bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming the Niche: The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Progression
Authors: Mendes Manuel , Monteiro Ana C. , Neto Estrela , Barrias Cristina C. , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel A. , Duarte Delfim , Caires Hugo R.
Published: April 2024

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) management remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its low survival rates and high post-treatment relapse rates, mainly attributed to treatment-resistant leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) residing in bone marrow (BM) niches. This review offers an in-depth analysis of AML progression, highlighting the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the dynamic remodelling of BM niche intercellular communication. We explore recent advancements elucidating the mechanisms through which EVs facilitate complex crosstalk, effectively promoting AML hallmarks and drug resistance. Adopting a temporal view, we chart the evolving landscape of EV-mediated interactions within the AML niche, underscoring the transformative potential of these insights for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the review discusses the emerging understanding of endothelial cell subsets’ impact across BM niches in shaping AML disease progression, adding another layer of complexity to the disease progression and treatment resistance. We highlight the potential of cutting-edge methodologies, such as organ-on-chip (OoC) and single-EV analysis technologies, to provide unprecedented insights into AML–niche interactions in a human setting. Leveraging accumulated insights into AML EV signalling to reconfigure BM niches and pioneer novel approaches to decipher the EV signalling networks that fuel AML within the human context could revolutionise the development of niche-targeted therapy for leukaemia eradication.
Age and Stroke Severity Matter Most for Clinical Outcome in Acute Arteriosclerotic Tandem Lesions
Authors: Huber Cyrill , Berberat Jatta , Sassenburg Renske , Pflugi Stefanie , Anon Javier , Diepers Michael , Andereggen Lukas , Kahles Timo , Luft Andreas R. , Nedeltchev Krassen , Remonda Luca , Gruber Philipp
Published: April 2024

Background: Tandem lesions (TLs) cause up to 15–30% of all acute ischemic strokes (AISs). Endovascular treatment (EVT) is regarded as the first-line treatment; however, uncertainties remain with respect to the treatment and predictive outcome parameters. Here, we aimed to identify the clinical and demographic factors associated with functional short- and long-term outcomes in AIS patients with arteriosclerotic TLs undergoing EVT. Methods: This was a retrospective, mono-centric cohort study of 116 consecutive AIS patients with arteriosclerotic TLs who were endovascularly treated at a stroke center, with analysis of the relevant demographic, procedural, and imaging data. Results: A total of 116 patients were included in this study, with a median age of 72 years (IQR 63–80), 31% of whom were female (n = 36). The median NIHSS on admission was 14 (IQR 7–19), with a median ASPECT score of 9 (IQR 8–10) and median NASCET score of 99% (IQR 88–100%). A total of 52% of the patients received intravenous thrombolysis. In 77% (n = 89) of the patients, an antegrade EVT approach was used, with a good recanalization (mTICI2b3) achieved in 83% of patients (n = 96). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 12.7% (n = 15) of patients. A favorable outcome (mRS0–2) and mortality at 3 months were obtained for 40% (n = 47) and 28% of patients (n = 32), respectively. Age and NIHSS on admission were strongly associated with outcome parameters. Diabetes mellitus and previous neurological disorders were independently associated with long-term mortality (median 11 months, IQR 0–42). Conclusions: Younger age, lower stroke severity, and good recanalization were found to be independently associated with a favorable outcome. In contrast, older age, higher stroke severity, previous neurological disorders, and diabetes were correlated with mortality. The endovascular treatment of acute arteriosclerotic tandem lesions is feasible and relatively safe.
Effects of Erythropoietin-Promoted Fracture Healing on Bone Turnover Markers in Cats
Authors: Vasileva Radina , Chaprazov Tsvetan , Milanova Aneliya
Published: April 2024

In orthopaedics, erythropoietin (EPO) is applied in the preoperative management of anaemic patients, but also as a stimulating factor to assist bone regeneration due to its angiogenic and osteoinductive potential. Since orthopaedists mainly rely on their clinical experience to assess bone healing, additional and more objective methods such as studying the dynamics of bone markers are needed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma activity of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), the N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) during the first 2 months of healing of comminuted fractures in cats, either non-stimulated or locally stimulated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). The study included twelve cats of mixed breeds, aged 7.2 ± 4 months, weighing 2.11 ± 1.1 kg, with comminuted diaphyseal fractures of the femur. Surgical treatment with plate osteosynthesis was performed in all animals. The cats were randomly divided into two groups—a control (n = 6) and an EPO group (n = 6). The locally applied EPO leads to the increased activity of bone formation markers (BALP and PINP) during the second week after the osteosynthesis, preceding the peaks in the control group by two weeks. The studied bone resorption markers (DPD, CTX) varied insignificantly during the studied period. In conclusion, erythropoietin could serve as a promoter of bone healing in comminuted fractures in cats.
Effects of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Axial Compression Behaviors of UHPC-RC Composite Columns
Authors: Gao Shuling , Liu Leyu
Published: April 2024

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with excellent durability has broad application prospects in improving the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. To clarify the influence of freeze–thaw cycles on the axial compression performance of UHPC-RC composite columns, axial compression tests were carried out on composite columns with different cycles (0, 100, 200, 300 cycles) and stirrup spacing (35, 70, 105 mm). The results showed that the UHPC shell did not fall off when the composite column was destroyed, even in the freeze–thaw environment. Under the action of freeze–thaw cycles, the peak load Nu,t and initial elastic modulus E of the composite column decreased, but the ductility coefficient μ increased. Increasing the stirrup spacing could significantly improve the ductility of the composite column. After 100 freeze–thaw cycles, the ductility coefficient μ of the 35 mm stirrup spacing specimen was 112.6% higher than that of the 105 mm specimen. A prediction model for the bearing capacity of UHPC-RC composite columns under freeze–thaw cycles was established, and the predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental results. This study lays a theoretical and experimental foundation for the application and design of UHPC-RC composite columns in the freeze–thaw environment.
A Robust FOPD Controller That Allows Faster Detection of Defects for Touch Panels
Authors: Wang Yuan-Jay
Published: April 2024

This study aims to synthesize and implement a robust fractional order PD (RFOPD) controller to increase the speed at which defects in automated touch panel inspection systems (ATPISs) are detected. A three-dimensional orthogonal stage (TDOS) driven by BLDC servo motors moves the inspection pen (IP) vertically and horizontally. The dynamic equation relating the BLDC servo motor input to the tip motion is established. A touch position identification (TPI) system is used to locate the touch point rapidly. An RFOPD controller is used to actuate the BLDC servo motors and move the TDOS rapidly and accurately in three dimensions. This method displaces the IP to any specified position and shows user-defined inspection trajectories on the touch screens. The gain-phase margin tester (GPMT) and stability equation methods are exploited to schedule the RFOPD controller gain settings and to maintain the specific safety margins for the controlled system. The simulation studies show that the proposed RFOPD controller exhibits better tracking and disturbance rejection responses than a conventional PID controller. The robustness of the RFOPD-controlled ATPIS, considering unmodeled uncertainties and friction-induced disturbances, is verified through simulation and experimental studies. Several user-defined inspection patterns are used to verify performance, and the experimental results show that the proposed RFOPD controller is effective.
Extending the Depth of Focus of an Infrared Microscope Using a Binary Axicon Fabricated on Barium Fluoride
Authors: Han Molong , Smith Daniel , Kahro Tauno , Stonytė Dominyka , Kasikov Aarne , Gailevičius Darius , Tiwari Vipin , Ignatius Xavier Agnes Pristy , Gopinath Shivasubramanian , Ng Soon Hock , John Francis Rajeswary Aravind Simon , Tamm Aile , Kukli Kaupo , Bambery Keith , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Juodkazis Saulius , Anand Vijayakumar
Published: April 2024

Axial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a microscope. In all microscopes, a high axial resolution is desired in order to discriminate information efficiently along the longitudinal direction. However, when studying thick samples that do not contain laterally overlapping information, a low axial resolution is desirable, as information from multiple planes can be recorded simultaneously from a single camera shot instead of plane-by-plane mechanical refocusing. In this study, we increased the focal depth of an infrared microscope non-invasively by introducing a binary axicon fabricated on a barium fluoride substrate close to the sample. Preliminary results of imaging the thick and sparse silk fibers showed an improved focal depth with a slight decrease in lateral resolution and an increase in background noise.
Clarification of Mining Process Water Using Electrocoagulation
Authors: Solis-Marcial Oscar Joaquín , Talavera-López Alfonso , Ruelas-Leyva José Pablo , Hernández-Maldonado José Alfredo , Najera-Bastida Alfonso , Zarate-Gutierrez Roberto , Serrano Rosales Benito
Published: April 2024

A lack of fresh water is one of the most significant problems currently affecting humanity. Water scarcity also affects industries, with the mining industry being one of the most affected. One possible solution to water scarcity is the recirculation of water. Water in mining is usually treated with physicochemical methods, but in metallurgical processes, reagents are added, accumulate until reaching the point of saturation, and are often not successfully removed. In this sense, electrocoagulation has shown great efficiency in the treatment of organic contaminants, heavy metals, and metallic ions, and was applied in this study to eliminate ions and undesirable organic compounds present in mining–metallurgical process water. Furthermore, this process has shown great efficacy in relation to toxic metals like arsenic because their presence reduces the efficiency of other processes such as flotation. In this study, two types of electrodes were used: stainless steel and aluminum. The best results were achieved with stainless steel electrodes, which were able to eliminate 90% of copper ions in water. The turbidity of the water during the process was measured to determine the amount of solid present in the water, and a reduction of around 95% was observed when using aluminum electrodes. The sedimentation of clots occurred in two stages: Firstly, the coagulant was formed to trap organic matter as its size increased, until a particle size that was sufficient for settling was achieved. A zero-order kinetic model was fit for this stage of the process. Secondly, the formed clots continued to settle, and a second-order kinetic model was fit for this stage. Flotation tests were carried out on the process and electrotreated water to evaluate the recovery of Zn, Pb, Ag, and Au. An increase of 1.5% was found for gold, and an increase of 2% was found for silver, while a significant improvement was identified for zinc, augmenting recuperation by 30% when electrotreated water was used. For lead, no considerable change in recovery was observed in either form of water. The formed clots were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy, and we found that metal ions were trapped in the clots. This study demonstrates the potential of electrocoagulation for clarifying mine water, which is ordinarily very difficult to clarify.
A Genetic Mechanism for Chemical Compaction in Mudstones: Case Study from the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin
Authors: Zhao Zilong , Zhao Jingzhou , Zhao Hong , Wang Jun , Er Chuang , Li Zhe , Wang Shixiong
Published: April 2024

Mudstone compaction is widely used in the estimation of subsidence caused by sediment load, basin modeling, and overpressure genesis. The boundary for the depth at which chemical compaction in mudstones begins in the Xihu Depression is across two wells; in Well A, the depth is 2200 m, while in Well D, it is 1750 m. The porosity shows a gradual decreasing trend, followed by a sharp decrease and then an increase. Compared with Well A, the pores in Well D show a faster reduction (resulting in higher compaction) with increasing burial depth. The compaction process is controlled by clay mineral transformation and temperature increase. At a temperature range of 65–105 °C, local dissolution of quartz and pyrite, as well as precipitation of plagioclase, occur in Well D. The quartz, pyrite, and plagioclase contents in Well A do not significantly change, while K-feldspar corrosion and illitization are dominant. At a temperature range of 125–135 °C, diagenesis is reversed. The mixed layer increases across a low range, while chlorite and kaolinite contents increase; the dissolution of dolomite and the intermittent dissolution of calcite cause a local increase in pore size at 4460 m in Well A and 3300 m in Well D. The report values of geothermal gradient raise the depth limit of chemical compaction in Well D compared to that in Well A, thus accelerating the process of illitization and the cementation rate of quartz, and becoming the leading cause of the steeply decreasing trend of porosity in Well D. A compaction model for the Xihu Depression has also been established, which involves mechanical compaction, coexistence of chemical compaction and mechanical compaction, and chemical compaction. In the chemical compaction stage, the chemical/diagenetic compaction of mudstones locally increases the pore size. Moreover, abnormally enlarged pores became important reservoirs in the Xihu Depression.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Photophysical Investigations of 2-Amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Alwah R. , Rahman Shofiur , Al-Wabli Reem I. , Al-Mutairi Maha S. , Rahman A. F. M. Motiur
Published: April 2024

In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles (APNs, 1–6), including their synthesis, cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, and photophysical properties. Compound 3 demonstrates exceptional cytotoxicity, surpassing the potency of Doxorubicin. The fluorescence spectra of the synthesized 1–6 in different solvents reveal solvent-dependent shifts in the emission maximum values, highlighting the influence of the solvent environment on their fluorescence properties. A quantum chemical TD-DFT analysis provides insights into the electronic structure and fluorescence behavior of 1–6, elucidating HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, electronegativity values, and dipole moments, contributing to a deeper understanding of their electronic properties and potential reactivity. These findings provide valuable knowledge for the development of APNs (1–6) as fluorescent sensors and potential anticancer agents.
Molecules, Up Your Spins!
Authors: Barskiy Danila A.
Published: April 2024

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are indispensable tools in science and medicine, offering insights into the functions of biological processes [...]
The DBB Family in Populus trichocarpa: Identification, Characterization, Evolution and Expression Profiles
Authors: Wu Ruihua , Li Yuxin , Wang Lin , Li Zitian , Wu Runbin , Xu Kehang , Liu Yixin
Published: April 2024

The B-box proteins (BBXs) encode a family of zinc-finger transcription factors that regulate the plant circadian rhythm and early light morphogenesis. The double B-box (DBB) family is in the class of the B-box family, which contains two conserved B-box domains and lacks a CCT (CO, CO-like and TOC1) motif. In this study, the identity, classification, structures, conserved motifs, chromosomal location, cis elements, duplication events, and expression profiles of the PtrDBB genes were analyzed in the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa. Here, 12 PtrDBB genes (PtrDBB1–PtrDBB12) were identified and classified into four distinct groups, and all of them were homogeneously spread among eight out of seventeen poplar chromosomes. The collinearity analysis of the DBB family genes from P. trichocarpa and two other species (Z. mays and A. thaliana) indicated that segmental duplication gene pairs and high-level conservation were identified. The analysis of duplication events demonstrates an insight into the evolutionary patterns of DBB genes. The previously published transcriptome data showed that PtrDBB genes represented distinct expression patterns in various tissues at different stages. In addition, it was speculated that several PtrDBBs are involved in the responsive to drought stress, light/dark, and ABA and MeJA treatments, which implied that they might function in abiotic stress and phytohormone responses. In summary, our results contribute to the further understanding of the DBB family and provide a reference for potential functional studies of PtrDBB genes in P. trichocarpa.
The Future of Graphene: Preparation from Biomass Waste and Sports Applications
Authors: Wu Yueting , Li Yanlong , Zhang Xiangyang
Published: April 2024

At present, the main raw material for producing graphene is graphite ore. However, researchers actively seek alternative resources due to their high cost and environmental problems. Biomass waste has attracted much attention due to its carbon-rich structure and renewability, emerging as a potential raw material for graphene production to be used in sports equipment. However, further progress is required on the quality of graphene produced from waste biomass. This paper, therefore, summarizes the properties, structures, and production processes of graphene and its derivatives, as well as the inherent advantages of biomass waste-derived graphene. Finally, this paper reviews graphene’s importance and application prospects in sports since this wonder material has made sports equipment available with high-strength and lightweight quality. Moreover, its outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity is exploited to prepare wearable sensors to collect more accurate sports data, thus helping to improve athletes’ training levels and competitive performance. Although the large-scale production of biomass waste-derived graphene has yet to be realized, it is expected that its application will expand to various other fields due to the associated low cost and environmental friendliness of the preparation technique.
Isolation of Extracellular Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) from Escherichia coli Using EVscore47 Beads
Authors: Shi Gongming , Yang Xiaohong , Wang Jikai , Wei Wenjing , Hu Kecui , Huang Xingyue , Qiu Yanfei , He Yun
Published: April 2024

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are attractive for biomedical applications based on their intrinsic properties in relation to bacteria and vesicles. However, their widespread use is hampered by low yields and purities. In this study, EVscore47 multifunctional chromatography microspheres were synthesized and used to efficiently isolate functional OMVs from Escherichia coli. Through this technology, OMV loss can be kept to a minimum, and OMVs can be harvested using EVscore47 at 11-fold higher yields and ~13-fold higher purity than those achieved by means of ultracentrifugation. Based on the results presented here, we propose a novel EVscore47-based isolation of OMVs that is fast and scalable.
Plasmonic Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanoisland Film for Photothermal Inactivation and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Bacteria
Authors: Husain Sadang , Mutalik Chinmaya , Yougbaré Sibidou , Chen Chun-You , Kuo Tsung-Rong
Published: April 2024

Plasmonic metal nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for their utilizations in biomedical sensing and treatment. In this study, plasmonic Au@Ag core–shell nanoisland films (Au@AgNIFs) were successfully grown onto a glass substrate using a seed-mediated growth procedure. The nanostructure of the Au@AgNIFs was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The UV-Vis spectra of the Au@AgNIFs exhibited a broad absorption in the visible range from 300 to 800 nm because of the surface plasmon absorption. Under simulated sunlight exposure, the temperature of optimal Au@AgNIF was increased to be 66.9 °C to meet the requirement for photothermal bacterial eradication. Furthermore, the Au@AgNIFs demonstrated a consistent photothermal effect during the cyclic on/off exposure to light. For photothermal therapy, the Au@AgNIFs revealed superior efficiency in the photothermal eradication of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). With their unique nanoisland nanostructure, the Au@AgNIFs exhibited excellent growth efficiency of bacteria in comparison with that of the bare glass substrate. The Au@AgNIFs were also validated as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate to amplify the Raman signals of E. coli and S. aureus. By integrating photothermal therapy and SERS detection, the Au@AgNIFs were revealed to be a potential platform for bacterial theranostics.
Correction: Acosta et al. Plant-Based Dietary Indices in Relation to Nutrient and Food Group Intakes in Preschool-Aged Children. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4617
Authors: Acosta Patricia F. C. , Landon Olivia A. , Ribau Zachary J. , Haines Jess , Ma David W. L. , Duncan Alison M. ,   on behalf of the Guelph Family Health Study
Published: April 2024

In the original publication [...]
Adherence to Diet Quality Indices and Breast Cancer Risk in the Italian ORDET Cohort
Authors: Quartiroli Martina , Roncallo Chiara , Pala Valeria , Simeon Vittorio , Ricceri Fulvio , Venturelli Elisabetta , Pattaroni Lara , Sieri Sabina , Agnoli Claudia
Published: April 2024

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with 2.3 million diagnoses in 2020. There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including dietary factors, particularly the complex interactions and synergies between different foods and nutrients (and not a single nutrient or food), may be associated with a higher risk of BC. The aim of this work was to evaluate how the Italian Mediterranean Index (IMI), the Greek Mediterranean Index, the DASH score, and the EAT-Lancet score can help lower the risk of BC, and analyze if chronic low-grade inflammation may be one of the possible mechanisms through which dietary patterns influence breast cancer risk. We evaluated the effect of adherence to these four dietary quality indices in the 9144 women of the ORDET cohort who completed a dietary questionnaire. The effect of adherence to dietary patterns on chronic inflammation biomarkers was evaluated on a subsample of 552 participants. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC risk in relation to the index score categories used were estimated using multivariable Cox models adjusted for potential confounders. Regression coefficients (β), with 95% CI for C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin levels in relation to adherence to dietary patterns were evaluated with the linear regression model adjusted for potential confounders. IMI was inversely associated with BC in all women (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60–0.97, P trend = 0.04), particularly among postmenopausal women (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42–0.98, P trend = 0.11). None of the other dietary patterns was associated with BC risk. Higher IMI and Greek Mediterranean Index scores were inversely associated with circulating CRP (β: −0.10, 95% CI: −0.18, −0.02, and β: −0.13, 95% CI: −0.21, −0.04). The higher score of the EAT-Lancet Index was instead associated with a higher concentration of circulating levels of CRP (β: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18). In conclusion, these results suggest that adherence to a typical Italian Mediterranean diet protects against BC development, especially among postmenopausal women, possibly through modulation of chronic low-grade inflammation.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Grocery Shopping Factors of Importance among Food-Insecure African Americans
Authors: Harville II Cedric , James Delores C. S. , Patterson Amaria , Harper Sheila , Petchulat-McMillan Lindy
Published: April 2024

The objective of this study was to (1) assess via cross-sectional survey the prevalence of food insecurity among African Americans [AAs] after their most recent grocery shopping trip, and (2) examine the grocery shopping factors of importance and characteristics of food-insecure AA grocery shoppers. Most (70.4%) were food-insecure. Food-insecure grocery shoppers were significantly more likely to be younger, less educated, who often skipped meals and/or practiced fasting, accessed a food pantry, were SNAP recipients, were considered to not be in ”good” health, and who had higher BMI compared to food-secure shoppers (p ≤ 0.03 * for all). Our data showed that AAs shopped for groceries a mean 2.20 ± 1.29 times per week, for low prices (72.1%), without a weekly budget (58.9%), with a grocery list (44.6%) or using an app (27.6%), for high-quality vegetables (27.5%), for good customer service (22.9%), for store brands (20.8%) and name brands (17.9%).Food-insecure shoppers were significantly more likely to grocery shop more times per week, have a weekly budget, and use an app, but were significantly less likely to report store brands, name brands, good customer service, and high-quality vegetables as grocery factors of importance (p ≤ 0.03 * for all). Grocery strategies such as shopping with a grocery app and/or grocery list could help food-insecure AAs reduce grocery trips, promote meal planning to save money, and avoid skipping meals/fasting, while eating healthier.
Allergenic Shrimp Tropomyosin Distinguishes from a Non-Allergenic Chicken Homolog by Pronounced Intestinal Barrier Disruption and Downstream Th2 Responses in Epithelial and Dendritic Cell (Co)Culture
Authors: Zuurveld Marit , Ogrodowczyk Anna M. , Benedé Sara , Czolk Rebecca , Lucia Bavaro Simona , Randow Stefanie , Markiewicz Lidia H. , Wróblewska Barbara , Molina Elena , Kuehn Annette , Holzhauser Thomas , Willemsen Linette E. M.
Published: April 2024

Background: Tropomyosins (TM) from vertebrates are generally non-allergenic, while invertebrate homologs are potent pan-allergens. This study aims to compare the risk of sensitization between chicken TM and shrimp TM through affecting the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and type 2 mucosal immune activation. Methods: Epithelial activation and/or barrier effects upon exposure to 2–50 μg/mL chicken TM, shrimp TM or ovalbumin (OVA) as a control allergen, were studied using Caco-2, HT-29MTX, or HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), cocultured with HT-29 cells or moDC alone, were exposed to 50 μg/mL chicken TM or shrimp TM. Primed moDC were cocultured with naïve Th cells. Intestinal barrier integrity (TEER), gene expression, cytokine secretion and immune cell phenotypes were determined in these human in vitro models. Results: Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM or OVA exposure, profoundly disrupted intestinal barrier integrity and increased alarmin genes expression in Caco-2 cells. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion in HT-29 cells was only enhanced upon shrimp TM or OVA, but not chicken TM, exposure. Shrimp TM enhanced the maturation of moDC and chemokine secretion in the presence or absence of HT-29 cells, while only in the absence of epithelial cells chicken TM activated moDC. Direct exposure of moDC to shrimp TM increased IL13 and TNFα secretion by Th cells cocultured with these primed moDC, while shrimp TM exposure via HT-29 cells cocultured with moDC sequentially increased IL13 expression and IL4 secretion in Th cells. Conclusions: Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM, disrupted the epithelial barrier while triggering type 2 mucosal immune activation, both of which are key events in allergic sensitization.
Food Beliefs and the Risk of Orthorexia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Di Giorgio Francesca Maria , Modica Stefania Pia , Saladino Marica , Muscarella Stefano , Ciminnisi Stefania , Almasio Piero Luigi , Petta Salvatore , Cappello Maria
Published: April 2024

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) believe that diet plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of their disease and the exacerbation of their symptoms. They often adopt restrictive diets that can lead to malnutrition, anxiety, and stress. Recent studies have found a correlation between IBD and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder). None of these studies report an association with orthorexia nervosa, which is an obsession with healthy and natural foods. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of orthorexia nervosa in patients with IBD. A total of 158 consecutive subjects were recruited, including 113 patients with IBD and 45 controls. The standardized Donini questionnaire ORTO-15 was administered to assess the risk of orthorexia, and clinical and demographic data were collected. The results showed that patients with IBD had a risk of developing orthorexia nervosa of 77%. This was significantly higher than the 47% observed in the control group. In the patients with IBD, the risk of orthorexia was associated with a lower BMI, at least in patients older than 30 years, and it was also associated with marital status in patients younger than 30. In conclusion, many patients with IBD are at increased risk of developing orthorexia nervosa, which may have a negative impact on their psychological wellbeing and social sphere, expose them to a high risk of nutritional deficiencies, and affect their overall quality of life. Further high-quality studies are needed to assess the clinical impact of orthorexia and its correlation with clinical features and classified eating disorders.
Dysphagia in Ischaemic Stroke Patients: One Centre Retrospective Study
Authors: Maciejewska Oliwia , Kępczyńska Katarzyna , Polit Małgorzata , Domitrz Izabela
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of dysphagia in patients with ischaemic stroke. It was crucial to evaluate the relationship between swallowing disorders and selected demographic and clinical indicators. Additionally, the association between various patient feeding methods and selected demographic and clinical factors was assessed. Based on the analysis of medical documentation, we identified the most important clinical parameters, including demographic data, the frequency of stroke risk factors, the location of the ischaemic lesion, cortical involvement, stroke severity as measured by the NIHSS (Nationale Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), and the methods of feeding post-stroke patients. Dysphagia was observed in 65.9% of the patients in the study group. Hypertension was the most common chronic illness in the studied population of ischemic stroke patients (91.8% of patients). Diet modification (35.7%) and PEG (25%) were the frequent methods of feeding in patients with confirmed dysphagia. Age played a significant role in determining the feeding methods in patients with dysphagia. Patients with a PEG (Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy) tube were the oldest (79.37 ± 10.80) and 75% of them had pneumonia. Early identification of swallowing difficulties in stroke patients is critical in determining an appropriate and safe feeding plan, as well as initiating logopedics therapy to improve swallowing efficacy and minimize pulmonary complications.
How Reliable Are Predictions of CD8+ T Cell Epitope Recognition? Lessons for Cancer
Authors: Lehmann Alexander A. , Lehmann Paul V. , Todryk Stephen
Published: April 2024

Synthetic peptides derived from antigen sequences are essential reagents for the detection of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), in assays such as ELISPOT/ImmunoSpot®. Indeed, the combination of peptides and ImmunoSpot® has been widely used for immune monitoring in numerous vaccine trials. Target antigens in pathogens or cancers may be large in size and multiple in number, often seemingly necessitating in silico peptide epitope predictions using algorithms and programs for certain HLA alleles to narrow down the numbers of required peptides. In this commentary, we discuss our data in the context of immune responses to viral and cancer antigens, concluding that systematic high-throughput immune monitoring of CD8+ T cells will provide more reliable insights on the host’s response to cancer than the reliance on select CD8+ T cell epitopes, no matter whether these are in silico predicted or even if they had been empirically established. We show the feasibility of large scale, high-throughput systematic CD8+ T cell epitope testing towards this goal.
Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Wild Ganoderma applanatum Mushroom from Kerala, South India: Insights into Dietary Nutritional, Mineral, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Rijia Akbar , Krishnamoorthi Raman , Rasmi Madhusoodhanan , Mahalingam Pambayan Ulagan , Kim Kwang-sun
Published: April 2024

The present study focused on the mushroom Ganoderma, which has been used in Eastern countries for centuries as a food and medicinal source. Specifically, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum from the Kerala Forest Research Institute in Thirussur, Kerala, India, were analyzed for their nutritional and medicinal properties. The methanolic extracts of G. applanatum were used to examine secondary metabolites and proximate profiles, revealing the presence of various phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Further analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and manganese. The compounds were characterized using chromatographic analysis, FTIR, and GC-MS, which revealed potential therapeutic compounds with C-H and C-O bonds in the amide group, β-glycosides, and C-C/C-O vibrations of phenolic substances. Mushroom extract at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. This study suggests that G. applanatum has a rich biochemical composition and pharmacological potential, making it a promising candidate for drug development and traditional medicine, and contributes valuable insights into its diverse therapeutic applications.
Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems: Promising Approaches in Ocular Drug Delivery
Authors: Batur Eslim , Özdemir Samet , Durgun Meltem Ezgi , Özsoy Yıldız
Published: April 2024

Ocular drug delivery poses unique challenges due to the complex anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Conventional dosage forms often fail to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes due to poor bioavailability, short retention time, and off-target effects. In recent years, vesicular drug delivery systems have emerged as promising solutions to address these challenges. Vesicular systems, such as liposome, niosome, ethosome, transfersome, and others (bilosome, transethosome, cubosome, proniosome, chitosome, terpesome, phytosome, discome, and spanlastics), offer several advantages for ocular drug delivery. These include improved drug bioavailability, prolonged retention time on the ocular surface, reduced systemic side effects, and protection of drugs from enzymatic degradation and dilution by tears. Moreover, vesicular formulations can be engineered for targeted delivery to specific ocular tissues or cells, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. They also enable the encapsulation of a wide range of drug molecules, including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and macromolecular drugs, and the possibility of combination therapy by facilitating the co-delivery of multiple drugs. This review examines vesicular drug delivery systems, their advantages over conventional drug delivery systems, production techniques, and their applications in management of ocular diseases.
Chrysin Inhibits TAMs-Mediated Autophagy Activation via CDK1/ULK1 Pathway and Reverses TAMs-Mediated Growth-Promoting Effects in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tang Xinglinzi , Luo Xiaoru , Wang Xiao , Zhang Yi , Xie Jiajia , Niu Xuan , Lu Xiaopeng , Deng Xi , Xu Zheng , Wu Fanwei
Published: April 2024

The natural flavonoid compound chrysin has promising anti-tumor effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which chrysin inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Through in vitro cell culture and animal models, we explored the impact of chrysin on the growth of NSCLC cells and the pro-cancer effects of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their mechanisms. We observed that M2-TAMs significantly promoted the growth and migration of NSCLC cells, while also markedly activating the autophagy level of these cells. Chrysin displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of NSCLC cells, and it could also suppress the pro-cancer effects of M2-TAMs and inhibit their mediated autophagy. Furthermore, combining network pharmacology, we found that chrysin inhibited TAMs-mediated autophagy activation in NSCLC cells through the regulation of the CDK1/ULK1 signaling pathway, rather than the classical mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which chrysin inhibits TAMs-mediated autophagy activation in NSCLC cells through the regulation of the CDK1/ULK1 pathway, thereby suppressing NSCLC growth. This discovery not only provides new therapeutic strategies for NSCLC but also opens up new avenues for further research on chrysin.
Early Detection of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Lung Pre-Metastatic Niche by Shortwave Infrared Nanoprobes
Authors: Siebert Jake N. , Shah Jay V. , Tan Mei Chee , Riman Richard E. , Pierce Mark C. , Lattime Edmund C. , Ganapathy Vidya , Moghe Prabhas V.
Published: April 2024

Metastatic breast cancer remains a significant source of mortality amongst breast cancer patients and is generally considered incurable in part due to the difficulty in detection of early micro-metastases. The pre-metastatic niche (PMN) is a tissue microenvironment that has undergone changes to support the colonization and growth of circulating tumor cells, a key component of which is the myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC). Therefore, the MDSC has been identified as a potential biomarker for PMN formation, the detection of which would enable clinicians to proactively treat metastases. However, there is currently no technology capable of the in situ detection of MDSCs available in the clinic. Here, we propose the use of shortwave infrared-emitting nanoprobes for the tracking of MDSCs and identification of the PMN. Our rare-earth albumin nanocomposites (ReANCs) are engineered to bind the Gr-1 surface marker of murine MDSCs. When delivered intravenously in murine models of breast cancer with high rates of metastasis, the targeted ReANCs demonstrated an increase in localization to the lungs in comparison to control ReANCs. However, no difference was seen in the model with slower rates of metastasis. This highlights the potential utility of MDSC-targeted nanoprobes to assess PMN development and prognosticate disease progression.
Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Microparticles Based on Poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric Acid) Loaded with Norfloxacin
Authors: Șerban Alexandru-Mihail , Nacu Isabella , Rosca Irina , Ghilan Alina , Rusu Alina Gabriela , Niță Loredana Elena , Darie-Niță Raluca Nicoleta , Chiriac Aurica P.
Published: April 2024

In recent years, increasing interest has been accorded to polyester-based polymer microstructures, driven by their promising potential as advanced drug delivery systems. This study presents the preparation and characterization of new polymeric microparticles based on poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) loaded with norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Polymacrolactone was synthesised in mild conditions through the emulsion polymerization of bio-based and renewable monomers, ethylene brassylate, and squaric acid. The microparticles were obtained using the precipitation technique and subsequently subjected to comprehensive characterization. The impact of the copolymer/drug ratio on various properties of the new system was systematically evaluated, confirming the structure of the copolymer and the encapsulation of norfloxacin. The microspheres are approximately spherical and predominantly homogeneously distributed. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the microparticles falls between 400 and 2000 nm, a decrease that is observed with the increase in norfloxacin content. All samples showed good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity, with the highest values obtained for microparticles synthesised using an equal ratio of copolymer and drug. In vitro drug release results disclose that norfloxacin molecules are released in a sustained biphasic manner for up to 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was also studied, with samples showing very good activity against E. coli and moderate activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. In addition, HDFA human fibroblast cell cultures demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the microparticles.
A Review of Visible Light Responsive Photocatalysts for Arsenic Remediation in Water
Authors: Natali Sora Isabella , Fontana Francesca , Pelosato Renato , Bertolotti Benedetta
Published: April 2024

This review summarizes the progress over the last fifteen years in visible light reactive photocatalysts for environmental arsenic remediation. The design and performance of several materials including (1) doped and surface functionalized TiO2, (2) binary composites combining TiO2 with another semiconductor that absorbs visible light radiation or a metal (Pt), (3) ternary composites incorporating TiO2, a conductive polymer that can retard electron-hole recombination and an excellent adsorbent material for the removal of As(V), (4) tungsten, zinc, and bismuth oxides, (5) g-C3N4 based catalysts, and (6) M@AgCl core–shell structures. These results show that long reaction time remains a major challenge in achieving high As(III) oxidation.
Casimir Energy in (2 + 1)-Dimensional Field Theories
Authors: Asorey Manuel , Iuliano Claudio , Ezquerro Fernando
Published: April 2024

We explore the dependence of vacuum energy on the boundary conditions for massive scalar fields in (2 + 1)-dimensional spacetimes. We consider the simplest geometrical setup given by a two-dimensional space bounded by two homogeneous parallel wires in order to compare it with the non-perturbative behaviour of the Casimir energy for non-Abelian gauge theories in (2 + 1) dimensions. Our results show the existence of two types of boundary conditions which give rise to two different asymptotic exponential decay regimes of the Casimir energy at large distances. The two families are distinguished by the feature that the boundary conditions involve or not interrelations between the behaviour of the fields at the two boundaries. Non-perturbative numerical simulations and analytical arguments show such an exponential decay for Dirichlet boundary conditions of SU(2) gauge theories. The verification that this behaviour is modified for other types of boundary conditions requires further numerical work. Subdominant corrections in the low-temperature regime are very relevant for numerical simulations, and they are also analysed in this paper.
Understanding and Modeling the Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus: In Search of Better Treatment Options
Authors: Newland Verayna , Jantzie Lauren , Blazer-Yost Bonnie
Published: April 2024

Hydrocephalus is caused by an overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an obstruction of fluid movement, or improper reabsorption. CSF accumulation in the brain’s ventricles causes ventriculomegaly, increased intracranial pressure, inflammation, and neural cell injury. Hydrocephalus can arise from brain trauma, hemorrhage, infection, tumors, or genetic mutations. Currently, there is no cure for hydrocephalus. Treatments like shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomies are used, but, unfortunately, these therapeutic approaches require brain surgery and have high failure rates. The choroid plexus epithelium (CPe) is thought to be the major producer of CSF in the brain. It is a polarized epithelium that regulates ion and water movement from a fenestrated capillary exudate to the ventricles. Despite decades of research, control of electrolyte movement in the CPe is still not fully understood. This review discusses important transporters on the CPe, how some of these are regulated, and which of them could be potential targets for hydrocephalus treatment. To advance the development of hydrocephalus treatments, physiologically relevant preclinical models are crucial. This review covers some of the current animal and cell culture methods used to study hydrocephalus and highlights the need to develop standardized preclinical models that are used by multiple investigators in order to replicate critical findings and resolve controversies regarding potential drug targets.
Understanding the Molecular Arrangement and Orientation Characteristics of Mesophase Pitch and Its Fibers via a Polarized Light Microscope
Authors: Li Jingpan , Tang Ximing , Qin Ji , Yang Jianxiao , Wu Xiao , Wei Yuxin , He Xubin , Huang Zujian
Published: April 2024

A polarized light microscope (PLM) was utilized to examine the optical textures of mesophase pitch (MP) and MP-derived fibers, which aimed to reveal the arrangement and orientation characteristics of pitch molecules and to clarify the evolution and transformation mechanism of carbonaceous microcrystalline from pitch fibers to graphitized fibers. The results found that there were distinct optical textures in MP, where one side exhibited a transition from a flattening plane to a mountain-like undulating plane. This transition corresponded to the arrangement of pitch molecules, resembling stacked lamellar structures reminiscent of curved paper. Meanwhile, the optical textures of fibers revealed that the blue substance was wrapped around the red grain-like domains in the longitudinal section and confirmed that the red part belonged to the pyridine insoluble fraction of MP and the blue part belonged to its pyridine-soluble fraction. After graphitization, the red part was transformed into graphite sheets and the blue part was transformed into an amorphous carbon layer which was wrapped around the graphite sheets, forming a carbonaceous microcrystalline package-like bag. Therefore, this study provided a comprehensive interpretation of the structural evolution mechanism of MP and MP-derived fibers based on their macro-optical textures and micro-nanostructures.