bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research into Materials Aspects of Aircraft Maintenance and Life Extension — Part 2
Authors: Chester R.J. , Clark G. , Hinton B.R.W. , Baker A.A.
Published: February 2008

Non‐destructive inspection. Safety‐by‐inspection There are several possible approaches to the safe extension of the useful service life of aging aircraft beyond the planned service life, including:
Aircraft Maintenance Management Part 3
Authors: Middleton D.H.
Published: February 2008

MAINTENANCE of military aircraft presents a different set of parameters, for example, the aircraft flying rate is much lower with only a few hundred hours per annum compared to airliners which are expected tofly up to 4,000 hours per aircraft per annum. The peacetime military requirement is to meet training objectives whilst maintaining the aircraft ready for war. Civil airlines need to make as much profit as possible — this is not achieved when the aeroplane is on the ground.
Cimitar Avoids Expensive Delays
Authors: Hall Brian
Published: February 2008

British Aerospace, already a recognised world class manufacturer, has installed a production control system to ensure its carbon Fibre cell meets delivery dates and to monitor the quality control of this advanced material. Brian Hall of systems supplier BAeCAM, examines how the system schedules production while recording crucial test and quality control data.
High Performance Composites
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

AEROSPACE applications demand the ultimate performance out of every material used and at this year's Paris Show, Du Pont highlighted the significance of new developments in high‐grade low and elevated temperature composites and their potential for the future. Latest among the advances introduced were thermoplastic engineered preforms which represent a completely new product system developed in Europe. It constitutes a breakthrough in low cost and high performance aircraft primary and secondary structures.
Aviation fuel — a subject of intense research and development
Authors: Hutchinson John
Published: February 2008

To today's average airline passenger, aviation fuel is out of sight and out of mind, an incidental aspect of airline travel which can safely be taken for granted. The only likely indicator to the presence of kerosine is the occasional glimpse of a fuelling vehicle from the airliner's windows before take‐off.
Systems integration
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

A recent ERA conference covered a wide range of advanced topics. The first session, “Operational Challenges”, featured civil and military contributions from airlines, the RAF and a research institute. The latter considered the fact that new airliners, runways, passenger terminals and computer‐assisted or automated air traffic control (ATC) systems will be necessary to accommodate the increasing traffic. This article reached a number of important conclusions. Between 1970 and 1990 the number of subsonic turbojet airliners almost tripled and the number of revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs) quadrupled. The safety level improved continuously and finally stabilized in the last decade. The increase in production and safety was made possible by steadily improving aircraft, engines, systems and avionics, as well as by improving ATC.
Zinc‐nickel: a breakthrough in alloy zinc electroplating
Authors: Danks Leigh
Published: February 2008

Electroplated coatings of zinc have been successful in protecting steel components against corrosion for many years. However, with the introduction of more exacting standards, the performance of the traditional zinc finish has not been considered up to the mark. Alternative protective systems have been offered as replacements but none has been entirely able to compete cost‐effectively with the electroplating process.
Flight deck avionics
Authors: Coombs Les
Published: February 2008

After 20 years of evolution based on digital computers, electronic displays and data highways, the modern airliner cockpit and the systems with which it interfaces have reached a significant level of technology. The “big three” aircraft constructors, Boeing, Airbus Industrie and McDonnell Douglas now include, as standard, “wall‐to‐wall” electronic displays, ARINC 429 or 629 data highways, warning and system status displays as well as flight management systems.
Flight deck developments
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Up until the 1970s the number of instruments on an aircraft's flight deck had been increasing over many years as technical developments made it possible to present more information about the aircraft and its systems. Particularly on large transport aircraft, the multiplicity of displays and their associated controls kept a sizeable flight crew fully occupied controlling and monitoring all the functions.
Peen forming — a look under the surface
Authors: Brickwood Roger
Published: February 2008

Controlled shot peening is widely accepted in the aerospace industry for fatigue life enhancement of critical aeroengine and airframe components. Less well known and little understood by many production engineers is the associated process of “peen forming”. This uses the basic principle of shot peening to form or shape curved sheet metal geometries which would be difficult to create with conventional methods such as die bending, stretch‐forming or rolling. It is particularly cost effective where the number of components involved is too small to justify expensive mass production processes.
ERP: integrating enterprise‐wide planning functions for the aerospace and defence industry
Authors: Philpott Simon
Published: February 2008

Planning is crucial to an organization whether it is required for the execution of manufacture, repair and overhaul, or another aspect of the engineering supply chain. It is particularly important to the aerospace and defence industry because the supply chain for materials, parts and processes may now stretch around the globe. Planning and controlling this invariably complex set of relationships places considerable demands on both human and IT resources. Additionally, other developments are pushing existing planning systems to their limits. Outsourcing is a case in point, where organizations are increasingly focusing on their core business and delegating the responsibility for specialized requirements to external suppliers with more appropriate or cost‐effective resources.
Aircraft industry demands more from material suppliers
Authors: Thomas Chris
Published: February 2008

Tubesales (UK) Limited has been supplying the European aircraft industry with aluminium, titanium, stainless steel, high and nickel alloy products for over 30 years. The Tubesales organization in the USA, operating from over 20 locations throughout the USA and Canada, has a supply history in the USA and the Far East, of more than 50 years.
Testing to determine aerospace safety
Authors: Cook Steve , Wilson Dave
Published: February 2008

The aircraft manufacturing industry places a high priority on safety and spends many billions of pounds in developing and testing new military and civil aircraft to the highest safety standards.
SOAP helps to improve aircraft safety and reduce costs for RAF
Authors: Clark Jerry
Published: February 2008

Flying has long been considered a safe means of travel, although 100 per cent safety can never be guaranteed. The Defence Research Agency's (DRA's) Spectrometric Oils Analysis Programme, SOAP, helps to ensure aircraft stay fault‐free for as long as possible by providing an accurate, rapid spectrometric service, analysing wear metals in engine and gear‐box lubricants. The DRA enables the RAF to make significant improvements in safety, through optimizing machine uptime and decreasing routine maintenance. Annual savings of several million pounds in service and failure costs are also achieved.
Unholy alliances?
Authors: Mullins Sandra
Published: February 2008

How will the aviation and aerospace industry make its new alliances a viable and practical proposition? Could BS EN ISO 9000 provide a much‐needed link between companies operating vastly different management systems?
Aeroplane structural maintenance and corrosion prevention
Authors: Akdeniz Aydin
Published: February 2008

Discusses the need for structural maintenance programmes to check the airworthiness of planes and detect damage. Describes the prevention and control of corrosion along with its causes, and examines aviation safety assurance programmes.
Quantitative methods of predicting relative effectiveness of corrosion inhibitive coatings
Authors: Lewis K.J. , Aklian J.H. , Sharaby A. , Zook J.D.
Published: February 2008

Explains corrosion protection and how it works. Discusses the effect of environmental legislation on corrosion protective paints, which necessitates the removal of solvents and toxic additives, making the protection weaker. In order to remedy this one must determine how protection is provided, which involves the separation of barrier properties and electrochemical passivation. Describes methods and tests involved in this and discusses the results. Concludes with recommendations and a suggestion for further tests.
Murphy Rebel on Full Lotus floats — an owner's perspective
Authors: Porteous Ric
Published: February 2008

Tells a personal story of building a plane with floats. Includes technical details and a description of performance on high‐altitude lakes, along with assessors' comments.
Jet fuels
Authors: Goodger E.M.
Published: February 2008

Today's jet fuels must adhere to tight specifications. Quality of fuel remains a prime concern. Thermal stability and lubricity are of great importance but pose problems as they tend to be mutually exclusive. Research continues in both areas in the search for improvements. Details the NATO single‐fuel concept whereby vehicles and aircraft alike can operate on the same fuel in battlefield operations. To attain this land vehicles would need to adapt to jet fuel. In a similar vein, moves are being made to bring about an international uniformity in specification of jet fuel. Finally details research into alternative fuels and concludes that continuing co‐operation between the fuel and hardware industries, improved methods of property measurement and research into alternative fuels are all vital for the future.
Fluids management components in aerospace fuel systems
Authors: Bates J.I. , Cave J.A.
Published: February 2008

Fluids management may be defined as the routeing and confinement of fluids, often under extremes of temperature, pressure and working environment. One of the most critical areas of this technology is the supply and transfer of liquids in aerospace fuel systems. Development of fluids management components for aerospace applications is driven by the requirement for total system integrity within the constraints of cost, space, mass, service conditions and material properties. Designers are challenged to produce novel solutions involving 3D simulation and modelling, finite element analysis and rapid prototyping. Simultaneous engineering is now an integral part of the process and designers must be aware of the latest manufacturing techniques and materials, both metallic and non‐metallic. Final design optimization is confirmed by prototype evaluation, followed by rigorous qualification testing. Explores design concepts and introduces some fluids management components in widespread use today. Reviews recent helicopter and non‐metallic material developments and discusses the future of the technology.
Meeting the demand
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Describes the future air navigation system known as the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management System, which is to be used throughout the world to organize better the increasing volume of air traffic. Details, in particular, automatic dependent surveillance, the facility used to optimize flight paths; and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network.
Traffic and distribution management
Authors: Constantin James A.
Published: February 2008

The related concepts of traffic and distribution management are discussed in terms of corporate systems, strategies and programs. In particular, reference is made to the organisational requirements of the new approach to distribution.
Packaging and distribution
Authors: Hammenberg Yngve
Published: February 2008

A marked feature of the rapid, fundamental reorganization of the distribution of goods in industrialized countries is the switch to self‐service and all‐round food stores. The self‐service system is almost universal in the food trade and its importance is growing rapidly in most other sectors. Large stores with a wide range of goods based entirely on self‐service are rapidly increasing their share of turnover in the consumer goods trade. There are for example about 8,000 self‐service shops in Sweden at present, which is just under half the total number of food stores. Owing to their size the self‐service stores account for 85–90% of turnover in the food trade.
Military logistics' innovative role
Authors: GROSVENOR PLOWMAN E.
Published: February 2008

A brief look at some of the commercial applications of methods first developed in military logistics which are now gaining universal acceptance
The vehicle fleet mix
Authors: ALSBURY PETER
Published: February 2008

This article describes a new and simple method for determining how much road transport capacity should be company‐owned, and how much should be hired from outside on a day‐to‐day basis. The emphasis is on bulk loads which are delivered to a single customer, but long distance hauls where a number of deliveries are to be made to neighbouring customers can also be handled. The method presented here will not work well for distribution operations in which typically a vehicle calls at a number of widely dispersed customers, because the actual allocation of the vehicles to routes becomes important. The quantities being delivered fluctuate from day‐to‐day and month‐to‐month throughout the year — in the extreme case there may be no deliveries at all to be made on certain days. The article is written in terms of delivery of goods from a source, but the approach is equally applicable where it is a question of collecting goods into a single reception point.
Electron curing of diallylphthalate prepolymer‐monomer mixtures
Authors: Garrett P.G.
Published: February 2008

Although the technique of electron curing has been well developed, there are very few suitable coatings available.
Developments in acrylic solution resins
Authors: Brendley W.H. , Jenkins R.F.
Published: February 2008

Laboratory and limited field tests have been run on some new resins from Rohm and Haas. Samples are now available for customers to conduct their own evaluations
The mechanism of paint seeding
Authors: Hansen C.M. , Klauss H.C.
Published: February 2008

The formation of zinc soaps in paints containing zinc oxide and fatty acids leads to a situation called ‘seeding’. Seeding is the collection of the zinc soaps into particles significantly larger than the thickness of a dried paint film (≈30 microns). The particles are readily visible and resemble seeds, hence the origin of the name. The solubility of these soaps in the vehicle falls rapidly with lower temperatures, leading to their separation from the vehicle when the temperature falls well below that corresponding to the solubility limit at the prevailing concentration.
Electrodeposition and surface finishing — Basle '72
Authors: Wilson Patrick
Published: February 2008

A suggestion that instead of retarding corrosion it might be a good idea to think of ways of accelerating it, was made by Dr Norbert Ibl, President of the Scientific Committee, at the opening ceremony of the 8th Congress of the International Union for Electrodeposition and Surface Finishing held recently in Basle.
Testing of organic pigments
Authors: Cassella Dyestuffs Ltd Hoechst
Published: February 2008

The method described is adopted in Farbwerke Hoechst AG for testing the colouring properties of organic pigments. The method closely follows the instructions for determining the relative tinctorial strength of coloured pigments according to DIN 53 204. It has been found to be necessary to make minor modifications in testing organic pigments. A pigment grinder of a specific type is used for the dispersion process. Depending on the dispersibility of the pigment, a known, readily reproducible degree of pigment dispersion is attained, which is comparable to that of a production batch after one to two passages on a triple‐roll mill. Somewhat different results may be obtained if different dispersing equipment is used.
Surface defects in lacquer films
Authors: Nederland Synres
Published: February 2008

During film formation, many physical factors play a roll, namely: temperature, composition and speed of evaporation of the solvent, viscosity, surface tension, specific gravity and solubility of the resin in the solvent. At the point of application of a paint film, all these factors are equally balanced. Upon disturbance of this equilibrium, the liquid seeks a new equilibrium by which surface defects may occur.
Modified urethane coatings
Authors: Lombardini P.
Published: February 2008

About 30 years have passed since the initial work in the field of polyurethane compounds was begun. This work has resulted in a wide choice of materials for use in surface coatings. The commercial development of aliphatic urethane prepolymers during the past few years has made possible the formulation of exterior coatings with good weathering properties.
Progress in radiation cured coatings
Authors: North A.G.
Published: February 2008

Although cure of paint coatings by radiation is no new phenomenon, there is considerable increased interest in development of industrial processes using radiation curing for a variety of reasons. Before studying the developments in detail, it is worth noting that radiated energy can basically be divided into two categories. In the first category we have ionising radiation which for our purposes includes electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths less than visible light and also accelerated electrons. In the second category is radiation, which is essentially thermal in its effect ranging from infra red through to microwave and radio frequency. The use of these longer wave length radiations, whose effect is essentially thermal, will not be discussed in detail since all coatings which can be cured in normal high temperature ovens are basically capable of cure with such methods. It is worth noting however, that improvement in the design of infra red lamps with peak radiation in the near infra red at around 1200 nanometers has led to speed up in infra red curing which has been particularly useful in cure of alkyd‐amino finishes on heat sensitive substrates such as wood. There is also developing interest in high frequency long wave length radiation, particularly in the area usually referred to as microwave. Here we have penetrative radiation which produces heat effects by what is sometimes referred to as molecular friction. The conversion of the microwave energy into heat depends on the loss factor of the material in question and so the process is most efficient with polar materials such as water. The most likely use of microwave heating is with water based coatings on substrates which will not themselves heat up rapidly, such as non‐polar plastic films.
Techniques of assessing air pollution damage to paints
Authors: Campbell G.G. , Schurr G.G. , Slawikowski D.E.
Published: February 2008

In this study, research was concerned primarily with the development of test methods that are sufficiently sensitive to detect the initial degradation of selected exterior coatings exposed to various pollutant‐containing environments. The test methods employed in generating dose response data included erosion rates, attenuated total reflectance (ATR), gloss and sheen, surface roughness, tensile strength and scanning election microscopy. Five commercially important paint systems were selected for characterizations including an oil house paint, latex coating, an alkyd industrial maintenance coating, a coil coating and an automotive refinish lacquer. The properties of the coating systems were determined periodically consequent to ‘short term’ exposure at four exterior locations and to various pollutant‐containing environments under controlled, but accelerated conditions in an Atlas Xenon Arc Weather‐Ometer® Model 600WR12. The test sites for the former ‘short term’ exterior study were located at Leeds (north central), North Dakota; Los Angeles, California; Chicago (Research Center), Illinois and Valparaiso, Indiana. These sites represent a ‘clean’ rural environment, a high O3 environment, a high SO2 environment, and a relatively high O3 environment plus a moderate SO2 environment, respectively. In the accelerated laboratory exposure study, five enenvironmental pollutant conditions were employed in the Weather‐Ometer including a zero pollutant, 0·1ppm and 1·0ppm SO2 and 0·1ppm or 1·0ppm O3 level. The zero pollutant condition represents the control (clean air) with 0·1 ppm of each pollutant type considered representative of the levels frequently reached in polluted cities. The 1·0ppm levels represent a highly polluted (industrial) site.
Studies on the corrosion protection efficiency of alkyd based paint media
Authors: Malik W.U. , Aggarwal Laxman
Published: February 2008

Mayne and coworkers have carried out intensive studies on the electro‐chemical behaviour of anti‐corrosive paint systems. More recently they have shown that the paint films possess ionogenic sites which become ionised by the absorption of water or moisture and thus become selectively permeable to ions and the process of ion exchange follows. They have also studied the variations in the electrical resistance of a soya alkyd film as a function of the uptake of metallic ions. Bacon et. al. used electrical resistance measurements in assessing the anti‐corrosive properties of some three hundred paint systems, using mild steel panels coated with pigmented paint media as one of the electrodes of the test cell and have shown that the method is quite suitable for predicting their actual performances in marine environments. Khullar and Ulfvarson have determined the ion exchange capacities and ion exchange rates of about twenty different paint media films and drawn a sort of relation between their ionic behaviour and anti‐corrosive abilities.
The properties of water‐thinnable paints for spray application
Authors: Eaton M.G.
Published: February 2008

British industry today is at a stage where more and more interest is being shown in the use of water‐thinnable spraying paints. The possible reasons for using these materials may differ but some of the advantages include reduced atmospheric pollution, greater safety, lower raw material costs, and an improvement in the spraying area for the operator with the reduction in the use of organic solvents.
Re‐activation of antifouling compositions
Authors: Thome Ole
Published: February 2008

The method has been previously reported on in NSFI‐Nytt Nos. 1 and 3, 1973. The term ‘re‐activation of antifouling’ is not particularly good as it suggests merely the intention of keeping the ship free of growth by keeping the antifouling active, whereas the intention is to prevent all forms of roughening, i.e. also those caused by the formation of blisters, paint peeling, painting over stubs of old growths, under‐rusting etc.
Survey and field of application of lead free anti‐corrosive pigments (Part 2)
Authors: Pantzer R.
Published: February 2008

2.4 Metal salts of organic nitrocompounds (Sicorin) With the development of new anti‐corrosives the environmental behaviour becomes more and more of importance for the paint industry.
The prospects for titanium dioxide in the paint industry
Authors: Siddle G.R.
Published: February 2008

Titanium dioxide was introduced as a paint pigment during the late 1920's and thirties, and these early grades were anatase. Rutile grades appeared in the forties and early fifties, but without surface treatments.
Some recent developments in epoxy systems for the surface coating industry, part 1
Authors: Claude Paladini Jean
Published: February 2008

Future trends in surface coating developments must consider energy and raw materials prices, working cost, ecological imperatives and advances in technology. To be successful, a coating simultaneously must be non‐polluting, easy to apply in a short time and able to give good final properties. In the field of epoxy systems, these different aspect are well illustrated in the cases of thermosetting epoxy powder coatings and also with liquid epoxy acrylates which can be crosslinked by U. V. or β radiations, without heating.
Chlorinated rubber: the solution to many corrosion control problems
Authors: Reid G.C.
Published: February 2008

The properties of any paint system are largely determined by the resin on which the paint is based. Correct selection of the resin is therefore of fundamental importance if long‐lasting protection is to be provided against corrosive elements. Among the paint resins that are well established, chlorinated rubber is now being used to an increasing extent because it meets the essential requirements for anti‐corrosion protection.
The Dyno‐Mill: An advance in dispersing technology
Authors: Maag Theodor
Published: February 2008

In the field of applied chemical process engineering, a great number of fundamentally different unit operations is known. In practice, they frequently overlap and sometimes also influence each other. One of these unit operations is dispersing, which means the uniform distribution of solid particles in a liquid phase. Dispersing technology is by no means a new development. In the early days and also in some special cases today, the term ‘dispersing’ stands for an additional process of communication of solid particles carried out at the same time as the process of distribution in the liquid phase. For this reason, dispersing is sometimes erroneously considered to be synonymous with the term ‘milling’ or ‘grinding.’
Technical Innovation in the light of changing consumer demands for pigments
Authors: Williamson L.J.
Published: February 2008

The special properties of the lead chromate pigments have been used for many years in surface coatings. These properties which incude high opacity and brilliance of shade need not be further elaborated here. Naturally occurring lead chromate — the mineral crocoite — when powdered and formulated in a coatings composition will darken on exposure to light. Chrome pigments were once classified according to the composition of the lead salt used in manufacture. The principal classes were:—
Computers are here to stay
Authors: Maron J.J.
Published: February 2008

A computer is simply a machine, a complex parcel of electronics, but stupid. Most can only count up to one, then must start again at zero. Even simple pocket calculators can count up to nine before returning to zero, and man can go one better without even removing his shoes.
New aluminium pigments give a bright future for the coatings industry
Authors: King D.R.
Published: February 2008

Until now there have been no significant advances made by European producers in the quality of aluminium pigments for twenty years or more. The industry has slumbered. No manufacturer looked to up‐grade the quality and performance of what had become accepted as “the norm” for these pigments. Even the consumers became lulled into quiet acceptance that the products offered and the finishes obtained were the best achievable.
The Role of the Pigment Dispersion Specialist in the Paint Industry
Authors: Falk Samuel O.
Published: February 2008

There is nothing novel in the concept of the coatings manufacturer buying dispersions in producing industrial paints. Twenty‐five years ago, “flushed or dispersed colours” were purchased and proved their value. However, the market has appeared in the past to centre on two major areas:
Dispersion of titanium dioxide in non‐aqueous media Part 5
Authors: Rackham J.M.
Published: February 2008

The flowpoint titration, as it has evolved over the years, is a natural development of the older oil absorption test. Instead of titrating the pigment with refined linseed oil, it is titrated with resin solutions of different concentration. For each pigment‐resin‐solvent system, the relationship between resin concentration and the volume of resin solution needed to form a free‐flowing paste is graphed.
Water dispersible alkyd for emulsion paints
Authors: Chimie CdF
Published: February 2008

Norsolyde AE 11 is a self‐emulsifiable alkyd resin, which improves adhesion properties of dispersion paint films, is based on non‐yellowing fatty acids and, according to the manufacturers, is characterised by: an outstanding adhesion, an excellent tool washability with tap water, an excellent saponification resistance, a low viscosity, an excellent elasticity, good drying properties.
Parameters affecting thermoplastic coating process. Part 1
Authors: Khanna Raj
Published: February 2008

Experiments on production coating lines are time consuming and expensive both in machine time and in material so that a laboratory test requiring a small amount of material is needed. To illustrate the scope of laboratory tests the paper includes the modification of a small extruder to study important parameters such as torque and gelation (homogenisation) in relation to output rates.
Study of paint films by electron microscopy
Authors: Birkett H.G. , Rodney J.
Published: February 2008

Information about the properties of paint films can be obtained in a number of ways. Optical properties such as colour, gloss and opacity are readily measured and physical properties such as hardness, permeability and density have been extensively studied. Such measurements, however, tell little about the internal structure of the film and the way in which pigment and other particles are arranged. Such information must be obtained by direct observation.
Development of chrome pigments: an historical review
Authors: Schofield M.
Published: February 2008

A report that zinc chromate, like lead chromate, may be a health hazard brings to mind the considerable researches on zinc and lead chromes which have gone on since the Scottish chemist James Murdock discovered zinc chrome in 1807. Such bright pigments, together with anti‐corrosion processes such as the Cronak chromate passivation, brought considerable demands for chromium, with chemical derivatives of the element as varied as applications in metallurgy.
The future of organic pigments
Authors: Macdonald Smith Hugh
Published: February 2008

Today's narrowing environment requires new ways of looking at the organic pigments industry. In particular a reconstruction of organic pigments is needed in relation to “TOSCA” the Toxic Substances Control Act (USA), which has swiftly become the issue of the hour.
A testing station for above‐water paints
Authors: El‐Saawy S.M. , Abou‐Khalil M.A. , Ghanem N.A.
Published: February 2008

The present work describes a testing station for above‐water paints in Egypt. The station has been constructed on Alexandria Seashore.
Slurries: a future approach to paint making
Authors: Huxtable D.J.
Published: February 2008

It is a number of years now since we at ECC International have been presenting what we feel to be a future paint‐making potential of slurry extenders to the European Paint Industry. Perhaps, at this stage it is time to review the current situation, to take stock of our position and to re‐examine the future prospects for slurries.
A new approach to bulk production
Authors: Troughton G.E.
Published: February 2008

Efficient particle size reduction or dispersions and wetting form a vital stage in an extensive range of production processes and, because it is frequently related to the quality of the final product, the consistency of performance of the machine over very long periods of continuous operation is of considerable importance.
Meeting the requirements of modern mixer technology
Authors: Tschudy R.
Published: February 2008

Mixers of the type described in the following are used wherever several liquid components are brought together with powder components in a charge to form a mixture and are refined in a subsequent dispersing and wetting process to form an end product. Typical users of these mixers are printing ink, paint, PVC, adhesive and similar industries.
Low‐solvent two‐pack polyurethane coatings
Authors: Uerdingen Walter
Published: February 2008

In the sector of light‐stable, two‐pack polyurethane coatings (high‐solids coatings) new binder systems were developed during the last few years. When polyisocyanate adducts suitable for low‐solvent, two‐pack polyurethane coatings are to be formulated, it is necessary to adjust the functionality, the molecular weight and the starting components appropriately to one another. This also applies to the polyhydroxy compounds used as co‐reactants. The various parameters for controlling the polymer properties are discussed.
Commercial printing ink pigmentation: part 1
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

In the first of three articles reviewing Commercial Printing Ink Pigmentation the classification and various printing systems are considered.
Commercial printing ink pigmentation
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

The ink maker and printer are vitally concerned with the behaviour to be expected from a pigment in terms of its contribution to printing properties (such as rheology, bleeding, damping water incompatibility), print appearance (colour, lustre), and useful service life (fading, resistance to chemical attack). Although practical printing tests can properly demonstrate the ultimate utility of a pigment for an intended use, sufficient preliminary data can normally be assembled to suggest candidate pigments suitable for evaluation.
Acrylic coatings for wood
Authors: Keith Gordon
Published: February 2008

Developments in acrylic polymer technology over the past few years have led to the possibility today of formulating total paint systems for wood using water based all‐acrylic coatings.
Modified barium metaborate: A non‐lead, non‐chromate corrosion inhibitor for Alkyd Paints
Authors: Haagenson K.A. , Ross R.T.
Published: February 2008

Modified barium metaborate (BMB) was originally developed and patented as a mould inhibitor for oleoresinous systems. It was noted from exposures on our test fence that the product exhibited definite corrosion inhibiting properties. Through this observation further studies were initiated and it was determined that BMB was an excellent corrosion inhibitor in both latex and oleoresinous systems. Its effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor is usually attributed to (1) its alkalinity which neutralizes the acidity of weathered paint films and which may reduce the reactivity of metal substrates, and (2) the metaborate ion which passivates the anode in essentially the same manner as the chromate ion.
Versatility to meet the requirements of modern mixer technology
Authors: Ltd. Buhler‐Miag (England)
Published: February 2008

Mixers of the type described in the following are used wherever several liquid components are brought together with powder components in a charge to form a mixture and are refined in a subsequent dispersing and wetting process to form an end product. Typical users of these mixers are printing ink, paint, PVC adhesive and similar industries.
Vinyl monomers from 12‐hydroxy stearic acid
Authors: Krishnamurti N.
Published: February 2008

Sixteen different vinyl monomers were synthesised, based on 12‐hydroxy stearic acid in high purity. These include allyl, acrylic and methacrylic esters. These monomers were characterised by infra red spectroscopy and their purity was checked by chromatographic techniques. Boiling/melting points, refractive indices and iodine values of the products have been determined.
Gas chromatography procedures and equipment for the paints and inks industry: Part 2
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

In order to examine satisfactorily certain substances by gas chromatography they must first of all be converted into suitable derivatives with volatilities much greater than those of the parent compounds. In this class of materials are the fatty acids associated with the triglyceride oils used in alkyd resin manufacture, along with the polycarboxylic acids and polygols which are also used for this purpose. It can generally be expected that compounds containing polar functional groups that are capable of hydrogen‐bond formation will, when these are converted into suitable derivatives, be much more volatile than the parent compounds on account of the loss of these secondary bonds. It is this increased volatility which enables the substances to be successfully analysed by gas chromatography at temperatures which do not cause their thermal degradation.
Engineering solutions to resin plant problems
Authors: Andrew R.T.
Published: February 2008

Resin plant generally comprises a reaction vessel, a heating system, a cooling system, equipment for the supply of chemicals to the reactor and ancillary vessels for the handling of by‐products of reaction.
Flocculation — which factors influence it ? — Part 2
Authors: Kaluza U.
Published: February 2008

3. On what are the various forms of pigment flocculation dependent?
Lauroyl peroxides as polymer catalysts and other uses
Authors: Lower E.S.
Published: February 2008

Lauroyl peroxide can be produced by reaction of lauroyl chloride with hydrogen alkali metal peroxides, e.g. it can be produced by treatment of lauroyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide. It has also been prepared by reacting a mixture of lauroyl chloride, lauric anhydride and phosphorous trichloride in benzene, with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, water, sodium phosphate and caustic soda. It can be dried in the form of an emulsion by centrifuging.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint & allied industries. Raw materials: Part 2
Authors: Walton Ann J.
Published: February 2008

The liquid extract obtained from the natural cashew nutshell is rich in phenolic substances which are derived from anacardic acid C6H3(OH) (CO2H) (C15H31‐n), where n may have values of 0, 2, 4 or 6 and represents various degrees of unsaturation in the aliphatic C15 side‐chain. Industrial decarboxylation of this material affords cardanol C6H4(OH) (C15H31‐n) plus other substituted phenols and polymeric residues. Tyman et al. (197, 198) have studied the analysis of all these products using GC, molecular distillation, TLC and mass spectrometry. After hydrogenation and the formation of the corresponding methyl esters, the products were analysed by GC using glass columns (5ft × 3/16in) packed with acid washed and silanized Diatomite as support material and which was coated with non‐polar stationary phases such as SE30, SE25 or APL, or semi‐polar phases such as 0V17, Dexil 300 or PEGA. Alternatively, the samples were subjected to an acetylation procedure prior to GC examination on columns containing Dexil 300, SE30 or SE52. The GC equipment consisted of a Pye‐Unicam model 104 instrument operated with nitrogen carrier gas (flow rate 45cm3 min−1) and equipped with FID.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint & allied industries. Part 5: Environmental studies
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

The applications of gas chromatography in studies of air pollution have been reviewed by Braman (28) who stated that most substances in the environment could be examined chromatographically by following suitable sampling procedures. In particular mention was made of the analysis of permanent gases and vapours, locally‐high concentrations of chemicals such as may be found in the region of manufacturing plants, and the examination of particulate matter subsequent upon the use of appropriate collection techniques. Three methods for the collection of air samples were described.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint and allied industries. Part 6: Whole paint analysis
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

The examination and identification of solvents and binder resins in particular has been discussed in detail previously. It is the sole purpose of this section to indicate the means available for obtaining these substances from finished paints in such a way as to facilitate their analysis. For example, the ASTM (15) has published a standard procedure for examining the solvent portion of paints by direct injection on to a GC. In this case, so as to prevent blockage of the column by the resin and pigment components, the sample was injected either via a glass injection port sleeve or on to a glass wool plug positioned in the heated injection port. Hence solvent analysis could be carried out without the need to apply any preliminary separation procedures. If however, both solvent and binder resin are to be examined then a procedure for separating these constituents must be applied.
Recent trends in the modification of alkyds. I. Physical modification
Authors: Chandra Sushil , Pasari Suman
Published: February 2008

Alkyds are the work horse of paint industry. In order to obtain desired film properties, alkyd resins are frequently modified by other resins and polymers either by physically blending them or chemically incorporating them. Some of the recent physical modifications of alkyds have been described in this first part of the article. The chemical modifications will be described in the second part.
Recent trends in the modification of alkyds. 2. Chemical modification
Authors: Chandra Sushil , Pasari Suman
Published: February 2008

In order to obtain desired film properties, alkyd resins are frequently modified by other resins and polymers either by physically blending them or chemically incorporating them. Some of the recent physical modifications of alkyd have already been described in the first part of the article. In this second part, the different types of resins and polymers used for the chemical modifications of alkyd resin are reviewed. A critical discussion on generally recognised advantages and disadvantages of the resultant coating from each modifier is described. Their use in surface coating industry are enumerated. Types of modifier to be used for improving a particular property in the coating are also suggested.
The properties of aluminium stearate and its uses in the coatings and allied industries
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Aluminium stearate is a fine, bulky, odourless and colourless powder forming a plastic mass when heated, having the properties both of organic and inorganic matter. It embraces most of the characteristics of other metallic stearates and is regarded as the most important of these. Several studies of the material have already appeared in past years.
Resin plant considerations
Authors: Nowell S.
Published: February 2008

The resin plant user and designer have a joint responsibility to provide reliable process plants, conserve energy and maintain the highest degree of safety. With this in mind Hygrotherm for many years has been designing and building resin plants for installation world‐wide. They have covered a wide range of products and operating conditions.
Laboratory preparation and evaluation of conductive silver powder pigments
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , Morsi I.M. , Abdel‐Mohdy F.A.
Published: February 2008

Three different methods have been studied to prepare silver powder pigments in order to find out the most suitable product for application in conductive paints. X‐ray analysis, specific gravity, pH value, water solubility, oil absorption, particle size distribution, and particle shape of the prepared silver powders were measured and compared with a commercial pigment. It was found that two of the three grades of silver powders have more suitable properties for application as conductive pigments.
The search for longer‐life window finishes
Authors: Baker J.T.
Published: February 2008

There is an urgent need to improve the painting of windows, in order to achieve longer service life. This cannot be achieved simply by refinement or improvement of paint materials. Better performance will result from a complete design optimisation, beginning with selection of the timber, high quality machining, attention to details of design of the window itself, correct choice of preservative and, finally, the correct choice and application of finishing materials. The application of these materials is best carried out in the window factory. The window is then delivered to site fully finished.
Water on the brain
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

In the medical field biochemistry has now reached the stage of exploring the junction of body and soul with the help of the most sophisticated drugs. Genetic engineers are dashing headlong down the corridors of gene technology and are able to push DNA from one cell to another. The laserite process cuts through flesh — therapeutically for the moment. And, in an effort to be all‐embracing, those concerned with integrated crop protection are now using sexual lures as a weapon against harmful insects. It is all very exciting and awfully productive although, paradoxically, millions of human beings are still on a strict mandatory diet which leaves them with grotesque anorexic morphology, much against their will.
Relationships between rheological properties and paint performance
Authors: Dutt N.V.K. , Prasad D.H.L.
Published: February 2008

Paints (surface coatings), primarily used to protect various substrates from the corroding action of acidic and alkaline substances, largely contain polymers as coating formulations. Examples of generally used polymers are: butadiene based (space), epoxy resins and silicone fluids (concrete vinyl polymers and polyurethanes (optical fibres) alkyds and acrylics (electronics) and polyester resins (wood, metal and fibre‐glass reinforcements). The binder‐pigment interaction controls important properties like hardness, flexibility, permeability, adhesion, gloss, and mechanical properties and contributes finally to the success or otherwise of the paint as a protective surface‐coating. Excellence of pigment dispersion and paint performance are thus intimately related.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry. Part 3: Making it big
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Soon two names would come into prominence, two names which produced a corner‐stone for this country from which we still draw compound interest — Gladstone and Disraeli. These two great men were to rule the land and British Empire, in alternation, from 1868 to 1885. Both premiers, in their own way, laid out the ground for a consumer society based on, believe it or not, budget deficits. With frequent annexations, rapid invention and innovation, the increasing benefits of education and without the negative and burgeoning cost of welfare payments, Victorian Britain — give or take the odd hiccup — literally steamed toward world dominance. The inane, idle and lazy went to that wonderful institution, the workhouse and, a mixture of muscular Christianity and true compassion ensured deserving cases — who really were in a state of physical or mental turmoil — were succoured. They were indeed, the good old days.
Formulating water based epoxide paints
Authors: Richardson F.B.
Published: February 2008

Thomas Swan & Co Ltd have for many years offered a range of water dispersible epoxide curing agents. These products are better known as the Casamid 360 range — water soluble modified polyamide curing agents, consisting of the following range:
Crown industrial finishing technology
Authors: Dodd G.
Published: February 2008

This is essentially a method of producing hard‐cured films from a liquid coating, where the solvent has been removed and replaced by a liquid monomer. This reaction is instigated by a free radical mechanism induced by either electron‐beam or more generally by ultra‐violet radiation.