bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Characteristics of New York City Children Who Received Tympanostomy Tubes in 2002
Authors: Keyhani Salomeh , Kleinman Lawrence C. , Rothschild Michael , Bernstein Joseph M. , Anderson Rebecca , Simon Melissa , Chassin Mark
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. Tympanostomy tube insertion is the most common procedure that requires general anesthesia for children in the United States. We report on the clinical characteristics of a cohort of New York City children who received tympanostomy tubes in 2002.

METHODS. This retrospective cohort study included all 1046 children who received tubes in 2002 in any of 5 New York City area hospitals. We analyzed clinical data for all 682 (65%) children for whom we were able to abstract data for the preceding year from all of 3 sources: hospital, pediatrician, and otolaryngologist medical charts.

RESULTS. Mean age was 3.8 years, 57% were male, and 74% had private insurance. More than 25% of children had received tubes previously. The stated reason for surgery was otitis media with effusion for 60.4% of children, recurrent acute otitis media for 20.7%, and eustachian tube dysfunction for 10.6%. Children with recurrent acute otitis media averaged 3.1 ± 0.2 episodes (median: 3.0) in the previous year; those with otitis media with effusion averaged effusions that were 29 ± 1.7 days long (median: 16 days) at surgery. Twenty-five percent of children had bilateral effusions of >42 days’ duration at surgery. Despite a clinical practice guideline for otitis media with effusion that recommends withholding tympanostomy tubes for otherwise healthy children until a bilateral effusion is at least 3 to 4 months old, 50% of children had surgery without having had 3 months of effusion cumulatively during the year before surgery.

CONCLUSIONS. The clinical characteristics of children who received tympanostomy tubes varied widely. Many children with otitis media with effusion had shorter durations of effusions than are generally recommended before surgery. The extent of variation in treating this familiar condition with limited treatment options suggests both the importance and the difficulty of managing common practice in accordance with clinical practice guidelines.
Parent-Reported Quality of Life of Children With Cerebral Palsy in Europe
Authors: Arnaud Catherine , White-Koning Melanie , Michelsen Susan Ishoy , Parkes Jackie , Parkinson Kathryn , Thyen Ute , Beckung Eva , Dickinson Heather O. , Fauconnier Jerome , Marcelli Marco , McManus Vicki , Colver Allan
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether the type and severity of the child's impairments and the family's psychosocial, social, and economic characteristics influence parent-reported child quality of life across the spectrum of severity of cerebral palsy.

METHODS. Our population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in 2004 to 2005 involved 818 children with cerebral palsy, 8 to 12 years of age, from 7 countries (9 regions) in Europe. Child quality of life was assessed through parent reports by using the Kidscreen questionnaire, and data were analyzed separately for each of its 10 domains.

RESULTS. The parental response rates were >93% for all domains except one. Gross motor function and IQ level were found to be associated independently with quality of life in most domains. However, greater severity of impairment was not always associated with poorer quality of life; in the moods and emotions, self-perception, social acceptance, and school environment domains, less severely impaired children were more likely to have poor quality of life. Pain was associated with poor quality of life in the physical and psychological well-being and self-perception domains. Parents with higher levels of stress were more likely to report poor quality of life in all domains, which suggests that factors other than the severity of the child's impairment may influence the way in which parents report quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS. The parent-reported quality of life for children with cerebral palsy is associated strongly with impairment. However, depending on the areas of life, the most severely impaired children (in terms of motor functioning or intellectual ability) do not always have the poorest quality of life.
Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in a Pediatric Primary Care Clinic
Authors: Dubowitz Howard , Prescott Leslie , Feigelman Susan , Lane Wendy , Kim Jeongeun
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVES. To estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence among parents at a pediatric primary care clinic and to evaluate the stability, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios of a very brief screen for intimate partner violence.

METHODS. A total of 200 parents (mostly mothers) bringing in children less than 6 years of age for child health supervision completed the Parent Screening Questionnaire in a primary care clinic. The Parent Screening Questionnaire, a brief screen for psychosocial problems developed for the study, includes 3 questions on intimate partner violence. Mothers then completed the computerized study protocol within 2 months. This included the Parent Screening Questionnaire as well as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Different combinations of the intimate partner violence questions were evaluated against the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.

RESULTS. A total of 12.0% of the mothers answered “yes” to at least one of the screening questions. On the standardized Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, responses ranged from 9% reporting a physical injury in the past year to 76% reporting psychological aggression. There was moderate stability of the screening questions. A single question, “Have you ever been in a relationship in which you were physically hurt or threatened by a partner?” in relation to the “physically injured” Revised Conflict Tactics Scale subscale was most effective. Sensitivity was 29%, specificity was 92%, positive predictive value was 41%, and negative predictive value was 88%. The positive likelihood ratio was 3.8, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.77.

CONCLUSIONS. Intimate partner violence is a prevalent problem. A very brief screen can reasonably identify some mothers who could benefit from additional evaluation and possible services. Additional research is needed to find a more sensitive screen and to examine whether identifying intimate partner violence leads to interventions that benefit mothers, families, and children.
Effects of Salinity on Eggs, Larvae, and Juveniles of Blacknose Silversides from Lake Chapala, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Palacios Carlos A , Salgado-García Rosa L , Racotta Ilie S , Campos-Mendoza Antonio , Ross Lindsay G
Published: December 2007

The salinity tolerance of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of blacknose silverside Chirostoma promelas was investigated with the objective of optimizing hatchery practice. A high proportion (>90%) of eggs became eyed in all salinities. Eggs exposed to an instantaneous change of salinity hatched best at 0–15 practical salinity units (psu; 1 psu ≈ 1‰); reduced hatching occurred at 20 psu and no hatching occurred at 25–35 psu. By contrast, eggs exposed after 5 d to a slow change of salinity to freshwater over 48 h also hatched well at 0–15 psu, but they hatched at higher salinities as well. Fungal infections of eggs were greatest at 0 and 5 psu. Larvae exposed to an instantaneous change of salinity (0–25 psu) had the best survival rates at salinities of 0 psu (83%) and 5 psu (87%), but lower survival was obtained at 10 psu (49%) and 15 psu (22%) after 144 h. At 20 and 25 psu, larval mortality was 90% and 100%, respectively, after 48 h. In contrast, larvae exposed to a slow change of salinity over 48 h showed a higher salinity tolerance (43% survival at 20 psu), although higher salinities killed the fish. Juveniles had a high tolerance (100% survival) to a slow salinity change over 48 h at 0–25 psu. After 90 d, survival was best at 5–20 psu, optimal growth occurring at 5, 10, and 15 psu. Mortality was 100% in fish reared in freshwater after 75 d of culture, possibly a result of the high stress at this salinity. The osmolarity of muscle tissue of juveniles was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between trials, indicating efficient internal ionic regulation at all salinities. The wide salinity tolerance of blacknose silverside is clearly beneficial for its management and culture.
Inexpensive Apparatus to Rapidly Collect Water Samples from a Linear-Design, Plug-Flow Hatchery Raceway
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel G , Bowman Molly P
Published: December 2007

In July 2001, we conducted a study to determine whether a target concentration of chloramine-T (a waterborne chemical) could be achieved and maintained for 60 min in linear-design, plug-flow hatchery raceways (devoid of fish) via a “charged” flow-through treatment methodology. In each of four independent trials, a raceway was charged to achieve the target concentration by turning off the inflow water (creating a static bath) and manually mixing in a premeasured volume of chloramine-T stock solution. Water inflow was then turned on, and the target concentration was maintained by metering additional chloramine-T stock solution into the inflow water via a calibrated chicken-watering system. To help verify chloramine-T concentrations during treatment, we built an apparatus to rapidly collect many water samples from throughout a raceway. The apparatus comprised three fixed sampling stations, each of which was equipped with 9 water collection devices (i.e., nine 60-mL plastic syringes fitted with fixed-length “suction needles” made of rigid polyvinyl chloride pipe threaded with flexible vinyl tubing) and 9–11 plastic bottles for storing the collected samples. During each of the four 60-min trials, water samples were collected at elapsed times of 0, 30, and 60 min; thus, 12 sampling events were conducted during the study. During each sampling event, three people (working simultaneously but independently) collected a total of 29 water samples (27 for chloramine-T dose verification and 2 for quality control). The time for one person to collect 9–11 water samples (50–60 mL per sample) from one sampling station averaged 1.5 min (SD = 0.382; n = 36) and ranged from 0.9 to 2.5 min. The apparatus was inexpensive, easy to build and use, and portable; it ultimately helped us verify the spatial and temporal distribution of chloramine-T in linear-design, plug-flow hatchery raceways during 60-min charged flow-through treatments.
A Packed-Bed Filtration System for Collection of Myxobolus cerebralis Triactinomyxons
Authors: Lukins Halcyon J. , Zale Alexander V. , Barrows Frederic T.
Published: December 2007

Information on the distribution and abundance of Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxons in natural systems is limited because direct and accurate sampling methods for this life stage have not been developed. Existing methods are based on indirect measures of triactinomyxon densities and are therefore confounded. Direct estimation of triactinomyxon concentrations would more exactly pinpoint the ambient infection risk to wild fish and allow evaluation of management strategies designed to mitigate the effects of the disease. We developed a mobile packed-bed filtration system that quickly, accurately, and precisely collects, concentrates, and quantifies triactinomyxons. The system includes pumping, prefiltration, two rounds of packed-bed filtration, and centrifugation. Laboratory tests of the completed system using known quantities of triactinomyxons resulted in a mean recovery rate of 91% with a minimum detectable concentration of triactinomyxons of 0.04/L. We subsequently field-tested the system at a site known to be positive for the parasite and recovered triactinomyxons at densities of 0.7–1.4/L. The packed-bed filtration system has the potential to quickly determine the temporal and spatial variation in infection risk and to test the efficacy of various management strategies.
Effects of Imazapic on Target and Nontarget Vegetation during Revegetation
Authors: Sheley Roger L. , Carpinelli Michael F. , Morghan Kimberly J. Reever
Published: December 2007

Medusahead is an introduced, winter-annual grass covering millions of hectares of the semiarid West. It forms exclusive stands and has a dense thatch cover that resists the establishment of desirable species. Prescribed fire can remove medusahead litter and improve plant establishment. Medusahead control is fundamental to establishing desirable species that will, in turn, resist further invasion. Imazapic is an effective herbicide for control of medusahead, but more information is needed on its effects on desirable species. Our objectives were to test how imazapic application rate and timing affected medusahead, seeded desirable species, and other nontarget vegetation on burned and unburned rangeland in southeast Oregon. We burned existing medusahead infestations at two different sites in June 2003. Following the burn, imazapic was applied at rates of 0, 35, 70, 105, 140, 175, and 210 g ai/ha between July and October of 2003 in a randomized strip-plot design. In November 2003, monocultures of seven desirable species were drill-seeded across the imazapic treated areas. Data on cover and density of medusahead and seeded species were collected in 2004 and 2005. Cover data of nontarget species were collected in the summer of 2005. Medusahead cover was highest in control plots and lowest in plots that received the highest herbicide application rates. Medusahead cover was lower in burned plots. The effect of imazapic on nontarget vegetation was less clear. Seeded species established in the study plots, but their response to herbicide rate showed few consistent patterns; some of the seeded species showed little response to herbicide, whereas others appeared to establish best at different herbicide rates, depending on site and whether the plots were burned or unburned. Site and burn treatment also affected how imazapic rate or application month influenced cover of perennial or annual grasses or forbs.
Differential Response of Several Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors in Mixtures with Atrazine
Authors: Armel Gregory R. , Rardon Patrick L. , McComrick Michael C. , Ferry Nancy M.
Published: December 2007

Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2003 at the Stine–Haskell Research Center to determine whether herbicide inhibitors of six specific sites in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway would elicit synergistic responses when applied postemergence (POST) in combination with the photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor atrazine. Based on data analysis with the Isobole method, synergistic responses were observed on red morningglory, common cocklebur, and giant foxtail when atrazine was applied in mixtures with the deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DOXP reductoisomerase) inhibitor fosmidomycin, thep-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor mesotrione, and the DuPont proprietary zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS) inhibitor DFPC. Clomazone (its metabolite ketoclomazone is the actual enzyme inhibitor), an inhibitor of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthatase (DOXP synthase), provided synergistic responses on red morningglory, but antagonistic responses on both common cocklebur and giant foxtail when applied in mixtures with atrazine. Combinations of the lycopene cyclase (LC) inhibitor, CPTA, with atrazine produced synergistic responses on both common cocklebur and giant foxtail but were antagonistic on red morningglory. Norflurazon, a phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitor, applied in mixtures with atrazine provided synergistic responses on red morningglory, antagonistic responses on giant foxtail, and independent responses on common cocklebur. Because carotenoids have been determined to play a key role in quenching singlet oxygen species in the chloroplast and also assist in the maintenance of the D1 protein in PSII, this might help explain the synergistic responses with atrazine observed in our studies.
Competitiveness with Weeds of Soybean Cultivars with Different Maturity and Canopy Width Characteristics
Authors: Nordby Dawn E. , Alderks Dustin L. , Nafziger Emerson D.
Published: December 2007

Field studies were conducted in 2005 at five locations throughout Illinois to determine the effect of maturity date and canopy width characteristics of selected glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars on competitive ability against weeds. Natural weed populations at all sites were allowed to compete with the soybean cultivars until the V1, V3, V5, or V7 growth stage and then removed with an application of glyphosate. Light-interception readings, weed control ratings, and soybean yield were all measured to compare cultivars. Cultivars of later maturities tended to withstand early season weed competition better and attained higher yields when weeds were removed at later timings than those of earlier maturity. Although canopy width differed moderately among cultivars in some cases, canopy width had no effect on the ability of soybeans to compete with weeds. Thus, choosing soybean cultivars of later maturity might provide more flexibility in weed management and might reduce losses due to weeds, but that benefit needs to be balanced with yield potential.
Impact of Fall and Early Spring Herbicide Applications on Insect Injury and Soil Conditions in No-Till Corn
Authors: Monnig Nicholas , Clark Thomas L. , Bailey Wayne C. , Bradley Kevin W.
Published: December 2007

Field studies were established at two Missouri locations in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the effects of fall and early spring herbicide applications on soil temperature, soil moisture content, and insect injury in no-till corn production systems. Both experiments received applications of simazine plus 2,4-D, rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron plus 2,4-D, and glyphosate plus 2,4-D in the fall, 45 d prior to planting (45 d EPP), 30 d prior to planting (30 d EPP), and 7 d prior to planting (7 d EPP). During a period from April 1 to April 14, simazine plus 2,4-D applied 45 d EPP resulted in higher soil temperatures at a 5-cm depth compared to the untreated control. However, there were few differences in soil temperature present from April 15 to May 1. Soil moisture readings taken during this same time period correlated with soil temperature readings. Measurements of soil moisture taken at 1 and 3 wk after planting (WAP) revealed significantly lower soil moisture readings in the untreated compared to herbicide treated plots. This lower soil moisture content allowed untreated plots to warm up more rapidly and thereby eliminated any negative impacts that dense stands of winter annual weeds may have had on soil temperature. Evaluations of corn flea beetle and lepidopteron injury taken at the V2, V4, and V6 corn leaf stages revealed significant differences in injury as a result of these treatments. When dense stands of winter and summer annual weeds were left uncontrolled, corn flea beetle injury was significantly lower than in plots treated with a herbicide. However, when a post herbicide application was made to remove all weed species prior to the V6 sampling date, differences in corn flea beetle injury between the untreated and herbicide treated plots were eliminated. Additionally, removal of all weed species led to higher lepidopteron injury in the untreated.
Glyphosate-Induced Weed Shifts in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn or a Rotation of Glyphosate-Resistant Corn, Sugarbeet, and Spring Wheat
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Miller Stephen D. , Westra Philip , Kniss Andrew R. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Wicks Gail W. , Kachman Stephen D.
Published: December 2007

A field trial was conducted for 6 yr (1998 through 2003) at Scottsbluff, NE, to measure weed shifts following multiple applications of two rates of glyphosate or alternating glyphosate with nonglyphosate treatments in continuous corn or in a crop rotation of corn, sugarbeet, and spring wheat with all three crops resistant to glyphosate. After 6 yr, plant densities of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, hairy nightshade, and common purslane increased in the crop-rotation treatment compared with continuous corn. There were four weed control subplot treatments consisting of two in-crop applications of glyphosate at 0.4 or 0.8 kg ae/ha each spring, alternating two applications of glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha one year with a nonglyphosate treatment the next year, or a nonglyphosate treatment each year. The composition of the weed population averaged across all four treatments shifted from kochia and wild proso millet to predominately common lambsquarters. After 3 yr of using glyphosate at 0.4 kg/ha twice each year, common lambsquarters density increased compared with that in the 0.8 kg/ha rate of glyphosate or alternating glyphosate treatments. By the sixth year, the density of common lambsquarters in the glyphosate at 0.4 kg/ha treatment had increased to the extent that corn grain yield was reduced 43% compared with corn grain yield in the 0.8 kg/ha glyphosate treatment. Using glyphosate at either rate for 6 yr decreased the densities of kochia, wild proso millet, and longspine sandbur, did not alter densities of redroot pigweed and green foxtail, and increased the density of hairy nightshade. In the low-rate treatment of glyphosate, the number of common lambsquarters seeds in the seed bank were 134 seeds/kg soil in 1998, declined to 15 seeds/kg by 2002, but began to increase in 2003 as the densities of plants not controlled by glyphosate increased.
Ragweed Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) Control with Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Bryson Charles T. , Burke Ian C.
Published: December 2007

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted during 2005 and 2006 at Stoneville, MS, to determine control of ragweed parthenium with several preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides registered for use in corn, cotton, peanut, rice, and soybean. Norflurazon, pendimethalin, clomazone, diuron, fluometuron, pyrithiobac, dimethenamid, flumetsulam, imazaquin, s-metolachlor, metribuzin, chlorimuron, atrazine, simazine, flumioxazin, and quinclorac were applied PRE. Ragweed parthenium control was highest with norflurazon (100%) and clomazone (100%) followed by fluometuron (96%), metribuzin (90%), diuron (87%), flumioxazin (84%), chlorimuron (77%), and quinclorac (67%) at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) under greenhouse conditions. Control of ragweed parthenium was less than 58% with all other herbicides. Ragweed parthenium appears to be highly sensitive to pigment and photosynthetic inhibitors compared to herbicides with other modes of action. Glyphosate, glufosinate, paraquat, bentazon, acifluorfen, chlorimuron, halosulfuron, MSMA, bromoxynil, atrazine, 2,4-D, flumioxazin, trifloxysulfuron, and clomazone were applied POST to field-grown rosette and bolted plants. Glyphosate, glufosinate, chlorimuron, and trifloxysulfuron applied at rosette stage provided greater than 93% control of ragweed parthenium at 3 WAT. Halosulfuron, MSMA, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, and flumioxazin controlled 58 to 90% rosette ragweed parthenium at 3 WAT. Ragweed parthenium control with all other POST herbicides was less than 38%. At bolted stage, glyphosate, glufosinate, and trifloxysulfuron controlled 86 to 95% ragweed parthenium and control was 61 to 70% with chlorimuron, halosulfuron, and 2,4-D 3 WAT. Overall, efficacy of POST herbicides was better on rosette plants than on bolted plants. Amino acid synthesis and glutamine synthase inhibitors were more active than herbicides with other modes of action. These results indicate that norflurazon, clomazone, fluometuron, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, chlorimuron, and trifloxysulfuron could provide effective control of ragweed parthenium.
Sulfonylurea Herbicides Applied during Early Establishment of Seeded Bermudagrass
Authors: Willis John B. , Ricker Daniel B. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: December 2007

Much research has evaluated herbicide safety on established bermudagrass turf, but information is lacking on seedling response to herbicides. Three field experiments were conducted in Blacksburg, VA, to assess turfgrass and smooth crabgrass response to selected sulfonylurea herbicides during seedling bermudagrass establishment. Herbicides injured bermudagrass 9 wk after treatment in the following order from most to least injurious: flazasulfuron = trifloxysulfuron > rimsulfuron > metsulfuron = sulfosulfuron > foramsulfuron. Herbicides applied 3 wk after seeding (WAS) were generally more injurious than when applied 1 WAS. Flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron-sodium controlled smooth crabgrass greater than 90% at 6 WAS, and metsulfuron and rimsulfuron suppressed smooth crabgrass 76 and 84%, respectively. Foramsulfuron, metsulfuron, and sulfosulfuron appear safe to apply 1 and 3 WAS, causing very little chlorosis and no reduction in turf cover. Rimsulfuron is injurious when applied at those timings; however, long-term cover is not reduced. Flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron-sodium are not safe to use 1 and 3 WAS unless weed pressure is extreme, and a delay in bermudagrass cover is acceptable.
Effect of Implant Surface Roughness and Loading on Peri‐Implant Bone Formation
Authors: Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace , Vander Sloten Jozef , Puers Robert , Duyck Joke
Published: December 2007

Background: Critical factors for the establishment of osseointegration are the implant surface microtopography and the local mechanical environment. The present study evaluated the bone response around a turned (T) and a roughened (R) implant for either an unloaded or a well‐controlled loaded situation.

Methods: Bone chambers were installed in the tibia of 20 rabbits. In each of the chambers, two identical displacement‐controlled loading experiments were performed: 30 μm for 400 cycles at 1 Hz, three times a week for 9 weeks versus 0‐μm implant displacement. A linear mixed model and a logistic mixed model with α = 5% were set to study the significant effect of the surface texture on the peri‐implant bone response in the unloaded (T‐0 μm versus R‐0 μm) and the loaded (T‐30 μm versus R‐30 μm) mode.

Results: Results indicated no microtopographic dependence of the bone response further away from the implant in unloaded and loaded conditions. For a load‐free implant, osseointegration seemed to occur with a higher incidence at a roughened compared to a turned implant surface. In the presence of loading, the topographic dependency of the osteogenic activity at the interface was overruled by the loading‐related bone response, revealing no significant differences in osseointegration incidence between T and R.

Conclusion: A predominant effect of the interfacial mechanical environment over the implant surface characteristics on the differentiating cell population is suggested.
Comparison of Injectable Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement Grafting and Open Flap Debridement in Periodontal Intrabony Defects: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shirakata Yoshinori , Setoguchi Takashi , Machigashira Miho , Matsuyama Takashi , Furuichi Yasushi , Hasegawa Kozue , Yoshimoto Takehiko , Izumi Yuichi
Published: December 2007

Background: Regeneration of lost periodontium is the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy. Bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration, and application of growth factors are used for periodontal regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a new, injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) in human periodontal intrabony defects.

Methods: Thirty subjects (mean age, 53.4 ± 9.1 years) with periodontitis and narrow intrabony defects were enrolled in the study. Subjects were classified randomly into the CPC graft group (N = 15) or the open flap debridement (OFD) alone group (N = 15). Clinical measurements were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; radiographs were taken at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after surgery. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis.

Results: In the CPC group, six cases showed exposure or loss of the CPC within 12 months, whereas the remaining nine cases (CPC‐R group) showed no adverse reaction, including infection or suppuration. Overall, CPC‐R and OFD treatment groups exhibited a significant reduction in probing depth and a significant gain in clinical attachment level at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months compared to baseline values. However, there were no significant differences in any of the clinical parameters between the groups. In the CPC‐R group, radiographic bone level gain appeared to be greater than in the OFD group.

Conclusions: The present study failed to demonstrate any superior clinical outcomes for the CPC group compared to the OFD group; however, radiographs revealed more favorable results in the CPC‐R group. The filling volume and stiffness of CPC may compromise the clinical outcomes for periodontal intrabony defects.
Regeneration of Degree II Furcation Defects With a 4% Doxycycline Hyclate Bioabsorbable Barrier
Authors: Lyons Lillian C. , Weltman Robin L. , Moretti Antonio J. , Trejo Pedro M.
Published: December 2007

Background: Bacterial contamination of a healing regenerative site has been shown to affect the response to therapy adversely. Doxycycline possesses antibacterial properties as well as other biologic actions that may result in an increased production and maintenance of collagen and bone. The purpose of this study was to assess if the sustained release of 4% doxycycline through a bioabsorbable barrier would enhance the regenerative outcomes of healing furcation sites.

Methods: Individuals with a single degree II furcation defect in a mandibular molar participated. They were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: poly(DL‐lactide) polylactic acid (PLA) barrier containing 4% doxycycline hyclate + demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) (BG+PDox); poly(DL‐lactide) PLA barrier without doxycycline + DFDBA (BG+P); or DFDBA alone (BG). Clinical parameters included vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival recession, and horizontal probing depth (HPD). Intrasurgical measurements to calculate vertical and horizontal furcation fill were obtained at the time of surgery (baseline) and during a reentry procedure 9 months later. Statistical tests were used to assess changes in the clinical and surgical parameters before and after treatment among groups and within each group.

Results: Mean changes at 9 months for all groups yielded VPD reductions and VCAL gains. However, no significant difference was noted for the group that was treated with 4% doxycycline barrier compared to the other two groups. Vertical bone fill was 0.89, 1.44, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively. Furcation horizontal bone was 2.33, 2.11, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively.

Conclusions: Addition of doxycycline to the guided tissue regeneration barrier did not enhance treatment outcomes compared to the non‐antibiotic–loaded barrier or bone graft alone. All treatment modalities provided similar improvement in clinical and intrasurgical parameters.
A 5‐Year Longitudinal Study of Tannerella forsythia prtH Genotype: Association With Loss of Attachment
Authors: Hamlet S.M. , Ganashan N. , Cullinan M.P. , Westerman B. , Palmer J.E. , Seymour G.J.
Published: December 2007

Background: Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in subgingival plaque has been recognized as a defined periodontal pathogen, but its mere presence may be insufficient for disease initiation and/or progression. The organism may produce a cysteine protease, encoded by the prtH gene, which may play a role in the transition from commensal organism to opportunistic pathogen. This study aimed to relate changes in the level of T. forsythia prtH genotype over a 5‐year period to a concomitant loss of attachment.

Methods: Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the level of the prtH gene in plaque samples from subjects with and without attachment loss (≥2 mm in at least two sites) over a 5‐year period. Clinical measures and subgingival plaque samples were obtained at yearly intervals.

Results: Baseline levels of the prtH genotype were significantly lower in the subjects without loss of attachment compared to those who lost attachment over 1, 2, 4, or 5 years. In the subjects with loss of attachment, the higher prtH levels at baseline were not maintained until the end of the observation period.

Conclusion: Higher levels of the prtH genotype were associated significantly with future attachment loss.
Removal of geosmin and algae by ceramic membrane filtration with super-powdered activated carbon adsorption pretreatment
Authors: Matsui Y. , Aizawa T. , Suzuki M. , Kawase Y.
Published: December 2007

The musty-earthy taste and odour caused by the presence of geosmin and other compounds in tap water are major causes of consumer complaints. Although ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption have been practiced in water-treatment plants to remove these compounds effectively, two major problems associated with the application of these processes – formation of stringently regulated bromate ions by ozonation and unhygienic invertebrate colonisation of GAC filters – are still to be resolved. This research advanced the process of adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC) by reducing its particle size to the submicrometre range for microfiltration pretreatment. Adsorption pretreatment by using this super (S)-PAC removed the geosmin with vastly greater efficiency than by normal PAC. Removal was attained in a much shorter contact time and at a much lower dosage. The S-PAC was also beneficial in attenuating the transmembrane pressure rises that occurred between both physical backwashings and chemical cleanings.
Characteristics of Total Maximum Daily Loads management system in Korea: status and future
Authors: Poo K.M. , Im J.H. , Park B.K. , Kim Y.S. , Shin C.K. , Min K.S. , Yun Z.W. , Rhew D.H. , Jung D.I.
Published: December 2007

In Korea, there are four major rivers which are the most important water resources for 45 million peoples. To preserve the water quality, several water management policies had been adapted but they had been not successful because of focusing only on point source pollutants. With the establishment of the special act for four major rivers in 2002, which defined four watersheds, the watershed management was regularized. A Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) management system was introduced to control point and non-point source pollutants, and has been implemented for three major river watersheds from 2002 except the Han-river watershed, which is adopting the system voluntarily. This paper provides an overview of TMDLs management system and the implementation process and its progress in Korea. Also the next step for improving the management system is discussed.
Trend analysis of domestic water consumption depending upon social, cultural, economic parameters
Authors: Kim S.H. , Choi S.H. , Koo J.Y. , Choi S.I. , Hyun I.H.
Published: December 2007

Designs of water distribution systems and water resources planning and management can be obtained from a comprehensive investigation and analysis of water consumption data in real life systems. Water consumption patterns for domestic purposes were monitored at 145 households over a three-year period. Electric flow meters were installed at the ends of all of the household water taps. Water consumption patterns were analyzed to configure the water demand trends for social and cultural factors. Economic factors such as monthly income and the area of the floor plan were investigated to determine the impact of resident wealth on the patterns of water consumption. Water use data collected by a public water resources management firm in Korea, Kwater, had been filtered using both physical and probabilistic criteria to improve the credibility of the analysis. Both the Mann-Kendall and Spearman's Rho tests were used to perform the trend analysis. Distinct factors in the patterns of water consumption can be determined to cause both increasing and decreasing trends in water use. Analysis of this data provides the basis of parameter configuration for a reasonable design of a domestic water-demand prediction model.
An investigation of domestic water consumption through taps and its impact on urban water flows
Authors: Memon F.A. , Ton-That L. , Butler D.
Published: December 2007

Taps are an important micro-component of domestic water consumption. This paper describes the characteristics of a water consumption dataset utilised for a tap use investigation study. The measured tap water consumption data was investigated to establish the tap use distributions with respect to flow and duration and identify factors influencing tap use patterns. In order to quantify the influence of usage patterns, a methodology has been proposed and implemented to demonstrate its application for developing water consumption and wastewater discharge profiles for a range of tap use scenarios.

The results indicate that some 30% of household residents ‘consume’ between 20 and 30 l/head.day water through tap usage. Over 60% were found to use taps for 5 to 10 minutes everyday. Water consumption diurnal patterns were found to be more sensitive to tap use scenarios than wastewater discharge profiles.
Optimization of pumping schedule based on forecasting the hourly water demand in Seoul
Authors: Kim S.G. , Koo J.Y. , Kim H.Y. , Choi Y.J.
Published: December 2007

In modern water distribution systems, pumping accounts for a large portion of the costs; therefore, water utilities need to reduce the pumping cost. The purpose of this study was to reduce and optimize the pumping costs. The study area was composed of one filtration plant, five reservoirs and 3 pumping stations. The IP (Integer programming) method used for the optimization, as it gave a global solution, with the pump controlled as either on or off. It is necessary to correctly forecast the hourly water demand to obtain an IP solution as both the optimized pumping schedule and low limitation of the reservoir are dependent on this factor. Therefore, three methods (time index, multiple regression + time index & Fourier series + transfer ARIMA) were compared to forecast the hourly water demand. As a result of these comparisons, the multiple regression + time index model was selected. The low limitation of the reservoir was also determined depending on the correction of the hourly water demand model. The optimization of pumping in the water distribution system had previously been simulated for 3 months using the IP. As a result of this simulation, it was found that the pumping cost could be reduced by 12.2%∼38.7%.
Detailed characterisation of fouling deposition and removal on hollow fibre membrane by direct observation technique
Authors: Marselina Y. , Le-Clech P. , Stuetz R. , Chen V.
Published: December 2007

A direct observation method has been used to study fouling deposition and removal during the filtration of solutions modelling MBR foulants. The method enabled in-situ observation tangentially to the surface of hollow fibre membranes, so that cake height during filtration and cleaning could be clearly quantified, and the dynamics of backwashing on foulants during their removal could be observed. Exciting phenomena occurred during fouling removal, the backwashing force and crossflow shear caused cake expansion followed by fluidisation of the fouling layer. While solution turbidity remains a limiting factor in its application, this non-invasive direct observation technique offers significant potential for further MBR studies, such as filtration of activated sludge, and effects of filtration mode and of bubbling.
Shear measurements across the northern margin of Whillans Ice Stream
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Jezek K.C. , Stearns L.
Published: December 2007

Field measurements of surface deformation across the northern shear margin of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, were analyzed to better understand the processes controlling the position and migration of this margin. Four lines of poles extending ~6km from the interstream ridge into the shear margin were installed in November 1997 and resurveyed in January 2000, using GPS methods. A band of arcuate crevasses form where the surficial shear stress reaches ~130 kPa, and a chaotic zone of crevassing occurs where this stress reaches a maximum of ~270 kPa. Inspection of the RAMP mosaic indicates that the band of arcuate crevasses is separated from the chaotic zone by a narrow zone (~250m) with a relatively undisturbed surface morphology. A force-budget analysis suggests the transition from no basal sliding to full basal sliding must be restricted to a relatively narrow band, ~1.5 km wide beneath the chaotic zone. On the ice stream, resistance from the bed is near zero and the driving stress is balanced by gradients in lateral shearing. Basal drag reaches a maximum close to the shear margin where basal conditions transition from well lubricated (beneath the ice stream) to no basal slip (beneath the ridge). The zone of elevated basal drag is ~4 km wide. Within this zone, lateral drag is reduced and becomes increasingly restricted to upper layers. Localized meltwater production under the region of elevated basal drag is similar in magnitude to melting under the ice stream. The uniform bed morphology, inferred from radar sounding, excludes the presence of abundant basal water either in a water film at the glacier bed or in a thick saturated till layer. This suggests that most of the meltwater produced under the shear margin is diverted towards the ice stream, possibly playing a crucial role in maintaining lubricated conditions allowing streaming flow.
A comparison of powder-snow avalanches at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland, with plume theories
Authors: Turnbull B. , McElwaine J.N.
Published: December 2007

Powder-snow avalanches are natural hazards which affect the way populations live in mountainous areas. Field measurements from avalanches remain one of the most significant and useful sources of information about their dynamics and behaviour. In this paper, we consider all the video data from the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne test site from the years 2003–05. General scaling laws are sought for the avalanche front velocity based on plume theories. Avalanche Froude numbers are found, comparing three different length scales: the cube root of the fracture volume; the avalanche height; and the depth of entrained snow cover. We discuss the difficulties in defining the volume of a powder-snow avalanche: should we include just the head or also the turbulent wake that extends back to the starting zone? This relates to whether we use a compact model for the avalanche, such as the KSB model (Ancey, 2006; Turnbull and others, 2006) or a plume model (Turner, 1973). Observations are made regarding the lateral spreading behaviour of the avalanches. We show that the slow lateral spreading can be explained by large internal velocities and anisotropic turbulence generated by the large-scale motion in the avalanche head.
Contact spectroscopy for determination of stratigraphy of snow optical grain size
Authors: Painter Thomas H. , Molotch Noah P. , Cassidy Maureen , Flanner Mark , Steffen Konrad
Published: December 2007

We present a technique for in situ measurement of the vertical and spatial stratigraphic distribution of snow optical grain size with a coupled contact illumination probe and field spectroradiometer. Accurate measurements of optical-equivalent grain size are critical for modeling radiative properties of snow such as spectral albedo and microwave emission. Measurements of the spectral reflectance of the snow-pit surface are made at 2 cm intervals in the vertical plane under constant illumination and view geometries. We invert the integral of the continuum normalization of the ice absorption feature with maximum at 1.03 μm wavelength for optical-equivalent grain size using the validated model of Nolin and Dozier (2000) that has accuracy of ±10–50 μm across the grain-size range 50–900 μm. Results are presented for an alpine site in southwest Colorado, USA, across the ablation season and for a Greenland ice-sheet site at the onset of snowmelt. These results suggest that traditional measurements of grain size using a hand lens are nearly accurate only for rounded grains (R2 = 0.41, rmse = 160 μm); for polycrystals and faceted grains the hand-lens approach is very inaccurate (R2 = 0.03 and 0.24, rmse = 1206 and 1010 μm, respectively). We demonstrate an order-of- magnitude improvement in modeling of shortwave spectral albedo and net shortwave flux with contact spectroscopy measurements of grain-size stratigraphy over those from a hand lens.
A physically based method for correcting temperature profile measurements made using thermocouples
Authors: Cathles L. Maclagan , Cathles L.M. , Albert M.R.
Published: December 2007

High-frequency (diurnal) temperature variations occur simultaneously at multiple depths separated by meters of snow in at least several and probably many Arctic and Antarctic thermocouple datasets. These temperature variations cannot be caused by heat conduction from the surface because their amplitudes are too large and there is no phase lag with depth, and they cannot be caused by heat advection because the air flux required is greater than is available. Rather, the simultaneous temperature variations (STVs) appear to originate within the box that houses the data logger as thermocouple-like offset voltages, wire heating or thermistor error. The STVs can be corrected by requiring that the temperatures vary smoothly with time at the greatest depth at which temperature is measured. The correction voltage determined in this fashion, when applied to the thermocouples at other depths, corrects the entire dataset. The method successfully removes STVs with 24 hour period that are up to 3.8°C in amplitude, and is superior to the averaging techniques commonly used to correct thermocouple data because it introduces no spurious (non-physical) temperature variations. The correction method described can be applied to all thermocouple data where temperature measurements have been made at depths > ~0.5 m into the snowpack. The corrections should allow more physical process and parameter information to be extracted more confidently from existing firn temperature data. Identification of the STVs and their probable cause also suggests how better data might be collected in the future.
Flotation and retreat of a lake-calving terminus, Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Boyce Eleanor S. , Motyka Roman J. , Truffer Martin
Published: December 2007

Mendenhall Glacier is a lake-calving glacier in southeastern Alaska, USA, that is experiencing substantial thinning and increasingly rapid recession. Long-term mass wastage linked to climatic trends is responsible for thinning of the lower glacier and leaving the terminus vulnerable to buoyancy-driven calving and accelerated retreat. Bedrock topography has played a major role in stabilizing the terminus between periods of rapid calving and retreat. Lake-terminating glaciers form a population distinct from both tidewater glaciers and polar ice tongues, with some similarities to both groups. Lacustrine termini experience fewer perturbations (e.g. tidal flexure, high subaqueous melt rates) and are therefore inherently more stable than tidewater termini. At Mendenhall, rapid thinning and simultaneous retreat into a deeper basin led to flotation conditions along approximately 50% of the calving front. This unstable terminus geometry lasted for approximately 2 years and culminated in large-scale calving and terminus collapse during summer 2004. Buoyancy-driven calving events and terminus break-up can result from small, rapidly applied perturbations in lake level.