bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unique Antithrombin III Binding Domain of Heparin: A Lead to New Synthetic Antithrombotics
Authors: van Boeckel Constant A. A. , Petitou Maurice
Published: December 2003

Heparin, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is well known for its anticoagulant effect mediated by the serine protease inhibitor antithrombin III (AT III). Heparin has been used clinically for more than half a century for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism. Up until the 1980s it was assumed that the biological activity of heparin was mainly caused by its polyanionic character. However, this paradigm was contradicted when it was discovered that part of the heparin polysaccharides contains a well‐defined pentasaccharide domain that specifically binds and activates AT III. The specificity of the interaction between the characteristic pentasaccharide and AT III has become more obvious after the synthesis and biological testing of various heparin analogues. This article reviews the synthesis of the heparin pentasaccharide, some closely related counterparts, and some highly modified analogues. With the aid of molecular modeling and through “tailored” molecular modifications of the pentasaccharide, much knowledge has been gained concerning structure‐activity relationships. On this basis not only have more potent and simplified derivatives been developed, but also the recognition between heparin and AT III can now be understood in greater detail at the molecular level.
Electrochemical Production of Zinti Anions: Renaissance of a Synthesis Route**
Authors: Eisenmann Brigitte
Published: December 2003

The catholic reduction of binary compounds—based on Zintl's pioneering work on “polyanionic salts”—is an elegant way to new anions with unusual structures, such as those found by Haushalter et al. Thus, for example, the telluridoantimonates [Sb4Te4]4− and [Sb9Te6]3− are accessible from Sb2Te3 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1646). This electrochemical route is a clever addition to established methods for the production of Zintl anions and appears to hold a great potential.
The Bis(cyclopentadienyl)thallate(I) Anion Isoelectronic with Stannocene
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Kuhn Annja , Moncrieff David , Paver Michael A. , Russell Christopher A. , Stalke Dietmar , Steiner Alexander , Wright Dominic S.
Published: December 2003

A bent thallocene anion is found in complexes 1 and 2, which are prepared by the reaction of [CpTl] and [Cp2Mg] (for 1) or [CpLi] (for 2) and N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenediamine (PMDETA). The [(η5‐Cp)2Tl]− anion is isoelectronic and isostructural with stannocene. Ab initio calculations show that the bent structure with CS symmetry is only marginally more stable than the linear conformer with D5h symmetry.
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Thermal Decomposition of Silver Oxide Monitored by Raman Spectroscopy: From AgO Units to Oxygen Atoms Chemisorbed on the Silver Surface
Authors: Pettinger Bruno , Bao Xinhe , Wilcock Ian , Muhler Martin , Schlögl Robert , Ertl Gerhard
Published: December 2003

When Ag7O8NO3 is heated in an O2‐free atmosphere between 300 and 930 K, its AgO units (300–480 K) are transformed into Ag2O units (480–580 K) and ultimately into metallic Ag. A strongly chemisorbed Oγ species is found on the Ag surface at temperatures between 580 and 900 K which participates in the catalytic oxidation of methanol to give formaldehyde. The various O species were characterized by Raman spectroscopy.
Luminescent Labels—More than Just an Alternative to Radioisotopes?
Authors: Mayer Andreas , Neuenhofer Stephan
Published: December 2003

Chemical, chromatographic, or spectrometric methods are generally unsuitable for the detection of molecules in the nano and subnanogram region because of their low sensitivity. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) developed by Yalow and Berson in 1959 combined the high sensitivity of radioactively labeled substances with the high specificity of immunological reactions for the first time. In this way it was possible to detect quantitatively the tiniest traces of substances in the presence of an excess of other, in some cases, similar foreign substances without prior enrichment. Immunoassays have certainly developed to become the most valuable analytical tool of in vitro diagnostics and are today routinely employed for the detection of endogenous and exogenous substances (e.g. hormones, tumor‐associated proteins, bacteria, viruses, toxins, drugs, etc). The many disadvantages of radioactivity such as the required handling licenses, disposal costs, precautions necessary to prevent risks to health, short shelf‐life, and limited sensitivity soon led to the search for other nonradioactive labeling methods. Encouraged by the development of light measuring techniques and the commercial availability of highly sensitive apparatus, radioactive isotopes as labels are today being replaced increasingly by enzymes, fluorophores, or luminophores. Some of the new luminescent labels have, however, not only facilitated replacement of radioisotopes, but also a breakthrough into what has until now been unattainable levels of sensitivity. The following article reviews the methods of luminescent labeling and their applications mainly in the area of immunoassays.
The Pressure Effect in Pericyclic Rearrangements: the Cope Rearrangement, Electrocyclization, and the Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Diedrich Matthias K. , Hochstrate Dirk , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Zimny Bernd
Published: December 2003

Important information about the geometry of the transition state is contained in the activation volume ΔV≠ obtained from the pressure dependence of the reaction rate, which in the title reactions allows a correlation to be drawn between the size of the activation volume and the number of new interactions in the cyclic transition states. Every additional five‐ or six‐membered ring formed in the transition state contributes about −10 to −12cm3mol−1 to ΔV≠.
Effects of Metal‐Ion Dopants on the Photocatalytic Reactivity of Quantum‐Sized TiO2 Particles
Authors: Choi Wonyong , Termin Andreas , Hoffmann Michael R.
Published: December 2003

Oxidation and reduction rates are increased when the photocatalyst TiO2 is doped with metal ions. The photochemical oxidation of CHCl3 and the photochemical reduction of CCl4 were examined in the presence of 21 different doped TiO2 catalysts. Dopant metal ions with closed shells were found to have little effect on reactivity. The authors present their results in the form of a periodic chart.
Are Polar Organometallic Compounds “Carbanions”? The Gegenion Effect on Structure and Energies of Alkali‐Metal Compounds
Authors: Lambert Christoph , von Ragué Schleyer Paul
Published: December 2003

Polar organometallic compounds such as alkyllithium compounds or Grignard reagents often are conceived as “carbanions”, although it is well known from experiments that the metal gegenions may have a strong, and often directing, influence on the reactivity (for example, the basicity vs. the nucleophilicity) of the “carbanion”. This demonstrates that “carbanions” are tightly associated ion pairs, at least in commonly used less polar or nonpolar solvent systems like ethers or hydrocarbons. However, despite about ninety years of widespread application of these organometallic compounds as bases or nucleophilic reagents, the role of the gegenion is not yet understood fully. The focus of this review is on the inherent influences of the metal gegenion on the structures, reaction energies, and activation barriers of some representative alkali‐metal compounds. While most comparisons of physical and chemical properties determined experimentally for Group I compounds are precluded due to different substituents, solvents, ligands, etc., ab initio calculations of model compounds can yield intrinsic data that are useful for a better understanding of chemical behavior. For this reason, most of the data reviewed in this article are based on quantum chemical calculations, which are compared with experimental data where available.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Mullis Kary B.
Published: December 2003

What did it feel like to invent the polymerase chain reaction? In his Nobel Lecture K. B. Mullis gives an entertaining and philosophical account of his journey that resulted in a powerful new method, completely automated in the meantime, for the synthesis of as much identical DNA as desired from one single strand.
Recombinant Whole Cells as Catalysts for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides and Glycopeptides
Authors: Herrmann Guido F. , Wang Peng , Shen Gwo‐Jenn , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: December 2003

An easier, faster, cheaper approach to the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides would be to employ whole cells rather than purified enzymes. In this report recombinant E. coli cells mediate the mannosylation of monosaccharides and glycopeptides. It was also proven that the relevant enzyme, mannosyl transferase, does not leak from the periplasmic space of the cells into the medium.
A Kinetic Study of the Hydrolysis of Phosgene in Aqueous Solution by Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: Mertens Ralf , von Sonntag Clemens , Lind Johan , Merenyi Gabor
Published: December 2003

Since the free radical induced degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons yields phosgene, the exact kinetic data for phosgene′s behavior in aqueous solution is of interest. Its hydrolysis was examined at temperatures ranging from 13 to 59°C. Phosgene itself was generated by radiolysis of aqueous CCl4 solutions [Eq. (a)].
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Peptidyl‐Prolyl cis/trans Isomerases and Their Effectors
Authors: Fischer Gunter
Published: December 2003

Changes in the conformation of the units within the peptide chain are the elementary processes in the folding of a protein into its native three‐dimensional structure. Even a few years ago protein folding in vivo was considered to be an autonomous process not requiring the help of enzymes or auxiliary substances. Recently an increasing number of proteins that assist in the folding process have been found; these include enzymes that catalyze conformational interconversions. The cis/trans isomerization of the petptide bond N‐terminal to a praline residue is catalyzed by peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases). Two families of these ubiquitous and phylogenetically highly conserved enzymes are known, the cyclophilins and FK506‐binding proteins. Their catalytic activity is extremely highmdash;the rate constants for the bimolecular reactions they catalyze approach the diffusion‐controlled limit for enzyme‐substrate reactions. These enzymes increase the rate of isomerization in oligopeptides as well as in intermediate in protein folding. It is not yet known which structural units in the cell serve as substrates and exactly which reactions are catalyzed. However, these isomerases have been shown to interact with the heat shock proteins of the nonactivated steroid receptors and with the gag polyprotein of the AIDS HIV‐1 virus. The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A and FK506 are highly effective inhibitors for PPIases. Surprisingly these compounds affect the signal cascade of T cells but not through enzyme inhibition; the inhibitor‐enzyme complexes themselves are the active agents. These complexes exhibit properties not displayed by the individual components and thus are able to affect other cellular components. The current model of the suppression of the antigen‐ and mitogen‐stimulated clonal expansion of T cells is presented here.
Enantioselective Reactions in a Static Magnetic Field‐A False Alarm!
Authors: Gölitz Peter
Published: December 2003

Too good to be true—in hindsight unfortunately this must be said about a publication by G. Zadel et al. that appeared in the second February issue of Angewandte Chemie entitled “Enantioselective Reactions in a Static Magnetic Field”. The history of the publication and, in particular, the factors influencing the decision to publish are outlined. Regrettably, unnecessary time and effort were invested by many research groups worldwide in trying to reproduce these results. It is reassuring to know, however, that important publications are checked critically and very rapidly. In this particular case, established theories continue to hold true.
A Highly Distorted and an Undistorted Borirane, CBH Hyperconjugation Induced by CSiH Hyperconjugation
Authors: Balzereit Christian , Kybart Claudia , Winkler Heinz‐Jürgen , Massa Werner , Berndt Armin
Published: December 2003

For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.199416681
A New Class of Novel Macrocyclic Mesogens
Authors: Ashton Peter R. , Joachimi Detlev , Spencer Neil , Stoddart J. Fraser , Tschierske Carsten , White Andrew J. P. , Williams David J. , Zab Kerstin
Published: December 2003

For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.199416681
Use of protein charge ladders to study electrostatic interactions during protein ultrafiltration
Authors: Ebersold Mareia Frost , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: December 2003

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of electrostatic interactions in membrane systems, but there is still controversy about the underlying phenomena. Protein charge ladders, consisting of a set of chemical derivatives of a given protein that differ by single charge groups, were used to quantify the electrostatic interactions during protein ultrafiltration. Myoglobin charge ladders were generated by acylation, with the different derivatives analyzed simultaneously by capillary electrophoresis. Filtration experiments were performed using polyethersulfone and composite regenerated cellulose membranes, with the membrane charge determined from the streaming potential. As expected, the rejection increased as the protein became more heavily charged due to the increase in electrostatic repulsion. However, the transmission of the weakly charged myoglobin species increased dramatically at very low ionic strength. This increase in transmission was attributed to a shift in pH within the pore caused by hydrogen ion partitioning into the charged membrane. The sieving data were in good agreement with theoretical calculations accounting for the effects of this pH shift on the electrostatic interactions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recolonization of laser‐ablated bacterial biofilm
Authors: Nandakumar Kanavillil , Obika Hideki , Utsumi Akihiro , Toshihiko Ooie , Yano Tetsuo
Published: December 2003

The recolonization of laser‐ablated bacterial monoculture biofilm was studied in the laboratory by using a flow‐cytometer system. The marine biofilm‐forming bacterium Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora was used to develop biofilms on titanium coupons. Upon exposure to a low‐power pulsed irradiation from an Nd:YAG laser, the coupons with biofilm were significantly reduced both in terms of total viable count (TVC) and area cover. The energy density used for a pulse of 5 ns was 0.1 J/cm2 and the durations of irradiation exposure were 5 and 10 min. When placed in a flow of dilute ZoBell marine broth medium (10%) the laser‐destructed bacterial film in a flow‐cytometer showed significant recovery over a period of time. The flow of medium was regulated at 3.2 ml/min. The increase in area cover and TVC, however, was significantly less than that observed for nonirradiated control (t‐test, P< 0.05). The coupons were observed for biofilm area cover and TVC at different intervals (3, 6, and 9 h) after irradiation. While the biofilm in the control coupon at the end of 9 h of exposure showed 95.6 ± 4.1% cover, the 5‐ and 10‐min irradiated samples after 9 h showed 60.3 ± 6.5 and 37.4 ± 12.1% area cover, respectively. The reduced rate of recolonization compared to control was thought be due to the lethal and sublethal impacts of laser irradiation on bacteria. This observation thus provided data on the online recolonization speed of biofilm, which is important when considering pulsed laser irradiation as an ablating technique of biofilm formation and removal in natural systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for the cryopreservation of microencapsulated cells
Authors: Heng Boon Chin , Yu Hanry , Ng Soon Chye
Published: December 2003

The major challenge in developing cryopreservation protocols for microencapsulated cells is that the relatively large size (300–400 μm) and the fragile semipermeable membrane of microcapsules makes them particularly prone to cryodamage. Rapid‐cooling cryopreservation protocols with high DMSO concentrations (3.5M, 25% v/v) resulted in low post‐thaw cell viability (<10%), which did not improve with higher concentrations (4.5M, 32% v/v) and longer exposure to DMSO, even though the majority of microcapsules (60–80%) remained intact. Subsequent investigations of slow cooling with a range of DMSO and EG concentrations resulted in a much higher post‐thaw cell viability (80–85%), with the majority of the microcapsules remaining intact (∼60%) when DMSO was used at a concentration of 2.8M (20% v/v) and EG at a concentration of 2.7M (15% v/v). The presence of 0.25M sucrose significantly improved post‐thaw cell viability upon slow cooling with 2.8M (20% v/v) DMSO, although it had no effect on microcapsule integrity. Multistep exposure and removal of sucrose did not significantly improve either post‐thaw cell viability or microcapsule integrity, compared to a single‐step protocol. Ficoll 20% (w/v) also did not significantly improve post‐thaw cell viability and microcapsule integrity. Hence, the optimal condition for microcapsule cryopreservation developed in this study is slow cooling with 2.8M (20% v/v) DMSO and 0.25M sucrose. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximizing interferon‐γ production by chinese hamster ovary cells through temperature shift optimization: Experimental and modeling
Authors: Fox Stephen R. , Patel Upasana A. , Yap Miranda G. S. , Wang Daniel I. C.
Published: December 2003

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) exhibits a 2‐fold increase in specific productivity when grown at 32°C compared to 37°C. Low temperature also causes growth arrest, meaning that the cell density is significantly lower at 32°C, nutrients are consumed at a slower rate and the batch culture can be run for a longer period of time prior to the onset of cell death. At the end of the batch, product concentration is doubled at the low temperature. However, the batch time is nearly doubled as well, and this causes volumetric productivity to only marginally improve by using low temperature. One approach to alleviate the problem of slow growth at low temperature is to utilize a biphasic process, wherein cells are cultured at 37°C for a period of time in order to obtain reasonably high cell density and then the temperature is shifted to 32°C to achieve high specific productivity. Using this approach, it is hypothesized that IFN‐γ volumetric productivity would be maximized. We developed and validated a model for predicting the optimal point in time at which to shift the culture temperature from 37°C to 32°C. It was found that by shifting the temperature after 3 days of growth, the IFN‐γ volumetric productivity is increased by 40% compared to growth and production at 32°C and by 90% compared to 37°C, without any decrease in total production relative to culturing at 32°C alone. The modeling framework presented here is applicable for optimizing controlled proliferation processes in general. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient production of a bioactive, multiple disulfide‐bonded protein using modified extracts of Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Dong‐Myung , Swartz James R.
Published: December 2003

In this report, we demonstrate that a complex mammalian protein containing multiple disulfide bonds is successfully expressed in an E.coli‐based cell‐free protein synthesis system. Initially, disulfide‐reducing activities in the cell extract prevented the formation of disulfide bonds. However, a simple pretreatment of the cell extract with iodoacetamide abolished the reducing activity. This extract was still active for protein synthesis even under oxidizing conditions. The use of a glutathione redox buffer coupled with the DsbC disulfide isomerase and pH optimization produced 40 μg/mL of active urokinase protease in a simple batch reaction. This result not only demonstrates efficient production of complex proteins, it also emphasizes the control and flexibility offered by the cell‐free approach. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of membrane fouling by protein mixtures using MALDI‐MS
Authors: Chan R. , Chen Vicky , Bucknall M. P.
Published: December 2003

Binary aqueous solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β‐lactoglobulin (bLG) were subject to flux‐stepping and constant flux ultrafiltration to identify the apparent critical flux and to study the mechanisms and factors affecting fouling when the membrane is permeable to one protein component. Membranes from these filtration experiments were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) to locate and quantify levels of fouling below and above the apparent critical flux. Hydrophilic (PLTK) regenerated cellulose and hydrophobic (PBTK) polysulfone asymmetric membranes were used, both of 30 kDa nominal molecular weight cut‐off. For the hydrophilic PLTK membrane, protein deposition was shown to depend on electrostatic forces, exhibiting little or no fouling when the proteins had the same charge sign as that of the membrane. This was found to apply for both dilute equal mass‐per‐unit‐volume and equimolar binary mixtures. For the PBTK membrane, hydrophobic protein‐membrane attractive forces were sufficiently strong to cause deposition of bLG even in the presence of repulsive electrostatic forces. For the PBTK membrane deposition exceeded monolayer coverage below and above apparent critical flux conditions but for the PLTK membrane this generally occurred when the apparent critical flux was exceeded. MALDI‐MS was shown to be a facile direct analytical technique for individually quantifying adsorbed proteins on membrane surfaces at levels as low as 50 fmol/mm2. The high levels of compound specificity inherent to mass spectrometry make this approach especially suited to the quantification of individual components in mixed deposits. In this study, MALDI‐MS was found to be successful in identifying and quantifying the protein species responsible for fouling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of an in vivo plant P450 monooxygenase system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jiang Hanxiao , Morgan John A.
Published: December 2003

Cytochrome P450s are heme‐thiolate oxygenases involved in a wide number of reactions such as epoxidation, hydroxylation, and demethylation. Heterologously expressed eukaryotic P450s are potentially useful biocatalysts for stereospecific oxygenation reactions under mild conditions. Numerous factors, such as intracellular pH, cytochrome P450, cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and oxygen concentration all influence the in vivo activity. To systematically examine these factors, we selected ferulate 5‐hydroxylase (F5H), a plant P450, with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae WAT11 strain as an expression host. Two media compositions and two cultivation procedures were investigated to optimize the in vivo activity of F5H. We modified a previously published selective growth medium (Pompon et al. [1996] Methods Enzymol 272:51–64) that increased the specific growth rate and cell yield of the host strain. A cultivation procedure with separate growth and induction stages that each contained selective media resulted in a 45% increase of whole cell F5H specific activity. In a medium designed for simultaneous growth and induction, we observed a 2.6‐fold higher specific F5H activity, but substantially lower cell yield. Surprisingly, in this medium the higher specific F5H activity did not correlate with a higher P450 concentration. The effects of addition of the first committed heme precursor, δ‐aminolevulinic acid, and Fe(III) at the beginning of induction period were also studied for our two‐stage procedure. A small, but significant (P < 0.05) increase in whole cell F5H activity was observed following ALA addition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional display of foreign protein on surface of Escherichia coli using N‐terminal domain of ice nucleation protein
Authors: Li Lin , Gyun Kang Dong , Joon Cha Hyung
Published: December 2003

We investigated the ability of the N‐terminal domain of InaK, an ice nucleation protein from Pseudomonas syringae KCTC1832, to act as an anchoring motif for the display of foreign proteins on the Escherichia coli cell surface. Total expression level and surface display efficiency of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was compared following their fusion with either the N‐terminal domain of InaK (InaK‐N), or with the known truncated InaK containing both N‐ and C‐terminal domains (InaK‐NC). We report that the InaK‐N/GFP fusion protein showed a similar cell surface display efficiency (∼50%) as InaK‐NC/GFP, demonstrating that the InaK N‐terminal region alone can direct translocation of foreign proteins to the cell surface and can be employed as a potential cell surface display motif. Moreover, InaK‐N/GFP showed the highest levels of total expression and surface display based on unit cell density. InaK‐N was also successful in directing cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), confirming its ability to act as a display motif. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of various lipolytic enzymes in crude porcine pancreatic lipase preparations using covalent fluorescent inhibitors
Authors: Birner‐Grünberger Ruth , Scholze Hubert , Faber Kurt , Hermetter Albin
Published: December 2003

We developed a specific method for determination and discrimination of lipo‐/estero‐lytic enzymes in crude lipase preparations. Here we study the composition of commercial porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), since it is widely used for bioconversions of synthetic and natural substrates. Our method is based on incubation of enzyme samples with fluorescently labeled alkyl‐ or dialkylglyceryl‐phosphonates in an appropriate solvent followed by protein separation by electrophoresis and fluorescence detection with a CCD camera. After incubation with short‐chain alkylphosphonate solubilized by taurodeoxycholate, crude PPL preparations showed a very weak band at 50 kDa, which is indicative of low PPL concentrations in these samples. In addition, seven other fluorescent bands were detected. The band at the lowest molecular weight corresponded to α‐chymotrypsin. Two intensive fluorescent bands were in the molecular weight range of chymotrypsinogen (26 kDa) and four weak bands were in the range 20–24 kDa. Long‐chain dialkylglycerophosphonate labeled two protein bands in crude PPL: α‐chymotrypsin and a very intensive band corresponding to the molecular weight of chymotrypsinogen. Detection of cholesterol esterase (98 kDa) in crude PPL preparations depended on addition of the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) to the incubation mix, as demonstrated by spiking with cholesterol esterase. Thus, commercial crude PPL preparations contain a variety of estero‐/lipo‐lytic enzymes in addition to rather low amounts of active PPL, which should be considered when using crude PPL for bioconversions. Our method can also be used to show whether an isolated esterolytic activity corresponds to a single protein or isoenzymes. Here we confirm by 2D‐electrophoretic separation of “pure” PPL that PPL exists as isoenzymes in different glycosylated forms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thin ideals in music television: A source of social comparison and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Slater Amy
Published: December 2003

Objective

The study investigated the impact of thin idealized images of women as presented in music television, a popular form of entertainment for young people.

Methods

A sample of 84 women viewed a videotape containing either appearance music videos (which emphasized appearance and featured thin and attractive women) or nonappearance music videos. The instructional set was also manipulated to encourage or discourage social comparison.

Results

Viewing the appearance music videos featuring thin women led to increased social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Regression analyses showed that the effect of video condition on body dissatisfaction was mediated by the level of comparison processing.

Discussion

The study demonstrated that the content of television programming can have negative consequences for women's body image. In addition, it offered social comparison processing as both a theoretic mechanism and a practical target for intervention. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 48–58, 2004.
Survey of regional health care providers on selection of treatment for bulimia nervosa
Authors: McAlpine Donald E. , Schroder Karla , Pankratz V. Shane , Maurer Megan
Published: December 2003

Objective

To determine which treatments clinicians currently recommend for patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), to find out if they recommended evidence‐based treatments, and to assess availability and clinician satisfaction with treatment options.

Methods

Surveys were sent to 1,263 health care providers in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin who were likely to encounter patients with BN. These health care providers comprised all primary care clinicians, physician assistants, advanced practice nurses, and all mental health/chemical dependency clinicians (MDs, Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), social workers, doctoral and masters‐level therapists, and chemical dependency (CD) counselors) affiliated with the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

Results

Evidence‐based treatments for BN are recommended consistently and are generally perceived to be available, at least to practitioners affiliated with a large medical center in the Midwest. Clinician satisfaction with treatment options is modest.

Discussion

Clinicians are recommending evidence‐based treatments for BN patients and find them to be generally available. Modest satisfaction with available treatments may reflect a realistic understanding of treatment options, which need further development. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 27–32, 2004.
Comparison of self‐report to interview assessment of bulimic behaviors among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys
Authors: Field Alison E. , Taylor C. Barr , Celio Angela , Colditz Graham A.
Published: December 2003

Objective

To compare self‐report to interview assessment of bulimic behaviors among adolescents.

Method

A sample of children in an ongoing study were recruited to complete in‐depth telephone interviews in 1998 on bulimic behaviors (i.e., binge eating and purging). The sample comprised 449 girls and 50 boys.

Results

There was some overreporting of bulimic behaviors on the 1998 questionnaire (asking about 1997–1998) compared with the interview that may have been due to the shorter and nonoverlapping time frame in the interview compared with the questionnaire. Despite the overestimation, the questionnaire did an excellent job at classifying girls who did not purge (negative predictive values [NPV]: 0.99) or binge eat (NPV = 0.98). When purging on the interview was compared with purging on either the 1998 or 1999 questionnaires, the sensitivity increased substantially from 0.73 to 0.93.

Discussion

These findings suggest that a short self‐report assessment can be used to screen children engaging in, or at risk of beginning to engage in, binge eating and purging. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 86–92, 2004.
Clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome
Authors: O'Reardon John P. , Stunkard Albert J. , Allison Kelly C.
Published: December 2003

Objective

To test the efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome.

Methods

Seventeen patients meeting criteria for night eating syndrome received sertraline in a 12‐week open‐label, nonblinded trial. Outcome was assessed by four primary measures, namely, the number of nocturnal awakenings, the number of ingestions, total daily caloric intake after the evening meal, and an overall rating of change from the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement scale (CGI‐I).

Results and Discussion

An intent‐to‐treat analysis revealed highly significant improvements across all four primary outcome measures for all 17 subjects. Five subjects achieved full remission of symptoms (CGI‐I score of 1 = very much improved) and lost a significant amount of weight over the course of the study (−4.8 ± 2.6kg, p < .05). Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, may be beneficial in the treatment of night eating syndrome. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 16–26, 2004.
Body fat perception in eating‐disordered men
Authors: Mangweth Barbara , Hausmann Armand , Walch Thomas , Hotter Alexandra , Rupp Claudia I. , Biebl Wilfried , Hudson James I. , Pope Harrison G.
Published: December 2003

Objective

We sought to assess the relative roles of body fat ideals and body fat perception in men with eating disorders.

Method

We compared 27 men meeting criteria for a current eating disorder (17 with anorexia nervosa and 10 with bulimia nervosa), 21 male mountain climbers, and 21 control men, using a computerized test of body image, the “somatomorphic matrix.”

Results

When asked to choose the body that they “ideally would like to have,” men with eating disorders selected an image with body fat closely comparable to that chosen by the control men. On perceived body fat, however, the groups differed dramatically. The eating‐disordered men perceived themselves to be almost twice as fat as they actually were, whereas the control subjects showed virtually no such distortion. These findings resemble those of a previous study of women, which found that women dieters showed abnormal body fat perception, but not body fat ideals, when compared with nondieters.

Conclusion

These observations suggest that distorted body perception, rather than body ideal, may be central to eating disorders in men. This distinction may be important for both research and therapy. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 102–108, 2004.
Effect of exposure to a forbidden food on eating in restrained and unrestrained women
Authors: Stirling Lucy J. , Yeomans Martin R.
Published: December 2003

Objective

The current study explored the effect of availability of a forbidden food on subsequent eating behavior in restrained and unrestrained women.

Method

Thirty restrained and 30 nonrestrained, normal‐weight women were assigned randomly to one of two conditions, an experimental group that was exposed to a forbidden food (chocolate) for 24hr or a control group that was given no special intervention. At the end of the exposure period, all subjects completed an intake test of the forbidden food.

Results

Although subjects were instructed not to eat the food provided for the exposure period, women in the restrained group consumed a small quantity of the chocolate, whereas unrestrained women consumed none. Intake at test was greater in the temptation than in the control condition and restrained eaters consumed more than unrestrained eaters in both conditions.

Discussion

The results are discussed in terms of current theories of restrained eating and the possible interrelationships between eating regulation and cognition. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 59–68, 2004.
Combining universal and targeted prevention for school‐based eating disorder programs
Authors: Abascal Liana , Brown Jennifer Bruning , Winzelberg Andrew J. , Dev Parvati , Taylor C. Barr
Published: December 2003

Objective

This study examined a step toward providing a universal prevention program to all students while targeting those at risk.

Method

Seventy‐eight 10th‐grade female students were provided an on‐line eating disorder prevention program and randomized to participate in (1) a higher risk and higher motivated group, (2) a lower risk or lower motivated group, or (3) a combined group.

Results

The students in the first group made significantly fewer negative and more positive comments in the on‐line group discussion than the higher risk and higher motivated participants in the combined group. However, there were no differences among groups on outcome measures.

Discussion

The results suggest that, because it is relatively easy to provide interventions with separate groups, it seems appropriate to do so, if for no other reason than to minimize the few very negative comments that were posted by students that might have created an adverse environment for the higher risk‐participants that the intervention specifically targets. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 1–9, 2004.
Use of nutritional supplements to increase the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Barbarich Nicole C. , McConaha Claire W. , Halmi Katherine A. , Gendall Kelly , Sunday Suzanne R. , Gaskill Jill , La Via Maria , Frank Guido K. , Brooks Sarah , Plotnicov Katherine H. , Kaye Walter H.
Published: December 2003

Objective

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication does not appear to be effective in ill, malnourished anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. However, it may be effective in preventing relapse after weight restoration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nutritional supplements could potentiate the effects of fluoxetine in underweight AN subjects.

Method

Twenty‐six subjects with AN participated in a trial of fluoxetine. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled manner, subjects received either nutritional supplements or a nutritional placebo. The nutritional supplement included tryptophan (the precursor of serotonin), vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids believed to influence serotonin pathway function.

Results

There was no significant difference in weight gain between subjects treated with fluoxetine plus nutritional supplements versus fluoxetine plus a nutritional placebo. Moreover, there were no significant differences between groups on mean changes in anxiety or obsessive and compulsive symptoms.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that supplement strategies are not a substitute for adequate nutrition and are ineffective in increasing the efficacy of fluoxetine in underweight AN subjects. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 10–15, 2004.
Self‐oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale
Authors: Sherry Simon B. , Hewitt Paul L. , Besser Avi , McGee Brandy J. , Flett Gordon L.
Published: December 2003

Objective

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence and the importance of the distinction between self‐oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale (EDI‐P).

Method

Trait perfectionism, measured by the EDI‐P, and eating disorder symptoms, measured by the 26‐item Eating Attitudes Test, were examined in 220 university students (110 women and 110 men) belonging to a campus‐based fitness facility.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that, for both genders, the EDI‐P is best represented by a multidimensional factor structure with three self‐oriented perfectionism items (EDI‐SOP) and three socially prescribed perfectionism items (EDI‐SPP). Structural equation modeling demonstrated that, for both genders, EDI‐SOP and EDI‐SPP are related independently to eating disorder symptoms. Moderational analysis indicated that, for women, the impact of EDI‐SOP on eating disorder symptoms is dependent on the level of EDI‐SPP.

Discussion

It is suggested that future research should acknowledge the empirical and theoretical implications of having EDI‐SOP and EDI‐SPP in the EDI‐P. It is cautioned that EDI‐SOP and EDI‐SPP are a partial representation of an already published multidimensional model of trait perfectionism. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 69–79, 2004.
Doppler evaluation of the thyroid in pediatric goiter
Authors: Mahmutyazıcıoğlu Kamran , Turgut Mehmet
Published: December 2003

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify any changes in Doppler parameters in the thyroid arteries of pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of goiter living in an area where goiter is endemic.

Patients and Methods

In this prospective study, 20 pediatric patients with simple endemic goiter and 20 age‐matched healthy subjects underwent sonographic examination. The resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) on duplex sonography were measured from the inferior thyroid arteries, and the thyroid gland volume was recorded. Serum thyrotropin, free T3 hormone, and free T4 hormone levels were measured in both groups.

Results

The mean thyroid volume (± standard deviation) was significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects (7.2 ± 1.4 ml versus 3.2 ± 1.1 ml; p < 0.01). The mean RI values for the thyroid arteries were significantly lower in the patient than in the control group (0.58 versus 0.70, respectively; p < 0.05). The mean PSV of the thyroid arteries was significantly higher for the patients than for the healthy subjects (mean, 36.7 cm/second versus 18.3 cm/second, respectively; p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the Doppler parameters and any of the hormone levels evaluated.

Conclusions

In the arteries supplying the thyroid gland in a pediatric population, RIs were lower and PSVs higher in the patients with diffuse goiter than in the healthy control group. We discuss iodine deficiency as a possible mechanism for these changes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:24–28, 2004
Sonographic findings of active Clonorchis sinensis infection
Authors: Choi Dongil , Hong Sung‐Tae , Lim Jae Hoon , Cho Seung‐Yull , Rim Han‐Jong , Ji Zhuo , Yuan Ren , Wang Shuyu
Published: December 2003

Purpose

The aim of this study was to document the characteristic sonographic findings of clonorchiasis for the diagnosis of active infection in an endemic area.

Methods

In a village in northeastern China, residents underwent fecal examinations for detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs. Shortly thereafter, residents were examined with abdominal sonography. An experienced radiologist performed the sonographic examinations and analyzed the findings. Subjects whose fecal examinations were positive for eggs were considered to have active clonorchiasis; those whose examinations were negative for eggs were used as control subjects. The distinguishing sonographic features of active clonorchiasis were identified by stepwise logistic regression analysis.

Results

The study population comprised 457 subjects; fecal examinations revealed C. sinensis eggs in 316 and no eggs in 141. Four sonographic findings distinguished subjects with active clonorchiasis from control subjects: increased periductal echogenicity (p < 0.001; R = 0.11; sensitivity, 35%; specificity, 91%), floating echogenic foci in the gallbladder (p < 0.001; R = 0.09; sensitivity, 28%; specificity, 94%), diffuse dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (p < 0.01; R = 0.03; sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 48%), and gallbladder distention (p < 0.05; R = 0.02; sensitivity, 3%; specificity, 100%), in decreasing order of significance. Among these 4 sonographic findings, increased periductal echogenicity and floating echogenic foci in the gallbladder were more significantly associated with active infection than were the other 2.

Conclusions

Increased periductal echogenicity and floating echogenic foci in the gallbladder were identified as the 2 most significant findings for the sonographic diagnosis of active C. sinensis infection. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:17–23, 2004
Successful thrombolysis of a partially obstructed bileaflet prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position
Authors: Barbetseas John , Vitalis Michael , Vyssoulis Gregory , Lambrou Spyros , Aggeli Constantina , Marinakis Nicholas , Toutouzas Pavlos
Published: December 2003

We describe the case of a woman who presented with dyspnea of abrupt onset and who had recently undergone replacement of the mitral valve with a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination with spectral Doppler recording of transvalvular blood flow revealed a velocity spectrum consistent with obstruction. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated partial obstruction of the prosthetic valve due to immobilization of 1 hemidisc in the closed position. This immobilization was apparently caused by a small mass whose appearance was consistent with that of a thrombus. The patient was successfully treated by intravenous administration of a thrombolytic agent. This case demonstrates the value of transesophageal echocardiography in the selection of candidates for thrombolytic treatment in cases of thrombosis of a left‐sided valve prosthesis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:42–46, 2004
Doppler sonographic indices in diagnosing the nutcracker phenomenon in a hematuric adolescent
Authors: Kavukcu Salih , Kasap Belde , Göktay Yiğit , Seçil Mustafa
Published: December 2003

Compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, known as the nutcracker phenomenon, may cause gross or microscopic hematuria, pain in the flank, proteinuria, or a combination of these symptoms. We report the case of a hematuric adolescent diagnosed with a high index of suspicion by noninvasive Doppler sonography using the diagnostic indices of Doppler sonography established for adults with hematuria. Compression of the patient's left renal vein at the aortomesenteric portion and dilatation at the hilar portion were visualized by magnetic resonance angiography, which verified the diagnosis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:37–41, 2004
Remnants of the U.S. Civil War and modern consumer behavior
Authors: Shimp Terence A. , Dunn Tracy H. , Klein Jill G.
Published: December 2003

This research introduces a construct termed regional animosity. Regional animosity represents individuals' preference for their own (ingroup) geographic region and incorporates elements of animosity toward people from an outgroup region. The construct emanates from an investigation of the historical divide between the northern and southern regions of the United States. The interrelated theories of social identity, stereotype activation, and consumer animosity provide theoretical rationale for the existence of regional animosity and its role in affecting consumers' evaluative judgments and price sensitivity. Data from three studies demonstrate that research respondents showed strong preference for products/services that originate in their home region. Results further reveal that scores on a scale measuring regional animosity correlated with the extent to which consumers chose products/services from their own region and the degree to which they were willing to pay premium prices to obtain these items. These findings support prior theory in a novel context and implicate a potentially important line of inquiry for future research. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.