bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SSP
Authors: Abou Zahab Mariam
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates “sectarianism” in the context of Pakistan. Sectarianism denotes the conflict between the Sunni and Shia communities, which make up about 80 and 20 percent of the population. South Asia has a long tradition of sectarian violence between Sunni and Shia Muslims, especially in the form of isolated incidents during the Muharram processions. The chapter highlights the latent tensions between Sunni and Shia that were intensified by the Islamization policy introduced during the rule of General Zia-ul Haq. The Islamization policy was an approach based on a narrow interpretation of Hanafi Sunni Islam and favored the Deobandi school of thought.
Narratives, Agents, and Issues
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the processes of making official monuments at KZs Natzweiler-Struthof and Neuengamme. It details how the commune of Natzwiller was crucial to the context of memorialization and consistently problematized the French state’s designs for a national memorial to the deportation. This was in terms of heritage-protection measures, land ownership, processes of acquisition, and land value. The chapter further relates how local and regional populations remained relevant to the processes of building and funding the final monument. The chapter contrasts this with the contemporaneous waves of memorialization in the locality of Neuengamme which engaged KZ survivors and the Hamburg state government, but elicited little by way of local response.
Sharing the Costs of War
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

This chapter is concerned with the obligations that citizens have to share the costs of war amongst themselves. It argues that principles of fairness militate against a strong principle of non-combatant immunity, both in the case of just and unjust wars. It does so by considering fairness arguments that arise due to the division of labour. It also considers whether consent-based arguments make combatants liable to be killed, and for the most part rejects that view. Finally, it considers whether liability of combatants might be supported by the significance of occupational choice, and rejects that view for the most part, in both just and unjust societies.
Conclusion
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter focuses on the question of circulation and impact: to what extent did De Hooghe’s satires travel beyond The Netherlands in the seventeenth century and what influence did they have on English political satire of the eighteenth century? The appearance of motifs from De Hooghe’s satires in mezzotints of c.1690 and prints on the subject of the South Sea Bubble of 1720 will be discussed as will instances in which De Hooghe’s satires were reissued in the eighteenth century. However, a comparison of this handful of examples with the liberal use of De Hooghe’s triumphal allegories and battle scenes in such distant locations as Latin America and Russia reveals one of the qualities that epitomizes political satire—its dramatic circumscription by temporal and geographical boundaries. Satire’s embeddedness in a specific political, historical, and cultural moment and its dependence upon text that often channels the idiosyncrasies of spoken language, render it difficult—often impossible without intensive investigation—to understand beyond its immediate context. This is as true for twenty-first-century satires as it was for those produced in the late seventeenth century.
The State versus the People
Authors: Rendle Matthew
Published: September 2020

This book provides the first detailed account of the role of revolutionary justice in the early Soviet state. Law has often been dismissed by historians as either unimportant after the October Revolution amid the violence and chaos of civil war or even, in the absence of written codes and independent judges, little more than another means of violence. This is particularly true of the most revolutionary aspect of the new justice system, revolutionary tribunals—courts inspired by the French Revolution and established to target counter-revolutionary enemies. This book paints a more complex picture. The Bolsheviks invested a great deal of effort and scarce resources into building an extensive system of tribunals that spread across the country, including into the military and the transport network. At their peak, hundreds of tribunals heard hundreds of thousands of cases every year. Not all ended in harsh sentences: some were dismissed through lack of evidence; others given a wide range of sentences; others still suspended sentences; and instances of early release and amnesty were common. This book, therefore, argues that law played a distinct and multifaceted role for the Bolsheviks. Tribunals stood at the intersection between law and violence, offering various advantages to the Bolsheviks, not least strengthening state control, providing a more effective means of educating the population on counter-revolution, and enabling a more flexible approach to the state’s enemies. All of this adds to our understanding of the early Soviet state and, ultimately, of how the Bolsheviks held on to power.
Passivity, Agency, the Gift, and God
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that theological claims about humanity can open up a new realm of thought for anthropology. This point is illustrated by considering Lutheran theological discussions of the role of passivity in shaping the gift relationship and indicating ways in which they could enrich anthropological debates around this classic disciplinary topic. In particular, I suggest that theological ideas of passivity profoundly challenge standard anthropological accounts of the role of the obligation to receive in the theory of the gift. The final part of the chapter uses the notion of passivity to initiate a consideration of some ways the disciplines of anthropology and theology are likely destined not to reach agreement through interdisciplinary dialogue: most notably on the issue of the distribution of passivity and agency between the human and the divine. Arguments about the nature of the gift are developed through discussion of materials from Papua New Guinea.
The Pre-Modern Period of Competition Law
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

The precursors to NZ’s modern competition law were the Monopoly Prevention Act 1908 and the Commercial Trusts Act 1910, but a solid body of antitrust doctrine never materialized. The Privy Council did its best (or so it seemed) in a landmark appeal in 1927 to take a contrary view from the New Zealand judges. In future decades reliance was placed upon the cumbersome British bureaucratic-style restrictive trade practices law as a model for our legislation. Yet the paramount reason for the moribund state of competition law was a strong policy preference by successive governments for direct regulation of the economy based on the unstated, but rock-solid, premise of social stability. Large-scale intervention in the economy was the norm. It took a revolution in economic philosophy to occur and that came in 1984 under the Lange Labour government. The Commerce Act 1986 is seen as a key part in the newly deregulated economy. The Act was not a natural, incremental step in the evolutionary process but a leap (saltation) forward into the “modern” era.
Going Nowhere Fast
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

This book sets out to answer a question of global importance: how does inequality persist in our increasingly mobile world? It is a contentious problem. From Barack Obama to Pope Francis, inequality is often referred to as the greatest threat to our democracy, society and economy. Yet in an era some call the ‘age of migration’, opportunity has apparently never been more accessible. Long and short distance transport—from motorbikes to aeroplanes—are available to more people than ever before. What’s more, physical mobility tells only part of the story. Telecommunications have transformed our lives, ushering in an era of translocality, in which the behaviour of people and communities are influenced from hundreds or even thousands of miles apart. Nevertheless, amidst ever more complex flows of people, ideas, and capital, persistent inequality cuts a jarringly static figure. The worst off all too often remain impervious to the winds of economic dynamism, whilst those who were better off in one place remain so in another. This is an age-old story enmeshed in modern complexities. The vast economic successes of India and China have redrawn the map of global poverty in recent decades, contributing to falling inequality between countries even as inequality within countries is on the rise. Scale, in other words, matters and this book sets out to show why. Eschewing the international cross-sectional analysis employed in others on the topic of inequality, in favour of a deep dive approach to its subject, its eight chapters bring together a decade of research across multiple contexts to cast a forensic eye over the many of faces of inequality in a rapidly changing environment. Tracing a “miraculous” decade of development in Cambodia, one of the world’s fastest growing economies since the turn of the millennium, it brings together a broad toolbox of data to make a case for inequality not as an economic phenomenon, but as a ‘total social fact’ in which stories, stigma, obligation, and assets combine to lock social structures in place.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Tradition
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

The claim that there are natural rights, which exist before or outside of any ordered civil society and apart from any positively legal expression, has long been controversial. There is a tradition of scepticism about such rights, stretching at least from the late eighteenth century to the present day. This opening chapter expounds four eminent expressions of this ‘Sceptical Tradition’ in the thought of Edmund Burke, Jeremy Bentham, David Ritchie, and Onora O’Neill. It concludes by distilling the tradition’ into a set of objections to natural rights-talk: its abstract character, which makes it impossible to evaluate and encourages political recklessness; its inflated rhetoric, which overlooks the moral importance of circumstances, especially feasibility; and its confusion of natural morality with legality. The subsequent four chapters then proceed to test these objections against natural rights-talk, first, in the pre-modern period (Chapter 2), second in the modern period (Chapter 3), third in modern Roman Catholic thought (Chapter 4), and finally as it comes from the pens of a selection of contemporary defenders (Chapter 5).
What’s Wrong with Subjective Rights?
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

Whether a right is natural or legal, it is a kind of property. This chapter examines the thought of five contemporary Christian thinkers, who hold that the modern concept of a right is tied—certainly historically but perhaps also logically—to Hobbesian social contract theory or Ockhamist nominalism, and therefore to radical individualism and moral subjectivism: Alasdair MacIntyre, Joan Lockwood O’Donovan, Oliver O’Donovan, John Milbank, and Ernest Fortin. It concludes that these critics variously misinterpret Ockham and overestimate the influence of Hobbes. Nevertheless, they are correct to discern that modern rights-talk does tend to shut out other kinds of moral discourse—that ‘rights’ do tend to displace ‘right’. As a consequence, it obscures the contingency of rights upon other moral considerations and so upon justice, all things considered in the circumstances.
Conclusion
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

There is much that is right with rights: paradigmatically, a right is a social institution designed to secure an important element of the human good; the phenomenon of a right is universal, but its forms vary according to social priorities and resources; it can promote social flourishing; and it offers a powerful means of holding states to account. However, contemporary rights-talk suffers from a number of problems: the idea that rights are ethically fundamental, rather than the conclusion of all-things-considered ethical deliberation; the refusal in practice to recognise the political and economic contingency of human rights; the imprudence of judges in presuming to invent ethically and politically controversial rights; and rights advocacy that refuses to acknowledge the need for political trade-offs or compromises. These problems have the ill effect of obscuring the importance of the formation of civic virtue, subverting the authority and credibility of rights, corroding military effectiveness, undermining the democratic legitimacy of law, and proliferating publicly expensive rights. The solution to these problems lies in the abandonment of rights-fundamentalism by judges and human rights advocates, and by the general recovery of a richer public discourse about ethics, one which includes talk about the duty and virtue of rights-holders.
The Ardens
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

Chapter two focuses on the feud between Edward Arden and the earls of Warwick and Leicester, outlining the unique cultural identity of the Arden family in Warwickshire and their descent from the Saxon magnate, Turchil, the most significant landowner in the Midlands after the Norman conquest whose lands later formed the patrimony of the Beaumont earls of Warwick. The Beauchamps co-opted him into the lineage of the Warwick earldom to link their earldom with the legendary Guy of Warwick, which led to a dispute over lineage between Arden and the Dudleys, in which Edward Arden tried to use his ancestry to challenge their authority in the county. We also look at how this reinvigorated Guy of Warwick as a cultural icon, which can be linked to Shakespeare’s involvement in a play about Guy and his later interest in this legendary figure. The Dudleys responded with increased pressure on Arden through legal cases that threatened his tenure of his estate, and which became widely known as the cases moved from court to court, including the Warwick assizes and Star Chamber. These cases show how the Dudley ascendancy and the Arden dispute created an assault on popular memory in the county, through legal arguments creating pressure on social structures and requiring Warwickshire people to make choices reflecting both the political struggles within the county and the wider contests of the Elizabethan Reformation.
The Trial of John Somerville and Edward Arden
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

The first detailed narrative of how the Dudleys set out to destroy Edward Arden by exploiting the mental problems of his son-in-law John Somerville, who lived just outside Stratford, but who had quarrelled with his wife, Margaret Arden Somerville, and her father, over financial differences. Using intermediaries the Dudleys provoked Somerville into riding towards London, armed with a pistol to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, and arranged for his arrest and interrogation. They then concocted evidence implicating Edward Arden, both to confirm their dominance over Warwickshire and to establish that Somerville was key to a vast international Catholic conspiracy against Elizabeth, a story that contained sufficient truth to enable a more radical Protestant agenda to be followed at Court and in the Privy Council, against Archbishop Whitgift’s and Sir Christopher Hatton’s conservative policies. The treason trial consistently broke with established procedures in rushing Arden, Somerville, and their families to condemnation, but the regime expended great efforts in broadcasting their ‘treason’ against the conflicting evidence known in Stratford and Warwickshire, especially that Arden had been in London when he was allegedly conspiring with Somerville just outside Stratford. The treasonous fiction also aimed to implicate Hatton in the treason, but though this failed, shockingly for contemporary society, several women from both families were condemned, and several more imprisoned in the Tower for some years, another example of the exercise of raw power by the Elizabethan regime in controlling collective memory that were very unlikely to have escaped William Shakespeare’s notice.
‘The Rose of Sharon’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores metropolitan and colonial English thinking about England’s place in Europe from the Reformation of the sixteenth century to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, including the emergence of primitive ideas about English hegemony from the pens of Francis Bacon and James Harrington. It also looks at the impact of foreign affairs on England’s domestic politics, including the Civil War and the Restoration. And it shows how the early colonization of North America, from Hakluyt’s narratives to the revolutions in Boston and New York in 1688, via John Winthrop’s Long March and Oliver Cromwell’s Western Design, was conducted in close and conscious union with thinking about the European system and the peace of Christendom.
‘The Patron of Mankind’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the impact of geopolitical thinking on colonial conceptions of nationality. Paying particular attention to the influential parties that gathered around the Livingston family in New York and William Smith in Philadelphia during the 1750s, it shows how the idea of Britain as the ‘arbiter of Europe’ informed a continentalist understanding of Britain as a nation defined by its unique role in the European system. This, in turn, left an enormous mark on the way in which colonists conceived of the Hanoverian monarchy, underwriting the personality cults of George II and—in his early reign—George III. Similar phenomena affected other national leaders, most notably William Pitt the Elder. At the same time, the continentalist flavour of colonial nationalism promoted a porous kind of Britishness, allowing for the incorporation of settlers from other parts of Europe like the Netherlands and Germany, and even other religious groups—including, on some rare occasions, Roman Catholics and non-Europeans.
‘Arbitress of the Universe’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the theories of geopolitics, political economy, and constitutional order that accompanied post-war visions of British hegemony, and how the patriot movement came to repurpose these ideas as an argument for American independence. Throughout the imperial crisis, colonists discussed imperial commercial policy in the context of geopolitics, and these discussions bore fruit in the conception of an empire not as a proto-federation but as an unequal league, in which trade and diplomacy were governed from the metropole. The leading voices of the patriot movement would endorse this vision of British power until—and in some cases beyond—the threshold of armed conflict. When the turn to revolution and secession finally came, it too was mediated by ideas about the balance of power, the geopolitics of empire, and the future shape of the international system that lay deep in the colonial past.
Joseph Conrad
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

The book builds on current interventions in modernist scholarship in order to rethink Joseph Conrad’s contribution to literary history. It utilizes emerging critical modernisms, the work of Henri Bergson and Gilles Deleuze, and late modernist fiction, to stage an encounter between Conrad and a radically different literary tradition. It does so in order to uncover critical blind spots that have limited our appreciation of his poetics. The purpose of this investigation is threefold: first, to participate in recent critical attempts to correct a neglect of ontological preoccupations in Conrad’s writing and uncover the author’s exploration of a human subject beyond the Cartesian cogito. Second, to demonstrate the manner in which such an exploration is accompanied by the reconfiguration of the very building blocks of fiction: character, narration, focalization, language, and plot have to be rethought to accommodate a subject who is no longer conceived of as autonomous and whole but is rendered permeable and interdependent. Third, to show how this redrawing of the literary imaginary communicates with the projects of late modernist writers such as Samuel Beckett, writers whose literary endeavors have long been held separate from Conrad’s. In the spirit of current reexaminations of modernism and critical endeavors to think it anew outside the commonplaces that once defined it, this study returns to Conrad’s art with an eye to twentieth-century shifts in the way we process, understand, and evaluate information. Thematic, stylistic, and philosophical instantiations of the slow are offered here as a gauge for this meaningful transformation.
Introduction
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

The chapter traces the difference between two artistic impulses in Conrad’s writing. The first is aligned with a philosophy of Being or mind; its signposts include the spatialization of time, telos and logic; it is fueled by the need to know. The second is aligned with a philosophy of Becoming. It is characterized by the experience of duration, the principle of univocity and the unknown. The chapter argues that our appreciation of Conrad has been blind to the latter because of the predominance of the first in modernist scholarship. It also posits two different definitions of the new that follow this division—the first assumes the form of defamiliarization; it changes how we see. The second attempts to capture the unforeseen—it transforms what we see. The chapter traces the evolution of the slow in literary history in order to trace and unpack Conrad’s inauguration of a new literary tradition.
“To Make You See”? Marlow and the Anti-Ocular Turn
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

The chapter utilizes sight as a gauge with which to trace the transition from a philosophy of Being to a philosophy of Becoming. The cultural expressions of the anti-ocular turn observed in the nineteenth century provide the framework for a testing of Conrad’s use of the witness-narrator in Lord Jim, a novel that dramatizes the oscillations between an aesthetics of Being and one of Becoming. Bergson’s Creative Evolution and Time and Free Will inform the philosophical backdrop to the discussion, the anti-ocular turn of modernism its cultural complement, and narratology’s concept of the witness-narrator, the fictional measure against which these discourses strain. The three coalesce in an attempt to think the relation between sight, experience, and comprehension, between the demise of visual perception and its figurative, scientific, and philosophical expressions in the failure of categorical thinking and instrumental logic.
Mise à jour sur l’infection congénitale à cytomégalovirus : la prévention prénatale, le diagnostic néonatal et la prise en charge
Authors: Barton Michelle , Forrester A Michael , McDonald Jane
Published: September 2020

Le cytomégalovirus (CMV) est la principale cause d’infection congénitale et la première cause de surdité de perception d’origine non génétique pendant l’enfance. Même si la plupart des nouveau-nés infectés ne sont pas symptomatiques à la naissance, l’infection congénitale à cytomégalovirus est une affection importante, en raison du risque de surdité de perception et des autres atteintes neurodéveloppementales qui s’y associent. Le respect des mesures d’hygiène pendant la grossesse peut réduire le risque d’infection de la mère par le CMV. Grâce au dépistage rapide, il est possible de vite entreprendre la surveillance et la prise en charge des nouveau-nés infectés. Il est essentiel d’adopter une prise en charge multidisciplinaire pour optimiser le pronostic des nouveau-nés atteints.
Preaching to the Choir? Presidential Debates and Patterns of Persuasion in a Multiparty Presidential System
Authors: Lloyd Ryan , Bello André , Rennó Lucio
Published: September 2020

How does institutional context condition debates’ effects on vote choice during electoral campaigns? The literature on the United States suggests that debates’ effects on vote choice are minimal at best, reinforcing voters’ prior convictions more often than converting or activating them. There have been very few tests of debates’ effects in newer democracies, however, and the strong partisan identification among American voters might mean that this lack of impact is specific to the American context. In this article, the effects of presidential debates are tested in a younger democracy with a multiparty system and runoff presidential elections: Brazil. Data come from the Brazilian Electoral Panel Study, a seven-wave panel study conducted before, during, and after the 2014 Brazilian election. To rigorously measure presidential debates’ effect on voters’ likelihood to change candidates, a difference-in-differences regression was estimated with a generalized least squares (GLS) random-effects model. In the end, debates had a significant effect on vote choice in the first round of the 2014 Brazilian presidential election, as respondents who watched first-round debates were more likely to switch candidates after the debates had taken place than those who had not watched the debates. In the second round, however, when the field had been reduced to only two candidates, debates no longer affected voters’ propensity to change candidates.
Local observer effect on the cosmological soft theorem
Authors: Suyama Teruaki , Tada Yuichiro , Yamaguchi Masahide
Published: September 2020

Non-Gaussianities of primordial perturbations in the soft limit provide important information about the light degrees of freedom during inflation. The soft modes of the curvature perturbations, unobservable for a local observer, act to rescale the spatial coordinates. We determine how the trispectrum in the collapsed limit is shifted by the rescaling due to the soft modes. We find that the form of the inequality between the $f_\mathrm{NL}$ and $\tau_\mathrm{NL}$ parameters is not affected by the rescaling, demonstrating that the role of the inequality as an indicator of the light degrees of freedom remains intact. We also comment on the local observer effect on the consistency relation for ultra-slow-roll inflation.
New insights into the role of imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Camellino Dario , Duftner Christina , Dejaco Christian
Published: September 2020

PMR is an inflammatory rheumatic disease of elderly people characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder and pelvic girdles. No specific diagnostic confirmatory tests exist and clinical symptoms, as well as increased acute phase reactants, are unspecific. The diagnostic value of imaging including ultrasound, MRI and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) with/without CT for PMR is increasingly studied. These techniques, particularly FDG-PET/CT, may help to detect underlying GCA in PMR patients with an incomplete response to glucocorticoids and/or recurrent relapses. Recent imaging studies provide novel insights into the anatomical basis of inflammation in PMR, particularly at hip and spine, which may help to distinguish this disease from other mimicking conditions. In this review, we discuss novel insights into the pathoanatomy of PMR, compare the diagnostic values of different imaging techniques and summarize current data on the role of imaging for monitoring and outcome prediction.
Cortical Tuning is Impaired After Perceptual Experience in Primary Visual Cortex of Serotonin Transporter-Deficient Mice
Authors: Pak Alexandr , Chubykin Alexander A
Published: September 2020

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is crucial for the proper development of neuronal circuits early in life and their refinement throughout adulthood. Its signaling is tightly regulated by the serotonin transporter (SERT), alterations of which were implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Animal models lacking a functional SERT variant display diverse phenotypes, including increased anxiety, social communication deficits, and altered cortical development. However, it remains unclear how SERT disruption affects sensory processing and experience-dependent learning in adulthood. It has been previously shown that perceptual experience leads to the development of visual familiarity-evoked theta oscillations in mouse V1. Here, we discovered that familiarity-evoked theta oscillations were longer and less stimulus specific in SERT knockout (KO) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, while the overall visual response properties were similar in naive mice, orientation and spatial frequency processing were significantly impaired in SERT KO compared with WT or SERT heterozygous mice following perceptual experience. Our findings shed more light on the mechanism of familiarity-evoked oscillations and highlight the importance of serotonin signaling in perceptual learning.
Comparative phylogeography between parasitic sucking lice and their host the Namaqua rock mouse, Micaelamys namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Bothma Johannes C , Matthee Sonja , Matthee Conrad A
Published: September 2020

To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms affecting parasite gene dispersal and subsequent evolution, we investigated mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogeographic structures of two ectoparasitic louse species, Polyplax praomydis and Hoplopleura patersoni, and compared this to their host Micaelamys namaquensis. Analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data derived from 13 geographic populations resulted in the detection of distinct phylogenetic clades within the parasite and host species. Strong support for host–parasite co-divergence was found over larger geographic scales but failed to show complete co-divergence over fine geographic scales. This finding led to the partial rejection of the hypothesis that the evolution of species-specific permanent parasites will mirror the phylogeographic pattern of their host. JANE co-phylogenetic reconstructions support the notion that host switching best explains the discrepancies in geographic patterns. We conclude that host specificity and permanency on the host only plays a partial role in maintaining co-divergences between parasites and their hosts.
Placenta-Derived Cell Therapy to Treat Patients With Respiratory Failure Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Barkama Ravit , Mayo Ami , Paz Alona , Solopov Anna , Mann Tal , Vadasz Zahava , Appel Tal , Ofir Racheli , Shani Liran , Sheleg Michal , Allen Hoshea , Shaked Nitzan Rony , Tsarfaty Nurit , Gilad Hadar , Birch Thomas , Kachel Erez , Reinke Petra , Volk Hans-Dieter , Zalts Ronen , Raz Pasteur Ayelet
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

To determine whether placental cell therapy PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD (Pluristem Therapeutics, Haifa, Israel) may be beneficial to treating critically ill patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019.

Design:

Retrospective case report of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated with PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD from March 26, 2020, to April 4, 2020, with follow-up through May 2, 2020.

Setting:

Four hospitals in Israel (Rambam Health Care Campus, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital), and Holy Name Medical Center in New Jersey.

Patients:

Eight critically ill patients on invasive mechanical ventilation, suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019.

Interventions:

Intramuscular injection of PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD (300 × 106 cells) given as one to two treatments.

Measurements and Main Results:

Mortality, time to discharge, and changes in blood and respiratory variables were monitored during hospitalization to day 17 posttreatment. Of the eight patients treated (median age 55 yr, seven males and one female), five were discharged, two remained hospitalized, and one died. By day 3 postinjection, mean C-reactive protein fell 45% (240.3–131.3 mg/L; p = 0.0019) and fell to 77% by day 5 (56.0 mg/L; p < 0.0001). Pao
2/Fio
2 improved in 5:8 patients after 24-hour posttreatment, with similar effects 48-hour posttreatment. A decrease in positive end-expiratory pressure and increase in pH were statistically significant between days 0 and 14 (p = 0.0032 and p = 0.00072, respectively). A decrease in hemoglobin was statistically significant for days 0–5 and 0–14 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.0028, respectively), whereas for creatinine, it was statistically significant between days 0 and 14 (p = 0.032).

Conclusions:

Improvement in several variables such as C-reactive protein, positive end-expiratory pressure, and Pao
2/Fio
2 was observed following PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD treatment, suggesting possible therapeutic effect. However, interpretation of the data is limited due to the small sample size, use of concomitant investigational therapies, and the uncontrolled study design. The efficacy of PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD in coronavirus disease 2019 should be further evaluated in a controlled clinical trial.
Decision-Making for Patients With Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Al-Mufti Fawaz , Stein Alan , Damodara Nitesh , Joseph-Senatus Ganaelle , Nuoman Rolla , Nuoaman Halla , Ammar Adnan Yasir , Santarelli Justin , Sahni Ramandeep , Gandhi Chirag D.
Published: September 2020

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a complex and heterogeneous pathology which require an understanding of the natural history of these lesions, as well as the potential treatment options in order to manage them safely. While treatment is the agreed upon strategy for most ruptured AVMs, the management of unruptured AVMs continues to be debated. More recently, this debate has been fueled by the A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) trial which attempts to define the natural history and treatment risk of AVMs. However, the trial has significant shortcomings which limit its broad applicability. In addition, the breadth, efficacy, and safety of potential treatment options continue to improve. This review focuses on defining the natural history of cerebral AVMs, an overview of the ARUBA trial, and the most current treatment paradigm for cerebral AVMs.
A Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Gastrointestinal Tract With Particular Application to Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Asiyanbola Bolanle
Published: September 2020

Computational fluid dynamics is used in clinical problem solving to provide increased understanding of the factors that impact and predict clinical problems. Clinically, computational fluid dynamics has mostly been used in vascular surgery but is increasingly being used in gastrointestinal tract surgery for difficult problems, especially pertaining to resection and reconstruction. We review computational fluid dynamic applications in the gastrointestinal tract and suggest that computational fluid dynamics can be useful in pancreatic resections to evaluate the factors contributing to anastomotic and pancreatic resection leak as pancreatic leak is a major clinical problem, and the impact of geometric alteration of fluid flow has received scant attention.
Female Athlete Hip Injuries: A Narrative Review
Authors: Borgstrom Haylee , McInnis Kelly C.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

In this narrative review, we highlight sex-specific anatomic and biomechanical features of the hip region in female athletes, as well as the potential impact of these characteristics on observed disparities in both intra-articular and extra-articular injury patterns between female and male athletes. It is our goal to broaden the scope of knowledge related to hip pathology in active female athletes among sports medicine providers with the hope of better optimizing sport participation and performance in female athletes.

Data Sources:

A literature review was conducted using PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine. Search terms included sport, female, athlete, sex differences, injury, hip, and all diagnoses discussed in this review. Cross-reference of these articles identified additional resources.

Main Results:

Sex-specific differences in both static design and dynamic function contribute to disparities in hip injury patterns between female and male athletes. Intra-articular injuries, including labral and ligamentum teres pathology, as well as extra-articular injuries, including iliopsoas tendon dysfunction, gluteal and proximal hamstring tendinopathy, ischiofemoral impingement, bone stress injuries, and certain nerve entrapment syndromes, seem to affect female athletes more commonly than male counterparts.

Conclusions:

Given unique anatomic and functional considerations, the growing population of female athletes worldwide warrants specialized care and consideration. Potential predisposition to specific hip injuries should be taken into consideration during diagnostic evaluation of hip pain in the female athlete.
Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in urologic oncology
Authors: Hosein Sharif , Reitblat Chanan R. , Cone Eugene B. , Trinh Quoc-Dien
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review

This review aims to shed light on recent applications of artificial intelligence in urologic oncology.

Recent findings

Artificial intelligence algorithms harness the wealth of patient data to assist in diagnosing, staging, treating, and monitoring genitourinary malignancies. Successful applications of artificial intelligence in urologic oncology include interpreting diagnostic imaging, pathology, and genomic annotations. Many of these algorithms, however, lack external validity and can only provide predictions based on one type of dataset.

Future applications of artificial intelligence will need to incorporate several forms of data in order to truly make headway in urologic oncology. Researchers must actively ensure future artificial intelligence developments encompass the entire prospective patient population.
Spring Cranioplasty: Incorporation Into Practice
Authors: Pearson Gregory , Khansa Ibrahim , Drapeau Annie
Published: September 2020

Objective:

The aim of this paper is to discuss ways to incorporate spring-assisted cranioplasty into the surgical armamentarium for craniosynostosis.

Background:

Spring-assisted cranioplasty after cranial suturectomy for craniosynostosis was popularized in the literature by Dr Lauritzen in 2008 after reporting the results of the first 100 cases.
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Since that time, more craniofacial surgeons and neurological surgeons have incorporated this surgical technique for treatment of patients presenting with craniosynostosis. This paper will discuss how the team at Nationwide Children's Hospital has incorporated spring-assisted cranioplasty into the care of patients presenting with sagittal synostosis.

Methods:

In this article, the authors review our previous protocol for the treatment of children with sagittal synostosis prior to the introduction of spring cranioplasty. The authors then describe the impetus for incorporating spring-assisted cranioplasty for sagittal synostosis into our practice, and barriers we encountered during this implementation. The authors then discuss their current, comprehensive protocol for treating children with sagittal craniosynostosis. Finally, the authors review the expected and unexpected advantages that our craniofacial program has experienced as they implemented spring-assisted cranioplasty.

Conclusion:

Incorporation of spring-assisted cranioplasty for sagittal synostosis offers an additional minimally invasive technique, which presents great advantages for many families, and is rewarding for both craniofacial and neurological surgeons.
Sirolimus as a Potential Treatment for Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Sun Buhao , Han Tao , Wang Yuan , Gao Qingwen , Cui Jie , Shen Weimin
Published: September 2020

Background:

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by port-wine stain, leptomeningeal angiomatosis, and glaucoma. Due to the involvement of the nervous system, patients are often accompanied with epilepsy. It reported that 75% of patients with SWS did not respond to standard antiepileptic drugs. Although hemispherectomy is effective in treating these patients, the application of it has been limited due to high risk and huge trauma. Recent studies have shown that sirolimus has a positive on complex vascular malformations and seizures, so the authors attempted to treat them by using sirolimus.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively analyzed 6 patients with SWS who were refractory to antiepileptic drugs and accepted oral sirolimus in their department between 2017 and 2020.

Results:

All 6 patients were responsive to oral sirolimus treatment. Epilepsy was controlled in all patients, no epilepsy relapsed in 6 patients during the follow-up period. The facial port-wine stain of the patients were all lightened and the hypertrophy of pathological tissue was improved. Only minor adverse reactions occurred during the treatment.

Conclusions:

Oral sirolimus could control the occurrence of epilepsy and improve the appearance, with minor and tolerable adverse reactions. Sirolimus is especially suitable for patients with severe epilepsy, failure, or contraindications of antiepileptic drugs; it could be an alternative method for patients who are unwilling to accept the risks of neurosurgery.
Assessment of Internal Carotid Artery Invasion With the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach: Implications of a New Grading System and Security Strategy
Authors: Zhang Huankang , Sun Xicai , Yu Huapeng , Zhao Weidong , Zhao Keqing , Liu Quan , Wang Dehui , Yu Hongmeng
Published: September 2020

Background:

Internal carotid artery (ICA) injury during the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for ventral cranial base tumors is rare but fatal.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ventral cranial base tumors and corresponding ICA using quantitative means to improve the safety of surgery.

Material and Methods:

In this retrospective study, a total of 46 patients with ventral cranial base tumors undergoing surgery with the EEA were enrolled. Preoperative imaging features and clinical data were recorded. The influencing factors of the gross total resection (GTR) rate were analyzed. A new grading system and security strategy were developed.

Results:

Postoperative enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed a GTR of 61.7%. There was a significant correlation between the GTR rate and tumors surrounding the ICA, the tumor site, the involved ICA segment, and the blood supply (P < 0.05). We included preoperative radiotherapy as supplementary data in the grading system. Each variable involved the letter “S”; (surround, site, segment, blood supply, supplementary data); hence, the system was named the 5S ICA grading scale.

Conclusion:

We recommend a safety assessment through the 5S ICA grading scale and the ICA grading strategy to obtain the maximum total resection rate while ensuring patient safety.
Oral Surgery in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Carvalho Vinícius Almeida , Dallazen Eduardo , Statkievicz Cristian , da Rosa Denise Furtado , Stabile Glaykon Alex Vitti , Pereira-Stabile Cecilia Luiz , Iecher Borges Hedelson Odenir
Published: September 2020

The Sturge-Weber syndrome (SSW) is a congenital neurocutaneous malformation, with angiomas involving the leptomeningea and facial skin. This syndrome is characterized by corticocerebral angiomatosis, cerebral calcifications, ocular affections, mental retardation, increased risk of stroke, counterlateral hemiplegia, and seizures. Another important feature of SSW is the flameus nevus on the face. In the oral cavity, SSW appears as hemangiomatous lesions affecting the mucous membranes and occasionally the dental pulp. Gingival hyperplasia may be present due to the use of anticonvulsant drugs. The present article reports the management of 2 female patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome who required oral surgery in regions affected by hemangiomatous lesions. In the first case, no hemostatic agents were necessary. On the other hand, the second case required the use of several hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage during surgery. Both patients recovered uneventfully without episodes of bleeding or infection.
Pentraxin-3, Troponin T, N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Septic Patients
Authors: Vassalli Francesco , Masson Serge , Meessen Jennifer , Pasticci Iacopo , Bonifazi Matteo , Vivona Luigi , Caironi Pietro , Busana Mattia , Giosa Lorenzo , Macrì Matteo Maria , Romitti Federica , Novelli Deborah , Quintel Michael , Latini Roberto , Gattinoni Luciano
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To investigate the behavior of pentraxin-3 (PTX3), troponin T (hsTnT), N-terminal pro-B type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) in sepsis and their relationships with sepsis severity and oxygen transport/utilization impairment.

Design:

Retrospective analysis of PTX3, hsTnT, NT-proBNP levels at day 1, 2, and 7 after admission in the intensive care unit in a subset of the Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis database.

Setting:

Forty Italian intensive care units.

Patients:

Nine hundred fifty-eight septic patients enrolled in the randomized clinical trial comparing albumin replacement plus crystalloids and crystalloids alone.

Interventions:

The patients were divided into sextiles of lactate (marker of severity), ScvO2 (marker of oxygen transport), and fluid balance (marker of therapeutic strategy).

Measurements and Main Results:

PTX3 and hsTnT were remarkably similar in the two treatment arms, while NT-proBNP was almost double in the albumin treatment group. However, as the distribution of all these biomarkers was similar between control and treatment arms, for the sake of clarity, we analyzed the patients as a single cohort. PTX3 (71.8 [32.9–186.3] ng/mL), hsTnT (50.4 [21.6–133.6] ng/L), and NT-proBNP (4,393 [1,313–13,837] ng/L) were abnormally elevated in 100%, 84.5%, 93.4% of the 953 patients and all decreased from day 1 to day 7. PTX3 monotonically increased with increasing lactate levels. The hsTnT levels were significantly higher when ScvO2 levels were abnormally low (< 70%), suggesting impaired oxygen transport compared with higher ScvO2 levels, suggesting impaired oxygen utilization. NT-proBNP was higher with higher lactate and fluid balance. At ScvO2 levels < 70%, the NT-proBNP was higher than at higher ScvO2 levels. However, even with higher ScvO2, the NT-proBNP was remarkably elevated, suggesting volume expansion. Increased level of NT-proBNP showed the strongest association with 90-day mortality.

Conclusions:

The selected biomarkers seem related to different mechanisms during sepsis: PTX3 to sepsis severity, hsTnT to impaired oxygen transport, NT-proBNP to sepsis severity, oxygen transport, and aggressive fluid strategy.