bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age
Authors: Gladstone William Ewart
Published: October 2010

Four-time prime minister William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) was also a prolific author and enthusiastic scholar of the classics. Gladstone had spent almost two decades in politics prior to his writing the three-volume Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age. This work and the preceding 'On the place of Homer in classical education and in historical inquiry' (1857), reflect Gladstone's interest in the Iliad and the Odyssey, which he read with increasing frequency from the 1830s onward and which he viewed as particularly relevant to modern society. As he relates, he has two objects in the Studies: 'to promote and extend' the study of Homer's 'immortal poems' and 'to vindicate for them … their just degree both of absolute and, more especially, of relative critical value'. Volume 2 presents an exhaustive study of the 'Theo-mythology', religious traditions and sources, and morals of Homer's age.
Lectures and Essays
Authors: Nettleship Henry
Published: October 2010

Lectures and Essays, edited by F. Haverfield, was first published in 1895. It contains the published articles of Henry Nettleship (1839–1893) on Latin literature not included in the collection Lectures and Essays on Subjects Connected with Latin Literature and Scholarship (1885), along with one unpublished essay. The volume begins with a memoir written by Nettleship's wife, focusing on his progressive approach towards educational reform and modernisation. The collection includes essays on contemporary scholars such as the Danish philologist Madvig (1804–1886); the poet Juvenal; the earliest Latin grammarians; literary criticism in antiquity; and on the state of English education in the nineteenth century, including the influential essay 'On the Present Relations between Classical Research and Classical Education in England'. This collection of lectures and essays is a valuable source representing the work of an eminent Victorian scholar and educational reformer who made a lasting contribution to Latin studies.
The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery
Authors: Cooley William Desborough
Published: October 2010

William Desborough Cooley (1795–1883) was a geographer and historian, the author of a collection of influential texts on the development of geographical study, and a key founding member of the Hakluyt Society. First published as a complete set in 1831 as part of Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, this is the history in three volumes of the development of the geographical sciences through travel and exploration. Each volume is divided chronologically by historical era, tracing the pursuit of geographical discovery by both land and sea from the Roman Empire to the Himalayan expeditions of the early nineteenth century. Featuring a comprehensive index, this expertly compiled reference text will aid any study of the history of travel and exploration. This second volume includes an account of the expeditions of Columbus, along with information on the settlement of North America and the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522.
Travels of Pietro della Valle in India
Authors: Della Valle Pietro
Published: October 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. A member of a noble Roman family, Pietro della Valle began travelling in 1614 at the suggestion of a doctor, as an alternative to suicide after a failed love affair. The letters describing his travels in Turkey, Persia and India were addressed to this advisor. This 1664 English translation of della Valle's letters from India, republished by the Hakluyt Society in 1892, contains fascinating ethnographic details, particularly on religious beliefs, and is an important source for the history of the Keladi region of South India.
China Under the Search-Light
Authors: Cornaby William Arthur
Published: October 2010

A London-born Wesleyan Methodist missionary, William Arthur Cornaby (1860–1921) spent over thirty years in China, where he edited The Chinese Christian Review, and, from 1905, the Ta Tung Pao, a weekly magazine targeted at Chinese officials and scholars. His many books on Chinese culture and civilisation, including A String of Chinese Peach-Stones (1895) and Rambles in Central China (1896), provide detailed sketches of Chinese rural life and customs. The later China Under the Search-Light, first published in 1901, uses Western clichés about China as a point of departure to offer a more nuanced understanding of the underlying facts and problems specific to Chinese society. In this book, Cornaby discusses contemporary topics such as overcrowding in Shanghai, mandarins, and Buddhism. He also scrutinises newspapers, novels, and aesthetic traditions, offering an elementary introduction to Chinese culture as perceived by a nineteenth-century British missionary.
The Diary of David Brainerd
Authors: Brainerd David
Published: October 2010

David Brainerd (1718–1747) was a colonial American missionary to Native Americans made famous when Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) posthumously edited his journal and other writings into a popular biographical narrative. Having spent time at Yale University, Brainerd entered the ministry in 1742 and dedicated his life to work amongst native peoples in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey before expiring at the age of 29. This 1902 edition of The Diary and Journal of David Brainerd provided readers with a broader picture of his life and the source material from which Edwards composed his narrative. Volume 1 focuses mostly upon the diary, which contains Brainerd's discussion of his brief life, including not insignificant reference to the illness that claimed him. Ultimately, the thoughts preserved in this two-volume set are an important resource for those interested in religion in America during the period known as the 'Great Awakening'.
Alma Mater
Authors: Wright John Martin Frederick
Published: October 2010

John Martin Frederick Wright offers a lively account of Cambridge University in Alma Mater; Or, Seven Years at the University of Cambridge. Published anonymously in 1827, Wright's two-volume work captures the triumphs and tribulations of undergraduate life at Cambridge, based upon his own years as an aspiring mathematician at Trinity College. This second volume covers Wright's last two undergraduate years and experiences as a private tutor, together with copies of examinations and lists of scholarships available at all the colleges. Wright dedicated his career as a writer and private tutor to helping students succeed at university, and Alma Mater is designed to offer parents and aspiring students insight into the preparations, intellectual as well as financial, necessary for achievement. A spirited defence of Cambridge traditions in the face of broader educational reforms, Alma Mater also brings to life a period of intense intellectual activity in British mathematics.
Bibliomania
Authors: Dibdin Thomas Frognall
Published: October 2010

'A passion for possessing books, not so much to be instructed by them, as to gratify the eye by looking on them': thus is described 'bibliomania' by one of the characters of Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776–1847), in this humorous novel first published in 1809. Introduced in English at the end of the eighteenth century, the term 'bibliomania' - or 'book-madness' - gained popularity with the publication of Dibdin's eponymous work. Using the entirely revised 1811 edition, this reissue brings back to life Dibdin's bibliomaniac characters and their playful dialogues on the nature and history of book collecting, and, most importantly, on the dangers of the 'fatal disease' that is bibliomania, its strange manifestations - such as the 'vellum', 'first edition', and 'unique copies' symptoms - and its possible cure. The author of numerous bibliographical works, Dibdin provides erudite comments and clarifications to his characters' dialogues in a parallel narrative of footnotes.
Education and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts
Authors: Kaestle Carl F. , Vinovskis Maris A.
Published: October 2010

This important contribution to scholarship in social science history examines the development of public education in nineteenth-century Massachusetts. Until the 1950s educational historians emphasized the relationship of schooling to the political system and the development of a common American culture. In recent years a social history perspective has emerged that stresses the socioeconomic influences that tie education to other institutions and processes in society rather than to political ideals. Carl Kaestle's and Maris Vinovskis's study is firmly grounded in this newer perspective. However, their work questions the adequacy of any single-factor explanation of the broad educational changes that occurred during this period - whether it be the emergence of factory production or the broader concept of modernization. They argue that these educational changes were the result of the complex interaction of cultural, demographic and economic variables operating in varying ways in different communities over time. Ethnicity, religion, urban status, the occupational structure, income distribution and wealth of the community all emerge as significant factors in this interaction.
Fact-Finding without Facts
Authors: Combs Nancy A.
Published: October 2010

Fact-Finding Without Facts explores international criminal fact-finding - empirically, conceptually, and normatively. After reviewing thousands of pages of transcripts from various international criminal tribunals, the author reveals that international criminal trials are beset by numerous and severe fact-finding impediments that substantially impair the tribunals' ability to determine who did what to whom. These fact-finding impediments have heretofore received virtually no publicity, let alone scholarly treatment, and they are deeply troubling not only because they raise grave concerns about the accuracy of the judgments currently being issued but because they can be expected to similarly impair the next generation of international trials that will be held at the International Criminal Court. After setting forth her empirical findings, the author considers their conceptual and normative implications. The author concludes that international criminal tribunals purport a fact-finding competence that they do not possess and, as a consequence, base their judgments on a less precise, more amorphous method of fact-finding than they publicly acknowledge.
Thinking about Other People in Nineteenth-Century British Writing
Authors: Pinch Adela
Published: October 2010

Nineteenth-century life and literature are full of strange accounts that describe the act of one person thinking about another as an ethically problematic, sometimes even a dangerously powerful thing to do. In this book, Adela Pinch explains why, when, and under what conditions it is possible, or desirable, to believe that thinking about another person could affect them. She explains why nineteenth-century British writers - poets, novelists, philosophers, psychologists, devotees of the occult - were both attracted to and repulsed by radical or substantial notions of purely mental relations between persons, and why they moralized about the practice of thinking about other people in interesting ways. Working at the intersection of literary studies and philosophy, this book both sheds new light on a neglected aspect of Victorian literature and thought, and explores the consequences of, and the value placed on, this strand of thinking about thinking.
Style, Gender, and Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century American Women's Writing
Authors: Beam Dorri
Published: October 2010

In this 2010 book, Dorri Beam presents an important contribution to nineteenth-century fiction by examining how and why a florid and sensuous style came to be adopted by so many authors. Discussing a diverse range of authors, including Margaret Fuller and Pauline Hopkins, Beam traces this style through a variety of literary endeavors and reconstructs the political rationale behind the writers' commitments to this form of prose. Beam provides both close readings of a number of familiar and unfamiliar works and an overarching account of the importance of this form of writing, suggesting new ways of looking at style as a medium through which gender can be signified and reshaped. Style, Gender, and Fantasy in Nineteenth Century American Women's Writing redefines our understanding of women's relation to aesthetics and their contribution to both American literary romanticism and feminist reform. This illuminating account provides valuable new insights for scholars of American literature and women's writing.
Immigration and the Legacies of the Past: The Impact of Slavery and the Holocaust on Contemporary Immigrants in the United States and Western Europe
Authors: Foner Nancy , Alba Richard
Published: October 2010

It is a basic truism that the past influences the present, but the key questions concernwhichpast andhowits impact occurs. In this paper we seek to understand how legacies of the past affect the pathways and experiences of contemporary immigrants. Our specific concern is with the present-day impact of two momentous historical ethno-racial traumas: the Holocaust in Western Europe, and slavery and ensuing legal segregation (“Jim Crow”) in the United States. At first blush, their legacies seem unrelated to immigration today, and these pasts are rarely central to discussions about it. But in fact memories of and institutional responses to the sins of the Nazi genocide, on the one hand, and of slavery and legal racial segregation, on the other, have played a role in shaping public perceptions and policies that affect contemporary immigrants and their children.
The genusCatapyreniums. lat. (Verrucariaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands
Authors: PRIETO María , ARAGÓN Gregorio , MARTÍNEZ Isabel
Published: October 2010

A taxonomic treatment of the genera included inCatapyreniums. lat. in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands is provided, based on study ofc. 2000 specimens from both herbaria and fresh material collected by the authors from 2005 to 2009 in numerous localities.

A total of 33 species belonging to six of the eight genera included inCatapyreniums. lat. are present in the region, which correspond toc. 80% of species from Europe. The genera areAnthracocarponBreuss,CatapyreniumFlot. (Catapyreniums. str.),HeteroplacidiumBreuss,InvolucropyreniumBreuss,NeocatapyreniumH. Harada andPlacidiumA. Massal. The genusNeocatapyreniumis reported for the first time from this region.Clavascidium liratum, the only representative of the genusClavascidiumin the region, has been reduced to synonymy withAnthracocarpon virescens.

Heteroplacidium acervatum, H. congestumandNeocatapyrenium cladonioideumare new to Europe.Involucropyrenium pusillum, only previously known from Austria,I. waltheri, an arctic-alpine species, andNeocatapyrenium latzelii, known from Croatia and Greece, are cited for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula.Placidium subrufescensandP. tenellum,two mainly Mediterranean species, are also new records from the Iberian Peninsula.Placidium boccanumis here for the first time cited in Spain, andAnthracocarpon virescens,Heteroplacidium contumescens,Placidium imbecillumandP. micheliiare new to Portugal. Most of the remaining species showed a considerable expansion of their known ranges.Placidium pyrenaicumis reduced to synonymy withP. velebiticum.

Keys to genera and species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are presented.
Editorial: Celebrating Thirty-Five Years of Publication
Authors: ASTON ELAINE
Published: October 2010

This issue celebrates thirty-five years of TRI (New Series) publication, from the first issue in October 1975 through to this October 2010 edition. Last year, Cambridge Journals launched the digitized TRI archive, housing all of the volumes from the inaugural 1975 issue through to Volume 25 in 2000. During those first twenty-five years of now digitized publication, Oxford University Press served as the journal's home under the editorship of Claude Schumacher. It was in 2001 that the journal moved across to Cambridge with Brian Singleton as its Senior Editor.
TRI's Cambridge Years: A Retrospective
Authors: SINGLETON BRIAN , BALME CHRISTOPHER , ROKEM FREDDIE
Published: October 2010

As first senior editor of Theatre Research International when it moved to Cambridge Journals in 2001, I had the privilege of being involved from the outset in the reconfiguration of its aims and objectives, moving the subject from essentialist notions of theatre towards a much broader conception of what constitutes performance in differing world contexts. It was a move that mirrored the shift in the discipline since the beginning of the 1990s that saw the rise of performance studies and the influence of the concept of performativity on our reading strategies of all types of performance, but particularly of performance with intended social agency.
Back to the future of theatre studies
Authors: SAUTER WILLMAR
Published: October 2010

In this special issue, Theatre Research International marks its thirty-five years of existence. This time span equals the approximate length of an academic career or, at least in my case, it happens to coincide with my participation in the activities of the International Federation for Theatre Research. In order to locate the present position and the future direction of theatre studies, I begin with a brief retrospective overview of the decades that I have experienced with IFTR/FIRT.
Testing a developmental cascade model of emotional and social competence and early peer acceptance
Authors: Blandon Alysia Y. , Calkins Susan D. , Grimm Kevin J. , Keane Susan P. , O'Brien Marion
Published: October 2010

A developmental cascade model of early emotional and social competence predicting later peer acceptance was examined in a community sample of 440 children across the ages of 2 to 7. Children's externalizing behavior, emotion regulation, social skills within the classroom and peer acceptance were examined utilizing a multitrait–multimethod approach. A series of longitudinal cross-lag models that controlled for shared rater variance were fit using structural equation modeling. Results indicated there was considerable stability in children's externalizing behavior problems and classroom social skills over time. Contrary to expectations, there were no reciprocal influences between externalizing behavior problems and emotion regulation, although higher levels of emotion regulation were associated with decreases in subsequent levels of externalizing behaviors. Finally, children's early social skills also predicted later peer acceptance. Results underscore the complex associations among emotional and social functioning across early childhood.
Cascading effects following intervention
Authors: Patterson Gerald R. , Forgatch Marion S. , DeGarmo David S.
Published: October 2010

Four different sources for cascade effects were examined using 9-year process and outcome data from a randomized controlled trial of a preventive intervention using the Parent Management Training—Oregon Model (PMTO™). The social interaction learning model of child antisocial behavior serves as one basis for predicting change. A second source addresses the issue of comorbid relationships among clinical diagnoses. The third source, collateral changes, describes events in which changes in one family member correlate with changes in another. The fourth component is based on the long-term effects of reducing coercion and increasing positive interpersonal processes within the family. New findings from the 9-year follow-up show that mothers experienced benefits as measured by standard of living (i.e., income, occupation, education, and financial stress) and frequency of police arrests. It is assumed that PMTO reduces the level of coercion, which sets the stage for a massive increase in positive social interaction. In effect, PMTO alters the family environment and thereby opens doors to healthy new social environments.
Spectrum of paediatric cardiac diseases: a study of 15,066 children undergoing cardiac intervention at a tertiary care centre in India with special emphasis on gender
Authors: Kiran Viralam S. , Nath Parrimala P. , Maheshwari Sunita
Published: October 2010

Objectives

To analyse the relative frequency and gender ratios in the procedures (both surgical and catheter-based interventions) performed for cardiac diseases in Indian children.

Background

Not many studies are available in the developing countries with regard to the prevalence, relative frequency, or gender distribution of cardiac diseases in children. As universal newborn screening is not carried out for congenital cardiac diseases, the statistics are difficult to ascertain. Do female and male children with cardiac disease get equal parental preference in terms of surgical correction and catheter interventions in India? This question is also unanswered.

Methods

Analysis of 15,066 consecutive Indian children aged <18 years who were operated upon or had catheter intervention at a single tertiary care centre. Relative frequency and male/female ratios of cardiac lesions in these children were determined and compared with the studies in literature.

Results

Overall male/female ratio in the study was 1.4:1. Ventricular septal defect was the most common lesion (24.2%) with male/female ratio of 1.5:1, followed by tetralogy of Fallot (18.7%, 1.6:1), atrial septal defect (14.4%, 0.9:1) and so on. Male children dominated the total number of procedures performed.

Conclusion

In most of the individual cardiac lesions, the relative frequency was different from that of international studies. The gender ratio for the majority of the individual type of cardiac problems was different from that of international references. These findings may suggest a preference for the male child in the treatment of cardiac diseases in India, which could possibly be related to social causes.
Modeling diachronic change in the third person singular: a multifactorial, verb- and author-specific exploratory approach
Authors: GRIES STEFAN TH. , HILPERT MARTIN
Published: October 2010

This study addresses the development of the English third-person singular present tense suffix from an interdental fricative (giveth) to an alveolar fricative (gives). Based on the PCEEC corpus, we analyze more than 20,000 examples from the time between 1417 and 1681 to determine (i) the temporal stages in which this development took place and (ii) the factors that are correlated with this change.

As for (i), we use a bottom-up clustering method which shows that the shift from -(e)thto -(e)sis best characterized as consisting of five stages. As for (ii), we examine multiple language-internal and language-external factors, including several variables proposed in earlier accounts. We fit a generalized linear mixed-effects model, which allows us to predict nearly 95 per cent of all inflectional choices correctly, thus revealing which factors shaped the development over time in a data-driven and highly precise way.
Same time, across time: simultaneity clauses from Late Modern to Present-Day English
Authors: BROCCIAS CRISTIANO , SMITH NICHOLAS
Published: October 2010

In this article we offer a diachronic analysis of simultaneity subordinatorasagainst the background of simultaneity subordinatorswhile, whilst,whenfrom 1650 to the end of the twentieth century. The present survey makes use of data extracted from the British English component of ARCHER (version 3.1), focusing in particular on fiction, the registerpar excellencefor the use of simultaneity subordinators. We analyse our data according to a selection of parameters (ordering, verb type, duration, tense and aspect, subject identity, simultaneity type) and show that, against a background of relative stability, the major change is a dramatic increase in the frequency of simultaneityas-clauses from the first half of the nineteenth century onwards. Adapting the historical work on stylistic change by Biber and Finegan (1989, 1997), as well as theoretical and experimental accounts of the semantics of English simultaneity markers, we highlight an interesting parallelism between the spread ofas-clauses in oral narrative from childhood to adulthood and the spread ofas-clauses in modern fiction. In either case, the spread ofasmay be symptomatic of an evolution in narrative techniques, particularly in respect of the means by which complex events are typically represented.
A constructional taxonomy ofI thinkand related expressions: accounting for the variability of complement-taking mental predicates
Authors: VAN BOGAERT JULIE
Published: October 2010

This article offers a constructional approach to complement-taking mental predicates (CTMPs), e.g.I think, accommodating a whole class of CTMP types (i think, i suppose, i imagineetc.) and their variant forms (e.g.I would think,I should have imagined) in a constructional taxonomy. CTMPs are generally believed to depend on their prototypical simple present form in order to convey an epistemic/evidential meaning. Corpus evidence shows, however, that there exist several variant forms that equally function as interpersonal modifications. Such variation has long presented a stumbling block to studies approaching CTMPs from the point of view of grammaticalization theory, since this framework has traditionally been rather inimical to the idea that a grammaticalized item may encompass a paradigm of variant forms and instead requires internal fixation into an unalterable form. It will be argued that CTMPs should be regarded as constructions constituting a taxonomy characterized by several levels of schematicity. It will be demonstrated that the most frequently used CTMP,i think, has reached the highest degree of entrenchment and schematicity, and consequently sanctions the widest range of variant forms, which are disseminated throughout the taxonomy by virtue of analogization.
Histochemical and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Posterior Esophagus of Bulla striata (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Lobo-da-Cunha Alexandre , Oliveira Elsa , Ferreira Íris , Coelho Rita , Calado Gonçalo
Published: October 2010

The posterior esophagus of Bulla striata, running from the gizzard to the stomach, was investigated with light and electron microscopy to obtain new data for a comparative analysis of the digestive system in cephalaspidean opisthobranchs. In this species, the posterior esophagus can be divided into two regions. In the first, the epithelium is formed by columnar cells with apical microvilli embedded in a cuticle. Many epithelial and subepithelial secretory cells are present in this region. In both, electron-lucent secretory vesicles containing filaments and a peripheral round mass of secretory material fill the cytoplasm. These acid mucus-secreting cells may also contain a few dense secretory vesicles. In the second part of the posterior esophagus, the cuticle is absent and the epithelium is ciliated. In this region, epithelial cells may contain larger lipid droplets and glycogen reserves. Subepithelial secretory cells are not present, and in epithelial secretory cells the number of dense vesicles increases, but most secretory cells still contain some electron-lucent vesicles. These cells secrete a mixture of proteins and acid polysaccharides and should be considered seromucous. The secretory cells of the posterior esophagus are significantly different from those previously reported in the anterior esophagus of this herbivorous species.
Incorporating native plants into multifunctional prairie pastures for organic cow–calf operations
Authors: Wiltshire Karie , Delate Kathleen , Wiedenhoeft Mary , Flora Jan
Published: October 2010

The multifunctional agronomic, ecological, economic and social uses of grass-based agricultural systems in peri-urban Marion County, Iowa, were the subject of investigation from 2003 to 2005. Following a sociocultural analysis that identified diverse motivations of cow–calf operators, an on-farm, agroecological experiment was established with a member of the study group. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the feasibility of establishing a multifunctional prairie pasture in response to the operator's interest in certified organic, warm-season plant species paddocks. At the field level, the implementation of native grasses and legumes into fallow pasture without the use of herbicides under flash grazing, mowing and unmanaged control treatments showed differences in species establishment and pasture composition. After three growing seasons, native species were evident in all treatments, with no significant differences between grazing and mowing in total native species establishment. There was a trend toward greater native legume establishment in the control over the managed treatments. Thus, total species abundance was greatest in control plots, suggesting this treatment for maximum prairie pasture establishment without herbicides. Concurrence was observed between motivations expressed by cow–calf operators in the sociocultural study (i.e. biodiversity preservation and sustainable management of natural resources) and outcomes from the prairie pasture experimental system. Support for grass-based systems from local institutions at the community level is necessary for the expansion of prairie pastures in Iowa and throughout the tallgrass prairie region.
Einfluss baulicher Gegebenheiten in der ambulanten Pflege: Auswirkungen und Strategien zur Sicherstellung der Pflegequalität – Ergebnisse einer explorativen Studie
Authors: Heuberger Matthias
Published: October 2010

Mit dem stetig steigenden Bedarf an einer professionellen ambulanten Versorgung älterer Menschen rücken die Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen die angebotene Pflege stattfindet, ebenfalls in den Vordergrund. Als besonders relevant sind hierbei die baulichen Gegebenheiten in den Patientenwohnungen anzusehen, da diese die Arbeit der Pflegekräfte erschweren und sich negativ auf die Pflegequalität auswirken können. Der aktuelle Forschungsstand gibt allerdings weder Auskunft über die konkreten Auswirkungen auf die Pflegequalität, noch sind Strategien bekannt, mit deren Hilfe die Pflegekräfte mögliche Einschränkungen kompensieren können. Um diese zu identifizieren, wurde eine qualitative Studie auf Basis von zehn Interviews mit ambulanten Pflegefachkräften durchgeführt. Die so gewonnenen Daten wurden mittels eines eigens entwickelten und in Anlehnung an Mayrings Methodik der systematischen Interpretation von Daten konstruierten Ablaufmodells ausgewertet. Insgesamt konnten so sechs Kategorien identifiziert werden, die die Auswirkungen baulicher Gegebenheiten auf die Gestaltung fachlicher Pflege widerspiegeln, sowie fünf Kategorien, welche die Strategien der ambulanten Pflegefachkräfte beschreiben, um bestehende Einschränkungen zu kompensieren.
Solar wind turbulence and shear: A superposed‐epoch analysis of corotating interaction regions at 1 AU
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Denton Michael H.
Published: October 2010

A superposed‐epoch analysis of ACE and OMNI2 measurements is performed on 27 corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in 2003–2008, with the zero epoch taken to be the stream interface as determined by the maximum of the plasma vorticity. When the measurements are rotated into the local‐Parker‐spiral coordinate system, the shear is seen to be abrupt. Converging flows are seen; about half of the CIRs show a layer of divergent rebound flow away from the stream interface. Analysis of the turbulence across the CIRs is performed. When possible, the effects of discontinuities are removed. Fluctuation amplitudes, the Alfvenicity, and the level of Alfvenic correlations all vary smoothly across the CIR. The Alfven ratio exhibits a decrease at the shear zone of the stream interface. Fourier analysis of subintervals is performed, and the results are superposed averaged as an ensemble of realizations. The spectral slopes of the velocity, magnetic field, and total energy vary smoothly across the CIR. The total‐energy spectral index is ∼3/2 in the slow and fast wind and in the CIRs. Fourier analysis of Elsasser fluctuations shows a smooth transition across the CIR from an inward‐outward balance in the slow wind to an outward dominance in the fast wind. Spreading of turbulence away from the region where it is produced is limited to ∼106 km. A number of signatures of turbulence driving at the shear zone are sought (entropy change, turbulence amplitude, Alfvenicity, spectral slopes, and in‐out nature): none show evidence of driving of turbulence by shear.
Effects of nonlinear energy transfer on short surface waves
Authors: Lyzenga David R.
Published: October 2010

The effects of nonlinear energy transfer on the development of the short wave spectrum are evaluated using a diffusion approximation and a modification of this approximation to include nonlocal effects. Both formulations were used to compute the evolution of a JONSWAP‐type spectrum, and the results are compared with direct numerical simulations. Terms corresponding to each of these formulations were then incorporated into the wave action equation, and the resulting equation was numerically integrated using a second‐order Runge‐Kutta method. The results show an increase in the angular width of the spectrum and in the spectral density at high wave numbers as compared with solutions of the action equation without the nonlinear energy transfer term. Example results are presented for the case of a moderately strong internal wave in a light wind, and implications for the remote sensing of these waves using microwave radar are discussed.
Tipping points: Early warning and wishful thinking
Authors: Ditlevsen Peter D. , Johnsen Sigfus J.
Published: October 2010

The causes for and possible predictions of rapid climate changes are poorly understood. The most pronounced changes observed, beside the glacial terminations, are the Dansgaard‐Oeschger events. Present day general circulation climate models simulating glacial conditions are not capable of reproducing these rapid shifts. It is thus not known if they are due to bifurcations in the structural stability of the climate or if they are induced by stochastic fluctuations. By analyzing a high resolution ice core record we exclude the bifurcation scenario, which strongly suggests that they are noise induced and thus have very limited predictability.
Variations in ozone depletion potentials of very short‐lived substances with season and emission region
Authors: Brioude J. , Portmann R. W. , Daniel J. S. , Cooper O. R. , Frost G. J. , Rosenlof K. H. , Granier C. , Ravishankara A. R. , Montzka S. A. , Stohl A.
Published: October 2010

We present a new approach for calculating the fraction of very‐short lived substances (VSLS) emitted at the surface (and their degradation products) that reach the stratosphere (β) using the FLEXPART Lagrangian model. The values of β play a key role in determining the efficiency of these compounds for depleting stratospheric ozone, and are used to estimate ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) of several short‐lived compounds. Calculated β and ODPs of VSLSs show large regional and seasonal variability owing to the importance of convective transport. For instance, β and ODPs associated with emissions from the Indian subcontinent is an order of magnitude larger than that from Europe, mid‐latitude North America, or East Asia. The seasonal cycle of β is mainly driven by transport efficiency from the boundary layer into the tropical stratosphere; β has a minimum in winter and a maximum in summer.
Characteristics of F‐region dynamo currents deduced from CHAMP magnetic field measurements
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Lühr Hermann , Min Kyoung Wook
Published: October 2010

Using magnetic field observations of the CHAMP satellite we provide the first comprehensive study of F‐region dynamo currents as a function of season, local time, geographic longitude, and solar activity. From bipolar variations of the zonal magnetic field component the density of vertical current driven by the F‐region dynamo is deduced. The current strength is smallest around June solstice, which is attributed to a reduced F‐region Pedersen conductance caused by a lower electron density and neutral density at that season. During the hours around noon highest current densities are observed. They are flowing downward over the dip equator. A secondary peak of upward currents appears at dusk. The polarity switch occurs between15 and 16 (local time) independent of season. The noontime F‐region dynamo current peaks at longitudes connected to the South Atlantic Anomaly, which can be explained by the enhanced conductivity in the region of reduced B field. The F‐region current at dusk exhibits no peak in the longitude sector of the South Atlantic Anomaly. At noon, the F‐region dynamo currents exhibit a wave 4 longitudinal structure during equinoxes and June solstice. The wave 4 signature becomes weak during December solstice. At dusk the wave 4 signature of F‐region dynamo currents is much reduced in all seasons. This behavior can be explained by the DE3 tidal signature in the zonal wind at CHAMP altitude. F‐region dynamo currents increase linearly with the solar flux index, F10.7, during both noon and dusk time sectors. The increase in current strength with increasing F10.7 is slightly higher at dusk than at noon.
Investigations on the melting and bending modulus of polymer grafted bilayers using dissipative particle dynamics
Authors: Thakkar Foram M. , Ayappa K. G.
Published: October 2010

Understanding the influence of polymer grafted bilayers on the physicomechanical properties of lipid membranes is important while developing liposomal based drug delivery systems. The melting characteristics and bending moduli of polymer grafted bilayers are investigated using dissipative particle dynamics simulations as a function of the amount of grafted polymer and lipid tail length. Simulations are carried out using a modified Andersen barostat, whereby the membrane is maintained in a tensionless state. For lipids made up of four to six tail beads, the transition from the low temperature Lβ phase to the Lα phase is lowered only above a grafting fraction of Gf=0.12 for polymers made up of 20 beads. Below Gf=0.12 small changes are observed only for the HT4 bilayer. The bending modulus of the bilayers is obtained as a function of Gf from a Fourier analysis of the height fluctuations. Using the theory developed by Marsh et al. [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1615, 33 (2003)] for polymer grafted membranes, the contributions to the bending modulus due to changes arising from the grafted polymer and bilayer thinning are partitioned. The contributions to the changes in κ from bilayer thinning were found to lie within 11% for the lipids with four to six tail beads, increasing to 15% for the lipids containing nine tail beads. The changes in the area stretch modulus were also assessed and were found to have a small influence on the overall contribution from membrane thinning. The increase in the area per head group of the lipids was found to be consistent with the scalings predicted by self-consistent mean field results.
A statistical mechanical theory of proton transport kinetics in hydrogen-bonded networks based on population correlation functions with applications to acids and bases
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. , Chandra Amalendu , Marx Dominik
Published: October 2010

Extraction of relaxation times, lifetimes, and rates associated with the transport of topological charge defects in hydrogen-bonded networks from molecular dynamics simulations is a challenge because proton transfer reactions continually change the identity of the defect core. In this paper, we present a statistical mechanical theory that allows these quantities to be computed in an unbiased manner. The theory employs a set of suitably defined indicator or population functions for locating a defect structure and their associated correlation functions. These functions are then used to develop a chemical master equation framework from which the rates and lifetimes can be determined. Furthermore, we develop an integral equation formalism for connecting various types of population correlation functions and derive an iterative solution to the equation, which is given a graphical interpretation. The chemical master equation framework is applied to the problems of both hydronium and hydroxide transport in bulk water. For each case it is shown that the theory establishes direct links between the defect’s dominant solvation structures, the kinetics of charge transfer, and the mechanism of structural diffusion. A detailed analysis is presented for aqueous hydroxide, examining both reorientational time scales and relaxation of the rotational anisotropy, which is correlated with recent experimental results for these quantities. Finally, for OH−(aq) it is demonstrated that the “dynamical hypercoordination mechanism” is consistent with available experimental data while other mechanistic proposals are shown to fail. As a means of going beyond the linear rate theory valid from short up to intermediate time scales, a fractional kinetic model is introduced in the Appendix in order to describe the nonexponential long-time behavior of time-correlation functions. Within the mathematical framework of fractional calculus the power law decay ∼t−σ, where σ is a parameter of the model and depends on the dimensionality of the system, is obtained from Mittag–Leffler functions due to their long-time asymptotics, whereas (stretched) exponential behavior is found for short times.
Atomic force microscopy imaging using a tip-on-chip: Opening the door to integrated near field nanotools
Authors: Hayton J. , Polesel-Maris J. , Demadrille R. , Brun M. , Thoyer F. , Lubin C. , Cousty J. , Grévin B.
Published: October 2010

We describe in detail how atomic force microscopy (AFM) images can be routinely achieved with macroscopic silicon-based chips integrating mesoscopic tips, paving the way for the development of new near field devices combining AFM imaging with any kind of functionality integrated on a chip. The chips have been glued at the end of the free prong of 100 kHz quartz tuning forks mounted in Qplus configuration. Numerical simulations by modal analysis have been carried out to clarify the nature of the vibration modes observed in the experimental spectra. It is shown that two low frequency modes can be used to drive the system and scan the surface with a great stability in amplitude modulation as well as in frequency modulation AFM under ultrahigh vacuum. The AFM capabilities are demonstrated through a series of examples including phase and dissipation contrast imaging, force spectroscopy measurements, and investigations of soft samples in weak interaction with the substrate. The lateral resolution with the tips grown by focused ion beam deposition already matches the one achieved in standard amplitude modulation mode AFM experiments.
Effect of potential truncations and shifts on the solid-liquid phase coexistence of Lennard-Jones fluids
Authors: Ahmed Alauddin , Sadus Richard J.
Published: October 2010

Molecular simulation results for the solid-liquid coexistence properties of untruncated, truncated, truncated and shifted, and truncated and shifted-force 12-6 Lennard-Jones potentials are reported. It is found that solid-liquid coexistence properties vary systematically with potential truncations, shifts, and cut-off values. Potential truncations and shifts have important consequences at low temperatures, particularly in the vicinity of the triple point. The main influence is on the coexistence pressure whereas both liquid and solid densities are less sensitive to the truncations and shifts. The data reported in this work indicate that the cut-off radius mainly affects the properties of the liquid phase whereas its influence on the solid phase is almost negligible. The data suggest a monotonic variation of the melting temperature as a function of cut-off radius, which contradicts the oscillatory behavior of the melting temperature reported elsewhere.
Simulated plasma immersion ion implantation processing of thin wires
Authors: Lejars A. , Manova D. , Mändl S. , Duday D. , Wirtz T.
Published: October 2010

In plasma immersion ion implantation, the dependencies of sheath expansion and ion flux density on substrate geometry are well established. However, effects of extreme diameter variations have not been investigated explicitly. Using an analytical simulation code assuming an infinite mean free path, the sheath expansion, ion flux density, and resulting substrate temperature are explored down to wire diameters of 150 μm. Comparing the results for planar substrates and cylindrical, thin wires, a reduction in the sheath width up to a factor of 10, a faster establishing of a new equilibrium sheath position, and an increase in the ion fluence by a factor of 100 is encountered. The smaller plasma sheath allows for a denser packing of wires during the treatment than for planar substrates. Additionally, the implantation time is reduced, allowing a fast wire transport through the chamber, further increasing the throughput.
Structural evolution of protein-biofilms: Simulations and experiments
Authors: Schmitt Y. , Hähl H. , Gilow C. , Mantz H. , Jacobs K. , Leidinger O. , Bellion M. , Santen L.
Published: October 2010

The control of biofilm formation is a challenging goal that has not been reached yet in many aspects. One unsolved question is the role of van der Waals forces and another is the importance of mutual interactions between the adsorbing and the adsorbed biomolecules (“critical crowding”). In this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach is presented, which fundamentally probes both aspects. On three model proteins—lysozyme, α-amylase, and bovine serum albumin—the adsorption kinetics is studied experimentally. Composite substrates are used enabling a separation of the short- and the long-range forces. Although usually neglected, experimental evidence is given for the influence of van der Waals forces on the protein adsorption as revealed by in situ ellipsometry. The three proteins were chosen for their different conformational stabilities in order to investigate the influence of conformational changes on the adsorption kinetics. Monte Carlo simulations are used to develop a model for these experimental results by assuming an internal degree of freedom to represent conformational changes. The simulations also provide data on the distribution of adsorption sites. By in situ atomic force microscopy we can also test this distribution experimentally, which opens the possibility to, e.g., investigate the interactions between adsorbed proteins.
An intentionally positioned (In,Ga)As quantum dot in a micron sized light emitting diode
Authors: Mehta M. , Reuter D. , Wieck A. D. , Michaelis de Vasconcellos S. , Zrenner A. , Meier C.
Published: October 2010

We have integrated individual (In,Ga)As quantum dots (QDs) using site-controlled molecular beam epitaxial growth into the intrinsic region of a p-i-n junction diode. This is achieved using an in situ combination of focused ion beam prepatterning, annealing, and overgrowth, resulting in arrays of individually electrically addressable (In,Ga)As QDs with full control on the lateral position. Using microelectroluminescence spectroscopy we demonstrate that these QDs have the same optical quality as optically pumped Stranski–Krastanov QDs with random nucleation located in proximity to a doped interface. The results suggest that this technique is scalable and highly interesting for different applications in quantum devices.