bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variable concentration of soil‐applied insecticides in potato over time: implications for management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Huseth Anders S , Lindholm Joliene , Groves Carol L , Groves Russell L
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Select populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in Wisconsin have recently become resistant to soil‐applied neonicotinoids in potato. Sublethal insecticide concentrations persisting in foliage through the growing season may select for resistance over successive years of use. Over the 2 years of this study, the aim was to document the in‐plant insecticide concentrations over time that result from four different types of soil‐applied insecticide delivery for thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in potato, and to measure the impact upon L. decemlineata populations following treatments. After plant emergence, insect life stages were counted and plant tissue was assayed weekly for nine consecutive weeks using ELISA.

RESULTS

Peak concentration of both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam occurred in the first sample week following plant emergence. The average concentration of both insecticides dissipated sharply over time as the plant canopy expanded 50 days after planting in all delivery treatments. Both insecticides were detected at low levels during the later weeks of the study. Among‐plant concentrations of both neonicotinoids were highly variable throughout the season. Populations of L. decemlineata continued to develop and reproduce throughout the period of declining insecticide concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Sublethal, chronic exposure to soil‐applied systemic insecticides resulting from these delivery methods may accelerate selection for resistant insects in potato. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Short period polar and nonpolar m InN/n GaN superlattices
Authors: Gorczyca I. , Suski T. , Staszczak G. , Wang X. Q. , Christensen N. E. , Svane A. , Dimakis E. , Moustakas T. D.
Published: January 2014

The electronic structures of nonpolar short‐period InN/GaN superlattices grown in the wurtzite a ‐direction, have been calculated and compared to earlier calculations for polar superlattices (grown in the c‐direction). For the nonpolar superlattices it is found that the calculated band gaps and their pressure coefficients are quite similar to those of bulk InGaN alloys with an equivalent In/Ga composition ratio. Also, they are much closer than the values calculated for polar superlattices to the photolu‐minescence emission energies and their pressure coefficients measured on polar structures. Possible explanations of the observed phenomena are suggested and discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial rare earth oxide and nitride buffers for GaN growth on Si
Authors: Dargis Rytis , Smith Robin , Arkun F. Erdem , Clark Andrew
Published: January 2014

The erbium oxide and nitride layers were grown as a buffer for GaN on Si(111). Engineering of the nucleation layer on the oxide plays a crucial role in the quality of the GaN layer. The intermediate erbium nitride layer with lattice constant between that of GaN and Si additionally reduces the semiconductor layer lattice mismatch to the substrate and prevents direct bonding of gallium atoms with the oxygen of the rare‐earth oxide. The crystal structure and surface morphology of epitaxial single crystal gallium nitride layer grown on the buffer improves with the semiconductor layer thickness. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of nano‐column properties on self‐separation of thick GaN layers grown by HVPE
Authors: Nikolaev V. , Golovatenko A. , Mynbaeva M. , Nikitina I. , Seredova N. , Pechnikov A. , Bougrov V. , Odnobludov M.
Published: January 2014

The implementation of control over self‐separation of thick GaN flayers grown by Hydride Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) on Metal‐Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)‐grown templates with patterned nano‐column interlayer is reported. Both numerical simulation and experimental data show that separation of thick HVPE layers is provided by non‐uniform redistribution of the growth stress. It is shown that the geometrical parameters of the nano‐column structure such as fill factor and shape of the columns are most critical for self‐separation effect. By adjusting the nano‐column pattern, successful self‐separation of thick HVPE layers from 2‐inch structured MOCVD GaN/sapphire substrate was demonstrated. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Robot Application for Marine Vessel Inspection
Authors: Eich Markus , Bonnin‐Pascual Francisco , Garcia‐Fidalgo Emilio , Ortiz Alberto , Bruzzone Gabriele , Koveos Yannis , Kirchner Frank
Published: January 2014

Seagoing vessels have to undergo regular inspections, which are currently performed manually by ship surveyors. The main cost factor in a ship inspection is to provide access to the different areas of the ship, since the surveyor has to be close to the inspected parts, usually within arm's reach, either to perform a visual analysis or to take thickness measurements. The access to the structural elements in cargo holds, e.g., bulkheads, is normally provided by staging or by “cherry‐picking” cranes. To make ship inspections safer and more cost‐efficient, we have introduced new inspection methods, tools, and systems, which have been evaluated in field trials, particularly focusing on cargo holds. More precisely, two magnetic climbing robots and a micro‐aerial vehicle, which are able to assist the surveyor during the inspection, are introduced. Since localization of inspection data is mandatory for the surveyor, we also introduce an external localization system that has been verified in field trials, using a climbing inspection robot. Furthermore, the inspection data collected by the robotic systems are organized and handled by a spatial content management system that enables us to compare the inspection data of one survey with those from another, as well as to document the ship inspection when the robot team is used. Image‐based defect detection is addressed by proposing an integrated solution for detecting corrosion and cracks. The systems' performance is reported, as well as conclusions on their usability, all in accordance with the output of field trials performed onboard two different vessels under real inspection conditions.
Seismic convolutions in the Quaternary deposits of Lake Sevan, Armenia
Authors: Korzhenkov A.M. , Avanesian M.A. , Karakhanian A.S. , Virgino A.
Published: January 2014

The aim of the study is to detect deformations in the soft sediments in a tectonically active area (the Armenian Highland) and to examine the significance of the deformations as paleoseismicity indicators. Deformations in the form of pillows, pockets, sharp waves, and ovoids are exposed in the Sevan basin, within interbedded shallow lacustrine, beach, and fluvial sediments. Also, broken beds and low-amplitude thrusts are observed. Eight field criteria for assigning soft-sediment deformations to paleoseismic triggering provide strong evidence for the seismic origin of the deformations. According to the local relative stratigraphic scale, the Sevan seismites are of Pleistocene–Holocene age.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of suprasubduction volcanic complexes of the Char shear zone, eastern Kazakhstan
Authors: Kurganskaya E.V. , Safonova I.Yu. , Simonov V.A.
Published: January 2014

The paper presents new petrographic, geochemical, and petrologic data from volcanic rocks of suprasubduction origin of the Char shear zone in eastern Kazakhstan. We discuss bulk rock composition (concentrations of major and trace elements), types of mantle sources and parameters of their melting, conditions of crystallization of mafic magma, and geodynamic settings of basalt eruption. According to the major element composition, the volcanic rocks are basalt, andesibasalt, and andesite of tholeiitic and transitional, from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline, series. They are characterized by low TiO2 (0.85 wt.% on average) and crystallization trends in MgO–major elements plots. In terms of trace element composition, the volcanic rocks possess moderately LREE-enriched rare-earth element patterns and are characterized by negative Nb anomalies present on the multi-element spectra (Nb/Lapm = 0.14–0.47; Nb/Thpm = 0.7–1.6). The distribution of rare-earth elements (La/Smn = 0.8–2.3, Gd/Ybn = 0.7–1.9) and the results of geochemical modeling in the Nb–Yb system suggest high degrees of melting of a depleted mantle source at spinel facies depths. Fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and opaque minerals also affected the final composition of the volcanic rocks. Clinopyroxene monomineral thermometry calculations suggest that the melts crystallized within a range of 1020–1180 °C. We think that this volcanic complex formed at a western active margin of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.
Migraine Headache Confounding the Diagnosis of Acute Mountain Sickness
Authors: Karle Francis J. , Auerbach Paul S.
Published: January 2014

A 36-year-old man with a history of migraine headache attempted to hike from Lukla, Nepal, to Mount Everest Base Camp. On the sixth day of hiking, he had a migraine headache. After achieving resolution with typical therapies and rest, he ascended higher. Another headache developed that was interpreted to be a migraine. The headache was treated, and he ascended higher, after which severe symptoms of acute mountain sickness developed, necessitating his evacuation by helicopter. Persons with headaches in daily life may present challenges to diagnosis when traveling to high altitude. Careful evaluation and decision making are needed to achieve proper diagnosis and treatment of acute mountain sickness.
EWEIDA AND OTHERS: A NEW ERA FOR ARTICLE 9?
Authors: Maher Julie
Published: January 2014

Eweida and othersconsidered the claims of four religious individuals whose employers had rejected their requests for accommodation of their religious practices at work, and who had failed in their attempts to contest those decisions before English courts. However, as a judgment it speaks to a wider array of questions of principle, particularly the appropriate interpretation of Article 9 claims. The case provided the ECtHR with an opportunity to clarify a number of discrete doctrines and interpretative approaches within Article 9 jurisprudence, and the Court decided to use this occasion to elucidate the issues raised by the applicants' cases.
Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society
Authors: Adler-Nissen Rebecca
Published: January 2014

This article develops a theoretical approach to stigma in international relations and resituates conventional approaches to the study of norms and international order. Correcting the general understanding that common values and norms are the building blocks of social order, this article claims that international society is in part constructed through the stigmatization of “transgressive” and norm-violating states and their ways of coping with stigma. Drawing on Erving Goffman, this article shows that states are not passive objects of socialization, but active agents. Stigmatized states cope strategically with their stigma and may, in some cases, challenge and even transform a dominant moral discourse. A typology of stigma management strategies is presented:stigma recognition(illustrated by Germany);stigma rejection(illustrated by Austria); and finallycounter-stigmatization(illustrated by Cuba). Because of the lack of agreement on what constitutes normal state behavior, attempts to impose stigma may even have the opposite effect—the stigmatizers become the transgressive. A focus on stigma opens up new avenues for research on norms, identities, and international order.
International Bureaucrats and the Formation of Intergovernmental Organizations: Institutional Design Discretion Sweetens the Pot
Authors: Johnson Tana , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: January 2014

Bureaucrats working in international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) regularly help states design new IGOs. Sometimes international bureaucrats possess limited discretion in institutional design; sometimes, they enjoy broad discretion. In fact, they gain discretion even when they openly oppose state preferences. This contravenes conventional thinking about delegation: discretion should decrease as preference divergence between states and international bureaucrats increases. We develop a principal-agent theory of how much discretion states grant to international bureaucrats in the design of new IGOs. This is novel: while principal-agent theories of international delegation are common, scholars have not analyzed principal-agent relationships in the creation of new IGOs. We argue that even an international bureaucracy that disagrees with states' design preferences may enjoy substantial design leeway, because of states' need for bureaucratic expertise. In developing this argument, we employ a formal principal-agent model, case studies, and an original data set.
Not by the Sword Alone: Soft Power, Mass Media, and the Production of State Sovereignty
Authors: Warren T. Camber
Published: January 2014

Scholars of civil conflict have long recognized the importance of state strength in the suppression of nascent insurgencies. However, previous empirical investigations have generally focused on the material and coercive dimensions of state power, obscuring the critical role played by the generation of widespread voluntary compliance through processes of political communication, that is, the production of “soft power.” In contrast, in this article I focus on a factor—mass communication technology—that can enhance state capacity only by strengthening the state's ability to broadly and publicly disseminate political messages. I argue that the enhanced capacities for large-scale normative influence generated by mass communication technologies can be expected to produce substantial barriers to the mobilization of militarized challenges to state rule, by strengtheningeconomies of scale in the marketplace of ideas. Utilizing newly compiled cross-national data on mass media accessibility in the post–World War II period, I show that densely constituted mass media systems dramatically reduce the probability of large-scale civil violence, thereby providing new evidence for the fundamental importance of nonmaterial state capacities in the suppression of internal armed conflicts.
Provoking Preferences: Unionization, Trade Policy, and the ILWU Puzzle
Authors: Ahlquist John S. , Clayton Amanda B. , Levi Margaret
Published: January 2014

If any group of American blue-collar workers has benefited from the growth of trade it is the unionized dockworkers along the US West Coast. Nevertheless, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) representing these workers is vocally opposed to trade liberalization. We examine several competing explanations for this puzzle and evaluate them by tracing the union's stance on trade over several decades. We also use an original survey to compare ILWU affiliates' attitudes on trade with those of nonmembers with otherwise similar characteristics. Consistent with a model of organizational socialization, the data support the hypothesis that ILWU membership affects the members' revealed political opinions; the data are difficult to reconcile with standard theories of international trade. Our findings indicate that the political support for trade depends not just on voters' structural positions in the economy but also on the organizations and networks in which they are embedded.
Efficacy of low-dose intratympanic dexamethasone as a salvage treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: the Modbury Hospital experience
Authors: Oue S , Jervis-Bardy J , Stepan L , Chong S , Shaw C-K L
Published: January 2014

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose intratympanic dexamethasone therapy in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss whose hearing in the affected ear had failed to improve following a course of oral steroid therapy.

Methods:

A prospective pilot study was undertaken of eight patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss whose hearing had failed to improve after a course of prednisolone. These patients subsequently received 8 mg intratympanic dexamethasone therapy, delivered via a ventilation tube on a weekly basis for 1 month. Clinical outcome was assessed weekly with pure tone audiography.

Results:

At the end of the 1-month treatment period, no significant hearing improvement was observed on pure tone audiography in any of the patients (i.e. improvements were all less than 10 dB).

Conclusion:

The response to 8 mg of intratympanic dexamethasone used as a salvage therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss was inadequate. A higher dosage of intratympanic dexamethasone might be required to achieve better outcomes.
‘It proves falsehood absolutely . . .’ The lost notebook of Dr. Frederick A. Cook
Authors: Bryce Robert M.
Published: January 2014

With the completion of a careful study of a photographic copy of the original notebook Frederick Cook kept on his attempt to reach the North Pole in 1908, now in Copenhagen, Denmark, many new details have been added that allow a more accurate account of his actual movements and timetable than has been possible previously. Because some records were altered or destroyed by Cook, however, a complete account still necessarily contains an element of speculation, which must be the case when based on the only records that exist of an unwitnessed assertion. But this uncertainty can be controlled to a reasonable degree by the notebook's remaining content in concert with the several other accounts Cook wrote of his expedition. One thing is sure, however: Cook was far behind his published timetable. At the outset, he set his start date back by one full week. He failed to report a number of delays in his journey and left out a lengthy detour that prevented him from reaching land's end at Cape Thomas Hubbard until well past 1 April 1908. This ruled out any chance to reach the North Pole in 1908. Frederick Cook was no fool; he was a veteran explorer. He knew any attempt that late in the season would be suicide. Furthermore his efforts to lay caches that would separate his own return route from that of his Inuit support party indicate that not only had he already given up the idea of making a serious attempt, but also that he was preparing for his eventual hoax of claiming to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 long before he reached the Arctic Ocean.
Indexical meanings of [s+] among Copenhagen youth: Social perception of a phonetic variant in different prosodic contexts
Authors: Pharao Nicolai , Maegaard Marie , Møller Janus Spindler , Kristiansen Tore
Published: January 2014

It is well documented that the same sociolinguistic feature can be used as a sociolinguistic resource with different indexical potentials in different linguistic as well as social contexts. Often, however, indexical meanings of a specific feature are related to or derived from one another. In this article we present the results of a perceptual study of indexical meanings of alveolar versus fronted (s)—[s] versus [s+]—in different registers. The data consist of responses to male speakers' use of [s] and [s+] respectively, in two different registers that may be labelled “modern Copenhagen speech” and “street language.” Results show that the [s+] indexes femininity and gayness when it occurs in “modern Copenhagen,” whereas the (s)-variation has a different and less significant effect when occurring in “street language.” We discuss the implications for theories of indexical fields and the relation between features and clusters of features in speakers' perceptions. (Indexical meaning, phonetic variation, fronted /s/, perception of sexual orientation and ethnicity, matched guise technique).
Negotiating entitlement to language: Calling 911 without English
Authors: Raymond Chase Wesley
Published: January 2014

When individuals in the United States dial the emergency service telephone number, they immediately encounter some version of the English-language institutional opening “Nine-one-one, what is your emergency?”. What happens, though, when the one placing the call is not a speaker of English? How do callers and call-takers adapt to overcome this added communicative barrier so that they are able to effectively assess the emergency situation at hand? The present study describes the structure of alanguage negotiation sequence, which serves to evaluate callers' entitlement to receive service in a language other than the institutional default—in our case, requests for Spanish in lieu of English. We illustrate both how callers initially design requests for language, as well as how call-takers subsequently respond to those differing request formulations. Interactions are examined qualitatively and quantitatively to underscore the context-based contingencies surrounding call-takers' preference for English over the use of translation services. The results prove informative not only in terms of how bilingual talk is organized within social institutions, but also more generally with regard to how humans make active use of a variety of resources in their attempts to engage in interaction with one another. (Entitlement, discourse/social interaction, conversation analysis, requests, language contact, institutional talk, Spanish (in the US))*
Maybe it helps to be conscious, after all
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Masicampo E. J.
Published: January 2014

Psychologists debate whether consciousness or unconsciousness is most central to human behavior. Our goal, instead, is to figure out how they work together. Conscious processes are partly produced by unconscious processes, and much information processing occurs outside of awareness. Yet, consciousness has advantages that the unconscious does not. We discuss how consciousness causes behavior, drawing conclusions from large-scale literature reviews.
Newell and Shanks' approach to psychology is a dead end
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , van Knippenberg Ad , Holland Rob W. , Veling Harm
Published: January 2014

Newell & Shanks (N&S) criticize theories on decision making that include unconscious processes. To the extent that their own perspective becomes apparent, however, it is dated, implausible, and at odds with the major developments of the past decades. Their conclusions are, at least for research areas we feel entitled to evaluate, based on a biased sampling of the literature.
Automatic processes, emotions, and the causal field
Authors: Hogarth Robin M.
Published: January 2014

Newell & Shanks (N&S) provide a welcome examination of many claims about unconscious influences on decision making. I emphasize two issues that they do not consider fully: the roles of automatic processes and emotions. I further raise an important conceptual problem in assigning causes to potential unconscious influences. Which “causal field” is relevant: that of the investigator or the experimental participants?
The effect of the cognitive demands of the distraction task on unconscious thought
Authors: Waroquier Laurent , Abadie Marlène , Klein Olivier , Cleeremans Axel
Published: January 2014

The unconscious-thought effect occurs when distraction improves complex decision making. Recent studies suggest that this effect is more likely to occur with low- than high-demanding distraction tasks. We discuss implications of these findings for Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) claim that evidence is lacking for the intervention of unconscious processes in complex decision making.
Segmented Incorporation: The Second Generation of Rural Migrants in Shanghai
Authors: Lan Pei-chia
Published: January 2014

This article looks at the changing frameworks for the institutional and cultural incorporation of second-generation rural migrants in Shanghai. Beginning in 2008, Shanghai launched a new policy of accepting migrant children into urban public schools at primary and secondary levels. I show that thehukou(household registration) is still a critical social boundary in educational institutions, shaping uneven distribution of educational resources and opportunities, as well as hierarchical recognition of differences between urbanites and migrants. I have coined the term “segmented incorporation” to characterize a new receiving context, in which systematic exclusion has given way to more subtle forms of institutional segmentation which reproduces cultural prejudice and reinforces group boundaries.
The World Turned Upside Down? Neo-Liberalism, Socioeconomic Rights, and Hegemony
Authors: WILLS JOE
Published: January 2014

This article draws upon a neo-Gramscian analysis of world order to critically assess the relationship between neo-liberal globalization and socioeconomic rights. It argues that, notwithstanding the well-documented discursive tensions that appear to exist between neo-liberalism and socioeconomic rights, the latter have been reconceptualized in a manner that is congruent with the hegemonic framework of the former in a number of international institutional settings. This has been achieved in part through three discursive framing devices which will be termed ‘socioeconomic rights as aspirations’, ‘socioeconomic rights as compensation’, and ‘socioeconomic rights as market outcomes’. The article will conclude by arguing that, despite such appropriation, there are still fruitful possibilities for counterhegemonic articulations of socioeconomic rights to contest neo-liberal globalization.
The Applicability of Environmental Protection Exceptions to WTO-Plus Obligations: In View of theChina – Raw MaterialsandChina – Rare EarthsCases
Authors: YING LIU
Published: January 2014

Recently, two disputes involving China's WTO-plus obligations have attracted great attention:China – Raw MaterialsandChina – Rare Earths. InChina – Raw Materials, China resorted to WTO environmental protection exceptions to justify its violation of the export duty elimination obligation outlined in paragraph 11.3 of the Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China, which is clearly a WTO-plus obligation. However, China's recourse was rejected by the panel and then by the Appellate Body, as will probably happen inChina – Rare Earths. This article looks into the interpretation and finding of the applicability matter in the DSB reports inChina – Raw Materialsand further discusses the general applicability issue of environmental protection exceptions to the violation of WTO-plus obligations. As rebuttal to the DSB reports, this article argues that omissions or silence in paragraph 11.3 do not necessarily mean rights waiver, especially when the right involved is the essential right to justify the violation pursuant to environmental protection exceptions provided in Article XX(b) and (g) of the GATT. Also, it is illogical to refer to GATT generally when the WTO-plus obligation in paragraph 11.3 does not have any corresponding rules in GATT. More generally, with consideration of the nature of the environmental protection exceptions in Article XX and the conclusion process of the Protocol, as well as with consideration of the sustainable development objective of the WTO and the politically sensitive matters concerned inChina – Raw Materials, China should not be deprived of the right to defend its violation of the export duty obligation inChina – Raw Materials. Although the discussion in this article is mainly based on China's WTO-plus obligations, its reasoning may also be extensively applied to that of other acceding members if suitable.
Witness Tampering and International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: CRYER ROBERT
Published: January 2014

This article investigates the difficult issues that have been raised in relation to witness tampering before international criminal courts. This is a significant problem for international criminal courts and tribunals, but has not yet been the subject of a great deal of comment. The article begins by setting out the difficulties that the courts and tribunals have encountered, through a discussion of their judgments on this point. It then turns to the black-letter law that the courts and tribunals have adopted to attempt to counter witness tampering. However, a description of the law alone cannot give a full picture of the difficulties that witness tampering, and protecting witnesses from it, present to international criminal courts and tribunals. These are explained, in part, through the fact that international criminal courts and tribunals operate in the absence of an effective international enforcement mechanism. This, and the conflict/post-conflict context against which those bodies tend to operate, is discussed, in part through the lens of the complementarity paradox identified by Paulo Benvenuti. The article concludes that although lessons can be learned from domestic approaches, the main limitation is the absence of any enforcement power at the international level, and that it is unlikely that one is likely to be created soon.
RATIONAL AND EMPIRICAL MEDICINE IN NINTH-CENTURY BAGHDAD: QUSṬĀ IBN LŪQĀ'S QUESTIONS ON THE CRITICAL DAYS IN ACUTE ILLNESSES
Authors: Cooper Glen M.
Published: January 2014

The article considers a brief catechistic presentation of a Galenic medical doctrine, the critical days, by the 9thcentury translator and thinker, Qusṭā ibn Lūqā (d. 912/3), found in a manuscript in Iran. The piece is first shown to have been derived from Galen's treatise on the critical days. Then, it is discussed section by section, in commentary form, to elucidate the medical doctrines Qusṭā propounds. Lastly, the piece is compared with an earlier attempt, by al-Kindī (d.c. 870), to describe the critical days mathematically. The various medical doctrines behind the treatise are discussed, as are the varying approaches to scientific method. The article concludes with contrasting thea priorimathematical scientific method of al-Kindī with thea posterioriempirical method of Galen/Qusṭā, and offers suggestions about the chronologies of the appearances of these doctrines and texts in Arabic. A transcription of the Arabic text is appended.
THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF FRUITS PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA THROUGH THE AGRONOMIC ANDALUSIAN WORKS, THEIR ROMAN ANTECEDENTS AND POSTERIOR FOOTPRINT IN THE RENAISSANCE
Authors: Cabo-González Ana M.
Published: January 2014

Since the beginning of mankind, man has been concerned with the conservation of food in order to prolong its edibility. Over time, different food preservation methods have been discovered and improved, and there are many works that describe these techniques. This work will describe the knowledge and the development of preservation techniques of inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. The work focuses on the various achievements from the first to the sixteenth centuries, allowing us to appreciate the different historic contributions. The selected and consulted works are: L.J.M. Columela,Los doce libros de Agricultura(The Twelve Books of Agriculture),Abū al-Jayr,Kitāb al-Filāḥa. Tratado de agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn Baṣṣāl,Kitāb al-Filāḥa.Libro de agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn al-ʿAwwām,Kitāb al-Filāḥa.Libro de Agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn Luyūn,Kitāb al-Filāḥa. Tratado de Agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Alonso de Herrera,Agricultura general(General Agriculture).
Evaluation and delivery of ambulatory rehabilitation for people with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goodwin Leah S , Lan Ling
Published: January 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and costly condition affecting a predominantly older population. Physical rehabilitation has been shown to enhance motor performance and functional mobility in the short-term. However, there is limited information available about how best to design and deliver an ambulatory rehabilitation (AR) programme for this patient group. This article reviews the current evidence, aiming to provide guidance about best-practice service provision. We highlight the benefits of group therapy and techniques aimed at reducing falls. Further research is required to determine the optimal dose and intensity of AR necessary to provide sustained benefits in people with different stages of PD.
GM-freeprivate standards, public regulation of GM products and mass media
Authors: Vigani Mauro , Olper Alessandro
Published: January 2014

This paper analyses the factors inducing retailers to adopt genetically modified (GM)-freeprivate standards, using information on 44 retailers operating in 54 countries. Retailers are distinguished between those not using GM ingredients and those using ingredients which are potentially GM in their private label products. Results from a binary response model show that many of the drivers highlighted in the empirical literature, such as historical factors, communication infrastructure and sectorial conditions, affect the likelihood of adopting GM-freeprivate standards. Moreover, we test additional hypotheses from the political economy of standards formation and of mass media. Key results show that a higher share of government-oriented public media reduces the probability of adopting GM-freeprivate standards, while different genetically modified organism public standards between home and operating countries increase this probability.
The association of binge eating and neighbourhood fast-food restaurant availability on diet and weight status
Authors: Ledoux Tracey , Adamus-Leach Heather , O'Connor Daniel P , Mama Scherezade , Lee Rebecca E
Published: January 2014

Objective

Fast-food restaurants (FFR) are prevalent. Binge eating is common among overweight and obese women. For women prone to binge eating, neighbourhood FFR availability (i.e. the neighbourhood around one's home) may promote poor diet and overweight/obesity. The present study tested the effects of binge eating and neighbourhood FFR availability on diet (fat and total energy intake) and BMI among African American and Hispanic/Latino women.

Design

All measures represent baseline data from the Health is Power randomized clinical trial. The numbers of FFR in participants’ neighbourhoods were counted and dichotomized (0 or ≥1 neighbourhood FFR). Participants completed measures of binge eating status and diet. Weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. 2 (binge eating status) × 2 (neighbourhood FFR availability) ANCOVA tested effects on diet and BMI while controlling for demographics.

Setting

Houston and Austin, TX, USA.

Subjects

African American and Hispanic/Latino women aged 25–60 years.

Results

Of the total sample (n162), 48 % had 1–15 neighbourhood FFR and 29 % were binge eaters. There was an interaction effect on BMI (P= 0·05). Binge eaters with ≥1 neighbourhood FFR had higher BMI than non-binge eaters or binge eaters with no neighbourhood FFR. There were no significant interactions or neighbourhood FFR main effects on total energy or fat intake (P> 0·05). A main effect of binge eating showed that binge eaters consumed more total energy (P= 0·005) and fat (P= 0·005) than non-binge eaters.

Conclusions

Binge eaters represented a substantial proportion of this predominantly overweight and obese sample of African American and Hispanic/Latino women. The association between neighbourhood FFR availability and weight status is complicated by binge eating status, which is related to diet.
Scanning Electron Microscopy With Slow Electrons
Authors: Frank L. , Mikmeková Š. , Pokorná Z. , Müllerová I.
Published: January 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Parent-Child Discrepancies in the Assessment of Internalizing/Externalizing Behavior
Authors: Lohaus Arnold , Vierhaus Marc
Published: January 2014

This study focused on informant discrepancies in reports on internalizing/externalizing child behavior and associations with parenting dimensions. The study was based on two longitudinal samples followed from Grade 2 to 4 and from Grade 4 to 6. Internalizing/externalizing symptoms were assessed yearly by childrens self-reports and parent-proxy reports. Responsiveness and behavioral and psychological control assessed by the children and their parents were included as parenting dimensions. Child reports on symptoms were higher than parent-proxy reports. Regarding internalizing symptoms, the discrepancies decreased with childrens age. Relations to parenting were shown mainly for psychological control. If parents perceive themselves as psychologically controlling, the discrepancies are smaller, while discrepancies are larger when children perceive their parents as psychologically controlling. Psychologically controlling parents may have a strong focus on the behavior of their children, leading to a stronger agreement between child reports and parent-proxy reports. Children, however, may report more problem behavior if they feel themselves to be under close observation by their parents.
Lesekompetenzen und schulische Lernumwelten
Authors: Becker Michael , McElvany Nele , Lüdtke Oliver , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: January 2014

Anhand der Berliner Leselängsschnitt-Studie (LESEN 3 – 6) wurde die schriftsprachliche Kompetenzentwicklung (Leseverständnis, Wortschatz und Dekodierfähigkeit) bei Grundschülerinnen und Grundschülern sowie bei Gymnasiastinnen und Gymnasiasten längsschnittlich analysiert. Ein Fokus lag dabei auf der Frage, ob Schülerinnen und Schüler mit frühzeitigem Wechsel auf das Gymnasium–der in Berlin nach Klassenstufe 4 möglich ist–eine andere Lernentwicklung aufweisen als Kinder mit sechsjähriger Grundschulzeit. Insgesamt nahmen N = 772 Schülerinnen und Schüler aus Berlin an der Studie teil. Auf einer deskriptiven Ebene wurden keine differenziellen Effekte während der gemeinsamen Grundschulzeit (Klassenstufe 3 und 4) zwischen den beiden Gruppen identifiziert. In der Zeit, in der die Kinder in unterschiedliche Schultypen aufgeteilt waren (5. und 6. Klasse), zeigten sich für den Wortschatz und–zumindest tendenziell–für die Dekodierfähigkeit höhere Zugewinne für die Gymnasiasten. Mit Wachstumskurvenanalysen wurde darüber hinaus überprüft, ob sich der differenzielle Zugewinn direkt auf die schulische Gliederung zurückführen ließ, wenn gleichzeitig die interindividuellen Unterschiede in intraindividuellen Veränderungen insgesamt berücksichtigt wurden. Unter Kontrolle dieser interindividuellen Unterschiede konnte in keiner der drei Domänen ein eindeutiger Effekt der schulischen Gliederung belegt werden. Inhaltliche und methodische Aspekte dieser Befunde werden diskutiert.
Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Beelmann Andreas , Pfost Maximilian , Schmitt Cordula
Published: January 2014

Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die Wirksamkeitsforschung zur Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im deutschen Sprachraum meta-analytisch zusammen. Nach umfangreichen Literaturrecherchen konnten insgesamt 146 Forschungsberichte bis 2010 mit 173 Interventions-Kontrollgruppen-Vergleichen identifiziert werden, die den methodischen und inhaltlichen Auswahlkriterien entsprachen. Die Arbeiten evaluierten ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlicher Präventionsfelder und –programme und waren überwiegend universell ausgerichtet. Als Gesamteffekt ergab sich je eine mittlere Schätzung von d = 0.24. Dabei differenzierte sich die Wirksamkeit vor allem nach den verwendeten Erfolgskriterien. Hohe Effekte ergaben sich für proximale Erfolgsmaße wie das Wissen und sozial-kognitive Fertigkeitsparameter. Eher geringe Wirkungen entfielen auf gesundheitsbezogene Maße, durchschnittliche Werte wurden für verhaltensbezogene Maße (Verhaltenskompetenzen, Verhaltensprobleme) erzielt. Weitere Moderatoren waren die Präventionsstrategie (geringere Wirkungen für universelle Programme) sowie die Administration der Programme (höhere Wirkungen bei Durchführung von Programm-Personal). Deutliche Defizite gab es hinsichtlich der längerfristigen Erfolgsbeurteilung. Hier liegen nur vereinzelt aussagekräftige Follow-up-Studien vor, die allerdings substanzielle Langzeiteffekte ermittelten. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Befunde und einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit von Publikationsverzerrungen wird ein vorsichtig optimistisches Gesamtfazit gezogen.
Anxiolytic-like effects observed in rats exposed to the elevated zero-maze following treatment with 5-HT2/5-HT3/5-HT4 ligands
Authors: Bell Rob , Duke Aaron A. , Gilmore Paula E. , Page Deaglan , Bègue Laurent
Published: January 2014

The present study examined the effects of administering selective 5-HT antagonists and agonists to rats tested in the elevated zero-maze (EZM) model of anxiety. The EZM paradigm has advantages over the elevated plus-maze (EPM) paradigm with respect to measuring anxiety, yet has been utilized less frequently. Three experiments were conducted each with a diazepam control (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg). In the first experiment, we administered the 5-HT2C antagonist RS 102221 (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and 5-HT2C agonist MK-212 (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg); in the second experiment, we administered the 5-HT3 antagonist Y-25130 (0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) and 5-HT3 agonist SR 57227A (0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) and in the third experiment, we administered the 5-HT4 antagonist RS 39604 (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg) and 5-HT4 agonist RS 67333 (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg). The administration of 5-HT2/3/4 subtype antagonists all generated behavioral profiles indicative of anxiolytic-like effects in the EZM, which was apparent from examination of both traditional and ethological measures. While little effect was observed from 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 agonists, the 5-HT4 agonist RS 67333 was found to produce a paradoxical anxiolytic-like effect similar to that produced by the 5-HT4 antagonist RS 39604. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings.
Quantification of protein secondary structure content by multivariate analysis of deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman and circular dichroism spectroscopies
Authors: Oshokoya Olayinka O. , Roach Carol A. , JiJi Renee D.
Published: January 2014

Determination of protein secondary structure (α-helical, β-sheet, and disordered motifs) has become an area of great importance in biochemistry and biophysics as protein secondary structure is directly related to protein function and protein related diseases.
Observation of allylic rearrangement in water-rich reaction
Authors: Pang Yuan-Chao , Hou Xiufang , Qin Lei , Wu Chao , Xue Wei , Zheng Yan-Zhen , Zheng Zhiping , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: January 2014

Allylic rearrangement was first observed in a hydrothermal reaction of cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride with different metal centres, which can be rationalised as an SE1 mechanism via the isolation of two resonated intermediates and DFT calculations.
Diastereoselective synthesis of a [2]catenane from a pillar[5]arene and a pyridinium derivative
Authors: Kitajima Keisuke , Ogoshi Tomoki , Yamagishi Tada-aki
Published: January 2014

A [2]catenane composed of a pillar[5]arene wheel and a pyridinium derivative was synthesized for the first time.
The role of a liquid in “dry” co-grinding: a case study of the effect of water on mechanochemical synthesis in a “l-serine–oxalic acid” system
Authors: Losev Evgeniy A. , Boldyreva Elena V.
Published: January 2014

[l-serH]2[ox]·2H2O form II proved to be an intermediate product in the reaction for obtaining the form I.
An insight into carvedilol solid forms: effect of supramolecular interactions on the dissolution profiles
Authors: Prado Livia Deris , Rocha Helvécio Vinícius Antunes , Resende Jackson Antônio Lamounier Camargos , Ferreira Glaucio Braga , de Figuereido Teixeira Ana Maria Rangel
Published: January 2014

Carvedilol polymorph III, with higher melting point and dissolution rate than polymorph II, presents a potential strategy for carvedilol development.
An information-theoretic resolution of the ambiguity in the local hardness
Authors: Heidar Zadeh Farnaz , Fuentealba Patricio , Cárdenas Carlos , Ayers Paul W.
Published: January 2014

A definition of the local hardness, suitable for application in the local hard/soft acid/base principle, is derived by applying information theory.
Recent developments in the application of nanomaterials to understanding molecular level processes in cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Beaumont S. K.
Published: January 2014

This perspective offers an overview of using nanomaterials for improving our understanding of the underlying mechanism of cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch chemistry. This is considered in terms of enabling the rational development of improved (more selective, efficient, longer lived) catalysts.
A ferrocene–pyrene based ‘turn-on’ chemodosimeter for Cr3+– application in bioimaging
Authors: Kaur Mandeep , Kaur Paramjit , Dhuna Vikram , Singh Sukhdev , Singh Kamaljit
Published: January 2014

Structurally simple, ferrocene–pyrene imine dyad1detects Cr3+viathe metal ion triggered hydrolysis of imine functionality with subsequent ‘turn-on’ fluorescence behaviour. Furthermore, the non-cytotoxic dyad detects Cr3+in the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells.
Mail-order microfluidics: evaluation of stereolithography for the production of microfluidic devices
Authors: Au Anthony K. , Lee Wonjae , Folch Albert
Published: January 2014

We explore the three-dimensional capabilities, resolution, and optical clarity of microfluidic devices fabricated by stereolithography using a mail-order service, and we compare the cost and prototyping speed of soft lithography with those of stereolithography.
A lipidomics investigation of the induced hypoxia stress on HeLa cells by using MS and NMR techniques
Authors: Yu Yang , Vidalino Laura , Anesi Andrea , Macchi Paolo , Guella Graziano
Published: January 2014

Induced hypoxia stress on cervical cancer derived cells (HeLa cells) leads to significant changes in their membrane lipid profiles.
Fast and continuous processing of a new sub-micronic lanthanide-based metal–organic framework
Authors: D'Arras Loïc , Sassoye Capucine , Rozes Laurence , Sanchez Clément , Marrot Jérôme , Marre Samuel , Aymonier Cyril
Published: January 2014

One phase – two processes – two magnitudes for synthesis time and the particle size.
Metal triangles versus metal chains and terminal versus bridging hydrogen atoms in trinuclear osmium carbonyl hydride chemistry
Authors: Xiang Mei , Li Nan , King R. Bruce , Schaefer III Henry F.
Published: January 2014

Density functional theory studies on the H2Os3(CO)n systems (n = 12, 11, 10, 9, 8) predict the experimentally observed species for n = 12, 11, and 10 with two terminal, one terminal and one bridging, and two bridging hydrogen atoms, respectively.
Facilely and efficiently tuning metal–organic nanostructures of a charge-transfer complex based on a water controlled nanoreaction and the chemistry of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)
Authors: Song Jingyi , Ji Zhuoyu , Nie Qiong , Hu Wenping
Published: January 2014

A facile and efficient way is demonstrated to tune the metal–organic nanostructures of Ni[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 and their patterns by water.
A polymeric chain extension driven by HSCT interaction
Authors: Ji Zhongwei , Liu Jianghua , Chen Guosong , Jiang Ming
Published: January 2014

In this paper, targeting a high-molecular-weight supramolecular polymer, chain extension of low-molecular-weight polymers (LMWPs) is achieved via the HSCT (Host-Stabilized Charge Transfer) of CB[8] (cucurbit[8]uril).
Energy and charge transfer by donor–acceptor pairs confined in a metal–organic framework: a spectroscopic and computational investigation
Authors: Leong Kirsty , Foster Michael E. , Wong Bryan M. , Spoerke Erik D. , Van Gough Dara , Deaton Joseph C. , Allendorf Mark D.
Published: January 2014

A metal–organic framework serves as a multifunctional host for donor and acceptor molecules, enabling energy harvesting and transfer without phase segregation.
Boron–dibenzopyrromethene-based organic dyes for application in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Kubo Yuji , Eguchi Daichi , Matsumoto Asaki , Nishiyabu Ryuhei , Yakushiji Hidenori , Shigaki Koichiro , Kaneko Masayoshi
Published: January 2014

Novel boron–dibenzopyrromethene dyes with thienyl-cyanoacrylic acid units were synthesized and characterized for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).