bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunable laser spectroscopy for carbon dioxide capnography and water vapor sensing inside a breathing mask: application to pilot life support
Authors: Christensen Lance E , Mansour Kamjou , Pleil Joachim D , Troy Robert F
Published: May 2022

Tunable laser spectroscopy (TLS) near 2683 nm was used to measure carbon dioxide and water vapor inside a pilot mask during jet fighter flights. Measurement frequency was 100 Hz in order to capture breathing profiles and other gas flow dynamics. Analysis of the full inhalation and exhalation breathing cycle allowed precise monitoring of breathing performance and interaction of the pilot with the life-support system. Measurements revealed dynamic phenomena pertaining to mechanical gas flow and pilot respiration that may be used to understand gas delivery stresses imposed upon the pilot and pilot physiology during flight. Typically, such measurements are made with non-dispersive infrared instrumentation for only carbon dioxide with intrinsic challenges regarding time and optical resolution. The TLS approach is a major advance because the sensor is placed directly into the mask improving its time response and enabling use of water vapor measurements that are less impacted from memory effects. This article presents the implementation of TLS and shows highly time-resolved pilot breathing data for high-performance aircraft tests.
A comparative environmental study of aqueous extracts of ginger and grapes to protect hepatocytes in Albino rabbits and a comparison of extracts in preserving Awassi lamb meat from oxidation
Authors: khaleel Zinah Ibrahim , Abdulqader Abeer T. , Al-Sammarie Aseel Muthana Yousif , Mustafa Mohammed Ahmed
Published: May 2022

The present study was conducted on white rabbits of Swiss origin demonstrate the effect of hydrogen peroxide on showing tissue (damage to body parts) of organs, and treatment with water-based ginger extract and water-based grape extract.

Histological signs appeared in hydrogen peroxide of liver tissues the occurrence of tissue changes in hepatic cell represented by of some cases of infiltration in lymphocytes, necrosis of the cytoplasm of cells, and degeneration of the nucleus. The results of the histological examination showed the group treated with aqueous ginger extract and a group of the aqueous grape extract showed the natural shape closest to the histological sections of the control group.

The study included a statement of the effect of adding an aqueous extract of ginger and grape seed extract on thigh meat taken from a calf immediately after slaughter.

That the meat of the Awassi lambs had the highest percentage of influence on the chemical characteristic (fat) at the degree of freezing (-18 m) of the cotton thigh piece in a group that would extract grapes and that the meat of the Awassi lambs showed that there was no significant difference in the chemical characteristic (ash) at the degree of freezing (-18m) for the thigh piece at (p≤ 0.05) compared with the control treatment and the treatments of grape extract and ginger.

The highest fat percentage was in the group of grape extract, while the ash percentage was not significant, in the thigh meat.

And that this study has demonstrated stability in the composition of meat, which was reflected in the improvement of meat’s ability to bind water, and it showed efficiency as an antioxidant in hindering fat oxidation and protecting meat pigment from oxidation after 90 days of frozen storage.
Antimicrobial and Environmental activity of biogenic CS-GO nanoparticles on Uropathogens
Authors: Alzubaidy Fatima Hamza , Aldujaili Nawfal Hussein
Published: May 2022

Bioproduction options for nanoparticles are becoming a highly significant subject, with environmental and economic benefits over physical and chemical processes. The purpose of the current study is to detect the antimicrobial activity of chitosan-Graphene oxide nanoparticles that include The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is a method of determining antibacterial activity, Antibiofilm Activity by Tissue culture plate method, Antioxidant activity, and finally the hemolysis activity of mixing nanoparticles CS-GO that synthesis biologically. the result of Antibacterial activity showed the ID50 for inhibition is at a concentration (1 mg/ml), while the Antibiofilm activity result shows the high concentration of CS-GO nanoparticles (16 mg/ml) showed the higher activity in inhibition of biofilm formation while the less concentration (0.6mg/ml) appeared very low inhibition activity on biofilm formation. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticles showed the high scavenging ability at a concentration (600 mg/ml) as (54.06%) while the less concentration (100mg/ml) appeared scavenger ability as (29.42%) also the hemolysis activity on CS-GO nanoparticles on blood showed different ability at different concentration, the preferred concentration (1mg/ml) show no hemolysis on blood.
Facile one-step synthesis of Au-ZnO/MWCNTs for photocatalytic treatment of Reactive Blue dye in aqueous solution
Authors: Alshamsil Hassan A. , Nema Qusay A. , Alwan Salam H.
Published: May 2022

In this work, the multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based gold-zinc oxide (Au-ZnO) nanocomposite has been synthesized for visible light driven photocatalytic decolorization of reactive blue-4 (RB4) dye. The Au-ZnO/MWCNTs nanophotocatalyst has been successfully synthesized via thermal treatment method at 600 0C. The physico-chemical properties of MWCNTs and Au-ZnO/MWCNTs have been investigated via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synergistic effect of MWCNTs and Au NPs doping could offers an interesting opportunity to design photocatalyst material with the maximum absorption shift to the visible region of the spectrum, where photocatalytic activity can be enhanced. The results exhibited the growth of Au and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on the MWCNTs surface with an average diameter of 20 – 30 nm. The photodecolorization of RB4 dye was investigated by changing pH (3-11), dosage of photocatalyst (0.2-1.4 g/L), and initial RB4 concentration (25–100 mg/L). Under best treatment conditions (pH 11 and catalyst dosage 1.0 g/L), the best photodecolorization efficiency was reached 94.91 %. Based to the obtained results, the photodecolorization efficiency adopting Au-ZnO/MWCNTs photocatalyst was stated to be a promising route for remediation the organic pollutants in aqueous solutions
Environmental Removal of brilliant yellow Dye onto Porous Adsorbent Derived from Pomegranate peels Waste
Authors: Aljeboree Aseel M. , Lafta Holya A. , Abdulkadhm Mohammed Mustafa , Hamad Baraa A. , Dheyaa Noor B. , Al-Dhalimy Aiman Mohammed Baqir , Alkaim Ayad F. , Abed Salwan Ali
Published: May 2022

Recently, the adsorption process relied on the use of low-cost, available and eco-friendly materials to reduce costs. Pomegranate peels(PPs) have been used as environmental and inexpensive bio-sorbent material to remove dye (brilliant yellow) from aqueous solution. characterization of Pomegranate peels(PPs) via two techniques like FTIR, FESEM to analyze the morphology and chemical groups of Pomegranate peels(PPs) before and after sorption of brilliant yellow dye, Adsorption method is occurred under some optimum conditions like initial dye concentration, mass of adsorbent and contact time Where the Pomegranate peels(PPs) un-activated, the ability to be recycled and used again, by washing it (water, acid and base). Isotherm Freundlich and isotherm Langmuir as models were utilized to investigate the adsorption method. It was find that the model Langmuir better described the experimental result.
Biosorption by Environmental, Natural and Acid-Activated Orange Peels as Low-Cost Aadsorbent: Optimization of Disperse Blue 183 as a Model
Authors: Taifi Ahmed , Alkadir Ola Kamal A. , Oda Athraa A. , Aljeboree Aseel M. , Al Bayaa Abdul Latif , Alkaim Ayad F. , Abed Salwan Ali
Published: May 2022

In this research, agricultural waste was used as effective, environmentally friendly and inexpensive adsorbents one type of agricultural waste such as orange peels ( NOP) to remove Disperse Blue 183 dye from its aqueous solution in this study using three kind Natural orange peels ( NOP), Activated Carbon Orange Peels (ACOP) and Acid-Activated Carbon Orange Peels ( AACOP). Preparation of acid-activation Orange Peel (AACOP) using 0.1N phosphoric acid, where the adsorption efficiency of NOP, ACOP and AACOP synthesis were 120.22, 125.67 and 155.12 mg/g and removal percentage E% (80.21%,92.34%,98.22% ), respectively. The (FTIR ) and (FESEM ) technique was used to determine the surface characteristics before and after the adsorption process. Two types of adsorption isotherms were studied, the Freindlich and Langmuir model. The equilibrium data showed that it obeys the Freindlich model where the value of ( R2= 0.9777) was compared with the Langmuir model ( R2= 0.9533). Parameters were derived Thermodynamic including (ΔG°), (ΔH°), and (ΔS°) are found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
Environmental, Biochemical and Hematological study in rats exposed to Cadmium Chloride in Drinking Water and the role of Vitamin E and C
Authors: Alsudani Arjwan A
Published: May 2022

The present study was carried out to determine the synergistic role of vitamin E and vitamin C in reducing the toxic effects of cadmium chloride on some blood parameters (RBC count, Hb concentration, PCV, Total WBC count, Differential WBC count), as well as some biochemical parameters which include (Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Creatinin, Urea) and some antioxidants (Superoxidedismutase(SOD), Glutathion-S-transferase(GST), Catalase(CAT). Forty adult male rats were divided into five equal groups. The first group was left without any treatment (the control group), the second was given cadmium chloride (30mg/L), the third was given cadmium chloride and vitamin E simultaneously, the fourth was given cadmium chloride and vitamin C simultaneously, the fifth was given cadmium chloride, vitamin E and vitamin C simultaneously. The results showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) in (RBC count, Hb concentration, PCV) and a significant increase (P <0.05) in WBC count (neutrophils and eosinophils). On the other hand, the results also showed an increase (P <0.05) in the concentration of (ALT, AST, ALP, Urea, Creatinine, and MDA)and a significant decrease in antioxidants(SOD, CAT, GST) in (T1) compared with the control group. On the other hand, the results showed a noticeable improvement in the parameters studied when using vitamin E and vitamin C alone or together with cadmium chloride, and this indicates the therapeutic role played by vitamins in reducing the toxicity caused by cadmium chloride
Environmental Study on Landfill Suitability Modeling Using Geographic Information Systems and Multicriteria Decision Analysis: A Case Study in Afak Qadhaa
Authors: Thamer Aqeel , Abed Salwan Ali
Published: May 2022

In this study, the appropriate locations for the landfill space in Afak Qadhaa determined by integrating geographic information system (GIS) and analysis decision (MCDA), additionally by implementing these methods that lead to integrated environmental management, which is required in order to take into account all components and processes in the environment. For this purpose, layers were introduced. Digital maps including settlement (industrial areas, urban center and villages), wetlands, main roads, digital elevation model, airports, land use (plants mansion campgrounds, water and sewage treatment plants, agricultural area, gardens and preparing buildings) and surface water (streams and main irrigation channels) are implemented The relative weight of the criteria with the geographic information system, which revolved around the formulation of criteria for the planning of waste dumps, giving them the appropriate ranks of each criteria and their weight, then building the model and coming up with a map that represents the most suitable sites for establishing healthy dumps in the Afak Qadhaa.
Phase Change Material of (100-200) C: Review and Taxonomy
Authors: Al-Furaiji Mushtaq A. , Baranenko A.V. , Zakharova V.Y. , Malinina O. S.
Published: May 2022

Phase Change Material (PCM) is the material where its properties changed with the temperature change. If the application is heating, the process is called Latent Thermal Energy (LTE) and it can be stored. In practical application especially for the 100 C to 200 C, where the material is converted from solid to liquid, the energy management can be efficient and the energy storage is applicable. When the material is melted, the energy can be stored in heating operation and the inverse operation which means that the material can lose the energy stored when cooling or when stored in constant temperature. To overcome this, using PCM in medium temperatures (100-200 C) becomes important in many fields such as greenhouses, solar panels, thermal management in concrete, and so on. This paper discusses the recent developments in PCM such as using nanomaterials that keep the temperature for more times and encapsulation to enhance the heating operation. The taxonomy for the use of PCM is proposed in this paper based on the material requirements and types that can be used in this temperature range, and the measurement techniques in the physical form of material and thermal conductivity enhancement. A case study of 10 materials used in the required range is also discussed based on their temperature on the different life cycles of operations. At the end of this paper, a discussion of thermal energy management especially for solar applications is illustrated. Some possible future works are also proposed.
Regeneration equations for the Rankine cycle with super-heated steam
Authors: Al-Furaiji Mushtaq A. , Alnasur Fawzi Sh. , sammarraie Hayder salah AL , Kareem Muhammed Im.
Published: May 2022

The paper presents a mathematical model to calculate the thermal efficiency of the steam turbines with superheating, methodology forecasting for the Rankin cycle with superheated steam using Regression equations, MathCad, SPSS, and Statistatica programs. The resulting regression equation is applied to calculate the indicator values in a given range of variation of parameters, and it is also limitedly suitable for calculation outside this range. A MathCad-based approach for calculating the predictive model was created and presented. This work presents the formulation of a problem for the method of experiment planning. A turbine unit with three input parameters that influence the value of the output parameter Y (the thermal efficiency of the Steam turbine unit) was studied through the method of experiment planning. Along with that, the first parameter (initial pressure turbine, bar) varied within: 100< x1
<128; the second parameter (the turbine-inlet temperature, °C) varied within: 450 < X2
< 550; the third parameter (the fraction of dryness) varied within: 0.79 < X3
< 0.83.
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water of Al-Diwaniyah River-Case Study
Authors: Kadhim Tania S. , Karam Faiq F.
Published: May 2022

The current study includes the identification of PAHs compounds in seven contaminated sites from the surface water of Al-Diwaniyah river from August 2020 to May 2021. Solid phase extraction was used for extract PAHs compounds from the surface water samples by specified columns and gas chromatography with (FID) detector was used for analysis of these compounds. Significant differences appeared in the concentration of PAHs according to different spatial, temporal conditions and human activities during the study period. The aggregate of PAHs samples for seven sites during ten months were (253.1714ppm). Benzo[A]Pyrene had the lowest cumulative value (7.1428ppm), whereas anthracene compound had the highest cumulative value (21.45714ppm).
The First record of Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) for Iraq
Authors: Salim Mudhafar A. , Abed Salwan Ali , Alsaffah Saifuldeen M.
Published: May 2022

Greater Painted-snipe (or Greater Painted Snipe) Rostratula benghalensis is medium-sized wader that inhibits the wetland habitats in Africa and south and southeast Asia. Despite of its English name, Greater Painted-snipe does not belong to the true Gallinago taxa. The female in this species is the colourful mate while the male brownish with pale spots in general and smaller in size. This species is of least concern (LC) conservations status on the IUCN Red List. During one of the field surveys carried out by the Iraq Organization for Conservation of Nature (IOCN) in Iraq, the team was able to find this species in a meadow wetland of low grass close to River Euphrates bank, northwest of Basra Governorate which represents the first observation of this species in Iraq. By providing the documented observation and detailed description of this species, this paper confirms the first record of Greater Painted-snipe (or Greater Painted Snipe) Rostratula benghalensis as an addition to the Iraqi birds checklist.
Environmental Removal of some Dyes from Aqueous Solution by using highly adsorbent surface derived from Malva parviflora plant leaves: multifactors Studies
Authors: Alkadir Ola Kamal A. , Taifi Ahmed , Aljeboree Aseel M. , Bayaa Abdul Latif Al , Abed Salwan Ali , Alkaim Ayad F.
Published: May 2022

In this research, the efficiency of activated carbon prepared from the leaves of a perennial plant called Malva parviflora plant (MPP) to remove Maxillon Blue GRL and Disperse Blue 183 dyes from aqueous solution was studied. The preparation process was carried out in three ways, firstly, using the leaves of the plant without any chemical treatment (MPP), and secondly, Activated carbon without any chemical treatment (AC-MPP), third, acid-activated carbon (AAC-MPP) with several solutions such as ((H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, and NaOH). The results that were reached indicate that the surface activated with (phosphoric acid) is characterized by its high efficiency in removal the two dye from aqueous solution, where the removal percentage reaches ( 94.69 to 84.14 % ) compared acid ( 94.44 to 79.96 % ) for Maxillon Blue GRL and Disperse Blue 183 dyes respectively. The properties of the prepared and activated surface were determined by using FESEM technique, and the functional aggregates of the surface (AAC-MPP) were also detected using the (FTIR ) technique. The role of recycling carbon prepared from the Malva parviflora plant reactivity and can be re-used again was studied.
Bio-Environmental preparation of chitosan nanoparticle using Bacillus subtilis and their biomedical activity
Authors: Ali Zahraa Hussein , Aldujaili Nawfal Hussein
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to study the biomedical activity (antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity) and Characterization of Chitosan NPs synthesized by B. subtilis. Different types of bacterial strains(Z1-Z25) were screened for biosynthesis of chitosan NPs, Isolate (Z2) was selected as efficient isolate based on color change and antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria, and it was diagnosed as Bacillus subtilis, depending on the morphology, microscopic examination and VITEK2 compact system. The characterization of biogenic chitosan NPs was achieved, using: UV visible spectrophotometry was used to describe the synthesis of chitosan NPs by B. subtilis, with an absorption peak at 280nm wavelength. SEM analysis showed the spherical, homogenous with average sizes from 29-51nm. The elemental analyses of biogenic chitosan with EDS showed 33.31% carbon, 10.24 % nitrogen, 50.55% oxygen, 5.34% phosphate and 0.55% chloride. The size and structurer of biogenic chitosan NPs was measured using XRD that appeared at 20°-26°’ AFM analysis showed the average diameter of the biogenic chitosan NPs was 47. 18. The antibacterial activity was studied for biogenic chitosan against pathogenic bacteria (P.aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E.coli, and P. mirabilis).

Biogenic chitosan NPs with deferent concentration (100, 200, 400ug/ml) showed inhibition against all tested bacteria and largest inhibition zone against S. aureus(26mm) with concentration 400 μg/ml. Biogenic chitosan expressed high significant antibiofilm activity with increasing concentration of chitosan NPs. DPPH reducing activity of nanoparticles which increased with increase concentration of biogenic chitosan NPs.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel organic reagent and its complexes with Cu (||), Cr(|||), Co(|||) and Fe(|||) metal
Authors: Hasan Rawaa Ch. , Karam Faiq F. , Baqir Sadiq J.
Published: May 2022

This work included the preparation of a series of metal complexes with the new organic azo reagent dye. The donor the prepared ligand is It a derivative of 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazolyl mediated by a diazonium solution with a 4-methoxy phenol solution. The preparation of the organic reagent 2-[2–(6-Methoxy benzothiazolyl ) azo ]-4-methoxy phenol (6-MBTAMP), where this reagent characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, which included the H’-NMR proton spectrum, the C’3-NMR carbon spectrum, and also a series of metallic complexes for this ligand were prepared. It included four complexes with its Cu (|), Fe (|||), Cr (|||), Co (|||), ions. Where these lectured complexes were diagnosed by the UV-visible spectrum and the TF-IR spectrum. It has an octahydral geometric shape.
Synthesis And Characterization of New Mn(II), Co(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes with ligand [N-(pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide] and their Anti-bacterial Study
Authors: Fayyadh Bushra Mukhlif , Abd Noor Alhuda Basim , Sarhan Basima Muhsin
Published: May 2022

A new ligand [N-(pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide](L) has been synthesized through the reaction of the benzoyl iso-thiocyanate with a 2-Amino pyrimidine, The ligand had been identified by the elemental micro-analysis CHNS, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and 1 H, 13CNMR spectra, some of the transition metal complexes of that ligand have been produced and characterized with the use of the UVvis spectra, FT-IR, magnetic susceptibilities, conductivity measurements, and atomic absorptions. Ligand’s behavior is similar to bidentate coordinating via an S and O donor, From the results that have been obtained, molecular formula of all of the complexes that have been prepared have been [M(L)2Cl2] (M+2 =Mn, Cd, Hg and Co), the suggested geometrical structure for all of the complexes have been octahedral. The metal and ligand complexes exhibit good activities towards bacteria; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Investigation of Heavy Metals Pollution in Euphrates River (Iraq) By Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index Model
Authors: Kamel Laith Hemed , Al-Zurfi Sadiq Kadhum Lafta , Mahmood Mahmood Basil
Published: May 2022

This study aims to investigate heavy metals (HMs)pollution in the ‘Euphrates’ river which is located from Al-Kifl city to Kufa city, in Iraq. We analyzed six heavy metal parameters (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Mn ) in water, every month several samples were taken from six sites on the Euphrates river and covered the period of time from July 2020 to January 2021. Heavy metal analysis results were assessment according to the values of the maximum given in Water Quality Regulation. The obtained outcome of the analysis revealed that cadmium values surpassed the limit values for sites 1 and 5. The overall pollution level of the HMs pollution index model appeared to be helpful to Evaluate with respect to HMs and the values were found higher than the critical pollution index is100 in site 1.
Depositional Environments of the Mishrif Formation in Faihaa Oil Field, South of Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Hiba A.Kareem , Al-kubaisi Manal Sh. , Alshar’a Ghazi Hasan
Published: May 2022

The Mishrif Formation is one of the Iraqi major oil reserves in southern. This formation consists of limestone deposited during a Lower Cretaceous period as part of the main series of transgression depositions. Faihaa oil field is located close to Iraqi-Iranian borders, about 50km to the north of Basra city center. The area of this field is about 900 km2. It is bordered by the north Majnoon oil field, the south Sindibad field, the west Nahr Umr field, and the east husynia Iranian field. The microfacies and depositional environment of the Mishrif Formation in the Faihaa oil field were analyzed in this study. In Mishrif Formation, this study clarified several microscopic facies; more than 273 thin sections of core samples from one well (Faihaa-1) were examined, represented by Mudstone Microfacies Wackestone Microfacies and Packstone-Wackestone Microfacies. They were analyzing diagenesis processes and identifying Mishrif Formation. The two identified diagenetic environments that affected Mishrif reservoir in an open platform and restricted platform environments. The Mishrif Formation recognized five diagenetic processes, each with positive and negative implications on the quality of the reservoir. By creating and improving porosity and permeability, dissolution and dolomitization significantly impacted reservoir quality. Compaction and cementation have negative consequences by decreasing porosity and permeability, leading to reduced reservoir quality.
Pd-Au nanoparticles supported reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets toward aerobic selective oxidation of benzoyl alcohol
Authors: Altaee Hadeel , Alshamsi Hassan A.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, mono-metallic catalysts, palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) and bi-metallic, Au-Pd supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesized by Sol Immobilization technique. The as fabricated catalysts (Pd/rGO, Au/rGO and Au-Pd/rGO) have been tested by various techniques (Raman Spectroscopy, FE-SEM, XRD and TEM) to examine the structural, compositional and morphological characteristics. The performance of catalysts on the production of benzaldehyde via benzyl alcohol (BnOH) oxidation was investigated adopting H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. In general, Au-Pd/rGO catalyst presented a remarkable superiority over Au/rGO and Pd/rGO. The Au-Pd/rGO catalyst gave the best reaction conversion ratio of 24.3%, while its selectivity for benzaldehyde was 87.5% using 10 mg catalyst mass, reaction temperature 80 oC and 50% H2O2
Fabrication and characterization of A Zn-0.5Fe alloy membrane by powder metallurgy route for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Liu Ying , Fu Zhendi , Chu Xin , Lu Yujiao , Zhang Jiaxi , Huang Jiefeng , Liu Yiting , Yan Yang , Yu Kun
Published: May 2022

A Zn-0.5Fe membrane with a thickness of 0.1 mm was produced by powder sintering and then hot extrusion and hot rolling. The microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion properties and cytotoxicity of the Zn-0.5Fe membrane were investigated. The Zn-0.5Fe membrane had a finer and uniform microstructure in comparison to as-sintered Zn-0.5Fe and as-extruded Zn-0.5Fe alloys. Among the three alloys, the Zn-0.5Fe membrane exhibited the best mechanical properties, due to the fine grain strengthening, which is caused by the grain refinement and porosity reduction of the Zn-0.5Fe alloy after processing. The corrosion results of the Zn-0.5Fe alloys in Ringer’s solution show that the corrosion resistance was improved after hot working because of the decrease of micro-galvanic corrosion caused by intermetallic compound. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity test assessed by MC3T3-E1 subclone 14 cells showed the Zn-0.5Fe membrane had an acceptable biocompatibility. Therefore, the Zn-0.5Fe membrane has great potential for biodegradable guided bone regeneration.
Grating-free quantitative phase retrieval for x-ray phase-contrast imaging with conventional sources
Authors: Sun Weiyuan , Pyakurel Uttam , MacDonald Carolyn A , Petruccelli Jonathan C
Published: May 2022

X-ray phase-contrast imaging can display subtle differences in low-density materials (e.g. soft tissues) more readily than conventional x-ray imaging. However, producing x-ray phase images requires significant spatial coherence of the beam which in turn requires highly specialized sources such as synchrotrons, small and low power microfocus sources, or complex procedures, such as multiple exposures with several carefully stepped precision gratings. To find appropriate approaches for producing x-ray phase-contrast imaging in a clinically meaningful way, we employed a grating-free method that utilized a low-cost, coarse wire mesh and simple processing. This method relaxes the spatial coherence constraint and allows quantitative phase retrieval for not only monochromatic but also polychromatic beams. We also combined the mesh-based system with polycapillary optics to significantly improve the accuracy of quantitative phase retrieval.
A comparison of power measurement techniques and electrical characterization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: JOVANOVIĆ Olivera , PUAČ Nevena , ŠKORO Nikola
Published: May 2022

In the last two decades a growing interest has been shown in the investigation of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) that operate in contact with liquid samples. In order to form a complete picture about such experimental systems, it is necessary to perform detailed diagnostics of plasma jets, as one step that will enable the adjustment of system properties for applications in different areas. In this work, we conducted a detailed electrical characterisation of a plasma system configuration used for water treatment. A helium plasma jet, with a pin electrode powered by a continuous sine wave at a frequency of 330 kHz, formed a streamer that was in contact with a distilled water sample. An electrical circuit allowed the monitoring of electrical signals supplied to the jet and also to the plasma itself. An electrical characterisation together with power consumption measurements was obtained by using two different methods. The first method was based on the direct measurements of voltage and current signals, while in the second method we used ‘Lissajous figures’. We compared these two methods when used for discharge power estimation and addressed their advantages and limitations. The results showed that both of these methods could be used to successfully determine power consumed by a discharge in contact with water, but only when taking into account power dissipation without plasma.
Mediated semi-quantum key distribution with improved efficiency
Authors: Guskind Julia , Krawec Walter O
Published: May 2022

Mediated semi-quantum key distribution involves the use of two end-users who have very restricted, almost classical, capabilities, who wish to establish a shared secret key using the help of a fully-quantum server who may be adversarial. In this paper, we introduce a new mediated semi-quantum key distribution protocol, extending prior work, which has asymptotically perfect efficiency. Though this comes at the cost of decreased noise tolerance, our protocol is backwards compatible with prior work, so users may easily switch to the old (normally less efficient) protocol if the noise level is high enough to justify it. To prove security, we show an interesting reduction from the mediated semi-quantum scenario to a fully-quantum entanglement based protocol which may be useful when proving the security of other multi-user quantum key distribution protocols.
6D phase space collective modes in Vlasov-Maxwell system
Authors: Lin H , Liu C P
Published: May 2022

Plasma electromagnetic (EM) kinetic simulation faces two unavoidable difficulties. One arises from the fact that Maxwell equations determine a simultaneity relation between transverse electric field

E

⃗

Tr

and local growth rates of probability distribution function (PDF)

f

in Vlasov-Maxwell (V-M) simulation in Eulerian approach, so does that between

E

Tr

and Lagrangian particles’ time-varying rates which refers to displacement of

f

-element in

6
D

phase space in V-M simulation in Lagrangian approach, and macroparticles’ accelerating rates in Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation. These simultaneous with

E

Tr

are termed as bottom objects’ growth rates (BOGRs) in this work. Directly solving the BOGRs needs to diagonalize a large full matrix, and hence often be approximated. The other arises from the fact that Lagrangian particles’ time-histories should uniformly converge with respect to the time-step. This severe requirement is difficult to be satisfied and hence some of Lagrangian particles’ time-histories lose fidelity. We propose a strict alternative method free from two difficulties. The initial-value problem of V-M system can be interpreted by

6
D

phase space allowed deformation of an initial

f

-profile. By virtue of a more compact description of

f
,

in which a conditional probability density function (C-PDF) well reflects some macroscopic conservation laws behind the V-M system, we can interpret the initial-value problem of

f

in terms of

6
D

standing-wave oscillation in the C-PDF. A key subtle difference between microscopic scalar field and microscopic vector field can also lead to a similar scheme of particle simulation.

PACS: 52.65.-y.
Comparative analysis of micrometric and nano-metric WC-10Co-4Cr GTA cladding
Authors: Singh Jasbir , Thakur Lalit , Angra Surjit
Published: May 2022

The present research work examines the wear performance and cost of developing the micrometric and nano-metric WC-10Co-4Cr GTA claddings. Both the claddings were developed at optimized parametric conditions by using a fully automatic GTA welding machine. The microstructure, elemental compositions and phases present in the deposited claddings were characterized by using FE-SEM, EDS and XRD, respectively. Micro-hardness of the micrometric and nano-metric claddings were evaluated with the help of a Vickers hardness tester. A pin-on-disc tribometer was used for conducting the abrasive wear test. The experimental results revealed that the abrasive wear in nano-metric cladding reduces by 30.72% compared to micrometric cladding. The average microhardness of nano-metric cladding has improved by 25.51% than micrometric cladding. Microstructural examination of worn-out claddings shows that the material was removed from the claddings due to the eruption of CoCr binder matrix along with the pull-out of WC grains, caused by the sliding motion of SiC particles. However, the cost of fabricating nano-metric cladding per unit area (Rs 0.163 mm−2) was higher than the micrometric cladding (Rs 0.107 mm−2) owing to the higher material cost of nano-WC-10Co-4Cr powder.
A bound for the image conductor of a principally polarized abelian variety with open Galois image
Authors: Mayle Jacob
Published: May 2022

Let

A
A

be a principally polarized abelian variety of dimension

g
g

over a number field

K
K

. Assume that the image of the adelic Galois representation of

A
A

is an open subgroup of

G
S

p

2
g

(

Z

^

)

GSp_{2g}(\hat {\mathbb {Z}})

. Then there exists a positive integer

m
m

so that the Galois image of

A
A

is the full preimage of its reduction modulo

m
m

. The least

m
m

with this property, denoted

m
A

m_A

, is called the image conductor of

A
A

. Jones [Pacific J. Math. 308 (2020), pp. 307–331] recently established an upper bound for

m
A

m_A

, in terms of standard invariants of

A
A

, in the case that

A
A

is an elliptic curve without complex multiplication. In this paper, we generalize the aforementioned result to provide an analogous bound in arbitrary dimension.
Carter subgroups, characters and composition series
Authors: Isaacs I.
Published: May 2022

Let

G
G

be a finite solvable group. We construct a set

H

\mathcal {H}

of irreducible characters of

G
G

such that if

C
C

is a Carter subgroup of

G
G

, then the members of

H

\mathcal {H}

behave well with respect to

C
C

-composition series for

G
G

, and we show that

H

\mathcal {H}

is in bijective correspondence with the set of linear characters of

C
C

. Also, if

A
A

is a group that acts coprimely on

G
G

, then analogously, we characterize in terms of

A
A

-composition series for

G
G

, the set of

A
A

-invariant characters of

G
G

that have a linear Glauberman-Isaacs correspondent.
Inspiring Hope and Change
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the healing art of therapy, describing essential common factors in all effective therapy, namely positive expectations and a strong therapeutic alliance between therapist and client(s). Therapists are encouraged to boost a client’s hope for improvement by building positive expectations about the benefits of therapy. This includes conveying confidence about the effectiveness of the specific therapeutic approach and explicitly discussing what therapy will entail. Several examples of the power of expectations are provided as illustrations, including a discussion of the placebo effect as a biomedical example. In contrast, examples of how healers have exploited clients’ positive expectations by selling fraudulent treatments are also discussed to raise awareness of the privilege and power of the healer role. The chapter concludes with a thorough discussion of the power of the working alliance between therapist and client, including advice about how to build a strong, trusting relationship.
Embracing the Science of Mental Healthcare
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

As a complement to the previous chapter on the healing arts, this chapter is devoted to the science of mental healthcare. Readers are encouraged to harness both the power of a healing human connection and scientific evidence to deliver the most effective care. Case examples illustrate how a clinician needs to think like a scientist, forming hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data to support or refute the hypotheses, and generating alternative explanations. The chapter advocates for the essential role of (a) evidence-based practice and (b) measurement-based care in effective mental healthcare, offering definitions and examples. A brief history of tensions in the field related to promotion of evidence-based practice and measurement-based care is offered, highlighting the challenges of bridging the gap between science and community practice. Web-based resources on evidence-based practice are recommended.
What We Currently Know about the Prevalence, Causes, and Dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Bates Elizabeth A. , Papamichail Alexandra
Published: May 2022

Over the past 50 years, a wealth of literature exploring intimate partner violence (IPV) has developed. This chapter aims to present what we currently know about the prevalence, causes, and dynamics of IPV. This will involve exploring the prevalence of IPV, the dynamics of IPV, including bidirectional or mutual abuse, the development of typologies, risk factors and antecedents of IPV perpetration, and the consequences of IPV for victims and families. There will also be an exploration of where these issues involve similarity and difference across gender. The chapter will draw on a wide range of academic research, including specifically from the Partner Abuse State of Knowledge research and national population data such as the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (USA) and the Office for National Statistics UK data on domestic abuse.
The Law Enforcement Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Russell Brenda , Seisler Emily
Published: May 2022

As first responders, law enforcement officers encounter intimate partner violence (IPV) regularly, and agencies have enhanced IPV policies and training to ensure officer and victim safety. Nevertheless, empirical research suggests the gender paradigm is alive and well within the criminal justice system, demonstrating differential response to IPV incidents as a function of gender, race, sexual minority status, socioeconomic status, and or any intersectionality of these characteristics. This chapter provides an overview of the foundation and evolution of law enforcement’s response to IPV. It provides evidence-based research that demonstrates how inherent bias, discretion, and discrimination can lead to inequity within the systems designed to protect victims of IPV. Research implications and suggestions for reform are provided to assist in advancing toward equal protection and greater inclusiveness.
Challenges and Strategies in Mounting a Legal Defense in Intimate Partner Violence Criminal Cases
Authors: Dresow Charles
Published: May 2022

The criminal defense of cases involving accusations of intimate partner violence (or domestic violence) has much in common with other assault cases. It differs due to the unique dynamics of intimate relationships and prevailing cultural and political attitudes. In this chapter, an experienced criminal defense attorney delineates those commonalities and differences and provides general guidelines and strategies for mounting an effective defense. Among the topics covered are the initial steps taken upon accepting a case, mandatory arrest and dominant aggressor laws, the collateral consequences of arrest and prosecution on defendants and their families, trial considerations, use of expert witnesses, and sentencing alternatives.
Intimate Partner Homicide and the Battered Person Syndrome
Authors: Hamel John , Dutton Don , Lysova Alexandra
Published: May 2022

Although intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence, is a set of heterogeneous phenomena, with various causes, dynamics, and consequences, some forms of IPV, known as battering or coercive-controlling violence, can have a profound physical and psychological impact on victims. At the extreme end of these phenomena is intimate partner homicide (IPH), a crime that has been poorly understood and politicized. Attorneys, judges, and juries are asked to adjudicate a crime committed among intimate partners, a context that challenges traditional forms of jurisprudence and invites confusion and politicization. This review examines the causal and motivational factors for IPH in light of the scholarly research literature. It provides a critique of the battered person syndrome, routinely invoked by defense attorneys, particularly in cases involving female suspects. The role of perpetrator sex and gender is also examined.
Transmissibility
Authors: Craig Errol
Published: May 2022

Scabies is a contagious disease spread from person to person and thus it provokes a level of fear and apprehension often seen in other parasitic diseases. Prolonged close (often skin-to-skin) contact, however, is required for its spread. This chapter discusses the transmissibility of scabies, which is illustrated through the use of a clinical vignette. During World War II, Kenneth Mellanby undertook a most remarkable series of human experiments that forever changed our understanding of scabies, in particular how it is spread or transmitted. Where Mellanby enters the story, the scabies mite had already been long discovered and was known to be the causative agent of scabies. Yet scabies as a disease was imperfectly understood. The lifecycle of the mite had been studied, but much misinformation was still present. Scabies, moreover, was not regarded as a problem of medical importance. The medical community mainly viewed it as a nuisance, not meriting in-depth study. A unique set of circumstances led Mellanby to delve further into the subject and design an unusual set of human experiments. This chapter reviews his experimental setup and surprising results.
The Rash
Authors: Craig Errol
Published: May 2022

Scabies has been called ‘at once the easiest and most difficult diagnosis in dermatology’. In its quintessential form, it is not hard to recognize. Patients and their family members present with severe itch, often worse at night, with burrows predominantly on the hands, wrists, and often genitals. There is no other skin disease quite like it in this regard. Dermatologist and nondermatologist alike, as well as medical student or other medical professional, can often quickly recognize scabies. Even the lay public can diagnose scabies when the presentation is classic. However, when all the clues are not in place or there is contradictory or misleading information, the picture can be much more confusing. This chapter describes the classical features of scabies and the method of diagnosis. The chapter also covers a variety of complex scabies scenarios including scabies in institutional settings (such as nursing homes) as well as scabies in immunocompromised individuals.
Epidemiology
Authors: Craig Errol
Published: May 2022

All humans can get scabies but various groups of populations tend to be at higher risk. The most immediate and primitive defence against scabies is the fingernail. Thus those who, for one reason or other, cannot or do not scratch tend to be at increased risk for contracting scabies. This includes the very young, the very old, the developmentally delayed, the institutionalized, or those with diminished immune responsiveness. Both ends of the human lifespan are particularly susceptible to scabies. Scabies can run rampant under various scenarios, such as during wartime or other conditions of misery. A vignette detailing an outbreak in 2019 at an immigrant detention facility in Texas near the Mexican border is provided as a poignant and very modern example. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of scabies as well as how certain groups of people are more prone to scabies than are others.
Jackson’s Developing Theories of Brain Organization and Ferrier’s Experimental Results, 1870–1874
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

In 1870 in Berlin, Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig found reproducible motor stimulation sites in the anterior cerebral cortices of dogs. However, Jackson apparently did not know about this until the spring of 1873, when David Ferrier in England performed experiments that confirmed (1) Jackson’s conception of focal epileptic discharges, and (2) the findings of Fritsch and Hitzig. Ferrier was explicit about that order of importance. He quickly extended his experiments to monkeys and thereby initiated the concept of the motor strip in primates. For Jackson, Ferrier provided further impetus toward motor localization in the cortices and to his developing ideas about the cortical localization of all epileptic seizures. Spencer’s evolutionary outlook was another, similar impetus. From it Jackson developed his conceptions of (1) increasingly complex, sensori-motor representation and ‘re-representation’ in ascending levels of the neuraxis, and (2) retrograde ‘dissolution’ to lower levels of function in impaired brains. Both conceptions involved release of lower levels from control by higher ones. From his studies of aphasia, including the phenomenon of hemispheric language dominance, Jackson postulated a ‘duality’ (‘doubleness’) of brain organization for the simultaneous processing of words and images. His model utilized both hemispheres in complementary mechanisms.
I’m always afraid
Authors: Rueda-Lara Maria , Crocco Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2022

Both symptomatic anxiety and anxiety disorders are common in older individuals and are often associated with medical conditions as causes and comorbidities. Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder in older individuals. Anxiety is also commonly comorbid with depression and with neurocognitive disorders. A thorough history for medical comorbidities and iatrogenic causes is a cornerstone of management and requires coordination with primary care physicians. Psychotherapeutic approaches, including psychoeducation, insight-oriented therapy, and cognitive–behavioral therapy, should be considered first-line treatment options. Antidepressants are considered the first line of medication management. Benzodiazepines, while efficacious in managing acute anxiety, should be used highly cautiously.