bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Midterm outcomes of autogenous mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ainiwaer Ailimaierdan , Gong Zhongcheng , Zuolipahaer Zulikamaier , Wang Ling
Published: April 2024

Background/Aims

The purpose of this study was to observe the outcome of mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets with the assistance of computer designed three dimensional (3‐D) printed replicas and compare its outcome with the conventional fresh socket autotransplantation.

Material and Methods

This study included total of 96 mature third molars autotransplanted in 96 cases with the guidance of computer designed 3‐D printed replicas. Forty‐eight teeth autotransplanted into surgically created sockets were enrolled into the surgically created socket group and 48 teeth conventionally autotransplanted into fresh sockets were enrolled into the fresh socket group. In the surgically created socket group, mature third molars were autotransplanted into surgically prepared sockets at the site of previously missed or extracted molars in the alveolar bone and in the fresh socket group, autotransplantation of mature third molars were performed in fresh sockets of extracted diseased molars simultaneously. After transplantation, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Landry Wound Healing Index (LWHI), mobility and probing depth (PD) of the transplanted teeth were measured and the patient satisfaction questionnaire were held in both group. All patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations during the follow‐up.

Results

During the mean follow‐up period of 47.63 ± 16.78 months (range 18–78 months), 92 out of 96 teeth remained in situ without clinical or radiographic complications with overall success rate of 95.83%. No statistically significant differences were found in success and survival rates between the two group. The average extra‐oral time of the donor teeth were 60.76 ± 22.41 s and mean positioning trials of the donor teeth were 2.43 ± 1.19. The VAS score at Day 1 in the surgically created socket group was higher than the fresh socket group (p < .05). LWHI scores in the surgically created group were lower than the fresh socket group during the first 2 weeks (p < .05). The degree of mobility of the transplanted teeth in both group showed no statistically significant difference during the first 3 months. PD in the surgically created group were higher than the fresh socket group in the first month but there were no statistically significant difference after 1 month. Twenty‐six out of 48 cases in the surgically created group needed crown restoration while only 10 cases went through crown restoration in the fresh socket group. Most patients in both group were satisfied with the treatment.

Conclusions

Autogenous mature third molars transplantation into surgically created sockets is as effective as conventional fresh socket transplantation. This technique is worth recommending in carefully selected cases and optimistic results can be achieved.
Comparative analysis of dental trauma in contact and non‐contact sports: A systematic review
Authors: de Lima Luiz Gustavo Healt , dos Santos Caroline Souza , Rocha Juliana Schaia , Tanaka Orlando , Rosa Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro , Gasparello Gil Guilherme
Published: April 2024

Dental traumas in sports are common and have physical, social, psychological, and economic impacts. The aim of this study was to determine, through a systematic review, the prevalence of dental trauma in contact and non‐contact sports. This review was submitted to PROSPERO (CRD42023421206). Included studies addressed the prevalence of dental trauma in young athletes and adults above 18 years, excluding reviews, editorials, symposiums, or those evaluating athletes under 18 years. A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, LIVIVO, SPORTDiscus, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source (via EBSCO), and Lilacs and BBO, as well as gray literature. Bias risk was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist. Data were synthesized considering study characteristics, population, sport, and outcomes. R Statistics software was used for all meta‐analyses. A total of 1707 articles were identified. After applying eligibility criteria, eight were selected. Three studies, not previously observed, were later added after reading four systematic reviews on a similar topic. Fourteen contact sports and five non‐contact sports were analyzed. The prevalence of dental trauma was 11.38% in contact sports and 5.24% in non‐contact sports. Regardless of the type of sport, athletes face risks of dental trauma, with contact sports showing higher prevalence. The use of mouthguards is essential across all contact and non‐contact sports as a preventive measure.
Defence functions of mucus secreted from the larval body surface of the moth Phauda flammans
Authors: Lu Da‐Xing , He Xiong Zhao , Li Hong‐Yi , Liu Zuo‐Jun , Yang Neng , Wang Xiao‐Yun , Zheng Xia‐Lin
Published: April 2024

Many invertebrates and vertebrates secrete mucus from their body surface, which plays a crucial role in protecting themselves from attacks by microorganism or predators. This study reports on the potential functions of mucus secreted from the body surface of larvae of the moth Phauda flammans (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phaudidae). We tested whether the mucus could inhibit the growth of the fungus Beauveria bassiana PfBb (Bals.‐Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales) and attract and/or deter predators such as the crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Our results showed that de‐ and rehydrated mucus concentrations of 0.5–1.0 mg mL−1 had an inhibitory effect on the conidial germination and colony growth of B. bassiana PfBb; however, P. flammans mucus did not significantly affect fungal sporulation. Raw mucus and mucus concentrations of 1.0–4.0 mg mL−1 attracted P. longicornis workers in a Y‐tube olfactometer, whereas the physical viscosity of raw mucus hindered their foraging for food in a laboratory test. The E. furcellata adults did not display a preference for the odour of P. flammans mucus. Therefore, P. flammans mucus may inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and attract or repel predators, but the mucus does not act as a complete deterrent.
Looking for the good in times of adversity: Examining the interplay of temperament and social schemas in shaping resilience in youth
Authors: Joosten Frankie , Bakker Jindra , Daemen Maud , van Amelsvoort Therese , Reininghaus Ulrich
Published: April 2024

Aim

Resilience is a broad and dynamic concept that can be seen as being constituted by the combination of internal factors, for example, temperament profiles, and external factors, for example, social support. This paper aimed to identify temperament profiles in help‐seeking youth exposed to adverse childhood experiences, and to investigate whether temperament (putative internal protective factor) interacts with social schemas (as proxy for the putative external protective factor social support) such that their combination is associated with (a) reduced mental health problems and (b) attenuated decrease in positive affect following daily life stressors.

Methods

Self‐report questionnaires were used to measure temperament, social schemas and mental health problems. The experience sampling method was used to assess stress and positive affect (i.e., stress‐sensitivity as a potential daily life resilience mechanism). Temperament profiles were identified by latent profile analysis and regression analyses were used to examine (interaction) effects.

Results

In 138 subjects, three temperament profiles were identified, that is, a moderate, volatile and persevering profile, of which the latter was negatively associated with mental health problems. Neither mental health problems nor stress sensitivity were found to be affected by the interaction between temperament and social schemas. However, positive social schemas were found to be independently associated with reduced mental health problems (b = −4.41; p = <.001) and reduced stress sensitivity (b = .10, p = .044).

Conclusions

Findings are relevant for both practice and research, and contribute to improving our understanding of putative protective factor in the development of mental ill‐health, thereby further unravelling the construct of resilience.
“Our life literally got turned upside down”: Mothers' experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Condon Eileen M. , O'Connell Meghan , Jackson Brianna , Redeker Nancy S. , Sadler Lois S.
Published: April 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study is to describe how the COVID‐19 pandemic influenced the lives of families with preschool‐age children, both broadly and with respect to familial roles, relationships, and routines.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic placed a significant caregiving burden on families with young children, but the voices and experiences of these families have not been well documented in the scientific literature. Preschool‐age children undergo rapid brain development during the early childhood period, and thus these children may be especially vulnerable to the effects of pandemic‐related stress.

Method

We conducted a qualitative descriptive study with caregivers of preschool‐age children. A semi‐structured interview was used to elicit information about the COVID‐19 pandemic's influence on family functioning, routines, and relationships. We used inductive thematic analysis to code the data and identify themes and subthemes.

Results

Thirty‐five women participated in the study. Women described both positive and negative influences of the pandemic on family life. Themes included: 1) disrupted routines and the parent juggling act, 2) rattled relationships and close connections, 3) the pile‐up of pandemic related stressors, and 4) coping strategies and “coming out on the other side.”

Conclusions & Implications

A deeper understanding of the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family life provides critical insight necessary to inform targeted intervention efforts and improve long‐term outcomes for families with young children.
Skin sediments: Narrating memory in Kim de l'Horizon's Blutbuch (2022)
Authors: Sambruno Spannhoff Theresa
Published: April 2024

Kim de l'Horizon's Blutbuch contributes to the contemporary posthumanist discourse of the German‐language literary landscape by developing an original way of narrating memory through transformative materialities. This article explores two forms of memory narration that de l'Horizon evokes and combines in their text resulting in a productive space of tension between the protagonist and their environment. On the one hand, the main character grasps narratives as layers of skin (Gehäute) that serve as a physical boundary of the figures in the text. On the other hand, de l'Horizon proposes a memory narrative that aims to permeate these skin boundaries to reconnect the human self with surrounding matter in a fluid, symbiotic way.
RECAM‐J 2023—Validation and development of the Japanese version of RECAM for the diagnosis of drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Tsuji Keiji , Komiyama Yasuyuki , Tsuruya Kota , Kakisaka Keisuke , Tsutsui Akemi , Ichimoto Keiko , Ueno Masayuki , Okazaki Yuki , Kamimura Hiroteru , Takai Atsushi , Yamashiki Noriyo , Ito Takanori , Watanabe Masaaki , Abe Masanori , Harada Ken‐ichi , Kagawa Tatehiro
Published: April 2024

Aim

The diagnosis of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging. We modified the revised electronic version of the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) for the diagnosis of DILI (RECAM), the scoring system developed in US and Spanish cohorts in 2022, and developed RECAM‐J 2023 to align with the clinical practice in Japan. In the current study, we introduce RECAM‐J 2023 and verify its performance in the context of Japanese patients with DILI.

Methods

After translation of RECAM into Japanese, modifications were made to develop RECAM‐J 2023 without any alteration to the scores. To examine the validity and performance of RECAM‐J 2023, clinical information on DILI and non‐DILI cases in Japan were retrospectively collected. The diagnosis of DILI was made by expert's decision. Then we scored each case using RECAM‐J 2023, and calculated area under curve (AUC) values for identification for DILI.

Results

We collected data from 538 DILI and 128 non‐DILI cases. The sum of highly probable (HP) and probable (PR) cases categorized by RECAM‐J 2023 were only 206 (38%) in DILI cases. As the primary cause of low scores was the deduction with missing hepatitis virus markers, which is unlikely to be an issue in prospective applications, we rescored without these deductions. At this time, the sum of HP and PR was raised to 421 (78%). The AUCs of RECAM‐J 2023 without deductions were 0.70 and 0.88 for identifying at least HP, and at least PR, respectively.

Conclusion

RECAM‐J 2023, when prospectively used without any missing hepatitis virus markers, provides acceptable performance for identifying at least PR DILI cases in Japanese daily clinical practice.
A design thinking‐led approach to develop a responsive feeding intervention for Australian families vulnerable to food insecurity: Eat, Learn, Grow
Authors: Baxter Kimberley A. , Kerr Jeremy , Nambiar Smita , Gallegos Danielle , Penny Robyn A. , Laws Rachel , Byrne Rebecca
Published: April 2024

Background

Design thinking is an iterative process that innovates solutions through a person‐centric approach and is increasingly used across health contexts. The person‐centric approach lends itself to working with groups with complex needs. One such group is families experiencing economic hardship, who are vulnerable to food insecurity and face challenges with child feeding.

Objective

This study describes the application of a design thinking framework, utilizing mixed methods, including co‐design, to develop a responsive child‐feeding intervention for Australian families—‘Eat, Learn, Grow’.

Methods

Guided by the five stages of design thinking, which comprises empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing. We engaged with parents/caregivers of a child aged 6 months to 3 years through co‐design workshops (n = 13), direct observation of mealtimes (n = 10), a cross‐sectional survey (n = 213) and semistructured interviews (n = 29). Findings across these methods were synthesized using affinity mapping to clarify the intervention parameters. Parent user testing (n = 12) was conducted online with intervention prototypes to determine acceptability and accessibility. A co‐design workshop with child health experts (n = 9) was then undertaken to review and co‐design content for the final intervention.

Results

Through the design thinking process, an innovative digital child‐feeding intervention was created. This intervention utilized a mobile‐first design and consisted of a series of short and interactive modules that used a learning technology tool. The design is based on the concept of microlearning and responds to participants' preferences for visual, brief and plain language information accessed via a mobile phone. User testing sessions with parents and the expert co‐design workshop indicated that the intervention was highly acceptable.

Conclusions

Design thinking encourages researchers to approach problems creatively and to design health interventions that align with participant needs. Applying mixed methods—including co‐design— within this framework allows for a better understanding of user contexts, preferences and priorities, ensuring solutions are more acceptable and likely to be engaged.
Facile photodeposition Ni(OH)2 anchored ZnIn2S4 as an efficient 1D/2D heterojunctions for photocatalytic H2 evolution
Authors: Chen Ruolin , Zhu Hongxun , Liu Wen , Zhan Difu , Fu Qian , Tian Jiayi , Huang Yizhong , Han Changchun
Published: April 2024

Increasing the active site of redox reactions on the surface of photocatalysts and accelerating the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs are effective methods to improve the hydrogen evolution of composite photocatalysts. Non‐precious metal Ni photo‐deposition is anchored in situ on the ZnIn2S4 surface to generate the cocatalyst Ni(OH)2, which improves the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of the composite sample. Under visible light irradiation, the ZnIn2S4 semiconductor stimulates photon‐generated carriers. Ni2+ acts as the defect center of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs to promote the separation of carriers. It serves as the capture site of light‐generated holes to reduce the carrier recombination rate so that the light‐generated electrons on the ZnIn2S4 surface promote H+ reduction in H2. Ni(OH)2 provides the active site for oxidation reaction on the surface of semiconductor materials, allowing the carrier to be consumed faster and improving the photocatalytic stability of semiconductor materials. The addition of 2 wt% Ni2+ resulted in a hydrogen evolution rate of 10 066 µmol·g−1 ·h−1 for ZnIn2S4/Ni(OH)2, which was 2.5 times higher than that of pure ZnIn2S4. This paper presents a reference case for enhancing the stability of sulfide to promote its photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
Advances in laser‐based manufacturing techniques for specialty optical fiber
Authors: Maniewski Pawel , Wörmann Tim J. , Pasiskevicius Valdas , Holmes Christopher , Gates James C. , Laurell Fredrik
Published: April 2024

As demand for customized specialty fibers grows, standardized production methods face challenges. This article reviews industry standards and discusses potentially disruptive techniques that enable rapid prototyping and fabrication of optical fiber devices. Furthermore, we showcase laser powder deposition's (LPD) potential for additive manufacturing (AM) of customized glass structures. In the case of, for example, fiber preforms, although the feasible size is smaller than the industry standard, utilizing laser‐based manufacturing techniques for a small batch production presents an attractive avenue for rapid prototyping and expedites material and design optimization. In the realm of AM of glass, LPD offers numerous benefits, including minimal shrinkage, high densification, and the ability to tailor glass composition to achieve desired optical properties. The article reviews the latest achievements and highlights future directions in this technology.
The role of As ions height in AFe2As2 (A = Ba, Sr)
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Zhihua , He Ming , Lin Long , Tao Hualong , Cui Yan , Wang Mengxia , Li Shiguang , Wang Hongli , Wang Weifang
Published: April 2024

The sensitive response of antiferromagnetic order to As ions height in pressure environment makes the reduction of As ions height beneficial for rapid suppression of antiferromagnetism. The analysis from lattice parameters and electron density indicates that As ions height has a significant impact on antiferromagnetic suppression. The interrelationship between As ions height and antiferromagnetic suppression makes it easier for uniaxial pressure along the c‐axis environments to suppress antiferromagnetism, cause Lifshitz transition compared and induce Fermi surface nesting than uniaxial pressure along the a‐axis (or b‐axis) environments, which can explain the fluctuation of superconducting critical pressure measurements in experiments with uneven pressure application from a microscopic perspective.
Near‐unity quantum efficiency wavelength‐tunable NIR phosphors (Sr2−yCay)Sc1−xSbO6: xFe3+ with excellent thermal stability
Authors: Yeerlan Mamuhe , Zhang Meng , Dai Pengpeng
Published: April 2024

Fe3+ ions as near‐infrared (NIR) activators are emerging as an alternative to Cr3+.1–5 However, it is a challenge to develop Fe3+‐activated NIR phosphors featuring tunable optical properties, high efficiency, and thermal stability. Herein, we present a series of near‐unity internal quantum efficiency (IQE), wavelength‐tunable and thermal stability NIR‐emitting phosphors Sr2−yCaySc1−xSbO6:xFe3+ (S2−yCyS1−xS:xFe3+). Sr2ScSbO6:1%Fe3+ (SSS:1%Fe3+) phosphor shows broadband NIR emission at 904 nm and near‐unity IQE under excitation at 300 nm. Experimental and theoretical calculation results demonstrate that introduced Ca ions could increase the bandgap value and Debye temperature (ΘD) of host from Eg = 3.702 eV, ΘD = 609 K of y = 0 to Eg = 3.801 eV, ΘD = 692 K of y = 2. Significantly, the resultant S2−yCyS1−xS:1%Fe3+ NIR phosphors show wavelength‐tunable emission from 904 to 952 nm and high IQE of 84.6%–97.5% as well as enhanced thermal stability (I423K/I298K = 76.9%) of Ca2ScSbO6:1%Fe3+ (CSS:1%Fe3+) in comparison with that (I423K/I298K = 70.6%) of pristine sample. We fabricated an NIR light‐emitting diodes (LED) device by using CSS:1%Fe3+ NIR phosphors with ultraviolet LED chip and demonstrated its potential applications in anticounterfeiting, information encryption, and night vision.
Risk factors and prediction score for new‐onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation
Authors: Bai Ruiping , An Rui , Chen Siyu , Ding Wenkang , Xue Mengwen , Zhao Ge , Ma Qingyong , Shen Xin
Published: April 2024

Aim

New‐onset diabetes mellitus is a frequent and severe complication arising after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to identify the risk factors for new‐onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation (NODALT) and to develop a risk prediction score system for relevant risks.

Methods

We collected and analyzed data from all recipients who underwent liver transplantation at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The OR derived from a multiple logistic regression predicting the presence of NODALT was used to calculate the risk prediction score. The performance of the risk prediction score was externally validated in patients who were from the CLTR (China Liver Transplant Registry) database.

Results

A total of 468 patients met the outlined criteria and finished the follow‐up. Overall, NODALT was diagnosed in 115 (24.6%) patients. Age, preoperative impaired fasting glucose (IFG), postoperative fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and the length of hospital stay were significantly associated with the presence of NODALT. The risk prediction score includes age, preoperative IFG, postoperative FPG, and the length of hospital stay. The risk prediction score of the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.785 (95% CI: 0.724–0.846) in the experimental population and 0.782 (95% CI: 0.708–0.856) in the validation population.

Conclusions

Age at the time of transplantation, preoperative IFG, postoperative FPG, and length of hospital stay were independent predictive factors of NODALT. The use of a simple risk prediction score can identify the patients who have the highest risk of NODALT and interventions may start early.
Modeling the Intraindividual Relation of Ability and Speed within a Test
Authors: Mutak Augustin , Krause Robert , Ulitzsch Esther , Much Sören , Ranger Jochen , Pohl Steffi
Published: April 2024

Understanding the intraindividual relation between an individual's speed and ability in testing scenarios is essential to assure a fair assessment. Different approaches exist for estimating this relationship, that either rely on specific study designs or on specific assumptions. This paper aims to add to the toolbox of approaches for estimating this relationship. We propose the intraindividual speed‐ability‐relation (ISAR) model, which relies on nonstationarity of speed and ability over the course of the test. The ISAR model explicitly models intraindividual change in ability and speed within a test and assesses the intraindividual relation of speed and ability by evaluating the relationship of both latent change variables. Model estimation is good, when there are interindividual differences in speed and ability changes in the data. In empirical data from PISA, we found that the intraindividual relationship between speed and ability is not universally negative for all individuals and varies across different competence domains and countries. We discuss possible explanations for this relationship.
Use of an eco‐friendly preservation technology as a strategy to increase the microbiological shelf‐life of a novel ready‐to‐eat salad containing vegetable by‐products
Authors: Perez Pablo Federico , Fernandez María Verónica , Jagus Rosa Juana , Agüero María Victoria
Published: April 2024

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate different UV‐C irradiation doses in a novel ready‐to‐eat vegetable product containing vegetable by‐products (red beet leaves) and determine the microbiological shelf‐life and quality indicators during refrigerated storage (5 ± 1°C). During processing, no chemical disinfection was carried out and after the packaging step, 3 doses of UV‐C irradiation were applied (CTRL: 0 kJ/m2, L: 1 kJ/m2, M: 4 kJ/m2, and H: 7 kJ/m2) on the vegetable product studied (50% Creola purple lettuce, 25% beet leaves, and 25% arugula). It was observed that the intermediate dose (M) was the most suitable treatment since it could increase in six times its microbiological shelf‐life. Additionally, M was the one that showed the lowest loss of total polyphenols and the one that best maintained the antioxidant capacity (DPPH), probably attributed to the decrease in the activity of deterioration enzyme, PPO and higher ascorbic acid content at day 4. When evaluating % CO2/O2 on headspace of bags, UV‐C treatments reached earlier the dynamic equilibrium. Finally, all UV‐C irradiation treatments were successful against the simulated contamination. In that way, significant reductions of L. innocua and E. coli were found, with differences from up to 2 log cycles during storage. Finally, it can be concluded that UV‐C treatment can increase the microbiological shelf‐life of the novel ready‐to‐eat vegetable product, with quality indicators stabilization.

Practical applications

Ready‐to‐eat salads present a short shelf‐life, which hinders their commercialization. As preservation technologies are required, UV‐C irradiation is an eco‐friendly alternative for its preservation as it has the potential to replace traditional disinfection treatments by reducing the water footprint of the total process. Therefore, since the UV‐C treatment is applied in the last step of the process (after packaging the product), microbiological contamination occurring in this type of vegetable products during processing is minimized. However, additional investigation is necessary to assess its suitability for a novel ready‐to‐eat salad containing horticultural by‐products.
The protection of rights and advancement of GenderS: In conversation with Abigail Nappier Cherup, Kevin D. Thomas, Wendy Hein, and Jack Coffin
Authors: Steinfield Laurel , Hutton Martina , Cheded Mohammed , Cherup Abigail Nappier , Thomas Kevin D. , Hein Wendy , Coffin Jack
Published: April 2024

In this panel discussion, we explore various ways that academics can advance work related to GenderS, intersectionality and inequities so that it has impact within academia and in society. Panelists offer practical insights, relate challenges in doing this work, and suggest avenues for alternative yet impactful dissemination of work. The purpose is to demonstrate how those interested in supporting or working in this space might move from being allies to advocates and accomplices.
Troubling genderS and consumer well‐being: Going across, between and beyond the binaries to gender/sex/ual and intersectional diversity
Authors: Steinfield Laurel , Hutton Martina , Cheded Mohammed
Published: April 2024

In this editorial we outline why a call for more inclusive, conscientious approaches to studying gender/sex/ual diversity and intersectional identities is needed, and how the articles in this special issue answered this call. We summarize key takeaways from a review of the literature, noting significant under‐representation of gender/sex/ual diversity and intersectional social locations. We also explore the history of the gender/sex binaries (e.g., female/male; women/men; femininity/masculinity) to help illuminate the premises upon which the popular trend of studying gender/sex differences between men and women and the invisibilities of gender/sex/ual diverse people exist. We conclude with guidance on how scholars and practitioners might engage in thinking, doing, and connecting to move the conversation forward.
Diaporthe xiuwenensis sp. nov, a new fungal species causing postharvest kiwifruit rot in Guizhou
Authors: Ren Chunguang , Liu Yu , Su Wenwen , Han Zhengcheng , Wu Di , Li Weijie
Published: April 2024

Diaporthe spp. (including their asexual Phomopsis states) are important plant pathogens found widely in different host plants, such as pathogens, endophytes or saprobes. In this study, a new species of Diaporthe causing fruit rot in kiwifruit, Diaporthe xiuwenensis sp. nov was isolated from kiwifruit with apparent soft rot symptoms during storage in Guizhou Province, China. Identification was made using morphology and comparison of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal ITS (internal transcribed spacer) + tef1 (translation elongation factor‐1α) + tub2 (β‐tubulin) + cal (calmodulin) + his (histone H3) gene regions. This study further described a new Diaporthe species and discussed its morphology and phylogenetic relationships with other Diaporthe species. Koch's postulates tests identified the causative agents of kiwifruit soft rot. The results of pathogenicity test showed that Diaporthe xiuwenensis sp. nov was pathogenic to kiwifruit, and the Koch's postulates were completed.
Rethinking copyright exceptions in the era of generative AI: Balancing innovation and intellectual property protection
Authors: Thongmeensuk Saliltorn
Published: April 2024

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems, together with text and data mining (TDM), introduce complex challenges at the junction of data utilization and copyright laws. The inherent reliance of AI on large quantities of data, often encompassing copyrighted materials, results in multifaceted legal quandaries. Issues surface from the unfeasible task of securing permission from each copyright holder for AI training, further muddled by ambiguities in interpreting copyright laws and fair use provisions. Adding to the conundrum, the clandestine practices of data collection in proprietary AI systems obstruct copyright owners from detecting unauthorized use of their materials. The paper explores the exceptions to copyright laws for TDM in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Japan, recognizing their crucial role in fostering AI development. The EU has a two‐pronged approach under the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, with one exception catering specifically to research organizations, and another, more generalized one, that can be restricted by rightsholders. The UK allows noncommercial TDM research without infringement but rejected a broader copyright exception due to concerns from the creative sector. Japan has the broadest TDM exception globally, permitting the nonenjoyment use of works without permission, though this can potentially overlook the rights of copyright owners. Notably, the applicability of TDM exceptions to AI‐produced copies remains unclear, creating potential legal challenges. Furthermore, an exploration of the fair use doctrine in the United States provides insight into its potential application in AI development. It focuses on the transformative aspect of usage and its impact on the original work's potential market. This exploration underscores the necessity for clear, practical guidelines. In response to these identified challenges, this paper proposes a hybrid model for TDM exceptions emerges, along with recommended specific mechanisms. The model divides exceptions into noncommercial and commercial uses, providing a nuanced solution to complex copyright issues in AI training. Recommendations incorporate mandatory exceptions for noncommercial uses, an opt‐out clause for commercial uses, enhanced transparency measures, and a searchable portal for copyright owners. In conclusion, striking a delicate equilibrium between technological progress and the incentive for creative expression is of paramount importance. These suggested solutions aim to establish a harmonious foundation that nurtures innovation and creativity while honoring creators' rights, facilitating AI development, promoting transparency, and ensuring fair compensation for creators.
MAFLD predicts cardiovascular disease risk better than MASLD
Authors: Pan Ziyan , Shiha Gamal , Esmat Gamal , Méndez‐Sánchez Nahum , Eslam Mohammed
Published: April 2024

Background and Aim

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been proposed as an alternative for the validated definition of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). We compared the abilities of MAFLD and MASLD to predict the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

Methods

Six thousand and ninety six participants from the 2017 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort who received a thorough medical health check‐up were chosen for the study. The associations between fatty liver status and coronary risk surrogates, such as 10‐year ASCVD risk and self‐reported cardiovascular events, were analysed.

Results

MAFLD and MASLD were identified in 2911 (47.7%) and 2758 (45.2%) patients, respectively. MAFLD (odds ratio [OR]: 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–2.57, p < .001) was more strongly independently associated with high ASCVD risk than MASLD (OR: 1.82, 95% CI, 1.52–2.18, p < .001) was in comparison with the absence of each condition. However, compared with MAFLD, MASLD alone was not associated with increased ASCVD risk. Multiple logistic regression revealed that MAFLD alone was significantly more strongly associated with a high risk of ASCVD (OR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.13–7.01; p < .03) than MASLD alone.

Conclusions

Although both MAFLD and MASLD were associated with different ASCVD risks, MAFLD predicted the ASCVD risk better than MASLD. The higher predictive ability of MAFLD compared to MASLD was attributed to metabolic dysfunction rather than moderate alcohol use.
Ethics and ambiguity in wastewater development on the Placencia Peninsula, Belize
Authors: Webb W. Alex , Wells E. Christian , Prouty Christine , Zarger Rebecca , Trotz Maya
Published: April 2024

Development projects present ambiguous ethical terrain for anthropologists to navigate. Particularly in relation to WaSH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) infrastructures which mediate human and environmental health. Our interdisciplinary team of anthropologists and engineers initially set out to design context‐sensitive on‐site wastewater treatment infrastructures for homes along Belize's Placencia Peninsula. The project's beginning coincided with the announcements of a government sponsored centralized wastewater infrastructure project and the construction of a cruise ship port on a nearby island, however. Soon the wastewater project's promises—economic opportunity, improved human and environmental health, modernization ‐ came crashing into its pratfalls—exacerbating existing inequalities, loss of livelihoods, and diminished local governance. Our team was left with uncertain decisions about how to engage with improving infrastructure, given the emerging community dynamics. By detailing the imperfect trade‐offs at play, we highlight ethical complexities inherent when communities’ development futures are at stake. Anthropology's fraught history includes legacies of unintended harms from entanglement in others’ inequities. However, avoiding involvement out of excessive caution risks leaving marginalized voices unheard and extant problems unresolved. This case immersed our team in the inherent optimism and ethical experimentation which underlie development contexts. Our analysis adopts the structure from Whiteford and Trotters’ (2008) “Ethical‐Problem Solving Guide” to reveal the layered tensions that underly critical WaSH infrastructures.
Sequential activation of strigolactone and salicylate biosynthesis promotes leaf senescence
Authors: Jing Yexing , Yang Ziyi , Yang Zongju , Bai Wanqing , Yang Ruizhen , Zhang Yanjun , Zhang Kewei , Zhang Yunwei , Sun Jiaqiang
Published: April 2024

Leaf senescence is a complex process strictly regulated by various external and endogenous factors. However, the key signaling pathway mediating leaf senescence remains unknown.

Here, we show that Arabidopsis SPX1/2 negatively regulate leaf senescence genetically downstream of the strigolactone (SL) pathway. We demonstrate that the SL receptor AtD14 and MAX2 mediate the age‐dependent degradation of SPX1/2.

Intriguingly, we uncover an age‐dependent accumulation of SLs in leaves via transcriptional activation of SL biosynthetic genes by the transcription factors (TFs) SPL9/15. Furthermore, we reveal that SPX1/2 interact with the WRKY75 subclade TFs to inhibit their DNA‐binding ability and thus repress transcriptional activation of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene SA Induction‐Deficient 2, gating the age‐dependent SA accumulation in leaves at the leaf senescence onset stage.

Collectively, our new findings reveal a signaling pathway mediating sequential activation of SL and salicylate biosynthesis for the onset of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.
A critique of Occupational Safety and Health Administration's halfmask respirator assigned protection factor
Authors: Nicas Mark
Published: April 2024

Halfmask air‐purifying respirators are used by millions of workers to reduce inhaling air contaminants, both chemical (e.g., asbestos, styrene) and biological (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In 2006, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated a standard that gave halfmask respirators an assigned protection factor (APF) of 10. This signified that OSHA assumes a fit‐tested and trained wearer will experience a 10% maximum total inward leakage of contaminated air into the facepiece. To derive APF = 10, OSHA analyzed data from 16 workplace studies of the efficacy of halfmask respirators worn against particulate contaminants. In this commentary, I contend that, in considering the data, OSHA made several errors that overstated halfmask respirator efficacy. The errors were (i) failing to properly account for within‐wearer and between‐wearer variability in respirator efficacy; (ii) ignoring the effect of particle deposition in the respiratory tract; (iii) aggregating unbalanced data within and between studies, and effectively double‐counting the data in some studies; and (iv) ignoring the effect that particle size exerts in penetrating respirator facepiece leak paths. The net result is that OSHA's APF = 10 can lead to excessive toxicant exposure for many workers.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate among pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms
Authors: Samerton Penpitcha , Apiwattanakul Nopporn , Assawawiroonhakarn Surapat , Sahakijpicharn Thiantip , Thongchai Rakruthai , Techasaensiri Chonnamet , Boonsathorn Sophida , Chaisavaneeyakorn Sujittra
Published: April 2024

Background

The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in children has been increasing worldwide since the onset of the pandemic. This study examined the risk factors and characteristics of COVID‐19 among pediatric patients compared to other respiratory viral infections.

Methods

This was a prospective cross‐sectional study. Patients aged 0–18 years presenting with respiratory symptoms from October 2020 to December 2021 were included. Demographic and clinical data were reviewed.

Results

In total, 738 pediatric patients were enrolled. Of these, 48.5% had COVID‐19, and 41.3% were infected with another respiratory virus. The COVID‐19 incidence increased from 0.5% during the original strain outbreak (October 2020 to March 2021) to 56.5% and 73.4% during the alpha (April to June 2021) and delta (July to December 2021) periods, respectively. Children aged 6‐18 years, being female, obesity, exposure to household members with COVID‐19, and the delta period were risk factors for COVID‐19. Being aged 1‐5 years, obesity, shortness of breath, productive cough, and chest pain were associated with COVID‐19 pneumonia. Children aged 5–18 years, underlying neurological disease, a history of COVID‐19 pneumonia, and the delta period were associated with long COVID.

Conclusions

Pediatric COVID‐19 patients presenting with respiratory symptoms who are obese or have been exposed to household members with COVID‐19 should be tested for COVID‐19. COVID‐19 patients who are obese, younger than five years old, or who present with shortness of breath, productive cough, or chest pain should be evaluated for pneumonia. COVID‐19 patients with a history of COVID‐19 pneumonia or underlying neurological disease should receive follow‐up for long COVID.
Oxygenation saturation index in neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure
Authors: Tsurukawa Shinichiro , Zuiki Masashi , Naito Yuki , Kitamura Kazumasa , Matsumura Utsuki , Kanayama Takuyo , Ichise Eisuke , Horiguchi Go , Teramukai Satoshi , Komatsu Hiroshi
Published: April 2024

Background

This study aimed to assess the validity of the oxygenation saturation index (OSI) and the ratio of oxygen saturation to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) (S/F ratio) with percutaneous oxygen saturation (OSISpO2 and the Sp/F ratio) and to evaluate the correlation between these values and the oxygen index (OI). It also determined their cut‐off values for predicting OI in accordance with neonatal hypoxic respiratory failure severity.

Methods

We reviewed the data of 77 neonates (gestational age 31.7 ± 6.1 weeks; birthweight, 1768 ± 983 g) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation between 2013 and 2020, 1233 arterial blood gas samples in total. We calculated the OI, OSISpO2, OSI with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) (OSISaO2), Sp/F ratio, and the ratio of SaO2 to FIO2 (Sa/F ratio).

Results

The regression and Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement between OSISpO2 or the Sp/F ratio and OSISaO2 or the Sa/F ratio. Although a significant positive correlation was found between OSISpO2 and OI, OSISpO2 was overestimated in SpO2 > 98% with a higher slope of the fitted regression line than that below 98% of SpO2. Furthermore, receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis using only SpO2 ≤ 98% samples showed that the optimal cut‐off points of OSISpO2 and the Sp/F ratio for predicting OI were: OI 5, 3.0 and 332; OI 10, 5.3 and 231; OI 15, 7.7 and 108; OI 20, 11.0 and 149; and OI 25, 17.1 and 103, respectively.

Conclusion

The cut‐off OSISpO2 and Sp/F ratio values could allow continuous monitoring for oxygenation changes in neonates with the potential for wider clinical applications.
Identifying novel disease genes and revealing the pathomechanism of monogenic diseases
Authors: Miyake Noriko
Published: April 2024

Diseases are caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. It is important to understand the pathomechanism of monogenic diseases that are caused only by genetic factors, especially prenatal‐ or childhood‐onset diseases for pediatricians. Identifying “novel” disease genes and elucidating how genomic changes lead to human phenotypes would develop new therapeutic approaches for rare diseases for which no fundamental cure has yet been established. Genomic analysis has evolved along with the development of analytical techniques, from Sanger sequencing (first‐generation sequencing) to techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization, massive parallel short‐read sequencing (using a next‐generation sequencer or second‐generation sequencer) and long‐read sequencing (using a next‐next generation sequencer or third‐generation sequencer). I have been researching human genetics using conventional and new technologies, together with my mentors and numerous collaborators, and have identified genes responsible for more than 60 diseases. Here, an overview of genomic analyses of monogenic diseases that aims to identify novel disease genes, and several examples using different approaches depending on the disease characteristics are presented.
Spectrum of WAS gene mutations in Vietnamese patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Chuong Ho Quoc , Xinh Phan Thi , Tram Duong Bich , Ha Nguyen Thi Thanh , Nguyen Tuan Minh , Anh Phan Nguyen Lien , Van Nguyen Dinh , Anh Nguyen Hoang Mai , Dung Phu Chi , Nghia Huynh , Vu Hoang Anh
Published: April 2024

Background

WAS gene mutational analysis is crucial to establish a definite diagnosis of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS). Data on the genetic background of WAS in Vietnamese patients have not been reported.

Methods

We recruited 97 male, unrelated patients with WAS and analyzed WAS gene mutation using Sanger sequencing technology.

Results

We identified 36 distinct hemizygous pathogenic mutations, with 17 novel variants, from 38 patients in the entire cohort (39.2%). The mutational spectrum included 14 missense, 12 indel, five nonsense, four splicing, and one non‐stop mutations. Most mutations appear only once, with the exception of c.37C>T (p.R13X) and c.374G>A (p.G125E) each of which occurs twice in unrelated patients.

Conclusion

Our data enrich the mutational spectrum of the WAS gene and are crucial for understanding the genetic background of WAS and for supporting genetic counseling.
Potato miR394 targets StA/N‐INVE and StLCR to negatively regulate late blight resistance
Authors: Sun Xinyuan , Xu Meng , Luo Ming , Wu Xinya , Li Hongjun , Nie Jiahui , Qi Yetong , Yang Zhu , Tian Zhendong
Published: April 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs in eukaryotes. Plant endogenous miRNAs play pivotal roles in regulating plant development and defense responses. MicroRNA394 (miR394) has been reported to regulate plant development, abiotic stresses and defense responses. Previous reports showed that miR394 responded to P. infestans inoculation in potato, indicating that miR394 may be involved in defense responses. In this study, we further investigated its role in potato defense against P. infestans. Stable expression of miR394 in tobacco and potato enhances the susceptibility to P. infestans, which is accompanied with the reduced accumulation of ROS and down‐regulation of the PTI (pattern‐triggered immunity) marker genes. Besides well‐known target StLCR, miR394 also targets StA/N‐INVE, which encodes a chloroplast Alkaline/Neutral Invertases (A/N‐INVE). Both StLCR and StA/N‐INVE positively regulate late blight resistance, while miR394 degrades them. Interestingly, StA/N‐INVE is located in the chloroplast, indicating that miR394 may manipulate chloroplast immunity. Degradation of StA/N‐INVE may affect the chloroplast function and hence lead to the compromised ROS (reactive oxygen species) burst and reduced retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus and cytoplasm. In summary, this study provides new information that miR394 targets and degrades StA/N‐INVE and StLCR, which are positive regulators, to enhance potato susceptibility to P. infestans.