bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmological imprints of Dirac neutrinos in a keV-vacuum 2HDM*
Authors: Li Shao-Ping , Li Xin-Qiang , Yan Xin-Shuai , Yang Ya-Dong
Published: January 2023

The Dirac neutrino masses could be simply generated by a neutrinophilic scalar doublet with a vacuum being dramatically different from the electroweak one. While the case with an eV-scale vacuum has been widely explored previously, we exploit in this work the desert where the scalar vacuum is of

scale. In this regime, there would be rare hope to probe the keV-vacuum neutrinophilic scalar model via the lepton-flavor-violating processes, which makes it distinguishable from the widely considered eV-scale vacuum. Although such a keV-vacuum scenario is inert in the low-energy flavor physics, we show that the baryogenesis realized via the lightest Dirac neutrino can be a natural candidate in explaining the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Furthermore, the Dirac neutrinos with a keV-vacuum scalar can generate a shift of the effective neutrino number within the range

, which can be probed by the future Simons Observatory experiments. In particular, the model with a minimal value

can already be falsified by the future CMB Stage-IV and Large Scale Structure surveys, providing consequently striking exploratory avenues in the cosmological regime for such a keV-vacuum scenario.
Author’s Birth.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Author’s place of birth — Description of country — Its inhabitants — Genealogical trees — Method of counting time in slave districts — Date of author’s birth — Names of grandparents — Their cabin — Home with them — Slave practice of separating mothers from their children — Author’s recollections of his mother — Who was his father?
Luxuries at The Great House.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Contrasts — Great House luxuries — Its hospitality — Entertainments — Fault-finding — Shameful humiliation of an old and faithful coachman — William Wilks — Curious incident — Expressed satisfaction not always genuine — Reasons for suppressing the truth.
Learning to Read.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

City annoyances — Plantation regrets — My mistress — Her history — Her kindness — My master — His sourness — My comforts — Increased sensitiveness — My occupation — Learning to read — Baneful effects of slaveholding on my dear, good mistress — Mr. Hugh forbids Mrs. Sophia to teach me further — Clouds gather on my bright prospects — Master Auld’s exposition of the Philosophy of Slavery — City slaves — Country slaves — Contrasts — Exceptions — Mr. Hamilton’s two...
Covey, The Negro Breaker.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Journey to Covey’s — Meditations by the way — Covey’s house — Family — Awkwardness as a field hand — A cruel beating — Why given — Description of Covey — First attempt at driving oxen — Hair-breadth escape — Ox and man alike property — Hard labor more effective than the whip for breaking down the spirit — Cunning and trickery of Covey — Family worship — Shocking and indecent contempt for...
Impressions Abroad.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Danger to be averted — A refuge sought abroad — Voyage on the steamship Cambria — Refusal of first-class passage — Attractions of the forecastle-deck — Hutchinson family — Invited to make a speech — Southerners feel insulted — Captain threatens to put them in irons — Experiences abroad — Attentions received — Impressions of different members of Parliament and of other public men — Contrast with life in...
‘Time Makes All Things Even.’
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Return to the ‘old master’ — A last interview — Capt. Auld’s admission, ‘had I been in your place, I should have done as you did’ — Speech at Easton — The old jail there — Invited to a sail on the revenue cutter Guthrie — Hon. John L. Thomas — Visit to the old plantation — Home of Col. Lloyd — Kind...
Retrospection.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Meeting of colored citizens in Washington to express their sympathy at the great national bereavement, the death of President Garfield — Concluding reflections and convictions.
Recorder of Deeds.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Activity in behalf of his people — Income of the Recorder of Deeds — False impressions as to his wealth — Appeals for assistance — Persistent beggars.
Continuation of European Tour.
Authors: Douglass Frederick
Published: February 2023

Through France — Dijon and Lyons — The palace of the Popes — The Amphitheater at Arles — Visits Nice — Pisa and its leaning tower — The Pantheon — Modern Rome — Religion at Rome — Rome of the Past — Vesuvius and Naples — Through the Suez Canal — Life in the East — The Nile — The religion of Mahomet — At the graves of Theodore Parker and Mrs. Browning — The mountains of...
A Wicked Voice
Authors: Lee Vernon , Worth Aaron
Published: February 2023

To M. W.,

in remembrance of the last song at palazzo barbaro.

Chi ha inteso, intenda.*

They have been congratulating me again today upon being the only composer of our days — of these days of deafening orchestral effects and poetical quackery — who has despised...
CHAPTER X
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Though now the middle of December, there had yet been no weather to prevent the young ladies from tolerably regular exercise; and on the morrow, Emma had a charitable visit to pay to a poor sick family, who lived a little way out of...
CHAPTER XII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Mr. Knightley was to dine with them — rather against the inclination of Mr. Woodhouse, who did not like that any one should share with him in Isabella’s first day. Emma’s sense of right however had decided it; and besides the consideration of what was due...
CHAPTER XV
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Mr. Woodhouse was soon ready for his tea; and when he had drank his tea he was quite ready to go home; and it was as much as his three companions could do, to entertain away his notice of the lateness of the hour,...
CHAPTER II
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Jane Fairfax was an orphan, the only child of Mrs. Bates’s youngest daughter.

The marriage of Lieut. Fairfax, of the —— regiment of infantry, and Miss Jane Bates, had had its day of fame and pleasure, hope and interest; but nothing now remained of it, save the...
CHAPTER III
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Emma could not forgive her; — but as neither provocation nor resentment were discerned by Mr. Knightley, who had been of the party, and had seen only proper attention and pleasing behaviour on each side, he was expressing the next morning, being at Hartfield again on...
CHAPTER VIII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Frank Churchill came back again; and if he kept his father’s dinner waiting, it was not known at Hartfield; for Mrs. Weston was too anxious for his being a favourite with Mr. Woodhouse, to betray any imperfection which could be concealed.

He came back, had...
CHAPTER XIII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Emma continued to entertain no doubt of her being in love. Her ideas only varied as to the how much. At first, she thought it was a good deal; and afterwards, but little. She had great pleasure in hearing Frank Churchill talked of; and,...
CHAPTER XIV
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Mrs. Elton was first seen at church: but though devotion might be interrupted, curiosity could not be satisfied by a bride in a pew, and it must be left for the visits in form which were then to be paid, to settle whether she...
CHAPTER XVI
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Every body in and about Highbury who had ever visited Mr. Elton, was disposed to pay him attention on his marriage. Dinner-parties and evening-parties were made for him and his lady; and invitations flowed in so fast that she had soon the pleasure of...
CHAPTER XVIII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

‘I hope I shall soon have the pleasure of introducing my son to you,’ said Mr. Weston.

Mrs. Elton, very willing to suppose a particular compliment intended her by such a hope, smiled most graciously.

‘You have heard of a certain Frank Churchill, I presume,’...
CHAPTER V
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

In this state of schemes, and hopes, and connivance, June opened upon Hartfield. To Highbury in general it brought no material change. The Eltons were still talking of a visit from the Sucklings, and of the use to be made of their barouche-landau; and...
CHAPTER XIII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

The weather continued much the same all the following morning; and the same loneliness, and the same melancholy, seemed to reign at Hartfield — but in the afternoon it cleared; the wind changed into a softer quarter; the clouds were carried off; the sun appeared; it...
CHAPTER XV
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

This letter must make its way to Emma’s feelings. She was obliged, in spite of her previous determination to the contrary, to do it all the justice that Mrs. Weston foretold. As soon as she came to her own name, it was irresistible; every...
CHAPTER XVI
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

It was a very great relief to Emma to find Harriet as desirous as herself to avoid a meeting. Their intercourse was painful enough by letter. How much worse, had they been obliged to meet!

Harriet expressed herself very much as might be supposed,...
CHAPTER XVIII
Authors: Austen Jane , Mullan John
Published: February 2023

Time passed on. A few more to-morrows, and the party from London would be arriving. It was an alarming change; and Emma was thinking of it one morning as what must bring a great deal to agitate and grieve her, when Mr. Knightley came...
Description of the Scenery of the Lakes
Authors: Wordsworth William
Published: February 2023

View of The Country as Formed by Nature

At Lucerne, in Switzerland, is shewn a Model of the Alpine country which encompasses the Lake of the four Cantons. The Spectator ascends a little platform, and sees mountains, lakes, glaciers, rivers, woods, waterfalls, and vallies,...
The Publishers, with permission of the Author, have added the following Itinerary of the Lakes,
Authors: Wordsworth William
Published: February 2023

Lancaster to Kendal, by Kirk by Lonsdale
The Spouter-Inn
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Entering that gable-ended Spouter-Inn, you found yourself in a wide, low, straggling entry with old-fashioned wainscots, reminding one of the bulwarks of some condemned old craft. On one side hung a very large oil painting so thoroughly besmoked, and every way defaced, that in...
The Ramadan
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

As Queequeg’s Ramadan, or Fasting and Humiliation, was to continue all day, I did not choose to disturb him till towards night-fall; for I cherish the greatest respect towards everybody’s religious obligations, never mind how comical, and could not find it in my...
The Prophet
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

“Shipmates, have ye shipped in that ship?”

Queequeg and I had just left the Pequod, and were sauntering away from the water, for the moment each occupied with his own thoughts, when the above words were put to us by a stranger, who,...
Knights and Squires
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Stubb was the second mate. He was a native of Cape Cod; and hence, according to local usage, was called a Cape-Cod-man. A happy-go-lucky; neither craven nor valiant; taking perils as they came with an indifferent air; and while engaged in the most imminent...
The Pipe
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

When Stubb had departed, Ahab stood for a while leaning over the bulwarks; and then, as had been usual with him of late, calling a sailor of the watch, he sent him below for his ivory stool, and also his pipe. Lighting the pipe...
The Mast-Head
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

It was during the more pleasant weather, that in due rotation with the other seamen my first mast-head came round.

In most American whalemen the mast-heads are manned almost simultaneously with the vessel’s leaving her port; even though she may have fifteen thousand miles, and...
Surmises
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Though, consumed with the hot fire of his purpose, Ahab in all his thoughts and actions ever had in view the ultimate capture of Moby Dick; though he seemed ready to sacrifice all mortal interests to that one passion; nevertheless it may have been...
The Pequod Meets the Virgin
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

The predestinated day arrived, and we duly met the ship Jungfrau, Derick De Deer, master, of Bremen.

At one time the greatest whaling people in the world, the Dutch and Germans are now among the least; but here and there at very wide intervals of...
The Honor and Glory of Whaling
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is the true method.

The more I dive into this matter of whaling, and push my researches up to the very springhead of it, so much the more am I impressed with its great honorableness and...
Pitchpoling
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

To make them run easily and swiftly, the axles of carriages are anointed; and for much the same purpose, some whalers perform an analogous operation upon their boat; they grease the bottom. Nor is it to be doubted that as such a procedure can...
Stowing Down and Clearing Up
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Already has it been related how the great leviathan is afar off descried from the mast-head; how he is chased over the watery moors, and slaughtered in the valleys of the deep; how he is then towed alongside and beheaded; and how (on the...
The Doubloon
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Ere now it has been related how Ahab was wont to pace his quarter-deck, taking regular turns at either limit, the binnacle and mainmast; but in the multiplicity of other things requiring narration it has not been added how that sometimes in these walks,...
Does the Whale’s Magnitude Diminish?—Will he Perish?
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Inasmuch, then, as this Leviathan comes floundering down upon us from the head-waters of the Eternities, it may be fitly inquired, whether, in the long course of his generations, he has not degenerated from the original bulk of his sires.

But upon investigation...
Queequeg in his Coffin
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

Upon searching, it was found that the casks last struck into the hold were perfectly sound, and that the leak must be further off. So, it being calm weather, they broke out deeper and deeper, disturbing the slumbers of the huge ground-tier butts; and...
The Pacific
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

When gliding by the Bashee isles we emerged at last upon the great South Sea; were it not for other things, I could have greeted my dear Pacific with uncounted thanks, for now the long supplication of my youth was answered; that serene ocean...
The Quadrant
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

The season for the Line at length drew near; and every day when Ahab, coming from his cabin, cast his eyes aloft, the vigilant helmsman would ostentatiously handle his spokes, and the eager mariners quickly run to the braces, and would stand there with...
The Deck
Authors: Melville Herman , Blum Hester
Published: February 2023

The coffin laid upon two line-tubs, between the vice-bench and the open hatchway; the Carpenter caulking its seams; the string of twisted oakum slowly unwinding from a large roll of it placed in the bosom of his frock. — Ahab comes slowly from the cabin-gangway,...
“it’s my own invention”
Authors: Carroll Lewis , Jaques Zoe
Published: February 2023

after a while the noise seemed gradually to die away, till all was dead silence, and Alice lifted up her head in some alarm. There was no one to be seen, and her first thought was that she must have been dreaming about the...
Shaking
Authors: Carroll Lewis , Jaques Zoe
Published: February 2023

she took her off the table* as she spoke, and shook her backwards and forwards with all her might.

The Red Queen made no resistance whatever; only her face grew very small, and her eyes got large and green: and still, as Alice...
Waking
Authors: Carroll Lewis , Jaques Zoe
Published: February 2023

—— and it really was a kitten, after all.*
Remote collection of physical performance measures for older people: a systematic review
Authors: Heslop Philip A , Hurst Christopher , Sayer Avan A , Witham Miles D
Published: February 2023

Remotely collected physical performance measures could improve inclusion of under-served groups in clinical research as well as enabling continuation of research in pandemic conditions. It is unclear whether remote collection is feasible and acceptable to older patients, or whether results are comparable to face-to-face measures. We conducted a systematic review according to a prespecified protocol. We included studies with mean participant age ≥ 60 years, with no language restriction. Studies examining the gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery, distance walk tests, grip strength, Tinetti score, Berg balance test, sit-to-stand test and timed up and go were included. Reports of feasibility, acceptability, correlation between remote and face-to-face assessments and absolute differences between remote and face-to-face assessments were sought. Data were synthesised using Synthesis Without Meta-analysis methodology; 30 analyses from 17 publications were included. Study size ranged from 10 to 300 participants, with a mean age ranging from 61 to >80 years. Studies included a broad range of participants and conditions. Most studies had a moderate or high risk of bias. Only two studies undertook assessment of acceptability or feasibility, reporting good results. Correlation between face-to-face and remote measures was variable across studies, with no measure showing consistently good correlation. Only nine studies examined the accuracy of remote measures; in six studies, accuracy was rated as good (<5% mean difference between face-to-face and remote measures). There is a lack of robust evidence that remote collection of physical performance measures is acceptable to patients, feasible or provides comparable results to face-to-face measures.
Extracellular vesicles contribute to EMT in adenomyosis by inducing macrophage polarization
Authors: Hu Yue , Yuan Ming , Cheng Lei , Wang Guoyun
Published: February 2023

Adenomyosis is a benign disease, but it exhibits a metastatic property similar to tumors. Its pathogenesis is still unclear. One theory is that adenomyosis is the result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in displaced embryonic Muller cells. Macrophages accumulate in the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis and play an important role in EMT and the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered an important mechanism of intercellular communication, but few studies have shown the role of EVs between endometrial epithelial cells and macrophages. In this study, we collected the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis, and acquired the primary endometrial cells, then isolated EVs from the culture supernatants. We identified the characteristics of EVs by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, and western blot, and then detected the mRNA expression levels of CD163, IL-10, iNOS, and TNF-α in macrophages by qRT-PCR after co-cultured with EVs; the expression levels of E-cadherin, CK7, N-cadherin, and Vimentin by Western blot, and the migration abilities of epithelial cells by Transwell assay. The results showed that macrophages were highly expressed in the mRNA levels of CD163, IL10, and TNF-α after treated by EVs from adenomyosis patients; endometrial epithelial cells expressed lower protein levels of E-cadherin and CK7, higher levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin after co-cultured with the above polarized macrophages; and the migration abilities of epithelial cells were enhanced. In conclusion, EVs derived from adenomyosis can induce macrophages to polarize toward M2b, and the polarized macrophages could, in turn, induce EMT process in endometrial epithelial cells.
Involvement of the posterior tool processing network during explicit retrieval of action tool and semantic tool knowledge: an fMRI study
Authors: Lesourd Mathieu , Reynaud Emanuelle , Navarro Jordan , Gaujoux Vivien , Faye-Védrines Alexandrine , Alexandre Boris , Baumard Josselin , Federico Giovanni , Lamberton Franck , Ibarrola Danielle , Rossetti Yves , Osiurak François
Published: February 2023

Our ability to understand how to interact with familiar objects is supported by conceptual tool knowledge. Conceptual tool knowledge includes action tool and semantic tool knowledge which are supported by the ventro-dorsal and the ventral pathways, respectively. This apparent functional segregation has been recently called into question. In a block-design fMRI study, 35 participants were asked to complete manipulation, function, and association judgment tasks about pairs of familiar objects. Our results showed that lateral occipitotemporal cortex in the ventral pathway was more sensitive to manipulation and function judgment tasks compared with association judgment tasks. Functional connectivity analyses revealed distinct coupling patterns between inferior parietal lobule, lateral occipitotemporal cortex, and fusiform gyrus. Taken together, these data indicate that action tool and semantic tool knowledge are both supported by ventral and ventro-dorsal pathways. Moreover, the explicit retrieval of these representations is supported by the functional coupling of common and distinct brain regions of the posterior tool processing network varying according to the kind of relations to be retrieved.
rBC2LCN-reactive SERPINA3 is a glycobiomarker candidate for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mawaribuchi Shuuji , Shimomura Osamu , Oda Tatsuya , Hiemori Keiko , Shimizu Kayoko , Yamase Kenya , Date Mutsuhiro , Tateno Hiroaki
Published: February 2023

Early detection is urgently needed to improve the patient’s pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) survival. Previously, we identified a novel tumor-associated glycan, H-type3, which is expressed on PDAC cells and is detected by rBC2LCN (recombinant N-terminal domain of BC2L-C identified from Burkholderia cenocepacia) lectin. Here, we identified that SERPINA3 is an rBC2LCN-reactive glycoprotein (BC2-S3) secreted from PDAC cells into the blood in patients with PDAC by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis and lectin blotting. In immune staining, BC2-S3 was detected specifically in the tumor but not in normal tissues of PDAC. Lectin-ELISA was then developed to measure the serum level of BC2-S3 in healthy control (HC, n = 99) and patients with PDAC (n = 88). BC2-S3 exhibited higher in patients with PDAC than in those with HC. BC2-S3 showed similar diagnostic performance in all stages of PDAC (stages IA–IV, true positive rate = 76.1%, true negative rate = 81.8%) to CA19–9 (72.7%, 75.8%). Remarkably, BC2-S3 showed a significantly higher detection rate (89.7%) for early stage PDAC (IA–IIA) than CA19–9 (62.1%, P = 0.029). The combination of BC2-S3 and CA19–9 further improved the diagnostic ability for all stages of PDAC (81.8%, 87.9%). In conclusion, BC2-S3 is a glycobiomarker candidate for PDAC.
The impact of primary ciliary dyskinesia on female and male fertility: a narrative review
Authors: Newman Lydia , Chopra Jagrati , Dossett Claire , Shepherd Elizabeth , Bercusson Amelia , Carroll Mary , Walker Woolf , Lucas Jane S , Cheong Ying
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic condition affecting the structure and function of sperm flagellum and motile cilia including those in the male and female reproductive tracts. Infertility is a commonly reported feature of PCD, but there is uncertainty as to how best to counsel patients on their fertility prognosis.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This review aimed to summarize the prevalence of subfertility, possible underlying mechanisms, and the success of ART in men and women with PCD. The efficacy of ART in this patient group is relatively unknown and, hence, the management of infertility in PCD patients remains a challenge. There are no previous published or registered systematic reviews of fertility outcomes in PCD.

SEARCH METHODS

Systematic literature searches were performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed electronic databases to identify publications between 1964 and 2022 reporting fertility outcomes in men and women with PCD. Publications were excluded if they reported only animal studies, where gender was not specified or where subjects had a medical co-morbidity also known to impact fertility. Quality of evidence was assessed by critical appraisal and application of an appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies. The primary outcomes were natural conception in men and women with PCD, and conception following ART in men and women with PCD.

OUTCOMES

A total of 1565 publications were identified, and 108 publications were included after screening by two independent researchers. The quality of available evidence was low. The exact prevalence of subfertility in PCD is unclear but appears to be higher in men (up to 83% affected) compared to women (up to 61% affected). Variation in the prevalence of subfertility was observed between geographic populations which may be explained by differences in underlying genotype and cilia function. Limited evidence suggests subfertility in affected individuals is likely caused by abnormal cilia motion in the fallopian tubes, endometrium and efferent ductules, and dysmotile sperm. Some men and women with PCD benefited from ART, which suggests its use should be considered in the management of subfertility in this patient group. Further epidemiological and controlled studies are needed to determine the predictors of fertility and optimal management in this patient group.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

It is important that patients with PCD receive evidence-based counselling about the potential impact of their condition on their fertility prognosis and what management options may be available to them if affected. Understanding the pathophysiology and optimal management of subfertility in PCD will increase our understanding of the role of cilia and the impact of wider secondary ciliopathies on reproduction.
Unsupervised deep learning seismic data random noise attenuation with early stopping
Authors: Xu Zitai , Wu Bangyu
Published: February 2023

Suppression of seismic random noise is one critical step in seismic data processing. In recent years, the outstanding ability of deep learning to denoise seismic data is impressive. The unsupervised deep image prior (DIP) model has achieved promising denoising results without training labels. However, during training, these models first learn the effective seismic events in the noisy data, and then pick up the random noise afterwards, i.e. overfitting. Thus, the practicability of DIP hinges on good early stopping (ES) that catches the potentially noise-free seismic data. In this respect, most DIP studies only demonstrate potential of the models by showing the peak performance accessing the ground truth as reference, but provide no clue about how to operationally catch near-peak output without the ground truth. In this paper, we investigate the ES strategy in seismic data denoising using DIP method, which consistently detects the performance of reconstruction sequence by observing its running variance (VAR). The adopted ES method incurs low computational overhead. Numerical tests on 2D/3D synthetic and field data demonstrate that compared with other stopping criteria, the ES method exhibits superiority in suppressing random noise and preserves the effective signals better.
V
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

Karain’s tone had been getting lower and lower, as though he had been going away from us, till the last words sounded faint but clear, as if shouted on a calm day from a very great distance. He moved not. He stared fixedly past...
Youth: A Narrative
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

This could have occurred nowhere but in England, where men and sea interpenetrate, so to speak—the sea entering into the life of most men, and the men knowing something or everything about the sea, in the way of amusement, of travel, or of bread-winning....

We...
III
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

“I looked at him, lost in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering. He was an insoluble problem. It was inconceivable how...
I
Authors: Conrad Joseph
Published: February 2023

We knew him in those unprotected days when we were content to hold in our hands our lives and our property. None of us, I believe, has any property now, and I hear that many, negligently, have lost their lives; but I am sure...
The Theory of the Leisure Class
Authors: Veblen Thorstein
Published: February 2023

In The Theory of the Leisure Class Thorstein Veblen sets out ‘to discuss the place and value of the leisure class as an economic factor in modern life’. In so doing he produced a landmark study of affluent American society that exposes, with brilliant ruthlessness, the habits of production and waste that link invidious business tactics and barbaric social behaviour. Veblen’s analysis of the evolutionary process sees greed as the overriding motive in the modern economy; with an impartial gaze he examines the human cost paid when social institutions exploit the consumption of unessential goods for the sake of personal profit. Fashion, beauty, animals, sports, the home, the clergy, scholars - all are assessed for their true usefulness and found wanting. The targets of Veblen’s coruscating satire are as evident today as they were a century ago, and his book still has the power to shock and enlighten. Veblen’s uncompromising arguments and the influential literary force of his writing are assessed in Martha Banta’s Introduction.
Introductory
Authors: Veblen Thorstein
Published: February 2023

The institution of a leisure class is found in its best development at the higher stages of the barbarian culture; as, for instance, in feudal Europe or feudal Japan. In such communities the distinction between classes is very rigorously observed; and the feature of...
The Higher Learning as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
Authors: Veblen Thorstein
Published: February 2023

To the end that suitable habits of thought on certain heads may be conserved in the incoming generation, a scholastic discipline is sanctioned by the common sense of the community and incorporated into the accredited scheme of life. The habits of thought which are...
V
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

Wednesday morning, Washington’s Birthday, McTeague rose very early and shaved himself. Besides the six mournful concertina airs, the dentist knew one song. Whenever he shaved, he sung this song; never at any other time. His voice was a bellowing roar, enough to make the...
XIII
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

One morning about a week after Marcus had left for the southern part of the State, McTeague found an oblong letter thrust through the letter-drop of the door of his ‘Parlors.’ The address was type-written. He opened it. The letter had been sent from...
XV
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

Then the grind began. It would have been easier for the McTeagues to have faced their misfortunes had they befallen them immediately after their marriage, when their love for each other was fresh and fine, and when they could have found a certain happiness...
XVIII
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

That same night McTeague was awakened by a shrill scream, and woke to find Trina’s arms around his neck. She was trembling so that the bed-springs creaked.

‘Huh?’ cried the dentist, sitting up in bed, raising his clinched fists. ‘Huh? What? What? What is it?...
XX
Authors: Norris Frank
Published: February 2023

The day was very hot, and the silence of high noon lay close and thick between the steep slopes of the cañons like an invisible, muffling fluid. At intervals the drone of an insect bored the air and trailed slowly to silence again. Everywhere...
Introduction (“Are All States Equal?”)
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

We live in a world of sovereign states. They are the fundamental building blocks of the international system. And yet this system is in a period of unprecedented flux.

Around the world, scores of separatist groups and territories are pursuing independence, either peacefully or through...
Modern Rules
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

How did decolonization begin?

In the context of secession and state creation, the most momentous trend to emerge after the Second World War was the process of decolonization. By the end of the war, there was a growing understanding outside of Europe that colonialism had...
Current Questions and Future Directions
Authors: Ker-Lindsay James , Fabry Mikulas
Published: February 2023

Can states cease to exist?

Yes, although it is becoming increasingly unusual. While estimates vary considerably, it is thought that around 200 states have ceased to exist since the start of the nineteenth century. That means on average one state has disappeared a year. However,...
The Corporation as an Ethical “Person” in Modern Society
Authors: Nelson J.S. , Stout Lynn A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter highlights the developing role of the corporation as a “person” in modern society. We discuss the purpose of the corporation and the relationship between the corporation’s shareholders and its other “stakeholders,” such as employees and customers. We introduce the important work being done on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its emphasis on sustainability, accountability, and transparency. Questions include: What role should corporations play in modern society? Are corporate managers required to maximize shareholder value? What is CSR? Who are the stakeholders in a corporation? Why should corporations act in economic, socially, and environmentally sustainable ways? How should a corporation account for external costs? Why should a corporation want its actions to be transparent? How do sustainability, accountability, and transparency work together in CSR? What authorities have adopted CSR principles, and how are corporation accountable for CSR?
Jihad in Morally Edifying, Ethical, and Mystical Literature
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: February 2023

By surveying a broader range of literary works, we gain a fuller sense of the various aspects of jihad. The typical focus on legal works in academic and popular discussions of jihad leads to overemphasizing its military dimension. There is another more important dimension of...
Jihad and Its Perceptions in the West
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: February 2023

Harvard senior Zayed Yasin, an American Muslim, was invited by a special committee to deliver an address during the university’s 2002 commencement ceremony. Yasin accepted and titled his speech “My American Jihad,” which was announced to the public. No one was prepared for the uproar...
The Big Lie and Its Aftermath
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: February 2023

The president of the United States, defeated in his bid for re-election, lashed out at his detractors, refused to concede, refused to congratulate his successor, and tried to use the power and authority of the White House to threaten, plead, even beg for state election results to be overturned. Conservative television and social media and state and national Republican lawmakers stood behind Trump or, even worse, lacked the courage to speak out against the blanket of false accusations. Quickly, it became known as the “Big Lie.” It nearly succeeded but was stopped only by the courage of state and local election officials and federal and state judges. An unprecedented attack on the Capitol building by Trump stalwarts showed the world the level of disruption and disbelief stirred up by the president. Still, a year after the election, Donald Trump has doubled down, insisting that the election was stolen.
How Campaigns Have Changed
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: February 2023

Although the fundamentals of modern campaigning remain intact, there have been enormous changes since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Most of those changes spring from advances in technology, the penetration of social media, and the Wild West of digital communications. Campaigns, up and down the line, have also seen significant infusion of money as partisan battles heat up and contests become more expensive. Some of the most important changes in campaigns and elections come from the digital revolution, from early voting and mail-in ballots, and the influence of outside voices. In addition, campaigns have been transformed through the role of consultants, the media, the speed of campaign events, the use of analytics, and an extraordinary increase in fundraising and campaign spending.
Leveraging artificial intelligence for the management of postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery
Authors: Fliegenschmidt Janis , Hulde Nikolai , Gedinha Preising Maria , Ruggeri Silvia , Szymanowsky Ralph , Meesseman Laurent , Sun Hong , Dahlweid Michael , von Dossow Vera
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Postoperative delirium is a highly relevant complication of cardiac surgery. It is associated with worse outcomes and considerably increased costs of care. A novel approach of monitoring patients with machine learning enabled prediction software could trigger pre-emptive implementation of mitigation strategies as well as timely intervention.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the predictive accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI) model for anticipating postoperative delirium by comparing it to established standards and measures of risk and vulnerability.

DESIGN

Retrospective predictive accuracy study.

SETTING

Records were gathered from a database for anaesthesia quality assurance at a specialised heart surgery centre in Germany.

PATIENTS

Between January and July 2021, 131 patients had been enrolled into the database and had data available for AI prediction modelling. After exclusion of incomplete follow-ups, a subset of 114 was included in the statistical analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Delirium was diagnosed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) over three days postoperatively with specific follow-up visits. AI predictions were also compared with risk assessment through a frailty screening, a Shulman Clock Drawing Test, and using a checklist of predisposing factors including comorbidity, reduced mobility, and substance abuse.

RESULTS

Postoperative delirium was diagnosed in 23.7% of patients. Postoperative AI screening exhibited reasonable performance with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–0.87. But pre-operative prediction was weak for all methods (AUROC range from 0.55 to 0.66). There were significant associations with postoperative delirium: open heart surgery versus endovascular valve replacement (33.3% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.01), postinterventional hospitalisation (12.8 vs. 8.6 days, P < 0.01), and length of ICU stay (1.7 vs. 0.3 days, P < 0.01) were all significantly associated with postoperative delirium.

CONCLUSION

AI is a promising approach with considerable potential and delivered noninferior results compared with the usual approach of structured evaluation of risk factors and questionnaires. Since these established methods do not provide the desired confidence level, improved AI may soon deliver a better performance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

None.
Average Causal Effect Estimation Via Instrumental Variables: the No Simultaneous Heterogeneity Assumption
Authors: Hartwig Fernando Pires , Wang Linbo , Davey Smith George , Davies Neil Martin
Published: January 2023

Background:

Instrumental variables (IVs) can be used to provide evidence as to whether a treatment

has a causal effect on an outcome

. Even if the instrument

satisfies the three core IV assumptions of relevance, independence, and exclusion restriction, further assumptions are required to identify the average causal effect (ACE) of

on

. Sufficient assumptions for this include homogeneity in the causal effect of

on

; homogeneity in the association of

with

; and no effect modification.

Methods:

We describe the no simultaneous heterogeneity assumption, which requires the heterogeneity in the

-

causal effect to be mean independent of (i.e., uncorrelated with) both

and heterogeneity in the

-

association. This happens, for example, if there are no common modifiers of the

-

effect and the

-

association, and the

-

effect is additive linear. We illustrate the assumption of no simultaneous heterogeneity using simulations and by re-examining selected published studies.

Results:

Under no simultaneous heterogeneity, the Wald estimand equals the ACE even if both homogeneity assumptions and no effect modification (which we demonstrate to be special cases of—and therefore stronger than—no simultaneous heterogeneity) are violated.

Conclusions:

The assumption of no simultaneous heterogeneity is sufficient for identifying the ACE using IVs. Since this assumption is weaker than existing assumptions for ACE identification, doing so may be more plausible than previously anticipated.
Vascularized Condyle Reconstruction with Free Medial Femoral Trochlea and Fibular Flow-through Flaps
Authors: Shuck John W. , Andejani Doaa F. , Garvey Patrick B. , Chang Edward I.
Published: February 2023

The free fibula flap is the gold standard in reconstruction of oncologic mandibular defects. When the mandibular condyle is resected, reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) continues to pose a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Several conventional methods have been described, including costochondral grafts, bone grafts, and alloplastic prostheses. These nonvascularized options are rarely employed in the oncologic patient receiving postoperative radiation therapy due to high rates of resorption, nonunion, and failure. The authors describe a novel technique for mandibular and TMJ reconstruction utilizing the fibula free flap as a flow through for a medial femoral trochlea flap for vascularized mandible and condylar reconstruction. This technique provides a vascularized cartilaginous surface to articulate with the glenoid fossa, making it an attractive option for the oncologic patient undergoing postoperative radiation therapy.
Successful Use of Delayed Reverse Sural Artery Flap in Single Vessel Legs with Severe Atherosclerotic Disease and Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Kareh Aurora M. , Felder John M.
Published: February 2023

Distal lower extremity wounds are a challenging problem for reconstructive surgeons and can lead to major lower extremity amputations in patients with comorbid conditions. The reverse sural artery flap (RSAF) is a local flap supplied by perforators of the peroneal artery that can cover defects of the distal lower extremity, ankle, and foot. There has been concern over performing the RSAF in patients with venous insufficiency, peripheral artery disease, and diabetes, and in older patients due to the increased risk of flap necrosis. In patients who are not microsurgical candidates, the RSAF may be the final option for reconstruction before undergoing major lower extremity amputation. We describe our experience with two patients with significant comorbidities and single vessel runoff from the peroneal artery due to atherosclerotic disease who successfully underwent RSAF reconstruction for distal lower extremity wounds.
A Comparison of Outcomes following Plate versus Pin Fixation of Metacarpal Shaft and Neck Fractures
Authors: Nelson Benjamin A. , Trentadue Taylor P. , Somasundaram Vivek , Patel Priya , Capo John T. , Rizzo Marco
Published: February 2023

Background:

The aim of this study is to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation versus closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of metacarpal fractures in relation to anatomic and surgical variables.

Methods:

Electronic medical records at two institutions were reviewed for patients who underwent surgical intervention for metacarpal fractures. Data were collected from those who underwent reduction and internal fixation with either plates or Kirschner wires (K-wires). Inclusion criteria included minimum postoperative follow-up of 60 days and age 18 years or older. Exclusion criteria included insufficient radiographic data, previously attempted closed reduction with immobilization, pathologic fracture mechanism, history of previous trauma or surgery to the affected bone, and fixation technique other than plate or K-wire.

Results:

We reviewed data for patients treated over a 22-year time period. Ultimately, 81 metacarpal shaft and neck fractures in 60 patients met inclusion criteria. Among all metacarpal fractures, complications were present in 39 (48.1%) cases. There were no significant associations between complication prevalence and hardware type. Revision surgery was required in 11 (13.6%) patients; there were no significant associations between revision procedures and hardware type. Postoperatively, all patients with imaging data had radiograph follow-up to assess union status. There was no significant association between time to union and hardware type.

Conclusions:

Outcomes showed no significant difference between plate and pin fixation for metacarpal shaft and neck fractures. These findings suggest that surgeons may have flexibility to decide on the type of operative intervention while considering patient-specific factors, such as the need for early mobilization.
Distally-based (Reverse) Medial Hemi-flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Flap in a Series of High-risk Patients: Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Masadeh Suhail , Liette Michael D. , Perry William , Bibbo Christopher
Published: February 2023

Background:

The first ray provides an important biomechanical function in ambulation. Loss of this region due to ulceration and pursuant amputation poses significant morbidity to patients. Utilizing the distally based (reverse) medial hemi-flexor hallucis brevis (rmFHB) muscle flap to cover defects of this region may decrease patient morbidity, as it may provide needed bulk and durability for rapid coverage and preservation of the first ray.

Methods:

In this case series, an uncontrolled, retrospective review of the medical records was performed, identifying patients with diabetes who underwent an rmFHB muscle flap performed by a single surgeon. Outcomes measured included the need for secondary soft-tissue procedures at the index surgery; complications; percentage and time to wound healing, defined as epithelialization of wound site; and short-term survival rate (12 months).

Results:

Healing was demonstrated at a mean of 12 weeks, and the preservation of the distal first ray was achieved in 94% of those patients (12/13). One patient went on to first ray amputation and two were deceased before healing. All patients ambulated in shoes with custom molded inserts without complication postoperatively. No recurrence of ulceration was encountered at 12 months follow-up.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that the rmFHB muscle flap may serve as an option for distal first ray soft-tissue defects when local flap coverage is needed due to exposed deep or avascular structures not amenable to skin grafting or conservative wound care techniques. No cases of recurrence of ulceration occurred during this study.