bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploiting circadian memory to hasten recovery from circadian misalignment
Authors: Ahmed Talha , Wilson Dan
Published: July 2021

Recent years have seen a sustained interest in the development of circadian reentrainment strategies to limit the deleterious effects of jet lag. Due to the dynamical complexity of many circadian models, phase-based model reduction techniques are often an imperative first step in the analysis. However, amplitude coordinates that capture lingering effects (i.e., memory) from past inputs are often neglected. In this work, we focus on these amplitude coordinates using an operational phase and an isostable coordinate framework in the context of the development of jet-lag amelioration strategies. By accounting for the influence of circadian memory, we identify a latent phase shift that can prime one’s circadian cycle to reentrain more rapidly to an expected time-zone shift. A subsequent optimal control problem is proposed that balances the trade-off between control effort and the resulting latent phase shift. Data-driven model identification techniques for the inference of necessary reduced order, phase-amplitude-based models are considered in situations where the underlying model equations are unknown, and numerical results are illustrated in both a simple planar model and in a coupled population of circadian oscillators.
Proton radiography in background magnetic fields
Authors: Arran C. , Ridgers C. P. , Woolsey N. C.
Published: July 2021

Proton radiography has proved increasingly successful as a diagnostic for electric and magnetic fields in high-energy-density physics experiments. Most experiments use target-normal sheath acceleration sources with a wide energy range in the proton beam, since the velocity spread can help differentiate between electric and magnetic fields and provide time histories in a single shot. However, in magnetized plasma experiments with strong background fields, the broadband proton spectrum leads to velocity-spread-dependent displacement of the beam and significant blurring of the radiograph. We describe the origins of this blurring and show how it can be removed from experimental measurements, and we outline the conditions under which such deconvolutions are successful. As an example, we apply this method to a magnetized plasma experiment that used a background magnetic field of 3 T and in which the strong displacement and energy spread of the proton beam reduced the spatial resolution from tens of micrometers to a few millimeters. Application of the deconvolution procedure accurately recovers radiographs with resolutions better than 100 µm, enabling the recovery of more accurate estimates of the path-integrated magnetic field. This work extends accurate proton radiography to a class of experiments with significant background magnetic fields, particularly those experiments with an applied external magnetic field.
Dynamics of buoyancy driven miscible iso-viscous flows in heterogeneous layered porous media
Authors: Elgahawy Y. , Azaiez J.
Published: July 2021

Buoyancy-driven instabilities in horizontally layered heterogeneous porous media are investigated using numerical simulations. The analysis is conducted for two different permeability distributions, where the permeability attains its maximum (minimum) at the initial interface. The effects of the frequency of layers (q) and variance of the permeability distribution (s) under different scenarios of density mismatches were analyzed and characterized both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results revealed that heterogeneity induces undulated more diffuse finger structures compared to the homogeneous case. In cases where the permeability at the initial interface is maximum, it is found that the larger the q, the less unstable the flow. It is shown that the onset time of the instability increases with increasing number of layers and decreases with increasing heterogeneity variance. Moreover, it is revealed that flow mixing increases (decreases) with increasing heterogeneity variance before (after) a critical flow time. The trends observed are, however, reversed in the case of shifted permeability heterogeneity where the smallest permeability is at the initial interface. Interestingly, it was found that for the shifted permeability distribution, an unstable flow in a homogeneous medium can be fully stabilized when a small number of layers are used in the heterogeneous case.
Droplet breakup of a high-viscosity-ratio system in a nonuniform temperature field under laser irradiation
Authors: Mu'min Gea Fardias , Kawaguchi Tatsuya , Saito Takushi
Published: July 2021

This study conducted experimental and simple numerical studies to investigate the effect of change in viscosity ratio on the dispersion progress in a two-phase immiscible fluid. The viscosity ratio of the fluid was successfully modified by supplying direct heat radiation from an infrared laser. In the experiment, polybutenes and polydimethylsiloxane silicone oils were used as the dispersed droplet and matrix phases, respectively, and the radiation from an infrared laser with an intensity ranging from 10.9 to 87.3 W/cm2 was applied. The results show that the selective radiation-heating method using different radiation absorption coefficients against the infrared laser wavelength caused significant deformation of the droplet phase, reaching even the breakup point of the droplet. We further performed a numerical simulation of three-dimensional thermal conduction, including radiation heating, to estimate the temperature changes in the droplet phase. The results show that the droplet size significantly affects the heat absorption and temperature distribution of the system. Finally, we discuss a suitable radiation intensity on a nondimensional chart using the modified viscosity ratio and critical capillary number.
Development of a deuterium-ice extruder for inertial confinement fusion experiments on the Z Facility
Authors: Awe T. J. , Perea L. , Hanson J. C. , York A. J. , Johnson D. W. , Benney D. J. , Crabtree J. A.
Published: July 2021

A deuterium-ice extruder has been developed for inertial confinement fusion experiments on the Sandia National Laboratories Z Facility. The screw-driven extruder is filled via desublimation, where a slow flow of deuterium gas enters the extruder cavity and freezes to the walls without entering the liquid phase. Ice generated in this manner is optically clear, demonstrating its high uniformity. When the extruder cavity is filled with ice, the screw is driven downward, closing off the gas-fill line. With the ice cavity isolated, further screw rotation compresses the deuterium through a nozzle, extruding a fiber. Fiber diameters ranging from 200 to 500 µm have been extruded to lengths of 1.5 feet before hitting the vacuum chamber floor. The fiber straightness improves with the nozzle length-to-diameter aspect ratio. Deuterium-ice fibers can persist in high vacuum for more than 10 min before breaking free from the nozzle. The peripheral infrastructure required for Z experimental operations is under development. An in-vacuum stepper-motor-based drive system will allow remote operation, and a translating cathode will ensure proper placement of the fiber in the powerflow hardware.
Temperature dependence of field-response mechanisms in 0.4Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.6(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3
Authors: Fancher Chris M. , Keleṣ Özgür , Ehmke Matthias , Bowman Keith J.
Published: July 2021

Understanding the temperature dependence of how ferroelectric materials respond to electric fields is critical for determining how best to use these materials in applications. Here, temperature dependent in situ x-ray diffraction is used to study how field-response mechanism Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 evolves with temperature. Increasing the measurement temperature was found to slightly reduce the extent of domain reversal and the magnitude of the 111 lattice strain. Instead, these results indicate that temperature predominantly impacted the angular dependence of the 002/200 lattice strain. We attribute the observed differences in 002/200 lattice strain to the flattening of the free-energy near the tetragonal-orthorhombic phase boundary, where the flattening of the energy landscape promotes a polarization rotation response during the application of electric fields at room temperature.
Tagged-particle motion of Percus–Yevick hard spheres from first principles
Authors: Luo Chengjie , Debets Vincent E. , Janssen Liesbeth M. C.
Published: July 2021

We develop a first-principles-based generalized mode-coupling theory (GMCT) for the tagged-particle motion of glassy systems. This theory establishes a hierarchy of coupled integro-differential equations for self-multi-point density correlation functions, which can formally be extended up to infinite order. We use our GMCT framework to calculate the self-nonergodicity parameters and the self-intermediate scattering function for the Percus–Yevick hard-sphere system based on the first few levels of the GMCT hierarchy. We also test the scaling laws in the α- and β-relaxation regimes near the glass-transition singularity. Furthermore, we study the mean-square displacement and the Stokes–Einstein relation in the supercooled regime. We find that qualitatively our GMCT results share many similarities with the well-established predictions from standard mode-coupling theory, but the quantitative results change, and typically improve, by increasing the GMCT closure level. However, we also demonstrate on general theoretical grounds that the current GMCT framework is unable to account for violation of the Stokes–Einstein relation, underlining the need for further improvements in the first-principles description of glassy dynamics.
Sound speed measurements in lithium fluoride single crystals shock compressed to 168 GPa along [100]
Authors: Wallace M. K. , Winey J. M. , Gupta Y. M.
Published: July 2021

The shock wave response of [100] lithium fluoride (LiF) single crystals at high stresses is of long-standing interest due to their extensive use as optical windows in dynamic compression experiments. The report of melting in shock-compressed LiF single crystals between 134 and 152 GPa—based on a single sound speed datum [Liu et al., J. Appl. Phys. 117, 045901 (2015)]—was surprising because good optical transmission was previously demonstrated in LiF shock compressed to ∼200 GPa [Rigg et al., J. Appl. Phys. 116, 033515 (2014)]. To address these apparent differences, we report on plate impact experiments on [100] LiF single crystals shock compressed to 168 GPa. Wave profiles were measured using laser interferometry to determine Hugoniot states and longitudinal sound speeds in shock-compressed LiF. The measured Hugoniot states are in good agreement with those measured in previous studies. However, the measured sound speeds presented here show no evidence of melting up to 168 GPa. In particular, the abrupt drop reported previously in sound speed at 152 GPa was not observed in the present work. Our results establish a lower bound of 168 GPa for the onset of melting in shock-compressed LiF single crystals.
Squeezed state of an electron cloud as a “quasi-neutral” one-component plasma
Authors: Bliokh Y. , Leopold J. G. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: July 2021

We present a one-dimensional model, which gives a novel physical interpretation to the specific state of an ensemble of electrons continuously injected into an electrostatic potential well immersed in a strong applied magnetic field preventing radial expansion. When the space-charge field of the electrons accumulated in the potential well compensates the external electrostatic field, a force-free steady-state of the electron cloud forms. This state of equilibrium is known in another context as a squeezed state of an electron beam. It is shown that the spatial distribution of the electron number density in this steady-state correlates with the shape of the potential well. Perturbations of the steady-state propagate along the electron cloud in the form of Trivelpiece–Gould modes.
Simplified tuning of long-range corrected density functionals for use in symmetry-adapted perturbation theory
Authors: Gray Montgomery , Herbert John M.
Published: July 2021

Long considered a failure, second-order symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) based on Kohn–Sham orbitals, or SAPT0(KS), can be resurrected for semiquantitative purposes using long-range corrected density functionals whose asymptotic behavior is adjusted separately for each monomer. As in other contexts, correct asymptotic behavior can be enforced via “optimal tuning” based on the ionization energy theorem of density functional theory, but the tuning procedure is tedious, expensive for large systems, and comes with a troubling dependence on system size. Here, we show that essentially identical results are obtained using a fast, convenient, and automated tuning procedure based on the size of the exchange hole. In conjunction with “extended” (X)SAPT methods that improve the description of dispersion, this procedure achieves benchmark-quality interaction energies, along with the usual SAPT energy decomposition, without the hassle of system-specific tuning.
Vibronic transitions and spin–orbit coupling of three-membered metallacycles formed by lanthanide-mediated dehydrogenation of dimethylamine
Authors: Nyambo Silver , Zhang Yuchen , Yang Dong-Sheng
Published: July 2021

Metal-mediated N–H and C–H bond activation of aliphatic amines is an effective strategy for synthesizing biologically important molecules. Ln (Ln = La and Ce) atom reactions with dimethylamine are carried out in a pulsed-laser vaporization supersonic molecular beam source. A series of dehydrogenation species are observed with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the dehydrogenated Ln-containing species in the formula Ln(CH2NCH3) are characterized by single-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The theoretical calculations include density functional theory for both Ln species and multiconfiguration self-consistent field and quasi-degenerate perturbation theory for the Ce species. The MATI spectrum of La(CH2NCH3) consists of a single vibronic band system, which is assigned to the ionization of the doublet ground state of N-methyl-lanthanaaziridine. The MATI spectrum of Ce(CH2NCH3) displays two vibronic band systems, which are attributed to the ionization of two-pair lowest-energy spin–orbit coupling states of N-methyl-ceraaziridine. Both metallaaziridines are three-membered metallacycles and formed by the thermodynamically and kinetically favorable concerted dehydrogenation of the amino group and one of the methyl groups.
A Littlewood-Paley-Rubio de Francia inequality for bounded Vilenkin systems
Authors: Tselishchev A. S.
Published: July 2021

Rubio de Francia proved a one-sided Littlewood-Paley inequality for the square function constructed from an arbitrary system of disjoint intervals. Later, Osipov proved a similar inequality for Walsh systems. We prove a similar inequality for more general Vilenkin systems. Bibliography: 11 titles.
Global and semilocal theorems on implicit and inverse functions in Banach spaces
Authors: Arutyunov A. V. , Zhukovskiy S. E.
Published: July 2021

We consider continuous mappings between two Banach spaces that depend on a parameter with values in a topological space. These mappings are assumed to be continuously differentiable for each value of the parameter. Under normality (regularity) assumptions of the mappings under consideration, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of global and semilocal implicit functions. A priori estimates for solutions are given. As an application of these results, we obtain, in particular, a theorem on extending an implicit function from a given closed set to the whole parameter space and a theorem on coincidence points of mappings.

Bibliography: 32 titles.
Phylogenetics of the skyhoppers (
Authors: Umbers Kate D. L. , Slatyer Rachel A. , Tatarnic Nikolai J. , Muschett Giselle R. , Wang Shichen , Song Hojun
Published: July 2021

The true biodiversity of Australia’s alpine and subalpine endemics is unknown. Genetic studies to date have focused on sub-regions and restricted taxa, but even so, indicate deep divergences across small geographic scales and therefore that the bulk of biodiversity remains to be discovered. We aimed to study the phylogeography of the Australian Alps by focusing on the skyhoppers (Kosciuscola), a genus of five species of flightless grasshoppers whose combined distributions both span the region and are almost exclusively contained within it. Our sampling covered 650 km on the mainland and several sites in Tasmania with total of 260 specimens used to reconstruct a robust phylogeny of Koscisucola. Phylogenies were based on single nucleotide polymorphism data generated from double-digested restriction-associated DNA sequencing. Skyhoppers diverged around 2 million years ago and have since undergone complex diversification seemingly driven by climatic oscillations throughout the Pleistocene. We recovered not 5 but 14 clades indicating the presence of many unknown species. Our results support conspicuous geographic features as genetic breaks; e.g. the Murray Valley, and inconspicuous ones; e.g. between the Bogong High Plains and Mt Hotham. Climate change is progressing quickly in the region and its impact, particularly on snow, could have severe consequences for the skyhoppers’ overwinter survival. The true diversity of skyhoppers highlights that biodiversity loss in the Alps as a result of climate change is likely to be far greater than what can be estimated based on current species numbers and that management including small geographical scales is key.
Neural auditory contrast enhancement in humans
Authors: Mehta Anahita H. , Feng Lei , Oxenham Andrew J.
Published: July 2021

The perception of sensory events can be enhanced or suppressed by the surrounding spatial and temporal context in ways that facilitate the detection of novel objects and contribute to the perceptual constancy of those objects under variable conditions. In the auditory system, the phenomenon known as auditory enhancement reflects a general principle of contrast enhancement, in which a target sound embedded within a background sound becomes perceptually more salient if the background is presented first by itself. This effect is highly robust, producing an effective enhancement of the target of up to 25 dB (more than two orders of magnitude in intensity), depending on the task. Despite the importance of the effect, neural correlates of auditory contrast enhancement have yet to be identified in humans. Here, we used the auditory steady-state response to probe the neural representation of a target sound under conditions of enhancement. The probe was simultaneously modulated in amplitude with two modulation frequencies to distinguish cortical from subcortical responses. We found robust correlates for neural enhancement in the auditory cortical, but not subcortical, responses. Our findings provide empirical support for a previously unverified theory of auditory enhancement based on neural adaptation of inhibition and point to approaches for improving sensory prostheses for hearing loss, such as hearing aids and cochlear implants.
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 by long noncoding RNA RMRP
Authors: Chen Yajie , Hao Qian , Wang Shanshan , Cao Mingming , Huang Yingdan , Weng Xiaoling , Wang Jieqiong , Zhang Zhen , He Xianghuo , Lu Hua , Zhou Xiang
Published: July 2021

Significance

The tumor suppressor p53 prevents tumorigenesis, while inactivation of p53 promotes cancer development and drug resistance. Here, we identify that a long noncoding RNA, the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease (RMRP), promotes growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting p53 activity. Mechanistically, RMRP retains SNRPA1 in the nucleus, thus preventing its lysosomal degradation. The nuclear SNRPA1 then prompts MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Remarkably, RMRP expression is induced by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, a group of targeted anticancer drugs, through the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Targeting RMRP significantly enhances sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to PARP inhibition by reactivating p53. Our study provides a possible mechanism underling tumor resistance to PARP inhibitors.
Effects of extrusion speed and compounds on surface defects in extruded-AA7003 alloy
Authors: Homma T. , Honma T. , Terada D. , Hoshino M.
Published: July 2021

The defect formation in a rod-shaped AA7003 alloy is carefully treated in the sample extruded at 10 or 20 m min−1 with their structure–property relationships. The <111> + <100> double fibre texture is formed in the extruded rods, but it is altered near the surface of the extrudates due to recrystallisation and recovery, being triggered by the processing heat. This reduces strains at the region, leading to softening of the hardness. Coarse Al9(Mn,Fe)2Si compounds are transported to the die throat with the fragmentation. The agglomeration of compounds occurs near the surface and makes pick-up. Eventually the number of pick-up is much higher in the sample extruded at 20 m min−1.
Intercalated disk nanoscale structure regulates cardiac conduction
Authors: Moise Nicolae , Struckman Heather L. , Dagher Celine , Veeraraghavan Rengasayee , Weinberg Seth H.
Published: July 2021

The intercalated disk (ID) is a specialized subcellular region that provides electrical and mechanical connections between myocytes in the heart. The ID has a clearly defined passive role in cardiac tissue, transmitting mechanical forces and electrical currents between cells. Recent studies have shown that Na+ channels, the primary current responsible for cardiac excitation, are preferentially localized at the ID, particularly within nanodomains such as the gap junction–adjacent perinexus and mechanical junction–associated adhesion-excitability nodes, and that perturbations of ID structure alter cardiac conduction. This suggests that the ID may play an important, active role in regulating conduction. However, the structures of the ID and intercellular cleft are not well characterized and, to date, no models have incorporated the influence of ID structure on conduction in cardiac tissue. In this study, we developed an approach to generate realistic finite element model (FEM) meshes replicating nanoscale of the ID structure, based on experimental measurements from transmission electron microscopy images. We then integrated measurements of the intercellular cleft electrical conductivity, derived from the FEM meshes, into a novel cardiac tissue model formulation. FEM-based calculations predict that the distribution of cleft conductances is sensitive to regional changes in ID structure, specifically the intermembrane separation and gap junction distribution. Tissue-scale simulations predict that ID structural heterogeneity leads to significant spatial variation in electrical polarization within the intercellular cleft. Importantly, we found that this heterogeneous cleft polarization regulates conduction by desynchronizing the activation of postjunctional Na+ currents. Additionally, these heterogeneities lead to a weaker dependence of conduction velocity on gap junctional coupling, compared with prior modeling formulations that neglect or simplify ID structure. Further, we found that disruption of local ID nanodomains can either slow or enhance conduction, depending on gap junctional coupling strength. Our study therefore suggests that ID nanoscale structure can play a significant role in regulating cardiac conduction.
Adjustment of the iodine ICRP population pharmacokinetic model for the use in thyroid cancer patients after thyroidectomy
Authors: Taprogge Jan , Carnegie-Peake Lily , Murray Iain , Gear Jonathan I , Flux Glenn D
Published: July 2021

Biokinetic models developed for healthy humans are not appropriate to describe biokinetics in thyroid cancer patients following thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to adjust the population model for iodine proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for the use in these patients. Rate constants of the ICRP publication 128 model for iodine were adjusted using the population modelling software package Monolix to describe activity retention in whole-body, thyroid, blood and protein-bound iodine observed in 23 patients. The new set of rate constants was compared to the four uptake scenarios proposed in ICRP publication 128. Flow from the inorganic iodide in blood compartment into the first thyroid compartment decreases to 0.15 d−1 compared to a value of 7.27 d−1 for the ICRP publication 128 model with a medium uptake. The transfer from first to second thyroid compartments and the outflow from the second thyroid compartment increases. An increased turnover rate of extrathyroidal organic iodine is observed. The rate constant from inorganic iodide in blood to kidney was also adjusted. Overall a good agreement was found between the adjusted model and the activity retention in thyroid cancer patients. The adjustment of population pharmacokinetic models to describe the biokinetic properties of specific patient populations for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals is essential to capture the changes in biokinetics. The proposed set of rate constants for the established ICRP publication 128 model can be used to more accurately assess radiation protection requirements for the treatment of thyroid cancer patients using radioiodine.
Medical management: major lessons learned from the Chernobyl accident (the review)
Authors: Samoylov A S , Bushmanov A Yu , Galstyan I A
Published: July 2021

Thirty-five years have passed since the moment of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. It is quite a sufficient period to assess the correctness of the organisation of medical care for victims, to summarise the results of monitoring the health status of various groups of persons involved in the accident, including its direct participants. Radiation from a massive source of relatively uniform gamma radiation and a heterogeneous source of beta radiation can cause affected people to develop acute radiation syndrome (ARS) of varying severity, including non-curable forms of the disease ARS developed in 134 patients; 28 patients from 134 with ARS died in a short time (100 d) after exposure. Among the patients whose disease ended in death, 2/3 of the outcome could be due to radiation skin lesions (19 people). Treatment of ARS varying severity, which was combined with common skin burns with beta radiation, requires long-term specialised treatment. The experience of treating this group of patients has demonstrated that the indications for bone marrow transplantation in the curable form of ARS are limited. The percentage of victims who have absolute indications for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and in whom this procedure will lead to an improved prognosis for life is very small. Recovery of own myelopoiesis and survival are possible after whole-body irradiation from 6 to 8 Gy, which was found after rejection of haploidentical human leucocyte antigen transplantation, as well as in patients who did not use bone marrow transplantation due to the absence of a corresponding donor. Patients who have undergone ARS need lifelong medical supervision and the provision of necessary medical care.
Phase interference for probing topological fractional charge in a BiSbTeSe2-based Josephson junction array
Authors: Brevoord J M , Wielens D H , Lankhorst M , Díez-Mérida J , Huang Y , Li C , Brinkman A
Published: July 2021

Fractional charges can be induced by magnetic fluxes at the interface between a topological insulator (TI) and a type-II superconductor due to axion electrodynamics. In a Josephson junction array with a hole in the middle, these electronic states can have phase interference in an applied magnetic field with

4
×
2
π

period, in addition to the 2π interference of the Cooper pairs. Here, we test an experimental configuration for probing the fractional charge and report the observation of phase interference effect in superconducting arrays with a hole in the middle in both Au- and TI-based devices. Our numerical simulations based on resistive shunted capacitive junction model are in good agreement with the experimental results. However, no clear sign of an axion charge-related interference effect was observed. We will discuss possible reasons and perspectives for future experiments.
Synchronisation conditions in the Kuramoto model and their relationship to seminorms
Authors: Bronski Jared C , Carty Thomas E , DeVille Lee
Published: July 2021

In this paper we address two questions about the synchronisation of coupled oscillators in the Kuramoto model with all-to-all coupling. In the first part we use some classical results in convex geometry to prove bounds on the size of the frequency set supporting the existence of stable, phase locked solutions and show that the set of such frequencies can be expressed by a seminorm which we call the Kuramoto norm. In the second part we use some ideas from extreme order statistics to compute upper and lower bounds on the probability of synchronisation for very general frequency distributions. We do so by computing exactly the limiting extreme value distribution of a quantity that is equivalent to the Kuramoto norm.
Bright multiplexed source of indistinguishable single photons with tunable GHz-bandwidth at room temperature
Authors: Davidson O , Finkelstein R , Poem E , Firstenberg O
Published: July 2021

Narrowband single photons that couple well to atomic ensembles could prove essential for future quantum networks, but the efficient generation of such photons remains an outstanding challenge. We realize a spatially-multiplexed heralded source of single photons that are inherently compatible with the commonly employed D2 line of rubidium. Our source is based on four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor, requiring no laser cooling or optical cavities, and generates single photons with high rate and low noise. We use Hong–Ou–Mandel interference to verify the indistinguishability of the photons generated in two different (multiplexed) channels. We further demonstrate a five-fold tunability of the photons’ temporal width. The experimental results are well reproduced by a theoretical model.
Path Laplacians versus fractional Laplacians as nonlocal operators on networks
Authors: Estrada Ernesto
Published: July 2021

Here we study and compare nonlocal diffusion processes on networks based on two different kinds of Laplacian operators. We prove that a nonlocal diffusion process on a network based on the path Laplacian operator always converges faster than the standard diffusion. The nonlocal diffusion based on the fractional powers of the graph Laplacian frequently converges slower than the local process. Additionally, the path-based diffusion always displays smaller average commute time and better diffusive efficiency than the local diffusive process. On the contrary, the fractional diffusion frequently has longer commute times and worse diffusive efficiency than the standard diffusion process. Another difference between the two processes is related to the way in which they operate the diffusion through the nodes and edges of the graph. The fractional diffusion occurs in a backtracking way, which may left the diffusive particle trapped just behind obstacles in the nodes of the graph, such as a weighted self-loop. The path-diffusion operates in a non-backtracking way, which may represent through-space jumps that avoids such obstacles. We show that the fractional Laplacian cannot differentiate between three classes of brain cellular tissues corresponding to healthy, inflamed and glioma samples. The path Laplacian diffusive distance correctly classifies 100% of the mentioned samples. These results illuminates about the potential areas of applications of both kinds of nonlocal operators on networks.
Global air quality and health impacts of domestic and international shipping
Authors: Zhang Yiqi , Eastham Sebastian D , Lau Alexis KH , Fung Jimmy CH , Selin Noelle E
Published: July 2021

Shipping activities contribute to degraded air quality and premature mortalities worldwide, but previous assessments of their health impact have not yet differentiated contributions from domestic and international shipping at the global level. The impacts of domestic shipping can affect different populations, and domestic and international shipping emissions are governed under different regulatory systems. Thus, a consistent global analysis comparing the health impacts from domestic and international shipping could inform policy making in attempts to coordinate policies across multiple scales to address the health burden of shipping emissions. In this study, we create bottom-up global ship emission inventories based on ship activity records from the automatic identification system, and then apply the GEOS-Chem atmospheric model and global exposure mortality model to quanitfy shipping-related PM2.5-concentrations and associated mortalities. We also quantify the public health benefits under different control scenarios including the 2020 0.5% sulphur cap, a post-2020 0.1% sulphur cap, and a post-2020 Tier III NOxstandard. We find that 94 200 (95% confidence interval: 84 800–103 000) premature deaths were associated with PM2.5exposure due to maritime shipping in 2015, of which 83% were associated with international shipping activities and 17% with domestic shipping. Although the global health burdens of ship emissions are dominated by international shipping, the fraction varies by region: 44% of shipping-related premature deaths in China come from domestic shipping activities. We estimate about 30 200 (27 200–33 000) avoided premature deaths per year under a scenario consistent with a 2020 0.5% sulphur cap. We find that a post-2020 Tier III NOxstandard would have greater benefits than a post-2020 0.1% sulphur cap, with the two policies reducing annual shipping-attributable PM2.5-related premature deaths by 33 300 (30 100–36 400) and 5070 (4560–5540), respectively.
Preparation and characterization of cellulose microcrystalline made from palm oil midrib
Authors: Raja Pada Mulia , Rangkuti Ika Ucha P. , Hendra Ginting M. , Giyanto  , Siregar Wahyu F.
Published: July 2021

Palm oil midribs are solid wastes from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) plantations which have high cellulose content which has not been utilized in increasing economic value in the palm oil industry. This study aims to produce Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from PKS and characterize MCC. The stages of this research are 1). Lignocellulose delignification from oil palm midribs with HNO3 3,5% and NaNO2 at a temperature of 90°C for 2 hours, followed by heating in the mixture of NaOH 2% and Na2SO3 2% at a temperature of 50°C for 2 hours. The second stage of delignification process was using a solution of NaOH 10%. 2). Hydrolysis of α-Cellulose (the results from delignification) with a solution of H2SO4 with each concentration of 1 N; 1.5 N; 2N; 2.5N; 3N; 3.5N and simmer at 80°C temperature for 30 minutes. From the hydrolysis results, the optimum yield from MCC is 87.9% using concentration of H2SO4 2,5N. 3). The resulting MCC was then analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). FTIR uptake from the MCC results showed the existence of wave numbers at 3344.57 cm-1 and 2897.08 cm-1 which indicated the presence of OH and CH groups. The results of the analysis with SEM showed that the MCC produced had a particle diameter of < 10 µm. From the results of the analysis using XRD, it is known that MCC has a crystallinity of 76.47%.
The Effect of Trichoderma and Onion Extract on the Success of Grafting in Mango Seedlings
Authors: Sentosa Feroniza Berlian , Sutarman  , Nurmalasari Intan Rahma
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma asperellum Tc-Clkt-01 and shallot extract and their interaction on the success of grafting mango seedlings. The factorial experiments in this study were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor is Trichoderma consisting of without and with Trichoderma. The second factor was the concentration of shallot extract above: 0, 15, and 30 ml.l−1. With three replications, 18 experimental units were obtained. The variables observed were: shoot appearance time (days) and shoot growth length (mm) one to four weeks after grafting. All data from the observations were analyzed using ANOVA at the 5% level; the average of each treatment was compared with controls (without Trichoderma and without red onion extract). Trichoderma sp. isolate Tc-Clkt-01 accelerated the emergence time of shoots by 26.87% and increased shoot length growth by 41.76-43.71% compared to the control. Onion extract at a concentration of 15 ml.L−1 accelerated the emergence of shoots by 10.45% and increased shoot length increase by 20.59% compared to the control. The combination of Trichoderma and shallot extract at a concentration of 30 ml.l−1 accelerated the emergence of shoots by 23.17% and increased shoot length by 32.94% compared to the control.
Determination of Volatile Compounds on Traditional Fermentation of Chao Teri
Authors: Syahriati  , Nur Fitriani UA , Yusuf Muhammad
Published: July 2021

Chao teri is a very popular product in Sulawesi Island, especially in South Sulawesi of Indonesia. In general, the processing method of ikan peda is divided into two stages: the first and the second fermentation. The first fermentation is to develop the characteristic flavor and texture of chao teri. The second fermentation is principally a maturation phase. Bacteria play an essential role in the fermentation process of chao teri. Chao teri has a thick texture such as pasta, brown or red, has a distinctive and slightly sour, salty taste. Chao teri is commonly consumed by the public as a complement to side dishes or used as flavor enhancers in food. Aromatic compounds that arise after the fermentation process are expected to be a reference for the industry to develop products into spices or food additives. This study aims to determine volatile aromatic components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) with Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME). This research produced 73 aromatic compounds consisting of 12 alcohols, two organic acids, 9 aldehydes, eight ketones, four esters, one furan, 31 hydrocarbons, and six miscellaneous compounds. Most hydrocarbons of 56.48% and alcohol with the derivate compound are pentadecane and ethanol of 31.04%. This research is expected to introduce chao teri products as traditional products typical of Indonesia, especially South Sulawesi that can be developed as a natural flavoring in food.
Physicochemical, nutritional, and color characteristic of Nori Snack from Snakehead Fish (Ophiocephalus striatus), Eucheuma cottonii, and Gracilaria sp
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Nur Fitriani UA , Syahriati
Published: July 2021

Seaweeds thrive in Indonesia. Most Indonesians reject seaweed-based products on the market due to their unappealing taste. This research aims to create a nori snack (seaweed snack) that appeals to the Indonesian community’s taste using Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp in order to popularize seaweed consumption in Indonesia. Addition of snakehead fish to increase the nutritional value of protein in nori snacks. Traditional nori making techniques developed to obtain nori snacks that has added value in terms of nutritional value, taste, flavor and texture. Nori snack samples showed increases in carbohydrate and protein, but low in fat contents. The addition of snakehead fish, Eucheuma cottonii, and Gracilaria sp can increase the nutritional value of nori snacks so that they become a reference as functional food for the community.
New Insight of Surface and Subsurface Sedimentology of Salodik Group, Banggai Basin
Authors: Herdiansyah Firman , Burhannudinnur M , Ali Jambak M , Irano Teddy
Published: July 2021

The research area is situated in the Eastern Arm of Sulawesi, Banggai Basin. The complexity of geological components in Sulawesi greatly affects the pattern of sedimentary rocks. Certainly, these conditions have implications of the petroleum system in this basin. The characterization of carbonate rock in the Banggai Basin requires the integration of multi-disciplines in order to conduct reservoir characterization on a detailed scale. This study focuses on integrating surface to subsurface sedimentology aspects to evaluate the reservoir characterization. The two methods are used to analyzed, the surface field observation and subsurface study. These methods will then be assisted by several methods, such as petrographic analysis, XRD and SEM, biostratigraphic analysis, and routine core analysis. The outcrop sampling is carried out in the northward and subsequently integrated with subsurface in the southward (Tiaka-Tiara Field). In the surface area, Tomori Formation has two part, Lower Tomori Formation is composed of Large Foram-Red Algae facies with deposited inner-middle sublittoral. Wherein, Upper Tomori Formation is composed of planktic-large foram packstone-wackestone with deposited Middle-Outer Sublittoral and skeletal packstone-wackestone with deposited Inner-Middle Sublittoral. Minahaki Formation is overlying of Tomori Formation, there are two facies namely large foram packstone-mudstone with deposited at Middle Sublittoral-Upper bathyal and skeletal packstone-wackestone with deposited at Inner-Middle Sublittoral. The youngest formation of the Salodik Group on the surface is Mentawa Formation where this member is reefal facies. On the subsurface, the Salodik Group consists of Tomori Formation, Matindok Formation, and Minahaki Formation. The Tomori Formation was deposited at Bathyal-Inner shelf with mudstone-grainstone facies and slightly dolomite. Younger than Tomori Formation on the subsurface is calcareous sedimentary rocks, known as Matindok Formation. The Minahaki Formation was directly overlying the Matindok Formation in the transgressive phase.
Laboratory Study: The Effect of Clay Mineral in Sandstone on Resistivity of Rock
Authors: Sitaresmi Ratnayu , Rosidelly  , Mega Lia , Taufiq Fathaddin M.
Published: July 2021

One of the cases of low resistivity pay zone in several oil and gas fields is due to the presence of shale in the sandstone. This can lead to misinterpretation of what should be a hydrocarbon prospect zone looking like a water zone. The purpose of this study was to analyze how much influence the presence of shale in the sandstones has so that it is hoped that a solution can be obtained to solve the low resistivity pay zone problem. The greater the percent volume of shale, the greater the percentage decrease in resistivity. This will result in an error reading of the Resistivity price, so that this zone the Sw price looks too high. Thus, the prospect layer of hydrocarbon can be missed. (By Pass Zone). The calculation method with Water Saturation (Sw) correction is based on the Archie formula. To overcome the deviation of the Archie formula on sandstones that contain shale, an empirical approach is used. With this approach, the corrected Sw Archie is the Sw Archie measurement that has been substituted with the Sw Archie parameter and the volume of shale and shale. The empirical equation of the research results is presented in the form of the relationship between shale volume and water saturation. To validate the results of the Corrected Sw Archie calculation, other methods are needed, including: Sw Archie, Indonesia, Simandoux as comparative data. Meanwhile, Sw measurement as reference data. The comparison results show that Sw Archie is corrected to the closest measure to Sw.
The Palu Earthquake Formed a New Geological Structure
Authors: Anugrahadi A. , Sumarto U. , Purwiyono T. T.
Published: July 2021

Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon where there is a vibration on the surface due to the sudden release of energy from inside the earth. In October 2018, this event has occurred in Palu, Central Sulawesi and the surrounding areas with a scale of 7.4 Richter Scale. The Palu earthquake has caused quite a lot of damage, not only to facilities and infrastructure as a result of human development, but geologically it has caused various impacts such as the formation of fault activity, ground movements, etc. The purpose of this study is to describe the formation of new geological structures due to the Palu earthquake. There are two methods used in this research, that is analysis based on aerial photographs and field data as supporting data. From these methods, it appears that the fault zone is active during the earthquake and resulting new faults zone with dominant of normal fault and strike-slip fault which have NNW – SSE trend.
Good Governance Role for a Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Rural Community
Authors: Naldi Ari , Herdiansyah Herdis , Saraswati Putri L G
Published: July 2021

As one of the problematic countries with the solid waste management issue, Indonesia has created many regulation and initiatives through its central government to local government in dealing with this problem. However, not all region succeeded in solving this solid waste issue as there are lack of good governance implementation in the local government. This study aims to analyse the best practice of good governance’s principles in a local government of Paulan Village which succeeded to develop a sustainable solid waste management for the rural community. This study used qualitative approach through official reports and newspaper publication review, field observation, and an interview in collecting the data. The data were analysed by descriptive content analysis. This study finds that the local government of Paulan Village has proofed that the implementation of good governance has succeeded to maintain the sustainability of solid waste management in Paulan Village. Moreover, it also finds that participation, rule of law, also effectiveness and efficiency are the strongest three of eight good governance principles which influence the sustainability of solid waste management in Desa Paulan.
Managing the uncertainty during COVID-19 pandemic: Communicating disaster and food industry sustainability
Authors: de Leon Myra V. , Susilo Daniel , Putranto Teguh Dwi , Hartati Fadjar Kurnia , Santos Roberto Rudolf T.
Published: July 2021

The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected different industries including the food industry with the fear of transmission of virus. Challenges currently facing the food industry is the food waste and stale food in restaurants, bars and hotels, and rebuilding the trust of people to visit these places given the protocols introduced by the government. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine how the food industry and the government should address the sustainability and financial recovery particularly the affected F&B places. The data was gathered from 500 respondents in Indonesia. The findings of the study reveal that majority no longer visits the F&B places and the fear and lack trust with the government’s restrictions was the confirmed reason. For the 38% respondents who already visited these places, they trust the establishments complying with the health and safe protocols. These findings provide insights for F&B places, food industry and the government to develop strategies that will rebuild trust and confidence with the government with proper communication and consequently boost the sustainability of food industry.