bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A commentary on the United Kingdom's leading food retailers' resilience plans in the face of climate change
Authors: Jones Peter , Comfort Daphne
Published: November 2019

In September 2019, the U.K. House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee warned that the United Kingdom's food supply was vulnerable to climate change. Within the U.K. food retailing is highly concentrated with the four leading food retailers accounting for almost 70% of all food sales. In the face of the threat of climate change to food supplies, a focus on resilience might be seen to have much to offer retailers. However, little work has been published in the academic literature on if, and how, retailers are employing the concept of resilience in their business plans. With these thoughts in mind, this commentary paper provides an exploratory review of how the United Kingdom's four leading food retailers, namely Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda, and Morrisons, have publicly acknowledged the importance of resilience in the face of climate change. The paper outlines definitions of resilience and retail resilience, draws out four general themes within the U.K. food retailers' resilience plans, and offers some wider reflections on the retailers' resilience plans in the face of climate change.
Mechanical and thermal properties of polyethylene/carbon nanofiber composites produced by rotational molding
Authors: Zepeda‐Rodríguez Zenen , Arellano‐Martínez Martin R. , Cruz‐Barba Emilio , Zamudio‐Ojeda Adalberto , Rodrigue Denis , Vázquez‐Lepe Milton , González‐Núñez Rubén
Published: November 2019

Nanocomposites based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) were prepared by rotational molding. In particular, a simple dry‐blending process was used to add different CNF contents (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 wt%). To improve the fiber‐matrix adhesion, the CNF were treated by an oxygen cold plasma and the level of surface modification was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the samples produced a complete set of morphological, mechanical, rheological, and thermal characterization was performed. By following the internal air temperature while rotomolding, it was possible to detect the LMDPE melting and crystallization temperature and the values were confirmed by DSC. On the other hand, the XPS results show that the plasma treatment increased the CNF oxygen content and possibly the surface roughness. In general, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were improved by the addition of low CNF content: impact strength (30%), tensile modulus (20%), tensile strength (8%), elongation at break (35%), and toughness (70%).
A cross‐cultural examination on global orientations and moral foundations
Authors: Hu Xiaomeng , Zhu Yijie , Yu Feng , Wilder David A. , Zhang Li , Chen Sylvia Xiaohua , Peng Kaiping
Published: November 2019

Although there is a flourishing literature on the psychology of globalization and the psychology of morality, respectively, the moral dimension has been largely absent in the discourse of globalization psychology. Our current work attempts to fill this gap by establishing a conceptual and empirical link between global orientations and moral foundations. Our results indicated that (1) multicultural acquisition was positively linked with both individualizing and binding values; (2) ethnic protection was positively linked with only binding values; and (3) the relation patterns between global orientations and moral foundations were essentially congruent across cultures albeit with some cultural variations. Our findings provide direct evidence to map out the relation patterns between how people mentally cope with globalization and their explicit moral matrices.
Synthesis and electropolymerization of a multifunctional naphthalimide clicked carbazole derivative
Authors: Coban Fatma , Ayranci Rukiye , Ak Metin
Published: November 2019

In this study, a multifunctional ‘clicked’ naphthalimide carbazole derivative (CNaP) was synthesized via Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Combining carbazole as an electroactive group with naphthalimide as a fluorescence group via click chemistry imparts multifunctional properties to this unique structure. CNaP was characterized via Fourier transform IR, 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as fluorescence and electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical polymerization of the CNaP monomer was carried out in acetonitrile/boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (2:1) (v/v) by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The resulting polycarbazole‐derived conductive polymer was characterized via optical and electrochemical measurements. PCNaP displayed multi‐electrochromism behaviour with good optical contrast (41% at 693 nm) and switching time (1.92 s at 693 nm). These results demonstrate that the new ‘clicked’ fluorescent, polycarbazole‐derived conductive polymer can be used in various applications such as electrochemical/optical sensors and electrochromic and fluorescence imaging devices. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
RDX Based Enhanced Energy Propellant for Tank Gun Ammunition
Authors: Jaiswal Garima , Shaikh Munis A. R. , Shelar Sunil D. , Ramavath Vijayalakshmi , Roy Subhankar
Published: November 2019

Ammunition designers are faced now a day with the tasks of improving muzzle velocity (MV) to achieve required penetration as well as developing gun propellant with minimum variation of ballistics at extremes of temperatures so as to maintain safe chamber pressure of gun. In order to meet the requirement an optimized propellant composition containing RDX, energetic plasticizer, nitrocellulose (NC), cellulose acetate (CA) and additives referred as Enhanced Energy Propellant (EEP) was processed and evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Performance in respect of ballistic parameters (static and dynamic), sensitivity, thermal characteristics, thermal stability and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared with that of the conventional triple base propellant (TBP). Experimental data on comparative study indicated that the newly developed EEP is superior to existing TBP in terms of energy, stability and thermal properties while sustaining the safe chamber pressure of gun. Dynamic firing results show that, EEP requires lower charge mass (7.43 kg) and lesser chamber pressure (459 MPa) to realize MV at par with standard. This illustrates high energy of EEP.
Effect of Wafer Off‐Angles on Defect Formation in Drift Layers Grown on Free‐Standing GaN Substrates
Authors: Shiojima Kenji , Horikiri Fumimasa , Narita Yoshinobu , Yoshida Takehiro , Mishima Tomoyoshi
Published: November 2019

The effect of the surface off‐angle toward either the a‐ or m‐axis on the defect formation is characterized using deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) in conjunction with the carrier concentration for Ni Schottky contacts formed on n‐GaN drift layers. In both noncontact and conventional capacitance–voltage results, off‐angle dependence on carrier concentration is observed. For all samples, a large dominant peak appears at approximately 270 K in the DLTS spectra and is attributed to E3 (EC − 0.57–0.61 eV) defects. Carbon atoms can act as carrier compensators and form E3 defects. These results can be interpreted based on how C incorporation during crystal growth depends on the off‐angle.
Theoretical study of the desorption of neutral and ionic alkali metal atoms from the excited Li+(H2O)n = 1‐4 and Na+(H2O)n = 1‐4 cluster models: Electronic excitation charge transfer
Authors: Farrokhpour Hossein , Khoshkhou Samaneh
Published: November 2019

In this work, the potential energy curves of several low‐lying excited states of M+(H2O)n = 1‐4 (M = Li and Na) clusters with one M─O bond, related to the stretching of their M─O bond, were calculated in the gas phase. The time‐dependent density functional theory and direct‐symmetry‐adapted cluster‐configuration interaction were used in this study separately. Theoretical calculations showed that the charge transfer occurred between M+ and (H2O)n in the excited clusters so that the neutral metal atom was obtained at the dissociation limit of the potential curves. The excited potential curves of clusters were also calculated in the presence of the electrostatic field of water (EFW), and it was found that the charge transfer was blocked in the presence of EFW. The effect of the size of the (H2O)n cluster on the shape of the excited potential curves was investigated to observe how the M─O bond was affected in the excited states depending on the (H2O)n size. It was found that the increase in the size of the (H2O)n cluster increased the number of bonding excited potential curves. The difference between the electron density of the excited and ground electronic states was calculated to see how the charge transfer was affected by the size of the (H2O)n cluster.
The Subbromide Bi5Br4 – On the Existence of a Hidden Phase
Authors: Pabst Falk , Chang Jen‐Hui , Finzel Kati , Kohout Miroslav , Schmidt Peer , Ruck Michael
Published: November 2019

Black and irregularly shaped crystals of the bismuth‐rich bromide Bi5Br4 were obtained as a by‐product of the reaction of CsBr, Bi, and BiBr3. X‐ray diffraction on a single‐crystal revealed its orthorhombic structure with the space group Pmmn (no. 59) and lattice parameters a = 1800.0(2) pm, b = 1476.1(1) pm, and c = 924.5(2) pm at 296 K. The structure is composed of Bi82+ and Bi95+ polycations and bromidobismuthate(III) anions according to the structured formula Bi5Br4 = Bi20Br16 = Bi82+Bi95+[BiBr5]2–[Bi2Br11]5–. Bi5Br4 is the bismuth‐richest among the bismuth subhalides containing isolated polycations. Extensive differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that Bi5Br4 decomposes at 262 °C, i.e. one degree below the bismuth‐rich eutectic at 263 °C. All attempts towards a rational synthesis yielded predominantly the neighboring phases BiBr and Bi6Br7.
Synthesis and Characterisation of the Nitridocuprate(I) Nitride Carbodiimide (Sr6N)[CuN2][CN2]2
Authors: Clark William P. , Niewa Rainer
Published: November 2019

The strontium nitridocuprate(I) nitride carbodiimide has been successfully produced and characterised. Single crystals were grown in metal ampoules, utilising an alkali metal as a fluxing agent. Structural characterisation was conducted via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the identity of the [CN2]2– anion as carbodiimide was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Diamagnetic behaviour over a large temperature range supports the copper(I) electronic state.
The effectiveness of interventions for reducing subjective and objective social isolation among people with mental health problems: a systematic review
Authors: Ma Ruimin , Mann Farhana , Wang Jingyi , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Terhune James , Al-Shihabi Ahmed , Johnson Sonia
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Subjective and objective social isolation are important factors contributing to both physical and mental health problems, including premature mortality and depression. This systematic review evaluated the current evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to improve subjective and/or objective social isolation for people with mental health problems. Primary outcomes of interest included loneliness, perceived social support, and objective social isolation.

Methods

Three databases were searched for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Studies were included if they evaluated interventions for people with mental health problems and had objective and/or subjective social isolation (including loneliness) as their primary outcome, or as one of a number of outcomes with none identified as primary.

Results

In total, 30 RCTs met the review’s inclusion criteria: 15 included subjective social isolation as an outcome and 11 included objective social isolation. The remaining four evaluated both outcomes. There was considerable variability between trials in types of intervention and participants’ characteristics. Significant results were reported in a minority of trials, but methodological limitations, such as small sample size, restricted conclusions from many studies.

Conclusion

The evidence is not yet strong enough to make specific recommendations for practice. Preliminary evidence suggests that promising interventions may include cognitive modification for subjective social isolation, and interventions with mixed strategies and supported socialisation for objective social isolation. We highlight the need for more thorough, theory-driven intervention development and for well-designed and adequately powered RCTs.
The role of personality, cognition, and affective state in same-sex contests in the red junglefowl
Authors: Garnham Laura Clare , Porthén Sabina Ahlgren , Child Sarah , Forslind Sara , Løvlie Hanne
Published: November 2019

Intra-species contests are common in the animal kingdom and can have fitness consequences. Most research on what predicts contest outcome focuses on morphology, although differences in personality and cognition may also be involved. Supporting this, more proactive individuals often have dominant status, although the causality of this relationship is rarely investigated. Contest initiators often win; thus, individuals that are more proactive in their personality (e.g., more aggressive, risk-taking) or cognition (e.g., more optimistic, impulsive) may initiate contests more often. To investigate this, we assayed the behavior and cognition of sexually mature male and female red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), a species in which both sexes contest over social status, before staging intra-sexual contests. We confirm that contest initiators were more likely to win. In males, individuals that behaved more boldly in a novel arena test were more likely to initiate and win contests. Female initiators tended to be less active in novel object test, more aggressive in a restrained opponent test, and respond less optimistically in a cognitive judgement bias test, whereas the main predictor of whether a female would win a contest was whether she initiated it. These results suggest that behaviors attributed to proactive and reactive personalities, and—at least for female red junglefowl—optimism, can affect contest initiation and outcome. Therefore, within species, and depending on sex, different aspects of behavior and cognition may independently affect contest initiation and outcome. The generality of these findings, and their fitness consequences, requires further investigation.

Significance statement

In red junglefowl, we explored how behavior previously shown to describe personality, cognition, and affective state affected initiation and outcome of intra-sexual contests, by staging contests between sexually mature individuals previously assayed in behavioral and cognitive tests. In both sexes, contest initiators usually won. Bolder males were more likely to initiate and win contests. Female contests initiators were less active, more aggressive, and less optimistic. Our results suggest that personality and cognition could affect the initiation and outcome of contests and that how this occurs may differ between sexes.
Most of the field/inductive substituent effect works through the bonds
Authors: Szatylowicz Halina , Jezuita Anna , Ejsmont Krzysztof , Krygowski Tadeusz M.
Published: November 2019

An application of the quantum chemical modeling allowed to investigate the nature of the field/inductive substituent effect (SE). For this purpose, series of X-tert-butyl···tert-butane (TTX) complexes (where X = NMe2, NH2, OH, OMe, Me, H, F, Cl, CF3, CN, CHO, COMe, CONH2, COOH, NO2, NO) were studied. A starting distance between central carbon atoms in substituted and unsubstituted fragments of TTX, dC1–C4, was the same as the distance C1–C4 in X-substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO), where the SE acts both via bonds and via space. A strength of interaction between substituted and unsubstituted components of TTX was described by deformation and interaction energies. The substituent effect on electronic structure through the bonds and the space was characterized using charge of the substituent active region (cSAR) approach. The comparison of the SE characteristics obtained for alicyclic BCO and for TTX complexes document a significantly stronger field/inductive effect through bonds than through space.
Assessment of Dynamic Change of Coronary Artery Geometry and Its Relationship to Coronary Artery Disease, Based on Coronary CT Angiography
Authors: van Zandwijk Jordy K. , Tuncay Volkan , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Pelgrim Gert Jan , Slump Cornelis H. , Oudkerk Matthijs , van Ooijen Peter M. A.
Published: November 2019

To investigate the relationship between dynamic changes of coronary artery geometry and coronary artery disease (CAD) using computed tomography (CT). Seventy-one patients underwent coronary CT angiography with retrospective electrocardiographic gating. End-systolic (ES) and end-diastolic (ED) phases were automatically determined by dedicated software. Centerlines were extracted for the right and left coronary artery. Differences between ES and ED curvature and tortuosity were determined. Associations of change in geometrical parameters with plaque types and degree of stenosis were investigated using linear mixed models. The differences in number of inflection points were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Tests were done on artery and segment level. One hundred thirty-seven arteries (64.3%) and 456 (71.4%) segments were included. Curvature was significantly higher in ES than in ED phase for arteries (p= 0.002) and segments (p< 0.001). The difference was significant only at segment level for tortuosity (p= 0.005). Number of inflection points was significantly higher in ES phase on both artery and segment level (p< 0.001). No significant relationships were found between degree of stenosis and plaque types and dynamic change in geometrical parameters. Non-invasive imaging by cardiac CT can quantify change in geometrical parameters of the coronary arteries during the cardiac cycle. Dynamic change of vessel geometry through the cardiac cycle was not found to be related to the presence of CAD.
Asymptotic sojourn time analysis of finite-source M/M/1 retrial queueing system with collisions and server subject to breakdowns and repairs
Authors: Nazarov Anatoly , Sztrik János , Kvach Anna , Tóth Ádám
Published: November 2019

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the steady-state distribution of response and waiting time in a finite-sourceM / M / 1 retrial queuing system with collision of customers where the server is subjects to random breakdowns and repairs depending on whether it is idle or busy. An asymptotic method is applied under the condition that the number of sources tends to infinity, the primary request generation rate, retrial rate tend to zero while service rate, failure rates, repair rate are fixed. As the result of the analysis it is shown that the steady-state probability distribution of the number of transitions/retrials of the customer into the orbit is geometric with a given parameter, and the normalized sojourn time of the customer in the system follows a generalized exponential distribution. It is also proved that the limiting distributions of the normalized sojourn time of the customer in the system and the normalized sojourn/waiting time of the customer in the orbit coincide. The novelty of this investigation is the introduction of failure and repair of the server. Approximations of prelimit distributions obtained with the help of stochastic simulation by asymptotic one are considered and several illustrative examples show the accuracy and range of applicability of the proposed asymptotic method.
Higher Ethical Objective (Maqasid al-Shari’ah) Augmented Framework for Islamic Banks: Assessing Ethical Performance and Exploring Its Determinants
Authors: Mergaliyev Arman , Asutay Mehmet , Avdukic Alija , Karbhari Yusuf
Published: November 2019

This study utilises higher objectives postulated in Islamic moral economy or themaqasid al-Shari’ahtheoretical framework’s novel approach in evaluating the ethical, social, environmental and financial performance of Islamic banks.Maqasid al-Shari’ahis interpreted as achieving social good as a consequence in addition to well-being and, hence, it goes beyond traditional (voluntary) social responsibility. This study also explores the major determinants that affectmaqasidperformance as expressed through disclosure analysis. By expanding the traditionalmaqasid al-Shari’ah,, we develop a comprehensive evaluation framework in the form of amaqasidindex, which is subjected to a rigorous disclosure analysis. Furthermore, in identifying the main determinants of themaqasiddisclosure performance, panel data analysis is used by including several key variables alongside political and socio-economic environment, ownership structures, and corporate andShari’ahgovernance-related factors. The sample includes 33 full-fledged Islamic banks from 12 countries for the period of 2008–2016. The findings show that although during the nine-year period the disclosure ofmaqasidperformance of the sampled Islamic banks has improved, this is still short of ‘best practices’. Through panel data analysis, this study finds that the Muslim population indicator, CEO duality,Shari’ahgovernance, and leverage variables positively impact the disclosure ofmaqasidperformance. However, the effect of GDP, financial development and human development index of the country, its political and civil rights, institutional ownership, and a higher share of independent directors have an overall negative impact on themaqasidperformance. The findings reported in this study identify complex and multi-faceted relations between external market realities, corporate andShari’ahgovernance mechanisms, andmaqasidperformance.
Escalation in conflict games: on beliefs and selection
Authors: Konrad Kai A. , Morath Florian
Published: November 2019

We study learning and selection and their implications for possible effort escalation in a simple game of dynamic property rights conflict: a multi-stage contest with random resolve. Accounting for the empirically well-documented heterogeneity of behavioral motives of players in such games turns the interaction into a dynamic game of incomplete information. In contrast to the standard benchmark with complete information, the perfect Bayesian equilibrium features social projection and type-dependent escalation of efforts caused by learning. A corresponding experimental setup provides evidence for type heterogeneity, for belief formation and updating, for self-selection and for escalation of efforts in later stages.
Preference-based interactive multi-document summarisation
Authors: Gao Yang , Meyer Christian M. , Gurevych Iryna
Published: November 2019

Interactive NLP is a promising paradigm to close the gap between automatic NLP systems and the human upper bound. Preference-based interactive learning has been successfully applied, but the existing methods require several thousand interaction rounds even in simulations with perfect user feedback. In this paper, we study preference-based interactive summarisation. To reduce the number of interaction rounds, we propose the Active Preference-based ReInforcement Learning (APRIL) framework. APRIL uses active learning to query the user, preference learning to learn a summary ranking function from the preferences, and neural Reinforcement learning to efficiently search for the (near-)optimal summary. Our results show that users can easily provide reliable preferences over summaries and that APRIL outperforms the state-of-the-art preference-based interactive method in both simulation and real-user experiments.
Schreibkompetenzen im Fach Englisch in der gymnasialen Oberstufe
Authors: Köller Olaf , Fleckenstein Johanna , Meyer Jennifer , Paeske Anna Lara , Krüger Maleika , Rupp Andre A. , Keller Stefan
Published: November 2019

Produktive Sprachkompetenzen im Fach Englisch sind bislang in Deutschland nur wenig untersucht worden. Daher wurden in der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit zwei Messzeitpunkten Kompetenzen im argumentativen und sachorientierten Schreiben von N = 838 Schülerinnen und Schülern in der 11. Jahrgangsstufe des achtjährigen Gymnasiums untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden rezeptive Kompetenzen (Hören und Lesen) berücksichtigt. Mit Blick auf die Ziele der gymnasialen Oberstufe (Erreichen des Niveaus B2 des Gemeinsamen Europäischen Referenzrahmens für Sprachen; GER) konnte gezeigt werden, dass bereits ein Jahr vor Erreichen des Abiturs rund 60 % der getesteten Schülerinnen und Schüler das Niveau B2 oder höher im Schreiben erreichten. Weiterhin belegen die Analysen signifikante Kompetenzzuwächse im Laufe eines Schuljahres und zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Profilen (sprachlich vs. naturwissenschaftlich vs. gesellschaftswissenschaftlich vs. sonstige), die die Schülerinnen und Schüler in der gymnasialen Oberstufe belegt haben; hier zeigen Jugendliche in den Sprachprofilen signifikant höhere Leistungen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Bezug auf normative Zielvorgaben der gymnasialen Oberstufe diskutiert.
Newly Emerging Geosites in the Polish Western Outer Carpathians as an Asset for Geoeducation and Geotourism
Authors: Głowacki Wiktor
Published: November 2019

This study focuses on Flysch Carpathian river valleys recently reshaped by the fluvial erosion. Geological structures of these mountains are rather monotonous. However, numerous floods that occurred in recent decades and the abrasion of banks of water reservoirs have made many parts of valleys particularly interesting not only for geologists but also for tourists and for local people as a pleasant place for recreation. New outcrops of flysch sediments appear in different spatial and social contexts. On the basis fieldwork observations in years 2009–2018, four case studies of the newly emerging geosites in the Polish Flysch Carpathians are presented. In one case, few people seem to notice the new geosite. In two other cases, local communities have taken initiatives to use the newly emerging geosites for education. The fourth case is the walking path at the foothill of a rocky hill with the reconstructed medieval castle at the top. The owner of the castle arranged this path as an additional commercial attraction for visitors of the castle. The author analyses also possibilities of the formal protection of the newly emerging geosites within the existing Polish nature protection system. Finally lessons that can be learnt from these activities for other Carpathian communities are presented.
Correction to: Perspectives of adults with Klinefelter syndrome, unaffected adolescent males, and parents of affected children toward diagnosis disclosure: a Thai experience
Authors: Suwannachat Sukrit , Wattanasirichaigoon Duangrurdee , Arunakul Jiraporn , Chirdkiatgumchai Vilawan , Tim-Aroon Thipwimol
Published: November 2019

The article “Perspectives of adults with Klinefelter syndrome, unaffected adolescent males, and parents of affected children toward diagnosis disclosure: a Thai experience”, written by Sukrit Suwannachat, Duangrurdee Wattanasirichaigoon, Jiraporn Arunakul, Vilawan Chirdkiatgumchai and Thipwimol Tim-Aroon, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on September 2019 without open access.
Occurrence and release of cadmium, chromium, and lead from stone coal combustion
Authors: Cui Wei , Meng Qingjun , Feng Qiyan , Zhou Lai , Cui Yahong , Li Wenbo
Published: November 2019

Stone coal, which has high ash yield, low carbon content, and low calorific value, releases toxic elements during the combustion process. In this study, samples were collected from an open-pit stone coal mine in the southern Shaanxi province, China. A simulated combustion experiment and sequential chemical extraction were applied to investigate the enrichment, occurrence, and release of Cr, Cd, and Pb in raw stone coal and ash. The contents of Cr, Cd, and Pb in raw stone coal were larger than those reported for other coals in China and worldwide. The enrichment factors of Cr, Cd, and Pb in ash at different temperatures exceeded 0.7, with the exception of Cd at 1000 °C. This indicates that Cr, Cd, and Pb were first enriched at low temperature (below 600 °C) and then volatilized at high temperature due to the decomposition of clay minerals. The dominant forms of toxic elements in raw stone coal were Fe–Mn-bound Cr and Cd and carbonates of Pb. As the temperature increased, the organic forms decreased obviously, and the residual forms increased; however, the Fe–Mn-bound forms remained the dominant forms of Cr, Cd, and Pb.
Scientific Reasoning Competencies: a Case of Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Khan Samia , Krell Moritz
Published: November 2019

In this study, we analysed the scientific reasoning competencies of preservice science teachers from a Canadian sample at the beginning and end of a science teacher education methods course. The course contained standard topics, such as the nature of science, assessment, and unit and lesson planning in science. The preservice science teachers were asked to reason about two types of problems in a validated pre- and post-questionnaire: investigatory-process problems and problems regarding modeling. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the course significantly contributed to the development of preservice science teachers’ competencies for those who had two previous degrees compared with those that did not. Furthermore, a greater proportion of teachers were deemed highly competent at planning investigations and testing models than the more generative dimensions of scientific reasoning, such as formulating questions and generating hypotheses. Implications for science teacher education internationally and the movement towards competency-based curricula are put forward.
The tradeoff between relevance and comparability in segment reporting✩
Authors: Hinson Lisa , Tucker Jennifer Wu , Weng Diana
Published: November 2019

The rule change for segment reporting in 1998 has arguably made segment reporting more relevant through the adoption of the management approach. Meanwhile, the management approach has resulted in a decrease in the comparability of segment income. We introduce firmspecific measures of changes in relevance and comparability due to the rule change. Our treatment firms experienced an increase in the relevance of segment reporting but a large decrease in the comparability of segment income; our benchmark firms barely experienced any changes in relevance and comparability. We examine earnings forecasts before vs. after the rule change issued by financial analysts—a major user group of segment reporting. Relative to benchmark firms, treatment firms’ analyst forecast error reductions around the segment disclosure event are not significantly different after the rule change than before the rule change, but treatment firms’ forecast dispersion reductions around the segment disclosure event are significantly larger after the rule change than before the rule change. These results suggest that despite the decrease in comparability, the new segment reporting rule has increased the decision usefulness of segment information by decreasing disagreement among analysts.
The impact of positive parenting behaviors and maternal depression on the features of young children's home language environments
Authors: TREAT Amy E. , SHEFFIELD MORRIS Amanda , HAYS-GRUDO Jennifer , WILLIAMSON Amy C.
Published: November 2019

This study investigated the associations between maternal depression when infants were 3 to 11 months old (M= 6 months), and positive parenting behaviors when children were between 12 and 22 months (M= 17 months) and the home language environment assessed when children were 18 to 28 months old (M= 23.5 months) in a sample of 29 low-income mother–child dyads. After controlling for maternal education, only teaching behaviors remained a moderate and significant predictor of adult word counts. Observed teaching behaviors significantly predicted conversational turns and marginally predicted child vocalizations; effects sizes were small. Encouraging behaviors were a small and significant predictor of conversational turns and a marginally significant predictor of adult word counts. Maternal depression was a moderate and significant predictor of children's vocal productivity scores and a small, marginal predictor of conversational turns. These findings have important implications for parenting and children's language outcomes.
More Than Half the Sky: Women and Urban Neighbourhood Workshops in China, 1958–1978
Authors: Lu Hanchao
Published: November 2019

From the Great Leap Forward (GLF) of 1958–1960 onwards, China's urban neighbourhood workshops and services mostly hired women. The GLF marked the beginning of a large-scale and irreversible trend towards near universal employment of women in China's cities. By the end of the Mao era, about 42 per cent of women working in industry were employed in “collectives” that were largely developed from urban neighbourhood industry. This article takes Shanghai as a case study to examine this type of employment for women in China. It documents the origin and development of the institution, explores the nuances of state–labour interactions at its site, and argues that as far as the enduring effects of women's participation in the workforce are concerned, the disastrous GLF was indeed the initiator and in this respect may well be seen as a blessing in disguise.
Chinese characters in the Spanish court: The Manila petition of 1598 to Philip II
Authors: CROSSLEY JOHN N. , WAH-CHEUNG LUN ANTHONY
Published: November 2019

Most information concerning relations between Spain and China in the context of the early colonial Philippines comes from Spanish sources. In this paper we present a contribution from the Chinese. Soon after the Spaniards started settling Manila, the number of Chinese there started increasing rapidly. Relations between Chinese and Spanish were always fraught and the only protectors the Chinese had were the Dominican priests who ministered to them. In desperation they wrote a letter in Chinese to King Philip II, which was “translated” into Spanish. We do not know of any other letter document conceived in Chinese being sent to a king in this period. We present the powerful letter in English translation.
Probing the response of Deinococcus radiodurans exposed to simulated space conditions
Authors: Araujo Gabriel Guarany de , Rodrigues Fabio , Galante Douglas
Published: November 2019

The extremotolerant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is used as a model to explore the limits of life on Earth and beyond. In experiments performed in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron beamline, this microorganism was exposed to conditions present on an extraterrestrial environment unprotected by an atmosphere, such as outside a spacecraft or on an asteroid, relevant in the context of planetary protection and panspermia hypothesis. Different methods were used to obtain the biologically relevant information from this investigation. Counting of colony forming units, the traditional approach for viability assessment, is limited to measuring the survival of the cells. For a more in-depth study of damage mechanisms at subcellular levels, specific molecular probes (propidium iodide and dihydrorhodamine 123) were applied and whole populations could be analysed, cell by cell, by flow cytometry. VUV radiation caused a substantial loss of viability, though only a fraction of the cells presented membrane damages even at the largest tested fluences. Additionally, intracellular oxidative stress was also detected upon exposure. These results point to significant VUV inactivating effects extending beyond the cells' outermost structures, in contrast to a more superficial role that could be expected due to the highly interacting nature of this radiation range. Nevertheless, it was observed that microscopic-level shading sufficed to allow the persistence of a small surviving subpopulation for the longer expositions. This study contributes to unveiling the response of biological systems under space conditions, assessing not just cell viability but also the mechanisms that lead to inactivation.
Unmet needs for treatment in 102 individuals with brief and limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS): implications for current clinical recommendations
Authors: Fusar-Poli Paolo , De Micheli Andrea , Chalambrides Monica , Singh Aoife , Augusto Castagnini , McGuire Philip
Published: November 2019

Aims

To investigate clinical outcomes and unmet needs in individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis presenting with Brief and Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS).

Methods

Prospective naturalistic long-term (up to 9 years) cohort study in individuals meeting BLIPS criteria at the Outreach And Support In South-London (OASIS) up to April 2016. Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, specific BLIPS features, preventive treatments received and clinical outcomes (psychotic and non-psychotic) were measured. Analyses included Kaplan Meier survival estimates and Cox regression methods.

Results

One hundred and two BLIPS individuals were followed up to 9 years. Across BLIPS cases, 35% had an abrupt onset; 32% were associated with acute stress, 45% with lifetime trauma and 20% with concurrent illicit substance use. The vast majority (80%) of BLIPS individuals, despite being systematically offered cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis, did not fully engage with it and did not receive the minimum effective dose. Only 3% of BLIPS individuals received the appropriate dose of cognitive behavioural therapy. At 4-year follow-up, 52% of the BLIPS individuals developed a psychotic disorder, 34% were admitted to hospital and 16% received a compulsory admission. At 3-year follow-up, 52% of them received an antipsychotic treatment; at 4-year follow-up, 26% of them received an antidepressant treatment. The presence of seriously disorganising and dangerous features was a strong poor prognostic factor.

Conclusions

BLIPS individuals display severe clinical outcomes beyond their very high risk of developing psychosis and show poor compliance with preventive cognitive behavioural therapy. BLIPS individuals have severe needs for treatment that are not met by current preventive strategies.
Hydrothermal Activity at the Ultraslow‐Spreading Mohns Ridge: New Insights From Near‐Seafloor Magnetics
Authors: Lim Anna , Brönner Marco , Johansen Ståle Emil , Dumais Marie‐Andrée
Published: November 2019

Hydrothermal circulation is a process fundamental to all types of mid‐ocean ridges that largely impacts the chemical and physical balance of the World Ocean. However, diversity of geological settings hosting hydrothermal fields complicates the exploration and requires thorough investigation of each individual case study before effective criteria can be established. Analysis of high‐resolution bathymetric and magnetic data, coupled with video and rock samples material, furthers our knowledge about mid‐ocean‐ridge‐hosted venting sites and aid in the interpretation of the interplay between magmatic and tectonic processes along the axial volcanic ridges. The rock‐magnetic data provide constraints on the interpretation of the observed contrasts in crustal magnetization. We map the areal extent of the previously discovered active basalt‐hosted Loki's Castle and inactive sediment‐hosted Mohn's Treasure massive sulfide deposits and infer their subsurface extent. Remarkably, extinct hydrothermal sites have enhanced magnetizations and display clear magnetic signatures allowing their confident identification and delineation. Identified magnetic signatures exert two new fossil hydrothermal deposits, MT‐2 and MT‐3. The Loki's Castle site coincides with negative magnetic anomaly observed in the 2‐D magnetic profile data crossing the deposit. First geophysical investigations in this area reveal the complexity of the geological setting and the variation of the physical properties in the subsurface.
Absolute Paleointensity Study of Miocene Tiva Canyon Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Role of Fine‐Particle Grain‐Size Variations
Authors: Abdulghafur F. , Bowles J. A.
Published: November 2019

Fine‐grained, Ti‐poor titanomagnetite in the ~12.7 Ma Tiva Canyon (TC) Tuff systematically increases in grain size from superparamagnetic (SP) at the flow base to single domain (SD) at a few meters height. This allows us to examine the role of grain‐size variation on paleointensity, within the transition from SP to stable SD. We present magnetic properties from two previously unreported sections of the TC Tuff, as well as Thellier‐type paleointensity estimates from the lowermost ~7.0 m of the flow. Magnetic hysteresis, frequency‐dependent susceptibility, and thermomagnetic data show that sample grain‐size distribution is dominated by SP in the lower ~3.6 m, transitioning upwards to mostly stable SD. Paleointensity results are closely tied to stratigraphic height and to magnetic properties linked to domain state. SD samples have consistent absolute paleointensity values of 28.5 ± 1.94 μT (VADM of 51.3 ZAm2) and behaved ideally during paleointensity experiments. The samples including a significant SP fraction have consistently higher paleointensities and less ideal behavior but would likely pass many traditional quality‐control tests. We interpret the SD remanence to be a primary thermal remanent magnetization but discuss the possibility of a partial thermal‐chemical remanent magnetization if microcrystal growth continued at T < Tc and/or the section is affected by post‐emplacement vapor‐phase alteration. The link between paleointensity and domain state is stronger than correlations with water content or other evidence of alteration and suggests that the presence of a significant SP population may adversely impact paleointensity results, even in the presence of a stable SD fraction.
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Estimated by Equilibrating Climate Models
Authors: Rugenstein Maria , Bloch‐Johnson Jonah , Gregory Jonathan , Andrews Timothy , Mauritsen Thorsten , Li Chao , Frölicher Thomas L. , Paynter David , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Yang Shuting , Dufresne Jean‐Louis , Cao Long , Schmidt Gavin A. , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Geoffroy Olivier , Knutti Reto
Published: November 2019

The methods to quantify equilibrium climate sensitivity are still debated. We collect millennial‐length simulations of coupled climate models and show that the global mean equilibrium warming is higher than those obtained using extrapolation methods from shorter simulations. Specifically, 27 simulations with 15 climate models forced with a range of CO2 concentrations show a median 17% larger equilibrium warming than estimated from the first 150 years of the simulations. The spatial patterns of radiative feedbacks change continuously, in most regions reducing their tendency to stabilizing the climate. In the equatorial Pacific, however, feedbacks become more stabilizing with time. The global feedback evolution is initially dominated by the tropics, with eventual substantial contributions from the mid‐latitudes. Time‐dependent feedbacks underscore the need of a measure of climate sensitivity that accounts for the degree of equilibration, so that models, observations, and paleo proxies can be adequately compared and aggregated to estimate future warming.
Topographic Evolution of Von Kármán Crater Revealed by the Lunar Rover Yutu‐2
Authors: Di Kaichang , Zhu Meng‐Hua , Yue Zongyu , Lin Yangting , Wan Wenhui , Liu Zhaoqin , Gou Sheng , Liu Bin , Peng Man , Wang Yexin , Niu Shengli , Zhang Jinhai , Li Jian , Xie Jianfeng , Xi Luhua , Yang Jianfeng , Xue Bin
Published: November 2019

Chang'e‐4 (CE‐4) achieved the first farside landing in Von Kármán crater. In the landing site, linear features have been identified previously from SLDEM and considered to be ejecta from the neighboring Finsen crater. The 5 cm grid spacing digital elevation model of the landing site, generated from the rover's panoramic images, provides more details of the rugged terrain. We further interpret the superimposition of NE‐SW ejecta from Finsen crater on the underlying SE‐NW dome‐like surface relief from Alder crater. The landing site is ~70 m higher than the mare basalts within Von Kármán crater. Numerical simulations predict ~30 and ~35 m ejecta deposited at the landing site from Finsen and Alder craters, respectively. The good agreement between the digital elevation model data and ejecta predicted thickness reveals the topographic evolution of Von Kármán crater, indicating that the rover‐measured material is excavated from Finsen crater with possible contributions from Alder crater.
Heterogeneity in Hyporheic Flow, Pore Water Chemistry, and Microbial Community Composition in an Alpine Streambed
Authors: Nelson Amelia R. , Sawyer Audrey H. , Gabor Rachel S. , Saup Casey M. , Bryant Savannah R. , Harris Kira D. , Briggs Martin A. , Williams Kenneth H. , Wilkins Michael J.
Published: November 2019

The hyporheic zone, where surface water and groundwater mix, is an important microbial habitat where biogeochemical reactions influence water quality. We show that spatial variability in hyporheic flow in the East River near Crested Butte, CO, drives heterogeneity in streambed geochemical conditions and microbial community assemblages, but the diversity of microbial assemblages remains nearly constant throughout the reach. In July 2018, we collected approximately 100 pore water samples at 20‐cm depth and analyzed them for anions, cations, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality, and basic water quality parameters. Vertical hydraulic head gradients were also measured to assess the potential for upward or downward flow, and heat tracing was used to quantify vertical flux rates at a subset of locations. We found that regions of the streambed that are more groundwater‐dominated contain less dissolved oxygen, higher concentrations of reduced metals, and more microbially processed, recalcitrant DOM, while more surface water‐dominated locations contain higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and terrestrially derived, labile DOM. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of extracted DNA revealed that microbial community composition varies with geochemical gradients related to hyporheic flow. These findings provide a better understanding of hyporheic controls on streambed biogeochemistry during the baseflow season, which is expected to lengthen with climate change in alpine watersheds due to earlier snowmelt onset and reduced snowpack.
TRIP13 promotes the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma through the FBXW7/c-MYC axis
Authors: Zhang Guanghui , Zhu Qingzong , Fu Gang , Hou Jianbing , Hu Xiaosong , Cao Jiangjun , Peng Wen , Wang Xiaowen , Chen Fei , Cui Hongjuan
Published: November 2019

Background

Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) is an AAA + ATPase that plays an important role in the mitotic checkpoint. TRIP13 is highly expressed in various human tumours and promotes tumorigenesis. However, the biological effect of TRIP13 in GBM cells remains unclear.

Methods

We generated GBM cell models with overexpressed or silenced TRIP13 via lentivirus-mediated overexpression and RNAi methods. The biological role of TRIP13 in the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells has been further explored.

Results

Our research indicated that TRIP13 was highly expressed in GBM tissues and cells. We found that the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities were inhibited in TRIP13-knockdown GBM cells. These results indicated that TRIP13 plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of GBM. Moreover, we found that TRIP13 first stabilised c-MYC by inhibiting the transcription of FBXW7, which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of c-MYC, by directly binding to the promoter region of FBXW7. Therefore, our study indicated that the TRIP13/FBXW7/c-MYC pathway might provide a prospective therapeutic target in the treatment of GBM.

Conclusions

These results indicated that TRIP13 plays an oncogenic role in GBM. The TRIP13/FBXW7/c-MYC pathway might act as a prospective therapeutic target for GBM patients.