bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lingual Tonsillectomy Likely Does Not Improve Outcomes for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck From an Unknown Primary Site
Authors: Wray Justin , Amdur Robert J. , Christopherson Kaitlin M. , Morris Christopher G. , Dziegielewski Peter T. , Boyce Brian J. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck almost always have a primary site in the base of tongue or tonsillar fossa. Lingual tonsillectomy has recently been advocated as part of the diagnostic evaluation as opposed to directed biopsies of the base of tongue and thought to possibly result in an increased likelihood or cure. The purpose of this project is to determine whether this is probable.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed the medical records of patients treated with primary radiotherapy (RT) between January 1983 and March 2013. The outcomes were compared following RT in consecutively treated patients with either T1-2 base of tongue or unknown primary (cancer of unknown primary) SCC with predominantly level 2 adenopathy.

Results:

At 10 years, there were no clinically significant differences in the 2 groups, in local control, regional control, freedom from distant metastases, disease-specific, or cause-specific survival. Overall survival at 10 years was improved with T1-2 base of tongue cancers but not for those with T0 N3 disease. The reasons for this are unclear.

Conclusions:

Tongue base biopsy (or lingual tonsillectomy) likely increases the probability of identifying an unknown primary in the base of tongue, but it does not improve outcome following RT for patients with cancer of unknown primary SCC with predominantly level 2 adenopathy.
Novel Pharmacotherapy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Andries Gabriela , Yandrapalli Srikanth , Naidu Srihari S. , Panza Julio A.
Published: May 2018

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited disease characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy. Although it is estimated to affect 1 out of 500 people, the HCM gene carrier prevalence is much more common, probably as high as 1 in 200 people. Most affected individuals have a normal life expectancy, whereas some patients may develop sudden cardiac death or end-stage heart failure. Despite significant developments in the treatment of HCM with surgical, interventional, and device-based procedures, the main focus of current pharmacological therapy has not evolved from the basic objectives of relief of symptoms and improvement in functional capacity. To date, no medical treatment has been shown to prolong survival or reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death. In recent decades, research focus in HCM has shifted to identify the treatments which are able to alter the natural pathophysiological process of this disease. This article reviews the currently recommended and frequently used medications (beta-blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and disopyramide) and emerging pharmacological treatment options in the management of HCM. The mechanism of action and latest clinical trials of the novel agents are discussed in greater detail.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Sclerosing Features: An Uncommon and Potentially Aggressive Variant
Authors: Ronen Shira , Gru Alejandro A. , Noland Mary M. , Rowe David M. , Wick Mark R.
Published: May 2018

Sclerosing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as “desmoplastic” SCC, is a rare subtype of cutaneous malignancy. This variant is clinically significant because it is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence and metastasis. We herein present 16 examples of sclerotic SCC of the skin in 8 men and 3 women, with a median age of 66 years. The most common site of origin for this tumor is the skin of the head and neck, including the scalp (5 tumors in 2 different patients), forehead (3 cases), nasal ala (2 cases), neck (2 cases in the same patient), ear (2 cases), cheek (1 case), and chest (1 case). Microscopically, sclerosing SCCs are characterized by cellular cords, nests, and islands, as well as scattered single cells infiltrating densely desmoplastic and collagenized connective tissue. The differential diagnosis principally includes sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. The main goals of this study are to further characterize these lesions pathologically, and increase general awareness of this SCC subtype.
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma Versus Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis: Distinction by Means of the Periadipocytic Cell Proliferation Index
Authors: Sitthinamsuwan Panitta , Pattanaprichakul Penvadee , Treetipsatit Jitsupa , Pongpruttipan Tawatchai , Sukpanichnant Sanya , Pincus Laura B. , McCalmont Timothy H.
Published: May 2018

The distinction between subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) and lupus erythematosus (LE) panniculitis is remarkably challenging. Rimming by lymphocytes with an elevated Ki-67 cell proliferation index has been forwarded as a potential diagnostic finding in biopsies of SPTCL but has not been rigorously compared with biopsies from patients with LE panniculitis. Nineteen and 17 examples of SPTCL and LE panniculitis, respectively, were evaluated for periadipocytic rimming by lymphocytes expressing Ki-67, CD8, and βF1 and for attributes associated with LE, including clusters of CD123-positive cells. The identification of periadiopocytic rimming using Ki-67, CD8, and βF1 held sensitivity of 79%, 100%, and 89.5% and specificity of 100%, 52.9%, and 88.2%, respectively (P < 0.01). CD123-positive cells were in both disorders. LE-like histopathology was commonly encountered in SPTCL. In conclusion, an elevated Ki-67 cell proliferation index with rimming is useful for distinguishing SPTCL from LE panniculitis. Notably, many features of LE panniculitis can also be encountered in SPTCL.
Risk Factors for Basal Cell Carcinoma in Men Younger Than 40 Years: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Nemer Kathleen M. , Bauman Tyler M. , Boyd Alan S.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy in the United States and is more prevalent in older populations.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate BCC risk factors in male patients younger than 40 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A consecutive series of male patients with pathology-proven BCC and younger than 40 years at time of diagnosis were retrospectively identified along with matched controls. Phone interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire, and differences between patients with and without BCC were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 50 patients with BCC and 27 controls were included in this study. Compared with controls, patients with BCC worked outdoor jobs for longer lengths of time (43.2 vs 15.6 months; p = .04), were more likely to have a family history of skin cancer (66% vs 44%; p = .02), and were more likely to use sunscreen heavily after biopsy (p = .02). Patients with multiple BCCs (n = 20) were more likely to have a history of substantial recreational sun exposure (p = .01) than patients with solitary lesions (n = 30).

CONCLUSION

The authors conclude that outdoor sun exposure in patients with underlying genetic susceptibility is the most likely mechanism of BCC formation in young male patients.
Review of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians
Authors: Higgins Shauna , Nazemi Azadeh , Chow Maggie , Wysong Ashley
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Skin cancer has traditionally been studied in Caucasian skin. Although it does occur with increased relative frequency in Caucasians, patients with skin of color suffer from elevated morbidity and mortality when diagnosed with skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE

To detail the unique demographic and clinical features of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in patients with skin of color, including Hispanic, African American, and Asian patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A complete PubMed search was conducted spanning dates from 1947 to June 2017 yielding a total of 185 manuscripts, from which 45 were included in this review.

RESULTS

Relative to Caucasians, NMSC, comprised squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, has unique demographic and clinical features in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.

CONCLUSION

Familiarization with these unique presentations of skin cancer in skin of color is imperative to accurate identification and treatment of cutaneous malignancies in these populations and ultimately to improved disease-related outcomes.
Serum and Saliva Concentrations of Venlafaxine, O-Desmethylvenlafaxine, Quetiapine, and Citalopram in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Ebert Katharina , Maurice Elena , Lukačin Richard , Fleischhaker Christian , Schulz Eberhard , Ebert Dieter , Clement Hans-Willi
Published: May 2018

Background:

Therapeutic drug monitoring has become increasingly important in psychiatric therapy. However, it is not yet implemented as a daily routine in clinical settings. To evaluate new, noninvasive procedures, we compared blood and saliva venlafaxine, quetiapine, and citalopram concentrations in samples collected from psychiatric patients.

Methods:

We collected blood and saliva samples from 75 psychiatric patients (39 venlafaxine, 19 quetiapine, and 17 citalopram). Saliva sampling was achieved by the use of cotton pads. Venlafaxine (and its metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine) and quetiapine were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, whereas citalopram was analyzed by HPLC.

Results:

We observed significant correlations between concentrations of venlafaxine (ratio saliva/serum ± SD: 18.3 ± 9.5,P< 0.01, r = 0.895) and its metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ratio saliva/serum ± SD: 4.1 ± 3.2,P< 0.05, r = 0.344), quetiapine (ratio saliva/serum ± SD: 0.2 ± 0.2,P< 0.01, r = 0.935), and citalopram (ratio saliva/serum ± SD: 2.6 ± 1.2,P< 0.05, r = 0.54) in serum and in saliva. Furthermore, measured concentrations of venlafaxine (and its metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine) and citalopram were higher in saliva than in serum, whereas measured concentrations of quetiapine were higher in serum than in saliva.

Conclusions:

Using cotton pad saliva sampling, venlafaxine and quetiapine demonstrate high correlations between saliva and serum concentrations, whereas for O-desmethylvenlafaxine and citalopram, other methods of sampling might be preferable. Saliva therapeutic drug monitoring of psychoactive drugs might become a useful approach to achieving individual treatment regimens.
A Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Assay for Determination of Perampanel and Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs in the Plasma of Patients With Epilepsy Compared With a Fluorescent HPLC Assay
Authors: de Grazia Ugo , D'Urso Annachiara , Ranzato Federica , De Riva Valentina , Contarato Giorgia , Billo Giuseppe , Perini Francesco , Galloni Elisabetta
Published: May 2018

Background:

Perampanel is a novel noncompetitive selective antagonist at the postsynaptic ionotropic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor, which is approved as an adjunctive agent for the treatment of partial-onset seizure with or without secondary generalization and for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure in patients with epilepsy who are at least 12 years of age. Limited information is available about the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring of perampanel and therapeutic ranges are so far not established. Therefore, perampanel titration should be performed especially in case of insufficient success of the drug.

Methods:

The authors developed a selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) assay to monitor perampanel concentrations in plasma, which was compared to a commercially available high-performance liquid chromatography kit with fluorescent detection. Perampanel and the internal standard were extracted from plasma samples by a simple protein precipitation. The method allows the simultaneous quantification of perampanel and several other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Results:

Data were evaluated according to EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Extraction recovery of perampanel from human plasma was consistently above 98%. No matrix effect was found. Analytical interferences by other AEDs were not observed. The method was linear in the range from 2.5 to 2800 ng/mL. Intra-assay and interassay reproducibility analyses demonstrated accuracy and precision within acceptance criteria. Data collected from 95 patients, given perampanel as their maintenance antiepileptic therapy, showed a very strong correlation between the 2 methods.

Conclusions:

The assay allows for highly sensitive and selective quantification of perampanel and concomitant AEDs in patient plasma samples and can be easily implemented in clinical settings. Our findings are in agreement with previously published data in patients comedicated with enzyme inducer AEDs, but seem to indicate a possible interaction in patients treated with the enzyme inhibitor drug valproic acid.
HISTOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Li Miaoling , Huisingh Carrie , Messinger Jeffrey , Dolz-Marco Rosa , Ferrara Daniela , Freund K. Bailey , Curcio Christine A.
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To systematically characterize histologic features of multiple chorioretinal layers in eyes with geographic atrophy, or complete retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy, secondary to age-related macular degeneration, including Henle fiber layer and outer nuclear layer; and to compare these changes to those in the underlying RPE-Bruch membrane—choriocapillaris complex and associated extracellular deposits.

Methods:

Geographic atrophy was delimited by the external limiting membrane (ELM) descent towards Bruch membrane. In 13 eyes, histologic phenotypes and/or thicknesses of Henle fiber layer, outer nuclear layer, underlying supporting tissues, and extracellular deposits at four defined locations on the non-atrophic and atrophic sides of the ELM descent were assessed and compared across other tissue layers, with generalized estimating equations and logit models.

Results:

On the non-atrophic side of the ELM descent, distinct Henle fiber layer and outer nuclear layer became dyslaminated, cone photoreceptor inner segment myoids shortened, photoreceptor nuclei and mitochondria translocated inward, and RPE was dysmorphic. On the atrophic side of the ELM descent, all measures of photoreceptor health declined to zero. Henle fiber layer/outer nuclear layer thickness halved, and only Müller cells remained, in the absence of photoreceptors. Sub-RPE deposits remained, Bruch membrane thinned, and choriocapillaris density decreased.

Conclusion:

The ELM descent sharply delimits an area of marked gliosis and near-total photoreceptor depletion clinically defined as Geographic atrophy (or outer retinal atrophy), indicating severe and potentially irreversible tissue damage. Degeneration of supporting tissues across this boundary is gradual, consistent with steady age-related change and suggesting that RPE and Müller cells subsequently respond to a threshold of stress. Novel clinical trial endpoints should be sought at age-related macular degeneration stages before intense gliosis and thick deposits impede therapeutic intervention.
SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY REVEALS INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING ALTERS DEEP RETINAL VASCULATURE
Authors: Michalewska Zofia , Nawrocki Jerzy
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To describe morphology of retinal and choroidal vessels in swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography before and after vitrectomy with the temporal inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique for full-thickness macular holes.

Methods:

Prospective, observational study of 36 eyes of 33 patients with full-thickness macular holes swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography was performed in patients before and 1 month after vitrectomy. Vitrectomy with the temporal inverted ILM flap technique was performed. In this method, ILM is peeled only at one side of the fovea. An ILM flap is created to cover the macular hole. Comparison of retina vasculature in the areas of ILM peeling vs. no ILM peeling at 1 and 3 months after successful vitrectomy was performed.

Results:

The study demonstrated lower density of vessels in the deep retinal plexus in the area where ILM was peeled as compared to the rest of the fovea. Visual acuity and central retinal thickness 1 month after surgery correlates with fovea avascular zone diameter in deep retinal layers at the same time point (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:

This study confirmed that ILM peeling might alter blood flow in deep retinal vessels below the peeling area in the early postoperative period. The area of the fovea avascular zone corresponds to functional results at the same time point.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, LONG-TERM SURGICAL OUTCOMES, AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE IN YOUNG PATIENTS
Authors: Chen Wenwen , Shen Xiao , Zhang Peijun , Xu Gezhi , Jiang Rui , Huang Xin , Zhang Yanqiong , Chang Qing
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To explore the clinical characteristics, long-term surgical outcomes, and prognostic factors for vision improvement in young patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods:

A cohort of in-patients aged <40 years and underwent surgical removal of ERM were selected from medical records between January 2009 and December 2015. Data from pre- and postoperative examinations were analyzed for evaluation of surgical outcome.

Results:

A total of 142 eyes of 140 patients were included. Epiretinal membrane was secondary in 64.79% of eyes and inflammation was the most common secondary cause. Epiretinal membrane in young patients was characterized by severe proliferation and a tendency to center off-macula and for optic disk involvement. Ninety-three eyes of 91 patients were included in the surgical outcome analysis. Mean follow-up time was 28.95 months. The average vision improvement was 4.2 lines, with an ERM recurrence rate of 4.3%. Patients with idiopathic ERM attained better visual outcomes, whereas those with secondary ERM showed greater improvement. Preoperative visual acuity, the duration of symptoms, and patient sex were predictive factors for visual outcome.

Conclusion:

Surgical removal of ERM improves visual acuity, and patients with greater preoperative visual acuity and a shorter duration of symptoms attain the best visual outcomes.
AMISH EYE STUDY
Authors: Nittala Muneeswar G. , Song Yeunjoo E. , Sardell Rebecca , Adams Larry D. , Pan Samuel , Velaga Swetha B. , Horst Violet , Dana Debra , Caywood Laura , Laux Renee , Fuzzell Denise , Fuzzell Sarada , Scott William K. , Cooke Bailey Jessica N. , Igo Robert P. , Haines Jonathan , Pericak-Vance Margaret A. , Sadda SriniVas R. , Stambolian Dwight
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To describe spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings in an Amish cohort to assess SD-OCT markers for early age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods:

The authors performed a family-based prospective cohort study of 1,146 elderly Amish subjects (age range 50–99 years) (2,292 eyes) who had a family history of at least 1 individual with AMD. All subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, SD-OCT using both Cirrus and Spectralis (20 × 20° scan area) instruments, fundus autofluorescence, infrared imaging, and color fundus photography. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics were analyzed in subjects with AMD (with and without subretinal drusenoid deposits [SDDs]) and normal healthy cohorts.

Results:

Participants' mean age was 65.2 years (SD ± 11). Color fundus photographic findings in 596 (53%) subjects (1,009 eyes) were consistent with AMD; the remaining 478 (43%) subjects showed no signs of AMD. The choroid was significantly thinner on OCT (242 ± 76 µm, P < 0.001) in those with AMD compared with those without (263 ± 63 µm). Subretinal drusenoid deposits were found in 143 eyes (7%); 11 of the 143 eyes (8%) had no other manifestations of AMD. Drusen volume (P < 0.001) and area of geographic atrophy (P < 0.001) were significantly greater, and choroid was significantly (P < 0.001) thinner in subjects with SDDs versus those without SDDs.

Conclusion:

The authors describe spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics in an elderly Amish population with and without AMD, including the frequency of SDD. Although relatively uncommon in this population, the authors confirmed that SDDs can be found in the absence of other features of AMD and that eyes with SDDs have thinner choroids.
LONG-TERM PHYSICAL STABILITY, STERILITY, AND ANTI-VEGF BIOACTIVITY OF REPACKAGED BEVACIZUMAB IN 2-ML GLASS VIALS
Authors: Peterson Jan S. , Rockwell Kenneth , Scott Ingrid U. , Ip Michael S. , VanVeldhuisen Paul C. , Blodi Barbara A. ,   for the SCORE2 Investigator Group
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

Repackaged bevacizumab in single-dose, prefilled syringes for intravitreal injection is available, but with shelf life limited from 60 days to 90 days. For the Study of COmparative Treatments for REtinal Vein Occlusion 2 (SCORE2), 2-mL sterile glass vials were used rather than prefilled syringes to provide a longer shelf life for study supplies.

Methods:

Repackaged bevacizumab in glass vials was tested at release and, for 1 lot, after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months for physical stability, including concentration, purity and appearance, and for sterility and endotoxins. Vials from 2 lots were tested at release and after 20 months and 21 months, respectively. One lot was tested at 21 months for anti-VEGF bioactivity compared with a fresh supply of commercial bevacizumab.

Results:

Repackaged bevacizumab in 2-mL glass vials continued to meet all quality release specifications and remain sterile for up to 21 months. In addition, no degradation in anti-VEGF bioactivity was observed at 21 months compared with a fresh bevacizumab control.

Conclusion:

Bevacizumab can be repackaged into small, single-dose glass vials for intravitreal injection and the qualities of the commercial product maintained, including anti-VEGF bioactivity, for up to 21 months in refrigerated storage. Consideration should be given to repackaging bevacizumab for ophthalmic use in small glass vials as opposed to plastic syringes.
Donor Cornea Harvest Techniques: Comparison Between Globe Enucleation and In Situ Corneoscleral Disc Excision
Authors: Filev Filip , Bigdon Eileen , Steinhorst Nils Alexander , Kammal A. , Schröder Carolin , Wulff Birgit , Linke Stephan , Feuerstacke Jana , Hellwinkel Olaf
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To compare whole eye enucleation and corneoscleral disc (CD) excision as donor cornea harvesting techniques for possible effects on corneal cultivation and the clinical outcome of the corneal grafts after transplantation in 2929 cases.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed on the Hamburg Eye Bank database using comparative statistics. The standard method for donor cornea recovery at the Hamburg Eye Bank changed from enucleation of the whole eye to CD in situ excision in 2008. Corneas recovered between 2003 and 2013 were included in this study. We compared the contamination rate, the endothelial density after retrieval, endothelial cell loss during cultivation, and the clinical outcome (visual acuity, astigmatism, and refraction) of transplanted corneas.

Results:

Once the retrieval method was changed from whole globe enucleation to in situ CD excision, the donation numbers increased (after several years of constant decrease). Furthermore, we observed slightly lower endothelial cell density after retrieval in corneas obtained by in situ CD excision compared with those from enucleated eyes, whereas endothelial cell loss during cultivation was similar. After changing the recovery procedure to in situ excision, initially a higher rate of contamination was observed, but but it eventually decreased. Finally, the corneas of both groups had a similar clinical outcome.

Conclusions:

After a transient technical learning period, in situ CD excision proved to be a method of donor cornea recovery with similar cultivation performance and clinical results compared with whole eye enucleation. It also may have led to higher willingness to donate, possibly because of better acceptance by the relatives of the deceased.
Safety and Feasibility of Out-of-Bed Mobilization for Patients With External Ventricular Drains in a Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Gaspari Clara H. , Lafayette Sabrina , Jaccoud Anna Carolina , Kurtz Pedro , Lavradas Luiz A. , Cavalcanti Daniel D.
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Prolonged bed rest is a frequent problem for patients with critical illness that may negatively impact survival, quality of life, and medical care cost. Patients with critical neurologic problems are often kept on bed rest or only cleared to perform bed-based activities because of the inherent risk of displacing or damaging intracranial monitoring devices such as the external ventricular drains (EVDs) during activity. Specific recommendations for out-of-bed (OOB) mobilization of such patients are lacking.

Purpose:

To review the occurrence of adverse events related to OOB mobilization in patients with EVDs.

Methods:

This was a retrospective study. Data from all adult patients with an EVD and medical clearance for OOB physical therapy (PT) from October 2014 to November 2016 were analyzed.

Results:

Eighteen patients with EVDs received 108 interventions of OOB PT sessions during this period. No catheter-related mechanical complications occurred during or immediately following the sessions. No serious adverse events were recorded. Minor adverse events included transient dizziness, headache, episodes of hypertension, and hypotension. Vital signs showed no clinically relevant variations before and after the sessions.

Conclusions:

OOB mobilization was feasible and safe in this group of patients. The effect on morbidity and survival should be further investigated in a larger prospective study.
A Comparison of Gait Parameters Using Varying Orthotic Designs in a Child With Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy After Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Barkocy Marybeth , Zhang Zhenxiong , Dexter James , Doty Deane
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common developmental disorder in children. Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is an effective neurosurgical treatment to reduce lower-limb spasticity in children with spastic diplegic CP. An intensive period of rehabilitation, including gait training, is required for most children after this surgery. Orthoses have been widely used in children with CP. However, there is a lack of research showing which orthosis type is the most appropriate for children with spastic diplegic CP after SDR.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective case report, we compared spatial and temporal gait parameters using three commonly used orthoses: foot orthosis (FO), supramalleolar orthosis (SMO), and ankle-foot orthosis/footwear combination (AFO/FC), before and after 3-month accommodation of combination use in a 5-year-old male patient with spastic diplegic CP after SDR.

Results

The results showed that although all orthoses improved gait function, the AFO/FCs appeared to initially provide the most stable support; however, after acclimatization, spatial and temporal gait parameters generally demonstrated greater improvement in FO and SMO conditions compared with AFO/FC.

Discussion

This report suggests stance phase stability may be enhanced with AFO/FCs, but swing phase may improve with FO and SMO conditions in children with weakness after SDR. Further studies analyzing gait, balance, and motor function using varying orthoses in children with CP after SDR are warranted.
Successful Implementation of an Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Program
Authors: Zimmermann Eric , Sample Jason M. , Zimmermann Mary Ellen , Sullivan Francesca , Stankiewicz Sarah , Saldinger Pierre
Published: May 2018

Devastating effects of alcohol are well established in trauma. To address this, thve American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) requires ACS-verified Level 1 trauma centers to have an active screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) program. In 2015, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens successfully implemented an SBIRT program. Previous studies indicate difficulty in achieving a high level of SBIRT compliance. We explored the effects of a multidisciplinary approach in implementing a standardized screening protocol for every trauma-activated patient 15 years or older. A multidisciplinary team developed a standardized approach to identifying trauma patients for our SBIRT program. Social workers were trained in performing brief interventions and referral to treatment at a New York State-level training course prior to starting our SBIRT program. Blood alcohol levels were obtained in every trauma activation. Trauma patients who had a blood alcohol level greater than 0.02% were identified and tracked by the trauma service. These patients were referred to social workers, underwent brief intervention, and evaluated for referral to treatment if determined to be a high-risk alcohol user. Over the 8-month implementation period, we evaluated 693 trauma patients. A blood alcohol level was obtained on most trauma patients (n = 601, 86.6%). Patients with a blood alcohol level greater than 0.02% were referred to a social worker (n = 157, 22.6%). Social workers performed a brief intervention and evaluation for referral/treatment services for 129 of the trauma patients with elevated blood alcohol levels. Overall, 82% of intoxicated trauma patients underwent brief intervention, which identified 22 patients who were referred for treatment programs. An inclusive multidisciplinary approach to the implementation of an SBIRT program achieves a high level of compliance.
High-Intensity Bowel Protocol for Trauma Patients
Authors: Smith Anita , Stimson Christopher , Stevens Penelope
Published: May 2018

Background:

Internal performance improvement data showed extended length of stay (LOS) in addition to an increased number of patients with constipation. This study was designed to evaluate the number of hospital days a trauma patient with opioid use had a bowel movement (BM) utilizing a high-intensity bowel protocol compared with the standard hospital bowel protocol.

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis of the trauma registry at a Level I trauma center from 2 different time periods to assess the number of hospital days that patients had a BM. These patients had a traumatic mechanism of injury that required admission to the hospital with a LOS equivalent to 3 or more days. Other data analyzed included age, gender, injury severity score (ISS), morphine equivalents (ME), and hospital days with a BM.

Results:

A total of 282 patients were included in the final analysis. Group 1 represented the standard hospital bowel protocol (n = 166), and Group 2 represented the high-intensity bowel protocol (n = 116). No significant difference was calculated between age, gender, ISS, or ME per day. A significant difference was observed with the number of hospital days with a BM between these 2 groups. The group with the high-intensity bowel protocol exhibited more days with a BM than the standard bowel protocol group (p < .05).

Conclusion:

The high-intensity bowel protocol averaged 1 BM every 2 days, whereas the standard hospital bowel protocol averaged 1 BM every 3 days. There was no significant change in LOS.
Delta Alert: Expanding Gerotrauma Criteria to Improve Patient Outcomes: A 2-Year Study
Authors: Wiles Lynn L. , Day Mark D.
Published: May 2018

Background/Significance:

Because of their decreased physical reserve and increased risk of complications, the geriatric trauma patient (GTP) population warrants heightened awareness by clinical staff.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the institution of a third-tier trauma protocol results in a change in GTP outcomes, complications, and mortality rates.

Methods:

Researchers conducted a retrospective review of 2 years of data from the trauma registry, hospital quality improvement audits, and patient charts to examine what, if any, patient outcomes were impacted by the institution of the expanded GTP protocol.

Results:

Sample homogeneity was determined. Emergency department (ED) length of stay and time to the operating room decreased in the protocol cohort. The rate of complications decreased from 16.4% preprotocol to 1.6% postprotocol. Discharge to home rates in the GTP population improved from 31% preprotocol to nearly 77% postimplementation of the protocol.

Discussion:

The expanded GTP protocol front loads evaluation and resuscitation to be consistent with ED trauma protocols already in place. By fast-tracking radiology and laboratory testing, patients injuries are identified and the appropriate consultations are initiated. Appropriate inpatient nursing unit placement is identified or treatment and discharge from the ED are expedited.

Conclusion:

The expanded GTP protocol provided early and comprehensive evaluation and interventions for GTPs who fall outside of traditional trauma alert criteria. Patients spend less time in the ED and the hospital. Patients had decreased length of stay in the ED, less complications, and return to home rates showed significant improvement after the protocol was implemented.
Calculation of the ALMA Risk of Right Ventricular Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Loforte Antonio , Montalto Andrea , Musumeci Francesco , Amarelli Cristiano , Mariani Carlo , Polizzi Vincenzo , Lilla Della Monica Paola , Grigioni Francesco , Di Bartolomeo Roberto , Marinelli Giuseppe
Published: May 2018

Right ventricular failure after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is still an unsolved issue and remains a life-threatening event for patients. We undertook this study to determine predictors of the patients who are candidates for isolated LVAD therapy as opposed to biventricular support (BVAD). We reviewed demographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and laboratory variables for 258 patients who underwent both isolated LVAD implantation and unplanned BVAD because of early right ventricular failure after LVAD insertion, between 2006 and 2017 (LVAD = 170 and BVAD = 88). The final study patients were randomly divided into derivation (79.8%, n = 206) and validation (20.1%, n = 52) cohorts. Fifty-seven preoperative risk factors were compared between patients who were successfully managed with an LVAD and those who required a BVAD. Nineteen variables demonstrated statistical significance on univariable analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified destination therapy (odds ratio [OR] 2.0 [1.7–3.9], p = 0.003), a pulmonary artery pulsatility index <2 (OR 3.3 [1.7–6.1], p = 0.001), a right ventricle/left ventricle end-diastolic diameter ratio >0.75 (OR 2.7 [1.5–5.5], p = 0.001), an right ventricle stroke work index <300 mm Hg/ml/m2 (OR 4.3 [2.5–7.3], p < 0.001), and a United Network for Organ Sharing modified Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Excluding INR score >17 (OR 3.5 [1.9–6.9], p < 0.001) as the major predictors of the need for BVAD. Using these data, we propose a simple risk calculator to determine the suitability of patients for isolated LVAD support in the era of continuous-flow mechanical circulatory support devices.
Antithrombin During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adults: National Survey and Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Iapichino Giacomo E. , Protti Alessandro , Andreis Davide T. , Panigada Mauro , Artoni Andrea , Novembrino Cristina , Pesenti Antonio , Gattinoni Luciano
Published: May 2018

The impact of antithrombin replacement during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults remains unclear. This work comprises a survey, showing that antithrombin is routinely supplemented in many Italian ECMO-Centers, and a retrospective analysis on 66 adults treated with veno-venous ECMO and unfractionated heparin at our Institution. Twenty-four to 72 h after the beginning of ECMO, antithrombin activity was ≤70% in 47/66 subjects and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ratio was <1.5 in 20/66 subjects. Activated partial thromboplastin time ratio <1.5 was associated not with lower antithrombin activity (61 ± 17 vs. 63 ± 22%; p = 0.983) but with higher circulating level of C-reactive protein (23 ± 8 vs. 11 ± 9 mg/dl; p < 0.001). In 34 subjects who received antithrombin concentrate, antithrombin activity increased (from 54 ± 9 to 84 ± 13%; p < 0.001); the proportion of subjects with aPTT ratio ≥1.5 increased (from 21/34 [62%] to 31/34 [91%]; p = 0.004); heparin dosage remained constant (from 19 ± 7 to 19 ± 6 IU/kg/h; p = 0.543); and C-reactive protein decreased (from 17 ± 10 to 13 ± 9 mg/dl; p = 0.013). Among those with aPTT ratio <1.5, aPTT ratio remained <1.5 in 3 out of 13 subjects. Antithrombin is frequently supplemented during veno-venous ECMO although low antithrombin activity does not constantly impede, and antithrombin replacement does not constantly ensure, reaching the target aPTT ratio. Inflammation possibly affects the individual response to heparin.
Impact of Anticoagulation and Circuit Technology on Complications During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Niebler Robert A. , Parker Hinah , Hoffman George M.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact a change in anticoagulation protocol and circuit technology had on bleeding and thrombotic complications in patients supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A retrospective review at a tertiary, academic pediatric intensive care unit was undertaken. The anticoagulation protocol changed from targeting an activated clotting time (ACT) to anti-Xa level. Significant changes in the ECMO circuit were undertaken concurrently. One-hundred and fifty-two ECMO runs in 129 patients in the ACT target group were compared with 122 ECMO runs in 101 patients in the anti-Xa target group. Improved probability of survival by ECMO duration, decreased rate of surgical exploration, increased time to first surgical exploration, decreased incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, increased time to identification of intracranial hemorrhage, decreased blood loss and transfused product volumes, decreased rate of circuit changes, and increased time to first circuit change were all observed in the anti-Xa targeted group. Heparin dosing was similar in both groups with fewer bolus doses of heparin and fewer changes in the infusion rate in the anti-Xa targeted group. The change in anticoagulation protocol and circuit technology was associated with an improvement in survival, a decrease in hemorrhagic complications, and a decrease in circuit changes.
Impact of 30 Day Readmission After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Cogswell Rebecca J. , Roy Samit S. , Spratt John R. , Liao Kenneth K. , Martin Cindy M. , John Ranjit
Published: May 2018

Early readmission (within 30 days) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation might be a marker for increased mortality. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 277 adults who underwent continuous-flow LVAD implantation from 2005 through 2015 at our institution. The baseline characteristics of patients who were (versus were not) readmitted within 30 days after LVAD implantation were compared. To assess the impact of 30 day readmission on long-term survival, we used multivariate Cox regression. We also compared the cardiac transplant rate between the two groups. Of the 277 patients, 217 (78.3%) underwent LVAD implantation as a bridge-to-transplant; 76 (27.4%) of the 277 were readmitted within 30 days. The most common reason for readmission was volume overload (23.6%), followed by gastrointestinal bleeding (15.8%). Male gender, previous smoking, a higher baseline creatinine level, higher Model for End Stage Liver Disease Excluding INR (MELD-XI) score, and postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding or stroke were each associated with 30 day readmission. In our final multivariate model, increased mortality was also associated with 30 day readmission (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.5). Among the 217 bridge-to-transplant patients, the cardiac transplant rate was similar between the two groups: 18.7 transplants per patient-year among those who were readmitted within 30 days versus 19.7 transplants per patient-year among those who were not (p = 0.26). Among our study patients, 30 day readmission after LVAD implantation was frequent and was associated with increased mortality. It is currently unclear whether the general health of those patients was a factor and whether efforts to reduce 30 day readmission would favorably affect longer-term patient outcomes.
LDL and foam cell formation as the basis of atherogenesis
Authors: Orekhov Alexander N.
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

Lipoprotein-induced intracellular lipid accumulation (foam cell formation) is a trigger of atherogenesis at the subendothelial arterial cell level. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent data related to the possible mechanisms of LDL-induced formation of lipid-laden foam cells and their role in the onset and development of atherosclerotic lesion.

Recent findings

The most interesting current studies are related to the factors affecting foam cell formation.

The phenomenon of lipid accumulation in cultured cells became the basis for creating a cellular test system that has already been successfully applied for development of drugs possessing direct antiatherosclerotic activity, and then the efficacy of these drugs was demonstrated in clinical studies. Moreover, this test system could be used for diagnostic assessing lipoproteins atherogenicity.
Screening Endoscopy Contributes to Relevant Modifications of Therapeutic Regimen in Children With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Busch Andreas , Sturm Ekkehard
Published: May 2018

Objective:

The role of endoscopy in the diagnostic workup of children with intestinal failure (IF) is not well defined. It is unclear whether endoscopies should be performed as a screening procedure or only upon manifestation of symptoms. The aim of this study is to evaluate, whether performing screening endoscopy contributes to clinical management in children with IF.

Methods:

Comparative retrospective case series study in children with IF (mean age 70.4 months ± 58.4 months) presenting for diagnostic workup in a single intestinal rehabilitation center. Endoscopies were performed either as a screening procedure (Group 1, n = 45) or as indicated by symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction (Group 2, n = 11).

Results:

A total of 92 endoscopies (56 esophagogastroduodenoscopies; 12 enteroscopies; 24 colonoscopies) were performed in 56 children. IF etiology included short bowel syndrome (n = 37), motility disorder (n = 16), and mucosal enteropathy (n = 3). Comparing Group 1 with Group 2 abnormal endoscopic findings were detected in 66.7% versus 81.8%. Findings led to adaptation of therapeutic regimes in 64.7% versus 85.7%. We detected a higher rate of erosive and ulcerative gastritis and duodenitis, enteritis, and colitis in Group 1 compared to Group 2.

Conclusions:

Endoscopy in children with IF frequently reveals abnormal findings, leading to recommendations for treatment adaptation in the majority of cases, irrespective of whether endoscopy has been performed as a screening procedure or as indicated by symptoms. Using endoscopy as a screening tool may improve both, the detection of gastrointestinal pathology and the clinical management of children with IF.
Spontaneous Remission of Monosomy 7 Six Years After Diagnosis
Authors: Edington Holly J. , Lowe Eric J.
Published: May 2018

Monosomy 7 may be a poor prognostic indicator in pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome. There are case reports of children with monosomy 7 who undergo spontaneous remission 2 to 24 months after diagnosis. We report a case of a child with bone marrow failure and monosomy 7 who underwent spontaneous remission 75 months after diagnosis. The patient had no exposure to chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive agents. The patient did not receive chemotherapy or other treatment during the 75 months. Despite remaining positive for monosomy 7, he never developed myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia. Spontaneous remission of monosomy 7 may occur years after diagnosis in some patients.
Cancer Risk Among Children Undergoing Renal Replacement Therapy: Results From the Israel National Renal Replacement Therapy Registry, 1990-2012
Authors: Nuss Naama , Libruder Carmit , Dichtiar Rita , Weinstein Talia , Keinan-Boker Lital , Shohat Tamy , Golan Eliezer
Published: May 2018

Background:

Patients with end-stage renal disease who undergo chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) have a higher incidence of cancer. A limited number of studies addressed the risk for cancer in children exposed to RRT. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether children undergoing RRT in Israel are at increased risk for all-site and specific cancers.

Subjects and Methods:

The study population comprised 674 children 0 to 19 years of age who were registered between January 1990 and December 2012 in the Israel National Renal Replacement Therapy Registry. The Registry database was linked with the Israel National Cancer Registry to trace cancer incidence. Variables associated with malignancy were estimated by univariate analysis. Standardized incidence ratios for cancer were calculated using the general Israel population 0 to 15 years of age, for the corresponding years 1990-2012, as a reference.

Results:

Seventeen children developed cancer during the follow-up period. Younger age at RRT initiation was the only variable associated with malignancy in the univariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.99; P=0.03). Cancer incidence was 6.7-fold higher among children undergoing RRT than the general population.

Conclusions:

Children treated by chronic RRT have a higher incidence of cancer than their peers, and therefore should be followed closely.
Ingrown Toenails During Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplantation in Children With Hematologic Malignancies and Solid Tumors
Authors: Hori Daiki , Kobayashi Ryoji , Suzuki Daisuke , Sano Hirozumi , Kobayashi Kunihiko
Published: May 2018

Background:

At our institution, we noted that children with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors often suffered from ingrown toenails (IGTNs) during hospitalization for chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. However, only few reports have dealt with IGTNs in the above setting.

Procedure:

Between August 2007 and July 2017, 180 children who received treatment for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors at our institute were enrolled in this study. Twelve patients with insufficient data and 7 patients with past histories of IGTNs were excluded. A total of 161 patients were analyzed. Median age at admission was 7.9 years (range, 1.0 to 25.4 y), with 92 males and 69 females. Diagnoses were hematologic diseases in 128 patients, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in 75 patients, and solid tumors in 33 patients.

Results:

A total of 22 patients (13.7%) suffered from IGTNs (or toe paronychia) during hospitalization. Multivariable analysis disclosed a strong correlation between the occurrence of IGTNs and older age (over 9.0 y) and ALL.

Conclusions:

Patient-related factors, such as age over 9 years and ALL were associated with IGTNs. This is the first report of a survey on IGTNs in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors hospitalized for chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.