bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O valor da biodiversidade e o impasse taxonômico: a diversidade marinha como estudo de caso
Authors: Lana Paulo Da Cunha
Published: October 2014

A diversidade biológica vem deixando de ser tratada como conceito ecológico estrito nos últimos anos e assumindo as características de um verdadeiro recurso global, graças aos avanços da biologia molecular e da engenharia genética. Apesar disto, nao existem ainda boas estimativas da biodiversidade nem mesmo como grandeza taxonômica. Um caso particularmente evidente deste desconhecimento generalizado é dado pela própria biodiversidade marinha. Cerca de 200 mil espécies de plantas e animais marinhos sãoatualmente conhecidas, mas há estimativas, mais ou menos fundamentadas, de que a diversidade potencial possa variar de 500 mil a 5 milhoes de espécies. Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar criticamente o conceito de biodiversidade, com ênfase no caso particular da biodiversidade marinha, juntamente com uma análise da atual disponibilidade de recursos humanos e materiais para o seu simples levantamento, .taxononuco.
Investigation on characterization and liquefaction of coals from Tavan tolgoi deposit
Authors: Purevsuren B , Jargalmaa S , Bat-Ulzil B , Avid B , Gerelmaa T
Published: October 2014

On the basis of proximate, ultimate, petrographic and IR analysis results have been confirmed that the Tavan tolgoi coal is a high-rank G mark stone coal. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of coal ash show that the Tavan tolgoi coal is a subbituminous coal. The ash of Tavan tolgoi coal has an acidic character. The results of pyrolysis of Tavan tolgoi coal at different heating temperatures show that a maximum yield - 5.0% of liquid product can be obtained at 700°C. The results of thermal dissolution of Tavan tolgoi coal in tetralin with constant mass ratio between coal and tetralin (1:1.8) at 450°C show that 50.0% of liquid product can be obtained after thermal decomposition of the COM (coal organic matter). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.191 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p12-19
Coumarins of Angelica deccurens
Authors: Ganbaatar J , Shults EE , Radnaeva LD , Taraskin VV
Published: October 2014

It was shown that the plant Angelica deccurens (Ldb.) B. Fedtsch might be serve as a source of valuable coumarins. Five linear furocoumarins – umbelliferon, isoimperatorin, imperatorin, psoralen and oxypeucedanin have been isolated from the roots of Angelica deccurens (Ldb.) B. Fedtsch growing in Mongolia. Molecular structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The coumarin psoralen has been isolated for the first time from this plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.193 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p25-27
Properties of humic substances isolated from different natural sources
Authors: Dolmaa G , Aleksandrova GP , Lesnichaya MB , Nominsetseg B , Ganzaya G , Bayraa B , Sukhov BG , Regdel D , Trofimov BA
Published: October 2014

The purpose of study was to determine properties of humic substances by combination of modern and traditional methods. Humic substances isolated from three different sources from Mongolia such as peloid from Lake Gurban nuur, coal from Baganuur deposit and oil shale from Shine khudag deposit. On the basis of determination H/C and O/C atomic ratios in humic substances by elemental analysis, confirmed existing of aromatic structures in the molecules and oxidized functional groups. Have been studied the structure of humic substances by spectral method. For example infrared spectrums showed that humic substances are characterizing with poly-structural components, with different quantity in the samples. Light adsorption of samples in the UV-Vis region, a decrease on the absorption intensity with an increase of the wave length was observed (Fig. 2). The high ratio Н/С, attributed to stretching of C=C bond of aromatic rings in IR spectrums, the high content of functional groups, lower extinction coefficients, confirmed that aromatic fragments to prevail than aliphatic chain fragments in structure of all studied HS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.199 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p51-56
Separation of medical nanopowder from the natural minerals by supercritical CO2
Authors: Oyun J
Published: October 2014

Nano-sized medical raw material has been derived from the medical quality natural spar (CaCO3) without the use of chemical salt. The theoretical base of the method consists in the transferring and keeping CO2 to a supercritical state during thermo-chemical processing of the spar at 900-950°C. The supercritical CO2 has a form of solid solution that holds the properties of both gas and solid. Afterwards, with dissolving it in the animal milk, the solution is equalized by the sovent’s expansion with the decrease of temperature and creates amorphous crystal nanopowder. The size of the resultant product was determined both by XRD and TEM analysis as to be 13.51 nm (Lu »13.09 nm). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.202 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p66-70
Water security and interstate conflict and cooperation
Authors: Costa Ribeiro Wagner , Mello Sant'Anna Fernanda
Published: October 2014

Tensions and conflicts over water use are increasingly common, as a result of both high water scarcity and high water demand. The use of water resources generates political disputes between countries sharing waters within their borders. This paper aims to discuss water security and the interstate conflict and cooperation that can result from it. It is based on an interdisciplinary literature review that aims to contribute to the development of studies on transboundary water policies, encompassing concepts such as water security, water justice and water governance. This article aims to grasp the problems involved in the conflicts and cooperation on shared use of transboundary water resources. It is divided in the following parts: water and international politics; international security, environmental security and water security; and interstate water conflicts and cooperation in the use of shared water resources. Cooperation in the use of transboundary waters might spare distributive conflicts on water use. In situations of scarcity, policies should prioritize human and animal watering, which might relieve water supply issues between riparian countries. On the other hand, water abundance may end up creating more tensions than water shortages, since disputes over its use might emerge instead of cooperation favoring interstate security.
Crase, Lin i O’Keefe, Sue (eds.) (2011). Water Policy, Tourism and Recreation
Authors: Pueyo Ros Josep
Published: October 2014

Crase, Lin i O’Keefe, Sue (eds.) (2011)Water Policy, Tourism and RecreationWashington: Resources for the Future, 221 p.ISBN 978-1-61726-087-2
Convergence of Object Focused Simultaneous Estimation of Optical Flow and State Dynamics
Authors: Bauer Nicholas , Pathirana Pubudu , Ekanayake Samitha , Srinivasan Mandyam
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study is to prove the convergence of the simultaneous estimation of the optical flow and object state (SEOS) method. The SEOS method utilizes dynamic object parameter information when calculating optical flow in tracking a moving object within a video stream. Optical flow estimation for the SEOS method requires the minimization of an error function containing the object's physical parameter data. When this function is discretized, the Euler-Lagrange equations form a system of linear equations. The system is arranged such that its property matrix is positive definite symmetric, proving the convergence of the Gauss-Seidel iterative methods. The system of linear equations produced by SEOS can alternatively be resolved by Jacobi iterative schemes. The positive definite symmetric property is not sufficient for Jacobi convergence. The convergence of SEOS for a block diagonal Jacobi is proved by analysing the Euclidean norm of the Jacobi matrix. In this paper, we also investigate the use of SEOS for tracking individual objects within a video sequence. The illustrations provided show the effectiveness of SEOS for localizing objects within a video sequence and generating optical flow results.
Optimal Trajectory Planning and Coordinated Tracking Control Method of Tethered Space Robot Based on Velocity Impulse
Authors: Huang Panfeng , Xu Xiudong , Meng Zhongjie
Published: October 2014

The tethered space robot (TSR) is a new concept of space robot which consists of a robot platform, space tether and operation robot. This paper presents a multi-objective optimal trajectory planning and a coordinated tracking control scheme for TSR based on velocity impulse in the approaching phase. Both total velocity impulse and flight time are included in this optimization. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is employed to obtain the optimal trajectory Pareto solution using the TSR dynamic model and optimal trajectory planning model. The coordinated tracking control scheme utilizes optimal velocity impulse. Furthermore, the PID controller is designed in order to compensate for the distance measurement errors. The PID control force is optimized and distributed to thrusters and the space tether using a simulated annealing algorithm. The attitude interferential torque of the space tether is compensated a using time-delay algorithm through reaction wheels. The simulation results show that the multi-objective optimal trajectory planning method can reveal the relationships among flight time, fuel consumption, planar view angle and velocity impulse number. This method can provide a series of optimal trajectory according to a number of special tasks. The coordinated control scheme can significantly save thruster fuel for tracking the optimal trajectory, restrain the attitude interferential torque produced by space tether and maintain the relative attitude stability of the operation robot.
Arbitrary Finite-time Tracking Control for Magnetic Levitation Systems
Authors: Tran Xuan-Toa , Kang Hee-Jun
Published: October 2014

In this paper, an arbitrary finite-time tracking control (AFTC) method is developed for magnetic levitation systems with uncertain dynamics and external disturbances. By introducing a novel augmented sliding-mode manifold function, the proposed method can eliminate the singular problem in traditional terminal sliding-mode control, as well as the reaching-phase problem. Moreover, the tracking errors can reach the reference value with faster convergence and better tracking precision in arbitrarily determined finite time. In addition, a fuzzy-arbitrary finite-time tracking control (F-AFTC) scheme that combines a fuzzy technique with AFTC to enhance the robustness and sliding performance is also proposed. A fuzzy logic system is used to replace the discontinuous control term. Thus, the chattering phenomenon is resolved without degrading the tracking performance. The stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed by the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is illustrated by simulation and experimental study in a real magnetic levitation system.
A new deepwater species of Calliopiidae, Halirages helgae (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with a synoptic table to Halirages species from the northeast Atlantic
Authors: Ringvold Halldis , Tandberg Anne Helene Solberg
Published: October 2014

Halirages helgae sp. nov. is recorded from the shelf slopes of the Norwegian Sea at depths of 1000 to 2600 m in the Arctic cold water masses. A total of 50 specimens were found at five stations. The species differs from other known species in the genus Halirages Boeck, 1871 by the bilobed posterior margin of pereonite 7. A synoptic table to the northeast Atlantic species of Halirages is provided.
Vers une éthique climatique plus efficace : motivations et incitations1
Authors: Bourban Michel
Published: October 2014

Cet article vise à justifier, puis à appliquer une éthique climatique centrée sur les intérêts des acteurs économiques. Après avoir expliqué pourquoi le changement climatique pose un problème important de motivation, je montre pour quelles raisons les incitations peuvent au moins partiellement y remédier. Je développe ensuite deux possibilités d’institutionnalisation de l’éthique des incitations. La première consiste en une taxe internationale augmentant progressivement le coût des émissions de dioxyde de carbone, un dispositif auquel il convient d’ajouter des subsides pour la recherche, le développement et le déploiement des énergies renouvelables. La seconde consiste en un marché global du carbone qui vise également à décourager l’utilisation des combustibles fossiles et à encourager l’utilisation de sources alternatives d’énergie. L’objectif est de montrer qu’une éthique climatique prenant en compte le problème de la motivation est plus efficace qu’une position qui se limite aux devoirs moraux incombant aux consommateurs et producteurs, soit de réduire leurs émissions.
Individualist Biocentrism vs. Holism Revisited
Authors: McShane Katie
Published: October 2014

While holist views such as ecocentrism have considerable intuitive appeal, arguing for the moral considerability of ecological wholes such as ecosystems has turned out to be a very difficult task. In the environmental ethics literature, individualist biocentrists have persuasively argued that individual organisms—but not ecological wholes—are properly regarded as having a good of their own . In this paper, I revisit those arguments and contend that they are fatally flawed. The paper proceeds in five parts. First, I consider some problems brought about by climate change for environmental conservation strategies and argue that these problems give us good pragmatic reasons to want a better account of the welfare of ecological wholes. Second, I describe the theoretical assumptions from normative ethics that form the background of the arguments against holism. Third, I review the arguments given by individualist biocentrists in favour of individualism over holism. Fourth, I review recent work in the philosophy of biology on the units of selection problem, work in medicine on the human biome, and work in evolutionary biology on epigenetics and endogenous viral elements. I show how these developments undermine both the individualist arguments described above as well as the distinction between individuals and wholes as it has been understood by individualists. Finally, I consider five possible theoretical responses to these problems.
Longe Demais das Capitais: O Secretário Executivo na Periferia da Periferia Do Capital
Authors: Silva Lobato Marília Gabriela , Aleluia Maycon da Silva , Costa Arley José Silveira da
Published: October 2014

Identidade é um processo de metamorfose constante onde as interações sociais, de modo dialético, constituem indivíduo e sociedade reciprocamente. Representações de identidade, inclusive profissionais, concretizam o processo histórico e revelam o contexto e as determinações sociais vigentes. Algumas localidades estão simultaneamente distantes do centro do capital mundial e local e são denominadas periferia da periferia do capital. Diversos municípios nestas condições, embora carentes de empresas de grande porte, possuem o bacharelado em Secretariado Executivo. Usando o Amapá como referência, este trabalho objetiva compreender a identidade do Secretário Executivo (SE) e os determinantes sociais da profissão na periferia da periferia do capital. Cinco Bacharéis em SE com atuação na função ou em áreas correlatas foram entrevistados. Os relatos indicaram reduzida empregabilidade, ausência de valorização e reconhecimento ao profissional de SE. O desconhecimento da profissão é indicado como razão para que os SE sejam contratados para o desempenho de funções técnicas, por outro lado, o mercado não exige a formação em nível superior para cargos cujas atribuições seriam pertinentes ao SE. Estas dificuldades prejudicam a satisfação, motivação, autoimagem e remuneração do profissional. Ausência de empresas de grande porte e aspectos culturais são apontados como fatores centrais para os problemas. As perspectivas de mudança deste quadro perpassam pela organização em sindicatos, associações e conselhos para a defesa dos direitos dos SE. As descrições das funções pertinentes ao profissional de SE correspondeu ao preconizado pela legislação, mas os profissionais apontaram a gestão e o ser executivo como uma pretensão de atribuição funcional.DOI: 10.7769/gesec.v4i3.240
Fatores de Atratividade: Abordagem Sedutora para Conquistar Ingressos no Curso de Secretariado Executivo
Authors: Reis Ana Karina , Freitas Ane Grasiele Gomes de
Published: October 2014

A profissão de Secretariado Executivo tem ganhado destaque no Brasil e no mundo. As Instituições de Ensino Superior – IES precisam estar preparadas para acompanhar as tendências em virtude do crescimento e contínuo reconhecimento da profissão secretarial, com intuito de capacitar e qualificar os alunos para desempenharem suas funções no mercado de trabalho. Partindo do pressuposto de que estratégias de comunicação são meios de persuadir o público-alvo e determinar atitudes, a pesquisa qualitativa se baseou em entrevistas em profundidade com graduandos e análise de conteúdo dos discursos para identificar os fatores de atratividade do curso de Secretariado Executivo Trilíngue da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. Como contribuições, a discussão analítica suportou o delineamento de características importantes para subsidiar a comunicação de marketing da coordenação para atrair estudantes para o curso, por meio da compreensão da comunicação como instrumento de divulgação das atividades e dos desafios para os estudantes e os profissionais da área.DOI: 10.7769/gesec.v5i1.194
Características dos Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia e Bacharelado em Secretariado: Um Estudo com Base na Interpretação das Diretrizes Curriculares
Authors: Stece Vanderleia , Cegan Edilaine , Lima Thereza Cristina Souza , Boguslawski Ana Maria
Published: October 2014

Embora as atividades de secretariado já existam de longa data, aregulamentação da profissão ainda é recente, pois data de 30/09/1985. Devido àevolução da profissão e o surgimento da formação tecnológica de nível superior,muitas dúvidas são originadas quanto à formação e atuação dos profissionaisformados nos cursos de tecnologia e bacharelado. Neste sentido, este estudobusca apresentar as possíveis diferenças existentes na formação e atuação dosprofissionais formados nos cursos superiores de Tecnologia e bacharelado emSecretariado. Como metodologia, a pesquisa qualitativa embasou o estudo, e oprincipal instrumento utilizado foi a análise documental dos seguintesdocumentos: lei de regulamentação da profissão (Lei 7377, de 30/09/85 e Lei9261, de 10/01/96); Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais Gerais para a organizaçãoe o funcionamento dos cursos superiores de tecnologia (Resolução CNE/CP 3, de18 de dezembro de 2002), Catalogo Nacional de Cursos Superiores de Tecnologiae  Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais parao curso de Secretariado Executivo (Resolução CNE/CES nº 3/2005, de 23 de junhode 2005. A pesquisa apontou que as principais diferenças estão relacionadasà  carga horária, à oferta de idiomas, e à nomenclatura dos cursos. Demonstra também que a Lei de Regulamentação daprofissão, não prevendo as diferenças existentes entre os dois graus de formação,contribui para o surgimento de dúvidas, principalmente sobre a atuação dessesprofissionais, uma vez que ambos são considerados Secretários Executivos.DOI: 10.7769/gesec.v5i1.233
O Impacto das Políticas de Eventos no Clima Organizacional
Authors: Lima Maria do Carmo Ferreira , Duarte Gabriela , Araujo Aline , Paiva Maria Cecília
Published: October 2014

Focando cada vez mais as relações pessoais e o indivíduo, as organizações têm percebido a necessidade de um clima organizacional positivo para seu bom desempenho e desenvolvimento. Ao considerar as políticas de eventos como uma ferramenta motivacional e de incentivo à relação interpessoal, na pesquisa pretende-se  aprofundar no assunto para estabelecer uma relação entre a utilização de tais práticas e seu impacto na geração de um ambiente de trabalho favorável. A realização da pesquisa deu-se em duas fases: uma de natureza exploratória-bibliográfica e outra de natureza quantitativa descritiva. Com a aplicação dos questionários foi verificado que as organizações não priorizam as necessidades e expectativas de seus funcionários, esquecendo que eles são recursos essenciais. Embora os colaboradores reconheçam que seu nível de motivação e integração são elevados com as aplicações de práticas de eventos e, além disso, afirmaram que há influências destas práticas em todo o clima da organização, são poucas as empresas que as adotam como ferramenta estratégica. Verificou-se ainda a grande disparidade existente entre a frequência e a influência desses eventos no cenário corporativo, que demonstraram a falta de conhecimento das organizações quando foi tratado na pesquisa sobre a opinião de seus colaboradores. Assim com os resultados da pesquisa percepeu-se que se as organizações investissem nos eventos corporativos com foco nos funcionários, conseguiriam elevar o estado de motivação de seus empregados.DOI: 10.7769/gesec.v5i1.262
ENSO reconstructions over the past 60 ka using giant clams (Tridacna sp.) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Driscoll Robin , Elliot Mary , Russon Tom , Welsh Kevin , Yokoyama Yusuke , Tudhope Alexander
Published: October 2014

We present 12 seasonally resolved δ18O profiles of giant clams (Tridacna sp.) from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, spanning discrete periods of time (9–38 years) over the past 60 ka. The interannual anomaly time series of these shells are used to reconstruct interannual variability which can predominantly be attributed in the modern climate to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in this region. We have found a significant reduction in interannual δ18O variance during the early Holocene, whereas during Marine Isotope Stage 3 there were at least some periods with variance not significantly different to the twentieth century. We show that ENSO variability seen during the late twentieth century is rare but not unprecedented within glacial climates.
TEC retrieval from spaceborne SAR data and its applications
Authors: Wang Cheng , Zhang Min , Xu Zheng‐Wen , Zhao Hai‐Sheng
Published: October 2014

It is well known that the spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) at VHF‐UHF band can be seriously affected by the ionosphere. Thus, the geophysical information of the ionosphere will be embedded in the low‐frequency SAR echoes after they transverse the ionosphere. Correspondingly, the total electron content (TEC), a typical ionospheric information parameter, can be retrieved from the spaceborne SAR data. However, the existing dual‐band techniques for TEC retrieval usually do not include consideration of multiple scattering effects caused by turbulent ionosphere, which plays an important role in the total path delay of signal under the strong fluctuation regimes. The result of TEC retrieval is therefore inaccurate and not applicable. Aiming at this issue, first, this paper analyzes the effects of regular background and the irregularity of electron density on SAR at L‐band, and the theoretical formulation is given. Then, a triband path delay technique of TEC retrieval based on the SAR data is proposed. By using three path delays corresponding to three specific frequencies within the signal bandwidth, this technique can remove the errors of multiple scattering due to the irregularity, and a high accuracy resolution of TEC value therefore can be obtained. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of this technique is analyzed. Finally, compared with traditional dual‐band technique, the numerical simulations show that the correction of SAR imaging based on triband technique is improved significantly. In addition, the resolution of reconstruction imaging using computerized ionospheric tomography performs significantly better based on the triband technique.
Comparing drag partition schemes over a herbaceous Sahelian rangeland
Authors: Pierre C. , Bergametti G. , Marticorena B. , Kergoat L. , Mougin E. , Hiernaux P.
Published: October 2014

Modeling of dust emissions from the surface remains complex, especially in semiarid regions where vegetation must be accounted for because of its potentially important protective effect. Protection is directly linked to the fraction of the soil surface covered by vegetation, but it is also driven by the interaction of vegetation elements with the wind field. The sensitivity of simulated dust emissions to various drag partition schemes—mainly those proposed by Raupach (1992), Marticorena and Bergametti (1995), and Okin (2008)—is evaluated for a typical Sahelian rangeland, covered by a seasonal grass layer, over a complete vegetation cycle. The application of these schemes requires a fine characterization of the vegetation cover; field measurements from an ecological survey are used to derive the geometric dimensions of the grass patches. Models are run with meteorological forcing from automatic weather stations. As a result, the impacts of soil moisture and grass cover are estimated over April to September. Soil moisture inhibits dust emissions by 27% in mass. The different drag partition schemes exhibit distinctive limitations, mostly due to the properties of the Sahelian grass cover, which is composed of large and low patches of short grass, with a strong seasonal dynamics. However, the drag partition schemes result in remarkably coherent estimations of dust emissions. When soil moisture is taken into account, vegetation reduces the total vertical mass fluxes by 6 to 26% of the emissions of a bare soil, depending on the drag partition scheme.
Using observations and a distributed hydrologic model to explore runoff thresholds linked with mesquite encroachment in the Sonoran Desert
Authors: Pierini Nicole A. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Robles‐Morua Agustin , Scott Russell L. , Nearing Mark A.
Published: October 2014

Woody plant encroachment is a world wide phenomenon with implications on the hydrologic cycle at the catchment scale that are not well understood. In this study, we use observations from two small semiarid watersheds in southern Arizona that have been encroached by the velvet mesquite tree and apply a distributed hydrologic model to explore runoff threshold processes experienced during the North American monsoon. The paired watersheds have similar soil and meteorological conditions, but vary considerably in terms of vegetation cover (mesquite, grass, bare soil) and their proportions with one basin having undergone mesquite removal in 1974. Long‐term observations from the watersheds exhibit changes in runoff production over time, such that the watershed with more woody plants currently has less runoff for small rainfall events, more runoff for larger events, and a larger runoff ratio during the study periods (summers 2011 and 2012). To explain this observation, we first test the distributed model, parameterized with high‐resolution (1 m) terrain and vegetation distributions, against continuous data from an environmental sensor network, including an eddy covariance tower, soil moisture, and temperature profiles in different vegetation types, and runoff observations. We find good agreement between the model and observations for simultaneous water and energy states and fluxes over a range of measurement scales. We then identify that the areal fraction of grass (bare soil) cover determines the runoff response for small (large) rainfall events due to the dominant controls of antecedent wetness (hydraulic conductivity). These model‐derived mechanisms explain how woody plants have differential effects on runoff in semiarid basins depending on precipitation event sizes.
A Systematic Approach for the Modeling of Replicated Foams
Authors: Rahimi Mehrad Mousavi , Shahbeyk Sharif
Published: October 2014

This paper proposes a numerical framework for realistic simulation of replicated foams. The method is inspired by the actual processes used in the manufacturing of this class of cellular materials. Accordingly, an assembly of space‐holders is generated first, then the physical process of cold isostatic pressing is simulated and, finally, the structure resulting from the leaching process is modeled using a voxel‐like finite element model and an efficient inverting algorithm. A simple yet effective solution for the simulation of the influence of infiltration pressure on the microstructure of foam is also suggested. Next, the numerical approach is verified using the experimental results of a set of replicated aluminum foams whose preforms were monomodal spherical salt grains. Samples with various relative densities are modeled and their elastic and yield properties are compared to those of tested samples from the literature. Satisfactory agreement has been achieved, which confirms the usefulness of the proposed approach.
B(C6F5)3‐katalysierte Hydrierung von Oximethern ohne Spaltung der N‐O‐Bindung
Authors: Mohr Jens , Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2014

Die Hydrierung von Oximen und Oximethern geht normalerweise mit der Spaltung der N‐O‐Bindung einher und setzt daher Amine und eben nicht Hydroxylamine frei. Die Bor‐Lewis‐Säure B(C6F5)3 katalysiert die chemoselektive Hydrierung von Oximethern bei erhöhter oder sogar Raumtemperatur unter 100 bar Wasserstoffdruck. Die Verwendung der Triisopropylsilylgruppe als Schutzgruppe erlaubt eine mühelose Freisetzung der Hydroxylamine.
Effects of Different Types of Bedding Materials on Behavioral Development in Laboratory CD1 Mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Ogata Akio , Inomata Akiko , Nakae Dai
Published: October 2014

Male and female mice were housed in cages, containing different types of bedding materials (wood flakes or pulp chips), from 4 weeks of age in the F0 generation to 11 weeks of age in the F1 generation; selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in the F1 generation. There were no adverse effects of bedding materials on litter size, litter weight, or sex ratios at the time of birth. With regard to behavioral development parameters, bedding materials did not influence any variables (p > 0.05) in both sexes. Regarding exploratory behavior in the F1 generation, number of defecations significantly varied (p = 0.0203) with bedding materials in males at 3 weeks of age. The number of horizontal activities also significantly varied (p = 0.0342) with bedding materials in males at 8 weeks of age. Multiple‐T water maze performance data indicated that the time required was significantly shortened across trials in pulp chips group than wood flakes group in males (p = 0.0211). Moreover, all spontaneous behavior variables in males significantly varied with bedding materials, particularly the average time of movement was significantly different (p = 0.0037) in distance between parallel lines of types of bedding materials in the F1 generation. The present study shows that bedding materials influence the neurobehavioral development in mice
Substrate‐Selective Catalysis
Authors: Lindbäck Emil , Dawaigher Sami , Wärnmark Kenneth
Published: October 2014

Substrate selectivity is an important output function for the validation of different enzyme models, catalytic cavity compounds, and reaction mechanisms as demonstrated in this review. In contrast to stereo‐, regio‐, and chemoselective catalysis, the field of substrate‐selective catalysis is under‐researched and has to date generated only a few, but important, industrial applications. This review points out the broad spectrum of different reaction types that have been investigated in substrate‐selective catalysis. The present review is the first one covering substrate‐selective catalysis and deals with reactions in which the substrates involved have the same reacting functionality and the catalysts is used in catalytic or in stoichiometric amounts. The review covers real substrate‐selective catalysis, thus only including cases in which substrate‐selective catalysis has been observed in competition between substrates.
Fe2O3–TiO2 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Charge Separation and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Moniz Savio J. A. , Shevlin Stephen A. , An Xiaoqiang , Guo Zheng‐Xiao , Tang Junwang
Published: October 2014

Photocatalysis provides a cost effective method for both renewable energy synthesis and environmental purification. Photocatalytic activity is dominated by the material design strategy and synthesis methods. Here, for the first time, we report very mild and effective photo‐deposition procedures for the synthesis of novel Fe2O3–TiO2 nanocomposites. Their photocatalytic activities have been found to be dramatically enhanced for both contaminant decomposition and photoelectrochemical water splitting. When used to decompose a model contaminant herbicide, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), monitored by both UV/Vis and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, 10 % Fe–TiO2–H2O displayed a remarkable enhancement of more than 200 % in the kinetics of complete mineralisation in comparison to the commercial material P25 TiO2 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the photocurrent is nearly double that of P25. The mechanism for this improvement in activity was determined using density functional theory (DFT) and photoluminescence. These approaches ultimately reveal that the photoelectron transfer is from TiO2 to Fe2O3. This favours O2 reduction which is the rate‐determining step in photocatalytic environmental purification. This in situ charge separation also allows for facile migration of holes from the valence band of TiO2 to the surface for the expected oxidation reactions, leading to higher photocurrent and better photocatalytic activity.
Cyclooctane Metathesis Catalyzed by Silica‐Supported Tungsten Pentamethyl [(SiO)W(Me)5]: Distribution of Macrocyclic Alkanes
Authors: Riache Nassima , Callens Emmanuel , Samantaray Manoja K. , Kharbatia Najeh M. , Atiqullah Muhammad , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: October 2014

Metathesis of cyclic alkanes catalyzed by the new surface complex [(SiO)W(Me)5] affords a wide distribution of cyclic and macrocyclic alkanes. The major products with the formula CnH2n are the result of either a ring contraction or ring expansion of cyclooctane leading to lower unsubstituted cyclic alkanes (5≤n≤7) and to an unprecedented distribution of unsubstituted macrocyclic alkanes (12≤n≤40), respectively, identified by GC/MS and by NMR spectroscopies.
Controlled Release of Fragrant Molecules with Visible Light
Authors: Wang Zhuozhi , Johns Valentine K. , Liao Yi
Published: October 2014

Controlled release of odorous molecules is the key to digital scent technology which will add another dimension to electronics. Photorelease is a cold mechanism that promises better temporal and spatial control than thermal release. Herein we report a novel material composed of an acid‐sensitive polymer carrying a fragrant aldehyde and a reversible metastable‐state photoacid. It releases the fragrant molecule under visible light, and stops releasing it after the light is turned off. A metastable‐state photoacid with a fast reverse‐reaction rate was developed to quickly stop the release after irradiation. Both the carrier polymer and the photoacid can be reused after all the fragrant molecules have been released. The material combines the advantages of visible‐light activity, fast on/off rate, easy preparation, and recyclability, and thus is promising for digital scent technology.
Supramolecular Engineering of Oligothiophene Nanorods without Insulators: Hierarchical Association of Rosettes and Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Yagai Shiki , Suzuki Mika , Lin Xu , Gushiken Marina , Noguchi Takuya , Karatsu Takashi , Kitamura Akihide , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu , Kikkawa Yoshihiro , Tani Yuki , Nakayama Ken‐ichi
Published: October 2014

Supramolecular rosettes of oligothiophenes that do not bear long aliphatic tails have been designed as semiconducting nanomaterials for solution‐processable bulk heterojunction solar cells. The rosettes consist of six barbiturated thienyl[oligo(hexylthiophene)] units (Bar‐T‐hTn; n=3,4,5) aggregated by multiple hydrogen bonds, which have been directly visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at a solid–liquid interface. 1H NMR spectroscopy in [D8]toluene showed that Bar‐T‐hTn exists as a mixture of monomers and small hydrogen‐bonded aggregates. Hierarchical organization of the hydrogen‐bonded aggregates took place through π–π stacking interactions upon casting their toluene solutions, resulting in the growth of highly ordered nanorods whose widths are consistent with the diameters of the rosettes. The nanorods could be generated in the presence of soluble fullerene derivatives via solution casting or the annealing of the resulting thin films. The solar cells fabricated based on these bulk heterojunction films showed power conversion efficiencies of 1–3 %, which are far higher than those of the non‐hydrogen‐bonded reference oligothiophene and the derivative that possesses long aliphatic tails.
Catalytic Enantioselective Quick Route to Aldol‐Tethered 1,6‐ and 1,7‐Enynes from ω‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: García Jesús M. , Odriozola José M. , Razkin Jesús , Lapuerta Irati , Odriozola Amaiur , Urruzuno Iñaki , Vera Silvia , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: October 2014

An effective asymmetric route to functionalized 1,6‐ and 1,7‐enynes has been developed based on a direct cross‐aldol reaction between ω‐unsaturated aldehydes and propargylic aldehydes (α,β‐ynals) promoted by combined α,α‐dialkylprolinol ether/Brønsted acid catalysis. This synergistic activation strategy is key to accessing the corresponding aldol adducts with high stereoselectivity, both enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The aldol reaction also proceeds well with propargylic ketones (α,β‐ynones) thus enabling a stereocontrolled access to the corresponding tertiary alcohols. The utility of these adducts, which are difficult to prepare through standard methodology, is demonstrated by their transformation into trisubstituted bicyclic enones using standard Pauson–Khand conditions.
Smoking history predicts for increased risk of second primary lung cancer: A comprehensive analysis
Authors: Boyle John M. , Tandberg Daniel J. , Chino Junzo P. , D'Amico Thomas A. , Ready Neal E. , Kelsey Chris R.
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of smoking on the development of second primary lung cancers (SPLCs) and other clinical outcomes after surgery for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

All patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC at the study institution from 1995 through 2008 were identified. Rates of SPLC were analyzed based on smoking status and pack‐year exposure. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine risk factors for SPLC. Overall survival, local control, distant metastases, and postoperative mortality were also examined.

RESULTS

A total of 1484 patients were identified, including 98 never‐smokers. The incidence of SPLC at 3 years, 5 years, and 8 years was 5%, 8%, and 16%, respectively. Only 1 never‐smoker developed an SPLC. On multivariate analysis, which was restricted to ever‐smokers with pack‐years as a continuous variable, smoking history was found to be the only independent risk factor for SPLC (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.16 [P = .031]), corresponding to an 8% increased risk per 10 pack‐year exposure. There were no differences in rates of local control or distant metastases based on smoking status. There was a trend toward lower postoperative mortality in never‐smokers compared with ever‐smokers (0% vs 3.3%; P = .069). Overall survival was found to be significantly worse for current smokers compared with former and never‐smokers.

CONCLUSIONS

SPLCs are rare in never‐smokers. Increasing tobacco exposure is associated with a higher risk of SPLC in patients with a history of smoking. Current smokers have an increased risk of mortality whereas former and never‐smokers have comparable survival. Cancer 2015;121:598–604. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Statistical classification of pumpkin seed oils by direct infusion mass spectrometry: Correlation with GC‐FID profiles
Authors: Lerma‐García María Jesús , Saucedo‐Hernández Yanelis , Herrero‐Martínez José Manuel , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo , Jorge‐Rodríguez Elisa , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto F.
Published: October 2014

A method to classify pumpkin seed oils according to their species (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo, and Cucurbita moschata), and C. moschata oils according to their genetic variety (RG, Inivit C‐88 and Inivit C‐2000) using fatty acid profiles obtained by direct infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) has been developed. For DIMS, pumpkin seed oils were 1:4 (v/v) diluted with an 85:15 propanol/methanol (v/v) mixture containing 40 mM ammonia and directly infused into the mass spectrometer using a syringe pump. The establishment of ratios of the peak abundances of the free fatty acids followed by linear discriminant analysis was employed to predict both pumpkin seed oil species and C. moschata genetic variety. Moreover, the profiles obtained with this methodology were compared with the profiles obtained by the traditional GC‐FID. Since a good correlation between both methodologies was obtained, the proposed DIMS method is a promising alternative for fatty acid fingerprinting of pumpkin oils, with the advantage that prior chromatographic separation is not required.

Practical applications: Pumpkin seed oils from several species and variety, differing in their organoleptic, antioxidant, and pharmaceutical properties, are found at high prices within the organic farming and gastronomical commercial circuits. Therefore, authentication methods capable of establishing the origin and other quality parameters of pumpkin seed oils are required. In this work, a simple and quick DIMS method, capable of predicting the species and genetic variety of pumpkin seed oils has been developed. The MS intensities of the free fatty acids can be measured after a simple dilution of the oils; in this way, the conventional GC‐FID separation is avoided, being only necessary to rinse the spectrometer for 5 min between successive infusions to achieve low backgrounds and reproducible oil profiles. Thus, the proposed method is a promising alternative to the traditional GC‐FID method for fatty acid fingerprinting, with the additional advantage that previous chromatographic separation is not required.

Fatty acid profiles obtained by direct infusion MS were used to predict the species and genetic variety of pumpkin seed oils.
The effect of thermal treatment on the quality changes of Antartic krill meal during the manufacturing process: High processing temperatures decrease product quality
Authors: Lu Fung Sieng Henna , Bruheim Inge , Ale Marcel Tutor , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: October 2014

The quality of krill products is influenced by their manufacturing process and could be evaluated by their degradation products from lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. The main objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on these two reactions in krill products during their manufacturing process; and (ii) to understand and postulate the possible mechanisms for non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products. Characterisation of krill products at different stages was obtained by determination of their lipid composition (lipid classes and phospholipids), antioxidant (α‐tocopherol and astaxanthin esters) and volatile profiles (degradation products from lipid oxidation and Strecker degradation). The use of thermal treatment resulted in lipid oxidation and subsequently led to the development of non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products during their manufacturing process. It is hypothesized that non‐enzymatic browning reactions in krill products might occur through Maillard reaction or lipid peroxidation pathways.

Practical applications: The quality of krill products is influenced by the temperature used during their manufacturing process, and the occurrence of their degradative reactions is influenced by the chemical composition and matrix of krill products. This work provides information about the possible mechanisms of the two most commonly found reactions in the food system namely, lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. This information is not only applicable to krill products but also to other food matrices containing lipid, protein, sugar, etc.

The quality of krill based products is influenced by the thermal treatment used during their manufacturing process and could be evaluated by their degradation products derived from lipid oxidation and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. Therefore, the processing temperature needs to be kept as low as possible to prevent the occurrence of these reactions and subsequently preserve the quality of krill products.
Maillard reaction and lipid peroxidation contribute to non‐enzymatic browning in krill‐based products: A model study on proposed mechanisms
Authors: Lu Fung Sieng Henna , Bruheim Inge , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: October 2014

The main objective of this study was to further investigate whether the occurrence of Strecker degradation in krill‐based products is due to the presence of N‐Acetylglucosamine (amino sugar derived from krill exoskeleton) or lipid‐derived carbonyls. A simple model system comprising amino acids was incubated at 60°C for 0, 3, 9, and 24 h with five selected lipid‐derived carbonyls or five Strecker‐derived volatiles or an amino sugar. The presence of both amino sugar and lipid‐derived carbonyls (especially α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes) caused non‐enzymatic browning reactions: (i) pyrrole formation; (ii) browning development; and (iii) Strecker degradation of amino acids, with a faster reaction rate by amino sugar. In addition, the presence of a high level of Strecker degradation products might enhance pyrrole formation.

Practical applications: This work provides information about the Strecker degradation of amino acids induced by amino sugar (N‐Acetylglucosamine) and lipid‐derived carbonyl compounds, and the increase of pyrrole formation is ascribed to the presence of a high level of Strecker degradation products. The obtained knowledge from this fundamental study explains the occurrence of Strecker degradation in krill products especially after enzymatic treatment due to the increased level of amino acids, lipid oxidation products and amino sugar derived from krill shell. This information is not only applicable to krill matrix but also to similar matrices from other food systems.

Non‐enzymatic browning reactions, especially Strecker degradation of amino acids in krill‐based products during their thermal treatment, are induced either through Maillard reaction due to the presence of amino sugar derived from krill exoskeleton or through the lipid peroxidation pathway due to the presence of unsaturated aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation.