bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Effects of Four Different Power Scalers on Enamel Tooth Surface in the Dog
Authors: Brine Elizabeth J. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Siegel Arthur M.
Published: April 2016

The surface roughness of tooth enamel was quantitatively evaluated following scaling with four power scalers at three different tip forces. Ceramic and tooth samples were evaluated for surface roughness using surface profilometry. Applied tip forces were produced with a horizontal balanced arm holding the scaler handpiece and load weight, and were measured using a load cell. The power scalers evaluated were the ultrasonic piezoelectric, ultrasonic magnetostrictive (ferromagnetic stack), sonic, and rotosonic. For the tooth samples, at 50 grams of force, the piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and sonic scaler roughnesses were similar and the rotosonic scaler outcome was statistically higher. Increasing the applied force significantly increased the roughness produced by the rotosonic and piezoelectric scalers. The results of this study indicate that the type of power scaler and applied tip force used determines the post-scaling surface roughness of ceramic and tooth enamel surfaces.
Effects of Ultrasonic Dental Scaling on Pulp Vitality in Dogs: An Experimental Study
Authors: Vérez-Fraguela José Luis , Vallés Miguel Angel Vives , Calvo Luis Javier Ezquerra
Published: April 2016

We investigated whether dental pulpal damage is produced as a result of the application of an ultrasonic scaler commonly used in clinical veterinary dentistry. Using methods developed in preliminary studies, we examined six dogs. The radiographic thickness of the dentin and pulp cavity was measured. The ultrasonic scaler was applied to maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth for 30, 60, or 90 seconds, without the use of water as a coolant. The temperatures of the room, the pulp canal on untreated incisor teeth, the cheek, the gingival sulcus, and the dentin of the affected teeth were recorded using a probe with a thermistor attached to a resistivity meter and inserted in the dentin to a depth of 1 mm. Two weeks following scaling, the teeth were extracted for microscopic examination. In another dog serving as a control, the temperature of the dentin was increased to between 45°C (113°F) and 47°C (117°F) and the premolar teeth were removed for microscopic examination 15 days later. We concluded that the application of an uncooled ultrasonic scaler for 90 seconds did not increase the temperature of the dentin. However, damage comparable with acute pulpitis resulted as a consequence of the ultrasonic effect, similar to the effects produced by the 45–47°C heat applied in the control animal.
Non-Immunoglobulin Defense Factors in Canine Saliva and Effects of a Tooth Gel Containing Antibacterial Enzymes
Authors: Tenovuo Jorma , Illukka Tiina , Vähä-Vahe Tapani
Published: April 2016

Selected innate, non-immunoglobulin defense factors in canine saliva were characterized and quantitated. The samples from dogs showed increased pH, higher lysozyme and salivary peroxidase activities, but lower hypothiocyanite concentration and myeloperoxidase activity when compared with human saliva. Secondly, a 1-month clinical pilot study was performed using a commercial tooth gel to determine acute and long-term changes in salivary host defense proteins. Daily application of the tooth gel did not substantially affect the concentrations of these factors in dogs with normal salivation. Our results suggest that canine saliva may be similar to human saliva, comprised of both immune and non-immune antimicrobial factors. However, as in humans, oral administration of antimicrobial proteins as reported here does not seem to benefit dogs with normal saliva secretion. Products such as the tooth gel evaluated in this study may benefit dogs with xerostomia or other clinical conditions causing decreased saliva production.
Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesion of a Mandibular Right First Molar in a Cougar
Authors: Mendoza Krista A. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Klippert Linda S.
Published: April 2016

A two-year old neutered/male cougar (Felis concolor) was presented because of abnormal eating habits and an irregularity of the mandibular right first molar that was noted by the caretaker. Oral examination and dental radiographs showed a lesion consistent with odontoclastic resorption of the mandibular right first molar, and a crown fracture and dilacerated root of the maxillary right first incisor. Exodontic therapy was performed on both teeth. The caretaker reported no problems associated with the patient's oral cavity 10-months following treatment.
Localized Intrinsic Staining of Teeth Due to Pulpitis and Pulp Necrosis in Dogs
Authors: Hale Fraser A.
Published: April 2016

Dental charts and records of 71 dogs were reviewed and 84 intact tooth crowns were noted to have been entirely discolored in shades of pink, purple, grey, or tan. Endodontic therapy was performed on 49 of these teeth allowing gross examination of the entire pulp. An exploratory pulpotomy was performed in 15 teeth prior to exodontic therapy in order to assess the integrity of the coronal pulp. Gross signs of partial or total pulp necrosis were present in 59 (92.2 %) of these teeth. The pulp was not observed grossly in 20 teeth which received exodontic therapy. Overall, of the 84 teeth evaluated, 36 (42.9 %) had no radiographic signs of endodontic disease. Gross or radiographic signs of endodontic disease were absent in only 2 (4.1 %) discolored teeth receiving endodontic therapy. Basal on the low incidence of vital, affected teeth in the dogs of this study, endodontic or exodontic therapy is recommended tor discolored teeth.
Vital Pulp Therapy for Complicated Crown Fracture of Permanent Canine Teeth in Dogs: A Three-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Clarke David E.
Published: April 2016

A 36-month retrospective study compared the results of vital pulp therapy based on the duration of pulp exposure for complicated crown fracture of 97 permanent canine teeth in 76 dogs. Postoperative oral and radiographic examinations were performed at 3, 12, and 36-months following treatment. Based on the 36-month postoperative examinations, 88.2 %, 41.4 %, and 23.5 % of teeth were vital when treated within 48-hours, 1-week, and 3-weeks of pulp exposure, respectively. There was a significant difference in the incidence of tooth vitality between groups. The duration of pulp exposure following complicated crown fracture influenced the success of vital pulp therapy. Vital pulp therapy should be performed as soon as possible following traumatic pulp exposure.
Lingual Calcinosis Circumscripta in a Dog
Authors: Collados J. , Rodríguez-Bertos A. , Peña L. , Rodríguez-Quirós J. , Roman F. San
Published: April 2016

Calcinosis circumscripta occurs rarely in dogs and cats, especially in the oral cavity. This case report describes the diagnosis and management of lingual calcinosis circumscripta in an eight-month-old, intact/male German shepherd-cross dog. An excellent prognosis for this disease may be achieved when the patient is managed as described in this report.
Effect of a Dental Chew on Dental Substrates and Gingivitis in Cats
Authors: Ingham K.E. , Gorrel C. , Bierer T.L.
Published: April 2016

The use of special diets or dietary adjuncts, although not eliminating the need for regular professional therapy, may serve to improve gingival health during the interval between professional oral health assessments and intervention. This study was performed to determine the effect of a dental chew on dental hygiene and gingival health in cats. The accumulation of dental substrates and the development of gingivitis were assessed in cats fed either a dry diet only or a dry diet supplemented with dental chews. A two-period, crossover design was used with the test phase lasting 4-weeks. Results indicated that the daily addition of dental chews to a dry diet was effective in reducing plaque and calculus accumulation on tooth surfaces in cats, as well as reducing the severity of gingivitis.
The Effect of Three Types of Rasps on the Occlusal Surface of Equine Cheek Teeth: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Kempson Susan A. , Davidson Mary E.B. , Dacre Ian T.
Published: April 2016

Two hand rasps (tungsten chip blade, solid carbide blade) and an electrically-driven solid carbide axial bur were used to treat the cheek teeth of 2 horses immediately postmortem. All teeth were normal and were rasped to a standard considered satisfactory in practice. Six teeth from each horse served as untreated controls. Following treatment, the teeth were extracted and the clinical crown removed and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Teeth were also extracted and examined from a horse that had excessive dental treatment previously. Dental debris created by the procedures was collected and examined. All three rasp techniques resulted in amputation of odontoblast processes. The solid carbide blade cut deep gouges and grooves into the surface of the dentin, chipping the enamel and peripheral cement. No smear layer was created. Rasping with a tungsten chip blade created a partial smear layer and a smoother surface than the solid carbide blade. The electrically-driven bur produced a complete smear layer and removed all dental tissues to a smooth layer. The enamel had also been damaged by the electric bur. Crown particles collected after the procedures were larger following hand rasping compared with particles produced by the electric bur. The extent of damage to sensitive and vital dentin tissue was of concern. Further studies are required to establish the optimum technique for rasping equine cheek teeth.
Mapping of the Radiographic Central Point of Feline Dental Resorptive Lesions
Authors: Harvey Colin E. , Orsini Paul , McLahan Craig , Schuster Carolyn
Published: April 2016

Intraoral dental radiographs of 217 cats presented for dental treatment were examined. Radiographic signs of dental resorptive lesions were identified in 107 cats, and the apparent central point of each lesion was mapped on a diagram of the tooth. Mapping was only possible on maxillary and mandibular canine teeth and on mandibular third premolar, fourth premolar, and first molar teeth. Resorptive lesions were most common on the molar teeth (n = 103) and maxillary canine teeth (n = 96), and least common on fourth premolar teeth (n = 56). Resorptive lesions on premolar and molar teeth were widely scattered, noted more commonly in the coronal portions of the root. Resorptive lesions in canine teeth had a tendency to be located more apically on the roots.
Observations of the Cheek Tooth Occlusal Angle in the Horse
Authors: Carmalt James L.
Published: April 2016

The angle of occlusion was evaluated in 230 mandibular cheek teeth from 21 horses. There was no significant relationship between horse condition (sedated, anesthetized, dead) and measurement of mean cheek tooth occlusal angle. Cheek tooth occlusal angle was not significantly affected by the position of the tooth in the mandibular arcade or tooth age. The measurement of individual mandibular cheek tooth occlusal angles was predictive for occlusal angle of the entire mouth. Multiple variations of the incisor separation angle technique were predictive of cheek tooth molar occlusal angle for the measured arcade and the entire mouth but was significantly different contralaterally, suggesting that the single tooth method may be preferred. However, despite the limitations of the relatively simple incisor separation angle technique, it may provide the equine veterinary dentist a rapid method of assessing cheek tooth occlusal angle to ensure proper dental floating methods and outcomes.
Feline Dental Resorptive Lesions in the 13th to 14th Centuries
Authors: Berger Marianne , Stich Hermann , Hüster Heidemarie , Roux Philippe , Schawalder Peter
Published: April 2016

The Schild excavation (1971–1975) unearthed 1871 feline bones from at least 181 cats firm rite town market in medieval Schleswig-Gottorf. Seven of the 189 mandibles and one of the 126 skulls were investigated using a combination of macroscopic, radiographic, and histologic examinations as well as Knoop hardness measurements. The preliminary results of examinations of three mandibles and one skull are presented and reveal that feline dental resorptive lesions were present in cats that lived in a settlement period dating from the 13th and 14th centuries in former Schleswig, Germany.
Local and Systemic Complications in a Cat after Poorly Performed Dental Extractions
Authors: Reiter Alexander M. , Brady Colleen A. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes a cat that was presented with infected oral tissues and signs of systemic inflammatory response. Incomplete dental extractions had been performed 10-days earlier. During a second dental procedure, 22 tooth root remnants were removed. Diabetic ketoacidosis and possible thromboembolism complicated the cat's recovery period. After 13-days of hospitalization, the patient was stable enough to be sent home. Postoperative examinations at 1,3,6,12,16,24, and 52-weeks indicated continued improvement with moderate glycemic control and chronic but stable renal failure. The patient died from further complications of diabetic ketoacidosis 20-months following root remnant extractions.
Mandibular Fracture Repair in a Harbor Seal
Authors: Lewer Daniel , Gustafson Scott B. , Rist Paul M. , Brown Steven
Published: April 2016

A 30-year-old captive female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) bit down upon a metal ring within a hoop-net normally used to assist in securing the seal for routine physical examination. Radiographic examination performed under general anesthesia revealed a unilateral closed fracture of the rostral left mandible between the first and second premolar teeth. The rostral fragment was displaced ventrally and slight laxity of the mandibular symphysis was noted. The fracture was repaired surgically using an oral dental acrylic splint incorporating circumferential mandibular cerclage wire. The mandibular symphysis was stabilized using interdental wire between the right and left canine teeth. The fixation device was removed following evaluation of radiographs that showed signs of bony union 12-months postoperatively.
Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs
Authors: Krug William , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Thomas Michael W. , Perrone Jeanne R.
Published: April 2016

An in vitro study compared two obturation materials in the canine teeth in dogs. The teeth were instrumented with rotary instruments and obturated with either gutta percha and a sealer or resin-based materials, utilizing the gutta percha apical plug/master cone technique. Radiographs were used for evaluation of the overall appearance of the final fill. A modified apical dye leakage method was used to evaluate the ability of each material to provide an adequate barrier to apical leakage. When comparing the two obturation materials, the differences in the radiographic appearance scores and the apical dye leakage test results were not statistically significant. The rate of apical leakage is comparable to other obturation methods that have been reported. The use of a rotary system in conjunction with the gutta percha apical plug/master cone technique is valid for the endodontic treatment of indicated teeth.
Free Auricular Cartilage Autograft for Repair of an Oronasal Fistula in a Dog
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Snyder Christopher J. , Gengler William R.
Published: April 2016

An eight-year-old female/spayed Pomeranian dog was presented for surgical treatment of an acquired right oronasal fistula. The maxillary right canine tooth had been extracted non-surgically 7-weeks prior to presentation. Clinical signs were consistent with an oronasal fistula during this time period. Oral examination showed an oronasal fistula in the area of the extracted tooth. The referring veterinarian performed simple debridement and suturing with subsequent recurrence of the oronasal fistula. This case report describes the successful surgical treatment of an acquired oronasal fistula with a free auricular cartilage autograft and reviews techniques described for oronasal fistula repair, including free auricular cartilage autografts.
Enamel Defects in Standard Poodle Dogs in Sweden
Authors: Mannerfelt T. , Lindgren I.
Published: April 2016

Several disturbances can occur in enamel formation. Amelogenesis imperfecta is an inherited enamel malformation that has not previously been reported in dogs. The aims of this study were to investigate amelogenesis imperfecta-like tooth discoloration in standard poodle dogs by histopathological characterization of discolored teeth from affected dogs, investigating whether these dogs have a common genetic background, and assessing how common this problem is in the breed. Histologically, a defect of enamel mineralization was documented. Affected enamel contained a large residual amount of organic matrix, showing that the enamel was not fully mineralized. In some sections, the enamel appeared intact, but with excessively well-defined enamel prisms which is an additional sign of poor mineralization. The abnormal enamel was identical to that seen in humans with amelogenesis imperfecta. Five of 27 standard poodle dogs present at a dog show had discolored teeth. A four-generation pedigree was available containing an example of parents also having discolored teeth one of which had amelogenesis imperfecta confirmed histologically. In all subsequent litters from these dogs, there was at least one dog with discolored teeth, and two histologically confirmed cases of amelogenesis imperfecta four generations later. Histological examination and the apparent familial occurrence indicates that amelogenesis imperfecta is a common cause of discolored teeth in standard poodle dogs in Sweden.
Tooth Resorption and Vitamin D3 Status in Cats Fed Premium Dry Diets
Authors: Girard Nicolas , Servet Eric , Hennet Philippe , Biourge Vincent
Published: April 2016

It has been suggested that tooth resorption (TR) in cats is associated with vitamin D3 status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate any correlation between serum 25-OH-D concentrations and the prevalence of TR. The healthy adult domestic cats (n=64) of this study had been fed similar premium dry-expanded foods throughout their lives. Serum 25-OH-D was measured, and cats received a single, complete periodontal examination, with periodontal probing of each tooth and exploration of the tooth surface using a dental explorer. A complete set of 10 dental radiographs was taken for each cat. There were 168 TRs diagnosed in 40 of 64 cats (85 were Type 1 TR and 83 were Type 2). The mean serum 25-OH-D concentration was 187.7 ± 87.3 nmol/L. The mean serum 25-OH-D in cats with one or more TR was 164.2 ± 78.8 nmol/L, compared with 226.8 ± 88.2 nmol/L for those without TR (p = 0.14). The mean serum 25-OH-D in the 13 cats with >5 TR was 131.2 ± 49.5 nmol/L, which was significantly less than in cats with no TR (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between TR type and serum 25-OH-D. There was no effect of age or sex on serum 25-OH-D. On the contrary, variations in serum 25-OH-D were observed according to the studied breeds. There was no relationship between TR type and serum 25-OH-D. TR prevalence was greater in cats with lower serum 25-OH-D concentrations. In conclusion, the hypothesis that higher serum 25-OH-D concentrations are associated with a higher prevalence of TR is not supported by this study.
Achievable Convergence Angle and the Effect of Preparation Design on the Clinical Outcome of Full Veneer Crowns in Dogs
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Snyder Christopher J. , Karls Tina L. , Riehl Jessica
Published: April 2016

It is widely accepted that the convergence angle of a full veneer crown preparation should be as close to parallel as possible to attain adequate retention/resistance. The shape of the dog's canine tooth limits the veterinary dentists' ability to achieve the recommended convergence angle. However, the clinically achievable convergence angle of the canine tooth in dogs has not been evaluated. In addition, the convergence angle and other physical properties of a preparation, such as height and base diameter, have been shown to affect the retention/resistance of full veneer crowns, in vitro. This effect has not been evaluated clinically in the dog. Physical properties of 32 stone dies from full veneer crowns of canine teeth were studied to evaluate the clinically achievable convergence angle and the potential effect physical properties of the preparation had on the clinical outcome of the restoration. The clinically achievable convergence angle was much higher than the current recommendation. There was an association, albeit not statistically significant, between physical properties of a preparation (convergence angle, height, base diameter) and the clinical outcome of the restoration.
Comparison of Radiography and CT to Identify Changes in the Skulls of Four Rabbits with Dental Disease
Authors: Van Caelenberg AI , De Rycke LM , Hermans K , Verhaert L , Van Bree HJ , Gielen IM
Published: April 2016

Four domestic pet rabbits with dental pathology were presented at a university clinic. In addition to conducting physical examinations of the rabbits, radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) images of the rabbits' heads were obtained. Three rabbits were euthanized at the owners' request, and anatomic sections of the skulls were made. The observations of the anatomic sections, radiographs, and CT images are described. The abnormalities found on the radiographs and CT images were very similar to the findings on the anatomic sections. Compared to radiography, the CT images provided more details about the extent of the dental pathology, which is likely to be important for establishing a more precise prognosis and a more informed decision making process.
Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats
Authors: Mihaljevic Susann-Yvonne , Kernmaier Alice , Mertens-Jentsch Svea
Published: April 2016

The aim of this retrospective study was to follow the progression of radiographic changes in intentionally retained roots of teeth affected with tooth resorption type 2 in cats. Emphasis was placed on assessment of degree of resorption as well as the occurrence of inflammatory changes in tooth roots. The results confirm that crown amputation is an adequate treatment in cats for teeth affected by type 2 resorption.
Clinical, Histologic, and Computed Tomographic Features of Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs: 9 Cases (2008–2011)
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Snyder Christopher J. , Simmons Betsie T. , Pinkerton Marie E. , Chun Ruthanne
Published: April 2016

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma between December 2008 and April 2011 were reviewed. Information abstracted included signalment, tumor location, tumor size, computed tomographic (CT) features, evidence of metastatic disease based on cytologic examination of lymph node aspirates and thoracic radiography, treatment, surgical margins, histologic features, and treatment outcome. Dogs included in the study were all sexually altered, predominantly large breed dogs with a mean age of 3.9-years (range, 0.5 to 9.0-years). The most common location was the rostral maxilla. Invasion of underlying bone and lymphadenopathy were evident on CT imaging in most dogs. No evidence of metastasis was found on mandibular lymph node cytology and thoracic radiography. Histologic analysis revealed similar morphologic findings for all surgically resected tumors. Surgical excision with 1–2 cm margins was complete in all cases, with a mean tumor-free interval of 12.1-months.
Periodontal Disease as a Potential Factor for Systemic Inflammatory Response in the Dog
Authors: Kouki MI , Papadimitriou SA , Kazakos GM , Savas I , Bitchava D
Published: April 2016

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that has numerous consequences both locally and systemically. The aim of this study was to assess whether periodontal disease causes systemic inflammatory response in otherwise healthy, adult dogs. We estimated the total mouth periodontal score (TMPS), measured the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), hematocrit, and albumin, and determined the white blood cell (WBC) and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) counts in client-owned dogs. There was a statistically significant relationship between the gingival bleeding index (TMPS-G) and CRP concentration, and WBC and PMN counts, possibly during the active periods of periodontal tissue destruction. No correlation was found between the periodontal destruction index (TMPS-P) and the measured blood parameters. We conclude that chronic periodontal disease does not cause anemia or a reduction in serum albumin. However, active periods of periodontal inflammation may be associated with laboratory values suggestive of a systemic inflammatory response.
Iatrogenic Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction following Tooth Extraction in a Cat
Authors: Paiva Sávia Calline C. S. , Froes Tilde R. , Lange Rogério Ribas , Machado Marcello , Pachaly José Ricardo , Montiani-Ferreira Fabiano
Published: April 2016

A 10-year-old DSH cat was referred for a dental evaluation and extraction procedure. Subsequently, the animal developed an acute onset of ocular discharge. Ophthalmologic examination revealed presence of unilateral ocular mucoid discharge leading to a diagnosis of epiphora secondary to nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Dacryocystorhinography was performed and confirmed the presence of a nasolacrimal duct obstruction, presumably acquired after an invasive dental procedure. Additionally, a vinyl cast in situ study of the nasolacrymal apparatus was performed to demonstrate the route of the nasolacrimal duct in the cat and its relationship to oral dental structures. This report documents an unusual case in which excessive inflammation/edema following tooth extraction caused acute epiphora secondary to extraluminal compression of the distal nasolacrimal duct.
Isolation and Identification of Porphyromonas spp. and other Putative Pathogens from Cats with Periodontal Disease
Authors: Pérez-Salcedo L. , Herrera D. , Esteban-Saltiveri D. , León R. , Jeusette I. , Torre C. , O'Connor A. , González I. , Sanz M.
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subgingival microbiota and determine the most prevalent periodontal pathogens implicated in feline periodontal disease and to correlate these findings with the clinical periodontal status. Subgingival microbiological samples were taken under sedation from 50 cats with clinical signs of periodontal disease. Pooled paper point samples from 4 selected subgingival sites were cultured on blood agar and on Dentaid-1 medium. Suspected pathogens were identified, subcultured, and preserved. The association between the microbiological findings and the clinical status was studied using correlation coefficients (CC). In addition, cats were stratified in subgroups according to presence of putative pathogens, and comparisons were carried out using unpaired t-test. Three bacterial species were frequently detected including Porphyromonas gulae (86 %), Porphyromonas circumdentaria (70 %) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (90 %). The mean proportion of total flora was high for P. gulae (32.54 %), moderate for P. circundentaria (8.82 %), and low for F. nucleatum (3.96 %). Among the clinical variables, tooth mobility was correlated (CC > 0.50, p < 0.001) with recession, pocket depth, attachment level, gingival index, and calculus index (CC = 0.29, p = 0.04) as well as with total bacterial counts (CC = 0.38, p = 0.006). Cats with more than 10 % of P. gulae showed significantly more mobility (p = 0.014) and recession (p = 0.038), and a tendency for deeper probing pocket depths (p = 0.084) and attachment loss (p = 0.087). The results from this cross-sectional study confirmed that P. gulae is the most relevant pathogen in periodontal disease in cats.
Maxillofacial Injuries and Diseases That Cause an Open Mouth in Cats
Authors: Constantaras Marika E. , Charlier Cynthia J.
Published: April 2016

Oral and maxillofacial disorders in the cat can present as an inability to close the mouth and reaching an accurate diagnosis can be challenging if all of the differentials are not systematically considered. This review focuses on the six conditions that commonly result in a cat being unable to close the mouth. Differential diagnoses include: luxation of the temporomandibular joint, fracture of the temporomandibular joint, caudal mandibular fracture, impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch, mechanical obstruction, and neuropathy. Maxillofacial anatomy, including the temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication and their innervation will be reviewed. This paper primarily focuses on review of the relevant literature describing each disorder and the diagnostic procedures and treatment options that should be considered when evaluating a cat that is unable to close its mouth. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a complete intraoral examination and evaluation of occlusion to allow the clinician to identify the cause for this clinical sign in cats since periodontal disease causing tooth-to-tooth contact is a common and often unrecognized cause for open mouth in cats.
Classification and Epidemiology of Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injuries in Dogs and Cats: 959 Injuries in 660 Patient Visits (2004–2012)
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Hetzel Scott , Paul Annie
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries (TDI) in dogs and cats and to evaluate the applicability of a human classification system for TDI in dogs and cats. All patients diagnosed with a TDI were identified from the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service case log and the hospital patient processing software. The study population consisted of 621 dogs and cats, in a total of 660 patient visits from 2004 to 2012, admitted for oral treatment and subsequently diagnosed with at least one TDI. Medical records including diagnostic imaging studies were reviewed to group the injury according to a classification system used in humans for TDI. Patient signalment, tooth injured, and number of injuries per patient were recorded and tabulated. The overall prevalence of TDI was 26.2%. The mean +/− SD number of TDI per patient was 1.45 +/− 0.85. All 14 classes of TDI recognized by the classification system utilized in humans were identified, and all (100%) TDI identified in this study were classifiable using this system. Enamel-dentin-pulp fracture was the most common TDI (49.6%). The most commonly injured teeth were the mandibular or maxillary canine teeth (35.5%). The most common age for dogs and cats with TDI were 3–6 years (33.0%) and 7–10 years (31.3%). With a frequency of 1 in 4 animals, TDI are common and represent a significant pet health concern. Most TDI are considered severe and require timely, and sometimes immediate, treatment. The adoption and utilization of a complete classification system, such as the one used in this study, is recommended in order to improve future epidemiological study of TDI in animals.
Oral and Dental Conditions in Adult African Wild Dog Skulls: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Steenkamp Gerhard , Gorrel Cecilia
Published: April 2016

Skulls of 29 adult African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) originating from museum collections were examined for evidence of oral pathology. A wide variety of conditions similar to those seen in the domestic dog were detected. Although other reports suggest that captive African wild dogs suffer more extensively from dental disease than those in the wild, we conclude that these wild carnivores suffer from the same oral diseases as their domestic relatives, suggesting that a natural diet does not protect against these diseases. As the African wild dog is threatened by extinction, further investigation of the incidence and development of oral and dental disease in this species may be of value. Preventive measures could be instituted leading to improved health for those held in captivity.
Effect of a New Dental Hygiene Chew on Periodontal Health in Dogs
Authors: Gorrel Cecilia , Warrick Janice , Bierer Tiffany L.
Published: April 2016

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of a new dental hygiene chew on periodontal health in the dog. The textural properties of this chew are different from previously tested dental hygiene products. The accumulation of dental deposits, development of oral malodor, and development of gingivitis were assessed in two groups of dogs; one fed a dry diet only, and the other fed the same dry diet supplemented by the daily addition of the new dental hygiene chew. Daily addition of the chew to the dry diet was effective in reducing plaque and calculus accumulation on the tooth surfaces, and also reduced the severity of gingivitis and oral malodor as compared to feeding the dry diet only.
Preparation and thermal stability of heat-resistant phenolic resin system constructed by multiple heat-resistant compositions containing boron and silicon
Authors: Wang Fengyi , Huang Zhixiong , Zhang Guangwu , Li Yunxia
Published: April 2016

This work reports a boron- and silicon-containing phenolic-formaldehyde (PF) resin exhibiting an extremely high thermal decomposition temperature and char yield and formed by copolymerizing phenol, formaldehyde, boric acid (BA), and phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES). The structure of BA and PTES-modified PF (BSPF) resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal stability of the investigated composites was estimated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of TGA indicated that the modified resin exhibited excellent thermal stability. Specifically, the thermoset had a char yield of 77.0% when the boron and silicon contents were only 1.27 wt% and 1.7 wt%, respectively. Compared with the unmodified resin (PF), the temperature at the maximum decomposing rate of the BSPF increased by 84°C and its charring yield was enhanced by 15.0%. The cured products of PF and BSPF were further investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The incorporation of boron and silicon into the carbon lattice results in a decrease of interlayer spacing, and Raman ID/ IG values for PF and BSPF (2.63 and 1.32) show that the rearrangement of crystalline structure leads to an increase in graphite structure and a decrease in disordered structure upon the modification processes.
Life course regimes in Europe: Individual employment histories in comparative and historical perspective
Authors: Möhring Katja
Published: April 2016

This study develops an empirically based typology of life course regimes using data on life histories of individuals in 14 European countries from the third wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE). The concept of life course policy serves as a theoretical basis to describe the impact of welfare state regime differences and long-term historical developments on the structure of individual employment histories. Sequence and cluster analysis are applied to generate aggregate life course indicators for the degree of labour market inclusion, the degree of career volatility and the heterogeneity of employment histories. The resulting life course regime typology is only partly consistent with commonly applied welfare state typologies. Contrary to these, the life course regime typology also reflects long-term economic and political developments in the countries under examination. Large variation exists within the ‘Conservative’ and the ‘Post-Socialist’ welfare state types with regard to the standardisation and gender inequality of careers.
The Relationship Between Intracholecystic Papillary-Tubular Neoplasms and Invasive Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Authors: Argon Asuman , Barbet Funda Yılmaz , Nart Deniz
Published: April 2016

Introduction. The term intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm (ICPN) is suggested by some authors for a group of exophytic lesions of the gallbladder. In our study, demographic, pathological, and immunohistochemical features of 45 ICPN cases and their relationship with invasive carcinoma were analyzed. Material and methods. A total of 45 ICPN cases were retrieved out of 7334 cholecystectomies performed between1996 and 2014. Cases were evaluated with regard to demographic, pathological, and immunohistochemical features. Correlation between the clinical and histopathological data and occurrence of invasion was sought. Results. The incidence of ICPN was 0.61% in our series. Invasive carcinoma was observed in 56% of cases. Factors associated with invasion were diffuse high-grade dysplasia ( P = .002), papillary growth pattern ( P = .001), greatest diameter of the lesion, and high Ki67 proliferation index ( P < .0001). Discussion. Some authors have reported that small intracholecystic exophytic lesions without high-grade dysplasia are considered to be inconsequential. However, there are not enough data concerning the features of large lesions with high-grade dysplasia and their prognoses. Our data suggest that cases with diffuse high-grade dysplasia and tubulopapillary/papillary growth pattern, large tumor size, and high Ki67 proliferation index should be studied for the presence of invasion.
The Whiteley Index–6: An Examination of Measurement Invariance Among Self-Identifying Black, Latino, and White Respondents in Primary Care
Authors: Fergus Thomas A. , Kelley Lance P. , Griggs Jackson O.
Published: April 2016

Brief measures that are comparable across disparate groups are particularly likely to be useful in primary care settings. Prior research has supported a six-item short form of the Whiteley Index (WI), a commonly used measure of health anxiety, among English-speaking respondents. This study examined the measurement invariance of the WI-6 among Black ( n = 183), Latino ( n = 173), and White ( n = 177) respondents seeking treatment at a U.S. community health center. Results supported a bifactor model of the WI-6 among the composite sample ( N = 533), suggesting the presence of a general factor and two domain-specific factors. Results supported the incremental validity of one of the domain-specific factors in accounting for unique variance in somatic symptom severity scores beyond the general factor. Multiple-groups confirmatory factor analysis supported the configural, metric, ands scalar invariance of the bifactor WI-6 model across the three groups of respondents. Results provide support for the measurement invariance of the WI-6 among Black, Latino, and White respondents. The potential use of the WI-6 in primary care, and broader, settings is discussed.
The Impact of Land Rent Seeking and Dissipation During Institutional Transition on China’s Urbanization
Authors: Zhu Jieming
Published: April 2016

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have ushered in drastic urban change in China since the 1980s. Along with the reform in land-use rights, emerging land rent is contested vigorously between the urban developmental state and the rural collective/urban danwei with socialist land-use rights in the context of institutional transition. The contests have entailed land rent seeking and dissipation and, consequently, impacted fundamentally on the newly built urban spatial structures, manifested by the suburban sprawl in the less dynamic regions, peri-urban fragmented land uses, and overcompaction of the central cities in the dynamic municipalities. The newly created landed interests based upon new institution of land leasing are embedded intricately within the urban spatial structure, which will generate “unearned rent increment” and “inflicted rent reduction” in the course of constant progressive urban change. Failure in addressing these two issues and equity between the two will stall continuous urbanization while rural–urban migration is still proceeding.
Effectiveness of a Multimodal Intervention Program for Restraint Prevention in an Acute Spanish Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Guzman-Parra Jose , Aguilera Serrano Carlos , García-Sánchez Juan A. , Pino-Benítez Isabel , Alba-Vallejo Mercedes , Moreno-Küstner Berta , Mayoral-Cleries Fermin
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: International recommendations have called to implement strategies to reduce the use of coercion in psychiatric settings. However, in Spain there is a lack of research about intervention programs to reduce mechanical restraint in acute psychiatric units. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention program based on the principles of six core strategies to reduce the frequency of use of mechanical restraint in an acute psychiatric ward. DESIGN: The design was a retrospective analysis of the frequency and duration of episodes of mechanical restraint prior to the intervention program (2012) and during the intervention program (2013) in one acute psychiatric ward. The intervention was governed by four strategies: (1) leadership and organizational changes, (2) registration and monitoring of risk patients, (3) staff training, and (4) involving patients in the treatment program. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mean number of monthly episodes of mechanical restraint per 1,000 patient days, pre-intervention (18.54 ± 8.78) compared with postintervention (8.53 ± 7.00; p = .005). We found the probability that mechanical restraint would occur in a hospital admission decreased after performing the intervention (odds ratio = .587; confidence interval = 0.411-0.838; p = .003) after adjusting for confounding variables. The total percentage of restrained patients fell from 15.07% to 9.74%. CONCLUSIONS: The main implication of the study is to support the effectiveness of specific intervention programs based on different measures to reduce mechanical restraint and without contemplating all the strategies that are considered effective.
From showroom to chat room
Authors: Larsson Anders Olof , Christensen Christian
Published: April 2016

Whilst social media like Twitter and Facebook carry with them the potential for the practice of journalism, novelties like these are also associated with adaptation difficulties – perhaps especially when it comes to the interactive capabilities that services like these afford. This study employs a multi-method approach to study the different uses of Twitter and Facebook by one media company – the Swedish public service broadcaster (PSB) Sveriges Television – during the 2014 election year. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data, we find that Twitter was used more extensively and in a comparably more interactive fashion than Facebook. Hence we suggest Twitter, used more for interaction, functions as a ‘chat room’; whilst Facebook, used more for broadcasting messages, can be viewed as functioning like a ‘showroom’. As Twitter is often associated with societal elites in the Swedish context, it raises a question about the suitability for a PSB to engage to such a degree on this particular platform.
Predicting social and communicative ability in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study of the Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice
Authors: Burger-Caplan Rebecca , Saulnier Celine , Jones Warren , Klin Ami
Published: April 2016

The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice is introduced as a measure of implicit social cognitive ability in children, addressing a key challenge in quantification of social cognitive function in autism spectrum disorder, whereby individuals can often be successful in explicit social scenarios, despite marked social adaptive deficits. The 19-question Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice, which presents ambiguous stimuli meant to elicit social attribution, was administered to children with autism spectrum disorder ( N = 23) and to age-matched and verbal IQ–matched typically developing children ( N = 57). The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice performance differed between autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups, with typically developing children performing significantly better than children with autism spectrum disorder. The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice scores were positively correlated with age ( r = 0.474) while being independent from verbal IQ ( r = 0.236). The Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice was strongly correlated with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Communication ( r = 0.464) and Socialization ( r = 0.482) scores, but not with Daily Living Skills scores ( r = 0.116), suggesting that the implicit social cognitive ability underlying performance on the Social Attribution Task, Multiple Choice is associated with real-life social adaptive function.
Progressive mastery through deliberate practice: A promising approach for improving writing
Authors: Panero Nell Scharff
Published: April 2016

This study is an analysis of the curriculum used to teach writing at one US high school in which outcomes for students were extremely strong. The study surfaces what was different in the approach used from what is typically understood and promoted as best practice in the teaching of writing. It does so in order to surface what elements of writing instruction are fruitful for further research. Findings identify an approach to teaching writing called progressive mastery through deliberate practice. This article articulates the five elements that constitute this approach (understanding the final product, breaking down its critical elements, creating a hierarchy among the elements, layering and progression of elements, and gradual release of scaffolds), as well as the ways they work in concert to bring about improved student writing and thinking.
Experimental and numerical investigations of the seismic performance of columns with fiber-reinforced concrete in theplastic hinge region
Authors: Liang Xingwen , Xing Pengtao , Xu Jie
Published: April 2016

Fiber-reinforced concrete materials have high tensile toughness and exhibit multiple micro-cracking behavior and strain-hardening property in direct tension loads. To improve the seismic performance and damage tolerance of reinforced concrete columns, nine columns using fiber-reinforced concrete in the lower 300-mm end region and one conventional reinforced concrete column were designed and tested under lateral cyclic loading. The test parameters included the axial load ratio and the shear span ratio. The cracking and failure modes, hysteretic behavior, deformation capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation of all specimens were analyzed in detail. In addition, a finite element model was established, and a parametric analysis was conducted. The test results showed that the fiber-reinforced concrete columns with a shear span ratio of 2.0 experienced bending failure, and that the strength and stiffness degraded at a lower rate compared to the normal concrete counterpart. The axial load ratio and shear span ratio had a significant effect on the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the columns. Fiber-reinforced concrete columns with just shear-resisting stirrups can satisfy the deformation and energy dissipation requirements.
Faculty Views of “Nontraditional” Students: Aligning Perspectives for Student Success
Authors: Zerquera Desiree D. , Ziskin Mary , Torres Vasti
Published: April 2016

Faculty serve as a primary point of contact for students in college, playing vital roles in students’ retention and attainment. The perceptions and beliefs held by these institutional actors are important for understanding the context that shapes students’ experiences while they are in college and potentially, long after they leave. The purpose of this work is to examine faculty members’ perceptions of nontraditional student experiences. Findings highlight faculty members’ awareness of students’ multiple roles and obligations; perceptions of student academic success, including barriers to succeeding; and the ways faculty connect with students and the types of connections they forge. The findings from this work highlight the need to consider more research on how the experiences of students who do not fit a traditional model are interpreted by those in positions of power at higher education institutions. As such, we add to calls for more work that considers these institutional actors explicitly and how they shape student success.