bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measures and Ideals of C* (X)
Authors: CONNOR JEFF , SWARDSON MARY ANNE
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. The relationships holding between integral summability methods, certain set functions defined on ℘ ([0, ∞)), and certain closed subsets of β[0, ∞) ‐ [0, ∞) have been discussed before. In this paper some of these results are extended to more general topological spaces. For a locally compact Tychonoff space X, relationships between set functions on ℘ (X), certain closed subsets of βX ‐ X, and ideals of C*(X) are given, as are applications to summability theory.
Regularity and Sequential Convergence Spaces
Authors: FRIČ ROMAN , KENT D. C.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. Regularity for sequential convergence spaces is defined, and two reasons for believing that it is the right definition are given. In the first place, the definition is equivalent to an “extension of maps” property that characterizes regularity in a variety of topological categories. Second, a sequential convergence space is regular (in the sense here) iff its γ‐modification (introduced by Beattie and Butzmann) is a regular (filter) convergence space.
Spaces with Weaker Minimal T0 and Minimal TD Topologiesa
Authors: KONG T. YUNG , WILSON RICHARD G.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. Starting from characterizations of minimal T0 and minimal TD topologies given by Larson and by Pahk, spaces that have a minimal T0 subtopology and spaces that have a minimal TD subtopology are identified. The class of spaces with a minimal T0 subtopology has also been studied by Arhangel'skii, but the present approach is different and leads to some new results.
Characterizations of Cohen Algebras
Authors: KOPPELBERG SABINE
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. Call a Boolean algebra A a Cohen algebra if forcing with A is equivalent to adjoining Cohen reals. Several equivalences to a Cohen algebra are given that closely parallel the well‐known characterizations of projective algebras. The notion of a relatively complete extension of Boolean algebras, which was crucial for the theory of projective algebras, has to be replaced here by the notion of a regular extension.
A Regular Countable Chain Condition Space without Compact‐caliber (ω1, ω)
Authors: MCINTYRE D. W.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. A topological space has the countable chain condition (CCC) if every disjoint collection of nonempty open sets is countable. It has compact‐caliber (ω1, ω) if, for every family {Uα: α∈ω1) of nonempty open sets, there is a compact set K such that K ∩ Uα |Mn Ø for infinitely many α∈ω1. It has been previously shown that CCC implies compact‐caliber (ω1, ω) for first countable regular spaces. An example is constructed to show that CCC does not imply compact‐caliber (ω1, ω) for arbitrary regular spaces. The method of construction is to refine the usual topology on the set of real numbers, and take the Pixley‐Roy space over this refinement.
Explicit Metrization
Authors: SHORE S. D. , SAWYER LAURIE J.
Published: December 2006

This paper provides a brief, nontraditional introduction to the historically important metrization theorems from 1910 to 1951. The intent is to show an evolution of ideas that lead to proofs for these results and that demonstrate how these theorems develop as a common thread. In this development it is suggested that the idea of distance function arises easily in the context of geometry and it is argued that this provides an avenue for developing the basic topological notions of convergence and neighborhood. In this setting strategies for constructing distance functions are provided and it is shown explicitly how these constructions can be used to give simple proofs of the classical theorems of Alexandroff and Urysohn (1923), Urysohn and Tychonoff (1925), Frink (1937), and Nagata, Smirnov, Bing (1951).
The Homeomorphism Extension Theorem for βω\ω
Authors: VAN DOUWEN ERIC K. , VAN MILL JAN
Published: December 2006

CH implies that every homeomorphism of nowhere dense closed P‐sets in βω\ω can be extended to an autohomeomorphism of βω\ω. CH also implies that every closed P‐set of weight at most c of a compact zero‐dimensional F‐space is a retract.
Pointwise Compatibility, Lattices of f‐proximities and Counterexamples
Authors: SRIVASTAVA PRAMILA , KHARE MONA
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The concept of pointwise compatibility in the family of all basic proximities on a set X is introduced and studied. It is proved that the family of all pointwise compatible f‐proximities, under suitable restrictions on f, forms a complete distributive lattice. To the known f‐proximities is added a new proximity, termed as p‐proximity. Counterexamples are constructed in answer to questions regarding the existing one‐way implications for different f‐proximities.
The Diversity of Topological Applications within Computer‐aided Geometric Design
Authors: PETERS THOMAS J. , ROSEN DAVID W. , DORNEY SUZANNE M.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Boolean algebras of regular closed sets, continuous functions, tame homeomorphisms, and Betti numbers are representative of the spectrum of topological tools that have been useful within computer aided geometric design (CAGD). The history of mathematics is rich with examples where the investigation of applications leads to extensions of existing theory. In that spirit, representative applications of topology to CAGD are presented. The intent is to present these examples in mathematical language within their larger mathematical context, so that other topologists might be encouraged to simultaneously enrich CAGD practice and mathematical theory. The authors' own research has benefited from such synergy, in that preparation of this article has resulted in new findings, which are presented herein.
Proper Pseudocompact Subgroups of Pseudocompact Abelian Groups
Authors: COMFORT W. W. , GLADDINES HELMA , VAN MILL JAN
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We prove among other things that if G is a pseudocompact Abelian topological group such that |G| > c or ω1≤w(G)≤ c then G has a proper dense pseudocompact subgroup.
THE X‐RAY BACKGROUND
Authors: HASINGER GÜNTHER
Published: December 2006

The progress in the measurement and understanding of the X‐ray background is reviewed here with particular emphasis on a discussion of their implication on large‐scale structure. New and important constraints on large‐scale structure are obtained from measurements of the smoothness of the XRB. Recently the first discovery of a signal in the angular correlation function of the XRB could be announced. Finally, new information on the evolution of clusters of galaxies could be obtained from medium‐deep ROSAT surveys.
Gamma‐ray bursts and the structure of the Galactic halo
Authors: PODSIADLOWSKI PHILIPP , REES MARTIN J , RUDERMAN MALVIN
Published: December 2006

We have systematically investigated Galactic models for classical gammaray bursts (GRBs) in which gamma‐ray bursters are ejected from the Galactic disk. It is relatively easy to construct models in which the predicted GRB sky distribution is isotropic and consistent with the present BATSE data if the outer halo is not spherically symmetric. The bursters must receive a velocity kick larger than ∼ 600–700 km s−1 at birth and remain active bursters for at least 109 yr. We suggest strongly magnetized neutron stars with magnetic fields of order 1015 G as possible sources of classical GRBs.
An Internal Friction Model for an Unusually Large Second Derivative of the Pulsar Rotation Rate
Authors: Shibazaki N. , Hirano S.
Published: December 2006

The millisecond pulsar 1620 – 26 in the globular cluster M4 exhibits an unusually large second derivative of the pulse frequency1,2, which together with the other pulse timing parameters yields the braking index of 4 × 107. To understand this extreme behavior of the pulsar rotation, we consider the effect of a superfluid‐crust coupling in the neutron star interior on the crust rotation. The frictional coupling between superfluid and crust becomes unstable when the temperature of the star falls down below a critical temperature. Then, the frictional instability develops a limit cycle4 The temperature increase in a part of the limit cycle enhances friction between the crust and the superfluid so largely and accelerates the angular momentum transfer from the superfluid to the crust so rapidly that the crust rotation is even spun up. This rapidly growing friction can produce an extremely large second derivative in the crust rotation rate as observed in PSR 1620 – 26.
Evidence for Particle Acceleration and Nuclear Reactions around Compact Relativistic Objects
Authors: Martín Eduardo L.
Published: December 2006

In this paper I summarize recent observational evidence for processes of particle acceleration around compact objects and their interaction with the ambient medium, which leads to nucleosynthesis of light elements (D, Li, Be, B).
How To Design a Therapeutic Study in Patients with the Post‐Polio Syndrome
Authors: DALAKAS MARINOS C.
Published: December 2006

The innervation of muscles in patients with the post‐polio syndrome (PPS) may differ from limb to limb or even within the same limb because of the segmental nature of the initial involvement and the varying degree of subsequent recovery. Consequently, the compensatory effort of the neighboring muscles varies even in the same limb. Clinicohistological studies have confirmed that in PPS the various muscle groups differ according to whether they were affected during the acute polio and have recovered (partially or completely), or whether they were clinically spared during the original disease, in spite of subclinical involvement. Because the impact of the late effects of polio is also variable in these muscle groups, the effect of therapies may be different not only from patient to patient and from limb to limb, but also from muscle to muscle within the same limb. These variables require careful statistical determination of the sample size at the design of a trial. Another problematic issue in the therapy of PPS is to define the end point of therapy. The two disabling PPS symptoms, excessive fatigue and new muscle weakness, can coexist. An experimental therapeutic design must focus separately on the fatigue, using validated fatigue scales, and on muscle weakness, using quantitative muscle testing. Another methodological concern is the placebo‐controlled design. Patients with PPS, even those without depression, can be prone to a placebo effect; hence the need for controlled trials. Finally, the length of a trial remains unresolved because of the slow and unpredictable progression of PPS that varies from patient to patient. Until the natural history of PPS is defined, therapies aimed at arresting disease progression are not reliable.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: HOCK C. , VILLRINGER K. , MÜLLER‐SPAHN F. , HOFMANN M. , SCHUH‐HOFER S. , HEEKEREN H. , WENZEL R. , DIRNAGL U. , VILLRINGER A.
Published: December 2006

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a new technique that permits noninvasive monitoring of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation. Recently, we and others have shown that NIRS measurements are sensitive enough to follow changes in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation due to activation of brain function. Based on these findings we have assessed the influence of aging as well as the influence of neurodegeneration on cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation during mental work. The typical NIRS pattern in young healthy subjects while performing calculation tasks measured in the frontal cortex were increases in oxygenated hemoglobin [HbO2] and total hemoglobin [HbT] while reduced hemoglobin [HbR] decreased. Elderly healthy subjects showed a significant lower mean increase in [HbO2] and [HbT] levels. Regression analysis revealed an age‐dependent decline in activation‐induced local increase of [HbO2] as well as [HbT]. Furthermore, we monitored changes in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation in the frontal cortex while patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) performed cognitive tasks. Whereas elderly healthy subjects (as well as patients with major depression, age‐associated memory impairments or vascular dementia) again showed clear increases in the local concentrations of [HbO2] and [HbT] during brain activation, AD patients showed significant decreases compared to the baseline levels in both variables that were most pronounced in the parietal cortex. To clarify whether the different patterns in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation during cognitive activation were due to an altered functional brain organization in AD or to alterations in the cerebrovascular response to neuronal activation, we are currently performing simultaneous NIRS and (015‐H20‐)PET measurements during performance of a cognitive task (Stroop test). Our finding of a regional reduced oxygen supply during activation of brain function may be of relevance to the development and the time course of neurodegeneration.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Features of Familial Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: ROSSOR M.N. , KENNEDY A.M. , FRACKOWIAK R.S.J.
Published: December 2006

Subtle phenotypic differences between familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) pedigrees can be identified which may reflect the genetic and allelic heterogeneity of the disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) of APP mutation and chromosome 14‐linked FAD pedigree members reveals biparietal bitemporal hypometabolism. Scanning of asymptomatic at‐risk individuals reveals a similar, but quantitatively less severe, pattern of hypometabolism.
Regulation of APP Expression, Biogenesis and Metabolism by Extracellular Matrix and Cytokinesa
Authors: BEYREUTHER K. , MULTHAUP G. , MÖNNING U. , SANDBRINK R. , BEHER D. , HESSE L. , SMALL D. H. , MASTERS C.L.
Published: December 2006

We have identified and characterized the ligand binding properties of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) βA4 amyloid protein precursor (APP), mapped the APP ligand binding sites and analyzed the regulation of APP expression, biogenesis and metabolism by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytokines.
Regulation of APP Processing Potential for the Therapeutical Reduction of Brain Amyloid Burdena
Authors: NITSCH R. M. , WURTMAN R. J. , GROWDON J. H.
Published: December 2006

The role of brain amyloid in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is discussed controversially, but combined genetic and biochemical evidence points to a central role of the gene encoding the amyloid precursor APP in at least some forms of AD. This article proposes that preventing brain amyloid formation is a rational concept for drug treatment of AD. We suggest that pharmacologically active ligands for specific cell surface receptor subtypes—normally stimulated by neurotransmitters, growth factors, and cytokines—constitute a class of chemicals that might be useful to accelerate processing of APP into non‐amyloidogenic, and biologically active, derivatives. This class of agents includes muscarinic m1 and m3 agonists, serotoninergic 5‐HT2a and 5‐HT2c agonists, glutamatergic mGluR1 agonists, as well as agonists for bradykinin and vasopressin receptors.
Disorders of Visual and Spatial Perception in the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: BINETTI G. , CAPPA S. F. , MAGNI E. , PADOVANI A. , BIANCHETTI A. , TRABUCCHI M.
Published: December 2006

A battery of visual and spatial perception tests (VOSP) has been administered to a sample of 25 mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 25 age‐ and education‐matched controls in order to assess visuospatial skills in the early phase of the disease. Among visual object perception tests, AD patients were impaired only in the task where they had to name the stimulus (Silhouettes task). The score in this task significantly correlated with the Boston Naming Test score (r= .73; p < 0.0001). The performance on the Object decision task (which does not require naming), figure‐ground analysis, and identification of degraded stimuli was unimpaired. Similarly there were no significant differences for any of the spatial perception tests. The results showing that the performances on most measures of visual and spatial perception is unimpaired, indicate that the “early” perceptual processes, as well as the access to structural knowledge, are not defective in early AD. On the other hand, AD patients are impaired at the level of semantic access and name retrieval. The finding of an highly significant correlation among tests requiring visual access to structural and semantic knowledge suggests that a rigid separation between perceptual and semantic mechanisms may be unwarranted.
Alterations in Functional Neuroanatomical Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: BECKER J. T. , MINTUN M. A. , ALEVA K. , WISEMAN M. B. , NICHOLS T. , DEKOSKY S. T.
Published: December 2006

Conscious recall of past events which have specific temporal and spatial contexts, termed episodic memory, is mediated by a system of interrelated brain regions. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) this system breaks down, resulting in an inability to recall events from the immediate past. Studies of normal human auditory‐verbal short‐term memory suggest that the brain system underlying these processes has distinct components, and the present study utilized the methods of functional brain mapping to determine the nature and extent of the breakdown that occurs in AD. Using subtraction techniques of PET‐acquired images of regional cerebral blood flow we demonstrate that AD patients show a compensatory hyperactivation of various regions of cerebral cortex normally involved in these tasks, as well as activation of cortical areas not activated by normal elderly subjects. These results provide clear evidence of functional plasticity in the AD patient's brain even if those changes do not result in normal memory function.
Alzheimer's Disease and Apolipoprotein E in Italya
Authors: SORBI S. , NACMIAS B. , FORLEO P. , PIACENTINI S. , AMADUCCI L.
Published: December 2006

Recent studies have provided evidence of association of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele and late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epidemiological studies have established allelic variation at the ApoE locus. We have analyzed the ApoE gene polymorphism in a sample of 416 Italian subjects. Our data confirm a significant association between ε4 allele and sporadic AD. The frequency of ε4 allele in early onset familial AD patients was comparable to control values suggesting that ε4 allele does not represent a risk factor for early onset familial AD (EOFAD). Moreover, we found a not‐previously reported association between ApoE ε2 allele and sporadic AD and EOFAD. We included in this study two EOFAD families with the APP717 Val → Ile mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene on chromosome 21.

In any of the EOFAD families there was a significant effect of the ApoE genotype on the age of onset with the exception of one of the two mutated EOFAD families in which the 2 allele delays the age of onset.
Development and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody 369.2B Specific for the Carboxyl‐Terminus of the βA4 Peptide
Authors: KÖNIG G. , GRAHAM P. , BUSHNELL A. , WEBSTER S. , WUNDERLICH D. , PERLMUTTER L. S.
Published: December 2006

The β‐amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's diseased (AD) brain are made up mainly of βA4 peptides which show both N‐ and C‐terminal heterogeneity. The predominant C‐terminal species, identified by peptide sequencing of purified β‐amyloid, end either at position 40 or 42 of the βA4 peptide. The distribution of these two βA4 species in postmortem tissue as well as their generation in vitro could not be addressed previously due to the lack of specific antibodies that could differentiate them. This report describes the generation of a highly specific monoclonal antibody, MAb 369.2B which was raised against a synthetic peptide consisting of the C‐terminus of the 1–42 βA4 species. MAb 369.2B does not recognize the shorter βA4 species 1–40 in solution or in solid phase. Furthermore, both βA4 1–40 and 1–43 were unable to absorb out the antibody when used immunocytochemically. The regional distribution of MAb 369.2B immunoreactivity in AD and non‐AD brain samples were compared to MAb 286.8A, an antibody raised against the N‐terminal region of βA4. Overall, the staining patterns were very similar. In AD cases with extreme vascular involvement, the N‐terminal (MAb 286.8A) antibody was more likely to label the vascular basement membrane of affected vessels, and to label them more uniformly. In addition, preliminary quantitative analyses revealed that the C‐terminal antibody labeled fewer, larger plaques than the N‐terminal antibody. Qualitative analyses revealed that these smaller plaques were typically subregions of the larger plaques. The data corroborate the biochemical findings of N‐terminal raggedness in βA4 plaques. Further studies are required to explain this differential pattern of deposition.
Immortalized Neural Cells from Trisomy 16 Mice as Models for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: FREDERIKSEN K. , THORPE A. , RICHARDS S. J. , WATERS J. , DUNNETT S. B. , SANDBERG B. E. B.
Published: December 2006

The trisomy 16 mouse (Tsl6) is a general accepted animal model for both Downs syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the efficacy of this model is severely hampered by the fact that Tsl6 is lethal after about 18–20 days of gestation. Chimeras, long‐term tissue culture and neural transplantation of Tsl6 material have previously been used to overcome this limitation presented by death in utero of the Tsl6. In this paper we describe a new strategy to overcome this limitation, i.e. immortalization of primary cells from Tsl6 mice with retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer of a temperature sensitive immortalizing oncogene. By this method we have obtained a total of 21 stable cell lines from Tsl6 hippocampus, Tsl6 cortex, normal hippocampus, and normal cortex. So far, two of the cell lines have been karyotyped and as expected, the cell line immortalized from Tsl6 embryos has retained three copies of chromosome 16. We are currently characterizing these cell lines with respect to expression of APP, T‐antigen, Nestin, GFAP, NF and Map‐2. Moreover, the processing and secretion of APP fragments are being investigated by immunoblotting.

In summary, we have immortalized CNS cells from Tsl6 mice and we expect that these cell lines will be useful as in vitro and in vitro models for studying various aspects of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
The D1 Agonist Dihydrexidine Releases Acetylcholine and Improves Cognition in Rats
Authors: STEELE T. D. , HODGES D. B. , LEVESQUE T. R. , LOCKE K. W. , SANDAGE B. W.
Published: December 2006

Neurochemical and behavioral studies have elucidated extensive interactions between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems in brain areas associated with movement and cognition. The initial goal of these studies was to evaluate the effect of the anti‐Parkinson drug dihydrexidine (DHX), a dopamine D1 full‐efficacy agonist, on brain acetylcholine (ACh) release using in vivo microdialysis techniques. Moderate doses of DHX (3 and 10 mg/kg) produced approximately a 50% increase in striatal ACh release that was blocked by the D1 agonist SCH23390 (0.3 mg/kg). A higher dose of DHX (17.5 mg/kg) was less effective in raising striatal ACh, possibly due to D2 receptor activation. In frontal cortex, DHX (10 mg/kg) evoked a more robust increase in ACh release (+ 200%) that was blocked by SCH23390 (0.3 mg/kg). Since elevations in brain ACh are associated with cognitive improvement, the effectiveness of DHX in a passive avoidance model of learning and memory was also evaluated. These studies revealed a significant improvement in performance by 0.3 mg/kg DHX in scopolamine‐induced amnestic rats. These results provided support for the hypothesis that DHX improves cognitive performance as a consequence of ACh release in relevant brain regions. Further, D1 agonists may have novel therapeutic potential in the treatment of dementia.
The Gleason Cover of a Flow
Authors: BALL RICHARD N. , HAGLER JAMES N.
Published: December 2006

We prove the existence and uniqueness of projective covers in the category of flows with perfect flow maps. The main point is that Gleason's classical results on the existence and uniqueness of the projective cover of a compact Hausdorff space hold when all spaces are equipped with (a fixed monoid of continuous) actions and all maps are required to respect them.
A Bitopological View on Weight and Cardinality in Almost Stably Locally Compact Spaces
Authors: BROWN LAWRENCE M. , DIKER MURAT
Published: December 2006

The class of almost stably locally compact topological spaces is defined and a bitopological characterization obtained. Bounds for the biweight and cardinality of bitopological spaces involved in this characterization are established and applied to give bounds for the weight and cardinality of almost stably locally compact spaces.
Borel Groups of Low Descriptive Complexity
Authors: van ENGELEN FONS
Published: December 2006

Let X be a zero‐dimensional first category absolute Borel set of ambiguous class two. Then X can be given the structure of a topological group if and only if X is homogeneous and X=X x X. Thus, within the ambiguous class two, zero‐dimensional groups only occur at the low levels, and the indecomposable levels of the hierarchy of difference classes DαΣ02 in 2ω.
Factorization of Metrizability
Authors: HUNG H. H.
Published: December 2006

A general method of factorization in introduced. It consists of, first, the weakening of the concept of an open base or that of a network, and, second, the restoration to the weakened concept its full vigor. Thus, every time, we have the restorative + the weakened concept = the original concept. The workings of the method are exceedingly simple. Its field of applications goes well beyond metrizability. Results include an improvement of Heath and Aull on the developability and metrizability of semistratifiable spaces. We also have that every Nagata space has a metrizable dense subset.
On the Problem of Weak Reflections in Compact Spaces
Authors: KOVÁR MARTIN MARIA
Published: December 2006

In this paper we present, among others, an improvement of Hušek's characterization of the spaces with the weak compact reflection. Our main results are as follows: A topological space has a weak reflection in compact spaces iff the Wallman remainder is finite. If a θ‐regular or T1 space has a weak compact reflection, then the space is countably compact. A noncompact θ‐regular or T1 space which is weakly [ω1, ∞)r‐refinable, has no weak reflection in compact spaces.
Quotients of Complete Boolean Algebras
Authors: VERMEER J.
Published: December 2006

We show that every k‐field of sets with k > 2ω0 is a quotient of a complete Boolean algebra.
On the Space of Homeomorphisms of a Compact n‐manifold
Authors: WONG RAYMOND Y.
Published: December 2006

In the study of the space of homeomorphisms H(M) (with identity on the boundary) of a compact n‐manifold M (modulo its boundary), the major unsolved problem is whether H(M) an absolute neighborhood retract. If the answer is affirmative, then it must be homeomorphic to a Hilbert manifold when combined with known results in infinite‐dimensional topology. It turns out that there is a simple reduction of the problem to the case M being an n‐ball B. That is, if H(B) is an absolute retract, then H(M) is an absolute neighborhood retract. We intend to concentrate on the study of H(B) and prove that there is dense subset of the space of homeomorphism of the Hilbert cube Q such that each of its member is a finite composition of homeomorphisms that are either Lie in H(B) or act in the direction complementary to B.
All You Can't Eat: Derrida'S Course, "Rhétorique Du Cannibalisme" (1990–1991)
Authors: Krell David Farrell
Published: December 2006

In 1990–1991 Jacques Derrida taught a seminar in Paris involving the scientific-philosophical notebooks of the German Romantic writer and thinker Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772–1801). The present article offers an account of that seminar, which was entitled, "The Rhetoric of Cannibalism."
The Persistence of Mudejar Islam? Alonso de Luna (Muhammad Abū 'l- Āsī), the Lead Books, and the Gospel of Barnabas
Authors: Wiegers Gerard A.
Published: December 2006

This article deals with the origins of a famous group of Muslim texts, the so-called Gospel of Barnabas, a pseudoepigraphic piece of anti-Christian polemics in the form of a gospel, and the so-called Lead Books, found in Granada at the end of the sixteenth century. The authorship of these forgeries is controversial, but they seem to have their roots in medieval and renaissance mudejar and Morisco Spain. This essay situates the question of authorship against the background of the transition of mudejar to Morisco culture and deals with the Islamic names of some of those responsible for the texts: the Moriscos Alonso del Castillo (al-Jabbis), his son-in-law Miguel de Luna (al-Ukayhil), and their grandson and son Alonso de Luna (Muhammad Abū 'l- Āsī). New light is shed on the latter's travels to Rome and Istanbul and his Inquisition trial in 1618, as well as on his involvement in the Gospel of Barnabas and the Sacromonte Lead Book affairs.
St. John's Nocturnal Beloved Could Have Been Named “Layla”
Authors: López-Baralt Luce
Published: December 2006

St. John of the Cross silences the names of his feminine poetic alter egos. In this essay, I propose a symbolic name for the nocturnal lover of Noche oscura del alma: Layla. In Arabic layl means “night,” and this is the name of the woman Qays loved to the point of madness, according to the famous pre-Islamic legend. Forced to part from his beloved, Qays goes to the desert and writes desperate love verses to her until he feels so spiritually transformed in Layla that he is Layla herself. As “Majnūn Layla,” or “Layla's fool,” the Lover no longer needs the Beloved's physical presence. Sufi mystics like Rūmī read this legend in terms of the mystical union, transforming Layla into the symbol of the dark night of the soul. St. John of the Cross is much indebted to Islamic mystical symbolism, and he closely follows the Islamic symbolism of the dark night in his poem.
ELECTROKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MECHANOELECTRICAL TRANSDUCTION*
Authors: Teorell Torsten
Published: December 2006

1. An electrokinetic mechanoelectrical transducer analog has been subject to detailed analysis. The model consists of a two‐compartment model of a pressure sensitive “cell” bounded by a membrane, which can be represented as a microporous, elastic structure containing fixed charge groups. This ion and water‐permeable membrane is supposed to be polarized by a more or less constant electric current. The model is metastable in the sense that it can be stimulated both with changes of the electric current and/or by changes of a pressure gradient. Some modifications have now been introduced into an earlier, simpler version of this “membrane oscillator” in order to simulate certain physiological conditions. The result presented have been obtained by analog computation.

2. Stimuli with electrical current pulses and externally applied pressure pulses evoke similar “action potential” responses, demonstrating the intimate coupling between the driving forces in this electrokinetic model (i.e. the chemical potential gradient, the electrical potential gradient and the pressure gradient).

3. It is shown that the artificial transducer elicits a static response to maintained, constant pressure stimuli in the form of repetitive “action potentials.” The relation impulse frequency vs. stimulus strength is largely linear and analogous to many of those reported in the physiological literature on pressoreceptors, i.e. external pressure produces a “frequency modulation” of the evoked action potentials.

4. The frequency response to pressure stimuli of increasing repetition rate shows that the artificial transducer is insensitive to high‐frequnecy vibrations, that it shows “pararesonance” behavior at intermediate frequencies and a dynamic type response at low repetition rates (in the latter case the response, in the main, occurred at high rates of change of the increasing pressure stimuli; on the other hand, during the decline of the stimuli a “postexcitatory depression” could be observed).

5. With the background of existing concepts in receptor physiology a hypothetical “1‐step process” (direct coupling between pressure‐effect and electrical response) and a “2‐step process” (involving a primary “generator potential”) was discussed. The artificial transducer model demonstrated that the generator potential type of response and the oscillatory response type can belong to one and the same system, the difference only arising from a different degree of damping. A method is outlined which can discriminate between the 1‐step and the 2‐step process, based on the pattern of the firing level and the undershoot level of the action potentials.

6. The role of the polarizing, electric “resting current” is considered as being a manifestation of the existence of a biochemically driven “fuel cell.”
MULTI‐PURPOSE TELEVISION
Authors: Benschoter Reba Ann
Published: December 2006

The closed circuit television tools I have discussed here will soon be available to our entire medical school as part of a Biomedical Communications Center which will incorporate and coordinate existing services and explore new methods of communication as well.

I believe that closed circuit television–especially two‐way television–will be a valuable tool in our medical education, service and research. It is also logical that its effectiveness will be measured in direct proportion to the amount of careful planning put into the selection of the best system, the determination of the most appropriate uses, and the encouragement of faculty and student interest and participation.
THE LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF GASTRIC PROTEASES
Authors: Klotz Arthur P.
Published: December 2006

Summary

Human gastric juice contains at least three different proteases which have been separated by column chromatography. Gastricsin is most probably one of these separated by this method. Proteolytic activity occurs over a pH range of approximately 0.5 to 4.0 in this composite protease mixture. Separation of the activities of individual proteases in gastric juice by simple pH control is not possible by current methods. Individual substrate differences may eventually lead to relatively simple methods of separation. Our usual laboratory procedures provide a partial summation of total gastric protease activity.

The radioactive iodinated albumin method for protease measurements is a satisfactory and relatively simple laboratory procedure that can be applied to undiluted gastric juice. Results are related to a standard of purified pepsin of known specific activity and can therefore be reported in pepsin units.

Clinical application of this method demonstrates that (1) protease is always present when acid is present; (2) Histalog stimulates the release of protease; (3) anticholinergic drugs may sometimes block the release of free acid but not protease; and (4) selective alteration of acid and protease appears to depend upon the intensity of pharmacologic stimulation or blockade of the vagus nerve.

Clinical application of this method demonstrates that synthetic sulfated amylopectin has significant antipeptic activity both in vitro and in vivo.
EFFECT OF A SYNTHETIC SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDE (SN‐263)* ON GASTRIC PEPTIC ACTIVITY IN HUMANS
Authors: Sun David C. H.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The effect of oral administration of a synthetic sulfated polysaccharide, amylopectin sulfate (SN‐263), on gastric peptic activity was studied in 49 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Five dose levels were studied: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg, and 800 mg. A significant depression of gastric peptic activity was observed after oral administration of 200 and 300 mg of SN‐263. This inhibitory action appeared within 15 min and lasted for 45 min. At higher dose levels of 500 and 800 mg, a longer duration of inhibition lasting for 75 min was observed. Oral administration of 100 mg of SN‐263 was ineffective as an anti‐peptic agent. SN‐263 had no effect on the acidities of the gastric contents.

When 200 mg of SN‐263 was given at two‐hour intervals, the inhibitory effect of the second administration of SN‐263 on gastric pepsin concentration was similar to that of the first dose. There was no evidence of a cumulative action. The addition of an anticholinergic drug, propanthelie bromide, which will inhibit acid and pepsin secretions at their source, further enhanced the action of SN‐263 as an antipeptic agent. Since SN‐263 exerts no antacid or anticholinergic action, its inhibitory effect on peptic activity must be a direct one.
CARBOHYDRATE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF GASTRIC EPITHELIAL SECRETIONS IN DOG
Authors: Spicer S. S. , Sun D. C. H.
Published: December 2006

Summary

Histochemical methods specific for carbohydrate constituents distinguish a number of widely different entities in several types of gastric epithelial cells in the dog.

The surface gastric epithelium reveals basophilia, indicating mucosubstances rich in both carboxyl groups (presumably sialic acid) and sulfate esters. The carboxyl‐type basophilia predominates in the superficial convolutions, and that attributed to sulfate is found in the foveolar walls. The strong reactivity with both the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) and the periodic acid‐para diamine (PAD) methods for vicinal‐hydroxyls indicates presence of hexose‐ or deoxyhexose‐rich mucosubstances in both of these areas. Susceptibility of basophilia to blockage by initial periodate‐meta diamine treatment points to presence of vicinal‐glycols in proximity of the acid groups in surface epithelium mucin. The surface epithelium in the pylorus differs slightly in that its secretion is less strongly basophilic.

The mucous neck cells secrete an apparently neutral mucosubstance which differs from the surface epithelium in its lack of both PAD reactivity and basophilia. The parietal cells also form a diastase‐resistant, neutral, carbohydrate‐rich substance. The zymogen cells are abundant, deep in the glands of the cardiac portion and the body of the stomach, but less numerous in the intermediate zone. They contain apical granular secretion apparently rich in sulfated mucosubstances. Lack of reactivity toward vic‐glycol methods, resistance of alcianophilia or azurophilia to a previous periodate‐meta diamine sequence, and resistance of mixed diamine staining to previous periodate oxidation indicate absence of residues with unsubstituted adjacent hydroxyls (e.g., hexose or deoxyhexose), in this acid mucosubstance.

The pyloric glands resemble mucous neck cells in their strong PAS staining and lack of PAD reactivity, but differ in that they show a weak staining indicative of sulfomucin.
AUGMENTED HISTAMINE TEST
Authors: Sun David C. H. , Ryan M. L. , Chang P. L. , Keogh R.
Published: December 2006

Summary

(1) The value of and the applications for the augmented histamine test are discussed. Proposals are put forth in reference to the nomenclature of gastric acid and the interpretation of the augmented histamine test for routine clinical purposes.

(2) The results of the augmented histamine test in 14 patients with proven gastric ulcer and in 68 subjects with proven duodenal ulcer are presented. The mean acid outputs of men with gastric ulcer (all sites) for basal and histamine‐stimulated secretion were about one‐half that of men with duodenal ulcer. These differences were significant, statistically.

(3) Duodenal ulcer patients with complications had a significantly higher maximal acid output to histamine than those without complication. The finding of a maximal acid output greater than 40 mEq/hr is highly suggestive of the presence or the imminence of a complication.

(4) We prefer the use of the augmented histamine test as a routine gastric analysis procedure, since it is a quantitative test and, as such, gives reproducible acid output in the same individual, provides an estimate of the parietal cell mass, and gives a positive lead to the diagnosis of Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome.
RELEASE OF THROMBOPLASTIN AFTER THERMAL INJURY*
Authors: Guest M. Mason , Bond Ted P.
Published: December 2006

Microcirculatory flow following a severe burn is hindered by the formation of aggregates of erythrocytes which frequently completely fill the lumena of small arteries, arterioles, and venules. On the arterial side, clusters of cells are often too large to enter branching vessels; large aggregates grow from smaller clusters, and vessels fill with packed, adherent erythrocytes for some distance proximal to divarications. However, if erythrocytes enter capillaries, they move independently of other erythrocytes and are transformed into hollow paraboloids as they are in the absence of trauma to tissue or in the absence of infused thromboplastin.

The hypothesis that aggregation of erythrocytes is caused either directly or indirectly by release of thromboplastins from damaged tissue is based upon the following evidence:

1) Following a severe burn the observed phenomena in cinephotographic film recorded at conventional film speeds and up to 3200 frames per sec, are similar to those observed following the infusion of thromboplastin.

2) Changes in clotting and fibrinolytic components following a severe burn can be duplicated by the infusion of canine thromboplastin. The most pronounced alteration is the shortening of the Stypvin time which is highly dependent upon the concentration of phospholipids.

3) Complete fibrinogenolysis results in improvement in microcirculatory flow following a severe burn and following the infusion of thromboplastin, indicating that an altered fibrinogen, or possibly fibrin, is involved in the adherence between erythrocytes in both experimental conditions.
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS IN CHOLERA: IMPLICATIONS FOR FLUID REPLETION IN SEVERE BURNS*
Authors: Enson Y. , Harvey R. M. , Lewis M. L. , Greenough W. B. , Ally K. M. , Panno R. A.
Published: December 2006

To summarize the train of events in cholera as we visualize them: Severe dehydration results in hypovolemia, and cardiac output and all pressures fall. Acidosis causes peripheral venous constriction, thereby reducing the capacity of the venous reservoirs and maintaining, to some extent, venous return to the heart. Fluid administration without correction of acidosis favors a disproportionate venous return to the heart and pulmonary circulation. Alleviation of acidosis during fluid replacement results in a more even distribution of the circulating blood volume and reduces the possibility of engorgement of the pulmonary bed.

This mechanism may also explain the occasional appearance of pulmonary congestion in patients with severe burns and metabolic acidosis. Fluid therapy without correction of acidosis in such patients may also favor a disproportionate venous return to the heart and pulmonary circulation. Treatment of the acidosis may be expected to reduce, in these patients as well, the possibility of pulmonary engorgement.

In conclusion, these data indicate that the blood pH affects the distribution of the circulating blood volume and thereby influences the volume of blood returning to the heart, and through it, the central blood volume, ventricular filling pressures and cardiac output. We suggest that the site of action is in the peripheral venous bed.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TOPICAL SILVER NITRATE THERAPY IN BURNS COVERING MORE THAN FIFTEEN PERCENT OF THE BODY SURFACE*
Authors: Burke J. F. , Bondoc C. C. , Morris P. J.
Published: December 2006

Summary

Electrolyte and water balance studies have been carried out on 20 patients with total body surface burns ranging from 15 to 85%. All patients were treated with 0.5% aqueous AgNo3 applied directly and continuously to the burn wound. The balance studies showed that the loss of Na through the burn wound was directly related to the square area of burn surface and was constant from day to day. Based on this steady and predictable loss of Na in the uninfected burn, a formula has been derived predicting the daily Na replacement necessary to cover the obligatory loss via the burn wound plus the requirements of normal metabolism. This formula has provided an accurate prediction of daily Na requirements in the treatment of thermal burns of widely varying extent, in patients of widely different ages, as judged by water and electrolyte balance studies.

The formula provides a useful guide to the level of Na replacement required. Exact tailoring must be carried out to fit the needs of each patient. The direct monitoring of the accuracy of Na replacement by way of the serum Na level has been found cumbersome but intermittently necessary. In the burn patient in metabolic balance and taking a reasonable diet, the level of urinary excretion of Na has been found to be an accurate prediction of serum Na level. A urinary excretion of 40 mEq of Na per liter or above has uniformly reflected a normal serum Na level. The urinary Na has been used as an indicator of accurate replacement therapy replacing the majority of serum Na determinations.
EARLY FLUID TREATMENT OF SEVERE BURNS: HEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS AND THE USE OF DEXTRAN AND BLOOD
Authors: Haynes B. W.
Published: December 2006

The early fluid treatment of severe burns at the Medical College of Virginia has emphasized replacement therapy, adequate quantities of electrolyte, water and colloid with the Evans’ Formula as a clinical reference. The use of dextran over a 15‐year‐period has been associated with good clinical response and circulatory maintenance and freedom from reaction. As a rule, the quantities of red cells destroyed during the first 48 hr are sufficiently small as to make the need for red cell replacement unnecessary. Significant red cell transfusion after this period is required commonly.

Hemodynamic alterations after severe burns may be divided into three phases. The first phase generally lasts one to two days and is characterized initially by hypotension, which will respond rapidly to plasma volume expansion. Blood pressure becomes normal while blood volume is deficient and cardiac output is low. Total peripheral resistance is increased.

A second or intermediate phase occurs after the first or second day and is characterized by maintenance of a normal blood pressure, a progressive increase in plasma volume, and a falling peripheral resistance coincident with a rising cardiac output. Therapeutic support emphasizes fluid and electrolyte maintenance, replacement of red cell deficits, and good nutrition, leading to wound healing and recovery.

A third and terminal phase may occur in the extensive burn (4 to 20 days post‐burn) in which the blood pressure falls gradually. Shortly after hypotension occurs, the cardiac output may be normal or elevated, but falls with persistent hypotension. Blood volume expansion and vasoconstrictors may be of only temporary benefit. The control of sepsis may be the crucial point in maintaining circulatory efficiency.
IMMUNOLOGIC SEQUELAE OF THERMAL INJURY*
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Milgrom F. , Kano K. , Gesner B. , Solowey A. C. , Casson P. , Silverman H. I. , Converse J. M.
Published: December 2006

Summary

1) Thermal injury induces a marked inhibition in the ability of tuberculin‐sensitive guinea pigs to respond to intradermal challenge with tuberculin. The effect is most marked during the first and second weeks after burning, but may persist as long as five weeks.

2) Thoracic duct lymph samples obtained from severely burned rats contain a hemagglutinin specific for rat erythrocytes. This hemagglutinating factor has been identified as a 7S gamma globulin, and may constitute an immune response to altered autologous tissues.