bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Estados falidos” enquanto discurso colonial
Authors: Toledo Aureo
Published: April 2020

O artigo analisa a categoria “estado falido” conforme apresentada nos documentos de política externa dos EUA durante o governo George W. Bush (2001-2009) com o objetivo de compreender como tal situação foi concebida como um evento de natureza essencialmente doméstica. A hipótese que orienta o trabalho é que mediante premissas do Institucionalismo da Escolha Racional, o dito fracasso estatal pode ser compreendido como decorrente de problemas eminentemente institucionais, sendo julgado à luz do desenvolvimento político e econômico ocidental. Como resultado, temos uma narrativa semelhante à ideia de Discurso Colonial, tal como desenvolvida por Edward Said e Homi Bhabha, que constrói o colonizado como população degenerada cujos problemas se originam de questões raciais e que justificam a conquista e o estabelecimento de sistemas administrativos para controle.Recebido em: agosto de 2019Aceito em: fevereiro de 2020
A ambivalência da política externa chinesa e o programa nuclear da Coreia do Norte
Authors: Dias Bruna Miranda , Jesus Junior Helvécio De
Published: April 2020

O presente estudo busca analisar a relação China-Coreia do Norte e como a questão nuclear contribuiu para moldar a forma com que a política externa chinesa é implementada na região ao longo dos anos. Essa relação, que teve seu início marcado com a Guerra da Coreia, pode ser vista através de uma série de pensamentos convencionais e que ao longo do tempo serviram para explicar a maneira ambivalente como a China se portou para com a Coreia do Norte. Não obstante, após mais de uma década de testes com Armas de Destruição em Massa norte-coreanos, o modo pelo qual os assuntos de segurança internacional se desenvolveram fez com que esses pensamentos se tornassem insuficientes para explicar o comportamento de uma China, que agora ocupa uma posição de grande potência mundial, e possui maior responsabilidade para com a comunidade internacional, dada a ameaça que a República Democrática Popular da Coreia (RDPC) passou a representar.
Benita, la ejemplaridad del relato de resistencia
Authors: Mateos Gómez Sofia
Published: May 2020

This article consists of an interpretation of Benita Galeana’s autobiography, Benita, as a ‘resistance story’ with an exemplary potential. We consider two aspects of exemplarity: its persuasive effects (as evidence) and its capacity of establishing a model for action. And we propose an analysis of Benita’s exemplarity based on the construction of the main character as a hero and as a victim.
Penilaian Risiko K3 dengan Metode HIRARC
Authors: Triswandana Erick
Published: April 2020

The Work of Building F3 in the Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences (FKIK) Warmadewa University applied SMK3 to the construction process. Risk identification and assessment have not used the HIRARC method as a basis for mitigation. From this problem, the author considers it necessary to carry out a K3 risk assessment using the HIRARC method to know the potential hazard value of the construction work. Using descriptive quantitative research methods for the approach to risk identification using HIRARC is used to rank each risk. The results of the analysis explained the percentage of high-risk work rankings of each work item including earthworks having a rate of 20%, foundation work by 25%, structural work by 30%, roof work by 31%, finishing work by 25%, electrical work, and plumbing by 12%. While from a total of 65 risks identified, it is known that 25% risk has a high-risk rating, 43% risk has a moderate risk rating, and 32% of threats has a low-risk rating.Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gedung F3 Fakultas Kedokteran Ilmu Kesehatan (FKIK) Universitas Warmadewa menerapkan SMK3 pada proses konstruksinya. Identifikasi dan penilaian risikonya belum menggunakan metode HIRARC sebagai landasan melakukan mitigasi. Dari permasalahan itu, penulis menganggap perlu melakukan assessment risiko K3 menggunakan metode HIRARC dengan tujuan mengetahui potensi nilai bahaya pekerjaan konstruksi tersebut. Menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, dilakukan pendekatan terhadap identifikasi risiko menggunakan HIRARC untuk memperoleh peringkat setiap risikonya. Hasil analisis menerangkan besarnya persentase peringkat pekerjaan risiko tinggi dari masing masing item pekerjaan diantaranya pekerjaan tanah memiliki persentase sebesar 20%, pekerjaan pondasi sebesar 25%, pekerjaan struktur sebesar 30%, pekerjaan atap sebesar 31%, pekerjaan finishingsebesar 25%, pekerjaan elektrical dan plumbing sebesar 12%. Sedangkan dari total 65 risiko yang teridentifikasi, diketahui bahwa sebesar 25% risiko memiliki peringkat tinggi,  43% memiliki peringkat sedang, dan 32% memiliki peringkat rendah.
PERBANDINGAN DAYA DUKUNG TIANG PANCANG BERDASARKAN PENGUJIAN CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) DAN STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) PADA TANAH BERPASIR
Authors: Basoka I Wayan Ariyana
Published: April 2020

Design of building structure always related to the foundation, field testing is often done to test the bearing capacity of the soil in the form of a cone penetration test (CPT) and a standard penetration test (SPT). From the two field tests that are often done, it is necessary to research the amount of bearing capacity obtained through CPT and SPT data. This study uses a bearing capacity analysis of the pile foundation using CPT and SPT data in Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by comparing the bearing capacity of pile foundations using pile foundations with dimensions of 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm at a level of 10 meters. The results of the bearing capacity percentage are then compared. From the analysis conducted, the bearing capacity of pile foundations using CPT data has a higher value than the carrying capacity of poles using SPT data with a bearing capacity difference of 10,4-16,3%.Perancangan suatu struktur erat kaitannya dengan fondasi, pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan untuk mengetahui daya dukung fondasi berupa cone penetration test (CPT) dan standard penetration test (SPT). Dari dua pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan, maka perlu dilakukan dilakukan penelitian mengenai seberapa besar perbedaan hasil daya dukung yang diperoleh melalui data CPT dan SPT. Penelitian ini melakukan perbandingan analisis daya dukung fondasi tiang dengan menggunakan data CPT dan SPT di Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan fondasi tiang berdimensi 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, dan 30 cm pada kedalaman 10 meter. Hasil persentase daya dukung yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan. Dari analisis yang dilakukan, diperoleh daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan data CPT memiliki nilai lebih tinggi daripada daya dukung tiang menggunakan data SPT dengan perbedaan daya dukung 10,4-16,3%.
Patients’ expectations with regard to the quality of orthopedic medical care
Authors: Marcon Lucas Antônio Ferraz , Moura Bruno Arnaldo Bonacin , Silva João Luiz Vieira da , Souza Eduardo Dias de , Buss Eduardo Hubbe
Published: May 2020

Objective: To assess, through the Surgical and Medical Experience Questionnaire translated and adapted into Portuguese, the opinions and expectations of patients with regard to the treatment protocols and medical training of the foot and ankle orthopedic specialist. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study assessed, through the application of a questionnaire, the opinions and expectations of patients with regard to orthopedic protocols adopted by the foot and ankle specialist. Results: One hundred and thirty patients were selected. Among the participants, 33.8% were male and 66.2% female. The predominant characteristics of a good physician were good outcomes, according to 31% of the participants, followed by quality of care according to 28.6%, and qualities of a good surgeon, chosen by 27.6%. Approximately 89% of patients do not conduct any research on their physician. Correlation was found between the study level and the choice of physician. Conclusion: The demand for physicians with highly specialized skills has increased over the years. It is evident that in the case of better educated patients, a physician’s resume is much more important, unlike less educated patients. It is possible to observe that, for patients, there are still multiple barriers and variables. Level of Evidence V, Therapeutic Study; Expert Opinion.
Achilles tendon reconstruction combining a modified Dresden technique and endoscopic flexor hallucis longus transfer
Authors: Silva Felipe , Chaparro Felipe , I Escudero Mario , Ortiz Cristian , Carcuro Giovanni , J Pellegrini Manuel
Published: May 2020

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe a minimally invasive chronic Achilles tendon rupture reconstruction combining a modified Dresden technique and endoscopic flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer. Methods: Our prospectively collected database was queried for patients presenting with chronic Achilles tendon rupture. Patients were included if they presented any of the following criteria: more than 65 years of age, history of previous DVT, active smoking habit and Diabetes. Pre and post-operative SF-36 and AOFAS hindfoot scores, complications, and patient satisfaction grades were recorded. Results: Eight patients met the inclusion criteria; the median age was 49 years old (range 22 - 67 years). Two complications were registered (sural neuritis and minor wound dehiscence). Mean AOFAS score increased from 48 (range 40 - 63) to 91,6 (range 85 - 95). Regarding SF-36 score, the SFF-36 improved from 51,6 to 79,3 points and the SFM-36 enhance from 25 to 61,5 points. All patients evaluated their satisfaction regarding the performed procedure as satisfactory. Conclusion: Chronic Achilles tendon rupture reconstruction combining a modified Dresden technique and endoscopic FHL transfer is an attractive option in high-risk patients, with favorable results at the short-term follow-up. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Study; Case Series.
“Double-bundle” tibialis anterior tendon transfer for prevention of pes equinus after Chopart amputation
Authors: Massari Daniel Maricondi , Figueiredo Marcio Gomes , Ignácio Helencar , Guirado Rafael , Ribeiro Filho Wilisson , Alvarenga José Alexandre Lopes da Silva
Published: May 2020

Objective: Assess patient performance and quality of the stump after amputation at the Chopart (midtarsal) joint, with double-bundle transfer of the tibialis anterior muscle tendon to the talar neck. Methods: This study evaluated the medical records of 5 patients who underwent Chopart amputation with double-bundle transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon to the talar neck, assessing pre and postoperative performance and gait. Results: The patients were operated on between January 2008 and December 2018, and the data obtained from the survey allow us to conclude that, after the proposed procedure, all patients reported an improvement in walking, besides noting a significant reduction in the degree of stump equinus. Conclusion: The surgical technique described in this article produced a significant improvement in patient performance as assessed by the AOFAS hindfoot score, and prevented the formation of ulcers in the anterior region of the stump. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Study; Case Series.
Сравнительное исследование реологических свойств и морфологии топических препаратов в лекарственных формах крем или мазь для наружного применения
Authors: Задымова Наталья Михайловна , Потешнова Мария Викторовна , Морковин Евгений Игоревич
Published: April 2020

Целью данной работы стало сравнительное изучение реологических свойств и морфологии оригинальных и воспроизведенных кремов и мазей для накожного применения, содержащих в качестве действующих веществ метилпреднизолона ацепонат, комбинацию бетаметазона дипропионата, гентамицина сульфата и клотримазола. Для препаратов при помощи реометра при различных температурах получены кривые течения и вязкости, тиксотропные реограммы, зависимости от частоты модулей упругости и вязкости. Дополнительно проводили микроскопическую оценку морфологии препаратов. Наиболее существенные различия реологических и морфологических свойств выявили между кремами Тридерм и Акридерм ГК или Канизон плюс, мазями Тридерм и Акридерм ГК. Мази Адвантан и Комфодерм относились к различным классам дисперсных систем, в связи с чем их морфология и реологические свойства существенно различались.
Идентификация и одновременное определение действующих веществ в препаратах Септолете, Калгель, Новосепт Форте методом жидкостной хроматомасс-спектрометрии
Authors: Амелин Василий Григорьевич , Большаков Дмитрий Сергеевич
Published: April 2020

Разработана методика одновременного определения и идентификации действующих веществ препаратов Септолете, Калгель, Новосепт Форте (цетилпиридиния хлорида, бензидамина, бензокаина, лидокаина и тетракаина) с использованием метода ультравысокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографиии в сочетании с времяпролетной масс-спектрометрией высокого разрешения. Идентификация проведена по времени удерживания аналита, точной массе иона и по совпадению изотопного распределения mSigma. Пределы обнаружения и пределы определения составили 0,001 – 0,005 и 0,005 – 0,01 нг/мл соответственно для всех рассматриваемых аналитов. Диапазоны определяемых содержаний — 0,01 – 50 и 0,005 – 10 нг/мл. Методика проверена на реальных препаратах. Относительное стандартное отклонение результатов анализа не превышало 0,05.
Влияние нейроглутама на половое поведение и фертильность крыс самок
Authors: Бугаева Любовь Ивановна , Кузубова Елена Александровна , Мальцев Михаил Васильевич , Лаврова Елена Борисовна , Денисова Татьяна Дмитриевна , Мазанова Юлия Александровна , Тюренков Иван Николаевич , Багметова Виктория Владимировна
Published: April 2020

В экспериментах на крысах-самках изучено влияние нового соединения нейроглутам (гидрохлорид бета-фенилглутаминовой кислоты) с анксиолитической и антидепрессивной активностью на половое поведение и фертильность крыс-самок при 2-недельном внутрижелудочном введении в дозах 26 мг/кг (доза, в которой наиболее выражены нейропсихотропные эффекты нейроглутама) и 650 мг/кг (25-кратное увеличение эффективной дозы). Установлено отсутствие существенного влияния нейроглутама в дозе 650 мг/кг на половое поведение и фертильность крыс самок. Выявлено наличие мягкого активирующего влияния изучаемого соединения в дозе 26 мг/кг на половое поведение, которое выражалось в увеличении длительности половой активности у самок (на 12,3 %, p < 0,01) и увеличении у них количества лордозов, свидетельствующих о готовности самок к спариванию с самцами (на 9,3 %, p > 0,05). При этом у оплодотворенных самок, получавших нейроглутам в дозе 26 мг/кг, практически не изменялся индекс беременности и количество желтых тел в яичниках, но имелась тенденция к снижению плодовитости (на 16,7 %, p > 0,05) и увеличению до- и постимплантационной гибели плодов (в среднем на 30 %, p > 0,05), однако данные изменения были статистически незначимыми и не выходили за рамки физиологической нормы, что позволяет сделать заключение об отсутствии негативного влияния нейроглутама на половое поведение и фертильность крыс-самок.
Психофармакологические свойства гармина гидрохлорида в эксперименте
Authors: Адекенов С. М. , Салимов Р. М. , Абаимов Денис Александрович , Сариев А. К. , Ковалёв Г. И.
Published: April 2020

В экспериментах на мышах-самцах линии C57Bl/6 c помощью стандартных психофармакологических тестов «Закрытый крестообразный лабиринт» и «Скользкая воронка» проведен первичный скрининг гидрохлорида гармина на наличие психотропной активности. В условиях однократного и субхронического введения внутрь в дозах 2,5, 5 и 10 мг/кг гармина гидрохлорид проявил антидепрессивную активность в условиях неизбегаемой ситуации теста «Скользкая воронка». Результаты позволяют предположить наличие у гармина гидрохлорида свойств «мягкого» антидепрессанта (тимолептика).
Безопасность соединений из группы терпенов ментанового ряда in vitro и in vivo
Authors: Акулина Ирина Владимировна , Павлова Светлана Ивановна , Степаненко Ирина Семеновна , Карамова Назира Сунагатовна , Сергеев Александр Владиславович , Бусалаева Елена Исааковна
Published: April 2020

Проведено токсикологическое исследование соединений с антибактериальными свойствами из группы терпенов ментанового ряда в условиях in vitro и in vivo: лимонена (B34), его производного (+)-1,2-оксида лимонена (B60) и серосодержащего монотерпенового соединения 2-(1’-гидрокси-4’-изопренил-1’-метилциклогексил-2’-тио)метилэтаноата (B65). В условиях in vitro (культура опухолевых клеток HeLa) изучаемые монотерпены в диапазоне концентраций 2 – 200 мкг/мл обладали цитотоксичностью. Ингибирующая концентрация (ИК50) для B34 составила 231 (167 – 295) мкг/мл, для B60 – 181 (105 – 257) мкг/мл, ИК50 B65 – 229 (150 – 308) мкг/мл. Исследование генотоксичности показало, что B34 и B65 в диапазоне концентраций 50 – 1000 мкг/мл не индуцируют SOS мутагенез в клетках Escherichia coli PQ37, тогда как B60 в концентрациях 500 и 1000 мкг/мл проявляет генотоксичность. In vivo в остром эксперименте на беспородных мышах установлена низкая токсичность B34 и его производных при различных путях введения. Наименьший показатель острой токсичности имеет B65, в связи с чем дополнительно на крысах проведено изучение его хронической токсичности. Ежедневное внутрижелудочное введение B65 в разовых дозах, составляющих 1/10 и 1/20 ЛД50 (1000 мг/кг и 500 мг/кг), в течение 1 мес не вызывало гибели животных, значимых нарушений общего состояния, изменения динамики массы тела, морфопатологических изменений. Внутрижелудочное введение B65 крысам в высокой токсической дозе 2000 мг/кг (1/5 ЛД50) в течение месяца вызывает патоморфологические изменения структуры печени.
Антидепрессивная активность и потенциальные механизмы действия производного диазепинобензимидазола ДАБ-19
Authors: Спасов А. А. , Мальцев Д. В. , Мирошников Михаил Владимирович , Таран А. С. , Нурмагомедова Б. Р. , Скрипка М. О. , Кузьменко Т. А. , Морковник А. С. , Диваева Л. Н.
Published: April 2020

Изучена антидепрессивная активность 11-[4-трет-бутилбензил]-2,3,4,5-тетрагидро[1,3]диазепино[1,2-a]-бензимидазола гидробромида (ДАБ-19), и его возможных взаимодействий с ГАМК-рецепторами и основными катехоламинами ЦНС, а также моноаминоксидазной активности. По результатам проведенного исследования показано, что ДАБ-19 в дозе 2,34 мг/кг обладает умеренной антидепрессивной активностью на модели «Принудительное плавание по Porsolt», (78,0 ± 7,30) с для ДАБ-19 и (98,32 ± 11,54) с для группы контроля, и «Подвешивание за хвост», (110,1 ± 12,67) с для ДАБ-19 и (168,6 ± 10,2) с для контроля, на мышах (p ≤ 0,05). По результатам тестов «Апоморфиновая стереотипия» и «Стереотипия, обусловленная введением L-ДОФА» не было выявлено дофаминергической и моноаминоксидазной активности ДАБ-19 (p ≤ 0,05). Предположено наличие α2-адреноблокирующего и серотонинактивирующего действия изучаемой субстанции в тестах «5-Гидрокситриптофановый гиперкинез» и «Клофелиновая гипотермия». Антагонизм ДАБ-19 в дозе 2,34 мг/кг с флумазенилом (1 мг/кг) свидетельствует о связи психотропной активности ДАБ-19 с ГАМК-бензодиазепиновым рецепторным комплексом: время, проведенное животными в светлом рукаве для ДАБ-19 составило (78,6 ± 12,13) с, для ДАБ-19 + флумазенил — (6,7 ± 4,59) с (p ≤ 0,05).
Formación docente y “recuperación” de la lengua: el caso de los jóvenes Qom de Colonia Aborigen
Authors: Romero Massobrio Lucía
Published: April 2020

Durante los últimos treinta años, se forman docentes interculturales bilingüesen la Provincia de Chaco. Jóvenes de las comunidades qom, wichi y moqoit estudian en el Centro de Investigación y Formación para la Modalidad Aborigen para desempeñarse como docentes en las escuelas que implementan la modalidad EBI. Debido a que los estudiantes ingresan con competencias diversas en las lenguas indígenas, la institución se constituye en un espacio de revitalización lingüística. En este artículo, nos interesa el caso particular de los estudiantes oriundos de Colonia Aborigen Chaco. Este grupo de jóvenes qom posee escasos conocimientos de la lengua de su comunidad.A partir del análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas y de datos aportados por cuestionarios sociolingüísticos recogidos en el CIFMA, nos proponemos explorar los sentidos que este grupo construye en torno a la lengua, su “pérdida” y “recuperación”. Con este análisis, pretendemos caracterizar la categoría nativa recuperantes que se utiliza para describir al grupo, buscando su especificidad en relación a otras categorías sociolingüísticas semejantes, como pueden ser “los nuevos hablantes”europeos (Pujolar et al., 2015) y “los bilingües emergentes"del Perú (Zavala et al., 2014). Según nuestro análisis, los recuperantes presentan particularidades ligadas a la historia de su pueblo y a la violencia estatal, así como una relación estrecha entre revitalización de la lengua qom y la formación docente.
اثر استراتيجية الزوايا الاربعة في تحصيل مادة اللغة والادب الكردي عند طالبات الصف الرابع الادبي والاحتفاظ به
Authors: عبد الكريم احمد مهاباد , علي دارا زينب
Published: May 2020

يرمي البحث الحالي التعرف على اثر استخدام استراتيجية الزوايا الاربعة في تحصيل مادة اللغة والأدب الكردي عند طالبات الصف الرابع الأدبي والاحتفاظ به ، ولتحقيق هدف البحث اختارت الباحثتان بصورة قصدية طالبات الصف الرابع الادبي لتكون ميدان لتطبيق تجربتهما، وقد بلغ عدد افراد العينة (60) طالبة تم توزيعهم عشوائياً الى مجموعتين مجموعة تجريبية دُرست باستراتيجية الزوايا الاربعة وتألفت (30) طالبة ومجموعة ضابطة دُرست بالطريقة التقليدية وتألفت من (30 ) طالبة ايضاً ، كافأت الباحثة بين مجموعتي البحث في متغير(العمر الزمني محسوبا بالشهور، درجات مادة  اللغة الكردية في الكورس الاول ، درجات اختبار الذكاء)  حددت الباحثتان المادة العلمية التي ستدرس لطالبات مجموعتي البحث في اثناء التجربة وهي عدد من موضوعات كتاب

( اللغة والادب الكردي ) المقرر تدريسه لطالبات الصف الرابع الادبي ، صاغت الباحثتان الاهداف السلوكية , واعدتا خططاً تدريسية لموضوعات القواعد في ضوء محتوى الكتاب والاهداف السلوكية المصاغة ، واستغرقت التجربة فصلاً دراسياً كاملاً، قامت خلالها مدرسة المادة بتدريس مجموعتي البحث ،  وقد اتسم بالصدق واستخرج ثباته بمعادلة ( كيودر ريتشاردسون )

             وبلغ معامل ثباته (  0،83  ) وعند تحليل النتائج احصائياً باستعمال الاختبار التائي T–test ) ) تبين ان هناك فرقاً ذا دلالة احصائية لصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستراتيجية  الزوايا الاربعة على المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة التقليدية ، واظهرت النتائج تفوق طالبات المجموعة التجريبية اللاتي درسن مادة القواعد وفق استراتيجية الزوايا الاربعة على طالبات المجموعة الضابطة التي دُرست بالطريقة التقليدية ..
STANDAR ATRIBUT AUDITOR INTERNAL DAN ISU ETIKA
Authors: Masturoh Imas , Arianti Irna , Hamidah Siti , Revina Whiki , Silvia Hanna Dwi
Published: April 2020

Dalam setiap unit bisnis atau perusahaan pastinya sangat menyadari bahwa mengetahui keadaan bisnis dan keuangan perusahaan secara jelas merupakan sesuatu hal yang sangat penting. Dengan begitu, unit bisnis atau perusahaan dapat memberikan penilaian ulang terhadap semua strategi yang diterapkan, dan menjadikan acuan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dapat membawa perusahaan tumbuh kembang ke arah yang lebih baik.Pembentukan satuan kerja audit internal dilakukan oleh perusahaan untuk mengoptimalkan pengendalian dan pengelolaan risiko dalam ruang lingkup internal perusahaan, termasuk menghindari fraud yang mungkin dapat dilakukan oleh beberapa pihak yang terlibat dalam manajemen perusahaan. Sehingga seorang auditor yang tergabung dalam satuan kerja audit internal harus siap dalam menghadapi semua tantangan untuk terus memperbaiki kinerjanya guna memberikan nilai tambah yang lebih bagi organsasi dan mampu melampaui ekspektasi dari para pemangku kepentingan.Standar yang diterbitkan oleh The IIA (2016) merupakan acuan praktek audit internal di berbagai organisasi baik yang berorientasi bisnis maupun nirlaba, termasuk sektor publik. Standar praktek audit internal yang dimaksud terdiri atas dua kategori, yaitu : Standar Atribut dan Standar Kinerja.Adapun Jenis Standar Atribut Audit Internal terdiri dari Piagam Audit Internal dan Independensi dan Objektivitas. Nilai Etika Menurut Elder, dkk (2011) dalam (Purnamasari & Hernawati, 2017) Etika merupakan perangkat prinsip moral atau nilai. Setiap orang mempunyai seperangkat nilai dan norma dalam dirinya, seperti: keadilan, kejujuran, loyalitas, kepedulian kepada orang lain, mematuhi janji dan lain sebagainya.Kode Etik Auditor Internal Merupakan seperangkat nilai atau norma atau kaidah atau prinsip tertulis untuk mengatur atau menata perilaku auditor internal dalam profesinya. Zamzami, dkk (2013) Tujuan Kode etik adalah untuk mengembangkan budaya etik didalam profesi audit internal. Setiap individu maupun entitas organisasi yang menyediakan jasa audit internal harus bisa menerapkan kode etik. Pada IIA, yang dimaksud dengan “audit internal” adalah anggota IIA, yaitu penerima sertifikat profesinal IIA (CIA, CGAP, CCSA dan CFSA) dan kandidat penerima sertifikat-sertifikat tersebut. dalam peraturan yang dibuat oleh panduan administrasi dan IIA dijelaskan bahwa penyimpangan auditor internal terhadap kode etik akan dievaluasi dalam peraturan tersebut.
"HARUS"
Authors: pratama Muhammad Eko
Published: April 2020

makalah ini dibuat supaya para pembaca mengerti apa itu hardware
COVID - 19 infection: Angiotensin II has a major role in the mortality rate. Low dose of inhaled Nitric oxide may be the treatment.
Authors: Elsaid Ahmed Samy , Elsaid Iman Samy
Published: April 2020

Since who characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic, all scientists and clinicians studied the viral effects on the various organs and tissues of the infected patients. The virus irreversible binding to the ACE2 in the target cell in the lungs is the first step of the viral deleterious pathway to invade the target tissues. As the virus replicates and its number increase, the ACE2 in lung type II alveolar cells become inactive. ACE2 is also located in the arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs. ACE2 is the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin (1–7). The accumulated angiotensin II has a paracrine effect in the pulmonary system in increasing the mean pulmonary pressure and vasoconstriction affect the lungs. One of the suggested treatments is the use of low dose inhaled nitric oxide, which has minimal systemic effects. Treatment with low dose inhaled Nitric oxide can be done first to preserve the patient's condition and as a quick solution at first, and then inject him with angiotensin (1,7) for varying periods to maintain the rate of angiotensin II / angiotensin (1,7) which will provide two antagonists to the angiotensin II to decrease its effect on the infected tissue. In addition, this will increase the blood flow to the infected tissue, which will decrease the virus effect and will enhance the immune response. The nitric oxide usage will also increase the immune response, which will lower the infection period. Angiotensin (1,7) has anti - angiotensin II effect and should be used as a potential treatment.
Building a Distributed Virtual Laboratory Adjacent to Academia
Authors: Alicea Bradly
Published: April 2020

A number of contemporary forces have conspired to drive highly-competent academics away from the academy. The vagaries of departmental hiring, institutional conservatism, and growth in the number of researchers versus available positions have displaced talent and innovation. Enter the alt-academic institution: small-scale institutions engaged in academic research in niche areas that are not viable at conventional institutions. I will introduce the reader to a specialized type of alt-academic institution by discussing their economics, organizational structure, and approach to collaboration/mentorship. Additionally, innovations such as infrastructural innovation, open access pipelines with version control, heterarchical organization, and a flexible contribution philosophy have made such institutions possible. The main subjects for this point of view article will be the OpenWorm Foundation (http://openworm.org/) and the Orthogonal Research and Education Laboratory (https://orthogonal-research.weebly.com/). Readers are also provided with an account of institutional challenges, from article/book access to encouraging collaborative participation. As recent financial crises and pandemics have made clear, we need robust alternative institutions to overcome challenges to the pure research enterprise. Distributed virtual alt-academic institutions can also serve to increase diversity and overall participation in the research enterprise. This has positive consequences for science literacy and discovery more generally.
Humans share task load with a computer partner if (they believe that) it acts human-like
Authors: Wahn Basil , Kingstone Alan
Published: April 2020

In the near future humans will increasingly be required to cooperate and share task load with artificial agents in joint tasks as they will be able to greatly assist humans in various types of tasks and contexts. In the present study, we investigated humans’ willingness to share task load with a computer partner in a joint visuospatial task. The partner was described as either behaving in a human-like or machine-like way and followed a pre-defined behaviour that was either human-like or non-human-like. We found that participants successfully shared task load when the partner behaved in a human-like way. Critically, the successful collaboration was sustained throughout the experiment only when the partner was also described as behaving in a human-like way beforehand. These findings suggest that not only the behaviour of a computer partner but also the prior description of the partner is a critical factor influencing humans’ willingness to share task load.
Momentary Dynamics of Emotion-Based Impulsivity: Exploring Associations with Dispositional Measures of Externalizing and Internalizing Psychopathology
Authors: Sperry Sarah Havens , Sharpe Brinkley M. , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: April 2020

Emotion-based impulsivity has emerged as an important transdiagnostic risk factor for both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. However, it is unclear how this dynamic process unfolds within individuals. We measured urgency within-persons as the momentary association between impulsivity and contemporaneous negative and positive affect in four ecological momentary assessment samples (N=233[16,202 observations]; N=302[11,360]; N=311[17,517]; N=291[20,297]) that span clinical, community, and student populations. Based on reflexive responding to emotion (RRE) and urgency frameworks, we hypothesized a) that significant individual differences in the dynamic association between affect and impulsivity would emerge, and b) that individual differences in positive and negative urgency pathways would be associated with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. Within-person associations between negative affect and impulsivity consistently emerged; however, the association between positive affect and impulsivity was inconsistent across samples. Although average effects were small, significant individual differences existed in both urgency pathways. Consistent with prior studies, within-person urgency pathways were unassociated with global or dispositional measures of impulsivity. Contrary to expectation, within-person urgency was also unassociated with between-person measures of either internalizing or externalizing psychopathology. Yet, robust associations were seen between the same measures and average levels of momentary impulsivity and negative affect. We discuss results in terms of their relevance to both urgency and RRE frameworks and propose future directions to help disentangle emotion-based impulsivity and psychopathology in the moment.
COVID-19 Data: The Logarithmic Scale Misinforms the Public and Affects Policy Preferences
Authors: Romano Alessandro , Sotis Chiara , Dominioni Goran , Guidi Sebastián
Published: April 2020

Mass media routinely present data on COVID-19 diffusion using either a log scale or a linear scale. We show that the scale adopted on these graphs has important consequences on how people understand and react to the information conveyed. In particular, we find that when we show the number of COVID-19 related deaths on a logarithmic scale, people have a less accurate understanding of how the pandemic has developed, make less accurate predictions on its evolution, and have different policy preferences than when they are exposed to a linear scale. Consequently, merely changing the scale can alter public policy preferences and the level of worry, despite the fact that people are exposed to a lot of COVID-19 related information. Reducing misinformation can help improving the response to COVID-19, thus, mass media and policymakers should always describe the evolution of the pandemic using a graph on a linear scale, or at least they should show both scales. More generally, our results confirm that policymakers should not only care about what information to communicate, but also about how to do it, as even small differences in data framing can have a significant impact.
A Bayesian multilevel analysis of the longitudinal associations between relationship quality and suicidal ideation and attempts among youth with bipolar disorder
Authors: Sewall Craig , Girard Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBackground: Youth with bipolar disorder (BD) are at high risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors and frequently experience interpersonal impairment, which is a risk factor for suicide. Yet, no study to date has examined the longitudinal associations between relationship quality in family/peer domains and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among youth with BD. Thus, we investigated how between-person differences--reflecting the average relationship quality across time--and within-person changes, reflecting recent fluctuations in relationship quality, act as distal and/or proximal risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts. Methods: We used longitudinal data from the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth Study (N=413). Relationship quality variables were decomposed into stable (i.e. average) and varying (i.e. recent) components and entered, along with major clinical covariates, into separate Bayesian multilevel models predicting SI and suicide attempt. We also examined how the relationship quality effects interacted with age and sex. Results: Poorer average relationship quality with parents (β= -0.33, 95% Bayesian Highest Density Interval (HDI) [-0.54, -0.11]) or friends (β= -0.33, 95% HDI [-0.55, -0.11]) were longitudinally associated with increased risk of SI but not suicide attempt. Worsening recent relationship quality with parents (β= -0.10, 95% HDI [-0.19, -0.03]) and, to a lesser extent, friends (β= -0.06, 95% HDI [-0.15, 0.03]), were also longitudinally associated with increased risk of SI. Worsening recent relationship quality with parents may also be associated with increased risk of suicide attempt (β= -0.13, 95% HDI [-0.29, 0.03]). The effects of certain relationship quality variables were moderated by gender but not age. Conclusions: Among youth with BD, having poorer average relationship quality with peers and/or parents represents a distal risk factor for SI but not suicide attempts. Additionally, worsening recent relationship quality with parents that is may be a time-sensitive indicator of increased risk for SI or suicide attempt.
COVID-19-Related Anxiety Predicts Somatic Symptoms in the UK Population
Authors: Shevlin Mark , Nolan Emma , Owczarek Marcin , McBride Orla , Murphy Jamie , Gibson Miller Jilly , Hartman Todd K. , Levita Liat , Mason Liam , Martinez Anton Philipp , McKay Ryan , Stocks Thomas Victor Arthur , Bennett Kate Mary , Hyland Philip , Bentall Richard
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to estimate the association between anxiety associated with COVID-19 and somatic symptoms, using data from a large, representative sample (N=2025) of the UK adult population. Results showed that moderate to high levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19 were significantly associated with general somatic symptoms, and in particular with gastrointestinal and fatigue symptoms. This pattern of associations remained significant after controlling for generalised anxiety disorder, pre-existing health problems, age, gender and income. This is the first evidence that anxiety associated with COVID-19 makes a unique contribution to somatisation, above and beyond the effect of generalised anxiety disorder.
Emotion processing and regulation in major depressive disorder: A 7T resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Ebneabbasi Amir , Mahdipour Mostafa , Nejati Vahid , Li Meng , Liebe Thomas , Colic Lejla , Leutritz Anna Linda , Vogel Matthias , Zarei Mojtaba , Walter Martin , Tahmasian Masoud
Published: April 2020

Dysfunctions in bottom-up emotion processing (EP), as well as top-down emotion regulation (ER) are prominent features in pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Nonetheless, it is not clear whether EP- and ER-related areas are regionally and/or connectively disturbed, and how they are interactively linked to abnormal affective symptoms of MDD. In this study, regional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) of meta-analytic-driven EP- and ER-related seeds were compared between 20 MDD patients and 32 healthy subjects. Then, we investigated whether the regulatory behavior can be predicted by the ALFF of EP-related seeds, and also whether this prediction is mediated by the ALFF of ER-related seeds. Finally, correlation between depression severity, ALFF and FC of EP- and ER-related seeds was assessed. We found that: (i) MDD is associated with regional/connectivity alterations of EP- and ER-related areas; (ii) the predictive relationship between elevated EP and weaker regulatory behavior is mediated by diminished ER in MDD; (iii) depression severity is correlated with FC of EP- and ER- related areas. Our findings shed new light on neural correlates of EP and ER in MDD.
What Employers Want from Interns: Demand-Side Trends in the Internship Market
Authors: Shandra Carrie
Published: April 2020

Internships have become a ubiquitous component of the college-career transition, yet empirical evidence of the internship market is limited. This study uses data from 1.3 million internship postings collected between 2007-2016 in the United States to (1) identify trends in internship education, experience, and skill requirements over the Great Recession and recovery periods; (2) evaluate how these trends correspond to those observed in the traditional labor market; and (3) assess robustness across labor market sectors. Results indicate that internship education and skill requirements increased substantially throughout the recession and recovery periods, indicative of a longer-term structural shift in employer expectations about internship hiring. Additionally, growth in internship education and skill requirements largely outpaced growth in non-internship education and skill requirements over the same period, suggesting potential substitution of non-interns with interns. Post-recession employers still consider internships to be entry-level positions—yet now expect interns to have skills in hand.
Representative Classification of Teacher’s Perceptions of Externalizing Behaviors
Authors: Bagneris Jessica
Published: April 2020

*This report was prepared as part of course requirements for SOW 6938 and has not been submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Background: This study aimed to identify what contributors influenced whether a teacher observed externalizing behaviors among fourth-grade children. Methods: Data was obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies (ECLS) Program data set provided by the National Center for Education Statistics. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was conducted to determine the relative importance of the varying factors that were attributed to externalizing behaviors. Results: The CART analysis revealed that teacher classification of children as exhibiting externalizing problem behaviors was influenced by internalizing problem behaviors, race, and gender. Exhibiting internalizing behaviors was the most significant contributor. Lower internalizing behaviors were classified as lower externalizing behaviors. Higher internalizing behaviors were further classified by gender, with female students being less likely attributed to high externalizing behaviors. Male students were further classified by race; Caucasian and Hispanic male students were classified with lower externalizing behaviors than African American students. Caucasian and Hispanic students were then classified by internalizing behaviors, with higher internalizing behaviors being classified toward higher externalizing behaviors. Conclusion: The findings are supported by the extant literature stating that African American males are more often classified as exhibiting externalizing behaviors. Future implications for research and practice will be discussed.
Two energy suppliers are better than one: survey experiments on consumer engagement with local energy in GB
Authors: Watson Nicole Elizabeth , Huebner Gesche , Fell Michael James , Shipworth David
Published: April 2020

Usually consumers have a relationship with a single energy supplier. Increasingly, the option for consumers to retain their current supplier whilst taking on additional contracts with local suppliers is viewed as having the potential to support growth of local renewable energy. This study took a behavioural economic approach and conducted two pre-registered nationally representative survey experiments (n=1042, n=762). The main aims of the study were to assess the attractiveness of a multiple supplier model for British consumers and to understand the role of default effects and associated cognitive biases (loss-aversion, cognitive effort and implied endorsement) in consumers’ decisions to remain with incumbent suppliers. Results showed that participants were significantly more likely to engage with local energy suppliers under a multiple supplier model than the current single supplier model. In one experiment, consumers’ preference for adding a local supplier under a multiple supplier model was so strong that it overcame default effects. The perception that the supplier has been recommended (i.e. implied endorsement) was the most robust mechanism associated with remaining with default suppliers, suggesting that explicit endorsement of local suppliers may encourage engagement with the energy market. These findings suggest findings suggest that multiple supplier models are likely to be a promising avenue for driving the growth of local energy and opening opportunities for innovation in the British energy market.
Impacts of California Proposition 47 on Crime in Santa Monica, California
Authors: Crodelle Jennifer , Vallejo Celeste , Schmidtchen Markus , Topaz Chad M. , D'Orsogna Maria Rita
Published: April 2020

We examine patterns of reported crime in Santa Monica, California before and after the passage of Proposition 47, a 2014 initiative that reclassified some non-violent felonies as misdemeanors. We also investigate impacts of the opening of four new light rail stations in 2016 and of increased community-based policing starting in late 2018. Our statistical analyses of reclassified crimes — larceny, fraud, possession of narcotics, forgery, receiving/possessing stolen property — and non-reclassified ones are based on publicly available reported crime data from 2006 to 2019. These analyses examine reported crime at various levels: city-wide, within eight neighborhoods, and within a 450-meter radius of the new transit stations. Monthly reported reclassified crimes increased city-wide by approximately 15% after enactment of Proposition 47, with a significant drop observed in late 2018. Downtown exhibited the largest overall surge. Reported non-reclassified crimes fell overall by approximately 9%. Areas surrounding two new train stations, including Downtown, saw significant increases in reported crime after train service began. While reported reclassified crimes increased after passage of Proposition 47, non-reclassified crimes, for the most part, decreased or stayed constant, suggesting that Proposition 47 may have impacted reported crime in Santa Monica. Reported crimes decreased in late 2018 concurrent with the adoption of new community-based policing measures. Follow-up studies needed to confirm long-term trends may be challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic that drastically changed societal conditions. While our research detects changes in reported crime, it does not provide causative explanations. Our work, along with other considerations relevant to public utility, respect for human rights, and existence of socioeconomic disparities, may be useful to law enforcement and policymakers to assess the overall effect of Proposition 47.
Cognition according to Quantum information: Three Epistemological Puzzles Solved
Authors: Penchev Vasil Dinev
Published: May 2020

The cognition of quantum processes raises a series of questions about ordering and information connecting the states of one and the same system before and after measurement: Quantum measurement, quantum invariance and the nonlocality of quantum information are considered in the paper from an epistemological viewpoint.The adequate generalization of ‘measurement’ is discussed to involve the discrepancy, due to the fundamental Planck constant, between any quantum coherent state and its statistical representation as a statistical ensemble after measurement. Quantum invariance designates the relation of any quantum coherent state to the corresponding statistical ensemble of measured results.A set-theory corollary is the curious invariance to the axiom of choice: Any coherent state excludes any well-ordering and thus excludes also the axiom of choice. However the above equivalence requires it to be equated to a well-ordered set after measurement and thus requires the axiom of choice for it to be able to be obtained.Quantum invariance underlies quantum information and reveals it as the relation of an unordered quantum “much” (i.e. a coherent state) and a well-ordered “many” of the measured results (i.e. a statistical ensemble). It opens up to a new horizon, in which all physical processes and phenomena can be interpreted as quantum computations realizing relevant operations and algorithms on quantum information. All phenomena of entanglement can be described in terms of the so defined quantum information. Quantum invariance elucidates the link between general relativity and quantum mechanics and thus, the problem of quantum gravity.The nonlocality of quantum information unifies the exact position of any space-time point of a smooth trajectory and the common possibility of all space-time points due to a quantum leap. This is deduced from quantum invariance.Epistemology involves the relation of ordering and thus a generalized kind of information, quantum one, to explain the special features of the cognition in quantum mechanics.,