bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low RH and temperature effect on 0201 sized passive components during SMT mounting
Authors: Asghar Rafiq , Rehman Faisal , Aman Ali , Iqbal Kashif
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Low relative humidity (RH) effect surface mount devices in numerous ways. The smaller size (0201) capacitor and resistor start wasting when RH is low. Due to low RH, electrostatic charges built-up on the surface of surface mount devices (SMDs) and component’s reel. The positive charged SMDs stick with the negatively charged reel tape and are wasted. This paper comprehensively explores the environmental effects on 0201 size surface mount devices during mounting process. Different type and size of surface mount devices are tested in low and desired RH to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This paper will also highlight high electrostatic discharge (ESD) due to low RH which can be detrimental for small size surface mount devices. The experimental and graphical illustrations will stipulate the results of success rate for mounting components. The effect on ESD, subsequently varying temperature and humidity will also be analyzed.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, 0201 SDMs will be considered for analysis. The surface mount technology (SMT) plant temperature and humidity has been varied to examine the properties of small size SMDs. Total 5 hours production data are collected from Laptop motherboard production environment. This approach is applicable to all SMT environment.

Findings

The authors reduced the wastage of 0201 chip size resistor and capacitor. Total 11 components are selected of this size, and there success rate is observed during mounting. These components are first observed in harsh environment where the temperature is first set to 20ºC and RH is set to 25 per cent. The success rate of these components is very low due to component’s wastage. When the plant temperature is set to 25ºC and RH is set to 45 per cent, the success rate of mounting increased up to 100 per cent. A single component placement success rate with respect to RH is observed for one month. The results are shown in Table IV. It can be seen that the success rate is near 100 per cent when RH and temperature is maintained in production environment. To eliminate the ESD build-up in material and equipment in manufacturing environment humidification is a very effective way. When the RH is kept to 45 per cent, the moisture content of the air is a natural conductor and earths any ESD in environment.

Originality/value

Experimental data have been obtained from Laptop motherboard manufacturing process to validate the effectiveness of proposed approach.
Risk of cutaneous herpes zoster in patients with spondyloarthritis treated with conventional and biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Authors: Wong Sabrina Ching Tung , Li Iris Wai Sum , Ng Alexandra Hoi Yan , Lau Chak Sing , Chung Ho Yin
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To investigate the risk of cutaneous herpes zoster (HZ) in spondyloarthritis (SpA) compared with that in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used in SpA.

Method

A total of 727 patients with an expert diagnosis of SpA were identified retrospectively from four rheumatology centers in Hong Kong. Electronic medical records from 1995 to 2018 were reviewed for incidence of cutaneous HZ and demographic data including age, sex, comorbidities, smoking and drinking status. DMARDs used included sulphasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide, steroids, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, secukinumab and ustekinumab. Cox regression models were used to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) of different DMARDs in patients with SpA. Propensity score was used for matching and comparison with 857 patients with RA.

Results

There were 23 cases of cutaneous HZ in patients with SpA and 59 cases in patients with RA. Among patients with SpA, 7 cases of cutaneous HZ may be attributed to sulfasalazine treatment, 7 to methotrexate, 2 to leflunomide, 2 to infliximab, 1 to etanercept, 2 to adalimumab, and 1 to secukinumab. Risks of cutaneous HZ were the same in SpA (stratified HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.58; 1.61; P = .89) and RA. Methotrexate (adjusted HR 3.47; 95% CI 1.25; 9.63; P = .02) and infliximab (adjusted HR 10.67; 95% CI 1.37; 82.88; P = .02) were found to be associated with HZ after adjustments for traditional risk factors.

Conclusion

Risk of cutaneous HZ in SpA was not lower than in RA. Methotrexate and infliximab were associated with cutaneous HZ in SpA.
Habitat use, seasonality and demography of the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus in central Patagonia: Another piece of the puzzle
Authors: Irigoyen Alejo J. , Bovcon Nelson , Trobbiani Gastón , De Wysiecki Agustín M. , Argemi Federico , Jaureguizar Andrés J.
Published: September 2019

The habitat use, seasonality and demography of the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus were investigated in central Patagonia, where a data gap exists for the species. Catch and effort and video‐derived indices indicated high relative abundance of sharks during warm months. Video stations revealed differences in the spatial use by sharks, being more frequently observed in the inner section of the bay. Complementary tagging efforts evidenced both a seasonal residence pattern and site fidelity between consecutive warm seasons. Juveniles outnumbered adults, which suggests that they may use the study area as a secondary nursing ground. Evidence from spontaneous regurgitation further suggests that prey abundance may be driving the seasonal occurrence of sharks in the region. This study allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the population structure and dynamics of sevengill sharks in the Southwest Atlantic.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Microbial responses to warming enhance soil carbon loss following translocation across a tropical forest elevation gradient
Authors: Nottingham Andrew T. , Whitaker Jeanette , Ostle Nick J. , Bardgett Richard D. , McNamara Niall P. , Fierer Noah , Salinas Norma , Ccahuana Adan J. Q. , Turner Benjamin L. , Meir Patrick
Published: September 2019

Tropical soils contain huge carbon stocks, which climate warming is projected to reduce by stimulating organic matter decomposition, creating a positive feedback that will promote further warming. Models predict that the loss of carbon from warming soils will be mediated by microbial physiology, but no empirical data are available on the response of soil carbon and microbial physiology to warming in tropical forests, which dominate the terrestrial carbon cycle. Here we show that warming caused a considerable loss of soil carbon that was enhanced by associated changes in microbial physiology. By translocating soils across a 3000 m elevation gradient in tropical forest, equivalent to a temperature change of ± 15 °C, we found that soil carbon declined over 5 years by 4% in response to each 1 °C increase in temperature. The total loss of carbon was related to its original quantity and lability, and was enhanced by changes in microbial physiology including increased microbial carbon‐use‐efficiency, shifts in community composition towards microbial taxa associated with warmer temperatures, and increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes. These findings suggest that microbial feedbacks will cause considerable loss of carbon from tropical forest soils in response to predicted climatic warming this century.
Flexibly Using the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum to Study Alignment
Authors: Polikoff Morgan S. , Gasparian Hovanes , Korn Shira , Gamboa Martin , Porter Andrew C. , Smith Toni , Garet Michael S.
Published: September 2019

As the standards movement continues into its third decade, there remains a need for alignment methodologies that can be broadly applied to study instruction and policy. This article reports on a series of development efforts meant to revise the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC) surveys and methods to study the implementation of new college‐ and career‐readiness standards. The work included a meeting of content experts, a series of cognitive interviews, two validation studies, and a small pilot. We discuss both the results of the specific studies and the implications of the work for other potential users of the SEC or SEC‐like tools.
Biogeographic conundrum: Why so few stream nerite species (Gastropoda: Neritidae) in Australia?
Authors: Davis Andrew R. , Ponder Winston
Published: September 2019

Nerites (Gastropoda: Neritidae) are prominent members of tropical marine and freshwater gastropod faunas and rich assemblages can be found in many streams of islands in the Indo‐Pacific. For example, the streams of Fiji and New Guinea each support at least 23 species of freshwater neritimorphs, with representatives in the genera: Clithon, Neripteron, Neritilia, Neritina, Neritona, Neritodryas, Septaria, and Vittina.

The striking diversity of this group in the small coastal streams of Pacific Islands contrast with a paucity of taxa in tropical Australia, despite northern Australia occupying a similar latitude. Just four taxa have been reported from Australia and only two can be considered common. These patterns are in marked contrast to the wide distribution of many marine nerites in the Pacific and conflicts with Island Biogeography Theory.

Strikingly, many of these stream taxa have adopted an amphidromous lifestyle; adult gastropods feed and reproduce in freshwater, whereas larvae are swept to the ocean and undergo a marine dispersive phase before settling near the entrance to creeks and re‐entering these freshwater systems as crawling juveniles.

Rapid transit of larvae to the ocean via short, steep, fast‐flowing streams may offer an explanation for this biogeographic conundrum. Larvae that do not reach the ocean within a few days may starve or exhibit poor survival. Hence, the disruption of stream–ocean connectivity may explain the low diversity of these taxa in northern Australia. Sea level rise in northern Australia in the current interglacial has further weakened stream–ocean connectivity with the development of vast flood plains and slow‐moving rivers.

We contend that: (1) poor stream–ocean connectivity is not conducive to the maintenance of populations of nerites in northern Australia; and (2) new records of freshwater nerites may be revealed by surveys in short, steep coastal streams of northern Australia.
Who is HOT and who is LOT? Detailed characterization of prescription opioid‐induced changes in behavior between 129P3/J and 129S1/SvlmJ mouse substrains
Authors: Szumlinski Karen K. , Coelho Michal A. , Tran Tori , Stailey Nicholas , Lieberman Dylan , Gabriella Ivette , Swauncy Isaiah , Brewin Lindsey W. , Ferdousian Sami
Published: September 2019

Genetic factors are theorized to contribute to the substantial inter‐individual variability in opioid abuse/addiction. To advance the behavioral genetics of prescription opioid abuse, our prior work identified the 129S1/SvlmJ (S1) and related 129P3/J (P3) mouse substrains, respectively, as low and high opioid‐taking. Herein, we related our prior results to measures of sucrose reward/reinforcement, basal anxiety, opioid‐induced place‐conditioning, locomotor activity and Straub tail reaction, as well as behavioral and physiological signs of withdrawal. Substrains were also re‐examined for higher‐dose oxycodone and fentanyl intake under limited‐access drinking procedures. S1 mice failed to acquire sucrose self‐administration under various operant‐conditioning procedures and exhibited lower sucrose intake in the home‐cage. However, sucrose intake under limited‐access procedures escalated in both substrains with repeated sucrose experience. S1 mice exhibited less spontaneous locomotor activity, as well as less opioid‐induced locomotor activity and Straub tail reaction, than P3 mice and failed to exhibit an oxycodone‐induced place‐preference. The lack of conditioned behavior by S1 mice was unrelated to behavioral signs of withdrawal‐induced negative affect or dependence severity, but might reflect high levels of basal anxiety‐like behavior. Intriguingly, S1 and P3 mice initially exhibited equivalent oxycodone and fentanyl consumption in the home‐cage; however opioid intake escalated only in P3 mice with repeated opioid experience. No sex differences were observed for any of our measures. These data provide additional evidence for robust differences in opioid addiction‐related behaviors between P3 and S1 substrains and suggest that anxiety, learning, and/or motivational impairments might confound interpretation of operant‐ and place‐conditioning studies employing the S1 substrain.
Evaluating the “return on patient engagement initiatives” in medicines research and development: A literature review
Authors: Vat Lidewij Eva , Finlay Teresa , Jan Schuitmaker‐Warnaar Tjerk , Fahy Nick , Robinson Paul , Boudes Mathieu , Diaz Ana , Ferrer Elisa , Hivert Virginie , Purman Gabor , Kürzinger Marie‐Laure , Kroes Robert A. , Hey Claudia , Broerse Jacqueline E.W.
Published: September 2019

Background

Showing how engagement adds value for all stakeholders can be an effective motivator for broader implementation of patient engagement. However, it is unclear what methods can best be used to evaluate patient engagement. This paper is focused on ways to evaluate patient engagement at three decision‐making points in the medicines research and development process: research priority setting, clinical trial design and early dialogues with regulators and health technology assessment bodies.

Objective

Our aim was to review the literature on monitoring and evaluation of patient engagement, with a focus on indicators and methods.

Search strategy and inclusion criteria

We undertook a scoping literature review using a systematic search, including academic and grey literature with a focus on evaluation approaches or outcomes associated with patient engagement. No date limits were applied other than a cut‐off of publications after July 2018.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data were extracted from 91 publications, coded and thematically analysed.

Main results

A total of 18 benefits and 5 costs of patient engagement were identified, mapped with 28 possible indicators for their evaluation. Several quantitative and qualitative methods were found for the evaluation of benefits and costs of patient engagement.

Discussion and conclusions

Currently available indicators and methods are of some use in measuring impact but are not sufficient to understand the pathway to impact, nor whether interaction between researchers and patients leads to change. We suggest that the impacts of patient engagement can best be determined not by applying single indicators, but a coherent set of measures.
Aphid cards – Useful model for assessing predation rates or bias prone nonsense?
Authors: Boetzl Fabian A. , Konle Antonia , Krauss Jochen
Published: September 2019

Predation on pest organisms is an essential ecosystem function supporting yields in modern agriculture. However, assessing predation rates is intricate, and they can rarely be linked directly to predator densities or functions. We tested whether sentinel prey aphid cards are useful tools to assess predation rates in the field. Therefore, we looked at aphid cards of different sizes on the ground level as well as within the vegetation. Additionally, by trapping ground‐dwelling predators, we examined whether obtained predation rates could be linked to predator densities and traits. Predation rates recorded with aphid cards were independent of aphid card size. However, predation rates on the ground level were three times higher than within the vegetation. We found both predatory carabid activity densities as well as community weighted mean body size to be good predictors for predation rates. Predation rates obtained from aphid cards are stable over card type and related to predator assemblages. Aphid cards, therefore, are a useful, efficient method for rapidly assessing the ecosystem function predation. Their use might especially be recommended for assessments on the ground level and when time and resource limitations rule out more elaborate sentinel prey methods using exclosures with living prey animals.
Local Conditions and Debt in Collections
Authors: Braga Breno , Mckernan Signe‐Mary , Ratcliffe Caroline , Theodos Brett , Chalekian John , Trepel Christopher
Published: September 2019

Using credit reporting firm records on 7 million individuals in the United States, we first demonstrate that debt in collections varies significantly across the country; specifically, the South and West regions have higher shares of individuals with debt in collections than other regions. Second, we identify local factors that are strongly related to debt in collections. Results from our regression models show that neighborhoods with higher rates of debt in collections are more likely to have (1) lower health insurance coverage; (2) lower home values and homeownership rates, (3) a higher share of delinquent and underwater mortgages, (4) lower household incomes, and (5) a higher share of African Americans and Latinos. While our analysis does not identify the causal mechanisms that determine financial distress, the analyses developed here can facilitate research on such mechanisms.
Pharmacokinetics of hydroxyzine and cetirizine following oral administration of hydroxyzine to exercised Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych Heather K. , Weiner Daniel , Steinmetz Stacy , Flynn Katherine , McKemie Daniel S.
Published: September 2019

Hydroxyzine is a first‐generation antihistamine and cetirizine, a second‐generation antihistamine and active metabolite of hydroxyzine. Hydroxyzine is commonly used in performance horses and as such its use in closely regulated; however, there are no published studies suitable for establishing appropriate regulatory recommendations. In the current study, 12 exercised Thoroughbred research horses received a single oral administration of 500 mg of hydroxyzine. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and up to 96 hr postdrug administration and concentrations of hydroxyzine and cetirizine determined using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. A joint parent/metabolite population 2‐compartment pharmacokinetic model with first‐order absorption and elimination was utilized to describe the pharmacokinetics of both compounds. Serum hydroxyzine and cetirizine concentrations were above the limit of quantitation (0.1 ng/ml) of the assay at 96 hr (the last time point sampled). The terminal half‐life was 7.41 and 7.13 hr for hydroxyzine and cetirizine, respectively. Findings from this study suggest that a prolonged withdrawal time should be observed if this compound is used in performance administered to performance horses and is classified as prohibited substance by the applicable regulatory body.
Pharmacokinetics of thymoquinone in layer chickens following oral and intravenous administration
Authors: Iqbal Sehrish , Javeed Aqeel , Sattar Adeel , Tanvir Rabia
Published: September 2019

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the major constituent of Nigella sativa and known to possess a variety of pharmacological effects. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of TQ following oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administration in layer chickens. The layer chickens were equally divided into two groups (six chickens in each group, total 12 chickens), and TQ was administered via PO and IV routes. For PO route, the dose was 20 mg/kg b.w. and for IV route, 5 mg/kg b.w. was administered, respectively. A sensitive and accurate High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique was validated for the quantification of TQ from plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml, respectively with >80% recovery. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) following PO and IV administration was 8.805 and 4.497 µg/ml, respectively, while time to reach at maximum concentration (Tmax) was 1 and 0.1 hr, respectively. The elimination half‐lives were recorded as 1.02 and 0.978 hr, whereas the mean residence times were 1.79 and 1.036 hr following both PO and IV administration, respectively. The 85% PO bioavailability was indicative that TQ could be used for various therapeutic purposes in layer chickens.
Further Results on the Weak Instruments Problem of the System GMM Estimator in Dynamic Panel Data Models
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuhiko , Qi Meng
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we investigate the weak instruments problem of the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator for dynamic panel data models. Specifically, we complement Bun and Windmeijer (2010) by considering the alternative first‐difference and level models transformed by the forward GLS transformation. We demonstrate that this transformation yields a higher concentration parameter compared with the original models. This indicates that the proposed transformation yields stronger instruments even though the instruments used are identical. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the system GMM estimator for the transformed model, called the forward system GMM estimator, performs better than the conventional system GMM estimator.
Limb Salvage Using Non‐hinged Endoprosthesis and Staged Correction of Leg‐length Discrepancy for Children with Distal Femoral Malignant Tumors
Authors: Ji Tao , Yang Yi , Li Da‐sen , Tang Xiao‐dong , Guo Wei
Published: September 2019

Objective

Limb salvage in pediatric patients remains a challenge. We describe a staged strategy. The procedure includes: (i) tumor removal and non‐hinged static endoprosthesis reconstruction; (ii) leg length discrepancy (LLD) correction by shoe lift or distraction osteogenesis; and (iii) maturity reconstruction by regular endoprosthesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the results of non‐hinged static megaprosthesis reconstruction and staged LLD correction in the treatment of malignant tumors in the distal femur in children.

Methods

Non‐hinged megaprostheses were implanted in 12 pediatric patients with osteosarcoma in the distal femur. The prosthesis consists of a femoral component with constrained condylar knee (CCK) design, and a tibial component with a small‐diameter press‐fit stem and derotation fins. A posterior stabilizing polyethylene component is fixed on the tibial component. The cases were prospectively followed up with focus on the growth rate of adjacent uninvolved bone in the salvaged limb, joint stability, knee stability, function outcome, length discrepancy, and surgery‐related complications.

Results

There were five girls and seven boys included in the study, with an average age at the time of primary surgery of 10.0 years (range, 8–12 years). All the tumors were located in the distal femur. The average follow up was 76.3 months (range, 24–139 months). The Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System (LARS) ligament was used in two patients to enhance the soft tissue reattachment and reconstruct medial collateral ligament (MCL). Ten patients were alive at the final follow‐up and two had died of lung metastases. Expected LLD was 6.7 cm (range, 3.0–13.2 cm) at initial surgery. At the final follow‐up, nine patients reached skeletal maturity and the actual LLD at the femur was 5.3 cm (range, 3.0–10.1 cm), excluding 1 cm correction at initial surgery by endoprosthesis. The proximal tibia physis showed an average of 86.7% (range, 56.5%–100%) growth of the contralateral side. The mean reduction in tibial length was 1.2 cm (range, 0.5–4.7 cm). Six patients received distraction osteogenesis at a mean length of 5.4 cm (range, 3.0–9.1 cm). Range of knee movement was between 85° and 125°, with an average of 102.5°. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 score of patients alive was 80.6 (range, 60–90).

Conclusion

Non‐hinged static megaprosthesis followed by LLD correction with shoe lift or staged distraction osteogenesis appears to be an alternative option to treat children with malignant bone tumors around the knee.
Quit Happens: A community clinic‐based, multitiered smoking cessation intervention
Authors: Shishani Kawkab , Graves Janessa M. , McGowan Paige , Lockwood William , Nystrom Melissa , Barbosa‐Leiker Celestina
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the “Quit Happens” program launched to reduce tobacco use in low‐income populations in a federally qualified nonprofit health center with clinics in Washington and Idaho. Quit Happens was implemented in 2015 and involved a public health nurse, patient, provider, clinic, health system, and community components.

Design and sample

This smoking cessation program was assessed using a pre–post evaluation design. Nine clinics in a single system of federally qualified nonprofit health centers participated in this program.

Intervention

The Quit Happens program was implemented across nine clinics in Washington and Idaho. A specialized public health nurse led the tobacco cessation training of all clinic staff and assisted with development of the smoking cessation program. The 5A model was used as the framework for the training.

Measurements

The proportion of patients identifying as a current or former smoker was measured using data extracted from electronic health records.

Results

Declines in patient reports of currently smoking were observed between 2016 and 2018. The percent of current smokers identified in electronic health records decreased 18.7% and percent of former smokers doubled.

Conclusion

This community‐based tobacco cessation program had wide clinic and community support and self‐reported smoking behavior declined over time. A public health nurse's leadership in offering training and program development around tobacco cessation to a local community organization can contribute to reductions in smoking rates.
Blood transfusion for deep space exploration
Authors: Nowak Elizabeth S. , Reyes David P. , Bryant Barbara J. , Cap Andrew P. , Kerstman Eric L. , Antonsen Erik L.
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Astronauts on exploration missions may be at risk for traumatic injury and medical conditions that lead to life threatening hemorrhage. Resuscitation protocols are limited by the austere conditions of spaceflight. Solutions may be found in low‐resource terrestrial settings. The existing literature on alternative blood product administration and walking blood banks was evaluated for applicability to spaceflight.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A literature review was done using PubMed and Google Scholar. References were crosschecked for additional publications not identified using the initial search terms. Twenty‐seven articles were identified, including three controlled trials, six retrospective cohort analyses, 15 reviews, one case report, and two experimental studies.

RESULTS

Solutions to blood transfusion in austere settings include lyophilized blood products, hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), and fresh whole blood. Many of these products are investigational. Protocols for walking blood banks include methods for screening and activating donors, transfusion, and monitoring for adverse reactions. Microgravity and mission limitations create additional challenges for transfusion, including baseline physiologic changes, difficulty reconstituting lyophilized products, risk of air emboli during transfusion, equipment constraints, and limited evacuation and surgical options.

CONCLUSION

Medical planning for space exploration should consider the possibility of acute blood loss. A model for “floating” blood banks based on terrestrial walking blood bank protocols from austere environments is presented, with suggestions for future development. Constraints on volume, mass, storage, and crew, present challenges to blood transfusion in space and must be weighed against the benefits of expanding medical capabilities.
Factors that influence the level of weed seed predation: A review
Authors: Sarabi Vahid
Published: September 2019

Herbicides applied alone have failed to reduce weed populations in agricultural ecosystems. The use of this management strategy has followed other problems such as damage to ecosystems and organisms that live in it. Herbicide resistance in weeds has also occurred more quickly based on the application of herbicides. Today, most scientists are looking for new integrated weed management programs in agricultural ecosystems. Biological control is one of the most effective ways of weed management. In this way, living organisms are used to reduce and control weed species in arable lands. Weed seed predators, including predispersal and postdispersal predators as biological control agents, can be primary factors of weed seed mortality in agricultural ecosystems. This review has discussed factors influencing seed predator populations, activity, and granivory. Knowledge of the interrelations between factors and seed predators can contribute to designing future strategies that augment weed seed predator activity and enhance weed seed consumption as a component of an integrated weed management system.
CH Kinetics Measurements and Their Importance for Modeling Prompt NOx Formation in Gas Turbines
Authors: Cooper Sean P. , Mulvihill Clayton R. , Mathieu Olivier , Petersen Eric L. , Crofton Mark W. , Lam King Y.
Published: September 2019

Recent work by the authors and others has uncovered the need for further chemical kinetic-related modeling and experiments, specifically for NOx kinetics at engine conditions. In particular, data on CH formation at realistic combustion conditions are needed for further refinement of the prompt-NOx kinetics. To this end, a series of shock-tube experiments to obtain CH concentration time histories at elevated temperatures was performed behind reflected shock waves at the Aerospace Corporation using a tunable laser. This Ti-Sapphire laser was operated in the near infrared at about 854 nm; blue light at 426.9 nm was obtained using an external, frequency-doubling crystal. The resulting light was used in a differential absorption setup with common-mode rejection to measure CH time histories. New measurements in CH4–C2H6–O2 mixtures highly diluted in argon were performed at temperatures between 1890 K and 2719 K. These new data are compared to several modern, detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms with updated NOx submechanisms. Sensitivity and rate of production analyses at the shock-tube conditions along with a gas turbine model are used to elucidate the current state of affairs in CH prediction by the literature models and its effect on NOx production, particularly through the prompt mechanism. A brief discussion of the chemical kinetics for an important reaction in the production of CH is also presented to emphasize the need for further study and refinement of reactions leading to CH production.
Structures of Skin Friction, Surface Pressure, and Boundary Enstrophy Flux in Attachment-Line Flow
Authors: Liu Tianshu
Published: September 2019

The on-wall structures in an attachment-line flow are discussed based on an exact solution of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, focusing on distinct features of skin friction, surface pressure, and boundary enstrophy flux (BEF) and intrinsic connections between them.
A Metamodeling Approach for Instant Severity Assessment and Uncertainty Quantification of Iliac Artery Stenoses
Authors: Heinen S. G. H. , Gashi K. , van den Heuvel D. A. F , de Vries J. P. P. M. , van de Vosse F. N. , Delhaas T. , Huberts W.
Published: September 2019

Two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) models of blood flow in stenosed arteries can be used to patient-specifically predict outcome metrics, thereby supporting the physicians in decision making processes. However, these models are time consuming which limits the feasibility of output uncertainty quantification (UQ). Accurate surrogates (metamodels) might be the solution. In this study, we aim to demonstrate the feasibility of a generalized polynomial chaos expansion-based metamodel to predict a clinically relevant output metric and to quantify the output uncertainty. As an example, a metamodel was constructed from a recently developed 2D model that was shown to be able to estimate translesional pressure drops in iliac artery stenoses (−0.9 ± 12.7 mmHg, R2 = 0.81). The metamodel was constructed from a virtual database using the adaptive generalized polynomial chaos expansion (agPCE) method. The constructed metamodel was then applied to 25 stenosed iliac arteries to predict the patient-specific pressure drop and to perform UQ. Comparing predicted pressure drops of the metamodel and in vivo measured pressure drops, the mean bias (−0.2 ± 13.7 mmHg) and the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.80) were as good as of the original 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. UQ results of the 2D and metamodel were comparable. Estimation of the uncertainty interval using the original 2D model took 14 days, whereas the result of the metamodel was instantly available. In conclusion, it is feasible to quantify the uncertainty of the output metric and perform sensitivity analysis (SA) instantly using a metamodel. Future studies should investigate the possibility to construct a metamodel of more complex problems.
A Normative Database of Hip and Knee Joint Biomechanics During Dynamic Tasks Using Four Functional Methods With Three Functional Calibration Tasks
Authors: Bennett Hunter J. , Valenzuela Kevin A. , Fleenor Kristina , Weinhandl Joshua T.
Published: September 2019

Although predicted hip joint center (HJC) locations are known to vary widely between functional methods, no previous investigation has detailed functional method-dependent hip and knee biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to define a normative database of hip joint biomechanics during dynamic movements based upon functional HJC methods and calibration tasks. Thirty healthy young adults performed arc, star arc, and two-sided calibration tasks. Motion capture and ground reaction forces were collected during walking, running, and single-leg landings (SLLs). Two sphere-fit (geometric and algebraic) and two coordinate transformation techniques were implemented using each calibration (12 total method–calibration combinations). Surprisingly, the geometric fit-two-sided model placed the HJC at the midline of the pelvis and above the iliac spines, and thus was removed from analyses. A database of triplanar hip and knee kinematics and hip moments and powers was constructed using the mean of all subjects for the eleven method–calibration combinations. A nested analysis of variance approach compared calibration [method] peak hip kinematics and kinetics. Most method differences existed between geometric fit and coordinate transformations (58 of 84 total). No arc-star arc differences were found. Thirty-two differences were found between the two-sided and arc/star arc calibrations. This database of functional method based hip and knee biomechanics serves as an important reference point for interstudy comparisons. Overall, this study illustrates that functional HJC method can dramatically impact hip biomechanics and should be explicitly detailed in future work.
Geometry as Interface: Parametric and Combinatorial Topological Interlocking Assemblies
Authors: Tessmann Oliver , Rossi Andrea
Published: September 2019

This article summarizes a series of interconnected researches exploring the potential of applying topological interlocking methodologies to the field of architectural design and fabrication. Specifically, it describes two concurrent approaches to design with interlocking units: the first relying on parametric design logics and mass-customized fabrication processes and the second implementing discrete combinatorial processes for both design and fabrication using modular units. We first outline the historical background of combinatorial thinking in architectural computing and describe the emergence of computational design and digital fabrication. We further present the recent evolution of a combinatorial design paradigm, which challenges the acquired parametric design methodologies in computational architecture research. We then present our research in the field of topological interlocking, focusing on a parametric design approach. We further describe implications of a shift from parametric to combinatorial design logics in architecture. Finally, we present the transition of the topological interlocking research from parametric to combinational logics. In these three sections, we describe design and fabrication methodologies for both approaches and evaluate the potentials and limitations of both. We present recent work in the development of software for combinatorial design within caad software, and its first application is to design topological interlocking systems. We conclude by outlining the future research directions and possibilities of integration between parametric and combinatorial processes in design, fabrication, and assembly of interlocking systems.
Influence of Thermal Ratcheting on the Creep and Mechanical Properties of High-Density Polyethylene
Authors: Kanthabhabha Jeya Rahul Palaniappan , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim
Published: September 2019

The objective of this research is to describe the consequence of thermal ratcheting on the long-term creep property of the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) material. The thermal ratcheting phenomenon increases significantly the creep strain of HDPE. The magnitude of the creep strain of HDPE increases by 8% after just 20 thermal cycles between 28 and 50 °C. The creep modulus, which is inversely proportional to the creep strain, depletes further under thermal ratcheting. Both the properties change significantly with the number of thermal cycles. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of HDPE varies with the applied compressive load, with successive thermal cycles, and with the thermal ratcheting temperature. The impact of thermal ratcheting diminishes with an increase in initial steady creep exposure time period, but still the magnitude cumulative deformation induced is noteworthy. The magnitude of growth in creep strain drops from 8% to 2.4% when thermal ratcheting is performed after 1 and 45 days of steady creep, respectively. There is a notable change in the thickness of the material with each heating and cooling cycle even after 45 days of creep; however, the thermal ratcheting strain value drops by 80% in comparison with the thermal ratcheting strain after 1 day of creep and under similar test conditions.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluids Within an Array of Elliptic Cylinders
Authors: Torkfar A. , Noori Rahim Abadi S. M. A. , Ahmadpour A.
Published: September 2019

In this study, natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluids around an array of elliptic cylinders has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been solved using an in-house computational fluid dynamics code based on the well-known finite volume method. It is assumed that the flow and temperature fields are laminar, steady, and two-dimensional. Furthermore, due to the low-temperature difference between the tube walls and the surrounding fluid, the changes in the physical properties of the fluids are neglected. The numerical results are validated against the available experimental and numerical results. The results show that by increasing the non-Newtonian fluid power-law index, the ratio of average Nusselt number of the ith cylinder to the average Nusselt number of a single cylinder under identical thermal conditions decreases. Moreover, it is found that the increase in the ratio of the distance between elliptic centers and the elliptic vertical diameter increases the ratio of the average Nusselt number of ith cylinder to the average Nusselt number for a single cylinder. Finally, a mathematical expression is given for the array averaged Nusselt number.
Sociodemographic Differences in Young Children Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines
Authors: Kracht Chelsea L. , Webster Elizabeth K. , Staiano Amanda E.
Published: September 2019

Background: Little is known about variation in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (including physical activity [PA], sleep, and screen time [ST]) in early childhood. The aim was to evaluate sociodemographic differences in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. Methods: Parents of 3–4 year old children reported sociodemographic information and ST. Sleep and PA were measured using accelerometry, and height and weight were objectively measured. The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines include daily PA (total PA: ≥3 h; including ≥1 h of moderate to vigorous), sleep (10–13 h), and ST (≤1 h). Meeting guidelines by age, sex, race, poverty level, and weight status were assessed using chi-square and linear regression models. Results: Of 107 children, 57% were white and 26% lived in households at or below the poverty level. Most children met the PA (91.5%) and sleep (86.9%) guidelines, but few met ST (14.0%) or all 3 (11.3%) guidelines. African American children and children who lived at or below the poverty level were less likely to meet the sleep, ST, and all 3 guidelines compared with others (P < .01 for all). There were no other differences. Conclusion: These results suggest future interventions should focus on reducing differences in movement, namely in sleep and ST.
Biomanufacturing of organ-specific tissues with high cellular density and embedded vascular channels
Authors: Skylar-Scott Mark A. , Uzel Sebastien G. M. , Nam Lucy L. , Ahrens John H. , Truby Ryan L. , Damaraju Sarita , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: September 2019

We report a biomanufacturing method for creating perfusable human tissues composed of stem cell–derived organ building blocks.
Quantum computation with universal error mitigation on a superconducting quantum processor
Authors: Song Chao , Cui Jing , Wang H. , Hao J. , Feng H. , Li Ying
Published: September 2019

Probabilistic error cancellation is experimentally demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.
New power of self-assembling carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: Short peptide–constructed nanofibers inspire hypoxic cancer therapy
Authors: Li Jiayang , Shi Kejian , Sabet Zeinab Farhadi , Fu Wenjiao , Zhou Huige , Xu Shaoxin , Liu Tao , You Min , Cao Mingjing , Xu Mengzhen , Cui Xuejing , Hu Bin , Liu Ying , Chen Chunying
Published: September 2019

Self-assembly of CA inhibitor offers strategic therapy for hypoxic tumors, with marked selectivity and interesting mode of action.
A deep UV trigger for ground-state ring-opening dynamics of 1,3-cyclohexadiene
Authors: Ruddock Jennifer M. , Yong Haiwang , Stankus Brian , Du Wenpeng , Goff Nathan , Chang Yu , Odate Asami , Carrascosa Andrés Moreno , Bellshaw Darren , Zotev Nikola , Liang Mengning , Carbajo Sergio , Koglin Jason , Robinson Joseph S. , Boutet Sébastien , Kirrander Adam , Minitti Michael P. , Weber Peter M.
Published: September 2019

Dynamics of a ground-state chemical reaction are revealed by ultrafast x-ray scattering.
Regulatory T cells in skin are uniquely poised to suppress profibrotic immune responses
Authors: Kalekar Lokesh A. , Cohen Jarish N. , Prevel Nicolas , Sandoval Priscila Muñoz , Mathur Anubhav N. , Moreau Joshua M. , Lowe Margaret M. , Nosbaum Audrey , Wolters Paul J. , Haemel Anna , Boin Francesco , Rosenblum Michael D.
Published: September 2019

Skin T
regs
depend on GATA3 to attenuate immune cell–stimulated cutaneous fibrosis. See the related Focus by
Bal and Stadhouders
.
Trichophyton rubrum Azole Resistance Mediated by a New ABC Transporter, TruMDR3
Authors: Monod Michel , Feuermann Marc , Salamin Karine , Fratti Marina , Makino Maya , Alshahni Mohamed Mahdi , Makimura Koichi , Yamada Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2019

The mechanisms of terbinafine resistance in a set of clinical isolates of
Trichophyton rubrum
have been studied recently. Of these isolates, TIMM20092 also showed reduced sensitivity to azoles. The azole resistance of TIMM20092 could be inhibited by milbemycin oxime, prompting us to examine the potential of
T. rubrum
to develop resistance through multidrug efflux transporters.
PD-1 Blockade and TLR7 Activation Lack Therapeutic Benefit in Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Bekerman Elena , Hesselgesser Joseph , Carr Brian , Nagel Mark , Hung Magdeleine , Wang Adele , Stapleton Lance , von Gegerfelt Agneta , Elyard Hanne Andersen , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Geleziunas Romas
Published: September 2019

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) limits human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication but does not eliminate the long-lived reservoir established shortly after viral acquisition. A successful HIV cure intervention necessitates either elimination or generation of long-term immune control of the persistent viral reservoir. Immune modulating strategies in conjunction with ART hold promise for achieving cure by inducing viral antigen expression and augmenting infected cell killing.
Seismotectonic implications of the Berne earthquake swarms west-southwest of Albany, New York
Authors: Jacobi Robert D. , Ebel John E.
Published: September 2019

Five earthquake swarms occurred from 2007 to 2011 near Berne, New York. Each swarm consisted of four to twenty-four earthquakes ranging from M 1.0 to M 3.1. The network determinations of the focal depths ranged from 6 km to 24 km, 77% of which were ≥14 km. High-precision, relative location analysis showed that the events in the 2009 and 2011 swarms delineate NNE-SSW orientations, collinear with NNE trends established by the distribution of the spatially distinct swarms; the events in the 2010 swarm aligned WNW-ESE. Focal mechanisms determined from the largest event in the swarms include one nodal plane that strikes NNE, collinear with the distribution of the swarms and relative events within the swarms.

Two, possibly related explanations exist for the Berne earthquake swarms. (1) The swarms were caused by reactivations of proposed blind NE- and NW-striking rift structures associated with the NE-trending Scranton gravity high. These rift structures, of uncertain age (Proterozoic or Neoproterozoic/Iapetan opening), have been modeled at depths appropriate for the seismicity. (2) The NNE-trending swarms were caused by reactivations of NNE-striking faults mapped at the surface north-northeast of the earthquake swarms. Both models involve reactivation of rift-related faults, and the development of the NNE-striking surficial faults in the second model probably was guided by the blind rift faults in the first model. The Berne swarms may be evidence that these faults are seismically capable and, if so, could sustain a maximum event on the order of Mw 5.7–6.6, based on fault segment length.
Unusual pseudocyst in a wandering spleen
Authors: Manoharan Dinesh , Kumar Atin , Krishna Asuri , Bansal Virinder Kumar
Published: September 2019

Pseudocysts of the spleen are rare, generally asymptomatic lesions developing secondary to trauma, infection or infarction. When symptomatic, they typically present as non-specific pain in the left hypochondrium, with or without a palpable lump on clinical examination. However, these conventions fail when they occur in a wandering spleen, making imaging critically important. This report describes an unusual case of a 50-year-old who presented with a large cystic mass in a pelvic spleen; imaging facilitated a successful splenectomy and subsequent histopathology revealed a pseudocyst in a wandering spleen.