bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rationalizing general limitations in assessing and comparing methods for compound potency prediction
Authors: Janela Tiago , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: October 2023

Compound potency predictions play a major role in computational drug discovery. Predictive methods are typically evaluated and compared in benchmark calculations that are widely applied. Previous studies have revealed intrinsic limitations of potency prediction benchmarks including very similar performance of increasingly complex machine learning methods and simple controls and narrow error margins separating machine learning from randomized predictions. However, origins of these limitations are currently unknown. We have carried out an in-depth analysis of potential reasons leading to artificial outcomes of potency predictions using different methods. Potency predictions on activity classes typically used in benchmark settings were found to be determined by compounds with intermediate potency close to median values of the compound data sets. The potency of these compounds was consistently predicted with high accuracy, without the need for learning, which dominated the results of benchmark calculations, regardless of the activity classes used. Taken together, our findings provide a clear rationale for general limitations of compound potency benchmark predictions and a basis for the design of alternative test systems for methodological comparisons.
Mortality and toxicity of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin in Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles
Authors: Macagnan Natani , Rutkoski Camila Fatima , Folador Alexandre , Skovronski Vrandrieli Jucieli , Müller Caroline , Hartmann Paulo Afonso , Hartmann Marilia
Published: October 2023

This study evaluated the lethal, sublethal, and toxic of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin in the anuran species Physalaemus gracilis. In the acute test, concentrations of 100–800 μg L−1 were tested over 96 h. In the chronic test, cypermethrin concentrations recorded in nature (1, 3, 6, and 20 μg L−1) were tested for mortality and then used for the micronucleus test and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities over a 7-days period. The LC50 determined for P. gracilis for the commercial cypermethrin formulation was 273.41 μg L−1. In the chronic test, a mortality of more than 50% was observed at the highest concentration (20 μg L−1), as it caused half of the tadpoles studied to die. The micronucleus test showed significant results at concentrations of 6 and 20 μg L−1 and recorded the presence of several nuclear abnormalities, indicating the genotoxic potential of the commercial cypermethrin formulation for P. gracilis. Cypermethrin presented a high risk to the species, indicating that it has the potential to cause several problems in the short and long term and to affect the dynamics of this ecosystem. Therefore, it can be concluded that the commercial formulation of cypermethrin had toxicological effects on P. gracilis.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of milkvetch-derived biochar via ZnO–Ce nanoparticle decoration for reactive blue 19 dye removal
Authors: Jahani Fatemeh , Maleki Basir , Mansouri Mohsen , Noorimotlagh Zahra , Mirzaee Seyyed Abbas
Published: October 2023

In this research, the photocatalytic removal of reactive blue 19 (RB19) dye is investigated employing zinc oxide/cerium (ZnO@Ce) nanoparticles decorated with biochar under LED irradiation. Synthesis of ZnO@Ce nanoparticles decorated with biochar was performed utilizing the co-precipitation procedure and, then, the texture and morphology of the fabricated nanocomposite were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. Moreover, FE-SEM images demonstrate that ZnO–Ce nanoparticles were successfully decorated on the surface of biochar. The specific surface areas of biochar and biochar/ZnO–Ce were 519.75 and 636.52 m2/g, respectively. To achieve the maximum yield in the removal of RB19 dye, the effects of operating variables including dye concentration, LED lamp power, biochar@ZnO–Ce catalyst dose, pH and H2O2 dose were explored. Besides, the maximum percentage of RB19 dye removal was 96.47% under optimal conditions, i.e. catalyst dosage of 100 mg, H2O2 dosage of 1 mL, pH of 9, initial dye concentration of 5 ppm, LED power of 50 W, and reaction time of 140 min. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis reveals that the removal of RB19 dye follows the pseudo-first order kinetic model, with calculated values of a reaction rate constant of 0.045 min−1 and a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99, respectively. Moreover, the reusability and recyclability of biochar@ZnO/Ce nanocatalyst was promising over five runs, with only a 6.08% decrease in RB19 dye removal efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that the biochar @ZnO/Ce photocatalyst can be promisingly applied for the removal of azo dyes in aqueous solutions.
Lighting-environment-adjustable block-type 3D indoor PV for wireless sensor communication
Authors: Sim Yeon Hyang , Hwang Jung-Hyun , Yun Min Ju , Lee Kyoungho , Lee Dong Yoon , Cha Seung I.
Published: October 2023

Demand is increasing for photovoltaics (PVs) as a result of the development of the Internet of Things and edge computing technologies. As the lighting environment is different for the applications, thus, PVs must be adjustable to various light environments in which systems are installed. PVs should therefore be capable of easily changing their morphology without damaging the cells. To address this problem, in this work, a three-dimensional (3D) structure that increases power output under omnidirectional light was applied to a crystalline silicon solar cell array using a block-type method. The resultant block-type 3D indoor PV could operate a Bluetooth low-energy module in conjunction with a power management integrated circuit when the illuminance was 532 lx and 1620 lx and each PV installation area was 129.9cm2 and 32.48 cm2 respectively.
Body size awareness matters when dogs decide whether to detour an obstacle or opt for a shortcut
Authors: Pongrácz Péter , Dobos Petra , Faragó Tamás , Kubinyi Enikő , Lenkei Rita
Published: October 2023

Body-awareness is one of the fundamental modules of self-representation. We investigated how body-awareness could contribute to dogs' decision making in a novel spatial problem where multiple solutions are possible. Family dogs (N = 68) had to obtain a treat from behind a transparent fence. They had two options: either detour around the fence (7 m), or take a shortcut through a doorway (2 m). We had three conditions: small door open, large door open, and doors closed. Our results indicated that dogs assess the size of the doorway, and if they find it too small, they decide to detour instead, while in the case of the open large door, they rather opted for the shortcut without hesitation. Shorter headed dogs tended to choose open doors more often, while longer headed dogs rather chose detours, probably because of their better peripheral vision. While body size awareness did not manifest differently in dogs with short or long heads, we showed for the first time a connection between head shape and physical cognition in dogs. We showed that dogs rely on their body-awareness in a naturalistic setting where multiple solutions exist simultaneously. Dogs make decisions without lengthy trial-and-error learning and choose between options based on their body-awareness.
Electrolyte design for lithium-ion batteries with a cobalt-free cathode and silicon oxide anode
Authors: Ko Seongjae , Han Xiao , Shimada Tatau , Takenaka Norio , Yamada Yuki , Yamada Atsuo
Published: October 2023

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to power electric vehicles play an increasingly important role in the transition to a carbon neutral transportation system. However, at present the chemistry of LIBs requires, among other elements, cobalt (Co), which will probably become scarce over time in addition to posing supply chain risks related to its single source, human rights and mining practices. To address this problem, we construct a LIB pairing a Co-free cathode with a silicon suboxide (SiOx) anode that possesses a high cut-off voltage of 4.9 V and sustains unprecedented 1,000 cycles. Underlying this favourable electrode combination is a rational electrolyte design based on 3.4 M LiFSI/FEMC featuring a shifted potential, which serves to aid formation of robust passivation layers on the anode and promote electrolyte stability against both reductive and oxidative degradations. Our electrolyte formulation offers a pathway towards both sustainable and high-performing LIBs, while the concept could be applied to other electrochemical energy technologies.
Electrostatic induction promotes photocatalytic contaminant mineralization in saline wastewater
Authors: Gao Shugong , Ge Tingyun , Li Bo , Chen Jiazang
Published: October 2023

Electronic doping can strengthen electrostatic interaction to aggregate contaminants and induce the hydrolysis of hydrated cations which synergistically facilitates photocatalytic mineralization.
Molecular simulation of the rheological properties and shear thinning principles of supramolecular drilling fluids at different burial depths
Authors: Li Yunjie , Li Qian , Yang Xiangyan , Ning Mei
Published: October 2023

The rheological properties and shear thinning principles of supramolecular drilling fluids were investigated. Salt-responsive supramolecular ionomer polymers with different components were designed and a supramolecular polymer drilling fluid system model was constructed.
Highly effective ashless and non-corrosive dimercaptobenzothiadiazole as multifunctional lubricant additives in naphthenic base oil
Authors: Ong Chiu Ling , Lai Yew Chong , Heidelberg Thorsten , Tang Wai Kit , Lee Vannajan Sanghiran , Khaligh Nader Ghaffari , Juan Joon Ching
Published: October 2023

An ashless and non-corrosive bis-2,5-benzylsulfanyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazole shows excellent extreme pressure and anti-wear performance. This is due to the formation of FeS, Fe2O3, and Fe⋯N coordinate bonds, which contribute to the creation of an excellent tribofilm.
Output feedback stochastic MPC for tracking control of quadrotors with disturbances
Authors: Xue Ruochen , Dai Li , Wang Peizhan , Sun Zhongqi , Xia Yuanqing
Published: October 2023

In this paper, the trajectory tracking problem of controlling a constrained quadrotor with unmeasurable system states in an environment with stochastic wind‐gust disturbance is considered. The mathematical model of the quadrotor is divided into the translational system and the rotational system, while only the measurement output of the quadrotor can be accessed. A new output‐based control method is developed for solving this problem. In the translational control system, an output feedback stochastic model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is proposed to generate the optimal control sequence with less conservativeness, by taking into account the information on the distribution of the disturbances and the uncertainty resulting from the attitude tracking error. The closed‐loop probabilistic constraints satisfaction, the recursive feasibility and the stability of the algorithm are further proved. In the rotational system, the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method to estimate and compensate for external disturbances is leveraged and robust control for attitude tracking is accomplished. The convergence of the disturbance estimator and the stability proof are provided. Finally, the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified by an illustrative example.
A review of intelligent ship marine object detection based on RGB camera
Authors: Yang Defu , Solihin Mahmud Iwan , Zhao Yawen , Yao Benchun , Chen Chaoran , Cai Bingyu , Machmudah Affiani
Published: October 2023

The article presents a comprehensive summary of Intelligent Ship Marine Object Detection (ISMOD) based on the RGB Camera. Marine object detection plays a pivotal role in enabling intelligent ships to acquire crucial data and security assurances for autonomous navigation. Among the various detection sensors, the RGB Camera is an informative and cost‐effective tool with a wide range of civil applications. In the beginning, the ISMOD metrics based on the RGB camera is analyzed from three significant aspects, namely accuracy, speed, and robustness. Subsequently, the latest research status and comparative overview are presented, encompassing three mainstream detection methods: traditional detection, deep learning detection, and sensor fusion detection. Finally, the existing challenges of ISMOD are discussed and future development trends are recommended. The results demonstrate that forthcoming development will predominantly concentrate on deep learning approaches, complemented by other techniques. It is imperative to advance detection performance in domains such as deep fusion, multi‐feature extraction, multi‐fusion technology, and lightweight detection architecture.
A Lethal Late Complication: Aortoesophageal Fistula after TEVAR
Authors: Karaca Sedat , Yalic İslam , Bulut Barkın , Engin Yaprak , Posacıoğlu Hakan
Published: October 2023

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been performed in the treatment of thoracic aortic disease since the mid-1990s. Complications associated with TEVAR are increasing rapidly due to its widespread use. One of these complications is late lethal aortoesophageal fistula (AEF). The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis of AEF in a 64-year-old woman 8 months after TEVAR. The AEF was diagnosed on a computed tomography angiography with oral and intravenous contrast. The patient underwent open surgical repair and died of sepsis 12 days after surgery.
Contributions of young people in dialogue with scientific evidence on sexual consent
Authors: Duque Elena , Cañaveras Paula , Racionero-Plaza Sandra , Ortuño Blas
Published: October 2023

Scientific research increasingly underlines the importance of a community science focus in research. It explains the importance of engaging young people in scientific research and the consequences of this in improving science. However, there is less literature addressing how this dialogue with scientific evidence also influences research participants’ empowerment in seeking concrete solutions and even proposing and/or transforming current interactions they have in different environments. This research aims to shed light on the theory and methodology procedure that enables young people aged 18–25 to be engaged in a scientific dialogue on sexual consent that challenges their own realities. In the framework of the CONSENT project (PID2019-110466RB-I00), a questionnaire script was co-created by the researchers, young people, and the project advisory committee, and later 50 daily life stories and 7 focus groups were conducted. Results show how, as the dialogue and access to scientific evidence progressed, ideas that influence the concrete understanding of consent arise, which is a previous requirement to promote spaces free of coercion and favour their freedom and that of the people with whom they relate. The implications of these results are twofold; on the one hand, the results generate a social impact on the lives of these young people and the people they meet, while on the other hand, their participation implies improved information that should be incorporated into sexual consent awareness campaigns.
On the generalised Springer correspondence for groups of type 𝐸₈
Authors: Hetz Jonas
Published: October 2023

We complete the determination of the generalised Springer correspondence for connected reductive algebraic groups, by proving a conjecture of Lusztig on the last open cases which occur for groups of type

E
8

E_8

.
Can natural preservatives serve as a new line of protective technology against bacterial pathogens in meat and meat products?
Authors: Cheng Changyong , Jiang Lingli , Li Xiaoliang , Song Houhui , Fang Weihuan
Published: October 2023

Contamination of meats and meat products by pathogenic microorganisms is responsible for a significant percentage of outbreaks of foodborne illness. There are also concerns over the carcinogenic potential of dietary nitrate and nitrite in processed meat products. The past few decades have seen an extensive search for novel technologies alternative to synthetic chemical preservatives to reduce the level of contamination of foods by pathogenic and spoilage microbes. This review provides a general overview of natural preservatives with potential applications in the meat industry, including phages and their endolysins, bacteriocins, microbial lipopeptides, antimicrobial peptides of plant or insect origin, and essential oils or extracts of plant origins. Instead of providing summary data from the published literature, we attempt to elaborate the challenges facing the development of novel natural preservatives as antimicrobial hurdles, taking into consideration the sharp contrast between extensive studies in this particular field and very limited industrial use. More specifically, we emphasize the great importance of having streamlined approaches and methodological guidelines in the research and development of natural preservatives so that the journey to their industrial use for safer meats and meat products could be shortened or made easier.
Altering river flow impacts estuarine species and catches: lessons from giant mud crabs
Authors: Blamey Laura K , Plagányi Éva E , Robins Julie , Kenyon Rob , Deng Roy A , Hughes Justin , Kim Shaun
Published: October 2023

Anthropogenic alterations to river flow could have repercussions for flow-dependent species downstream but few studies account for these dynamic relationships or quantify impacts of altered river flow. Scylla serrata—a widely distributed portunid crab—was used as an example of a flow-dependent species to model impacts of altered flow on species abundance and catch. Crab population dynamics were modelled across a large semi-enclosed tropical sea in northern Australia. Environmental drivers, primarily river flow, but also temperature and the Southern Oscillation Index were linked to crab dynamics to explain variability in historical catches. Catch and abundance could then be predicted under altered flow scenarios. River flow significantly improved the ability to explain historical catches for some regions but not all, and the strength of this relationship varied across catchments. Altered flows had negligible effects for perennial rivers but for ephemeral and temporally variable rivers, predicted decreases in abundance and catch ranged from 36 to 46% on average. Our modelling approach showcases a way to dynamically and rigorously quantify impacts of altered river flow on a key species with potential to help inform natural resource management, including policy decisions on the timing, quantity, and method of water removed from rivers.
“Be Creative, Be Friends and Share Cultural Experiences”: Genre, Politics, and Fun at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Authors: Jay Zoë
Published: October 2023

This article examines children’s political agency in the context of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. The Eurovision Song Contest is widely recognized as a political arena—a space for nation branding and soft diplomacy, narratives of European musical and democratic harmony, and protests over global political events. But despite filling similar roles to their adult counterparts, the young performers’ age and the organizers’ emphasis on ensuring the event is safe and fun mean these dynamics are frequently downplayed or overlooked at Junior Eurovision, with significant consequences for how we understand children’s political and politicized roles in international cultural spaces. I work with Lauren Berlant’s concepts of genre and the juxtapolitical to argue that recognition of children’s political—as opposed to artistic—agency by adults is tempered by both the format of Eurovision as entertainment and by broader conceptions apparent in international discourses of children as apolitical innocents. I suggest that while each of these genres can work separately to quiet the political dimensions of events, issues, and identities, it is Junior Eurovision’s double-edged status as a spectacular musical event and one starring and aimed at children that keeps the young performers from being recognized as having political identities and agency twice over.
Use of Pantoea agglomerans ASB05 as a biocontrol agent to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica on intact cantaloupe melons
Authors: Lee Sang In , Tran Thao D , Hnasko Robert , McGarvey Jeffery A
Published: October 2023

Aims

To identify biocontrol agents to prevent the growth of Salmonella enterica on cantaloupe melons during the pre- and postharvest periods.

Methods and Results

We created a produce-associated bacterial library containing 8736 isolates and screened it using an in-vitro fluorescence inhibition assay to identify bacteria that inhibit the growth of S. enterica. One isolate, Pantoea agglomerans ASB05, was able to grow, persist, and inhibit the growth of S. enterica on intact cantaloupe melons under simulated pre- and postharvest conditions. We also demonstrated that the growth inhibition of S. enterica by P. agglomerans ASB05 was due to the production of a phenazine type antibiotic.

Conclusions

Pantoea agglomerans ASB05 is an effective biocontrol agent for the prevention of S. enterica growth on intact cantaloupe melons in both the pre- and postharvest environments.
Imprints of dark matter–massive neutrino interaction in upcoming post-reionization and galaxy surveys
Authors: Dey Antara , Paul Arnab , Pal Supratik
Published: October 2023

We explore possible signatures of the interaction between dark matter (DM) and massive neutrinos during the post-reionization epoch. Using both Fisher matrix forecast analysis and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, we conduct a thorough investigation of the constraints and imprints of the scenario on the upcoming post-reionization and galaxy surveys. Our investigation focuses on two key parameters: the strength of the DM–massive neutrino interaction (u) and the total neutrino mass (Mtot), on top of the usual six cosmological parameters. We utilize future 21-cm intensity mapping, galaxy clustering, and cosmic shear observations in order to investigate the possible constraints of these parameters in the future observations: Square Kilometre Array (SKA1 and SKA2) and Euclid, taking both conservative and realistic approaches. All these missions show promise in constraining both the parameters u and Mtot by few orders compared to the current constraints from Planck18 (SKA2 performing the best among them). Although we do not find much improvement in H0 and σ8 tensions from our forecast analysis, SKA2 constrains them better in conservative approach. We further perform a brief investigation of the prospects of some of the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) missions in combinations with large-scale structure experiments in improving the constraints. Our analysis reveals that both SKA2 and CMB-S4 (Cosmic Microwave Background Stage-4) + Euclid + SKA1 IM2 (Square Kilometre Array1 Intensity Mapping Band2) combination will put the strongest bounds on the model parameters.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Pamela , Shoemaker Robert , Shore Heather
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to the work. It opens with three historical cases which demonstrate crime victims’ changing experiences of, and engagement with, the process of criminal justice between the late seventeenth and late twentieth centuries. It outlines existing research on the history of victims and the development of the field of victimology. It discusses the concept of ‘access to justice’ and how this book will approach it from a historical perspective. It then moves on to outline the methodology and key datasets used in the study. It provides an overview of general patterns of prosecution over time and finishes by summarizing the aims and structure of the book.
Hidden Victims
Authors: Cox Pamela , Shoemaker Robert , Shore Heather
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the many victims whose complaints did not reach court or who were unwilling or unable to fully engage with the criminal justice system of the day. It offers an overview of victims’ traditional obligations to prosecute, outlines the numerous disincentives to doing so, profiles the types of victims who were least likely to engage with the judicial process (notably victims of sexual offences), and describes some of the alternative tactics available to them. Those who chose to prosecute, but whose cases did not make it to trial, and thus whose identity as ‘victims’ was rejected, are also considered. While all these victims are not the focus of this study, their absence from the courts provides vital context, explaining the state’s substantial efforts over time to reduce those disincentives and ensure that more crimes were prosecuted, efforts which led to significant redefinitions of the role and entitlements of the victim.
From Prosecutors to Victims
Authors: Cox Pamela , Shoemaker Robert , Shore Heather
Published: October 2023

This chapter documents changes to the role of complainants in the criminal justice system as they evolved from ‘prosecutors’ to ‘victims’, and it considers how these changes affected victims’ access to justice over time. From the late seventeenth century, the state sought to incentivize victims to initiate more prosecutions. These incentives, which took various forms, encouraged more prosecutions, but at the price of sidelining complainants’ role in the prosecution process. Initially the state offered rewards for convictions, and then reimbursed the costs of prosecution and introduced allowances for time and trouble. These facilitated the growing role of prosecuting counsel and policing agents, who became ubiquitous in nineteenth-century trials. Further legislation which reformed punishments, established wider definitions of offences, and authorized the growing use of summary jurisdiction, substantially affected victims. The chapter shows how early modern English conceptualizations of victims as actors with legal obligations to prosecute endured even as nineteenth-century interventions by the state and voluntary organizations tended to marginalize them. From the eighteenth century, and accelerating in the nineteenth century, professionals assumed a greater role in the criminal justice system, ostensibly supporting the victims’ interests but simultaneously sidelining them as direct participants. The chapter ends by outlining post-Second-World-War efforts to support victims outside the criminal justice system, which completed the process of transforming victims into marginal figures in the courtroom.
Public Prosecution
Authors: Cox Pamela , Shoemaker Robert , Shore Heather
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the complex and uneven rise of public prosecution, exploring how it developed on the ground through police and court practice, how it was framed in public political debate, and the compromises which eventually led to the creation of the Director of Public Prosecutions in 1879 and the Crown Prosecution Service in 1986. It considers early forms of state prosecutions (for a limited range of offences) and prosecutions by agents of the crown such as the Mint, the Bank of England, and the Post Office. These formed the foundations of later developments, notably the locally initiated growth of police prosecution from the late eighteenth century, and the eventual, but initially limited, acceptance of state-managed prosecutions in 1879. From the mid-nineteenth century to the late-twentieth century, a significant proportion of prosecutions for serious crime, and the investigations that preceded them, were funded by the government and managed by the police and their solicitors and barristers. Through this incremental process, England eventually acquired a system of public prosecution. This had the not necessarily intended consequence of sidelining victims.
Post-war Victims and the Pains of Prosecution
Authors: Cox Pamela , Shoemaker Robert , Shore Heather
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides a new historical reading of the emergence of calls for victims’ rights after the Second World War. It sets these in the context of the displacing of the victim in prosecution practice documented in the preceding chapters. It focuses on post-war Old Bailey trials relating to domestic violence, sexual offences, and what would become recognized as homophobic hate and racially aggravated offences, exploring representations of the victims involved, the development of campaigns aiming to support them, and the state’s response to these. It suggests that the victims of these offences experienced what we have termed particular ‘pains of prosecution’. The chapter offers a new historical reading of the emergence of ‘victim support’ as a concept and as a set of cultural practices.
Introduction
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: October 2023

Much of our knowledge of festivals from the ancient world comes from material culture, especially inscriptions, which detail the running of festivals, or the victories achieved by individual performers. Civic coinage and architectural decoration also sometimes advertised festivals and religious traditions, while festival activities were framed by the spaces and periods in which they took place. This introduction sets out the ways in which such material has been studied in recent years, drawing attention to scholarship on the epigraphic habit, the materiality of art and text, and the spatial turn. It sets out the wider frameworks within which the individual chapters are set, asserting the importance of considering individual pieces of material evidence as the result of deliberate choices of what to record, and where and how to record it. It also indicates the social frameworks within which civic festivals proceeded, outlining the important roles played by emperors, elites, and cities.
Greek Festival Culture and ‘Political’ Games at Nikaia in Bithynia
Authors: Calomino Dario
Published: October 2023

The political life of Nikaia under the Roman empire has been traditionally seen as a reflection of its long-standing rivalry with Nikomedia, the other major Bithynian centre and the provincial metropolis, as per Louis Robert’s memorable comparison between each city’s enumeration of honorific titles on inscriptions and coins. However, a more in-depth analysis of the coinages of Nikaia and Nikomedia at the pinnacle of their reciprocal opposition—between the mid-second century ad and the Severan age, shows that they were adopting different political strategies. The message conveyed through Nikaian coinage, which was much larger and more varied than that of its rival, laid greater emphasis on the glorification of the imperial family, probably to compensate for being disallowed to host a neokoros temple after the city had sided with Pescennius Niger in the conflict against Septimius Severus. This contribution outlines the political message delivered by the Nikaian coinage from the reign of Commodus to that of Gallienus, with a special focus on the use of festivals honouring the imperial family to demonstrate loyalty and enhance the community’s provincial rank. It will look particularly at the special relation of Nikaia with the Severan family and the visual language adopted on its coinage to link the civic festivals and games to the worship of the Severan emperors.
Writing Against Expulsion in the Post-War World
Authors: Herd David
Published: October 2023

Writing Against Expulsion in the Post-War World: Making Space for the Human addresses the current drive towards a politics of expulsion by considering a moment when the realities of expulsion were actively understood and contested. The contemporary starting point is the rapidly escalating use of detention as a response to human movement and the global production of geopolitical non-personhood in which detention and its proxies results. To understand this emerging condition, the book returns to a post-war discourse in which geopolitical non-personhood was grasped as a new reality and countered across a range of disciplines and settings. Building on Lefebvre’s account of the production of space, the book argues that, in the period following the war, expulsion was understood as a new condition of geopolitical space. The production of such expulsive space was visible in the legacy of the concentration camps, the suspensions of displaced persons camps, the exclusion zones of settler colonial regimes. Drawing on contemporary histories of forced displacement, eye-witness accounts, international legal documents, and a range of emblematic cross-disciplinary texts and authors (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Hannah Arendt, Charles Olson, Frantz Fanon), the argument shows how mid-century writers documented the lived experience of expulsion and asserted forms of thinking and human relation by which expulsion would be prevented. The book details the non-place of expulsion, the languages of recognition through which mid-century writers initiated a response, and the relationalities of moving, making, and speaking through which a space for the human can be made.
The Networked Financier
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

Interviews with experienced financiers in global financial centres reveal the strategic network behaviour which they employ to access social capital. This enhances their performance. Referrals were used to acquire interviewees. This methodology provided access to top financiers in the financial centres of London, Zurich, New York, Hong Kong, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, and Mumbai. Digitally recorded interviews focused on financiers’ network behaviour in corporate and investment banking, hedge funds, private equity, venture capital, fund management, real estate investment, insurance, and private banking. Extensive quotes are mechanisms to explain how financiers behave. Social network theory supplies the lens to interpret that behaviour. Financiers face a dilemma. They need sophisticated knowledge to perform their jobs but accessing that knowledge demands extensive time. This detracts from their performance. Their networks help resolve that dilemma. Financiers use face-to-face interactions in formal and informal meetings to acquire knowledge resources and build relationships. Alumni ties and organizational memberships constitute components of current networks, but financiers disagree about their usefulness. They devise sophisticated network strategies to initiate a contact. Non-face-to-face and face-to-face mechanisms help to build and maintain relationships. In every financial centre and sector, trust is the foundation of relationships. Financiers incorporate advances in telecommunications, changes in the workplace, and reconsideration of approaches to long-distance travel into their network behaviour. Fintech is an adjunct to financiers’ practice. The interviewees play important roles in their respective sectors; therefore, the results reveal the ‘best practices’ of financiers.
Peace in the US Republic of Letters, 1840-1900
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2023

Peace in the US Republic of Letters, 1840–1900 explores the early peace movement as it captured the imagination of leading writers. The book charts the rise of the peace cause from its sources in the works of William Penn and John Woolman, through the founding of the first peace societies in 1815 and the mid-century peace congresses, to the postbellum movement’s consequential emphasis on arbitration. The Civil War is the central axis for the book, with three chapters organized around readings of novels by James Fenimore Cooper, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne spanning the period from 1840 to 1865. Cooper had personal connections to the movement and thought deeply about the issues it addressed. Literary interest in peace at times overlapped with abolitionism, as was true for Stowe. And, in the case of Hawthorne, attention to peace advocacy arose out of a mixture of skepticism regarding perfectionist impulses, a desire to explore the nature and limits of violence, and fear of civil conflict. The second group of chapters explores fiction engaged with problems arising in the aftermath of that war, including novels by Henry Adams and John Hay on political corruption and class conflict; works on the failures of Reconstruction by Albion Tourgée and Charles Chesnutt; and the varied treatments of Indigenous experience in Helen Hunt Jackson’s Ramona and Simon Pokagon’s Queen of the Woods. All of these writers focused on issues related to the cause of peace, expanding its thematic reach and anticipating key insights of twentieth-century peace scholars.
Preachers and Minstrels
Authors: Bennett Alastair
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores Piers Plowman’s critique of corrupt, self-interested preaching through a reading of Study’s complaint in the third vision and the feast of Conscience in the fourth. Study condemns preachers who deliver sermons on esoteric subjects at St Paul’s Cross and encourage an indiscriminate desire for arcane knowledge, comparing them with obscene entertainers, but contrasting them with virtuous minstrels who tells stories from the Bible and encourage charity and penitence; at the feast of Conscience, the dreamer encounters a preacher like this at dinner, but also hears the kind of minstrelsy that can counteract his sermons. Esoteric sermons erode their listeners’ capacity to think in narrative terms, the poem suggests, because they make it hard to distinguish or prioritize among different events, but virtuous minstrelsy encourages these skills, making narrative understanding available again. This chapter also considers the dispute between William Taylor and Richard Alkerton as an example of contentious preaching at St Paul’s Cross.
The Germ of Justice
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter treats the relation between justice and law. One influential argument says that although a law may be ‘substantively’ unjust, ‘formal’ justice requires that it be applied strictly according to its terms. On this basis, H. L. A. Hart says that whenever law is constantly applied, we have ‘the germ of justice’. This chapter rejects Hart’s argument. Following Plato, David Lyons, and John Gardner, it denies that strict rule-following is any kind of justice. But it defends a different connection between law and justice, based not on any consideration of ‘form’ but on two necessary features of every legal system. First, owing to its content, law is always apt for appraisal as just or unjust. Second, in contemporary societies, a legal system supervised by judges is a necessary means to securing justice. There is, then, a necessary connection between law and justice, and one that is compatible with legal positivism.
The Role of a Judge
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

Every legal system has people who fulfil the role of judges. This chapter attempts to clarify the judicial role and its relation to the law. Contrary to a suggestion by Michael Moore, there are many considerations on which it is appropriate for judges to rely when performing their role that are nevertheless not the law. The judicial role includes three families of obligation: obligations to apply the law, to improve the law, and to protect the rule of law and the integrity of its institutions. Judicial creativity can be justified by the second and third of these. There is no reason to promote the myths that judges are to apply the law and only the law, or that everything they have a duty to apply is already the law. The scope of the judicial role is larger than that, and the boundaries of the law are smaller.
Harmless Amusements
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Political fallout in the aftermath of the American Revolutionary War resulted in renewed critical scrutiny of gaming culture. In the endgame and aftermath of the American Revolutionary War, the occasion of an outpouring of public anxiety, gaming became one focus of an attack on elite corruption, obliging that elite to undertake another effort at the comprehensive proscription of gaming, the first in four decades and the last until the Victorian era. This initiative was both aided and undermined by deeper and often first-hand knowledge of the structure of commercial gaming concerns, as well as by the centrality of gaming as a cultural practice among the political elite.
Toward the Victorian Reconfiguration of Gaming, and Afterward
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

The Victorian gaming act outlawed games of chance played for money in public or private, until the licensing of gaming venues became a reality from 1960. In considering the reasons that the sort of comprehensive proscription of gaming proposed in 1782 finally passed in 1845, the obvious answer would seem to be ‘Victorianism’: a wider acceptance of a commercially-oriented values system among the political and cultural elite, with a cult of work replacing a culture of leisure and an ethic of fiscal prudence supplanting an aesthetic of luxury and refinement. This final chapter explores how these changing sensibilities allowed the police to deploy innovative tactics and the judiciary to advance bold re-interpretations to curtail commercial gaming effectively.
“Free of Every Thing which Can Affect Its Purity”
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

This chapter charts how after the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution, the price for cane sugar skyrocketed. In the wake of the surge, a range of concerned northern politicians, amateur economists, and wealthy landholders promoted the “laborless” enterprise of maple sugaring as a countereconomy to cane, one which could divest the U.S. of dangerous connections to revolutionary plantations. The chapter decodes a lengthy maple sugar subplot within the most popular American gothic novel of the nineteenth century, Isaac Mitchell’s The Asylum; or, Alonzo and Melissa (1804/11). Mitchell equates maple sugaring with an idealized American identity by recording how patriots produced such products as “molasses, spirits, and sugar” during the Revolution from corn, carrots, beets, and maple sap. Reading Mitchell alongside a range of other ideologically sympathetic materials, this chapter reveals how the promotion of maple sugaring came to symbolize national economic independence and advanced an explicitly anti-plantocracy political agenda.
Transmitted to America
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers two American novels which unfold in Cape François during 1802. The first, Leonora Sansay’s Secret History; or, The Horrors of St. Domingo (1808), has been the primary touchstone for Americanist attempts to read the impact of Haiti on the early Republic. The second text, the pseudonymously published Zelica, the Creole (1820), reworks Sansay’s earlier novel to gauge how the function of Haiti in the U.S. American imagination shifted across the decade separating the two publications. In this regard, the chapter marks how earlier apprehensions of the socio-political effects of the Haitian Revolution (which fuel Secret History) evolved into more intimate fears (as registered in Zelica) over how it potentially destabilized American whiteness itself. Using Zelica and Secret History as measures of cultural restlessness in the face of an independent Haiti, this chapter argues that unease over Black freedom aggregated across the second decade of the nineteenth century.
Grammatical Universals?
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This chapter extends the analysis of the grammar of Indian English (IndE) in Part I to a comparison with Singapore English (SgE). We explore subtle grammatical differences and similarities between IndE and SgE that arose under distinct historical conditions. The chapter assesses competing accounts of why specific combinations of features developed in these two varieties. The findings reinforce the earlier conclusion that language transfer is the stronger source of change, with almost no evidence for broad universals. The two mechanisms of change proposed are direct substrate transfer, where the substrate (L1) involves overt and obligatory morphology and English offers no direct counterpart, and an indirect role of the substrate when the L1 lacks a form, leading to a reorganization of the grammar and novel “third grammar” systems.
The Role of Input
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This final chapter on the grammars of New Englishes asks a less common question, namely: Why are some syntactic traits more well established in a given dialect than others? The substrate-based account presented so far is powerful when looking at individual features, but it proves to be too powerful when we look across the whole dialect. When we ask why only a subset of these forms has become entrenched over time, the substrate account overpredicts change. This chapter uses contemporary theories of second language acquisition (SLA) to argue that a full account of new dialect formation out of bilingualism must factor in the role of input in individual learning, and the effect of diminishing contact with the original colonial variety.
The Beam and the Mote
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

Most believe (or at least respond, if subjected to hypocritical blame, as if they believe) that even if one has done something blameworthy, one can dismiss blame on that account when it comes from a hypocritical blamer. This book examines the nature and ethics of standingless hypocritical blame. It argues that hypocrites lack standing to blame by virtue of their lack of commitment to the norms to which they appeal in their blame; that hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrong because it involves treating the blamee as an inferior; and that there are many sources of lacking standing to blame other than hypocrisy, e.g., complicity. Next, the book extrapolates these analyses to other moral responses, notably praising and forgiving. So far the literature on standing has focused on blaming, but many other moral responses require standing as well, and, notably, there are such things as standingless—because hypocritical or otherwise deficient—praise or forgiveness. Indeed, it is argued that considerations about standing apply to illocutionary acts not involving appeals to moral norms, e.g., nonmoral encouragements and epistemic blame. In closing, the book uses insights in relation to the idea of standing as a basis for making a grand claim about how part of morality is interpersonal in a sense often ignored in discussions of the main first-order moral theories, e.g., consequentialism and deontology, and to elucidate the nature of the moral wrong involved in relying on negative statistical generalizations about certain groups of people.
An Introduction to High Impact Practices
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy
Published: October 2023

This chapter defines and frames high impact practices (HIPs) and their application to youth work. The authors identify the HIPs covered and set the tone for the book. Included are a definition and a discussion of circles as a HIP and how circles are differentiated from other types of group work. This discussion clarifies why circles as a HIP are at the center of effective interventions. The authors suggest that providing opportunities to promote agency and to allow youth to share in the ownership of components of youth programming is of critical importance to improve engagement. Their application of circles in multiple settings and with various program purposes confirms the results of prior research that circles promote positive youth development.