bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considering the Role of Affect and Anticipated Emotions in the Formation of Consumer Loyalty Intentions
Authors: Taylor Steven A. , Ishida Chiharu , Donovan Leigh Anne Novak
Published: September 2016

Ajzen and Sheikh () recently challenge calls for adding explicit measures of emotions or affect as independent constructs into the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). This assertion has potentially significant theoretical and operational implications for marketers in terms of parsimony and insight. The specific questions of whether or not the addition of anticipated forms of emotions and/or hedonic attitudes to traditional attitude‐based models meaningfully contributes to understanding loyalty intention formation in a retail marketing setting are empirically assessed in this research. Results suggest that, consistent with the arguments of Perugini and Bagozzi (), the independent addition of anticipated emotions (AEs) to attitude models such as the TRA, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Model of Goal‐Directed Behavior (MGB) can be justified in terms of model fit with data, predictive validity (∆R2), and efficacy in explanation. Interestingly, however, and consistent with the theoretical arguments underlying the TRA, the models receiving the most overall support appear to be models wherein AttitudeOverall mediates the contributions of positive and negative AEs on endogenous variables such as Desires and IntentionsLoyalty. While it remains up to the individual marketer which perspective to embrace given the observed gains reported herein, the present research also supports the notion that the addition of hedonic attitude forms and/or AEs can offer an overall net gain for many marketers. The managerial and research implications of the results are discussed.
Effects of Product Option Framing and Temporal Distance on Consumer Choice: The Moderating Role of Process versus Outcome Mental Simulations
Authors: Lu Mingying , Jen William
Published: September 2016

This research demonstrates that the type of product option framing (additive vs. subtractive) and the temporal distance between an option choice and later buying behavior can influence decision difficulty. In two studies, the authors show that consumers who engage in additive option framing experience greater difficulty in making decisions for the near future than for the distant future, whereas consumers who engage in subtractive option framing experience greater difficulty in making decisions for the distant future than for the near future. In addition, by using theories of mental simulation, the authors show that communication strategies that promote process simulations for distant‐future choices in the subtractive option framing condition and those that promote outcome simulations for near‐future choices in the additive option framing condition are most effective in reducing decision difficulty. These effects hold across varying product categories and varying option prices.
Male–Male Status Signaling through Favoring Organic Foods: Is the Signaler Perceived and Treated as a Friend or a Foe?
Authors: Puska Petteri , Kurki Sami , Lähdesmäki Merja , Siltaoja Marjo , Luomala Harri
Published: September 2016

Even though consumers’ status signaling is a heavily researched topic, empirical contributions from two important research areas—the mundane food context and prosocial status signaling between male consumers—to signaling literature are still scarce. Thus, this study empirically investigates how a male signaling about his status through favoring organic foods is perceived and treated by other males in two different sociocultural settings (urban vs. rural). In an urban area—but not in a rural—the pro‐organic signaler was perceived as more respected, altruistic, and affluent than a male who did not signal about this (he also received statistically more money in a charity donation task). This may indicate that signaling about this tendency—because it can be viewed as use of one's own resources for the benefit of others—is not only a way to attain status, but can also make others behave more positively toward the signaler.
Asymmetric Membranes from Two Chemically Distinct Triblock Terpolymers Blended during Standard Membrane Fabrication
Authors: Li Yuk Mun , Srinivasan Divya , Vaidya Parth , Gu Yibei , Wiesner Ulrich
Published: September 2016

Deviating from the traditional formation of block copolymer derived isoporous membranes from one block copolymer chemistry, here asymmetric membranes with isoporous surface structure are derived from two chemically distinct block copolymers blended during standard membrane fabrication. As a first proof of principle, the fabrication of asymmetric membranes is reported, which are blended from two chemically distinct triblock terpolymers, poly(isoprene‐b‐styrene‐b‐(4‐vinyl)pyridine) (ISV) and poly(isoprene‐b‐styrene‐b‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (ISA), differing in the pH‐responsive hydrophilic segment. Using block copolymer self‐assembly and nonsolvent induced phase separation process, pure and blended membranes are prepared by varying weight ratios of ISV to ISA. Pure and blended membranes exhibit a thin, selective layer of pores above a macroporous substructure. Observed permeabilities at varying pH values of blended membranes depend on relative triblock terpolymer composition. These results open a new direction for membrane fabrication through the use of mixtures of chemically distinct block copolymers enabling the tailoring of membrane surface chemistries and functionalities.

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Patients’ Perspectives on the Psychological Impact of Inflammatory Arthritis and Meeting the Associated Support Needs: Open‐Ended Responses in a Multi‐Centre Survey
Authors: Dures Emma , Fraser Isobel , Almeida Celia , Peterson Alice , Caesley Judy , Pollock Jon , Ambler Nicholas , Morris Marianne , Hewlett Sarah
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Psychological support for inflammatory arthritis is recommended in rheumatology treatment guidelines. Previous research found that high numbers of patients would access such support but that provision is often inconsistent and inadequate. The present study explored patients’ perspectives on the nature of the psychological impact of inflammatory arthritis and how to meet the associated support needs.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted, using questionnaires which included three open‐ended questions about helpful and unhelpful psychological support. The questionnaires were administered to 1,080 patients at six regional rheumatology units across England, and 1,200 members of a national patient charity.

Results

A total of 1,210 (53%) patients completed the questionnaire, with 779 (64%) responding to the open‐ended questions: 80% female; mean age 59 years (12.6); disease duration <5 years (40%), 5–10 years (20%), >10 years (40%). Data were analysed using a hybrid content analysis. Four categories emerged: challenges of an altered life course (negative emotions, isolation and loneliness, a dysfunctional body, loss, strained relationships, and fears for the future); poor communication (feeling unheard, clinicians’ reluctance to address psychological issues, a lack of help to manage pain and fatigue, and struggling to ask for help); understood by others (sharing with people who have arthritis, supportive family and friends, whole team support, and understanding from clinicians); and acquiring strategies (ways of coping).

Conclusions

Psychological distress was commonplace, and often attributed to fatigue and pain. In addition to peers and family, patients looked to the rheumatology team for validation and support. Further research will address the skills training needs of rheumatology teams to meet patients’ psychological support requirements.
Differential quantitative proteome analysis of Escherichia coli grown on acetate versus glucose
Authors: Treitz Christian , Enjalbert Brice , Portais Jean‐Charles , Letisse Fabien , Tholey Andreas
Published: September 2016

Relative protein abundances of Escherichia coli MG1655 growing exponentially on minimal medium with acetate or glucose as the sole carbon source were investigated in a quantitative shotgun proteome analysis with TMT6‐plex isobaric tags. Peptides were separated by high resolution high/low pH 2D‐LC, using an optimized fraction pooling scheme followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Quantitative data were acquired for 2099 proteins covering 49% of the predicted E. coli proteins, showing system‐wide effects of growth conditions. In total, 507 proteins showed a fold change of at least 1.5 and 205 proteins changed by more than twofold. Significant differences in abundance were observed for most of the proteins in the central carbon metabolism and in proteins relevant for amino acid and protein synthesis, processing of environmental information and scavenging of a variety of alternate carbon sources. Periplasmic‐binding proteins were also more abundant on acetate, especially proteins involved in scavenging extracellular resources such as sugars. All MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository (dataset identifier PXD003863).
Nematic and superconducting order in a three‐band model for the iron superconductors
Authors: Honerkamp Carsten
Published: September 2016

We investigate collective ordering tendencies in a three‐band model for iron superconductors, driven by intra‐ and inter‐orbital local interactions, by means of a renormalization group (RG) approach. Our study extends earlier fundamental RG studies by Chubukov et al. [Phys. Rev. B 78, 134512 (2008)] by allowing the flowing interactions to be orbital‐dependent. While for small inter‐orbital repulsion , we retrieve the previous picture of a constructive interplay between antiferromagnetic spin‐density wave ordering and sign‐changing s‐wave pairing, for larger , ’“nematic” orbital ordering becomes strong and changes the groundstate of the undoped or slightly doped system qualitatively. At the transition between the two regimes, both sign‐changing pairing and sign‐changing ‐nematic are most pronounced. Our results suggest a much richer range of possibilities for the ground states of iron superconductors and related materials and shows how nematic order can act as an additional source for unconventional Cooper pairing. For the strongly electron‐doped case without hole pockets we also find a novel pairing that has no sign‐change as function of the wavevector but changes sign between the and the orbitals.
Isotopic effects of different preservation methods on scales of olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) from the Mexican Central Pacific
Authors: Carpena‐Catoira Carla , Ortega‐Ortiz Christian D. , Elorriaga‐Verplancken Fernando R.
Published: September 2016

Rationale

Stable isotope analysis can be used to obtain information on olive ridley sea turtles in the Mexican Central Pacific (MCP). Tissue samples such as scale, muscle, and blood are usually not analyzed immediately and are preserved in different substances such as ethanol, formalin, sodium chloride, the ideal being liquid nitrogen. Due to logistical reasons, the latter preservation method cannot always be used. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a preservation agent for later stable isotope analysis.

Methods

Forty‐eight paired scale samples of olive ridley were collected in MCP waters and preserved in DMSO and liquid nitrogen. We determined their δ13C and δ15N values using a Carlo Erba 1108 elemental analyzer coupled to a ThermoFinnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer (precision ±0.2‰ for each stable isotope). The mean isotopic ratios of each preservation method were compared.

Results

Significant differences were observed between the isotopic ratios of samples in the two preservatives. Samples preserved in DMSO resulted in more negative isotopic values than those in liquid nitrogen, and a correction factor was calculated. The correction factors were 2.1‰ for δ13C values and 0.8‰ for δ15N values.

Conclusions

DMSO is not equivalent to liquid nitrogen for the preservation of olive ridley scales to be used for isotopic analysis. If DMSO has to be used for logistical reasons a replicate sample should also be collected to be able to estimate a correction factor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐varying group formation analysis and design for general linear multi‐agent systems with directed topologies
Authors: Dong Xiwang , Li Qingdong , Zhao Qilun , Ren Zhang
Published: September 2016

Time‐varying group formation control problems for general linear multi‐agent systems with directed topologies are studied. Different from the traditional complete formation, where only one formation is realized by the multi‐agent system, in the group formation, there could be multiple time‐varying sub‐formations. Firstly, a time‐varying group formation protocol is constructed by local neighboring relative information. Then nonsingular transformations are applied to the closed‐loop multi‐agent systems. Sufficient conditions for the multi‐agent systems to achieve time‐varying group formation are further presented together with the time‐varying group formation feasibility constraints. Explicit expressions of the subgroup formation reference functions are derived to describe the macroscopic movement of the time‐varying subgroup formations. Moreover, an approach to design the time‐varying group formation protocol is proposed by solving an algebraic Riccati equation. Finally, a numerical example with three subgroups is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel chi‐square statistic for detecting group differences between pathways in systems epidemiology
Authors: Yuan Zhongshang , Ji Jiadong , Zhang Tao , Liu Yi , Zhang Xiaoshuai , Chen Wei , Xue Fuzhong
Published: September 2016

Traditional epidemiology often pays more attention to the identification of a single factor rather than to the pathway that is related to a disease, and therefore, it is difficult to explore the disease mechanism. Systems epidemiology aims to integrate putative lifestyle exposures and biomarkers extracted from multiple omics platforms to offer new insights into the pathway mechanisms that underlie disease at the human population level. One key but inadequately addressed question is how to develop powerful statistics to identify whether one candidate pathway is associated with a disease. Bearing in mind that a pathway difference can result from not only changes in the nodes but also changes in the edges, we propose a novel statistic for detecting group differences between pathways, which in principle, captures the nodes changes and edge changes, as well as simultaneously accounting for the pathway structure simultaneously. The proposed test has been proven to follow the chi‐square distribution, and various simulations have shown it has better performance than other existing methods. Integrating genome‐wide DNA methylation data, we analyzed one real data set from the Bogalusa cohort study and significantly identified a potential pathway, Smoking → SOCS3 → PIK3R1, which was strongly associated with abdominal obesity. The proposed test was powerful and efficient at identifying pathway differences between two groups, and it can be extended to other disciplines that involve statistical comparisons between pathways. The source code in R is available on our website. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language Teacher Identity and the Domestication of Dissent: An Exploratory Account
Authors: Morgan Brian
Published: September 2016

In this article, the notion of dissent refers to a more critical, ideological orientation to advocacy for and by TESOL professionals. The notion of domestication refers to identity‐forming practices in the knowledge base of language teacher education (LTE) and in professional certification processes that potentially displace this critical orientation. After a discussion of field‐internal examples (e.g., epistemic dependencies, Kumaravadivelu, 2012; linguistics applied, Widdowson, 1980; language objectification, Reagan, 2004), the article takes up a specific context of domestication: TESL Ontario's accreditation processes and requirements for the certification of adult instructors of ESL (English as a second language). Examining organizational documents and membership survey data, the article suggests that the framing of advocacy is inadequate for the conditions of underemployment and overqualification in this jurisdiction. The article then suggests an alternative for fostering critical advocacy skills in preservice programming: an Issues Analysis Project, in which teachers identify a “gap” in the field (i.e., pedagogical, ideological) and design a blueprint for action (e.g., advocacy letter, policy statement, workshop, curricular innovation) that potentially offers a resolution. The conclusions take up the broader implications of the study for language teacher identity negotiation as well as the TESOL organization's efforts in promoting advocacy amongst its membership.
Educational data science in massive open online courses
Authors: Romero Cristóbal , Ventura Sebastián
Published: September 2016

The current massive open online course (MOOC) euphoria is revolutionizing online education. Despite its expediency, there is considerable skepticism over various concerns. In order to resolve some of these problems, educational data science (EDS) has been used with success.MOOCsprovide a wealth of information about the way in which a large number of learners interact with educational platforms and engage with the courses offered. This extensive amount of data provided byMOOCsconcerning students' usage information is a gold mine forEDS. This paper aims to provide the reader with a complete and comprehensive review of the existing literature that helps us understand the application ofEDSinMOOCs. The main works in this area are described and grouped by task or issue to be solved, along with the techniques used.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2017, 7:e1187. doi: 10.1002/widm.1187

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Education and Learning
Trophic niche differences between coexisting omnivores silver carp and bighead carp in a pelagic food web
Authors: Yao Xiaoyan , Huang Gentian , Xie Ping , Xu Jun
Published: September 2016

Understanding how omnivorous consumers are affected by their resources and how this is expressed through the food chain is a fundamental issue in ecology. We used stable isotope analysis of archived scales of two pelagic single‐chain omnivorous fish species, bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), to reconstruct historical trophic interactions patterns along a gradient of resources. We found that, although bighead carp and silver carp utilize the similar resources from the pelagic food chain, they can coexist and persist not only by regulating their trophic position and trophic dissimilarity, but also by regulating trophic niche width. Omnivorous fish often exhibit flexible foraging strategies, which is closely related to the availability of ecologic context. We found a positive relationship between trophic dissimilarity and zooplankton density, which may indicate that the competitive interactions induce strong top‐down effects on zooplankton, and/or that high zooplankton availability release the between‐population trophic interaction through bottom‐up effect. The trophic niche width of bighead carp was positively related with zooplankton availability, probably reflecting that the niche of an omnivore at a higher trophic position is more sensitive to high quality resources. Our results indicate how different aspects of the trophic partitioning of coexisting omnivores may be regulated by different ecological contexts. These alternatives are not mutually exclusive and further theoretical work should include both these mechanisms to re‐evaluate the effects of omnivory on food web properties.
Fatty Acid Composition of Tropical Fish Depends on Reservoir Trophic Status and Fish Feeding Habit
Authors: Gomes Aline D. , Tolussi Carlos E. , Boëchat Iola G. , Pompêo Marcelo L. M. , Cortez Maíra P. T. , Honji Renato M. , Moreira Renata G.
Published: September 2016

Eutrophication results in a deficiency of n‐3 LC‐PUFA (long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) in aquatic food chains, affecting fish nutrition and physiology. The trophic transfer of FA (fatty acids) to fish species of different feeding habits was investigated in two reservoirs in southeast Brazil—the mesotrophic Ponte Nova Reservoir (PN) and the hypereutrophic Billings Reservoir (Bil). Total FA profile of stomach contents and adipose tissue, triacylglycerols (TAG), and phospholipids (PL) from liver and muscle of the omnivorous Astyanax fasciatus and the carnivorous Hoplias malabaricus were analyzed by gas chromatography. A prevalence of n‐6PUFA, as 18:2n‐6 (linoleic acid) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) was observed in the stomach contents and in the tissues of A. fasciatus from the PN reservoir. In contrast, n‐3 LC‐PUFA, as 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) was accumulated in fish tissues from Bil, resulting in higher n3/n6 and EPA/ARA ratios, compared to fish from PN. This differential FA accumulation was also observed for H. malabaricus, but differences were slightly minor, and no changes were observed in the EPA/ARA ratios between fish from both reservoirs. Regardless reservoir, FA profiles of TAG resembled that of their diet, whereas FA profiles of PL were more conservative and mainly comprised by LC‐PUFA. We conclude that reservoir trophic status affected the FA composition of food resources available to these fish species, resulting in differential allocation of n‐3 and n‐6 FA. As expected, FA profile of the investigated fish species also reflected their feeding habit and physiological demands.
Dual role for the unfolded protein response in the ovary: adaption and apoptosis
Authors: Huang Ning , Yu Yang , Qiao Jie
Published: September 2016

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the principal organelle responsible for several specific cellular functions including synthesis and folding of secretory or membrane proteins, lipid metabolism, and Ca2+ storage. Different physiological as well as pathological stress conditions can, however, perturb ER homeostasis, giving rise to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, a condition termed ER stress. To deal with an increased folding demand, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is initially protective but can become detrimental if ER stress is severe and prolonged. Accumulating evidence demonstrates a link between the UPR and ovarian development and function, including follicular growth and maturation, follicular atresia, and corpus luteum biogenesis. Additionally, ER stress and the UPR may also play an important role in the ovary under pathological conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms related to the dual role of unfolded protein response in the ovarian physiology and pathology may reveal the pathogenesis of some reproductive endocrine diseases and provide a new guidance to improve the assisted reproductive technology. Here we review the current literature and discuss concepts and progress in understanding the UPR, and we also analyze the role of ER stress and the UPR in the ovary.
Joubert Syndrome: Classic Sonographic Signs at 19 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Singh Divya , Kaur Ladbans , Kaur Meetanpreet , Kaur Mangun
Published: September 2016

Joubert syndrome is a rare condition with an incidence of 1:100,000. It has primarily an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It is characterized by episodic hyperpnea, ataxia, hypotonia, abnormal eye movements, and varying degrees of intellectual disability. The causative genetic mutations are identifiable in only 50 % of the cases. Hence, neuroimaging in correlation with clinical features form the mainstay in the diagnosis of this entity. The classic imaging appearance is the ‘molar-tooth’ sign in the midbrain which was first described on MRI. The fourth ventricle has a bat-wing or umbrella-like configuration. Our case illustrates the classic imaging signs of Joubert syndrome at 19 weeks of gestation.
Change of ground type by means of dynamic compaction: consequence on the calculation of seismic loadings
Authors: Brûlé S. , Duquesnoy S.
Published: September 2016

Soil improvement works by means of dynamic compaction or vibrocompaction improves mechanical characteristics of granular soils. Experience feedbacks point out the geotechnical conditions which are able to induce ground type change after ground improvement works. In this paper, in case of a two-layer geotechnical model and dynamic compaction technique, the necessary conditions are presented for a ground type change and the consequences on the magnitude of the seismic design loadings are studied for a five-storey building. Therefore, this article does not deal with liquefaction but only with seismic retro-analysis after soil densification.
Jóvenes con intención de salir. Cultura de la migración en estudiantes de Yucatán
Authors: Echeverría Martín , Lewin Fisher Pedro
Published: September 2016

A partir de una encuesta representativa, aplicada a 1 243 alumnos de primaria, secundaria y preparatoria en el estado de Yucatán, México, en 2011, este artículo presenta resultados que perfilan la complejidad y multiplicidad de factores que intervienen en la conformación de lo que suele entenderse por “cultura de la migración”. Complementados con información cualitativa provenientes de entrevistas, los datos muestran que esta cultura no sólo constituye un terreno dinámico y en permanente disputa en el que fuerzas contrarias se confrontan para consolidar el arraigo comunitario o alentar las decisiones migratorias, sino que conforma un ámbito altamente sensible a la edad y sexo de los jóvenes, a su escolaridad, a las redes sociales de las que participan, el propio referente familiar, así como a diversas fuentes de información que influyen para afianzar distintas representaciones de los destinos migratorios.
A three-equation model for thin films down an inclined plane
Authors: Richard G. L. , Ruyer-Quil C. , Vila J. P.
Published: September 2016

We derive a new model for thin viscous liquid films down an inclined plane. With an asymptotic expansion in the long-wave limit, the Navier–Stokes equations and the work–energy theorem are averaged over the fluid depth. This gives three equations for the mass, momentum and energy balance which have the mathematical structure of the Euler equations of compressible fluids with relaxation source terms, diffusive and capillary terms. The three variables of the model are the fluid depth, the average velocity and a third variable called enstrophy, related to the variance of the velocity. The equations are numerically solved by classical schemes which are known to be reliable and robust. The model gives satisfactory results both for the neutral stability curves and for the depth profiles of wavy films produced by a periodical forcing or by a random noise perturbation. The numerical calculations agree fairly well with experimental measurements of Liu & Gollub (Phys. Fluids, vol. 6, 1994, pp. 1702–1712). The calculation of the wall shear stress below the waves indicates a flow reversal at the first depth minimum downstream of the main hump, in agreement with experiments of Tihon et al. (Exp. Fluids, vol. 41, 2006, pp. 79–89).
No Means No, Or Does It? A Comparative Study of the Right to Refuse Treatment in a Psychiatric Institution
Authors: Gallagher Mehgan
Published: September 2016

Around the world, people with mental disabilities are subject to many types of behavioral therapies against their will, including medications and restraints. This is especially true of people who are institutionalized. These intrusions are in violation of fundamental international human rights principles. People with mental disabilities are often stripped of many of their basic rights, including the right to determine what is done to their bodies. This article compares the prevailing law on the right to refuse treatment for people with mental disabilities in an institutional setting in three different nations on three continents, specifically in the United States, Kenya, and Brazil.
Partially hydrolysed guar gum ameliorates murine intestinal inflammation in association with modulating luminal microbiota and SCFA
Authors: Takagi Tomohisa , Naito Yuji , Higashimura Yasuki , Ushiroda Chihiro , Mizushima Katsura , Ohashi Yuji , Yasukawa Zenta , Ozeki Makoto , Tokunaga Makoto , Okubo Tsutomu , Katada Kazuhiro , Kamada Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Handa Osamu , Itoh Yoshito , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: September 2016

Partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG), a water-soluble dietary fibre produced by the controlled partial enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum beans, has various physiological roles. This study aimed to elucidate the beneficial effects of PHGG on colonic mucosal damage in a murine 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model. Acute colitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice with TNBS after 2 weeks of pre-feeding with PHGG (5 %). The colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated using macroscopic damage scores, and neutrophil infiltration was assessed by measuring tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the colonic mucosa. TNF-αexpression in the colonic mucosa was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR. Moreover, the intestinal microbiota and production of SCFA were assessed by real-time PCR and HPLC, respectively. Colonic damage due to TNBS administration was significantly ameliorated by PHGG treatment. Furthermore, PHGG significantly inhibited increases in MPO activity and TNF-αprotein and mRNA expression in the colonic mucosa in TNBS-induced colitis. On analysis of intestinal microbiota, we found that the concentration of theClostridium coccoidesgroup (Clostridiumcluster XIVa), theClostridium leptumsubgroup (Clostridiumcluster IV) and theBacteroides fragilisgroup had significantly increased in PHGG-fed mice. On analysis of SCFA, we found that the caecal content of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid had significantly increased in PHGG-fed mice. Together, these results suggest that chronic ingestion of PHGG prevents the development of TNBS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota and SCFA, which may be significant in the development of therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease.
“O, Foolish Galatians”: Imagining Pauline Community in Late Antiquity
Authors: Berzon Todd S.
Published: September 2016

This essay analyzes how late antique commentators on Paul's epistle to the Galatians used the issue of theological disobedience to elaborate the precise meaning of Christian kinship and community in their own times. Paul's anger and frustration at the Galatians, in particular, provided a convenient rhetorical platform for theorizing the nature of and impediments to Christian community in late antiquity. While most Pauline exegetes of the fourth and fifth centuries read the Galatians’ disobedience as a conscious choice born of ignorance, misunderstanding, and weak-mindedness, Jerome located the source of this indiscipline in the Galatians’ ethnic or national disposition. For him, the Galatians were an ethno-theological object—a template upon which he could propose a correlation between Christian error or heresy, on the one hand, and ethnic disposition, on the other. The differences and factions that Paul described in his letters were reimagined in late antiquity as both exemplars of Christian heresy and as heresies of ethnological origin. Ultimately, however, the process of transforming Paul into a heresiologist served only to emphasize the complexity of interpretive maneuvers deployed to define the terms of Christian community vis-à-vis other types of social, political, and ethnic affiliation.
Investigating the Inquisition: Controlling Sexuality and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Al Kalak Matteo
Published: September 2016

This article investigates the actions of the eighteenth-century Roman Inquisition, looking at controlling sexuality and social control in particular. To this end, it examines the actions of an “atypical” outlying tribunal: the Modena tribunal. In the 1700s, the tribunal's activities did not decline, as the number of trials held increased. Possible reasons for this anomaly and its characteristics are illustrated in response to certain questions: what instructions did Modena receive from the Holy Office in Rome? What was the Modena tribunal's actual reaction? The article demonstrates the existence of not only a discrepancy between the Roman Congregation's instructions and the behavior of the judges in Modena, but also differing priorities regarding which crimes to pursue. The Modena anomaly is compared with other Italian inquisitorial offices, identifying idiosyncrasies and points of convergence: in the case of Modena—capital of the Duchy of Modena—it seems the Inquisition acted as a tool of social control and moralization, alongside a relatively weak political power. Lastly, the case in question highlights a methodological matter: the documentation from Rome (e.g. correspondence with local inquisitions) does not reflect the reality of events in the outlying offices, thus requiring caution and, where possible, verification, when used.
The Gospel of Efficiency: Billy Sunday's Revival Bureaucracy and Evangelicalism in the Progressive Era
Authors: Wiard Jennifer
Published: September 2016

This essay investigates the roles of Billy Sunday's staff during his urban revivals in the 1910s, especially the committees and departments they administered. Understanding this revival organization is central to understanding Sunday's success. A corporate organization not only allowed Sunday's team to reach urban populations, it also put evangelicalism culturally in step with the times. This committee structure made outpourings of the Holy Spirit predictable and even guaranteed, and it helped Sunday create a revivalism for an age of mass production, one that was palatable to a cross-class and nationwide audience and reproducible in cities across the country. Most scholars of American religion are familiar with the outline of Sunday's career, but the labors of his staff and their contributions remain virtually unexplored. Further, there is a looming historiographical problem with how scholars treat Sunday. His most important years as a revivalist were in the 1910s, before the fundamentalist movement began, but his name is virtually synonymous with fundamentalism. This article challenges scholars to interpret Progressive Era evangelicals not in terms of what they became in the 1920s, but in terms of how they shaped and were shaped by an era of urbanization and consumer capitalism.
Impaired glucose tolerance in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: relationships with clinical phenotypes and cognitive deficits
Authors: Chen D. C. , Du X. D. , Yin G. Z. , Yang K. B. , Nie Y. , Wang N. , Li Y. L. , Xiu M. H. , He S. C. , Yang F. D. , Cho R. Y. , Kosten T. R. , Soares J. C. , Zhao J. P. , Zhang X. Y.
Published: September 2016

Background

Schizophrenia patients have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) than normals. We examined the relationship between IGT and clinical phenotypes or cognitive deficits in first-episode, drug-naïve (FEDN) Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia.

Method

A total of 175 in-patients were compared with 31 healthy controls on anthropometric measures and fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin and lipids. They were also compared using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Patient psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results

Of the patients, 24.5% had IGT compared with none of the controls, and they also had significantly higher levels of fasting blood glucose and 2-h glucose after an oral glucose load, and were more insulin resistant. Compared with those patients with normal glucose tolerance, the IGT patients were older, had a later age of onset, higher waist or hip circumference and body mass index, higher levels of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides and higher insulin resistance. Furthermore, IGT patients had higher PANSS total and negative symptom subscale scores, but no greater cognitive impairment except on the emotional intelligence index of the MCCB.

Conclusions

IGT occurs with greater frequency in FEDN schizophrenia, and shows association with demographic and anthropometric parameters, as well as with clinical symptoms but minimally with cognitive impairment during the early course of the disorder.
Geographical Dimension of Colonial Justice: Using GIS in Research on Law and History
Authors: Ng Michael , Chow T. Edwin , Wong David W.S.
Published: September 2016

This article reviews and reflects on the use of the geographic information system (GIS) as a tool, or geographic information science (GIScience) as a research methodology, and associated techniques of analysis in an empirical study-in-progress on the law and history of early twentieth century British Hong Kong. The article begins by introducing the study and its objectives, as well as the rationale for adopting GIS/GIScience as one of its research methodologies. It then highlights the preliminary findings of the current project and compares them with those of earlier research on the legal history of early twentieth century Beijing using GIS. The article also discusses the difficulties involved in adopting such a digital tool and methodology in historical research. It concludes by reflecting on what GIS can help scholars understand about the social history of law in Hong Kong, beyond what is already known, and how specialists in law, history, and geography can collaborate in a digital law and history project involving the use of GIS. This article also gives an overview of the use of GIS in conducting empirical research in the humanities (including but not limited to history and legal history research) and points to digital sources and web sites useful to researchers who may need tools and data to launch a GIS study in law and history.
Dysphagie – ein Symptom der amyotrophen Lateralsklerose
Authors: Anthony Danny , Ballmer Peter E. , Czell David
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Schluckstörungen sind ein häufiges Problem im klinischen Alltag. Dahinter stecken oft neurologische Krankheitsbilder, wie die selten anzutreffende amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (ALS). Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird anhand zweier Fallbeispiele aus unserer Klinik auf die Schwierigkeiten in der Diagnostik der Dysphagie und speziell der ALS hingewiesen. Zielführend für die Ursachensuche und die Diagnosestellung ist neben einer umfassenden körperlichen Untersuchung, vor allem eine gründliche Anamnese.
Language Competence and Social Preference in	Childhood
Authors: Troesch Larissa M. , Keller Karin , Grob Alexander
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Language competence facilitates making contact with others, interpreting others’ behavior, and communicating one’s own needs. However, evidence on the relation between language competence and social preference, that is, the degree to which someone is accepted or rejected by the peer group, is mixed. The scope of the current study was to examine this relation by conducting a meta-analysis. We included studies published in English, without any restrictions on the form or year of publication. Results of 42 studies and 49 independent samples of 7,077 children (mean age = 6.0 years, SD = 1.9; range: 3.0–11.0 years) revealed a significant relation between oral language competence and social preference, with an effect size of r = .25. Gender, language modality, and methodological characteristics were tested as possible moderators but did not explain variation between studies. Age was a significant moderator, with language competence more important for younger than for older children in gaining social acceptance.
Implications of Proxy Efficacy for Studies of Team Leadership in	Organizational Settings
Authors: Alavi Seyyed Babak , McCormick John
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Although there have been numerous studies of self-efficacy and collective efficacy in different contexts, little attention has been paid to proxy efficacy. In this article we propose that a person’s self-efficacy may be related to proxy efficacy when achievement of personal goals is related to the performance of the proxy on the person’s behalf. We argue this is important in team leadership. We further propose that the extent to which team members believe their leaders efficacious as their proxies may affect team processes and effectiveness. A team level construct, namely team proxy efficacy for the leader, referring to a shared proxy efficacy belief for the team leader, is also proposed. Several propositions involving the role of team proxy efficacy in team processes, and how proxy efficacy may play roles in the emergence and success of shared leadership in teams are developed.
Melting Ice Could Reveal Toxic Cold War Era Waste in Greenland
Authors: Lipuma Lauren
Published: September 2016

Unforeseen political disputes could arise as countries assess who's responsible for the cleanup of the Cold War relics.
YAP Subcellular Localization and Hippo Pathway Transcriptome Analysis in Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: LaQuaglia Michael J. , Grijalva James L. , Mueller Kaly A. , Perez-Atayde Antonio R. , Kim Heung Bae , Sadri-Vakili Ghazaleh , Vakili Khashayar
Published: September 2016

Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare tumor which is associated with an extremely high mortality rate due to lack of effective chemotherapy. Recently, the Hippo pathway and its transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) have been shown to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and development of HCC in animal models. Therefore, we sought to examine the activity of YAP and the expression of Hippo pathway components in tumor and non-neoplastic liver tissue from 7 pediatric patients with moderately differentiated HCC. None of the patients had underlying cirrhosis or viral hepatitis, which is commonly seen in adults with HCC. This highlights a major difference in the pathogenesis of HCC between children and adults. We found a statistically significant increase in YAP nuclear localization in 100% of tumors. YAP target gene (CCNE1, CTGF, Cyr61) mRNA expression was also increased in the tumors that had the most significant increase in YAP nuclear localization. Based on Ki67 co-localization studies YAP nuclear localization was not simply a marker of proliferation. Our results demonstrate a clear increase in YAP activity in moderately differentiated pediatric HCC, providing evidence that it may play an important role in tumor survival and propagation.
Magnetic resonance imaging reveals functional anatomy and biomechanics of a living dragon tree
Authors: Hesse Linnea , Masselter Tom , Leupold Jochen , Spengler Nils , Speck Thomas , Korvink Jan Gerrit
Published: September 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to gain in vivo insight into load-induced displacements of inner plant tissues making a non-invasive and non-destructive stress and strain analysis possible. The central aim of this study was the identification of a possible load-adapted orientation of the vascular bundles and their fibre caps as the mechanically relevant tissue in branch-stem-attachments of Dracaena marginata. The complex three-dimensional deformations that occur during mechanical loading can be analysed on the basis of quasi-three-dimensional data representations of the outer surface, the inner tissue arrangement (meristem and vascular system), and the course of single vascular bundles within the branch-stem-attachment region. In addition, deformations of vascular bundles could be quantified manually and by using digital image correlation software. This combination of qualitative and quantitative stress and strain analysis leads to an improved understanding of the functional morphology and biomechanics of D. marginata, a plant that is used as a model organism for optimizing branched technical fibre-reinforced lightweight trusses in order to increase their load bearing capacity.
HIPSTR and thousands of lncRNAs are heterogeneously expressed in human embryos, primordial germ cells and stable cell lines
Authors: Yunusov Dinar , Anderson Leticia , DaSilva Lucas Ferreira , Wysocka Joanna , Ezashi Toshihiko , Roberts R. Michael , Verjovski-Almeida Sergio
Published: September 2016

Eukaryotic genomes are transcribed into numerous regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Compared to mRNAs, lncRNAs display higher developmental stage-, tissue-, and cell-subtype-specificity of expression, and are generally less abundant in a population of cells. Despite the progress in single-cell-focused research, the origins of low population-level expression of lncRNAs in homogeneous populations of cells are poorly understood. Here, we identify HIPSTR (Heterogeneously expressed from the Intronic Plus Strand of the TFAP2A-locus RNA), a novel lncRNA gene in the developmentally regulated TFAP2A locus. HIPSTR has evolutionarily conserved expression patterns, its promoter is most active in undifferentiated cells, and depletion of HIPSTR in HEK293 and in pluripotent H1BP cells predominantly affects the genes involved in early organismal development and cell differentiation. Most importantly, we find that HIPSTR is specifically induced and heterogeneously expressed in the 8-cell-stage human embryos during the major wave of embryonic genome activation. We systematically explore the phenomenon of cell-to-cell variation of gene expression and link it to low population-level expression of lncRNAs, showing that, similar to HIPSTR, the expression of thousands of lncRNAs is more highly heterogeneous than the expression of mRNAs in the individual, otherwise indistinguishable cells of totipotent human embryos, primordial germ cells, and stable cell lines.
Chondrogenic commitment of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in collagen matrices for cartilage engineering
Authors: Gómez-Leduc Tangni , Hervieu Magalie , Legendre Florence , Bouyoucef Mouloud , Gruchy Nicolas , Poulain Laurent , de Vienne Claire , Herlicoviez Michel , Demoor Magali , Galéra Philippe
Published: September 2016

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a promising alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because UCB-MSCs are abundant and harvesting them is a painless non-invasive procedure. Potential clinical applications of UCB-MSCs have been identified, but their ability for chondrogenic differentiation has not yet been fully evaluated. The aim of our work was to characterize and determine the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human UCB-MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) for cartilage tissue engineering using an approach combining 3D culture in type I/III collagen sponges and chondrogenic factors. Our results showed that UCB-MSCs have a high proliferative capacity. These cells differentiated easily into an osteoblast lineage but not into an adipocyte lineage. Furthermore, BMP-2 and TGF-β1 potentiated chondrogenic differentiation, as revealed by a strong increase in mature chondrocyte-specific mRNA (COL2A1, COL2B, ACAN) and protein (type II collagen) markers. Although growth factors increased the transcription of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers such as COL10A1 and MMP13, the cells present in the neo-tissue maintained their phenotype and did not progress to terminal differentiation and mineralization of the extracellular matrix after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. Our study demonstrates that our culture model has efficient chondrogenic differentiation, and that hUCB-MSCs can be a reliable source for cartilage tissue engineering.