bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An ultrasound algorithm for identification of endometrial cancer
Authors: Dueholm M. , Møller C. , Rydbjerg S. , Hansen E. S. , Ørtoft G.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To propose a scoring system to predict endometrial cancer using different ultrasound image characteristics at gray‐scale, with and without enhancement by gel infusion, and Doppler transvaginal sonography (TVS) and to evaluate intra‐ and interobserver variability in assessment of these characteristics.

Method

Unenhanced TVS, Doppler examinations and gel infusion sonography (GIS) were performed prospectively in 174 consecutive postmenopausal women with endometrial thickness ≥ 5 mm. The reference standard in all women was hysteroscopy or hysterectomy with pathological evaluation of the malignancy. The presence of various ultrasound pattern characteristics indicative of endometrial malignancy and intra‐ and interobserver variability in their assessment were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to correlate image and clinical parameters to presence of endometrial cancer.

Results

A simple Doppler flow score (which considered only presence of vascularity and not presence of single/double dominant vessel, multiple vessels, large vessels, color splash or densely packed vessels) had an area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.83 in the prediction of endometrial cancer. Models including endometrial thickness, Doppler score and interrupted endomyometrial junction on unenhanced TVS predicted endometrial cancer with an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92–0.99) and, with addition of irregular surface on GIS, the AUC was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94–0.99). A risk of endometrial cancer (REC) scoring system based on body mass index, Doppler score, endometrial thickness and interrupted endomyometrial junction on unenhanced TVS and irregular surface at GIS performed very well at identifying endometrial cancer; at a REC‐score of ≥ 4 the sensitivity for detection of endometrial cancer was 91% and specificity was 94%. Observers agreed in 82.3% of cases (kappa, 0.63 (0.48–0.78)) when subjective parameters were analyzed in stored videoclips.

Conclusion

Our observer‐dependent proposed scoring system seems to perform well in the prediction of endometrial cancer and should be tested in future studies. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Integration of EEMD and ICA for wind turbine gearbox diagnosis
Authors: Wang Jinjiang , Gao Robert X. , Yan Ruqiang
Published: September 2013

Gearbox failure becomes a major concern for reliability of wind turbine because of complex repair procedures, long downtime and high replacement costs. Prior studies showed that the majority of gearbox failures were initiated from bearing failures. Because of the low signal‐to‐noise ratio (mixture of bearing defect signals and gear meshing signals) and transient nature of bearing signals, it poses significant difficulty for bearing defect diagnosis in wind turbine gearbox at the incipient stage. To address it, this paper presents an effective fault component separation method that integrates ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD; an adaptive signal decomposition method in time‐frequency domain) with independent component analysis (ICA; a blind source separation technique), without requiring a priori information on the rotating speeds or bandwidth. The method firstly decomposes one‐channel vibration measurements into a series of intrinsic mode functions as pseudo‐multi‐channel signals, by means of EEMD. ICA is performed on the intrinsic mode functions to separate bearing defect‐related signals from gear meshing signals. Envelope spectrum analysis is performed on the bearing defect‐related signals to identify bearing structural defects. The effectiveness of the developed method in separating bearing defect‐related signals from gear meshing signals for more effective fault diagnosis in bearings is evaluated and confirmed, numerically and experimentally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On atmospheric stability in the dynamic wake meandering model
Authors: Keck Rolf‐Erik , de Maré Martin , Churchfield Matthew J. , Lee Sang , Larsen Gunner , Aagaard Madsen Helge
Published: September 2013

The present study investigates a new approach for capturing the effects of atmospheric stability on wind turbine wake evolution and wake meandering by using the dynamic wake meandering model. The most notable impact of atmospheric stability on the wind is the changes in length and velocity scales of the atmospheric turbulence. The length and velocity scales in the turbulence are largely responsible for the way in which wind turbine wakes meander as they convect downstream. The hypothesis of the present work is that appropriate turbulence scales can be extracted from the oncoming atmospheric turbulence spectra and applied to the dynamic wake meandering model to capture the correct wake meandering behaviour. The ambient turbulence in all stability classes is generated using the Mann turbulence model, where the effects of non‐neutral atmospheric stability are approximated by the selection of input parameters.

In order to isolate the effect of atmospheric stability, simulations of neutral and unstable atmospheric boundary layers using large‐eddy simulation are performed at the same streamwise turbulence intensity level. The turbulence intensity is kept constant by calibrating the surface roughness in the computational domain. The changes in the turbulent length scales due to the various atmospheric stability states impact the wake meandering characteristics and thus the power generation by the individual turbines.

The proposed method is compared with results from both large‐eddy simulation coupled with an actuator line model and field measurements, where generally good agreement is found with respect to the velocity, turbulence intensity and power predictions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A torque matched aerodynamic performance analysis method for the horizontal axis wind turbines
Authors: Al‐Abadi Ali , Ertunç Özgür , Weber Horst , Delgado Antonio
Published: September 2013

An analysis method is developed to test the operational performance of a horizontal axis wind turbines. The rotor is constrained to the torque–speed characteristic of the coupled generator. Therefore, the operational conditions are realized by matching the torque generated by the turbine over a selected range of incoming wind velocity to that needed to rotate the generator. The backbone of the analysis method is a combination of Schmitz' and blade element momentum (BEM) theories. The torque matching is achieved by gradient‐based optimization method, which finds correct wind speed at a given rotational speed of the rotor. The combination of Schmitz and BEM serves to exclude the BEM iterations for the calculation of interference factors. Instead, the relative angle is found iteratively along the span. The profile and tip losses, which are empirical, are included in the analysis. Hence, the torque at a given wind speed and rotational speed can be calculated by integrating semi‐analytical equations along the blade span. The torque calculation method is computationally cheap and therefore allows many iterations needed during torque matching. The developed analysis method is verified experimentally by testing the output power and rotational speed of an existing wind turbine model in the wind tunnel. The generator's torque rotational speed characteristic is found by a separate experimental set‐up. Comparison of experiments with the results of the analysis method shows a good agreement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exotic grasses and wildlife in northern Mexico
Authors: Ortega‐S J. Alfonso , Ibarra‐Flores Fernando A. , Melgoza Alicia , Gonzalez‐Valenzuela Eduardo A. , Martin‐Rivera Martha H. , Ávila‐Curiel J. Miguel , Ayala‐Alvares Felix , Pinedo Carmelo , Rivero Otilia
Published: September 2013

Seeding exotic grasses remains a common practice to increase forage production for cattle in northern Mexico. Even while interest in wildlife conservation and management has been increasing since the late 1990s because of the economic value of wildlife for sport hunting, cattle production still represents an important part of the ranch income. Our objective was to review the available information on exotic grasses and its effect on native rangelands and wildlife. To obtain the information included in this article, we reviewed the published information and personal information and observations. Ranchers need to balance and make commitments to optimize cattle and wildlife economic output. In general, the negative perception of biologists, ranchers, and the general public toward exotic grasses is less pronounced than in the United States even when the ecological benefits of maintaining healthy native rangelands is well‐understood. Differences in primary productivity and domestic animal production between exotic and native grasses are well‐documented; however, information on impacts of exotic grasses on wildlife is extremely limited. The preservation of native rangelands is important; however, exotic grasses will continue to be seeded in northern Mexico as long as cattle production remains an important economic activity. Exotic grasses in many cases will be impossible to eradicate; therefore, management will be necessary to ensure optimization of habitat for livestock and wildlife species. In this context many research questions need to be answered to optimize domestic livestock production and maintain healthy wildlife populations. Governments, non‐governmental organizations, and other entities interested in conservation should combine efforts and develop incentive programs for ranchers to preserve native rangelands in Mexico and to avoid seeding exotic grasses. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Holographic isotropization linearized
Authors: Heller Michal P. , Mateos David , van der Schee Wilke , Triana Miquel
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The holographic isotropization of a highly anisotropic, homogeneous, strongly coupled, non-Abelian plasma was simplified in ref. [1] by linearizing Einstein’s equations around the final, equilibrium state. This approximation reproduces the expectation value of the boundary stress tensor with a 20% accuracy. Here we elaborate on these results and extend them to observables that are directly sensitive to the bulk interior, focusing for simplicity on the entropy production on the event horizon. We also consider next-to-leading-order corrections and show that the leading terms alone provide a better description of the isotropization process for the states that are furthest from equilibrium.
Surfactant Synthesis via Lipase Esterification of Methyl α‐d‐Glucopyranoside with Selected Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Ariffin Maryam F. K. , Annuar M. Suffian M. , Heidelberg Thorsten
Published: September 2013

Lipase‐catalyzed esterification and properties of synthesized carbohydrate esters were investigated. Methyl α‐d‐glucopyranoside was the acyl group acceptor and different carbon atom chain lengths of aliphatic carboxylic acids (C12, C14 and C16) as the acyl group donors were applied in the esterification. Physico‐chemical studies on the synthesized carbohydrate esters were carried out. It was found that melting point for the methyl 6‐O‐hexadecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside was the highest consecutively followed by methyl 6‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside and methyl 6‐O‐dodecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside. Liquid crystal properties of the synthesized carbohydrate ester synthesized were evaluated via optical polarized microscopy. It was found that the liquid crystal textures for mono‐substituted carbohydrate esters were of the smectic phase. In a quaternary system (carbohydrate ester/n‐butanol/n‐hexadecane/water), a maximum 34 % of water (by mass) was contained in the monophasic region of methyl 6‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside and a maximum of 52 % water (by mass) was contained in a monophasic methyl 6‐O‐dodecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside. For methyl‐6‐O‐dodecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside, its concentration at aggregation was 5.2 × 10−4 mM, with minimum air/water surface tension of 26 mN m−1. The Gibbs energy of micellization was calculated at −50 kJ mol−1. The maximum adsorption density of methyl 6‐O‐dodecanoyl‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside was determined at 4 × 10−6 mol m−2 while its minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/water surface was 47 Å2.
Static/dynamic friction and wear of some selected polymeric materials for conformal tribo-pairs under boundary lubrication conditions
Authors: Nilsson Daniel , Prakash Braham
Published: September 2013

This work is aimed at investigating the friction and wear performance of different polymeric materials having potential for hydraulic system components under lubricated sliding conditions against a steel counter face. A pin-on-disc test configuration was used for the experimental study. The different polymeric materials selected for these studies were commercial polyimides (PI), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and flouropolymers. Some of these materials were bulk materials whereas others were used as coatings applied on to the cast iron substrate. The tribological characteristics of the polymers were compared with a reference grey cast iron. The frictional characteristics were evaluated in both static and dynamic conditions. The results have shown that by using polymeric materials it is possible to reduce breakaway friction by an order of magnitude compared to grey cast iron. However, the breakaway friction increased significantly after the wear tests. The polymeric materials having lowest breakaway friction have shown the highest wear with the exception of the PEEK-PTFE coating which showed low wear. PI with graphite fillers also showed low wear but it resulted in relatively high friction. The carbon fibre reinforced materials resulted in unstable friction as well as higher wear compared to the PI materials with graphite fillers.
Impact of a program of physiotherapy and health education on the outcome of obstetric fistula surgery
Authors: Castille Yves‐Jacques , Avocetien Chiara , Zaongo Dieudonné , Colas Jean‐Marie , Peabody James O. , Rochat Charles‐Henry
Published: September 2013

Objective

Surgery is the only successful treatment for most obstetric fistulae. The present study measured the impact of a structured program of pre‐ and postoperative physiotherapy and health education on the outcome of surgery for obstetric fistula.

Methods

We compared the postoperative outcomes of 2 consecutive groups of women with obstetric fistulae who were recruited and followed‐up by 2 local nongovernmental organizations at a hospital in Tanguiéta, Benin. The first group of women (n = 99) had fistula repair using standardized techniques. The second group (n = 112) had a standardized surgical approach plus a structured program of pre‐ and postoperative health education and physiotherapy.

Results

The program had a significant positive impact on recovery in general and on urinary incontinence in particular. After physiotherapy, the odds of recovery were 2.72 times greater for women in the physiotherapy group than for control patients, and the probability of postoperative stress incontinence was considerably higher for patients in the control group than for those in the physiotherapy group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

A structured program of health education and physiotherapy by experienced nurses and physiotherapists improves the likelihood of a successful outcome after surgical repair of obstetric fistula.
Psychological and ethical implications related to infertility
Authors: Minucci Daria
Published: September 2013

Being a parent is deeply demanding and one of the most important events in life; parents experience the deepening of human relationships with their partner, within their families, and in society, and moreover the fundamental relationship between parent and child. Every medical, social, and political effort must be made to prevent infertility but also to offer infertile couples the best diagnostic and therapeutic paths. Understanding the suffering of the couple and their families prevents and helps ease the possible psychological and social complications of infertility. Therefore, infertility concerns not only biomedical sciences but also psychological and social ones—ethics and law—in their combined efforts to identify areas of understanding and of research for solutions while respecting the dignity of the couple and unborn child. The Catholic Church offers an ongoing contribution through dialogue in looking for ethical principles guiding scientific and medical research respectful of the true life of human beings.
Management of female infertility from hormonal causes
Authors: Luciano Antony A. , Lanzone Antonio , Goverde Angelique J.
Published: September 2013

Hormonal causes of female infertility involve ovulatory dysfunctions that may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis, peripheral endocrine glands, nonendocrine organs, or metabolic disorders. It is important to think of anovulation not as a diagnosis but as a symptom of a metabolic or endocrine disorder that requires a thorough diagnostic evaluation to identify the specific cause and to implement effective therapies that assure the best possible pregnancy outcome and avoid long‐term adverse health consequences. In most instances, the medical history points to the underlying dysfunction, which can usually be confirmed with laboratory or imaging tests. For more challenging cases, more extensive evaluations may be needed, including perturbation studies. Nevertheless, the management of anovulatory infertility is gratifying because its causes are often manifest and the treatment usually results in resumption of ovulatory cycles, restoration of fertility, and healthy offspring through natural conception without requiring expensive and intrusive assisted reproductive technologies.
Regionalization of fire regimes in the Central Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Carter Vachel A. , Brunelle Andrea , Minckley Thomas A. , Dennison Philip E. , Power Mitchell J.
Published: September 2013

Fire is one of the most important natural disturbances in the coniferous forests of the US Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains are separated by a climatic boundary between 40° and 45° N, which we refer to as the central Rocky Mountains (CRM). To determine whether the fire regime from the CRM was more similar to the northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) or southern Rocky Mountains (SRM) during the Holocene, a 12,539-yr-old sediment core from Long Lake, Wyoming, located in the CRM was analyzed for charcoal and pollen. These data were then compared to charcoal records from the CRM, NRM and SRM. During the Younger Dryas chronozone, the fire regime was characterized as frequent at Long Lake. The early and middle Holocene fire regime was characterized as infrequent. A brief interval from 4000 to 3000 cal yr BP, termed the Populus period, had a frequent fire regime and remained frequent through the late Holocene at Long Lake. In comparison to sites from the NRM and SRM, the fire regime at Long Lake was most similar to the SRM during the past 12,539 cal yr BP. These results suggest the disturbance regime in the CRM has a greater affinity with those of the SRM.
Twentieth Century Classics
Authors: Wijesinha Rajiva
Published: September 2013

Twentieth Century Classics is a collection of essays on 20th-century English society through surveys of leading prose writers of that period. In this book the author, Rajiva Wijesinha, puts together 51 writers of English literature whose works have the best claim towards the hallmark of classic in the 20th century. Each of the writers included in this book is representative of the period in terms of his or her literary concerns and choice of themes and subjects. Initially published in Sri Lanka in the newspaper, The Island, as a weekly column, the essays also contribute much to our understanding of the society they describe, the changes the society experienced and the moral perspectives that governed it. The essays are educational and written in a lucid manner. They can be a readers best guide to good literature of the previous century.
Solar Photovoltaics
Authors: Solanki Chetan S. , Arora Brij M. , Vasi Juzer , Patil Mahesh B.
Published: September 2013

This text provides an up-to-date description of the photovoltaic (PV) components and systems. It contains detailed information on several carefully planned experiments on solar PV cells and modules. The book is divided into two sections: User Manual and Experiments. The experiments are related to the characterization and simulation of solar cells to allow the users to measure various kinds of data on solar cells, modules and PV systems. The simulation experiments would enable the users to simulate solar cells and circuits containing solar cells. The Manual provides an intuitive grasp of PV system components and their behaviour in the field through a discussion of the underlying objectives, expected outcome, theory, equipment used, measurement methodology and results. The Manual will help users in understanding and execution of various experiments related to solar PV.

 This book would be an extremely useful reference manual not only for the technicians and system installers working in the PV field, but also for the students and researchers interested in understanding the fundamental aspects of PV system components and their interconnection.
The Clementine Atlas of the Moon
Authors: Bussey Ben , Spudis Paul
Published: September 2013

The highly successful Clementine mission gave scientists their first global look at the Moon. Based on information gathered from this mission combined with data from recent missions, this unique atlas contains 144 maps covering the entire lunar surface, along with colour plates showing the Moon's composition and physical properties. The first part of the atlas describes the origin and geological evolution of the Moon and gives a brief history of lunar science and exploration, while the second features double-page spreads consisting of Clementine images paired with newly created shaded-relief maps generated from LROC topography data. This edition has been fully revised and extended to cover the armada of new missions that have launched since 2004. With one of the most complete and up-to-date lunar nomenclature databases, this is an indispensable reference for professional planetary and space scientists, amateur astronomers, and lunar enthusiasts.
The Transformation of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Authors: Womersley David
Published: September 2013

David Womersley's book investigates Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire as both a work of literature and a work of history, examining its style and irony, tracing its classical and French sources, and highlighting the importance of its composition in three instalments over a period of twenty years. Dr Womersley discusses each of these instalments in detail, plotting the work's transformation from conception to completion, and relating this to the achievements and limitations of the philosophic historiography which Gibbon inherited from Montesquieu and Hume, but finally discarded. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire emerges from this study as a work more flexible in its sympathies and surprising in its judgements than has hitherto been granted, while the magnitude of Gibbon's achievement as a stylist, historian and thinker is brought into sharper focus.
Party System Change in Legislatures Worldwide
Authors: Mershon Carol , Shvetsova Olga
Published: September 2013

In this book, Carol Mershon and Olga Shvetsova explore one of the central questions in democratic politics: how much autonomy do elected politicians have to shape and reshape the party system on their own, without the direct involvement of voters in elections? Mershon and Shvetsova's theory focuses on the choices of party membership made by legislators while serving in office. It identifies the inducements and impediments to legislators' changes of partisan affiliation, and integrates strategic and institutional approaches to the study of parties and party systems. With empirical analyses comparing nine countries that differ in electoral laws, territorial governance and executive-legislative relations, Mershon and Shvetsova find that strategic incumbents have the capacity to reconfigure the party system as established in elections. Representatives are motivated to bring about change by opportunities arising during the parliamentary term, and are deterred from doing so by the elemental democratic practice of elections.
The Printing Press as an Agent of Change
Authors: Eisenstein Elizabeth L.
Published: September 2013

Originally published in two volumes in 1980, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change is now issued in a paperback edition containing both volumes. The work is a full-scale historical treatment of the advent of printing and its importance as an agent of change. Professor Eisenstein begins by examining the general implications of the shift from script to print, and goes on to examine its part in three of the major movements of early modern times - the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the rise of modern science.
Fame and Failure 1720–1800
Authors: Rounce Adam
Published: September 2013

Adam Rounce presents a colourful and unusual history of eighteenth-century British literature, exploring ideas of fame through writers who failed to achieve the literary success they so desired. Recounting the experiences of less canonical writers, including Richard Savage, Anna Seward and Percival Stockdale, Rounce discusses the inefficacy of apparent literary success, the forms of vanity and folly often found in failed authorship, and the changing perception of literary reputation from the beginning of the eighteenth century to the emergence of Romanticism. The book opens up new ways of thinking about the nature of literary success and failure, given the post-Romantic idea of the doomed creative genius, and provides an alternative narrative to critical accounts of the famous and successful.
Beyond Race, Sex, and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Bedi Sonu
Published: September 2013

The conventional interpretation of equality under the law singles out certain groups or classes for constitutional protection: women, racial minorities, and gays and lesbians. The United States Supreme Court calls these groups 'suspect classes'. Laws that discriminate against them are generally unconstitutional. While this is a familiar account of equal protection jurisprudence, this book argues that this approach suffers from hitherto unnoticed normative and political problems. The book elucidates a competing, extant interpretation of equal protection jurisprudence that avoids these problems. The interpretation is not concerned with suspect classes but rather with the kinds of reasons that are already inadmissible as a matter of constitutional law. This alternative approach treats the equal protection clause like any other limit on governmental power, thus allowing the Court to invalidate equality-infringing laws and policies by focusing on their justification rather than the identity group they discriminate against.
The Business of Waste
Authors: Stokes Raymond G. , Köster Roman , Sambrook Stephen C.
Published: September 2013

The advent of consumer societies in the United Kingdom and West Germany after 1945 led to the mass 'production' of garbage. This book compares the social, cultural and economic fallout of the growing volume and changing composition of waste in the two countries from 1945 to the present through sustained attention to changes in the business of handling household waste. Though the UK and Germany are similar in population density, degrees of urbanisation, and standardisation, the two countries took profoundly different paths from low-waste to throwaway societies, and more recently, towards the goal of 'zero-waste'. The authors explore evolving balances between public and private provision in waste services; the transformation of public cleansing into waste management; the role of government legislation and regulation; emerging conceptualisations of recycling and resource recovery; and the gradual shift of the industry's regulatory and business context from local to national and then to international.
Transfiguring the Arts and Sciences
Authors: Klancher Jon
Published: September 2013

In this important and innovative study Jon Klancher shows how the Romantic age produced a new discourse of the 'Arts and Sciences' by reconfiguring the Enlightenment's idea of knowledge and by creating new kinds of cultural institutions with unprecedented public impact. He investigates the work of poets, lecturers, moral philosophers, scientists and literary critics - including Coleridge, Godwin, Bentham, Davy, Wordsworth, Robinson, Shelley and Hunt - and traces their response to book collectors and bibliographers, art-and-science administrators, painters, engravers, natural philosophers, radical journalists, editors and reviewers. Taking a historical and cross-disciplinary approach, he opens up Romantic literary and critical writing to transformations in the history of science, history of the book, art history, and the little-known history of arts-and-sciences administration that linked early-modern projects to nineteenth- and twentieth-century modes of organizing 'knowledges'. His conclusions transform the ways we think about knowledge, both in the Romantic period and in our own.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Authors: Gibbon Edward
Published: September 2013

The pre-eminent historian of his day, Edward Gibbon (1737–94) produced his magnum opus in six volumes between 1776 and 1788. Reissued here is the authoritative seven-volume edition prepared by J. B. Bury (1861–1927) between 1896 and 1900. Immediately and widely acclaimed, Gibbon's work remains justly famous for its magisterial account of Roman imperialism and Christianity from the first century CE through to the fall of Constantinople and beyond. Innovative in its use of primary sources and notable for its tone of religious scepticism, this epic narrative stands as a masterpiece of English literature and historical scholarship. Volume 5 covers the period 565–1356 CE, addressing the Lombard conquest of Italy and the Persian siege of Constantinople, the divisive Christian doctrine of the incarnation, Byzantine rulers up to 1185, the reign of Charlemagne in the West, the life of Mohammed and the spread of Islam.
The Collected Works of William Morris
Authors: Morris William , Morris May
Published: September 2013

A creative titan of the Victorian age, William Morris (1834–96) produced a prodigious variety of literary and artistic work in his lifetime. In addition to his achievements as a versatile designer at the forefront of the arts and crafts movement, Morris distinguished himself as a poet, translated Icelandic sagas and classical epics, wrote a series of influential prose romances, and gave lectures promoting his socialist principles. His collected works, originally published in 24 volumes between 1910 and 1915, were edited by his daughter Mary (May) Morris (1862–1938), whose introductions to each volume chart with insight and sympathy the development of her father's literary, aesthetic and political passions. Volume 22 contains a collection of lectures, first published as Hopes and Fears for Art in 1882, and a further fifteen lectures on the topic of art and industry.
The Prohibition of Torture in Exceptional Circumstances
Authors: Farrell Michelle
Published: September 2013

Can torture be justified in exceptional circumstances? In this timely work, Michelle Farrell asks how and why this question has become such a central debate. She argues that the ticking bomb scenario is a fiction which blinds us to the reality of torture and investigates what it is that that scenario fails to represent. Farrell aims to reframe how we think about torture, and critically reflects on the historical and contemporary approaches to its use in exceptional situations. She demonstrates how torture, from its use in Algeria to the 'War on Terror', has been misrepresented, and appraises the legalist, extra-legalist and absolutist assessments of exception to the torture prohibition. Employing Giorgio Agamben's theory of the state of exception as a foil, Farrell deconstructs these approaches and goes on to propose her own theory of exceptional torture.
Fresh Leaves and Green Pastures
Authors: Panton Jane Ellen
Published: September 2013

Jane Ellen Panton (1847–1923) was the second daughter of the artist William Powell Frith, and an expert on domestic issues. Published in 1909, this is a further collection of Panton's memoirs, following her earlier autobiography Leaves from a Life (also reissued in this series). It looks back on life in mid-nineteenth-century England and the changes that had taken place since then, beginning by asking the question of how much the present generation knew about their country's past. Over fifteen chapters, Panton explores developments in the nature and structure of institutions such as the family, the community, the church, the electorate and the military, deeming certain changes as negative, such as the decline of county families and the gentry, while welcoming others, such as increased opportunities for women. Providing revealing insight into English middle-class concerns in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book remains of interest to social historians.
The Black Sea and the Early Civilizations of Europe, the Near East and Asia
Authors: Ivanova Mariya
Published: September 2013

The Black Sea lies at the junction of three major cultural areas: Europe, Central Asia and the Near East. It plays a crucial role in enduring discussions about the impact of complex Near Eastern societies on European societies, and the repercussions of early urbanization across Eurasia. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the Black Sea region in the prehistoric period. It penetrates artificial boundaries imposed by traditions, politics and language to encompass both the European and Asiatic coasts and both Eastern European and Western scholarly literature. With a critical compilation and synthesis of archaeological data, this study situates the prehistoric Black Sea in a global historical context. By adopting the perspective of technology and innovation, it transcends a purely descriptive account of material culture and emphasizes society, human interaction, and engagement with the material world.
Lattice Sums Then and Now
Authors: Borwein J. M. , Glasser M. L. , McPhedran R. C. , Wan J. G. , Zucker I. J.
Published: September 2013

The study of lattice sums began when early investigators wanted to go from mechanical properties of crystals to the properties of the atoms and ions from which they were built (the literature of Madelung's constant). A parallel literature was built around the optical properties of regular lattices of atoms (initiated by Lord Rayleigh, Lorentz and Lorenz). For over a century many famous scientists and mathematicians have delved into the properties of lattices, sometimes unwittingly duplicating the work of their predecessors. Here, at last, is a comprehensive overview of the substantial body of knowledge that exists on lattice sums and their applications. The authors also provide commentaries on open questions, and explain modern techniques which simplify the task of finding new results in this fascinating and ongoing field. Lattice sums in one, two, three, four and higher dimensions are covered.
Constructing National Security
Authors: Hayes Jarrod
Published: September 2013

Jarrod Hayes explores why democracies tend not to use military force against each other. He argues that democratic identity - the shared understanding within democracies of who 'we' are and what 'we' expect from each other - makes it difficult for political leaders to construct external democracies as threats. At the same time, he finds that democratic identity enables political actors to construct external non-democracies as threats. To explore his argument, he looks at US relations with two rising powers: India and China. Through his argument and case studies, Professor Hayes addresses not just the democratic peace but also the larger processes of threat construction in international security, the role of domestic institutions in international relations, and the possibility for conflict between the United States and the world's two most populous countries.
Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome
Authors: Lennon Jack J.
Published: September 2013

Pollution could come from any number of sources in the Roman world. Bodily functions, sexual activity, bloodshed, death - any of these could cause disaster if brought into contact with religion. Its presence could invalidate sacrifices, taint religious officials, and threaten to bring down the anger of the gods upon the city. Orators could use pollution as a means of denigrating opponents and obstructing religious procedures, and writers could emphasise the 'otherness' of barbarians by drawing attention to their different ideas about what was or was not 'dirty'. Yet despite all this, religious pollution remained a vague concept within the Latin language, and what constituted pollution could change depending on the context in which it appeared. Calling upon a range of research disciplines, this book highlights the significant role that pollution played across Roman religion, and the role it played in the construction of religious identity.
Bombing the People
Authors: Hippler Thomas
Published: September 2013

Giulio Douhet is generally considered the world's most important air-power theorist and this book offers the first comprehensive account of his air-power concepts. It ranges from 1884 when an air service was first implemented within the Italian military to the outbreak of the Second World War, and explores the evolution and dissemination of Douhet's ideas in an international context. It examines the impact of the Libyan war, the First World War and Ethiopian war on the development of Italian air-power strategy. It also addresses the issue of Douhet's advocacy of strategic bombing, exploring why it was that Douhet became an advocate of city bombing; the meaning and the limits of his core concept of 'command of the air'; and the mutual impact of air power, military and naval thought. It also takes into account alternatives to Douhetism such as the theories developed by Amedeo Mecozzi and others.
“Lord of the Forecastle”: Serangs, Tindals, and Lascar Mutiny, c.1780–1860
Authors: Jaffer Aaron
Published: September 2013

This article focuses on the diverse body of seafarers from the Indian Ocean region known as “lascars”. Very little is known about mutiny amongst those employed aboard European merchantmen during the age of sail. Private voyage journals and other sources offer scattered glimpses of demonstrations, strikes, and assaults on officers. Lascars used such tactics to air grievances, resist unpopular orders, and extract concessions from their superiors. They also took part in more serious forms of mutiny, in which they murdered captains, commandeered ships, and expropriated cargoes. The depositions taken in connection with such incidents provide an unparalleled window on to their working lives. Labour intermediaries known as serangs and tindals feature prominently in these various disturbances. The unique position they occupied enabled them to undermine European officers and even depose captains. Their involvement in shipboard uprisings serves as a reminder of the ways in which mutiny could be staged, manipulated, and controlled.
Disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care in Salvador, Northeast Brazil have a low prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies
Authors: Lander Rebecca L , Bailey Karl B , Lander Alastair G , Alsaleh Abdulmonem A , Costa-Ribeiro Hugo C , Mattos Angela P , Barreto Danile L , Houghton Lisa A , Morison Ian M , Williams Sheila M , Gibson Rosalind S
Published: September 2013

Objective

To examine the micronutrient status of disadvantaged pre-schoolers from Northeast Brazil, following the introduction of pro-poor policies, by assessing the prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies and the role of sociodemographic factors, genetic Hb disorders and parasitic infections.

Design

In a cross-sectional study, data on sociodemographic status, health, growth, genetic Hb disorders, parasites and nutrient supply from day-care meals were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed for Hb, serum ferritin, transferrin receptor, folate, vitamin B12, retinol, Zn and Se.

Setting

Seven philanthropic day-care centres serving urban slums in Salvador, Northeast Brazil.

Subjects

Pre-schoolers aged 3–6 years from disadvantaged households.

Results

Of the 376 sampled children, 94 % were of black or mixed race; 33 % and 29 % had at least one genetic Hb disorder and intestinal parasite, respectively. Stunting and underweight were ≤5 %; 14 % were overweight. Day-care centres supplied micronutrient-dense meals and snacks each weekday. Less than 10 % of pre-schoolers had anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Predictors (P< 0·05) of Hb were α3·7thalassaemia, Se and retinol (but not ferritin). Micronutrient predictors (P< 0·05) were: elevated α1-glycoprotein for ferritin, Hb AS and BMIZ-score >1 for transferrin receptor, Zn and elevated α1-glycoprotein for retinol, sex and helminths for Se, helminths for vitamin B12, andGiardia intestinalisinfection for serum folate.

Conclusions

Impaired growth, anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies were uncommon among these disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care. A range of interventions including provision of micronutrient-dense, fortified day-care meals, deworming and vitamin A supplementation likely contributed to improved micronutrient status, suggesting expanded coverage of these programmes.
Quantitative In-Situ TEM on Patterned Magnetic Specimens: Local Hysteresis Loops, Mono-domain Particles, Pinning and Dynamics.
Authors: Zweck Josef , Heumann Martin , Uhlig Thomas , Dietrich Christian , Gründmayer Jürgen , Hurm Christian
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Atomic Scale Mapping of Phase Segregation at CMR Grain Boundaries in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Varela Maria , Peña Vanessa , Sefrioui Zouhair , Lupini Andrew R. , Santamaria Jacobo , Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
SEM Characterization in Al-C-Al2O3 Composites Produced by MA.
Authors: Santos-Beltrán Audel , Estrada-Guel Ivanovich , Barajas Villaruel Juan Ignacio , Flores-Zamora Marí Isabel , Segura-Cedillo Ismael , Antunez Flores Wilber , Martínez-Sánchez Roberto
Published: September 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Adoleszentenmedizin: eine bereichernde Herausforderung in der Praxis
Authors: Rutishauser Christoph
Published: September 2013

Die altersangemessene ärztliche Betreuung von jugendlichen Patienten umfasst eine dem jeweiligen Entwicklungsstand des Patienten angepasste ärztliche Betreuung. Kernelemente dieser Betreuung sind das Gespräch mit dem jugendlichen Patienten allein für einen Teil der Konsultation und bei gegebener Urteilsfähigkeit die Zusicherung der Wahrung der ärztlichen Schweigepflicht auch gegenüber den Eltern. Damit ist die Basis für eine vertrauensvolle Arzt-Patient-Beziehung gesetzt. Die altersangemessene ärztliche Betreuung stellt in Kombination mit der Berücksichtigung biopsychosozialer Umstände eine Grundvoraussetzung dar für eine gute Adhärenz und damit die erfolgreiche Durchführung der Behandlung. Dabei sollen der jugendliche Patient wie auch seine Eltern schrittweise in der Übernahme von therapeutischer Eigenverantwortung unterstützt werden.
Jugendliche in der «Walk-in Praxis»
Authors: Baumann Thomas
Published: September 2013

Jugendliche sind eine medizinisch unterversorgte Altersgruppe. Sind befinden sich in der Transition vom Kinderarzt weg zum Hausarzt. Sie sind häufig vom Ersten nicht ganz gelöst, geschweige bei Letzterem angekommen. In diesem Artikel wird eine sehr kurze Zusammenfassung alterstypischer Probleme und Fragestellungen mit den praktischen Erfahrungen, speziell der den Jugendlichen entgegenkommenden «Walk-in Praxis» ergänzt.
Detection of a novel intracellular microbiome hosted in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Desirò Alessandro , Salvioli Alessandra , Ngonkeu Eddy L , Mondo Stephen J , Epis Sara , Faccio Antonella , Kaech Andres , Pawlowska Teresa E , Bonfante Paola
Published: September 2013

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important members of the plant microbiome. They are obligate biotrophs that colonize the roots of most land plants and enhance host nutrient acquisition. Many AMF themselves harbor endobacteria in their hyphae and spores. Two types of endobacteria are known in Glomeromycota: rod-shaped Gram-negative Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum, CaGg, limited in distribution to members of the Gigasporaceae family, and coccoid Mollicutes-related endobacteria, Mre, widely distributed across different lineages of AMF. The goal of the present study is to investigate the patterns of distribution and coexistence of the two endosymbionts, CaGg and Mre, in spore samples of several strains of Gigaspora margarita. Based on previous observations, we hypothesized that some AMF could host populations of both endobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we performed an extensive investigation of both endosymbionts in G. margarita spores sampled from Cameroonian soils as well as in the Japanese G. margarita MAFF520054 isolate using different approaches (molecular phylotyping, electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR). We found that a single AMF host can harbour both types of endobacteria, with Mre population being more abundant, variable and prone to recombination than the CaGg one. Both endosymbionts seem to retain their genetic and lifestyle peculiarities regardless of whether they colonize the host alone or together. These findings show for the first time that fungi support an intracellular bacterial microbiome, in which distinct types of endobacteria coexist in a single cell.
Crystallographic anisotropy of the resistivity size effect in single crystal tungsten nanowires
Authors: Choi Dooho , Moneck Matthew , Liu Xuan , Oh Soong Ju , Kagan Cherie R. , Coffey Kevin R. , Barmak Katayun
Published: September 2013

This work demonstrates an anisotropic increase in resistivity with decreasing width in single crystal tungsten (W) nanowires having a height of 21 nm. Nanowire-widths were in the range of 15–451 nm, with the anisotropy observed for widths below 50 nm. The longitudinal directions of the nanowires coincided with the <100>, <110> and <111> orientations of the body centered cubic phase of W. The resistivity increase was observed to be minimized for the <111>-oriented single crystal nanowires, exhibiting a factor of two lower increase in resistivity at a width of ~15 nm, relative to the thin film resistivity (i.e., an infinitely wide wire). The observed anisotropy is attributed to crystallographic anisotropy of the Fermi velocity and the resultant anisotropy of the electron mean free path in W and underscores the critical role of crystallographic orientation in nanoscale metallic conduction.