bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong bonding of titanium to copper through the elimination of the brittle interfacial intermetallics
Authors: Lee M.K. , Lee J.G. , Lee J.K. , Park J.J. , Lee G.J. , Uhm Y.R. , Rhee C.K.
Published: August 2008

The microstructures, interfacial reactions, and bonding strength properties of the Ti–Cu dissimilar joints using a commercially available Ag–28Cu–2Ti filler were studied, particularly as they relate to the role of an Ag barrier layer at the Ti interface. A joint microstructure and interfacial reactions closely related to the formation of brittle interfacial Ti–Cu intermetallics were fully dominated by the presence of the Ag layer at the Ti interface. Reliable Ti(base)/TiAg/Ag/Ag–Cu eutectic/Cu(base) joints without any detrimental Ti–Cu intermetallics were achieved at low brazing temperatures below 810 °C by applying an Ag interlayer of suitable thickness. It was notable that their bonding strengths were strong enough to exceed the strength of a Cu bulk base metal. This research demonstrates the potential application of an Ag interlayer for the reliable Ti–Cu dissimilar joints.
Density-controlled growth of aligned ZnO nanowire arrays by seedless chemical approach on smooth surfaces
Authors: Xu Sheng , Lao Changshi , Weintraub Benjamin , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2008

A novel ZnO seedless chemical approach for density-controlled growth of ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays has been developed. The density of ZnO NWs is controlled by changing the precursor concentration. Effects of both growth temperature and growth time are also investigated. By this novel synthesis technique, ZnO NW arrays can grow on any substrate (polymer, glass, semiconductor, metal, and more) as long as the surface is smooth. This technique represents a new, low-cost, time-efficient, and scalable method for fabricating ZnO NW arrays for applications in field emission, vertical field effect transistor arrays, nanogenerators, and nanopiezotronics.
Organic–inorganic sol-gel thick films for humidity barriers
Authors: Jitianu Andrei , Amatucci Glenn , Klein Lisa C.
Published: August 2008

Hybrid thick films were deposited on Surlyn, a copolymer of poly(ethylene- co-methacrylic acid) and a common adhesion film for metal surfaces. Hybrid organic–inorganic materials were prepared by a sol-gel process. Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) with TEOS, and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) were investigated. The inorganic component was selected to form the network for the film, while the organic component was selected to repel water and fill porosity. The films were deposited on Surlyn and on glass slides. The properties of the films were investigated using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Contact-angle measurements indicated that the contact angle increased from ∼76.5° for Surlyn alone to ∼89.6° for Surlyn coated with MTES.
Improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Zr2Al3C4 by silicon pack cementation
Authors: He L.F. , Bao Y.W. , Li M.S. , Wang J.Y. , Zhou Y.C.
Published: August 2008

Silicon pack cementation has been applied to improve the oxidation resistance of Zr2Al3C4. The Si pack coating is mainly composed of an inner layer of ZrSi2 and SiC and an outer layer of Al2O3 at 1200 °C. The growth kinetics of silicide coating at 1000–1200 °C obey a parabolic law with an activation energy of 110.3 ± 16.7 kJ/mol, which is controlled by inward diffusion of Si and outward diffusion of Al. Compared with Zr2Al3C4, the oxidation resistance of siliconized Zr2Al3C4 is greatly improved due to the formation of protective oxidation products, aluminosilicate glass, mullite, and ZrSiO4.
CD34+ Testicular Stromal Cells Support Long-Term Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Stem and Progenitor Cells
Authors: Kim Jiyeon , Seandel Marco , Falciatori Ilaria , Wen Duancheng , Rafii Shahin
Published: August 2008

Stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments created by supporting stromal cells that orchestrate self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. However, the precise identity of the cellular and molecular pathways that support self-renewal of stem cells is not known. For example, long-term culture of prototypical stem cells, such as adult spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SPCs), in vitro has been impeded by the lack of an optimal stromal cell line that initiates and sustains proliferation of these cells. Indeed, current methods, including the use of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), have not been efficient and have generally led to inconsistent results. Here, we report the establishment of a novel CD34-positive cell line, referred to as JK1, derived from mouse testicular stromal cells that not only facilitated long-term SPC culture but also allowed faithful generation of SPCs and multipotent stem cells. SPCs generated on JK1 maintained key features of germ line stem cells, including expression of PLZF, DAZL, and GCNA. Furthermore, these feeders also promoted the long-term cultivation of other types of primitive cells including multipotent adult spermatogonial-derived stem cells, pluripotent murine embryonic stem cells, and embryonic germ cells derived from primordial germ cells. Stem cells could be passaged serially and still maintained expression of characteristic markers such as OCT4 and NANOG in vitro, as well as the ability to generate all three germ layers in vivo. These results indicate that the JK1 cell line is capable of promoting long-term culture of primitive cells. As such, this cell line allows for identification of stromal-derived factors that support long-term proliferation of various types of stem cells and constitutes a convenient alternative to other types of feeder layers.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Strong Antibacterial Effect of Miswak Against Oral Microorganisms Associated With Periodontitis and Caries
Authors: Sofrata Abier H. , Claesson Rolf L.K. , Lingström Peter K. , Gustafsson Anders K.
Published: August 2008

Background: The chewing stick (miswak) is used for oral hygiene in many parts of the world. In addition to the mechanical removal of plaque, an antibacterial effect has been postulated; however, tests of miswak extract from Salvadora persica (Arak) disclosed only low to moderate antibacterial effects. This may be attributable to the extraction process. Our aim was to test in vitro the antibacterial effect of miswak pieces, without extraction, on bacteria implicated in the etiology of periodontitis and caries.

Methods: Miswak pieces were standardized by size and weight (0.07 and 0.14 g) and tested against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and, as a reference, Haemophilus influenzae. The miswak pieces were tested in two ways: embedded in the agar plate or suspended above the agar plate.

Results: The inhibitory effect was most pronounced on P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and H. influenzae, less on S. mutans, and least on L. acidophilus. Suspended miswak had comparable or stronger effects than miswak embedded in agar. The 0.14‐g suspended miswak exhibited significantly greater inhibition on A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. influenzae than the 0.14‐g miswak embedded in agar (P <0.01 and P <0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: Miswak embedded in agar or suspended above the agar plate had strong antibacterial effects against all bacteria tested. The antibacterial effect of suspended miswak pieces suggests the presence of volatile active antibacterial compounds.
Subantimicrobial‐Dose Doxycycline Modulates Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers of Periodontitis in Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women
Authors: Golub Lorne M. , Lee Hsi Ming , Stoner Julie A. , Sorsa Timo , Reinhardt Richard A. , Wolff Mark S. , Ryan Maria E. , Nummikoski Pirkka V. , Payne Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2008

Background: We recently demonstrated that a 2‐year subantimicrobial‐dose doxycycline (SDD) regimen (double‐masked, placebo‐controlled clinical trial) in postmenopausal (PM) women exhibiting mild systemic bone loss (osteopenia) and local bone loss (periodontitis) reduced the progression of periodontal attachment loss (intent‐to‐treat analysis) and the severity of gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss (subgroups) without producing antibiotic side effects. We now describe SDD effects on biomarkers of collagen degradation and bone resorption in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of the same vulnerable subjects.

Methods: GCF was collected from SDD‐ and placebo‐treated PM subjects (n = 64 each) at the baseline and 1‐ and 2‐year appointments; the volume was determined; and the samples were analyzed for collagenase activity (using a synthetic peptide as substrate), relative levels of three genetically distinct collagenases (Western blot), a type‐1 collagen breakdown product/bone resorption marker (a carboxyterminal telopeptide cross‐link fragment of type I collagen [ICTP]; radioimmunoassay), and interleukin‐1β (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations; primary analyses were intent‐to‐treat.

Results: Collagenase activity was significantly reduced by SDD treatment relative to placebo based on intent‐to‐treat (P = 0.01). ICTP showed a similar pattern of change during SDD treatment, and GCF collagenase activity and ICTP were positively correlated at all time periods (P <0.001). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 accounted for ∼80% of total collagenase in GCF, with much less MMP‐1 and −13, and SDD reduced the odds of elevated MMP‐8 by 60% compared to placebo (P = 0.006).

Conclusion: These observations support the therapeutic potential of long‐term SDD therapy to reduce periodontal collagen breakdown and alveolar bone resorption in PM women; effects on serum biomarkers of systemic bone loss in these subjects are being analyzed.
Mapping the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: A New Look
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S.
Published: August 2008

Chronic adult periodontitis is a bacterially induced chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the connective tissue and bone that support teeth. Concepts of the specific mechanisms involved in the disease have evolved with new technologies and knowledge. Histopathologic observations of diseased human tissues were used previously to speculate on the causes of periodontitis and to describe models of pathogenesis. Experimental evidence later emerged to implicate bacterial plaque deposits as the primary factor initiating periodontitis. At the same time, specific bacteria and immunoinflammatory mechanisms were differentially implicated in the disease. In the mid‐1990s, early insights about complex diseases, such as periodontitis, led to new conceptual models of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Those models included the bacterial activation of immunoinflammatory mechanisms, some of which targeted control of the bacterial challenge and others that had adverse effects on bone and connective tissue remodeling. Such models also acknowledged that different environmental and genetic factors modified the clinical phenotype of periodontal disease. However, the models did not capture the dynamic nature of the biochemical processes, i.e., that innate differences among individuals and changes in environmental factors may accelerate biochemical changes or dampen that shift. With emerging genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data and systems biology tools for interpreting data, it is now possible to begin describing the basic elements of a new model of pathogenesis. Such a model incorporates gene, protein, and metabolite data into dynamic biologic networks that include disease‐initiating and ‐resolving mechanisms. This type of model has a multilevel framework in which the biochemical networks that are regulated by innate and environmental factors can be described and the interrelatedness of networks can be captured. New models in the next few years will be merely frameworks for integrating key knowledge as it becomes available from the “‐omics” technologies. However, it is possible to describe some of the key elements of the new models and discuss distinctions between the new and older models. It is hoped that improved conceptual models of pathogenesis will assist in focusing new research and speed the translation of new data into practical applications.
Rapid Constructions of Microstructures for Optical Fiber Sensors Using a Commercial CO2 Laser System
Authors: Irawan Rudi , Chuan Tjin Swee , Meng Tay Chia , Ming Tan Khay
Published: August 2008

Exposing an optical fiber core to the measurand surrounding the fiber is often used to enhance the sensitivity of an optical fiber sensor. This paper reports on the rapid fabrication of microstructures in an optical fiber using a CO2 laser system which help exposing the optical fiber core to the measurand. The direct-write CO2 laser system used is originally designed for engraving the polymeric material. Fabrications of microstructures such as in-fiber microhole, D-shaped fiber, in-fiber microchannel, side-sliced fiber and tapered fiber were attempted. The microstructures in the fibers were examined using a SEM and an optical microscope. Quality of microstructures shown by the SEM images and promising results from fluorescence sensor tests using in-fiber microchannels of 100μm width, 210μm depth and 10mm length show the prospect of this method for use in optical fiber sensor development. The direct-write CO2 laser system is a flexible and fast machining tool for fabricating microstructures in an optical fiber, and can possibly be a replacement of the time consuming chemical etching and polishing methods used for microstructure fabrications of optical the fiber sensors reported in other literatures.
Aorta Remodeling Responses to Distinct Atherogenic Stimuli: Hyperten-sion, Hypercholesterolemia and Turbulent Flow/Low Wall Shear Stress
Authors: Prado Cibele M , Rossi Marcos A
Published: August 2008

This review is based on recently published data from our laboratory. We investigated the role of hypertension and laminar flow, hypercholesterolemia and laminar flow and turbulent blood flow/low wall shear stress, and turbulent blood flow/low wall shear stress associated with hypercholesterolemia on aorta remodeling of rats feeding normal diet or hypercholesterolemic diet. Our findings suggest that increased circumferential wall tension due to hypertension plays a key role in the remodeling through biomechanical effects on oxidative stress and increased TGF-β expression; the remodeling observed in the presence of hypercholesterolemia could be initiated by oxidative stress that is involved in several processes of atherogenesis and this remodeling is more pronounced in the presence of turbulent blood flow/low wall shear stress.
Maintenance of Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Chronic Asthma May Be Mediated by Th2-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Lin Nora J. , Schuh Jane M. , Hogaboam Cory
Published: August 2008

CD4+, Th2-mediated inflammation is an important component of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in allergic
airway disease. IL-4 specifically interacts with the Type 1 IL-4 receptor comprised of IL-4Rα and the common γ
chain, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 mediate their effects through a common receptor complex made up of IL-4Rα and IL-
13Rα1 (i.e. the Type II IL-4 receptor). In this study, we examined the effects of impaired Th2 signaling on AHR using
IL4Rα-/- mice in a murine model of allergic asthma. IL-4Rα-/- mice and control BALB/c (IL-4Rα+/+) mice were sensitized
to and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus. Airway disease was assessed at days 14, 28, 51, and 57 after intratracheal
conidia challenge. AHR was evaluated by plethysmography after intravenous methacholine. Whole lung levels of cytokines
and chemokines, and serum immunoglobulins were measured by specific ELISA. Paraffin-embedded lung sections
were stained for histology. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was cytospun for differential cell counts. While AHR was
significantly reduced in IL-4Rα-/- mice (p<0.01) at days 14 and 28 after conidia challenge, it was increased when compared
to controls at later time points (days 51 and 57) even though Th2 cytokines were significantly decreased at day 57,
and total IgE and IgG1 levels were markedly decreased throughout the study (p<0.0001). Goblet cell metaplasia was also
evident at days 51 and 57 in the knockout groups. These results demonstrate that airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus
cell metaplasia in a model of allergic asthma can develop in the absence of a predominant Th2 signaling pathway, suggesting
that Th2-independent mechanisms may arbitrate chronic stages of airway disease due to A. fumigatus.
Shear Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded to Enamel with a Self-Etching Primer
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , de Oliveira Ruellas Antonio Carlos , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti , de Oliveira Márlio Vinícius , Alves Bernardes Luiz Antônio
Published: August 2008

Objective: To evaluate bonding efficacy of activated Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (TPSEP) used at different time points with Transbond XT to bond metallic orthodontic brackets to bovine incisors.

Materials and Methods: The inferior incisors of 210 bovines were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 30). TPSEPs were mixed, activated, and kept activated for 30 (group 30), 21 (group 21), 15 (group 15), 7 (group 7), 3 (group 3), or 1 (group 1) days before bonding, and in one group (group 0) TPSEP was used immediately after mixed. At day zero, incisors in each group were bonded in exactly the same way. After applying TPSEP, brackets were bonded with Transbond XT, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours, shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed for all samples at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the Adhesive Remnant Index was scored.

Results: There were no significant differences between the SBS of groups 0, 1, 3, 7, and 15 (P > .05) However, those groups had higher SBS (P < .05) compared with groups 21 and 30. No significant difference (P > .05) was observed between groups 21 and 30. Despite the decrease in SBS for groups 21 and 30, bond strength values were still satisfactory.

Conclusion: After activation, the TPSEP mix can be stored for a period of 15 days without losing its adhesive properties.
Linear Accuracy of Cone Beam CT Derived 3D Images
Authors: Brown April A. , Scarfe William C. , Scheetz James P. , Silveira Anibal M. , Farman Allan G.
Published: August 2008

Objective: To compare the in vitro reliability and accuracy of linear measurements between cephalometric landmarks on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) 3D volumetric images with varying basis projection images to direct measurements on human skulls.

Materials and Methods: Sixteen linear dimensions between 24 anatomic sites marked on 19 human skulls were directly measured. The skulls were imaged with CBCT (i-CAT, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa) at three settings: (a) 153 projections, (b) 306 projections, and (c) 612 projections. The mean absolute error and modality mean (± SD) of linear measurements between landmarks on volumetric renderings were compared to the anatomic truth using repeated measures general linear model (P ≤ .05).

Results: No difference in mean absolute error between the scan settings was found for almost all measurements. The average skull absolute error between marked reference points was less than the distances between unmarked reference sites. CBCT resulted in lower measurements for nine dimensions (mean difference range: 3.1 mm ± 0.12 mm to 0.56 mm ± 0.07 mm) and a greater measurement for one dimension (mean difference 3.3 mm ± 0.12 mm). No differences were detected between CBCT scan sequences.

Conclusions: CBCT measurements were consistent between scan sequences and for direct measurements between marked reference points. Reducing the number of projections for 3D reconstruction did not lead to reduced dimensional accuracy and potentially provides reduced patient radiation exposure. Because the fiducial landmarks on the skulls were not radio-opaque, the inaccuracies found in measurement could be due to the methods applied rather than to innate inaccuracies in the CBCT scan reconstructions or 3D software employed.
Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive Italian Women as Compared to Normal Women
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Laino Alberto , D'Alessio Raoul , Grandi Gaia , Binelli Miriam , Ferrario Virgilio Ferruccio
Published: August 2008

Objective: To compare the facial characteristics of two different groups of attractive women with those of reference women.

Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks were collected in 71 healthy reference women (18–30 years old) and in 24 coetaneous “attractive” women selected during two different beauty competitions; soft tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed and compared using analysis of variance.

Results: When compared with reference women, both groups of attractive women shared several similar facial characteristics: relatively large forehead (P < .001), reduced mandible (P = .008), and rounded face (reduced surface-to-volume ratio, P = .002). They had a more acute soft tissue profile, an increased upper facial width (P < .001) and middle facial depth, larger mouth, and more voluminous lips (P = .005) than reference women.

Conclusions: Both groups of attractive women had several facial characteristics suggesting babyness. Nonetheless, each group of women was characterized by a different development of these features. Esthetic reference values can be a useful tool for clinicians, but should always consider the characteristics of individual faces.
Comparisons of morphometric measurements and serum insulin-like growth factor concentration in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Yang Vicky K. , Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To compare morphometric measurements and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) concentration in cats with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and assess the hypothesis that cats with HCM have larger body size and skeletal features and higher serum IGF-1 concentrations than healthy cats.

Animals—25 cats with HCM and 22 healthy control cats.

Procedures—Physical examination and echocardiography were performed to classify cats into the HCM and control groups. Data collected from each cat included diet history, body weight, body condition score, lengths of the humerus and 4th and 12th thoracic vertebrae, heart size, head length and width, and abdominal circumferences. Comparisons of these variables were made between groups.

Results—Body condition score in HCM-affected and control cats did not differ significantly. However, median head width; lengths of the head, 4th and 12th thoracic vertebrae, and humerus; and body weight in the HCM-affected group were significantly greater than values in the control group. Median serum concentration of IGF-1 was not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data suggested that among the study cats, those with HCM were skeletally larger, but not more obese, than healthy cats. Whether this was attributable to differences in early growth or other causes requires additional investigation.
Actinomycin D as rescue therapy in dogs with relapsed or resistant lymphoma: 49 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Bannink Erin O. , Sauerbrey Michele L. , Mullins Marie N. , Hauptman Joe G. , Obradovich Joyce E.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To evaluate response rate and disease-free interval in dogs with relapsed or resistant lymphoma treated with actinomycin D, determine hematologic toxicoses, and identify prognostic factors associated with response to treatment.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—49 dogs with relapsed or resistant lymphoma.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information regarding signalment, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic testing, substage, previous chemotherapy, previous treatment with prednisone, actinomycin D dosage, number of doses administered, response, disease-free interval, and results of CBCs performed after treatment.

Results—Actinomycin D was administered at a median dosage of 0.68 mg/m2 (range, 0.46 to 0.72 mg/m2), IV, every 3 weeks for 5 treatments or until disease progression. Twenty-six (53%) dogs received prednisone concurrently. Twenty (41%) dogs had a complete remission, and median disease-free interval in these dogs was 129 days. Thrombocytopenia was the most common hematologic toxicosis (n = 22 [45%]). Concurrent prednisone administration, a shorter duration of first remission, and an increased number of previous chemotherapy agents were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of responding to actinomycin D treatment. Concurrent prednisone administration and an increased number of previous chemotherapy agents were significantly associated with a shorter disease-free interval.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that administration of actinomycin D as a single agent was effective for rescue chemotherapy of dogs with relapsed or resistant lymphoma and that treatment was well tolerated, although mild thrombocytopenia developed commonly.
Phosphorus immobilization in Lake Głęboczek following treatment with polyaluminum chloride
Authors: Łopata Michał , Gawrońska Helena
Published: August 2008

In 2001-2003, a survey was conducted of the effectiveness of restoration in the heavily eutrophic polymictic Lake Głęboczek, located in Tuchola. The application of the phosphorus inactivation method with polyaluminum chloride PAX 18 resulted in the complete removal of phosphates, and in a considerable (up to 50-60%) reduction of total phosphorus in the lake water. The sorptive capacity of the bottom sediments was enhanced after the restoration, particularly in the top layer (0-5 cm). An increase of the aluminum content and of mineral forms of phosphorus was observed, mainly the aluminum-bound fraction (at its greatest, by over 330%). The amount of mobile phosphorus in the sediments decreased by 40%. The evidence of the durable immobilization of phosphorus in the aquatic ecosystem was the limited phosphorus release from the bottom sediments. This was confirmed by a significant decrease of total phosphorus in the interstitial waters (from 4-6 mg dm-3 to 2-3 mg dm-3), and by a practically complete removal of phosphates from the near-bottom waters.
The Diagnostic Value of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies, Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Other Potential Biomarkers for Predicting and Monitoring Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mehanović-Nikolić Jasminka , Laloš-Miljuš Jasenka , Stajčić-Nalesnik Milada , Lakić Ljiljana , Bobić Željka , Bogdanić Jelena , Vajić Nataša
Published: August 2008

The Diagnostic Value of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies, Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Other Potential Biomarkers for Predicting and Monitoring Rheumatoid Arthritis

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP2) in RA and non-RA patients and to evaluate the combination of these auto-antibodies with some other markers such as RF and CRP. We examined the enzymatic activity of ADA in RA patients without therapy and RA patients treated with methotrexate. Therefore, the aim of this study was also to assess the possibility of introducing these biochemical parameters in the diagnosis and monitoring of the RA patients in this region. Serum antibodies directed to cyclic citrullinated peptide were analyzed using an anti-CCP2 antibody ELISA. Serum ADA activity was measured by a spectrophotometer using adenosine as substrate (Giusti method). Rheumatoid factor (IgG-RF) was analyzed using a latex agglutination test. Serum CRP was measured by an immunoturbidimetric assay. The measurement of anti-CCP2 by itself, is useful for the diagnosis of RA for its high sensitivity and specificity, however, a combined use of anti-CCP2 with RF is much more useful. Serum ADA activity can be used as a biochemical marker of inflammation in RA. Measuring CRP in the RA patients has no diagnostic value.
A probabilistic concept of load assessment of self-ignition engines
Authors: Girtler Jerzy
Published: August 2008

A probabilistic concept of load assessment of self-ignition engines

A proposal of probabilistic interpretation of loading process of self-ignition combustion engines, was presented. Probabilistic description of loading the engines was proposed with taking into account known parameters (indices) of their operation. It was demonstrated that instantaneous load of such engines can be considered a random variable. Attention was paid to the fact that the load can be taken as a multi-dimensional random variable. Engine load changes during its operation were considered as the loading process and presented in the form of a multi-dimensional stochastic process whose states are loads considered to be random variables. It was demonstrated that the loading process can be taken as the stochastic one of asymptotically independent incements, stationary and ergodic. Justification of the above mentioned features of the loading process is contained in the presented hypotheses. It was also demonstrated that in testing the load process of self-ignition engines stochastic relation between thermal and mechanical loading should be taken into account.
Uptake of phenol from aqueous solution by burned water hyacinth
Authors: Uddin Mohammed , Islam Mohammed , Islam Mohammed , Abedin Mohammed
Published: August 2008

Uptake of phenol from aqueous solution by burned water hyacinth

The potential of burned water hyacinth (BWH) for phenol adsorption from aqueous solution was studied. Batch kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out under varying experimental conditions of contact time, phenol concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. The pH at the point of zero charge (pHPZC) of the adsorbent was determined by the titration method and the value of 8.8 ± 0.2 was obtained. The FTIR of the adsorbent was carried out in order to find the potential adsorption sites for the interaction with phenol molecules. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium and it was found that the experimental data fitted very well to the Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 30.49 mg/g. Batch adsorption models, based on the assumption of the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, were applied to examine the kinetics of the adsorption. The results showed that kinetic data closely followed the pseudo-second-order model.
Morphological and Commercial Characters of Brussels Sprout Androgenic R2/R3 Generations and Experimental F1 Hybrids
Authors: Kamiński Piotr
Published: August 2008

Morphological and Commercial Characters of Brussels Sprout Androgenic R2/R3 Generations and Experimental F1 Hybrids

In the years of 2005-2007 twelve Brussels sprout androgenic lines of R2 and R3 generations derived from four commercial cultivars: Ajax F1, Diablo F1, Icarus F1, Philemon F1 were evaluated according to marketable yield, plant height, intraline uniformity and other morphological traits important for the breeding. In 2007 twelve single F1 hybrids obtained by the use of androgenic lines were also evaluated in comparison to their parental components. Evaluation showed extended diversity of morphological (plant height, shape of the head, uniformity) and agroeconomical characters among the tested lines. Nine lines showed good intraline uniformity and stability in R2 generation. After selection all tested lines of R3 generation were uniform. Experimental F1 hybrids showed intraline homogeneity, high yield similar to Diablo and Philemon F1 control cultivars and morphological characters typical for good quality commercial Brussels sprout. Some level of inbreeding depression among androgenic lines was observed in comparison to their donor cultivars, while experimental F1 hybrids showed significant effect of heterosis.
A Sensitivity Analysis on the Consequences Assessment in Cases of Toxic Substance Released by Pipelines
Authors: Valentina Gagliardi , Lucia Citro
Published: August 2008

A Sensitivity Analysis on the Consequences Assessment in Cases of Toxic Substance Released by Pipelines

This paper presents preliminary results of a study aimed at evaluating the impact on man and environment of major accident hazards related to transmission pipelines carrying toxic substances. In particular, it describes the assessment of the consequences of potential toxic release from pipelines, expressed in terms of hazard area, that is the zone in which the concentration of a toxic substance exceed a critical threshold level and induce harmful effects on people and the environment. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis has been undertaken, emphasizing the role of threshold values on the results obtained.
Elements of Port its Increasing Safety and Efficiency of Ship Manoeuvring Operations in Short Sea Shipping
Authors: Abramowicz-Gerigk Teresa
Published: August 2008

Elements of Port its Increasing Safety and Efficiency of Ship Manoeuvring Operations in Short Sea Shipping

The paper presents the existed solutions and proposition of the new elements of IT (Information Technology) applications in ports. The new decision support systems for the ship master, harbourmaster and port chief dispatcher related to ship entry into the harbour and berthing inside the docs are introduced. The systems based on the online hydro-meteorological and traffic information are proposed for the safe and efficient ferry operations.
Minimally invasive approach to extraforaminal disc herniations at the lumbosacral junction using an operating microscope: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Pirris Stephen M. , Dhall Sanjay , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Kanter Adam S.
Published: August 2008

Surgical access to extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations is complicated due to the unique anatomical constraints of the region. Minimizing complications during microdiscectomies at the level of L5–S1 in particular remains a challenge. The authors report on a small series of patients and provide a video presentation of a minimally invasive approach to L5–S1 extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations utilizing a tubular retractor with microscopic visualization.
Operative results and learning curve: microscope-assisted tubular microsurgery for 1- and 2-level discectomies and laminectomies
Authors: Parikh Karishma , Tomasino Andre , Knopman Jared , Boockvar John , Härtl Roger
Published: August 2008

Object

The authors present their clinical results and the learning curve associated with the use of tubular retractors for 1- and 2-level lumbar microscope-assisted discectomies and laminectomies.

Methods

The study involves a retrospective and prospective analysis of 230 patients who underwent noninstrumented minimally invasive procedures for degenerative lumbar spinal disease between 2004 and 2007. Data on patient demographic characteristics and operative results, including length of stay, blood loss, operative times, and surgical complications were collected. Clinical outcomes were assessed based on pre- and postoperative Visual Analog Scale scores, Oswestry Disability Index values, and the Macnab outcome scale scores.

Results

The results showed characteristic differences in blood loss and operating times between 1- and 2-level procedures and between discectomies and laminectomies. A significant learning curve was seen by a decrease in operating time for 1- level discectomies and 2-level laminectomies. Major complications were not observed.

Conclusions

The use of tubular retractors for microsurgical decompression of degenerative spinal disease is a safe and effective treatment modality. As with other techniques, minimally invasive procedures are associated with a significant learning curve. As surgeons become more comfortable with the procedure, its applications can be expanded to include, for example, spinal instrumentation and deformity correction.
Minimally invasive direct repair of lumbar spondylolysis with a pedicle screw and hook construct
Authors: Noggle Joseph C. , Sciubba Daniel M. , Samdani Amer F. , Anderson D. Greg , Betz Randal R. , Asghar Jahangir
Published: August 2008

Object

Lumbar spondylolysis occurs in approximately 6% of the population and presents with localized mechanical back pain, often in young athletes. Surgical treatment may involve decompression, lumbar intersegmental fusion, or direct repair of pars defects. Although such open procedures may effectively resolve symptoms, minimal-access approaches may additionally decrease collateral damage to soft tissues, allowing young, active patients to resume athletic activities sooner. In this study, the authors review their experience repairing bilateral lumbar spondylolyses with screw and hook constructs placed via a minimal-access approach.

Methods

Five consecutive pediatric patients with bilateral L-5 spondylolysis were treated. Bilateral incisions (2.5 cm) were made over L-5. Exposure was maintained with bilateral expandable tubular retractor systems. Pedicle screws were placed in the L-5 pedicles and attached to hooks under the L-5 laminae. A direct repair was performed at the pars defect. Clinical characteristics, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes were collected.

Results

All 5 patients underwent surgery; 4 were male (80%) and 1 was female (20%), and the mean age was 15.8 years (range 15–17 years). The mean estimated blood loss and duration of surgery were 37 ml (range 15–75 ml) and 1.94 hours (range 1–3 hours), respectively. Postoperative hospital stays ranged from 1 to 3 days (mean 1.8 days). The only complication occurred in 1 patient who experienced minor superficial wound breakdown. All patients have experienced resolution of symptoms at this preliminary stage, which has continued over an 8-month follow-up period.

Conclusions

Lumbar spondylolysis can be adequately and safely treated via minimal-access surgical repair of the pars interarticularis by using pedicle screws and rod-hook constructs. This approach may decrease the collateral soft tissue damage common to open dissections, and may be ideal for young, active surgical candidates.
Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders
Authors: Hsieh Patrick C. , Koski Tyler R. , Sciubba Daniel M. , Moller Dave J. , O'shaughnessy Brian A. , Li Khan W. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Ondra Stephen L. , Fessler Richard G. , _ _ , Liu John C.
Published: August 2008

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the spine was primarily developed to reduce approach-related morbidity and to improve clinical outcomes compared with those following conventional open spine surgery. Over the past several years, minimally invasive spinal procedures have gained recognition and their utilization has increased. In particular, MIS is now routinely used in the treatment of degenerative spine disorders and has been shown to be as effective as conventional open spine surgeries. Although the procedures are not yet widely recognized in the context of complex spine surgery, the true potential in minimizing approach-related morbidity is far greater in the treatment of complex spinal diseases such as spinal trauma, spinal deformities, and spinal oncology. Conventional open spine surgeries for complex spinal disorders are often associated with significant soft tissue disruption, blood loss, prolonged recovery time, and postsurgical pain. In this article the authors review numerous cases of complex spine disorders managed with MIS techniques and discuss the current and future implications of these approaches for complex spinal pathologies.
A Determination of Metallothionein in Larvae of Freshwater Midges (Chironomus riparius) Using Brdicka Reaction
Authors: Fabrik Ivo , Ruferova Zuzana , Hilscherova Klara , Adam Vojtech , Trnkova Libuse , Kizek Rene
Published: August 2008

Among wide spectrum of biomolecules induced by various stress factors low molecular mass protein called metallothionein (MT) is suitable for assessment of the heavy metal environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to determine the metallothionein and total thiols content in larvae of freshwater midges (Chironomus riparius) sampled from laboratory exposure to cadmium(II) ions and from field studies using differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction. Unique electrochemical instrument, stationary electrochemical analyser Autolab coupled with autosampler, was utilized for the analysis of the samples. The detection limit for MT was evaluated as 5 nM. The larvae exposed to two doses (50 ng/g or 50 μg/g) of cadmium(II) ions for fifteen days under laboratory controlled conditions were at the end of the exposure killed, homogenized and analysed. MT content in control samples was 1.2 μM, in larvae exposed to 50 ng Cd/g it was 2.0 μM and in larvae exposed to 50 μg Cd/g 2.9 μM. Moreover at field study chironomid larvae as well as sediment samples have been collected from eight field sites with different levels of pollution by heavy. The metals content (chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum, cadmium, tin and lead) in the sediment and or MT content in the chironomid larvae were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or Brdicka reaction, respectively.
Satellite Assessment of Bio-Optical Properties of Northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Lohrenz Steven E. , Cai Wei-Jun , Chen Xiaogang , Tuel Merritt
Published: August 2008

The impacts of major tropical storms events on coastal waters include sediment resuspension, intense water column mixing, and increased delivery of terrestrial materials into coastal waters. We examined satellite imagery acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color sensor aboard the Aqua spacecraft following two major hurricane events: Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall on 29 August 2005, and Hurricane Rita, which made landfall on 24 September. MODIS Aqua true color imagery revealed high turbidity levels in shelf waters immediately following the storms indicative of intense resuspension. However, imagery following the landfall of Katrina showed relatively rapid return of shelf water mass properties to pre-storm conditions. Indeed, MODIS Aqua-derived estimates of diffuse attenuation at 490 nm (K_490) and chlorophyll (chlor_a) from mid-August prior to the landfall of Hurricane Katrina were comparable to those observed in mid-September following the storm. Regions of elevated K_490 and chlor_a were evident in offshore waters and appeared to be associated with cyclonic circulation (cold-core eddies) identified on the basis of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). Imagery acquired shortly after Hurricane Rita made landfall showed increased water column turbidity extending over a large area of the shelf off Louisiana and Texas, consistent with intense resuspension and sediment disturbance. An interannual comparison of satellite-derived estimates of K_490 for late September and early October revealed relatively lower levels in 2005, compared to the mean for the prior three years, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River birdfoot delta. In contrast, levels above the previous three year mean were observed off Texas and Louisiana 7-10 d after the passage of Rita. The lower values of K_490 near the delta could be attributed to relatively low river discharge during the preceding months of the 2005 season. The elevated levels off Texas and Louisiana were speculated to be due to the presence of fine grain sediment or dissolved materials that remained in the water column following the storm, and may also have been associated with enhanced phytoplankton biomass stimulated by the intense vertical mixing and offshore delivery of shelf water and associated nutrients. This latter view was supported by observations of high chlor_a in association with regions of cyclonic circulation.
Integrating Physical and Topographic Information Into a Fuzzy Scheme to Map Flooded Area by SAR
Authors: Pierdicca Nazzareno , Chini Marco , Pulvirenti Luca , Macina Flavia
Published: August 2008

A flood mapping procedure based on a fuzzy sets theory has been developed. The method is based on the integration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements with additional data on the inundated area, such as a land cover map and a digital elevation model (DEM). The information on land cover has allowed us to account for both specular reflection, typical of open water, and double bounce backscattering, typical of forested and urban areas. DEM has been exploited to include simple hydraulic considerations on the dependence of inundation probability on surface characteristics. Contextual information has been taken into account too. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a flood occurred in Italy on November 1994. A pair of ERS-1 images, collected before and after (three days later) the flood, has been used. The results have been compared with the data provided by a ground survey carried out when the flood reached its maximum extension. Despite the temporal mismatch between the survey and the post-inundation SAR image, the comparison has yielded encouraging results, with the 87% of the pixels correctly classified as inundated.
Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic Optical Fibers
Authors: Rothmaier Markus , Luong Minh Phi , Clemens Frank
Published: August 2008

In this paper we report the successful development of pressure sensitive textile prototypes based on flexible optical fibers technology. Our approach is based on thermoplastic silicone fibers, which can be integrated into woven textiles. As soon as pressure at a certain area of the textile is applied to these fibers they change their cross section reversibly, due to their elastomeric character, and a simultaneous change in transmitted light intensity can be detected. We have successfully manufactured two different woven samples with fibers of 0.51 and 0.98 mm diameter in warp and weft direction, forming a pressure sensitive matrix. Determining their physical behavior when a force is applied shows that pressure measurements are feasible. Their usable working range is between 0 and 30 N. Small drifts in the range of 0.2 to 4.6%, over 25 load cycles, could be measured. Finally, a sensor array of 2 x 2 optical fibers was tested for sensitivity, spatial resolution and light coupling between fibers at intersections.
Electrochemical Sensing and Assessment of Parabens in Hydro- Alcoholic Solutions and Water Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Radovan Ciprian , Cinghită Dan , Manea Florica , Mincea Manuela , Cofan Codruta , Ostafe Vasile
Published: August 2008

In this paper, the electrochemical behaviour of several parabens preservatives, i.e. esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl-, ethyl- and propyl-4-hydroxybenzoates as methyl-, ethyl- and propyl-parabens (MB, EB, and PB), has been investigated at a commercial boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE), especially in the anodic potential range, in both hydro-alcoholic and aqueous media. The cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements yielded calibration plots with very good linearity (R2 between 0.990 and 0.998) and high sensitivity, useful for detection and analytical applications. The determination of the characteristics of individual compounds, of an “overall paraben index”, the assessment of the stability and the saturation solubility in water, and the amperometric sensing and determination in double distilled, tap and river water matrix of the relatively slightly soluble investigated parabens have been carried out using electrochemical alternative. Estimated water solubility was correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficient. Several ideas regarding stability and persistence of the presumptive eco-toxic investigated preservatives in the environment or water systems have been adjacently discussed.