bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles with nitric acid: A combined CCSEM/EDX, ESEM, and ICP‐MS study
Authors: Laskin A. , Wietsma T. W. , Krueger B. J. , Grassian V. H.
Published: May 2005

The heterogeneous chemistry of individual dust particles from four authentic dust samples with gas phase nitric acid was investigated in this combined computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (CCSEM/EDX) analysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) study. Morphology and compositional changes of individual particles as they react with nitric acid were observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and CCSEM/EDX. ESEM was utilized to investigate the hygroscopic behavior of mineral dust particles reacted with nitric acid. Differences in the reactivity of mineral dust particles from these four different dust source regions with nitric acid were observed. Mineral dust from source regions containing high levels of calcium, namely, China loess dust and Saudi coastal dust, were found to react to the greatest extent. In particular, we show that calcium carbonate rich dust aerosols may exhibit continuous, extensive reactivity with nitric acid resulting in formation of highly hygroscopic calcium nitrate particles. Transformation of dry mineral dust into an aqueous liquid aerosol has a tremendous impact on its light scattering properties, ability to modify clouds, heterogeneous chemistry, and gas to particle partitioning in the atmosphere. ICP‐MS was used to estimate maximal extent of possible CaCO3‐to‐Ca(NO3)2 conversion in the mineral dust samples. We show that in China loess dust and Saudi coastal dust aerosols, formation of calcium nitrate particles can take place at the total extent as high as ∼20–40 wt %.
Momentum-space properties from coordinate-space electron density
Authors: Harbola Manoj K. , Zope Rajendra R. , Kshirsagar Anjali , Pathak Rajeev K.
Published: May 2005

Electron density and electron momentum density, while independently tractable experimentally, bear no direct connection without going through the many-electron wave function. However, invoking a variant of the constrained-search formulation of density-functional theory, we develop a general scheme (valid for arbitrary external potentials) yielding decent momentum-space properties, starting exclusively from the coordinate-space electron density. A numerical illustration of the scheme is provided for the closed-shell atomic systems He, Be, and Ne in their ground state and for 1s12s1 singlet electronic excited state for helium by calculating the Compton profiles and the ⟨pn⟩ expectation values derived from given coordinate-space electron densities.
Apparatus and methods for optical time-of-flight discrimination in combinatorial library analysis
Authors: Henning Paul E. , Benko Anna , Schwabacher Alan W. , Geissinger Peter , Olsson Robert J.
Published: May 2005

Our recently developed method for combinatorial synthesis leads efficiently to linear arrays, where the location of a compound in the array encodes its complete synthetic history. Such arrays prepared using an optical fiber as a linear support can be probed with a fiber-guided pulse, allowing evanescent interaction with fluorescent probe molecules at the core-cladding interface. Optical time-of-flight distinction among output signals of fluorescent regions distributed along the fiber is carried out, allowing for the measurement of the location of the emitting fluorescent probes. A unique two-fiber, double-evanescent process overcomes limitations in spatial discrimination, due to fluorescence decay times in comparison to the speed of light. Investigation of an array of 102 fluorescent regions is described, with discussion of its features and limitations.
Mesoscopic simulation of the crossing dynamics at an entanglement point of surfactant threadlike micelles
Authors: Yamamoto Satoru , Hyodo Shi-aki
Published: May 2005

The crossing dynamics at an entanglement point of surfactant threadlike micelles in an aqueous solution was studied using a mesoscopic simulation method, dissipative particle dynamics, with a coarse-grained surfactant model. The possibility of a phantom crossing, which is the relaxation mechanism for the pronounced viscoelastic behavior of surfactant threadlike micellar solution, was investigated. When two threadlike micelles were encountered at an entanglement point under the condition close to thermal equilibrium, they fused to form a four-armed branch point. Then, a phantom crossing reaction occurred occasionally, or one micelle was cut down at the branch point. Increasing the repulsive forces between hydrophilic parts of the surfactants, fusion occurred less and the threadlike micelle was frequently broken down at an entanglement point. In these three schemes (a phantom crossing cut down at the branch point, and break down at the entanglement point), the breakage occurs at somewhere along the threadlike micelle. The breakage is considered as an essential process in the relaxation mechanism, and a phantom crossing can be seen as a special case of these processes. To explain the experimental evidence that a terminal of threadlike micelles is scarcely observed, a mechanism was also proposed where the generated terminal merges into the connected micelle part between two entanglement points due to the thermal motion.
Absolutely calibrated vacuum ultraviolet spectra in the 150–250-nm range from plasmas generated by the NIKE KrF laser
Authors: Seely J. F. , Feldman Uri , Holland G. E. , Weaver J. L. , Mostovych A. N. , Obenschain S. P. , Schmitt A. J. , Lehmberg R. , Kjornarattanawanich Benjawan , Back C. A.
Published: May 2005

High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectra were recorded from plasmas generated by the NIKE KrF laser for the purpose of observing emission from the two-plasmon decay instability (TPDI) at 2∕3 the NIKE wavelength (165nm). The targets were irradiated by up to 43 overlapping beams with intensity up to ≈1014W∕cm2 and with beam smoothing by induced spatial incoherence (ISI). The targets consisted of planar foils of CH, BN, Al, Si, S, Ti, Pd, and Au. Titanium-doped silica aerogels in Pyrex cylinders were also irradiated. The spectra of the target elements were observed from charge states ranging from the neutral atoms to five times ionized. The spectrometer was absolutely calibrated using synchrotron radiation, and absolute VUV plasma emission intensities were determined. Emission from the TPDI at 165-nm wavelength was not observed from any of the irradiated targets. An upper bound on the possible TPDI emission was less than 4×10−8 the incident NIKE laser energy. The NIKE laser radiation backscattered from the silica aerogel targets at 248nm was typically 6×10−6 the incident NIKE laser energy, and the spectral broadening corresponded to the 1-THz bandwidth of the ISI smoothing. The spectra from the moderately charged plasma ions (up to five times ionized), spectral linewidths, absolute continuum emission level, and slope of the continuum were consistent with plasma temperatures in the 100–300-eV range.
Low-frequency waves in bounded streaming plasma
Authors: Vranjes J. , Poedts S.
Published: May 2005

An analysis of low-frequency (drift and sound) waves in a spatially bounded plasma is presented. The plasma has a radial density gradient and flows along the magnetic field lines with a radially bell-shaped flow profile. An equation for the radially dependent wave amplitude is derived and solved analytically for a class of density and flow profiles. The solutions represent global modes that are twisted around magnetic lines and vanish at the plasma axis and at the boundary.
Influence of dielectric barrier discharges on low Mach number shock waves at low to medium pressures
Authors: Bletzinger P. , Ganguly B. N. , Garscadden A.
Published: May 2005

For shock wave propagation in nonequilibrium plasmas, it has been shown that when the electron Debye length exceeds the shock wave discontinuity dimension, strong double layers are generated, propagating with the shock wave. Strong double layer formation leads to the enhancement of the local excitation, ionization, and local neutral gas heating which increases the shock wave velocity. It is shown that dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) in pure N2 also increase the shock wave velocity and broaden the shock wave. The DBD is considerably more energy efficient in producing these effects compared to a dc glow discharge and can operate over a wide pressure range. It is shown that these effects are also operative in the pure N2 discharge afterglow, allowing a wide range of pulse repetition frequencies.
Tailoring of ion species composition in complex plasmas with charge exchange collisions
Authors: Ostrikov K.
Published: May 2005

A generic approach towards tailoring of ion species composition in reactive plasmas used for nanofabrication of various functional nanofilms and nanoassemblies, based on a simplified model of a parallel-plate rf discharge, is proposed. The model includes an idealized reactive plasma containing two neutral and two ionic species interacting via charge exchange collisions in the presence of a microdispersed solid component. It is shown that the number densities of the desired ionic species can be efficiently managed by adjusting the dilution of the working gas in a buffer gas, rates of electron impact ionization, losses of plasma species on the discharge walls, and surfaces of fine particles, charge exchange rates, and efficiency of three-body recombination processes in the plasma bulk. The results are relevant to the plasma-aided nanomanufacturing of ordered patterns of carbon nanotip and nanopyramid microemitters.
Effects of spontaneous thermal fluctuations on nonlinear beam-plasma interaction
Authors: Yoon Peter H. , Rhee Tongnyeol , Ryu Chang-Mo
Published: May 2005

In this paper, the effects of nonvanishing plasma parameter 1∕n̂λDe3 on the nonlinear beam-plasma interaction process are discussed on the basis of numerical solutions of weak turbulence equation. The finiteness of the plasma parameter is directly related to the single-particle spontaneous fluctuation phenomena. It is shown that spontaneous fluctuations promote the Langmuir condensation effect, lead to a finite level of ambient turbulence, and enhance nonlinear mode coupling process.
Signal feedthroughs for the ATLAS barrel and endcap calorimeters
Authors: Axen D. , Hackenburg R. , Hoffmann A. , Kane S. , Lissauer D. , Makowiecki D. , Muller T. , Pate D. , Radeka V. , Rahm D. , Rehak M. , Rescia S. , Sexton K. , Sondericker J. , Birney P. , Dowling A. W. , Fincke-Keeler M. , Hodges T. , Holness F. , Honkanen N. , Keeler R. , Langstaff R. , Lenckowski M. , Lefebvre M. , Poffenberger P. , Vowles G. , Oram C.
Published: May 2005

The function, design, construction, testing, and installation of the signal feedthroughs for the barrel and endcap ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters are described. The feedthroughs provide a high density and radiation hard method to extract over 200 000 signals from the cryogenic environment of the calorimeters using an application of a design based on flexible kapton circuit board transmission lines. A model to describe the frequency dependent behavior of the transmission lines is also presented.
Ultrahigh vacuum low temperature scanning tunneling microscope with ultrahigh vacuum deposition capability
Authors: Adams L. L. A. , Goldman A. M.
Published: May 2005

An Omicron ultrahigh vacuum low temperature scanning tunneling microscope has been combined with an ultrahigh vacuum deposition chamber equipped with molecular beam sources and a rotatable liquid helium cooled sample holder. This configuration permits the growth of films and structures on either heated or cooled substrates with the possibility of subsequent study by scanning probe techniques at low temperatures without exposing them to air. The versatility of the fabrication process and the configuration of the equipment lends itself to easily exploring many physical systems. The apparatus has been used to investigate the electronic properties of metal clusters prepared using buffer layer assisted growth.
Ultrathin epitaxial germanium on crystalline oxide metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistors
Authors: Preisler E. J. , Guha S. , Perkins B. R. , Kazazis D. , Zaslavsky A.
Published: May 2005

Ultrathin films of single crystal Ge (100 Å or less) have been grown epitaxially on a lattice matched high-κ crystalline oxide, lanthanum-yttrium-oxide, in turn grown on Si. Back-gated germanium-on-insulator field-effect transistors have been fabricated and measured from these germanium-on-insulator layers for Ge layers in the 30-600 Å range. The best devices exhibit an Ion∕Ioff ratio over 103 at room temperature and 105 at T=77K. These ultrathin devices can be fully depleted and inverted, enabling both p and n channel operation in the same device.
Annealing temperature dependence of ferromagnetism of rutile Co–TiO2 (100)
Authors: Chai J. W. , Pan J. S. , Wang S. J. , Huan C. H. A. , Chen J. S. , Xu S.
Published: May 2005

Co overlayers of ∼3nm have been deposited at room temperature on rutile TiO2 (100) surfaces, followed by annealing to different temperatures. Ferromagnetic behavior has been observed for all samples, but the saturation magnetic moment (μS) per Co atom is seen to decrease with increasing annealing temperature up to 530°C. In situ photoemission studies show that the reduction of the saturation magnetic moment is accompanied by Co oxidation at high annealing temperature. However, an annealing temperature of 700°C leads to an increase of the saturation magnetic moment. At this temperature, the formation of an additional Co–Ti–O ternary compound phase is observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is proposed that this phase is responsible for the increase of the saturation magnetic moment. The origin of ferromagnetism might be the same as that of Co-doped TiO2.
Directional acoustic source based on the resonant cavity of two-dimensional phononic crystals
Authors: Qiu Chunyin , Liu Zhengyou , Shi Jing , Chan C. T.
Published: May 2005

We report a design of a highly-directional acoustic source, formed by placing a line acoustic source inside a planar cavity of two-dimensional phononic crystals. Radiation field with a half-power angular width of less than 6° is obtained. The operating frequency of the directional acoustic source can be extended to any required value within the full bandgap by adjusting the separation of the cavity.
Entomology in the Service of the State: Queensland Scientists and the Campaign against Cane Beetles, 1895 - 1950
Authors: Griggs Peter
Published: May 2005

The Queensland sugar industry between 1880 and 1950 faced a major agricultural crisis. The annual cane crops were attacked periodically by white grubs, the larvae of different species of native beetles found along the Queensland coast. Both canegrower and miller suffered considerable financial losses during these outbreaks. Entomologists engaged by the Queensland Government sought strategies to reduce this damage. This paper begins by discussing the biology of the beetles that troubled the Queensland sugar industry. The organizations and personalities involved in the research to combat the depredation by the white grubs are outlined in the second part of this paper. The extent of the canegrowers' adoption of the entomologists' advice on ways to reduce the impact of white grubs is reviewed in the third section of this paper. In the final section, the solution to the canegrowers' woes is discussed, although it will be highlighted that the widespread adoption of benzene hexachloride in the 1950s only provided protection until the Queensland Government banned the use of this insecticide in 1987.
The Catabolism of valine in the malnourished rat. Studies in vivio and in vitro with different labelled forms of valine
Authors: Reeds P. J.
Published: May 2005

1. The catabolism of valine was estimated in vivo by measurement of the production of labelled CO2for 2 h after the oral administration of either [U-14C]valine or [I-14C] valine. It was also estimated in vitro in homogenates of liver and muscle incubated with labelled valine. Experiments were performed in rats given diets providing either 215 g (HP) or 25 g (LP) protein per kg diet.

2. The proportion of [U-14C]-valine excreted as14CO2was not reduced in rats given the LP diet for 16 d but the excretion of14CO2from [I-14C]valine was reduced by 40% in these animals. When rats were transferred from the HP diet to the LP diet there was a reduction in the excretion of14CO2from [I-14C]valine; when the diet was changed from LP to HP output of14CO2increased to control values.

3. Homogenates of muscle and liver catabolized valine to CO2. Both liver and muscle from rats fed on the LP diet catabolized less [I-14C]valine than tissues from control animals.

4. Valine aminotransferase activity was higher in muscle than in liver, and did not change in tissues from rats fed on the LP diet. In these animals 2-ketoisovaleric acid dehydrogenase activity was reduced in both liver and muscle.

5. The production of14CO2was lower with [U-14C]valine as the substrate than with [I-14C]valine and there was no difference between tissues from rats fed on the HP and LP diets.

6. The results with [I-14C]valine suggest that both liver and muscle from protein-depleted rats catabolize valine at a reduced rate. The reason for the discrepancy between these results and those with [U-14C]valine is not clear. It is concluded that the results with [U-14C]valine in vitro are affected by dilution of the label before the formation of14CO2, but that this does not hold in vivo.
Evaluation of brief dietary questions to estimate vegetable and fruit consumption – using serum carotenoids and red-cell folate
Authors: Coyne Terry , Ibiebele Torukiri I , McNaughton Sarah , Rutishauser Ingrid HE , O'Dea Kerin , Hodge Allison M , McClintock Christine , Findlay Michael G , Lee Amanda
Published: May 2005

Objective

To evaluate responses to self-administered brief questions regarding consumption of vegetables and fruit by comparison with blood levels of serum carotenoids and red-cell folate.

Design

A cross-sectional study in which participants reported their usual intake of fruit and vegetables in servings per day, and serum levels of five carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene) and red-cell folate were measured. Serum carotenoid levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and red-cell folate by an automated immunoassay system.

Settings and subjects

Between October and December 2000, a sample of 1598 adults aged 25 years and over, from six randomly selected urban centres in Queensland, Australia, were examined as part of a national study conducted to determine the prevalence of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

Statistically significant (P<0.01) associations with vegetable and fruit intake (categorised into groups: ≤1 serving, 2–3 servings and ≥4 servings per day) were observed for α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and red-cell folate. The mean level of these carotenoids and of red-cell folate increased with increasing frequency of reported servings of vegetables and fruit, both before and after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A significant association with lycopene was observed only for vegetable intake before adjusting for confounders.

Conclusions

These data indicate that brief questions may be a simple and valuable tool for monitoring vegetable and fruit intake in this population.
Eddy diffusion in the sea: reinterpreting an early experiment
Authors: Summers D.M
Published: May 2005

Over half a century has passed since L. F. Richardson and Henry Stommel conducted their experiment from the pier at Blairmore, Scotland. The relative separations of pairs of immersed floats (made of parsnip) were measured as these became passively transported in the surface waters of Loch Long. In the present note we reopen this investigation with a view to explaining its results in terms of frictional dynamics at the air–sea interface. We suggest how the relative motion of passive tracers can be related to the evolution of impulse generated at the ocean's surface, and indirectly to the self-similarity inherent to this evolution. In particular, an explanation is offered for the dependence of the diffusivity of this process on marker separation.
Surface-tension-induced buckling of liquid-lined elastic tubes: a model for pulmonary airway closure
Authors: Hazel Andrew L , Heil Matthias
Published: May 2005

We use a fully coupled, three-dimensional, finite-element method to study the evolution of the surface-tension-driven instabilities of a liquid layer that lines an elastic tube, a simple model for pulmonary airway closure. The equations of large-displacement shell theory are used to describe the deformations of the tube and are coupled to the Navier–Stokes equations, describing the motion of the liquid.

The liquid layer is susceptible to a capillary instability, whereby an initially uniform layer can develop a series of axisymmetric peaks and troughs, analogous to the classical instability that causes liquid jets to break up into droplets. For sufficiently high values of the liquid's surface tension, relative to the bending stiffness of the tube, the additional compressive load induced by the development of the axisymmetric instability can induce non-axisymmetric buckling of the tube wall. Once the tube has buckled, a strong destabilizing feedback between the fluid and solid mechanics leads to an extremely rapid further collapse and occlusion of the gas-conveying core of the tube by the liquid. We find that such occlusion is possible even when the volume of the liquid is too small to form an occluding liquid bridge in the axisymmetric tube.
Modelling the calmed region behind a spot
Authors: Brown S.N , Smith F.T
Published: May 2005

A theoretical model of the laminar ‘calmed region’ following a three-dimensional turbulent spot within a transitioning two-dimensional boundary layer is formulated and discussed. The flow is taken to be inviscid, and the perturbation mean flow surface streamlines calculated represent disturbances to the basic slip velocity. Available experimental evidence shows a fuller, more stable, streamwise profile in a considerable region trailing the spot, with cross-flow ‘inwash’ towards the line of symmetry. Present results are in qualitative agreement with this evidence.
An effective numerical method for solving viscous–inviscid interaction problems
Authors: Kravtsova Marina A , Zametaev Vladimir B , Ruban Anatoly I
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a new numerical method to solve the equations of the asymptotic theory of separated flows. A number of measures was taken to ensure fast convergence of the iteration procedure, which is employed to treat the nonlinear terms in the governing equations. Firstly, we selected carefully the set of variables for which the nonlinear finite difference equations were formulated. Secondly, a Newton–Raphson strategy was applied to these equations. Thirdly, the calculations were facilitated by utilizing linear approximation of the boundary-layer equations when calculating the corresponding Jacobi matrix.

The performance of the method is illustrated, using as an example, the problem of laminar two-dimensional boundary-layer separation in the flow of an incompressible fluid near a corner point of a rigid body contour. The solution of this problem is non-unique in a certain parameter range where two solution branches are possible.
Differential effects of sham feeding and meal ingestion on ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide levels: evidence for vagal efferent stimulation mediating ghrelin release1
Authors: Simonian H. P. , Kresge K. M. , Boden G. H. , Parkman H. P.
Published: May 2005

Abstract  Ghrelin has been suggested to function as an appetite‐stimulating signal from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain acting through a vagal afferent pathway. Ghrelin levels rise before meals and fall after meal ingestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which regulate ghrelin release into the circulation by determining changes in systemic ghrelin concentrations after sham feeding and meal ingestion. Methods: Fifteen normal subjects underwent sham feeding of a bacon and cheese toasted sandwich. Serial blood samples were obtained before and every 5 min for another 30 min during sham feeding and for 30 min after actual meal ingestion. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure plasma ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations. Results: During sham feeding, plasma ghrelin concentration increased from 1730 ± 237 to 1917 ± 269 pg/mL (P < 0.05) and plasma pancreatic polypeptide increased from 417 ± 50 to 841 ± 97 pg/mL (P < 0.01). Subsequent meal ingestion was characterized by an increase in pancreatic polypeptide from 782 ± 88 to 1710 ± 119 pg/mL (P < 0.01), but no significant change in ghrelin levels. Conclusions: Plasma ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations increase with sham feeding. This suggests a vagal efferent pathway mediating ghrelin release. In contrast to pancreatic polypeptide which rises with actual meal ingestion, ghrelin levels did not change.
Propulsive activity induced by sequential electrical stimulation in the descending colon of the pig
Authors: Sevcencu C. , Rijkhoff N. J. M. , Gregersen H. , Sinkjaer T.
Published: May 2005

Abstract  This work was performed to study electrically induced contractions in the descending colon of pigs. Contractions were monitored using impedance planimetry and manometry. The luminal pressure, cross‐sectional area (CSA), latency and velocity of CSA decrease were compared when using 3 ms, 9, 12, 15 or 30 mA pulses at 10 Hz for 10 s, and 15 mA, 0.03, 0.3 or 3 ms pulses at 10 Hz for 10 s. Stimulation was performed prior and after the application of N(G)‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) and atropine. In the untreated colon, contraction was always of an ‘off’ type. A current increase from 9 to 30 mA increased the pressure. An increase of pulse duration from 0.03 to 3 ms shortened the latency, accelerated contraction and increased pressure. By sequential stimulation, contractions were coordinated to propel semi‐fluid and solid luminal contents. l‐NAME increased the magnitude of CSA decrease. Atropine induced inhibitory effects on contractions elicited by 3 ms pulses and abolished contractions induced by 0.03 and 0.3 ms pulses. In conclusion: (i) electrical stimulation evokes‘off’ colon contractions, which can be coordinated to result in propulsion; (ii) the best combination for current and pulse duration to induce propulsive contractions is 15 mA and 3 ms; (iii) nitrergic and cholinergic pathways mediate responses to electrical stimulation.
Comparisons of neural and pacing activities in intestinal segments from W/W++ and W/WV mice
Authors: Daniel E. E. , Willis A. , Cho W. J. , Boddy G.
Published: May 2005

Abstract  We studied pacing and neurotransmission in longitudinal (LM) and circular muscle (CM) in intestine of W/W++ and W/WV mice. Electrical field‐stimulation (EFS) of nerves in LM segments was more inhibitory in W/WV mice than in W/W++ mice. No inhibitory input to CM segments of W/WV mice was found. The EFS, after nerve block, entrained segments of both W/W++ and mutant mice with 10 ms pulses, and entrained those of mutant mice more readily at 1 and 3 ms pulses. Pacing with external electrodes did not depend on interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric plexus (ICC‐MP). 2‐Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB), putative antagonist at IP3 receptors, store‐operated channels and the Sacro‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump, reduced frequency and amplitudes of pacing of LM segments from W/WV mice as it did in BALB/c mice. Thus, its actions may not require ICC‐MP. SKF 96365, a putative inhibitor of store‐operated channels, reduced frequencies and amplitudes of intestinal segments in W/W++ mice at 10 or 30 μmol L−1. This resulted from blocking L‐Ca2+‐channels. Thus, no evidence was found that store‐operated channels play a role in pacing. In LM segments of W/WV, SKF 96365 had no effects on frequency of contractions. We conclude, results from models of severely reduced systems may not be applicable to intact ICC networks.
Corticotropin‐releasing factor 1 receptor‐mediated mechanisms inhibit colonic hypersensitivity in rats
Authors: Greenwood‐van Meerveld B. , Johnson A. C. , Cochrane S. , Schulkin J. , Myers D. A.
Published: May 2005

Abstract  The potential relationship between stress and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptomatology suggests a possible role for stress‐mediating hormones, such as corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), in the altered perception of stimuli in IBS patients. In previous studies, Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats with genetic indices of high anxiety demonstrated colonic hypersensitivity coupled with a high basal level of CRF within the central nervous system. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that a selective, non‐peptide CRF1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, would inhibit hypersensitivity in the WKY rat colon. Colonic sensitivity was determined by monitoring a visceromotor behavioural response during innocuous levels of colorectal distention (30 mmHg). In high anxiety WKY rats we found that antalarmin (20 mg kg−1, i.p.) significantly decreased the visceromotor response induced by colorectal distention. In a second study central administration (i.c.v.) of CRF was used to induce colonic hypersensitivity in lower anxiety Fischer 344 (F‐344) rats, and in this model, antalarmin significantly inhibited the CRF‐induced colonic hypersensitivity. In summary, a selective CRF1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, inhibits colonic hypersensitivity apparent in WKY rats or in F‐344 rats given a central administration of CRF. Our findings suggest that CRF1 receptor antagonism may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of IBS.
Facilitation of gastric compliance and cardiovascular reaction by repeated isobaric distension of the rat stomach
Authors: Römer M. , Painsipp E. , Schwetz I. , Holzer P.
Published: May 2005

Abstract  Gastric distension causes cardiovascular reactions and enhances gastric compliance. Here, we investigated how these responses are related to each other, whether they change upon repeated distension and which neural mechanisms are involved. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in phenobarbital‐anaesthetized rats was recorded from a carotid artery and gastric compliance determined with an electronic barostat. Runs of intermittent gastric distension were generated by stepwise increments (5 mmHg) of intragastric (IG) pressure. While gastric compliance peaked at IG pressures of 20 mmHg, the change in MAP (predominantly hypotension) was largest at IG pressures beyond 30 mmHg. Repeated distension enhanced the MAP response to IG pressures beyond 35 mmHg, whereas gastric compliance was facilitated primarily at IG pressures below 20 mmHg. This facilitation of gastric compliance depended on the magnitude of the preceding distension. The MAP response to distension was enhanced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition, inhibited by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy but hardly affected by coeliac ganglionectomy. The facilitation of gastric compliance was changed by vagotomy in a complex manner but left unaltered by the other interventions. These findings show that isobaric gastric distension elicits both MAP and gastric compliance responses whose characteristics, mechanisms and sensitization properties differ profoundly.
The interaction of vocabulary and short‐term memory in predicting phonological awareness: a comparison of dyslexic and non‐dyslexic children
Authors: Gibbs Simon
Published: May 2005

Using data from a longitudinal comparative study of children at risk of dyslexia (Snowling, Gallagher & Frith, 2003), this paper reports some replication of work by Gibbs (2004). It was found that the development of phonological awareness might, for children between the ages of 6 and 8 years of age and not considered to be at risk of dyslexia, be facilitated by an interaction of memory span and lexical knowledge. This effect was not, however, found for children of the same age who were considered to be at risk of dyslexia. For these children an interaction, with contrasting implications, was found between the ages of 3 years 9 months and 6 years. Some theoretical and practical implications of these findings are outlined.
BEFORE DEATH, WE MUST PART:
Authors: Haberman Paul S.
Published: May 2005

Domestic violence trends and case law reporters across the country suggest the time is right for a new alternative in the struggle to provide refuge for victims of domestic violence. As the American justice system stands right now, there is no significant mechanism in the United States with the financial, legislative, and legal backing to help victims of domestic violence escape. A model for relocation based upon the Federal Witness Protection Program can provide such a mechanism. The first part of this note presents a New Jersey case where a divorce proceeding resulted in the relocation and change of identity of a battered woman and her children, and suggests this remedy as a model for an interstate or federal relocation program for domestic violence victims. The next part provides a discussion of the merits and rationale behind such a program. The third part discusses the types of batterers this program would seem to protect against, a legal standard to ascertain whether someone is eligible, and certain logistical issues of a theoretical program. The next two parts discuss items troublesome to the implementation of both state and federal programs. The sixth part discusses potential issues such programs might face once implemented on both levels. Finally, the last part provides an overall assessment of the feasibility of such programs, followed by the conclusion. While the costs that would be incurred by such a program on the interstate or federal level may be quite high, it is quite clear that relocation and protection could save countless lives each year and provide a new beginning for the innocent victims that toil in a world of domestic violence.
Large Eddy Simulations of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Ribbed Duct Flows
Authors: Tyagi Mayank , Acharya Sumanta
Published: May 2005

Large eddy simulations are performed in a periodic domain of a rotating square duct with normal rib turbulators. Both the Coriolis force as well as the centrifugal buoyancy forces are included in this study. A direct approach is presented for the unsteady calculation of the nondimensional temperature field in the periodic domain. The calculations are performed at a Reynolds number (Re) of 12,500, a rotation number (Ro) of 0.12, and an inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio Δρ/ρ of 0.13. The predicted time and space-averaged Nusselt numbers are shown to compare satisfactorily with the published experimental data. Time sequences of the vorticity components and the temperature fields are presented to understand the flow physics and the unsteady heat transfer behavior. Large scale coherent structures are seen to play an important role in the mixing and heat transfer. The temperature field appears to contain a low frequency mode that extends beyond a single inter-rib geometric module, and indicates the necessity of using at least two inter-rib modules for streamwise periodicity to be satisfied. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flowfield indicates a low dimensionality of this system with almost 99% of turbulent energy in the first 80 POD modes.
Levofloxacin Disposition over Time in Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery
Authors: Pea Federico , Ferrari Ettore , Pavan Federica , Roman-Pognuz Derri , Bandello Francesco , Furlanut Mario
Published: May 2005

The ocular disposition of levofloxacin in patients receiving two 500-mg oral doses 10 h apart before cataract surgery was assessed with the intent of defining drug ocular exposure over time. The mean aqueous humor concentrations persisted above 1.5 mg/liter between 1.5 and 6.0 h after the second dose, with average aqueous-to-plasma ratios ranging between 0.33 and 0.57. This favorable ocular disposition provides support for trials of systemic levofloxacin for prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis in selected patients or as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of this potentially devastating infective complication.
European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. A multicentre calibration study of WHO international reference preparations for thromboplastin, rabbit (RBT/90) and human (rTF/95)
Authors: Poller L , Keown M , Chauhan N , van den Besselaar A M H P , Tripodi A , Shiach C , Jespersen J
Published: May 2005

A 10 centre calibration was performed after six years to determine the international sensitivity index (ISI) of rTF/95 relative to RBT/90, and to assess any international normalised ratio (INR) bias compared with the original multicentre calibration. After exclusion of one outlying centre, the follow up calibration gave a mean ISI for rTF/95 of 0.99, which although a small difference, is significantly greater than the mean ISI of 0.94 obtained previously. The change in ISI for international reference preparation (IRP) rTF/95 relative to RBT/90 would lead to a slight bias in INR for human compared with rabbit thromboplastins. At a theoretical INR of 3.0, the INR bias is 6.0%, and this is below the accepted 10% level of clinical relevance. Ongoing stability monitoring of World Health Organisation thromboplastin IRP is advised.
Multinucleation of koilocytes is in fact multilobation and is related to aberration of the G2 checkpoint
Authors: Cho N H , Kang S , Hong S , Jeong G B , Choi I W , Choi H J , Choi H K
Published: May 2005

Aims:To clarify the fine structure of koilocytes and correlate this with genetic aberration of the G2 checkpoint

Methods:Three dimensional reconstruction from confocal fluorescent images, together with functional assays for key molecules of the G2 checkpoint—cdc2 and cyclin B1—was performed in human uterine cervical samples. After confirming 22 human papillomavirus (HPV) types using a DNA chip from 30 cervical swabs, previously confirmed as 15 cervical low grade and 15 high grade intraepithelial lesions, the activity of molecules involved in the G2 checkpoint was evaluated using western blotting for cyclin B1, cdc2, and phospho-cdc2 (Y15 and T161), a nuclear extraction fractional assay, and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. In addition, three dimensional confocal image restoration was performed on confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia tissue samples.

Results:T161 phospho-cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression was higher in HPV infected cervical lesions than in normal samples. Immunofluorescence, revealed that cyclin B1 was present predominantly in the nuclei of HPV infected cells, confirming the results of the nuclear fractional assay. On restoration of three dimensional confocal images, the multinucleation of koilocytes was revealed to be multilobation of a single nucleus, rather than true multinucleation. This multilobation appeared to be associated with chromosomal instability and aberration of the G2 checkpoint.

Conclusions:The multiple nuclei of koilocytes are in fact multilobation of a single nucleus, and this phenomenon is associated with upregulation of gene products related to the G2 checkpoint.
Adrenergic receptor stimulation attenuates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting GLUT4 translocation
Authors: Mulder Alexandra H. , Tack Cees J. , Olthaar André J. , Smits Paul , Sweep Fred C. G. J. , Bosch Remko R.
Published: May 2005

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Therefore, we studied the effects of catecholamines on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that epinephrine (1 μM) nearly halved insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake. The β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.3 μM) completely antagonized the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas the α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (10 μM) had no effect. When norepinephrine was used instead of epinephrine, the results were identical. None of the individual selective β-adrenoceptor antagonists (1 μM, β1: metoprolol, β2: ICI-118551, β3: SR-59230A) could counteract the inhibitory effect of epinephrine. Combination of ICI-118551 and SR-59230A, as well as combination of all three selective β-adrenoceptor antagonists, abolished the effect of epinephrine on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. After differential centrifugation, we measured the amount of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in the plasma membrane and in intracellular vesicles by means of Western blotting. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine reduced insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These results show that β-adrenergic (but not α-adrenergic) stimulation inhibits insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, most likely via the β2- and β3-adrenoceptor by interfering with GLUT4 translocation from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane.
Coincidence and common fixed point theorems in compact Hausdorff spaces
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Gao Haiyan , Kang Shin Min , Kim Yong Soo
Published: May 2005

The existence of coincidence and fixed points for continuous mappings in compact Hausdorff spaces is established. Some equivalent conditions of the existence of fixed and common fixed points for any continuous mapping and a pair of mappings in compact Hausdorff spaces are given, respectively. Our results extend, improve, and unify the corresponding results due to Jungck, Liu, and Singh and Rao.
A degree condition for the existence of k‐factors with prescribed properties
Authors: Wang Changping
Published: May 2005

Let k be an integer such that k ≥ 3, and let G be a 2‐connected graph of order n with n ≥ 4k + 1, kn even, and minimum degree at least k + 1. We prove that if the maximum degree
of each pair of nonadjacent vertices is at least n/2, then G has a k‐factor excluding any given edge. The result of
Nishimura (1992) is improved.
Notes on the divisibility of GCD and LCM Matrices
Authors: Haukkanen Pentti , Korkee Ismo
Published: May 2005

Let S = {x1, x2, …, xn} be a set of positive
integers, and let f be an arithmetical function. The
matrices (S) f = [f(gcd(xi, xj))] and [S] f = [f(lcm [xi, xj])]
are referred to as the greatest common
divisor (GCD) and the least common multiple (LCM) matrices on
S with respect to f, respectively. In this paper, we
assume that the elements of the matrices (S) f and [S] f are integers and study the divisibility of GCD and
LCM matrices and their unitary analogues in the ring Mn(ℤ) of the n × n matrices over the integers.
Dysarthria in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Breath Group and Intonational Analysis
Authors: Wang Yu-Tsai , Kent Ray D. , Duffy Joseph R. , Thomas Jack E.
Published: May 2005

Prosodic abnormality is a common feature in the dysarthrias associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but very few analytic studies have been reported on the nature of the prosodic disturbances. This study, based on analyses of conversational and sentence speech samples, reports on breath group structure and its temporal and intonational components for 12 subjects with TBI and 8 healthy controls. It introduces the method of f₀ close-copy stylization to the study of intonational patterns in dysarthria. The subjects with TBI had reduced mean length and variation of breath groups along with frequent inappropriate locations of breath pause and lengthy and variable breath pauses. Prosodic features that were preserved in the subjects with TBI were phrase final lengthening, f₀ downtrend and a relatively normal f₀ distribution. However, these subjects had reduced speaking and articulation rates, reduced f₀ movement and reduced f₀ slope. The phrase final lengthening and f₀ downtrend phenomena, which can serve as prosodic cues of syntactic boundary, appear to be robust features of speech production, but the dynamic features of f₀ control were more vulnerable to the neurological damage. This study indicates the importance of breath group management in TBI-induced dysarthria and the need to use methods such as those used in this study for large-scale investigations that examine cognitive, linguistic and motoric factors that conspire to reduce communicative efficiency.
Influence of Gender and Environmental Setting on Voice Onset Time
Authors: Robb Michael , Gilbert Harvey , Lerman Jay
Published: May 2005

The influence of gender and environmental setting on voice onset time (VOT) was examined. Participants produced six stop consonants paired with three vowels in a consonant + vowel (CV) context. Recordings were made when participants were seated inside a sound booth (laboratory setting) and outside a sound booth (non-laboratory setting). Results of the analysis for VOT and CV duration indicated that females produced voiceless stops with significantly longer VOT durations than males in both settings. Both gender groups produced CV tokens with significantly longer duration in the laboratory setting; however, females continued to produce CV tokens with longer duration in the non-laboratory setting. Findings suggest that differences in the vocal anatomy between genders may account for some but not all differences in temporal measures of speech production. Sociophonetic factors, such as speaking style, may also contribute to gender differences in speaking behavior.
Multidimensional Voice Evaluation in Pretreatment Glottic Carcinoma
Authors: Matsubara Naoko , Umezaki Toshiro , Adachi Kazuo , Tomita Eri , Matsuyama Katsuya , Nakagawa Takashi , Nakashima Torahiko , Koike Kouji , Kakazu Yasuhiro , Komune Shizuo , Komiyama Sohtaro
Published: May 2005

It is generally accepted that, in glottic carcinoma, the voice will deteriorate, even in the early stages. This paper reports the degree of hoarseness and multidimensional vocal evaluation of glottic carcinoma patients. Forty-seven male glottic carcinoma patients and a control group of 13 normal subjects were included in this study involving psychoacoustic evaluation by doctors, acoustic analysis, phonogram, maximum phonation time and stroboscopy before treatment. A normal voice or mild hoarseness by psychoacoustic evaluation was found in 35% of cases with T1 and T2 glottic carcinoma. Patients with psychoacoustically inferior vocalization had high scores on acoustic analysis, small phonogram areas, and short maximum phonation time. Stroboscopy revealed attenuation or disappearance of the mucosal wave on the tumor side in all cases, whether the acoustic analysis data were within or beyond the normal limits. We identified two conditions offering superior vocalization in glottic carcinoma patients: (1) the lesion should be unilateral, and (2) the lesion should be flat with no protrusion. We should evaluate patients with glottic carcinoma not only with vocal examination but also using stroboscopy before biopsy.