bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glass Ceilings and Shoji Screens Perception and Reality in the Workplace
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Women, by way of straight and crooked paths, are making their way into Japanese companies, businesses, and professions and are moving into management positions. Even so, they are rarely found in top management. They are close to top management, see and interact with the top, but an infinitesimally small number make it. The phenomenon of being able to see the top of an organization, to be within sight and reach but not able to make one’s way through, has been termed the “glass ceiling,” a vivid image of the position of people with top management in sight but unable to break through. Only 1 percent of Japanese working women are managers, and they are concentrated in lower and middle management. This percentage has remained constant over the last two decades, while the percentage of working men in management has decreased slightly in the same period, from 7.8 percent in 1975 to 6.6 percent in 1994.
Introduction
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

Generative grammar, initiated by Noam Chomsky more than forty years ago, has been developed as a program to characterize the knowledge of a native speaker about his/her natural language as a formal and explicit system to generate all and only the representations that underlie the grammatical sentences in a natural language. Thus, it is primarily concerned with states of the language faculty, which is supposed to be some array of cognitive traits and capacities, that is a particular component of the human mind/brain. Here, it is curious to note that the so-called Principles-and-Parameters approach (PP approach) (cf. Chomsky and Lasnik 1993) has been trying to reach its goal by abstracting patterns within a single language or by comparing a few languages, which are sometimes very similar (cf. Kayne 1996) and sometimes genetically different from each other (cf. Fukui 1995).
Anti-Impersonal Passives
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

It is a widely held view that in a “passive” clause, the logical (underlying) object (i.e., OBJ) assumes the subject properties that the logical (underlying) subject (i.e., SUBJ) would assume in an “active” clause, and that passivization accompanies some syntactic and morphological changes (see Siewierska 1984, Keenan 1985, P. K. Andersen 1991, and Palmer 1994). Within the theory of Relational Grammar the derivation of a passive sentence involves two changes of syntactic relation to the underlying structure: On the one hand, the logical, underlying object (OBJ) is so changed by the passivization as to assume GR subject (i.e., obj promotion); on the other, the logical, underlying subject (SUBJ) is so changed by the operation as to assume no GR (i.e., subj demotion) (cf. Perlmutter and Postal 1983, Postal 1986, and Blake 1990).
The Theater of Our Century
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Among television programs aired in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, those that have most influenced how Americans understand the Holocaust are, arguably, dramas. These include original plays by such pioneering television playwrights as Paddy Chayefsky, Reginald Rose, and Rod Serling, and they feature performances by John Cassavetes, Charles Laughton, Robert Redford, and Maximilian Schell, among other renowned actors. These productions offered to American audiences some of the first portrayals of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, Anne Frank’s diary, and life and death in concentration camps.
A Guest In the Wasteland
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The years between the Eichmann trial of 1961 and the premiere broadcast of the miniseries Holocaust in 1978 constitute a transition in televised presentations of the Holocaust. Critics have often characterized American television programming during these years as routinized, lacking the innovativeness of the 1950s, and, at its worst, having devolved into a cultural “wasteland.” At the same time, the 1960s and 1970s witnessed the rise of television to a preeminent status among America’s mass media. Similarly, while this period offered no major works to rival the landmark broadcasts at its boundaries, the years between 1961 and 1978 saw the Holocaust become an increasingly frequent, even routine, presence on American television.
Psychosocial Genetic Counseling
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

Psychosocial issues are integral to all genetic counselling interactions. They include counsellees’ beliefs about the cause of birth defects and genetic disorders, the cognitive procession of medical information and risk figures, emotions such as anxeity and guilt, and the complex process of decision making. Drawing on direct clinical experience and the growing body of relevant literatue, Psychosocial Genetic Counseling provides a comprehensive, integrated approach to understanding these issues and their applications to genetic counselling. The book combines theoretical and practical approaches, including many clinical vignettes and examples of dialogue. It is written in an engaging style that conveys the emotional immediacy of genetic counselling. The emotional and social effects of genetic disorders are discussed with reference to the individual and to couple, family, and social interactions. Counselling techniques and the agenda of the genetic counselling session are then addressed in detail. Specialized aspects of prenatal diagnosis counselling, cancer risk counselling, and genetic counselling with children and adolescents are integrated with these general principles. Nondirective counselling and the psychology of risk interpretation and decision making are discussed from theoretical and historical perspectives, leading to recommendations for their application to clinical practice. The influences of ethnocultural history, beliefs and practices, for counsellee and counsellor, are then discussed as they enter into all aspects of genetic counselling.
Intestinal Amebae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will study members of the class Entamoebidae, containing the order Amoebida, which includes many parasitic and free-living amebae with naked protoplasts (see Chapter 6). Most parasitic genera and species of the Amoebidae inhabit the alimentary canal of most known vertebrates and of some invertebrates. Of the three genera found in humans, Entamoeba definitely belongs in this family, while Endolimax and lodamoeba are assigned to it provisionally (Corliss, 1994). These genera have several species living in the colon and one species living in the mouth, and they are still separated on the basis of the morphologic characteristics of the nucleus. The separation of some species of Entamoeba important to humans on the basis of their morphology is no longer possible; molecular analysis is required.
The Ciliates
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Balantidium coli belongs to the phylum Ciliophora of the kingdom Protista, which comprises all protozoa with cilia and mitochondria with tubular, often curved cristae, which in anaerobic species may be replaced by hydrogenosomes (Corliss, 1994). These protozoa have one or more diploid micronuclei and one or more polyploid macronuclei. Conjugation or another related process used in sexual reproduction is also present in this group. Most species of the Ciliophora are free-living, and a few are parasitic; all species of the genus Balantidium are parasitic. The taxonomy of this genus is difficult to determine, and the genus is not well defined. One species, B. coli, has been recognized in the large intestine of many animals, including rats (Awakian, 1937), in primates suffering from diarrhea (Cockburn, 1948), and in humans (Beaver et al. 1984).
Strongylida-Hookworms, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Angiostrongylus, And Others
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The order Strongylida has four superfamilies that contain all the families and genera of a group of nematodes characterized by a bursa on the posterior end of the male; thus they are known as the bursate nematodes. The bursa in some groups is visible with the naked eye, giving the worm the appearance of a broken stick with several splinters extending out of the broken end. These “splinters” are the rays that support the bursa, a bell-shaped, symmetrical structure produced by the cuticule of the worm, which contains the anus and the copulatory portion of the genital system. The bursa’s function during copulation is to keep the male attached to the female. The Strongylida is one of the largest groups of nematodes occurring naturally in most vertebrates, and humans have at least two species of their own. In addition, humans have about three dozen other species that have been reported at various times as zoonotic infections.
Visceral Larva Migrans
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Certain genera of the Ascaridoidea, Strongylina, and Spirudidea-for example, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, and Gnathostoma, respectively-have species with the ability to maintain a host-parasite relationship known as paratenesis (Beaver, 1969). Paratenesis occurs when the infective stages of the parasite (infective eggs of Toxocara or infective larvae of Ancylostoma) accidentally enter hosts other than their natural definitive hosts. In these nonnatural hosts, the larvae migrate through the tissues without undergoing development and eventually encapsulate, remaining indefinitely as infective larvae in the tissues. (Note that the differences between paratenic and intermediate hosts are that intermediate hosts are obligatory hosts in which the larvae change and grow into the infective stage for the definitive host. By contrast, paratenic hosts are not obligatory, and no transformation of the larvae occurs.) Migration of these larvae through the tissues produces an inflammatory reaction that results in the syndrome known as visceral larva migrans. However, the inflammation is always insufficient to destroy the larvae, which eventually encapsulate in the tissues (usually the muscles), remaining unchanged for the life of the paratenic host.
Pentastomes, Demodex Mites, Scabies, Flies, And Fleas
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Pentasomes The Pentastomida, a class of the Arthropoda, is difficult to place within the zoologic hierarchy. The parasites in this class are considered by some as highly modified annelids and by others as being closer to the crustaceans (Riley et al. 1978). The all-inclusive name pentastomes refers to this group of parasites and the infection they produce as pentastomiasis ( often as porocephalosis). However, because there is no conclusively documented infection in humans with a species of Porocephalus (Fain, 1975), the term porocephalosis should not be used. The species Linguatula serrata, which is responsible for human infections, produces linguatulosis, the name applied when the parasites recovered are conclusively identified. Pentastomes, or pentastomids, are a small group of arthropods (endoparasites) with worldwide distribution parasitizing the lungs and upper respiratory tract of many vertebrates, including dogs, snakes, and humans. The adult females, which are up to 10 cm long, are rounded or flattened, sometimes with a leaf-like or linguiform appearance. The males are one-half to one-third the size of the females (Fig. 28-1). The adult parasite in the upper respiratory tract passes eggs, which gain access to the environment in mucus, sputum, or feces. The intermediate hosts ingest the eggs, which free a four- or six-legged larva in the intestine. The larva, or nymph, enters the mucosa and migrates to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, omentum, lungs, and other organs, where it molts several times, transforming into an infective nymph that encapsulates in the tissues. Ingestion of encapsulated nymphs by the predator definitive host results in the infection with adult parasites in the upper respiratory tract. Humans may suffer infections with either the adult or the larval stage of pentastomids.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

In 1493, as head of an armada of 17 ships, Columbus made his second voyage to America. In addition to 1,200 men, on board these vessels were animals and plants never before seen by Native Americans: horses, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats; and barley, wheat, chick-peas, melons, radishes, salad greens, sugarcane, and fruit trees in the forms of seeds, stones, and cuttings (Crosby 1991:77-79; Viola 1991:12). Thus began the first major episode in the great Columbian exchange in which objects and concepts were transferred from the Old World to the New and vice versa (cf. Crosby 1972). Columbus and subsequent travelers to the Americas would return to Europe with various items of New World origin, including many food plants that would become common fare in Western diets, for example, cacao (chocolate), chili pepper, corn (maize), peanut, potato, pumpkin, raspberry, strawberry, sunflower, sweet potato, tomato, and vanilla (Foster and Cordell 1992:163-167).
Methodology
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

He basic research approach for this study entails (1) a list of objects and concepts introduced to the New World by Europeans (i.e., items of acculturation) and (2) a set of Native American languages whose vocabularies are searched for words that denote items on the list. The following considerations pertain to the derivation and investigative use of (1) and (2).
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have presented detailed information on various processes that account for lexical acculturation in Native American languages promoted by European contact. TI1e following are summaries of major findings and conclusions.
How Much Did You Know and When Did You Know it?
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

After U.S. managers accepted that quality was a major competitive issue, that the Japanese really were doing better, and that they lacked information on how the Japanese did it, the next logical issue for them was how to go about acquiring that information. Would these firms choose to learn directly from the Japanese? This expectation is rooted in an understanding of the critical role of information in organizational life. Stinchcombe (1990: 2) focuses on organizations using the “earliest available information” to resolve actor uncertainty. Earliest information shows actors the competitively successful direction. An organization must “be where the news breaks, whenever it breaks” (Stinchcombe, 1990: 3). Not only do firms want the earliest information available, they also want knowledge about their specific problems from real-world “how to” practitioners to reduce the costs associated with customization.
Adoption, Adaptation, and Reaction at Hewlett-Packard
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with three major quality initiatives at HP, how they came to be adopted, in what form, and how they further evolved to fit HP culture and its preexisting practices. The first two, QMS and hoshin management were Japan-and YHP-inspired, and the third, the “Quality 1 on 1” initiative, built on both the accomplishments of these earlier efforts, as well as their perceived limitations. In the mid-1980s, HP had begun to use the services of a well-known quality counselor in Japan, Professor Noriaki Kano. He had worked with many Deming Prize companies, was a disciple of the dean of quality management in Japan, Kaoru Ishikawa, and had sufficient command of English to be effective in an American environment. Thus, not only did HP go to where the news was breaking in Japan, but it brought the news directly into its own environment. Kano had worked with some success for Malaysia HP and then Singapore HP, helping them implement TQC; a corporate HP manager who became acquainted with his work there recommended him to HP ‘s group general manager at the components group in 1984. Professor Kano began working for HP in 1985 and continued to come periodically for the next seven years-typically making two visits a year of three to four days each. His typical work mode was to carry out diagnostic activities, asking key managers in a group setting about various aspects of their business practices and problem-solving activities, then making recommendations based on that information.
Poetics of Space, Direction, and Movement
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

Above all else, the art of trial cross-examination prescribes a cardinal rule for impeaching the credibility of witnesses and discrediting their testimony: never ask a question to which you do not know the answer (Tanford 1983; Bailey 1985; Mauet 1996; Carlson & Imwinkelried 1989). Law texts advise attorneys to “control” testimony through short, leading questions designed to elicit a single discrete fact to which the witness must agree (Haydock & Sonsteng 1991; Bergman 1978). Attorneys employ such questions to “stretch” and emphasize a piece of evidence over the course of several questions or even several minutes rather than exhaust the topic in a single question or two, a “bit-by-bit” or “detailing-to-death” procedure designed not only to control the witness but to give the jury more time to appreciate the significance of a particular point of testimony (Tanford 1983). In so doing, attorneys may construct evidence cumulatively over time so that a fact assumes a level of unusual and striking importance. Indeed, as Mauet (1996: 225) summarizes this process in his classic trial text, “Crossexamination is in part the art of slowly making mountains out of molehills.”
The Grammaticalization of Participant Roles in the Constitution of Expert Identity
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

The use of expert testimony in both civil and criminal trials is a pervasive and increasingly prominent feature of the adversarial system (Mauet 1996; Wilson 1997). According to a prominent study by Saks and Duizend (1983), nearly one-fourth of attorneys and judges surveyed encountered expert testimony in half their criminal cases. A still more recent study by Champagne et al. (1992) found that experts testified in 63% of civil cases over a period of several months. In fact, as the 0. J. Simpson trial revealed, some cases could not even proceed without the use of expert testimony, for in these instances it furnishes much of the foundation of circumstantial evidence cases. Given the increasingly complex nature of evidence in DNA analysis, trace evidence, toxicology, and rape trauma syndrome, as well as the cancer-causing properties of second-hand cigarette smoke, dioxin, Agent Orange, electromagnetic fields, and silicone breast implants, to mention only a few factors, the use of expert testimony will increase in the future.
Constructing Age Identity in Expert Testimony
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter examined how the defendant mobilized discursive devices for shifting into and departing from an expert identity. This chapter analyzes how the prosecuting attorney attempts to undermine the credibility of a formally tendered expert witness. I focus on how both the prosecuting attorney and expert witness co-construct and coordinate chronological age disclosure as an epistemological and persuasive strategy for undermining the expert’s competence and credibility. Although classic law texts instruct the cross-examining attorney to impeach the expert’s testimony by focusing on level of competence, prior inconsistent statements, bias, lack of actual hands—on experience, among other techniques (see Mauet 1996). This chapter shows how the prosecuting attorney creates oblique, negative references to age through metapragmatic cues in talk. Continuing to focus on footing and the construction of social identity, I explore how discursive forms such as repetition, repair, and intonation intersect with linguistic ideologies to shift identity from expert to age, along with the prejudicial stereotypes associated with this social identity. As in the previous chapter, rather than reifying expert identity and leaving it as an unproblematic legal given, I ask: how do attorneys and witnesses mobilize discursive resources to sustain, undermine, and negotiate an expert identity? How is an expert identity processually forged through these situated verbal practices to foster a favorable or unfavorable impression on the jury? Building on the work of the preceding chapter, I hope to show how expertise and the epistemological status of knowledge claims are constituted in the intricately organized, details of language use in the co-construction of context.
The Microdynamics of Legal Change
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

In the early 1970s the social problem of rape first emerged as a full-blown research agenda for scholarly analysis and then ignited a powerful social movement propelling sweeping changes throughout the legal system (Matthews 1994; Frohmann & Mertz 1994)1. Feminist researchers empirically and theoretically distinguished rape, along with more general male violence against women, as a major mechanism explaining the social exploitation of women and saw it functioning simultaneously as a primary mode of domination creating and perpetuating the patriarchal social order (Russell 1975; Scully 1990). Proponents of rape reform targeted the legal system as both the vehicle and object of massive policy change because of its role in decriminalizing and legitimating sexual violence against women (Berger 1977; Marsh, Geist, & Kaplan, 1982). Together, both feminist research and social movements merged into the legal realm of rape reform, so that by 1974 Michigan passed the first comprehensive rape reform statute. By the 1990s all the states, as well as the federal government, had passed similar legislation designed to recriminalize and delegitimize rape.
Colliding Worlds Indigenous Women, Conquest, and Colonialism
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

That women played a variety of roles during the conquest and colonial periods almost goes without saying. However, one woman in particular has gone down in history as especially noteworthy during this period. She is Malinche, or doña Marina, or Malintzin, the variously named translator and sometime consort of the conqueror of the Nahuas of central Mexico, Hernán Cortés.Though no documents exist in which she narrates or interprets her life in her own voice, Spanish sources often refer to her somewhat ironically as la lengua (tongue). Her image and life illustrate in microcosm the ways that sexuality and gender were part of the process of conquest (see figs. 3.1 and 3.2). The illustrations, while different, recall some of the strength implicit in the Coyolxauhqui image discussed in the last chapter, but her life course tellingly foreshadows the conquerors’ treatment of the indigenous women on whom they depended and with whom they had intimate relations. While Malintzin herself played an important public role in the events of conquest, other women experienced diminished public roles. And she gave birth to children who were among the first mestizo children of mainland Spanish America, helping to set off the development of mixed ethno-racial identities whose existence would complicate both gender and racial hierarchies.
Indigenous Women Creating Agendas for Change
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: November 2023

This book has emphasized a number of themes in the lives of Latin American indigenous women. First, the chapters demonstrate that women have a very long history of performing productive labor and that the amount of work they do has increased over time. Second, images of women as active and associated with important cultural beliefs or as symbols of identity have an ancient, often unrecognized, history. Third, while the degree to which women participate in political activism varies, in many areas—past and present—women have played roles in community political and religious structures of authority and in agitating for change. Fourth, families, households, and kinship structures have offered women sanctuary and support, emotional and material, yet male-female and parent-child relations can be marked by tension, even violence. Finally, the preceding two chapters, in particular, show the varied and sometimes contradictory impact of globalization.
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Some Conceptual and Practical Considerations
Authors: Lemischka Ihor
Published: November 2023

Vertebrate hematopoietic development is an ordered and continuous process that is responsible for the lifelong production of at least eight distinct mature blood cell lineages. Systemic demands coupled with the finite half-lives of terminally differentiated blood cells require the daily production of staggeringly large numbers of mature cells. In order to understand the biology of the hematopoietic process, it is necessary to define and understand the nature of its source.
Dorsal Hematopoiesis in Fish and Amphibians
Authors: Turpen James B
Published: November 2023

Development of the vertebrate hematopoietic system is a conserved process that depends on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Major issues in stem cell biology center on the spatial and temporal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during early embryogenesis and the molecular mechanisms leading to induction of the initial stem cell populations, as well as stem cell commitment to the various hematopoietic lineages. Fish and amphibian embryos provide ideal models for investigating the earliest events in this process owing to their accessibility, ease of manipulation and, in the case of zebrafish, the potential for powerful genetic analysis. As additional antibodies and molecular markers of hematopoiesis become available, the usefulness of these lower vertebrate models for experimental studies will undoubtedly increase. In this chapter, I will review the development of stem cell differentiation in fish and amphibians, and provide some additional thoughts on future contributions that can be provided by studying hematopoiesis in lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish and Xenopus.
Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord Associated with Ischemia
Authors: Garcia Julio H , Mena Hernando
Published: November 2023

In many neuropathology textbooks the chapter entitled “Cerebrovascular Diseases” includes a description of three interrelated groups of diseases: ischemic injuries, spontaneous parenchymal–subarachnoid hemorrhages, and diseases of the blood vessels. The latter two topics are covered in a separate section of this book. This chapter only contains information on the neuropathology of ischemic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Circulatory disorders characterized by ischemia can be separated according to their etiology into two large categories: (1) those affecting the CNS in a global manner and (2) those produced by the occlusion of one artery. The former condition is referred to as global cerebral ischemia whereas the occlusion of a single vessel creates a condition of focal ischemia or a situation in which the circulatory abnormality primarily affects the territory normally supplied by the occluded vessel. The clinical manifestations of focal ischemia (secondary to an arterial occlusion) are commonly known as a stroke, a designation that is not appropriate for the clinical expressions of global cerebral ischemia. Instead of the localized neurologic deficit (such as monomelic paresis, for example) that accompanies an arterial occlusion, patients suffering severe hemodynamic crises may complain of “light-headedness” or may become unconscious. The pathologic features of the injuries affecting the brain and produced by deficient blood flow (or by insufficient oxygenation) vary according to the etiology of the ischemic event (hemodynamic versus vascular), the age of the person, and the type of vessel involved (artery, arteriole, veins/sinuses). Also, the severity of the ischemia (measured in terms of percentage decrease of blood flow) and duration of the event influence the resulting patterns of tissue injury.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Petito Carol K
Published: November 2023

Cerebrovascular diseases are a broad category of disorders that affect the cerebral circulation. They encompass not only diseases of the intraparenchymal and extraparenchymal cerebral blood vessels but also abnormalities in the systemic vasculature, especially the carotid arteries and heart, and systemic illnesses that alter blood coagulation or blood flow. The end result of these cerebrovascular abnormalities is cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral ischemia. The risk factors for cerebrovascular disease include environmental hazards such as cigarette smoking, metabolic disorders such as diabetes, and genetic factors such as protein S deficiency (Natowicz and Kelley, 1987). The following discussion reviews clinical disorders of cerebrovascular diseases (Whisnant, 1990), briefly discusses the pathology and etiology of infarcts and hemorrhage, and then describes specific disorders of the cerebral blood vessels. Clinical Disorders Cerebrovascular diseases are asymptomatic when an infarct or hemorrhage is in a “silent” region of the central nervous system or when arterial occlusion is compensated by adequate collateral flow. Such collateral pathways include the circle of Willis, communications between the external and internal carotid arteries via the ophthalmic artery, and reversed flow from the anterior spinal artery into the vertebral artery.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Nelson James S
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by progressively severe dementia and, eventually, development of limb rigidity with impaired mobility. AD occurs in both sporadic and familial forms. In the United States the highest agespecific incidence of dementia occurs from 65 to 95 years of age. An estimated 6%–10% of persons in this age range are severely demented; 50%–75% of these individuals have Alzheimer’s disease (Kawas and Katzman, 1999). Women are at higher risk of developing AD than men. The odds ratios for women to develop dementia and AD relative to men are 1.18 and 1.56, respectively (Gao et al., 1998). The course of the AD from onset to death may vary from a few months to several years. The reported mean duration is 6–12 years (Molsa et al., 1986; Schofield and Mayeux, 1998). Infection, usually bronchopneumonia, is the most common cause of death. The neuropathology of AD involves the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex most severely, but subcortical and brainstem structures—for example, the basal nucleus of Meynert, locus coeruleus, and brainstem raphe nuclei—are also affected. The cortical lesions include varying degrees of atrophy accompanied by the accumulation of senile plaques chiefly of neuritic type in the neuropil and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in nerve cell bodies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy involving subarachnoid and cortical blood vessels occurs in at least 85%–90% of AD cases.
Changing Femininities: The Talk of Teenage Girls
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Research in the area of language and gender is no longer restricted to the margins of academe, and publications are appearing at an exponential rate (see, for example, recent collections such as Bergvall, Bing, & Freed 1996; Hall & Bucholtz 1995; Johnson & Meinhof 1997; Mills 1995; Tannen 1993). Yet there is little research that focuses on developmental aspects of language use in relation to gender. We know very little about the ways in which children become gendered speakers.
How Hot Groups Think: Left Brain? Right Brain? How About Both?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

This chapter is mostly about how hot groups think. The next one is about how hot groups work. We want, however, to begin this duet by emphasizing how hot groups do not think and how they do not work. The sculpted figure may emerge more clearly when the surrounding material has been chipped away. These are a few of the larger chips: If you’re looking for deep, lasting relationships, you’re not likely to find them in a hot group. Members of hot groups usually do come to trust and respect one another. They also take care of one another while the task lasts. They seldom, however, develop intimate, empathic relationships with one another. The task is too eclipsing. In fact, hot groups are likely to be internally confrontational, challenging, and critical, all with the aim of improving their work. Members rarely engage in ad hominem attacks or personal
How Hot Groups Work: Fast, Focused, and Wide Open
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, we described two of the most prominent characteristics of hot groups: a deep dedication to their tasks and an equally deep faith that their work is meaningful and consequential. From those two attributes alone, it is easy to see why many organizations find it hard to love them. Their single-mindedness can make them look self-centered and uncooperative, and their fervent commitment to their cause can easily be misread as pigheadedness. There is much more to hot group working styles, however, than those two features. We now offer a more complete set of working behaviors that typically accompany the hot group state of mind. Some should look familiar to all organization dwellers. A few may seem weird or even absurd, perhaps because they are so uncommon in traditional organizations. Several of them, clearly, carry large costs along with their benefits.
Hot Groups’ Structures and Strategies:How Do We Get There from Here?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Structurally, a hot group looks something like a school of fish, but there’s one unusual aspect of this particular school. It’s diverse. It’s a school of mixed species. Each is different from every other fish in the school, a cod here, a tuna there, a little minnow cruising among them. Nevertheless, the whole entity maintains a clearly discernible form, a form that changes continuously as the school quickly and smoothly alters speed and direction. If one focuses on a single mackerel, that individual may be out in front of the school at one moment and in the rear the next. The most prominent, most noticeable unit, however, is never the individual. It is always the school.
Using Hot Groups to Improve the Organization:Some More Marriage Counseling
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Most of the accommodation between hot groups and organizations has to come from the organization’s side. So, most, but not all, of our marriage counseling in this chapter, will be directed to that larger partner. We shall offer some possible ways that the leaders of large organizations can use small hot groups to help them effect significant and positive change in their organization’s performance.
Explaining Variation in Human Resource Practices in U.S. Steel Minimills
Authors: Arthur Jeffrey B
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the sources and consequences of variation in human resource (HR) practices in the minimal sector of the U.S. steel industry. The case of this industry offers a unique opportunity to study the topic of firm-level variation in HR investments. First, steel minim ills are part of an industry that has experienced tremendous restructuring over the last 15-20 years. In 1950, more than 45% of the world’s steel was produced in the United States. The conditions under which the U.S. steel industry thrived during this period consisted of steadily increasing demand for steel products and the superiority of U.S. production technology and productivity in world markets. Historical data from the last 50 years indicate that the period from 1975 to the early 1990s represents a dramatic shift from earlier periods. The large integrated sector experienced wrenching changes in terms of declining demand for its products as well as an increase in foreign and domestic minimal competition. The impact of these changes included low operating rates, large financial losses for steelmakers, bankruptcies, massive plant closures, and manpower reductions. As a whole, the industry eliminated more than 40 million tons (25%) of capacity and reduced employment by more than 250,000 employees (60%) in the 1980s.
The Role of Quality of Life and Health Status in Making Decisions about Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatments in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall
Published: November 2023

There is growing concern that disproportionate amounts of health care budgets are spent for end-of-life medical care, and many authors have decried the high cost of dying in our society.1-a Part of the reason that this issue has received such attention is the aging of our population and the high proportion of deaths that occur in acute care hospitals.4 Consequently, practioners and health economists have expressed increasing interest in finding ways to limit the aggressiveness and cost of care at the end of life. There is a widespread belief that older patients and patients with a reduced quality of life due to chronic disease do not want aggressive life-sustaining treatments at the end of life. In this chapter, we will examine empiric data to challenge this assumption and provide ICU clinicians an alternative way of viewing the role of quality of life in decisions about withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.
How to Discuss Dying and Death in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall , Patrick Donald L
Published: November 2023

Because of the severity of illness of the patients, the ICU is a setting where death is common. Of patients who die in the hospital, approximately half are cared for in an ICU within 3 days of their death and one-third spend at least 10 days in the ICU during their final hospitalization.’ A recent study showed that 90% of deaths in the ICU in 1992 and 1993 involved withholding or withdrawing at least one life-supporting intervention, a dramatic increase when compared to 5 years previously. Similarly, many other investigators have shown that most deaths in the ICU involve withholding or withdrawing multiple life-sustaining therapies. Thus, the ICU represents a setting where decisions about managing the dying and death of patients are made on a frequent basis.
Legal Liability Anxieties in the ICU
Authors: Kapp Marshall B
Published: November 2023

Legal principles and procedures regarding medical decision making and the implementation of treatment strategies in the ICU are considerably more developed and defined in the United States (and in other western democracies as well) at the end of the millenium than they were only a decade earlier. Nonetheless, a high degree of confusion and free-floating anxiety persists among health care professionals about possible adverse legal consequences—i.e., criminal prosecution, civil liability, and/or regulatory sanctions-of actions or omissions taking place within this context. This pervasive anxiety sometimes drives provider behavior in directions that serve patients poorly near the end of life.
Sweatshops on Wheels
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

In 1977 the US government began to loosen regulations on the tightly controlled trucking industry, expecting that increased competition would drive down companies' shipping costs. In this provocative new book Michael H. Belzer takes a close look at trucking deregulation, discussing its effects on the industry in particular and the unintended consequences of deregulation in general. He makes the case that government still has a role to play in ameliorating the hardship caused by competition while retaining its benefits.
Word Searches in Aphasia
Authors: Oelschlaeger Mary L , Damico Jack S
Published: November 2023

Within the discipline of clinical aphasiology, we are becoming progressively aware of the need to study the communicative ability of persons with aphasia in authentic conversational settings. Based on the work of a number of researchers (Goodwin, 1995; Holland, 1982, 1983; Klippi, 1991; Lyon, 1992; Oelschlaeger & Damico, 1996), we recognize that many persons with aphasia communicate better in natural conversational settings than we would predict, given their performances on traditional test batteries of aphasia. That is, despite significant documented impairments within their neurological systems that lead to extensive linguistic deficits, many persons with aphasia are still able to function relatively well in conversational settings.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Jean H
Published: November 2023

In the years before the Civil War, American women began a campaign for the vote that lasted nearly seventy-five years. Their battle finally ended in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment prohibiting the denial of the right to vote “on account of sex” was adopted. Initially, suffrage was one of several reforms intended to end the significant legal, political, religious, and cultural discriminations against nineteenth-century women. In the 1840s and 1850s, activists targeted injustices ranging from child custody laws that favored fathers to prohibitions against women speaking in public, the denial of equal education, and the existence of a double sex standard. In language and vocabulary familiar to a generation whose parents had lived during the American Revolution and who remembered the Declaration of Independence, women at the 1848 Seneca Falls convention resolved, among other injustices, that “all laws which ... place her in a position inferior to that of man are contrary to the great precept of nature and therefore of no force or authority.
In Support of Menstruation
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Despite the documented disadvantages of regular menstrual cycles for the health and well-being of women, it is surprising that most of the books and articles on the subject, written by both women and men, have not recommended measures to suppress menstruation. Instead, it is the conformist attitude advocating the status quo that predominates. In the centuries-old tradition of Hippocrates and Galen, most modern scholars seem to adopt the view that since it is “natural” for women to menstruate, it must be good for their health. They seem to believe that “you can’t fool Mother Nature!” The logic is that things natural, such as pain, physical or mental impairment, or even disease, should be accepted simply because they are natural. This attitude about menstruation prevails until today, at the end of the twentieth century. Instead of recognizing the uselessness of periodic bleeding, some doctors and scientists still seek to attribute advantages that it might bring to women’s health. They conclude, for example, that menstruation accounts for the lower rates of certain disease conditions found in women compared to men. An argument frequently raised in support of this view is the recognized fact that women, during the reproductive years when they have menstrual cycles, have a lower risk than men of developing cardiovascular diseases and suffering heart attacks. It is only when women reach menopause and stop menstruating that they become as susceptible as men to these diseases.
Sentencing and Punishment in Germany
Authors: Weigend Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes how sentencing policy in Germany has developed over the past thirty years and outlines its prospects for the future. I argue that, while some basic features of sentencing policy have remained unchanged over the years, Germany has made significant headway in the direction of rationality and parsimony of punishment, especially with respect to sentences implying incarceration. The trend of the present and the future seems, however, to revert to attitudes and practices of the past: severe sanctions have made a comeback, especially as a response to offenses regarded as a serious threat, such as drug offenses and organized crime.
International Standards for Sentencing and Punishment
Authors: Kurki Leena
Published: November 2023

Decisions about sentencing and punishment of criminal offenders and issues of substantive criminal law more generally, have traditionally been within the sovereignty of each nation state. This is not true anymore. International standards for criminal justice are common and cover areas that have no international dimension.
The Temporal Dynamics of Knowledge Creation in the Information Society
Authors: Kenney Martin
Published: November 2023

Knowledge creation is playing an ever more central role in capitalist economies, and business organizations must constantly create new knowledge to guarantee survival. To be a competitive firm in the contemporary economy it is necessary to continually innovate. Industries and firms that formerly were in comfortably protected, slowly evolving markets are being swept into accelerated change. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) were, perhaps, the first authors to reflect on how knowledge is created, but, equally important, they zeroed in on the fundamental importance to today’s firms of creating new knowledge or, put differently, of innovating. To compete, a firm must be transformed into an organization mobilized for knowledge creation. This paper reflects on the changing temporal dynamics of innovation on products, which are crystallizations of the state of knowledge in the firm at a particular moment. Products, released from the knowledge-creation process, become static, while the firm rushes into the future.
Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash: An American Indian Activist
Authors: Mihesuah Devon A
Published: November 2023

Numerous American Indian women have been involved in the activities of the American Indian Movement since its inception in the mid-1960s, but men, including Dennis Banks, Russell Means, Leonard Peltier, Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, John Trudell, and Leonard Crow Dog, have garnered most of the attention. The media and scholars have largely ignored the role of women in the movement. Only recently, in a few articles and the books Lakota Woman (1990) and Ohikita Woman (1993), have female participants in aim, the Wounded Knee occupation, and other Native activist organizations been heard.
Revolutionary Ventures
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

In the popular imagination, Frederick Smith’s launch of Federal Express represents the epitome of entrepreneurship. Smith had a bold vision for a company that would operate a national network of jets, trucks, and personnel to provide reliable overnight delivery of letters and small packages. The charismatic former Marine Corps pilot risked his personal wealth, raised about $70 million-a substantial amount for an individual entrepreneur in the early 1970s-from outside investors and lenders, built a fiercely loyal workforce, lobbied regulators and politicians, and after many brushes with bankruptcy made his company’s service a ubiquitous verb (“to FedEx”).
Missing Attributes
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

The transition of a fledgling business into a large, well-established corporation requires a fundamental transformation rather than a simple scaling up, because of some basic differences in their attributes (see Fig. 9.1). The profits of fledgling businesses derive from a few (and often transient) factors. Fledgling businesses also face serious growth constraints due to factors such as the small size of the markets they serve. In contrast, large, long-lived corporations have a broad and well-coordinated portfolio of products, relationships, know-how and other such assets that allow them to profitably compete in large markets. Building a large and long-lived corporation therefore requires a considerable broadening of the fledgling firm’s assets, establishing effective mechanisms to coordinate the assets and developing the capacity to compete in large markets.