bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotics of orthogonal polynomials with asymptotic Freud‐like weights
Authors: Long Wen‐Gao , Dai Dan , Li Yu‐Tian , Wang Xiang‐Sheng
Published: December 2019

We derive uniform asymptotic expansions for polynomials orthogonal with respect to a class of weight functions that are real analytic and behave asymptotically like the Freud weight at infinity. Although the limiting zero distributions are the same as in the Freud cases, the asymptotic expansions are different due to the fact that the weight functions may have a finite or infinite number of zeros on the imaginary axis. To resolve the singularities caused by these zeros, an auxiliary function is introduced in the Riemann–Hilbert analysis. Asymptotic formulas are established in several regions covering the whole complex plane. We take the continuous dual Hahn polynomials as an example to illustrate our main results. Some numerical verifications are also given.
A name‐led approach to profile urban places based on geotagged Twitter data
Authors: Lai Juntao , Lansley Guy , Haworth James , Cheng Tao
Published: December 2019

Place is a concept that is fundamental to how we orientate and communicate space in our everyday lives. Crowdsourced social media data present a valuable opportunity to develop bottom‐up inferences of places that are integral to social activities and settings. Conventional location‐led approaches use a predefined spatial unit to associate data and space with places, which cannot capture the richness of urban places (i.e., spatial extents and their dynamic functions). This article develops a name‐led framework to overcome these limitations in using social media data to study urban places. The framework first derives place names from georeferenced Twitter data combining text mining and spatial point pattern analysis, then estimates the spatial extents by spatial clustering, and further extracts their dynamic functions with time, which makes up a complete place profile. The framework is tested on a case study in Camden Borough, London and the results are evaluated through comparisons to the Foursquare point of interest data. This name‐led approach enables the shift from space‐based analysis to place‐based analysis of urban space.
Severe acute Q fever pneumonia complicated by presumed persistent localized Q fever endocarditis in a renal transplant recipient: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Budgin Angela M. , Abidi Maheen Z. , Bajrovic Valida , Miller Matthew A. , Johnson Steven C.
Published: December 2019

Q fever in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is rarely described in the medical literature. We present a case of severe acute Q fever pneumonia that evolved into persistent localized Q fever endocarditis in a renal transplant recipient.
Spatial distribution and characteristics of HIV clusters in Ethiopia
Authors: Ying Roger , Fekadu Lelisa , Schackman Bruce R. , Verguet Stéphane
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Ethiopia’s HIV prevalence has decreased by 75% in the past 20 years with the implementation of antiretroviral therapy, but HIV transmission continues in high‐risk clusters. Identifying the spatial and temporal trends, and epidemiologic correlates, of these clusters can lead to targeted interventions.

Methods

We used biomarker and survey data from the 2005, 2011 and 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The spatial‐temporal distribution of HIV was estimated using the Kulldorff spatial scan statistic, a likelihood‐based method for determining clustering. Significant clusters (P < 0.05) were identified and compared based on HIV risk factors to non‐cluster areas.

Results

In 2005, 2011 and 2016, respectively, 219, 568 and 408 individuals tested positive for HIV. Four HIV clusters were identified, representing 17% of the total population and 43% of all HIV cases. The clusters were centred around Addis Ababa (1), Afar (2), Dire Dawa (3) and Gambella (4). Cluster 1 had higher rates of unsafe injections (4.9%vs.2.2%,P < 0.001) and transactional sex (6.0%vs.1.6%,P < 0.001) than non‐cluster regions, but more male circumcision (98.5%vs.91.3%,P < 0.001). Cluster 2 had higher levels of transactional sex (4.9%vs.1.6%,P < 0.01), but lower levels of unsafe injections (0.8%vs.2.2%,P < 0.01). Cluster 3 had fewer individuals with> 1 sexual partner (0%vs.1.7%,P < 0.001) and more male circumcision (100%vs.91.3%,P < 0.001). Cluster 4 had less male circumcision (59.1%vs.91.3%,P < 0.01).

Conclusions

In Ethiopia, geographic HIV clusters are driven by different risk factors. Decreasing the HIV burden requires targeted interventions.
Ivermectin for causal malaria prophylaxis: a randomised controlled human infection trial
Authors: Metzger Wolfram G. , Theurer Antje , Pfleiderer Anne , Molnar Zsofia , Maihöfer‐Braatting Ditte , Bissinger Alfred L. , Sulyok Zita , Köhler Carsten , Egger‐Adam Diane , Lalremruata Albert , Esen Meral , Lee Sim Kim , Hoffman Stephen , Rabinovich Regina , Chaccour Carlos , Alonso Pedro , Mordmüller Benjamin G. , Kremsner Peter G.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Ivermectin is safe and widely used for treating helminth infections. It also kills arthropods feeding on treated subjects, including malaria vectors. Thus, ivermectin mass drug administration as an additional tool for malaria control is being evaluated by WHO. As in vitro data, animal experiments and epidemiological observations suggest that ivermectin has a direct effect on the liver stages of the malaria parasite, this study was designed to assess the prophylactic effect of ivermectin on Plasmodium falciparum controlled human malaria infection.

Methods

A total of 4 volunteers were randomised to placebo, and 8 volunteers were randomised to receive ivermectin 0.4 mg/kg, orally, once 2 h before being experimentally infected intravenously with 3200 P. falciparum sporozoites. The primary endpoint was time to parasitaemia detected by positive thick blood smear; RT‐qPCR was performed in parallel.

Results

All but one volunteer became thick blood smear positive between day 11 and day 12 after infection, and there was no significant effect of ivermectin on parasitaemia.

Conclusion

Ivermectin – at the dose used – has no clinically relevant activity against the pre‐erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum.
In Situ Analysis of Deformation Mechanics of Constrained Cutting Toward Enhanced Material Removal
Authors: Guo Yang , Chen Jisheng , Saleh Amr
Published: December 2019

Chip formation in conventional cutting occurs by deformation that is only partially bounded by the cutting tool. The unconstrained free surface makes it difficult to determine and to control the deformation of chip formation. The constrained cutting employs a constraining tool in the cutting process to confine the otherwise free surface and enable direct control of the chip formation deformation. The presented work is a study of the deformation mechanics of plane strain constrained cutting using high-speed imaging and digital image correlation (DIC) methods. For different constrained levels (including unconstrained free cutting), the material flow of chip formation is directly observed; the strain rate and strain in the chip as well as the subsurface region are quantified; cutting forces are measured; and surface finish is examined. The study shows that chip formation in constrained cutting can occur in two different deformation modes, i.e., simple shear and complex extrusion, depending on the constrained level. Constrained cutting in the simple shear regime can reduce strain, reduce cutting force and energy, and improve surface finish compared to free cutting; therefore, it is more efficient for material removal than free cutting. Constrained cutting in the extrusion regime imposes a high resistance to the chip flow and causes a significant amount of subsurface deformation, and therefore is not suitable for material removal. Furthermore, the mechanics of chip formation in both free cutting and constrained cutting, especially the roles played by the free surface and the constraining tool, are discussed.
Active Chatter Suppression in Turning by Simultaneous Adjustment of Amplitude and Frequency of Spindle Speed Variation
Authors: Ding Longyang , Sun Yuxin , Xiong Zhenhua
Published: December 2019

In machining processes, chatter suppression is very important for achieving a high material removal rate, good dimensional accuracy, and surface finish. With the merits of effectiveness and easy implementation, spindle speed variation (SSV) is regarded as a promising approach for chatter suppression. However, there is little research on the selection of SSV parameters for adaptive chatter suppression. Although the effectiveness of adaptively adjusting SSV amplitudes has been recently examined, the simultaneous adjustment of the SSV amplitude and frequency is expected to exhibit stronger adaptability since it achieves greater flexibility. In this paper, an active chatter suppression strategy is presented by simultaneously adjusting the amplitude and frequency of spindle speed variation. The effect of SSV parameters on stability improvement in turning processes including the tool wear is first investigated to demonstrate the necessity of simultaneously adjusting the amplitude and frequency for chatter suppression. Then, the proposed chatter suppression system is introduced, where two SSV parameters are simultaneously adjusted with optimal fractional-order proportional integral differential (FOPID) controllers to keep the chatter indicator close to a target value. Moreover, the FOPID controller is optimally tuned with the JADE algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing simulated results of different SSV parameters adjusting strategies. Finally, machining tests are conducted to validate that the proposed chatter suppression method outperforms the existing SSV method in flexibility and effectiveness.
Free and Forced Oscillations of Magnetic Liquids Under Low-Gravity Conditions
Authors: Romero-Calvo Álvaro , Cano Gómez Gabriel , Castro-Hernández Elena , Maggi Filippo
Published: December 2019

The sloshing of liquids in microgravity is a relevant problem of applied mechanics with important implications for spacecraft design. A magnetic settling force may be used to avoid the highly non-linear dynamics that characterize these systems. However, this approach is still largely unexplored. This paper presents a quasi-analytical low-gravity sloshing model for magnetic liquids under the action of external inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The problems of free and forced oscillations are solved for axisymmetric geometries and loads by employing a linearized formulation. The model may be of particular interest for the development of magnetic sloshing damping devices in space, whose behavior can be easily predicted and quantified with standard mechanical analogies.
A New Elastic Theory of Nanocomposites With Incoherent Interface Effect Based on Interface Energy Density
Authors: Yao Yin , Peng Zhilong , Li Jianjun , Chen Shaohua
Published: December 2019

A continuum theory of elasticity based on the concept of interface free energy density is proposed to account for the effect of incoherent interfaces in nano-phase reinforced composites. With the help of the lattice model, the corresponding interface energy density is formulated in terms of the surface free energy densities of two bulk materials forming interfaces, the lattice relaxation parameters due to the spontaneous surface relaxation and lattice misfit parameters yielded by interface incoherency, while the stress jump at interfaces is formulated with an interface-induced traction as a function of interface free energy density. Compared with existing theories, the interface elastic constants difficult to determine are no longer introduced, and all the parameters involved in the present theory have definite physical meanings and can be easily determined. The coupling effects of characteristic size and interface structure in nanoparticle-reinforced composites are further analyzed with the present theory. It is found that both the decrease of nanoparticle size and the increase of interface incoherence will lead to the decrease of interface fracture toughness and increase of effective bulk and shear moduli of nanocomposites. All these results predicted by the present theory are consistent well with those obtained by previous experiments and computations, which further indicate that the present theory can effectively predict the mechanical properties of nanomaterials with complex interfaces, such as nano-phase reinforced composites and nano-scale metal multilayer composites.
An Experimental Investigation on the Wear of Lubricated Steel Against PEEK Gears
Authors: Yu Guoda , Liu Huaiju , Mao Ken , Zhu Caichao , Wei Peitang , Lu Zehua
Published: December 2019

The application of polymer gears in power transmission has been considered recently due to their advantages over metal gears, e.g., lighter weights and lower costs. Much further research work needs to be carried out to understand their wear mechanisms and to establish their design methods. This paper aims to investigate the wear and failure behavior of the poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) gear against the steel gear under oil jet lubrication through the durability test with the standard FZG test rig. The service life and wear loss of PEEK gears were experimentally recorded under different moderate loading conditions ranging from the output torque of 10–20 Nm with a fixed input rotational speed of 1000 rpm. Moreover, the tooth surface morphologies and the wear loss of PEEK gears under different running stages were investigated. The experimental measurements reveal that there is a critical load magnitude for the transition of wear performance. With a load above 15 Nm, the PEEK gear wear rate increases rapidly, leading to a quick breakage failure, whereas the gear wear rate with a torque below 15 Nm is much lower. All tested PEEK gears finally failed with a pitting-induced tooth breakage mode under moderate loading conditions.
A Reconstruction and Contact Analysis Method of Three-Dimensional Rough Surface Based on Ellipsoidal Asperity
Authors: Wen Yuqin , Tang Jinyuan , Zhou Wei , Li Lin
Published: December 2019

The 3D rough surface modeling and contact analysis is a difficult problem in the study of rough surface contact. In this paper, a new method for reconstruction and contact analysis of asperities on 3D rough surfaces is proposed based on real rough surfaces. Watershed algorithm is used to segment and determine the area of asperities on the rough surface. According to the principle of minimum mean square error, ellipsoid fitting is carried out on asperities. Based on the elastic-plastic contact model of a single ellipsoidal asperity, a stable and efficient method for 3D rough surface contact analysis and calculation is proposed. Compared with existing calculating methods, the present method has the following characteristics: (1) the constructed surface asperity is closer to the real asperity in contact, and the calculation of asperity parameters has better stability under different sampling intervals and (2) the contact pressure, contact area, and other contact parameters of the 3D rough surface are calculated with high accuracy and efficiency, and the calculation convergence is desirable. The reconstruction and contact analysis method of the 3D rough surface asperity proposed in this paper provides a more accurate reconstruction and calculation method for the study of contact fatigue life and wear failure of rough surfaces.
Research on Curved Layer Fused Deposition Modeling With a Variable Extruded Filament
Authors: Zhao Donghua , Guo Weizhong , Gao Feng
Published: December 2019

The process of layered additive manufacturing (AM) limits manufactured parts, which leads to the stair-step error, support structures and the anisotropy. Curved layer fused deposition modeling (CLFDM) has been proposed by researchers to alleviate these problems. However, to the best of our knowledge, available CLFDM mainly focuses on filling with the uniform extruded filament in the same layer. While intricate parts usually possess small and critical features, as well as manufacturing error and assembling error. Geometry accuracy and mechanical property of fused deposition modeling (FDM) parts are closely related to interlayer and interroad bonding. Therefore, inspired by nonuniform layers of the onion, this paper pays attention to CLFDM with variable extruded filament (VEF) in the layer and between adjacent layers innovatively, whereby the direction and the dimension of the extruded filament are variable. The literature review of slicing and path planning is given first to make readers better understand the current status and the research gap to highlight the innovation of this paper. Then, flat layer FDM and CLFDM with VEF are modeled, respectively, from the aspect of interlayer and interroad bonding. After that, the relationships among key process parameters are analyzed. Finally, the simulation is provided to verify the effectiveness and advantages of our method from a theoretical point of view. Generally, this research can be a foundation for CLFDM with VEF, and the preliminary research has shown broad applications.
Associations Between Handgrip Strength and Disease-Specific Mortality Including Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lee Junga
Published: December 2019

Several controversial studies linking handgrip strength and health have suggested that low handgrip strength in older adults may be related to health problems and have investigated whether there is a minimum handgrip strength level associated with reduced mortality. Thus, by meta-analysis, the authors identified an association between handgrip strength in older adults and disease-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Thirty studies with a total of 194,767 older adult participants were included in this meta-analysis. Higher handgrip strength was associated with an 18% decrease in all-cause mortality. Lower handgrip strength was associated with increased all-cause mortality. The minimum handgrip strength in older women that did not increase all-cause mortality was 18.21 kg. Increased handgrip strength showed a decreased all-cause mortality, whereas decreased handgrip strength was associated with increased all-cause mortality. Strengthening the handgrip may help improve disease-specific mortality in older adults.
Italy set to create €300 million research funding agency
Authors: Guglielmi Giorgia
Published: December 2019

Researchers applaud plan but worry about agency's small budget and potential political interference.
Nitrogen crisis threatens Dutch environment—and economy
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: December 2019

Ecological damage from manure fumes triggers calls for drastic change to livestock industry.
Ready to retire?
Authors: Grimm David
Published: December 2019

A nascent movement to send aging research monkeys to sanctuaries divides the biomedical community.
Comment on “The role of electron-electron interactions in two-dimensional Dirac fermions”
Authors: Hesselmann S. , Lang T. C. , Schuler M. , Wessel S. , Läuchli A. M.
Published: December 2019

Tang
et al
. (Research Articles, 10 August 2018, p. 570) report on the properties of Dirac fermions with both on-site and Coulomb interactions. The substantial decrease, up to ~40%, of the Fermi velocity of Dirac fermions with on-site interaction is inconsistent with the numerical data near the Gross-Neveu quantum critical point. This results from an inappropriate finite-size extrapolation.
Response to Comment on “The role of electron-electron interactions in two-dimensional Dirac fermions”
Authors: Tang Ho-Kin , Leaw J. N. , Rodrigues J. N. B. , Herbut I. F. , Sengupta P. , Assaad F. F. , Adam S.
Published: December 2019

Hesselmann
et al
. question one of our conclusions: the suppression of Fermi velocity at the Gross-Neveu critical point for the specific case of vanishing long-range interactions and at zero energy. The possibility they raise could occur in any finite-size extrapolation of numerical data. Although we cannot definitively rule out this possibility, we provide mathematical bounds on its likelihood.
Transmitting the quantum state of electrons across a metallic island with Coulomb interaction
Authors: Duprez H. , Sivre E. , Anthore A. , Aassime A. , Cavanna A. , Gennser U. , Pierre F.
Published: December 2019

Transmitting quantum states

The coherence of electrons in mesoscopic structures is thought to be unlikely to survive in a disordered environment. Duprez
et al.
show that this is not necessarily the case. They studied a metallic island as an example of a disordered environment. They made an electron interferometer and incorporated the island in one of the two paths through the interferometer. At sufficiently low temperatures and in the quantum Hall regime, they observed a clear interference pattern, indicating successful transmission of the electrons' quantum state across the island.

Science
, this issue p.
1243
Lipid-gated monovalent ion fluxes regulate endocytic traffic and support immune surveillance
Authors: Freeman Spencer A. , Uderhardt Stefan , Saric Amra , Collins Richard F. , Buckley Catherine M. , Mylvaganam Sivakami , Boroumand Parastoo , Plumb Jonathan , Germain Ronald N. , Ren Dejian , Grinstein Sergio
Published: December 2019

Ion fluxes resolve organellar volume

Animal cells continuously sample the surrounding medium, a feature accentuated in immune cells. Sampling is accomplished by trapping external medium into membrane-bound vesicles or vacuoles. These structures are promptly resolved, thus avoiding accumulation of endomembranes and volume expansion. In a variety of cultured cells, Freeman
et al.
found that this resolution entails conversion of spherical vacuoles into thin tubules, a process that involves marked changes in surface-to-volume ratio (see the Perspective by King and Smythe). Shrinkage of membrane-bound structures is driven by ion fluxes and subsequent osmotic transfer of water. Shriveled vacuoles attract curvature-sensing proteins that promote the extension of fine tubules. Ion channels thereby control membrane remodeling, enabling receptor recycling and proper routing of cellular cargo.

Science
, this issue p.
301
; see also p.
246
Embryonal precursors of Wilms tumor
Authors: Coorens Tim H. H. , Treger Taryn D. , Al-Saadi Reem , Moore Luiza , Tran Maxine G. B. , Mitchell Thomas J. , Tugnait Suzanne , Thevanesan Christine , Young Matthew D. , Oliver Thomas R. W. , Oostveen Minou , Collord Grace , Tarpey Patrick S. , Cagan Alex , Hooks Yvette , Brougham Mark , Reynolds Ben C. , Barone Giuseppe , Anderson John , Jorgensen Mette , Burke G. A. Amos , Visser Johannes , Nicholson James C. , Smeulders Naima , Mushtaq Imran , Stewart Grant D. , Campbell Peter J. , Wedge David C. , Martincorena Iñigo , Rampling Dyanne , Hook Liz , Warren Anne Y. , Coleman Nicholas , Chowdhury Tanzina , Sebire Neil , Drost Jarno , Saeb-Parsy Kourosh , Stratton Michael R. , Straathof Karin , Pritchard-Jones Kathy , Behjati Sam
Published: December 2019

A childhood tumor—from the beginning

Many adult cancers arise from clonal expansions of mutant cells in normal tissue. These premalignant expansions are defined by somatic mutations shared by the cancers. Whether pediatric cancers originate in a similar way is unknown. Coorens
et al.
studied Wilms tumor, a childhood kidney cancer. Phylogenetic analyses revealed large clones of mutant cells in histologically and functionally normal kidney tissue long before tumor development. Thus, like adult tumors, Wilms tumor appears to arise from a premalignant tissue bed.

Science
, this issue p.
1247
Episodes of particle ejection from the surface of the active asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Lauretta D. S. , Hergenrother C. W. , Chesley S. R. , Leonard J. M. , Pelgrift J. Y. , Adam C. D. , Al Asad M. , Antreasian P. G. , Ballouz R.-L. , Becker K. J. , Bennett C. A. , Bos B. J. , Bottke W. F. , Brozović M. , Campins H. , Connolly H. C. , Daly M. G. , Davis A. B. , de León J. , DellaGiustina D. N. , Drouet d’Aubigny C. Y. , Dworkin J. P. , Emery J. P. , Farnocchia D. , Glavin D. P. , Golish D. R. , Hartzell C. M. , Jacobson R. A. , Jawin E. R. , Jenniskens P. , Kidd J. N. , Lessac-Chenen E. J. , Li J.-Y. , Libourel G. , Licandro J. , Liounis A. J. , Maleszewski C. K. , Manzoni C. , May B. , McCarthy L. K. , McMahon J. W. , Michel P. , Molaro J. L. , Moreau M. C. , Nelson D. S. , Owen W. M. , Rizk B. , Roper H. L. , Rozitis B. , Sahr E. M. , Scheeres D. J. , Seabrook J. A. , Selznick S. H. , Takahashi Y. , Thuillet F. , Tricarico P. , Vokrouhlický D. , Wolner C. W. V.
Published: December 2019

Bennu ejects material from its surface

Most asteroids appear inert, but remote observations show that a small number experience mass loss from their surfaces. Lauretta and Hergenrother
et al.
describe close-range observations of mass loss on the near-Earth asteroid Bennu (see the Perspective by Agarwal). Shortly after arriving at Bennu, navigation cameras on the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security—Regolith Explorer) spacecraft detected objects 1 to 10 centimeters in diameter moving above the surface. Analysis of the objects' trajectories showed that they originated in discrete ejection events from otherwise unremarkable locations on Bennu. Some objects remained in orbit for several days, whereas others escaped into interplanetary space. The authors suggest multiple plausible mechanisms that could underlie this activity.

Science
, this issue p.
eaay3544
; see also p.
1192
Design of an in vitro biocatalytic cascade for the manufacture of islatravir
Authors: Huffman Mark A. , Fryszkowska Anna , Alvizo Oscar , Borra-Garske Margie , Campos Kevin R. , Canada Keith A. , Devine Paul N. , Duan Da , Forstater Jacob H. , Grosser Shane T. , Halsey Holst M. , Hughes Gregory J. , Jo Junyong , Joyce Leo A. , Kolev Joshua N. , Liang Jack , Maloney Kevin M. , Mann Benjamin F. , Marshall Nicholas M. , McLaughlin Mark , Moore Jeffrey C. , Murphy Grant S. , Nawrat Christopher C. , Nazor Jovana , Novick Scott , Patel Niki R. , Rodriguez-Granillo Agustina , Robaire Sandra A. , Sherer Edward C. , Truppo Matthew D. , Whittaker Aaron M. , Verma Deeptak , Xiao Li , Xu Yingju , Yang Hao
Published: December 2019

Maximal efficiency from enzyme cascades

Enzymes are highly selective catalysts that can be useful for specific transformations in organic synthesis. Huffman
et al.
combined designer enzymes in a multistep cascade reaction (see the Perspective by O'Reilly and Ryan). The approach eliminates purification steps, recycles expensive cofactors, and couples favorable and unfavorable reactions. With the target molecule islatravir, an experimental HIV drug, they optimized five enzymes by directed evolution to be compatible with unnatural substrates and stable in the reaction conditions. Stereochemical purity was amplified at every enzymatic step, and the final synthesis was both atom economical and efficient.

Science
, this issue p.
1255
; see also p.
1199
Integrated hearing and chewing modules decoupled in a Cretaceous stem therian mammal
Authors: Mao Fangyuan , Hu Yaoming , Li Chuankui , Wang Yuanqing , Chase Morgan Hill , Smith Andrew K. , Meng Jin
Published: December 2019

Making a mammalian ear

Mammals have keen hearing owing to their complex inner ear. In our vertebrate ancestors, as in extant reptiles, the three bones that make up the inner ear were instead part of the jaw. Understanding the functional transition of these bones is challenging given their small and delicate nature. Mao
et al.
describe a new genus and species of stem therian mammal represented by six well-preserved specimens, seemingly caught as they slept huddled together (see the Perspective by Schultz). The unprecedented preservation reveals a clear transitional stage between the two very different functions of the bones.

Science
, this issue p.
305
; see also p.
244
Algorithms on regulatory lockdown in medicine
Authors: Babic Boris , Gerke Sara , Evgeniou Theodoros , Cohen I. Glenn
Published: December 2019

Prioritize risk monitoring to address the “update problem”
Determining the Development of Persisters in Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii upon Exposure to Polymyxin B-Based Antibiotic Combinations Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Wong Fiona Hui-Sian , Cai Yiying , Leck Hui , Lim Tze-Peng , Teo Jocelyn Qi-Min , Lee Winnie , Koh Tse Hsien , Tan Thuan Tong , Tan Kar Wai , Kwa Andrea Lay-Hoon
Published: December 2019

Polymyxin B-based combinations are increasingly prescribed as a last-line option against extensively drug-resistant (XDR)
Acinetobacter baumannii
. It is unknown if such combinations can result in the development of nondividing persister cells in XDR
A. baumannii
. We investigated persister development upon exposure of XDR
A. baumannii
to polymyxin B-based antibiotic combinations using flow cytometry.
Antifungal Triazole Posaconazole Targets an Early Stage of the Parechovirus A3 Life Cycle
Authors: Rhoden Eric , Ng Terry Fei Fan , Campagnoli Ray , Nix W. Allan , Konopka-Anstadt Jennifer , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Briesach Laurence , Oberste M. Steven , Weldon William C.
Published: December 2019

Viruses in species
Parechovirus A
(
Picornaviridae
) are associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Parechovirus A3 (PeV-A3) is known to cause sepsis-like illness, meningitis, and encephalitis in infants and young children. To date, no specific therapies are available to treat PeV-A3-infected children. We had previously identified two FDA-cleared antifungal drugs, itraconazole (ITC) and posaconazole (POS), with potent and specific antiviral activity against PeV-A3.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Specific CD8+T Cell Priming and Latent Ganglionic Retention Are Shaped by Viral Epitope Promoter Kinetics
Authors: Treat Benjamin R. , Bidula Sarah M. , St. Leger Anthony J. , Hendricks Robert L. , Kinchington Paul R.
Published: December 2019

Latency of HSV-1 in host neurons enables long-term persistence from which reactivation may occur to cause recurrent diseases, such as blinding herpetic stromal keratitis. Latency is not antigenically silent, and viral proteins are sporadically expressed at low levels without full virion production. This protein expression is recognized by ganglion-resident HSV-1-specific CD8+T cells that maintain a protective resident population. Since these T cells can influence lytic/latent decisions in reactivating neurons, we argue that improving their ganglionic retention and function may offer a strategy in vaccine design to reduce reactivation and recurrent disease. To understand factors driving the infiltration and retention of ganglionic CD8s, we examined several HSV recombinants that have different viral promoters driving expression of the immunodominant gB epitope. We show that the selection of epitope promoter influences CD8+T cell population hierarchies and their function.
Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement—Executive Summary
Authors: Chang Cindy , Putukian Margot , Aerni Giselle , Diamond Alex , Hong Gene , Ingram Yvette , Reardon Claudia L , Wolanin Andrew
Published: December 2019

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine convened a panel of experts to provide an evidence-based, best practices document to assist sports medicine physicians and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment and prevention of mental health issues in competitive athletes. This statement discusses how members of the sports medicine team, including team physicians, athletic trainers and mental health providers, work together in providing comprehensive psychological care to athletes. It specifically addresses psychological factors in athletes including personality issues and the psychological response to injury and illness. The statement also examines the athletic culture and environmental factors that commonly impact mental health, including sexuality and gender issues, hazing, bullying, sexual misconduct and transition from sport. Specific mental health disorders in athletes, such as eating disorders/disordered eating, depression and suicide, anxiety and stress, overtraining, sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, are reviewed with a focus on detection, management, the effect on performance and prevention. This document uses the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy to grade level of evidence.
Is there an association between metabolic syndrome and rotator cuff-related shoulder pain? A systematic review
Authors: Burne Graham , Mansfield Michael , Gaida Jamie E , Lewis Jeremy S
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a common upper limb complaint. It has been suggested that this condition is more common among people with cardiometabolic risk factors. This systematic review has synthesised evidence from case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies on the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and RCRSP.

Design and data sources

Five medical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL and AMED) and reference checking methods were used to identify all relevant English articles that considered MetS and RCRSP. Studies were appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Two reviewers performed critical appraisal and data extraction. Narrative synthesis was performed via content analysis of statistically significant associations.

Results

Three cross-sectional, two case–control and one cohort study met the inclusion criteria, providing a total of 1187 individuals with RCRSP. Heterogeneity in methodology and RCRSP or MetS definition precluded a meaningful meta-analysis. Four of the included studies identified associations between the prevalence of MetS and RCRSP. Studies consistently identified independent cardiometabolic risk factors associated with RCRSP. All studies were level III evidence.

Summary and conclusion

The low-moderate quality evidence included in this review suggests an association between MetS and RCRSP. Most studies demonstrated moderate quality on appraisal. The direction of association and cardiometabolic factors influencing should be investigated by longitudinal and treatment studies. These preliminary conclusions and clinical utility should be treated with caution due to limitations of the evidence base.
Assessment and management of recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department
Authors: Daniels Jo , Griffiths Mark , Fisher Emma
Published: December 2019

Recurrent abdominal pain accounts for a significant proportion of attenders and high impact users in the emergency department. Due to the heterogeneity of presentation and the broad spectrum of possible causes, abdominal pain presents as a significant clinical challenge within the emergency department, particularly as distress and pain are commonly elevated. Patients in this group are routinely prescribed opiate-based interventions and repeated investigations in a ‘better safe than sorry’ culture which saturates the field of persistent physical symptoms. This approach is contributing to the growing problem, and fuelling a cycle of repeated attendance and failure to resolve. This article reviews the current clinical and psychophysiological understanding of recurrent abdominal pain, critiquing guidelines and approaches to diagnosis and management. We offer an alternative evidence-based biopsychosocial approach using the mnemonic ‘ERROR’, recommending five steps to assessment and clinical management of recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department.
Causes of double-negative T-cell lymphocytosis in children and adults
Authors: Liapis Konstantinos , Tsagarakis Nikolaos J , Panitsas Fotis , Taparkou Anna , Liapis Ioannis , Roubakis Christophoros , Tsokanas Dimitris , Vasileiou Paraskevi , Grigoriou Eirini , Kakiopoulos Georgios , Psarra Katerina , Farmaki Evangelia , Paterakis George
Published: December 2019

Aims

The causes and diagnosis of ‘double-negative’ (CD3+CD4−CD8−) T-cell lymphocytosis are not well studied. We aimed to define the causes of double-negative T-cell lymphocytosis in children and adults, and to identify simple clinical and laboratory features that would help to differentiate between the underlying conditions.

Methods

We collected clinical and laboratory data on 10 children and 30 adults with significantly increased peripheral-blood double-negative T-cells (>10% of total lymphocytes). We identified conditions associated with double-negative T-lymphocytosis with flow cytometry, peripheral-blood morphology and T-cell receptor-gene rearrangement studies. Patients were assigned to diagnostic categories on the basis of these test results.

Results and conclusions

The causes of double-negative T-cell lymphocytosis in children were autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and reactive γ/δ Τ-lymphocytosis. T-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukaemia, reactive γ/δ T-lymphocytosis and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL) were the the most common disorders underlying double-negative T-cell lymphocytosis in adults. Less common causes included hypereosinophilic syndrome, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, ALPS and monoclonal, double-negative T-lymphocytosis of uncertain significance. CD5/CD7/Vδ2 expression and absolute double-negative lymphocyte count (<1.8×109/L) were useful discriminators for distinguishing patients with reactive γ/δ T-lymphocytosis from those with γ/δ lymphoproliferative disorders. Differentiating between γ/δ T-LGL and HSTL can be difficult. Expression of CD57 and cellular morphology (pale cytoplasm with distinct granules) would support a diagnosis of γ/δ T-LGL.
Conscientious objection and moral distress: a relational ethics case study of MAiD in Canada
Authors: Heilman Mary Kathleen Deutscher , Trothen Tracy J
Published: December 2019

Conscientious objection has become a divisive topic in recent bioethics publications. Discussion has tended to frame the issue in terms of the rights of the healthcare professional versus the rights of the patient. However, a rights-based approach neglects the relational nature of conscience, and the impact that violating one’s conscience has on the care one provides. Using medical assistance in dying as a case study, we suggest that what has been lacking in the discussion of conscientious objection thus far is a recognition and prioritising of the relational nature of ethical decision-making in healthcare and the negative consequences of moral distress that occur when healthcare professionals find themselves in situations in which they feel they cannot provide what they consider to be excellent care. We propose that policies that respect the relational conscience could benefit our healthcare institutions by minimising the negative impact of moral distress, improving communication among team members and fostering a culture of ethical awareness. Constructive responses to moral distress including relational cultivation of moral resilience are urged.
Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör: A geologist who unravels the histories of continents and oceans
Authors: Polat Ali , Dewey John F.
Published: December 2019

This second issue of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences special issue dedicated to Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör for his outstanding contributions to plate tectonics and history of geology includes 11 research articles. These articles have diverse subject matters dealing with tectonic processes in California, Africa, Asia, Iceland, Europe, Canada, and rocky planets. The summaries and main conclusions of these articles are presented here.
The Neuroimmune Basis of Acupuncture: Correlation of Cutaneous Mast Cell Distribution with Acupuncture Systems in Human
Authors: Li Yong Ming
Published: December 2019

The hypothesis that cutaneous mast cells (MCs) are responsible for skin phenomena in acupuncture was proposed 40 years ago, but very little is known about the correlation of MC distribution with acupuncture systems in human. The aim of this study is to quantify cutaneous mast cells at different body sites and compare them with the distributions of classical acupuncture points and micro-acupuncture systems. Skin biopsies from dermatological practice were evaluated under microscope with H&E or CD117 stains. Dermal MCs were counted and expressed as MCs per high power field. Densities of classical acupuncture points at different body sites were also calculated and expressed as points per dm2. MC densities at special sites of the body were compared with micro-acupuncture systems. After examining 285 skin biopsies, MC enriched special sites (MESS) were found at peripheral parts of the body and around orifices of body surfaces. Comparative mapping showed that patterns of MC distribution are highly correlated with the distributions of classic acupuncture points in 14 classic acupuncture meridians, with the exception of the trunk areas. Mapping also revealed that all micro-acupuncture systems were established at MESS, including ear, scalp, hand, foot, eye, face, and umbilicus. The conclusion is that the densities of cutaneous MCs are highly correlated with classical acupuncture points and micro-acupuncture systems. These findings provide tissue evidence of neuroimmune basis of acupuncture and suggest that MC is a tissue target for acupuncture stimulation and may serve as a tissue marker for acupuncture points.
Theory of thermal expansion: Quasi-harmonic approximation and corrections from quasi-particle renormalization
Authors: Allen Philip B.
Published: December 2019

“Quasi-harmonic” (QH) theory should not be considered a low-order theory of anharmonic effects in crystals, but should be recognized as an important effect separate from “true” anharmonicity. The original and widely used meaning of QH theory is to put [Formula: see text] volume-dependent harmonic phonon energies [Formula: see text] into the non-interacting phonon free energy. This paper uses that meaning, but extends it to include the use of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-dependent single-particle electron energies [Formula: see text]. It is demonstrated that the “bare” quasi-particle (QP) energies [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] correctly give the first-order term in the [Formula: see text]-dependence of the Helmholtz free energy [Formula: see text]. Therefore, they give the leading order result for thermal expansion [Formula: see text] and for the temperature-dependence of the bulk modulus [Formula: see text]. However, neglected interactions which shift and broaden [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], also shift the free energy. In metals, the low [Formula: see text] electron–phonon mass enhancement of states near the Fermi level causes a shift in free energy that is similar in size to the electronic QH term. Before [Formula: see text] reaches the Debye temperature [Formula: see text], the mass renormalization essentially disappears, and remaining electron–phonon shifts of free energy contribute only higher-order terms to thermal expansion. Similarly, anharmonic phonon–phonon interactions shift the free energy, but contribute to thermal expansion only in higher order. Explicit next order formulas are given for thermal expansion, which relate “true” anharmonic and similar free energy corrections to QP self-energy shifts.
Product rules and classification of nonassociative Moufang loops of order 81
Authors: Chee Wing Loon , Rajah Andrew
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we produce the product rules of nonassociative Moufang loops of order 81 by using an analytical approach. We then explore all possible presentations on a suitable set of generators, thereby obtaining a total of five nonisomorphic cases. The result is in agreement with the classification by Nagy and Vojtěchovský using the GAP package LOOPS .
Responsiveness of pain, functional capacity tests, and disability level in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain
Authors: Sakulsriprasert Prasert , Vachalathiti Roongtiwa , Kingcha Pathaimas
Published: December 2019

Background: Clinical outcomes are very important in clinical assessment, and responsiveness is a component inside the outcome measures that needs to be investigated, particularly in chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP).

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the responsiveness of pain, functional capacity tests, and disability in individuals with CNSLBP.

Methods: Twenty subjects were assessed in pain using the following methods: visual analog scale (VAS) and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), functional capacity tests: functional reach test (FRT), five-time sit-to-stand test (5 TSST), and two-minute step test (2 MST), and disability level: modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ), Thai version before and after 2-week intervention session. For interventions, the subjects received education, spinal manipulative therapy, and individual therapeutic exercise twice a week, for a total of two weeks. The statistics analyzed were change scores, effect size (ES), and standardized response mean (SRM).

Results: The most responsive parameter for individuals with CNSLBP was pain as measured by numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) (ES [Formula: see text]0.986, SRM [Formula: see text]0.928) and five-time sit-to-stand test (5 TSST) (SRM [Formula: see text]0.846).

Conclusion: This study found that NPRS pain and 5 TSST were responsive in individuals with CNSLBP at two weeks after the beginning of interventions.
EFFECTS OF PARTNERS’ COMMUNICATIONS ON CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF JOINT INNOVATION EFFORTS
Authors: ROOSENS BRAM , DENS NATHALIE , LIEVENS ANNOUK
Published: December 2019

This paper assesses the effects of aligning co-creation partners’ communications on consumers’ perceptions of joint innovation efforts. Two online experiments are conducted. Study 1 ([Formula: see text]) investigates message content alignment (partners stating identical versus complementary messages) and visual alignment (partners assimilating the visual design of their communications versus autonomous designs). Results reveal a positive effect of using complementary over identical message content on consumers’ perceptions of the co-created product. The latter effect is reinforced by autonomous visual designs. Study 2 ([Formula: see text]) shows that the effect of content alignment on both the lead firm and co-creation partners are mediated by the perceived fit between partners and the perceived corporate credibility of the lead firm. This research is one of the first to study effects of communication by multiple co-creation partners and demonstrates the positive effects of adequately aligning partners’ communications about joint innovation efforts.
Environmental Impacts of the Existing Solid Waste Management System of Northern Lahore
Authors: FATIMA Syeda Amber , CHAUDHRY Mohammad Nawaz , BATOOL Syeda Adila
Published: December 2019

With the substantial increase in solid waste due to industrialization and urbanization, the environmental damage has also aggravated, making the management of solid waste an important issue throughout the world. Global warming, species extinction, imbalance in nutrient cycle and random disposal of hazardous waste are some environmental problems threatening sustainable development. The solid waste from the study area mainly consists of organic waste (66%), recyclables (25%) and miscellaneous waste (9%). About 10% of the organic waste is composted by public facilities funded by the government; whereas the entire miscellaneous waste is dumped at dumping sites without going through any treatment. About 41% of the recyclables are sold to junk shops by households, and 28% are sorted out by scavengers at dumping sites. An EASEWASTE model is used to evaluate the impacts of existing solid waste management system on environment. The major gases which contribute to life cycle impact assessment are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), CFCs (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114 and CFC-115), HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124 and HCFC-141b), HFCs (HFC-125, HFC-134a and HFC-152a), halons, tetra chloromethane (CCl[Formula: see text], 1,1,1-trichloroethane (CCl3CH3) and carbon monoxide (CO), and global warming potential is calculated by the EASEWASTE model at different timelines, i.e. 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively. Human toxicity via water and air is also evaluated and it found that the existing system is polluting the environment in many ways.