bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle degeneration in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 using MRI
Authors: Hiba Bassem , Richard Nathalie , Hébert Luc J. , Coté Chantal , Nejjari Mimoun , Vial Christoph , Bouhour Françoise , Puymirat Jack , Janier Marc
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To identify MRI biomarkers that could be used to follow disease progression and therapeutic efficacy in one individual muscle in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).

Materials and Methods:

Lower limb MRI and maximal ankle dorsiflexor strength assessment, using a hand‐held dynamometer, were performed in 19 DM1 patients and 6 control subjects. The volume of residual muscle tissue of Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle was chosen as an index for muscle atrophy, and the T2‐relaxation‐time of the residual muscle tissue was measured to evaluate edema‐like lesions. The fat‐to‐water ratio was assessed using three‐point Dixon images to quantify fat infiltration in the entire muscle.

Results:

The intra‐observer variability of MRI indices (∼5.2% for the residual muscle tissue volume and 2.5% for the fat‐to‐water ratio) was lower than that of the dorsiflexor torque measurement (∼11.5%). A high correlation (r = 0.91) was found between maximal ankle dorsiflexor strength and residual TA muscle tissue volume in DM1 patients. Increases in the fat‐to‐water ratio and T2‐relaxation‐time were associated with a decrease in maximal ankle dorsiflexor strength.

Conclusion:

MRI appears as a noninvasive method which can be used to follow disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:678‐685. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perfusion parameters analysis of the vertebral bone marrow in patients with Ph1− chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (PhnegMPN): A dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) study
Authors: Courcoutsakis Nikos , Spanoudaki Athina , Maris Thomas G. , Astrinakis Emmanuel , Spanoudakis Emmanuel , Tsatalas Constantinos , Prassopoulos Panos
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate perfusion parameters of the vertebral bone marrow in patients with Philadelphia negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (PhnegMPN) using dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI).

Materials and Methods:

The study enrolled 24 patients with PhnegMPN: 12 patients with myelofibrosis (Group A), 6 with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 6 with polycythemia vera (PV) (Group B) who underwent DCE‐MRI of the lumbosacral spine. Twelve normal individuals served as control group (Group C). Wash‐in (WIN), wash‐out (WOUT), maximum contrast‐enhancement (CE), time‐to‐peak (TTPK), time‐to‐maximum slope (TMSP), and the WIN/TMSP ratio (WTSP) were calculated.

Results:

WIN, CEmax, and WTSP parameters were higher in Group A than in Group C (P < 0.05). These parameters were significant (P < 0.0001) in discriminating patients with myelofibrosis from normal individuals with sensitivities 74.14%, 87.93%, 74.14%, and specificities 91.07%, 83.93%, 91.07%, respectively. WIN, WOUT, CEmax, and WTSP parameters were higher in Group A than in Group B (P < 0.05). Group B exhibited no differences in perfusion parameters as compared with Group C with the exception of WOUT.

Conclusion:

Patients with myelofibrosis exhibited increased perfusion parameters in vertebral bone marrow, which could be consisted with increased vascularity, probably related to neoangiogenesis as opposed to ET or PV patients showing no increased perfusion. DCE‐MRI may be of value in discriminating subgroups of PhnegMPN patients and in indicating those progressing to myelofibrosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:696‐702. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cisterna chyli in patients with portal hypertension: Evaluation with MR imaging
Authors: Ito Katsuyoshi , Shimizu Ayame , Tanabe Masahiro , Matsunaga Naofumi
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the difference in the caliber of cisterna chyli between patients with and without portal hypertension on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to assess the alteration of the caliber of cisterna chyli related to contraction waves during serial T2‐weighted MRI.

Materials and Methods:

This study included 177 patients with and without portal hypertension who underwent two sets of T2‐weighted MRI. MR images were evaluated for the visibility of cisterna chyli, the difference in the diameter of cisterna chyli between two patients groups, and the alteration in the diameter of cisterna chyli during serial T2‐weighted MRI.

Results:

The mean maximal diameter of cisterna chyli in patients with portal hypertension (4.97 ± 1.87 mm, range; 2.5–13.1 mm) was significantly larger (P < 0.001) than that in patients without portal hypertension (3.37 ± 1.25 mm, range; 1.5–6.8 mm). In 132 patients with visible cisterna chyli and portal hypertension, 25 (19%) patients had a positive caliber change of cisterna chyli of more than 2 mm between two sets of T2‐weighted MR images.

Conclusion:

The dilatation of cisterna chyli can be demonstrated at MRI in patients with portal hypertension. Additionally, the positive caliber change of cisterna chyli related to contraction waves was observed in subsets of patients during serial T2‐weighted MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:624‐628. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transgenic mice with SCA10 pentanucleotide repeats show motor phenotype and susceptibility to seizure: A toxic RNA gain‐of‐function model
Authors: White Misti , Xia Guangbin , Gao Rui , Wakamiya Maki , Sarkar Partha S. , McFarland Karen , Ashizawa Tetsuo
Published: November 2011

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder manifested by ataxia and seizure. SCA10 is caused by a large expansion of an intronic ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in the ATXN10 gene. We have recently postulated a toxic RNA‐mediated gain of function in the pathogenesis of spinal cerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). The spliced intron‐9 RNA containing the expanded AUUCU repeat aggregates in SCA10 cells and sequesters hnRNP K. hnRNP K sequestration triggers the translocation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) to mitochondria, leading to activation of caspase‐3 and apoptosis. To confirm the toxic RNA‐mediated gain of function, we generated a new transgenic mouse model in which the expanded pentanucleotide repeats are constructed in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR) to ensure transcription without translation of the repeat. We constructed an artificial transgene containing the SCA10 (ATTCT)500 track within the 3′UTR of the LacZ gene driven by the rat prion promoter (PrP) and used this to generate a new transgenic mouse model for SCA10. We then examined these mice for neurological phenotypes and histopathological, molecular, and cellular changes. The transgenic mice showed irregular gait and increased seizure susceptibility at the age of 6 months, resembling the clinical phenotype of SCA10. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and pontine nuclei showed neuronal loss. The brains of these animals also showed molecular and cellular changes similar to those previously found in an SCA10 cell model. Expression of the expanded SCA10 AUUCU repeat within the 3′UTR of a gene results in neuronal loss with associated gait abnormalities and increased seizure susceptibility phenotypes, which resemble those seen in SCA10 patients. Moreover, these results bolster the idea that the SCA10 disease mechanism is mediated by a toxic RNA gain‐of‐function mutation of the expanded AUUCU repeat. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of rhPTH on the healing of tendon to bone in a rat model
Authors: Hettrich Carolyn M. , Beamer Brandon S. , Bedi Asheesh , Deland Kate , Deng Xiang‐Hua , Ying Liang , Lane Joseph , Rodeo Scott A.
Published: November 2011

Successful rotator cuff tendon repair depends on secure tendon‐to‐bone healing. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) has been shown in multiple studies to accelerate bone healing. Recent studies have also shown that rhPTH is chondrogenic by increasing chondrocyte recruitment and differentiation. We hypothesized that rhPTH would improve tendon‐to‐bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model. One hundred and fourteen Sprague Dawley rats underwent division and repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Fifty seven rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 µg/kg of rhPTH. Rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, rats in each group were sacrificed at 14, 28, and 56 days for biomechanical testing and micro CT analysis. At 2 weeks the controls had a significantly higher load to failure than the rhPTH group. At 28 and 56 days there were no differences in load to failure. rhPTH specimens had significantly higher stiffness at 56 days. MicroCT analysis showed that the rhPTH group had significantly greater total mineral content at all time points, as well as significantly higher bone volume (BV) at 14 and 28 days. Histologically, the rhPTH specimens had more fibrocartilage, osteoblasts, and blood vessels at all timepoints, with significantly better collagen fiber orientation at 28 and 56 days. Although treatment with rhPTH resulted in an increase in bone and mineralized fibrocartilage formation, as well as better collagen fiber organization, this did not translate into improved biomechanical properties. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:769–774, 2012
Origin of salt mixtures and mixed salts in atmospheric particulate matter
Authors: Jentzsch Paul Vargas , Ciobotă Valerian , Kampe Bernd , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen
Published: November 2011

The atmospheric particulate matter contains components of natural and anthropogenic origin, some of them are sulphates and nitrates. Considering the usual occurrence of many ions in the atmosphere and the presence of water, the generation of salt mixtures and mixed salts is possible as a consequence of dissolution–precipitation processes within water droplets, e.g., in fog or haze. This contribution presents the Raman spectroscopic study of the sodium–potassium nitrate system, which generates a salt mixture of both compounds. A phase transition of a KNO3 crystal within a single solution droplet was observed. Additionally, we postulate the atmospheric generation of the mixed salt Na3(NO3)(SO4)·H2O (darapskite) by dissolution–precipitation processes, because Na+, SO42–, and NO3– can be usually found in the atmosphere. The polarized Raman spectra of synthetic darapskite are reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special considerations in pediatric gastrointestinal tumors
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , Janeway Katherine , LaQuaglia Michael , Kim Su Young
Published: November 2011

Pediatric gastrointestinal tumors are rare in children but are being increasingly recognized. These tumors have distinct biologic and clinical feature that are different from those observed in adults. This review highlights the biological and clinical characteristics of pediatric GIST and provides diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for the management these unique and challenging group of tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:928–932. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histopathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Miettinen Markku , Lasota Jerzy
Published: November 2011

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), generally driven by oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA mutations, is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GIST is most common in the stomach (60%) and small intestine (30%), but can occur anywhere in the GI‐tract and the intra‐abdominal soft tissues. GIST can show spindle cell or epithelioid morphology, and mitotic count and tumor size are most important prognostic parameters. GISTs in NF1 patients and children are distinctive clinicopathologic groups. Immunohistochemical testing for KIT and sometimes for DOG1/Ano 1 is essential in confirming the diagnosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:865–873. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ One‐Step Method for Synthesis of “Click”‐Functionalized Monolithic Stationary Phase for Capillary Electrochromatography
Authors: Salwiński Aleksander , Roy Vincent , Agrofoglio Luigi A. , Delépée Raphaël
Published: November 2011

Propargyl acrylate‐based functionalizable monolithic stationary phase (FMSP) for capillary electrochromatography, easily modifiable by alkyne–azide 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, is developed. Optimization of FMSP is focused on (i) physical properties: rigidity, stability, and pore size and (ii) the ease of capillary preparation and grafting. The effect of grafting is demonstrated on the separation of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three flavonols, and chlorpheniramine before and after derivatization. Two azides are synthesized: the first, cinnamyl azide increases the retention of PAHs and improves separation of flavonols, the second, 6‐azido‐6‐deoxy‐β‐cyclodextrin allows the chiral separation of warfarin, improves the efficiency of PAHs separation and increases retention of chlorpheniramine.
Calpain 2‐dependent IκBα degradation mediates CPT‐11 secondary resistance in colorectal cancer xenografts
Authors: Fenouille Nina , Grosso Sebastien , Yunchao SU , Mary Didier , Pontier‐Bres Rodolphe , Imbert Véronique , Czerucka Dorota , Caroli‐Bosc François‐Xavier , Peyron Jean‐François , Lagadec Patricia
Published: November 2011

CPT‐11 (irinotecan), the first‐line chemotherapy for advanced stage colorectal cancer, remains inactive in about half of patients (primary chemoresistance) and almost all initial responders develop secondary resistance after several courses of treatment (8 months on average). Nude mice bearing HT‐29 colon cancer xenografts were treated with CPT‐11 and/or an NF‐κB inhibitor for two courses. We confirm that NF‐κB inhibition potentiated CPT‐11 anti‐tumoural effect after the first course of treatment. However, tumours grew again at the end of the second course of treatment, generating resistant tumours. We observed an increase in the basal NF‐κB activation in resistant tumours and in two resistant sublines, either obtained from resistant HT‐29 tumours (HT‐29R cells) or generated in vitro (RSN cells). The decrease of NF‐κB activation in HT‐29R and RSN cells by stable transfections with the super‐repressor form of IκBα augmented their sensitivity to CPT‐11. Comparing gene expression profiles of HT‐29 and HT‐29R cells, we identified the S100A10/Annexin A2 complex and calpain 2 as over‐expressed potential NF‐κB inducers. SiRNA silencing of calpain 2 but not of S100A10 and/or annexin A2, resulted in a decrease in NF‐κB activation, an increase in cellular levels of IκBα and a partial restoration of the CPT‐11 sensitivity in both HT‐29R and RSN cells, suggesting that calpain 2‐dependent IκBα degradation mediates CPT‐11 secondary resistance. Thus, targeted therapies directed against calpain 2 may represent a novel strategy to enhance the anti‐cancer efficacy of CPT‐11. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assisting children and families with military‐related disruptions: The United States Marine Corps school liaison program
Authors: Aronson Keith R. , Caldwell Linda L. , Perkins Daniel F. , Pasch Kenneth W.
Published: November 2011

Military families face a number of unique challenges, including frequent relocations and school transitions, as well as extended separations from loved ones. The military, schools, and communities have been working together to build the capacity of children, youth, and families to successfully cope with the stressors they encounter. Most branches of the military have instituted liaison programs within schools and communities to help military school‐aged children make more seamless transitions from one school to another due to relocations. This study assessed the thoughts and perceptions of U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) school liaison professionals (SLs) regarding their work with a broad array of stakeholders, both on‐ and off‐base. Generally, SLs expressed positive sentiments regarding the USMC liaison program. They also reported that they were working hard at developing stronger connections to various constituencies in position to assist military families. Unfortunately, there was some indication that SLs may be at risk for burnout. Given the needs of military children, youth, and families, SLs appear to be filling an important function that could enhance military–school–community partnerships. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seven reliability indices for high‐stakes decision making: Description, selection, and simple calculation
Authors: Smith Stacey L. , Vannest Kimberly J. , Davis John L.
Published: November 2011

The reliability of data is a critical issue in decision‐making for practitioners in the school. Percent Agreement and Cohen's kappa are the two most widely reported indices of inter‐rater reliability, however, a recent Monte Carlo study on the reliability of multi‐category scales found other indices to be more trustworthy given the type of data and number of categories. This manuscript presents defensible decision steps, methods, and rationale for selecting and calculating inter‐rater reliability for practitioners. In addition to using screen shots from readily available online programs for calculation such as Excel and Vassar College (Lowry, 2010), decision guides and a flow chart are presented in several figures and tables for easy reference. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UTP affects the Schwannoma cell line proteome through P2Y receptors leading to cytoskeletal reorganisation
Authors: Martiáñez Tánia , Carrascal Montserrat , Lamarca Aloa , Segura Mònica , Durany Núria , Masgrau Roser , Abian Joaquín , Gella Alejandro
Published: November 2011

Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, such as Schwann cells, respond to nucleotides, which play an important role in axonal regeneration and myelination. Metabotropic P2Y receptor agonists are promising therapeutic molecules for peripheral neuropathies. Nevertheless, the proteomic mechanisms involved in nucleotide action on Schwann cells remain unknown. Here, we studied intracellular protein changes in RT4‐D6P2T Schwann cells after treatment with nucleotides and Nucleo CMP Forte (CMPF), a nucleotide‐based drug. After treatment with CMPF, 2‐D DIGE revealed 11 differential gel spots, which were all upregulated. Among these, six different proteins were identified by MS. Some of these proteins are involved in actin remodelling (actin‐related protein, Arp3), membrane vesicle transport (Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor β, Rab GDI), and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (protein disulfide isomerase A3, PDI), which are hallmarks of a possible P2Y receptor signalling pathway. Expression of P2Y receptors in RT4‐D6P2T cells was demonstrated by RT‐PCR and a transient elevation of intracellular calcium measured in response to UTP. Actin reorganisation was visualized after UTP treatment using phalloidin–FITC staining and was blocked by the P2Y antagonist suramin, which also inhibited Arp3, Rab GDI, and PDI protein upregulation. Our data indicate that extracellular UTP interacts with Schwann P2Y receptors and activates molecular machinery that induces changes in the glial cell cytoskeleton.
Recommendations for mass spectrometry data quality metrics for open access data (corollary to the Amsterdam principles)
Authors: Kinsinger Christopher R. , Apffel James , Baker Mark , Bian Xiaopeng , Borchers Christoph H. , Bradshaw Ralph , Brusniak Mi‐Youn , Chan Daniel W. , Deutsch Eric W. , Domon Bruno , Gorman Jeff , Grimm Rudolf , Hancock William , Hermjakob Henning , Horn David , Hunter Christie , Kolar Patrik , Kraus Hans‐Joachim , Langen Hanno , Linding Rune , Moritz Robert L. , Omenn Gilbert S. , Orlando Ron , Pandey Akhilesh , Ping Peipei , Rahbar Amir , Rivers Robert , Seymour Sean L. , Simpson Richard J. , Slotta Douglas , Smith Richard D. , Stein Stephen E. , Tabb David L. , Tagle Danilo , Yates John R. , Rodriguez Henry
Published: November 2011

Policies supporting the rapid and open sharing of proteomic data are being implemented by the leading journals in the field. The proteomics community is taking steps to ensure that data are made publicly accessible and are of high quality, a challenging task that requires the development and deployment of methods for measuring and documenting data quality metrics. On September 18, 2010, the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) convened the “International Workshop on Proteomic Data Quality Metrics” in Sydney, Australia, to identify and address issues facing the development and use of such methods for open access proteomics data. The stakeholders at the workshop enumerated the key principles underlying a framework for data quality assessment in mass spectrometry data that will meet the needs of the research community, journals, funding agencies, and data repositories. Attendees discussed and agreed upon two primary needs for the wide use of quality metrics: (i) an evolving list of comprehensive quality metrics and (ii) standards accompanied by software analytics. Attendees stressed the importance of increased education and training programs to promote reliable protocols in proteomics. This workshop report explores the historic precedents, key discussions, and necessary next steps to enhance the quality of open access data. By agreement, this article is published simultaneously in Proteomics, Proteomics Clinical Applications, Journal of Proteome Research, and Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, as a public service to the research community. The peer review process was a coordinated effort conducted by a panel of referees selected by the journals.
Augmented reality and haptic interfaces for robot‐assisted surgery
Authors: Yamamoto Tomonori , Abolhassani Niki , Jung Sung , Okamura Allison M. , Judkins Timothy N.
Published: November 2011

Background

Current teleoperated robot‐assisted minimally invasive surgical systems do not take full advantage of the potential performance enhancements offered by various forms of haptic feedback to the surgeon. Direct and graphical haptic feedback systems can be integrated with vision and robot control systems in order to provide haptic feedback to improve safety and tissue mechanical property identification.

Methods

An interoperable interface for teleoperated robot‐assisted minimally invasive surgery was developed to provide haptic feedback and augmented visual feedback using three‐dimensional (3D) graphical overlays. The software framework consists of control and command software, robot plug‐ins, image processing plug‐ins and 3D surface reconstructions.

Results

The feasibility of the interface was demonstrated in two tasks performed with artificial tissue: palpation to detect hard lumps and surface tracing, using vision‐based forbidden‐region virtual fixtures to prevent the patient‐side manipulator from entering unwanted regions of the workspace.

Conclusions

The interoperable interface enables fast development and successful implementation of effective haptic feedback methods in teleoperation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Critical Requirement for Notch Signaling in Maintenance of the Quiescent Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell State
Authors: Mourikis Philippos , Sambasivan Ramkumar , Castel David , Rocheteau Pierre , Bizzarro Valentina , Tajbakhsh Shahragim
Published: November 2011

Notch signaling plays a key role in virtually all tissues and organs in metazoans; however, limited examples are available for the regulatory role of this pathway in adult quiescent stem cells. We performed a temporal and ontological assessment of effectors of the Notch pathway that indicated highest activity in freshly isolated satellite cells and, unexpectedly, a sharp decline before the first mitosis, and subsequently in proliferating, satellite cell-derived myoblasts. Using genetic tools to conditionally abrogate canonical Notch signaling during homeostasis, we demonstrate that satellite cells differentiate spontaneously and contribute to myofibers, thereby resulting in a severe depletion of the stem cell pool. Furthermore, whereas loss of Rbpj function provokes some satellite cells to proliferate before fusing, strikingly, the majority of mutant cells terminally differentiate unusually from the quiescent state, without passing through S-phase. This study establishes Notch signaling pathway as the first regulator of cellular quiescence in adult muscle stem cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
An automatic VHF transmitter monitoring system for wildlife research
Authors: Johansson A. Torbjörn , Johansson Örjan , McCarthy Tom
Published: November 2011

We describe an automated system for monitoring multiple very high frequency (VHF) transmitters, which are commonly employed in wildlife studies. The system consists of a microprocessor‐controlled radio‐frequency monitor equipped with advanced signal‐processing capabilities that communicates with, and relays information to, a user interface unit at a different location. The system was designed for a capture‐and‐release snow leopard (Panthera uncia) study in Mongolia, where checking trap‐site transmitters manually entailed climbing a hill with telemetry equipment several times each day and night. Here, it monitors the trap‐site transmitters and actively produces an alarm when any of the traps have been triggered, or if the system has lost contact with any trap‐transmitter. The automated system allowed us to constantly monitor transmitters from a research camp, and alerted us each time a trap was triggered. The system has been field‐tested for 83 days from mid‐September 2010 to mid‐December 2010 in the Tost mountain range on the edge of Mongolia's Gobi desert. During this time, the system performed reliably, responding correctly to 45 manually generated alarms and 9 animal captures. The system considerably shortens the time the captured animals spend in traps, and also mitigates the need for manual trap‐site transmitter monitoring, greatly reducing risk to the animal and the human effort involved. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Comments on M. Miclavčič and C. Y. Wang, Completely passive natural convection, ZAMM 91/7, 601–606 (2011)
Authors: Schneider W.
Published: November 2011

The present writer should like to make the following comments on the above‐mentioned paper by Miclavčič & Wang (referred to as M&W in what follows).
Natal movement in juvenile Atlantic salmon: a body size‐dependent strategy?
Authors: Einum Sigurd , Finstad Anders G. , Robertsen Grethe , Nislow Keith H. , McKelvey Simon , Armstrong John D.
Published: November 2011

If competitive ability depends on body size, then the optimal natal movement from areas of high local population density can also be predicted to be size‐dependent. Specifically, small, competitively‐inferior individuals would be expected to benefit most from moving to areas of lower local density. Here we evaluate whether individual variation in natal movement following emergence from nests is consistent with such a size‐dependent strategy in Atlantic salmon, and whether such a strategy is evident across a range of environmental conditions (principally predator presence and conspecific density). In stream channel experiments, those juveniles that stayed close to nests were larger than those that emigrated. This result was not sensitive to predator presence or conspecific density. These observations were mirrored in natural streams in which salmon eggs were planted in nests and the resulting offspring were sampled at high spatial resolution. A negative relationship was found between juvenile body size and distance from nests early in development whereas in those streams sampled later in ontogeny, individuals that had moved furthest were largest. Thus, movement away from nests appeared to result in a reduced competitive intensity and increased growth rate. The fact that there is ultimately a growth advantage associated with moving suggests that there is also a cost that selects against movement by the larger individuals. Thus, natal movement in juvenile Atlantic salmon appears to represent a body size‐dependent strategy.
Head Trauma in the Cat: 1. Assessment and Management of Craniofacial Injury
Authors: Adamantos Sophie , Garosi Laurent
Published: November 2011

Practical relevance Feline trauma is commonly seen in general practice and frequently involves damage to the head.

Clinical challenges While craniofacial injuries following trauma vary widely in severity, affected cats can often be severely compromised in terms of their neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular status, and their management can be challenging in both the short and long term. They need prompt stabilisation and careful monitoring in the initial period to maximise prospects of a successful outcome. Many cats with severe facial trauma will require surgery to stabilise skull fractures or address injuries to the eyes, with its inherent issues surrounding pain management, ensuring adequate nutrition and the necessity for ongoing hospitalisation.

Diagnostics Cats with head trauma benefit from imaging of the injured areas as well as thoracic radiography. Imaging the skull can be challenging and is best performed under general anaesthesia. In unstable patients this can be delayed to prevent any associated morbidity.

Evidence base The clinical evidence base relating to injury to the feline head is limited, despite its relative frequency in general practice. This review focuses on the initial approach to craniofacial (in particular, ocular and jaw) trauma, and outlines simple techniques for management of soft tissue and bone injuries. Much of the information is based on the authors' clinical experience, as there is a paucity of well-described clinical case material.
Left-wing authoritarianism is not a myth, but a worrisome reality. Evidence from 13 Eastern European countries
Authors: de Regt Sabrina , Mortelmans Dimitri , Smits Tim
Published: November 2011

A sometimes heated debate between authoritarianism researchers takes place on the issue of authoritarianism on the left. Some researchers argue that authoritarianism is typical for right-wing political orientation while other researchers assert that authoritarianism can also be found at the left side of the political spectrum. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we aim to contribute to the ongoing discussion on left-wing authoritarianism. Using representative samples, the relationship between authoritarianism and political preferences is examined in 13 ex-communist Eastern European countries. Employing six different indicators of left-wing/communist political orientations make clear that, despite cross-national differences, left-wing authoritarianism is definitely not a myth in Eastern European countries. Second, it was aimed to survey whether authoritarian persons in Eastern European countries might be a possible threat for the transition to democracy. Based upon five items it was demonstrated that in general the Eastern European population seems to hold a positive opinion on democracy. However, it becomes also clear that authoritarian persons in the ex-communist countries are significantly less positive towards democracy.
Contingent Prize Allocation and Pivotal Voting
Authors: Smith Alastair , Bueno De Mesquita Bruce
Published: November 2011

Parties can elitcit widespread electoral support by making the distribution of prizes or rewards to groups of voters contingent upon electoral support. In addition to altering which party wins, a voter's choice also influences the distribution of prizes. This latter factor, referred to in this article as prize pivotalness, tends to be the dominant influence in vote choice. The desire to win prizes can induce voters to coalesce into a highly supportive group, even if they dislike the party's policies. Characterizing voting equilibria in this framework explains the rationale for the support of patronage parties, variance in voter turnout and the endogenous political polarization of groups in both established and new democracies.
Does the Principle of Convergence Really Hold? War, Uncertainty and the Failure of Bargaining
Authors: Langlois Jean-Pierre P. , Langlois Catherine C.
Published: November 2011

Convergence occurs in war and bargaining models as uninformed rivals discover their opponent's type by fighting and making calibrated offers that only the weaker party would accept. Fighting ends with the compromise that reveals the other side's type. This article shows that, if the protagonists are free to fight and bargain in the time continuum, they no longer make increasing concessions in an attempt to end the war promptly and on fair terms. Instead, the rivals stand firm on extreme bargaining positions, fighting it out in the hope that the other side will give in, until much of the war has been fought. Despite ongoing resolution of uncertainty by virtue of time passing, the rivals choose not to try to narrow their differences by negotiating.
Parties Getting Impatient: Time Out of Office and Portfolio Allocation in Coalition Governments
Authors: Falcó-Gimeno Albert
Published: November 2011

This article argues that long periods out of office make parties impatient and more willing to make concessions over portfolio allocation in exchange for participation in a coalition cabinet. Two hypotheses are analysed: on the one hand, being in opposition for a long time should put parties at a disadvantage when bargaining over office payoffs. On the other, this effect should not apply to the formateur party, since formation offers are based on the receivers’ impatience. The empirical results largely support these expectations. Additional evidence of the causality of the main effect is obtained through the use of matching techniques based on the propensity score.
Immigrants, Citizenship and Political Action in Europe
Authors: Just Aida , J. Anderson Christopher
Published: November 2011

Little is known about how immigrants participate in politics and whether they transform political engagement in contemporary democracies. This study investigates whether citizenship (as opposed to being foreign-born) affects political and civic engagement beyond the voting booth. It is argued that citizenship should be understood as a resource that enhances participation and helps immigrants overcome socialization experiences that are inauspicious for political engagement. The analysis of the European Social Survey data collected in nineteen European democracies in 2002–03 reveals that citizenship has a positive impact on political participation. Moreover, citizenship is a particularly powerful determinant of un-institutionalized political action among individuals who were socialized in less democratic countries. These findings have important implications for debates over the definition of and access to citizenship in contemporary democracies.
A Possible Case of Lukan Authorship (John 7 53–8 11)
Authors: Cadbury Henry J.
Published: November 2011

In his Philology of the Gospels Professor Blass referred somewhat casually to the Lukan style of the pericope adulterae. His theory of a Roman edition of Luke's works issued by the author himself, in connection with which his reference was made, has not received very wide acceptance, and so the linguistic phenomena to which he called attention were not made generally known. The motives of the present writer in bringing the subject forward again are not merely that the Lukan style of this passage impressed itself independently upon him, as it might upon any one familiar with Luke's style, but because von Soden's careful study of the text of the passage, and Harnack's recent use of the style of the Lukan writings make it desirable to give a fresh presentation of the evidence.
The Social Translation of the Gospel
Authors: Cadbury Henry J.
Published: November 2011

There is a mediaeval Italian painting which has long been a favorite of mine and of which copies hang in the studies of many men of my profession. It is a picture of St. Jerome translating the scriptures. The miscellaneous assortment of friendly beasts with which the artist has enlivened an otherwise quiet scene at first attracted my childish mind, but now that I have become a man I find the picture still attractive. It is more than an imaginative picture of an historic figure or an historic event or even of a single profession. It is symbolic, and it means something not merely to the student but also to the preacher and the layman.
Thomas Kelly Cheyne
Authors: Toy Crawford Howell
Published: November 2011

The appearance of the last product of Dr. Cheyne's pen offers occasion to review briefly his work, and to estimate it as far as is now possible, bearing in mind that the significance of a scholar's work is not always clearly visible till some time after he has ceased to be active.
Scepticism and Faith in the Philosophy of Pascal
Authors: Wilde Norman
Published: November 2011

The neglect of Pascal by the English-speaking world today is little short of amazing. Within the last decade France has produced literally scores of studies of his life and thought; but, with the exception of a book by St. Cyres and an essay by Paul Elmer More, there has been scarcely a sign that we were conscious of any special relation between the spirit of our own age and that of this seventeenth-century genius. Yet Pascal is indeed a man of the present, and a study of his multiplex personality has never been more pertinent than it is today. Geometrician, experimental physicist, biting satirist, literary artist, keen-sighted moralist, devout believer, philosophical sceptic, man of the world, ascetic recluse, the problem of the balance and inter-relation of these selves is still waiting a completely satisfactory solution. How was it that the geometrician and experimental physicist could be a pronounced supernaturalist? How was it that the almost cynical man of the world could become the devout recluse? What relation can we find between the sceptical doubt of the possibility of knowledge and the obedient acceptance of the dogmas of the church? With what consistency could the rationalistic critic of Jesuit morality be the challenger of all philosophic creeds? How could all these conflicting interests keep house together in the same frail tenement and present the semblance of a unified life? Perhaps they could not, and his death in his fortieth year was the outcome.
University Preaching
Authors: Peabody Francis Greenwood
Published: November 2011

The classic chapter in Newman's Idea of a University on “University Preaching” remains at many points as timely and convincing as when it was written, in 1855. Its discrimination of real from spurious earnestness—“I do not mean that a preacher should aim at earnestness, but that he must aim at his object … which will at once make him earnest”; its warning against the recondite, remote, and abstract—“The most obvious truths are often the most profitable”; its advice that sermons should be prepared in writing, but spoken without notes—“While then a preacher will find it becoming and admirable to put into writing any important discourse beforehand, he will find it equally a point of propriety and expedience not to read it in the pulpit”—all these counsels and principles, though Newman throughout his preaching at St. Mary's violated the last of them, are as applicable as ever. Yet, on the other hand, the force of Newman's teaching is for many readers limited by his reiterated reference to ecclesiastical authority. What St. Francis de Sales, or St. Charles, or St. Antoninus, may have said about sermons is assumed to be of more significance than the judgments of the not less saintly Newman. The preacher whom Newman has in mind is a Roman priest, who “has before his mental eye the Four Last Things,” and feels “the horror and the rapture of one who witnesses a conflagration.”
The “Son” as Organ of Revelation
Authors: Bacon Benjamin W.
Published: November 2011

Among the most notable contributions of recent years by classical philologians to New Testament interpretation is E. Norden's Agnostos Theos (Berlin, 1913), a comparison of the Lukan account of Paul's missionary career and preaching with Hellenistic parallels, more particularly the biography by Philostratus of Apollonius of Tyana. As a further example of the same method of literary parallels Norden appends a discussion in the last chapter of this book (Schlussbetrachtung, pp. 277–308) of the famous logion, or saying of Jesus, from the Second Source (Q) on the Son's Knowing the Father and being Known of Him (Mt. 11 25–30 = Lk. 10 21–22).
Present Religious Conditions in Germany
Authors: Lempp Richard
Published: November 2011

In considering the present religious conditions and prospects in Germany, the main problem appears to be this: Can the church, which up to the eighteenth century had been the chief promoter and embodiment of culture, remain and be preserved over against a culture which has now become independent, or is this independent modern culture destined to sweep the church away? And if the latter be the case, what then will become of religion? This problem of the prospects of religion and church in the modern world has nowhere more significance than in Germany; for there, as nowhere else, an immensely rich and highly developed intellectual culture stands absolutely independent over against a strong and living church. Neither in France nor in England nor in America is the issue so burning as in Germany. In France secular culture faces no strong church filled with profound spiritual forces, but an outgrown institution governed by Roman spiritual tyranny; and therefore it has triumphed over the church. In England and America secular culture has not developed in opposition to the church, but is in the main friendly to it. In Germany, however, national culture since the eighteenth century has stood outside of the church and in a certain opposition to it; Goethe, who in his own person embodies our national culture, took a cool und unsympathetic attitude towards the church, and so have in a greater or less degree the other creators of our modern thought,—Kant and Schiller, the Darwinists and Karl Marx, the Naturalists and Nietzsche, the Liberals of 1848 and Bismarck. On the other hand the church made very great progress in the nineteenth century. German theologians—Schleiermacher, Strauss, Baur, Ritschl, Harnack—utilized for the church the best spiritual results of modern culture, and gave to German theology undisputed leadership in the Protestant world; piety in the church was profoundly deepened and enriched by Schleiermacher, Claus Harms, Löhe, Wichern, von Bodelschwing, Stöcker; while the external power of the church increased greatly in consequence of the restoration movement, the political leadership of the pious Hohenzollerns, and the establishment of a new and more democratic ecclesiastical constitution with synods and presbyteries.
The Harvard Expedition to Samaria
Authors: Lyon David G.
Published: November 2011

In the Review for January, 1909, an account was given of the excavations carried on by Harvard University at Samaria in the summer of 1908. The work of that year extended, with serious interruptions, from April 24 to August 21, and was confined mainly to the summit of the hill and to a building beside the threshing-floor near the village of Sebastiyeh. At the summit, and only a few inches below the surface, a paved platform, or floor, was uncovered, with a broad stairway of seventeen steps leading up to it from the north. On the stairway was found an inscribed stele, and a few feet in front of the foot of the stairway a large altar with another inscribed stele standing beside it. Near this altar lay a fine statue of heroic size, carved in white marble, representing a Roman emperor. Massive foundation-walls resting on the rock were uncovered on the south of the platform. Several periods of construction were recognized in these buildings, and one of these periods was believed to be that of Herod the Great.
Liberal Calvinism; The Remonstrants At the Synod of Dort in 1618
Authors: Foster Herbert Darling
Published: November 2011

In spite of all the volumes written about the Synod of Dort, one looks in vain for a comparison between the condemned Remonstrants and Calvin, either in doctrine or in those other distinguishing features of the Calvinism that flowed from Calvin and Geneva, and formed the working program among Huguenots, Dutch, Scotch, English, and the descendants of all four in the American colonies.
Concerning Miracle
Authors: Bowne Borden P.
Published: November 2011

Educated but uncritical thought finds the notion of miracle increasingly burdensome. Many reject it outright and others would gladly be rid of it. The current conception with such persons may be fairly described as follows: There is an order of nature from which it is hard, if not impossible, to show a departure. There may be apparent departures from the accustomed order, but they are always expressions of a deeper order and hence are natural. For instance, the freezing of water by the application of heat seems like a violation of the familiar laws of physics, but it is really an illustration. The science of today makes us familiar with many facts, which would once have been thought miraculous, but which we now see to be outcomes of law. Comets and eclipses were cases of this kind in the middle ages, and epidemics also were similarly regarded; but all of these things have been brought under the reign of law. The aëroplane and wireless telegraphy, and even the trolley car, would have been signs and wonders beyond ordinary thaumaturgy three hundred years ago, but they are not miraculous. The facts of witchcraft, faith healing, cures at shrines, were long denied because they seemed to affirm spiritual agencies of some sort; now we admit many of the alleged facts, but deny their supernatural character by including them under the head of hypnotism, suggestion, influence of mind on body, and so on. Considerations of this kind are making us increasingly hospitable to strange facts which once would have been thought miraculous, and increasingly indisposed to admit their miraculous character. Thus the realm of nature and the realm of mystery are both extending, but the sphere of miracle seems to be approaching the vanishing-point.
The Theology of William Newton Clarke
Authors: Brown William Adams
Published: November 2011

Fifteen years ago there appeared a volume of some four hundred pages, which bore the modest title, An Outline of Christian Theology. It had originally been prepared by the author, a professor in Hamilton Theological Seminary, for the use of his seminary classes, and, after circulating for some time in the form of typewritten notes, was privately printed for the greater convenience of the users. No attempt was made to advertise the book, but in due time it found its way into the hands of one and another who was interested in theological questions, and when in 1898 it was issued by the author through the ordinary channels, it received from the public an instant and hearty welcome.
The Harvard Expedition to Samaria: Excavations of 1909
Authors: Reisner George A.
Published: November 2011

The excavations of the Harvard Palestinian Expedition at Samaria in 1909 have revealed for the first time the plan and the masonry of a royal Israelite palace. The view thus given of the material resources and technical skill at the command of the kings of Israel is so enlightening for the history of Palestine that the identification of the palace becomes the point of paramount interest. It must be recorded at once that we have not found a line of Hebrew inscription anywhere in the building, nor have our excavations given us the name of any of the kings of Israel. The identification rests entirely on archaeological grounds; but these, though simple, are direct and clear.