bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing the Randomized Double-Blind Trial: The Nuremberg Salt Test of 1835
Authors: Stolberg M
Published: November 2017

Additional material for this article is available from the James Lind Library website [ http://www.jameslindlibrary.org ], where this paper was previously published.
‘Refusing Treatment—Please see’: An Analysis of Capacity Assessments Carried out by a Liaison Psychiatry Service
Authors: Ranjith Gopinath , Hotopf Matthew
Published: November 2017

The assessment of capacity to consent to a healthcare decision is an important part of day-to-day work in general hospitals. The role of liaison psychiatric services in assessment of capacity has not been well studied in British practice. We looked at all such referrals (35) to a liaison psychiatric service in a teaching hospital in the course of one year.

The commonest referrals were regarding capacity to consent to a therapeutic procedure, followed by post-discharge placement and ability to self-discharge. Organic mental disorders were the most frequent cause of incapacity. 20 (57%) of the referrals were for patients who had refused the intervention in question, and in 12 of these the contentious issue was resolved.

Liaison psychiatric services can be useful not only in offering a second opinion or clarifying the influence of psychopathology on decision-making ability but also mediating between the patient and the clinical team.
A pilot randomized controlled trial of self-help relaxation to reduce post-stroke depression
Authors: Golding Katherine , Fife-Schaw Chris , Kneebone Ian
Published: November 2017

Objective:

To consider the potential of self-help relaxation training to treat depression after stroke.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial with cross-over at three months.

Setting:

Community.

Participants:

In total, 21 people with stroke, aged 49–82 years.

Intervention:

Autogenic relaxation CD.

Main measure:

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression (HADS-D) subscale.

Results:

No difference in depression change scores was identified between the treatment and control groups; however, on two follow-ups, significant positive differences relative to screening were found for the treatment group (at 2 months Z = −2.55, P = .011 and 12 months Z = −2.44, P = .015). A partial η2 = .07 was identified.

Conclusion:

Self-help relaxation holds promise as a self-help treatment for depression after stroke. Findings from this trial, considered with others of relaxation for depression, suggest that a study including a total of 80 participants would likely be sufficient to establish efficacy of the treatment, relative to controls, in those with stroke.
Acute diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Beitzke Markus , Enzinger Christian , Pichler Alexander , Wünsch Gerit , Fazekas Franz
Published: November 2017

Small acute diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions can accompany intracerebral hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). We therefore examined the occurrence of such lesions in the context of CAA-related convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) both in a cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. DWI lesions were noted in 14/29 (48%) patients at their index cSAH and 12/21 patients (57%) showed acute small DWI lesions at follow-up MRI. Forty-four of 71 (62%) DWI lesions were spatially related to areas of cortical superficial siderosis. Clarification of the implications of our finding needs the investigation of larger patient groups.
Assessment of Wearable Virtual Reality Technology for Visiting World Heritage Buildings: An Educational Approach
Authors: Fonseca David , Navarro Isidro , de Renteria Isabela , Moreira Fernando , Ferrer Álvaro , de Reina Oriol
Published: November 2017

The main aim of this study is to assess the spatial perception of historical world heritage buildings using wearable technologies in an educational framework. The proposal seeks to complement the real experience of visiting the Casa Batlló Museum, an emblematic space (1904–1906, Antonio Gaudí, Barcelona). The main innovative feature of the project is focused on the usability assessment of the video-guide indoor location-based system. The article addresses the first phase of a more complex project, analyzing the behavior of architecture students previously trained in modeling of complex buildings, in order to improve the system for a second phase that will be developed with students with special needs. Using an indoor location system for watching multimedia contents, we can improve the access, the visit, and the spatial perception of historical places for all kinds of students, with or without any special requirements. The results show a lack of usability of the system, especially due to the design of the mobile interface and to some loss of synchronization between the student position and the multimedia contents. However, the students have a better understanding of the museum’s characteristics because of multimedia content, as a clear improvement compared with the classic audio-guide.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in River Niger, Nigeria: Occurrence, distribution and composition profiles
Authors: Unyimadu JP , Osibanjo O , Babayemi JO
Published: November 2017

Contamination of rivers with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an issue of current global concern. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are POPs with origin from commercial, incineration and industrial sources. Hence, there is a need for monitoring their occurrence and distribution in the environment. This study assessed the occurrence, distribution and composition profiles of PCBs in River Niger, Nigeria. Surface and bottom water samples were collected in consecutive quarters for a period of 2 years, covering the beginning and end of the rainy seasons and the dry seasons, from five locations (Gurara, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass and Nicolas) along River Niger. A total of 240 water samples were collected using a Van Dorn water sampler. EPA method 3510c was used with slight modifications for sample preparation and analysis. The PCBs were analysed using a Hewlett Packard GC 5890 Series 11 with electron capture detection, and confirmation was made using a Shimadzu GCMS QP2010. The higher molecular weight marker PCBs (∑CB 138, 153 and 180) were more dominant than the lighter homologues (∑CB 28, 52 and 101), while commercial sources Co-PCBs (80.8 ± 61.7 to 288.3 ± 102.0 ng L−1) were more dominant than the incineration sources (34.9 ± 3.82 to 75.5 ± 65.2 ng L−1). The POPs load in River Niger water varied in both time and space. In surface water of the River Niger, ∑PCBs were higher during the rainy season, as a result of storm run-off from land-based sources. In the Brass and Nicolas Rivers during the dry season, the ∑PCBs were higher during low tide. There was no noticeable pattern during the rainy season. It may be concluded from this study that the water of River Niger is not good for human consumption or abstraction of water from the river for drinking water treatment.
Is Benign Essential Blepharospasm a “Benign” and/or an “Essential” Condition?
Authors: Irfan Sameera
Published: November 2017

A study was conducted to find whether blepharospasm is a benign condition with no harmful effects to the health of a patient and to identify triggering factors causing it. A prospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary referral center from April 2000 till March 2017. All cases referred for blepharospasm were included. After a detailed medical, social, ophthalmic, and family history, a thorough ophthalmic examination was conducted to find a primary as well as any secondary triggering factors causing blepharospasm. Assessment of functional disability was made subjectively by a Quality of Life questionnaire filled by the patient. History of acute triggering event causing anxiety or depression was present in 61 cases (96.8%). Secondary triggers causing blepharospasm were meibomian gland dysfunction in 100% cases, tear film instability in 96.8%, dry eyes in 85.71%, chronic Trachoma in 14.28%, concretions in 26.98%, trichiasis in 4.76%, and chronic blepharitis in 12.69%. At least 2 to 3 triggering factors were noted an all cases. An extreme visual and functional disability was present in all cases (100%). A thorough literature search pointed toward Basal Ganglia; a combination of primary and secondary triggering factors results in an overdrive of putamen area and its hypertrophy, causing blepharospasm. Blepharospasm produces severe physical and psychological disability in patients. It spreads to adjacent facial muscles. Therefore, it cannot be labeled a “benign” condition. Because a definite cause is responsible for triggering the blepharospasm and perpetuating it, it should not be considered an “essential” condition.
What Influences Parents’ Fear about Children’s Independent Mobility? Evidence from a State-Wide Survey of Australian Parents
Authors: Bennetts Shannon K. , Cooklin Amanda R. , Crawford Sharinne , D’Esposito Fabrizio , Hackworth Naomi J. , Green Julie , Matthews Jan , Strazdins Lyndall , Zubrick Stephen R. , Nicholson Jan M.
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

To identify factors associated with generalized and stranger-specific parental fear (PF) about children’s independent mobility (CIM), a critical aspect of physical activity.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey; random sampling frame, minimum quotas of fathers, rural residents.

Setting:

State of Victoria, Australia.

Subjects:

Parents of children aged 9 to 15 years (n = 1779), 71% response rate.

Measures:

Validated measures of PF and fear of strangers (FoS); parent, child, social, and environmental factors.

Analysis:

Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression stratified by child age (9-10; 11-13; 14-15).

Results:

Adjusted models explained a substantial proportion of variance across all age groups (PF: 33.6%-36.7%; FoS: 39.1%-44.0%). Perceived disapproval from others was consistently associated with both outcomes (PF: β =.11 to 23, p ≤ .05; FoS: β =.17-.21, p ≤ .001) as was parents’ perception of children’s competence to travel safely (PF: β = −.24 to −.11, p ≤ .05; FoS: β = −.16 to −.13, p ≤ .01). Factors associated with FoS included having a female child (β = −.21 to −.13, p ≤ .001), language other than English (β = .09 to.11, p ≤ .01), and low levels of parent education (β = −.14 to −08, p ≤ .05).

Conclusion:

The current study suggests that social norms, child competence, and perceptions about the benefits of CIM underpin PF. This evidence informs the development of interventions to reduce PF and promote CIM and children’s physical activity.
Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Factors That Maximize the Effectiveness of a Multilevel Intervention Promoting Physical Activity Among Latinas
Authors: Perez Lilian G. , Kerr J. , Sallis J. F. , Slymen D. , McKenzie T. L. , Elder J. P. , Arredondo E. M.
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

This study tested whether a multilevel physical activity (PA) intervention had differential effects on PA according to participants’ perceptions of their neighborhood environment.

Design:

Two-group cluster randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

San Diego, California.

Subjects:

Analytical sample included 319 Latinas (18-65 years) from churches randomized to the following conditions: PA (n = 8 churches, n = 157 participants) or attention control (n = 8 churches, n = 162 participants).

Intervention:

Over 12 months, PA participants were offered free PA classes (6/wk), while attention control participants were offered cancer prevention workshops.

Measures:

Baseline and 12-month follow-up measures included self-report and accelerometer-based moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sociodemographics, and perceived neighborhood environment variables.

Analysis:

Mixed-effects models examined each PA outcome at 12-month follow-up, adjusted for church clustering, baseline PA, and sociodemographics. We tested interactions between 7 baseline perceived environment variables and study condition.

Results:

Neighborhood esthetics was the only significant moderator of intervention effects on accelerometer-based MVPA and self-report leisure-time MVPA. Participants in the PA intervention had significantly higher PA at follow-up than attention control participants, only when participants evaluated their neighborhood esthetics favorably.

Conclusion:

Perceived neighborhood esthetics appeared to maximize the effectiveness of a multilevel PA intervention among Latinas. For sustainable PA behavior change, the environments in which Latinas are encouraged to be active may need to be evaluated prior to implementing an intervention to ensure they support active lifestyles.
Developing an identity as an EdD leader
Authors: Tupling Claire L , Outhwaite Deborah
Published: November 2017

This article considers the challenges encountered by a recently appointed assistant programme leader in establishing an identity as a leader of an EdD programme. In discussing literature on the development of the EdD, the article recognizes an existing concern with student identity but highlights a need to consider the development of the EdD leader’s identity as a leader. Employing a reflexive narrative, the article emphasizes the centrality of the leader’s disabled identity in considering the role of assistant programme leader and thus becoming a leader. The EdD is identified as a social space where colleagues are often engaged in their professional learning with the EdD leadership team providing support. This article tracks some of the commonplace behaviours around such learning in a post-1992 institution, and discusses the implications for EdD leadership and management teams when trying to consider and implement changes to established organizational cultures.
A review of the literature on professional doctorate supervisory styles
Authors: Johansson Carol , Yerrabati Sridevi
Published: November 2017

At the core of doctoral education is the importance of the quality of the supervisor and student relationship. Research has shown that this relationship is directly linked to completion rates, and impacts the quality of the doctorate and its ultimate success or failure (Gill and Burnard, 2008). One influence on the supervisory relationship is the supervisory management style. The doctoral supervisory relationship rests on a variety of factors, but what seemed to emerge from the literature is the unique styles of the supervisor. The purpose of the article is to review the literature to explore the elements of supervisory styles for further discussion, drawing on 83 previous studies relating to research degrees, including professional doctorates. Numerous factors were identified in the literature that influence the supervisory relationship. One key influence in the supervision pedagogy is supervisory style. Adaptation of styles such as the ‘laissez faire type, the pastoral type, the contractual style and the directorial type’ influence the supervisory relationship (Gatfield, 2005). It is important to note that a systematic review was not conducted for this article, but rather the 83 articles are a part of a systematic review that was conducted to retrieve a parent study on professional doctorates.
The Role of Cefepime in the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Infections
Authors: Patel Hansita B. , Lusk Kathleen A. , Cota Jason M.
Published: November 2017

Objective:

To review the efficacy of cefepime for use in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms.

Data Sources:

A PubMed literature search (May 2000 to June 2017) was performed using the keyword cefepime and the MeSH terms beta-lactamases, cephalosporinases, and Enterobacteriaceae infections.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All human, English language studies evaluating cefepime use for the treatment of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections were included.

Data Synthesis:

Studies assessing the use of cefepime for ESBL infections are few, and clinical studies are limited by design and sample size. The largest pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study, a Monte Carlo simulation using data from the U.S. SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, evaluating cefepime use for infections due to ESBL-producing organisms found a 95% to 100% probability of target attainment with traditional cefepime dosing regimens. Most clinical studies found that patients treated with cefepime empirically and definitively had higher rates of mortality than those treated with carbapenems. However, in concordance with other studies reporting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data, lower MICs were associated with lower mortality.

Conclusions:

Cefepime should be avoided for empiric treatment of suspected ESBL infections and should only be considered for definitive treatment if the MIC ≤1 µg/mL. However, the site and severity of infection, local resistance patterns, and patient-specific risk factors should also help guide antimicrobial selection.
Attitude control design for reusable launch vehicles using adaptive fuzzy control with compensation controller
Authors: Mao Qi , Dou Liqian , Zong Qun , Ding Zhengtao
Published: November 2017

This paper describes the design of attitude control for reusable launch vehicles during reentry phase using adaptive fuzzy control strategy with compensation controller that assures a stable and accurate attitude tracking despite having parameter uncertainties and external disturbances in the plant model. Firstly, the six-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model of the reusable launch vehicles is established, followed by a model transformation of rotational and kinematic dynamic equations, which results in a strict-feedback form attitude control system. Secondly, a fuzzy logic system combined with the adaptive technique is employed to model the system uncertainty term online. Then an attitude tracking controller based on adaptive fuzzy control approach is designed to assure tracking of guidance commands. Furthermore, to attenuate the adverse effects of fuzzy modeling errors on the control performance and system stability, a compensation controller is introduced to the control strategy. In addition, the stability of the closed-loop system is proved by using the Lyapunov theory, and the attitude tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Finally, the simulation results and discussions are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in tracking the guidance commands.
Changes in knee shape and geometry resulting from total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Akbari Shandiz Mohsen , Boulos Paul , Saevarsson Stefan Karl , Ramm Heiko , Fu Chun Kit (Jack) , Miller Stephen , Zachow Stefan , Anglin Carolyn
Published: November 2017

Changes in knee shape and geometry resulting from total knee arthroplasty can affect patients in numerous important ways: pain, function, stability, range of motion, and kinematics. Quantitative data concerning these changes have not been previously available, to our knowledge, yet are essential to understand individual experiences of total knee arthroplasty and thereby improve outcomes for all patients. The limiting factor has been the challenge of accurately measuring these changes. Our study objective was to develop a conceptual framework and analysis method to investigate changes in knee shape and geometry, and prospectively apply it to a sample total knee arthroplasty population. Using clinically available computed tomography and radiography imaging systems, the three-dimensional knee shape and geometry of nine patients (eight varus and one valgus) were compared before and after total knee arthroplasty. All patients had largely good outcomes after their total knee arthroplasty. Knee shape changed both visually and numerically. On average, the distal condyles were slightly higher medially and lower laterally (range: +4.5 mm to −4.4 mm), the posterior condyles extended farther out medially but not laterally (range: +1.8 to −6.4 mm), patellofemoral distance increased throughout flexion by 1.8–3.5 mm, and patellar thickness alone increased by 2.9 mm (range: 0.7–5.2 mm). External femoral rotation differed preop and postop. Joint line distance, taking cartilage into account, changed by +0.7 to −1.5 mm on average throughout flexion. Important differences in shape and geometry were seen between pre-total knee arthroplasty and post-total knee arthroplasty knees. While this is qualitatively known, this is the first study to report it quantitatively, an important precursor to identifying the reasons for the poor outcome of some patients. Using the developed protocol and visualization techniques to compare patients with good versus poor clinical outcomes could lead to changes in implant design, implant selection, component positioning, and surgical technique. Recommendations based on this sample population are provided. Intraoperative and postoperative feedback could ultimately improve patient satisfaction.
Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Mexico City
Authors: Uribe-Salas F , Hernández-Avila M , Juárez-Figueroa L , Conde-Glez C J , Uribe-Zúñiga P
Published: November 2017

A scarce number of studies have been carried out to determine the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in female sex workers (FSWs). The objective of this study was to examine the correlates of infection for HSV-2 with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among FSWs in Mexico City. A sample frame of commercial sex work sites was constructed during the fall of 1992. Sites identified were streets, bars and massage parlours. During 1993 we surveyed 757 FSWs aged 18–76 years, from a random sample of sites. Participating women provided a blood sample and answered a standardized questionnaire. HSV-2 antibodies were identified based on a Western blot assay, using type-specific recombinant glycoprotein gG2. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of HSV-2 antibodies was correlated (P < 0.005) with increasing age and time working as prostitutes, low education, street working site and positive serology for syphilis. The results showed that the working site and the education level are contextual variables related to the risk of HSV-2 infection, where poorly educated and street FSWs had the highest probability of infection. Characteristics that represent periods of exposure to the virus as age and time working in prostitution were predictors of the HSV-2 infection.
Factors Associated with Condom Use in the Male Population of Mexico City
Authors: Hernandez-Giron Carlos A , Cruz-Valdez Aurelio , Quiterio-Trenado Manuel , Uribe-Salas Felipe , Peruga Armando , Hernández-Avil Mauricio
Published: November 2017

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important public health problem, due to their medical, social and economic repercussions. Therefore, more knowledge is needed about the sexual behaviour that promotes their spread, in order to improve control and prevention strategies.

Our aim was to determine the frequency of male condom use associated with sexual behaviour factors, a history of and knowledge about STDs in a sample of the male population in Mexico City. During 1994 a cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out, using multi-stage sampling with conglomerates, in 1377 men from 15 to 49 years old. The mean age was 34.5 years (SD 7.5 years). Mean age at first sexual relations was 17.7 years (SD 2.8 years). The global proportion of condom use during the last sexual relation was 24.6%; use according to type of female sex partner in the last year was 18.8% with regular partners and 62.5% with occasional partners. The principal predictors of male condom use, identified through statistical modelling, were: younger age (<25 years), middle and high education level (>9 years), middle and high socioeconomic level and type of sexual partners (occasional and regular).

This population has risk factors for acquiring and transmitting some STDs, such as occasional sexual partners and a history of STDs. Characteristics which are important in relation to male condom use were identified, such as age (younger than 35), education (complete junior high school or more) and type of sexual partners (occasional and regular).
Cryotherapy Gas — to Use Nitrous Oxide or Carbon Dioxide?
Authors: Maiti H , Cheyne M F , Hobbs G , Jeraj H A
Published: November 2017

Cryotherapy is regularly used in our clinic for treating genital warts. Nitrous oxide was used as the cryogenic gas. Following a health and safety review it was decided to monitor the nitrous oxide levels in the treatment room under different conditions. The Occupational Exposure Standard for nitrous oxide is 100 parts per million (PPM) (8-h time weighted average) and an indicative short-term exposure limit of 300 PPM (15-min reference period). High levels of gas were detected, especially when the exhaust was not vented to the outside. Venting of the gas to the outside could also present a hazard to adjacent areas. The situation was considered to be unacceptable and carbon dioxide was proposed as an alternative. The Occupational Exposure Standard for carbon dioxide is 5000 PPM (8-h time weighted average) and a short-term limit of 15,000 PPM (15-min reference period). Carbon dioxide levels were found to be within the Occupational Exposure Standard. There is no noticeable difference in the cryogenic efficacy of the 2 gases. Carbon dioxide is, therefore, a safer alternative. It also offers significant savings when compared with nitrous oxide.
Analysis of the steam condensing flow in a linear blade cascade
Authors: Dykas Sławomir , Majkut Mirosław , Smołka Krystian , Strozik Michał
Published: November 2017

This study presents experimental and numerical testing of the steam condensing flow through a linear blade cascade made of blades of a 200 MW steam turbine last stage stator. The tests were carried out on an in-house laboratory stand and using an in-house numerical code modelling the water vapour flow with homo- and heterogeneous condensation. Additionally, this paper presents a comparison of calculations of a flow field modelled by means of a single-fluid model using both an in-house computational fluid dynamics code and the commercial Ansys CFX v16.2 software package. The aim of the research was to identify difficulties involved by comparing the numerical modelling results with the experimental data for a linear blade cascade. The experimental results, which are very well supplemented by those obtained from numerical computations, may be used to validate computational fluid dynamics codes.
Measurement error correction in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model when validation data are available
Authors: Vasquez Monica M , Hu Chengcheng , Roe Denise J , Halonen Marilyn , Guerra Stefano
Published: November 2017

Measurement of serum biomarkers by multiplex assays may be more variable as compared to single biomarker assays. Measurement error in these data may bias parameter estimates in regression analysis, which could mask true associations of serum biomarkers with an outcome. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) can be used for variable selection in these high-dimensional data. Furthermore, when the distribution of measurement error is assumed to be known or estimated with replication data, a simple measurement error correction method can be applied to the LASSO method. However, in practice the distribution of the measurement error is unknown and is expensive to estimate through replication both in monetary cost and need for greater amount of sample which is often limited in quantity. We adapt an existing bias correction approach by estimating the measurement error using validation data in which a subset of serum biomarkers are re-measured on a random subset of the study sample. We evaluate this method using simulated data and data from the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease (TESAOD). We show that the bias in parameter estimation is reduced and variable selection is improved.
Bayesian latent time joint mixed effect models for multicohort longitudinal data
Authors: Li Dan , Iddi Samuel , Thompson Wesley K , Donohue Michael C ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2017

Characterization of long-term disease dynamics, from disease-free to end-stage, is integral to understanding the course of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, and ultimately, how best to intervene. Natural history studies typically recruit multiple cohorts at different stages of disease and follow them longitudinally for a relatively short period of time. We propose a latent time joint mixed effects model to characterize long-term disease dynamics using this short-term data. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are proposed for estimation, model selection, and inference. We apply the model to detailed simulation studies and data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.
Faster, higher, stronger… safer? Safety concerns for young athletes in Zambia
Authors: Solstad Gerd Marie , Strandbu Åse
Published: November 2017

This article draws attention to safety concerns affecting young people in the setting of organized sport in Zambia. Our primary aim is to explore ways in which aspects of sport culture may constitute a threat to athlete safety. Secondly, we try to understand sport-specific safety concerns in light of more general concerns for young people’s safety in Zambia. The study is based on interviews with athletes, coaches and sports leaders from Zambian sport. Although sport was mainly described as a positive recreational arena for youth, concerns were raised about unequal power relations and problematic ideals in the sport culture. Our findings suggest a need to discuss critically how glorification of toughness and resilience might contribute to normalize harmful practices in sport. Further, we indicate that divergent and elusive understandings of violence and abuse – in research and in practice – can influence athlete safety in significant ways. We conclude that safeguarding in sport continues to exist in the tension between protecting athletes from harm on the one hand and subscribing to a culture that promotes the ideals ‘faster, higher, stronger’ on the other.
Effectiveness of Oral Rinsing Solutions on Mucus, Odor, and Plaque in the Hospitalized Elderly in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Su-Chih , Weng Li-Chueh , Tsai Shu-Chuan , Wang Shu-Ming , Han Hui-Mei
Published: November 2017

This quasi-experimental and pretest–posttest study was conducted in Taiwan. The effectiveness of three types of oral rinsing solutions (normal saline, 0.2% chlorhexidine [CHX], and boiled water) was compared among 120 elderly patients (40 patients per group). Data on oral mucus, odor, and plaque were collected at admission on Day 1 (Time [T] 0), Day 4 (T1), Day 7 (T2), and Day 10 (T3). The results showed that the oral health condition in terms of mucus, plaque, and odor improved significantly over time. The effect for the oral condition did not differ significantly among the three groups, except for oral odor. At T2, the CHX group experienced higher oral odor than did the boiled water group (Solutions × Time interaction, F = 3.967, p = .002). Boiled water appears to be a safe and effective oral rinsing solution for hospitalized elderly patients.
CNS Injury: Posttranslational Modification of the Tau Protein as a Biomarker
Authors: Caprelli Mitchell T. , Mothe Andrea J. , Tator Charles H.
Published: November 2017

The ideal biomarker for central nervous system (CNS) trauma in patients would be a molecular marker specific for injured nervous tissue that would provide a consistent and reliable assessment of the presence and severity of injury and the prognosis for recovery. One candidate biomarker is the protein tau, a microtubule-associated protein abundant in the axonal compartment of CNS neurons. Following axonal injury, tau becomes modified primarily by hyperphosphorylation of its various amino acid residues and cleavage into smaller fragments. These posttrauma products can leak into the cerebrospinal fluid or bloodstream and become candidate biomarkers of CNS injury. This review examines the primary molecular changes that tau undergoes following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, and reviews the current literature in traumatic CNS biomarker research with a focus on the potential for hyperphosphorylated and cleaved tau as sensitive biomarkers of injury.
Maltreatment, Coping, and Substance Use in Youth in Foster Care: Examination of Moderation Models
Authors: Gabrielli Joy , Jackson Yo , Huffhines Lindsay , Stone Katie
Published: November 2017

Child maltreatment is associated with negative outcomes such as substance use (SU). This study tested relations among maltreatment history, coping behavior, and SU behavior in youth residing in foster care. Participants were 210 youth ( Mage = 12.71 years; SD = 2.95) in foster care who completed self-report measures through an audio computer-assisted self-interview program. Using a structural equation modeling framework and latent measurement constructs, positive associations were identified between maltreatment at baseline and coping behavior outcomes as well as SU behavior outcome approximately 4.5 months later. Specifically, greater severity and chronicity of maltreatment was associated with greater SU behavior as well as indirect action, prosocial, and asocial coping behavior. Maltreatment was not significantly related to direct action coping behavior. In moderation tests, only asocial coping provided a significant interaction effect for SU behavior outcomes; SU behavior did not moderate pathways between maltreatment and coping behavior. For youth in foster care, the coping approach may be varied and relate differentially to SU behavior outcomes, with asocial approaches to coping acting as a buffer for the maltreatment/SU relation. Additionally, SU remains an important target for intervention and prevention in youth residing in foster care.
Remembering the Past/Anticipating the Future: A Professor From the White Working Class Talks With a Survivor of the Holocaust About Our Troubled World
Authors: Ellis Carolyn , Rawicki Jerry
Published: November 2017

This article extends the research of Jerry Rawicki and Carolyn Ellis who have collaborated for more than eight years on memories and consequences of the Holocaust. Focusing on Jerry’s memories of his experience during the Holocaust, they present dialogues that took place during five recorded interviews and follow-up conversations that reflect on the similarity of Hitler’s seizing of power in the 1930s to the meteoric rise of Donald Trump. Noting how issues of class and race were taking an increasingly prominent role in their conversations and collaborative writing, they also begin to examine discontent in the rural, White working class and Carolyn’s socialization within that community. These dialogues and reflections seek to shed light on the current political climate in America as Carolyn and Jerry struggle to cope with their fears and envision a hopeful path forward for their country.
From subjects to objects: Knowledge in International Relations theory
Authors: Allan Bentley B.
Published: November 2017

There has been a resurgence of interest in the role of scientific knowledge and expertise in International Relations, but it is not clear what the theoretical value-added of this work is. This article places recent work on scientific knowledge and expertise in a longer-term perspective. The history shows that knowledge has played an important role in International Relations theory since Carr and Morgenthau, but that thinking has been trapped within a simple conceptual framework centered on tracing how knowledge shapes the beliefs and interests of international subjects. This mode of theorizing first entered International Relations via Mannheim and has been further developed by Foucauldian and practice-based approaches since the 1990s. Outlining the history of knowledge from Carr through Haas to the present makes it possible to identify the distinctive contribution of recent work: whereas International Relations has focused on how knowledge shapes subjects such as states and international organizations, recent work by Corry, Sending, and others reorients International Relations to the constitution of governance objects. On the object-centered view, knowledge plays a key role in the construction of the hybrid entities like the economy and the climate that structure the landscape of international politics.
Political identities: The missing link in the study of populism
Authors: Meléndez Carlos , Rovira Kaltwasser Cristóbal
Published: November 2017

Political identities are crucial for understanding electoral behavior: individuals who identify with a political party behave as loyal supporters who would hardly vote for competitors old or new. Although this is an obvious observation, it has received little attention in the study of populism—a set of ideas that not only portrays established political parties as corrupt and self-serving entities but also depicts “the people” as a homogenous and virtuous community that should run the government. In this contribution, we develop a novel theory that claims that populism can thrive only when an antiestablishment political identity exists. This identity denotes an emotional and rational repulsion toward all established political parties in a given country. We test our theory by analyzing original survey data from contemporary Chile. The empirical analysis reveals not only that a limited segment of the electorate holds an antiestablishment political identity coalesced by populism but also that there is a large segment of apartisans adverse to populism. These empirical findings have important consequences for the study of populism, particularly when it comes to analyzing its emergence and electoral potential.
Ecological correlates of Spanish preschoolers’ physical activity during school recess
Authors: Terrón-Pérez Marta , Queralt Ana , Molina-García Javier , Martínez-Bello Vladimir E
Published: November 2017

Early childhood education (ECE) institutions may be one place for young children to obtain a significant proportion of their daily physical activity (PA). Even though young children are generally considered to be very active, and recess time is considered an important environmental factor for promoting PA, evidence suggests that young children spend most recess time participating in sedentary activities. To our knowledge there have been no systematic evaluations of the PA levels and patterns during recess time in Spanish preschool children. Therefore, the aims of this study were threefold: (a) to analyse the PA patterns and sedentary behaviour during recess time in outdoor ECE environments through accelerometry and systematic observation in a sample of Spanish preschool children; (b) to validate the use of the Observational System for Recording Activity in Children – Preschool (OSRAC-P) to assess PA levels, using accelerometry as the reference method; and (c) to evaluate personal, psychosocial and environmental correlates of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour in young children during recess. Our major findings were that: (a) young children engaged in very little MVPA during recess; (b) boys were significantly more active than girls; (c) younger preschoolers were more active than older preschoolers; (d) social interaction was a positive predictor of MVPA levels; and (e) direct observation through OSRAC-P is a reliable system to characterize PA patterns in young children. These findings indicate the need to increase MVPA in ECE institutions during break-times and have implications for the ECE community, especially for practitioners, preservice practitioners and health professionals.
An investigation into the segmentation of Japanese traditional ‘Ryokan’ hotels using selection attributes
Authors: Choi Kyuhwan , Meng Bo , Lee Timothy J
Published: November 2017

Characterized as involving ‘Japanese traditionalism elements’, Ryokan-style accommodation includes full food and beverage service, futons and spas (hot springs), and emphasizes local traditional food. Although these Japanese traditional hotels are famous for their excellent service, traditions, and are a unique accommodation experience for overseas visitors, research into the Ryokan market segment remains limited. The aim of the current study is to provide a better understanding of the decision-making of that market segment of travelers from Korea that use Ryokan-style hotels. The data were collected ( N = 328) from Korean visitors to Japan during February and March of 2015. Segmentation of tourists by selection attributes resulted in three clusters: ‘personal service seekers’ (36.9%), ‘physical environment seekers’ (21.1%), and ‘spa & gourmet, systematic service and reputation seekers’ (42.0%). There were statistically significant differences between the three clusters with respect to the characteristics of Korean tourists. The implications of this study are discussed relative to possible future Ryokan marketing strategies and to future research on this accommodation type.
The adaptation of everyday practices in the adoption of chronic illness
Authors: Lubi Kadi
Published: November 2017

This article uses social practice theory to examine the role of information-seeking in the maintenance of existing lifestyle and illness-related adjustments in the context of chronic illnesses. The research findings are derived from a thematic analysis of 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Estonian Parkinson’s disease patients. The coding scheme bases on the four practice elements outlined by Schatzki (practical understandings, rules, teleological structures and general understandings) and other categories related to chronic illness self-management skills, bodily movements, daily routines and information-seeking practices. The findings reveal that people with chronic illness value maintaining their existing lifestyles as long as possible and the willingness to seek out illness-related information is related to the severity and duration of the disease. These findings suggest that effective illness-related communication that supports self-management should provide patients with possibilities to adjust and switch between practices in a time and a pace that is natural and acceptable to them.
Piloting social protection in Chin State, Myanmar: Challenges and opportunities within a context of fragility
Authors: Bonnerjee Aniruddha
Published: November 2017

This article provides a glimpse into the opportunities and challenges facing Myanmar as it roles out the first Mother and Child Cash Transfer (MCCT) in one of the country’s most disadvantaged areas, Chin State. Already known for its fragile context, women and children have among the most alarming social indicators in Myanmar. A vicious interaction between demand (influenced, i.a., by poverty, behaviour and knowledge) and supply side factors (e.g. health and market infrastructures) can only be broken through explicit support measures to families to overcome the multiple risks they face in their daily lives, while also ensuring that supply side constraints are eased over time. Despite the many types of obstacles the role-out faces, the pilot programme provides a strong socio-economic, political and rights-based case for genuine improvements in Chin State, and across Myanmar more generally.
Forum Introduction: Dynamics of social protection in fragile contexts: Nepal and Myanmar
Authors: Koehler Gabriele , Mathers Nicholas
Published: November 2017

This article explores some of the shared dimensions of fragility experienced by Myanmar and Nepal to illuminate the challenging contexts in which social protection policies and programmes have taken shape. Both countries have adopted a universalist, rights-based vision in their approaches to social protection, with social pensions and child benefits at the forefront of social protection programming. At the same time, both countries are employing incremental strategies to overcome political, social, and administrative obstacles, while demonstrating that fiscal space is available. The politics of social protection policy making are obvious, and consistent engagement by progressive social policy advocates in these countries will be necessary to seize opportunities, and to ensure continued investment in building inclusive, effective, and accountable social protection systems.
Do donors matter most? An analysis of conditional cash transfer adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Simpson Joshua P
Published: November 2017

Cash transfers, both conditional and unconditional, have become increasingly popular in emerging economies, but relatively little research investigates the types of countries most likely to adopt this form of social assistance. A notable exception is a study by Brooks, which concludes that conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are more likely to be adopted by divided governments and in places where neighbouring, democratic countries have already implemented them. This comparative research tests Brooks’ findings in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and finds that they largely do not apply. Instead, programme funder is offered as a better explanation of cash transfer adoption in SSA from 1990 to 2011. The results show that CCTs are adopted in poor African countries with financial support from the World Bank, while unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) are adopted across a range of countries with the support of various donors. This research contributes to the literature by showing quantitatively that donor support may be more important than some domestic factors, such as bureaucratic capacity, for understanding CCT implementation in SSA.
Student attitudes toward group discussions
Authors: Clinton Virginia , Kelly Alison E
Published: November 2017

Student attitudes toward active learning techniques, such as group discussion, are often negative. The purpose of this study was to determine if an intervention informing students of the usefulness of group discussions affects their attitudes on group discussions. Students were randomly assigned to view a video and answer an essay question either on the value of group discussions (treatment) or on how group discussions were graded (control). Students in the treatment indicated group discussions as more useful as students in the control. Importantly, there were no differences in attitudes prior to the intervention. In addition, students reported their perceptions of the value (benefits) and costs (disadvantages) of group discussions in open-ended items. Findings are informative for pedagogical practice as well as designing future interventions.
Multitasking in the classroom: Testing an educational intervention as a method of reducing multitasking
Authors: Tassone Adrianna , Liu Jenny JW , Reed Maureen J , Vickers Kristin
Published: November 2017

Increasingly, students engage in multitasking during lecture by shifting their attention between class material and irrelevant information from texts and webpages. It is well established that this divided attention impairs memory and learning. Less is known about how to correct the problem. This study used an educational intervention in the form of a PowerPoint presentation that informed students in the experimental condition about the deleterious effects of multitasking. Students were randomly assigned to the experimental condition, the placebo condition (a slideshow about sleep), or no intervention. Participants self-reported the percentage of the time they multitasked in class and paid attention at two time points, baseline (before the intervention), and in a second lab visit 3 weeks later. The experimental intervention did not reduce student multitasking or increase student attention, relative to the other conditions. Supplementary research questions examined students’ beliefs about multitasking, finding that most thought it decreased their grades. The correlations between grade point average, stress, and boredom proneness, on one hand, and baseline attention and multitasking in class, on the other, were also inspected, revealing that students with higher grade point average pay more attention in class and multitask less. Suggestions for future research to reduce multitasking are made, including having students engage in multitasking to observe the effect on their memory retention.