bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maintaining quality of life for deaf and blind dogs
Authors: Hedges Stephanie
Published: May 2016

Sensory loss is most common, and perhaps most debilitating, in the optical and auditory systems, and may occur congenitally or as a result of illness or trauma. How well a dog adjusts to the loss will depend on the speed of onset, the severity of the loss and the individual temperament of the dog. Owners may also find their dog's disability emotionally distressing or challenging to manage. As diagnosis of sensory loss and treatment of associated conditions generally occurs in the veterinary surgery, the practice team is ideally placed to help both dogs and their owners adjust to this change. Adaptations may include maintaining a consistent environment and utilising the remaining senses to enable stress free navigation, modification of methods of communication to preserve the client–pet relationship, and training commands that enable owners to guide their dog. Alterations to exercise routines and provision of appropriate outlets for natural drives can ensure ongoing quality of life. Directing clients to web resources and support groups can also provide inspiration and maintain morale through shared experience.
Identifikasi Bidang Gelincir Pemicu Bencana Tanah Longsor Dengan Metode Resistivitas 2 Dimensi Di Desa Pablengan Kecamatan Matesih Kabupaten Karanganyar
Authors: D Darsono , Nurlaksito Bambang , Legowo Budi
Published: May 2016

Investigation of landslide slip surface has been conducted at Salaman Sub village, Pablengan Village, Matesih District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java Province by using dipole-dipole array geoelectrical resistivity method. Data processing were using Res2Dinv version 3.45 (semi demo version) software. The interpretation result showed that at the research area was found lithology consist i.e. clay, wet clay, sandy clay until claysand, sand until breccia. The slip surface is a wet clay layer with resistivity value range from 19.3 Ω m to 36.6 Ω m, for one section was found with depth of 1.7 meter until 17 meters, and for two section was found with depth of 8.9 until 16.4 meters.
Penentuan Tingkat Kekerasan Batuan Menggunakan Metode Seismik Refraksi di Jatikuwung Karanganyar
Authors: Nurcandra Nakif , D Darsono , Koesuma Sorja
Published: May 2016

It has been done a research about the determination of rock hardness level by using refraction seismic method in Jatikuwung Karanganyar. The research is done by using Seismograph PASI 16S24-P with the path length of 48 meters, distance between geophone 2 meters, 5 shots in each spread and there are four surveys part totally. The processing data is done by using SeisImager software with Plotrefa and Pickwin95 program.We use intercept time method for data processing. The determination of rock hardness use Gardner’s relationship formula. Based on interpretation, there are three layers lithology structure with P wave propagation velocity of 200-1800 m/s and its density of 1.17–1.93 gr/cc. Based on velocity analysis we determine the velocity of first layer is 200-700 m/s, second layer 700-1500 m/s, and third layer 1500-1800 m/s. The subsurface hardness lithology consists of top soil, sands and unsaturated pebble (1.17–1.59 gr/cc) with the depth 2–4 meters in the first layer, saturated
sands, saturated pebble, and alluvium (1.59–1.93 gr/cc) with the depth 9.5–11.5 meters in the second layer, and clay and sands (1.93–2.02 gr/cc) with the depth of 5.5–6 meters in the third layer. The rock hardness is located at the depth betwen 12 – 20 meters.
Kajian Pengaruh Penambahan Nanopartikel Perak (AgNPs) Terhadap Respon Instrumen Sensing Berbasis Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
Authors: Arifani Tyas , Abraha Kamsul
Published: May 2016

Theoretical studies have been done related to the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on the system with addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that was modeled as a sensing instrument. Model is built with AgNPs placed as an additional layer over the conventional SPR system. Quantitative analysis on the model will provide a response in the form of reflectance spectrum as a function of incident angle that showed SPR angle ( SPR ) point and the attenuation. To know how the AgNPs in various sizes affect the resonance coupling, it will be calculated the dispersion relation curves obtained as the solution of Maxwell’s equations. Coupling between surface plasmon wave and evanescent wave will provide the resonance angle on the intersection of the two curves. Computational analysis of ATR method, demonstrate how the addition of AgNPs in sensing instrument configuration will improve performance of such instruments, visualized by SPR angle shift.
Desain Sensor Serat Optik Sederhana untuk Mengukur Konsentrasi Larutan Gula dan Garam Berbasis Pemantulan dengan Menggunakan Konfigurasi Jarak Cermin-Fiber Optik Tetap
Authors: M Arrini Nurul , Marzuki Ahmad , Yunianto Mohtar
Published: May 2016

A simple method to measure a solution refractive index using fixed mirror refractive optical fiber sensor has been investigated. The solution used are sugar and salt solution, with concentration varies from 1M to 5M. The diameter of polymer optical fiber used is 0.5 mm and light source used is LED (λ=676 nm). The sensor work based on light intensity modulation, sub jected to mechanical structure change of the fiber due to an applied force. The result showed that the concentration of sugar and salt linearly are related with their refractive indeces (R2=0,95006) and (R2=0,99858).
Sintesa Titanium dioxide (TiO2) untuk Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell dengan Antosianin Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Authors: Adhitya Elsa Ayu , Ramelan Ari Handono , S Suharyana
Published: May 2016

Synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with anthocyanins rosella (Hibisccus Sabdariffa) has succesfully been done using sol-gel technique. The semiconductor layer is a very important part of the DSSC since it gives a high surface area for dye absorption which gives rise to high currents. DSSC was formed structually two electrodes sandwiching the electrolyte. The working electrode is TiO2 layer coating on a Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) glass substrat and sensitified with anthocyanin dye. A counter electrode is carbon coating on the FTO. The fabricated solar cells have an area of 1.5 cm2, soaked in the anthocyanin dye for 24 hours and 48 hours. The sample was characteriz with X-ray diffraction method. The X-ray diffractogram indicates that the sample possesses rutile and anatase phase. The dye absorption measured using spektrofotometer UV-Visible Lambda 25 showed the
absorption occurs in the range 440-620 nm. The efficiencies of the solar cells measured by I-V meter Keithley for 24 and 48 hours soaking are 0.0064(6)%, and 0.0151(4)%, respectively.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Binder terhadap Densitas dan Kalor Pembakaran Briket dari Limbah Sagu
Authors: Widiyandari Hendri , Setiabudi Wahyu , Subagio Agus , Haryanti Sri , Siahaan Parsaoran , Tjahjana Heru
Published: May 2016

Biomass fuel such as briquette is one of an alternative energy regarded to the shortage of the fosil fuel and rising its prices. The byproduct of sago starch industry is the waste that remain the environmental problem because of the odor. However this agricultur waste such as trunk cortex and fibre has a potential application as a raw material for briquette.The fibre and trunk cortex act as matrix material of briquette. The utilizing of sago waste as a biomass briquette and the effect of ratio of matrix/binder to the density, time of compustion and gross heat of the briquette have been elucidated sistematically. The analyzing of gross heat using adiabatic calorimetry indicated that the briquette prepared with the ratio of binder/matrix of 3:4 (mass ratio) had the maximum value of 3929.5 kal/g. The duration of combusion was proposional with density of the briquette.
Deteksi Formalin Menggunakan Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Berbasis Nanopartikel Perak sebagai Pengembangan Awal Teknologi Food Safety
Authors: Anam Muhammad Khoirul , Narindra Risma , T Thoyibi , Abraha Kamsul
Published: May 2016

The phenomena of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been observed. SPR is reflectance curve as a function of incident angle in Kretschmann configuration. Surface plasmon is electromagnetic waves propagation in the interface area between metal and dielectric that can be excited by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. The result of experiment explains that the SPR angle on the thin film system of the prism/silver 1 and the prism/silver 2 is (42.8
± 0,05)º with the reflectance value 0.32 and 0.44 respectively. On the prism/silver/silver nanoparticle system, it is obtained that SPR angle value is (4,29 ± 0,05) with the reflectance value 0.29 for the silver 1 and 0.31 for the silver 2. After the thin film system is added with 40% of formalin, SPR angle becomes (43,0 ± 0,05)º with the reflectance value 0.44. Then, after the thin film system is added with 100% of formalin, SPR angle becomes (43,2 ± 0,05)º
with the reflectance value 0.4. The shifting SPR angle shows that SPR have capability as formalin sensor.
Wind on the fog: A reflection on the policy of historical memory at Televisió de Catalunya through the documentary Perseguits i salvats
Authors: Castelló Enric , Romano María José
Published: May 2016

Identity and collective memory are two sides of the same coin: both are constructed from a narrative of community that may either define the present (identity) or explain the past (memory). These constructs also feed into one another, since memory is built through a consciousness of identity, while identity is the product of our capacity to create and retain a narrative that explains who we are today. This article offers a reflection on the policy of historical memory adopted by the Catalan public broadcasting network Televisió de Catalunya (TVC) and a detailed study of the documentary Perseguits i salvats. Camins de nit i boira/Persecuted and Saved. Paths through the Night and Fog (Solé, 2014). The authors identify the elements that place the documentary within this policy framework, examining its discourse and finding in it three primary goals: to situate the memory of the Catalan people in the context of European memory; to convey the repression of the Spanish Civil War and the ensuing dictatorship to an international audience; and to bear witness to the responsibility of the Franco regime in the events of the Holocaust and the Nazi atrocities.
Writing on the screen as scribing reality: Nineteenth-century moving image representation and its antecedents
Authors: Verdon James
Published: May 2016

Although there are accepted distinctions between the practices of still and motion photography, a historical investigation into how these art forms pictorially write corroborates shared technologies and techniques, and confirms a common inversion of practices adopted in more traditional forms of text-based writing. The article focuses on nineteenth-century photographic practices as a site within which particular strands of photography and other related image-making exhibit a burgeoning awareness of cinematography, through the use of multiple and sequenced images in single works. These practices reveal certain conditions for writing on the screen and illuminate choices and foci that practitioners held at this time. The use of novel representational technologies is coupled with a fixation on scribing perceptual photorealism during this heady era of invention. This drive creates a sustained emphasis on apprehension and experience at the expense of image materiality, an overlooked indicator of the true nature of reality written on-screen.
Recovery from Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
Authors: Maxová Hana , Baňasová Alena , Povýšilová Viera , Herget Jan , Vízek Martin
Published: May 2016

To characterize the time frame of changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy and morphology of small pulmonary arteries male Wistar rats were exposed to isobaric hypoxia (3 weeks, FIO20.1) and then let to recover on air for 1 or 5 weeks. Normoxic animals (group N) served as controls. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), ratio of the weight of the right heart ventricle to the sum of the weights of the left ventricle and septum (RV/LV+S) and percentage of double laminated pulmonary vessels ( % DL) were measured at the end of hypoxic exposure (group H), after 1 or 5 weeks of recovery (groups 1R and 5R), and in controls kept in air (group N). Three weeks in hypoxia resulted in increase in PAP, RV/LV+S and % DL. After 1 week of recovery RV/LV+S normalized, PAP decreased, while % DL did not change. After 5 weeks in air PAP returned to control values and % DL diminished significantly but did not normalize. Our results suggest that recovery depends on the degree of HPH and that knowledge of the time-frame of recovery is important for future studies in our rat model.
Scrotal Mass: A Rare Complication of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
Authors: Ho Christopher C. K. , Jamaludin Wan Jasman , Goh Eng Hong , Singam Praveen , Zainuddin Zulkifli
Published: May 2016

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are associated with multiple complications. Among them are disconnection and migration of the tubing into the peritoneal cavity. Here we describe a case of a fractured ventriculoperitoneal shunt which migrated and coiled in the scrotum, masquerading as a scrotal swelling. Removal of the shunt via a scrotal incision was performed concomitantly with repair of the hernia sac.
Particular aspects of a pancreatic insulinoma case
Authors: Motoc R , Albu C , Munteanu Irina , Dirtu Oana , Motoc Crina , Tilea I
Published: May 2016

With a very low incidence (1-4 cases per 1 million per year), characterized by insulin hypersecretion, independent of the glycemia control system, insulinoma is a rare endocrine tumor, clinical with accentuated neuropsychological symptoms that hampers clinical diagnosis. We present a case of a 33 years old patient with no notable personal history, active lifestyle, non-smoker, a work environment that doesn’t involve professional toxicity; a remarkable family history of a brother with type 1 diabetes mellitus and grandmother with liver adenocarcinoma was noticed; in this particular case Whipple triad was strongly suggestive, gastrointestinal upper-ultrasonography endoscopy with tissue puncture as a tumor diagnostic tool was used and laparotomy was used successfully for removing the tumor, with favorable follow-up.
Diet, Smoking and Family History as Potential Risk Factors in Acne Vulgaris – a Community-Based Study
Authors: Al Hussein Stela Mariana , Al Hussein Hussam , Vari Camil Eugen , Todoran Nicoleta , Al Hussein Hamida , Ciurba Adriana , Dogaru Maria Titica
Published: May 2016

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of practices and attitudes towards lifestyle in adolescence as risk or protective factors, for both the acne occurrence and lesions’ severity.

Methods. A cross-sectional study based on a self-reported questionnaire was conducted during 4 months on 148 high school students, aged 16-20 years, in a high school community of Tîrgu Mureș. Acne prevalence and severity, demographic and anthropometric characteristics, the family history of acne vulgaris, smoking behavior and the weekly intake of certain food categories supposed to increase the risk of acne vulgaris were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed in terms of Odds ratio, Confidence Interval and Chi-square (p<0.05) methods.

Results. In the investigated community, acne prevalence was found of 47.30%, while 78 subjects (control group) had no facial acne lesions. In acne group: 57.1% had family history of acne, 62.9% were smokers, 22.9% were overweight or obese and 84.3% did not receive any dietary information from specialists. 41.4% were not fish consumers, while 74.3% rarely or never were eating fruits and vegetables. Statistically significant differences between the two analyzed groups were found in terms of sweets, carbonated drinks, dietary fat, white bread, fish, fruits and vegetables weekly intake.

Conclusions. Family history, smoking behavior, excessive dietary fat, sweets, carbonated drinks and white bread could be considered as risk factors in acne vulgaris. An increased weekly intake of fish, vegetables and fruits, may have a protective effect in acne development or severity.
Role of transurethral resection of the prostate in the management of prostate cancer
Authors: Szollosi Attila , Martha Orsolya , Denes Lorand , Vida Arpad Oliver , Maier Adrian , Pavai Zoltan
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in men, after lung cancer. The gold standard procedure in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis is the ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) used in solving the bladder outlet obstruction, can have a role in detection of PCa. The aim of this retrospective study is to examine the role of transurethral resection of the prostate in the diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer.

Materials and methods: At the Urology Clinic of Targu Mures we performed a total of 474 TURP over a two year period (2011-2013). The patients had a mean age of 71.857 years, and the indications were PCa with bladder outlet obstruction or bladder outlet obstruction with unknown causes but some with suspicion of PCa.

Results: In case of 474 patients with TURP performed for bladder outlet obstruction, the histopathology findings were the following: 61 cases with newly diagnosed PCa, some in spite of normal PSA values, 23 cases with already hormone treated prostate cancer, while in 50 cases TURP was preceded by prostate biopsy (in 8 cases with increased PSA and several negative biopsies, we could confirm PCa of the peripheral zone of the prostate).

Conclusion: TURP remains the elective surgical therapy of the bladder outlet obstruction, caused by BPH and even prostate cancer. Obtaining a greater volume of prostate tissue can help in the detection of prostate cancer in its early stages, especially in the transitional zone.
Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic properties of asymmetric schiff bases derived from 2,3-diaminopyridine
Authors: Pazik Agnieszka , Kamińska Beata , Skwierawska Anna , Ponikiewski Łukasz
Published: May 2016

Two Schiff base derivatives, 4-(2-amino-3-pyridyliminomethyl)phenol (
Preparation of corn stalk-based adsorbents and their specific application in metal ions adsorption
Authors: Wang Ya-Ting , Chen Hou , Wang Dong-Ju , Bai Liang-Jiu , Xu Hui , Wang Wen-Xiang
Published: May 2016

Corn stalk-based adsorbents modified from corn stalk were prepared by Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Cu(0)-mediated RDRP). They were applied to remove metal ions and they exhibited good adsorption capacity, especially for Hg(II). Adsorption properties of corn stalk can be enhanced by introducing cyano, amino, amidoxime, and carboxyl groups onto its surface, which results in efficient adsorbents for different metal ions. TGA, SEM, EA, and FTIR analyses were employed to characterize the structures of corn stalk-
Treatment of metal-plating waste water by modified direct contact membrane distillation
Authors: Zoungrana Ali , Çakmakci Mehmet , Zengin İsmail Hakkı , İnoğlu Özlem , Elcik Harun
Published: May 2016

In this study, the treatability of metal-plating waste water by modified direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) at different temperature differences (∆
Estimating Effects with Rare Outcomes and High Dimensional Covariates: Knowledge is Power
Authors: Balzer Laura , Ahern Jennifer , Galea Sandro , van der Laan Mark
Published: May 2016

Many of the secondary outcomes in observational studies and randomized trials are rare. Methods for estimating causal effects and associations with rare outcomes, however, are limited, and this represents a missed opportunity for investigation. In this article, we construct a new targeted minimum loss-based estimator (TMLE) for the effect or association of an exposure on a rare outcome. We focus on the causal risk difference and statistical models incorporating bounds on the conditional mean of the outcome, given the exposure and measured confounders. By construction, the proposed estimator constrains the predicted outcomes to respect this model knowledge. Theoretically, this bounding provides stability and power to estimate the exposure effect. In finite sample simulations, the proposed estimator performed as well, if not better, than alternative estimators, including a propensity score matching estimator, inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimator, augmented-IPTW and the standard TMLE algorithm. The new estimator yielded consistent estimates if either the conditional mean outcome or the propensity score was consistently estimated. As a substitution estimator, TMLE guaranteed the point estimates were within the parameter range. We applied the estimator to investigate the association between permissive neighborhood drunkenness norms and alcohol use disorder. Our results highlight the potential for double robust, semiparametric efficient estimation with rare events and high dimensional covariates.
Nurturing moral competence in university students via a credit-bearing subject
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Ho Wynants
Published: May 2016

Moral competence is an important dimension in healthy adolescent development and effective leadership. In this paper, a lecture attempting to nurture the moral competence of university students in Hong Kong is described. There are several parts to this lecture. In the first part, moral dilemmas in real life and hypothetical situations are introduced. Second, conceptual frameworks on moral judgment are outlined. In the third part, the relationship between morality and leadership is addressed. In the next part, strategies to promote moral development are discussed. Finally, conclusions and reflections by the students are carried out. In the lecture, students are invited to have personal reflections on their moral competence and integrity in relation to their real life context.
The meaning of interprofessional education and collaborative practice for the academisation of health professions / Die Relevanz Interprofessioneller Lern- und Arbeitsprozesse im Kontext der Akademisierung der Gesundheitsberufe
Authors: Ursula Walkenhorst
Published: May 2016

The academization of health professions is a complex process, whose progress is denoted by the parallelism of different processes. These include for example the setup of scientific disciplines as well as the development of higher education concepts. Meanwhile, entering interprofessional teaching and work processes is demanded. This requirement is a chance and often a concern of specialist development. In this article, interprofessionalism is defined as a social construct and distinct object of research that is a crucial requirement for the academisation of health professions. The engagement with other professions and disciplines as outlined with exemplary processes is relevant for the development of specialist profiles and should be supported.
Basque National Football Team as a Political Tool. One Hundred Years Old Project and Its Changes (1915–2014)
Authors: Zákravský Jiří
Published: May 2016

The goal of my article is to analyze football in Basque Country, or better to say Basque national football representation, as a political tool since its inception. I decided to focus on this specific region because football, and Basque national team as well, has a long history and plays an important role in the whole Spanish society. Football in Spain is a political issue because of the multi-national composition of the state where we observe strong separatist or secessionist demands. In my opinion, Basque national team has never been “only” a football selection. Euskal Selekzioa is a well-known Basque nationalist speaker because of the way how it represents Basque nation. It uses one of the most popular things all round the world, kicking the ball. This article is divided into four main parts. In the first chapter, I deal with the birth of Basque national movement and with the discovery of the game of football in Spain. The second chapter is dedicated to the Spanish Civil War when the world-famous Basque national football team existed. Another part observes the Basque nationalism in the context of football, not only in Franco’s time but during the years of the transition to democracy. I finish my article with a contemplation of the officialization of Basque national football team.
Black American female Olympic Athletes have not reaped the same social standing and economic benefits that their counterparts have since the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City
Authors: Waller Steven N. , Norwood Dawn M. , Spearman LeQuez , Polite Fritz G.
Published: May 2016

This paper presents an abbreviated version of an ‘elite’ interview conducted with Madeline Manning-Mims. The 1968 Olympic protest was a pivotal moment in Olympic and American sports history. At the forefront of the protest was the pre-eminent sport sociologist Dr. Harry Edwards. Edwards’ leadership catalyzed the African American boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, however, Black female athletes were either silenced or recused themselves from the protest. A series of semi-structured, retrospective interview questions were posed to Manning-Mims to gather her perspectives on the progress that Black American, women Olympic athletes have made in the USA from 1968 to present. Analysis of the ‘expert’ interview with Mims indicated that: 1) the social conditions in the United States that have plagued Black female athletes in 1968 had changed for the better; 2) on the whole Black U.S. athletes in the second millennium have become “commoditized” after the Olympics and gain substantially from their celebrity; and 3) Black female athletes can become enslaved to the economics of their celebrity if they are not careful.
Ad-hoc-Verfahren und Falsifikationismus im Forschungsprozeß / Ad-hoc-Strategies and Falsificationism in the Process of Scientific Research
Authors: Schmid Michael
Published: May 2016

Die Einführung von Ad-hoc-Verfahren zur Rettung von angegriffenen Theorien erfreut sich im allgemeinen keiner Beliebtheit. Es wird aber gezeigt, daß im Lichte der Einsicht, daß endgültige Widerlegungen allgemeiner Theorien ebensowenig möglich sind wie deren Bestätigung, manche Ad-hoc-Strategien dem Fortschritt an Erkenntnis durchaus dienlich sind, während andere durch die syntaktische Struktur der Aussagen, mit deren Hilfe sie eingeführt werden, einer Überprüfung nicht fähig sind, sodaß sich hierbei eine kritische Haltung anbietet.
Selbst-Thematisierungen des Gesellschaftssystems / Self-Thematizations of the Societal System
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: May 2016

The concept of reflection, as developed in a philosophy of consciousness, is in this paper transferred from its sphere of origin, and employed under the label of ‚self-thematization’, as an instrument for social theory. Self-thematization is defined as the construction, with recourse to an environmental context, of a meaningful, reflexive relationship of a system to itself. For this kind of relationship, there can be found, with regard to societal systems, historical illustrations within the traditions of the political and the economic conception of Society. Starting from such examples, connexions may be traced between different types of self- thematization, viz., the autonomous reification of subsystems, the prevailing notions of the world, the level of differentiation attained, and the dominant conviction as to the place of the society on the scale of societal evolution. The main problem confronting today’s world society is that of the contribution the scientific system may make toward societal reflection as a whole.
Reflections on Structural Differentiation / Überlegungen zur strukturellen Differenzierung
Authors: Rüschemeyer Dietrich
Published: May 2016

Die Theorie der Arbeitsteilung und allgemeiner der strukturellen Differenzierung wird kritisch untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Kritik steht die These, daß Produktivitätsvorteile nicht nur eine notwendige Folge von Differenzierungsprozessen, sondern auch - über bestimmte “feed-back”-Mechanismen - ihre indirekte Ursache sind. Die inhaltliche Unbestimmtheit eines abstrakten Effizienzbegriffs, Möglichkeiten, diese begriffliche Unbestimmtheit zu neutralisieren, Konsequenzen struktureller Differenzierung für die soziale Schichtung, der Einfluß von Machtkonstellationen auf ihre Entwicklung, Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Formen und „Ebenen“ struktureller Differenzierung nach Ursache und Wirkung und die Notwendigkeit, Prozeßanalysen von Differenzierung mehr Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken, bilden die Hauptpunkte der Argumentation.
VIII. Weltkongreß für Soziologie – Synkopen und Zwischen töne / VIIIth World Congress of Sociology - Sociology in Transition
Authors: Lipp Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Since at Varna, Bulgaria, the Vllth World Congress of Sociology had taken place, developments have set in in the discipline the final direction of which is difficult to be diagnosed. Newly closed at Toronto, Canada, the VHIth World Congress seems to suggest that contemporary sociology passes an intermediate phase. The present report reflects on the relations, given between american or west- and easteuropean as well as the „Third World’s“ sociology, accentuates the role and implications of the new „critical” sociology now firmly represented in the ISA, and outlines opening dimensions of sociological research programs.
Controversies in science: Remarks on the different modes of production of knowledge and their use / Wissenschaftliche Kontroversen: Über verschiedene Arten von Wissenserzeugung und Wissensgebrauch
Authors: Nowotny Helga
Published: May 2016

In der Wissenschaftssoziologie haben bisher Probleme der Konsensfindung vergleichsweise starke Beachtung erfahren, während selten danach gefragt wurde, warum wissenschaftliche Differenzen weiterhin bestehen. Eine Untersuchung wissenschaftlicher Kontroversen könnte zur Beantwortung dieser Frage beitragen. Kontroversen entstehen nicht nur, wenn kognitive Differenzen bestehen, sondern vor allem, wenn diese Differenzen unterschiedliche Auswirkungen haben. Dies geschieht dann, so lautet die vertretene Hypothese, wenn immer die Art der kognitiven Beziehung zu anderen kognitiven Strukturen - und daher auch der Gebrauch des Wissens - ein anderer ist. Diese Hypothese wird durch Beispiele aus der kognitiven Anthropologie und der Wissenschaftsgeschichte illustriert. Schließlich wird noch das Phänomen der „Nicht-Kontroversen“ erörtert, worunter jene Fälle verstanden werden, in denen kognitive Differenzen zwar bestehen, aber nicht - oder noch nicht - aktiviert wurden. Aus dieser Interpretation der verschiedenen Arten von Wissenserzeugung und Wissensgebrauch lassen sich eine Reihe von Schlußfolgerungen für die sogenannte Wissensakkumulation und für Engpaßsituationen in der Wissenschaftsentwicklung ableiten.
Zur Formalisierung gruppendynamischer Konzepte / Inquiries in formalizing group-dynamic concepts
Authors: Meile Bruno
Published: May 2016

The author tries to establish a formal-descriptive model for group-dynamic concepts in related logical terms and set theory. Cybernetics form the basic frame of reference. Herewith some fundamental principles such as ‘group’, ‘group structure’ and ‘change of group structure’ are defined exactly. - The consequences for empirical group research are shown by some examples: (1) a possible way out of the ‘methodological dilemma’ in sociometry,(2) a design for empirical description of the changes in group structure, (3) the formalization of a group-dynamic theorem, whereby groups of friends form according to the principle of individuals who share the same attributes. (4) The reshaping of the theorem allows the deduction of exact terminological hypotheses. New hypotheses, concerning the stability of group structure, can be gained through consideration of the cybernetic implications.
Die kulturelle Übertragungstheorie als Erklärungsmodell der Insassensubkultur im Strafvollzug / The cultural drift theory as a causal model of inmate subcultures
Authors: Klingemann Harald
Published: May 2016

In recent discussions about the causes of inmate subcultures, the widely accepted structural functional approach, mainly characterized by the deprivation model, has met with increasing criticism.

The cultural drift theory claims to critically broaden this theoretical basis of prison sociology. The thesis to be examined, based on GOULDNER’s concept of the latent social role, is concerned with determining to which extent the factors of social background, compared with the institutional conditions themselves, have a significant impact on the existence and specific structure of inmate subcultures. This literature report reviews the development and empirical testing of a controversy which has so far remained relatively unknown in Germany and points out its practical consequences, thereby providing a critical supplement to HARBORDT’s presentation of prison sociology.
Staatliche Sozialpolitik und Staatstheorie / Social policy and the theory of the state
Authors: Krüger Jürgen
Published: May 2016

This article is a critical appraisal of the actual discussion of the role and function of social policy and social administration in Germany (FRG).

Recent theoretical approaches, e. g. ‘the theory of the state’, are reviewed, and the ‘one-dimensionality’ of their categories with respect to evaluation of governmental activities in the field of social policy from a total systems point of view is criticized. The author argues in favour of an extended approach which should try to make use of the concept of ‘needs’ in order to reintroduce into the analysis the dimension of the personal system, to avoid the shortcomings criticized in the total system analysis.

In so doing the characteristics of social policy and social administration in capitalistic societies, their dialectic quality, will become obvious; i. e. these policies have consequences, not only for the system in general, but also for the personal system (system of need-disposition).

He propeses the application of the concept of social inequality for a systematic approach to social policy and social administration, to come to grips with their prerequisites, scope, and limitations.
Zur Analyse des Urteilsprozesses bei der Personenbeschreibung / Judging processes in describing persons — A social psychological analysis
Authors: Lilli Waldemar , Grabicke Klaus
Published: May 2016

Analyzed has been the judging process in describing persons by traits. It could be distinguished between two components, the decisional and the evaluative one. As was clarified, decisions, i. e. denominations of traits just fitting, play a more important role than do evaluations, i. e. specifications of these traits’ intensity.
Interpenetration – Zum Verhältnis personaler und sozialer Systeme / Interpenetration – On the relation between personal and social systems
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: May 2016

The history of ideas has changed its conception of the relation between individuals and society several times. The Aristotelian tradition formulated it as a relation between individuals (friendship) using the concepts of selfreference and alter ego. PARSONS sees the relation as a relation between subsystems within the framework of an encompassing action system using the concept of interpenetration, not of individuals but of the personal and the social system. It is proposed to change this conception again. Interpenetration can be characterized as a relation between system and environment in which environmental systems contribute their own capacity for variation to stabilize the patterns of another system on a higher level. This conception has its roots in the early anthropology of the bourgeoise revolution (1650-1750). It can be used to elaborate on problems of socialization and of rationality within the framework of theories with multiple system references.
Max Weber in München / Max Weber in Munich
Authors: Lepsius M. Rainer
Published: May 2016

A historical and biographical sketch of the last year of MAX WEBER in Munich is followed by a discussion of the reception of WEBER’s work and an outlook on future tasks for research on WEBER.
Zur Lage der Soziologie. Sociology in Finland. Notes on Main Traditions in Sociology and on Some of their Exponents with an Emphasis on the Period since 1945 / Soziologie in Finnland
Authors: Leimu Heikki
Published: May 2016

Die finnische Soziologie kann durch ihre Haupttraditionen - sozialanthropologische und ethnologische Forschung etwa seit 1890, konkrete, sozialstatistische, sozialhistorische, positivistische Forschung und Forschung auf der Grundlage des Historischen Materialismus - und durch ihre Aufteilung auf drei akademische Fächer - Allgemeine Soziologie, Sozialpsychologie und Sozialpolitik gekennzeichnet werden. In dieser Darstellung werden beide Aspekte berücksichtigt. Trotz des Risikos, damit das Bild ein wenig zu verfälschen, wird der personenzentrierte Ansatz der jüngst veröffentlichten Geschichte der finnischen Soziologie (ALAPURO et al. 1973) benutzt. Der gegenwärtige Stand der Soziologie in Finnland und die Forschungsorientierung einiger der zahlreichen, aber kleinen Lehr- und Forschungsinstitute werden diskutiert.
Intersubjektive Sinnkonstitution und Sozialstruktur Zur Kritik handlungstheoretischer Ansätze der Soziologie / The constitution of meaning by subjects and the social structure On the critique of action-concepts in sociology
Authors: Berger Johannes
Published: May 2016

In contrast to the usual attempts to attach the difference between an action-theoretical sociology and MARX’s theory on divergent themes and interests, this paper is searching for the decisive distinction of both approaches in the way of concept formation. Here the important question is if and where the perception of actors is entering the concepts of sociology. The diverse answer to this question leads to two concepts of social structure : to normatively supported action pattern on the one hand, to a mode of production on the other.

Finally, the formation of a sociological basic term, orientated on the idea of modes of production, is shown by the example of the class concept.
Why Nationalism? Relative Backwardness and Intellectual Mobilization / Warum Nationalismus? Relative Zurückgebliebenheit und intellektuelle Mobilisierung
Authors: Bendix Reinhard
Published: May 2016

Die Arbeit versucht, so gerafft wie nur möglich zu zeigen, daß seit dem Zeitalter der Renaissance, dann der Reformation, Ideen und Ideensysteme die Geschichte aufgrund der geänderten technischen und materiellen Bedingungen, die das Geistesleben nunmehr betrafen, zunehmend beeinflußten. Entsprechend der Mobilisierung der Intelligenz, wie sie etwa die Erfindung der Druckkunst „auslöste“, fanden Entwicklungen aller Art, die hier oder dort, in diesem oder jenem Land, einsetzten, Aufnahme und Antwort bald auch in anderen Ländern. Anstöße zum Wandel, zur Veränderung, wurden damit auch dort registriert, wo sie ursprünglich gar nicht gegeben waren. Nationalismus oder das Unternehmen, die Identität des Landes, dem man zugehört, festzustellen und zu befördern, ist in diesem Zusammenhang einer der wichtigsten, alle Aufmerksamkeit verdienenden Beispielsfälle.
The Associations for the Advancement of Science: An International Comparative Study / Die Gesellschaften zur Förderung der Wissenschaft – Eine vergleichende Untersuchung
Authors: Gizycki Rainald von
Published: May 2016

Bisher existieren nur wenige empirische Einzelfallstudien, die sich mit der Gründung, Entwicklung und Funktion wissenschaftlicher Fach- und Dachgesellschaften im nationalen Kontext befassen. Eine theoretische Funktionsbestimmung dieser sekundären Wissenschaftsorganisation muß deren Einbettung in die nationale und internationale scientific community berücksichtigen und ihre manifeste Rolle der Diffusion neuen, in den Primärorganisationen (Universitäten, Laboratorien etc.) produzierten Wissens mit zwei bedeutsamen latenten Konsequenzen verbinden: der „kognitiven und sozialen Orientierung“ der Wissenschaftlergemeinde auf vorherrschende, spezialisierte Paradigmata und Organisationsformen, sowie der daraus folgenden Tendenz der Angleichung des internationalen Wissensbestandes innerhalb wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen.

Eine empirische Bestätigung dieses Interpretationsrahmens liefert die auf Imitationsprozesse zurückgehende Gründungsgeschichte und Sektionsentwicklung der „Associations for the Advancement of Science“ (in Deutschland, England, Frankreich und den USA), die u.a. die internationale Vermittlung von Kenntnissen über kognitive und organisatorische Spezialisierungen der scientific community und den tendenziellen Ausgleich nationaler Wissensvorsprünge zugleich (mit-)bewirkten und (mit-)reflektierten.
Veröffentlichte empirische Sozialforschung: Eine Kumulation von Artefakten? Eine Analyse von Periodika
Authors: Sahner Heinz
Published: May 2016

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, empirisch fundierte Anhaltspunkte für die These zu finden, daß individuelle Haltungen bzw. soziale Erwartungen den Datenanalyseprozeß dergestalt beeinflussen, daß zumindest Teile der veröffentlichten empirischen Sozialforschung als Artefakte bezeichnet werden müssen. Die Prüfung geschieht wie folgt: Einmal wird zu prüfen versucht, ob signifikante Ergebnisse eine größere Publikationschance haben als nicht-signifikante. Unter den Publikationen, die Signifikanztests aufführen, dominieren die Artikel mit überwiegend signifikanten Ergebnissen (74%). Von den Signifikanztests insgesamt resultieren 60% in signifikant und 40% in nicht signifikanten Ergebnissen. Zum anderen wird geprüft, ob ex ante formulierte und gerichtete Hypothesen eher bestätigt oder eher widerlegt werden. Die Analyse zeigt, daß 75% derartiger Hypothesen bestätigt und nur 25% widerlegt oder modifiziert werden. Selbst bei empirischer Sozialforschung, die vergleichsweise restriktiv vorgeht (ex ante formulierte Hypothesen prüft), besteht der Verdacht, daß sie noch einmal das bestätigt, was man ohnehin schon weiß. Bei beiden Überprüfungsversuchen der angeführten These besteht aber die Schwierigkeit, ein Entscheidungskriterium anzugeben.
Sowjetische Psychiatrie und normativer Naturalismus
Authors: Greift Bodo von
Published: May 2016

Die sowjetische Psychiatrie, deren Praxis als repressive Verwahr- und Devianzpsychiatrie durch die Psychiatrisierung politischer Oppositioneller international bekannt wurde, ist von zwei theoretischen Voraussetzungen bestimmt: erstens von der marxistisch-leninistischen Erkenntnistheorie und zweitens von der Entwicklungstheorie des realen Sozialismus. Beide Voraussetzungen verstärken die in der Psychiatrie generell gegebene Neigung, sozial abweichendes Verhalten als individuelle Fehlentwicklung zu erklären und auf den Einzelorganismus zurückzuführen (somatische Psychiatrie), bzw. negativ, gesellschaftliche Voraussetzungen psychopathologischer Erscheinungen aus der Theorie zu eliminieren. Im Resultat zeigt sich ein naturwissenschaftlich verkleideter Normativismus, der die bestehenden gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse unkritisch als „gesund“ unterstellt und in der Normverletzung ein Krankheitssymptom erblickt.
Die Auswirkungen der Einrichtung von Großforschungszentren und Sonderforschungsbereichen auf die naturwissenschaftlich-technische Forschung in den Universitäten
Authors: Hieber Lutz
Published: May 2016

In den beiden vergangenen Jahrzehnten fand eine Umstrukturierung der universitären Forschung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland statt, welche insbesondere das Bild der naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten tiefgreifend veränderte. Anhand der Darstellung der Wirkungen, welche von Großforschungszentren und dem speziell auf die Bedingungen der Universität zugeschnittenen Wissenschaftssteuerungsinstrument ,Sonderforschungsbereich‘ ausgingen, kann gezeigt werden, daß der traditionelle, institutsmäßig organisierte Forschungsbetrieb in jüngerer Zeit zunehmend durch eine Orientierung an globalen, forschungspolitischen Zielsetzungen überwunden wurde. Um diese Veränderungen, die bis in den wissenschaftlichen Produktionsprozeß hineinreichen, zu bestimmen, werden zunächst die ihnen zugrundeliegenden institutionellen Bedingungen untersucht. Am Fallbeispiel ,Hochenergiephysik‘ werden die Konsequenzen, weiche Großforschungseinrichtungen, und am Fallbeispiel ,Wasserbauforschung‘ die Folge Wirkungen, welche Sonderforschungsbereiche für die Forschung an naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Fakultäten haben, detailliert aufgezeigt.
Arbeitsteilung und Statusunterschiede in der empirischen Sozialforschung — Eine Untersuchung der Interview-Projektforschung 1968–1972
Authors: Buchhofer Bernd , Lüdtke Hartmut
Published: May 2016

In dieser Untersuchung wird die Organisation der Arbeitsteilung in der akademischen empirischen Sozialforschung erstmals einer systematischen empirischen Analyse unterzogen. Grundlage der Untersuchung sind die Daten der Mitarbeiter (n = 680) von empirischen, die Interviewmethode verwendenden Forschungsprojekten (n = 143), die zwischen 1968 und 1972 in der Bundesrepublik, der Schweiz und Österreich durchgeführt worden sind. Mit Hilfe verschiedener Analyseverfahren wird folgendes Bild herausgearbeitet: Der komplexen funktionalen Differenzierung des sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungsprozesses entspricht ein charakteristisches sozial differenziertes Beteiligungsprofil der Mitarbeiter, gemessen an ihrem akademischen-Status. Danach gibt es bei den verschiedenen Statusgruppen charakteristische Monopolisierungs- und Meidungstendenzen. Der für das Gelingen der Projekte wichtige Wissens- und Informationstransfer wird offenbar durch einen integrativen Ausgleich der differentiellen Kosten, Investitionen und Belohnungen gewährleistet, bei dem die mittleren Ränge im Sektor der Projektdurchführung und die oberen Ränge im Sektor der Leitung, Initiation und Projektkonzipierung dominieren. Am Reputation und Qualifikation verheißenden Publikations-Output partizipieren die unteren und mittleren Ränge jedoch in erheblichem Umfang.
Psychische Beschwerden bei ausländischen Arbeitern: Eine Untersuchung bei portugiesischen Arbeitsemigranten
Authors: Binder Johann , Simões Mario
Published: May 2016

Die nach Westeuropa eingewanderten ausländischen Arbeitskräfte bilden in verschiedener Hinsicht eine sozial benachteiligte Bevölkerungsgruppe. Das Interesse soziologischer Forschung hat sich bisher vor allem auf ihre soziale und kulturelle Integration im Einwanderungsland konzentriert, während andere - sozial weniger problematisierte - Aspekte ihrer Lebenssituation weniger systematisch erforscht wurden. So ist keineswegs gesichert, ob die zahlreichen Belastungen, denen Fremdarbeiter ausgesetzt sind, das psychiatrische und psychosomatische Erkrankungensrisiko erhöhen, wie vielfach angenommen wird. In einer epidemiologischen Feldstudie wird eine Zufallsstichprobe von 100 portugiesischen Emigranten anhand eines psychiatrischen Fragebogens (SCL-90R) mit einer Kontrollgruppe im Auswanderungsland verglichen. Die Emigranten weisen weniger psychische Beschwerden auf als die nicht-emigrierten Portugiesen. Vier Hypothesen über Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung psychischer Störungen bei Fremdarbeiten (Unterprivilegierung, unerfüllte Aufstiegserwartungen, Kulturschock, Kulturwechsel) werden überprüft. Nur die Kulturschockhypothese und die Unterprivilegierungshypothese können bestätigt werden; die Beziehungen sind jedoch sehr schwach.