bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La Producción de maíz en Argentina
Authors: Presello Daniel Alberto , Giménez Fernando J. , Ferraguti Facundo J.
Published: May 2022

El maíz (Zea mays L.) es una de los cultivos más relevantes en Argentina. La mayor parte de la producción de grano se exporta y aproximadamente un tercio de la misma se usa internamente como forraje, o es destinado a las industrias de molienda y producción de etanol. El área de siembra ha aumentado en forma sostenida durante los últimos diez años llegándose a una superficie de 7,4 millones de hectáreas en 2020/2021, con una producción de 60,5 millones de toneladas de grano. La producción de maíz podría ser intensificada, de manera sostenible, abordando algunas de las mayores limitantes, como son la nutrición del cultivo, la calidad de siembra para lograr un canopeo eficiente, las deficiencias en protección del cultivo, una correcta elección del cultivar, el ajuste del momento y tecnología de cosecha, y la mejora de las instalaciones para transporte y almacenamiento, entre otras. Nuevas políticas de Estado y un mayor fortalecimiento de las redes de investigación y desarrollo serán necesarias para aumentar la producción de manera sustentable y con menores niveles de contaminación.
Situación actual y avances tecnológicos para mejorar la productividad del cultivo de maíz en Colombia
Authors: Tapia Coronado Jose Jaime , Atencio Solano Liliana Margarita , Ramirez Duran Julio , Osorio Guerrero Karen Viviana , Castillo Sierra Javier , Mejía Kerguelén Sergio
Published: May 2022

Los altos volúmenes de importación de maíz que se reportan anualmente para Colombia lo ubican en el séptimo lugar a nivel mundial en este ejercicio comercial, ocasionando alta dependencia de mercados internacionales que pueden alterarse fácilmente ante eventos globales como el sucedido por la pandemia a causa del COVID 19 en el año 2020. La importancia del maíz como materia prima y como alimento vital de la canasta familiar de los colombianos justifica la realización de grandes esfuerzos normativos, políticos, institucionales y técnicos en búsqueda de aumentar de manera competitiva y sostenible las más de 393.000 hectáreas reportadas en 2019 y los rendimientos en los sistemas de producción tradicional y tecnificado que oscilan entre 2,3 t.ha-1 y 5,4 t.ha-1 respectivamente. Actualmente, en Colombia múltiples instituciones de carácter gremial, nacional e incluso internacional ofertan tecnologías que permiten contar con modelos productivos para los diversos contextos socioeconómicos existentes, sin embargo, encontrar nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos en materia de: uso eficiente de recursos naturales para explotar las ventajas competitivas, además de nuevas ofertas de materiales de siembra tanto de variedades como de híbridos, se han convertido en una de las principales líneas de trabajo para atender demandas tecnológicas transversales del país. Asimismo, el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural como cabeza del sector agropecuario lidera la formulación y ejecución de programas y/o proyectos que apalancan la integración de la cadena del maíz y su crecimiento o resurgimiento para disminuir las importaciones y lograr la autonomía de esta especie para Colombia.
Influencia de la densidad y de los parámetros de relleno en las propiedades mecánicas compresivas de probetas fabricadas en manufactura aditiva de PLA
Authors: Serrano-Cinchilla Luis , Bustamante-Góez Liliana , Villarraga-Ossa Junes Abdul
Published: May 2022

La impresión por hilo fundido (FDM, por sus siglas en inglés) tiene una gran cantidad de parámetros que influyen directamente sobre la calidad y las propiedades mecánicas de la pieza final. Actualmente, la manufactura aditiva por FDM ha presentado un gran auge para desarrollos de prótesis por su bajo costo respecto a otros procesos de manufactura; además, esta tecnología es de gran interés para el área de la medicina, dada su capacidad de crear soluciones personalizadas para cada paciente, debido a la variedad de materiales que se pueden emplear, ya que hay una amplia oferta de empresas que fabrican y suministran impresoras y materiales para la impresión. En este trabajo se investigó la influencia de la densidad y de la geometría de los patrones de relleno sobre el esfuerzo máximo, el esfuerzo de fluencia y el módulo de elasticidad a la compresión, en probetas de PLA elaboradas mediante manufactura aditiva con la técnica modelado por FDM. Se emplearon densidades de 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % y 100 %, y los parámetros de relleno utilizados fueron trihexagonal, subdivisión cúbica y giroide. Todas las probetas se sometieron a ensayos de compresión para calcular sus propiedades mecánicas, y en términos generales se observó que, al aumentar la densidad de relleno, se presenta un aumento en las propiedades a la compresión del material, y la geometría del patrón de relleno puede alterar estas propiedades.
Pandeo crítico de vigas esbeltas con rigidizadores tipo delta diseñadas con AASHTO sometidas a cargas concentradas
Authors: Graciano-Gallego Carlos Alberto , Loaiza Nelson , González Miguel , Orozco David , Casanova Euro
Published: May 2022

En la actualidad existen diferentes opciones para incrementar la resistencia última de vigas esbeltas sujetas a cargas concentradas. Algunas de estas alternativas incluyen el uso de rigidizadores transversales cercanamente espaciados y la utilización de rigidizadores longitudinales. Sin embargo, estudios recientes han demostrado que la resistencia también mejora mediante el uso de rigidizadores tipo delta, los cuales consisten en dos láminas soldadas entre alma de la viga y la aleta cargada. Este trabajo se enfoca en el estudio del comportamiento de pandeo elástico de vigas esbeltas diseñadas con normas AASHTO con rigidizadores tipo delta sometidas a carga concentrada. El estudio se realiza a través del análisis de autovalores usando el método de elementos finitos. Se realiza un análisis paramétrico para determinar la influencia de diferentes variables geométricas sobre el coeficiente de pandeo de la viga. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se sugieren algunas recomendaciones de diseño.
Epidemiology of trauma in Venezuelan immigrants in Bucaramanga, Colombia: A look at a neglected phenomenon
Authors: Quiroga-Centeno Andrea Carolina , Serrano-Pastrana Juan Paulo , Gómez-Ochoa Sergio Alejandro
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the immigration of Venezuelan citizens to the Republic of Colombia has increased1. Although some research has shown a difference in the presentation of medical conditions in these individuals, there are still no studies evaluating the epidemiology of trauma in this population2,3. The objective of the present study was to compare the characteristics of trauma in the native Colombian population versus the Venezuelan immigrant population using the Institutional Trauma Registry of the Hospital Universitario de Santander (RITHUS) in its first year of implementation.
Consumo de suplementos dietarios en niños escolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Un estudio piloto
Authors: Herrera-Anaya Elizabeth , Gamboa-Delgado Edna Magaly , Silva-Mora Martha Lucía
Published: May 2022

Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema global de salud pública. Una de las causas subyacentes de este evento complejo y multicausal se relaciona con la alta ingesta de energía. El uso inadecuado de suplementos dietarios podría superar los requerimientos de energía y nutrientes y generar una ganancia excesiva de peso corporal en los niños. Objetivo: describir el tipo, cantidad y frecuencia de consumo de suplementos dietarios ingeridos por niños y niñas durante la edad preescolar, y evaluar la correlación entre este consumo y la composición corporal de los mismos en la edad escolar. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal analítico. Estudio piloto realizado en niños en edad escolar de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Variables dependientes: porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa músculo esquelética. Principal variable independiente: consumo de suplementos dietarios. La correlación entre variables fue evaluada usando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (rho). Resultados: la prevalencia del consumo de suplementos dietarios en algún momento, antes de los cinco años, fue de 51,11% (IC 95%, 0,35 a 0,66). Las formas de presentación usadas con mayor frecuencia fueron en polvo, granulado y líquido. Los tipos de suplementos utilizados correspondieron a fórmulas poliméricas (40,91%), seguidos por aceite de hígado de bacalao (36,36%). A mayor consumo de suplementos dietarios, se observó mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (rho = 0,346) y menores valores de masa muscular esquelética (rho = −0,286). Sin embargo, estas correlaciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,114 y p = 0,286, respectivamente). Conclusión: este estudio encontró una correlación débil y positiva entre el consumo de suplementos dietarios en la primera infancia y el porcentaje de grasa corporal y una correlación débil y negativa con la masa músculo esquelética; sin embargo, no hubo significancia estadística. Es necesario continuar investigando acerca de potenciales efectos no deseados del consumo inadecuado de suplementos durante la primera infancia.
Government effectiveness and child development in lowmiddle income countries: COVID-19 pre-pandemic time
Authors: Gil Jesus , Cortés Diana Milena
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The effect of the COVID- 19 pandemic on the development of children is still uncertain; therefore, it is essential to estimate their development status in the time before the pandemic. The sustainable development goals favor all the resources and strategies to stimulate early childhood development. Government effectiveness is the central axis of developing such actions, policies, and procedures. Methods: We used the early child development module and index from national health surveys (MICS) of 33 countries to calculate the children on track. We also use the World Bank Governance Index, specifically the effective governance score. In addition, we carry out analysis with ArcGIS and GeoDa software to evaluate geographic correlations between the variables studied and identify geographic patterns of child development levels and effective governance. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests were performed in Stata 15.1 software. Results: We studied children from 33 low and middle-income countries; from 7 world regions. Thailand (91.1%) and Turkmenistan (90.7%) have the highest percentages of child development and the lowest in Burundi (39.6%). The lowest value on GE estimate is in Burundi (-1.3), and the highest in the Democratic Republic of Korea (1.0). In the GE Rank, the highest values are again in Korea (82.1%), and the lowest in Haiti (0.9%). The correlation grade between ECDI and GE Estimate was moderate positive (0.522, P-0.001, Correlation Spearman test), similarly to (0.518, P-0001, Pearson correlation test). The general spatial pattern prevails that the African regions present low government effectiveness and early child development scores, positively correlated in this study. Conclusions: With the most up-to-date data reported by countries, it is possible to establish the level of child development before 2019, the year in which the COVID-2019 pandemic began. Studies must be carried out during and after the pandemic to develop the direct and indirect damage received by children in the dimensions of development, in which the government response is decisive.
How to Act in аn Emergency Situation in an Organization: Principles аnd Priorities
Authors: Dokukin P.A. , Kharchenko S.G.
Published: May 2022

A system of principles defining emergency response is proposed. The boundary conditions of emergency response are formulated. The consequences arising from the proposed principles are worked out. The significance of the emergency response principles is substantiated. A system of priorities for the implementation of the strategy of risk reduction and mitigation of the emergency consequences, arising from these principles, is proposed. Special attention is paid to the large university emergency response.
On Vibration Control of Turbo Generators K-1200-6.8/50+ Т3В-1200-2АУЗ Installed in the First and Second Units of Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Arkadov G.V. , Gusev I.N. , Slepov M.T. , Usachev D.E. , Esperov D.G.
Published: May 2022

The paper briefly describes the K-1200-6.8/50 turbine, a component of the innovative VVER-1200 pressurised water reactor unit. The main advantage of this turbine is that instead of implementing cooling by filling the generator interior with hydrogen it uses full water cooling, which prevents explosion or combustion. Direct cooling of the stator winding works as follows: distillate circulating in a closed circuit flows through hollow stainless steel water-cooling components laid within the stator grooves. The number of hollow water-cooling elements in the stator grooves is dictated by a desire to ensure sufficient cooling efficiency while minimising electromagnetic losses. The paper considers the features of vibration manifested and vibration control of the turbo generator in terms of the generator-exciter assembly, as, when seeking to minimise time spent on mounting and adjusting loads while performing vibration correction via balancing, the most readily available planes are those located on the rotors of the generator and exciter. We investigated the possibility to reduce axial components of oscillations occurring in supports No. 10 and 11 by balancing the shaft line rotors in their own bearings at the operating frequency.
Deficiência em Conflito: mutações constitucionais sobre os direitos das pessoas com deficiência pós 1988
Authors: Chaves Denisson Gonçalves , Wilson Gama Raiol Raimundo
Published: May 2022

Os direitos das pessoas com deficiência estão incluídos em vários instrumentos normativos internacionais, nacionais, gerais e específicos. Todas as normas do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro devem ter compatibilidade com a Constituição Federal, que atua como norma fundamental de natureza política e jurídica do Estado. Todavia, a Constituição não é hermética, mas dinâmica e deve atualizar-se a novos direitos e percepções sobre os sujeitos, a tal processo denomina-se de mutação constitucional. Nesse sentido, o problema da pesquisa é: ocorreram mutações constitucionais referentes aos direitos das pessoas com deficiência no seio da Constituição vigente de 1988? A hipótese levantada é que coexistem no sistema constitucional três modelos (biomédico, social e biopsicossocial) e dois paradigmas (integração e inclusão). A metodologia de revisão integrativa de literatura sob um enfoque analítico permite expor e problematizar as alterações informais sobre os direitos das pessoas com impedimento no Brasil nas três esferas do poder estatal.
A digitalização dos direitos fundamentais
Authors: Piaia Thami Covatti
Published: May 2022

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Konsekwencje przestrzenno-fizjonomiczne urbanizacji turystycznej w łódzkim obszarze metropolitalnym
Authors: Makowska-Iskierka Marzena
Published: May 2022

Artykuł prezentuje konsekwencje procesu urbanizacji, jakie zaszły w latach 1979–2004 na płaszczyźnie przestrzenno-fizjonomicznej na terenach turystycznych położonych w strefie podmiejskiej Łódzkiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego. Analiza dotyczy zmian fizjonomicznych i morfologicznych, tj. planu i zabudowy, struktury użytkowania gruntów, zagospodarowania działek oraz infrastruktury technicznej i społecznej 24 miejscowości wypoczynkowych.
Funkcja turystyczna zamków państwa zakonu krzyżackiego w granicach Polski
Authors: Musiaka Łukasz
Published: May 2022

Głównym celem autora artykułu jest określenie stopnia rozwoju funkcji turystycznej zamków powstałych na terenie dawnego państwa krzyżackiego w granicach współczesnej Polski. Pod uwagę wzięto zarówno obiekty dobrze zachowane lub odbudowane, jak i znajdujące się w stanie ruiny. Aby zrealizować założony cel, autor dokonał analizy form zagospodarowania zamków i głównego miernika funkcji turystycznej, jakim jest ruch turystyczny. Ostatnim etapem procesu badawczego było określenie rangi turystycznej badanych zamków.
Proces brachycefalizacji na terenie ziem Polski w okresie feudalnym
Authors: Kozak Jerzy
Published: May 2022

The influence of the urbanisation and the accompanied changes of the social structure upon the process of brachycephaly in Poland was investigated. The sample consisted of 65 skeletal populations (about 5500 individuals from the feudal period 9th -19th century).
Kto pierwszy przemówił? Uwarunkowania morfologiczne mowy ludzkiej
Authors: Kujawa Betina
Published: May 2022

The evolution of human speech was probably involved into development of brain structures responsible for cultural behaviour, specially tool-making. Moreover, it has been sugested that only Homo erectus species had the speech apparatus formed the way which allowed to articulate some sounds.
Exploitation of Fungal Phytotoxin as Natural Herbicide for Ecofriendly Weed Management: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Singh Ajay Kumar , Pandey Akhilesh Kumar
Published: May 2022

Weeds are major problems in crop production, associated with reduction of crop plant growth, reduce the quality by competing for nutrients and water provided to crops and releasing chemicals that suppress crop growth. Current weed control largely relies on chemical herbicide. The increasing prevalence of both herbicide resistant weeds and bans on chemical herbicide use has created a strong option for development of novel method for weed control. Mycoherbicides include phytopathogenic fungi or fungal compounds or fungal cell free broths or fungal crude broth useful for weed control. The major barriers in the application of fungal spores are returns in investment, which may prohibit the development of highly expensive mycoherbicide, and registration may be impeded if safety and efficacy tests required by the environment protection agencies are too critical, dependency on environment conditions for infection and subsequent development are the major barriers for the application of fungal spores as herbicide. The phytotoxin that inhibit the germination and growth of weed species which are produced and released by fungi or other microbes are receiving increased attention for use as weed controls and as herbicides. Fungal phytotoxins often act as the initiator factor for successful pathogenesis. Several phytotoxins are known to be the determinant factor in pathogenesis. Various phytotoxins viz., tentoxin, AAL-toxin, auscaulitoxin aglycone, hydantocidin, thaxtomin and tabtoxin have the potential for use as herbicides. Fungal phytotoxins are great source for the development of new herbicides and offer ecofriendly alternative approach to weed control. The use of fungal phytotoxins has stimulated the search for alternative to chemical weed control. This review is to highlight the potential of fungal phytotoxin in the weed control, their current progress, problems and potential in their exploitation as Mycoherbicides.
Utilization of Microbial Diversity as Biofertilizers
Authors: Sahgal Shivangi , Srivastava Deepa
Published: May 2022

Biofertilizers are the material which contains living microorganisms. When applied to plant surfaces, they promote plant growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plants. Tremendous population increase put a pressure and high demand in agricultural productivity. This results in use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides as well as insecticides at large scale. Though it help in production of crops at a little higher rate but has adversely affected soil fertility. With the use of these chemical fertilizers soil is continuously losing its fertility and essential minerals. The best remedy to overcome this problem is to enhance production and use of biofertilizers. Biofertilizers result is slow in comparison to chemical fertilizers but is soothing and long lasting for soil and host plant. It is also cost effective when compared to chemical fertilizers. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and blue green algae are used as biofertilizers. They are effective in enhancing plant growth by several activities such as decomposition of organic materials, nitrogen fixation, suppression of plant diseases, increased nutrient availability, synthesis of antibiotics, phytostimulation, production of phytohormones etc. Biofertilizers include Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and also Rhizobial Biofertilizers. The review provides comprehensive knowledge about the use of microbial diversity as Biofertilizers and its applications.
A Change in Foraging Preference of Honey Bees and Plant Diversity during the Last Decade: A Case Study from Lucknow City, India
Authors: Farooqui Sumaiyah , Farooqui Anjum
Published: May 2022

The expansion of cities around its rural suburbs in recent years is changing the landscape very fast due to human activities planned for their benefit in varied ways. The economically important plants and agri-pharmacoculture have been in focus during recent years. Two decades back the study area (Chinhat, Lucknow city extension, India) was an open, marshy land with a large perennial ox-bow lake (Kathauta tal) of the river Gomti which now flows through the middle of Lucknow city. During the last decade, this extensive agricultural land has changed to a posh urban set-up. The honey samples were collected from beehive in Amity Institute campus and in adjoining areas of Kathauta tal, Chinhat to unravel the foraging pattern of honey bees with the help of its pollen content illustrating the plant resources in the vicinity and for evaluating its forensic application. The pollen spectra of honey reveals more than 50 plant taxa accounting to 60% of trees and the honey produced here is multifloral type. An agri-pharmaco industry was explored in the area with high percentage of Cichorum intybus and Tinospora cordifolia pollen in honey samples. We discuss here the potentials of melissopalynology as a quick, low-cost and highly reliable technique in understanding the pattern of reforestation and reclamation in urban areas, honey quality and its applicability in monitoring the activities of urban human.
Horseshoe Crab: A Keystone Species of Mangrove Forests of Coastal Belts of Sunderban
Authors: Kumari Babita , Solanki Hitesh
Published: May 2022

The mangroves within the biosphere reserve of Sundarban and Mahanadi Delta at Bhitarkanika and Kendrapara along the coastal belt of Bay of Bengal have been under considerable human impingement especially over the last few decades. Land reclamation for settlements along with agriculture and unplanned aquaculture practices, mechanized fishing in addition to non sustainable tourism activities proved deterrent to the ecosystem. It effect not to mention the additional burdens of pollution and changes in hydrological regimes that in turn causing adverse influence on subsistence dwellers in and around north-east coastal belt of Bay of Bengal. The horseshoe crabs are the creature on this earth surviving for the past 450 million years or so. Most of the biogenic activities of the horseshoe crab occur in the open ocean at a deeper zone. They specifically migrate regularly towards the shore for the purpose of breeding. Among the two Indian horseshoe crab species namely, Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, the later species prefers mangrove habitat for breeding along the north-east coast of India. However, in spite of all previous studies on T. gigas such as spawning migration, feeding behaviour, breeding biology and several other aspects, no concerted efforts have been made for C. rotundicauda to develop effective strategies in protecting and conserving both the habitat and population of this valuable species along the coastal areas of India. The depleting population and losing important biodiversity has prompted us to undertake such a novel project. The degradation and destruction of the ground in the mangrove ecosystem of this species by natural and anthropogenic activities have also resulted in mass depletion of the population of this species along the north-east coast of West Bengal and Odisha. A mature female of this species carries hundreds of eggs under its prosoma but releases only a few eggs in one spawning act in a nest on suitable muddy breeding grounds in mangrove areas. The total number of eggs laid varied from 18 to 258 in each nest. The nest of the horseshoe crab is a depression in mud made by the female for laying their gametes. After fertilization, most of the pairs migrate to their natural habitat.
Tightly Linked Molecular DNA Markers with High Predictive Trait Value: A Current Increasing Demand in the Breeding Program of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Shukla Ravi P. , Tiwari Gopal J. , Joshi Babita , Jena Satya N. , Tamta Sushma
Published: May 2022

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major cash crop of India and is the second-largest cotton producer in the world after China. Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense are two tetraploid species that are majorly cultivated besides two diploid species (desi cotton). In cotton, fiber quality, drought tolerance, boll weight, boll number, and yield are essential quantitative traits with many components that are controlled by several genes present at different loci. Identifying such genes from different genomic resources of cotton using various molecular markers is necessary to accelerate the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis. In the public domain of cotton, there is a vast number of molecular markers. However, not all are very useful for trait mapping, as most markers are away from the QTL region. Thereby, cotton improvement programs pay more attention to tightly linked markers with high predictive trait values. The present review provides an overview and updates on the comparative studies and the application of various molecular markers, i.e., RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, EST-SSR, and SNP in the cotton-breeding program. Insights gained from the study may help in successful cotton breeding and improvement.
Study on Genetic Variability and Selection Strategy for Enhancing Productivity in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Bal Susmita , Lal Gaibriyal M.
Published: May 2022

Twenty-two genotypes were evaluated for thirteen biometric traits to assess available genetic variability and formulate a selection strategy for enhancing productivity in urdbean. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all agro-morphological characters, including seed yield under study. VBN 08 is sorted out as a top-yielding (3.95 g/plant) test genotype among the materials tested. Besides, IC-106-176 and the local land race “Barabanki” also managed to have high yield performance (>3.0 g/plant) almost at par with “Shekhar-2” (3.26 g/plant). All these high-yielding genotypes had shown improved mean performance for major yield contributing traits viz., pods per plant, seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight. VBN 08 bore longer pods (4.11cm) and bold seeds (100-seed wt=4.30g) with a maximum number of seeds/pod (6.25). The high Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) were displayed by the number of primary branches per plant (PBPP), seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant. The highest estimates of heritability in a broad sense and genetic gain (% of mean) were exhibited by the number of primary branches per plants followed by seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and pods per plant. A regression equation was shown to be fit to Y (seed yield) = -3.774 + 0.183 (clusters/plant) + 0.487 (pods/ plant) + 0.271 (seeds/pod) + 0.206 (100-seed wt.) + 0.034 (harvest index) to serve as selection model for enhancing seed yield in urdbean.
Anti-inflammatory Compounds from the Hydrolysate of Indian Marine Green Mussel (Perna viridis L)
Authors: Kumari Babita , Solanki Hitesh
Published: May 2022

Natural products offer a great hope in identifying bioactive compounds and their development into drugs to treat several diseases including inflammatory problems. Ocean has been considered as a rich source of such compounds with novel structures and important biological activities. Traditional medicine is widespread and natural compounds represent a large source of naturally occurring secondary metabolites that might lead to novel drugs. The ocean also offers the potential for producing metabolites, which may be different from the terrestrial organisms. Due to the complex nature and dynamic system in the ocean, the marine organisms have developed unique metabolic and physiologic capabilies that ensure their survival in extreme variations of pressure, salinity and temperature. Marine organisms, including mussel, have produced a variety of chemically interesting and biologically significant secondary metabolites. Some are expected to serve as lead compounds for drug development or pharmacological tools for basic life science studies. Marine animals can survive in an inimical environment surrounded by various pathogenic organisms, including human pathogens. They are also potential sources for bioactive compounds as observed in edible bivalves, such as Meretrix casta (Chemnitz), Polymesoda (Geloina) Polymesoda erosa (Solander), Perna viridis (Linnaeus), Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlothim), and Villorita cyprinoides (Grey). Recent studies conducted have shown that green mussels are an inexpensive source of protein for human consumption and possess some important complex potential bioactive compounds useful as medicines. Isolation of bioactive compounds like anti-inflammatory from marine sources has been receiving special attention among natural bioactive compounds because of their economic significance effectiveness and the increasing incidents of drug resistance lead to difficulties in the pharmacological field. The present study reviewed the anti-inflammatory compounds from the hydrolysate prepared from green mussel which will be identified and characterized for commercial use.
Plant-based Enzyme-mediated Biodegradation of Azo dyes: A Review
Authors: Singh Sunita , Singh Pragya , Saifi Aman , Pratap Shalini G , Singh Pramod K
Published: May 2022

Azo dyes are a popular group of dyes in the printing, food, leather, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical sectors and are the largest and most important group of colored chemicals due to their facile production procedure. It is characterized by the presence of an azo group (-N=N-). The stability of azo dyes makes it recalcitrant. Discharge of untreated waste water that contains colored compounds with azo dye reaches water streams and affects the organisms due to the toxicity of the dyes. Many physicochemical and chemical approaches have been used for the removal of dye from polluted water. Although these procedures effectively treat polluted water but become costly and may result in the formation of hazardous compounds. A microbial enzymatic decolorization is an environment-friendly approach that shows excellent removal efficiency at low operating costs however, it has certain downsides, such as a slow process rate and a longer assimilation phase. Alternatively, enzymes derived from various sources can be employed to biodegrade and decolorize azo dyes. For the treatment of dye-based chemicals, enzymes extracted from plants have benefits over other approaches. They are believed to have a significant potential to degrade the recalcitrant pollutants present in the effluent from industries i.e., laccases, polyphenol oxidases, azoreductases, and different peroxidases like manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidases, and decolorizing peroxidases, are the common enzymes that are isolated from plants and have the potential in the biodegradation of colored compounds. The importance of these enzymes in the treatment of industrial wastewater is unquestionable.
A Study of Palaeo-channels and Lost Rivers of Desert Areas in Gujarat and Rajasthan Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Mainani Ruchita , Dalal Dipika , Thakker Rohan , Solanki Hitesh
Published: May 2022

Ab s t rac t In this paper we have prepared the maps of Palaeo-channels of rivers of Kachchh region of Gujarat. One can easily detect Palaeo channels in the Kachchh region of Gujarat as many rivers from Punjab, Rajasthan and J8K were flowing in this region. There are literature evidences and local stories that the people travelled using boats in these rivers and there were tax collection centers on the banks of these rivers. Kachchh was the entry gate to Sindh. Sindh was one of the most prosperous regions once upon a time as there were riverine ports which had enormous import and export activities. But, due to tectonic activities the rivers of western India shifted their courses westwards. Hence many rivers originating from Himalayas flow from Punjab to present day Pakistan. There were mighty rivers like Saraswati flowing in this region. It is also said that the culture flourished on the banks of Indus and Saraswati was known as Sapt-Sindhu Civilization. In this paper, we have tried to map the route of the Palaeo channels that flows through the desert areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Development of the quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine including two influenza B lineages – Victoria and Yamagata
Authors: Desheva Yu. A. , Smolonogina T. A. , Doroshenko E. M. , Rudenko L. G.
Published: May 2022

This work is devoted to the research of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) comprising two reassortant B/USSR/60/69-based vaccine influenza viruses Victoria and Yamagata. the intranasal immunization of the CBA mice with both victoria and yamagata strains induced 100% lung protection against the subsequent infection with the wild-type influenza B viruses of any antigen lineage. the quadrivalent LAIV (qLAIV) comprising both reassortant influenza B viruses Victoria and Yamagata were safe and areactogenic in adult volunteers. Following qLAIV administration the immune response was achieved to both Victoria and Yamagata lineages.
Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in Russian Federation during the period of changes in vaccination schedule (2006-2013 y.y.)
Authors: Ivanova O. E. , Eremeeva T. P. , Morozova N. S. , Shakaryan A. K. , Gmyl A. P. , Yakovenko M. L. , Korotkova E. A. , Chernjavskaja O. P. , Baykova O. Yu. , Silenova O. V. , Krasota A. Yu. , Krasnoproshina L. I. , Mustafina A. N. , Kozlovskaja L. I.
Published: May 2022

The results of virologic testing of clinical materials and epidemiological analysis of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases obtained in 2006-2013 during AFP surveillance are presented. Among the 2976 cases of AFP 30 cases were vapp. 15 cases were observed in OPV recipients, whereas 15 cases were observed in non-vaccinated contacts. The age of the patients varied from 4 months to 5.5 years (13.6 ± 12.4 months old). Children younger than 1 year constituted 63.3% of the group; boys were dominant (73.3%); 53.3% of children were vaccinated with OPV; the time period between receipt of OPV and onset of palsy was from 2 to 32 days (18.7 ± 8.2). Lower paraparesis was documented in 48.3% of patients; lower monoparesis, in 37.9%; upper monoparesis, in 6.9%; tetraparesis with bulbar syndrome, in 6%. the majority of the patients (85.7%) had an unfavorable premorbid status. The violations of the humoral immunity were found in 73.9% cases: CVID (52.9%), hypogammaglobulinemia (41.2%), selective IgA deficiency (5.9%). In 70.6% cases damage to humoral immunity was combined with poor premorbid status. The most frequently observed (76%, p 0.05) represented the single type of poliovirus – type 2 (44%) and type 3 (32%). All strains were of the vaccine origin, the divergence from the homotypic Sabin strains fell within the region of the gene encoding VP1 protein, which did not exceed 0.5% of nucleotide substitutions except vaccine derived poliovirus type 2 – multiple recombinant (type 2 / type 3 / type 2 / type 1) with the degree of the divergence of 1.44% isolated from 6-month old unvaccinated child (RUS-08063034001). The frequency of the VAPP cases was a total of 1 case per 3.4 million doses of distributed OPV in 2006-2013; 2.2 cases per 1 million of newborns were observed. This frequency decreased after the introduction of the sequential scheme of vaccination (ipv, Opv) in 2008-2013 as compared with the period of exclusive use of OPV in 2006-2007: 1 case per 4.9 million doses, 1.4 cases per 1 million newborns and 1 case per 1.9 million doses, 4.9 cases per 1 million newborns, respectively.
The effect of combination of glycyrrhizic acid with alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan on the experimental adenoviral infection
Authors: Smirnov V. S. , Slita A. V. , Garshinina A. V. , Belyaevskaya S. V. , Anikin A. V. , Zarubaev V. V.
Published: May 2022

In this work, the activity of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and dipeptide alpha-glutamyl-tryptophane (EW) as single preparations or in combination (GL+EW) against experimental adenoviral infection in the syrian hamsters was studied. Application of gl and GL+EW was shown to decrease the level of the adenovirus replication in liver tissue by 0.6 – 1.2 lgTCID50 depending on the composition and time point of the post infection. It was also demonstrated that normalization of the structure of the liver tissue was required, which was shown on the level of both optical and electron microscopy. The results obtained in this work suggest that gl and GL+EW may be considered as potential component of the complex therapy of adenoviral infection.
The use of the model mouse ICR – variola virus for evaluation of antiviral drug efficacy
Authors: Titova K. A. , Sergeev Al. A. , Kabanov A. S. , Bulychev L. E. , Sergeev Ar. A. , Galakhova D. O. , Shishkina L. N. , Zamedyanskaya A. S. , Nesterov A. E. , Glotov A. G. , Taranov O. S. , Omigov V. V. , Agafonov A. P. , Sergeev A. N.
Published: May 2022

Mice of the ICR outbred population were infected intranasally (i/n) with the variola virus (VARV, strain Ind-3a). Clinical signs of the disease did not appear even at the maximum possible dose of the virus 5.2 lg PFU/head (plaque-forming units per head). In this case, 50% infective dose (ID50) of VARV estimated by the presence or absence of the virus in the lungs three days after infection (p.i.) was equal to 2.7 ± 0.4 lg PFU/head. Taking into account the 10% application of the virus in the lungs during the intranasal infection of the mice, it was adequate to 1.7 lg PFU/lungs. This indicates a high infectivity of the VARV for mice comparable to its infectivity for humans. After the i/n infection of mice with the VARV at a dose 30 ID50/head the highest concentration of the virus detected in the lungs (4.9 ± 0.0 lg PFU/ml of homogenate) and in nasal cavity tissues (4.8 ± 0.0 lg PFU/ml) were observed. The pathomorphological changes in the respiratory organs of the mice infected with the VARV appeared at 3-5 days p.i., and the VARV reproduction noted in the epithelial cells and macrophages were noticed. When the preparations ST-246 and NIOCH-14 were administered orally at a dose of 60 μg/g of mouse weight up to one day before infection, after 2 hours, 1 and 2 days p.i., the VARV reproduction in the lungs after 3 days p.i. decreased by an order of magnitude. Thus, outbred ICR mice infected with the VARV can be used as a laboratory model of the smallpox when evaluating the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the antismallpox drugs.
The proof of vertical transmission of the nucleopolyhedrovirus in many generations of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L
Authors: Ilyinykh A. V. , Polenogova O. V.
Published: May 2022

Introduction. Insect viruses can play an important role in population dynamics of their hosts. That is why the problem of permanent viral infection support among virus-positive insects is associated with one of the intriguing problems of general biology and virology.Materials and methods. Under laboratory conditions, the modeling of the vertical transmission of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) gypsy moth was implemented at relatively high level of mortality among insects of parental generation (60%). The diagnostics of the occult virus was executed by the PCR method among insects before their infection under laboratory conditions, as well as among insects that survived after inoculation. results. The NPV-caused mortality among insects that survived after infection in generations F1, F2, and F3 was 14 ± 4%, 10 ± 4%, and 5 ± 0.5%, respectively. In the following three generations NPV-induced mortality was not noticed.Discussion. The level of the virus-positive individuals among the gypsy moth embryos in all occasions was higher than the NPV-induced mortality of insects. Thus, the given results show that the presence of virus among insect does not mean inevitable mortality of their hosts. Perhaps, the viral DNA can completely or partly lose its infectivity but may exist in the analyzed insect samples.Conclusions. The viral infection can be formed among progeny surviving after inoculation of insects. It can be actuated during three generations of the gypsy moth. The level of the virus-positive individuals among the gypsy moth embryos determined by the PCR method in daughter generations was higher than the NPV-induced mortality of insects.
Unification of the molecular epidemiological research of the tick-borne encephalitis
Authors: Kovalev S. Y. , Mukhacheva T. A.
Published: May 2022

Molecular genetic techniques and approaches in epidemiological studies were breakthrough in the understanding of the laws, ways, and mechanisms of the spread of the pathogens. However, lack of standard methods makes it difficult to compare results obtained by different scientific groups. In this work we propose to choose one fragment of the TBEV genome as a genetic marker whose sequencing would be both obligatory and sufficient for the molecular epidemiological studies. The best candidate for this purpose may be a fragment of the gene e of 454 nucleotides in length. The deduced amino acid sequence of this fragment was a basis for a new approach for the TBEV differentiation with clusteron being a structural unit (Kovalev and Mukhacheva, 2013). The clusteron approach was proved to be informative for studying the genetic structure of the TBEV-sib population in the Middle Urals. TBE foci were shown to be unique in both quantitative and qualitative composition of the clusterons. The greatest clusteron diversity in the south of the Middle Urals, through the Trans-siberian way, may reflect the history of the colonization, closely associated with the roads between siberia and the european part of Russia. The age of three clusterons did not exceed 50 years, which may indicate an ongoing evolutionary process taking place in the TBEV-sib populations. In turn, their spatial distribution indicates the crucial role of human factors in the spread of the TBEV (Kovalev Mukhacheva, 2014). The clusteron approach provides formalization of ideas about the structure of the viral populations and could be used not only by researchers but also by epidemiological surveillance services. Unification of the studies of the TBEV on the basis of a standard genetic marker would consolidate the efforts of researchers from different regions of Russia and other countries.
Viral infections and retinoblastoma in children
Authors: Saakyan S. V. , Myakoshina E. V. , Krichevskaya G. I. , Slepova O. S. , Panteleeva O. G. , Andryushin A. E. , Khoroshilova-Maslova I. P. , Zakharova G. P. , Maybogin A. M.
Published: May 2022

In this work, the results of a comprehensive laboratory examination of 37 children with retinoblastoma were described. The presence of Igm-, IgA, - IgG- antibodies to the herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (СMV), epstein-Barr virus (eBV), human herpes virus (HHV) type 6, Toxoplasma gondii, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in the serum was tested using ELISA. In the polymerase chain reaction the DNA of these pathogens were detected in the blood plasma of 18 patients and tumor biopsy specimens from 10 eyes. The results showed that children with RB were predominantly infected by the herpesviruses, among which prevailed CMV. in 4 of 5 enucleated eyes the DNA of herpesvirus [CMV (2 eyes), EBV (1 eye), HHV 6 (1 eye)] and ureaplasma urealyticum (1 eye) were also present in tumor tissue. Nucleic acid of infectious microorganisms were considerably more often detected in the tumor tissue than in plasma (5 of 10, 1 of 18, respectively; p = 0.023), suggesting thereby the presence of the virus in the eye and its adverse role in the pathogenesis of the RB.
Mouse embryonic stem cells – a new cellular system for studying the equine infectious anemia virus in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Savchenkova I. P. , Alekseyenkova S. V. , Yurov K. P.
Published: May 2022

The complexity of the pathogenesis and insufficient knowledge about the slow retroviral infections, which include equine infectious anemia, necessitates finding an adequate laboratory model for the study of the infection process and immunogenesis to create means of prevention and treatment of diseases. Data about strains and cellular tropism of the virus are discussed. It was shown that mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCS) exhibited unique properties and characteristics. In contrast to fibroblasts and other cell types, these cells can be considered as a new cell system for studying EIAV in vitro and in vivo. Under differentiation-inducing conditions they are able to reproduce in vitro embryogenesis cells and form cells of three germ layers. Differentiation of mouse ESCs in the direction of hematopoiesis could contribute new knowledge and understanding of viral tropism EIAV in vitro. ESC can be returned back to the early pre-implantation embryo. Once in the germ cell environment, they participate in the formation of tissues and organs of the developing fetus. Thus, the adaptation of the mouse ESC to the equine EIAV through genetic transformation makes it possible to get closer to the creation of a laboratory model for the study of the in vivo immune response in the lentiviral infection.
Interaction of herpesviruses with mature human spermatozoa in the model system in vitro
Authors: Malolina E. A. , Lebedeva A. L. , Kulibin A. Yu. , Evdokimov V. V. , Kurilo L. F. , Sorokina T. M. , Tulenev Ju. A. , Naumenko V. A. , Kushch A. A.
Published: May 2022

The DNA of human herpesviruses (HHV), including the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), is often identified in ejaculates of patients with urogenital diseases and infertility. At least a part of viral DNA is associated with cell fraction of ejaculate. However, it remains unclear how the semen is infected by the virus. It can be located in gametes or be capable of infecting mature germ cells, including motile sperm cells. In order to resolve this issue, interactions of the CMV and HSV with human sperm cells were studied using an original optimized model of the herpesviral infection of male gametes in vitro. The analysis of the immunofluorescent staining of gametes for viral antigens has shown that CMV infected 2% gametes, while HSV infected 17.26 ± 2.58% gametes. The fraction of progressively motile sperm cells contained 13.99 ± 4.64% infected cells. Localization of HSV was studied by the confocal microscopy. Sometimes, viral gB protein was found on sperm cell membrane. In addition, optical scanning of other cells has shown the intracellular localization of the viral proteins. In the majority of spermatozoa, the viral proteins were observed in the head and neck. In some cells, they were located in the middle piece or, rarely, in the equatorial segment. In general, after in vitro infection HSV antigens were located in the same areas of the sperm cells as in ejaculates from infected patients. According to DNA–DNA hybridization in situ, gametes containing HSV DNA accounted for 16.94 ± 5.28%, which is consistent with the results obtained in the immunofluorescence assay. It can be concluded that mature male gametes are infected by HHV in the genital tract, where the virus binds to the sperm cell membrane and enters the cell. Interaction of HHV with progressively motile sperm cells implies a vertical viral transmission upon fertilization and points to the necessity of testing ejaculate for herpesviruses infections.