bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a novel class of protein‐based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for the molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers
Authors: Xue Shenghui , Qiao Jingjuan , Pu Fan , Cameron Mathew , Yang Jenny J.
Published: January 2013

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of disease biomarkers, especially cancer biomarkers, could potentially improve our understanding of the disease and drug activity during preclinical and clinical drug treatment and patient stratification. MRI contrast agents with high relaxivity and targeting capability to tumor biomarkers are highly required. Extensive work has been done to develop MRI contrast agents. However, only a few limited literatures report that protein residues can function as ligands to bind Gd3+ with high binding affinity, selectivity, and relaxivity. In this paper, we focus on reporting our current progress on designing a novel class of protein‐based Gd3+ MRI contrast agents (ProCAs) equipped with several desirable capabilities for in vivo application of MRI of tumor biomarkers. We will first discuss our strategy for improving the relaxivity by a novel protein‐based design. We then discuss the effect of increased relaxivity of ProCAs on improving the detection limits for MRI contrast agent, especially for in vivo application. We will further report our efforts to improve in vivo imaging capability and our achievement in molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers with potential preclinical and clinical applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:163–179. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1205

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures
Epidemiology and treatment outcome of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia
Authors: Horn Joachim , Steen Harald , Terjesen Terje
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a rare disease. Epidemiological data are limited, and treatment of the condition is challenging. The purpose of our study was to gain epidemiological data on the incidence of CPT in Norway and to evaluate the treatment outcome of the disease.

Methods

During the period 1987–2006 22 patients with CPT were born in Norway (11 boys, 11 girls; mean age 15 years, age range 8–24 years) and are included in this study. During the same time period 1,183,380 live-births were registered by the Norwegian Birth Register. Primary surgical treatment was the Ilizarov method in 15 patients, intramedullary nailing in three patients, and plate osteosynthesis in two patients; two patients never developed a fracture and were treated with an orthosis.

Results

The incidence of CPT based on this period was 1:53,000. The rate of primary healing was 66 % for the Ilizarov group. Primary healing occurred in three patients treated with intramedullary nailing and in none of the patients treated with plate osteosynthesis. However, almost all patients required additional surgery due to refracture or deformity correction. Currently, all 12 skeletally mature patients are considered to be healed, whereas two of the skeletally immature patients are still under treatment.

Conclusion

The incidence of CPT in Norway seems to be notably higher than that based on epidemiological data from other studies. Primary healing rates are satisfactory when treated either with an Ilizarov device or intramedullary nailing. Refractures must be avoided, and alignment of the leg must be maintained. Healing is usually achieved before skeletal maturity. However, residual deformities are common.
Post‐conization endocervical curettage for estimating the risk of persistent or recurrent high‐grade dysplasia
Authors: Shaco‐Levy Ruthy , Meirovitz Mihai , Eger Gilad , Benharroch Daniel , Dreiher Jacob
Published: January 2013

Objective

To evaluate the association between post‐cone endocervical curettage (ECC) results, either alone or with cone margin status, and persistent/recurrent high‐grade dysplasia after conization.

Methods

The medical records of 250 women who underwent a loop electrosurgical excision procedure with post‐cone ECC at Soroka Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel, between January 2001 and July 2011 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Thirty‐one women (12.4%) had evidence of high‐grade dysplasia in the ECC sample. Factors associated with positive ECC were being older than 35 years (P = 0.004) and positive margin status (P = 0.001). Twenty‐nine patients (11.6%) had persistent/recurrent high‐grade dysplasia. Both high‐grade dysplasia in the ECC sample (hazard ratio, 2.31; P = 0.032) and positive cone margins (hazard ratio, 23.4; P < 0.001) were associated with persistent/recurrent disease.

Conclusion

High‐grade dysplasia in the ECC sample was associated with positive cone margin status. These 2 factors were both associated with persistent/recurrent disease. Among patients with positive cone margins, a combination of margin status and ECC was superior to margin status alone for estimating the probability of persistent/recurrent disease. For women with negative cone margins, ECC was less useful. Because ECC is valuable for assessing the risk of persistent/recurrent high‐grade dysplasia in many cases, post‐cone ECC should be performed routinely with conization.
The consumer psychology of customer–brand relationships: Extending the AA Relationship model
Authors: Schmitt Bernd
Published: January 2013

The Attachment–Aversion (AA) Relationship model offers a unifying model of customer–brand relationships. To develop it further as a relevant consumer‐psychology model, future research should examine three key factors: how brand perception differs from person perceptions; what role brand experiences play as determinants of customer–brand relationships, and how the AA Relationship model fits with other brand frameworks. The author offers insights and suggestions on how to address these three tasks.
The High Mobility Group A proteins contribute to thyroid cell transformation by regulating miR‐603 and miR‐10b expression
Authors: Mussnich Paula , D'Angelo Daniela , Leone Vincenza , Croce Carlo Maria , Fusco Alfredo
Published: January 2013

The overexpression of the HMGA1 proteins is a feature of human malignant neoplasias and has a causal role in cell transformation. The aim of our study has been to investigate the microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) regulated by the HMGA1 proteins in the process of cell transformation analyzing the miRNA expression profile of v‐ras‐Ki oncogene‐transformed thyroid cells expressing or not HMGA1 proteins. We demonstrate that, among the miRNAs regulated by cell transformation, there are miR‐10b, miR‐21, miR‐125b, miR‐221 and miR‐222 that are positively and miR‐34a and miR‐603 that are negatively regulated by HMGA1 expression. Then, we focused our attention on the miR‐10b and miR‐603 whose expression was dependent on the presence of HMGA1 also in other cell systems. We found that miR‐10b is able to target the PTEN gene, whereas miR‐603 targets the CCND1 and CCND2 genes coding for the cyclin D1 and cyclin D2 proteins, respectively. Moreover, functional studies showed that miR‐10b and miR‐603 regulate positively and negatively, respectively, cell proliferation and migration suggesting a role of their dysregulation in thyroid cell transformation.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Psychological Adjustment after Traumatic Brain Injury: Reporting the Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Whiting Diane L. , Simpson Grahame K. , McLeod Hamish J. , Deane Frank P. , Ciarrochi Joseph
Published: January 2013

Following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) there is a complex presentation of psychological symptoms which may impact on recovery. Validated treatments addressing these symptoms for this group of people are limited. This article reports on the protocol for a single-centre, two-armed, Phase II Randomised Control Trial (RCT) to address the adjustment process following a severe TBI. Participants will be recruited from Liverpool Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit and randomly allocated to one of two groups, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) or an active control (Befriending). The active treatment group utilises the six core processes of ACT with the intention of increasing participation and psychological flexibility and reducing psychological distress. A number of primary and secondary outcome measures, administered at assessment, post-treatment and 1-month follow-up, will be used to assess clinical outcomes. The publication of the protocol before the trial results are available addresses fidelity criterion (intervention design) for RCTs. This ensures transparency in the RCT and that it meets the guidelines according to the CONSORT statement. The protocol has also been registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000851066.
Responsiveness of Instruments to Assess Disorders of Consciousness: A Literature Review
Authors: Doig Emmah J. , Lane-Brown Amanda T.
Published: January 2013

Objectives: To summarise available evidence for responsiveness of six key assessments used with patients with disorders of consciousness: Coma Recovery Scale – Revised (CRS-R), Disorders Of Consciousness Scale (DOCS), Sensory Modality Assessment and Rehabilitation Technique (SMART), Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM), Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM), and the Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP).

Method: A literature search of five electronic databases was conducted using a systematic search strategy. Relevant literature was evaluated and pertinent information extracted.

Results: Database searches using key terms initially yielded 132 articles. Following review for inclusion identified 24 articles. No studies were specifically designed to investigate responsiveness of any of the measures and therefore responsiveness data were either based on statistical significance of change post-treatment or descriptive analysis of change scores. The majority of studies identified used the CRS-R (n= 11), WHIM (n= 5) and WNSSP (n= 6) and have established responsiveness to change. There is some preliminary evidence for the responsiveness of the other measures, based on very few available studies: DOCS (n= 2), SMART (n= 1) or SSAM (n= 1).

Conclusion: Future studies should seek to include responsiveness analysis, particularly in relation to the DOCS, SMART and SSAM.
VIII.—On the Histology of the Ephedreæ, with Special Reference to the Value of Histology for Systematic Purposes
Authors: Graham R. J. D.
Published: January 2013

Although a few papers have been published a number of years ago on the genus Ephedra, the authors have treated the subject mainly from a systematic standpoint. Thus, while the characters of the floral organs have been carefully examined and described, the structure and character of the vegetative organs have only received passing reference. It is proposed in the following notes to undertake the study of the histology of the vegetative organs, and thereafter to ascertain how far this knowledge applies to the determination of species. The following notes deal with the histology of the primary stem.
IX.—On the Fossil Osmundaceæ
Authors: Kidston R. , Gwynne-Vaughan D. T.
Published: January 2013

While the first part of this paper was in course of preparation a search was made through various palæobotanical publications in the hope of meeting with records of Osmundaceous fossils that had hitherto escaped recognition as such. In so doing our attention was at once attracted by the descriptions and figures given by Eichwald in his Lethæa Rossica of some very fine fossils which were held by him to represent the stems of arborescent ferns. Those in which we were particularly interested were Chelepteris gracilis, Eichwald, Sphallopteris Schlechtendalii, Eichwald, Bathypteris rhomboidea, Eichwald, sp., and Anomorrhæa Fischeri, Eichwald. The figures and descriptions of these plants were quite inadequate for the determination of their true affinities; but it must be remembered that at the time when these descriptions were written by Eichwald many structural characters which are now regarded as of paramount importance in determining affinities were not recognised as such, even by botanists. To enable us if possible to clear up these difficulties, we wrote to Mons. Michel Zalessky, geologist on the staff of the Comité géologique, St Petersburg, asking if the types of these specimens were known to be in existence, and if any preparations had been made from them suitable for microscopical examination.
XVII.—The Craniology, Racial Affinities, and Descent of the Aborigines of Tasmania
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: January 2013

The Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh contains a valuable collection of the skulls of the aborigines of Tasmania, which has not as yet been described. As the skulls of this now extinct people are limited in number in museums, and as the opportunity of collecting additional specimens no longer exists, I have thought that an account of their characters, a detailed statement of their measurements on lines similar to those pursued in my previous craniological memoirs, and a comparison of their conformation with that of the Tasmanian skulls in other collections, as described by previous writers, would be of interest to anthropologists, and might assist in the preparation of a summary of their most constant features. Consideration of the affinities and possible descent of the Tasmanians may also be appropriately included in the Memoir.
XVIII.—Les Holothuries de l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Écossaise
Authors: Vaney Clément
Published: January 2013

La Scotia a rapporté de son expédition au pôle sud une très importante collection d'Holothuries; nous remercions bien vivement M. W. S. Bruce de l'honueur qu'il nous a fait en nous en confiant l'étude.

Cette collection ne renferme pas moins de trente-quatre espèces, dont vingt et une, c'est à dire près des deux tiers, sont nouvelles. Cette proportion aurait été probablement plus grande, mais par suite de l'action de quelques agents conservateurs employés (formaldéhyde et acide acétique glacial) certains échantillons sont indéterminables: leurs corpuscules calcaires ayant été complètement dissous par les liquides acides. Pour la même raison nous avons décrit quelques nouvelles espèces sans pouvoir fournir daus la diagnose les caractères de leurs spicules. Mais la majeure partie des exemplaires et surtout ceux de grandes profondeurs sont en bon état et très bien préparés.
XVI.—The Tunicata of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904
Authors: Herdman W. A.
Published: January 2013

So far as regards number of individuals, and their size, this is one of the largest collections of Ascidians brought back in recent years from Antarctic seas. It contains almost exactly the same number of species of Ascidiacea (Ascidiæ Simplices + Ascidiæ Compositæ) as the Discovery collection—viz. fifteen or sixteen—but whereas in the latter collection nearly all the species were represented by single specimens, in the Scotia collection most species can show long series of individuals—in all there are about two hundred specimens, as against the thirty-three brought home by the Discovery.
II.—The Moinian and Dalradian Rocks between Glen Roy and the Monadhliath Mountains, Inverness-shire
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The paper provides the first detailed geological description of a portion of the Grampian Highlands between Glen Roy in the west and the Monadhliath Mountains in the east. Moinian metasediments comprising thick granulites (Eilde Flags = Central Highland Psammitic Group) followed by a variable series of pelites and impersistent quartzites (Monadhliath Schists = Transition Group) are succeeded by Dalradian Limestone (Kinlochlaggan or Ballachulish Limestone = Basal Calcareous Group). The Monadhliath Schists are shown to be stratigraphically equivalent to those of Lochaber below the Ballachulish Limestone.

Structurally the area consists of north-easterly anticlines and synclines which are generally isoclinal and often overturned. Many formational junctions are clearly stratigraphical, but the point is discussed whether tectonic contacts (slides) may also be present. Most of the metasediments are of garnet grade, but in the east there is a poorly-developed kyanite zone, and a well-developed sillimanite zone. The high-grade zones are related to a major migmatite and pegmatite belt (the Strathspey Complex); another pegmatite belt occurs farther west around Loch Laggan. Post-tectonic granite, quartz-diorite, diorite and appinite intrusions are also present. The district is traversed by several important north-easterly faults which are later than both the metasediments and the intrusions.
IV.—The Atrioventricular Pathway for Conduction of the Impulse for Cardiac Contraction in the Dog
Authors: Davies Francis , Francis E. T. B. , Wood D. R. , Johnson E. A.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

It is generally believed that in mammals the impulse for cardiac contraction is conveyed from the atria to the ventricles by the atrioventricular bundle and its branches. This belief is mainly based on the A-V. dissociation which is found to follow experimental injury of the bundle. Since the bundle contains nerves, as well as specialized muscular elements, these experiments do not conclusively prove which structures, nerves or muscle, actually conduct the impulse. In the dog it has been previously shown that the right limb of the bundle is not usually accompanied by nerves, and in the present work the attempt was made by means of very small incisions to cut the muscle (Purkinje) fibres of the limb without damaging nerves in the ventricular septum, the effect on the electrocardiogram being noted. In 5 out of 38 perfused hearts of dogs the experiment was successful, and resulted in a significant delay in the contraction of the right ventricle relative to that of the left. The experiments also revealed that very considerable damage can be inflicted on the nerves in the ventricular septum without altering the electrocardiogram, so long as the limb itself is not injured. The results are regarded as providing direct evidence that the cardiac impulse in the dog is transmitted to the right ventricle by the muscular elements of the right limb of the bundle, and it is submitted that there would seem to be no valid reason for supposing that conduction throughout the A-V. bundle and its limbs is other than myogenic.
IX.—The Vascular Architecture of the Rat Uterus during Pregnancy
Authors: Young A.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The changes in the vascular pattern of the pregnant rat uterus at placental sites and the intervening areas, have been studied radiologically and by injection techniques during the period of pregnancy. A description is given of the development and final pattern of the maternal placental blood channels. From the 15th day onwards wide variations are found in the vascular filling of placentæ after arterial injection. Possible mechanisms for the control of blood flow to placental sites are discussed.
XXIII.—The Life Histories and Ecology of Two Species ofPetrobiusLeach,P. brevistylisandP. maritimus
Authors: Delany M. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The life history ofPetrobius brevistylisCarpenter is described from material reared in the laboratory and captured in the field (south Devonshire). A method of identifying the first eight instars is discussed and their diagnostic morphological characters described. Fecundity and time of oviposition are considered at some length. The effects of climate on various phases of the life history are considered as well as the faunas found associated withP. brevistylis. A brief description of the life history ofP. maritimus(Leach) is included.
XIX.—On Lepidophloios Scottii (a new species from the Calciferous Sandstone series at Pettycur, Fife)
Authors: Gordon Wm. T.
Published: January 2013

As Carnegie Research Scholar in Geology under Professor James Geikie, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., at Edinburgh University, I have entered upon a systematic examination of fossil plants from Pettycur, Fife. Though many plants have been described from this locality, nothing systematic, as far as I know, has ever before been attempted. The main objects of this research are to endeavour to connect the various strobili obtained at the locality in question with the stems on which they were borne; to describe any new species met with, and to give some account of the mode of occurrence of the material in which the plants are enclosed. Some of these objects have already been attained, but others will require further study to decide.
III.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part V. The Anatomy of the Gut and its Appendages
Authors: Cole F. J.
Published: January 2013

The first four parts of this work, on the skeleton, muscles, and vascular system, were published in theTransactionsof the Society in 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1912.

The present section does not include the teeth, which, belonging properly to the skin, will be described when the skin and its appendages are dealt with. It will be noticed from time to time that I have to record striking differences from results obtained by other authors. Such differences must, of course, be recorded; but in recording them it must not be understood, unless the contrary is expressly stated, that the observations under discussion are necessarily inaccurate. One cannot investigate Myxinoid anatomy without frequently coming up against somewhat astonishing variations, and I have long been convinced that there must be races or colonies ofMyxinewhich have not been distinguished specifically, but which, nevertheless, possess anatomical features in common. To give one instance out of many. Mr R. H. Burne has described in detail an anal slime gland inMyxine.
XXI.—On Palæopitys Milleri, M'Nab
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

The original specimen of the stem with secondary wood, to which the name Palæopitys Milleri was given by M'Nab in 1870, was found by Hugh Miller in a nodule half disinterred by the sea near Cromarty; its age was shown by the remains of Coccosteus decipiens in other nodules of the deposit, and by scales of Diplacanthus in the nodule containing the wood.
XX.—Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Anatomy of the Lower Dicotyledons. III. The Anatomy of the Stem of the Calycanthaceæ
Authors: Quinlan Christine E.
Published: January 2013

The present paper is the third of a series of researches on the anatomy of the lower Dicotyledons undertaken with the object of seeing what, if any, aid anatomy might give in determining the point of origin of the so-called Monocotyledons. It deals more especially with the anatomical and histological peculiarities of the stem of the Calycanthaceæ.
XXIV.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part II. Additional Notes on Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, Kidston and Lang; with Descriptions of Rhynia major, n.sp., and Hornea Lignieri, n.g., n.sp.
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

In Part I a general account was given of the silicified peat-bed found at Rhynie, and one vascular plant was described in detail under the name of Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani. Further study has shown that there are two species of Rhynia which we now distinguish as Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani and Rhynia major. The account in Part I applies to both these species. Along with them there occurs a plant of similar grade of organisation to Rhynia, though quite distinct from that genus: this we name Hornea Lignieri. Asteroxylon Machiei, on the other hand, which will be described in the next part, was a plant of larger size and much more complex morphology.

We are thus now able to establish the existence and main features of four archaic Vascular Cryptogams from the Rhynie bed. In the present paper additional notes on R. Gwynne-Vaughani are given, and R. major and Hornea Lignieri described in detail. In conclusion, the morphological bearings of the facts will be briefly considered.
XXV.—Theoretical Determination of the Longitudinal Seiches of Lake Geneva
Authors: Doodson A. T. , Carey R. M. , Baldwin R.
Published: January 2013

The theoretical determination of the longitudinal seiches of a lake was reduced by Professor Chrystal to the finding of those solutions of the differential equation

which vanish at x = 0 and x = a.

Here x denotes the area of the surface of the lake from one end up to any transverse section, and ranges from 0 to a, a being the total area of the surface of the lake; p(x) denotes the product of the area of the transverse section at x and its breadth at the free surface; λ=σ2/g, σ being the “speed” of the periodic motion and g the acceleration due to gravity; V denotes the total volume of water which has passed the section up to the time t.
III.—Geological Observations in the South Shetlands, the Palmer Archipelago, and Graham Land, Antarctica
Authors: Ferguson David
Published: January 2013

The following observations were made during a prospecting expedition which left the Falkland Islands in the late spring of 1913 for the South Shetlands, the Palmer Archipelago, and Graham Land. The cost of the expedition was provided by Messrs Salvesen of Leith, the well-known shipping and whaling firm, who are lessees from the Colonial Office of the minerals in these remote areas. Arrangements were made to prospect as large an area as possible during the whaling season 1913–14. The steamer Hanka, a modern whaler, proved very suitable for prospecting work, owing to its light draught, small size, and fairly high speed. It could, however, owing to its small capacity, operate only within a limited radius of a supply base, and Messrs Salvesen's big whaling factory ships in King George Island; Leith Harbour, Belgica Strait, Graham Land; and Fournier Bay, Schollaert Channel, Anvers Island, formed effective bases of supply.
V.—On the Innes Wilson Collection of Rocks and Minerals from the South Shetland Islands and Trinity Island
Authors: Thomas Herbert H.
Published: January 2013

Mr J. Innes Wilson of Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, during the whaling-season of 1916–17 paid a visit to the South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago. He collected specimens of rocks and minerals from Deception Island, Roberts Island, Trinity Island, and the coast bordering the Gerlache Channel, which were transmitted to the Colonial Office by the Governor, Sir William Douglas Young. It is with the kind permission of the Undersecretary of State for the Colonies that I am allowed to submit some account of Mr Innes Wilson's interesting and important collection.
VI.—On Cretaceous Ammonoidea from Angola, collected
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Spath L. F. , Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

The Ammonoids described in the present paper were placed first of all, for study, in the hands of Mr J. M. Wordie, whose departure, however, as geologist with Sir E. Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition prevented the completion of the work. A preliminary list of identifications by Mr Wordie included a number of forms of “Schloenbachia” especially “S.” inflata, J. Sowerby sp., this form alone being quoted from ten localities. Professor Gregory, in his “Contributions to the Geology of Benguella,” * referred to these identifications, and in his correlation-table classed the beds with “Schloenbachia inflata” as “Vraconnian,” following the prevailing custom. It may be well, however, to remark here already thatA. inflatus, J. Sowerby, will be shown to be an exclusively Albian, and not even uppermost Albian, form, and that there is no evidence of any Cenomanian admixture in the typically Albian fauna of the so-called “zone ofA. inflatus” in Angola, so that the term Vraconnian is here rejected. Moreover, Renevier's “Vraconnian” was meant for post-inflatabeds, and, in the writer's opinion, Sowerby's species is not represented at all in the Angola collection.
VII.—Supplementary Note on the Geology of Benguella in relation to its Cephalopods and the History of the South Atlantic
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

The papers on the Geology of Benguella published in the Transactions (vol. li, part iii, No. 13, 1916, pp. 495–536) had to be issued without the report on the Cephalopods, an omission the more disappointing as they formed the largest and most instructive part of the Cretaceous collection.
X.—The Pre-Devonian Basement Complex of Central Spitsbergen
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

The more or less flat-lying sedimentary rocks that build up the plateau country of the northern, central, and eastern parts of Spitsbergen range in age from Downtonian to Tertiary. The rocks with which it is proposed to deal in this paper constitute the basement underlying this sedimentary succession in the east central part of Spitsbergen, in the region at the head, and to the east, of Klaas Billen Bay, the north-eastern branch of the Ice Fiord (Map, fig. I). An extension of these basement rocks is to be found in the mountains east of Wijde Bay, and similar rocks are to be found in other parts of Spitsbergen, notably in the western mountain ranges. Formations up to the Tertiary, as well as the Pre-Devonian, are involved in the folding of these western ranges; but the rocks dealt with in this paper may be designated as older than the oldest unfolded rocks in the country.
V.—The Early Stages in the Development of the Ferret: The Formation of the Mesoblast and Notochord
Authors: Hamilton William J.
Published: January 2013

In a former memoir (1934) the author described the early development of the ferret from fertilisation to the formation of the prochordal plate. The following is a continuation of that work and describes the development of the mesoblast and notochord from their incipient phases to a stage with seven somites when the definitive notochord begins to separate from the notochordal plate. As far as can be ascertained these phases have not been previously described in the case of the ferret, although the literature on gastrulation and the formation of the notochord and mesoblast is voluminous. A résumé of the descriptions and theories of gastrulation has already been fully summarised by Rabl (1915), and later by Van Oordt (1921). Opinions concerning notochord and mesoblast formation will be referred to in the following pages, and as there is great confusion of nomenclature in it I have appended a Glossary of the terms which I have used and the meanings that I attach to them (p. 188).
VI.—Metamorphic Correlation in the Polymetamorphic Rocks of the Valla Field Block, Unst, Shetland Islands
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: January 2013

In my account (Read, 1935) of the metamorphic geology of Unst, in the Shetlands, I have shown that the island is made up of a series of tectonic units separated from one another by dislocations of various kinds. The rocks of most of the units have lengthy metamorphic histories that are different in the different units.

This present communication deals with one tectonic unit, the Valla Field Block. The metamorphic history of this block can be divided into three stages, each characterized by the type of pressure-temperature factors operative during it. It is my main purpose here first to give the evidence, derived from the study of the pelitic rocks, on which this subdivision is based, and then to examine the behaviour of the various other rock-types during the three episodes. The results show that the stability of certain minerals depends upon the bulk-composition of the rocks containing them. In polymetamorphism of the Unst type, the minerals cannot be considered apart from the rocks in which they occur—a point of importance for Highland geology in general.
VIII.—On a New Long-headed Dipnoan Fish from the Upper Devonian of Scaumenac Bay, P.Q., Canada
Authors: Graham-Smith W. , Westoll T. S.
Published: January 2013

The well-known deposits of early Upper Devonian age at Scaumenac Bay, P.Q., Canada, have yielded numerous specimens of the rather primitive Dipnoan which is now known asScaumenacia curta(Whiteaves). During the summer of 1984 one of the authors (W. G.-S.) obtained at this locality three specimens of a very distinct new Dipnoan, characterised by an elongated head and other features. Three other specimens of this new form [No. P. 6785 in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), the anal fin-skeleton of which was figured by Woodward (1893, p. 241) under the nameScaumenacia curta(Whiteaves), and two in the Royal Scottish Museum] were subsequently recognised in museum collections, but the present account is based entirely on the three specimens mentioned above. From these it has been possible to describe almost the whole skeleton, except the endocranium, and to compare it, in some detail, with those of other primitive Dipnoi; in this comparison we have used the results of work by Porster-Cooper (1937) onDipterusand by one of the present authors (T. S. W., nearing completion) on certain primitive Dipnoi.
XII.—The Blind Seed Disease of Rye-Grass and its Causal Fungus
Authors: Wilson Malcolm , Noble Mary , Gray Elizabeth G.
Published: January 2013

The presence of a fungus on grains of perennial rye-grass which failed to germinate was recorded in New Zealand by Hyde in 1932. In 1938 the same fungus was associated by Hyde with exceptionally low germination in Italian rye-grass and, later that year (Hyde, 1938 a), the poor germinating capacity was ascribed to infection by Pullularia. Seed of the Scottish harvest of 1938 showed the signs of infection by Pullularia described in Hyde's papers (Noble, 1939), and cultures obtained from mycelium within infected seed, sterilised on the surface, were identified as Pullularia pullulans (De Bary) Berk.
XIV.—The Kalsilite-bearing Lavas of Kabirenge and Lyakauli, South-West Uganda
Authors: Combe A. D. , Holmes Arthur
Published: January 2013

The Western or Toro-Ankole volcanic province of Uganda consists of several areas of tuffs, explosion craters, and rare lava flows situated to the east and south-east of Ruwenzori (text-fig. 1). From north to south these volcanic fields are distinguished under the names (a) Rusekere; (b) Fort Portal; (c) Ndale, formerly known as the “Kyatwa area”; (d) Katwe-Kikorongo; (e) Bunyaruguru, formerly known as the “Kichwamba area”; and (f) Katunga. The Bunyaruguru field extends southwards from Lake George in and adjacent to the north-eastern portion of the Lake Edward section of the western rift. The Kabirenge and Lyakauli lavas (text-fig. 2) occur on the eastern edge of the rift depression immediately north-west of Nyondo crater (E. 30° 04′ 25″; S. 0° 14′ 30″). As a group, they constitute one of the four lava occurrences now known in Bunyaruguru, the other three being those of Chamengo, Mafuru, and Kazimiro (text-fig. 2). Otherwise, lava occurs only as fragments and lumps in the tuffs and as bombs and ejected blocks. The Kabirenge-Lyakauli lavas are also of special interest because, as described later by Professor Holmes, they consist of various members of the mafurite series, characterised by the presence of the recently discovered mineral kalsilite, a polymorph of KAlSiO4.
XV.—The Paired Fins of Placoderms
Authors: Westoll T. S.
Published: January 2013

Within the last twenty years our knowledge of the structure and distribution of the armoured Placodermi (including Arthrodira, Ptyctodonta, Phyllolepida, Macropetalichthyida, Rhenanida, and Antiarcha) has increased tremendously. The writer is engaged on a morphogenetic analysis of the group, early publication of which is uncertain. A recent paper by Gross (1941) deals among other matters with the nature of the Antiarch pectoral limbs, and since my own conclusions partly support and partly oppose his very interesting hypothesis, it seems desirable to discuss separately the nature and possible evolution and morphogenesis of these unique vertebrate appendages. To do so it is necessary to review the paired limbs of other placoderms and of Acanthodii, with special reference to their functional significance.
XII.–On some Points in the Structure of Tubifex
Authors: M'Intosh W. C.
Published: January 2013

At least two species of Tubifex are abundant in Scotland, one of which is, perhaps, more prevalent in streams, the other in lakes. The former is common at the margin of the river Tay, when the water is low, in sandy tubes of little tenacity, and often in tunnels formed amongst the wet sand under stones, just as many of the marine annelids occur. Its length varies from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a-half when stretched, and the segments range from fifty to seventy, the average number probably being sixty. The body is of various shades of dull fawn or pale madder-brown, somewhat interrupted by the pale bands at the junctions of the segments, and streaked by the reddish dorsal vessel; or, in summer, marked anteriorly by the whitish mass of the reproductive organs. It is easily recognised amongst its fellows by its faintly purplish or lilac hue, as well as by its peculiar mode of progression; and not a few are observed with reproducing heads and tails. This form, perhaps, has most claim to be called Tubifex rivulorum.
XV.—On the Physiology of Wings, being an Analysis of the Movements by which Flight is produced in the Insect, Bat, and Bird
Authors: Pettigrew James Bell
Published: January 2013

In order to determine with exactitude the movements made by the wings in flight, and the part which the air plays in modifying them, I was induced several years ago to collect a large number of facts, and to undertake an extensive series of experiments with natural and artificial wings. My observations and experiments, I may remark, were not wholly confined to flight. On the contrary, I traced the analogy between flying, swimming, and walking; a circumstance which compelled me to pay particular attention to the size, shape, and movements, not only of wings, but also of the travelling surfaces of quadrupeds, amphibia, and fishes. By adopting this method, I obtained suggestions which have proved of the utmost importance to me in my attempts at elucidating the very intricate problem of flight.
XXI.—Strophanthus hispidus: its Natural History, Chemistry, and Pharmacology
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: January 2013

The preliminary notices published by me in 1870 and 1872, on the action and chemistry of Strophanthus, indicated that it was likely to prove of value as a therapeutic agent; and so early as the year 1874, I had applied the substance in a few cases to the treatment of disease. Before sufficient data, however, had been obtained to justify any conclusions regarding its value as a therapeutic agent, the observations were interrupted by my leaving Edinburgh to occupy a public office in England, in connection with which it was impossible to conduct observations on the treatment of disease. In 1879, opportunities were again afforded to resume the interrupted observations, and results confirmatory of the anticipations which had been raised by the earlier physiological observations were gradually collected. The publication of a few of these results at the Cardiff meeting of the British Medical Association in 1885 has led to Strophanthus gaining a wide recognition as an important therapeutic agent, and to the production of numerous papers dealing with its botany, chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutics, not only in this country, but also in the continent of Europe and in America.
XIV.—A Contribution to the Petrography of Benguella, based on a Rock Collection made by Professor J. W. Gregory
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

Very little is known of the petrography of the Portuguese West African colony of Angola, and of its three provinces that of Benguella is probably least well known in this respect. Granites, gneisses, schists, limestones, and red sandstones have been recognised by the earlier observers of the geology of the region, and detailed descriptions of rocks from Angola, and especially of its northern province, Loanda, have been given by Berg and Holmes. From Benguella itself J. P. Gomes has described the collection of R. P. Leconte, wich contained granites, amphibolite, adinole with epidote veins, various schists, quartzites, diabase-porphyrite, and basic eruptives. Senhor J. P. De Nasciamento in 1912 recorded granite, diorite, basalt, and quartzite on the Benguella plateau.
XXIII.—A Revision of the British Idoteidæ, a Family of Marine Isopoda.
Authors: Collinge Walter E.
Published: January 2013

Many of the earlier accounts of the group of Crustacea, known as Isopoda, suffer from want of more detailed diagnoses and figures. To some extent this has been remedied during recent years by the authors of different monographs, but there are still many families which remain somewhat obscure, or only partially understood, owing to the above-mentioned cause. Such a family is the Idoteidæ.

In the present communication I propose to revise the diagnoses of the British genera and species, to set forth in greater detail than has hitherto been done their structure, illustrating the same, and to discuss the classification and affinities of the family as a whole.
XXIV.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire Part I. Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, Kidston and Lang
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

The chert of the Muir of Rhynie, containing plant-remains, was discovered by Dr W. Mackie of Elgin while investigating the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Craigbeg and Ord Hill which occur in that area. The original discovery was made on loose specimens, built into the dykes or scattered over the fields, especially those lying to the north of the road which runs from Rhynie to Cabrach, and east and west of the right-of-way that here connects Windyfield Farm with the public road.
XXV.—The Prothallus of Tmesipteris Tannensis
Authors: Lawson A. Anstruther
Published: January 2013

The Psilotaceæ constitute one of the most interesting of existing Pteridophyte groups. This interest is mainly due to their phylogenetic isolation. They are perhaps the most isolated of existing types—showing no close affinity to other Pteridophytes. They are very highly specialised in their anatomy, habit, and habitat, and limited to a comparatively narrow geographical distribution. They include two probably monotypic genera—Tmesipteris and Psilotum—which are closely related. Although both genera are limited to the tropics and sub-tropics, Psilotum has a much wider distribution than Tmesipteris. The latter is confined to the South Sea Islands, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Polynesia. Up till recent years they have been classed with the Lycopodiales, but this has been more a matter of convenience than an indication of close relationship, and has only served as a temporary classification until more knowledge has been obtained regarding them. The peculiar nature of these plants, as shown in their structure and in their habitat, suggests that they are highly specialised remnants of a much larger group which has practically become extinct. Recent inquiry into the structure of the sporophyte of both plants has made this much more than a suggestion. As a result of the careful investigations of Scott (1908), Boodle (1904), Bower (1894-1908), Ford (1904), and others, there has been a marked tendency to remove the Psilotaceæ from their temporary position among the Lycopodiales and associate them with the extinct Sphenophyllales. Scott (p. 631) states that it seems best to regard the Psilotaceæ as forming a class of their own, the Psilotales, under the main division Sphenopsida—their closest affinity under this class being the Sphenophyllales. This probable affinity of the Psilotaceæ to such an ancient and long extinct race as the Sphenophylls, and the great uncertainty of their relationship to other existing types, have awakened a great interest in these two specialised and isolated genera. When, in addition to this, we consider that the Psilotaceæ is the only group of Pteridophytes in which the gametophyte generation and embryo are not yet definitely known, our interest in these plants becomes twofold, and any new information throwing additional light on their life-histories will be welcomed.
XVII.—The Actinopterygian Fishes from the Lower Carboniferous of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Dumfriesshire
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A. , Dyne M. Bradley
Published: January 2013

Nearly sixty years ago fossil fishes were first discovered at Glencartholm, since when so much material has been collected from this locality that very few museums in the British Isles are without some representative of this remarkable fauna; remarkable both for the number of specimens collected and for the variety of forms it contains. One of us (J. A. M.-T.) became interested in this fauna while studying some of its more problematical members, and spent a few weeks collecting at Glencartholm during the summers of 1933, 1934, 1935 and 1936. During these visits a large quantity of new material was amassed which, when studied by modern methods with a low-powered binocular microscope under liquids, particularly xylol, revealed far more of the anatomy than it had been possible for earlier workers to describe. Some of these results have already been published and the present paper deals only with the Actinopterygians. The new descriptions in this work are not intended to be exhaustive accounts of all that is known of these fishes, but merely to serve as a supplement and summary to the excellent descriptions of Traquair. In so doing an attempt has been made to re-define all the genera and species, and in some cases it has been necessary to repeat the existing description, but where this has been done care has been taken to be as brief as possible. The definitions of the genera are only intended to apply to the species here described, and are consequently confined to characters which are determinable in these species. In certain cases species have been found to exist on brief and inadequate descriptions, in two species the type specimens being unfigured; in these cases the types have been figured, and new and more complete accounts given. Where the shape or ornament of a bone was indeterminable, it has been omitted without comment, in order to make the text as short as possible.
I.—On the Developmental Processes in Mammary Glands and other Epidermal Structures
Authors: Balinsky B. I.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

The early development of the mammary glands and of hair follicles in the mouse and the rabbit has been investigated by means of mitotic counts, by histochemical methods and by cultivationin vitro. In the first stage of the formation of both types of rudiment a thickening of the epidermis appears as a consequence of an aggregation of cells, not of a local elevation of the mitotic rate. During this stage alkaline phosphatase is absent from the cells and the content of ribose-nucleic acid reduced. Both these substances appear in higher concentrations later, and their relation to processes of growth and differentiation is discussed. Essentially similar phenomena are found in rudiments cultivatedin vitro, which, however, frequently suffer a degeneration by a process of keratinisation.
II.—The Stratigraphy and Palæontology of the Jurassic Rocks of Eathie (Cromarty)
Authors: Waterston Charles D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

The stratigraphical succession of the Jurassic rocks of Eathie (Cromarty) is described and a list of the fossils collected by the writer from the Kimmeridgian beds given. The fauna, which is of mixed Boreal and Mediterranean affinity, shows that the strata belong to the three basal Eo-Kimmeridgian ammonite zones proposed by Spath. The occurrence of an abundant microfauna is recorded and the palæontology of the varied molluscan forms is discussed. Three new lamellibranch species are described. A short account of the Upper Oxfordian beds which outcrop at Bow Buoy Skerry, 1 mile south of Eathie, is given.