bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Normative and Correlational Data on the Internal-External (I-E) Control of Reinforcement Scale
Authors: Lichtenstein Edward , Keutzer Carolin S.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's measure of Internal-External control (I-E) was administered to a large group of adult Ss in the course of a smoking control research program. The obtained scores were lower than reported norms for college students. While I-E was unrelated to years of education, there was a small ( r = −.14) but significant tendency for older Ss to be more internally oriented. Although I-E was not related to outcome of smoking treatment, relationships with personality and attitudinal variables were generally congruent with theoretical expectations.
Saline Drinking Effects on Food and Water Intake in Rats
Authors: Hsiao Sigmund
Published: September 2011

19 female albino rats were water and food deprived for 24 hr. and given nothing, water, 0.9% (isotonic) saline or 1.8% saline for 2 hr. During the second hour powdered food was provided. During the third hour Ss were given water and food. Hourly intake of liquids and food was recorded. Ss were then given water and food for 21 hr. until the next deprivation and experimental session was begun. 1.8% saline elicited the least food intake but was greater than expected based on the inhibitory effect of dehydration on eating. The isotonic saline group ate more than the nothing group. Drinking responses, per se, facilitated eating. During the third hour water intake, the 1.8% saline group drank less water than the nothing group, although the 1.8% group was expected to have been more dehydrated. This was attributed mainly to the inhibitory effect of drinking responses on subsequent drinking. It was concluded that dehydration exerts major effects on eating and drinking behavior and that drinking responses and stomach-loading variables also affect eating and drinking.
A New Use for the IBM Punch Card
Authors: Karlins Marvin
Published: September 2011

It is argued that the IBM card is the best “file card” available for constructing a personalized reference system that is inexpensive and flexible enough to allow for constant revisions of materials while providing a means of automating the information retrieval process. The advantages of utilizing the IBM card for such a purpose are presented, followed by an example of its use in a reference system developed for writing books.
Predicting Vocational Rehabilitation Success for Psychiatric Patients with Psychological Tests
Authors: Goss Allen M. , Pate Kenton D.
Published: September 2011

In studying the possibility of predicting to a success-fail vocational outcome criterion, information on 10 biographical variables and 6 psychological tests was gained from a group of psychiatric patients at the time of acceptance to a Vocational Rehabilitation Ward. Successful prediction from the biographical information was not possible, nor was prediction above the base rate of success possible from psychological tests for the total psychiatric population. Predictions well above the success base rate were possible for 3 of 4 groups when the information from psychological tests was evaluated separately for four major diagnostic populations. Information concerning patients' behavioral symptoms seems to be necessary in order to know which variables to use in a predictive model.
Validity of GSR Conditioning
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

This paper touches on several theoretical issues related to the controversy of sensitization or pseudo-conditioning of the galvanic skin response coupled to an auditory stimulus. Results of GSR audiometric studies were cited as evidence that under controlled conditions, valid auditory thresholds may be measured using the GSR method.
Tests of Temporal Perspective: Do They Measure the Same Construct?
Authors: Ruiz Rene A. , Reivich Ronald S. , Krauss Herbert H.
Published: September 2011

This study presents correlations among nine measures of “temporal perspective.” If these measures reflect the same explanatory construct, inter-correlations should be high. This assumption appears untenable, however, since the only correlations (41 Ss) achieving significance are artifactual in nature, e.g., negative correlations between scores derived from forced-choice alternatives. Caution is indicated in generalizing from research demonstrating relationships between some psychological variable and any single measure of “temporal perspective,” the unifactorial composition of the construct is questioned, and additional work on test development is recommended.
Personality Correlates of Masculinity-Femininity
Authors: Harford Thomas C. , Willis Constance H. , Deabler Herdis L.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between masculinity-femininity and personality. 213 male volunteers were administered a test battery including the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Sixteen Factor Personality Questionnaire, the General Aptitude Test Battery, and the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Measures of masculinity-femininity derived from the Strong differentially related to personality, values, and general aptitudes. While masculinity was associated with aloofness, unpretentiousness and a tough poise, it was also associated with guilt proneness, anxiety, and neurotic tendencies.
Avoidance Response Latencies as a Function of Intertrial and Signal-Shock Intervals
Authors: Keehn J. D.
Published: September 2011

3 white tats were trained to rotate an activity wheel to avoid signaled shocks. Response latencies varied inversely with intertrial intervals and directly with signal-shock intervals. 2 animals responded early in the signal-shock interval and always avoided nearly all shocks. The third animal typically responded late in the interval and was less successful in avoiding shocks.
Secondary Reinforcement as a Function of the Interstimulus Interval: A Confutation
Authors: Coberly R. L. , Long John B.
Published: September 2011

After bar training, 3 of 5 groups of 9 rats received runway discrimination training presenting a buzzer as the discriminative stimulus: I—in the start box; II—in the alley; III—as the goal box was entered. For Group IV the buzzer sounded after the reward was seized and Group V was not exposed to the buzzer. After Group I attained the criterion of discrimination, Ss were tested in the Skinner box with bar depression sounding the buzzer for .75 sec. Contrary to the hypothesis that all discriminative stimuli are secondary reinforcers (Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950), there was no evidence that the buzzer had acquired reward value.
Validity of a Study Attitude Questionnaire for Predicting Academic Success
Authors: Gardner James M.
Published: September 2011

The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes was employed with 17 advanced attendants in an inservice training program. As expected, the SSHA score correlated well with academic success but not with scholastic ability. The Counseling Key of the SSHA correlated highly with the total SSHA score. Both the total SSHA score and the Counseling Key correlated highly with another test of study habits.
A Delay is a Delay is a Delay
Authors: Clifford Thomas , Mauldin James Olin
Published: September 2011

Three yoked groups under delay of reward performed similarly during both acquisition and extinction at levels significantly below those of a no-delay group, although convergence occurred during acquisition in all three runway segments with terminal acquisition levels being close in the start box and distant in the goal box. No statistically significant differences obtained among the three delay groups, a contingent-delay group where bar pressing under FR15 was required to fill the delay, and two noncontingent groups, one with an orienting stimulus during the delay and one without.
Toy-Play Behavior and Use of Body by Autistic and Normal Children as Reported by Mothers
Authors: Demyer Marian K. , Mann Nancy A. , Tilton James R. , Loew Lois H.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the toy play behavior and use of body of 30 autistic and 30 normal children between the ages of 2 and 7 was made by use of a maternal questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to yield a descriptive profile of age-appropriate play behavior and ritualistic behavior generally found to be characteristic of the autistic child. Exact probability tests on each of the 47 items of the questionnaire indicated significant differences ( p < .05) between groups, the normal Ss demonstrating more age-appropriate play behavior and the autistic more ritualistic behavior. Validity of the questionnaire was examined by comparing items from the questionnaire to similarly defined items in a structured observation study of autistic, normal, and retarded children. 14 autistic Ss were available for both studies. Consistency in toy-play behavior of autistic children was indicated as measured by the two techniques. Differences in toy-play behavior of normal and autistic samples were definitely indicated; a questionnaire technique gave high agreement with observation, providing a useful and efficient method for measuring toy-play behavior; further refinement of the questionnaire seems appropriate.
Paired-Associate Transfer as a Function of Stimulus and Response Meaningfulness
Authors: Merikle Philip M.
Published: September 2011

Transfer under the A-Br, A-D, and C-B paradigms, relative to a C-D control paradigm, was evaluated under 4 conditions of meaningfulness ( M) which represented the 4 combinations of high (H) and low (L) levels of both stimulus and response M. The 8 Ss assigned to each paradigm within each M condition learned 2 8-pair lists of CVC trigrams by an adjusted-learning recall procedure. There was a consistent shift from positive transfer under L-response conditions to negative transfer under H-response conditions, with the magnitude of transfer in either direction being consistently less with L than with H stimuli. The effects of response M were attributed primarily to the increased importance of response learning relative to associative interference under L-response conditions. Several additional factors were suggested to account for the effects of stimulus M.
Performance of Institutionalized Juvenile Delinquents on the Geist Picture Interest Inventory
Authors: Kronenberger Earl J. , Quatman Gerald L.
Published: September 2011

Delinquents' scores on Geist scales were compared with norms.
Further Study of Dependence as a Personality Factor
Authors: Jamison Kay , Comrey Andrew L.
Published: September 2011

A 216-item inventory was administered to 252 Ss in an attempt further to clarify the personality factor of Dependence. 42 groups of homogeneous items were used to measure previously identified factors of Shyness, Empathy, Neuroticism, Compulsion, and Hostility, in addition to Dependence. Total scores were obtained for each item group and the matrix of intercorrelations was factor analyzed. 7 major factors were obtained. Dependence emerged as 2 factors, named Socialization and Dependence; each was well-defined by 5 item groups with loadings greater than .48. The other 5 personality factors under investigation appeared as predicted.
“Awareness” in Chronic Schizophrenics: II. Awareness of Causal Factors in Recent Events
Authors: Biles Paul E. , Heckel Robert V.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated whether chronic schizophrenics utilized primitive or precausal thought processes in explaining verbally the causes of non-affective events learned under extra-laboratory conditions and displayed deficit in explaining verbally the causes of non-affective events learned under the same conditions. The results suggest that, when Ss are carefully matched with normals on relevant demographic variables, differences in learning and the reporting of non-affective events disappear.
Test Anxiety, Expectancies, and Expectancy Changes
Authors: Phares E. Jerry
Published: September 2011

40 high-TAQ Ss and 40 low-TAQ Ss (females) were asked to state a general expectancy for success on a task prior to performance on that task. Following either positive or negative reinforcement Ss were given an opportunity to change their estimates for success. It was found that high-TAQ Ss stated significantly lower expectancies for success prior to performance on the task. Furthermore, following failure, high-TAQ Ss showed a significantly greater decrement in expectancy than did low-TAQ Ss, while following success, there were no differences between high- and low-TAQ Ss.
Ego Function Patterns in Schizophrenics
Authors: Hurvich Marvin , Bellak Leopold
Published: September 2011

This study dealt with some aspects of a research project on ego function patterns in schizophrenia, in which materials from clinical interviews, psychological tests, and psychological laboratory procedures were separately rated for adaptive adequacy of various functions of the ego. 10 ego functions have been described, and sample definitions offered. Examples of how the ego functions are rated from interview, test, and laboratory procedures also have been provided. Preliminary results are consistent with the main hypothesis.
Authoritarian Attitudes and Field Dependence
Authors: Clark Stephen L.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to investigate further the dependency of authoritarian attitudes on field dependence by using a factor analytically derived measure of authoritarian attitudes, the F + D scale. 523 college Ss completed the F + D scale, and the high and low scorers were selected from the extreme ends of the male distribution of 264 Ss. 20 Ss in each extreme group were individually administered Jackson's Short Form of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), a measure of field dependence. High F + D scorers required significantly more time to complete the EFT than did low F + D scorers. They also obtained significantly lower SCAT verbal and total scores than did low F + D scorers. These two sets of findings were interpreted as resulting from the contrasting cognitive styles of the two F + D groups. It was concluded that, as measured by the tests in this study, high F + D scorers were more field dependent and less intelligent than low F + D scorers.
Relative Influence of Linguistic versus Cultural Factors on Free Verbal Associations
Authors: Szalay Lorand B. , Windle Charles
Published: September 2011

The extent to which differences in word associations between cultural groups are due to linguistic factors or to word meanings and values determined by culture was examined in the continued free word associations of Koreans in Korean and in English and a U. S. group in English. The influence of cultural background was at least as much as that of language on each of three characteristics examined. Further, much of the difference due to language seems to stem from the milieu of language acquisition.
Discussion Patterns of Homogeneous Groups of Repressers and Sensitizers following Success and Failure
Authors: Carrera Richard N. , Cohen Arthur M.
Published: September 2011

Homogeneous groups of repressers and sensitizers were exposed to success, neutral and failure evaluations of past performance. They were then asked to perform two tasks, one work-oriented and the other interpersonally oriented. It was hypothesized that in the latter task, sensitizer groups would manifest more negative affect in verbal interaction than represser groups. The hypothesis was not supported although there were mild trends in the predicted direction.
Academic Grades: Their Rational and Empirical Scale Structure
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Sinnett E. Robert
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to ascertain a “psychological” scale for academic grades. Thurstonian pair-comparison scaling procedures were used. The judges were from a midwestern university and were employed in professorial positions. The developed psychological scale bore a logarithmic relation to the equal-interval grade-point-average scale (a 4-point scale). Plus- and minus-sign points, around letter grades, were seen as nonsymmetrical. Between-grade intervals were observed to be larger than were within-grade intervals.
An Experimenter Variable: The Psychologist-Clergyman
Authors: Walker Ronald E. , Davis William E. , Firetto Anthony
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female Ss were tested individually and orally on the Taylor MAS, MMPI K scale, and MMPI L scale by a layman. The same layman dressed as a Roman Catholic priest tested 20 more males and 20 more females. A Roman Catholic priest dressed both as a priest and a layman, also tested 80 Ss. Analyses of the data indicated that E and the layman-priest variables were not relevant; however, “true-role” and “simulated-role” analyses resulted in some significant performance differences by the two sexes on the MAS and L scales.
Effects of Partial Reinforcement on Speed of Approach Responses in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)
Authors: Boitano John J. , Foskett Mary Day
Published: September 2011

Under widely distributed practice in a straight alley, partially reinforced goldfish did not exhibit greater resistance to extinction than consistently reinforced animals. The relative influence of equating trials or reinforcements in generating the partial reinforcement effect could not be evaluated since the partially reinforced Ss were significantly less resistant than either the equated-reinforcement Ss or the equated-trials Ss.
Extinction Performance as a Function of N-R Transitions and Intertrial Reinforcement with Extended Partial Reinforcement Training
Authors: Spivey James E. , Hess David T. , Klemic James
Published: September 2011

3 groups of albino rats were given 96 acquisition trials in a runway. One group (C) was given consistent reinforcement, while the other 2 groups (PN, PR) received the same partial reinforcement pattern, RRNNRRNN, on each day. Following Trial 4 for Group PN and Trial 5 for Groups PR and C., Ss were given intertrial reinforcement. In extinction the groups were ordered PR, PN, C, with Group PR being most resistant to extinction. Taken in conjunction with the results of studies involving abbreviated training, the findings were interpreted as supporting the view that the same variables or processes influence extinction performance following both abbreviated and extended training. The results were further interpreted as supporting the modified aftereffects hypothesis.
Influence of Emotional Role-Playing on Smoking Habits and Attitudes
Authors: Streltzer Nancy E. , Koch Glen V.
Published: September 2011

Each of 20 female Ss participated in a role-playing session with one of two Es. S acted the role of a lung cancer patient and E the role of her physician. These 20 Ss displayed significantly greater changes in smoking habits and attitudes toward cigarette smoking than a comparable group of 10 control Ss . Ss who role-played with E of high status, a physician, showed significantly greater attitudinal change than Ss who role-played with E of a less status. No significant difference appeared, however, between these two groups in their change of habits.
Birth-Order Categories as Predictors of Select Personality Characteristics
Authors: Allman Thomas S. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine the relationships between selected birth-order-rank categories and personality behavior as measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Form A (16 PF). Data from 87 female Ss indicated significant differences among several of the birth-order groups on two of the second-order factors. Significant differences appeared between First Born Only and Second Born and Youngest as well as between First Born Only and Third Born Ss on Factor V, and between First Born Only and Second Born with Younger Siblings on Factor VI.
Sidman Avoidance Performance under Punishment and Non-Contingent Shock Conditions
Authors: McIntire Roger W. , Davis Hank , Cohen Shlomo I. , Franch Eileen O.
Published: September 2011

In order to compare the effects of 2 methods of extra-schedule shock delivery on avoidance behavior, 4 Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to stable performance on a Sidman avoidance schedule (RS = 15, Ss = 5). When avoidance behavior was punished on a fixed ratio schedule, response rates decreased and all animals avoided fewer shocks. After re-establishing the avoidance baselines, the mean number of previously obtained punishment shocks were presented in a non-contingent manner. Under this condition, avoidance response rates were uniformly accelerated and all animals received fewer unavoided shocks. A quantitative index of avoidance efficiency revealed that all Ss' behavior was least efficient in avoiding shock during the fixed ratio punishment condition and was most efficient during the delivery of non-contingent shock.
Food Intake with and without Water after Different Durations of Food Deprivation
Authors: Dufort Robert H. , Lawler James E.
Published: September 2011

Food intake was measured in rats after 10 food-deprivation periods ranging from 0 to 168 hr. in duration. Half the Ss in each deprivation condition had water available during the food-intake period; the other half did not. Results showed greater intake after the shorter deprivation periods for Ss without water and greater intake after the longer deprivation periods for Ss with water. These findings were discussed in terms of the limitations on intake imposed by stomach capacity and aversiveness of dry food.
An Examination of Miller's Approach-Avoidance Procedures in an Open Field
Authors: McCarty Charles Keith , Jennings Joseph
Published: September 2011

4 groups of food-deprived rats were formed by matching animals on approach behavior to a food cup in the center of an open field. Two of the groups became experimental groups for avoidance training; a high-shock group (1.0 ma.) and a low-shock group (0.15 ma.). The remaining two groups became high- and low-shock control groups. The experimental groups differed significantly on the number of times shocked during avoidance training and trials to recovery from avoidance training. Expected differential circling distances from the food dish for high- and low-shock groups did not occur. The open field dramatically elicited thigmotaxic behavior and emotional stress reactions. Changes in apparatus design were suggested to elicit differential circling distances between experimental groups. The results support theory developed for straight-alley data.
Overt Behaviors toward the Church by Volunteers, Follow-up Volunteers, and Non-Volunteers in a Church Survey
Authors: Wicker Allan W.
Published: September 2011

Church members were grouped on the basis of responses to an appeal to participate in a questionnaire study of churches: Initial Ss ( n = 58) attended the first session, Follow-up Ss ( n = 29) participated when subsequent appeals were made, and Refusal Ss ( n = 18) did not participate. Postcard responses to the appeal differed significantly for the 3 groups ( p < .001), but sex of Ss did not. Group means of 6 behavioral measures on contributions to the church and church attendance showed an identical ordering effect: Initial Ss > Follow-up Ss > Refusal Ss. For all 6 measures, p < .05 for analyses of variance.
Is Systematic Desensitization Being Misapplied?
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A. , Serber Michael
Published: September 2011

While observing case presentations of more than a dozen behavior therapists at various stages of experience, the authors noted the inappropriate and almost indiscriminate use of desensitization methods. Various negative repercussions are described, and examples are presented of rapid change following appropriate (non-desensitization) techniques. The plea is for broad-spectrum behavior therapy as replacement for narrow S-R formulations.
Toward a Psychology of Charisma: I. The Innovation Viewpoint of Robert Tucker
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

While granting that Weber's formulation emphasized innovation, this note questions whether “charisma” should be defined exclusively in its terms, i.e., in such a way as to exclude conservation—which is how Robert Tucker has recently reformulated charismatic leadership.
Effect of Occupational Prestige and Attitude Similarity on Attraction as a Function of Assumed Similarity of Attitude
Authors: Bond Michael , Byrne Donn , Diamond Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that the effect of attitudes on attraction is independent of the prestige or status of the stranger expressing the attitudes. It was hypothesized that in the absence of additional information, attraction toward a stranger is a positive function of his occupational prestige and that attraction is a positive function of assumed attitudinal similarity between stranger and S. Ss were 139 Stanford students who were given either occupational information, attitudinal information, or both types of information about a stranger. It was found that either occupational information alone ( p < .02) or attitudinal information alone ( p < .001) influences attraction. When the two types of information are combined, as in earlier research, Ss respond only to attitude similarity ( p < .001). There was support for the proposed relationship between attraction and assumed similarity ( p < .01), but variations across conditions suggest caution in interpreting this finding.
Stereotypic Desirability Profiles for the 16 P.F. Questionnaire
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effects of instructional conditions on 16 P.F. performance. Instructions focusing on the positive and negative desirability of item alternatives were compared with results obtained under standard administration conditions. Two divergent “images” emerged in a college sample and indicated that the poles of the 16 P.F. are not equally attractive. Findings were discussed with reference to Cattell's theory of perturbations, and a clinical application of the stereotype profiles was explored.
Instructions and Labels in a Concept-Attainment Task
Authors: Fredrick Wayne C. , Klausmeier Herbert J.
Published: September 2011

72 college students were to attain a concept from slides that showed geometric figures made up of bi-valued attributes. Specific instructions to attain a concept resulted in significantly better performance than instructions which merely indicated the attributes. A meaningful label attached to each figure resulted in better concept attainment than a nonsense label. It was theorized that both the instructions and meaningful label initiated conceptual activity and facilitated the accurate categorization in instances.
Application of Reinforcement Contingencies with a 23-Year-Old Anorexic Patient
Authors: Stumphauzer Jerome S.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the use of learning principles in the crisis intervention of a hospitalized, anorexic patient. An uncle's attention was made contingent on improved eating behavior. A reversal of weight trend with improved cooperation was achieved.
Are Good Problem-Solvers Also Creative?
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Janzen Junie C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether Ss, superior in solving difficult problems having objectively correct solutions, also achieve solutions rated “creative” or superior for a problem with several possible answers. To avoid the issue of sex differences, only female Ss were used (96 from a university and 55 from a junior college). Four difficult objective-type problems were used to measure problem-solving ability and the “Changing Work Procedure” (CWP) problem was used for the subjective measure. The case produces 3 types of solutions. One type, called Integrative, was regarded as “creative” and “superior” in previous studies. The results showed a significantly better performance on all problems for the university than the junior college sample. Ss who reached the Integrative solution solved significantly more of the objective problems, and an increasing trend for Integrative solutions with increasing success on objective problems was evident for both populations. It is concluded that superior problem solvers also generate solutions that are rated as creative when several solutions to a given problem are possible.
Individual Variation in Behavioral Change following Role Playing
Authors: Platt Ellen S. , Krassen Ellen , Mausner Bernard
Published: September 2011

In a study of the effect of role playing on cigarette smoking 44 adult male Ss pretended to be either the patient or doctor in a conference over a physical check-up The “patient” was informed he had lung cancer and had to decide whether to undergo an operation on five-day follow-ups 9 Ss reported reduced smoking by 8 cigarettes or more per day; 7 Ss (including 3 of the original 9) showed similar reductions after 4 months. All Ss who reduced smoking were internally oriented on the I/E scale. Verbalized intentions were not related to reductions in smoking levels. Situational anxiety predicted verbal intentions but not behavioral change.
Note on Scoring Midpoint Responses in Extreme Response-Style Scores
Authors: Worthy Morgan
Published: September 2011

Scoring procedures typically used to derive a measure of extreme response style treat responses at the midpoint of a scale as lacking in extremeness. The midpoint (neutral) response is psychologically similar to an extreme response since it represents a concrete, unambiguous position. Semantic Differential ratings were used to demonstrate that midpoint responding is positively related to responding at the ends of the scale. It is suggested that in measures of extreme response style, the midpoint response should be treated as an extreme response.
Escapable-Inescapable Preshock and Subsequent Escape Behavior
Authors: Ragusa Donald M. , Shemberg Kenneth , Rasbury Wiley
Published: September 2011

Rats were exposed to 23½ hr. of either lever-press escape (Group E), yoked-inescapable shock (Group I), or a nonshock condition (Group NS). 24 hr. after the end of the preceding treatment all Ss received 25 massed trials of instrumental escape in a runway. Running speed for the E and I groups was significantly slower than that of the NS group during the last 20 trials. Starting speed was slower for the E and I groups only on the last block of five trials. These findings were discussed in terms of the recent work on learned helplessness.
Skill and Chance Orientations as Determiners of Problem-Solving Behavior in Lower- and Middle-Class Children
Authors: Gruen Gerald E. , Ottinger Donald R.
Published: September 2011

This study was an attempt to replicate a previous finding that lower- and middle-class children of the same MA differ in their performance on a partially reinforced three-choice learning task. It was also an attempt to assess the role that skill and chance orientations play in determining this differential performance of social-class groups. The most significant finding of this study was that skill-oriented Ss showed less maximizing (correct responses) and more left, middle, right patterning of their responses than chance-oriented Ss. No main effect of social class was found but an interaction effect did occur that reflected significantly more left, middle, right patterning of responses by middle-class skill-oriented Ss than any other group.
Attitude Change in Marine Recruit Training
Authors: Clum George A. , Hoiberg Anne , Kole Delbert M.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward the military and toward superior officers were found to change in a negative direction during recruit training. Multiple-regression analysis of biographical variables to a criterion of attitude change revealed that the recruit whose attitude changed in a positive direction can be characterized as young, of below-average intelligence, and from a lower socioeconomic background. Platoon variations on the criterion of attitude change existed independently of variations in platoon composition. An analysis which compared the use of change scores as opposed to the use of final attitude score corrected for initial attitude level indicated that the two methods were relatively comparable.
Behavior during Extended Exposure to a Multiple Fixed-Interval Adjusting Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Authors: Randolph John J.
Published: September 2011

Three pigeons were exposed to a multiple FI 2 adjusting ratio schedule of reinforcement for periods up to 218 sessions. The ratio requirement was equal to the number of responses in the preceding interval. Ratio response rates varied between those normally found with VR schedules and patterns of responding similar to those produced by FI contingencies.
Motivational Effects of Stimuli Paired with Buildup of the Thirst Drive
Authors: Swanson Albert M. , Richmond Glenn D.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats were adapted to a distinctive conditioning environment over a 4-day period and were then divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group experienced 23 hr. of water privation in the conditioning environment on each of 14 successive days. The control group experienced only the first ½ hr. of privation in the conditioning environment and spent the rest of each privation period in a control environment. During subsequent tests in the conditioning environment, with Ss satiated, the experimental Ss consumed significantly more water than the control Ss. A replication produced similar results and indicated that the effect could be mediated by general, as well as specific, characteristics of the conditioning environment. The relation of the results to the conditioned drive hypothesis is discussed, and the direction of continuing research is indicated.
Contrast Effect on Subjective Experience in Drug Experiments
Authors: Haertzen C. A.
Published: September 2011

Contrast effects in an experiment involving no-drug, placebo, and seven drugs were postulated on the basis of Helson's adaptation level theory. For 250 male opiate addicts, it was expected and found that general subjective experiences peculiar to drugs were smaller for no-drug or placebo conditions when these conditions were administered after rather than before potent drugs such as morphine or LSD.
Some Problems and Notes about Short-Term Memory
Authors: Schwartz Fred
Published: September 2011

This note reviews evidence inconsistent with current theories of STM. Original data are repotted on Hebb's “activity trace” and on the role of RI and PI in STM. The note ends with a discussion of the possible role of representational thought in STM.
Are Pronounceability and Effort Ratings Psychologically Equivalent?
Authors: Smith O. W. , Badia P. , Rosenberg B. G.
Published: September 2011

Is Underwood and Schulz's (1960) pronounceability scale psychologically equivalent to Ryan and Smith's (1954) effort scale for work? CVCs with high or low m′ values (Noble, 1961) were rated on both scales. Judgments of equivalence were inconsistent over Ss and CVCs. The scales are not parallel by Gulliksen's (1950) criteria. They correlate .99 and over-all have nearly equal means, variances, and covariances. Differential effects of work on rates of learning of CVCs were attributed to the diversion of attention from retention on initial learning trials plus high difficulty and effort of reproduction from imperfect retention on these trials.
Personnel Attitudes before and after Unitization
Authors: Schmidt Hermann O. , Coutu Eileen W. , Marone Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

The CTE was administered to three groups of nursing personnel before and one year after the unit system was introduced at a state mental hospital. The original scales were oriented towards patients and their pathologies or symptoms. A 1969 revision of the scales is oriented towards the environment and its characteristics on the original scales almost no statistically significant differences were obtained, suggesting that the immediate treatment environment of the patient was unaltered. The “new” scales showed that an appreciable number of statistically significant changes in the environment did take place.
Preliminary Note on Seasonal Production of Planarian Pheromone
Authors: Reynierse James H. , Auld Kathryn Gleason , Scavio Michael J.
Published: September 2011

A seasonal, reproductive pheromone is reported which significantly influences planarian aggregation behavior.
“Awareness” in Chronic Schizophrenics: III. Incidental versus Directed Learning
Authors: Miller Peter M. , Heckel Robert V.
Published: September 2011

25 schizophrenics and 25 normals did not perform differently on intentional learning when incidental learning was controlled in a covariance analysis. The psychological deficit of the hospitalized patients was interpreted in terms of their set.
Anderson's Personality-Trait Words Rated by Men and Women as a Function of Stimulus Sex
Authors: Rosnow Ralph L. , Wainer Howard , Arms Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Anderson's personality-trait words were rated for likeableness on a 101-point scale by 30 male and 30 female undergraduates instructed to regard the stimuli as characterizing either a man or a woman. Although the pooled means correlated highly with Anderson's mean ratings, inspection of the separate stimuli showed numerous appreciable rating differences attributable to Ss' sex and sex of stimulus. Eliminating such stimuli resulted in a list of 143 recommended personality-trait words.
Problems in Studying Implicit Associative Responses
Authors: Arvidson Robert M. , Brown Coke R.
Published: September 2011

Conceptual and methodological problems concerned with the elicitation of false recognition rates in recent studies of implicit associative responses (IAR) are discussed. Approaches toward the IAR effect in terms of feature coding and associative bond are included along with questions concerning the appropriateness of using word association norms for selecting assumed IAR words. Problems of constructing word lists, including positioning of words, number of presentations of words, and relationships among words are factors which are considered in terms of their effect upon experimental results. Method of presentation and response measures are also considered.
Temporal Stability and Change in Attitudes toward the Kennedy Assassination
Authors: Pierce-Jones John , Friedman S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Temporal distance from a catastrophic social event, e.g., the killing of President John Kennedy, might be expected to result in a de-differentiation (simplification) of the configuration of attitudes surrounding the event. In a factor-analytic sense, this would be seen through the identification of fewer attitude dimensions a year after the killing and after the original study. Present results disconfirm the simplification hypothesis, showing instead, the same attitude factors as originally identified for Ss sampled in the same four American universities. Analyses for various subgroups of undergraduates show some interpretable changes in factor-scale profiles.
Modification of the Autonomic Component of the Conditioned Emotional Response
Authors: De Vietti Terry L. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

A series of experiments was conducted to clarify the role of the autonomic nervous system in the acquisition and maintenance of the conditioned emotional response (CER). In Exp. 1 the reactivity of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system was altered by drugs during maintenance testing of the CER. 12 rats were trained to bar-press for sugar water on a VI 30-sec. schedule; 6 CER trials were administered during each 2-hr. session. The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (electric shock) was adjusted for each S so as to suppress responding during the CER signal (tone) to approximately 50% of normal pressing rate. Neither the sympathetic agents (adrenalin, Chlorpromazine, Dibenzyline), nor the parasympathetic agents (methacholine chloride, propantheline, atropine sulfate) reliably altered bar-press rates during the CER trials. Exp. 2 demonstrated that the autonomic agents, in the dosages used, were in fact altering autonomic reactivity as indexed by heart-rate measures. In Exp. 3 acquisition of the CER by 18 rats was found not to be affected by autonomic alteration as produced by drugs.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: IX. Roy Melvin Dorcus: 1901–1968
Authors: Gengerelli J. A.
Published: September 2011

Youngest of four children, R. M. Dorcus received undergraduate and graduate education at The Johns Hopkins University. In 1925 he was awarded the Ph.D. and joined the staff at Hopkins immediately thereafter. While there he wrote the well-known Text-book of Abnormal Psychology and published research papers in experimental and industrial psychology. In 1937 he moved to UCLA, where his interests veered toward clinical psychology and hypnosis in particular. He became an internationally known authority in the latter area. He was very influential in formulating the state legislation for practicing psychologists in California. There are three books among his 81 publications, and for many years he was editor of The Journal of Comparative Psychology and the Comparative Psychology Monographs.
Effects of Retention Interval on Recall by Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Seitz Sue , Morris Dan
Published: September 2011

The length of the interval between the stimulus and response (retention interval) was varied in an automated task involving recall of a threeletter word. The length of the retention interval was not as important a variable as the sequence of presentation of retention intervals of different lengths for 32 mentally retarded residencs of the Austin Stare School. Results suggest that their performance on the automated task might improve if practice is under retention intervals that are longer initially but then decrease during performance.
On Evaluating the Role of Counterconditioning in Systematic Desensitization: A Methodological Note
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley
Published: September 2011

It is pointed out that no experiment has properly evaluated the role of counterconditioning in systematic desensitization. It is argued that, despite claims to the contrary, the role of counterconditioning remains unclear. A previously unused but mandatory control “treatment” is described, and a particular approach to the problem of evaluating counterconditioning in systematic desensitization is briefly discussed.
A Simplified Probability Model of Error of Measurement
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

A model of variability in measurement which does not employ the concepts of “true score” and “error score” is presented. Reference to an observed score random variable, X, together with the usual axioms of probability, is shown to be a satisfactory basis for derivation of results of the classical test theory which relate observable quantities. In addition, reliability formulas such as the KR 20 and KR 21 are obtained by construction of the observed score random variable over a sample space of outcomes of a testing procedure and assignment of probabilities to outcomes. The approach is consistent with trends in psychological theory toward objectively defined constructs and avoids redundancy in derivations, as well as connotations which arise from reference to “true values” and “errors.” The present model is shown to be consistent with a relativistic, as opposed to an absolutistic, conception of measurement.
Magnitude of the Startle Response and Drive Level
Authors: Mellgren Roger L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that greater drive would be reflected in larger magnitude of startle response to an abrupt auditory stimulus was investigated. The first experiment provided direct support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that rats deprived of water for 48 hr. showed a significantly greater startle response than both 0- ( p < .01) and 24-hour ( p < .025) deprived rats, who did not differ from each other. The second experiment showed an increase in startle in the presence of a former SΔ and a decrease in startle in the presence of a former SD. The results were taken to support the hypothesis of a direct relationship between drive level and startle magnitude, although problems associated with differential postural adjustments affecting the data could not be ruled out.
Motivation for Gambling as Revealed in the Marketing Methods of the Legitimate Gambling Industry
Authors: Hess Harrie F. , Diller Jerry V.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the marketing appeals made by the legal Nevada gambling industry yields three main categories of motive toward which appeals are made: (1) rational-economic motives, (2) recreational motives, and (3) prestige-seeking motives. It was noted that the industry seems loath to exploit motives which may be related to psychopathology, such as the desire to lose in order to alleviate guilt.
The Feasibility of Video-Tape Interviewing
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Clark Carl G. , Reitman Lenore M. , Smith Robert E.
Published: September 2011

13 inpatient Ss were interviewed via a standardized videotaped presentation of E. All Ss responded to the tape recorded E seemingly as if E were present. It seems that a video taped interview may be feasible both as a research and as an applied clinical device.
“Fear Communication” via Odor in Inbred Mice
Authors: Sprott Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The application of a treatment to one group of Ss had effects upon another group of Ss not so treated. The effects, largely upon resistance to extinction, were probably mediated by odor. The data suggested that Ss exhibited conditioned and unconditioned responses to odors left by other Ss.
The Semantic Differential as a Tool for Measuring Progress in Therapy
Authors: Dingman Harvey F. , Paulson Morris J. , Eyman Richard K. , Miller Curtis R.
Published: September 2011

Progress through therapy can be evaluated by a factor analysis of responses to a semantic rating scale over occasions. Methodology is presented which offers a technique for measuring objectively a patient's progress under therapy.
Retarded, Normal, and Superior Subjects' Learning of Paired Associates by Whole and Parts Methods
Authors: Blake Kathryn A. , Williams Charlotte L.
Published: September 2011

Retarded, normal, and superior Ss used whole-, pure-parts, and progressive-parts methods in learning CVC trigram-numeral pairs. Groups equated for MA did not differ in rote learning; groups equated for CA did differ: the superior group exceeded the others and the normal group exceeded the retarded. The groups did not react differentially to the three methods. In all groups, Ss using the whole-method responded most adequately while those using the pure- and progressive-parts-methods responded with similar adequacy to the learning task.
Attitude Change by Stimulus Exposures
Authors: Litvak Stuart B.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tested Zajonc's hypothesis that mere repeated exposure to a stimulus would enhance attitude, in a positive direction, toward that stimulus. Relative to past research in this area, variations were introduced in such parameters as stimulus content, instructions, scale polarity, and exposure duration, with frequency of exposures held constant. Ss' attitudes toward a harmless caged snake were tested. One group received appropriate scales and instructions to rate the snake as to likability, while a second group received scales and instructions to rate the snake as to dislikability. These groups were further divided into long- or short-exposure sub-groups. Results revealed an enhancement trend for all groups, this being significant only for the likability groups. Duration of exposure within the likability groups did not significantly and differentially alter enhancement. The findings were interpreted to be in congruence with Zajonc's hypothesis but suggested the specification of certain boundary conditions. Relationships between experimentation on stimulus exposures and research on the desensitization behavior therapies were then discussed.
WAIS Subtest Characteristics of Institutionalized Retardates
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

WAIS subtest norms for two samples of institutionalized retardates, one from the East Coast and the other from the West Coast, were compared. The correlation between them was high and the differences small. Together, they provide a set of norms based on the performance of 945 Ss.