bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in Cutaneous Immunofluorescence
Authors: Nelson Helen M. , MacKie Rona M.
Published: April 2006

Twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had a biopsy taken from clinically normal skin. These were examined for histological and immunological abnormalities and were compared to those of 8 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). No ‘lupus band’ linear deposition of immunoglobulin or complement at the dermo‐epidermal interface was seen in any patient in either group. Perivascular deposits were seen in 5 out of 20 (25%) patients with RA. These were of IgM in all 5 cases with additional C, in 2 cases (10%) and additional fibrin in one case (5%). No immunoprotein deposits were seen in specimens from any OA patient. 4 of the 5 patients with perivascular immunoprotein deposits had circulating ANAs present and dilutions of 1/256 or higher but normal DNA binding. A sparse perivascular, predominantly lymphoeytie infiltrate was seen in 13 out of 20 (65%) patients with RA and 3 of 8 (35%) patients with OA.
Hyperpigmentation and Hypopigmentation of the Skin after Long Term PUVA Therapy
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Niemi Kirsti‐Maria , Lassus Allan
Published: April 2006

An electron microscopic study was performed to demonstrate the pathological changes induced by long term PUVA treatment in recalcitrant psoriasis. Three patients developed mottling (hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation) during two to three years of treatment. Three different types of morphological changes were found: disarrangement of keratinocytes, clustering and stimulation of melanocytes and homogenization of papillary dermis. Furthermore, the superficial blood vessels were loaded with the same type of amorphous granular substance. These changes might be specific to PUVA treatment or they might occur only in patients with previous treatment with, e.g., arsenic, methotrexate, anthralin + UVB or a combination of these.
Trichilemmal Differentiation in Seborrheic Keratosis
Authors: Nakayasu K. , Nishimura A. , Maruo M. , Wakabayashi S.
Published: April 2006

An 88‐year‐old woman who developed a nodule in a lesion of seborrheic keratosis on the frontal scalp was observed. Histopathologically, the nodule was characterized by lobular acanthosis consisting of glycogen rich clear cells and squamoid cells with squamous eddies and melanin blockade melanocytes. Each lobule was covered with an orthokeratotic horny layer which formed wedge‐shaped masses in its central area without formation of an intervening granular layer. The clinical course and histopathological findings suggest that the tumor cells in seborrheic keratosis may tend to a new development of trichilemmal differentiation.
Malignant pilomatricoma in a dog
Authors: Goldschmidt Michael H. , Thrall Donald E. , Jeglum K. Ann , Everett Jeffrey I. , Wood Margaret Gray
Published: April 2006

A malignant pilomatricoma is described in a dog. The primary tumor apparently developed in the metatarsal area where there were multiple intradermal skin nodules. Lymphatic invasion by tumor cells resulted in metastasis to the mammary glands, lymph nodes and lungs. The tumor is compared to the pilomatricoma in man where no metastasizing types have been identified.
Macular amyloidosis with patchy filamentous degeneration of collagen islands
Authors: Ishii Masamitsu , Terao Yu'ichi , Asai Yoshie , Hamada Toshio
Published: April 2006

Unusual patchy filamentous degeneration of collagen islands, found in a typical case of macular amyloidosis, is described. This phenomenon was found to begin in intact islands scattered among the amyloid islands in the papillary and upper reticular dermis. Since the patches varied in size, they were thought to have grown gradually with time. They were derived from the degeneration of collagen fibrils and demonstrated a tropocollagen‐like structure. Although the small patches preserved some characteristic structures of collagen fibrils or tropocollagen, the large patches showed amyloid‐like filamentous masses surrounding the collagen islands.
Cartilaginous lesions of the skin and superficial soft tissue
Authors: Hsueh Swei , Santa Cruz D. J.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of cartilaginous tumors located in the dermis are reported. One tumor occurred on the bridge of the nose and was a true cutaneous chondroma. The other arose on the finger and represented a cutaneous calcifying chondroma. Study of these lesions prompted a review of cartilaginous tumors and tumor‐like conditions presenting as cutaneous lesions. A classification proposed includes, in addition to true cutaneous chondromas, developmental anomalies, soft tissue and skeletal tumors and miscellaneous lesions.
Immunoperoxidase techniques applied to dermatopathology
Authors: Taylor C. R. , Hofman F. M. , Modlin R. L. , Rea T. H.
Published: April 2006

Immunoperoxidase techniques provide the pathologist with the capability for staining a wide range of antigens in tissue sections. More than 100 different antigens have been successfully demonstrated in fixed paraffin sections; other antigens can only lie visualized in frozen sections. This latter group particularly includes lymphocyte surface antigens detectable by monoclonal antibodies. This review describes the current state of the art and provides several illustrations of the use of monoclonal antibodies for the identification of T‐lymphocyte phenotypes in fro/en section from cases of leprosy, mycosis fungoides, halo nevus, Kaposi's sarcoma, lichen planus and atopic dermatitis. Technical details and potential applications arc discussed. The growing availability of commercial immunostaining kits makes these techniques more accessible to the surgical pathologist; indeed a whole new range of truly specific, special stains are available, as pathologists we must simply learn to use them.
Atypical (“pseudosarcomatous”) cutaneous histiocytoma
Authors: Fukamizu H. , Oku T. , Inoue K. , Matsumoto K. , Okayama H. , Tagami H.
Published: April 2006

We report a patient with a cytologically atypical hemiosiderotic histiocytoma that histologically suggested a sarcoma. The lesion is differentiated from atypical fibroxanthoma and fibroxanthosarcoma, We wish to emphasize the benign nature of this variant of histiocytoma whose extreme cellular atypicality may simulate a sarcoma.
Trichilemmal keratinization in seborrheic keratoses
Authors: Masuda Mitsugi , Kimura Shunji
Published: April 2006

In 33 of 112 seborrheic keratoses reviewed histologically, a keratinization process was observed, which was identical with or showed marked similarity to, trichilemmal keratinization (TK). This type of keratinization took place more frequently in lesions which were pruritic and in those located on the extremities. Histologically, the change was observed in the bottoms of pseudocysts and crypts, in areas showing evidence of inflammation, such as exocytosis, spongiosis and squamous eddy or whorl formation. No relationship was found between the presence of TK or TK‐like keratinization and the various histologic types of seborrheic keratoses. It is concluded that a process which can not be distinguished from TK microscopically may occur frequently in seborrheic keratoses as a result of inflammation.
Cherry hemangioma: an SEM study
Authors: Sala F. , Crosti C. , Menni S. , Piccinno R.
Published: April 2006

This study describes the examination of 10 examples of cherry hemangioma hy SEM. Morphologic features are described.
Basal cell tumor with eccrine differentiation (eccrine epithelioma)
Authors: Serrano G. , Aliaga A. , Bonillo J. , Pelufo C. , Otero D.
Published: April 2006

A case of eccrine epithelioma is presented. A 62‐year‐old woman was seen for with a lesion on the left forearm present for 36 years, and complicated by multiple recurrences. Histopathologically, it was composed of numerous small nests of basaloid cells, cystic and syringoid epithelial structures within the reticular dermis and invading the contiguous fat mid muscle tissues. Tubular structures and cystic spaces contained PAS‐positive, diastate‐resistant, and alcian blue‐positive material. Although the tumor was very aggressive locally, no metastasis had occurred throughout its long course.
Adnexal displacement and regression in association with histiocytoma (dermatofibroma)
Authors: Rahbari H. , Mehregan A. H.
Published: April 2006

The literature about the changes occurring in histiocytomas mentions only the possibility of induction of primitive pilosebaceous structures and basal cell epithelioma‐like lesions by the histiofibrocytic growth. We suggest here that the histopathologic findings arc indicative of regressive changes of the pre‐existing cutaneous adnexa resulting in the formation of basal cell epithelioma‐like structures.
Intimate structural association of amyloid and elastic fibers in systemic and cutaneous amyloidoses
Authors: Yanagihaka M. , Kato F. , Shikano Y. , Fukusiiima N. , Mori S.
Published: April 2006

Elastic fibers were found in the amyloid islands of primary systemic amyloidosis heredo‐familial amyloid polyneuropathy, macular amyloidosis and amyloidosis cutis nadularis atraphicans. In macular amyloidosis, the elaunin fibers in amyloid islands were loosely arranged, waved and twisted. In systemic amyloidosis and arm. loidosis cutis nodularis atrophicans, amyloid fibers did not deposit in homogeneous electron‐lucent material of elastic fiber, but were located close to the elastic fiber where the peripheral microfibrils were present.
Molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermoid cyst
Authors: Aloi F. G. , Pipione M.
Published: April 2006

The histological picture of molluscum contagiosum (MC) is well known: the epidermis grows down into the dermis as multiple, closely packed pear‐shaped lobules. The epitelial cells of the outermost layers and the horny layer display typical molluscum bodies. In this paper, we describe an unusual case of MC in a cystic lesion. This lesion was probably due to localisation of the MC virus in the ostium of the pilar infundibulum, followed by obstruction and formation of an inclusion cyst.
Halo balloon cell nevus
Authors: Côté J. , Waiters A. K. , O'brien E. A.
Published: April 2006

We report an unusual case occuring in a 25‐year‐old male of a balloon cell nevus which also showed clinical and pathological features of a halo nevus.
Epithelioid sarcoma and isolated necrobiotic granuloma: a comparative immunocytochemical study
Authors: Wick M. R. , Manivel J. C.
Published: April 2006

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) occasionally may be confused, both clinically and histologically, with isolated necrobiotic granulomas (ING), leading to misdiagnosis and potential mismanagement of these conditions. We studied 11 cases of ES and 11 of ING (6 examples of deep granuloma annulare and 5 of rheumatoid nodule) immunohistochemically, in an attempt to determine whether they could be diagnostically separated by such means. Monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin polypeptides (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) were applied to formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections in each case, using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique. All ES cases stained positively for CK, and 6 expressed EMA, while examples of ING were non‐reactive for these antigens. Conversely, the large epithelioid histiocytic cells in cases of ING were immunoreactive with anti‐LCA, whereas no case of ES displayed this determinant in tumor cells. In the latter lesions, reactive peritumoral inflammatory cells were LCA‐positive, but were readily distinguished from neoplastic cells on morphological grounds, as well as by their negativity with anti‐CK and anti‐EMA. Based on these data, it is concluded that immunohistologic stains for epithelial and hematopoietic antigens are valuable in the conclusive diagnostic separation of epithelioid sarcoma and necrobiotic granulomas.
Giant cell fibroblastoma: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Barr R. J. , YoungJr E. M. , Liao S.‐Y.
Published: April 2006

Giant cell fibroblastoma is a rare, benign soft tissue tumor occurring in childhood. A 34‐year‐old woman presented with a giant cell fibroblastoma involving the chest wall. Histologic features include an infiltrating spindle‐cell tumor involving the dermis and subcutaneous fat containing characteristic sinusoidal spaces rimmed by spindle cells and multinucleate giant cells. Immunohistochemical studies support a fibrohistiocytic differentiation.
Charcot‐Leyden crystals in pemphigus vegetans
Authors: Kuo T‐T. , Wang C. N.
Published: April 2006

In the skin lesion of a patient with pemphigus vegetans, Charcot‐Leyden crystals were observed in the eosinophilic abscess cavities of the epidermis. The finding is documented for the first time. In addition, some of the intraepidermal eosinophilic abscess cavities have been shown to be due to accumulation of eosinophils in dilated acrosyringia, but their formation from acantholysis and spongiosis can not be entirely excluded.
The keratotic tumors of Cowden's disease: an electronmicroscopic study
Authors: Johnson B. L. , Kramer E. M. , Lavker R. M.
Published: April 2006

Cowden's disease is characterized by multiple hamartomas of the skin, breast, thyroid, and gastrointestinal tract. In the past, a viral hypothesis for the keratotic lesions of the skin has led to much controversy. The present study describes the results of a detailed fine structural analysis of 10 hyperkeratotic extremity lesions and 2 keratotic lesions from the face of a patient with Cowden's disease. Increases in the keratinocyte population were primarily confined to the basal and suprabasal regions. Differentiation products characteristic of keratinization were normal in both quantity and appearance. Nuclear remnants and number‐ous lipid droplets, markers of abnormal keratinization, were noted within horny cells. However, viral particles and/or virus‐like particles were not observed in keratinocytes. Melanocytes and Langerhans cells were numerous. The latter contained membrane‐bound pigment vacuoles in addition to the characteristic Birbeck granules. These unusual Langerhans cells were observed in the dermis as well as the epidermis. A large number of fully granulated ‘resting” mast cells was uniformly distributed throughout the dermis, associated with a prominent cellular infiltrate. Our observations do not support the concept of a viral etiology for these tumors.
Papillomavirus‐induced changes in the topography of the epidermal‐dermal junction: a scanning electron microscopic study of basal lamina
Authors: Hull M. T. , Warfel K. A.
Published: April 2006

Papillomavirus infects human epidermal cells and causes verruca vulgaris, which is characterized by altered epidermal growth rates and differentiation patterns. There is also a prominent induced dermal proliferative response. Ten formalin‐fixed skin specimens from 10 patients, each with histologically characteristic verruca vulgaris, were excised from paraffin blocks, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Hydrated specimens were incubated in 90% formic acid at 45°C for 18 h. Using a dissecting microscope the epidermis was gently separated from the dermis, which then was fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy showed a well‐preserved epidermal‐dermal junction (EDJ) covered by basal lamina. In comparison with normal EDJ, the EDJ of verruca vulgaris showed markedly elongated dermal papillae. Some papillae were broad and thin, and others were broad and thick. Irregularly shaped and branching secondary papillae were common. Also, there were changes in the basal lamina: the normal corrugation pattern was replaced by relatively smooth undulations or coarse, vertically oriented ridges on papillae. Papillary tips were often smooth. This study shows that there were prominent alterations in the topography of the EDJ and basal lamina in verruca vulgaris. This technique should be useful in evaluating epithelial‐connective tissue morphologic interactions in formalin fixed archival tissue in other diseases characterized by alterations in epidermal growth rates and differentiation patterns.
Incontinentia pigmenti: pigmentary changes independent of incontinence
Authors: Ashley J. R. , Burgdorf W. H. C.
Published: April 2006

Incontinentia pigmenti is characterized by swirled hyper‐pigmentation associated with incontinence of pigment. A different pattern may be seen on the legs with light‐colored atrophic scarred areas admixed with patches of normal but darker skin. Histologic examination confirms that the darker skin is normal without incontinence of pigment, while the light‐colored skin lacks melanocytes and appendages but has dermal fibrosis.
Human melanoma cell lines: an immunofluorescence and ultrastructural study
Authors: O'Valle F. , Aneiros J. , Osuna A. , Aguilar D. , Navarro N. , Alvaro T.
Published: April 2006

Two human melanoma cell lines (OAL‐1 and OAIy‐2) were obtained from primary tumors. Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence for S‐100 protein and human melanoma associated antigen p97a were used to characterize the cell lines. Ultrastructural correlation between primary tumor cells and cultured cells was investigated. The ultrastructural features of OAL‐2 cells were similar to those of primary tumor cells. However, OAL‐1 cells showed a fibroblast‐like appearance, quite different from that of the primary tumor cells. This fibroblast‐like appearance persisted after 50 subcultures of the OAL‐2 cell line and suggests cellular dedifferentiation. No spontaneous re‐differentiation of the cells to the original phenotype of the primary tumor cells was observed even after 50 subcultures.
Clear‐cell, basal cell carcinoma: histopathological, histochemical, and electron microscopic findings
Authors: Oliver G. F. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Another histological variant of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is described. This clear‐cell variant appeared as a recurrent lesion on the back of an elderly man. Histological examination revealed that part of the tumor was composed of clear cells with faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Degenerative changes were present, along with calcium deposition. Mucin was present within the stroma and within the degenerative areas of the tumor. Staining with anti‐S‐100, anti‐keratin, and anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies was negative. Electron microscopy demonstrated epithelium‐derived cells with marked phagolysosomal accumulation within the cytoplasm. We conclude that this clear‐cell variant is due to degenerative change within a BCC.
A monoclonal antibody, SKH1, reacts with 40 Kd sweat gland‐associated antigen
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Hashimoto K. , Kato I. , Nishioka K. , Eto H. , Nishiyama S. , Kanzaki T.
Published: April 2006

Several monoclonal antibodies (MAB) have been produced using an eccrine carcinoma cell line as an immunogen. One such MAB, SKH1, reacted with both the secretory portion and coiled duct of the eccrine and with the secretory portion of apocrine gland. SKH1, however, did not react with myoepithelial cells, intradermal ducts of both types of sweat gland, or with other components of normal axillary skin including the epidermis and follicular apparatus. The reaction was strongest if the specimen was fixed with 80% methanol, and moderate on non‐fixed or acid‐alcohol‐fixed specimens. Only weak reaction was obtained on cold acetone‐fixed specimens, and reaction was negative with formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. SKH1 reacted positively with the cytoskeleton of the eccrine carcinoma cell line, Colo‐16 and MCF‐7. Applied to pathological skin specimens, SKH1 reacted with the tumor cells of clear cell hidradenoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and extramammary Paget's disease. SKH1 also reacted with the tumor cells of meta‐static adenocarcinomas arising from lung, breast and ovary. SKH1 did not react with the majority of tumor cells of eccrine poroma, but reacted with single–layered cells lining narrow ductal lumina. SKH1 did not react with epithelial cells lining cystic or ductal lumina of syringoma, but reacted moderately with the amorphous keratin–like substance filling the lumina. Immunoblot analysis revealed that SKH1 recognizes a 40 Kd sweat gland‐associated antigen, and can be an aid to identifying tumors arising from sweat gland structures.
Angiosarcoma with dermal melanocytosis
Authors: Akiyama M. , Naka W. , Harada T. , Nishikawa T.
Published: April 2006

We report a case of angiosarcoma and dermal melanocytosis occurring simultaneously in the same lesion. We examined the primary and 2 metastatic lesions. Histopathologically, the anaplastic angiosarcoma cells had a tendency to form irregularly shaped small cavities. Immunohistochemically, they were strongly reactive with Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEAI) stain. The mid and deep dermis of the same lesion had spindle or elongated slender melanocytes containing melanin granules. The melanocytes were positive with S‐100 protein stain. Ultrastructurally, pinocytotic vesicles, fine filaments, and Weibel‐Palade body‐like dense granules were observed in the cytoplasm of angiosarcoma cells. Dermal melanocytes had external lamina and melanosomes in various stages. The melanocytes showed no similarity to the neoplastic tumor cells and there was no apparent intermediate form between the 2 kinds of cells. The etiological implications of dermal melanocytosis with a tumor of vascular origin are discussed.
An immunohistochemical study of fibrous papule of the nose: 25 cases
Authors: Cerio R. , Rao B. K. , Spaull J. , Jones E. Wilson
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐five cases of fibrous papule of the nose were studied by light microscopy and by immunohistochemistry using a panel of 4 cell markers. These included polyclonal antibodies against S100 protein and Factor XII‐a (FXIII‐a), and 2 monoclonal antibodies, MAC 387 which labels monocyte derived macrophage cells and Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin‐1 (UEA‐1) a pan endothelial cell marker. An increase in the number of S100 protein positive cells, particularly in the upper dermis, was observed in 3 lesions. Melanin was identified in phagocytes in the superficial dermis in 6 lesions, including those with S100 protein positive cells. In all of the papules there was a marked increase in FXIII‐a labelling of dendritic connective tissue cells, including spindle, stellate and multinucleate stellate cells. Immunoreactivity with FXIII‐a was especially strong in the increased mononuclear dendritic cell population (<80%) seen in the mid‐and upper dermis. However, only 15% of the larger multinucleate stellate cells were immunostained with FXIII‐a. The results achieved with markers to the macrophage cell series (MAC 387) or endothelial cells (UEA‐1) showed no significant increase in labelling of the dermal cell population compared to normal skin taken from the nose. Our study suggests that fibrous papule of the nose, a lesion of uncertain histogenesis, probably represents a proliferative reactive process consisting mainly of dermal dendritic cells as identified by FXIII‐a in most of the lesions. There is some evidence that a small percentage of the dendritic cells may represent involuted that a small percentage of the dendritic cells may represent involuted naevi and be of melanocytic origin.
Bowen's disease with invasive carcinoma showing sweat gland differentiation
Authors: Saida T. , Okabe Y. , Uhara H.
Published: April 2006

A 75‐year‐ear‐old Japanese woman presented an erythematous macular lesion on the flexor aspect of her left wrist. A reddish nodule, 4 mm in diameter, was observed at the medial portion of the macule. The macular lesion was histologically confirmed to be a typical Bowen's disease. The nodular lesion was composed of intradermal solid nests of bowenoid neoplastic cells, and in some areas of the dermal component, prominent gland‐like structures were observed. Immunohistochemically, most neoplastic cells of the intradermal solid nests were positive with S‐100 protein, and the cells lining the gland‐like structures along with amorphous material within the lumens were positive with carcinoembryonic antigen. Judging from these findings, this case was diagnosed as Bowen's disease with invasive carcinoma, whose dermal component showed sweat gland differentiation not only morphologically but also immunohistochemically.
Papillomavirus antigen in the epidermoid cyst of the sole
Authors: Yanagihara M. , Sumi A. , Mori S.
Published: April 2006

An epidermoid cyst of the sole was studied immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Papillomavirus particles were present in the horny layer and in the upper layers of the epidermis of the cyst and within the acrosyringeal epithelium overlying the cyst. Thickened basal lamina‐like structures similar to those found in the eccrine sweat duct tumors such as in cylindroma and eccrine spiroadenoma existed at the epidermal‐dermal junction of the cyst wall. Carcinoembryonic antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in the center of the epidermoid cyst and the DAB reaction products took the shape of a circle resembling that of the sweat ducts in the horny layer.
Histopathological study of transient acrodermatitis enteropathica due to decreased zinc in breast milk
Authors: Niem K. M. , Anttila P. H. , Kanerva L. , Johansson E.
Published: April 2006

Two children, one born prematurely and the other born at full term developed acrodermatitis enteropathica due to marginal or low levels of zinc in their mothers' breast milk. Skin from both patients was studied with light and electron microscopy. The most characteristic light microscopic features were parakeratosis, absence of the granular layer, and pallor of the upper epidermal cells. Normal flattening of the upper Malphighian cells did not occur. Electron microscopic examination revealed that keratohyalin was decreased to absent, and the upper malpighian cells were edematous with vacuoles and large numbers of ribosomes, but small numbers of tonofilaments. Large amounts of keratinosome‐derived‐lamellae were found in the intercellular spaces in the keratinization area. The keratinosome‐derived‐lamellae were focally intermingled with opaque lipid plaques or myelin figures, probably derived from keratinosomes. The electron microscopic findings show abnormal keratinization and suggest that it is related to a disturbance of keratinosome metabolism due to zinc deficiency.
Carbamazepine‐induced eruption historically mimicking mycosis fungoides
Authors: Welykyj S. , Gradini R. , Nakao J. , Massa M.
Published: April 2006

Carbamazepine is an important drug used in the management of seizures, trigeminal neuralgia, and chronic pain syndromes. It has been associated with a variety of adverse skin reactions including urticaria, lichenoid eruptions, erythroderma, erythema multiforme, Stevens‐Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. A 39‐year‐old white male had been started on carbamazepine for intractable pain which resulted from a right foot crush injury. Approximately 3 months after the start of therapy, the patient had developed a generalized skin eruption following an entire day of sun exposure. Skin biopsies revealed an atypical lymphoid infiltrate in the dermis with collections of the atypical lymphocytes within spongiotic vesicles in the epidermis, suggestive of mycosis fungoides. The patient was treated with systemic prednisone. Subsequent biopsies failed to reveal atypical lymphocytes. Previous reports have described spongiotic eruptions with foci of atypical lymphocytes in contact dermatitis and in patients treated with phenytoin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a carbamazepine‐induced eruption simulating mycosis fungoides histologically.
Ca2+‐binding proteins S100A6* and S100B in primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Böni R. , Heizmann C.W. , Doguoglu A. , Ilg E.G. , Schäfer B.W. , Dummer R. , Burg G.
Published: April 2006

Purpose: Commercially available polyclonal antibodies against a mixture of bovine brain S100 proteins have become an established marker for immunohistochemical characterization of malignant melanoma. However, the commercially available antibodies used are undefined and to date, 13 different human S100 proteins are known. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of 4 newly available polyclonal antibodies against the human recombinant Ca2+‐binding S100 proteins, S100A1, S100A2, S100A4 and S100A6, in cutaneous melanoma and to correlate these findings with the standard S100 staining as well as with the metastatic potential of the primary.

Methods: 39 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded primary cutaneous melanomas were incubated with polyclonal antibodies against recombinant human S100 proteins using the APAAP method. The extent of staining was qualitatively assessed and a staining index was calculated. Findings were correlated to the metastatic potential and the overall survival in all patients. Results: Staining with antibodies against human S100A6 as well as with antibodies against conventional bovine S100 proteins was positive in all specimens. No correlation was found between the extent of protein expression and patients' outcome for standard S100 staining as well as for S100A6. S100A1, S100A2 and S100A4 stainings could not be used for statistical analysis due to their low expression in melanoma.

Conclusion: Staining was positive using S100A6 antibodies in all specimens, the quality being inferior to the commercially available SI00 antibody. Highly specific and well characterized antibodies against the individual S100 proteins are now available for future immunohistochemical characterization studies in melanomas.

Böni R, Heizmann CW, Dogouglu A, Ilg EC, Schäfer BW, Dummer R, Burg G. Ca+2‐binding proteins S100A6 and S100B in primary cutaneous melanoma.
Mucoepidermoid tumors of the intraoral minor salivary glands: A clinicopathologic study of 54 cases
Authors: Melrose Raymond J. , Abrams Albert M. , Howell Francis V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Clinical, gross and microscopic features of 54 mucoepidermoid tumors of intraoral minor salivary glands were studied. Thirty‐four were further analyzed with regard to treatment and survival. Females predominated 2:1. The most common locations were palate, mandibular retromolar area and buccal mucosa. Mean duration was approximately 1 year, and most were asymptomatic. Fifty tumors were well‐differentiated; four were poorly‐differentiated. Growth pattern was generally infiltrative. Treatment was surgical in all cases. Mean follow‐up duration was 47.1 months. Three well‐differentiated tumors recurred once. One poorly‐differentiated tumor recurred three times. No metastases or deaths occurred. Narrow or involved margins were common to recurrent but also to many non‐recurrent tumors. Well‐differentiated tumors behaved benignly and are best treated by modest local excision. Jaw resection is generally unnecessary. The practice of considering all mucoepidermoid tumors to be malignant is challenged.
Experimental salivary mucoceles in cat
Authors: Harrison J. D. , Garrett J. R.
Published: April 2006

Ductal ligation of the sublingual gland induced mucocele formation in a high percentage of cats. Extravasated mucus was associated with all sublingual glands up to 20 days after ligation, and extravasation mucoceles were associated with 12 out of 27 sublingual glands between 7 and 365 days after ligation. Enzyme‐histochemic examination revealed that the extravasated mucus induced a migration of macrophages and a fibro‐blastic reaction. It is thought that if these reactions are sufficiently intense in the early days after ligation, then continued spread of extravasated mucus and mucocele formation does not occur; however, if the extravasation is too great to be contained, a mucocele forms in which a balance develops between extravasation of mucus and its removal. Possibly the numerous macrophages in the mucoceles are involved in degrading mucus and facilitating its removal.
Studies on human dental plaque
Authors: Holt Robert L. , Mestecky J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. From collected supragingival plaque, extracts were prepared for immunochemical analyses. Extracted sediments were examined by fluorescein‐labeled antibodies for the presence of immunoglobulins. Precipitation with monospecific and polyvalent antisera revealed IgA, IgG, secretory component, C3, α2macroglobulin, lactoferrin, and albumin in the extracts. Gel filtration of pooled plaque extract yielded two fractions that contained the aforementioned proteins and a prominent, dialyzable third fraction that was immunochemically nonreactive. IgA, IgG, secretory component, and light chains were shown, by immunofluorescence, to be present in washed, pooled plaque sediment. Release of these immunoglobulins by urea treatment indicated their probable participation in immune complexes.
Morphology of salivary calculi The distribution of the inorganic component
Authors: Anneroth Göran , Magnus Eneroth Carl , Isacsson Göran
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Different hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of salivary calculi have been postulated on the basis of their morphology. In the present study, microradiography of plane‐polished ground sections of a number of salivary calculi has shown that the morphology of salivary calculi varies considerably. The commonly accepted concept that salivary calculi emanate from an inorganic nucleus, which then successively grows by the apposition of alternating shells of organic and inorganic substances, could not be established by this study, as the microradiographs show that the distribution of mineral elements varied extensively from one calculus to another. Thus, whereas some calculi exhibited a lamellar structure, others consisted largely of homogeneous, irregular layers of alternatively high and low mineral content. The lamellar structure also showed great variation, extending in some cases over the entire diameter of the calculus. Some calculi lacked the lamination in their peripheral parts whereas, in others, lamination occurred only in the most peripheral zone. The structure of the central portions also showed a varied configuration. The calculi were often built up around one or more mineralized nuclei, often centrally located, while in some cases a mineralized nucleus was lacking. This report discusses some of the significant factors in the great variation in morphological features and therefore also in the pathogenesis of salivary calculi.
The carbohydrate composition of experimental salivary pellicles
Authors: Mayhall Clyde W. , Butler William T.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The carbohydrate compositions of pellicles formed in vivo and others formed in vitro from submandibular, parotid, and mixed (submandibular‐parotid) saliva were determined using gas‐liquid chromatography. Samples of the total pellicles as well as the relatively acid‐soluble supernates and acid‐insoluble sediments were collected, analyzed, and compared. The differences in carbohydrate composition between the supernates and sediments, particularly in the in vivo and in vitro mixed salivary pellicles, suggest that the total pellicle is composed of more than one component. In each instance obvious differences in composition between the pellicle and the saliva from which it was formed indicated that pellicle formation is a highly selective process.

Glucose: galactose ratios of approximately 1:1 were found in each of the total pellicles. These data suggest that at least one pellicle component is an unusual glycoprotein in that it contains high levels of glucose.

The total submandibular salivary pellicle and both its fractions were remarkably similar in carbohydrate composition to the counterparts formed from parotid saliva alone. The data strongly suggest that there are present in both submandibular and parotid saliva similar glycoproteins that are selectively deposited onto etched enamel as the initial pellicle.
Ultrastructural Evidence for Neural Crest Origin of the Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Authors: Nikai Hiromasa , Ijuhin Naokuni , Yamasaki Akira , Nutani Kiwamu , Imai Kazuhiko
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, which occurred in the anterior maxilla of a 3‐month‐old girl, was studied by electron microscopy. Polymorphic cellular elements were revealed to be present: large melanin‐producing cells with some of the characteristics of a neuroepithelium, small non‐pigmented cells resembling immature neuroblasts, and many intermediate forms resembling differentiating neuroblasts. All cell types clearly demonstrated ultrastructural features of neurogenic cells, e.g. neurite‐like cytoplasmic processes, fine filaments and microtubules indistinguishable from those seen in normal neurites, synaptic‐like structures, and neurosecretory‐like vesicles. Based on these fine structures, the lesion was presumed to represent a hamartoma of primitive neuroectodermal cells with a tendency toward the differentiation into melanin‐producing cells. The neural crest origin of this tumor was convincingly supported by ultrastructural analysis.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia in rabbit oral mucosa
Authors: Chen Sow‐Yeh
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Several papules on the floor of the mouth and the ventral surface of the tongue of a zinc‐deficient rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy. These papules appeared to be consistent with focal epithelial hyperplasia of man and chimpanzee. There was a concurrence of cytoplasmic vacuolization with the appearance of viral particles within the nucleus. Intranuclear crystalline viral aggregates were frequently observed in the upper spinous cells.
Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area
Authors: Retief D. H. , Bradley E. L. , Barbakow F. H. , Friedman M. , van der Merwe E. H. M. , Bischoff J. I.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The caries inhibitory effect of optimally fluoridated drinking water is well documented. Communities are often exposed to naturally fluoridated water with F content exceeding the optimal level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between enamel fluoride, degree of fluorosis (DEGF) and caries incidence (DMFT) in an endemic fluoride area.

Eighty‐five 14‐ to 16‐year‐old children (37 males and 48 females) who were born and had been living continually in the town of Kenhardt in South Africa were selected for this study. The fluoride content of the common water supply is 3.2 ppm F. The DMFT and DEGF were determined clinically. Acid etch biopsies were carried out on both maxillary central incisors of each subject. Ca and F analysis were carried out and mass enamel expressed in μg and mass F in pg. Data transformations to logc, mass F (1nF), logc mass En (1nEn) and were made. The 1nF values were corrected to a standarized depth of 10 μm (208.6 μg enamel equivalent mass) by covariance analysis. Correlations between the parameters , 1nF and DEGF were calculated, adjusting for the sex of the individual.

The correlations were as follows:
image

A positive association among the three parameters was established.
Enamel remineralization as a factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries
Authors: Koulourides Theodore , Cameron Burch
Published: April 2006

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of local tooth resistance acquired in response to cariogenic attacks and remineralization periods from environmental fluids. Surfaces from extracted human teeth with yellow and brown areas indicative of consolidated carious lesions were exposed to acid buffers. Subsurface lesions were developed on areas of sound enamel adjacent to, but not in areas of, consolidated lesions. The development of higher tooth resistance to acid through demineralization and remineralization was demonstrated experimentally on bovine enamel presoftened in acid, treated with fluoride, exposed to the oral environment, and finally exposed to acid buffers for development of subsurface lesions. These results are interpreted as an extension of the theory of tissue adaptation to an injurious challenge, in that the tooth surface is primed by the challenge for possible remineralization and the development of higher resistance. Thus, cariogenic challenges can result in either local adaptation of the enamel to the challenge through lesion consolidation or to open cavitation. As in any biological adaptation, the determining factors for the final outcome are: (a) the frequency and duration of the challenge, (b) the frequency and duration of remineralizing conditions, and (c) the composition of the remineralizing fluid. The implications of the theory in the pathogenesis of caries are discussed in the light of clinical and laboratory investigations.
Effects of three calcium hydroxide‐based materials on human blood monocytes and lymphocytes
Authors: Zmener Osvaldo , Cabrini Romulo Luis
Published: April 2006

Abstract In this study the adverse effects of three calcium hydroxide‐based materials on the behavior of a mixed cell population of human blood monocytes and lymphocytes were analyzed. Cells were maintained either in direct contact with or near to test samples of Sealapex, CRCS and Dycal. The adverse effects of these materials increased in the order given and the differences observed between each material and its respective control, as well as between the materials themselves, were statistically significant.
Book Review
Authors: Baumgarten Harold S.
Published: April 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

Roland W. Dykema, Charles J. Goodacre & Ralph W. Phillips
Pain produced by topical anesthetic ointment
Authors: Pashley David H. , Parsons George S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Lidocaine ointment applied topically to gingivae of vital teeth with exposed dentin caused acute, severe pain. Measurement of the osmotic pressure of the ointment revealed that it was very hypertonic, due mainly to the high concentration of polyethylene glycol vehicle. The results support the hydrodynamic theory of dentin sensitivity.
The making of an antibiotic
Authors: Grossman Louis I.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This paper summarizes the exciting events and hard work that took place in conjunction with the discovery and development of penicillin. Scientific discovery is often the result of chance occurrences waiting to be seized upon by an astute, keen mind. The discovery and implementation of penicillin consisted of a number of such chance happenings that helped to bring it to fruition. However, were it not for Fleming's observation and the courage, persistence and wisdom of Florey and his team of co‐workers, penicillin might not have become a reality.
Effect of calcium hydroxide implantation in maxillary sinus in macaques
Authors: Haanæs Hans R. , Hepsa Halvard U. , Stenvik Arild , Beyer‐Olsen Eva M. Stermer , Bjarnland Tore
Published: April 2006

Abstract Intentional oroantral communications were established in 5 Macaca fascicularis monkeys by forcing root canal instruments through the palatal root canal of the maxillary second molar. Calcium hydroxide was then injected into the maxillary sinus cavity. Postoperative inflammatory changes of the ipsilateral sinus cavity were noted by both clinical (at autopsy) and histologic examination at 8, 12 and 16–week intervals. Following radiographic examinations, the periodic identical projection technique was used prior to insertion of the calcium hydroxide, immediately after, and at the time the animals were sacrificed.
Comparison of laboratory and intraorally formed mouth protectors
Authors: Stokes Alastair N. S. , Croft Grant C. , Gee Derrick
Published: April 2006

Abstract An ethylene vinyl acetate rim was intraorally adapted (I), and another was vacuum‐formed on a stone cast (L). One type of mouth protector was worn for 8 weeks and then exchanged for the other. Subjects were not aware which type they had. At the end of the period a questionnaire was administered. There were 48 valid returns. Male/female ratio was 36/12, mean age 19 1/2 years. Most played rugby football (31) and hockey (15). Half the group wore their mouth protectors for competition only and half for all risk occasions. No tooth injuries occurred, but minor face and gingival lacerations 18, L6, and concussion L4 were reported. Comfort and fit were rated good 126,L34; reasonable I17, L10; poor 15,L4. Durability was rated good 140, L39; worn 14, L7; lost 13, LI. Preferences were I14, L23, no preference 10. Subjects were charged a fee to cover the cost of the I mouth protector. Twenty‐four would pay a higher fee to get their preferred type, 16 would not. Both mouth protector types prevented dental injury, but the L type fitted better and was more comfortable. There may be a cost barrier to the use of the L type.
Tissue response to a quaternary ammonium compound in a controlled release delivery system
Authors: Barnett Frederic , Gordon Wanda , Trope Martin , Tronstad Leif
Published: April 2006

Abstract The suitability of various antiseptic agents for use in a controlled release delivery system has recently been evaluated for use in endodontic therapy. Of the medicaments tested, a quaternary ammonium compound, dodecyl‐dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, was found to be well suited for inclusion in the controlled release preparation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue response to the quaternary ammonium compound in the controlled release delivery system. For the purpose of comparison, formocresol, Cresatin® and eugenol were included in the study. The tissue‐irritating effect was assessed by incubating muscle tissue that had been in contact with the antiseptics for the demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Medicaments with a tissue‐irritating effect caused a zone of inhibited enzyme activity in the tissue‐medicament contact areas. The quaternary ammonium compound in the controlled release delivery system was the least irritating of the medicaments tested and caused minimal inhibition of enzyme activity.
Clinical examination of patients with orofacial pain
Authors: Heløe Berit
Published: April 2006

Abstract A thorough clinical examination of patients with orofacial pain is of paramount importance. The examination is time‐consuming, but is usually fully rewarding in that it may prevent unnecessary or incorrect and often irreversible treatment, and clarify to the clinician and hopefully to the patient the nature of the patient's problem. Only then may proper treatment be rendered. In this context it should be noted that a skillfully performed examination in these patients in itself provides valuable and effective treatment, especially when muscular dysfunction is the primary cause of the pain.
Frequency of dental and traumatic events in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Bakland Leif K. , Christiansen Edwin L. , Strutz Judith M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The records of 779 patients with temporomandibular disorders were reviewed to determine a possible association between traumatic events and onset of symptoms. A total of 330 patients (42.4%) reported such events, which were in several categories: sports accidents (2.2%) (N=779), surgery with general anesthesia (2.7%), battery (3%), automobile accidents (9.8%), dental procedures (10.5%), and combinations of two or more groups (14.2%). The symptoms occurred within one week of the event in 130 (33.4%) patients. The duration of symptoms ranged from a few days to 10 years with a mean of 4.7 years.