bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of analytical methods for fuselage design: Validation by means of finite element analyses
Authors: Boni L , Fanteria D
Published: November 2004

The paper presents the results of a set of finite element analyses (FEAs) carried out to support the development of an integrated design procedure that, based on semi-empirical and analytical methods, is capable of defining generic fuselage sections of a transport aircraft. The procedure, which is implemented in a structural optimization code, defines a structure that, compliant with durability and damage tolerance requirements, is characterized by a post-critical behaviour of the stiffened panels and by a design of the frames that takes the frame flexibility and the presence of the floor beams into account.

FEAs, carried out on a reference configuration defined by the optimization code, are used to acquire a deeper knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the analytical approach in the design of complex structures subjected to realistic load cases. In particular, the influence of the actual frame flexibility on the distribution of the skin shear flow induced by the frame is evaluated; moreover, the effects on the stress distribution in skin and frames, caused by the presence of the stringers, and of the stiffness concentration introduced by the floor beam are addressed.

Finite element method results demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical model of the flexible frame in evaluating the shear flow that a single loaded frame transfers to the skin and highlight the effects of the presence of adjacent loaded frames. By means of geometrically non-linear FEAs, the effects of the stringers on the stress distribution of a pressurized cylinder are evaluated, as well as the magnitude and extension of the perturbation introduced by the floor beams.
Numerical and experimental study of the effect of inclination on the thermal behaviour of natural convection inside a thin electronic equipment casing
Authors: Kitamura Y , Ishizuka M , Nakagawa S
Published: November 2004

With rapid increase in the power dissipation density in modern electronic equipment, the cooling design of electronic equipment becomes increasingly important. For widely used forced-convection air-cooled systems, the reliability and acoustic noise of the fan present serious concerns as the air velocity is increased to enhance the cooling capacity. Thus, the interest in natural-convection air cooling is growing to take advantages of the low noise and energy saving inherent in that cooling mode. One method of promoting the capacity of natural air cooling is to incline the electronics casing and thereby induce draft air by what is called the chimney effect. However, the effect of inclination on the thermal behaviour and the cooling capacity has not yet been fully understood owing to the involvement of many parameters in driving the draft air. This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies on the effect of casing inclination on the temperature rise across the casing. Numerical simulation was carried out to find the thermal behaviour inside a thin electronic equipment casing. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. A thermal design guide is obtained regarding how the cooling effect is improved by increasing the inclination angle.
Methods of structural analysis and computer program JANA2000
Authors: Petříček Václav , Dušek Michal
Published: November 2004

State of the art is presented in the field of structure analysis of aperiodic crystals. Based on the superspace theory that recovers translation periodicity of aperiodic crystals in a (3 + d)-dimensional space, generalized crystallographic methods have been developed that work analogous to standard tools in the classical crystallography. After introducing the basic types of modulations their combination and possible discontinuity is discussed as well as the basic concepts of composite structures. The ways of solution of modulated structures are described with special emphasis to the heavy atom method as an instructive example. The potential of the refinement methods is perspicuous in the example of hexagonal perovskite structure with discontinuous modulation functions and modulated anharmonic ADP. Finally we describe the basic features of the computing system Jana2000 that is the most used program in the field.
Genetics of Species Differences in the Wild Annual Sunflowers, Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris
Authors: Lexer Christian , Rosenthal David M , Raymond Olivier , Donovan Lisa A , Rieseberg Loren H
Published: November 2004

Much of our knowledge of speciation genetics stems from quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. However, interpretations of the size and distribution of QTL underlying species differences are complicated by differences in the way QTL magnitudes are estimated. Also, many studies fail to exploit information about QTL directions or to compare inter- and intraspecific QTL variation. Here, we comprehensively analyze an extensive QTL data set for an interspecific backcross between two wild annual sunflowers, Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris, interpret different estimates of QTL magnitudes, identify trait groups that have diverged through selection, and compare inter- and intraspecific QTL magnitudes. Our results indicate that even minor QTL (in terms of backcross variance) may be surprisingly large compared to levels of standing variation in the parental species or phenotypic differences between them. Morphological traits, particularly flower morphology, were more strongly or consistently selected than life history or physiological traits. Also, intraspecific QTL were generally smaller than interspecific ones, consistent with the prediction that larger QTL are more likely to spread to fixation across a subdivided population. Our results inform the genetics of species differences in Helianthus and suggest an approach for the simultaneous mapping of inter- and intraspecific QTL.
Protein Kinase A Regulates Constitutive Expression of Small Heat-Shock Genes in an Msn2/4p-Independent and Hsf1p-Dependent Manner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ferguson Scott B , Anderson Erik S , Harshaw Robyn B , Thate Tim , Craig Nancy L , Nelson Hillary C M
Published: November 2004

Hsf1p, the heat-shock transcription factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has a low level of constitutive transcriptional activity and is kept in this state through negative regulation. In an effort to understand this negative regulation, we developed a novel genetic selection that detects altered expression from the HSP26 promoter. Using this reporter strain, we identified mutations and dosage compensators in the Ras/cAMP signaling pathway that decrease cAMP levels and increase expression from the HSP26 promoter. In yeast, low cAMP levels reduce the catalytic activity of the cAMP-dependent kinase PKA. Previous studies had proposed that the stress response transcription factors Msn2p/4p, but not Hsf1p, are repressed by PKA. However, we found that reduction or elimination of PKA activity strongly derepresses transcription of the small heat-shock genes HSP26 and HSP12, even in the absence of MSN2/4. In a strain deleted for MSN2/4 and the PKA catalytic subunits, expression of HSP12 and HSP26 depends on HSF1 expression. Our findings indicate that Hsf1p functions downstream of PKA and suggest that PKA might be involved in negative regulation of Hsf1p activity. These results represent a major change in our understanding of how PKA signaling influences the heat-shock response and heat-shock protein expression.
Where court‐annexed mediation fails: How to avoid a decline in the practice
Authors: Krivis Jeffrey
Published: November 2004

The effectiveness of court‐connected mediation is declining, according to Jeffrey Krivis of Los Angeles. In his article at right, he discusses the maturity of the mediation profession, and recommends courses of action for practitioners and litigators to improve court ADR processes.
Prospective study of routine contrast radiology after total gastrectomy (Br J Surg 2004; 91: 1015-1019)
Authors: Saunders R N , French J , Ubhi S
Published: November 2004

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a diskx.
Palladium‐katalysierte Telomerisation von Kohlendioxid mit Butadien im Labor‐ und Miniplantmaßstab
Authors: Behr A. , Bahke P. , Becker M.
Published: November 2004

No abstracts.
CO2‐Emissionsreduktion durch chemisorptive CO2‐Abscheidung mit Wertstoffgewinnung
Authors: Spasova D. , Petrov P. , Ewert G. , Röhm H.‐J.
Published: November 2004

No abstracts.
Modularer Mikroreaktor zur Nitrierung mit Mischsäure
Authors: Henke L. , Winterbauer H.
Published: November 2004

No abstracts.
Zerkleinerung durch interpartikuläre Beanspruchung mit hohen Beanspruchungsgeschwindigkeiten
Authors: Weber A. , Nirschl H.
Published: November 2004

No abstracts.
That certain age
Authors: Granai Cornelius O.
Published: November 2004

At different times and from different vantages, patients of a “certain age” have been assumed to be noncandidates for certain treatments (i.e., that the risks of treatment are too much and that the benefits are too little). However, the consequences of well intended but misplaced assumptions could compromise the health of the very patients who should be served and protected.
Nanoscale lead and noble gas inclusions in aluminum: Structures and properties
Authors: Johnson Erik , Andersen Hans Henrik , Dahmen Ulrich
Published: November 2004

Transmission electron microscopy has been used for structural and physical characterization of nanoscale inclusions of lead and noble gases in aluminum. When the inclusion sizes approach nanoscale dimensions, many of their properties are seen to deviate from similar properties in bulk and in most cases the deviations will increase as the inclusion sizes decrease. Binary alloys of lead and noble gases with aluminum are characterized by extremely low mutual solubilities and inclusions will, therefore, exist as practically pure components embedded in the aluminum matrix. Furthermore, the thermal vacancy mobility in aluminum at and above room temperature is sufficiently high to accommodate volume strains associated with the inclusions thus leading to virtually strain free crystals. The inclusions grow in parallel cube alignment with the aluminum matrix and have a cuboctahedral shape, which reflects directly the anisotropy of the interfacial energies. Inclusions in grain boundaries can have single crystalline or bicrystalline morphology that can be explained from a generalized Wulff analysis such as the ξ‐vector construction. The inclusions have been found to display a variety of nanoscale features such as high Laplace pressure, size‐dependent superheating during melting, deviations from the Wulff shape displaying magic size effects, a shape dependence of edge energy, and so on. All these effects have been observed and monitored by TEM using conventional imaging conditions and high‐resolution conditions in combination with in‐situ analysis at elevated temperatures. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:356–372, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in the embryo, pronymph, and first molt of the scorpion Centruroides vittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Authors: Farley Roger D.
Published: November 2004

For the first time the scanning electron microscope was used to compare developmental changes in scorpion embryos and the first and second stadia. In the buthid species of this study, Centruroides vittatus, and all other scorpions, the newborn climb up on their mother's back and remain there without feeding for several days. At this location, they undergo their first molt and in a few days they disperse, fully capable of foraging in the terrestrial environment. The results here support earlier suggestions that the first stadium (pronymph) is a continuation and extension of embryological development. The first molt results in a nymph with exoskeletal features much like those in the adult. In the first molt the metasoma becomes relatively longer, and the sting (aculeus) becomes sharp and functional. The metasomal segments are modified for dorsal flexion and sting use. The embryos and the pronymphs have spiracles that open into an invagination near the posterior margin of flap‐like abdominal plates in segments 4–7 of the ventral mesosoma. The second instars have spiracles that lead to book lungs farther anterior in sternites. Tubular legs with cylindrical segments in embryos and pronymphs become more sculptured and oval in the transverse plane. Each leg in the pronymph has a blunt, cup‐shaped tip while distal claws (ungues, dactyl) are present in the second instar and subsequent stages. There are some sharp bristles and primordial sensilla in the pronymphs, but the second stadium has adult‐like surface features: rows of knobs or granulations (carinae), serrations on the inner surfaces of cheliceral and pedipalpal claws, filtering hairs at the mouthparts, peg sensilla on the pectines, and mechano‐ and chemoreceptor sensilla on the body and appendages. Scorpion embryos and pronymphs have some structures like fossil scorpions thought to have been aquatic. There is a gradual development of features that appear to be terrestrial adaptations. Evidence is provided for the formation of the sternum from third and fourth leg coxal primordia and possibly from the first abdominal segment. This study is the first to provide evidence for a forward shift of the gonopore along with other structures in the anterior abdomen. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis with hydrophilic substituted celluloses as coating and sieving polymers. Application to the analysis of genetically modified meals
Authors: Giovannoli Cristina , Anfossi Laura , Tozzi Cinzia , Giraudi Gianfranco , Vanni Adriano
Published: November 2004

A coating procedure based on the physical adsorption of hydroxypropyl cellulose onto the wall of a capillary column has been successfully used for the separation of DNA fragments up to 500 bp. The method uses a running Tris‐phosphate‐EDTA buffer containing 2‐hydroxyethyl cellulose as sieving polymer. The separation procedure shows good reproducibility (measured as RSD%) for consecutive runs (< 0.64), for different days (< 1.15) and capillaries (< 2.15), short analysis times, and a long coating lifetime. Good reproducibility and efficiency are even achieved by performing the separation in the presence of additives such as ethidium bromide and mannitol. The method is applied to the detection of GMOs in soybean and maize meals with an accurate evaluation of the length of DNA sequences, previously amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
Application of wavelength‐resolved optically‐detected XAS methods to phase‐segregated silicates
Authors: Poolton N. R. J. , Pantos E. , Hamilton B. , Denby P. M. , Johnsen O.
Published: November 2004

Wavelength‐resolved optically‐detected X‐ray absorption experiments are described that monitor the emission from naturally occurring phase‐exsolved aluminosilicate feldspars, when exciting across the Ca and KL2,3core levels. The results from a selection of example cases are presented that demonstrate the power of the technique in examining the structural and optical properties of phase segregated materials that could not easily be achievable by other methods. The results highlight that in these materials, extrinsic point defects such as Mn2+and Fe3+can also become preferentially associated with particular exsolved phases. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Picosecond ultrasonic experiments to study phonon solitons
Authors: Maris H. J. , Singhsomroje W.
Published: November 2004

We describe experiments to study the propagation of phonon solitons in crystalline solids. A picosecond light pulse is used to generate a short strain pulse. As this pulse propagates, its shape changes as a result of phonon dispersion and elastic non‐linearity. After traveling a sufficient distance, the pulse breaks up into a number of solitons. The amplitude and number of these solitons are in excellent agreement with theoretical expectations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon interactions in semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Kent A. J.
Published: November 2004

This paper considers the recent history, current developments and future directions of studies of phonon interactions in semiconductor nanostructures, e.g superlattices and quantum wells, wires and dots. The motivation for studying such systems is discussed and a few of the major achievements highlighted. Current projects underway in Nottingham on phonon assisted tunnelling and monochromatic phonon generation in superlattices are reviewed as examples of where the subject is at today. Finally, the future prospects for this area are speculated upon. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trains of ultrashort acoustic solitons
Authors: Muskens Otto L. , Dijkhuis Jaap I.
Published: November 2004

We present results on soliton trains in a PbMoO4 crystal, and show that a wide range of soliton train parameters is accessible using different transducer materials. Brillouin spectra are presented probing the development of high‐amplitude bipolar strain pulses into soliton trains during propagation in PbMoO4 at liquid helium temperatures. A simple interpretation of the beating patterns in the Brillouin scattering yields the highest relative soliton velocities in the trains of up to 0.3%. We use this to predict a value for the third‐order elastic constant of PbMoO4 of C333 = –480 GPa. The extremely fast solitons predict participation of the entire LA phonon branch in the soliton formation. For a gold transducer, the solitons are much wider but their number in the train is even larger. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio and DFT modeling of stereoselective deamination of aziridines by nitrosyl chloride
Authors: Kalaiselvan Anbarasan , Venuvanalingam Ponnambalam , Poater Jordi , Solà Miquel
Published: November 2004

The stereochemical course of the deamination of cis‐2,3‐dimethylaziridine by nitrosyl chloride was investigated at the QCISD/6‐31G(d) level. Calculations reveal that the reaction takes place in two steps. In the first step, the reactants form a pre‐reactive complex, followed by a spiro‐type bicyclic transition state, which on dissociative cycloelimination gives the N‐nitrosoaziridine intermediate. In the second step, this intermediate undergoes cycloreversion through a slightly asynchronous concerted transition state to form an alkene with the same stereochemistry, which is in total agreement with experiment. In the whole reaction, the denitrosation step is found to be rate‐determining. For comparison, geometry optimizations and energies were also obtained at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. It was found that the B3LYP energy results differed significantly from the QCISD ones. To analyze the reason for this difference, B3LYP calculations were repeated by varying the contribution of exact exchange in the Becke functional. With respect to the QCISD results, it has been shown that the functional with 0% exact exchange yields the best activation barriers, whereas the functional with 30% exact exchange is the most suitable one to carry out the complexation and reaction energy calculations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine induce persistent expression of phospho‐c‐Jun in somatosensory cortex and substantia nigra
Authors: O'Dell Steven J. , Marshall John F.
Published: November 2004

Repeated systemic administration of moderate doses of methamphetamine (mAMPH) can result in neuronal damage. In addition to the prominent damage of forebrain dopamine and serotonin terminals, mAMPH also injures certain non‐monoaminergic neuronal somata in the cerebral cortex. In previous studies, we have localized the damaged neurons to the “whisker barrels” in primary somatosensory cortex, reported the time course of their appearance, and found that sensory inputs from the mystacial vibrissae appear to play a crucial role in the mechanism of their injury by mAMPH. One common feature of these studies is that they used a single marker for neuronal injury, the fluorochrome dye Fluoro‐Jade, which stains neurons injured by disparate mechanisms. Here we compare mAMPH‐induced damage to somatosensory cortical neurons as assessed by Fluoro‐Jade and immunohistochemical staining for phospho‐c‐Jun. A neurotoxic regimen of mAMPH induced phospho‐c‐Jun‐positive neurons in both cortical whisker barrels and the substantia nigra. Neurons in the barrel cortex can be sufficiently damaged by mAMPH that they become Fluoro‐Jade‐positive within 2 hr after the final mAMPH injection. By contrast, phospho‐c‐Jun immunoreactivity does not appear until 12–24 hr after mAMPH. As reported in an earlier study, unilateral removal of vibrissae prior to mAMPH treatment affords partial protection from injury in the hemisphere contralateral to the vibrissotomy. The vibrissotomized animals show similar decreases in Fluoro‐Jade staining and phospho‐c‐Jun immunoreactivity in the protected hemisphere. Since phospho‐c‐Jun indicates activation of Jun N‐terminal kinase pathways, which have been implicated in apoptosis, we conclude that phospho‐c‐Jun provides a useful new marker for mAMPH‐induced damage to cortical neurons. Synapse 55:137–147, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of detailed aerodynamic field measurements using results from an aeroelastic code
Authors: Schepers J. G. , Feigl L. , van Rooij R. , Bruining A.
Published: November 2004

In this article an analysis is given of aerodynamic field measurements on wind turbine blades. The analysis starts with a consistency check on the measurements, by relating the measured local aerodynamic segment forces to the overall rotor loads. It is found that the results are very consistent. Moreover, a comparison is made between measured results and results calculated from an aeroelastic code. On the basis of this comparison, the aerodynamic modelling in the aeroelastic code could be improved. This holds in particular for the modelling of 3D stall effects, not only on the lift but also on the drag, and for the modelling of tip effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The subidentificational meanings of English some and Swedish någon: a comparative analysis of polysemy
Authors: Round Erich R.
Published: November 2004

English some and Swedish någon have a number of ‘subidentificational’ meanings, as in English some general (or other) has been shot; it was some shooting (or something). This paper reviews those meanings and attempts to determine how many context-invariant meanings are needed in order to account for their full range of meanings in context. By explicitly setting out processes of inference generation within a Gricean framework, it is found that for a large number, only one underlying (i.e. coded) meaning is required, which in context generates inferences such as lack of speaker knowledge, recall or interest in the NP referent, regarding either its type or which entity it is. Nevertheless, not all meanings can be handled in this way and additional coded meanings are required. Two diachronic pathways are discussed via which one coded meaning might extend to another. Some conclusions relevant for future work on indefinites are drawn.
The recombination of some varietal characters in the opium poppy
Authors: Loftus-Hills K , Rodwell CN
Published: November 2004

Selected varieties of opium poppy were crossed in pairs to determine to what extent certain desirable agronomic characters might be combined in new genotypes. Of the six crosses made, two were studied in detail and the others observed more generally. Recombinations of the required characters occurred fairly freely in the first cross and F5 lines have been selected which produce up to twice as much morphine per acre as either parent. Suitable recombinations were rare in the second cross, but the other four yielded segregates which combined the desirable characters in varying degree.
Studies on the excretion of oestrogens by pregnant ewes
Authors: Beck AB
Published: November 2004

Adaptations of standard methods are described for the preparation of oestrogenic extracts from the urine and faeces of sheep. The extracts were separated into strong phenols, non-ketonic weak phenols, and ketonic weak phenols. The concentration of oestrogen in these fractions was determined by bioassay. Special consideration was given to the accuracy of the methods in light of the findings of Friedgood, Garst, and Haagen-Smit (1948). Four ewes were examined for urinary excretion only and seven ewes for both faecal and urinary excretion throughout pregnancy. Little or no excretion occurred until the last three or four weeks of pregnancy and even then the levels were consistently low. The faecal levels were higher than those of the urine. With one or two possible exceptions no strongly phenolic oestrogen was detected. Generally, the ketonic oestrogen (calculated as oestrone) of both urine and faeces was higher than the non-ketonic oestrogen (as oestradiol). The daily levels observed during the last few weeks of pregnancy lay within the following ranges: urinary "oestradiol" <0.2-3 µg., "oestrone" <1.5-20 µg.; faecal "oestradiol" 1-20 µg., "oestrone"; 1-100 µg. The faecal oestrogen was not conjugated. Exploratory tests were made on ovaries, bile, and placentae. In all cases the oestrogen levels were low and both ketonic and non-ketonic activity was noted. In the bile most of the activity was fonnd in the conjugated form. No pregnanediol was found in the urine samples.
Physical analysis of the fleece of sheep for biological purposes. II. Estimation of the number and mean diameter of wool fibres from a cast of their cross-section
Authors: Wilson LT
Published: November 2004

A technique has been developed for making a cast of the cross-section of a bundle of wool fibres under defined packing conditions. By counting the fibre impressions per unit area in representative portions of the cast, both the total number of fibres and the mean diameter can be rapidly calculated within fairly close limits of error.
Spotted wilt of potato. II. Tuber transmission and vector studies of the field disease
Authors: Norris DO
Published: November 2004

Greenhouse and field studies indicated that between 30 and 40 per cent. of tubers from spotted-wilt-diseased potato plants transmit the disease. Tubers with characteristic distortion and terminal cracking due to early infection show a lower rate of transmission than normal-looking tubers from diseased plants. There is a discontinuous distribution of virus within infected tubers, some parts being free of virus. Second-generation diseased tubers show approximately the same rate of transmission as first-generation diseased tubers, but the incidence of terminal cracking is very low. A high proportion of plants emerging diseased from 'seed' are capable of surviving throughout the season to act as a source of infection. Vector studies made by mass collection and by tanglefoot trapping showed that Thrips tabaci Lind. is the main vector species in the Canberra region. The causes of epidemic outbreaks and measures that may be taken to combat them are discussed.
The control of take-all wheat after a long period of pasture
Authors: Adam DB
Published: November 2004

A field experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of various periods of bare fallow and the growth of certain crops on the occurrence of take-all in a subsequent wheat crop. At the commencement of the investigation the experimental site had not been cultivated for many years and it carried a variety of grasses whose susceptibility to take-all is known and whose infection by Ophiobolus was established. Bare fallow periods commencing in July or earlier in the year preceding seeding, and the growth of oats for grazing during a similar period, were each about equally effective in minimizing take-all. Shorter bare fallow periods and the growing of oats or peas to the stage of grain production were all relatively less effective. Barley as the preceding crop probably aggravated the incidence of the disease beyond what might have been expected on newly ploughed grassland. Apparently none of the treatments, which included bare fallow periods of more than twelve months, was effective to the point of eliminating sources of infection.
Competition between skin follicles in sheep.
Authors: Fraser AS , Short BF
Published: November 2004

Samples of skin from three sheep (Ryeland, Lincoln, and Merino) were sectioned, and measurements made of the diameters and spatial relationships of the wool fibres. It has been shown that in all three samples a negative correlation occurred between the size of a fibre and the number, size, and distance of the fibres adjacent to it. The analysis demonstrates that the maximum distance over which this correlation occurs is 173 µ for the Ryeland, 283 µ for the Lincoln, and 147 µ for the Merino. I t is suggested that the basis of the correlation is the occurrence of competition between skin follicles for the material from which they synthesize their fibres.
Corrigendum - Dependence of residual milk in the udder of the cow upon total yield; its bearing upon supposed inhibition of secretion.
Authors: Turner HG
Published: November 2004

In order to examine the influence of variations in yield upon the amount of milk remaining in the udder after milking, residual milk was determined in each of 10 cows following several normal milkings. By varying the interval since the last milking, a range of amounts of milk in the udder at the start of milking was obtained. The data reveal significant correlation between residual milk and total milk, both within and between cows. The regression coefficients are 0.1573 ± 0.0341 within cows and 0.3216 ± 0.0728 between cows. When intervals between successive milkings are unequal it is, therefore, incorrect to assume that yield at any milking represents the amount of milk secreted during the preceding interval. It is pointed out that the interpretation of data purporting to measure the inhibition of secretion caused by long intervals between milkings may consequently have to be greatly modified.
The effect of DDT and BHC on the population of the Lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L). (Collembola), and its control by predatory mites, Biscirus Spp. (Bdellidae)
Authors: Wallace MMH
Published: November 2004

Top-dressing of pastures with BHC mixed with superphosphate destroyed only a moderate proportion of the lucerne flea population, and no harmful effect was produced on the predatory bdellid mites (Biscirus spp.). After topdressing with DDT incorporated in superphosphate, the lucerne flea population became greater than that in the control plots and evidence is produced that this was due to the elimination of the bdellid mites, which are susceptible to DDT treatment.
Estimation of leaf area for agronomic and plant physiological studies.
Authors: Williams RF
Published: November 2004

A method based on leaf photographs is described for the estimation of leaf area. The method of preparing the standards is given, and a set of standards covering the full range of leaf form in young plants of the Pearson variety of tomato is presented. The method is rapid and does not damage the experimental plants. With five observers, the method was tested for the presence of bias resulting from fatigue or from variation in leaf size or form. Some of the observers showed personal idiosyncrasies of judgment which did not, however, invalidate the method for comparative studies. Estimates by all observers of leaf area per plant were very highly correlated with estimates based on an independent reference method.
The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).
Authors: Hutton WM , Peak JW
Published: November 2004

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.
Changes in the major chemical constituents of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) during growth. II. The non-carbohydrate fractions and their relationship to the carbohydrates.
Authors: Hardwick NE
Published: November 2004

The series of subterranean clover samples whose carbohydrate contents had been determined previously (Hardwick 1954) was further investigated. Percentages of lignin were found to be low in the young plants, but rose rapidly during wilting. High and fairly constant values were recorded for ethanol-benzene extractives until the wilting period, after which there was a sharp fall. The ash and crude protein contents of certain samples were determined. The former did not fluctuate greatly during the season. Protein percentages fell gradually until late September (wilting), after which there occurred an unexplained increase. The totals of percentages of all estimated constituents, including the carbohydrates, fell short of 100 per cent. by values ranging from 9.4 to 15.7 per cent. It was found that the percentage ratios cellulose: lignin were fairly constant until several weeks prior to wilting, after which they decreased. The total weights per acre of the four fractions determined were calculated.
Effects of skin coatings on the behaviour of apples in storage. IV. Comparisons of skin coatings and gas (controlled atmosphere) storage.
Authors: Hall EG , Sykes SM
Published: November 2004

The effects on apples of gas (controlled atmosphere) storage and of skin coatings in refrigerated storage have been compared using the varieties Jonathan, Delicious, and Granny Smith. With Jonathan gas storage prolonged storage life more than coatings. Although with Delicious, gas storage was somewhat better than coating, the gain by either method was small. With Granny Smith coatings were generally more successful than gas storage. This was due to better control of superficial scald and senescent scalds. Both gas storage and skin coatings prolonged storage life, primarily by increasing the carbon dioxide tension and decreasing the oxygen tension inside the apple. However, differing effects on the volatile products of metabolism, other than carbon dioxide, caused important differences in the behaviour of the fruit.
Partial segregation of bacteria and isolation of Pythium from the coarser soil fractions.
Authors: Angell HR
Published: November 2004

Soil collected in the Australian Capital Territory was divided into fractions by sieving and subsequent deposition from aqueous suspensions. The greater proportion of the Pythium, and indeed the fungal population, was found, by plating, to be concentrated in the coarser portion of the soil, most of the bacterial population being in the colloidal part. After deposition of the colloids for 4 weeks, and with them the bacteria, a mean of less than one bacterium was plated per ml of supernatant liquid. The separation of bacteria and fungi facilitated the isolation of Pythium. The Pythium population of the surface soil was about 1000 per g. The mean number of isolates of Pythium in 11 other surface soil samples was 1.7 per mg using the fraction sedimenting from an aqueous suspension in 5 min. In similar fractions of soil taken at 18 and 24 in. below the surface the number of Pythium isolates was 3 per 10 mg.
The relative importance of heredity and environment in body weight increments at different ages in Australian Merino sheep.
Authors: Taneja GC
Published: November 2004

The growth rates between 5 and 11 months, and 11 and 17 months, of 284 ewe lambs born in the spring of 19.51, and 269 born in the autumn of 1952, were analysed. The growth rates were calculated as the differences between the logarithms of the successive body weights. The analysis of the data indicated that: (i) there is a negative correlation between the two growth rates due to environment in the two different periods; (ii) the genetic correlation between the two growth rates is zero, and it therefore appears that there are different sets of growth genes operating during the two periods of growth; (iii) the heritability for the first and second periods of growth is 0.27 and 0.31 in one group and 0.04 and 0.22 in the other group respectively. Environment therefore plays a greater part in causing variation in the growth rates than does heredity.
The inhibition of the growth of perennial grasses by maleic hydrazide.
Authors: Levi E
Published: November 2004

The effects of spring and autumn applications of maleic hydrazide on Paspalurn dilatatum Poir, Sorghum hnlepense (L.) Pers., Paspalum distichurn L., and Phragmites cornrnunis Trin. at rates of 0.2-1.6 per cent. active material (2-16 lb/acre) are reported. Growth of all species was inhibited by the compound a t the higher dosage levels; the concentration required and the period of inhibition varied with species. In general the period of inhibition was longer in autumn than in spring applications. A stimulation of growth at lower dosages for both P. dilatatum and S. halepense was recorded. All treated S. halepense plants developed a secondary crown of adventitious roots on the first node. The possibility that maleic hydrazide and auxin are antagonistic is discussed briefly. The use of maleic hydrazide for the control rather than the eradication of channel bank weeds is discussed.
Studies on the sultana vine. II. The course of bud burst.
Authors: Antcliff AJ , Webster WJ
Published: November 2004

Sultana vines were examined during bud burst for four seasons, and the date on which each shoot arose was noted. The shoots were later classified as fruitful, barren, or defective. The vines were pruned uniformly in the first season, and two pruning treatments were compared in the other three seasons. In all cases the mean time of bursting a t each bud position was progressively later from the distal to the proximal end of the cane, the number of newly burst buds found at each examination was related to preceding temperatures, and the percentage of fruitful shoots among new shoots found at each examination decreased from the beginning to the end of bud burst. Accessory shoots arising as a result of the death of primary shoots or buds were very rarely fruitful. The results are considered in relation to the discrepancy sometimes found between the percentage of fruitful buds and the percentage of fruitful shoots.
The mathematical separation of plant and weather effects in field growth studies
Authors: Glenday AC
Published: November 2004

The only serious limitations of field growth studies are due to the erratic nature of the curves caused by short-term weather variations and the less apparent deviations caused by secular changes. The method of constant-fitting is applied, via a suitable mathematical model and experimental design, to separate growth and weather effects. A detailed account of the analysis is given, using a trial conducted as a test of the technique as an example, and the future possibilities of the technique in field growth studies are discussed.
The recessive N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep
Authors: Dry FW
Published: November 2004

The recessive N gene, nr, is demonstrated by monogenic ratios. For the most part nr/nr characters are intermediate between those of N/N and N/+. About a sixth of nr/nr lambs have no shoulder patch, and in certain fibre type details, and in hairiness, nr/nr animals tend to be intermediate between the two dominant-N genotypes. On the other hand, all nr/nr ewes have been hornless; a few have had horn-lumps, one scum By contrast, about one N/+ ewe in 10 grows horns. All the nr/nr rams reared to 1 year, except one with scurs, have grown horns. Carrier (+/nr) sheep have birthcoats which we do not know how to distinguish from those of ordinary Romneys, though there is evidence that one dose of nr increases halo-abundance on the back slightly. A few +/nr lambs have been grade VI. Just a few +/nr sheep have fleeces as hairy as the average N/+. A quarter or more of the +/nr rams have had horns, mostly small, at 4 months, and nearly all the others have had scurs. The genes N and nr are not allelic, but may be linked. Because the sheep has 26 pairs of autosomes free assortment seems more probable. In general the characterization of sheep deemed N/+.+/nr is intermediate between that of N/N.+/+ and N/+.+/+. The noticeable difference between N/+.+/nr and +/+ nr/nr is the more powerful growth of horns in the double heterozygotes. An analysis of breeding results from N/+.+/nr sheep indicates that the great majority of N/+.nr/nr animals of both sexes have the horn and halocoverage characters of homozygous dominant-N's. In N/+.+/nr, some ewes have horns, and the shoulder patch is absent about as often as in nr/nr. The frequencies of these characters in N/+.+/nr are applied in showing that the genetic basis of horns in ewes, and the genetic basis of full halo-coverage, in heterozygotes of the dominant-N stock are different; and that it is not the gene nr which makes horns grow in the dominant-N heterozygous ewes; and one piece of evidence suggests that it is not the nr gene that determines absence of shoulder patch in the birthcoats of the dominant-N stock. It is concluded that if the dominant-N stock is not completely free from nr, that gene has only the same sort of frequency as in the Romney breed. Matings made as +/+.nr/nr X +/+.+/+, the latter no-halo ewes, from flocks outside the College, or if bred at the College unrelated to any N-type sheep, have given a small proportion of N-grade lambs. It now appears that at least most of these lambs, called 'dominoes', have received one dose of a dominant gene for N-grade, probably the gene N, from the no-halo parent. One no-halo ewe from an outside source had an N-grade son, proved nr/nr, by a domino ram, the dam thus being shown to carry the gene nr.
Variation in wool production per unit area of skin
Authors: Lockart LW
Published: November 2004

An examination of available published data does not support the claim by Galpin (1947) that production of wool per unit area of skin is a constant under optimal conditions.
Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture
Authors: Riceman DS , Jones GB
Published: November 2004

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.
Effects of progesterone and Pregnant Mare Serum (PMS) adminsitration in the anoestrous ewe. II. Histological examination of the genital tract
Authors: Raeside JI , Lamond DR
Published: November 2004

Reproductive tracts from 105 anoestrous Romney ewes were examined histologically. Twenty animals served as controls, 10 received pregnant mare serum (PMS), and 10 mere given progesterone injections followed by PMS. Different amounts of progesterone alone mere administered during 4 days to the remainder. Sections were cut from tissues of the vagina, cervix, uterus, and three regions of the fallopian tubes. The findings in the control ewes in the present investigation agreed in general with those reported by earlier workers, with the exception of the fallopian tubes in the anoestrous ewe, for which no data were available in the literature. Apparently the upper part of the genital tract recedes in anoestrus to a condition not observed at any point in the breeding season. The influence of progesterone injections was most pronounced on the uterus, but was seen to a lesser degree in the cervix. Neither the vagina nor the fallopian tubes exhibited marked changes as a result of progesterone administration but both organs reflected slightly the ovulations which had been induced.
Hair follicle group and skin follicle population of some non-Merino breeds of sheep
Authors: Carter HB , Clarke WH
Published: November 2004

Skin specimens from 494 ewes were collected in flock samples of 11-23 animals, mostly 8-18 months old, from Australian and overseas sources among the following breeds: Corriedale, Polwarth, Lincoln, English Leicester, Border Leicester, Romney Marsh, Southdown, Dorset Horn, Suffolk, Ryeland, Scottish Blackface, Welsh Mountain, Swaledale, Cheviot, Wiltshire, and Swedish Landrace. The specimens were taken by a standard biopsy method and evaluated in the manner described by Carter and Clarke (1956). For each flock sample the mean, standard error, and range of individual values were recorded for the following estimates : total (np+s) follicle population density; primary (np) follicle population density; ns/np, ratio; primary fibre diameter (dp); secondary fibre diameter (2,) ; fibre diameter of the composite population (dp+s) ; of primary and secondary fibre diameters (dp/ds) . The data supplement those recorded for the Australian Merino sheep (Carter and Clarke 1957), and demonstrate the small hair follicle groups apparently characteristic of most British short-, long-, and carpet-wool breeds in well-marked contrast to the large groups in the skin follicle population of the Australian Merino. This difference between the Merino and other breeds may be general except where new breeds have developed from crossing with the Merino or its derivatives, when hair follicle groups of intermediate size may be found as in the Corriedale and Polwarth.
Witches' Broom disease of Lucerne. I. The occurrence of two strtains of the disease and their relation to big bud of tomato
Authors: Helms K
Published: November 2004

Graft and dodder transmission studies of the witches' broom virus disease of lucerne extended the known host range of the disease to eight new host species. Two selected lucerne plants obtained in the field were found to be infected with distinct strains of the virus. On 14 host species (including tomato and lucerne), one of the two strains (B) produced symptoms that were indistinguishable from those of big bud of tomato. The other strain (A) caused less severe proliferation and did not cause greening of floral parts. The diseases resulting from infection with the strain B witches' broom of lucerne and the big bud virus of tomato are considered to be identical. Symptoms of witches' broom of lucerne in Australia are compared with symptoms of witches' broom of lucerne in America, and with those of some other yellows virus diseases.