bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULLSIMGRAF: An educational tool with syntax control for Grafcet notation
Authors: Marichal Roberto L. , González Evelio J.
Published: February 2012

This article presents an educational tool for the teaching of Grafcet language for programmable logic controllers (PLC) and its application in the subject “Digital Devices for Industrial Automation” in a Industrial Electronics Engineering course. Apart from a simulator with its own editor, the tool includes a syntax controller with the purpose of maintaining Grafcet standard. In this way, the tool makes the validation of the implemented scheme easier.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:669–677, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21558
Mass Spectrometric Identification of 13C‐Labeled Metabolites During Anaerobic Propanoic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Felchner‐Zwirello Monika , Winter Josef , Gallert Claudia
Published: February 2012

Biowaste digestion is a possibility to gain biogas as a renewable fuel source. However, the anaerobic food chain may be disrupted by, e.g., substrate overload or by inhibitors, leading to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), predominantly of propanoic acid (PA). VFA Accumulation may cause a rapid pH decrease, less biogas production, or even a total inhibition. To maintain high biogas productivity or to prevent a collapse of methanogenesis, metabolic properties of the degrading microorganisms must be elucidated, e.g., by investigation of the established pathways for degradation of VFAs. A Dani 3950 headspace system (HS), a Varian 431 gas chromatograph (GC), and a Varian 210 mass spectrometer (MS) have been combined to quantify and specifically identify metabolites of PA oxidation. The use of [1‐13C]‐labeled PA as a carbon source for microorganisms allows differentiation between the methyl‐malonyl‐CoA or the C(6)‐dismutation pathway, both resulting in AcOH production. Appearance of the 13C‐moiety either in the COO or Me group of AcO can easily be detected by MS. The methyl‐malonyl‐CoA pathway was successfully identified as the only pathway of PA degradation by organisms in a lab‐scale anaerobic digester. A similar approach can be applied to any degradation pathway involving VFAs.
Free‐Radical Degradation of High‐Molar‐Mass Hyaluronan Induced by Ascorbate plus Cupric Ions: Evaluation of Antioxidative Effect of Cysteine‐Derived Compounds
Authors: Hrabárová Eva , Valachová Katarína , Juránek Ivo , Šoltés Ladislav
Published: February 2012

Based on our previous findings, the present study has focused on free‐radical‐mediated degradation of the synovial biopolymer hyaluronan. The degradation was induced in vitro by the Weissberger's system comprising ascorbate plus cupric ions in the presence of oxygen, representing a model of the early phase of acute synovial joint inflammation. The study presents a novel strategy for hyaluronan protection against oxidative degradation with the use of cysteine‐derived compounds. In particular, the work objectives were to evaluate potential protective effects of reduced form of L‐glutathione, L‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, and cysteamine, against free‐oxygen‐radical‐mediated degradation of high‐molar‐mass hyaluronan in vitro. The hyaluronan degradation was influenced by variable activity of the tested thiol compounds, also in dependence of their concentration applied. It was found that L‐glutathione exhibited the most significant protective and chain‐breaking antioxidative effect against the hyaluronan degradation. Thiol antioxidative activity, in general, can be influenced by many factors such as various molecule geometry, type of functional groups, radical attack accessibility, redox potential, thiol concentration and pKa, pH, ionic strength of solution, as well as different ability to interact with transition metals. Antioxidative activity was found to decrease in the following order: L‐glutathione, cysteamine, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, and L‐cysteine. These findings might be beneficial in future development of potential drugs in the treatment of synovial hyaluronan depletion‐derived diseases.
Chemical Composition and Antitermitic Activity against Coptotermes formosanusShiraki of Cryptomeria japonica Leaf Essential Oil
Authors: Cheng Seng‐Sung , Lin Chun‐Ya , Chung Min‐Jay , Chang Shang‐Tzen
Published: February 2012

Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, called ‘sugi’ in Japanese, is an abundant and renewable potential resource of valuable natural products that may serve as natural biocides in Taiwan. Hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) were used for extracting the essential oils from C. japonica leaves in this study. The chemical constituents of the two leaf essential oils were identified by GC/MS analysis, and their antitermitic activities were evaluated. The results from the antitermitic tests against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki showed that the leaf essential oils extracted by HD and SD had excellent antitermitic activities, with LD50 values of 1.57 and 1.72 mg/g after 7 d of testing, respectively. Comparison of the chemical composition of the two leaf essential oils revealed that oxygenated diterpenes (kaur‐16‐ene) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (β‐elemol) were the dominant constituents. In addition, 13 constituents isolated from the C. japonica leaf essential oils were tested individually against C. formosanus. Among these constituents, β‐elemol and α‐terpineol achieved 100% termite mortality at the dosage of 1 mg/g after 7 d of testing. These results demonstrated that both C. japonica leaf essential oils as well as β‐elemol and α‐terpineol possessed commendable antitermitic activity.
Cytotoxic Activities and Anti‐Tumor‐Promoting Effects of Microbial Transformation Products of Prenylated Chalcones from Angelica keiskei
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , Motoi Toshihiro , Seki Akihito , Kikuchi Takashi , Fukatsu Makoto , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Kimura Yumiko
Published: February 2012

Three prenylated chalcones, 4‐hydroxyderricin (1), xanthoangelol (2), and xanthoangelol F (3), isolated from Angelica keiskei, were transformed by the fungus Aspergillus saitoi. These chalcones were converted to flavanones (i.e., 4, 8, and 12), and prenyl‐chain‐hydrated (i.e., 5, 7, 9–11, and 13) and ring‐B‐hydroxylated (i.e., 6) chalcones. The structures of three new metabolites, 7, 9, and 13, were established as 2″,3″‐dihydro‐4,3″‐dihydroxyderricin, 6″,7″‐dihydro‐7″‐hydroxyxanthoangelol, and 6″,7″‐dihydro‐7″‐hydroxyxanthoangelol F, respectively. Upon evaluation of cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–13, the metabolite 7 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HL60 cells, and this cell death was revealed to be mostly due to apoptosis. In addition, compounds 1–4, 7–10, 12, and 13 were examined for their inhibitory effects on the induction of EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells. All compounds tested showed inhibitory effects against EBV‐EA activation with potencies higher than that of β‐carotene. Furthermore, the metabolite 13 exhibited inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.
An Approach to the Chemotaxonomic Differentiation of Two European Dog's Mercury Species: Mercurialis annua L. and M. perennis L.
Authors: Lorenz Peter , Duckstein Sarina , Conrad Jürgen , Knödler Matthias , Meyer Ulrich , Stintzing Florian C.
Published: February 2012

Mercurialis annua and M. perennis are medicinal plants used in complementary medicine. In the present work, analytical methods to allow a chemotaxonomic differentiation of M. annua and M. perennis by means of chemical marker compounds were established. In addition to previously published compounds, the exclusive presence of pyridine‐3‐carbonitrile and nicotinamide in CH2Cl2 extracts obtained from the herbal parts of M. annua was demonstrated by GC/MS. Notably, pyridine‐3‐carbonitrile was identified for the first time as a natural product. Further chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2 extracts via polyamide yielded a MeOH fraction exhibiting a broad spectrum of side‐chain saturated n‐alkylresorcinols. While the n‐alkylresorcinol pattern was similar for both plant species, some specific differences were observed for particular n‐alkylresorcinol homologs. Finally, the investigation of H2O extracts by LC/MS/MS revealed the presence of depside constituents. Whereas, in M. perennis, a mixture of mercurialis acid (=(2R)‐[(E)‐caffeoyl]‐2‐oxoglutarate) and phaselic acid (=(E)‐caffeoyl‐2‐malate) could be detected, in M. annua solely phaselic acid was found. By comparison with synthesized enantiomerically pure (2R)‐ and (2S)‐phaselic acids, the configuration of the depside could be determined as (2S) in M. annua and as (2R) in M. perennis.
Fabrication of Mesoporous Metal Chalcogenide Nanoflake Silica Thin Films and Spongy Mesoporous CdS and CdSe
Authors: Türker Yurdanur , Karakaya Cüneyt , Dag Ömer
Published: February 2012

Mesoporous silica metal oxide (ZnO and CdO) thin films have been used as metal ion precursors to produce the first examples of mesoporous silica metal sulfide (meso‐SiO2@ZnS, meso‐SiO2@CdS) or silica metal selenide (meso‐SiO2@ZnSe, meso‐SiO2@CdSe) thin films, in which the pore walls are made up of silica and metal sulfide or metal selenide nanoflakes, respectively. A gentle chemical etching with a dilute HF solution of the meso‐SiO2@CdS (or meso‐SiO2@CdSe) produces mesoporous cadmium sulfide (meso‐CdS) (or cadmium selenide, meso‐CdSe). Surface modified meso‐CdS displays bright blue photoluminescence upon excitation with a UV light. The mesoporous silica metal oxides are formed as metal oxide nanoislands over the silica walls through a self‐assembly process of a mixture of metal nitrate salt‐two surfactants‐silica source followed by calcination step. The reactions, between the H2S (or H2Se) gas and solid precursors, have been carried out at room temperature and monitored using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. It has been found that these reactions are: 1) taking place through the diffusion of sulfur or selenium species from the top metal oxide layer to the silica metal oxide interface and 2) slow and can be stopped at any stage to obtain mesoporous silica metal oxide metal sulfide or silica metal oxide metal selenide intermediate thin films.
Cyano‐Bridged MnIIIMIII Single‐Chain Magnets with MIII=CoIII, FeIII, MnIII, and CrIII
Authors: Miyasaka Hitoshi , Madanbashi Tomokura , Saitoh Ayumi , Motokawa Natsuko , Ishikawa Ryuta , Yamashita Masahiro , Bahr Stefan , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Clérac Rodolphe
Published: February 2012

A series of isostructural cyano‐bridged MnIII(h.s.)–MIII(l.s.) alternating chains, [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)MIII(CN)6]⋅4H2O (5‐TMAMsalen2−=N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐trimethylammoniomethylsalicylideneiminate), MnIII(h.s.)=high‐spin MnIII, MIII(l.s.)=low‐spin CoIII, MnCo; FeIII, MnFe; MnIII, MnMn; CrIII, MnCr) was synthesized by assembling [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)]3+ and [MIII(CN)6]3−. The chains present in the four compounds, which crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c, are composed of an [‐MnIII‐NC‐MIII‐CN‐] repeating motif, for which the ‐NC‐MIII‐CN‐ motif is provided by the [MIII(CN)6]3− moiety adopting a trans bridging mode between [MnIII(5‐TMAMsalen)]3+ cations. The MnIII and MIII ions occupy special crystallographic positions: a C2 axis and an inversion center, respectively, forming a highly symmetrical chain with only one kind of cyano bridge. The Jahn–Teller axis of the MnIII(h.s.) ion is perpendicular to the N2O2 plane formed by the 5‐TMAMsalen tetradentate ligand. These Jahn–Teller axes are all perfectly aligned along the unique chain direction without a bending angle, although the chains are corrugated with an Mn‐Naxis‐C angle of about 144°. In the crystal structures, the chains are well separated with the nearest inter‐chain M⋅⋅⋅M distance being relatively large at 9 Å due to steric hindrance of the bulky trimethylammoniomethyl groups of the 5‐TMAMsalen ligand. The magnetic properties of these compounds have been thoroughly studied. MnFe and MnMn display intra‐chain ferromagnetic interactions, whereas MnCr is characterized by an antiferromagnetic exchange that induces a ferrimagnetic spin arrangement along the chain. Detailed analyses of both static and dynamic magnetic properties have demonstrated without ambiguity the single‐chain magnet (SCM) behavior of these three systems, whereas MnCo is merely paramagnetic with SMn=2 and D/kB=−5.3 K (D being a zero‐field splitting parameter). At low temperatures, the MnM compounds with M=Fe, Mn, and Cr display remarkably large M versus H hysteresis loops for applied magnetic fields along the easy magnetic direction that corresponds to the chain direction. The temperature dependence of the associated relaxation time for this series of compounds systematically exhibits a crossover between two Arrhenius laws corresponding to infinite‐chain and finite‐chain regimes for the SCM behavior. These isostructural hetero‐spin SCMs offer a unique series of alternating [‐Mn‐NC‐M‐CN‐] chains, enabling physicists to test theoretical SCM models between the Ising and Heisenberg limits.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Medium‐Ring Carbocycles and Lactones through Modular Assembly and Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted Trienes and Dienynes
Authors: Lejkowski Michal , Banerjee Prabal , Schüller Sabine , Münch Alexander , Runsink Jan , Vermeeren Cornelia , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: February 2012

An asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocycles and 9–11‐membered lactones has been developed. Its key steps are a modular assembly of sulfoximine‐substituted C‐ and O‐tethered trienes and C‐tethered dienynes and their Ru‐catalyzed ring‐closing diene and enyne metathesis (RCDEM and RCEYM). The synthesis of the C‐tethered trienes and dienynes includes the following steps: 1) hydroxyalkylation of enantiomerically pure titanated allylic sulfoximines with unsaturated aldehydes, 2) α‐lithiation of alkenylsulfoximines, 3) alkylation, hydroxy‐alkylation, formylation, and acylation of α‐lithioalkenylsulfoximines, and 4) addition of Grignard reagents to α‐formyl(acyl)alkenylsulfoximines. The sulfoximine group provided for high asymmetric induction in steps 1) and 4). RCDEM of the sulfoximine‐substituted trienes with the second‐generation Ru catalyst stereoselectively afforded the corresponding functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocyles. RCDEM of diastereomeric silyloxy‐substituted 1,6,12‐trienes revealed an interesting difference in reactivity. While the (R)‐diastereomer gave the 11‐membered carbocyle, the (S)‐diastereomer delivered in a cascade of cross metathesis and RCDEM 22‐membered macrocycles. RCDEM of cyclic trienes furnished bicyclic carbocycles with a bicyclo[7.4.0]tridecane and bicyclo[9.4.0]pentadecane skeleton. Selective transformations of the sulfoximine‐ and bissilyloxy‐substituted carbocycles were performed including deprotection, cross‐coupling reaction and reduction of the sulfoximine moiety. Esterification of a sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohol with unsaturated carboxylic acids gave the O‐tethered trienes, RCDEM of which yielded the sulfoximine‐substituted 9–11‐membered lactones. RCEYM of a sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7‐dien‐10‐yne showed an unprecedented dichotomy in ring formation depending on the Ru catalyst. While the second‐generation Ru catalyst gave the 9‐membered exo 1,3‐dienyl carbocycle, the first‐generation Ru catalyst furnished a truncated 9‐membered 1,3‐dieny carbocycle having one CH2 unit less than the dienyne.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Diaza‐ and Tetraazatetracenes
Authors: Lindner Benjamin D. , Engelhart Jens U. , Märken Michaela , Tverskoy Olena , Appleton Anthony L. , Rominger Frank , Hardcastle Kenneth I. , Enders Markus , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: February 2012

A series of functionalized diaza‐ and tetraazatetracenes was synthesized, either by condensation of an aromatic diamine with an ortho‐quinone/diethyloxalate followed by chlorination with POCl3 to give diazatetracenes or by palladium‐catalyzed coupling of a phenylenediamine with various 2,3‐dichloroquinoxalines to give tetraazatetracenes (after oxidation with MnO2). Representative examples included halogenated and nitrated derivatives. The optical properties of these azatetracenes were discussed with respect to their molecular structures and substitution patterns. The diazatetracenes and tetraazatetracenes formed two different groups that had significantly different electronic structures and properties. Furthermore, 1,2,3,4‐tetrafluoro‐6,11‐bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzo[b]phenazine was synthesized, which is the first reported fluorinated diazatetracene. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of this compound is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth and Characterization of Electrodeposited Na0.45VOPO4·1.58H2O Materials.
Authors: Bououd S. , El Hourch A. , El Kacemi K. , Guessous A. , Pradel A. , Ribes M.
Published: February 2012

The title compound is prepared by electrochemical oxidation of VOSO4 in 1M H3PO4 solution to produce a deposit onto a Pt electrode (25 or 60 °C, pH 1.9—2.0 adjusted with NaOH, 1.5 or 1.7 V vs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unprecedented Silver‐Decavanadate Dimer Investigated Using Ion‐Mobility Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: McGlone Thomas , Thiel Johannes , Streb Carsten , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: February 2012

{(Ag(MeCN)3)3 [H3V10O28]·MeCN}2 is synthesized by reaction of (Bu4N)3[H3V10O28] and AgNO3 in MeCN (24 h) followed by diffusion of diethyl ether into the reaction mixture (4 d, 40% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Nucleophilic Substitution: Transformation of Alkylboronic Derivatives.
Authors: Cazorla Clement , Metay Estelle , Lemaire Marc
Published: February 2012

Th Cu2+/BF3·OEt2‐mediated reaction of alkyltrifluoroborate salts with nitriles provides access towards a wide variety of amides (III) and (VI) in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Dicyclopentyl Azodicarboxylate (DCpAD): A New Alternative Azo‐Reagent for the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Yang Jian Hai , Dai Li Yan , Wang Xiao Zhong , Chen Ying Qi
Published: February 2012

The reactivity of DCAD is comparable to DEAD but is shows significantly improved stability and can be stored at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Alkyl Acetals via Addition of Primary Alcohols to Allyl Ethers Mediated by Ruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Krompiec Stanislaw , Penkala Mateusz , Kowalska Ewelina , Penczek Robert , Bujak Piotr , Danikiewicz Witold , Spolnik Grzegorz , Kita Andrzej , Grudzka Iwona
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of unsymmetrical alkyl acetals via addition of primary alcohols to allyl ethers mediated by various ruthenium complexes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Mild Synthesis of Nitroarenes by Metal‐Free Nitration of Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Schranck Johannes , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2012

The presented simple protocol for the synthesis of the compounds (II), which uses the inexpensive reagent tBu—O—NO does not work for phenylboronic acids bearing a vinyl‐ or a hydroxy‐group.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Selective Method for the Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols in the Absence of Metal Catalyst.
Authors: Shi Shenyi , Kong Aiguo , Zhao Xinhua , Shan Yongkui
Published: February 2012

The chemoselective metal‐free aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols is accomplished using pyridinium nitrate as ionic liquid catalyst under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Aryl Sulfones from Aryl Chlorides and Sulfinic Acid Salts Using Microwave Heating.
Authors: Yuan Yan‐qin , Guo Sheng‐rong
Published: February 2012

A CuCl‐catalyzed reaction of aryl and hetaryl halides with sulfinic acid salts is developed to yield a variety of sulfones (III) (41 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 5‐Alkylfuran‐2(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Ma Jie , Wang Si Hong , Yin Yan Bing
Published: February 2012

5‐Alkylfuran‐2(5H)‐ones (III) are synthesized via a Henry reaction—lactonization—elimination sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Novel 1,2,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted 3‐Pyrrolines via Cyclization of γ‐Halo‐β‐ketoesters with Aromatic Amines and Aldehydes.
Authors: Cekavicus Brigita , Kore Kintija , Jakovele Liva , Plotniece Aiva , Pajuste Karlis , Petrova Marina , Belyakov Sergey , Sobolev Arkadij
Published: February 2012

Optimized conditions are elaborated which allow the synthesis of highly substituted title compounds in the absence of any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Convenient C‐3 Functionalization of Indoles Through Ce(OAc)3/TBHP‐Mediated Oxidative C—H Bond Activation in the Presence of β‐Cyclodextrin.
Authors: Hu Yu Lin , Jiang Hui , Lu Ming
Published: February 2012

The oxidative C—H activation of indoles (I) with different alkenes and ketones in the presence of Ce(O‐Ac)3 and β‐cyclodextrin as catalytic system proceeds regioselectively in H2O to afford a variety of 3‐substituted indoles in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)‐supported Sulfuric Acid: An Efficient Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Borah Kalyan Jyoti , Borah Ruli
Published: February 2012

Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)‐supported sulfuric acid is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Chromeno[4′,3′:4,5]pyrano[3,2‐c][1,8]naphthyridin‐13‐one Derivatives by Domino Knoevenagel—Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Taher Abu , Ponra Sudipta
Published: February 2012

Under optimized conditions, the reactions of naphthyridinone (I) with O‐allylated or propargylated salicyclaldehydes gives the title compounds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Lei Min , Ma Lei , Hu Lihong
Published: February 2012

Cupric perchlorate efficiently catalyzes the Biginelli reaction under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Well‐Dawson Type Polyoxometalates of 3d Series and Their Industrial Use as Eco‐Friendly and Green Catalysts in Organic Reactions.
Authors: Dey K. C. , Sharma V.
Published: February 2012

Well—Dawson mixed heteropolyoxometalates catalyze the condensation of o‐phenylenediamines with acetyl chloride furnishing benzoxadiazipine or benzimidazole derivatives depending on the substitution pattern of the diamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Secondary Phosphine Chalcogenides and Alcohols or Phenols: A Facile, Expedient Synthesis of Phosphinochalcogenoic O‐Esters.
Authors: Gusarova Nina K. , Volkov Pavel A. , Ivanova Nina I. , Larina Ludmila I. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: February 2012

Various oxides, sulfides, and selenides are coupled with alcohols using CCl4/Et3N as reagent combination under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Approach for the Synthesis of Aryl—Alkyl Tellurides: Reaction of Aryl Iodides with Metal Alkyltellurolates Promoted by CuI.
Authors: Silva Marcio S. , Comasseto Joao V.
Published: February 2012

The title reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups at the aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Water‐Soluble Cholesterol Derivatives.
Authors: Schmidt Florian , Spoerner Michael , Kalbitzer Hans Robert , Koenig Burkhard
Published: February 2012

The title compounds (III) show drastically enhanced solubility in water compared to cholesterol whereas derivative (VII) show high aggregation tendency.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Benign Preparation of Benzylidene Acetal of Carbohydrate Derivatives in PEG 600.
Authors: Sau Abhijit , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: February 2012

An eco‐friendly reaction protocol allows the preparation of benzylidene acetals (III) of carbohydrate derivatives such as (I) in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst that replaces hazardous, moisture‐sensitive acid catalysts, and by use of a biodegradable solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Potent and Orally Available Acyl‐CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor as an Antiatherosclerotic Agent: (4‐Phenylcoumarin)acetanilide Derivatives.
Authors: Ogino Masaki , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Structure‐activity relationship studies lead to the discovery of compound (I), which shows potent ACAT inhibitory activity (IC50 = 12 nM) and good pharmacokinetic profile in mice.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Paramagnetic AT1 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Tan Nichole P. H. , Taylor Michelle K. , Bottle Steven E. , Wright Christine E. , Ziogas James , White Jonathan M. , Schiesser Carl H. , Jani Nitya V.
Published: February 2012

Title compounds (I) bearing nitroxides are prepared and their pharmacology is evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Energy and Matter at Nanoscales: Challenges and Opportunities for Plasma Nanoscience in a Sustainability Age
Authors: Ostrikov Kostya
Published: February 2012

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Microwave‐to‐Flow Paradigm: Translating High‐Temperature Batch Microwave Chemistry to Scalable Continuous‐Flow Processes
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: February 2012

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Nazarov Cyclization: The State of the Art
Authors: Vaidya Tulaza , Eisenberg Richard , Frontier Alison J.
Published: February 2012

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Reactions Initiated by Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling: A New Strategy Towards Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Wan Jie‐Ping
Published: February 2012

Review: indoles, diazepines, dioxanes, benzothiazoles, phenothiazines etc., 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium‐Derived Organosilicas for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Monge‐Marcet Amalia , Pleixats Roser , Cattoen Xavier , Wong Chi Man Michel
Published: February 2012

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Highlights in the Use of Lanthanide‐Directed Synthesis of Novel Supramolecular (Luminescent) Self‐Assembly Structures such as Coordination Bundles, Helicates and Sensors.
Authors: Lincheneau Christophe , Stomeo Floriana , Comby Steve , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur
Published: February 2012

Review: 94 ref.
ChemInform Abstract: Platensimycin and Platencin: Promising Antibiotics for Future Application in Human Medicine
Authors: Martens Evan , Demain Arnold L.
Published: February 2012

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Accesses to Azolylthiazoles
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F. , Mohamed Hanan A. , Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Dawood Kamal M.
Published: February 2012

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Dispersed Vanadium‐Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Hess Christian
Published: February 2012

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Simaba (Simaroubaceae)
Authors: Barbosa Lara Fonseca , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Curcino Vieira Ivo Jose
Published: February 2012

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial DNA Cutters for DNA Manipulation and Genome Engineering
Authors: Aiba Yuichiro , Sumaoka Jun , Komiyama Makoto
Published: February 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Results of NMR Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrocarbon Conversions on Solid Acid Catalysts in the Last 25 Years
Authors: Stepanov A. G.
Published: February 2012

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Control and Analysis for Intracellular Trafficking of Nucleic Acids Based on Quantitative and Dynamic Imaging
Authors: Akita Hidetaka
Published: February 2012

Review: 36 refs.
Estimation of Organic Pesticide Residues in Wines of Moldova
Authors: Duca Gheorghe , Sturza Rodica , Siretanu Ludmila
Published: February 2012

This paper presents the study of pesticide residues in Moldovan wine products originating from traditional agriculture because the appreciation of these compounds is an important aspect of food safety. During 2007–2010, about 3000 analyses of wine samples using GC‐MS were investigated. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), i.e., α‐, β‐, γ‐HCH, aldrine, and heptachlor were not found in any of the samples. Insignificant quantities of metalaxyl and mefenoxam were found in some wine samples. The missing of POPs in wine products represents an important quality feature. The study showed that if growers comply with rules of phytosanitary treatments and the waiting period is respected, the content of pesticide residues can be reduced to safe limits. Also, the list of approved pesticides must be regularly revised, taking into account the degree of toxicity. Additionally, growers are to be constantly informed about effectuated changes.
Modeling the Effects of Meteorological Factors on SO2 and PM10 Concentrations with Statistical Approaches
Authors: Özbay Bilge
Published: February 2012

Air quality has been deteriorated seriously in urban areas as a result of increasing anthropogenic activities. Meteorological conditions affect air pollution levels in the urban atmosphere significantly due to their important role in transport and dilution of the pollutants. This paper aims to investigate usability of some promising statistical methods for examining the impacts of metrological factors on SO2 and PM10 levels. Data were collected from city centre of Kocaeli in winter periods from 2007 to 2010 as pollutant concentrations increase in winters due to expanding combustion facilities. Results of bivariate correlation analysis showed that humidity and rainfall have remarkable negative correlations with the pollutants. Multiple linear regression models and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to predict next day's PM10 and SO2 levels. In regression models calculated R2 values were 0.89 and 0.75 for PM10 and SO2, respectively. Among the various architectures, single layer networks provided better performance in ANN applications. Highest R2 values were obtained as 0.89 and 0.69 for PM10 and SO2, respectively, by using appropriate networks.
New Nuclear‐Spin‐Induced Cotton–Mouton Effect in Fluids at High DC Magnetic Field
Authors: Yao Guo‐hua , He Ming , Chen Dong‐ming , He Tian‐jing , Liu Fan‐chen
Published: February 2012

Based on Buckingham and Pople’s theory of magnetic double refraction, a theoretical expression is derived for a new Cotton–Mouton effect ${\phi _{{\rm{C}} - {\rm{M}}}^{(IB)} }$ in liquid induced by the crossed effect between the high dc magnetic field B0 and the nuclear magnetic moment ${m_z^{(I)} }$. It contains temperature‐independent and ‐dependent parts. The latter is proportional to the product between anisotropy of polarizability and the nuclear magnetic shielding tensor. For this new effect ${\phi _{{\rm{C}} - {\rm{M}}}^{(IB)} }$, its order in magnitude for a molecule with large polarizability anisotropy is estimated to be comparable to the nuclear‐spin‐induced optical Faraday rotation (NSOFR). In the multipass approach, ${\phi _{{\rm{C}} - {\rm{M}}}^{(IB)} }$ can be eliminated by time‐reversal symmetry arguments, but NSOFR is enhanced.
Probing the Local Polarity of Alkylammonium Formate Ionic Liquids and Their Mixtures with Water by Using a Carbonyl Carotenoid
Authors: Ekimova Maria , Fröhlich Dirk , Stalke Sebastian , Lenzer Thomas , Oum Kawon
Published: February 2012

Ultrafast transient absorption experiments have been carried out to determine the local polarity of three alkylammonium formate (AAF) protic ionic liquids (PILs), methlyammonium formate (MAF), ethylammonium formate (EAF), and n‐butylammonium formate (BAF), by using 12′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic‐12′‐acid (12′CA) as a molecular probe. MAF is more polar than methanol; EAF and BAF have polarities similar to ethanol and n‐butanol, respectively. In general, the AAF PILs follow rather closely the correlation between the S1/intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) state lifetime and the polarity parameter Δf, which was previously established in organic solvents. This is in contrast to earlier results for the 12′CA probe in imidazolium‐based ILs, in which the local polarity determined by the probe was much larger than that for dipolar organic solvents with the same dielectric constant. The systematic variation of the composition of EAF/water mixtures shows no indication of significant deviations from the local to the bulk composition. We also characterized the photophysical properties of the deprotonated form of the 12′CA probe. It exhibits a structured S0→S2 absorption spectrum, which is blueshifted relative to neutral 12′CA. The lifetime of the S1/ICT state of the anion is about 170 ps, and therefore, similar to the lifetime of 12′CA in less polar solvents. The transient S1/ICT spectrum in methanol closely resembles that of nonpolar carotenes. Both observations suggest that the ICT character of the S1 state of the anion is largely suppressed because the shift of electron density toward the negatively charged carboxylate group is not favorable.
Wall properties and heat transfer analysis of the peristaltic motion in a power‐law fluid
Authors: Hayat T. , Javed M. , Asghar S. , Hendi A. A.
Published: February 2012

A mathematical analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of elasticity of the flexible walls on the peristaltic flow of a power‐law fluid. The heat transfer analysis is further examined. Expressions of stream function, velocity, and temperature distributions are presented in closed form under long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The effects of the various parameters entering into the mathematical analysis are sketched and discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Acetylated Lanostane‐Type Triterpenoids from Coprinus cinereus 120
Authors: Liu Yuan‐Zhen , Li Yao‐Yao , Sun Yi‐Fei , Zheng Zhong‐Hui , Song Si‐Yang , Su Wen‐Jin , Shen Yue‐Mao
Published: February 2012

Two new highly acetylated lanostane‐type triterpenoids, coprinacin A (1) and coprinacin B (2), were isolated from the basidiomycetous strain Coprinus cinereus 120. The chemical structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and FT‐ICR‐MS, and their in vitro cytotoxic activities against the human‐tumor cell line HeLa were established as modest.
Five New Tetranortriterpenoids from the Seeds of Toona ciliata
Authors: Jiang Si‐Yuan , Liu Jie‐Qing , Xia Jian‐Jun , Yan Yu‐Xin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: February 2012

Five new tetranortriterpenoids, toonaciliatones B–F (1–5, resp.), together with four known compounds, dihydrocedrelone (6), cedrelone (7), 6α‐acetoxyazadirone (8), and 6α‐acetoxy‐14β,15β‐epoxyazadirone (9), were isolated from the seeds of Toona ciliata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy.
A Functionalized Spiro[chlorin‐porphyrin]‐Type ‘Dimer’ Dizinc Complex from Rapid [4+2] Self‐cycloaddition of a Conjugated [β,β′‐Bis(methylene)porphyrinato]zinc
Authors: Banala Srinivas , Sintic Paul , Kräutler Bernhard
Published: February 2012

Thermal extrusion of SO2 from β,β′‐sulfolenoporphyrins is an effective method for in situ generation of β,β′‐bis(methylene)porphyrin which remained unobserved in typical synthetic applications but underwent quickly efficient [4+2]‐cycloaddition reactions with dienophiles.We now report the thermal extrusion of SO2 from the symmetrical (tetra‐β,β′‐sulfolenoporphyrinato)zinc 1⋅Zn in the absence of a dienophile (Scheme). In the event, the thermally in situ generated conjugated diene underwent a [4+2] self‐cycloaddition, to give the {spirobi[tri‐β,β′‐sulfolenoporphyrinato]}dizinc 4⋅2Zn. This chiral (racemic) spirobiporphyrinoid dizinc complex represents the combination of the closely positioned and interacting chromophores of a (porphyrinato)zinc and of a (β‐methylene‐β,β′‐dihydroporphyrinato)zinc. It carries six sulfoleno moieties that are still available for further SO2 extrusion and cycloaddition reactions.
The Work of the Guidance Administrator
Authors: BIGGERS JULIAN L. , MANGUSSO DAVID J.
Published: February 2012

This study was conducted to obtain a current description of the work of the guidance administrator in the schools. Results of responses to a questionnaire by 104 directors of guidance are reported. Demographic information regarding title, education, and counseling and teaching experience of 67 full‐time and 37 part‐time directors is given. A brief description of the lines of authority, staff support, and administrative position of the office of the guidance administrator is reported. In response to 40 items descriptive of the work of the director, it was found that 28 were highly valued and performed by over half of the sample. Little difference in the work performed by full‐ or part‐time directors was found. The directors reported their current problems in administering the program and made recommendations concerning the preparation of future guidance administrators.
Counselor Education Abroad: Selected Programs
Authors: DONN PATSY A. , HOLLIS JOSEPH W.
Published: February 2012

This article discusses the current status of counselor education programs being operated for the benefit of military personnel and military dependents abroad. A major issue examined is the apparent inaccuracy of the stereotype of the professional military man as an individual unable to learn or present facilitative dimensions.
A Model for On‐Site Supervision of the School Counselor
Authors: SEGRIST ALLEN E. , NELSON RICHARD C.
Published: February 2012

This article proposes a series of linkages which can be created between counselor educators and local schools by on‐site supervision. Methods and issues relating to such a possibility are discussed.
Counselor Role, Function, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: DIETZ SIEGFRIED C.
Published: February 2012

A survey of 246 certified Tennessee school counselors was made regarding job satisfaction as related to the ASCA role and function recommendations. It was found that the counselors were most job satisfied with placement activities and least job satisfied with research activities.
Peer Perceptions of Counselor Effectiveness: A Multiple Regression Approach
Authors: WALTON JOSEPH M.
Published: February 2012

The present study investigates the relationship between the personal preferences of beginning counselor education students and the sociometric choices of their peers. Fifty‐four subjects, who were enrolled in the entry‐level guidance seminar at the University of Akron between March and December 1971 were administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). At the end of the seminars the students were asked to respond to a sociometric technique. The data from the EPPS (predictor variables) and from the sociometric technique (criterion) was then subjected to multiple regression analysis, which revealed that students with higher sociometric ratings demonstrated greater manifest needs for dominance, change, succorance, order, nurturance, and achievement than did those with lower sociometric ratings.
Counselor Self‐Awareness and Counseling Effectiveness
Authors: GUMP LARNEY RAY
Published: February 2012

It has been assumed that counselor self‐awareness is important to counseling effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to determine if there were differences in perceived effectiveness between counselors who said they related self‐awareness to their counseling role and counselors who believed self‐awareness was unrelated to their role. Those counselors who did not relate self‐awareness to counseling received higher client ratings of effectiveness than did counselors who related self‐awareness.
A Modified Interpersonal Process Recall Technique as a Training Model
Authors: BRADLEY FRED O.
Published: February 2012

The use of a modified form of the Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) technique was studied as an influence on the counseling dimensions of level of regard, empathic understanding, unconditionality of regard, and congruence. The subjects were advanced graduate students in a counseling practicum course. The hypothesis was that those groups which underwent the IPR treatment would demonstrate greater growth on the measured conditions of counseling. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences between groups on each of the four variables. An interpretation of the results is discussed and Suggestions are made for subsequent research.
Changes in Counseling Response Preference among Rehabilitation Counseling Interns
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT M. , O'CONNOR JAMES B.
Published: February 2012

Counseling response preferences of graduate students completing internship requirements were assessed using Patterson's Rehabilitation Counseling Response Exercise during the first and final weeks of their internships at a comprehensive, multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation center. It was hypothesized that at the end of the internship the students would show a significant increase in preference for active counseling responses and a correspondingly significant decrease in preferences for passive techniques. Five counseling responses were evaluated and change did occur as hypothesized.
A Competency‐Based Model for Counselor Certification
Authors: SHOEMAKER JAMES T. , SPLITTER JACKIE L.
Published: February 2012

The state of Washington has recently begun several state‐wide competency‐based certification programs. These programs are being used to evaluate school counselors at three levels of functioning. Examples of the program used by the Southeastern Washington Counselor Consortium to certify counselors at the beginning level are presented. Required competencies, activities that help the counselor achieve proficiency in these competencies, and individual evaluation procedures are included in the program. The purpose of this competency‐based program and an evaluation of counselors, programs, problems, and issues are presented.
The Stimulation Phase in Counseling
Authors: GREENBERG LESLIE S. , KAHN SHARON E.
Published: February 2012

The evolution of a general model of counseling from Rogers through Carkhuff to Egan has resulted in a loss of emphasis on perceptual change and an increasing interest in social influence and action interventions. Greenberg and Kahn present an expanded model of counseling, which includes a stimulation phase. The addition of a stimulation phase in counseling is suggested to provide a place for active counseling methods that effect client perceptual change. This stimulation phase actively involves the counselor and client in full exploration, which culminates in discovery. Two processes are differentiated: discovery and dynamic self‐understanding. Active stimulation leads to new awareness that can be enhanced by social influence to achieve new understanding.
Role Swapping: An Antidote to Professional Burnout
Authors: ROMERO DAN , PINKNEY JAMES
Published: February 2012

The personal and professional gains experienced when a counseling practitioner from a university counseling center and a counselor educator at the university traded aspects of their jobs for one semester are discussed. The benefits agencies and departments receive from job swapping are also reviewed. Potential problem areas (e.g., the need for careful negotiation and definition of job descriptions in the trade‐off) are described. We conclude that professional renewal by role swapping for short periods of time gives counselor educators and counseling practitioners personal insight into the ways each spends their time, as well as strengthening the ties between them.
The “Community” in Community Counseling: Results of a National Survey
Authors: CONYNE ROBERT K.
Published: February 2012

Results are presented of a national survey of a master's level counselor education program (n = 308, 68% return rate) regarding the emphasis that these programs currently place, and would ideally like to place, on a prevention and systematically based community orientation. Results show that this orientation is currently endorsed and seems to represent an ideal direction for counselor education programs. These results reinforce a need to modify ACES standards so they more directly support community counseling curricula.
Counselor Renewal Workshop in Sex Equality
Authors: THOMAS MICHELE BURHARD , MOORE HELEN BOWMAN , SAMS CHARLES
Published: February 2012

The article discusses a counselor renewal workshop in sex equity that used a variety of experiential activities including material from the ACES Commission on Sex Equality Concerns. Evaluation of the workshop was done in an unique manner through the use of a questionnaire from the handbook prepared by the ACES Commission and through a pretest/posttest consisting of a worksheet and audiotaped vignettes demonstrating sex bias in counseling situations. The workshop appeared to heighten the awareness of the subtlety of sex‐biased communication on the part of the counselors and to stimulate their intentions to monitor and to change appropriately their own counseling behaviors in the future.
Effects of Audio and Video Monitoring on Interviewer Discomfort
Authors: HORAN JOHN J. , HERR EDWIN L. , WARNER RICHARD W.
Published: February 2012

Several authors have suggested that the presence of recording equipment inhibits the performance of helping personnel. Videotaping is generally thought to be more discomforting than audiotaping. Findings of this study, using 39 Bureau of Employment Security interviews and coached clients, contraindicate previous research and speculation.
Income Maintenance in the United States: An Examination of Unemployment Insurance
Authors: SNYDER LESTER M.
Published: February 2012

This article explores some of the historical and philosophical bases of unemployment insurance in the United States. Special attention is given to the issues involved in this major income‐maintenance program that are relevant to employment specialists.
The Relationship of Work Values to Occupational Level in Young Adult Workers
Authors: DRUMMOND ROBERT J. , MCINTIRE WALTER G. , SKAGGS C. THOMAS
Published: February 2012

This research was designed to assess the relationship of work values as measured by Super's Work Values Inventory to job level. A total of 202 young adult workers (136 males, 66 females) between the ages of 18 and 25 in unskilled, semiskilled, skilled, and clerical‐sales positions were surveyed. Differences in work values by sex and job level were found. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Work Attitudes and Values of College Women
Authors: BURNETT GARY MAIN
Published: February 2012

Despite woman's fast emergence into the working world, few studies have focused on individual changing attitudes and values that become initially responsible for setting future employment trends in our society. Following a historical perspective, a survey is presented that samples the inner feelings of young college women and their personal stand on the world of work. The results indicate a general rejection of much of the traditional work ethic. Although the attitudes expressed in this survey are simply contemporary, their hidden strength hints to the shape of a future American society that will potentially change the life‐style of every individual.
The Occupational, Learning, and Social Support Orientations of Employees
Authors: MAYNARD MARIANNE
Published: February 2012

This study identifies indicators of possible job success by investigation of the relationship between work stability/satisfaction and occupational, learning, and social support orientations of rehabilitation personnel. A questionnaire that included Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory and Sheffield's Orientation of Adult Learners Scale was mailed to 338 employees in rehabilitation settings. The data analyses indicated that such employees have basically the occupational characteristics of social, artistic, and investigative profiles and that the environments of the rehabilitation facilities were basically social, artistic, and enterprising. Such a match promotes a stable and satisfying work situation based on Holland's theory. The occupational orientation of employees can also serve as an indicator of their learning orientation and preference and their social support orientations.