bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial bias in face perception is sensitive to instructions but not introspection
Authors: Travers Eoin , Fairhurst Merle T , Deroy Ophelia
Published: July 2018

Faces with typically African features are perceived as darker than they really are. We investigated how early in processing the bias emerges, whether participants are aware of it, and whether it can be altered by explicit instructions. We presented pairs of faces sequentially, manipulated the luminance and morphological features of each, and asked participants which was lighter, and how confident they were in their responses. In Experiment 1, pre-response mouse cursor trajectories showed that morphology affected motor output just as early as luminance did. Furthermore, participants were not slower to respond or less confident when morphological cues drove them to give a response that conflicted with the actual luminance of the faces. However, Experiment 2 showed that participants could be instructed to reduce their reliance on morphology, even at early stages of processing.
Informative Tools for Characterizing Individual Differences in Learning: Latent Class, Latent Profile, and Latent Transition Analysis
Authors: Hickendorff Marian , Edelsbrunner Peter Adriaan , McMullen Jake , Schneider Michael , Trezise Kelly
Published: July 2018

This article gives an introduction to latent class, latent profile, and latent transition models for researchers interested in investigating individual differences in learning and development. The models allow analyzing how the observed heterogeneity in a group (e.g., individual differences in conceptual knowledge) can be traced back to a mix of underlying homogeneous subgroups (e.g., learners differing systematically in their developmental phases). The estimated parameters include a characteristic response pattern for each class, and, in the case of longitudinal data, the probabilities of transitioning from one class to another over time. This article describes the steps involved in using the models, gives practical examples, and discusses limitations and extensions. Overall, the models help characterizing heterogeneous learner populations, multidimensional learning outcomes, non-linear learning pathways, and changing relationships between learning processes. The application of these models can make a substantial contribution to our understanding of learning and individual differences.
Personalized Network Modeling in Psychopathology: The Importance of Contemporaneous and Temporal Connections
Authors: Epskamp Sacha , van Borkulo Claudia D. , van der Veen Date C. , Servaas Michelle , Isvoranu Adela-Maria , Riese Harriette , Cramer Angélique Odette Joanne
Published: July 2018

Recent literature has introduced (1) the network perspective to psychology, and (2) collection of time-series data in order to capture symptom fluctuations and other time varying factors in daily life. Combining these trends allows for the estimation of intra-individual network structures. We argue that these networks can be directly applied in clinical research and practice as hypothesis generating structures. Two networks can be computed: a temporal network, in which one investigates if symptoms (or other relevant variables) predict one another over time, and a contemporaneous network, in which one investigates if symptoms predict one another in the same window of measurement. The contemporaneous network is a partial correlation network, which is emerging in the analysis of cross-sectional data but is not yet utilized in the analysis of time-series data. We explain the importance of partial correlation networks and exemplify the network structures on time-series data of a psychiatric patient.
Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions
Authors: Slevc L. Robert
Published: July 2018

A growing body of research suggests that musical experience and ability are related to a variety of cognitive abilities, including executive functioning (EF). However, it is not yet clear if these relationships are limited to specific components of EF, limited to auditory tasks, or reflect very general cognitive advantages. This study investigated the existence and generality of the relationship between musical ability and EFs by evaluating the musical experience and ability of a large group of participants and investigating whether this predicts individual differences on three different components of EF – inhibition, updating, and switching – in both auditory and visual modalities. Musical ability predicted better performance on both auditory and visual updating tasks, even when controlling for a variety of potential confounds (age, handedness, bilingualism, and socio-economic status). However, musical ability was not clearly related to inhibitory control and was unrelated to switching performance. These data thus show that cognitive advantages associated with musical ability are not limited to auditory processes, but are limited to specific aspects of EF. This supports a process-specific (but modality-general) relationship between musical ability and non-musical aspects of cognition.
Direct observation of telephone communication between community pharmacies and prescribers in New Zealand
Authors: Trausch Nastassja , Green James A
Published: July 2018

Background: Phone calls between pharmacists and prescribers play an important role in resolving potential errors and other issues. Despite their importance in patient care, and sometimes causing frustration for pharmacists, there is little research on these calls.Objective: To quantify how long calls between pharmacists and prescribers are, how often phone calls occur, why calls are made, and who is called. Method: An observational study was conducted with 130.5 hours observed in 11 community pharmacies over 8 weeks in XX, New Zealand, recording information about all incoming and outgoing calls. Data captured included information on length, date, time, reason for call, pharmacy staff involved, health professionals involved, and the place being called. We also surveyed pharmacists’ perceptions of this communication.Results: Data on 95 phone calls was captured. The mean length was 110 seconds (95% CI 88-133), at an average of 0.7 calls per hour. The most frequent reasons for calling were clarifications and dose inquiries.Conclusion: Calling prescribers is perceived as a frustrating; however the frequency of calls we observed was low, but some were long. The amount of time spent for pharmacist interventions may be reduced using alternative communication methods but these need further study.
Developmental differences in the effect of trait anxiety on neural network structure: A DTI study in adolescents and adults
Authors: De Witte Nele A J , Mueller Sven C , Cromheeke Sofie
Published: July 2018

In adults, anxiety affects the connectivity of four core brain networks, specifically fronto-parietal network (FPN), default mode network (DMN), ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular network. Comparative research across developmental periods is scarce despite critical developmental changes in cognitive-affective processing and neural reorganization. This structural DTI study investigated age-by-anxiety interactions in structural connectivity within these networks and their amygdala connections in 44 healthy adolescents and 32 healthy adults. A significant interaction emerged in the FPN and DMN, with adults showing increased structural connectivity in relation to trait anxiety. This provides evidence for developmentally-specific influences of trait anxiety on cognitive-affective network structure.
Rehabilitation Counselors' Use of Peer-Reviewed Publications
Authors: McCarthy Randy J.
Published: July 2018

Peer-reviewed publications are one way for researchers to communicate information about service delivery to rehabilitation counselors. However, little is known about rehabilitation counselors’ actual use of peer-reviewed publications. Thus, the current research explored the extent to which rehabilitation counselors (N = 334) read and use peer-reviewed publications, factors associated with their reading and using peer-reviewed publications, and several items assessing their judgments about peer-reviewed publications. Overall, we found that rehabilitation counselors used peer-reviewed publications a moderate amount, held generally positive judgments about peer-reviewed publications, and reported wanting to use information from peer-reviewed publications with a greater percentage of clients than they actually did. We also found that counselors’ reading and using of peer-reviewed publications increased as counselor opinions of peer-reviewed publications were more positive and as counselors’ perceived their professional organizations, universities, agencies, and supervisors encouraged reading and using peer-reviewed publication. Collectively, we believe the current study is useful for researchers to generate and communicate research to rehabilitation counselors.
Reward elicits cognitive control over emotional distraction: Evidence from pupillometry.
Authors: Walsh Amy Teresa , Carmel David , Grimshaw Gina M.
Published: July 2018

Attention is biased toward emotional stimuli, even when they are irrelevant to current goals. Motivation, elicited by performance-contingent reward, reduces behavioural emotional distraction. In emotionally-neutral contexts, reward is thought to encourage use of a proactive cognitive control strategy, altering anticipatory attentional settings to more effectively suppress distractors. The current preregistered study investigates whether a similar proactive shift occurs even when distractors are highly arousing emotional images. We monitored pupil area, an online measure of both cognitive and emotional processing, to examine how reward influences the timecourse of control. Participants (n = 110) identified a target letter flanking an irrelevant central image. Images were meaningless scrambles on 75% of trials; on the remaining 25%, they were intact positive (erotic), negative (mutilation), or neutral images. Half the participants received financial rewards for fast and accurate performance, while the other half received no performance-contingent reward. Emotional distraction was greater than neutral distraction, and both were attenuated by reward. Consistent with behavioural findings, pupil dilation was greater following emotional than neutral distractors, and dilation to intact distractors (regardless of valence) was decreased by reward. Although reward did not enhance tonic pupil dilation (an index of sustained proactive control), exploratory analyses showed that reward altered the timecourse of control – eliciting a sharp, rapid, increase in dilation immediately preceding stimulus-onset (reflecting dynamic use of anticipatory control), that extended until well after stimulus-offset. These findings suggest that reward alters the timecourse of control by encouraging proactive preparation to rapidly disengage from emotional distractors.
Why is number word learning hard? Evidence from bilingual learners.
Authors: Wagner Katherine , Cheung Pierina , Kimura Katherine , Barner David
Published: July 2018

Young children typically take between 18 months and 2 years to learn themeanings of number words. In the present study, we investigated thisdevelopmental trajectory in bilingual preschoolers to examine the relativecontributions of two factors in number word learning: (1) the constructionof numerical concepts, and (2) the mapping of language specific words ontothese concepts. We found that children learn the meanings of small numberwords (i.e., one, two, and three) independently in each language,indicating that observed delays in learning these words are attributable todifficulties in mapping words to concepts. In contrast, children generallylearned to accurately count larger sets (i.e., five or greater)simultaneously in their two languages, suggesting that the difficulty inlearning to count is not tied to a specific language. We also replicatedprevious studies that found that children learn the counting procedurebefore they learn its logic – i.e., that for any natural number, n, thesuccessor of n in the count list denotes the cardinality n+1. Consistentwith past studies, we find that knowledge of this successor principleexhibits partial transfer between languages, suggesting that the logic ofthe positive integers may not be stored in a language-specific format. Weconclude that delays in learning the meanings of small number word aremainly due to language-specific processes of mapping words to concepts,whereas the logic and procedures of counting appear to be learned in aformat that is independent of a particular language and thus transfersrapidly from one language to the other in development.
If, Why, and When Subjective Well-Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research
Authors: Diener Edward Francis
Published: July 2018

We review evidence on whether subjective well-being (SWB) can influence health, why it might do so, and what we know about the conditions where this is more or less likely to occur. This review also explores how various methodological approaches inform the study of the connections between subjective well-being and health and longevity outcomes. Our review of this growing literature indicates areas where data are substantial and where much more research is needed. We conclude that SWB can sometimes influence health, and review a number of reasons why it does so. A key open question is when it does and does not do so – in terms of populations likely to be affected, types of SWB that are most influential (including which might be harmful), and types of health and illnesses that are most likely to be affected. We also describe additional types of research that are now much needed in this burgeoning area of interest, for example, cross-cultural studies, animal research, and experimental interventions designed to raise long-term SWB and assess the effects on physical health. This research area is characterized both by potentially extremely important findings, and also by pivotal research issues and questions.
Randomized Trial to Reduce Air Particle Levels in Homes of Smokers and Children
Authors: Berardi Vincent
Published: July 2018

Exposure to fine particulate matter in the home from sources such as smoking, cooking, and cleaning may put residents, especially children, at risk of detrimental health effects.Data from a randomized clinical trial were analyzed during 2016-2017 to determine whether real-time feedback in the home plus brief coaching of parents or guardians could reduce exposure to fine particles for children living with smokers.
Do Women Expose Themselves to more Health-Related Risks in Certain Phases of the Menstrual Cycle? A Meta-analytic Review
Authors: Boudesseul Jordane , Gildersleeve Kelly A. , Haselton Martie , Bègue Laurent
Published: July 2018

Over the past three decades, researchers have increasingly examined the menstrual cycle as a potential source of day-to-day variation in women’s cognitions, motivations, and behavior. Within this literature, several lines of research have examined the impact of the menstrual cycle on women’s engagement in activities that could negatively affect their health, including sexual behavior and alcohol and tobacco consumption, as well as their ability to recognize and avoid potentially threatening people and situations. However, findings have been mixed, leaving it unclear whether women may expose themselves to more health-related risks during certain phases of the cycle. To address this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of 23 published and 4 unpublished studies (N = 7,527). The meta-analysis revealed some shifts across the menstrual cycle in women’s sexual behavior and risk recognition and avoidance, whereas patterns were less clear for alcohol and cigarette consumption. These findings help to clarify the proximate physiological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying women’s health-related risk-taking and may inform new interventions.
Cognitive conflict in Science: Demonstrations in what scientists talk about and study.
Authors: Buttliere Brett
Published: July 2018

Summary -- The concept of cognitive conflict, that being two competing ideas in the brain at the same time, encompasses a large number of instantiations throughout Psychology (Festinger, 1964; Heine, Proulx, & Vohs, 2006), even playing an important role in many philosophies considering how science works best (Kuhn, 1962; Platt, 1964; Popper, 1934/ 2005). This experience of cognitive conflict is widely considered to be aversive, but also motivating, for individuals across a wide range of contexts. Here I examined two ways cognitive conflict affects what topics receive scientific attention. Pairing the philosophies of science with Festinger’s (1950) hypotheses about informal social communication, it was hypothesized that:1.Scientists will discuss things they disagree about more than things they agree about. 2.Scientists will study more those topics which threaten individual or group outcomes. Utilizing publicly available data about scientific publications, I tested these hypotheses within a number of contexts, including public comments on papers, Tweets about papers and topics, and the author and automatically generated keywords describing scientific papers themselves (as a measure of what scientists write about and study). Two studies suggested that more negations in the texts (e.g., but, not, however) were related to larger discussions, more views, and more media attention. Two other studies examined the keywords describing papers, first all papers published across science by PLoS, and then all papers across publishers within Psychology. Both studies suggested that there are more unique negative keywords studied, and that these keywords have more papers written about them, on average. Overall, the results suggest that scientists talk more when they disagree, and that they speak more about threats to the group and individual. This more generally implies that cognitive conflict plays a role in determining what scientists talk about and study, and more generally that general psychological principles can be applied within the context of science.
Entropy, order and agency: The cognitive basis of the link between agents and order
Authors: Schachner Adena , Kim Minju
Published: July 2018

People often believe that orderly structures were created by agents. We examine the cognitive basis of this tendency, asking if learned associations or causal reasoning drives us to link order with agents. Causal reasoning predicts that knowledge of an alternative physical-mechanical cause should ‘explain away’ orderliness, weakening the link with agents. In a preregistered experiment, we manipulated the context to provide (or not provide) a physical-mechanical explanation for orderly outcomes, and participants judged if an object or agent had been present. We compared outcomes differing in (a)levels of orderliness and (b)whether context provided an alternative explanation. We found that environmental context ‘explained away’ orderliness, such that participants observing order inferred agency only when there was no alternative explanation. The link between order and agents is moderated by causal reasoning, and is malleable: It can be weakened by understanding alternative causal mechanisms by which order could arise.
Losing the battle: perceived status loss and contemplated or attempted suicide in older adults
Authors: Dombrovski Alexandre , Aslinger Elizabeth N. , Wright Aidan G.C. , Szanto Katalin
Published: July 2018

Objective: While loss of socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to suicidal behavior, it is unclear whether this experience is merely a downstream effect of psychopathology (“downward drift”), a sign of hardship, or an independent psychological contributor to suicide risk. We examined the association between the subjective experience of status loss and suicidal behavior and ideation in old age, while accounting for potential confounders. We were also interested in whether status loss was associated with mere thoughts of suicide vs. suicidal behavior.Methods: Fifty older (55+) depressed suicide attempters, 29 depressed suicide ideators with no history of attempted suicide, 38 non-suicidal depressed participants and 45 non-psychiatric controls underwent detailed clinical characterization and reported their current and highest lifetime SES.Results: Suicide attempters were more likely to report a decline in their SES compared to healthy controls and non-suicidal depressed older adults, while not differing from suicide ideators. This difference was not explained by objective predictors of SES, including education, financial difficulties, and the presence of addiction. Interestingly, while the current SES of suicide attempters was much lower than that of comparison groups, their reported highest lifetime SES was just as high, despite the differences in education.Conclusion: In older adults, the experience of status loss is associated with contemplated and attempted suicide even after accounting for objective indicators of social status and psychopathology. It is possible that suicidal individuals retrospectively inflate their previous status, making their current standing appear even worse by comparison.
Applying Many-Facet Rasch Modeling in the Assessment of Creativity
Authors: Primi Ricardo , Silvia Paul , Benedek Mathias , Jauk Emanuel
Published: July 2018

Creativity assessment with open-ended production tasks relies heavily on scoring the quality of a subject’s ideas. This creates a faceted measurement structure involving persons, tasks (and ideas within tasks), and raters. Most studies, however, don’t model possible systematic differences among raters. The present study examines the impact of individual rater differences in the reliability and validity of creativity assessments. It applies the Many-Facet-Rasch-Model (MFRM) to model and correct for these differences. We reanalyzed data from two studies (Ns=132 and 298) where subjects produced metaphors, alternate uses for common objects, and creative instances. Each idea was scored by two to four raters. We simulated several conditions of reduced load on raters where they scored subsets of responses. We then compared the reliability and validity of IRT estimated scores (original versus IRT adjusted) on various conditions of missing data. Results show that (a) raters vary substantially on the lenient-severity dimension, so rater differences should be modeled; (b) when different combinations of raters assess different subsets of ideas, systematic rater differences confound subjects’ scores, increasing measurement error and lowering validity; and (c) MFRM adjustments effectively correct for rater effects, thus increasing validity. We conclude that MFRM is a powerful means to model rater differences and reduce rater load in creativity research.
What counts in preschool number knowledge? A Bayes factor analytic approach towards theoretical model development
Authors: Mou Yi , Berteletti Ilaria , Hyde Daniel C.
Published: July 2018

Preschool children vary tremendously in their numerical knowledge and these individual differences strongly predict later mathematics achievement. To better understand the sources of these individual differences, we measured a variety of cognitive and linguistic abilities motivated by previous literature to be important and then analyzed which combination of these variables best-explained individual differences in actual number knowledge. Through various data-driven Bayesian model comparison and selection strategies on competing multiple regression models, our analyses identified five variables of unique importance to explaining individual differences in preschool children’s symbolic number knowledge: knowledge of the count list, non-verbal approximate numerical ability, working memory, executive conflict processing, and knowledge of letters and words. Further our analyses revealed that knowledge of the count list, likely a proxy for explicit practice or experience with numbers, and non-verbal approximate numerical ability were much more important to explaining individual differences in number knowledge than general cognitive and verbal abilities. These findings suggest that children bring a diverse set of number-specific, general cognitive and language abilities that are involved in children’s learning of mathematics knowledge, and further suggest that number-specific abilities overshadow more general ones in their contribution to children’s early learning of symbolic numbers.
Investigating the relationship between self-perceived moral superiority and moral behavior using economic games
Authors: Tappin Ben M , McKay Ryan
Published: July 2018

Most people report that they are superior to the average person on various moral traits. The psychological causes and social consequences of this phenomenon have received considerable empirical attention. The behavioral correlates of self-perceived moral superiority, however, remain unknown. We present the results of two preregistered studies (Study 1, N=827; Study 2, N=825) in which we indirectly assessed participants’ self-perceived moral superiority, and used two incentivized economic games to measure their engagement in moral behavior. Across studies, self-perceived moral superiority was unrelated to trust in others and to trustworthiness, as measured by the Trust Game; and unrelated to fairness, as measured by the Dictator Game. This pattern of findings was robust to a range of analyses, and, in both studies, Bayesian analyses indicated moderate support for the null over the alternative hypotheses. We interpret and discuss these findings, and highlight interesting avenues for future research on this topic.
Using Bayesian Regression to Test Hypotheses About Relationships Between Parameters and Covariates in Cognitive Models
Authors: Boehm Udo , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Steingroever Helen
Published: July 2018

An important tool in the advancement of cognitive science are quantitative models that represent different cognitive variables in terms of model parameters. To evaluate such models, their parameters are typically tested for relationships with behavioral and physiological variables that are thought to reflect specific cognitive processes. However, many models do not come equipped with the statistical framework needed to relate model parameters to covariates. Instead, researchers often revert to classifying participants into groups depending on their values on the covariates, and subsequently comparing the estimated model parameters between these groups. Here we develop a comprehensive solution to the covariate problem in the form of a Bayesian regression framework. Our framework can be easily added to existing cognitive models and allows researchers to quantify the evidential support for relationships between covariates and model parameters using Bayes factors. Moreover, we present a simulation study that demonstrates the superiority of the Bayesian regression framework to the conventional classification-based approach.
Developing Constraint in Bayesian Mixed Models
Authors: Haaf Julia M. , Rouder Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2018

Model comparison in Bayesian mixed models is becoming popular in psychological science. Here we develop a set of nested models that account for order restrictions across individuals in psychological tasks. An order-restricted model addresses the question 'Does Everybody', as in, 'Does everybody show the usual Stroop effect', or ‘Does everybody respond more quickly to intense noises than subtle ones.’ The crux of the modeling is the instantiation of 10s or 100s of order restrictions simultaneously, one for each participant. To our knowledge, the problem is intractable in frequentist contexts but relatively straightforward in Bayesian ones. We develop a Bayes factor model-comparison strategy using Zellner and colleagues’ default g-priors appropriate for assessing whether effects obey equality and order restrictions. We apply the methodology to seven data sets from Stroop, Simon, and Eriksen interference tasks. Not too surprisingly, we find that everybody Stroops—that is, for all people congruent colors are truly named more quickly than incongruent ones. But, perhaps surprisingly, we find these order constraints are violated for some people in the Simon task, that is, for these people spatially incongruent responses occur truly more quickly than congruent ones! Implications of the modeling and conjectures about the task-related differences are discussed.This paper was written in R-Markdown with code for data analysis integrated into the text. The Markdown script isopen and freely available at https://github.com/PerceptionAndCognitionLab/ctx-indiff. The data are also open and freely available at https://github.com/PerceptionCognitionLab/data0/tree/master/contexteffects.
Gaussian Process Panel Modeling – Kernel-Based Longitudinal Modeling
Authors: Karch Julian , Brandmaier Andreas Markus , Voelkle Manuel
Published: July 2018

Longitudinal panel data obtained from multiple individuals measured at multiple time points are crucial for psychological research. To analyze such data, a variety of modeling approaches such as hierarchical linear modeling or linear structural equation modeling are available. Such traditional parametric approaches are based on a relatively strong set of assumptions, which are often not met in practice. We present a flexible modeling approach for longitudinal data that is based on the Bayesian statistical learning method Gaussian Process Regression. We term this novel approach Gaussian Process Panel Modeling (GPPM). We show that GPPM subsumes most common modeling approaches for longitudinal data such as linear structural equation models and state-space models as special cases but also extends the space of expressible models beyond them. GPPM offers great flexibility in model specification, facilitates both parametric and nonparametric modeling in a single framework, enables continuous-time modeling as well as person-specific predictions, and offers a modular system that allows the user to piece together hypotheses about change by selecting from and combining predefined types of trajectories or dynamics. We demonstrate the utility of GPPM based on a selection of models and data sets.
The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals - A commentary
Authors: Perezgonzalez Jose D.
Published: July 2018

‘The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals’ (Morey et al., 2016, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0947-8) delved into a much needed technical and philosophical dissertation regarding the differences between typical (mis)interpretations of frequentist confidence intervals and the typical correct interpretation of Bayesian credible intervals. My contribution here partly strengthens the authors’ argument, partly closes some gaps they left open, and concludes with a note of attention to the possibility that there may be distinctions without real practical differences in the ultimate use of estimation by intervals, namely when assuming a common ground of uninformative priors and intervals as ranges of values instead of as posterior distributions per se.
Effects of intentional movement preparation on response times to symbolic and imitative cues
Authors: Naish Katherine , Galang Carl Michael Orquiola
Published: July 2018

Speeded responses to an external cue are slower when the cue interrupts preparation to perform the same or a similar action in a self-paced manner. To explore the mechanism underlying this ‘cost of intention’, we examined whether the size of the cost is influenced by the nature of the external cue. Specifically, we assessed whether the cost of intention is different for movements made in response to an imitative cue (an on-screen hand movement) compared to those made in response to a symbolic cue. Consistent with previous reports, externally cued responses were significantly slower on trials where participants were preparing to perform an internally driven movement later in the trial. Also as predicted, simple response times to the imitative cue were faster than those made to the symbolic cue. Critically, the cost of intention was similar for each cue type, suggesting that preparing an intentional action influenced responses cued by the symbolic and imitative cues to a similar degree. These findings suggest that the nature of the external cue does not influence the response time delay associated with concurrent intentional preparation. Together with previous findings, the results of the current study shed further light on the potential mechanisms underlying the cost of intention.
Personality disorder traits: Testing insight regarding presence of traits, impairment, and desire for change
Authors: Sleep Chelsea , Lamkin Joanna , Lynam Donald , Campbell William Keith , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

Mixed findings exist as to whether personality pathology involves a critical lack of awareness and insight. Research questions about insight and awareness in personality pathology are typically assessed via comparing self and informant reports of traits. However, recent studies have measured insight by asking individuals to evaluate additional questions about impairment and desire to change. The present study uses a variety of approaches to examine these issues including investigations of convergence between self and informant reports (N = 197 dyads; correlations and comparisons of means) of personality psychopathology, desired trait levels, and perceptions of impairment. Convergence was observed between levels of self- and informant-reported traits, desired traits, and impairment. However, individuals rated themselves higher on pathological trait levels and impairment than did their informants. Furthermore, individuals with relatively higher pathological traits desired higher levels of these traits (but lower than their actual scores) than individuals with lower scores; on the actual measurement scale, however, these higher scorers rated their desired level below the neutral point. Overall, individuals with pathological personality traits possess a reasonable degree of insight into their actual trait levels and associated impairment.
The effect of Social Dominance on prejudice towards North-African minorities: Evidence for the role of Social Representation of Secularism as a Legitimizing Myth.
Authors: Adam-Troian Jais , Bonetto Eric , Varet Florent , Barbier Mathilde , Monaco Grégory Lo
Published: July 2018

Secularism in France is both a state principle and a cultural construct, that enforces a State neutrality towards religion. Recent studies have demonstrated the emergence of a lay conception called ‘New Secularism’ (NS) that is used to legitimize expression of prejudice towards North African minorities. However, none have been able to yet demonstrate links between NS and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), which would further corroborate those beliefs’ role as prejudice justification. Using Social Representations Theory, we created a Secularism questionnaire and used it in a cross sectional survey (N = 261) that also included SDO and Generalized Prejudice measures. In order to test social representation of Secularism’s legitimizing function, we derived the hypothesis that NS will mediate the link between SDO and expressed Prejudice from a Social Dominance perspective. Results support our predictions and are discussed in light of intergroup status quo legitimization processes and their links with social representations.
How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis
Authors: Ritchie Stuart James , Tucker-Drob Elliot M.
Published: July 2018

Intelligence test scores and educational duration are positively correlated. This correlation can be interpreted in two ways: students with greater propensity for intelligence go on to complete more education, or a longer education increases intelligence. We meta-analysed three categories of quasi-experimental studies of educational effects on intelligence: those estimating education-intelligence associations after controlling for earlier intelligence, those using compulsory schooling policy changes as instrumental variables, and those using regression-discontinuity designs on school-entry age cutoffs. Across 142 effect sizes from 42 datasets involving over 600,000 participants, we found consistent evidence for beneficial effects of education on cognitive abilities, of approximately 1 to 5 IQ points for an additional year of education. Moderator analyses indicated that the effects persisted across the lifespan, and were present on all broad categories of cognitive ability studied. Education appears to be the most consistent, robust, and durable method yet to be identified for raising intelligence.
The Perceived Awareness of the Research Hypothesis Scale: Assessing the influence of demand characteristics.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The Perceived Awareness of the Research Hypothesis (PARH) scale is a 4-item quantitative self-report method for measuring the potential influence of demand characteristics in research situations. It can be used to help to refute the idea that observed effects are due to demand characteristics. The present article describes the PARH scale and discusses its advantages over other postexperimental feedback measures. Different approaches to analysing PARH data are considered. Finally, a survey of published research that has used the PARH scale shows that it has good internal reliability, and that it tends to show that research participants are not particularly aware of research hypotheses.
Dimensions of Subjective Age Identity Across the Lifespan
Authors: Lindner Nicole M. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

We examined how felt age and desired age differed from chronological age across the age span. With each passing Earth year, felt and desired age do grow older, it just takes longer for the year to go by. Past age 25 or so, subjective aging appears to occur on Mars, where one Earth decade equals only 5.3 Martian years. In some sense, our minds age more slowly than our bodies do.
Polarity Correspondence in Metaphor Congruency Effects: Structural Overlap Predicts Categorization Times for Bi-Polar Concepts Presented in Vertical Space
Authors: Lakens Daniel
Published: July 2018

Previous research has shown that words presented on metaphor congruent locations (e.g., positive words UP on the screen and negative words DOWN on the screen) are categorized faster than words presented on metaphor incongruent stimuli (e.g., positive words DOWN and negative words UP). These findings have been explained in terms of an interference effect: The meaning associated with UP and DOWN vertical space can automatically interfere with the categorization of words with a metaphorically incongruent meaning. The current studies test an alternative explanation for the interaction between the vertical position of abstract concepts and the speed with which these stimuli are categorized. Research on polarity differences (basic asymmetries in the way dimensions are processed) predicts that +polar endpoints of dimensions (e.g., positive, moral, UP) are categorized faster than –polar endpoints of dimensions (e.g., negative, immoral, DOWN). Furthermore, the polarity correspondence principle predicts that stimuli where polarities correspond (e.g., positive words presented UP) provide an additional processing benefit compared to stimuli where polarities do not correspond (e.g., negative words presented UP). A meta-analysis (Study 1) shows that a polarity account provides a better explanation of reaction times patterns in previous studies than an interference explanation. An experiment (Study 2) reveals that controlling for the polarity benefit of +polar words compared to –polar words did not only remove the main effect of word polarity, but also the interaction between word meaning and vertical position due to polarity correspondence. These results reveal that metaphor congruency effects should not be interpreted as automatic associations between vertical locations and word meaning, but are more parsimoniously explained by their structural overlap in polarities.
Late chronotype is associated with enhanced amygdala reactivity and reduced fronto-limbic functional connectivity to fearful versus happy facial expressions
Authors: Horne Charlotte Mary , Norbury Ray
Published: July 2018

Increasing evidence suggests late chronotype individuals are at increased risk of developing depression. However, the underlying neural mechanisms that confer risk are not fully understood. Here, fifty healthy, right-handed individuals without a current or previous diagnosis of depression, family history of depression or sleep disorder underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Participants completed an implicit emotion processing task (gender discrimination task) including happy and fearful facial expressions. Linear effects of chronotype on BOLD response in bilateral amygdala were tested for significance using nonparametric permutation tests. Functional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex was also investigated using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. A significant negative correlation between BOLD response and chronotype was observed in bilateral amygdala where late chronotype was associated with an enhanced amygdala response to fearful vs. happy faces. This response remained robust after sleep quality was added as a covariate in the regression model. Late chronotype was also significantly associated with reduced functional connectivity between amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The current results appear consistent with theories of impaired emotion regulation of the limbic system (particularly the amygdala) associated with depression and may, in part, explain the increased vulnerability for depression in late chronotype individuals.
Lie for a Dime: When most prescreening responses are honest but most "eligible" respondents are lies
Authors: Chandler Jesse J. , Paolacci Gabriele
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Internet has enabled recruitment of large samples with specificcharacteristics. However, when researchers rely on participant self-reportto determine eligibility, data quality depends on participant honesty.Across four studies on Amazon Mechanical Turk, we show that a substantialnumber of participants misrepresent theoretically relevant characteristics(e.g., demographics, product ownership) to meet eligibility criteriaexplicit in the studies or inferred by exclusion from the study on a firstattempt or in previous experiences with similar studies. When recruitingrare populations, a large proportion of responses can be deceptive. Weconclude with recommendations about how to ensure that ineligibleparticipants are excluded that are applicable to a wide variety of datacollection efforts that rely on self-report.
Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Harms in Low and Middle Income Countries: a Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Authors: Vissoci Joao Ricardo Nickenig
Published: July 2018

BackgroundHarmful alcohol use leads to a large burden of disease and disability which disportionately impacts LMICs. The World Health Organization and the Lancet have issued calls for this burden to be addressed, but issues remain, primarily due to gaps in information. While a variety of interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing alcohol use in HICs, their efficacy in LMICs have yet to be assessed. This systematic review describes the current published literature on alcohol interventions in LMICs and conducts a meta analysis of clinical trials evaluating interventions to reduce alcohol use and harms in LMICs.MethodsIn accordance with PRISMA guidelines we searched the electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus,Web of Science, Cochrane, and Psych Info. Articles were eligible if they evaluated an intervention targeting alcohol-related harm in LMICs. After a reference and citation analysis, we conducted a quality assessment per PRISMA protocol. A meta-analysis was performed on the 39 randomized controlled trials that evaluated an alcohol-related outcome.ResultsOf the 3,801 articles from the literature search, 87 articles from 25 LMICs fit the eligibility and inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 39 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Nine of these studies focused specifically on medication, while the others focused on brief motivational intervention, brain stimulation, AUDIT-based brief interventions, WHO ASSIST-based interventions, group based education, basic screening and interventions, brief psychological or counseling, dyadic relapse prevention, group counseling, CBT, motivational + PTSD based interview, and health promotion/awareness. Conclusion Issues in determining feasible options specific to LMICs arise from unstandardized interventions, unequal geographic distribution of intervention implementation, and uncertain effectiveness over time. Current research shows that brain stimulation, psychotherapy, and brief motivational interviews have the potential to be effective in LMIC settings, but further feasibility testing and efforts to standardize results are necessary to accurately assess their effectiveness.
Paranoia and conspiracy: group cohesion increases harmful intent attribution in the Trust Game
Authors: Greenburgh Anna , Bell Vaughan , Raihani Nichola
Published: July 2018

Current theories argue that hyper-sensitisation of social threat perception is central to paranoia. Affected people often also report misperceptions of group cohesion (conspiracy) but little is known about how paranoid ideation affects conspiracy thinking in live interactions. In a pre-registered experimental study, we used a large-scale game theory approach (n=1,165) to test whether the social cohesion of an opposing group affects paranoid attributions in a mixed online and lab-based sample. Participants spanning the full population distribution of paranoia played as proposers in a modified Trust Game against a lab-based panel. Participants were allocated a bonus and chose how much money to send to a pair of responders which was quadrupled before reaching the responders. Responders decided how much to return to the proposers through the same process. Participants played in one of two conditions: against a cohesive group who communicated and arrived at a joint decision, or a non-cohesive group who made independent decisions. After the exchange, proposers rated the extent to which the responders’ decisions were driven by (i) self-interest and (ii) intent to harm. Although the true motives are ambiguous, cohesive responders were reliably rated by participants as being more strongly motivated by intent to harm, indicating that group cohesion affects social threat perception. Highly paranoid participants attributed harmful intent more strongly overall but were equally reactive to social cohesion as other participants, suggesting paranoia involves a generally lowered threshold for social threat detection but an intact sensitivity for cohesion-related group characteristics.
Breaking voice identity perception: Expressive voices are more confusable for listeners
Authors: Lavan Nadine , Burston Luke FK , Ladwa Paayal , Merriman Siobhan E , Knight Sarah , McGettigan Carolyn
Published: July 2018

The human voice is a highly flexible instrument for self-expression, yet voice identity perception is largely studied using controlled speech recordings. Using two "voice sorting" tasks with naturally-varying stimuli, we compared the performance of listeners who were familiar and unfamiliar with the TV show Breaking Bad: listeners organized audio clips of speech with 1) low and 2) high expressiveness into perceived identities. We predicted that increased expressiveness (e.g. shouting, whispering) would significantly impair performance. Overall, while unfamiliar listeners were less able to generalise identity across exemplars, the two groups performed equivalently well on telling voices apart. However, high vocal expressiveness significantly impaired telling apart in both groups: this led to increased misidentifications, where sounds from one character were assigned to the other. Our data suggest that vocal expressiveness has powerful and complex effects on identity perception leading to complex interacting effects of stimulus and listener characteristics.