bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispositivos de Escuta de Adolescentes Privados de Liberdade e de Agentes Socioeducativos
Authors: Brasil Katia Tarouquella , Almeida Sandra Francesca Conte de , Costa Jéssica Emanoeli Moreira da , Ganem Valérie
Published: December 2020

Resumo Este estudo objetivou evidenciar um método de intervenção triangular na socioeducação. Foram implementados três dispositivos metodológicos: um plantão psicológico de escuta individual, um de grupo de fala com adolescentes e uma intervenção em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho com os agentes socioeducativos. A escuta dos adolescentes apontou como a violência comparece na relação entre eles e os adultos, entre eles e os pares e no espaço institucional. Por outro lado, a escuta dos agentes possibilitou situar como a violência permeia as situações de trabalho. A clínica ampliada, no contexto institucional, permitiu vislumbrar o lugar da violência na dinâmica relacional intersubjetiva, seus impactos psíquicos e os riscos à saúde mental dos sujeitos.
Appendectomy: prognostic factors in the brazilian unified health system
Authors: Gutierrez Marcel , Artioli Thiago , Lopes Fábio Iazzetti , Monteiro Filipe Ramos , Boratto Sandra Di Felice
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common cause of surgical acute abdomen. Postoperative complications in emergency care are reflections of the surgical procedure and pre- and postoperative factors. OBJECTIVE: Define prognostic factors for patients who underwent appendectomy, comparing them with the literature. METHODS: Descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from the emergency/urgency appendectomy records between September 2018 and April 2019. Variables of interest were considered based on intrinsic patient data, clinical status, and perioperative management factors. Primary outcomes considered: postoperative complications from hospital admission discharge and prolonged hospital stay for > 2 days. Secondary outcome: death. The results were evaluated by Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). RESULTS: We identified 48 patients undergoing an appendectomy. Young adults accounted for 68.7%. From the total, 58.3% were males, 6 (12.5%) had hospitalization> 2 days, 4 (8.3%) had complications and no deaths. Among the variables, the stage of AA, the time of complaint up until seeking care, and advanced age were correlated with worse prognosis during hospitalization (p <0.05). The emergence of immediate postoperative complications was correlated with longer hospital stay (p <0.05). DISCUSSION: The descriptive data of the sample converge with the epidemiological profile of patients with AA in the literature, corroborating the applicability of conventional guidelines. The results strengthen the hypothesis that the patient's flow with abdominal manifestations is complicated from the first contact with SUS to the resolution of the condition. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the epidemiological profile and perioperative predictors that are most related to complications favor the appropriate management of patients.
Development of personalized molds for neovagina creation by 3D printer
Authors: Chrispin Thyeres Teixeira Bueno , Fernandez Marina Silva , Novoa Claudia Cristina Takano , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as Rapid Prototyping, is a set of production technologies used in the synthesis of a particular physical object by adding layers to form a part based on data generated by Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems. These technologies are widely used to quickly create prototypes of products and tools for commercial purposes. Over time, it has also been integrated with other areas, such as healthcare, since these tools have allowed health professionals to assist in diagnoses, surgical planning, and synthesis of orthoses and prostheses for patient rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To develop models for the construction of dilators for the treatment of vaginal agenesis. METHODS: Use CAD software and create a physical model using AM to analyze the viability of its production in the elaboration of customized dilators for each patient. RESULTS: The production through AM provides an advantage in the development, facilitating physical alterations just by adjusting the three-dimensional models made by the software in a quick way, thus making the customization process viable. CONCLUSION: The proposed procedure for the manufacture of dilators presented good results and technological feasibility, indicating that it can be a good solution for the production and customization of gynecological devices.
Effects of nasal aspiration by the Proetz® method in pediatric patients with sinusitis
Authors: Filgueira Yaskara Amorim , Holanda Vanderlan Nogueira , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , Feder David
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To characterize the effects of nasal aspiration with Proetz® in peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) in pediatric sinusitis (PS) patients with nasal obstruction. METHODS: This is a non-randomized descriptive-analytical clinical trial with a quantitative approach. The sample comprised 30 children. Initially, the PNIF was measured and the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) was used for nasal obstruction, followed by the nasal aspiration procedure. The SNOT-22 questionnaire was applied to the legal guardian of each child, and one week later, it was reapplied for the sake of follow-up. RESULTS: 16 (53.3%) patients were females and 14 (46.7%) were males, with an average age of 6.4±1.8 years (between 4 and 10 years of age). Analyses of the VAS for obstruction before the intervention revealed that 10 of the participants (33.3%) presented moderate levels, and 20 of them (66.7%) severe levels. However, after the Proetz® method was applied, all the samples (n=30) had mild levels. The PNIF significantly increased after the technique was used, with an improvement of 23.4% in mean values. There was no significant correlation between the VAS and the PNIF. CONCLUSION: Nasal aspiration with the Proetz® method significantly improved the clinical condition of sinusitis patients with nasal obstruction according to the visual analogical scale, the PNIF, and the SNOT-22 questionnaire. No correlation between the VAS and the PNIF could be found. The study confirms the importance of non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of sinusitis in children, thus resulting in an improvement in their quality of life.
High-expression of LncRNA MAFG-AS1 is associated with the prognostic of patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Cui Weichun , Wang Yong , Shen Xiangji , Wu Xudong , Liu Hui , Xu Xiuhua
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to exhibit distinct functions on the convoluted processes of tumor developments. Some studies on the biological functions of lncRNA MAFG-AS1 (MAFG-AS1) in cancers revealed that they may serve as an oncogene in some kinds of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, little is known about the role of MAFG-AS1 in the prognostic of CRC. METHODS: A public dataset was mined for the screening of dysregulated lncRNAs in CRC. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) was used to compare the levels of MAFG-AS1 between paired MAFG-AS1 specimens and normal adjacent tissues. The correlations between MAFG-AS1 and clinic pathological features in CRC were analyzed using the chi-square test. The log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier test were carried out to compare the survival time of patients with high and low expressions of MAFG-AS1. Cox regression was applied for univariate and multivariate assays to validate whether MAFG-AS1 could be an independent factor in the prognosis of CRC. RESULTS: We found that the distinct upregulation of MAFG-AS1 in various tumors was a common event. MAFG-AS1 was distinctly up-regulated in CRC specimens compared to matched non-tumor specimens (p < 0.01). High MAFG-AS1 expressions were closely associated with depth of invasion (p = 0.011) and TNM stage (p = 0.022). Survival assays revealed that patients with high expression of MAFG-AS1 have a shorter overall survival (p = 0.0030) and disease-free survival (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: MAFG-AS1 can serve as a novel potential biomarker to predict CRC patients’ survival time.
Diabetic foot and its serial treatment in high-risk patients: focusing on the individual
Authors: Souza Júnior Eli Ávila , Camargo Raul Silva Simões de , Baumfeld Tiago Soares , Baumfeld Daniel Soares , Macedo Benjamin Dutra
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY Objectives: To assess knowledge about diabetic foot, care measures, and the importance attached to serial treatment in a group of high-risk diabetic foot patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out in a tertiary hospital, with 25 patients undergoing serial treatment for diabetic foot. The tabulation of the data occurred through the use of three methodological figures: core idea, key expressions, and the collective subject discourse. RESULTS: It became evident that even among high-risk patients with diabetic foot, there is no complete knowledge about the definition of the disease. Despite this, all participants reported practicing daily care measures, including frequent inspection of the feet, food care, and attention to footwear. Regarding the importance of serial treatment, there was unanimous recognition of the relevance of this practice, which improves self-care discipline, optimizes the understanding of the disease, and helps to prevent progression. CONCLUSIONS: Authentic speeches in the context of a pathology of considerable prevalence manifested, in an unprecedented way, with conceptions about its definition, care measures, and importance of serial treatment in a high-risk group.
Infliximab-induced remission improves physical activity in patients with active Crohn's disease
Authors: Lucca Fernando de Azevedo , Malaguti Carla , Chebli Liliana Andrade , Reboredo Maycon Moura , Pinheiro Bruno Valle , Ribeiro Tarsila Campanha da Rocha , Azevedo Felipe Meirelles de , Corrêa José Otávio do Amaral , Gaburri Pedro Duarte , Chebli Julio Maria Fonseca
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY AIM: To compare the level of physical activity (PA), exercise capacity, and body composition before and after infliximab-induced clinical remission in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study evaluated 44 adult outpatients with active CD before infliximab administration and 24 weeks after infliximab therapy. The patients were evaluated for PA in daily life, exercise capacity, muscle strength, and body composition. RESULTS: 38 (86.4%) patients achieved infliximab-induced remission at 24 weeks and presented an increment in the number of steps taken of 1092 (7440±2980 vs. 6348±3177, respectively; p=0.006). The inactive time was reduced when compared to the baseline value (454.2±106.3 vs. 427.9±97.8, respectively; p=0.033). There was no difference in the distance walked before and after infliximab therapy, while there was an increase in the fat mass index in responders to infliximab compared to the baseline (19.1±7.6 vs. 14.9±5.8; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Infliximab-induced remission was shown to be effective for increasing physical activity by improving the number of steps and reducing inactive time. The maintenance of clinical remission associated with incentives to regular PA may contribute to making these patients reach an ideal level of PA.
Negociando autoridades, construindo saberes: a historiografia digital e colaborativa no projeto Teoria da História na Wikipédia
Authors: Varella Flávia Florentino , Bonaldo Rodrigo Bragio
Published: December 2020

RESUMO Entre os projetos colaborativos de acesso gratuito de organização do big data destaca-se a Wikipédia, plataforma com ótimos resultados em buscadores que organiza e compila informações dispersas na rede, além de carregar, em seus verbetes, grande número de entradas dedicadas à história. A partir da experiência do projeto de extensão Teoria da História na Wikipédia, este artigo destaca o fenômeno da escrita da história nesta plataforma. Partimos do ponto de vista de que escrever a história em uma enciclopédia digital e colaborativa implica constantemente a negociação de autoridade. Por se tratar de uma história produzida com o público, transforma a orientação acadêmica em edição/curadoria social, provocando estranhamentos com relação às práticas acadêmicas correntes. Advogamos, enfim, pelo diálogo entre as regras da matriz disciplinar da escrita da história e os pilares do enciclopedismo digital, tais como expressos pela Wikipédia.
A “vida com saudades”: remédios religiosos para curar sentimentos, “mover afetos” e “mudar corações” no Reino de Portugal da primeira metade do século XVIII
Authors: Fleck Eliane Cristina Deckmann , Dillmann Mauro
Published: December 2020

RESUMO Este artigo analisa discursos religiosos sobre a saudade e seus remédios a partir do Sermão das soledades de Nossa Senhora, pregado pelo dominicano português João Franco em Portugal durante a década de 1720. A partir de uma abordagem histórico-cultural e do diálogo com a historiografia voltada às práticas de escrita, aos discursos espirituais católicos e às sensibilidades, o objetivo é identificar e discutir os entendimentos cristãos do sentimento de saudade, seus possíveis efeitos nos corpos e nas almas, bem como seus supostos remédios, dentre os quais estavam a companhia e as lágrimas. Tal análise considera esses entendimentos e as instruções dadas aos fiéis pelo dominicano levando em consideração os sentidos compartilhados à época, que conformavam uma mentalidade religiosa, voltada, sobretudo, à ênfase na devoção mariana em Portugal nas primeiras décadas do século XVIII.
Prevalência e severidade da cárie dentária em escolares do Ensino Fundamental de um município vulnerável
Authors: LIMA Leandro Henrique Galeti , ROCHA Najara Barbosa da , ANTONIASSI Clodoaldo Penha , MOURA Marcoeli Silva de , FUJIMAKI Mitsue
Published: December 2020

Resumo Introdução A cárie dentária ainda é um problema de saúde pública na maioria dos países industrializados, com maior prevalência nas populações mais vulneráveis socioeconomicamente. Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência e a severidade da cárie dentária, e as ações curativas realizadas em escolares de 6 a 14 anos do Ensino Fundamental durante quatro meses de intervenção. Material e método Estudo transversal foi realizado com 130 escolares do município de Sarandi-PR. Para o diagnóstico da cárie dentária, foram utilizados os índices ceo-d, CPO-D e ICDAS II. Os escolares receberam atendimento curativo de acordo com as necessidades apresentadas, associado a atividades educativas preventivas. Resultado A prevalência de cárie dentária foi de 70% e 83%, segundo os índice ceo-d/CPO-D e ICDAS II, respectivamente. Os códigos referentes ao ICDAS II com maior prevalência foram ICDAS 5 e 6 (1,57% e 3,69%, respectivamente), enquanto o código 4 foi o de menor prevalência (0,30%). A maioria dos tratamentos restauradores foi realizada pela técnica de Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART) (150 restaurações). Foram realizadas 90 aplicações de verniz fluoretado em lesões iniciais de cárie. Os tratamentos de maior complexidade foram encaminhados para a Unidade Básica de Saúde do município. Dos 32 escolares referenciados, 21 compareceram e nestes foram realizados tratamentos endodônticos e exodontias de dentes decíduos e permanentes. Conclusão A população estudada apresenta prevalência alta de cárie e, após quatro meses de intervenção, observou-se que o ART foi resolutivo para a maioria das necessidades de tratamento (59,2%), apresentando-se como uma estratégia eficiente que pode ser implementada em locais que não oferecem a estrutura de um consultório odontológico.
Letramento Digital para Idosos: percepções sobre o ensino-aprendizagem
Authors: Flauzino Karina de Lima , Pimentel Maria da Graça Campos , Batistoni Samila Sathler Tavares , Zaine Isabela , Vieira Lilian Ourém Batista , Rodrigues Kamila Rios da Hora , Cachioni Meire
Published: December 2020

Resumo: Os programas de letramento digital para idosos propõem ampliar as habilidades e competências digitais, porém os conhecimentos sobre as abordagens metodológicas e de ensino nestas intervenções são escassos. O estudo objetivou verificar os fatores otimizadores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem em programas de letramento digital para idosos, a partir das percepções de alunos. Utilizando-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, duas categorias principais foram identificadas entre as emissões de 278 participantes. Conclui-se que os aspectos humanos devem ser valorizados pelos instrutores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem para alunos idosos, principalmente, demonstrar as qualidades de ser paciente, calmo e atencioso.
Otimização multiobjetivo da operação de sistemas de distribuição de água com bombas de rotação variável
Authors: Santos Layara de Paula Sousa , Coutinho Ricardo Santos , Soares Alexandre Kepler
Published: December 2020

RESUMO Ante o crescimento populacional urbano e a importância da água como recurso natural limitado, verifica-se a necessidade de implementar técnicas com a finalidade de reduzir os custos operacionais dos sistemas de distribuição de água e garantir abastecimento adequado. A otimização da operação de bombas pode ser utilizada com o propósito de atender às demandas de consumo com menor custo energético, além de maximizar a confiabilidade hidráulica. Neste trabalho, um modelo híbrido de otimização/simulação foi desenvolvido tendo como suporte os algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo e o simulador hidráulico EPANET. O método Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) foi utilizado para a otimização da operação de bombas de rotação variável, ou seja, as variáveis de decisão do problema foram as rotações das bombas para cada hora ao longo do dia. Uma modificação do simulador hidráulico EPANET original, que não computa corretamente o rendimento de bombas de rotação variável, foi empregada para que as potências de cada bomba e, consequentemente, o custo da energia elétrica fossem calculados corretamente. Conjuntos de soluções não dominadas (frente Pareto) foram obtidos considerando-se, primeiramente, a penalidade de pressão negativa nos nós e, posteriormente, as penalidades de pressão negativa nos nós e o fechamento/desligamento de tubos e/ou bombas. Aplicou-se o método à rede hipotética denominada Anytown, e custos menores, considerando tarifas brasileiras, foram obtidos.
Emprego do cloreto de polialumínio em estudos de tratabilidade de água de abastecimento via coagulação, floculação e sedimentação
Authors: Kamiwada Wagner Yukio , Andrade Priscila Vega , Reis Adriano Gonçalves dos
Published: December 2020

RESUMO Cloreto de polialumínio (PAC) é um coagulante polimérico inorgânico pré-hidrolisado que tem se destacado no tratamento de água de abastecimento e residuária por formar um precipitado de Al(OH)3* rígido e pesado, além de ter baixo efeito no pH. A literatura, porém, ainda é escassa na correlação da química e da física do coagulante com otimizações de processo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar o PAC em estudos de tratabilidade de água de abastecimento via coagulação, floculação e sedimentação. Para isso, inicialmente foi feito um modelamento matemático para ajuste de turbidez e pH e construídos diagramas de coagulação de turbidez e de cor aparente remanescentes com pH de 4,0 a 9,0 e dosagem de 10 a 120 mg.L-1 de PAC (0,6 a 6,9 mg.L-1 de Al3+). Também foram estudados diferentes gradientes de velocidade e tempos de mistura para a coagulação e a floculação. Os diagramas de coagulação apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na faixa de pH entre 7 e 9 com dosagem superior a 30 mg.L-1 de PAC (1,7 mg.L-1 de Al3+), e está relacionado com a solubilidade mínima do Al(OH)3*. Otimizações da coagulação e da floculação obtiveram melhora de até 79% da turbidez remanescente, redução de até 83% da área do sedimentador ou redução de até 67% na dosagem de PAC, em razão de um aumento do tamanho do floco produzido. Um conhecimento aprofundado da química e da física do processo relacionado ao uso do PAC pode, portanto, trazer benefícios ao seu uso.
The efficacy of Self Determination Theory-based interventions in increasing students’ physical activity: A systematic review
Authors: Juwono Ignatius Darma , Szabo Attila
Published: December 2020

Recent studies suggest that students fail to meet the international guidelines for physical activity. Therefore, an increased number of physical activity interventions attempt to change this trend. The current paper reviews the intervention studies which were based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Three databases (PsycINFO, Medline, and SPORTDiscus) were scrutinized in the current review, which yielded 437 potential articles. Employing the recommended selection based on the population, intervention, comparators, and outcome (PICO), 14 articles could be included in the narrative analysis. The results showed that interventions based on the SDT were very heterogeneously operationalized in these studies. Despite different interventions, the results suggest that SDT-based interventions have the potential to increase students’ physical activity through both, autonomy and supportive environment. Teachers’ professional development in implementing SDT-based physical activity interventions for students is highly recommended.
Trends in the Structure of Federally Insured Depository Institutions, 1984-94
Authors: Amel Dean F.
Published: December 2020

Between 1984 and 1994, the number of federally insured depository institutions declined considerably. Institution failure contributed significantly to the decrease, but an even more important factor was mergers and acquisitions stimulated by relaxed restrictions on geographic expansion. Deposits also became considerably more concentrated at the national and state levels, with larger firms increasing their deposit share relative to smaller firms. However, the concentration of deposits within local banking markets increased only slightly.
Distribution of Credit Risk Among Providers of Mortgages to Lower-Income and Minority Homebuyers
Authors: Canner Glenn B. , Passmore Wayne , Surette Brian J.
Published: December 2020

Which institutions bear the credit risk for mortgage lending to lower-income and minority borrowers and in lower-income and predominantly minority neighborhoods? In seeking to answer those questions, the authors went beyond looking at mortgage credit risk in terms of numbers or amounts of loans and developed measures based on factors that affect the riskiness of loans, including loan-to-value ratios and associated default and loss severity rates. In 1995, a nonprofit government mortgage insurer, the Federal Housing Administration, was the major bearer of credit risk for mortgage lending to these groups. The amount of credit risk borne by the profit-seeking originators, insurers, and purchasers that finance conventional mortgages was small in comparison, and the risk was widely distributed among different types of institutions.
The Fiscal Position of the State and Local Government Sector: Developments in the 1990s
Authors: Rubin Laura S.
Published: December 2020

After a difficult period during the early 1990s, the fiscal position of state and local governments has improved considerably in the past three years. States, as a group, have fared relatively well, although some local governments are still struggling with fiscal difficulties. In addition, the sector as a whole continues to face persistent underlying structural problems. This article first examines the primary budget concepts that are generally used to evaluate the fiscal condition of state and local governments. Then it surveys the status of the various levels of government, and finally, it discusses some of the underlying problems in state and local budgeting, particularly in the areas of health care, education, corrections, and pensions.
Derivatives Disclosures by Major U.S. Banks, 1995
Authors: Jr.  Edwards Gerald A. , Eller Gregory E.
Published: December 2020

This review of the 1995 annual reports of ten major U.S. commercial banks shows that public disclosure about derivatives activities continues to improve. Compared with reports for earlier years, banks are providing more types of information in greater depth and in ways that make the information more easily understood by readers of public financial statements. These large banks, in response to standards and recommendations promulgated by various groups as well as by shareholder concerns, have made significant strides in increasing the transparency of their derivatives activities.
Survey of Finance Companies, 1996
Authors: August James D. , Grupe Michael R. , Luckett Charles A. , Slowinski Samuel M.
Published: December 2020

Finance companies are major suppliers of credit to consumers and businesses. The sector is made up of roughly 1,250 nondepository financial institutions, with 20 firms accounting for three-fourths of the receivables. The Federal Reserve System has been surveying the assets and liabilities of finance companies, typically at five-year intervals, since June 1955. This article summarizes the results of the 1996 survey. Special features of that survey are a breakdown of automobile leases into consumer and business components and, relative to previous surveys, greater detail on the composition of real estate credit and more information on securitized loans and leases.
The Issuance of Series-1996 $100 Federal Reserve Notes: Goals, Strategy, and Likely Results
Authors: Allison Theodore E. , Pianalto Rosanna S.
Published: December 2020

In March 1996, the Federal Reserve began issuing series-1996 $100 Federal Reserve notes. Culminating a cooperative effort by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve System that dated from the 1980s, the series-1996 note was the first major design change in U.S. currency in sixty-six years. The new note was developed to provide better protection for users of U.S. currency against the growing threat of counterfeiting, especially that posed by increasingly affordable and capable color scanning and printing systems. This article discusses the Federal Reserve's strategy for issuing newly designed $100 notes and says that it appears likely to achieve its objectives: a replacement of pre-series-1996 $100 notes that is timely in relation to the developing threat of counterfeiting, with a minimum impact on holders and users of those notes throughout the world.
New Information on Lending to Small Businesses and Small Farms: The 1996 CRA Data
Authors: Bostic Raphael W. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

As a consequence of recent revisions to the regulations that implement the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), new information is now publicly available on the geographic distribution of small loans to businesses and farms and on community development lending. Because small businesses and small farms are more likely than larger ones to borrow small amounts, the CRA data on small loans are likely to provide a reasonable measure of the extension of credit to such businesses. Thus, the CRA data provide new opportunities to gauge the flow of credit to communities with differing economic and demographic characteristics. This article presents an initial assessment of the new CRA data on originations and purchases of small business and small farm loans during 1996. The focus of the analysis is on the broad patterns that emerge when the data are reviewed from a national perspective rather than on the lending activities of any individual institution.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: Annual Revision and 1997 Developments
Authors: Raddock Richard D.
Published: December 2020

In December 1997, the Board of Governors published the results of an annual revision of its measures of industrial production and capacity utilization, which cover the nation's manufacturing, mining, and electric and gas utilities industries. The revision entailed primarily the incorporation of new and more comprehensive source data, the most important of which were annual figures on industry real output in 1995 and survey information on industry utilization rates for the fourth quarters of 1995 and 1996. The revised measures show stronger growth of production and capacity and lower rates of capacity utilization since 1992 than did earlier estimates. The revised production indexes and the new source data on utilization rates implied that manufacturing capacity growth was stronger than previously estimated.
Recent Developments in Home Equity Lending
Authors: Canner Glenn B. , Durkin Thomas A. , Luckett Charles A.
Published: December 2020

The equity that has accumulated in homes is one of the largest components of U.S. household wealth. In recent years, many homeowners have borrowed large amounts against that equity, frequently to finance new consumption expenditures or pay down outstanding consumer debt. In view of the growing importance of home equity credit in household finances, the Federal Reserve has for a number of years participated in nationwide surveys of the use of home equity loans. This article presents findings from a 1997 survey and from other sources of information on home equity lending.
Bank Merger Policy and the New CRA Data
Authors: Cyrnak Anthony W.
Published: December 2020

Data now being collected under the Community Reinvestment Act can be used to examine several issues related to analyses of the competitive effects of proposed bank mergers and bank holding company acquisitions. This article looks at two of those issues: whether locally based commercial banks and savings institutions face significant competition in small business lending from institutions based outside local banking markets, and whether measured levels of market concentration differ significantly when calculated on the basis of small business loan originations rather than bank deposits, as has traditionally been done.
The Role of Specialized Lenders in Extending Mortgages to Lower-Income and Minority Homebuyers
Authors: Canner Glenn B. , Passmore Wayne , Laderman Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Home-purchase lending to lower-income and minority households and neighborhoods has expanded significantly and at a faster rate than lending to other borrowers in recent years. Over the same period, however, an increasing proportion of applicants for conventional home-purchase mortgages, including lower-income and minority applicants, have had their applications denied. The first trend often has been taken as evidence that lenders' efforts to expand credit availability have been successful, whereas the second trend has contributed to concerns about access to credit and the fairness of the lending process. An important but little-recognized force behind the shift of credit toward lower-income and minority borrowers has been a rapid expansion of activity by subprime and manufactured-home lenders, lenders who are oriented toward lower-income and minority households. Using data collected under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) from 1993 to 1998, this article finds that part of the growth in mortgage lending and most of the increase in denial rates are associated with the substantial and growing share of mortgage activity of institutions that specialize in subprime and manufactured-home lending.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 1998
Authors: Bomfim Antulio N. , Nelson William R.
Published: December 2020

The performance of the U.S. commercial banking industry remained strong in 1998, but slipped a bit from the remarkable results of recent years. Both the return on assets and the return on equity edged down last year, although they remained high by historical standards. While supported by growth in fee income, profitability was damped by a large decline in the rates banks earned on their interest-bearing assets relative to the rates they paid on their liabilities, and also by higher noninterest costs, especially merger and restructuring expenses. Profitability was uneven last year across bank sizes: Whereas the largest and the smallest banks posted lower earnings, the profits of medium-sized banks--which account for almost two-thirds of industry assets--improved once again in 1998. Nevertheless, though these figures attest to the profitability of most banks, the share of bank assets at unprofitable institutions increased 2 percentage points, to 2.6 percent, the highest since 1994.
International Activities of U.S. Banks and in U.S. Banking Markets
Authors: Houpt James V.
Published: December 2020

The international activity of U.S. banks has grown relatively rapidly during the 1990s, as both the trading and derivatives activities of their foreign offices and their cross-border lending have increased. The growth has taken place mainly in relation to the Group of Ten and other industrial countries. Foreign bank activity in U.S. markets has also grown, but at a slightly slower pace than U.S. banking overall, resulting in a small decline in the foreign bank share of domestic commercial bank assets. The role of Japanese banks has declined sharply, and the role of European banks has expanded.
Mutual Funds and the U.S. Equity Market
Authors: Engen Eric M. , Lehnert Andreas
Published: December 2020

Mutual funds have become an important intermediary between households and financial markets, especially the equity market. About half of all households have a mutual fund account, and mutual funds hold about one-fifth of household financial assets. Because households have favored equity investments in their mutual fund accounts, mutual funds currently hold about one-fifth of all publicly traded U.S. equities. In addition to discussing the recent growth of mutual funds and their role in household finances, this article analyzes the relationship between households' investment decisions in equity mutual funds and equity market prices.
The Effects of Recent Mortgage Refinancing
Authors: Brady Peter J. , Canner Glenn B. , Maki Dean M.
Published: December 2020

Rising home prices and generally falling interest rates in recent years, together with a desire to convert the accumulated equity in their homes into spendable funds, have prompted many homeowners to refinance their mortgages. In the spring of 1999, the Federal Reserve surveyed consumers to determine the extent of refinancing, the extent to which refinancing homeowners "cashed-out" some of their equity when they refinanced, how much equity they took out, and how they spent the funds. Survey results suggest that cash-out refinancings in 1998 and early 1999 likely boosted consumption spending a bit, may have had a larger effect on home improvement spending, and may have moderated the growth of consumer credit during that period.
The Economic Performance of Small Banks, 1985-2000
Authors: Bassett William F. , Brady Thomas F.
Published: December 2020

Several trends in the financial industry over the past decade and a half have potentially threatened the competitiveness of small banks. Among these developments are the numerous mergers that increased the size and scope of large banks and the increased competition from mutual funds and other nonbank financial institutions. This article examines the economic performance of small banks during the 1985-2000 period by focusing on their ability to attract and profitably intermediate insured and uninsured deposits. It finds that the expansion of deposits and assets at small banks, when adjusted to account for the effects of mergers on measured growth, has consistently exceeded the growth at large banks. Moreover, the profitability of small banks has remained high over the period. These indications of strength among small banks as a whole also hold true for subgroups within the small bank sector. Aside from their success in attracting deposits, the key reasons for the generally good performance of small banks in recent years appear to be their ability to earn relatively high rates of return on their loans and an increase in the share of their portfolios devoted to loans.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2000
Authors: Bassett William F. , Zakrajšek Egon
Published: December 2020

The profitability of the U.S. commercial banking industry remained robust in 2000, but returns on equity and on commercial bank assets fell back somewhat from the peak reached in 1999. The falloff reflected a continuation of the decline in net interest margin that dates from the extraordinarily high levels of the early 1990s, a significant increase in loan-loss provisions, and a notable slowing in noninterest income growth. The expansion of bank balance sheets was much stronger in 2000 than in the preceding year, as growth of both loans and securities accelerated. The pickup in loan growth resulted mainly from a marked decline in securitizations, which boosted the growth of consumer loans in bank portfolios, and from business and real estate lending. The faster growth of securities was due to a surge in trading accounts, as runoffs of U.S. Treasury securities damped the growth of investment accounts.
The U.S. Flow of Funds Accounts and Their Uses
Authors: Teplin Albert M.
Published: December 2020

The U.S. flow of funds accounts compiled by the Board of Governors provide a broadly consistent set of time-series data for tracking funds as they move from economic sectors that serve as sources of capital to sectors that use the capital to acquire physical and financial assets. They present a wide range of data organized by financial instrument and by sector. With statistics extending back more than a half a century, the accounts document financial developments, provide means for studying macroeconomic behavior, and are used for policy purposes. This article briefly describes the accounts and shows how the data can be used to interpret major financial trends among households and nonfinancial corporate businesses.
Opportunities and Challenges of the U.S. Dollar as an Increasingly Global Currency: A Federal Reserve Perspective
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Stanton Kristin D.
Published: December 2020

The rapid growth of demand for U.S. currency over the past two decades, especially the proportion estimated to be held abroad, has posed challenges for the Federal Reserve in meeting its congressionally mandated responsibilities for currency availability and distribution. Those challenges lie in making certain that the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) prints adequate amounts of currency; that overseas distribution channels have sufficient capacity to distribute U.S. currency when and where it is needed; and that the integrity of U.S. currency is maintained by monitoring counterfeiting activity. In the process of meeting these challenges, the Federal Reserve has improved its methods of forecasting demand for U.S. currency, expanded currency distribution channels, and worked with the BEP and the U.S. Secret Service to protect against counterfeiting threats. This article gives an overview of the evolution of the Federal Reserve's responsibilities for U.S. currency, particularly in relation to the increase in foreign demand over the past two decades, and also discusses work on counterfeit deterrence.
Financial Literacy: An Overview of Practice, Research, and Policy
Authors: Braunstein Sandra , Welch Carolyn
Published: December 2020

Attention to financial literacy has grown in recent years, in large part because technological, market, and legislative changes have resulted in a more complex financial services industry that requires consumers to be more actively involved in managing their finances. Consumer and community interest groups, banking companies, government agencies, and policymakers, among others, have become concerned that many consumers lack a working knowledge of financial concepts and the tools they need to make decisions most advantageous to their economic well-being. As a result, considerable resources have been devoted to financial literacy, with a wide range of organizations providing training, including banks, consumer and community groups, employers, and government agencies. Overall, studies suggest that financial literacy training can lead to better decisionmaking; however, the findings raise numerous questions about the best means of providing that training, the most appropriate setting, and the most opportune timing. Findings from recent research on personal money management styles, combined with awareness of human behavioral traits, offer insights that may be useful in developing successful training programs and strategies.
Consumers and Credit Disclosures: Credit Cards and Credit Insurance
Authors: Durkin Thomas A.
Published: December 2020

Under the Truth in Lending Act, the Federal Reserve has the responsibility for writing the implementing rules, which it has carried out with its Regulation Z. Because this law is so critical for federal consumer protection policy in the credit area and because it imposes significant compliance costs on creditors, questions have been raised about consumers' use of the protections inherent in Truth in Lending. Even though measurement of the precise effect of particular disclosure requirements on credit-use behavior or competition is problematic, one can study consumers' reports of their views about marketplace information conditions and their uses of required disclosures. To this end, the Federal Reserve Board and others have periodically sponsored and analyzed consumer surveys on disclosure matters since 1969, when the original act was implemented. In this article, the results of two surveys undertaken in 2001 of consumers' opinions about information availability are examined in the context of the earlier survey findings. The new data focus on consumers who use two, sometimes controversial, financial products--credit cards and credit insurance.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2001
Authors: Bassett William F. , Carlson Mark A.
Published: December 2020

Despite the economic slowdown, the profitability of the U.S. commercial banking industry remained high in 2001. Although the weak economy contributed to a sharp rise in provisions for loan and lease losses, those losses were offset in large part by an advance in realized gains on investment account securities as banks&#x27; portfolios benefited from declining short- and intermediate-term market interest rates. Profits were also supported by reductions in noninterest expense, as large merger-related charges in 2000 were not repeated last year. Lower short-term interest rates also spurred a rapid increase in core deposits, which provided banks with plentiful, low-interest-rate funding. The expansion of bank balance sheets was slower in 2001 than in the preceding year, as weaker economic activity held down growth in loans to businesses. Loans to households advanced relatively rapidly, though at a somewhat slower pace than in 2000. An increase in the share of banks&#x27; portfolios consisting of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies, which have lower risk weights than loans, together with continued strong earnings, contributed to an increase in risk-based capital ratios.
Proposed Revision to the Federal Reserve's Discount Window Lending Programs
Authors: Madigan Brian , Nelson William R.
Published: December 2020

The Board of Governors' Regulation A currently authorizes the Federal Reserve Banks to operate three main discount window programs: adjustment credit, extended credit, and seasonal credit. On May 17, 2002, the Board published for public comment a proposed amendment to Regulation A that would establish two new discount window programs called primary credit and secondary credit as replacements for adjustment and extended credit. Primary credit would be available for very short terms, ordinarily overnight, to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. Secondary credit would be available, subject to Reserve Bank approval and monitoring, for depository institutions that did not qualify for primary credit. The interest rate on primary credit would usually be above short-term market interest rates, including the federal funds rate, as opposed to the current situation in which the discount rate (the interest rate for adjustment credit) is typically below money market interest rates. Because of the above-market rate, the restrictions currently employed to limit access to adjustment credit will be unnecessary for primary credit. The primary credit program would be broadly similar to mechanisms adopted by many other major central banks to provide credit at the margin at an above-market rate.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2003 Annual Revision
Authors: Bayard Kimberly , Morin Norman J.
Published: December 2020

In late 2003, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve issued revisions to its measures of industrial, capacity, and capacity utilization for the period from January 1972 to September 2003. The changes are generally small and principally affect data from 2000 to the present. Measured from fourth quarter to fourth quarter, industrial output is now reported to have increased at a slower rate in 2000 and to have contracted a bit more slowly in 2001 than reported earlier. The changes to total industrial production in other years are slight. The revision still places the most recent peak in total IP in June 2000 and the corresponding trough in December 2001. The 6-1/4 percent peak-to-trough decline in output is about 1/2 percentage point less than the previous estimate. After the trough, the total index showed gains in the first half of 2002, only to trend down again until mid-2003 and then to head up. The revised measures of overall capacity are only minimally different from earlier estimates. Capacity expanded rapidly during the second half of the 1990s and slowed considerably since then. The rate of industrial capacity utilization (the ratio of production to capacity) remained at a low level in the third quarter of 2003--the last full quarter of data--and was unchanged by the revision. At 74.6 percent, the operating rate is 4 percentage points below the trough of the 1990-91 recession and 6.7 percentage points below its 1972-2002 average.
Summary of Papers Presented at the Second Conference of the International Research Forum on Monetary Policy
Authors: Forte Gregg
Published: December 2020

Research Forum on Monetary Policy held its second conference on November 14 and 15, 2003. The organization is sponsored by the European Central Bank, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Center for German and European Studies, and the Center for Financial Studies. It was formed to encourage research on monetary policy issues that are relevant from a global perspective, and it organizes conferences that are held alternately in the euro area and the United States. The 2003 conference, held in Washington, D.C., featured ten papers. Among the topics examined were the Great Inflation of the 1970s in the United States and the influence of learning, or adjustment of expectations, on policy outcomes; the tradeoffs between rules-based and discretionary monetary policy; the 1999 formation of the European Economic and Monetary Union and whether it altered the degree of economic integration between the United States and the euro area; the potential benefits of greater competition in the euro area; and optimal monetary policy in an international setting.