bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remineralization of soil-derived dissolved organic carbon in the high Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden)
Authors: Koziorowska-Makuch Katarzyna , Bromboszcz Laura , Makuch Przemysław , Pałka Izabela , Winogradow Aleksandra , Kuliński Karol
Published: February 2023

Ongoing climate change has a significant impact on marine and terrestrial polar ecosystems. The increased melting, and retreat of glaciers, as well as the permafrost thawing, intensify the transport of dissolved organic matter from land to Arctic fjords. It has been estimated that the permafrost surface layer contains as much as 1035 ± 150 Pg of organic carbon (Hugelius et al., 2014), so even a small release can significantly change the carbon loads reaching the fjords. Although there are quantitative estimations of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) delivered from land, the fate of the soil-derived DOC in fjords remains highly unknown. It is still unclear to what extent this DOC pool is bioavailable and how fast can it be remineralized. Therefore, the following research objectives have been formulated: (1) to quantify the shares of labile, semi-labile, and refractory fractions in the soil-derived DOC, and (2) to estimate remineralization rate constants and half-life times for different bioavailable fractions of DOC. This has been done through the 180-days-lasting incubation experiments of the DOC released from soils (soil leachates) mixed with the seawater from adjacent fjord. At the beginning and after 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 19, 29, 65, 90, and 180 days of incubation, the individual samples were collected to measure DOC concentrations. For the study site, the catchments of two rivers in Kongsfjorden (West Spitsbergen, Svalbard) - Bayelva River and Londonelva River were selected. Bayelva River is 4 km long, with a glacierised catchment area of 32 km2, which is almost entirely underlain by permafrost with a seasonal active layer (Killingtveit, 2004). Londonelva River is located on Blomstradøya (small island in Kongsfjorden) and is characterized by a small (0.7 km2) de-glacierised catchment area. The results indicate that the soil leachates contain a lot of DOC (420 μmol L-1 in the Bayelva catchment and 2730 μmol L-1 in the Londonelva catchment), which is highly bioavailable - 61% and 66% of DOC was remineralized during the incubation experiment, respectively. This high bioavailability of terrestrial DOC indicates that its supply has the potential to play an essential role in sustaining the bacterial loop in the fjord and, through the CO2 release, to amplify ocean acidification in the coastal zone. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the processes shaping the carbon cycling in the Arctic fjords (and likely in other polar regions).
Probabilistic forecast of extreme heat waves using convolutional neural networks and rare event simulations
Authors: Bouchet Freddy , Milosevich George , Ragone Francesco , Lovo Alessandro , Borgnat Pierre , Abry Patrice
Published: February 2023

Understanding extreme events and their probability is key for the study of climate change impacts, risk assessment, adaptation, and the protection of living beings. Extreme heatwaves are, and likely will be in the future, among the deadliest weather events. Forecasting their occurrence probability a few days, weeks, or months in advance is a primary challenge for risk assessment and attribution, but also for fundamental studies about processes, dataset or model validation, and climate change studies.       Because of a lack of data related to a too short historical record, the rarity of the events, and of the difficulty to obtain rare events in climate models, uncertainty quantification is extremely difficult for extreme events. We develop a methodology to tackle this problem by combining probabilistic machine learning using deep neural network and rare event simulations.We will first demonstrate that deep neural networks can predict the probability of occurrence of long lasting 14-day heatwaves over France, up to 15 days ahead of time for fast dynamical drivers (500 hPa geopotential height fields), and at much longer lead times for slow physical drivers (soil moisture). This forecast is made seamlessly in time and space, for fast hemispheric and slow local drivers.A key scientific message is that training deep neural networks for predicting extreme heatwaves occurs in a regime of drastic lack of data. We suggest that this is likely the case for most other applications of machine learning to large scale atmosphere and climate phenomena. We discuss perspectives for dealing with this lack of data issue, for instance using rare event simulations.Rare event simulations are a very efficient tool to oversample drastically the statistics of rare events. Using a climate model, with this tool we obtain several orders of magnitude more extreme heat waves compared to a control run. We will discuss the coupling of machine learning approaches, for instance the analogue method, with rare event simulations, and discuss their efficiency and their future interest for climate simulations. 
Water management assessment with text mining
Authors: Nunes Carvalho Taís Maria , de Souza Filho Francisco de Assis , Madruga de Brito Mariana
Published: February 2023

Water allocation during droughts is a challenge for policymakers, often addressed through participatory approaches. The implications of this governance mode are understudied as long-term records of the decision-making processes are often unavailable. We use natural language processing (NLP) and network analysis to extract information on water allocation decisions and climate-related issues from meeting minutes of river basin stakeholders. To test this approach, we considered the minutes of 1100 meetings held between 1997 and 2021 in the twelve basin committees of Ceará, Brazil. This region has a long history of droughts, which have strongly influenced water policies and politics. The river basin committee is currently composed of representatives of governmental and non-governmental institutions and deliberates on the water management process. To identify conflicts and relevant issues discussed during the meetings, we created a topic modeling approach consisting of: (1) sentence embedding using SBERT, (2) dimensionality reduction using UMAP, and (3) sentence clustering using K-means. Based on this, we calculated the topic frequency in each committee over time and normalized it by the number of documents registered each year. We also detected the topics mentioned in the same document to build network graphs of co-occurring topics. By using named entity recognition and dependency parsing, we identified the main actors involved during these meetings. Findings indicate that the most common topics were related to 'organic farming', 'fish mortality in reservoirs' and 'structural problems in water infrastructure'. The enhancement of water use monitoring - to identify potential water right violations - seems to be the preferred strategy to cope with droughts. During droughts, stakeholders appear to be more concerned about urban water supply than agriculture demand. We use historical data on water permit granting and water use charging to validate this finding. We also see an increase in climate-informed decisions over time, which became more frequent as new droughts affected the region. In summary, the proposed approach allows exploiting existing text data in order to identify the spatio-temporal patterns of topics related to water allocation. These data are often underexplored due to difficulties in analysing large amounts of text using conventional tools. Hence, text analysis offer exciting new opportunities for research in the field of water management.
Response of soil organic matter fractions to biochar and organic fertilizers – Results from a nine-year field experiment
Authors: Giannetta Beatrice , Plaza César , Galluzzi Giorgio , Benavente-Ferraces Iria , García-Gil Juan Carlos , Panettieri Marco , Gascó Gabriel , Zaccone Claudio
Published: February 2023

We investigated the effects of biochar (BC) at 0 and 20 t ha-1, combined with two organic fertilizers (municipal solid waste compost, MC, and sewage sludge, SS), on soil organic matter (SOM) in a 9-year field experiment. To capture the protection by soil minerals and iron (Fe) against microbial decomposition, we fractionated SOM into particulate (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), and analyzed the fractions by iron (Fe) K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy.BC and the two organic amendments increased soil organic carbon (OC) content, but only the organic fertilizers significantly increased total nitrogen (N) content. BC increased particulate OC and total N contents, while the organic fertilizers only increased particulate total N content. BC significantly increased mineral-associated OC content, while the organic fertilizers increased both mineral-associated OC and total N contents. We found no interaction between BC and organic fertilizers on mineral-associated OC and total N contents. The Fe EXAFS data fitting showed that the Fe(III)-SOM content of the Fe phases in POM and MAOM in unamended soils were noticeably different. Hematite represented the main Fe oxide phase in the POM fractions from all the amended soils, and Fe(III)-SOM averaged around 15%. In the amended soils, besides hematite (also present in the unamended soil), ferrihydrite occurred in all MAOM fractions, although at a different proportion.
Callio Lab – a GoldenEye field trial site at the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland
Authors: Puputti Julia , Holma Marko , Kotavaara Ossi , Joutsenvaara Jari , Magyar Marton
Published: February 2023

Callio Lab is a multidisciplinary research centre operating at the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland and it is coordinated by the Kerttu Saalasti Institute of the University of Oulu.  The Callio Lab team is responsible for hosting, facilitating, and supporting field trials conducted at the Pyhäsalmi site during the EU funded H2020 project GoldenEye. They are also involved in evaluating the piloted techniques, which includes providing ground truths and other comparative data that can be used for validation. The field trials include pilots such as monitoring the stability of tailing ponds and the deployment of an underground simulated GNSS system. 

The Pyhäsalmi mine is a prime location for testing remote sensing and positioning technologies in a real-world mining setting, as the environment encompasses many key elements that can be found in mines around the world: active and closed open pits of various steepness, ore and waste rock piles, tailing ponds in various states of use, and a multifaceted landscape. Callio Lab and its predecessor CUPP (the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi) have a long-standing history of cooperation with the mining company, which affords easy access to the area and the possibility of using historical datasets spanning decades. We will be presenting how the Callio Lab environment at the Pyhäsalmi mine can serve as a field trial site in projects such as GoldenEye.  

This work has been supported by the project Earth observation and Earth GNSS data acquisition and processing platform for safe, sustainable and cost-efficient mining operations (Goldeneye) ID: 869398, Horizon 2020.
Where is the freshwater-saltwater interface in offshore coastal aquifers?
Authors: Wilson Alicia
Published: February 2023

The salt water intrusion (SWI) and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) communities have traditionally approached coastal aquifers in different ways, but both communities agree on the importance of defining the mixing zone between freshwater and saltwater in coastal aquifers. The problem is that this mixing zone extends offshore in many aquifers, where it is very difficult to map. Laboratory and modeling studies of the freshwater-saltwater interface have generated very useful insights into fundamental processes but commonly struggle to incorporate the heterogeneity and temporal variability of real systems. This talk reviews current conceptual models and diverse evidence for offshore mixing zones, with recommendations for possible approaches moving forward.
A novel spatio-temporal fusion method of evapotranspiration for SSEBOP evapotranspiration product
Authors: sun jingjing
Published: February 2023

Although the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBOP) has been successfully applied to mesoscale evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring, its spatial resolution (1000 m) is too coarse for local and regional water resource management in agricultural applications. Based on land surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, a novel spatio-temporal evapotranspiration fusion method considering underlying surface factors was proposed. The proposed evapotranspiration spatio-temporal fusion method was applied to the SSEBOP evapotranspiration product to obtain temporally continuous high spatial resolution 30-m ET data corresponding to the spatial resolution of the Landsat Satellite images. The middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in China were selected for an experimental study. The accuracy difference between the fused 30-m ET and in situ measurements will be discussed here in detail. We will also discuss the differences in spatial distribution texture between the SSEBOP and spatio-temporal fusion ET results. Finally, the influence mechanism of underlying surface factors on evapotranspiration spatio-temporal fusion will be discussed.
Application of numerical modelling to establish the thresholds of delta formation
Authors: Sloan Ewan , Dodd Nicholas , Briganti Riccardo
Published: February 2023

Around 40% of rivers globally currently have deltas, but the factors that facilitate or prevent delta formation are not well understood. Previous work has suggested that the critical factors governing their formation are (mean annual) fluvial sediment delivery rate, significant wave height, and tidal range (Caldwell et al., 2019). In light of ongoing climate-change driven changes to wave-generating weather, as well as changes to river sediment flux due to land-use change and river management, understanding how variability in these factors affects delta development is critical to developing sound coastal management strategies.Here a comprehensive set of numerical simulations conducted using Delft3D is presented, with the aim of identifying the limits of the above factors beyond which a delta is prevented from forming. In order to retain a reasonable scope, analysis is restricted to variation of significant wave height and tidal range only, with sediment delivery rate held approximately constant. The resultant depositional landforms are then classified as either deltaic or non-deltaic, based primarily on the ultimate presence or absence of new unsubmerged regions of land. Depositional environments are further classified as river-, wave-, or tide-dominated in order to link delta presence to dominance regime, following the methodology of Nienhuis et al. (2020). Algorithms are also developed to facilitate classification of the resulting depositional features, and metrics are investigated that are time invariant, so as to formalise the process of classification.Results indicate that increasing significant wave height and tidal range lead to a reduced rate of formation of new unsubmerged land, with higher values preventing the formation of such land altogether. At this point the depositional landform no longer meets the criteria for being defined as a delta.References- R. L. Caldwell, D. A. Edmonds, S. Baumgardner, C. Paola, S. Roy, and J. H. Nienhuis. A globaldelta dataset and the environmental variables that predict delta formation on marine coastlines.Earth Surface Dynamics, 7(3):773{787, 2019.- J. H. Nienhuis, A. D. Ashton, D. A. Edmonds, A. Hoitink, A. J. Kettner, J. C. Rowland, and T. E.Tornqvist. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain. Nature,577(7791):514-518, 2020.
Multidisciplinary, autonomous, Lagrangian floats for seismology, ocean acoustics and marine environmental science
Authors: Sigloch Karin , Bonnieux Sébastien , Hello Yann
Published: February 2023

We have developed autonomous, Lagrangian floats that make seismo-acoustic measurements in the oceans, with mission durations of 4+ years and running (http://earthscopeoceans.org). Earthquakes generate seismic waves that traverse the solid earth, convert to acoustic waves when they hit the seafloor from below, and are recorded by the hydrophone on our “Mermaid” floats drifting at ~1500m depth.In the long-term, we aim for dense and even global coverage of the oceans for seismology, following the model of oceanography’s Argo initiative, or of internationally federated seismometer networks on land. In order to grow the network, we are exploring synergies with oceanography and the marine environmental sciences.We present technical developments towards the first multidisciplinary mission in 2024 in the Mediterranean, whose floats will run embedded applications in two frequency ranges: the seismic (~0.1-5 Hz) as well as the “conventional” ocean acoustics range (10 Hz to 30 kHz). It will feature detection and classification algorithms for earthquakes, rainfall, marine mammal vocalizations, and ship noise. While energy-limited, these seismological floats carry significantly larger batteries than Argo floats and allow for up to eight physical/chemical/other sensors and their analysis algorithms, whose concurrent needs are managed by a domain-specific language written for the purpose (Bonnieux 2020). Reference: Bonnieux, S. (2020). Float for multidisciplinary monitoring of the marine environment. From business expertise to embedded codes (Doctoral dissertation, Université Côte d'Azur).
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) mapping in Vlaykov Vruh and Tsar Assen Cu-porphyry deposits, Panagyurishte ore region, Bulgaria
Authors: Domenech Guillem , Bogdanov Kamen , Nieto-Yll Daniel , Faridi Azadeh
Published: February 2023

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been applied using SAR images from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1 constellation, in descending orbit, to obtain the terrain displacement by means of the Coherent Pixel Technique (CPT). This Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) technique was developed in 2002 by the Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSLab) of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC (Lanari et al., 2004; Mora et al. 2002), and recently updated by the Dares Technology team.ESA Sentinel-1 satellite constellation images were used with Single Look Complex (SLC) images and Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) acquisition mode to detect terrain displacements at Vlaykov Vruh and Tsar Assen porphyry-copper deposits (PCD) in the southern part of Panagyurishte ore district in Bulgaria.The detected displacement magnitude in Vlaykov Vruh was from 500 to 4,000 m2 while for Tsar Assen PCD it ranges from 500 to 2,500 m2 where several spots of displacement were detected.We conclude that in the waste pile area east of the Vlaykov Vruh slope instabilities occurred with a displacement of 3.5 cm. Due to a landslide along the fault structure, a slope displacement of about 4.0 cm for Tsar Assen PCD was detected.The study is supported by the Horizon 2020 co-funded GOLDENEYE project, which has received funds through Grant Agreement 869398. References:Lanari, R.; Mora, O.; Manunta, M.; Mallorqui, J.J.; Berardino, P.; Sansosti, E. 2004. A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms.’ IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42, 1377–1386.Mora, O.; Mallorqui, J.J.; Duro, J. 2002.Generation of deformation maps at low resolution using differential interferometric SAR data.’ Proceedings of 2002 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS ’02, Toronto, ON, Canada. 
Short-term Variability of the Non-migrating Tide DE3 (from SABER, TIDI, and MIGHTI) and its Impact on the Ionosphere
Authors: Dhadly Manbharat , Jones McArthur , Drob Douglas
Published: February 2023

This investigation is focused on resolving daily diurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal number 3 (DE3) (3,3) Hough mode variations and their potential impact on the ionosphere, using TIMED/TIDI and SABER, ICON/MIGHTI, COSMIC-2 Global Ionospheric Specification (GIS), and TIME-GCM. A Hough mode fitting approach was used to estimate (3,3) amplitudes and phases from observations, while Fourier decomposition was utilized for TIME-GCM and COSMIC-2/GIS to validate and probe potential ionospheric impacts. In 2020-2021, TIDI, SABER, and MIGHTI (3,3) daily tidal estimates were in good agreement, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.73-0.83. In 2010, mean daily (3,3) amplitude variability in TIDI and SABER reached ~5 m/s and ~2 K, respectively, but could increase by a factor of 2 or more over a week. Furthermore, strong increases in DE3 from days to weeks correspond with similar increases in F-region ionospheric wave-4 amplitudes from both models and observations which signify the lower atmospheric meteorology impact on the ionosphere.
Geochemical transport through the critical zone: Statistics and reconstruction
Authors: Fabian Karl , Reimann Clemens , Flem Belinda
Published: February 2023

Detecting and quantifying geochemical transport through the critical zone at the continental to regional scale requires reliable  statistical procedures that can be uniquely interpreted. We present methods that provide different views on the same data sets and  formulate rules for their application and interpretation. The statistical analysis of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) uses cumulative probability (CP) plots for spatially representative multi-element and multi-media data sets, preferably containing >1000 sites.Mathematical models demonstrate how contamination can influence elemental CDFs of different  sample media. For example large-scale diffuse soil contamination leads to a distinctive shift of the low-concentration end of the distribution of the studied element in its top-soil CP plot, whereas high local contamination influences the high-concentration end. But also bio-geochemical processes can generate recognizable changes in elemental CDFs.A related and partly unsolved problem is the correct interpretation of compositional data in terms of their transport through  the critical zone.  
Structural and frictional control on the transient deepening of the seismogenic zone following major earthquakes in Central Italy
Authors: Volpe Giuseppe , Locchi Maria Eugenia , Pozzi Giacomo , Tinti Elisa , Scuderi Marco , Marone Chris , Collettini Cristiano
Published: February 2023

After many large earthquakes aftershocks activity can reach depths greater than the base of the seismogenic zone that is defined by background seismic activity. This observation is generally explained by strain rate induced embrittlement associated with the increase of post-mainshock strain rate, which favors a transition from ductile to brittle behavior. However, the underlying physical processes are not well understood. Here we integrate geological and geophysical data for the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence with laboratory experiments to provide a geological and physical interpretation for the post-mainshock transient deepening of the base of the seismogenic zone.The base of the seismogenic zone in the central-northern Apennines is set typically at 9-10 kilometers and corresponds to the top of the phyllitic basement. Structural studies on exhumed basement rocks highlight a heterogeneous basement fabric consisting of competent, 10 to 200 m wide, quartz-rich lenses surrounded by an interconnected and frictionally weak phyllosilicate-rich matrix. The matrix controls the overall rheology of the basement due to its interconnectivity, and promotes aseismic deformation because its rate-strengthening behavior.Following each major (Mw > 5.5) event of the 2016–2017 sequence, a dramatic and abrupt increase in seismic rate is observed below 10 km, hence within the basement. Here we document the presence of seismicity clusters made of more than 4 earthquakes and characterized by small magnitude (Mw < 2.5), small dimensions (< 500 meters), small temporal duration (< 14 days) and a swarm-like behavior. Furthermore, these clusters are often represented by multiple or repeating earthquakes with a cross correlation coefficient higher than 0.7 for all the three components. These observations suggest that the increase of shear stressing rate within the basement is responsible for deepening of seismicity. To further explore this idea, we performed laboratory experiments on rocks from exhumed outcrops of basement rocks. We found that shear stressing rate promotes accelerated creep on the phyllosilicate-rich matrix and dynamic instabilities on the quartz-rich gouge belonging to the lenses.     Our integrated analysis suggests that the mainshocks of the 2016-2017 seismic sequence promoted an increase of shear stressing rate within the basement allowing the phyllosilicate-rich matrix to creep faster hence favoring the loading and the repeated failures of locked seismogenic patches represented by the quartz-rich lenses.
Mountain Block and Front Recharge to the aquifers in sedimentary basins in Kazakhstan: evidence from geothermal studies and water isotopes
Authors: Yapiyev Vadim , Kozhagulova Ashirgul , Karabayanova Leila , Kalitova Aisulu , Zavaley Vyacheslav , Dillinger Antoine , Karakozhayeva Ayana , Holbrook John , Kurbaniyazov Saken , Ongdas Nurlan , Stefan Catalin , Fustic Milovan
Published: February 2023

The mountains often “subsidize” water resources to lowlands in arid and semi-arid regions. In the case of Central Asia (CA), the mountain cryosphere is the “water tower” for the population residing in the intermountain valleys and lowland plains. Much of the water research in CA is focused on surface water provision by mountain glaciers and snow such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, whilst groundwater recharge is much less investigated. The preliminary hydrogeologic models of deep (up to 3km) groundwater recharge for sedimentary basins (southern Kazakhstan) in the upper Ily and lower Syr Darya river valleys are derived from interpretations of stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and tritium. The results show that in these basins groundwater at different depths (both shallow and deep) bears depleted abundance of heavy stable-isotope species indicative of winter precipitation (snow). In Ily basin (Zharkent depression) the proportion of snow(melt) contribution increases with depth with water from very deep geothermal wells (~3000 m, the upper cretaceous aquifer) being more isotopically depleted compared to shallower geothermal wells (i.e. depths up to 650m) and shallow groundwaters. Additionally, formation water in the deep geothermal wells (Zharkent area) had no detectible tritium (< 0.71 TU) pointing to an absence of modern recharge (within the past ~ 70 years). Geothermal water from wells (shallow ground water and depth of ~ 1200 m) and a spring in the lower Syr Darya river and the North Aral area, also shows deleted stable water isotope imprints suggesting strong winter recharge contributions. This is surprising as the Aral Sea depression has very low precipitation (less than 200 mm/year) and very little snowfall. These isotope data suggest regional aquifers are recharged primarily by lateral groundwater flows via deep flow paths from mountain regions. This is further corroborated by low salinity (< 1 g/l) of most deep geothermal water samples pointing to dilution by snowmelt. We suggest the aquifers in these CA regions may be replenished mostly by Mountain Block and/or Front recharge mechanisms, but this hypothesis requires further investigation.
Construction of a Fluvial Facies Knowledge Graph and Its Application in Sedimentary Facies Identification
Authors: Zhang Lei , Hou Mingcai , Chen Anqing , Zhang Hanting , James Ogg , Zheng Dongyu
Published: February 2023

Lithofacies paleogeography is a data-intensive discipline that involves the interpretation and compilation of sedimentary facies. Traditional sedimentary facies analysis is a labor-intensive task with the added complexity of using unstructured knowledge and unstandardized terminology. Therefore, it is very difficult for beginners or non-geology scholars who lack a systematic knowledge and experience in sedimentary facies analysis. These hurdles could be partly alleviated by having a standardized, structured and systematic knowledge base coupled with an efficient automatic machine-assisted sedimentary facies identification system. To this end, this study constructed a knowledge system for fluvial facies and carried out knowledge representation. Components include a domain knowledge graph for types of fluvial facies (meandering, braided and other river depositional environments) and their characteristic features (bedforms, grain-size distribution, etc.) with visualization, a method for query and retrieval on a graph database platform, a hierarchical knowledge tree-structure, a data-mining clustering algorithm for machine-analysis of publication texts, and an algorithm model for this area of sedimentary facies reasoning. The underlying sedimentary facies identification and knowledge reasoning system is based on expert experience and synthesis of publications. For testing, 17 sets of literature publications data that included details of sedimentary facies data (bedforms, grain sizes, etc.) were submitted to the AI model, then compared and validated. This testing set of automated reasoning results yielded an interpretation accuracy of about 90% relative to the published interpretations in those papers. Therefore, the model and algorithm provide an efficient and automated reasoning technology, which provides a new approach and route for the rapid and intelligent identification of other types of sedimentary facies from literature data and direct use in the field.
Investigation of prehistoric landslide dams in the central Andes of Chile and Argentina
Authors: Sepulveda Sergio A. , Moreiras Stella M. , Jeanneret Pilar , Correas Gonzalez Mariana , Bravo Kimberly , Azanero Jacqueline , Lara Marisol
Published: February 2023

Large volume landslides are common features in the high-topography Andes of central Chile and Argentina (31°-35°S). Many of these landslide deposits, mostly dating from Late Pleistocene to Holocene and related to a combination of deglaciation effects, seismicity and climate pattern changes, were large enough to block the glacial valleys and form landslide dams, some of which remain holding lakes until today. In this paper, we review and investigate some conspicuous landslide dams deposits from prehistoric times in the Andes Main Range in Chile and Argentina and the Andes Frontal Range in Argentina. A bibliographic review is followed by remote sensing analysis to obtain the main morphometric parameters of the landslides and the dams, complemented with field investigations in some of them. The landslide dams related with the rock slope failures of Portillo (1.1 km3, ~13 ka), Salto del Soldado (0.2 km3, 14- 9 Ka) Mesón Alto (4.3 km3, 4.7 Ka), Cortaderas-San Nicolás (2.4 km3, Holocene) and the Pangal complex (0.3 km3 , 40-11 ka) in the Chilean Western slope and the Laguna Blanca (81 hm3, ~12 ka), Horcones (0.35 km3, ~11-8 Ka), Negro (~18 Ka), Amarillo (~8Ka), and Laguna Atuel (56 hm3,~3 Ka) landslides in the Argentinean Eastern slope are described. Eldest rock avalanches associated with a seismic triggering mechanism that generate dammed lakes were previously studied in the Central Argentinean Andes such as Tigre Dormido (1.7 km3, ~46 Ka), Placetas Amarillas (1.6 km3, ~150 ka), and Piedras Blancas (0.89 km3, ~130 Ka). In these cases, the fine lake sequences reach 30 m in thickness but no outburst terraces were identified downstream, hardly supporting their catastrophic drainage.In both Chile and Argentina, most preserved damming collapses correspond in general to huge rock avalanches, even though some slides and debris flows also blocked narrow valleys. In general, studied ancient dams are isolated in mountain remote areas but they show evidences of catastrophic ruptures that emphases their importance in the cascade hazard scenarios. While the large majority of identified dams in the region are thousands of years old, some historic cases show that these processes still occur and pose a geological hazard. Given the large area that can be affected by outburst floods downstream the usually remote landslide sites, potentially impacting villages as well as mining, energy, and transportation infrastructure, these geohazards must be considered in risk reduction strategies in the Andean region.
Subwater particle image velocimetry and photogrammetry as solution for enhanced seasonal measurements of river dynamics (more precisely: bedload transport)
Authors: Välimäki Juha-Matti , Lotsari Eliisa , Takala Tuure , Wolff Franziska , Pajunen Virpi , Eltner Anette
Published: February 2023

Northern rivers are responding to global warming by changes in seasonal discharges, sediment transport rates and morphology. Very limited amount of studies about bedload transport rates have been carried out in the winter-season. Traditional methods of measuring bedload transport are limited by their proneness to user error, small spatial scales and uncertainties related to the equipment itself. Computer vision-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) methods have been successfully applied to measurements of water surface velocities and preliminary results show that they can be applied to underwater sediment transport velocity measurements. The aims of this study are to 1) to enhance the bedload calculations, by comparing traditional mechanical methods and computer vision-based particle image velocimetry methods applied to underwater video data sets. Additionally, topography created from underwater imagery is used to scale and  georeference the results with very good precision, and 2) understand the seasonal variation in bedload transport amounts based on both mechanical and image velocimetry methods.The study is based on field data, measured at sub-arctic Pulmanki river, located in northern Finland. The data has been gathered in 2021 autumn and winter, 2022 spring, 2022 autumn, to cover different possible sediment transport conditions, from low flow ice-covered to high flow open channel periods. The preliminary results are presented. They show that the method is promising in enhancing the understanding of sediment transport processes and the seasonal transported amounts.
An ML-based Probabilistic Approach for Irrigation Scheduling
Authors: Srivastava Shivendra , Kumar Nishant , Malakar Arindam , Choudhury Sruti Das , Ray Chittaranjan , Roy Tirthankar
Published: February 2023

Globally, agriculture irrigation accounts for 70% of water use and is facing extensive and increasing water constraints. Well-designed irrigation scheduling can help determine the appropriate timing and water requirement for crop development and consequently improve water use efficiency. This research aims to assess the probability of irrigation needed for agricultural operations, considering soil moisture, evaporation, and leaf area index as indicators of crop water requirement. The decision on irrigation scheduling is taken based on a three-step methodology. First, relevant variables for each indicator are identified using a Random Forest regressor, followed by the development of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to predict the three indicators. Second, errors in the simulation of each indicator are calculated by comparing the predicted values against the actual values, which are then used to calculate the error weights (normalized) of the three indicators for each month (to capture the seasonal variations). Third, the empirical distribution of each indicator is obtained for each month using the estimated error values, which are then adjusted based on the error weights calculated in the previous step. The probabilities of three threshold values (for each indicator) are considered, which correspond to three levels of irrigation requirement, i.e., low, medium, and high. The proposed approach provides a probabilistic framework for irrigation scheduling, which can significantly benefit farmers and policymakers in more informed decision-making related to irrigation scheduling.
Morpho-anatomical and biochemical modifications in Lactuca sativa L. plants in response to increasing doses of High-LET ionizing radiation
Authors: De Francesco Sara , Amitrano Chiara , Tinganelli Walter , Durante Marco , De Pascale Stefania , Arena Carmen , De Micco Veronica
Published: February 2023

The presence of unique environmental factors such as ionizing radiation (IR) in Space may be a major hindrance to the survival of terrestrial organisms. Therefore, understanding the impact of Space radiation on organisms is an essential part of exploration research to successfully inhabit Moon and Mars.Given the pivotal role of plants in sustainable closed artificial ecosystems in Space (i.e. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems) as food producers and bio-regenerators of environmental resources such as oxygen and water, and, plant resistance to IR is undoubtedly one of the first trait to consider. Indeed, IR may influence plants growth and development, potentially affecting their bioregenerative performance, jeopardizing astronaut survival and in turn the success of future Space missions. Notwithstanding, available information on plants' responses to IR remain unclear, and intrinsic IR and plant factors (e.g., type of radiation, dose, plant species, cultivar, and developmental stage at the time of irradiation) interactions must be considered.The purpose of this study was to test the radio resistance of the Salanova® lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) to different doses of high-LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation, in terms of morpho-anatomical and nutritional traits. At the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, dry seeds were exposed to increasing doses (0-control, 0.3, 1, 10, 20, and 25 Gy) of iron ions (56Fe) (one of the most damaging ions in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum). Following irradiation, plants were grown in a growth chamber under controlled light, temperature, and relative humidity conditions.Seed germination percentage, as well as plant growth and leaf photosynthesis performances were monitored during cultivation.Morpho-biometric parameters such as plant total leaf area, number of leaves, and fresh and dry biomass were quantified at harvest. Leaf functional anatomical traits (e.g., lamina thickness, stomatal frequency and size, vein density) were also analyzed using light and epifluorescence microscopy and digital image analysis. Finally, to assess the phytochemical and nutritional profile, the antioxidant capacity, chlorophylls, carotenoid, and mineral composition content were determined.Results showed that responses of Salanova lettuce from irradiated seeds changed depending on the IR dose delivered, with the occurrence of both hormetic and detrimental outcomes, as well as possible plant radioprotective strategies. This information will be helpful to unveil the mechanisms behind plant radiotolerance and to define the shielding requirements for Space cultivation facilities.Part of the results presented here is based on the experiment Bio_08_DeMicco, which was performed at the SIS18 at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany) in the frame of FAIR Phase-0.
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Authors: Wang Bo , Chen Shiyue , Yan Jihua , Dong Qingmin
Published: February 2023

Abstract：Base on the identification of rock flakes, XRD, physical property analysis and field EM, the characteristics of the reservoir, the types of the reservoir are systematically analyzed. The results show that the main rock types of the upper sandstone reservoir of Cangdong depression are chip quartz sandstone (52%), followed by feldspar quartz sandstone (32%) and quartz sandstone (16%). Because the average burial depth of the upper sandstone reservoir is greater than 2900m, the existence of native pores is rarely found under strong compaction, and the reservoir space type of this reservoir is mainly secondary dissolved pores and intercrystalline micropores, but there are few cracks in local areas. This reservoir has a mean porosity of 7.71% and mean permeability of 0.59 mD. The types of diagenesis in the upper sandstone reservoir mainly include compaction, cementation, dissolution and metasomatism. Combined with the law of the combination and evolution of Ro and clay minerals and the structural characteristics of the microscopic particles, we can know that the upper sandstone of the second section in the hole of Cangdong depression is in the early stage. Keywords: Cangdong depression; 2nd member of Kongdian formation; upper sandstone; reservoir; diagenesis
Gas Hydrates stability evolution in Black Sea offshore Romania since the Last Glacial Maximum and its impact on seafloor stability
Authors: Fabre Maud , Loncke Lies , Riboulot Vincent , Sultan Nabil
Published: February 2023

Understanding and quantifying the migration of free-gas in hydrate-bearing sediments through time is particularly compulsive along continental margins, where gas hydrate dissociation could have triggered some of the largest submarine landslides observed on Earth. Offshore Romania, high-resolution seismic profiles reveal low reflective or low-velocity zones, which are indicative of free gas, beneath vertical stacked Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). To further understand the occurrence of double BSRs in the area and the possible effect of gas hydrate dynamics on slope instability and free gas releases, we performed a numerical 2D transient modelling of the evolution of the thermodynamic stability of gas hydrates, integrating in-situ measured physical data and indirect assessments of sea-bottom temperature, thermal conductivity, salinity and sea-level variations. We found that the shallowest BSR matches well with the current Base of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone (BGHSZ) and the deeper one with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) base of GHSZ. The reduction of the GHSZ extension subsequently led to widespread gas hydrate dissociation associated with warming conditions and an increase in Black Sea salinity. However, this dissociation is only responsible of some very superficial submarine landslides (< 30 mbsf and 3 m thick in average) that occurred during this same period. These new constraints improve our understanding of the sliding mechanisms on the Romanian slope that have been ongoing since the LGM and support less catastrophic scenarios than those suggested previously in the case of active gas hydrate dissociation. These results also allow solving the mystery of the double BSR, which here corresponds to a relic of the LGM BGHSZ.
Jet Regimes Induced by Stratification Changes in a Dry Dynamical Core Model
Authors: Conrat Fuentes Pablo , Birner Thomas , Garny Hella
Published: February 2023

The tropical circulation is typically not well represented in idealized models used to study jet dynamics. We implement a convective relaxation algorithm into a dry dynamical core model following Schneider and Walker (2006) to improve the representation of the driving mechanism behind the subtropical jet: the tropical meridional overturning.We study the dependence of the general circulation on the vertical stratification set by a convective relaxation scheme.Varying tropospheric lapse rates produces two jet regimes that are characterized by the distance between the subtropical jet and the eddy-driven jet.The separated jet state features distances of more than 12° latitude between subtropical and eddy-driven jet and is dominant in simulations with higher tropospheric static stability.Both jets approximately coincide in the joined jet regime, which is dominant in lower stability simulations.In addition to a steady state analysis, transitions from one regime to the other are induced by changes in convective lapse rate.Regime changes are also observed as events produced by natural variability in some of the model runs.This time-dependent perspective shows that the structure of net Rossby wave dissipation in the upper troposphere, measured by the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence, is crucial in order to understand the regimes.Jet merge and split events are mediated by upper tropospheric momentum flux variability.They are preceded by heat flux variability and are tied to variations in the hemispheric eddy kinetic energy.The results are also interpreted through the concept of criticality, relating meridional and vertical gradients in potential temperature.The analysis highlights the importance of static stability and its changes to mid-latitude jet dynamics.
Relative Contributions of Anthropogenic and Lightning Nitrogen Sources in the Upper Troposphere during the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Zhang Jun , Kinnison Douglas , Tilmes Simone , Emmons Lousia , Smith Warren , Honomichl Shawn , Franchin Alessandro , Liang Qing , Pan Laura
Published: February 2023

We examine the role of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) in influencing the chemical composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 6 (WACCM6). This version of WACCM6 uses a Finite Volume dynamical core, with a horizontal resolution of ~1.0º and a vertical resolution of ~500m in the UTLS. For this study, the specified dynamics option is applied where the temperature, zonal and meridional winds are nudged towards MERRA-2 reanalysis fields from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS5). This model study examines the relative contribution of anthropogenic and lightning nitrogen oxide (NOx) sources in the UTLS during the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) using a tagged NOx mechanism (Emmons et al., Geosci. Model Dev., doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1531-2012). In this tagging mechanism, the NOx source regions in South and East Asia are examined separately. NOx sources from outside South and East Asia and the amount transported from the stratosphere are also derived. The model simulated NOx for the year 2022 is evaluated by comparing it to in situ measurements from the Asian summer monsoon Chemical and Climate Impact Project (ACCLIP). The model results suggest that the major contribution of NOx concentration within the ASM anticyclone is from South Asia lightning and South Asia anthropogenic sources, which contribute more than 55% to the upper troposphere NOx for the year 2022. In the shedding region, both South and East Asia anthropogenic emissions play an important role in the NOx budget. In addition, we also explore the hydroxyl radical (OH) and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) formation from different NOx sources, which are of importance to atmospheric compositions such as ozone and aerosols in the free troposphere.