bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causality and the Cohesion-performance Relationship
Authors: Landers Daniel M. , Wilkinson Michael O. , Hatfield Brad D. , Barber Heather
Published: August 2016

The causal predominance of performance affecting later cohesiveness that has been shown in previous studies was examined by means of a series of statistical analyses designed to assess influence in a longitudinal panel design. Male students (N = 44) participating in a basketball league were administered cohesiveness and participation motivation scales at early, mid, and late season. In contrast to previous findings, the cross-lagged correlations showed that performance and cohesion were significantly related to each other with no causal predominance of one over the other. With the exception of the friendship measure, the cross-lagged correlations were no longer significant when earlier measures of the effect variable were controlled through partial correlation and path analysis techniques. In contrast to previous research, midseason cohesion, as measured by friendship, was a significant (p < .04) predictor of late season performance. The importance of interpersonal attraction in the recruitment and maintenance of intramural team members is discussed along with the necessity for determining, in future studies, the reliability of cohesiveness measures.
The Effects of Two Stress Management Training Programs on Cardiorespiratory Efficiency
Authors: Ziegler Susan G. , Klinzing James , Williamson Kirk
Published: August 2016

The effects of two stress management programs on the cardiorespiratory efficiency of eight male cross-country runners were investigated. Oxygen consumption and heart rate data were monitored on a maximal oxygen consumption tradmill run. A week later each subject completed a 20-min submaximal run (at a constant workload approximating 50% of each subject's maximal oxygen consumption run). Based on these scores, subjects were divided into three groups: control, stress innoculation training, and stress management training. Subjects in both training groups completed a mental training program including EMG relaxation training, cognitive coping strategies, and one type of imagery training. Results of the 20-min post submaximal run indicated significant differences in cardiorespiratory efficiency between both training groups and the control group. No differences emerged between the training groups.
Self-concept Changes in Women as a Result of Training
Authors: Brown Elizabeth Y. , Morrow James R. , Livingston Stephen M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to determine if completion of a 14-week conditioning course affected the physical and total self-concepts of college-age women. Analysis of variance was used to contrast experimental and control groups of 50 subjects each on selected subscales of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Results indicated that the women showed significant differences in self-concept upon completion of the conditioning program; however, effects were not generalizable to all dimensions of self-concept. Implications are that training programs may be beneficial in their impact on selected aspects of the self-concept of women as well as the physiological parameters typically affected by conditioning programs. Self-concept profiles are developed for those women who entered the program as well as for those who completed the program.
Self-efficacy as a Predictor of Performance in Competitive Gymnastics
Authors: Lee Christina
Published: August 2016

The prediction of sporting performance is clearly important to athletes and coaches. It has been suggested (Bandura, 1977) that one's expectations are more important predictors of behavior than is previous behavior. Evidence to support this covers a number of tasks, including physical strength and sporting activities. The present study, involving 14 girl gymnasts, examines the accuracy of athletes' expectations, their coach's expectations, and their previous competition scores as predictors of competition performance. Athletes' expectations are found to be more accurate estimates than are previous scores, while coach's expectations are more accurate still. A person's expectations seem to be important variables even in sports requiring a high degree of physical skill, and this finding has important implications for sport psychology.
The Perceived Legitimacy of Rule Violating Behavior in Sport
Authors: Silva John M.
Published: August 2016

Some sport scientists have suggested that various rule violating behaviors (including aggressive player behavior) are normative behaviors perceived to be “legitimate violations” by participants (e.g., Silva, 1981; Vaz, 1979). In an attempt to determine if sport socialization influences the degree of perceived legitimacy of rule violating sport behavior, 203 male and female athletes and nonathletes were shown a series of eight slides. Seven of these slides clearly depicted rule violating behavior. The subjects rated the unacceptability-acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide on a scale of 1 to 4 (totally unacceptable-totally acceptable). Subjects were categorized according to: (a) gender, (b) amount of physical contact, (c) highest level of organized sport participation, and (d) years of participation. Regression and polynomial regressions indicated that male respondents rated rule violating behavior significantly more acceptable than females. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes rule violating behavior. This perceived legitimacy was considerably more pronounced for males than for females at all levels of analysis.
A Multidimensional Group Cohesion Instrument for Intercollegiate Basketball Teams
Authors: Yukelson David , Weinberg Robert , Jackson Allen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable group cohesion instrument that measures both task-related and social-related forces that are presumed to exist in interacting sport groups. Male and female intercollegiate basketball players (N = 196) completed a 41-item sport cohesion instrument. Results from two different factor analytical techniques revealed four robust common factors which accounted for greater than 80% of the variance of the total common factor structure. The four derived common factors were labeled Attraction to the Group, Unity of Purpose, Quality of Teamwork, and Valued Roles. In addition, the internal consistency of the adjusted 22-item sport cohesion instrument was found to be high, yielding a .93 alpha reliability coefficient. The findings suggest that group cohesion in intercollegiate basketball teams is multidimensional in nature, consisting of common goals, valued roles, teamwork that is complimentary to the goals the group is striving to achieve, and feelings of satisfaction and/or identification with group membership.
On the Causal Effects of Perceived Competence on Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Authors: Vallerand Robert J. , Reid Greg
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the psychological processes proposed by cognitive evaluation theory (Deci & Ryan, 1980) when the informational aspect of the situation is salient. More specifically, it was the purpose of this study to determine whether the effects of verbal feedback on intrinsic motivation are mediated by perceived competence. Male undergraduate students (N = 115) participated in a first phase wherein their intrinsic motivation and perceived competence toward an interesting motor task, the stabilometer, was assessed. Subjects (N = 84) who reported at least a moderate level of intrinsic motivation toward the task returned for the second phase of the study in which they were subjected to conditions of either positive, negative, or no verbal feedback of performance. Intrinsic motivation and perceived competence were again assessed. One-way analyses of variance with dependent variables, intrinsic motivation and perceived competence change scores from the first to the second phase, showed that positive feedback increased while negative feedback decreased both intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Results of a path analysis conducted with verbal feedback, perceived competence, and intrinsic
Experiencing Exercise Withdrawal: Possible Consequences of Therapeutic and Mastery Running
Authors: Robbins James M. , Joseph Paul
Published: August 2016

The types and frequency of sensations experienced by runners when required to miss a run or series of runs was studied. Most of 345 runners of various weekly mileage levels reported some kind of distress; irritability, restlessness, frustration, guilt, and depression were reported most often. Sleeping problems, digestive difficulties, and muscle tension and soreness were reported less frequently. Three causes of exercise withdrawal were proposed: (a) a misinterpretation of the return of dysphoria that had been temporarily masked by the effects of running; (b) an inability to cope with stress in periods when the coping mechanism of running is temporarily unavailable; and (c) the loss of regular, predictable reinforcement of feelings of self-fulfillment gained through success or achievement in previously unimagined and unattainable ways. Results, based on cross-sectional data, were consistent with these hypotheses but do not rule out alternative explanations. The reciprocal nature of number of miles run in an average week and exercise deprivation sensations was also studied. Results indicated that runners tended to run longer in order to avoid the negative sensations that would come from not running, but that an escalation in mileage did not necessarily result in more frequent experiences of distress when not able to run.
Factors Underlying Enjoyment of Youth Sports: Sport and Age Group Comparisons
Authors: Wankel Leonard M. , Kreisel Philip S.J.
Published: August 2016

A 10-item Thurstonian paired comparison inventory pertaining to factors underlying sport enjoyment was administered to 822 youth sport participants. The sample included participants at four age levels (7-8, 9-10, 11-12, and 13-14 years) from the three sports, soccer (n = 330), baseball (n = 176), and hockey (n = 343). Considerable consistency was found across both sport and age levels in the relative importance of the different enjoyment factors. Factors that were interpreted as being intrinsic to the sport activity (excitement of the sport, personal accomplishment, improving one's skills, testing skills against others, and just doing the skills) were consistently rated as being most important, whereas more extrinsic or outcome-related factors (pleasing others, winning rewards, winning the game) were consistently rated least important of the 10 factors. The social items “being on a team” and “being with friends” were consistently of intermediate importance. The results are interpreted in terms of contemporary views of intrinsic motivation, and suggestions are offered both for future research and for youth sport practice.
The 1984 Olympics and Sport Psychology
Authors: Suinn Richard M.
Published: August 2016

This article is a brief historical description of events involving the activities in sport psychology associated with the 1984 Olympics. For the first time, systematic services in sport psychology were provided to Winter and Summer Olympic teams, and such services are described. Some illustrations of the athletes' response to these services are also provided. Finally, the article summarizes the opinions of the professionals who provided such services, in terms of recommendations for the future development of sport psychology.
Locus of Control, Attitudes Toward Physical Activity, and Exercise Adherence
Authors: McCready Marina L. , Long Bonita C.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between exercise adherence and the combined effects of locus of control and attitudes toward physical activity. The primary instruments used were the Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales (Levenson, 1974); the Exercise Objectives Locus of Control Scales (developed by the first author); and the Revised Children's Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Inventory (Schutz, Smell, & Wood, 1981a). The subjects were 61 females, ages 15-57 (M = 28), voluntarily participating in 8- to 12-week aerobic fitness programs. Findings indicated only a weak relationship between adherence and the combination of locus of control and attitudes. Results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that two attitude measures were the best predictors of exercise adherence. In general, those subjects who at the outset of the programs had a less positive attitude toward participating in physical activity for continuing social relations and a more positive attitude toward participating in order to reduce stress and tension tended to have a higher percent attendance.
Perceived Exertion: An Active or Passive Process?
Authors: Rejeski W. Jack
Published: August 2016

Subjective estimates of physical work intensity are considered of major importance to those concerned with prescription of exercise. This article reviews major theoretical models which might guide research on the antecedents for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). It is argued that an active rather than passive view of perception is warranted in future research, and a parallel-processing model is emphasized as providing the needed structure for such reconceptualization. Moreover, existing exercise research is reviewed as support for this latter approach and several suggestions are offered with regard to needed empirical study.
The Mediational Mole of Social Influence in the Perception of Exertion
Authors: Hardy Charles J. , Hall Evelyn G. , Prestholdt Perry H.
Published: August 2016

Two experiments are reported that investigate the mediational role of social influence in the self-perception of exertion. In Experiment 1, subjects performed three 15-min trials on a cycle ergometer at 25%, 50%, and 75% VO2max, both in the presence of another performer (a coactor) and alone. The results indicated that subjects reported lower RPEs when performing with another, particularly at the moderate (50%) intensity. In Experiment 2, subjects performed one 15-min trial at 50% of VO2max, both alone and in the presence of another performer (coactor) exhibiting nonverbal "cues" that the work was either extremely easy or extremely difficult. The results indicated that subjects exposed to the low-intensity cue information reported lower RPEs than when performing alone. Mo significant differences were noted for those subjects exposed to the high-intensity cue information. These findings are discussed in terms of a self-presentational analysis. That such effects were evidenced without physiological responses (VO2, VE, HR) accompanying them supports the notion that psychological variables can play a significant role in the self-perception of exertion. These results, however, are limited to untrained individuals exercising at moderate intensities.
Sensation Seeking and Participation in Sporting Activities
Authors: Rowland Guy L. , Franken Robert E. , Harrison Kimberley
Published: August 2016

A life-span inventory of sports participation and Zuckerman's (1979) Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V, were administered to 97 male and 104 female undergraduate students. The results indicated that, over time, high sensation seekers tend to become involved in more sports than do low sensation seekers, but low sensation seekers tend to remain involved with each sport for longer periods of time than do high sensation seekers. Gender and sensation seeking were found to interact in the choice of sporting activities. Low but generally positive correlations were observed between sensation seeking and participation in risky sports. These data suggest that both the need for new experiences and an attraction to high risk characterize the high sensation seeker 's participation in sporting activities.
Gender Differences in Managerial Aspirations and Potential among Physical Education and Non-Physical Education Students
Authors: Steel Beth , Chelladurai P. , Brown Barbara A.
Published: August 2016

Gender differences in managerial aspirations and managerial potential have been advanced as possible explanations for the structuring of organizations along gender lines, with women concentrated in lower level jobs and under-represented in managerial positions. These hypothesized gender differences were examined in a sample of male and female physical education and non-physical education students. Analysis of variance results showed that the effects of gender, faculty, or their interaction on managerial aspirations were not significant. The main effects of aspiration level, faculty, and gender on the set of managerial potential variables were significant. Aspirants scored higher than nonaspirants on self-assurance, decisiveness, and need for dominance. Non-physical education students scored higher on need for dominance than did physical education students. Males were higher in need for autonomy and need for dominance, while females were higher in decisiveness.
Toward a Developmental Theory of Children's Motivation in Sport
Authors: Duda Joan L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to review Nicholls' developmentally based theory of achievement motivation and apply this perspective to children's sport. Five areas of research are reviewed that support the relevance of Nicholls' theory to the sport domain. Based on Nicholls' framework, several considerations are presented for future research on the development of achievement motivation in sport.
Temporal Changes in Psychological and Physiological Components of State Anxiety
Authors: Karteroliotis Constantine , Gill Diane L.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationships of cognitive worry, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence—all components of the CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2)—to each other, to physiological measures, and to motor performance prior to, during, and after competition. In addition, the prediction that only somatic anxiety increases prior to competition was examined. Forty-one undergraduate males competed in a motor task while the experimenter monitored heart rate and blood pressure responses. Each subject competed against a confederate for 10 experimental trials and completed the CSAI-2 prior to, during, and after the competition. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of the state anxiety construct and provided evidence for the independence of cognitive worry and somatic anxiety. However, both dimensions followed similar temporal patterns prior to and during competition. Finally, the results confirmed the nonsignificant relationship between psychological and physiological measures of anxiety.
Soft Tissue Healing and its Impact on Rehabilitation
Authors: Houglum Peggy A.
Published: August 2016

When soft tissue is injured, it must follow a complex healing process. The sports medicine specialist delivering care to an injured athlete should have an appreciation and understanding of the phases and timing of the healing process so that appropriate, efficient, and effective rehabilitation program may be established. This paper presents an overview of the chemical and cellular activity involved in soft tissue healing, with emphasis on those aspects that can be affected by a rehabilitation program. Outside factors commonly used in sports injury care and how they may influence tissue healing are addressed. Guidelines are presented for establishing a sports rehabilitation program based on the physiological effects of the healing process. Various aspects of a rehabilitation program must be carefully coordinated with the timing of tissue healing and designed in a logical sequence to permit successful rehabilitation of the injured athlete in an optimal and efficient manner.
The Use of Behavioral and Cognitive Techniques to Facilitate Achievement of Rehabilitation Goals
Authors: Worrell Teddy W.
Published: August 2016

Noncompliance to rehabilitation programs presents a significant challenge to clinicians. Noncompliant athletes are at greater risk for re-injury and slower return to activity. There is a paucity of information concerning compliance to sports rehabilitation. This paper advocates the use of behavioral and cognitive techniques to facilitate achievement of rehabilitation goals. Behavioral techniques involve the use of specific short-term functional goals to achieve the long-term goal of return to activity. Cognitive techniques involve the relationship between thoughts and action, that is, if athletes are thinking negatively, they are less compliant to rehabilitation programs. Specific examples of both techniques are presented to the clinician that are proposed to increase rehabilitation goal attainment.
Validity of Isokinetic and Isometric Testing modalities for Assessing Short-term Resistance Exercise Strength Gains
Authors: Fry Andrew C. , Powell Dawn R. , Kraemer William J.
Published: August 2016

Although it is generally accepted that human performance must be assessed in a manner specific to the training, previous studies have violated this principle. In order to determine the validity of evaluating short-term resistance training programs with isometric and isokinetic measures, 23 recreationally active males participated in an 8-week training program. Subjects were randomly divided into barbell squat, hip sled, leg extension, and control groups. Pre- and posttesting of quadriceps strength was performed with a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Six angle-specific torques (N.m) were determined at 0 rad-s-1 and 1.05 rad-s-1. Ten RM training loads increased significantly for all groups that trained. Isometric torque values differed significantly from isokinetic torque values at 30, 60, 75, and 90° of leg flexion for all groups. No significant torque increases from pre- to posttest were observed for any group at any limb angle for either isometric or isokinetic testing, or for isokinetic peak torque. This indicates that strength increases during short-term dynamic external resistance exercise are not adequately assessed with either isometric or isokinetic evaluations.
A Model Alcohol and Other Drug Peer Education Program for Student Athletes
Authors: Grossman Susan J. , Gieck Joe
Published: August 2016

A new model for substance abuse prevention for athletic teams is described. This model employs the concept of peer education but has each team elect members they regard as leaders to become the peer educators. These student athletes are then trained to work as internal resources for their respective teams. Their roles include serving as resources for teammates who may already suffer from AOD problems. An equally important role is as a prevention specialist in helping to arrange presentations on issues that are pertinent to a particular team. In order for this model to run effectively, certain elements must be built in from the outset. These include ongoing support from the athletic director, an AOD prevention professional to administer the program who is not directly connected to the athletic department, and anonymity and confidentiality for the athletes recruited as peer educators.
Bilateral Strength Comparisons among Injured and Noninjured Competitive Flatwater Kayakers
Authors: Lovell Geoff , Lauder Mike
Published: August 2016

Context:

Anecdotal evidence suggests a relationship between strength imbalances and injury incidence.

Objective:

To examine the relationship between bilateral strength imbalance and incidence of injury.

Participants and Design:

Thirty national- or international-standard flatwater kayakers were classified as noninjured, trunk injured, or upper-limb injured based on the number of days lost from training over the last 6 months. Bilateral strength imbalance was measured using a kayak ergometer, producing data for peak force and force impulse for each side of each stroke. Bilateral strength imbalance was then compared between the noninjured, trunk-injured, and upper-limb-injured groups by means of 2 one-way ANOVAs. No participants reported training days lost through lower-limb injury.

Results:

A significantly elevated bilateral peak-force strength imbalance was observed between the upper-limb-injured and the noninjured groups.

Conclusion:

These data support the existence of a relationship between strength imbalance and incidence of injury.
The Immediate Effects of Lidocaine Iontophoresis on Trigger-Point Pain
Authors: Evans Todd A. , Kunkle Jennifer R. , Zinz Krista M. , Walter Jessica L. , Denegar Craig R.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of lidocaine iontophoresis on myofascial trigger-point pain.

Setting:

University athletic training facility.

Design:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures.

Subjects:

Twenty-three subjects with sensitive trigger points over the trapezius.

Intervention:

Placebo iontophoresis treatment without current or lidocaine, control treatment using distilled water and normal current dose, medicated treatment using 1% lidocaine and normal current dose.

Main Outcome Measure:

Trigger-point pressure threshold assessed with an algometer.

Results:

ANOVA revealed a significant difference among treatments (F2,40= 7.38,P< .01). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference in pressure threshold between the lidocaine treatment and the control (P= .01) and placebo (P= .001) treatments. Effect sizes of .28 and .39, respectively, were found for these comparisons.

Conclusions:

Although the data revealed significant differences between treatments, the small effect sizes and magnitude of the pressure-sensitivity deviation scores suggest that iontophoresis with 1% lidocaine is ineffective in treating trigger points.
Acute Effect of 2 Topical Counterirritant Creams on Pain Induced by Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Authors: Hill Janeen M. , Sumida Ken D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The effectiveness of topical counterirritants in relieving pain remains unproven.

Objective:

To examine the effectiveness of 2 topical counterirritant creams in reducing DOMS.

Design:

Subjects performed eccentric contractions of the non-dominant elbow-flexor muscles. 48 hours later they were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 18 per group): placebo cream, capsaicin cream, or menthol/methyl salicylate cream.

Measures:

Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before the exercise, 48 hours afterward, and 15 minutes after the cream was removed.

Results:

All groups demonstrated a significant (P < .05) elevation in their VAS scores 48 hours after the eccentric exercise, 0.12 ± 0.04 vs 2.79 ± 0.22. Only the subjects in the menthol/methyl salicylate group indicated a significant (P < .05) reduction in the perception of pain after treatment; their VAS declined to 1.22 ± 0.25.

Conclusions:

A single application of the menthol/methyl salicylate cream is effective in relieving DOMS.
Test–Retest Reliability of Lower Extremity Functional Tests after a Closed Kinetic Chain Isokinetic Testing Bout
Authors: Manske Robert C. , Smith Barbara , Wyatt Frank
Published: August 2016

Context:

Athletes are often examined for return to sports using a functional-testing algorithm. No research has determined whether a closed kinetic chain (CKC) isokinetic testing bout influences the reliability of functional tests.

Objective:

To determine whether a concentric CKC isokinetic test bout alters test–retest reliability of lower extremity functional testing.

Design:

Subjects participated in velocity-spectrum CKC isokinetic bouts on 2 days 1 week apart.

Setting:

Hospital-based clinic.

Participants:

28 normal subjects (mean age 26.7 years, height 27.2 cm, weight 75.8 kg).

Analysis and Results:

Means and SDs were determined. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate test–retest reliability and between days 1 and 2 ranged from .91 to .98.

Conclusions:

Even after a CKC isokinetic test bout, test–retest reliability of functional tests is very high. Future research should determine test–retest reliability of functional tests for patients with lower extremity pathology.
Rehabilitation for Functional Ankle Instability
Authors: Madras Diane , Barr J. Bradley
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The article presents a focused review of the literature surrounding training methods for addressing the proprioceptive loss and subsequent balance problems that result from inversion ankle sprains.

Data Sources:

The authors searched the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for the period 1985 through December 2001 using the key wordsankle, ankle sprain,andrehabilitation.

Study Selection:

Any study investigating a rehabilitation or prevention program for the proprioceptive or balance aspects of ankle instability was included.

Data Synthesis:

Key components of the training regimen used in each study are described, and major findings are summarized.

Conclusions:

Based on the literature reviewed, there is evidence to suggest that training programs for individuals with ankle instability that include ankle-disk or wobble-board activities help improve single-leg-stance balance and might decrease the likelihood of future sprains.
Hot Gel Packs and Reduction of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness 30 Minutes after Treatment
Authors: Sumida Ken D. , Greenberg Marcia B. , Hill Janeen M.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The effectiveness of thermal modalities on pain relief should be short lived.

Objective:

To examine the effectiveness of hot and cold gel packs in reducing de-layed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 30 min after treatment.

Design:

Participants performed eccentric contractions of the nondominant elbow flexors, returned 48 hr later, and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 17–18 per group): a 20-min application of a hot, cold, or room-temperature gel pack or no treatment.

Measures:

Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and 48 hr after exercise and 30 min after the treatment.

Results:

All groups demonstrated a significant (P < .05) elevation in their VAS 48 hr after the exercise, 0.10 ± 0.04 cm (initial) vs. 3.27 ± 0.24 cm (48 hr later). Only the hot-pack treatment group indicated a significant (P < .05) reduction in pain: 1.66 ± 0.30 cm (after treatment).

Conclusion:

Superficial heat can attenuate DOMS 30 min after treatment.
Use of Mental Imagery to Limit Strength Loss after Immobilization
Authors: Newsom Johanna , Knight Peter , Balnave Ronald
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To assess whether mental imagery of gripping prevents the loss of grip strength associated with forearm immobilization.

Design:

Pretest–posttest randomized-group design.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

13 female and 5 male university students, age between 17 and 30 years, randomly assigned into 2 groups—1 control and 1 experimental.

Interventions:

Both groups had their nondominant forearms immobilized for 10 days. The experimental group undertook three 5-min mental-imagery sessions daily, during which they imagined they were squeezing a rubber ball.

Main Outcome Measures:

Wrist-flexion and -extension and grip strength before and after immobilization.

Results:

There was no significant change in wrist-flexion or -extension strength in the mental-imagery group. The control group experienced a significant decrease in wrist-flexion and -extension strength during the period of immobilization (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Despite study limitations, the results suggest that mental imagery might be useful in preventing the strength loss associated with short-term muscle immobilization
Functional Neuromuscular Rehabilitation of Posterior Shoulder Dislocation in a High School Baseball Player
Authors: Logerstedt David
Published: August 2016

Posterior glenohumeral dislocations are rare, comprising only 4 percent of all shoulder dislocations. While early and accurate diagnosis of a posterior dislocation increases the likelihood of success with non-operative management, traditional rehabilitation may not adequately address the sensorimotor deficits that are evident following dislocation. Restoration of the sensorimotor system is critical to successfully return a throwing athlete safely to sports. The use of functional neuromuscular rehabilitation (FNR) attempts to address deficits in the compromised sensorimotor system. With a good understanding of the specific demands placed on the overhead athlete’s shoulder, knowledge of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints’ biome-chanics, respect for the athlete’s level of symptoms and pain, adherence to soft tissue healing, and application of a rehabilitation program that incorporates FNR, an athlete can successfully return to a high level of competition following an acute posterior glenohumeral dislocation.
Altered Ankle-Muscle Activation during Jump Landing in Participants with Functional Instability of the Ankle Joint
Authors: Caulfield Brian , Crammond Tara , O’Sullivan Angela , Reynolds Susan , Ward Tomas
Published: August 2016

Context:

Identification of motor control deficit associated with Functional Instability (FI) of the ankle joint.

Objective:

T o compare patterns of ankle muscle activation during jump landing in participants with FI and a control group.

Design:

Cross-sectional comparison.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

Twelve participants with FI (6 m, 6 f; age, 26.4 ± 4.6 years) and 10 control subjects (5 m, 5 f; age 24.9 ± 2.5 years).

Main Outcome Measures:

Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity of ankle musculature in the 150-millisecond period immediately prior to and post impact during 2 different jump landing activities.

Results:

Participants with FI demonstrated a significant reduction in pre-impact peroneus longus IEMG activity during both jumping activities compared to controls (P < .05). There were no significant differences between the groups’ soleus or tibialis anterior IEMG activity during the pre- or post-impact periods.

Conclusions:

These results help to further our understanding of changes in control of ankle movement during dynamic activity in participants with FI.
Self-Efficacy, Imagery Use, and Adherence to Rehabilitation by Injured Athletes
Authors: Milne Marcia , Hall Craig , Forwell Lorie
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the factorial validity of the Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (AISEQ) and the predictive relationships among self-efficacy, imagery use, and rehabilitation adherence.

Design and Setting:

Survey administered in an outpatient physiotherapy clinic.

Participants:

270 injured athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

AISEQ, Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire, and an adherence measure.

Results:

A confirmatory factor analysis of the AISEQ revealed a 2-factor model. Athletes were higher in task efficacy than coping efficacy and used more cognitive and motivational imagery than healing imagery. In addition, athletes rated their frequency and duration of exercise performance higher than their quality of exercise performance. Cognitive imagery significantly predicted task efficacy, task efficacy predicted quality of exercise, and coping efficacy predicted frequency of exercise. Both task and coping efficacy were predictors of duration of exercise.

Conclusions:

Results support a 2-factor solution of the AISEQ. In addition, task and coping self-efficacy appear to be key aspects in rehabilitation adherence.
Patterns of Dynamic Malalignment, Muscle Activation, Joint Motion, and Patellofemoral-Pain Syndrome
Authors: Earl Jennifer E. , Hertel Jay , Denegar Craig R.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Dynamic malalignment (DM), abnormal muscle activation, and static malalignments all might lead to patellofemoral pain (PFP) but have not been examined using a multifactorial approach.

Objective:

To determine which measures of static malalignment, DM, and muscle-onset times best predict PFP.

Design and Setting:

Between-subjects, laboratory.

Subjects:

2 groups (PFP and uninjured) of 16 subjects each.

Interventions:

EMG and 3-D kinematic data were recorded during a step-down. Five static-alignment assessments were performed.

Measurements:

Three discriminant analyses using injury as the grouping variable and static measures, joint angles, and EMG onsets as the predictor variables. A final combined discriminant analysis using the most predictive variables from each set.

Results:

The static-alignment discriminant function was most predictive (81.3% correct), followed by the kinematic (69%) and the EMG (67%) functions. The final discriminant function included iliotibial-band flexibility, navicular drop, pronation, knee flexion, hip adduction, gluteus medius, and vastus medialis obliquus onset time and correctly classified 92.3% of PFP subjects.

Conclusions:

PFP can most accurately be predicted when multiple measures of lower extremity function are considered together.
Etiology of Patellar Tendinopathy in Athletes
Authors: Hale Sheri A.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To review the etiology of patellar tendinopathy as it relates to clinical management of chronic patellar-tendon disease in athletes.

Data Sources:

Information was gathered from a MEDLINE search of literature in English using the key wordspatellar tendinitis, patellar tendonitis, patellar tendinosis, patellar tendinopathy,andjumper’s knee.

Study Selection:

All relevant peer-reviewed literature in English was reviewed.

Data Synthesis:

The etiology of patellar tendinopathy is multifactorial, incorporating both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Age, muscle flexibility, training program, and knee-joint dynamics have all been associated with patellar tendinopathy. The roles of gender, body morphology, and patellar mobility in patellar tendinopathy are unclear.

Conclusions:

The pathoetiology of patellar tendinopathy is a complex process that results from both an inflammatory response and degenerative changes. There is a tremendous need for research to improve our understanding of the pathoetiology of patellar tendinopathy and its clinical management.
Hip-Abductor Fatigue, Frontal-Plane Landing Angle, and Excursion during a Drop Jump
Authors: Carcia Christopher , Eggen Jim , Shultz Sandra
Published: August 2016

Context:

The influence of hip-muscle function on knee-joint kinematics during landing has been inadequately investigated.

Objective:

To determine the effect of bilateral hip-abductor fatigue on frontal-plane tibiofemoral landing characteristics and vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) during the landing phase of a drop jump.

Design:

Experimental, pretest–posttest.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

20 recreationally active college-age students.

Intervention:

Isometric bilateral hip-abductor-fatigue protocol.

Main Outcome Measures:

Frontal-plane tibiofemoral landing angle, excursion, and vGRF during landing from a drop jump under prefatigue, postfatigue, and recovery conditions.

Results:

After the fatigue protocol, participants landed in a greater valgus orientation than in the prefatigued state. No differences in frontal-plane excursion or vGRF were noted.

Conclusions:

Isolated bilateral hip-abductor fatigue alters frontal-plane lower extremity orientation during a double-leg landing. Because an increase in valgus orientation has been observed at or near the time of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, we recommend improving hip-abductor muscle performance to lessen the risk of such injuries.
Clinical Measures of Shoulder Mobility in College Water-Polo Players
Authors: Witwer Aaron , Sauers Eric
Published: August 2016

Context:

Overhead stress from both swimming and throwing in water-polo players might lead to alterations in shoulder mobility and subsequent injury.

Objective:

To evaluate clinical measures of shoulder mobility in college water-polo players.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

University athletic training facility.

Patients:

31 Division I water-polo athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

Measures were obtained for both the dominant and nondominant shoulders. Scapular upward rotation was measured using a digital inclinometer, posterior shoulder tightness was assessed by recording horizontal adduction with the scapula stabilized, and passive isolated glenohumeral-joint internal- and external-rotation range of motion were measured using goniometry.

Results:

No significant difference was observed between sides for scapular upward rotation (P= .68), posterior shoulder tightness (P= .25), or internal rotation (P= .41). A significant difference between sides was present for external rotation (P< .0001) and total arc of motion (P= .039).

Conclusions:

The dominant shoulders demonstrated significantly greater external rotation and a significantly greater total arc of motion than the nondominant shoulders did.
Effect of Stretching and Strengthening Shoulder Muscles on Forward Shoulder Posture in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Kluemper Mark , Uhl Tim , Hazelrigg Heath
Published: August 2016

Context:

Imbalanced shoulder muscles might cause poor posture in swimmers, which has been implicated as potential cause of injury.

Objective:

To determine whether a training program can reduce forward shoulder posture.

Design:

Prospective pseudorandomized.

Setting:

College swimming pool.

Participants:

39 competitive swimmers (age 16 ± 2 years) divided into an exercise group (n = 24) and a control group (n = 15).

Intervention:

The experimental group performed a partner-stretching program on the anterior shoulder muscles and a strengthening regimen focusing on the posterior shoulder muscles for 6 weeks. The control group participated in normal swim-training activities.

Main Outcome Measures:

Shoulder posture was measured as the distance from the anterior acromion to a wall using a double-square method.

Results:

The experimental group significantly reduced the distance of the acromion from the wall in a resting posture (–9.6 ± 7.3 mm) as compared with the control group (–2.0 ± 6.9 mm).

Conclusions:

A training routine might reduce the forward shoulder posture present in most competitive swimmers.
Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments
Authors: Roth Aimee E. , Miller Michael G. , Ricard Marc , Ritenour Donna , Chapman Brenda L.
Published: August 2016

Context:

It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.

Objective:

To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.

Design:

Between-groups, repeated-measures design.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory and pool.

Participants:

24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.

Intervention:

Four weeks of balance training.

Main Outcome Measures:

Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.

Results:

A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2 and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2 significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.

Conclusions:

Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.
Recovery of Joint Position Sense in the Shoulder after Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Chang Hsiao-Yun , Chen Chen-Sheng , Wei Shun-Hwa , Huang Chi-Huang
Published: August 2016

Context:

Fatigue of the shoulder rotator muscles may negatively affect joint position sense (JPS) and ultimately lead to injury.

Objective:

Recovery of shoulder JPS after muscle fatigue.

Design:

A repeated-measures study.

Setting:

Musculoskeletal research laboratory.

Patients:

Thirteen subjects participated in joint position error tests and isokinetic concentric strength assessment in shoulder rotation, before and after rotator muscle fatigue.

Interventions:

Local muscle fatigue was induced using isokinetic concentric contractions of the shoulder rotator muscles.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Shoulder rotator strength and JPS error signals were measured before fatigue, immediately after fatigue, and every ten minutes thereafter for one hour.

Results:

Before shoulder rotation muscle fatigue, the accuracy of shoulder JPS was 2.79 ± 1.67 degrees. After muscle fatigue, the accuracy decreased to 6.39 ± 2.90 degrees. Shoulder JPS was influenced up to 40 minutes after muscle fatigue, but shoulder strength was only affected for 10 minutes after muscle fatigue.

Conclusions:

Proprioceptive recovery was slower than strength following fatigue of the shoulder rotators.
Test-Retest Reliability of Three Dynamic Tests Obtained from Active Females Using the Neurocom Balance Master
Authors: Naylor Mary E. , Romani William A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is a growing need for objective measures of proprioception and balance in athletic females.

Objective:

To determine the intertester and intratester reliability of the Neurocom Balance Master (NBM) forward lunge (FL), step up and over (SUO), and step quick turn (SQT) tests on a young, healthy, female population.

Design:

Repeated measures design.

Setting:

University medical laboratory.

Participants:

15 young healthy female volunteers (height 155.1 cm ± 18.5 cm, mass 61.1 kg ± 7.3 kg, age 24.2 years ± 2.9 years).

Measurements:

The average of three trials on the FL, SUO, and SQT taken during each of three testing sessions on the NBM long force plate.

Results:

Inter and intratester reliability for the FL (ICC r = 0.71 to r = 0.93) and SQT (ICC r = 0.70 to r = 0.88) ranged from good to excellent while reliability for the SUO ranged from fair to excellent (ICC r = 0.59 to r = 0.92).

Conclusions:

The three NBM tests are reliable in healthy, young, physically active females.
Scapular Stabilizer Activity during Bodyblade®, Cuff Weights, and Thera-Band® Use
Authors: Lister Jennifer L. , Del Rossi Gianluca , Ma Fangchao , Stoutenberg Mark , Adams Jessica B. , Tobkin Sara , Signorile Joseph F.
Published: August 2016

Context:

There are numerous ways to overload the scapular stabilizers.

Objectives:

To assess scapular stabilizer activity using the Bodyblade® and other traditional training devices.

Design:

Repeated measures analysis of surface EMG data collected from the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) during shoulder flexion and abduction using Bodyblade®, cuff weight, and Thera-Band® resistance.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

Thirty collegiate athletes (20.0 ± 1.7 years).

Intervention:

Participants performed 10 repetitions of shoulder flexion and abduction.

Main Outcome Measures:

For each movement, normalized root mean square values (NrmsEMG) were computed for each muscle during each repetition under each training condition. Data were analyzed using 3 (condition) × 10 (repetition) repeated measures ANOVAs.

Results:

During shoulder flexion and abduction, the NrmsEMG of the UT, LT, and SA were significantly greater when using the Bodyblade® than the Thera-Band® or cuff weight.

Conclusion:

The Bodyblade® produces greater scapular activity than traditional resistance techniques.