these approaches is clear about how the cultural formation aspect within early childhood is different from the cultural formation in the school. The chapter will conclude with an outline of ideas for an educational approach that proscribed instruction and instead support exploration in kindergarten that relate to experiences from everyday local settings. This approach gives a possibility for cultural formation that may be relevant for children’s transcendence to school.
Beyond Bullying: Understanding Children’s Exploration of Inclusion and Exclusion Processes in Kindergarten
Authors: Skoglund Ruth Ingrid
Published: February 2020

For several years, there was resistance to the use of the concept of bullying in Norwegian kindergartens and to labelling individual children as bullies or victims – as exhibiting certain characteristics or lacking certain skills. This chapter investigates a theoretical framework beyond the perception of bullying as being as resulting from individual factors. An alternative approach is the democratic theoretical perspective, in which children are considered as explorers of complex, dynamic relations, which can lead to their inclusion or exclusion. The research questions are: How can children’s bullying in free play be seen as explorations in inclusion and exclusion processes? How are children’s explorations of social processes during free play supported or restricted by institutional practice? Children’s exploration of their own and others’ changing positions and power in a group are seen as part of their democratic and cultural formation. Hedegaard’s model for child development (Chap. 2) provides possibilities for analysing children’s exploration of social processes at a relational, institutional and societal level. An illustrative example is an observation protocol regarding three boys in an outdoor free-play setting. The boys explore their positions and how material and physical factors affect their access to power, resulting in internal exclusion of one of the boys. It is difficult to detect inclusion and exclusion processes because of their simultaneity: they co-occur in a way that does not result in the total exclusion of either. The cultural value of outdoor free play expects children to be self-directed and provides them with possibilities to hide their exploration of inclusion and exclusion processes, ensuring a lack of involvement from practitioners. (I use the term practitioners for all employees working with children in Norwegian early education institutions, named kindergartens. These employees consist of formally educated kindergarten teachers as well as skilled workers and assistants with no formal education at the university level).
Institutional Conditions for Exploration: Chinese Kindergarten Teachers’ Perspectives and Practices
Authors: Hu Aihua
Published: February 2020

Anchored in cultural-historical framework, this chapter investigates Chinese kindergarten teachers’ perspectives on how their conceptions and practices are framed with the aim to understand the institutional conditions for kindergarteners’ explorative activities. Data are drawn from documents, open-ended questionnaires, and online interviews. The major documents include policies and curricula of early childhood education (ECE) teacher education/training, ECE-related policies, curricula at different levels and exploratory activity plans shared by the teachers. Kindergarten teachers from Huining (Gansu province), Kunming (Yunnan), and Shanghai have answered the online open-ended questionnaires. In addition, online interviews have been conducted with six kindergarten teachers who have answered the questionnaire and three principals for different purposes. Cultural-historical framework has also been utilized to guide the data analysis process and the discussion of the findings. This study finds that national policies as a form of societal condition in one way or another directs institution (teacher education/training and kindergartens) practices which shape teachers’ conceptions and practices of children’s exploration. Additionally, the teachers from the three kindergarten hold different conceptions of children’s exploration and organize various explorative activities for kindergarteners, each with their own distinctive features influenced by institutional conditions including local cultures, climate, and environment, and resources. This study illustrates that cultural-historical framework can also be utilized to explore the development of teachers and adults in addition to children and youths.
Kindergarten as a Budding Explorative Scientific Community
Authors: Hammer Anne Synnøve Ekrene
Published: February 2020

In this chapter I argue in favour of a science education in kindergarten characterized by children’s and teachers’ shared exploration of science-related phenomena and objects. The concept of exploration is related to science as inquiry and the practices of science, which are key perspectives in the science education field today (Crawford, From inquiry to scientific practices in the science classroom. In Lederman NG, Abell SK (eds), Handbook of research on science education, Vol. II. Routledge, New York, 2014, pp. 515–541; Osborne, Scientific practices and inquiry in the science classroom. In Lederman NG, Abell S (eds), Handbook of research on science education, Vol. II. Taylor & Fransis, New York, 2014, pp. 579–599). These perspectives coincide with the concept of sciencing, introduced by Neuman (Sciencing for young children. In Baker KB (ed), Ideas that work with young children. National Association for the Education of Young Children, Washington, DC, 1972, pp. 137–151) to denote the importance of young children’s involvement in the processes or practices of science. Neuman’s three categories of sciencing are used as a basis for characterizing kindergarten as a budding explorative scientific community. I elaborate on how the cultural-historical theory of child development originally formulated by Vygotsky (The collected work of L.S. Vygotsky, In Hall MJ, (trans.) Rieber RW (ed) Child psychology, Vol. 5. Plenum, New York) supports an approach to science through which children have the opportunity to take part in an explorative scientific community. Further, I discuss how some of the characteristics of such a community can both bridge and challenge today’s views on what constitutes good educational practice in kindergarten. Finally, I discuss the competences teachers need in order to facilitate such an approach and consider the implications this may have for kindergarten teacher education.
What First, What Later? Patterns in the Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partners in European Countries
Authors: Waaldijk Kees
Published: February 2020

Among the 21 European countries surveyed for the LawsAndFamilies Database, there is a clear trend (fortified by European law) of offering same-sex couples the opportunity to formalise their relationship as marriage and/or as registered partnership, and of attaching more and more rights and responsibilities to the informal cohabitation, the registered partnership and/or the civil marriage of two people of the same sex. This chapter focusses on the timing of all these changes. In a five periods analysis, it establishes whether major partnership rights were extended to same-sex couples at the time of the introduction of registered partnership, or before, or at the time of the opening up of marriage, or between those two moments, or after the opening up of marriage. Thereby, and by calculating the same-sex legal recognitionconsensus among the countries surveyed for each of 26 selected rights, it finds nine typical sequences: Attitudes before rights; Rights before status; Bad-times rights before good-times rights; Responsibilities before benefits; Individual partner rights before couple rights; Partnership before marriage; Immigration rights among the first to be gained; Parenting rights among the last to be gained; Legal recognition before social legitimacy.
LGBT Desires in Family Land: Parenting in Iceland, from Social Acceptance to Social Pressure
Authors: Digoix Marie
Published: February 2020

More than 20 years ago, Iceland opened civil union to same-sex couples with its confirmed partnership law (staðfest samvist, 1996). Since then, the country has attained a high level of equality between same-sex and different-sex couples in the domain of family law, and the law has strong provisions against discrimination toward LGBT people. The increasing visibility and acceptance of LGBT people is raising questions about the social process of integration. LGBT people are confronted with heterosexual norms, a confrontation that is difficult to bypass. In this context, some may find that they are losing their identity. Iceland is a familialist society, and a key entry into the social acceptance of homosexuality has been through marriage and parenting. There is a clear gender gap in family-making. Lesbians have access to ART whereas adoption is scarcely available and surrogacy still illegal, reducing access to parenthood for gay men. However, in Iceland’s small LGBT community, parenting desire has increasingly become a reality for both females and males. Based on a survey consisting of 30 interviews, the paper studies how parenthood meets a wide range of personal desires, but also how it has become a normative pressure.
Basic Elements: Cash Flow, Tax, Expectation, Cost of Capital, Value
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas
Published: February 2020

Valuation is being talked about everywhere. Finance experts, CPAs, investment bankers, and business consultants are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of discounted cash flow (DCF) methods since years. This book takes part in the discussion, and intends to make a theoretical contribution to it.
Personal Income Tax
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas
Published: February 2020

We now shift gears. While in the last chapter we worked on the basis that the firm was taxed, but that the financiers were free from taxes, we now suppose that the financiers have to pay income tax, but that the firm is spared.
Proofs
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas
Published: February 2020

We start with the proof of Theorem 10.1007/978-3-030-37081-7_3#FPar4.
Chile
Authors: Madero-Cabib Ignacio , De-Amesti José , Herrera María-Soledad
Published: February 2020

During the last three decades Chile has experienced an unprecedented demographic transition due to increased life expectancy and decreased childbirth. This is expected to cause important challenges to economic, health and cultural dimensions among older people in Chile. Furthermore, this is a developing country characterised by a liberal labour market and pension policies and by a male breadwinner culture-locating women in care and domestic tasks at the expense of labour market participation. This means that gender plays a key role in the challenges associated with an ageing population. We discuss public policies and recent academic research on the economic, health, and cultural dimensions of ageing in Chile.
Estonia
Authors: Unt Marge , Kazjulja Margarita , Krönström Viivi
Published: February 2020

This chapter aims to provide a broader context to understand extended working life in Estonia by describing the socioeconomic background, employment regime, pension system and extended employment patterns. Estonia is an ageing society with a decreasing working age population. Intriguingly, despite this decreasing working age population, the number of employed people has increased over recent years due to increasing activity rates and the prolonged working careers of older people. The employment rate of older women is especially high compared to other European countries. Overall, there are diverse reasons for the readiness to work beyond retirement age. These are related to the favourable tax system for working pensioners and relatively low pensions which make working an economic necessity. Older women who face higher povertyrisks and higher care obligations combined with few opportunities to work part-time are especially vulnerable.
Ireland
Authors: Ní Léime Áine , Wijeratne Dinali , Duvvury Nata
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers the gender and healthimplications of policies designed to extend working lives in Ireland from a feminist political economy of ageing perspective. The socio-economic context, gender, pension and employment regime and the recent economic recession are discussed. Older Irish women’s employment has increased from a low base but is still relatively low. There is a gender paygap and a higher gender pensiongap. Women’s pension coverage is low compared to men’s and they are more reliant on the lower non-contributory state pension. Reforms link pension amounts more closely to participation in paid employment, disadvantaging women who are more likely to leave paid employment for unpaidcare-work. State pension age has increased quickly though the population is relatively young. For private sector workers, retirement age is typically 65, leaving a gap between retirement age and state pension age, currently 66 increasing to 67 in 2021 and 68 in 2028.
Lithuania
Authors: Pivoriene Jolanta , Ambrazeviciute Kristina
Published: February 2020

Lithuania underwent radical changes in economic and social systems at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. The country has a declining and ageing population. The dependency ratio will increase to 44.9%, public pensionexpenditure in Lithuania will reach 8.6% of GDP in 2050, and both values are lower than the corresponding values for the EU-25 average. To address such challenges, the country introduced policy measures and in 2018 a new social model came into force. The chapter discusses pension system reforms, pension policy, employment and healthpolicy and provides a selective review of existing research on these topics. Research on extended working life is developing in Lithuania. It provides evidence-based arguments for influencing social policyforolderworkers. However, the gender and healthimplications of extending working life in Lithuania are not very favourable and do not fully support peoples’ rights for sustainable wellbeing in late work and after retirement.
Sweden
Authors: Engström Lars-Gunnar , Heikkinen Satu , Krekula Clary
Published: February 2020

Extended working life in Sweden is discussed using the old age pension reform of 2001 and debates and policies following this reform as a starting point. Extended working life is also discussed in relation to flexible work, unpaidcaregiving, employers’ attitudes towardolder workers and working environment. The implications of different outcomes of an extended working life for men and women and possible healtheffects are considered. Several issues with gender as well as healthimplications have to be further analyzed and evaluated to ensure not only financial sustainability of the pension system but also equal opportunities for men as well as for women both in an extended working life and in life after retirement.
Fundamental Insight into Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Perspectives from Pediatric PAH in Japan
Authors: Mitani Yoshihide , Sawada Hirofumi
Published: February 2020

In Japan, we have a unique experience with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): mandatory electrocardiography (ECG) screening in apparently healthy school children and lung biopsy study in infants with congenital heart disease and atypical PAH. Our recent nationwide survey demonstrated that the school ECG screening in Japan detects a substantial pediatric IPAH population that is associated with already established PH but without apparent right heart failure; early treatment in PAH patients was associated with better outcomes. Our lung biopsy study in small infants with atypical CHD-PAH in a single institute showed that microscopic respiratory disease was associated with the development of severe PH, which is unexplained by CHD but is reversible in acute vasodilator testing. We presented some experimental data supporting the benefit in initiating early treatment in PAH and targeting at-risk population from the perinatal period.
Evaluation and Visualization of the Right Ventricle Using Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Ito Yui , Kamiya Yusaku , Ikari Azuma , Toyoshima Katsuaki
Published: February 2020

As neonatal right ventricular (RV) function undergoes transition from fetal to neonatal circulation, evaluation of the neonatal right ventricle is important. We analyzed the RV function of three infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) using three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D echo) and herein report the results.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants with Heart and Lung Diseases
Authors: Yamagishi Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major causative agent of respiratory infection in infants because of its affinity for bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Serious and sometimes fatal RSV infection may develop in premature infants as well as infants with chronic lung disease and congenital heart disease (CHD). In infants with CHD, the addition of RSV infection to the underlying respiratory pathology resulting from increase or decrease in pulmonary blood flow may cause significant problems such as serious symptoms, increases in hospitalization rate, postponement of elective heart surgery, or death. Strict infection control measures with administration of anti-RSV antibody are essential in the management of infants with heart and lung diseases.
Constriction of the Ductus Arteriosus with KATP Channel Inhibitors
Authors: Momma Kazuo , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Hayama Emiko , Nakanishi Toshio
Published: February 2020

The cause of fetal death by sulfonylureas (SUs), used for diabetes in pregnancy in the early 1960s, remained unsolved for decades. In 1993, Nakanishi discovered constriction of ductus arteriosus (DA) strips in rabbit fetuses with glibenclamide, a SU and inhibitor of the KATP channel. Later, Momma showed dose-dependent fetal DA constriction by glibenclamide injected directly into the fetus in rats. Every first-generation SU constricted the fetal DA by oral administration to the pregnant rat. DA constriction with the clinical dose of these SUs was mild, whereas a 100 times larger dose was needed to close the DA completely. Coadministration of SUs and cylooxygenase inhibitors caused additive severe constriction and complete closure of the fetal DA. These data suggested that the aforementioned high fetal death rate (63% in 1962) with chlorpropamide was due to the coadministration of this SU and aspirin-like drugs.
Antenatal Administration of Betamethasone Contributes to Intimal Thickening of the Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Kemmotsu Takahiro , Yokoyama Utako , Saito Junichi , Ito Satoko , Uozumi Azusa , Iwasaki Shiho , Nishimaki Shigeru , Ito Shuichi , Masuda Munetaka , Asou Toshihide , Ishikawa Yoshihiro
Published: February 2020

Antenatal betamethasone (BTM) is a standard therapy to reduce respiratory distress syndrome [1], and some reports indicate that BTM decreases prevalence of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants [2]. Closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) requires morphological remodeling, i.e., intimal thickening (IT) formation [3]. However, the role of BTM in IT formation of the preterm DA has not been reported.
Perspective for Part IV
Authors: Baldwin H. Scott
Published: February 2020

The advances that have been made in understanding the developmental processes and molecular pathways that control cardiac development have been enormous in the last several decades. It was the original goal of the first Takao Symposia in 1978 to promote the scientific understanding of cardiac morphogenesis to form a foundation for investigating the mechanisms of congenital heart disease. However, even the ambitious investigators who attended that first meeting would not have anticipated the rapid progress that has occurred in this field. Furthermore, few would have predicted that there would be serious discussion about exploiting developmental paradigms to promote cardiac stem cell differentiation as an approach to attain cardiac regeneration. In this section we get a glimpse of some exciting new developments in these areas that have been the direct result of insights presented at and encouraged by the Takao Symposia.
Novel Cardiac Progenitors for All Components of the Heart Except for the Right Ventricle
Authors: Kokubo Hiroki , Fujii Masayuki , Sakaguchi Akane , Yoshizumi Masao , Saga Yumiko
Published: February 2020

Mammalian heart is first recognized as the cardiac crescent at the egg cylinder stage, which had been thought to form all components of the heart. Recently, several lineage-tracing experiments using dye-labeling and mouse genetic technique have demonstrated that another cardiac progenitor population, called the second heart field, contributes to the outflow tract, the right ventricle, and a part of the atria. This finding has provided a great impetus for the understanding of cardiac morphogenesis, but it has also raised additional questions such as the potential existence of unique cardiac progenitors that give rise to the left ventricle and the conduction system. Here, we show that a novel cardiac progenitor population is identified by expression and lineage tracing analysis of the Sfrp5 gene. We found that Sfrp5 gene expression was constantly seen in the venous pole of the forming heart, which is later differentiated into the myocardium of the sinus venosus, a precursor of the sinoatrial node. Descendants of Sfrp5-expressing cells were found to contribute not only to the sinus venosus, but also to the left ventricle, atria, and the outflow tract by lineage-tracing analysis using Sfrp5-Cre and -Ert2Cre mice. These results indicate that Sfrp5-expressing cells could include progenitors for the sinus venosus, atria, the left ventricle, and the outflow tract, but not in the right ventricle, implying that the origin of the right ventricle essential for pulmonary circulation could be unique from progenitors for other components in mammalian cardiac development. In this session, we would like to discuss a new understanding of cardiac progenitor distribution.
Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Immortalized B Cell Lines and Their Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Hayama Emiko , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Kawaguchi Nanako , Oomichi Eiko , Shimada Mitsuyo , Inai Kei , Nakanishi Toshio
Published: February 2020

Collection of peripheral blood from many patients over a long period of time has resulted in the establishment of a library composed of more than 4400 immortalized B cell lines, which have been used to identify mutated genes responsible for congenital heart defects (CHD). Because of the current progress in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and the ability of these iPSC lines to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, we started a project to establish an in vitro cardiac disease model using patient specific-iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. As part of this project, we have established more than 20 iPSC lines from patients with CHD and from normal controls. All generated iPSC lines expressing pluripotent stem cell marker genes and proteins were alkaline phosphatase-positive. After reprogramming, the mutated genes were not altered and normal karyotypes were observed; Epstein–Barr viral genes were also not expressed. Most iPSC lines were confirmed to be able to differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm in vivo, indicating that we had successfully established iPSC lines. These iPSC lines were then induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Most of these iPSC lines were observed to differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes, with some diversity in cardiomyocyte differentiation among the cell lines. In this study, we examined the effect of serial dilutions of agents on early stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation. In a floating culture system, varying concentrations of Activin A (0–10 ng/mL) and BMP4 (0–10 ng/mL) with FGF-2 (5 ng/mL) in StemPro 34 (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) medium were used to induce mesoderm formation. The optimum concentrations of the agents for cardiomyocyte induction in iPSC lines were varied; 0–5 ng/mL Activin A and 1.25–10 ng/mL BMP4 were generally effective. We further investigated some additives for enhancement of embryoid body (EB) formation, and hyaluronate and Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) addition relatively improved EB formation. Induction of functioning cardiomyocytes was associated with the ability to form appropriately sized EB in floating culture. Thus, further studies are required to improve the cell differentiation ability in some iPSC lines for establishment of stable disease models using patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes.
One-loop CHY-integrand of bi-adjoint scalar theory
Authors: Feng Bo , Hu Chang
Published: February 2020

Abstract

In this paper, the one-loop CHY-integrands of bi-adjoint scalar theory has been reinvestigated. Differing from previous constructions, we have explicitly removed contributions from tadpole and massless bubbles when taking the forward limit of corresponding tree-level amplitudes. The way to remove those singular contributions is to exploit the idea of “picking poles”, which is to multiply a special cross ratio factor with the role of isolating terms having a particular pole structure.
Ontogeny of electric organ and electric organ discharge in Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus (Teleostei: Mormyridae)
Authors: Nguyen Linh , Mamonekene Victor , Vater Marianne , Bartsch Peter , Tiedemann Ralph , Kirschbaum Frank
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was a longitudinal description of the ontogeny of the adult electric organ of Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus which produces as adult an electric organ discharge of very long duration (ca. 25 ms). We could indeed show (for the first time in a mormyrid fish) that the electric organ discharge which is first produced early during ontogeny in 33-mm-long juveniles is much shorter in duration and has a different shape than the electric organ discharge in 15-cm-long adults. The change from this juvenile electric organ discharges into the adult electric organ discharge takes at least a year. The increase in electric organ discharge duration could be causally linked to the development of surface evaginations, papillae, at the rostral face of the electrocyte which are recognizable for the first time in 65-mm-long juveniles and are most prominent at the periphery of the electrocyte.
Validierung des Geriatrie-Checks zur Identifikation geriatrischer Patienten in der Notaufnahme
Authors: Gerhard Tobias , Mayer Kristina , Braisch Ulrike , Dallmeier Dhayana , Jamour Michael , Klaus Jochen , Seufferlein Thomas , Denkinger Michael
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund

Der Geriatrie-Check wurde im Rahmen des Geriatriekonzept Baden-Württemberg zur Identifikation geriatrischer Patienten in der Notaufnahme entwickelt.

Ziel

Bestimmung der konvergenten und prädiktiven Validität des Geriatrie-Checks zu Identifikation und Verlaufsprädiktion geriatrischer Patienten in der Notaufnahme.

Material und Methoden

Prospektive Kohortenstudie zwischen November 2015 und April 2016 mit 146 Patienten, älter als 70 Jahre, der internistischen Notaufnahme der Uniklinik Ulm. Getrennte Erhebung durch Ärzte und Pflegende: Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR), Geriatrie-Check, weitere kognitive und funktionelle Assessments und als Endpunkte: Veränderung von Pflegestufe, Barthel-Index, Wohnform.

Ergebnisse

Der ISAR klassifizierte n =117 Patienten als geriatrisch, der Geriatrie-Check n =107. Die Übereinstimmung betrug 78,1 %. Mit dem ISAR als Goldstandard zeigte der Geriatrie-Check eine Sensitivität von 82,0 % und eine Spezifität von 62,1 %. Der positiv- bzw. negativ-prädiktive Wert lag bei 89,7 % bzw. 46,1 %. Mit dem ISAR als Goldstandard war die Einschätzung der Pflege präziser als die der Ärzte überlegen (Sensitivität 70,5 % vs. 58 %; Spezifität 88,9 % vs. 83,3 %). Die prädiktive Validität 5 Monate nach Aufnahme bezüglich oben genannter Endpunkte war am besten für die Einschätzung durch Pflege und Ärzte (insbesondere die Spezifität). Beide Tests waren sehr sensitiv, aber wenig spezifisch.

Diskussion

Der Geriatrie-Check ist dem ISAR vergleichbar. Die konvergente Validität unterscheidet sich nur wenig. Beide, ISAR und Geriatrie-Check, sind etwas sensitiver als Ärzte und Pflege. Bezüglich der prädiktiven Validität sind Ärzte und Pflege den Scores überlegen. Ein Algorithmus aus ISAR oder Geriatrie-Check mit nachfolgender Einschätzung durch Arzt oder Pflege könnte sich für eine bedarfsgerechte Ressourcenallokation am besten eignen.
Saturation rates of filtered back projection approximations
Authors: Beckmann Matthias , Iske Armin
Published: February 2020

This paper concerns the approximation of bivariate functions by using the well-known filtered back projection (FBP) formula from computerized tomography. We prove error estimates and convergence rates for the FBP approximation of target functions from Sobolev spaces $$\mathrm H^\alpha ({\mathbb {R}}^2)$$Hα(R2) of fractional order $$\alpha >0$$α>0, where we bound the FBP approximation error, which is incurred by the application of a low-pass filter, with respect to the weaker norms of the rougher Sobolev spaces $$\mathrm H^\sigma ({\mathbb {R}}^2)$$Hσ(R2), for $${0 \le \sigma \le \alpha }$$0≤σ≤α. In particular, we generalize our previous results to non band-limited filter functions and show that the decay rate of the error saturates at fractional order depending on smoothness properties of the filter’s window function at the origin. The theoretical results are supported by numerical simulations.
A-Priori Assessment of Interfacial Sub-grid Scale Closures in the Two-Phase Flow LES Context
Authors: Hasslberger Josef , Ketterl Sebastian , Klein Markus
Published: February 2020

Due to the continuous increase in available computing power, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of two-phase flows started to receive more attention in recent years. Well-established models from single-phase flows are often used to close the sub-grid scale convective momentum transport and recently some modifications have been suggested to account for the jump of density and viscosity at the interface of multi-phase flows. However, additional unclosed terms in multi-phase flows, which are absent in single-phase flows, often remain ignored. This paper focuses on the crucial gaps in literature, namely the modeling of volume fraction advection and surface tension effects on sub-grid level. An a-priori analysis has been conducted for this purpose, i.e. the Direct Numerical Simulation of an academic two-phase flow configuration (single wobbling bubble in a turbulent background flow) has been explicitly filtered (corresponding to implicit filtering in actual LES) for varying filter width and the corresponding sub-grid terms have been compared to potentially suitable model expressions. Besides other approaches, adequately formulated models based on the scale similarity principle emerged to be promising candidates for both sub-grid volume fraction advection as well as sub-grid surface tension effects. In this context, special attention has to be paid to the secondary filter. Owing to the nature of the quasi-singular surface tension term, surface-weighted filtering may be more appropriate and robust than standard volume filtering.
Grenzüberschreitendes Unterwegssein für alle!
Authors: Klein-Zimmer Kathrin
Published: February 2020

Das Aufwachsen junger Menschen ist durch vielfältige räumliche Mobilitätspraktiken charakterisiert, und dieses Bewegen im geographischen Raum stellt einen zentralen Verselbständigungsschritt dar. In zunehmendem Maße sind junge Menschen dabei auch grenzüberschreitend mobil, d.h. sie überschreiten aus unterschiedlichen Gründen – frei, aber auch erzwungen – nationalstaatliche Grenzen. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie die beiden Bewegungsformate Migration und Mobilität doch sehr unterschiedlich gesellschaftlich konnotiert werden und wirft einen kritischen Blick auf die ungleichen Teilhabechancen an einem mobilen Jugendalltag und die Anerkennung bzw. Nicht-Anerkennung, die den transnationalen Mobilitätspraktiken junger Menschen jeweils entgegengebracht wird.
De testisprothese bij testismaligniteit: komt deze ter sprake en hoe tevreden zijn mannen erover?
Authors: Jansen Thijs G. , Krouwel Esmée M. , Putter Hein , Pelger Rob C. M. , Elzevier Henk W.
Published: February 2020

Samenvatting

Na orchidectomie in het kader van een testismaligniteit kan een testisprothese worden geplaatst. Deze mogelijkheid en de patiënttevredenheid ten aanzien van deze prothese wordt echter niet met elke patiënt besproken. In deze studie werd nagegaan in hoeverre artsen de mogelijkheid van zo’n prothese bespreken met de patiënt. Daarnaast werd de tevredenheid van bezitters onderzocht. Alle patiënten die in de periode 1995–2015 in het Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum waren behandeld, werden benaderd voor deelname aan vragenlijstonderzoek. Van de 573 patiënten namen 204 (35,6 %) deel aan het onderzoek. Met 152 patiënten (74,5 %) bleek een prothese besproken te zijn, in 113 (55,4 %) gevallen voorafgaand aan de orchidectomie. Bij 28 (13,7 %) patiënten werd daadwerkelijk een prothese gerealiseerd, van wie 75 % tevreden was. De bespreking van een testisprothese moet plaatsvinden voorafgaand aan de orchidectomie, ongeacht leeftijd van de patiënt. Artsen moeten zich ervan bewust zijn dat 25 % van mannen die een prothese heeft, daar niet geheel tevreden over is en ook dit dient besproken te worden tijdens het preoperatieve consult.
Femtosecond Laser Micro/Nano-manufacturing: Theories, Measurements, Methods, and Applications
Authors: Guo Baoshan , Sun Jingya , Hua Yanhong , Zhan Ningwei , Jia Jingang , Chu Kunpeng
Published: February 2020

Femtosecond laser fabrication has grown to be a major method of extreme manufacturing because of the extreme energy density and spatial and temporal scales of femtosecond lasers. The physical effects and the mechanism of interaction between femtosecond lasers and materials are distinct from those in traditional processes. The nonlinear and nonequilibrium effects of the interaction have given rise to new concepts, principles, and methods, such as femtosecond pulse durations are shorter than many physical/chemical characteristic times, which permits manipulating, adjusting, or interfering with electron dynamics. These new concepts and methods have broad application prospects in micro/nanofabrication, chemical synthesis, material processing, quantum control, and other related fields. This review discusses the cutting-edge theories, methods, measurements, and applications of femtosecond lasers to micro/nano-manufacturing. The key to future development of femtosecond laser manufacturing lies in revealing its fabrication mechanism from the electronic level and precisely regulating the electronic dynamics.
Bankruptcy Laws Around Europe (1850–2015): Institutional Change and Institutional Features
Authors: DI MARTINO PAOLO , LATHAM MARK , VASTA MICHELANGELO
Published: February 2020

Despite the relevance of bankruptcy law for a number of key issues regarding business functioning and organization, little is known about the features and evolution of these legal institutions over time and space. This paper starts to fill this gap in current knowledge by analyzing a new data set providing consistent information about key features of bankruptcy law between 1850 and 2015 in the thirty largest European economies. Regarding institutional change, our analysis supports the established view of a link between macroeconomic changes and the introduction of procedures alternative to bankruptcy. However, this process shows significant differences at the national level, making it difficult to support the idea of change as the result of belonging to a given legal system (French; common law; Scandinavia; Germanic), or the degree of economic development. Instead, change in bankruptcy institutions seems to be a product of, and contributor to, the wider process of individual state formation. Similarly, the features of bankruptcy procedures seem to confirm this picture: Looking at their possible outcomes, the right to begin proceedings, and degree of application to different types of debtors, national differences appear deep and persistent, despite a generalized pattern of convergence over time toward a less punitive approach to bankruptcy. Contact Information: University of Birmingham, Birmingtonham Business School, University House, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. E-mail: p.dimartino@bham.ac.uk
Community-acquired in name only: A cluster of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin a burn intensive care unit and beyond
Authors: Shenoy Erica S. , Pierce Virginia M. , Sater Mohamad R. A. , Pangestu Febriana K. , Herriott Ian C. , Anahtar Melis N. , Bramante Juliet T. , Kwon Douglas S. , Hawkins Fred R. , Suslak Dolores , West Lauren R. , Huntley Miriam H. , Hooper David C.
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To describe an investigation into 5 clinical cases of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(CRAB).

Design:

Epidemiological investigation supplemented by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and environmental isolates.

Setting:

A tertiary-care academic health center in Boston, Massachusetts.

Patients or participants:

Individuals identified with CRAB clinical infections.

Methods:

A detailed review of patient demographic and clinical data was conducted. Clinical isolates underwent phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. Infection control practices were evaluated, and CRAB isolates obtained through environmental sampling were assessed by WGS. Genomic relatedness was measured by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.

Results:

Four clinical cases spanning 4 months were linked to a single index case; isolates differed by 1–7 SNPs and belonged to a single cluster. The index patient and 3 case patients were admitted to the same room prior to their development of CRAB infection, and 2 case patients were admitted to the same room within 48 hours of admission. A fourth case patient was admitted to a different unit. Environmental sampling identified highly contaminated areas, and WGS of 5 environmental isolates revealed that they were highly related to the clinical cluster.

Conclusions:

We report a cluster of highly resistantAcinetobacter baumanniithat occurred in a burn ICU over 5 months and then spread to a separate ICU. Two case patients developed infections classified as community acquired under standard epidemiological definitions, but WGS revealed clonality, highlighting the risk of burn patients for early-onset nosocomial infections. An extensive investigation identified the role of environmental reservoirs.
Families under pressure: stress and quality of life in parents of children with an intellectual disability
Authors: Staunton Emma , Kehoe Claire , Sharkey Louise
Published: February 2020

Objective

To evaluate stress and quality of life in parents of children with an intellectual disability (moderate–severe–profound), who attend a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Intellectual Disability Service (CAMHS ID), and to estimate the perceived levels of challenging behaviour and satisfaction with supports.

Methods

Data from children attending the service from 2014 to 2017, along with clinician and parent rating scales were collected.

Results

Most children had medical comorbidities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and challenging behaviours. Half had a diagnosis of a mental health disorder. Less than half received respite care. Challenging behaviours and ASD were found to be correlated with increased parental stress while perception of support was inversely correlated with stress. Intellectual disability, ASD, and parental stress were correlated with a decrease in perceived family quality of life.

Conclusions

This study concurs with previous studies, outlining that parents of children with intellectual disability, in particular, where there is a diagnosis of comorbid ASD and challenging behaviour, experience increased psychological distress and lower quality of life.
The Role of Child Perception and Motivation in Political Socialization
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , Ojeda Christopher
Published: February 2020

Most of what is known regarding political socialization treats parent–child concordance as evidence of transmission. This direct-transmission approach remains agnostic regarding how socialization occurs, whether traits have a role in a child's ability to identify and understand their parent's values or their motivation to adopt their parents’ values. This article advances a perception-adoption approach to unpack these microprocesses of socialization. The authors test their model using three independent studies in the United States that together comprise 4,852 parent–child dyads. They find that the transmission of partisan orientations from parent to child occurs less than half the time, which is qualitatively different from the generally held view. More importantly, the findings provide a greater understanding of how key predictors facilitate the political socialization process. Specifically, politicization improves child perception, but has no role in the child's motivation to adopt parental values. Closeness and parental value strength influence children to want to be like their parents, but do nothing to improve children's ability to recognize their parents' values. And education, previously thought to have little role in transmission, does not influence a child's ability to understand their parent's affiliation, but appears to make children more likely to reject whatever they believe it to be.
Get Information or Get in Formation: The Effects of High-Information Environments on Legislative Elections
Authors: Trussler Marc
Published: February 2020

How does the changing information environment affect the degree to which voters make independent decisions for different offices on their ballots? Leveraging the gradual roll-out of broadband internet across the United States and across congressional districts, this study uses within-district variation over four election cycles to examine the effects of internet access on voting behavior in US legislative elections. The results show that the expansion of broadband resulted in less split-ticket voting and a lower incumbency advantage because voters exposed to increased high-speed internet voted in a more partisan fashion. Consistent with work demonstrating the effect of the internet on local news consumption, the results suggest that the change in the information environment resulting from enhanced internet access led voters to prioritize national considerations over local considerations. This has important consequences for not only how voters act, but the resulting incentives that elected officials confront.
PAYBACK TIME: METAMORPHOSES OF DEBT AND COMMODITY IN PINDAR'SOLYMPIAN10
Authors: Liapis Vayos
Published: February 2020

The beginning of Pindar'sOlympian10 for Hagesidamos of Lokroi Epizephyrioi, winner of the boys’ boxing contest at the Olympic games of 476bce, revolves, untypically, around ideas of debt, interest, and repayment:Τὸν Ὀλυμπιονίκαν ἀνάγνωτέ μοιἈρχεστράτου παῖδα, πόθι φρενὸςἐμᾶς γέγραπται· γλυκὺ γὰρ αὐτῶι μέλος ὀφείλωνἐπιλέλαθ’. ὦ Μοῖσ’, ἀλλὰ σὺ καὶ θυγάτηρἈλάθεια Διός, ὀρθᾶι χερίἐρύκετον ψευδέων                    5ἐνιπὰν ἀλιτόξενον.ἕκαθεν γὰρ ἐπελθὼν ὁ μέλλων χρόνοςἐμὸν καταίσχυνε βαθὺ χρέος.ὅμως δὲ λῦσαι δυνατὸς ὀξεῖαν ἐπιμομφὰντόκος. ὁράτω νῦν ψᾶφον ἐλισσομένανὁπᾶι κῦμα κατακλύσσει ῥέον,               10ὁπᾶι τε κοινὸν λόγονφίλαν τείσομεν ἐς χάριν.8 καταίσχυνε Boeckh : καταισχύνει codd. 9 ὁράτω Fennell : θνατῶν codd. : ὁράτ’ ὦν Schneidewin : ὀνάτωρ Hermann : ἀνάτως (uel ἀνατί) Erbse
ARISTOCRACY AND MONETIZATION: PLATO, PARMENIDES, HERAKLEITOS, AND PINDAR
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: February 2020

If there was an ‘aristocracy’ in the archaic and classicalpolis, how was it differentiated from the rest of thepolis? There are various possible criteria for differentiating a socio-political elite, notably birth, legal status, education, virtue, power, access to deity, wealth, and performance (or display). European history has left us with a strong association between ‘aristocracy’ and the criterion of birth, which produces a relatively closed elite. As for the ancient Greekpolis, however, an excellent recent collection of essays entitled‘Aristocracy’ in Antiquityedited by Nick Fisher and Hans van Wees generally rejects earlier assumptions that a hereditary aristocracy is clearly identifiable, and gives some prominence instead to the criterion of display or performance (such as competing in Panhellenic games or erecting an image of an ancestor). My concern is not directly with this interesting controversy, but rather with a historical process that is almost entirely omitted by‘Aristocracy’ in Antiquity(and by most other discussions of Greek aristocracy), namely themonetizationof thepolisthat was made pervasive by the invention of coinage and its rapid spread in Greek culture from the early sixth centurybce.
PINDAR AND AEGINETAN VIRTUES: NATURALIZING MONEY
Authors: Stergiou Gianna
Published: February 2020

Pindar's odes for Aeginetan victors revolve around two major Aeginetan virtues: inborn excellence (phya) and generous guest-friendship (xenia). The latter virtue is, of course, one of the most pervasive themes in Pindar's poetry, in which the poet's relationship with his patrons is presented in terms of guest-friendship, with the odes themselves as the poet's gift to his guest-friends. As for the former virtue, the Aeginetans’ inborn excellence is implicit in the mythic section of almost all Aeginetan odes, which focuses on the line of Aiakos, the progenitor of two of the greatest Greek heroes, Achilles and Ajax. In view of this almost exclusive emphasis, one might be forgiven for assuming that the Aiakidai were the mythical progenitors of the Aeginetans. However, this is simply not true, as Pindar himself was fully aware: in fact, the Aeginetans were a Doric tribe whose ancestry was no more remarkable than that of other Doric cities; at best, they could claim the Aiakidai as their ancestors only metaphorically.