bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wigner function for squeezed negative binomial state and evolution of density operator for amplitude decay*
Authors: Lv Heng-Yun , Wang Ji-Suo , Zhang Xiao-Yan , Wu Meng-Yan , Liang Bao-Long , Meng Xiang-Guo
Published: August 2019

Using the thermal-entangled state representation and the operator-ordering method, we investigate Wigner function (WF) for the squeezed negative binomial state (SNBS) and the analytical evolution law of density operator in the amplitude decay channel. The results show that the analytical WF is related to the square of the module of single-variable Hermite polynomials, which leads to a new two-variable special function and its generating function, and the parameters s and γ play opposite roles in the WF distributions. Besides, after undergoing this channel, the initial pure SNBS evolves into a new mixed state related to two operator Hermite polynomials within normal ordering, and fully loses its nonclassicality and decays to vacuum at long decay time.
Hybrid-triggered consensus for multi-agent systems with time-delays, uncertain switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks*
Authors: Chen Xia , Yin Li-Yuan , Liu Yong-Tai , Liu Hao
Published: August 2019

We propose a new approach to discuss the consensus problem of multi-agent systems with time-varying delayed control inputs, switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks under hybrid-triggered mechanism. A Bernoulli variable is used to describe the hybrid-triggered scheme, which is introduced to alleviate the burden of the network. The mathematical model of the closed-loop control system is established by taking the influences of time-varying delayed control inputs, switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks into account under the hybrid-triggered scheme. A theorem as the main result is given to make the system consistent based on the theory of Lyapunov stability and linear matrix inequality. Markov jumps with uncertain rates of transitions are applied to describe the switch of topologies. Finally, a simulation example demonstrates the feasibility of the theory in this paper.
Coulomb exploded directional double ionization of N2O molecules in multicycle femtosecond laser pulses*
Authors: Ma Junyang , Lin Kang , Ji Qinying , Zhang Wenbin , Li Hanxiao , Sun Fenghao , Qiang Junjie , Lu Peifen , Li Hui , Gong Xiaochun , Wu Jian
Published: August 2019

We experimentally investigate Coulomb exploded directional double ionization of N2O molecules in elliptically polarized femtosecond laser pulses. The denitrogenation and deoxygenation channels are accessed via various pathways. It leads to distinct asymmetries in directional breaking of the doubly ionized N2O molecules versus the instantaneous laser field vector, which is revealed by tracing the sum-momentum spectra of the ionic fragments as a recoil of the ejected electrons. Our results demonstrate that the accessibility of the Coulomb exploded double ionization channels of N2O molecules are ruled by the detailed potential energy curves, and the directional emission of the fragments are governed by the joint effects of the electron localization-assisted enhanced ionization of the stretched molecules and the profiles of the molecular orbitals.
Time-dependent runaway electron simulations: Ampere–Faraday equations implemented in CQL3D
Authors: Harvey R.W. , Petrov Yu.V. , Kim Charlson C. , Forest C.B. , Lao L.L. , Parks P.B.
Published: August 2019

The runaway electron (RE) distributions driven by a large toroidal electric field induced by the drop in the temperature profile due to disruption or pellets are comprehensively simulated by the 3D Fokker–Planck (FP) solver CQL3D (Harvey and McCoy 1992 Proc. of IAEA TCM), recently coupled to the Ampere–Faraday (AF) equations. The evolution of the toroidal current in a plasma occurs on a resistive time scale, τ
res  =  4πa
2/(c
2
η), which is typically of the order of seconds in present tokamaks. Here, a and η are respectively plasma radius or radial extent of a current density perturbation, and Ohmic resistivity. From the Faraday EM equation, the toroidal electric field is proportional to the time derivative of the poloidal magnetic field, which, from the Ampere equation, is proportional to the toroidal current. Thus, the toroidal electric field rapidly increases due to an abrupt temperature drop decrease in conductivity, to prevent change in the toroidal current faster than τ
res. This is a example of Lenz’s law. For example, in simulations with KPRAD (Whyte et al 2003 J. Nucl. Mater. 313–6 1239) of neon pellet injection into a DIII-D shot, T
e drops from 2 keV to 10 eV in 0.1 ms and Z
eff increases 1–4, giving that the electric field increases 3500×  to 0.8 V cm−1. As described in Harvey et al (2000 PoP 7 4590), this places much of the tail electron distribution beyond the Dreicer runaway velocity, giving so-called ‘hot-tail runaways’ which for a time are the dominant source of runaways, more so than the knockon source. In this prior calculation, performed for a single flux surface, the toroidal current density is held constant, on the basis that τ
res is large. Most of the initial current can be converted to runaway current, which is then dangerous, particularly for ITER. A more comprehensive A–F model recently implemented in CQL3D, taking into account the time-development of the full-plasma-width toroidal electric field on time-scales of order τ
res applies an iterative technique for the toroidal field previously developed for a different application (Kupfer et al 1996 PoP 3 3644), maintaining the implicit-in-time evolution of CQL3D. The degree of runaway current formation is reduced in AF augmented CQL3D, but the basic mechanism of ‘hot-tail runaways’ remains a dominant contribution to the REs at early times after the T
e drop in these simulations. On the other hand, a NIMROD (Sovinec et al 2004 J. Comput. Phys. 195 355) simulation of shattered-pellet shutdown of DIII-D plasma (Kim 2018 APS/DPP Meeting), gives a slower thermal quench; when the plasma profiles and electric field are coupled one-way to CQL3D, the ‘hot-tail’ REs are much less, and growth of RE is dominated by the knockon process.
Choice at the pump: measuring preferences for lower-carbon combustion fuels
Authors: Helveston John P , Seki Stephanie M , Min Jihoon , Fairman Evelyn , Boni Arthur A , Michalek Jeremy J , Azevedo Inês M L
Published: August 2019

A decarbonized future will require a transition to lower carbon fuels for personal transportation. We study consumer preferences for combustion fuels including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) using consumer choice survey data from two settings: online (n = 331) and in-person at refueling stations (n = 127). Light-duty vehicle owners were asked in a series of choice tasks to choose among fuels that varied in type, price, CO2 emissions, and location of origin for a hypothetical vehicle that could accept all fuels. We find that the majority of gasoline and E85 users are willing to substitute towards other fuels at today’s prices and attributes, while diesel users have a strong preference for diesel fuel. We also find that respondents are willing to pay on average $150/ton CO2 avoided from fuel consumption—more than most estimates of the social cost of carbon. Thus, communicating the climate benefits from alternative fuels may be an important strategy for decarbonizing the transportation sector.
Scientific Study of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Brovina A A , Philippova T P
Published: August 2019

The history of scientific research of Novaya Zemlya archipelago at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century is analysed based on archival and published sources. The study of the history of scientific research on the vast northern territory is closely connected with the history of the role of national science in development of the Arctic territories of Russia. At the end of the 19th century geo-political situation encouraged the Government of Russia to colonize Novaya Zemlya actively. Large-scale scientific research was organized to study thoroughly its physical and geographic characteristics and to explore natural resources. In wide political and socio-economic context the period taken for the study is topical in terms of attaching this territory to Russia. Systematic studies of Novaya Zemlya started in the Soviet period when the young Government of the USSR started to regard the archipelago as an important military outpost of the country and one of the sources of natural productive forces of the country. The leading role of the Academy of Sciences and the All-Union Arctic Research Institute in the research of Novaya Zemlya is shown. Special attention is paid to the initiatives of the scientific society in the research of the archipelago.
Discussions on the need of developing the North in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Kovalev B , Kulik S , Polikova M
Published: August 2019

At the beginning of the 20th century, the vast territory of the Russian Empire beyond the Arctic Circle was practically uninhabited. It was necessary to make the northern rivers navigable, and to explore these territories for mineral deposits. Deputies of the State Duma proposed constructing a canal between the Baltic Sea and the White Sea. The development of the economy of Siberia was closely linked with the development of the Northern Sea Route. However, the monarchical government considered this region politically unreliable, and most of the Duma deputies underestimated the importance of the North for the development of the country. The authorities forbade the development of local governments in this region. For the minority of the Duma deputies, it seemed unjustified that significant funds for transport development were invested in the “national outskirts”: Poland and the Baltic provinces. Meanwhile, Norway actively used the weakness of Russia in the North. Norwegian cities were developing fast attracting Russian fishermen to sell their catch there. Due to insufficient funding and underestimation by the authorities, the development of Russia’s North received no adequate support. The construction of the port of Murmansk began too late, after the outbreak of World War I.
Arctic and subarctic zones of the European North-East of Russia in the Iron Age and the Middle Ages
Authors: Vaskul I O , Zherebtsov I L , Murygin A M , Klenov M V
Published: August 2019

The processes associated with the development of the Pre-Polar and Polar regions of the European North-East in the Iron Age and in the Middle Ages are studied. The interrelation of these processes with climatic changes is traced. In the context of the ongoing cold snap in the I Millennium B.C. the outflow of the population to the zone of Northern taiga takes place. On the territory of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra a very small number of sites was revealed, which probably indicates the occasional use of commercial resources of these areas. The next stage of development and settling of the Arctic and sub Arctic zone begins in the I Millennium A.D. due to the improvement of climatic conditions in the middle Subatlantic. By the middle of the I Millennium A.D a subarctic culture associated in its origin with the Ob-Yamal North of Western Siberia is formed on the territory of this region. The culture is characterized by ceramic complexes of the More-Yu, Khutiyunkos and Komatyvis type. Economic and cultural type of its bearers included coastal and land hunting with seasonal change of occupations. In the valley of the Polar Pechora a special ethno-territorial group of the second half of the I – first half of the II Millennium A.D. documented by pottery of Novoborsk type is revealed. According to its characteristics, it is close to the Ugric or Samoyedic range of related archaeological cultures of the West Siberian or pre-Ural-Pechora cultural areas. In the first half of the II Millennium A.D. a new stage in the history of the Arctic and subArctic zone begins. Its main content is the process of development of these areas by the ancient Russian population. Early archaeological evidence of penetration of the Russians refers to the XII century. In the XIII-XVI centuries famous Russian settlements are known. This process ended with the entry of this region into the Russian state.
Quality assessment of the canned fish made of capelin of the prolonged storage period produced by the soft conditions of fish smoking
Authors: Alloyarova Yu , Alloyarov K , Kuranova L , Karpovich I
Published: August 2019

The study focuses on the manufacturing techniques of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» from the little-used fish raw materials of the Arctic region – Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) of the prolonged storage period. The special feature of the offered technology is the application of the soft conditions of the preliminary heat treatment (PHT) of fish – smoking at the lowered temperatures. This technology prevents the risk of nitrosamines formation and entering of such cancerogenic substances as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the final product. The study also provides data on the influence of raw materials properties and temperature parameters on the duration of dehydration process while preparation of a smoked semi-finished product from a capelin. The results of organoleptic assessment made it possible to find the optimal PHT temperature and time parameters of smoked capelin semi-finished products and ready canned food. It was established that the usage of the soft PHT cold smoking modes increases the amount of a semi-finished product due to the decrease in losses of moisture. The aim of this research was to study the possibility of canned food production from frozen raw materials of the prolonged period of storage. The results are based on the analysis of how the quality of both frozen fish and the produced canned food changed over the time (on microbiological, chemical and organoleptic indicators). The industrial sterility of canned food was confirmed by microbiological researches, thus there is some evidence, that the developed mode of sterilization of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» can be regarded as effective. The study indicates the parameters of the chemical, amino-acid and fatty-acid composition of the canned food made on the developed technology, and assesses its safety and biological value. Research conducted on the qualitative characteristics of a new product in the process of storage made it possible to develop and approve specifications and the technological instruction for production of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil». It was confirmed that the storage period of canned food «Smoked Capelin in oil» produced of frozen capelin does not exceed six months at a temperature not above minus of eighteen degrees Celsius.
Ecological state of aquatic biocenoses in the streams of the Kola basin, Barents Sea
Authors: Ilmast N V , Alekseev M Y , Bochkarev N A , Sendek D S
Published: August 2019

The ecological state of freshwater ecosystems is essential because they are actively used in human economic activities. As the habitats of valuable commercial fish species deteriorate, their population decreases rapidly. Therefore, environmental monitoring of water bodies, markedly affected by human activities, contributes to efficient natural resources management. Thus, analysis of recent data on the state of river ecosystems in the Kola Bay basin is of great interest. It shows the current state of biocenoses in some of the streams flowing into Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, an environmentally unsafe area on the Kola Peninsula. Studies have shown that in spite of ongoing human activities in the Kola Bay watershed, the state of the ecosystems in local streams generally remains satisfactory. The distribution density of Atlantic salmon juveniles in the tributaries of the Nizhnetulomsky Reservoir varies from 20 to 70 juv./100 m2. The distribution indices of trout in the River Bolshaya Lavna vary from 5 to 65 fish/100 m2 and those in streams from 10 fish/100 m2 (Goryachev Brook) to 18 fish/100 m2 (Tretiy Brook). The main factor which negatively affects the reproduction of diadromous fish species is hydrolic construction which results in the decrease of the Atlantic salmon, sea trout and whitefish stock. To efficiently maintain the ecosystems of the streams, the construction of fish-screening structures, the river channels should be recultivated and the artificial reproduction of valuable fish species should be launched.
Current state and trends in the content of 137Cs and 90Sr in abiotic and biotic components of Arctic ecosystems (Barents and Kara Seas case study)
Authors: Matishov G G , Usyagina I S , Kasatkina N E
Published: August 2019

This publication summarizes long-term data on radioactive contaminants in seawater, bottom sediments, and marine fish and describes current patterns in radionuclide distribution using data collected by the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute during cruises to the Barents and Kara Seas in 2015–2017. During the study period, no short-lived artificial radionuclides were found in the Barents and Kara Seas. 137Cs and 90Sr isotopes with a longer half-life are still registered in Atlantic waters that are the main source of radioactive contamination in these Arctic seas. Volumetric activity of 137Cs and 90Sr was compared at different depths. A uniform distribution of 137Cs in the vertical column of water and a tendency to increase the volume activity of 90Sr from surface to bottom were observed in the Barents Sea. Bottom sediments in the Kara Sea contain on average 2 times more 137Cs than the Barents Sea. Atlantic cod is characterized by an extremely low concentration of 137Cs in muscular tissue, about an order of magnitude lower than in the period of maximum contamination of Barents Sea waters observed in 1982. Currently there is a decreasing trend in concentrations of anthropogenic radioisotopes in the environment and biota. Processes of 137Cs and 90Sr removing from biotic and abiotic components are described with exponential functions. Due to natural marine purification processes, the decrease of 137Cs and 90Sr concentrations in the Barents and Kara Seas occur 2–4 times faster than the physical radioactive decay of these radionuclides.
Specific features of domestic and international legal regulation of environmental management in the Arctic
Authors: Snetkov V N , Ponomarenko A V , Asemenova K
Published: August 2019

The presented article examines the specific features of legal regulation of Arctic environmental management by different countries and the major directions of the state policy in this field. The article analyzes various national and international laws and regulations that formalize the development of Arctic resources and protection of the Arctic environment, and assesses the provisions of the Arctic development strategies of foreign countries and the «Foundations of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond» [1]. One of the major directions of the state policy in the Arctic is finding a balance between the need to develop Arctic resources and protect the Arctic environment. Given the global importance of achieving this goal, the Russian Federation as the largest polar country needs to ensure that an appropriate regulatory framework is created. One of the possible options would be the adoption of the Federal Law on the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. In addition to the general issues of Russian sovereignty, jurisdiction, and the guiding principles of governance in the Arctic, the law should include provisions concerning the specific features of environmental management in the Arctic region with allowance for the need to develop natural resources and protect the Arctic environment from negative impacts. Another option involves the adoption of specialized laws focusing on environmental protection and prevention of pollution of Arctic waters and lands of the Russian Federation.
Legal regulation of ecological tourism in Arctic
Authors: Ermolina M A , Kapustina M A , Matveevskaya A S , Pogodina V L
Published: August 2019

Ecological tourism is one of the current trends in development of Arctic. There are several reasons for this: popularity of ecological tourism among modern travelers in general and competitiveness of Arctic travel in a unique and diverse nature; profitability of ecological entrepreneurship; environmental, socio-economic and educational importance of ecological tourism for sustainable development of Arctic. Accordingly, the legal regulation of ecological tourism in Arctic should serve the purpose of ensuring preservation of human capital, protection and reproduction of natural complex of Arctic, efficient use of material, financial and human resources based on modern achievements in the field of ecology and tourism technologies. Entrepreneurial activity in the field of ecological tourism in Arctic is carried out simultaneously in the context of international cooperation and interaction of professional entrepreneurs with local population of Arctic. It is important to consider possible impact of nature protection tourism on lifestyle of people living in Arctic. Indigenous people should have the right to preserve traditional way of life and, at the same time, opportunity to develop modern forms of self-organization, self-regulation. Legal guarantees for development of ecological tourism in Arctic are state support measures federal legislation, state programs, state budget.
Tourism as a factor of restructuring the economy of resource-producing regions of the Arctic (on the example of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District)
Authors: Larchenko L V , Gladkiy Yu N , Kolesnikov R A
Published: August 2019

Article is devoted to the justification of the possibility of the tourism industry to become one of the leading sectors of the territorial specialization of resource regions of the North and the Arctic. The article analyzed the tourist and recreational potential of YaNAD and studied the problem of formation of the tourism industry in the region. The result of the study was the development of organizational, managerial and economic activities, the implementation of which opens up new possibilities for the development of the northern tourism as well as recommendations for the management of the tourist industry were made. We studied the spatial differentiation of tourist resources and tourist attendance Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and proposed forming of a single tourist and recreational space, based on the cluster approach and the principles of integration. We made conclusions according to which the main prerequisite for the development of tourism in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is a long-felt need for an integrated development of the area through the expansion of the economic base, the transition from single-industry raw material economy to a more sustainable diversified one.The formation of high-grade, high-yield tourism industry will help increase the income of the region and will allow considering tourism as one of the leading budget-forming sectors of territorial specialization. The results of the study can be used by the state and municipal authorities in developing programs for the socio-economic development of both the region and municipalities, as well as programs for the development of tourism and investment projects.
Vanadium in the Arctic zone of Russia on the Kola region example: prevalence, sources, industrial potential
Authors: Kompanchenko A A , Neradovsky Yu N
Published: August 2019

This article gives a brief overview of the prevalence, sources and industrial potential of vanadium in the Arctic zone of Russia on the Kola region example. Within the Kola region many solid minerals is mining: apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny, rare earth elements ore of Lovozero, baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite ores of the Kovdor, ferruginous quartzites of Olenegorsk, copper-nickel deposits of Pechenga etc. In the region potential deposits of platinum group elements, chromium, titanium, lithium and beryllium are explored. Recent studies conducted by the workers of the KSC RAS, in combination with geological and exploration data of predecessors, indicate that within the Kola region there are large sources of vanadium. Numerous occurrences of vanadium mineralization, as well as deposits of vanadium, are mainly localized within the entire Paleoproterozoic Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga (PIV) rift belt, which stretches for more than 500 km across the entire Kola Peninsula - from the throat of the White sea in the North-East to the Norwegian Caledonian in the North-West. The time of the belt development is considered to be at the period 2.5-1.7 Ga. Elevated concentrations of vanadium is installed in metasomatites at the contact of volcanics and dolomite in Prikhibin’e, in sedimentary rocks of the North Pechenga area and throughout the black-shale strata of the entire PIV zone. Mineralization, composed by extremely rare vanadium minerals, established in massive sulfide ores of the PIV belt, however, has only scientific interest. Potential sources of industrial extraction of vanadium are complex Fe-Ti-V ores, which are components of mafic/ultramafic layered intrusions. The study of Fe-Ti-V ores of the region continues.
The Kolmozero deposit: a unique Li source in the European Arctic of Russia
Authors: Morozova L N
Published: August 2019

Tens to hundreds of pegmatite veins can accumulate within a pegmatite field. However, only a limited number of pegmatite veins can be practically valued. Hence, there is a problem of identifying rare metal pegmatites at the stage of geological prospecting and appraisal. Geochemical indicators are most impartial, reproducible and highly informative for these purposes. The Kolmozero lithium deposit is located in the Neoarchaean metagabbro-anorthozites of the Patchemvareksky massif in the junction zone of the two major regional structures of the Archaean age, i.e. the Murmansk block and the Kolmozero-Voronya Greenstone Belt of the Kola Peninsula. It is shown that pegmatites of the Kolmozero deposit with industrially valued rare metal mineralization (Be, Ta, Nb, Li) are poor in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Sr and Ba) and in high charged high field strength elements (HFSE) (REE, Th, Zr). They also have low values of fractionation indexes – Mg/Li and Zr/Hf. The defined geochemical indicators have been applied to estimate feldspar pegmatites and muscovite-feldspar pegmatites that are spatially associated with rare metal pegmatites of the Kolmozero lithium deposit. The feldspar (beryllium-bearing) and muscovite-feldspar (beryllium-niobium-tantalum) pegmatites have rare metal mineralization and, like albite-spodumene pegmatites, are rich in Li, Nb, Ta, Be and depleted by Sr, Ba, Zr, Y, REE. Contents of ore elements (Li, Nb, Ta, Be) content increases from feldspar to muscovite-feldspar and albite-spodumen pegmatites. It is accompanied by a decrease in values of fractionation indexes of Zr/Hf and Mg/Li, as well as a decrease in contents of light, medium and heavy lantanoids Zr, Ba and Sr.
Rare elements in minerals of pegmatites of the Kolmozero deposit (Kola Peninsula)
Authors: Morozova L N , Batalin G A , Gareev B I , Trifonov A A
Published: August 2019

The content of rare elements in the mineral composition can vary over a wide range. Therefore, the distribution regularities of impurity elements in crystalline phases are used to solve various petrological problems. Rare elements in minerals are indicators of PT-conditions for mineral formation or late superimposed processes. Rare elements that do not form their own phases, but are completely dispersed as an isomorphic impurity in the grids of rock-forming minerals, serve as reliable indicators of the development of mineral formation processes. For the pegmatite process, such microelements are: Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr, Pb and Tl. The main rock-forming pegmatite minerals are represented by quartz, plagioclase, microcline, spodumene and muscovite. The content of rare elements: Li, Be, Ta, Nb, Cs, Rb, Mn, Ti, Hf, Sr, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th, U, Y, Zr, Zn, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, Sn, Bi, W in spodumene, plagioclase, microcline and muscovite from rare metal pegmatites of the Kolmozero lithium deposit was determined by mass spectroscopy method with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS). A distinctive feature of the composition of spodumene is the high content of Li, Mn, Rb, Ti, Bi and Sn. In plagioclase high concentrations are noted for Li, Mn, Ti, Rb and Cr. According to the set of rare elements, microcline and plagioclase are comparable with each other. However, rare elements – V, Cr, Hf, defined in the plagioclase, are absent in the microcline. In comparison with plagioclase and microcline, muscovite is characterized by higher contents of Li, Ta, Mn, Ti, Be, Zn, Ga, Sn, Ba and Tl. The presence of a large number of rare elements in the composition of spodumene, plagioclase, microcline and muscovite may be due to isomorphism processes and the presence of mineral inclusions. High contents of Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Cs, Ti, Mn, Zn, Rb in the studied minerals indicate the enrichment of the pegmatite melt with these elements in the process of pegmatite formation.
Komatiites: issues of geodynamics and metallogeny
Authors: Sorokhtin N O , Kozlov N E
Published: August 2019

In the current paper the authors make an attempt to provide a theoretical basis for regular features of enrichment of komatiites in the present-day subequatorial part of the Earth with gold, nickel and platinum group minerals. The authors suggest that Archaean komatiitic greenstone belts formed mostly in the subequatorial area under significant overheating of the mantle at that time. The paper suggests and describes in detail a possible mechanism of these processes. According to it, komatiitic magmas were enriched with siderophile and chalcophile elements during a gradual melt of the “cold” substance of the primary Earth. It melted along the equator due to the tidal effect of the Moon on it. In the Archaean the Moon was much closer to the Earth than nowadays, and its orbit was near the Roche limit. It considerably increased the tidal interaction of the two planets and provided overheating of the Earth’s equatorial belt. Therefore, more heated areas must have had melts with high clarkes of protocrystallization elements and lower clarkes of concentration. It inevitably affected specific metallogenic features of produced komatiitic magmas and genetic diversity of deposit types in these areas. This paper corroborates the idea that the drift of the continents did not provide their chaotic movement along the mantle surface in the Earth’s history. Continental domains that formed in the subequatorial area in the Archaean are still near it and compose an ancient greenstone belt composed of komatiites.
Evaluation of psycho-emotional status of robotic system operator in the Arctic
Authors: Kirillov S N , Lukyanov D I
Published: August 2019

The paper shows the algorithm to assess psycho-emotional status of robotic system operator in the Arctic. It is shown that modern direction of robotics development does not sufficiently take into account the peculiarities of operator work in polar conditions. As a result, the efficiency of operator work can be significantly reduced which may lead to accidents and disabling of robotic systems and, consequently, to an increase in the cost of operations. The paper shows the need for systematic monitoring of psycho-emotional operator status. Modern methods to assess psycho-emotional state of a person in extreme conditions are considered and the assessment by speech signal is shown to be the most appropriate one. At the same time, other methods to assess psycho-emotional status of a person, such as assessment of heart rate and electrical activity of the skin, as well as assessment of facial expressions and body movement, have features that limit their use to assess operator status in the Arctic. The approach to assess psycho-emotional status of a person in the Arctic based on two-dimensional model of emotional plane is proposed, the effectiveness of these models. The possibility of using the proposed method for evaluating the psycho-emotional state of the operator under the conditions of the Arctic.
Conceptual theories and ideologies of sustainable development of the Arctic in the era of changing technological paradigms
Authors: Gladkiy Y N , Yu Eidemiller K , Samylovskaya E A , Sosnina M N
Published: August 2019

This study analyses conceptual theories and ideologies of sustainable development of the Arctic in the era of the 4th industrial revolution and the change of technological paradigms. It is based on the method of comparative analysis, as well as on axiomatic and empirical definitions based on the fundamentals of the civilization theory, reflecting the problems of changing technological paradigms, and the theory of innovation diffusion by the Swedish geographer T. Hagerstrand. The authors considered the prerequisites for changing the value development of countries, exemplifying it by the Arctic region. The paper touches upon main directions (concepts) of development of the “New North” (“New Arctic Region”) within the framework of the 7th technological paradigm, providing the analysis of the following: “Northern ideology”, “Metamodernism”, “Rethinking”, “Human development”, “Enlightened freedom of will”, “Bifurcation technocracy” and “Ultra-Scandinavianism”. As a result of the research, the authors came to the conclusion that the problem of sustainable development of the Arctic in the era of developing technological paradigms is multifaceted, and the chosen ways of this development are multidirectional. In the reference scenario, none of the adopted theories will be implemented solely on the basis of the underlying principles, since the Arctic region is currently facing pan-European challenges as well as regional and global ones, which will constantly interfere with the process and modify the given guidelines. An important corrective factor of this process is poorly controlled migration, which has brought to the region a large number of foreign cultural elements that own and carry an active civilization code, which is a challenge to the political and moral-ethical transformation of the region. However, for a whole range of cumulative reasons, the Arctic is now the stakeholder of high technologies, including theoretically oriented ones, being at the same time a testing ground for their development and improvement.
Experience of observation of indigenous minorities and ethnic minorities of Karelia
Authors: Radikov I , Pitukhina M , Tolstoguzov O , Volokh V
Published: August 2019

The article discusses some specific aspects of indigenous peoples’ rights exercise by Karelians, Vepsians and Finns - small-numbered peoples and ethnic (national) minorities located at the Republic of Karelia. As part of the study, a tool for assessment their rights exercise at the Republic of Karelia was developed. A so called observational passport of indigenous minorities was developed. This paper is based on indigenous peoples’ survey results organized in autumn 2017 in all municipalities of the Republic of Karelia. Difference in indigenous peoples’ rights exercise is substantiated in terms of 4 sectors (economic, social, cultural, and religious) and 3 levels (low, medium, high). The indigenous people survey results has showed that despite difficult economic situation 61.5% would not want to leave the Republic of Karelia. Among those who expressed a desire to leave the region - 42.5% - would like to go to another country (not Finland), 30% would like to leave Karelia for another region of the Russian Federation; 12.5% would move to another region inside the Republic of Karelia. Rather unhealthy lifestyle of indigenous people was identified at surveys’ social block. Religious bloc is predominated by Orthodox religion exercise and participation at traditional religious wedding ceremonies. Survey results for the cultural bloc have recorded a strong preservation of traditions and culture - half of respondents regularly cook national meal. The research found that Vepsians are dissatisfied with their rights exercise in each of the 4 sectors of the study; Karelians and Finns are characterized by an average degree of satisfaction in their rights exercise.
Ecological and biological aspects of the impact of industrial pollution on cellular and humoral immunity of residents of the Arctic latitudes (on the example of the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia)
Authors: Trotsenko A , Filatov N , Milyakova L , Pankratova M
Published: August 2019

The article presents the results of years of research aimed at investigating the influence of various immunotropic environmental factors on the nonspecific immunity of residents of the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia. The authors studied 2011 adults (adults) from 2001 to 2016, namely the indicators of nonspecific immunity - cell and humoral immunity of a representative sample: buccal test, skin bactericidal activity, cytochemical study (glycogen, alkaline phosphatase) of peripheral blood and white cells blood count. The subjects’ gender, age, length of residence in northern latitudes, the presence of chronic diseases, etc. were analyzed in detail. It describes the statistical data of target regions, level of industrial pollution, and features of climatic conditions. The studied indicators of nonspecific resistance of the residents of the Murmansk region, on average, are within the normal range, in contrast to similar indicators in the inhabitants of Karelia. An analysis of the research has shown that blood parameters determine compensatory-adaptive processes in combination with indicators of nonspecific immunity when a person adapts to adverse conditions of industrial cities and climatic factors. The emergence of such dependencies indicates the activation of metabolism and increase the work of reserve immune systems to maintain life safety. The following blood counts reacted to the regional and industrial factors: glycogen in lymphocytes and neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, leukocytes, segmented neutrophils. The methods of research of nonspecific resistance of the organism can be recommended as one of the criteria for the influence of environmental factors on the state of the human body as a whole.
Assessment of the impact of the socio-economic situation on the quality of life of the population of the Arctic zone
Authors: Ushakova T , Zykova N , Ikonnikova O
Published: August 2019

The article discusses the socio - economic indicators that determine the quality of life of the population of the Arctic regions of the North - West Federal District of the Russian Federation. The results of a comparative analysis of the impact of the socio-economic situation on the assessment of the quality of life of the population of the Municipal unit “City of Arkhangelsk” and the Municipal Unit “Severodvinsk” of the Arkhangelsk region, which are part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, are presented. The weak sides of the development of the Arkhangelsk region should include difficult climatic conditions, peripherality, high production costs, population outflows, a high level of risk for investors and an increased long-term investment in Arctic projects. The Arkhangelsk region belongs to the subsidized regions of the Russian Federation and as a result needs multilateral support from the state. To study the impact of the socio-economic situation on the quality of life of the population, indicators such as age and gender characteristics, type of activity, level of accessibility of medical care, etc. were used. Subjective tools for assessing the quality of life were the answers of respondents characterizing the conditions and quality of life in the Arctic region. The results of sociological studies of the quality of life of the population allowed to identify “problem points”. After analyzing the quality of life of the population on the basis of objective indicators and subjective assessment, contradictions and complexity were revealed in comparing these indicators. The authors have developed recommendations for the implementation of the policy pursued by state authorities, which should be directed to legislatively developed and adopted unified social standards for the level and quality of life, as well as to the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, focused on improving the quality of life.
The International Arctic Consortium Model
Authors: Afonichkina E A , Afonichkin A I , Stepanova M M , Tokareva E U
Published: August 2019

The study considers economic development of the Arctic region as supported by innovations and sustainable technologies, compliant to environmental regulations and following the trends of the Arctic region sustainable development. The experience shows that only joint efforts of researchers from different countries and the concentration of their research and investment potential can lead to positive results for each country, and ensure a positive effect for all cooperating countries, as well. A model of the International Arctic Consortium has been proposed. The Consortium operates on the basis of coordinated interests of the participating countries and ensures the development of the Arctic territories of the circumpolar countries.
Comparison of international transport corridors in the Arctic based on the autoregressive distributed lag model
Authors: Skripnuk D F , Kikkas K N , Safonova A S , Volodarskaya E B
Published: August 2019

This article examines the modeling of international transport corridors using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The modeling of international transport corridors makes allowance for the potential capacity to develop the Arctic transport environment in the context of polar ice melting and increasing time of navigation on the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The authors build models for the Northern Sea Route, the Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR), the Southern Sea Route (transport corridor of the Suez Canal), the Northwest Passage, and analyze the natural, organizational, technological, and economic factors that affect the endogenous variable of the international transport corridor model. When building the transport corridor models, the authors take the volume of transit traffic via the international corridor in time t as the endogenous variable for all corridors. Exogenous variables are selected according to the variables that have the highest impact on the volume of traffic via each transport corridor and feature most prominently in the literature reviewed in this article. For the Northern Sea Route, these variables include Russia’s GDP, the number of ships passing through the route, the number of nuclear icebreakers, the average tariff, and the minimum ice coverage in the Arctic. For the Southern Sea Route (transport corridor of the Suez Canal) – EU’s GDP, the number of ships passing through the route, the average tariff, and the volume of commercial transit cargo. The methodology for determining the parameters of the model includes the following procedures: flux balance analysis, analysis of the autocorrelation between endogenous and exogenous variables, multicollinearity analysis.
The application of the ARCH model for the assessment of transport routes in Northern Europe and Southeast Asia
Authors: Kikkas K N , Cherenkov V I , Berezovskaya I P , Anosova N E
Published: August 2019

The article proposes the method of comparison of future transport routes to connect North Europe and Southeast Asia. Two transport routes can pass through the expanses of the Arctic Ocean, along the shores of Russia and Canada. The Southern Sea Route on the Suez Canal and the Trans-Siberian Railway are the alternative transport routes. The Northern Sea Route is the shortest waterway between Northern Europe and Southeast Asia and has many advantages of goods transportation in the future. Compared to the Northwest Route along the Canadian coast, the Northern Sea Route has a greater number of competitive advantages. The authors outline the stages of transport routes comparison method. At the first stage, the goal of the analysis is set and the mathematical model is chosen. The second stage determines the resulting and influential indicators. The third stage involves collecting the information on selected indicators with each indicator being a time series. At the fourth stage, time invariance of each time series is analyzed. At the fifth stage, model is selected that displays the transport corridor. The sixth and seventh stages deal with autocorrelation and multicollinear analysis. At the eighth stage the coefficients of the equations are calculated. At the ninth stage, the conditional variance of the series of the resulting indicator is estimated and the decision is made whether to use the model of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (Arch – Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticit) for prediction. The paper describes the results of comparison of various international transport routes.
Innovative and Technological Development of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Konakhina N A , Baranova T A , Mokhorov D A , Prischepa A S
Published: August 2019

The article presents an analysis of the innovative and technological development of the Russian Arctic. Innovative development has a great significance for the economy of the country. Economic development of territories should be based on new knowledge and innovation. The purpose of the study is to assess the innovative and technological development of the Russian Arctic in order to forecast and create a strategy for the Russian Arctic based on knowledge and innovation. The author issues theoretical approaches to the problem of innovative and technological development of countries. The author suggests a methodology for innovative analysis and assesses the innovative and technological index of the Russian Arctic regions using the index method based on integrated index calculation. The analysis is based on the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation of 2015. The results of the study show that Arctic regions can be divided into three groups, namely: 1) regions with a high level of innovative and technological development (Krasnoyarsk region); 2) regions with a medium level of innovative and technological development (Arkhangelsk region, Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Areas); 3) the least developed regions (Nenets Autonomous Area). The results of the study can be used to create a strategy of innovative and technological development for each group of Russian Arctic regions.