bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manifestações comportamentais dos cinesíferos nos acidentes e "quase-acidentes" de trânsito
Authors: Arsénio Julieta , Espírito Santo Alexandre Do
Published: March 2016

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Esta pesquisa buscou determinar a associação entre as variáveis "agressividade", acidente e "quase-acidentes" e "habilidades de direção e trânsito". O estudo contou com a participação de 30 motoristas que voluntariaram a se submeterem aos testes, por ocasião da renovação de suas carteiras. Encontraram-se coeficientes positivos de correlação entre "agressividade" e "número de acidentes e quase-acidentes" assim como entre "acidentes e”quase-acidentes" e "habilidades de direção e trânsito". A correlação negativa entre "agressividade" e "habilidades de direção de trânsito"dá especial importância a outras verificações desta busca exploratória por interação entre as variáveis estudadas.
Análisis de coordenadas normales para [Cr (NH3)6]3+ Y [Co (NH3)6 ]3+ con substitución isotópica 50Cr/53Cr, 14N/15N y H/D
Authors: Téllez Claudio
Published: March 2016

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En el problema vibracional inverso, mediante análisis de cuadrados mínimos, se ha determinado en las matrices de constantes de fuerza, las constantes más significativas para \M(NH3)6 \3+ (M = Cr, Co). Estos resultados se comparan con aquellos obtenidos por uso de la Teoría de Perturbaciones de Primer Orden (FOPT). Se discute los valores de las constantes de fuerza de valencia interna f(MN)y f(NH).
Método de crescimento de cristais por evaporação de solução aquosa
Authors: Sanzovo Gilberto Carlos , Sanzovo Rute Helena Trevisan
Published: March 2016

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Este trabalho, inédito no Laboratório de Cristais do Departamento de Física da UEL, tem por objetivo o crescimento de cristais relativamente grandes de NiCl2 2H2O, pelo método de crescimento por evaporação aquosa.
Introdução à transição de fase
Authors: Dias Ivan Frederico Lupiano
Published: March 2016

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A problemática das transições de fase em sistemas magnéticos é apresentada em um contexto de comparação com transições em outros sistemas. Discute-se os principais aspectos que nortearam a generalização do conceito de transições de fase até o surgimento da Teoria de Landau. Este artigo tem finalidades didáticas.
Prevalência de infecções hospitalares e comunitárias e uso de anti microbianos em pacientes internados no mês de janeiro de 1981 no Hospital Universitário Regional Do Norte Do Paraná (HURNP). II. Uso de anti microbianos em doentes submetidos a intervenção
Authors: Jabur Alvaro , Berbert Alair Alfredo , Baldy José Luis da Silveira , Turini Tercilio Luiz , Crema Sueli
Published: March 2016

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Análise, na casuística caracterizada na primeira parte (I) deste trabalho, do emprego de antimicrobianos nos 152 doentes submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica, dos 205 que receberam antimicrobianos, considerando-se o porte (pequena, média ou grande) e o potencial de contaminação (limpa, potencialmente contaminada, contaminada ou infectada) da intervenção cirúrgica e os antimicrobiabos (isolados ou em combinações) prescritos.
Medida de tempo para o equilíbrio térmico em cristais de espoduménio
Authors: Fuji Américo Tsuneo , Isotani Sadao
Published: March 2016

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Descrição de experimentos de medida de tempo para o equilíbrio térmico em cristais de espodumênio, com espessura de 2mm até 5,4mm, na faixa de temperatura de 100°C a 250°C. Os tempos para o equilíbrio térmico mostram uma correlação linear com a espessura tanto para o aquecimento, como para esfriamento. A diferença nos tempos para o equilíbrio térmico e para o aquecimento e esfriamento é da ordem de 20 segundos.
Salient aspects of inflation and growth in selected countries
Authors: Chumvichitra Pichai
Published: March 2016

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Análise do figurativo dos problemas de inflação e de crescimento e seu trade-off. Com o problema de choques externos, os acontecimentos exógenos afetaram extremamente suas relações. Uma observação empírica de vários países e vários períodos daria a compreensão mais útil e complementaria análises mais abrangentes de problemas. Alguns resultados obtidos de indicadores econômicos específicos refletiram aspectos salientes desse problema, tal como o papel de tomador de preço, a inflexibilidade da oferta de produto e a moeda passiva que produziram mudanças não antecipadas permitiram explorar persistentemente a característica desse problema em geral para vários países.
Produtividade e mensuração de rendimento acadêmico
Authors: Espírito Santo Alexandre Do
Published: March 2016

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Ênfase à necessidade de identificar e medir o graduado competentemente treinado. Sugere-se que a universidade pode prover qualidade a seus graduados, melhorando seus exames vestibulares e desenvolvendo suas técnicas de mensuração de rendimento. Críticas de algumas técnicas de mensuração correntemente empregadas por algumas universidades. Propõe-se uma técnica que leva em consideração variações individuais e nos testes.
Can Imprisonment Be Cheaper? The Case for Private Prisons
Authors: Kantorowicz-Reznichenko Elena
Published: March 2016

Can Imprisonment Be Cheaper? The Case for Private Prisons

Custody is the most expensive method of punishment in the Western world, as compared to other alternatives. Although expensive, prison is an indispensible instrument to deal with judgement proof or dangerous offenders. Hence, by using the law and economics approach, this article explores prison privatization as an instrument for less expensive incarceration. This method has the potential to reduce the prison costs without hampering its quality. However, a restructuring of the current contracts is needed to achieve this purpose. The attention given to the topic of private prisons by the law and economics scholars, especially in the European context, is limited, and this article attempts to fill this gap. The present article applies arguments from the bureaucracy and political science literature to explain the inefficiencies of public prisons. Subsequently, the potential problems of private prisons are presented through the principle-agent model and solutions are offered.
Bacterial Diversity and Composition in Oylat Cave (Turkey) with Combined Sanger/Pyrosequencing Approach
Authors: GULECAL-PEKTAS YASEMÌN
Published: March 2016

The microbiology of caves is an important topic for better understanding subsurface biosphere diversity. The diversity and taxonomic composition of bacterial communities associated with cave walls of the Oylat Cave was studied first time by molecular cloning based on Sanger/pyrosequencing approach. Results showed an average of 1,822 operational taxonomic units per sample. Clones analyzed from Oylat Cave were found to belong to 10 common phyla within the domain Bacteria. Proteobacteria dominated the phyla, followed by Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae. Shannon diversity index was between to 3.76 and 5.35. The robust analysis conducted for this study demonstrated high bacterial diversity on cave rock wall surfaces.
Serotype-Specific Pneumococcal Status prior to PCV 13 Administration in Children and Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: BANASZKIEWICZ ALEKSANDRA , TARGOŃSKA BRYGIDA , KOWALSKA-DUPLAGA KINGA , KAROLEWSKA-BOCHENEK KATARZYNA , SIECZKOWSKA AGNIESZKA , GAWROŃSKA AGNIESZKA , GRZYBOWSKA-CHLEBOWCZYK URSZULA , KRZESIEK ELŻBIETA , ŁAZOWSKA-PRZEOREK IZABELLA , KOTOWSKA MARIA , SIENKIEWICZ EDYTA , WALKOWIAK JAROSŁAW , GREGOREK HANNA , RADZIKOWSKI ANDRZEJ , ALBRECHT PIOTR
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serotype-specific pneumococcal status of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were naïve to pneumococcal vaccination before administering the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 13). This was an open, prospective study on children and adolescents aged 5–18 years who had IBD and were naïve to pneumococcal vaccination. A single dose of PCV 13 was administered to each patient. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were measured for all 13 serotypes. A total of 122 subjects completed the study. Prevaccination GMCs ranged from 0.55 μg/ml (serotype 4) to 4.26 μg/ml (serotype 19A). Prior to the administration of PCV 13, high GMCs were detected in older children and adolescents who had IBD and were naïve to pneumococcal vaccination.
Assessment of the Microbiological Status of Probiotic Products
Authors: ZAWISTOWSKA-ROJEK ANNA , ZARĘBA TOMASZ , MRÓWKA AGNIESZKA , TYSKI STEFAN
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to perform the microbiological analysis of quality of 25 probiotic products, available on the Polish market. Analysis of bacterial viability in probiotic products showed that not all of these preparations possess a suitable number of bacteria. Moreover, some of the tested probiotic products contained bacterial strains other than those declared by the manufacturer. All tested strains recovered from probiotic products were found to be resistant to metronidazole and susceptible to nitrofurantoin. The susceptibility to other antibiotics was strain specific. Probiotic products should be subject to regular and thorough inspection by appropriate institutions.
Antimicrobial Activity of Penicillin G and N-acetylcystein on Planktonic and Sessile Cells of Streptococcus suis
Authors: ESPINOSA IVETTE , BÁEZ MICHEL , LOBO EVELYN , MARTÍNEZ SIOMARA , GOTTSCHALK MARCELO
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Streptococcus suis strains to form biofilms and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Penicillin G and N-acetylcystein (NAC) on both S. suis sessile and planktonic forms. Only non-typeable isolates of S. suis were correlated with a greater biofilm formation capacity. The MCI of Penicillin G and NAC required for inhibiting biofilm growth were higher than the required concentration for inhibiting planktonic growth. The combinations of NAC and Penicillin G showed a strong synergistic activity that inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted the pre-formed biofilm of S. suis.
Enterobacter asburiae KUNi5, a Nickel Resistant Bacterium for Possible Bioremediation of Nickel Contaminated Sites
Authors: PAUL ANIRUDHA , MUKHERJEE SAMIR KUMAR
Published: March 2016

Nickel resistant bacterial strain Enterobacter asburiae KUNi5 was isolated and showed resistance up to 15 mM and could remove Ni optimally better at 37°C and pH 7. Maximum removal was found at initial concentration of 0.5 to 2 mM, however, growth and Ni removal were affected by other heavy metals. Major amount of the metal was accumulated in the membrane fractions and certain negatively charged groups were found responsible for Ni binding. KUNi5 could also produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, indole-acetic acid and siderophore. It seems that KUNi5 could be a possible candidate for Ni detoxification and plant growth promotion in Ni-contaminated field.
IgG Avidity: an Important Serologic Marker for the Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: VILIBIC-CAVLEK TATJANA , BARBIC LJUBO , STEVANOVIC VLADIMIR , PETROVIC GORANKA , MLINARIC-GALINOVIC GORDANA
Published: March 2016

A total of 52 serum samples from patients with symptoms suggestive of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection and positive IgM and/or IgG antibodies were tested for IgG avidity. Acute/recent TBEV infection was confirmed by low/borderline avidity index (AI) in 94.8% IgM positive/IgG positive samples, while in 5.2% high AI was found indicating persisting IgM antibodies. Majority of IgM negative/ IgG positive samples (78.6%) showed high AI consistent with past TBEV infection. However, in 21.3% patients without measurable IgM antibodies current/recent infection was confirmed by AI. IgG avidity represents an additional serologic marker that improves diagnosis of TBEV, especially in cases of atypical antibody response.
Prevalence of Urogenital Mycoplasmas Among Men with NGU in Upper Silesia, Poland. Preliminary Study
Authors: EKIEL ALICJA , APTEKORZ MAŁGORZATA , KŁUCIŃSKI PIOTR , SMOLEC DOMINIKA , WIECHUŁA BARBARA , JÓŹWIAK JAROSŁAW , MARTIROSIAN GAYANE
Published: March 2016

The prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas in men with NGU in Upper Silesia (Poland) was studied. Mycoplasmas were detected in 36.7% men (Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium were found in 30% and 16.7% respectively). Urealyticum urealyticum was not detected. We suggest including M. genitalium in the diagnostic scheme for nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).
Mažos ir vidutinės galios kietuoju kuru kūrenamų įrenginių kietųjų dalelių emisijų tyrimas
Authors: Tonkonogij Jurij , Pedišius Nerijus , Stankevičius Arūnas , Tonkonogovas Andrius
Published: March 2016

Eksperimentiškai ištirtos Lietuvoje gaminamų mažos nuo 6 iki 50  kW galios biokuru kūrenamų šildymo įrenginių, neturinčių dūmų valymo įrangos, kietųjų dalelių (KD) emisijų masės koncentracijos. Nustatyta, kad granuliuotu kuru kūrenamų vandens šildymo katilų KD emisijos mažiausios. Iš devyniolikos tirtų tokių katilų, esant vardinei galiai, 74 % jų KD emisijos buvo
The mediatization of deviant subcultures: an analysis of the media-related practices of graffiti writers and skaters
Authors: Encheva Kameliya , Driessens Olivier , Verstraeten Hans
Published: March 2016

This article studies the mediatization of criminal and deviant subcultures by analyzing the media-related practices of graffiti writers and skaters in Ghent, Belgium. The ethnographic analysis shows how these subcultures orient themselves toward media and how media become an essential part of and change their everyday practices. Three consequences of this mediatization are highlighted: First, by emphasizing their artistic and performative skills through the mediation of their practices, these subcultures start losing their rebellious and oppositional image. Second, as such, it can be observed that they increasingly become part of mainstream culture. Third, our analysis demonstrates how the mediatization of subcultural groups and their practices goes hand in hand with their commercialization and commodification, as they engage in recording and disseminating their work not only for artistic reasons but also as a means of acquiring sponsorship deals and job opportunities.
Civic engagement through mainstream online newspapers: Possibilities and shortcomings
Authors: Givskov Cecilie , Trenz Hans-Jörg
Published: March 2016

Based on a pilot study of online news making and commenting in Denmark, the article discusses the relationship between online political news making and democracy. Empirical insights on the dynamics of user engagement and debates on mainstream Danish online news platforms are used to delineate the contours of the online public sphere. It is argued that the new digital media should be discussed not only as a new forum for political participation but also in relation to traditional forms of representative democracy. The analysis comprises the technical features and apps that are designed by online news providers in Denmark to facilitate the constitution of new “voice publics”. How these voice publics are designed as an element of news making and news distribution and, as such, linked to the old “representative” and “attentive publics” of news consumption is investigated.
Paradox and pleasure: Play with everyday life in a ludic simulation
Authors: Iversen Sara Mosberg
Published: March 2016

Paradox and pleasure: Play with everyday life in a ludic simulation
Augmenting the agora: Media and civic engagement in museums
Authors: Baggesen Rikke Haller
Published: March 2016

Mirroring digital culture developments in society at large, museums are increasingly incorporating social media platforms and formats into their communication practices. More than merely providing additional channels of communication, this development is invested with an understanding of social media as integral to the ongoing democratisation of the museum. The confluences of new media affordances with New Museology objectives along with the underpinning of the aforementioned understanding is discussed in this article. The article will argue that development in this area is not only driven by solid results and public demand but also by collective assumptions and associations as well as by a political need for institutions to justify their relevance in society. In conclusion, the article suggests that, while the integration of social media communication may serve to market the museum as inclusive, it may also simply pay lip service to genuine civic engagement and democratic exchanges with the public.
Digital Humanities and networked digital media
Authors: Finnemann Niels Ole
Published: March 2016

This article discusses digital humanities and the growing diversity of digital media, digital materials and digital methods. The first section describes the humanities computing tradition formed around the interpretation of computation as a rule-based process connected to a concept of digital materials centred on the digitisation of non-digital, finite works, corpora and oeuvres. The second section discusses “the big tent” of contemporary digital humanities. It is argued that there can be no unifying interpretation of digital humanities above the level of studying digital materials with the help of software-supported methods. This is so, in part, because of the complexity of the world and, in part, because digital media remain open to the projection of new epistemologies onto the functional architecture of these media. The third section discusses the heterogeneous character of digital materials and proposes that the study of digital materials should be established as a field in its own right.
Digital humanities as third culture
Authors: Hunter Andrea
Published: March 2016

Th is article examines collaboration in the digital humanities through a sociological lens, focusing on the social relations, including hierarchies, that form in the digital humanities. It argues that the digital humanities can be seen as a form of third culture (Snow, 1971) in which people from computing science and the humanities form new relationships and in some cases move towards an embodiment of third culture. While the humanities are still seen as largely driving the digital humanities, there is increasingly recognition of the importance of technology and programmers. Significant strides are being taken towards involving those with computing and technical expertise in the design and conception of the digital humanities although this transition is not always smooth or democratic.
Lecture: Getting from here to there
Authors: Naughton John
Published: March 2016

Based on his keynote lecture at the international conference on Digital Humanities at Aalborg University in April 2014, John Naughton refl ects on being an engineer in a Humanities research institute that is currently seeking to adapt to the digital potentials and challenges. The Humanities represent an analytical, critical, or speculative approach whereas the so-called hard sciences focus on problem solving. Naughton discusses why he agrees with the authors of the Digital Humanities Manifesto 2.0 and why the digitisation of the Humanities not only eff ects universities and scholars but also industrial and cultural life in general.
Framing: Introduktion til et begreb og en klassisk tekst
Authors: Hjarvard Stig
Published: March 2016

I denne introduktion til Robert Entmans artikel om framing fra 1993 præsenteres framing-begrebet og dets anvendelse i medie- og kommunikationsforskningen. Begrebets forhistorie inden for psykologisk og sociologisk forskning skitseres, ligesom den videre anvendelse og udvikling af begrebet hos Robert Entman og blandt andre medieforskere gennemgås og diskuteres.  Senere teoretiske bidrag har især forsøgt at præcisere, hvordan framing indgår i de sociale og kommunikative processer, der former meningsdannelsen i samfundet. Til forskel fra konkurrerende og mere vidtrækkende teorier som semiotik og diskursanalyse, der også anvendes som afsæt for analyse af medietekster, er teori om framing at opfatte som ’middle-range teori’.
Fjernsynsdiskursens indkodning og afkodning
Authors: Hall Stuart
Published: March 2016

September 1973Oversættelse Kim Christian SchrøderEt oplæg til Europarådets kollokvium om ”Oplæring i kritisk læsning af fjernsynets sprog”, arrangeret af Europarådet og Center for Massekommunikationsforskning, Leicester Universitet, september 1973. Trykt som stencilleret arbejdspapir nr. 7 i skriftserien om medier.

Der er foretaget tre mindre sproglige rettelser i oversættelsen pr. 27.05.2016
Mellem kontrol og afmagt: Ændrede relationer mellem politikere og journalister i en ny medieøkologi
Authors: Kjeldsen Lena
Published: March 2016

Sociale netværkssider som Facebook og Twitter er blevet en fast del af politikernes kommunikationskanaler. I takt med at flere politikere har taget platformene i brug, er journalister begyndt at monitorere platformene for nyhedsscoops, hvilket har skabt en ny kilde til den politiske journalistik: politikernes opdateringer. Formålet med denne artikel er at belyse de iboende og ikke-observerbare dynamikker i samspillet mellem politikere og journalister i en medieøkologi præget af nyere platforme som Facebook og Twitter. Hermed adskiller artiklen sig fra den eksisterende litteratur ved at fokusere på perioden mellem valgkamp, i et longitudinalt perspektiv. Artiklen anvender metodetriangulering bestående af kvantitativ indholdsanalyse, interviews og en kvalitativ læsning af politikernes aktivitet på sociale netværkssider. Analysen viser, at inddragelsen af sociale netværkssider i nyhedsdækningen medfører nye konturer i den politiske kommunikation, hvormed politikerne på én og samme tid får mere kontrol over eget budskab og afgiver samme kontrol grundet platformenes umiddelbarhed og interaktivitet.
Scène, permanence et travail d’alliance
Authors: Lussier Martin
Published: March 2016

Depuis 2005, la scène musicale de Montréal a été mainte fois célébrée et le
maintien de sa vivacité est devenu un enjeu pour les acteurs locaux. Partant de cet intérêt
pour la permanence de la scène, cet article s’intéresse non seulement à son inscription
spatiale, mais également et surtout à sa dimension temporelle. Comment est maintenue une
scène sur un territoire ? Quels choix sont faits de ce qui doit être maintenu ou non ?
Suggérant que tout un travail d’alliance est nécessaire pour réussir à maintenir, stabiliser
et conserver l’identité d’une scène culturelle locale à travers le temps, cet article jette
un regard aux efforts fournis en ce sens par la scène musicale émergente montréalaise. Il
s’intéresse plus spécifiquement à un espace de discussion mis en place en 2010 afin de
débattre des façons d’assurer la continuité de la scène : l’Alliance pour le soutien aux
musiques émergentes.
Modes d’affiliations versus dynamique des scènes. Le cas de la musique techno en France
Authors: Sevin Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2016

A partir du cas de la techno, ce texte analyse la trajectoire des notions de subculture et de tribu dans leurs appropriations contrastées entre tradition française et anglo-saxonne. Il se démarque ensuite du débat entre affiliation «  néotribaliste  » ou «  subculturelle  » pour envisager comment les acteurs et pratiques font exister une scène locale en tant que monde social. Les modes de constitution des scènes sont analysés en rapport avec les configurations locales dans leurs dimensions spatiale, socio-culturelle et politique. L’accent est mis sur l’approche dynamique, les scènes locales étant susceptibles d’évoluer, de se structurer ou de se déstructurer. Leur stabilité dépend des modes de coordination et des conventions qui encadrent et régulent les activités.
Décisions politiques, charisme d’institution et scènes artistiques : quelles actions réciproques ?
Authors: Fleury Laurent
Published: March 2016

La valeur explicative de l’idée de scènes s’avère féconde si l’on considère que l’existence de scènes artistiques et la concurrence qu’elles se livrent à l’échelle internationale a influencé des décisions politiques de premier plan. L’atteste la décision de nommer Jean Vilar au Théâtre National Populaire en 1951, dans un contexte où la scène européenne du théâtre se structure autour de lieux phares comme le Piccolo Teatro que fonde Giorgio Strehler à Milan en 1948 ou le Berliner Ensemble dont Bertolt Brecht prend la direction en 1949. En témoigne également la décision de créer un Centre d’art et de culture sur le plateau Beaubourg par le président Pompidou au moment où Paris perdait son statut de capitale internationale des arts au profit d’une effervescence créatrice outre-Atlantique (New York) et outre-Rhin (Kassel, Darmstadt, Cologne, Düsseldorf), lesquelles se livraient, dans les années 1970, une concurrence sans merci en matière d’art et de culture.
Maryse Condé et les pères fondateurs de la Caraïbe francophone
Authors: Selao Ching
Published: March 2016

Aimé Césaire est sans conteste l’un des pères – sinon le père – des lettres francophones de la Caraïbe. Si les polémiques entre Césaire et ses « fils créolistes » ont déjà fait couler beaucoup d’encre, les relations avec ses « filles » n’ont pas retenu la même attention, donnant l’impression que les débats littéraires dans la famille antillaise sont une « affaire d’hommes » et l’héritage – quoique contesté – de Césaire, un legs « viril ». Pourtant, dès les années 1970, donc bien avant l’Éloge de la créolité, Condé avait déjà vertement critiqué la négritude. Elle n’a par ailleurs cessé, en parallèle au jugement sévère envers le père, de rappeler sa position d’« ancêtre fondateur » pour les écrivains antillais. Cet article voudrait montrer comment la relation de Condé à Césaire oscille, dans son oeuvre de fiction autant que ses écrits critiques, entre rébellion et fidélité, entre une critique véhémente de la négritude et un retour incessant à cette figure paternelle. La lecture se fait en lien avec le rapport ambivalent de Condé avec l’autre père de la Caraïbe francophone, Frantz Fanon, celui qu’elle a elle-même appelé son « deuxième maître ».
A new ornithurine from the Early Cretaceous of China sheds light on the evolution of early ecological and cranial diversity in birds
Authors: Huang Jiandong , Wang Xia , Hu Yuanchao , Liu Jia , Peteya Jennifer A. , Clarke Julia A.
Published: March 2016

Despite the increasing number of exceptional feathered fossils discovered in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous of northeastern China, representatives of Ornithurae, a clade that includes comparatively-close relatives of crown clade Aves (extant birds) and that clade, are still comparatively rare. Here, we report a new ornithurine speciesChangzuiornis ahgmifrom the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation. The new species shows an extremely elongate rostrum so far unknown in basal ornithurines and changes our understanding of the evolution of aspects of extant avian ecology and cranial evolution. Most of this elongate rostrum inChangzuiornis ahgmiis made up of maxilla, a characteristic not present in the avian crown clade in which most of the rostrum and nearly the entire facial margin is made up by premaxilla. The only other avialans known to exhibit an elongate rostrum with the facial margin comprised primarily of maxilla are derived ornithurines previously placed phylogenetically as among the closest outgroups to the avian crown clade as well as one derived enantiornithine clade. We find that, consistent with a proposed developmental shift in cranial ontogeny late in avialan evolution, that this elongate rostrum is achieved through elongation of the maxilla while the premaxilla remains only a small part of rostral length. Thus, only in Late Cretaceous ornithurine taxa does the premaxilla begin to play a larger role. The rostral and postcranial proportions ofChangzuiornissuggest an ecology not previously reported in Ornithurae; the only other species with an elongate rostrum are two marine Late Cretacous taxa interpreted as showing a derived picivorous diet.
Ocean Raw Materials
Authors: Cruickshank Michael J.
Published: March 2016

The ocean is host to a variety and quantity of inorganic raw materials equaling or surpassing the resources of these materials available on land. The mineral resources include industrial minerals, mineral sands, phosphorites, metalliferous oxides, hydrothermal metalliferous sulfides, and dissolved minerals, as well as geothermal resources, gas hydrates precious corals, and some algae.

A significant source of minerals for sustainable recovery in the future may be ocean waters, which include nearly all the known elements in some degree of solution. Commercialization of production of dissolved minerals from seawater is limited to freshwater, magnesium, magnesium compounds, salt, bromine, and heavy water, ie, deuterium oxide. An advantage to recovery of mineral raw materials from the marine environment is the benign effects of these activities compared to the recovery of the same materials from land.
Databases
Authors: Walsh Simon J.
Published: March 2016

In terms of forensic‐specific applications of DNA technology, few have had a more profound effect on the field than the global implementation of forensic DNA databases. The expansion of this phenomenon has not only required an appropriate level of scientific sophistication but also unprecedented legislative, political, and financial support. Forensic DNA databases have had considerable impact on the criminal justice system and have greatly augmented the contribution of forensic science.
Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Ward Tony
Published: March 2016

This article considers the admissibility of expert opinions expressed by means of a verbal scale in England and Wales and other common‐law jurisdictions, particularly Australia. It questions whether such evidence can be considered “helpful” to a jury and whether it meets the new English guidelines for assessing whether expert evidence is “sufficiently reliable to be admitted”.
Place
Authors: Puleo Thomas
Published: March 2016

A place is a specific engagement with space.Where space is general, place is particular. Where space is objective, place is subjective. Where space is abstract, place is experienced concrete. Place is material
and
cognitive. Past places are remembered and future places are imagined even as they occupy the same space as the present place. Place, real
and
imagined, exists at multiple scales, including the globe, the nation, the city, the body, and all points beyond and between. The world is a place, as is Mars, ancient Rome, Camelot, or one's backyard.
The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function
Authors: Oppenheimer Stephen , Cechetto David
Published: March 2016

Cortical representation of the heart challenges the orthodox view that cardiac regulation is confined to stereotyped, preprogrammed and rigid responses to exteroceptive or interoceptive environmental stimuli. The insula has been the region most studied in this regard; the results of clinical, experimental, and functional radiological studies show a complex interweave of activity with patterns dynamically varying regarding lateralization and antero‐posterior distribution of responsive insular regions. Either acting alone or together with other cortical areas including the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, and orbito‐frontal cortices as part of a concerted network, the insula can imbue perceptions with autonomic color providing emotional salience, and aiding in learning and behavioral decision choice. In these functions, cardiovascular input and the right anterior insula appear to play an important, if not pivotal role. At a more basic level, the insula gauges cardiovascular responses to exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli, taking into account memory, cognitive, and reflexive constructs thereby ensuring appropriate survival responses and maintaining emotional and physiological homeostasis. When acquired derangements to the insula occur after stroke, during a seizure or from abnormal central processing of interoceptive or exteroceptive environmental cues as in psychiatric disorders, serious consequences can arise including cardiac electrophysiological, structural and contractile dysfunction and sudden cardiac death. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:1081‐1133, 2016.
Hemodynamics
Authors: Secomb Timothy W.
Published: March 2016

A review is presented of the physical principles governing the distribution of blood flow and blood pressure in the vascular system. The main factors involved are the pulsatile driving pressure generated by the heart, the flow characteristics of blood, and the geometric structure and mechanical properties of the vessels. The relationship between driving pressure and flow in a given vessel can be understood by considering the viscous and inertial forces acting on the blood. Depending on the vessel diameter and other physical parameters, a wide variety of flow phenomena can occur. In large arteries, the propagation of the pressure pulse depends on the elastic properties of the artery walls. In the microcirculation, the fact that blood is a suspension of cells strongly influences its flow properties and leads to a nonuniform distribution of hematocrit among microvessels. The forces acting on vessel walls include shear stress resulting from blood flow and circumferential stress resulting from blood pressure. Biological responses to these forces are important in the control of blood flow and the structural remodeling of vessels, and also play a role in major disease processes including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Consideration of hemodynamics is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the functioning of the circulatory system. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:975‐1003, 2016.
The feasibility of a Box isolation strategy for non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in elderly patients
Authors: Higuchi Satoshi , Sohara Hiroshi , Nakamura Yoshinori , Ihara Minoru , Yamaguchi Yoshio , Shoda Morio , Hagiwara Nobuhisa , Satake Shutaro
Published: March 2016

Background

Catheter ablation of non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (non‐PAF) is a therapeutic challenge especially in elderly patients. This study describes the feasibility of a posterior left atrium isolation as a substrate modification in addition to pulmonary vein isolation, the so‐called Box isolation, for elderly patients with non‐PAF.

Methods

Two hundred twenty‐nine consecutive patients who underwent Box isolations for drug‐refractory non‐PAF were divided into two groups according to their age; younger group comprising 175 patients aged <75 years and elderly group comprising 54 patients aged ≥75 years.

Results

During 23.7±12.0 months of follow‐up, the arrhythmia‐free rates after one procedure were 53.1% in younger group versus 48.1% in elderly group (p=0.50). Following the second procedure, all patients had electrical conduction recoveries along the initial Box lesion. However, a complete Box re‐isolation was highly established in both age groups (87.1% vs. 92.9%, respectively; p=1.00). Recurrence of macro‐reentrant atrial tachycardia was mainly associated with the gaps through the initial Box lesion in both age groups (25.8% vs. 21.4%, p=1.00), but typical cavo‐tricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent atrial flutter was significantly observed in the elderly patients’ group only (all events were observed within 6 months after the initial procedure; 3.2% vs. 28.6%, p=0.009). After two procedures, the arrhythmia‐free rates increased to 73.1% in younger group versus 66.7% in elderly group (p=0.38). The occurrence rate of procedural‐related complications did not differ between the two age groups, and there were no life‐threatening complications even in elderly patients.

Conclusions

Box isolation of non‐PAF is effective and safe even in elderly patients. A prophylactic CTI ablation combined with Box isolation might be feasible to improve the long‐term outcome.
Deep Brain Stimulation Target Selection for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Honey Christopher R. , Hamani Clement , Kalia Suneil K. , Sankar Tejas , Picillo Marina , Munhoz Renato P. , Fasano Alfonso , Panisset Michel
Published: March 2016

During the “DBS Canada Day” symposium held in Toronto July 4-5, 2014, the scientific committee invited experts to discuss three main questions on target selection for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). First, is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus internus (GPi) the ideal target? In summary, both targets are equally effective in improving the motor symptoms of PD. STN allows a greater medications reduction, while GPi exerts a direct antidyskinetic effect. Second, are there further potential targets? Ventral intermediate nucleus DBS has significant long-term benefit for tremor control but insufficiently addresses other motor features of PD. DBS in the posterior subthalamic area also reduces tremor. The pedunculopontine nucleus remains an investigational target. Third, should DBS for PD be performed unilaterally, bilaterally or staged? Unilateral STN DBS can be proposed to asymmetric patients. There is no evidence that a staged bilateral approach reduces the incidence of DBS-related adverse events.
Cocoa and cocoa fibre differentially modulate IgA and IgM production at mucosal sites
Authors: Massot-Cladera Malen , Franch Àngels , Pérez-Cano Francisco J. , Castell Margarida
Published: March 2016

Previous studies have shown that a 10 % cocoa (C10) diet, containing polyphenols and fibre among others, modifies intestinal and systemic Ig production. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of C10 on IgA and IgM production in the intestinal and extra-intestinal mucosal compartments, establishing the involvement of cocoa fibre (CF) in such effects. Mechanisms by which C10 intake may affect IgA synthesis in the salivary glands were also studied. To this effect, rats were fed either a standard diet, a diet containing C10, CF or inulin. Intestinal (the gut wash (GW), Peyer’s patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and extra-intestinal (salivary glands) mucosal tissues and blood samples were collected for IgA and IgM quantification. The gene expressions of IgA production- and homing-related molecules were studied in the salivary glands. The C10 diet decreased intestinal IgA and IgM production. Although the CF diet decreased the GW IgA concentration, it increased PP, MLN and serum IgA concentrations. Both the C10 and the CF diets produced a down-regulatory effect on IgA secretion in the extra-intestinal tissues. The C10 diet interacted with the mechanisms involved in IgA synthesis, whereas the CF showed particular effects on the homing and transcytosis of IgA across the salivary glands. Overall, CF was able to up-regulate IgA production in the intestinal-inductor compartments, whereas it down-regulated its production at the mucosal-effector ones. Further studies must be directed to ascertain the mechanisms involved in the effect of particular cocoa components on gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
Aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adult life
Authors: Mills R , Hathorn I
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

To gather and analyse information concerning the aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adults.

Method:

A review of the English language literature from 1970 to the present was conducted.

Results:

The available evidence suggests that otitis media with effusion in adult life is best viewed as a syndrome with a number of causes, including: infiltration of the eustachian tube by nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other local malignancies; changes in the middle ear and eustachian tube induced by radiotherapy; and systemic disease.

Conclusion:

There is now a body of evidence specifically related to the aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adult life. However, further research is required to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of this condition.
Primary seed dispersal by a sigmodontine rodent assemblage in a Peruvian montane forest
Authors: Sahley Catherine Teresa , Cervantes Klauss , Salas Edith , Paredes Diego , Pacheco Victor , Alonso Alfonso
Published: March 2016

We examined quantity and quality components of primary seed dispersal for an assemblage of sigmodontine rodents in a high-elevation montane tropical forest in Peru. We collected faecal samples from 134 individuals belonging to seven rodent species from the subfamily Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) over a 2-y period. We conducted seed viability tests for seeds found in faecal samples. We identified seeds from eight plant families (Bromeliaceae, Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae, Melastomatacae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae), nine genera and 13 morphospecies. The most abundant seeds belonged toGaultheriasp. 1 (46% of total) andMiconiasp. 1 (31% of total), while the most viable seeds belonged toGreigiasp. (84% viability) andGuatteriasp. (80% viability). We utilized relative rodent abundance, seed species diversity, seed abundance and seed viability per rodent species to calculate an index of rodent disperser effectiveness, and found thatThomasomys kalinowskiiwas the most effective disperser, followed byAkodon torques,Calomys sorellus,Thomasomys oreas,Oligoryzomys andinusandMicroryzomys minutus. Plant genera dispersed by sigmodontine rodents overlapped more with bird- and terrestrial-mammal-dispersed plants than with bat-dispersed plants. Future neotropical seed dispersal studies should consider small rodents as potential seed-dispersers, especially in tropical habitats where small-seeded, berry-forming shrubs and trees are present.
Gene flow and fine-scale spatial genetic structure inCabralea canjerana(Meliaceae), a common tree species from the Brazilian Atlantic forest
Authors: Melo Arthur Tavares de Oliveira , Franceschinelli Edivani Villaron
Published: March 2016

The Atlantic forest is the biome most severely affected by deforestation in Brazil.Cabralea canjeranaspp.canjeranais a dioecious tree species with widespread distribution in the Neotropical region. This species is considered a model to ascertain population ecology parameters for endangered plant species from the Atlantic forest. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and pollen-mediated gene flow are crucial information in landscape genetics and evolutionary ecology. A total of 192 adults and 121 offspring were sampled in sevenC. canjeranapopulations in the Southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to assess whether pollen-mediated gene flow is able to prevent spatial genetic structure within and among Atlantic forest fragments. Several molecular ecology parameters were estimated using microsatellite loci. High levels of genetic diversity (HE= 0.732) and moderate population structure (θ = 0.133) were recorded. No significant association between kinship and spatial distance amongst individuals within each population (Sp = 0.000109) was detected. Current pollen-mediated gene flow occurs mainly within forest fragments, probably due to short-distance flights of the pollinator ofC. canjerana, and also the forest fragmentation may have restricted flight distance. The high levels of genetic differentiation found amongst the seven sites sampled demonstrated how habitat fragmentation affects the gene flow process in natural areas.
Differences in activity patterns of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis between rivers of two Brazilian ecoregions
Authors: Rheingantz Marcelo Lopes , Leuchtenberger Caroline , Zucco Carlos André , Fernandez Fernando A.S.
Published: March 2016

Circadian use of time is an important, but often neglected, part of an animal's niche. We compared the activity patterns of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis in two different areas in Brazil using camera traps placed at the entrance of holts. We obtained 58 independent photos in the Atlantic Forest (273 camera trap-days) and 46 photos in Pantanal (300 camera trap-days). We observed different kernel density probabilities on these two areas (45.6% and 14.1% overlap between the 95% and 50% density isopleths respectively). We observed the plasticity in Neotropical otter activity behaviour with different activity patterns in the two areas. In the Pantanal, the Neotropical otter selected daylight (Ivlev = 0.23) and avoided night (Ivlev = −0.44), while in the Atlantic Forest it selected dawn (Ivlev = 0.24) and night (Ivlev = 0.14), avoiding daylight (Ivlev = −0.33). We believe that this pattern can be due to human activity or shifts in prey activity.