bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Phenylpyridal Scaffold as a Helical Peptide Mimetic.
Authors: Bourne Gregory T. , Kuster Daniel J. , Marshall Garland R.
Published: December 2010

Phenylpyridal and phenyl‐dipyridal scaffolds are synthesized as novel helical peptide mimetics.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Promoted Domino Reaction Leading to N‐Substituted 2‐Aminoquinoline‐3‐carbonitriles under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Li Chao , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Shi Feng
Published: December 2010

Under the title conditions, a highly regioselective ring‐opening/recyclization process occurs unexpectedly at the pyran ring of chromene derivatives of type (I) by treatment with isocyanates (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of a Novel Class of 4‐Substituted‐1,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Ma Ting , Chen Wenteng , Zhang Guolin , Yu Yongping
Published: December 2010

The isoquinoline derivatives (18 examples) are prepared by a fully regio‐ and stereoselective intramolecular Heck reaction of amides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused and Linked Bicyclic Nitrogen Heterocycles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Cyclization of Propargyl Bromides.
Authors: Okano Akinori , Tsukamoto Koji , Kosaka Shohei , Maeda Hatsuo , Oishi Shinya , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: December 2010

Propargyl bromides bearing nucleophilic functional groups on each terminal carbon react in the presence of sodium hydride and Pd(PPh3)4 selectively to give fused nitrogen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Alkyne Cycloaddition on Electron Deficient Azides via Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Nilsson Linda I. , Ertan Anne , Weigelt Dirk , Noelsoee Jens M. J.
Published: December 2010

The initially prepared tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines (III) are capable of serving as masked azides.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Approach Toward Tetrazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines via a Novel Multicomponent Isocyanide‐Based Condensation.
Authors: Borisov Roman S. , Polyakov Anatoliy I. , Medvedeva Lidia A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Guranova Natalia I. , Voskressensky Leonid G.
Published: December 2010

An efficient procedure is developed with NH4Cl is to give the target compounds in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Aspidosperma Indole Alkaloids from Yunnan Kopsia arborea
Authors: Wu Yuqiu , Kitajima Mariko , Kogure Noriyuki , Wang Yunsong , Zhang Rongping , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: December 2010

isolation and structure elucidation of kopsiyunnanines G (I) and H (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitors of Osteoclastogenesis from Lawsonia inermis Leaves.
Authors: Kiem Phan Van , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

Two novel phenolic glucopyranosides lawsoniaside A (I) and B (II) are isolated together with eight known structurally related compounds from title plant leaves.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of 2‐Pyrrolidinyl‐N‐methyl Pyrimidones as Potent and Orally Bioavailable HIV Integrase Inhibitors.
Authors: Ferrara Marco , Fiore Fabrizio , Summa Vincenzo , Gardelli Cristina
Published: December 2010

Among a series of title compounds, the derivative (I) is shown to represent a promising agent against HIV‐1 and is the subject of further studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Processing
Authors: Kesler Olivera , Marcazzan Paolo
Published: December 2010

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Transition Metals
Authors: Boennemann H. , Brijoux W. , Brinkmann W. , Feyer M. , Hofstadt W. , Khelashvili G. , Matoussevitch N. , Nagabhushana K.
Published: December 2010

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Shell‐Based Support Structures for Nb3Sn Accelerator Quadrupole Magnets
Authors: Ferracin P.
Published: December 2010

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (Cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyliron ((η5‐C5H5)Fe (CO)2CH3, FpMe), a Seminal Transition‐Metal Alkyl Complex: Mobility of the Methyl Group
Authors: Pannell Keith H. , Sharma Hemant K.
Published: December 2010

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “The Changing Face of Organic Synthesis”
Authors: Ley Steven V.
Published: December 2010

Review: [148 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Employing Heteroatom Nucleophiles: A Powerful Method for C—X Bond Formation
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Zhang Ting , Sieber Joshua D.
Published: December 2010

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Utilization of Fluorine (F2) as a Reaction—Activator for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Uneyama Kenji
Published: December 2010

Review: about 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiroimine Shellfish Poisoning (SSP) and the Spirolide Family of Shellfish Toxins: Isolation, Structure, Biological Activity and Synthesis
Authors: Gueret Stephanie M. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Strategy and Methods for Constructing Artificial Macrocyclic Anion Receptors. Selective Binding of Tetrahedral Oxoanions
Authors: Katayev E. A. , Sessler J. L. , Ustynyuk Yu. A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biometerials for Brain Tissue Engineering
Authors: Pettikiriarachchi Jerani T. S. , Parish Clare L. , Shoichet Molly S. , Forsythe John S. , Nisbet David R.
Published: December 2010

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Defensive Strategies of Cladobranchia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Putz Annika , Koening Gabriele M. , Waegele Heike
Published: December 2010

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Ionic Liquid Based Interfaces
Authors: Lovelock Kevin R. J. , Villar‐Garcia Ignacio J. , Maier Florian , Steinruck Hans‐Peter , Licence Peter
Published: December 2010

Review: 244 refs.
Korrigendum zu: Mein kleiner grüner Kaktus
Authors: Streller Sabine , Roth Klaus
Published: December 2010

Im “kleinen grünen Kaktus” war so richtig der Wurm drin: In Heft 4 auf S. 293 weist das C‐3 der Ribulose 5 die falsche Konfiguration auf; in unserem Korrigendum in Heft 5, S. 369 fehlt am selben C‐3 leider das Sauerstoffatom der OH‐Gruppe. Nun also hier noch einmal die Formel des Ribulose‐1,5‐biphosphats 5. Schließlich sind aller guten Dinge drei.Wir bitten um Nachsicht....
The influence of thermal treatment on color response of wood materials
Authors: Aydemir Deniz , Gunduz Gokhan , Ozden Seray
Published: December 2010

In this study, the influence of thermal treatment on color changes of six different wood materials was investigated. Test specimens were subjected to three different temperatures (160, 180, and 200°C) and durations (3, 5, and 7 h). The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis, and then the statistical analysis of Tukey's test was conducted. After this treatment, the results showed that the color values of the six wood materials changed significantly. It was determined that L* (lightness) values decreased; the minimum change in L* was ∼4% for Juniper wood, and the maximum change in L* was ∼64% for Beech wood. The values of a* (red coordinate) and b* (yellow coordinate) showed varying levels of increase when the heat treatment conditions were 160°C for 3 to 7 h (not including Cherry wood), but the values began to decrease slowly after treatment at 160°C for 5 h. The ratios of the minimum and maximum color change in a* and b* were determined at 180°C for 3 h in Plane wood, 200°C for 5 h in Hazelnut wood, and 160°C for 3 h and 200°C for 7 h in Beech wood. As temperature and duration were increased, the minimum total color change (ΔE) was ∼3.5% for 160°C at 3 h in Cypress wood, and the maximum total color change (ΔE) was ∼50% for 200°C at 7 h in Cypress wood. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Portals for collaborative research communities: two distinguished case studies
Authors: Elsayed Ibrahim , Madey Gregory , Brezany Peter
Published: December 2010

Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. The research work summarized by this paper discusses two different case studies in the field of portals for collaborative research communities, in particular VectorBase and BGA‐Space. VectorBase at its core is a scientific database that focuses on search, data mining and offers multiple integrated bioinformatics tools for analyzing and browsing genomic and related data. BGA‐Space focuses on capturing semantics from scientists during processing of scientific experiments as well as preserving the full life cycle of scientific data to enable their reuse. The two case studies involve heavy research and the application of theories, concepts, and knowledge commonly discussed in the targeted field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abdichtung der Wienflussmauer mittels Injektionen als Hochwasserschutzmaßnahme
Authors: Pohlplatz Klaus , Krotky Kurt , Hartl Martin
Published: December 2010

Zur Herstellung der Dichtheit der Wienflusstrennmauer, welche den Hochwasserschutz der U‐Bahntrasse der Linie U4 gegenüber dem Wienfluss funktional darstellt, wurden/werden Injektionen durchgeführt. Die Gesamtlänge der zu sanierenden Mauerabschnitte beträgt 5300 m. Der Sanierungsbereich wurde in 106 Abschnitte zu 50 m Mauerlänge unterteilt. Die Injektionsarbeiten zur Hohlraumverfüllung des Mauerwerkskörpers wurden/werden zweistufig durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2009 wurden die Abschnitte C1 bis C6 saniert bzw. injiziert. Vorab waren die Injektionskriterien und Injektionsziele zu erarbeiten und verbindlich festzulegen, welche laufend u. a. mittels Wasserabpressversuchen und Bohrkernentnahmen kontrolliert bzw. überwacht werden.

Sealing of the Wien river flood‐control wall by means of injections. Injections have been used to seal the flood‐control wall that separates the Wien river bed from the tracks of underground line U4. A total length of wall of 5 300 metres are in need of repair. The repair area has been divided into segments of 50 m wall length each, i.e., 106 segments. The injection works for filling voids in the wall have been carried out in two stages. In 2009, Sections C1 to C6 were repaired and injected. Before this, binding criteria for injections and injection targets had to be set, which have to be inspected and regularly monitored by means of permeability tests and core sample analysis, among other methods.
Role of morphometry in evaluation of cytologically borderline breast lesions: A study of 70 cases
Authors: Gupta Shilpa , Gupta Ruchika , Singh Sompal , Gupta Kusum , Kaur Charan Jeet
Published: November 2010

Fine needle aspiration, an accepted minimally invasive diagnostic procedure for breast masses, leads to an indeterminate (borderline) diagnosis in a significant proportion of cases. This study was aimed at evaluation of the utility of image analysis and morphometry in the cytologic assessment of borderline breast cases.

A ‘study’ group of 45 cases (including fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change and ductal carcinoma) and a ‘test’ group of 25 cytologically borderline cases were included. Nuclei from each of the groups (nuclei of monolayer sheet of fibroadenoma, naked nuclei of fibroadenoma, ductal cells nuclei of fibrocystic change and nuclei of carcinoma) were manually traced and analyzed using self‐written image analysis software. Discriminant analysis was done on the ‘study’ group and the resultant discriminant functions were applied to the ‘test’ group. The percentage of nuclei correctly classified of the study as well as test group was noted.

On step‐wise discriminant analysis, various morphometric, textural parameters and color information parameters were selected. Of the original ‘study’ group, 98.49% of nuclei could be correctly classified. No overlapping of benign and malignant nuclei was observed in the ‘study’ group. When the resulting functions were tested on the ‘test’ group, all the cases were correctly classified as benign or malignant (compared with the final histologic diagnosis).

This study suggests that application of computerized image analysis to cytologically borderline breast cases can help in the classification of these cases as benign or malignant. This may prevent unnecessary surgery in many of these cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject‐based steroid profiling and the determination of novel biomarkers for DHT and DHEA misuse in sports
Authors: Van Renterghem Pieter , Van Eenoo Peter , Sottas Pierre‐Edouard , Saugy Martial , Delbeke Frans
Published: December 2010

Doping with natural steroids can be detected by evaluating the urinary concentrations and ratios of several endogenous steroids. Since these biomarkers of steroid doping are known to present large inter‐individual variations, monitoring of individual steroid profiles over time allows switching from population‐based towards subject‐based reference ranges for improved detection. In an Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), biomarkers data are collated throughout the athlete's sporting career and individual thresholds defined adaptively. For now, this approach has been validated on a limited number of markers of steroid doping, such as the testosterone (T) over epitestosterone (E) ratio to detect T misuse in athletes. Additional markers are required for other endogenous steroids like dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). By combining comprehensive steroid profiles composed of 24 steroid concentrations with Bayesian inference techniques for longitudinal profiling, a selection was made for the detection of DHT and DHEA misuse. The biomarkers found were rated according to relative response, parameter stability, discriminative power, and maximal detection time. This analysis revealed DHT/E, DHT/5β‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol and 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol/5β‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol as best biomarkers for DHT administration and DHEA/E, 16α‐hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone/E, 7β‐hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone/E and 5β‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol/5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol for DHEA. The selected biomarkers were found suitable for individual referencing. A drastic overall increase in sensitivity was obtained.

The use of multiple markers as formalized in an Athlete Steroidal Passport (ASP) can provide firm evidence of doping with endogenous steroids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Khat a drug of abuse: roles of free radicals and antioxidants
Authors: Aleryani Samir L. , Aleryani Rowaida A. , Al‐Akwa Ahmed A.
Published: December 2010

Many articles have reviewed the health impact of Khat consumption; however the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis associated with short‐ and long‐term consumption of Khat is absent in the literature. As free radicals and antioxidants converge across various mechanisms in normal physiological function and in disease, this review attempts to uncover the role of endogenous free radicals and the mechanism of cellular injury associated with Khat consumption. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defending Dynepo detection
Authors: Gmeiner Günter , Reichel Christian , Kulovics Ronald , Scheiblhofer Veronika
Published: December 2010

Doping analysis as the detection of prohibited substances in an athlete's bodily specimen is not solely a scientific task; anti‐doping scientists are challenged by the athlete's experts and have to defend their results in front of arbitration panels such as the Court of Arbitration in Sports (CAS). Compliance with the internationally accepted standards issued by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) is commonly the main aspect to prove and demonstrate.

Taking the example of four cases of doping with Epoetin delta (Dynepo) in endurance disciplines like marathon, triathlon, and cycling, the challenges and experiences in court and the argumentation lines of the defence experts are discussed. In all cases, doping with Epoetin delta was detected by two methods: isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS‐PAGE.

Epoetin delta is known to be produced in a human fibrosoma cell line. The slightly more abundant bands alpha and beta result in a short detection window using IEF analysis alone. With the additional complementary information obtained by SDS‐PAGE analysis, data interpretation and defence in court is facilitated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ATF2‐based luciferase reporter to monitor non‐canonical Wnt signaling inxenopusembryos
Authors: Ohkawara Bisei , Niehrs Christof
Published: December 2010

Non‐canonical/planar cell polarity (PCP) Wnt signaling plays important roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, and is implicated in human disease. Monitoring Wnt/PCP signaling relies mostly on semi‐quantitative bioassays or biochemical analysis. Here we describe a luciferase reporter assay based on an ATF2 response element, which faithfully monitors non‐canonical Wnt signaling inXenopusembryos. The assay is simple, quantitative, and robust. It can be used to detect non‐canonical Wnt signaling changes following gain and loss of function of pathway components, including Wnt, Frizzled, Ror2, Disheveled, Rac1, MKK7, and JNK. Wnt/PCP signaling has recently been implicated in left‐right asymmetry and our reporter assay suggests that in gastrula embryos there is a right‐ward bias in Wnt/PCP signaling. We also mapped Wnt/PCP signaling in the earlyXenopusembryo and find that it peaks in the dorso‐vegetal region, paralleling Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hts, the Drosophila homologue of adducin, physically interacts with the transmembrane receptor golden goal to guide photoreceptor axons
Authors: Ohler Stephan , Hakeda‐Suzuki Satoko , Suzuki Takashi
Published: December 2010

Neurons steer their axons towards their proper targets during development. Molecularly, a number of guidance receptors have been identified. The transmembrane protein Golden goal (Gogo) was reported previously to guide photoreceptor (R) axons in the Drosophila visual system. Here, we show that Hts, the Drosophila homologue of Adducin, physically interacts with Gogo's cytoplasmic domain via its head‐neck domain. hts null mutants show similar defects in R axon guidance as do gogo mutants. Rescue experiments suggest that the C‐terminal tail but not the MARCKS homology domain of Hts is required. Overexpression of either gogo or hts causes abnormally thick swellings of R8 axons in the medulla, but if both are co‐overexpressed, R8 axons appear normal and the amount of excessive Hts is reduced. Our results fit with a model where Gogo both positively and negatively regulates Hts that affects the Actin‐Spectrin cytoskeleton in growth cone filopodia, thereby guiding R axons. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel (Guanidine)manganese Complexes and Their Application in the Epoxidation of 1‐Octene
Authors: Wortmann Ramona , Flörke Ulrich , Sarkar Biprajit , Umamaheshwari Venkatesan , Gescheidt Georg , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Henkel Gerald
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of manganese complexes of the guanidine–pyridine hybrid ligands DMEGqu (L1) and TMGqu (L2) is reported. The complexes [Mn2(μ‐Cl)2Cl2(DMEGqu)2] (C1), [Mn2(TMGqu)2(μ‐Cl)2Cl2] (C2), [Mn3(DMEGqu)2(μ‐CH3COO)6] (C3), [Mn3(TMGqu)2(μ‐CH3COO)6] (C4) and [Mn2(DMEGqu)2(μ‐CF3SO3)2(CF3SO3)2(H2O)2] (C5) have been structurally characterised. For C1 and C2 dinuclear chlorido‐bridged motifs have been found and trinuclear acetato‐bridged motifs for C3 and C4 which represent the first trinuclear (guanidine)manganese compounds reported so far. The dinuclear triflato complex C5 exhibits a unique Mn(μ‐CF3SO3)2(CF3SO3)2 unit. EPR measurements of C1 and C2 indicate that in solution the dinuclear complexes decompose to mononuclear species. Contrastingly, the EPR spectra of C3 and C4 show that these acetato complexes remain polynuclear in CH3CN. The chlorido and acetato complexes convince by their high stability towards air. All complexes reported herein were screened regarding their activity in the epoxidation of 1‐octene with peracetic acid. It could be proven that these compounds are able to act as catalysts in this reaction already under mild conditions. Kinetic measurements exhibit that the epoxidation reaction proceeds on a time scale interesting for industrial application.
On determining the geometric and kinematic characteristics of coherent flow structures over a gravel bed: a new approach using combined PLIF‐PIV
Authors: Hardy R.J. , Best J.L. , Parsons D.R. , Keevil G.M.
Published: December 2010

In gravel‐bed rivers, the microtopography of the bed is known to exert a significant influence on the generation of turbulent flow structures that owe their origin to fluid shear generated near the bed. Although field and laboratory measurements have indicated that flows over gravel beds contain a range of coherent flow structures, the kinematic and dynamic properties of these structures are still poorly understood. This paper describes a new experimental methodology to quantify simultaneously both the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of coherent flow structures based upon combined planar laser‐induced fluorescence and particle imaging velocimetry (PLIF‐PIV). The results confirm that the primary generative mechanism of coherent flow structures is at the bed, where merging hairpin vortices form around bed clasts and generate larger‐scale fluid motions that advect downstream. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid volatile sulfides oxidation and metals (Mn, Zn) release upon sediment resuspension: Laboratory experiment and model development
Authors: Hong Yong Seok , Kinney Kerry A , Reible Danny D
Published: December 2010

Sediment from the Anacostia River (Washington, DC, USA) was suspended in aerobic artificial river water for 14 d to investigate the dynamics of dissolved metals release and related parameters including pH, acid volatile sulfides (AVS), and dissolved/solid phase Fe2+. To better understand and predict the underlying processes, a mathematical model is developed considering oxidation of reduced species, dissolution of minerals, pH changes, and pH-dependent metals' sorption to sediment. Oxidation rate constants of elemental sulfur and zinc sulfide, and a dissolution rate constant of carbonate minerals, were adjusted to fit observations. The proposed model and parameters were then applied, without further calibration, to literature-reported experimental observations of resuspension in an acid sulfate soil collected in a coastal flood plain. The model provided a good description of the dynamics of AVS, Fe2+, S0(s), pH, dissolved carbonates concentrations, and the release of Ca(aq), Mg(aq), and Zn(aq) in both sediments. Accurate predictions of Mn(aq) release required adjustment of sorption partitioning coefficient, presumably due to the presence of Mn scavenging by phases not accounted for in the model. The oxidation of AVS (and the resulting release of sulfide-bound metals) was consistent with a two-step process, a relatively rapid AVS oxidation to elemental sulfur (S0(s)) and a slow oxidation of S0(s) to SO 42−(aq), with an associated decrease in pH from neutral to acidic conditions. This acidification was the dominant factor for the release of metals into the aqueous phase. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:564–575. © 2011 SETAC
Assessing the potential for algae and macrophytes to degrade crop protection products in aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Thomas Kevin A , Hand Laurence H
Published: December 2010

Rates of pesticide degradation in aquatic ecosystems often differ between those observed within laboratory studies and field trials. Under field conditions, a number of additional processes may well have a significant role, yet are excluded from standard laboratory studies, for example, metabolism by aquatic plants, phytoplankton, and periphyton. These constituents of natural aquatic ecosystems have been shown to be capable of metabolizing a range of crop protection products. Here we report the rate of degradation of six crop protection products assessed in parallel in three systems, under reproducible, defined laboratory conditions, designed to compare aquatic sediment systems which exclude macrophytes and algae against those in which macrophytes and/or algae are included. All three systems remained as close as possible to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 308 guidelines, assessing degradation of parent compound in the total system in mass balanced studies using (14C) labeled compounds. We observed, in all cases where estimated, significant increases in the rate of degradation in both the algae and macrophyte systems when compared to the standard systems. By assessing total system degradation within closed, mass balanced studies, we have shown that rates of degradation are enhanced in water/sediment systems that include macrophytes and algae. The contribution of these communities should therefore be considered if the aquatic fate of pesticides is to be fully understood. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:622–631. © 2011 SETAC
Persistence of triclocarban and triclosan in soils after land application of biosolids and bioaccumulation in Eisenia foetida
Authors: Higgins Christopher P , Paesani Zachary J , Abbott Chalew Talia E , Halden Rolf U , Hundal Lakhwinder S
Published: December 2010

The presence of the antimicrobial chemicals triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in municipal biosolids has raised concerns about the potential impacts of these chemicals on soil ecosystems following land application of municipal biosolids. The relative persistence of TCC and TCS in agricultural fields receiving yearly applications of biosolids at six different loading rates over a three-year period was investigated. Soil and biosolids samples were collected, extracted, and analyzed for TCC and TCS using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the potential for bioaccumulation of TCC and TCS from the biosolids-amended soils was assessed over 28 d in the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Standard 28-d bioaccumulation tests were conducted for three biosolids loading rates from two sites, representing agronomic and twice the agronomic rates of biosolids application plots as well as control plots receiving no applications of biosolids. Additional bioaccumulation kinetic data were collected for the soils receiving the high biosolids loadings to ensure attainment of quasi steady-state conditions. The results indicate that TCC is relatively more persistent in biosolids-amended soil than TCS. In addition, TCC bioaccumulated in E. foetida, reaching body burdens of 25 ± 4 and 133 ± 17 ng/gww in worms exposed for 28 d to the two soils amended with biosolids at agronomic rates. The 28-d organic carbon and lipid-normalized biota soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated for TCC and ranged from 0.22 ± 0.12 to 0.71 ± 0.13. These findings suggest that TCC bioaccumulation is somewhat consistent with the traditional hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) partitioning paradigm. However, these data also suggest substantially reduced bioavailability of TCC in biosolids-amended soils compared with HOC partitioning theory. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:556–563. © 2011 SETAC
An enriched stable isotope technique to estimate the availability of soil zinc to Lumbricus terrestris (L.) across a salinization gradient
Authors: Rodgers Derek W , Lev Steven M , Snodgrass Joel W , Ownby David R , Prince Lisa M , Casey Ryan E
Published: December 2010

An enriched stable isotope approach was developed to evaluate Zn bioavailability to Lumbricus terrestris. The decrease in 68Zn/66Zn in organ tissues was used to assess the relative magnitude of the bioavailable soil Zn pool. This tool was then used to specifically evaluate bioavailability as a function of soil cation distribution. Storm-water pond soils were modified using two treatment regimens whereby H2O-extractable Zn was varied either by different ZnCl2 amendments or by constant ZnCl2 amendment followed by varying the soil cation distribution through salt amendments (NaCl or CaCl2). Earthworms previously equilibrated in 68Zn-spiked soil were introduced to experimental soils, and after 2 d, removed for analysis of isotopic ratios in specific tissues. Despite a wide range of H2O-extractable Zn values produced by the salt treatments (0.007–24.3 mg/kg), a significant relationship between Zn turnover rate in earthworm tissues and H2O-extractable Zn in the salt-treated soils was not observed. Rather, considering both treatment regimens, turnover rate better correlated with Zn present in broader pools, such as that extracted by 6M HNO3. The bioavailability of trace metals to earthworms may be poorly characterized by loosely bound fractions such as the pore water. Additionally, the turnover rate of 68Zn in anterior organ tissues may be an effective tool to evaluate the relative magnitude of the bioavailable soil Zn pool. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:607–615. © 2010 SETAC
Sorption mechanisms of coexisting PAHs on sediment organic fractions
Authors: Yang Zhifeng , Wang Lili , Niu Junfeng
Published: December 2010

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to natural sediment and isolated organic fractions, including demineralized organic matter (DM), condensed organic matter (COM), and black carbon (BC), was investigated to provide insight into sorption mechanisms. The organic carbon normalized distribution coefficient KOC measured for DM was 0.8 to 3.0 times higher than that of bulk sediment, indicating the physical protection of favorable PAH sorption domains by mineral conformation; that is, mineral enwrapping was supposed to prevent physically the accessing process of the sorbate molecules to the sorption domain. Surface area–normalized KOC values showed that the differences between COM and BC in the sorption capability were caused largely by their surface areas, additionally indicating the importance of solid physical structure. In considering specific interactions, mature organic fractions with polyaromatic sheets were implied to be affected by π–π interaction, whereas the DM sample that contained the electron-repulsive N–H group hardly sorbed PAHs via this interaction. Besides sorbent characteristics, PAH properties were also assumed to influence the sorption process. The hydrophobicity normalized sorption coefficient increased in the order of fluoranthene > phenanthrene > pyrene > fluorine > acenaphthene, with pyrene showing an exceptional order. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:576–581. © 2011 SETAC
Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere
Authors: Chang Feng-chih , Simcik Matt F , Capel Paul D
Published: December 2010

This is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminary phase of the study. The frequency of glyphosate detection ranged from 60 to 100% in both air and rain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from <0.01 to 9.1 ng/m3 and from <0.1 to 2.5 µg/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high-use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall. Glyphosate is efficiently removed from the air; it is estimated that an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air is removed by a weekly rainfall ≥30 mm. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:548–555. © 2011 SETAC
Mid‐infrared polarization spectroscopy: A tool for in situ measurements of toxic gases in smoke‐laden environments
Authors: Sun Z. W. , Försth M. , Li Z. S. , Li B. , Aldén M.
Published: December 2010

Infrared polarization spectroscopy (IRPS) was used to detect HCl in an 800 mm long tube furnace. Pieces of a polyvinyl chloride‐carpet were continuously fed into the furnace producing a heavy smoke, which is exemplified by the fact that the smoke completely obscured a red laser beam from a He‐Ne laser. This constitutes a very harsh environment from a diagnostic point of view due to the high smoke density and relatively long path through the furnace. Despite this it was still possible to measure HCl concentrations in the smoke down to a level of ∼50ppm using IRPS. The explanation for this success is twofold. First, the IRPS method is inherently almost noise free due to the use of crossed polarizers, creating a virtually zero background. Second, the laser beam attenuation due to non‐resonant absorption and scattering in the smoke, especially with soot particles, decreases with increasing laser wavelength. Therefore, this type of measurements would have been much more difficult to perform in the visible regime (with wavelengths ∼0.5µm) than in the infrared regime (with wavelengths ∼3µm). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction of plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR‐TKIs
Authors: Tanaka Hidenori , Kimura Tatsuo , Kudoh Shinzoh , Mitsuoka Shigeki , Watanabe Tetsuya , Suzumura Tomohiro , Tachibana Keisei , Noguchi Masayuki , Yano Seiji , Hirata Kazuto
Published: December 2010

Hepatocyte growth factor induces resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It has been hypothesized that epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors administration may influence the levels of plasma hepatocyte growth factor. Patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer and relapsed after chemotherapies were eligible. Plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels were analyzed on pretreatment and post‐treatment day 15 and 30. We also investigated the correlation between plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tissue immunoreactivity for hepatocyte growth factor and MET gene status. Thirty‐one patients were enrolled. Plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels on post‐treatment day 15 (630.1 ± 366.9 pg/ml) were significantly higher (p = 0.029) than the pretreatment plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels (485.9 ± 230.2 pg/ml). Plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels on the post‐treatment day 30 (581.5 ± 298.1 pg/ml) tend to be higher than those before treatment (p = 0.057). Pretreatment plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients with progressive disease (724.1 ± 216.4 pg/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with stable disease (396.5 ± 148.3 pg/ml; p = 0.0008) and partial response (381.7 ± 179.0 pg/ml; p = 0.0039). The optimal pretreatment plasma hepatocyte growth factor cut‐off value for diagnosis of responder was 553.5 pg/ml, and its sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 65%, respectively. Pretreatment plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels had no correlation with tissue immunoreactivities for hepatocyte growth factor, MET gene status and active EGFR mutations. Administration of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly increased plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels. High levels of pretreatment plasma hepatocyte growth factor indicated intrinsic resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Plasma hepatocyte growth factor can serve as a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of tumor relapse treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Characterization and outcome of breast needle core biopsy diagnoses of lesions of uncertain malignant potential (B3) in abnormalities detected by mammographic screening
Authors: Rakha Emad A. , Lee Andrew H.S. , Jenkins Jacquie A. , Murphy Alison E. , Hamilton Lisa J. , Ellis Ian O.
Published: December 2010

In the setting of breast cancer screening, 5–9% of needle core biopsies are diagnosed as lesions of uncertain malignant potential (B3). The management of these lesions is potentially problematic as the data on their outcome remains limited. In our study, we aim to assess the outcome of screen‐detected lesions diagnosed as B3 in a large series to validate previous studies and to characterize the malignant lesions detected after a B3 diagnosis. Therefore, the results of 1,025 needle core biopsies of women screened over a 7‐year period (1999–2006) in two different regions in the UK with B3 diagnoses who underwent surgical excision were reviewed and compared to the final excision histology. Final histology showed that 25% of cases were malignant (17% ductal carcinoma in situ and 8% invasive). Predictors of malignancy included calcification on imaging and epithelial atypia on needle core biopsy particularly atypical ductal hyperplasia [positive predictive value 50%]. Pure flat epithelial atypia showed the lowest positive predictive value amongst all epithelial atypia groups (21%). The positive predictive value was low for complex sclerosing lesions (9%) and papillary lesions (13%) without epithelial atypia. Malignant tumors detected after B3 diagnosis showed favorable histological features, the majority were in situ, and most belonged to the low grade breast neoplasia family that is associated with indolent behavior. The underlying radiological abnormality was calcification in 44% of cases and the imaging classification was malignant/suspicious in 38%. In conclusion, our results further emphasize the heterogeneity of B3 lesions and that the likelihood of malignancy varies substantially between different histological subtypes. Malignancy is particularly associated with epithelial atypia suggesting the use of two categories of with and without epithelial atypia. Radiological findings provided useful information regarding the nature and outcome of B3 lesions.
Intercountry prevalences and practices of betel‐quid use in south, southeast and eastern asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: An international collaborative study by asian betel‐quid consortium of south and east Asia
Authors: Lee Chien‐Hung , Ko Albert Min‐Shan , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Yin Bang‐Liang , Sunarjo  , Zain Rosnah Binti , Ibrahim Salah Osman , Liu Zhi‐Wen , Li Wen‐Hui , Zhang Shan‐Shan , Kuntoro  , Utomo Budi , Rajapakse Palandage Sunethra , Warusavithana Supun Amila , Abdul Razak Ishak , Abdullah Norlida , Shrestha Prashanta , Kwan Aij‐Lie , Shieh Tien‐Yu , Chen Mu‐Kuan , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: December 2010

Health risks stemming from betel‐quid (BQ) chewing are frequently overlooked by people. Updated epidemiological data on the increased BQ use among Asian populations using comparable data collection methods have not been widely available. To investigate the prevalence, patterns of practice and associated types of oral preneoplastic disorders, an intercountry Asian Betel‐quid Consortium study (the ABC study) was conducted for Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal and Sri Lanka. A random sample of 8,922 subjects was recruited, and the data were analyzed using survey‐data modules adjusted for the complex survey design. Chewing rates among men (10.7–43.6%) were significantly higher than women (1.8–34.9%) in Taiwan, Mainland China, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while women's rates (29.5–46.8%) were higher than that for men (9.8–12.0%) in Malaysia and Indonesia. An emerging, higher proportion of new‐users were identified for Hunan in Mainland China (11.1–24.7%), where Hunan chewers have the unique practice of using the dried husk of areca fruit rather than the solid nut universally used by others. Men in the Eastern and South Asian study communities were deemed likely to combine chewing with smoking and drinking (5.6–13.6%). Indonesian women who chewed BQ exhibited the highest prevalence of oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis and oral leukoplakia (9.1–17.3%). Lower schooling, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking were identified as being associated with BQ chewing. In conclusion, the ABC study reveals the significant cultural and demographic differences contributing to practice patterns of BQ usage and the great health risks that such practices pose in the Asian region.
Reactive species and DNA damage in chronic inflammation: reconciling chemical mechanisms and biological fates
Authors: Lonkar Pallavi , Dedon Peter C.
Published: December 2010

Chronic inflammation has long been recognized as a risk factor for many human cancers. One mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer involves the generation of nitric oxide, superoxide and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages and neutrophils that infiltrate sites of inflammation. Although pathologically high levels of these reactive species cause damage to biological molecules, including DNA, nitric oxide at lower levels plays important physiological roles in cell signaling and apoptosis. This raises the question of inflammation‐induced imbalances in physiological and pathological pathways mediated by chemical mediators of inflammation. At pathological levels, the damage sustained by nucleic acids represents the full spectrum of chemistries and likely plays an important role in carcinogenesis. This suggests that DNA damage products could serve as biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically accessible compartments such as blood and urine. However, recent studies of the biotransformation of DNA damage products before excretion point to a weakness in our understanding of the biological fates of the DNA lesions and thus to a limitation in the use of DNA lesions as biomarkers. This review will address these and other issues surrounding inflammation‐mediated DNA damage on the road to cancer.
Circulating perivascular progenitors: A target of PDGFR inhibition
Authors: Mancuso Patrizia , Martin‐Padura Ines , Calleri Angelica , Marighetti Paola , Quarna Jessica , Rabascio Cristina , Braidotti Paola , Bertolini Francesco
Published: December 2010

Cancer blood vessels consist of two interacting types of cells: inner lining endothelial cells (ECs) and surrounding perivascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells or mural cells). PDGFRbeta(CD140b)+ progenitor perivascular cells (PPC) can differentiate into pericytes and regulate vessel stability and vascular survival in tumors. Similarly to what we have done with circulating ECs and progenitors, we developed a flow cytometry procedure for the enumeration of circulating PPCs and the study of their viability in murine models of cancer and in cancer patients. DNA+CD45−CD31−CD140b+ cells were enumerated by six‐colour flow cytometry, their morphology was studied by electron microscopy, PPC specificity confirmed by reverse trascription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) expression of CD140b mRNA, and viability assessed by Syto16 and 7AAD. In preclinical marrow transplantation studies, 9 ± 4% of circulating PPCs were derived from the marrow donor. PPCs were increased in cancer‐bearing mice and in patients affected by some types of cancer. At variance with the kinetic of circulating endothelial progenitors, high‐dose cyclophosphamide reduced the number of viable PPCs. The administration of sunitinib, a drug known to inhibit PDGFR, was associated in murine models and in cancer patients with an increase of apoptotic/necrotic circulating PPC, suggesting a direct targeting of these cells. PPC enumeration might be studied as a tool for the definition of the optimal biologic dose of anti‐PDGFR drugs and investigated clinically as a possible predictive/prognostic tool in patients receiving anti‐PDGFR drugs.
Tetrandrine induces apoptosis by activating reactive oxygen species and repressing Akt activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liu Chaoyang , Gong Ke , Mao Xin , Li Wenhua
Published: December 2010

Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid component of broadly used traditional Chinese medicine, has antitumor effects against some cancers. In our study, we investigated the effects of tetrandrine on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that tetrandrine effectively induced apoptosis of liver cancer cell in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner accompanied by alteration of cell morphology, chromatin fragmentation and caspase activation. Tetrandrine treatment also induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS scavengers (LNAC and GSH) completely blocked the effects of tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that the generation of ROS plays an important role in tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis. Although the activities of JNK and ERK were inhibited significantly by tetrandrine treatment, JNK and ERK are not involved in the tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis. In contrast, Akt activity was found to be closely related to tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis. The data demonstrated that Akt activity inhibitor LY294002 synergistically promoted tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis of HCC, whereas ectopic expression of Akt contrastly abrogated partial of the tetrandrine‐induced apoptosis. These data suggest that Akt signal is the downstream event of ROS generation in the tetrandrine‐induced HCC cell apoptosis. Moreover, the results of xenograft in nude mice were consistent with that of the in vitro studies. Therefore, our data suggest that tetrandrine may be a promising agent for the treatment of HCC as a regulator of ROS/Akt pathway.
Human tumor microRNA signatures derived from large‐scale oligonucleotide microarray datasets
Authors: Wang Wenzhang , Peng Bo , Wang Dan , Ma Xiaopin , Jiang Deke , Zhao Jing , Yu Long
Published: December 2010

The expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with the initiation and progression of human tumors. DNA microarrays are widely used to explore the expression patterns of miRNAs. Because of the limited sample size and experimental expense, the statistical power of individual research projects is not sufficient to yield a robust conclusion. However, collected microarray datasets of expression profiles provide opportunities to compile the information of individual studies. Our study carried out a comprehensive meta‐analysis of miRNA expression microarray datasets from 28 published tumor studies; it comprises 33 comparisons and nearly 4,000 tumor and corresponding nontumorous samples. This work reports 52 miRNAs as common signatures that are dysregulated in tumors. In addition to the commonly altered miRNAs, five solid cancers displayed specific tissue patterns of altered miRNAs as well. The meta‐analysis also revealed some novel tumor‐related miRNAs such as hsa‐miR‐144, hsa‐miR‐130b, hsa‐miR‐132, hsa‐miR‐154, hsa‐miR‐192 and hsa‐miR‐345. We further validated the expression pattern of hsa‐miR‐154 in human hepatocellular carcinoma by RT‐PCR. Restoration of intracellular miR‐154 inhibited tumor cell malignance and the G1/S transition in cancer cells. Both bioinformatic prediction and western blotting demonstrated that miR‐154 could target CCND2. In addition, expression patterns of miR‐154 were inversely correlated with those of CCND2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall, this study used a large‐scale data analysis to identify a qualified list of miRNAs that are consistently changed in tumors, which could lead to a better understanding of human tumor etiology.