bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH SUHU SINTERING TERHADAP KEKERASAN PADUAN MIKRO Fe-Cr HASIL METODE ULTRASONIK
Authors: Prijono Kusdi , Suhadi Amin
Published: May 2021

AbstrakFe-Cr      merupakan  paduan yang memiliki ketahanan pada suhu tinggi dan kemampuan yang dapat digunakan sebagai interkonek pada sel bakar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis bongkah paduan Fe-Cr dengan menggunakan serbuk paduan mikro Fe-Cr hasil sintesis dengan metode ultrasonik. Metode ultrasonik dimanfaatkan untuk sintesis paduan mikro Fe-Cr melalui penggunaan gelombang suara ultrasonik. Langkah yang dilakukan adalah memadatkan partikel paduan mikro Fe-Cr dengan  kompaksi tanpa lubrikan, hasil kompaksi dimasukan kedalam kapsul kaca kuarsa selanjutnya dilakukan  proses variasi sintering 11000C, 12000C dan 13000C pada kondisi suhu maximal ditahan selama 1 jam , lalu didinginkan secara normal dalam tungku. Karakterisasi strukturmikro dilakukan dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) disertai analisis dengan metode MAUD (Material Analisys Using Diffraction ) dan pengukuran Nilai kekerasan sesungguhnya. Partikel paduan mikro Fe-Cr lebih stabil dan konsisten dalam pembentukan fasa bongkah paduan Fe-Cr melalui variasi sintering. Diperoleh bongkah paduan Fe-Cr homogen tanpa oksida.Kata kunci: Paduan mikro Fe-Cr, Ultrasonik, Kapsul Kuarsa, Sintering AbstractFe-Cr is an alloy that has a high temperature resistance and is potential to be used as an interconnect on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) fuel cells. In this research, Fe-Cr alloys have been synthesized using Super Fe-Cr micro alloy powder with ultrasonic method. The ultrasonic method is utilized for the synthesis of Fe-Cr micro alloys through the use of ultrasonic sound waves. The steps taken were the consolidation of the Fe-Cr micro alloy particles through compaction without lubricant, then in a quartz glass capsule a sintering process variation of 11000C, 12000C and 13000C at maximum temperature conditions retained for 1 hour, then cooled normally in the furnace. Characterization of microstructure was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) with analysis by MAUD method (Material Analisys Using Diffraction) and actual density measurement. The Fe-Cr micro alloy particles are more stable and consistent in the formation of the Fe-Cr alloy phase via sintering variations. The alloys of Fe-Cr are homogenous without oxide.Keyword : Micro-alloy Fe-Cr, Ultrasonic, Capsule Quartz, Sintering
STUDI ALIRAN AIR PADA BALL VALVE DAN BUTTERFLY VALVE MENGGUNAKAN METODE SIMULASI COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Authors: Arman Rizky , Mahyoedin Yovial , Kaidir Kaidir , Desilpa Nando
Published: May 2021

ABSTRAKValve adalah alat mekanis yang mengatur aliran atau tekanan cairan. Fungsinya adalah  menutup atau membuka aliran, mengontrol laju aliran, mengalihkan aliran, mencegah aliran balik, mengontrol tekanan, atau mengurangi tekanan. Masalah yang umumnya ditemui adalah  penutupan valve tidak sempurna dikarenakan adanya kotoran-kotoran yang menghalangi penutupnya untuk menutup secara sempurna. Penanganannya yang paling sederhana yaitu membersihkan dudukan dari kotoran-kotoran tadi secara intensif dan dilakukan pelumasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan gambaran tentang simulasi aliran pada ball valve dan butterfly valve. Dan menjelaskan perbandingan tekanan, temperatur dan kecepatan distribusi air pada dua jenis valve. Tekanan fluida pada kondisi tertutup berbeda dengan kondisi terbuka. Hal ini akan berdampak terhadap kekuatan ball valve dan butterfly valve. Tekanan yang besar atau melebihi spesifikasi akan mempengaruhi mekanisme kerja dan kekuatan material. Pengaruh tekanan ini menjadi sangat penting dalam ball valve dan butterfly valve karena tekanan fluida dengan temperatur, pada  kondisi tertentu bisa di luar batas spesifikasi khususnya pada ball valve Sanitary SS316 Mounting Pad 3 inci dan butterfly valve Sanitary SS 304 3 inci. Metode yang digunakan adalah Computational Fluid Dynamics dengan bantuan Software Flow Simulasi Solidwork 2014.Kata Kunci: Ball and Butterfly Valve, Solidwork, Flow Simulasi, CFD, Tekanan, Temperatur, Kecepatan aliran. ABSTRACTValves are mechanical devices that regulate fluid flow or pressure. Its function can close or open the flow, control the flow rate, divert flow, prevent backflow, control pressure, or reduce pressure. The problem commonly encountered is that the valve closure is not perfect due to the impurities that prevent the cover from closing completely. The simplest handling is to clean the holder from the dirts earlier and do lubrication. This study aims to explain the description of the flow simulation on ball valve and butterfly valve. This study also explain the comparison of pressure, temperature and velocity of water distribution in two types of valve heads. Fluid pressure under closed conditions is different from opening conditions. This will affect the strength of the ball valve and butterfly valve as a valve. Pressure that is large or exceeds specifications will affect the working mechanism and material strength. The effect of this pressure becomes very important in the ball valve and butterfly valve because of  fluid pressure with temperature under certain conditions it can be out of the specification limits, especially in Sanitary SS316 Mounting Pad 3-inch ball valve and SS 304 3 inch Sanitary butterfly valve. This method was used in research is Computational Fluid Dynamics by utilizing of Flow Simulation Solidwork 2014 Software.Keywords: Ball Valve, Butterfly Valve, Solidwork 2014, Flow Simulation, CFD, Pressure, Temperature, Velocity
Stress Simulation of Chassis Crossover Electric Vehicle
Authors: Shantika Tito , Kristyadi Tarsisius , Hendra Hendra
Published: May 2021

The development of an electric vehicle chassis is one step in the design process of a vehicle, especially for crossover vehicles that are being designed. The chassis design of the vehicle must have a chassis that is solid and can sustain all the loads that occur on the chassis, such as passenger loads, electric motors and so on. In the chassis design process, stress analysis is needed to verify the strength of the chassis if the loads that are applied. Stress analysis begins with making an initial model of an existing chassis using CAD then stress analysis using FEA Solidworks software. Stress analysis includes static and crash load. The results of the analysis under static load conditions obtained a maximum stress that occurs at 206 MPa, a factor of safety = 1.69, and a deflection of 0.4 mm where the chassis deflection due to bending is less than 1 mm. Keywords: chassis, EV, strength simulation, FEA.
Optimasi Suhu dan Waktu Tahan Furnace Terhadap Kekerasan dan Mikro Struktur Deposit Lasan Elektroda Hardfacing
Authors: Basori Basori , Susetyo Ferry Budhi
Published: May 2021

Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengelasan HV 600 dengan empat kali (lapis). Proses pengelasan menggunakan arus 90 A polaritas DC+ pada spesimen baja karbon rendah. Kemudian dilakukan pemanasan pada tungku dengan variasi suhu 750°C, 800°C, 850°C dan 900°C dengan waktu tahan 10, 20 dan 30 menit. Setelah ditahan dengan variasi waktu kemudian di celupkan dalam media pendingin air. Spesimen yang telah di perlakukan panas kemudian diuji keras untuk melihat kekerasan yang terbentuk serta mikro struktur dari spesimen tersebut. Hasil uji keras dan foto makro bervariasi tergantung temperatur dan waktu tahan (holding time) yang digunakan.
PENENTUAN NILAI EFEKTIVITAS KONDENSOR DI PLTGU BLOK 1-2 PT. INDONESIA POWER UPJP PRIOK
Authors: Sumardiyanto Didit , Januar Aldi
Published: May 2021

Kondensor merupakan salah satu komponen utama pada sistem yang bekerja mengubah uap menjadi air dan digunakan kembali. Kinerja dari suatu kondensor dapat dipengaruhi oleh laju perpindahan panas, tekanan vakum dan efektivitas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai efektivitas dan variabel yang mempengaruhi kinerja kondensor di PLTGU PT. Indonesia Power UPJP Priok. Metode penentuan nilai efektivitas menggunakan metode log mean temperature different (LMTD) dan number of transfer unit - effectiveness (NTU - ε). Pada hasil penelitian, perhitungan nilai efektivitas pada kondensor pertama sebesar  83,28%, kondensor kedua sebesar 84,15% dan kondensor rata-rata sebesar 83,72%. Variabel yang mempengaruhi adalah kapasitas rasio sebesar 0,01183, laju perpindahan kalor panas sebesar 2.046,9932 kW, LMTD sebesar 7,6416⁰C, jumlah satuan perpindahan sebesar 0,7996, dan tekanan vakum sebesar 0,04395. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondensor yang ada PT. Indonesia Power UPJP Priok masih mempunyai performa yang baik.Kata kunci : kondensor, LMTD, efektivitas NTU
Analisa Pengaruh Variasi Arus Listrik Pengelasan Terhadap Kekuatan Sambungan Pengelasan MIG Pada Material ST 37
Authors: Marthiana Wenny , Mahyoedin Yovial , Duskiardi Duskiardi , Rahim Afri
Published: May 2021

AbstrakPada proses produksi, pengaturan parameter poses memegang peranan penting terhadap tercapainya mutu produk yang dihasilkan. Pada proses pengelasan, salah satu parameter proses pengelasan yang harus diperhatikan adalah besar arus pengelasan. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui besar kuat arus yang sesuai pada proses pengelasan material ST 37 menggunakan proses pengelasan MIG (Metal Inert Gas).  Pengujian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan besar kuat arus pengelasan yaitu pada 90A, 100A, 110A serta 120A. Pengujian tarik dilakukan terhadap hasil pengelasan tersebut. Hasil pengujian tarik menunjukkan, pengelasan menggunakan kuat arus sebesar 110A memberikan nilai yang maksimum pada beberapa besaran pengujian.  Untuk nilai tegangan tarik, σ memiliki nilai 16.9 kg/mm2, modulus elastisitas, E, 3.14 kg/mm2 serta Regangan ε, 5.42%. Kata kunci: pengelasan, Metal Inert Gas, Tegangan Tarik, modulus elastisitas  AbstractThe appropriate production parameter process plays an important role in fulfill the quality of the products such as mechanical properties like tensile strength and percentage of elongation of MIG welded joints.  Likewise, in the welding process, one of the welding process parameters that is welding current must be considered, since the welding current is most influential parameters affecting weld penetration, deposition rate, weld bead geometry and quality of weld metal. Variation of welding current on MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding process on ST 37 specimen   was to examine the effects on like tensile strength and percentage of elongation and elasticity modulus.  From the experiment, it is found that when welding current increased up to 110 Ampere the tensile strength tends to incline then slightly decline when welding current increased, modulus elasticity value and percentage of elongation value as well.  The maximum value of tensile strength 16.9 kg/mm2 percentage of elongation value 5.42%. and modulus of elasticity 3.14 kg/mm2 were gained at 110 ampere welding current Keywords: welding process, Metal Inert Gas, Tensile strength, elasticity modulus ,percentage of elongation
Pengaruh Tekanan Roller dengan Variasi Diameter Roll pada Mesin Pencacah Rumput Pakan Ternak Ruminansia
Authors: Sugiyanto Didik , Susanto Herry , Asbanu Husen , Saputro Agil
Published: May 2021

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil pengepresan rumput gajah dengan membandingkan menggunakan variasi diameter mesin press roll pada mesin pencacah rumput agar dapat mengetahui hasil yang maksimal dan mengetahui variasi diameter mana yang paling baik digunakan oleh peternak untuk mempermudah peternak dalam mengolah pakan ternak agar kualitas pakan ternak yang lebih baik dan membantu peternak untuk mempermudah proses produksi peranjangan rumput dengan waktu yang lebih singkat. Hasil pengukuran sampel menunjukan bahwa pada variasi dengan menggunakan diameter roll A dengan ukuran 75 mm adalah menghasilkan kecepatan putaran roll tercepat sebesar 0,027 rpm dan variasi dengan menggunakan diameter roll B dengan kadar air sebesar 1,2 kg adalah menghasilkan kadar air terbanyak untuk mendapatkan hasil press rumput yang diinginkan.Kata kunci: roller, mesin pencacah, pakan ternak, ruminansia AbstractThe purpose of this study was to see the results of pressing elephant grass by comparing using the diameter variation of the press roll machine on the grass chopper in order to see the maximum results and see which variations are best used by breeders to make it easier for breeders to process animal feed so that the quality of animal feed is better. better and help farmers to facilitate the elongation production process in a shorter time. The sample measurement results show that the variation using roll diameter A with a size of 75 mm is to produce the fastest roll rotation speed of 0.027 rpm and variations using roll diameter B with an air content of 1.2 kg is to produce the highest air content to get the best grass press. desired.Keywords: rollers, crusher machines, animal feed, ruminants
Efek Variasi Suhu Larutan Media Pendingin Terhadap Lapisan Deposit Las Elektroda E7018/HV350 Pada Material Baja Karbon
Authors: Sopiyan Sopiyan , Syaripuddin Syaripuddin , Syaripuddin Syaripuddin , Syamsuir Syamsuir , Syamsuir Syamsuir
Published: May 2021

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenomena kekerasan yang terjadi pada deposit hasil pengelasan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses pengelasan secara multilapis dengan menggunakan dua elektroda yaitu HV 350 dan E 7018. Setelah selesai pengelasan kemudian spesimen dilakukan perlakukan panas dengan menggunakan dua variasi suhu larutan pendingin yaitu 15°C dan 30°C. Dari hasil uji keras diketahui bahwa suhu 15 °C terbukti menghasilkan kekerasan lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan tanpa perlakuan (NT) maupun perlakuan panas dengan suhu 30°C. Kata kunci: HV 350, E 7018, suhu AbstractThis study aims to determine the phenomenon of hardness that occurs in deposits of welding results. In this research, a multi-layered welding process was carried out using two electrodes, namely HV 350 and E 7018. After the welding was finished, the specimens were treated with heat using two variations of the cooling solution temperature, 15 °C and 30 °C. From the results of hard tests it is known that the temperature of 15 ° C is proven to produce higher hardness when compared with without treatment (NT) or heat treatment with a temperature of 30 ° C. Keywords: HV 350, E 7018, temperature
Perancangan Alat Pirolisis Sampah Plastik Menjadi Bahan Bakar
Authors: Nofendri Yos , Haryanto Agus
Published: May 2021

Semakin  hari  kebutuhan bahan  bakar  semakin  meningkat,  sedangkan  ketersediannya  semakin  menurun. Permasalahan  lainnya  yakni membludaknya  limbah  plastik  di  lingkungan.  Salah  satu cara untuk  mengolah  limbah plastik  yaitu  dengan  mengubahnya  menjadi bahan bakar. Pirolisis plastik merupakan salah satu metode sederhana untuk mengubah limbah plastik menjadi bahan bakar. Pada penelitian ini, dirancang reaktor pirolisis tipe batch berkapasitas 1 kg berbahan bakar gas LPG dengan jari-jari 0.15 m dan tinggi 0.3 m serta kondensor dengan panjang total 0,5 m. Sampah plastik yang digunakan adalah sampah plastik HDPE. Pada peneletian ini dapat meningkatkan dan menganalisa temperature, waktu dan minyak yang di hasilkan. Dan minyak yang di hasilkan sesuai kriteria dan bisa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar.
Early growth of Cotton is affected by increasing concentration of fresh leaves extract of Calotropis procera
Authors: Mubeen Khuram
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of C. procera fresh leaves extract on cotton growth and vigor during seedling and early establishment stage. The trial was carried out in randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with 3 replications and 4 treatments viz., distilled water, 15%, 30% and 45% solution of Calotropis procera fresh leaves extracts. Data regarding the cotton seedling vigor and growth was collected and mean value of each trait were statistically compared through HSD Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). The highest shoot length seedling-1 (252.25 mm), root length seedling-1 (98.33 mm), stem diameter seedling-1 (0.35 mm) and dry weight of the shoot seedling-1 (0.85 g) was noticed in distilled water treatment. Leaf extract treatments caused significant reduction in seedling vigor and growth. The highest reduction was noticed when treated with 45% aqueous extract of C. procera. The above-mentioned treatment caused significant reduction in various seedling traits, which may hinder early establishment of cotton crop. Therefore, the farmers should remove the dense population of C. procera around cotton fields to avoid allelopathic effects of weed and to reduce damaging effects on early growing cotton plants.
Developing the Organisational Justice Scale and Examining Teachers' and School Administrators' Views about Organisational Justice in Primary Schools
Authors: Memduhoðlu Hasan Basri , Yildiz Ali Ýhsan
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid measurement tool to explore views about organisational justice in schools and to examine teachers' and school administrators' views about organisational justice in primary schools. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 455 participants, 176 school administrators and 279 teachers from the primary schools in the Centre of Van. The Organisational Justice Scale, developed by the authors, was employed as data gathering tool. Principal Component Factor Analysis was used to determine the content and construct validities of the scale and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was employed to evaluate the obtained results. As a result of the study, the developed Organisational Justice Scale (OJS) was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for school applications.
A Study of Teacher Effectiveness, General Intelligence and Creativity of Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Toor Kamalpreet Kaur
Published: May 2021

The present study attempts to compare teacher effectiveness, general intelligence and creativity of secondary school teachers in relation to gender and type of school. The sample for the study consisted of 850 secondary school teachers of Punjab. The findings of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in teacher effectiveness of male and female secondary school teachers. The significant main effect of type of school is independent of gender groups, i.e. government school teachers are effective both in case of male and female groups of school teachers. There is significant difference in general intelligence of male and female secondary school teachers, female teachers being more intelligent as compared to male teachers, both in case of government and private schools. The results also show that male teachers of private secondary schools are more creative than female teachers of private secondary schools but not in case of government secondary schools. Government school teachers are significantly high on creativity than private school teachers only in case of female group and not in case of male teachers. Teacher effectiveness is positively and significantly related with general intelligence and creativity among secondary school teachers.
Implications of the Mismatch Between Training and Placement in Teacher Training Colleges: A Case of Mosoriot Teachers Training College, Kenya
Authors: Opanda Joseph Amulioto
Published: May 2021

The single most influential school-based factor affecting student achievement is teacher quality. Teacher quality is a function of, among other variables, the training programme, teacher experience and the competence of the teacher educator. The quality of pre-service training to prospective teachers in teacher training institutions goes a long way to influence their performance in the field. This research paper examines the role of academic qualifications of college tutors, areas of specialty i.e. their major and minor teaching subjects at the college/university level , and the assigned subject area. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of the Teachers Service Commission deployment policy. This is a case study of Mosoriot Teachers Training College, in Nandi County, Kenya. Data was collected by use of questionnaires, face-to-face interviews and staff establishment records. Of the total teaching force of 71, 65 (91.5 %) tutors participated in this study. The data was descriptively analysed using percentages. The findings reveal that a) there is great disparity between teacher recruitment and deployment policy and practice where the college tutors were not teaching subjects for which they were not deployed to teach, and b) there was out-offield teaching in teacher education institutions. The researcher recommends that the Teachers Service Commission re-examine the staffing norms in Teachers Training Colleges with a view to maximize the human resource and enhance quality of training.
Accessing the General Curriculum for Students with Learning Disabilities: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Molosiwa Serefete , Mukhopadhyay Sourav , Moswela Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

Every student has a right to access the general curriculum to realize the aims of education for sustainable development. Accessing the general curriculum remains a critical component in the teaching and learning process of learners with learning disabilities and difficulties. Existing literature indicates that teachers must use suitable strategies to accommodate curriculum needs for students with learning disabilities and difficulties. This paper analyses how curriculum access for students with learning disabilities and difficulties has been promoted and achieved in the context of Botswana. The focus of this paper is therefore to outline the progress made so far towards enhancing curriculum access to the general education curriculum for learners with disabilities and difficulties.
An Assessment of Awareness of Rights of the Child among the Students of Class X
Authors: Kamath Asha KVD
Published: May 2021

The General Assembly of United Nations adopted a convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC) in 1989 with the right to survival, protection, development and participation forming the core of the convention. 192 countries affirmed their commitment to the convention and India ratified it in 1992. Chapter VI) of the RTE Act (2009) deals with protection of the rights of children. It thrusts the responsibility of protection of child rights on the National Commission and the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights along with agencies at lower levels of administration. It also describes the mechanism of redressal of the grievances. But, are our children enjoying a secure childhood? Do they enjoy the rights as declared in UNCRC? India has been working towards providing a safe childhood to all children. As education is a medium to know about child rights and its redressal, it is essential to find out whether the children who are at the stage of stepping out of school aware of their rights. Therefore, the investigator felt the need to take up the study. The sample of the study included 138 students of class X from the two co-education schools (one residential and another nonresidential) chosen randomly, following the CBSE syllabus. A questionnaire prepared by the investigator with 25 items of multiple-choice type was used as the tool for the study. The findings of the study show that the level of awareness on rights of the child is average among the students of class X. There are no significant differences between the students of residential and non-residential schools; boys and girls of both the schools taken together; boys and girls of residential as well as non-residential schools, on awareness about the rights of the child.
Mobile Phone Use In Uganda's Boarding Secondary Schools: A Case Study Of Bushenyi District
Authors: Richard Merichard Twebaze
Published: May 2021

The question whether secondary school students should be allowed to use mobile phones in school remains a controversial one. In this study carried out in a rural district of Bushenyi in Uganda the researcher sought to establish the usage of mobile phones among secondary school students in boarding schools. The researcher also sought the views and opinions of students, teachers and parents about the use of mobile phones by students in the schools. The study established that despite the official ban on use of mobile phones by students in school, 34% of the students said they were aware that some students own and use mobile phones in school. It was further established that 40% of teachers said they were aware that some students owned and used phones in school while 20% of them supported the use of phones by the students. Meanwhile, 40% of the parents supported the use of mobile phones by students in school. It was noted that the battle against the use of mobile phones by students in secondary schools might soon be lost due to the increased availability and benefits associated with their use.
Pull vs. wet: rendimiento diagnóstico y calidad de las muestras de las PAAF guiadas por USE en las masas sólidas del páncreas
Authors: Curvale Cecilia , Málaga Ignacio , Rojas Saunero Paloma , Tassi Viviana , Martins Enrique , Hwang Hui Jer
Published: May 2021

Differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses is challenging. The endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration method with the highest diagnostic yield has not been established. It was realized a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in solid lesions of the pancreas to compare and evaluate diagnostic yield and aspirate quality between wet and pull technique. Forty-one patients were enrolled. The wet technique presented a sensitivity, a specificity, a positive and negative predictive value, and a diagnostic accuracy of 58.3%, 100%, 100%, 25% and 63.4%, respectively. In the capillary technique they were: 75%, 100%, 100%, 35.7% and 78.1%, respectively. Comparing the diagnostic yield between both techniques, there was no statistically significant difference (McNemar’s test p = 0.388). Regarding the cellularity of the specimen, both in cytology and the cell block samples, no significant difference was observed between the techniques (p = 0.84 and 0.61, respectively). With respect to contaminating blood in the specimen, there was no difference in cytology samples (p = 0.89) and no difference in cell block samples (p = 0.08). The suitability of cytology samples for diagnosis was similar in both techniques (wet = 57.5% and capillary = 56.7%, p = 0.94) and there was no difference in cell block samples (wet = 75% and capillary = 66.1%, p = 0.38). In this study we did not observe differences in diagnostic yield or sample quality. Since both techniques are effective, we suggest the simultaneous and alternate use of both methods.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Woman with 34 Weeks Gestation and Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Sato-Espinoza Karina , Díaz Ferrer Javier , Jaramillo Ventura Yessica Mitzy
Published: May 2021

A 24-year-old pregnant woman arrived at the emergency service at 34 weeks of gestational age with intermittent right upper abdominal pain. An abdominal ultrasound was performed showing signs of hepatopathy with multiple neoformative nodules with mild ascites and fetal biometry confirmed at 34 weeks gestation. During her hospitalization, an emergency caesarean was induced with favorable result in the survival of the mother and the baby.
Bajos niveles de actividad de la lipasa ácida lisosomal y su relación con el desarrollo de la cirrosis de origen criptogénica/NASH: un estudio de cohorte
Authors: Toro Rendon Luis Guillermo , Calle Tavera Luisa Fernanda , Correa Gutiérrez Elizabeth María , Ocampo Mesa Adriana , Ramírez Arbeláez Jaime Alberto
Published: May 2021

Introduction and objective. The deficiency of the Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity has been related to cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Many of the cirrhosis classified as cryptogenic are the evolution of liver disease due to fatty liver. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity in the patients with liver cirrhosis of any etiology and establish whether low levels correlate with cryptogenic cirrhosis of origin cryptogenic or NASH. Methods. Was an analytical cohort study including 96 patients with cirrhosis of any etiology for which LAL activity was measured. Results. Fifty-five patients (58%) with cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH were included and 41 with other etiologies. The fifty-three percent of the total population were women. The severity scores of liver disease were significantly higher in the patients with the cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH: MELD (11.72 ± 7.3 vs 4,34 ± 5.7; p = 0.001) and Child-Pugh (7.26 ± 3.8 vs 7.26 ± 3.8; p = 0.004). LAL activity was significant lower (202.40 ± 98.8 vs 242.55 ± 121.9; p = 0.04) in the cirrhosis cryptogenic or NASH group. In the multivariate analysis, low LAL activity (< 150 nmol/spot/hour), was correlated with the presence of cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH. Conclusions. The patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH have lower levels of LAL activity than those with cirrhosis of other etiologies. LAL activity below 150 nmol/spot/hour is predictive of the cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH.
A mobilização do conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo sobre o cientista e a ciência: análise de uma sequência didática produzida por uma futura professora de ciências
Authors: Silva Boniek Venceslau da Cruz
Published: May 2021

Este trabalho relata indícios da mobilização do conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo sobre o cientista e a Ciência de uma futura professora de Ciências da Natureza, quando solicitada a construir uma sequência didática para estudantes do ensino fundamental. Entende-se como conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo (Pedagogical Content Knowledge – PCK, em inglês), o amálgama entre o conteúdo e a pedagogia (Shulman, 1987). Ou seja, a transformação dos conteúdos científicos, no nosso caso metacientíficos, em conteúdos ensináveis aos estudantes. Em especial, neste trabalho, para compreender a mobilização do PCK da futura professora, utilizamos a proposta de Silva e Martins (2018; 2019) que visa avaliar a mobilização do PCK sobre a Natureza da Ciência (PCK/NdC) em futuros professores de Ciências. Com base na sequência didática produzida e pelo preenchimento de um questionário específico para acessar indícios do PCK, notamos que a produção de sequências didáticas configura-se como uma ferramenta para o estudo da mobilização do PCK/NdC, enaltecendo às diferentes relações entre os conhecimentos, com destaque para os de currículo, avaliação e compreensão de Ciência dos estudantes, para a execução da tarefa. Por fim, sugerimos que atividades como esta possam ser incentivadas na formação de futuros professores de Ciências, pois podem apresentar indícios das deficiências e qualidades do PCK/NdC, favorecendo o ofício de docentes formadores no trabalho da produção de estratégias didáticas que tenham a finalidade de ensinar temas sobre a natureza da Ciência.
Traditional Justice System as Alternative Dispute Resolution Under Article 159(2)(C) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010
Authors: Kinama Emily
Published: May 2021

There are various forms of justice. It cannot be limited to legal justice. This paper explores the potential of traditional justice systems under the Constitution. It illustrates the need for a multidisciplinary approach in order to fully realise the right to access justice. Through a comparative analysis as well as case law, the paper demonstrates how alternative dispute resolution is not limited to civil cases, but can be applied to criminal proceedings. Challenges are pointed out and recommendations made on how to improve and effectively manage traditional justice system
Towards a New Justificatory Theory of Comparative Constitutional Law
Authors: Legarre Santiago
Published: May 2021

This paper tries to explain what comparative constitutional law is and takes the US legal practice as an example. The presence of comparative analysis is considered both in the academic arena and in the case law of the US Supreme Court. The conclusion of this part of the article is that for comparative constitutional law to be valid its role ought to be restricted by several constraints. The article also suggests that the comparative enterprise only makes sense if the universality of human rights is first acknowledged. The paper next delves into such universality and connects it with notions of new classical natural law that are considered essential in order to adequately understand the problem. Finally, it provides an example of the misuse of comparative constitutionalism.
Alternative Dispute Resolution, Access to Justice and Development in Kenya
Authors: Muigua Kariuki , Kariuki Francis
Published: May 2021

The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, envisions a prominent role for alternative dispute resolution, including traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. This is in addition to other legislative frameworks which provide for non-formal methods of dispute resolution. A thesis is made that formal forums such as litigation through courts of law have various disadvantages including complexity, high costs, and technical procedures, delays, amongst others, which make a strong case for the usually convenient and available ADR mechanisms. Put to good use, these mechanisms have potential to spur economic development through enhanced access to justice and the rule of law. The authors, indeed, argue that there is a golden thread that weaves across the themes of rule of law, human rights and access to justice and development.
Way Forward on Counter-Terrorism: Global Perspectives
Authors: Schmid Alex P.
Published: May 2021

There have been thousands of public conferences and closed-door meetings on terrorism and counter-terrorism since 11 September 2001. They usually end up with recommendations and then everybody goes home after the group photo has been taken. This article will deal with the following questions: what happened to all these recommendations? Who has acted upon them and actually implemented them? Who has evaluated them? Were they any good? Specifically, it will analyze five critical issues: (i) the definition problem; (ii) the communication problem; (iii) the political problem; (iv) the religious problem; (v) the radicalization problem. Finally, it will be provided twelve rules for preventing and combating terrorism.
Derivative Action Under the Companies Act 2015: New Jurisprudence or Mere Codification of Common Law Principles?
Authors: Gadaffi Yohanna , Tatu Miriam
Published: May 2021

One of the salient features of Kenya’s Companies Act 2015 is the codification of derivative action (the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions). While the statutory provision for derivative action is aimed at addressing the challenges that arose from common law derivative action, the statutory derivative action fails to achieve this outcome. At best, it is a restatement of the common law principles flowing from the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions.
Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Human Rights in Kenya: A Mutually-Affirming Relationship?
Authors: Mwanza Rosemary
Published: May 2021

Does the increase in Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Kenya portend doom for human rights in the country? The prominent narrative has been that FDI undermines human rights in host states, especially those in the developing world. This narrative is countered by claims that there exists a mutually affirming relationship between FDI and human rights. Proponents of this view posit that FDI facilitates the diffusion of human rights norms and correlates with the improved rule of law in host states. They also point to emerging human rights jurisprudence in international investment arbitration as evidence of a reciprocal relationship between FDI and human rights. In light of these arguments, this paper analyses the extent to which such a reciprocal relationship bears out between Chinese FDI and human rights in Kenya. It will be demonstrated that given the lack of a framework for human rights accountability for corporations at the international level, the restrictive treatment of human rights in international investment arbitration tribunals and weak institutional capacity in host states, a positive overlap between FDI and human rights is hardly a panacea for human rights protection in Kenya. Therefore, a synergy of legal measures and non-legal measures provide a pragmatic approach to insulate human rights from violations that may be associated with Chinese FDIs.
Chronicles of the Doha Wars: The Battle of Nairobi – Appraisal of the Tenth WTO Ministerial
Authors: Kanade Mihir
Published: May 2021

When Kenya’s President, Uhuru Kenyatta, opened the first ever World Trade Organisation (WTO) Ministerial Conference to be held on African soil, he knew that the Doha Development Agenda (DDA)1 ceremoniously agreed upon in 2001, and of which his country had been an ardent promoter, would be put under the guillotine. So much was made abundantly clear by Michael Froman, the United States of America Trade Representative (USTR), in an op-ed published in the Financial Times just two days prior to the Conference. Froman argued that "Doha was designed in a different era, for a different era, and much has changed since", and that "it is time for the world to free itself of the strictures of Doha’, before concluding presciently that ‘Nairobi will mark the end of an era". 
The Conference of 2015 closed with a Ministerial Declaration and the ‘Nairobi Package’ comprising a series of six Ministerial Decisions on agriculture, cotton and issues related to least developed countries (LDCs). WTO’s Director-General, Roberto Azevêdo, concluded with optimism that, similar to two years ago in Bali, the WTO had once again delivered ‘major, multilaterally-negotiated outcomes’ at Nairobi. All these things will be analyzed in the following lines.
Sexual Minority Rights Conundrum in Africa
Authors: Osogo  Ambani John
Published: May 2021

Although the African human rights legal system boasts of many treaties, the most relevant in the context of sexual minority rights is the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter), which agreement enjoys near unanimous ratification by members of the African Union (AU). As Vincent Nmehielle justly noted, ‘the African Charter is the primary normative instrument of the African human rights system.’ It thus may easily be regarded as the ‘regional bill of rights.’ This paper will deal with this matters, showing the status questionis in Africa.
Security and devolution in Kenya: Struggles in applying constitutional provisions to local politics
Authors: Burbidge Dominic
Published: May 2021

The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya (2010 Constitution) retains security as a function of National Government. At the same time, the 2010 Constitution creates 47 county governments with considerable autonomy in public service provision. Many county governors have demanded a say in the deployment of security services because of the inequality of security provision throughout Kenya’s history. While the 2010 Constitution is clear, however, in not providing much of a local say in the way security is deployed, it is found that in their day-to-day activities security officials depend on a close relationship with local politicians. This article examines constitutional provisions in the context of the history of security in Kenya and its practical deployment under the new political framework. It is argued that the long-term reasons for the inconsistent and insensitive use of security forces endure in contemporary dilemmas over the relationship between national security provision and local politics. Regardless of what the 2010 Constitution says, successful deployment of security depends on cooperative  local political relations. Attempt to establish these links can often lead county governors to overstep their mandates, however, contravening the 2010 Constitution. We are therefore not only witnessing a transformative of the negotiated structure of security's deployment.
Strategic Utility of Lawfare: Orde F Kittrie’s Study of How International Law Can be Weaponised
Authors: Sang YK Brian
Published: May 2021

Lawfare is a term that is truly base, common and popular. From a commercial catchword used by travel agencies to sell cheap airfares to lawyers, to a deprecatory word for the ‘individualistic and accusatorial aspects of law in Western societies,’ to the descriptor of joining transnational organisations in order to subvert the interpretations of law, to delegitimising strategies of weak actors in international forums who turn the law against the just and powerful actors, lawfare has multiple meanings depending on the context of its use. Yet for all its ordinary, contradictory and evolving usage, lawfare is amenable to principled definition, practical elaboration and strategic utilisation for national security.
Unpacking the African Backlash to the International Criminal Court (ICC): The Case of Uganda and Kenya
Authors: Oloka Onyango Joe
Published: May 2021

From early bright beginnings and close cooperation, African relations with the International Criminal Court (ICC or Court) have recently witnessed a sharp deterioration. The explanations for this fall-out vary from the personal style of the first Prosecutor of the Court—Luis Moreno Ocampo—to the lack of a comprehensive appreciation of the reasons for which the institution was established in the first instance. This article specifically zeroes in on the troubled interactions between the Court and the governments of Uganda and Kenya. These two instances demonstrate that while the charge of anti-African bias has become the dominant discourse of contemporary scholarship on the issue, structural and systemic factors are not given enough attention. Particular attention is given to the way the cases of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and President Uhuru Kenyatta (from Uganda and Kenya respectively) found their way to the ICC and the subsequent developments relating thereto. In doing so, the article explores, among other factors, the way International Criminal Justice was politicised, and its links to enduring questions of global political and economic inequality. Such conditions of inequality find manifestation in the backlash by African countries towards what has been described as the ICC’s selective approach. At the same time, opportunism and double-standards abound on all sides as there is both an inconsistent and hypocritical embrace of the basic tenets of International Criminal Law and Justice. Ultimately, the victims of human rights violations are short-changed while those actors who really need to be brought to account remain beyond sanction.
Review of the Health Act 2017 Using the Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality Framework
Authors: Adionyi Claire
Published: May 2021

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) provides for the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Kenya has ratified this Covenant and is, therefore, bound by its provisions. The Constitution of Kenya (2010) further establishes a framework for expanding rights and freedoms under Article 24 (4). The Constitution expressly provides for the right to health under Article 43 (1), which led to the enactment of the Health Act in 2017 (the Act). Article 43 (1) (a) of the Constitution states: 'Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care.' On this light, the right to health will be analyzed in the following lines.
Vein Glue VenaSeal® for the Therapy in Case of Varicose Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report
Authors: UT Zierau
Published: May 2021

The thrombosis in areas of the superficial truncal varicose veins and cutaneous veins is not a rare complication; it requires drug or surgical therapy if the thrombosis grows in the direction of deep veins. This situation is particularly striking in the case of thromboses of the great saphenous vein GSV and small saphenous vein SSV as well as other saphenous veins and leads to deep vein thrombosis in around 20% of cases. We will report about a case of SSV thrombosis and the catheter-based therapy of thrombosis following the therapy of truncal varicose vein SSV with VenaSeal® in one session.
On farmers’ Economic Income in Hubei Province of China During the COVID-19 Epidemic
Authors: Zhao Bin , Cao Jinming
Published: May 2021

This paper discusses the statistical measurement of the impact of COVID-19 major emergencies on farmers’ economic income in Hubei Province. Hubei Province was selected as the object of analysis, and five data of total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and per capita disposable income of farmers in Hubei Province from the first quarter of 2013 to the second quarter of 2020 were collected by using the Internet. Since all the collected data were macroeconomic data, these data were taken the logarithm to meet the economic significance. The per capita disposable income of farmers was taken as the response variable, and the main factors affecting farmers’ income were obtained by factor analysis. Livestock husbandry and fishery industries were the main industries in Hubei Province. Then the score of factor analysis were taken as explained variable to establish a regression model composed of influencing factors. This paper uses the multiple linear regression, support vector regression to fitting and forecasting data, ARIMA model of time series analysis, introduced at the same time, through the AIC model choice, with the first quarter of 2013 to 2019 in the second quarter fitting training, backward prediction two quarters, and three or four quarter of 2019 compared with the real data, through to the predicted results of the sequence diagram and evaluation index model to compare the mean square error (RMSE). Three models predict per capita disposable income of farmers in the first and second quarter of 2020. It has been found that performance better ARIMA model in the model compare is worse than before, and three kinds of predicted values are higher than the real value of the model, showed the outbreak to the influence of the agricultural economy in Hubei province is serious. On this basis, taking into account the characteristics of geomorphic climate in Hubei province, constructive suggestions are put forward.
Evaluasi Kinerja Terminal Leuwipanjang Kota Bandung
Authors: Fudla Della Vina , Maimunah Siti , Baharuddin Alfan
Published: May 2021

Bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dan penggunaan kendaraan pribadi pada Kota Bandung mempengaruhi pengoperasian dan kinerja Terminal Leuwipanjang Kota Bandung dengan Tipe A yaitu kelas pada terminal, penilaian pelayanan dan kinerja terminal. Tujuan pada penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kriteria kelas terminal, perbaikan pelayanan dan mengetahui kinerja yang perlu perbaikan dalam operasional di Terminal Leuwipanjang untuk itu dilakukan penentuan kelas terminal sesuai peraturan dari SK.6251 tahun 2017 tentang pedoman teknik penetapan kriteria kelas terminal, penilaian pelayanan dan kinerja terminal dilakukan analisis metode IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) dengan menggunakan google form dengan jumlah pertanyaan tentang pelayanan sebanyak 46 dengan penilaian kepuasan dan kepentingan yang disebarkan kepada pengguna terminal dimana yang masuk kuadran I dan II yang menjadi prioritas utama untuk perbaikan pelayanan sedangkan pada kuadran III dan IV tidak perlu perbaikan pelayanannya dan penentuan kelas terminal dilakukan penentuan 5 indikator yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi eksisting. Hasil analisis kelas terminal sesuai SK.6251 tahun 2017 maka Terminal Leuwipanjang masuk pada kategori kelas 2, hasil metode IPA yang perlu prioritas utama dalam perbaikan dan pelayanan  yang masuk pada kuadran I dan II dan penilaian kinerja berdasarkan PM 132 tahun 2015 tentang penyelengaraan terminal penumpang angkutan jalan.