bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints
Authors: Dattaguru B. , Everett R. A. , Whitcomb J. D. , Johnson W. S.
Published: September 2009

A geometrically nonlinear finite-element analysis of cohesive failure in typical joints is presented. Cracked-lap-shear joints were chosen for analysis. Results obtained from linear and nonlinear analysis show that nonlinear effects, due to large rotations, significantly affect the calculated mode I, crack opening, and mode II, inplane shear, strain-energy-release rates. The ratio of the mode I to mode II strain-energy-release rates (GI/GII) was found to be strongly affected by the adhesive modulus and the adherend thickness. GI/GII ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 can be obtained by varying adherend thickness and using either a single or double cracked-lap-shear specimen configuration. Debond growth rate data, together with the analysis, indicate that mode I strain-energy-release rate governs debond growth. Results from the present analysis agree well with experimentally measured joint opening displacements.
Wear Studies on TiC Coated Cemented Titanium Carbide Tools
Authors: Venkatesh V. C.
Published: September 2009

Extensive and rigorous wear tests involving the failure criterion were carried out initially on (i) TiC coated and (ii) uncoated cemented tungsten carbide, and (iii) cemented titanium carbide (also known as solid TiC). The studies revealed that solid TiC was the best tool for turning steel followed closely by TiN coated tungsten carbide. The TiC coating confers many advantages but has certain limitations like cracks in the coating due to differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between WC and TiC. Solid TiC tools perform better than TiC coated tungsten carbide tools but have the disadvantages of the binder being prone to diffusion wear. By putting a TiC coating on solid TiC, the new tool performed much better largely as a result of the absence of cracks as well as the binder in the coating. The further advantage of small grains, a property typical of coatings, added to the superior performance of TiC coated solid TiC as compared to uncoated solid TiC.
The Nature of Chip Formation in Orthogonal Machining
Authors: Lee Daeyong
Published: September 2009

Orthogonal machining experiments were conducted at the cutting speed of 8.5 × 10−2 cm/s with 6061-T6 aluminum, 4340 steel and Ti-6Al-4V titanium to measure strain distributions in the deformed chip using a grid analysis technique. While the aluminum alloy with low strength and the steel with high strain hardening coefficient displayed large uniform strains with a continuous chip morphology, the titanium alloy exhibited highly nonuniform strain distributions within segmented chips. Some of these observations as well as published machining test results could be rationalized on the basis of a shear failure criterion where a specific level of critical shear strain might be estimated on the basis of a thermal-mechanical instability analysis.
Evaluation of Engineering Surfaces by Diffraction Pattern Analysis
Authors: Shetty D. , Imbert C.
Published: September 2009

This paper highlights a new, noncontact technique to assess the differences in surface characteristics of components machined by shaping, milling, turning, grinding processes. The method suggested here is a laboratory analysis based on the process of intensity Fourier Transformation taking place on the surface under test. The results are analyzed by using an in-process microprocessor system to evaluate the surface characteristics immediately.
A Critical Review of Mechanical Failure Criteria
Authors: Shaw M. C.
Published: September 2009

Failure criteria for a wide range of situations where the main consideration is flow or fracture are reviewed. Some of the concepts are well known and in wide use while others are of relatively recent origin. Throughout the discussion, stress is considered to be the main independent variable and strain a dependent variable.
New Experiments on the Temperature Distribution in Drilling
Authors: Thangaraj A. , Wright P. K. , Nissle M.
Published: September 2009

Using metallographic and microhardness techniques, temperature distributions have been determined in twist drills. The methods rely on the fact that certain high speed steel materials exhibit microstructural changes when subjected to temperatures greater than 600°C. Quick-stop specimens have also been obtained to study the metal flow patterns over the drill flutes. These results have been used to comment on the different wear mechanisms that affect the performance of a twist drill. Preliminary results show that bulk plastic flow occurs near the margin of the drill where the temperatures are in the vicinity of 900°C when machining AISI 1045 steel at 40 m/min.
Combined Viscous and Plastic Deformations in Two-Dimensional Large Strain Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Kiefer B. V. , Hilton P. D.
Published: September 2009

Capabilities for the analysis of combined viscous and plastic behavior have been added to an existing finite element computer program for two-dimensional elastic-plastic calculations. This program (PAPSTB) has been formulated for elastic-plastic stress and deformation analyses of two-dimensional and axisymmetric structures. It has the ability to model large strains and large deformations of elastic-perfectly plastic, multi-linear hardening, or power-hardening materials. The program is based on incremental plasticity theory with a von Mises yield criterion. Time dependent behavior has been introduced into the PAPSTB program by adding a viscous strain increment to the elastic and plastic strain increment to form the total strain increment. The viscous calculations presently employ a power-law relationship between the viscous strain rate and the effective stress. The finite element code can be easily modified to handle more complex viscous models. The Newmark method for time integration is used, i.e., an input parameter is included which enables the user to vary the time domain approximation between forward (explicit) and backward (implicit) difference. Automatic time stepping is used to provide for stability in the viscous calculations. It is controlled by an input parameter related to the ratio of the current viscous strain increment to the total strain. The viscoplastic capabilities of the PAPSTB program are verified using the axisymmetric problem of an internally pressurized, thick-walled cylinder. The transient viscoplastic case is analyzed to demonstrate that the elastic-perfectly plastic solution is obtained as a steady-state condition is approached. The influence of varying the time integration parameter for transient viscoplastic calculations is demonstrated. In addition, the effects of time step on solution accuracy are investigated by means of the automatic time stepping algorithm in the program. The approach is then applied to a simple forging problem of cylinder upsetting.
Effect of Heat-Treatment Upon the Fatigue-Crack Growth Behavior of Alloy 718 Weldments—Part II: Microscopic Behavior
Authors: Mills W. J. , James L. A.
Published: September 2009

The microstructural features that influenced the fatigue-crack growth behavior of as-welded, conventional heat-treated, and modified heat-treated Alloy 718 GTA weldments were studied. Electron fractographic examination revealed that operative fatigue mechanisms were dependent on microstructure, temperature and stress intensity factor. All specimens exhibited three basic fracture surface morphologies at temperatures up to 538°C: crystallographic faceting at low stress intensity range (ΔK) levels, striation formation at intermediate values, and dimples coupled with striations in the highest ΔK regime. At 649°C, extensive amounts of intergranular cracking were observed. Laves and δ particles in the conventional heat-treated material nucleated microvoids ahead of the advancing crack front and caused an overall acceleration in crack growth rates at intermediate and high ΔK levels. The modified heat treatment removed many of these particles from the weld zone, thereby improving its fatigue resistance. The dramatically improved fatigue properties exhibited by the as-welded material were attributed to compressive residual stresses introduced by the welding process.
Rake and Flank Wear Mechanisms of Coated and Uncoated Cemented Carbides
Authors: Dearnley P. A.
Published: September 2009

A series of commercially available cemented carbides coated with single or composite layers of TiC, TiN, and Al2O3 were used to cut three types of steel, En8 (∼AISI 1042), En24 (∼AISI 4340), and En9 (∼AISI 1055). For comparison, two uncoated cemented carbides and some Al2O3-ceramic inserts were also tested. The worn surfaces were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques and tool/work interfacial conditions were evaluated from quick-stop experiments and tool temperature estimates. By linking this information with observed wear rates, various rake and flank wear mechanisms are proposed.
Constitutive Equation of Cyclic Softening
Authors: Mshana J. S. , Krausz A. S.
Published: September 2009

A constitutive equation of cyclic strain softening for materials with low internal stress levels was derived from the rate equation. The study showed that cyclic strain softening is associated with stress relaxation and that the two phenomena are parallel over a high stress and low temperature range where thermally activated plastic flow in the two processes can be approximated with activation over a single energy barrier. The constitutive parameters were identical in both processes, leading to the recommendation that stress relaxation can be employed to determine the experimental variables for the understanding of the cyclic softening process.
Analytical Study of Thick Walled Porous Cylinder
Authors: Naga S. A. R.
Published: September 2009

An analytical study has been herein presented to predict the stress distribution in thick-walled porous (permeable) cylinders subjected to internal and/or external pressures. The maximum induced stress in the tangential direction is derived with due consideration to pipes applications assuming either single or compound cylinders. Results have been displayed in the form of charts to assist in design procedures. Results confirmed that the induced stresses in porous pipes are greater than that developed in impermeable cylinders. Also, coating of porous cylinders with an impermeable coating or fitting a porous cylinder inside a solid one would cause higher stress values to develop in the porous matrix.
Optimal Discretization of Power Stress-Strain Law Curves
Authors: Hoff R. , Santi L. M. , Johnson G. E. , Rubin C. A. , Hahn G. T.
Published: September 2009

A criterion for optimal discretization of power stress-strain law curves is proposed. The criterion is based on the assumption that it is desirable to have the fewest possible line segments without exceeding some predetermined bound on the error. The formulation produces a system of simultaneous nonlinear equations which are solved using an iterative search technique. Solutions are presented in both graphical and tabular form for a wide range of strain hardening exponents and acceptable error bounds. It is shown that stress and energy density can be accurately and efficiently modeled using the optimal discretization.
Development of an Experimental Facility for Single and Multistage, Constant Strain Rate Compression
Authors: Lenard J. G.
Published: September 2009

Detailed knowledge of material properties is one of the most important aspects of predictive-adaptive computer models used to control hot strip mills. The paper critically reviews the techniques, in use today, that establish those properties and describes the development and the capabilities of an experimental facility designed to determine the material’s resistance to deformation. Preliminary results, obtained by constant strain rate compression testing as well as by simulation of the thermal-mechanical treatment strips receive in the finishing train, are presented.
Threshold and Near Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth of Five Cast Steels at Room Temperature and −45°C
Authors: Stephens R. I. , Lee S. G. , Lee H. W.
Published: September 2009

Threshold and near threshold fatigue crack growth behavior was obtained for five carbon or low alloy cast steels at room temperature and −45°C (−50°F) with the load ratio R=0.05 and 0.5. Mean stress effects at both temperatures appear to be substantially dependent upon crack closure. ΔKth did not correlate well with other mechanical properties such as Su, Sy, Sy′ or Sf. Threshold and near threshold fatigue crack growth resistance was generally improved at −45°C despite the fact that this temperature was below the NDT temperature for three of the five cast steels. SEM fractography also established that the NDT temperature is not associated with a possible ductile-brittle constant amplitude fatigue crack growth transition in cast steels. ΔKth values for these five cast steels appear to be quite favorable relative to values found in the literature for wrought steels.
Sustained-Load Crack-Growth in Inconel 718 Under Nonisothermal Conditions
Authors: Haritos G. K. , Miller D. L. , Nicholas T.
Published: September 2009

Sustained-load crack-growth experiments were conducted under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. Temperature cycling was conducted between 537° and 649°C. Hold times at minimum and/or maximum temperature were included in the temperature profiles. An analytical model was developed to predict crack-growth rates based solely on isothermal data. The linear cumulative damage model was able to predict crack-growth rates in Inconel 718 for all the temperature profiles investigated including a proof test.
Flow Stress Equations for Type 304 Stainless and AISI 1055 Steels
Authors: Dadras P.
Published: September 2009

A model for stress-strain behavior under hot working conditions has been proposed. Based on experimental data, equations for the dependence of flow stress on strain, strain rate, and temperature have been developed. Application to type 304 stainless steel and AISI 1055 steel has been demonstrated.
The Electrical Discharge Compaction of Powder: Mechanics and Material Structure
Authors: Alp T. , Al-Hassani S. T. S. , Johnson W.
Published: September 2009

The response of metal powders contained in columnar form to high voltage electrical discharge between its ends is described in terms of the electrical, physical, morphological, and compositional characteristics of the powder. The process is viewed as one involving oxide film breakdown, interparticle neck formation, and consolidation. The mechanics, structures, and industrial applications of the process are discussed.
Laser Heat Treatment of Cast Irons—Optimization of Process Variables: Part I
Authors: Mathur A. K. , Molian P. A.
Published: September 2009

A 1.2 kw CO2-CW laser operating in ring and Gaussian beam modes was used to surface harden gray and ductile cast irons. The microstructure, case depth, hardness, surface integrity, and distortion were studied as functions of process variables (i.e., laser power, focusing optics, beam size, scan rate and thickness of the specimen). The results indicate that the ring mode is preferred over Gaussian whereas ductile iron response to laser heat treatment is better than gray iron. The maximum case depth achieved with minimum melting was 0.38 mm, and the maximum coverage rate obtained was 322.58 mm2/s.
Buckling in Rotary Forging and Ring Rolling
Authors: Yu T. X. , Johnson W. , Appleton E.
Published: September 2009

The possibility of promoting out-of-plane elastic buckling in thin disk rotary forming and in ring rolling, by the application of load through forming tools applied over a small sectional element of the workpiece, is considered. For the onset of this particular form of failure in rotary forming, limits are established, and quantitative criteria are proposed for guiding expectations of its onset.
Relationship Between Fatigue Life Distribution, Notch Configuration, and S-N Curve of a 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Shimokawa T. , Hamaguchi Y.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study is to identify the most closely related variable to the distribution of fatigue life in unnotched and three kinds of notched 2024-T4 aluminum alloy specimens. Carefully designed fatigue tests under a constant temperature and humidity condition provided fatigue life distributions over a wide range of stress amplitude. This study used about 1000 specimens. On the basis of the test results, the dependence of the scatter in fatigue life on notch configuration, the period to crack initiation, the level of stress amplitude, the median fatigue life, and the slope of the median S-N curve is investigated, and the relationship between the distributional form of fatigue life and the shape of the median S-N curve is discussed. It is concluded that the slope and shape of the median S-N curve in the vicinity of the test stress level are closely related to the scatter and distributional form of fatigue life respectively. This is common to the unnotched and three kinds of notched specimens. A variability hypothesis to correlate the median S-N curve with fatigue life distributions is examined.
The Effect of BWR Startup Environments on Crack Growth in Structural Alloys
Authors: Hale D. A.
Published: September 2009

During startup of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), the water chemistry and temperature are constantly changing. Special operational practices can be performed to control the dissolved oxygen level using, for example, vacuum deaeration. To assess the impact of startup practice on environmental cracking in the structural materials used in the BWR, a large program was performed to evaluate crack growth at representative environmental conditions for both conventional and vacuum deaeration startup practices. Five alloys were studied: Types 304 and 316 nuclear grade stainless steel, Inconel 600, carbon steel, and A508-2 low alloy steel. Tests were performed using fracture mechanics type specimens with constant load crack growth measured at appropriate stress intensity levels. The program intent was to compare the crack growth rates for the two practices. The results show that normal startup and startup deaeration environments had varied effects. Sensitized Type 304 stainless steel exhibited a decrease in crack growth rate and concomitant decrease in severity of intergranular fracture morphology at the low temperatures under deaeration. In contrast, the Type 316 nuclear grade displayed very little influence of startup deaeration due to its inherent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Inconel 600 showed up to a factor of five reduction in crack growth rate in the deaeration environment. The response of the carbon steel to deaeration was mixed—limited benefit was seen at low temperature, none was seen at the higher temperature. Finally, the low alloy steel displayed some improvement in behavior at low temperature at the high stress intensity value investigated. In summary, the program showed that a modest benefit, in terms of stress corrosion cracking mitigation, could be attributed to deaeration during startup, particulary for Type 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600.
Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis of T Cell Receptor Signaling Reveals System-Wide Modulation of Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Mayya Viveka , Lundgren Deborah H. , Hwang Sun-Il , Rezaul Karim , Wu Linfeng , Eng Jimmy K. , Rodionov Vladimir , Han David K.
Published: September 2009

Serine-threonine phosphorylation plays a role in regulating the interactions among proteins involved in T cell responses.
PKC-θ Modulates the Strength of T Cell Responses by Targeting Cbl-b for Ubiquitination and Degradation
Authors: Gruber Thomas , Hermann-Kleiter Natascha , Hinterleitner Reinhard , Fresser Friedrich , Schneider Rainer , Gastl Günther , Penninger Josef M. , Baier Gottfried
Published: September 2009

PKC-θ triggers the degradation of Cbl-b that is necessary for a full immune response in T cells.
Deciphering Signaling Outcomes from a System of Complex Networks
Authors: Hsueh Robert C. , Natarajan Madhusudan , Fraser Iain , Pond Blake , Liu Jamie , Mumby Susanne , Han Heping , Jiang Lily I. , Simon Melvin I. , Taussig Ronald , Sternweis Paul C.
Published: September 2009

Despite being exposed to multiple ligands, a macrophage cell line exhibits a surprisingly limited number of responses.
Dynamic Signaling in the Hog1 MAPK Pathway Relies on High Basal Signal Transduction
Authors: Macia Javier , Regot Sergi , Peeters Tom , Conde Núria , Solé Ricard , Posas Francesc
Published: September 2009

High intrinsic basal signaling in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways ensures proper dynamic responses to environmental stimuli.
Gα
i1
and Gα
i3
Are Required for Epidermal Growth Factor–Mediated Activation of the Akt-mTORC1 Pathway
Authors: Cao Cong , Huang Xuesong , Han Yuyuan , Wan Yinsheng , Birnbaumer Lutz , Feng Geng-Sheng , Marshall John , Jiang Meisheng , Chu Wen-Ming
Published: September 2009

Two members of the Gα
i
family of G proteins form complexes with EGFR and the adaptor protein Gab1 to mediate activation of Akt.
TRPM1 Forms Ion Channels Associated with Melanin Content in Melanocytes
Authors: Oancea Elena , Vriens Joris , Brauchi Sebastian , Jun Janice , Splawski Igor , Clapham David E.
Published: September 2009

Newly identified TRPM1 isoforms that mediate current are highly conserved, present intracellularly, and associated with melanin content.
Ligand Binding to LRP1 Transactivates Trk Receptors by a Src Family Kinase–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Shi Yang , Mantuano Elisabetta , Inoue Gen , Campana W. Marie , Gonias Steven L.
Published: September 2009

Trk receptor–mediated neurite outgrowth is triggered by distinct ligands that activate LRP1.
Spatiotemporal Patterning During T Cell Activation Is Highly Diverse
Authors: Singleton Kentner L. , Roybal Kole T. , Sun Yi , Fu Guo , Gascoigne Nicholas R. J. , van Oers Nicolai S. C. , Wülfing Christoph
Published: September 2009

The timing and the distribution of signaling intermediates reflect the efficiency and nature of T cell receptor activation.
Mitofusin 2 Inhibits Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling
Authors: Yasukawa Kai , Oshiumi Hiroyuki , Takeda Makoto , Ishihara Naotada , Yanagi Yusuke , Seya Tsukasa , Kawabata Shun-ichiro , Koshiba Takumi
Published: September 2009

A protein that mediates mitochondrial fusion also suppresses innate immune responses to viral infection.
IL-1 Induces IGF-Dependent Epithelial Proliferation in Prostate Development and Reactive Hyperplasia
Authors: Jerde Travis J. , Bushman Wade
Published: September 2009

A classically inflammatory mediator, interleukin-1, also functions during development in the prostate.
The Tyrosine Kinase Fer Is a Downstream Target of the PLD-PA Pathway that Regulates Cell Migration
Authors: Itoh Toshiki , Hasegawa Junya , Tsujita Kazuya , Kanaho Yasunori , Takenawa Tadaomi
Published: September 2009

Changes in membrane composition stimulate Fer activity to regulate actin remodeling and drive cell migration.
Cell Type–Specific Importance of Ras–c-Raf Complex Association Rate Constants for MAPK Signaling
Authors: Kiel Christina , Serrano Luis
Published: September 2009

Ras–c-Raf association rates affect downstream signaling in the absence of negative feedback but not its presence.
Cooperativity Between T Cell Receptor Complexes Revealed by Conformational Mutants of CD3ɛ
Authors: Martínez-Martín Nuria , Risueño Ruth M. , Morreale Antonio , Zaldívar Irene , Fernández-Arenas Elena , Herranz Fernando , Ortiz Angel R. , Alarcón Balbino
Published: September 2009

A mutant CD3ɛ subunit that cannot change conformation in response to ligand binding exerts dominant-negative inhibition of T cell responses.
Oxygen-Regulated β
2
-Adrenergic Receptor Hydroxylation by EGLN3 and Ubiquitylation by pVHL
Authors: Xie Liang , Xiao Kunhong , Whalen Erin J. , Forrester Michael T. , Freeman Robert S. , Fong Guohua , Gygi Steven P. , Lefkowitz Robert J. , Stamler Jonathan S.
Published: September 2009

Hypoxia reduces proline hydroxylation and ubiquitylation of a G protein–coupled receptor, preventing down-regulation.
Extracellular Functions of a Ribosomal Protein
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

When released upon cell death, ribosomal protein S19 may bind and inhibit the cytokine MIF.
Beyond the Call of Duty
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

The scaffold protein Ste5 plays a coactivating role in the phosphorylation of Fus3 in the yeast mating response.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 24 March 2009
Authors: Smerdon Stephen J. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

The activity of a bacterial FHA domain–containing protein is regulated intramolecularly.
Use It or Lose It
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Wg signaling and neuronal activity cooperate to promote maintenance of
Drosophila
olfactory neurons.
Inflammation Protection
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: September 2009

A signaling pathway involving an immune protein protects cells against the potentially fatal immune response induced by tissue damage.
Folding Forum
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

A nine-protein transmembrane is among several hundred genes found to be critical for protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Sleep and Memory
Authors: Stern Peter
Published: September 2009

Sleep promotes homeostatic synaptic downscaling in fruit flies.
STAT3 as Longevity Protein Partner
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Acetylation of the transcription factor STAT3 by the longevity-promoting protein SirT1 contributes to control of gluconeogenesis in response to nutrients.
In the Pink1 with FOXO3a
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

FOXO3a-dependent induction of Pink1 helps protect lymphocytes from apoptosis after IL-2 deprivation.
Secondary Messenger
Authors: Zahn Laura M.
Published: September 2009

Azelaic acid is a long-distance signal conferring immunity against infection in plants.
Repair or Die
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

The phosphorylation status of a tyrosine residue in the histone variant H2AX determines whether cells with DNA damage repair the damage or undergo apoptosis.
Partitioning the Synaptic Landscape: Distinct Microdomains for Spontaneous and Spike-Triggered Neurotransmission
Authors: Sutton Michael A. , Schuman Erin M.
Published: September 2009

Spontaneous and evoked release of glutamate activates distinct NMDA receptor pools.
Brx Shines a Light on the Route from Hyperosmolarity to NFAT5
Authors: Aramburu Jose , López-Rodríguez Cristina
Published: September 2009

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Brx mediates an early event in lymphocytes exposed to osmotic stress.
Regulated Responses to Irregular Signals
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

The frequency of pulses of cytokine stimulation of a cell can determine the spectrum of genes whose transcription is regulated.
Mosquito Immune Mediation
Authors: Ash Caroline
Published: September 2009

A family of molecules, apparently unique to mosquitoes, binds to invading parasites and initiates innate immune responses.
The Enzymology of Brain Cancer
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: September 2009

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 compromise enzyme function and activate a signaling pathway that helps brain tumors grow when oxygen is limited.
Focus Issue: The Protein Dynamics of Cell Signaling
Authors: Wong Wei , Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Changes in the conformation, binding partners, or localization of signaling proteins affect the flow of information through signaling cascades.
Visualizing Immune System ComplexityA report on the EMBO workshop "Visualizing Immune System Complexity," Centre d’Immunologie Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France, 15 to 17 January 2009.
Authors: Dustin Michael L.
Published: September 2009

From individual molecules to cells in animals, imaging has brought incredible insight to immunology.
Arrestin Times for Developing Antipsychotics and β-Blockers
Authors: Houslay Miles D.
Published: September 2009

Conformation determines G protein–independent signaling through β-arrestins.
Molecular Origin and Functional Consequences of Digital Signaling and Hysteresis During Ras Activation in LymphocytesA presentation from the EMBO workshop “Visualizing Immune System Complexity,” Centre d'Immunologie Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France, 15 to 17 January 2009.
Authors: Chakraborty Arup K. , Das Jayajit , Zikherman Julie , Yang Ming , Govern Christopher C. , Ho Mary , Weiss Arthur , Roose Jeroen
Published: September 2009

Simulations, theory, and experiments reveal a potential molecular mechanism for digital signaling and short-term molecular memory in lymphocytes.
DNA as an Allosteric Regulator
Authors: VanHook Annalisa
Published: September 2009

The sequence of the DNA binding site affects the transcriptional regulatory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor.
Knowing When to Stop
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

GABA initially serves as a promigratory signal for interneurons, then in the cortex signals the interneurons to stop.
From Quiescent to Proliferating
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Acute stimulation with interferon-α promotes proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells.
Immune Regulation by Rapamycin: Moving Beyond T Cells
Authors: Janes Matthew R. , Fruman David A.
Published: September 2009

Rapamycin regulates immune responses, in part, through its effects on macrophages and dendritic cells.
New Insights into mTOR Signaling: mTORC2 and Beyond
Authors: Alessi Dario R. , Pearce Laura R. , García-Martínez Juan M.
Published: September 2009

mTORC2 promotes the phosphorylation of AGC kinase substrates at two distinct sites.
A Spore’s Lifeline
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

A cytoplasmic connection between mother cell and forespore is required for sporulation in
Bacillus subtilis
.
Omic Empiricism
Authors: Searls David B.
Published: September 2009

Omics researchers might do well to consider the duality between empiricism and rationalism.
This SCAI Limits Invasion
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

A previously unidentified protein, SCAI, participates in a RhoA-SRF–mediated pathway to regulate β
1
-integrin signaling and thereby cancer cell invasion.
Oral Delivery of siRNA
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Macrophages can be effectively targeted by orally delivered siRNA.
Fragile Axons Forge the Path to Gene Discovery: A MAP Kinase Pathway Regulates Axon Regeneration
Authors: O’Brien Georgeann S. , Sagasti Alvaro
Published: September 2009

In
Caenorhabditis elegans
, a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for regenerative but not developmental axon outgrowth.
The Skinny on Blood Pressure?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Macrophage-dependent secretion of VEGF-C stimulates the growth of lymphatic capillaries, thereby contributing to blood pressure homeostasis in the response to a high-salt diet.
Get Busy and Get Going
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

The second messenger cAMP instructs the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 both to become activated and to move to the plasma membrane.
p110β Goes Nuclear
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

The p110β catalytic subunit of PI3K regulates protein-protein interactions in DNA replication.
The Yin and Yang of Synaptic Active Zone Assembly
Authors: Sigrist Stephan J.
Published: September 2009

An antagonist of two protein-protein interactions required for synapse formation has been identified in
C. elegans
.
Satiety Signal and Memory Enhancer
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

The fatty acid oleoylethanolamide, which is produced in response to feeding, enhances rodent memory consolidation.
Stop-Go Axon Crossing
Authors: Hines Pamela
Published: September 2009

A single receptor in
Drosophila
is involved in two molecular strategies that coordinate axon guidance.
Limb Development Takes a Measured Step Toward Systems Analysis
Authors: Mackem Susan , Lewandoski Mark
Published: September 2009

Gremlin links slow and fast signaling feedback loops, which contributes to robust regulation of mouse limb patterning.
Why Embryos Need a Beating Heart
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Blood flow triggers the production of nitric oxide, which is essential for the initial formation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryogenesis.
TLR7 Is for Bacteria, Too
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Phagosomal bacteria trigger a TLR7-dependent response in a cell type–specific manner to induce production of type I interferons.
Chromatin Modifier Modulates Gene Expression
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Histone acetylation and gene expression in mammals are modulated by glycolytic metabolism.
ABA Receptor Rumbled?
Authors: Hines Pamela
Published: September 2009

Links between two ancient multimember protein families signal responses to the plant hormone abscisic acid.
Deadly Noise
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Variability in cellular responses to a cytokine reflects differences in protein concentration or state.
Conjugate Formation
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

The NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic response of natural killer cells is dependent on PI3K activity and the adaptor protein CrkL.
GLUT4, Clathrin, and Glucose
Authors: Hurtley Stella
Published: September 2009

A human-specific vesicle-forming protein regulates relocation of a glucose transporter to the cell membrane.
Allosteric Effects Govern Nuclear Receptor Action: DNA Appears as a Player
Authors: Gronemeyer Hinrich , Bourguet William
Published: September 2009

DNA sequences regulate glucocorticoid receptor activity.
Beatnik Kinase
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

The kinase CTR1 locally suppresses auxin biosynthesis, contributing to a concentration gradient that regulates planar polarity in
Arabidopsis
root tips.
Coordinating Response to Stress
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A deacetylase implicated in aging directly regulates a transcription factor that controls stress-responsive genes.
Starving T Cells
Authors: Mueller Kristen
Published: September 2009

Activation of the amino acid starvation response inhibits differentiation of a subset of inflammatory T cells.
Rheb Permits Aggresome Formation
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Rheb has an mTOR-independent role in controlling cellular responses to misfolded proteins.
Rhes-olving Huntington’s Disease?
Authors: Hurtley Stella
Published: September 2009

A small G protein localized in the striatum may explain the localized neurodegeneration observed in Huntington’s disease.
Thinking Thin with Mom’s Gα Gene
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Brain expression of the maternal allele encoding the G protein α
s
subunit is essential for proper metabolic regulation.
Finding Partners for PI3Kγ: When 84 Is Better Than 101
Authors: Balla Tamas
Published: September 2009

The range of responses to stimulation of PI3Kγ depends on the identity of its adaptor subunit.
Insulin Signaling in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Liao Francesca-Fang , Xu Huaxi
Published: September 2009

Amyloid-β and its oligomers disrupt insulin signaling by targeting the insulin receptor or downstream kinases.
It’s All in the Delivery
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: September 2009

Pancreatic tumors are unresponsive to chemotherapy because their limited vasculature precludes efficient drug delivery.
Using a Microfluidic Device for High-Content Analysis of Cell Signaling
Authors: Cheong Raymond , Wang Chiaochun Joanne , Levchenko Andre
Published: September 2009

This method for analyzing individual cells reveals differences in responses masked by averaging across the population.
No Phosphate, No Problem
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

CD44-dependent proliferation of gastric cancer cells is mediated by acetylated, but unphosphorylated, STAT3.
Not Just a Translator
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

The ERK pathway promotes phosphorylation of lysyl-tRNA synthetase and its nuclear translocation during mast cell activation.
Antiporter Antics
Authors: Vinson Valda
Published: September 2009

The architecture of a membrane protein channel helps explain how
Escherichia coli
survive the acidic conditions of the stomach.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 23 June 2009
Authors: Levchenko Andre , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

A microfluidic device enables high-throughput analysis of signaling in individual cells.
Activation of T Cells: Releasing the Brakes by Proteolytic Elimination of Cbl-b
Authors: Schmitz M. Lienhard
Published: September 2009

Degradation of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl-b in response to T cell costimulation depends on PKC-θ.
ERADicating Cadmium
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Yeast sense the environmental toxin cadmium at the endoplasmic reticulum to prevent the degradation of the toxin's transporter.
Ras, STAT3, and Transformation
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A transcription factor promotes the transformation of cells by the Ras oncogene only when present in the mitochondrion.
Touch of Life
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Dendritic cells that form an immune synapse with T cells receive a prosurvival signal.
Ubiquitination Counters Inflammation
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Nrdp1 ubiquitinates two proteins involved in Toll-like receptor signaling to promote production of anti-inflammatory over proinflammatory cytokines.
Pathways to Induction
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Cell fate specification in the pancreas and liver are coordinated by a precise temporal order of specific sets of signals.
BDNF and Drug Dependence
Authors: Stern Peter
Published: September 2009

A growth factor involved in neuronal plasticity alters neurons in a specific area of the brain after chronic exposure to opioid drugs.
Flower Functionalization
Authors: Zahn Laura
Published: September 2009

An auxin gradient is involved in cell fate specification of the female sex cells in flowering plants.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 30 June 2009
Authors: Nielsen Ulrik B. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Mathematical modeling of signaling pathways can be used to identify candidate targets for cancer therapies.
Different Scaffold, Add Calcium
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

KSR2 interacts with the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin, thereby coupling calcium and ERK signaling.
Switching Roles
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Signaling by type I interferon (IFN) switches PLZF from being a transcriptional repressor to an activator required for the expression of a subset of IFN-stimulated genes.
The Bacterial Version of Photoshop
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A population of bacteria is engineered to communicate with each other and to detect differences in illumination to define light-dark edges.
Breaking the Barrier
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

Adhesion of bacteria to cells lining blood vessels in the brain induces them to part and allows pathogen invasion.
Paradoxical Pain After Opioid Withdrawal
Authors: Stern Peter
Published: September 2009

Withdrawal from opioids in rats induces an increase in synaptic strength in pain pathways and thereby enhances pain sensitivity.
A Tenacious Hold on TLR4
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Activation of TLR4 by the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C promotes persistent inflammation in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.
For Whom the Toll-Like Receptor Signals
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Signaling by host Toll-like receptors causes reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus.
The Fattened GOAT
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Acylated ghrelin may be an endocrine signal for the presence of dietary lipids.
Another TGF-β Desensitization Strategy
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

The metalloprotease TACE mediates ERK-induced down-regulation of TGF-β signaling by inducing TGF-βR1 ectodomain shedding.
Translation Required for Translational Repression
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Sugar-induced translational repression of the
bZIP11
gene requires translation of an upstream open reading frame in the gene.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 21 July 2009
Authors: Wong Wei , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

A small G protein may limit the toxicity of mutant huntingtin to the brain.
Functional Amyloids Signal Their Arrival
Authors: Badtke Matthew P. , Hammer Neal D. , Chapman Matthew R.
Published: September 2009

Several peptide and protein hormones are stored in an amyloid configuration in secretory granules.
Integrin Integral to Innate Immunity
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Integrins launch innate immune responses to invading adenovirus.
Transforming Hyperglycemia into Hypertrophy
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

TGF-β signaling through the mTOR pathway is critical to glucose-induced cellular hypertrophy.
Understanding Modularity in Molecular Networks Requires Dynamics
Authors: Alexander Roger P. , Kim Philip M. , Emonet Thierry , Gerstein Mark B.
Published: September 2009

Relating structure and dynamics of molecular networks remains very challenging.
Dynamic Advances in NF-κB Signaling Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Taeko , Kageyama Ryoichiro
Published: September 2009

Cytokine stimulation of cells at different time intervals produce distinct patterns of NF-κB–dependent gene transcription.
Multiple Mechanisms of Inflammation
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Different TLRs elicit target gene derepression through distinct signaling pathways.
Stress and Sugar Rushes
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

CRTC2 participates in transcriptional responses required for ER stress responses and gluconeogenesis.
Maintaining Mutual Ignorance
Authors: Mueller Kristen
Published: September 2009

Mouse immune systems interact to ensure tolerance to nonpathogenic bacteria in the gut.
Presynaptic Presenilins Promote Potentiation
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, presenilins enhance neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation at the hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapse.
Chemical Approaches to Nuclear Receptors in MetabolismA report on the workshop “Chemical Approaches to Nuclear Receptors and Metabolism,” sponsored by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 16 to 17 April 2009.
Authors: Margolis Ronald N. , Moore David D. , Willson Timothy M. , Guy R. Kip
Published: September 2009

An NIH-sponsored workshop focused on innovative chemical methods for probing and modulating nuclear receptor pathways.
New Connections, New Components, Real Dynamics
Authors: Bader Joel S.
Published: September 2009

Secrets of the yeast MAPK pathways continue to be revealed.
Terminal Tension?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Mechanical tension may promote accumulation of synaptic vesicles in developing synapses.
New Complexity in Differentiating Stem Cells Toward Hepatic and Pancreatic Fates
Authors: Huppert Stacey S. , Magnuson Mark A.
Published: September 2009

Programming of the liver and pancreas is controlled by a dynamic, temporally coordinated signaling network.
Getting a Second Grip
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

The PLC-γ SH2 domain that binds to activated FGFR1 contains a second site that binds in a phosphorylation-independent manner.
Thinner Without Mast Cells
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Mast cells promote the development of diet-induced obesity and diabetes.
Lysine Acetylation Catalog
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A proteomic-scale analysis of protein acetylation suggests that it is an important biological regulatory mechanism.
Ironing Out Stress
Authors: Pickersgill Helen
Published: September 2009

Stress signals in the endoplasmic reticulum activate a transcription factor that induces the expression of an iron-regulatory hormone.
Why Birds of a Feather Flock Together
Authors: Zahn Laura
Published: September 2009

Oxytocin and oxytocin-like receptors control group size preference in a songbird, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role in social affiliation.
Defining Death
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

The protease procaspase-8 may act as a two-stage switch to control cell survival or cell death.
When a Better Immune Response Is Bad
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Increased signaling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8, triggered by HIV-1–derived ligands, underlies women’s increased susceptibility to progression to AIDs.
Going Retro
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: September 2009

The short legs that characterize certain dog breeds are associated with a gene that arose recently by RNA-based gene duplication.
Pass It On
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Small RNAs can be transferred between human B cell and T cell lines in a cell contact–dependent manner.
Refining Signaling Domains
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Cilia are required for maximal Hedgehog, but not Wnt, signaling in zebrafish.
Twins Don’t Always Act Alike
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

TREK1 and TREK2 channels show opposite responses to changes in external pH.
Regulating Akt
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Localization and activation of signaling proteins in cancer cells are controlled by ubiquitin labeling.
Tumor Suppression by LKB1: SIK-ness Prevents Metastasis
Authors: Shaw Reuben J.
Published: September 2009

Salt-inducible kinase 1 is activated by LKB1 to promote anoikis, thereby blocking metastasis.
Stress at the Synapse: Signal Transduction Mechanisms of Adrenal Steroids at Neuronal Membranes
Authors: Prager Eric M. , Johnson Luke R.
Published: September 2009

Adrenal steroids regulate neuronal excitability by altering ion channel conductance or gene transcription.
Bone-Building T Cells
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

T cells release Wnt10b in response to intermittent parathyroid hormone to stimulate bone formation.
Reining in Tumor Suppression
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Cancer cell growth is stimulated by the inhibition of a previously unknown step in cell signaling for tumor suppression.
Oncogenic EGFR Signaling Networks in Glioma
Authors: Huang Paul H. , Xu Alexander M. , White Forest M.
Published: September 2009

EGFR and downstream signaling networks contribute to the hallmark characteristics of glioma.
Come and Find Me
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

ATP and UTP released from apoptotic cells recruit the macrophages necessary for their clearance.
A Complex Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine against Rift Valley Fever Virus Protects Mice against Lethal Infection in the Presence of Preexisting Vector Immunity
Authors: Holman David H. , Penn-Nicholson Adam , Wang Danher , Woraratanadharm Jan , Harr Mary-Katherine , Luo Min , Maher Ellen M. , Holbrook Michael R. , Dong John Y.
Published: September 2009

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) has been cited as a potential biological-weapon threat due to the serious and fatal disease it causes in humans and animals and the fact that this mosquito-borne virus can be lethal in an aerosolized form. Current human and veterinary vaccines against RVFV, however, are outdated, inefficient, and unsafe. We have incorporated the RVFV glycoprotein genes into a nonreplicating complex adenovirus (CAdVax) vector platform to develop a novel RVFV vaccine. Mice vaccinated with the CAdVax-based vaccine produced potent humoral immune responses and were protected against lethal RVFV infection. Additionally, protection was elicited in mice despite preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector.