bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphitic Carbon with MnO/Mn7C3 Prepared by Laser‐Scribing of MOF for Versatile Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Lam Do Van , Nguyen Uyen Nhat Trieu , Roh Euijin , Choi Wanuk , Kim Jae‐Hyun , Kim Hyunuk , Lee Seung‐Mo
Published: June 2021

Pseudocapacitive materials encapsulated in conductive carbon matrix are of paramount importance to develop energy storage devices with high performance and long lifespan. Here, via simple laser‐scribing, the Mn‐based metal–organic framework [EG‐MOF‐74(Mn)] is transformed into pseudocapacitive hybrid MnO/Mn7C3 encapsulated in highly conductive graphitic carbon. It is revealed that the rapid carbothermic reduction of MnO (C + MnO → C′ + Mn7C3 + CO) leads to the formation of the intermediate pseudocapacitive MnO/Mn7C3 and the concurrent catalytic graphitization of disordered carbon. This reaction produces a new type of pseudocapacitive material in the form of MnO/Mn7C3 fully embedded in highly conductive graphitic carbon. Thanks to the synergistic effect of the MnO/Mn7C3 nanoparticles and the graphitic carbon, the composite exhibits a high specific capacitance of 403 F g−1 with excellent stability. Asymmetric coin‐cell supercapacitors based on the composite demonstrate high energy (29.2 Wh kg−1) and power densities (8000 W kg−1) with a long lifespan. Prototypes of flexible paper‐based supercapacitors made of the composite also show great potential toward applications of flexible electronics.
Constructing Co–N–C Catalyst via a Double Crosslinking Hydrogel Strategy for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Catalysis in Fuel Cells
Authors: Miao Zhengpei , Xia Yu , Liang Jiashun , Xie Linfeng , Chen Shaoqing , Li Shenzhou , Wang Hsing‐Lin , Hu Song , Han Jiantao , Li Qing
Published: June 2021

Exploiting platinum‐group‐metal (PGM)‐free electrocatalysts with remarkable activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of significant importance to the large‐scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Here, a high‐performance and anti‐Fenton reaction cobalt–nitrogen–carbon (Co–N–C) catalyst is reported via employing double crosslinking (DC) hydrogel strategy, which consists of the chemical crosslinking between acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) copolymerization and metal coordinated crosslinking between Co2+ and P(AA–AM) copolymer. The resultant DC hydrogel can benefit the Co2+ dispersion via chelated Co‐N/O bonds and relieve metal agglomeration during the subsequent pyrolysis, resulting in the atomically dispersed Co‐Nx/C active sites. By optimizing the ratio of AA/AM, the optimal P(AA–AM)(5‐1)–Co–N catalyst exhibits a high content of nitrogen doping (12.36 at%) and specific surface area (1397 m2 g−1), significantly larger than that of the PAA–Co–N catalyst (10.59 at%/746 m2 g−1) derived from single crosslinking (SC) hydrogel. The electrochemical measurements reveal that P(AA–AM)(5‐1)–Co–N possesses enhanced ORR activity (half‐wave potential (E1/2) ≈0.820 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and stability (≈4 mV shift in E1/2 after 5000 potential cycles in 0.5 m H2SO4 at 60 ºC) relative to PAA‐Co‐N, which is higher than most Co–N–C catalysts reported so far.
mRNA Delivery by a pH‐Responsive DNA Nano‐Hydrogel
Authors: Fu Xin , Chen Tianshu , Song Yuchen , Feng Chang , Chen Huinan , Zhang Qianqian , Chen Guifang , Zhu Xiaoli
Published: June 2021

The delivery of mRNA to manipulate protein expression has attracted widespread attention, since that mRNA overcomes the problem of infection and mutation risks in transgenes and can work as drugs for the treatment of diseases. Although there are currently some vehicles that deliver mRNA into cells, they have not yet reached a good balance in terms of expression efficiency and biocompatibility. Here, a DNA nano‐hydrogel system for mRNA delivery is developed. The nano‐hydrogel is all composed of DNA except the target mRNA, so it has superior biocompatibility compared with those chemical vehicles. In parallel, the nano‐hydrogel can be compacted into a nanosphere under the crosslinking by well‐designed “X”‐shaped DNA scaffolds and DNA linkers, facilitating the delivery into cells through endocytosis. In addition, smart intracellular release of the mRNA is achieved by incorporating a pH‐responsive i‐motif structure into the nano‐hydrogel. Thus, taking the efficient delivery and release together, mRNA can be translated into the corresponding protein with a high efficiency, which is comparable to that of the commercial liposome but with a much better biocompatibility. Due to the excellent biocompatibility and efficiency, this nano‐hydrogel system is expected to become a competitive alternative for delivering functional mRNA in vivo.
Melvyn Driver
Authors:   MDC Exports
Published: June 2021

A designer of humane veterinary products since the 1980s, it is estimated that every vet practice in the UK will have at least one of his products in use.
Spatial‐Mark‐Resight Model to Estimate Raccoon Abundance in Yosemite Valley, California
Authors: Kukielka Esther A. , MartÍnez‐lÓpez Beatriz , Ballweber Lora R. , Buttke Danielle , Patrick Katie , Wold E. Binta , Mazur Rachel
Published: June 2021

Prior to 2017 there was a lack of information regarding the abundance and density of raccoons (Procyon lotor) living in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California. However, increased awareness of zoonotic disease raised concerns that human‐raccoon interactions in Yosemite Valley could pose a risk of disease transmission. Additionally, biologists needed to know if raccoons would threaten the success of an endangered species reintroduction program for the California red‐legged frog (Rana draytonii). Our project had several objectives: to obtain a population estimate of raccoons in the Yosemite Valley; to evaluate whether a zoonotic disease risk regardingBaylisascaris procyonisexisted; to learn more about the extent of raccoon nuisance behavior; and to consider the risk raccoons may pose to the conservation of the California red‐legged frog. We estimated a density of 1.89 (interquartile rate = 1.02–3.14) raccoons/km2and a population estimate of 40 individuals (SD ± 11.5), during Summer and Fall 2017. Three of 6 raccoons sampled showed evidence ofB. procyonisinfection, indicating a zoonotic risk for visitors to the park. There were 38 recorded incidents of raccoon nuisance behavior. Due to the low estimated raccoon density, we do not expect their presence to be a limiting factor for the California red‐legged frog reintroduction program; however, we do suggest that future release sites be located away from known raccoon use areas. We encourage continued attention to wildlife‐proof storage of food and garbage, visitor education regarding zoonotic disease risks, management actions aimed at ending anthropogenic feeding, and prompt clean‐up of latrine sites found near eating or play areas. © 2021 The Authors.Wildlife Society Bulletinpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Recycling and Upcycling: FENIX Validation on Three Use Cases
Authors: Bianchin Alvise , Smyrnakis George
Published: June 2021

Within FENIX a set of three use cases has been developed in order to test in practice the selected business models. After the description of a common data repository virtually connecting all the use cases and describing the common step of PCB disassembly, this chapter presents each use case into detail, by evidencing the main findings.
Circular Economy Performance Assessment
Authors: Rocca Roberto , Sassanelli Claudio , Rosa Paolo , Terzi Sergio
Published: June 2021

The main aim of the FENIX project is the development of new business models and industrial strategies for three novel supply chains in order to enable value-added product-services. Through a set of success stories coming from the application of circular economy principles in different industrial sectors, FENIX wants to demonstrate in practice the real benefits coming from its adoption. In addition, Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) will be integrated within the selected processes to improve the efficient recovery of secondary resources. This chapter focuses on the definition of a novel Circular Economy Performance Assessment (CEPA) methodology to be adopted within the FENIX project. This implementation activity has been done into two steps. From one side, a state-of-the-art analysis of existing CE methodologies and related KPIs has been executed and the most common circularity assessment methods (and KPIs) have been identified. Subsequently, a totally new CEPA methodology has been developed starting from the findings coming from the literature. This methodology, together with classic LCA and LCC methods, will be exploited for the quantitative assessment of CBMs.
Semi-automated PCB Disassembly Station
Authors: Galparoli Simone , Caielli Andrea , Rosa Paolo , Terzi Sergio
Published: June 2021

The main aim of the FENIX project is the development of new business models and industrial strategies for three novel supply chains in order to enable value-added product-services. Through a set of success stories coming from the application of circular economy principles in different industrial sectors, FENIX wants to demonstrate in practice the real benefits coming from its adoption. In addition, Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) will be integrated within the selected processes to improve the efficient recovery of secondary resources. In this sense, among the available KETs, the adoption of digital and advanced automated solutions allows companies to re-thinking their business strategies, trying to cope with even more severe environmental requirements. Among these technological solutions, the paradigm of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is the most popular. I4.0 entails the development of a new concept of economic policy based on high-tech strategies and internet-connected technologies allowing the creation of added-value for organizations and society. Unlike the activities developed in T3.1, related to the development and implementation of simulation tools and models for the smartphones’ disassembly process optimization, here the attention has been spent in managing and optimizing a new semi-automated PCBs disassembly station. The disassembly of products is a key process in the treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. When performed efficiently, it enables the maximization of resources re-usage and a minimization of pollution. Within the I4.0 paradigm, collaborative robots (co-bots in short) can safely interact with humans and learn from them. This flexibility makes them suitable for supporting current CE practices, especially during disassembly and remanufacturing operations. D3.2 focuses on describing the semi-automated PCB disassembly process implemented at the POLIMI’s Industry 4.0 Lab, aiming to demonstrate in practice the benefits of exploiting I4.0 technologies in PCB disassembly processes. Results highlight how a semi-automated cell where operators and cobots works together can allow a better management of both repetitive and specific activities, the safe interaction of cobots with operators and the simple management of the high variability related with different kinds of PCBs.
A Mobile Pilot Plant for the Recovery of Precious and Critical Raw Materials
Authors: Birloaga Ionela , Ippolito Nicolo Maria , Vegliò Francesco
Published: June 2021

In order to furtherly proceed with the recycling of raw materials from e-wastes, PCBs must be treated in a hydrometallurgical process able to extract useful materials from them. This chapter presents some details of the hydrometallurgical pilot plant developed in FENIX.
Partizipation, digitale Technologien und gesellschaftlicher Dialog in der Stapferhaus-Ausstellung „FAKE. Die ganze Wahrheit“
Authors: Hochuli Julia , Enz Sonja
Published: June 2021

Fake-Profile, Fake-Produkte und Fake News, schummelnde Konzerne, dopende Sportler und lügende Politikerinnen – Fake und Lüge sind heute in aller Munde und auf allen Kanälen. Bedroht die Lüge unser Zusammenleben? Wer bestimmt eigentlich, was wahr ist? Und wem können wir noch vertrauen? Um diese Fragen zu verhandeln, hat das Stapferhaus seinen Neubau direkt am Bahnhof Lenzburg im Oktober 2018 in aller Bescheidenheit als „Amt für die ganze Wahrheit“ eröffnet.
Erratum to: T duality and Wald entropy formula in the Heterotic Superstring effective action at first-order in α′
Authors: Elgood Zachary , Ortín Tomás
Published: June 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2020)097
Amalgam und Alternativen – Diskussionen zur Quecksilberreduktion in der Umwelt
Authors: Frankenberger Roland , Winter Julia , Schmalz Gottfried
Published: June 2021

Dentales Amalgam wird seit über 180 Jahren erfolgreich in der zahnärztlichen Füllungstherapie kariöser Läsionen eingesetzt. Es ist langlebig, in der Verarbeitung wenig techniksensitiv und damit fehlertolerant. Seit vielen Jahren befindet sich das dentale Amalgam jedoch in der öffentlichen Diskussion, v. a. wegen seines Quecksilberanteils von ca. 50 %. Seit Veröffentlichung des „Minamata-Übereinkommens“ im Jahr 2013 mit dem primären Ziel, die Ausleitung anthropogenen Quecksilbers in die Umwelt zu reduzieren, ist die zwischenzeitlich fast verstummte Amalgamkritik wieder deutlich lauter geworden. Ein weiterer nicht unerheblicher Nachteil des Amalgams ist die silbrig-schwärzliche Farbe, die heute den ästhetischen Erfordernissen der Patienten oft nicht mehr entspricht.

Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert die Grundproblematik von Amalgam vor dem Hintergrund multipler biologischer, klinischer und gesundheitspolitischer Aspekte. Es wird Bezug genommen zu möglichen Auswirkungen, insbesondere des Minamata-Übereinkommens, auf gesetzliche Regelungen sowie auf die Verwendung von Werkstoffen und damit auch auf das Versorgungssystem der Zukunft. Außerdem werden mögliche Materialalternativen sowie biomedizinischer Forschungsbedarf auf dem Gebiet der restaurativen Zahnerhaltung dargestellt und abschließend die Frage gestellt, ob wir überhaupt die richtige Diskussion führen.
MRI nomenclature for musculoskeletal infection
Authors: Alaia Erin F. , Chhabra Avneesh , Simpfendorfer Claus S. , Cohen Micah , Mintz Douglas N. , Vossen Josephina A. , Zoga Adam C. , Fritz Jan , Spritzer Charles E. , Armstrong David G. , Morrison William B.
Published: June 2021

The Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee identified musculoskeletal infection as a White Paper topic, and selected a Committee, tasked with developing a consensus on nomenclature for MRI of musculoskeletal infection outside the spine. The objective of the White Paper was to critically assess the literature and propose standardized terminology for imaging findings of infection on MRI, in order to improve both communication with clinical colleagues and patient care.

A definition was proposed for each term; debate followed, and the committee reached consensus. Potential controversies were raised, with formulated recommendations. The committee arrived at consensus definitions for cellulitis, soft tissue abscess, and necrotizing infection, while discouraging the nonspecific term phlegmon. For bone infection, the term osteitis is not useful; the panel recommends using terms that describe the likelihood of osteomyelitis in cases where definitive signal changes are lacking. The work was presented virtually to SSR members, who had the opportunity for review and modification prior to submission for publication.
Phagotrophic protists (protozoa) in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: diversity, distribution, ecology, and best research practices
Authors: Thompson Andrew R.
Published: June 2021

Phagotrophic protists (formerly protozoa) are a highly diverse, polyphyletic grouping of generally unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are key regulators of the soil microbiome. The biodiversity and ecology of soil phagotrophic protists are still largely uncharacterized, especially in the Antarctic, which possesses some of the harshest terrestrial environments known and potentially many physiologically unique and scientifically interesting species. Antarctic soil systems are also highly limited in terms of moisture, temperature, and carbon, and the resulting reduced biological complexity can facilitate fine-tuned investigation of the drivers and functioning of microbial communities. To facilitate and encourage future research into protist biodiversity and ecology, especially in context of the broader functioning of Antarctic terrestrial communities, I review the biodiversity, distribution, and ecology of Antarctic soil phagotrophic protists. Biodiversity appears to be highly structured by region and taxonomic group, with the Antarctic Peninsula having the highest taxonomic diversity and ciliates (Ciliophora) being the most diverse taxonomic group. However, richness estimates are likely skewed by disproportionate sampling (over half of the studies are from the peninsula), habitat type bias (predominately moss-associated soils), investigator bias (toward ciliates and the testate amoeba morphogroup), and methodological approach (toward cultivation and morphological identification). To remedy these biases, a standardized methodology using both morphological and molecular identification and increased emphasis on microflagellate and naked amoeba morphogroups is needed. Additionally, future research should transition away from biodiversity survey studies to dedicated ecological studies that emphasize the function, ecophysiology, endemicity, dispersal, and impact of abiotic drivers beyond moisture and temperature.
Expert opinion paper on cardiac imaging after ischemic stroke
Authors: Schnabel Renate B. , Camen Stephan , Knebel Fabian , Hagendorff Andreas , Bavendiek Udo , Böhm Michael , Doehner Wolfram , Endres Matthias , Gröschel Klaus , Goette Andreas , Huttner Hagen B. , Jensen Christoph , Kirchhof Paulus , Korosoglou Grigorios , Laufs Ulrich , Liman Jan , Morbach Caroline , Nabavi Darius Günther , Neumann-Haefelin Tobias , Pfeilschifter Waltraud , Poli Sven , Rizos Timolaos , Rolf Andreas , Röther Joachim , Schäbitz Wolf Rüdiger , Steiner Thorsten , Thomalla Götz , Wachter Rolf , Haeusler Karl Georg
Published: June 2021

This expert opinion paper on cardiac imaging after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) includes a statement of the “Heart and Brain” consortium of the German Cardiac Society and the German Stroke Society. The Stroke Unit-Commission of the German Stroke Society and the German Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET) endorsed this paper. Cardiac imaging is a key component of etiological work-up after stroke. Enhanced echocardiographic tools, constantly improving cardiac computer tomography (CT) as well as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer comprehensive non- or less-invasive cardiac evaluation at the expense of increased costs and/or radiation exposure. Certain imaging findings usually lead to a change in medical secondary stroke prevention or may influence medical treatment. However, there is no proof from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that the choice of the imaging method influences the prognosis of stroke patients. Summarizing present knowledge, the German Heart and Brain consortium proposes an interdisciplinary, staged standard diagnostic scheme for the detection of risk factors of cardio-embolic stroke. This expert opinion paper aims to give practical advice to physicians who are involved in stroke care. In line with the nature of an expert opinion paper, labeling of classes of recommendations is not provided, since many statements are based on expert opinion, reported case series, and clinical experience.
Expanding the Swiss autosomal marker set to 32 STRs
Authors: Zieger Martin , Gouy Alexandre , Utz Silvia
Published: June 2021

By genotyping 1198 individuals with the Qiagen Investigator® HDplex Kit, we expand the Swiss autosomal STR dataset to 32 loci, providing additional resources for complex kinship cases. We present the first high-quality allele frequency dataset for loci D2S1360, D5S2500, D7S1517, and D10S2325 that will be accessible through the ENFSI reference database STRidER. For loci D3S1744, D4S2366, D6S474, D8S1132, and D21S2055, we provide a first European STRidER dataset.
Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences
Authors: Lai Nicola , Fiutem Justin J. , Pfaff Nora , Salvadego Desy , Strainic James
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as $$d\mathrm{H}\mathrm{R}/d{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

d
H
R
/
d

W
R

t
o
t

(cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and $${d \dot{V}{\text{O}} }_{2}/d{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

d

V
˙

O

2

/
d

W
R

t
o
t

(O2 delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate ($${\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

W
R

t
o
t

). To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method in quantifying $${\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

W
R

t
o
t

to determine CPET slopes.

Methods

CPET’s were performed by healthy patients, (n = 674, 9–18 year) 300 female (F) and 374 male (M), using an incremental ramp protocol on a treadmill. For this protocol, a quantitative relationship based on biomechanical principles of human locomotion, was used to quantify the $${\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

W
R

t
o
t

of the subject. CPET slopes were determined by linear regression of the data recorded until the gas exchange threshold occurred.

Results

The method to estimate $${\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

W
R

t
o
t

was substantiated by verifying that: $$d{ \dot{V}{\text{O}} }_{2}/d{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

d

V
˙

O

2

/
d

W
R

t
o
t

for treadmill exercise corresponded to an efficiency of muscular work similar to that of cycle ergometer; $$d{ \dot{V}{\text{O}} }_{2}/d{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

d

V
˙

O

2

/
d

W
R

t
o
t

(mL min−1 W−1) was invariant with age and greater in M than F older than 12 years old (13–14 years: 9.6 ± 1.5(F) vs. 10.5 ± 1.8(M); 15–16 years: 9.7 ± 1.7(F) vs. 10.6 ± 2.2(M); 17–18 years: 9.6 ± 1.7(F) vs. 11.0 ± 2.3(M), p < 0.05); similar to cycle ergometer exercise, $$dHR/d{WR}_{tot}$$

d
H
R
/
d

WR

tot

was inversely related to body weight (BW) (r = 0.71) or $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2,{\text{~peak}}}}$$

V
˙

O

2
,

peak

(r = 0.66) and $$d{ \dot{V}{\text{O}} }_{2}/d{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

d

V
˙

O

2

/
d

W
R

t
o
t

was not related to BW (r = − 0.01), but had a weak relationship with $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2,{\text{~peak}}}}$$

V
˙

O

2
,

peak

(r = 0.28).

Conclusion

The proposed approach can be used to estimate $${\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}$$

W
R

t
o
t

and quantify CPET slopes derived from incremental ramp protocols at submaximal exercise intensities using the treadmill, like the cycle ergometer, to infer cardiovascular and metabolic function in both healthy and diseased states.
OsJAZ11 regulates phosphate starvation responses in rice
Authors: Pandey Bipin K. , Verma Lokesh , Prusty Ankita , Singh Ajit Pal , Bennett Malcolm J. , Tyagi Akhilesh K. , Giri Jitender , Mehra Poonam
Published: June 2021

Main conclusion

OsJAZ11regulates phosphate homeostasis by suppressing jasmonic acid signaling and biosynthesis in rice roots.

Jasmonic Acid (JA) is a key plant signaling molecule which negatively regulates growth processes including root elongation. JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN) proteins function as transcriptional repressors of JA signaling. Therefore, targeting JA signaling by deploying JAZ repressors may enhance root length in crops. In this study, we overexpressed JAZ repressorOsJAZ11in rice to alleviate the root growth inhibitory action of JA.OsJAZ11is a low phosphate (Pi) responsive gene which is transcriptionally regulated by OsPHR2. We report thatOsJAZ11overexpression promoted primary and seminal root elongation which enhanced Pi foraging. Expression studies revealed that overexpression ofOsJAZ11also reduced Pi starvation response (PSR) under Pi limiting conditions. Moreover,OsJAZ11overexpression also suppressed JA signaling and biosynthesis as compared to wild type (WT). We further demonstrated that the C-terminal region of OsJAZ11 was crucial for stimulating root elongation in overexpression lines. Rice transgenics overexpressing truncatedOsJAZ11ΔCtransgene (i.e., missing C-terminal region) exhibited reduced root length and Pi uptake. Interestingly, OsJAZ11 also regulates Pi homeostasis via physical interaction with a key Pi sensing protein, OsSPX1. Our study highlights the functional connections between JA and Pi signaling and reveals JAZ repressors as a promising candidate for improving low Pi tolerance of elite rice genotypes.
Effect of spray air settings of speed-increasing contra-angle handpieces on intrapulpal temperatures, drilling times, and coolant spray pattern
Authors: Lempel Edina , Szalma József
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Decreasing aerosol leaks are of great interest, especially in the recent era of COVID-19. The aim was to investigate intrapulpal heat development, coolant spray patterns, and the preparation efficiency of speed-increasing contra-angle handpieces with the spray air on (mist) or off (water jet) settings during restorative cavity preparations.

Methods

Standard-sized cavities were prepared in 80 extracted intact human molar teeth using diamond cylindrical drills with a 1:5 speed-increasing contra-angle handpiece. A custom-made device maintained the standardized lateral drilling force (3 N) and predetermined depth. Temperatures were measured using intrapulpal thermocouple probes. The four experimental groups were as follows: mist cooling mode at 15 mL/min (AIR15), water jet cooling mode at 15 mL/min (JET15), mist cooling mode at 30 mL/min (AIR30), and water jet cooling mode at 30 mL/min (JET30). The coolant spray pattern was captured using macro-photo imaging.

Results

The JET15 group had the highest increase in temperature (ΔT = 6.02 °C), while JET30 (ΔT = 2.24 °C; p < 0.001), AIR15 (ΔT = 3.34 °C; p = 0.042), and AIR30 (ΔT = 2.95 °C; p = 0.003) had significantly lower increases in temperature. Fine mist aerosol was formed in the AIR15 and AIR30 preparations but not in the JET15 and JET30 preparations (p < 0.001). The irrigation mode had no influence on the preparation time (p = 0.672).

Conclusions

Water jet irrigation using coolant at 30 mL/min appeared to be the optimal mode. Considering the safe intrapulpal temperatures and the absence of fine mist aerosols, this mode can be recommended for restorative cavity preparations.

Clinical significance

To increase infection control in dental practices, the water jet irrigation mode of speed-increasing handpieces with coolant flow rates of 30 mL/min should be considered for restorative cavity preparations.
Epidemiological and clinical burden associated with plexiform neurofibromas in pediatric neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1): a systematic literature review
Authors: Iheanacho Ike , Yoo Hyun Kyoo , Yang Xiaoqin , Dodman Sophie , Hughes Rachel , Amin Suvina
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Patients with neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1) and associated plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) often have a high burden of illness owing to debilitating symptoms of these tumors and limited management options. To investigate this complex disease, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted on the epidemiology of pediatric NF-1 and associated PNs, the burden of illness, and outcomes of surgical resection of these tumors.

Methods

Searches of MEDLINE and Embase (from database inception to October 2019) and conference proceedings (2017–2019) were performed to identify relevant studies. The review methodology was informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Results

Twenty studies were identified. Evidence confirmed NF-1 is rare but that occurrence may differ geographically. Only limited data on the birth incidence of NF-1 were identified. Prevalence estimates for pediatric NF-1 varied from one per 960 individuals (aged 17 years) to one per 5681 children (aged < 16 years) across five large registry/surveillance studies (each involving > 19,000 individuals). The prevalence of associated PNs was 0–29.6%. PNs carried increased mortality risk in pediatric NF-1 in both studies that explored this potential association. Patients with PNs reported high use of analgesics. The complication rate post-surgery for PNs was around 17–19%. The recurrence rate (18–68%) was dependent on the extent of excision achieved during surgery.

Conclusions

Data suggest NF-1 is a rare disease with increased morbidity and mortality in children with associated PNs. Surgical outcomes for PNs are often poor. These findings suggest significant unmet needs in patients with NF-1-associated PNs.
Clinical implementation of a 3D4K-exoscope (Orbeye) in microneurosurgery
Authors: Rösler Judith , Georgiev Stefan , Roethe Anna L. , Chakkalakal Denny , Acker Güliz , Dengler Nora F. , Prinz Vincent , Hecht Nils , Faust Katharina , Schneider Ulf , Bayerl Simon , Czabanka Marcus , Misch Martin , Onken Julia , Vajkoczy Peter , Picht Thomas
Published: June 2021

Exoscopic surgery promises alleviation of physical strain, improved intraoperative visualization and facilitation of the clinical workflow. In this prospective observational study, we investigate the clinical usability of a novel 3D4K-exoscope in routine neurosurgical interventions. Questionnaires on the use of the exoscope were carried out. Exemplary cases were additionally video-documented. All participating neurosurgeons (n = 10) received initial device training. Changing to a conventional microscope was possible at all times. A linear mixed model was used to analyse the impact of time on the switchover rate. For further analysis, we dichotomized the surgeons in a frequent (n = 1) and an infrequent (n = 9) user group. A one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate, if the number of surgeries differed between the two groups. Thirty-nine operations were included. No intraoperative complications occurred. In 69.2% of the procedures, the surgeon switched to the conventional microscope. While during the first half of the study the conversion rate was 90%, it decreased to 52.6% in the second half (p = 0.003). The number of interventions between the frequent and the infrequent user group differed significantly (p = 0.007). Main reasons for switching to ocular-based surgery were impaired hand–eye coordination and poor depth perception. The exoscope investigated in this study can be easily integrated in established neurosurgical workflows. Surgical ergonomics improved compared to standard microsurgical setups. Excellent image quality and precise control of the camera added to overall user satisfaction. For experienced surgeons, the incentive to switch from ocular-based to exoscopic surgery greatly varies.
The effects of caffeine in adults with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review
Authors: Gibbon Jake Ryan , Frith James
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To systematically review the evidence base for the effectiveness and safety of caffeine for the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in adults.

Methods

Eight electronic databases were searched in January 2021. Original research studies or case reports involving adults with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension were included if caffeine was an intervention and outcomes included symptoms, blood pressure or adverse effects. Relevant studies were screened and underwent qualitative analysis. Insufficient reporting precluded meta-analysis.

Results

Five studies were identified: four crossover studies and one case report summation. Study size ranged from 5 to 16 participants. Participants had neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, with a mean standing systolic blood pressure of 86 mmHg. Two studies evaluated caffeine alone. Three studies administered caffeine in combination with ergotamine. Caffeine dose ranged from 100 to 300 mg. Nature and timing of outcomes measured varied between studies, with measurements being recorded from 30 to 480 min after intervention. Caffeine/ergotamine improved symptoms in one study and reduced orthostatic blood pressure drop in two studies. Caffeine/ergotamine increased seated blood pressure in three studies, whilst the results for caffeine alone were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were reported. All studies demonstrated high risk of bias.

Conclusion

Caffeine should only be considered as a treatment for adults with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension when evidence-based treatments have been exhausted.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO ID: CRD42020124589. Date of registration: 30/10/2020
Exploring the Etiological Pathways of Problematic Pornography Use in NoFap/PornFree Rebooting Communities: A Critical Narrative Analysis of Internet Forum Data
Authors: Chasioti Dimitra , Binnie James
Published: June 2021

Problematic pornography use (PPU) has been extensively studied in terms of its negative implications for various life domains. The empirical literature reveals measured outcomes of interpersonal and intrapersonal dysfunction in participants’ everyday living, supporting its classification as a disorder. The increasing number of complaints around PPU opens the door to the creation of online self-help rebooting communities. This qualitative study aimed to provide a better understanding of this behavior by investigating potential etiological pathways contributing to the onset of PPU, as they were expressed by members of the online NoFap/PornFree self-help communities with self-perceived PPU. The critical narrative analysis reveals a complex web of mutually informing causal connections. The dialectical relationship between situational resources, material conditions, and an embodied spectator gives rise to an online persona with motivations of self-exploration, experimentation, and socializing. A sense of vulnerability rendered the use of pornography as a means of escape and validation. Furthermore, commitment to abstinence, framed by the notions of recovery and relapse, was found to be a major factor for maintaining distress. The study highlighted the need for a thorough understanding of the etiological pathways of PPU for a more effective and targeted intervention. Moving beyond biomedical conceptualizations suggests an intervention whereby PPU is placed in a context of a crisis of meaning.
Traces of sunlight in the organic matter biogeochemistry of two shallow subarctic lakes
Authors: Rantala Marttiina V. , Meyer-Jacob Carsten , Kivilä E. Henriikka , Luoto Tomi P. , Ojala Antti. E. K. , Smol John P. , Nevalainen Liisa
Published: June 2021

Global environmental change alters the production, terrestrial export, and photodegradation of organic carbon in northern lakes. Sedimentary biogeochemical records can provide a unique means to understand the nature of these changes over long time scales, where observational data fall short. We deployed in situ experiments on two shallow subarctic lakes with contrasting light regimes; a clear tundra lake and a dark woodland lake, to first investigate the photochemical transformation of carbon and nitrogen elemental (C/N ratio) and isotope (δ13C, δ15N) composition in lake water particulate organic matter (POM) for downcore inferences. We then explored elemental, isotopic, and spectral (inferred lake water total organic carbon [TOC] and sediment chlorophyll a [CHLa]) fingerprints in the lake sediments to trace changes in aquatic production, terrestrial inputs and photodegradation before and after profound human impacts on the global carbon cycle prompted by industrialization. POM pool in both lakes displayed tentative evidence of UV photoreactivity, reflected as increasing δ13C and decreasing C/N values. Through time, the tundra lake sediments traced subtle shifts in primary production, while the woodland lake carried signals of changing terrestrial contributions, indicating shifts in terrestrial carbon export but possibly also photodegradation rates. Under global human impact, both lakes irrespective of their distinct carbon regimes displayed evidence of increased productivity but no conspicuous signs of increased terrestrial influence. Overall, sediment biogeochemistry can integrate a wealth of information on carbon regulation in northern lakes, while our results also point to the importance of considering the entire spectrum of photobiogeochemical fingerprints in sedimentary studies.
Unravelling the Homicide Drop: Disaggregating a 25-Year Homicide Trend in the Netherlands
Authors: Aarten Pauline G.M. , Liem Marieke C.A.
Published: June 2021

The Western homicide drop is a known fact, but the reasons behind the drop have so far mainly focused on macro explanations. In this study, we argue that to understand the homicide drop, it is necessary to first explore whether the drop is general or specific. We do this by examining the subtypes of homicide together with perpetrator and victim demographic characteristics. This study seeks to describe the nature and scope of homicidal violence in the period 1992–2016 in the Netherlands, disaggregating by subtype of homicide, and perpetrator and victim gender constellation and age. In doing so, we make use of the Dutch Homicide Monitor. Findings show that the Dutch homicide drop is significantly related to homicides resulting from disputes and robberies and intimate partner homicides. The gender constellation and age distribution in all homicide types are further explored. This study highlights the importance of disaggregating data by subtype in unravelling the homicide drop.
What affordances do open-ended real-life tasks offer for sharing student agency in collaborative problem-solving?
Authors: Nieminen Juuso Henrik , Chan Man Ching Esther , Clarke David
Published: June 2021

The important role of student agency in collaborative problem-solving has been acknowledged in previous mathematics education research. However, what remains unknown are the processes of agency in open-ended tasks that draw on real-life contexts and demand argumentation beyond “mathematical”. In this study, we analyse a video recording of two student groups (each consisting of four students) taking part in collaborative problem-solving. We draw on the framework for collaborative construction of mathematical arguments and its interplay with student agency by Mueller et al. (2012). This original framework is supplemented by (i) testing and revising it in the context of open-ended real-life tasks, with (ii) student groups rather than pairs working on the tasks, and by (iii) offering a strengthened methodological pathway for analysing student agency in such a context. Based on our findings, we suggest that the framework suits this new context with some extensions. First, we note that differences in student agency were not only identified in terms of the discourse students drew on, but in how students were able to shift between various discourses, such as between “mathematical” and “non-mathematical” discourses. We identify a novel discourse reflecting student agency, invalidation discourse, which refers to denying other students’ agency by framing their contribution as invalid. Finally, we discuss the need to reframe “mathematical” arguments—and indeed student agency—while the task at hand is open-ended and concerns real-life contexts.
The “Big Two” and socially induced emotions: Agency and communion jointly influence emotional contagion and emotional mimicry
Authors: Wróbel Monika , Piórkowska Magda , Rzeczkowska Maja , Troszczyńska Adrianna , Tołopiło Aleksandra , Olszanowski Michał
Published: June 2021

Three studies investigated the effects of two fundamental dimensions of social perception on emotional contagion (i.e., the transfer of emotions between people). Rooting our hypotheses in the Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion (Abele and Wojciszke in Adv Exp Soc Psychol 50:198–255,10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7, 2014), we predicted that agency would strengthen the effects of communion on emotional contagion and emotional mimicry (a process often considered a key mechanism behind emotional contagion). To test this hypothesis, we exposed participants to happy, sad, and angry senders characterized by low vs. high communion and agency. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the effects of the two dimensions on socially induced emotions were interactive. The strength and direction of these effects, however, were consistent with our predictions only when the senders expressed happiness. When the senders expressed sadness, we found no effects of agency or communion on participants’ emotional responses, whereas for anger a mixed pattern emerged. Overall, our results align with the notion that emotional contagion and mimicry are modulated not only by the senders’ traits but also by the social meaning of the expressed emotion.
Enhancing spatial perception through sound: mapping human movements into MIDI
Authors: Breve Bernardo , Cirillo Stefano , Cuofano Mariano , Desiato Domenico
Published: June 2021

Gestural expressiveness plays a fundamental role in the interaction with people, environments, animals, things, and so on. Thus, several emerging application domains would exploit the interpretation of movements to support their critical designing processes. To this end, new forms to express the people’s perceptions could help their interpretation, like in the case of music. In this paper, we investigate the user’s perception associated with the interpretation of sounds by highlighting how sounds can be exploited for helping users in adapting to a specific environment. We present a novel algorithm for mapping human movements into MIDI music. The algorithm has been implemented in a system that integrates a module for real-time tracking of movements through a sample based synthesizer using different types of filters to modulate frequencies. The system has been evaluated through a user study, in which several users have participated in a room experience, yielding significant results about their perceptions with respect to the environment they were immersed.
Grief, disorientation, and futurity
Authors: Mehmel Constantin
Published: June 2021

This paper seeks to develop a phenomenological account of the disorientation of grief, specifically the relationship between disorientation and the breakdown in practical self-understanding at the heart of grief. I argue that this breakdown cannot be sufficiently understood as a breakdown of formerly shared practices and habitual patterns of navigating lived-in space that leaves the bereaved individual at a loss as to how to go on. Examining the experience of losing a loved person and a loved person-to-be, I instead propose that this breakdown should be understood primarily in relation to a distinctive kind of futurity operative in disorientation, irrespective of the extent to which there is a breakdown of formerly shared practices and habitual patterns of navigating lived-in space. Drawing on the resources afforded by Heidegger’s phenomenology, I argue that it is a core characteristic of the experience of disorientation in grief that the grieving person can no longer meaningfully press ahead into a specific futural self. This view comes with certain advantages over existing accounts of the temporality of grief for making sense of the disorientated relationship to futurity, which the appeal to Heideggerian resources makes possible.
Executives vs. governance: Who has the predictive power? Evidence from narrative tone
Authors: Bassyouny Hesham , Abdelfattah Tarek
Published: June 2021

This study aims to investigate not only Narrative Disclosure Tone predictive power, but also who has this power within companies to predict future performance in the UK context (executive vs. governance). We conduct a computerized textual analysis to measure the tone of UK annual reports narratives. Our results contribute to accounting and financial reporting literature by showing that corporate narrative tone can predict future performance. However, answering our main question about who has this predictive power, we found executives’ reporting tone has the power to predict a company’s future performance but not governance tone. Considering the moderation effect of the 2014 financial reporting guidance, we found this guidance increases corporate narrative tone power in general and executive tone in particular in predicting future performance. Moreover, the current study contributes to financial reporting literature by providing a UK evidence, which operates under the principles-based approach with more flexibility in financial reporting than the US context that follows the rules-based approach. Finally, this study has practical implications for regulators and external users of financial reporting.
Preclinical Evaluation of 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C PET as an Imaging Biomarker for the Development of the GUCY2C-CD3 Bispecific PF-07062119 as a T Cell Engaging Therapy
Authors: Maresca Kevin P. , Chen Jianqing , Mathur Divya , Giddabasappa Anand , Root Adam , Narula Jatin , King Lindsay , Schaer David , Golas Jonathan , Kobylarz Keith , Rosfjord Edward , Keliher Edmund , Chen Laigao , Ram Sripad , Pickering Eve H. , Hardwick James S. , Rejto Paul A. , Hussein Amira , Ilovich Ohad , Staton Kevin , Wilson Ian , McCarthy Timothy J.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

A sensitive and specific imaging biomarker to monitor immune activation and quantify pharmacodynamic responses would be useful for development of immunomodulating anti-cancer agents. PF-07062119 is a T cell engaging bispecific antibody that binds to CD3 and guanylyl cyclase C, a protein that is over-expressed by colorectal cancers. Here, we used 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C (89Zr-Df-Crefmirlimab), a human CD8-specific minibody to monitor CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors by positron emission tomography. We investigated the ability of 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C to track anti-tumor activity induced by PF-07062119 in a human CRC adoptive transfer mouse model (with injected activated/expanded human T cells), as well as the correlation of tumor radiotracer uptake with CD8+ immunohistochemical staining.

Procedures

NOD SCID gamma mice bearing human CRC LS1034 tumors were treated with four different doses of PF-07062119, or a non-targeted CD3 BsAb control, and imaged with 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C PET at days 4 and 9. Following PET/CT imaging, mice were euthanized and dissected for ex vivo distribution analysis of 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C in tissues on days 4 and 9, with additional data collected on day 6 (supplementary). Data were analyzed and reported as standard uptake value and %ID/g for in vivo imaging and ex vivo tissue distribution. In addition, tumor tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for CD8+ T cells.

Results

The results demonstrated substantial mean uptake of 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C (%ID/g) in PF-07062119-treated tumors, with significant increases in comparison to non-targeted BsAb-treated controls, as well as PF-07062119 dose-dependent responses over time of treatment. A moderate correlation was observed between tumor tissue radioactivity uptake and CD8+ cell density, demonstrating the value of the imaging agent for non-invasive assessment of intra-tumoral CD8+ T cells and the mechanism of action for PF-07062119.

Conclusion

Immune-imaging technologies for quantitative cellular measures would be a valuable biomarker in immunotherapeutic clinical development. We demonstrated a qualification of 89Zr-IAB22M2C PET to evaluate PD responses (mice) to a novel immunotherapeutic.