bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classrooms and the Design of Pedagogic Discourse: A Multimodal Approach
Authors: Jewitt Carey
Published: September 2005

This paper offers a social semiotic analysis of the school classroom, in this case the subject English classroom, as a material instantiation of pedagogic discourse. The classroom is looked at as a multimodal sign: the semiotic ‘residue’ or ‘sediment’ of discursive practices over time. In particular it discusses how visual displays and spatial design in the English classroom can be thought of as signs of school English. From this perspective a teacher’s classroom can be understood as a sign of how she or he mediates ‘official’ government and school discourse. Drawing on three illustrative examples of English classrooms from three different schools, the paper argues that the variation between these classrooms can be understood in part as a consequence of the complex web of social relations that mediate and institutionally frame pedagogy.
Students' Participation as Co-authoring of School Institutional Practices
Authors: Candela Antonia
Published: September 2005

The school, in occidental culture over the last 150 or 200 years, has been the main social institution that is in charge of educating new generations. Institutional practices are those that define the legitimate knowledge in the school, what learning is, and also the right ways of, the proper moments for and the people to be involved in knowledge construction; in other words the rights and obligations of the participants, as well as the adequate ways to construct this cultural process of instruction. These practices are usually constituted by the teachers as the legitimate academic authorities of the school as an institution. The notion of participation used in this article ‘stresses the inherently social, collective and distributed quality of any act of speaking’ (Duranti, 1997, p. 21). Authorship is understood as a collective responsibility for the shape and content of messages that shifts from individual speakers to particular types of participants’ frameworks. In this form, messages are collaboratively constructed and interpreted (Duranti, 1997, p. 314). This distributed responsibility of discourse production addresses the concept of co-authorship (Duranti & Brenneis, 1986) as a widespread phenomenon. The main purpose of this paper is to study students’ discursive participation in the co-authoring of institutional practices within science classes in the context in primary classrooms in Mexico City. This means paying attention to children’s initiatives in the constitution and legitimization of social practices in order to perform academic tasks. These forms of participation show the contribution of students in defining and negotiating their identity in classroom relationships.
Designing for Dialogue in Place of Teacher Talk and Student Silence
Authors: Hayes Renée , Matusov Eugene
Published: September 2005

Research in classrooms reveals that the institution of school is not an empty slate, but rather is characterized by peculiar patterns of interaction which tend to be short exchanges directed by the teacher. Language teachers who wish children to learn language by participating in extended meaningful conversation, then, must consciously resist institutionally defined ‘teacher talk’. In this paper we examine a case of extended conversation in a dual-language kindergarten for clues as to how the teacher and children were able to negotiate alternative ways of engaging each other in a conversation. The purpose of the paper is to reveal both challenges and approaches for teachers to design real-life conversations in a traditional school where rigid ‘teacher talk’ dominates the classroom discourse.
The Authoring of Institutional Practices: Discourse and Modes of Participation of Subjects
Authors: Smolka Ana Luiza Bustamante
Published: September 2005

In this text I consider authoring as a historically instituted and instituting social practice. The concept of author(ship)—as a social function concerning the action and identification of specific subjects in institutional places—is discussed in relation to authority (power position) and authorization ((dis)empowering position). I highlight Foucault’s and Bakhtin’s most relevant theoretical contributions to the issue, inquiring about the concrete possibilities and conditions of such practice. Within the scope of an empirical research developed with a group of students in a Brazilian public school, attention is drawn to the graduation ceremony as a commonplace within the school scenario. I focus my analyses on discursive practices, highlighting two speeches uttered at the ceremony as particular instances of authorship, and relate them to two students’ informal talk. The analyses point to the interplay of voices and positions in an intricate web of interpersonal relationships interwoven with/in and marked by the institutional loci.
Classroom Discourse and Culture: A Commentary on Institutional Practices
Authors: McNaughton Stuart
Published: September 2005

This collection illustrates several themes in recent classroom analyses using socio-cultural frameworks. The themes are concerned with how classroom research is moving beyond the well-established idea of classrooms as cultural sites which can provide endlessly fascinating opportunities for intensive investigations of patterns of talk, of rules of participation structures, and the like. What these papers add, firstly, are more directed analyses around multiple forms and functions of discourse patterns occurring in classrooms and the conditions they create for the construction of roles and forms of knowledge. Secondly, they provide analyses of how the ‘default’ patterns in classrooms occur, how they might change, the circumstances under which they might change, and how children develop identities and have agency within the constraints of classroom life.
Universal precautions
Authors: Gammon John , Gould Dinah
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this literature review is to consider key themes from empirical research relating to the knowledge and compliance of universal precautions amongst healthcare practitioners. Utilising international studies, strategies to improve universal precautions are analysed. The review identifies areas of limited knowledge, synthesises existing research and suggests aspects of universal precautions that need to be studied further.

A literature search of studies listed in the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database was conducted from 1990–2003, using a number of key words. Review, analysis and synthesis of selected studies were performed.

The findings of this review showed that universal precautions are considered an effective means of protecting patients and staff and controlling infection. The consensus from this body of evidence is that, globally, knowledge of universal precautions is inadequate and compliance low. Studies from many countries have shown that specific intervention strategies, such as education, are influential in improving knowledge and compliance.

This review concludes that it is imperative that future research examines how the attitudes and beliefs of practitioners can be influenced and changed to reenforce adherence to universal precautions within the clinical practice setting. There remains a lack of evidence on the long-term benefits of practice interventions to improve compliance, and what specific barriers are influential in affecting how healthcare practitioners adopt universal precautions more effectively in their practice.
Contact precautions for Clostridium dif.cile and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Prieto Jacqui , Clark Jill Macleod
Published: September 2005

This paper presents an overview of the key findings, key issues and implications emerging from a single case study designed to explore a group of nurses' and healthcare assistants' infection control practice, and to introduce interventions aimed at implementing best practice. The study was undertaken on one hospital ward and the sample comprised all permanently employed nurses and healthcare assistants (n=18). Guidelines on Contract Precautions were developed and informed by an expert panel of infection control nurses (n=100) from across the UK. The detailed investigation of individual participant's responses to the intervention during its implementation provided unique insights into the factors which influence nurses' and healthcare assistants' decisionmaking in relation to infection control practice. Analyses of the data from all three phases of the study revealed that participants experienced great difficulty comprehending infection control recommendations and varied in the extent to which they adopted them. Their capacity to understand and implement these recommendations was hampered, not only by a lack of knowledge, but also by irrational beliefs, inaccurate perceptions of risk, both in relation to themselves and patients, and a lack of ability or willingness to exercise clinical judgement, particularly in relation to glove use. These findings highlight the need for further study in the drive to improve this crucial aspect of health care services.
An Anthropological Hybrid: The Pragmatic Arrangement of Universalism and Culturalism in French Mental Health
Authors: Fassin Didier , Rechtman Richard
Published: September 2005

As in most European countries, the mental health of immigrants in France has recently been the subject of scientific scrutiny. Since the end of World War II voluntary special mental health services for migrants and refugees have been created in France and especially in Paris, but none has been based on epidemiological data. Generally, this lack of objective data gave rise to the assumption that many immigrants might not be getting the type of services they required. The birth of a new type of service (e.g. for migrants, refugees, ethnic groups, trauma and torture victims) was a political reaction to what was, at the time, expressed as an essential unmet need regarding this very specific population. In this article we review, from an anthropological point of view, the different paradigms that have prevailed over the last 50 years.
Politics of Healing and Politics of Culture: Ethnopsychiatry, Identities and Migration
Authors: Beneduce Roberto , Martelli Pompeo
Published: September 2005

Ethnopsychiatry is today a contested field, in which concepts and terms such as ethnicity, identity, culture, citizenship, traditional therapies or symbolic efficacy are used in a very controversial way. Recent accusations of ‘racism’ against some ethnopsychiatrists have contributed to making more obscure the deep roots of these issues and controversies. Little attention has been paid to analysing the complex legacy of colonial psychiatry, as well as the relationships among current definitions of ‘culture’ and ‘belonging’, post-colonial subjectivities and migration. In this article, the authors briefly analyse the contributions of Italian ethnopsychiatry and investigate the hidden expressions of racism and prejudice still characterizing mental health workers’ attitudes toward immigrants. It is argued that a ‘generative’ and community-based ethnopsychiatry can challenge the hegemony of western psychiatry and improve the quality of therapeutic strategies.
Multicultural Mental Health Services: Projects for Minority Ethnic Communities in England
Authors: Fernando Suman
Published: September 2005

Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities form 7.8% of the total population of the UK. Many of these communities face a variety of disadvantages when they access, or are forced to access, statutory mental health services under the National Health Service. Efforts have been made to address these problems by developing projects both within statutory mental health services and in the non-governmental (‘voluntary’) sector. This article describes some of these projects located in England, drawing out the themes and models that underlie their approaches, and discusses the lessons that can be learned from the U.K. experience.
Mental Health Services in a Multicultural Society: Interculturalization and its Quality Surveillance
Authors: De Jong Joop T. V. M. , Van Ommeren Mark
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this article is to present a model to promote and assess interculturalization of mental healthcare services in western multicultural society. We define interculturalization as the adaptation of mental health services to suit clients from different cultures. The suggested measures aim to introduce changes in four contexts: (i) the clinical interface or the relations between the immigrant patient and the healthcare workers and the treatment team; (ii) organizational adaptations required in the treatment context of the mental healthcare facility; (iii) the relation between the mental health facility and the ethnic communities; and (iv) the relation between the mental healthcare system, other facilities and society at large. To monitor the desired changes, the model describes qualitative and quantitative criteria and indicators to be applied in the four contexts.
The Hong Fook Experience: Working with Ethnocultural Communities in Toronto 1982-2002
Authors: Lo Hung-Tat (Ted) , Chung Raymond C. Y.
Published: September 2005

The experience of the first 20 years of a community mental health service for the Asian communities in Toronto, the Hong Fook Mental Health Association, is presented within the context of the overall development of mental health services to ethnocultural minorities in Toronto and Canada. The various people involved and the relationships with other stake-holders are described. Through the discussion, the socio-political and cultural factors contributing to its successes and failures are highlighted. The future for Hong Fook, and the mental health system at large, is considered. The article finishes with an outline of the philosophical basis that has sustained Hong Fook’s development.
Overview of Culturally-Based Mental Health Care in Vancouver
Authors: Ganesan Soma , Janzé Teresa
Published: September 2005

This article is a description of how cross-cultural services in mental health have evolved in Vancouver. With 49% of Vancouver’s total population described as a ‘visible minority’ by Statistics Canada, it has been essential for the city, in its efforts to provide health care that is accessible, available and acceptable to all, to develop health care that acknowledges racial and cultural diversities. Vancouver’s Cross Cultural Mental Health Services had their beginnings over 25 years ago. The services encompass both formal and informal sectors of the healthcare system, are provided at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of healthcare delivery and are available through hospital- and community-based services. With recent regionalization of British Columbia’s health services, the cross-cultural mental health service has experienced increased coordination under the administration of the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority (one of six British Columbia health regions). The initial elements of a cross-cultural mental health service consisted of the Vancouver Association for the Survivors of Torture, the Cross-Cultural Clinic at Vancouver General Hospital, and the Multicultural Liaison Workers Program of the Vancouver Community Mental Health Service. Collaboration and partnerships between the formal and informal sectors support each other, bridge gaps in services and provide a milieu for growth and development.
A Qualitative Needs Assessment for Development of a Cultural Consultation Service
Authors: Ton Hendry , Koike Alan , Hales Robert E. , Johnson Jo Ann , Hilty Donald M.
Published: September 2005

Cross-cultural mental health services were assessed using qualitative interviews and focus groups of 43 mental health clinicians and program directors in one of the most ethnically integrated cities in the US. The commonly used strategy of ethnic matching between clinician and patient was found to be difficult to effectively apply to an ethnically diverse and highly integrated patient population. Information from cultural-competency training was also found to be difficult to apply, particularly due to time limitations and language barriers. Implementation of a cultural consultation service, which uses in-depth cultural evaluations and case-based learning, may help bridge these service gaps.
Selling city living
Authors: Gibson Timothy A.
Published: September 2005

This article examines the process through which urban leaders ‘brand’ their cities to appeal to target markets of affluent suburbanites. Drawing on a case analysis of Washington, DC’s recent effort to attract new residents, this article follows the district’s ‘city living, dc style’ campaign through three key moments in its circulation: the moments of production, text and context. In doing so, the article explores the historical motives, the political economic limits and the social consequences of such efforts to ‘reposition’ the urban ‘brand’. A concluding section discusses how this case study reveals an important, but as yet underdeveloped, point of contact between political-economic and cultural-semiotic approaches to critical media studies.
Progress against the law
Authors: Leonard Sean
Published: September 2005

The medium of Japanese animation is a powerhouse in the world of alternative entertainment. Proselytization by fans ignited the anime movement in America, despite Japanese copyright holders’ abandonment of the American market. This historical and cultural analysis demonstrates that fans’ continual infringement of copyright between 1976 and 1993 spurred the progress of commerce and the arts. Introducing the concept of cultural sinks, this analysis explains these phenomena in terms of demand formation, the role of commons and the causational links between the fans, artists, rights holders and markets that characterize the globalization of culture.
‘Naked’ bodies
Authors: Ma Eric , Cheng Hau Ling ‘Helen’
Published: September 2005

This article describes how Chinese rural migrant workers are left exposed to the contradictory regimes of rural and urban intimacy. The sensuous bodies of the workers have become the central stage for them to experience and perform competing sets of discourses about sex, love and marriage. It is neither a product of discursive discipline in the Foucauldian sense, nor is it an active body learning a socially acceptable presentation of self in the Goffmanian sense. Rather, it is a ‘communicative body’ that is in the process of making itself. To use a theoretical metaphor, they are ‘naked’ in the transient condition of urban modernity. The particular ‘nakedness’ of rural migrant bodies in South China problematizes a simple rural/urban dichotomy by highlighting the inbetween-ness of migrants’ experiences in the rapidly globalizing and pluralized discourses on intimacy.
Non-documentary burqa pictures on the internet
Authors: Rantanen Pekka
Published: September 2005

The article analyses non-documentary burqa pictures that have been published on the internet. A burqa is understood in the article to mean a cloak that has a mesh for seeing through and covers almost all of the woman’s body. The burqa is a specific form of veiling, but is distinctly different from most of the other forms of head cover or female dress in Muslim cultures. Pictures of burqas can be found on the internet especially in relation to the defeated Taliban regime of Afghanistan. However, the spectrum of pictures of burqas on the internet is wider than this. The article discusses whether the images reproduce the burqa as a symbol of women’s oppression and subordination and how such meanings are made with the pictorial material. The article focuses on examining non-documentary pictures from such perspectives as representations of the body and relations between the East and the West. The reason for choosing these themes is that whereas the documentary pictures of the burqa on the internet make the body simultaneously nearly invisible, but significant, many of the non-documentary pictures of burqas create an intertextual setting for the pictorial analysis and make the body an object of significance. The embodiment in the pictures of burqas can be interpreted within the context of western gender discourse, to which the concealing burqa is in a troubled relationship. Although the pictures of burqas easily symbolically maintain categorical conceptions of women’s subordination, non-documentary pictures are used in order to criticize western politics and their use of cultural stereotypes. Such pictures are ambivalent and this makes their absolute interpretation troubled, although the symbolism of subordination associated with the burqa may remain unchanged. Unresolved ambivalence of representations opens, however, a space for critical questioning of cultural stereotypes.
The moral imagination in primetime television
Authors: Krijnen Tonny , Meijer Irene Costera
Published: September 2005

In this article, we discuss how primetime programming is unjustly the subject of the moral panic constructed around television, a moral panic that seems primarily useful to maintain the high vs low culture dichotomy. To assess the moral content of primetime television, we used a framework derived from literary culture, since narratives’ content and morality (or, rather, [moral] imagination) are primarily discussed within this tradition. We will argue that primetime television (news, soap operas, sitcoms, and so on) is not only rife with reflections on what counts as a moral issue, who we are, who the ‘other’ is and various ways of deliberating moral issues, but also that the content of primetime programming contradicts the arguments used in the moral panic surrounding primetime television.
The Effect of Indoor Fungi on the Symptoms of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Istanbul
Authors: Gelincik Asli Akkor , Büyüköztürk Suna , Gül Hülya , Güngör Günay , İşsever Halim , Çağatay Atahan
Published: September 2005

This study investigated the relation between mould exposure and allergic rhinitis in Istanbul through questionnaires and measurements of fungal propagules in indoor air. The study group was 42 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis who were sensitive to mould and 40 age and sex matched healthy subjects as controls. A questionnaire was used to characterise the variables of home environment and occupants' behaviour which might have an impact on the presence of fungal levels. At the same time, symptom scores were assessed according to the answers of the patients while air samples were collected to obtain a comparison between the patients' symptoms and the fungal counts. Samples were collected from the bedrooms and the main living rooms between 15 September and 15 November, 2002. Fungal concentrations were reported as colony forming units per cubic metre of air using the MAS 100 conversion unit table.

The questionnaires showed that patients reported significantly higher dampness, mould and mildew in their homes than the controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.02, respectively). Also the relative humidity in the patients' houses was significantly higher compared to the controls (p ≤ 0.001). The total culturable concentrations of fungi were significantly higher in the patients homes compared to those in the homes of the controls (p = 0.003, p = 0.009, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between the patients' symptom scores and the fungal propagule concentrations (r2 = 0.39–0.49, p ≤ 0.001). Overall the results of this study suggest that damp housing and indoor fungal concentrations show a positive correlation with symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
Mad, bad or sad?
Authors: Sinclair Tom
Published: September 2005

Ideologies associated within the practice of child protection have been previously identified by various writers. This article expands on the previous work by applying the work of Jürgen Habermas. The article explores the manner in which ideology impinges on child protection practice to the extent that it contributes to distorted communication practices that occur at the level of the intersubjective relations between the system (as represented by the various actors in child protection practice) and the lifeworld (as represented by the client). Habermas’s reconstruction of ideology as systematically distorted communication is applied to a hypothetical child protection case to illustrate the manner in which ideology influences everyday child protection practice.
Individualization, risk and the body
Authors: Fine Michael
Published: September 2005

No longer hidden in the home as a private problem, care and the human services are increasingly important public concerns in advanced societies. Care is also emerging as a significant field of social theory and enquiry with considerable importance for the field of sociology. However, it remains a specialist topic rather than a central concern of the discipline. This article considers these developments and discusses the significance that recognizing the central place of care in social life might have for sociology. To understand what contemporary sociology might offer the study of care, in turn, I draw on the work of a number of leading contemporary theorists to identify four themes that have particular significance for the study of care: the body; individualization; risk; and the new organizational logics. The potential application of these four themes to the study of care is identified and a number of contemporary developments and future options considered.
‘Gouldner’s child?’
Authors: Wadsworth Yoland
Published: September 2005

The article commences with a personal reflection on reflexive sociology’s methodological emergence from the critique of scientific positivism that took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These ‘paradigm wars’ reached something of a zenith around the time of the final opus of a key proponent, Alvin Gouldner, in 1979. An uneasy truce was then reached under new conditions of growing economic rationalism. While mainstream academic sociology plunged into the ‘coming crisis’ foretold by Gouldner, a number of its graduates continued to develop reflexive sociology, particularly in non-academic workplaces. Initially called - after Kuhn - the ‘new paradigm’ or ‘critical interpretivism’, it is now known by many names. Most common descriptors would be participatory or action research, action learning or socio systems-thinking. The approach has gradually achieved surprising critical mass in enormously diverse organizational, workplace and community settings worldwide. The article concludes by noting that many ‘new paradigm’ assumptions have begun to enter mainstream social research, which may be beginning to reengage with the action research field - originally the offspring of sociological thinking three decades earlier.
The new economic sociology and its relevance to Australia
Authors: Gilding Michael
Published: September 2005

This article reviews three recent books - one Australian, one European and one American - in order to reflect on the current state of play in economic sociology. Economic sociology is a fast-growing field of research in the US, and to a lesser extent in Europe, but it has barely registered in Australia. This is partly a reflection of the fact that economic sociology draws some of its inspiration from ‘new economy’ industries that are weak in Australia. It also reflects the influence of the Marxist tradition in Australia, focusing mainly on the state as a countervailing force to markets. The upshot is that the market is both a constant point of reference in sociological research, but also a ‘black box’ beyond social inquiry. The new economic sociology, in contrast, focuses upon the constitutive role of social institutions in relation to markets. It suggests promising new lines of inquiry in the Australian context.
Detention of asylum seekers in the UK and USA
Authors: Welch Michael , Schuster Liza
Published: September 2005

Moral panic theory continues to be applied to a range of phenomena, allowing sociologists to refine our understanding of negative societal reaction aimed at people who are easy to identify and easy to dislike. Whereas the prevailing notion of moral panic rests on its noisy features, there are constructions that occur under the public radar. In such instances, government officials quietly institute policies and practices that adversely affect a targeted group. Moral panic over so-called bogus asylum seekers in the UK represents a noisy construction whereby claims making is loud and public. In the USA, however, that construction is remarkably quiet and does not resonate openly; still, much like their British counterparts, American officials have resorted to the use of confinement. This work explores the differences between the UK and the USA in the realm of moral panic over asylum seekers while remaining attentive to their shared consequences, the unjust detention of those fleeing persecution. Implications to social control and human rights in a post-11 September world are discussed throughout.
Thinking about penal equivalents
Authors: Marinos Voula
Published: September 2005

Authors have pointed to multiple dimensions of crime and punishment, and in particular, the need to understand both the roles of instrumental and expressive elements. The latter dimension - the expressive or symbolic purpose of punishment - has been viewed as a specific reason for the relatively low success rate of decreasing the use of imprisonment, particularly with respect to public acceptability. I argue that in addition, there has not been adequate attention paid to the roles of factors such as the nature of the offence and the age of the offender. The purpose of this article is to offer a lens through which to think about penal equivalents, and the nuances of various connections among multiple dimensions of punishment. What is lacking from criminal justice literature and legislation is a broader framework for understanding the relationship among purposes of sentencing, sanctions, offences and offenders - how a specific sanction is seen as accomplishing specific purposes only with respect to certain offences and offenders. The present analysis draws on a random sample of residents in Ontario, Canada about their views of the acceptability of fines and community service orders as penal substitutes for custodial sentences across different offence and offender scenarios.
Prisoner society in the era of hard drugs
Authors: Crewe Ben
Published: September 2005

A telling indication of the decline of ethnographic prison sociology is the paucity of research on drugs and their influence on the prisoner social world. Based on long-term fieldwork in a medium-security English prison, this article argues that the key components of prisoner social life are deeply imprinted by the presence and prevalence of hard drugs in and around the penal estate. After outlining the appeal of heroin to prisoners, and the terms of the prison drugs economy, the article shows how heroin restructures status and social relations in prison in a number of ways. First, users are stigmatized, particularly when their consumption has consequences that violate established codes of inmate behaviour. Second, heroin grants considerable power to those prisoners who deal it within prison, although this power is not necessarily equivalent to respect. Third, heroin transforms the terms of affiliation that exist when drugs are scarce. Meanwhile, for those prisoners whose lives prior to incarceration have been dominated by drug addiction, the experience of incarceration has a number of distinctive qualities.
Portals to metropolis
Authors: Michalski David
Published: September 2005

This study analyzes the graphic design of 19th-century urban guidebooks to learn how readers conceived of the city and their social roles. San Francisco guidebooks, from a collection published between 1870 and 1915, are categorized by layout and navigation aids. The author notes a shift from guides, which are designed as nonlinear narrative reference tools, to those which have linear narratives. Technological, political, societal and psychological aspects of this transition are questioned. The urban guidebook is contextualized within a discussion of a greater information explosion in the late 19th century, the growth of San Francisco, and changes in the public sphere. The study relates the transition in guidebook design to alterations in public culture and asks what legacy these changes in geographic reflection might impress upon contemporary maps of the urban world, and the display of complex information systems in general.
Adventure tourism
Authors: Kane Maurice J. , Tucker Hazel
Published: September 2005

Definitions of adventure tourism and the supposed motivators for the experience of adventure tourism focus on the concepts of risk, danger and adrenaline. Risk and danger relate to a potential for injury and loss. Tourism on the other hand indicates fun, exciting events and safe experience. The focus of this article is to explore the relationship between participants’ emic experiences and the adventure tourism theories prominent in current literature. This exploration is based on observation of participation, conversations and in-depth interviews with nine tourists on a 14-day white-water kayaking tour of the South Island of New Zealand in February 2002. The interpretation of these tourists’ experiences, their understandings, and the response to these stories expand the scope and importance of concepts prominent in adventure tourism. Participants play with the reality of their experience through stories of freedom, identity and status.
Eco-cultural tourism as a means for the sustainable development of culturally marginal and environmentally sensitive regions
Authors: Wallace Gillian , Russell Andrew
Published: September 2005

Eco-cultural tourism is presented here as a concept in which ecological and cultural aspects of a landscape are combined to create a site for tourists. It is proposed as a way for communities with otherwise marginal cultural or ecological resources to develop. Sustainability and participation are both crucial for the longterm future of this form of tourism. Case studies from the Federsee in Germany and the Lac de Chalain in France discuss the innovative ways in which cultural tourism (in the form of open-air museums) can be combined with eco-tourism to conform to every principle of sustainability. A key element to the success of eco-cultural tourism is local control in the planning, development and maintenance of these sites. This is discussed particularly in the context of a third site, the Saimaa Lakes in Finland, where there is a nuanced complexity involved in the ways local people view their environment and ecologists regulate it. The potential of eco-cultural tourism as a tool for empowerment and development at the Saimaa Lakes is highlighted. Eco-cultural tourism also provides ways for the practice of archaeology and anthropology to mix and to articulate with wider society, although it may also pit the two disciplines against each another. Eco-cultural tourism reflects present-day practice, but also acts as a model for how cultural and eco-tourism could be employed by local people to build an empowered, sustainable future in similar settings elsewhere.
Six postcards from Arabia
Authors: Burns Peter M.
Published: September 2005

As mechanical reproductions, postcards fall into the category of what Walter Benjamin thought of as life’s ephemera or detritus that play an important part in constructing and reconstructing our understanding of the past. Postcards from the colonial era can be analysed to provide a visual discourse on power and the interrelationship between history and politics. The way in which we acquire historical knowledge and make something of it has undergone changes that are well illustrated by the six postcards featured herein. The seemingly unambiguous, surface-level presentations of the images reveal ambiguous, multiple meanings: exemplars of Said’s notion of ‘exteriority’. These seemingly naïve objects framed by the Zeitgeist of the colonial era tell us about the voyeuristic economy of the colonial gaze and how such images, when set within the milieux of the travel writing, Orientalist art, and the colonial tendency for transforming other cultures into objects for analysis, shaped and cast our purview of colonial subjects.
Tourism as an ordering
Authors: Franklin Adrian
Published: September 2005

This article offers an entirely different way of understanding the origins, significance and relational materialism of tourism. Borrowing from the emergent sociology of ordering, which combines aspects of Foucault’s notion of governance with ‘post-ANT’ insistence on relational materialism, it shows how tourism came to be a heterogenous assemblage ‘at large’ in the world, remaking the world anew as a touristic world; a world to be seen, felt, interpellated and travelled. In doing so it underlines the paradoxical significance of nationalism as an ordering with clear implications for the emergence of the tourism ordering. It also, at last, invites research on the relationality of technologies and objects of tourism as well as key individuals whose dreams of tourism were essential to the history of the tourism ordering. Seen as an ordering this conception of tourism offers an alternative to structuralist accounts that have long influenced and inhibited tourist studies. It also explains why tourism was so hard to define, until now.
A history of schools of marketing thought
Authors: Shaw Eric H. , Jones D. G.Brian
Published: September 2005

Marketing has been practiced since ancient times and has been thought about almost as long. Yet, it is only during the 20th century that marketing ideas evolved into an academic discipline in its own right. Most concepts, issues and problems of marketing thought have coalesced into one of several schools or approaches to understanding marketing. In this article we trace the evolution of 10 schools of marketing thought. At the turn of the 20th century, early in the discipline’s history, the study of functions, commodities, and institutions emerged as complementary modes of thinking about subject matter and became known collectively as the ‘traditional approaches’ to studying marketing; shortly thereafter the interregional trade approach emerged. About mid-century, there was a ‘paradigm shift’ in marketing thought eclipsing the traditional approaches as a number of newer schools developed: marketing management, marketing systems, consumer behavior, macromarketing, exchange, and marketing history. During the mid 1970s, three of the modern schools - marketing management, consumer behavior, and exchange - underwent a ‘paradigm broadening’. The broadened paradigm has bifurcated marketing thought from the conventional domain of business behavior to the much broader domain of all human social behavior. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century marketing thought is at a crossroads.
The Soviet evolution of marketing thought, 1961-1991: From Marx to marketing
Authors: Fox Karen F. A. , Skorobogatykh Irina I. , Saginova Olga V.
Published: September 2005

The official Soviet ideology rejected most aspects of marketing, and yet there were marketing specialists in the Soviet Union, mostly in ministries, research institutes, and state enterprises involved with foreign trade. This article focuses on the development of marketing thought in the Soviet Union during the period 1961 to 1991, when the Soviet leadership was striving to increase Soviet exports, to push state enterprises to greater efficiency, and to deliver a higher standard of living. We report on the 1976 founding of the Marketing Section of the USSR Chamber of Commerce, and introduce eight early contributors to marketing thought. With the coming of perestroika and the end of the USSR, several early contributors continued to teach marketing and to publish marketing guides. We tell of the preparation and 1980 publication of the first Soviet edition of Philip Kotler’s Marketing Management.
Examining the influence of articles involving marketing history, thought, and theory: A Journal of Marketing citation analysis, 1950s-1990s
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Norman Andrew T. , Miller Chip E.
Published: September 2005

Using citation count data we examined the impact on the discipline of a number of articles dealing with marketing history, thought, and theory. This examination was made on a decade-by-decade basis from the 1950s through the 1990s. Articles commonly regarded as ‘classics’ generally fared well in attracting citations, and often maintained good track records over time. But this was not always the case; some articles that one might expect to be well cited were not. Articles focusing explicitly on historical research in marketing revealed citation counts comparable with many of the other works published on marketing thought and theory.
The Case of the Proselytizing Pharisees?—Matthew 23.15
Authors: Bird Michael
Published: September 2005

This essay examines Matthew 23.15 in the context of the debate concerning pre-Christian Jewish proselytizing activity amongst Gentiles. The study assesses the historical authenticity of the logion and examines the various positions for understanding its meaning. It then attempts to argue that Matthew 23.15 is an authentic saying of Jesus aimed at censuring a Pharisaic group for endeavouring to recruit Gentile adherents (God-fearers) to the cause of Jewish resistance against Rome. It concludes that the logion does not constitute evidence for the existence of a Jewish proselytizing mission.
The Semitic Background to Repentance in the Teaching of John the Baptist and Jesus
Authors: Crossley James
Published: September 2005

It is thought that repentance in the teaching of John the Baptist and Jesus is grounded in the Semitic teshubahconcept. The problem with this is that the LXX largely uses έπιστρέφω for / whereas the gospels use μεταυοέω which usually translates . This problem can be solved. meaning repentance is not attested in key documents. In contrast, words for repentance associated with / are massively attested and it is probable that this was the language used by John and Jesus.μεταυοέω and μετάυοιε are found in the gospels because they are words which can be used for the conversion of gentiles. This was important because / and έπιστρέφω are frequently used with reference to Jews returning to God.
‘Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall…’: A Review of Mel Gibson'S the Passion of the Christ
Authors: Watts Rikk
Published: September 2005

With its combination of icon and image, faith and history, this film does not fit the usual genres. But when judged in terms of its own unique filmic canons, The Passion of the Christis a profound piece of cinematography, celebrating for the unbeliever the triumph of humanity over an all-too-common brutality and for the believer a powerful reminder that forgiveness and love of enemies lies at the very centre of Christian faith.
Being Dispassionate about the Passion of the Christ: A Response to Rikkwatts’s Review
Authors: Segal Alan
Published: September 2005

Rikk Watts can catalogue his enjoyment of the film, The Passion, which has had mass appeal. But Mel Gibson’s unhistorical additions reveal a disturbing willingness to use repugnant anti-Semitic subtexts as well as violence to elicit moviegoers’ emotions. While Gibson may claim that it expresses his faith, the film seems less about art and personal faith than about what Hollywood does best— making money by sacrificing artistic integrity.
What do Samaritans and Jews have in Common? Recent Trends in Samaritan Studies
Authors: Hjelm Ingrid
Published: September 2005

Apart from the later period of the Hasmonaean kingdom, Samaritans and Jews were always separate peoples who had either Gerizim or Jerusalem as their main cult place. While Jewish perspectives on Samaritan origin and history still prevail in recent research, future research will have to broaden the perspective and take into consideration Samaritan claims for authenticity in respect to origin, belief and traditions. These claims have recently been substantiated by excavations on Mount Gerizim, which have unearthed structures of a major Persian Period cult place that may date as early as the sixth century BCE. These finds, as well as finds of about 400 inscriptions and 13,000 coins, have just begun to be published. The present article presents the most recent development in research on Samaritan history and literature, in order to offer a base for the necessary rewriting of both Samaritan and Jewish history.
Recent Scholarship on the Structure of James
Authors: Taylor Mark E.
Published: September 2005

The letter of James, although often neglected in the history of New Testament scholarship, has received renewed interest in the last three decades. Much of the discussion has focused on the letter’s structure, and the result has been a significant departure from the old paraenetic, ‘unstructured’ view of James set forth by Martin Dibelius in favor of a view that sees much more unity and ordering within the composition. Since an assessment of structure virtually determines interpretation, one is not surprised to discover within recent scholarship a thorough re-evaluation of the letter. This shift in perspective raises important questions. Why has scholarship generally set aside Dibelius’s long-standing approach? What new structures have been offered? How crucial is a definitive ‘structure’ to our understanding of the content of the letter? While the overall question of the structure of James is far from settled, some areas of consensus have emerged, and the stage is set for further dialogue.
Paul and the Background of Slavery: The Status Quaestionis in New Testament Scholarship
Authors: Byron John
Published: September 2005

Over the last thirty years studies of slavery in the Pauline Epistles have tended to follow two different methodological approaches. Some have considered slavery in Paul based on legal definitions while others have gravitated towards sociological definitions. While some have portrayed Greco-Roman slavery as an almost benevolent institution, others have preferred to highlight its more brutal aspects. This article traces the major shifts in New Testament scholarship and how these two contrasting definitions have helped to shape our understanding of Paul and slavery. It concludes with a brief examination of four areas that New Testament scholarship has begun to reconsider as a result of these sifting opinions about Greco-Roman slavery.
The Structure of Mark’s Gospel: Current Proposals
Authors: Larsen Kevin W.
Published: September 2005

For many decades now Markan scholarship has struggled to uncover the structure of Mark’s gospel. With the advent of literary/narrative criticism the struggle has intensified to understand how the gospel unfolds in order to tell its story of Jesus. This article surveys recent and current proposals that have been advanced for Mark’s gospel. Some scholars have judged that there is no structure; others have found a highly complex web of interrelated sections. While many proposals use a mixture of principles to derive the alleged structure, an attempt has been made to classify the proposals based upon the primary principle used. These categories include: topography/geography; theological themes; Sitz im Leben of the recipients; literary factors.
Biblical Theology: Bridge Over Many Waters
Authors: Helmer Christine
Published: September 2005

Biblical theology’s bridge-building capacities are studied in this paper by mapping out a historical trajectory of the discipline, and by addressing the possible novel directions the field might take in the future. An epistemological parameter and a structural parameter were set by Gabler that continue to inform the contemporary discussion. In order to open up the discussion to hermeneutical, philosophical and systematic theological questions, the paper offers a proposal for a text theory, and addresses its implications for some concrete questions posed recently in biblical theology. A final section sketches various currents in biblical studies and theology that are having an impact on the field.