bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A chromatography-free synthesis of meso -tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)porphyrin and meso -tetrakis(3-formylphenyl)porphyrin: Versatile synthons in supramolecular and macromolecular chemistry
Authors: Mouarrawis Valentinos , Mathew Simon , Meeus Eva J. , de Bruin Bas , Reek Joost
Published: April 2021

A facile synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of meso -tetrakis(4-formyl-phenyl)porphyrin and meso -tetrakis(3-formylphenyl)porphyrin from commercially available starting materials. This method gives facile access to practical amounts of these synthons in high purity and good overall yield, without employing laborious chromatographic separations. The reduction of the respective carboxylic acid-functionalized porphyrins by LiAlH4 afforded the tetra(benzylalcohol)porphyrin intermediates, subsequently utilized in a Parikh-Doering oxidation to selectively afford the desired tetraformylated products. The inherent ease of synthesis of these porphyrin building blocks provides a convenient pathway for the synthesis of various macromolecular and supramolecular architectures for applied chemical technologies.
Elliptic curves over a nonlocal ring 𝔽2d[𝜀],𝜀2 = 𝜀
Authors: Tadmori Abdelhamid , Chillali Abdelhakim , Ziane M’hamed
Published: April 2021

In this work, we came to present the elliptic curves over a nonlocal ring [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is a finite field of characteristic 2, and [Formula: see text] is a prime integer. We consider an elliptic curve given by the Weierstrass equation of the form [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] are in the ring [Formula: see text] and b is invertible in [Formula: see text] see Tadmori et al. [Normal form of the elliptic curves over the finite ring, J. Math. Syst. Sci. 4 (2014) 194–196]. More precisely, we give a classification of elements of the elliptic curve over this ring, and we construct the group law over it, which allows us to prove same properties of the elliptic group [Formula: see text] by showing the isomorphism [Formula: see text]
Modeling and simulation of the mechanical properties of graphene — A comprehensive review
Authors: Ng Teng Yong , Toh William
Published: April 2021

Possessing exceptional properties, graphene has garnered immense interest in the research community for a wide array of potential applications. The mechanical properties play an important role in the success of the potential applications and thus a thorough understanding is cardinal. Computational modeling and simulation is an important tool in the design process due to the low costs compared to the experimental means. This review aims to consolidate the findings of works of computational modeling and simulation of graphene, with focus on models at the continuum and molecular levels. The review shows intrinsic differences in focus of the applications and types of graphene investigated by the different scale models, thus highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of each type of modeling approach.
Investigation of the Difference in Charge/Discharge Resistance for Cathode Materials after Cycle Test Combined with STEM-EELS and XAFS Analysis
Authors: Shimonishi Yuta , Mori Daisuke , Maeda Yoshiki , Taminato Sou , Imanishi Nobuyuki , Yoshida Shuhei
Published: April 2021

The coin cells with a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2) and lithium metal as a cathode and anode, respectively, were degraded by the cycle tests. Electrochemical analysis and characterization were performed on the degraded coin cells and the cathode materials taken out after decomposition. The DC resistance and AC impedance measurements showed that the difference in charge/discharge resistance increased with degradation and correlated with the resistance component derived from lithium insertion into the lattice. The multiple curve resolution (MCR) analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy—electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) data and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that cation mixing occurred at 10 nm region from the surface of cathode after cycle degradation. These analysis clarified that the cation mixing region did not expand inside even if the degradation progressed, and the degree of cation mixing on the surface increased. Based on our results, the coulomb repulsion to Li+ and the reduction of the oxygen interlayer distance by the transition metal transferred into the Li layer were presumed to be predominant factors of an increase in the difference in the resistance between charge and discharge process.
Impedance and Resistivity of Low–Pt Cathode in a PEM Fuel Cell
Authors: Kulikovsky Andrei
Published: April 2021

Analysis of impedance model for the low–Pt cathode catalyst layer (CCL) in a PEM fuel cell is reported. The CCL is modeled as a cylindrical pore with the Nafion film separating the open pore volume from the Pt/C surface. In the limit of fast oxygen transport through the open pore, analytical expressions for the CCL impedance, Nafion film impedance and for the ohmic CCL resistivity R

ccl
(Ohm cm2) are derived. The characteristic frequency of film impedance is independent of film oxygen transport parameters and it is only 1.73 times less than the frequency of faradaic process in the CCL, which impedes separation of these processes by impedance spectroscopy. A fast version of algorithm for distrubution of relaxation times calculation is developed and used to illustrate the problem. R

ccl
exhibits rapid growth in the vicinity of limiting current density in the Nafion film, manifesting “overlinear” oxygen transport loss reported in experiments. For typical low–Pt cell parameters, this growth occurs at the cell current around 1 A cm−2. The model leads to a simple relation for the Nafion film transport resistivity



N

(s cm−1); this relation is compared to semi–empirical and model relations available in literature.
Fabrication and Testing Of PEDOT: PSS Wrapped WO2/Au Ternary Nanocomposite Electrodes for High Performance Flexible Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Badi Nacer , Khasim Syed , Alatawi Ayshah S. , Pasha Apsar , Al-Ghamdi Saleh Ahmad , Ignatiev Alex
Published: April 2021

We report on a facile strategy towards fabrication and testing of tungsten oxide and gold nanoparticles decorated PEDOT-PSS ternary nanocomposite (PEDOT: PSS-WO2-Au) as a flexible electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The morphological and structural features of the bare PEDOT-PSS and PEDOT: PSS-WO2-Au ternary nanocomposites were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy, whereas the thermal stability of the samples was studied through theromogravimetric analysis. The presence of Au nanoparticles significantly enhances the room temperature conductivity from 3 S cm−1 for bare PEDOT-PSS to 1552 S cm−1 for the ternary composite. This ternary composite electrode displays superior electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 462 Fg−1 in comparison to 112 Fg−1 for bare PEDOT-PSS and 359.25 Fg−1 for PEDOT-PSS: WO2 composite. The nanocomposite electrode displays capacitance retention of ∼92% after 5000 cycles of operation. The investigated ternary electrode shows excellent flexibility without capacitance fading under bending and rolling conditions.
Optimization of Cultural and Creative Product Design Based on Simulated Annealing Algorithm
Authors: Meng Xianzhe
Published: April 2021

This paper introduces the basic principle and application process of simulated annealing algorithm and improves the simulated annealing algorithm so that it can converge faster to get the new parameters of cultural and creative product design and make it more in line with the reality of engineering optimization. In the cultural creative industry, it is necessary to use the creatorʼs creativity and technology to derive and develop the original cultural resources with the help of various materialization means, to refine the abstract and profound contents of cultural resources to make them more visualized, and to produce products with both spiritual and economic values through the multiple development and utilization of their intellectual property contents. By studying the feasibility analysis of the cultural and creative design, the design positioning of the cultural and creative products is determined. In this article, we use the simulated annealing method to simulate and analyse the condition values in the design process of cultural creative products. As the Internet era progresses, people have more diversified requirements for cultural and creative products, and they need to have innovative ideas to follow the trend, so the design of cultural and creative products can spread culture through different design expressions and media. As one of the important pillar industries for future development, cultural and creative products are characterized by a wide range of styles and practicality, which meet the aesthetic needs and fashion trends of modern people.
Translation Mechanism of Neural Machine Algorithm for Online English Resources
Authors: Ye Yanping
Published: April 2021

At the level of English resource vocabulary, due to the lack of vocabulary alignment structure, the translation of neural machine translation has the problem of unfaithfulness. This paper proposes a framework that integrates vocabulary alignment structure for neural machine translation at the vocabulary level. Under the proposed framework, the neural machine translation decoder receives external vocabulary alignment information during each step of the decoding process to further alleviate the problem of missing vocabulary alignment structure. Specifically, this article uses the word alignment structure of statistical machine translation as the external vocabulary alignment information and introduces it into the decoding step of neural machine translation. The model is mainly based on neural machine translation, and the statistical machine translation vocabulary alignment structure is integrated on the basis of neural networks and continuous expression of words. In the model decoding stage, the statistical machine translation system provides appropriate vocabulary alignment information based on the decoding information of the neural machine translation and recommends vocabulary based on the vocabulary alignment information to guide the neural machine translation decoder to more accurately estimate its vocabulary in the target language. From the aspects of data processing methods and machine translation technology, experiments are carried out to compare the data processing methods based on language model and sentence similarity and the effectiveness of machine translation models based on fusion principles. Comparative experiment results show that the data processing method based on language model and sentence similarity effectively guarantees data quality and indirectly improves the algorithm performance of machine translation model; the translation effect of neural machine translation model integrated with statistical machine translation vocabulary alignment structure is compared with other models.
An Improved Adaptive Clone Genetic Algorithm for Task Allocation Optimization in ITWSNs
Authors: Zha Zhihua , Li Chaoqun , Xiao Jing , Zhang Yao , Qin Hu , Liu Yang , Zhou Jie , Wu Jie
Published: April 2021

Research on intelligent transportation wireless sensor networks (ITWSNs) plays a very important role in an intelligent transportation system. ITWSNs deploy high‐yield and low‐energy‐consumption traffic remote sensing sensor nodes with complex traffic parameter coordination on both sides of the road and use the self‐organizing capabilities of each node to automatically establish the entire network. In the large‐scale self‐organization process, the importance of tasks undertaken by each node is different. It is not difficult to prove that the task allocation of traffic remote sensing sensors is an NP‐hard problem, and an efficient task allocation strategy is necessary for the ITWSNs. This paper proposes an improved adaptive clone genetic algorithm (IACGA) to solve the problem of task allocation in ITWSNs. The algorithm uses a clonal expansion operator to speed up the convergence rate and uses an adaptive operator to improve the global search capability. To verify the performance of the IACGA for task allocation optimization in ITWSNs, the algorithm is compared with the elite genetic algorithm (EGA), the simulated annealing (SA), and the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). The simulation results show that the execution performance of the IACGA is higher than EGA, SA, and SFLA. Moreover, the convergence speed of the IACGA is faster. In addition, the revenue of ITWSNs using IACGA is higher than those of EGA, SA, and SFLA. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the revenue of the entire ITWSN system.
Anti‐Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Compounds Isolated from Distichochlamys benenica
Authors: Pham Ty Viet , Hoang Hanh Nhu Thi , Nguyen Hoai Thi , Nguyen Hien Minh , Huynh Cong Thang , Vu Thien Y , Do Anh Thu , Nguyen Nguyen Hoai , Do Bich Hang
Published: April 2021

Distichochlamys benenica is a native black ginger that grows in Vietnam. In point of fact, there is limitation of available information in the literature making mention of the chemical constituents and bioactive properties of this plant. This study is aimed at isolating trans-o‐coumaric acid (1), trans‐cinnamic acid (2), and borneol (3) from the rhizomes of D. benenica Q.B.Nguyen & Škorničk and evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of 1-3 using the carrageenan paw edema model and the dilution broth method, respectively. This revealed that 1 was as effective as diclofenac in reducing the intensity of the edema development. The in silico research showed that the activity of 1 might be derived from inhibiting COX‐2 by generating h‐bonds at the positions of Arg 120, Tyr 355, and Arg 513 residues. The antimicrobial activities against Gram‐positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) were comparable, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.52 to 3.37 mM. This is the first study of the bioactivity of compounds isolated from D. benenica Q.B.Nguyen & Škorničk. Our results suggest that 1 may be a nature‐derived compound which demonstrates the anti‐inflammatory properties and inhibit the proliferation of several Gram‐positive bacteria.
Information Transfer and Multifractal Analysis of EEG in Mild Blast-Induced TBI
Authors: Zorick Todd , Gaines Katy D. , Berenji Gholam R. , Mandelkern Mark A. , Smith Jason
Published: April 2021

Mild, blast-induced traumatic brain injury (mbTBI) is a common combat brain injury characterized by typically normal neuroimaging findings, with unpredictable future cognitive recovery. Traditional methods of electroencephalography (EEG) analysis (e.g., spectral analysis) have not been successful in detecting the degree of cognitive and functional impairment in mbTBI. We therefore collected resting state EEG (5 minutes, 64 leads) from twelve patients with a history of mbTBI, along with repeat neuropsychological testing (D-KEFS Tower test) to compare two new methods for analyzing EEG (multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) and information transfer modeling (ITM)) with spectral analysis. For MF-DFA, we extracted relevant parameters from the resultant multifractal spectrum from all leads and compared with traditional power by frequency band for spectral analysis. For ITM, because the number of parameters from each lead far exceeded the number of subjects, we utilized a reduced set of 10 leads which were compared with spectral analysis. We utilized separate 30 second EEG segments for training and testing statistical models based upon regression tree analysis. ITM and MF-DFA models both generally had improved accuracy at correlating with relevant measures of cognitive performance as compared to spectral analytic models ITM and MF-DFA both merit additional research as analytic tools for EEG and cognition in TBI.
Contraceptive Method Utilization and Determinant Factors among Young Women (15‐24) in Ethiopia: A Mixed‐Effects Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis of the Performance Monitoring for Action 2018 Household Survey
Authors: Debelew Gurmesa Tura , Habte Mahilet Berhanu
Published: April 2021

Despite highly effective modern contraceptive methods (both short and long acting) are made widely available and accessible globally, their utilization remains low among young women in low‐ and middle‐income countries, including Ethiopia. Hence, this study is aimed at determining its status and identifying the determinant factors by using nationally representative data. A multilevel analysis of the nationwide Performance Monitoring for Action 2018 of Ethiopia round 6 data, collected from June to July, 2018, was conducted. A total of 982 both married and unmarried young women (15‐24) were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the status of contraceptive method utilization and unmet need across regions. A mixed‐effects multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of the contraceptive method utilization. Adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to show the significance of the associations at p < 0.05. The status of contraceptive method utilization was 54.8% (95% CI: 51.7%, 57.9%), and 18.6% (95% CI: 16.3%, 21.2%) had unmet need. Afar (12.3%), Harari (12.5%), and Ethiopian Somali (20.0%) regions had the lowest contraceptive method utilization. Wealth quintiles and religion were the higher level variables affecting contraceptive method utilization among the young women. Age, marital status, parity, future birth intention, and knowledge of contraceptive methods were the individual level factors identified as determinants of contraceptive method use among the young women. In conclusion, the status of contraceptive method utilization among the young women in Ethiopia is promising as compared to the national target of 55% for 2020; however, still high unmet need exists. The factors also exist both at the contextual and at individual levels. Hence, multilevel interventions need to be in place giving special emphasis to the low performing regions. Besides, region‐specific behavioral interventions and family planning services that will be able to reach the young women need to be designed.
Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance the Inhibitory Effect of Natamycin on Candida albicans
Authors: Liu Yaling , Cui Xiaoming , Zhao Liping , Zhang Weifen , Zhu Shourong , Ma Jinlong
Published: April 2021

Fungal keratitis is a stubborn fungal infection that is widespread worldwide. It can even affect the health and life of a patient. At present, natamycin (NAT) is the first-line drug in the treatment of fungal keratitis, despite its disadvantages of clinical use, such as low drug bioavailability and poor water solubility. Herein, inspired by the adhesion properties of chitosan and its excellent drug loading and antifungal properties, we designed simple natamycin-chitosan nanoparticles (NAT-NPs) to investigate the feasibility of chitosan with NAT for eye treatment. Results showed that the NAT-NPs increased the antifungal effect of NAT due to the antifungal feature of chitosan NPs. Therefore, NAT-NPs are expected to become potential candidates for the treatment of fungal keratitis due to their high bacteriostasis.
Toxicological Profile of the Aqueous Extract of Tectona grandis L.F. (Verbenaceae) Leaves: A Medicinal Plant Used in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever in Traditional Cameroonian Medicine
Authors: Kamsu Gabriel Tchuente , Djamen Chuisseu Dieudonné Pascal , Fodouop Chegaing Siméon Pierre , Laure Feudjio Huguette Bocanestine , Ndel Famen Louis-Claire , Kodjio Norbert , Sokoudjou Jean Baptiste , Gatsing Donatien
Published: April 2021

Tectona grandis (T. grandis) is a medicinal plant widely used in Cameroon to treat typhoid fever and several other diseases. Despite its heavy use for medical purposes, no study has yet been conducted to assess its potentially toxic effects. This study aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic toxicological profile of Tectona grandis leaf extract in rats. The acute toxicity study revealed neither behavioral disturbances nor death in rats. The lethal dose (DL50) of this extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic toxicity study showed no significant change in weight gain in rats at test doses throughout the treatment period. However, there was a significant decrease in alanine transaminase activity and serum protein levels at all doses. Alkaline phosphatase activity decreased at doses of 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg and increased at the dose of 810 mg/kg body weight. Serum and urinary urea levels increased simultaneously at doses of 270 and 810 mg/kg body weight. Repeated administration of the extract also increased total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein levels in both sexes were compared to respective controls, and the ratio of high- to low-density lipoprotein was found to be greater than 1 in all animals. However, at the dose of 810 mg/kg, necrosis was observed on the kidney sections and vascular congestion on the liver sections of animals. Aqueous extract of T. grandis did not lead to any adverse effects in rats after acute and subchronic treatment at 30 and 90 mg/kg doses. This extract can, therefore, be used for the formulation of typhoid fever phytomedicine at the therapeutic dose of 30 mg/kg, but before this, chronic and mutagenic toxicity evaluations must be carried out.
Association between Betel Nut and Presence of Diverticulum in Male: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Liu Yu-Hong , Chen Wei-Liang
Published: April 2021

Although several studies have reported the multiple systemic effects of betel nut (BN) chewing, analyses performed on the colonic system have been few. To analyze the association between BN chewing and diverticulosis, we conducted a cross‐sectional study of 5,586 eligible participants who underwent colonoscopy at a medical center in Taiwan from 2010 to 2016. BN chewing was recorded based on an assessment of personal history. Diverticulosis was categorized based on whether colonoscopies had been performed during health examinations by trained physicians at Tri‐Service General Hospital. The association between different exposures, including cigarette, alcohol, BN, and diverticulosis, was also analyzed. Our study included 3,161 males and 2,425 females, and males have significantly higher prevalence rates of BN chewing than females (11.1% versus 0.3%, respectively). In the male group, BN chewing had an adjusted odd ratio (OR): 1.65(95% confident interval (CI): 1.12–2.44) with the presence of diverticulosis. Among the combination of exposures of cigarette, alcohol, and BN, the group with BN chewing combined with smoking and drinking showed significant association between diverticulosis with adjusted OR: 1.909 (95% CI, 1.188–3.065). Further subgroup analysis displayed adjusted OR: 2.310 (95% CI, 1.245–4.287) in obesity and OR: 2.406 (95% CI, 1.205–4.803) in elderly male. Thus, BN chewing is independently associated with diverticulosis in male.
An Improved Feature Parameter Extraction Algorithm of Composite Detection Method Based on the Fusion Theory
Authors: Ying Zhou , Heli Jin , Banteng Liu , Yourong Chen
Published: April 2021

An improved feature parameter extraction algorithm is proposed in this study to solve the problem of quantitative detection of subsurface defects. Firstly, the common feature parameters from the differential signal of pulsed eddy current and ultrasonic are extracted in time domain and frequency domain. Then, the dispersion model and ReliefF model are established to determine the weights of each parameter. Finally, the weights from the two different algorithms are fused by the D‐S evidence theory to determine feature parameters. Compared with the PCA feature parameter algorithm from the pulsed eddy current or ultrasonic, the experiment results show the feature parameters extracted by the algorithm proposed in this paper are more effective in quantitative detection of subsurface defects. It will lead to high accuracy in the subsurface defections.
Abdominal Ascites of Unknown Origin: Diagnostic Accuracy of Adenosine Deaminase for Tuberculous Peritonitis
Authors: Mehershahi Shehriyar , Haider Asim , Fortuzi Ked , Shaikh Danial H. , Patel Harish
Published: April 2021

The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) is exceedingly rare in the United States (US), and incidence has steadily declined since 1993, but the pace of decline has slowed in recent years. The US TB rate during 2019 declined to 2.7 cases per 100,000 persons, the lowest level on record. The abdominal form is the sixth leading cause of extrapulmonary TB, after lymphatic, genitourinary, osteoarticular, miliary, and meningeal. Abdominal TB can infect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the peritoneum and the pancreaticobiliary system. We present a case of persistently elevated adenosine deaminase in peritoneal ascites of a young, healthy female with new-onset ascites. An extended diagnostic evaluation was performed to reach the diagnosis.
Off-Label Use and Safety of Drug Use in Vascular Anomalies
Authors: Kleiber Niina , Gariépy-Assal Laurence , Coulombe Jérôme , Marcoux Simon , Essouri Sandrine , McCuaig Catherine , Powell Julie , Soulez Gilles , Dubois Josée
Published: April 2021

Background: Off-label drug use is associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. It is common in pediatrics and in rare diseases, which are two characteristics applying to vascular anomalies (VA). Objectives: The aim of this work was to quantify off-label drug use in VA and assess its safety. Methods: A review was conducted to extract a list of drugs used in VA management. A drug was considered to have significant safety concerns if a black box warning was present or if a serious adverse drug reaction (SADR) was reported in at least 1% of the patients (SADR is defined as a noxious and unintended response to a drug that occurs at any dose and results in hospitalization, prolongation of existing hospitalization, congenital malformation, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, life-threatening condition, or death). The labelling status and safety of each drug was assessed based on the product monograph, Micromedex, and the FDA data. Results: We found that 98.9% of the inventoried drugs were used off-label or unlicensed for VA management. Only the oral solution of propranolol hydrochloride (Hemangeol®) for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas is approved. Significant safety issues concerned 73% of the drugs and were more frequent among systemic than locally delivered drugs. Conclusions: Off-label drug use in VA is the rule and not the exception. Significant safety concerns are common. It is necessary to carefully weigh risk and benefits for every patient when using systemic and local treatments carrying safety concerns. Patients should be openly informed and involved in the decision-making process.
In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Ibuprofen Nanosuspensions for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability
Authors: Hedaya Mohsen , Bandarkar Farzana , Nada Aly
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The objectives were to prepare, characterize, and evaluate different ibuprofen (IBU) nanosuspensions. Methods: The nanosuspensions produced by ultrahomogenization were compared with a marketed IBU suspension for particle size, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo absorption. Five groups of rabbits were orally administered with 25 mg/kg of IBU nanosuspension, nanoparticles, unhomogenized suspension, marketed product, and untreated suspension. A sixth group received 5 mg/kg IBU intravenously. Blood samples obtained were analyzed by chromatography. Results: The nanosuspensions showed significant decrease in particle size. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PP) K30 profoundly increased aqueous solubility of IBU. Addition of Tween 80 (TW), in equal amount as PP (IBU:PP:TW, 1:2:2 w/w), resulted in much smaller particle size and better dissolution rate. The Cmax values achieved were 14.8 ± 1.64, 11.1 ± 1.37, 9.01 ± 0.761, 7.03 ± 1.38, and 3.23 ± 1.03 μg/mL, and the tmax values were 36 ± 8.2, 39 ± 8.2, 100 ± 17.3, 112 ± 15, and 105 ± 17 min for the nanosuspension, nanoparticle, unhomogenized suspension, marketed IBU suspension, and untreated IBU suspension in water, respectively. Bioavailability of the different formulations relative to the marketed suspension was found to be in the following sequence: nanosuspension > unhomogenized suspension > nanoparticles > untreated IBU suspension. Conclusion: IBU/PP/TW nanosuspension showed enhanced in vitro and in vivo performance as compared to the marketed product. Nanosuspensions prepared by the ultrahigh-pressure homogenization technique can be used as a good formulation strategy to enhance the rate and extent of absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
On Loneura crenata Navás and Loneura ocotensis García Aldrete (Psocodea, ‘Psocoptera’, Ptiloneuridae)
Authors: Cutrim Marcelo , Silva-Neto Alberto Moreira da , García-Aldrete Alfonso Neri , Rafael José Albertino
Published: April 2021

Here it is shown that Loneura crenata Navás, 1927 and Loneura ocotensis García Aldrete are distinct species, so the previously proposed synonymy of the latter with the first is not valid. Illustrations of the L. crenata holotype, deposited in the Hamburg University Zoological Museum, are here presented for the first time.
Systems Approach to Discovery of Therapeutic Targets for Vein Graft Disease: PPARα Pivotally Regulates Metabolism, Activation, and Heterogeneity of Macrophages and Lesion Development
Authors: Decano Julius L. , Singh Sasha A. , Gasparotto Bueno Cauê , Ho Lee Lang , Halu Arda , Chelvanambi Sarvesh , Matamalas Joan T. , Zhang Hengmin , Mlynarchik Andrew K. , Qiao Jiao , Sharma Amitabh , Mukai Shin , Wang Jianguo , Anderson Daniel G. , Ozaki C. Keith , Libby Peter , Aikawa Elena , Aikawa Masanori
Published: April 2021

Background:

Vein graft failure remains a common clinical challenge. We applied a systems approach in mouse experiments to discover therapeutic targets for vein graft failure.

Methods:

Global proteomics and high-dimensional clustering on multiple vein graft tissues were used to identify potential pathogenic mechanisms. The PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) pathway served as an example to substantiate our discovery platform. In vivo mouse experiments with macrophage-targeted PPARα small interfering RNA, or the novel, selective activator pemafibrate demonstrate the role of PPARα in the development and inflammation of vein graft lesions. In vitro experiments further included metabolomic profiling, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, metabolic assays, and single-cell RNA sequencing on primary human and mouse macrophages.

Results:

We identified changes in the vein graft proteome associated with immune responses, lipid metabolism regulated by the PPARs, fatty acid metabolism, matrix remodeling, and hematopoietic cell mobilization. PPARα agonism by pemafibrate retarded the development and inflammation of vein graft lesions in mice, whereas gene silencing worsened plaque formation. Pemafibrate also suppressed arteriovenous fistula lesion development. Metabolomics/lipidomics, functional metabolic assays, and single-cell analysis of cultured human macrophages revealed that PPARα modulates macrophage glycolysis, citrate metabolism, mitochondrial membrane sphingolipid metabolism, and heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

This study explored potential drivers of vein graft inflammation and identified PPARα as a novel potential pharmacological treatment for this unmet medical need.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies in Women With Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hardee Isabel , Wright Lydia , McCracken Courtney , Lawson Emily , Oster Matthew E.
Published: April 2021

Background

With advances in the treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD), more women with CHD survive childhood to reach reproductive age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies among women with CHD in the modern era.

Methods and Results

We conducted a meta‐analysis of peer‐reviewed literature published January 2007 through June 2019. Studies were included if they reported on maternal or fetal mortality and provided data by CHD lesion. Meta‐analysis was performed using random effect regression modeling using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis (v3). CHD lesions were categorized as mild, moderate, and severe to allow for pooling of data across studies. Of 2200 articles returned by our search, 32 met inclusion criteria for this study. Overall, the rate of neonatal mortality was 1%, 3.1%, and 3.5% in mild, moderate, and severe lesions, respectively. There were too few maternal deaths in any group to pool data. The rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity among women with CHD increase with severity of lesion. Specifically, rates of maternal arrhythmia and heart failure, cesarean section, preterm birth, and small for gestational age neonate are all markedly increased as severity of maternal CHD increases.

Conclusions

In the modern era, pregnancy in women with CHD typically has a successful outcome in both mother and child. However, as maternal CHD severity increases, so too does the risk of numerous morbidities and neonatal mortality. These findings may help in counseling women with CHD who plan to become pregnant, especially women with severe lesions.
Ein geistlicher Kräutergarten in Lübeck
Authors: Langbroek Erika , Brands Francis
Published: April 2021

This article provides an edition and stemmatological analysis of a 15th century Low German version of the medieval German krutgarden text. This Low German krutgarden version has gone unnoticed by general scholarship because the MS containing it resided in Russia until the 1990s.
Sal-Frankish NUM-NUM Compounding in the Lex Salica
Authors: Postma Gertjan
Published: April 2021

This article presents evidence that Sal-Frankish had a word for ‘500’, sunde, which corresponds to the Roman numeral D, being half of M ‘1000’. With this analysis, the Sal-Frankish numbers become transparent, even the two higher values of the so-called chunnas. The neologism sunde was a back formation from tusunde ‘thousand’, which was analysed as tu ‘two’ + sunde ‘500’. This back formation was possible in the contact language Sal-Frankish for both segmental reasons (ongoing occlusion of [θ] to [t]) and stress, but not in Old Low Franconian, Old Middle Franconian, Old Saxon or OHG.
Latin sāpō ‘hair-dye, soap’, the Germanic Words for Soap, and the Common Substrate of Celtic and Germanic
Authors: Simon Zsolt
Published: April 2021

This article argues that the traditional etymology of Latin sāpō as a loanword from the Germanic words for ‘soap’ is phonologically not possible. Instead, it proposes a phonologically regular explanation: a loanword in both Germanic and Latin from the common Celtic-Germanic substrate (with Gaulish transmission in the case of Latin).
Old Frisian Breaking and Labial Mutation Revisited
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2021

The sound changes of ‘breaking’ and ‘labial mutation’ in Old Frisian are often referred to as distinct and unrelated phenomena only having been subject to similar processes. In the study at hand, this view is revisited by taking into account arguments on the basis of Old Frisian syllable structure and the particular environments in which these changes arise. The findings suggest that both Old Frisian breaking and labial mutation are concatenations of very similar consecutive but independent changes. This article argues for a reinterpretation of the two processes as caused by the same core phonetic process which is in its essence a backness levelling phenomenon. The two proposed phonological rules governing this process cross-cut previous assumptions about the triggers of epenthesis and thus provide a better fit to the data than positing two unrelated changes does.
Formen der Geselligkeit und ihr historischer Wandel als Herausforderung der frühneuzeitlichen Kulturgeschichte
Authors: Bremer Kai , Voigt-Goy Christopher , Werle Dirk
Published: April 2021

Based on a satirical poem about the asparagus mass in Leipzig by the writer Johann Christian Trömer, who wrote about the sociability in the city of Leipzig in the first half of the 18th century, this introduction sketches the thematic concern of this volume. Firstly, it provides an overview of the state of research on early modern sociability in German Studies and in adjacent disciplines. Secondly, it explains why Leipzig can be regarded as a representative place for research concerning forms of Geselligkeit in the early modern period.
Leipziger Luthertum und bürgerliche Kultur in der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Kohnle Armin
Published: April 2021

Lutheran Leipzig offers an excellent example for an early modern German territorial city where religion and civil culture entered into a long-lived symbiosis. This article follows Leipzig’s church history from the first arrival of the Wittenberg Reformation after 1519 to the middle of the nineteenth century. It was not before the end of the sixteenth century that orthodox Lutheranism, based on the formula of concord, was firmly established as the city’s official form of protestantism. Lutheran confessional culture reached its zenith during the seventeenth century. Religion was considered as a constituent part of public welfare. But Leipzig ran through a phase of de-confessionalization in the later eighteenth century. Religion was now understood as part of the private life, and confessional boundaries became increasingly obsolete. With respect to sociability, Lutheranism made a considerable contribution to the social life of the Leipzigers, but it had little to do with their leisure time habits.
Fromme Gemeinschaft, geistliche Geselligkeit
Authors: Bremer Kai
Published: April 2021

Taking into account the introduction to this issue, the article examines the Lutheran psalm poetry of the Leipzig theologian Cornelius Becker. He first published his Der Psalter Dauids Gesangweis in 1602, after which it was reprinted repeatedly and received extensively throughout the 17th century. In the prefaces of Der Psalter Dauids Gesangweis and in the lyrics of the songs themselves there are numerous indications that Becker’s psalm poetry not only aimed at strengthening piety, but also attempted to create sociability.
Poetisches Wissen
Authors: Brockstieger Sylvia
Published: April 2021

This article examines sociability as a literary and poetic factor which reacts to real-world manifestations of social interaction. Using the pastoral text Des Hylas auß Latusia Lustiger Schau-Platz von einer Pindischen Gesellschaft (1650) as an example, the article develops how the specifically ‘bourgeois’ quality of the text may be redefined under the auspices of a particularly ‘literary sociability’ against the background of a critical revision of common genre assignments. This kind of ‘literary sociability’ results mainly from the narrative structure of the text and the skillful play between fictional and factual signals. In this way, the article also contributes to shedding light on the practice of fiction(ality) in the early modern period.
Love as a Term of Address in British English: Micro-diachronic Variation
Authors: Baumgarten Nicole
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the pragmatic scope of the endearment ‘love’ in contemporary spoken British English. It will be suggested that the function of ‘love’ in interaction can be understood as a ritual framing expression that enables speakers to index certain interpersonal constellations and action contexts in which speakers claim rights and social authority by couching them in affective stance displays. The study is based on the 1994 and 2014 versions of the British National Corpus. The findings show that over the course of twenty years, the use of ‘love’ has become significantly less frequent and has undergone a functional profile shift to index, more centrally than before, other-deprecating evaluation, enacted through joking and performative use in storytelling. Those functions appear to feed off the core semantics and interpersonal constellations of ‘love’ as well as associations with social and linguistic stereotypes.
The endless search for type specimens; illustrations of eleven spider (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) species described by Eugène Simon
Authors: DUPÉRRÉ NADINE , TAPIA ELICIO
Published: April 2021

French arachnologist Eugène Simon is considered one of the most prolific arachnologists of all time. Unfortunately, Simon often provided very short descriptions with or without illustrations which makes recognition of his species difficult for subsequent taxonomists. Eugène Simon described 3,789 species of spiders in his career, and most of his type specimens are assumed to be held in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. We present here the images of eleven Mygalomorphae species described by E. Simon that were never thoroughly illustrated: Cyrtaucheniidae: Fufius albovittatus, F. atramentarius, F. ecuadorensis; Dipluridae: Masteria cavicola, Diplura riveti, and Linothele soricina; Halonoproctidae: Ummidia asperula; Idiopidae: Idiops argus, I. fulvipes, I. opifex and Theraphosidae: Heterothele caudicula.
Taxonomic notes on Sarju Ghauri, 1977 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with description of a new species from India
Authors: SALINI S. , RABBANI M. K. , SINGH SUDHIR
Published: April 2021

The genus Sarju Ghauri, 1977 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Halyini) is redescribed along with the description of a new species, Sarju brevirostrata sp. nov. S. farida Ghauri, 1977 and S. nigricollis (Westwood, 1837) are redescribed based on the availability of specimens and the species Cahara nodula Fan and Liu, 2013 was transferred from Cahara to Sarju and proposed Sarju nodula comb.nov. Therefore, at present Sarju comprises 11 species worldwide. A key to the eight species of Sarju occurring in India is also provided.
Two new species of Stenoloba Staudinger, 1892 and one Victrix Staudinger, 1879 from East Asia and China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Bryophlilinae)
Authors: HAN HUI LIN , KONONENKO VLADIMIR S.
Published: April 2021

Two new species of the genus Stenoloba Staudinger, 1892 (S. mediana, sp. n. and S. fuscobrunnea, sp. n.) are described from Cambodia and Laos respectively, and a new species of the genus Victrix Staudinger, 1879 (V. noloides, sp. n.) from China is described. Stenoloba chlorographa Kononenko & Ronkay, 2001 is reported for the first time from China (Xizang), and new distributional data for recently described Stenoloba species from Malaysia are presented.
Evaluation of the Rapid Refresh Numerical Weather Prediction Model over Arctic Alaska
Authors: Bray Matthew T. , Turner David D. , de Boer Gijs
Published: April 2021

Despite a need for accurate weather forecasts for societal and economic interests in the U.S. Arctic, thorough evaluations of operational numerical weather prediction in the region have been limited. In particular, the Rapid Refresh Model (RAP), which plays a key role in short-term forecasting and decision-making, has seen very limited assessment in northern Alaska, with most evaluation efforts focused on lower latitudes. In the present study, we verify forecasts from version 4 of the RAP against radiosonde, surface meteorological, and radiative flux observations from two Arctic sites on the northern Alaskan coastline, with a focus on boundary layer thermodynamic and dynamic biases, model representation of surface inversions, and cloud characteristics. We find persistent seasonal thermodynamic biases near the surface that vary with wind direction, and may be related to the RAP’s handling of sea ice and ocean interactions. These biases seem to have diminished in the latest version of the RAP (version 5), which includes refined handling of sea ice, among other improvements. In addition, we find that despite capturing boundary layer temperature profiles well overall, the RAP struggles to consistently represent strong, shallow surface inversions. Further, while the RAP seems to forecast the presence of clouds accurately in most cases, there are errors in the simulated characteristics of these clouds, which we hypothesize may be related to the RAP’s treatment of mixed-phase clouds.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for T1 glottic cancer: dosimetric data in 27 consecutive patients
Authors: Sanguineti Giuseppe , Pellini Raul , Vidiri Antonello , Marzi Simona , D’Urso Pasqualina , Terrenato Irene , Farneti Alessia , Fuga Valentina , Ungania Sara , Landoni Valeria
Published: April 2021

Aim:

Because the clinical feasibility of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early glottic cancer (T1) is controversial, we report dosimetric results in 27 consecutive patients from a prospective phase I and II study that started in 2017.

Methods:

In our approach, only the parts of the true vocal cord containing cancer and those immediately adjacent are planned to be treated to 36 Gy and 30 Gy, respectively, in 3 fractions. Several dosimetric metrics for both target volumes and organs at risk were extracted from individual plans and results were compared to those achieved by other authors in a similar setting.

Results:

Proper coverage was reached at planning in 2/3 of planning treatment volume 30 Gy, but only 4 planning treatment volume 36 Gy; conversely, the maximum dose objective was met for most of the patients on either arytenoid cartilage, but this was not the case for 51.9% and 96.3% of cricoid and thyroid cartilages, respectively. Our dosimetric results are similar to if not better than those achieved by others.

Conclusion:

SBRT in 3 fractions for T1 glottic lesions is dosimetrically challenging. Clinical validation is awaited.