bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microencapsulation of xanthan gum based on palm stearin/beeswax matrix as wall system
Authors: Ding Baomiao , Li Chenbiao , Pan Minhsiung , Chiou Yishiou , Li Zhenshun , Wei Shudong , Yin Xiaoli
Published: May 2019

Xanthan gum microcapsules (XGMC) were prepared by phase separation method based on palm stearin/beeswax (PS/BW) systems. XG microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency were obtained at the preparation conditions of PS‐to‐BW ratio 7:3 and core‐to‐wall ratio 10:10. The inverted micrograph showed that the shapes of XGMC were mainly spherical, and the particle sizes of XGMC were chiefly distributed in the range from 40 to 300 μm. The XGMC curve of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) illustrated that two peaks appeared at around 40 and 60°C, and the two temperatures were in accordance with the melting points of PS and BW, respectively. Compared with that of XG, the hygroscopicity of XG in microcapsules was obviously decreased under medium and high humidity conditions. Viscosity measurements showed that XGMC could be destructed and XG was completely released from microcapsules at temperature above 65°C. The XG released from microcapsules could more fast hydrate than XG, and “fish‐eye” would not be formed. Microencapsulation could be an effective method to protect XG from high hygroscopicity, to promote the polysaccharide hydration process, and to prevent the “fish‐eye” formation.

Practical Applications

XG as a hydrophilic polysaccharide is able to strongly absorb moisture and form agglomerates during storage. Moreover, the gum tends to produce “fish‐eye” formation during hydration process. These shortcomings are not propitious for XG applications in the food processing industry. Microencapsulation is usually employed to improve the physicochemical properties of active ingredients. XG was encapsulated into palm stearin/beeswax matrix using phase separation method. The hygroscopicity of XG was reduced significantly after microencapsulation, and the “fish‐eye” formation was also effectively prevented. The hydration rate and efficiency of XG after microencapsulation were obviously enhanced. The XG microcapsules obtained in this work will promote the application in food industry and increase the economic value of XG. In addition, the system of palm stearin/beeswax could be adequately developed as effective wall materials.
Can Stock Volatility Be Benign? New Measurements and Macroeconomic Implications
Authors: HUANG YU‐FAN , LUO SUI
Published: May 2019

We find nonsynchronized movements of two new measures of financial market uncertainty—good and bad volatility—which are based on the maximum and minimum stock prices within a month. Good (bad) volatility is associated with better (worse) expectations about the future economic situation and clearly signals acceleration (deceleration) in economic activity. The VAR results indicate that (i) output, employment, and stock price plummet rapidly in response to a bad volatility shock, while their responses to a good volatility shock are modest, and (ii) bad volatility shocks explain the bulk of economic activity and stock price fluctuations in the medium run.
Ontogenetic allometry and architectural properties of the paravertebral and hindlimb musculature in Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus): functional implications for developmental changes in locomotor performance
Authors: Butcher M. T. , Rose J. A. , Glenn Z. D. , Tatomirovich N. M. , Russo G. A. , Foster A. D. , Smith G. A. , Young J. W.
Published: May 2019

Due to small body size, an immature musculoskeletal system, and other growth‐related limits on performance, juvenile mammals frequently experience a greater risk of predation than their adult counterparts. As a result, behaviorally precocious juveniles are hypothesized to exhibit musculoskeletal advantages that permit them to accelerate rapidly and evade predation. This hypothesis was tested through detailed quantitative evaluation of muscle growth in wild Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Cottontail rabbits experience high rates of mortality during the first year of life, suggesting that selection might act to improve performance in growing juveniles. Therefore, it was predicted that muscle properties associated with force and power capacity should be enhanced in juvenile rabbits to facilitate enhanced locomotor performance. We quantified muscle architecture from 24 paravertebral and hindlimb muscles across ontogeny in a sample of n = 29 rabbits and evaluated the body mass scaling of muscle mass (MM), physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), isometric force (Fmax), and instantaneous power (Pinst), along with several dimensionless architectural indices. In contrast to our hypothesis, MM and PCSA for most muscles change with positive allometry during growth by scaling at and , respectively, whereas Fmax and Pinst generally scale indistinguishably from isometry, as do the architectural indices tested. However, scaling patterns indicate that the digital flexors and ankle extensors of juvenile S. floridanus have greater capacities for force and power, respectively, than those in adults, suggesting these muscle properties may be a part of several compensatory features that promote enhanced acceleration performance in young rabbits. Overall, our study implies that body size constraints place larger, more mature rabbits at a disadvantage during acceleration, and that adults must develop hypertrophied muscles in order to maintain mechanical similarity in force and power capacities across development. These findings challenge the accepted understanding that juvenile animals are at a performance detriment relative to adults. Instead, for prey–predator interactions necessitating short intervals of high force and power generation relative to body mass, as demonstrated by rapid acceleration of cottontail rabbits fleeing predators, it may be the adults that struggle to keep pace with juveniles.
An epidermis‐permeable dipeptide is a potential cosmetic ingredient with partial agonist/antagonist activity toward fibroblast growth factor receptors
Authors: Yamada Ryuji , Fukumoto Riona , Noyama Chisato , Fujisawa Akio , Oka Syuichi , Imamura Toru
Published: May 2019

Background

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are promising agents with which to treat problems of skin and hair. But their inability to penetrate into the skin due to their large size and hydrophilic nature prevents their topical application as effective cosmetic ingredients.

Aims

To identify small peptide(s) with FGF‐like activity and epidermis permeability.

Methods

Several peptides deduced from our earlier studies were tested for their ability to promote keratinocyte growth and to activate FGF receptors (FGFRs). Permeability was assessed using HPLC after derivatization.

Results

A dipeptide, prolyl‐isoleucine (Pro‐Ile), not only stimulated growth of human keratinocytes, it also moderately activated FGFR3c and FGFR4, and activated FGFR1c to a lesser extent. This receptor specificity of Pro‐Ile is similar to that of FGF18. The activity of Pro‐Ile toward FGFR/BaF3 cells was enhanced by heparin and was inhibited by an FGFR inhibitor, PD173074. Pro‐Ile enhanced the activity of 5 ng/mL FGF18, but suppressed the activity of 50 ng/mL FGF18 toward FGFR3c and FGFR4. Pro‐Ile was found to permeate through validated model human epidermis.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the dipeptide Pro‐Ile acts as a partial agonist/antagonist for FGFR signaling, that it has receptor specificity similar to FGF18, and that it is able to penetrate into the model epidermis. Because FGFs expressed in the cutaneous system are physiological regulators, these results suggest the potential utility of this peptide as a topically applicable cosmetic ingredient for the regulation of skin physiology, hair growth, and wound healing.
Comparative analysis of Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1, placental alpha‐microglobulin‐1, phenol and pH for the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes between 20 and 36 weeks
Authors: Galletta Marco A. K. , Bittar Roberto E. , Rodrigues Agatha S. , Francisco Rossana P. V. , Zugaib Marcelo
Published: May 2019

Aim

Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is responsible for approximately one‐third of premature births worldwide, and although the diagnosis is often straightforward, this condition can still present difficulties. The purpose of this research was to compare the accuracy of several PPROM diagnostic tests.

Methods

A total of 94 pregnant women with clinical suspicion of PPROM who were between 20 and 36 weeks of pregnancy were examined by vaginal speculum, and tests were performed for phenol, pH, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1) and placental alpha‐microglobulin‐1 (PAMG‐1). All patients were followed up until the diagnosis was fully defined, and a diagnosis of PROM was confirmed by a definitive evolution of the clinical symptoms (visualization of vaginal amniotic fluid or persistence of oligohydramnios).

Results

After excluding the cases that could not be definitively diagnosed, a good diagnostic performance of the immunochromatographic tests was observed that was superior to that of the clinical tests. Similar accuracies were observed for IGFBP‐1 (98.7%) and PAMG‐1 (93.9%). However, while the IGFBP‐1 test differed from a vaginal pH ≥7 (88.9%) and the phenol test (85.7%), this did not occur for the PAMG‐1 test. The performance of the tests was modified only by the presence of bleeding (with lower specificity rates for pH and phenol), without interference of gestational age or maternal morbidities.

Conclusion

Immunochromatographic tests are good tools but should be used sparingly in resource‐poor settings because they are expensive, and there is no significant difference between PAMG‐1 and traditional tests.
Temporal shifts in fluid in pulmonary hypertension with and without sleep apnea
Authors: Carvalho Carolina Gonzaga , Yadollahi Azadeh , Granton John , Ryan Clodagh M.
Published: May 2019

Overnight extracellular rostral fluid shifts have been shown to be of importance in patients with fluid‐retaining states and are associated with a higher prevalence of sleep apnea. Pulmonary hypertension is frequently associated with right ventricular dysfunction and progressive right ventricular failure, and an increased prevalence of sleep apnea has been described. In light of the importance of fluid shifts in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea, we aimed to explore temporal fluid shifts in patients with pulmonary hypertension with and without sleep apnea. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (WHO Group 1 or 4) had overnight extracellular rostral fluid shift assessment before and a minimum of 3 months after initiation of pulmonary hypertension‐specific therapy. Fluid shift measurements of extracellular leg, abdominal, thoracic and neck fluid volumes were performed simultaneously. Twenty‐nine patients with pulmonary hypertension (age 55 ± 16 years, 69% female) participated. Sleep apnea was diagnosed in 15 subjects (apnea–hypopnea index 14 [8–27] per hr). There were no significant differences in baseline or overnight leg extracellular rostral fluid, abdominal extracellular rostral fluid, thoracic extracellular rostral fluid or neck extracellular rostral fluid between those with and without sleep apnea. There was a significant inverse correlation between the sleep apnea severity and the overnight change in leg extracellular rostral fluid (r = −0.375, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences detected in overnight extracellular rostral fluid shifts from baseline to follow‐up. Treatment‐naïve patients with pulmonary hypertension both with and without sleep apnea demonstrate overnight extracellular rostral fluid shifts from the legs into the thorax and neck. Pulmonary hypertension‐specific treatment, while significantly improving cardiac haemodynamics, had little impact on nocturnal extracellular rostral fluid shifts or the presence of sleep apnea.
Social psychology, consumer culture and neoliberalism: A response to Phelps and White (2018)
Authors: McDonald Matthew , Gough Brendan , Wearing Stephen
Published: May 2019

The following essay responds to three main issues raised by Phelps and White (2018) in their critical commentary on our article (McDonald, Gough, Wearing & Deville, 2017). The first concerns the lack of precision in the conceptualisation of neoliberalism and the recent threats to it as we enter a potentially new phase of capitalism. While we share Phelps and White's concern, we argue that there is value in continuing to use neoliberalism as a concept for understanding some aspects of social behaviour. As to recent threats to neoliberalism, evidence indicates that it will continue to persist in the immediate future. To deal with neoliberalism's conceptual problems in social psychology, Phelps and White advance the potential theory of a ‘market‐derived logics’. We commend the authors for pursuing this endeavor, however, we caution that care needs to be taken in its conceptualisation. Lastly, we discuss Phelps and White's disciplinary reflections on social psychology.
Investigation of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of mild to moderate asthma in horses
Authors: Gy Clementine , Leclere Mathilde , Vargas Amandine , Grimes Carolyn , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2019

Background

Asthma in horses is associated with nonspecific respiratory clinical signs and may be manifested only as exercise intolerance. Its diagnosis relies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in the presence of compatible clinical signs. The identification of blood biomarkers for this condition would facilitate diagnosis in the field, because there are regional areas where BAL is not routinely performed in clinical practice.

Objective

Identification of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of asthma in horses.

Animals

Fourteen horses with asthma with increased neutrophil numbers in BALF (neutrophilic asthma), 9 healthy control horses, and 10 horses with other pathologic conditions (pathologic controls).

Methods

Physical examination, clinical score, hematology, and BALF cytology (in a subset of horses) were performed. Serum concentrations of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, and secretoglobin (SCGB) were measured using commercial ELISA assays.

Results

Serum concentration of SP‐D > 43 ng/mL, serum concentration of haptoglobin >5730 ng/mL, and serum concentration of SCGB <19 ng/mL allowed differentiation of horses with neutrophilic asthma from horses of the control groups (healthy and pathologic) with sensitivity of 55, 95, and 75%, and specificity of 67, 28, and 60%, respectively. Specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP‐D, haptoglobin, and SCGB at the serum concentrations indicated above. Specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP‐D and SCGB serum concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Haptoglobin, SCGB, and SP‐D may be diagnostic aids in horses with clinical signs of lower airway disease and neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation.
Survival, molting pattern, and growth of early blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, juveniles fed diets containing varying levels of cholesterol
Authors: Noordin Noordiyana M. , Zeng Chaoshu , Southgate Paul C.
Published: May 2019

This study examined the effects of dietary cholesterol on the survival, molting pattern, and growth of early juveniles of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus. Seven isocaloric diets were formulated to contain cholesterol at 0 (basal diet), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 g/kg diet dry weight. Survival ranged from 20 to 47.5%, with the highest survival recorded for crabs fed the diet supplemented with 10 g/kg cholesterol, while the lowest survival was demonstrated by crabs fed the basal diet. The highest occurrence of molt death syndrome was found for crabs fed the diet with cholesterol supplementation of 15 g/kg. A general trend of decreasing development time to the crab 3 (C3) stage was observed with increasing dietary cholesterol supplementation up to a level of 10 g/kg, but this then decreased as dietary cholesterol level was increased to 12.5 and 15 g/kg. The specific growth rates of crabs, calculated for dry weight, carapace width, and carapace length, followed a similar trend. Our results suggest that, under the current feeding conditions, a dietary cholesterol level of 10 g/kg appears to be optimal for the culture of early juveniles of P. pelagicus.
Drying Urban lakes: A consequence of climate change, urbanization or other anthropogenic causes? An insight from northern India
Authors: Singh Durgesh Kumar , Singh Nandita
Published: May 2019

Urban lakes in many places around the world are rapidly becoming vulnerable because of such factors as urbanization, climate change, anthropogenic pollutant inputs, etc. The influence of such forcing factors on lakes hydrology must be correctly recognized and addressed in order to protect them over the long term. Facing similar challenges, Sukhna Lake, an urban lake in northern India, has apparently dried up frequently in the recent past. Numerous hypotheses were subsequently proposed to isolate the possible factors affecting the lake and its water budget, including the potential impacts of land use changes, climate change, anthropogenic activities and other natural processes. Using meteorological data, lake‐catchment information and a hydrologic model, these hypotheses were comprehensively analysed. Relevant data on rainfall, wind, temperature, lake inflows, groundwater, lake physical characteristics, catchment land uses, soil texture, etc., were gathered for the analysis. A temporal trend analysis of factors relevant to these hypotheses was undertaken to identify critical drivers of hydrological changes. A sensitivity analysis also was performed, using the lake water budget, to determine and prioritize the predominant factors affecting the lake, leading to the creation of an annual lake water budget for the period from 1971 to 2013, highlighting the lake inflows and outflows. The lake annual inflow (catchment run‐off) was computed by adopting a rainfall–run‐off model based on the SCS‐curve number. Lacking any anthropogenic water withdrawals, the outflow was quantified by estimating the evaporation loss (using the FAO‐based Penman–Monteith Equation). The results of the present study  indicate that the process of siltation and the construction of check dams in the catchment, rather than urbanization and climate change, were the dominating reasons contributing to changes in the lake hydrology, and affecting the lake most in recent years.
Impacts of water level changes in the fauna, flora and physical properties over the Balkhash Lake watershed
Authors: Isbekov Kuanysh B. , Tsoy Vyacheslav N. , Crétaux Jean‐Francois , Aladin Nikolai V. , Plotnikov Igor S. , Clos Guillaume , Berge‐Nguyen Muriel , Assylbekova Saule Zh.
Published: May 2019

The water level variations of the Lake Balkhash, the Kapshagay Reservoir and the Ili River and the linkage with salinity and biological conditions are investigated in this work using different techniques: satellite radar altimetry, in situ gauges, historical archives of fish population counting and field works. We show that it is possible now to monitor, over decades, in near real time, with high precision, the water level changes in the Lake Balkhash from satellite altimetry, over the reservoir and also along the Ili River. The vulnerability of the lake fauna and flora populations is enhanced by the morphometry of the lake: shallow and separation of the eastern basin from the western basin through the narrow Uzun‐Aral strait. Water policy of the Ili River also plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the Balkhash Lake. The Ili River that provides 80% of the surface water of the lake is a transboundary river. Development of intense irrigated agriculture in the upstream part of this river, located in the Chinese territory, could lead in the future to high hydrological stress in the downstream regions with potentially high damage in the delta and for fishery production. We show here the recent evolution of the Lake Balkhash basin from satellite data. Some interannual oscillation of 6–8 years over the last decade has been highlighted, with a water level of the lake still at a high value, but prediction on increasing irrigation is also highlighting the vulnerability of this lake. Linkage between water level change along the river and the downstream waters is also investigated. It shows that the role of the reservoir is not fundamental in the understanding of the Lake Balkhash water level changes which is in contrast highly correlated to upstream river level changes.
Understanding self‐ascription
Authors: Jackson Frank , Stoljar Daniel
Published: May 2019

David Lewis argues that believing something is self‐ascribing a property rather than holding true a proposition. But what is self‐ascription? Is it some new mysterious primitive? Is Lewis saying that every belief you have is about you? Several recent authors have suggested that, in the light of these questions, Lewis's theory should be rejected, despite its enormous influence. But this neglects the fact that Lewis makes two relevant proposals about belief: one about belief de se, another about belief de re. It is the second that prompts these questions but the first that is central to his theory.
Translating probiotic science into practice
Authors: Chambers L. , Avery A. , Dalrymple J. , Farrell L. , Gibson G. , Harrington J. , Rijkers G. , Rowland I. , Spiro A. , Varela‐Moreiras G. , Vokes L. , Younge L. , Whelan K. , Stanner S.
Published: May 2019

Scientific and clinical evidence on the health effects of probiotics has expanded rapidly in recent years and points towards benefits for a number of specific health conditions, particularly those related to the gut. Healthcare professionals are important conduits in the transfer of evidence‐based messages on probiotics, but research indicates many do not consider themselves to have good knowledge in this area. To identify potential solutions to support healthcare professionals, the British Nutrition Foundation held a one‐day roundtable event on 7 February 2019 to gather expert views on the content of, and best delivery mode for, evidence‐based resources to guide healthcare professional advice about the use of probiotics. This report describes the main themes emerging from the discussions and the group's recommendation for the development of a UK‐focused online toolkit for healthcare professionals, which assimilates, appraises and translates current scientific knowledge of probiotics to promote evidence‐based practice for the benefit of patients.
Why the remunicipalisation movement is growing
Authors: Kishimoto Satoko
Published: May 2019

Local, public ownership offers better public services and a more democratic economy
Delivering a mission‐oriented industrial strategy
Authors: Macfarlane Laurie , Dibb George
Published: May 2019

Rethinking our understanding of innovation and how value is created is a first step in overcoming the major challenges of our time
Optimal threshold density in a stochastic resource management model with pulse intervention
Authors: Tan Yi , Ning Lijuan , Tang Sanyi , Cheke Robert A.
Published: May 2019

Human activities and agricultural practices are having huge impacts on the development of fishery and land resources through different ways. To model such systems that involve harvesting, an impulsive model of natural resources with a stochastic noise perturbation element is formulated to study the relationship between (a) the maximal expectation of biomass after harvesting or fishing events and (b) the minimal expectation of pest biomass and the number of times pesticide is applied. Using a detailed analytical treatment, time estimation, and numerical demonstrations, we establish that the proposed mechanism is capable of maximizing fish populations at the end of a fishing season and minimizing pest numbers after a crop harvesting season once the intensity of the noise is relatively small. Investigations of the effects of different parameters reveal that theoretical predictions from the new stochastic model accord with those from the deterministic case.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

Various measures can be implemented to manage natural resources, such as adjusting fishing quantity and intensity to maximize fish population.

In the natural environment, population growth is inevitably affected by the environment noise. So it is important to understand the noise effect to maintain sustainability of resources.

Investigated methods are useful to converse resources and can be widely applied to control pests.
Global trends in ultraprocessed food and drink product sales and their association with adult body mass index trajectories
Authors: Vandevijvere Stefanie , Jaacks Lindsay M. , Monteiro Carlos A. , Moubarac Jean‐Claude , Girling‐Butcher Martin , Lee Arier C. , Pan An , Bentham James , Swinburn Boyd
Published: May 2019

This study evaluated global trends in ultraprocessed food and drink (UPFD) volume sales/capita and associations with adult body mass index (BMI) trajectories. Total food/drink volume sales/capita from Euromonitor for 80 countries (2002‐2016) were matched to mean adult BMI from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2002‐2014). Products were classified as UPFD/non‐UPFD according to the NOVA classification system. Mixed models for repeated measures were used to analyse associations between UPFD volume sales/capita and adult BMI trajectories, controlling for confounding factors. The increase in UPF volume sales was highest for South and Southeast Asia (67.3%) and North Africa and the Middle East (57.6%), while for UPD, the increase was highest for South and Southeast Asia (120.0%) and Africa (70.7%). In 2016, baked goods were the biggest contributor to UPF volume sales (13.1%‐44.5%), while carbonated drinks were the biggest contributor to UPD volume sales (40.2%‐86.0%). For every standard deviation increase (51 kg/capita, 2002) in UPD volume sales, mean BMI increased by 0.195 kg/m2 for men (P < .001) and 0.072 kg/m2 for women (P = .003). For every standard deviation (40 kg/capita, 2002) increase in UPF volume sales, mean BMI increased by 0.316 kg/m2 for men (P < .001), while the association was not significant for women. Increases in UPFD volume sales/capita were positively associated with population‐level BMI trajectories.
Acceptance and adjustment: A qualitative study of experiences of hearing and vision impairments and daily life among oldest old recipients of home care
Authors: Haanes Gro Gade , Hall Elisabeth O.C. , Eilertsen Grethe
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The severity of age‐related hearing and vision impairments increases with age. Such sensory impairments are risk factors for functional decline, reduced social participation, withdrawal, depression and accidents, and hence they make people vulnerable and adversely affect their quality of life.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore how the oldest old recipients of home care experience sensory impairments in daily life.

Design

An inductive, descriptive research design was used.

Method

Ten recipients of home care with a mean age of 89 years were interviewed in their homes. The study was implemented in accordance with the suggestions from Elo and Kyngäs for inductive content analysis.

Findings

The main theme concerned acceptance and adjustment in daily life. Subcategories concerning the category of reduced hearing were identified as “acceptable though annoying” and “hesitant about using hearing aids.” Subcategories concerning the category of reduced vision were “reading is increasingly challenging” and “living with vision diseases.” The third category of feeling weak was elucidated in the subcategories “troublesome bodily changes” and “strenuous days with limited energy.”

Conclusions

It is imperative to recognise that the oldest old are in a distinct phase of the lifespan. Despite this population being aware of their hearing and vision impairments, they do not always have the strength to alter the situation. Instead they accept it; they often struggle with more serious health challenges. Therefore, they are not prioritising using their limited energy reserves to try to improve or optimise their hearing and vision impairments themselves.

Implications for practice

The oldest old with sensory impairments cannot be expected to perform all the necessary activities of daily living or address their functional sensory impairments. Close monitoring and assistance need to be applied to the oldest old.
Functional integration for enrolment constrains evolutionary variation of phacopid trilobites despite developmental modularity
Authors: Oudot Morgane , Neige Pascal , Laffont Rémi , Navarro Nicolas , Khaldi Ahmed Yacine , Crônier Catherine
Published: May 2019

Modularity and integration are variational properties expressed at various levels of the biological hierarchy. Mismatches among these levels, for example developmental modules that are integrated in a functional unit, could be informative of how evolutionary processes and trade‐offs have shaped organismal morphologies as well as clade diversification. In the present study, we explored the full, integrated and modular spaces of two developmental modules in phacopid trilobites, the cephalon and the pygidium, and highlight some differences among them. Such contrasts reveal firstly that evolutionary processes operating in the modular spaces are stronger in the cephalon, probably due to a complex regime of selection related to the numerous functions ensured by this module. Secondly, we demonstrate that the same pattern of covariation is shared among species, which also differentiate along this common functional integration. This common pattern might be the result of stabilizing selection acting on the enrolment and implying a coordinate variation between the cephalon and the pygidium in a certain direction of the morphospace. Finally, we noticed thatAusterops legrandidiffers slightly from other species in that its integration is partly restructured in the way the two modules interact. Such a divergence can result from the involvement of the cephalon in several vital functions that may have constrained the response of the features involved in enrolment and reorganized the covariation of the pygidium with the cephalon. Therefore, it is possible that important evolutionary trade‐offs between enrolment and other functions on the cephalon might have partly shaped the diversification of trilobites.
Apparatus architecture of the conodont Nicoraella kockeli (Gondolelloidea, Prioniodinina) constrains functional interpretations
Authors: Huang Jinyuan , Martínez‐Pérez Carlos , Hu Shixue , Zhang Qiyue , Zhang Kexin , Zhou Changyong , Wen Wen , Xie Tao , Benton Michael J. , Chen Zhong‐Qiang , Luo Mao , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: May 2019

We reconstruct the apparatus architecture of the gondollelid conodont Nicoraella kockeli based on fused clusters from the early Middle Triassic (middle Anisian, Pelsonian) of Luoping County, east Yunnan Province, south‐west China. This material was characterized non‐invasively using synchrotron x‐ray tomographic microscopy and the ensuing data analysed using computed tomography, allowing us to infer the composition, homologies and architectural arrangement of elements within the apparatus. Much of the original three‐dimensional architecture of the apparatus is preserved and our apparatus reconstruction is the best characterized of any taxon within the superfamily Gondolelloidea. This allows us to test architectural models for gondolelloids and prioniodinins, more generally, as well as the functional interpretations based upon them. In particular, we reject a recent functional interpretation of the conodont feeding apparatus which was based on a biomechanically‐optimized inference of apparatus architecture in a close gondolelloid relative of Nicoraella. Nevertheless, our architectural model provides a foundation for future functional interpretations of gondolleloids and prioniodinins, more generally.
The Eco‐Social Trauma Intervention Model
Authors: Gultekin Laura , Kusunoki Yasamin , Sinko Laura , Cannon Lindsay , Abramoski Kathryn , Khan Angubeen G. , Seng Julia
Published: May 2019

Objectives

We describe a transdisciplinary theory of change for interventions to promote trauma recovery that utilizes an eco‐social approach to enhance health status and well‐being following trauma exposures. This four‐level theory of change could be applied to other population health problems, as well.

Methods

This theory‐development process included reviewing existing literature, identifying assumptions, defining core concepts, stating propositions, depicting concepts and propositions for clarity, and illustrating with case examples grounded in our focus on trauma.

Results

The resulting Eco‐Social Trauma Intervention Model offers a framework for interventions that address the impact of trauma on the individual level through self‐regulation, interpersonal level through relationships, community/organizational level through safety, and societal level through identities. Application of this model to intervention development for those affected by trauma is intended to promote resilience, recovery, posttraumatic growth, and positive adaptations to traumatic stress for populations, going beyond the current Western paradigm of treating individuals for psychopathology.

Conclusions

The Eco‐Social Trauma Intervention Model offers an adaptable transdisciplinary framework for developing and researching scalable trauma interventions for individuals, communities, and populations.
Organizational Process, Rulemaking Pace, and the Shadow of Judicial Review
Authors: Carrigan Christopher , Mills Russell W.
Published: May 2019

Scholars have long understood that structuring internal work processes into more hierarchical or team‐based arrangements has consequences for organizational outputs. Building on this insight, this research examines the relationship between how agencies organize their rulemaking routines and the resulting rules. Tracking the job functions of rule contacts for economically significant rules proposed over a four‐year period, the analysis demonstrates that expanding the breadth of personnel types closely involved in a rulemaking is associated with a reduction in the time it takes to promulgate the rule. However, increasing the pace at which rules are finalized is not without cost, as those completed faster appear more likely to be overturned when challenged in court. The article not only adds another dimension to empirical scholarship studying rulemaking, which has largely focused on how forces originating outside the agency affect rules, but also suggests the importance of considering competing priorities in designing rulemaking processes.
Pulmonary hypertension with a low cardiac index requires a higher PaO2 level to avoid tissue hypoxia
Authors: Suda Rika , Tanabe Nobuhiro , Terada Jiro , Naito Akira , Kasai Hajime , Nishimura Rintaro , Sanada Takayuki Jujo , Sugiura Toshihiko , Sakao Seiichiro , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: May 2019

Background and objective

The optimal oxygen supplementation needed to avoid tissue hypoxia in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) level needed to avoid tissue hypoxia which results in a poor prognosis in patients with PH.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the data for 1571 right heart catheterizations in patients suspected of having PH between 1983 and 2017 at our institution. Examinations were classified according to mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), cardiac index (CI) and the presence of lung disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH). The PaO2 levels needed to avoid tissue hypoxia were compared in each subgroup.

Results

The estimated PaO2 equivalent to a mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) of 35 mm Hg (tissue hypoxia) was 63.2 mm Hg in all patients, 77.0 mm Hg in those with decreased CI (<2.5 L/min/m2) and 57.0 mm Hg in those with preserved CI. Multivariate regression analysis identified mPAP, CI and PaO2 to be independent predictors of extremely low PvO2. Similar results were observed regardless of the severity of PH or the presence of lung disease, PAH or CTEPH. The PaO2 level needed to avoid tissue hypoxia was higher in patients with mild PH and decreased CI than in those with severe PH and preserved CI (70.2 vs 61.5 mm Hg).

Conclusion

These findings indicate that a decreased CI rather than increased mPAP induces tissue hypoxia in PH. Patients with PH and decreased CI may need adjustment of oxygen therapy at higher PaO2 levels compared with patients with preserved CI.
Trapped in my lungs and fighting a losing battle. A phenomenological study of patients living with chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease
Authors: van der Meide Hanneke , Teunissen Truus , Visser Leo H. , Visse Merel
Published: May 2019

Chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease (COPD) has detrimental effects on individuals with the disease. COPD causes breathlessness, morbidity and associated psychosocial distress. This study was guided by the phenomenological question what is it like to have COPD and situated in Van Manen's phenomenology of practice. Experiential material was gathered through phenomenological interviews. Four themes emerged from the lived experiences of patients living with COPD: breath as a possibility; being vigilant; fighting a losing battle; and feeling isolated from others. For patients with COPD, breathing becomes ever‐present and shifts from the invisible background of daily living to the central activity around which everyday life is organised. COPD patients always monitor their own breath and scrutinise the environment on possible dangers that can affect their breathing. Whenever moving or being involved in an activity, a part of their mind is preoccupied with the breathing. Although COPD patients realise that no amount of good behaviour will matter and that the decline of their lungs is inevitable, they make every effort to take good care of their body. They anticipate and avoid triggers of breathlessness isolating them from social interactions and activities. The appearance of the body as a source of social embarrassment also has an isolating effect. This study shows that breathlessness is a constant horizon that frames the experience of COPD patients. It is a limiting factor and determines their entire life. A more profound understanding of these experiences in healthcare professionals will contribute to person‐centred care for COPD patients.
Increasing access to low‐intensity interventions for childhood anxiety: A pilot study of a guided self‐help program for Scandinavian parents
Authors: Esbjørn Barbara Hoff , Breinholst Sonja , Christiansen Bianca Munkebo , Bukh Lotte , Walczak Monika
Published: May 2019

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for child anxiety. However, access to treatment is limited. It has been suggested that low‐intensity formats of parent‐delivered CBT may improve access to treatment. Our aim was to develop and pilot‐test the acceptability and effect of a low‐intensity therapist‐guided parent‐delivered group program for anxious children (age 7–12 years) adjusted to the Scandinavian culture. The program required 1.5 hours of therapist‐time per family. Mothers, fathers and children reported on revised child anxiety and depression scale (RCADS) at referral, pre‐ and post‐treatment. Mothers and fathers also gave a qualitative account of their experiences. Thirty‐one families were enrolled and only one family dropped out. Mean age of the children was 9 years. Intent‐to‐treat analyses revealed significant reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all informants. Large effect sizes were found for child anxiety symptoms as reported by mothers and fathers, and for child depressive symptoms as reported by mothers. Medium to large effect sizes was found for the self‐reported anxiety symptoms by the children, and for depressive symptoms reported by both children and fathers. More than 93% of the parents would recommend the program. Results suggest that our program may provide a new approach to improve access to treatment for anxious children in Scandinavia; however, further research must be conducted before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Recognition of an HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 variant, HLA‐B*15:146, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: May 2019

Nucleotide substitution in codon 233 of HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 results in a new allele, HLA‐B*15:146.
A Simplified and Efficient Method for Water Flooding Production Index Calculations in Low Permeable Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Liu Shun , Zhang Liming , Zhang Kai , Zhou Jianren , He Heng , Hou Zhiwei
Published: May 2019

Presently, predicting the production performance of fractured reservoirs is often challenging because of the following two factors: one factor such as complicatedly connected and random distribution nature of the fractures and the other factor includes the limitations of the understanding of reservoir geology, deficient fracture-related research, and defective simulators. To overcome the difficulties of simulating and predicting fractured reservoir under complex circumstances of cross flow, a simplified model, which assumes cross flow only exists in the oil phase segment, is constructed. In the model, the pressure distribution of a single fracture can be described by solving an analytical mathematical model. In addition, due to research and field experience which indicate that cross flow also exists in the mixed-phase segment after water injection, the simplified model is modified to consider cross flow in the whole phase. The model constructed here is applicable for fractured reservoirs especially for a low-permeability fracture reservoir, and it moderately predicts future production index. By using iterative methods, the solution to the model can be feasibly obtained and related production performance index formulas can be derived explicitly. A case study was performed to test the model, and the results prove that it is good.
Multistable Cosine-Curved Dome System for Elastic Energy Dissipation
Authors: Alturki Mansour , Burgueño Rigoberto
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a new energy dissipation system composed of multistable cosine-curved domes (CCD) connected in series. The system exhibits multiple consecutive snap-through and snap-back buckling behavior with a hysteretic response. The response of the CCDs is within the elastic regime and hence the system's original configuration is fully recoverable. Numerical studies and experimental tests were conducted on the geometric properties of the individual CCD units and their number in the system to examine the force–displacement and energy dissipation characteristics. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to simulate the response of the system to develop a multilinear analytical model for the hysteretic response that considers the nonlinear behavior of the system. The model was used to study the energy dissipation characteristics of the system. Experimental tests on 3D printed specimens were conducted to analyze the system and validate numerical results. Results show that the energy dissipation mainly depends on the number and the apex height-to-thickness ratio of the CCD units. The developed multilinear analytical model yields conservative yet accurate values for the dissipated energy of the system. The proposed system offered reliable high energy dissipation with a maximum loss factor value of 0.14 for a monostable (self-recoverable) system and higher for a bistable system.
Newmark-Beta Method in Discrete Elastic Rods Algorithm to Avoid Energy Dissipation
Authors: Huang Weicheng , Jawed Mohammad Khalid
Published: May 2019

Discrete elastic rods (DER) algorithm presents a computationally efficient means of simulating the geometrically nonlinear dynamics of elastic rods. However, it can suffer from artificial energy loss during the time integration step. Our approach extends the existing DER technique by using a different time integration scheme—we consider a second-order, implicit Newmark-beta method to avoid energy dissipation. This treatment shows better convergence with time step size, specially when the damping forces are negligible and the structure undergoes vibratory motion. Two demonstrations—a cantilever beam and a helical rod hanging under gravity—are used to show the effectiveness of the modified discrete elastic rods simulator.
Binaural unmasking with temporal envelope and fine structure in listeners with cochlear implants
Authors: Todd Ann E. , Goupell Matthew J. , Litovsky Ruth Y.
Published: May 2019

For normal-hearing (NH) listeners, interaural information in both temporal envelope and temporal fine structure contribute to binaural unmasking of target signals in background noise; however, in many conditions low-frequency interaural information in temporal fine structure produces greater binaural unmasking. For bilateral cochlear-implant (CI) listeners, interaural information in temporal envelope contributes to binaural unmasking; however, the effect of encoding temporal fine structure information in electrical pulse timing (PT) is not fully understood. In this study, diotic and dichotic signal detection thresholds were measured in CI listeners using bilaterally synchronized single-electrode stimulation for conditions in which the temporal envelope was presented without temporal fine structure encoded (constant-rate pulses) or with temporal fine structure encoded (pulses timed to peaks of the temporal fine structure). CI listeners showed greater binaural unmasking at 125 pps with temporal fine structure encoded than without. There was no significant effect of encoding temporal fine structure at 250 pps. A similar pattern of performance was shown by NH listeners presented with acoustic pulse trains designed to simulate CI stimulation. The results suggest a trade-off across low rates between interaural information obtained from temporal envelope and that obtained from temporal fine structure encoded in PT.
Deformation of an inner valence molecular orbital in ethanol by an intense laser field
Authors: Akagi Hiroshi , Otobe Tomohito , Itakura Ryuji
Published: May 2019

Orbital deformation on a suboptical cycle time scale is revealed by orientation dependence of tunnel ionization.