bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical Insulating Materials: International Issues
Authors: Hirschler MM
Published: April 2008

Description

The latest in electrical insulating materials is presented in 16 papers addressing four major areas: standards, properties of electrical insulating fluids, fire properties, and electrical issues.

Standards address the history of ASTM Committee D-9 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and D-27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and their respective roles in the electrical industry. Additional papers discuss the development of standards by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and IEC Technical Committee 89 on Fire Hazard Testing.

Electrical Insulating Fluids covers issues such as the development of a fully biodegradable dielectric fluid; case histories on the removal of transformers from service; analytical techniques to test for moisture; new tests for diagnosing faults in high-voltage transformers; and specifications for electrical insulating mineral oils.

Electrical Tests deals with test methods for properties of electrical interest. The section discusses a method for assessing disruptive discharge in liquid and gaseous insulation and standardized testing procedures in partial discharge measurement, which includes about 60 references and compares methods from ASTM, IEC, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A study is also presented on accelerated aging of organic electrical insulating materials, particularly those used at elevated service temperatures.

Fire Issues addresses the response of electrical materials and products to fire including the flame retardancy of various nylon and poly insulation materials; ways of decreasing the mass and volume of electrical cabling systems; and a review of fire tests for electrical materials and products in the U.S. and internationally. For electrotechnical, electrical, electronics (and plastics) professionals.
Grips, Clamps, Clamping Techniques, and Strain Measurement for Testing of Geosynthetics
Authors: Stevenson PE
Published: April 2008

Description

Twelve papers provide the tools necessary to understand the problems and techniques in testing and reporting data for strong reinforcement products and point the way toward repeatable and reproducible test methodology for those strong products.

Experiences with and improvements to ASTM D 4595 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method and its counterpart ISO 10319 are at the heart of this publication, including discussion of solutions to gripping problems, sample size, definitions, and LVDTs.

Based on the findings in STP 1379 and continued research and evaluation, Committee D-35 on Geosynthetics expects to resolve associated problems and improve testing and reporting that is based on D 4595 and ISO 10319.

Audience: A valuable tool for design engineers, engineers of record, contractors, product manufacturers, testing laboratories, federal, state and local authorities.
Durability 2000: Accelerated and Outdoor Weathering Testing
Authors: Ketola WD , Evans JD
Published: April 2008

Description

This comprehensive new volume examines the latest advances and innovations in weathering and durability testing. 13 peer-reviewed papers are divided into these sections:

Material Characterization--4 papers explore the characteristics of materials that have been subjected to exposure tests. They cover image analysis techniques for a variety of materials that can significantly improve the repeatability and reproducibility of appearance characterization and attributes; and monochromatic and polychromatic techniques for determining activation spectrum.

Developments in Exposure Tests--1 paper demonstrates the varying types and rates of degradation using the same type of test in different climates. 3 papers describe stress analysis, test design, and exposure results for accelerated tests designed to simulate interior light environments. Another discusses developments in techniques used to control irradiance, temperature, and humidity for more consistent exposure conditions. The last paper in this section explores the development of a laboratory accelerated test based on freeze/thaw immersion that has been successfully used to estimate durability of building stone.

Service Life Prediction--3 papers examine the prediction of service life, the ultimate goal of any exposure program, which is contingent upon reliable measurement s of the exposure stresses that can affect durability. They explore the use of a computer model that can determine the spectral power distribution of daylight in many different locations, and thermal load and other construction and design parameters to determine the durability of a variety of roofing materials. The last paper shows how characterization of the properties of a glass and its response to accelerated environmental stresses can be used to determine that a sculpture made of the glass will remain relatively unchanged for at least 20 years.
Multiaxial Fatigue and Deformation: Testing and Prediction
Authors: Kalluri S , Bonacuse PJ
Published: April 2008

Description

This comprehensive new ASTM publication examines state-of-the-art multiaxial testing techniques and methods for characterizing the fatigue and deformation behaviors of engineering materials. 25 analytical, peer-reviewed papers, written by experts from academia, industry, and government, are divided into the following sections:

Multiaxial Strength of Materials--addresses multiaxial strength, stress, and failure modes of materials.

Multiaxial Deformation of Materials--investigates constitutive relationships and deformation behavior of materials under multiaxial loading conditions.

Fatigue Life Prediction under Generic Multiaxial Loads--examines the challenging task of estimating fatigue life under general multiaxial loads.

Fatigue Life Prediction under Specific Multiaxial Loads--describes biaxial and multiaxial fatigue and life estimation under combinations of cyclic loading conditions, such as axial tension/compression, bending, and torsion.

Multiaxial Fatigue Life and Crack Growth Estimation--covers crack growth monitoring under cyclic mulitaxial loading conditions and determination of fatigue life.

Multiaxial Experimental Techniques--explores state-of-the-art experimental methods to generate mulitaxial deformation and fatigue data to develop and verify both constitutive models used to describe the flow behavior of materials and fatigue life estimation models.
Testing and Performance of Geosynthetics in Subsurface Drainage
Authors: Suits LD , Goddard JB , Baldwin JS
Published: April 2008

Description

This unique volume provides new information on the testing, application, and installation of geosynthetics used in drainage applications in roadway and landfills. 9 papers divided into 3 sections cover the following:

Field Performance Studies--examines the performance of 3 different geocomposite materials. They include a geonet with a geotextile, a geopipe wrapped with a geotextile, and geocomposite capillary drain barrier.

Pavement Design And Drainage--describes the use of geocomposite drainage layers in the base and subgrade of a roadway system, the use of geosynthetics in pavement drainage in cold climates, the development of performance-based specifications for highway edge drains, and some key installation issues on the use of geocomposite edge drain systems.

Testing--explores 4 different laboratory testing programs to evaluate different aspects of geosynthetic drainage systems. They include the laboratory testing of a toe drain with a geotextile sock, two reports on a modified gradient ratio test system with micro pore pressure transducers inserted into the system, and a discussion on the influence of test conditions on transmissivity test results for geotextile drains.

STP 1390 is a valuable resource for engineers in the following fields: geotechnical, geosynthetic, transportation, hydraulics, pavement, sanitary, and environmental. Also for civil engineering consultants, project inspectors, and testing agencies.
Structural Integrity of Fasteners: Second Volume
Authors: Toor PM
Published: April 2008

Description

The latest in structural integrity of fasteners, including manufacturing processes, methods and models for predicting crack initiation and propagation, fatigue and fracture experiments, structural integrity analysis and failure analysis is presented in 14 peer-reviewed papers.

Four main areas of focus examine: failure approaches, fatigue and fracture, analysis techniques and testing procedures.

Failure mechanisms are discussed in four papers covering real applications of fasteners from assembly process of a hybrid nylon and steel agricultural wheel to high strength failures in steel components. Issues such as design inadequacy and life prediction methodologies under bending loads are also addressed.

Three papers highlight fatigue crack growth state-of-the-art methodology, including testing and analytical techniques. An experimental program to investigate the effect of fasteners on the fatigue life of fiber reinforced composites that are used extensively in the industry discusses the failure mode of these composites. Additional papers discuss experimental results of low alloy steel fasteners subjected to simultaneous bending and axial loads; and cracks in threaded fasteners.

Current analysis techniques used to evaluate the structural integrity of fasteners are discussed in three papers including one addressing the breaking load method, which is a residual strength method that was used in assessment of stress corrosion in high strength steel fasteners. Measuring thread lap behavior and stress intensity factor solutions are also addressed.

Four papers examine testing procedures including the criterion for lifetime acceptance test limits for larger diameter rolled threaded fasteners in accordance with the aerospace tension fatigue acceptance criteria for rolled threads. In addition, there is discussion of an experimental technique to evaluate fatigue crack growth in preflawed bolt shanks under tension loads.

Also included is an up-to-date bibliography giving references on stress intensity factor solutions related to fasteners application under axial and bending loading.
Mechanical, Thermal and Environmental Testing and Performance of Ceramic Composites and Components
Authors: Jenkins MG , Lara-Curzio E , Gonczy ST
Published: April 2008

Description

This concise, archival reference examines the results of the latest research and development programs on continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs). It examines specific issues, such as thermal stresses, stress gradients, measurement capabilities, gripping methods, environmental effects, statistical considerations, and limited material quantities.

22 peer-reviewed papers are divided into 4 major categories:

• Room-Temperature Test Results/Methods

• Test Results/Methods Related to Design Implications

• Environmental Effects and Characterization

• Damage Accumulation and Material Development

Please note: This volume serves as an excellent companion to STP 1309/Thermal and Mechanical Test Methods and Behavior of Continuous-Fiber Ceramic Composites.

This publication will be of value to

• Gas Turbine Designers

• Materials Scientists

• Ceramicists

• Power Systems Engineers

• Mechanical and Design Engineers
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Ninth Volume
Authors: Steinberg TA , Newton BE , Beeson HD
Published: April 2008

Description

The ninth volume in this ongoing series features the latest data on oxygen compatibility, safe systems designs, and metallic and nonmetallic ignition and combustion processes. 32 peer-reviewed papers are divided into the following key areas:

Overview--reviews and compares current test methods used in the selection of appropriate materials for use in oxygen service.

Material Selection--investigates the appropriate use and selection of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.

Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals--discusses the results of studies on the ignition and combustability of various polymeric materials with regard to age, oxidizing environments, and particle impact in high-pressure oxygen.

Ignition and Combustion of Metals--examines ignition and combustion data for various metals at elevated temperatures, including carbon steels, stainless steels, nickel alloys, aluminum, and aluminum alloys.

Analysis of Ignition and Combustion--details theoretical work related to the ignition and combustion of metals and nonmetals in oxygen–enriched atmospheres.

Failure Analysis and Safety--covers forensic analysis of welding and medical regulator fires; training of emergency medical service personal in the U.S., Canada, and France; and the ignition potential of scuba systems.

Structured Packings for Air Separation Plants--provides insight into the controlling mechanisms of the violent energy release and explores ignition-combustion data for aluminum packing and trayed columns in liquid oxygen. It also presents the results of a large experimental program investigating the flammability of brazed aluminum heat exchanger samples in both gaseous and liquid oxygen.

Miscellaneous--includes a mix of subjects relevant to the study of material compatibility in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Topics begin with a new promoted-ignition combustion system being used to study the flammability of metallic materials in gaseous oxygen and end with the use of autoignition temperature data to statistically predict the ignition sensitivity of nonmetallics when subjected to a pneumatic gaseous impact.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Twentieth Volume
Authors: Viets AK , Tann RS , Mueninghoff JC
Published: April 2008

Description

15 papers address six areas:

Regulatory Issues increasingly impact the formulation chemist's job. Papers address how implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) is proceeding and describe cooperative efforts between CPDA and EPA regarding the use of "inerts" in pesticide applications.

Application and Spray Drift papers cover water based application and droplet formation, as well as physical measurements of the liquid's properties that impact the droplet formation.

Methods papers address two new ASTM methods to characterize tank mix adjuvant functionality and a multi-purpose suspension in water test method developed by the German methods development group, DAPF.

Efficacy presentations discuss factors influencing biological efficacy of pesticides.

Safety and Toxicology papers explain the required toxicology data for EPA approval of a new pesticide formulation component for general use; and the production plant safety decision system.

New/Improved Formulation Approaches are covered in six papers focusing primarily on how to develop better formulations with either the right components or the right process
Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Predictive Methods for Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Materials, Equipment, and Structures
Authors: Kane RD
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1401 is the most comprehensive volume to be published on this topic within the past ten years. It features the latest international developments on the generation of relevant materials and properties data based on laboratory tests, and methodologies for the evaluation and assessment of environmental assisted cracking in equipment and structures exposed to corrosive service environments.

27 peer-reviewed papers, written by leading scientists and experts worldwide, discuss:

• Uses of electrochemical, surface analysis, slow strain rate, and fracture mechanics techniques.

• Correlation between laboratory and in-service cracking resistance.

• State-of-the art developments in fitness-for-service and risk assessment methodologies.

• Monitoring of equipment and structures for environmentally assisted cracking.

• Uses of corrosion models to understand mechanisms and predict service life of equipment.
Performance of Exterior Building Walls
Authors: Johnson PG
Published: April 2008

Description

Get the latest information on testing, analysis, development, and design of exterior building wall systems. 20 peer-reviewed papers examine a broad spectrum of topics, including:

• Product Development

• Code Issues

• Seismic Considerations

• Wind Evaluation

• Methods to Predict Condensation

• Current Standards and Future Considerations

• And More!

This publication is a valuable resource for architects, engineers, contractors, those involved in materials testing and development, and educators in architectural and engineering departments.
Thermal Measurements: The Foundation of Fire Standards
Authors: Gritzo LA , Alvares N
Published: April 2008

Description

Eleven peer-reviewed papers address the significant challenges associated with performing thermal measurements as part of fire standards development, testing and analysis. The testing environment and the results of fire standards tests are almost always based on one or more thermal measurements. Measurements of importance include temperature, heat flux, calorimetry, and gas species concentrations. These measurements are also of primary importance to the experimental validation of computer models of fire growth and material response. Topics cover:

Temperature--despite the frequency of temperature measurement to characterize test environments and material response, challenges remain in consistently performing measurements with quantified uncertainty. This section addresses temperature measurement of conditions ranging from thermal fields in furnace environments to thermal response of engulfed objects in large pool fires and thermal protection effectiveness of firefighter’s clothing. Thermocouples, while straightforward in use and operation, are illustrated as deserving consideration of the uncertainty in measurements for each specific application.

Heat Flux--measurements of heat flux are useful to define the fire thermal field for purposes of evaluating material thermal response. Several established gauges have been extensively in fire standards. As with temperature measurements, the resulting uncertainty varies with the gauge design and the environment. The magnitude of this uncertainty, and the need to perform cost-effective experiments and tests, has yielded some new designs and application techniques. Significant progress associated with existing methods address calibration, angular sensitivity, and uncertainty quantification under large fire conditions.

Calorimetry and Ignition Energy--although not as common as heat flux and temperature measurements, these parameters often play the key role in fire standards for the role they play in the initiation, growth, and spread of fire environments. Heat release rate measurements and the evaluation of oxygen are also discussed. In addition, uncertainty in the measurement of ignition energy is also explored. Modern diagnostics and tools allow a closer look at legacy methods and techniques for performing these measurements.

Audience: This new publication is a valuable reference guide for researchers and engineers who need to measure temperature, radiant flux, and heat transfer; scientists and engineers involved in testing flammability limits of vapor phrase mixtures; testing laboratory personnel; and university professors and students.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Materials: 4th Volume
Authors: McGaw MA , Kalluri S , Bressers J , Peteves SD
Published: April 2008

Description

Twenty-one peer-reviewed papers examine cyclic deformation and modeling, damage mechanisms and fatigue life prediction of materials under thermomechanical loading conditions. It also contains the latest testing techniques for performing thermomechanical tests on material specimens.

Sections cover:

Thermomechanical Deformation Behavior and Modeling details the rapid advances in computational technology to identify and characterize the complex viscoplastic deformation of materials under thermomechanical conditions.

Damage Mechanisms Under Thermomechanical Fatigue discusses coated alloys, single crystal nickel-base superalloys, and titanium aluminide materials.

Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior (TMF) and Cyclic Life Prediction examines an approach utilizing fracture mechanics for TMF life prediction, coated TMF behavior of a monocrystalline superalloy, fatigue behavior characterization of uncoated and coated superalloys under TMF conditions, complex loading effects, and applications in the automotive arena.

Experimental Techniques for Themomechanical Testing deals with the development and implementation of sophisticated experimental testing techniques for improving thermomechanical fatigue testing capability.

This is a reliable engineering tool for aerospace, automotive, mechanical, and civil engineers; structural analysts; mechanical designers; and materials scientists.
Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems: Meeting the Challenges of the Current Crop Protection Industry
Authors: Downer RA , Mueninghoff JC , Volgas GC
Published: April 2008

Description

This unique, new volume provides sixteen peer-reviewed papers, which address global topics related to the delivery of crop protection agents to their intended target sites. These papers demonstrate how the industry is working together in a rational and integrated manner with a view to continuing the production of CPA’s that are safe to the user, the consumer and the environment. Subjects covered, include:

From Clinton to Bush: Continuity and Change in Federal Pesticide Policy--addresses topics relating to the legal issues facing the industry and matters concerning inert ingredients

Formulation Ingredients and Design--covers a range of topics including novel polymeric dispersants, clays as microbial carriers, and Alkyl Citrate Ester surfactants. The sessions on formulation ingredients and design were created to appeal to formulation chemists and suppliers of formulation ingredients, as well as to biologists and engineers.

Delivery Strategies--examines non-traditional topics, including bees as delivery agents. More conventional topics include the multiple roles of surfactants in foliar application of systemic compounds; drift reduction using air inclusion nozzle technology; pulse width modulated sprays used for flow rate and droplet size control; application of abscission sprays to orange trees; use of adjuvants to influence Diuron and Norflurazon activity; and the use of humectants to with sulfosulfuron and glyphosate.

Audience: This volume is a valuable source of information for formulation chemists, regulators, and those in industries related to application, e.g., sprayer and nozzle manufacturers.
Behavior of Irradiated Zircaloy-4 Fuel Cladding Under Simulated LOCA Conditions
Authors: Ozawa M , Takahashi T , Homma T , Goto K
Published: April 2008

High-temperature oxidation and mechanical strength under a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) were investigated using irradiated and unirradiated fuel cladding. Cladding from fuel rods irradiated up to 49 GWD/MTU in a Japanese commercial PWR and unirradiated cladding, most of which was preoxidized and precharged with hydrogen to simulate high burnup fuel, were subjected to the tests. High-temperature oxidation tests showed that the oxidation weight gain for irradiated cladding was equal to, or slightly lower than, that for unirradiated material. Preoxidized cladding showed less oxidation weight gain, and no effect of hydrogen absorption on oxidation behavior was observed. The mechanical tests (uniaxial strength and ductility) after a thermal sequence simulating a LOCA showed comparable behavior with that of unirradiated cladding, due to the recovery of the irradiated microstructure. These test results suggest: (1) there is no adverse effect of irradiation on the high-temperature oxidation behavior; and (2) radiation damage in cladding is eliminated during a LOCA condition.
Delayed Hydride Cracking in Irradiated Zircaloy Cladding
Authors: Efsing P , Pettersson K
Published: April 2008

Slow stable crack growth by a mechanism identified as a form of delayed hydride cracking has been studied on irradiated Zircaloy cladding. The background to the investigation was the formation of long axial cracks in defected fuel rods. Post-irradiation examination of such fuel rods has indicated that precipitation and subsequent cracking of hydrides at the tips of the long cracks has played an important role in the crack growth process. The present investigation conducted on irradiated cladding with hydrogen concentrations above about 500 ppm has demonstrated that a hydrogen-induced crack growth process can occur in such material. In the laboratory it was necessary to subject the samples to an overtemperature cycle in order to initiate crack growth after fatigue precracking. It was also observed that an incubation time on the order of 20 h was necessary before crack growth started. The crack growth rates were strongly dependent on the applied stress intensity factor K in a narrow range above a threshold value KIH, which was about 10 MPa√m, Stage I. The growth rate then reached a plateau value when it was independent of K, Stage II. This plateau value was about 10-6 m/s at 300°C and about 2 × 10-7 m/s at 200°C. This temperature dependence is consistent with a mechanism based on stress-induced diffusion of hydrogen at the stress concentration of the crack tip. Metallographic and fractographic observations suggest that the details of the mechanism can be best described as a localized reduction of fracture toughness due to reorientation of hydrides so that they become perpendicular to the applied stress in the region of the crack tip. This is somewhat in contrast to previous DHC mechanisms in which longer-range diffusion of hydrogen to one large hydride at the crack tip is usually modeled. The difference is that in the present case the hydride content is higher and therefore more hydrides are present.
Spinal Implants: Are We Evaluating Them Appropriately?
Authors: Melkerson MN , Kirkpatrick JS , Griffith S
Published: April 2008

Description

Meet the challenges and demands facing professionals in the dynamic field of spinal implants. Sections cover:

Spinal Constructs presents developments and results associated with the application of ASTM F1717 test methods. Papers describe the clinical results from spinal constructs having marketing clearance or approval using these test methods; address device failure modes; and examine corrosion seen with explanted devices. Other papers evaluate impact on results due to gauge length used in tests; mobility or constraint of the test blocks; and use of transverse rod connections.

Spinal Device Components, Subassemblies, and Interconnections using ASTM F1798, this section discusses test methods for new components or modifications to existing components of a construct. Papers describe the impact from application of different transverse connector designs on clinical outcomes; and evaluate impact on bench testing results due to protection of the longitudinal member, anchoring materials, gauge length, mobility or constraint of the test blocks.

Interbody Spacers and Intervertebral Body Fusion Devices provides the latest developments and results associated with the application of ASTM F2077 test methods for intervertebral body fusion devices. Papers cover the clinical results from lumbar interbody fusion devices; the causes of some of these devices that extruded; strength testing methodologies; and the usefulness of pull-out or push-out testing for spinal cages.

Functional Spinal Devices and/or Artificial Discs examines comparative cadaveric testing, durability testing, and alternative test methods for spinal constructs intended for posterior stabilization without fusion.

Suggested Test Methods, Models, Fixtures, or Needed Improvements addresses today's limitations and tomorrow's concerns in spinal implants standards. Some papers describe the results from alternative models for fusion, non-fusion, or functional spinal implants; and others examine the impact on testing due to preload, block design, and material properties.

Audience: This new publication is a valuable resource for designing engineers, surgeons, researchers, and regulatory entities who test and evaluate the appropriateness of a devices' design and materials.
A New Fabrication Process for Zr-Lined Zircaloy-2 Tubing
Authors: Abe H , Takeda K , Uehira A , Anada H , Furugen M
Published: April 2008

A new fabrication process for Zr-lined Zircaloy-2 cladding tubes was developed, including a cold pilgering pass schedule and an appropriate heat treatment. In this study, the effect of tool design in cold pilgering on the quality of tubes was investigated. Cold pilgering tests were performed using tools with different tool curves. Simultaneously, for each tool the plastic strain and stress in the tubes during cold pilgering were simulated using a theoretical plastic deformation model. The investigations indicated that an abrupt change in the strain and stress in the tubes during cold pilgering should be avoided to prevent crack formation in the tubes. The results made possible the use of higher reduction (91%) in cold pilgering. Also, anappropriate heat treatment for the properties of the final tubes in the new process was investigated. It indicated that quenching the tubeshell and the intermediate annealing temperature had a small effect on the mechanical properties. To obtain both nodular and uniform corrosion resistance the appropriate precipitate size was in the range 140 to 170 nm. β-quenching of the tubeshell was not effective for improving the uniform corrosion resistance. An appropriate intermediate annealing temperature was in the range 823 to 953 K for the α+β quenched and for the α-annealed tubeshells. These results led to the new fabrication process for Zr-lined Zircaloy-2 cladding tubes (12 mm outside diameter) in which the final tube was fabricated using only two cold pilgering passes from the tubeshell (63.5 mm outside diameter).
Mechanism of Corrosion Rate Degradation Due to Tin
Authors: Takeda K , Anada H
Published: April 2008

The microstructure, crystal structure, and morphology of oxide films growing on zirconium alloys have been studied to better understand the effect of tin on the corrosion of Zircaloy. Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr sheets whose tin content varied from 0.09 to 1.41% were prepared and corroded in 400°C static steam for 300 days. The weight gain increased consistently with tin content. When the oxide film thickness was the same among all specimens, glancing angle XRD and TEM examination indicated a thick tetragonal ZrO2 inner layer only on the low-tin content alloy. The distribution of tin in the oxide films was analyzed using high-resolution EDX. Tin was enriched at the boundaries of the oxide crystallites. Tin concentration at the crystallite boundaries increased with the tin content of the alloy. Tin oxide was observed at the crystallite boundaries of the monoclinic ZrO2 layer by a high-resolution TEM image. When the condensed tin is oxidized, it expands, transforming the oxide from tetragonal to monoclinic, which in turn leads to the loss of a dense oxide layer. The low-tin content alloy consequently shows high-corrosion resistance owing to the smaller amount of tin condensing at the oxide grain boundaries.
Influence of Transition Elements Fe, Cr, and V on Long-Time Corrosion in PWRs
Authors: Broy Y , Garzarolli F , Seibold A , Van Swam LF
Published: April 2008

Two major factors that affect corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-type alloys have been evaluated in a PWR cladding development program ongoing since the early eighties. One of the important parameters was found to be the alloying concentration and distribution of transition elements.

The influence of transition elements (Fe, Cr, and V) was studied on corrosion coupons and experimental fuel rods. Isothermal long-time corrosion tests were performed out-of-pile (1 to 3 years in 300 to 370°C) pressurized water and 400°C steam with and without LiOH additions) and in PWRs (up to 6 years at 310 to 335°C). Experimental fuel rods were irradiated in PWRs up to nine annual cycles.

The experiments show a large reduction of corrosion rate with increasing content of transition elements in all environments. Above a certain transition element content no further improvement in corrosion is observed. The test results clearly suggest the use of transition element concentrations higher than specified by ASTM for Zircaloy-2 and -4. The beneficial effect of transition elements increases with increasing exposure time. The most significant effect of corrosion behavior was seen after six years of PWR exposure, especially at high temperatures.

Different transition elements influence corrosion differently, depending on the environment. Out-of-pile in 350 to 370°C pressurized water and 400°C steam, a beneficial effect is exhibited only for Fe, but not for Cr and V. In PWR and in diluted LiOH autoclave tests, all three transition elements reduce corrosion.

for Zr-based alloys with transition element (TE) concentrations meeting the ASTM Zircaloy-4 specification range, the fraction of corrosion hydrogen picked up by the metal increases with increasing corrosion resistance. Zr-based alloys with enhanced transition element concentrations (above the ASTM limits) exhibit reduced hydrogen pickup fractions.
Microstructural Aspects of Corrosion and Hydrogen Ingress in Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Urbanic VF , Griffiths M
Published: April 2008

Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes for CANDU® reactors are nominally extruded at 815°C, cold-worked about 27%, and stress-relieved at 400°C for 24 h. The resulting structure consists of elongated α-Zr grains interspersed with a network of thin β-Zr filaments. Corrosion tests on unirradiated and preirradiated material have investigated the effects of microstructure and microchemistry on corrosion and hydrogen ingress. In two-phase (α-Zr+β-Zr) structures, the corrosion and hydrogen pickup increases with increasing volume fraction of β-Zr. Corrosion is highest for single β-phase material although hydrogen pickup reverts to a minimum value. Tests on alloys with low Nb concentration show that the optimum corrosion resistance occurs at a Nb content of about 0.1 wt% Nb. Thermal aging the metastable two-phase structure reduces corrosion and is consistent with a lower β-phase volume fraction and a lower concentration of Nb in the α-phase.

Cold working the as-extruded two-phase structure up to about 80%, prior to stress relieving, reduces the out-reactor corrosion by about a factor of two. However, in-reactor, the benefits of cold work are negligible since there is a suppression of corrosion in irradiated Zr-2.5Nb that dominates all other effects. Irradiation results in an increase in dislocation density due to dislocation loop formation and also enhances the progression to an equilibrium α-phase composition manifested by the appearance of Nb-rich precipitates. Both of these effects of irradiation on microstructure are associated with improved corrosion properties based on tests of materials with controlled microstructures and microchemistry. Any thermally induced decomposition of the α-phase, resulting from the stress-relief heat-treatment, is slowed or even reversed by irradiation, depending on flux and temperature, and is therefore unlikely to have a significant effect on corrosion of irradiated materials. One of the most important factors leading to improved corrosion properties in Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubing seems to be the precipitation of β-Nb particles and the concomitant reduction of Nb in the matrix of the α-Zr grains during irradiation. Apart from any direct effects of cold-working or dislocation loop formation, it is likely that increased dislocation densities will also enhance Nb precipitation.
Corrosion of Electron-Irradiated Zr-2.5Nb and Zircaloy-2
Authors: Woo OT , McDougall GM , Hutcheon RM , Urbanic VF , Griffiths M , Coleman CE
Published: April 2008

We used 10-MeV electrons to rapidly produce radiation damage in zirconium alloys, investigated whether electrons produced the same microstructural changes as neutrons, then performed post-irradiation corrosion tests to determine whether electron-irradiated materials displayed similar corrosion behavior to neutron-irradiated materials.

Two irradiations were completed using 10-MeV electrons with the beam normal to thin disks of material of a diameter slightly larger than the beam. The beam distribution and disk cooling were designed to produce radial temperature and dose distributions having maxima at the disk center. A high-temperature irradiation was performed on annealed Zr-2.5Nb disks, achieving a central dose of 1.3 dpa and at a central temperature of ≈450°C. After irradiation, the samples contained needle-like β-Nb precipitates in the α-Zr matrix similar to those produced by neutrons. A low-temperature irradiation was performed on half-moon disks of Zr-2.5Nb and Zircaloy-2 pressure tube materials at 310°C central temperature and 1.3-dpa central dose. Dislocation loops were observed, again similar to those produced in neutron-irradiated materials.

Some of the high-temperature electron-irradiated disks were exposed to 300°C moist air (saturated with D2O), and in separate tests, high- and low-temperature irradiated disks were corroded in 300°C D2O (11.0 pD at room temperature) in an autoclave. Measurements of oxide thickness by Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that electron irradiation reduced the corrosion rate of Zr-2.5Nb compared with that of unirradiated material, as observed for neutron irradiation. For exposures to moist air and to D2O, the theoretical deuterium uptakes for the electron-irradiated materials were, respectively, about 4 times and 1.5 to 2 times those for the unirradiated materials. This is also in good agreement with results for neutron-irradiated pressure tube materials. Thus, 10-MeV electrons produced the same corrosion behavior as fast neutrons in post-irradiation corrosion tests of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials. For Zircaloy-2, the corrosion rates were the same for both electron-irradiated and unirradiated materials, similar to those observed for neutron-irradiated Zircaloy-4.
Correlation Between Characteristics of Oxide Films Formed on Zr Alloys in BWRs and Corrosion Performance
Authors: Nanikawa S , Etoh Y , Shimada S , Kubo T , Ito K , Harada H
Published: April 2008

The electric resistance of oxide films formed on various Zr alloys in steam at 673 K and in BWRs were measured by an a-c impedance method to investigate the mobilities of the electric charges. The effects of oxide microstructure on transport of electric charges were investigated by TEM.

Impedance responses differed significantly between unirradiated pre- and post-transition films, although TEM observations gave no clear difference in crystal shapes and sizes of the oxide films. The results of a-c impedance measurements showed that the pre-transition oxide films had a fairly low electronic conductivity. This high resistance corresponded to the presence of a space charge layer near the outer surface of the oxide films which was in contact with the electrolyte. On the other hand, electronic conductivity of post-transition oxide films was about a thousand times higher than that of the pre-transition films.

The a-c impedance method was applied to ten kinds of Zr alloys irradiated in a BWR for four cycles. Only high Fe,Ni/Zry-2 and high Fe/Zry-2 alloys indicated responses similar to those of unirradiated pre-transition oxide films. This implied good corrosion performance for up to four irradiation cycles without oxidation rate transition. Furthermore, the alloys whose oxide had a lower electronic conductivity showed a smaller weight gain.
Constructing Smooth Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavements
Authors: Gardiner MS
Published: April 2008

Description

Ten peer-reviewed papers give you a timely look at HMA smoothness measurements, specifications, and equipment. Evidence shows that pavements constructed with low roughness measurements perform longer with fewer needed maintenance activities than pavements with a higher level of initial roughness. This collection of papers, written by industry experts, provides an overview of the current approaches to constructing smooth HMA pavements.

Three sections cover:

State Agency Perspective—provides insight into both the history of the development and the implementation of ride quality specifications for new hot mix asphalt pavements in Alabama, Arizona, New Jersey, Virginia, and Tennessee. These papers highlight the wide range of differences in equipment and approaches used to quantify HMA smoothness by state agencies across the country. This information will provide the readers with insight into complexities associated with developing and implementing ride quality specifications.

National and International Perspectives—uses analysis of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) national pavement database to determine the affect of various construction alternatives on the smoothness of the final HMA surface. It also presents correlation equations that relate the traditional, but slow, method of measuring roughness with a hand-operated profilograph to that measured with the state-of-the-art vehicle-mounted. A second paper compares the use of six devices for measuring roughness on recently constructed Taiwan highways. This information will prove especially useful for agencies faced with assessing ride quality in confined urban areas.

Equipment Comparisons, Materials Considerations, and Analyses—focuses on how various HMA mixtures, friction courses, and construction practices influence smoothness measurements and pavement quality; and compares the results obtained from an inclinometer profiler and a vehicle mounted profiler when used to test a wide range of HMA mixtures. Correlations between construction practices and their influence on roughness are also presented. It also discusses a new method for analyzing the raw profile obtained by a wide range of profilers. This analysis method can be used to improve data processing for any equipment that collects the raw profile

This new publication is a valuable technical resource for

• Consulting and Paving Design Firms

• Pavement Design Engineers

• Asphalt Suppliers and Contractors

• Federal, State, and Local Government Personnel involved with Road and Highway Management and Development

• Asphalt Researchers
On the Variation of Compliance Measurements in Polymeric Solids
Authors: Bradley SW , Bradley WL , Puckett PM
Published: April 2008

Polymeric solids have tensile creep compliance, compression creep compliance, flexural creep compliance, and tangential or incremental tensile and compressive compliance. While these compliance values would all be numerically the same in a given metal, they will all be numerically distinct in polymeric solids. This paper investigates why these compliance values vary in polymeric solids and presents experimental data to indicate the magnitude of this variation between several of these compliance values in iso-polyesters and vinylesters. The tensile creep compliance is found to be ∼15% greater than the flexural creep compliance in vinylesters while the incremental compliance at 3700 hours in a creep test is found to be approximately 25% less than the initial compliance on loading for iso-polyesters. The measured tensile and flexural creep compliances may be used to calculate the compressive creep compliance.
Resilient Modulus Testing for Pavement Components
Authors: Durham GN , DeGroff WL , Marr WA
Published: April 2008

Description

Nineteen peer-reviewed papers address the latest issues affecting the resilient modulus test and use of the test results. Resilient modulus indicates the stiffness of a soil under controlled confinement conditions and repeated loading. The test is intended to simulate the stress conditions that occur in the base and subgrade of a pavement system.

Papers cover:

• Repeatability of the test by testing replicated test specimens under the same conditions.

• Background of test startup and QC procedures

• Review of the LTPP test program

• Effect of water content and pore water pressure buildup on the resilient modulus of unsaturated and saturated cohesive soils

• Importance of the value of resilient modulus on required pavement thickness

This book is a valuable resource for highway engineers, geotechnical engineers, laboratory personnel who conduct pavement tests, pavement designers, and foundation engineers.
European Activity on Instrumented Impact Testing of Subsize Charpy V-Notch Specimens (ESIS TC5)
Authors: Lucon E
Published: April 2008

In the frame of the activities of the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) and within the Technical sub-committee 5 on “Dynamic Testing at Intermediate Strain Rates,” a working group was formed in 1991 to address the subject of subsize specimen impact testing. In parallel with drafting a test procedure, this group has organized and carried out an interlaboratory round-robin exercise aimed at validating the procedure and clarifying several aspects of the methodology. The round-robin involved thirteen labs, two of which were from the U.S., and was subdivided into two phases. This paper presents an overview of the activity of this ESIS working group, with specific emphasis on the round-robin results, which will be presented and discussed.
Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance
Authors: Locat J , Cloutier RG , Chaney R , Demars K
Published: April 2008

Description

This new publication reviews recent advances in contaminated sediments-management-related research and focuses on the engineering aspects of contaminant transport, erosion, stability, monitoring, and modeling. It identifies both established and innovative physico-chemical and biological tests and methods used to characterize and evaluate properties and behavior of contaminated sediments, as well as the potential for contaminant transfer. This data reflects recent work carried out on large coastal investigations and on natural and artificial capping of contaminated sediments.

Twenty-three peer-reviewed papers cover:

Sediment Characterization of contaminated sediments has become more and more complex. It involves ex situ techniques from standard tests (e.g., physical properties) to biological analysis in addition to all the chemical analyses, but also in situ ones like erodability tests.

Mitigation and Restoration Methods are diversified and touch on many different environments from river sediments and harbor lagoons to land reclamation. They involve techniques ranging from the use of geotextiles and geocomposites to selective sequential extraction methods

Monitoring and Performance aspects of contaminated sediments are largely supported by extensive site investigations, like the Southern California project, but also by the development of modeling tools.

In addition, four peer-reviewed papers in this volume summarize a five-year research effort aimed at evaluating the performance of a catastrophic capping layer resulting from the major 1996 Saguenay flood disaster that proved to be very beneficial to the Saguenay Fjord environment and ecosystem by covering most of the ancient contaminated sediments.

Audience: This book is an invaluable resource for environmental engineers and scientists, water quality engineers, soil scientists, geotechnical engineers, and environmentalists, educators, and legislators.