bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justice at the Border
Authors: Cook Elizabeth
Published: February 2021

In two recent cases, children were shot by Border Patrol agents across the United States and Mexico border. In one case, the Ninth Circuit found the Border Patrol agent was not entitled to qualified immunity and should pay damages to the teen’s family. However, the Fifth Circuit refused to allow damages in the other case because of concerns over national security. The circuit split raises questions over separation of powers and how far the power of the courts should go when deciding damages in cases involving transnational issues. This Article discusses officials’ qualified immunity and its limits when constitutional violations occur; judicially created Bivens damages; and the circuit split over separation of powers concerns and fairness to plaintiffs.
Minimizing the Risk of COVID- 19 in Pediatric Dialysis Center in Baghdad/IRAQ
Authors: Layla Qasim Hiris Ali
Published: February 2021

The current Coronavirus Disease-19 pandemic represents a global challenge for citizens, health systems,local, and national governments. Since no previous experience has prepared the scientific and medicalcommunity to face such as widespread and rapid clinical emergency, local experiences can be of help indefining management strategies.In this commentary, we briefly represent our approach to prevent and mitigate the risk of COVID-19 inhemodialysis pediatric patients, that we implemented at our Dialysis center, located in Baghdad, Iraq
Review of the book “The nature and indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic under the influence ofclimate change and industrial development: Murmansk Region”. Moscow, 2020. 180 p.
Authors:   Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Davydov Denis A. , Davydova Alyona S. ,   Barents Centre of the Humanities Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: February 2021

Here presented a review of a collective monograph «Nature and the indigenous population of the Arctic impacted by climate change and industrial development: Murmansk Region» (2020). The book included a comprehensive assessment of the consequences of climate change and anthropogenic impact on theenvironment and nature managementin the Murmansk region, with attention to the economic activities of the indigenous people. The following chapters of the book are surveyed: changes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, interaction of the mining complex and the natural environment, the ethnogenesis, history and culture of the Sami, as well as statistical data on the demography of the Sami in the Mur-mansk region, an overview of traditional knowledge and practices of nature management. Book data on the participation of the indigenous peoples in the local government, protection and development of Sami culture are assessed on the Lovozero village as an example. The scenarios of social consequences of climate change in areas of intensive nature management are also analyzed.
CF3-substituted carbocations: underexploited intermediates with great potential in modern synthetic chemistry
Authors: Fernandes Anthony J , Panossian Armen , Michelet Bastien , Martin-Mingot Agnès , Leroux Frédéric R , Thibaudeau Sébastien
Published: February 2021

“The extraordinary instability of such an “ion” accounts for many of the peculiarities of organic reactions” – Franck C. Whitmore (1932). This statement from Whitmore came in a period where carbocations began to be considered as intermediates in reactions. Ninety years later, pointing at the strong knowledge acquired from the contributions of famous organic chemists, carbocations are very well known reaction intermediates. Among them, destabilized carbocations – carbocations substituted with electron-withdrawing groups – are, however, still predestined to be transient species and sometimes considered as exotic ones. Among them, the CF3-substituted carbocations, frequently suggested to be involved in synthetic transformations but rarely considered as affordable intermediates for synthetic purposes, have long been investigated. This review highlights recent and past reports focusing on their study and potential in modern synthetic transformations.
Evaluating species in Botryosphaeriales
Authors: Zhang W. , Groenewald J.Z. , Lombard L. , Schumacher R.K. , Phillips A.J.L. , Crous P.W.
Published: February 2021

The Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes) includes numerous endophytic, saprobic, and plant pathogenic species associated with a wide range of symptoms, most commonly on woody plants. In a recent phylogenetic treatment of 499 isolates in the culture collection (CBS) of the Westerdijk Institute, we evaluated the families and genera accommodated in this order of important fungi. The present study presents multigene phylogenetic analyses for an additional 230 isolates, using ITS, tef1, tub2, LSU and rpb2 loci, in combination with morphological data. Based on these data, 58 species are reduced to synonymy, and eight novel species are described. They include Diplodia afrocarpi (Afrocarpus, South Africa), Dothiorella diospyricola (Diospyros, South Africa), Lasiodiplodia acaciae (Acacia, Indonesia), Neofusicoccum podocarpi (Podocarpus, South Africa), N. rapaneae (Rapanea, South Africa), Phaeobotryon ulmi (Ulmus, Germany), Saccharata grevilleae (Grevillea, Australia) and S. hakeiphila (Hakea, Australia). The results have clarified the identity of numerous isolates that lacked Latin binomials or had been deposited under incorrect names in the CBS collection in the past. They also provide a solid foundation for more in-depth future studies on taxa in the order. Sequences of the tef1, tub2 and rpb2 genes proved to be the most reliable markers. At the species level, results showed that the most informative genes were inconsistent, but that a combination of four candidate barcodes (ITS, tef1, tub2 and rpb2) provided reliable resolution. Furthermore, given the large number of additional isolates included in this study, and newly generated multigene DNA datasets, several species could also be reduced to synonymy. The study illustrates the value of reassessing the identity of older collections in culture collections utilising modern taxonomic frameworks and methods.
Comparative study of advanced techniques for the diagnosis of induction motors
Authors: Khechekhouche Abderrahmane , Allal Abderrrahim , Driss Zied
Published: February 2021

This work is a comparative study between the various advanced technologies of diagnosis of induction motors published recently and to make a classification of these diagnostic techniques according to their sensitivities from experimental results of stator short-circuit faults between stator turns. By using the logarithmic FFT spectrum, we can discover the best method to detect faults in their early stages so that we can predict their faults and anticipate breakdowns that can be dangerous for people or the economy.
Stochastic Local Search Algorithms for Feature Selection: A Review
Authors: Al-Behadili Hayder
Published: February 2021

In today’s world, the data generated by many applications are increasing drastically, and finding an optimal subset of features from the data has become a crucial task. The main objective of this review is to analyze and comprehend different stochastic local search algorithms to find an optimal feature subset. Simulated annealing, tabu search, genetic programming, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony, grey wolf optimization, and bat algorithm, which have been used in feature selection, are discussed. This review also highlights the filter and wrapper approaches for feature selection. Furthermore, this review highlights the main components of stochastic local search algorithms, categorizes these algorithms in accordance with the type, and discusses the promising research directions for such algorithms in future research of feature selection.
Corruption as a factor that hampers the socialization of the economy
Authors:   Witte Institute for New Industrial Development, Lemeshonok Olga B.
Published: February 2021

The author investigates comparisons of the corruption prevalence in countries with different economic systems based on the regularly calculated corruption perception index. The essence of corruption interactions in an economy is revealed through relations of power and dependence, property distribution and related economic actors behavior. The article shows a role of the institutional environment in corruption expanding or reducing, its connection with the development of civil society and the processes of economy socialization. The influence of corruption on certain aspects of economy socialization is specified: social differentiation, innovative orientation of production development, macroeconomic stability, development of the institutional environment, efficiency of the public administration system, property allocation efficiency, general humanization of activities and the human capital quality associated with these processes. The author shows how corruption relations affect individual aspects of socialization of the economy, considers the potential and prospects of noonomy and the NIS’s new economy in the processes of reducing corruption and strengthening the foundations of socialization. Micro- and macroaspects of the formation of a new human with his needs structure and new production corresponding to these needs are separately noted.
The “Pandemic” as Preemptive Counterrevolution
Authors: Pijl Kees
Published: February 2021

The argument of this piece is that the Covid-19 ‘pandemic’ is a counterrevolutionary transformation of capitalist society at the level of the system as a whole. Its actual health emergency features and the remedies prescribed are too contradictory to see it as anything else than a political project. In past transformations towards a ‘new normal’ a formula of governance or concept of control arose from the processes of class formation. More generally the means that the development of the productive forces placed into the hands of the existing ruling classes first, tended to accrue to subaltern classes as well in due course. With the Information (IT) Revolution, this would also be the case if it were allowed to evolve organically. However, since the collapse of Soviet state socialism, concepts of control rely on largely fictional scenarios of which Covid-19 is an example. The World Economic Forum has in fact provided a detailed blue-print for the ‘new normal’ to be executed under the guise of (but in fact unrelated to) the ‘pandemic’ to counter revolutionary developments preemptively.
Opuntia ficus-indica as Nutritious Food Ingredient; Prevalence for Therapeutic Speciality
Authors: Ramzan Saniya , Saeed Maryam
Published: February 2021

Background: It is predicted that the world’s population, specifically in arid and semi-arid regions, usually with complications such as water scarcity, climate change, soil erosion, and wind erosion, is facing food insecurity issue. Moreover, the outbreak of several diseases is further a burden on the people living in such areas. The growth of improved crop varieties which is compatible with agro-climatic conditions of the site such as Opuntia ficus-indica is the ray of hope. Multipurpose native crops like Opuntia ficus-indica is cultivated owing to it is drought tolerant ability and growth in different ranges of the environment. Furthermore, it has natural components that can not only be served as food but also the therapeutic ability for numerous diseases.

Objectives: The purpose of this review is concerning global issues such as food insecurity, malnutrition and their solution through natural products i.e. nutraceuticals. The target is to find one of the numerous approaches that can be adapted to focus on dealing with such problems.

Methodology: Opuntia ficus-indica has various nutraceutical uses that had been utilized in past but can further be accommodated for commercial utilization and public benefit. In this review, the therapeutic aspects of Opuntia ficus-indica have been elaborated with the utilization of its components to fight different diseases. Different studies from various scientists published in the form of research/review articles have been overviewed proving its physico-chemical elements to be beneficial in this aspect.

Results: Opuntia ficus-indica is not only a source of food but also has exponential components that serve as nutraceuticals including phytochemicals such as phenolics, vitamin C, flavonoids, betalains, and carotenoids. These components impart diverse beneficial effects on health and act as anti-ulcerogenic, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-atherogenic, and immunomodulator.

Conclusion: Opuntia ficus-indica is a miracle of nature that has been bestowed upon us to reduce the risk of many calamities. It can not only be served as food but also imparts beneficial effects on health that not only reduces the chances of getting sick but also helps in alleviating the drastic effects of disease exposure.
Improving Damped Random Walk Parameters for SDSS Stripe 82 Quasars with Pan-STARRS1
Authors: Suberlak Krzysztof L. , Ivezić Željko , MacLeod Chelsea
Published: February 2021

We use the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 Survey (Pan-STARRS1, PS1) data to extend the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 quasar light curves. Combining PS1 and SDSS light curves provides a 15 yr baseline for 9248 quasars—5 yr longer than prior studies that used only SDSS. We fit the light curves with the damped random walk (DRW) model—a statistical description of their variability. We correlate the resulting DRW model parameters: asymptotic variability amplitude SF∞, and characteristic timescale τ, with quasar physical properties—black hole mass, bolometric luminosity, and redshift. Using simulated light curves, we find that a longer baseline allows us to better constrain the DRW parameters. After adding PS1 data, the variability amplitude is a stronger function of the black hole mass and has a weaker dependence on quasar luminosity. In addition, the characteristic timescale τ dependence on quasar luminosity is marginally weaker. We also make predictions for the fidelity of DRW model parameter retrieval when light curves will be further extended with Zwicky Transient Facility and Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time data. Finally, we show how updated DRW parameters offer an independent method of discovering changing-look quasar candidates (CLQSOs). The candidates are outliers in terms of differences in magnitude and scatter between the SDSS and PS1 segments. We identify 40 objects (35 newly reported) with a tenfold increase in the variability timescale between SDSS and SDSS–PS1 data due to a large change in brightness (over 0.5 mag)—characteristic for CLQSOs.
MOSEL and IllustrisTNG: Massive Extended Galaxies at z = 2 Quench Later Than Normal-size Galaxies
Authors: Gupta Anshu , Tran Kim-Vy , Pillepich Annalisa , Yuan Tiantian , Harshan Anishya , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Genel Shy
Published: February 2021

Using the TNG100 (100 Mpc)3 simulation of the IllustrisTNG project, we demonstrate a strong connection between the onset of star formation quenching and the stellar size of galaxies. We do so by tracking the evolutionary history of extended and normal-size galaxies selected at z = 2 with

and stellar-half-mass-radii above and within 1σ of the stellar size–stellar mass relation, respectively. We match the stellar mass and star formation rate distributions of the two populations. By z = 1, only 36% of the extended massive galaxies have quenched, in contrast to a quenched fraction of 69% for the normal-size massive galaxies. We find that normal-size massive galaxies build up their central stellar mass without a significant increase in their stellar size between

, whereas the stellar size of the extended massive galaxies almost doubles in the same time. In IllustrisTNG, lower black hole masses and weaker kinetic-mode feedback appears to be responsible for the delayed quenching of star formation in the extended massive galaxies. We show that relatively gas-poor mergers may be responsible for the lower central stellar density and weaker supermassive black hole feedback in the extended massive galaxies.
Properties of Neutrino Transfer in a Deformed Remnant of a Neutron Star Merger
Authors: Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Fujibayashi Sho , Sekiguchi Yuichiro , Shibata Masaru
Published: February 2021

We study properties of neutrino transfer in a remnant of a neutron star merger, consisting of a massive neutron star and a surrounding torus. We perform numerical simulations of the neutrino transfer by solving the Boltzmann equation with momentum-space angles and energies of neutrinos for snapshots of the merger remnant having elongated shapes. The evaluation of the neutrino distributions in multiple dimensions enables us to provide detailed information on the angle and energy spectra and neutrino reaction rates. We demonstrate features of asymmetric neutrino fluxes from the deformed remnant and investigate the neutrino emission region by determining the neutrinosphere for each energy. We examine the emission and absorption of neutrinos to identify important ingredients of heating rates through neutrino irradiation. We show that the contributions of μ- and τ-type neutrinos are important for the heating in the region above the massive neutron star. We also examine the angle moments and the Eddington tensor calculated directly from the neutrino distribution functions and compare them with those obtained by a moment closure approach, which is often used in the study of neutrino-radiation hydrodynamics. We show that the components of the Eddington tensor have non-monotonic behaviors, and the approximation of the closure relation may become inaccurate for high-energy neutrinos, whose fluxes are highly aspherical due to the extended merger remnant.
HAZMAT. VII. The Evolution of Ultraviolet Emission with Age and Rotation for Early M Dwarf Stars
Authors: Loyd R. O. Parke , Shkolnik Evgenya L. , Schneider Adam C. , Richey-Yowell Tyler , Jackman James A. G. , Peacock Sarah , Barman Travis S. , Pagano Isabella , Meadows Victoria S.
Published: February 2021

The ultraviolet (UV) emission from the most numerous stars in the universe, M dwarfs, impacts the formation, chemistry, atmospheric stability, and surface habitability of their planets. We have analyzed the spectral evolution of UV emission from M0–M2.5 (0.3–0.6 M
⊙) stars as a function of age, rotation, and Rossby number using Hubble Space Telescope observations of Tucana-Horologium (40 Myr), Hyades (650 Myr), and field (2–9 Gyr) objects. The quiescent surface flux of their C ii, C iii, C iv, He ii, N v, Si iii, and Si iv emission lines, formed in the stellar transition region, remains elevated at a constant level for 240 ± 30 Myr before declining by 2.1 orders of magnitude to an age of 10 Gyr. The Mg ii and far-UV pseudocontinuum emission, formed in the stellar chromosphere, exhibits more gradual evolution with age, declining by 1.3 and 1.7 orders of magnitude, respectively. The youngest stars exhibit a scatter of 0.1 dex in far-UV line and pseudocontinuum flux attributable only to rotational modulation, long-term activity cycles, or an unknown source of variability. Saturation-decay fits to these data can predict an M0–M2.5 star’s quiescent emission in UV lines and the far-UV pseudocontinuum with an accuracy of 0.2–0.3 dex, the most accurate means presently available. Predictions of UV emission will be useful for studying exoplanetary atmospheric evolution and the destruction and abiotic production of biologically relevant molecules and interpreting infrared and optical planetary spectra measured with observatories like the James Webb Space Telescope.
Development of a Method for Boundary Determination of the Noise-resistant Area of the UHF/VHF Band
Authors: Iohov O. , Tkachenko K. , Maliuk V. , Horielyshev S. , Herasimov S.
Published: February 2021

A method is proposed for determining the boundaries of the maximum largest zone of stable radio reception in the UHF/VHF range using beam antenna system under the action of several sources of radio interference located at different altitudes. The increase in the size of the stable radio reception area is ensured by the optimal orientation of the antenna arrangement at each point in azimuth and angular altitude using the radio communication channel model. To determine the coordinates of the map points belonging to the boundary, a modification of the wave algorithm is proposed. The conducted experimental studies for the MototrboTM DP4800 and Kenwood TK-8302 radio equipment allow concluding that the theoretical positions and computer simulation analysis results obtained are reliable.
Effect of Some Disturbance Factors on the Motion Stability of Unguided Rockets
Authors: Le H. , Konečný P.
Published: February 2021

A mathematical model of unguided-rockets’ motion in the air taking into account the deflection of the thrust and the position deviation of the center of gravity has been established. The mathematical model has been solved for a specific unguided-rocket slow spin to predict its standard trajectory and deviation trajectories; calculated results agree well with the corresponding data in the firing table. The effect of the disturbance factors on the motion stability is shown through the deviation of the graph of the angle of attack; sideslip angle and the trajectory falling points compared to the corresponding values of the standard trajectory, which does not contain deviations.
Optimization of Non-uniform Planar Antenna Array Topology in Two-dimensional DOA Estimation
Authors: Tran X. , Nguyen T. , Vesely J. , Dvorak Minh Duong F. V. , Doan V.
Published: February 2021

The paper deals with the optimization of the sparse planar antenna array for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation). The optimization algorithm was proposed on the basis of the peak sidelobe level (SLL) and half-power beamwidth (HPBW) parameters. In empirical validation, we have set up a measurement system to test the efficiency of an optimized array configuration. The array was configured using the patch antennas with frequency band 2.4 GHz. In comparison with several popular array configurations, the experimental results show that the proposed antenna array was optimized, and it provided higher accuracy and resolution in two-dimensional (2D) DOA estimation.
Reliability and Maintainability Requirements for Mobility Means of Surface-to-Air Missile Systems
Authors: Openʹko P. V. , Tyurin V. V. , Mironyuk M. Y. , Drannyk P. A. , Kobzev V. V.
Published: February 2021

The article solves the problem of complex substantiation of reliability and maintainability requirements for mobility means of surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems considering hierarchical structure of mentioned systems and appropriate characteristics of their mobility means, minimum configuration of SAM system means for air defense operation and a number of tactical characteristics of operation area. The quantitative characteristics of effectiveness of SAM system mobility means are measured by the coefficient of effectiveness sustainment which is the ratio of initial effect considering reliability and maintainability of mobility means to its value in case of faultless mobility means. The developed mathematical models, which are proposed for further use as a program product, are designed for defining the limit values of such reliability measures as mean range between failures and mean recovery time of combat and technical facilities of SAM system corresponding to given values of coefficient of effectiveness sustainment.
Study of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Capabilities in the Aspect of Civil and Military Aviation Safety
Authors: Nowakowski M. , Szelmanowski A. , Pazur A. , Franczuk E. , Rykaczewski D. , Paterek W.
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the issues related to the adaptation of flights performed by military unmanned aerial vehicles in Poland (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – UAV) to the civil aviation requirements. The unmanned aerial vehicles’ flight capabilities were discussed from the perspective of using the automatic flight control system to minimise a threat to civil and military aviation. Owing to the growing interest of the European Union (EU) in unmanned systems, there are many threats related to the broadly understood traffic safety in the European airspace.
Distribution pattern and phylogeography of tree rats Chiromyscus (Rodentia, Muridae) in eastern Indochina
Authors: Balakirev Alexander E. , Abramov Alexei V. , Rozhnov Viatcheslav V.
Published: February 2021

The study combines available data on species distribution in eastern Indochina to investigate the phylogeographical genetic and morphological diversity of tree rats (Chiromyscus, Rodentia, Muridae) and to specify their natural ranges. We examined the diversity and distribution of tree rats over its range, based on recent molecular data for mitochondrial (Cyt b, COI) and nuclear (IRBP, RAG1 and GHR) genes. The study presents the most complete and up-to-date data on the distribution and phylogeography of the genus in eastern Indochina. As revealed by mitochondrial genes, C. langbianis splits into at least four coherent geographically-distributed clades, whereas C. thomasi and C. chiropus form two distinctive mitochondrial clades each. Chiromyscus langbianis and C. chiropus show significant inconsistency in nuclear genes, whereas C. thomasi shows the same segregation pattern as can be traced by mitochondrial markers. The Northern and Southern phylogroups of C. thomasi appear to be distributed sympatrically with northern phylogroups of C. langbianis in most parts of eastern Indochina. The mitochondrial clades discovered are geographically subdivided and divergent enough to suspect independent subspecies within C. langbianis and C. thomasi. However, due to the insufficiency of obvious morphological traits, a formal description is not carried out here. The processes of recent fauna formation, species distribution patterns, dispersion routes and possible natural history in Indochina are discussed.
Penser le corps : l’avant-garde pascalienne
Authors: Lyraud Pierre
Published: February 2021

Le christianisme approfondit sans doute l’ambiguïté qui frappe le corps humain de façon presque originelle – le sôma platonicien l’atteste. Partagé entre sa corruptibilité, dont il n’est pas en lui-même responsable, et la promesse de sa Résurrection, il est fustigé autant que glorifié. Il en est de même chez Pascal, si naturellement enclin à souligner la réversibilité des choses, leur vanité comme leur raison d’être. Plus soucieux de repérer sa charge existentielle que de le condamner de façon moraliste ou de l’étudier de façon scientifique, Pascal se distingue ainsi par l’importance qu’il lui accorde d’un bout à l’autre des Pensées , avec un regard quasi phénoménologique.
Les expériences de mort imminente en service de réanimation et au-delà entre logiques de l’opératoire et processus de subjectivation
Authors: Rabeyron Thomas , Minjard Raphaël
Published: February 2021

Les expériences de mort imminente désignent un vécu subjectif évoqué par certains patients dans des contextes réels ou supposés de mise en danger de leur vie, en particulier lors d’éveils de coma ou à la suite d’arrêts cardiaques. Ces expériences aux frontières de la subjectivité interrogent nos modèles théoriques et cliniques. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons dans ce travail une réflexion à partir de la rencontre de deux cliniques confrontées à ces expériences. La première concerne la pratique de psychologue clinicien en service de réanimation menant à la rencontre et au récit de patients « sur le vif » en milieu hospitalier. La seconde provient de l’expérience d’un service de consultation spécialisé dans les expériences exceptionnelles recueillant des récits d’expériences de mort imminente dans l’après-coup. Un constat émerge à la rencontre de ces deux cliniques, à savoir que ces vécus ne sont pas décrits de la même manière au sein de ces deux espaces. Les auteurs tentent de rendre intelligible cette observation dans le but de mieux comprendre la nature de ces expériences en fonction de leur contexte d’émergence. Quelques recommandations sont proposées en conclusion concernant l’accueil de ces récits et la manière de les considérer aussi bien en milieu hospitalier que dans le cadre de consultations cliniques dans d’autres cadres.
Etudes cognitives et neuroscientifiques récentes des expériences de mort imminente : contribution du Coma Science Group
Authors: Bacqué Anthony
Published: February 2021

Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en lumière des recherches récentes et empiriques sur les expériences de mort imminentes (EMI), à travers des approches cognitives et neuroscientifiques. L’équipe du Coma Science Group est une des plus prolifiques dans le domaine. Leurs recherches s’articulent autour de deux axes : l’un centré sur la phénoménologie de l’expérience ; l’autre sur les caractéristiques psychologiques des expérienceurs. Le but étant, d’une part, d’extraire des facteurs prédictifs de leur occurrence dans la population, et d’autre part, leurs mécanismes cérébraux, cognitifs et psychologiques.
Adolescence exilée, les enjeux de confrontations complexes à la mort. Trauma, pertes et reconstruction
Authors: De Geynst Catherine
Published: February 2021

L’auteure part de son expérience en tant que psychologue clinicienne au sein d’un refuge pour mineurs migrants non-accompagnés. La mort est omniprésente sur leur trajet migratoire. Comment la confrontation à l’irreprésentable agit-elle sur leur psychisme ? La clinicienne présente leurs symptômes post-traumatiques ainsi que les effets sur les soignants pour amener une réflexion autour de ce qui restaure. L’auteur suggère la construction d’un lien thérapeutique engagé visant la réhumanisation du patient.
Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) commentateur de la Germanie de Tacite : Litteris et Patriae ?
Authors: Hirstein James
Published: February 2021

La contribution scientifique du grand philologue et historien Beatus Rhenanus de Sélestat (1485-1547) est examinée du point de vue de l’impartialité et du patriotisme. Ses démonstrations complexes et nuancées privilégient une interprétation fondée sur la lettre du texte et sur le pouvoir de la culture sur les influences du climat ou les traits nationaux. Dans ses interprétations le patriotisme ne joue pas le premier rôle.
Figures du souverain dans les tragédies de Hardy Panthée et Mariamne
Authors: Berregard Sandrine
Published: February 2021

L’analyse des deux tragédies de Hardy  Panthée  et  Mariamne  conduit à la mise au jour d’une tragédie du pouvoir, dans laquelle se développe une réflexion à la fois morale et politique. Selon qu’ils incarnent la vertu ou le vice, les débordements de la passion ou la maîtrise de soi à laquelle en appelle par exemple le stoïcisme, les personnages se répartissent en deux grandes catégories. La vocation édifiante du genre tragique tel que le pratique le dramaturge se trouve dès lors pleinement illustrée. Mais, peut-être plus qu’aucun autre poète de son temps, Hardy associe étroitement le  docere  et le  movere . La conduite admirable par laquelle se distingue Cirus ou, dans la sphère domestique, Mariamne est rendue aussi séduisante par les ornements du discours qui accompagnent en particulier les propos sentencieux.
La représentation des origines dans L’Astrée d’Honoré d’Urfé
Authors: Méniel Bruno
Published: February 2021

Honoré d’Urfé situe l’action de L’Astrée au v e  siècle, précisément à l’époque de la dernière invasion significative pour la constitution de la nation française, celle des Francs. Il rappelle que chacun est libre de reconnaître les ancêtres dont il se sent l’héritier. À la lumière de son expérience politique et amoureuse, il réinvente la naissance de sa petite patrie. La rêverie sur les origines est une interrogation sur les vertus de génération en génération.
Distinguer sans séparer. La définition aristotélicienne de la vertu éthique
Authors: Morel Pierre-Marie
Published: February 2021

En Éthique à Nicomaque II 4-6, Aristote entend donner une définition cohérente de la vertu éthique. Cependant, de manière assez surprenante, la dernière étape de la définition mentionne le phronimos et par son intermédiaire la sagesse pratique ( phronêsis ), qui est une vertu intellectuelle et non une vertu éthique : la vertu éthique est « une disposition à décider ( hexis proairetikê ), située dans un juste milieu relatif à nous, déterminé par la raison, et comme le déterminerait le prudent ». Pour résoudre cette énigme, on soutient ici que la recherche d’une définition de la vertu éthique est en partie motivée par le débat autour de l’unité de la vertu. En disant que la vertu éthique est proairetikê , Aristote réserve une place à la sagesse pratique dans sa définition. Ce faisant, il renforce sa propre conception de l’unité (ou réciprocité) des vertus : une distinction sans séparation.
The definition of particular justice
Authors: Zingano Marco
Published: February 2021

Cet article soulève deux problèmes. Le premier concerne l’origine – nicomachéenne ou eudémienne – de la définition de la justice particulière qu’on trouve en EN V (= EE IV). Le second concerne le sens qu’Aristote veut donner à la thèse selon laquelle la justice particulière n’est pas un moyen terme au même titre que les autres vertus. C’est ce qui est affirmé en V 5, 1133b32-34a1; pour mieux comprendre cette thèse, différentes versions de ce passage sont examinées.
Intermittent fasting contributes to aligned circadian rhythms through interactions with the gut microbiome
Authors: Daas M.C. , de Roos N.M.
Published: February 2021

The timing of food consumption is considered to be an important modulator of circadian rhythms, regulating a wide range of physiological processes which are vital to human health. The exact mechanisms underlying this relationship are not fully understood, but likely involve alterations in the structure and functioning of the gut microbiome. Therefore, this narrative review aims to clarify these mechanisms by focusing on intermittent fasting as a dietary strategy of food timing. A literature search identified 4 clinical and 18 preclinical studies that examined either (1) the impact of intermittent fasting on the gut microbiome, or (2) whether circadian rhythms of the host are subject to changes in the bacterial populations in the gut. Results reveal that intermittent fasting directly influences the gut microbiome by amplifying diurnal fluctuations in bacterial abundance and metabolic activity. This in turn leads to fluctuations in the levels of microbial components (lipopolysaccharide) and metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivates) that act as signalling molecules to the peripheral and central clocks of the host. Binding of these substrates to pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells in an oscillating manner leads to fluctuations in the expression of circadian genes and their transcription factors involved in various metabolic processes. Intermittent fasting thus contributes to circadian rhythmicity in the host and could hold promising implications for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with disordered circadian rhythms, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Future intervention studies are needed to find more evidence on this relationship in humans, as well as to clarify the optimal fasting regimen for balanced circadian rhythms.
On the optimal control problems with characteristic time control constraints
Authors: Yu Changjun , Su Shuxuan , Bai Yanqin
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we consider a class of optimal control problems with control constraints on a set of characteristic time instants. By applying the control parameterization technique, these constraints are imposed on the subdomains that contain the characteristic time points. The values of the control functions as well as the lengths for their corresponding subdomains become decision variables. Time-scaling transformation is an effective technique to optimize the length of each subdomain in a new time horizon. However, the characteristic time instants in the original time horizon become variable time instants in the new time horizon, and hence the control constraints imposed on these characteristic time points are difficult to be formulated in the new time horizon. We propose a surrogate condition and show that the characteristic time control constraints will be satisfied once the surrogate condition holds. Moreover, this surrogate condition is easy to formulate in the new time horizon. The resulting approximate problem can be readily solved by many existing computational methods for solving constrained optimal control problems. Finally, we conclude this paper by solving two examples.
Nuevos paisajes y nuevas formas de producción: la expansión de las empresas de servicios y de los asalariados en los espacios vitícolas del Duero
Authors: Molinero Hernando Fernando , Martínez Arnáiz Marta
Published: February 2021

El valle del Duero en España conoce un vigoroso proceso de expansión vitícola y vinícola sin precedentes. Sus vinos, cada vez más valorados en el mercado nacional e internacional, se suman a los del Duero portugués. Juntos configuran un espacio vitivinícola de grandes viñedos y vinos, de extraordinario dinamismo y valor. El Douro viñateiro ha expandido su reconocimiento y valoración desde la desembocadura en Oporto hasta su nacimiento en Soria y el conjunto del valle, con sus terrazas y campiñas próximas, ha adquirido fama vitícola mundial, merced a unos vinos cada vez más cotizados y a unos viñedos cada vez más cuidados y con inversiones procedentes de toda Europa y de América. En este contexto, la viticultura tradicional está cambiando radicalmente; los antiguos pagos de viñedo, fraccionados en numerosísimas parcelas, se reorganizan en explotaciones vitícolas de dimensiones medias. Se ha producido una expansión espectacular del viñedo, principalmente en Rueda y la Tierra de Medina del Campo, así como en La Ribera del Duero y Toro. En este nuevo modelo de viticultura, muchos viticultores hacen más de gestores que de trabajadores de sus viñas. Es el modelo de viticultura del siglo XXI, que ha generado un paisaje nuevo, con bodegas de diseño que se rodean de ejércitos de viñas, perfectamente alineadas, formando pagos vitícolas de grandes extensiones para cuyo laboreo se recurre a la externalización laboral, con trabajadores en gran medida inmigrantes, organizados en empresas de servicios a la viticultura. Todo ello existe merced a la capacidad de empleo de la viticultura moderna, que ha logrado cambiar el rumbo regresivo de las áreas rurales en el valle del Duero.
La patrimonialización de las salinas tradicionales: una herramienta para el desarrollo local
Authors: Hueso Kortekaas Katia
Published: February 2021

La patrimonialización de las salinas tradicionales en desuso puede ser una forma no sólo de recuperar su patrimonio, sino también una herramienta para el desarrollo local sostenible que va más allá de estos valores. Un estudio realizado en doce salinas europeas (nueve en España y tres en Dinamarca, Eslovenia y Francia, respectivamente) que se encuentran en diferentes etapas de patrimonialización muestra diferentes estrategias de recuperación del patrimonio; los obstáculos que se han encontrado en el camino y cómo (algunos de ellos) se han resuelto. Mediante un estudio comparativo de estas salinas, podemos identificar buenas prácticas y sacar conclusiones sobre lo que funciona o no a la hora de valorar el patrimonio natural, cultural y humano de estos espacios. En los doce casos se pueden observar diferentes grados de patrimonialización, algunos incipientes, otros en curso y otros ya consolidados; y se explican las diferencias entre ellos. Los procesos consolidados son los que muestran cómo el carácter multifuncional de los paisajes salados puede utilizarse para ofrecer una amplia gama de productos y servicios que van más allá de la producción de sal. Todos los casos, antes de su abandono, eran paisajes productivos dedicados al monocultivo de la sal, sin interés en preservar sus valores naturales y culturales más allá de lo estrictamente necesario para garantizar una mínima productividad. Las enseñanzas extraídas de los casos estudiados pueden servir de modelo para otros tipos de patrimonio productivo modesto en las zonas rurales. Asimismo, se discuten los retos de futuro en la patrimonialización de las salinas.
Análisis de dos modelos de gobernanza: los sistemas agroalimentarios locales de zarzamora en México y de mora en Colombia
Authors: Torres Salcido Gerardo , Sandoval Moreno Adriana , Burbano Muñoz Nathaly
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación sobre la gobernanza de los sistemas agroalimentarios locales. Se estudian dos sistemas productivos: la zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) en el municipio de Los Reyes, Michoacán, México; y la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth) en el municipio de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. La metodología aplicada tiene un enfoque cualitativo y está basada en recorridos de campo, entrevistas informales y semiestructuradas, así como en dinámicas grupales. Este enfoque fue complementado con fuentes bibliográficas y estadísticas. Ambos casos de estudio son críticos o de contraste porque se analizan modelos de gobernanza que muestran las contradicciones de la economía agroexportadora, como en el caso de Los Reyes, y de la campesina, en el caso de Pasto, en torno a un producto agrícola con alta demanda. La hipótesis de investigación es que la gobernanza de ambos sistemas se realiza de manera jerárquica, con el papel protagónico del mercado de exportación, en un caso, o de la gestión pública, en el otro. Sin embargo, en los intersticios de estos tipos de coordinación se mueven los actores que permiten observar la construcción incipiente de formas de gobernanza descentralizada y de sistemas agroalimentarios locales, con base en la apropiación de las tecnologías de cultivo, la transmisión del conocimiento y el arraigo territorial del producto. Se concluye que la investigación de estos modelos de gobernanza es de importancia para las políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial.
Enfoque cooperativo y custodia del territorio: dos factores impulsores de la transición agroecológica de los sistemas agroalimentarios locales
Authors: Yacamán-Ochoa Carolina , García-Llorente Marina
Published: February 2021

Los cambios experimentados desde mediados del siglo XX, como consecuencia de la industrialización de la agricultura, han favorecido la desconexión entre la producción de alimentos, la naturaleza y la sociedad. Esto nos sitúa frente a una serie de retos socio-ecológicos que necesitan ser resueltos para frenar la crisis de la agricultura de pequeña escala y el deterioro de los agroecosistemas. En contraposición a las lógicas que deslocalizan la producción del consumo y que rompen el vínculo con el territorio, diversas iniciativas están integrando prácticas crecientemente agroecológicas y adaptando sus formas de comercialización hacia modelos más sostenibles y territorializados. Con la necesidad de identificar las estrategias transformadoras en que los agricultores avanzan para crear sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, se analizan dos estudios de caso exploratorios en España (Extremadura y Asturias). Los resultados muestran cómo los enfoques cooperativos, las redes colaborativas enraizadas en el territorio y los acuerdos voluntarios de colaboración que se establecen entre diferentes agentes del sistema agroalimentario son factores clave para permitir a los pequeños productores mejorar su participación y empoderamiento en el sistema agroalimentario, a la vez que se fomentan estrategias sistémicas para cambiar los modos de producción y consumo hegemónicos.
El centro de acopio Sareko: aprendizajes para la gobernanza de las redes agroalimentarias alternativas en un salto de escala
Authors: Oñederra Aramendi Aintzira , Begiristain Zubillaga Mirene , Malagón Zaldua Eduardo
Published: February 2021

Las consecuencias a escala local del sistema agroalimentario global, las necesidades de ejecutar saltos de escala en las experiencias de producción y comercialización agroecológicas y sus relaciones de poder intrínsecas, evidencian la oportunidad de la reflexión y el debate en torno a la construcción de sistemas y estrategias de gobernanza que faciliten prácticas sociales y organizativas sostenibles para las personas productoras y consumidoras, principalmente mediante la creación de Redes Agroalimentarias Alternativas (RAA).
En este artículo se describe una experiencia innovadora en el ámbito de la comercialización de productos agroecológicos locales que se está desarrollando en Gipuzkoa: el proyecto piloto SAREKO, un Centro de Acopio (CA) de producción agroecológica que abastece al sector de la restauración en la comarca de Donostialdea. Mediante una metodología basada en la Investigación Acción Participativa, se parte de la sistematización de procesos para ordenar la información recogida en la dinamización del proyecto y para realizar una reflexión crítica colectiva sobre el mismo.
Los resultados principales constatan que el salto de escala tiene que apoyarse en iniciativas híbridas, en las que se debe prestar atención a la comunicación y a la negociación que se establece dentro de la red y a la construcción de confianza entre los participantes. Se constata que la cooperación entre los actores y la estructura organizativa emergente se convierten en piezas clave para conformar la identidad del CA. Así, la orientación colaborativa en los espacios de decisión y la generación de procesos basados en la toma de decisiones por consenso determinan la forma de redistribuir el valor añadido a lo largo de toda la cadena alimentaria.
She Says, He Says: “What Do You Mean?”
Authors: Feinstein Sandy , Wang Bryan
Published: February 2021

“She Says, He Says” is a rumination on some of the words that have dominated the conversation on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It begins with a personal essay that interrogates different ways of reading, starting with biological “success” and ranging to the language of DNA. This first point of view, from a humanist, focuses on how scientists and social scientists appropriate and redeploy words. A second perspective, from a scientist, reconsiders the usages and purposes from both a personal and professional point of view. Both sections address metaphors, or models as metaphors, to represent what and how words may mean.
T Cells Specific for a Mycobacterial Glycolipid Expand after Intravenous Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Vaccination
Authors: Layton Erik D. , Barman Soumik , Wilburn Damien B. , Yu Krystle K. Q. , Smith Malisa T. , Altman John D. , Scriba Thomas J. , Tahiri Nabil , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Roederer Mario , Seder Robert A. , Darrah Patricia A. , Seshadri Chetan
Published: February 2021

Intradermal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) protects infants from disseminated tuberculosis, and i.v. BCG protects nonhuman primates (NHP) against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In humans and NHP, protection is thought to be mediated by T cells, which typically recognize bacterial peptide Ags bound to MHC proteins. However, during vertebrate evolution, T cells acquired the capacity to recognize lipid Ags bound to CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c proteins expressed on APCs. It is unknown whether BCG induces T cell immunity to mycobacterial lipids and whether CD1-restricted T cells are resident in the lung. In this study, we developed and validated Macaca mulatta (Mamu) CD1b and CD1c tetramers to probe ex vivo phenotypes and functions of T cells specific for glucose monomycolate (GMM), an immunodominant mycobacterial lipid Ag. We discovered that CD1b and CD1c present GMM to T cells in both humans and NHP. We show that GMM-specific T cells are expanded in rhesus macaque blood 4 wk after i.v. BCG, which has been shown to protect NHP with near-sterilizing efficacy upon M. tuberculosis challenge. After vaccination, these T cells are detected at high frequency within bronchoalveolar fluid and express CD69 and CD103, markers associated with resident memory T cells. Thus, our data expand the repertoire of T cells known to be induced by whole cell mycobacterial vaccines, such as BCG, and show that lipid Ag-specific T cells are resident in the lungs, where they may contribute to protective immunity.