bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Inverter fed Direct Torque and Flux Control‐Space Vector Modulation of Speed Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive with Improved Steady State and Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Pothuraju Ramakrishna , Tejavathu Ramesh , Panda Anup Kumar
Published: December 2021

In this paper, multilevel inverter (MLI) fed direct torque and flux control with space vector modulation (DTFC‐SVM) of speed sensorless permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive is proposed to improve the steady‐state and dynamic performance characteristics with less torque and flux ripples. In the DTFC‐SVM technique, the speed of PMSM drive is regulated by controlling stator flux and electromagnetic torque directly and independently. The MLIs further extend the performance characteristics of motor drive with reduced electromagnetic torque ripple and improved dynamics. Further, the robustness and reliability of drive system is improved by implementing the speed estimation control technique to eliminate the speed sensor usage. The model reference adaptive system (MRAS)‐based speed estimator is used to estimate the PMSM speed. The proposed method is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment using two‐level, three‐level, and five‐level inverter under different operating conditions, respectively. The proposed method with five‐level inverter gives very less ripples in electromagnetic torque and stator flux which consequences excellent steady‐state and dynamic performance of drive. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method is validated by implementing hardware prototype and comparing simulation results with the experimental results.
Effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on heart failure hospitalizations in Japan: interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Morishita Tetsuji , Takada Daisuke , Shin Jung‐ho , Higuchi Takuya , Kunisawa Susumu , Fushimi Kiyohide , Imanaka Yuichi
Published: December 2021

Aims

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had unprecedented effects on health care utilization for acute cardiovascular diseases. Although hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome decreased during the COVID‐19 pandemic, there is a paucity of data on the trends and management of heart failure (HF) cases. Furthermore, concerns have been raised that angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase susceptibility to COVID‐19. This study aimed to elucidate changes in HF hospitalizations from the COVID‐19 state of emergency in Japan and investigated changes in the prescription of ACEIs and ARBs, and in‐hospital mortality.

Methods and results

We performed an interrupted time series analysis of HF hospitalizations in Japan to verify the impacts of the COVID‐19 state of emergency. Changes in the weekly volume of HF hospitalizations were taken as the primary outcome measure. Between 1 April 2018 and 4 July 2020, 109 429 HF cases required admission. After the state of emergency, an immediate decrease was observed in HF cases per week [−3.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.3% to −6.7%, P = 0.03]. There was no significant change in the prescription of ACEIs or ARBs after the state of emergency (4.2%; 95% CI: −0.3% to 8.9%, P = 0.07). The COVID‐19 pandemic had no effect on in‐hospital mortality among HF patients (5.3%; 95% CI: −4.9% to 16.6%, P = 0.32).

Conclusions

We demonstrated a decline in HF hospitalizations during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan, with no clear evidence of a negative effect on the prescription of ACEIs and ARBs or in‐hospital mortality.
Photocatalytic Radical Addition to Levoglucosenone
Authors: Lefebvre Corentin , Van Gysel Terence , Michelin Clément , Rousset Elodie , Djiré Djibril , Allais Florent , Hoffmann Norbert
Published: December 2021

Using photocatalysis with tetra‐n‐butylammonium decatungstate (TBADT), alkanes, cyclic acetals, cyclic ethers, formamide and aldehydes were added in a stereoselective way to levoglucosenone (LGO). A hydrogen atom is transferred from the donor compound to the photochemically excited TBADT, and the resulting radicals add onto LGO in a stereoselective way. In the case of the addition of adamantane, two regio‐isomers were obtained which form a crystalline solid solution. Cyrene™, obtained by hydrogenation of LGO, was added under the same conditions. In this case, only two of 32 possible isomers of the resulting Cyrene™ dimer were formed. The regio‐selectivity of the HAT step is discussed in detail. For this purpose, bond dissociation energies and partial charges have been calculated. Transition state calculations of the radical addition to LGO explain the stereospecificity of this reaction step.
Biological nanopore approach for single‐molecule analysis of nucleobase modifications
Authors: Lv Pengrui , Yang Yongyi , Li Shuang , Tan Cherie S. , Ming Dong
Published: December 2021

Base modifications play an essential role in cellular function, and the abnormal expressions of base modifications are associated with numerous diseases. Unfortunately, existing detection methods have difficulty obtaining sequence information of various modified nucleobases at the single‐molecule resolution. Label‐free single‐molecule sequencing technology using biological nanopores can direct sequence canonical nucleobases. However, the discrimination of hundreds of noncanonical nucleobase modifications at the single‐molecule resolution is still challenging. In this minireview, we introduced the recent advances in detecting nucleobase modifications using biological nanopores from nucleic acid translocation controlling, confinement effects on nucleobase discrimination, and applications of nanopore sequencers for modification detection.
Comparing geomorphological maps made manually and by deep learning
Authors: van der Meij W. Marijn , Meijles Erik W. , Marcos Diego , Harkema Tom T. L. , Candel Jasper H. J. , Maas Gilbert J.
Published: December 2021

Geomorphological maps provide information on the relief, genesis and shape of the earth's surface and are widely used in sustainable spatial developments. The quality of geomorphological maps is however rarely assessed or reported, which limits their applicability. Moreover, older geomorphological maps often do not meet current quality requirements and require updating. This updating is time‐consuming and because of its qualitative nature difficult to reproduce, but can be supported by novel computational methods. In this paper, we address these issues by (1) quantifying the uncertainty associated with manual geomorphological mapping, (2) exploring the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for semi‐automated geomorphological mapping and (3) testing the sensitivity of CNNs to uncertainties in manually created evaluation data.

We selected a test area in the Dutch push‐moraine district with a pronounced relief and a high variety of landforms. For this test area we developed five manually created geomorphological maps and 27 automatically created landform maps using CNNs. The resulting manual maps are similar on a regional level. We could identify the causes of disagreement between the maps on a local level, which often related to differences in mapping experience, choices in delineation and different interpretations of the legend. Coordination of mapping efforts and field validation are necessary to create accurate and precise maps. CNNs perform well in identifying landforms and geomorphological units, but fail at correct delineation. The human geomorphologist remains necessary to correct the delineation and classification of the computed maps. The uncertainty in the manually created data that are used to train and evaluate CNNs have a large effect on the model performance and evaluation. This also advocates for coordinated mapping efforts to ensure the quality of manually created training and test data. Further model development and data processing are required before CNNs can act as standalone mapping techniques.
Lead Inhibits Postecdysial Exoskeletal Calcification in the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)
Authors: Osayande Osaze , Zou Enmin
Published: December 2021

Postecdysial mineralization in crustaceans involves the deposition of carbonate salts, such as calcium carbonate, to the organic matrix. Because of the resemblance between Pb2+ and Ca2+, the present study was carried out to investigate whether Pb is incorporated into the new shell during postecdysial mineralization using the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) as the model crustacean. It was hypothesized that injected Pb would be deposited in the shell via calcium transporters in the epidermis during the mineralization process. Postecdysial blue crabs were injected with two doses of 5 µg Pb/g wet weight each in lead acetate, and then Pb, Ca, and Mg contents were analyzed in the exoskeleton, while only Pb bioaccumulation was quantified for the hepatopancreas, gills, muscles, and hemolymph. The results showed a statistically nonsignificant increase in exoskeletal Pb content in Pb-treated crabs compared to control, suggesting that exoskeletal Pb may not be a sensitive proxy for aquatic Pb pollution. There was a significant decrease in Ca content in Pb-treated crabs, suggesting that Pb hindered the deposition of Ca to crab exoskeleton, thereby obstructing calcification. A trend of a decrease in exoskeletal Mg was also observed in Pb-treated crabs. There was a significant increase in Pb content found in the gills, hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph in Pb-treated crabs. The rank of the Pb level among three soft tissues in a decreasing order is hepatopancreas > gill > muscle. This is the first study to present evidence that Pb disrupts postecdysial exoskeletal calcification in a crustacean. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:474–482. © 2021 SETAC
Advances in 4D‐printed physiological monitoring sensors
Authors: Mahmud M. A. Parvez , Tat Trinny , Xiao Xiao , Adhikary Partho , Chen Jun
Published: December 2021

Physiological monitoring sensors have been critical in diagnosing and improving the healthcare industry over the past 30 years, despite various limitations regarding providing differences in signal outputs in response to the changes in the user's body. Four‐dimensional (4D) printing has been established in less than a decade; therefore, it currently offers limited resources and knowledge. Still, the technique paves the way for novel platforms in today's ever‐growing technologies. This innovative paradigm of 4D printing physiological monitoring sensors aspires to provide real‐time and continuous diagnoses. In this perspective, we cover the advancements currently available in the 4D printing industry that has arisen in the last septennium, focusing on the overview of 4D printing, its history, and both wearable and implantable physiological sensing solutions. Finally, we explore the current challenges faced in this field, translational research, and its future prospects. All of these aims highlight key areas of attention that can be applied by future researchers to fully transform 4D printed physiological monitoring sensors into more viable medical products.
Multisite PCET with photocharged carbon nitride in dark
Authors: Mazzanti Stefano , Schritt Clara , ten Brummelhuis Katharina , Antonietti Markus , Savateev Aleksandr
Published: December 2021

A combination of photochemistry and proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a primary strategy employed by biochemical systems and synthetic chemistry to enable uphill reactions under mild conditions. Degenerate nanometer‐sized n‐type semiconductor nanoparticles (SCNPs) with the Fermi level above the bottom of the conduction band are strongly reducing and act more like metals than semiconductors. Application of the degenerate SCNPs is limited to few examples. Herein, we load microporous potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K‐PHI) nanoparticles with electrons (e‒) and charge balancing protons (H+) in an illumination phase using sacrificial agents. e‒/H+ in the K‐PHI nanoparticles are weakly bound and therefore could be used in a range of PCET reactions in dark, such as generation of aryl radicals from aryl halides, ketyl radicals from ketones, and 6e‒/6H+ reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. The integration of several features that until now were intrinsic for plants and natural photosynthesis into a transition metal free nanomaterial composed of abundant elements (C, N, and K) offers a powerful tool for synthetic organic chemistry.
Impact assessment of coastal marine range shifts to support proactive management
Authors: Henry Amy K , Sorte Cascade J B
Published: December 2021

Climate change is reshuffling Earth’s biota as species shift their current ranges to track suitable conditions, often in response to increasing habitat temperatures. While redistribution may be necessary for species persistence, there can also be impacts on existing communities upon arrival of novel, range‐shifting species. Anticipating the beneficial versus deleterious impacts of range‐shifting species is essential for determining whether active management is needed, which could include implementation of strategies from facilitation (eg managed relocation) to suppression (eg prevention and control). We used an impact assessment protocol developed for invasive species to evaluate potential consequences of range shifts in coastal marine ecosystems of North America. Our review demonstrates how invasion impact assessment combined with species vulnerability assessment could support decisions about management of range shifts. We found that ~50% of these shifting coastal species have had negative impacts in their expanded ranges. The importance of proactive management is likely to increase as the number and extent of range shifts accelerates.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Cyclobutanones towards Indanones
Authors: Chen Tengyun , Wu Yunkai , Han Peilin , Gao Jiqiang , Wu Yuanqi , Zhao Jinbo , Liang Haotian , Liu Yongsheng , Liu Yu
Published: December 2021

Despite recent advances in catalytic ring‐opening/cross‐coupling process of o‐halogen tethered phenylcyclobutanones with other partners, single‐component ring expansion of such precursors towards 3‐methylindanones has not been disclosed. We present herein a nickel catalyzed C−C bond reconstruction sequence of o‐bromophenylcyclobutanones using H2O as hydrogen donor, leading to a series of indanones, which can be further converted into other benzene‐fused cyclic compounds.
Increased survival disparities among children and adolescents & young adults with acute myeloid leukemia: A Dutch population‐based study
Authors: Schulpen Maya , Goemans Bianca F. , Kaspers Gertjan J. L. , Raaijmakers Marc H. G. P. , Zwaan C. Michel , Karim‐Kos Henrike E.
Published: December 2021

For many cancers, adolescents and young adults (AYAs) have a poorer prognosis than pediatric patients. Our study evaluates survival outcomes of children (0‐17 years) and AYAs (18‐39 years) diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the Netherlands between 1990 and 2015 (N = 2058) utilizing the population‐based Netherlands Cancer Registry, which includes information on therapy and site of primary treatment. Five‐ and 10‐year relative (disease‐specific) survival were estimated for all patients, children and AYAs. Multivariable analyses were performed using generalized linear models (excess mortality) and logistic regression (early mortality). AYAs with AML had a substantially lower 5‐ and 10‐year relative survival than children (5‐year: 43% vs 58%; 10‐year: 37% vs 51%). The gap in 5‐year relative survival was largest (nearly 20 percent‐points) in 2010 to 2015, despite survival improvements over time across all ages. The multivariable‐adjusted excess risk of dying was 60% higher in AYAs (95% CI: 37%‐86%). Early mortality (death within 30 days of diagnosis) declined over time, and did not differ between children and AYAs. In conclusion, AYAs diagnosed with AML in the Netherlands had a worse prognosis than pediatric patients. The survival gap seemed most pronounced in recent years, suggesting that improvements in care resulting in better outcome for children have not led to equal benefits for AYAs.
Large‐scale topological disruption of chromosome territories 9 and 22 is associated with nonresponse to treatment in CML
Authors: Fabian‐Morales Eunice , Vallejo‐Escamilla David , Gudiño Adriana , Rodríguez Alfredo , González‐Barrios Rodrigo , Rodríguez Torres Yameli L. , Castro Hernández Clementina , de la Torre‐Luján Alfredo H. , Oliva‐Rico Diego A. , Ornelas Guzmán Erandhi C. , López Saavedra Alejandro , Frias Sara , Herrera Luis A.
Published: December 2021

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm defined by the presence of t(9;22) translocation whose origin has been associated with the tridimensional genome organization. This rearrangement leads to the fusion of BCR and ABL1 genes giving rise to a chimeric protein with constitutive kinase activity. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is used as a first‐line treatment for CML, though ~40% of CML patients do not respond. Here, using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and 3D reconstruction, we studied the 3D organization patterns of the ABL1 and BCR genes, and their chromosome territories (CTs) CT9 and CT22, in CD34+ cells from CML patients that responded or not to TKI. We found that TKI resistance in CML is associated with high levels of structural disruption of CT9 and CT22 in CD34+ cells, increased CT volumes (especially for CT22), intermingling between CT9 and CT22, and an open‐chromatin epigenetic mark in CT22. Altogether our results suggest that large‐scale disruption of CT9 and CT22 correlates with the clinical response of CML patients, which could be translated into a potential prognostic marker of response to treatment in this disease and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying resistance to TKI in CML.
Polydopamine‐drug conjugate nanocomposites based on ZIF‐8 for targeted cancer photothermal‐chemotherapy
Authors: Ma Yuxuan , Wang Chenwei , Zhu Lvming , Yu Chunmei , Lu Bing , Wang Yang , Ding Yue , Dong Chang‐Ming , Yao Yong
Published: December 2021

Stimuli‐responsive prodrug‐based nanoplatform with synergistic antitumor activity is of central importance to the development of promising nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Here, we describe a polydopamine‐drug conjugate nanocomposite (ZP‐PDA‐DOX) with targeted cancer photothermal‐chemotherapy (PTT‐CT), which constructed by a gradual copolymerization of dopamine (DA) and pH‐sensitive dopamine‐derived prodrug (DA‐DOX) into the porous channels of zeolite imidazolate frameworks‐8 (ZIF‐8), followed by PEGylation with amino‐terminated folic acid‐polyethylene glycol (NH2‐PEG‐FA) to acquire the high biocompatibility, specificity, and excellent tumor‐targeting property. The incorporation of polydopamine strengthened the stability and dispersion of ZIF‐8, and also conferred photothermal conversion effect. In the tumor acidic microenvironment, the acid‐labile hydrazone linker of DA‐DOX and ZIF‐8 promptly degraded to release activated DOX. Moreover, the generated hyperthermia due to the high photothermal conversion efficiency of PDA component could accelerate drug release, and simultaneously thermally ablate tumor tissue to maximize the DOX‐induced CT, which could also assist PTT to eradicate tumor cells. This study provides a promising strategy for targeted cancer PTT‐CT with synergistic anti‐tumor effect.
Stepping Stones and Creating Futures: A group‐based approach to addressing violence against women through working with men
Authors: Gibbs Andrew , Mkhwanazi Smanga , Sikweyiya Yandisa
Published: December 2021

In low‐ and middle‐income countries, group‐based interventions to address intimate partner violence (IPV) working with men, whether or not they are violent themselves, are increasingly common. Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SSCF) is one intervention demonstrating reductions in men's perpetration of IPV through working with men around gender inequalities and livelihoods. Using a case study of Thembani, a young man living in an urban informal settlement in South Africa who was a participant within a large randomized controlled trial evaluating SSCF, we discuss how his use of violence changed. This reduction occurred through recognition that his situation was not a personal failing, but similar to others, thus reducing the shame he felt, learning to control his anger, and starting to understand how others felt when he used his power over others. This case study provides some initial evidence about how group‐based interventions working with men may start to transform men's practices.
What makes young people get involved with street gangs in London? A study of the perceived risk factors
Authors: Annan Louis Gladstone , Gaoua Nadia , Mileva Katya , Borges Mario
Published: December 2021

This study examined the perceived determinants of street gang‐related antisocial behavior (ASB) and crime of young people (YP) in a deprived and ethnically diverse community in London. Twenty‐six participants were recruited from two youth centers (one sport and one art‐based program) from the borough of Tower Hamlets. Participants took part in four focus groups (FGs) organized into two youth (N = 14) and two adults (N = 12) subgroups. The FG questions explored participants' understanding of their community and social environment, their social interaction with the local YP and youth gangs. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach and key factors associated with youth gang membership, ASB, and crime were identified. Participants highlighted a series of determinants, which were centered on social predispositions and psychological factors. Associated risk factors were heavily embedded in the racial and religious tensions within the borough. Therefore, context‐specific to the individual communities' risk factors should be identified before the development and implementation of intervention strategies to enhance their potential for impact.
Neurological repercussions of neonatal nicotine exposure: A review
Authors: Xavier Joyal , Singh Sanjiv , Kumari Priyanka , Ravichandiran V.
Published: December 2021

Smoking during pregnancy is hazardous to both the mother and the foetus, according to a substantial amount of recorded data. Exposure to nicotine and other compounds in cigarette smoke increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by two to five times during pregnancy. Serotonergic abnormalities have been discovered in SIDS infants in the zone of the medulla oblongata, which is known to control cardio‐respiratory function. SIDS establishes a connection between depression, learning difficulties and behavioural disorders. Prenatal nicotine intake during the second trimester affects the dopaminergic neurological system, making the foetal brain more susceptible to nicotine and developing ADHD symptoms not just in a foetus but in adolescents also. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the neurological route of neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and dopamine. Nicotine enhances neuronal activity in adults but desensitizes these processes in babies and young children exposed prenatally. The impact of a neurotoxin like nicotine is determined by the amount and duration of exposure. Continued exposure throughout pregnancy will influence a wide range of activities in the neurodevelopment, whereas exposure confined to a single stage of pregnancy may only affect the processes that are forming at that stage. To decrease the effect of nicotine on neonates due to maternal smoking strategies like nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), folic acid treatment and other behavioural treatments have been studied. Hence, this review focuses on the impact of exposure to nicotine on neonates, which results in various neurological consequences and smoking cessation therapies.
Scanning electron microscopic imaging of palynological metaphors: A case study of family Poaceae taxa
Authors: Harun Nidaa , Shaheen Shabnum , Ahmad Mushtaq , Abbas Zaheer , Bibi Fozia , Arshad Fahim
Published: December 2021

This study highlighted the taxonomic utilization of palynological metaphors for selected members (53) of family Poaceae. Multiple microscopic technique light and scanning electrons had been employed for detailed analysis. Results reported monad pollen type in all studied 53 members, which showed its limited taxonomic value up to family level. In relation to shape of pollen both polar and equatorial views strikingly differed from each other. Like semi angular pollen observed in Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Wild. whereas round‐minutely irregular pollen in Lolium temulentum L. Polar and equatorial diameter also showed variation, that is, Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. can be differentiated from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench on diameter variation basis. A pore characteristic does not show much qualitative variation; however pore sizes differ species to species. The most frequently scarbate sculpturing was observed in 28 species followed by verrucate. Hence it can be said that pollen shape, polar, and equatorial diameters, pore size, P/E ratio, pore sculpturing are of good taxonomic value and holds a significant position in identification and delimitation of Poaceae taxa.
Nitrogen and phosphorus removal using tile‐treatment wetlands: A 12‐year study from the midwestern United States
Authors: Lemke A. Maria , Kirkham Krista G. , Wallace Michael P. , VanZomeren Christine M. , Berkowitz Jacob F. , Kovacic David A.
Published: December 2021

Nutrient enrichment from tile‐drained agricultural lands to the Mississippi River is a leading cause of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Small edge‐of‐field wetlands can effectively treat nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3–N) export from tiles, although less research exists on their capacity to treat phosphorus (P). Additionally, long‐term data are needed to incorporate variability of weather and farming practices into assessments of wetland performance longevity. Research conducted over 12 yr quantified size‐effectiveness of wetlands to reduce NO3–N and dissolved P (orthophosphate [ORP]) loadings from subsurface tile systems. Nitrate‐N export was significantly higher during corn (Zea mays L.) than soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production years, during which 80–84% of mean annual loadings were exported during spring. Wetlands representing 3% (W1) of tile‐drained farmland area reduced 15–38% of NO3–N export, with cumulative reductions of 39–49 and 49–57% observed in wetlands representing 6 (W2) and 9% (W3) areas, respectively. Mass NO3–N removal ranged from 28 to 52%. Twelve‐year total ORP load reductions for W1 ranged from 53 to 81%, with cumulative reductions of 35–91% and 32–95% for W2 and W3 wetlands, respectively. Mass ORP removal ranged from 71 to 85%. Results emphasize how incorporating constructed wetlands into state and watershed‐level conservation planning can significantly contribute toward reducing excess N and P export to river systems and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico.
Locomotor energetics in the Indonesian blue‐tongued skink (Tiliqua gigas) with implications for the cost of belly‐dragging in early tetrapods
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Hanna Christopher S. , Fischer Hannah M. , Davoli Elizabeth C. , Currier Allen A. , Granatosky Michael C.
Published: December 2021

During the last decade, biomechanical and kinematic studies have suggested that a belly‐dragging gait may have represented a critical locomotor stage during tetrapod evolution. This form of locomotion is hypothesized to facilitate animals to move on land with relatively weaker pectoral muscles. The Indonesian blue‐tongued skink (Tiliqua gigas) is known for its belly‐dragging locomotion and is thought to employ many of the same spatiotemporal gait characteristics of stem tetrapods. Conversely, the savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) employs a raised quadrupedal gait. Thus, differences in the energetic efficiency of locomotion between these taxa may elucidate the role of energetic optimization in driving gait shifts in early tetrapods. Five Tiliqua and four Varanus were custom‐fitted for 3D printed helmets that, combined with a Field Metabolic System, were used to collect open‐flow respirometry data including O2 consumption, CO2 production, water vapor pressure, barometric pressure, room temperature, and airflow rates. Energetic data were collected for each species at rest, and when walking at three different speeds. Energetic consumption in each taxon increased at greater speeds. On a per‐stride basis, energetic costs appear similar between taxa. However, significant differences were observed interspecifically in terms of net cost of transport. Overall, energy expenditure was ~20% higher in Tiliqua at equivalent speeds, suggesting that belly‐dragging does impart a tangible energetic cost during quadrupedal locomotion. This cost, coupled with the other practical constraints of belly‐dragging (e.g., restricting top‐end speed and reducing maneuverability in complex terrains) may have contributed to the adoption of upright quadrupedal walking throughout tetrapod locomotor evolution.
Circular RNA circ_0040823 inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells and induces apoptosis by regulating miR‐516b/PTEN
Authors: Wang Nianxue , Yang Bin , Jin Jiao , He Yu , Wu Xijun , Yang Yichen , Zhou Weijun , He Zhixu
Published: December 2021

Objective

Endogenous circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The current study aimed to identify the role of circRNA 0040823 (circ_0040823) in AML.

Methods

Microarray datasets were analyzed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in AML patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from healthy volunteers and AML patients for the measurement of circ_0040823 and miR‐516b levels. The overexpression or knockdown of a target gene in AML cells was achieved by the transfection with lentiviral vectors or small interfering RNAs. BALB/c nude mice were inoculated with AML cells and monitored for tumor growth. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull‐down assay were used to determine the binding relationship between circRNA and miRNA.

Results

circ_0040823 was significantly downregulated in AML patients and leukemia cells. Overexpression of circ_0040823 inhibited AML cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Upregulation of circ_0040823 also repressed the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. circ_0040823 acted as a miR‐516b sponge and regulated key cellular events in leukemia cells via downregulating miR‐516b. Moreover, tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was a downstream target of miR‐516b. The inhibition of miR‐516b impaired the proliferation capacity of leukemia cells and induced apoptosis, while PTEN deficiency attenuated these effects.

Conclusion

This study showed that circ_0040823 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of AML cells by sponging miR‐516b, thereby diminishing the regulatory effect of miR‐516b on PTEN. These findings identified circ_0040823/miR‐516b/PTEN as a new therapeutic target for AML.
Humeral short stem varus–valgus alignment affects bone stress
Authors: Tavakoli Amir , Spangenberg Gregory , Reeves Jacob M. , Faber Kenneth J. , Langohr G. Daniel G.
Published: December 2021

The use of uncemented humeral stems in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is associated with stress shielding. Shorter length stems have shown to decrease stress shielding; however, the effect of stem varus–valgus alignment is currently not known. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of short stem distal humeral endosteal contact due to varus–valgus angulation on bone stresses after TSA. Three‐dimensional models of eight male cadaveric humeri were constructed from computed tomography data. Bone models were reconstructed with a short stem humeral component implant in three positions (standard, varus, and valgus). Modeling was performed at 45° and 75° of abduction and the resulting differentials in bone stress compared to the intact state and the expected time‐zero bone response were determined. In cortical and trabecular bone, the standard position (STD) altered bone stress less than the valgus (VAL) and varus (VAR) positions relative to the intact state. For both cortical (p = 0.033) and trabecular (p = 0.012) bone, the VAL position produced a larger volume of bone with resorbing potential compared to the STD position.
Single‐drop microextraction technique for the determination of antibiotics in environmental water
Authors: Li Guizhen , Row Kyung Ho
Published: December 2021

Growing concerns related to antibiotic residues in environmental water have encouraged the development of rapid, sensitive, and accurate analytical methods. Single‐drop microextraction has been recognized as an efficient approach for the isolation and preconcentration of several analytes from a complex sample matrix. Thus, single‐drop microextraction techniques are cost‐effective and less harmful to the environment, subscribing to green analytical chemistry principles.

Herein, an overview and the current advances in single‐drop microextraction for the determination of antibiotics in environmental water are presented were included. In particular, two main approaches used to perform single‐drop microextraction (direct immersion‐single‐drop microextraction and headspace‐single‐drop microextraction) are reviewed. Furthermore, the impressive analytical features and future perspectives of single‐drop microextraction are discussed in this review.
Reliability and Agreement of Ultrasonographic Measures of the Ovarian Stroma: Impact of Methodology
Authors: Vanden Brink Heidi , Nosrati Avigdor , Ortiz‐Flores Andrés E. , Tam Ashley , Jarrett Brittany Y. , Johnson Lynn , Peppin Andrew K. , Lujan Marla E.
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Increased ovarian stromal area (SA), stromal‐to‐ovarian area ratio (S/A), and echogenicity (SEcho) on ultrasonography have been proposed as diagnostic markers for polycystic ovary syndrome. Although several methods to evaluate the stroma exist, their reproducibility has not been defined which limits clinical utility. This study aimed to determine the interrater reliability and agreement of methods to evaluate SA, S/A, and SEcho.

Methods

Five raters tested 3 methods to obtain SA and S/A, and one to obtain SEcho on 30 ovarian cineloops under two imaging conditions, simulating real‐time (free‐choice) or offline (fixed‐frame) imaging. For SA, Method 1 subtracted follicular area from the ovarian area, Method 2 involved outlining the periphery of the stroma, and Method 3 represented a hybrid approach in which central follicles were subtracted from the outlined stroma. SEcho was scored on a subjective 3‐tiered scale. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the coefficient of variation were determined for SA and S/A, and Fleiss' kappa agreement statistics (κ) were determined for SEcho.

Results

Interrater reliability of SA was superior using Method 1 (ICC = 0.558 and ICC = 0.705) versus Method 2 (ICC = 0.522 and ICC = 0.230) or Method 3 (ICC = 0.429 and ICC = 0.305) under free‐choice and fixed‐frame imaging conditions, respectively. Interrater reliability of S/A was also moderate to poor across methods. SEcho was also not reliably assessed across raters (κ = <0.500).

Conclusions

Ultrasonographic assessments of the ovarian stroma were associated with moderate to poor reproducibility. Indirect estimates of the ovarian stroma (Method 1) could be optimized to yield a reproducible approach, clarifying the clinical relevance of the stroma.
Dose‐Dependent Effects of Royal Jelly on Estrogen‐ and Progesterone‐Induced Mammary Gland Hyperplasia in Rats
Authors: Liu Yibing , Wu Dequn , Wang Kang , Chen Heng , Xu Hao , Zong Wencheng , Zhang Nan , Zhao Luan , Lin Zheguang , Ji Ting
Published: December 2021

Scope

Royal jelly (RJ) has a wide range of biological functions, its effect on hyperplasia of the mammary gland (HMG) in mammals is unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of RJ on HMG and the dose–response relationship of RJ in the treatment of HMG.

Methods and Results

HMG rats are induced by intramuscular injection of estrogen (E2) and progesterone, and are treated with different doses of RJ (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg–1d–1). As a result, RJ improves the expansion of acinar and breast tissue ducts, particularly at 100 and 800 mg kg–1d–1. These two doses also inhibit serum E2 and prolactin (PRL) secretion and increase serum progesterone secretion and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)‐β in the breast tissue. In addition, 800 mg kg–1d–1decrease and increase the mRNA expression of, respectively, hypothalamic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and pituitaryGnRHreceptors (GnRH‐R). The lowest dosage (100 mg kg–1d–1) increasesGnRH‐RmRNA expression as well. However, the effects of 200 and 400 mg kg–1d–1RJ on the reproductive parameters of HMG are not significant, implying a dose‐dependent effect.

Conclusion

RJ regulates endocrine dyscrasia in HMG rats and improves the breast tissue structure, indicating its potential in the prevention and treatment on HMG.
Commissioning and routine quality assurance of the Radixact Synchrony system
Authors: Goddard Lee , Jeong Kyoungkeun , Tomé Wolfgang A.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The Radixact Synchrony system allows for target motion correction when tracking either fiducials in/around the target or a dense lesion in the lung. As such evaluation testing and quality assurance (QA) tests are required.

Methods

To allow for QA procedures to be performed with a range of available phantoms evaluation of the dosimetric delivery accuracy was performed for a range of motions, phantoms, and motion platforms. A Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Incorporated (CIRS) 1D motion platform and Accuray Tomotherapy “Cheese” phantom was utilized to perform absolute dose and GafChromic EBT3 film measurements. A HexaMotion platform and Delta4 phantom were utilized to quantify the effects of 1D and 3D motions. Inter‐device comparison was performed with the ArcCHECK and Delta4 phantoms and GafChromic EBT3 film, five patient plans were delivered to each phantom when static and with two different motion types both with and without Synchrony motion correction.

Results

A range of QA tests are described. A phantom was designed to allow for daily verification of system functionality. This test allows for the detection of either fiducials or a dense silicone target with a stationary phantom. Monthly testing procedures are described that allow the user to verify the dosimetric improvement when utilizing synchrony delivery motion compensation versus uncorrected motions. These can be performed utilizing a 1D motion stage with an ion‐chamber and GafChromic EBT3 film to allow for a 2D dosimetric validation. Alternatively, a 3D motion platform can be utilized where available. Monthly and annual imaging tests are described. Finally, annual test procedures designed to verify the coincidence of the imaging system and treatment isocenter are described. The evaluation of the Synchrony system using a range of QA devices shows consistently high dosimetric accuracy with similar trends in passing criteria found with GafChromic EBT3 film, ArcCHECK, and Delta4 phantoms for density‐based respiratory model compensation.

Conclusion

These results highlight the large improvements in the dose distribution when motion is accounted for with the Synchrony system as measured with a range of phantoms and motion platforms that the majority of users will have available. The testing methods and QA procedures described provide guidance for new users of the Radixact Synchrony system as they implement their own QA programs for this system, until such time as an AAPM task group report is made available. QA procedures including Kilovolts (kV) imaging quality metrics and imaging dose parameters, dose deposition accuracy, target detection coincidence, and target position detection accuracy are described.
Tangled finite element method for handling concave elements in quadrilateral meshes
Authors: Prabhune Bhagyashree , Sridhara Saketh , Suresh Krishnan
Published: December 2021

A fundamental requirement in standard finite element method (FEM) over four‐node quadrilateral meshes is that every element must be convex, else the results can be erroneous. A mesh containing concave element is said to be tangled, and tangling can occur, for example, during: mesh generation, mesh morphing, shape optimization, and/or large deformation simulation. The objective of this article is to introduce a tangled finite element method (TFEM) for handling concave elements in four‐node quadrilateral meshes. TFEM extends standard FEM through two concepts. First, the ambiguity of the field in the tangled region is resolved through a careful definition, and this naturally leads to certain correction terms in the FEM stiffness matrix. Second, an equality condition is imposed on the field at re‐entrant nodes of the concave elements. When the correction terms and equality conditions are included, we demonstrate that one can achieve accurate results, and optimal convergence, even over severely tangled meshes. The theoretical properties of the proposed TFEM are established, and the implementation, that requires minimal changes to standard FEM, is discussed in detail. Several numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the robustness of the proposed method.
The development of an international childhood cancer hospital register database in 13 African countries. A project of the French African Pediatric Oncology Group (GFAOP)
Authors: Mallon Brenda , Kaboré Rolande , Couitchere Line , Akonde Fatou Binetou , Lukamba Robert , Dackono Tankélé Arsène , Narison Mbolanirina Lala Rakotomahefa , Khattab Mohammed , Pondy Angèle , Fedhila Ben Ayed Faten , Budiongo Aléine , Guedenon Koffi , Oberlin Odile , Patte Catherine
Published: December 2021

Background and aim: The establishment of an international hospital‐based register (HBR) for the French African Pediatric Oncology Group (GFAOP) was a necessary step in the group's clinical research program. With help from the Sanofi Espoir Foundation's “My Child Matters” program, the GFAOP resolved to develop an international HBR network to collect quality data on children attending the Pediatric Oncology Units (POUs).

Methods: All children entering POUs from January 2016 to December 2018 were registered using an online questionnaire. Data collection included information on diagnosis, disease stage, demographics, socioeconomic status, and outcome. An intensive training program was developed to improve both data quality and quantity.

Results: Among the 3348 children registered, 3230 had a suspected cancer, 681 were not confirmed. A diagnosis was confirmed on radiological, clinical, or histological examination for 2549 children including Burkitt lymphoma (516: 20%)—the most frequent diagnosis, Wilms’ tumor (459: 18%), retinoblastoma (357: 14%), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (345: 13%). Of these, 2187 children were treated. Early deaths, abandonment, economic difficulties, and lack of equipment were some of the reasons offered to explain the numbers of undiagnosed and untreated children. Vital status is known for 1994 children: 1187 died and 807 were alive, 551 of these with a follow‐up > 12 months.

Conclusion: This work has provided reliable data on children attending the POUs, especially clarifying reasons and occasions for care rupture. The data will help to identify material, human resources, and staff training needs, to evaluate progress, and to encourage consideration of pediatric cancer in national cancer plans.
Validation of diagnosis codes to identify hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in health care claims data
Authors: Kluberg Sheryl A. , Hou Laura , Dutcher Sarah K. , Billings Monisha , Kit Brian , Toh Sengwee , Dublin Sascha , Haynes Kevin , Kline Annemarie , Maiyani Mahesh , Pawloski Pamala A. , Watson Eric S. , Cocoros Noelle M.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Health plan claims may provide complete longitudinal data for timely, real‐world population‐level COVID‐19 assessment. However, these data often lack laboratory results, the standard for COVID‐19 diagnosis.

Methods

We assessed the validity of ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis codes for identifying patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 in U.S. claims databases, compared to linked laboratory results, among six Food and Drug Administration Sentinel System data partners (two large national insurers, four integrated delivery systems) from February 20–October 17, 2020. We identified patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 according to five ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis code‐based algorithms, which included combinations of codes U07.1, B97.29, general coronavirus codes, and diagnosis codes for severe symptoms. We calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity of each algorithm relative to laboratory test results. We stratified results by data source type and across three time periods: February 20–March 31 (Time A), April 1–30 (Time B), May 1–October 17 (Time C).

Results

The five algorithms identified between 34 806 and 47 293 patients across the study periods; 23% with known laboratory results contributed to PPV calculations. PPVs were high and similar across algorithms. PPV of U07.1 alone was stable around 93% for integrated delivery systems, but declined over time from 93% to 70% among national insurers. Overall PPV of U07.1 across all data partners was 94.1% (95% CI, 92.3%–95.5%) in Time A and 81.2% (95% CI, 80.1%–82.2%) in Time C. Sensitivity was consistent across algorithms and over time, at 94.9% (95% CI, 94.2%–95.5%).

Conclusion

Our results support the use of code U07.1 to identify hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in U.S. claims data.
Enhanced thermal conductivity of polyamide‐66 composites with mesocarbon microbeads through simple melt blending
Authors: Wu Bozhen , Yang Yuhao , Li Mingpei , Zhu Kaiqi , Iqbal Zoya , Li Yulin
Published: December 2021

In this work, composite samples were fabricated through melt blending with mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) and polyamide‐66 (PA66). Noteworthily, the thermal conductivity (TC) of the composites reached 1.51 W/m K with 60 wt% MCMBs, and the mechanical properties and heat resistance of PA66/MCMB composite were significantly improved. It was mainly due to the formation of heat transfer network at high filler content and their good dispersion in the matrix. The present work provided a new selection of thermally conductive fillers and expanded the application of MCMB in thermal management materials.
Preparation of porous PTFE/C composite foam and its application in gravity‐driven oil–water separation
Authors: Guo Xiaoming , Yao Yongyi , Zhu Puxin , Zhou Mi , Zhou Tao
Published: December 2021

Porous superhydrophobic filtration media with durable performance that can be used in harsh environments remain an urgent requirement. Here, we designed and prepared a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/C composite foam derived from PTFE/glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked poly(vinyl formal) foam via a method of low‐temperature in situ carbonization by the combination of sintering in nitrogen atmosphere and oxygen atmosphere. The as‐prepared porous PTFE/C composite foam had an interconnected macropore structure and wettability of superhydrophobicity. Meanwhile, the porous skeleton of the PTFE/C composite foam showed a skin–core microstructure with the functional skin layer of PTFE continuous phase and the support core of PTFE and carbon in situ composite phase. The PTFE functional layer was anchored to the support composite layer in a root‐like branching, which endows the porous PTFE/C composite foam with an extremely durable performance. In gravity‐driven oil–water separation, the porous PTFE/C composite foam achieved considerable oil flux (from 27 174 to 73 242 L h−1 m−2) and purity (as high as 99.83 wt%). Meanwhile, the porous PTFE/C composite foam presented resistance to strong acids, strong alkalis, chemical solvents and friction. Even after it had been mechanically damaged, the superhydrophobic properties of the foam were not degraded. The as‐prepared porous PTFE/C composite foam showed great potential in all kinds of harsh environments. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.