bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Coincidence between the Stratification and Foliation in the Crystalline Rocks of the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. , Geikie A.
Published: October 2009

No memoir on the crystalline rocks of the Highlands of Scotland can be regarded as complete if it contain no reference to the question of the “foliation” in that region, as first raised in the year 1852 by the late Mr. D. Sharpe. In our paper which was laid before the Society at the last Meeting, we avoided entering upon this subject, reserving such remarks as we have to offer for a separate communication. At the same time we must specially refer to our preceding memoirs on the structure of the Highland crystalline stratified rocks, in which we have shown that the different mineral formations which succeed to each other offer distinct proofs of original deposit under water, some of them even containing organic remains. Our conviction of the truth of this view has been arrived at, not by any theoretical hypothesis, but by repeated and long-continued observations of the succession and nature of the stratified Highland rocks; and hence we are under the necessity of recording our dissent from the opinions of a distinguished geologist now no more, who, in a memoir published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ and illustrated by a map and sections, has endeavoured to prove that the very lines which we refer to deposit are lines of a foliation which is the ultimate stage of the action of cleavage.
On the Permian Rocks of South Yorkshire; and on their Palæontological Relations
Authors: Kirkby James W.
Published: October 2009

In the present communication I propose to speak of the geology and palæontology of the Permian strata that lie between the towns of Pontefract and Knottingley, on the one hand, and Tickhill and the village of Maltby, on the other. In doing so my chief objects are, first, to endeavour to determine the equivalency of the subdivisional groups of these strata with those of the adjoining county of Durham; and second, to throw some additional light, if possible, upon the distribution of Permian species south of the Durham area. Towards the accomplishment of these objects I have made two visits to the district in question—one in 1854, and the other during the summer of 1859.

Prof. Sedgwick has already described the geology of this region in his admirable memoir “On the Geological Relations and Internal Structure of the Magnesian Limestone.” Prof. Phillips has also noticed some of its features in a short paper “On the Geology of Ferry Bridge and its Vicinity,” published about the same period as the preceding. And since the publication of these papers, Mr. H. Clifton Sorby and Mr. Edward W. Binney appear to have pursued investigations in the same district, though the results have not been published J. Sir Roderick Murchison has also alluded to certain points of its geology in the last edition of ‘Siluria.’
On the Age of the Fossiliferous Thin-bedded Sandstone and Coal of the Province of Nágpur, India
Authors: Hislop Rev. Stephen
Published: October 2009

1

Nágpur Circle
.—If with, a radius of 14 miles a circle be drawn around the city of Nágpur, it will include within its northern half Kámpti, Bokhára, Silewádá, Tondakheiri, Bábulkheda, and Bharatwádá; but it will leave out Arajmet, which lies 20 miles west of Nágpur, and Chorkheiri, which is 35 miles to the north-east, while Chándá is situated 85 miles to the south. At all these places the thin-bedded sandstone with vegetable remains is the same, as it presents the same appearances both palæontological and lithological.

2

Barkoi and Mahádewa Hills
.—That this thin-bedded sandstone is identical with the coal-shale at Little Barkoi, near Umret, and at the base of the Mahádewa Hills, in the N.N.W. part of Nágpur province, I have ascertained by personal inspection, and have endeavoured to prove in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xi. p. 555. At all the localities already named, arenaceous as well as carbonaceous, there is a similar group of fossils; and at Bokhárá, an acknowledged site of the plant-sandstone, there is a tendency among the strata, which are usually white, to become brown and carbonaceous through the abundance of their comminuted vegetable matter.
Notes on some further Discoveries of Flint Implements in Beds of Post-Pliocene Gravel and Clay; with a few Suggestions for Search elsewhere
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

Since my communication to the Royal Society on the discovery of Flint Implements in post-pliocene beds at Abbeville, Amiens, and Hoxne, similar implements have been found in a few new localities in this country as well as abroad. It is not my object at present to enter into a full account of these additional discoveries, or to touch upon the many and tempting theoretical considerations which suggest themselves, but which yet require further and more varied data. It is for these reasons that I limit myself to a brief stratigraphical description of these localities, for the purpose of directing attention to them before our Session closes, and also to suggest a few other localities where search should be made, in the hope that during the ensuing summer other members of the Society, who may have the opportunity of visiting some of these places, may join in the search and discover fresh facts to throw additional light upon this interesting inquiry.
On Two Bone-caverns in the Montagne du Ker at Massat, in the Department of the Ariège
Authors: Fontan M. Alfred
Published: October 2009

The Valley of Massat, situated near the centre of the Pyrenees, opens to the west between two lofty mountains, which, at first approaching each other, spread out and diverge as they extend on the south-east towards the mountain-range of which they are the ramifications, so that in this direction the valley has no outlet. It thus forms an elongated basin, of a triangular form, the base of which extends along the side of one of the great spurs of the Pyrenees (see fig. 1), whilst the apex forms a narrow and winding gorge which affords the only outlet for the waters of the valley.

A short distance above the spot where the basin commences, namely on the western side, near the apex of the triangle, a high mountain of limestone rises up, which, advancing abruptly into the valley, forms an elevated promontory, against which the torrents or diluvial waters, which appear to have inundated this region at one or several remote periods, must have rushed. It stretches out almost at a right angle from the southern side of the basin; and, exactly where it extends furthest into the basin, its crest forms a mound or hillock, the summit of which is considerably more elevated than all the surrounding heights.
On the Zones of the Lower Lias and the
Avicula contorta
Zone
Authors: Moore Charles
Published: October 2009

In a paper on the above subject by Dr. T. Wright, F.G.S., which appeared in the ‘Journal of the Geological Society’ for November last, reference is made to the occurrence of the
Avicula contorta
zone at Beer-Crowcombe, near Ilminster, and a list of the organic remains from thence, amounting to thirteen species, furnished by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, is given. In the year 1847 that gentleman accompanied me to the locality, when the fossils thus noticed were obtained. Since that time I have much increased their number, and I have also been enabled to establish the exact relative position of the
Avicula contorta
bed, which at the time of our visit was not clearly known.
Note on a Carpolite from the Coal-Formation of Cape Breton
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

All the best authorities on coal-plants are disposed to refer the seeds or fruits known by the generic names
Trigonocarpum
and
Rhabdocarpus
to phænogams, and probably to gymnosperms. In this case they may have belonged to
Coniferœ
or
Sigillariœ
, or to both. That they belonged in great part to the latter is, I think, rendered probable by their occurrence very abundantly in the middle part of the coal-measures where
Sigillariœ
abound, by their various forms corresponding rather to the many species of
Sigillariœ
than to the few of Conifers, and by their abundant occurrence in the interior of hollow stumps of
Sigillariœ
and in the surrounding beds. Still these fruits or seeds may have belonged to very different plants; and, as an example of the type of structure most frequently associated with
Sigillariœ
, I have prepared a short notice of a species of which very well-preserved specimens exist in my collection, and to which I have assigned the name of Trigonocarpum Hookeri. Figs. 15, page 526.
On a Reconstructed Bed on the top of the Chalk and underlying the Woolwich and Reading Beds
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

In a memoir illustrating Sheet 13 of the Map of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (p. 21), I have noticed the fact that “at Maidenhatch Farm, between Bradfield and Pangbourn” (over six miles west of Reading), “there is a chalk-pit showing above 20 feet of rubbly chalk, with scattered blocks of chalk and irregular lines of flint, overlying ordinary chalk. A similar bed of apparently reconstructed chalk may be seen in a pit to the south of Tilehurst” (over two miles a little south of west of Reading), “where it is capped by the bottom-bed of the Reading Beds, so that the reconstruction must have taken place before the deposition of the latter formation.”

I have since seen a like bed, a short distance below the point where the Chalk is capped by the Tertiary beds, in a pit by Batten's Barn, a mile north of Burnham, near Maidenhead. There was here “about 18 feet of reconstructed chalk, with scattered flints and blocks of chalk, and a line of flints near the middle. There were some pipes of the drift-clay with, flints, so common in chalk-countries, in the top of this bed.” This section and the one near Tilehurst are clearly at the very top of the Chalk; but the one at Maidenhatch Farm is on the flank of a valley cut through that rock.
On the Ludlow Bone-bed and its Crustacean Remains
Authors: Harley J.
Published: October 2009

It is well-known to geologists, that between those two great systems, of rocks the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone, there occurs an intermediate series of relatively small development, which, as it partakes of the lithologieal and palæontological characters of both has been well called “Transition-beds.”

Transition-beds with contained Bone-beds
.—That part of these beds which immediately overlies the Upper Ludlow Bock is composed of soft argillaceous shales; and that which immediately underlies the Old Bed, of a soft, yellow, fine-grained sandstone—the Downton Sandstone.

Just below the Downton Sandstone, and therefore in the lowest part of these transition-strata, appears that remarkable animals-deposit called the “Ludlow Bone-bed”; and just above the Downton Sandstone, standing indeed within the threshold of the Old Red, another animal-deposit occurs, rarely, however, as an isolated conglomeration of organic remains as in the bone-bed, but most commonly having these more or less freely diffused throughout argillaceous and are naceous strata, or a gritty calcareous conglomerate which often becomes a compact bluish limestone. Thus, to speak generally, we have a lower bone-bed more appertaining to the Silurian system than to the Old Red; and an upper, more diffuse one, much more closely associated with the Old Red than with the Silurian Bocks. Both have their types at Ludlow,—the former in Ludford Lane and the north-eastern slopes of Whiteliffe; the latter in the strata exposed on the south bank of the Teme, opposite to the Gas-works and Paper-mill.
On the Volcanic Cones of Paternó and Motta (Sta. Anastasia), Etna
Authors: Gemmellaro Signor G. G.
Published: October 2009

The base of that portion of the ancient basin of the Simeto which extends from Catania to the Carca di Paternó is formed of pleistocene clay, which is particularly exposed at the Siete della Motta and in the neighbourhood of the Valley of St. Biagio. The post-pliocene conglomerate, with beds of yellow sand and bands of clay, overlies it, and forms the upper part of the hills of Terre-forti, extending down their southern flanks as far as the broad plain of Catania, whilst the freshwater calcareous tuff, which is above it, completes for the neighbourhood of Paternó the series of sedimentary materials of the said basin.

This fertile district, in addition to having been exposed to the pyroxenic lava-streams from Etna, has been disturbed by the destructive agency of volcanic cones. In the pleistocene period the intrusion of the basalt, coëval with that of Aci-Castello, ravaged the district of Valcorrente; and at a subsequent period two centres of volcanic action existed at Paternó and at Motta (Santa Anastasia), of which the traces only now remain. These, however, offer such interesting phenomena, that I think it desirable to confine my remarks in this notice exclusively to them.

Volcanic Cone of Paternø
—The beautiful city of Paternø, in the Province of Catania, is partly built on a mass of doleritic rock, which, according to Hoffmann, rises to the height of 620 mètres above thelevel of the sea, and is distant about 12 miles from the existing axisof Etna. After a careful examination of
On some Carboniferous Brachiopoda collected in India by A. Fleming, M.D., and W. Purdon, Esq., F.G.S.
Authors: Davidson T.
Published: October 2009

During his geological survey of the Salt-range in the Punjab, Dr. A. Fleming had opportunities of collecting a considerable number of fossils, which he sent to England in 1849 and 1852, and of which a portion were at the time cursorily examined by M. De Verneuil, myself, and one or two other pakeontologists. Some few of these fossils have been already recorded in a paper by Dr. Fleming, published in the 9th volume of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (1853), also in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1853, as well as in the same author's excellent 'Report of the Geological Structure and Mineral Wealth of the Salt-range in the Punjab,' printed at Lahore in 1854; and at the author's request I have recently re-examined all the species of JBrachioToda of the Carbonfferous age which he had collected, with the view of completing in this respect the imperfect list published in 1853 *.

It will not be necessary to dwell upon the geological features of the Carboniferous rocks of the district, as I could only repeat those details that have been made known in the report and papers above referred to. It will suffice for my present purpose to mention that the fossils occur in several beds differing mincralogically, some being crystalline and very hard, and others argillaceous: a few of the fossils occur in a magnesian limestone; but the same bed may be magnesian in one locality, and at a few miles distance be
Supplemental Note on the Plant-bearing Sandstones of Central India
Authors: Hislop Stephen
Published: October 2009

“Recently I have obtained more Insect-remains † from Kotá, with a morsel of
Sphenopteris
in the limestone; also an
Ichthyolite
, probably
Æchmodus Egertoni
.

“I think there are strong reasons for believing that the ichthyolitic beds of Kotá are superior to our plant-sandstone and coal; and hence, if the former be Lower Jurassic, the latter must be older.

“In the sandstone at Sironcha, six miles further down the River Pranhita, there is an abundance of compressed stems identical with those at Silewada; so that there can be no doubt that the argillaceous sandstone there is of the ‘Damúda group.’ This sandstone of Sironcha is stated by Mr. Wall to underlie almost immediately the Kotá limestone.”

After remarking that the genus
Tœniopteris
occurs both in the Rajmahal Beds of Bengal and in the “Damúda Beds” of Nagpur, Mr. Hislop proceeds to state that the largest
Tæniopteris
from Kampti (near Nagpur) is exceedingly like
T. lata
and
T. multinervis
of the Rajmahal Beds. The
Tœniopterides
, thus closely approaching in form, prove, in his opinion, that the Damúda and the Rajmahal Beds cannot be widely separated.
On the Bracklesham Beds of the Isle of Wight Basin
Authors: Fisher Osmond
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—We are indebted to Mr. Prestwich for a clear conception of the age of the Bracklesham series, and of its place among the Eocene Tertiaries; while the late Mr. Dixon has described the fossils of Bracklesham and Selsea, and given a very interesting account of the coast of that part of Sussex. In the course, however, of collecting specimens from these beds during the last eight years, I have been led to think that there are many points of interest on which a more minute description of the succession of their subordinate divisions, and of the fossiliferous localities, might be acceptable.

The term “Bracklesham Beds” is applied to the group of strata, many of them rich in organic remains, the greater part of which are seen displayed at low water upon the shore of Bracklesham Bay in Sussex. But I shall include under that name beds that are above any seen at Bracklesham Bay, because, when the deposits of Stubbington and of the New Forest come to be described, it will appear that many of the fossil forms peculiar to the Bracklesham Beds range higher than the highest stratum seen at the Bay. In other words, I shall group certain strata, which appear to intervene between the base of the Barton series and the highest beds of Bracklesham Bay, among the Bracklesham Beds, on account of their containing an assemblage of fossils more akin to the fauna of the latter than of the former.

As regards the inferior limit, I
On the Carboniferous Limestone of Oreton and Farlow, Clee Hills, Shropshire
Authors: Morris John , Roberts George E.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. The general physical and palseontological features of the small district referred to in these notes having been carefully and clearly described by Sir Roderick Murchison in his classic work ‘The Silurian System,’ the additional facts which a visit paid to it during the past autumn enables us to record may be considered simply as a continuation of those previously observed.

The thin beds of limestone which form the basement of the Titterstone Clee Coal-field are well exposed in a marginal flexure of the strata north-eastward of the hill, at Oreton and Farlow, and also, at a somewhat higher level, around its southern abutments. Our observations upon the character of the beds and their fossil contents have bcen confined to the exposures in the first-named localities.

The geographical relations of this limestone ridge with the nearlying millstone-grit and coal-measurcs, in their turn covered up by the sheets of erupted basalt which form the high summits of the Clee, are well scen from the igneous knoll of Kinlet, three miles to the emstward.

§ 2. Immediately below the summit of the ridge at Farlow, and on the northern side, is a quarry of yellow sandstone, from which recently a large quantity of stone has been obtained for the rebuilding of the church.

It is a thick-bedded, fine-grained sandstone, having ripple-marked surfaces, and occasionally containing disseminated pebbles of quartz. The colour of the stone is a pale yellow, in places slightly stained by ferruginous oxidation. Remains of fossil Fishes were first
On some Fossil Plants, showing Structure, from the Lower Coal-Measures of Lancashire
Authors: Binney E. W.
Published: October 2009

Of all the fossil plants found in the Coal-measures, probably none is more widely diffused, or its whole internal structure considered to be better known, than the genus
Lepidodendron
. The investigations of Messrs. Witham, Lindley and Hutton, Corda, Brongniart, and J. D. Hooker appeared to have almost exhausted the subject, so far as the structure of the stem was concerned. Dr. Hooker, after describing the double system of vessels in
Stigmaria
, first shown by Goeppert, and the consequent approach in this respect to the
Diploxylon
of Corda, says—“In
Lepidodendron
, again, there is the same double vascular system; but that from which the bundles arise, which proceed to the leaves, is placed externally to the wood, where it formed a continuous zone with a well-defined inner edge (in juxta-position with the outer circumference of the inner zone) and a sinuous outer edge from which the diverging bundles are given off.” He, as well as all the other authors before named, considered the pith of
Lepidodendron
to be composed of cellular tissue, and that it was surrounded by a zone of large barred vessels, of hexagonal shape, which was succeeded by a narrow circle of lesser hexagonal vessels, also barred on their sides. Then came the great mass of cellular tissue containing the bundles of vessels which traversed it, leading from the outer vascular cylinder to the leaves. This was succeeded by a radiated series of elongated utricles forming the outer bark of the tree. The whole of the structure, as above
On a Hyæna-den at Wookey-Hole, near Wells
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

Of all the ossiferous caverns of this country which have from time to time been explored since 1821, there are none, perhaps, which form so exact a parallel to the Hyæna-den at Kirkdale as that which I bring before your notice this evening.

It is situated at Wookey-Itole, a village on the southern flanks of the Mendips, and about two miles to the north-west of Wells. The ravine in which it was discovered is one of the many which pierce the dolomitic conglomerate, or petrified sea-beach of the Permian (?) age, still lmderlying its ancient sea-cliffs of Mountain-limestone, and overlying the lower slopes of the Mendips. Open to the south, it runs almost horizontally into the mountain-side, until closed abruptly northwards by a perpendicular wall of rock, 200 feet or more in height, ivy-covered, and affording a dwelling-place to innumerable jackdaws. Out of a cave at its base, in which Dr. Buckland* discovered pottery and human teeth, flows the River Axe, in a canal cut in the rock. In cutting this passage, that the water might be conveyed to a large paper-mill close by, the mouth of the tty~ena-den was intersected some ten years ago; and from that time up to December 1859, it was undisturbed save by rabbits and badgers ; and even they did not penetrate far into the interior, or make deep burrows. Close to the mouth of the cave the workmen (employed in making this canal) found more than 300 Roman coins, among which were those
On the Drift containing Recent Shells, in the neighbourhood of Wolverhampton
Authors: Lister William
Published: October 2009

These drift-deposits lie for the most part upon a nearly level surface of Lower Keuper Sandstone, overlooked eastward by a range of low Bunter and Permian hills, of which Show Hill and Bushbury Hill are the chief. Other exposures are upon Permian sandstone in the town of Wolverhampton, and upon the Coal-measures of the district adjoining. Bushbury Hill is chiefly remarkable for the number of travelled blocks of granite and greenstone lying around its northwestern base—the side lying most open to bygone arctic and glacial influences. No boulder-clay nor drifted material of other kind is associated with these blocks upon the hills in this immediate neighbourhood. The drift at three localities, viz., Bushbury Junction, Oxley Manor, and Wobaston Big Meadow, had probably a parallelism in time of deposition and agency of formation; though I cannot satisfy myself whether to regard them as the remains of a low terrace-line skirting the valley, or as the result of undercurrents, relaying the derived material in banks parallel with its strike. In the exposure of this drift at Bushbury Junction, where it is an apparently unstratified bed of clay and sand, with an admixture of both rounded pebbles and angular flints, I have met with the following marine shells, which have been kindly determined for me by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.G.S.:—
Nassa reticulata, Turritella communis, Purpura lapillus, Littorina squalida, Astarte arctica, Cardium edule, Tellina solidula
, and
Cyprina Islandica
.

Rolled shells and other fossils derived from Liassie rocks accompany these, such as
Gryphon, Ammonites, Gardiniee,
On the Glacial Origin of certain Lakes in Switzerland, the Black Forest, Great Britain, Sweden, North America, and elsewhere
Authors: Ramsay A. C.
Published: October 2009

Erroneous Theories of the Transport of Alpine Blocks
.—In the year 1859, in a series of papers by the members of the Alpine Club, I published a memoir in which I compared the old glaciers of North Wales with those of Switzerland; and in it, among other matters, I explained the glacial origin of certain rock-basins now holding lakes, on the watersheds and in the old glacier-valleys of both those countries; and in a later edition of the same memoir, published as a separate book, with additions, I extended these generalizations to many of the lakes in Sutherlandshire.

In the same work I also expressed an opinion that the blocks of Monthey, in the valley of the Rhone, and the great erratic boulders that strew the southern flank of the Jura had been transported by icebergs derived from glaciers which descended in the Alpine valleys to the sea-level, during a period of submergence in which the low country that lies between the Jura and the Oberland was covered with erratic drift.

There was nothing new in this latter opinion, for it had previously been held by several distinguished geologists, both English and continental.

Since then I have twice revisited Switzerland, and have seen good reason to change my opinion respecting the cause of the transport of erratic blocks to Monthey and the Jura, and of
débris
not remodelled by rivers, &c., that lies scattered over the lowlands of Switzerland, or that borders, or lies in great mounds well out in, the
On the Sandstones and their associated Deposits in the Vale of the Eden, the Cumberland Plain, and the South-east of Dumfriesshire
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. This memoir refers to an area which commences a little south of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, and extends N.N.W. for 50 miles, reaching the lower portions of the valleys of the Esk and Annan in Dumfriesshire. In an east and west direction, this area varies greatly in breadth; but, measured from Castle Carrock on the east, to the sea at Allenby on the west, the extent is about 30 miles. It occupies the whole of the Cumberland plain, except a small portion of the parish of Aikton; and, in Westmoreland, it occurs on both sides of the Vale of the Eden. The district under consideration exceeds 800 square miles.

The strata which occur in this area consist of sandstones of two distinct positions and characters, separated from each other by a well-developed series of shaly beds, in some localities containing a considerable amount of gypsum; and calcareous layers are also sometimes found associated with the shaly deposits.

The arenaceous strata of Cumberland and Westmoreland have already attracted the attention of geologists. Those contiguous to the Penine chain are referred to by Dr. Buckland *. Those of the western side of the area have been alluded to by Prof. Sedgwick, and their boundaries in this portion of the north of England have been defined †.

These deposits, as they occur at Kirkby Stephen, have been noticed by Prof. Phillips ‡.

Mr. Binney has also described the nature and age of some of these deposits in his memoir "On the
On some Remains of Chiton from the Mountain-limestone of Yorkshire
Authors: Kirkby James W.
Published: October 2009

The remains of
Chiton
noticed in the present paper were sent to me for examination about two years ago by Mr. H. J. Burrow, of Settle, with permission to describe them should it appear to me desirable to do so. Not being able to identify any of them with species already described, I agreed to draw up a short account of them, so as to make their discovery known. My delay in doing this is mainly due to an expectation of the discovery of additional materials; but as this expectation has not been realized, it will be well, perhaps, not to withhold their description any longer; for though the plates already known may probably give but a very imperfect idea of the species to which they belong, they certainly seem of sufficient importance to allow of their being brought before the attention of palæontologists.

There are eight plates in the collection, four of which are posterior plates, and the others intermediate; and, notwithstanding the smallness of their number, they appear to belong to four species. That so many species should be represented by so small a number of plates, all from one locality, seems, I must confess, somewhat remarkable; but the differences of the characters of the plates are such as to render it scarcely possible for them to belong to less than the number of species named.

The specimens were found in the Lower Scar Limestone, in the vicinity of Settle, and apparently near the base of that subdivision
On a Deposit with Insects, Leaves, &c., near Ulverston
Authors: Bolton John
Published: October 2009

The deposit described in this communication has been sunk through during the progress of works undertaken by the Lindale Cote Ironore Company, for drainage-purposes. The mines are situated in the well-known hæmatite district of Low Furnees, about three miles S.W. of Ulverston, in a valley between two ranges of low hills belonging to the Mountain-limestone series. The physical geology is varied in character,—a fine sequence of the following beds in descending order from the Upper Silurian occurring in the hills lying north of this valley, viz., Lower Ludlow Rocks, Upper Ireleth Slates, Lower Ireleth Slates, Coniston Grit, Coniston Flags, Coniston Limestone (equivalent to the Bala Slates), and Green Slates with Porphyry, which last rocks extend northward for many miles beyond the boundary of Furness. South of the valley in which these mines are situate, the Mountain-limestone is developed on a large scale, being upwards of six miles in breadth. The exact position of Lindale Cote Mine, upon the promontory of Furness, is about halfway between Morecombe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon.

In sinking shafts to a water-way driven from the Lindale Cote to Urswick Tarn, in 1855, down the course of a valley lying about 100 feet below the table-land, and receiving the drainage of about 600 acres, a deposit of greenish-drab clay, six feet in thickness, was met with at a depth of forty feet from the surface, in the shaft nearest but one to the mines, and at the highest "level." This clay-bed contained pieces of
On Upper Eocene Fossils from the Isle of Wight
Authors: Sandberger F.
Published: October 2009

As you wish me to give you my opinion respecting these Tertiary beds of the Isle of Wight, I will do it as fully as I can at present.

I consider the upper formations of Hempstead to be the exact equivalent of those at Weinheim, Jeurres, and Bergh (
Rupélien inférieur
, Dumont). I had already arrived at this opinion, on receiving from Saemann, in Paris,
Voluta Forbesi
, Edw., which Mr. Edwards himself considers as identical with
V. Rathieri
, together with some other fossils which have hitherto only been found in this horizon. The collection now sent adds
Cerithium plicatum
, with varieties, which Mr. Edwards calls
C. subcostellatum
, Forb., and
C. inornatum
, Morr.; also
C. elegans
, Desh. (
C. variabile
, in the collection, and
C. Austenii
belong to the same species),
C. Lamarckii
, Brongn. (=
C. Sedgwickii
, Morr.), also
Ostrea adlata
, S. Wood (=
O. cyathula
, Lam.,
juv.
),
Lucina Thierensi
, Héb.,
Corbula subpisum
, D'Orb.,
Panopæa minor
, Forb. (=
P. Heberti
, Bosq.,
juv.
),
Ostrea callifera
, Lam.,
O. longirostris
, Lam.,
Tellina Nystii
, Desh. (
Tellina
, sp. indeterm. in the collection),
Lithodomus delicatulus
, Desh. (
Modiola
, sp. indeterm. in the collection), hitherto only known from Merigny, Waldböckelheim, and Alzey,—so that I now can no longer doubt that the upper beds of Hempstead accurately correspond with our “Marine Sand.”

Much more difficult is it to make out the lower beds; I can at present only point out one horizon which corresponds with anything in Alsace or Germany—the freshwater limestone of Bembridge and Sconce═beds at Buxweiler (Alsace) and Abstadt (Baden).
On the Premolar Teeth of
Diprotodon
, and on a New Species of that Genus
Authors: Huxley Thomas H.
Published: October 2009

A short time since, I was requested by Dr. Cotton, F.G.S., to examine a series of Australian fossils in his collection, which were procured by Mr. Isaacs from Gowrie, in the district of the Darling Downs in Queensland, the same locality from which other specimens in the Hunterian and British Museums were obtained. These fossils consisted of numerous teeth and fragments of jaws of
Macropus Atlas
and
M. Titan
; part of the upper jaw of a new species of Kangaroo, as large as these, but allied to
Lagorchestes
and
Hypsiprymnus
; with three lumbar vertebrae, a sacrum, portions of two innominate bones, three ossa calcis, and a right metatarsal of the great toe, belonging to these Marsupials. The metatarsal is remarkable for its short and stout proportions. But the most interesting among these remains were fragments of
Diprotodon
, comprising sundry molar teeth, a small portion of the right ramus of a lower jaw, and parts of the right and left upper jaws of two distinct individuals. Of these upper jaws, the former, which I shall call No. 1 (P1. XXl. fig. 1), contained the premolar in place and the socket of the succeeding molar, with one fang in place. Fortunately, among the detached teeth, I found the crown and principal fang of this molar, and the premolar of the other side of the same skull. The other or left upper jaw, No. 2 (fig. 4), has a very different colour and texture, from the nature of the ferruginous matrix in which
On the Geological Structure of the Southern Grampians
Authors: Nicol James
Published: October 2009

abstract

The author stated that in 1844, and in subsequent years, he indicated that the Silurian strata of the South of Scotland are represented in the North by the metamorphosed or so-called primary strata; and he proceeded to point out that the object of the present communication is to examine the relation which the three great formations. Clay-slate, Mica-slate, and Gneiss, bear one to the other as regular constituents of the crust of the earth, and especially in certain parts of the Scottish Highlands, as illustrated by sections observed by himself. These he correlated with what is seen in other parts of the Highlands.

He also stated that, both in former papers and in his published map, he has always regarded the gneiss of the west coast and certain mica- or chlorite-slates of the interior as identical only so far as both belong to the great series of metamorphic formations inferior to the red sandstone and quartzite, but still as distinct formations with peculiar features, and, it may be, of widely different age.
On some Natural Casts of Reptilian Footprints in the Wealden Beds of the Isle of Wight and of Swanage
Authors: Beckles S. H.
Published: October 2009

Since my last communication to the Society, in 1854, on the subject of Wealden Footprints (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 456, &c.), I have met with several other specimens, some of them of very considerable size, in the Wealden beds near Compton Bay, Isle of Wight. Of these I have secured seven specimens. They are large trifid casts, each having theposterior portion more or less elongated, like the specimen indicated by the diagram, fig. 1, p. 396, Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. viii. One of them(fig. 2)I had raised from its natural position, as a mass attached to a thin bed of hard sand-rock, in reddish clay, on the shore at low water, between Brook Point and the Chine to the west of it (see section, fig. 1). The other specimens were found loose on the clay of the shore at low water, and were more or less worn by waveaction.

These all have the usual three divergent, toe-like projections, varying in proportional size in the several specimens, and radiating from a palmar mass; but, in addition, the hinder portion forms a long tapering projection. In the largest (figs. 2 & 3), the whole length of the block is 3 feet 4 inches,
but 3 feet 7½ inches if
measured along the curvature of the base; the breadth across the toes is 27 inches; across the
“heel,“ just behind the central mass, 14 inches. The thickness, where the imprint of
the toe (A) is represented by
On the Death of Fishes during the Monsoon off the Coast of India
Authors: Denison W.
Published: October 2009

On steaming between Mangalore and Cananore, on the west coast of the Peninsula, I was sensible of a very offensive smell, which at last I found to proceed from the sea itself. When I landed at Cananore, I found that the sea-breeze brought in a similar smell—a little modified in intensity, of course; and, on inquiry, I found that for some time after the S.W. monsoon the sea was always very offensive,—that thousands of fish were thrown up on the shore dead. The cause of this was attributed to the mass of fresh water poured into the sea during the monsoon. In three months, 120 inches of rain, on an average, fall upon an area of, say, 60 miles in width, for the whole length of the coast-line, from each running mile of this coast; therefore there will be about 800,000,000 of gallons poured into the sea daily; but, as most of this will come out of the rivers, of course, at certain points, the quantity will be multiplied twofold. The natural consequence will be the destruction of all animal and vegetable life, which, being adapted for salt water, must die after a time in fresh water. There will, therefore, be layers of Shells covered by strata of sand and mud. Sea-weeds in various stages of decomposition, and Fish, small and great, deposited at the bottom of these seas. I saw thousands of dead fish floating, and there were, no doubt, thousands lying dead at the bottom.
On Peltocaris, a new Genus of Silurian Crustacea
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper on
Graptolites
from the Anthracite-shales (Llandeilo-flags?) of Scotland (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. viii. p. 391), a figure (pl. 21. fig. 10) was introduced of a minute Crustacean, the affinities of which were doubtful, but which nevertheless had much resemblance to
Dithyrocaris
, a Carboniferous fossil. That specimen was imperfect; but one or two since collected in Dumfriesshire are more complete; and, lastly, a beautiful and perfect example has been given to the Museum of Practical Geology, through the kind offices of Mr. James Young, of Glasgow.

Fortunately, since I described the above-mentioned little Crustacean as
Dithyrocaris? aptychoides
, I have had occasion to study a large series of Silurian Crustacea, which have, in their turn, furnished the data whereby to connect this old Phyllopod with the modern
Nebalia
and
Apus
; and I propose in describing this genus to notice them, as chronological as well as zoological links, believing that such illustrations of the theory of Mr. Darwin may best serve to give the data whereby to confirm or refute his masterly hypothesis.

P
eltocaris
, gen. nov.

A small Phyllopod, with a round, shield-shaped carapace; bivalved, the valves open and imperfectly joined along the dorsal line; deeply emarginate in front, the excavation so formed being filled up completely by a parabolic plate, which is the analogue of the rostrum, and completes the broad oval shield.

P
eltocaris aptychoides
. Fig. 1.

Dithyrocaris aptychoides
, Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. soc. vol. viii. p. 391, pl. 21. fig. 10.

The broad, rounded-oval shield measures only
On the Gravels and other Superficial Deposits of Ludlow, Hereford, and Skipton
Authors: Curley T.
Published: October 2009

T
he
plans and geological sections which I have now the honour to lay before the Geological Society are those of three towns recently drained by me, namely, Ludlow, Hereford, and Skipton.

Ludlow
.—The Upper Ludlow rocks are, in my opinion, thrown up against the Old Red Sandstone by a fault running east and west, and taking the line of the Old Town ditch, below the Church and the Castle, as marked on the plan (p. 177). The relations of the intermediate “passage-beds,” which connect the Silurian and Old Red systems, and are so well developed in the immediate neighbourhood of the town, have been rendered tolerably clear by the researches of the Ludlow geologists, and by the discoveries made during the progress of the drainage-works. Upon these “passage-beds” and the underlying Downton Sandstone the town is mainly situated. The overlying Old Red Sandstone is well seen in the line of the section in the railway-cutting. The Downton Sandstone, about 80 feet thick at Ludlow, has been generally included in the Silurian rocks: it is a yellow micaceous sandstone, very similar in composition to the Caradoc, from the denudation of which it has, most probably, been derived. But few organic remains occur in it at Ludlow, the principal being the Fishes—
Pteraspis
and
Cephalaspis
,—with the Crustaceans—
Eurypterus, Pterygotus
, and the small
Beyrichia
. Above this rock is a very hard, greenish, micaceous sandstone containing lime, much resembling an Old Red Cornstone in mineral composition. The Bull Ring is situated upon this rock, and no doubt
On the Discovery of Paradoxides in Britain
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

During a few days' holiday in South Pembrokeshire last summer, I went to the neighbourhood of St. David's. I wished to see the Cambrian and Lower Silurian beds recently mapped by Mr. T. Aveline, and to learn if they presented the same characters as the corresponding beds in North Wales. On this point I hope to have an opportunity of laying some particulars before the Society. My object now is only to point out the locality and geological place of a gigantic Trilobite long looked for in Britain, and lately, I must say accidentally, found by me. I believed I was working at Solva Harbour, in Llandeilo flags*, but by good fortune I had landed instead in a parallel creek a mile to the westward, at the junction of the red and purple Cambrian grits with the Lingula-slates.

Porth-rhaw is a small boat-creek, a mile S. of Whitchurch, on the St. David's road. Black slates occur on both sides of it; but on the west side they pass into and rest upon the red and purple Cambrians; on the east they form magnificent cliffs of vertical or highly curved slates and flags. Sometimes these cliffs show sheets of rippled rocks 150 feet to the water's edge. Though much curved, the general dip is to the east and south-east; but I have not traced the slates further in this direction than the Cradle Rock; nor could I find fossils except at one point, where they are in hundreds. This was at
On the Fossil Echinidæ of Malta
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: October 2009

T
he
Echinoderms described in this paper by Dr. Wright were discovered by Dr. Leith Adams during a careful examination of the strata and geological features of Malta. A description of the Miocene beds was given by the latter gentleman, in which he stated his reasons for not accepting entirely the classification of them proposed by Captain Spratt, and followed by Earl Ducie in his Geological Map of the Maltese Islands. He divided the Miocene strata into the following subdivisions:—1. The Upper Limestone; 2. The Sand Bed; 3. The Marl; 4. The Calcareous Sandstone; 5. The Lower Limestone; and again subdivided the Upper Limestone into three parts. Dr. Wright gave diagnoses and detailed descriptions of forty species of
Echinidœ
, four of which are new; and Dr. Adams added a Table showing their stratigraphical distribution.
On the Permian Rocks of North-eastern Bohemia
Authors: Murchison Roderick I.
Published: October 2009

Lithological Characters
.—The Permian rocks of Bohemia differ from those of North-western Germany in not comprising a calcerous member containing marine remains, to represent the German Zechstein, or Magnesian Limestone of Britain. They have all, therefore, been referred by native geologists to the Roth-todt-liegende, or what I call Lower Permian. Being furnished by my old friend M. Haidinger with the Map of the Austrian Geological Survey of the tract lying to the south of the Riesengebirge, I endeavoured to complete my acquaintance with those deposits which, in a previous year, I had seen in the environs of Braunau and Charlottenbrunn, on the southeastern slopes of the same chain. On this occasion I examined them on the line of railroad from Pardowitz and Josefstadt to Liebestadtl and Semil; which railroad, having a direction from S.W. to N.E., exhibits a complete transverse section of the whole group. I was accompanied by Dr. Anton Fritsch, of Prague, whose accomplishments as a naturalist and geologist were of the greatest service, and without whose assistance in talking his native Bohemian language I could have acquired little information on the spot.

In 1857, M. Emil Porth described these deposits in a memoir published in the ‘Jahrbuch der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt’*. First enumerating the varieties of crystalline and metalliferous rocks of which the southern portion of the Riesengebirge is composed, he shows how the lowest member of the ‘Roth-liegende,’ or his ‘conglomerate,’ dips away from the older chain at angles varying from 20° to 48°, with some
On the Occurrence of large Quantities of Fossil Wood in the Oxford Clay, near Peterborough
Authors: Porter H.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author gave a short description of the Oxford Clay area in the neighbourhood of Peterborough, and mentioned the properties which caused it to be worked, in the parishes of Eye, Thorney, Whittlesey, Stanground, Fletton, and Stilton, for the manufacture of bricks and tiles. The clay is very fossiliferous at all these places, the most abundant remains being those of
Belemnites Puzosianus, Gryphæa dilatata, Ammonites Elizabethœ, A. Duncani, A. convolutus, A. cordatus, A. fluctuosus, A. hecticus, A. Comptoni
, and a few other species of Ammonites which Dr. Porter had not been able to determine. There were also
Cerithium Damonis, Serpula vertebralis, Belemnites gracilis, Pecten
, 2 sp.,
Nucula, Corbula, Avicula
, abundant remains of
Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus
, and
Steneosaurus
(?). The author had also found a portion of a spine of
Ptychacanthus ornatissimus
, and a few palatal teeth of
Strophodus subreticulatus
. What, however, he particularly called attention to in this communication was the occurrence of large quantities of fossil wood, in pieces sometimes more than a yard in length, highly bituminous, quite black, having a fracture similar to jet, and capable of almost as high a degree of polish as that mineral; it is also exceedingly brittle, and, when exposed to the air, cracks in all directions. Most of the specimens are flat, and bear on their surface impressions of Ammonites and other shells.
Notice of a Section at Mocktree
Authors: Lightbody R.
Published: October 2009

A Remarkable section having been recently noticed in the Aymestry Limestone at Mocktree, near Leintwardine, it may be interesting to record a few particulars in reference to it.

The section in question is in the upper quarry of Ayrnestry Limestone, on the north side of the turnpike-road from Ludlow, and about 1¾ mile from Leintwardine, on the right-hand side on entering the quarry. The rock has been cut down about thirty feet in a perpendicular face through the Aymestry Limestone, where it yields a few examples of
Pentamerus Knightii
; the upper beds consisting of what has hitherto been considered to be Upper Ludlow rock, but which I shall presently endeavour to show ought to be classed with the Aymestry Limestone. This upper part is composed of thin beds, chiefly argillaceo-arenaceous, with interposed occasional calcareous bands. The argillaceous limestone in the lower two-thirds of the section (1) contains
Pentamerus Knightii
and
Atrypa reticularis
, though not abundantly, and exhibits the characteristic lines of honeycomb-structure peculiar to the Ayrnestry Limestone. In the upper part of this rock may be seen a hollow, some ten or twelve yards in diameter at the top, but rounded at the bottom, and four to five feet deep; it appears to have been a channel cut through the honeycombed beds by the action of water.