bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High taxonomic resolution SEM study of pollen and spores from the 21.73 Ma Mush flora, Ethiopia, Africa
Authors: Hoffmann Julia , Jacobs Bonnie F. , Currano Ellen D. , Pan Aaron D. , Grímsson Friðgeir
Published: February 2023

The early Miocene Mush flora has the potential to provide exceptional insight into the paleoecology and floral biogeography of East Africa, which is otherwise deprived of fossil plant assemblages from that time. However, at present only three genera within two families, Englerodendron (Fabaceae: Detarioideae), Newtonia (Fabaceae: Mimoseae), and Tacca (Dioscoreaceae), have been described from the plant macrofossil record. The remaining c. 50 leaf morphotypes have been classified on the basis of their morphological features and require additional cuticle analyses and comparative study. Previous work on the palynoflora was based on light microscopy (LM) only and comprised 32 palynomorphs, representing 24 families – ferns (single family) and angiosperms. To assist in the identification of the macrofossils and to establish a more complete picture of the paleovegetation, we are investigating pollen and spores from three (out of six) of the same stratigraphic levels from which leaf macrofossil censuses have been conducted. The primary results from this combined LM and SEM study follows. The palynoflora is composed entirely of fern spores and angiosperm pollen with a notable absence of gymnosperm pollen. So far we have discovered 15 different types of fern spores, and an amazing number of different angiosperm pollen types. Interestingly, monocots are not diverse, and so far we have only identified two types, pollen of Sclerosperma (Arecaceae) and that of Pontederiaceae. The former a typical swamp element in tropical Central West Africa and the latter aquatic plants with a pan-(sub)tropical distribution. The dicot component is the most diverse with 85 different pollen types discovered so far. The highest diversity occurs in the Fabaceae (8 spp.) and the Sapotaceae (7 spp.). Other families, represented by a number of taxa, include Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae sensu lato, Moraceae, and Vitaceae. This rich angiosperm palynoflora reflects a diverse and complex forest vegetation surrounding the ancient lake. The forest was composed of various trees, shrubs, and woody climbers, thriving under a hot and humid climate. The high terrestrial diversity together with striking wetland and aquatic components hint at vegetation under tropical rainforest-like conditions. Future work will complete the SEM study from the censused levels and provide a reliable illustrated taxonomic list that will be used for pollen/spores counts within the Mush section. This will provide a final quantitative analysis based on the qualitative SEM work now in progress.
Adaptation strategies in Europe: the biophysical impact of forest cover change on climate simulated at high spatial resolution
Authors: Caporaso Luca , Piccardo Matteo , Massaro Emanuele , Duveiller Gregory , Cescatti Alessandro
Published: February 2023

Forests can significantly influence local climate both by altering the carbon cycle (biogeochemical effects) and changing the surface energy budget (biophysical effects). Recent debates on the impacts of forestry and deforestation on the climate have focussed on trees' capacity to store carbon, but usually, the biogeophysical implications are not taken into account. In this study, we explore how regional-scale forestation and deforestation affect the Earth's energy balance, which in turn affect temperature and precipitation. We perform simulations where the vegetation cover is either increased or decreased while the carbon dioxide mixing ratio is kept constant, at a convection-permitting grid spacing of 5 km over the larger European domain using the regional climate model (RegCM4) coupled with CLM4.5. Over a time window of 11 years from 2004 to 2014, we study how the change in the forest cover affects the main atmospheric variables both at local level (local effects) and in the neighborhood (non-local effects). The need for a comprehensive understanding of how forests and climate impact each other is nowadays particularly relevant for Europe, and our analysis is one step forward in the direction of supporting the design of new policies and adaptation plans by pointing out the areas where afforestation efforts could mitigate the effects of climate change. This would improve the design of ambitious environmental policies like the European Green Deal project.
Developing Joint Geophysical and Petrological Inversion to Determine Temperature and Image the Lithosphere and Asthenosphere: De-risking Ireland's Geothermal Potential (DIG)
Authors: Chambers Emma , Xu Yihe , Bonadio Raffaele , Fullea Javier , Lebedev Sergei , Kiyan Duygu , O'Reilly Brian , Meere Patrick , Rezaeifar Meysam , Ye Tao , Scully Aisling , Tomar Gaurav ,   DIG Team
Published: February 2023

High-quality maps of the geothermal gradient and temperature are essential when assessing the geothermal potential of a region. However, determining geothermal potential is a challenge as direct measurements of in situ temperature are sparse and individual geophysical methods are sensitive to a range of parameters, not solely temperature. Here, we develop a novel approach to determine the geothermal gradient using a joint geophysical-petrological inversion which requires thermal property data, seismic and additional geophysical datasets. The seismic data provide new constraints on lithospheric boundaries which influence crustal geotherms. We utilise large seismic datasets and extract Rayleigh- and Love-wave phase velocity dispersion curves, measured for pairs of stations. The measurements were performed using two methods with complementary period ranges; cross-correlation of teleseismic earthquakes and waveform inversion, yielding measurements in a broad period range (4-500 s).The joint analysis of Rayleigh and Love measurements constrains the isotropic-average shear-wave velocity, relatable to temperature and composition providing essential constraints on the thermal structure of a region's lithosphere. We demonstrate this by inverting the data using an integrated joint geophysical-petrological thermodynamically self-consistent approach (Fullea et al., GJI 2021), where seismic velocities, electrical conductivity, and density are dependent on mineralogy, temperature, composition, water content, and the presence of melt. The multi-parameter models produced by the integrated inversions fit the surface-wave and other data and reveal the temperatures and geothermal gradients within the crust and mantle which will be used for future geothermal exploration and utilisation.We use Ireland as a case study (part of the De-risking Ireland's Geothermal Potential project - DIG) and find that our new methodology produces results comparable to past temperature and geophysical measures, and enhances resolution. Lithospheric and crustal thickness play a key control on the temperature gradient with areas of thinner lithosphere resulting in elevated geotherms. In some locations we observe geotherms elevated beyond expectations which result from high radiogenic heat production from granitic rocks. This new methodology provides a robust workflow for determining the geothermal potential in areas with limited direct measurements.The DIG project is funded by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland under the SEAI Research, Development & Demonstration Funding Programme 2019 (grant number 19/RDD/522) and by the Geological Survey of Ireland.
WeCENT – a prototype of climate service for tourism
Authors: Velea Liliana , Gallo Alessandro
Published: February 2023

Tourism is an important socio-economic sector, contributing in 2021 with about 6.6% to EU GDP and accounting for 10.3% of the total labour force (https://wttc.org/DesktopModules/MVC/FactSheets/pdf/704/38_20220613172620_EuropeanUnionLCU2022_.pdf ). It is also important for the well-being of both tourists and residents (e.g. Uysal et al, 2015; Godovykh et al, 2021) by providing extending opportunities for leisure activities, social and cultural interactions, economic benefits etc. Climate data and services bring their contribution in this area too. Most information available and easily accessible for tourists on weather, climate and other environmental aspects is not too specific, usually referring to single, well-known meteorological parameters (air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration) and being in the form of monthly means and extremes. But the tourists may benefit and are interested as well in information assembled from several meteorological parameters, able to give an overall, more concentrated indication on weather characteristics suitable for outdoor leisure activities. Also, there are climate and environmental information of greater interest for tourists depending on the type of destination (e.g., rural) and which are not easily accessible for the usual tourist.Aiming to answer to this interest, the WeCENT (Weather, Climate and Environmental Information for Tourism) project proposes a prototype of a climate service targeting the tourists. A variety of tourism-customized information, adapted for urban, rural, mountain and beach destinations in Italy and Romania is built based on climate reanalysis, satellite-based products, analysis and forecast products. The information is freely available and accessible through the project website (https://pric.unive.it/projects/wecent/home#c4213). ReferencesGodovykh, M., Ridderstaat, J. and Fyall, A. (2021): The well-being impacts of tourism: Long-term and short-term effects of tourism development on residents’ happiness, Tourism Economics, 2021, Vol. 0(0) 1–20, DOI: 10.1177/13548166211041227Uysal, M., et al., Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism, Tourism Management (2015), http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
A natural history of networks: Modelling higher-order interactions in geohistorical data
Authors: Rojas Alexis , Holmgren Anton , Neuman Magnus , Edler Daniel , Blöcker Christopher , Rosvall Martin
Published: February 2023

Geohistorical records, either stratigraphic sections, boreholes, ice cores, or archaeological sites, are inherently complex. Despite their limitations, the high-dimensional and spatiotemporally resolved data retrieved from individual geohistorical records allow for evaluation of past biotic responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes. Network analysis is becoming an increasingly popular alternative for modelling the dynamics of geohistorical data. However, the complexity of geohistorical data raises questions about the limitations of standard network models widely used in paleobiology research. They risk obscuring large-scale patterns by washing out higher-order node interactions when assuming independent pairwise links. Recently introduced higher-order representations and models better suited for the complex relational structure of geohistorical data provide an opportunity to move paleobiology research beyond these challenges. Higher-order networks can represent the spatiotemporal constraints on the information paths underlying geohistorical data, capturing the high-dimensional patterns more accurately. Here we describe how to design higher-order network models of geohistorical data, address some practical decisions involved in modeling complex dependencies, and discuss critical methodological and conceptual issues that make it difficult to compare results across studies in the growing body of network paleobiology. We illustrate multilayer networks, hypergraphs, and varying Markov time models through case studies on the fossil record from continental shelf ecosystems and delineate future research directions for current challenges in the emerging field of network paleobiology.
Detecting the Disintegration: Insights into soil structure decay following OC depletion
Authors: Bucka Franziska B. , Felde Vincent J.M.N.L. , Peth Stephan , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid
Published: February 2023

Aggregate forming and stabilizing processes have been intensively studied as they are closely linked to organic carbon (OC) sequestration. However, soils are no static systems and consequently, their structure is subject to constant breakup and turnover processes.In order to study soil structure turnover with respect to the loss of OC, we designed an incubation experiment with soil microcosms, allowing OC-loss by leaching and microbial respiration, while preventing any mechanical disturbance.We incubated intact soil cores of an arable Luvisol derived from Loess-deposits in south-east Germany for 300 days at constant water-tension and 25 °C to promote microbial activity. During the incubation, CO2-release and OC leaching from the microcosms were monitored. A subset of microcosms was sampled each month to assess the effect of progressing OC depletion on the size distribution, OC content and stability of the aggregates.The incubation led to a reduction of the initial OC (11.2 mg g-1) by 2.2 mg per g soil and a more narrow C:N ratio, which corresponded to a reduced OC coverage of the mineral surfaces (1.7 m² g-1 to 0.9 m² g-1, as determined by N2-BET). Despite the OC reduction, the aggregate size distribution (as determined both by wet- and dry-sieving) did not change significantly, although there was a trend towards a reduced aggregate mean weight diameter (higher reduction after wet-sieving). The aggregates’ mechanical stability (as determined by dry-crushing), even slightly increased with a lower OC-content in the bulk soil.Those observations highlight that OC depletion, without additional mechanical influence, does not immediately lead to the decay of soil structure. This suggests the existence of OC-storage sites that are not prone to OC-loss by leaching or microbial degradation. In contrast, the sites of initial OC-loss might not contribute to the structural stability of a soil.
Continental breakup and slab pull driving force
Authors: Larvet Tiphaine , le Pourhiet laetitia , Agard Philippe , Pubellier Manuel
Published: February 2023

Although slab pull is recognized as the main driving force of tectonic plates, marginal basins formation is generally explained by slab roll back or mantle plume impingement. The link between the slab pull force and the continental breakup of the lower plate is still poorly investigated, maybe due to the scarcity of proven examples? The goal of this study is to identify the mechanical conditions for which the slab pull force can be transmitted to the continental lithosphere of the lower plate and generates a continental rifting and breakup. The first condition requires to transfer the slab pull force across the oceanic domain and generate tensional setting into the attached continental margin. Then the ocean needs to be free of any Mid-oceanic ridge, which means that the continental breakup of the lower plate can only happen after the subduction or the inactivation of the ridge. The other conditions cannot be assessed as easily, and therefore motivates our modelling.We perform a set of 2D thermo-mechanical regional-scale simulations of ridge-free subduction with slab pull evolving self-consistently during the sinking of the slab. The aim is to understand how, when and where slab pull can lead to continental breakup. Two parametric studies are presented. One investigates the tectonic plates kinematic relatively to the upper mantle and another one focused on the strength of both the oceanic and the continental part of the lower plate. In the simulations, the continental rifting is driven by tensional forces internally generated by the subduction zone. Kinematic conditions are only prescribed to the boundaries of the simulation domains to simulate convergent setting and promote subduction. Our numerical simulations reveal that a significant increase of the slab pull induced by the crossing of the 410 km phase transition is responsible for the lower plate breakup. If the oceanic domain is weaker than the continental margin, the slab pull leads to the slab break-off. On the contrary, if the continental domain is weaker, we observe a continental breakup at around 500 km apart from the passive margin. If the lower plate moves compared to the asthenosphic mantle below it, the horizontal basal shear at the LAB prevents the localization of the deformation and leads to an aborted rift.To synthetize in natural examples, we show that the slab pull can lead to continental breakup when the Mid-oceanic ridge is already subducted, the continental domain is weaker than the oceanic domain, and the horizontal displacement of the lower plate is the same as that of the astenospheric mantle underneath. In light of this new constrains, we discuss the plate reconstruction models proposed for (1) the Cimmerian blocks detachment from the Gondwana during the Permian and (2) the Oligocene South China Sea opening.
Diagnosing spurious diapycnal mixing and its spatial distribution due to advection in Z-coordinate ocean models using discrete variance decay
Authors: Banerjee Tridib , Danilov Sergey , Klingbeil Knut
Published: February 2023

Ocean models relying on geopotential (Z) vertical coordinates suffer from spurious diapycnal mixing created by advection due to the misalignment of isopycnal and grid-layer surfaces. Given the delicateness of diapycnal mixing in ocean models, several studies have been performed to determine its impact, mainly by means of global analyses. Here we present a local analysis of spurious diapycnal mixing based on tracer variance decay. We apply the discrete variance decay (DVD) method proposed by Klingbeil et al. (2014) to diagnose numerical mixing created by several third-order advection schemes used in FESOM (Finite volumE Sea ice Ocean Model). The analysis is applied for an idealized channel flow test setup with Z* vertical coordinates and a linear equation of state. This ensures numerical DVD to be entirely diapycnal enabling identification of its spatial distribution. Further modification of the DVD method is proposed which allows for splitting of total diapycnal mixing into individual contributions from advection and diffusion. The new modifications are then used to compare spurious diapycnal mixing due to advection and explicit horizontal diffusion with parameterized physical diapycnal mixing due to vertical diffusion.
Global scale estimation of evaporative losses from large lakes located in different climatic zones
Authors: Nevermann Hannes , Aminzadeh Milad , Madani Kaveh , Shokri Nima
Published: February 2023

Reliable projection of evaporative fluxes from lakes is at the core of a wide range of hydrological, climatological, and environmental modeling processes. Evaporation results in losses of blue water from lakes in regions with limited freshwater resources and affects aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. While current estimates of evaporative losses from lakes remain largely empirical depending on locally calibrated heat and mass transfer coefficients or remotely sensed surface temperature data, we propose a physically-based framework that builds on inherent lake characteristics (e.g., bathymetry, light attenuation characteristics) and atmospheric forcing variables to quantify energy dynamics of the water body and surface evaporative fluxes from the largest lakes across different climatic zones on a global scale. To evaluate the performance of the model, the modelling results determining the seasonal variation of vertical temperature profiles and latent heat loss were compared with in situ measurements of water temperature and surface heat fluxes measured in Lake Mead, in the Southwestern USA. We found good agreements between the physically-based estimations and the measured data. We then quantified evaporative losses from 30 lakes in 30 different climate zone sub-types with an average depth ranging from 1.1 m to 577 m and a surface area of 45 km² to 82,000 km². Our preliminary findings for 2020 indicate that variation of first-order atmospheric parameters (i.e., wind, radiation, air temperature, and humidity) across climatic zones and the change in lake bathymetry altering local vertical temperature profiles within the water body significantly affect evaporative losses. The energy-constrained model enables quantifying the extent of evaporative water losses from lakes and provides a theoretical basis for delineating potential impacts on water management and ecological and climatological processes under different climate change scenarios.
Synchronous Slow Slip Event and Seismic Swarm in Central Ecuadorian forearc, 2013
Authors: Wickham-Piotrowski Alexander , Font Yvonne , Regnier Marc , Bletery Quentin , Segovia Monica , Nocquet Jean-Mathieu , Delouis Bertrand
Published: February 2023

In Ecuador, on some areas of the subduction interface, accumulated stress is released aseismically through slow slip events (SSE) synchronous to seismic swarms (S5). In the La Plata island region in the Central Ecuadorian forearc, recurrent and shallow S5 occur near a portion of the plate interface highly coupled by the subduction of a massive oceanic relief. This study shows a sequence of seismicity and SSE organization propitious to investigate the cause and effect relation-ship between both phenomena.GPS data show that an SSE (Mw 6.3) initiated at the end of November 2012 and ruptured 2 shallow aseismic patches 25 km apart (~10 km along the vertical direction). The first patch (P1), located southeastward of the island on a moderately coupled portion of the plate interface at the leading edge of the subducting oceanic mount, has a rupture area of about 80 km2 and a maximum cumulated slip of 15 cm. Its slipping behavior is pulse-like for about a month and a half. Mid-January, the slip of the SSE suddenly accelerates. A day later, a second aseismic patch (P2), updip from P1, ruptured a highly coupled area of about 250 km2 with a maximum slip of 35 cm. This second rupture lasted 8 days and accounted for 80% of total aseismic moment. Both SSE patches stopped slipping by the end of January 2013.The spatial-temporal distribution of 2,000 micro-earthquakes between November 2012 and February 2013 provides clues about the interface processes and highlights that faulting occurred on secondary faults during an S5. An outer rise seismic cluster with an ML 4.8 earthquake occurred on a bending fault of the Nazca Plate, 10 days before P1 started. The cluster is collinear with P1 with respect to the relative plate convergence direction, suggesting a possible causal relationship. Almost no seismicity affects the plate interface during the pulse-like development of P1 until mid-January. As the P1-SSE’s slip accelerates, an intense seismic swarm developed updip of P1 along a narrow NNE-SSW trending direction, organized in sub-vertically active structures within the subducting plate. The Coulomb stress variation computed from the cumulative slip of P1 as well as the velocity migration of the cluster (about 10 km/day) suggests that the intraplate swarm is triggered and developed at the P1-SSE’s rupture front. Synchronously to P2, seismicity developed at the Northern edge of the oceanic relief.The seismicity swarm witnesses the reactivation of oceanic bending faults within the Nazca plate. We hypothesize that this reactivation is likely responsible of a fluid release on the plate interface, that contributed to overpressuring the highly coupled area near P2, priory saturated with fluids, which ruptures aseismically afterwards. 
Genetic analysis of fruit trees and cereals observed in the Phenological Network of Catalonia (Fenocat)
Authors: Busto Montserrat , Cunillera Jordi , de Yzaguirre Xavier
Published: February 2023

The Phenological Network of Catalonia is a citizen science organization formed by 60 observers who constantly monitor 25 plants (wild and cultivated species), 14 birds and 6 butterflies. The first event of the phenophases related to plant species is submitted annually to the Pan-European Phenological Database, PEP725.Since we were unaware of most of the varieties observed, we launched a project to improve the information on the varieties of cultivated plant species and improve the quality of the data sent to PEP725. Besides, this genetic analysis of fruit trees would help us to discriminate those early blooming varieties from the late ones; knowing if a fruit tree variety is early or late allows us to discriminate the phenological behavior due to environmental answer from the genetic predisposition to an early or late bloom.The Meteorological Service of Catalonia has a collaboration agreement with the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), which is related to the Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG). We have developed a project to know the varieties of the 135 fruit and cereal samples of cultivated species observed in the Fenocat network through genetic analyzes conducted by the CRAG.To carry out this project, we designed a system so that the observer himself could take the vegetal sample from the observed vegetal individual and send it directly to the CRAG laboratory in the shortest possible time in order to avoid sample damage due to the delay.The CRAG laboratory analyzed the DNA of each sample and studied the genetic markers. With this, it has been possible to establish the similarity matrix of the samples analyzed with those of the IRTA database.We have been able to find out the variety of the cultivated plant samples in some cases, while in other ones no identical result to any known variety has been found -only the degree of similarity to a specific variety has been determined-.
Novel Autonomous and Cabled OBS Solutions for Offshore Seismic Research
Authors: Reis Will , Lindsey James , Whealing Dan , Watkiss Neil
Published: February 2023

Seismologists have historically focused on land-based seismic research, due to the logistical and financial challenges presented by offshore installations. Guralp has developed technology which allows the seismology community monitor offshore seismicity with greater ease, improving global seismic data resolution. This is due to systems such as the Aquarius autonomous ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) and world-leading engineering advancements in Science Monitoring and Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) cables.Autonomous free-fall OBS units allow users flexibility in deployment and ability to redeploy a number of times in different locations. The Guralp Aquarius functions at any angle without using a gimbal system, and can wirelessly transmit SOH and seismic data to the surface via an integrated acoustic modem. These features allow researchers to monitor and transmit data without offshore cabling, thereby reducing logistical challenges whilst maintaining some degree of real-time data transmission. Optional surface communications can be permanent (buoy-mounted), semi-permanent (wave-glider) or on demand (ship-of-opportunity or dedicated voyage).Alternatively, cabled solutions give users access to high-resolution data in real-time via a physical link to an onshore data centre. As an example, the Guralp Orcus provides a complete underwater seismic station with observatory grade seismometer and strong-motion accelerometer in a single package. The slimline Guralp Maris also provides a more versatile solution, making use of the same omnidirectional sensor as the Aquarius and can be installed either on the seabed or in a narrow-diameter subsea borehole.SMART cables show great potential for increasing the number of cabled ocean observatory deployments in the future with substantially reduced deployment costs to the research institute. Combining several applications into a single system, including seismic monitoring and telecommunications, large scale monitoring networks can be created cost effectively by combining efforts from several industries. Guralp is deploying a demonstration SMART Cable system to monitor volcanic and seismic activity offshore in the Ionian Sea in collaboration with Instituto Nazionale Di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). This will be the first practical demonstration of this technology and there are plans for additional projects in the future.
Study of the impact of rheologies on GIA modeling
Authors: boughanemi alexandre , mémin anthony
Published: February 2023

The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is the largest ice sheet on Earth that has known important mass changes during the last 26 kyrs. These changes deform the Earth and modify its gravity field, a process known as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA). GIA is directly influenced by the mechanical properties and internal structure of the Earth and is monitored using Global Navigation Satellite System positioning or gravity measurements. However, GIA in Antarctica remains poorly constrained due to the cumulative effect of past and present ice-mass changes, the unknown history of the past ice-mass change, and the uncertainties of the mechanical properties of the Earth. The viscous deformation due to GIA is usually modeled using a Maxwell rheology. However, other geophysical processes employ the Andrade rheology for tidal deformation or Burgers for post-seismic deformation which could result in a more rapid response of the Earth. We investigate the effect of using these different rheologies to model GIA-induced deformation in Antarctica. We use the Love number and Green functions formalism to compute the radial surface displacements and the gravity changes induced by the past and present day ice-mass changes. We use the elastic properties and the radial structure of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) and the viscosity profile VM5a given by Peltier et al., 2015 and a modified version of it to account for the recent results published regarding the present-day ice-mass changes. Deformations are computed for each rheological laws mentioned above using ICE6g deglaciation model and altimetry data from various satellite missions over the period 2002 to 2017 to represent the past and present changes of the AIS, respectively.We find that the three rheological laws lead to significant discrepancies in the Earth response. The differences are the largest between Maxwell and Burgers rheologies during the 100 -1000 years following the beginning of the surface-mass change. First using a simple deglaciation model, we find that the deformations rates can be 3 times and 1.5 times greater using the Burgers and Andrade rheologies. However, the ratio between the gravity change rate and the displacement rate are similar for all rheologies (less than 5% difference). Results show that using the Andrade and Burgers rheologies can lead to a 5 and 10m difference in the radial displacement with regards to the Maxwell rheology, on a 200 year period after deglaciation using the ICE6g model. Regarding the response to present changes in Antarctica, the largest discrepancies are obtained in regions with the greatest current melting rates, namely Thwaites and Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica. Using the Burgers and Andrade rheologies lead to deformations rates respectively 6 times and 2 times greater with respect to Maxwell rheology.
The Swedish National Seismic Network - Infrastructure, Data Processing and Products
Authors: Roth Michael , Lund Björn , Eggertsson Gunnar , Schmidt Peter , Shomali Hossein
Published: February 2023

In recent years the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) made an increased effort to modernize station and communication equipment, and thereby has significantly improved continuous real-time data availability and data quality.  Currently, the SNSN is operating 67 permanent broadband seismic stations evenly distributed in the South, along the Eastern shore and the North of Sweden. In addition, a temporay network of 13 stations was deployed in 2021 for a 3-year period to monitor small earthquakes associated with a linear cluster of events at the Western cost of the Gulf of Bothnia. SNSN transmits continuous real-time data to networks in the neighboring countries (Norway, Denmark, Finland, Germany) and in turn receives and processes data from about 120 stations abroad.Compared to many other countries, Sweden has a relatively low seismicity. This makes it all the more important to focus on small seismic events in order to map crustal structures and processes and to provide a data basis for reasonable long-term seismic hazard assessments. Turning to small events means to deal with many events and most of them being man-made seismic events (blasts related to quarries, underground mines, road/tunnel constructions, etc). Within the last 22 years SNSN has recorded and analyzed about 170,000 seismic events out of which only 11,000 (~6.5%) were classified as natural events. Automatic event processing and event type classification are of the essence in order to cope with the amount of data and to decrease the workload of the analysts.SNSN is running four different and independent automatic processing routines in parallel: SeisComp (SC), Earthworm (EW), MSIL and a migration stack algorithm (MS). The main purpose of SC and EW is to detect and locate events in realtime. Both systems are set up to be very sensitive in order to detect as small events as possible, which on the other side also increases the probability to generate spurious events. To counterbalance that we generate a common event catalogue (i.e. events that were located both by SC as well as EW) which turnes out to be very reliable. The common event bulletin captures events as small as about ML1 and contains almost all events ML > 1.5.  MSIL and MS are running in offline and delayed mode which allows the backfilling of potential data gaps, before processing. These systems are catching events down to about magnitude ML0. All events of the common bulletin and the MSIL bulletin are subject to an automatic Neural Network event typ classification into earthquakes, blasts and mining-induced events. In a final step all events classified as earthquakes, significant blasts (felt events or events of special interest) or events with unclear cassification are reviewed by SNSN analysts and are being made available on the SNSN web page. In the framework of EPOS-Sweden, SNSN will make available the waveform and metadata data of the permanent network via FDSN-services.
First regional-scale and high-resolution (1 and 6 km) irrigation water data sets obtained from satellite observations
Authors: Dari Jacopo , Brocca Luca , Modanesi Sara , Massari Christian , Tarpanelli Angelica , Barbetta Silvia , Quast Raphael , Vreugdenhil Mariette , Freeman Vahid , Barella-Ortiz Anaïs , Quintana-Seguí Pere , Bretreger David , Flammini Alessia , Volden Espen
Published: February 2023

Irrigation is widely recognized as the human activity that alters the natural circulation of water on the Earth’s surface the most. It greatly contributes to making the canonical conceptualization of the hydrological cycle incomplete. Nevertheless, irrigation dynamics are still generally unmonitored worldwide, but satellite capabilities have recently proved their suitability for such a purpose.In this contribution, the first regional-scale and high-resolution data sets of irrigation water use retrieved from satellite data are presented. The products, obtained through the SM-based (Soil-Moisture-based) inversion approach, are an outcome of the Irrigation+ project (https://esairrigationplus.org/) funded by the European Space Agency (ESA). The data have been produced over the Ebro basin (Spain), the Po valley (Italy), and the Murray-Darling basin (Australia) and they are available at: https://zenodo.org/record/7341284#.Y7WHsHbMKUm. The irrigation estimates referring to the Spanish and the Italian pilot areas rely on Sentinel-1 soil moisture obtained through the RT1 (first-order Radiative Transfer) model and are characterized by a spatial resolution of 1 km. A 6 km spatial sampling has been adopted for the Murray-Darling basin; in this case, irrigation water amounts have been retrieved from CYGNSS (CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System) soil moisture. The data sets referring to the European sites cover a time span ranging from January 2016 to July 2020, while irrigation amounts over the Murray-Darling basin are available for the period April 2017 – July 2020. The reliability of the retrieved irrigation estimates has been assessed through comparison against benchmark amounts. Satisfactory performances have been found over the Ebro and the Murray-Darling basins. More in detail, a median value of RMSE, Pearson correlation, r, and BIAS equal to 12.4 mm/14-day, 0.66, and -4.62 mm/14-day, respectively, is found across pilot districts located within the Ebro basin. The analogous results obtained over the Murray-Darling basin are equal to10.54 mm/month, 0.77, and -3.07 mm/month. The evaluation over the Po valley is affected by the limited availability of in-situ reference data for irrigation. This study sheds light on the perspective of building operational systems aimed at monitoring agricultural water use relying on satellite data.
Combined GNSS Reflectometry/Refractometry for Continuous In Situ Surface Mass Balance Estimation on an Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Steiner Ladina , Schmitthüsen Holger , Wickert Jens , Eisen Olaf
Published: February 2023

We developed a methodology for deriving automated and continuous specific surface mass balance time series for fast moving parts of ice sheets and shelves (>10m/a) by an accurate and simultaneous estimation of continuous in-situ snow density, snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow deposition and erosion, averaged over an area of several square meters and independent on weather conditions. Reliable in-situ surface mass balance estimates are scarce due to limited spatial and temporal data availability. While surface accumulation can be obtained in various ways, conversion to mass requires knowledge of the snow density, which is more difficult to obtain.A combined Global Navigation Satellite Systems reflectometry and refractometry (GNSS-RR) approach based on in-situ refracted and reflected GNSS signals is developed. The individual GNSS-RR methods have already been successfully applied on stationary grounds and seasonal snowpacks and are now combined and transferred to moving surfaces like ice sheets. We installed a combined GNSS-RR system in November 2021 on the fast moving (~150m/d), high latitude Ekström ice shelf in the vicinity of the Neumayer III station in Antarctica. Continuous snow accumulation reference data is provided by a laser distance sensor at the same test site and manual density observations. Refracted and reflected GNSS observations from site are post-processed for SWE, snow accumulation, and snow density estimation with a sub-daily temporal resolution. Preliminary results of the first year of data show a high level of agreement with reference observations, calculated from snow accumulation data collected by the laser distance sensor and linearly interpolated monthly snow density observations of the uppermost layer equivalent to the height of snow above the buried antenna.The deployed devices are geared towards prototype applications for reliable low-cost applications, which will allow large-scale retrieval of surface mass balance for general cryospheric applications, not only on ice sheets or shelves, but also sea ice. Regional climate models, snow modelling, and extensive remote sensing data products will profit from calibration and validation based on the derived field measurements, once such sensors can be deployed on larger scales.
Multi-crisis resilience gain: on the sustainable model-based paradigm of resource governance
Authors: Kostyuchenko Yuriy
Published: February 2023

Global social transformations, induced by the digital revolution, impacting to sociocultural practices, changing human communication and behavior, varying and substantially localizing production, transportation and consuming practices.At the same time transformation processes relate to the crisis phenomena, such as technological disasters, conflicts, warfare, epidemies, etc. It is important to note, that transformative crisis is usually should be considering as the accelerator of the general transformation. But crisis is the producer and driver radicalization, fractioning, group competition, and conflict identity construction, which leads to local increasing of inequity, inequality and instability threats, dramatic increasing damages and losses.Reducing of losses and damages requires deep understanding of drivers of vulnerabilities, risks and nature of community resilience, including reducing inequity and inequality in the complex multi-agent environment, where every agent is producer, consumer and transmitter of resources.Such understanding can be grounded on the anthologically-based mathematical concept of varied types of social and natural resources management, which should include numerical measurement and analysis of behavior indicators.To construct a such concept, a traditional risk management paradigm might be used, with replacing the distribution, impact and perception functions with functions of availability, accessibility and utilizability of resources (from medical and education to critical water and energy resources with some limitations, specified by the complex of local sociocultural practices).In such approach the risk communication component should include multi-agent nature of natural-human-technological environment.In the study a formal model of resilience analysis is proposed. A formal model of resilience-oriented multi-agent risk communication demonstrates that (i) crisis impact is a reason of drastic clustering of environment, (ii) caused by successive crises reorganization of the subsystems structure from hierarchical to network leads to increasing of resilience, (iii) efficiency of governing depends of equity of agents, (iv) efficiency of crisis governing should be measured in terms of multiscale damage/losses, which should include issues of adaptation, protection, response and mitigation. Separately, it should be noted, that participatory models are more applicable for crisis management.Construction of such formal concept of the resource management in the transforming multi-agent dynamically clustered social environment aimed to increasing of the community resilience allow to propose algorithms to identify the threats of transformation conflicts and resources inequity management, to increase an efficiency of governing in terms of collective decision-making processes in the transformative multi-agent environment, to increase community resilience toward multi-crisis impact, risk management and mitigation strategies.
Testing age models for sedimentary sequences based on growth strata and the exhumation history of adjacent mountain ranges
Authors: Cheng Feng , Zuza Andrew , Marc Jolivet , Guo Zhaojie
Published: February 2023

Determination of the depositional age of sediments provides the basis for much of the current understanding of tectonic processes, paleoclimate, and other aspects that relate to time. Integrated the high-resolution magnetostratigraphy with independent means of age control (e.g., biostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy), the age model of the sedimentary sequences can generally be constrained. However, as the paleomagnetic correlation to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) is usually non-unique, magnetostratigraphy alone usually leads to dramatically different age models for the siliclastic sequences in the absence of fossils or volcanic ash layers, likely resulting in diverse tectonic and paleoclimate reconstructions. This challenge presented by different age models is well-exemplified in the debated Cenozoic terrestrial strata in Central Asia, resulting in competing models that account for the growth of the Tibetan plateau and its association with aridification history of Central Asia. Here we develop a new approach to evaluate the age model of the tephras- and fossils-free strata by checking the potential link between syntectonic sedimentation in the basin and the rapid exhumation of basement rocks. By comparing the initiation of growth strata with the onset timing of the rapid exhumation revealed by the low-temperature thermochronology, we validate this method in the regions (e.g., Zagros fold-and-thrust belt and Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex) where the age models for the strata have been well-constrained. Applying this approach to the debated age models of the strata in the Tarim and Qaidam basins, we constrain the depositional age of Paleogene syntectonic strata, indicating a Paleocene-Eocene initial and an Oligocene-Miocene intensified mountain building process along the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Integrating the timing of Paleogene tectonism along the northern Tibetan plateau with Proto-Paratethys Sea fluctuations history, we highlight the significant role of tectonism in the retreat of proto-Paratethys Sea as well as its influence on the aridification in Central Asia.
Stability analysis of the Tajogaite volcano slopes and lahar hazards for reconstruction and land planning in the affected areas, La Palma, Canary Islands
Authors: Miranda-Hardisson Ana , González de Vallejo Luis , Rodríguez-Losada José A. , Hernández-Gutiérrez Luis , de Villepreux Ernaud , Álvarez-Hernández Aarón , Cervigón-Tomico Germán , de los Ríos Díaz Héctor , Afonso-Falcón David , Pérez Nemesio M.
Published: February 2023

Between September and December 2021, a Strombolian fissure eruption with phreatomagmatic pulses occurred in the Westside of the Island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), giving rise to a volcanic edifice called Tajogaite and whose cone reached a height of 1121 m. above sea level (200 m above the pre-eruption topography) with a volume of 34 Mm3 consisting of the alignment of 6 different craters of 557 meters in length, direction N130ºE.In order to analyze the stability of the volcanic edifice and estimate the possible risk of lahars from pyroclastic materials lying on the slopes of the volcano and the surrounding areas, a series of investigations have been carried out consisting on historical series of rainfall data, thickness estimation  of the ashes deposits, laboratory tests on in situ samples, density, friction angle and cohesion of the soils determinations, as well as a geophysical survey using MASW seismic technique geotechnical properties of the slope layers in the first 30 meters of the volcano slopes. Based on these investigations, a stability analysis of the slopes of the volcanic edifice has been carried out considering different rainfall scenarios. Slope stability calculations were carried out using the Slide V6 program, from geotechnical data obtained in laboratory and from limit equilibrium back analysis conditions. Two main scenarios were analyzed including the most probable and the least probable rainfall, corresponding to the return period of  10 years and 50 years respectably.Risk of lahars had been indentify as possible for the 50 years return period, as a consequence of both the instability of the cone slopes and the surrounding ash deposits, associated with very intense rains. These data has been incorporated to the land planning of reconstruction development, particularly the adoption of preventive measures in case of intense rainfall, as well as for the design of drainage infrastructures.