bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent posttraumatic headaches and functioning in veterans: Injury type can matter
Authors: Nabity Paul S. , Jaramillo Carlos A. , Resick Patricia A. , McGeary Cindy A. , Eapen Blessen C. , Straud Casey L. , Hale Willie J. , Houle Timothy T. , Litz Brett T. , Mintz Jim , Penzien Donald B. , Young‐McCaughan Stacey , Keane Terence M. , Peterson Alan L. , McGeary Donald D. ,   Consortium to Alleviate PTSD
Published: September 2021

Objective

To characterize the relationship between head trauma types (blast injury, blunt injury, combined blast+blunt injury) with subsequent headache presentations and functioning.

Background

Posttraumatic headaches (PTHs), the most common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), are painful and disabling. More than 400,000 veterans report having experienced a TBI, and understanding the predictors of PTHs may guide treatment developments.

Methods

This study used a nested‐cohort design analyzing baseline data from a randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTH (N = 190). Participants had PTH (from blast and/or blunt head trauma) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Structured Diagnostic Interview for Headache‐Revised and Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method were used to phenotype headaches and head injury histories, respectively.

Results

Individuals with persistent PTHs after a combined blast and blunt head trauma were more likely (OR =3.45; 95% CI [1.41, 8.4]) to experience chronic (vs. episodic) PTHs compared with the blunt trauma only group (23/33, 70% vs. 26/65, 40%, respectively); and they were more likely (OR =2.51; 95% CI [1.07, 5.9]) to experience chronic PTH compared with the blast trauma only group (44/92, 48%). There were no differences between head injury type on headache‐related disability, depression symptoms, or severity of PTSD symptoms.

Conclusion

The combination of blast and blunt injuries was associated with headache chronicity, but not headache disability. Considering the refractory nature of chronic headaches, the potential added and synergistic effects of distinct head injuries warrant further study.
Overall dynamic body acceleration as an indicator of dominance in Homing Pigeons (Columba livia)
Authors: Ricketts Rhianna L. , Sankey Daniel W. E. , Tidswell Bryce P. , Brown Joshua , Deegan Joseph F. , Portugal Steven J.
Published: September 2021

The benefits of dominance are well known and numerous, including first access to resources such as food, mates and nesting sites. Less well studied are the potential costs associated with being dominant. Here, the movement of two flocks of domestic Homing Pigeons Columba livia – measured via accelerometry loggers – was recorded over a period of 2 weeks, during which the birds were confined to their lofts. Movement was then used to calculate each individual's daily overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA, G), which can be used as a proxy for energy expenditure. The dominance hierarchy of the two flocks was determined via group‐level antagonistic interactions, and had a significantly linear structure. The most dominant bird within each flock was found to move significantly more than conspecifics – on average, c. 39% more than the individual with the next highest degree of movement – indicating a possible cost to possessing the top rank within a hierarchy. Despite the dominance hierarchy being highly linear, this was not the case for ODBA, suggesting that energy expenditure may be more reflective of a despotic hierarchy. These results show the potential for the future use of accelerometry as a tool to study the fusion of energetics and behaviour.
International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) recommendations for processing of blood samples for coagulation testing
Authors: Kitchen Steve , Adcock Dorothy M. , Dauer Ray , Kristoffersen Ann‐Helen , Lippi Giuseppe , Mackie Ian , Marlar Richard A. , Nair Sukesh
Published: September 2021

This guidance document has been prepared on behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). The aim of the document is to provide guidance and recommendations for the processing of citrated blood samples for coagulation tests in clinical laboratories in all regions of the world. The following areas are included in this document: Sample transport including use of pneumatic tubes systems; clots in citrated samples; centrifugation; primary tube storage and stability; interfering substances including haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia; secondary aliquots—transport, storage and processing; preanalytical variables for platelet function testing. The following areas are excluded from this document, but are included in an associated ICSH document addressing collection of samples for coagulation tests in clinical laboratories; ordering tests; sample collection tube and anticoagulant; preparation of the patient; sample collection device; venous stasis before sample collection; order of draw when different sample types are collected; sample labelling; blood‐to‐anticoagulant ratio (tube filling); influence of haematocrit. The recommendations are based on published data in peer‐reviewed literature and expert opinion.
The role of local stakeholders in transforming economic upgrading into social upgrading in Ethiopian textile and garment firms
Authors: MULUBIRAN Telaye Fikadu , KARLSEN Asbjørn
Published: September 2021

The authors examine the links between economic and social upgrading in a developing country with stringent industry policy and employment legislation, focusing on the strategies of local firms participating in global apparel production networks. Based on the 2015 case studies of five textile and garment firms in Ethiopia, they find that employment security and physical well‐being were driven mainly by government labour regulations negotiated by local employers, workers and trade unions rather than by global buyers and conclude that upgrading and downgrading can occur simultaneously within a firm.
Defensive practices in mental health nursing: Professionalism and poignant tensions
Authors: Bifarin Oladayo , Felton Anne , Prince Zoe
Published: September 2021

Mental health nursing is a skilled profession, well positioned to support patients towards recovery with evidence‐based therapeutic interventions. However, the profession continues to be challenged by tensions surrounding the delivery of restrictive interventions and concerns over tendencies towards defensive practices. This paper examines the ambiguity this creates within the mental health nursing role. Organizational cultures that overvalue metrics and administrative tasks create barriers for therapeutic engagement while contributing to role confusion and stress within nursing. We need to address such structural constraints on nurses as mental health nurses’ well‐being is crucial to service delivery and the realization of therapeutic goals. From the UK perspective, authors argue that there is a need to examine service structures that foster compassionate and transformational leadership to enable mental health nurses to exercise the agency to practice therapeutically. Education and quality nursing research have a pivotal role to play in enabling this shift.
Effects of vocational rehabilitation group intervention on motivation and occupational self‐awareness in individuals with intellectual disabilities: A single blind, randomised control study
Authors: Temizkan Ege , Davutoğlu Ceren , Aran Orkun Tahir , Kayıhan Hülya
Published: September 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a vocational rehabilitation group intervention on motivation and occupational self‐competence in individuals with intellectual disability.

Methods

A single‐blind, randomised controlled study design was used. The intervention group (IG) received the group‐based intervention alongside the individualised vocational rehabilitation (IVR) and the control group (CG) continued receiving only the IVR for 8 weeks. In order to assess motivation and occupational self‐competence, Objective Achievement Motivation Test (OLMT) and Occupational Self‐Assessment (OSA) were used.

Results

Forty‐nine individuals were enrolled to the study and randomised into IG (n = 24) and CG (n = 25). Two groups were similar at baseline in terms of demographic qualities, OLMT and OSA scores (p > 0.05). After the intervention, the IG showed significant improvements in all assessments (p < 0.05), however the CG showed improvements only in OLMT sub‐tests (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The group‐based intervention program was effective in increasing occupational self‐competence and motivation.
Perceived stress, fatigue symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among young adult college students
Authors: Kalmakis Karen A. , Kent Nicole M. , Alhowaymel Fahad , Chiodo Lisa M.
Published: September 2021

Problem

University students experience stress and fatigue often affecting their health, academic success, and social adjustment. Many also have histories of childhood trauma that may result in posttraumatic stress symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between perceptions of stress, symptoms of fatigue, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among university students, many of whom report childhood adversity.

Methods

Sixty‐nine students from one university campus participated in this study. A cross‐sectional design was used to gather data across six self‐report measures.

Findings

Childhood adversity was associated with PTSD symptoms and acute stress, and PTSD symptoms were related to all three measures of fatigue. PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between stress and fatigue, but not other fatigue domains.

Conclusions

The implications of an association between PTSD, stress, and fatigue are relevant to students' health and academic success. It is important to note that even subclinical levels of PTSD impact fatigue.
Intraprocedural PRAETORIAN score for early assessment of S‐ICD implantation: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Gasperetti Alessio , Schiavone Marco , Biffi Mauro , Casella Michela , Compagnucci Paolo , Mitacchione Gianfranco , Angeletti Andrea , Vogler Julia , Proietti Riccardo , Ziacchi Matteo , Dello Russo Antonio , Natale Andrea , Tilz Roland R. , Forleo Giovanni B.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

The PRAETORIAN score (PS) was developed to assess the implant position and predict defibrillation success of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S‐ICD). The main critique moved to the routine use of PS has been its postprocedural timing, that limits its usefulness on procedure guidance. The aim of this proof‐of‐concept study was to assess the feasibility of an intraprocedural use of PS.

Methods

Forty consecutive patients undergoing S‐ICD implantation were enrolled. Intraprocedural PS (IP‐PS) obtained with fluoroscopy before closure of the pocket and postprocedural PS (PP‐PS) obtained with two‐views chest X‐ray were compared. Intraprocedural data and PS were compared with the historic cohorts of the involved institutions.

Results

When assessing IP‐PS and PP‐PS, a complete overall agreement was observed (100%, 1.00‐κ; p < .001). When assessing a per‐step agreement, a very high‐degree of concordance in evaluating Step 1 of the PS was observed (95%, 0.81‐κ; p < .001). A complete agreement in Step 2–3 (100%, 1.00‐κ; p < .001) of the PS was reported. In comparison with our historical cohort, procedural time in the IP‐PS cohort did not increase (45 [41–52] vs. 45 [39–49] min; p = .351) while the expected increase in fluoroscopy time resulted scarce (15 [10–15] s).

Conclusion

An IP‐PS can be reliably obtained using fluoroscopy guidance during S‐ICD implantation, without a significant increase in procedural duration and may serve as guidance for implanting physicians, to avoid postprocedural S‐ICD repositioning, leading to patient discomfort and significantly enhancing infective risks. IP‐PS showed a very high agreement with the PP‐PS obtained from two‐views chest X‐ray.
Cryofreezing for slow‐pathway modification in patients with slow‐fast AVNRT: Efficacy, safety, and electroanatomical relation between sites of transient AV block and sites of successful cryoablation
Authors: Fukuda Reiko , Nakahara Shiro , Wakamatsu Yuji , Hori Yuichi , Nishiyama Naoki , Sato Hirotsugu , Aoki Hideyuki , Mizutani Yukiko , Kobayashi Sayuki , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Taguchi Isao
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Cryoablation has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation for treating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryoapplication at sites within the mid/high septal region of Koch's triangle and the relation between sites of transient AV block (AVB) and sites of successful cryoablation.

Methods and Results

Included were 45 consecutive patients undergoing slow‐fast AVNRT cryoablation. Initial delivery of cryoenergy was to the mid‐septal to high septal region of Koch's triangle. Transient AVB occurred during cryoenergy delivery in 62% (28/45) of patients. Median distance between sites at which cryofreezing successfully eliminated slow pathway conduction and sites of AVB was 4.0 (3.25–5.0) mm. Sites of successful cryoablation tended to be to the left and inferior to the AVB sites. The atrial/ventricular electrogram ratio was significantly lower at sites of successful cryoablation than at AVB sites (0.25 [0.17–0.56] vs. 0.80 [0.36–1.25], p < .001). Delayed discrete or fractionated atrial electrograms were recorded more frequently at sites of successful cryoablation than at AVB sites (78% vs. 20%, p < .001). No persistent AV conduction disturbance occurred, and 96% (43/45) of patients showed absence of recurrence at a median follow‐up time of 25.0 months.

Conclusion

Cryoablation of slow‐fast AVNRT and targeting the mid/high septal region of Koch's triangle was highly successful. AVB frequently emerged near the site at which the slow pathway was eliminated but always resolved by regulating the energy delivery under careful monitoring, and it may be distinguishable by its local electrogram features.
Quantitative proteomic analysis after neuroprotective MyD88 inhibition in the retinal degeneration 10 mouse
Authors: Carmy‐Bennun Tal , Myer Ciara , Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. , Hackam Abigail S.
Published: September 2021

Progressive photoreceptor death occurs in blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is a central adaptor protein for innate immune system Toll‐like receptors (TLR) and induces cytokine secretion during retinal disease. We recently demonstrated that inhibiting MyD88 in mouse models of retinal degeneration led to increased photoreceptor survival, which was associated with altered cytokines and increased neuroprotective microglia. However, the identity of additional molecular changes associated with MyD88 inhibitor‐induced neuroprotection is not known. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling followed by LC‐MS/MS for quantitative proteomic analysis on the rd10 mouse model of retinal degeneration to identify protein pathways changed by MyD88 inhibition. Quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ LC‐MS/MS is a high‐throughput method ideal for providing insight into molecular pathways during disease and experimental treatments. Forty‐two proteins were differentially expressed in retinas from mice treated with MyD88 inhibitor compared with control. Notably, increased expression of multiple crystallins and chaperones that respond to cellular stress and have anti‐apoptotic properties was identified in the MyD88‐inhibited mice. These data suggest that inhibiting MyD88 enhances chaperone‐mediated retinal protection pathways. Therefore, this study provides insight into molecular events contributing to photoreceptor protection from modulating inflammation.
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Hamaguchi Masahide , Okamura Takuro , Nakanishi Naoko , Obora Akihiro , Kojima Takao , Fukui Michiaki
Published: September 2021

Background and Aims

To clarify the relationship between metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

The participants were divided into four groups by the presence or absence of fatty liver disease (FLD) and metabolic dysfunction (MD). MAFLD was defined as having both FLD and MD, whereas CKD was defined as having an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria.

Results

In this cross‐sectional study of 27,371 participants, the proportions of those in the non‐FLD without MD, non‐FLD with MD, FLD without MD, and MAFLD groups were 48.7, 28.2, 2.3, and 20.8%, respectively. Compared with non‐FLD without MD, MAFLD was associated with the risk of CKD (adjusted odds ratio 1.83 [1.66–2.01], P < 0.001), whereas FLD without MD was not (1.02 [0.79–1.33], P = 0.868). Moreover, compared with FLD without MD, MAFLD was associated with the risk of CKD (1.19 [1.09–1.31], P < 0.001). In this retrospective cohort study, 16,938 of 27,371 participants underwent a median 4.6 (2.0–8.1) years follow‐up, and incident data of non‐FLD without MD, non‐FLD with MD, FLD without MD, and MAFLD were 21.0, 31.1, 26.1, and 31.1 cases per 1,000 person‐years, respectively. Compared with the non‐FLD without MD, MAFLD was associated with the risk of incident CKD (adjusted hazard ratio 1.24 [1.14–1.36], P < 0.001), whereas FLD without MD was not (1.11 [0.85–1.41], P = 0.433).

Conclusions

MAFLD was associated with a risk of CKD, whereas FLD without MD was not a risk for CKD.
“Our fair trade coffee tastes better”: It might, but under what conditions?
Authors: Carr Stuart C. , Meyer Ines , Saxena Mahima , Seubert Christian , Hopfgartner Lisa , Arora Bimal , Jyoti Divya , Rugimbana Robert , Kempton Heather , Marai Leo
Published: September 2021

The sustainability of Fair Trade ultimately relies on consumers choosing fair‐traded products. To date, research has tended to study consumer and producer engagement, and reactions to Fair Trade separately. These areas do, however, interconnect systematically through supply chains. In this paper, we introduce a self‐catalyzing model of Fair Trade which acknowledges those interconnections, traces them along supply chains from producer to consumer and addresses different international development priorities articulated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Its conceptual elements span (a) product quality, in this case, taste experience influenced by organoleptic properties and moral satisfaction; (b) organizational morality via corporate social responsibility and living wages; and (c) strategic management of slack farming resources—each catalyzed by, and catalyzing, positive emotions. Contingencies at each point in the model alter the likelihood that produce will be and feel fair and taste better to consumers.
Mesonephric‐like adenocarcinoma of the ovary in an elderly woman: A case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Ujita Mari , Abiko Kaoru , Kuwahara Ryo , Emoto Ikuko , Amano Yasuaki , Konishi Ikuo
Published: September 2021

Mesonephric‐like adenocarcinoma (MLA) is a rare tumor that occurs in the uterine endometrium and ovary. It morphologically and immunohistochemically resembles cervical mesonephric adenocarcinoma (MA). Here, we present a case of MLA of the ovary along with a literature review. An asymptomatic 84‐year‐old woman presented with a pelvic mass, detected by computerized tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a polycystic mass with a solid component in the left adnexal region. The solid component showed low signal intensity on T2‐weighted imaging and high signal intensity on diffusion‐weighted imaging. We strongly suspected an ovarian malignant tumor; therefore, surgical resection of the uterus and adnexa was performed. Macroscopically, the tumor was predominantly solid with yellowish‐tan cut surface. Microscopically, it showed a tubular pattern with intraluminal colloid‐like material resembling MA. The tumor cells were negative for estrogen receptor, calretinin, and CD10 and positive for PAX8 and TTF‐1. These findings are consistent with those of MLA.
The Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus of Stereolithography Additively Manufactured Zirconia with Different Porosities
Authors: Zandinejad Amirali , Das Omprakash , Barmak Abdul Basir , Kuttolamadom Mathew , Revilla‐León Marta
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are capable of fabricating complex geometries with different porosities. However, the effect of such porosities on mechanical properties of stereolithography (SLA) AM zirconia with different porosities is unclear. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the mechanical properties namely flexural strength, and flexural modulus of AM zirconia with different porosities.

Materials and Methods

A bar (25 × 4 × 3 mm) for flexural strength test (ISO standard 6872/2015) was designed by CAD software program and standard tessellation language (STL) file was obtained. The STL file was used to fabricate a total of 80 bars in four groups. Three experimental groups each containing 20 samples were manufactured using an SLA ceramic printer (CeraMaker 900; 3DCeram Co) and zirconia material (3DMix ZrO2 paste; 3DCeram Co) with different sintering post processing to achieve different porosities including 0%‐porosity (AMZ0), 20%‐porosity (AMZ20), and 40%‐porosity (AMZ40). The same STL file was used for subtractive manufacturing or milling of 20 zirconia bars as control group (CNCZ) with the same dimensions using a commercial zirconia. Three‐point bending tests were performed for all groups following ISO standard 6872/2015 specification using a universal testing machine. Outcomes measured included load at fracture, mean flexural strength, and flexural modulus and they were compared across the experimental groups using a one‐way ANOVA. Post hoc pair wise comparison between each pair of the groups were performed using Tukey test.

Results

There was a significant difference between the four groups, in terms of fracture load, flexural strength and flexural modulus using one‐way ANOVA. AM zirconia with 0% porosity (AMZ0) showed the highest value for fracture load (1132.7 ± 220.6 N), flexural strength (755.1 ± 147.1 MPa) and flexural modulus (41,273 ± 2193 MPa) and AM zirconia with 40% porosity (AMZ40) showed the lowest fracture load (72.13 ± 13.42 N), flexural strength (48.09 ± 8.95 MPa) and flexural modulus (7177 ± 506 MPa). Tukey's pairwise comparisons detected a significant difference between all the possible pairs for all variables except flexural modulus between AMZ0 and CNCZ. The Weibull moduli presented the lowest value for AMZ20 (4.4) followed by AMZ40 (6.1), AMZ0 (6.1), and the highest value was for CNCZ (8.1).

Conclusion

AM zirconia with 0% porosity showed significantly higher flexural strength and flexural modulus when compared to milled and AM zirconia with 20% and 40% porosities.
Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa presentations to an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital
Authors: Springall Gabriella , Cheung Michael , Sawyer Susan M , Yeo Michele
Published: September 2021

Aim

The coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic has led to increased concerns about adolescent mental health. This study aimed to determine the effect of the pandemic on adolescent eating disorders (EDs) by measuring changes in the number and severity of presentations to an Australian paediatric ED service that utilises a standardised approach to triage and assessment.

Methods

A 4‐year retrospective chart review (2017–2020) of all patients (n = 457) presenting to the Royal Children's Hospital Eating Disorder Service, Melbourne, was undertaken. The incidence of each diagnosis and measures of condition severity were extracted from the database and patient medical records. Clinical comments relating to the impact of COVID‐19, on both ED behaviours and treatment, were also noted.

Results

Annual presentations increased from a mean of 98.7 per annum from 2017 to 2019 to 161 in 2020 (63% increase). COVID‐19 restrictions were reported to be a trigger for ED behaviours in 40.4% of adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa in 2020. There was no significant difference in severity across years despite increased cases.

Conclusions

The dramatic increase in presentations has implications for primary health and paediatric care as well as specialist ED services. Increased support is needed for EDs during this time.
Chronicity of Challenging Behaviors in Persons with Severe/Profound Intellectual Disabilities Who Received Active Treatment During a 20‐Year Period
Authors: Thompson Thomas J. , Walker Michael W. , LeBoeuf Jessica Boisjoli , Simeonsson Rune J. , Karakul Eda
Published: September 2021

Background

Evidence of the chronicity of challenging behaviors in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorder while receiving active treatment over long periods is limited. Analysis of the chronicity of these behaviors and the corresponding intensity of treatment has important implications for clinical practice and provision of services.

Specific Aims

The aim was to examine chronicity of challenging behaviors in individuals with ID receiving residential treatment over a 20‐year period addressing the following questions: (1) What is the prevalence of challenging behaviors requiring a Behavior Support Plan (BSP) within the population of the facility during the study? (2) Is there a significant decline in frequency of challenging behaviors of these persons with ID over time? (3) Is there a significant decrease in intensity of intervention targeting challenging behaviors of these persons with ID over time?

Methods

The treatment records of 216 persons with ID were examined to identify individuals for whom challenging behaviors required a Behavior Support Plan. The chronicity of five categories of challenging behavior and associated treatment interventions over a 20‐year period was analyzed through repeated measures analyses.

Findings

A significant decline was found for the frequency of Physical Aggression, and Physical Disruption over 20 years, but not for Self‐Injury, Verbal Disruption, and Program Refusal. There was a corresponding significant reduction of intervention intensity for Physical Aggression and Physical Disruption, however, the need for interventions persisted over time for all challenging behaviors.

Discussion

Results demonstrate that rates of challenging behaviors are chronic, but remain relatively low in the repertoire of persons with ID. Parallel findings on interventions suggest that comprehensive treatment programs are needed to maintain low rates of these challenging behaviors with implications for provision of services for persons with ID, as well as planning and policy implications for managing challenging behaviors.
Differences in chlorhexidine mouthrinses formulations influence the quantitative and qualitative changes in in‐vitro oral biofilms
Authors: Zayed Naiera , Boon Nico , Bernaerts Kristel , Chatzigiannidou Ioanna , Van Holm Wannes , Verspecht Tim , Teughels Wim
Published: September 2021

Objective

Chlorhexidine mouthrinses are marketed in different formulations. This study aimed at investigating qualitative and quantitative changes in in‐vitro multispecies oral biofilms, induced by different chlorhexidine‐containing mouthrinses.

Background data

Earlier studies comparing chlorhexidine mouthrinses are either clinical studies or in‐vitro studies assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of the mouthrinses. However, no clear investigations are available regarding ecological impact of different chlorhexidine formulations on in‐vitro multispecies oral biofilms after rinsing with different chlorhexidine formulations.

Methods

Nine commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses were selected. Multispecies oral communities (14 species) were grown for 48 h in a Biostat‐B Twin bioreactor. After that, they were used to develop biofilms on the surface of hydroxyapatite disks in 24‐well pates for 48 h. Biofilms were then rinsed once or multiple times with the corresponding mouthrinse. Biofilms were collected before starting the rinsing experiment and every 24 h for 3 days and vitality quantitative PCR was performed. The experiment was repeated 3 independent times on 3 different days and the results were analyzed using a linear mixed model.

Results

The mouthrinses provoked different effects in terms of change in total viable bacterial load (VBL), ecology, and community structure of the multispecies biofilms. There was no relation between chlorhexidine concentrations, presence, or absence of cetylpyridinium chloride and/or alcohol, and the observed effects. Some tested chlorhexidine mouthrinses (MC, HG, HH, and HI) strongly lowered the total VBL (≈1007 Geq/ml), but disrupted biofilm symbiosis (≥40% of the biofilms communities are pathobionts). On the other hand, other tested chlorhexidine mouthrinses (MD, ME, and HF) had limited impact on total VBL (≥1010 Geq/ml), but improved the biofilm ecology and community structure (≤10% of the biofilms communities are pathobionts).

Conclusion

Not all chlorhexidine mouthrinses have the same effect on oral biofilms. Their effect seems to be strongly product dependent and vary according to their compositions and formulations.
Impact of different microwave treatments on food texture
Authors: Kutlu Naciye , Pandiselvam Ravi , Saka Irem , Kamiloglu Aybike , Sahni Prashant , Kothakota Anjineyulu
Published: September 2021

Electromagnetic waves are frequently used for food processing with commercial or domestic type microwave ovens at present. Microwaves cause molecular movement by the migration of ionic particles or rotation of dipolar particles. Considering the potential applications of microwave technique in food industry, it is seen that microwaves have many advantages such as saving time, better final product quality (more taste, color, and nutritional value), and rapid heat generation. Although microwave treatment used for food processing with developing technologies have a positive effect in terms of time, energy, or nutrient value, it is also very important to what extent they affect the textural properties of the food that they apply to. For this purpose, in this study, it has been investigated that the effects of commonly used microwave treatments such as drying, heating, baking, cooking, thawing, toasting, blanching, frying, and sterilization on the textural properties of food. In addition, this study has also covered the challenges of microwave treatments and future work. In conclusion, microwave treatments cause energy saving due to a short processing time. Therefore, it can be said that it affects the textural properties positively. However, it is important that the microwave processing conditions used are chosen appropriately for each food material.
Liver fibrosis scores and risk of liver‐related mortality in young adults with chronic hepatitis B: A cohort study
Authors: Sohn Won , Chang Yoosoo , Cho Yong Kyun , Hong Yun Soo , Shin Hocheol , Ryu Seungho
Published: September 2021

The predictive role of noninvasive liver fibrosis scores on liver‐related mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B below 40 years of age remains unclarified. We examined the association of liver fibrosis scores with liver‐related mortality in young (<40 years) and older adults with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A cohort study was performed in 21,360 HBsAg‐positive Korean adults without liver cirrhosis or liver cancer at baseline who were followed up for up to 18 years. The liver fibrosis scores were determined using the fibrosis‐4 score (FIB‐4) and aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI). Patients’ vital status and cause of death were ascertained through the National Death Records. During a median follow‐up of 10.2 years, 283 liver‐related deaths were identified (liver‐related mortality, 127.4/105 person‐years). The liver fibrosis scores were significantly associated with increased risks of liver‐related mortality; this association did not differ by age group (<40 vs. ≥40 years). The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for liver‐related mortality comparing intermediate and high to low FIB‐4 scores were 4.23 (1.99–9.00), and 15.16 (5.18–44.38), respectively, among individuals under 40, and 4.46 (3.03–6.56) and 22.47 (15.11–33.41), respectively, among older individuals. These associations were similar in analyses using APRI. In this cohort of HBsAg‐positive individuals, the liver fibrosis scores were associated with increased risks of liver‐related mortality in young and older adults. The liver fibrosis scores have a role in predicting liver mortality, even in young adults with HBV.
Bioremediation of heavy metals from wastewater: a current perspective on microalgae-based future
Authors: Goswami R.K. , Agrawal K. , Shah M.P. , Verma P.
Published: September 2021

Heavy metals-containing drinking water and wastewater are posing a severe threat to the environment, and living beings on land, air and water. Different conventional, advanced nanomaterials-based and biological method has been employed for the treatment of heavy metals. Among the biological methods, microalgae are an important group of micro-organisms that have numerous environmental applications and can remediate heavy metals from wastewater. Also, it has numerous advantages over conventional remediation processes. Microalgae cells can uptake the heavy metal via different physiological and biological methods and are utilized as a nutrient source to regulate its metabolic process for the production of biomass. Furthermore, the enhancement in heavy metal removal efficiency can be improved using different strategies such as immobilization of algal cells, development of algal consortia and designing of microalgae-based nanocomposite materials. Also, it can significantly contribute towards environmental sustainability and future. Thus, the review provides a critical overview of heavy metals and their existence along with their negative effects on humans. This review provides insight on recent advanced nanomaterial approaches for the removal of heavy metals, overviews of microalgae-based heavy metal uptake mechanisms and their potential for the amputation of different heavy metals. Furthermore, the special focus is on recent strategies that enhance heavy metal removal efficiency and contribute towards sustainability for the development of a microalgae-based future.
Optimizing diagnostic algorithms to advance Hepatitis C elimination in Italy: A cost effectiveness evaluation
Authors: Marcellusi Andrea , Mennini Francesco Saverio , Ruf Murad , Galli Claudio , Aghemo Alessio , Brunetto Maurizia R. , Babudieri Sergio , Craxi Antonio , Andreoni Massimo , Kondili Loreta A.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Optimized diagnostic algorithms to detect active infections are crucial to achieving HCV elimination. We evaluated the cost effectiveness and sustainability of different algorithms for HCV active infection diagnosis, in a context of a high endemic country for HCV infection.

Methods

A Markov disease progression model, simulating six diagnostic algorithms in the birth cohort 1969‐1989 over a 10‐year horizon from a healthcare perspective was used. Conventionally diagnosis of active HCV infection is through detection of antibodies (HCV‐Ab) detection followed by HCV‐RNA or HCV core antigen (HCV‐Ag) confirmatory testing either on a second sample or by same sample reflex testing. The undiagnosed and unconfirmed rates were evaluated by assays false negative estimates and each algorithm patients’ drop‐off. Age, liver disease stages distribution, liver disease stage costs, treatment effectiveness and costs were used to evaluate the quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICER).

Results

The reference option was Rapid HCV‐Ab followed by second sample HCV‐Ag testing which produced the lowest QALYs (866,835 QALYs). The highest gains in health (QALYs=974,458) was obtained by HCV‐RNA reflex testing which produced a high cost‐effective ICER (€891/QALY). Reflex testing (same sample‐single visit) vs two patients’ visits algorithms, yielded the highest QALYs and high cost‐effective ICERs (€566 and €635/QALY for HCV‐Ag and HCV‐RNA, respectively), confirmed in 99.9% of the 5,000 probabilistic simulations.

Conclusions

Our data confirm, by a cost effectiveness point of view, the EASL and WHO clinical practice guidelines recommending HCV reflex testing as most cost effective diagnostic option vs other diagnostic pathways.
Between‐population differences in constitutive and infection‐induced gene expression in threespine stickleback
Authors: Fuess Lauren E. , Weber Jesse N. , den Haan Stijn , Steinel Natalie C. , Shim Kum Chuan , Bolnick Daniel I.
Published: September 2021

Vertebrate immunity is a complex system consisting of a mix of constitutive and inducible defences. Furthermore, host immunity is subject to selective pressure from a range of parasites and pathogens which can produce variation in these defences across populations. As populations evolve immune responses to parasites, they may adapt via a combination of (1) constitutive differences, (2) shared inducible responses, or (3) divergent inducible responses. Here, we leverage a powerful natural host‐parasite model system (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Schistochephalus solidus) to tease apart the relative contributions of these three types of adaptations to among‐population divergence in response to parasites. Gene expression analyses revealed limited evidence of significant divergence in constitutive expression of immune defence, and strong signatures of conserved inducible responses to the parasite. Furthermore, our results highlight a handful of immune‐related genes which show divergent inducible responses which may contribute disproportionately to functional differences in infection success or failure. In addition to investigating variation in evolutionary adaptation to parasite selection, we also leverage this unique data set to improve understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying a putative resistance phenotype (fibrosis). Combined, our results provide a case study in evolutionary immunology showing that a very small number of genes may contribute to genotype differences in infection response.
Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata?
Authors: Iswanto Arya Bagus Boedi , Vu Minh Huy , Pike Sharon , Lee Jihyun , Kang Hobin , Son Geon Hui , Kim Jae‐Yean , Kim Sang Hee
Published: September 2021

Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell‐to‐cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant‐pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal‐ and bacterial‐encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD‐associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell‐to‐cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD‐associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
Severe dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmia in a patient with Emery‐Dreifuss muscular dystrophy harboring a novel frameshift mutation in EMD
Authors: Mitsutake Akihiko , Unuma Atsushi , Kawai Mizuho , Kubota Akatsuki , Ishiura Hiroyuki , Sakuishi Kaori , Shimizu Jun , Maki Hisataka , Amiya Eisuke , Hatano Masaru , Komuro Issei , Tsuji Shoji , Toda Tatsushi
Published: September 2021

We report a case of a 55‐year‐old man with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF). He had contracture of neck and ankle flexion from infancy and was found to have dilated cardiomyopathy at the age of 24 years. Intensive cardiac treatment including medication and the use of a defibrillator failed to improve his cardiac function, and heart transplantation was indicated at the age of 55 years. Joint contractures and proximal dominant muscle atrophy with mild weakness suggested Emery‐Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). The diagnosis of EDMD1 was made based on genetic analysis of EMD and muscle biopsy showing the absence of emerin. The patient was listed as a candidate for heart transplantation, but he died 3 months later due to sustained VT/VF. The present case emphasizes the necessity of considering timely heart transplantation even when a defibrillator is implanted in patients with EDMD.
Current forecast of HIV/AIDS using Bayesian inference
Authors: Prieto Kernel , Romero–Leiton Jhoana P.
Published: September 2021

In this study, we address the problem of fitting a mathematical model to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) data. We present a quantitative analysis of the formulated mathematical model by using Bayesian inference. The mathematical model consists of a suitable simple system of ordinary differential equations. We perform a local and global sensitivity analysis of parameters to determine which parameters of the model are the most relevant for the transmission and prevalence of the disease. We formulate the inverse problem associated to the parameter estimation of the model, and solve it using Bayesian statistics. Then, we estimate the basic reproductive number of the disease based on the estimation of the parameters of the model and its comparison with one is tested through hypothesis tests. The data set consist of HIV and AIDS data from Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Japan, Croatia, United Kingdom, and Mexico.
Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys
Authors: Tang Kevin , Adams Katherine P. , Ferguson Elaine L. , Woldt Monica , Kalimbira Alexander A. , Likoswe Blessings , Yourkavitch Jennifer , Chrisinger Benjamin , Pedersen Sarah , Segovia De La Revilla Lucia , Dary Omar , Ander E. Louise , Joy Edward J. M.
Published: September 2021

Large‐scale food fortification may be a cost‐effective intervention to increase micronutrient supplies in the food system when implemented under appropriate conditions, yet it is unclear if current strategies can equitably benefit populations with the greatest micronutrient needs. This study developed a mathematical modeling framework for comparing fortification scenarios across different contexts. It was applied to model the potential contributions of three fortification vehicles (oil, sugar, and wheat flour) toward meeting dietary micronutrient requirements in Malawi through secondary data analyses of a Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey. We estimated fortification vehicle coverage, micronutrient density of the diet, and apparent intake of nonpregnant, nonlactating women for nine different micronutrients, under three food fortification scenarios and stratified by subpopulations across seasons. Oil and sugar had high coverage and apparent consumption that, when combined, were predicted to improve the vitamin A adequacy of the diet. Wheat flour contributed little to estimated dietary micronutrient supplies due to low apparent consumption. Potential contributions of all fortification vehicles were low in rural populations of the lowest socioeconomic position. While the model predicted large‐scale food fortification would contribute to reducing vitamin A inadequacies, other interventions are necessary to meet other micronutrient requirements, especially for the rural poor.
Cone photoreceptor density in the Copenhagen Child Cohort at age 16–17 years
Authors: Eckmann‐Hansen Christina , Hansen Mathias Hvidtfelt , Laigaard Poul Pedersen , Sander Birgit Agnes , Munch Inger Christine , Olsen Else Marie , Skovgaard Anne Mette , Larsen Michael
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To examine cone density in relation to gestational and morphological parameters in the Copenhagen Child Cohort (CCC2000).

Methods

The macula was imaged using adaptive optics in 1,296 adolescents aged 16–17 years. Axial length and distance visual acuity were determined. Absolute and angular cone photoreceptor density were analysed for an 80 × 80‐pixel area, 2 degrees temporal to the fovea. Association with axial length was analysed with linear regression. Correlation with visual acuity was described with a Pearson correlation coefficient. Associations of cone density with gestational parameters, maternal smoking, sex and age were analysed using multiple regression adjusted for axial length.

Results

Mean absolute cone density was 30,007 cones/mm2 (SD ± 3,802) and mean angular cone density was 2,383 cones/deg2 (SD ± 231). Peri‐ and postnatal parameters, sex and age had no statistically significant effect on cone density (p > 0.05). Absolute cone density decreased with longer axial length (−2,855 cones/mm2 per mm or −9.7% per mm, p < 0.0001). For angular density, which included a correction for the geometrical enlargement of the eye with axial length, a decrease with axial length was detectable, but it was small (−20 cones/deg2 per mm or −0.84% per mm, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

The decrease in cone density per unit solid angle with increasing axial length was small, less than 1 percent per mm, indicating that expansion of the posterior pole during the development of refraction takes place without a clinically significant loss of cones. Perinatal parameters, within the spectrum presented by the study population, had no detectable effect on cone density.
Genome editing with type II‐C CRISPR‐Cas9 systems from Neisseria meningitidis in rice
Authors: Xu Rongfang , Qin Ruiying , Xie Hongjun , Li Juan , Liu Xiaoshuang , Zhu Mingdong , Sun Yang , Yu Yinghong , Lu Pingli , Wei Pengcheng
Published: September 2021

Two type II‐C Cas9 orthologs (Nm1Cas9 and Nm2Cas9) were recently identified from Neisseria meningitidis and have been extensively used in mammalian cells, but whether these NmCas9 orthologs or other type II‐C Cas9 proteins can mediate genome editing in plants remains unclear. In this study, we developed and optimized targeted mutagenesis systems from NmCas9s for plants. Efficient genome editing at the target with N4GATT and N4CC protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) was achieved with Nm1Cas9 and Nm2Cas9 respectively. These results indicated that a highly active editing system could be developed from type II‐C Cas9s with distinct PAM preferences, thus providing a reliable strategy to extend the scope of genome editing in plants. Base editors (BEs) were further developed from the NmCas9s. The editing efficiency of adenine BEs (ABEs) of TadA*‐7.10 and cytosine BEs (CBEs) of rat APOBEC1 (rAPO1) or human APOBEC3a (hA3A) were extremely limited, whereas ABEs of TadA‐8e and CBEs of Petromyzon marinus cytidine deaminase 1 (PmCDA1) exhibited markedly improved performance on the same targets. In addition, we found that fusion of a single‐stranded DNA‐binding domain from the human Rad51 protein enhanced the base editing capability of rAPO1‐CBEs of NmCas9s. Together, our results suggest that the engineering of NmCas9s or other type II‐C Cas9s can provide useful alternatives for crop genome editing.