bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Enhanced Built-up and Bare Land Index (EBBI) in the Urban Area of Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Tin S.N.
Published: August 2021

In planning and reviewing changes in the ground overview data, land distribution guidelines and identification of changes are critical. The availability of free global and historical satellite images offers a valuable resource for the built-up region to be continuously and accurately mapped and tracked year by year. For thirty years of data, this study uses Landsat images to obtain substantial and land spread data that is extremely useful for urban arrangement. This paper mainly focuses on the basic extraction of the built-up area for the urban planning area every five years from the satellite images of LANDSAT 5,7,8 and Sentinel 2A from USGS. The goal is to evaluate the year-by-year shift in the urban built-up area and to obtain the accuracy of the mapping of built-up and bare land areas in the study of the urban built-up trend from 1990 to 2020. In this research, GIS tools such as raster calculator and built-up region modeling are used to measure the indices that include the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index (EBBI), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the Urban Index (UI) or the Built-up Index (BUI). This study will therefore point out a variable approach to mapping traditional enhanced built-up and bare land changes (EBBI) automatically with simple indices and according to index outputs. The uncoordinated areas of land and population urbanization spread from areas and gradually the link between the expansion of urban land development and population growth has moved from weak positive to strong decoupling. The advantage of the method the enhanced built-up and bareness index (EBBI) can therefore be realized with the correlation of linear regression slightly expanded in 2020 over the last thirty years. The percentage of the outputs between the indexes and population rate was to use the entire spectral range of Landsat imageries which cause less spectral confusion between built-up area changes and higher accuracies compared to other indices. The modelling method was effective, quickly simple to implement, and can be used to find out the built-up area extraction.
An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis
Authors: Wegmann Martin , Schwalb-Willmann Jakob , Dech Stefan
Published: August 2021

This is a book about how ecologists can integrate remote sensing and GIS in their research. It will allow readers to get started with the application of remote sensing and to understand its potential and limitations. Using practical examples, the book covers all necessary steps from planning field campaigns to deriving ecologically relevant information through remote sensing and modelling of species distributions. An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis introduces spatial data handling using the open source software Quantum GIS (QGIS). In addition, readers will be guided through their first steps in the R programming language. The authors explain the fundamentals of spatial data handling and analysis, empowering the reader to turn data acquired in the field into actual spatial data. Readers will learn to process and analyse spatial data of different types and interpret the data and results. After finishing this book, readers will be able to address questions such as “What is the distance to the border of the protected area?”, “Which points are located close to a road?”, “Which fraction of land cover types exist in my study area?” using different software and techniques. This book is for novice spatial data users and does not assume any prior knowledge of spatial data itself or practical experience working with such data sets. Readers will likely include student and professional ecologists, geographers and any environmental scientists or practitioners who need to collect, visualize and analyse spatial data. The software used is the widely applied open source scientific programs QGIS and R. All scripts and data sets used in the book will be provided online at book.ecosens.org. This book covers specific methods including: what to consider before collecting in situ data how to work with spatial data collected in situ the difference between raster and vector data how to acquire further vector and raster data how to create relevant environmental information how to combine and analyse in situ and remote sensing data how to create useful maps for field work and presentations how to use QGIS and R for spatial analysis how to develop analysis scripts
A Field Guide to Harlequins and Other Common Ladybirds of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Boyce Helen
Published: August 2021

The invasive Harlequin ladybird is an eye-catching and beautiful species, but it can be very difficult to identify, with huge variation in colouration and pattern. This comprehensive photographic field guide is the first complete guide to identifying Harlequin ladybirds found in Britain and Ireland. It also covers all the other 25 conspicuous ladybird species that occur. - Detailed, informative and beautifully illustrated with more than 350 remarkable colour photographs including ladybird developmental time sequences and numerous images of each ladybird species - Ground-breaking quick key for Harlequin identification - Includes a photographic guide to the larvae of all 26 species – the first of its kind - Easy to follow comprehensive descriptions and explanations of ladybird lifecycles and habits This clear, user-friendly field guide is ideal for anyone interested in learning how to identify a Harlequin ladybird, from beginners to more experienced entomologists, students and professionals. This book is ideal for learning to recognise and understand this charismatic and significant beetle.
Muntjac and Water Deer
Authors: Cooke Arnold
Published: August 2021

Muntjac and water deer were introduced to Britain from East Asia. This book provides a comprehensive overview of their natural history and the management of their environmental impacts. In lowland England, muntjac deer are one of the drivers of changes in woodland structure and species composition, and many of the principles relating to such woodland impact are also applicable to the activities of other species of deer. Interest in environmental impacts of deer is not solely restricted to woodlands. The highest densities of water deer occur in wetlands, where there is potential for conflict, and considerable numbers are also found on agricultural land. Muntjac have also settled in suburbia and frequently cause impacts there. Conservationists and national decision makers are concerned both about invasive alien species and about increasing deer populations. The first section covers the natural history of both species including: breeding biology, deer in the field, colonisation of Britain, a detailed look at colonisation in a single county, methods for studying deer populations and a review of deer population numbers. The second section covers environmental impact: risk assessment, impact management, control of muntjac, effect of muntjac browsing and grazing, habitat recovery from muntjac impacts and a study on the impacts of water deer. The section concludes with an overview of management and monitoring. The costs and benefits of both species are discussed, and questions asked about whether we are getting on top of problems caused by muntjac (locally and nationally) and will water deer turn out to be similar to muntjac? Attitudes and approaches to these species are changing: with water deer we are actively studying whether it might be an environmental problem, not waiting until after it has obviously become one. What will happen to distribution, numbers, impacts and attitudes in the future? Will water deer ever become a suburban animal? What does the future hold for water deer in China and Korea - and how important is the English population as a global conservation resource?
Writing Effective Ecological Reports
Authors: Dean Mike
Published: August 2021

An in-depth guide to writing high-quality and effective professional ecological reports. Mike Dean distils the knowledge and experience gained over a period of more than 20 years working as an ecological consultant, during which time he has written and reviewed many such reports. There are existing good practice guidelines on ecological report writing, published by CIEEM and co-authored by the author of this book. Writing Effective Ecological Reports goes beyond those guidelines. It provides practical advice on the structure, content and style of ecological reports, using numerous case study examples to help the reader’s understanding. It also tackles topics not covered by the guidelines, such as how to write an effective summary, how to create and use a report template, how to proofread reports, and what those tasked with reviewing reports should be looking for. This book will be invaluable for any professional ecologist, or anyone hoping to become a professional ecologist. It is particularly aimed at those who write ecological reports, such as ecological consultants. However, it also provides practical advice for those tasked with reading and reviewing reports written by others, including those working for local planning authorities or nature conservation consultees. The book has been written to be useful to those with limited experience, such as recent graduates, as well as those with many years of experience as a professional ecologist, and everyone in the middle.
Brown Seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Fletcher Robert
Published: August 2021

Brown Seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) of Britain and Ireland provides the first complete, up-to-date, detailed illustrated guide and keys to the nearly 200 species of brown algae present around the coasts of Britain and Ireland. It is the culmination of over 30 years of field and laboratory studies by the author. Following an exhaustive introduction that covers the biology and ecology of brown seaweeds, a checklist of species is set out, followed by clear and user-friendly keys to the genera. Particular attention is then paid to providing detailed illustrations, and the volume holds more than 300 compound plates of line drawings and photographs in its extensive taxonomic treatment. Comprehensive information is given on the geographical and seasonal distributions, synonymy, morphology, anatomy, cytology, reproduction, life histories, taxonomy, systematics and bibliographic material pertaining to each species. Notably, this flora offers a much fuller consideration of many of the lesser known, more cryptic microscopic brown algae than previously available. Further, the book also contains the results of much original research undertaken by the author. This will surely remain a standard reference work on brown seaweeds for many years to come – an indispensable research tool and field guide for phycologists and students throughout the North Atlantic region and beyond.
THE BASICS OF DEVELOPING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN OF 5-7 CLASSES OF SECONDARY SCHOOL.
(ACCORDING TO VARIOUS EXPERTS)
Authors: Khachatryan Satenik
Published: August 2021

An author's survey was conducted among schoolchildren of 5-7 classes of secondary schools of all the regions in Armenia, as well as Yerevan (6653), teachers of physical culture (760), teachers of other subjects (2350) and parents of schoolchildren of 5-7 classes (1531).
An attempt was made to identify all current and problematic issues, the study of which can develop a positive attitude towards organizing and leading a healthy lifestyle.
All the relevant and problematic topics of teenagers’ life have been identified. And as a result of grouping these topics, it is planned to create an experimental program «Healthy Lifestyle» for schoolchildren of 5-7 classes.
Aspects cliniques et judiciaires des violences sexuelles sur le genre féminin à Ségou
Authors: Bagayoko TB
Published: August 2021

Introduction : Les violences sexuelles demeurent un tabou dans notre pays malgré l’augmentation du nombre de cas par an et l’existence de l’association pour la défense de droit des femmes (APDF). Notre objectif était d’étudier les aspects cliniques et judiciaires des violences sexuelles de la région de Ségou. Méthodologie : il s’agissait d’une étude descriptive rétro prospective de septembre 2010 à septembre 2018, tous les cas de violence sexuelle, adressés pour des fins médico-judiciaires, qui ont été colligés à l’hôpital et dans les districts sanitaires de Ségou. Résultats : Nous avons enregistré 107 cas d’agressions sexuelles sur 47729 consultations gynécologiques soit une prévalence hospitalière de 0,22%. Les victimes étaient âgées de 10 à 15 ans dans 48,59% des cas. Les élèves étaient les plus représentées avec 53,27% de cas. Les survivantes étaient admises sur réquisition dans 79,44% de cas. Le contact génito-génital était enregistré dans 90,65% de cas. Les lésions vulvo-périnéales étaient présentes chez 44,86% des survivantes. L’agression sexuelle avait conduit à des poursuites judiciaires dans 34,57% de cas. L’agression sexuelle était commise par un seul individu dans 60,75% des cas et par un petit ami de la victime dans 21,5% des cas. Les survivantes avaient consulté dans les 24 heures suivant l’agression sexuelle dans 40,19% des cas. Conclusion : Les violences sexuelles restent une préoccupation bien que sa fréquence soit survivante. Ce fléau touche essentiellement les enfants et adolescentes. Elles ont fait l’objet d’une poursuite judiciaire dans un tiers des cas.

Mots-clés : agressions sexuelles, survivantes, Ségou, poursuite judiciaire.
Contribution à l’amélioration de la qualité de la consultation post natale : une étude d’intervention au Centre de Santé Communautaire et Universitaire de Konobougou, Mali
Authors: Coulibaly MB
Published: August 2021

Introduction : Les six semaines du postpartum constituent une période à risque de morbidité et de mortalité maternelle et néonatale. Pour prévenir ces risques il est recommandé des visites postnatales de la mère et le nouveau-né. Le but de ce travail était de contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de la consultation post natale dans le centre de santé communautaire et universitaire (CSCom-U) de Konobougou. Matériel et méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude interventionnelle transversale répétée allant du 01 juillet au 30 novembre 2020 au CSCom-U de Konobougou. Résultats : Nous avons introduit dans cette étude 244 femmes en post partum dont la moitié à l’évaluation initiale et l’autre moitié à l’évaluation finale plus sept agents de santé. La connaissance des signes de danger pour les femmes elles-mêmes et pour les nouveau-nés a respectivement évoluée de 67,2% à 91,8% des cas et de 65,6% à 95,1% des cas. Seulement 14,3% des nouveau-nés étaient examiné à l’évaluation initiale contre 100% à l’évaluation finale grâce au plan d’action. Le résultat de l’examen physique n’était pas annoncé aux femmes dans 71,4% des cas à l’évaluation initiale contre 0% l’évaluation secondaire. Conclusion : Le plan d’action a permis de corriger les insuffisances observées au cours de l’évaluation initiale, d’améliorer la compétence des agents de santé et le niveau de connaissance des femmes.

Mots clés : Amélioration qualité, consultation post natale, Konobougou, Mali
Télévision et socialisation : continuité ou perturbation des mécanismes classiques de transmission des acquis culturels aux jeunes à Baco Djicoroni, Bamako
Authors: Sangho Fadimata
Published: August 2021

Introduction : L’objectif principal était de comprendre l’influence de la télévision sur les mécanismes classiques de transmissions des acquis culturels aux jeunes. Méthodes : Nous avons procédé à l’interview de 8 parents, 13 adolescents (dont 9 filles) et 4 spécialistes de l’éducation à Baco-Djicoroni. Nous avons aussi mené des entretiens avec des responsables de programmes et d’émissions de l’ORTM. Une analyse de contenu a été réalisée sur les données qualitatives collectées. Microsoft Excel a été utilisé pour l’analyse quantitative. Résultats : Les personnes interrogées avaient un âge compris entre 30 à 50 ans (parents) et 12 à 15 ans (adolescents) pour la majorité. Tous les parents et adolescents ont affirmé avoir la télévision en famille à l’exception d’un parent qui avait plus de 50 ans. Elle était regardée en famille par la plupart des enquêtés. Les parents pensent que la télévision pérennise les valeurs culturelles tandis que les spécialistes de l’éducation (n=4) la conçoivent comme un outil perturbateur de la transmission des acquis culturels. Quant aux responsables des programmes et émissions de l’ORTM, ils affirment que la chaîne nationale propose des émissions participant à la transmission des valeurs culturelles aux jeunes. Aussi, la moitié d’entre eux pensent que ce médium assure la continuité des mécanismes classiques de transmission des acquis culturels. Conclusion : Les programmes de télévision doivent être revus pour influencer positivement la socialisation de la jeune génération et assurer la transmission des acquis culturels.

Mots clés : Télévision, socialisation, culturel, jeunes, Baco-djicoroni.
Etude des facteurs associés aux infections des plaies opératoires à l’Hôpital de Zone de Ouidah, Benin
Authors: Haidara Dadé Ben Sidi
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION : Les infections nosocomiales représentent un véritable problème de santé publique. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les principaux facteurs de risque associés aux infections des plaies opératoires à l’hôpital zone de Ouidah de 2006 à 2007. MATERIEL et METHODES : Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective, descriptive et analytique. Une régression logistique a été effectuée pour étudier les facteurs de risque de l’infection de la plaie opératoire. RESULTATS: Au total 521 dossiers ont été dépouillés entre 2006 à 2007. L’âge médian des opérés était de 26 ans avec un minimum de 1 an et un maximum de 90 ans. 54,7 % des opérés étaient hospitalisés dans le service de Gynéco-obstétrique. Le sexe ratio était de 2 Femmes pour un Homme. La prévalence de l’infection a été 22,8%. Le risque de survenue de l’infection de la plaie opératoire est plus élevé chez les opérés ˃60 ans (OR = 3,61 ; IC à 95% = [1,66 – 7,84]). Ce risque est plus élevé (OR = 10,78 ; IC à 95% = [5,33 – 21,79]) chez les opérés ayant séjourné plus d’une semaine en analyse multivariée. L’analyse qualitative montrait des facteurs dépendant à la fois des malades, du personnel et de l’organisation des services. CONCLUSION: La prévalence de l’infection de la plaie opératoire a été de 22, 8%. Les principaux facteurs de risques associés ont été : la durée de l’intervention chirurgicale, la durée d’hospitalisation, le rythme du pansement et la classe d’antibiotique utilisée en per opératoire.

MOTS CLES: Prévalence, Infection de la plaie opératoire, facteurs associés.
Amélioration de la qualité de la mise en œuvre de la chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier : Recherche formative à Koulikoro au Mali en 2020
Authors: Diarra Niélé H
Published: August 2021

Introduction : Malgré le large déploiement d’interventions de lutte contre le paludisme, la prévalence et l'incidence restent élevées au Mali. La chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier telle que recommandée en 2012 par l’OMS est mise en œuvre pour y remédier. Les centres Internationaux d’excellence pour la recherche sur le paludisme (ICEMR) exécutent une recherche de mise en œuvre pour explorer l’utilisation de nouvelles molécules pour la CPS et pour l’extension de la cible. Dans le cadre de cette recherche action, une recherche formative (RF) est conduite pour mieux comprendre les facteurs pouvant améliorer la mise en œuvre au sein des communautés. Méthodes : La RF est qualitative et a eu lieu à Koulikoro entre Juin et Aout 2020 en utilisant 24 entretiens individuels, 12 focus group et 27 observations directes. Une analyse thématique a été faite avec triangulation des informations des discussions et des observations. Résultats : 90% des participants avaient une bonne connaissance de la CPS et de son utilité, ainsi que la cible et les molécules utilisées. La crainte des effets secondaires constitue un obstacle majeur à l’adhésion ainsi que les théories du complot autour des médicaments. La DHA/PQ plus appréciée que la SP/AQ car présentant moins d’effets secondaires selon les participants. Conclusion : La FR a un rôle crucial dans l’amélioration de la qualité de telles interventions. Elle a permis de faire ressortir que les communautés ont une bonne connaissance de la CPS et de ses effets sur la santé des enfants. Cependant, il y’a un besoin de plus d’informations sur les effets secondaires et une assurance sur leur gestion afin d’aboutir à la prise correcte des trois doses par passage.

Mots clés : Chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier ; Koulikoro ; recherche formative.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) in Adult Patients between 15-40 years of age: A study on Treatment Outcome in Teaching Hospitals
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Saleem Rehan , Rasheed Muhammad Tayyab , Habib Mohammed , Haq Naseem ul , Khan Sakhawat
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To study treatment outcome of positional vertigo in adult patients of 15-40 years of age. Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at ENT department of Chaudhary Muhammad Akram Teaching & Research Hospital, Lahore and Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from June 2019 to June 2020. Material and Methods: 50 patients with diagnosis of benign positional vertigo were included in the study. Patients were treated and their outcomes were analyzed. Results: 50 patients of age between 15-40 years were included in the study. The analysis of treatment outcome showed that 35 patients (70%) showed maximum improvement in vertigo with medical treatment, 10 patients (20%) showed improvement in their symptoms with positional exercises and 5 patients (10%) showed improvement by combined treatment. Conclusion: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder and presents as brief, episodic, positional provoked vertigo. The diagnosis can be made through clinical history along with diagnostic maneuvers and it can have a considerable impact on the quality of life. The medical treatment with vestibular dilators and vestibular suppressant is best option, with particle repositioning maneuver (Epley maneuver) for resistant and recurrent patients. Key words: Vestibular exercises, Dizziness, Positional vertigo, Dis equilibrium
Knowledge, Attitude, Risk Factors & Screening Practices Regarding Breast Cancer among Women in Islamabad
Authors: Khaliq Nida , Mustehsan Zille Huma , Rashid Hania , Khadija Shafaq , Waseem Nazeeha , Waseem Hafsa
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Cancer of breast tissue is a commonly recognized cancer among females and is the fifthmain reason of cancer associated deaths in the world. It is important and beneficial for the females at risk to understand breast cancer as this may assist in timely detection and management of this deadly disease. Objectives: To assess understanding about breast cancer, knowledge and attitude, risk factors and screening practices among female in Islamabad. Methodology: The study is across-sectional survey which was conducted from October 2020 till March 2021. A self-administered questionnaire, using Google forms, was distributed among women residing in Islamabad, consisting of questions regarding knowledge about breast cancer symptoms, risk factors and screening methods. A total of 320 participants completed and submitted the questionnaire. Results: The participants of the present study were familiar with the term “breast cancer”; however, their attitude towards breast cancer prevention was recorded as unsatisfactory because they lacked knowledge about the screening practices of breast cancer. Conclusion: Women residing in Islamabad seem to have limited understanding about breast cancer, its symptoms and associated risk factors which is somewhat similar to other developing countries. Very few women in the study population practice “BSE” and have undergone “CBE” and “mammography”. They also have limited information about other screening practices of breast cancer. Keywords: “Breast cancer”, “Breast Self-Examination”, “Clinical Breast Examination”, “Mammography”, Screening
Contamination of Mobile Phones of Health Care Workers of PIMS Hospital Islamabad
Authors: Khaliq Nida , Mustehsan Zille Huma , Rashid Hania , Khadija Shafaq , Waseem Nazeeha , Waseem Hafsa
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Mobile phones are one of the most vital telecommunication devices and are used to stay in touch with both the social and professional aspects of our lives. They have also become an important tool for the rapid delivery of information in healthcare institutions, such as hospitals. However, with many benefits of mobile phone usage, also comes the drawbacks of hospital-associated pathogens surviving on these mobile phone screens. Objectives: To determine the frequency of contamination of healthcare worker’s mobile phones by different types of microorganisms. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2020 till December 2020 at PIMS Hospital, a tertiary care hospital located in Islamabad, Pakistan. A total of 121 individual mobile phones were randomly sampled. A simple random sampling method was used. Informed consent was taken before taking a sample and a questionnaire was also utilized. Results: Among 121 samples collected from different department health workers mobile phone surfaces, 112 showed significant differences (92.56%) which were positively contaminated with microorganisms. Conclusion: To conclude, a high contamination rate of mobile phones was found with microorganisms. This could lead to serious nosocomial infections. Therefore, a standard guideline on the use of electronic devices and mobile phones should be implemented in hospitals and healthcare centres. Enforce the hygiene practices such as washing hands and cleaning mobile phones a few times a day. Keywords: Healthcare Worker, Mobile Phone, Microorganism, Contamination, Disinfectant
A Organização Mundial do Comércio como espaço de luta do liberalismo na perspectiva da noção de campo de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Peña Cortés Olga Nancy , Cortes Bustamante João Francisco
Published: August 2021

No século XIX, na Europa, o liberalismo encontra ambiente favorável para se difundir junto com a democracia e o capitalismo. No século XX, os Estados Unidos tornam-se o marco do modelo liberal-democrático e iniciam um processo de institucionalização mundial. A Organização Mundial do Comércio, como proposta liberal econômica, expõe a disputa de poder por parte dos Estados Unidos, da União Europeia e da China. Analisa-se a prática do eixo filosófico-econômico-político em que orbitam Estados Unidos, China e União Europeia nessa organização com base na noção de campo do pensador Pierre Bourdieu. Pretende-se avaliar como espaço social constituído por agentes sociais – países membros – em que posições ocupadas sinalizam a rede interacional que mantém e conserva os interesses dos seus principais agentes. O artigo privilegia a análise teórico-conceitual por meio de bibliografia e o método analítico-filosófico com vistas a oferecer reflexões sobre as relações de agentes sociais no âmbito das instituições internacionais.Palavras-Chave: Campo; OMC; Liberalismo; Teoria bourdieusiana.
Política de segurança dos EUA para a América Latina no governo Obama: hegemonia e ajustes táticos
Authors: Dos Santos Filho João Estevam
Published: August 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender qual foi o sentido da política de segurança dos EUA para a América Latina durante o governo de Barack Obama. A hipótese aqui proposta é a de que, nesse período, a política de segurança sofreu ajustes de ordem “tática” com o objetivo de manter as relações hegemônicas com os países da região na dimensão de segurança. Especificamente, é entendido que esses ajustes consistiram em: relações menos militarizadas; implementação de projetos de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e menor utilização do discurso antiterrorista. Para a realização deste trabalho, foi feita análise de dados quantitativos coletados em bases de dados internacionais; análise documental de relatórios e políticas de segurança do governo dos EUA e revisão de literatura sobre relações EUA-América Latina. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que houve de fato uma redução no grau de militarização das iniciativas de cooperação em segurança dos EUA com os países da região, ao mesmo tempo em que a ênfase foi posta mais na agenda antidrogas do que na de antiterrorismo. Assim, a conclusão do trabalho é que há indícios de ajustes pontuais da política de segurança dos EUA para a América Latina a fim de manter sua posição hegemônica em um novo contexto internacional.Palavras-chave: Estados Unidos; Governo Obama; América Latina; Política de Segurança.
Las condiciones sociales de la continuidad pedagógica en tiempos de pandemia: conocimientos movilizados por el Programa Conectar Igualdad en Argentina
Authors: Benítez Larghi Sebastián
Published: August 2021

El propósito del presente artículo es indagar, a partir de evidencia empírica validada científicamente, en las condiciones sociales necesarias para llevar adelante la continuidad pedagógica en Argentina en el marco del Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio (ASPO) a raíz de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Para ello se estudiará la experiencia del Programa Conectar Igualdad (PCI) como principal antecedente de introducción de tecnologías digitales en la educación argentina con el fin de ponderar las posibilidades que la apropiación de las tecnologías digitales por parte de docentes y estudiantes habilita y, sobre esta base, orientar el diseño de las políticas educativas llevadas adelante en un contexto de excepcionalidad. A lo largo del artículo se analizarán los distintos tipos de conocimientos objetivos, subjetivos e intersubjetivos movilizados por el PCI que hoy configuran las condiciones sociales habilitantes –y también limitantes– para las estrategias de continuidad pedagógica. La investigación es de escala nacional y de carácter federal y su estrategia metodológica trianguló instrumentos cuantitativos y cualitativos (principalmente encuestas, grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad). De los hallazgos surge que la educación a distancia debe superar escollos estructurales, subjetivos, organizacionales y comunicacionales. Entre los estructurales sin dudas la conectividad es el principal. En relación con los conocimientos de tipo subjetivo, las habilidades que se valoran negativamente de las y los estudiantes son justamente aquellas que las y los docentes utilizan para valorarse positivamente a sí mismas/os mientras que la capacidad de concentración en un único estímulo son bajas, previsiblemente entre las y los estudiantes, pero también entre las y los docentes. En cuanto a la dimensión intersubjetiva, existe experiencia previa de utilización de las tecnologías digitales con fines educativos en el hogar e intercomunicación digital entre docentes y estudiantes; sin embargo, es preciso alertar sobre la potencial reproducción y ampliación de las desigualdades sociales existentes.
Aspectos clave para repensar el derecho de autor en el entorno digital en América Latina
Authors: Cabello Sebastián
Published: August 2021

El derecho de autor está hoy sujeto a intensos debates a partir de la expansión de los medios digitales, nuevas formas de producción y consumo de contenidos, y el uso de plataformas intermediarias. En particular, a partir de la aprobación de la Directiva Europea 2019/790 de derecho de autor se han creado desafíos contrapuestos en todo el mundo, que tienen su resonancia en América Latina. Por un lado, encontramos a aquellos preocupados por la libertad de expresión en Internet y la innovación. Por otro lado, vemos a los sectores tradicionales de creadores y tenedores de derechos y los medios de prensa quienes buscan nuevos modelos de financiamiento. Este trabajo analiza el marco teórico-conceptual del derecho de autor desde un punto de vista multidisciplinario, con especial énfasis en entender cuál es el óptimo social de control y remuneración justa de los autores para el mundo en desarrollo y América Latina en particular. Se ensaya cómo puede comportarse la oferta y la demanda de creaciones de contenidos y obras en distintos momentos luego de aumentar el control y la remuneración a los creadores. Se observa que el efecto sustitución del incentivo a los creadores es menor que la retracción de la oferta dada en el momento inicial, generando una pérdida de bienestar por el mayor control expandido a los intermediarios de Internet. Esto se explica en que en el mundo en desarrollo existe una “des-balanza de pagos” de la propiedad intelectual y numerosas barreras a la entrada e imperfecciones de mercado que afectan negativamente la difusión, creación de contenido local y la innovación. Se proponen cinco aspectos de análisis para tener una visión que aborde apropiadamente el tema y se concluye que, dadas las particularidades de América Latina, la región se vería más beneficiada de un régimen más abierto a la difusión de contenidos, conocimientos y a la innovación, que de uno más restrictivo como el planteado por el modelo europeo en esta materia.
Biosurfactants as promising multifunctional agent: A mini review
Authors: Akbari Sweeta , Nour Abdurahman Hamid , Yunus Rosli Mohd , Farhan Abdulrahman Hasan
Published: August 2021

Biosurfactants are derived from plants and microorganisms such as fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Biosurfactants are also called natural surfactants which are amphiphilic biological compounds comprised of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. The environmental concerns about the effect of toxic and conventional surfactants have increased the demand for renewable and biodegradable surfactants with low toxicity and other useful effects. Therefore, the application of biosurfactants has gained much attention in different industries mainly in petroleum, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. This review summarizes the utilization of biosurfactants as emulsifying, wetting, foaming and antimicrobial agents in various industrial processes along with their promising availability and ensuring environmental quality.
Emulsion types, stability mechanisms and rheology: A review
Authors: Akbari Sweeta , Nour Abdurahman Hamid
Published: August 2021

Emulsions have been widely used in different industrial processes. The development and production of good quality emulsions depend on the knowledge of emulsion preparation, stability mechanisms and rheological studies. To form stable emulsions, an emulsifier is required to reduce the droplet sizes of the emulsions and enhance the emulsion stability. The purpose of this review article is to provide information about types of emulsions, stability mechanisms and rheological studies as well as factor affecting the stability of emulsions.
Relationship between Internet addictions and academic performance among Afghan universities students
Authors: Ghulami Hassan Rahnaward , Ab Hamid Mohd Rashid , Ibrahim Mohd Reza , Hikmat Ali , Aziz Hussein
Published: August 2021

This study evaluates the relationship between Internet addiction and academic performance among students of eight Afghan universities. The differences between internet addiction in terms of gender was also identified. The survey/research method adopted the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) based on Young’s survey applied with some modifications. From 1000 distributed questionnaires only 976 participants (358 females, and 618 males) were responded completely. The descriptive analysis was used to identify the demographic characteristics of student’s Internet usage profile. The independents sample t-test was performed to determine the differences in the level of Internet addiction in terms of gender. Statistical significance was set at a value of p <0.01. Likewise, the correlation test was implemented to identify the relationship between Internet addiction and academic performance, with referencing of sample. The results indicated that statistically there is a significant correlation among Internet addiction and academic performance. Results also indicated that statistically there were significant differences between Internet addictions in terms of demographic characteristics. This study suggests that future researchers need to work on large sample while conducting the related research. It emphasizes that students should concentrate more on their academic activities than spending time on unnecessary Internet surfing. Findings also revealed that, in Afghanistan the problem of Internet addiction is not a serious challenge, but this information should be disseminated among undergraduate university students to stop the indulgent in using the Internet.
The opportunities and challenges of Afghanistan education in the age of globalization
Authors: Moqemi Mohammad Basir
Published: August 2021

Afghanistan which is known as the heart of Asia and strategic hub, has been burning in political parties and world super powers vicarious fight. Simultaneously, with the conflicts it would like to keep abreast with the world development. In consideration of speed of technology and improvements of world, globalization of education is one of the controversial issues. Education plays a key and an important role in taking decisions, social, economic and cultural activities in human society. For this reason, it minimum decreases human separations and makes countries’ profits closer to each other. Human thoughts and knowledge simply break the limitations and pave the ground for human interactions. Information of this review has taken from national and international libraries, magazines and articles. This study has considered as a limit of library and has used thoughts and ideas of scientists and theorists about globalization. Result of study shows that how globalization affects on country’s education that has faced problems and opportunities in their education. By consideration of effective and active plan we can reach out the problems. We can change weak points to strong points simultaneously with world. Despite of all accompanying countries cooperation and attention for developing education system and rehabilitation of Afghanistan, still there are lots of challenges for standardizing education system. By presenting objective suggestions and struggling to build standardized education system, we can achieve our goals.
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among Kabul University students
Authors: Naimi Haji Mohammad , Rahimi Muzhda Haem , Noori Ahmad Zia
Published: August 2021

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus/Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus/MRSA) poses a major risk for the transmission and infection of this pathogen especially in hospital setting. The main objective of this study was to investigate the colonization of S. aureus/MRSA among healthy individuals and determine their susceptibility patterns to common antibiotics in Kabul. A total of 150 healthy participants have been included and nasal swabs were collected from all. Samples were cultured on appropriate and selective media for proper identification of S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 33.3% with 12.7% MRSA nasal carriage. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA colonization was not statistically significant according to gender (p=0.84) and age (0.18). All MRSA isolates were sensitive to rifampicin, linezolid and acid fusidic. Thirty-two percent of the S. aureus isolates were multi-drug resistant. Multi-drug resistance varied from resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics (14%) to maximum six classes of antibiotics (4%). This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA nasal carriage among healthy individuals when compared to similar studies conducted elsewhere and is a reason of concern. Identifying and treating MRSA carriers, as well as responsible use of antibiotics is recommended.
Comparison of physicochemical properties, grain quality, and ultrastructure of rice cultivars
Authors: Noori Zubair , Qarluq Abdul Ghani , Kakar Kifayatullah , Abdiani Saidajan , Nawakht Noor Agha
Published: August 2021

Genetic background, environmental conditions, and agronomical practices could influence yield components, grain quality, and physicochemical properties of rice. The study aim was to investigate the variations in yield potential, quality traits, and morphological observation among Akitakomachi (japonica), IR-28 (indica), and NERICA-4 (hybrid) varieties under the same environmental and agronomical conditions. For this, the cultivars were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the paddy field of Tsukuba International Center, JICA, Tsukuba, Japan in 2017. All cultivars were transplanted at a spacing of 15×30 cm using three seedlings per hill. The results exhibited that Akitakomachi had a higher number of panicles per m2 (344.3), and the ripening ratio (94.3%) across all cultivars. In addition, IR-28 and Akitakomachi achieved significantly higher rough rice yield (6.9 t/h & 6.1 t/h), respectively, compared to NERICA-4 (4.9 t/h). However, NERICA-4 was associated with the significantly higher amylose and protein contents, which resulted in the reduction of the taste point than other cultivars. Furthermore, the lowest grain transparent (34.2%) and highest chalky grain (47.7%) were obtained in NERICA-4, which leads to lower grain quality. IR-28 and NERICA-4 were classified as long and slender grain types, whereas, Akitakomachi as a short and medium grain, respectively. The micrographs observation displayed that regular starch granules with polyhedral shape were arranged without air gaps in transparent grains of all cultivars. In contrast, the endosperm of chalky grains in NERICA-4 and IR-28 revealed that irregular starch granules with round shape were loosely packed. Thus, each cultivar should be considered based on growing regions and the cultivated aims.
A brief review on the reaction mechanisms of CO2 hydrogenation into methanol
Authors: Qaderi Jawed
Published: August 2021

The catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol is an appealing option to reduce greenhouse gas concentration as well as renewable energy production. In addition, the exhaustion of fossil fuel, increase in earth temperature and sharp increases in fuel prices are the main driving factor for exploring the synthesis of methanol by hydrogenating CO2. Many studies on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol were published in the literature over the last few decades. Many of the studies have presented different catalysts having high stability, higher performance, low cost, and are immediately required to promote conversion. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the conversion of CO2 is essential as the first step towards creating these catalysts. This review briefly summarizes recent theoretical developments in mechanistic studies focused on using density functional theory, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and microkinetics modeling. Based on these simulation techniques on different transition metals, metal/metal oxide, and other heterogeneous catalysts surfaces, mainly, three important mechanisms that have been recommended are the formate (HCOO), reverse water–gas shift (RWGS), and trans-COOH mechanisms. Recent experimental and theoretical efforts appear to demonstrate that the formate route in which the main intermediate species is H2CO* in the reaction route, is more favorable in catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to chemical fuels in various temperature and pressure conditions.
Studying the effect of socio-cultural, political and personal-family factors on returnees of international immigration in Herat city from 2015-2019
Authors: Waiezi Ehsan , Wahidy Ahmad Hamid
Published: August 2021

Immigration is one of the four factors of population transformation that incorporates time and geographical constraints on the basis of goals and motivation of human life both in place of origin and destination in a matter of structure and function. This study has analyzed socio-cultural, political and personal-family factors to international immigration. The present work is conducted in a quantitative exploratory method with a sample size of 370 returnees with a probable simple random sampling who are all living in Herat city. The questionnaire tool is used for data collection and SPSS for data analysis. The data are analyzed with the regression of each indicator of socio-cultural, political and personal-family factors as pulling factors to the international immigration. The findings indicate that the personalfamily factor with the most influential factor, political with the second influential factor, and socio-cultural as the third influential factor to the international immigration.
Role of literary works of Mahmoud Tarzi in improvement of Persian-Dari Contemporary literature in Afghanistan
Authors: Wajed Zumaray
Published: August 2021

Literature reflects human feelings and emotions that play a significant role in the process of their lives. The purpose of the study is to clarify the role of Mahmoud Tarzi in the growth and development of contemporary literature in the country in order to motivate others to pay attention to the growth and development of this phenomenon. This study is based on review of the literature. In this review, the author collected articles and books written by prominent authors. The review of the literature revealed that Mahmoud Tarzi played a crucial role in literary, cultural, political, economic, and social transitions to the extent that he considered the founder of contemporary literature in Afghanistan. Moreover, he played a crucial role in transformation and content of classic literature.
The effect of different treatments on seed dormancy breaking and germination inducing in Louisiana variety of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
Authors: Safdary Ali Jawed , Ahamdi Ahmad Jawid , Habibi Nasratullah , Rahmani Zabiullah , Rasooli Saifullah
Published: August 2021

To investigate the methods of dormancy breaking in okra seeds; a study was conducted in the winter season of 2019 under laboratory conditions in Samangan Higher Education Institute. The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design within 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included gibberellic acid at 4 levels (100, 500, 700, and 1000 ppm), hot water (70°C), hydrochloric acid (75%) at three levels (5, 10, and 15 minutes), 7-day chilling at 3°C and control treatment (distilled water). The results showed that the highest percentage (100%) with a germination rate of 86 seeds were available due to the application of 7-day cold treatment. Moreover, the treatments such as 7-day chilling, gibberellic acid 500 ppm, and hydrochloric acid 10 and 15 minutes had significant effects on the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots as well as on their length. we observed that the 7- day cooling at 3°C is the best and most appropriate solution to break down the seed dormancy and stimulate seed germination of the above-mentioned crop.