bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Characteristics Associated with Residential Burglaries of Student Apartment Complexes
Authors: Robinson Matthew B. , Robinson Christine E.
Published: March 2007

This study identified environmental characteristics associated with residential burglaries of apartment complexes predominantly occupied by students, located near two major universities and a community college in Tallahassee, Florida. Through observation and measurement of environmental characteristics, results showed that accessibility played little role in differentiating burglarized and nonburglarized apartment units. Yet, burglarized units were disproportionately likely to be located on the comer of the building and on the first floor. Results also showed that apartment units with reported burglaries in 1993 were less surveillable than apartment units with no reported burglaries—i.e., burglarized units were more obstructed by foliage or structure. Finally, through surveying student apartment residents, results suggested that burglaries largely occurred at times when students reported being away from their apartments for purposes of attending classes, engaging in recreational activities, or shopping. The results add additional support for the well-established link between environmental characteristics and residential burglary.
The Cultural Other and National Identity in the Taiwanese and South Korean Media
Authors: Chung Pei-chi
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes how images of the `Other' are created in the Taiwanese and South Korean media. Focusing on the representation of national identity in four news organizations, this study argues that the Taiwanese and South Korean media construct their national identities by means of discourses of exclusion. An intensive textual analysis of news coverage from those media shows that the construction of an essential national Self relies upon the process of differentiation from the Other - in this case, China and North Korea. But while the news media have played an important role in allowing the Taiwanese and South Korean governments to create a rhetoric that posits a national cohesion that does not exist, the concluding remarks propose going beyond the concept of the Other and instead examining the large variety of discourses in the nation's internal and external politics.
The Mass Media, Cultural Identity and Perceptions of National Character
Authors: Hall Alice
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes US and Canadian newspaper coverage of the debates about audiovisual materials' status in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Its goal is to explore how the frames of news media can imply characterizations of nations and definitions of the mass media's place in a nation's cultural identity. Four different frames are identified, an economic frame, an arts frame, a political frame and an ideological frame. The volume of coverage, the establishment of agency and generalization are explored as framing devices that contribute to the characterization of nations and to the definition of culture. Differences in coverage across and among the newspapers from the US and Canada are discussed and avenues for future research are explored.
Peripheral Vision
Authors: Kenny James F.
Published: March 2007

As television extends its reach beyond the urban centres of Asia and into the vast rural periphery, the ever expanding rural audience remains an enigma. Based on a survey of 1200 Filipino respondents from the province of Negros Oriental, this study examines how the mix of urban-centre and foreign television programmes is perceived by this rural audience. The findings suggest that television has quickly become an important medium for most residents of the province. Domestically produced programmes originating from Manila are by far the most watched and the most liked. However, a majority of viewers expressed their dissatisfaction with the low production standards of domestic programmes and the lack of local programming. Foreign television programmes occupy a small, but important place in the viewing habits of rural viewers. There is evidence though that a new media elite is forming with greater access to and liking for foreign television programmes among cable subscribers.
Holding Environments at Work
Authors: Kahn William A.
Published: March 2007

Holding environments are interpersonal or group-based relationships that enable self-reliant workers to manage situations that trigger potentially debilitating anxiety. Working from a theoretical framework woven of concepts from developmental and clinical psychology, group dynamics, and organizational behavior, the author describes holding environments, the conditions that facilitate their creation, and the points at which they are vulnerable to failure. He also discusses the group, intergroup, and organizational contexts that shape the extent to which holding environments at work are realistic or desirable.
Sanding down the Edges
Authors: Molinsky Andrew L.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to population ecology and new institutionalist approaches that cite the external environment as the culprit for inertia, this article steps inside the organization to show how internal processes render change ineffective. It is argued that the very same processes described in the literature as prerequisites for success are paradoxically those that make change less likely to occur. Detailed examples of failed organizational change from a Fortune 50 corporation and a metropolitan teaching hospital illustrate the ways in which the organizational system not only sands down the sharp edges of ambitious change agendas, but also uses the change process itself as fuel for perpetuating the status quo. The final section relates these basic paradoxes to deeper roots of change in social systems and suggests ways of changing the way we change in light of the resiliency and resistance of the organizational system.
Organizational Reflections
Authors: Smith Kenwyn K. , Zane Nancie
Published: March 2007

This article explores the lessons extracted from the parallel processes enacted in the relationship between two consultant groups hired by Eastern (a large financial institution) to kick off a major culture change initiative. The inevitable conflicts between these two consulting groups, selected because they had very different missions and modes of operating, mirrored deeply impacted systemic tensions within Eastern, such as the desire to change and the wish to remain fundamentally unaltered. The consultants’ public struggles to overcome the obstacles to their collaboration helped Eastern surface several latent and intractable tensions threatening its culture change initiative. The processes highlighted here are pertinent whenever multiple organizations or groups attempt to assist a third institution.
Black City Lights
Authors: Hughes James M.
Published: March 2007

For Henry James the city serves as a token of the possibilities for a high civilization.... Between the noisy groping city and Whitman's persona as the Fraternal Stranger there are still large spaces, and this very spaciousness allows him to celebrate the good nature and easy style of his "camerados" in New York [Irving Howe, "The City in Literature"].

Now express the exciting moods of today with psychedelic black light. Creates a shimmering aura of illumination [Sears Summer Catalogue, 1972].
Ribbon Reinforcement of Composites
Authors: Halpin J.C. , Thomas R.L.
Published: March 2007

A clear demonstration of the potential of ribbon shaped rein forcements in composite materials applications is presented. From a micromechanics analysis, supported by experimental results, we find that ribbon reinforcement offers superior stiffness properties in the plane of the lamina. The macromechanics analysis intro duces the concept of a hybrid composite in which the engineer may combine the outstanding strength properties of fibers with the superior stiffness properties offered by ribbon reinforcements. It is pointed out that the low strength observed for glass-ribbon com posites is a consequence of fabrication procedures and does not correspond to the theoretical limiting strength of ribbon rein forcements.
Fracture Behavior of Shock-Loaded Boron-Aluminum Composite Materials
Authors: Schuster D.M. , Reed R.P.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic tensile fracture, or spall, of filament-reinforced metal- matrix composites was investigated by means of the thin flyer plate technique. Aluminum alloys, containing approximately 50 volume percent boron filaments arranged in two mutually perpendicular directions, were impacted normal to the plane of reinforcement. Geometric shock wave attenuation, caused by the filaments in a plasma- sprayed and diffusion-bonded 6061 matrix composite, gave rise to a threefold increase in the impact velocity threshold for spall over that of unreinforced 6061-T6 aluminum. A brazed 6061/713 matrix com posite spalled at an impact velocity slightly lower than the 6061-T6 alloy, this was related to filament-filament contact points and planes of weakness existing prior to impact. Spall failure and shock-induced filament damage appeared to be mutually independent, although the number of crushed filaments and the severity of filament damage tended to increase with impact velocity.
Vibration Response: A Non-Destructive Test for Fatigue Crack Damage in Filament-Reinforced Composites *
Authors: Schultz Albert B. , Warwick David N.
Published: March 2007

Laminated, filament-reinforced epoxy beam specimens were fa tigued in vibratory flexure. The complex modulus of the specimens was measured periodically as fatigue crack damage accumulated. Changes in the real and imaginary parts of the modulus correlated with the amount of crack damage. The imaginary part of the modulus changed substantially. Measurement of these vibration response changes shows promise as a means to nondestructively test the structural integrity of filament-reinforced composite structural mem bers.
Stress Analysis of Thick Laminated Composite and Sandwich Plates
Authors: Whitney James M.
Published: March 2007

Because of the relatively soft interlaminar shear modulus in high per formance composites, laminated plate theory based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis becomes inaccurate for determining gross plate response and internal stresses of thick composites and sandwich type laminates. In this paper a procedure is developed for accurately calculating the mechanical behavior of a thick laminated composite or sandwich plate of arbitrary stacking sequence. The procedure is an extension of an existing laminated plate theory which includes the effect of transverse shear deformation, and is easily computerized for design application with a minimum of running time. Accuracy of the approach is ascertained by comparing solutions from the modified plate theory to exact elasticity theory.
The Dynamic Properties of Unidirectional Fibre Reinforced Composites in Flexure and Torsion
Authors: Adams Robert D. , Bacon D.G.C.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical predictions of the damping of composites are presented. New results are given for the damping and dynamic modulus in flexure and longitudinal shear using very carefully prepared specimens and improved apparatus. Comparison of these results, and others taken from the literature, with the theory reveals that the measured damping in flexure is higher and in torsion lower than predicted. Reasons for this discrepancy are investigated in detail and it is suggested that although specimen defects and extraneous losses always increase the damping, fibre misalignment may either increase or decrease it, and hydrostatic stresses may decrease it.

The measured flexural modulus is less than that predicted by the law of mixtures, while the longitudinal shear modulus agrees closely with the square array prediction of Adams and Doner.
A Fatigue Failure Criterion for Fiber Reinforced Materials
Authors: Hashin Z. , Rotem A.
Published: March 2007

A simple fatigue failure criterion for unidirectionally fiber reinforced laminae under oscillatory states of combined plane stress has been es tablished. The criterion is expressed in terms of three S-N curves which are easily obtained from fatigue testing of off-axis unidirectional specimens under uniaxial oscillatory load. An extensive series of tests have demonstrated good agreement of the failure criterion with experimental data.
Fatigue Fracture Initiation in Notched Graphite-Epoxy Specimens
Authors: Papirno Ralph
Published: March 2007

An experimental program on fatigue of doubly notched [0/-60/+60] s graphite-epoxy specimens was performed which had two major objectives: 1. To adapt a photomicrographic technique, previously developed for detecting fatigue crack initiation in metals, for use with composite mate rials ; 2. To demonstrate the use of the technique in an exploratory fatigue program. Examination of enlarged images of photomicrographs, auto matically exposed at periodic interval during the tests, revealed that fatigue cracks developed early in the test. It was also evident that the test material had many manufacturing irregularities such as non-uniform ply-thicknesses and fiber distribution, incomplete ply bonding, and random voids. Two fatigue specimens sustained 10 Kc of high level cyclic loading and had a residual strength of approximately the static value; a third specimen frac tured on cycle 1 at 75% of the static strength. The inconsistent fatigue behavior may be due to the observed random distribution of manufactur ing irregularities.
The Effect of Ply Lay-Up Sequence on the Fracture Toughness of Boron Aluminum
Authors: Prewo Karl M.
Published: March 2007

The fracture toughness of 0/90° cross ply boron reinforced aluminum composites has been investigated using prenotched compact tension and center notched tensile specimens. The effects on fracture toughness of specimen geometry, the relative numbers of 0° and 90° plys, and the lay-up sequence, have been measured. Ply lay-up sequence has been shown to affect fracture morphology and in turn alter the value of toughness. This has been related to the degree of matrix deformation which can take place to blunt the advancing crack. The relative numbers of 0° and 90° plys has been shown to be the major controlling factor and simple calculations based on a rule of mixtures approach provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
K-Calibration of Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Awerbuch Jonathan , Hahn H. Thomas
Published: March 2007

Load-displacement curves were obtained for center notch unidirectional boron/aluminum and borsic/titanium composites. Far field displacements, obtained by means of two standard clip gages, 1 and 0.25 inch long, respectively, were used to establish the variation of global compliance with crack length. The local compliance curve was obtained from the crack opening displacement (COD) measured across the crack surfaces by means of the laser interferometric technique. The Interferometric Displacement Gage (IDG), which is more sensitive to the appearance of damage at the crack tip, yielded nonlinear load displacement curves and seemed to better characterize the fracture behavior of composites. The experimental com pliance curves and the K-calibration results were found to be in good agreement with analytical predictions. The K-calibration curves of the com posites studied were found to be almost equal to that of the isotropic materials; both compliances were predictable by using the isotropic K- calibration.
Optimum Design of Laminated Plates Under Shear
Authors: Hirano Y.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the optimum design of plates with ortho tropic layers under shear. The plates considered are the laminates of N orthotropic layers whose principal material axes coincide with the plate axes. Each layer is assumed to have the same thickness and an equal number of fibers in the direction of +α i and —α i with respect to the plate axis. The fiber directions which give the highest shear buckling stress are found by utilizing a mathematical optimization technique.
On the Relationship between Engineering Properties and Delamination of Composite Materials
Authors: Herakovich Carl T.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the coefficient of mutual influence, poisson's ratio and coefficients of thermal and moisture expansion on delamination is studied. Engineering theories are compared to finite element and experimental results. It is shown that the mismatch in coefficient of mutual influence can have a strong influence on delamination with fiber angles in the 10°—15° range being critical for adjacent (±θ) layer combinations. The mismatch in coefficient of mutual influence is reduced by a factor of two and the interlaminar shear stress τzx is reduced significantly when the ±θ layers are interspersed between 0° and 90° layers. It is shown how the results can be used for design of composite laminates.
Effective Elastic Moduli of a Thin-Walled Glass Microsphere/PMMA Composite
Authors: Kinra Vikram K. , Ker Eric
Published: March 2007

Ultrasonic wave propagation in a composite consisting of thin-walled glass microballoons dispersed in a PMMA matrix in a random homogeneous manner has been studied in the frequency range of 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 5.0 MHz and the volume fraction of inclusions range of 5% ≤ C ≤ 45%. The elastic moduli of the composite, <λ + 2μ> and <μ>, were deduced from the measurements of longitudinal and shear wave velocities. Through a comparison of the ex perimental results with the upper bound on the corresponding stiffness of a PMMA matrix with an equal volume fraction of voids, the additional stiff ness attributable to the presence of the microballoons is deduced. For exam ple, when C = 40%, the additional stiffnesses are roughly 20% of the cor responding matrix stiffness, λ+2μ and μ.
Optimal Study of Interface Axial Shear Stresses in Two-Layer Axisymmetric Shell Induced During Curing Treatment
Authors: Pao Y.C. , Peterson Kurt , Shy David
Published: March 2007

Unidirectional fiber-reinforced filament-wound composite shells of revolution after heat curing treatment often develop high shearing stresses at the interface of laminates, most noticeable near the boundaries where bending moments prevail owing to the support constraints. Effect of altering the thickness ratio of the inner and outer layers and also the fiber orientation in the layers on the interface axial shear stresses in a two-layer shell is studied by a mechanics of materials approach. The results show that slight change in the fiber orientation can reduce the interface axial shear stresses substantial ly.
Curing of Epoxy Matrix Composites
Authors: Loos Alfred C. , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Models were developed which describe the curing process of composites constructed from continuous fiber-reinforced, thermosetting resin matrix prepreg materials. On the basis of the models, a computer code was developed, which for flat-plate composites cured by a specified cure cycle, provides the temperature distribution, the degree of cure of the resin, the resin viscosity inside the composite, the void sizes, the temperatures and pressures inside voids, and the residual stress distribution after the cure. In addition, the computer code can be used to determine the amount of resin flow out of the composite and the resin content of the composite and the bleeder. Tests were performed measuring the temperature distribution in and the resin flow out of composites constructed from Hercules AS/3501-6 graphite epoxy prepreg tape. The data were compared with results calculated with the computer code for the conditions employed in the tests and good agreement was found between the data and the results of the computer code. A parametric study was also performed to illustrate how the model and the associated computer code can be used to determine the appropriate cure cycle for a given application, which results in a composite that is cured uniformly, has a low void content, and is cured in the shortest amount of time.
Design of Laminated Plates for Maximum Stiffness
Authors: Tauchert T.R. , Adibhatla S.
Published: March 2007

An optimization procedure is proposed for the design of laminated fiber-reinforced plates having midplane symmetry and subject to flexure. Strain energy is taken as the objective function, while the fiber directions and/or layer thicknesses represent the design variables. Deformation analysis is carried out using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. A quasi-Newton procedure is used for the optimization, with the initial point obtained by a random jump technique. Numerical results are presented for T300/5208 graphite/ epoxy laminates with equal thickness layers, resting on simple supports, and subject to either distributed or discrete loading. For the situations considered it is found that ap plication of the optimization procedure can lead to a substantial decrease in the max imum plate deflection.
Tensile Fracture of Laminates with Holes
Authors: Backlund Jan , Aronsson Carl-Gustaf
Published: March 2007

The methods currently used for predicting static fracture of notched composite laminates in tension, such as the point and average stress criteria and the inherent flaw criterion, are of semi-empirical nature and have limited applicability with respect to size and shape of the notch. In this paper, a damage zone analysis, based on more fundamental concepts, is used to predict fracture of laminates with circular holes of various radii, and oval and rectangular holes of various sizes. The damage is represented by a linear cohesive zone. Based on the two fundamental parameters unnotched tensile strength (σ0) and apparent fracture energy (G*c), this model excellently predicts the strength of notched laminates for a number of specimens tested.
Accelerated Environmental Testing of Composites
Authors: Ciriscioli Peter R. , Lee Woo I. , Peterson Douglas G. , Springer George S. , Tang Jian-Mao
Published: March 2007

A procedure is presented for accelerated environmental testing of composites, which yields the test conditions required to achieve a desired moisture content in the shortest time. Charts are presented from which the appropriate test conditions can readily be deter mined. The use of the charts is illustrated by an example. Tests were also performed to assess the validity and accuracy of the proposed procedure. Data, obtained with Fiberite T300/976 fabric, show that the moisture contents and the mechanical properties of the material are nearly the same after "regular" and "accelerated" environmental conditioning.
Transverse Fracture in Unidirectional Graphite/Polysulfone Composites
Authors: Nairn John A.
Published: March 2007

The transverse fracture properties of unidirectional graphite/polysulfone composites were used as a measure of the "in situ" fracture toughness of polysulfone, an amorphous thermoplastic matrix. At room temperature, the "in situ" plane-strain energy release rate, GIc, of polysulfone was a factor of four lower than the neat resin GIc. By comparing the temperature dependencies of the composite GIc to the neat resin GIc, we concluded that the release of residual thermal strain energy did not contribute to the observed loss of tough ness. The observed toughness loss is probably related to restriction of matrix yield zone size by the graphite fibers.
Effects of Cure on the Mechanical Properties of Composites
Authors: Lee Soo-Yong , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of cure on the mechanical properties of composite laminates. The longitudinal and transverse tensile and compressive moduli and strengths and the longitudinal shear moduli and strengths of Fiberite T300/976 laminates were measured, with laminates cured to different degrees of cure ranging from 0.6 to 0.96. The laminate moduli and strengths were also calculated from the known values of the resin and fiber properties using the rule of mixture, Tsai-Hahn, Chamis, and Halpin-Tsai formu las. Comparisons were made between the measured and calculated laminate properties and the applicabilities of these formulas were assessed.
A Simplified Approach for Interlaminar Stresses Around a Hole in [0/90]s Laminates
Authors: Zhang Kai-Da , Ueng Charles E.S.
Published: March 2007

A simplified method, proposed by the authors for determining the interlaminar stresses in laminated strips, is extended to compute the interlaminar stresses around a circular hole in [0/90]s laminates. Two loading cases are included: remote tension and uniform shear. The effect of the ratio of hole radius to laminate thickness is investigated. Results obtained from this method are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for the case under uniform tensile load which is the only case previously analyzed. The amount of work required is much less than any of the other approaches and yet the results are extremely useful for engineering design purposes.
Fracture Mechanics of Unidirectional Composites Using the Shear-Lag Model I: Theory
Authors: Nairn John A.
Published: March 2007

Using the shear-lag model, we have solved for the crack-tip stress concentrations in double-edge notch and center notch unidirectional composites of finite width. From the stress-state solution, expressions are derived for strain energy release rate due to crack propagation through the fibers and due to crack propagation parallel to the fibers. It is pro posed that these new equations, which include geometric correction factors, may be used for fracture mechanics analyses of unidirectional composites and that their use will pro vide better physical insight into composite fracture. Because the heterogeneous nature of composites is specifically taken into account, it is suggested that these new equations are superior to ones derived from classical fracture mechanics or from stress-state solutions for homogeneous materials.
A Micromechanics Model for the Effective Young's Modulus of a Piecewise-Isotropic Laminate with Wavy Patterns
Authors: Lee Jong-Won , Harris Charles E.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is proposed for pre dicting the effective Young's moduli of piece-wise isotropic composite laminates with wavy patterns in the main load-carrying layers. Strains in corrugated layers, in-phase layers, and out-of-phase layers are predicted for various geometries and material configurations by assuming matrix layers as elastic foundations. Experimental results obtained from cor rugated aluminum specimens and aluminum/epoxy specimens with in-phase and out-of- phase wavy patterns coincide very well with the predictions.

The work represents a preliminary effort toward further generalization of the model for two-dimensional anisotropic laminates containing wavy patterns in the main load-carrying layers.
A Low-Frequency Axial Oscillation Technique for Composite Material Damping Measurement
Authors: Lin Chao-Hung , Plunkett Robert
Published: March 2007

An axial deformation technique for damping measurement is described. An aluminum specimen coated with transverse carbon/epoxy composite material was sinusoidally loaded in the axial direction. The phase difference between the strain measured in the coated region and that in the uncoated region was found from measurements on a pro grammable digital oscilloscope. The loss factor was found from the measured values of phase shift and axial stiffness. The loss factor is frequency-independent from 0.05 to 10 Hz and independent of axial strain from —1150 to 1250 μ∈ for this specimen.
Thermal Curing Cycles for Composite Cylinders with Thick Walls and Thermoset Resins
Authors: Hjellming L.N. , Walker J.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents autoclave temperature histories to cure thick-section composite cylinders with graphite fibers and thermoset resins. The two cylinders con sidered have wall thicknesses of 0.15 m and 0.3 m. The first objective is to achieve a con solidation period when the resin viscosity is everywhere relatively low for a reasonably long period of time. For the 0.15 m thickness cylinder, the viscosity drops below 15 Pa · s for 4.1 hrs.; for the 0.3 m thickness cylinder, the viscosity drops below 30 Pa · s for 3.4 hrs. The second objective is to complete curing with the constraint that the temperature never exceeds 180°C at any point in the composite. This objective is achieved by limiting the autoclave temperature after the consolidation period. The peak interior temperature is very sensitive to small changes in the autoclave temperature during the final stages of curing.
A Mixture Theory Approach for the Shock Response of Composite Materials
Authors: Anderson Charles E. , O'Donoghue Padraic E. , Skerhut Debra
Published: March 2007

A fiber-reinforced composite material is composed of a fiber embedded within a matrix or binder material. The shock response of these two materials is, in gen eral, quite different; typically, the matrix material is considerably more compliant than the fiber. Therefore, the passage and unloading from a shock will result in different thermo dynamic states for the two materials. Mixture theory provides the basis for the develop ment of a methodology to treat the individual thermodynamic responses of a composite material within the context of a macroscopic continuum computer code. The equations for the mixture theory are presented and then applied to a finite-difference representation. The treatments of equations of state, distortional (plastic work) energy, and viscous dissipation (artificial viscosity) are explicitly discussed. The paper concludes with some examples of shocking and unloading, both for isothermal and adiabatic mixing between the two con stituents, of an epoxy and glass composite material.
Progressive Transverse Cracking of Crossply Composite Laminates
Authors: Lee J.-W. , Daniel I.M.
Published: March 2007

A simplified shear lag analysis using a progressive damage scheme is pro posed for crossply composite laminates under uniaxial tensile loading. Closed form solu tions for stress distributions, transverse crack density and reduced stiffnesses of damaged plies as well as the entire laminate can be obtained as a function of applied load and prop erties of the constituent plies, where the shear lag parameter is only a function of geom etry and shear moduli of the lamina. The analysis can also take into account the residual stresses in the laminate. Experimental and predicted results for reduced stiffness as a func tion of crack density are in good agreement for various crossply composite laminates. Pre dicted results for crack density as a function of applied load, as well as stress-strain curves to failure are shown and are in good agreement with experimental results for a crossply laminate under monotonic tensile loading conditions. The proposed theory can be used as a basis for development of a damage accumulation model.
Static and Dynamic Response of Graphite-Epoxy Curved Frames
Authors: Collins J. Scott , Johnson Eric R.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were conducted to measure the three-dimensional static and vibratory response of two graphite-epoxy, thin-walled, open section frames. The frames are semi-circular with a radius of three feet. One specimen has an I cross section and the other had a channel cross section. The experimental data is used to evaluate a mixed finite element model of the frames that is based on Vlasov-type, thin-walled, open section curved beam theory.
Transverse Cracking and Stiffness Reduction in Cross Ply Laminates of Different Matrix Toughness
Authors: Talreja Ramesh , Yalvac Selim , Yats Larry D. , Wetters Derrick G.
Published: March 2007

Cross ply laminates of (02,902)s configuration having AS4 graphite fibers in three epoxy resins of different toughness: 3501-6, Tactix® 556 and Tactix® 695, have been tested to determine their transverse cracking behavior and the associated mechanical response under longitudinal tensile loading. The test data are analyzed using Talreja's con tinuum damage model [1-3]. The material constants needed in the model to predict the in- plane stiffness changes are determined. The measured Poisson's ratio, which shows signifi cant change, is compared with the prediction of the model. The constants for the three materials are found to increase with the increase in their fracture toughness.
Silica Particle / Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Resin
Authors: Zhang Y. , Cameron J.
Published: March 2007

In this work, a method of producing silica particle-modified glass fibre- reinforced polyester composite is introduced. Silica particles, which are of low density, high hardness and good chemical compatibility with the polymer matrix, are coated on the glass fibre by a thin film of polyester resin which is also subsequently incorporated into the composite as the matrix phase. After initial coating of the fibre by the silica particles, the fibre plus polyester plus silica is passed through carefully spaced pressure rollers to produce a uniform coating on the continuous fibre. The effect of the particles on the vis cosity of the bulk-phase polyester matrix and the shear strength of the composites made from the modified fibre were investigated. Also, the mechanism of reinforcement of the modified fibre is discussed. The modified fibres have higher shear strength, a larger sur face area and show better bonding with the polyester matrix than conventional fibres.
Stress Distribution and Effective Longitudinal Young's Modulus of Unidirectional Discontinuous Fibre Composites
Authors: Berthelot J.-M. , Cupcic A. , Brou K.A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, stress and strain distributions in the elementary cell are studied in the case of unidirectional discontinuous fibre composites as functions of the geometrical arrangement of fibres. This arrangement is characterized by the volume frac tion of fibres, the fibre aspect ratio and the fibre spacing parameter. Thus, two extreme schemes are analyzed by the finite element method: one scheme with stresses imposed on the elementary cell and another scheme with an imposed deformation field. The first is related to a geometrical repartition of fibres without overlapping of fibre ends. The article shows that the second scheme can be associated with a hexagonal arrangement of fibres with a regular overlapping of fibre ends. The theoretical results obtained for Young's effec tive modulus of fibre composites show that modulus depends strongly on the geometrical arrangement of fibres, thus Young's modulus of discontinuous fibre composites cannot be derived from an isolated cell scheme. The article shows that the predominant factor is the overlap between the ends of adjacent fibres. For a regular overlapping of fibre ends, each elementary cell (fibre and matrix) stretches the neighbouring cells by a lateral transmis sion of load. Thus, the effective modulus is quite close to the bound given by the law of mixtures. On the other hand, in the case of a geometrical repartition without overlapping of fibre ends, the tensile load imposed to the composite is transferred by the alternating layers of matrix and matrix-fibre. In this case, the effective modulus then depends on the distance between fibre ends.
Deviant Response Patterns and Comparability of Test Scores
Authors: Van Der Flier Henk
Published: March 2007

This study deals with theoretical and methodological problems relating to the comparison of test results of individuals and groups with differing cultural backgrounds. An analysis of the score patterns on test items can be used to identify individuals and groups for whom the test scores have a deviant meaning. A statistic is developed by which the deviance of score patterns can be quantified and which indicates whether or not a person's test score can be compared with the scores in a specific group. In two simulation studies the discriminative power of deviance scores is investigated by means of computer-generated score patterns. The last part of the study deals with the application of deviance scores to cross-cultural research. It is shown that deviance scores can be used to identify individuals for whom the test scores give an underestimation of their capacities.
Trends in Authoritarianism
Authors: Lederer Gerda
Published: March 2007

This study reports on changes in the attitudes of authoritarianism and dogmatism among adolescents in West Germany and in the United States over a 33-year period. Surveys conducted in the United States in 1978 and in West Germany in 1979 are compared with surveys carried out in these countries in 1945 and in the 1960s. The survey instrument was a questionnaire composed of nine subscales, including items from the California F-Scale and from the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. It focused on authoritarianism in relation to the state, the family, the school, and society in general. A significant decrease in authoritarianism scale scores over time was noted in each country. The changes were greater in West Germany than in the United States whereas German adolescents were far more authoritarian than their American contemporaries in 1945, American adolescents are somewhat more authoritarian than those in West Germany today, according to the scale scores. These findings also held when the analyses were repeated separately for each socioeconomic level.
Emotion Recognition in Ethiopia
Authors: Ducci Luigi , Arcuri Luciano , Georgis Taddese W/ , Sineshaw Tilahun
Published: March 2007

Subjects in Western and westernized literate cultures have always recognized facial expression of emotions more accurately than those tested in nonwesternized cultures. Is this difference attributable only to a different degree of familiarity with the experimental conditions or is this also due to different degrees of familiarity with the expression of the emotions? One hundred Ethiopians (fifty males and fifty females) differing in their degree of familiarization with Western culture were tested in a judgment study and asked to recognize posed facial expressions of emotions encoded by Western subjects. The data show that westernized subjects recognize the emotions presented more accurately than the nonwesternized subjects. In particular, varying degrees of familiarization with Western culture seem to influence recognition accuracy when a specific display rule is associated with the emotion presented.
Cross-Cultural Generalization and Universality
Authors: Van De Vijver Fons J.R. , Poortinga Ype H.
Published: March 2007

Different meanings of the concept universality are distinguished and ordered according to the degree to which they are open to empirical control. Universality and specificity are considered as relative rather than absolute concepts. A relationship between the analysis of universality and the analysis of comparability or psychometric equivalence of data is established. An integrated approach to the analysis of universality and equivalence within the context of Generalizability Theory is outlined and illustrated with an example.
American and Nigerian Hospital Personnel Attitudes Toward Gerontology Patients
Authors: Pela Ona A.
Published: March 2007

The attitudes of American and Nigerian hospital personnel toward the aged were assessed. The samples (N = 144) were drawn from four hospitals in the United States and Nigeria. Two of the hospitals provide mainly psychiatric services, while the other two provide general medical care. A total of 21 bipolar semantic differential adjectives were selected and used to form 7-point rating scales. It was found that Nigerians have a significantly more positive attitude than Americans toward "old man" on the full scale and the evaluative subscale. There was no difference between the attitudes of general hospital and psychiatric hospital personnel.
More than we Need to Know about Culture, but are Afraid Not to Ask
Authors: Segall Arshall H.
Published: March 2007

"Culture" needs no sharpening. It works well as a global term, designating the many diverse material and ideational phenomena that social scientists traditionally perceive as cultural. Pleas and attempts to define culture anew, however well-meaning and creative, are irrelevant to the conduct of cross-cultural research.
Self-Concepts of Japanese-American Children
Authors: Pang Valerie O. , Mizokawa Donald T. , Morishima James K. , Olstad Roger G.
Published: March 2007

The self-concept of Japanese-American and White American fourth- through sixth-grade children was measured using a modification of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. This study centered upon comparisons between the two ethnic groups, with special interest in the physical self-concept. Nine items dealing with the physical self-concept that were thought to be especially sensitive to Japanese-American populations were used with the original Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Significant results between the two groups were found only on the three physical self-concept scores. The Japanese-American children scored significantly lower than the White American children on all three physical scores. No significant differences were demonstrated on any of the other subscales or the composite score.
Aggressiveness and Assertiveness
Authors: Margalit Baruch A. , Mauger Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural differences in aggressiveness and assertiveness between Israelis and Americans were studied using the Interpersonal Behavior Survey (IBS). The IBS was translated into Hebrew and tested for equivalence through back translation and item comparison techniques. Analysis of variance of data from 194 students from Israel and America found that Israelis generally respond more aggressively than Americans. Americans tend to have greater self-confidence, are more willing to accept or give praise, and are more likely to avoid conflicts. Israelis express anger more readily and more frequently disregard others' rights. Sex differences across cultures were concentrated mainly in the area of aggressiveness with males scoring higher than females.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Sex-Related Differences on Intelligence Tests
Authors: Born Marise Ph. , Bleichrodt Nico , Van Der Flier Henk
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural generalizability of the relation between sex and intelligence is examined by means of a meta-analysis of 189 studies. For this purpose, the statistical significance and the size of sex-related differences in cognitive factors corresponding to Thurstone's intelligence model are studied. Furthermore, the variance in significance and in size of the sex-intelligence relationship is investigated for five large clusters of cultures. Although, in general, the sex differences correspond to the literature findings, they are rather small. On some intelligence factors there are no appreciable differences between the clusters of cultures; on others significant differences are found, particularly between the African, Asian, and Western groups on the one hand and the Minorities and Western Reference groups on the other hand.
A Model of Foreign Policy Substitutability
Authors: Morgan T. Clifton , Palmer Glenn
Published: March 2007

The authors present a model of substitutability that seeks to generalize beyond the restricted conditions and special case of realism. The derivations from the model lead to several hypotheses. First, if a state's relative capabilities increase, resources given to all foreign policies should increase. Second, when the efficiency of one policy increases, resources given to other policies should decline. Third, when the relative salience for one good increases, resources devoted to policies that produce that good should increase, while resources devoted to policies that produce other goods should diminish. The authors use the model to guide an investigation of the effects of increased resources, new alliances, and more efficient existing alliances on the policies of conflict initiation and increases in military spending. The findings are inconsistent with realism's version of substitutability but can be explained by an n-good approach.
Discriminating Decentralization
Authors: Holzer Thomas , Schneider Gerald , Widmer Thomas
Published: March 2007

Federalism belongs to those institutions that usually attract more admirers than critics. This study investigates whether decentralized decision making in the asylum domain undermines the principle of equality in the handling of individual cases. The externalities that power delegation creates are examined, and a principal/agent framework is developed to show how state discretion in the implementation of a unifying federal measure arises. The model distinguishes between positive and negative discrimination in the acceptance of asylum applications. The empirical analysis of approximately 180,000 cases demonstrates that the probability of negative discrimination is partly a function of the organizational principles that characterize the asylum policies of the 26 Swiss states (cantons).
The Cognitive Calculus of Foreign Policy Decision Making
Authors: Geva Nehemia , Mayhar James , Skorick J. Mark
Published: March 2007

The cognitive calculus theory of foreign policy decision making is an attempt to bridge the gap between two research orientations in the international relations literature: outcome validity and process validity. The cognitive calculus theory models the mental calculations of foreign policy decision making with the premise that an individual conducts the decision-making process and the model should therefore represent his or her capabilities. An experiment tested a few of the model's derivations concerning the effects of the quality of information on process and choice parameters. The results support major aspects of the cognitive calculus theory. Relevant items are attended to more carefully than irrelevant items and speed up the decision process. Furthermore, the valence of the relevant items disposes the choice of a corresponding option. The consequences of plugging the information set used in the experiment into the mathematical model of cognitive calculus show that human behavior parallels the model's predictions.
Defense Expenditures and Allied Cooperation
Authors: Ihori Toshihiro
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the implications of cooperative and noncooperative defense spending of allied countries in conflicting blocs using static and leader-follower game models. It is well known that in the three-country world with two allies and an adversary, all countries may be worse off when the allies cooperate than when they do not. This article shows that when the number of countries in each separate bloc is large, the countries in one bloc may be better off by cooperating than not, even if the negative spillover from the adversarial bloc is large. Furthermore, cooperative behavior in a leader-follower game by the leader bloc can attain a better outcome than noncooperation.
Adjudication without Enforcement in GATT Disputes
Authors: Reinhardt Eric
Published: March 2007

Disputes under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) exhibit a puzzling selection effect. Defendants concede more prior to GATT judgments than afterward, despite GATT's lack of enforcement power. Yet, why would states plea-bargain if they know they can spurn contrary rulings? To find out, the article develops an incomplete information model of trade bargaining with the option of adjudication. The plaintiff has greater resolve prior to a ruling, believing that the defendant might be compelled to concede to an adverse judgment—even if that belief later proves false. Surprisingly, this resolve induces more generous settlements even from defendants who intend not to comply with any ruling. After a ruling, however, this anticipatory effect is irrelevant: adjudication works best when threatened but not realized. The prospect of adjudication thus conditions the behavior of states even when enforcement is not forthcoming but not through mechanisms identified by previous studies.