bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeking Security in the New Age: On Attachment and Emotional Compensation
Authors: Granqvist Pehr , Hagekull Berit
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the present cross‐sectional questionnaire study was to construct a comprehensive and reliable scale to assess new age orientation as a continuous individual difference variable. Given large increases in new age orientation in Sweden in recent years, an additional purpose was to test our emotional compensation hypothesis by studying connections of retrospective parental and adult romantic attachment in relation to new age orientation, emotionally‐based religiosity, and socialization‐based religiosity, as well as to study links between attachment and several aspects of spiritual change. The study group included 193 participants from upper secondary school classes, Christian youth organizations, and new age establishments in Stockholm, Sweden. The new age orientation scale was shown to be unidimensional according to an exploratory factor analysis, and to possess adequate reliability and construct validity. In line with the emotional compensation predictions, new age orientation was directly linked to attachment insecurity and emotionally‐based religiosity and inversely related to socialization‐based religiosity. Attachment insecurity was also linked to the experience of spiritual changes, whereas most findings pertaining to characteristics of spiritual change did not support predictions. In general, unlike perceived attachment to parents, adult romantic attachment did not display the predicted pattern of results. It was concluded that attachment theory may make an important contribution by highlighting predisposing factors for new age orientation, as representing one aspect of the emotional compensation profile, but that several methodological improvements are necessary in future studies.
Churches in Dutch: Causes of Religious Disaffiliation in The Netherlands, 1937–1995
Authors: Te Grotenhuis Manfred , Scheepers Peer
Published: March 2003

The Netherlands has become one of the most secular countries in the world. A vast majority of the Dutch people does not attend church regularly and more than half its population is not affiliated with any church at all. In this study we set out to test which individual and contextual characteristics affect religious disaffiliation. We deduced several hypotheses from theories on social integration and rationalization. To test these hypotheses we used retrospective data containing information on events that took place in the lives of our respondents since adolescence. These data were analysed using a discrete‐time event history model. We found that the higher the level of rationalization in a certain year, the more likely people were to disaffiliate. This effect was particularly strong for young people. Moreover, by introducing rationalization in the model we found a number of spurious relationships that at first glance seemed to be causal. Not surprisingly, respondents were more likely to disaffiliate in cases where their partners were nonreligious. However, as respondents and their partners presumably are effected equally by rationalization, we cannot but conclude that the process of rationalization is mainly responsible for the process of religious disaffiliation that takes place in The Netherlands.
Survival of the Fittest or the Fattest? Exit and Financing in the Trucking Industry
Authors: Zingales Luigi
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the impact that capital market imperfections have on the natural selection of the most efficient firms by estimating the effect of the prederegulation level of leverage on the survival of trucking firms after the Carter deregulation. Highly leveraged carriers are less likely to survive the deregulation shock, even after controlling for various measures of efficiency. This effect is stronger in the imperfectly competitive segment of the motor carrier industry. High debt seems to affect survival by curtailing investments and reducing the price per ton‐mile that a carrier can afford to charge after deregulation.
What Are the Research Standards for Full Professor of Finance?
Authors: Fishe Raymond P. H.
Published: March 2003

Based on a sample of 126 recently promoted faculty, different standards for full professor are observed between top 20 finance departments and lower ranked departments. Full professors affiliated with a top 20 department place an average of 1 out of 3 articles in either Journal of Finance, Review of Financial Studies, or Journal of Financial Economics compared to 1 out of 6 articles for professors at lower‐ranked schools. Total citations and cites per year are also significantly different between top‐ and lower‐ranked departments, but total articles and articles per year are not significantly different between these two groupings.
The Persistence of IPO Mispricing and the Predictive Power of Flipping
Authors: Krigman Laurie , Shaw Wayne H. , Womack Kent L.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines underwriters' pricing errors and the information content of first‐day trading activity in IPOs. We show that first‐day winners continue to be winners over the first year, and first‐day dogs continue to be relative dogs. Exceptions are “extra‐hot” IPOs, which provide the worst future performance. We also demonstrate that large, supposedly informed, traders “flip” IPOs that perform the worst in the future. IPOs with low flipping generate abnormal returns of 1.5 percentage points per month over the first six months beginning on the third day. We show that flipping is predictable and conclude that underwriters' pricing errors are intentional.
Investing for the Long Run when Returns Are Predictable
Authors: Barberis Nicholas
Published: March 2003

We examine how the evidence of predictability in asset returns affects optimal portfolio choice for investors with long horizons. Particular attention is paid to estimation risk, or uncertainty about the true values of model parameters. We find that even after incorporating parameter uncertainty, there is enough predictability in returns to make investors allocate substantially more to stocks, the longer their horizon. Moreover, the weak statistical significance of the evidence for predictability makes it important to take estimation risk into account; a long‐horizon investor who ignores it may overallocate to stocks by a sizeable amount.
Outside Equity
Authors: Myers Stewart C.
Published: March 2003

Equity financing is modeled when cash flows and asset values are not verifiable. Investors have enforceable property rights to the firm's assets, but cannot prevent insiders (managers or entrepreneurs) from capturing cash flow. Insiders must coinvest and pay in each period a dividend sufficient to ensure outside investors' participation for at least one more period. Intervention by the investors must be limited by an agreement with insiders or by costs of collective action. Basic models are extended to show why firms go public and why agency costs necessarily arise when the act of investment is not immediately verifiable.
Stabilization Activities by Underwriters after Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Aggarwal Reena
Published: March 2003

Prior research has assumed that underwriters post a stabilizing bid in the aftermarket. We find instead that aftermarket activities are less transparent and include stimulating demand through short covering and restricting supply by penalizing the flipping of shares. In more than half of IPOs, a short position of an average 10.75 percent of shares offered is covered in 22 transactions over 16.6 days in the aftermarket, resulting in a loss of 3.61 percent of underwriting fees. Underwriters manage price support activities by using a combination of aftermarket short covering, penalty bids, and the selective use of the overallotment option.
Order Flow, Transaction Clock, and Normality of Asset Returns
Authors: Ané Thierry , Geman Hélyette
Published: March 2003

The goal of this paper is to show that normality of asset returns can be recovered through a stochastic time change. Clark (1973) addressed this issue by representing the price process as a subordinated process with volume as the lognormally distributed subordinator. We extend Clark's results and find the following: (i) stochastic time changes are mathematically much less constraining than subordinators; (ii) the cumulative number of trades is a better stochastic clock than the volume for generating virtually perfect normality in returns; (iii) this clock can be modeled nonparametrically, allowing both the time‐change and price processes to take the form of jump diffusions.
Competition on the Nasdaq and the Impact of Recent Market Reforms
Authors: Weston James P.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the effect of recent market reforms on the competitive structure of the Nasdaq. Our results show that changes in inventory and information costs cannot explain the post‐reform decrease in bid‐ask spreads. We interpret this as evidence that the reforms have reduced Nasdaq dealers' rents. Additionally, we find that the difference between NYSE and Nasdaq spreads have been greatly diminished with the new rules. Further, the reforms have resulted in an exit, ceteris paribus, from the industry for market making. Overall, our results provide strong evidence that the reforms have improved competition on the Nasdaq.
Investment Plans and Stock Returns
Authors: Lamont Owen A.
Published: March 2003

When the discount rate falls, investment should rise. Thus with time‐varying discount rates and instantly changing investment, investment should positively covary with current stock returns and negatively covary with future stock returns. Aggregate nonresidential U.S. investment contradicts both these implications, probably because of investment lags. Investment plans, however, satisfy both implications. These investment plans, from a U.S. government survey of firms, are highly informative measures of expected investment and explain more than three‐quarters of the variation in real annual aggregate investment growth. Plans have substantial forecasting power for excess stock returns, showing that time‐varying risk premia affect investment.
The Expiration of IPO Share Lockups
Authors: Field Laura Casares , Hanka Gordon
Published: March 2003

We examine 1,948 share lockup agreements that prevent insiders from selling their shares in the period immediately after the IPO (typically 180 days). While lockups are in effect, there is little selling by insiders. When lockups expire, we find a permanent 40 percent increase in average trading volume, and a statistically prominent three‐day abnormal return of −1.5 percent. The abnormal return and volume are much larger when the firm is financed by venture capital, and we find that venture capitalists sell more aggressively than executives and other shareholders. We find limited support for several hypotheses that may explain the abnormal return, but no complete explanation.
Banking Market Structure, Financial Dependence and Growth: International Evidence from Industry Data
Authors: Cetorelli Nicola , Gambera Michele
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the empirical relevance of banking market structure on growth. There is substantial evidence of a positive relationship between the level of development of the banking sector of an economy and its long‐run output growth. Little is known, however, about the role played by the market structure of the banking sector on the dynamics of capital accumulation. This paper provides evidence that bank concentration promotes the growth of those industrial sectors that are more in need of external finance by facilitating credit access to younger firms. However, we also find evidence of a general depressing effect on growth associated with a concentrated banking industry, which impacts all sectors and all firms indiscriminately.
The Price of Options Illiquidity
Authors: Brenner Menachem , Eldor Rafi , Hauser Shmuel
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of illiquidity on the value of currency options. We use a unique dataset that allows us to explore this issue in special circumstances where options are issued by a central bank and are not traded prior to maturity. The value of these options is compared to similar options traded on the exchange. We find that the nontradable options are priced about 21 percent less than the exchange‐traded options. This gap cannot be arbitraged away due to transactions costs and the risk that the exchange rate will change during the bidding process.
Underreaction, Overreaction, and Increasing Misreaction to Information in the Options Market
Authors: Poteshman Allen M.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates options market reaction to changes in the instantaneous variance of the underlying asset. There are three main findings. First, options market investors underreact to individual daily changes in instantaneous variance. Second, these same investors overreact to periods of mostly increasing or mostly decreasing daily changes in instantaneous variance. Third, they tend to underreact (overreact) to current daily changes in instantaneous variance that are preceded mostly by daily changes of the opposite (same) sign. The third finding can reconcile the first two and is also consistent with well‐established cognitive biases.
Is It Inefficient Investment that Causes the Diversification Discount?
Authors: Whited Toni M.
Published: March 2003

Diversified conglomerates are valued less than matched portfolios of pure‐play firms. Recent studies find that this diversification discount results from conglomerates' inefficient allocation of capital expenditures across divisions. Much of this work uses Tobin's q as a proxy for investment opportunities, therefore hypothesizing that q is a good proxy. This paper treats measurement error in q. Using a measurement‐error consistent estimator on the sorts regressions in the literature, I find no evidence of inefficient allocation of investment. The results in the literature appear to be artifacts of measurement error and of the correlation between investment opportunities and liquidity.
Block Share Purchases and Corporate Performance
Authors: Bethel Jennifer E. , Liebeskind Julia Porter , Opler Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the causes and consequences of activist block share purchases in the 1980s. We find that activist investors were most likely to purchase large blocks of shares in highly diversified firms with poor profitability. Activists were not less likely to purchase blocks in firms with shark repellents and employee stock ownership plans. Activist block purchases were followed by increases in asset divestitures, decreases in mergers and acquisitions, and abnormal share price appreciation. Industry‐adjusted operating profitability also rose. This evidence supports the view that the market for partial corporate control plays an important role in limiting agency costs in U.S. corporations.
Forecasting Structural Change With a Regional Econometric Input‐Output Model
Authors: Israilevich Philip R. , Hewings Geoffrey J. D. , Sonis Michael , Schindler Graham R.
Published: March 2003

The sophistication of regional economic models has been demonstrated in numerous ways, most recently in the form of linking several modeling systems or in the expansion in the number of equations that can be manipulated successfully to produce impact analyses or forecasts. In this paper, an alternative perspective is employed. What do regional macro‐level forecasts indicate about the process of structural change? A new methodology is illustrated that enables analysts to make forecasts of detailed structural change in the interindustry relations in an economy. Using a regional econometric input‐output model developed for the Chicago metropolitan region, derived input‐output tables are extracted for the period 1975–2016. These tables are then analyzed to determine the forecasted direction of structural changes for the region. The innovation illustrated here is based on a model that exploits the general equilibrium spirit of computable general equilibrium models through the adjustment of input coefficients to clear markets.
A Nonparametric Analysis of Employment Density in a Polycentric City
Authors: McMillen Daniel P. , McDonald John F.
Published: March 2003

Nonparametric estimation procedures offer distinct advantages in modeling polycentric cities because they are flexible enough to account for functional form misspecification and incorrect subcenter sites. This paper presents locally weighted (LW) regression estimates of employment density in suburban Chicago. LW regression estimates are more accurate than OLS regression and capture the effects of missing variables. The results demonstrate that Chicago is indeed a polycentric city: although the traditional city center continues to affect employment density patterns in the suburbs, local peaks have developed around secondary employment centers.
Residential Development, Risk, and Land Prices
Authors: Sirmans C. F. , Turnbull Geoffrey K. , Dombrow Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationship between the residential development sequence and land price. Inherent in the dynamics of residential development is that the first consumers face the greatest risk since they do not know with certainty what the neighborhood characteristics will be; subsequent consumers have more information. The model predicts that land prices will rise over time relative to the market; developers offer the first consumers discounted land prices to compensate them for the first‐mover disadvantage. The empirical evidence indicates that this is indeed the case.
Do Suburbs Need Cities?
Authors: Voith Richard
Published: March 2003

In this paper I examine the relationship between city and suburbangrowth over the last three decades for a sample of U.S. metropolitan areas. I develop a structuralempirical model relating city income growth to suburban growth in income, population, andhouse values. The model allows for bidirectional effects of cities on suburbs and suburbs oncities, as well as for unobserved factors affecting both city and suburbs. The simultaneous,latent‐variable model is identified using a combination of exclusion and covariance restrictions.Instrumental estimation results indicate that income growth in large cities enhances suburbangrowth; but income growth in small cities has little effect.
Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Export Performance in China
Authors: Sun Haishun
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the export performance of China at the provincial level. First, it presents a theoretical discussion of the impact of FDI on foreign trade, and then an empirical study of the impact of FDI on the export performance of regions in Chin. It has been found that the impact of FDI on exports differs across three macro‐regions in China. The effect is stronger in the coastal region than in the inland regions. Although FDI shows a positive and significant impact on exports from the central region, its impact on the western region is found to be insignificant.
The Impact of Property Taxes and Property Tax Classification on Business Activity in the Chicago Metropolitan Area
Authors: Dye Richard F. , McGuire Therese J. , Merriman David F.
Published: March 2003

The City of Chicago and the inner suburbs grew much more slowly than the outer suburbs in recent decades. In the central county of the metropolitan area, commercial and industrial property is “classified,” in that it is assessed at a higher ratio of market value than residential property. Classification is not used in the surrounding suburban counties. The empirical analysis finds evidence consistent with the notion that property tax classification contributes to differential rates of economic growth. High property tax rates lead to significantly slower growth rates for employment, commercial property, and industrial property.
Identity Adaptiveness: Affect Across Multiple Identities
Authors: Pittinsky Todd L. , Shih Margaret , Ambady Nalini
Published: March 2003

Most empirical work that examines the effects of stereotypes on targets considers only one of a target's many social identities. This study examined how individuals implicitly affectively orient themselves toward their social identities in situations in which one or another of these identities is relatively adaptive. An adaptive identity is one associated with stereotypes that predict desirable performance in a given context. One hundred and twenty‐one Asian American females generated ethnicity‐ and gender‐related memories in contexts in which their gender identity was relatively adaptive, their ethnic identity was relatively adaptive, or neither identity was relatively adaptive. Self‐reported affect expressed in these memories was analyzed. In a context in which their ethnic identity was adaptive, participants generated more positive ethnicity‐related memories than gender‐related memories. In contrast, in a context in which their gender identity was adaptive, participants generated more positive gender‐related memories than ethnicity‐related memories. When neither identity was adaptive participants expressed similar affect toward both. Similar results were found when blind raters coded memory affect. Findings suggest that stereotypes and different social contexts do not simply result in targets' “identification” or “disidentification” along a single dimension of identity, but rather prompt a reorientation of implicit affect across their multiple identities.
The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Authors: Ruggiero Karen M.
Published: March 2003

This article extends Allport's (1954) analysis of targets of discrimination by examining why minority group members perceive more discrimination directed at their group than at themselves. Two studies were conducted to explain this personal/group discrimination discrepancy by focusing on the role of stereotypes, which allow people to process information faster. Women (Study 1) and African Americans (Study 2) made ratings of personaland group discrimination while a computer recorded the time it took them to respond. Both took less time to make ratings of group discrimination than personal discrimination. Moreover, the less time it took for them to respond to questions about group discrimination, the larger the discrepancy was between their ratings of personal and group discrimination. These results suggest that the personal/group discrimination discrepancy emerges when minority groupmembers are using a stereotype in which discrimination encountered by their group is believed to be high.
Introduction Are We Ready to Translate Research Into Programs?
Authors: Aboud Frances E. , Levy Sheri R.
Published: March 2003

There is enough basic research on social cognition, developmental psychology,and peer relations as they relate to prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping to address program development and evaluation. At the same time, there are enough race relations programs being developed and implemented to inform basic research on prejudice. This issue brings together articles on the interface between basic research and programs on prejudice. The articles focus onspecific programs such as affirmative action, multicultural and bilingual education, cooperative learning, social‐cognitive skills training, and bystander interventions. This introductory article provides an overview of the goals and implications of the issue.
Improving Intergroup Relations: Lessons Learned From Cooperative Learning Programs
Authors: Slavin Robert e. , Cooper Robert
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the need for cooperative learning groups in integrated schools in order to promote more cross‐race relationships than might otherwise be the case. We review research on 8 cooperative learning procedures. Evidence for the effectiveness of these programs in facilitating cross‐race peer interaction is presented.
The Use of Multicultural Curricula and Materials to Counter Racism in Children
Authors: Bigler Rebecca S.
Published: March 2003

Intervention programs designed to reduce racial stereotyping and prejudice among children using multicultural curricula and materials are reviewed. Specifically, the theoretical assumptions that have guided the development of multicultural programs for countering racism among children and the empirical limitations that characterize extant intervention studies are outlined. The failure to design more effective programs is attributed to a lack of breadth andsophistication in the theoretical models and empirical research on which intervention strategies have been based. Specific recommendations for expanding and evaluating the impact of multicultural curricula and materials are presented.
The Significance of Affirmative Action for theSouls of White Folk: Further Implications of a Helping Model
Authors: Pratkanis Anthony R. , Turner Marlene E.
Published: March 2003

We develop further our model of affirmative action as help (Pratkanis & Turner, 1996b; Turner & Pratkanis, 1994) by looking at the impact of aid on the donor. White Americans often take one of three approaches toaffirmative action. First, they can reject affirmative action because of their own personal frustrations. Second, they can engage in selective aid that maintains the basic patterns of social dominance. Both of these approaches can damage the psychological functioning of Whites. Third, White Americans can proactively seek to remove discriminatory barriers in a process we call democratic altruism, thereby opening the possibility of learning from diverse others and growth as a person. We conclude by discussing tactics for promoting democratic altruism.
Mindfulness and Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Berger Charles R. , Waldron Vincent R.
Published: March 2003

Many social problems can be traced to interpersonal communicationdifficulties, just as many proposed interventions to solve social ills also depend on effective interpersonal communication. This article examines three potential relationships between states of mind and social interaction followed by illustrations from research related to five exemplar social issues—developing effective programs for solving workplace communicationproblems, training the public to detect scams and hoaxes, reducing stereotyping and cross‐cultural misunderstanding, managing interpersonal conflict, and constructing effective public health campaigns. We conclude by considering the likely inhibiting and facilitating effects of mindfulness‐mindlessness on socially relevant transactions.
Sexual Orientation and Sex in Women's Lives: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Rothblum Esther D.
Published: March 2003

Use of such categorical terms as heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian is widespread, yet research indicates that sexuality is a multidimensional phenomenon. Sexual behavior, identity, and desire are not highly intercorrelated for women, and this has implications for new ways of conceptualizing sexual orientation. Furthermore, the multifaceted nature of sexual orientation has implications for conceptualizing sexual activity and sexual desire for women. Some methodological issues are presented for future research on female sexual orientation, including a better understanding of gender and a more multifaceted approach to sexual orientation.
Psychology of Promoting Environmentalism: Psychological Contributions toAchieving an Ecologically Sustainable Future for Humanity
Authors: Oskamp Stuart
Published: March 2003

The most serious long‐term threat facing the world is the danger that human actions are producing irreversible, harmful changes to the environmental conditions that support life on Earth. If this problem is not overcome, there may be no viable world for our descendants to inhabit. Because this threat is caused by human population growth, overconsumption, and lack of resource conservation, social scientists have a vital role in helping our world escape ecological disaster and approach a sustainable level of impact on the environment—one that can be maintained indefinitely. Enormous changes to human lifestyles and cultural practices may be required to reach this goal. This article discusses major obstacles to this goal, describes a variety of motivational approaches toward reaching it, and proposes that we should view the achievement of sustainable living patterns as a superordinate goal—a war against the common enemy of an uninhabitable world.
Mental Health Problems Among Single Mothers: Implications for Work and Welfare Reform
Authors: Jayakody Rukmalie , Stauffer Dawn
Published: March 2003

Welfare reform's emphasis on work and self‐sufficiency assumes that poor single mothers are similar in their status and functioning to the rest of the population. However, we find that their status is quite distinct. Logistic regression results reveal that the likelihood of working is 25% lower for those with a psychiatric disorder. Mental health problems may prevent women from undertaking the tasks necessary to find employment, or women with these problems may lack the self‐confidence needed to take on new challenges. Our findings suggest that mental health problems among single mothers deserve greater attention as a barrier to self‐sufficiency and highlight the need for more effective intervention and treatment efforts to improve economic and social outcomes.
Stigma: An Insider's View
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Swim Janet K.
Published: March 2003

The literature on stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination has typically focused on the ways dominant groups negatively view and respond to minority groups. We suggest an insider's perspective to focus attention on the stereotyped or stigmatized ingroup's responses, experiences, and beliefs and the paradox of being both an active constructor of one's everyday reality and an involuntary target of negative attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that shape this reality. We propose that an insider's perspective affords a view of stigmatized groups as actively seeking to make sense of their social world and attain positive outcomes, not simply avoid negative outcomes. In this sense, an insider's perspective acknowledges that stigmatized groups are not simply victims or passive recipients of stereotyping but rather actively attempt to construct a buffering life space.
Gendered Influence of Downward Social Comparisons on Current and Possible Selves
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Oyserman Daphna
Published: March 2003

Because men and women differ with regard to independent and interdependent self‐construals, we propose that downward comparisons are more likely to lower women's achievement‐related self‐evaluations compared to men's. We also hypothesize that gendered self‐schemas provide men with advantages in the processing of self‐related dispositional information and women with advantages in the processing of self‐related social‐contextual information. To the extent that a downward social comparison presents a potential threat to the self, men and women differ in how effectively they can fend off the implications of different types of comparisons. Results from three experiments (total N = 393) support these hypotheses, suggesting that gendered responses to downward comparison are at least in part driven by a culturally normative focus on dispositional information prevalent in the West.
Low‐Income Parents and the Public Schools
Authors: Lott Bernice
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the responses likely to be received by low‐income parents from teachers and staff in their children’s public schools in the United States. A review of the relevant literature reveals that teachers and school administrators tend to subscribe to the dominant beliefs that low‐income parents do not care about their children’s schooling, are not competent to help with homework, do not encourage achievement, and do not place a high value on education. This article presents examples of such middle‐class bias in the words and actions of individual teachers, and research findings that tend to contradict these stereotypes. The barriers that exist for low‐income parents in interacting with the schools are discussed, and suggestions are offered for ways in which schools can recognize and respect the standpoint and potential contributions of these parents.
Contemporary Immigration Policy Orientations Among Dominant‐Group Members in Western Europe
Authors: Jackson James S. , Brown Kendrick T. , Brown Tony N. , Marks Bryant
Published: March 2003

Predictors of immigration policy attitudes were investigated among members of receiving societies in large national probability samples in 15 Western European countries. We found that a considerable proportion of the variation in immigration policy orientations toward outgroups could be explained by self‐ and group interests and independent measures of perceived threat. Self‐reported racism also contributed independently and significantly to these policy positions. It was concluded that a general framework of proximal self‐ and group‐position indicators (Allport, 1954), perceived threat, and prejudice/racism was useful in predicting the immigrant policy orientations of dominant members of receiving societies across Western Europe. The meaning of these findings for future research on immigration policy orientations across, and especially within, European countries is discussed.
Toward a Concept of a Migrant Personality
Authors: Boneva Bonka S. , Frieze Irene Hanson
Published: March 2003

In this article we argue that individuals who want to emigrate possess a syndrome of personality characteristics that differentiates them from those who want to stay in their country of origin. Based on our own research, as well as other research findings, we show that those who want to resettle in another country tend to be more work‐oriented and to have higher achievement and power motivation, but lower affiliation motivation and family centrality, than those who do not want to leave their country of origin. This migrant personality syndrome is seen as only one of the variety of factors that determine migratory behavior. We further discuss some of the possible implications of our findings for the receiving and the sending countries and possible psychological interventions that can ease the acculturation of immigrants.
Gender Stereotypes and the Evaluation of Men and Women in Military Training
Authors: Boldry Jennifer , Wood Wendy , Kashy Deborah A.
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated perceptions of men and women in the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets. For both stereotypes and evaluations of individual cadets enrolled in the training program, men more than women were believed to possess the motivation and leadership qualities necessary for effective military performance, whereas women were believed to possess more feminine attributes that impair effective military performance. Because men and women did not differ on objective measures of military performance, the sex‐differentiated evaluations of cadets enrolled in training most plausibly reflect the influence of gender stereotypes rather than performance differences between the sexes. Furthermore, integration of women into the corps was associated with more favorable stereotypic judgments of women and did not reveal a backlash against women in this strongly male‐ dominated setting.
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Glick Peter
Published: March 2003

In an experiment, job description and applicants' attributes were examined as moderators of the backlash effect, the negative evaluation of agentic women for violating prescriptions of feminine niceness (Rudman, 1998). Rutgers University students made hiring decisions for a masculine or “feminized” managerial job. Applicants were presented as either agentic or androgynous. Replicating Rudman and Glick (1999), a feminized job description promoted hiring discrimination against an agentic female because she was perceived as insufficiently nice. Unique to the present research, this perception was related to participants' possession of an implicit (but not explicit) agency‐communality stereotype. By contrast, androgynous female applicants were not discriminated against. The findings suggest that the prescription for female niceness is an implicit belief that penalizes women unless they temper their agency with niceness.
On the Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: The Third Wave
Authors: Dovidio John F.
Published: March 2003

This article examines how social and historical developments have influenced the intellectual climate surrounding the study of prejudice and illustrates how these advances are reflected in the study of one type of racial bias, aversive racism. Three waves of research are identified. In the first wave, prejudice was assumed to reflect psychopathology. In the second, it was viewed as rooted in normal processes. The third wave emphasizes the multidimensional aspect of prejudice and takes advantage of new technologies to study processes that were earlier hypothesized but not directly measurable. Research on aversive racism is presented to demonstrate the transition of research across the second and third waves and to show how unconscious biases can significantly influence race relations.
Effects of Negotiation on Language Learners' Output
Authors: Van den Branden Kris
Published: March 2003

This quasi‐experimental study investigated the effects of various types of negotiation on learners' output. Three groups of 16 child learners of Dutch (NSs and NNSs) participated in the study, which asked them to orally describe a series of pictures to a partner in a communicative context. The results showed that the extent to which, and the ways in which, the participants interactionally modified their output during negotiations were determined by the type of negative feedback they received. The negotiations also had significant delayed effects: Performing the same communicative task with another partner in a posttest, the language learners who had been pushed in preceding negotiations produced a significantly greater quantity of output, provided more essential information, and displayed a greater range of vocabulary than language learners in a comparison group who had not been pushed. On the other hand, the negotiations had no significant effects on the syntactic complexity nor on the grammatical correctness of the learners' output during the posttest.
Monitoring and Self‐Repair in L2
Authors: Kormos Judit
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to review the psycholinguistic research on second language (L2) self‐repair to date with particular attention to the relevance of this field for L2 production and acquisition. The article points out that W. J. M. Levelt's (1989, 1993, 1992) and W. J. M. Levelt et al.'s (in press) perceptual loop theory of monitoring can be adopted for monitoring in L2 speech as well. It is also argued, however, that this theory needs to be complemented with recent research on consciousness, attention, and noticing in order to account for mechanisms of error detection in L2.
Deriving Word Meaning from Written Context: A Multicomponential Skill
Authors: Fukkink Ruben G. , Blok Henk , de Glopper Kees
Published: March 2003

A cross‐sectional study with Dutch first‐language learners from grade 2, 4, and 6 was conducted to investigate their ability to derive word meaning from context. We used a multicomponential measure that involved the percentage of correct attributes, inclusion of a false attribute, and contextualization. Students' definitions were either wrong, fully correct, only partially correct, or both wrong and (partially) correct at the same time. Students experienced additional problems in formulating a word definition decontextualized from the original text. These findings suggest that the incremental nature of vocabulary growth involves adding correct attributes, deleting false attributes, and decontextualizing students' word definitions. The ability to derive word meaning from context depended on grade and concreteness of concepts.
Recasts as Feedback to Language Learners
Authors: Nicholas Howard , Lightbown Patsy M. , Spada Nina
Published: March 2003

Some researchers suggest that recasts are effective in showing learners how their current interlanguage differs from the target (Long & Robinson, 1998). Others have argued that recasts are ambiguous and may be perceived by the learner as confirmation of meaning rather than feedback on form (Lyster, 1998a). We review research on the effectiveness of recasts in first and second language acquisition, paying particular attention to how recasts have been defined and how their impact has been assessed in observational and experimental studies. We conclude that recasts appear to be most effective in contexts where it is clear to the learner that the recast is a reaction to the accuracy of the form, not the content, of the original utterance.
The Modification of Onsets in a Markedness Relationship: Testing the Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis
Authors: Carlisle Robert S.
Published: March 2003

The Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis (Eckman, 1991) predicts that implicational universals influence the structuring of interlanguage phonology. Under one interpretation, L2 learners will modify more marked structures more frequently than less marked structures. This study tested that hypothesis by examining how frequently 11 young adult, native Spanish speakers modified English 2‐ and 3‐member onsets, the latter being more marked than the former. The environments before the onsets and the sonority relationships among the consonants in the onsets were strictly controlled. Results indicate that (1) 3‐member onsets were modified significantly more frequently than were 2‐member onsets; and (2) epenthesis (the primary process of modification) occurred significantly more frequently after consonants than after vowels.
Instruction, First Language Influence, and Developmental Readiness in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Spada Nina , Lightbown Patsy M.
Published: March 2003

The researchers pretested 150 francophone children (age 11–12 years) with a variety of measures (including oral production, a preference task, and scrambled questions) designed to probe their knowledge and use of English questions. Each child’s developmental stage (in terms of the stages of acquisition of English questions proposed by Pienemann, Johnston, & Brindley, 1988) was determined. In oral production, most students were at stage 2 of the 5‐stage sequence. Over the next 2 weeks, they participated in classroom activities that exposed them to hundreds of English questions, mostly consistent with stage 4 and stage 5. These focussed activities were guided by their regular classroom teachers and integrated into the communicative activities that were typical of their English as a second language (ESL) program. The focussed activities accounted for about 1 hour out of a 4‐ or 5‐hour day in these intensive ESL classes. Following this intervention, the children were posttested, using essentially the same measures used on the pretest. Contrary to the predictions of Pienemann’s (1985) teachability hypothesis, learners who were at stage 3 prior to the focussed activities did not progress more in their use of questions in the oral production task than students at stage 2 at the time of the pretest. However, on other tasks, there was evidence that all students had some knowledge of stage 4 and stage 5 questions. Further analysis showed that students tended to accept higher stage questions (with inversion of subject and verb) if the subjects were pronouns, but not if they were nouns. This pattern is consistent with that of French, their first language (L1). The study adds to the literature that shows an interaction between developmental sequences and L1 influence and also suggests that explicit instruction, including contrastive metalinguistic information, may be needed to help students move beyond apparently stable interlanguage patterns.
Activating the ZPD: Mutual Scaffolding in L2 Peer Revision
Authors: De Guerrero María C. M. , Villamil Olga S.
Published: March 2003

Vygotsky’s concept of zone of proximal development and its related scaffolding metaphor serve as the theoretical basis for the study of peer collaboration in the English as a Second Language (ESL) writing classroom. The purpose of the study was to observe the mechanisms by which strategies of revision take shape and develop in the interpsychological space created when 2 learners are working in their respective ZPDs. A microgenetic approach was adopted to analyze the interaction produced by 2 intermediate ESL college students (a “reader” and a “writer”) as they worked collaboratively in revising a narrative text written by one of them. Although in the first half of the revision session the reader played a crucial role as mediator, both reader and writer became active partners in the revision task with guided support moving reciprocally between each other. In general, results showed that in second language (L2) peer revision scaffolding may be mutual rather than unidirectional.
Student Perceptions of Foreign Language Study: A Qualitative Analysis of Foreign Language Autobiographies
Authors: Tse Lucy
Published: March 2003

Students’ perceptions of their foreign language (FL) learning classroom experiences have important pedagogical and programmatic implications and have been theorized as having an effect on linguistic outcomes. This study uses a unique form of data collection, the FL autobiography, to explore the perceptions of a group of adult FL learners (N= 51) toward a broad range of issues related to classroom atmosphere and instruction. Qualitative analysis of student writings revealed 3 categories of data: classroom interactions, perceived level of success, and attributions of success and failure. In general, students believed that their instruction focused too little on oral communication, they reported low estimations of their level of proficiency, and they tended to attribute their failures to their own lack of effort in the FL classroom. Possible implications for instruction and placement of FL students are discussed.
Weighing the Ways of the Flow: Twentieth Century Language Instruction
Authors: Mitchell Cheryl Brown , Vidal Kari Ellington
Published: March 2003

A traditional metaphor for changes in language teaching methodologies has been that of a pendulum swinging back or forth. However, this historical review of methodology articles in the MLJ suggests a new, more dynamic, metaphor‐that of a river flowing. We examine first the major mainstream methods discussed in the Journal, showing how they came into being and what caused them, as opposed to other methods, to become so strong. Then we examine other historical and academic factors that caused the methods to divert and divide into several channels. Finally, we suggest potential areas of exploration that might lead to the development of new water sources or the diversion of the current stream into new channels. The new metaphor and historical review of MLJ methodology articles allow us to see how our work has progressed over the years and how it has not just swung like a pendulum between two opposing positions.