bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural reward responsiveness in children who engage in nonsuicidal self‐injury: an ERP study
Authors: Tsypes Aliona , Owens Max , Hajcak Greg , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: April 2018

Background

A better understanding of the correlates of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) in children is important for the identification and prevention of future suicide risk. However, although abnormalities in reward responsiveness might constitute one potential transdiagnostic mechanism of risk for NSSI, no studies have examined initial response to reward in children with a history of NSSI. The goal of the present study was to address this important gap in the literature. To objectively assess initial response to reward, we utilized the feedback negativity (FN) event‐related potential, a well‐established psychophysiological marker of reward responsiveness.

Methods

Participants were 57 children (19 with a history of NSSI and 38 demographically matched controls) between the ages of 7 and 11. Diagnostic interviews were used to assess for current and past DSM‐IV mood and anxiety diagnoses and NSSI history. Children also completed a guessing task, during which continuous electroencephalography was recorded.

Results

Children with a history of NSSI exhibited significantly more negative ΔFN (i.e., FN to losses minus FN to gains) than children without NSSI. These findings appeared to be at least partially independent of children's history of psychopathology and current symptoms, suggesting their specificity to NSSI.

Conclusions

These results provide initial evidence for heightened neural initial reward responsiveness to losses versus rewards in children with a history of NSSI. Pending replications and longitudinal studies, the ΔFN might represent a psychophysiological marker of risk for self‐harm.
A neural biomarker, the error‐related negativity, predicts the first onset of generalized anxiety disorder in a large sample of adolescent females
Authors: Meyer Alexandria , Nelson Brady , Perlman Greg , Klein Daniel N. , Kotov Roman
Published: April 2018

Objective

An increased neural response to making mistakes has emerged as a potential biomarker of anxiety across development. The error‐related negativity (ERN) is an event‐related potential elicited when people make mistakes on simple laboratory‐based reaction time tasks that has been associated with risk for anxiety. This study examined whether the ERN prospectively predicted the first onset of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) over 1.5 years in adolescent girls.

Methods

The sample included 457 girls between the ages of 13.5 and 15.5 years, with no history of GAD. At baseline, the ERN was measured using a flankers task. Psychiatric history of the adolescent and biological parent was assessed with diagnostic interviews, and the adolescent completed a self‐report questionnaire regarding anxiety symptoms. Approximately 1.5 years later, adolescents completed the same interview.

Results

An increased neural response to errors at baseline predicted first‐onset GAD over 1.5 years. The ERN was a significant predictor independent of other prominent risk factors, including baseline anxiety and depression symptoms and parental lifetime psychiatric history. Jointly the ERN and social anxiety symptoms provided the greatest power for predicting first‐onset GAD.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence for the utility of the ERN as a biomarker of risk for GAD during a key developmental period.
Soil‐dwelling insect pests of tree crops in Sub‐Saharan Africa, problems and management strategies—A review
Authors: Ambele F. C. , Bisseleua Daghela H. B. , Babalola O. O. , Ekesi S.
Published: April 2018

This review aims to draw the attention of researchers, ecologists and farmers to the threats of soil‐dwelling insect pests on important tree crops in sub‐Saharan Africa, with a special focus on termites. It synthesizes the information on the effects of various factors affecting soil pest occurrence and damage, suggesting that the resultant undesirable effects of soil pests in this region are largely as a result of indiscriminate tree cutting, slash‐and‐burn agriculture and indiscriminate use of pesticides. Major insect orders, their host ranges and the nature of damage on selected tree crops are described. This study further critiques existing soil pest management practices, showing that majority of soil pest management practices are ineffective. Thus, management strategies like “attract and kill” approach based on entomopathogenic fungi need to be studied, developed and emphasized for the management of soil insect pests in sub‐Saharan Africa. A conclusion section attempts to offer suggestions for ways in which future work on soil pests in sub‐Saharan Africa could proceed.
Lowered quality of life in mood disorders is associated with increased neuro‐oxidative stress and basal thyroid‐stimulating hormone levels and use of anticonvulsant mood stabilizers
Authors: Nunes Caroline Sampaio , Maes Michael , Roomruangwong Chutima , Moraes Juliana Brum , Bonifacio Kamila Landucci , Vargas Heber Odebrecht , Barbosa Decio Sabbatini , Anderson George , de Melo Luiz Gustavo Piccoli , Drozdstoj Stoyanov , Moreira Estefania , Carvalho André F. , Nunes Sandra Odebrecht Vargas
Published: April 2018

Rationale, aims

Major affective disorders including bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated with impaired health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Oxidative stress and subtle thyroid abnormalities may play a pathophysiological role in both disorders. Thus, the current study was performed to examine whether neuro‐oxidative biomarkers and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels could predict HRQoL in BD and MDD.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study enrolled 68 BD and 37 MDD patients and 66 healthy controls. The World Health Organization (WHO) QoL‐BREF scale was used to assess 4 QoL subdomains. Peripheral blood malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products, paraoxonaxe/CMPAase activity, a composite index of nitro‐oxidative stress, and basal TSH were measured.

Results

In the total WHOQoL score, 17.3% of the variance was explained by increased advanced oxidation protein products and TSH levels and lowered CMPAase activity and male gender. Physical HRQoL (14.4%) was associated with increased MDA and TSH levels and lowered CMPAase activity. Social relations HRQoL (17.4%) was predicted by higher nitro‐oxidative index and TSH values, while mental and environment HRQoL were independently predicted by CMPAase activity. Finally, 73.0% of the variance in total HRQoL was explained by severity of depressive symptoms, use of anticonvulsants, lower income, early lifetime emotional neglect, MDA levels, the presence of mood disorders, and suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

These data show that lowered HRQoL in major affective disorders could at least in part result from the effects of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, lowered antioxidant enzyme activities, and higher levels of TSH.
Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and benefit from colorectal cancer reduction from long‐term use of low‐dose aspirin: A retrospective study of 612 509 patients
Authors: Tsoi Kelvin KF , Chan Felix CH , Hirai Hoyee W , Sung Joseph JY
Published: April 2018

Background and Aim

Aspirin, commonly used for prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, is well known to protect against development of colorectal cancer (CRC) but increases risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). This cohort study aims to evaluate the benefit of low‐dose aspirin to prevent CRC and its associated risk of GIB.

Method

A population‐based dataset was used to compare incidence and mortality of CRC and GIB among patients receiving low‐dose aspirin with sex‐matched and age‐matched controls (1:2). A total of 204 170 aspirin users taking aspirin for at least 6 months and 408 339 nonusers were analyzed. Patients' clinical outcomes were documented for up to 14 years or until death.

Results

A total of 612 509 patients were included; 5118 (2.51%) out of 204 170 aspirin users were diagnosed with CRC; and 2073 (1.02%) died of the malignancy. On the other hand, 13 336 (3.27%) out of 408 339 non‐aspirin users were diagnosed with CRC, and 6953 (1.70%) died. Using the competing risk regression, aspirin usage significantly reduced CRC mortality (subdistribution hazard ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval = 0.56 to 0.62). A total of 9483 (4.64%) aspirin users developed GIB, and 820 (0.40%) died, while 11 198 (2.74%) nonusers developed GIB, and 1488 (0.36%) died. Aspirin usage marginally increased risk of bleeding‐related mortality (subdistribution hazard ratio = 1.09; 95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.19). Subgroup analyses showed the use of acid‐secreting agents significantly reduced aspirin‐induced mortality.

Conclusion

The long‐term use of aspirin reduces both incidence and mortality of CRC and at the same time increases incidence and mortality risk of GIB. With combination use of acid‐secreting agents, the bleeding risk can be reduced.
Predictors of Mortality with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Elderly Adults
Authors: Bassetti Matteo , Righi Elda , Del Giacomo Paola , Sartor Assunta , Ansaldi Filippo , Trucchi Cecilia , Alicino Cristiano , Trecarichi Enrico Maria , Spanu Teresa , Paganino Chiara , Tumbarello Mario , Carnelutti Alessia
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To analyze risk factors for early and late mortality in individuals aged 75 and older with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) in Italy.

Design

Four‐year retrospective observational study (January 2011‐December 2014).

Setting

Two tertiary care university hospitals in Italy (Santa Maria Misericordia Hospital in Udine, Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli in Rome).

Participants

All adults consecutively admitted with SAB.

Measurements

Clinical presentation, infection characteristics, and clinical outcomes of individuals aged 75 and older were compared with those of individuals younger than 75.

Results

Three hundred thirty‐seven cases of SAB were diagnosed during the study period, 118 of which (35%) occurred in those aged 75 and older. Seven‐ (20.3% vs 9.2%) and 30‐day (35.7% vs 20.7%) mortality were significantly higher in elderly than younger adults. Clinical presentation with septic shock, adequacy of empiric antibiotic treatment, and liver cirrhosis were found to be predictors of 7‐day mortality in elderly adults with SAB. Risk factors independently associated with 30‐day mortality included isolation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and not receiving an infectious disease consultation.

Conclusion

Mortality is significantly higher in elderly than in younger adults with SAB, particularly in those presenting with septic shock, liver cirrhosis, or SAB due to MRSA. Additional risk factors for mortality included inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment and not receiving an infectious disease consultation.
Affective evaluation of food images according to stimulus and subject characteristics
Authors: Padulo C. , Carlucci L. , Marzoli D. , Manippa V. , Tommasi L. , Saggino A. , Puglisi‐Allegra S. , Brancucci A.
Published: April 2018

Background

The food‐rich environment in which we live makes the regulation of food choices a very complex phenomenon determined by many factors, as well as their interactions. Much evidence suggests that the sensory perception of food can be considered as a central factor affecting individual food choices. Despite this, the approaches used to study the various food aspects usually do not distinguish between different types of food.

Methods

In the present study, a large and heterogeneous sample of 1149 participants aged 7–90 years was asked to judge food images that were labelled differently (i.e. Raw versus Cooked, Natural versus Transformed and Simple versus Complex) with respect to arousal, valence, typicality and familiarity.

Results

We observed that, across food dimensions (i.e., Raw versus Cooked, Natural versus Transformed and Simple versus Complex), arousal, valence and typicality judgments were principally affected by a subjective hunger level and gender (and their interaction) and, to a lesser extent, by age.

Conclusions

As a whole, our findings suggest that the level of transformation (which includes cooking) and the complexity of a foodstuff could at least partially affect food processing, entailing that future research should also address these features.
A single‐center, pilot study evaluating a novel TriHex peptide‐ and botanical‐containing eye treatment compared to baseline
Authors: Reivitis Alex , Karimi Kian , Griffiths Chester , Banayan Ashley
Published: April 2018

Background

Topical treatments containing tripeptide and hexapeptide (TriHex technology) have been proven to contribute to youthful skin by clearing the extracellular matrix and stimulating collagen and elastin production.

Objective

Evaluate the efficacy of a novel eye treatment containing TriHex peptides and other synergistic ingredients for the daily treatment of fine lines/crow's feet around the eyes, under eye hollowing, under eye bags, and dark circles.

Patients/Methods

In this study, 10 subjects (9 female and 1 male) aged 30‐60 of Fitzpatrick skin type I, II, or III were selected to use an eye treatment containing TriHex peptides and active botanicals (Alastin Restorative Eye Treatment with TriHex Technology™, ALASTIN Skincare, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) twice daily for 12 weeks. Subjects were photographed and evaluated at baseline, week 4, week 8, and week 12 by a board‐certified facial plastic surgeon. Using an adjusted Griffiths scale (0 = none, best possible condition and 9 = severe, worst possible condition), subjects were evaluated on severity of fine lines/crow's feet, under eye hollowing, under eye bags, and dark circles at each visit. Subjects completed a “Subject Questionnaire” at week 4, week 8, and week 12 pertaining to the subject's observations and perceived improvement of these measures.

Results

Based on the investigator's assessments, overall improvement in periocular skin was noted for all 10 subjects. Over the course of 12 weeks, raw scores significantly decreased indicating reduction of lines/crow's feet (41% improvement), under eye hollowing (29% improvement), under eye bags (48% improvement), and dark circles (39% improvement). Based on the “Subject Questionnaire,” all subjects noted overall improvement of the appearance of skin around the eyes.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, this eye treatment containing TriHex peptides and active botanicals is an effective stand‐alone treatment for the rejuvenation of periocular skin. When used twice daily, this product can reduce the appearance of lines/crow's feet, under eye hollowing, under eye bags, and dark circles.
Efficacy and safety of retinaldehyde 0.1% and 0.05% creams used to treat photoaged skin: A randomized double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Kwon Hyuck Sun , Lee Ji Hae , Kim Gyong Moon , Bae Jung Min
Published: April 2018

Background

Although topical retinoic acid effectively restores photoaged skin, the associated irritation limits the utility of the material. Retinaldehyde (RAL) is the natural precursor of retinoic acid and can also be used to treat photoaged skin; the safety profile is good.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of new anti‐aging creams containing RAL at 0.1% and 0.05% used to treat photoaged skin.

Patients and methods

We enrolled 40 female Korean volunteers who applied RAL 0.1% or RAL 0.05% creams twice daily for 3 months. Wrinkles on, and the textures of, both crow's feet were quantitatively assessed using the Antera 3D® system. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, the melanin index, and skin brightness were also evaluated. Overall improvement was assessed using a five‐point scale by both the patients and the dermatologists.

Results

The 3‐month application improved overall photoaging in both RAL 0.1% (95%) and RAL 0.05% groups (95%). Both RAL 0.1% and RAL 0.05% afforded significant textural improvements (13.7% and 12.6%, respectively), reduced the TEWL (14.5%, 17.9%), and increased hydration (10.2%, 6.0%); however, no statistical differences were observed between two groups. Only RAL 0.1% significantly improved the melanin index (by 6.5%).

Conclusions

Both RAL 0.1% and RAL 0.05% creams were well tolerated and improved skin hydration and texture. However, only RAL 0.1% cream improved the melanin index.
Hyponatremia and activation of vasopressin secretion are both independently associated with 30‐day mortality: results of a multicenter, observational study
Authors: Eckart A. , Hausfater P. , Amin D. , Amin A. , Haubitz S. , Bernard M. , Baumgartner A. , Struja T. , Kutz A. , Christ‐Crain M. , Huber A. , Mueller B. , Schuetz P.
Published: April 2018

Background

Hyponatremia is a common feature of acute illness and associated with increased mortality. This may be explained by a stress‐mediated activation of the vasopressin system with an increase in free‐water reabsorption.

Objectives

To investigate whether the association between hyponatremia and mortality could be explained by activation of the vasopressin system.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled adult, medical patients seeking emergency care in three centres in Switzerland, France and the United States. We investigated associations between admission plasma sodium and copeptin, a stable portion of the vasopressin‐precursor peptide, with 30‐day mortality. We performed uni‐ and multivariate regression analysis.

Results

Of 6962 included patients, 18% had hyponatremia (sodium ≤135 mmol L−1), which doubled their risk for mortality compared to patients with normonatremia (8.3% vs. 3.8%). This association was confirmed in a multivariate‐adjusted logistic regression analysis [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% CI 1.12–1.93, P = 0.005]. Vasopressin levels, mirrored by copeptin, were also increased in nonsurvivors and strongly associated with mortality (adjusted OR 3.42, 95% CI 2.76–4.25, P < 0.001). The association between hyponatremia and mortality remained unchanged when adding copeptin levels to the regression model (fully adjusted OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.16–2.00, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

This prospective study including medical patients upon emergency room admission found hyponatremia as well as an activation of the vasopressin system to be independently associated with mortality. This suggests that stress‐ and vasopressin‐independent mechanisms are responsible for the association of low sodium levels with mortality.
An Ecosystem‐Level Process Model of Business Model Disruption: The Disruptor's Gambit
Authors: Snihur Yuliya , Thomas Llewellyn D. W. , Burgelman Robert A.
Published: April 2018

Based on a longitudinal case study, this paper presents an ecosystem‐level process model of the interlocking key activities of the business model disruptor, other ecosystem participants (customers, partners, media, analysts), and the incumbent. Together these constitute a strategic process of ecosystem evolution from incumbent‐centred to disruptor‐centred. We identify the phenomenon of a ‘disruptor's gambit’, where the disruptor reveals its intentions early on through effective framing, followed by rapid adaptation of its business model to satisfy ecosystem needs. These processes generate a virtuous framing‐adaptation cycle, where feed‐forward and feedback enable rapid response to customers and partners, while engaging them as force multipliers during new ecosystem creation. Our findings suggest that framing constitutes a dynamic strategic process enabling disruptors to reduce uncertainty, dislodge powerful incumbents, and shape new ecosystems through business model innovation.
Relationship between arthroscopic findings of synovitis and levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and matrix metalloproteinases in synovial lavage fluid from patients with unilateral high mandibular condyle fractures
Authors: Nogami S. , Takahashi T. , Yamauchi K. , Takeda Y. , Ito K. , Chiba M. , Gaggl A.
Published: April 2018

Arthrocentesis has an effect of washing out inflammatory products that accumulate in the joint compartment of a dysfunctional temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The procedure removes inflammatory cytokines, which are pain‐causing substances, for early reduction of TMJ pain and quick recovery of jaw function, thus increasing the possibility of a successful rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between arthroscopy synovitis grade in patients with unilateral high condylar fractures and concentrations of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha as well as of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in washed‐out synovial fluid (SF) samples obtained from those patients. A total of 26 patients with unilateral high condylar fractures who underwent arthrocentesis for a therapeutic purpose were examined. SF samples were collected before performing arthroscopy to determine synovitis grade. The detection rates and concentrations of TNF‐alpha and MMPs were determined, and their association with synovitis grade was analysed. TNF‐alpha was detected in 23 and MMP‐3 in 22 of the TMJs. There was a correlation between synovitis grade and concentration of TNF‐alpha in the fracture group. Furthermore, the concentrations of TNF‐alpha and MMP‐3 were significantly higher as compared to the control group, comprised of TMJs on the non‐fracture side of the same patients, while a correlation was also noted between TNF‐alpha concentration and synovitis grade in the fracture group. The present findings may provide a biological/biochemical rationale for arthrocentesis as a reasonable treatment modality for high condylar fractures.
Differences in the oral health status and oral hygiene practices according to the extent of post‐stroke sequelae
Authors: Kim H. T. , Park J. B. , Lee W. C. , Kim Y. J. , Lee Y.
Published: April 2018

Oral health and hygiene are crucial parameters in stroke patients. However, few studies have evaluated the oral health status and oral hygiene practices according to the level of function in stroke patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status and oral hygiene practices according to ambulation and personal hygiene levels in patients with stroke. Data from the fifth (2010‐2012) and sixth (2013‐2015) editions of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for 6 years were combined. A total of 700 stroke patients were enrolled in our study. Subjective oral health was significantly poorer in patients who experienced a moderate problem with walking (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.68; 95% CI, 1.21‐2.33) and bed‐bound patients (AOR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.01‐8.44) than in patients who could walk without difficulty. Patients who were unable to bathe or dress independently exhibited a significantly higher risk of dental caries than did those who could perform the same activities unassisted. The probability of brushing teeth ≥2 times daily was 69% lower in bed‐bound patients (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11‐0.87) than in patients who could walk without difficulty and 76% lower in patients who were unable to bathe or dress independently (AOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09‐0.62) than in those who could perform the same activities without difficulty. There were differences in oral health status and oral hygiene practices, according to ambulation level and functional independence, in the stroke patient group. These results indicate the need for oral care for stroke patients who exhibit ambulatory and functional limitations.
Efficacy of epinephrine‐free articaine compared to articaine with epinephrine (1:100 000) for maxillary infiltration, a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Paterakis K. , Schmitter M. , Said Yekta‐Michael S.
Published: April 2018

The selection of local anaesthetic in dental practice is essential to the patient′s comfort and the success of the treatment. Many patients prefer anaesthesia even for short treatments. Articaine is a local anaesthetic commonly used for dental practice. The duration of the effect of articaine on the nerve fibres is not yet precisely reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 4% articaine with and without epinephrine in treatment of occlusal caries. Thirty healthy patients were included in this randomised double‐blind study. Each subject received 4% articaine with and without epinephrine (1:100 000). Maxillary infiltration was used for occlusal caries of the maxillary premolars on right and left sides. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed in the innervation area of the infraorbital nerve, and pulp vitality test was performed on restoration‐free canines. Duration of anaesthesia was longer when articaine with epinephrine was used. Articaine without epinephrine showed faster recovery of sensory blockade compared to articaine with epinephrine. The epinephrine‐containing agent, when compared to the plain articaine solution, showed significantly stronger and longer anaesthetic efficacy on the soft tissue by all parameters of QST. Articaine with epinephrine caused a more reliable pulpal analgesia. A pain‐free treatment of the soft tissue up to 15 minutes can be performed under the vasoconstrictor‐free anaesthetic without causing long‐lasting numbness. Epinephrine‐containing articaine delivers a longer, more effective anaesthesia and is preferable for caries treatments and longer invasive treatments of the soft tissue.
A Validation Study of the Impression Replica Technique
Authors: Segerström Sofia , Wiking‐Lima de Faria Johanna , Braian Michael , Ameri Arman , Ahlgren Camilla
Published: April 2018

Purpose

To validate the well‐known and often‐used impression replica technique for measuring fit between a preparation and a crown in vitro.

Materials and Methods

The validation consisted of three steps. First, a measuring instrument was validated to elucidate its accuracy. Second, a specimen consisting of male and female counterparts was created and validated by the measuring instrument. Calculations were made for the exact values of three gaps between the male and female. Finally, impression replicas were produced of the specimen gaps and sectioned into four pieces. The replicas were then measured with the use of a light microscope. The values received from measuring the specimen were then compared with the values received from the impression replicas, and the technique was thereby validated.

Results

The impression replica technique overvalued all measured gaps. Depending on location of the three measuring sites, the difference between the specimen and the impression replicas varied from 47 to 130 μm.

Conclusion

The impression replica technique overestimates gaps within the range of 2% to 11%. The validation of the replica technique enables the method to be used as a reference when testing other methods for evaluating fit in dentistry.
Do psychopathic birds of a feather flock together? Psychopathic personality traits and romantic preferences
Authors: Watts Ashley L. , Rohr Jessica C. , McCauley Katherine L. , Smith Sarah Francis , Howe Kristin Landfield , Lilienfeld Scott O.
Published: April 2018

Objective

The goal of the present studies was to investigate whether people are especially attracted to psychopathic traits, and whether there are individual differences in such attraction.

Method

Female undergraduates (N = 270; Mage = 19; 57% White, 20% Asian, 8% Black) and female and male community members (N = 426; Mage = 37; 56% female; 81% Caucasian, 10% African American, 4% Asian) reported on their own personality and constructed their ideal mate for a dating, short‐term, and long‐term relationship from a list of 70 characteristics drawn from well‐validated criteria for psychopathic personality and diagnostic criteria for DSM‐5 personality disorders (PDs).

Results

Across both studies, absolute romantic preferences for psychopathic traits collapsed across time point were low on average, but higher than those for most all other PDs. In addition, they were higher for Factor 1 (i.e., interpersonal/affective) as opposed to Factor 2 (i.e., impulsive, antisocial) psychopathy traits. Participants with marked PD features, including Factor 2 psychopathy traits, were more inclined than others to endorse a preference for psychopathic males.

Conclusions

Relative attraction to psychopathic males and observed homophily may be avenues through which psychopathic traits persist in the population across time.
Understanding perceptions and beliefs about different types of fermented milks through the application of projective techniques: A case study using Haire's shopping list and free word association
Authors: Pinto Letícia de Paula F. , Silva Hugo L. A. , Kuriya Shigeno P. , Maçaira Paula M. , Cyrino Oliveira Fernando L. , Cruz Adriano G. , Esmerino Erick A. , Freitas Mônica Q.
Published: April 2018

The food industry has been exploring the fermented milk due to its technological and functional potential, creating different formulations and fulfilling the recent market demands. In this context, evaluate the consumers' behavior and perception through qualitative approaches helps to identify the factors that may impact the consumption and purchase of those dairy products, guaranteeing a commercial advantage in a highly competitive market. This study aimed to evaluate the perception and to elucidate the buyers' profile of different types of fermented milk through two projective techniques—Word Association (WA) and Haire's Shopping List (SL), respectively. In addition, their willingness to buy was also investigated. The tasks were completed through online quizzes by groups of respondents within a sample of 550 participants, shared between WA (100) and SL (450). The results showed that the participants considering the consumers of all varieties of fermented milk were consciousness regarding their food, which evidence the products' positive reputation for health. Moreover, these dairy products could also be considered as foods with striking sensory characteristics and remarkable marketing strategies. Additionally, the formulations light and lactose free presented lower purchase intent when compared to the other types, possibly for being associated to low sensory quality conditions and consumers' health restrictions, respectively.

Practical applications

The projective techniques showed themselves as useful to comprehend the perceptions and beliefs about food products and can be applied in steps, such as development of new products, reformulation, and in marketing strategies.
Muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: current scenario in Alzheimer's disease therapy
Authors: Verma Stuti , Kumar Ashwini , Tripathi Timir , Kumar Awanish
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become the primary cause of dementia. It shows a progressive cognitive dysfunction with degenerating neurons. Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) propagate the cognitive ability and it consists of two primary members namely muscarinic (mAChRs) and nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Where mAChRs is G-protein coupled receptor, (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels. The conventional therapeutic regimen for AD consists of three acetylcholinestearse inhibitors while a single NMDA receptor antagonist. Researchers around the globe are developing new and modifying the existing AChRs agonists to develop lead candidates with lower risk to benefit ratio where benefits clearly outweigh the adverse events.

Key findings

We have searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Google scholar, Science Direct and, Web of Science with keywords “Muscarinic/Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, agonists and, AD”. The literature search included articles written in English. Scientific relevance for clinical studies, basic science studies is eligibility criteria for articles referred in this paper. M1 is the primary muscarinic subtype while α7 is the primary nAChR subtype that is responsible for cognition and memory and these two have been the major recent experimental targets for mAChR agonist strategy.

The last cholinergic receptor agonist to enter phase 3 trial was EVP-6124 (Enceniclin) but was withdrawn due to severe gastrointestinal adverse effects. We aim to present an overview of the efforts and achievements in targeting Muscarinic and Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the current review for development of better AD therapeutics.
An update on canine cardiomyopathies – is it all in the genes?
Authors: Dutton E. , López‐Alvarez J.
Published: April 2018

Dilated cardiomyopathy is the second most common cardiac disease in dogs and causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Primary dilated cardiomyopathy is suspected to be familial, and genetic loci have been associated with the disease in a number of breeds. Because it is an adult‐onset disease, usually with late onset, testing breeding dogs and bitches before breeding for a genetic mutation that could lead to dilated cardiomyopathy would be helpful to prevent disease. There is growing evidence that the genetic basis may be multigenic rather than monogenic in the majority of studied breeds. This review article describes the known genetic aspects of canine dilated cardiomyopathy and the implications of genetic tests on heart testing and the future of veterinary cardiology.
Determining optimal therapy of dogs with chronic enteropathy by measurement of serum citrulline
Authors: Gerou‐Ferriani Magda , Allen Rhiannon , Noble Peter‐John M. , German Alexander J. , Caldin Marco , Batchelor Daniel J.
Published: April 2018

Background

Serum concentration of citrulline is a useful biomarker in human intestinal disease and indicates globally reduced enterocyte mass and absorptive function in various disease states.

Objectives

To determine whether serum citrulline concentration is a biomarker in chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs, to provide useful information regarding optimal treatment or to predict outcome.

Animals

Seventy‐four dogs with CE and 83 breed‐ and age‐matched hospital controls with no clinical signs of intestinal disease.

Methods

Retrospective study. Outcome was determined and dogs were categorized by response to treatment as having food‐responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic‐responsive diarrhea (ARD), or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Disease severity was quantified by the CIBDAI scoring index.

Results

Serum citrulline concentration did not differ between dogs with CE (median, 8.4 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.0‐19.6) and controls (median, 8.1 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.2‐19.7, P = .91). Serum citrulline concentration was similar between dogs with FRE (median, 9.1 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.0‐18.9), ARD (median, 13.0 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 1.6‐19.2), IBD (median, 8.4 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.1‐21.0; P = .91). Serum citrulline did not correlate to CIBDAI or to serum albumin concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In our study, serum citrulline concentration was not associated with efficacy of treatment or outcome in dogs with CE.
Costs of thermoregulation in variable thermal environments in the jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus)
Authors: Schwanz L. E. , Hodgson M. J. , May A.
Published: April 2018

Thermoregulatory behaviour provides one of the main mechanisms by which animals compensate for fluctuations in environmental temperatures to maintain body temperatures within physiological optima. Thus, strategies of thermoregulation are predicted to be related to variation in environmental temperatures. We tested with jacky dragons (Amphibolurus muricatus) the prediction that the accuracy and effectiveness of thermoregulation would decrease as the costs of thermoregulation increase using experimental arenas to manipulate environmental temperature fluctuation. The results supported theoretical predictions on the costs of thermoregulation – environments that were fluctuating led to decreased accuracy of thermoregulation (increased deviations in body temperatures from preferred temperatures) and reduced thermoregulatory effort (effectiveness). Moreover, environments with a mean temperature farther from the preferred temperature also led to greater deviations in body temperature, although this had no significant effect on effectiveness of thermoregulation. Together, the results highlight the need to understand what influences the costs of thermoregulation (i.e. thermal variation and mean), and how great of costs will be accepted for the benefits associated with thermoregulation.
Geophysical signature of Målingen, the minor crater of the Lockne–Målingen doublet impact structure
Authors: Melero‐Asensio Irene , Ormö Jens , Sturkell Erik , Stockmann Gabrielle , Mansfeld Joakim
Published: April 2018

Målingen is the 0.7 km wide minor crater associated to the 10 times larger Lockne crater in the unique Lockne–Målingen doublet. The craters formed at 458 Ma by the impact of a binary asteroid related to the well‐known 470 Ma Main Belt breakup event responsible for a large number of Ordovician craters and fossil meteorites. The binary asteroid struck a target sequence including ~500 m of sea water, ~80 m of limestone, ~30 m of dark mud, and a peneplainized Precambrian crystalline basement. Although the Lockne crater has been extensively studied by core drillings and geophysics, little is known about the subsurface morphology of Målingen. We performed magnetic susceptibility and remanence, as well as density, measurements combined with gravity, and magnetic field surveys over the crater and its close vicinity as a base for forward magnetic and gravity modeling. The interior of the crater shows a general magnetic low of 90–100 nT broken by a clustered set of high‐amplitude, short wavelength anomalies caused by bodies of mafic rock in the target below the crater and as allogenic blocks in the crater infill. The gravity shows a general −1.4 mgal anomaly over the crater caused by low‐density breccia infill and fractured crystalline rocks below the crater floor. The modeling also revealed a slightly asymmetrical shape of the crater that together with the irregular ejecta distribution supports an oblique impact from the east, which is consistent with the direction of impact suggested for the Lockne crater.
A comparison of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh in 2011 and 2014
Authors: Blackstone Sarah , Sanghvi Tina
Published: April 2018

Improving infant and young child feeding practices is critical for improving growth and reducing child mortality and morbidity. This paper aims to compare predictors of minimum dietary diversity, an important indicator of adequate complementary feeding practices, in Bangladesh in 2011 and 2014. The 2011 and 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine predictors of minimum dietary diversity among 6–23 months. An additional analysis was conducted for the 18–23‐month group, because a significant increase in meeting minimum dietary diversity recommendations was seen in this age group only. Factors found to be associated with practices were compared across time points. In 2011, minimum dietary diversity was 23.8% and increased to 28.8% in 2014. Among children 18–23 months, in 2011, minimum dietary diversity was 32.5% and increased to 42.8% in 2014. Among all children, wealth, education, exposure to media, and antenatal care were significant predictors of dietary diversity. In the 18–23‐month age group, significant predictors in 2011 were wealth and decision making. In 2014, significant predictors were education and exposure to media. Demographic trends indicated a significant increase in education and exposure to media between 2011 and 2014. As these were significant for minimum dietary diversity in 2014 overall and for 18–23 months, they might be important targets of future interventions, specifically utilizing media channels and tailoring special strategies for women with low education and limited exposure to media.
From transects to transcripts: Teasing apart the architecture of reproductive isolation
Authors: Hamilton Jill A. , Miller Joshua M.
Published: April 2018

Understanding the processes underlying speciation has long been a challenge to evolutionary biologists. This spurs from difficulties teasing apart the various mechanisms that contribute to the evolution of barriers to reproduction. The study by Rafati et al. () in this issue of Molecular Ecology combines spatially explicit whole‐genome resequencing with evaluation of differential gene expression across individuals with mixed ancestry to associate the genomic architecture of reproductive barriers with expression of reproductive incompatibilities. In a natural hybrid zone between rabbit subspecies, Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus and O. c. algirus (Figure ), Rafati et al. () use landscape‐level patterns of allele frequency variation to identify potential candidate regions of the genome associated with reproductive isolation. These candidate regions are used to test predictions associated with the genomic architecture of reproductive barriers, including the role of structural rearrangements, enrichment of functional categories associated with incompatibilities, and the contribution of protein‐coding versus regulatory changes. A lack of structural rearrangements and limited protein‐coding changes in candidate regions point towards the importance of regulatory variation as major contributors to genetic incompatibilities, while functional enrichments indicate overrepresentation of genes associated with male infertility. To quantify phenotypic expression of proposed incompatibilities, the authors assess gene expression of experimental crosses. Extensive misregulation of gene expression within the testes of backcross hybrids relative to F1 and parental individuals provides an important link between genotype and phenotype, validating hypotheses developed from assessment of genomic architectures. Together, this work shows how pairing natural hybrid zones with experimental crosses can be used to link observations in nature to mechanistic underpinnings that may be tested experimentally.
Laminar shear stress modulates endothelial luminal surface stiffness in a tissue‐specific manner
Authors: Merna Nick , Wong Andrew K. , Barahona Victor , Llanos Pierre , Kunar Balvir , Palikuqi Brisa , Ginsberg Michael , Rafii Shahin , Rabbany Sina Y.
Published: April 2018

Objective

Endothelial cells form vascular beds in all organs and are exposed to a range of mechanical forces that regulate cellular phenotype. We sought to determine the role of endothelial luminal surface stiffness in tissue‐specific mechanotransduction of laminar shear stress in microvascular mouse cells and the role of arachidonic acid in mediating this response.

Methods

Microvascular mouse endothelial cells were subjected to laminar shear stress at 4 dynes/cm2 for 12 hours in parallel plate flow chambers that enabled real‐time optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements of cell stiffness.

Results

Lung endothelial cells aligned parallel to flow, while cardiac endothelial cells did not. This rapid alignment was accompanied by increased cell stiffness. The addition of arachidonic acid to cardiac endothelial cells increased alignment and stiffness in response to shear stress. Inhibition of arachidonic acid in lung endothelial cells and embryonic stem cell‐derived endothelial cells prevented cellular alignment and decreased cell stiffness.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that increased endothelial luminal surface stiffness in microvascular cells may facilitate mechanotransduction and alignment in response to laminar shear stress. Furthermore, the arachidonic acid pathway may mediate this tissue‐specific process. An improved understanding of this response will aid in the treatment of organ‐specific vascular disease.
Survival rate and population size of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen Bay, China
Authors: Chen Bingyao , Gao Huili , Jefferson Thomas A. , Lu Yi , Wang Lin , Li Shanshan , Wang Hui , Xu Xinrong , Yang Guang
Published: April 2018

The survival rate and population size of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen, China, were estimated from vessel‐based surveys during 2007–2010. Over the course of 202 d (881.1 observation hours), 76 groups were observed, and 52 dolphins were successfully identified. The Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber model estimated a constant apparent survival of 0.948 (95% CI: 0.922–0.966). Based on the open/POPAN model, the population size was estimated at 70 individuals (95% CI: 63–88). To explore the effect of uneven yearly survey effort, we pooled the data with seven sampling occasions with similar effort. This data set generated similar results of a constant survival of 0.957 (95% CI: 0.918–0.978) and population size of 72 (95% CI: 65–88). The small population size of the Xiamen humpback dolphins satisfies the Critically Endangered criterion of IUCN (D), and emphasizes urgency of the need for protection of the population. Improved monitoring efforts should be focused on enhancing our understanding of current status and evaluating impacts of all anthropogenic activities. A conservation plan for the population should also be drawn up.
Risk factors for early invasive fungal infections in paediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Pasternak Yehonatan , Rubin Shiri , Bilavsky Efraim , Mozer‐Glassberg Yael , Levy Itzhak , Nahum Elhanan , Rom Eran , Gurevich Michael , Ben‐Zvi Haim , Ashkenazi‐Hoffnung Liat
Published: April 2018

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) postliver transplantation are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality; however, studies reporting on these infections in the paediatric population are scarce. To investigate the incidence and risk factors of IFIs in paediatric liver transplant recipients during the early posttransplantation period (≤3 months). Data were collected for all paediatric liver transplant recipients registered in a national transplantation center from 2004 to 2014. Using a stepwise logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for IFIs, a predictive model was formulated. Ten IFIs were identified in 81 liver transplant recipients (12.3%) all occurring during the first month posttransplantation. Candida species were responsible for nine cases (90%), of which four were non‐albicans Candida (44%). Significant risk factors were identified; recipient of multiple blood product transfusions during transplantation, prolonged use of indwelling intravenous catheter, prolonged IV antibiotic treatment, surgical complications, pulse steroid treatment and living donor liver transplantation. The predictive model used two clinical parameters to define high‐risk patients: a living donor transplantation and duration of IV antibiotic treatment (area under the ROC curve 0.918). IFIs are a significant complication occurring in the first month posttransplantation. Future studies are required to assess efficacy of targeted antifungal prophylaxis in high risk patients.
Karl Polanyi and the formation of this generation's new Left
Authors: Sandbrook Richard
Published: April 2018

As the democratic Left spirals ever downwards, the worrying forces of populism and neoliberalism seem to be emerging from the ashes. Could the visionary thinking of economic historian Karl Polanyi provide a feasible fix in the 21st Century? An open‐ended approach might be just the ticket to rescue global politics from a far right explosion – and it's not rocket science…