bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF THERMAL HYDRAULICS OF ACTIVE ZONES OF FAST LOW-POWER AND HIGH-POWER SODIUM PRODUCTION REACTORS FOR A CLOSED FUEL CYCLE SYSTEM
Authors: Lubina A , Sorokin A
Published: January 2022

The paper considered the features of heat transfer of two fast sodium reactors of large and low power (1000 and 190 MW(e.)), which are developed for use in the production of secondary nuclear fuel. The design of a case fuel assembly for a higher power reactor is a combination of thin fuel elements (6.1 mm) with U-Pu fuel and a wide grating (relative pitch 1.39) with spacing of the gratings. For a low-power reactor, in this paper, three fuel assemblies (diameter of fuel rod 8.1 mm, relative pitch 1.16) were considered: without a cover, with a cover 1 mm apart from the peripheral row of fuel rods and with a cover spaced 0,5 mm from the peripheral row of fuel rods. Calculations were carried out using the COBRA-IV-I code. Data were obtained on the azimuthal temperature distributions on the claddings of the corner, peripheral and central fuel rods, temperatures on the surfaces of the covers, and calculations were performed to optimize the designs of fuel assemblies in order to reduce the temperature difference on the claddings of the peripheral fuel rods. For a large-power reactor, optimization of the configuration of the corner cell was proposed in order to reduce the azimuthal temperature difference at the corner and peripheral fuel rods. For a low-power reactor, optimization of the fuel assembly design is recommended by replacing the spacer grids with wire spacing and equalizing the temperature field by mixing the coolant, as well as increasing the relative pitch of the fuel element grid from 1.16 to 1.19.
VELOCITY PROFILE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF NATURAL TURBULENT CONVECTION ACCORDING TO THE HEAT SEPARATING SURFACES OF THE INTERNAL REACTOR DEVICES
Authors: Matyukhin N , Sorokin A , Denisova N , Kascheev M
Published: January 2022

As a result of the processing and analysis of experimental data on natural convection of coolants for various forms of heat-transfer surfaces of in-reactor structures, a relation for the velocity profile along the normal to the heat exchange surface under conditions of natural turbulent convection in the coolant flow was proposed. By the example of a vertical isothermal surface, it is shown that for different values of the longitudinal coordinate there is a characteristic point at which the longitudinal velocity reaches its maximum value (umax) at the corresponding value of the transverse coordinate (ymax). This point divides the fluid flow along the heat exchange surface into two zones: an internal one adjacent to the wall and an external one located beyond the maximum value of the velocity. Taking for the characteristic scale umax and ymax and presenting experimental data in dimensionless form u/umax = f(y/ymax), generalization of experimental data obtained. The results of processing the experimental data of various authors are well generalized by the dependences obtained in the work for the velocity profile in the inner and outer zones of the coolant flow. The velocity profile at the horizontal, downward-facing heat transfer surface is characterized by the same regularities as for the vertical surface: the velocity in the near-wall region increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The results of processing the measured velocity profile for a horizontal cylinder according to the method proposed in the work show agreement with the generalized data for a vertical isothermal surface. The data of experimental studies of the velocity field around an isothermally heated sphere with free convection in water are also well generalized by the dependences proposed in this work. The analysis of the experimental data on the velocity profiles for various forms of heat-transfer surfaces under conditions of natural turbulent convection, carried out by the authors, shows that the velocity profile proposed by the authors along the normal to the heat exchange surface has a universal character.
ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFICIENCY OF NEURAL NETWORKS FOR n/γ-SEPARATION IN ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS
Authors: Bobrovsky T , Prusachenko P , Khryachkov V , D'yachenko P
Published: January 2022

Machine learning is one of the leading directions in digital signal processing. For example, in neutron spectrometry, artificial neural networks are actively used to suppress gamma background when analyzing signals from scintillation detectors. This article describes a method for determining the quality of n/γ-separation by an artificial neural network. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by analyzing the signals obtained by measuring the prompt neutron spectrum of 252Cf spontaneous fission using a scintillation detector based on a stilbene crystal. The essence of the method is to determine the proportion of falsely identified events for each of the analyzed signal classes using a known reference method. An exemplary gamma-ray source was used to determine the false count of recoil protons. This approach made it possible to estimate the fraction of events from electrons identified as recoil protons and the fraction of recoil protons perceived as electrons, depending on the light yield of the scintillation signal. This, in turn, made it possible to reconstruct the true energy spectra for different types of particles, including for the region of low signal amplitudes, where the separation quality is usually poor. The reconstructing error was less than 8 % for the light yield region of less than 120 keVee.
CALCULATION ESTIMATION OF THE REQUIRED HEAT GENERATION IN TESTING FUEL ELEMENTS TO ACHIEVE SUPERCRITICAL PARAMETERS OF THE COOLANT UNDER IRRADIATION IN THE RESEARCH NUCLEAR REACTOR
Authors: Trofimchuk V , Nasonov V , Pesnya Y , Glyva K , Matveev Yu
Published: January 2022

The paper considers the possibility of achieving the required neutron-physical parameters during irradiation of experimental fuel elements circumfluent with a SCW parameters coolant in the RR IR-8 in order to study the behavior of fuel element cladding under the influence of reactor radiation and coolant with SCW parameters under conditions closest to real operation in nuclear power plant. The possibility of carrying out such experiments in the RR IR-8 will make it possible to contribute to the development of new generation IV nuclear power plants, one of the areas of which is a reactor with super-critical parameters coolant. This direction is promising, as the use of the SCW coolant technology will increase the efficiency of the reactors by 10-12 %. Irradiation experiments in RR IR-8 are carried out using experimental ampoule rigs. During developing the design of an ampoule rig with experimental fuel elements, it is required to provide the necessary heat transfer from the fuel element to the water of the reactor pool, and to maintain the pressure of the SCW coolant by the structure of the ampoule rig vessel. The calculations of heat release in the experimental fuel elements and the accumulation of fluence in the cladding were carried out using the MCU-PTR code with the MDBPT-50 database, which implements the Monte Carlo method. The assessment of heat release in fuel elements during irradiation of an ampoule rig in the cells of the IR-8 core and reflector was carried out. The calculation results of heat release in experimental fuel elements and fast neutron fluxes in the cladding during irradiation in the central channels of fuel assemblies and special blocks made of aluminum, stainless steel, as well as water are presented. An assessment of the contribution of heat release from gamma heating of the ampoule rig structure elements was carried out, which showed that the amount of heat release can be comparable with the energy release due to the fuel fission reaction in an experimental fuel element, which must be taken into account when calculating the temperature irradiation regimes of experimental fuel elements. Obtained results showed the principle possibility of achievement the parameters of the SCW coolant in the ampoule rig on the outer surface of the experimental fuel elements cladding in the RR IR 8.
Hubungan Keterampilan Memparafrasakan Puisi dengan Keterampilan Menulis Naskah Drama pada Siswa Kelas XI SMAN 9 Kota Bogor
Authors: Mahajani Tri , Putri Adinda Masri
Published: January 2022

This study aims to determine the correlation between poetry paraphrasing skills and drama script writing skills in class XI students of SMAN 9 Bogor City. The method for this study is a quantitative with correlation techniques. The population in this study were all students of class XI of SMAN 9 Bogor with a total of 310 students. Writing drama scripts by collecting data through poetry paraphrasing skilltests is the technique of the sample which 36 students from class XI IPS 3 as the object of this study. The research hypothesis has a positive relationship between poetry paraphrasing skills and drama script writing skills. After the data was collected, the researcher calculates it by the product moment formula. Based on the theoretical (r) coefficient or r table in the product moment correlation table, it can be seen that the significant level of 5% and 1% of (N = 36) respectivelyare 0.329 and 0.424. The results show rabel (5% = 0.329) less than rxy (0.331) less thanrabel (1% = 0.424) which means that it relates to a positive relationship between the skills of paraphrasing variable (X) with drama script function variable (Y) by weak level. Thus poetry parenting skills contributed 33% to drama script writing skills. While the other 67% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.
Eating Data
Authors: Stambler Danielle
Published: January 2022

This article explores how food-related practices are discursively constructed in an employee wellness program (EWP). Drawing on qualitative grounded theory analyses of internal-and external-facing EWP materials, the author theorizes how food-related practices, technology, institutional power, and wellness intersect. By entwining health, medicine, and food under the umbrella of wellness, the EWP promotes food-as-wellness (eating the right foods will lead to individual holistic well-being by improving the already-healthy person) while incenting and effectuating food-as-medicine (eating the right foods can help cure individual illness/disease or intervene as a treatment for a disease risk factor such as overweight or obesity) because of food-as-economics (collectively eating the right foods can help solve rising health insurance costs). The theory advanced in this article expands our understanding of wellness discourses and points to the need for research examining how such discourse impacts lived experience.
Rhetoric of Vegan/Vegetarianism, and Health, Medicine, and Culture
Authors: Trauth Erin , Stanescu Vasile , Levin Susan , Freeman Carrie , Wright Laura , Patrick-Goudreau Colleen
Published: January 2022

This dialogue piece provides scholars of the rhetoric of health and medicine with a close examination of vegan and vegetarian diets/lifestyles through the perspective of several scholars, activists, and/or medical practitioners. Through these conversations, the authors illuminate many key areas of interest and future examination related to vegan and vegetarian diets through the lens of several subtopics including health impact, ethics, cultural influence on diet, gender, medical advice, emerging “meat” technologies, and societal rhetoric about vegans and vegetarians.The dialogue participants provide a discussion on how vegetarian diets—and vegan diets in particular—can progress individual and public human health, liberate non-human animals, improve the environment, and provide a vehicle in which several important social justice movements (for both humans and animals) can take root, all the while recognizing the many reasons reasons people might choose a vegetarian or vegan diet.
On Historical Connections in/to Food as Medicine
Authors: Melonçon Lisa
Published: January 2022

Co-Editor Lisa Melonçon contextualizes the Vol. 4 issue 2 Special Issue on Food as Medicine in this short historic essay. Read online or download here.
Instrumente zur Einbettung der UN-Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (SDGs) in die kommunale Ergebnis- und Finanzsteuerung
Authors: Lorson Peter C. , Haustein Ellen
Published: January 2022

Im Jahr 2015 haben die Vereinten Nationen (UN; United Nations) 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) als bis 2030 zu erreichende Oberziele verabschiedet, die durch 169 Unterziele konkretisiert und zu deren „Messung“ auch Indikatoren benannt werden. Dieses Abkommen wurde von fast allen Mitgliedstaaten der UN ratifiziert. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat es weitergehend als Basis für die 2016 und 2021 formulierten Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien genutzt. Da sich die SDGs gerade auch an Kommunen richten, wurden bereits 2017 - auf Veranlassung des Deutschen Städtetags - „SDG-Indikatoren für Kommunen“ entwickelt. Bezweckt wird, Kommunen bei der Steuerung ihrer nachhaltigen Entwicklungsleistung zu unterstützen. Dennoch stellen diese Indikatoren Kommunen bereits deshalb vor große Herausforderungen, da es sich überwiegend um nicht-finanzielle Indikatoren handelt, deren Messung und Wirkungsabschätzung schwierig ist. Dieser Beitrag stellt überblicksartig mögliche Instrumente und Herangehensweisen zur Integration der SDGs in die kommunale Ergebnissteuerung (Leistungs- und Finanzsteuerung) vor.
Transferprozesse in der Journalismusforschung: Chancen und Herausforderungen im inter- und transdisziplinären Kontext der Journalismusforschung
Authors: Schützeneder Jonas , Engelke Katherine M. , Uth Bernadette , Graßl Michael , Klinghardt nian , Badura Laura , Blöbaum Bernd , Meier Klaus ,   Korbi-
Published: January 2022

Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich mit Herausforderungen und Perspektiven von Transfer(prozessen) in der Journalismusforschung auseinander. Transfer wird darin als Handlungsebene definiert, die eine Brücke zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis ermöglicht. Zur genaueren Systematisierung erfolgt diese Einordnung im Kontext von Interdisziplinarität, Transdisziplinarität und transformativer Wissenschaft. Basierend auf bisherigen Empfehlungen und Reflexionen aus dem Fach sowie eigenen Forschungserfahrungen beschreiben wir Chancen und Herausforderungen, aus denen sich Leitfragen für die Phasen von Transferprozessen entwickeln lassen. Gleichzeitig werden Grenzen und Schwächen solcher Prozesse deutlich. Klar ist: Nicht jede Form der Journalismusforschung braucht Transfer, und das Transferpotenzial ist begrenzt. Die Debatte darüber zeigt aber, dass die Themen Transfer, Interaktion und Kooperation im inter- und transdisziplinären Kontext der Journalismusforschung eine Vielzahl an vielversprechenden Perspektiven und Diskursmöglichkeiten für unser Fach darstellen. Wir sehen in der konstruktiven Diskussion darüber einen wichtigen Impuls für eine sich verändernde Wissenschaft sowie neue Rollenbilder und Herangehensweisen.
Der „Computational Turn“: ein „interdisziplinärer Turn“? Ein systematischer Überblick zur Nutzung der automatisierten Inhaltsanalyse in der Journalismusforschung
Authors: Hase Valerie , Mahl Daniela , Schäfer Mike S.
Published: January 2022

Themen journalistischer Berichterstattung durch maschinelles Lernen identifizieren oder Nachrichtendiffusion automatisiert messen: Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der automatisierten Inhaltsanalyse in der Journalismusforschung scheinen vielfältig. Aber wie wird die computerbasierte Methode bisher eingesetzt - und welche Konsequenzen hat der „Computational Turn“ der Kommunikationswissenschaft, besonders im Hinblick auf Interdisziplinarität? Dieser Beitrag fasst auf Basis eines systematischen Literaturüberblicks zusammen, wie die automatisierte Inhaltsanalyse im Forschungsfeld der Journalismusforschung genutzt wird. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die zunehmende Nutzung der Methode ein Indikator für methodische Interdisziplinarität in der ohnehin interdisziplinären Kommunikationswissenschaft ist. Gleichzeitig finden sich kaum Hinweise auf eine Zunahme theoretischer Interdisziplinarität, z. B. Rückgriffe auf fachfremde Theorien. Auch im Hinblick auf praktische Interdisziplinarität, z. B. Kooperationen mit anderen Disziplinen, wird unser Fach keineswegs interdisziplinärer. Vielmehr findet eine Verschiebung zugunsten technischer Disziplinen statt. Der „Computational Turn“ der Kommunikationswissenschaft ist daher zumindest bisher nur teils als „interdisziplinärer Turn“ zu verstehen.
Von Kasan bis Bergen-Belsen
Authors: Dawletschin Tamurbek
Published: January 2022

Nur wenige Berichte von sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen sind überliefert - der eindrucksvolle Text von Tamurbek Dawletschin ist einer davon.

Der Tatare Tamurbek Dawletschin wird kurz vor dem deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion im Juni 1941 zum Dienst in der Roten Armee einberufen und an die Front geschickt. Schon bald gerät er in Gefangenschaft und wird wie Hunderttausende andere sowjetische Soldaten nach Deutschland verschleppt. Er landet schließlich im »Stalag XI C (311)« Bergen-Belsen. Dawletschin überlebt das Massensterben im Winter 1941 /42, bei dem mehr als 14.000 Gefangene elend ums Leben kommen. Nach seiner Entlassung im Juli 1942 wohnt er als Zivilist zunächst in Berlin und später in Dresden, erkrankt schwer an Tuberkulose und erlebt das Kriegsende in einer Klinik in Bayern. Erst 1951 kann er das Sanatorium verlassen. Er zieht nach München und arbeitet dort am »Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSR«.

Tamurbek Dawletschin stirbt 1983 in München, ohne seine Heimat jemals wiedergesehen zu haben.

Sein detaillierter Bericht ist eindringlich und von literarischer Qualität. Die dramatischen Erfahrungen erschüttern, zugleich erweitern sie zeithistorisches Wissen.
Creative Living off the Margins of the Niger Delta: Implications for Corporate Governance
Authors: E. Nwaigwe Stanislaus
Published: January 2022

The distribution and privatization channels of the wealth from Niger Delta’s oil and gas resources are multiple. The main channels excessively favor mainly office holders, international entrepreneurs and their contractors. The rest of the population, or the less favored majority will have to cut their share of the wealth via the alternative channels which may include violent insurgencies. This work focuses on one of these alternative channels, where an Igbo community creatively sustain their access to the oil wealth. An ethnographic study of Egbema, shows that the local population modify their traditional practices to sustain the flow of the oil wealth. This modifying capacity was manifest when they creatively transformed a fishing festival that was traditionally celebrated exclusively, into a public fish bazaar. This was done to keep hold of the money received as compensation for the land expropriated for oil extraction by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). This has implications for corporate governance, especially with regard to the relationship between companies and other stakeholders.
Parasitic Plants in Forage Legumes – Medicago sativa L.
Authors: Fetahaj Rozafa , Kabashi Besarta , Mehmeti Arben
Published: January 2022

Medicago sativa L. is one of the main forage crops widely grown throughout the world. The yield quality and quantity of the alfalfa crop are influenced by many factors. Weeds, as the most problematic pests in agriculture, compete with crops obtaining water, nutrients, light, and space, and parasitic weeds are becoming a threat to food production. Weed species, such as Cuscuta spp., are particularly noxious since they also directly extract valuable water and nutrients from the host plant, and in some cases can also be difficult to eradicate.
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Demyelination of the Central Nervous System: A Report on Two Cases
Authors: Jawad Oumerzouk , Raymond Klevor , Mohamed Chraa , Nissrine Louhab , Najib Kissani
Published: January 2022

The objective of this article is to investigate the link between chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. CNS demyelinating disorders in IBD are rare complications and are due to a dysimmune mechanism. We report the clinical cases of two patients followed for IBD. The first patient had Crohn’s disease for 12 years and developed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 1 month after the first course of the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-alpha), infliximab. The second patient, treated for ulcerative colitis with salazopyrin, developed multiple sclerosis (MS) 5 months after the start of her disease. MS and optic neuritis remain the inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the CNS most frequently associated with IBD. The activation of T lymphocytes during IBD plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of MS and ADEM in a genetically predisposed population. It is currently recommended that patients with IBD be evaluated clinically and by MRI for subclinical demyelinating lesions in order to guide therapeutic management.
Review of the Structural Basis of Human E2 Conjugating Enzymes in Complexed with RING E3 Ligases
Authors: Meghan Gladu Erin , Sayed Iman , Anthony Massiah Michael
Published: January 2022

Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that controls essential biological processes through its regulation of protein concentration, function, and cellular location. RING E3 ligases are a critical component of a three-enzyme cascade that facilitates the ubiquitination of proteins. RING-type E3 ligases represent one class of E3 ligases that function by binding the substrate protein and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Proteins exhibiting RING-type E3 ligase activities do so via a domain that adopts a ββα-RING fold and coordinates two zinc ions. To date, structural studies show that the RING domain interacts with the catalytic domain of the E2 enzyme. The catalytic domain is approximately 150 amino acids and adopts a canonical structure consisting of four α-helices and 3–4 β-strands. Structural analyses of RING–E2 complexes reveal that RING domains interact on a similar surface of the E2 enzyme. We postulate that the mechanism of interaction between an E2 enzyme and its cognate RING E3 domain may contribute to the extent of substrate modification. In this review, we compare the primary and secondary structures of human E2 enzymes and examine their quaternary structure with RING domains. Our analyses reveal the interactions appear to be relatively conserved with similar types of amino acids involved.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Major Constraint in Fruit Production
Authors: Keshari Nishi , Mallikarjun Gurram
Published: January 2022

The plant parasitic nematodes are one of the major limiting factors in fruit trees specially in citrus, banana, papaya, jackfruit, guava etc. The root knot nematodes are the major problem amongst all those nematodes infecting on these trees. Besides, directly causing a huge losses, they are also inviting the secondary plant pathogens, like fungi, bacteria, viruses etc. amongst which, the wilt fungus, Fusarium species increase the severity of the diseases. This complex disease is becoming much severe in banana and guava recent years. In citrus also, the citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, is causing havoc by slow decline disease and it is becoming a major problem in horticultural nurseries because these nurseries are a hot spot of citrus nematodes. So, unknowingly these nematodes get spread to different places. The management of these nematodes by simple, cheap and eco friendly methods, is very important as it will decrease the monetary pressure on cultivators as well as it helps in improving environmental pollution.
Anatomic and Topographic Vitreous and Vitreoretinal Interface Features during Chromovitrectomy of A, B, C Stages of Proliferative Diabetic Vitreoretinopathy (P. Kroll’s Classification of Proliferative Diabetic Vitreoretinopathy, 2007):Fyodorov’s Eye Micro
Authors: Kislitsyna Natalia , Novikov Sergei
Published: January 2022

Methods and results of the developed vitreous body imaging technique in proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy diagnostics using new contrast dye during operation. The P. Kroll”s classification of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was modified after receiving new data about vitreoretinal interface structures during investigation using chromovitrectomy.
Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality – A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stella Shumba Dorcas
Published: January 2022

Food production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is exposed to climatic variations and weather-related shocks which affect agricultural output beyond the manageable limits of smallholder farmers. To manage food production uncertainties, weather index insurance (WII) pilot projects have been launched across SSA since the early 2000s. Due to low adoption rates among smallholder farmers, insurance providers have partnered with risk aggregators such as microfinance institutions to foster the demand for and uptake of WII. Despite this, demand for WWI remains low. This chapter seeks to explore the gap between the assertion, that WII is a promising risk transfer mechanism for smallholder farmers in SSA and the realisation that, even where microfinance is made available, subscription rates among smallholder farmers rarely rise. The practice of linking insurance with credit is considered to be important because, in principle, when smallholder farmers have access to insurance, they pose less risk to creditors. In this sense, insurance can crowd-in credit, the lack of which has long been identified as a major, if not the main, constraint for smallholders in developing countries.
Ammonium Fluorides in Mineral Processing
Authors: Dyachenko Alexander
Published: January 2022

The possibility of using ammonium fluoride as a new reagent for processing mineral raw materials is considered. Ammonium fluorides are the most convenient and technological fluorinating agents for the decomposition of the silicon component of ores. Advantages the use of ammonium fluoride (or hydrodifluoride) as a desiliconizing agent, the possibility of its complete regeneration. The processes of deep processing of silicon, zirconium, titanium, and beryllium minerals are considered. The excellence of using ammonium fluoride in the processing of mineral raw materials have been proven. The physicochemical laws of the processes are considered, technological schemes are proposed. The material will be useful in the further introduction of fluoride technologies at enterprises for the processing of quartz, zircon, ilmenite, and phenakite.
Doping and Transfer of High Mobility Graphene Bilayers for Room Temperature Mid-Wave Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: K. Sood Ashok , W. Zeller John , Ghuman Parminder , Babu Sachidananda , K. Dhar Nibir , N. Jacobs Randy , S. Chaudhary Latika , Efstathiadis Harry , Ganguly Samiran , W. Ghosh Avik , Ziauddin Ahmed Sheikh , Ferdous Tonni Farjana
Published: January 2022

High-performance graphene-HgCdTe detector technology has been developed combining the best properties of both materials for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detection and imaging. The graphene functions as a high mobility channel that whisks away carriers before they can recombine, further contributing to detection performance. Comprehensive modeling on the HgCdTe, graphene, and the HgCdTe-graphene interface has aided the design and development of this MWIR detector technology. Chemical doping of the bilayer graphene lattice has enabled p-type doping levels in graphene for high mobility implementation in high-performance MWIR HgCdTe detectors. Characterization techniques, including SIMS and XPS, confirm high boron doping concentrations. A spin-on doping (SOD) procedure is outlined that has provided a means of doping layers of graphene on native substrates, while subsequently allowing integration of the doped graphene layers with HgCdTe for final implementation in the MWIR photodetection devices. Successful integration of graphene into HgCdTe photodetectors can thus provide higher MWIR detector efficiency and performance compared to HgCdTe-only detectors. New earth observation measurement capabilities are further enabled by the room temperature operational capability of the graphene-enhanced HgCdTe detectors and arrays to benefit and advance space and terrestrial applications.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Microbiome Alterations
Authors: Rafat Dalia
Published: January 2022

The maternal microbiome has been identified as a critical driver for a variety of important mother and child health outcomes. Studies have demonstrated changes in maternal microbiome during pregnancy. These changes may have an impact on the maternal metabolic profile, play a role in pregnancy problems, and contribute to the metabolic and immunological health of the offspring. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a major challenge for prenatal healthcare providers, not only because of the negative short and long-term effects on the mother’s and baby’s health, but also because its aetiology has been poorly understood till now. The developing link between maternal microbiome and metabolic disorders in pregnancy can be offered as a new target in their prevention and treatment, as well as in reducing their negative health outcomes; however, there has been very little research done on this. Diabetes’ impact on site-specific maternal microbiome alterations during pregnancy is similarly poorly understood. Given the rising prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy and the potential importance of the maternal microbiome, more research is needed to understand and rigorously examine how metabolic disorders in pregnancy affect the pregnancy-associated microbiome, as well as whether these microbial alterations affect the health of the mother and her offspring.
Non-pharmacological Therapies in Integrative Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy
Authors: J. Ursa Herguedas Andrés
Published: January 2022

Although pharmacological therapy is a resource to be taken into account in rehabilitation medicine and physiotherapy (RMP), a series of therapies, techniques, and empirical practices have been available since time immemorial, some with scientific publications, which play an important role in healthcare current health worldwide. Some millennials like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and medicinal plants (MP), and other centenarians like Homeopathic Medicine (HM) and Osteopathic Medicine (OM). In the twentieth century, numerous medical techniques were developed, framed under the term of Biological Medicine in Europe such as Antihomotoxic Medicine (AM), Neural Therapy (NT), Catalytic Oligotherapy (CO). Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the wealth of experiences and knowledge on the application of Growth Factors in therapeutics, Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, and other related techniques that have enriched medical practice has increased. The objective of this chapter is to highlight the convenience of incorporating unconventional therapies (UT) techniques with scientific evidence into RMP that enjoy efficacy, efficiency, and economic and environmental sustainability. It would be desirable to allocate more financial resources to continue researching these therapies, implement them in Health Sciences studies and continue working to comply with the maxim of medicine that is “primum non nocere” (first do no harm).
Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops: Transportation via Food Chain, Human Consumption, Toxicity and Management Strategies
Authors: C.R. Vanisree , Singh Sankhla Mahipal , Singh Prashant , B. Jadhav Ekta , Kumar Verma Rohit , Kant Awasthi Kumud , Awasthi Garima , Nagar Varad
Published: January 2022

Food security is a major concern that requires sustained advancement both statistically and on the basis of Qualitative assessment. In recent years, antagonistic impacts of unforeseen toxins have impacted the quality of crops and have created a burden on human lives. Heavy metals (e.g., Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) can affect humans, adding to dreariness and in severe cases even death. It additionally investigates the conceivable geological routes of heavy metals in the surrounding subsystems. The top-to-the-bottom conversation is additionally offered on physiological/atomic movement systems engaged with the take-up of metallic foreign substances inside food crops. At long last, the board procedures are proposed to recapture maintainability in soil–food subsystems. This paper reflects the contamination of the food crops with heavy metals, the way of transport of heavy metal to food crops, degree of toxicity after consumption and the strategies to maintain the problem.
Use of Common Buckwheat in the Production of Baked and Pasta Products
Authors: Bojňanská Tatiana , Vollmannová Alena , Lidiková Judita , Musilová Janette
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces buckwheat as a possible raw material for the production of designed foods. It includes the description of common buckwheat as a source of basic nutrients for food production and gives specificities of buckwheat as a source of biologically active substances. Processed buckwheat seeds are important from the point of view of rational nutrition as a source of energy, carbohydrates, fibre, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Buckwheat has also other nutritional advantages, especially the interesting content of polyphenolic compounds: phenolic acids, flavonoids, especially rutin, which are characterised by high antioxidant activity. This chapter describes how buckwheat can be processed into food products and discusses the results of the application of buckwheat to bread and pasta. Moreover, it includes the results of the clinical study. Based on the identified technological and sensory properties of bread products obtained during the baking experiment, the chapter summarises recommendations on the suitable added amount of buckwheat to get satisfactory results. Concerning pasta from buckwheat, it had very good technological, nutritional, and sensory qualities. The chapter concludes that, on the basis of findings, buckwheat is a raw material suitable for the production of designed foods.
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils
Authors: Nazir Ishrat , Ahmad Gangoo Sajad
Published: January 2022

It is a common perspective that medicinal plants have played and continue to perform an undeniably major role in the lives of people worldwide. Essential oils are the key constituents of medicinal herbs and their biological activities have been discovered since ancient times and are enormously utilised in multiple industries. The essential oils possess important biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal, etc. Because of these unique features they are more acceptable and are utilised in various fields throughout the world. In the cosmetics industry they play an important role in the development of perfumes while in the food industry they have been used as food preservatives. Essential oil components are interestingly utilised for pharmaceutical applications. The most investigated properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, anxiolytic activities etc. The current thrust area is evaluation for aromatherapy and anti-cancer, as it is noted that essential oils reported in plants may prevent, inhibit, or even reverse formation of cancerous cells. The aim of this chapter is to provide a concise and comprehensive overview on the therapeutic and pharmaceutical potential of essential oils in the current scenario.
A Microfluidic Device as a Drug Carrier
Authors: Ejeta Fikadu
Published: January 2022

The development of nanomedicine or medical nanotechnology, has brought important new ways to the development of medicines and biotechnology products. As a result of groundbreaking discoveries in the use of nanoscale materials significant commercialization initiatives have been launched and are at the forefront of the rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology by using smart particles. Microfluidic technologies use nano-and micro-scale manufacturing technologies to develop controlled and reproducible liquid microenvironments. Lead compounds with controlled physicochemical properties can be obtained using microfluidics, characterized by high productivity, and evaluated by biomimetic methods. Microfluidics, for example, can not only produce nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible, and high-throughput manner, but it can also continuously create three-dimensional environments to mimic physiological and/or pathological processes. Materials with smart properties can be manipulated to respond in a controllable and reversible way, modifying some of their properties as a result of external stimuli such as mechanical stress or a certain temperature. All in all, microfluidic technology offers a potential platform for the rapid synthesis of various novel drug delivery systems. Therefore, these smart particles are equally necessary as the drug in drug delivery.
Use of Shear Wave Elastography in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Halil Ibrahim Celik , Aynur Ayşe Karaduman
Published: January 2022

Muscle shear-wave elastography (SWE) is an exciting and rapidly evolving ultrasound technique that allows quantification of muscle stiffness with a non-invasive, non-painful and non-irradiating examination. It has the potential of wider clinical use due to relatively low-cost, providing real-time measurement and, especially for the pediatric population, taking less time and sedation/anesthesia-free. Research indicate that muscle SWE shows promise as an adjunct clinical tool for differentiating between a normal and an abnormal muscle, monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, altering the therapeutic intervention, or deciding treatment duration. This chapter will aim to provide an overview of the knowledge about the using of muscle SWE in common pediatric musculoskeletal disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy, Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, and Congenital Muscular Torticollis in the light of current evidence.
Evaluating A Mobile App for Data Collection in Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Svarre Tanja , Bangsgaard Bang Marie , Bieber Lunn Tine
Published: January 2022

This study investigates the use of a mobile app for data collection in occupational therapy practice. Seven occupational therapists used a mobile app to collect data on housing-adaptation home visits for a period of two months. The occupational therapists documented five home visits on an online diary to document their use of the mobile app. Subsequently, a follow-up focus-group interview was conducted to discuss the diary results and elaborate on the use of the app in occupational therapy practice. The benefits of using the mobile app include the app’s systematic approach, ease of navigation, and the automation of data collection steps. Limitations include the inability to capture the complexity of the practice. Thus, the occupational therapists to some extent experienced that the need to use the mobile app is an added task in therapists’ daily work that did not reflect their current practice. Future transformations of paper-based tools must be conducted in a way that closely reflects the work processes in clinical practice. This study suggests that a digitized tool holds significant potential for developing clinical practice, but digitization does not change the issues or the complexity associated with the tool itself or the existing practice.
Perspective Chapter: Depression as a Disorder of Monoamine Axon Degeneration May Hold an Answer to Two Antidepressant Questions - Delayed Clinical Efficacy and Treatment-Resistant Depression
Authors: Nakamura Shoji
Published: January 2022

It has long been known that the pathophysiology of depression is associated with a reduction in the brain concentrations of monoamines, that is, serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Although conventional antidepressant drugs increase monoamine contents immediately after their administration, it takes several weeks or more before their clinical efficacy becomes evident. The mechanism of the delayed onset of antidepressant effects remains elusive. Furthermore, over 30–50% of patients with depression show resistance to antidepressant drug treatment. Thus, two major questions remain to be resolved—(1) delayed clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs, and (2) a large percentage of treatment-resistant depression. First, this review describes the evidence, obtained from animal and human studies, that similar to early-stage Parkinson’s disease, depression is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of monoamine axons and the delayed clinical efficacy of antidepressants is due to their regenerative action on damaged monoamine axons. Moreover, the causes of treatment-resistant depression are discussed in relation to inflammation as a cause of neurodegeneration. This review provides new insights into not only the pathophysiology of depression but also the diagnosis and therapy of early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
An Approach to Modify the Current Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Systems into Integrated Bioindustrial Systems and Biorefineries to Develop Sustainable Bioeconomy
Authors: Samer Mohamed
Published: January 2022

The existing agricultural and agro-industrial systems are not economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable as they implement the linear mode of production, which should be amended to the cyclic mode of production to promote sustainability. Therefore, this study aims at providing an approach to transform the present agricultural systems (beef, dairy, and poultry farms as well as cereals and vegetable crops production) and agro-industrial systems (ethanol industry and fish industry) into integrated bioindustrial systems and biorefineries by altering their linear mode of production into a circular mode of production to create a coherent bioeconomy, where the bioeconomy includes the conversion of renewable bioresources and waste streams into value-added bioproducts, such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels, and bioenergy. Whereas the integrated bioindustrial systems allow designing cyclic production and consumption systems to maximize the resources and energy use efficiencies, forming a further ecologically sound and healthy environment through conversion of biowaste into value-added bioproducts, and emphasizing the socio-economic development through creating new employment opportunities and ground-breaking technologies and novel bioproducts. An important key issue is that digitalization is essential to the development of the bioeconomy, where digitalization supports practices innovation by boosting both supply and value chains in the circular bio-based economy.
Salp Swarm Optimization with Self-Adaptive Mechanism for Optimal Droop Control Design
Authors: A. Ebrahim Mohamed , M. Abdel Fattah Reham , M. Saied Ebtisam , M. Abdel Maksoud Samir , El Khashab Hisham
Published: January 2022

The collaboration of the various distributed generation (DG) units is required to meet the increasing electricity demand. To run parallel-connected inverters for microgrid load sharing, several control strategies have been developed. Among these methods, the droop control method was widely accepted in the research community due to the lack of important communication links between parallel-connected inverters to control the DG units within a microgrid. To help to solve the power-sharing process, keep to frequency and voltage constrained limits in islanded mode microgrid system. The parameter values must therefore be chosen accurately by using the optimization technique. Optimization techniques are a hot topic of researchers; hence This paper discusses the microgrid droop controller during islanding using the salp swarm inspired algorithm (SSIA). To obtain a better fine microgrid output reaction during islanding, SSIA-based droop control is used to optimally determine the PI gain and the coefficients of the prolapse control. The results of the simulation show that the SSIA-based droop control can control the power quality of the microgrid by ensuring that the keep to frequency and voltage constrained limits and deviation and proper power-sharing occurs during the microgrid island mode during a load change.
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) – Alternative Fibre Source for Papermaking
Authors: Sunday Noah Akpan
Published: January 2022

Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) is one of the most economical perennial oil crops for its valuable oil-producing fruits in tropical regions such as West Africa and South-East Asia. During oil extraction process, these fruits are usually stripped from the fruit bunches leaving behind empty bunches to be discarded as residues. Thus, empty fruit bunches (EFB) of Elaeis guineensis are usually considered as waste in the oil palm industry. The abundance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has created enormous environmental issue, ranging from fouling, attraction of pests, greenhouse gas emissions to soil acidification, thus posing very serious threats to humans and the environment. Globally, in 2014 alone, over 22.4 million tons of EFB were estimated to have been produced. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly disposal methods and productive utilisation of oil palm EFB as alternative fibrous material for papermaking becomes imperative in converting waste to wealth, and initiating environmental wellness. Elaeis guineensis empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre on the average measures 0.99 μm in length, while the fibre diameter and cell wall thickness are 19.1 μm and 3.38 μm respectively. Fibres of EFB are of ligno-cellulosic materials, consisting on the average of an estimated cellulosic content of 30–50%, 15–35% of hemicelluloses and the lignin constituting about 20–30% of extractive-free fibre. The rich cellulose base of EFB fibre makes Elaeis guineensis a good potential resource for papermaking furnish moreso that the pulp and paper industry is often referred to as the cellulose industry. Every 5 tons of EFB gives 1 ton of pulp for papermaking. This book chapter will therefore attempt to examine the fibre morphological characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch, the chemical properties of EFB fibre, papermaking potentials of empty fruit bunches and ultimately their impact on the environment.
An Overview Study of Micro-Grids for Self-Production in Renewable Energies
Authors: Sekhane Hocine
Published: January 2022

Micro-grids (μ-grids) are small-scale power grids, specially designed to provide low voltage (LV) power supply to a small number of consumers. These networks include: different production units (energy resources), storage devices and local controllable loads, which have the possibility of being controlled. In this chapter, we will study in detail the constitution of an electrical micro-grid, their two operating modes (connected mode and islanded mode), and their controls. On the other hand, we will also discuss on hybrid micro-grids and their advantages. We will also discuss for the monitoring and data logging products used in micro-grids and hybrid micro-grids. Finally, at the end of this chapter we will ended with the importance of micro-grids systems.