bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A self-consistent, multivariate method for the determination of gas-phase rate coefficients, applied to reactions of atmospheric VOCs and the hydroxyl radical
Authors: Shaw Jacob T. , Lidster Richard T. , Cryer Danny R. , Ramirez Noelia , Whiting Fiona C. , Boustead Graham A. , Whalley Lisa K. , Ingham Trevor , Rickard Andrew R. , Dunmore Rachel E. , Heard Dwayne E. , Lewis Ally C. , Carpenter Lucy J. , Hamilton Jacqui F. , Dillon Terry J.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Gas-phase rate coefficients are fundamental to understanding atmospheric chemistry, yet experimental data are not available for the oxidation reactions of many of the thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) observed in the troposphere. Here, a new experimental method is reported for the simultaneous study of reactions between multiple different VOCs and OH, the most important daytime atmospheric radical oxidant. This technique is based upon established relative rate concepts but has the advantage of a much higher throughput of target VOCs. By evaluating multiple VOCs in each experiment, and through measurement of the depletion in each VOC after reaction with OH, the OH + VOC reaction rate coefficients can be derived. Results from experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions were in good agreement with the available literature for the reaction of 19 VOCs, prepared in synthetic gas mixtures, with OH. This approach was used to determine a rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethylpent-1-ene for the first time; k =  5.7 (±0.3)  ×  10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. In addition, a further seven VOCs had only two, or fewer, individual OH rate coefficient measurements available in the literature. The results from this work were in good agreement with those measurements. A similar dataset, at an elevated temperature of 323 (±10) K, was used to determine new OH rate coefficients for 12 aromatic, 5 alkane, 5 alkene and 3 monoterpene VOC + OH reactions. In OH relative reactivity experiments that used ambient air at the University of York, a large number of different VOCs were observed, of which 23 were positively identified. Due to difficulties with detection limits and fully resolving peaks, only 19 OH rate coefficients were derived from these ambient air samples, including 10 reactions for which data were previously unavailable at the elevated reaction temperature of T =  323 (±10) K.
Evaluation of a lower-powered analyzer and sampling system for eddy-covariance measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes
Authors: Brown Shannon E. , Sargent Steve , Wagner-Riddle Claudia
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes measured using the eddy-covariance method capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of N2O emissions. Most closed-path trace-gas analyzers for eddy-covariance measurements have large-volume, multi-pass absorption cells that necessitate high flow rates for ample frequency response, thus requiring high-power sample pumps. Other sampling system components, including rain caps, filters, dryers, and tubing, can also degrade system frequency response. This field trial tested the performance of a closed-path eddy-covariance system for N2O flux measurements with improvements to use less power while maintaining the frequency response. The new system consists of a thermoelectrically cooled tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer configured to measure both N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2). The system features a relatively small, single-pass sample cell (200 mL) that provides good frequency response with a lower-powered pump ( ∼  250 W). A new filterless intake removes particulates from the sample air stream with no additional mixing volume that could degrade frequency response. A single-tube dryer removes water vapour from the sample to avoid the need for density or spectroscopic corrections, while maintaining frequency response. This eddy-covariance system was collocated with a previous tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer model to compare N2O and CO2 flux measurements for two full growing seasons (May 2015 to October 2016) in a fertilized cornfield in Southern Ontario, Canada. Both spectrometers were placed outdoors at the base of the sampling tower, demonstrating ruggedness for a range of environmental conditions (minimum to maximum daily temperature range: −26.1 to 31.6 °C). The new system rarely required maintenance. An in situ frequency-response test demonstrated that the cutoff frequency of the new system was better than the old system (3.5 Hz compared to 2.30 Hz) and similar to that of a closed-path CO2 eddy-covariance system (4.05 Hz), using shorter tubing and no dryer, that was also collocated at the site. Values of the N2O fluxes were similar between the two spectrometer systems (slope  =  1.01, r2 =  0.96); CO2 fluxes as measured by the short-tubed eddy-covariance system and the two spectrometer systems correlated well (slope  =  1.03, r2 =  0.998). The new lower-powered tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer configuration with the filterless intake and single-tube dryer showed promise for deployment in remote areas.
Daily temperature records from a mesonet in the foothills of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 2005–2010
Authors: Wood Wendy H. , Marshall Shawn J. , Whitehead Terri L. , Fargey Shannon E.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Near-surface air temperatures were monitored from 2005 to 2010 in a mesoscale
network of 230 sites in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern
Alberta, Canada. The monitoring network covers a range of elevations from 890
to 2880 m above sea level and an area of about 18 000 km2, sampling a
variety of topographic settings and surface environments with an average
spatial density of one station per 78 km2. This paper presents the
multiyear temperature dataset from this study, with minimum, maximum, and
mean daily temperature data available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.880611. In this paper, we
describe the quality control and processing methods used to clean and filter
the data and assess its accuracy. Overall data coverage for the study period
is 91 %. We introduce a weather-system-dependent gap-filling technique to
estimate the missing 9 % of data. Monthly and seasonal distributions of
minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperature lapse rates are shown for the
region.
Short Communication: Aging of basalt volcanic systems and decreasing CO2 consumption by weathering
Authors: Börker Janine , Hartmann Jens , Romero-Mujalli Gibran , Li Gaojun
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Basalt weathering is one of many relevant processes balancing the global carbon cycle via land-ocean alkalinity fluxes. The CO2 consumption by weathering can be calculated using alkalinity and is often scaled with runoff and/or temperature. Here it is tested if information on the surface age distribution of a volcanic system is a useful proxy for changes in alkalinity production with time. A linear relationship between temperature normalized alkalinity fluxes and the Holocene area fraction of a volcanic field was identified, using information from 33 basalt volcanic fields, with an r2 = 0.91. This relationship is interpreted as an aging function and suggests that fluxes from Holocene areas are ~ 10 times higher than those from old inactive volcanic fields. However, the cause for the decrease with time is probably a combination of effects, including a decrease in alkalinity production from surface near material in the critical zone as well as a decline in hydrothermal activity and magmatic CO2 contribution. A comparison with global models suggests, that global alkalinity fluxes considering Holocene active basalt areas are ~ 70 % higher than the average from these models imply. The contribution of Holocene areas to the global basalt alkalinity fluxes is however only ~ 6 %, because identified, mapped Holocene basalt areas cover only ~ 1 % of the existing basalt areas. The large trap basalt proportion on the global basalt areas today reduces the relevance of the aging effect. However, the aging effect might be a relevant process during periods of globally, intensive volcanic activity, which remains to be tested.
Google Earth Engine Digitisation Tool (GEEDiT), and
Margin change Quantification Tool (MaQiT) – simple tools for the
rapid mapping and quantification of changing Earth surface margins
Authors: Lea James M.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The visualisation and exploration of satellite imagery archives coupled with the quantification of margin/boundary changes are frequently used within earth surface sciences as key indicators of the environmental processes and drivers acting within a system. However, the large scale rapid visualisation and analysis of this imagery is often impractical due to factors such as computer processing power, software availability, internet connection speed, and user expertise in remote sensing. Here are described two separate tools that together can be used to process and visualise the full Landsat 4–8 and Sentinel 1–2 satellite records in seconds, enabling efficient mapping (through manual digitisation) and automated quantification of margin changes. These tools are highly accessible for users from a range of remote sensing expertise, with minimal computational, licensing and knowledge-based barriers to access. The Google Earth Engine Digitisation Tool (GEEDiT) allows users to define a point anywhere on the planet and access all Landsat 4–8/Sentinel 1–2 imagery at that location, filtered for user defined time frames, maximum acceptable cloud cover extent, and options of predefined or custom image band combinations via a simple Graphical User Interface (GUI). GEEDiT also allows georeferenced vectors to be easily and rapidly mapped from each image with image metadata and user notes automatically appended to each vector. This data can then be exported to a user's Google Drive for subsequent analysis. The Margin change Quantification Tool (MaQiT) is complimentary to GEEDiT, allowing the rapid quantification of these margin changes utilising two well-established methods that have previously been used to measure glacier margin change and two new methods via a similarly simple GUI. MaQiT is also suitable for the (re-)analysis of existing datasets not generated by GEEDiT. Although MaQiT has been developed with the aim of quantifying tidewater glacier terminus change, the tool can be applied to other margin changes within earth surface science where margin/boundary change through time is of interest (e.g. coastal and vegetation extent change). It is hoped that these tools will allow a wide range of researchers and students across the geosciences to have access to, efficiently map and analyse volumes of data that may have previously proven prohibitive.
Active Faults sources of the Morelia-Acambay Fault System, Mexico
based on Paleoseismology and the estimation of magnitude Mw from
fault dimensions
Authors: Mendoza-Ponce Avith , Figueroa-Soto Angel , Soria-Caballero Diana , Garduño-Monroy Víctor Hugo
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The Morelia-Acambay fault System (MAFS), located in the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is delimited by an active transtensive deformation zone associated with the oblique subduction zone between the Cocos and North American plates, with a convergence velocity of 55 mm/yr at the latitude of the state of Michoacán, México. Part of the oblique convergence is transferred to the central TMVB, just in the MAFS zone, where the slip rates range from 0.009 to 2.78 mm/year. The occurrence of great earthquakes like the Acambay earthquake (Ms = 6.7) on November 19, 1912 with a surface rupture, and in Maravatío, 1979 with Mb = 5.3 are located into the MAFS. The zone is seismically active but with large periods of recurrence, as revealed by the seismic sequence (2.5
Modelling seasonal meltwater forcing of the velocity of land-terminating margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Koziol Conrad P. , Arnold Neil
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Surface runoff at the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS)
drains to the ice-sheet bed, leading to enhanced summer ice
flow. Ice velocities show a pattern of early summer acceleration
followed by mid-summer deceleration due to evolution of the
subglacial hydrology system in response to meltwater
forcing. Modelling the integrated hydrological–ice dynamics
system to reproduce measured velocities at the ice margin remains
a key challenge for validating the present understanding of the
system and constraining the impact of increasing surface runoff
rates on dynamic ice mass loss from the GrIS. Here
we show that a multi-component model incorporating supraglacial,
subglacial, and ice dynamic components applied to
a land-terminating catchment in western Greenland produces modelled
velocities which are in reasonable agreement with those observed
in GPS records for three melt seasons of varying melt
intensities. This provides numerical support for the hypothesis
that the subglacial system develops analogously to alpine
glaciers and supports recent model formulations capturing the
transition between distributed and channelized states. The model
shows the growth of efficient conduit-based drainage up-glacier
from the ice sheet margin, which develops more extensively, and
further inland, as melt intensity increases. This suggests current
trends of decadal-timescale slowdown of ice velocities in the
ablation zone may continue in the near future. The model results
also show a strong scaling between average summer velocities and
melt season intensity, particularly in the upper ablation
area. Assuming winter velocities are not impacted by
channelization, our model suggests an upper bound of
a 25 % increase in annual surface velocities as surface
melt increases to 4× present levels.
Rents, Power and Governance in Global Value Chains
Authors: Davis Dennis , Kaplinsky Raphael , Morris Mike
Published: March 2018

This paper addresses the  generation  of  rents  and  the  distribution  of  gains  in  the  global  operations  of  governed Global  Value  Chains  (GVCs)  and  seeks  to  provide  an  architecture  for  analyzing  the  governance  of  GVCs.  It distinguishes between four sets of rent—gifts of nature; innovation rents; exogenously defined rents; and market power—and three spheres of governance—setting the rules -“legislative governance”; implementing the rules -“executive governance”; and monitoring rules and sanctioning malfeasance -“judicial governance.” The exercise of governance power in GVCs over the generation, protection and appropriation of rents is considered though the lens of four sets of key GVC stakeholders—the corporate sector, civil society organizations, the nation state and supranational institutions. This general analysis is given flesh through three case studies: food-safety standards in GVCs; taxation  policies  and  competition  policies.  In these  sectors,  the  corporate  sector  is  generally  much  more effective in governing rent generation and appropriation in the global operations of GVCs than are the three sets of  non-corporate  stakeholders.  From this  observation  we  offer  a  hypothesis  that  the  capacity  of  non-corporate stakeholders, including national states, to govern GVCs is contingent upon the extent to which this coincides with the interest of the corporate sector. However, as noted, this balance of power between private and non-corporate actors is a contested terrain and dynamic in nature.
Review of The City: London and the Global Power of Finance
Authors: Aalbers Manuel B.
Published: March 2018

n/a
Trichomes morphology and density analysis in some "Nepeta" species of Iran
Authors: Mehdi Talebi Seyed , Ghorbani Nohooji Majid , Yarmohammadi Mahboobeh , Azizi Narjes , Matsyura Alex
Published: March 2018

Nepeta are widely distributed worldwide and in different parts of Iran where seventy-nine species were registered. The essential oil of these aromatic plants, which accumulates and secrets by trichomes, has been used in medicinal and industrial products. In addition, these epidermal structures can be used as taxonomic traits. We examined the morphology and density of leaves trichomes of twelve Nepeta species using the light and scanning electron microscopes. Three types of indumentum are found in these species, which composed of two main types of glandular: peltate and capitate, and nonglandular; branched and unbranched trichomes. The number of the observed hairs differed between the studied species and analyses of variant test (ANOVA) showed significant variations among some of them. CA-joined plot proved that trichomes could be used as distinguishing characteristic. Therefore, we suggested that the type of indumentum and the most abundant glandular and non-glandular trichomes have high taxonomic value in species identification within the genus.
Faculty Perceptions of the Importance of Media Education in Building up Students’ Dispositions in the Arab World
Authors: Almigdadi Mahmoud Hamid
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of faculty members at Al al-Bayet University regarding the role of media education in building up students’ dispositions. The study further examined the impact of the variables of gender, type of college and years of experience on participants’ responses. This study used the quantitative research methodology. The study population consisted of all faculty members, 316 male and 88 female. A total of 252 faculty members completed and returned the questionnaires. The results of the study have revealed that media education plays an important role in building up the cognitive, the affective, and the behavioral components of the students’ dispositions. While no statistically significant differences were found due to gender and type of college, there were differences due to years of experience in the participants’ responses. Based on the results of the study, several recommendations were offered, including conducting seminars and workshops for faculty members, conducting more studies on media education and its impact on teaching learning process, and integrating a course in media education within the curricula of universities.
Influence of Professional Learning on Elementary Teacher Self-Efficacy in Teaching with an Integrated STEM Approach
Authors: Arendall D Ty , Casteel Thomas , Lewis Brad , Newton Jodi , Ennis Leslie S , Birkenfeld Karen J
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the qualitative study was to determine the influence of key features of professional learning on teacher efficacy/attitudes towards Science Technology Engineering and Math (STEM) instruction. The study utilized a purposeful sampling of elementary teachers with a minimum of three years of experience in teaching STEM. The seven teachers selected for the study were from three school districts recognized for strong STEM programs, and they were identified by gatekeepers in those districts as highly confident and effective teachers of STEM. Rather than seeking to identify specific professional development models, the researchers sought a broader understanding of professional learning –specifically seeking to identify learning features that contributed to teacher self-efficacy in STEM. Data collected from structured interviews were analyzed using qualitative methods to answer research questions and determine a grounded theory. The data suggest that the following aspects of professional learning enhanced participants’ self-efficacy to teach STEM: a) student focus, b) STEM learning continuum, c) networking, d) expertise, and e) culture. In addition, the researchers determined that the five core features of teacher professional learning first described by Desimone (2009) were present in the data: a) content focus, b) active learning, c) coherence, d) duration, e) collective participation. The researchers conclude by offering practical recommendations for educators seeking to implement STEM, as well as suggestions for future research studies.
Curriculum Evaluation in Online Education: The case of Teacher Candidates Preparing Online for Public Personnel Selection Examination
Authors: Karacaoğlu Ömer Cem
Published: March 2018

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficiency of an online curriculum based on the views of lecturers and students enrolled in the program. The study is mainly based on survey method. In order to collect qualitative data, interviews forms developed by the researcher were used. The reliability and validity of the interview forms were checked by experts of the field. The qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. In the first place, data was coded, the themes emerged, the codes and themes were arranged by the researcher. As a final step, the findings were coded and interpreted. Based on the findings of the study, the strengths and weaknesses of the online curriculum were identified and a number of suggestions were offered based on the findings. The results of the study indicate that both learners and lecturers believe that online education is beneficial as well as productive and they are satisfied with the process. Online education was found to be preferable because it is time-saving, more economical, and flexible. On the other hand, limited interaction, unsustainable motivation, and problems caused by insufficient infrastructure were found to be negative aspects of online curriculum.
Determinants of Value Creation in Cross-Border M&As: The Case of the Software Industry
Authors: Pezzi Alberto
Published: March 2018

This study specifically focuses on the software market and tries to identify the sources that intensify equity investments through merger and acquisition (M&A) paths. Increasing the firm size and accessing new growth opportunities is particularly significant in the software industry. Consistent with this view, this work focuses on the cross-border strategies that could be used to manage value creation processes. The results found are based on the fact that diversification of the geographic market (acquiring cross-border technology) is relevant to the positive answers given by the stock markets. Moreover, the age of the target firm strongly influences M&A decisions and the younger the target firm is, the higher the possibility of creating value, but this variable increases uncertainty in the evaluation of the target firm, decreasing the purchase offers. The complementary nature between the acquiring and the target firm and the size of the investing firm influence market return and appear to be linked. These results provide empirical evidence on the use of financial measures to determine the goodness of an acquisition but, above all, they provide a new reading of the evaluation of the complementary nature between the buyer and the target firm.
More Is Less: Only Moderate Polarized Online Product Reviews can Affect Sales
Authors: Yang Li
Published: March 2018

It is widely proved that positive online word-of-mouth (WOM) can boost sales and negative online WOM harm sales. Then will more positivity or negativity of messages in online product reviews text have greater impact on product sales? This research attempts to tackle this ignored research question. The answer is counter-intuitive: it depends on how positive or negative they are! The results of a two-way fixed-effects panel data analysis based on the data about tablet market in Amazon and a novel sentiment analysis technique demonstrate that the most and least polarized online product reviews actually have no effect on sales and only moderate positive / negative reviews can affect sales. Such effects can be explained by the optimal arousal theory and attribution theory. Inspired by the findings, three strategies for user-generated content (UGC) management are proposed.
Using Prior Payment Behavior Variables for Small Enterprise Default Prediction Modelling
Authors: Ciampi Francesco
Published: March 2018

This study aims to verify the potential of combining prior payment behavior variables and financial ratios for SE default prediction modelling. Logistic regression was applied to a sample of 980 Italian SEs in order to calculate and compare two categories of default prediction models, one exclusively based on financial ratios and the other based also on company payment behavior related variables. The main findings are: 1) using prior payment behavior variables significantly improves the effectiveness of SE default prediction modelling; ii) the longer the forecast horizon and/or the smaller the size of the firms which are the object of analysis, the higher  the improvements in prediction accuracy that can be obtained by using also prior payment behavior variables as default predictors; iii) SE default prediction modelling should be separately implemented for different size groups of firms.
Classroom Management: A Challenging Part in Beginning English Teachers’ Career Entry Stage
Authors: Tahir Adnan , Iqbal Akhtar , Qureshi Abrar Hussain
Published: March 2018

Classroom management is the vital professional content of successful professionalization of beginning teachers. This study explores the challenges beginning English teacher face in classroom management during early years of teaching career. Through survey method and using a valid questionnaire tool the required data was collected and then analyzed statistically using SPSS 16. A sample of beginning English teachers was carefully chosen through stratified sampling from 43 schools located in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. In total, 113 participants responded to questionnaires and 20 participated in the interviews. It was found that a large number of students in classes, variation in cognitive approach and mother tongue, adaptation to new teaching and learning techniques, and ineptness in using latest ICT based audio-visual aids are main challenges in classroom management that affect the ultimate performance of beginning English teachers. These issues require more attention to improve teachers’ performance. It is hoped that findings of this study would help beginning teachers and educationists in developing strategies to cope with classroom management challenges in the perspective professional socialization.
Simulating Annual Variation in Load, Wind, and Solar by Representative Hour Selection
Authors: Blanford Geoffrey J. , Merrick James H. , Bistline John E.T. , Young David T.
Published: March 2018

The spatial and temporal variability of renewable generation has important economic implications for electric sector investments and system operations. This study describes a method for selecting representative hours to preserve key distributional requirements for regional load, wind, and solar time series with a two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in dimensionality. We describe the implementation of this procedure in the US-REGEN model and compare impacts on energy system decisions with more common approaches. The results demonstrate how power sector modeling and capacity planning decisions are sensitive to the representation of intra-annual variation and how our proposed approach outperforms simple heuristic selection procedures with lower resolution. The representative hour approach preserves key properties of the joint underlying hourly distributions, whereas seasonal average approaches over-value wind and solar at higher penetration levels and under-value investment in dispatchable capacity by inaccurately capturing the corresponding residual load duration curves.
Oil Prices and State Unemployment Rates
Authors: Karaki Mohamad B.
Published: March 2018

This paper studies the effect of oil price shocks on U.S. state-level unemployment rates. First, using a test of symmetry, I evaluate whether the relationship between oil prices and state unemployment rates is symmetric. I find no evidence against the null of symmetry after accounting for data mining. Second, I use a symmetric structural VAR model to analyze the effect of oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks and oil-specific demand shocks on state unemployment. I find that an adverse supply shock triggers increases in unemployment, whereas a positive aggregate demand shock reduces the unemployment rate across most U.S. states. I also show that oil-specific demand shocks have little effect on state unemployment. Finally, I dig into the historical contribution of the various oil shocks to the changes in state unemployment rates during the shale boom period. I find that aggregate demand shocks contributed the most to the change of unemployment.
Directed Technical Change and Energy Intensity Dynamics: Structural Change vs. Energy Efficiency
Authors: Haas Christian , Kempa Karol
Published: March 2018

This paper uses a model with Directed Technical Change to theoretically analyse observable heterogeneous energy intensity developments. Based on the empirical evidence, we decompose changes in aggregate energy intensity into structural changes in the economy (structural effect) and within-sector energy efficiency improvements (efficiency effect). The relative importance of these effects is determined by energy price growth and sectoral productivities that drive the direction of technical change. When research is directed to the labour-intensive sector, the structural effect is the main driver of energy intensity dynamics. In contrast, the efficiency effect dominates energy intensity developments, when research is directed to energy-intensive industries. Increasing energy price generally leads to lower energy intensities and temporal energy price shocks might induce a permanent redirection of innovation activities. We calibrate the model to empirical data and simulate energy intensity developments across countries. The results of our very stylised model are largely consistent with empirical evidence.
Follow-on schadeclaims wegens schending van het mededingingsrecht: van law in the books naar law in action
Authors: Meijer R.
Published: March 2018

Follow-on schadeclaims wegens schending van het mededingingsrecht: van law in the books naar law in action

In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur in op een aantal recente ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de private handhaving van het mededingingsrecht. Daarbij wordt in het bijzonder aandacht besteed aan de nieuwe wettelijke bepalingen als gevolg van de implementatie van de richtlijn inzake schadeclaims wegens mededingingsinbreuken alsmede enkele noemenswaardige ontwikkelingen in de jurisprudentie op het gebied van kartelschade.
Het eenzijdig wijzigingsbeding in de franchiseovereenkomst
Authors: Dolphijn A.W.
Published: March 2018

Het eenzijdig wijzigingsbeding in de franchiseovereenkomst

De vraag of de franchiseformule door de franchisegever gewijzigd zou mogen worden, en in hoeverre, kan een bron van conflicten zijn. Bij de beoordeling gaat het om de formulering van het wijzigingsbeding, de wijziging zelf en overige omstandigheden. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt in deze bijdrage bezien welke factoren van belang kunnen zijn bij een toelaatbaar beroep van een franchisegever op een beding in een franchiseovereenkomst tot eenzijdige wijziging van de franchiseformule.
Wat is de impact van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming van de EU op internationale franchiseovereenkomsten?
Authors: de Koning M. , de Vries H.H.
Published: March 2018

Wat is de impact van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming van de EU op internationale franchiseovereenkomsten?

De Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG) zal per ingang van 25 mei 2018 van toepassing zal zijn in alle EU-lidstaten. Het artikel zet de belangrijkste veranderingen die de AVG met zich meebrengt en de betekenis voor franchiseovereenkomsten uiteen. In het kort verruimt de AVG de rechten van betrokkenen (natuurlijke personen) op basis van hun fundamentele recht op gegevensbescherming en scherpt het de verplichtingen aan van de bij verwerking van persoonsgegevens betrokken ondernemingen. Ook verzwaart de Verordening het sanctieregime.

Voor de meeste franchisegevers en franchisenemers geldt dat zij persoonsgegevens verwerken en dus te maken krijgen met het regime van de AVG. De meeste franchisenetwerken maken gebruik van loyaltyprogramma’s en digitale marketingmethodes. Ook komt het in de praktijk voor dat franchisegevers en franchisenemers in geschillen terechtkomen over wie de gegevens met betrekking tot de klanten van de franchisenemers mag gebruiken, tijdens of na beëindiging van de franchiserelatie. Wij behandelen de basisbeginselen van de AVG, de vereisten voor een rechtmatige verwerking van persoonsgegevens, de nieuwe verplichtingen en rechten van betrokkenen. Teneinde aan de AVG te kunnen voldoen, moeten franchisegevers en franchisenemers onder meer de gegevensverwerking van in franchisesystemen in kaart brengen en moeten zij rolduidelijkheid scheppen: wie is de verantwoordelijke en wie is eventuele verwerker jegens de betrokken natuurlijke personen?

Het artikel concludeert dat de meeste internationaal gebruikte standaard franchiseovereenkomsten vrij veel aanpassingen behoeven om aan de vereisten van de AVG te voldoen. Momenteel zijn de rollen van franchisegevers en franchisenemers en de activiteiten voor bescherming van persoonsgegevens in de franchiseketen niet duidelijk bepaald en vastgelegd. Dan blijft dikwijls in het midden welke partij voor de naleving van de AVG verantwoordelijk is. Niet-naleving kan tot hoge boetes, civielrechtelijek aansprakelijkheid en/of reputatieschade van het gehele franchisenetwerk leiden. De AVG is ook relevant voor buiten de EU gevestigde franchisegevers. Ongeacht of de verwerking van persoonsgegevens in de EU plaatsvindt, is de AVG van toepassing op de verwerking in de context van activiteiten van een vestiging van een verwerkingsverantwoordelijke of een verwerker in de EU.

Er is voorts nog een e-Privacy Verordening in de maak. Deze zal op het punt van profilering, e-marketing, behavioral advertising en geo-targeting aanvullende eisen stellen.
RNA Analysis as a Tool to Determine Clinically Relevant Gene Fusions and Splice Variants
Authors: Teixidó Cristina , Giménez-Capitán Ana , Molina-Vila Miguel Ángel , Peg Vicente , Karachaliou Niki , Rodríguez-Capote Alejandra , Castellví Josep , Rosell Rafael
Published: March 2018

Context.—

Technologic advances have contributed to the increasing relevance of RNA analysis in clinical oncology practice. The different genetic aberrations that can be screened with RNA include gene fusions and splice variants. Validated methods of identifying these alterations include fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing, which can provide physicians valuable information on disease and treatment of cancer patients.

Objective.—

To discuss the standard techniques available and new approaches for the identification of gene fusions and splice variants in cancer, focusing on RNA analysis and how analytic methods have evolved in both tissue and liquid biopsies.

Data Sources.—

This is a narrative review based on PubMed searches and the authors' own experiences.

Conclusions.—

Reliable RNA-based testing in tissue and liquid biopsies can inform the diagnostic process and guide physicians toward the best treatment options. Next-generation sequencing methodologies permit simultaneous assessment of molecular alterations and increase the number of treatment options available for cancer patients.
FTIR study of acetylacetone, D2-acetylacetone and hexafluoroacetylacetone–water complexes in argon and nitrogen matrices
Authors: Čeponkus Justinas , Platakytė Rasa , Šablinskas Valdas , Gutierrez Quintanilla Alejandro
Published: March 2018

Association of acetylacetone molecules with water was studied by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy aided by matrix isolation technique. The spectra of acetylacetone–water mixtures isolated in low temperature argon and nitrogen matrices revealed additional spectral bands, not observed in the spectra of pure substances, thus confirming the formation of hydrogen bonded complexes. The precise assignment of the spectral bands was performed by varying the sample concentration, performing annealing experiments and DFT B3LYP 6-311++G(3df, 3pd) calculations. Positions of the associated water bands indicate a medium strength hydrogen bond comparable to the one observed in the water trimers. The effect of hydrogen bond formation is rather minimal for the acetylacetone molecule and our experiments confirm no significant influence on an internal hydrogen bond structure or dynamics in the acetylacetone molecule. Similar conclusions are valid in the case of the D2O D2-acetylacetone complex. Different situation is observed when CH3 groups in acetylacetone are replaced with CF3 groups. The calculated energy of the complex is twice as small. This is also confirmed by a very small bounded OH stretch shift. This observation confirms that the electronic structure of the molecular groups even relatively far away from the hydrogen bond accepting atom has a large influence on its possibility to form a hydrogen bond.
Properties and characterization of CZTS nanoparticles prepared by microwave heating irradiation
Authors: Grincienė Giedrė , Pakštas Vidas , Giraitis Raimondas , Niaura Gediminas , Naujokaitis Arnas , Juodkazytė Jurga , Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė Loreta , Juškėnas Remigijus , Šimkūnaitė-Stanynienė Birutė , Norkus Eugenijus
Published: March 2018

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles suitable for solar cell absorber fabrication were synthesized by the microwave-assisted heating method. The influence of the reaction temperature, the temperature increase duration and post-annealing temperature on the chemical composition, crystallographic structure, phase purity and optical properties of CZTS nanocrystals has been investigated by means of XRD, Raman spectroscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopies (TEM), EDX and UV–Vis spectroscopies. The chemical composition of the CZTS nanoparticles synthesized at a temperature of 250°C and the temperature increase duration of 10 min are almost stoichiometric. The post-annealing process of CZTS has been investigated by means of the in situ XRD method. The results obtained point to the presence of a pure CZTS phase after annealing of the synthesized powder at a temperature of 550°C. The direct band gap energy (Eg) of the CZTS nanoparticles obtained depends on the post-annealing temperature and reaches nearly 1.5 eV at 550°C.
Construction of a novel highly selective potentiometric perchlorate sensor based on neocuproine–Cu(II) complex formed in situ during the conditioning period
Authors: Onder Ahmet , Topcu Cihan , Coldur Fatih
Published: March 2018

A potentiometric perchlorate-selective electrode based on a phenanthroline derivative, neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), was developed. An electroactive substance, a neocuproine complex of Cu2+, providing a selective response to perchlorate was formed in situ in the electrode membrane structure during the conditioning process. Membrane optimization studies showed that the most suitable membrane composition was 1.0% (w/w) neocuproine, 69.0% (w/w) o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE) and 30.0% (w/w) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in terms of potentiometric performance characteristics. For the proposed electrode, the linear range, slope, detection limit, pH working range and response time were determined as 2.5 × 10–7–1.0 × 10–1 M, –53.01 mV/decade, 1.0 × 10–7 M, 4.0–12.5 and ≈3 s, respectively. The proposed sensor was successfully used in the determination of perchlorate contents of some perchlorate spiked tap, river and dam water samples.
Que révèlent les situations d’évaluation de la posture en formation des futurs enseignants ?
Authors: Breithaupt Sandrine , Clerc Georgy Anne
Published: March 2018

En fin de première année de formation à l’enseignement primaire, les étudiants du canton de Vaud en Suisse sont certifiés par des examens de différentes natures. Pour cette recherche à caractère exploratoire, nous avons retenu deux certifications particulières. La première concerne un module intituléSavoirs mathématiques et enseignement, qui est certifié par un questionnaire à choix multiples (QCM) et qui exige des étudiants non seulement qu’ils répondent aux questions, mais également qu’ils indiquent leurs degrés de certitude des réponses données. Ce faisant, ils s’autoévaluent et cette estimation est prise en compte dans la réussite à l’examen. La seconde concerne un module intituléEnseignement et apprentissage. L’examen se structure par des questions ouvertes testant les capacités d’analyse de tâches distribuées aux élèves des classes de la région. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche visant à comprendre les liens entre des expériences évaluatives et des postures en formation de quatre étudiantes, puis à définir d’éventuelles logiques de formation. Nous avons relevé quatre postures qui remettent en question le rapport aux savoirs de la profession.
Modération statistique et modération sociale des résultats scolaires : approches opposées ou complémentaires ?
Authors: Laveault Dany , Yerly Gonzague
Published: March 2018

La modération des résultats d’évaluation est une pratique devenue courante dans de nombreux systèmes éducatifs. Ses buts sont de renforcer l’équité des résultats entre les élèves et/ou leur comparabilité lorsque l’évaluation sert à certifier ou à sélectionner les élèves. Selon les contextes, différentes méthodes sont appliquées. Deux approches sont présentées : la modération statistique et la modération sociale. La première consiste de manière générale en une transformation statistique des résultats des élèves à l’aide d’une épreuve de calibration. La seconde est une démarche de travail collaboratif et de développement professionnel qui amène les enseignants à construire collectivement des pratiques communes d’évaluation à l’aide de standards. Cet article propose une réflexion théorique qui permet une description de ces deux approches (différentes méthodes, apports et limites) afin de les comparer. Son apport est d’actualiser cette comparaison et de dégager quels en sont les enjeux pour les différents acteurs du système scolaire. Un certain nombre de recommandations liées à leurs conditions d’utilisation sont envisagées en conclusion.
Long-term changes in the species and functional diversity of a fine sand macrobenthic community in the English Channel
Authors: Bacouillard Lise , Baux Noémie , Dauvin Jean-Claude , Desroy Nicolas , Geiger Katja Juliana , Gentil Franck , Houbin Céline , Thiébaut Éric
Published: March 2018

In the eastern Bay of Seine, which is a representative area of coastal zones exposed to numerous anthropogenic disturbances, data from a long-term monitoring program of the benthic macrofauna based on a framework of 60 stations sampled during 7 cruises from 1988 to 2016 were used to investigate the link between species and functional diversity at different scales and assess how long-term changes in the community structure may have altered the ecosystem functioning. To cover the different facets of α-diversity, a selection of species and functional diversity indices were calculated and the links between these metrics were determined from a Principal Component Analysis. The β-diversity was analysed by applying multivariate methods on both species and traits composition matrices. Population fluctuations of a few very abundant species led to the major variations observed in the structure of the community in both taxonomic and functional aspects. A certain redundancy was found among species and functional diversity indices in terms of richness, evenness and heterogeneity. Likewise, at regional scale, similar patterns were reported on the spatial structure of the community in terms of species and trait composition. These patterns persist over time suggesting that the community structure and its functioning are rather resilient.
Oropharynx HPV status and its relation to HIV infection
Authors: Vianna Leonora Maciel de Souza , Carneiro Fabiana Pirani , Amorim Rivadavio , Guerra Eliete Neves da Silva , Cavalcanti Neto Florêncio Figueiredo , Tiziani Valdenize , Motoyama Andrea Barretto , Bocca Anamélia Lorenzetti
Published: March 2018

Background

The number of oropharyngeal lesions caused by HPV (Human papillomavirus) has been increasing worldwide in the past years. In spite of the clinical relevance of HPV infection in the anogenital tract of HIV-positive patients, the relevance of oropharynx HPV infection in these patients is not clear. The aim of the present study was to detect HPV infection, and clinical and cytological changes in the oropharynx of HIV-positive patients.

Methods

Samples collected from the oropharynx of 100 HIV-positive patients were subjected to hybrid capture (HC), conventional and liquid-based cytology. Clinical data were also collected to investigate the relation with HPV status.

Results

High and low-risk types of HPV were present in 8% and 16.7% of the total sample. The mean ± sd (maximum-minimum) of the relative ratio light unit (RLU)/cutoff (CO) was 2.94 ± 2.58 (1.09–7.87) and 1.61 ± 0.65 (1.07–2.8) for high- and low-risk-HPV, respectively. By cytology, dysplasia was not detected, but atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) were diagnosed in two samples. No clinical change, suggestive of dysplasia/cancer, was detected.

Conclusion

Our study was able to detect and characterize HPV infection by hybrid capture, which may represent a good tool for screening and follow-up of HPV in the studied population. The frequency and viral load of HPV were low. Neither clinical nor cytological changes suggestive of dysplasia/neoplasia were observed in oropharynx of HIV-positive patients.
Will the California Current lose its nesting Tufted Puffins?
Authors: Hart Christopher J. , Kelly Ryan P. , Pearson Scott F.
Published: March 2018

Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) populations have experienced dramatic declines since the mid-19th century along the southern portion of the species range, leading citizen groups to petition the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to list the species as endangered in the contiguous US. While there remains no consensus on the mechanisms driving these trends, population decreases in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem suggest climate-related factors, and in particular the indirect influence of sea-surface temperature on puffin prey. Here, we use three species distribution models (SDMs) to evaluate projected shifts in habitat suitable for Tufted Puffin nesting for the year 2050 under two future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. Ensemble model results indicate warming marine and terrestrial temperatures play a key role in the loss of suitable Tufted Puffin nesting conditions in the California Current under both business-as-usual (RCP 8.5) and moderated (RCP 4.5) carbon emission scenarios, and in particular, that mean summer sea-surface temperatures greater than 15 °C are likely to make habitat unsuitable for breeding. Under both emission scenarios, ensemble model results suggest that more than 92% of currently suitable nesting habitat in the California Current is likely to become unsuitable. Moreover, the models suggest a net loss of greater than 21% of suitable nesting sites throughout the entire North American range of the Tufted Puffin, regardless of emission-reduction strategies. These model results highlight continued Tufted Puffin declines—particularly among southern breeding colonies—and indicate a significant risk of near-term extirpation in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem.
Introduction
Authors: BROWNE JANET
Published: July 2002

When the editorial board of the British Journal for the History
of
Science was considering
ways to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the British
Society for the
History of Science, it was quickly decided that the occasion presented
an ideal opportunity
for publishing a collection of student essays. For few areas have changed
so much over the
last fifty years as the actual teaching of the history of science. When
the Society began in
1947, the subject was offered in only three universities: Oxford,
Cambridge and London.
Now, in 1997, it is available in more than twenty-two institutions
across the country and
in many more worldwide. University teaching has become an essential part
of our
professional activities – essential and greatly valued. And the
work of students today is of
a calibre hardly anticipated fifty years ago. By publishing a selection
of student papers
during this Anniversary year, we aim to celebrate the strengths of our
subject at the institutional level.