bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Pathway Modulates Susceptibility of Poor Prognosis B-Lineage Acute Leukemia to BH3-Mimetics
Authors:   , Smith Kaitlyn
Published: May 2021

Anti-apoptotic MCL1 is one of the most frequently amplified genes in human cancers and its elevated expression confers resistance to many therapeutics including the BH3-mimetic agents ABT-199 and ABT-263. The anti-malarial, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) translationally represses MCL-1 and synergizes with BH3-mimetics. To explore how DHA represses MCL-1, a genome-wide CRISPR screen identified that loss of genes in the heme synthesis pathway renders mouse BCR-ABL+ B-ALL cells resistant to DHA-induced death. Mechanistically, DHA disrupts the interaction between heme and the eIF2α kinase heme regulated inhibitor (HRI) triggering the integrated stress response. Genetic ablation of Eif2ak1, which encodes HRI, blocks MCL-1 repression in response to DHA treatment and represses the synergistic killing of DHA and BH3-mimetics compared to wild-type leukemia. Furthermore, BTdCPU, a small-molecule activator of HRI, similarly triggers MCL-1 repression and synergizes with BH3-mimetics in mouse and human leukemia including both Ph+ and Ph-like B-ALL. Lastly, combinatorial treatment of leukemia bearing mice with both BTdCPU and a BH3-mimetic extended survival and repressed MCL-1 in vivo. These findings reveal that the HRI-dependent cellular heme-sensing pathway can modulate apoptosis in leukemic cells by repressing MCL-1 and increasing their responsiveness to BH3-mimetics. This signaling pathway could represent a generalizable mechanism for repressing MCL-1 expression in malignant cells and sensitizing them to available therapeutics.
Development and Implementation of Computer-Based Learning Modules on Alternative Communication for Pediatric Nurses and Nursing Students
Authors:   , Simmons Amanda
Published: May 2021

Purpose and Rationale. To develop, implement, and assess computer-based learning modules (CBLs) on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with pediatric nurses and nursing students for knowledge outcomes, self-efficacy, and perceived relevance and effectiveness. Effective communication ensures all parties can understand and express themselves clearly, through any means necessary, often including AAC tools, supports, and strategies. Communication is essential in healthcare but there is limited research with pediatric nurses. Previous research with a single hospital indicated a need for nurse education on AAC. This research used focus groups and interviews to understand pediatric nurse and nursing student knowledge about AAC. The qualitative data was analyzed and used to create short CBLs on AAC which were piloted and implemented with both groups. Study Population. Fifteen pediatric nurses and nursing students participated in qualitative data collection, five pediatric nurses and nursing students in the feasibility pilot of the CBLs, and 69 participants in the CBL implementation phase. Participants were 18 years of age or older and a pediatric nurse or nursing student. Research Design and Study Procedures. Following Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, qualitative data collection included focus groups and interviews with pediatric nurses and nursing students to gain feedback on participant experience with AAC. Data was gathered, transcribed using word-for-word transcription, and analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis to prioritize information for inclusion in CBLs for further implementation. CBLs were created using the analyzed qualitative data, piloted with five participants, and implemented with 69 participants using a pre-test, post-test design for three short online modules with both groups. Results. Data analysis included thematic analysis of qualitative data using grounded theory. Statistical analyses included repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent samples t-tests, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and descriptive statistics. Participants learned new information from pre- to post-test, increased their perceived self-efficacy to use the information provided, and overall felt it was relevant to their clinical practice and an effective method of providing information.
Uji toleransi lapang galur-galur tebu terhadap hama penggerek pucuk dan penggerek batang
Authors: Sujak Sujak , Sunarto Dwi Adi , Subiyakto Subiyakto
Published: May 2021

Dalam praktek pengelolaan serangga hama komponen penanaman varietas toleran dinilai kompatibel, murah, mudah diterapkan dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat toleransi galur galur harapan tebu terhadap  penggerek pucuk dan penggerek batang tebu. Penelitian dilakukan di Kediri, Jawa Timur pada tanaman ratun ke-3 dan di Pati, Jawa Tengah pada tanaman ratun ke-2. Data dianalisis menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) diulang tiga kali.  Perlakuan terdiri atas 17 galur harapan tebu yaitu MLG 43, MLG 12, MLG 9, MLG 5, MLG 4, MLG 23, MLG 29, MLG 24, MLG 49, MLG 56, MLG 45, MLG 55, MLG 38, MLG 52, MLG 14, MLG 11, JR 01 dan 3 varietas pembanding BL, PS 881, Cenning untuk lokasi Kediri dan Kentung untuk lokasi Pati. Ukuran petak 5 juring x 10 m, dengan PKP 120-135 cm. Parameter pengamatan meliputi serangan penggerek pucuk dan penggerek batang.  Pengamatan dilakukan pada 3 baris tanaman sepanjang 10 m, dilakukan pada waktu tanaman berumur 3 bulan dan 6 bulan setelah tanam. Pada umur 9 bulan dilakukan pengamatan distruktif dengan membelah batang tebu untuk mengukur panjang gerekan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan pengamatan lapang galur MLG 5 dan MLG 52 merupakan galur yang relatif toleran terhadap serangan penggerek pucuk dan penggerek batang. Galur MLG 45, MLG 55, MLG 38 dan MLG 14 tergolong kategori toleransi sedang/moderat dan galur MLG 24 tergolong kategori berat/rentan.
Serum Calprotectin (S100A8/A9): A Promising Biomarker in Diagnosis and Follow-up in Different Subgroups of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: La Céline , Lê Phu Quoc , Ferster Alina , Goffin Laurence , Spruyt Delphine , Lauwerys Bernard , Durez Patrick , Boulanger Cecile , Sokolova Tatiana , Rasschaert Joanne , Badot Valérie
Published: May 2021

IntroductionIn the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), there is a lack of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. This study assesses the use of serum calprotectin (sCal) as a marker to monitor disease activity, and as a classification and prognosis tool of response to treatment or risk of flares in patients with JIA. MethodsEighty-one patients with JIA from the CAP48 multicentric cohort were included in this study, as well as 11 non-pediatric healthy controls. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to quantify sCal with a commercial kit.ResultsPatients with an active disease compared to healthy controls and to patients with inactive disease showed an 8-fold and a 2-fold increased level of sCal respectively. sCal was found to be correlated with the CRP and even more strongly with the ESR. Evolution of DAS28 scores correlated well with evolution of sCal, as opposed to evolution of CRP. With regard to CRP, sCal could differentiate forms with active oligoarthritis from polyarthritis and systemic forms. However, sCal brought an added value compared to the CRP as a prognosis marker. Indeed, patients with active disease and reaching minimal disease activity (according to JADAS) at 6 months following the test had higher sCal levels, while patients with inactive disease had higher sCal levels if a flare was observed up to 3 to 9 months following the test.ConclusionsThis study confirms the potential uses of serum calprotectin as a biomarker in the diagnosis and follow-up of JIA.
Sacred Groves: A Pattern of Zagros Forests for Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Reduction
Authors: Moradi Aioub , Shabanian Naghi
Published: May 2021

Background

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has led to the global consequences of climate change. Biological carbon sequestration through vegetation and soils is one of the cost-effective ways to reduce this gas. Forest's ecosystems are the most important carbon pools among terrestrial ecosystems and play a sustainable and long-term role in reducing climate change. Among forest ecosystems, sacred groves are less-disturbed and they can be a pattern of successful forest management for carbon sequestration and climate change reduction. In the present study, for the first time, the amount of carbon content in sacred grove and silvopastoral lands were investigated to determine the capacity of Zagros oak forests in carbon sequestration and climate change reduction. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of carbon reserves in mentioned land-uses in order to obtain a systematic attitude towards management of these different land-use types and attain a suitable solution to counter the climate change crisis and ultimately sustainable environmental development.
Results

The results showed that each of the studied variables in the two studied land use is significantly different from each other. The mean of each of these biomass or carbon pools in silvopastoral is significantly lower than sacred groves. The results indicate that the common utilizations in the forests of the study area cause a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.01) in the forest biomass value and respective carbon content. Sacred grove currently absorbs 826.96 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare more than silvopastoral lands and this is a sign of high degradation in the forests of the study area.
Conclusions

According to the results obtained in this study, forest ecosystems that are protected against human intervention play a significant role in long-term carbon storage. Any interference with the natural conditions of the ecosystem has a significant negative impact on carbon reserves. Therefore, by selecting appropriate measures, local communities should be empowered to reduce their dependence on low incomes obtained from deforestation and conversion.
Predicting screening factors for an obesity team’s decision: a large retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lodewijks Yentl , de Zoete Jean-Paul , Ven Roos Gerarda Francina Maria van der , Schiffer Angélique Agnes , Nienhuijs Simon Willem
Published: May 2021

Background The magnitude of the effect of bariatric surgery depends on the willingness and the ability of patients to adapt a healthier lifestyle. Therefore, it is worthwhile to know how to select patients for surgery and/or preoperative interventions.Aim To investigate the predictors for a disapproval at the time, direct approval or a prehabilitation programme for bariatric surgery candidates after multidisciplinary evaluation.Methods Data on the SQ-48 total score, the RAND-36 total score, the general screening questionnaire, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the result of the multidisciplinary consultation were collected from all patients who participated in the screening process between February 2017 and February 2020. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed.Results Of the 2,063 included patients, 627 (30.4%) were approved for surgery, 1,275 (61.8%) received an preoperative trajectory advise and 161 (7.8%) were denied. Eleven variables appeared to be significant predictors for the result of the multidisciplinary consultation; gender, age, BMI, RAND-36 total score, SQ-48 total score, binging score, craving score, consciously eating, psychological help score, excessive drug use in the past and the impulsiveness score.Conclusion Although the predicting model might not be applicable to other centres, it could attribute to enhance patient selection and thereby improve healthcare logistics.
Efficacy of low or high-dose rituximab treatment in membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kharbuja Naresh , Wu Min , Han Yu-Chen , Liu Dan , Wang Bin , Liu Bi-Cheng
Published: May 2021

Background: Rituximab (RTX) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN). But the optimal dosing of RTX protocol has not been established. Recently, favorable outcomes even with low-dose of RTX has been described in MN patients. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy and safety between high-dose and low-dose RTX in patients with MN.Methods: After literature search, eligible studies were further classified into high-dose and low-dose groups according to the dosage of one cycle RTX therapy. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate remission rates and changes in biological indicators in two groups. Results: Eight studies involving 588 patients were included in this meta-analysis. In comparison to the control groups (including cyclosporin, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, prednisone, non-immunosuppressive anti-proteinuria treatment), RTX significantly improved the complete remission (CR) rate. Furthermore, there is no significant difference between high-dose and low-dose RTX in inducing total remission (TR) and CR. Also, high-dose RTX did not significantly improve serum albumin, creatine and urinary protein levels when compared with the low-dose RTX group. However, high-dose RTX did reduce the serum PLA2R antibody titers in patients. Even the difference was not significant, there was a tendency for low-dose RTX to have less serious adverse events (SAEs) than high-dose RTX groups. Conclusion: RTX administration indicated a better efficacy than the control strategies for the treatment of primary MN. And a low-dose regimen of RTX was non-inferior to high-dose usage in inducing long-term TR up to 24 months and holds the superior tendency in preventing SAEs in MN patients.
A Comparison of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Damages Induced by 254 Nm and 365 Nm Radiation: Allium Cepa L. Model
Authors: ÇAVUŞOĞLU Kültiğin , Macar Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu , MACAR Oksal , ÇAVUŞOĞLU Dilek , YALÇIN Emine
Published: May 2021

Living organisms are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays of solar radiation, both due to the thinning of the ozone layer and the widespread uses in sterilization processes. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the damages of UV-A and UV-C radiations in Allium cepa L. roots. Three groups were formed from Allium bulbs, one of which was the control group. One of the other groups was exposed to 254 nm (UV-C) and the other to 365 nm (UV-A) UV. Growth retardation effect of UV was investigated with respect to germination percentage, total weight gain and root elongation, while genotoxicity arisen from UV exposure analyzed using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) including micronucleus (MN) frequency. Oxidative stress due to UV application was investigated based on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Also, meristematic integrity of the UV treated roots was controlled. UV treatments caused significant changes in all parameters compared to the control, but all effects were much more prominent in 254 nm UV-exposed group. This study clearly revealed that UV exposure triggered growth inhibition, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and meristematic cell damages in A. cepa roots depending on the wavelength.
In-depth comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus transcriptomics reveals genes linked to host-adaptation
Authors: Alonso Andrés M. , Schcolnicov Nicolás , Diambra Luis , Coceres Veronica
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND: Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoa flagellated that reside as a parasite or commensal in organ cavities such as the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts of their hosts. While this parasite is an important venereal pathogen in cattle and the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, the mechanisms that define the host specificity of this parasite are still unknown. METHODS: Here, we integrate the genomic and transcriptomic information of the parasites obtained from different hosts (bovine, feline and porcine), to determine the gene expression profiles of T. foetus associated with host adaptation. RESULTS: We demonstrated the existence of patterns of co-expressed genes specific to each strain and related to known transcription factors (Myb DNA-binding proteins), proteases and genes related to protein phosphorylation process. Also, the genes related to Myb DNA-binding proteins and protein kinases were differentially expressed between strains being those genes different for each strain.CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the expression profile variability of genes involved in transcription, intracellular signaling and proteases between the strains (pathogenic and non‐pathogenic), we propose that these genes have roles in T. foetus adaptation to different hosts. This integrated approach will serve as a useful resource for future studies about the host-parasite interaction and for the future identification of new targets for diagnosis, vaccines and therapeutic intervention to control the bovine and feline tritrichomonosis.
Genomic Epidemiology of the Los Angeles COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Guo​ Longhua , Boocock​ James , Hilt​ Evann E. , Chandrasekaran​ Sukantha , Zhang​ Yi , Munugala​ Chetan , Sathe​ Laila , Alexander​ Noah , Arboleda​ Valerie A. , Flint​ Jonathan , Eskin​ Eleazar , Luo​ Chongyuan , Yang​ Shangxin , Garner​ Omai B. , Yin​ Yi , Bloom​ Joshua S. , Kruglyak​ Leonid
Published: May 2021

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global disruption to human health and activity. Being able to trace the early outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 within a locality will inform public health measures and provide insights to contain or prevent the viral transmission to save lives. Investigation of the transmission history requires efficient sequencing methods and analytic strategy, which can be generally useful in the study of viral outbreaks. Methods Los Angeles (LA) County has sustained a large outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To learn about the transmission history, we carried out surveillance viral genome sequencing to determine 142 viral genomes from unique patients seeking care at UCLA Health System. 86 of these genomes are from samples collected before April 19, 2020. Results We found that the early outbreak in LA, as in other international air travel hubs, was seeded by multiple introductions of strains from Asia and Europe. We identified a US-specific strain, B.1.43, which has been found predominantly in California and Washington State. While samples from LA County carry the ancestral B.1.43 genome, viral genomes from neighboring counties in California and from counties in Washington State carry additional mutations, suggesting a potential origin of B.1.43 in Southern California. We quantified the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 over time, and found evidence that the public health measures put in place in LA County to control the virus were effective at preventing transmission, but may have been undermined by the many introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the region. Conclusion Our work demonstrates that genome sequencing can be a powerful tool for investigating outbreaks and informing the public health response. Our results reinforce the critical need for the U.S. to have coordinated inter-state responses to the pandemic.
The effects of hope and type C personality on social relational quality and acceptance of disability among breast cancer survivors: mediating role of medical coping style
Authors: Shen Xiaoying , Miao Runna , Lin Yuping , Sun Hui , Yang Wei
Published: May 2021

Objective: Previous studies have shown that the hope of breast cancer survivors is related to the social relational quality, and personality is related to acceptance of disability. However, research is still limited about the underlying potential psychological mechanisms of various psycho-social factors for this population. This study aims to investigate the impact of breast cancer survivors' hope and type C personality on social relational quality and acceptance of disability, and to evaluate the mediating effect of medical coping styles.Methods: A total of 150 breast cancer survivors during chemotherapy were recruited from Harbin, China completed a self-reported questionnaire containing the personal information questionnaire, Herth hope index (HHI), Type C behavior scale, Medical coping modes questionnaire (MCMQ), Social relationship quality scale (SRQS) and acceptance of disability scale (ADS). Results: Results showed that the proposed model fitted the data very well (c2=8.357, df=7, p=0.302, c2/df=1.194, GFI=0.981, CFI=0.991, TLI=0.982, RMSEA=0.037). Further analyses revealed that, Confrontation mediated the relationship between hope and social relationship quality (indirect effect=0.034, BC 95%CI=0.001~0.106), and acceptance-Resignation mediated the relationship between type C personality and acceptance of disability (indirect effect=-0.379, BC 95%CI=-0.637~-0.145).Conclusions: Confrontation and acceptance-Resignation played critical roles in the relationship between hope, type C personality and social relational quality, the acceptance of disability. Healthcare practitioners should be aware of the coping strategies of breast cancer survivors, and psycho-social interventions and supportive care should focus on these cognitive and emotional processes to improve social relational quality and acceptance of disability for this population.
Construction and integrated analysis of ceRNA networks identified survival-related genes in gastrointestinal tumors
Authors: Bai Dan , Feng Huhu , Yang Jiajun , Shi Haitao , Ji Fanpu , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Local Government Responses for COVID-19 Management in the Philippines
Authors: Talabis Dylan Antonio S. , Babierra Ariel L. , Buhat Christian Alvin H. , Lutero Destiny S. , Quindala Kemuel M. , Rabajante Jomar F.
Published: May 2021

Background: Responses of subnational government units are crucial in the containment of the spread of pathogens in a country. To mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine national government through its Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases outlined different quarantine measures wherein each level has a corresponding degree of rigidity from keeping only the essential businesses open to allowing all establishments tooperate at a certain capacity. Other measures also involve prohibiting individuals at a certain age bracket from going outside of their homes. The local government units (LGUs){municipalities and provinces{can adopt any of these measures depending on the extent of the pandemic in their locality. The purpose is to keep the number of infections and mortality at bay while minimizing the economic impact of the pandemic. Some LGUs have demonstrated a remarkable response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to identify notable non-pharmaceutical interventions of these outlying LGUs in the country using quantitative methods.Methods: Data come from public databases such as Philippine Department of Health, Philippine Statistics Authority Census, and Google Community Mobility Reports. These are normalized using Z-transform. For each locality, infection and mortality data (dataset Y ) are compared to the economic, health, and demographic data (dataset X) using Euclidean metric d = (x - y)2, where x ∈ X and y ∈ Y . If a data pair (x; y) exceeds, by two standard deviations, themean of the Euclidean metric values between the sets X and Y , the pair is assumed to be a 'good' outlier.Results: Our results showed that cluster of cities and provinces in Central Luzon (Region III), CALABARZON (Region IV-A), the National Capital Region (NCR), and Central Visayas (Region VII) are the 'good' outliers with respect to factors such as working population, population density, ICU beds, doctors on quarantine, number of frontliners and gross regional domestic product. Among metropolitan cities, Davao was a 'good' outlier with respect to demographic factors. Conclusions: Strict border control, early implementation of lockdowns, establishment of quarantine facilities, effective communication to the public, and monitoring efforts were the defining factors that helped these LGUs curtail the harm that was brought by the pandemic. If these policies are to be standardized, it would help any country's preparedness for future health emergencies.
Auricular Acupuncture Therapy for Stage I of Shoulder Hand Syndrome (SHS) After Ischemic Stroke: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Sham-controlled, Patient-blinded, Clinical Trial
Authors: Sun Jie , Meng Xiaonan , Oleson Terry , Wang Liping , Li Chunying , Zhang Lufen , Yu Haikuo , Zhao Zhen , Gao Sen
Published: May 2021

Background: Shoulder hand syndrome (SHS) is one of the common complications after a stroke, with the incidence rate up to 75% in China. The stage Ⅰ level is manifested as chronic pain and limitation of movement, which could cause irreversible muscle atrophy, joint deformation and even loss of motor function if progress to stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Auricular acupuncture, as one important component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a micro acupuncture therapy which combines acupuncture and holographic theory. However, the clinical efficacy of auricular acupuncture is still controversial and the length of improvement by auricular acupuncture has not been validated by clinical studies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy and duration of auricular acupuncture for pain relief and for motor function improvement in stage Ⅰ of SHS after ischemic stroke.Methods:This is a randomized, sham-controlled, patient-blinded trial. A total of 108 eligible patients with stage Ⅰ of SHS after ischemic stroke will be recruited from September 2018 to December 2020 and will be randomly allocated to three groups, A, B, or C, with a 1:1:1 ratio. Only body acupuncture will be applied in group A as a control group. Non-needle-insertion for sham auricular acupuncture will be combined with body acupuncture and applied to group B, whereas auricular acupuncture combined with body acupuncture will be applied in group C. Patients will be treated for 30 min per session, for 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks, and followed up for 6 weeks. The primary outcome will be the visual analog scale (VAS) for the shoulder and hand pain. The secondary outcomes will include the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and Modified Brathel Index (MBI). Eligible patients would be evaluated before treatment, immediately after treatment, and followed up after 1 week, 2 weeks and 6 weeks to verify the duration of auricular acupuncture effect.Discussion:This trial will help to identify the effectiveness and duration of auricular acupuncture effect for stage Ⅰ of SHS after ischemic stroke. Trial registration:www.chictr.org.cn, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000037946. Retrospectively registered on 4 March 2020.
Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 and Association With Sociodemographic Characteristics of Populations in Ecuador, 2020
Authors: Sacoto Karla Flores , Hierro Galo Sánchez Del , Estupiñan Xavier Jarrín , Hernandez Felipe Moreno-Piedrahita
Published: May 2021

Background

COVID-19 has caused deaths worldwide affecting the most vulnerable population with different case fatality rates. Socioeconomic conditions have demonstrated a role regarding the spread of infections and mortality. Socioeconomic characteristics of Ecuador related to poverty, ethnicity and demographic characteristics increase the impact of COVID-19 in certain populations.
Methods
Objective

To analyze the influence of demographic factors on the COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) in Ecuador. Design: cross sectional study. Setting 24 provinces in Ecuador-221 cantons. Population: data including 233.277 confirmed COVID-19 cases of Ecuador. Primary and secondary outcome measures COVID-19 CFR and crude cause-specific death rate weight calculated using province-country level data from health ministry of Ecuador in data website.
Results

Ecuadors CFR is 4,03%, analyzed by cantons the CFR increases to a median of 5,75%, with cantons like Playas with a CFR of 32,39%. The morbidity rate has a median of 795,31 per 100 000 hab. with the highest rate in Isabela-Galápagos (10185,49), Aguarico-Orellana (9506,75) and Baños-Tungurahua (4156,85). And the crude COVID-19 death rate has a median of 39,73 per 100 000 hab. with the highest rate in Penipe-Chimborazo (201,29), 24 de Mayo-Manabí (143,79) and San Pedro de Huaca-Carchi (134,36). The correlations show relations with sociodemographic factors like poverty, ethnicity and scholarity.
Conclusion

The CFR is the proxy indicator of COVID-19 impact in Ecuador and the analysis made by location give us new information about the specific impact of this disease.
Melatonin alleviates hyperglycemic-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via regulation of long non-coding RNA H19/miR-29c/MAPK axis in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tang Haitao , Zhong Hongli , Liu Wanqing , Hua Tianfeng , Wang Yi , Li Zhenzhen , Chen Yongxin , Dan Zhangyong , Wu Dongqing , Zhou Qing , Wang Yuan , Wang Liuqing , Li Hongxia , Tang Songtao , Zhu Huaqing
Published: May 2021

BackgroundRecent studies revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role in pathophysiological processes involving diabetic cardiomyopathy that contributes to heart failure. The present study was designed to further investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of melatonin on cardiomyocyte in diabetic condition and to elucidate the potential mechanisms associated with ncRNAs. MethodsIn vivo, langendorff-perfusion system and histology staining were used to assess the effect of melatonin on cardiac function. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of ncRNAs. Protein expression levels were assessed by western bolt analysis. In vitro, hoechst 33258 staining and western bolt analysis were used to evaluate the effect of melatonin on apoptosis. We preformed luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation to determine the targets of ncRNAs. RT-qPCR was used to observe the expression of ncRNAs in cardiomyocyte with high glucose treatment.ResultsIn animal models, our results indicated that melatonin notably alleviated cardiac dysfunction and mitigated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic rats. Interestingly, lncRNA H19 level was increased along with concomitant decrease of miR-29c level in diabetic rats. However, we demonstrated that melatonin significantly downregulated H19 level and upregulated miR-29c level in vivo. In vitro experiments, it has been verified that positive modulation of miR-29c and inhibition of lncRNA H19 as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways distinctly attenuated apoptosis in high glucose-treated H9c2 cells. Luciferase activity assay was conducted to evaluate the potential target sites of miR-29c on lncRNA H19 and MAPK13. LncRNA H19 silencing signiﬁcantly downregulated the expression of the miR-29c target gene MAPK13 via inducing miR-29c expression. Furthermore, MAPK signal pathways were also affected through regulation of H19 and miR-29c. Most importantly, our results showed that melatonin alleviated hyperglycemic-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via inhibiting lncRNA H19/MAPK and increasing miR-29c level in vitro.ConclusionsThese results elucidate a novel protective mechanism of melatonin on diabetic cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which associated with the effect of melatonin on lncRNA H19/miR-29c expression and its downstream MAPK signal pathways, providing a promising strategy for preventing DCM in diabetic patients.
Impact of glycogen storage disease type I on adult daily life
Authors: Garbade Sven , Ederer Viviane , Burgard Peter , Wendel Udo , Spiekerkoetter Ute , Haas Dorothea , Grünert Sarah Catharina
Published: May 2021

Background

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of carbohydate metabolism characterized by recurrent hypoglycaemia and hepatomegaly. Management of GSD I is demanding and comprises a diet with defined carbohydrate intake and the use of complex carbohydrates, nocturnal tube feeding or night-time uncooked cornstarch intake, regular blood glucose monitoring and the handling of emergency situations. With improved treatment, most patients nowadays survive into adulthood. Little research has been performed on the impact of GSD I on daily life, especially in adult patients.
Results

In this multi-centre study we assessed the impact of GSD I on adult daily life in 34 GSD I patients (27 GSD Ia, 7 GSD Ib) between 17 and 54 years (median 26 years) using a self-designed questionnaire that specifically focused on different aspects of daily life, such as job situation, social life, sports, travelling, composition of the household, night-time and day-time dietary management and disease monitoring as well as the patient’s attitude towards the disease. At the time of investigation, the majority of patients either attended school or university or were employed, while 3 patients (9%) were out of work. Most patients ranked GSD I as a disease with moderate severity and disease burden. Dietary treatment was considered challenging by many, but the vast majority of patients considered life with GSD I as well-manageable.
Conclusions

Although the management of GSD I poses a significant burden on daily life, most patients live an independent adult life, have a positive attitude towards their disease and seem to cope well with their situation.
Antidepressants and Benzodiazepines Consumption in University Workers
Authors: Norton Pedro , Pinho Paulo , Varandas Tatiana , Maggioli Sara , Amaro Joana , Gama Diana
Published: May 2021

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence in consumption of antidepressants and benzodiazepines among workers from a Portuguese university.Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with university workers who underwent an occupational health consultation between 2013 and 2014. Data was collected by the occupational physician and entered into an anonymous database. The following characteristics were evaluated: age, gender, marital status, professional category, organizational unit, academic qualifications and pharmacotherapy. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® (SPSS®) version 23.0 for Microsoft Windows®. The discrete variables were compared with the Chi-square test and in the multivariate analysis a logistic regression model was used to calculate Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The accepted level of significance was p <0.05.Results: The sample was composed of 1853 workers, in which 6.3% only took benzodiazepines, 4.6% only took antidepressants, 3.8% took drugs simultaneously from both groups and 14,7% were found to consume at least one of them. The most used antidepressants are fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline and the most used anxiolytics are alprazolam, ethyl loflazepate and diazepam. Higher consumption of these drugs was more prevalent among females, those in lower status job categories and older workers. Discussion/Conclusion: The consumption of antidepressants and anxiolytics is lower than that determined for the Portuguese population in 2013, seeming to support the idea that higher levels of education are a protective factor against anxiety and depression. University workers seem to be more protected against depressive disorders and anxiety. Identifying the most vulnerable groups serves as a starting point for the analysis of how labor related stress contributes to this reality and what factors can be modified.
Effect of Combined Application of Foliar Sprays of Orthosilicic Acid (OSA) with Basal NPK Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Mbaraka Saidi Rumanzi , Abayisenga Jean Claude , Nkurunziza Christian , Rucamumihigo Francois Xavier , Habimana Sylvestre , Nguyen Loc Van , Gasangwa Ivan , Neeru Jain , Mutamuliza Eularie , Rwalinda Fabrice Musana , Rushemuka Pascal
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Benefits of silicon to plant growth and yield in higher plants has been explored recently. This study was conducted to assess the effects combined application of foliar application of Orthosilicic Acid (OSA) with basal NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of rice.
Methods
The study was conducted in Ntende site at Rwagitima marshland, Gatsibo district in the Eastern province of Rwanda. The field experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications across in two cropping seasons in 2019/2020. Two recommended doses of fertilizer (RDF); 100% RDF (200 kgha− 1 NPK and 100 kgha− 1 Urea) and 75% RDF (150 kgha− 1 NPK and 75 kgha− 1 Urea) were used in combination with different doses of silixol orthosilicic acid (OSA). The Si fertilizers were applied in liquid form at panicle initiation and grain filling stages.
Results
Combined application of OSA with RDF produced better growth attributes (plant height, number of tillers, root length, flag leaf length and width) compared with using RDF only. Similarly, OSA application showed higher yield components, number of panicles, panicle weight, grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight. Highest yield of 5.81 t/ha which equates to 24% increase was obtained when 100% RDF + 4ml/l OSA was applied.
Conclusion
Rice fertilization with Si helps to stimulate plant growth, yield attributes and yield. Therefore, potential of Si could further be explored among rice farmers in Rwanda.
Enhancing the anode performance of microbial fuel cells in the treatment of oil-based drill sludge by adjusting the stirring rate and supplementing oil-based drill cuttings
Authors: Feng Qi , Xu Longjun , Liu Chenglun , Hao Yu , Yang Zhengxin , Zhang Teng , Liu Yanling , Su Huaren
Published: May 2021

This was the first attempt to investigate the bioelectricity output based on solid-liquid cooperation in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) treatment of oil-based drill sludge by adjusting the stirring rate (SR) and supplementing oil-based drill cuttings (OBDCs). According to the results, the maximum power density output reached 671 mW/m2 (5.4 kW h/m2) when the stirring rate was 100 r/min and the OBDCs concentration was 2 g/L in the anode chamber, which was more than 2.4 times as high as that of the control group and significantly higher than those of other MFCs. Extremely high removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) were realized in optimization, with values of 52.3 ± 1.9% (the removal quality was 12081 ± 432 mg/L), 74.5 ± 0.2% and 58.9 ± 0.2%, respectively. Electrochemical analyses and high-throughput sequencing revealed that the cooperation of stir with OBDCs could activate microbial activity while reducing the overpotential loss in anode systems and thus responsible for the enrichment of electrogenic bacteria with extracellular electron transfer functions (such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria) and denitrifying bacteria (such as Bacilli and Anaerolineae and Rhodopseudomonas). Moreover, substrate characterization (via Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) showed that organic matter might converted into small molecules without intermediates. This investigation offers a new strategy for the treatment /application of solid and liquid produced from oil and gas fields by bioelectrochemical technology.
STAT3 Involved in Cellular Vulnerability to Isoflurane
Authors: Yang Yan , Wang Hongwei , Song Shiyu , Liu Yue , Zhang Wei , Zhang Juan , Sun Yu’e , Hao Jing , Yang Xuli , Gu Xiaoping , Ma Zhengliang , Gao Qian
Published: May 2021

STAT3 signaling is crucial during neural spontaneous death period, a restricted developmental time window in which the neonatal brain is vulnerable to isoflurane. Here, we designed experiments to assess whether isoflurane target STAT3 to deliver its cytotoxicity. Mice at postnatal day 7 or 21, primary cortical neurons cultured for 5 or 14 days and human neuroglioma U251 cells were treated with isoflurane. A plasmid containing human wild-type STAT3, STAT3 anti-sense oligonucleotide, STAT3 specific inhibitor STA21, proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and calcineurin inhibitor FK506 were utilized to evaluate the influence of STAT3 levels on isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity. In the present study, an upregulation of STAT3 parallel with a decline in calcineurin activity as well as a decrease in the ability of isoflurane to trigger calcineurin activity and neuroapoptosis were observed in more mature neuron or brain. STAT3 survival pathway was impaired after isoflurane exposure in U251 cells and exerted a prominent effect. STAT3 disruption exaggerated isoflurane-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis, whereas, STAT3 overexpression exhibited notable cellular protection. The blockage of calcineurin activity ameliorated neural apoptosis, dendritic spine impairment and cognitive dysfunction induced by isoflurane. Overall, these results indicated that specific regulation of STAT3 was closely related with the cellular vulnerability to isoflurane.
Characterization of novel natural fiber from manau rattan (Calamus manan) as a potential reinforcement for polymer-based composites
Authors: Ding Linhu , Han Xiaoshuai , Li Huiling , Han Jingquan , Cao Lihua , Chen Yiming , Ling Zhe , He Shuijian , Jiang Shaohua
Published: May 2021

The study on novel natural fibers in polymer-based composites will help promote the invention of novel reinforcement and expand their possible applications. Herein, novel cellulosic fibers were extracted from the stem of manau rattan (Calamus manan) by mechanical separation. It is the first time to comprehensively analyze and study the chemical, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of manau rattan fibers by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), single fiber tensile test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Component analysis results showed the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of manau rattan fibers were 42, 20, and 27%, respectively. The surface of the rattan fiber was hydrophilic according to the oxygen/carbon ratio of 0.49. Manau rattan has a high crystalline index of 48.28%, inducing a high maximum degradation temperature of 332.8°C. This reveals that it can be used as a reinforcement for thermoplastic composites whose operating temperature is below 300°C. The average tensile strength can reach 273.28 MPa, which is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of rattan fiber reinforced composites. SEM images displayed the rough surface of the fiber, which helps to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrices in composites. This work was also in comparison with some other natural fibers. The above analysis and research showed the great potential of manau rattan fibers as the reinforcement in polymer-based composites.
Bilateral lumbar Ultrasound-guided Erector Spinae Plane Block versus Local Anaesthetic Infiltration for Perioperative Analgesia in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Vergari Alessandro , Frassanito Luciano , Muro Mariangela , Nestorini Roberta , Chierichini Angelo , Rossi Marco , Stasio Enrico
Published: May 2021

BackgroundLumbar spinal surgery is associated with severe postoperative pain. We examined the analgesic efficacy of bilateral lumbar ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with ropivacaine compared with local infiltration of ropivacaine.Methods Twenty-four patients undergoing elective lumbar arthrodesis were randomly divided into two groups. Control group received 0.375 % ropivacaine 40 ml through the wound, and ESPB group received preoperative bilateral ESPB with 0.375 % ropivacaine 40 ml. The primary outcome was postoperative pain intensity at rest using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes included difference in pain intensity between pre-intervention and defined timepoints, total amount of opioid analgesic requested by the patients at the same timepoints, the incidence of any adverse event, and the length of hospital stay (LOS) after surgery.Results After surgery we detected a NRS value of 1.9 + 1.6 in ESPB group and 6.0 + 1.7 in Control group (p<0.05). In the ESPB group we found a significant decrease (from 6.3 ± 1.6 to 1.9 ± 1.7) of NRS score after surgery compared to pre-surgery values. About the opioid consumption we found a total sufentanil tablets consumption of 17 ± 9 and 10 ± 2 at 48h for Control group and ESPB group, respectively. Concerning LOS all patients in the Control group and 9 of the ESPB group were discharged after 72 hours; 3 patients in the ESPB group left the ward after 48 hours. Conclusion Bilateral ultrasound-guided ESPB offers improved postoperative analgesia compared with local infiltration in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery.Trial Registration Number on Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT04123106
The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Authors: Reynolds Lindsay V. , Perry Laura G. , Shafroth Patrick B. , Katz Gabrielle , Norton Andrew
Published: May 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
EGF/bFGF Promotes Survival, Migration and Differentiation of GFP-Labeled Rhesus Monkey Neural Stem Cells Xenografted into the Rat Brain
Authors: Li Hao , Wei Jingkuan , Pan Lei , Zhang Yuhua , Guo Liyun , Qin Dongdong , Yin Yong , Hu Xintian , Wang Zhengbo
Published: May 2021

Background: Stem cell replacement therapy is considered a promising treatment for diseases of the central nervous system. Improving the ratio of surviving transplanted cells and increasing the ratio of cells that differentiate into functional neuronal cells are the most important issues related to research on neuroregenerative medicine. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been reported to promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro, but whether they have the same effect in vivo is unclear. Methods: In this study, NSCs derived from rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were resuspended in medium with or without EGF/bFGF and xenotransplanted into the rat striatum. Results: No behavioral abnormalities or teratoma formation were observed in the recipient engrafted rats. GFP-labeled cells exhibited a higher survival rate and longer migration in the EGF/bFGF group than in the control group at 2 months after transplantation. Moreover, the percentages of Tuj1+ neurons and Map2+ neurons in the EGF/bFGF group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the percentages of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were significantly lower in the EGF/bGFG group than in the control group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that EGF/bFGF can promote protrusion of nerve fibers and the survival and neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs in the recipient brain, suggesting that EGF/bFGF has a potential application for stem cell therapy.