bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modified Smart Controlling and Monitoring Scheme of Three Phase Photovoltaic Inverter rely on LoRa Technology
Authors: Chisab Raad Farhood , Ali Marwah Thamer , Mnati Mohannad Jabbar , Van den Bossche Alex
Published: June 2019

Photovoltaics is the core of the greatest current system that using solar energy and it is regarded as the basic of sustainable engineering techniques. It is the method of exchanging daylight straightly to electricity power. The LoRa communication technology is a far-range, economic-power, small rate of bit technology. It is sponsored as a basic settling for the Internet of Things (IOT). This technology is applied where equipment is battery-feed with narrow bandwidth was required. In this manuscript, a novel method that depends on the LoRa technology is considered to observes and governs the power generated from a three-phase Photovoltaics inverter scheme that fed to grid directly. This scheme is designed with dual parts. The first one is for evaluating and control invertor part. This part attaches straight through the inverter to recognize the working of the inverter by changing the state of inverter from far spaces. The second part which is uses the liquid crystal display and a smart-phone observing application. The phone program is prepared using MIT App Inventor to observe and govern the entire scheme. The results show that this system is robust against the circumstances around the system and gives accurate results with minimum error when using in urban lands. The benefit of this system is to monitor and control the photovoltaic system located in remote place without need of attend to generating place.
The Use of Nanocomposite Au / Fe2H2O4 –GO Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance to Detect Toxic Arsenic(V) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Al – Rekabi Sura H. , Al - Wahib Ali , Sharba Mohaiman J.
Published: June 2019

In this study, the Au / Fe2H2O4-GO films are shown to improve the optical sensors based on the plasmon resonance technique, through the modification of the sensor chip with gold film (48.3nm) for the detection of toxic heavy metal Arsenic (V) in solution, the concentrations of ions in the parts per billion range. Mat lab software employing Fresnel formula for a layer system was used in data analysis. The sensor ranged linearly from 1 to 10 ppb. The SPR curves for the Au / Fe2H2O4-GO with different percentages of graphene oxide GO to Fe2H2O4 (1:10 % (v/v)) respectively were attached separately the prism. The results show that when the films with 3% GO which can be observed as the optimum percentage enhancement of sensitivity for detecting ions from 0.0773°ppb−1 for Au/Fe2H2O4 to 0.2509° ppb−1 for Au / Fe2H2O4-GO. With a limit of detection 0.6 μg/L fulfills the detection requirement below the 10 and 5μg/L contaminant levels of Arsenic as suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The analytical method was verified by linearity, detection limits, precision, accuracy, and recovery experiments, achieved acceptable results in all states.
Human action recognition using a corners and blob detector with different classification methods
Authors: Al-asady Zahraa , Al-amery Amel
Published: June 2019

Human Action Recognition trying to recognize the motion and movement of the person, the recognition of human movement is a very important field in many applications of security such as for smart surveillance and monitoring systems, also in another application such as computer interaction and entertainment. This paper tries to detect and identify the action of human but there is a big challenge in recognize similar actions for example walking and running. The dataset has been used is KTH dataset and the methods are harrier detector and blob detector to extract the corners from each frame. the second topic has been discuses in this paper is to examine between two different classification methods: supervised (SVM) and unsupervised (KNN) Machine Learning to find the most suitable way classification for this paper, we were find that the KNN classification is overcome the SVM Classification in this work. After the result has been extracted we find the using of KNN method is the most suitable for this topic. In future work we hope using more features to extract the corner to increase the efficiency of classification process.
Various Types of Skin Tumors Lesion Medical Imaging (STLMI) of Healthy and Unhealthy Moles a Review and Computational of: Segmentation, Classification, Methods and Algorithms
Authors: Aljanabi Mohanad H. , Jumaa Fadhel A. , Aftan Ahmed Obaid , Sadiq Alkafaji Muhammed Salah , Alanı Nadia , Al-Tameemi Zaid H. , Al-Mamoori Dalya H.
Published: June 2019

Over recent decades, updates in the field of the imaging of skin tumor lesions and biomedical sensing at the side of its related clinical implementations have attracted the attention of scientists. The major aim is to develop an artificial bee colony algorithmic and other approaches to propose different types of skin cancer lesion medical imaging, utilizing medical images achieved through different imaging methods. The artificial bee colony is frequently used to get highly accurate analysis, which supports the early detection of that which poses a threat to life, and, this method can be a good area to examine for future research. We compared the achievement of many works that were developed specially to detect the skin tumours lesion of healthy and unhealthy nevi after the use of methods and algorithms to obtain good processing results and discussed the relevant conclusions. The paper presents develop various classification, segmentation, methods and algorithms to recognize benign and malignant nevi to help make an expert decision on dermatology. These methods would allow not just earlier detection of skin cancer cases, however, decreasing of the number of unnecessary of steps in image processing and costly process.
Study of heavily thulium-doped fiber amplifier for optical telecom at 2µm
Authors: Khamis M A , Ennser K
Published: June 2019

In this study, the performance of a thulium-doped fiber amplifier is investigated for optical telecom at 2 μm with the pump wavelength of 1570nm. The influence of energy up-conversion transitions has been built up on the theoretical model. A heavily thulium doped concentration has been chosen in order to consider this ion-ion interaction. The rate and propagation equations have been developed to study and evaluate the characteristics of a thulium doped fiber amplifier with considering the effects of amplified spontaneous emission noise, cross relaxation process and energy up-conversion. A MATLAB program has been developed to optimise the fiber length and compute the amplifier gain and noise figure. Through the numerical results it is indicated that a short thulium fiber length is require which is a one attractive advantage to choose a thulium fiber with high concentration. However, the results also showed that increasing of thulium doping concentration reduces the signal gain when pumped at 1570nm.
Cross-modal information flows in highly automated vehicles
Authors: Savchenko V V , Poddubko S N
Published: June 2019

The classification of cross-modal information flows in highly automated and autonomous vehicles is presented. The definition of cross-modal interaction in the highly automated vehicles is given and the goal of the analysis of heterogeneous information flows in onboard systems of vehicles is formulated. From the interdisciplinary perspective, on the basis of the system approach, the main provisions of the original method for analyzing the driver’s potential to regain control of the highly automated vehicle are formulated. They are based on the driver’s awareness of the situational circumstances along the route, monitoring the current functional state and individual driver’s characteristics.
Simulation-based identification of the parameters of a minibus hybrid powertrain
Authors: Gorelov V A , Butarovich D O , Staduhin A A , Skotnikov G I
Published: June 2019

The bus is one of the most popular types of the road public transport and is much less dependent on the external infrastructure than the tram or the trolleybus. However, buses with conventional powertrains are the active sources of the environment pollution. Buses with hybrid powertrain are known to combine the independence of the motorbuses with a conventional internal combustion engine, a considerable reduction in the environmental pollution and the capability of the braking energy recuperation. This explains the increasing interest to the problems of their construction and development of effective control laws for their units and subsystems. Nowadays, these problems are solved by means of the mathematical simulation of the vehicle operation.
Logical artificial intelligence Mivar technologies for autonomous road vehicles
Authors: Varlamov O O , Chuvikov D A , Aladin D V , Adamova L E , Osipov V G
Published: June 2019

The main field of our research is artificial intelligence already implemented in the experimental autonomous road vehicle. Artificial intelligence now is a really huge area of studies. This investigation is focused more on a development of intelligent systems. Such as expert systems, semantic text processing systems, semantic image understanding systems, robotics systems. Wi!Mi is a solution for developing mivar knowledge models. This tool belongs to the class of so-called ES shells - programs that allow significantly simplify and accelerate the ES development process. It uses a novel knowledge representation mechanism based on bipartite graphs and the significantly improved but simple inference engine, which is able to process large systems involving millions of variables in just a few seconds. A special representation model which is called mivar nets with linear computational complexity using if-then rules is used in Wi!Mi. The idea is that the subject domain is divided into objects and connections between them. Scientific investigation allows to implement new decision-making system called “RoboRazum” as a form of an embedded software platform with flexible capabilities to adapt to control by any robotic suites and systems. RoboRazum is a platform for designing autonomous robotic control systems. Provided solutions don’t require powerful computational resources and could be used in small systems-on-chip like microcontrollers. That is why this solution is perfectly fit with conception of Internet of Things (IoT). Reasoned and fast logical decisions based on mivar technologies play important role for autonomous road vehicles.
Thermostating system with intelligent management for electric vehicles
Authors: Struchkov V S , Kurmaev R H , Iakunov D M , Lubimov I A
Published: June 2019

The article considers an optimum temperature regime maintainment method of the electric vehicles aggregates. Technical solutions for the creation of an intelligent thermostatic system are proposed. Vehicle equipped with the optimum temperature maintenance system developed during current research was placed under tests.
Dynamic model of the robotic vehicle motion on a deformable irregular terrain
Authors: Volskaya N S , Chichekin I V
Published: June 2019

The paper presents a system approach to the estimation of the off-road performance of the wheeled vehicles operating on deformable terrains. A problem-solving approach to the development of the model for the wheeled vehicle - irregular deformable terrain system is presented. The model was used for the simulation of the vehicle motion on different terrains. The presented method for the calculation of the wheel sinkage (calculation of the resistance to the motion of a wheeled vehicle) is based on the Y.S. Ageykin model. The paper presents the analysis of the research results.
Vehicle interior air quality standards development
Authors: Saikin A M , Kozlov A V , Iakunova E A
Published: June 2019

The paper presents results of experiments carried out to refine the procedure for determining the content of harmful substances in the air of vehicle interior coming from the supply system and exhaust system of the vehicle under test, as specified in GOST 33554-2015. Based on the work results proposals were prepared for the working group “Vehicle interior air quality”, operating under the auspices of the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Content determination of the air pollutants in the vehicle compartment was carried out under various engine and ventilation system operating conditions when driving along the routes on the testing ground of FSUE “NAMI” and parking in specially selected places with the complete absence of other vehicles in the test area. Based on the test results, a conclusion was made that it is necessary to use a wider range of speed modes and variations in the operation modes of the ventilation system.
Management strategy of new energy-saving technology in the field of ground transport based on the principle of thermo-chemical regeneration of waste heat energy
Authors: Fomin V M , Kamenev V F , Apelinskiy D V
Published: June 2019

The article describes the strategy of energy saving management in the field of operation of ground transport, developed on a fundamentally new basis for the effective transformation of the energy potential of waste heat energy. In the course of the work, the energy technological scheme is investigated and proposed based on the organizati on of thermochemical conversion of the initial hydrocarbon fuel using waste heat into a new type of synthesized fuel with higher rates of heat of combustion. The mechanism of this effect has not yet found its detailed consideration in the modern theory and practice of power engineering. It is based on the law of energy conservation, which in thermochemistry is interpreted as the law of Hess and its consequences.
State-of-The-Art Pulsating Jigs of KOMAG Type
Authors: Matusiak P , Kowol D
Published: June 2019

For several decades the KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology has been involved in a construction of pulsating jigs - devices for a gravity beneficiation of hard coal. The conducted research and conceptual work enables their constant development, resulting in their high reliability and efficiency. The article presents the latest design solutions and examples of implementations of the KOMAG state-of-the-art pulsating jigs in the Polish hard coal mines. The operational principle and possibilities of an innovative control system of the KOGASTER SSWO jig node are also discussed
Magnetic-and-powder Method in Diagnostics of Welded Joints in Powered Roof Supports
Authors: Szweda S , Mikuła J , Mikuła S
Published: June 2019

A possibility of diagnosing the welded joints in the components of powered roof supports used in longwall panels of hard coal mines is analysed. It was found that the magnetic-and-powder method is most useful for that purpose. Devices which facilitate assessment of technical condition of welded joints in canopies and bases are discussed. Design and principles of operation of welded joints liquid detector adapted for operation in industrial conditions are presented. Two ideas of a magnetic inductor for technical diagnosis of powered roof support components by the magnetic-and-powder method is discussed.
On series identities of Gosper and integrals of Ramanujan theta function 𝜓(𝑞)
Authors: El Bachraoui Mohamed
Published: June 2019

We prove some Lambert series identities which were stated by Gosper without proof or reference. As an application we shall evaluate integrals involving Ramanujan theta function

ψ
(
q
)

\psi (q)

. Furthermore, motivated by Ramanujan identities for

q

ψ
4

(

q
2

)

q\psi ^4(q^2)

and

ψ
3

(
q
)

ψ
(

q
3

)

\frac {\psi ^3(q)}{\psi (q^3)}

, we shall evaluate the squares of

q

ψ
4

(

q
2

)

q\psi ^4(q^2)

and

ψ
3

(
q
)

ψ
(

q
3

)

\frac {\psi ^3(q)}{\psi (q^3)}

in terms of Lambert series.
Distributionally chaotic maps are 𝐶⁰-dense
Authors: Kawaguchi Noriaki
Published: June 2019

We prove that the set of maps which exhibit distributional chaos of type 1 (DC1) is

C
0

C^0

-dense in the space of continuous self-maps of given any compact topological manifold (possibly with boundary).
A complex Gap lemma
Authors: Biebler Sébastien
Published: June 2019

Inspired by the work of Newhouse in one real variable, we introduce a relevant notion of thickness for dynamical Cantor sets in the plane associated to a holomorphic IFS. Our main result is a complex version of Newhouse’s Gap Lemma: we show that under some assumptions, if the product of the thicknesses of two Cantor sets

K
K

and

L
L

is larger than 1, then

K
K

and

L
L

have non-empty intersection. Since in addition this thickness varies continuously, this gives a criterion to get a robust intersection between two Cantor sets in the plane.
Hollow polytopes of large width
Authors: Codenotti Giulia , Santos Francisco
Published: June 2019

We construct the first known hollow lattice polytopes of width larger than dimension: a hollow lattice polytope (resp., a hollow lattice simplex) of dimension

14
14

(resp.,

404
404

) and of width

15
15

(resp.,

408
408

). We also construct a hollow (nonlattice) tetrahedron of width

2
+

2

2+\sqrt 2

, and we conjecture that this is the maximum width among

3
3

-dimensional hollow convex bodies.

We show that the maximum lattice width grows (at least) additively with

d
d

. In particular, the constructions above imply the existence of hollow lattice polytopes (resp., hollow simplices) of arbitrarily large dimension

d
d

and width

≃
1.14
d

\simeq 1.14 d

(resp.,

≃
1.01
d

\simeq 1.01 d

).
Model theory of fields with free operators in positive characteristic
Authors: Beyarslan Özlem , Hoffmann Daniel Max , Kamensky Moshe , Kowalski Piotr
Published: June 2019

We give algebraic conditions for a finite commutative algebra

B
B

over a field of positive characteristic, which are equivalent to the companionability of the theory of fields with “

B
B

-operators” (i.e., the operators coming from homomorphisms into tensor products with

B
B

). We show that, in the most interesting case of a local

B
B

, these model companions admit quantifier elimination in the “smallest possible” language, and they are strictly stable. We also describe the forking relation there.
Outer automorphism groups of right-angled Coxeter groups are either large or virtually abelian
Authors: Sale Andrew , Susse Tim
Published: June 2019

We generalize the notion of a separating intersection of links (SIL) to give necessary and sufficient criteria on the defining graph

Γ
\Gamma

of a right-angled Coxeter group

W
Γ

W_\Gamma

so that its outer automorphism group is large: that is, it contains a finite index subgroup that admits the free group

F
2

F_2

as a quotient. When

Out
⁡
(

W
Γ

)

\operatorname {Out}(W_\Gamma )

is not large, we show it is virtually abelian. We also show that the same dichotomy holds for the outer automorphism groups of graph products of finite abelian groups. As a consequence, these groups have property (T) if and only if they are finite or equivalently

Γ
\Gamma

contains no SIL.
Energy bounds condition for intertwining operators of types 𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐺₂ unitary affine vertex operator algebras
Authors: Gui Bin
Published: June 2019

The energy bounds condition for intertwining operators of unitary rational vertex operator algebras (VOAs) was studied, first by A. Wassermann for type

A
A

affine VOAs, and later by T. Loke for

c
>
1

c>1

Virasoro VOAs, and by V. Toledano-Laredo for type

D
D

affine VOAs. In this paper, we extend their results to affine VOAs of types

B
B

,

C
C

, and

G
2

G_2

. As a consequence, the modular tensor categories of these unitary vertex operator algebras are unitary.
Going-down functors and the Künneth formula for crossed products by étale groupoids
Authors: Bönicke Christian , Dell’Aiera Clément
Published: June 2019

We study the connection between the Baum–Connes conjecture for an ample groupoid

G
G

with coefficient

A
A

and the Künneth formula for the

K

{\mathrm K}

-theory of tensor products by the crossed product

A

⋊
r

G

A\rtimes _r G

. To do so, we develop the machinery of going-down functors for ample groupoids. As an application, we prove that both the uniform Roe algebra of a coarse space which uniformly embeds in a Hilbert space and the maximal Roe algebra of a space admitting a fibered coarse embedding in a Hilbert space satisfy the Künneth formula. Additionally, we give an example of a space that does not admit a coarse embedding in a Hilbert space, but whose uniform Roe algebra satisfies the Künneth formula and provides a stability result for the Künneth formula using controlled

K

{\mathrm K}

-theory. As a byproduct of our methods, we also prove a permanence property for the Baum–Connes conjecture with respect to equivariant inductive limits of the coefficient algebra.
Expansion and contraction of the umbrella cell apical junctional ring in response to bladder filling and voiding
Authors: Eaton Amity F. , Clayton Dennis R. , Ruiz Wily G. , Griffiths Shawn E. , Rubio Maria Eulalia , Apodaca Gerard
Published: June 2019

The epithelial junctional complex, composed of tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and an associated actomyosin cytoskeleton, forms the apical junctional ring (AJR), which must maintain its continuity in the face of external mechanical forces that accompany normal physiological functions. The AJR of umbrella cells, which line the luminal surface of the bladder, expands during bladder filling and contracts upon voiding; however, the mechanisms that drive these events are unknown. Using native umbrella cells as a model, we observed that the umbrella cell’s AJR assumed a nonsarcomeric organization in which filamentous actin and ACTN4 formed unbroken continuous rings, while nonmuscle myosin II (NMMII) formed linear tracts along the actin ring. Expansion of the umbrella cell AJR required formin-dependent actin assembly, but was independent of NMMII ATPase function. AJR expansion also required membrane traffic, RAB13-dependent exocytosis, specifically, but not trafficking events regulated by RAB8A or RAB11A. In contrast, the voiding-induced contraction of the AJR depended on NMMII and actin dynamics, RHOA, and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Taken together, our studies indicate that a mechanism by which the umbrella cells retain continuity during cyclical changes in volume is the expansion and contraction of their AJR, processes regulated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking events.
Upregulation of AREG, EGFR, and HER2 contributes to increased VEGF expression in granulosa cells of patients with OHSS†
Authors: Fang Lanlan , Yu Yiping , Li Yiran , Wang Sijia , He Jingyan , Zhang Ruizhe , Sun Ying-Pu
Published: June 2019

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious iatrogenic complication in women undergoing induction of ovulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for assisted reproductive techniques. Amphiregulin (AREG) is the most abundant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand expressed in human granulosa cells and follicular fluid and can be upregulated by luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG. However, whether the expression levels of AREG, EGFR, and HER2 change in the granulosa cells of OHSS patients remains unknown. If it does, whether these molecules are involved in the development of OHSS requires investigation. In the present study, we showed that AREG, EGFR, and HER2 transcripts in granulosa cells as well as follicular fluid AREG proteins were elevated in OHSS patients. Increased AREG levels were associated with transcript levels and follicular content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the marker for OHSS pathology. Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with AREG stimulated VEGF expression and secretion, with granulosa cells from OHSS patients showing more rapid and pronounced increases than the non-OHSS group. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of EGFR and AREG attenuated the hCG-induced upregulation of VEGF. This study demonstrated that granulosa cell-secreted AREG plays an important role in the development of OHSS, suggesting that the EGFR/HER2-mediated signaling could be a novel drug target for the prevention and treatment of OHSS.
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact on Meningitis and Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years—Zimbabwe, 2010–2016
Authors: Dondo Vongai , Mujuru Hilda , Nathoo Kusum , Jacha Vengai , Tapfumanei Ottias , Chirisa Priscilla , Manangazira Portia , Macharaga John , de Gouveia Linda , Mwenda Jason M , Katsande Regis , Weldegebriel Goitom , Pondo Tracy , Matanock Almea , Lessa Fernanda C
Published: June 2019

Background

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis in children aged <5 years. Zimbabwe introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2012 using a 3-dose infant schedule with no booster dose or catch-up campaign. We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on pediatric pneumonia and meningitis.

Methods

We examined annual changes in the proportion of hospitalizations due to pneumonia and meningitis among children aged <5 years at Harare Central Hospital (HCH) pre-PCV13 (January 2010–June 2012) and post-PCV13 (July 2013–December 2016) using a negative binomial regression model, adjusting for seasonality. We also evaluated post-PCV13 changes in serotype distribution among children with confirmed pneumococcal meningitis at HCH and acute respiratory infection (ARI) trends using Ministry of Health outpatient data.

Results

Pneumonia hospitalizations among children aged <5 years steadily declined pre-PCV13; no significant change in annual decline was observed post-PCV13. Post-PCV13 introduction, meningitis hospitalization decreased 30% annually (95% confidence interval [CI], –42, –14) among children aged 12–59 months, and no change was observed among children aged 0–11 months. Pneumococcal meningitis caused by PCV13 serotypes decreased from 100% in 2011 to 50% in 2016. Annual severe and moderate outpatient ARI decreased by 30% (95% CI, –33, –26) and 7% (95% CI, –11, –2), respectively, post-PCV13 introduction.

Conclusions

We observed declines in pediatric meningitis hospitalizations, PCV13-type pneumococcal meningitis, and severe and moderate ARI outpatient visits post-PCV13 introduction. Low specificity of discharge codes, changes in referral patterns, and improvements in human immunodeficiency virus care may have contributed to the lack of additional declines in pneumonia hospitalizations post-PCV13 introduction.
Genotyping-by-sequencing reveals genomic homogeneity among overwintering Pacific Dunlin (Calidris alpina pacifica) aggregations along the Pacific coast of North America
Authors: Popovic Iva , Toews David P L , Keever Carson C , St. Clair C Toby , Barbaree Blake A , Fernández Guillermo , Rourke James
Published: June 2019

Information on how migratory populations are genetically structured during the overwintering season of the annual cycle can improve our understanding of the strength of migratory connectivity and help identify populations as units for management. Here, we use a genotype-by-sequencing approach to investigate whether population genetic structure exists among overwintering aggregations of the Pacific Dunlin subspecies (Calidris alpina pacifica) sampled at 2 spatial scales (within and among overwintering sites) in the eastern Pacific Flyway. Genome-wide analyses of 874 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 80 sampled individuals revealed no evidence for genetic differentiation among aggregations overwintering at 3 locations within the Fraser River Estuary (FRE) of British Columbia. Similarly, comparisons of aggregations in the FRE and those overwintering in southern sites in California and Mexico indicated no genetic segregation between northern and southern overwintering areas. These results suggest that Pacific Dunlin within the FRE, Sacramento Valley (California), and Guerrero Negro (Mexico) are genetically homogeneous, with no evident genetic structure between sampled sites or regions across the overwintering range. Despite no evidence for differentiation among aggregations, we identified a significant effect of geographical distance between sites on the distribution of individual genotypes in a redundancy analysis. A small proportion of the total genotypic variance (R2 =0.036, P = 0.011) was explained by the combined effect of latitude and longitude, suggesting weak genomic patterns of isolation-by-distance that are consistent with chain-like migratory connectivity between breeding and overwintering areas. Our study represents the first genome-scale investigation of population structure for a Dunlin subspecies and provides essential baseline estimates of genomic diversity and differentiation within the Pacific Dunlin.
Differences in mutational processes and intra-tumour heterogeneity between organs
Authors: Giraudeau Mathieu , Sepp Tuul , Ujvari Beata , Renaud François , Tasiemski Aurélie , Roche Benjamin , Capp Jean-Pascal , Thomas Frédéric
Published: June 2019

Extensive diversity (genetic, cytogenetic, epigenetic and phenotypic) exists within and between tumours, but reasons behind these variations, as well as their consistent hierarchical pattern between organs, are poorly understood at the moment. We argue that these phenomena are, at least partially, explainable by the evolutionary ecology of organs’ theory, in the same way that environmental adversity shapes mutation rates and level of polymorphism in organisms. Organs in organisms can be considered as specialized ecosystems that are, for ecological and evolutionary reasons, more or less efficient at suppressing tumours. When a malignancy does arise in an organ applying strong selection pressure on tumours, its constituent cells are expected to display a large range of possible surviving strategies, from hyper mutator phenotypes relying on bet-hedging to persist (high mutation rates and high diversity), to few poorly variable variants that become invisible to natural defences. In contrast, when tumour suppression is weaker, selective pressure favouring extreme surviving strategies is relaxed, and tumours are moderately variable as a result. We provide a comprehensive overview of this hypothesis.

Lay summary: Different levels of mutations and intra-tumour heterogeneity have been observed between cancer types and organs. Anti-cancer defences are unequal between our organs. We propose that mostly aggressive neoplasms (i.e. higher mutational and ITH levels), succeed in emerging and developing in organs with strong defences.
The Influence of Dormancy Break Requirements on Germination and Viability Responses to Winter Submergence in Acorns of Three Bottomland Red Oak (Sect. Lobatae) Species
Authors: Hawkins Tracy S
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study was to examine the relation of dormancy break requirements to winter submergence effects on germination and viability in cherrybark, willow, and Nuttall oak acorns. Acorns were submerged in a greentree reservoir and received 0, 21, 42, 63, or 84 days of winter submergence, followed by 8 weeks of incubation in four temperature regimes (15/6°, 20/10°, 25/15°, and 30/20° C). Winter submergence substituted for cold stratification requirements of cherrybark oak acorns, and dormancy break was achieved with 63 days of submergence. Although winter submergence exerted a positive effect on germination in Nuttall and willow oak acorns, dormancy break was not achieved in acorns of either species. Germination percentages were highest in the 30/20° C incubation temperature—cherrybark oak acorns (75–83 percent), followed by Nuttall oak (33–55 percent) and willow oak (14–52 percent). Among treatment combinations, all willow oak nongerminants were viable. Viability loss in cherrybark and Nuttall oak acorns was greatest in the 63- and 84-day treatments. The dynamics of acorn germination in response to winter hydrologic regime is influenced by submergence duration that may, or may not, satisfy dormancy break requirements in acorns of these red oak species.
Parasite-Mediated Anorexia and Nutrition Modulate Virulence Evolution
Authors: Hite Jessica L , Cressler Clayton E
Published: June 2019

Temporary but substantial reductions in voluntary food intake routinely accompany parasite infection in hosts ranging from insects to humans. This “parasite-mediated anorexia” drives dynamic nutrient-dependent feedbacks within and among hosts, which should alter the fitness of both hosts and parasites. Yet, few studies have examined the evolutionary and epidemiological consequences of this ubiquitous but overlooked component of infection. Moreover, numerous biomedical, veterinary, and farming practices (e.g., rapid biomass production via high-calorie or high-fat diets, low-level antibiotics to promote growth, nutritional supplementation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like Ibuprofen) directly or indirectly alter the magnitude of host anorexia—while also controlling host diet and therefore the nutrients available to hosts and parasites. Here, we show that anorexia can enhance or diminish disease severity, depending on whether the current dietary context provides nutrients that bolster or inhibit immune function. Feedbacks driven by nutrition-mediated competition between host immune function and parasite production can create a unimodal relationship between anorexia and parasite fitness. Subsequently, depending on the host’s diet, medical or husbandry practices that suppress anorexia could backfire, and inadvertently select for more virulent parasites and larger epidemics. These findings carry implications for the development of integrated treatment programs that consider links between host feeding behavior, nutrition, and disease severity.
Heteroplasmy and Patterns of Cytonuclear Linkage Disequilibrium in Wild Carrot
Authors: Ramsey Adam J , McCauley David E , Mandel Jennifer R
Published: June 2019

Organellar genomes are considered to be strictly uniparentally-inherited. Uniparental inheritance allows for cytonuclear coevolution and the development of highly coordinated cytonuclear interactions. Yet, instances of biparental inheritance have been documented across eukaryotes. Biparental inheritance in otherwise uniparentally-inherited organelles is termed leakage (maternal or paternal) and allows for the presence of multiple variants of the same organellar genome within an individual, called heteroplasmy. It is unclear what, if any, evolutionary consequences are placed on nuclear and/or organellar genomes due to heteroplasmy. One way of accessing cytonuclear interactions and potential coevolution is through calculating cytonuclear linkage disequilibrium (cnLD), or the non-random association of alleles between nuclear and organellar genomes. Patterns of cnLD can indicate positive or negative cytonuclear selection, coevolution between the nuclear and organellar genomes, non-traditional organellar inheritance, or instances of ancestral heteroplasmy. In plants, cytonuclear interactions have been shown to play a role in cytoplasmic male sterility which occurs in gynodioecious species and is associated with leakage. We used the gynodioecious species, Daucus carota L. spp. carota, or wild carrot, to investigate cnLD. We genotyped a total of 265 individuals from two regions of the USA at 15 nuclear microsatellites, the mitochondrial genes cox1 and atp9, and an intergenic region between trnS and trnG (StoG) in the plastid genome to calculate nuclear–nuclear LD (nucLD), cnLD, and organellar LD (i.e., within the mtDNA and between mtDNA and ptDNA) within the two regions. We were further able to identify cox1 and StoG heteroplasmy and calculate some of the same LD measures within heteroplasmic and homoplasmic (non-heteroplasmic) datasets. We used a Z-transformation test to demonstrate that heteroplasmic individuals display significantly higher levels of cnLD within both regions. In spite of this, within and between organellar LD is low to moderate. Given these patterns of LD in two regions of the USA in which gene flow has been shown to occur between crop and wild carrot, we suggest that heteroplasmy is an evolutionary mechanism which permits the maintenance of cnLD while also acting to disrupt organellar LD.
Pest Status and Management of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Field Corn in the United States
Authors: Reay-Jones Francis P F
Published: June 2019

The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a common lepidopteran pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in the United States. This article provides an overview of the life history, ecology, plant injury, and management of H. zea in corn. Leaf injury by H. zea feeding can occur in vegetative stage corn, though this type of injury is rare. The most common type of injury is caused by larval feeding in ears. Because kernel injury is typically limited to the tip of the ear, H. zea is generally not considered an economic pest. The use of transgenic corn hybrids expressing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner can reduce injury from H. zea, though complete control is not achieved with most Bt traits. Resistance has been reported to several Bt toxins. Because H. zea is a major economic pest in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and because H. zea moths that developed on corn can migrate to cotton, selection pressure on H. zea in Bt corn has major implications for the pest status and injury to Bt cotton. Although the impact of H. zea on yield of field corn is generally negligible, the selection pressure exerted by Bt corn has led to management issues in cotton.
Skyborn: in-flight emergency births on commercial airlines
Authors: Heggie Travis W
Published: June 2019

Background

This study reports the global occurrence of in-flight emergency births on commercial airlines. To date, no existing research investigating in-flight emergency births has been published.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of all known in-flight births on commercial airlines between 1929 and 2018.

Results

Between 1929 and 2018, there were 74 infants born on 73 commercial flights. Seventy-one of the infants survived delivery, two died shortly after delivery and the status of one is unknown. Seventy-seven percent of the flights were designated international flights, and 26% of all flights were diverted due to the in-flight emergency births. The gestational age at delivery ranged from 25 to 38 weeks with 10% of the infants born at 37–38 weeks, 16% born at 34–36 weeks, 19% born at 31–33 weeks and 12% born prior to 32 weeks. Physicians, nurses, the flight crew and other medical personnel provided medical assistance in 45% of the births.

Conclusion

In-flight emergency births are infrequent but not trivial. Commercial airlines are dependent on physicians and other medically trained passengers to help with in-flight deliveries.

Despite US Federal Aviation Authority and Joint Aviation Authority standards, on-board medical and first aid kits are depleted and inadequate for in-flight deliveries.
Maize Dek33 encodes a pyrimidine reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis that is essential for oil-body formation and ABA biosynthesis during seed development
Authors: Dai Dawei , Tong Hongyang , Cheng Lijun , Peng Fei , Zhang Tingting , Qi Weiwei , Song Rentao
Published: June 2019

A premature stop codon in Dek33, which encodes a reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis, causes reduced riboflavin content in dek33 maize kernels, leading to abnormal seed development.
Transcriptome-wide analysis of pseudouridylation of mRNA and non-coding RNAs in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sun Lirong , Xu Yuxing , Bai Shenglong , Bai Xue , Zhu Huijie , Dong Huan , Wang Wei , Zhu Xiaohong , Hao Fushun , Song Chun-Peng
Published: June 2019

Pseudouridine (Ψ) is widely distributed in mRNA and various non-coding RNAs in yeast and mammals, and the specificity of its distribution has been determined. However, knowledge about Ψs in the RNAs of plants, particularly in mRNA, is lacking. In this study, we performed genome-wide pseudouridine-sequencing in Arabidopsis and for the first time identified hundreds of Ψ sites in mRNA and multiple Ψ sites in non-coding RNAs. Many predicted and novel Ψ sites in rRNA and tRNA were detected. mRNA was extensively pseudouridylated, but with Ψs being under-represented in 3′-untranslated regions and enriched at position 1 of triple codons. The phenylalanine codon UUC was the most frequently pseudouridylated site. Some Ψs present in chloroplast 23S, 16S, and 4.5S rRNAs in wild-type Col-0 were absent in plants with a mutation of SVR1 (Suppressor of variegation 1), a chloroplast pseudouridine synthase gene. Many plastid ribosomal proteins and photosynthesis-related proteins were significantly reduced in svr1 relative to the wild-type, indicating the roles of SVR1 in chloroplast protein biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Our results provide new insights into the occurrence of pseudouridine in Arabidopsis RNAs and the biological functions of SVR1, and will pave the way for further exploiting the mechanisms underlying Ψ modifications in controlling gene expression and protein biosynthesis in plants.
Gene Family Evolution in the Pea Aphid Based on Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly
Authors: Li Yiyuan , Park Hyunjin , Smith Thomas E , Moran Nancy A
Published: June 2019

Genome structural variations, including duplications, deletions, insertions, and inversions, are central in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. However, structural variations present challenges for high-quality genome assembly, hampering efforts to understand the evolution of gene families and genome architecture. An example is the genome of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) for which the current assembly is composed of thousands of short scaffolds, many of which are known to be misassembled. Here, we present an improved version of the A. pisum genome based on the use of two long-range proximity ligation methods. The new assembly contains four long scaffolds (40–170 Mb), corresponding to the three autosomes and the X chromosome of A. pisum, and encompassing 86% of the new assembly. Assembly accuracy is supported by several quality assessments. Using this assembly, we identify the chromosomal locations and relative ages of duplication events, and the locations of horizontally acquired genes. The improved assembly illuminates the mode of gene family evolution by providing proximity information between paralogs. By estimating nucleotide polymorphism and coverage depth from resequencing data, we determined that many short scaffolds not assembling to chromosomes represent hemizygous regions, which are especially frequent on the highly repetitive X chromosome. Aligning the X-linked aphicarus region, responsible for male wing dimorphism, to the new assembly revealed a 50-kb deletion that cosegregates with the winged male phenotype in some clones. These results show that long-range scaffolding methods can substantially improve assemblies of repetitive genomes and facilitate study of gene family evolution and structural variation.
‘Death Germs Through the Post’: Postal Pathology and Workplace Experiences of Disease in Britain, c.1895–1935
Authors: Newman Laura
Published: June 2019

This article examines the emergence of postal pathology in Britain from around 1895 onwards. It focuses on the impact of laboratory-centred diagnostic practices on the working experiences and practices of medical and laboratory practitioners, Post Office (PO) management and PO workers as they operated within the medical marketplace. It demonstrates the critical role the PO played in facilitating the growth of remote laboratory diagnosis. Whilst primarily focussing on the idea of postal pathology as denoting a set of material practices and exchanges that took place between the PO, clinicians and laboratories for the purposes of diagnosing disease, it also hints at the ways in which the PO has at various points in its history itself been pathologised and made subject to new prophylactic regimens to protect against disease transmission. Through studying the issues that arose with the circulation of pathological specimens, this work touches upon several themes that help us to better understand the challenges historical actors encountered when working with such potentially dangerous material on a regular basis. Previously underutilised sources such as laboratory manuals, medical diaries and PO archival records will help to reconstruct the working experiences of medical practitioners, laboratory workers and PO workers. By doing so, we can begin to gain a better understanding of how diverging epidemiologies of infectious diseases emerged as historical actors worked to successfully navigate the demands of their respective workplaces at a time when pathological specimens became increasingly ubiquitous, mobile commodities.
Families Improving Together (FIT) for weight loss: a resource for translation of a positive climate-based intervention into community settings
Authors: Law Lauren H , Wilson Dawn K , St. George Sara M , Kitzman Heather , Kipp Colby J
Published: June 2019

Climate-based weight loss interventions, or those that foster a nurturing family environment, address important ecological influences typically ignored by the traditional biomedical treatments. Promoting a climate characterized by positive communication, autonomy support, and parental warmth supports adolescents in making healthy behavioral changes. In addition, encouraging these skills within the family may have additional benefits of improved family functioning and other mental and physical health outcomes. Although several programs have identified essential elements and established the evidence base for the efficacy of these interventions, few have offered resources for the translation of these constructs from theoretical concepts to tangible practice. This paper provides strategies and resources utilized in the Families Improving Together (FIT) for weight loss randomized controlled trial to create a warm, supportive climate characterized by positive communication within the parent–child relationship. Detailed descriptions of how Project FIT emphasized these constructs through facilitator training, intervention curriculum, and process evaluation are provided as a resource for clinical and community interventions. Researchers are encouraged to provide resources to promote translation of evidence-based interventions for programs aiming to utilize a positive climate-based family approach for lifestyle modification.
Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Pomegranate in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Xavier Katia V. , KC Achala N. , Peres Natalia A. , Deng Zhanao , Castle William , Lovett William , Vallad Gary E.
Published: June 2019

Anthracnose fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum species are important diseases of pomegranate in the southeastern United States. In this study, 26 isolates from pomegranate were identified based on pathological and molecular characterization. Isolates were identified to species based on multilocus sequence analysis with the internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, and chitin synthase genomic genes. Pomegranate isolates grouped within the C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes, with more than 73% belonging to the latter group. Three species were identified within the C. acutatum species complex (C. nymphaeae [n = 5], C. fioriniae [n = 1], and C. simmondsii [n = 1]), and three other species were identified within the C. gloeosporioides species complex (C. theobromicola [n = 11], C. siamense [n = 6], and C. gloeosporioides [n = 2]). Inoculations of pomegranate fruit showed that isolates from the C. acutatum species complex were more aggressive than isolates from the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Interestingly, opposite results were observed when leaves of rooted pomegranate cuttings were inoculated. In addition, Colletotrichum isolates from pomegranate, strawberry, blueberry, mango, and citrus were cross-pathogenic when inoculated to fruit. This is the first study identifying six different species of Colletotrichum causing pomegranate leaf blight and fruit anthracnose in the southeastern United States and the potential cross-pathogenic capability of pomegranate isolates to other commercially important crops.