bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure Detection and Location Using Residual Difference Generation Detection Filters
Authors: Martin K F , Moavenian M
Published: February 2007

The paper describes a theoretical investigation of failure detection using a new type of filter. The latter, called a residual difference generation detection filter, is based upon using (a) a main detection filter and (b) a faulty parameter modifier. Both of these use a reference model of the system; this is a mathematical model of the system without faults. In (a) the reference model is used in parallel with the real system in order to generate residuals (functions of differences between the real system and the reference model); in (b) the reference model is used in parallel with another mathematical model of the system which contains a known fault which again generates residuals that are a function of the known fault. By analysing these residuals while changing the known fault in (b) it is possible to detect which fault is occurring.

The technique is applied to faults in a servo-motor, faults being assumed to occur singly. Tests were carried out using a mathematical model of the real system which incorporated an ‘unknown’ fault.
Subreduced Observer
Authors: Nowosad K
Published: February 2007

In this paper a concept of the subreduced observer is introduced. The subreduced observer construction is described and its stability is shown. Application of the subreduced observer to mechanical systems is also discussed.
Implementation of an Algorithm to Model the Starved Lubrication of a Piston Ring in Distorted Bores: Prediction of Oil Flow and Onset of Gas Blow-By
Authors: Ma M-T , Sherrington I , Smith E H
Published: February 2007

Experimental evidence suggests that piston rings in internal combustion engines normally experience 'starved' lubrication at some points along their stroke. To take account of lubricant starvation (and hence move towards a full ring pack analysis), a 'flow continuity algorithm' has been incorporated into a non-axisymmetric lubrication model of a single ring. The algorithm allows both inlet and cavitation boundaries of the full film to be located, making it possible to predict the occurrence of gas blow-by through the ring face, particularly for distorted bores. In addition, oil availability has been determined by applying the principle of mass conservation while considering lubricant accumulation. The computational scheme has been tested extensively and, in consequence, its credibility has been confirmed. Using this approach, a piston ring in a non-circular bore has been studied. The results show that, in general, the operating performance of the ring is influenced significantly by lubricant starvation. In particular, as starvation increases, the conditions that could lead to gas blow-by are greatly enhanced.
A Novel Variable Impedance Hydrodynamic Oil-Film Bearing: Part 1: Theoretical Modelling
Authors: Ogrodnik P J , Goodwin M J , Roach M P , Fang Y
Published: February 2007

A novel bearing design is presented. The bearing consists of a partial arc bearing into which two recesses are machined. Attached to the two recesses, via remote-controlled valves, are two accumulators. The ability to be able to open and close the valves gives the new bearing design four independent operating modes. Steady state operating characteristics for the bearing were predicted using a finite difference solution to Reynolds' equation. A new mathematical model is proposed for the recess boundary. The model is based on flow continuity and enables a finite difference node to be positioned on the recess boundary. It is demonstrated that the theoretical model proposed predicts steady state characteristics which agree favourably with previously published work and with experimental data. The model was further utilized, in a pressure perturbation algorithm, to obtain predictions of the bearing's dynamic operating characteristics. It is demonstrated that by switching the valves from open to closed, or vice versa, the bearing's characteristics can be altered in situ. It is also demonstrated that the inclusion of the recesses and accumulators has little effect on the steady state characteristics when compared to those of a conventional partial arc bearing.

It is suggested that the bearing design proposed in this paper has major advantages to offer the rotating machine designer. Use of the bearing enables the operator to vary support characteristics without major re-machining. Furthermore, support characteristics may be varied in situ, without significant cost penalties and with little additional maintenance overheads.
Thrust Cone Lubrication: Part 1: Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of Conical Rims
Authors: de Ling F dM Barragan , Evans H P , Snidle R W
Published: February 2007

Thrust rims, or thrust cones, are used to react the axial component of force that occurs between the teeth of single-helical gears. This paper describes a theoretical analysis of hydrodynamic film forming of perfectly conical thrust surfaces. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis takes account of elastic deformation and pressure/viscosity effects at the contact between the rims. Application of the theory to a typical large marine reduction gear pair shows that a substantial oil film (typically 10 μm) is generated over most of the contact, but at the edges of the thrust tracks considerable thinning of this film can occur. It is suggested that a self-aligning point contact design would overcome this problem, and analysis of such a design is the subject of a further paper.
The Role of Surface Tension and Disjoining Pressure in Starved and Parched Lubrication
Authors: Guangteng G , Spikes H A
Published: February 2007

The starvation of a rolling, elastohydrodynamic contact has been examined both experimentally and theoretically. It has been shown that starvation occurs at a critical rolling speed which is determined by the rate of flowback of lubricant into the out-of-contact track due to oil/air surface tension forces. Above this speed, however, complete collapse of the oil film in the contact does not occur. Instead a film of approximately 10–20 nm thickness persists even to very high speeds. It has been shown that this behaviour can be explained by considering the flowback into the out-of-contact track due to solid/liquid van der Waals forces. Thus a combination of oil/air and oil/solid surface forces can fully explain the phenomena of starved and parched elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
Mechanism of Pressure Variation at the Leading Edge of a Bearing Pad
Authors: Zhang J X
Published: February 2007

By using energy equations in the groove area, coupled with the momentum equation in the thin film land, an analytical method is proposed for examining the ram pressure effect on the pressure distribution in fully submerged multi-pad journal bearings and thrust bearings. The major characteristic of the present method is that the viscous effect of the fluid in the groove is better accommodated, compared with other previously reported methods (1–4). The proposed approach also enables the mechanism of the occurrence of the ram pressure, at the leading edge of a pad, to be investigated in a simple and effective manner. Insight into the appearance of the ram pressure is also obtained. The predicted results for the pressure distribution in both the groove and the thin film land, using the present method, showed good agreement with numerical results reported by other research groups (5, 6).
The Accuracy of the Isoviscous Solution of the Reynolds Equation in Mechanical Seals
Authors: Pascovici M D , Etsion I
Published: February 2007

The accuracy of the isoviscous solution of the Reynolds equation for mechanical seals is examined by comparison with a temperature-dependent solution. It is found that the isoviscous solution produces a radial pressure distribution that always overestimates the more realistic temperature-dependent pressure distribution. The error depends on a single variable which contains in it the type of sealed fluid and the thermal operating conditions of the seal. It is shown that for the practical range of seals operation conditions the accuracy of the isoviscous solution is very good.
Thermohydrodynamic Performance of High-Speed Journal Bearings
Authors: Makino T , Morohoshi S , Taniguchi S
Published: February 2007

This paper describes the performance characteristics of two types of journal bearings, tilting-pad and offset halves, operating under high-speed conditions where the journal peripheral speed is in excess of 100 m/s. Experimental investigations into bearing eccentricity, temperatures and dynamic coefficients were carried out with a specially designed test rig. These results are compared with theoretical data which are obtained from thermohydrodynamic lubrication theory. The agreement is satisfactory. However, further improvements are necessary to predict more accurate thermal performance of the unloaded pads.
Frictional Behaviour of Lubricants during Deep Drawing and Ironing Processes for Zinc-Coated Steel Sheets
Authors: Muraki M , Tagawa K , Ide H , Nakamura T
Published: February 2007

Frictional behaviour of lubricants during the deep drawing and the ironing processes was studied for two types of zinc-coated steel sheets at low speeds. Deep drawability of galvannealed steel sheet (GA) was significantly improved by an increase in viscosity as well as by addition of the friction modifiers, which was due to reduction in frictional forces in the flange zone and around the die radius. In contrast to the results in the drawing test, the frictional characteristics in the ironing test were little affected by the viscosity because the ironing process was primarily performed in the boundary lubrication regime. As to workpiece materials, a double-layer steel (GAE) coated with an electrogalvanized iron-rich alloy layer on the surface of GA was superior to GA in terms of deep drawability due to the lower contact ratio based on high hardness of the top coating layer and probably due to a low coefficient of friction in the boundary contact area. When compared with the effects of the friction modifiers, active sulphur EP (extreme pressure) additive showed the most significant effect on formability and the lowest friction in the ironing process. On the other hand calcium sulphonate raised formability in the deep drawing, but was ineffective for reducing friction in the ironing process.
Ferro-Fluid Lubricated Bearings for a Polygon Mirror Motor
Authors: Nii K , Kawaike K , Uno S , Matsubayashi J , Nakajima T
Published: February 2007

Laser printers, which feature quiet, fast, high-quality printing, are evolving towards digital copiers with even faster and higher quality printing performance. This trend requires faster and more precise rotation of the polygon mirror motor of the laser beam scanning mechanism. Thus, bearings are becoming a key technology for the advancement of laser printers. This report proposes an integrated bearing unit that employs ferro-fluid for the bearing lubrication and seals in a new concept of leakage-free high-speed bearings. The intention is to take advantage of hydrodynamic oil-film bearings with high stiffness and damping characteristics to solve the oil leakage problem, and use them in place of ball-bearings or air bearings to get highly precise rotation. Leakage is completely prevented by using a compound seal of a ferro-magnetic seal and a viscous seal. The structural features of these bearings and experimental results concerning their lubrication and sealing performance and rotation accuracy when applied to a polygon mirror motor operating from 10000 to 30000 r/min are presented. The ferro-fluid bearings provide satisfactory friction torque and stiffness characteristics and the proposed bearing unit can be utilized with the polygon mirror motor.
Half-Toroidal Traction-Drive Continuously Variable Power Transmission
Authors: Tanaka H , Machida H
Published: February 2007

A continuously variable power transmission (CVT) has a potential to present comfortable cruising, powerful acceleration, fuel economy and improvement of exhaust-gas emission as an automotive power transmission. There have been many developments of the half-toroidal traction-drive CVT since 1980 and ceaseless improvements on the traction material, synthetic fluid and efficiency continue to be made. This paper discusses some fundamental issues such as the influence of spin on the temperature rise of the traction surface, stress-cycle endurance of the traction element and heat transfer of the power roller, and shows the efficiency curve of the latest double-cavity CVT with a nominal input-torque capacity of 340 N m and rotational speed of 7000 r/min working at the maximum Hertzian pressure of 3.2 GPa.
Wear, Performance and Emissions of a Two-Stroke Engine Running on Palm Oil Methyl Ester Blended Lubricant
Authors: Masjuki H H , Maleque M A
Published: February 2007

Results of study on wear of piston rings, engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of palm oil methyl ester (POME) as a lubricating oil additive in a two-stroke gasoline engine test are presented. Piston ring wear behaviour was monitored as a function of running time. The power output and brake specific fuel consumption of the engine were measured at different speeds. Varnish/lacquer and carbon deposit on the spark plug electrode, cylinder and piston heads as well as exhaust gas (CO2, CO and O2) emission were measured. For comparison purposes, two types of commercial lubricating oils, viz. oil A and oil B were used. The wear resistance of piston rings with POME blending lubrication was found to be greater than the pure commercial oil lubrication. Other results indicate that the POME acts as an additive which improves the engine performance and exhaust emissions of two-stroke gasoline engines.
A Fractal Analysis of Adhesion at the Contact between Rough Solids
Authors: Sahoo P , Chowdhury S K Roy
Published: February 2007

Analyses of adhesion between rough solids hitherto relied on a random rough surface model which is appropriate for engineering surfaces. Adhesion occurs at the peaks of the asperities and is pronounced when the surface roughness effect is small, down to the nanometre level. It therefore follows that while the microscopic roughness would inhibit the two surfaces to come to close separation, adhesive bonds may still form at the peaks of the small-scale asperities. In order to account for the effect of asperities ranging from the nanometre to the micrometre level, it is necessary to introduce a scale-independent model. A fractal approach essentially gives this.

The paper describes analysis of adhesion between rough solids using a fractal model and the results are compared with those using the conventional approach and experimental results. Some of the existing experimental observations such as adhesion-induced plasticity have been confirmed. The present analysis also gives a generalized solution and, depending on the values of fractal parameters D, the dimension, and G, the roughness parameter, specific solutions may be obtained. The solution obtained using the conventional stochastic model is thus a specific case in the generalized fractal solution.
Optimal Strategies and Utility-Based Prices Converge When Agents’ Preferences Do
Authors: Carassus Laurence , Rásonyi Miklós
Published: February 2007

A discrete-time financial market model is considered with a sequence of investors whose preferences are described by their utility functions Un, defined on the whole real line and assumed to be strictly concave and increasing. Under suitable hypotheses, it is shown that whenever Un tends to another utility function U∞, the respective optimal strategies converge, too. Under additional assumptions the rate of convergence is estimated. We also establish the continuity of the fair price of Davis [Davis, M. H. A. 1997. Option pricing in incomplete markets. M. A. H. Dempster, S. R. Pliska, eds. Mathematics of Derivative Securities. Cambridge University Press, pp. 216–226] and the utility indifference price of Hodges and Neuberger [Hodges, R., K. Neuberger. 1989. Optimal replication of contingent claims under transaction costs. Rev. Futures Markets 8 222–239] with respect to changes in agents’ preferences.
The Symmetric Traveling Salesman Polytope: New Facets from the Graphical Relaxation
Authors: Naddef Denis , Rinaldi Giovanni
Published: February 2007

The path, the wheelbarrow, and the bicycle inequalities have been shown by Cornuéjols, Fonlupt, and Naddef to be facet-defining for the graphical relaxation of STSP(n), the polytope of the symmetric traveling salesman problem on an n-node complete graph. We show that these inequalities, and some generalizations of them, define facets also for STSP(n). In conclusion, we characterize a large family of facet-defining inequalities for STSP(n) that include, as special cases, most of the inequalities currently known to have this property as the comb, the clique tree, and the chain inequalities. Most of the results given here come from a strong relationship of STSP(n) with its graphical relaxation that we have pointed out in another paper, where the basic proof techniques are also described.
A Two-Sided Discrete-Concave Market with Possibly Bounded Side Payments: An Approach by Discrete Convex Analysis
Authors: Fujishige Satoru , Tamura Akihisa
Published: February 2007

The marriage model due to Gale and Shapley [Gale, D., L. S. Shapley. 1962. College admissions and the stability of marriage. Amer. Math. Monthly 69 9–15] and the assignment model due to Shapley and Shubik [Shapley, L. S., M. Shubik. 1972. The assignment game I: The core. Internat. J. Game Theory 1 111–130] are standard in the theory of two-sided matching markets. We give a common generalization of these models by utilizing discrete-concave functions and considering possibly bounded side payments. We show the existence of a pairwise stable outcome in our model. Our present model is a further natural extension of the model examined in our previous paper [Fujishige, S., A. Tamura. A general two-sided matching market with discrete concave utility functions. Discrete Appl. Math. 154 950–970], and the proof of the existence of a pairwise stable outcome is even simpler than the previous one.
Pragmatic Utility: Using Analytical Questions to Explore the Concept of Ethical Sensitivity
Authors: Weaver Kathryn , Morse Janice M.
Published: February 2007

Ethical sensitivity is the means and capacity through which professionals strive to understand and compassionately respond to those in their care. As a transdisciplinary concept, ethical sensitivity can facilitate knowledge development across disciplines. To clarify and reduce ambiguities, the concept of ethical sensitivity was analyzed using the pragmatic utility method. With this method, the investigator uses analytical questions arising from in-depth understanding of the literature to synthesize data, to push beyond the limits of isolated findings and individual disciplines, to identify shared knowledge, and to provide new insights, lines of questioning, and direction. In this article, the role, technique, results, advantages, and limitations of the pragmatic utility method are elucidated. Characteristics of ethical sensitivity are its (a) preconditions of suffering and vulnerability cues, uncertainty, relationships characterized by receptivity and responsiveness, and courage; (b) attributes of moral perception, affectivity, and dividing loyalties; and (c) outcomes of client comfort and well-being, professional learning and self-transcendence, and integrity-preserving compromise. Use of the pragmatic utility method enhanced comprehension, meaning, relevance, and dimensions of the concept of ethical sensitivity as conveyed in the academic literature of selected professional disciplines.
Evaluating an Interpersonal Model of Depression Among Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Ailey Sarah H. , Miller Arlene M. , Heller Tamar , Smith Everett V.
Published: February 2007

The Interpersonal Model of Depression (IMD) based on the Theory of Human Relatedness (Hagerty, Lynch-Sauer, Patusky, & Bouwsema, 1993) is evaluated among adults with Down syndrome. One hundred subjects participated, with 32% having elevated depression scores and 40% stating they felt lonely. The relationship between depression, perceived social support, loneliness, and life satisfaction is statistically significant, F(6, 172) = 4.36, p < .001. Loneliness, social isolation, loss of sense of well-being, self-hate, and social withdrawal are important interpersonal manifestations and represent increasing levels of depression. Social and emotional loneliness are two dimensions of loneliness. The IMD provides a framework to assess depression in this population. Research on the efficacy of depression treatment based on the IMD is needed.
Pesticide retention in an experimental wetland treating non-point source pollution from agriculture runoff
Authors: Blankenberg A.-G.B. , Haarstad K. , Braskerud B.C.
Published: February 2007

Pesticide losses to the environment are unwanted due to possible environmental and health hazards. An experimental wetland is established to study the efficiency with respect to retention of sediments, nutrients and pesticides. Pesticides were applied on an arable soil plot in the watershed. Statistical analyses were carried out on three selected pesticides: propachlor, metalaxyl and chlorfenvinfoss. All pesticides were found in the experimental wetland, with peak concenttrations shortly after spraying. In 2003 pesticide retention varied from 11% to 42% and in 2004 retention varied from 19% to 56%. Comparing eight different wetland filters, we found that L6 and L8, with flagstones and straw, respectively, had a higher total pesticide retention than a standard Norwegian wetland (L4). When the compounds were treated separately, however, the picture was different. Statistical analyses showed that the treatments were signficantly different from zero in six of the wetlands for remowal of propachlor, for removal of metalaxyl none were significantly different, and for removal of chlorfenvinphos four treatments were significantly different. For the three compounds none of the relative treatments were significantly different from L4. Chemical properties of the pesticides could explain some of the behaviour in the watershed and in the wetland.
Non-point sources and the waste discharge charge system
Authors: von der Heyden C.J. , Pegram G.C. , Pema K.
Published: February 2007

The development of a waste discharge charge system (WDCS) in South Africa has been proposed to promote waste reduction and water conservation. The WDCS is based on the polluter pays principle and is designed such that the management of waste discharges achieves resource quality objectives (RQOs) at the minimum total cost to the catchment. Two charges are distinguished: first a charge for optimising use of the resource (incentive charge); and secondly, a charge for development and operation of mitigation measures in the resource (mitigation charge). The WDCS is applied to both point sources and non-point sources (NPS) of contamination. In the inclusion of NPS, the charge system distinguishes between registered and non-registered NPS, with the charge applied to the former group only, in the first instance.

This paper introduces the WDCS by describing the principles and the theoretical basis of the WDCS, highlighting the link to RQOs as the benchmark of acceptable externalities. The paper explores the inclusion of NPS in the WDCS, describing: first, the principles of NPS inclusion in the WDCS; secondly, the types of NPS included in the present version of the WDCS; thirdly, the methodology for charge estimation; and finally, non-registered NPS and their potential inclusion in future editions of the WDCS. The paper concludes with remarks and challenges facing the first edition of the WDCS.
The ecological value of constructed wetlands for treating urban runoff
Authors: Pankratz S. , Young T. , Cuevas-Arellano H. , Kumar R. , Ambrose R.F. , Suffet I.H.
Published: February 2007

The Sweetwater Authority's urban runoff diversion system (URDS) comprises constructed wetlands on a hillside between the town of Spring Valley and the Sweetwater Reservoir, California, USA. The URDS were designed to divert dry-weather and first-flush urban runoff flows from the Sweetwater reservoir. However, these constructed wetlands have developed into ecologically valuable habitat. This paper evaluates the following ecological questions related to the URDS: (1) the natural development of the species present and their growth pattern; (2) the biodiversity and pollutant stress on the plants and invertebrates; and (3) the question of habitat provided for endangered species. The URDS wetlands are comprised primarily of rush (Scirpus spp.) and cattails (Typha spp.). This vegetative cover ranged from 39–78% of the area of the individual wetland ponds. Current analyses of plant tissues and wetland sediment indicates the importance of sediment sorption for metals and plant uptake of nutrients. Analyses of URDS water following runoff events show the URDS wetlands do reduce the amount of nutrients and metals in the water column. Invertebrate surveys of the wetland ponds revealed lower habitat quality and environmental stress compared to unpolluted natural habitat. The value of the wetlands as wildlife habitat is constrained by low plant biodiversity and pollution stress from the runoff. Since the primary Sweetwater Authority goal is to maintain good water quality for drinking, any secondary utilization of URDS habitat by species (endangered or otherwise) is deemed an added benefit.
Runoff and windblown vehicle spray from road surfaces, risks and measures for soil and water
Authors: Schipper P.N.M. , Comans R.N.J. , Dijkstra J.J. , Vergouwen L.
Published: February 2007

Soil and surface water along roads are exposed to pollution from motorways. The main pollutants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral oil, heavy metals and salt. These pollutants originate from vehicles (fuel, wires, leakage), wear and degradation of road surfaces and road furniture (i.e. crash barriers) and the application of de-icing salts. Runoff, vehicle spray and dry deposition disperse these contaminants into the soft shoulder (verges) of the roads and surface water to a measurable distance of about 50 up to more then 150 m from the road. Despite many monitoring programs, little is known about the risks of this diffuse pollution for soil and water quality and the geochemical and physical factors which determine these risks. Also little is known about the effects of possible measures. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out at two local motorways. Specific measurements on runoff, vehicle spray and effects of measures have been carried out for one year (13 months). This resulted in several new insights. The pollutants appear to adsorb effectively to natural soils. In vulnerable areas groundwater can be protected by adjusting the policy to removing the contaminated upper topsoil of the verges. Discharges of runoff into local surface water are not recommended.
Area-differentiated modelling of P-fluxes in heterogeneous macroscale river basins
Authors: Tetzlaff B. , Kreins P. , Kunkel R. , Wendland F.
Published: February 2007

A model (MEPhos) for the calculation of the total phosphorus output from diffuse sources by drainage, wash-off, groundwater outflow, soil erosion and rainwater sewers as well as from point sources is presented. The model is based on a pathway- and area-differentiated emissions approach and calculates mean long-term P-inputs to surface waters. Phosphotopes are used for spatial discretization and modelling of diffuse P-inputs. Based on the modelling results “hot spots” for high P-loads can be localized and a management option for the input reduction to surface waters can be proposed which are adapted to site properties. The applicability of the model is demonstrated for two macroscale river basins in Germany (∼13,000 km2 each) with contrasting natural conditions and land use patterns.
Integrin CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18 and CD69 expression in patients after renal transplantation
Authors: Rysz Jacek , Kocur Eugeniusz , Błaszczak Robert , Stolarek Robert
Published: February 2007

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a complex clinical entity caused by progressive destruction of functional renal parenchyma in the course of various pathological processes resulting in complete failure of renal function and subsequent metabolic, acid base and electrolyte as well as immune disorders. Renal transplantation (RT) is one of the renal replacement therapy options in the terminal stage of chronic renal failure. The replacement of the failing organ with one from a healthy donor may be complicated with immune host response. This study was designed to investigate the changes in serum concentration of integrins CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, CD69 on the surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) after the RT within two six-month periods. The study included 25 RT patients (mean 5.4±2.7 yrs after the transplantation, 10 females and 15 males) treated with immune suppressive therapy including cyclosporine A, azathioprine and prednisolone. The expression was assessed with monoclonal antibodies by means of flow cytometry. Also, the expression of CD69 was determined before and after phytohemaglutinine (PHA) stimulation. There was no significant alternation in serum concentration of CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18 and CD69 at baseline, six months and twelve months later. The expression of integrins was not altered in renal transplantation patients in the current study setting.
Improved fusion protein expression of EGFP via the mutation of both Kozak and the initial ATG codon
Authors: Dai Chao , Cao Zhijian , Wu Yingliang , Yi Hong , Jiang Dahe , Li Wenxin
Published: February 2007

Since its discovery, green fluorescence protein (GFP) has been used as a reporter in a broad range of applications, including the determination of gene expresion in diverse organisms, and subcellular protein localization. pEGFP-N1 is a eukayotic expression vector encoding EGFP, the MCS of which locates at the N terminus of EGFP. In this study, the cDNA sequence of scorpion toxin BmKK2 was inserted into the XhoI-HindIII cut of pEGFP-N1 to construct a toxin-EGFP fusion gene (named pEGFP-BmKK2). Fluorescence imaging revealed that HEK 293T cells that were transfected by pEGFP-BmKK2 emitted green fluorescence. Transcription of pEGFP-BmKK2 was confirmed by RT-PCR. However, western blotting analysis showed that the transfected HEK 293T cells expressed mostly EGFP, but little toxin-EGFP fusion protein, implying that pEGFP-N1 cannot be used as a fusion expression vector for subcellular protein localization for the BmKK2 gene. Consequently, two modified recombinant vectors (pEGFP-BmKK2-M1 and pEGFP-BmKK2-M2) were constructed based on pEGFP-BmKK2. This greatly improved the expression of toxin-EGFP fusion protein from pEGFP-BmKK2-M2.
High level expression of STAG1/PMEPA1 in an androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 subclone
Authors: Hirokawa Yoshifumi , Takagi Akimitsu , Uchida Katsunori , Kozuka Yuji , Yoneda Misao , Watanabe Masatoshi , Shiraishi Taizo
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we describe the isolation and characterization of two PC3 subclones. One subclone, mr, showed an epithelial phenotype, the other, M1, showed a sarcomatous morphology. Transplanted into nude mice, mr developed tumors at a dramatically faster rate than M1. Comparing the two subclones, differentially expressed genes were identified, including E-cadherin, IL-8 and STAG1/PMEPA1. These genes were expressed at higher levels in mr than in M1.
The association of socioeconomic status and psychosocial and physical workplace factors with musculoskeletal injury in hospital workers
Authors: Gillen Marion , Yen Irene H. , Trupin Laura , Swig Louise , Rugulies Reiner , Mullen Kathleen , Font Aurelio , Burian David , Ryan Greg , Janowitz Ira , Quinlan Patricia A. , Frank John , Blanc Paul
Published: February 2007

Background

The combined effect of socioeconomic, organizational, psychosocial, and physical factors on work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) were studied in a heterogeneous, socioeconomically diverse sample (cases and their matched referents) of hospital workers.

Methods

Cases were defined by a new acute or cumulative work‐related musculoskeletal injury; referents were matched by job group, shift length, or at random. Information was obtained through telephone interviews and on‐site ergonomics observation. Questionnaire items included sociodemographic variables, lost work time, work effectiveness, health status, pain/disability, and psychosocial working conditions using Effort Reward Imbalance (ERI) and Demand‐Control (DC) models. Two multivariate models were tested: Model 1 included occupation as a predictor; Model 2 included education–income as a predictor.

Results

Cases reported greater pain, disability, lost time, and decreased work effectiveness than the referents. Model 1 was statistically significant for neck/upper extremity injury (Chi‐square = 19.3,P = 0.01), back/lower extremity injury (Chi‐square = 14.0,P = 0.05), and all injuries combined (Chi‐square = 25.4,P = 0.001). “Other Clinical” occupations (34% mental health workers) had the highest risk of injury (OR 4.5: 95%CI, 1.7–12.1) for all injuries. The ERI ratio was a significant predictor for neck and upper extremity (OR 1.5: 95%CI, 1.1–1.9) and all injuries (OR 1.3; 95%CI, 1.04–1.5), per SD change in score.

Conclusions

In this study, the risk of WRMSDs was more strongly influenced by specific psychosocial and physical job‐related exposures than by broad socioeconomic factors such as education and income. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of lead on the adult brain: A 15‐year exploration
Authors: Stewart Walter F. , Schwartz Brian S.
Published: February 2007

Background

Historically, there has been minimal concern about the effect of adult lead exposure on the brain. Evidence from recent longitudinal studies raise concerns about the long‐term effects of past exposure.

Methods

We initiated three independent longitudinal studies to determine whether cumulative lead exposure was associated with persistent or progressive brain effects. The studies include 1,109 former U.S. organolead manufacturing workers, 803 current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea, and 1,140 50‐ to 70‐year‐old Baltimore residents with environmental lead exposure. The organolead workers had past exposure to inorganic and tetraethyl lead (TEL); in the other two studies, exposure was to inorganic lead. In each of these studies, we measured blood lead and tibia and patella lead by 109Cd K‐shell‐induced X‐ray fluorescence.

Results

Higher tibia lead was consistently associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Longitudinal analysis of the Korean and organolead cohort indicate that the effect of lead is persistent. Moreover, MRI data on organolead workers indicates a possible progressive effect from past exposure; higher tibia lead was associated with lower brain volume. The latter study indicates that a difference in tibia lead equivalent to about one‐sixth of the overall range was associated with a mean difference in these cognitive tests that was equivalent, on average, to what was observed for a five‐year age difference.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that a significant proportion of what is considered to be “normal” age‐related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to past exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:729–739, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microporous Magnesium and Manganese Formates for Acetylene Storage and Separation
Authors: Samsonenko Denis G. , Kim Hyunuk , Sun Yinyong , Kim Ghyung‐Hwa , Lee Heung‐Soo , Kim Kimoon
Published: February 2007

Acetylene sorption of microporous metal formates M(HCOO)2 (M=Mg and Mn) was investigated. Measurements of acetylene sorption at 196, 275, and 298 K showed a Type I isotherm with quick saturation at low pressures, and 50–75 cm3 g−1 uptake at 1.0 atm. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis of the acetylene‐adsorbed metal formates revealed that acetylene molecules occupy two independent positions in the zigzag channels of the frameworks with a stoichiometry of M(HCOO)2⋅1/3C2H2, which is consistent with the gas sorption experiments. No specific interaction except van der Waals interactions between the adsorbed acetylene molecules and the walls of the frameworks was found. Sorption properties of other gases, including CO2, CH4, N2, O2, and H2, were also investigated. When the temperature was increased to 298 K, the amount of adsorbed acetylene was still above 60 cm3 g−1 for Mg(HCOO)2 and 50 cm3 g−1 for Mn(HCOO)2, whereas the uptake of other gases decreased substantially. The microporous metal formates may thus be useful not only for the storage of acetylene but also its separation from other gases at room or slightly higher temperatures.
Hydroxylation of the Triterpenoid Nigranoic Acid by the Fungus Gliocladium roseum YMF1.00133
Authors: Dong Jin‐Yan , Chen Ye‐Gao , Song Hong‐Chuan , Zhu Yan‐Hui , Zhou Yong‐Ping , Li Lei , He Yan‐Ping , Cao Jie , Zhang Ke‐Qin
Published: February 2007

The ability of the fungus Gliocladium roseum YMF1.00133 to transform the bioactive nigranoic acid (=(24Z)‐9,19‐cyclo‐3,4‐secolanosta‐4(28),24‐diene‐3,26‐dioic acid) was investigated. Three new products from the co‐cultures of nigranoic acid and G. roseum YMF1.00133 were obtained by employing a combination of Sephadex LH‐20 and silica‐gel column chromatography. The major metabolite was identified as 15β‐hydroxynigranoic acid, and the minor metabolites as 6α,15β‐dihydroxynigranoic acid and 7β,15β‐dihydroxynigranoic acid by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. This is the first report of the biotransformation of the A‐ring‐secocycloartene triterpenoid, nigranoic acid.
Combinatorial Synthesis, Lead Identification, and Antitumor Study of a Chalcone‐Based Positional‐Scanning Library
Authors: Ullah Ahsan , Ansari Farzana Latif , Ihsan‐ul‐Haq  , Nazir Samina , Mirza Bushra
Published: February 2007

A 175‐member chalcone library was designed and synthesized from seven differently substituted acetophenones (A1–A7) and 25 differently substituted aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes (B1–B25). Potential lead compounds were identified by deconvolution of a two‐dimensional library matrix via positional scanning, and the members of the most‐active sub‐libraries were synthesized and screened against crown‐gall tumors with the aid of the potato‐disc assay. The resulting hits gave rise to significant antitumor activities, with no antibacterial effect on the tumor‐producing bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Two identified lead structures, (2E)‐3‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one (A1B9) and the hydroxy analogue (2E)‐3‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (A2B9), are promising candidates to be developed into highly effective anticancer chemotherapeutics.
Anti‐Inflammatory and Anti‐Tumor‐Promoting Effects of Triterpene Acids and Sterols from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , Nakamura Yuji , Tagata Masaaki , Tokuda Harukuni , Yasukawa Ken , Uchiyama Emiko , Suzuki Takashi , Kimura Yumiko
Published: February 2007

A series of lanostane‐type triterpene acids, including eleven lucidenic acids (3, 4, 9, 10, 13–19) and six ganoderic acids (20–22, 24, 26, 27), as well as six sterols (28–33), all isolated from the fruiting bodies of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum, were examined for their inhibitory effects on the induction of Epstein–Barr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, a known primary screening test for anti‐tumor promoters. All of the compounds tested, except for ganolactone (27) and three sterols (29–31), showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction, with IC50 values of 235–370 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. In addition, nine lucidenic acids (1, 2, 5–8, 11, 12, 18) and four ganoderic acids (20, 23–25) were found to inhibit TPA‐induced inflammation (1 μg/ear) in mice, with ID50 values of 0.07–0.39 mg per ear. Further, 20‐hydroxylucidenic acid N (18) exhibited inhibitory effects on skin‐tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse‐skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.
Tyrosine kinase receptor RON in human pancreatic cancer
Authors: Camp E. Ramsay , Yang Anthony , Gray Mike J. , Fan Fan , Hamilton Stanley R. , Evans Douglas B. , Hooper Andrea T. , Pereira Daniel S. , Hicklin Daniel J. , Ellis Lee M.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Specific tyrosine kinase receptors such as c‐MET mediate epithelial‐mesenchymal (EMT) transition, leading to phenotypic alterations associated with increased cell motility. It was hypothesized that RON, a tyrosine kinase receptor related to c‐MET, would be expressed in human pancreatic cancer cells, induce EMT, and would thus serve as a target for therapy in a preclinical model.

METHODS

RON expression in human pancreatic cancer specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, RON expression was assessed by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. The human pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl, with high RON expression, was exposed to macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), the RON ligand, and assessed for cell migration, invasion, and changes associated with EMT. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were used to assess alterations in protein expression and cellular location, respectively. A RON monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was used to block ligand‐induced activation of RON.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemical staining revealed RON overexpression in 93% of human pancreatic cancer specimens relative to nonmalignant ductal tissue. RON mRNA and protein was expressed in 9 of 9 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Treatment of L3.6pl cells with MSP increased Erk phosphorylation, cell migration, and invasion (P < .001). RON activation led to a decrease in membrane‐bound E‐cadherin in association with nuclear translocation of β‐catenin. RON MoAb inhibited downstream signaling as well as cell migration and invasion. In nude mice, RON MoAb inhibited subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor growth by about 60%.

CONCLUSIONS

RON activation induced molecular and cellular alterations consistent with EMT. Inhibition of RON activation inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Novel antineoplastic therapies designed to inhibit RON activity may hinder mechanisms critical for pancreatic tumor progression. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of peripheral T‐cell lymphomas and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Tomita Naoto , Motomura Shigeki , Hyo Rie , Takasaki Hirotaka , Takemura Sachiya , Taguchi Jun , Fujisawa Shin , Ogawa Koji , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Takeuchi Kengo
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a biologically heterogeneous subgroup of lymphomas with poor prognosis. In this study, the authors analyzed the clinical behaviors of PTCLs and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

METHODS

The authors compared the characteristics and outcomes of 59 patients with PTCLs, including 33 angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphomas and 26 unspecified peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, with the characteristics and outcomes of 193 patients with DLBCLs who were treated in the era before rituximab.

RESULTS

Based on the clinical characteristics, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), poor PS, advanced stage, higher International Prognostic Index score, and B symptoms were more common in patients with PTCLs, and bulky mass was more common in patients with DLBCL. The rates of complete response (CR) or an unconfirmed CR (CRu) were higher in patients with DLBCL (72%) than in patients with PTCLs (56%; P = .03). The 5‐year overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 31%, 26%, and 47%, respectively, in patients with PTCLs and 59%, 55%, and 73%, respectively, in patients with DLBCL (P = .001, P < .001, and P = .003, respectively). Although multivariate analysis identified several risk factors that were significant in PTCLs, but not in DLBCLs, for the CR/CRu, OS, PFS, and DFS rates, the immunophenotype was not identified as a risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS

The poor response and survival of patients who had PTCLs, compared with patients who had DLBCL, was caused by numerous initial risk factors. T‐cell phenotype itself did not appear to have a significant impact on either response or survival. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of group‐III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the retina
Authors: Quraishi Salma , Gayet Jacqueline , Morgans Catherine W. , Duvoisin Robert M.
Published: February 2007

In the brain and the retina metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulate synaptic transmission; in particular,L‐2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyrate‐sensitive group‐III mGluRs are generally presynaptic and provide negative feedback of neurotransmitter release. We performed a comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of all group‐III mGluRs in the mouse retina. mGluR6 expression was limited to the outer plexiform layer. Discrete, punctate immunolabeling, exclusively in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), was observed for each of the remaining group‐III mGluRs. mGluR4 immunostaining was most abundant in IPL sublamina 1; mGluR7 immunoreactivity was organized in four bands, corresponding to sublaminae 1–4; and mGluR8 was localized in two broad bands, one each in the OFF and ON layers of the IPL. mGluR8 immunoreactivity was evident in the OFF plexus of cholinergic amacrine cell processes. Surprisingly, we found little overlap between group‐III mGluR immunolabeling and that for the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1. Instead, we found that mGluR4 and mGluR7 were located close to bipolar cell ribbons. No compensatory changes in the distribution of group‐III mGluRs, or of several other markers also showing a stratified localization in the IPL, were observed in genetically engineered mice lacking either mGluR4, mGluR8, or both mGluR4 and mGluR8. The unique pattern of expression of each receptor suggests that they have distinct functions in the retina, and their asymmetric distribution in the ON and OFF layers of the IPL suggests distinct roles in the processing of light‐ON and light‐OFF stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:931–943, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eigenschaftswerte von Leichtbetonsteinen unter Zugbeanspruchung
Authors: Schubert Peter , Graubohm Markus
Published: February 2007

Derzeit vorliegende Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Zugfestigkeit von Vollsteinen, Vollblöcken und Hohlblöcken aus Leichtbeton werden vereinheitlicht, statistisch ausgewertet, in Tabellen und Diagrammen dargestellt sowie für die Anwendung in Technischen Regelwerken aufbereitet. In DIN 1053 ist die Zugfestigkeit der Mauersteine eine wichtige Eingangsgröße für die Bemessung auf Zug‐, Biegezug‐ und Schubfestigkeit von Mauerwerk.
Grundlagen des semiprobabilistischen Sicherheitskonzeptes und seine Anwendung in der DIN 1053‐100
Authors: Schermer Detleff
Published: February 2007

Die wesentlichsten Änderungen in der Norm DIN 1053‐100 (2006), die dem Anwender direkt ins Auge fallen, betreffen das Sicherheitskonzept. Obwohl das Teilsicherheitskonzept im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau – z. B. im Bereich des Stahlbaus oder auch im Stahlbetonbau – schon seit längerem Grundlage der einschlägigen Vorschriften ist, stellt es für den Mauerwerksbau einen entscheidenden Einschnitt und eine wesentliche Veränderung dar. Insbesondere aus der Tatsache, daß durch eine unterschiedliche Belegung von horizontalen und damit Biegung erzeugenden veränderlichen Einwirkungen im Vergleich zu ständigen, Druck erzeugenden und damit rückdrehenden Einwirkungen, im Vergleich zu der Vorgehensweise mit globalem Sicherheitskonzept in DIN 1053‐1 (1996), neue Kombinationen und Bemessungssituationen möglich werden, ergeben sich für den Mauerwerksbau wichtige Herausforderungen. Diese begründen sich in diesem Fall aus den ungünstigeren rechnerischen Exzentrizitäten in Kombination mit dem Fehlen von Zugfestigkeiten senkrecht zur Lagerfuge, wodurch sich infolge reduzierter Überdrückungsflächen ungünstigere Spannungs‐ und Dehnungsverteilungen im Querschnitt ergeben. Inwieweit diese Änderungen bemessungsrelevant werden, ist jeweils im Einzelfall zu bestimmen.