bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescence Research of the April 16~17, 2006 Dust Storm Deposits in Beijing
Authors: Yang Chuan Cheng , Sun Ning Ning
Published: June 2010

The dust storm is a kind of disaster weather with serious harmfulness. April 16~17, 2006 Beijing dust storm samples were collected far away from the highway. The processes of dust storm and materials of dust storm give us an opportunity to better understand the accumulation of loess and environmental influence of mankind to the desertification in arid to semiarid areas. We collected the dust storm samples, and carried out initial measurement using the luminescence research. Through the raw samples luminescence curve, the intensity of IRSL was very low. A number of tests were undertaken on quartz extracted from the sample prior to routine application protocol. From these results, we know that the equivalent dose and thermal transfer is sensitive to the rising preheat temperature. While De is unsensitive to the cutheat temperature (except for 280 °C). We chose a preheat temperature of 200 °C 10s and a cut heat of 160 °C in these tests. The results showed that the curve of equivalent dose for this dust storm had several peaks. It is a new evidence to prove that the dust source maybe originate from several regions.
Analysis of Microbial Community Succession in Daqing Oil Field
Authors: Huang Yong Hong , Ren Guo Ling , Wei Li , Wu Xiao Lin , Yuan Hong Mei , Song Kao Ping
Published: June 2010

It is difficult to increase crude oil production for Daqing oil field by conventional technologies. In order to increase crude oil production, we make use of microbial enhanced oil recovery technology. The results showed that fluid production increased by 11 tons, oil production increased by 1.7 tons, water rate has decreased by 0.6 tons in oil reservoir after polymer flooding, North-2-4-P47 single-well daily. Microbial community diversity and dynamic change in oil reservoir after polymer flooding in Daqing Oil Field, North 2-4-P47 single-well in the process of microbial enhanced oil recovery was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. The results showed that the dominant microbes of North-2-4-P47 single-well are Acinetobacter johnsonii., Pseudomonas fluorescens., Pseudomonas sp., Bosea sp., Syntrophothermus lipocalidus., Aeromonas media. and some uncultured bacterium. Overall, microbial community diversity is abundant, and dynamic change of microbial community is also great in North-2-4-P49 single-well.
A New Method for the Pulping of Aspen Branch Wood
Authors: Yue Jin Quan , Huang Xiao Li , Wang Hua Ying , Lu Wei
Published: June 2010

Based on the BECMP production line, this article introduced the main technological process for the production of BECMP pulp using aspen branch wood as the raw material. For better understanding of the new pulping method, Compared with the widely applied production line of P-RC APMP, the relevant pulping performances and operational efficiencies of BECMP were evaluated. The results showed that: using aspen branch wood in BECMP pulping was technically feasible, and it had more benefits as effective use of the lignocellulose raw material, energy saving, and reduction in water consumption. Most notably, the properties of the pulp met the requirements of APMP-based pulp mills, and simultaneously, its tensile strength was better than that of the APMP pulp.
Air Environmental Impact Research of Urban Traffic Development – A Case Study
Authors: Wang Qing Song , Yuan Xue Liang , Ma Chun Yuan
Published: June 2010

With the speed-up of urbanization, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, which is the main urban air pollutant source because of too much emitted exhaust gas. Based on the motor vehicle exhaust emissions in Shandong Province in 2006, using trend extrapolation and scenario analysis, predict the motor vehicle exhaust emissions for future planning. The results show that the motor vehicles in 2015and 2020 are 27.52 million and 34.53 million, which is 1.9times and 2.38 times of the motor vehicles in 2006, respectively. For the specific air pollutants from motor vehicles exhaust in 2020, SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 will reach 28.4 thousand tons, 356.7 thousand tons, 10.8 thousand tons and 12.2 thousand tons, which will be 3 times, 1.2 times, 5 times and 5 times of the emissions in 2006. The urban air pollutions caused by motor vehicles exhaust will be very serious.
Experimental Study on Nitrogen Migration and Transformation of Longkeng Water Source in Songyuan Province
Authors: Fang Zhang , Xiao Chang Lai , Liang Xiu Juan , Zhang Duan Mei
Published: June 2010

Based on analysis of nitrogen transfer process, indoor experiments of nitrogen sorption, adsorption and leaching are done to study on the migration and transformation pattern of nitrogen. The spatial and temporal variation of ammonium and nitrate in the soil column is got. The influencing factors of nitrogen migration and transformation are analyzed from the sources of waste and hydrogeologic conditions. Corresponding prevention and control methods of groundwater nitrogen pollution are put forward.
Isolation and Cultivation Optimization of Chlorimuron-Ethyl Degrading Strains
Authors: Li De Bin , Lu Lei , Zhao Min
Published: June 2010

Bacterial strains with chlorimuron-ethyl degrading ability were isolated for bioremediation of contaminated soil. Six strains were obtained from chlorimuron-ethyl contaminated soil by enrichment cultivation. HPLC analysis indicated that two strains (A4 and A5) demonstrated high degradation efficiency than other strains. More than 61% of chlorimuron-ethyl was degraded by the two strains after 24 h. Based on the results of biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain A4 and A5 were identified as Bacillus licheniformis and B. cereus, respectively. The cultivation conditions of the two strains were optimized to increase the biomass production.
Evaluation of the Surface Roughness of Wood-Based Environmental Materials and its Impact on Human Psychology and Physiology
Authors: Li Xiu Rong , Liu Yi Xing , Yu Hai Peng , Li Jian
Published: June 2010

According to the three-factor theory, the surface roughness of different wood-based environmental materials was evaluated using the surface roughness profiling instrument, and the underlying effective factors of the differences were analyzed. The psycho-physiological examination of the materials’ roughness on human psychology and physiology was also carried out. During the examination, physical roughness factors of the materials were treated as the independent variable, and the heart rate variability (HRV) and dynamic blood pressure (DBP) were chosen as the dependent variables. The sympathetic and parasympathetic activities of human autonomic nervous system as toughing material surface were investigated depending on the time domain analysis of HRV. The results showed that there exists a negative linear correlation between the physical roughness of materials and the human psycho-physiologic indexes. Overall, wood materials were proper to physiological stimulate of the body, they can’t cause the risk of physiological imbalance and would soon return to normal mentation after touching. Mental capacity with HRV of the body could illustrate the suitable tactile sense characteristics with the performance of the basic physical quantities of wood materials.
Evaluation on Restoration of Ecological City of Ha’erbin
Authors: Cui Mu Hua
Published: June 2010

This article is designed to carry out design of index system for evaluation of ecological city which is applicable to features of city of Ha’erbin on basis of actual conditions of Ha’erbin in principle of combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis and to conduct evaluation on effect of restoration of ecological city of Ha’erbin with principal components analysis method. Results of evaluation show that some accomplishment has been made in terms of construction of ecological city of Ha’erbin and sub-system of environment, economy and society of Ha’erbin has been greatly improved since 2002.
Empirical Analysis on the Contribution of Environment to Economic Growth in Xi’an City
Authors: Guo Bei , Xue Yi Mei , Wang Ke Zhen
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this article is to study the impacts of environment on the economic growth of Xi’an. Based on the relevant data from 2000 to 2007, We extended Solow model for calculating the contribution rate of capital, labor and environmental indicators to economic growth. We get the environmental indicators of Xi’an is 43.46% , so it is very important to protect environment. We suggest that emissions-trading system and the deposit repayment system are better ways for Xi’an to solve the environmental problems.
Application and Prospect of Bamboo/Steel Composite Material in Civil Engineering Structure
Authors: Shen Huang Ying , Li Yu Shun , Zhang Zhen Wen , Jiang Tian Yuan , Liu Jun Zhe
Published: June 2010

The objective of this research was to develop a new composite material/system in structural civil engineering. To use of mechanical properties of bamboo-based panel and cold-formed steel, this study composite two kind of materials above-mentioned together utilizing structural adhesives. The research developed various of bamboo/steel composite members, such as composite slabs, composite walls, composite beams and composite columns. And the paper emphasized mechanical performance of bamboo/steel composite slabs and composite beams. Experimental studies on flexural behavior of 6 composite slabs and 9 composite beams were carried out and the failure process, failure modes and failure mechanism were investigated. Experiment results indicates that the bamboo plywood and cold-formed steel can form an excellent composite cross-section; Load vs. mid-span deflection curves of composite slabs and composite beams show linear on serviceability limit state. The maximum ultimate strength of composite slabs and beams have reached 30.0 kN•m and 36.13 kN•m respectively. The study shows that bamboo-steel composite members have good prospects in building structures of China.
Application of Electroless-Plated Magnetic Coating to Reduce Core Loss of Electrical Steel
Authors: Chivavibul Pornthep , Enoki Manabu , Konda Shigeru , Inada Yasushi , Tomizawa Tamotsu , Toda Akira
Published: June 2010

A possibility to reduce core loss in non-oriented (NO) electrical steel by applying magnetic coating has been investigated. This technique involves electroless plating of magnetic coating onto the surface of electrical steel. The material system was NiCoP coatings with different thicknesses (1, 5, and 10 􀁐m) deposited onto the surface of commercially available Fe-3%Si NO electrical steel. Characterization of deposited NiCoP coating was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The deposited Ni-Co-P coatings were amorphous/nanocrystalline and composed of 56-59% Ni, 32-35% Co and 8-10% P by mass. Effect of coatings on core loss of the electrical steel was determined using a single sheet test. A core loss reduction was achieved with the NiCoP coating with a thickness of 1 􀁐m magnetized at a magnetic flux density of 0.3T.
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cast A356 and Wrought AA6061 Aluminium Alloy Welds
Authors: Kumar K.Ratna , Reddy G. Madhusudhan , Rao K. Srinivasa
Published: June 2010

In this work, it was intended to improve the corrosion resistance of welds of A356 and
AA6061 by adopting mainly a special welding techniques, viz., pulsed current gas tungsten arc
welding (PCGTAW), electron beam welding (EBW) and friction stir welding (FSW). It was found
that the corrosion resistance of A356 and AA6061 welds could be improved by PCGTAW
technique rather than continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW). It can be further
improved by using electron beam welding. Improved corrosion resistance in A356 welds could be
obtained by selecting T6 temper rather than as cast condition. In the case of AA6061, improved
corrosion resistance was achieved by selecting T4 temper rather than T6 temper. As for as the
welding techniques, friction stir welding (FSW) is useful than fusion welding techniques like
CCGTAW,PCGTAW and EBW for improving the corrosion resistance of both the welds.
Pitting Enhanced Fatigue in 7075 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Dey Swapna , Mallick Amitava Basu , Chattoraj Indranil
Published: June 2010

Pitting corrosion of two tempers (T6 and T73) of 7075 Aluminium alloy were quantified by digital image processing. The effect of pitting corrosion on fatigue life in 7075 Aluminium alloy in two aging conditions was studied. Pitting was found to be slightly more severe for T6 tempers compared to T73 tempers for different time of exposures. The fatigue lives of two tempers of 7075 Aluminium alloy at high peak stresses were compared in the uncorroded and pre-corroded (pitted) states. Absolute fatigue lives of T73 samples were much higher than that of T6 in the uncorroded as well as pre-corroded condition. The various crack initiation methodologies observed through fractographic analysis is discussed.
Structure-Property Correlation of Cryotreated AISI D2 Steel
Authors: Das Debdulal , Dutta Apurba Kishore , Ray Kalyan Kumar
Published: June 2010

This study aims to reveal the underlying mechanism associated with the enhancement of wear resistance of tool steels by deep cryogenic treatment and to resolve the issue of reported varied degree of improvement in wear resistance through structure-property correlation of cryotreated vis-à-vis conventionally treated AISI D2 steel. Microstructures of heat treated specimens have been characterized employing various techniques with specific emphasis on quantitative estimation of the characteristics of secondary carbides. Evaluations of properties include measurements of bulk hardness, apparent strength of the matrix, fracture toughness and dry sliding wear resistance under wide rage of normal loads supplemented by in-depth characterizations of worn surfaces, wear debris and subsurfaces of worn specimens in order to identify the operative mode and mechanism of wear. It has been demonstrated that the favorable modifications of the precipitation behavior of secondary carbides in addition to removal of retained austenite are the governing mechanisms for the enhancement of wear resistance of tool steels by deep cryogenic treatment. The cause of the reported varied degree of improvement in wear resistance by deep cryogenic treatment has been explained by disparity of the operative modes and mechanisms of wear.
Traceability for Areal Surface Texture Measurement
Authors: Leach Richard , Giusca Claudiu , Naoi Kazuya
Published: June 2010

The deterministic structuring of a surface is having a profound effect on many industrial products by allowing the manufacturer to significantly alter the way in which a surface functions. This has led to a clear need in industry and academia for traceable areal surface texture measurements. To address this need traceable transfer artefacts and primary instrumentation are required. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is working on two projects – one to develop areal transfer artefacts and one to develop a traceable areal surface texture measuring instrument. The authors describe the development of the artefacts and instrument, and present some of the challenges that are still required to be able to offer an areal traceability measurement service to industry. The instrument has a working volume of 8 mm  8 mm  0.1 mm and uses a co-planar air-bearing slideway to move the sample. It also uses a novel vertical displacement measuring probe, incorporating an air-bearing and an electromagnetic force control mechanism. The motions of the slideway and the probe are measured by laser interferometers thus ensuring traceability of the measurements to the definition of the metre. The artefacts were manufactured using a range of machining technologies and in a range of geometries suitable for stylus and optical based instruments.
Industrial Applications of Image Based Measurement Techniques in Aerodynamics – Problems, Progress and Future Needs
Authors: Kompenhans Jürgen
Published: June 2010

Since two decades technological progress at lasers, video techniques, optoelectronics, computers and evaluation algorithms allows to extract quantitative information from images of flows, even in complex environments. Continuous improvement of such image based measurement techniques and decreasing costs of equipment enabled many research groups to exploit these techniques for extraction of 2-dimensional or even 3-dimensional data mainly for fundamental research. Since a decade ago many image based measurement techniques have found interest in aerodynamics and are even used as a matter of routine in industrial applications, especially in large wind tunnels or at in-flight testing. Application is mainly performed in the scope of large industrial projects in European co-operation. For this purpose mobile measurement systems have been developed, which can be flexibly adjusted to particular testing environments. All data is acquired non-intrusively so that no interference of the flow field by the measurement is to occur. In consequence, the methods developed are particularly suited for the aero-dynamical and aero-acoustical analysis of complex, unsteady three-dimensional flow fields. The paper will report on the state-of-the-art of the application of image based measurement techniques in aerodynamics and will describe some of the current problems and future needs.
Micro Coordinate Measuring Machine for Parallel Measurement of Microstructures
Authors: Schrader Christian , Herbst Christian , Tutsch Rainer , Büttgenbach Stephanus , Krah Thomas
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the development of a coordinate measuring machine for parallel
tactile probing of microstructures. The particular challenges due to the parallel probing will be discussed and the concluding results regarding the construction, the control and the simulation environment will be outlined.
Final Results of the Geometrical Calibration of the Pressure Balances to be Used for the new Determination of the Boltzmann Constant
Authors: Jusko Otto , Bastam Dirk , Neugebauer Michael , Reimann Helge , Sabuga Wladimir , Priruenrom Tasanee
Published: June 2010

This paper presents results of the dimensional calibration of piston-cylinder assemblies to be used for the joint NMI project “Re-determination of the Boltzmann constant”. Several measurements optimization strategies are described. For the first time 3D uncertainties in the range of 8 nm (piston) and 16 nm (cylinder) could be achieved.
High Productive Optoelectronic Pellets Surface Inspection for Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Beloborodov Alexey V. , Vlasov Evgeny V. , Finogenov Leonid V. , Zav’yalov Peter S.
Published: June 2010

The results of development and investigation of computer-vision systems for inspection of the external view of fuel pellets for nuclear fuel elements are presented. The systems developed utilize CCD-cameras to record the images of a fuel pellet’s external view in reflected beams that ensures high contrast of the defects in the picture area. One has developed a database containing images of simulators, as well as real pellets. Tests of an experimental set for fuel pellet inspection have demonstrated its inspection productivity to be 1 pellet per second and its detection probability higher than 95%. The research team has also developed an experimental set with higher inspection productivity (at least 7 pellets per second).
A Method for Laser Measurement of Disperse Composition and Concentration of Aerosol Particles
Authors: Kudryashova Olga B. , Akhmadeev Igor R. , Pavlenko Anatoly A. , Arkhipov Vladimir A. , Bondarchuk Sergey S.
Published: June 2010

A modified method of small-angle scattering that consists in solving a series of direct problems in aerosol optics is proposed to obtain a function of particle size distibution; a modified method of spectral transperancy is employed to determine the concentration of particles in a cloud. A measurement system comprising radiator (helium-neon laser), photodetector and recording instruments has been developed. Measurements in aerosol clouds are performed.
A Novel Point Matching Method for Stereovision Measurement Using RANSAC Affine Transformation
Authors: Lu Nai Guang , Sun Peng , Deng Wen Yi , Zhu Lian Qing , Lou Xiao Ping
Published: June 2010

A binocular point matching method using affine transformation is presented in this paper to deal with matching ambiguities. The epipolar geometry is used to determine all the possible matching pairs to form an initial correspondence data set. Then, an affine registration model with four parameters that is invariant to scaling, rotation and translation is built using the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) method to describe the coordinate transformation between the two members of correspondences. Finally, correspondences are picked out using minimal nearest neighbor distances based on the geometric similarity between the right image points and the transformed left ones. The proposed method is applied to measure the profile of a 3.5m parabolic reflector of an inflatable antenna and proved to be able to handle the extra or missing point matching problems coursed by occlusion and sheltering. Satisfactory results are obtained with high correct rate for matching most image pairs despite the significantly different viewpoints, which indicates its validity and application feasibility in automatic stereovision measurement field.
Impact of High-Speed Image Recognition of Transition Phenomenon of Chip Formation and Chip Flow in Gear Hobbing Process
Authors: Umezaki Yoji , Kurokawa Syuhei , Ariura Yasutsune
Published: June 2010

The transient phenomenon of chip generations and behavior in the gear hobbing process are investigated by using a high-speed video camera. The chip behavior generated in gear finish hobbing process is very complicated and one can not identify each chip from specified cutting edges. The authors have built up a new simulation method of the hobbing process using a flying tool and a special-shaped workpiece, which consists of one tooth space. Visual evidences of the chip interference on the rake face and some conditions of contact between generated chips and the work surface were visually obtained. In the case of dry cutting conditon with a high-speed steel (HSS) flytool without coating on the rake face, the flytool cuts the workpiece frequently with the stuck chip generated in the previous revolution on the rake face. The newly generated chip pushes out the previous stuck chip, which flies away eventually. The chip flow on the rake face interferes strongly at the corner of the cutting edge when both top and side cutting edges produce different chips at the same time, and the chips flow out in changing the shape. The moving speed of the chip was also measured.
Measurement of Straightness for Two-Dimensional Translatory Stage
Authors: Furutani Ryoshu , Watanabe Masakazu
Published: June 2010

The large scaled and high accurate 2D-stage is necessary for nanomanufacturing. In order to measure the position of stage, two direction sensors are used. These sensors measure the displacement from the metrological frame. However in nanometer application, as the profile error of metrological frame is comparable with the accuracy of 2D-stage, it is not negligible. Therefore the measuring result includes the displacement of stages and the profile error of metrological frame. So the multi-probe method is applied in one-dimensional measurement to separate the displacement error from the profile error of the metrological frame. In the multi-probe method, the zero adjustment error cannot be removed. So this article proposes a new method which separates the displacement of 2D-stage from the profile errors of the metrological frames in two directions. In this article, as the laser interferometer is used as the sensor, the measuring data is assumed as the shape of the axis of stages mixed with the profile error of the reference mirror in laser interferometer. The relationship during the measuring data, the shape of the axis and the profile error is described. The shape of axis of stage and the profile error of mirror are derived from the measuring result in experiment.
Optic-Electronic Systems for Control the Angle and Line Positions of the Elements Unblocked Aperture Radio-Telescope
Authors: Konyakhin Igor A. , Timofeev Alexander N.
Published: June 2010

The construction of new radio telescope RT-70 Suffa requires controlling the angular and linear deformation of the mirror elements. Following issues dealing with this problem are described in this article: 1) the possibility of the design of deformation measurement system based on triangular method 2) the new scheme of optic-electronic measurement system. The great attention during the research was paid to the experimental approval of the theoretical results. The computer simulation error and the experimental error measurement was 0.08 mm at the range 30 mm on a working distance of 25 m, which allows measuring the deformation of radiotelescope construction with the mirror diameter 70 m.
Uncertainty Analysis of Helical Deviation Measurements
Authors: Shi Zhao Yao , Lin Jia Chun , Krystek Michael Paul
Published: June 2010

The helix is a complex geometrical element. During the process of a dynamical measurement of the helical deviations, many factors, including the machine and the environment, lead to measurement errors. Although ISO as well as national standards stipulate the tolerances and assessment methods for helical deviations, these standards contribute little to the uncertainty calculations concerning such measurements. According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), all measurement results must have a stated uncertainty associated to them. But in most cases of helical deviation measurements, no uncertainty value is given, simply because no measurement uncertainty calculation procedure exists. For the case of helical deviation measurements on a Computer Numeric Control (CNC) polar coordinate machine, this paper analyses in detail all kinds of factors contributing to the measurement uncertainty, and gives the calculation procedure of the measurement uncertainty of helical deviation. As an example, the calculation of the measurement uncertainty of the helical deviations of a worm is presented.
Uncertainty Calculation of Roundness by Automatic Differentiation
Authors: Lin Jia Chun , Krystek Michael Paul , Shi Zhao Yao
Published: June 2010

According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), all measurement results must have a stated uncertainty associated to them. But in most cases of roundness measurement either no uncertainty value is given, or the calculation is not based on the model of the respective association criterion for the geometrical feature, because no suitable measurement uncertainty calculation procedure does exist. For the case of roundness measurement in coordinate metrology, this paper will suggest algorithms for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty of the roundness deviation based on the two mainly used association criteria LSC and MZC. The calculation of the sensitivity coefficients for the uncertainty calculation can be done by automatic differentiation, in order to avoid introducing additional errors by the traditional difference quotient approximations. The proposed methods are exact and need as input data only the measured co-ordinates of the data points and their associated uncertainties.
Least Squares Association of Geometrical Features by Automatic Differentiation
Authors: Krystek Michael Paul , Shi Zhao Yao , Lin Jia Chun
Published: June 2010

Least squares association of geometrical features plays an important role in geometrical product specification and verification. Most existing algorithms for the least squares association today usually do not give the covariance matrix associated with the parameters of the respective geometrical feature. The reason is that the complexity of these algorithms can be very high, because partial differential quotients are needed. If the necessary partial difference quotients are calculated by hand and subsequently coded into an algorithm, there is a high risk to introduce unwillingly errors. This paper shows how the least squares algorithm can automatically be generated solely from the equation specifying the distance function of the measured points from the geometrical feature.
Study and Improvement of a Destructive 3D Digitizer Based on Grinding Technique
Authors: Lee Wei Chen , Hsu Po Kai
Published: June 2010

The objective of this research was to study and improve the destructive 3D digitizer based on grinding technique that was developed previously. It is shown that the grinding technique used in the 3D digitizer generates better surface condition than the milling technique commonly used in other 3D digitizers, and this is beneficial to the subsequent image processing to obtain the profiles of the cross-sectional images. To increase the overall image resolution, an image-merging method was employed by putting a fiducial on top of the object to allow us to merge partial images into a full image. One of the key factors for the success of image processing is to have good contrast between the object and the background material, and we developed a program with a controllable power supply to automatically adjust the illumination based on the histograms of the images to obtain the maximum contrast. At the end, we performed an experiment by using Taguchi method and found out that the grinding depth is the most significant factor that can be controlled on the destructive 3D digitizer for burr length reduction.
A Study of Key Optical Profiler Parameters for Form Error Measurement
Authors: Huang X. , Gao Y.
Published: June 2010

Optical profiler is a typical modern device for precision form error measurement. In our use of the equipment, we found that the surface form profile after stitching is ambiguous if the lens magnification is changed. The error in terms of PV value can be up to 3200% when the lens magnification changes from 2.5 times to 30 times. This has been confirmed by the equipment supplier. It is worthwhile to offer a comprehensive study as many users may use the instrument of the kind straightforward without detailed investigation of the performance. We found that, among the 6 key parameters studied, 3 independent parameters are more important. For the 3 independent parameters, we recommend to set the magnification A=2.5 times, the resolution r=0.5, and the overlap p=20%. With the recommended settings, the measurement error can be less than 0.5%. Backscan and length for scanning in the vertical direction, and cut off frequency for delivering form profile are less critical compared with the three independent parameters.
Research on Terahertz Filters Employing the Effect of Frustrated Total Internal Reflection
Authors: Syrneva Aleksandra S. , Chesnokov Vladimir V. , Chesnokov Dimitry V.
Published: June 2010

The optical filter under development employing frustrated total internal reflection is a micromechanical device containing two silicon rectangular prisms. There is flat silicon plane among hypotenuse edges of the prisms. The silicon plane is a Fabry-Perot resonator, with clearances h1 among the plate and prism edges being its mirrors. Theoretical resolution of the optical filter would be R ≈ 1,5∙103 if h1 = 50 µm and R ≈ 3∙105 if h1 = 100 µm with the thickness of the silicon plane being h = 65 µm; wavelength λ = 100 µm; free spectral region Δλ/λ ≈ 0,3…0,4, transmission in the maximum of spectral characteristics 0,6 (provided input and output silicon prism legs bloom).
Micromechanical Optical Scanner for Terahertz Spectrum Diapason
Authors: Korneyev Vladimir S. , Chesnokov Vladimir V. , Chesnokov Dimitry V.
Published: June 2010

This paper considers the possibility of creation of a micromechanical optical scanner (MOEMS-scanner) for terahertz spectrum diapason of radiation frequencies.
Impact of Micro and Nano Sensors in Biomedical Measurement
Authors: Rolfe Peter
Published: June 2010

This paper reviews the ways in which micro and nano sensors have evolved within biology and medicine. The target measurands include an ever-increasing number of simple and complex molecules, physical quantities, and electrical and magnetic phenomena. Micro sensors based on electrochemical, acoustic, piezoelectric and optical principles are contributing to clinical care of patients who may benefit from the continuous monitoring of critical variables in intensive care or from the ability to perform convenient self-monitoring during normal daily life. Sensors constructed on the nano-scale are now emerging, especially for complex bio-molecules such as DNA. These are strengthening basic research, for example in the study of genetic factors in disease and for discovery of new drugs. Scanning probe technology and nano optics, including surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, play important roles in these developments. Sensor science and technology has gained significant benefits through inspiration arising from biological sensory systems. This includes the sense of olfaction, which has led to the artificial nose, and the sense of vision that has been emulated in several versions of the artificial retina. The impact of micro and nano sensors on fundamental understanding in biomedicine and on clinical diagnosis and care are highlighted.
Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm of Early Fire Based on Process Characteristic
Authors: Zhang Ren Cheng , Du Jian Hua
Published: June 2010

Traditional fire detection technologies usually measure the smoke particles or the temperature increase resulted from fire. However in the early stage of fire, few particles and low heat are generated. Current fire algorithms is based on comparing the fire variables with a given threshold value, the transient sampled values are often affected by some stochastic disturbances. Consequently current methods are hardly alarm fire fleetly and reliably and often give false or failing alarm. A new fire detecting technology was presented based on early fire process signature and fuzzy clustering algorithm. The process eigenvector is made up of CO concentration in detected environment as well as its increasing rate and acceleration. The eigenvectors are divided into two categories of real fire and non-fire, the two cluster centers are obtained by using fuzzy clustering analysis. According to threshold membership principle, the real fire sources can be distinguished from non-fire sources successfully. The result of experiments has shown that the presented technology is feasible for early fire detecting with lower rate of false and failing alarm, and give fire alarm much early than any other traditional method.
Beam Pointing Precision Control by Using a Liquid Crystal Optical Phased Array
Authors: Wu Li Ying , Zhang Jian , Fang Yun
Published: June 2010

For laser beam steering, a pure optical-electric system without mechanical or inertial parts is used. The new device is a Liquid Crystal Optical Phased Array (LCOPA). Supplying electric field to liquid crystal cell with electrodes, the extraordinary refractive index changes, which results in phase shift that modulates the direction of incident beam. The advantages of this device are small size, less energy consuming, programmable and addressable control. A one dimensional device is designed and tested. The resolution of the steering angle is 20 μrad, the range is ±2o. The effect of flyback region and phase valley on diffraction efficiency is also discussed briefly.
Detection of Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration Using LaSrFeO3-Doped SnO2 Gas Sensor
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Xing Ru , Yao Peng Jun , Ji Min , Qi Jin Qing , Wu Wei
Published: June 2010

Formaldehyde gas sensors with a structure of ceramic tube were fabricated by using La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-doped nanometer tin oxide. The highest response to formaldehyde appeared when the heating temperature of the La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-doped SnO2 sensor was about 370 °C. The response of the sensors to formaldehyde was measured in a gas concentration in the range of 0 - 5 ppm. The lowest formaldehyde concentration detected by 2 wt % (weight ratio) of La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-doped SnO2 gas sensor was 0.05 ppm. The response and recover times of the sensor to 0.5 ppm formaldehyde were about 120 s and 100 s, respectively. The response of the sensor to some interferent gases was tested.
Fiber Bragg Grating Demodulation System Based on Equi-Intensity Cantilever Beam
Authors: Li Hong , Yan Wei Ping , Shen Ren Sheng , Wang Ben Yu
Published: June 2010

Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) can achieve the higher precision and sensitivity, but it is disadvantageous for translating optical signal into electrical signal. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) matched filtering system based on equi-intensity cantilever beam was presented in this paper. Strain characteristics in different location of cantilever beam were described, and the strain sensitivity of matching grating demodulation based on equi-intensity cantilever beam was deduced mathematically. Strain characteristics of cantilever beam were verified, and the sensing effect of the system was tested. The Bragg wavelength shift range of the demodulating FBG placed on the cantilever beam reached 10 nm, and scanning velocity was 0.125 nm/s. The system could demodulate slow-altered sensing signal accurately and rapidly.
Study on Measuring System for Characteristics and Distribution of Skylight Polarization
Authors: Cui Yan , Chu Jin Kui , Cao Nan Nan , Zhao Kai Chun
Published: June 2010

A new system has been developed and calibrated to measure the characteristics and distribution of skylight polarization. With a series of measurements obtained, we verified that the distribution of degree and angle of skylight polarization accords well with the predictions of Rayleigh scattering. The differences of the characteristics and distribution of skylight polarization across the principal plane owning to measurements’ errors have been analyzed and discussed.
A Preliminary Study of Micro Heat Conduction by Hot-Tip Tribological Probe Microscope
Authors: Yue Zhao Yang , Liu Xian Ping
Published: June 2010

Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) and infrared thermography are widely used for surface thermal characterization. However, the SThM technique is limited by measurement of the non-electrical conductive surfaces and the infrared thermography has insufficient spatial resolution for submicron localized thermal measurement. The “hot tip” Tribological Probe Microscope (TPM) has been designed to achieve better localized thermal analysis function in this paper. The schemes of system design are presented and the principle of the ‘hot-tip’ technique is explained by relating the signals to established thermal properties. After calibrating the lumped thermal resistances (LTR) of the probe and the ambient environment, the LTRs of 5 metal surfaces were measured and compared. In addition, the paper numerically studied the LTR of the indentation interfaces with defined thermal conductivity (TC) by Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical linearity was observed and fitted between LTR and TC. Based on the measured LTR and the linearity, the deduced TCs of the 5 metal surfaces are agreed well with the reference values.
Automatic Shape Grading of Pearl Using Machine Vision Based Measurement
Authors: Cao Yan Long , Zheng Hua Wen , Yang Jiang Xin , He Yuan Feng
Published: June 2010

A method of automatic shape grading of pearl using machine vision is presented in this paper. Firstly, the preprocessed color image is segmented according to its grey degree histogram. Then the morphological closing operation is adopted to eliminate the noise points. An 8-directional boundary-tracing algorithm is applied to obtain the sequences of the boundary. And then the Euclidean distance between the pearls under checking is compared with ones in the standard template library, which is utilized to distinguish the pearls’ shape. Finally the experimental result demonstrates the validity and practicability of this method.
Oil-Filled Isolated High Pressure Sensor for High Temperature Application
Authors: Jiang Zhuang De , Zhao Li Bo , Zhao Yu Long , Liu Yuan Hao , Prewett Philip D. , Jiang Kyle
Published: June 2010

In order to solve pressure measurement problems in the fields of aerospace, petroleum and chemical industry, mobile and military industry, a oil-filled isolated piezoresistive high pressure sensor has been developed with the range of 0~100 MPa, and was able to work reliably under high temperature of above 200 °C. Based on MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) and SIMOX (Separation by Implantation of Oxygen) technology, the piezoresistive sensor chip has been developed. By high temperature packaging process, the oil-filled isolated high pressure sensor was fabricated with the sensor chip and corrugated diaphragm. The experimental results showed that the oil-filled isolated high pressure sensor had good performances under high temperature of 200 °C, such as linearity error of 0.07%FS, repeatability error of 0.04%FS, hysteresis error of 0.03%FS.
Model-Based Correction of Image Distortion in Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gnieser Dominic , Frase Carl Georg , Bosse Harald , Tutsch Rainer
Published: June 2010

A new Monte-Carlo program for simulation image formation in scanning electron microscopy for real three-dimensional use is presented; factors of image distortions are realized in the program, in respect of future photogrammetric evaluation. A first attempt for generating a 3D-analysis of simulated images is shown.
Heart Rate Wireless Monitoring System “Cardiobeat”, Novel Approach to ECG Processing and Representation
Authors: Antsiperov Vjacheslav E. , Obukhov Yuri V. , Mansurov Gennady K.
Published: June 2010

The paper concerns the development of the heart rate wearable wireless monitoring system “CardioBeat”. This system has two types of transmission mode, which are total signal transmission and heart rate transmission modes. The developed system uses wireless PAN (Personal Area Network), which operates in low-power mode. It is composed of two main parts: ECG registering circuit with wireless communication module and base station with terminal. The registering circuit has three surface electrodes, ECG amplifier and microcontroller. In total signal transmission mode, it can send data with transmission speed corresponding up to 300 ECG samples per second. In heart rate transmission mode, it can calculate heart rate from ECG data with 300 samples per second and send packets at the specified rate. Base station communication unit forwards the received data to PC, where the data can be stored and displayed. The developed equipment showed the possibility of real-time monitoring of the patients in their daily life and is expected to contribute, in particular, to the saving of medical expenses.
Automatic High-Speed Optoelectronic System for Dimensional Inspection of Distant Articles in Industry and Transport
Authors: Kalikin Vadim E. , Verkhogliad Alexander G. , Kalichkin Stepan V. , Makarov Sergei N. , Bazin Vladimir S. , Kharhota Vladimir B. , Savkov Sergei G.
Published: June 2010

Advanced automated optoelectronic system for contact wire wear inspection on the go using a structured light method is presented. The algorithm of the video stream analysis and approaches to its implementation using high-performance electronic equipment are given. The automated system described has allowed measuring wear parameters with 10 mm interval at the inspection wagon velocity of 60 km per hour. The root-mean-square error for the measurements of the remaining height and contact plot constitutes 0.15 and 1.5 mm2 correspondently that allows one to make a considered decision about changing a worn section of a contact wire network. The system also can be utilized to inspect public transportation network and to measure the geometric parameters of cables and tubes being fabricated with rolling technique.
Automatic, Task-Sensitive and Simulation-Based Optimization of Fringe Projection Measurements
Authors: Weickmann Johannes , Weckenmann Albert , Brenner Peter Frederik
Published: June 2010

Fringe projection systems gain in importance in manufacturing quality control due to their multiple advantages. However, determination of an optimal inspection setup – including sighting- and positioning-strategy and configuration of the sensor – is a challenging task. There is no standardized, methodical approach established yet. Thus the success of an inspection depends on the skills and diligence of the inspection planner. This paper shows an approach for the reduction of these shortfalls. Therefore a software-tool was developed, which provides a simulation-based, task-sensitive and automatic optimization of inspection setups. Fundament for the simulation of the measurement is a continuous model. Thus the measurement result and the quality of a chosen inspection setup can be simulated. Based on this, algorithms for the multi-criteria-optimization of inspection setups were implemented.
Motif Parameters Based Characterization of Line Edge Roughness of a Nanoscale Grating Structure
Authors: Jiang Zhuang De , Zhao Feng Xia , Jing Wei Xuan , Prewett Philip D. , Jiang Kyle
Published: June 2010

Motif parameters were introduced to characterize line edge roughness (LER) of a nanoscale grating structure. Firstly with electron beam lithography employed the expected nano-scale grating structure with linewidth of 16 nm was fabricated on positive resist. Then the line edge profiles of the structure were extracted and their LERs were characterized. The results showed that the evaluation method is rather simple, effective and recommendable.
Optical System for On-Line Monitoring and Temperature Control in Selective Laser Melting Technology
Authors: Doubenskaia Maria , Pavlov Mikhail , Chivel Yuri
Published: June 2010

A monitoring system is developed to visualize and to control the process of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of metallic powder. The system is integrated with industrial PHENIX PM-100 machine. Visualization is carried out using LED illumination and CCD-camera; a home developed pyrometer is applied for monitoring of thermal phenomena in the zone of laser impact. Deviation of temperature from its optimal value is chosen as a criterion for the express method of quality control.
Measurement of Vehicle Tire Footprint Pattern and Pressure Distribution Using Piezoresistive Force Sensor Mat and Image Analysis
Authors: Lu Rong Sheng , Liu Ning , Chen Xiao Huai
Published: June 2010

In this paper, a novel method to measure the footprint pattern of a vehicle tire and its pressure distribution will be put forward. The measurement principle will be presented. The automatic digital image processing methods of the footprint pattern and pressure distribution images, which are used to characterize the footprint pattern, are described. Especially, a novel envelope curve calculation algorithm for finding a pattern boundary is introduced. The experimental results have shown that the methods mentioned in the paper are of robustness and high accuracy.
Dimension Accuracy Analysis of a Micro-Punching Mold for IC Packing Bag
Authors: Lin Wei Shin , Lin Jui Chang
Published: June 2010

This article is pointed to the dimension accuracy analysis of the micro-punching mold for plastic carrier tape. The parts’ dimensions of the punch were first determined by the specification of the plastic carrier tape. The parts would be manufactured and assembled, and the performance of the punch was tested subsequently. Variation of dimensional accuracy of the plastic carrier tape was inspected to evaluate the performance of the punch. Mean and variance test was conducted under the significance level of α = 0.05. Through these inspections, all the plastic carrier tape met the specifications of dimensional accuracy, which indicated that the precision and performance of the developed micro-punching mold also met the requirement.
Measurement's Result and its Error as Fuzzy Variables: Background and Perspectives
Authors: Solopchenko Gennady N. , Semenov Konstantin K. , Kreinovich Vladik , Reznik Leon
Published: June 2010

The possibility of using fuzzy variables for describing measurands and their error characteristics is investigated. The elementary arithmetic operations within the limits of such representation are considered.