bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interdroplet heterogeneous nucleation of supercooled liquid droplets by solid droplets in oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: McClements D. J. , Han S. ‐W. , Dungan S. R.
Published: January 2007

The crystallization of oil droplets inn‐hexadecane oil‐inwater emulsions was monitored by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The emulsions initially contained an equal mixture of solid droplets and supercooled liquid droplets at either 6 or 8°C. The degree of crystallization in the droplets was determined by measuring the NMR signal 30 μs after a 90o radio frequency pulse was applied to the sample. The signal from the solid droplets decayed rapidly after the radio frequency pulse, allowing the measured signal to be related to the fraction of liquid droplets. No crystallization was observed in a sample that contained only supercooled liquid droplets, but crystallization was observed when solid droplets of the same material were present. This indicated that crystallization was induced in the liquid droplets by the solid droplets and was most likely caused by interactions between solid and liquid droplets‐that is, by interdroplet heterogeneous nucleation. The rate of induced crystallization decreased as the viscosity of the continuous phase was increased and the size of the droplets was increased, but was independent of droplet concentration (20–40%).
Oilseed protein solubility after exposure to hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Jacks T. J.
Published: January 2007

Cucurbitin, a physicochemically typical oilseed storage protein from pumpkin and other cucurbits, was treated with 20% H2O2 for periods up to 36 h to determine the length of exposure needed to render it water‐soluble. Maximum solubility was reached in 8 h from virtual insolubility and started decreasing after about 12h. These results not only indicate that H2O2 was effective in rendering oilseed protein water‐soluble and can be used to prepare several ratios of soluble‐to‐insoluble protein products, but also show the lengths of exposure needed to obtain the required solubilities.
Contribution of biological research to the development of the coconut industry
Authors: Padolina William G.
Published: January 2007

Current developments in coconut breeding, embryo and tissue culture, and the studies on the etiology of cadang‐cadang disease are discussed. The present state of the art for each of these with specific reference to the Philippine situation is presented.
Quality control in fruit processing
Authors: Eng Teoh Guan , Tat Muk Mun
Published: January 2007

The attainment of high‐quality palm products at minimum cost demands that more emphasis be placed on the production side, i.e., the effort must be concentrated at the field and mill level. All field and mill personnel must be involved in quality control and must be responsible for the quality requirements.

A long‐range effort at developing employee responsibility and job enlargement is required. For this to have a real chance of success, the following should be present:

•Top management's commitment: The estate manager and the mill manager are the key to assuming responsibility for quality. Estate and mill managers must be openly and actively committed to improving quality.

•Quality policy: Estate and mill managers must decide what level of quality they can deliver to the marketplace, as well as how they expect to accomplish their goals.

•Quality responsibility: Estate and mill organizations should be structured to utilize quality improvement efforts through quality control circles (QCC).

•Quality supervision: Field supervisors, mill foreman and mill supervisors should be trained in human relations and quality control methods.

•Quality consultation: Quality control department should be well run to assist field and mill personnel in establishing good quality practices and procedures.

•Quality training: QCC should be provided with in‐house training on basic statistical tools and cause/effect diagrams.

•Quality incentives: Compensation of workers and QCC should be linked to reduction of product losses, reduced downtime, etc.

•Quality recognition: Public recognition should be provided for groups and individuals responsible for quality improvements and suggestions.

•Quality feedback: A well‐organized system should exist to disseminate information and improve quality improvement. Continuous informal and formal interaction should occur between design and mill personnel, thereby stimulating quality improvement in the milling stage.

The activities needed to achieve high‐quality palm products are scattered among many persons in many specialized departments. Some of these are in‐house, while others may be a part of vendor companies, subsidiaries, etc.
Anionic surfactants: lauric products
Authors: Takei Kensuke , Tsuto Keiichi , Miyamoto Shigeyuki , Wakatsuki Junya
Published: January 2007

Lauryl sulfate and lauryl ether sulfate obtained by the sulfation of lauryl alcohol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylate are representative of anionic surfactants and are used as a formable detergent or an emulsifier. For the sulfation of lauryl alcohol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylate, SO3 gas, it was found that the quality of products was significantly influenced by the reaction conditions. In order to obtain good quality products we developed a new technology by using a new type of reactor called a “climbing film reactor,” in which SO3 gas and liquid raw material flow ascendingly.
Palm oil products in cooking fats
Authors: Kheiri M. S. A.
Published: January 2007

Palm oil and its products are used widely, either on their own or in combination with other oils and fats, to make products for cooking and other applications such as baking, icing, filling and topping. Palm oil and its products are not only cheaper to process but also impart into the product the functional properties demanded by some of these applications. Legislation governing production and marketing of these products in some of the important countries is reviewed. The physico‐chemical characteristics of products marketed in different countries are also presented. Formulations based on palm oil and its products are suggested to make low or notrans acid fats and high PUFA fats.
Quality of fried foods with palm oil
Authors: Sakata Masashi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Sonehara Masanori
Published: January 2007

The amount of imported palm oil in Japan during the past few years has been 140,000–150,000 tons per year, or about 9% of the total consumption of vegetable oils in Japan.

In 1975, part of the palm oil was imported as refined type from Malaysia. At the present time, almost all of the palm oil from Malaysia is refined. At the starting point quality of the refined palm oil was not so good, but today it is fairly improved by efforts of Malaysian processers.

Palm oil has excellent properties against oxidation, and it has been generally accepted by consumers as a vegetable oil for health foods. There also is a big potential for increasing consumption of palm oil in fried foods.

Severe regulation of food additives restricts the use of artificial antioxidants and therefore strict quality control is required to get stable frying oils. Consumer knowledge of foods is increasing, and our responsibility for making good quality frying fats is very important.
Effects and measurements of polyoxyethylene block length in polyoxyethylene‐polyoxybutylene copolymers
Authors: Nace V. M. , Whitmarsh R. H. , Edens M. W.
Published: January 2007

Block copolymer surfactants, made from 1,2‐butylene oxide (BO), propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO), exhibit wide ranges of properties and performance. In particular, BO/EO block copolymers exhibit improved surfactant performance with respect to PO/EO analogs. One interesting difference between these two classes of surfactants is the EO capping efficiency of polyoxypropylene (POP) vs. polyoxybutylene (POB) hydrophobe secondary hydroxyl groups. In this regard, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have shown that POP secondary diols react more readily with EO than POB diols. For the case of ethoxylated POB polymers, the amount of unethoxylated secondary hydroxyl is proportional to the average length of the polyoxyethylene (POE) blocks. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to observe crystallinity of POE blocks. For a given POB hydrophobe molecular weight and weight percentage EO, surfactant performance properties can be augmented by affecting POE block length in the ethoxylation process.
Fatty acids of long chain length in baltic herring lipids
Authors: Linko Reino R. , Karinkanta Hannu
Published: January 2007

The component fatty acids with carbon numbers exceeding 22 in flesh lipids of Baltic herring caught in May and September 1967 in the Turku archipelago have been studied. The total lipid content of the flesh of the herring was 3.5% on average in May and 7.2% on average in September. The fatty acids in the lipids were converted to methyl esters which were resolved and analyzed by urea adduct fractionation, thin layer chromatography and programmed temperature gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The lipids of the herring caught in May were found to contain 15 fatty acids with 24–32 carbon atoms, whereas the lipids of the herring caught in September were found to contain only nine fatty acids with 24–28 carbon atoms. The differences are probably due to nutritional factors. The long chain fatty acids in the lipids of the herring caught in September were isolated by preparative GLC and their structures were studied by UV spectroscopy before and after alkali isomerization, by IR spectroscopy and by GLC of their ozonization products. The identified acids were tetracosanoic, 15‐tetracosenoic, 12,15,18,21‐tetracosatetraenoic, 9,12,15,18,21‐tetracosapentaenoic, 6,9,12,15,18,21‐tetracosahexaenoic, 17‐hexacosenoic, 11,14,17,20,23‐hexacosapentaenoic, 8,11,14,17,20,23‐hexacosahexaenoic and 4,7,10,13,16,19,22‐octacosaheptaenoic acids. The proportion of the fatty acids containing over 22 carbon atoms in the lipids of fall herring is much higher than has been found earlier in the lipids of marine teleost fish; the reason may be due at least partly to differences in analytical methods.
Determination of ethylene oxide content inn‐Alcohol ethoxylates by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hammond Charles E. , Kubik Deborah K.
Published: January 2007

Proton Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data were collected onn‐alcohol ethoxylates and used to calculate the percent ethylene oxide (EO) content of then‐alcohol ethoxylate without an internal or external standard. The accuracy and precision of the method were determined from ten repetitive analyses of hexaethylene glycol monon‐dodecyl ether. The standard deviation was 0.23 wt% EO with a relative standard deviation of 0.40%. The method had a relative error of +0.55% and an absolute error of +0.32% EO.
Antioxidants in clove
Authors: Kramer R. E.
Published: January 2007

Through the use of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gallic acid and eugenol were identified as the 2 major antioxidants in clove. The amounts of gallic acid and eugenol were determined to be 1.26 g and 3.03 g respectively in 100 g of clove.
Stereospecific analyses of seed triacylglycerols from high‐erucic acid brassicaceae: Detection of erucic acid at thesn‐2 position inBrassica oleracea L. Genotypes
Authors: Taylor David C. , MacKenzie Samuel L. , McCurdy Alan R. , McVetty Peter B. E. , Giblin E. Michael , Pass Eric W. , Stone Scot J. , Scarth Rachael , Rimmer S. Roger , Pickard Mark D.
Published: January 2007

Stereospecific analyses of triacylglycerols from selected high‐erucic acid breeding lines or cultivars ofBrassica napus L. andB. oleracea L. have been performed. Initial lipase screening revealed that while allB. napus lines contained little or no erucic acid at thesn‐2 position, several of theB. oleracea lines had significant proportions of erucic acid at this position. Detailed stereospecific analyses were performed on the triacylglycerols from these lines by using a Grignard‐based deacylation, conversion of thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 monoacylglycerols to their di‐dinitrophenyl urethane (DNPU) derivatives, resolution of the di‐DNPU‐monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by high‐performance liquid chromatography on a chiral column, transmethylation of eachsn‐di‐DNPU MAG fraction and analysis of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography. The findings unequivocally demonstrate for the first time that, within the Brassicaceae, there existsB. oleracea germplasm containing seed oils with substantial erucic acid (30–35 mol%) at thesn‐2 position. This has important implications for biotechnology and breeding efforts designed to increase the levels of erucic acid in rapeseed beyond 66 mol% to supply strategic industrial feedstocks. In the first instance, the germplasm will be of direct use in retrieving a gene encoding aBrassica lyso‐phosphatidic acid acyltransferase with an affinity for erucoyl‐CoA. In a breeding program, the germplasm offers promise for the introduction of this trait intoB. napus by interspecific hybridization and embryo rescue.
Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of oleic acid adsorption on silicic acid
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D.
Published: January 2007

Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe adsorption complexes of oleic acid and isopropanol (IPA) on silicic acid in hexane. The spectra provide definite evidence of the molecular nature of the surface interaction. In addition, the effect on oleic acid adsorption of modifying the solvent with IPA, which competes for adsorption sites and modifies the solvent polarity, was studied. Oleic acid adsorption was reduced in the presence of an equimolar IPA concentration in hexane, relative to that from hexane alone. This could be explained by a combination of competitive adsorption of IPA and IPA interacting with oleic acid in solution. IPA, in solution, and silica are probably competing for the lipid. This is additional evidence that suggests that lipid adsorption onto silicic acid is influenced by competitive adsorption. The adsorption of oleic acid and IPA, from a mixture of the two in hexane, was controlled by (i) the equilibrium between surface‐bound species and molecules in solution and (ii) the polar interaction between oleic acid and IPA in solution. Thus, washing pre‐bound oleic acid with hexane removed only a small amount of oleic acid, while washing with a solution of IPA in hexane removed most of the pre‐bound oleic acid.
Extraction of woolgrease with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Cygnarowicz‐Provost M. , King J. W. , Marmer W. N. , Magidman P.
Published: January 2007

Supercritical carbon dioxide was used to extract unrefined woolgrease. The resulting product had no color and little odor, resembling high‐grade commercial lanolin. The amounts of woolgrease extracted for fixed volumes of supercritical fluid solvent were measured at 60, 70 and 80°C and at pressures from 200–520 bar. In this study, the highest recoveries were obtained at 80°C and pressures in excess of 380 bar. Analysis of the extracts by capillary supercritical‐fluid chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography indicated that the composition of the extract changed with extraction time. The earliest fractions were enriched in cholesterol and contained relatively small amounts of species with higher molecular weight. The results suggest that supercritical fluid extraction may be used to obtain an enriched cholesterol fraction from wool‐grease.
Fats & oils news
Authors: Rossell J. B. , Kochhar S. P.
Published: January 2007

The Leatherhead Food RA is an industrially funded, but independent, laboratory situated south of London, England. This paper describes the general organization and activities of the laboratory, with special reference to the Oils and Fats Section. Brief descriptions are given of the section's research facilities and of its research funding. The procedures for liaison with members and reporting of results also are outlined.
Synthesis of triacylglycerol by lipase in phosphatidylcholine reverse micellar system
Authors: Morita S. , Narita H. , Matoba T. , Kito M.
Published: January 2007

Triacylglycerols were synthesized from 1,2‐diacylglycerol and fatty acids by lipase entrapped in phosphatidylcholine reverse micelles in n‐hexane. In the reaction system without reverse micelles, however, 1,2‐diacylglycerol was hydrolyzed into 2‐monoacylglycerol and fatty acid, and triacylglycerol was not synthesized. The maximum activity of synthetic reaction was obtained at Wo=10 (Wo=mol water/mol surfactant), which was the water content of this reverse micellar system. Though the optimal pH of theR. delemar lipase reaction is about pH 5.6 in a bulk water system, the enzyme was active for triacylglycerol synthesis at pH's from 5 to 9 in the reverse micellar system. For the synthesis of triacylglycerols, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidic acids were effectively used as the fatty acid substrate. 2‐Monoacylglycerol was also effective as a substrate of triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, 1,2‐diacylglycerol could be replaced by several kinds of aliphatic alcohols as fatty acid acceptors in the reverse micellar system. In this case, those alcohols with chain length more than 4 carbons were effectively used for ester formation.
Detergents in the arab world
Authors: Abdel‐Gelil Mohamed A.
Published: January 2007

The Arab world is increasing its consumption and production capacity of household detergents and its raw materials. The consumption of detergents, now about 400,000 tons annually, is expected to reach 900,000 tons in 1990. Detergent formulations follow European patterns and are primarily of the heavy duty foam type. Some international brands are produced under license, and more international brands are expected to be produced in the future. Most raw materials have been imported, but new plants are being built to produce LAB, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium sulfate.
Direct sampling capillary gas chromatography of volatiles in vegetable oils
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Flick G. J. , Bailey M. E. , St. Angelo A. J. , Legendre M. G. , Sumrell Gene
Published: January 2007

Direct sampling gas chromatography used for determining volatiles and, indirectly, the flavor of vegetable oils, has been improved by a capillary column in place of the usual packed columns. Data on two good vegetable oils from a supermarket, and on one of these samples after intentional deterioration, are presented. Use of the capillary column provides a more efficient technique to differentiate between the better oils than did the previously used packed columns.
Reaction conditions for measuring oxidative stability of oils by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Mikula Mario , Khayat Ali
Published: January 2007

A method for evaluating the oxidative stability of oils based on heating the sample in an oven and periodically testing for weight gain has been known for over 100 years. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with its highly sensitive recording electrobalance turns this simple method into a powerful technique for studying the relative thermooxidative stabilities of oils. This paper explores the potential of an isothermal TGA via evaluation of several freshly processed, unhydrogenated soybean oils. The objective was to define the parameters of the TGA experiment for fast routine measurement and to compare isothermal and dynamic experiments. The consideration of influence of temperature, specific surface area, air flow rate, sample volatilization and nature of the sample pan on the induction period (IP), which is a measure of the oil's resistance to oxidation, revealed that the temperature and specific surface area are the major parameters that affect the oxidation process. The Arrhenius plot in the range of 80–150 C has shown that the overall activation energy of the oxidation process for three freshly processed oils lies within the range of 21–22 kcal/mole. The rate of oxidation at 150 C is directly proportional to the specific surface area of an oil, suggesting that the rate of oxygen diffusion determines reaction rates at this temperature. A coefficient of variation of the IP better than 2% was found in a routine experiment (10 mg sample, 150 C, 60 ml/min air flow rate, aluminum pan) for typical oils which had an IP range of 25–31 min.
Phase behavior of polymeric surfactants containing polyethyleneoxide with n‐decane
Authors: Aston M. S. , Bowden C. J. , Herrington T. M. , Sahi S. S.
Published: January 2007

The phrase behavior of six amphiphilic copolymers with n‐decane is reported, and three phase diagrams are discussed in detail. The copolymers are representative of three different types of intramolecular ordering. The phase diagrams show that the extent of anisotropic gel phase formation and liquid crystalline behavior depends on the length of the hydrophilic chain in the copolymer and not the percentage amount of hydrophile.
Surface properties in binary mixtures of aerosol OT and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Chang Jung‐Hung , Muto Yasushi , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: January 2007

The surface tensions of the mixed systems consisting of sodium di‐2‐ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) and homogeneous polyoxyethylene glycol‐n‐dodecyl ether (nED; n=5 to 8) were measured in the absence and presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) by a modified Wilhelmy plate method.

In the case of the system containing nED and Aerosol OT, the nED concentrations were fixed at various amounts, and all the surface tension curves approached 32 or 33 mN/m as the concentration of Aerosol OT approached 1 × 10−3 mol/l. On the other hand, when the Aerosol OT concentration was fixed at 1 × 10−3 mol/l, the surface tension curves for the mixed system showed a flat portion in the range where mixed micelle in the solution and the two dimensional ones on the water surface were formed. Further, molecular interaction parameter B was calculated by the Rosen extension of the regular solution treatment of Rubingh. The average values of B in the nED‐AOT systems increased as the value of n increased. The values of B increased with increasing activity of AOT.

In the case of the system containing 6ED, AOT and NaCl, the surface tension curves showed inflection points shifted to higher concentrations of AOT as the concentration of nED increased.
Determination of colored substances in soybean lecithin
Authors: Lezerovich Alberto
Published: January 2007

Methods to determine carotenoids, chlorophylls and pheophytins in lecithin by derivative spectrometry were developed. Determinations of those as well as of brown substances were made on commercial soybean lecithins, and the effects of bleaching and powder manufacturing upon color are discussed.
Processing ofcrambe abyssinica seed in commercial extraction facilities
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C.
Published: January 2007

Crambe abyssinica seed was processed in four commercial oilseed crushing facilities, two utilizing prepress solvent extraction and two utilizing straight solvent extraction techniques. Mill capacities ranged from several T/day to 200 T/day. Crambe throughput in the larger facilities ranged from 30 to 150 T/day. Seed, press cake, flakes and finished meal samples were collected and analyzed during and following the runs. On‐site testing included measurements of moisture, oil, glucosinolate and temperature and estimates of thioglucosidase enzyme activity. Three to 7 T of defatted meal were produced for each of four beef cattle feeding studies, and oil produced was blended into commercial erucic acid production streams. Except for one run, thioglucosidase inactivation had to be completed in the desolventizing/toasting (DT) unit, and the high temperatures required resulted in destruction of glucosinolate and the formation of aglucon product, 1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐butene, and glucose in the finished meals. Protein solubility and lysine levels decreased with excessive heat. Regression analysis was used to examine some of the data for relationships between temperature, moisture, glucosinolate, nitrogen solubility and aglucon products. The results of these runs further demonstrate the feasibility of processing Crambe in commercial oilseed facilities.
Supported gold catalysis in the hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: Caceres L. , Diosady L. L. , Graydon W. F. , Rubin L. J.
Published: January 2007

The catalytic activity of gold supported on silica orγ‐alumina has been studied in the hydrogenation of canola oil. In the hydrogenation of butadiene and pentene using these catalysts, high stability, low yield oftrans‐isomers and high monoene selectivity have been reported in the literature.

Catalysts containing 1% and 5% Au w/w on porous silica andγ‐alumina were active in hydrogenating canola oil in the range of 150 to 250 C and 3550 to 5620 kPa. The activity level of these catalysts was about 30 times lower than that shown by the standard AOCS Ni catalyst based on the concentration of metal (g Au/L oil). Up to 91% monoene content was obtained using these catalysts in comparison with a maximum of 73% for the AOCS standard Ni catalysts. Gold catalysts can be recovered easily by filtration and reused several times without a decrease in activity. The hydrogenated oil was nearly colorless. No gold was detectable in the oil. Contrary to claims in the patent literature, the gold catalyst produces higher concentrations oftrans‐isomers than does nickel. However, using gold catalysts the complete reduction of linolenic acid in canola oil can be achieved at a lowertrans‐isomer content in the products than that obtained by using the AOCS standard nickel catalyst.
Chemical epoxidation of a natural unsaturated epoxy seed oil fromVernonia galamensis and a look at epoxy oil markets
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Chang S. P.
Published: January 2007

Since 1963, production of all epoxy esters has ranged from 60 to 150 million lb annually, a steady 7% of the 1 to 2 billion lb of annual plasticizer production. Growth rates in production averaged 4.3% for all plasticizers, 3.8% for all epoxy esters and 5.0% for epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). ESBO accounted for 70–76% of total epoxy ester production (1963–1982). The natural liquid epoxy oil fromVernonia galamensis seed, with oxirane value (4.1%) and viscosity (100 cps) similar to some commercial epoxy fatty esters but with molecular weight similar to epoxidized vegetable oils, combines some of the properties of both commercial types. Chemical epoxidation ofVernonia oil raises the oxirane content to 8.2, intermediate between ESBO and epoxidized linseed oil (ELSO), while consuming less of the costly epoxidizing reagents. Epoxidation proceeds in stepwise fashion through partially epoxidized products, which are converted to final product. Since the major fatty components ofVernonia oil arecis‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoic (75%) and linoleic (13%) acids, further epoxidation produces fatty acids that are specifically epoxidized at the 9,10‐ and 12,13‐positions, and the major product has 6 epoxy units per triglyceride molecule. The resulting mixture of products has compositional and physical properties distinctly different from commercial samples of ESBO and ELSO.
Identification of adduct radiolysis products from pork fat
Authors: Vajdi M. , Merritt C.
Published: January 2007

Mass spectrometric evidence is given to show the formation of adduct radiolysis products in pork fat. A variety of adduct radiolysis products were identified. Only the major recombination products are considered and discussed herein. These compounds consist of triglyceride dimers, propanedioldiester‐triglyceride adducts, propanedioldiester dimers and branched alkyl substituted triglycerides.
Polyunsaturated fatty glyceride syntheses by microbial lipases
Authors: Osada Kyoichi , Takahashi Koretaro , Hatano Mutsuo
Published: January 2007

The degree of glyceride syntheses by lipase TOYO (Chromobacterium viscosum) and lipase OF (Candida cylindracea) using individual free fatty acids C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3, C18∶4, C20∶4, C20∶5 and C22∶6 were compared. Lipase TOYO incorporated each of the fatty acids into glycerol at levels of greater than 89%. Lipase OF incorporated most of the fatty acids at levels above 70% (docosahexaenoic acid incorporation was 63%). It was concluded that these two lipases are feasible for producing glycerides from unsaturated fatty acids.
Determination of the country of origin of pistachio nuts by DSC and HPLC
Authors: Dyszel Susan M. , Pettit Bruce C.
Published: January 2007

The laboratories of the U.S. Customs Service frequently encounter the major analytical problem of determining the country of origin of imported commodities. This is particularly challenging with natural products. This paper will describe the process for one such commodity —pistachio nuts.

Two approaches were taken, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the results of these two techniques were complimentary and confirmatory. The HPLC data was obtained on the petroleum ether soluble fraction of the pistachio nuts while the DSC runs evaluated both this fraction and the whole nut. The HPLC results were further investigated by collecting fractions from the eluting peaks, derivatizing them to form the methyl ester of the fatty acids, and profiling by gas chromatography to confirm the triglycerides originally present. The U.S. Customs Service is currently using DSC area ratios to screen imported pistachio nuts for country of origin.
Characteristics of Uruguayan mutton tallow
Authors: Grompone M. A.
Published: January 2007

Fourteen samples of Uruguayan mutton tallow available in the local market were analyzed for their composition, melting point and titer. From the results it can be concluded that Uruguayan mutton tallow contains a higher percentage of oleic acid and a lower percentage of palmitic and stearic acids than that of other countries.
Imidazoline hydrolysis in alkaline and acidic media—A review
Authors: Watts Michelle M.
Published: January 2007

The literature was reviewed for information on imidazoline hydrolysis. Conflicts involving structures and mechanisms of hydrolysis have been found. Researchers also disagree as to the role of water and whether a protonated form of the imidazoline exists. However, there is agreement that the rate of hydrolysis is dependent on pH and temperature.
Synthesis of N‐acyl amino acids and correlation of structure with surfactant properties of their sodium salts
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Prasad R. B. N. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: January 2007

The effect of structural variation in fatty acid and amino acid moieties on surfactant properties of sodium salts of N‐acyl condensates of amino acids was investigated. Pure N‐acyl leucines and N‐lauroyl condensates of different amino acids were synthesized and neutralized. Among the N‐acyl leucinates, N‐lauroyl leucinate exhibited optimum properties and compared well with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Among the salts of Nα‐lauroyl amino acids, Nα‐lauroyl lysinate was found comparable to SLS. Salts of Nα‐lauroyl condensates of leucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and proline showed good wetting ability; proline also displayed high calcium ion tolerance. Salts of N‐lauroyl tyrosine and phenylalanine exhibited good foaming ability. N‐Lauroyl aspartate showed inferior properties compared to SLS in spite of having an additional carboxylic group.
Cholesterol oxides II. Measurement of the 5,6‐epoxides during cholesterol oxidation in aqueous dispersions
Authors: Maerker G. , Bunick F. J.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol in aqueous dispersion with sodium stearate or Triton surfactants was aerated at various pH values at 50 and 80 C. Analysis of the reaction mixtures by TLC during the oxidation produced qualitatively similar patterns regardless of pH or temperature. Major oxidation products observed were 7‐ketocholesterol, the isomeric 7‐hydroperoxy‐ and 7‐hydroxycholesterols, the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholestanols and 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxycholestanol. The concentrations of 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxycholestanol and an unknown compound increased greatly at the lower pH values.

Recovery of the 5,6‐epoxide isomers by preparative TLC followed by capillary GC allowed theα‐ andβ‐epoxide isomers to be quantitated. Oxidations at pH 8 and 12 produced increasing amounts of the epoxides with time, without significant changes in theα/β‐epoxide ratio. However, oxidations at the acidic pH values of 5.5 and 3 showed large changes in theα/β‐epoxide ratio during the oxidation. Measurement of the hydrolysis rates of the 5,6‐epoxides at pH 5.5 showed that theβ‐epoxide isomer is more labile than theα‐isomer by a factor of 2.5. The rate constant for the hydrolysis of theα‐epoxide isomer was 5.3 × 10−7 sec−1 and that of theβ‐isomer 13 × 10−7 sec−1.
Principal component analysis in fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols in edible oils
Authors: Lamberto M. , Saitta M.
Published: January 2007

Positive‐ion fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry, withm‐nitrobenzyl alcohol as matrix and a methanolic sodium iodide (Nal) solution, was used to characterize edible oils by their triacylglycerol composition. Cationized triacylglycerols gave characteristic spectra for olive (57 samples), sunflower (9 samples), soybean (9 samples), corn (12 samples), and peanut (10 samples) oils. Relative abundance of [M + Na]+ ions showed relevant differences among the oils. The obtained data were analyzed with the aid of chemometrics by using principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differentiation. Twelve variables were reduced to two principal components, accounting for 82% of the total variance. A two‐dimensional plot of 97 PCA scores allowed the separation of the edible oils. The analysis is both fast and reproducible.
An improved phosphorus assay for oils without carcinogenic hydrazine sulfate
Authors: Han T. J.
Published: January 2007

An improved spectrophotometric method for phosphorus determination in oils is proposed. The proposed new method has made significant improvements in safety, sensitivity, and efficiency in comparison with the current American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Official Method (Ca 12–55, corrected 1992). The AOCS method employs hydrazine sulfate as the reducing agent to generate molybdenum blue. Hydrazine sulfate is a known carcinogen in laboratory animals and a suspected human carcinogen. The chemical also irritates skin and mucous membranes. In the improved method ascorbic acid is used as the reducing agent. Ascorbic acid is equally effective as hydrazine sulfate for the color reaction. The improved method is approximately 75 times more sensitive than the AOCS method. The sensitivity is improved by measuring absorbance at the absorption peak, 825 nm, and reducing the final volume of reaction mixture for color reaction. The AOCS method determines phosphorus by measuring absorbance at 650 nm, which is about 40% of that at the absorption peak. The efficiency of this improved method is also significantly increased by reducing sample size and the volumes of sample preparation. Therefore, the improved method is more cost‐effective than the AOCS method because less chemical reagents and smaller glassware are used, and the hazardous chemical waste disposal cost is eliminated. The improved method also avoids concentrated HCl and 50% KOH for sample preparation.
Soy grits, flour, concentrates, and isolates in meat products
Authors: Rakosky Joseph
Published: January 2007

Because of changing attitudes of consumers, processors, and regulatory agencies, soy protein products are being used at an increasing rate in various processed meat systems. The use of basic soy protein products in several meat systems is examined and guidelines are presented to optimize their use. Soy products as a supplemental ingredient in various meat systems can contribute nutrition, flavor, and valuable functional properties. As the price of meats continues to rise, and consumer interest in nutrition continues to increase, their demands will prompt governmental agencies to reconsider present meat regulations.
Nutritional value and economic aspects of fortification of foods of plant origin with soy protein
Authors: Balla Ferenc
Published: January 2007

The protein requirements of children and adults are reviewed in comparison with the protein qualities of several foods with and without added soy. The economic considerations greatly favor soy containing foods for equivalent nutrition.
Chemical‐nutritional physiological evaluation of a few products manufactured with the use of soy protein
Authors: Kárpáti György
Published: January 2007

A number of Hungarian foods containing soy products is described. Institute studies on new protein sources also are discussed.
Stability of tapioca chips fried in RBD palm olein treated with antioxidants
Authors: Augustin M. A. , Berry S. K.
Published: January 2007

The effectiveness of tertiarybutylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in stabilizing tapioca chips was assessed by determining the peroxide andp‐anisidine values, absorbances at 232 nm and 268 nm and the 18:2/16:0 ratios of oil extracted from tapioca chips. The order of effectiveness of the antioxidants in stabilizing the chips was found to be TBHQ > BHT > BHA. The order of effectiveness of antioxidants, TBHQ > BHT > BHA, was maintained for chips from corresponding 1st, 4th and 7th fryings. The loss of antioxidants during storage could not be directly related to oxidation parameters.
Separation of seed by‐products by an AC electric field
Authors: Weiss Louis C. , Thibodeaux Devron P.
Published: January 2007

A method for separating constituents of the by‐products derived from agricultural processes offers the possibility of recovering their valuable components. Partial sorting by a unique electric field enriches the protein concentration in sunflower‐seed meal and cottonseed meal by removing objectionable components such as hulls or gossypol. Enrichment is accomplished by the dynamic forces from an electric field that is created by a set of parallel electrodes encased in a plastic panel and connected to an AC power supply. When the panel is activated, particles on its surface become charged, levitated and transported. When a mixture of particles contacts the panel, a difference in the charge is imparted to the components, opposite directions of transportation occur, and, then, the particles separate. The separation, or sorting, offers an additional possibility for upgrading agricultural products. Properties measured for these products and their separated components are charge, charge‐to‐mass ratio, size, size distribution, shape, moisture, nitrogen and gossypol. This new and direct method of separating components seems independent of their size and shape, yet it is probably dependent on the charge‐to‐mass ratio. The single‐stage separation is an analytical tool that might become an engineering process. The electric panel of the contact type contains, transports and refines materials—all without a cup, conveyor or filter touching the sample. Its promise and versatility warrant considering the panel by itself and in conjunction with other processes.
Relationship of BGYF spots detected on the sides of trailers and modules of seed cotton to aflatoxins in ginned seed
Authors: Russell T. E. , Lee L. S.
Published: January 2007

Sides of 146 trailers and 60 modules packed with freshly harvested seed cotton from commercial fields were examined at night using a long‐wave ultraviolet lamp for bright‐green‐yellow fluorescent (BGYF) spots caused by contamination of cotton lint withAspergillus flavus. During ginning, a 22.7 kg (50 lb sack) of seed was removed from each trailer or module for determination of aflatoxin content. For both carriers, as the number of BGYF spots increased, the level of toxin in ginned seed increased. Assays of seed from 90% of the trailers and 64% of the modules with 0–1 BGYF spots were below 20 µg/kg.
Selective amidation of fatty methyl esters with N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐ethanolamine under base catalysis
Authors: Gabriel R.
Published: January 2007

The reaction of N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐ethanolamine (AEEA) with saturated fatty methyl esters derived from coconut oil occurs under noncatalyzed conditions to yield principally N‐(2‐hydroxyethylamino)‐ethyl fatty amide,1, derived from the condensation of the primary amine moiety of AEEA with the methyl ester. In the presence of 0.25 wt % sodium methoxide at low reaction temperatures (<90 C), 2 carboxamides are formed, the secondary monoamide,1 and also the tertiary monoamide, N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amide,2. As this mixture of secondary and tertiary monoamides is heated to higher reaction temperatures (>120 C), the concentration of secondary monoamide1 increases with a concomitant decrease in tertiary monoamide2. As the reaction time is increased at the elevated temperature, the tertiary monoamide continues to disappear. Increasing the base concentration to 2.5 wt % sodium methoxide, promotes selective formation of amide2 at low temperature. The results constitute evidence that at least 2 mechanisms are operating in fatty methyl ester amidations with AEEA and provide a classic example of thermodynamic vs kinetic control. Because amides1 and2 are intermediates to imidazoline amphoteric surfactants (powerful detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers and so forth), knowledge of the reaction mechanisms in operation during the condensation of fatty methyl esters with AEEA will permit better understanding of the resultant products and the related processing conditions.
Supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable oil seeds
Authors: Bulley N. R. , Fattori M. , Meisen A. , Moyls L.
Published: January 2007

The extraction of oil from canola seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The basic equations which govern the oil extraction from a bed of seeds were derived from first principles. The equations can be solved by standard numerical techniques using experimentally determined parameters for the concentration of oil in the solvent in equilibrium with seeds having a known oil content. Preliminary extraction rate data and equilibrium data are given for crushed canola seed during extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide at select temperatures and pressures. The research is directed at obtaining the basic information required for the design of continuous countercurrent extractors.
Scale‐up of canola oil degumming
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Sleggs P. W. , Kaji T.
Published: January 2007

The chemical degumming of canola oil was optimized using citric acid and maleic anhydride as degumming agents. These chemicals were selected from a group of 54 degumming agents, reported previously. The effect of temperature, chemical addition level, water addition level and contact times was investigated. Best results were obtained at 40 C, using 10 min contact with the chemical, followed by the addition of 2% water and agitation for 20 min.

Chemical degumming reduced the residual phosphorus level from 1049 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg using either maleic anhydride or citric acid. Refining tests gave excellent deodorized or hydrogenated products.

The optimized reaction conditions were applied to 330 kg test batches of oil in the P.O.S. Pilot Plant. Results were identical to those obtained in the laboratory, indicating that the process may be scaled up readily for industrial application.
The adsorption of fatty acids from vegetable oils with zeolites and bleaching clay/zeolite blends
Authors: Taylor D. R. , Ungermann C. B. , Demidowicz Z.
Published: January 2007

The adsorption of model fatty acids (hepatnoic, oleic), using spiked vegetable oils, was studied using different kinds of zeolites (A‐zeolite, X, Y‐zeolites, mordenite), Y‐zeolite exchanged with different cations (alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal ions), and with bleaching clay/zeolite blends. The adsorption process was shown to be governed by the molecular sieving properties of the zeolites involved as well as the electrostatic field strengths of the exchange cations. Facile interparticle diffusion of cations between clay and zeolite particles in the blends was verified by electron microprobe analysis and shown to cause unexpected results with respect to bleaching and fatty acid removal.
Solubilization and fluorescence behavior of petroleum sulfonate containing microemulsions
Authors: Pithapurwala Y. K. , Shah D. O.
Published: January 2007

The effects of various oils and alcohols on the brine solubilization and fluorescence behavior of oil‐external microemulsions were investigated. At a critical electrolyte concentration, referred to as optimal salinity, the brine solubilization capacity of microemulsions containing petroleum sulfonate is maximum for C6–C10 oils and C4–C7 alcohols. Moreover, at this salinity, the fluorescence intensity was found to be maximal. As the chain length of oil is increased, the optimal salinity increased for all the alcohols studied. However, the increase in optimal salinity was much greater for water‐soluble alcohols than for pentanol, hexanol or heptanol. The brine solubilization limit decreased as the oil chain length increased for microemulsions containing n‐butanol and iso‐butanol. The solubilization behavior is explained in terms of solubility of alcohols in various phases of microemulsions and the ability of the aqueous phase to solubilize surfactant molecules from the interface. The fluorescence behavior is explained by higher surface charge density around the water droplet near optimal salinity. A simple correlation is given between the solubilization and fluorescence behavior of microemulsions that is independent of type and chain length of the alcohols or hydrocarbons.
Production potential of eicosapentaenoic acid byMonodus subterraneus
Authors: Cohen Zvi
Published: January 2007

Interest in the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a therapeutic agent is steadily increasing. The microalgaMonodus subterraneus produces EPA, which is concentrated mainly in the galactolipid fraction, as its major fatty acid. Nitrogen starvation increased the fatty acid content but reduced the proportion and content of EPA to 19.5% (of fatty acids) and 1.8% (of dry weight), respectively. Cultivation under low light intensity or high biomass concentration enhanced the proportion of EPA up to 36.7% of fatty acids and the content to 4.4% of dry weight. Maximal EPA productivity of 25.7 mg·L−1·d−1 was obtained at the biomass concentration that resulted in the highest biomass productivity.M. subterraneus is thus one of the most promising candidates for phototrophic production of EPA.
Conversion of linoleic acid to 10‐hydroxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid byFlavobacterium sp. (NRRL B‐14859)
Authors: Hou Ching T.
Published: January 2007

A new microbial isolate,Flavobacterium sp. strain DS5, converts linoleic acid into 10‐hydroxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (10‐HOA) with 55% yield. The product was characterized by gas chromatography (GC), GC/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The specific optical rotation of 10‐HOA is [α]D24=−5.58 (methanol). The optimum time, pH and temperature for the production of 10‐HOA were 36h, 7.5 and 20–35°C, respectively. The enzyme(s) that converts linoleic acid to 10‐HOA is soluble and located intracellulary in strain DS5. Two minor products, 10‐methoxy‐12‐octade‐cenoic acid and 10‐keto‐12‐octadecenoic acid, were also identified. 10‐HOA was further metabolized by strain DS5. Among the unsaturated fatty acids studied, the order of reactivity for the DS5 enzyme(s) is oleic>palmitoleic> linoleic>linolenic>γ‐linolenic>myristoleic acid.