bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Behaviour, Sexual Health and Pornography Consumption among Secondary School Students in Iceland
Authors: Freysteinsdóttir Freydís J. , Benediktsdóttir Ástrós E.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to gain knowledge about secondary school student’s sexual behaviour and sexual health as well as their pornography consumption. A questionnaire was prepared and answered by 384 students in five colleges selected based on a stratified random sample. Most of the students were 18-20 years of age or 87%. One of the main results was that the majority of the participants had seen pornography (86%). The mean age of participants when they saw pornography for the first time was 13. Men were significantly younger than women when they viewed pornography for the first time and spent more time watching pornography than women. Nearly half of all participants had not always used a condom when they had engaged in sex with a person that they did not have a long-term relationship with. Pornography and its consumption has been constantly growing over the past few decades. One of the main reasons for its growth is increasing technology and easier access to the Internet. Comprehensive sex education has not grown as rapidly as pornography, which can be considered a huge risk factor in the shaping of young people’s sexuality and their sexual health.
THE EFFORTS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ACHIEVEMENT FKMP ON QS WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKING TOP 300 BY SUBJECT
Authors: Nasir N. F. , Yusof Y.
Published: March 2017

This article review each vital elements and aspects that contribute to sustain recent achievement of Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (FKMP), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia by the QS world university ranking by subject in 2015. Some of recent and important issues are discussed and reviewed. The suggestions for improvements are also raised out for further reference.
SIMILARITY AND NONSIMILARITY SOLUTIONS ON FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OVER A WEDGE WITH POWER LAW STREAM CONDITION
Authors: Ismoen M. , Karim M. F. , Mohamand R. , Kandasamy R.
Published: March 2017

The similarity and non-similarity analysis are presented to investigate the effect of buoyancy force on the steady flow and heat transfer of fluid past a heated wedge. The fluid is assumed to be a Newtonian, viscous and incompressible. The wall of the wedge is an impermeable with power law free stream velocity and a wall temperature. Due to the effect of a buoyancy force, a power law of free stream velocity and wall temperature, then the flow field is similar when n = 2m - 1, otherwise is non-similar when n ≠ 2m - 1. The governing boundary layer equations are written into dimensionless forms of ordinary differential equations by means of Falkner-Skan transformation. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved by Runge-Kutta Gill with shooting method for finding a skin friction and a rate of heat transfer. The effects of buoyancy force and non-uniform wall temperature parameters on the dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are shown graphically. Comparisons with previously published works are performed and excellent agreement between the results is obtained. The conclusion is drawn that the flow field and temperature profiles are significantly influenced by these parameters.
A NONPARAMETRIC SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION BASED ON TRANSIENT ANALYSIS WITH PLANT PROCESS OF HEAT EXCHANGER AS STUDY CASE
Authors: Mulyana T.
Published: March 2017

In this article, a nonparametric identification system based on transient analysis has been reviewed, by taking the case in some of the data plant process of heat exchanger. Results of the study found that the first-order transfer function without time-delay the proposed model to the data with a temperature constant value is 35.20 ºC and the time constant is 7200 seconds. This model has been fit to meet the existing data proving that the results of the calculation error do not exceed 2%.
Variación de color de la serpiente marina Pelamis platura (Serpentes: Elapidae) en el Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
Authors: Solórzano Alejandro
Published: March 2017

La serpiente marina de vientre amarillo (Pelamis platura) tiene el mayor ámbito de distribución entre todas las serpientes marinas, y a lo largo de su rango la especie exhibe gran variación en su patrón y color. El color de la mayoría de los ejemplares es negro con café y/o amarillo, que se muestran dentro un patrón variable, aunque ejemplares sin patrón de color amarillo brillante se han reportado de ciertas localidades de Costa Rica y Panamá. Recientemente en el interior de la cuenca del Golfo Dulce, al sur de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica, se descubrió una población donde todos los ejemplares muestran cantidades extensivas de color amarillo. La evidencia sugiere que los patrones de circulación de las corrientes superficiales en el interior y exterior de este golfo de tipo fiordo, aparentemente son suficientes para interrumpir el flujo o intercambio genético entre la población oceánica y la del Golfo Dulce. La falta o pérdida de la pigmentación oscura en el dorso de la población del Golfo Dulce puede haber sido el resultado de las temperaturas del agua y otras condiciones particulares en esta cuenca anóxica, única en la costa Pacífica del Hemisferio Occidental.
Crustáceos ectoparásitos y epibiontes de ballenas jorobadas, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) en el Pacífico colombiano
Authors: Avila Isabel Cristina , Cuellar-Reina Luis Miguel , Cantera-K. Jaime R.
Published: March 2017

Se registran tres especies de crustáceos ectoparásitos y epibiontes en dos ballenatos y cuatro adultos de ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae) que visitaron el PNN Gorgona y Bahía Málaga en el Pacífico colombiano, en la temporada reproductiva del año 2010: el anfípodo Cyamus boopis y los cirripedios Coronula diadema y Conchoderma auritum. Se encontró que estos crustáceos se establecen en las aletas caudal y dorsal, en la parte dorsal del cuerpo cerca al espiráculo, y en la parte ventral de la mandíbula inferior. Se adhieren tanto a ballenas adultas como a ballenatos de corta edad. Los ectoparásitos y los epibiontes registrados pueden incidir en el desplazamiento de las ballenas, en la alimentación y en su comportamiento. Los epibiontes se adhieren a las ballenas en aguas tropicales, muy posiblemente en aguas colombianas, pues encontramos un ballenato de a lo sumo tres meses de edad con epibiontes.
Pycnogonida from Costa Rica collected by Scuba Diving
Authors: Krapp Franz , Víquez Carlos
Published: March 2017

Se sabe poco de los picnogónidos de Costa Rica. Este es el primer informe sobre especímenes de Pycnogonida recolectados por buceo, en ambos océanos de Costa Rica. Se encontraron nueve especies de la zona del Caribe y uno de la costa del Pacífico. Se añaden ocho especies a la fauna del Caribe y una a la fauna del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Ninguna de las especies encontradas es nueva para la ciencia.
Comparación de métodos para el análisis de coliformes totales y fecales en muestras de agua mediante la técnica de Número Más Probable (NMP)
Authors: Redondo-Solano Mauricio , Arias Echandi María Laura
Published: March 2017

El análisis microbiológico básico del agua comprende la determinación de coliformes totales y fecales. La ausencia o presencia de los coliformes fecales en el agua define su potabilidad. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en el diseño y ejecución de un esquema de comparación de dos técnicas para la determinación de coliformes en aguas, a partir de modificaciones aplicadas sobre la técnica de referencia de Número Más Probable (NMP) derivada del Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Específicamente, las modificaciones incluyeron el tipo de medio utilizado en la fase presuntiva de la técnica y el uso de incubadora de aire, alternativo al baño de maría en la fase confirmatoria. Simultáneamente, se comparó el efecto del uso de equipo volumétrico tipo micropipeta automática calibrada o pipetas de vidrio estériles calibradas. Para tal efecto, se utilizaron muestras de agua artificiales, elaboradas con material del laboratorio e inoculadas con una cepa de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 así como muestras ambientales. La metodología alternativa tiene un rendimiento superior solamente cuando el nivel de inóculo en las muestras es bajo. No se determinó ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos sistemas de medición volumétrica.
The price of sexual services in nightclubs and massage parlors of San José, Costa Rica: biological and anthropological interpretations
Authors: Mónge-Nájera Julián , Vega Corrales Karla
Published: March 2017

Los humanos y otros primates intercambian sexo por recursos. En el caso de los humanos, este intercambio incluye el trabajo sexual. Existen pocos estudios sobre los precios del trabajo sexual en Costa Rica. Estudiamos el precio del trabajo sexual femenino en clubes nocturnos y salas de masaje mediante entrevistas a trabajadoras y dueños, y llamadas telefónicas, entre 1994 y 2010. Los precios van desde US$6 para un baile erótico a US$300 para el coito y tomando en cuenta la inflación, no han aumentado mucho en los últimos diez años. Los precios por hora puede llegar a 125 veces el salario mínimo por hora vigente en el país. En comparación con el trabajo sexual independiente hecho en las calles, las mujeres de clubes y salas se benefician de la infraestructura asociada, el acceso a los clientes, y la seguridad que ofrecen estos sitios, y reciben el 40-50% de la cuota pagada por los clientes por servicios directos (bailes, actividad sexual), por lo que no hay indicios de explotación de una u otra parte. La ganancia neta de los clubes es de un 30%. Estos servicios sexuales son relativamente caros, pero los hombres les pagan porque están biológicamente y socialmente predispuestos a querer a estos servicios.
Ectoparasites from small mammals from the Cerrado region in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil
Authors: Saraiva Danilo , Da Silva Rocha Fournier Gislene , Pimenta de Oliveira Sarita , Ogrzewalska Maria , Valadares Calaca Camara Edeltrudes Maria , Guimaraes Costa Claudia , Botelho José Ramiro
Published: March 2017

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de infestación de ectoparásitos asociados a mamíferos pequeños del Cerrado en el Parque Nacional Serra do Cipó, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. De abril a septiembre de 2007, capturamos 95 mamíferos pequeños, los cuales representaron nueve especies: seis pertenecen al Orden Rodentia: Cerradomys subflavus (Wagner 1842), Nectomys squamipes (Brants 1827), Thrichomys apereoides (Lund,1939), Rhipidomys mastacalis (Lund 1840), Necromys lasiurus (Lund 1841), Oligoryzomys nigripes Olfers 1818, y tres al Orden Didelphimorphia: Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister 1854), Marmosops incanus (Lund 1840) y Didelphis albiventris (Lund,1841). Identificamos ectoparásitos de cinco órdenes: Ixodida, Gamasida, Phthiraptera, Siphonaptera y Diptera y varias especies de ectoparasitos como: Amblyomma sp, Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca 1936, Laelaps differens Fonseca 1936, Laelaps manguinhosi Fonseca 1936, Tur lativentralis (Fonseca 1936), Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca 1939, Gigantolaelaps vitzthumi Fonseca 1939, Androlaelaps (Haemolaelaps) fahrenholzi (Berleze 1911), Eubrachylaelaps rotundus (Fonseca1936), Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca 1936, Ctenophthirus cercomydis Ferris1922, Hoplopleura imparata Linardi 1984, Eogyropus lenti lenti Werneck 1936, Tunga penetrans (Linnaeus 1758) y Poligenes tripus (Jordania 1933). Para el parque, son nuevos todos los registros de ectoparásitos y agregamos también algunos hospederos.PALABRAS CLAVEBrasil, Cerrado, Parque Nacional Serra do Cipó, mamíferos, ectoparásitos.
Semiformalidad de la mediana y pequeña empresa (MIPYME) en Costa Rica y su relación con la competitividad y el desarrollo
Authors: Brenes Bonilla Lizette , Bermúdez Mesén Ligia
Published: March 2017

Al estudiar la dinámica empresarial de un país es común referirse a dos situaciones disímiles: las empresas formales y las informales. No obstante, entre ambos extremos existen empresas que actúan en diferentes niveles de formalidad o informalidad, las cuales pueden considerarse semiformales. En este análisis se estudia la semiformalidad de la MIPYME (micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas) y su relación con la empresariedad, la competitividad y el desarrollo en Costa Rica. Se consideran semiformales las empresas que cuentan con patente municipal aunque no cumplan con otros requisitos. En Costa Rica, cada municipio tiene jurisdicción territorial sobre áreas geográficas más pequeñas llamadas “cantones”. Mediante estadística multivariada analizamos la relación que existe entre la densidad de empresas con patentes municipales y variables como el Índice de Competitividad Cantonal (ICC), el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), la densidad empresarial formal, reflejada en el número de patronos inscritos, la población económicamente activa (PEA), la densidad de población y el área geográfica del cantón. Hallamos que en Costa Rica hay aproximadamente tres patentes por cada patrono inscrito en la CCSS, lo cual indica que la semiformalidad de la MIPYME es una realidad empresarial que amerita mayor análisis. Hay una relación directa entre la densidad de patentes y patronos, y variables de la competitividad y el desarrollo cantonal. Por ende, existen cantones cuyas condiciones favorecen el desarrollo de iniciativas empresariales, tanto formales como semiformales.PALABRAS CLAVEPYMES, semiformalidad empresarial, patentes municipales, patronos, Índice de Desarrollo Humano, Índice de Competitividad Cantonal.
Actividad de la hormiga Linepithema dispertitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) a lo largo del día y en diferentes estados de inflorescencia de Heliconia rostrata (Heliconiaceae)
Authors: Gutiérrez Martínez Pablo R.
Published: March 2017

Las hormigas son insectos eusociales, se encuentran en la mayoría de zonas zoogeográficas y son muy importantes en una serie de interacciones tróficas.  El estudio se llevó a cabo en Costa Rica con una colonia de Linepithema dispertitum en la base de los pseudotallos de Heliconia rostrata. Con el propósito de conocer la relación y la actividad de la colonia en distintos momentos del día, su preferencia ante cinco estados de inflorescencia y conocer más sobre las  interacciones entre la planta y la hormiga; se hicieron dos repeticiones de 255 conteos de hormigas presentes en inflorescencias de las 6:00h a las 24:00h, correspondiendo en cada repetición a 85 conteos en cada momento del día, y con 51 conteos en cada estado de inflorescencia. Para analizar los datos se realizaron pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskall-Wallis. Ambas repeticiones a pesar de tener diferencias significativas comparten características: los promedios de hormigas en las inflorescencias en cada momento del día fueron significativamente diferentes, por la mañana (el más bajo), la tarde (intermedio) y la noche (el más alto). Linepithema dispertitum además tuvo diferencias significativas en los estados de inflorescencia que visita, menos abundante en las inflorescencias cerradas y las que tienen brácteas marchitas; por otro lado los promedios más altos estaban en inflorescencias abiertas y sin brácteas marchitas, por tanto en las que había mayor disponibilidad de alimento.PALABRAS CLAVEAsociación trófica, brácteas, inflorescencia, Linepithema dispertitum, néctar.
Uso de modelos nulos para el estudio de comunidades de crustáceos zooplanctónicos de aguas continentales chilenas
Authors: De los Ríos-Escalante Patricio , Jara Jeanette , Norambuena Juan
Published: March 2017

El zooplancton tiene una importante función en las cadenas tróficas de los ecosistemas lénticos, transfiriendo la energía de los productores primarios fotosintéticos hacia los niveles tróficos superiores. Las comunidades animales muestran un patrón de asociación, regulado por factores ambientales bióticos y/o abióticos, en el que las especies de encuentran organizadas en gremios, que utilizan un mismo tipo de recurso de manera similar, y a la vez enfrentando diversos gradientes bióticos y abióticos que afectan su comportamiento y adecuación biológica. Buscamos determinar la existencia de algún patrón regulador espacial o de aleatorización en la distribución espacial de los crustáceos zooplanctónicos de aguas continentales chilenas, cuya diversidad ambiental se ve reflejada en la composición de especies de crustáceos zooplanctónicos. Estudiamos 85 sitios,  aplicando un modelo nulo para asociaciones de especies. La distribución espacial de estos crustáceos zooplanctónicos se encuentra establecida por patrones reguladores, lo cual concuerda con la literatura indicando un papel importante de las condiciones tróficas y de la conductividad como reguladores de la composición de especies. Estos resultados concuerdan con descripciones para lagos de Argentina y Nueva Zelanda.PALABRAS CLAVEZooplancton, oligotrofía, lagos, Patagonia, asociaciones de especies
Presencia del alga Chlamydomomas vesterbottnica (Chlamydomonadales: Chlamydomonadaceae) en los estanques de la planta de tratamiento de un relleno sanitario en Costa Rica
Authors: Scholz Carola , Villalobos Narcy
Published: March 2017

Las algas que pertenecen al género Chlamydomonas tienen una distribución cosmopolita y muchas de ellas se reconocen por su capacidad de adaptarse a condiciones ambientales extremas. Estas inclusive se pueden encontrar en estanques que contienen aguas residuales de orígenes domésticos e industriales, los cuales pueden tener altos niveles de nutrientes y concentraciones de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos. En este trabajo se reporta por primera  vez en Costa Rica, la presencia de una especie de las algas verdes, Chlamydomonas vesterbottnica, encontrada en los estanques de la planta de tratamiento que recibe los lixiviados generados en el Relleno Sanitario de Los Mangos en Alajuela. La presencia de esta alga despierta un especial interés para buscar posibles aplicaciones biotecnológicas de aguas residuales en plantas de tratamientos.PALABRAS CLAVEMicroalgas, Chlamydomonas vesterbottnica Skuja, aguas residuales, rellenos sanitarios
First report of Kogia sima (Cetacea: Kogiidae) on the Caribbean coast of Honduras
Authors: Marineros Leonel , Mondragón María Eugenia , Matamoros Wilfredo
Published: March 2017

Primer reporte de Kogia sima en la costa Caribe de Honduras y el segundo en América Central; se documentó un individuo encallado en el Parque Nacional Punto Izopo situado en Tela, Atlántida (06 de febrero del 2011). La identificación del individuo como K. sima se basa en una combinación de características morfológicas y merísticas.PALABRAS CLAVECachalote enano, América Central, Honduras, Kogia sima, Parque Nacional Punta Izopo
Evaluation of surface water quality for human consumption potential in the upper reaches of Sis Icán, Guatemala
Authors: Chán Santisteban Milton Leonel , Peña Cordero Wagner
Published: March 2017

In Guatemala 90 % of urban water has a rural origin and 70% of the sources are superficial. We selected three rivers of the upperbasin of Sis Icán (Chita, and Sacobá Ixconá-Sis; Pacific coast) to assesdrinking water. The watersheds have agriculture and livestock farms,as well as urban and rural populations. Water quality was assessed in the origin and end of each river, in 2012. The variables measured were:NO3, NO2 =, SO4 =, Fe, Cl, Mn, hardness, total coliforms and fecal coliforms.We applied the water pollution index, which is the average of the ratios between observed parameters and regulated standard values.We found statistically significant inputs for chemical and microbiological contaminants (total and fecal coliforms). The level of chemicalcontaminants does not compromise the quality of water for human consumption, but the biological contamination does.
Yearly nematode population variation in Stargrass, Tannergrass, Smutgrass and Setariagrass in Alajuela, Costa Rica
Authors: WingChing-Jones Rodolfo , Salazar Figueroa Luis
Published: March 2017

Nematode populations can affect productivity in cattle grasslands.Every 30 days from January 2004 to January 2005 we measured nematodepopulations in grass rhizospheres in northeastern Costa Rica.The substrate, sampling moment, and their interaction, were significant factors in the populations (p<0,05). We found Pratylenchus sp.,Helicotylenchus sp., Tylenchus sp. and non-parasitic nematodes (1,02;2,36, 1,28 y 3,87 log10 N° nematodes per 100g of roots respectively)in Stargrass throughout the year. Criconemella sp., Hemicycliophorasp., Ditylenchus sp. and Xiphinema sp. were occasionally identified. In Smutgrass, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Paratylenchus sp and non-parasitic nematodes were identified (2,56; 2,51; 3,47 y 3,53 log10 N° nematodes per 100g of roots respectively).The size of plant-arasitic nematode populations in the roots was surprisingly high. We also found Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp. and non-parasitic nematodes in Setariagrass roots, with densities of 2,92, 2,02 and 3,57 log10 N° nematodes per 100g respectively. Finally, in Tannergrass, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp. and non-parasitic nematodes were present (3,99; 1,47 and 3,79 log10 N°. nematodes roots 100g respectively).
induction in oil palm Elaeis guineensis for renewal (Arecales: Arecaceae) through herbicide mixtures
Authors: Garbanzo León Gabriel
Published: March 2017

Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq, is one of the crops with the greater development and expansion at the commercial level, thanks to its high productivity of oilseed and low maintenance costs. The expansion of oil palm is of utmost importance for the agricultural sector and many small and medium producers generate resources that sustain poor rural areas. I evaluated the effect of senescence on palm used for renovation, with various herbicides and mixtures, in Río Claro, Costa Rica. The palms were injected mixtures of Glyphosate (30-40 mL), methyl metsulfuron (10-15 mL), Glyphosate (30 mL) with Plicoran (20 mL), Glyfosate 45 mL, methyl metsulfuron (30 mL), plicloran (40 ml) and MSMA (75 ml). All were mixed with water to a volume of 200 mL and compared with 150 mL of MSMA. The percentage of dry leaves was evaluated using scales of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% at 8, 22, 55 and 105 days after application. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatments and four replications. It was found that the herbicide MSMA had a greater affect at 8 and 22 days compared to all other treatments. However, it had similar effect as mixtures and glyphosate at 55 and 105 daa. On the other hand, the palms had tolerance to Metsulfuron methyl that inhibits the acetolactase synthase enzyme and to Plicoram that affects cell growth at the doses tested. Mixtures with water can reduce up to 50% the MSMA dose in plant death.
Environmental quality of a cultural landscape 75 years after its foundation: the Banana City of Golfito, Costa Rica
Authors: Riba Hernández Lucía , Monge-Nájera Julián
Published: March 2017

In 1938, the American multinational United Fruit Company built a small city in Golfito, South Pacific of Costa Rica. Golfito persists today as an urban area flanked by a mountain chain and a small bay surrounded by mangroves. We applied a set of environmental indicators to assess the current environmental quality of the landscape. We compared 106 photographs of Golfito with photographs from San José (capital of Costa Rica) as a reference; this comparison found a smaller proportion of urban green areas, but more trees and forest in Golfito. Contemporary architecture and public spaces have few facilities (such as sidewalks, public lighting and furnishing), and suffers from deterioration and low adaptation to tropical climatic conditions, especially in traditional architectural remains. Landscape management must make the natural components compatible with the cultural components, and Golfito is unique in the country because of its intense and fragile relationship among city, history and nature. We recommend priority conservation in risk management, public space comfort, valorization of the built heritage and abandoned areas, and an increase of urban green areas.
Biomass and activity soil microorganisms in grazing and secondary forests areasA
Authors: WingChing-Jones Rodolfo , Uribe Lorío Lidieth
Published: March 2017

Sustainable livestock production generates benefits for the environment, such as water capture, increased biodiversity and carbon dioxide capture. To measure these factors in a tropical setting, in 2007 we took three samples of a milk production system in Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, in areas with permanent African Star grass cover (under grazing) and a secondary forest with 15 years of regeneration. We estimated carbon content in the microbial biomass, microbial activity (breathing technique), carbon usage profile (BIOLOG ECOPLATES®) and functional diversity of microorganisms (Shannon index). Biomass carbon in the pasture was 3,3 times higher than in the forest, but microbial activity was similar. Carbon use rate ranged from 22,22 to 85,19% in the pasture (higher in the forest: 29,63 to 92,59%). In both areas growth correlated with incubation time, but the forest had more biodiversity. Pasture areas are favored by carbon deposition to the rhizosphere, while the variety of vegetation in the forest allows greater functional diversity in the use of carbon substrates.
Abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de las especies de mamíferos terrestres en el Refugio Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado, Costa Rica.
Authors: Stephanny Arroyo-Arce Arroyo-Arce , Thomson Ian , Salom-Pérez Roberto
Published: March 2017

Poca información ha sido generada sobre la biodiversidad del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado, Costa Rica. En el presente estudio determinamos la abundancia relativa y el patrón de actividad de ciertas especies de mamíferos terrestres. Durante el periodo 2014 se empleamos diez cámaras trampa, las cuales fueron distribuidas dentro del refugio. Después de un total de 1 611 noches de muestreo, se identificaron 15 especies de mamíferos distribuidos en siete órdenes y 11 familias. Las especies más abundantes fueron Dasyprocta punctata, Leopardus pardalis, Tayassu pecari,Mazama temama, Pecari tajacu y Tapirus bairdii, mientras que Tamandua mexicana reportó la menor abundancia. Se estimaron los patrones de actividad para ocho especies, los cuales fueron similares a lo previamente descrito en la literatura. Estudios adicionales son necesarios con el fin de incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad del refugio, información que será esencial para el adecuado manejo del área.
The occurrence of liver steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C - the experience of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina
Authors: Preveden Tomislav , Ruzic Maja , Kovacevic Nadica , Pete Maria , Fabri Milotka
Published: March 2017

Background/Aim. Hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C occurs in about half of the cases. Its occurrence is influenced by factors of the host and viral factors and its importance lies in the fact that it reduces the success of antiviral therapy based on interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and that, associated with other factors, exacerbates liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to determine the factors that affect its occurrence. Methods. The study included 123 patients with chronic hepatitis C with diagnosis of liver steatosis made by liver biopsy and histopathological examination according to which ? 5% of hepatocytes was affected by fatty change. Based on the presence of steatosis, the patients were divided into two groups: 43 patients with steatosis and 80 patients without steatosis. The influence of certain factors on the occurrence of steatosis was examined using standard statistical methods. Results. Liver steatosis was found in 34.96% of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and a majority of patients (76.74%) had mild steatosis. Of the examined predictive factors for the occurrence of steatosis, statistical significance in its occurrence was connected to elevated body mass index (BMI), genotype 3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV viremia. Conclusion. Hepatic steatosis often occurs in people with chronic hepatitis C, and most often it is mild. The occurrence of hepatic steatosis in our sample was most often affected by genotype 3 HCV and HCV viremia level. Hepatic steatosis can reduce the success of antiviral therapy based on interferon and negatively affect chronic liver disease course. Therefore, we need to recognize it, treat it and make it withdraw.
Increasing Security for Cloud Computing By Steganography in Image Edges
Authors: Saleh Hassan Hadi
Published: February 2017

The security of data storage in “cloud” is big challenge because the data keep within resources that may be accessed by particular machines. The managing of these data and services may not be high reliable. Therefore, the security of data is highly challenging. To increase the security of data in data center of cloud, we have introduced good method to ensure data security in “cloud computing” by methods of data hiding using color images which is called steganography. The fundamental objective of this paper is to prevent "Data Access” by unauthorized or opponent users. This scheme stores data at data centers within edges of color images and retrieves data from it when it is wanted.
DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN BATUSESA DIALECT OF BALINESE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Authors: Ariani N.K.
Published: March 2017

This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative study with the aim at describing the prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa Dialect of Balinese which belong to derivational and inflectional morpheme. The techniques used to collect the data were observation, recording and interview technique. In this study, there were three informants chosen. The results of this study show that there are four kinds of prefixes found in Batusesa Dialect, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {a-} and five kinds of suffixes namely {-ang}, {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There are three kinds of prefixes and one kind of suffixes which belong to derivational morpheme, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {-ang}. Moreover there are three kinds of inflectional prefixes namely {n-}, {me-}, and {a-} and four kinds of suffixes which belong to inflectional morpheme, namely {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There were some grammatical functions of prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa dialect of Balinese, namely affix forming verbal, affix forming nominal, affix forming numeral, affix forming adjective, and affix forming adverb, activizer and passivizer.
Avaliação de hipermídia para aprendizagem sob uma abordagem ergonômica e pedagógica
Authors: Vargas Nunes Juliane , Santos Gonçalves Berenice
Published: February 2017

A inserção das TIC's no contexto educativo e a disseminação da internet oferecem uma gama de hipermídias para aprendizagem a serem utilizadas no ensino a distância, mas não garantem sua qualidade e adequação ao contexto de aplicação. Neste sentido, a utilização de métodos de avaliação de interface sob enfoque ergonômico e pedagógico podem contribuir tanto para a elaboração mais criteriosa de hipermídias para aprendizagem, como para a seleção, dentre as existentes, daquela mais adequada a um contexto específico. Assim, este artigo propõe a caracterização de alguns dos métodos existentes com abordagem ergonômica e pedagógica; e a aplicação de um deles, o MAEP, na hipermídia para aprendizagem “Computador: que máquina é essa?”. A partir dos dados colhidos na revisão bibliográfica e na aplicação, são elaboradas algumas considerações a respeito de aspectos positivos e negativos da hipermídia avaliada e também do método aplicado.
Variáveis antropométricas do pé feminino em diferentes alturas de salto como fundamento para conforto de calçados
Authors: Berwanger Elenilton Gerson , Pacheco Joyson Luis
Published: February 2017

O cenário brasileiro do mercado de calçados caracteriza-se cada vez mais por consumidores que procuram produtos com maior valor agregado em conforto. Através da união do embasamento científico e da experiência pragmática do setor calçadista, esta pesquisa antropométrica sobre pés femininos tem por objetivo organizar e validar uma sistemática atualizada de medição de pés em diferentes posições de altura de salto com base em recursos tecnológicos atuais capazes de mensurar parâmetros antropométricos importantes para novos projetos de formas e calçados. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 407 brasileiras adultas numa faixa etária entre 16 e 55 anos, sendo realizado experimentalmente com mulheres com residência fixa ou temporária no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O projeto foi aprovado em Comitê de Ética e foram utilizados equipamentos e softwares que permitiram a investigação proposta, propiciando desde a coleta de dados antropométricos, tratamento, conversão e leitura dos arquivos digitalizados até a análise estatística dos mesmos. Como resultados, são expostas características demográficas e dados antropométricos da amostra investigada. A sistemática utilizada mostrou-se consistente e a variabilidade das medidas apresentadas ratifica a importância do desenvolvimento de formas e calçados com perfis diferenciados como fundamento para o desenvolvimento de produtos mais adequados à geração de conforto.
Aplicação do método dos elementos finitos na simulação de uma estrutura de proteção contra capotamento
Authors: Cesa Tiago Rodrigues , De Oliveira Branca Freitas
Published: February 2017

Neste trabalho é apresentada a simulação computacional através do método dos elementos finitos do teste de bancada que é realizado para validar a resistência mecânica e a capacidade de absorção de energia de estruturas de proteção contra capotamento (EPCC) de tratores agrícolas. Foi feita uma proposta de design de uma cabina para tratores estreitos e a partir dela foi executado o teste para a validação. A simulação foi feita no software Ansys, considerando as características não lineares dos materiais, uma vez que a deformação atinge o regime plástico dos mesmos. Como a cabina é uma estrutura soldada relativamente complexa, foram feitas idealizações para reduzir o tempo computacional.  Com os resultados virtuais, foi possível prever as regiões mais e menos solicitadas da estrutura sem a necessidade de realizar o teste real, sendo possível propor alterações de design ou de materiais da cabina com o intuito de tornar a absorção da energia de deformação mais eficiente.
Evolução tecnológica de produto: o caso do livro
Authors: Smaniotto Mariah Carraro Smaniotto Carraro , Ribeiro Vinicius Gadis , Silveira Sidnei Renato
Published: February 2017

O presente trabalho apresenta a evolução das tecnologias de um produto específico: o livro. A partir de uma necessidade humana de se comunicar e buscar conhecimentos, o livro nasceu com o objetivo de chegar a todas as pessoas, independente da classe social. Ocorreu um processo de evolução, impactando em formas diferentes de interagir com esse produto. Hoje a Internet faz esse papel e a, partir dela, surgiu o livro virtual. Os elementos e processos que compuseram essa evolução e a sua inovação são aqui apresentados.
Uso do túnel de vento como ferramenta de projeto no design aerodinâmico
Authors: Núñez Gustavo Javier Zani , Loredo-Souza Acir Mércio , Rocha Marcelo Maia
Published: February 2017

O sucesso de um projeto de produto que irá interagir com escoamentos de fluidos requer o conhecimento de sua eficiência aerodinâmica. Na fase de projeto, a possibilidade de otimização de sua performance aerodinâmica tem papel fundamental para que o produto possa ser validado. Este trabalho tem foco principalmente nas interações de escoamentos de ar (vento) com os objetos nele imersos. Na etapa de planejamento e especificações prévias, a utilização do túnel de vento como ferramenta auxiliar para o desenvolvimento de produtos suscetíveis aos efeitos do vento, é extremamente adequada. O estudo do comportamento aerodinâmico de um determinado corpo imerso em um escoamento pode ser realizado mediante a medição de diferentes parâmetros. Como sugestão de ferramenta disponível é apresentado o Túnel de Vento Prof. Joaquim Blessmann da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em operação a mais de 35 anos. São mostrados, dentre os diversos estudos já realizados no Laboratório de Aerodinâmica das Construções, alguns trabalhos representativos das diversas áreas de pesquisa desenvolvidas. Finalmente, destaca-se a importância da utilização do túnel de vento como ferramenta de projeto no design aerodinâmico, que pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de design aerodinâmico numa ampla gama de produtos que necessitem avaliação de suas características aerodinâmicas.
Aplicação das ferramentas FEAP-SUS, FEM e ESA em modelo funcional de escala reduzida
Authors: Ferroli Paulo Cesar Machado , Librelotto Lisiane Ilha
Published: February 2017

Projetar requer criatividade, senso de gerenciamento, grande capacidade de síntese e conhecimentos gerais e específicos sobre a área de projeto. O profissional projetista precisa utilizar-se cada vez mais de metodologias e ferramentas de projeto de modo que possa englobar todos os fatores relevantes, priorizando os principais, sem negligenciar nenhum. Isso exige atitude multidisciplinar, envolvendo várias áreas do conhecimento e obrigando o projetista a possuir uma boa capacidade de gerenciamento das informações (gestão do design). A questão ambiental está inserida nesse contexto e sua eficaz gestão somente é possível tratando-se esta de modo amplo, incorporando as questões econômica, social e ambiental de forma integrada. Para isso, diversas metodologias e ferramentas foram criadas, algumas ainda em fase de experimentação e validação. Esse artigo apresenta a aplicação de três destas novas ferramentas: FEAP-SUS, FEM e ESA-MOD em um modelo funcional de escala reduzida.
Existence and Exploitability of Financial Analysts' Informational Leadership
Authors: Baule Rainer , Wilke Hannes
Published: March 2017

This paper bridges two recent studies on the role of analysts to provide new and relevant information to investors. On the one hand, the contribution of analysts to long-term price discovery on the US market is rather low. Considering earnings per share forecasts as the main output of analysts’ reports, their information share amounts to only 4.6% on average. On the other hand, trading strategies set up on these EPS forecasts are quite profitable. Self-financing portfolios yield excess returns of more than 5% over the S&P 100 index for a time period of 36 years, which is persistent after controlling for the well-known risk factors. In this paper, we discuss the link between the low information shares and the high abnormal returns. We argue that information shares of analysts cannot be higher, because otherwise their forecasts would lead to excessively profitable trading strategies which are very unlikely to persist over such a long period of time.
Moving Average Trading Rules for NASDAQ Composite Index
Authors: Chen Chien-Ping
Published: March 2017

This paper tests a few moving average technical trading rules for the NASDAQ Composite and Goldman Sack commodity indexes from 1972 to 2015. Our results indicate that moving average rules do exhibit strong predictive power for NADSAQ composite index but much weaker predictive power for GSCI. Can a trader use this predictive to beat the B&H strategy? We show that MA-100 days could most of the time make an abnormal profit in the case of NASDAQ composite index by considering both transaction costs and risk.
Dermatoses Following Nepal Earthquake 2015
Authors: Karn D.
Published: February 2017

No abstract available
Association between Dental Prosthesis and Periodontal Disease among Patients Visiting a Tertiary Dental Care Centre in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Mansuri M. , Shrestha A.
Published: February 2017

Background Dental caries and Periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral health problems present globally. The distribution and severity of such oral health problems varies in different parts of the world and even in different regions of the same country. Nepal is one of the country with higher prevalence rate of these problems. These problems arise in association with multiple factors.Objective This study was carried out to describe the periodontal status and to analyse the association of periodontal disease with the wearing of fixed or removable partial dentures in a Nepalese population reporting to the College of Dental Surgery, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.Method This study comprised of a sample of 200 adult individuals. All data were collected by performing clinical examinations in accordance with the World Health Organization Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods Criteria. It included the Community Periodontal Index and dental prosthesis examination.Result A descriptive analysis was performed and odds ratio (1.048) and 95% confidence interval (1.001; 1.096) was found out. The mean age of the population participated in the study was 41.82 ± 14.80 years. A total of 93 (46.5%) males and 107 (53.5%) females participated in the study. Among these subjects, 100% presented some periodontal problems. The statistical analysis indicated that the probability of periodontal disease with regards to wearing partial dentures was not significant as suggested by the odds ratio (1.048).Conclusion There is no association of the wearing of dental prosthesis (RPD and/or FPD) with the periodontal disease and suggests a need for populations based oral health education programs, plaque control programs to reduce the incidence of periodontal disease.
“Question of the Day”: Impact on learning and retention
Authors: Satheesha Nayak B. , Mohandas Rao K.G. , Sundarshan S. , Naveen K. , Srinivasa Rao S. , Ashwini Aithal P.
Published: February 2017

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Efficacy of Different Antihypertensive Drugs among newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patient in Dhulikhel Hospital
Authors: Humagain S. , Koju R.
Published: February 2017

Background Cardiovascular disease represents the largest burden on global health, important modifiable risk factor being hypertension. Difference in response to antihypertensive medication depending on ethnic group is well recognized. There is very few data regarding this difference in the South Asian population especially from Nepal.Objective The aim of this study is to find out which antihypertensive medication has better efficacy in our population.Method One seventy two newly diagnosed hypertensive patients who presented to cardiology OPD were included. Blood Pressure (BP) was recorded in both arms at least three times. Patients were counseled for lifestyle and dietary modification and were prescribed one of the three drugs Hydrochlorthiazide 25 mg or Amlodipine 5 mg or Enalapril 5 mg. Patients were called back in 4-6 weeks time and Blood Pressure was recorded in similar manner.Result Out of 172 patients, 97 were male and 75 female. The mean age was 55.49±1.03 years. Mean Systolic BP before treatment was 156.2±10.6 mm of Hg and Mean Diastolic BP before treatment was 100.5 ±6.8 with no statistically significant difference among different groups. However Systolic BP reduction was 14.6 ±5.1, 21.9±5.9 and 21.8±7.4 by Hydrochlorthiazide , Amlodipine and Enalapril respectively. Diastolic BP reduction was 8.8±2.5, 14.2±2.8 and 14.3±2.9 by Hydrochlorthiazide, Amlodipine and Enalapril respectively.Conclusion Amlodipine and Enalapril are equally effective in controlling BP in our population. Hydrochlorthiazide is less effective than both Amlodipine and Enalapril.
Correlation between Endoscopic and Histopathological Findings in Gastric Lesions
Authors: Sharma S. , Makaju R. , Dhakal R. , Purbey B. , Gurung R.B. , Shrestha R.
Published: February 2017

Background Stomach is a common site for wide variety of lesions. The visualisation of the site with biopsy leads to the early detection of the pathologic process and appropriate therapy.Objectives The objective of this study is to correlate the histopathological pattern of endoscopic biopsies with distribution of gastric lesions according to age and sex.Method The retrospective study was carried out among 50 cases with endoscopic biopsies and histopathological assessment, received at Department of Pathology, Dhulikhel Hospital- Kathmandu University Hospital.Result Out of 50 cases majority of cases were of male gender with male: female ratio was 1.3:1. Our study showed a poor correlation between endoscopic and histopathological evidence of inflammation in the stomach. Two cases were diagnosed as intestinal metaplasia which were diagnosed as ulcer and erosion endoscopically. Out of 32% of cases diagnosed endoscopically as ulcer, only one case was confirmed histopathologically. Our study showed good correlation in the cases of carcinoma. Out of 17 cases diagnosed endoscopically as gastric carcinoma correlated histopathologically as gastric adenocarcinoma. Majority of carcinoma cases showed ulcerating fungating growth followed by ulcero-proliferative growth.Conclusion Endoscopy is incomplete without biopsy and histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endoscopically detected lesions. Endoscopic examination and histopathological examination of suspected gastric lesions should go parallel and neither should be a substitute of each other.
Relation between Serum Intact Parathyroid Hormone Level and Hematocrit in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Adhikary L.P. , Pokhrel A. , Yadava S.K. , Khadka D. , Thakur R.
Published: February 2017

Background Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. There are various causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the less recognized causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients.Objectives The main objective of the study is to find the correlation between intact parathyroid hormone and hematocrit level in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method Verbal consent was taken from all the participants. Eighty participants between the age of 29 and 70 years with chronic kidney disease having indication of hemodialysis were included in this study. Hematocrit was measured by bioelectrical impedance method and serum intact parathyroid hormone was by using Chemi Luminescence Immuno Assay (CLIA) method.Result A weak reverse correlation was found between serum intact parathyroid level and hematocrit (r= -0.33).Conclusion In chronic kidney disease patient, there is reverse correlation between level of serum intact parathyroid and hematocrit level. This association may have clinical relevance in assessing the cause of unexplained low hemoglobin level in CKD patients.
Anthropometrically Determined Undernutrition among the Adolescent Girls in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Shrestha B.
Published: February 2017

Background No information exists regarding the health of the adolescent girls residing in Kathmandu valley in urban setup.Objective To evaluate the prevalence of undernutrition among the adolescent girls living in Kathmandu valley. It also aims to know the distribution of weight, height and body mass index of adolescent girls in relation to the different adolescent age groups.Method A cross sectional study was conducted in one government and two private schools in Kathmandu valley from 16th April to 15th September 2010. Anthropometric measurements were recorded using standardized methodology as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Standard operational definitions like percentiles, mean, standard deviation and proportions were used for analysis.Result Four hundred adolescent girls were enrolled randomly, out of which 111 girls (27.8%) were from government school and 289 girls (72.2 %) were from private schools. Maximum were of 16 years of age and the least were of 19 years of age, mean age being 15.4 years of age. Of them, early, mid and late adolescents were 41%, 35% and 24% respectively. Around one third of the study population were stunted (32%), one fourth were underweight (24%) and one tenth of them were thin (9.5%) based on National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS )standard.Both underweight and stunted girls were significantly more during the late adolescence period (P<0.001). However, thinness was not significant in any of the three adolescent age groups.Conclusion A high prevalence of undernutrition in terms of stunting, underweight and thinness exists among the adolescent girls in Kathmandu valley.