bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis: diversity and role of antibodies in different compartments of the host
Authors: CORREA D. , CAÑEDO‐SOLARES I. , ORTIZ‐ALEGRÍA L. B. , CABALLERO‐ORTEGA H. , RICO‐TORRES C. P.
Published: December 2007

The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is remarkable in several aspects, since it is a protozoan that infects most nucleated cells in many warm‐blooded animals, worldwide. Although the cellular immune response against T. gondii is critical for infection control, antibodies may either enhance or block protective mechanisms, and even mediate immunological damage, directly or indirectly. Since cytokines regulate the class/subclass switch, antibodies may also be the biomarkers of protective or pathological cellular immune events. There is a scientific and clinical interest in the presence of natural and autoreactive antibodies, as well as in the ‘chronic’ immunoglobulin M (IgM) response and the post‐treatment ‘rebound’. Another interesting aspect is compartmentalization; certain immunoglobulins may uniquely be found in specific host fluids. Local synthesis has been demonstrated, but antibodies may also traverse several cell layers, like the blood–brain and haemato‐ocular barriers, and the placenta. In some instances, Fc receptors (FcRs) facilitate transport and may even have a concentrator effect, which can be related to resistance or pathology. These aspects of the humoral response against T. gondii are reviewed in the present paper.
Hair cycle in dogs with different hair types in a tropical region of Brazil
Authors: Favarato Evandro S. , Conceição Lissandro Gonçalves
Published: December 2007

Hair cycle activity has been extensively studied in humans, sheep and laboratory animals, but there is a lack of information in dogs. Besides varying according to species, breed, sex and general health, hair growth is mainly affected by climatic variations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the follicle activity in three breeds of dogs with different hair types, in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais (latitude 20°45′S), Brazil. Twenty‐one male dogs of boxer, labrador and schnauzer breeds were trichographically analysed monthly over 12 consecutive months. Hair percentage of telogen and anagen hairs at the different stages of the hair cycle in boxers and labradors was not significantly different, but both differed from the schnauzers. A significant correlation between hair follicle cycle and environmental temperature and photoperiod was noted in the boxers and labradors. In these breeds, a larger number of telogen hairs were observed during the hottest months of the year, and an increase in anagen hairs during the coldest months. The mean percentage of telogen hairs was 93, 90 and 55.3% for boxer, labrador and schnauzer, respectively.
The effects of topical tripeptide copper complex and helium‐neon laser on wound healing in rabbits
Authors: Gul Nihal Y. , Topal Ayse , Cangul I. Taci , Yanik Kemal
Published: December 2007

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and histopathological effects of tripeptide copper complex (TCC) and two different doses of laser application (helium‐neon laser, 1 and 3 J cm−2) on wound healing with untreated control wounds. Experimental wounds were created on a total of 24 New Zealand white rabbits and topical TCC or laser was applied for 28 days. The wounds were observed daily, and planimetry was performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 to measure the unhealed wound area and percentage of total wound healing. Biopsies were taken weekly to evaluate the inflammatory response and the level of neovascularization. The median time for the first observable granulation tissue was shorter (P < 0.05) in the low and high dose laser groups than in the control group (3 and 2.66 vs. 4.5 days), but was not different between the TCC and control groups (4.16 vs. 4.5 days). Filling of the open wound to skin level with granulation tissue was faster (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups than in the control group (14 and 16 vs. 25 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (23 vs. 25 days). The average time for healing was shorter (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups (29.8 and 30.2 vs. 34.6 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (33.8 vs. 34.6 days). Histopathologically, wound healing was characterized by a decrease in the neutrophil counts and an increase in neovascularization. The TCC and high dose laser groups had greater neutrophil and vessel counts than in the control group, suggesting a more beneficial effect for wound healing.
Effect of Hydroxyethyl Starch Solution in Normal Horses and Horses with Colic or Acute Colitis
Authors: Schusser G. F. , Rieckhoff K. , Ungemach F. R. , Huskamp N. H. , Scheidemann W.
Published: December 2007

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution is an effective colloidal infusion solution in humans for treatment of hypovolaemic shock, but it has not been compared with fluids currently available for use in horses. On the basis of plasma‐expanding effect of HES in normal horses, a 10% medium‐molecular 200/0.5 solution of HES was subsequently tested in hypovolaemic horses. Six normal horses were given five protocols of a single infusion of HES at varying dosage rates (5, 10, 15 ml HES/kg), as well as isotonic saline (15 ml/kg) and hypertonic saline (4 ml/kg b.w.). Dehydrated horses suffering from acute colitis or those which had been treated surgically for ileus of the small or large intestine were given an i.v. infusion of 10 ml HES/kg in combination with 10 ml saline/kg. Clinical data and blood samples for testing were taken before the infusion, and then 10 min, 1 h, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h after infusion (a.i.). A significant decrease in haematocrit was observed in protocol 1–5 for a period of up to 4, 4, 10 h, 10 min and up to 10 min; in group of colitis, during the entire 24‐h testing period, and in groups of ileus of small intestine and of large intestine, up to 4 and 10 h a.i. HES decreases better and longer‐lasting haematocrit and total protein than either isotonic or hypertonic saline. Half‐life of HES increases due to higher dosage (5.83, 7.63 and 11.48 h) and distribution is exclusively intravascular. In normal horses of protocol 1–3 using HES aPTT, sodium and potassium were within the physiological range. Serum amylase activity is increased in horses using HES. On the basis of this clinical study, the decreasing effect of urea and creatinine in colic patients after surgery and fewer instances of postoperative ileus a dosage of 10 ml HES/kg could be recommended.
Australia and New Zealand survey of glaucoma practice patterns
Authors: Liu Lance
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background:  To evaluate current glaucoma practices among consultant ophthalmologists in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods:  A postal questionnaire of 25 questions regarding current glaucoma practices and the use of antimetabolites and steroids in trabeculectomy surgery was sent to all practising Australian and New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (as of June 2005). This paper looked at glaucoma practice patterns and consisted of questions on demographic data, the definition of glaucoma, intraocular pressure measurements, central corneal thickness, gonioscopy, optic disc assessment, preferred first‐line glaucoma medications and laser trabeculoplasty.

Results:  The overall response rate was 78% (627 out of 808). Ninety‐one per cent stated that they managed glaucoma of which 12% considered themselves as a glaucoma subspecialist. Eighty‐two per cent of ophthalmologists defined glaucoma as an optic neuropathy and 66% measured the intraocular pressure themselves. Pachymetry was routinely measured by 37%. When performing gonioscopy, 56% did this (more than 50% of the time) but only 13% repeated it. Fifty‐eight per cent assessed the optic disc by objective means and 18% used this to follow glaucoma patients. Eighty‐two per cent preferred a prostaglandin analogue as first‐line treatment of primary open angle glaucoma and 79% did less than 10 argon laser trabeculoplasties in 2004.

Conclusions:  This survey shows a wide range of glaucoma practice patterns among Australian and New Zealand ophthalmologists. Gonioscopy (initial and repeat) and objective assessment of the optic disc were poorly done.
Does the nuchal cord persist? An ultrasound and color‐Doppler‐based prospective study
Authors: Lal Neena , Deka Deepika , Mittal Suneeta
Published: December 2007

Aim:  To study the persistence of nuchal cord by ultrasound at various periods of gestation.

Methods:  Ultrasound was done on 200 consecutive pregnant women and nuchal cord was documented at 18–20, 30–32 and 36–38 weeks' gestation.

Results:  The incidence of nuchal cord was 6% at 18–20 weeks, 7.5% at 30–32 weeks, 26.5% at 36–38 weeks and 28% at birth. The persistence of nuchal cord was 8.3% from 18 to 20 to 30–32 weeks, 26.6% from 30–32 to 36–38 weeks and 84.9% from 36–38 weeks to delivery. Using the Friedman test, the change in the presence of nuchal cord was significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Nuchal cord keeps appearing and disappearing over time. Its incidence increases with gestational age and is more likely to persist if it is diagnosed later in pregnancy.
Two different treatment regimens in women with preterm contractions who were admitted to a hospital due to a presumptive diagnosis of preterm labor: An observational study
Authors: Chalermchockcharoenkit Amphan , Rattanachaiyanont Manee , Kongjeera Amporn , Pimol Kanjana , Sirisomboon Ratre , Yusamran Chaweewan
Published: December 2007

Aim:  To determine the effect of adherence to a set of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the management of preterm contractions on health‐care resource consumption and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods:  This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital from January 2003 to December 2004. Comparisons were made between the cases receiving treatment according to the CPG (CPG group) and those receiving treatment deviating from the CPG (non‐CPG group).

Results:  There were 203 patients with preterm contractions. Compared with the CPG group, the non‐CPG group had a higher rate of both tocolytic and steroid use, a longer maternal hospital stay, and a lower neonatal birthweight.

Conclusions:  Adherence to CPG in patients with preterm contractions at 28+0−36+6 weeks' gestation consumes fewer health‐care resources without compromising pregnancy outcomes.
Disentangling Alliance Management Processes: Decision Making, Politicality, and Alliance Performance
Authors: Walter Jorge , Lechner Christoph , Kellermanns Franz W.
Published: December 2007

abstract Using a sample of 106 organizations engaged in strategic alliances, we develop and test a framework of alliance‐related organizational decision‐making processes and their impact on alliance performance. With regard to direct effects, our results show a negative impact of decision‐making recursiveness and no significant relationship for openness and procedural rationality. Acknowledging the importance of the organization's micropolitical context in which these decision processes are embedded, we also test the moderating influence of politicality. Our findings provide support for our hypotheses that in a context of low politicality, the decision‐making characteristics of openness and procedural rationality have a positive influence, whereas recursiveness negatively affects alliance performance. In a context of high politicality, however, openness and procedural rationality exert a negative influence, and the negative impact of recursiveness is aggravated. We suggest that alliance‐related decision making cannot be adequately understood without explicitly considering the micropolitical context in organizations.
The frequency and nature of sleep disorders in a community‐based population of patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Porter B. , Macfarlane R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2007

Sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are a common problem. The aim of this study was to detail the frequency and nature of sleep disorders in a representative population of PD patients. A recently identified prevalent population, consisting of 161 PD patients were used as a representative population. Twenty‐seven of 122 (22%) patients were identified as having marked sleep disorders, with sleep fragmentation and nocturia being the most commonly reported problems. Sleep scores worsened with higher Hoehn and Yahr stages. Sleep disturbances are a relatively common complication of PD and worsen with increasing Hoehn and Yahr stage.
99mTc‐ethyl cysteinate dimer brain SPECT findings in early stage of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease patients: a correlation with neuropsychological tests
Authors: Chang C.‐C. , Liu J.‐S. , Chang Y.‐Y. , Chang W.‐N. , Chen S.‐S. , Lee C.‐H.
Published: December 2007

We examined clinical presentations, neuropsychological findings, and perfusion patterns of 99mTc‐ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with early stage dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (n = 17) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) (n = 16), with age‐matched healthy controls (n = 10). Seven paired regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn manually including inferior frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, parieto‐occipital junction, striatum and thalamus for semiquantitative measurement. Neuropsychological tests were applied for clinical correlation. The SPECT results showed significant hypoperfusion in DLB group in frontal, parietal, thalamus, temporal ROIs compared with controls (P < 0.01) whilst signals in temporal areas was significantly reduced compared with PD group (P < 0.05). Neuropsychological tests showed that DLB patients had deficits in mental manipulation, short‐term memory, abstract thinking, drawing and semantic verbal fluencies (P < 0.05, compared with control). In addition, DLB group had lower scores than those with PD in mental manipulation, drawing and semantic verbal fluency (P < 0.05). Our study showed that even in early stages of DLB, neuropsychological and perfusion patterns were evident and may be different from PD group, despite they shared certain similarities both in neuropsychological and image findings compared with age‐matched controls.
Epstein–Barr virus reactivation and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Torkildsen Ø. , Nyland H. , Myrmel H. , Myhr K.‐M.
Published: December 2007

Infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is considered one of the possible key environmental factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether EBV plays an underlying role as an activator of MS remains, however, controversial. Sixty‐one patients with definite relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) according to the Poser criteria were followed for 1 year. Blood samples were drawn at baseline, months 3, 6 and 12, and in case of any clinical exacerbation. Twenty‐three baseline–paired exacerbation samples in the same set were quantitatively analysed to examine whether exacerbations in MS were associated with a change in anti‐diffuse component of the EBV‐early antigen (EA‐D) IgG ratio. All the 61 patients (100%) were anti‐viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG positive, one (2%) was anti‐VCA IgM positive and 60 (98%) were anti‐EBV nuclear antigen IgG positive. Mean anti‐EA‐D IgG at baseline was 0.57 (range 0.12–2.70) and at the time of exacerbations 0.61 (range 0.11–2.70). Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed no differences between the 23 baseline and paired exacerbation samples (P = 0.58). Our findings suggest that reactivation of latent EBV infection does not play a significant role for exacerbations in RRMS.
Skeletal morphology and development of the olfactory region of Spea (Anura: Scaphiopodidae)
Authors: Pugener L. A. , Maglia A. M.
Published: December 2007

The nasal capsules of anurans are formed by an intricate set of sac‐like cavities that house the olfactory organ and constitute the beginning of the respiratory system. In tadpoles, nasal capsules do not have a respiratory function, but each is composed of a single soft tissue cavity lined with olfactory epithelium. Our study has revealed that in Spea the nasal cartilages and septomaxillae are de novo adult structures that form dorsal to the larval skeleton of the ethmoid region. The only element of the adult nasal capsule that is partially derived from the larval skeleton is the solum nasi. Development of the nasal skeleton begins at about Gosner Stage 31, with chondrification of the septum nasi and lamina orbitonasalis. The alary cartilage and superior prenasal cartilage are the first of the anterior nasal cartilages to chondrify at Gosner Stage 37. By Gosner Stages 40/41, the ethmoid region is composed of the larval structures ventrally and the adult structures dorsally. By Stage 44, the larval structures have eroded. The adult nasal capsule is characterized by: (1) a septum nasi that projects ventrally beyond the plane of the nasal floor; (2) a paranasal commissure that forms the ventral margin of the fenestra nasolateralis; and (3) a large skeletal support for the eminentia olfactoria formed by the nasal floor and vomer. The timing of chondrification of the anterior nasal cartilages and the development of the postnasal wall, inferior prenasal cartilage, fenestra nasolateralis, and paranasal commissure are discussed and compared with those of other anuran species. This study also includes a discussion of the morphology of the skeletal support for the eminentia olfactoria, a structure best developed in distinctly ground‐dwelling frogs such as spadefoot toads. Finally, we propose a more precise restriction of the terminology that is used to designate the posterior structures of the olfactory region of anurans.
First report of antennular attachment organs in a barnacle nauplius larva
Authors: Watanabe H. , Høeg J. T. , Chan B. K. K. , Kado R. , Kojima S. , Sari A.
Published: December 2007

Larvae released from Newmaniverruca albatrossiana were cultured in the laboratory until the cypris stage. The brood size of individuals was low, about 60 larvae per brood. The exact number of instars was not determined. Early instars had the morphology normally seen in lecithotrophic nauplii of thoracican cirripedes. They had uniramous antennules with a few apical setae and biramous antennae and mandibles equipped with natatory setae only. Neither antennae nor mandibles carried any enditic spines or setae and the mouth cone was diminutive. The last nauplius stage obtained in our cultures was typical except in the structure of antennules. The head shield was enlarged but not flexed down, the antennae and mandibles were virtually unchanged from earlier instars, and the ventral thoracic process was well developed but without any external appendages. In contrast, the antennules had the complex shape and segmentation otherwise seen only in cypris larvae, where they are used for bipedal walking on the substratum in search of a settlement site. The similarity included the specialized shape of the first two antennular segments and the specialization of the third as an attachment organ. Nauplii just prior to this last instar had simple, straight antennules but completely lacked setae and instead terminated bluntly in what appears to be an incipient attachment organ. The presence of cypris‐like antennules in late nauplii has not previously been recorded in cirripedes. We suggest that this will allow the larvae to attach on the substratum temporarily before they reach the cypris instar and this will increase the chance of settling successfully on their rare substratum (sea urchin spines). The specialization in late N. albatrossiana nauplii will therefore decrease mortality during the larval phase and thus counterbalance the very low breeding potential in this deep‐sea species.
Diet and prey selection in the trawling long‐fingered bat
Authors: Almenar D. , Aihartza J. , Goiti U. , Salsamendi E. , Garin I.
Published: December 2007

The diet of the long‐fingered batMyotis capacciniiis poorly known, and there is no previously recorded information on this species' prey preferences. To investigate these subjects, we captured 51 individuals at a nursery cave in the Iberian Peninsula, from pre‐breeding to post‐lactation seasons. Each bat's diet composition was assessed by faecal content analysis and its foraging places (rivers, pools and channels) identified by radio‐telemetry. To estimate prey availability, we sampled arthropods in the individual bats' identified foraging places and also emulated the bats' hunting technique. The bats' diet comprised of arthropods, dominated by small insects with aquatic larvae and flying adult phases. The most consumed taxon was Nematocera (mainly Chironomidae), including adults and pupae, which were also found to be the most abundant prey over water. Other frequently consumed prey were brachycerans, lepidopterans, arachnids, trichopterans and neuropterans. Diet proportions were compared with prey availability to infer a rank of preferences. The preferred prey were lepidopterans and arachnids, both having a terrestrial life cycle and a bigger size than any other taxa consumed. Without discarding the possible underestimation of prey's aerial availability, the observed preference pattern seems to be a consequence of selection for size more than for specific taxa. ApparentlyM. capacciniiefficiently exploit water‐related prey according to availability when the bats hunt low over the water's surface, and are also able to take more profitable prey found higher in the air.
Sex‐biased gene flow and colonization in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat: inference from nuclear and mitochondrial markers
Authors: Chen S.‐ F. , Jones G. , Rossiter S. J.
Published: December 2007

Sex‐biased behaviours are expected to play an important role in partitioning genetic variance in animal populations. Comparing genetic structure at markers with different modes of inheritance provides a means of detecting these behaviours and their consequences for population genetic structure. In colonially breeding mammals, the common combination of female philopatry and male vagility can promote contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation between the sexes, both via their effects on recurrent gene flow and on colonization. We examined sex differences in gene flow and structure by comparing maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and biparentally inherited autosomal loci in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus monoceros. We found that genetic partitioning was higher at mtDNA than autosomal markers in both sexes, indicative of female‐biased philopatry and male‐biased dispersal. Across Taiwan, isolation‐by‐distance was detected for all sex/marker combinations but was steeper for mtDNA than for nuclear markers. We suggest that isolation‐by‐distance shown from mtDNA at large scales is likely to reflect the stepwise founding of new breeding colonies by females during colonization. In contrast, no isolation‐by‐distance was found at smaller distances of up to 100 km, indicating that gene flow and/or recent shared ancestry homogenises genetic structure among nearby sites. Our results highlight the value of an indirect genetic approach to understanding sex‐biased behaviours and their consequences in a little‐studied species.
Innovative approaches to domestic heating: homeowners' perceptions and factors influencing their choice of heating system
Authors: Mahapatra Krushna , Gustavsson Leif
Published: December 2007

The paper focuses on Swedish homeowners' perceptions of innovative heating systems, and those factors that influence their decision to adopt a new heating system. The systems studied were: district heating, heat pumps and pellet boilers. Results of two household surveys – one covering the whole of Sweden in autumn 2004 and the other in the city of Östersund in summer 2005 – revealed that approximately 80% of the survey respondents, particularly those with resistance heaters, did not intend to install an innovative heating system. Economic aspects, functional reliability and indoor air quality were found to be the most important factors influencing respondents' choice of a heating system. Survey respondents thought that a bedrock heat pump system has a number of advantages with respect to the annual cost of heating, security of fuel supply, environmental benignity, market value of the home and low greenhouse gas emission. A district heating system has advantages regarding functional reliability, system automation and time required to obtain information. A pellet boiler system has one main advantage: investment cost. Compared with homeowners having other types of heating systems, those with resistance heaters accorded more importance to investment cost due to the high cost of installing a water‐based system for heat distribution within the home.
Brain abscess and bacterial endocarditis in a Kerry Blue Terrier with a history of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia
Authors: Bach Jonathan F. , Mahony Orla M. , Tidwell Amy S. , Rush John E.
Published: December 2007

Objective: To describe a case of multifocal brain abscessation as a sequela from bacterial endocarditis in a dog with a 4‐month history of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) and treatment with immunosuppressive therapies.

Case summary: An 8‐year‐old spayed female Kerry Blue Terrier weighing 13 kg was presented for evaluation of progressive neurologic deficits after a 4‐month history of immunosuppressive treatment of ITP. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions consistent with multiple central nervous system abscesses and rupture of an abscess into an adjacent ventricle. Staphylococcus species were cultured from blood and cerebral spinal fluid and a vegetative lesion of the mitral valve was identified by echocardiographic examination. Intensive care, intravenous antibiotics, and supportive therapy led to resolution of clinical signs. Resolution of the vegetative lesion on the mitral valve was documented by serial echocardiographic examination. The dog was clinically normal 11 months after treatment.

New or unique information provided: Bacterial endocarditis can be an occult infection and difficult to diagnose. Emboli from endocarditis are common, but those that affect the spleen and kidneys are often clinically silent in dogs. This case represents the first report of multifocal brain abscessation (documented with magnetic resonance imaging) as a sequela from bacterial endocarditis.
Review of hypocalcemia in septic patients
Authors: Holowaychuk Marie K. , Martin Linda G.
Published: December 2007

Objective:To review the occurrence and etiologies of hypocalcemia in septic human and veterinary patients.

Data sources:A thorough search was conducted using CAB abstracts and MEDLINE and the keywords hypocalcemia, ionized calcium, sepsis, and procalcitonin (proCT).

Human data synthesis:Ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) is a common finding in septic human patients. The cause is unknown but is likely multifactorial. Low ionized calcium (iCa2+) concentrations coincide with increased severity of illness and increased mortality. Recent studies show that iHCa has a strong correlation with elevated calcitonin precursor concentrations.

Veterinary data synthesis:There is a paucity of publications in the veterinary literature pertaining to iHCa in septic animals. Experimental models of sepsis indicate that iHCa exists in animals. iHCa has also been investigated in horses with enterocolitis and endotoxemia. Prospective studies are needed to determine the prevalence of iHCa among septic small animals, and to determine whether iHCa correlates with increased mortality and severity of disease. Indications for the treatment of iHCa in septic small animals also need to be investigated.

Conclusions:iHCa is well documented in septic human patients, but little is known about iHCa in septic veterinary patients. Future veterinary studies should focus on documenting the presence of iHCa in septic patients and steps should be taken to determine the cause. proCT concentrations may show promise for predicting sepsis and mortality in critically ill veterinary patients.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs and cats: a review of clinical findings and pathophysiology
Authors: DeClue Amy E. , Cohn Leah A.
Published: December 2007

Objective:To review the clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in dogs and cats.

Data sources:Data from human and veterinary literature were reviewed through Medline and CAB as well as manual search of references listed in articles pertaining to acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS.

Human data synthesis:Since the term ARDS was first coined in 1967, there has been a abundance of literature pertaining to this devastating syndrome in human medicine. More complete understanding of the complex interactions between inflammatory cells, soluble mediators (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, platelet activating factor) and the clinical patient has provided for timely recognition and mechanistically based protective strategies decreasing morbidity and mortality in human patients with ARDS.

Veterinary data synthesis:Although little is known, ARDS is becoming a more commonly recognized sequela in small animals. Initial case reports and retrospective studies have provided basic clinical characterization of ARDS in dogs and cats. Additionally, information from experimental models has expanded our understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms involved. It appears that the inflammatory processes and pathologic changes associated with ARDS are similar in dogs, cats, and humans.

Conclusions:Unfortunately, current mortality rates for ARDS in small animals are close to 100%. As our capability to treat patients with advanced life‐threatening disease increases, it is vital that we develop a familiarity with the pathogenesis of ARDS. Understanding the complex inflammatory interactions is essential for determining effective preventative and management strategies as well as designing novel therapies for veterinary patients.
Clinical trials in spontaneous disease in dogs: a new paradigm for investigations of sepsis
Authors: Otto Cynthia M.
Published: December 2007

Objective:To provide evidence that naturally occurring sepsis in dogs provides a unique opportunity to test new therapies in clinically relevant settings.

Data sources:Human and veterinary literature.

Human data synthesis:Sepsis is a devastating condition responsible for most intensive care unit deaths. Most clinical trials targeting inflammatory mediators of sepsis have failed to improve outcome in clinical patients despite promising results in laboratory animal models. Animal models of sepsis fail to reproduce the clinical syndrome and therefore lead to conclusions that may not be relevant to clinical care.

Veterinary data synthesis:Sepsis is recognized but not well‐characterized in companion animal species. Despite some species variability, the cardiopulmonary response to sepsis in dogs is similar to humans. Additionally, inflammatory and coagulation changes that accompany canine sepsis are consistent with those documented in humans. Sepsis secondary to canine parvoviral infection offers the advantages of relative population homogeneity, predictable course, and easy early diagnosis. The disadvantages of canine parvovirus are that it affects a predominantly young and healthy population and results in low mortality with aggressive supportive care. Septic peritonitis and pneumonia have high mortality but can be challenging to diagnose, have a variable course, and affect a heterogeneous population, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage.

Conclusions:Similar to trials currently being performed in canine cancer patients, veterinary clinical trials of new sepsis therapeutics may provide a unique opportunity to advance the treatment of sepsis in dogs, humans, and other species. Spontaneous sepsis from canine parvovirus, peritonitis, and pneumonia are common clinical conditions in which therapeutics can be tested.
Biopsychosocial Correlates of Headache: What Predicts Pediatric Headache Occurrence?
Authors: Kröner‐Herwig Birgit , Morris Lisette , Heinrich Marion
Published: December 2007

Objective.— The study aims at identifying biopsychosocial risk factors for headache in children and adolescents aged 9 to 14.

Methods.— An epidemiological survey was conducted in a randomly drawn population sample of families with children in the above age group. Questionnaires were mailed to parents and children (n = 6400), on whose data this report is based. The objective of the study was to establish a profile of risk factors regarding the occurrence of headache. Headache, as the criterion variable, was ranked according to its frequency in the last 6 months (no, rare, monthly, weekly). Independent variables came from 6 domains: health, socioeconomic, family, school, leisure/peers, and psychological factors. Data analysis was conducted via multinomial regression analyses in a 4‐step strategy: (1) analysis of age and sex as control variables; (2) analysis of single variables from each of the 6 domains (controlled for age and sex); (3) domain analyses; and (4) comprehensive analysis including all significant variables from the domain analyses.

Results.— Age and sex explained a small but significant proportion of the variance in headache frequency (3.5%). All health variables, several socioeconomic, and most family‐ and school‐related as well as the psychological variables demonstrated a significant association with the criterion in the single variable models. However, only a few of the variables related to leisure/peer activities reached significance. The domain model comprising health variables explained 27% of the variance, achieving the best model fit, followed by the psychological model with 13%.

Conclusions.— The comprehensive model was able to explain one third of the total variance in headache occurrence. Contrary to our hypothesis, the addition of psychosocial variables to health‐related predictors did not markedly improve model fit.
Defining the spectrum of international practice in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients
Authors: Harvey A. Simon , Cross J. Helen , Shinnar Shlomo , Mathern Gary W. ,   the Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Survey Taskforce
Published: December 2007

Summary

Purpose: The Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Sub‐commission of the International League Against Epilepsy conducted a survey to determine the frequency of epilepsy procedures and etiologies.

Methods: Data were gathered from 20 programs in the United States, Europe, and Australia on 543 patients (<18 years) for calendar year 2004.

Results: Age at seizure onset was 1 year or less in 46% of patients. Intracranial electrodes were used in 27% of patients. The most common final operation was lobar and focal resections of the frontal and temporal lobes (41%), followed by cerebral hemispherectomy (16%), vagus nerve stimulator (16%), and multilobar resections (13%). Multiple‐subpial transections were uncommon procedures (0.6%). The most frequent etiologies were cortical dysplasia (42%), tumors (19%), and atrophic lesions and strokes (10%). Less common were vascular lesions (1.5%), Rasmussen encephalitis (3%), Sturge–Weber (3%), and operations for infantile spasms (4%), and Landau–Kleffner/ESES (<2%). Children <4 years generally presented with daily seizures from cortical dysplasia and underwent multilobar or hemispherectomy. Previous surgeries before 2004 were reported in 22%, and occurred more commonly in patients with tumors (40%), hypothalamic hamartomas (47%), and vascular lesions (67%). U.S. centers reported more vagus nerve stimulator procedures, operated more often on children with no or subtle MRI findings, and used intracranial electrodes and functional neuroimaging more frequently than programs in Europe and Australia.

Conclusions: The results of this international survey show the feasibility of international collaborations in determining epilepsy etiologies and procedures in children, and suggest differences in clinical practice between regions of the world. These results can guide the design of future studies in producing guidelines for therapy‐resistant pediatric epilepsy surgery patients.
Commerce as the Structure and Symbol of Neighborhood Life: Reshaping the Meaning of Community in Venice, California
Authors: Deener Andrew
Published: December 2007

Abbot Kinney Boulevard is a central commercial artery that serves as the structure and symbol of neighborhood life in Venice, a coastal community in Los Angeles. In recent years, the street has become an upscale commercial scene made up of independently owned, small–scale shops and restaurants. New residents and merchants work to preserve this new “anticorporate” commercial culture as an authentic version of community life, labeling its distinct identity as “Brand Venice.” Commerce generates community vitality, but this article raises the question, whose definition of community? The construction of a neighborhood brand has consequences. Building on over 3 years of ethnographic and historical research, this article shows how local actors set Abbot Kinney Boulevard on a course of economic transformation by reshaping the meaning of community in such a way that now excludes long–time, lower–income residents who define the new neighborhood identity as an inauthentic version of Venice community life.
Globalization and the Concept of the Second City
Authors: Hodos Jerome
Published: December 2007

Globalization is fundamentally reorienting how cities are connected to one another through trade, migration, communication, and representation. Whereas most existing research has concentrated on unambiguously global cities, in this paper I discuss the positions of cities lower down in the urban hierarchy. I argue that “second cities” constitute a type characterized by distinct patterns of global integration. This second city pattern is constituted by the following: globally active firms in nonfinancial industries; a common migration pattern; a tradition of innovation in political ideologies and professional/expert cultures; a common historical trajectory due largely to transportation projects that integrate the city more deeply into global flows; and the growth over time of a second–city identity. The paper is primarily theoretical; the empirical background, from which some examples will be drawn, is Philadelphia (United States) and Manchester (United Kingdom), across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000
Authors: Timberlake Jeffrey M. , Iceland John
Published: December 2007

We complement and extend research on change in racial and ethnic residential segregation by estimating determinants of change from 1970 to 2000 in four measures of residential inequality—dissimilarity, entropy, isolation, and net difference—between American Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Latinos. Because we use a longer time horizon and multiple measures, our findings clearly demonstrate some convergence in residential location patterns across groups, indicating gradual spatial assimilation in U.S. metropolitan areas. Although Blacks continue to be more segregated than either Asians or Latinos, residential inequality has declined more rapidly for Blacks than for the other two groups, particularly in terms of neighborhood socioeconomic status. We also find that all three groups, but particularly Asians, have been converting income gains relative to Whites into improved neighborhood socioeconomic status more than into increased residential integration with Whites.
Trust and Well–Being in the African American Neighborhood
Authors: Usher Carey Leigh
Published: December 2007

Trust is a key component in the creation and maintenance of social capital, which has been linked to neighborhood capacity to respond to environmental challenges as well as physical and mental well–being of individuals. This article investigates the significance of this component of social capital for the health and well–being of African American residents of various types of neighborhoods. Using data collected from a sample of residents of neighborhoods characterized by differing levels of racial and economic segregation in a midsized southern city ( N= 310), a psychosocial resources model of distress is employed to explore the role of trust as a critical resource mediating the impact of stress in the form of racial and economic segregation on residents’ well–being. Results show that minority saturation is a more important predictor of well–being than economic segregation, and that, though no mediating influence is found, generalized trust is an important predictor of well–being.
Proximal Coronary Hemodynamic Changes Evaluated by Intracardiac Echocardiography during Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion in a Canine Model
Authors: Han Beibei , Wei Meng
Published: December 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the dynamic changes in coronary flow velocity and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) within proximal coronary arteries are related to myocardial perfusion status and infarct size in a myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury model. Methods: In 14 dogs, left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 2 hours followed by 2 hours reperfusion. Coronary flow velocity was obtained by ICE within coronary arteries at baseline, and at the end of both occlusion and reperfusion period. The CFVR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to resting peak diastolic velocity (PDV). Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by real time myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). The infarct area was detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and expressed as the percentage of the whole left ventricular (LV) area. Results: CFVR significantly decreased both in proximal LAD and left circumflex (LCx) artery at the end of occlusion, and did not recover at the end of reperfusion. However, no significant difference in flow parameters was observed between dogs with myocardial perfusion defect and those without. CFVR in LAD at the end of reperfusion did not correlate with the infarct size (r =−0.182, P = NS) either. Conclusions: Decreased CFVR detected by ICE occurs both in ischemic and in nonischemic proximal arteries during myocardial ischemia and early stage of reperfusion. This change in CFVR has poor correlation with the extent of microvascular impairment and cannot be used to predict infarct size.
Noninvasive Estimation of Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure Using Tissue Doppler Imaging Combined with Pulsed‐Wave Doppler Echocardiography in Patients with Ventricular Septal Defects: A Comparison with the Plasma Levels of the B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Oyamada Jun , Toyono Manatomo , Shimada Shunsuke , Aoki‐Okazaki Mieko , Tamura Masamichi , Takahashi Tsutomu , Harada Kenji
Published: December 2007

Background: There are limited data regarding whether the ratio of the peak transmitral flow velocity during early diastole (E) to the peak mitral annular velocity during early diastole (Ea) obtained by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and the plasma levels of the B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are useful for evaluating the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in children with ventricular septal defects (VSD). We investigated the validity of noninvasive estimation of the LVEDP in VSD infants. Methods: We studied 48 patients (mean age, 9 ± 6 months). Using pulsed‐wave Doppler echocardiography and TDI, E and Ea were measured to calculate the E/Ea ratio. The LVEDP and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) were determined invasively. Results: There were significant positive correlations between E and both the LVEDP value and the Qp/Qs ratio. In contrast, Ea showed significant negative correlations with the LVEDP value and Qp/Qs ratio. The E/Ea ratio correlated significantly with the LVEDP value and Qp/Qs ratio. The plasma BNP levels correlated significantly with the Qp/Qs ratio, although they did not show a significant correlation with the LVEDP. An E/Ea ratio of >9.8 indicated patients with a LVEDP of >10 mmHg with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 80%. Conclusion: TDI combined with pulsed‐wave Doppler echocardiography predicted the LVEDP of VSD infants, whereas the plasma BNP value did not have a significant association with the LVEDP.
Never perform laser treatment of skin tumors with clinical “EFG” criteria
Authors: Giacomel Jason , Zalaudek Iris , Mordente Ines , Nicolino Rachele , Argenziano Giuseppe
Published: December 2007

Laser treatment is a common procedure for the treatment of cosmetically troubling skin lesions but has the limitation that histopathologic diagnosis is usually not obtained prior to treatment. Laser treatment of melanomas with benign clinical features may delay or make more difficult the correct diagnosis of such tumors. A helpful tool to identify clinically innocent appearing melanomas is the “EFG” rule, summarizing the common clinical features as “elevated, firm skin lesions showing continuous growth”. We report a 42‐year‐old woman who presented with a recurrent and metastatic melanoma after laser treatment of a tumor which was apparently clinically innocent and highlight the clinical features of such benign‐looking melanomas.
How Urologists Manage Erectile Dysfunction after Radical Prostatectomy: A National Survey (REPAIR) by the French Urological Association
Authors: Giuliano François , Amar Edouard , Chevallier Daniel , Montaigne Olivier , Joubert Jean-Michel , Chartier-Kastler Emmanuel
Published: December 2007

Introduction

There is little sound information on how urologists manage erectile dysfunction (ED) arising after radical prostatectomy (RP) in a real-world situation.

Aim

To perform a national survey of how French urologists manage ED after RP in routine practice.

Main Outcome Measures

Choice of first-line treatment, type of treatment (rehabilitation of erectile function vs. treatment on demand for intercourse), and timing and duration of treatment.

Methods

All French urologists were invited to take part in a survey; 59.7% accepted provisionally (760/1,272). They received the survey questionnaire and 10 patient data forms to be completed during the visits of the first 10 patients with fewer than 12 months follow-up post-RP. These were returned to an independent third party for analysis.

Results

The final response rate was 535/1,272 (42%). Before performing RP, 80% of the urologists assessed sexual activity and 76% erectile function; 9% did neither. Thirty-eight percent reported that they systematically proposed ED treatment to their patients post-RP (“routine prescribers”). The remainder was treated on occasion, either at the patients' request (49%) or at their own discretion (13%). Routine prescribers tended to be younger and had performed more RPs in the preceding year. Most urologists (88%) always used the same first-line treatment: regular intracavernosal injections (ICIs) for rehabilitation, 39%; ICI on demand for intercourse, 30%; phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors on demand, 16%, or regular PDE5 inhibitors for rehabilitation, 8%; alternating ICI and PDE5 inhibitors, 7%; vacuum device, <1%. ED treatment was initiated within 3 months of RP by 72% of the urologists (92% of routine prescribers). The percentage of urologists recommending ED treatment for 6 months was 20%, 38% for 1 year, and 33% for 2 years.

Conclusion

ED was commonplace after RP. French urologists reported a proactive attitude to ED treatment, many favoring pharmacologic rehabilitation therapy. ICI was their first-line treatment of choice.