bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irrigation management for sustainable cane production
Authors: THOMAS MATHEW  , KURUVILLLA VARUGHESE
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1998-99 and 1999-2000 to standardize the methods of irrigation with and without trash mulching. All furrow irrigation positively influenced all yield attributes and nutrient uptake and appreciably increased the cane yield. It was comparable with alternate furrow irrigation with trash mulching. The cane growth as well as cane production was reduced under skip furrow irrigation with or without trash mulching. Since the combination of trash mulching with all furrow and alternate furrow irrigation recorded comparable val- ues for cane yield, it could be possible to economize the use of irrigation water to the tune of 41% by following alternate furrow irrigation during the formative phase of sugarcane. It also recorded the highest water-use effi- ciency, energy-use efficiency and productivity, indicating the effective and efficient utilization of resources with better conservation.
Residue-management practices using fly ash and various crop residues for productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Tritieum aestivum) cropping system under limited moisture conditions
Authors: DILEEP KACHROO  , A.K. DlXlT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, during 2001-03, to evaluate the effect of fly ash and residue incorporation on the productivity and soil health in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system under limited moisture conditions. Incorporation of residues of rice in wheat and wheat in rice not only increased the yield and yield components of rice and wheat but also increased the nutrient uptake besides improving the physico- chemical and biological properties of the soil which provide better soil environment for growth. Alterna- tively the incorporation of fly ash and left-over stubbles of previous crops as residues were found equally effec- tive in increasing the productivity and soil environment in rice-wheat cropping system.For quick and better de- composition the application of Trichoderma viride + 20 kg Nlha as starter dose influenced the yield, available nu- trients, microbial population and physical poperties of the soil significantly compared with no starter dose appli- cation.
Effect of fertilizers and tillage management in rice (Oryza sativa)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system under varying irrigation schedules
Authors: R.L. ARYA  , LALIT KUMAR  , KX. SlNGH  , B.L. KUSHWAHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2000-01 and 2001-02 at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, to study the effect of fertilizers, tillage and irrigation management in chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) raised after rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significantly higher growth and yield attributes of chickpea were obtained under- treatment 30:60:40 kg NPWha, deep ploughing with spade (23 cm deep) and cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) of 60 mm compared to 20:40:40 kg NPWha, normal ploughing and CPE of 80 rnrn. Significantly higher grain and straw yield of chickpea, chickpea-equivalent yield and monetary returns were obtained with 30:60:40 kg NPWha than 20:40:40 kg NPWha. Among the various tillage practices, deep ploughing with spade (23 cm deep) re- corded significantly higher grain and straw yields of chickpea, chickpea-equivalent yield and economics than normal ploughing. Significantly higher productivity and monetary returns of chickpea was obtained at CPE of 80 mm compared to CPE of 80 mm. The NPK uptake by rice and chickpea and total uptake by the system were sig- nificantly higher under CPE of 60 mm, deep tillage and 30:60:40 kg NPWha than CPE of 80 mm, normal tillage and 20:40:40 kg NPWha. Bulk density, particle density, water-holding capacity, pore space and volume expan- sion of soil were greatly influenced by different tillage and nutrients management. The residual effect of nutrients management and tillage practices applied during the winter (rabo season was also seen in the preceding crop of rice in second year.
Effect of integrated nutrient management in maize (Zea mays) on succeeding winter crops under rainfed conditions
Authors: J.S. JAMWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Dryland Research Substation, Rakh Dhiansar, Bari-Brahmana, to evaluate the residual effect of integrated nu- trient management in maize (Zea mays L.) on succeeding gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Application of recommended dose of NPK (60:40:20 kglha) + 20 kg ZnSOJha during kharif signifi- cantly increased the grain yield of maize as well as the succeeding crops of gobhi sarson and chickpea. Applica- tion of farmyard manure (FYM) significantly increased the available N, P and K status of the soil after maize har- vest. Available P status of the soil after the harvest of gobhi sarson and chickpea also increased significantly due to the residual effect of FYM and fertility levels.
Integrated nutrient management in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)+hickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping sequence under irrigated conditions
Authors: P.P. GAWAll  , V.S. PAWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03 at Rahuri, Maharashtra, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenchl-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop- ping sequence under irrigation. Application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + farmyard manure (FYM) + biofertilizer [Azospirillum and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] gave significantly higher plant height, dry mater, yield attributes and grain and fodder yields of sorghum, and was on a par with application of 100% RDF through inorganics alone showing 25% saving of nutrients. The residual effect of application of 5 tonnes FYMIha to preceding sorghum resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes and yield of chickpea owing to 100% RDF to chickpea and at par with that of 50% RDF showing 50% saving of nutrients. The net monetary returns and benefit : cost (B : C) ratio of a sequence were significantly higher owing to 100% RDF which were at par with that of 75% RDF + FYM + biofertilizer. The fertilizer levels to chickpea showed the highest net monetary owing to 100% RDF and highest B : C ratio owing to 50% RDF. Significantly higher nutrient bal- ance was recorded because of 75 % RDF + FYM + biofertilizers applied to sorghum and 100% RDF applied to chickpea.
Production potential of high value cropping systems in coastal ecosystem
Authors: KURUVILLA VARUGHESE
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03 at the Cropping Systems Research Centre of Kerala Agricultural University, Karamana, to study the production potential and economics of new cropping sys- tems. The highest production potential and net income were obtained by rice (Oryza sativa L.), banana (Musa paradisiaca) followed by rice-rice-okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cropping systems. The nutrient management above the present package of practices (POP) recommendations also increased net income in all the cropping systems included in the study. However, the highest benefit : cost ratio was obtained in rice-rice- green manure crop dhaincha [Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.] cropping system.
Effect of moisture-conservation practices on productivity and water use in maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping systems under rainfed conditions
Authors: K.S. RANA  , R.K. SHIVRAN  , ASHOK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy season (kharif) of 2001 and 2002 to study the relative moisture utilization by maize (Zea mays L.) grown in a mixed or in a sole situation. The maize equivalent was higher in maize paired row (40180 cm) + 2 rows of mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) than the sole maize crop. An increase in water-use efficiency (WUE) was observed in intercropping systems. The water-use efficiency was the highest (1 0.1 4 maize equivalent uselhalmm) in maize paried row (40180 cm) + 2 rows of mungbean. Growth, yield attributes and yield as well as maize equivalent were significantly improved with farmyard manure (FYM) + dust mulch + straw mulch treatment over no mulch. Among the moisture-conservation practices, higher WUE was recorded under FYM+dust mulch + straw mulch, closely followed by Kaolin + dust mulch + straw mulch.
Production potential and profitability of autumn sugarcane-based intercropping systems as influenced by intercrops and row spacing
Authors: N.S. RANA  , SANJAY KUMAR  , S.K SAINI  , G.S. PANWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2000-2002 at Pantnagar, Uttaranchal, to study the feasibility of vari- ous intercrops with autumn sugarcane. Treatments comprising 12 combinations, 6 cropping systems, viz. sole sugarcane, sugarcane + lentillmustardlmaize/rajmash/rapeseed, as intercrop and 2 row spacings for sugarcane planting, viz. 75 cm, and 90 cm were tested in randomized block design. All the intercrops except maize, re- duced cane yield attributed to decline in number of millable canes. Mean reduction in cane yield was 8.7% with lentil, 14.8% with mustard, 13.3% with rajmash and 8.7% with rapeseed. Sugarcane planted at 90 cm spacing produced 9.5% higher cane yield than that at 75 cm. Sugarcane + maize gave the highest mean cane-equiva- lent yield (200.6 tonneslha) being 52.5, 45.4, 55.7, 50.0 and 48.6% higher than sole sugarcane and its intercrop- ping with lentil, mustard, rajmash and rapeseed, respectively. Sugarcane intercropped with maize gave highest net return of R s 124,8741ha followed by sugarcane alone (Rs 71 ,I 45) as against Rs 62,104; 65,067; 67,138 and 69,040 with intercropping of mustard, rajmash, rapeseed and lentil respectively. Row spacing for sugarcane of 90 cm gave higher cane equivalent yield and monetary return over 75 cm. [lentil : Lens culinaris Medikus; mustard : Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson; maize; Zea mays L.; rajmash: Phaseolus radiatus L.; rapeseed: Brassica napus]
Effect of cultural and intergrated methods of weed control on cotton, intercrop yield and weed-control efficiency in cotton-based cropping systems
Authors: A.N. GIRI  , M.N. DESHMUKH  , S.B.GORE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on clayey soils during the rainy seasons (kharif) of 1999-2000 to 2002-03 at Parbhani to find out the effective and economic method of weed control for cotton (Gossypium spp.) + blackgram [Phaseolus mungo (L.) Wilczek] and cotton + soybean [Glycine maw L.) Merr.] intercropping systems. In cotton + blackgram intercropping, integrated weed management with pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.100 kg/ha or pendimethalin @ 0.75 kglha supplemented with weeding and hoeing at 6 weeks after sowing proved as effective as that of 3 hand-weedings and hoeings at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after sowing (rec- ommended cultural practice). This treatment also helped reduce the weed population and weight of dry weeds at first picking with highest weed-control efficiency, enhanced the cotton-equivalent yield and net monetary returns, and proved more economical than the recommended cultural practice. In cotton + soybean intercropping, pre- emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.100 kg/ha supplemented with hand-weeding and hoeing at 6 weeks after sowing proved equally effective in controlling the population and dry weight of weeds, and was as eco- nomical as that of cultural practice of 3 hand-weedings and hoeings at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after sowing.
Effect of level and time of nitrogen application with and without vermicompost on yield, yield attributes and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: D.K. ROY  , B.P. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Hisar, to de- termine the impact of N fertilizer applied at different growth stages, with and without vermicompost on yield com- ponents, grain yield and malting quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., s.1.) in the first trial and to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus with and without vermicompost on yield and nutrient uptake by barley in the second. Nitrogen application significantly enhanced the grain and straw yields up to 90 kg Nlha. All the yield components, grain yield and nutrient uptake attained their maximum value with 10 tonneslha vermicompost. The grain and malt quality of barley was also influenced significantly with the application of vermicomposf and nitrogen levels. The result indicated that N fertilizer strategies for malting barley should en- sure relatively small amount of available one-third N at sowing for crop establishment and initial tiller develop- ment. Additional one-third N would then be applied at first irrigation (35 days after sowing) and one-third N at flowering (70 days). The highest grain yield and nutrient uptake were recorded with N,,P,, level of fertility.
Effect of plantinggeometry and nitrogen on yield, economics and nitrogen uptake of sweet corn (Zea mays)
Authors: P.P. KAR  , K.C. BARIK  , P.K. MAHAPATRA  , L.M. GARNAYAK  , B.S. RATH  , D. K. BASTIA  , C.M. KHANDA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 at Central Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneshwar to study the effect of planting geometry and nitrogen on sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cv 'Madhuri'. Twenty treatment combinations, comprising four spacings (45 cm x 30 cm, 45 cm x 20 cm, 60 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 20 cm) allotted to the main plots and five nitrogen levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kglha) to the sub- plots, were tested in split-plot design with three replications. The spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm significantly in- creased the number of prime cobs (54,108/ha), green-cob yield (9.21 t o ~ e d h a ) , nitrogen uptake (53.62 kglha), protein yield (174.35 kglha) and accrued highest net return (Rs 48,5711ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.55), fol- lowed by 45 cm x 30 crn spacing. Application of 80 kg Nlha produced significantly highest number of prime cobs (62,328/ha), green-cob yield (9.80 tonneslha), length (17.5 cm) and girth (16.7 cm) of cobs, green-forage yield (17.35 tlha), total N uptake (91.2 kglha) and protein yield (280.8 kglha). Significantly highest net returns (Rs 61,5321ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.76) were realized with 80 kg Nlha, followed by 60 and 40 kg Nlha.
Effect of boron and sulphur on performance of gram (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: ASHOK KUMAR  , SHAMBHU PRASAD  , S.B. KUMAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2001 -02 and 2002-03 to study the effect of boron and sulphur on the growth and yield of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). A combined dose of 10 kg borax + 30 kg sulphur/ha gave signifi- cantly maximum average seed yield (15.98 qlha), which outyielded other treatments except the application of 0.25 % boric acid (thrice) + 30 kg sulphurlha. Single application of boron gave higher yield than of sulphur. Podslplant, and 100-seed weight were also significantly higher under combined application of boron and sul- phur. Net return was maximum (Rs 21,0821ha) under 10 kg borax + 30 kg sulphurlha. Boron concentration and uptake increased significantly under combined application than the control or single application of these two ele- ments.
Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) to sources and levels of phosphorus under rainfed condition
Authors: AVNISH KUMAR  , H S. KUSHWAHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 to study the effect of sources and levels of phosphorus on productivity of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Application of single superphos- phate (SSP) produced significantly higher noduleslplant, dry weight of noduleslplant and pods/plant than that of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Application of SSP increased the seed yield, total P uptake and net returns over their respective DAP respectively by &I%, 0.53 kg P,O,/ha and R s 9131ha. Phosphorus application increased the noduleslplant, dry weight of noduleslplant, podslplant, seed yield, total P uptake and net returns significantly. Seed y~eld and net returns increased slgnlficantly with P levels up to 40 kg P,O,/ha, giving 52.4 and 18.3 % and Rs 6,757 and Rs 3,002lha more over the control and 20 kg P,O, respectively. ReturnsIRe invested was recorded more under 60 and 80 kg P,OJha (Rs 2.76), followed by 40 kg P,O,/ha (Rs 2.66). The agronomic P-use effi- ciency (APUE) and apparent P recovery were higher in SSP; however, these were recorded more at lower level of P and decreased with increase in P level. The physiological efficiency of phosphorus (PEP) and phosphorus- use efficiency (PUE) were calculated more in DAP. However, PEP increased with increase in P level.
Effect of iron and sulphur levels on yield, oil content and their uptake by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: NARESH KUMAR  , SANDEEP SlNGH  , VlNAY SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter seasons (rabi) of 1999-2000 and 200041 to study the effect of graded levels of iron and sulphur on lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. lndian mustard responded significantly to the application of Fe and S. The seed and stover yields increased linearly up to 20 kg Felha and 40 kg Slha. The seed yield (17.72 qlha) at 20 kg Felha was 12.4% higher than that obtained in the control. Similarly, application of 40 kg Slha gave the highest seed yield (18.37 glha), which was 28.1% more in comparison with that of the control. The uptake of Fe and S significantly increased up to 40 kg Slha and 40 kg Felha, and at 60 kg Slha and 20 kg Felha respectively. Oil content increased significantly with Fe and S addition. The added Fe and S were utilized maximum under application of the lowest levels of Fe and S.
Feasibility of mechanical harvesting of sugarcane (Saccharurn spp. hybrid)
Authors: ARVIND MlSRA  , B.K. TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Farm of Regional Centre, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Karnal, dur- ing 1998-99 and 1999-2000, to find out the feasibility of growing sugarcane at row spacing of 150 cm required for mechanical harvesting by austoft harvester. Planting of 172,144 budstha in paired rows of 40 : 110 cm, con- ventional row spacing of 75 cm with setts placed along the rows and wide row spacing of 150 cm with setts placed across the rows (at equal seed rates in all the cases) gave at par cane yieldtha. Intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.), Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson], coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) reduced the cane yield by 17.2, 7.5, 6.9 and 2.0%, respec- tively, than sole sugarcane, but the significant reduction was recorded with wheat only. Maximum net monetary return of Rs 108,470tha was obtained from onion + sugarcane system, with higher benefit : cost ratio of 2.90. Based on cane-equivalent yieldtha, closer row spacing of 75 cm with setts placed along the rows recorded com- parable cane yield to row spacing of 150 cm coupled with setts placed across the rows (2 budded setts) with on- ion as an intercrop in both the cases. Thus, mechanical harvesting with aust~ft harvester is feasible by planting sugarcane at 150 cm spacing by adopting seed rate of 172,144 budstha with onion as an intercrop without any economic loss to the growers.
Response of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to phosphorus, sulphur and plant-growth regulators under semi-arid eastern plains zone of Rajasthan
Authors: K.C. NEHARA  , P.D. KUMAWAT  , B.P. SINGH   .. S.K.N. College ofAgriculture  , Jobner  , Rajasthan
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter seasons (rabi) of 2001 -02 and 2002-03 on a loamy sand soil of Jobner in Rajasthan, to study the response of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under different levels of phosphours (0, 25 and 50 kg P,Odha), sulphur (0, 25 and 50 kg Slha) and plant-growth regulators (control, Tricontanol 2 ppm, naphthaline acetic acid 20 pprn and etheophon 100 pprn). An increase in P level up to 50 kg P,O$ha and sulphur up to 50 kg Slha significantly increased the yield-attributing characters; the seed, straw and biological yields; and the net returns of fenugreek. The N, P and S contents of fenugreek in seed and straw and their total uptake increased significantly with increase in the level of applied phosphorus and sulphur up to 50 kglha, except the P and S content in seed and straw, where significant increase was recorded only up to 25 kg P,O$ha and 25 kg Slha. Among different growth-regulators, the application of NAA @ 20 pprn proved signifi- cantly better than the control, tricontanol and etheophon.
Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)- wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system as affected by establishment methods and tillage practices
Authors: MANGAT RAM  , HARl OM  , S.D. DHlMAN  , D.P. NANDAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03 on clay loam soil at Rice Research Station, Kaul, Haryana, to evaluate 4 methods of crop establishment and tillage practices in rice (Oryza sativa L.), viz. transplanting, direct seeding in puddled soil by drum seeder, direct seeding in friable soil by seed drill and direct seeding by zero-till drill; and 3 methods in succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) crop, viz. sowing with zero-till drill, sowing with rotavator drill and conventional sowing, for getting higher productivity and profitability of irrigated rice-wheat system. Manual transplanting of rice gave significantly higher grain yield of rice (70.8 qlha), followed by direct seeding of rice in puddled soil (58.0 qlha), whereas the lowest yield was obtained with dry seeding by seed drill or zero-till drill. The wheat sown after dry seeding of rice yielded signifi- cantly higher (48.4-49.6 qlha) than when sown after transplanted (46.3 qlha) or direct-seeded puddled rice (45.3 qlha). In wheat, sowing by rotavator drill (reduced tillage) or by zero-till drill (zero tillage) gave significantly higher grain yield (47.4 and 49.6 qlha respectively) than by conventional method (45.2 qlha). Transplanting in rice and sowing by rotavator in succeeding wheat resulted in the highest total productivity and profitability of the rice-wheat system.
Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under integrated nutrient-supply system in recently reclaimed sodic soil
Authors: VINAY SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy and winter seasons of 2001-04 to study the influence of integrated nutrient-supply system, comprising inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on the soil-fertility status, productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Three organic manures @ 10 tonneslha, viz. farmyard manure (FYM), Sesbania canabina (Retz.) Pers. (dhaincha) and cut rice straw were added at 50 and 100% of the recommended doses of NPK fertilizers. The green-manure dhaincha [Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. syn, S. aculeata] applied with 100% of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers gave the maximum yield of rice as well as wheat crop. This treatment also gave the highest net return and benefit : cost ratio and produced significantly higher biomass in terms of rice- equivalent yield. The total uptake of N, P, K and Zn by both the crops increased significantly with the application of fertilizers or their combined use with organic manures. Among the organic manures the overall performance of green-manure was the best, followed by farmyard manure and cut rice straw. Application of farmyard manure and cut rice straw as well as green-manuring in rice and wheat significantly improved the available N, P, K and Zn status of the soil.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in lowlands of eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: G. SINGH  , O.P. SINGH  , R.G. SINGH  , R.K. MEHTA  , V. KUMAR  , R.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1999-2002 at Crop Research Station, Ghaghraghat, Bahraich to study the effect of integrated nutrient supply on yield, yield attributes, nutrient uptake and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system and soil fertility. Application of 25% recommended dose of N (RDN) through pressmud and the rest 75% NPK through inorganic fertilizers to both crops increased the grain yield of rice and wheat by 51 .I and 56.2% rsspectively over no NPK treatment. Addition of zinc with 100% of recommended NPK through inorganic fertilizers gave higher grain and straw yields of both rice and wheat over 100% of recommended NPK alone. The rice-equivalent yield and total uptake of N, P and K by rice-wheat system were highest with 25% RDN through pressmud + 75% RDF through inorganic fertil- izers, followed by 50% RDN through pressmud + 50% RDN through inorganic fertilizers. The net income and benefit : cost ratios were also highest with 25% of recommended N through pressmud and the rest 75% NPK through inorganic fertilizer. The content of organic carbon and available phosphorus in soil improved in all inte- grated nutrient-management practices than its initial soil status. The value of potassium, bulk density, pH and electrical conductivity decreased in all the integrated nutrient-management practices compared with its initial soil status.
Direct and residual effects of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under urdbean (Vigna mungo)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping sequence in foot-hills of Uttaranchal
Authors: ADESH SlNGH  , N.P. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was'tdmducted during 2002-03 to 2003-04 at Pantnagar, to study~the direct and residual effects of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepperl-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping sequence. Plant height in urdbean varied significantly with the appli- cation of farmyard manure @ 5 tonnestha and phosphorus @ 40 kg P,O,/ha over their respective control. Farm- yard manure @ 5 tonneslha also resulted in significantly higher number of podstplant, grain and biological yields than no-farmyard manure application. However 20 and 40 kg P,O$ha,being at par, recorded significantly higher grain yield than the control. Yield attributes, yield and harvest index in wheat were not influenced by im- proved because the residual effect of farmyard manure and phosphorus applied to urdbean, whereas 75 and 100% of recommended level, being at par, resulted in significantly higher values of yield attributes and yield compared to 50% of recommended level. On economic point of view, 75% of recommended fertilizer level re- sulted in the highest net return and also gave at par wheat-grain-equivalent yield to 100% of recommended level. Total nutrient uptake of the system and soil-nutrient status after urdbean-wheat sequence also increased significantly because of the direct and residual sources of nurients.
Effect of row ratio and phosphorus level on performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping
Authors: AVANESH KUMAR  , B.P. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter seasons (rab~] of 2000-01 and 2001-02 at Agricultural Re- search Farm to find out the effect of row ratios (4:2, 6:2 and 8:2) and phosphorus levels (30, 60 and 90 kg P,O,/ ha) on chickpea or gram (Cicer arietinum L.) + Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] intercrop- ping on growth, yield attributes, yield, yield assessment and monetary returns as well as P uptake under dryland conditions in semi-arid region of central Uttar Pradesh. The highest land-equivalent ratio (LER), area x time equivalency ratio (ATER), effective yield total (EYT), net return and benefit : cost ratio were obtained at 6:2 row- ratio. Among the phosphorus levels tried, 60 kg P20$ha was found most economic. P uptake was significantly higher at 60 kg P,OJha in comparison with 30 kg P20,/ha. Net return was also highest, i.e. Rs 22,042.90 and 20,182.041ha at 6:2 row ratio and 60 kg P20$ha respectively.
Production potential of intercropping of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and maize (Zea mays) under various row proportions in rainfed Alfisols of West Bengal
Authors: D. DUTTA  , P. BANDYOPADHYAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2002 and 2003 at Jhargram, West Ben- gal, to evaluate the production potential and economic feasibility of intercropping of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and maize (Zea mays L.) under 6 row proportions (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 3:2, 4:2 and 5:2). Groundnut yield was reduced by 8-35% due to intercropping and yields of pigeonpea and maize were inversely proportional to groundnut row number. Yield components of main and intercrops were also decreased in intercropping systems. Among the intercropping systems, groundnut with pigeonpea in 5:2 row proportion or with maize in 4:2 row proportion was most remunerative in respect of net return and benefit : cost ratio. These 2 intercropping systems showed high competitive ratios, land-equivalent ratio and monetary advantage among all intercropping systems.
Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping in relation to row ratio, Indian mustard variety and fertility levels
Authors: R.K. SRIVASTAVA AN  J.S. BOHRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of varying row ratio, lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Zernj. & Cosson] variety and fertility levels on yield potential, competitive function and economics of wheat + lndian mustard intercrop- ping. Association of wheat with lndian mustard under 5 :1 row ratio was found more sustainable, as it accounted for higher value in terms of land-equivalent ratio (LER) and relative crowding coefficient (1.690) and was eco- nomically more remunerative. For association with wheat, lndian mustard var. 'Sanjucta Asesh' proved economi- cally viable than 'Vardan' with a minimum depression in yield and yield attributes of wheat. To achieve higher yield advantage and efficient resource utilization, an application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer to both the component crops was found imperative. Though performance of wheat was better in its sole stand, lndian mustard varieties thrived better in intercropping treatments to their solid stands. Key words : + mustard intercropping, Row ratio, Mustard variety, Fertility, LER, Economics, Rela- Wheat tive crowding coefficient
Performance of castor (Ricinus communis) and greengram (Vigna radiata) in agroforestry systems in semi-arid tropics
Authors: G. R. KORWAR  , G. PRATIBHA  , V. RAVl  , D. PALANI KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A 3-year study was conducted at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, during in rainy seasons of 2002, 2003 and 2004, to evaluate the influence of 3 agroforestry tree species, viz amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), tamarind (Tamarindus indicus L.) and (Acacia senegal Willd.) on the growth and yield of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under rainfed conditions. The yields of arable intercrops were significantly influenced by the trees. Maximum reduction was observed with A. senegal and the minimum with amla. With increase in age of trees, more reduction in arable crop yield was ob- served. Pooled over years, the grain yield of greengram was similar in sole crop and as intercrop with the 3 tree species. But in castor sole crop was superior to intercropping with tree species. Among the tree species, castor intercroped with alma and tamarind being at par were superior to A. senegal. Economic analysis showed the su- periority of agroforestry systems over sole crop systems.
Efficacy of herbicides in transplanted, medium-duration rice (Oryza saliva) under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu
Authors: AMARJIT S. BALI  , MAHINDER SINGH  , DILEEP KAGHROO  , B.C. SHARMA  , D.R. SHIVRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 on sandy-loam soils of Jammu, to test the efficacy of different herbicides in transplanted, medium-duration 'PC 19' ('Tawi') rice. Herbicide combi- nations, viz. anilophos + ethoxy sulfuron (0.312 + 0.015 kglha) applied 10 days after transplanting (DAT) or metsulfuron-methyl + chlonimuron ethyl + butachlor (0.004 + 0.938 kglha applied 3 DAT) or butachlor followed by (fb) metsulfuron-methyl + chlonimuron ethyl (0.938+0.004 kglha applied 3 DAT fb 21 DAT) with a mean grain yield of 48.1, 44.3 and 45.6 qlha, respectively, remained at par with 2 hand-weedings (20 and 40 DAT). How- ever, through improvement in weed-control efficiency corresponding mean values being 69.6, 60.8 and 61.5%, enhanced the grain yield significantly by 67.6, 54.4 and 58.9% respectively, over control. Among the herbicides, combination of anilophos and ethoxysulfuron proved most profitable with net returns of R s 14,2681ha and benefit : cost ratio of 1 :97.
Root growth, yield and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by irrigation and tillage practices in south Bihar
Authors: L.K. D S.S. SINGH  , PRASAD   N A. UPADHYAYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 3 winter seasons from 2000-01 to 2002-03 at Patna, to find out ef- fect of tillage practices, viz. zero tillage, bed planting and conventional, and irrigation levels, viz. 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm depth on rooting behaviour, yield and economics of wheat [(Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] in Usti- psamment soils. Root characters like area (10.5 cm2) and length (48.1 cm) were highest in bed planting, fol- lowed by conventional and zero tillage at tillering as well as flowering stages. Highest grain yield of 36.6 qlha was obtained in zero tillage, followed by conventional tillage (34.1 q/ha) and bed planting (31.5 qlha). lrrigation at 7 cm water depth resulted in maximum grain (34.2 qlha) and straw yields. Highest water-use efficiency (375 kglha-cm) was recorded with bed planting. A significant positive linear relationship was observed between irrgation depths and root growth and grain yield.
Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds
Authors: ROHITASHAV SINGH  , DHIMAN SEN  , N.S. RANA  , SANJAY KUMAR  , V.K. SINGH  , R.G. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Effect of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) and associated weeds was evaluated in a field experiment conducted during winter seasons of 1999- 2000 and 2000-01. Phalaris minor, Melilotus sp., Coronopus didymus and Medicago denticulata were the major weeds in the experimental field. Post-emergence application of dicamba alone at 250, 500, 1,000 glha and in combination with isoproturon at 150+1,000, 200+1,000 and 250+1,000 glha as well as with 2,4-D at 125+500 gl ha provided excellent control of broad-leaved weeds. Dicamba had no effect on /? minor population. All the weed-control treatments significantly increased the grain yield of wheat over weedy check. Maximum grain yield of wheat (50 qlha) was recorded under dicamba at 200 glha as tank-mix application with isoproturon at 1.0 kglha compared with the rest of the treatments except dicamba 250 glha as tank-mix application with isoproturon.
Study on integrated farming system in hilly upland areas of Bay Islands
Authors: N. RAVISANKAR  , S.C. PRAMANIK  , R.B. RAI  , SHAKILA NAWAZ  , TAPAN KR. BISWAS  , NABISAT BIB
Published: December 2023

lntegrated farming system, comprising the components like cropping, vegetables, floriculture, fishery, poultry, duckery and cattle (bullock, cow and calf) rearing was undertaken at Calicut village of South Andaman during 2004-06, to study the productivity, profitability, employment generation, energy flow and nutrient recycling for slopy upland areas of Bay Islands. Among the components evaluated, the highest net return was obtained from crop (81.09%), followed by livestock (14.3%), poultry (4.38%) and fish (0.38%). Employment generation was 346 mandayslhdyear under the integrated farming sytem. The net return obtained from all components was also higher under this system, with a benefit:cost ratio 3.30. To improve the productivity, economic returns and em- ployment generation for family labour, integration of all these components could be adopted instead of cultivat- ing the crop alone in the hilly upland situations of Andaman and Nicobar Group of Islands.
Productivity and economics of integrated farming system in irrigated agro- ecosystem of eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: KALYAN SINGH  , J. S. BOHRA  , T. K. SINGH  , J. P. SINGH  , YOGESHWAR SINGH  , C. S. SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment to identify an efficient farming system for irrigated agro-ecosystem of eastern Uttar Pradesh was carried out at Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during 2002-03 and 2003-04. Based on the 2-year study, rice (Oryza sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense Pair.)-okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) was selected as the most remunerative cropping sequence, with the highest rice grain-equivalent yield (170.98 qlha) and net return (Rs 66,079lha) among all the sequences. Dairy pro- duced considerably higher net return (Rs 3,17,904/ha) than poultry (Rs 39,7681ha) and fishery (Rs 21,2241ha) but had lower benefit: cost ratio (1.28) than the fish component (1.42). The poultry component was found least profitable for every rupee invested. The farming system comprising crop component [rice-pea-okra and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenchl-berseem (Tripliam alexandrinum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.)], dairy, poultry and fish- ery was identified as the most suitable and efficient farming system model, giving the highest system productivity, i.e. rice grain-equivalent yield of 1,237.5 qlha and net return under irrigated agro-ecosystem of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Balance-sheet of soil nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems under integrated nutrient management
Authors: P. SHALlNl PILLAI  , GEETHAKUMARI  , V. L.  , SHEEBA REBECCA ISSAC
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Kayamkulam, Alappuzha in Kerala to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on four rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems, compris- ing rice during the rainy (kharifj and winter (rabi) seasons; and four different crops during the summer season, in terms of their productivity, effect on the organic carbon of soil and nitrogen balance. Inclusion of legumes in the cropping system and integrated nutrient management improved the organic carbon status of the soil. The crop sequences rice-rice-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and rice-rice-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) showed a positive nitrogen balance in the soil, the maximum being after rice-rice-groundnut crop sequence. The crop sequences rice-rice-sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and rice-rice-okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) re- duced the available nitrogen status of the soil. Integration of nutrient sources made the predominant rice-rice- sesame cropping sequence more productive in the sandy-loam soil. Inclusion of groundnut and cowpea in rice- based crop sequences increased the yield of the succeeding crop of rice.
Phosphorus management in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) - wheat (Tritcum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: UMMED SINGH  , I. P. S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during 2002-03 and 2003-04 on sandy-loam soil with 10 kg available Plha to optimize the P requirement in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.1-wheat [Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system. This study revealed that 17.2 kg Plha to pigeonpea recorded higher mean growth (plant height, 158.7 cm; brancheslplant, 22.9 leaf-area index, 2.20), yield attributes (podslplant, 194.5; grainslpod, 4.45; 1,000-grain weight, 74.45 g) and grain yield (2.05 Mglha) over no P and phosphate- solubilizing bacteria (PSB) alone. Application of 17.2 kg Plha to the preceding pigeonpea also increased the mean growth (plant height, 72.7 cm; tillerslm row length, 101 .I; LAI, 3.1 1) and yield attributes (spikeslm row, 91.8; grainslspike, 33.4), and also grain yield of the succeeding wheat (4.55 Mglha) compared with no P to pigeonpea Besides residual P, direct application of P to wheat up to 17.2 kg Plha + PSB also increased the mean growth yield attributes and grain yield (4.85 Mglha) of wheat. Residual as well as direct-applied P up to 17.2 kg1P ha + PSB increased the total productivity of the cropping system in terms of pigeonpea-equivalent yield (residual, 4.48 Mglha; direct, 4.37 Mglha) over the preceding P levels. The cropping system removed the highest mean to- tal P (26.8 kglha) when both the crops received 34.4 kg Plha. The soil available P status after the cropping cycle improved over the initial status (10 kglha) with increasing rates of P application up to 34.4 kglha (18.8 kglha). However, negative balance of soil P (8.8 kglha) was noticed in the plots receiving no P.
Effect of irrigation levels on yield, water-use efficiency and economics of winter maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping systems
Authors: V. BHARATI  , RAVl NANDAN  , VlNOD KUMAR  , I. B. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Pusa in Bihar to study the effect of four irrigation levels, based on Irrigation water (IW): cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratio and four in- tercropping systems. The plant height, leaf-area index, yield attributes except number of cobslplant and grain yield of maize increased significantly with increase in IW:CPE ratio. Application of five irrigations each of 6 cm depth gave the maximum maize-equivalent yield, and net return1Re of investment. lntercroping of maize (Zea mays L.) reduced the maize yield but significant reduction was recorded only in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and toria (Brassica campustris L. var. toria) intercropping system. However, water-use efficiency (WUE) de- creased with increase in IW:CPE ratio and was maximum at IW:CPE 0.6. Among the intercrops, maximum WUE (on the basis of maize-equivalent yield) was obtained with maize + potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (561.89 kg1 ha-cm) and minimum with maize + toria (256.0 kglha-cm). All the intercrops with maize recorded significantly higher maize-equivalent yield than sole cropping of maize. Maize + potato recorded the highest (123.48 and 140.07 qlha) maize-equivalent yield and net return, whereas, sole cropping of maize recorded the maximum net return per rupee of investment. Among intercropping systems, maize+potato generated the highest net return (Rs 28,781 and 35,661), followed by maize + rajmash.
Performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + greengram (Phaseolus radiatus) intercropping system as influenced by moisture-conservation practice and fertility level under rainfed conditions
Authors: AJAY KUMAR  , K. S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on moisture conservation and nutrient-management practices in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.1-greengram [(Phaseolus radiatus (L.) Wilczek] intercropping system under rainfed conditions on sandy-loam soil at New Delhi in rainy season 2004 and 2005. The planting of one row of greengram between paired rows (30.70 cm) of pigeonpea proved superior to the sole pigeonpea in terms of pigeonpea-equivalent yield, water use and economics. Application of soil mulch + farmyard manure 5 tonneslha + Kaolin 6 per cent spray was found the best moisture-conservation practice by recording the maximum values of pigeonpea-equivalent yield, nutrient uptake and water-use efficiency. Application of 40 kg P,O,lha + 25 kg S I ha + phosphate-sutibilizing bacteria (PSB) recorded the maximum values of pigeonpea-equivalent yield, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency and net returns.
Response of sunflower (Heliunthus annuus) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercropping to different row ratios and nitrogen levels under rainfed conditions of temperate Kashmir
Authors: J. K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-K Regional Re- search Station, Wadura in Kashmir during rainy (kharif) season 2002 and 2003, to study the response of sun- . flower (Helianthus annuus L.) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping to different row ratios (1 :I and 2:2) and nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kglha) under rainfed conditions. lntercropping reduced the val- ues of growth parameters, yield attributes and seed yield of both sunflower and french bean compared with their sole crops. Both the intercroppings recorded significantly higher sunflower-equivalent yield (SEY), net income and benefit: cost ratio than their sole stands. lntercropping of sunflower + french bean under 2:2 row ratio re- corded significantly higher SEY (1,231 kglha), land-equivalent ratio (1.25), net income (Rs 13,138lha) and ben- efit: cost ratio (1.95), and also indicated a modest competitive ratio (2.10:0.48), followed by sunflower + french bean in 1 :I ratio. Both sunflower and french bean in sole and intercropping responded favourably up to 80 kg NI ha only for leaf-area index, dry-matter accumulation, yield attributes, seed yield, N uptake, net income and ben- efit: cost ratio. The interaction effects of the factors showed that mean SEY responded to N application up to 80 kglha in 2:2 row ratio of sunflower+ french bean.
Efficacy of herbicides and fertilizer management on weed dynamics in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: PANDEY  , D.K. DWlVEDl  , R.K. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabl) season of 2002-03 and 2003-04 to study the efficacy of herbicides and fertilizer management on weed dynamics of wheat (Tn'ticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). The intensity of weeds as well as total weed count were unaffected by the method and level of fertilizer applica- tion, but side placement of fertilizer significantly reduced the total dry biomass of weeds, NPK depletion by weeds that improved the NPK uptake by the crop and produced 13.5 per cent higher grain yield than broadcast method of fertilizer application. Application of 125 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) although recorded significantly higher dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds than 75 per cent of the RDF, it increased the NPK uptake by crop and grain yield. Weed-control treatments significantly reduced the intensity of broad-leaf weeds, annual and perennial grasses, total weed count, dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds, and increased the NPK uptake by the crop. These treatments increased the grain yield by 26.3-35.9 per cent than the weedy check. Among the weed-control treatments, sulfosulfuron proved the most effective herbi- cide against broad-leaf weeds and annual grasses, reducing their intensity as well as that of total weeds than the mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon and hand-weeding but had no adverse effect on perennial grasses and sedges. However, hand-weeding significantly reduced the intensity of perennial grasses and sedges. Sulfosulfuron also recorded significanty lower total dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds than the mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon and showed the highest weed-control efficiency.