bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Ipsilateral Oculomotor Nerve Palsy and Contralateral Downbeat Nystagmus in a Case of Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Matsuzono Kosuke , Manabe Yasuhiro , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Narai Hisashi , Omori Nobuhiko , Abe Koji
Published: April 2014

We report a patient with acute cerebral infarction of the left paramedian thalamus, upper mesencephalon and cerebellum who exhibited ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral downbeat nystagmus. The site of the infarction was considered to be the paramedian thalamopeduncular and cerebellar regions, which are supplied by the superior cerebellar artery containing direct perforating branches or both the superior cerebellar artery and the superior mesencephalic and posterior thalamosubthalamic arteries. Contralateral and monocular downbeat nystagmus is very rare. Our case suggests that the present downbeat nystagmus was due to dysfunction of cerebellar-modulated crossed oculovestibular fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle or bilateral downbeat nystagmus with one-sided oculomotor nerve palsy.
Kidney Diseases Enhance Expression of Tetraspanin-8: A Possible Protective Effect against Tubular Injury
Authors: Hirukawa Takashi , Wu Qiong , Sawada Kaichiro , Matsusaka Taiji , Saka Sanae , Oka Akira , Hirawa Nobuhito , Umemura Satoshi , Kakuta Takatoshi , Endoh Masayuki , Inoko Hidetoshi , Ichikawa Iekuni , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: April 2014

Background/Aims:TSPAN8 encoding tetraspanin-8 was identified as a candidate gene for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) by a genome-wide association study using microsatellites in the Japanese population. Tetraspanin-8 is a cell surface protein that contributes to the migration and invasion of epithelial cells. Methods: We performed immunohistochemistry for tetraspanin-8 on human renal biopsy specimens associated with IgAN, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated nephropathy and interstitial nephritis, as well as normal renal tissue. Furthermore, to study the potential function of tetraspanin-8, we performed cell migration and invasion assays using human renal tubule cells transfected with tetraspanin-8. Results: Tetraspanin-8 was often expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and occasionally in tubule cells in normal kidney. In the kidneys of all types of nephropathy, tetraspanin-8 staining in the arteries was unaffected, but that in the tubules was enhanced. The degree of tubular staining negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate, independently of the type of nephropathy. Tetraspanin-8-expressing tubule cells were found predominantly in distal and collecting tubules, identified by cytokeratin 7 or aquaporin 2 staining. In vitro studies using cultured tubule cells revealed that tetraspanin-8 promoted migration by 2.7-fold without laminin, by 2.8-fold with laminin and invasion into Matrigel by 3.5-fold, suggesting that enhanced tetraspanin-8 may be involved in the repair of tubules. Conclusion: The obtained findings indicate that tetraspanin-8 expression is enhanced in injured distal tubules, which may be involved in the repair of tubules by facilitating migration and invasion.
Developmental ORIgins of Healthy and Unhealthy AgeiNg: The Role of Maternal Obesity - Introduction to DORIAN
Authors: Iozzo Patricia , Holmes Megan , Schmidt Mathias V. , Cirulli Francesca , Guzzardi Maria Angela , Berry Alessandra , Balsevich Georgia , Andreassi Maria Grazia , Wesselink Jan-Jaap , Liistro Tiziana , Gómez-Puertas Paulino , Eriksson Johan G. , Seckl Jonathan
Published: April 2014

Europe has the highest proportion of elderly people in the world. Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia and cognitive decline frequently coexist in the same aged individual, sharing common early risk factors and being mutually reinforcing. Among conditions which may contribute to establish early risk factors, this review focuses on maternal obesity, since the epidemic of obesity involves an ever growing number of women of reproductive age and children, calling for appropriate studies to understand the consequences of maternal obesity on the offspring's health and for developing effective measures and policies to improve people's health before their conception and birth. Though the current knowledge suggests that the long-term impact of maternal obesity on the offspring's health may be substantial, the outcomes of maternal obesity over the lifespan have not been quantified, and the molecular changes induced by maternal obesity remain poorly characterized. We hypothesize that maternal insulin resistance and reduced placental glucocorticoid catabolism, leading to oxidative stress, may damage the DNA, either in its structure (telomere shortening) or in its function (via epigenetic changes), resulting in altered gene expression/repair, disease during life, and pathological ageing. This review illustrates the background to the EU-FP7-HEALTH-DORIAN project.
Relationship Between Valve Calcification and Long-Term Results of Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Bouleti Claire , Iung Bernard , Himbert Dominique , Messika-Zeitoun David , Brochet Eric , Garbarz Eric , Cormier Bertrand , Vahanian Alec
Published: April 2014

Background—

Indications of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) remain debated in calcific mitral stenosis. We analyzed long-term results of PMC for calcific mitral stenosis and the factors associated with late functional results.

Methods and Results—

We compared the characteristics and outcome of 314 patients undergoing PMC for calcific mitral stenosis with 710 patients with noncalcified valves followed up to 20 years. Calcification was defined by fluoroscopy, and its extent was graded from 1 to 4. Good immediate results (valve area ≥1.5 cm
2
with mitral regurgitation ≤2/4) were obtained in 251 patients (80%) with calcified valves and 661 (93%) with noncalcified valves (
P
<0.001). The hazard ratio for good functional results (survival without cardiovascular death, without mitral reintervention, and in New York Heart Association class I or II) was 2.5 (95% confidence interval [2.1–2.9];
P
<0.0001) in patients with calcified valves (12±3% at 20 years) relative to the noncalcified group (38±2% at 20 years). In the 251 patients with calcified valves who had good immediate results, 15-year rates of good functional results were 35±4% for minor (grade 1) calcification, 24±6% for grade 2, and 10±6% for severe (grades 3–4) calcification. Factors associated with poor late functional results on multivariable analysis were calcification extent, older age, higher New York Heart Association class, atrial fibrillation, and higher mean gradient after PMC.

Conclusions—

Although late results of PMC are less satisfying in calcific mitral stenosis, long-term functional outcome depends on calcification extent, patient characteristics, and immediate results of PMC. These findings support the use of PMC as first-line treatment in selected patients with calcific mitral stenosis.
Psychological Associations of Poststroke Fatigue
Authors: Wu Simiao , Barugh Amanda , Macleod Malcolm , Mead Gillian
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

Fatigue is common after stroke but has no effective treatments. Psychological interventions improve fatigue in other conditions by targeting psychological factors such as mood. If psychological factors correlate with fatigue in stroke, this would justify the development of similar interventions for poststroke fatigue (PSF). We used systematic review and meta-analysis to determine psychological associations of PSF.

Methods—

We systematically searched for studies that reported psychological associations of PSF. We used odds ratios (ORs) to estimate the strength of associations and random-effects modeling to calculate summary estimates of ORs. We used stratified meta-analysis to investigate the impact of study design and conducted sensitivity analyses limited to studies that excluded patients with clinical depression and to studies that used depression scales without fatigue items.

Results—

Thirty-five studies (n=9268) reported the association between PSF and ≥1 psychological factor. For PSF and depressive symptoms, we identified 19 studies (n=6712; pooled OR=4.14; 95% confidence interval, 2.73–6.27); this association existed in patients without clinical depression (pooled OR=1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–1.53) and in studies using depression scales without fatigue items (pooled OR=5.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.54–18.93). For PSF and anxiety, we identified 4 studies (n=3884; pooled OR=2.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–5.58). Two studies (n=123) found an association with poor coping styles and 1 study (n=167) with loss of control. Six studies (n=1978) reported other emotional or behavioral associations.

Conclusions—

PSF is associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, poor coping, loss of control, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. These factors are potential targets for treatment of PSF.
Influence of Stroke Infarct Location on Functional Outcome Measured by the Modified Rankin Scale
Authors: Cheng Bastian , Forkert Nils Daniel , Zavaglia Melissa , Hilgetag Claus C. , Golsari Amir , Siemonsen Susanne , Fiehler Jens , Pedraza Salvador , Puig Josep , Cho Tae-Hee , Alawneh Josef , Baron Jean-Claude , Ostergaard Leif , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

In the early days after ischemic stroke, information on structural brain damage from MRI supports prognosis of functional outcome. It is rated widely by the modified Rankin Scale that correlates only moderately with lesion volume. We therefore aimed to elucidate the influence of lesion location from early MRI (days 2–3) on functional outcome after 1 month using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping.

Methods—

We analyzed clinical and MRI data of patients from a prospective European multicenter stroke imaging study (I-KNOW). Lesions were delineated on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images on days 2 to 3 after stroke onset. We generated statistic maps of lesion contribution related to clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale) after 1 month using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping.

Results—

Lesion maps of 101 patients with middle cerebral artery infarctions were included for analysis (right-sided stroke, 47%). Mean age was 67 years, median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 11. Mean infarct volumes were comparable between both sides (left, 37.5 mL; right, 43.7 mL). Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping revealed areas with high influence on higher modified Rankin Scale in regions involving the corona radiata, internal capsule, and insula. In addition, asymmetrically distributed impact patterns were found involving the right inferior temporal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus.

Conclusions—

In this group of patients with stroke, characteristic lesion patterns in areas of motor control and areas involved in lateralized brain functions on early MRI were found to influence functional outcome. Our data provide a novel map of the impact of lesion localization on functional stroke outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale.
Age-Dependent Neurovascular Dysfunction and Damage in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Park Laibaik , Koizumi Kenzo , El Jamal Sleiman , Zhou Ping , Previti Mary Lou , Van Nostrand William E. , Carlson George , Iadecola Costantino
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

Accumulation of amyloid-β in cerebral blood vessels occurs in familial and sporadic forms of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and is a prominent feature of Alzheimer disease. However, the functional correlates of the vascular pathology induced by cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the mechanisms involved have not been fully established.

Methods—

We used male transgenic mice expressing the Swedish, Iowa, and Dutch mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (Tg-SwDI) to examine the effect of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on cerebrovascular structure and function. Somatosensory cortex cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized Tg-SwDI mice and wild-type littermates equipped with a cranial window.

Results—

Tg-SwDI mice exhibited reductions in cerebral blood flow responses to whisker stimulation, endothelium-dependent vasodilators, or hypercapnia at 3 months when compared with wild-type mice, whereas the response to adenosine was not attenuated. However, at 18 and 24 months, all cerebrovascular responses were markedly reduced. At this time, there was evidence of cerebrovascular amyloid deposition, smooth muscle fragmentation, and pericyte loss. Neocortical superfusion with the free radical scavenger manganic(I-II)meso-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin rescued endothelium-dependent responses and functional hyperemia completely at 3 months but only partially at 18 months.

Conclusions—

Tg-SwDI mice exhibit a profound age-dependent cerebrovascular dysfunction, involving multiple regulatory mechanisms. Early in the disease process, oxidative stress is responsible for most of the vascular dysfunction, but with advancing disease structural alterations of the vasomotor apparatus also play a role. Early therapeutic interventions are likely to have the best chance to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Age of Collagen in Intracranial Saccular Aneurysms
Authors: Etminan Nima , Dreier Rita , Buchholz Bruce A. , Beseoglu Kerim , Bruckner Peter , Matzenauer Christian , Torner James C. , Brown Robert D. , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

The chronological development and natural history of cerebral aneurysms (CAs) remain incompletely understood. We used
14
C birth dating of a main constituent of CAs, that is, collagen type I, as an indicator for biosynthesis and turnover of collagen in CAs in relation to human cerebral arteries to investigate this further.

Methods—

Forty-six ruptured and unruptured CA samples from 43 patients and 10 cadaveric human cerebral arteries were obtained. The age of collagen, extracted and purified from excised CAs, was estimated using
14
C birth dating and correlated with CA and patient characteristics, including the history of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis and potentially aneurysm growth and rupture.

Results—

Nearly all CA samples contained collagen type I, which was <5 years old, irrespective of patient age, aneurysm size, morphology, or rupture status. However, CAs from patients with a history of risk factors (smoking or hypertension) contained significantly younger collagen than CAs from patients with no risk factors (mean, 1.6±1.2 versus 3.9±3.3 years, respectively;
P
=0.012). CAs and cerebral arteries did not share a dominant structural protein, such as collagen type I, which would allow comparison of their collagen turnover.

Conclusions—

The abundant amount of relatively young collagen type I in CAs suggests that there is an ongoing collagen remodeling in aneurysms, which is significantly more rapid in patients with risk factors. These findings challenge the concept that CAs are present for decades and that they undergo only sporadic episodes of structural change.
Holocaust Survival Differentials in the Netherlands, 1942–1945: The Role of Wealth and Nationality
Authors: Croes Marnix
Published: April 2014

Almost all of the 140,000 Jews living in the Netherlands when the German occupation began were sent to transit camps and eventually to death camps, but not on the same timetable. According to the Jews themselves, social-economic class and (pre-war) nationality played an important role in determining when and whether people were sent to meet their death. However, data from the province of Overijssel reveal that Jews from the highest social economic class were, in general, transferred to Westerbork transit camp at a later date than were Jews from lower social-economic classes. Although the usual assumption is that Jews who had more time to find a safe hideout had a better chance to survive the Holocaust, the analysis reveals otherwise. The results for nationality are similar. German Jews from Overijssel were, in general, deported from Westerbork transit camp to the death camps in the East later than were Dutch Jews from the same province. Even though this delay reduced the likelihood that German Jews were sent to a concentration camp that had a survival rate even worse than the one at Auschwitz, German Jews did not survive the Holocaust to a greater extent than did Dutch Jews.
A Balanced Approach to Local and Global Action
Authors: Barclay Leah , Davis Susan
Published: April 2014

The hosting of the Balance-Unbalance 2013 International Conference in a UNESCO designated Biosphere Reserve was seen as a strategic opportunity to align the objectives and activities of Biosphere Reserves to the aspirations of Balance-Unbalance.
Biosphere Soundscapes
Authors: Barclay Leah
Published: April 2014

Biosphere Soundscapes (BioScapes) is a large-scale interdisciplinary art project underpinned by the creative possibilities of soundscape ecology, a rapidly evolving field of biology used to record environmental patterns and changes. This project is designed to inspire communities across the world to listen to the environment and re-imagine the potential of International UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as learning laboratories for a sustainable future.
Catalysts for Change: Creative Practice as an Environmental Engagement Tool
Authors: Chandler Lisa , Baldwin Claudia , Marks Megan
Published: April 2014

This paper presents research investigating how creative practice can complement scientific discourses in engaging the public with environmental issues. Focusing on the Floating Land environmental art festival and The People’s Garden eco-visualization, this enquiry examines how participatory creative projects can engender social learning and reflection on environmental values that operate as catalysts for change.
The Functions of Environmental Art
Authors: Bullot Nicolas J.
Published: April 2014

The psycho-historical theory of art posits that the functions of an artwork are effects of that artwork selected and reproduced because they fulfill humans’ mental and social needs. To develop this account, I hypothesize a cluster of core functions of environmental art, which encompasses effects such as tracking, broadcasting, emotions manipulation, cooperation, and critical reflection.
Early Digital Computer Art at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
Authors: Noll A. Michael
Published: April 2014

This article is a history of the digital computer art and animation developed and created at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, 1962–1968. Still and animated images in two dimensions and in stereographic pairs were created and used in investigations of aesthetic preferences, in film titles, in choreography, and in experimental artistic movies. Interactive digital computer music software was extended to the visual domain, including a real-time interactive system. Some of the artworks generated were exhibited publicly in various art venues. This article emphasizes work in digital programming. This pioneering work at Bell Labs was a significant contribution to digital art.
Achieving Human Presence in Space Exploration
Authors: Lester Dan
Published: April 2014

One of the primary goals of human spaceflight has been putting human cognition on other worlds. This is at the heart of the premise of what we call space exploration. But Earth-controlled telerobotic facilities can now bring human senses to other worlds and, in that respect, the historical premise of exploration, of boots on the ground, no longer clearly applies. We have ways of achieving remote presence that we never used to have. But the distances over which this must be achieved, by humans based on the Earth, is such that the speed of light seriously handicaps their awareness and cognition. The highest quality telepresence can be achieved not only by having people on site, but also by having people close, and it is that requirement that truly mandates human spaceflight. In terms of cost, safety, and survival, getting people close is easier than getting people all the way there. It is suggested here that to the extent that space exploration is best accomplished by achieving a sense of real human off-Earth presence, that presence can be best achieved by optimally combining human spaceflight to mitigate latency, with telerobotics, to keep those humans secure. This is culturally a new perspective on exploration.
Reason and the Rhetoric of Legal Obligation in Plato’s Crito
Authors: Diduch Paul J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This paper examines Crito’s motives for wanting to help Socrates escape, and Socrates’ rhetorical strategy for handling Crito’s concerns, particularly Crito’s fear of the many. It concludes that Socrates’ admitted concern for his reputation provides the only adequate explanation for his obedience to the court, an explanation which does not rely on his explicit arguments for obligation, but which helps explain why he is concerned to come to the law’s defence. Joining others in suggesting that Socrates’ case for obligation be taken as rhetoric, the examination of the text reveals that not only are Socrates’ arguments too problematic to be an adequate defence of obligation, but these same arguments point to a criticism of punitive law that makes it unlikely that Socrates is philosophically invested in the defence he offers to Crito.
Le mythe du Politique à la lumière des Lois : un argument supplémentaire en faveur des trois phases
Authors: Brisson Luc
Published: April 2014

Résumé

À la différence de la plupart des autres commentateurs, je soutiens que l’histoire de l’univers évoquée dans le mythe du Politique comprend trois périodes : le règne de Kronos décrit en 271c3-272d6, le monde laissé à lui-même évoqué en 272d6-273e4 et le règne de Zeus, le nôtre, décrit en 273e4-274d7. La période d’abandon ne peut correspondre à la nôtre, au cours de laquelle, suivant Platon, les dieux sont actifs et jouent un rôle important. Un passage du Timée (52d3-53c1) et surtout le dixième livre des Lois laissent en effet entendre qu’il s’agit là d’une « expérience de pensée », destinée à illustrer dans quel état serait le monde s’il était livré a lui-même.
Thirsting to Write
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: April 2014

What constitutes a Haitian postearthquake novel? Does such a work require the author to present to a greater or lesser degree people and situations that relate to the disaster and its ongoing effects? Is a work written after the earthquake but which does not mention it still a postearthquake novel? This article engages with some of the issues facing Haitian writers following the earthquake through a close discussion of a novel that does in fact write directly of the disaster and its aftermath: Kettly Mars’s Aux frontières de la soif.
History education and the security community building in the Western Balkans: A critical view
Authors: Lakić Nikola
Published: April 2014

Definitional properties of the security community's 'dependable expectations of peaceful change' exist whenever neither side makes further violence unimaginable. School education in the Western Balkans intensifies the thinking that hostility and conflicts are natural and immutable and makes understanding of war as something inevitable and justified. In this article I draw on Pinar Bilgin's claim that unfulfilled potential in terms of knowledge and ideas that already exist in the region could help popularize the cause for a security community and facilitate its creation. By adopting immanent critique, a methodological orientation of the Welsh School, in the analysis of the Balkan Conferences (1930-1933) I demonstrate that factual manipulation of history has historically been frequently adopted by Balkan state elites in their permanent desire to build hegemony around ethno-centrism. It was briefly proposed at the Second and Third Conferences that new history textbooks that would overcome ethnocentrism and deepen the trust between the Balkan populations should be introduced in order to achieve rapprochement. In this article I argue that community-minded emancipatory education which adopts multi-perspective methodology and reflective pedagogy harbor crucial potential for further promotion of sustainable peace, facilitating trust in the Western Balkans and inducing the citizens to think of themselves as belonging to a single region.
Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae
Authors: HUANG YANFEI , YANG JUNXING , CHEN XIAOYONG
Published: April 2014

Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Cyprinidae, is described from a tributary of the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) in Guangxi Province, China. It can be distinguished from other genera of Labeoninae by the following characters: middle part of rostral cap undeveloped, narrow, only covering the base of the upper jaw, both sides of rostral cap well developed and extending upward, rostral cap connected the lower lip with free lateral margin, the median part of lower lip protruded to form a round fleshy pad, whose posterior margin continuous with the mental region.
Dina sketi n. sp., a new erpobdellid leech (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae) from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: GROSSER CLEMENS , PEŠIĆ VLADIMIR , DMITROVIĆ DEJAN
Published: April 2014

The concept of the genera within the family Erpobdellidae seems to be extremely artificial. Recent phylogenetic studies (Trontelj & Sket 2000, Siddall 2002) based on morphology and DNA sequence data showed that a revision of the family was necessary because the morphological characters used to distinguish known erpobdellid genera are not informative. The pattern of annulations, traditionally used for distinguishing Dina Blanchard, 1892 and Trocheta Dutrochet, 1817 has been proven to be inappropriate for identification of some species (e.g. Dina krasensis (Sket, 1968) and D. pseudotrocheta Grosser & Eiseler, 2008; see Trontelj & Sket (2000) and Grosser et al. (2011b), respectively). Siddall (2002) synonymized all the erpobdellid genera with Erpobdella de Blainville in Lamarck, 1818. However we decided to retain the traditional generic subdivisions of Erpobdellidae in accordance with the reasons listed by Trontelj & Sket (2000), which were also followed by the recent taxonomic studies (e.g. Ben Ahmed et al. (2011). Further systematic studies should be conducted for revising classification of the erpobdellid genera.
Further notes on South American species of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) assigned to Moribaetis Waltz & McCafferty, 1985
Authors: CRUZ PAULO VILELA , SALLES FREDERICO FALCÃO
Published: April 2014

The types of the remaining two South American species classified in Moribaetis Waltz & McCafferty, 1985 were studied. Moribaetis comes (Navás, 1912) is designated as a nomen dubium based on the lack of information in the original description, the damaged type and the resultant improbability of assigning specimens to this species. The type-material of M. aneto (Traver, 1971), on the other hand, is well-preserved. Based on the morphology of males and females, we propose a new combination, Camelobaetidius aneto. In conclusion, we consider the genus Moribaetis to be absent from South America.
Summer Season Squall-Line Simulations: Sensitivity of Gravity Waves to Physics Parameterization and Implications for Their Parameterization in Global Climate Models
Authors: Stephan Claudia , Alexander M. Joan
Published: April 2014

Gravity waves have important effects on the middle atmosphere circulation, and those generated by convection are prevalent in the tropics and summer midlatitudes. Numerous case studies have been carried out to investigate their characteristics in high-resolution simulations. Here, the impact of the choice of physics parameterizations on the generation and spectral properties of these waves in models is investigated. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) a summertime squall line over the Great Plains is simulated in a three-dimensional, nonlinear, and nonhydrostatic mesoscale framework. The distributions of precipitation strength and echo tops in the simulations are compared with radar data. Unsurprisingly, those storm features are most sensitive to the microphysics scheme. However, it is found that these variations in storm morphology have little influence on the simulated stratospheric momentum flux spectra. These results support the fundamental idea behind climate model parameterizations: that the large-scale storm conditions can be used to predict the spectrum of gravity wave momentum flux above the storm irrespective of the convective details that coarse-resolution models cannot capture. The simulated spectra are then contrasted with those obtained from a parameterization used in global climate models. The parameterization reproduces the shape of the spectra reasonably well but their magnitudes remain highly sensitive to the peak heating rate within the convective cells.
Graupel and Hail Terminal Velocities: Does a “Supercritical” Reynolds Number Apply?
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew , Wright Robert
Published: April 2014

This study characterizes the terminal velocities of heavily rimed ice crystals and aggregates, graupel, and hail using a combination of recent drag coefficient and particle bulk density observations. Based on a nondimensional Reynolds number (Re)–Best number (X) approach that applies to atmospheric temperatures and pressures where these particles develop and fall, the authors develop a relationship that spans a wide range of particle sizes. The Re–X relationship can be used to derive the terminal velocities of rimed particles for many applications. Earlier observations suggest that a “supercritical” Reynolds number is reached where the drag coefficient for large spherical ice—hail—drops precipitously and the terminal velocities increase rapidly. The authors draw on observations and model simulations for slightly roughened large ice particles that suggest that the critical Reynolds number is dampened and that the rapid increase in the terminal velocity of smooth spherical ice particles rarely occurs for natural hailstones.
The Impact of Horizontal Model Grid Resolution on the Boundary Layer Structure over an Idealized Valley
Authors: Wagner Johannes S. , Gohm Alexander , Rotach Mathias W.
Published: April 2014

The role of horizontal model grid resolution on the development of the daytime boundary layer over mountainous terrain is studied. A simple idealized valley topography with a cross-valley width of 20 km, a valley depth of 1.5 km, and a constant surface heat flux forcing is used to generate upslope flows in a warming valley boundary layer. The goal of this study is to investigate differences in the boundary layer structure of the valley when its topography is either fully resolved, smoothed, or not resolved by the numerical model. This is done by performing both large-eddy (LES) and kilometer-scale simulations with horizontal mesh sizes of 50, 1000, 2000, 4000, 5000, and 10 000 m. In LES mode a valley inversion layer develops, which separates two vertically stacked circulation cells in an upper and lower boundary layer. These structures weaken with decreasing horizontal model grid resolution and change to a convective boundary layer over an elevated plain when the valley is no longer resolved. Mean profiles of the LES run, which are obtained by horizontal averaging over the valley show a three-layer thermal structure and a secondary heat flux maximum at ridge height. Strong smoothing of the valley topography prevents the development of a valley inversion layer with stacked circulation cells and leads to higher valley temperatures due to smaller valley volumes. Additional LES and “1 km” runs over corresponding smoothed valleys reveal that differences occur mainly because of unresolved topography and not because of unresolved turbulence processes. Furthermore, the deactivation of horizontal diffusion improved simulations with 1- and 2-km horizontal resolution.
Development of an educational video to improve HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and prevention among company workers in Ecuador
Authors: Cabezas María del Carmen , Fornasini Marco , Barmettler David , Ortuño Diego , Borja Teresa , Albert Adelin
Published: April 2014

Objective:

To develop and assess an innovative educational video package for improving HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices among company workers in Ecuador.

Methods:

The design and development of the HIV prevention educational video was based on the results of a large-scale survey conducted in 115 companies (commerce, manufacturing and real estate) and among 1,732 workers in the three most populous provinces of Ecuador (Pichincha, Guayas and Azuay). Two focus groups (workers of different job categories and HIV experts from various domains) evaluated the video by means of an 11-item questionnaire scoring the concept, script, technical aspects, potential impact, content and quality of the digital production.

Results:

The video produced was 16-minutes long. The two focus groups indicated their overall satisfaction with the initial version of the video and their scores were high. They felt the video kept their interest, was easy to understand, and evidenced the good use of graphics, voice audio and narrative to impact on the audience. The experts were, however, slightly more critical than workers and made some minor suggestions about the content and the need to test the video’s cultural appropriateness and degree of comprehension, both of which improved the video prior to its final release.

Conclusion:

Video-based HIV intervention programmes targeting company workers may have value in improving knowledge and reducing the risk of HIV transmission in Ecuador.
Is there a need for a European doctorate in health promotion and public health?
Authors: Gugglberger Lisa , Hall Caroline
Published: April 2014

Objectives:

This paper summarises the context and rationale behind developing a European doctorate in health promotion and public health and its relevance to the international context. Since no Pan-European doctorate exists to date, a network of universities and higher education institutions across Europe has been working towards the establishment of a European doctorate in health promotion and public health. This paper describes the consensus-building process among this network of core stakeholders, combining key learning outcomes with the results of a scoping study. We critically examine some of the challenges encountered and discuss the potential need for such a doctoral level qualification.

Methods:

The consensus-building process included several meetings as well as a qualitative scoping study, consisting of nine qualitative interviews with and two written responses from different stakeholders in the area of doctoral education.

Results:

We describe the different requirements, benefits and challenges linked to the development of a European doctorate in health promotion and public health that were identified within the consensus-building process and in the qualitative data.

Conclusion:

Overall, the benefits identified suggest that a European doctorate in health promotion and public health would be a positive and progressive initiative. However, the potential added value and the demand for such a doctorate still need to be examined.
Effects of axial impacts at different temperatures on failure response of adhesively bonded woven fabric glass fiber/epoxy composite joints
Authors: Sayman Onur , Soykok Ibrahim F , Dogan Tolga , Dogan Akar , Arikan Volkan
Published: April 2014

Evaluating post-impact failure responses of single-lap adhesively bonded composite-to-composite joints in uniaxial static tensile loading was the main objective of the current experimental study. At first, axial tensile impacts having various energy levels (10, 15, 20, and 25 J) were applied to the joints at different temperatures (−20, 0, room temperature, 50, and 80℃). Afterward, the samples were secondarily subjected to static tensile loading at ambient temperature, so that reductions in joint strengths arising from the impacts performed under different loading conditions could be assessed. Consequently, it was definitely proved that each of the axial impacts performed in any loading case has a noticeable effect on ultimate joint strengths, proportionally to the acting condition. Besides, the combination of high energy and temperature sometimes appeared to be the reason of impact failure, which occurs instantly without being able to perform axial static tests. When applied energy and/or absolute difference from room temperature is increased, lower joint resistances could be measured during secondary tensile tests.
Impaired Capital Reallocation and Productivity
Authors: Barnett Alina , Broadbent Ben , Chiu Adrian , Franklin Jeremy , Miller Helen
Published: April 2014

The level of private sector labour productivity has been particularly weak since the start of the crisis. In this paper we explore whether impairment to capital reallocation has been contributing to this weakness. The recent increase in the dispersion of output,
prices and rates of return across firms and sectors is stark, and suggests that resources have had incentives to move. Efficient allocation requires that capital moves to firms and sectors where rates of return are relatively high. And the change in capital levels across sectors has been particularly low, suggesting there has been an unusually slow process of capital reallocation since 2008 compared to previous UK recessions and other banking crises. This result is also apparent within sectors. We use a simple and general model to show that increased price dispersion can be a consequence of frictions to efficient capital allocation. And the size of this dispersion can usefully inform us about the size of the associated output and productivity loss. We then find that – using firm level data
– the relationship between rates of return and subsequent capital movements has changed since the financial crisis. Overall, our results suggest that impaired capital reallocation across the UK economy is likely to have been one factor contributing to the recent weakness in productivity growth.
Social Salience and the Sociolinguistic Monitor
Authors: Levon Erez , Fox Sue
Published: April 2014

This article examines the role of social salience, or the relative ability of a linguistic variable to evoke social meaning, in structuring listeners’ perceptions of quantitative sociolinguistic distributions. Building on the foundational work of Labov et al. (2006, 2011) on the “sociolinguistic monitor” (a proposed cognitive mechanism responsible for sociolinguistic perception), we examine whether listeners’ evaluative judgments of speech change as a function of the type of variable presented. We consider two variables in British English, ING and TH-fronting, which we argue differ in their relative social salience. Replicating the design of Labov et al.’s studies, we test 149 British listeners’ reactions to different quantitative distributions of these variables. Our experiments elicit a very different pattern of perceptual responses than those reported previously. In particular, our results suggest that a variable’s social salience determines both whether and how it is perceptually evaluated. We argue that this finding is crucial for understanding how sociolinguistic information is cognitively processed.
Training Scientific Thinking Skills
Authors: Stevens Courtney , Witkow Melissa R.
Published: April 2014

The present study reports on the development and evaluation of a classroom module to train scientific thinking skills. The module was implemented in two of four parallel sections of introductory psychology. To assess learning, a passage-based question set from the medical college admissions test (MCAT2015) preview guide was included as extra credit on the final exam in all sections. This provided an outcome that was distinct in content from the module, while tapping the same underlying scientific thinking skills. Students in the experimental classrooms answered more questions correctly on targeted scientific thinking skills than students in the comparison classrooms. These data support the benefit of targeted activities for training scientific thinking skills in introductory psychology.
The More You Know
Authors: Doran Jennifer M. , Somerville William , Harlem-Siegel Jessica , Steele Howard
Published: April 2014

The New School Psychology Bulletin (NSPB) is a peer-reviewed journal operated by clinical psychology graduate students. Forty-four members of the editorial board and 27 authors were surveyed before and after working with NSPB. Results of the survey demonstrated that experience with the publication process resulted in quantitative decreases in confidence, proficiency, and interest in publishing in the future. Despite these drops, respondents reported that NSPB was relevant and effective training, and they rated NSPB and their experience favorably. They also reported that it provided them with unique gains not available in their training programs. A follow-up study 2 months after termination explored the decreases in confidence, proficiency, and interest. Qualitative data suggest that after working with NSPB, about half of respondents felt more optimistic about the publication process, with the remaining half feeling less optimistic, experiencing no change, or reporting a mixed perception (e.g., feeling less confident but believing that they had a more realistic perspective). Taken together, the data suggest that early experience with publication and peer review disparately affects students’ attitudes toward publishing.
Using a Pseudoscience Activity to Teach Critical Thinking
Authors: Adam Aimee , Manson Todd M.
Published: April 2014

In two studies, we assessed the effectiveness of a classroom activity designed to increase students’ ability to think critically. This activity involved watching and discussing an infomercial that contained pseudoscientific claims, thus incorporating course material on good research design and critical thinking. In Study 1, we used a pretest–posttest design. After the activity, students were significantly more likely to correctly identify flaws in a series of claims. In Study 2, we compared the effectiveness of this activity to a traditional lecture. Participation in the activity was more effective at increasing students’ ability to critically evaluate claims than the lecture. These results suggest that short-term interventions to increase critical thinking can be successful and can be made interesting for students.
Topical Coverage in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Griggs Richard A. , Bates Scott C.
Published: April 2014

Because 98% of teachers use textbooks for the introductory psychology course and the majority of introductory teachers do not assign reading beyond the textbook, examining the topical coverage allocation pattern in introductory textbooks versus that in introductory course lectures is important for our understanding of how introductory students are being educated about our discipline. We examined this relationship by comparing chapter topical allocation findings for textbooks with lecture allocation findings based upon analysis of introductory course syllabi. The two patterns of topical allocation were very similar, indicating that, for the most part, teachers teach the text (allocate lecture time to chapter topics in proportion to the space allocated to them in introductory texts). The implications for textbook selection are discussed.
A Brief Instructional Intervention to Increase Students’ Motivation on the First Day of Class
Authors: McGinley Jared J. , Jones Brett D.
Published: April 2014

What an instructor does on the first day of a course can impact students’ motivation in the course. To build upon these prior research findings, we implemented a first-day intervention to influence students’ motivation by increasing their perceptions of course interest, course usefulness, and instructor caring. The participants were undergraduate students ( n = 111) enrolled in either an introductory or an upper-level psychology class. The instructor implemented an experimental intervention to some sections but not to others. The intervention allowed students to discuss the usefulness of and their interest in the course with one another and to interact with a caring instructor. As hypothesized, students’ perceptions of course interest and instructor caring increased significantly; although perceptions of course usefulness did not.
Greenhouse environmental monitoring and closed-loop control with crop growth model based on wireless sensors network
Authors: Yin Jun , Yang Yuwang , Cao Hongxin , Zhang Zhiyou
Published: April 2014

Based on wireless sensor network (WSN) technology and crop growth simulation techniques, this paper shows the design and realization of an automatic monitoring and closed-loop control system in greenhouses. Firstly, a multi-hop network communication method based on clustering and simple medium access control that is suitable for the monitoring of a large-scale greenhouse environment is designed and analysed, and the simulation results show that its lifetime is 10% longer than LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) when 1% and 20% nodes die. Secondly, a physiological development day-based crop growth simulation model will be built to predict the tomato growth and make further decisions in adjusting the greenhouse climate. In order to obtain the model indicators, early experiments were carried out on four kinds of tomato variety, and the experiment results show that the proposed model has a higher accuracy than the effective temperature model on the root mean square error within 1–4 days, and on the mean absolute error within 2–4 days. Finally, according to the proposed methods, a comprehensive greenhouse dynamic monitoring and closed-loop control system with a 60 MC13213 nodes WSN was implemented. The implementation results show that with three AAA Ni–MH (nominal capacity 750 mAh) batteries, 80% nodes maintained a survival time of 45–60 days, and the model prediction compared with the observed value is at a high correlation efficient of 95%.
Labor and Austerity in Québec
Authors: Collombat Thomas
Published: April 2014

During the Spring of 2012, Québec experienced one of the most important social movements of its contemporary history. The Maple Spring started as a student protest against tuition fee hikes but ended up as a much broader social upheaval against austerity and the authoritarianism of the provincial government. This article investigates the role and position of the labor movement during the Maple Spring. It argues that the events of the Maple Spring demonstrate how the Québec labor movement was put under pressure by the politics of austerity and revealed its internal contradictions. More broadly, this article makes the case for a dialectical approach to understanding the labor movement that takes into consideration its internal diversity and tensions.
Not Your Grandma’s Knitting
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: April 2014

Drawing on participant ethnography and interviews of members of a knitting circle, this study examines how social psychological processes trigger changes to the meanings and practices associated with knitting. The findings detail how women in the group invoke a range of strategies to reshape the meanings and practices associated with knitting, while also defining and policing the material practices associated with knitting in such a way that the activity corresponds with the self-concept of members. The case illustrates how identity-related processes structure the adoption of new cultural practices. More broadly, the research calls attention to the role of social psychological processes in the production of culture.