bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-term Low-dose Oral Corticosteroid Therapy of Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder: A Comparison of the Clinical Outcomes to Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection
Authors: Kim Young Bok , Kim Young Chang , Kim Ji Wan , Lee Sang Jin , Lee Sang Won , Choi Hong Joon , Lee Dong Hyun , Kim Joo Young
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: To assess the clinical outcomes of short-term oral corticosteroid therapy for impingement syndrome of the shoulder and determine whether it can be substituted as an alternative to the intra-articular injection.METHODS: The clinical outcomes of the 173 patients, the oral steroid group (n=88) and the injection group (n=85), were measured at 3 weeks, 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. The clinical outcomes were assessed by measuring the the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, visual analog scale (VAS) and range of motion (ROM) at every follow-up. Any complications and recurrence rate were noted. A relationship between the treatment outcomes and factors such as demographic factors, clinical symptoms and radiographic findings were determined.RESULTS: No difference was observed in VAS and UCLA scores between the two groups, but forward flexion and internal rotation of ROM were significantly improved in the injection group at the 2nd and 4th postoperative month (p < 0.05). At 6th postoperative month, recurrence rate of symptoms was 26% in the oral steroid group and 22% in the injection group. No major adverse effects were observed. When the clinical outcomes of the oral steroid group were compared to either demographic, clinical symptoms, or radiographic findings, UCLA score was found to be significantly low (p < 0.05) in patients with joint stiffness and UCLA score, whereas VAS score was significantly improved in patients with night pain (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Short-term low-dose oral corticosteroid therapy of impingement syndrome showed comparable clinical outcomes to intra-articular injection without any remarkable adverse effects. Low-dose oral steroids can be regarded as a partial alternative to intra-articular injection for the initial therapy of impingement syndrome of the shoulder.
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: Early Outcome and Complication Report
Authors: Park Yong Bok , Jung Sung Weon , Ryu Ho Young , Hong Jin Ho , Chae Sang Hoon , Min Kyoung Bin , Yoo Jae Chul
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been accepted as a main treatment option in irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with cuff arthropathy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early complication incidence and the preliminary clinical results of RTSAs performed in single institute.METHODS: Fifty-seven RTSAs (56 patients) were performed between April 2011 and March 2013. The indications for RTSA were cuff tear arthropathy and irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with or without pseudoparalysis. Exclusion criteria were revision, preoperative infections and fractures. At final follow-up, 45 shoulders were enrolled. Mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months (range, 6-27 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 73.6 years (range, 58-87 years). All the patients were functionally accessed via Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, pain and functional visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and active range of motion. Complications were documented as major and minor. Major complications include fractures, infections, dislocations, nerve palsies, aseptic loosening of humeral or glenoid components, or glenoid screw problems. Minor complications include radiographic scapular notching, hematomas, heterotopic ossification, algodystrophy, intraoperative dislocations, intraoperative cement extravasation, or radiographic lucent lines of the glenoid.RESULTS: The mean Constant score increased from 31.4 to 53.8 (p < 0.001). The pain and functional VAS scores improved (5.2 to 2.7, p < 0.001, 4.0 to 6.7, p < 0.001) and active forward flexion improved from 96.9degrees to 125.6degrees (p = 0.011). One or more complications occurred in 16 (35.6%) of 45 shoulders, with one failure (2.2%) resulting in the removal of implants by late infection. The single most common complication was scapular notching (9 [20%]). There were 4 (8.9%) axillary nerve palsies postoperatively (n=3: transient n. palsy, n=1: Symptom existed at 11 months postoperatively but improving).CONCLUSIONS: In a sort term follow-up, RTSA provided substantial gain in overall function. Most common early complications were scapular notching and postoperative neuropathy. Although overall early complication rate was as high as reported by several authors, most of the complications can be observable without compromise to patients' clinical outcome. Long term follow-up is required to clarify the clinical result and overall complication rate.
Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the Elbow: A Case Report
Authors: Oh Chi Hun , Park Jung Ho , Kim Jung Wook
Published: August 2014

A 29-year-old man visited our clinic owing to a persistent swelling in the anterior part of the left elbow joint that began one year ago. Through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we observed tenosynovitis with multiple rice bodies, and so we performed an excisional biopsy and tenosynovectomy. Through pathology and culture tests, we identified tuberculosis in the tissue biopsy that we harvested intraoperatively. Following the anti-tuberculosis medication relieved the patient's symptoms without recurrence. Since tuberculosis of the elbow occurs only rarely, and the symptoms mimic those of rheumatoid synovitis or of non-specific chronic synovitis, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often delayed. The authors report this rare case of tuberculous tenosynovitis of the elbow with a review of the relevant literature.
Utility of urine and serum lateral flow assays to determine the prevalence and predictors of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV‐positive outpatients beginning antiretroviral therapy in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Magambo Kinanga A , Kalluvya Samuel E , Kapoor Shikha W , Seni Jeremiah , Chofle Awilly A , Fitzgerald Daniel W , Downs Jennifer A
Published: August 2014

Background

Detection of subclinical cryptococcal disease using cryptococcal antigen screening among HIV‐positive individuals presents a potential opportunity for prevention of both clinical disease and death if patients with detectable cryptococcal antigen are identified and treated pre‐emptively. Recently developed point‐of‐care cryptococcal antigen tests may be useful for screening, particularly in resource‐limiting settings, but few studies have assessed their utility.

Methodology

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV‐positive patients with CD4+ T‐cell counts ≤200 cells/µL who were initiating ART, and also to evaluate the utility of the point‐of‐care urine lateral flow assay (LFA) cryptococcal antigen test using two different diluents, compared to gold standard serum antigen testing, as a screening tool. Urine and serum of outpatients initiating antiretroviral therapy at two hospitals in Mwanza were tested for cryptococcal antigen, and demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained using structured questionnaires and patients’ files. Patients with asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia received oral fluconazole in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations.

Results

Among 140 patients screened, 10 (7.1%) had asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia with a positive serum cryptococcal antigen. Four of these ten patients had CD4 counts between 100 and 200 cells/µL. The prevalence of cryptococcal antigen detected in urine using a standard (older) and a test (newer) diluent were 44 (31.4%) and 19 (13.6%), with Kappa coefficients compared to serum of 0.28 and 0.51 (p<0.001 for both). Compared to the new LFA diluent for urine cryptococcal antigen, the standard diluent had higher sensitivity (100% versus 80%) but lower specificity (74% versus 92%) using serum cryptococcal antigen as a gold standard.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that HIV‐positive outpatients with CD4 counts <200 cells/µL, rather than 100, should be screened for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia given its association with mortality if untreated. Agreement of the urine LFA with the serum LFA was not sufficient to recommend routine screening with urine LFA.
Corrigendum
Authors: Vun Mean Chhi , Fujita Masami , Rathavy Tung , Eang Mao Tang , Sopheap Seng , Sovannarith Samreth , Chhorvann Chhea , Vanthy Ly , Sopheap Oum , Welle Emily , Ferradini Laurent , Sedtha Chin , Bunna Sok , Verbruggen Robert
Published: August 2014

Introduction

In the mid‐1990s, Cambodia faced one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Asia. For its achievement in reversing this trend, and achieving universal access to HIV treatment, the country received a United Nations millennium development goal award in 2010. This article reviews Cambodia’s response to HIV over the past two decades and discusses its current efforts towards elimination of new HIV infections.

Methods

A literature review of published and unpublished documents, including programme data and presentations, was conducted.

Results and discussion

Cambodia classifies its response to one of the most serious HIV epidemics in Asia into three phases. In Phase I (1991–2000), when adult HIV prevalence peaked at 1.7% and incidence exceeded 20,000 cases, a nationwide HIV prevention programme targeted brothel‐based sex work. Voluntary confidential counselling and testing and home‐based care were introduced, and peer support groups of people living with HIV emerged. Phase II (2001–2011) observed a steady decline in adult prevalence to 0.8% and incidence to 1600 cases by 2011, and was characterized by: expanding antiretroviral treatment (coverage reaching more than 80%) and continuum of care; linking with tuberculosis and maternal and child health services; accelerated prevention among key populations, including entertainment establishment‐based sex workers, men having sex with men, transgender persons, and people who inject drugs; engagement of health workers to deliver quality services; and strengthening health service delivery systems. The third phase (2012–2020) aims to attain zero new infections by 2020 through: sharpening responses to key populations at higher risk; maximizing access to community and facility‐based testing and retention in prevention and care; and accelerating the transition from vertical approaches to linked/integrated approaches.

Conclusions

Cambodia has tailored its prevention strategy to its own epidemic, established systematic linkages across different services and communities, and achieved nearly universal coverage of HIV services nationwide. Still, the programme must continually (re)prioritize the most effective and efficient interventions, strengthen synergies between programmes, contribute to health system strengthening, and increase domestic funding so that the gains of the previous two decades are sustained, and the goal of zero new infections is reached.
A role of OCRL in clathrin-coated pit dynamics and uncoating revealed by studies of Lowe syndrome cells
Authors: Nández Ramiro , Balkin Daniel M , Messa Mirko , Liang Liang , Paradise Summer , Czapla Heather , Hein Marco Y , Duncan James S , Mann Matthias , De Camilli Pietro
Published: August 2014

Mutations in the inositol 5-phosphatase OCRL cause Lowe syndrome and Dent's disease. Although OCRL, a direct clathrin interactor, is recruited to late-stage clathrin-coated pits, clinical manifestations have been primarily attributed to intracellular sorting defects. Here we show that OCRL loss in Lowe syndrome patient fibroblasts impacts clathrin-mediated endocytosis and results in an endocytic defect. These cells exhibit an accumulation of clathrin-coated vesicles and an increase in U-shaped clathrin-coated pits, which may result from sequestration of coat components on uncoated vesicles. Endocytic vesicles that fail to lose their coat nucleate the majority of the numerous actin comets present in patient cells. SNX9, an adaptor that couples late-stage endocytic coated pits to actin polymerization and which we found to bind OCRL directly, remains associated with such vesicles. These results indicate that OCRL acts as an uncoating factor and that defects in clathrin-mediated endocytosis likely contribute to pathology in patients with OCRL mutations.
The Drosophila F-box protein Fbxl7 binds to the protocadherin Fat and regulates Dachs localization and Hippo signaling
Authors: Bosch Justin A , Sumabat Taryn M , Hafezi Yassi , Pellock Brett J , Gandhi Kevin D , Hariharan Iswar K
Published: August 2014

The Drosophila protocadherin Fat (Ft) regulates growth, planar cell polarity (PCP) and proximodistal patterning. A key downstream component of Ft signaling is the atypical myosin Dachs (D). Multiple regions of the intracellular domain of Ft have been implicated in regulating growth and PCP but how Ft regulates D is not known. Mutations in Fbxl7, which encodes an F-box protein, result in tissue overgrowth and abnormalities in proximodistal patterning that phenocopy deleting a specific portion of the intracellular domain (ICD) of Ft that regulates both growth and PCP. Fbxl7 binds to this same portion of the Ft ICD, co-localizes with Ft to the proximal edge of cells and regulates the levels and asymmetry of D at the apical membrane. Fbxl7 can also regulate the trafficking of proteins between the apical membrane and intracellular vesicles. Thus Fbxl7 functions in a subset of pathways downstream of Ft and links Ft to D localization.
One‐dimensional soil temperature simulation with Common Land Model by assimilating in situ observations and MODISLST with the ensemble particle filter
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Fu Xiaolei , Luo Lifeng , Lü Haishen , Ju Qin , Liu Di , Kalin Dresden A. , Huang Dui , Yang Chuanguo , Zhao Lili
Published: August 2014

Soil temperature plays an important role in hydrology, agriculture, and meteorology. In order to improve the accuracy of soil temperature simulation, a soil temperature data assimilation system was developed based on the Ensemble Particle Filter (EnPF) and the Common Land Model (CLM), and then applied in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in Arizona, United States. Surface soil temperature in situ observations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature (MODIS LST) data were assimilated into the system. In this study, four different assimilation experiments were conducted: (1) assimilating in situ observations of instantaneous surface soil temperature each hour, (2) assimilating in situ observations of instantaneous surface soil temperature once per day, (3) assimilating verified MODIS LST once per day, and (4) assimilating original MODIS LST once per day. These four experiments reflect a transition from high‐quality and more frequent in situ observations to lower quality and less frequent remote sensing data in the data assimilation system. The results from these four experiments show that the assimilated results are better than the simulated results without assimilation at all layers except the bottom layer, while the superiority gradually diminishes as the quality and frequency of the observations decrease. This demonstrates that remote sensing data can be assimilated using the ensemble particle filter in poorly gauged catchments to obtain highly accurate soil variables (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature). Meanwhile, the results also demonstrate that the ensemble particle filter is effective in assimilating soil temperature observations to improve simulations, but the performance of the data assimilation method is affected by the frequency of assimilation and the quality of the input data.
Extreme localized exhumation at syntaxes initiated by subduction geometry
Authors: Bendick Rebecca , Ehlers Todd A.
Published: August 2014

Some of the highest and most localized rates of lithospheric deformation in the world are observed at the transition between adjacent plate boundary subduction segments. The initiating perturbation of this deformation has long been attributed to vigorous erosional processes as observed at Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa in the Himalaya and at Mount St. Elias in Alaska. However, an erosion‐dominated mechanism ignores the 3‐D geometry of curved subducting plates. Here we present an alternative explanation for rapid exhumation at these locations based on the 3‐D thermomechanical evolution of collisions between plates with nonplanar geometries. Comparison of model predictions with existing data reproduces the defining characteristics of these mountains and offers an explanation for their spatial correlation with arc termini. These results demonstrate a “bottom‐up” tectonic rather than “top‐down” erosional initiation of feedbacks between erosion and tectonic deformation; hence, the importance of 3‐D subduction geometry.
Efficiently Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalytic Activity of MnO2 Using Facile Hydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Tianran , Cheng Fangyi , Du Jing , Hu Yuxiang , Chen Jun
Published: August 2014

Improving the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of transition metal oxides is important for the development of non‐noble metal catalysts that are used in metal‐air batteries and fuel cells. Here, a novel facile strategy of hydrogenation to significantly enhance the ORR performance of MnO2. The hydrogenated MnO2 (H‐MnO2), which is prepared through a simple heat treatment in hydrogen gas, shows characteristics of modified lattice/surface structures and increased electrical conductivity. In 0.1 M KOH aqueous solution, the prepared H‐MnO2 exhibits high activity toward the oxygen electrocatalysis with more positive onset potential (≈60 mV), ≈14% larger of limiting current, lower yield of peroxide species, and better durability than the pristine oxide. Further conductivity testing and density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal the faster kinetics of ORR after hydrogenation is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds and altered microstructure and improved electronic properties. These results highlight the importance of hydrogenation as a facile yet effective strategy to improve the catalytic activity of transition metal oxides for ORR‐based applications.
Micro‐ and Mesoporous Carbide‐Derived Carbon–Selenium Cathodes for High‐Performance Lithium Selenium Batteries
Authors: Lee Jung Tae , Kim Hyea , Oschatz Martin , Lee Dong‐Chan , Wu Feixiang , Lin Huan‐Ting , Zdyrko Bogdan , Cho Won Il , Kaskel Stefan , Yushin Gleb
Published: August 2014

Nanocomposites of selenium (Se) and ordered mesoporous silicon carbide‐derived carbon (OM‐SiC‐CDC) are prepared for the first time and studied as cathodes for lithium‐selenium (Li‐Se) batteries. The higher concentration of Li salt in the electrolytes greatly improves Se utilization and cell cycle stability. Se‐CDC shows significantly better performance characteristics than Se‐activated carbon nanocomposites with similar physical properties. Se‐CDC also exhibits better rate performance and cycle stability compared to similarly produced sulfur (S)–CDC for Li/S batteries.
Fetal phenotype associated with the 22q11 deletion
Authors: Noël Anne‐Claire , Pelluard Fanny , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Devisme Louise , Loeuillet Laurence , Leroy Brigitte , Martin Alain , Bouvier Raymonde , Laquerriere Annie , Jeanne‐Pasquier Corinne , Bessieres‐Grattagliano Betty , Mechler Charlotte , Alanio Elisabeth , Leroy Camille , Gaillard Dominique
Published: August 2014

The 22q11 deletion syndrome is one of the most common human microdeletion syndromes, with a wide spectrum of abnormalities. The fetal phenotype associated with the 22q11 deletion is poorly described in the literature. A national retrospective study was performed from 74 feto‐pathological examinations. The objectives were to evaluate the circumstances of the 22q11 deletion diagnosis and to describe fetal anomalies. Post mortem examinations were performed after 66 terminations of pregnancy and eight fetal deaths. The series included nine fetuses from the first trimester, 55 from the second trimester, and ten from the third trimester. A 22q11 FISH analysis was recommended for 57 fetuses after multidisciplinary prenatal diagnostic counseling and for 17 fetuses by a fetal pathologist. Conotruncal heart defects were the most common anomalies (65 fetuses), followed by thymus defects (62 fetuses), and malformations of the urinary tract (25 fetuses). This study identified several unusual and severe features rarely described in the literature. Neurological abnormalities were described in ten fetuses, with seven neural tube defects and five arhinencephalies. This series also included lethal malformations: two hypoplastic left heart syndromes, two bilateral renal agenesis, and one tracheal agenesis. Genetic analysis for a 22q11 deletion is usually indicated when a congenital conotruncal heart and/or thymus defect is detected, but might also be useful in case of other lethal or severe malformations that initially led to the termination of pregnancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of lethal acetylsalicylic acid poisoning without hemodialysis
Authors: Ueno Masahito , Oda Jun , Soeda Hiroshi , Uesugi Hirotaka , Ueno Keiko , Fujise Yo , Yukioka Tetsuo
Published: August 2014

Case

A woman aged in her 20s ingested approximately 99 g acetylsalicylic acid, and was transported to our hospital 2 h later. She was lucid, but complained of hearing loss and tinnitus. We performed gastric lavage and gave her activated charcoal several times. We attempted to maintain the urinary pH at 7.5 and output above 100 mL/h while preparing for urgent hemodialysis.

Outcome

It was revealed after discharge that the blood concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was 103.8 mg/dL on admission (lethal dose level) and had decreased to 35.4 mg/dL by the next morning. The half‐life was 8.5 h.

Conclusion

Hemodialysis is strongly recommended for patients who take a lethal dose of acetylsalicylic acid. However, by carefully evaluating the vital signs and urinary output and pH, while preparing for emergency hemodialysis, we consider that it is possible to treat acetylsalicylic acid poisoning by alkaline diuresis and critical supportive care.
Early treatment is associated with improved cognition in Hurler syndrome
Authors: Poe Michele D. , Chagnon Sarah L. , Escolar Maria L.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Hurler syndrome is the most clinically severe form of an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder characterized by the deficiency of α‐L‐iduronidase. The resulting accumulation of glycosaminoglycans causes progressive multisystem deterioration, resulting in death in childhood. Umbilical cord blood transplantation from unrelated donors has been previously shown to improve neurological outcomes of children <2 years of age and prolong life. The purpose of this article is to determine whether age at transplantation can predict cognitive outcomes.

Methods

Between June 1997 and February 2013, 31 patients with Hurler syndrome underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation and were evaluated at baseline and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. All 31 patients underwent complete neurodevelopmental evaluation (median follow‐up = 7.3 years, range = 2–21.7) and a median of 7.0 evaluations (range = 3–18).

Results

Younger age at transplantation was associated with improved cognitive function (p = 0.001), receptive and expressive language (p = 0.004 and p = 0.01), and adaptive behavior (p = 0.03).

Interpretation

Early age at transplantation is a strong predictor of cognitive, language, and adaptive behavior outcomes. Children younger than 9 months at the time of transplant showed normal cognitive development. Our results demonstrate that early diagnosis is necessary for optimal outcomes and support the need for newborn screening, because most patients are not identified at this young age. Ann Neurol 2014;76:747–753
Peculiarities of resonance fluorescence statistics for a two‐level atom in frequency selective feedback loop
Authors: Tomilin  Vladimir A. , Il'ichov Leonid V.
Published: August 2014

A theoretical analysis of the resonance fluorescence of a two‐level atom in a classical monochromatic field with feedback phase switching depending on the fluorescence triplet component which the last spontaneously emitted photon belongs to is presented. The considered feedback loop is a hybrid quantum‐classical system. Statistics of photoemissions into the triplet components is investigated as well as correlations between the components. In contrast to the well‐known resonance fluorescence of a two‐level atom without feedback phase switching, a bunching of photocounts is predicted in each side‐band, and successive photoemissions into different side‐bands manifest antibunching. The type of the statistics can efficiently be controlled by the frequency detuning of the external field. In many points the considered feedback scheme provides drastically different statistical features of fluorescence when compared with the scheme of frequency‐unselective feedback phase switching.

image
Flexible and flame resistant poly(lactic acid)/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Chow Wen Shyang , Teoh Ee Lian
Published: August 2014

The PLA/OMMT nanocomposites were produced using a melt compounding technique with isopropylated triaryl phosphate ester flame retardant (FR; 10–30 parts per 100 resin). The flammability of the PLA/OMMT composites was evaluated with an Underwriter Laboratory (UL‐94) vertical burning test, and their char morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of the PLA/OMMT were characterized with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thermal analyses showed that adding FR reduced the decomposition onset temperature (To) of PLA/OMMT. Both PLA/OMMT/FR20 and PLA/OMMT/FR30 showed excellent flame retardant abilities, earning a V‐0 rating during the UL‐94 vertical burning test. A compact, coherent and continuous protective char layer was formed in the PLA/OMMT/FR nanocomposites. Additionally, the DSC results indicated that the flexibility of the PLA/OMMT composites increased after adding FR due to the FR‐induced plasticization. The impact strength of PLA/OMMT was greatly increased by the addition of FR. Flexible PLA nanocomposites with high flame resistance were successfully produced. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41253.
International Tax, theG20 and theAsiaPacific: From Competition to Cooperation?
Authors: Stewart Miranda
Published: August 2014

Nation states in theAsiaPacific need to increase tax revenues but face many challenges. This article discusses the challenge of taxation in an age of capital mobility and tax competition. It then considers two opportunities that have recently been championed by theG20, which could enable governments to strengthen national tax systems by international cooperation. The first opportunity is the establishment of transnational tax administrative cooperation. The second opportunity is the potential for countries to develop a new multilateral framework for sharing the international capital tax base, which may arise under auspices of theOrganisation forEconomicCo‐operation andDevelopmentBaseErosion andProfitShifting project. AsChair of theG20 in 2014,Australia has a key leadership role to play in supporting countries in the region to grasp these opportunities.
Large and Fast Single‐Crystal Resistive Humidity Sensitivity of Metal Pnictide Halides Containing van der Waals Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Yan Zhi‐Bo , Liu Dan , Wang Ke‐Feng , Guo Guo‐Cong , Li Shao‐Zhen , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: August 2014

Two new metal pnictide halides, (Hg9.75As5.5)(GaCl4)3 and (Hg13Sb8)(ZnBr4)4, have been prepared by solid‐state reactions. Their structures feature 3D cationic host frameworks built of mercury pnictide polyhedra and form 1D tunnels filled with discrete guest halide polyanions; the guests and hosts are assembled by van der Waals interactions. Both complexes exhibit good single‐crystal humidity sensitivity, with a humidity sensitivity factor as big as three orders of magnitude, a quick resistance response, fast recovery, and good reproducibility. This study provide a new way to design promising resistive humidity detectors by introducing van der Waals host–guest interactions into their structures.
Distributed Hybrid Controllers for Multi‐Agent Mass Games By A Variable Number of Player Agents
Authors: Izumi Shinsaku , Azuma Shun‐ichi , Sugie Toshiharu
Published: August 2014

This paper considers a problem of finding distributed controllers for the multi‐agent mass games, that is, to let agents organize themselves into a formation displaying a given grayscale image. As a solution to this problem, we propose distributed hybrid controllers. The key idea is to combine a coverage control method and halftone image processing, i.e., to combine techniques from the control theory and the image processing. The performance of the proposed controllers is demonstrated by numerical experiments with standard images.© 2014 Chinese Automatic Control Society and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Social and spatial disparities in emotional responses to education: feelings of ‘guilt’ among student‐parents
Authors: Brooks Rachel
Published: August 2014

This article explores the emotional responses to higher education of students with dependent children, and draws on 68 in‐depth interviews conducted with student‐parents in universities in the UK and Denmark. By focussing on one specific emotion—guilt—it contends that emotions are important in helping to understand the way in which particular groups of students engage with education, and the barriers they often face. Moreover, by considering four different higher education contexts (across two European nations), it suggests that emotional responses are spatially differentiated, and mediated by national policies and norms as well as the social characteristics of students.
An evaluation of the ‘Switch‐on Reading’ literacy catch‐up programme
Authors: Gorard Stephen , Siddiqui Nadia , See Beng Huat
Published: August 2014

This paper is based on one of the first completed studies funded by the Educational Endowment Foundation (EEF). EEF was set up in response to repeated demands for clearer evidence on school improvement. The paper presents the results of an intensive 10‐week literacy intervention called Switch‐on Reading. This was trialled in England as part of a government initiative to assist children below Level 4 literacy while at age 10 to catch up with their peers on transfer to secondary school. Switch‐on took place in 19 Nottinghamshire schools, with 314 year 7 pupils individually randomised to treatment in the first or second term of school year 2012/13. This is the largest trial so far conducted of this kind of 10‐week reading intervention. It was delivered on a one‐to‐one basis by trained school staff, mostly teaching assistants. The independent evaluation was based on pre and post administration of the New Group Reading Test, and on observations and interviews in schools. The overall result was an effect size of +0.24, based on the pooled standard deviation of the post‐test score (and the gain score) for both groups, meaning that the programme made a noticeable positive impact. This effect can be envisaged as suggesting that on average a pupil receiving the intervention would make approximately three additional months’ progress over the course of a year compared with similar pupils who did not, at a cost of around £600. The evaluation identified positive results for all groups of pupils (defined by sex, first language, ethnicity, special educational needs, free school meal eligibility and measured attainment at the outset). The trial also illustrates a key role for teaching assistants and shows the feasibility of the EEF research programme.
Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms
Authors: Alcock Joe , Maley Carlo C. , Aktipis C. Athena
Published: August 2014

Microbes in the gastrointestinal tract are under selective pressure to manipulate host eating behavior to increase their fitness, sometimes at the expense of host fitness. Microbes may do this through two potential strategies: (i) generating cravings for foods that they specialize on or foods that suppress their competitors, or (ii) inducing dysphoria until we eat foods that enhance their fitness. We review several potential mechanisms for microbial control over eating behavior including microbial influence on reward and satiety pathways, production of toxins that alter mood, changes to receptors including taste receptors, and hijacking of the vagus nerve, the neural axis between the gut and the brain. We also review the evidence for alternative explanations for cravings and unhealthy eating behavior. Because microbiota are easily manipulatable by prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and dietary changes, altering our microbiota offers a tractable approach to otherwise intractable problems of obesity and unhealthy eating.
Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of plasma clearance of iohexol in dogs and cats
Authors: Hellqvist Alexander , Heiene Reidun , De Baere Siegrid , Croubels Siska , Hedeland Ylva
Published: August 2014

Renal function can be monitored by estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), for example, through measurement of the plasma clearance of a marker that is freely filtrated through the kidney without reabsorption. It has been proposed that iohexol is the most accurate marker for GFR determination in cats and dogs. However, there is a need for a validated capillary electrophoretic method that covers the concentration range for a full curve clearance estimate of iohexol. In the final method, the plasma samples were protein precipitated and the supernatant was analyzed in a background electrolyte containing borate buffer (0.06 m, pH 10.0). The method developed was proved to be linear (concentration range 18– 2900 mg/L) and had a good precision (e.g. 2.3–2.9% at 88 mg/L) and accuracy (e.g. 101–105% at 88 mg/L). Finally, the method was compared with a previously published and validated HPLC‐UV method by parallel analysis of clinical plasma samples from dogs and cats administered Omnipaque®. This comparison showed excellent agreement between the two methods and no proportional or systematic error was observed. The proposed method is simple and has a low cost per sample, which makes it applicable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual Identification and the (De‐)Politicization of Migrants: Longitudinal and Comparative Evidence
Authors: Simon Bernd , Reichert Frank , Schaefer Christoph Daniel , Bachmann Anne , Renger Daniela
Published: August 2014

The article examines the role of dual identification with both the ethnocultural ingroup and the society of residence in the politicization of migrants. The researchers employed a longitudinal and comparative research design with members of the two largest, but sociologically very different, migrant groups in Germany as research participants (i.e. Turkish migrants and Russian migrants). In line with prior work that has shown that, among members of aggrieved groups, dual identity functions as a politicized collective identity, we found that dual identification fostered political engagement among Turkish migrants. In contrast, Russian migrants reported no substantial grievances, and dual identification negatively affected their subsequent political engagement. The contributions of these findings to an articulation of research on politicization with research on intergroup conflict and a more comprehensive understanding of political phenomena driven by dual identification are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Biocatalytic Aromatic Hydroxylation in a Gas–Liquid Multiphase Tube‐in‐Tube Reactor
Authors: Tomaszewski Bartłomiej , Lloyd Richard C. , Warr Antony J. , Buehler Katja , Schmid Andreas
Published: August 2014

Microreactors provide higher mass transfer rates than do conventional batch reactors. A tube‐in‐tube microreactor was used for the NADH‐dependent in vitro conversion of 2‐hydroxybiphenyl to 3‐phenylcatechol that was catalysed by 2‐hydroxybiphenyl 3‐monooxygenase. A biphasic reaction system allowed high substrate loadings, whereas the microreactor ensured excellent mass transfer rates between the organic and aqueous phases. Oxygen was supplied continuously by membrane aeration across the whole reaction compartment. The productivities achieved in the tube‐in‐tube microreactor were 38 times higher than those in previously described batch reactors and almost 4 times higher than for the same reaction in a microreactor in which aqueous, organic, and air phases were delivered through consecutive segments. This set‐up is a promising concept for oxygen‐dependent biocatalytic reactions in microreactors and is developing as a basis for applications in gram‐scale organic biosyntheses.
Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction
Authors: Garcia‐Martinez Javier , Xiao Changhong , Cychosz Katie A. , Li Kunhao , Wan Wei , Zou Xiaodong , Thommes Matthias
Published: August 2014

The small size of micropores (typically <1 nm) in zeolites causes slow diffusion of reactant and product molecules in and out of the pores and negatively impacts the product selectivity of zeolite based catalysts, for example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. Size‐tailored mesoporosity was introduced into commercial zeolite Y crystals by a simple surfactant‐templating post‐synthetic mesostructuring process. The resulting mesoporous zeolite Y showed significantly improved product selectivity in both laboratory testing and refinery trials. Advanced characterization techniques such as electron tomography, three‐dimensional rotation electron diffraction, and high resolution gas adsorption coupled with hysteresis scanning and density functional theory, unambiguously revealed the intracystalline nature and connectivity of the introduced mesopores. They can be considered as molecular highways that help reactant and product molecules diffuse quickly to and away from the catalytically active sites within the zeolite crystals and, thus, shift the selectivity to favor the production of more of the valuable liquid fuels at reduced yields of coke and unconverted feed.
Investigation of Electron Transfer by Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms by using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Babauta Jerome T. , Beasley Christopher A. , Beyenal Haluk
Published: August 2014

Both the short‐ and long‐term electron‐transfer processes of electrode‐respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms are demonstrated by using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM monitors the frequency shift from the initial resonant frequency (background) in real time, while the current increases, because of biofilm growth. In the short term, the frequency shift is linear with respect to current for the biofilm. In long‐term biofilm growth up to the exponential phase, a second linear region of frequency shift with respect to current is observed. In addition to the frequency shift response at constant polarization, the frequency shift response is coupled to cyclic voltammetry experiments. During cyclic voltammetry, a reproducible, negative increase in frequency shift is observed at oxidizing potentials. The results suggest that a QCM can be used in applications in which it is useful to find the most efficient current producer.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Cu/CuO Core/Shell Catalysts
Authors: Lan Yangchun , Gai Chao , Kenis Paul J. A. , Lu Jiaxing
Published: August 2014

We investigate the electrochemical behavior of different loadings of a Cu(core)/CuO(shell) catalyst in a standard three‐electrode cell, which reveals transformations between Cu, CuI, and CuO species. The electroreduction of CO2 on the catalyst is performed in an aqueous solution within a flow reactor. CO and HCOOH are the main products, with H2 as a byproduct. When the catalyst loading is 1.0 mg cm−2, the faradaic efficiencies of CO and HCOOH are higher than those with other catalyst loadings, with a short reaction time. This paper also focuses on the experimental and kinetic details of the electroreduction process of CO2 to CO and HCOOH when using the Cu/CuO catalyst. Reactions are modeled by using an in‐series, first‐order reaction, and the models are verified to reasonably describe the two products formed during the electroreduction of CO2. According to the kinetic analysis, the rate constant for HCOOH production is higher than that of CO.
Thermoresponsive Copolymer/SiO2 Nanoparticles with Dual Functions of Thermally Controlled Drug Release and Simultaneous Carrier Decomposition
Authors: Li Aihua , Zhang Jizhen , Xu Yuanhong , Liu Jingquan , Feng Shengyu
Published: August 2014

The preparation of thermoresponsive drug carriers with a self‐destruction property is presented. These drug carriers were fabricated by incorporation of drug molecules and thermoresponsive copolymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide), into silica nanoparticles in a one‐pot preparation process. The enhanced drug release was primarily attributed to faster molecule diffusion resulting from the particle decomposition triggered by phase transformation of the copolymer upon the temperature change. The decomposition of the drug carriers into small fragments should benefit their fast excretion from the body. In addition, the resulting drug‐loaded nanoparticles showed faster drug release in an acidic environment (pH 5) than in a neutral one. The controlled drug release of methylene blue and doxorubicin hydrochloride and the self‐decomposition of the drug carriers were successfully characterized by using TEM, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy. Together with the nontoxicity and excellent biocompatibility of the copolymer/SiO2 composite, the features of controlled drug release and simultaneous carrier self‐destruction provided a promising opportunity for designing various novel drug‐delivery systems.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 1‐{3‐[1‐(5‐Organylsilylfuran‐2‐yl)silinan‐1‐yl]propyl}amines and Some Trimethylgermyl Analogues
Authors: Ignatovich Luba , Romanovs Vitalijs , Muravenko Velta , Sleiksha Ilze , Popelis Jury , Shestakova Irina
Published: August 2014

New highly cytotoxic 1‐{3‐[1‐(5‐organylsilyl‐furan‐2‐yl)silinan‐1‐yl]propyl}amines and some trimethylgermyl analogues (IC50 1–7 μg mL−1) have been synthesized by a hydrosilylation reaction of aliphatic and heterocyclic N‐allylamines in the presence of Speier’s catalyst. The effects of the silacycle, the element‐organic substituent in position 5 of the furan ring, and the structure of the amine on the cytotoxicity of the new compounds have been studied.
Ultrathin Hexagonal Hybrid Nanosheets Synthesized by Graphene Oxide‐Assisted Exfoliation of β‐Co(OH)2 Mesocrystals
Authors: Deng Suzi , Thomas Cherian Christie , Liu Xiao li , Tan Hui Ru , Yeo Li Hsia , Yu Xiaojiang , Rusydi Andrivo , Chowdari B. V. R. , Fan Hai Ming , Sow Chorng Haur
Published: August 2014

In the present study, we report the synthesis of a high‐quality, single‐crystal hexagonal β‐Co(OH)2 nanosheet, exhibiting a thickness down to ten atomic layers and an aspect ratio exceeding 900, by using graphene oxide (GO) as an exfoliant of β‐Co(OH)2 nanoflowers. Unlike conventional approaches using ionic precursors in which morphological control is realized by structure‐directing molecules, the β‐Co(OH)2 flower‐like superstructures were first grown by a nanoparticle‐mediated crystallization process, which results in large 3D superstructure consisting of ultrathin nanosheets interspaced by polydimethoxyaniline (PDMA). Thereafter, β‐Co(OH)2 nanoflowers were chemically exfoliated by surface‐active GO under hydrothermal conditions into unilamellar single‐crystal nanosheets. In this reaction, GO acts as a two‐dimensional (2D) amphiphile to facilitate the exfoliation process through tailored interactions between organic and inorganic molecules. Meanwhile, the on‐site conjugation of GO and Co(OH)2 promotes the thermodynamic stability of freestanding ultrathin nanosheets and restrains further growth through Oswald ripening. The unique 2D structure combined with functionalities of the hybrid ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanosheets on rGO resulted in a remarkably enhanced lithium‐ion storage performance as anode materials, maintaining a reversible capacity of 860 mA h g−1 for as many as 30 cycles. Since mesocrystals are ubiquitous and rich in morphological diversity, the strategy of the GO‐assisted exfoliation of mesocrystals developed here provides an opportunity for the synthesis of new functional nanostructures that could bear importance in clean renewable energy, catalysis, photoelectronics, and photonics.
Development of a New Benzylating Reagent Spontaneously Releasing Benzyl Cation Equivalents at Room Temperature
Authors: Yamada Kohei , Tsukada Yuichi , Karuo Yukiko , Kitamura Masanori , Kunishima Munetaka
Published: August 2014

A new O‐benzylating reagent, that is, 4‐(4,6‐diphenoxy‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐benzylmorpholinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DPT‐BM), has been developed. Benzyl cation equivalents are generated from DPT‐BM by dissolving the compound in a solvent at room temperature under non‐acidic conditions. The benzylation of various alcohols by using a combination of DPT‐BM and magnesium oxide provided the benzyl ethers in good yields.
Chemical Preparation of Ferroelectric Mesoporous Barium Titanate Thin Films: Drastic Enhancement of Curie Temperature Induced by Mesopore‐Derived Strain
Authors: Suzuki Norihiro , Jiang Xiangfen , Salunkhe Rahul R. , Osada Minoru , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: August 2014

Mesoporous barium titanate (BT) thin films are synthesized by a surfactant‐assisted sol–gel method. The obtained mesoporous BT thin films show enhanced ferroelectricity due to the effective strains induced by mesopores. The Curie temperature (Tc) of the mesoporous BT reaches approximately 470 °C.
Dihaloimidazolidinediones as Versatile Halodehydrating Agents
Authors: Moerdyk Jonathan P. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: August 2014

Dihaloimidazolidinediones containing geminal dibromides, dichlorides, or diiodides were synthesized and used to transform various alcohols to their corresponding alkyl halides in high yields and under mild conditions. High functional group tolerance and, in many cases, high selectivities were observed. Efforts toward elucidating the mechanism revealed that significant charge build‐up may occur at the eventual halogen containing carbon nucleus prior to substitution.
One‐Pot Method for Synthesizing Spherical‐Like Metal Sulfide–Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Powders with Superior Electrochemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Gi Dae , Choi Seung Ho , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan
Published: August 2014

A facile, one‐pot method for synthesizing spherical‐like metal sulfide–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite powders by spray pyrolysis is reported. The direct sulfidation of ZnO nanocrystals decorated on spherical‐like RGO powders resulted in ZnS–RGO composite powders. ZnS nanocrystals with a size below 20 nm were uniformly dispersed on spherical‐like RGO balls. The discharge capacities of the ZnS–RGO, ZnO–RGO, bare ZnS, and bare ZnO powders at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 300 cycles were 628, 476, 230, and 168 mA h g−1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity retentions measured after the first cycles were 93, 70, 40, and 21 %, respectively. The discharge capacity of the ZnS–RGO composite powders at a high current density of 4000 mA g−1 after 700 cycles was 437 mA h g−1. The structural stability of the highly conductive ZnS–RGO composite powders with ultrafine crystals during cycling resulted in excellent electrochemical properties.