bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halobellus
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.bel'lus. Gr. masc. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; L. masc. adj.
bellus
beautiful; N.L. masc. n.
Halobellus
beautiful salt organism.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Halobellus

The genus
Halobellus
is classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales,
in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are rod shaped to pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative, and lyse in distilled water. Most species are motile.
Halobellus
spp. are neutrophiles that grow optimally at pH 6.5–8.0 and at 37
o
C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophiles (optimum growth at 2.6–3.9 M NaCl), and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy source. Sugars are metabolized with the formation of acids by some species. The principal lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1), and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD‐1). Several unidentified glycolipids may be present. Currently, the genus consisted of eight species:
Halobellus clavatus
(the type species of the genus),
Hbs. inordinatus
,
Hbs. limi
,
Hbs. litoreus
,
Hbs. ramosii
,
Hbs. rarus
,
Hbs. salinus
and
Hbs. rufus
. All known
Halobellus
strains were isolated from marine solar salterns, salt lakes, or from nonpurified solar salt.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.5–69.2.

Type species
:
Halobellus clavatus
Cui, Yang, Gao and Xu 2011, 2687
VP
.
Halogranum
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin , Xu Xue‐Wei , Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.gra'num. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. neut. n.
granum
granule; N.L. neut. n.
Halogranum
salty granule shape.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Halogranum

The genus
Halogranum
is classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales,
in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram negative, and lyse in distilled water. Some species are motile.
Halogranum
spp. are neutrophiles that grow optimally at
pH
6.5–7.5 and at 37 °C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophiles (optimum growth at 2.6–3.9 M
NaCl
), and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy source. Sugars are metabolized with the formation of acids. The principal lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (
PG
), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (
PGP
‐Me), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐
DGD
‐1), and mannosyl glucosyl diether (
DGD
‐1). Currently, the genus consists of four species:
Halogranum rubrum
(the type species of the genus),
Hgn. amylolyticum
,
Hgn. gelatinilyticum,
and
Hgn. salarium
. The
DNA
G + C content is 55.7–64.4 mol%. All known
Halogranum
strains were isolated from marine salterns or from evaporitic salt crystals on the seashore.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 55.7–64.4.

Type species
:
Halogranum rubrum.
Halohasta
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.has'ta. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. fem. n.
hasta
a rod; N.L. fem. n.
Halohasta
rod‐shaped cells living in salty conditions.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae / Halohasta

The genus
Halohasta
, classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales
, class
Halobacteria
, consists of red pigmented, extremely halophilic rods that lyse in distilled water. They are obligately aerobic heterotrophs able to grow in defined media with a number of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. Acids may be produced from carbohydrates. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, and one major glycolipid chromatographically identical to the sulfated diglycosyl diether lipid S‐
DGD
‐1. The phylogenetically closest related genus is
Halonotius
. Currently, the genus consists of two species,
Halohasta litorea
(the type species of the genus) and
Halohasta litchfieldiae
. The
DNA
G + C content is 58.9–62.9 mol%. Isolates of the species have been recovered from marine salterns and Deep Lake, Antarctica.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.9–62.9 (genome sequence and
T
m
).

Type species
:
Halohasta litorea
.
Halorubellus
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.ru.bel'lus. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
, salt; L. masc. adj.
rubellus
reddish; N.L. masc. n.
Halorubellus
reddish salt organism.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae

The genus
Halorubellus
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative, motile, and lyse in distilled water.
Halorubellus
spp. are neutrophiles that grow optimally at pH 7.0 and at 37 °C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophiles (optimum growth at 3.1 M NaCl) and can grow in defined media on a narrow range of substrates (organic acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids). Sugars are metabolized with formation of acids by some strains. The major polar lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and three major glycolipids chromatographically identical to S‐TGD‐1 (sulfated galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether), S‐DGD‐1 (sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether), and DGD‐1 (mannosyl glucosyl diether), respectively; an unidentified lipid may also be detected. Currently, the genus consists of two species:
Halorubellus salinus
(the type species of the genus) and
Hrb. litoreus
. The current known
Halorubellus
strains were isolated from a marine solar saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.2–67.3.

Type species
:
Halorubellus salinus
Cui, Mou, Yang, Zhou, Liu and Zhou 2012, 2
VP
(Effective publication: Cui, Mou, Yang, Zhou, Liu and Zhou 2012, 33).
Halosarcina
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.sar.ci'na
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. fem. n.
sarcina
a package; N.L. fem. n.
Halosarcina
a salt (‐loving) package.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Halosarcina

The genus
Halosarcina
, classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales
in the class
Halobacteria
, consists of more or less red pigmented, extremely halophilic cocci that may grow as sarcina‐like clusters or pleomorphic rods that stain Gram‐negative and lyse in distilled water. Motility is variable. Isolates of
Halosarcina
have been obtained from saline springs and solar salterns. They are aerobic heterotrophs that grow on a wide range of substrates, including single and complex carbon sources. Acids may be produced from carbohydrates. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, and one major glycolipid chromatographically identical to the sulfated diglycosyl diether lipid S‐DGD‐1. Additional glycolipids such as DGD‐1 and S
2
‐DGD may be present. Phosphatidylglycerol sulfate is absent. Two species have been described,
Halosarcina pallida
(the type species of the genus) and
Halosarcina limi
. The DNA G + C content is 61.2–65.4 mol%. In 2013, the two
Halosarcina
species were reclassified as species of the genus
Halogeometricum
as
Halogeometricum pallidum
comb. nov. and
Halogeometricum limi
comb. nov., so that the genus name
Halosarcina
, albeit validly published, is no longer in use. Further information about the species can be found in the article on
Halogeometricum
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.2–65.4 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Halosarcina pallida
Savage, Krumholz, Oren and Elshahed 2008, 859
VP
.
Salinarchaeum
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin
Published: June 2016

Sa.lin.ar.chae'um. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
salterns, salt works; N.L. neut. n.
archaeum
archaeon from Gr. adj.
archaios‐ê‐on
ancient; N.L. neut. n.
Salinarchaeum
the archaeon from salt works.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Salinarchaeum

The genus
Salinarchaeum
is classified with the family
Natrialbaceae
, order
Natrialbales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are motile, pleomorphic‐rod‐shaped under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative and lyse in distilled water.
Salinarchaeum
spp. are facultative alkaliphiles that grow optimally at pH 8.0–8.5 and at 37 °C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophiles (optimum growth at 3.1–4.3 M NaCl) and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy source. Sugars are metabolized with formation of acids. The major polar lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and a minor amount of phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS). Glycolipid is not detected. Currently, the genus consists of one species:
Salinarchaeum laminariae
(the type species of the genus). The DNA G + C content is 65.8–66.4 mol%. All known
Salinarchaeum
strains were isolated from salted
Laminaria
and salt lakes.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.8–66.4.

Type species
:
Salinarchaeum laminariae
Cui, Yang and Mou 2014, 2
VP
(effective publication: Cui, Yang and Mou 2011, 629).
Salinigranum
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin
Published: June 2016

Sa.li.ni.gra'num. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
salterns, salt works; L. neut. n.
granum
granule; N.L. neut. n.
Salinigranum
the granule‐shaped archaeon from salt works.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae / Salinigranum

The genus
Salinigranum
is classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative, are motile and lyse in distilled water.
Salinigranum
sp. is a neutrophile that grow optimally at pH 7.0 and at 37 °C. It is an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophile (optimum growth at 3.1 M NaCl) and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy source. Sugars are metabolized with formation of acids. The major polar lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD‐1). Five unidentified glycolipids are also detected. Currently, the genus consists of one species:
Salinigranum rubrum
(the type species of the genus). The type strain and single strain of
Salinigranum
were isolated from marine solar saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.9.

Type species
:
Salinigranum rubrum
Cui and Zhang, 2014, 2031
VP
Methylogaea
Authors: Tarlera Silvana
Published: June 2016

Me.thy.lo.gae'a. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; N.L. fem. n.
Gaea
, the mother goddess of the earth in Greek mythology; N.L. fem. n.
Methylogaea
referring to the terrestrial origin of a methyl‐using bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylogaea

Methylogaea
grows on methane or methanol as its sole carbon and energy source. It is a Gram‐negative, nonmotile, nonpigmented, slightly curved rod showing type I intracytoplasmic membranes arranged in stacks. It is aerobic, neutrophilic, and mesophilic (optimum growth at 30–35 °C and with no growth above 37 °C). Methane is oxidized by a particulate methane monooxygenase; soluble methane methane monoxygenase is not present.

Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that
Methylogaea oryzae
is a member of the relatively deep lineage of the
Methylococcus–Methylocaldum–Methyloparacoccus–Methylomagnum
clade included among type I methanotrophs within the family
Methylococcaceae
that belong in the
Gammaproteobacteria
. The genus is most closely related to the members of this clade with an evolutionary distance range of 0.07–0.08. The topology of the 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree indicates that
Methylogaea
forms a separate branch at the periphery of the subcluster that includes
Methyloparacocus
,
Methylomagnum
, and
Methylocaldum
. Habitat: isolated from the soil–water interface of a rice paddy field.

The DNA G + C content mol%
: 63.1 (LC).

Type species
:
Methylogaea oryzae
Geymonat, Ferrando and Tarlera 2011, 2571
VP
.
Methyloprofundus
Authors: Tavormina Patricia L.
Published: June 2016

Me.thy.lo.pro.fun'dus. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl radical, L. adj.
profundus
deep, N.L. masc. n.
Methyloprofundus
a methyl‐using bacterium from the deep sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae

The genus
Methyloprofundus
is represented by aerobic methanotrophic bacteria in the deep ocean and is notable for the ability of some members to form endosymbiotic relationships with methane‐seep‐associated mussels. In chemosynthetic marine environments including deep‐sea methane seeps, such symbiotic events help support the establishment of extensive faunal communities. The genus
Methyloprofundus
accommodates aerobic, slightly halophilic obligate methanotrophs that use the ribulose monophosphate pathway. Members of the genus form elongated cocci, frequently occurring in singles and pairs. Extensive stacked membranes are present throughout the interior of the cell. Cells are nonmotile, do not form cysts or spores, and do not form colonies on solid media.
Methyloprofundus
grows at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C and is not tolerant of heat or desiccation. Members of genus
Methyloprofundus
have been detected exclusively in the deep ocean, most typically in methane‐rich seeps and sediments, and within bacteriocytes of seep‐associated mussels in
Bathymodiolus
. Members of
Methyloprofundus
are also occasionally detected in the deep water column.

The mol% G + C content
:
40.5%,
assessed by genomic sequence analysis.

Type species
:
Methyloprofundus sedimenti
(Tavormina, Hatzenpichler, McGlynn, Chadwick, Dawson, Connon, and Orphan 2015, 256
VP
.
Methylovulum
Authors: Iguchi Hiroyuki , Yurimoto Hiroya , Sakai Yasuyoshi
Published: June 2016

Me.thyl.o'vu.lum. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; N.L. neut. n.
ovulum
small egg; N.L. neut. n.
Methylovulum
small methyl‐using egg.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae

The genus
Methylovulum
is represented by aerobic, obligately methanotrophic bacteria that belong to the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, family
Methylococcaceae
. Cells are coccoid and nonmotile. These bacteria inhabit forest soils, wetlands, and lake sediments. Optimal growth occurs at 25–30°C and neutral
pH
(6.5) with methane or methanol as a carbon source. Two forms of methane monooxygenase,
pMMO
and
sMMO
, are present. The
16S rRNA
gene sequence differs by 7% from that of the closest genus,
Methylosoma
. The type species is
Methylovulum miyakonense
. The whole genome sequence is available for
M. miyakonense
HT12
.

The mol% G + C of DNA is
: 49.3 (
HPLC
).

Type species
:
Methylovulum miyakonense
Iguchi, Yurimoto and Sakai 2011a, 814
VP
.
Methylohalobius
Authors: Dunfield Peter F.
Published: June 2016

Me.thy.lo.ha.lo'bi.us. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
, the methyl group; Gr. masc. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. masc. n.
Methylohalobius
salt requiring, methyl‐using life.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylothermaceae

The genus
Methylohalobius
comprises moderately halophilic, obligately methanotrophic bacteria. They have the highest salt tolerance of any methanotroph yet cultured, growing optimally at 1–1.5 M
NaCl
and tolerating
NaCl
concentrations up to 2.5 M (14.6% w/v). A complete genome sequence of the type strain is available. Cells are Gram‐negative, aerobic, nonpigmented, motile, coccoid, or spindle‐shaped and occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. An extensive intracytoplasmic membrane system common to gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs is present. Growth occurs on methane and methanol. Carbon is assimilated via the ribulose monophosphate pathway. The genus
Methylohalobius
belongs to the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, family
Methylothermaceae
, and includes a single species,
Methylohalobius crimeensis
. The
DNA
G + C content is 58.3% based on complete genome sequencing. Known habitats are hypersaline lakes.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 58.3 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Methylohalobius crimeensis
Heyer, Berger, Hardt, and Dunfield 2005, 1824
VP
.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti‐Yo antibodies – a review
Authors: Venkatraman Anand , Opal Puneet
Published: June 2016

The ataxic syndrome associated with Anti‐Yo antibody, or Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (PCA1), is the most common variant of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). The typical presentation involves the subacute development of pancerebellar deficits with a clinical plateau within 6 months. The vast majority of cases have been reported in women with pelvic or breast tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is often normal in the early stages, with cerebellar atrophy seen later. The underlying mechanism is believed to be an immunological reaction to cerebellar degeneration‐related protein 2 (CDR2), a protein usually found in the cerebellum that is ectopically produced by tumor cells. Although both B‐ and T‐cell abnormalities are seen, there is debate about the relative importance of the autoantibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the neuronal loss. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, primarily elevated protein, lymphocytic pleocytosis, and oligoclonal bands, are common in the early stages. The low prevalence of this condition has not allowed for large‐scale randomized controlled trials. Immunotherapies, such as steroids, intravenous immune globulins, and plasma exchange, have been extensively used in managing this condition, with limited success. Although some reports indicate benefit from antitumor therapies like surgery and chemotherapy, this has not been consistently observed. The prognosis for anti‐Yo PCD is almost uniformly poor, with most patients left bedridden. Further studies are required to clarify the pathophysiology and provide evidence‐based treatment options.
Adaptive tracking control of Euler–Lagrange systems with bounded controls
Authors: López‐Araujo Daniela , Loría Antonio , Zavala‐Río Arturo
Published: June 2016

We solve the simultaneous closed‐loop identification and tracking‐control problems for fully‐actuated Euler–Lagrange systems under input constraints. We use a nonlinear adaptive controller reminiscent of computed‐torque‐type controllers in which linear correction terms are saturated in order to comply with the imposed bounds on the control inputs. Adaptation, reminiscent of gradient methods, is used also with saturation. With respect to related literature, our contribution consists in establishing uniform global asymptotic stability. Therefore, our control scheme ensures robustness with respect to bounded perturbations and uniform convergence of the estimation errors for any initial conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of Heavy Section Solution Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings
Authors: Borsato Thomas , Ferro Paolo , Berto Filippo , Carollo Carlo
Published: June 2016

Recently, standardized solution strengthened ferritic ductile irons have met the interest of the industrial world since their improved mechanical properties and workability compared to standard ferritic–pearlitic ductile irons. For this reason, mechanical and fatigue properties of heavy section solution strengthened ferritic ductile irons castings are examined. Mechanical tests are carried out on specimens taken from the center of castings with long solidification times. Metallographic analyses are performed by using optical microscopy. Fracture surfaces of fatigue specimens are investigated in order to evaluate crack initiation and propagation zones. Finally, fatigue curves of the analyzed alloy are compared with those obtained from pearlitic ductile iron with the same casting geometry.
Two‐Step Solution‐Processed Two‐Component Bilayer Phthalocyaninato Copper‐Based Heterojunctions with Interesting Ambipolar Organic Transiting and Ethanol‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Wu Yanling , Ma Pan , Wu Ningan , Kong Xia , Bouvet Marcel , Li Xiyou , Chen Yanli , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: June 2016

The two‐component phthalocyaninato copper‐based heterojunctions fabricated from n‐type CuPc(COOC8H17)8 and p‐type CuPc(OC8H17)8 by a facile two‐step solution‐processing quasi‐Langmuir–Shäfer method with both n/p‐ and p/n‐bilayer structures are revealed to exhibit typical ambipolar air‐stable organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) performance. The p/n‐bilayer devices constructed by depositing CuPc(COOC8H17)8 film on CuPc(OC8H17)8 sub‐layer show superior OTFT performance with hole and electron mobility of 0.11 and 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, over the ones with n/p‐bilayer heterojunction structure with the hole and electron mobility of 0.03 and 0.016 cm2 V−1 s−1 due mainly to the more intense face‐to‐face π–π interaction in the CuPc(OC8H17)8 sub‐layer than that in CuPc(COOC8H17)8 sub‐layer, revealing the effect of different stacking sequence on tuning the OTFT performance of phthalocyanine‐based bilayer heterojunctions. Furthermore, the chemiresistive devices fabricated from the p/n‐bilayer heterojunction, with both Au and Indium tin oxide (ITO) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), also display much better sensing properties to ethanol than those with n/p‐bilayer heterojunction in terms of sensitivity and reversibility. Significantly, time‐dependent current plot of the p/n‐bilayer heterojunction with ITO IDEs reveals a detection limit as low as 100 ppm, nearly complete reversibility, and high selectivity to ethanol even at room temperature, rendering this novel two‐component heterojunction device a great application potential in practical detecting ethanol.
Gate‐Tunable Transport Properties of In Situ Capped Bi2Te3 Topological Insulator Thin Films
Authors: Ngabonziza Prosper , Stehno Martin P. , Myoren Hiroaki , Neumann Viola A. , Koster Gertjan , Brinkman Alexander
Published: June 2016

Combining of the ability to prepare high‐quality, intrinsic Bi2Te3 topological insulator thin films of low carrier density with in situ protective capping, a pronounced, gate‐tunable change in transport properties of Bi2Te3 thin films is demonstrated. Using a back gate, the carrier density is tuned by a factor of ≈7 in an Al2O3 capped Bi2Te3 sample and by a factor of ≈2 in Te capped Bi2Te3 films. Full depletion of bulk carriers is achieved, which allows access to the topological transport regime dominated by surface state conduction. When the Fermi level is placed in the bulk band gap, the presence of two coherent conduction channels associated with the two decoupled surfaces is observed. The magnetotransport results show that the combination of capping layers and electrostatic tuning of the Fermi level provide a technological platform to investigate the topological properties of surface states in transport experiments and pave the way toward the implementation of a variety of topological quantum devices.
Unveiling the Low‐Temperature Pseudodegradation of Photovoltaic Performance in Planar Perovskite Solar Cell by Optoelectronic Observation
Authors: Cao Runan , Xu Fei , Zhu Jiabin , Ge Sheng , Wang Wenzhen , Xu Haitao , Xu Run , Wu Yanglin , Ma Zhongquan , Hong Feng , Jiang Zuimin
Published: June 2016

The time evolution of the current–voltage characteristic of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell (PSC) is studied within an operating temperature range of 200–325 K. The photovoltaic (PV) performance of PSC is found to be influenced by five carrier transport pathways, which strongly depend on operating temperature and light illumination. At low temperature, a severe degradation of PV performance is presented but temporary. This is attributed to ion accumulation at the TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 and hole transport material/CH3NH3PbI3 interfacial regions, as an origin of screening effect of built‐in field, evidenced by the low external quantum efficiency (EQE). By light illumination at open‐circuit, a steady PV performance will be reached and the stabilization time increases with decreasing temperature. The recovery of PV performance is attributed to ion diffusion in CH3NH3PbI3 layer in the absence of electric field. The EQE observations indicate that photogenerated carriers are separated and collected efficiently after a long time light illumination due to a reduction of the screening effect. At high temperature, because of the low ion density at interfacial regions, the PV performance shows a quick response to light. These findings may help understanding of the mechanism of temperature‐dependent photogenerated carrier transport in the PSC.
Janus‐Membranen: Erforschung ihrer Dualität für hochentwickelte Stofftrennungen
Authors: Yang Hao‐Cheng , Hou Jingwei , Chen Vicki , Xu Zhi‐Kang
Published: June 2016

Janus‐Membranen sind eine neue Materialklasse mit “gegensätzlichen” Seiten, die selektive und oftmals neuartige Transportcharakteristiken zeigen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz schlagen wird eine Definition der Janus‐Membran vor, die über die Definition der Asymmetrie hinausgeht, und diskutieren gängige Herstellungsmethoden. Wir beschreiben aktuelle und potenzielle Anwendungen im gerichteten Stofftransport und in der schaltbaren Permeation und geben Hinweise zur Membranoptimierung mit detaillierten Mechanismen.
The Heptacyanotungstate(IV) Anion: A New 5 d Transition‐Metal Member of the Rare Heptacyanometallate Family of Anions
Authors: Birk Francisco J. , Pinkowicz Dawid , Dunbar Kim R.
Published: June 2016

The heptacyanotungstate(IV) anion was isolated in the salt (n‐Bu4N)3[WIV(CN)7] (1) from the reduction of (n‐Bu4N)3[WV(CN)8] with concomitant loss of one cyanide ligand. The anion in 1 adopts a slightly distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with an average W−C distance of 2.169 Å. The spectroscopic and magnetic properties are described.
Self‐Templating and In Situ Assembly of a Cubic Cluster‐of‐Clusters Architecture Based on a {Mo24Fe12} Inorganic Macrocycle
Authors: Xuan Weimin , Surman Andrew J. , Zheng Qi , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: June 2016

Engineering self‐templating inorganic architectures is critical for the development of bottom‐up approaches to nanoscience, but systems with a hierarchy of templates are elusive. Herein we describe that the cluster‐anion‐templated (CAT) assembly of a {CAT}⊂{Mo24Fe12} macrocycle forms a giant ca. 220 nm3 unit cell containing 16 macrocycles clustered into eight face‐shared tetrahedral cluster‐of‐clusters assemblies. We show that {CAT}⊂{Mo24Fe12} with different CATs gives the compounds 1–4 for CAT=Anderson {FeMo6} (1), Keggin {PMo12} (2), Dawson {P2W18} (3), and {Mo12O36(HPO3)2} (4) polyoxometalates. “Template‐free” assembly can be achieved, whereby the macrocycle components can also form a template in situ allowing template to macrocycle to superstructure formation and the ability to exchange the templates. Furthermore, the transformation of template clusters within the inorganic macrocycle {Mo24Fe12} allows the self‐generation of an uncapped {Mo12O36(HPO3)2} in compound 4.
Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid with a Highly Active Ruthenium Acriphos Complex in DMSO and DMSO/Water
Authors: Rohmann Kai , Kothe Jens , Haenel Matthias W. , Englert Ulli , Hölscher Markus , Leitner Walter
Published: June 2016

The novel [Ru(Acriphos)(PPh3)(Cl)(PhCO2)] [1; Acriphos=4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)acridine] is an excellent precatalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 to give formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO/H2O without the need for amine bases as co‐reagents. Turnover numbers (TONs) of up to 4200 and turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to 260 h−1 were achieved, thus rendering 1 one of the most active catalysts for CO2 hydrogenations under additive‐free conditions reported to date. The thermodynamic stabilization of the reaction product by the reaction medium, through hydrogen bonds between formic acid and clusters of solvent or water, were rationalized by DFT calculations. The relatively low final concentration of formic acid obtained experimentally under catalytic conditions (0.33 mol L−1) was shown to be limited by product‐dependent catalyst inhibition rather than thermodynamic limits, and could be overcome by addition of small amounts of acetate buffer, thus leading to a maximum concentration of free formic acid of 1.27 mol L−1, which corresponds to optimized values of TON=16×103 and TOFavg≈103 h−1.
Eine Synthese von (±)‐Aplydacton
Authors: Meier Robin , Trauner Dirk
Published: June 2016

Aplydacton ist ein außergewöhnliches bromiertes Sesquiterpenoid aus dem Seehasen Aplysia dactylomela. Sein gespanntes Gerüst umfasst zwei vier‐ und drei sechsgliedrige Ringe und weist drei benachbarte quartäre Kohlenstoffatome auf. Obwohl es höchstwahrscheinlich photochemischen Ursprungs ist, schlugen Versuche, es aus einer Chamigranvorstufe zu synthetisieren, bisher fehl. Wir stellen nun eine Totalsynthese von Aplydacton vor, die zwei photochemische, nicht‐biomimetische Reaktionen nutzt, die effektiv die beiden Cyclobutanringe aufbauen. Darüber hinaus enthält unsere Synthese eine intramolekulare Barbier‐Reaktion und führte zur Entwicklung neuer radikalischer Reaktionsbedingungen, um den sterisch gehinderten sekundären Bromsubstituenten des Naturstoffs einzuführen.
Digital Quantification of DNA Replication and Chromosome Segregation Enables Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility after only 15 Minutes of Antibiotic Exposure
Authors: Schoepp Nathan G. , Khorosheva Eugenia M. , Schlappi Travis S. , Curtis Matthew S. , Humphries Romney M. , Hindler Janet A. , Ismagilov Rustem F.
Published: June 2016

Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) would decrease misuse and overuse of antibiotics. The “holy grail” of AST is a phenotype‐based test that can be performed within a doctor visit. Such a test requires the ability to determine a pathogen's susceptibility after only a short antibiotic exposure. Herein, digital PCR (dPCR) was employed to test whether measuring DNA replication of the target pathogen through digital single‐molecule counting would shorten the required time of antibiotic exposure. Partitioning bacterial chromosomal DNA into many small volumes during dPCR enabled AST results after short exposure times by 1) precise quantification and 2) a measurement of how antibiotics affect the states of macromolecular assembly of bacterial chromosomes. This digital AST (dAST) determined susceptibility of clinical isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) after 15 min of exposure for all four antibiotic classes relevant to UTIs. This work lays the foundation to develop a rapid, point‐of‐care AST and strengthen global antibiotic stewardship.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides
Authors: Serrano Eloisa , Martin Ruben
Published: June 2016

A user‐friendly, nickel‐catalyzed reductive amidation of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides with isocyanates is described. This catalytic strategy offers an efficient synthesis of a wide range of aliphatic amides under mild conditions and with an excellent chemoselectivity profile while avoiding the use of stoichiometric and sensitive organometallic reagents.
Synthesis of palladium complexes derived from imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene ligands and used for catalytic amination reactions
Authors: Karaca Emine Özge , Gürbüz Nevin , Şahin Onur , Büyükgüngör Orhan , Özdemir İsmail
Published: June 2016

N‐Aryl amination and the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction are of great synthetic and industrial interest and scientists accept their usefulness and versatility for obtaining arylamines. In this study Ag–N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes were used as transmetallation reagents for the synthesis of Pd–N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes. The new Pd–N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes were characterized using elemental analysis and1H NMR,13C NMR and infrared spectroscopies. The crystal structure of one, namely dichlorobis[1,3‐bis(2‐methylbenzyl)imidazolidin‐2‐yliden]palladium(II), is presented. The activity of the Pd(II) complexes in the coupling reaction of anilines or amines with bromobenzene was investigated. These complexes exhibited high catalytic activities in the direct synthesis of triarylamines and secondary amines in a single step. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and architecture study of a reactive polybutadiene polyamine as a toughening agent for epoxy resin
Authors: Abdollahi Hossein , Salimi Ali , Barikani Mehdi
Published: June 2016

In this study, a novel reactive toughener for the epoxy resin was developed and compared with traditional hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). For this purpose, the highly reactive aliphatic amine‐terminated polybutadiene (ATPB) was synthesized at ambient conditions by nucleophilic substitution amination. The characterizations of the product were provided by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. According to the mechanical test results, incorporation of ATPB into epoxy networks can significantly toughen the epoxy matrix. The addition of 10 phr ATPB increased the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy release rate (GIC) of the epoxy from 0.85 to 2.16 MPa m1/2 and from 0.38 to 3.02 kJ m−2, respectively. Furthermore, unlike HTPB, the presence of the ATPB did not deteriorate the tensile strength of the matrix. The toughening and failure mechanisms were discussed based on the epoxy network morphological characteristics. The reduction in cross‐linking density and glass transition temperature of the epoxy system upon modification with liquid rubbers was confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis. This article opens up the possibility of utilizing reactive flexible diamines with polybutadiene backbone as effective toughening agents for thermoset polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44061.
MicroRNA‐214 exerts a Cardio‐protective effect by inhibition of fibrosis
Authors: Dong Hua , Dong Shimin , Zhang Lisi , Gao Xueping , Lv Guangwei , Chen Wei , Shao Suxia
Published: June 2016

The miRNAs play important roles in regulating myocardial fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential roles of microRNA‐214 (miR‐214) in cardiac fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiment, Ang II‐induced cardiac fibroblasts (CFBs) are transfected with pre‐miR‐214, anti‐miR‐214 and their oligo controls. Gene expression was checked by Quantitative realtime‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting. In the present experiment, compared with controls, expressions of collagen type I (COL I), collagen type III (COL III), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 were all increased, but matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 was reduced in CFB by Ang II treatment at both mRNA and protein levels, and these alterations were found reversed by miR‐214 transfection. In vivo, an anterior transmural acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was created by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery after Ad‐pre‐miR‐214, Ad‐anti‐miR‐214 or Ad‐GFP was delivered separately. Four weeks after AMI, protein contents of COL I, COL III and TGF‐β1 in tissue from border area were found increased after AMI, but impaired by overexpression of miR‐214. While the expression of MMP‐1 was increased by miR‐214 stimulation but decreased by miR‐214 inhibition. These results suggested that miR‐214 exerts cardio‐protective effects by inhibition of fibrosis and the inhibitory effect involves TGF‐β1 suppression and MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 regulation. Anat Rec, 299:1348–1357, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three peas in the pod of consumer imagination: Purchase task, involvement, and ad information
Authors: Spears Nancy , Ketron Seth , Ngamsiriudom Waros
Published: June 2016

The research investigates the mediating role of the consumer imagination in persuasion, depending upon level of involvement, nature of the purchase task, and ad information. The consumer imagination is conceptualized as combining triggered information from memory with incoming ad information to simulate a yet‐to‐be‐experienced event. The research reveals how obstacles to information flowing from memory or information from incoming peripheral ad claims suppress the enhancing effects of the consumer imagination. Across three studies, the findings indicate that few incoming peripheral ad claims are an obstacle to the consumer imagination in a utilitarian context, regardless of involvement, because preferred peripheral claims are reduced. Low involvement is an obstacle to the consumer imagination in a hedonic context, because it reduces the need to rely on triggered memories. However, this effect is reversed with more peripheral ad claims, because increased claims help to build up the imagination when reliance on triggered memories is reduced. Theoretical discussion is provided about how the imagination expands the elaboration of ad details by retrieving relevant experiences from memory to create mental rehearsals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fused Perovskite Tunnel Structures in Ba5Fe6+xS4+xO8 (0.44≤x≤0.55) with x‐Dependent Two‐Stage Magnetizations
Authors: Wright Taylor , Prots Yurii , Valldor Martin
Published: June 2016

Ba5Fe6+xS4+xO8 was synthesized through a solid‐state reaction, and pure powders of nominal compositions x=0.44–0.55 were obtained after being rinsed with water. The crystal structures (P4/mmm, a=10.13, c=4.03 Å) and sample purities were investigated by powder synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and were found to be composed of a tunnel lattice (Ba5Fe6S4O8), built from fused perovskite units and the tunnel filling (FexSx). The variable composition, that is, the tunnel filling (x), causes partially occupied sites as well as crystallographic split positions. Ba5Fe6+xS4+xO8 (x=0.525) is semiconducting and all investigated compositions exhibit magnetic ground states that could be described as either semi‐spin‐glass‐like (x>0.5) or canted antiferromagnetic (x<0.5). The spin‐glass in x=0.525 exhibits magnetic relaxations that are affected by ageing.
Engineering P450 Peroxygenase to Catalyze Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of cis‐β‐Methylstyrenes
Authors: Zhang Chun , Liu Ping‐Xian , Huang Lu‐Yi , Wei Si‐Ping , Wang Li , Yang Sheng‐Yong , Yu Xiao‐Qi , Pu Lin , Wang Qin
Published: June 2016

P450 119 peroxygenase and its site‐directed mutants are discovered to catalyze the enantioselective epoxidation of methyl‐substituted styrenes. Two new site‐directed P450 119 mutants, namely T213Y and T213M, which were designed to improve the enantioselectivity and activity for the epoxidation of styrene and its methyl substituted derivatives, were studied. The T213M mutant is found to be the first engineered P450 peroxygenase that shows highly enantioselective epoxidation of cis‐β‐methylstyrenes, with up to 91 % ee. Molecular modeling studies provide insights into the different catalytic activity of the T213M mutant and the T213Y mutant in the epoxidation of cis‐β‐methylstyrene. The results of the calculations also contribute to a better understanding of the substrate specificity and configuration control for the regio‐ and stereoselective peroxygenation catalyzed by the T213M mutant.
Cu3V2O8 Nanoparticles as Intercalation‐Type Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Malin , Gao Yu , Chen Nan , Meng Xing , Wang Chunzhong , Zhang Yaoqing , Zhang Dong , Wei Yingjin , Du Fei , Chen Gang
Published: June 2016

Cu3V2O8 nanoparticles with particle sizes of 40–50 nm have been prepared by the co‐precipitation method. The Cu3V2O8 electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 462 mA h g−1 for the first 10 cycles and then the specific capacity, surprisingly, increases to 773 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles, possibly as a result of extra lithium interfacial storage through the reversible formation/decomposition of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. In addition, the electrode shows good rate capability with discharge capacities of 218 mA h g−1 under current densities of 1000 mA g−1. Moreover, the lithium storage mechanism for Cu3V2O8 nanoparticles is explained on the basis of ex situ X‐ray diffraction data and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses at different charge/discharge depths. It was evidenced that Cu3V2O8 decomposes into copper metal and Li3VO4 on being initially discharged to 0.01 V, and the Li3VO4 is then likely to act as the host for lithium ions in subsequent cycles by means of the intercalation mechanism. Such an “in situ” compositing phenomenon during the electrochemical processes is novel and provides a very useful insight into the design of new anode materials for application in lithium‐ion batteries.
Synthesis of Ultrastable Ag Nanoplates/Polyethylenimine–Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application as a Versatile Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Wang Jindi , Zhang Guoxin , Sun Wanxia , Sun Jingsong , Luo Liang , Chang Zheng , Sun Xiaoming
Published: June 2016

Investigations on Ag nanostructures/reduced graphene oxide composites have been frequently reported, yet the morphology control of those loaded Ag nanocrystals is still challenging. We herein develop a facile method to grow triangular Ag nanoplates (AgP) on polyethylenimine‐modified reduced graphene oxide (AgP/PEI‐rGO). The AgP/PEI‐rGO hybrids show unexpected high stability against chloride ions (Cl−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is possibly due to the strong interaction between surface Ag atoms with the amine groups of PEI. In the chronoamperometry measurements for detecting H2O2, N2H4, and NaNO2, the AgP/PEI‐rGO hybrid shows very wide linear ranges (usually 10−6–10−2 mol L−1 for H2O2, N2H4, and NaNO2) and low detection limits (down to ≈1×10−7 mol L−1), which demonstrate the promising electrochemical sensor applications of these metal/graphene hybrids with well‐defined morphologies and facets. In addition, this strategy could be extended to the deposition of other noble metals on rGO with controlled morphologies.
Symmetric Gini covariance and correlation
Authors: Sang Yongli , Dang Xin , Sang Hailin
Published: June 2016

Standard Gini covariance and Gini correlation play important roles in measuring the dependence between random variables with heavy tailed distributions. However the asymmetry of Gini covariance and correlation brings a substantial difficulty in interpretation. In this article we propose a symmetric Gini‐type covariance and a symmetric Gini correlation () based on the joint rank function. The proposed correlation is more robust than the Pearson correlation but less robust than the Kendall's correlation. We establish the relationship between and the linear correlation for a class of random vectors in the family of elliptical distributions, which allows us to estimate based on estimation of . The asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators of is studied through two approaches: one based on influence function and the other based on U‐statistics and the delta method. We compare asymptotic efficiencies of the symmetric Gini, regular Gini, Pearson and Kendall's linear correlation estimators under various distributions. In addition to reasonably balancing between robustness and efficiency, the proposed measure shows superior finite sample performance, which makes it attractive in applications. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 44: 323–342; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada
Statistical Optimization to Model Ammonia Removal During Co‐Composting of Pulp/Paper Mill Sludge and Corn Wastes
Authors: Aycan Nurdan , Turan Nurdan Gamze
Published: June 2016

This work presents an effective way to remove ammonium from compost using corn wastes. The study examined the role of experimental factors on the removal of ammonium using a full factor experimental design. The experimental factors and their related levels selected were as follows: Material type (corn cob and corn husk), ratio (10 and 25%), moisture (50 and 70%), and finally duration (30 and 60 days). The results were evaluated with an ANOVA test. A regression model that took into account the significant main and interaction effects was suggested. According to the optimization algorithm, the optimum levels were corn cob, 25% ratio, 50% moisture, and 60‐day duration, with a removal efficiency of 91.84%. The proposed procedure is simple to implement and cost‐effective.
High performance GPU‐based parity computing scheduler in storage applications
Authors: Pirahandeh Mehdi , Kim Deok‐Hwan
Published: June 2016

This paper proposes a high‐performance graphics processing unit (GPU)‐based parity computing scheduler, which we call GPU‐redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID), to reduce the encoding and decoding time for storage applications. The proposed GPU‐RAID differs from existing RAID in that it performs additional pairwise‐parallel XOR operations between data code words in each data stripe by applying divide‐and‐conquer approach using extra reserved space and it also increases parallelism by processing multiple strips in parallel using multiple GPU threads. And so the proposed GPU‐RAID pipelines data blocks into solid‐state disks and parity blocks into hard disk drives at the target server. The proposed algorithm decreases the span complexity of the parity computation schedule to O(log2nw) where n is the number of disks and w is the number of code words in a block, and it can be applied to various types of erasure codes. Experimental results show that the proposed storage application (SA1) improves average encoding performance by 63%, and 41%, and average decoding performance by 58%, and 38%, compared with traditional storage applications GPUStore (SA3) and Gibraltar RAID(SA2), respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐dimensional fuzzy trust evaluation for mobile social networks based on dynamic community structures
Authors: Chen Shuhong , Wang Guojun , Yan Guofeng , Xie Dongqing
Published: June 2016

As mobile social networks (MSNs) are booming and gaining tremendous popularity, there have been an increasing number of communications and interactions among users. Taking this advantage, users in MSNs make decisions via collecting and combining trust information from different users. Hence, trust evaluation technology has become a key requirement for network security in MSNs. In such MSNs, however, the community/group structures are dynamically changing, and users may belong to multiple communities/groups. Therefore, trust evaluation plays a critical role in inferring trustworthy contacts among users. In this paper, an innovative trust inference model is proposed for MSNs, in which multiple dimensional trust metrics are incorporated to reflect the complexity of trust. To infer trust relations between users in MSNs with complex communities, we first construct dynamic implicit social behavioral graphs (DynISBG) based on dynamic complex community/group structures and propose an efficient detection algorithm for DynISBG under fuzzy degree κ. We then present a multi‐dimensional fuzzy trust inferring approach that involves four metrics, that is, static attribute trust factor, dynamic behavioral trust factor, long‐term trust evolution factor, and recommendation‐based trust opinion. Moreover, to obtain the recommendation‐based trust opinion about indirect connected users, we discuss the trust aggregation and propagation along trust path. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our novel approach with simulations. The results show that, compared with the existing approaches, the proposed model provides a more detailed analysis in trust evaluation with higher accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.