bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical tools of solving the problem of restoring the surface distribution of radiation pollution based on remote measurement data
Authors: Zabulonov Yu L , Popov O O , Skurativskyi S I , Stokolos M O , Puhach O V , Molitor N
Published: November 2023

The modern achievements in the construction of small flying machines cause the active development of remote monitoring, in particular geophysical airborne gamma-ray spectrometer surveying. Such observations are important, since large amounts of man-made radioactive materials get into the environment, especially during accidents like at the Chornobyl or Fukushima nuclear plants. On the other hand, the natural distribution of radioactive sources is inhomogeneous and can provide us with useful information about the soil structure. One of the problems appearing at the handle of information collected with unmanned aerial vehicles concerns the correction of readings to identify the peculiarities of gamma-ray fields. To perform this, the analytical method based on the solution of the inverse problem formulated in terms of integral relation is used. In this research, to reconstruct the surface distribution of the gamma-ray field, the Tikhonov and Landweber techniques are applied. It is shown that these algorithms allow one to distinguish radioactive hot-spots located closely.
Ecological adaptations among spruce species along an environmental gradient in urban areas
Authors: Fedorchak E R , Savosko V M , Krasova O O , Komarova I O , Yevtushenko E O
Published: November 2023

Knowledge about current state of the trees in urban areas may be important for foresting and green planting of city landscapes and for improving environmental quality in these areas. The object of this study were to screen a range of morphometric, physiological and biochemical parameters among species of the genus spruce (Picea A. Dietr.) in urban areas of Kryvyi Rih City and to assess the ecological adaptations among species of the genus spruce (Picea A. Dietr.) along an environmental gradient in urban areas of Kryvyi Rih City. During 2017-2021, the 7 research plots in Kryvyi Rih City urban areas along an environmental gradient (low, moderate and high levels of the environmental impact) and 1 research plot in the background area (control) were established. The 30–40-year-old trees of indigenous spruce species (Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)) and non-native spruce species (Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens var. ‘Glauca’)) were investigated. The morphometric characteristics of trees, vitality of trees and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b content in needles were studied. The results showed that in background area the tree height (14.5-15.1 m and 11.7-12.5 m for Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce), diameter at breast height (25.3-28.1 cm and 24.6-27.2 for Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce), chlorophyll a content (0.75-1.04 mg/g of wet weight and 0.96-1.24 mg/g of wet weight for Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce) and chlorophyll b content (0.33-0.41 mg/g of wet weight and 0.42-0.50 mg/g of wet weight for Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce) were typical of mature 30-40-year-old spruce trees. In Kryvyi Rih City urban areas the ecological stress along an environmental gradient decreased the values of growth, vitalyty and photosynthetic activity of the trees by 15-50%. Colorado blue spruce trees (non-native species) exhibit greater ecological tolerance and ecological adaptations than Norway spruce trees (indigenous species). Colorado blue spruce is less sensitive to environmental impact and have a better ecological adaptive balance of pigment content than Norway spruce. Our results confirm that from a sustainable development of the urbane areas perspective it is necessary to using the Colorado blue spruce for greene planting.
Satellite-based technology assessing Ukraine’s ecology under the war
Authors: Khodorovskyi A Ya , Apostolov A A , Yelistratova L A , Orlenko T A
Published: November 2023

The Donbas is a region dominated by heavy industry, particularly coal mining, chemical processing sites and metallurgy. Intensive mining and steel smelting led to substantial environmental damage before the armed conflict. The fighting in eastern Ukraine has exacerbated an already fragile ecological situation, introducing a range of new risks – of stray munitions hitting extensive chemical and industrial facilities or interconnected mines being flooded and poisoning the water throughout the region. Besides, one of the main hazards is flooding territories associated with closing coal mines. Assessment impacts of uncontrolled mine flooding and towns and villages and associated hazardous processes of surface and groundwater contamination, surface subsidence and dangerous deformations of residential and industrial buildings and other facilities carried out the remote sensing and geological data.
Impact of pesticides on the respiration of Planorbarius (superspecies) corneus s. l. allospecies (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Planorbidae) from the Ukrainian river network
Authors: Ikonnikova Yu V , Uvaieva O I , Vakaliuk T A
Published: November 2023

We studied the impact of different concentrations in water environment of the pesticides widely used in Ukraine (insecticide “Actor”, fungicide “Scooter”, and herbicide “Titus-C”) on the features of pulmonary and surface respiration of Planorbarius (superspecies) corneus s. l. vicaristic genetic allospecies (“western” and “eastern”). Pesticides get into the mollusc organisms percutaneously through the covers of their body during their respiration and, in much less amounts, with the food. Both the allospecies are characterized by bimodal respiration mode. It was established that the used pesticides in the concentration range 10-50 mg/L caused the rapid development of pathological process (intoxication). The lethality of experimental animals occurred due to the asphyxia and heart paralysis, caused by the intensive mucus production and destruction of the respiratory epithelium: first in body covers, later – in lungs. “Eastern” allospecies appeared to be more sensitive and less durable for all used pesticides, so it tends more to regress under the high contamination of water environment by these toxicants.
Ensuring the efficiency of forestry enterprises’ potential management as an element of sustainable development
Authors: Denysiuk O H , Ostapchuk T P , Ye Orlova K
Published: November 2023

The paper is devoted to the problems of ensuring the efficiency of forestry enterprises’ potential management. It was determined that forest plays a crucial role in ensuring people’s living conditions, i.e., providing food, fuelwood, medicines, income, and employment, etc. Due to crisis tendencies in the forestry sector which were exacerbated by the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine, the necessity of improvement of forestry enterprises’ potential management is beyond doubt. The main problems of the forestry sector of Ukraine were outlined. It was determined that the ways of improving the forestry enterprises’ potential management should be considered at national and individual enterprises levels. The peculiarities of the forestry sector reform and its planned outcomes were analyzed. It was proposed to supplement the measures of macroeconomic direction by enhancing the forest certification and implementing a participatory approach in management. Based on correlation and regression analysis, the main directions of measures for individual enterprises were defined. Such directions include reducing the duration of the operating cycle, increasing labour productivity, and increasing the rate of net income growth. The measures within each direction were proposed.
Black Sea region in world grain trade and problematic aspects of development
Authors: Ilchuk M , Pankratova L , Popova O , Ivanov Y , Vodnitskyi M
Published: November 2023

The research objective is an analysis of the participation of the Black Sea Basin countries (Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria and Romania) in world grain trade. We started this research before the start of Russia’s military actions in Ukraine, and completed it during these actions, so we have a vision of the situation before and after start of war. Subject of research: stability of grain supplies (wheat, corn, barley) from the Black Sea region as a whole and from some of its countries. Results of the research: The research revealed the growing role of the Black Sea region in the pre-war period in the world grain market and identified its key leaders. The share of the Black Sea region in world trade in wheat increased to 34%, barley – to 40,6%, corn – to 25,3% in 2019/2020 marketing year. The calculated coefficients of variation confirmed the decrease in the scattering of grain exports in 2015-2020 vs. 2010-2015, which indicates an increase in stability and reliability of supply in this period. The situation changed radically after the Russian invasion of Ukrainian territories. The maritime logistics corridors of Ukraine that is the one of the key players in this region, were blocked and started working only five months later, but not at full capacity. All these events had its destructive consequences for world trade, in particular, the increase in world prices, disruption of the stability of grain supplies from the Black Sea region and the destruction of established logistics corridors, etc.
Geospatial modeling of the location of bomb shelters in residential areas of the city
Authors: Pomortseva O E , Kobzan S M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the article is to determine the optimal placement of the bomb shelter in the existing urban development. To achieve this goal, the authors used geoinformation systems. The authors set the task of processing topographic and geodetic data and related information. The authors implemented the task employing spatial analysis using existing ArcGis software modules. The use of the geoinformation system in the article makes it possible to significantly increase the speed of information processing than when using traditional methods. The use of the geoinformation system by the authors allows the creation of geodatabases with all the necessary attribute information. The authors researched the example of 522 micro-districts of the Saltivsky residential area of Kharkiv. The intellectual analysis of the existing information was carried out in this work using the geostatistical method for data transformation from a discrete to a continuous representation. In the article, the authors solved the task of determining the location of civil protection facilities using many factors and requirements. Visualization of the dangerous zones of the explosion of building debris during destruction, determination of the optimal route of movement of the population to the bomb shelter, and determination of the time required for this carried out. The obtained results, presented in the form of an algorithm, will make it possible to use the proposed sequence of actions to solve similar problems in the future. The authors developed an algorithm that significantly reduces the time for processing topographic and geodetic data and related information and solves the task of determining the location of civil protection facilities using many factors and requirements.
Geographical foundations of the sustainable development concept: the paradigmatic level
Authors: Sonko S P , Shiyan D V , Maksymenko N V , Vasylenko O V , Ogilko S P
Published: November 2023

A constructive solution to the global environmental problem is possible within the framework of the information-space-time paradigm, the main of which is a constant (in terms of the main laws of conservation) amount of information, space and time, and thus deriving equivalent interchangeable units of their measurement. The methodological uncertainty of the very idea of sustainable development prompts the interpretation of this idea precisely taking into account the geographical picture of the world in the context of the informational-spatial-time paradigm.
Advances in volumetric bioprinting
Authors: Jing Sibo , Lian Liming , Hou Yingying , Li Zeqing , Zheng Zihao , Li Gang , Tang Guosheng , Xie Guoxi , Xie Maobin
Published: November 2023

The three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies are suitable for biomedical applications owing to their ability to manufacture complex and high-precision tissue constructs. However, the slow printing speed of current layer-by-layer (bio)printing modality is the major limitation in biofabrication field. To overcome this issue, volumetric bioprinting (VBP) is developed. VBP changes the layer-wise operation of conventional devices, permitting the creation of geometrically complex, centimeter-scale constructs in tens of seconds. VBP is the next step onward from sequential biofabrication methods, opening new avenues for fast additive manufacturing in the fields of tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, personalized drug testing, and soft robotics, etc. Therefore, this review introduces the printing principles and hardware designs of VBP-based techniques; then focuses on the recent advances in VBP-based (bio)inks and their biomedical applications. Lastly, the current limitations of VBP are discussed together with future direction of research.
Experimental and numerical analysis of intermetallics in Al–Mg friction stir welds
Authors: Naveenkumar M , Subramanian M , Ranjith R
Published: November 2023

In this research work, it was aimed to analyse the thermal behaviour during FSW in order to understand the diffusion behaviour of Al (AA6061)-Mg (AZ31B) dissimilar joints. Three heat input levels at different weld pitch ratios (WPR) of 0.087, 0.068 and 0.051 are accounted for the analysis. Finite element modelling (FEM) is employed to predict temperature evolutions. From the FEM results and fundamental diffusion equations, the intermetallic thickness and the diffusion behaviour between the Al and Mg material were analyzed and found that the Al-rich intermetallic phases Al3Mg2 grow faster and wider than the Mg-rich phase Al12Mg17. Tensile test demonstrates that a lower welding pitch ratio (WPR) leads to the formation of thicker intermetallic layers, resulting in reduced tensile strength and joint efficiency. In contrast, a higher WPR (0.087) minimizes intermetallic thickness, yielding superior tensile properties (138mpa). Microhardness measurements at the stir zone reveal a broad range from 70 to 164 HV, signifying mechanical heterogeneity. Microstructural reveals that a complex interplay between Al and Mg materials, resulting in fine equiaxed grains, intermetallic compounds, and distinct flow patterns in the stir zone.
Drug eruptions and the vulva
Authors: Binns Hannah M , Tasker Fiona , Lewis Fiona M
Published: November 2023

Drug reactions affecting the vulva are understudied and underreported, with some having the potential to cause serious morbidity through long-term sequelae. We conducted a literature review to investigate the current evidence about vulval drug eruptions. We aimed to establish the extent of drug reactions affecting the vulva, identify the common culprit drugs, and review current evidence and guidelines regarding their management. The vulval involvement seen in Steven–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and fixed drug eruption forms the focus of this review, but we also summarize the current evidence regarding less common reactions.
The Hope of Agreement: Against Vibing Accounts of Aesthetic Judgment
Authors: Hansen Nat , Adams Zed
Published: November 2023

Stanley Cavell’s account of aesthetic judgment has two components. The first is a feeling: the judge has to see, hear, or ‘dig’ something in the object being judged; there has to be an ‘emotion’ that the judge feels and expresses. The second is the ‘discipline of accounting for [the judgment]’, a readiness to argue for one’s aesthetic judgment in the face of disagreement. The discipline of accounting for one’s aesthetic judgments involves what Nick Riggle has called a norm of convergence: the judge aims to get one’s audience to taste, see, or hear what the judge tastes or sees or hears in the object being judged. Because of the unmistakable difficulty in reaching agreement in aesthetic judgment, Riggle has denied that aesthetic judgment requires a convergence norm and has proposed instead that it requires ‘a kind of harmony of individuality’ (which Riggle calls ‘vibing’). We argue that Cavell offers a version of the convergence norm that is distinct from those that Riggle criticizes, namely Kant’s demand for agreement and Andy Egan’s presupposition of similarity in dispositions in ‘non-defective’ aesthetic conversations. Cavell’s version of the convergence norm is ‘the hope of agreement’. One can hope that one’s audience will agree with one’s aesthetic judgments even when one isn’t in a position to demand agreement or to presuppose similarity in the dispositions that would make agreement more likely. Cavell’s distinct convergence norm avoids Riggle’s criticisms and contributes to a richer account of what’s going on when we disagree about aesthetic matters.
Behavioural pharmacology of nicotine in animals
Authors: Stolerman I P
Published: November 2023

Nicotine resembles many other psychoactive drugs in the sense that it has a very wide range of psychological effects. In this chapter, some of the more important of these effects are discussed in order, firstly, to assess what they can tell us that is relevant to the uses of nicotine and, secondly, to see how far the psychological effects can be related to the neurophysiological and biochemical actions of nicotine that have been surveyed elsewhere in the volume.
Stratification and its discontents: professionalization and conflict in the British public health service, 1848-1914
Authors: Porter Dorothy
Published: November 2023

The role of the professions is central to an understanding of the development of community health care in Britain. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the construction and execution of health policy has increasingly been determined by professionals legitimated by the authority of specialized knowledge and services. One professional group crucial to Victorian public health administration was medical officers of health. Both Edwin Chadwick and John Simon believed that district health officers were indispensable to an effective system of disease prevention. The compulsory appointment of medical officers of health, first to metropolitan sanitary districts in 1855 and later to provincial districts throughout England and Wales in 1872, led to the creation of a national service of doctors who were responsible for the health of the community rather than the treatment of individuals.
Applied voltages in spinal cord reconstruction: history, strategies, and behavioural models
Authors: Borgens Richard B
Published: November 2023

Three general approaches are currently applied to the problem of restoring function after severe spinal cord trauma. Perhaps the oldest approach is to intervene in the secondary pathophysiological phenomena that follow the acute event. This suggests that by reducing the progression of destructive vascular changes, free-radical-associated autodestruction of cord parenchyma, cicatrix formation, etc., one might preserve functions normally lost. A second approach is to develop treatment that would restore some level of axonal connection broken by direct transection or the separation of nerve fibres following severe contusion. This is the aim of cell and tissue trans plantation technologies, which would make use of the endogenous plasticity of the adult mammalian spinal cord and of techniques aimed at facilitating regeneration of central axons (Kao etal.1983; Borgens eta!.1986b; Bray et al. 1987). Finally, one might attempt to restore more normal physiological functioning to axons that survive the insult intact but whose conduction is impaired (Blight and DeCrescito 1986; Blight and Gruner 1987). This is the aim of recent investigations into the use of potassium channel blockade to increase the safety factor for conduction in partially or completely demyelinated axons persisting within the site of injury to the spinal cord (Blight and Gruner 1987; Blight 1989).
Changes in calcium sensitivity at the cross-bridge level
Authors: Brenner B
Published: November 2023

It is now generally accepted that muscle contraction is the result of cyclic interactions of the myosin heads (cross-bridges) with actin, as ATP is hydrolysed.3-5 According to recent concepts (Fig. 9. I), cross-bridges exist in two main configurations, namely a configuration of low actin affinity (the configuration of ‘weak-binding’ states) and a configuration of high actin affinity (the configuration of ‘strong-binding’ states).
The Subjective World Of The Performer
Authors: Persson Roland S
Published: November 2023

Amusician cannotmove others unless he too ismoved’, C.P. E. Bach argued in his treatise on the true art of playing keyboard instruments, ‘He must of necessity feel all of the affects that he hopes to arouse in his audience’ (1985, p. 152). Famed singer Janet Baker, in an interview published in The Observer, stated of musicians in general that ‘. . . [their] business is emotion and sensitivity—to be the sensors of the human race’ (quoted in Crofton & Fraser 1985, p. 112). Clearly emotions, feelings, and affects are paramount issues to musicians in communicating and understanding music. In fact, the musician’s role is so intrinsically tied to the subjective world of emotion that attempts to regard a piece of music, or a performance of it, as in any way detached from a positive emotional experience of some kind, is often frowned upon by musicians. In composer Fredrick Delius’ words: ‘How can music ever be a mere intellectual speculation or a series of curious combinations of sound that can be classified like the articles in a grocer’s shop? Music is an outburst of the soul’ (quoted in Crofton & Fraser 1985, p. 49).
Communicating Emotion In Music Performance: A Review And Theoretical Framework
Authors: Juslin Patrik N
Published: November 2023

Music is perhaps the most widely practised and appreciated of all art forms. Part of the appeal of music may lie in its ability to induce and represent emotions (cf. Budd 1985; Davies 1994; Meyer 1956; see also Sloboda & Juslin, this volume). Music is often regarded as an effective means of communicating emotions, and this notion pertains not only to the notated or implied structure of the music, but also to the way it is performed. Both empirical research (Persson 1995; Persson et al. 1996; Woody 2000) and biographical accounts (Blum 1977; Kennedy 1990; Schumacher 1995; Seckerson 1991) have suggested that many performers conceive of performance in terms of emotions, moods, or scenarios.
Music and emotion: distinctions and Uncertainties
Authors: Meyer Leonard B
Published: November 2023

I have the gall to divide this chapter into only two parts:1 ‘Distinctions’ and ‘Uncertainty’. The first section considers conceptual/terminological problems having to do with music and emotion, and provides the background and terminology for the matters considered in the second part. The distinctions made in Section 15.1 do not pretend to constitute a coherent argument but are connected by the succession of topics discussed. Section 15.2, the core of the chapter, is concerned with the role of uncertainty in human experience generally, and in musical/aesthetic experience in particular. I begin by proposing a number of distinctions because, despite its empirical outlook and methodology, the psychological analysis of human emotional experiences—causes and responses—as well as humanistic theory have lacked conceptual specificity and precision. This is evident in the range of behavioural states considered ‘emotional’.
Music And Emotion: Commentary
Authors: Sloboda John A , Juslin Patrikn.
Published: November 2023

The chapters collected here have highlighted a range of dichotomies (or bi-polar dimensions) which ‘open windows’ to a wider view than that with which most of us will have started our consideration of emotion in music. For many of us who would be naturally drawn to this book, and the enterprise it represents, the assumptions we make about emotion are probably a result of our by now effortless (and hence often unreflexive) accommodations to the specific musical culture which we inhabit. These assumptions often embody one pole of a particular dichotomy. Progress in understanding musical emotions may require the distancing from our own perspective that an articulation of such dichotomies can provide. This postlude highlights five core ‘dichotomies’ (from a considerably larger potential set), calls for attempts to reach beyond these dichotomies, and concludes with some general evaluative comments about the field as a whole, based on the evidence provided in this book.
The Method Of Long Waves
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

For the general discussion in this and the following chapters a sys¬ tematic scheme of notation is essential. Thus let us put together in a systematic way the general notation, which has already been intro¬ duced somewhat haphazardly in Part I (particularly 6, 11).
The Free Energy
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

We may observe the contrast of the situation to the static treatment in § 11, which determines the elastic constants about the equilibrium configuration. In the static treatment, it is necessary to take account explicitly of the internal strain induced by a given external strain, whereas an adequate thermodynamical treatment makes allowance for this effect implicitly. Thus the expression for the free energy which we shall discuss corresponds to the strain-energy function (11.28) of the static treatment.
Nuns
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia
Published: November 2023

Cloistered and inaccessible“brides of Christ” Or socially engaged women, active in the outside world to a degree impossible for their secular sisters? Nuns tells the fascinating stories of the women who have lived in religious communities since the dawn of the modern age - their ideals and achievements, frustrations and failures, and their attempts to reach out to the society around them. Drawing particularly on the nuns” own words, Silvia Evangelisti explores how they came to the cloister, how they responded to monastic discipline, and how they pursued their spiritual, intellectual, and missionary activities. The book looks not only at the individual stories of outstanding historical figures such as Teresa of Avila but also at the wider picture of convent life - what it symbolized to contemporaries, how it reflected and related to the world beyond the cloister, and what it means in the world today.
Brainwashing and influence
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I considered the history and development of the term brainwashing and its relevance to a number of situations where minds get changed: religious and political groups (Chapter 2), advertising and education (Chapter 3), treatments for mental illness (Chapter 4), and forms of social control which can be found in the military, the criminal justice system, and even in personal relationships (Chapter 5). It is now time to try and draw from these examples some conclusions about the nature of brainwashing.
The power of stop-and-think
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

As previous chapters have suggested, influence attempts come in many varieties—and do not always succeed. A sufficiently motivated person can often stop and think before succumbing, recalling their reasons not to buy, not to believe, and thereby resisting the influence attempt. In the case of brainwashing, however, the pressure is overwhelming. Somehow a brainwasher must be able to bypass his victims’ self-control so that they can no longer stop and think. To understand how this could happen, we need to understand how brains implement stop-and-think capacities. The area of cortex most intimately involved with stop and-think is the bulge which lies immediately beneath our foreheads: the prefrontal cortex, or PFC for short.
Einstein and Specific Heats
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, three major quantum theoretical discoveries had been made. They concern the blackbody radiation law, the light-quantum postulate, and the quantum theory of the specific heat of solids. All three arose from statistical considerations. There are, however, striking differences in the time intervals between these theoretical advances and their respective experimental j11stification. Planck formulated his radiation law in an uncommonly short time after learning about experiments in the far infrared that complemented earlier results at higher frequencies. It was quite a different story with the light quantum. Einstein’s hypothesis was many years ahead of its decisive experimental tests. As we shall see next, the story is quite different again in the case of specific heats.
Einstein as a Transitional Figure: The Birth of Wave Mechanics
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

We now leave the period of the old quantum theory and turn to the time of transition, during which matter waves were being discussed by a tiny group of physicists at a time when matter wave mechanics had not yet been discovered. This period begins in September 1923 with two brief communications by Louis de Broglie to the French Academy of Sciences [Bl, B2]. It ends in January 1926 with Schroedinger’s first paper on wave mechanics [S1). The main purpose of this chapter is to stress Einstein’s key role in these developments, his influence on de Broglie, de Broglie’s subsequent influence on him, and, finally, the influence of both on Schroedinger. Neither directly nor indirectly did Einstein contribute to an equally fundamental development that preceded Schroedinger’s discovery of wave mechanics: the discovery of matrix mechanics by Heisenberg [H1]. Therefore, I shall have no occasion in this book to comment in any detail on Heisenberg’s major achievements.
The Final Decade
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Einstein’s mind continued to be intensely active and fully alert until the very end of his life. During the last ten years, however, his age, the state of his health, his never-ending urge to do physics, and the multitude of his extra-scientific involvements called for economy in the use of his energies and time. He kept to simple routines as much as possible. He would come down for breakfast at about nine o’clock, then read the morning papers. At about ten-thirty he would walk to The Institute for Advanced Study, stay there until one o’clock, then walk home. I know of one occasion when a car hit a tree after its driver suddenly recognized the face of the beautiful old man walking along the street, his black woollen knit cap firmly planted on his long white hair.
Epilogue
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

I saw Einstein for the last time in December 1954. As he had not been well, he had for some weeks been absent from the Institute, where he normally spent a few hours each morning. Since I was about to take a term’s leave from Princeton, I called Helen Dukas and asked her to be kind enough to give my best wishes to Professor Einstein. She suggested I come to the house for a brief visit and a cup of tea. I was, of course, glad to accept. After I arrived, I went upstairs and knocked at the door of Einstein’s study. There was his gentle ‘Come.’ As I entered, he was seated in his arm chair, a blanket over his knees, a pad on the blanket. He was working. He put his pad aside at once and greeted me. We spent a pleasant half hour or so; I do not recall what was discussed. Then I told him I should not stay any longer. We shook hands, and I said goodbye. I walked to the door of the study, not more than four or five steps away. I turned around as I opened the door. I saw him in his chair, his pad back on his lap, a pencil in his hand, oblivious to his surroundings.
An Introduction To Mathematics
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

This distinguished little book is a brisk introduction to a series of mathematical concepts, a history of their development, and a concise summary of how today’s reader may use them.
Power Failure
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael
Published: November 2023

Written by two of the most respected observers of New York City, this book is a comprehensive guide to city politics.
Learned Helplessness
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

The psychological syndrome of learned helplessness is a uniquely modern phenomenon, deeply rooted in cultural concepts of personal power and security. This timely and valuable work examines learned helplessness with reference to the salient emphases in contemporary culture of individuality and personal control. An indispensable reference of interest to a broad spectrum of researchers in psychology.
Perilous Options
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S
Published: November 2023

In the past three decades, the United States government has used special operations repeatedly in an effort to achieve key foreign policy objectives, such as in the overthrow of Fidel Castro in Cuba and the rescuing of American hostages in Iran. Many of these secret missions carried out by highly trained commando forces have failed. In Perilous Options, Lucien Vandenbroucke examines the use and misuse of such special operations through an in-depth analysis of four operations--the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Sontay raid to rescue P.O.W.s in North Vietnam, the Mayaguez operation, and the Iran hostage rescue mission. Drawing extensively on declassified government documents, interviews with key decision makers and participants in these episodes, and other primary material, Perilous Options identifies recurrent problems in the way the United States government has prepared and executed such operations. These recurrent problems, outlined by key participants in these four special operations, include faulty intelligence, poor interagency and interservice cooperation and coordination, inadequate information and advice provided to decisionmakers, wishful thinking on the part of decisionmakers, and overcontrol of mission execution from outside the theater of operations. Vandenbroucke also explores the extent to which recent efforts to revitalize the U.S. operations capability have addressed these problems, identifying additional changes that can improve the government’s ability to plan, evaluate, and execute such operations.
Physical Principles And Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Nunez paul L
Published: November 2023

Chapters 1 and 5 by Knight and Buchwald in this volume emphasize the clinical and experimental benefits to be derived from knowledge of event related potential (ERP) sources. The data presented there were recorded from animal preparations and from human patients suffering from structural lesion or alteration in the transmitter system.
The Physical Nature of Light: The Interaction of Light with Matter and Molecules of Life
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

The Sun is the primary energy source for all life on Earth and supplies us with light as well as heat. The Sun produces immense amounts of energy through thermonuclear reactions, processes by which small atoms like hydrogen fuse to form larger atoms in the synthesis of helium. When this fusion occurs, the mass of the atom formed by the fused atoms is less than the sum of both atoms’ initial masses. This leaves extra mass, some of which is converted to energy.
Visual Pigments
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

The chemical structures of the carotenoids, chlorophylls, phytochromes, flavins, and other accessory pigment molecules were previously described in Chapter 3. In discussing non-imaging system phototropism and phototaxis, it was indicated that a retinal-protein, the visual pigment rhodopsin, was one of the photoreceptor pigment molecules.

To initiate the visual process of “seeing” requires a visual photoreceptor pigment molecule. This brings us to inquire: What are the visual pigments, how are they chemically structured for photoreception in the retina of the eye, and how do they function for visual excitation?
Vertebrate Eyes: Structure and Visual Excitation
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

How we see is one of the oldest scientific questions asked by humans. Therefore, I have turned to the most highly evolved and developed eye, the vertebrate eye. The reason is that, of all of our special senses, vision is the most important to us, for about 40% of all sensory information about our world comes to us through the eye. The vertebrate eye is well-studied, and there is considerable knowledge of its structure, optics, and visual pigments. Therefore, it is of interest how our eye brings to us visual images of our world.
Cholinergic Receptors
Authors: Parkinson D
Published: November 2023

Acetylcholine is used as a chemical transmitter at several parts of the peripheral and central nervous systems that are crucial for the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The preganglionic neurons of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter; it is also used by all of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and the sympathetic neurons that innervate the sweat glands.
Central Determinants of Sympathetic Nerve Discharge
Authors: Gebber G L
Published: November 2023

Sympathetic nerves innervating the heart, vasculature, and other visceral organs are tonically active inder a variety of conditions in humans and animals. Such activity is critical for homeostasis, including the maintenance of blood pressure within normal limits. The level of activity in sympathetic nerves innervating different target organs can be non uniformly changed, thus leading to complex visceral response patterns characteristic of such behavioral states as alerting, exercise, and sleep. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how these functions of sympathetic nerves are controlled by the central nervous system.
Biological and Social Influences on the Endocrinology of Puberty: Some Additional Considerations
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A , Reinisch June M
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters by Cameron and Hopwood address our cur­ rent level of understanding about the potential regulatory mechanisms of puberty. They cite endocrinological, environmental, and psychosocial variables that can stimulate or inhibit the pubertal process. With the advances in assay techniques and the prospective studies reported by Nottelman, Chrousos, and colleagues (Chapter 6), it is clear that our understanding of the pubertal process is significantly more sophisticated than it was even a few years ago. Although pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), beginning initially during sleep (see Chapters 1, Cameron: and 2, Hopwood), are believed to precede gonadal transition into reproductive functioning, we still have not determined what triggers the onset of puberty or, specifically, what stimulation occurs or what inhibition is lifted that initiates the onset of the pubertal GnRH pattern.
Mood Changes During Adolescence
Authors: Rubin Robert T
Published: November 2023

The contribution by Dr. Nottelmann and colleagues (chapter 6) is both an overview of hormone-behavior relations in adolescence and the description of a specific research study that attempted to relate behavioral measures in normal adolescents to Tanner pubertal stage and to circulating gonadotropin and adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone concentrations. Professor Rutter’s contribution (Chapter 7) is a survey of the development of different psychiatric disorders during adolescence, with attention to methodological issues such as the confounding effects of age and pubertal status. In this chapter I will recapitulate and attempt to integrate the conclusions of these two presentations, and will indicate some issues of methodology and directions for future research.
The Impact of Sociocultural Influences on Adolescent Sexual Development: Further Considerations
Authors: Bancroft John
Published: November 2023

In the second part of the volume we have so far considered social factors from three different viewpoints. Mary Hotvedt provided us with an anthropological, cross-cultural perspective; Jan Trost considered some of the mechanisms by which social influences are mediated; and Gail Wyatt gave us an example of evidence obtained in a careful study of adult women reflecting on their adolescent experiences, in a specific geographic area (Los Angeles), and with a particular emphasis on the comparison of black and white California women. These are three “windows” into the social background to adolescent sexual development. Let me look further through these windows at certain points that deserve added emphasis before moving on to consider and speculate about some specific aspects of adolescent sexuality.
Equations of State of Solids for Geophysics and Ceramic Science
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

Written by a renowned expert in the field, this book is the most comprehensive treatment available on the applications of equations of state (EoS) in geophysics and materials science, a topic of fundamental importance to those studying the physics and chemistry of the Earth. Part one offers comprehensive treatments of thermal properties associated with EoS, thermodynamic and statistical mechanical backgrounds, and thermoelastic properties. Definitions of the physical properties needed for the EoS are provided as well. Part two discusses the isothermal pressure-volume relationship. The ab initio approach--EoS based upon quantum mechanics fundamentals using numerical methods--is utilized to clearly represent and analyze the measured data. Part three offers an advanced treatment of thermal properties at high temperature, and includes discussions of thermal pressure, shocked solids, and EoS applications to materials science topics such as melting and thermodynamic function. Advanced students, researchers, and professionals in geophysics, ceramics science, solid state physics, and geochemistry will want to read this book.
The Structures of Democratic Government
Authors: Medding Peter Y
Published: November 2023

In the historical development of states there is often a distinct founding period during which the political order is established, fundamental decisions are taken about who shall govern, and in what manner; and choices are made from among a variety of possible alternatives.1 These actions set the terms and boundaries of subsequent political behavior, decision making, and of adaptation to social and political change. The founding period thus provides its political leaders with unique opportunities to imprint their values on state institutions.
Strengthening the Noncommunist World
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

For Eisenhower’s national strategy, the strength and cohesion of the noncommunist world were just as vital as was the military component. Indeed, the support of the allies was essential for deterrence and defense. Peace and security over the long haul required cooperation among the industrialized nations and with developing ones, especially in the Middle East and Asia, for many purposes. Even if, as NSC 162/2 anticipated, major Soviet aggression was deterred, “[t]he USSR will continue to rely heavily on tactics of division and subversion to weaken the free world alliances and will to resist Soviet power” and to increase its influence in the less-developed nations. These were dimensions of the communist threat that were “likely to continue indefinitely and grow in intensity.” Unless the noncommunist nations achieved economic progress, overcame political instability, elevated their confidence and morale, and nurtured their sense of interdependence and common purpose, the Soviets would be able to exploit their fears, hopes, divergences, neutralism, and nationalism. 2 A stable and prosperous West would likewise act as a magnet for peoples trapped behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains, thereby transforming Soviet assets into liabilities. Finally, it would alleviate sources of conflict and war that had disrupted global relations throughout the twentieth century.
The Prefrontal Region: Its Early History
Authors: Benton Arthur L
Published: November 2023

This historical sketch deals with the early development of knowledge and concepts about the structure and functions of the prefrontal region, i.e., the region anterior and mesial to those areas of frontal cortex having to do with motor functions (motor cortex and frontal eye fields) and speech (Broca’s area). The greater part of the prefrontal region has a characteristic cellular structure, frontal granular cortex, and within the region a number of areas are differentiated from each other on architectonic grounds.
Neuroanatomy of Frontal Lobe in Vivo: A Comment on Methodology
Authors: Damasio Hanna C
Published: November 2023

The technologic progress of the past 15 years has given us neuroimaging methods that permit the reliable in vivo investigation of human brain anatomy. Naturally they have become an invaluable tool in the understanding of the functional role of frontal lobe cortices. There are two main types of neuroimaging procedures available: Structural imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MR) and X-ray computerized tomography (CT); and dynamic imaging such as positron (dual photon) emission tomography (PET), and single photon detection (the latter can use either single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), or lateral probes).
Inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands
Authors: Roth V Louise
Published: November 2023

Through their effects on population dynamics and community composition, islands represent settings for evolutionary and ecological ‘natural’ experiments. The consequence of the low immigration rates, high extinction rates, limited geographic range, and maritime climates that islands impose on their colonists is a depauperate and often unique fauna and flora which have been a source of interest to naturalists since Humboldt, Wallace, and Darwin. Research on islands intensified in the decades following publication of MacArthur and Wilson’s work (1967), and islands now serve as models for other isolated (but non-island) systems (Wilcox 1980; Brown 1986).
Morphology, the study of form and function, in modern evolutionary biology
Authors: Wake Marvalee H
Published: November 2023

A ‘renaissance’ in morphology was proclaimed during the last decade (Wake, D. 1982a; Liem and Wake 1985; Gans 1985) to herald the vigor with which the discipline of morphology is incorporating new techniques and theory, expanding into analysis of development, ecology, systematics, and evolution, and generating new ideas and approaches for a synthetic approach in modern biology. The ‘renaissance’ is really the product of 20 years of increasingly intensive study of morphology, the product of both new techniques and renewed interest in the biology of the organism as a whole. Natural historians, from Aristotle through the 19th century, studied the form and function of organisms through description.
Sex Determination in Plants
Authors: Meagher Thomas R
Published: November 2023

Sex determination refers to the balance between expression of female versus male sexuality within a plant. The mechanism by which sex is determined has a profound impact on the reproductive function of a plant. Population level consequences of differential male and female function or allocation have been recently reviewed by Char­nov,16 Charlesworth and Charlesworth,13 and Lloyd and Bawa.57 The evolutionary implications of this process are most striking in dioecious species, where individual sex expression is limited to either maleness or femaleness.