bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Dilated Convolutional Neural Network for Crowd Density Image Classification with Dataset Augmentation for Hajj Pilgrimage
Authors: Bhuiyan Roman , Abdullah Junaidi , Hashim Noramiza , Al Farid Fahmid , Mohd Isa Wan Noorshahida , Uddin Jia , Abdullah Norra
Published: July 2022

Almost two million Muslim pilgrims from all around the globe visit Mecca each year to conduct Hajj. Each year, the number of pilgrims grows, creating worries about how to handle such large crowds and avoid unpleasant accidents or crowd congestion catastrophes. In this paper, we introduced deep Hajj crowd dilated convolutional neural network (DHCDCNNet) for crowd density analysis. This research also presents augmentation technique to create additional dataset based on the hajj pilgrimage scenario. We utilized a single framework to extract both high-level and low-level features. For creating additional dataset we divide the process of images augmentation into two routes. In the first route, we utilized magnitude extraction followed by the polar magnitude. In the second route, we performed morphological operation followed by transforming the image into skeleton. This paper presented a solution to the challenge of measuring crowd density using a surveillance camera pointed at a distance. An FCNN-based technique for crowd analysis is included in the proposed methodology, particularly for classifying crowd density. There are several obstacles in video analysis when there are a large number of pilgrims moving around the tawaf area, with densities of between 7 and 8 per square meter. The proposed DHCDCNNet method has achieved accuracy of 97%, 89% and 100% for the JHU-CROWD dataset, the UCSD dataset and the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, respectively. The proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had accuracy of 98%, 97% and 97%, respectively, using the VGGNet approach. Using the ResNet50 approach, the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had an accuracy of 99%, 91% and 97%, respectively.
Traffic Safety at German Roundabouts—A Replication Study
Authors: Leich Andreas , Fuchs Julian , Srinivas Gurucharan , Niemeijer Joshua , Wagner Peter
Published: July 2022

Roundabouts are well-known for their ability to improve upon traffic safety, especially for motorized traffic. An in-depth analysis on this topic is known from previous work. It was found that different types of roundabouts have different levels of safety. The work at hand is a replication study for a previous study in this regard. It uses a mix of traditional and a Machine Learning (ML)-based approach, expands on the previous results and replicates some of the previous findings. This was possible especially by using a factor of 10 more roundabouts in the analysis, with considerably less manual intervention. Furthermore, this study could also draw some additional conclusions regarding the safety of bicyclists, which were not included in the original study. Finally, by using cross-validation techniques, a kind of minimal model could be established that needs fewer factors and achieves better prediction quality than straightforward glm models.
Experimental Detection of Particle Structures Detachment from a Stretchable Single Fiber during Multiple Consecutive Stretching Cycles
Authors: Poggemann Lukas , Meyer Jörg , Dittler Achim
Published: July 2022

The deposited particulate material within a fibrous filter affects the pressure drop which develops through three different stages. The implementation of a time-adjustable matrix is intended to cause detachment of particle structures from fibers within the upstream layers at low flow velocities. The deposited particle structures are transported further within the filter and clear up void space for an extension of filter service life. As in previous studies observed fiber stretching initiate cracks and following detachment of particle structures with a simultaneously applied airflow. For complete detachment of the particle structure, five consecutive stretching cycles are performed in this study. The elongation velocity, the flow velocity and the particle loading are varied. Using an image analysis technique and a laser-light measurement technique simultaneously, the cumulative fraction of detached particle structures and the size of detached particle structures are determined. A high initial particle loading on the fiber induces early detachment of larger structures from the fiber. The size of detached structures is increased by the increase of the elongation velocity. The mean value remains almost constant whether the elongation velocity or superficial velocity are increased. For small initial structures on the fiber, a decrease in superficial velocity causes detachment of larger particle fragments.
Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance of the Sexually Aggressive Behaviors Scale across Male and Female Portuguese College Students
Authors: Moreira Bárbara , Rosa Pedro J. , Brazão Nélio , Carvalho Joana
Published: July 2022

There is growing interest on the topic of Sexual Violence (SV) perpetrated by community samples; movements, as the Me Too, have triggered such focus. Researching the validity of core SV measures is now fundamental. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the structure of the Portuguese version of the Sexually Aggressive Behaviors Scale (SABS-PT) while testing for measurement invariance across gender. The SABS-PT was tested among a sample of 2540 Portuguese college students (48.5% males and 51.5% females). All participants identified as heterosexual, and their ages ranged between 18 and 39 years old. To assess the construct validity and test for measurement invariance across gender, single and multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analyses were performed. Results support the internal consistency and convergent/discriminant validity of the SABS-PT in relation to external variables. Overall, the findings suggest a good fit of data to the model. The partial scalar invariance of the measurement was obtained and further analyses on latent means differences indicated that men scored higher on SV compared to women. The SABS-PT may constitute a useful instrument for screening sexual initiation by aggressive means and associated risk factors and may play an important role as an outcome measure in programs preventing sexual violence.
Social Virtual Reality: Neurodivergence and Inclusivity in the Metaverse
Authors: Hutson James
Published: July 2022

Whereas traditional teaching environments encourage lively and engaged interaction and reward extrovert qualities, introverts, and others with symptoms that make social engagement difficult, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are often disadvantaged. This population is often more engaged in quieter, low-key learning environments and often does not speak up and answer questions in traditional lecture-style classes. These individuals are often passed over in school and later in their careers for not speaking up and are assumed to not be as competent as their gregarious and outgoing colleagues. With the rise of the metaverse and democratization of virtual reality (VR) technology, post-secondary education is especially poised to capitalize on the immersive learning environments social VR provides and prepare students for the future of work, where virtual collaboration will be key. This study seeks to reconsider the role of VR and the metaverse for introverts and those with ASD. The metaverse has the potential to continue the social and workplace changes already accelerated by the pandemic and open new avenues for communication and collaboration for a more inclusive audience and tomorrow.
Influence of Unidirectional Cyclic Loading on Bond between Steel Bars Embedded in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Kovács Tamás , Gyurkó Zoltán , Jakab Levente , Nemes Rita
Published: July 2022

The topic of present research is the experimental investigation of pull-out resistance of B500B-type ribbed reinforcing steel bars embedded in lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) under unidirectional cyclic loading. Only a limited amount of standardized data on bond strengths are available in the case of cyclic loading, especially for lightweight aggregate concrete. This paper deals with the experimental comparison of bond behavior of steel bars embedded in LWAC with expanded clay (Liapor) aggregate and normal weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) specimens by means of standard (non-cyclic) and cyclic pull-out tests. The LWAC and NWAC specimen’s mixes were identical except for the type of the coarse aggregate. It was found that the bond strength determined by non-cyclic pull-out tests showed a higher standard deviation compared to that for compression and splitting tensile strength tests. The shape of the characteristic bond strength–the slip curve was similar in the case of LWAC and NWAC and the failure mode was the same for both types of aggregate. Moreover, the maximum value of bond stress was identical for LWAC and NWAC and also no significant difference was found in the low cycle number fatigue. Both mixes were able to resist the maximum pull-out force multiple times in the case of cyclic loading because there was no time for the development of cracks.
Morphological Characteristics and Situational Precision of U15 and U16 Elite Male Players from Al-Ahli Handball Club (Bahrein)
Authors: Banjevic Boris , Zarkovic Boris , Katanic Borko , Jabucanin Blazo , Popovic Stevo , Masanovic Bojan
Published: July 2022

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the differences in the morphological characteristics and situational precision among younger and older groups of handball players. The sample of participants consisted of 30 handball players, members of the younger category of the Al-Ahli handball club (Bahrein), divided into two groups: older (U16, n = 18) and younger (U15, n = 12). To evaluate their morphological characteristics, eight variables were measured, while two standardized tests were used to evaluate their situational precision. The results indicate that a statistically significant difference between the groups was noticeable for nine variables in total, seven in morphology (body height, p = 0.010; body mass index, p = 0.049; arm length, p = 0.009; upper arm length, p = 0.016; lower arm length, p = 0.040; the planimetric parameter of the hand, p = 0.005; hand length p = 0.004) and two in situational precision (the standing shot, p = 0.003; the jump shot, p = 0.17), and that the achieved difference ranges from a medium to a large effect. For only one variable (body mass, p = 0.734), significant difference was not determined between the groups. It was also determined (by Cohen’s criterion) that handball players with higher longitudinal dimensionality achieve better results for specific precision. Therefore, when selecting young handball players, the aforementioned dimensions should be taken into consideration as predictors of success.
A Log-Det Heuristics for Covariance Matrix Estimation: The Analytic Setup
Authors: Bernardi Enrico , Farnè Matteo
Published: July 2022

This paper studies a new nonconvex optimization problem aimed at recovering high-dimensional covariance matrices with a low rank plus sparse structure. The objective is composed of a smooth nonconvex loss and a nonsmooth composite penalty. A number of structural analytic properties of the new heuristics are presented and proven, thus providing the necessary framework for further investigating the statistical applications. In particular, the first and the second derivative of the smooth loss are obtained, its local convexity range is derived, and the Lipschitzianity of its gradient is shown. This opens the path to solve the described problem via a proximal gradient algorithm.
Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Ecosystem Service Values of Watershed and Ecological Compensation Scheme Considering Its Realization in Spatial Planning
Authors: Su Ziyong , Wang Zhanqi , Zhang Liguo
Published: July 2022

A reasonable ecological compensation scheme for watersheds is beneficial for water resource protection and ecological sustainability. The existing literature has few watershed ecological compensation (WEC) schemes based on long-term observation and large spatial scale analysis of ecosystem service value (ESV) and considering its realization in spatial planning. Therefore, in order to establish a WEC scheme and integrate it into spatial planning, we take the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSNWDP), a water resource area protecting the water resources at a huge local economic development cost, as a case study, and calculate the change trend and change range of the watershed’s total ESV from 1990 to 2015, thus, forming the WEC scheme. The results show the total ESV in the study area shows a slight downward fluctuation trend from 1990 to 2015, decreasing by 3310.70. The total ESV in most types of ecosystem service (ES) functions is relatively reduced except for the increase in functions of water conservation, waste treatment, and entertainment and culture. In addition, the change rate of total ESV has been in a high-value agglomeration, and the ES capabilities have been increasing since 2000, while the growth trend of the ES capabilities has been weak, and the high-value agglomeration has been expanding from the core area of Danjiangkou reservoir to the upstream and surrounding areas since 2005. We formulate a WEC scheme according to the partition idea of spatial planning that the priority compensation area accounts for 25.34% of the total study area, and the second priority compensation area, the general compensation area, and the potential compensation area account for 25.34%, 47.48%, and 12.80%, respectively.
A Study on the Reasons for No Soil Liquefaction Occurring in the Lanyang Plain in a Strong Earthquake Area
Authors: Lee Hsien-Heng , Hsu Chun-Fei , Chao Sao-Jeng , Chi Chung-Chi
Published: July 2022

The Lanyang Plain is prone to earthquakes of magnitude 5 or higher. The Central Geological Survey’s soil liquefaction potential map of Yilan County shows that more than 69% of the plain area has high liquefaction potential: but why have there not been any liquefaction cases in the past 23 years? Based on the results of the groundwater pumping test, geological history, and the soil liquefaction analysis method, this study aimed to explore and analyze the causes of no liquefaction occurring in the Yilan region. To understand the permeability of the overall stratum structure of the Lanyang Plain and the spring phenomenon, the relationship between groundwater well-pumping test results and the permeability coefficient experience formulas was first studied. Then the Chapuis’ experience formula of the K value multiplied by 10 was recommended herein such that the permeability coefficient K values of the Lanyang plain could be estimated with large numbers. The reasons for the absence of liquefaction cases in Lanyang plain were then investigated. It was found that less serious earthquakes occurred and combined with the extremely ideal permeable soil conditions existing in the Lanyang plain, this led to no catastrophic liquefaction cases occurring over the last 23 years.
Laboratory Study on the Water-Soluble Polymer as a Self-Curing Compound for Cement Concrete Roads in Ethiopia
Authors: Chandrakasu Makendran , Suthandhiram Karunanidhi , Garoma Shiferaw , Merea Bekesha , Sethuraman Balaguru
Published: July 2022

In this paper, the self-curing process was considered and found to be a better alternative to the conventional curing process for concrete structures in Ethiopia. It is well known that water plays a significant role in the curing process of preparing concrete in the construction industry. A good quality water is required for the conventional curing process, but that is scarce in Ethiopia. Curing concrete for bridges and roads is difficult in Ethiopia due to the poor quality and scarcity of water. In this study, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 600, a self-curing process, is considered as an alternative. Using the M40 Grade mix, four different percentages of PEG-600, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 of cement weight, were studied, and the specimens were tested. Here, M40 grade stands for “a concrete mix with a characteristic compressive strength of 40 N/mm2, i.e., 40 Newton per square millimeter”. Additionally, the mechanical strengths and properties of both conventional and self-cured processed concretes were calculated and compared. The present investigation concludes that PEG 600 offers significant results for self-curing concrete. The study procedure, results, and recommendations are presented in the text of the paper.
Accurate Numerical Treatment on a Stochastic SIR Epidemic Model with Optimal Control Strategy
Authors: Ghosh Indranil , Rashid Muhammad Mahbubur , Ghosh Pallabi , Mawa Shukranul , Roy Rupal , Ahsan Md Manjurul , Gupta Kishor Datta
Published: July 2022

In this paper, a numerical study has been undertaken on the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic model that encompasses the mechanisms of the evolution of disease transmission; a prophylactic vaccination strategy in the susceptible populations, depending on the infective individuals. We furnish numerical and graphical simulation combined with explicit series solutions of the proposed model using the New Iterative Method (NIM) and Modified New Iterative Method (MNIM). The analytic-numeric New Iterative Method failed to deliver accurate solution for the large time domain. A new reliable algorithm based on NIM, the coupling of the Laplace transforms, and the New Iterative method is called Modified New Iterative Method (MNIM) which is presented to enhance the validity domain of NIM techniques. The convergence analysis of the MNIM has also been illustrated. The simulation results show that the vaccination strategy can slow down the spread of the epidemic rapidly. Numerical results illustrate the excellent performance of the MNIM and show that the modified method is much more accurate than the NIM.
Non-Invasive Modalities in the Assessment of Vulnerable Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Theofilis Panagiotis , Sagris Marios , Antonopoulos Alexios S. , Oikonomou Evangelos , Tsioufis Konstantinos , Tousoulis Dimitris
Published: July 2022

Coronary atherosclerosis is a complex, multistep process that may lead to critical complications upon progression, revolving around plaque disruption through either rupture or erosion. Several high-risk features are associated with plaque vulnerability and may add incremental prognostic information. Although invasive imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound are considered to be the gold standard in the assessment of vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques (VCAPs), contemporary evidence suggests a potential role for non-invasive methods in this context. Biomarkers associated with deleterious pathophysiologic pathways, including inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation, have been correlated with VCAP characteristics and adverse prognosis. However, coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography has been the most extensively investigated technique, significantly correlating with invasive method-derived VCAP features. The estimation of perivascular fat attenuation as well as radiomic-based approaches represent additional concepts that may add incremental information. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has also been evaluated in clinical studies, with promising results through the various image sequences that have been tested. As far as nuclear cardiology is concerned, the implementation of positron emission tomography in the VCAP assessment currently faces several limitations with the myocardial uptake of the radiotracer in cases of fluorodeoxyglucose use, as well as with motion correction. Moreover, the search for the ideal radiotracer and the most adequate combination (CT or MRI) is still ongoing. With a look to the future, the possible combination of imaging and circulating inflammatory and extracellular matrix degradation biomarkers in diagnostic and prognostic algorithms may represent the essential next step for the assessment of high-risk individuals.
A Multidimensional Multicomponent Gas Dynamic with the Neutrino Transfer in Gravitational Collapse
Authors: Aksenov Alexey G.
Published: July 2022

The self-consistent problem of gravitational collapse is solved using 2D gas dynamics with taking into account the neutrino transfer in the flux-limited diffusion approximation. Neutrino are described by spectral energy density, and weak interaction includes a simplified physical model of neutrino interactions with nucleons. I investigate convection on the stage of the collapse and then in the center of the core, where the unstable entropy profile was probably formed. It is shown that convection has large scale. Convection appears only in the semitransparent region near the neutrinosphere due to non-equilibrium nonreversible neutronization. Convection increases the energy of emitted neutrino up to 15÷18 MeV. The obtained neutrino spectrum is important for the registration of low-energy neutrinos from a supernova.
Assessment of Citizens’ Perception of the Built Environment throughout Digital Platforms: A Scoping Review
Authors: Delpino-Chamy Montserrat , Pérez Albert Yolanda
Published: July 2022

(1) Background: To assess the quality of the built environment, it is necessary to study both the physical components and the inhabitants’ perceptions. However, since objective indicators are easily measurable, most studies have centered only on analyzing the physical dimensions of cities. Currently, the massification of information technology and the emergence of digital platforms are offering new participatory channels for studying citizens’ perceptions of the built environment. (2) Objective: considering the scarcity of the theoretical and methodological approaches supporting this new research, the main objective of this article is centered on contributing to the field by developing a scoping review of the publications assessing the perception of the built environment through digital platforms and concluding with a conceptual framework to support future research. (3) Methods: to do so, 98 articles were reviewed and 21 of them were selected and studied in detail after applying a selection criteria identifying papers that analyzed the urban environment (Criteria 1), used participatory processes (Criteria 2), were developed with the support of digital platforms (Criteria 3), and were centered on the study urban places, therefore excluding mobility (Criteria 4), which was done in order to identify the main theoretical and methodological approaches used for studying perception in the built environment. (4) Results: The research identified Audit Tools and Perception Tools to study citizens’ perceptions. Audit Tools are methodologically related to Systematic Social Observation (SSO). Perception Tools rely on transactional person–environment or Public Participation as the main theories, followed by Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), Physical Activity (PA), and Social Sustainability as fields where these studies are being applied. Participatory mapping is identified as a general methodology, considered the basic technical tool of Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS). Place-based and Citizens Science are other methodologies supporting perception research. (5) Conclusions: Finally, the proposed framework for assessing the perception of the built environment supports the notion that, in order to study perception, both subjective and objective approaches are necessary. The subjective approach supports the study of the self-reported perceived environment while the objective approach is used to collect urban structure data so as to understand the socio-environmental context conditioning the experience.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantification of the Antigens in Aluminum Hydroxide-Adjuvanted Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular-Pertussis Combination Vaccines
Authors: van der Maas Larissa , Danial Maarten , Kersten Gideon F. A. , Metz Bernard , Meiring Hugo D.
Published: July 2022

Vaccines undergo stringent batch-release testing, most often including in-vivo assays for potency. For combination vaccines, such as diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP), chemical modification induced by formaldehyde inactivation, as well as adsorption to aluminum-based adjuvants, complicates antigen-specific in-vitro analysis. Here, a mass spectrometric method was developed that allows the identification and quantitation of DTaP antigens in a combination vaccine. Isotopically labeled, antigen-specific internal standard peptides were employed that permitted absolute quantitation of their antigen-derived peptide counterparts and, consequently, the individual antigens. We evaluated the applicability of the method on monovalent non-adjuvanted antigens, on final vaccine lots and on experimental vaccine batches, where certain antigens were omitted from the drug product. Apart from the applicability for final batch release, we demonstrated the suitability of the approach for in-process control monitoring. The peptide quantification method facilitates antigen-specific identification and quantification of combination vaccines in a single assay. This may contribute, as part of the consistency approach, to a reduction in the number of animal tests required for vaccine-batch release.
The Role of Existential Concerns in the Individual’s Decisions regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Survey among Non-Vaccinated Italian Adults during the Third Wave of the Pandemic
Authors: Franchina Vittoria , Bonfanti Rubinia Celeste , Lo Coco Gianluca , Salerno Laura
Published: July 2022

Recent studies have suggested that health constructs embraced by the Terror Management Theory (TMT) and the Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) may drive individuals’ COVID-19 health-related decisions. This study examines the relationships between existential concerns (ECs; within the TMT), basic psychological needs (BPNs; within the BPNT) and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (VH), as well as the mediating role of negative attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from April to May 2021 on a sample of two hundred and eighty-seven adults (Mage = 36.04 ± 12.07; 59.9% females). Participants provided information regarding existential concerns, basic psychological needs, attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy for Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccines separately. Higher vaccine hesitancy (32.1%) and vaccine resistance (32.8%) rates were found for AstraZeneca than for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (22.3% and 10.1%, respectively). Structural equation modeling showed that existential concerns were related to Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccine hesitancy both directly and indirectly through negative attitudes toward potential side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. The findings of the study confirm that the TMT is efficient in explaining COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Targeted efforts are needed to increase the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.
Real-World Effectiveness of Mix-and-Match Vaccine Regimens against SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Thailand: A Nationwide Test-Negative Matched Case-Control Study
Authors: Suphanchaimat Rapeepong , Nittayasoot Natthaprang , Jiraphongsa Chuleeporn , Thammawijaya Panithee , Bumrungwong Punsapach , Tulyathan Atthavit , Cheewaruangroj Nontawit , Pittayawonganon Chakkarat , Tharmaphornpilas Piyanit
Published: July 2022

The objective of this study is to explore the real-world effectiveness of various vaccine regimens to tackle the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant in Thailand during September–December 2021. We applied a test-negative case control study, using nationwide records of people tested for SARS-CoV-2. Each case was matched with two controls with respect to age, detection date, and specimen collection site. A conditional logistic regression was performed. Results were presented in the form vaccine effectiveness (VE) and 95% confidence interval. A total of 1,460,458 observations were analyzed. Overall, the two-dose heterologous prime-boost, ChAdOx1 + BNT162b2 and CoronaVac + BNT162b2, manifested the largest protection level (79.9% (74.0–84.5%) and 74.7% (62.8–82.8%)) and remained stable over the whole study course. The three-dose schedules (CoronaVac + CoronaVac + ChAdOx1, and CoronaVac + CoronaVac + BNT162b2) expressed very high degree of VE estimate (above 80.0% at any time interval). Concerning severe infection, almost all regimens displayed very high VE estimate. For the two-dose schedules, heterologous prime-boost regimens seemed to have slightly better protection for severe infection relative to homologous regimens. Campaigns to expedite the rollout of third-dose booster shot should be carried out. Heterologous prime-boost regimens should be considered as an option to enhance protection for the entire population.
Public Vaccination Reluctance: What Makes Us Change Our Minds? Results of A Longitudinal Cohort Survey
Authors: Waszkiewicz Paweł , Lewulis Piotr , Górski Michał , Czarnecki Adam , Feleszko Wojciech
Published: July 2022

The paper presents a longitudinal cohort survey on the public acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination and real vaccination levels. A survey on a representative sample of adult Polish citizens (n = 1066) was conducted in June 2020 and, one year later, the same group was approached to compare the hypothetical declarations with the real vaccination decisions (n = 438). A significant part of the group that declared reluctance and hesitation toward COVID-19 vaccination before that vaccination was available actually got vaccinated or plans to get vaccinated. Those respondents were asked about the reasons for changing their attitudes. Among the previously vaccine-reluctant individuals, the main reasons included concern about their health and safety (50%) and their desire to travel (26.6%). Vaccine-hesitant individuals also indicated health and safety as their primary concern (69%), as well as the pursuit of herd immunity and a notion of common social safety (12.6%). The main factors helping to increase vaccination acceptance are based on a self-centered pursuit of safety and freedom from restrictions. The survey results may help to prepare a more effective vaccination campaign.
Transplacental Transfer of Maternal Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Influencing Factors: A Review
Authors: Liu Shuang , Zhong Jiayi , Zhang Dingmei
Published: July 2022

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the disease has rapidly become a global threat. The constant emergence of new variants has increased the difficulty of controlling this disease. Vaccination is still considered the most effective method to prevent COVID-19. Vaccination has expanded to include children aged 3–17 years old, and some countries have lowered the age of vaccination to 6 months (for example, the United States). However, children under 3 years old are still not able to be vaccinated in most countries. In this study, we summarize the COVID-19 vaccination status in pregnant women, comprehensively elaborate on the status of maternal immune response and maternal antibody transfer after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and further analyze the possible influencing factors of maternal antibody transfer according to the currently available evidence on the topic. It was concluded that pregnant women develop an immune response and produce antibodies that can be transmitted through the placenta after vaccination, but more data are needed to determine the transfer rate and duration of these maternal antibodies and potential factors. The results provide a scientific basis for studying the protective effect of maternal antibodies on infants, formulating a vaccination strategy for pregnant women, and preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants.
Protective Human Anti-Poxvirus Monoclonal Antibodies Are Generated from Rare Memory B Cells Isolated by Multicolor Antigen Tetramers
Authors: Gu Xiuling , Zhang Yufan , Jiang Wei , Wang Dongfang , Lu Jiao , Gu Guanglei , Qin Chengfeng , Fang Min
Published: July 2022

Smallpox, an epidemic disease caused by Orthopoxvirus variola, was eradicated worldwide through immunization. The immunization against smallpox was discontinued in 1980. However, incidences of monkeypox virus infection in humans have occurred sporadically, and there is also great fear that engineered forms of poxvirus could be used as biological weapons. Therefore, monoclonal antibodies against poxvirus are urgently needed for the detection and treatment of poxvirus infection. The vaccinia virus’ extracellular envelope protein A33 is a potential candidate for a subunit vaccine. We used multi-fluorescence-labeled tetrameric A33 antigen to identify rare poxvirus-specific memory B cells from the PBMC of volunteers with vaccinia virus immunization more than 40 years ago. Despite extremely low frequencies of the poxvirus-specific memory B cells, we successfully sorted A33 tetramer-labeled single memory B cells and reconstructed the antibodies with the single-cell RT-PCR of the B-cell receptor. Among the monoclonal antibodies, one clone H2 exhibited high specificity and affinity with A33. H2 efficiently inhibited viral infection and spread in cells. Passive immunotherapy of H2 in mice protected mice from lethal infection when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. These results suggest the potential of anti-A33 human-antibody-based detection and therapeutics for poxvirus infection.
Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series
Authors: Tan Kevin Y. K. , Soh Alexius S. E. , Ong Brenda W. L. , Chen Mark IC. , Griva Konstadina
Published: July 2022

In response to declining vaccine-induced immunity and the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, COVID-19 booster vaccination programmes have been widely launched in several high-income countries. However, public response has been slow, and scepticism about these programmes is rising in these settings. This study sought to identify the sociodemographic, emotional, and psychological factors associated with COVID-19 booster vaccine hesitancy in Singapore. Derived from a community cohort, 1005 fully vaccinated adults (62.1% female, mean age = 42.6 years) that had not received their COVID-19 booster shots completed an online survey between October and November 2021 on vaccination beliefs, intentions, and behaviours. Results indicated that despite completing the primary COVID-19 vaccination, 30.5% of those surveyed were hesitant about receiving the booster shot (25.9% unsure; 4.7% refused the booster), and 39.2% perceived more vaccine risks than benefits. Multivariable models indicated that a tertiary education, lower COVID-19 threat perception, lower perceived benefits, higher perceived concerns, a decreased need for booster vaccination, and a lower benefit/concerns differential score were associated with higher odds of booster vaccine hesitancy. Success in the primary vaccination series may not warrant widespread public acceptance for recurrent COVID-19 vaccination doses. In addressing booster vaccine hesitancy as restrictive measures and mandates are lifted, health perceptions relevant or unique to booster vaccine uptake should be considered.
Expression Analysis of Outer Membrane Protein HPS_06257 in Different Strains of Glaesserella parasuis and Its Potential Role in Protective Immune Response against HPS_06257-Expressing Strains via Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis
Authors: Chen Xiaojun , Shi Hanye , Cheng Xingyu , Wang Xiaoxu , Li Zongjie , Shao Donghua , Liu Ke , Wei Jianchao , Li Beibei , Wang Jian , Zhou Bin , Ma Zhiyong , Qiu Yafeng
Published: July 2022

HPS_06257 has been identified as an important protective antigen against Glaesserella parasuis infection. However, little is known about the role of HPS_06257 in the protective immune response. A whole-genome data analysis showed that among 18 isolates of Glaesserella parasuis, 11 were positive for the HPS_06257 gene, suggesting that not every strain contains this gene. We used PCR to investigate the presence of the HPS_06257 gene among 13 reference strains and demonstrated that 5 strains contained the gene. A polyclonal antibody against HPS_06257 was generated with a recombinant protein to study the expression of HPS_06257 in those 13 strains. Consistent with the PCR data, five strains expressed HPS_06257, whereas eight strains were HPS_06257 null. We also compared the protective effects of HPS_06257 against an HPS_06257-expressing strain (HPS5) and an HPS_06257-null strain (HPS11). Immunization with HPS_06257 only protected against HPS5 and not HPS11. Moreover, phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized bacteria demonstrates that the antibody against HPS_06257 increased the phagocytosis of the HPS5 strain by macrophages but not the phagocytosis of the HPS11 strain, suggesting that antibody-dependent phagocytosis is responsible for the protective role exerted by HPS_06257 in the immune response to HPS5. Our data also show that the antibody against HPS_06257 increased the phagocytosis of the other HPS_06257-expressing strains by macrophages but not that of HPS_06257-null strains. In summary, our findings demonstrate that antibody-dependent phagocytosis contributes to the protective immune response induced by immunization with HPS_06257 against HPS_06257-expressing strains.
State-Feedback Control of Interleaved Buck–Boost DC–DC Power Converter with Continuous Input Current for Fuel Cell Energy Sources: Theoretical Design and Experimental Validation
Authors: Koundi Mohamed , El Idrissi Zakariae , El Fadil Hassan , Belhaj Fatima Zahra , Lassioui Abdellah , Gaouzi Khawla , Rachid Aziz , Giri Fouad
Published: July 2022

It is well known that the classical topologies of Buck–Boost converters drain pulsating current from the power source. These pulsating currents entail acceleration of the aging rate of the fuel cell. In this paper, we are considering a Buck–Boost DC–DC converter topology featuring continuous input current. The converter interleaved structure ensures the substantial increase in power density compensating power losses related to the converter switching nature. The control objective is to enforce the DC-bus voltage to track its desired value despite load uncertainties and to ensure adequate current sharing between the different parallel modules of the fuel cell interleaved Buck–Boost converter (FC-IBBC). The point is that the internal voltage of the fuel cell is not accessible for measurement. Therefore, the state-feedback control, which consists of nonlinear control laws, is designed on the basis of a nonlinear model of the FC-IBBC system. We formally prove that the proposed controller meets its objectives, i.e., DC-bus voltage regulation and equal current sharing. The theoretical proof relies on the asymptotic stability analysis of the closed-loop system using Lyapunov stability tools. The theoretical results are well confirmed both by simulation, using MATLAB®/Simulink®, and by experimental tests using DS 1202 MicroLabBox.
Pertinencia del Proyecto Educativo Institucional respecto a las demandas socioculturales de la comunidad
Authors: Suárez Leandro Orlando , Rojas Rivera Wilfredo Florencio , Medrano Reyes Sonia , Quispealaya Arenas Lury Taniana
Published: July 2022

La educación debe estar en permanente cambio de acuerdo a los avances de la sociedad; una de las herramientas viene a ser la planificación a mediano y largo plazo. El objetivo fue conocer la pertinencia del Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI) frente a las demandas de la comunidad. Bajo un enfoque cualitativo que aplicó el método de estudio de casos y el análisis documental del Proyecto Educativo Nacional, Proyecto Educativo Regional, Proyecto Educativo Local y PEI para comparar con las demandas del contexto, mediante la entrevista a los actores educativos. Se encontró que el PEI no recoge las demandas de la comunidad; estas demandas fueron el mejoramiento de sus actividades económicas: agricultura y ganadería, fortalecimiento de su identidad cultural y promoción de recursos turísticos como fuentes de ingresos económicos. Los otros proyectos tuvieron la limitación de priorizar sólo aspectos como la inclusión, la convivencia, la ciudadanía y la participación democrática, y no las demandas prioritarias de las comunidades del ámbito rural.
Inflation in Russia: Differences Between Official Data and Population's Perception
Authors: Gurov I. N.
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the reasons for the formation of differences between the official measurement of inflation in the Russian economy and the subjective perception of inflationary processes by the population.

The introductory part of the article shows that the population's estimates of inflation in Russia (perceived inflation) are more than twice as high as official data. There is no consensus in the scientific literature on the explanation of this bias, which determines the relevance of the study. Due to the high level of observed inflation, households may believe that the real yield of financial instruments is negative and prefer consumption to savings, including through loans. The purpose of the article is to determine the causes of discrepancies between official inflation indicators and estimates of price growth for goods and services by the population.

The main part of the article analyzes the time series of the Rosstat consumer price index from 2014 to 2021, data from the Bank of Russia on inflation perceived by the population, macroeconomic indicators of the International Monetary Fund, including the dynamics of price indices of 12 groups of goods and services in 86 countries. Methods of descriptive, correlation and regression analysis were used. There are two main cognitive reasons why the level of inflation perceived by the population exceeds the official one. Firstly, in the course of surveys, according to the author, respondents often incorrectly determine the time frame (perceiving the price increase not for one year, but for a period of about two years). Secondly, the population (households as respondents) pays attention primarily to the goods that have risen in price most significantly (further increasing the gap in estimates). In addition, the population perceives the end of discounts on individual goods as a multiple overall price increase. Based on a cross-country comparative analysis of price indices, the author suggests that the increase in the variability of the relative price index leads to an increase in discrepancies between official inflation data and estimates of inflation by the population.

In the final part of the article, conclusions are formulated – the author's positions on the problem under consideration, according to which it is proposed to increase the financial and statistical literacy of Russians in order to reduce differences in estimates of inflation by official statistics and the population.
Does Physical Activity Make Russian Youth Happier?
Authors: Gritchina V. M. , Khorkina N. A.
Published: July 2022

The article considers the relationship between the indicators of physical activity of youth in Russia and the level of their life satisfaction.

The authors draw attention to the importance of understanding how physical culture and sports can contribute to the formation of an indicator of the subjective well-being of youth in Russia (on the example of students). The study is based on data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring

Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS – HSE). For empirical analysis were used individual panel data for 2009–2019. The analyzed sample includes full-time students of Russian universities, technical colleges and colleges aged 16 to 25 (2918 men and 3417 women).

The first part of the article analyzes trends and characteristics of the physical activity of Russian students in recent years before the COVID-19 pandemic, reveals preferences for engaging in specific types of physical activity and sports, analyzes the intensity of these activities and assesses life satisfaction of Russian students depending on their level of physical activity and sports.

Based on the patterns identified in the first part of the article, hypotheses are formulated about the presence of a positive correlation between the indicators of physical activity of students (physical culture and sports activities and their intensity) and their subjective assessment of life satisfaction. The results of econometric testing of the hypotheses are presented in the second part of the article. Ordered logit regression on panel data with a random individual effect was used for the analysis. Evaluations were conducted for each gender group separately. When constructing the corresponding models, in addition to physical activity indicators, a wide range of individual factors that could affect the life satisfaction of young residents of our country were also taken into account, namely age, gender, place of residence, availability of own housing, self-assessment of health status, body mass index, smoking habit, marital status, income, loan debts of household.

The regression analysis demonstrates that, all else being equal, a positive correlation between the physical activity and its intensity, on one hand, and level of life satisfaction on the other, but exclusively for male students. For women, however, only high-intensity physical activity leads to an increase in their level of life satisfaction.

According to results of the study, the authors formulated several recommendations aimed at stimulating the physical activity of young students, and concluded that the implementation of special programs to revitalize the lifestyle of Russian students, taking into account the patterns identified in the work, can contribute both to an increase in the share of physically active youth and the growth of the subjective well-being of this category of the population.
Factors of Economic Growth in 2011–2021 and Their Reflection in Macroeconomic Models
Authors: Kuranov G. O. , Strizhkova L. A. , Tishina L. I. , Kuranov A. G.
Published: July 2022

The article examines factors of economic growth in Russia over more than a decade (2011–2021). The focus is on evaluating new factors, including specific ones, which have influenced the development dynamics of the period under review. Models of cyclic dynamics and macroeconomic factor models are used as research tools.

The authors consider possibilities for estimating potential GDP using two approaches: through the selection and elimination of short-term cyclic fluctuations and based on the construction of factor models. The paper discusses the matter of substantiating potential GDP, taking into account changes in the ratio of factors that form it, including the external economic factor. It is noted that for a more detailed analysis of specific factors, there has to be a transition to monthly and quarterly data treatment, which is done using the example of cyclic dynamics models and factor models. The nature of the impact of specific factors by specified periods, including the post-crisis period of 2011–2014, the 2014 to 2017 period, when Western countries imposed sanctions, as well as the impact in 2020–2021 of the factor associated with the coronavirus pandemic, are revealed. To be specific, for the latest period of development of the domestic economy, the paper demonstrates how three waves of COVID-19 correlate with the three waves of its impact on economy. Meanwhile, despite the increase of the coronavirus waves up to the fourth wave, their direct and conjugated impact decreased exponentially. At the same time, the impact was differentiated by industry sectors. A number of industry sectors during this period gained a significant impetus to accelerate development, which will affect the subsequent change in the structure of production.

Strengthening the role of new specific factors now enhances the relevance and need to apply and develop these methods, including the active use and development of import matrices as part of the input-output tables. In this regard, the authors consider some directions in development of methods for addressing new factors at the present stage.