bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of war in August 1914 radically changed May Sinclair’s sense of priorities. Although she continued with her customary activities —writing, working for the Medico-Psychological Clinic, going back and forth between London and her little house in Yorkshire —she felt that the war had irreparably altered both her own consciousness and the world in which she lived. She told Gilbert Murray, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford, that she would never write a book like The Three Sisters again: ‘The War will leave none of us as it found us.’ It quickly came to represent to her-as to so many others —the possibility of a new and more vivid life, one in which the usual conventions were suspended, and one which gave opportunity for close contact with men in vulnerable states.
The Twilight Years and Life and Death of Harriett Frean
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

May sinclair’s pride at her achievement in Mary Olivier did not prevent her from viewing the future with some misgivings. Now in her late fifties, she was beginning to feel the strain of the long working days she had become accustomed to since her teenage years in the cramped little house in Ilford. It may be that, as she worked on The Romantic (1920) and on the comic tale Mr Waddington of Wyck ( I921), she was already noticing the first symptoms of the Parkinson’s disease that would canst. ue the last two decades of her life.
Rights and Wrongs of Revision
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

Dogs are notorious for returning to their own vomit, and we are proverbially suspicious of those who won’t leave well alone. Writers are understandably sensitive about going back to their works after any lapse of time, about interfering, meddling, tinkering, or fiddling with the product of their original impulse. It is a matter of legend that our greatest poet never blotted a line.
Roderick Hudson and the Beginnings of Genius
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

In the Preface of 1907 to this novel of 1875 James remarks that revision, his ‘revival of an all but extinct relation with an early work’, illuminates for the artist ‘that veiled face of his Muse which he is condemned for ever and all anxiously to study’ (LC ii. 1039). Such an anxious scrutiny is the project of the maturely resourceful James in rereading, revising, and prefacing; but it is also—and in their case the scrutiny is unrewarded—what Roderick Hudson and Rowland Mallet are doomed to in the novel itself. The fictional young sculptor’s misfortune in the book is the extinction of his relation with his work, his loss of that ‘continuity of an artist’s endeavour’ (LC ii. 1039-40) which the real resuming James notes as extant in himself.
Revised Judgements of Daisy Miller
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

Henry James tells us that he got the hint for Daisy Miller while staying in Rome in the autumn of 1877. He wrote the story early in 1878, and had it read and rejected by the Philadelphian Lippincott’s magazine; it was then accepted ‘with effusion’ by Leslie Stephen, editor of the Cornhill, at some time just prior to 19 April 1878. It was first published in England, in the Cornhill of June—July 1878, and in book form, with some revisions, by Macmillan the next year. Thirty years passed before James revised the story for the New York Edition of his works, dispatching the revised copy to Scribner on 25 September 1908; it came out in 1909 as Volume xviii.
Last Words
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

James was intrigued and baffled by Prospero and Shakespeare in their seeming capacity to release their masterly hold on inspired art before exhaling their last gasp of life. In James’s own creation of Henry St George, this kind of enigma recurs—only with the strong suggestion that the master is in any case unworthy of his mastery, so that the abdication is not exactly his choice. We are presented with no such mysterious election of silence at the end of James’s career: only with the different mystery of his continuing to exercise his gifts to the very last, acting as if living and writing had become for him inseparable.
Relating the Life
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

‘It’s not the facts, it’s the narrative they’re arranged to tell’, she reminded hcrself. Powerful writers lose none of their myth-making capacity when they turn their attention to the art of autobiography. Until very recently John Henry Newman’s Apologia, or Anthony Trollope’s An Autobiography provided the framework within which their lives were retold and interpreted by others. In their stories of their own lives they selected, created, and explored the events and emotions that they grew to believe had shaped their subsequent work. The correlation thus provided between the life and the work holds a simple, self-confirming, and therefore compelling, construction for later readers. Mrs Oliphant’s Autobiography forms no exception to this rule. Therefore, although I have chosen to interweave her life and work throughout this book, it seemed helpful to begin by providing three different ways of looking at her life. The chapter starts by recounting the main events of her life, largely in her own words,2 while highlighting those aspects that were to prove particularly significant to the nature of her writing. The second section considers her own arrangement of the narrative she wished to present, along with the ‘textual harassment’ her account suffered at the hands of her first editors. The final section offers some alternative readings of the story of her life.
A Scottish Widowx ߣ s Religious Speculations
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Such was the obituaristߣs verdict in The British Weekly: A Journal of Social and Christian Progress More than a suggestion of a desire to pay off old scores against a woman who could ‘say more easily than most people the things that sting and blister’ pervades this article, and nowhere more clearly than in this imputation of ignorant prejudice to a woman who had five religious biographies to her credit, numerous fictional evocations of ecclesiastical dramas, and substantial experience as a reviewer of religious writings.
Italy, 1638–1639
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

IT was probably late in April or early in May of 1638 that Milton and his manservant started on their continental tour.1 The plan was to go through France to Italy, from Naples by boat to Sicily, from Sicily across the blue Mediterranean to Greece, and then back to England. It was to be, in part, a literary pilgrimage, with Florence and Athens as the major shrines to visit. It was to be, as well, an advancement of learning. To Milton the purpose of travel was ‘not to learn principles but to enlarge experience, and make wise observation’.2 Travel was a desirable crown to formal training, for students mature enough to ‘deserve the regard and honour of all men where they pass, and the society and friendship of those in all places who are best and most eminent’. He began his journey with high hopes.
Reconciliation, 1645–1648
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

FROM March of 1645 until February of 1649 Milton published no more prose. The interval belonged to poetry, to further study, and, near its close, to some writing of history. The mood in which it was begun is suggested by the publication, at the very close of 1645, of Poems of Mr. John Milton, both English and Latin, Compos’ d at several times, with its title-page motto from Virgil’s Eclogues: ‘Crown my brow with ivy, and let no hostile tongue do injury to the destined poet.’ Significantly, it was the second time he had taken a motto from this early work of a great epic poet. He was serving notice that his readers would encounter the immature products of a bard to be, one whose mind was set on far greater things. Controversies raged; the pamphlet wars continued; burning issues were being decided-issues to which Milton was far from indifferent. But the man who had printed eleven separate tracts within the feverish space of four years sat back now as a spectator and watched history being made. The next four years belonged to him, not to an ungrateful country. He had tried being a good citizen and, thoroughly disillusioned by his several attempts at reform, he returned to the contemplative life.
Restoration, 1660 –1663
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

MILTON went into hiding. He was fifty-one, and it was a most uncharacteristic thing for him to do. He must have hated it, but helpless and inadequate in his affliction, he bowed to the fearful advice of those who wished him well.· One of them, risking much for friendship, took the blind rebel into his own home; and from an inconspicuous house in Bartholomew Close, just off West Smithfield, the man in danger of his life and the courageous folk who concealed him waited and listened for news of the outside world.
The Hecatomnids Of Caria
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

Judeich wrote of Maussollus, son of Hecatomnus, that he was the greatest forerunner of the Hellenistic age. Particularly in the matter of fortifications he anticipated developments which in Asia Minor only became common a generation or more after his death. For this reason the defence works of Maussollus and his successors cannot be omitted from an examination of Hellenistic fortifications in Asia Minor.
The Response To Macedonian Siege Warfare
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

The four city walls discussed in this chapter, those of Priene, Erythrae, Colophon, and Cnidus, belong to the last third of the fourth century. The fortifications of these cities were probably all democratically inspired and publicly financed, in contrast to other almost contemporary cities in which the construction of defences was inspired by a single man. The characteristics of fortifications of cities of the latter type will be discussed in the following chapter (Ch. 4).
The Response To Macedonian Siege Warfare
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

In the history of the period following Alexander ‘s death, the actions of the Greek city-states appear puny by comparison with the activities of the warring forces of the Diadochi. Force majeure was the order of the day-cities could still resist, but usually did so only in the cause of one prince against another.
Philip V At Iasus
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

Through most of the third century the Seleucids and Lagids contended sporadically for control of south-west Asia Minor. But about 227 BC the third Hellenistic ‘superpower ‘ complicated the issue. The king of Macedon, Antigonus Doson, renewed Anti gonid involvement in the area by invading Caria. It is not known what success he had, nor what possessions he left to his son Philip V, but, contrary to the earlier view which dated Philip ‘s involvement in Asia Minor only to the time of his invasion (202 BC), there is now epigraphical evidence that he had interests in the area from the beginning of his reign.
Atlantic Europe
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

This long coastline, much of it open to the Atlantic Ocean, has a diversity of geology and topography. (Cunliffe, 2001) The Baltic and the North Sea are regions of deposition with relatively shallow seas and low-lying coasts. The Baltic is virtually tideless, but numerous tidal rivers flow into the North Sea: for example, the Elbe, Weser, Ems, Schelde/Meusse/ Rhine, Thames, Humber, and Forth. By and large these rivers flow relatively slowly through low-lying, easily-flooded landscapes, with reeds and marshes at their margins, and widespread sandbanks on their approaches from seaward.
Greater Australia
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

South-east Asia began to appear much as it is today from c.5,000 years ago, when mean sea level had risen to within today’s tidal range, and the rate of this post glacial rise in sea level had significantly slackened. Before that time, when sea levels were lower, many of today’s islands were part of continental land masses, either south-east Asia or Australia, whilst those that were then islands were much greater in area. From the biogeographic viewpoint, this region is divided into three areas which conveniently form a framework for the discussion of its prehistory.
China
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

Surrounding this Inner China, and politically separate from it until the expansionist policies of the Qing or Manchu dynasty (1644-1912), is Outer China, a high land zone stretching in a semicircle from Manchuria in the north-east, through Gobi and Mongolia to the mountains and jungles of eastern Burma and northern Indo-China. The rivers and the coast of Inner China form a complex water transport network underpinning the economy, whereas in Outer China the rivers either flow out of China or, being headwaters, are usable only with difficulty.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Many a freshly ploughed field in modem Greece, not to mention archaeological excavations, brings forth countless fragments of the hardiest of ancient Greek after facts: roof tiles. The bright purple or red and shiny black colours painted on the tiles themselves, or on the decorated elements which framed the edges of the roof, made to withstand the summer sun and winter winds and rain, often remain as fresh today as when the tiles were put in place so many centuries ago.
The Protocorinthian System
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Remains of the earliest roof tiles thus far known in post-Mycenaean Greece have been excavated at Corinth, the traditional birthplace of Doric architecture. The roofing system is known as the Protocorinthian system, a name assigned to the system because these tiles were found at Corinth in contexts with Protocorinthian pottery. Similar tiles have also been found at Isthmia, Perachora, and Delphi (Map 1 ); two roofs at Olympia possess characteristics of both the Protocorinthian system and the Argive system, and must be transitional between the two (see Chapter 8). Protocorinthian tiles, of canonical form for neither Corinthian nor Laconian system, display characteristics of both and must be the source from which these two major roofing systems, not to mention various other local schools, evolved. The source for the Protocorinthian tiles themselves is more obscure: the sophistication of their design suggests to some that they are not the first to be invented, but· rather are based on earliermodels. That these models were not prehistoric tiles is clear from comparisons of the two styles: prehistoric tiles, which may or may not have been used on roofs, had separate pan and cover elements, the pan flat and the cover convex, while Protocorinthian tiles combine both elements into one piece, the pan element concave, the cover convex.
The Attic System
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

The great sanctuary of Athena on the Acropolis of Athens provides glimpses of its early appearance, with many small buildings colourfully decorated, several of which are known now only through the preserved fragments of architectural terracottas, carefully buried after the destruction wrought by the Persians in 480 BC. Whether these pieces may be considered representative of other roofs in Attica is hard to say, although some of the same decoration has been found at other sites in the region. 1h any case, the Acropolis material provides a picture of a system which has many common features indicative of a local style.
The Western Greek Systems
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Most of the Greek colonies of Sicily and South Italy (Magna Graecia) were established before the time when decorated architectural terracotta systems had evolved in the motherland (Map 6). Therefore, it comes as no surprise that, when the Western Greeks began to use architectural terracottas, the forms and decorative vocabulary were different from those of the mainland of Greece, although some knowledge of their systems is evident. The plain roof tiles common in Italy, as in Asia Minor, form the ‘hybrid’ system which combines elements of two separate tile systems of mainland Greece, Laconian and Corinthian, using Laconian-style semicircular cover tiles and flat, Corinthian-style pan tiles with upward-curving side edges. This system, like the two mainland Greek systems just mentioned, may have grown out of the Protocorinthian system (see Chapter 3; Fig. I a-b).
Scholarship and Literature
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

Gems came to interest ancient naturalists and physicists from an early date. Several treatises written at various times comment upon minerals and their properties, from standpoints as various as folk-tale, natural observation, philosophical and medical doctrine, religious conviction, and compilation of previous works and traditions. Of these early lapidaria only two have been preserved; a couple more dating from the late antiquity do not seriously concern the present study.
Gods and Humans
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

Excluding royal portraiture, the bulk of Hellenistic glyptic comes as a barely structured, anonymous, and often disparate, mass of material. A portrait, even in those cases when intaglio portraits are difficult if not impossible to identify, or are the results of mass production, bears the significance of its function, regardless of artistic merit. With the long series of gods, goddesses, humans, and mythological persons depicted repetitiously by Hellenistic gem-cutters one often is unable to bestow more than an assessment of their iconography and an appreciation of their craftsmanship. In some cases iconography, and to a lesser extent local stylistic preferences, might offer substantial indications of provenance and date. Portraiture and once again coinage help quite often; sculpture to a lesser degree, owing to the uncertainty concerning its own chronology.
Cost and Value of Engraved Gems in Antiquity
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

From the later Classical period onward, jewellery became much more common in the Greek world than it was before. Alexander’s expedition and, before that, the systematic exploitation of the natural resources of northern Greece by the Macedonian kings and especially Philip II, made precious materials more readily available in Greece. After the conquest of Persia, as Athenaios puts it, ‘the all-highest Alexander brought away for his own uses the treasures of Asia’ (Deipn. 6. 231c). Up to this moment, precious stones had been used in Greek jewellery only in glyptic, but in the Hellenistic period their use was generalized. Achaemenid crafts had been long distinguished by the use of coloured stones, glass enamels, or inlays for jewels and drinking vessels. Silver or gold bracelets, necklaces, and diadems began in this period to be set with precious stones, following the example of the Persians. The effect achieved was a strong contrast between the bright colour of the stone and the background.
Engraved Gems and their Owners
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

Chapter 9 has shown that engraved gems were a costly luxury, desired by many, but accessible to few. Although this may agree with the place of precious and decorative stones in any society, including our own, gems in antiquity were accorded much higher importance, being the conveyors of multiple meaning. It has already been discussed how they would be treasured and displayed, but in many cases a gem’s worth went beyond its cost, fine cutting, or artistic merit. Intaglios and rings served as tokens of love and fidelity, political persuasion, amulets, and charms. Their exchange as gifts bound the presenter as much as the receiver.
Kafka in America: Notes on a Travelling Narrative
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

No, Kafka never went to America. But he did imagine it and, as we know, gave an astounding presentation of this new world—though perhaps not the world we commonly mean when we say ‘America’ —in his first novel, Der Verschollene, which Max Brod later published under the title of Amerika. In scope, style, and subject-matter the novel differs sharply from his earlier work, most of which is set in the European context that Kafka knew first hand. Why did he choose America, and especially New York, as a subject of representation for his first sustained literary project? What did this city represent to him? And what bearing did the notion of ‘America’ or ‘New York’ have on the literary texts he had already written? The key to these questions is again the notion of Verkehr, which in this novel (unlike the commerce of fancy goods in earlier texts) retains the primary significance of‘traffic’.
A Description of the Non-Cyclic Romance
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

The non-cyclic Prose Lancelot is not the painstaking recreation of twentieth-century scholarship, but is to be found in its entirety in the Florence manuscript, Laurcnziana 89 in£ 61, and the Rouen manuscript 1055 (06). In BN fr. 768 it is almost complete (the last folio is missing from the manuscript); Pierpont Morgan 805-6 only leaves it after the death of the False Guinevere (PL 612.13) and joins the cyclic version; BN fr. 339 transfers in the middle of Lancelot’s judicial duel against three knights (PL 605.18). Cyclic and non-cyclic versions only diverge after the installation of Lancelot as a Knight of the Round Table (at the end of Sommer III, PL 572.4); ten manuscripts’ give the beginning of the non-cyclic version before transferring to one which prepares for the later branches of the cycle. This leads towards an abduction and rescue of Guinevere (the Charrette story), a Grail Quest in which Lancelot is surpassed by his son Galahad, and ultimately a Mort Artu in which Lancelot and Guinevere’s love starts the dissension from which stems Arthur’s death and the end of the Round Table.
The Love Theme
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

Inextricably involved in the making of a name is the love theme, for it is made clear in the romance that it is Lancelot’s love for Guinevere which provides the inspiration for the deeds of prowess by which he learns his own identity and establishes his reputation. This is done without the long monologues exploring the nature of love which are characteristic of Chrétien’s Lancelot poem and with a minimum of comment from the author or the tale.
The Coherence of ‘The Prose Lancelot Without the Grail’
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

Repeated descriptions of the widowed queens’ holy life at Mostier Reial on the shores of the Lake, interlacing with repeated descriptions of Lancelot’s development and education in the Lake (20-4, 38-48, 132-3, 138-9) so that the growth of the abbey and the growth of Lancelot run parallel.
Lancelot with the Grail: second stage
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

Throughout the part of the romance which follows the death of Galehot and leads up to the beginning of the Queste,1 the love theme (Lancelot, the greatest knight alive, inspired by his love and absolute loyalty to Guinevere) is developed skilfully to preserve continuity. Links with the past are maintained while the advent of a new kind of chivalry is prepared, a chivalry for which Lancelot’s love for Guinevere serves to disqualify rather than qualify him.
General conclusion
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

For the non-cyclic Prose Lancelot two forms of coherence are equally important: internal coherence, within the individual text, and intertextual coherence, through which the individual text is shown to be part of a wider Arthurian ‘reality’. These two forms are interrelated in that it is the placing of the tale of Lancelot within the literary tradition that helps to give it a meaningful shape, conjointure and sens. The three principal means used to achieve this are as follows:

(a) Through allusions outwards to existing literary tradition belonging to the past in relation to the tale of Lancelot, whether to incidents to be found in other texts or to events to be found in no known text but fitting into the general framework provided by the literary tradition.
Poetry and Painting
Authors: Bowness Alan
Published: November 2023

It is a striking fact that the three men who successively did so much to create modern French poetry-Baudelaire, Mallarme, and Apollinaire--were all deeply responsive to the visual art of their contemporaries, and had many painter friends. There is no precedent for this in any earlier phase of French literature, nor do we find any thing that is comparable in the parallel literary cultures of Germany or England. In England, it is true, one notices another strange particularity, not found elsewhere, that of the painter-poet, equally at home in two arts.
Commentary
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

Humans therefore cannot claim to toil ‘without having received a truthful excuse and conclusive arguments’, as Sālim points out below, II, 7: God’s excuse equals the human lack thereof.
Introduction
Authors: Rouet Philippe
Published: November 2023

Taking as its position the point at which archaeology, art history, and historiography coincide, this work sets out to trace the development of the study of Greek pottery in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with particular emphasis on the works of Sir John Beazley on Attic vase-painting, and Edmond Pottier’s Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum.
Two Works by Pottier
Authors: Rouet Philippe
Published: November 2023

‘The consequences of war,’ he said, ‘are never-ending. I learn in a letter from my excellent friend William Harrison that French science has been despised in England since 1871, and that the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin affect to know nothing of the manual of archaeology by Maurice Raynouard, even though it is likely to be of more use to students than any other work of its kind.
History and Ideology in Fourteenth-century France
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

It is in this sense that the term will be understood below. Time and space preclude an exhaustive treatment of ideology as it expresses itself in the discourse of Froissart’s contemporaries. It would also be inappropriate to cover ground already explored by others; it is for this reason that the following pages are based (though not exclusively) upon a review of the conclusions reached by Marie-Therese de Medeiros in her sensitive study of the different ways in which fourteenth-century ‘historians’ write about the Jacquerie. The choice of this popular, anti-aristocratic uprising as the focus for a study of ideology in historiographic texts is not surprising, but is no less pertinent for that.
The Quest for Truth: ‘Je, sire Jehan Froissart, fay narracion Froissart-Scriptor and the metaphor of the Journey
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

Critics have been prompt to recognize the exceptional literary merits of the Voyage en Bearn sequence of Book III. Most have emphasized the originality and freshness of the chronicler’s style, or the freedom with which he records his activities as reporter and investigator during his stay at the court of Gaston Febus.
‘La Quille, Bordel!’: Recallingle Rappel
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

It was the French Revolution itself which gave rise to the concept of ‘the nation in arms’, and thus to the practice of conscription. However, ever since its introduction under the Directory in 1798 —specifically to provide the necessary manpower for Napoleon Bonaparte’s attempt to tum Egypt into France’s first North African colony —compulsory military service, though attractive in theory, has given rise to numerous difficulties in practice. In the modern era, this discrepancy has led French governments to continue to voice their faith in the benefits of non-vocational military service, while at the same time presiding over the emergence of a genuinely professional military apparatus. The end result of this dual approach has been an undeclared division of the French army into two effectively separate forces: an army in which those civilians called upon to serve the Republic might fulfil their patriotic obligations; and a very different army, the one which was relied upon to do the real fighting as France sought to re-establish her grip on an overseas empire profoundly affected by the Second World War. It was this ‘real’ army which had fought, and lost, in Indo-China; and it was the shattered remnants of this same army which set about avenging that defeat in Algeria.
Nicanor Parra: The Poem as Amoeba
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

The poetry of Nicanor Parra is a good deal more ambitious than most criticism suggests. Edith Grossman’s statement, that Parra ‘believes that only the ordinary spoken language, bare of poetic overtones and anachronisms, can communicate clearly and deeply enough’, may be taken as typical of the predominant response to Poemas y antipoemas [Poems and antipoems] in the forty years since it was first published. A sense of Parra’s poetics as crucial to Latin American poetry of the later twentieth century requires both listening more radically to what he does to ‘the ordinary spoken language’ and entering into the ways of reading suggested in his propositions of poetry as an unboundaried action. Mathematics, cosmology, and the social analysis of language converge in this action, and it is the aim of this chapter to trace this multidimensionality, starting for the sake of clarity with its main component, which is language.
Ernesto Cardenal: Eros and Belief under Epic Necessity
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

Ernesto Cardenal, one of the most important Latin American poets of the later twentieth century, has written most of his poetry since entering the priesthood. To read his work as expression of the experience of conversion—and of other key biographical events, such as the decision to commit himself to the Sandinista Revolution—has been the chosen stance of most criticism. What I propose here, without excluding biographical information where it is important to the process of writing, is to set up a sort of experiment in order to find out what types of reading Cardenal’s various books invite. When I say reading, I do not mean interpretation, as when a sequence of ideas is extracted from a text and expounded. I mean the quality of attention which the poems solicit and exemplify, the controls they exercise upon a reader’s ear, eye, and intellect.
Gonzalo Rojas: Writing in the Wind
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

No amount of statements about the work of a poet can substitute for the work of reading, as propaganda can for thinking or advertisements for the enjoyment of things or pornography—easily enough—for the art of love. Do you then read in a closed room, where no such interferences can enter, in an atmosphere of high seriousness? Substitution is to do with making models, and training the receiver to relate to them and not to the things themselves, and in the case of literature its smell is familiar enough to any student with an examination coming up. The problem is the models become the currency of what can be said—or what gets heard, which is the same thing.
Raul Zurita and American Space
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

According to the transitologists, the transition to democracy in Chile under the arrangements set up by Pinochet after sixteen years in power does not include as an issue the torture and disappearance of human beings during those sixteen years. This, in their view, is because those violations of human rights affected only a small minority of the population. There is logic in their stance, and let us define it as clearly as possible: if violence does not need to be kept in mind, this is because it only continues to affect those few it touched; it did not penetrate the whole society; it is not part of the long-term structures of the society as a whole, its history, and its culture; it is not and does not need to be generally remembered. Transitology, a new specialism in the business of social control, exemplifies in these respects the unprecedentedly sterile social thought oflate twentieth-century capitalism. For Raul Zurita, the pain of recent Chilean experience is something that needs to be purged, if any regeneration is to occur.
The Subversive Languages of Carmen Olle
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

Over the past fifteen years, there has been a huge increase in the amount of poetry written by women published in Peru. A book of interviews by Roland Forgues with Peruvian women poets is an index of this new phenomenon—in the masculinist ways it attempts to construe this writing and in the refusal of a number of the poets to go along with these. The book’s title is Las poetas se desnudan [Women poets bare themselves], indicating a paradigm that relegates women’s poetry to the erotic and to intimate confession: no place here for the public sphere, for ideas, or, crucially, for the invention of poetic forms. Only the themes matter, and these—as thequestions reveal—are preconceived as the confession of what was previously hidden.
Fortunato Depero‘s Contribution To A Futurist Mechanical Theatre
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

Depero returned to the theatre with a machine drama, called Anihccam del 3000 (i.e. Machine of the Year 3000, spelt backwards). It formed part of the programme which de Angelis and his Compagnia del Nuovo Teatro Futurista presented on II January 1923 at the Trianon in Milan (in a programme which also included Prampolini ‘s Psychology of the Machines, see above, pp. 366-8). Given that Depero ‘s interest in mechanized, artificial beings had been demonstrated in a whole series of works during the first ten years of his artistic career, it is not astonishing that he was an enthusiastic supporter of the Futurist mechanical aesthetics of the r92os. He wrote on the subject: Open your eyes wide and acknowledge that a part of the civilization and of glory belongs to the machine and that, thanks to them, our style will get clearer and more precise and we shall be able to win a certain artistic victory for a modern style....
The Last Signs Of Life In Futurist Theatre
Authors: Berghaus Günter
Published: November 2023

The Futurists tried their utmost to alert the Fascist authorities to the lamentable state of Italian theatre, from both an artistic and a technical viewpoint. Apart from writing about it in newspapers and magazines, such as L ‘impero, Futurismo, Sant ‘Elia, Scenario, Comoedia, Teatro, etc., and intervening at conferences and symposia, such as the international congress of the Societa Universale del Teatro (29 April-3 May 1932) or the Volta conference in October 1934 (which counted amongst its participants Walter Gropius, Alexander Tairov, Jacques Copeau, and Gordon Craig), they voiced their concerns via the theatre and arts corporations, approached influential functionaries such as di Marzio, Alfieri, Pavolini, Gray, and sought direct contact with Mussolini in order to gain public and State support for the improvement of the Italian theatre system.

The concrete results of these numerous campaigns were minimal. Neither a permanent Futurist theatre nor a Futurist-inspired National Theatre was ever constructed. The only theatre seriously dedicated to innovative produc-tions - Bragaglia ‘s Teatro degli Indipendenti - was closed down in 1930. Attempts to reopen a Teatro Sperimentale in Rome were strongly supported by the Futurists,2 but neither this nor the plans for a Futurist People ‘s Theatre3 ever came to fruition. In 1937, Bragaglia opened a new venture, called Teatro delle Arti, but the work presented here until 1943 was - not unlike Pirandello ‘s Teatro d ‘Arte - normal repertoire fare in a modern production style. Attempts to step outside this narrow niche immediately brought down the sledgehammer from above (demonstrated by the prohibition ofLorca ‘s Blood Wedding on the day of the dress rehearsal).
Heimat Past and Present—A Land Fit for Youth Lenz’s Deutschstunde, Emil Nolde and Heimatkunst, Michael Verhoeven’s Das schreckliche Mäidchen
Authors: Boa Elizabeth , Palfreyman Rachel
Published: November 2023

Deutschstunde (1968) by Siegfried Lenz (born 1926 in Lyck in Masuria, East Prussia), tells the story of Siggi Jepsen, a young man who has been arrested for art theft and sentenced to be held in an institution for delinquent youth (‘schwererziehbare Jugend’, literally ‘difficult-to-educate youth’). The story is told in the first person by Siggi who shares a name with his author—his full name is Siegfried Kai Johannes Jepsen. As part of his rehabilitation, Siggi has to write an essay on the topic of ‘The Joys of Duty’ and tells the story, set during the Second World War, of his father Jens Ole Jepsen, policeman in the northernmost police station in Germany, in Rugbiill, on the border between Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. The story proves so long in the telling, however, that the narrator cannot complete it in the hour or so provided, but instead voluntarily spends several months in solitary confinement, so arousing the interest of educational psychologists such asWolfgang Mackenroth who embarks on a case study of this unusual inmate to be presented for a diploma.
Homeward-Bound Edgar Reitz’s Heimatfor the 1980s
Authors: Boa Elizabeth , Palfreyman Rachel
Published: November 2023

Edgar Reitz’s epic film Heimatwas premiered at the Munich film festival on 30 June and 1 July 1984. It appeared on German television (ARD) split into eleven film-length episodes from 16 September to 14 November 1984. In 1986, it was broadcast for the first time on British television (BBC2) with subtitles from 19 April to 29 April, divided in the same way. It is estimated that one or more episodes were watched by 25 million Germans on television. In Britain, viewing figures of around 2.5 million were recorded, unprecedented for a subtitled art film of apparently off-putting length. Precedent suggested the BBC could have expected around 300,000 viewers. Though German and British reviewers were largely positive, indeed some were rapturous, the film also aroused controversy.4 As Colin Townsend documents, the film drew from Sunday Times critic Sean French the remark that the revisionist protrayal of a decent German officer was at times a bit hard to take, and it early on aroused disquiet also in France. Townsend also makes the point that the film’s episodic structure leaves gaps such as the crucial years of 1933 to 1935 when the process of Gleichschaltung (bringing into line) was being driven through in every institution and level of German civil society.
Spy Histories
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: November 2023

Before turning to screen spying, we need to dear some ground and establish some definitions and histories. This chapter seeks to provide this, but not in a way that presupposes a radical differentiation between fact and fiction, truth and legend, history and film, as if we can explore the ‘real’ world then measure the ‘reel’ world against it, or vice versa. Rather, and in keeping with the seduction of both espionage and drama, their playacting, Chapter 1 sketches the mutual indication of these discourses, notably in the UK-US context. Wherever we turn in the comparatively anarchic world of states, we find deceit and treachery, and espionage seems to be the alpha and omega of this means-ends rationality. Unlike the internal life of government, where lawmakers struggle over the means of control over their citizens and vice versa, international relations is constitutively chaotic.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

Writing about the Holocaust, whether as survivor, chronicler, or mere glossator of the work of others, has become all but synonymous with ‘bearing witness’. Adopting the language of testimony has become quite natural, almost an inevitable consequence of tackling this most fraught of subjects. And the reasons for this are compelling. Testimony brings with it a genuine rhetorical power. It taps into time-honoured traditions of memory and mourning; it gives voice to a mass of individuals who have little or no expertise in speaking or writing, only the authority of having been there, ‘whose only claim to greatness is the greatness of their suffering’, as Levi put it in a I 947 article (I. 1384). Furthermore, it has the noble ring of collective, public action: testimony is a defiant deposition against crime, against evil.
Discretion, Or Language And Silence
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 began with a recent tendency in Holocaust writing to draw on a rather cliched topos of memory as a marker of solemnity, arguing that Levi enacts a form of memory that is made denser and more difficult by its ethical dimension. We can usefully begin this chapter in much the same manner. There is a related, perhaps even more solemn topos about the experience of the Holocaust and the writing of it which, like all such topoi, contains a kernel of truth but also a deadening and simplifying reduction of the truth. It relates to the very real and profound difficulty in finding words and images to convey the sheer extremity of horror realized in the Final Solution and experienced by each individual who fell victim to it.
Common Sense
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

Throughout his work, Levi persistently presents himself as unexceptional, ordinary, as a normal man. He feels distinctly uncomfortable when others dress him in ‘higher’ garb, treating him, say, like a prophet or a seer, for the mere fortune of having survived Auschwitz: as he states in the preface to Racconti e saggi, ‘Tale non sono: sono un uomo normale di buona memoria che e incappato in un vortice’ (II. 859; emphasis added; ‘I am none of these: I am a normal man with a good memory who happened to get caught up in a whirlwind’).
Narrative and Fantasy in the Post-War German Novel
Authors: Paver Chloe E M
Published: November 2023

Narrative and Fantasy in the Post-War German Novel, a study of novels by Uwe Johnson, Max Frisch, Christa Wolf, Jurek Becker, and Günter Grass, investigates the fictions and fantasies invented by five narrators, examining the purpose which the fictions serve within each text and the means by which each author deliberately draws attention to them. All five authors are shown to be concerned with the kinds of stories which ordinary people tell about themselves and their past lives. While some of the texts demonstrate the positive power of imagination, others point to the dangers of fiction: its tendency to falsify reality and to encourage escapist and violent fantasies. This is the first major study of this distinctive trend in post-war German fiction.
Christa wolf: Nachdenken Über Christa T
Authors: Paver Chloe E M
Published: November 2023

Even before it reached the GDR’s bookshops early in 1969 Nachdenken überChristaT., Christa Wolf’s second major novel, was already the subject of speculation in the German book world. Delays in the book’s production and two lukewarm reviews which appeared in advance of the novel itself led to the suspicion that Christa T. was being suppressed because it was unpalatable to the SED. When it finally appeared, the novel became a cause célèbre, partly because of the undeservedly hostile reception which it received in the East, partly because of the equally undeserved tag of ‘oppositional literature’ which was attached to it in the West, and in no small part because its publisher took the extraordinary step of distancing himself publicly from the book, in the pages of Neues Deutschland
Introduction
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

This book is a study of one of modern theatre’s quietest, but most radical, innovators. By the mid-189os, the Belgian playwright and poet Maurice Maeterlinck had given the Symbolist movement something it had been seeking for more than a decade: a theatre. In so doing, he gave drama a new set of bearings: ‘static theatre’, ‘second degree dialogue’, and the ‘tragic of the everyday’. As Rainer Maria Rilke wrote, he ‘re-located theatre’s centre of gravity’, replacing action with inaction, events with eventlessness, and dialogue with a semantics of silence as expressive as any of Symbolism’s most sophisticated poetic constructions. The founder of the ‘theatre of waiting’ and the pioneer of dramatic minimalism, but also the free verse poet admired by the Surrealists and the author of speculative essays on dreams and the unconscious, Maeterlinck was celebrated by contemporaries as different as Mallarme and Rilke, Jarry and Chekhov,
La Princesse Maleine and Symbolist Theatre
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

J’ étudie partout Les fragments d’un Thé âtre nouveau qui se prépare en France et que je prépare de mon coté; quelque chose qui éblouisse le peuple souverain comme ne le fut jamais empereur de Rome ou prince d’ Asie. Tel est le but; c’est roide. 11 faut du temps. I am studying on every front the fragments of a new theatre which is taking shape in France and on which I too am working; something to dazzle the sovereign people as no Roman emperor or prince of Asia was ever dazzled. This is the goal; it is hard. It takes time.
Using the Stage
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

With his one-act plays, Maeterlinck produces dramatic forms which, more than any other theatre of their day, hold the clue to the shape of twentieth-century drama. In their time, these plays were felt to be not only original, but unprecedented; but they also seemed destined to lead nowhere. Whereas such plays as Maleine, Pe/leas, and Alladine et Palomides at least gestured to their Symbolist provenance and their ‘idealist’ heritage, Maeterlinck’s one-act plays seemed marooned in time, bereft as much of context as of tradition.
Theoretical Generations: Writing Identities
Authors: Gallagher Mary
Published: November 2023

In 1992, when Derek Walcott was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, it was the second time that a Caribbean-born poet had been thus distinguished. There was, however, one conspicuous difference between the general perception of the tribute to Derek Walcott and that of the honoring in 1960 of the Guadeloupian born poet Saint-John Peres. Whereas Walcott’s prize secured a prestigious place on the world map of literature both for the tiny island of St Lucia and for the Caribbean basin in general, Saint-John Parse’s Nobel was widely perceived, not only in 1960 but for about three decades afterwards, as an honor for ‘the’ French language and Metropolitan French culture rather than for Guadeloupe, much less the Caribbean.We must be careful, of course, not to misconstrue this shift. Undoubtedly, the general reluctance to link the first Caribbean-born laureate with the ‘New World’ can be explained as much by the apparent absence of Caribbean texture from the greater part of Saint-John Parse’s poetry and by the poet’s ambiguous.
Novel Time: Reconstructing the Past?
Authors: Gallagher Mary
Published: November 2023

In the Caribbean in general, the past is commonly perceived as problematic and traumatic:it is variously viewed as excessively intrusive or inaccessibly remote. Some authors attempt to distance themselves from its dominion, embracing writing as an opportunity to escape the constraints of temporality, whether these are seen to reinforce the weight of the past bearing down upon the present, or to sever it brutally from a present that is left, bereft, to ponder its own mutilation. However, even in writing that seems more committed to recovering time past rather than to recovering from it (by replacing it, for example, with myth or fiction), the linear flow of time, or time as succession, is frequently neutralized, its specificity denied, or at least translated into spatial terms.