bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan model problem solving untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa SMP
Authors: Nurjaman Adi , Rahmawati Andini , Juandi Dadang
Published: February 2025

This research seeks to examine the improvement in the math critical thinking abilities of eighth-grade middle school students using a problem-solving instructional approach. This research was conducted at Al-Hasanah Cikalongwetan Middle School Boarding School, West Bandung. For this research, the researchers embraced a design approach that was akin to an experiment. The complete class VIII was used as the population, and they were chosen based on certain traits, namely when choosing the experimental and control classes not chosen randomly but with classes provided by the school. The tool employed is a test for critical thinking skills presented as essay questions, consisting of 5 items designed The normalcy test and the Mann-Whitney test are two data processing methods employed in this research, which are founded on the markers of critical thinking abilities. The findings indicate that students who apply the problem-solving approach demonstrate a greater degree of improvement in their capacity for critical thought in contrast to those who employ conventional teaching approaches.
Application of principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis to classify different edible Cucurbita based on in vitro antioxidant activity
Authors: Mitic Violeta , Nikolic Jelena , Dimitrijevic Marija , Stankov-Jovanovic Vesna , Stojanovic Gordana
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the variations in antioxidant profiles between nine
edible Cucurbita species (pericarp and seed), using pattern recognition
tools; classification was achieved based on the results of global
antioxidant activity assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, Total reducing power,
levels of total phenolics and flavonoids compounds). The pericarp samples
showed significantly lower total phenol values than the seed samples.
Spaghetti squash shows the highest ability to neutralize DPPH radicals among
seed and pericarp extracts. This extract also shows the highest FRAP and
CUPRAC values. The tested samples were grouped into pericarp extract groups
and seed extract groups based on the principal component analysis of
antioxidative profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the PCA
analysis. ?hese results can guide breeders in selecting Cucurbita varieties
with enhanced antioxidant traits, contributing to the development of
nutritionally superior crops.
Optimizing alginate immobilization of food-derived C-phycocyanin: Structural and functional characterization
Authors: Gligorijevic Nikola , Svrzic Nikola , Dojcinovic Biljana , Stankovic Dalibor , Combet Sophie , Minic Simeon , Nikolic Milan
Published: February 2025

C-phycocyanin (C-PC) represents a significant component of the cyanobacteria
Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) biomass. Beyond its nutritional value,
this protein exhibits numerous beneficial biological activities. A
covalently attached chromophore, phycocyanobilin, gives C-PC a blue color,
enabling its use as a natural food colorant. Additionally, phycocyanobilin
exhibits various bioactive properties, including metal-binding activities. A
key drawback to the broader industrial application of C-PC is its poor
stability. Alternative food formulations using natural polymers as carriers
and active components have recently gained considerable scientific
attention. This paper describes optimized conditions for C-PC immobilization
using alginate. The structural stabilization of immobilized C-PC was
analyzed under high temperature (60?C) and high pressure (450 MPa). The
storage stability of immobilized C-PC in dried alginate beads was tested by
keeping the samples at 4?C for one month. The potential application of
immobilized C-PC for the removal of mercury ions was also investigated.
Alginate immobilization proved effective in stabilizing C-PC, significantly
preserving its structure during prolonged storage, thermal treatment, and
high-pressure exposure. Under the tested conditions, 97% of Hg2+ ions were
removed by immobilized C-PC. Overall, this study optimized the procedure for
enhancing C-PC stability through alginate immobilization and broadened its
potential applications in food and bioremediation industries.
Influence of aging on facial attractiveness perception in individuals with normal occlusion
Authors: Natsumeda Gabriela , Silva Ivan , Miranda Felicia , Massaro Camila , Garib Daniela
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To evaluate the perception of orthodontists and laypeople of facial attractiveness during aging in participants with acceptable, untreated occlusion.

Materials and Methods

Frontal and profile facial photographs of 24 participants (13 male, 11 female) with acceptable, untreated occlusion, taken during adolescence (mean age = 13.3 years) and late adulthood (mean age = 61.2 years) were used. Groups of 30 orthodontists and 30 laypeople scored the facial attractiveness using a scale from 1 (unattractive face) to 10 (very attractive face). Raters indicated the apparent age at T2 and the most and least pleasing facial structures. Three-way analysis of variance was used to assess the influence of sex, age, and rater group on facial attractiveness. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare males and females regarding the apparent age perceived by raters at late adulthood (P < .05).

Results

Mature age was judged with lower scores on facial attractiveness (mean = 5.43) by both groups compared with adolescence (mean = 6.51). Facial attractiveness was not affected by sex. At late adulthood, females were considered younger by both groups of raters, while men were perceived more similar to their actual age. Laypeople were slightly more critical than orthodontists in the assessment of facial attractiveness. Thirty percent of the raters indicated the eyes as the most pleasant region and the chin and nose as the least pleasing structures.

Conclusions

Facial attractiveness slightly decreased from adolescent to mature ages. Women appeared younger than their actual age at late adulthood.
Risk of Incident Diabetes Related to Lipoprotein(a), LDL Cholesterol, and Their Changes With Alirocumab: Post Hoc Analyses of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Randomized Trial
Authors: Schwartz Gregory G. , Szarek Michael , Jukema J. Wouter , Cobbaert Christa M. , Reijnders Esther , Bittner Vera A. , Schwertfeger Markus , Bhatt Deepak L. , Fazio Sergio , Garon Genevieve , Goodman Shaun G. , Harrington Robert A. , White Harvey D. , Steg Philippe Gabriel
Published: February 2025

OBJECTIVE

Previous genetic and clinical analyses have associated lower lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) with greater risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes (NOD). However, PCSK9 inhibitors such as alirocumab lower both lipoprotein(a) and LDL-C without effect on NOD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a post hoc analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (NCT01663402), we examined the joint prediction of NOD by baseline lipoprotein(a), LDL-C, and insulin (or HOMA–insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) and their changes with alirocumab treatment. Analyses included 8,107 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome on optimized statin therapy, without diabetes at baseline, assigned to alirocumab or placebo with median follow-up 2.4 years. Splines were estimated from logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Lower baseline lipoprotein(a) and higher baseline insulin or HOMA-IR independently predicted 782 cases of NOD; baseline LDL-C did not predict NOD. Alirocumab reduced lipoprotein(a) and LDL-C without affecting insulin or NOD risk (odds ratio [OR] vs. placebo 0.998; 95% CI 0.860–1.158). However, in logistic regression, decreased lipoprotein(a) and LDL-C on alirocumab were independent, opposite predictors of NOD. OR for NOD for 25% and 50% lipoprotein(a) reductions on alirocumab were 1.12 (95% CI 1.01–1.23) and 1.24 (1.02–1.52). OR for NOD for 25% and 50% LDL-C reductions on alirocumab were 0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.97) and 0.77 (0.64–0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline lipoprotein(a) was inversely associated with risk of NOD. Alirocumab-induced reductions of lipoprotein(a) and LDL-C were associated with increased and decreased risk of NOD, respectively, without net effect on NOD. Ongoing trials will determine the impact of larger and longer lipoprotein(a) reductions on NOD.
Risk of Incident Diabetes Related to Lipoprotein(a), LDL Cholesterol, and Their Changes with Alirocumab: Post-Hoc Analyses of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Randomized Trial
Authors: G. Schwartz Gregory , Szarek Michael , Wouter Jukema J. , M. Cobbaert Christa , Reijnders Esther , A. Bittner Vera , Schwertfeger Markus , L. Bhatt Deepak , Fazio Sergio , Garon Genevieve , G. Goodman Shaun , A. Harrington Robert , D. White Harvey , Gabriel Steg Philippe
Published: February 2025

OBJECTIVE

Previous genetic and clinical analyses have associated lower lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol with greater risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes (NOD). However, PCSK9 inhibitors such as alirocumab lower both lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol without effect on NOD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a post-hoc analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (NCT01663402), we examined the joint prediction of NOD by baseline lipoprotein(a), LDL cholesterol, and insulin (or HOMA-IR) and their changes with alirocumab treatment. Analyses included 8107 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome on optimized statin therapy, without diabetes at baseline, assigned to alirocumab or placebo with median follow-up 2.4 years. Splines were estimated from logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Lower baseline lipoprotein(a) and higher baseline insulin or HOMA-IR independently predicted 782 cases of NOD; baseline LDL cholesterol did not predict NOD. Alirocumab reduced lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol without affecting insulin or NOD risk (odds ratio versus placebo [OR] 0.998; 95% CI 0.860-1.158). However, in logistic regression, decreased lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol on alirocumab were independent, opposite predictors of NOD. OR for NOD for 25% and 50% lipoprotein(a) reductions were 1.12 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) and 1.24 (1.02-1.52). OR for NOD for 25% and 50% LDL cholesterol reductions were 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.97) and 0.77 (0.64-0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline lipoprotein(a) was inversely associated with risk of NOD. Alirocumab-induced reductions of lipoprotein(a) and LDL cholesterol were associated with increased and decreased risk of NOD, respectively, without net effect on NOD. Ongoing trials will determine the impact of larger and longer lipoprotein(a) reductions on NOD.
Estado Emocional Por Duelo Familiar En Estudiantes De La Básica Superior
Authors:   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, Ecuador, Montece Darío Néstor , Silva Sañay Sergio ,   Universidad técnica de Manabí, Ecuador
Published: February 2025

El fallecimiento de un familiar puede generar en la vida de un considerable número de estudiantes, estados de interrupción alterando sus funciones de vida cotidiana, afectando su salud física, mental, su economía y también su educación ante un repentino fallecimiento de un familiar. En este trabajo se analizarán ciertos indicadores sobre el impacto emocional que causa el fallecimiento de un familiar en la comunidad educativa, se recogieron datos y se analizaron sus vivencias dentro de la etapa de duelo ante la pérdida de familiar mediante encuesta, reactivos o podemos denominarlos como una breve entrevista de su estado actual dentro de la comunidad educativa.

Planteando su desenvolvimiento cognitivo, conductual y emocional ante aquel acontecimiento dentro de sus horas clases.
Contexto familiar, aprendizajes de los sujetos y su influencia en el bajo rendimiento escolar
Authors:   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, Ecuador, Montece Darío Néstor
Published: February 2025

El proceso educativo representa una de las etapas importantes para el desarrollo biopsicosocial del dicente, es importante que los entornos de los niños sean seguros para que puedan aprender y es responsabilidad de las familias garantizar esta seguridad. Durante la clase, los estudiantes exhiben diversos comportamientos pasivos e hiperactivos, que pueden causar ansiedad y tensión a los profesores. Generalmente, estos niños están excluidos y hay poca o ninguna asistencia disponible para ellos. Cuando los profesores asumen la difícil tarea de descubrir las razones de situaciones problemáticas, carecen de las herramientas y el apoyo organizativo que necesitan, sus otros colegas simplemente no quieren "meterse en problemas". Si analizamos los resultados de las evaluaciones en las instituciones educativas, podemos ver que cada grupo tiene un número determinado de estudiantes con baja capacidad académica. Por este motivo, se pretende analizar la influencia del entorno familiar en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes,

El método utilizado es cualitativo mediante un enfoque de análisis de casos, con un diseño fenomenológico, las herramientas utilizadas fueron el registro adicional de observaciones (revisión de documentos), entrevistas realizadas a actores, docentes, Se cree que el ambiente familiar afecta el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes se concluyó que la falta de supervisión y la discordia en la familia afectarán el desarrollo de los estudiantes.
Application of the Joyfull Learning Model in Sociology Learning in High School
Authors: Taqwa Ridhah , Erna Retna Safitri  , Yulasteria
Published: February 2025

Students have different backgrounds regarding social concepts so teachers have difficulty finding the right teaching method. Sociology learning is too theoretical and less relevant. As a result, the objectives of sociology learning cannot be achieved properly. Therefore, sociology learning needs to use a participatory and interesting approach so as to increase student motivation to learn. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach which aims to describe the implementation of the model fun learning in studying sociology at high schools in the cities of Pagar Alam and Muara Enim. The research method is participatory qualitative with teacher and student respondents. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and tests. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively, both in data presentation and interpretation. The research results show that sociology learning still uses conventional learning models with approaches teacher-centered. The learning method used is mostly lectures and minimal use of technology. As many as 74% of students expressed their readiness to accept more innovative, interactive and facilitative learning models that can provide fun and effective learning. The results of research on the implementation of learning using the joyful learning model show that there is an increase in knowledge of 36.5%, which means that the model joyful learning effectively used in sociology learning. The implications of this research are Schools need to support teacher training and provide adequate learning facilities to support the effective implementation of this model.
Improving the Welfare of Honorary Teachers Through the Implementation of Pentahelix in Stakeholders in the Scope of Education
Authors: Purwandani Anna , Qomariyatus Sholihah  , Mochammad Rozikin
Published: February 2025

The welfare of honorary teachers in Elementary Schools is still relatively low, mainly because the wages are far below standard. Although BOS funds of 15% of IDR 342,000,000 per year have been allocated, this amount is not enough to meet the needs of honorary teachers. Limited resources worsen the situation and hinder the effectiveness of collaboration in improving their welfare. This study aims to analyze the improvement of honorary teacher welfare through implementing Pentahelix in education sector stakeholders. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method, and data analysis is carried out using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana methods. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation from 10 informants. The results show that collaboration between the Education Office, principals, school committees, cooperatives, and social media is key, with the most significant contribution from the Education Office (40%). However, coordination and resources need to be improved for the effectiveness of this model. The implications of the results of this study are a deeper understanding of the role of each stakeholder in supporting the welfare of honorary teachers, mainly how policies from the Education Office contribute significantly.
Semi-automated data provenance tracking for transparent data production and linkage to enhance auditing and quality assurance in Trusted Research Environments
Authors: O'Sullivan Katherine , Markovic Milan , Dymiter Jaroslaw , Scheliga Bernhard , Odo Chinasa , Wilde Katie
Published: February 2025

IntroductionWe present a prototype solution for improving transparency and quality assurance of the data linkage process through data provenance tracking designed to assist Data Analysts, researchers and information governance teams in authenticating and auditing data workflows within a Trusted Research Environment (TRE).
MethodsUsing a participatory design process with Data Analysts, researchers and information governance teams, we undertook a contextual inquiry, user requirements interviews, co-design workshops, low-fidelity prototype evaluations. Public Engagement and Involvement activities underpinned the methods to ensure the project and approaches met the public's trust for semi-automating data processing. These helped inform methods for technical implementation, applying the PROV-O ontology to create a derived ontology following the four-step Linked Open Terms methodology and development of automated scripts to collect provenance information for the data processing workflow.
ResultsThe resulting Provenance Explorer for Trusted Research Environments (PE-TRE) interactive tool displays the data linkage information extracted from a knowledge graph described using the derived SHP ontology and results of rule-based validation checks. User evaluations confirmed PE-TRE would contribute to better quality data linkage and reduce data processing errors.
ConclusionThis project demonstrates the next stage in advancing transparency and quality assurance within TREs by semi-automating and systematising data tracking in a single tool throughout the data processing lifecycle, improving transparency, openness and quality assurance.
A ordem internacional entre passado e futuro: uma perspetiva histórica
Authors: Severiano Teixeira Nuno
Published: February 2025

O objetivo deste ensaio é o de uma breve reflexão sobre a evolução da ordem internacional desde 1945 até aos nossos dias. De acordo com a literatura científica sobre o tema, parte-se da definição teórica do conceito de «ordem internacional» nas suas duas componentes principais: a polaridade e a legitimidade. Em seguida, percorre-se o período entre 1945 e 2024 e procura-se definir os invariantes históricos que podem caracterizar as três ordens internacionais correspondentes aos três momentos históricos que as enformam: a bipolaridade da Guerra Fria; a unipolaridade do pós-Guerra Fria; e a polaridade complexa e multinível do segundo pós-Guerra Fria, que caracteriza a ordem internacional em mudança nos dias de hoje. O argumento final é o de que na transição da ordem internacional em curso está em causa não só um novo tipo de polaridade, mas também uma crise da legitimidade e do próprio sentido da ordem internacional.
A infraestrutura da globalização no regresso da desordem mundial
Authors: Ribeiro Gomes Tomé
Published: February 2025

A globalização depende de infraestruturas que permitam o movimento de informação, pessoas e bens. Durante períodos de hegemonia como o que vivemos após a Guerra Fria, estas infraestruturas tornam-se despolitizadas, uma vez que todos os Estados que participam na economia globalizada têm acesso a elas e a potência hegemónica tem incentivos para garantir a sua segurança. Neste artigo procuro demonstrar que o aparecimento de rivais sistémicos, como aconteceu nas décadas que antecederam a Primeira Guerra Mundial e como acontece nos dias de hoje, transforma o controlo sobre as infraestruturas da globalização numa arena de competição entre grandes potências.
Analisis Distribusi Dosis Pada Terapi Alpha dengan Teknik Pencil Beam Scanning Pada Tumor Kraniofaringioma Menggunakan Software MCNP6
Authors: Zulhiznaniyah Andina Riswandari , Riyatun Riyatun , Suharyana Suharyana
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted with simulation modeling on alpha therapy for the treatment of craniopharyngioma tumors using the reference head and neck phantom geometry from Lazarine (2006), which was equipped with spherical target cell geometry. The target cell geometry with a radius of 1.05 cm contains 27 partitions located at the base of the brain close to the spine. This simulation was performed using pencil beam scanning which has a beam size of 0.35 cm and was irradiated from the left direction as far as 25 cm from the skin surface by giving 5 variations of energy ranges 425, 430, 440, 445 and 450 MeV. The results of the simulation obtained an average absorbed dose of (1.30 ± 0.01) x 10-9 Gy/α with an isodosis rate of 62%. In addition, this study also takes into account the dose received by healthy cells around the tumor. The brain organ received the largest dose of (2.69 ± 0.01) x 10-13 Gy/α, when compared to the brain tumor cells received a dose of 0.021%. From the dose distribution to tumor cells, the irradiation time for craniofaringioma tumors is (13.3 ± 0.01) s with an α particle current of 1nA.
Factors explaining the differences in the adoption of circular economy measures among farms in Southwest Finland
Authors: Hynni Antti , Käyhkö Jukka , Kuhmonen Tuomas
Published: February 2025

Transitioning to a circular economy is essential for addressing the inefficiencies and environmental impacts of traditional agricultural practices that rely on synthetic fertilizers and fossil resources. These conventional methods degrade soil, increase greenhouse gas emissions, and pollute waterways through nutrient runoff. A circular economy enhances sustainability by minimizing waste, optimizing resource use, and recycling nutrients. This study analyzes the adoption of circular economy practices among farms in Southwest Finland and identifies influencing factors. A survey distributed to farmers measured the extent of circular practices and the challenges faced. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression analyses evaluated how farm characteristics and farmer attitudes impact implementation. Results show a slow and variable transition among farms. About 50% of respondents have reduced mineral fertilizer use, although trading in byproducts and especially on-farm energy production from byproducts remains uncommon. Many farmers highlight insufficient policy support. The study concludes that policy interventions, training, and education are essential to accelerate adoption and stresses the importance of tailored, regional decision-making for effective policy development.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ В КВАНТОВУЮ ТРОСОДИНАМИКУ. Классический случай
Authors: Чуриков Виктор
Published: February 2025

На основе феноменологической субкварковой модели ритонов, лептоны и кварки первого поколения можно скомбинировать из двух типов рито-нов и двух типов антиритонов. Ритоны и антиритоны являются фермио-нами. Сами кварки и лептоны формируются из трёх ритонов или трёх ан-тиритонов. Лептоны и кварки более высоких поколений в данной модели рассматриваются как возбуждённые состояния лептонов и кварков перво-го поколения.
В работе предложена классическая квантово-полевая калибровочная модель взаимодействия ритонов на основе обобщения некоммутативной теории калибровочных полей. В основе модели взаимодействия положена группа SU(9). Взаимодействие между ритонами переносят векторные частицы тросоны. Источниками тросонов являются заряды тоны, носителями которых являются ритоны и тросоны. Каждый ритон имеет сразу три разноимённых тона. Наборы тонов в ритоне являются векторами в 9-мерном тоновом пространстве.
Repensar a periodização da construção vernacular luso-brasileira
Authors: Palazzo Pedro Paulo
Published: February 2025

Este artigo propõe um conceito de arquitetura tradicional luso-brasileira com base na caracterização da construção vernacular e no questionamento à cronologia canônica baseada na história político-econômica e dos estilos artísticos. No centro da problemática aqui levantada está o diálogo entre os saberes vernaculares e a atuação profissional erudita, numa temporalidade diferente daquela marcada pelos monumentos que sinalizavam a identidade nacional na historiografia dos séculos XIX e XX. Em oposição à periodização convencional, a história das técnicas e das regulações edilícias permite situar o recorte de meados do século XVIII ao início do XX como época de consolidação de saberes tradicionais partilhados entre as esferas vernacular e erudita. Quatro elementos principais subsidiam essa proposta: a inovação nas regulações edilícias urbanas; a difusão do módulo alentejano de testadas com 40 palmos para o urbanismo Iluminista e além; a revisão crítica do conhecimento histórico-arqueológico acerca da cronologia dos sistemas construtivos conhecidos como “frontais”; e a consolidação de uma tipologia doméstica unificada entre o meio rural e o urbano. Esse conceito de tradição não é totalmente congruente com aquele dos movimentos tradicionalistas do passado ou do presente, embora ofereça um subsídio para se discutir a relevância tanto do recorte cronológico como ferramenta analítica, quanto da tradição como instrumento operativo da arquitetura.
Process approach in the configuration of a construction project for the conservation of the Weenhayek native people
Authors: Rojas-Molina Juan Marco , Zúñiga-Igarza Libys Martha , Pérez-Campdesuñer Reyner , Sánchez-Rodríguez Alexander , García-Vidal Gelmar , Martínez-Vivar Rodobaldo
Published: February 2025

Since the systematic approach of the processes and their interactions, the aim is to establish the configuration of a construction project for the housing of the Weenhayek indigenous people. Applied from the theoretical research of various authors on a group of methodologies, phases and tools for project management, through rational scientific methods, such as descriptive, analytical, comparative, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical, analogies, modeling, systemic-structural-functional, systematization; and empirical methods, such as interpretivism that involves inductive, qualitative, phenomenological and transversal research, and the interview technique; the way in which the implementation processes are organized, interacted and structured is established. This reveals an alternative for the detailed configuration of a construction project for Weenhayek houses, based on phases, activities, actions and work tasks with characteristics in accordance with the needs of the project.
Sustainable value networks: A focus on operational, environmental, and social performance
Authors: Tsikada Charles , Luke Rose , Mageto Joash
Published: February 2025

Smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe contribute to local economies and food security but face supply chain challenges like limited market access and poor infrastructure which lead to post harvest losses and unpredictable prices. To survive, these farmers must adopt sustainable value networks to reduce operational costs and improve performance. This study sought to establish the effect of sustainable value networks on the operational performance of smallholder paprika farming in Zimbabwe. This study, using a positivist research philosophy and a quantitative approach, surveyed 288 smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe. Exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling were used to validate the constructs and test the hypothesised relationships. Results demonstrate a moderate level of implementation of value networks in smallholder paprika farming characterised by successes and challenges. The findings illustrated resource sharing among smallholder farmers, facilitated by initiatives, such as recycled seed exchanges and financial support through village savings and loan associations. However, results show that challenges persist, particularly with market access and financial support. Results indicate that there is a significant awareness and implementation of green supply chain management practices among smallholder paprika farmers even though they do not have access to resources and live in rural areas. The findings demonstrate that value networks significantly influence the adoption of green supply chain management practices, which in turn positively impact operational performance, environmental performance, and social performance. Green supply chain management practices were found to mediate the relationship between value networks and environmental performance, social performance, and operational performance, underlining the critical role of sustainable practices in enhancing performance outcomes. While environmental performance showed a positive effect on operational performance, the direct influence of social performance on operational performance was found to be statistically insignificant, suggesting the need for further exploration of the factors linking social benefits to operational efficiency. The research contributes to both theory and practice by presenting a sustainable value network model for smallholder paprika farmers, integrating value network, green supply chain management practices and environmental performance to enhance operational performance. Practical implications include policy recommendations to strengthen collaboration between smallholder farmers and other stakeholdersand address power imbalances with intermediaries. Future research should extend the study to other agricultural sectors and incorporate more diverse stakeholder perspectives to validate and generalise the proposed sustainable value network model.
Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Calves and Pregnant Cows
Authors: Stalheim O. H. V. , Hubbert W. T. , Boothe A. D. , Zimmermann W. J. , Hughes D. E. , Barnett D. , Riley J. L. , Foley J.
Published: February 2025

Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infections were studied in pregnant cows and in calves. In tests to compare their virulence, three strains of the toxoplasmal parasite were fed to cats; then fecal oocysts were collected and given per os to calves. In tests to determine their effects, virulent tachyzoites or oocysts were given to 10 calves and to 22 pregnant cows by the oral, iv, or intraamniotic routes. Clinical signs were fever and inappetence. One cow in early gestation aborted 24 days after iv administration of tachyzoites. Gross and microscopic changes were slight and nonspecific. Toxoplasmas were isolated from brain or liver of 4 cows, placenta of 2 cows, gastric contents of 2 near-term fetuses, and blood and tissues of calves. Toxoplasmas were not isolated from control cows.
Acute Systemic Anaphylaxis in Adult Domestic Fowl: Evidence for the Protective Role of H2-Histaminergic and β2-Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Chand N. , DeRoth L.
Published: February 2025

Pentobarbital-anesthetized and spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin (ba)-sensitized adult domestic fowl showed acute systemic anaphylaxis to iv injection of antigen (ba), which was characterized by arterial hypotension, central venous hypertension, and bradycardia. Large doses of pyrilamine maleate (H1-receptor antagonist) partially inhibited acute systemic anaphylaxis. On the other hand, metiamide (a specific H2-antagonist) and propranolol (β-adrenergic antagonist) markedly enhanced the anaphylactic response. Terbutaline (β2-agonist), dimaprit (a highly selective H2-agonist), and compound FPL 55712 (a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis receptor antagonist) either significantly inhibited or reversed the anaphylactic response. Cimetidine (a newer H2-antagonist) enhanced only central venous pressor response to ba. This investigation appears to suggest a minor role of histamine and a major role of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis as chemical mediators of anaphylaxis. A protective role of β2-adrenergic and H2-histaminergic receptors seem to operate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions in adult domestic fowl.
Estrus, Ovulation, and Serum Hormones in Mares Given Prostaglandin F2α, Estradiol, and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Authors: Booth L. C. , Oxender W. D. , Douglas R. H. , Woodley S. L.
Published: February 2025

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was injected in mares given prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) to induce luteolysis in an attempt to synchronize ovulation. Pretreatment with estradiol-17β (E2-17β) was used to determine whether or not estradiol would enhance the release of luteinizing hormone (lh) after treatment with GnRH. Twelve mares were used in a balanced Latin square crossover design.

Mares were injected with pgf2α, treatment A; pgf2α + GnRH, treatment B; or pgf2α + E2-17β + GnRH, treatment C. The interval ± sem from pgf2α injection to estrus was 3.3 ± 0.2, 3.2 ± 0.3, and 2.3 ± 0.1 days for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. The mean interval in days from injection to first ovulation averaged 1 day less (P < 0.10) for treatments B (6.7 ± 0.6) and C (6.2 ± 0.3) than for treatment A (7.6 ± 0.7). The duration of estrus and the interval from ovulation to end of estrus were similar among the three treatment groups. Mares treated with GnRH (treatments B and C) had a significant (P < 0.01) two- to threefold increase in lh concentrations when compared with controls. Pretreatment with estradiol-17β did not appear to enhance lh release after GnRH was given, and the time of ovulation was not significantly changed by GnRH treatment.
Direct Measurement of Biliary Bilirubin Excretion in Ponies During Fasting
Authors: Gronwall Ronald , Engelking Larry R. , Noonan Norine
Published: February 2025

Biliary excretion of bilirubin, including the conjugate composition, was studied during feeding and during a 2.5-day fast of three pony mares with chronic external biliary (T-tube) fistulas. Fasting bilirubin excretion (1.96 ± 0.74 μg/min/kg of body weight), after establishing a new steady state, was not different from excretion during feeding (1.99 ± 0.45 μg/min/kg). Hyperbilirubinemia of fasting resulted from a reduced removal of plasma bilirubin rather than from an increased input of bilirubin into the plasma. Relative plasma excretion of the individual conjugate fractions of biliary bilirubin was not changed by fasting.
Direct Immunoelectron Microscopy of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus with Immunoglobulins G and A and Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Jensen M. T. , Kemeny L. J. , Stone S. S. , Ritchie A. E.
Published: February 2025

Porcine colostral immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA, isolated from transmissible gastroenteritis virus-infected sows, were compared by direct immunoelectron microscopy. It was estimated, using antibodies with a less than a twofold difference in virus-neutralizing activity, that IgG was 500 times more efficient than was IgA for coating transmissible gastroenteritis virions. Guinea pig complement enhanced the antibody coating with IgG, but did not increase virus-neutralizing activity of IgG or IgA.
Effect of Various Carrier Gases on the Halothane Output of the Fluotec Mark 3 Vaporizer
Authors: Haskins S. C. , Knapp R. G.
Published: February 2025

The carrier gases—air, nitrous oxide/oxygen (50%/50%), and nitrous oxide (100%)—decreased the halothane output from Fluotec Mark 3 vaporizers an average of 87.9%, 85.4%, and 70.9%, respectively, as compared with the halothane output when oxygen was used as the carrier gas.
Ion Transport by the Pig Colon: Effects of Time and Anesthesia
Authors: Argenzio R. A. , Lebo Deborah
Published: February 2025

A method for temporarily isolating a 50-cm loop of ascending spiral colon in the pig allowed a study of the effect of halothane anesthesia on colonic absorption without complications of acute surgical trauma, and provided a means to obtain timed samples of the colonic solution. Test solutions instilled into the loop consisted of a volatile fatty acid solution, similar in composition to normal colonic contents, and a Ringer solution. There was no appreciable change in the rate of net solute absorption in conscious or anesthetized animals in repeated 1-hour determinations over a 6-hour period, provided the cardiovascular and arterial acid base variables remained stable. Net rates and direction of individually transported solutes and H2O were essentially unaffected by anesthesia during 2-hour experimental periods. However, net solute changes in this closed-loop system were not constant during individual absorption periods. These changes were due to a volume dependence on the rate of net absorption and a rapid dissipation of the driving forces initially present. Failure to recognize these time-dependent changes may lead to serious misinterpretations of the results.
Serum Bromide Concentrations During and After Halothane Anesthesia in Dogs
Authors: Pedersoli Waldir M.
Published: February 2025

Serum bromide concentrations of ten dogs were determined before, during, and after 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane. Serum bromide concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), beginning at 30 minutes of anesthesia and remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased until the end of the experiment—10 days after anesthesia. Peak bromide concentration occurred 1 day after anesthesia in five dogs (50%) and varied between 4 mg/dl and 8.8 mg/dl. Bromide concentration remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased for the length of the experiment. Possible sedative or psychoactive levels of increased serum bromide concentrations are discussed.
Chemoprophylaxis with Diamfenetide Against Experimental Infections of Fasciola hepatica in Ruminants
Authors: Enzie F. D. , Rew R. S. , Colglazier Μ. L.
Published: February 2025

In limited trials against experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections, diamfenetide (N,N’-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy-4,1-phenylene)]bisacetamide) showed potential value for the prevention of acute fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. When given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, diamfenetide was 87% effective in preventing establishment of F hepaticainfections in sheep that were given the drug daily for 14 days, and was 96% effective in sheep that were given the drug for 21 days. Infective cysts (4 doses of 150 each) were given by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication.

In additional trials, initial single large doses (40 to 100 mg/kg of body weight) given in conjunction with small doses each day (5 to 40 mg/kg), did not augment chemoprophylactic action. Signs of toxicosis attributable to diamfenetide were not observed. The severity of hepatic lesions ascribable to F hepatica correlated well with the degree of fluke control achieved.

Small doses of diamfenetide given each day were less effective in calves than in sheep. Nevertheless, when given at dosages of 30 mg/kg daily for 21 days, the drug was 89% effective in preventing the development of F hepaticainfections in two calves which were given infective cysts (4 × 100) by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication. Small doses of diamfenetide given daily were effective in preventing the establishment of F hepatica infections in ruminants.
Mucosal Alterations in Experimentally Induced Small Intestinal Strangulation Obstruction in Ponies
Authors: White Nathaniel A. , Moore James N. , Trim Cynthia Μ.
Published: February 2025

Small intestinal strangulation obstruction (iso) was produced in seven ponies (under pentobarbital-anesthesia) by arteriovenous ligation. Positive-pressure ventilation with room air was used to maintain arterial Pco2 at the initiation of the iso. Biopsy materials obtained from affected intestines at various times were evaluated, using histopathologic examination and scanning electron microscopy.

Mucosal and villus degeneration was graded 0 to V and compared with intestinal gross color, motility, and wall thickness. The mucosa at the tip of the villus was the first to be affected. Degeneration of mucosa continued from the villus tip to the base before villus lamina propria degeneration occurred. Degeneration of mucosa and lamina propria continued after the ligature was released, and evidence of reestablished perfusion and motility was seen.
Incorporation of Nitrogen-15 from Dietary [15N] Diammonium Citrate into Amino Acids of Liver and Muscle Proteins in Germfree and Specific-Pathogen-Free Neonatal Pigs
Authors: Deguchi Eisaburo , Niiyama Masayoshi , Kagota Katsumoto , Namioka Shigeo
Published: February 2025

Incorporation of 15N from dietary [15N]diammonium citrate ([15N]dac) into amino acids isolated from hydrolyzed tissue proteins was investigated in the presence or absence of intestinal flora in neonatal pigs. The 15N was incorporated into all of the essential and nonessential amino acids from liver and muscles in one of two germfree pigs and two specific-pathogen-free pigs which were killed on the 5th day after the administration of [15N]dac. But, a higher 15N concentration than natural abundance of 15N was not detected in histidine, lysine, and threonine from these tissues in another germfree pig killed the next day. Nitrogen transfer from dac into all amino acids, including these three essential amino acids, may be possible in the specific-pathogen-free pig and even in the germfree pig.
Ultrastructure of Timed Isolates of In Vitro Canine Articular Chondrocytes
Authors: Lamar C. H. , Van Sickle D. C. , Brandman P. , Hinsman E. J.
Published: February 2025

Articular chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated from the distal end of the adult canine femur. The digestion procedure was conducted for 2- or 6-hour intervals, using 0.25% trypsin and 0.25% collagenase. Cells grown from the 2-hour digestion procedure were polygonal to stellate, had large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and exhibited contact inhibition at confluency. Cells grown in cultures from the 6-hour digestion procedure were fusiform, had prominent nuclei with numerous nucleoli, and lacked contact inhibition.

Cell cultures established, using cells from both procedures, were examined using the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructurally, an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent golgi complexes, and numerous autophagic vacuoles characterized the 2-hour cell population. The fine structures of the cells grown from the 6-hour process were characterized by numerous cytoplasmic microfilaments randomly dispersed and marginated beneath the plasmalemma of the cells. An extensive dilated rough-endoplasmic reticular system was present.

The chondrocytes described in the present study provided morphologic evidence of a heterogeneous cell population in adult canine articular cartilage.
Acute Response of Pulmonary Blood Flow and Right Ventricular Function to Dirofilaria immitis Adults and Microfilaria
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Pulmonary arterial pressures, right ventricular pressures, and right ventricular force of contraction (max dP/ dt) were measured before and after the surgical addition of Dirofilaria immitis adults and microfilaria. Six adult anesthetized and heparinized dogs were studied during thoracotomy to compare these pressure measurements with left caudal pulmonary arterial flow. Diversion of pulmonary flow was performed to obtain incremental increases in pulmonary flow through the left caudal lobar artery and to increase right ventricular afterload. The addition of adult heartworm disease, microfilaria, or both did not produce either pulmonary arterial hypertension or increase right ventricular pressure and force of contraction.
Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on the Growth of Rats and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Cunningham H. Μ.
Published: February 2025

Four experiments were conducted with a total of 100 rats and 20 guinea pigs to determine the effects of adding sodium hypochlorite to the drinking water and milk. In three experiments, the liquids were provided ad libitum, but in one it was given by gavage so that the dosage could be expressed in relation to body weight. Available chlorine concentrations ranging between 0 and 2,000 mg/L were tested over periods of 9 days to 6 weeks. Stimulation of growth rate was observed in all experiments with body weight increases of 5.4% to 13.7%. Statistical significance at P < 0.05 was reached in two experiments. Optimal growth rate was observed with available chlorine concentrations of 20 mg/L in liquids given free choice and at 8 mg/kg of body weight when given by gavage. Toxic effects of the sodium hypochlorite were not observed at any of the concentrations tested below 2,000 mg/L.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Marek's Disease: Cytotoxic Responses in Resistant and Susceptible Chickens and Relation to Disease
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Adldinger Hans K.
Published: February 2025

Two experiments were conducted to study the cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus (mdv) against a Marek's disease-derived lymphoblastoid cell line (MSB-1) and to associate the cytotoxicity with incidence of disease. In experiment I, moderately susceptible randombred, specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with mdv (group 1), vaccinated with a herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) and inoculated with mdv (group 2), vaccinated with hvt and inoculated with chicken kidney cells (ckc; group 3), and inoculated with ckc only (group 4). Cytotoxic activity in the pbl was detected initially during the first week after mdv inoculation and periodically throughout the observation period (groups 1, 2, and 3). Throughout the observation period, the magnitude of cytotoxic activity was similar in pbl from groups 1 and 2 chickens. The pbl from both surviving and fatally infected chickens (groups 1 and 2) were similarly cytotoxic when sampled during the first 16 days after mdv inoculation.

In experiment II, inbred genetically susceptible (line 7) and resistant (line 6) chickens were used. Cytotoxic activity of pbl of significantly greater magnitude was associated with a lower mortality or incidence of gross lesions (or both) in mdv-inoculated line 6 (group B) and hvt-vaccinated and mdv-inoculated line 7 (group C) chickens compared with activity of pbl from mdv-inoculated line 7 (group A) chickens. The cytotoxic activity of pbl from individual inbred chickens did not correlate with the outcome of the infection.
Cardiopulmonary Function in the Dog with Dirofilaria immitis Infection: During Infection and After Treatment
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Cardiopulmonary function in seven Beagles (under pentobarbital anesthesia) was determined before they were inoculated with Dirofilaria immitis larvae, at 6 and at 12 months after 50 infective larvae were inoculated, and at 7 and 12 months after adulticide and microfilaricide treatment was begun. Pulmonary hypertension (26.4 mm of Hg ± 3.5 (sd)) was present at 12 months after the dogs were inoculated, as compared with base-line pulmonary arterial pressure (16.0 mm of Hg ± 2.4), and was resolved within 7 months after initial adulticide treatment (19.8 mm of Hg ± 1.4). Pulmonary artery pressure response to hypoxia (33.3 mm of Hg ± 2.4) at 12 months after inoculation (vs base line of 25.3 mm of Hg ± 2.2) and to isoproterenol infusion (37.6 mm of Hg ± 4.8) at 12 months (vs base line of 14.3 mm of Hg ± 1.7) revealed an accelerated pulmonary hypertensive response. This pulmonary hypertensive response to isoproterenol infusion (17.7 mm of Hg ± 1.4) at 7 months after treatment resolved following treatment. The pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia was still present (32.5 mm of Hg ± 3.0) 7 months after treatments. Resolution of pulmonary hypertension reinforces the clinical decision to treat dirofilariasis in an effort to prevent further development of pulmonary hypertension, as well as to permit resolution of this clinical sign.