bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of primary importance: applying the new literacy guidelines
Authors: Hauck Janet , Robinson Marc
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Written by a librarian and history professor, the purpose of this paper is to describe a collaborative, primary source literacy project and report its effectiveness in teaching undergraduates to critically analyze information and develop primary source literacy.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology used included a research project with 24 undergraduates and a pre- and post-survey. The research project and student survey incorporated principles from the “Guidelines for Primary Source Literacy”, published in 2017 by the ACRL’s Rare Books and Manuscripts Section and the Society of American Archivists. The paper offers research and practical implications for librarians and instructors interested in strategies to teach information literacy. For instance, the paper includes a review of literature on “archival intelligence” or “primary source literacy” and describes the 2017 Guidelines for Primary Source Literacy.

Findings

Socially, the paper includes implications for how to create an inclusive learning experience for students with mechanisms such as a scaffolded assignment, hands-on instruction, imposter syndrome awareness and a no-Google policy.

Originality/value

Given that this is one of the first articles to document how practitioners are incorporating the new 2017 Guidelines, this is sure to be an original and valuable essay.
A modelling methodology for a solar energy-efficient neighbourhood
Authors: Gholami Mansoureh , Mofidi Shemirani Majid , Fayaz Rima
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to quantify the solar energy potential for applying photovoltaic systems and find an efficient geometry for urban blocks to obtain a better quality of daylighting in terms of continuous daylight autonomy (DA) and spatial DA with less energy consumption.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a complete simulation of the topography and micro-climate of the area under study. Simulations were performed using ArcGIS and Rhinoceros and urban daylight (UD) and urban modeling interface plugin for a neighborhood in the region of Narmak in Tehran, Iran. Five configurations of a neighborhood were compared using simulations.

Findings

It was found that the impact of the geometrical form on daylight gain and energy consumption is significant and the terraced model is the most suitable form for obtaining a constant floor area ratio. Furthermore, it is an optimal form of urban blocks to gain the most energy through photovoltaic systems in the neighborhood as it would be able to satisfy about 42 percent of the energy needs.

Originality/value

Planning to achieve sufficient energy factors in cities is a difficult task, since urban planners often do not have adequate technical knowledge to measure the contribution of solar energy in urban plans and this paper aims to introduce a comprehensive modeling methodology by which the urban energy planning can be used and understood in the urban context to make it completely clear as a strategy of implementation.
Towards a multi-scalar framework for smart healthcare
Authors: Dritsa Dimitra , Biloria Nimish
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of emerging technologies in the promotion of health and well-being at the urban, domestic and bodily scale, through the systematic examination of technologies such as physical sensing systems and physiological data monitoring, that are currently explored as drivers for achieving sustainable healthcare within a multi-scalar approach.

Design/methodology/approach

A comprehensive study of the various technologies associated with smart healthcare is provided, first investigating smart cities, physical sensing systems and geospatial data as potential enablers of public health. Then the discourse shifts towards exploring Smart Home technologies for healthcare, first reviewing strategies of enhancing the home environment with multisensory components, and then discussing the emergence of physiological monitoring devices and their interconnection with the domestic and urban environment.

Findings

While the implementation of Internet of Things, physical sensing systems and geospatial analytics in extracting and analyzing the multiple information layers of the urban, the domestic and the bodily environment, has been widely explored, there is little consideration on the transition from the domestic to the urban level, and while within each of the different scales, the need for a multi-componential approach is addressed, there is minimal effort towards its materialization.

Originality/value

The major contribution of this study therefore lies in laying the ground for further research towards a multi-scalar relational approach that views smart healthcare as a trajectory, binding the bodily, to the domestic and the urban fabric.
How Does the Health Sector Benefit from Trade Openness? Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Novignon Jacob , Atakorah Yaw Boateng , Djossou Gbetoton Nadege
Published: June 2018

The linkages between international trade and economic performance has received significant attention from policymakers and researchers. There is consensus in the literature that improved trade openness corresponds to improved economic growth. In this study, we argue that trade openness has a significant impact on population health outcomes and financing. The study employed a balanced panel data for 42 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1995–2013. Population health status was measured by total life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate and under‐five mortality rate. Three main estimation models were used: (1) fixed effect (FE); (2) random effect (RE); and (3) the generalized method of moments (GMM) in estimating the relationships. The results showed that trade openness has a positive and significant effect on life expectancy, a negative and significant effect on the infant mortality rate and a negative impact of trade openness on the under‐five mortality rate. A positive effect of trade openness on health financing was also realized. The findings of the study support international trade integration and emphasize the need for countries to be conscious of gains from trade within sub‐sectors of the economy.
Public Oversight of Audit Firms: The Slippery Slope of Enforcing Regulation
Authors: Dowling Carlin , Knechel W. Robert , Moroney Robyn
Published: June 2018

This study uses the slippery‐slope framework to understand how an oversight regulator's enforcement style influences audit firm compliance. Using data from interviews with audit regulators and audit partners, we find that partners perceive the regulator's enforcement style has shifted from being more collaborative to being more coercive. A consequence of this shift is that partners believe the development of trust between the two parties has been inhibited and a forced compliance climate has emerged. In response, firms have mandated strategies to increase the visibility of compliance, such as increasing mandatory use of checklists. Audit partners express some concern that oversight of the profession has resulted in firms adapting their audit process in ways aimed at minimizing inspection risk and not necessarily improving audit quality.
Editorial: transplantation in the setting of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure—calculating chances
Authors: Izzy M. , Watt K. D.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Huebener et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14627 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14804.
Editorial: an argument for low‐dose thiopurine allopurinol combination use as first‐line therapy in inflammatory bowel disease—authors’ reply
Authors: Friedman A. B. , Sparrow M. P.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Friedman et al and Ansari and Aziz papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14571 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14687.
Letter: it is time to adopt new objective parameters to accurately identify patients with functional heartburn
Authors: Marabotto E. , Furnari M. , Giannini E. G. , Savarino V. , Savarino E.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Choksi et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14528.
Letter: can the overall gastrointestinal safety of celecoxib be extended to all COX‐2‐selective agents?
Authors: Scarpignato C. , Blandizzi C.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Yeomans et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14610.
A general Bayesian multilevel multidimensional IRT model for locally dependent data
Authors: Fujimoto Ken A.
Published: June 2018

Many item response theory (IRT) models take a multidimensional perspective to deal with sources that induce local item dependence (LID), with these models often making an orthogonal assumption about the dimensional structure of the data. One reason for this assumption is because of the indeterminacy issue in estimating the correlations among the dimensions in structures often specified to deal with sources of LID (e.g., bifactor and two‐tier structures), and the assumption usually goes untested. Unfortunately, the mere fact that assessing these correlations is a challenge for some estimation methods does not mean that data seen in practice support such orthogonal structure. In this paper, a Bayesian multilevel multidimensional IRT model for locally dependent data is presented. This model can test whether item response data violate the orthogonal assumption that many IRT models make about the dimensional structure of the data when addressing sources of LID, and this test is carried out at the dimensional level while accounting for sampling clusters. Simulations show that the model presented is effective at carrying out this task. The utility of the model is also illustrated on an empirical data set.
Neighborhood Context and Children's Development: When Do Neighborhoods Matter Most?
Authors: Leventhal Tama
Published: June 2018

In this article, I examine when neighborhoods matter for children's development. I review conceptual and empirical work on developmental timing, highlighting the dynamic interactions between neighborhood context and children's development in the first two decades of life, and incorporating the issue of residential mobility (children moving across or within neighborhoods). This research suggests that childhood may be a time when individuals’ achievement is sensitive to neighborhoods’ socioeconomic conditions, while moving in middle childhood or early adolescence may be most consequential for children's development, both in terms of achievement and socioemotional functioning. In both cases, cumulative exposure to neighborhood socioeconomic conditions or residential mobility in the first two decades of life may be more important for children's development than exposure during either childhood or adolescence, but it likely depends on their co‐occurrence and the outcome. I conclude by addressing methodological considerations for further study.
Management strategies to minimize the dredging impacts of coastal development on fish and fisheries
Authors: Wenger Amelia S. , Rawson Christopher A. , Wilson Shaun , Newman Stephen J. , Travers Michael J. , Atkinson Scott , Browne Nicola , Clarke Douglas , Depczynski Martial , Erftemeijer Paul L.A. , Evans Richard D. , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , McIlwain Jennifer L. , McLean Dianne L. , Saunders Benjamin J. , Harvey Euan
Published: June 2018

Accelerating coastal development and shipping activities dictate that dredging operations will intensify, increasing potential impacts to fishes. Coastal fishes have high economic, ecological, and conservation significance and there is a need for evidence‐based, quantitative guidelines on how to mitigate the impacts of dredging activities. We assess the potential risk from dredging to coastal fish and fisheries on a global scale. We then develop quantitative guidelines for two management strategies: threshold reference values and seasonal restrictions. Globally, threatened species and nearshore fisheries occur within close proximity to ports. We find that maintaining suspended sediment concentrations below 44 mg/L (15–121 bootstrapped CI) and for less than 24 hours would protect 95% of fishes from dredging‐induced mortality. Implementation of seasonal restrictions during peak periods of reproduction and recruitment could further protect species from dredging impacts. This study details the first evidence‐based defensible approach to minimize impacts to coastal fishes from dredging activities.
Which components of specialized early intervention for psychosis do senior providers see as most important?
Authors: Savill Mark , Sardo Angela , Patel Pooja , Loewy Rachel , Melnikow Joy , Niendam Tara
Published: June 2018

Aim

Specialized early interventions improve outcomes in early psychosis (EP). Experts have proposed a number of essential treatment components. However, it is unclear whether these reflect the views of senior clinic staff charged with implementing this model in practice.

Method

Twenty‐Five senior EP clinic staff across California completed a survey indicating which features of EP treatment they considered most important.

Results

Components related to the service structure and the need for a prompt, comprehensive assessment and care planning were considered most important, despite the limited evidence base evaluating these aspects of care. Administration of clozapine to treatment‐refractory patients and weight gain interventions were considered the least important, despite the relatively strong evidence base supporting these treatment components.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a bi‐directional dissemination gap, where components considered most important by senior providers receive limited research attention, while some areas with supporting evidence may be underappreciated in clinical practice.
Diagnostic investigation of an unusually large osseous cyst‐like lesion of the radial carpal bone
Authors: Hargreaves L. , Anderson J. D. C. , Fleck S. , Dixon J. J.
Published: June 2018

A 10‐year‐old Irish Sports Horse presented for intermittent, fluctuating lameness of the left forelimb. Nuclear scintigraphy, radiography and computed tomography identified a large osseous cyst‐like lesion (OCLL) occupying approximately 50% of the radial carpal bone with an articular communication to the antebrachiocarpal joint. A transcortical surgical approach was used to curette the lining of the lesion prior to injection with triamcinolone acetonide. This imaging report describes the detailed diagnostic findings of an unusually extensive OCLL in the radial carpal bone.
The Effect of Fiscal Decentralization on Corruption: A Non-linear Hypothesis
Authors: Alfano Maria Rosaria , Baraldi Anna Laura , Cantabene Claudia
Published: June 2018

This study advances the literature on the effect of decentralization on corruption by proposing a theoretical motivation for the hypothesis that the corruptionminimizing decentralization arrangement prescribes intermediate decentralization degrees: a ‘middle’ decision-making power of local governors may mitigate the tradeoff between the rent-seeking incentive for local politicians and the effectiveness of their voters’ monitoring. The estimation of a non-linear empirical model strongly confirms that a decentralization degree between 15% and 21% minimizes corruption even through different estimation procedures, introduction of control variables and the use of internal and external IV and of alternative decentralization and corruption measurements.
Diagnostic Tools to Assess Mass Removal Processes During Pulsed Air Sparging of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Source Zone
Authors: Bouchard Daniel , Marchesi Massimo , Madsen Eugene L. , DeRito Christopher M. , Thomson Neil R. , Aravena Ramon , Barker Jim F. , Buscheck Tim , Kolhatkar Ravi , Daniels Eric J. , Hunkeler Daniel
Published: June 2018

During remediation of contaminated aquifers, diagnostic tools can help evaluate whether an intended mass removal process was successfully initiated and acted on specific contaminants of concern. In this study, several diagnostic tools were tested in a controlled‐release in situ air sparging experiment that focused on the treatment of target hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). The tools included compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA), expression of functional genes (mRNA), and metabolites characteristic of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. Total and compound‐specific mass balances were established and used, along with traditional monitoring parameters, to validate the results from the various tools. CSIA results indicated biodegradation as the main process contributing to benzene and toluene removal. Removal process‐specific isotope shifts were detected in groundwater as well as in the system effluent gas. CSIA, metabolite, and mRNA biomarkers consistently indicated that both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene occurred, but that their relative importance evolved over time and were related to the treatment system operation. While the indicators do not allow quantification of the mass removed, they are particularly useful to identify if a removal process has been initiated, and to track relative changes in the predominance of in situ contaminant attenuation processes resulting from remediation efforts.
Clinical relevance of PD‐L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy
Authors: Neyaz Azfar , Husain Nuzhat , Kumari Swati , Gupta Sameer , Shukla Saumya , Arshad Sanya , Anand Nidhi , Chaturvedi Arun
Published: June 2018

Aims

Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), a potential target for immune checkpoint inhibitors in various solid neoplasms, has been studied in very few cases of Gall Bladder Carcinoma (GBC). The current study aimed to evaluate PD‐L1 expression at primary and metastatic sites of GBC, and its associations with standard prognostic clinicopathological parameters, as well as with overall survival.

Methods and results

One hundred and seventy‐four cases of GBC were evaluated for PD‐L1 expression by the use of the SP263 clone in tissue microarrays. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival data were correlated with PD‐L1 expression analysed at different cut‐offs of ≥1%, ≥10% and ≥50% in tumour cells and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The mean age of patients was 49.9 years, and the male/female ratio was 1:2.9. Of the cases, 73.6% presented with stage 3/4 disease. Tumour cells expressed PD‐L1 in 23.0% of cases, and TILs expressed PD‐L1 in 24.1% of cases. At a cut‐off of 10%, 14.9% of cases expressed PD‐L1, and at a cut‐off of 50%, 7.5% of cases expressed PD‐L1. Significant associations were seen between tumour proportion score and histological type (P = 0.004), histological grade (P = 0.004), nuclear grade (P = 0.008), nodal metastasis (P = 0.051), higher stage (P = 0.058), and TILs (P < 0.001). Tumour size, growth pattern, the presence of necrosis and lymphovascular emboli showed no significant associations with PD‐L1 in tumour cells or TILs. In synchronous paired samples from primary and metastatic lymph nodes, discordantly higher PD‐L1 expression was evident in lymph nodes. Overall survival was not associated with PD‐L1 expression (P = 0.546).

Conclusion

PD‐L1 does not appear to be a prognostic marker or influence survival in GBC patients. However, PD‐L1 expression occurs in one of four GBCs, supporting the future possibility of immune‐modulation therapy to improve the dismal overall survival.
Is a shift from research on individual medical error to research on health information technology underway? A 40‐year analysis of publication trends in medical journals
Authors: Erlewein Daniel , Bruni Tommaso , Gadebusch Bondio Mariacarla
Published: June 2018

Objective

In 1983, McIntyre and Popper underscored the need for more openness in dealing with errors in medicine. Since then, much has been written on individual medical errors. Furthermore, at the beginning of the 21st century, researchers and medical practitioners increasingly approached individual medical errors through health information technology. Hence, the question arises whether the attention of biomedical researchers shifted from individual medical errors to health information technology. We ran a study to determine publication trends concerning individual medical errors and health information technology in medical journals over the last 40 years.

Methods

We used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taxonomy in the database MEDLINE. Each year, we analyzed the percentage of relevant publications to the total number of publications in MEDLINE. The trends identified were tested for statistical significance.

Results

Our analysis showed that the percentage of publications dealing with individual medical errors increased from 1976 until the beginning of the 21st century but began to drop in 2003. Both the upward and the downward trends were statistically significant (P < 0.001). A breakdown by country revealed that it was the weight of the US and British publications that determined the overall downward trend after 2003. On the other hand, the percentage of publications dealing with health information technology doubled between 2003 and 2015. The upward trend was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The identified trends suggest that the attention of biomedical researchers partially shifted from individual medical errors to health information technology in the USA and the UK.
Quality assessment of diabetic foot ulcer clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Ghanbari Atefeh , Rahmatpour Pardis , Jafaraghaee Fateme , Kazemnejad Ehsan , Khalili Malahat
Published: June 2018

Objective

Nurses play an effective role in diabetic foot care and they should know the best evidence. In this way, implementations according evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines have positive effects on nurses’ practice and patient outcomes. The objective of this study was quality assessment of diabetic foot ulcer clinical practice guidelines.

Methods

Evidence about nursing care in diabetic foot ulcer in last 5 years was searched and categorized based on nursing diagnosis (ND) and evidence levels and was finally designed as a guideline. Quality appraisal of guideline was evaluated with AGREEII tool by an expert panel. AGREEII consists of 23 items, grouped in six domains: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence. Applicability of the guideline in clinical was assessed with a checklist by the nursing group. Data analysis was carried out with SPSS v.18 (descriptive statistics and binomial test).

Results

Of the 114 studies, evidence of 19 studies was selected. The guidelines had three parts: introduction, nursing recommendation, and appendix. Evidence was categorized according to 8 NDs. According to AGREEII, the guideline had the highest score in the “scope and purpose” (92.7%) and the lowest in “applicability” (76.2%) domains. Also, nurses reported the positive effect of implementation of guideline recommendations and lack of needed equipment for its implementation.

Conclusions

Guidelines received acceptable scores in all the domains of AGREEII. Based on nurses’ opinion, recommendations of guidelines will play an effective role in prevention, treatment, reduction of complication among diabetic foot patients. Therefore, adaptation, implementation, and evaluation of the guidelines were recommended.
Relationships between the spread of Caulerpa filiformis and fish communities on temperate rocky reefs
Authors: Bradley Daniel J. , Gladstone William , Gribben Paul E.
Published: June 2018

The previously sub‐dominant native marine macrophyte Caulerpa filiformis is now dominant on many sub‐tidal rocky reefs in New South Wales (NSW), Australia and is expanding its distribution. As C. filiformis is highly chemically defended and structurally different to co‐occurring habitat‐forming macrophytes, two key attributes that govern fish assemblages, we hypothesized that fish assemblages, particularly herbivorous fishes, would be different at sites where C. filiformis occurred from where it was previously absent and within sites, fish community structure would be correlated to the cover of C. filiformis. We investigated these hypotheses by determining reef‐associated fish assemblage attributes (assemblage structure, species richness, total abundance, Shannon‐Weiner diversity, abundance of herbivorous species) along transects within sites where C. filiformis was present and absent. Surprisingly, despite large patches and very high densities of C. filiformis on the reefs we sampled, at larger spatial scales (i.e., among sites) no fish assemblage metrics differed between sites with large stands of C. filiformis and sites without the alga. Moreover the abundance of one dominant herbivore, the rock cale Aplodactylus lophodon, was greater at sites within large beds of C. filiformis. At smaller spatial scales, however, i.e. within sites where C. filiformis was present, fish assemblages did vary as a function of C. filiformis cover along transects, although this was not consistent across sampling times. Overall, our results suggest that the potential effects of the spread of this alga on faunal communities warrants further investigation.
Histological development of the long‐snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus during ontogeny
Authors: Ofelio Claudia , Díaz Alcira Ofelia , Radaelli Giuseppe , Planas Miquel
Published: June 2018

The objective of the present study was to describe histological development of the European long‐snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus, to increase understanding of the biology and physiology of the species. Most vital organs were present in juveniles by the time of their release from the male's pouch. Digestive tract specialization occurred at 89 effective day‐degrees (D°eff), corresponding to 15 days post partum (dpp), with development of the first intestinal loop and mucosal folding. At 118 D°eff (20 dpp), lipids were being mobilized from the liver and oocytes attained the perinuclear stage. The fovea emerged at 177 D°eff (30 dpp), contemporaneous with the shift from pelagic to benthic behaviour in juveniles. At this stage, the most interesting feature was the formation of the second intestinal loop. Male gonads were never observed during the study (from 0 to 354 D°eff; 0–60 dpp), but the first oogonia were present at 30 D°eff (5 dpp). In 354 D°eff (60 dpp) juveniles, oocytes were observed in a cortical alveoli stage, indicating maturity. Low digestive efficiency was observed at early stages, which was due to a poorly developed gastrointestinal tract and an immature digestive tract prior to 89 D°eff. The present study demonstrates that approximately 89 and 177 D°eff represent two important transitional stages in the early development of H. guttulatus. At a temperature of approximately 19 ± 1°C and an age of 1 month (177 D°eff), main organs were fully functional, suggesting that the adult phenotype was largely established by that age, with females becoming mature at the age of 2 months (354 D°eff).
Description of a new species of Triplophysa (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Wu Wei‐Jun , He An‐You , Yang Jun‐Xing , Du Li‐Na
Published: June 2018

A new cave‐dwelling fish species Triplophysa guizhouensis is described based on specimens collected from Guizhou, China, in a subterranean system interconnected with the Hongshui River drainage. The species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters: eyes present; caudal fin with 14 branched rays; inner gill rakers of first gill arch 8–10; posterior chamber of air bladder developed; and body posterior of dorsal fin scaled. A key to species of Triplophysa in the Pearl River basin is provided.
Female‐biased dimorphism in size and age at maturity is reduced at higher latitudes in lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis
Authors: Morbey Yolanda E.
Published: June 2018

Female‐biased sexual dimorphism in size at maturity is a common pattern observed in freshwater fishes with indeterminate growth, yet can vary in magnitude among populations for reasons that are not well understood. According to sex‐specific optimization models, female‐biased sexual size dimorphism can evolve due to sexual selection favouring earlier maturation by males, even when sexes are otherwise similar in their growth and mortality regimes. The magnitude of sexual size dimorphism is expected to depend on mortality rate. When mortality rates are low, both males and females are expected to mature at older ages and larger sizes, with size determined by the von Bertalanffy growth equation. The difference between size at maturity in males and females becomes reduced when maturing at older ages, closer to asymptotic size. This phenomenon is called von Bertalanffy buffering. The predicted relationship between the magnitude of female‐biased sexual dimorphism in age and size at maturity and mortality rate was tested in a comparative analysis of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis from 26 populations across a broad latitudinal range in North America. Most C. clupeaformis populations displayed female‐biased sexual dimorphism in size and age at 50% maturity. As predicted, female‐biased sexual size dimorphism was less extreme among lower mortality, high‐latitude populations.
Field Experiments in Religion: A Dream Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Wright Bradley R. E.
Published: June 2018

Field experiments offer powerful tests of causality in real‐world settings. They have high validity—both internal and external—and require smaller inferential leaps than observational or laboratory methods. Nonetheless, they are rarely applied to religion. This article advocates for the frequent use of field experiments in the study of religion. It reviews their methodological advantages, and it identifies various ways that religion can be incorporated into a field experiment design. It proposes multiple strategies for creating feasible, ethical religion field experiments as well as optimizing them. Ultimately, field experiments have the potential to transform the study of religion.
6‐Formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ) is a Very Minor Photoproduct of Tryptophan at Biologically Relevant Doses of UVB and Simulated Sunlight
Authors: Youssef Antonia , von Koschembahr Anne , Caillat Sylvain , Corre Sebastien , Galibert Marie‐Dominique , Douki Thierry
Published: June 2018

Exposure to solar UV is at the origin of numerous photodegradation pathways in biomolecules. Tryptophan is readily modified by UVB radiation into ring‐opened and oxidized photoproducts. One of them, 6‐formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ), has been extensively studied in the recent years because it very efficiently binds to AhR, a major factor in numerous biologic processes, such as metabolism of xenobiotics. Unfortunately, little information is available on the actual yield of FICZ upon exposure to low and biologically relevant doses of UV radiation. In the present work, we used a sensitive and specific HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify a series of photoproducts induced by UVB and simulated sunlight (SSL) in solutions of tryptophan. FICZ represented only a minute amount of the photoproducts (0.02 and 0.03%, respectively). Experiments were repeated in culture medium where the yield of FICZ was also found to be very low, even when Trp was added. Last, no FICZ could be detected in cytosolic fractions of cultured cells exposed to SSL. Altogether, the present results show that FICZ is a very minor photoproduct and that it cannot be considered the only endogenous photoproduct responsible for the induction of AhR‐dependent responses in UV‐irradiated cells.
Apoptosis, Paraptosis and Autophagy: Death and Survival Pathways Associated with Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kessel David
Published: June 2018

The ability of photosensitizing agents to create photodamage at specific subcellular sites has proved useful for characterizing pathway(s) to cell death and for selecting optimal targets for anti‐tumor efficacy. Both apoptosis and autophagy can occur after photodamage directed at mitochondria, lysosomes or the ER, with the balance often a determinant of overall efficacy. A combination of lysosomal + mitochondrial targets is associated with enhanced efficacy. More recently, ER photodamage was found to evoke a mainly unexplored mode of photokilling that involves extensive cytoplasmic vacuole formation but does not represent autophagy. This has been termed “paraptosis” and appears to be a reaction to the appearance of misfolded ER proteins. This report is designed to summarize current knowledge relating to death pathways and update information relating to paraptosis as a PDT response.
Predictors of Suicide Attempts in Individuals with Eating Disorders
Authors: Ahn Jaeun , Lee Jung‐Hyun , Jung Young‐Chul
Published: June 2018

Objective

Although suicide is a major cause of mortality for individuals with eating disorders (EDs), researches about potential factors predicting suicide attempts in ED are insufficient. We sought to identify factors associated with suicide attempts in ED.

Method

A total of 899 patients with ED were assessed via structured interviews. To compare demographic and clinical characteristics of those who had attempted suicide with those who had not, we used chi‐square tests and independent t tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Then, binary logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with a history of suicide attempt.

Results

Among ED patients, 20.8% reported a history of suicide attempts. Among the whole sample, the diagnostic category was the most significant factor. History of self‐mutilating behavior, hospitalization history, comorbid depression, and impulse regulation were also important factors associated with suicide attempt. Within the subgroup, comorbid anxiety disorder, depression, and BMI in anorexia nervosa and hospitalization history, history of self‐mutilating behavior, comorbid depression, illness duration, and poor impulse regulation in bulimia nervosa were significant factors associated with suicide attempt.

Conclusions

Because modifying risk factors of suicide attempt is important for preventing completed suicide, clinicians should carefully evaluate and monitor the risk factors of suicide attempt.
Inviting construction: Primark, Rana Plaza and Political LEGO
Authors: Cook et al. Ian
Published: June 2018

Toys protest political corruption in Siberia, critique ISIS worldviews in London and illustrate Greece's financial and migrant crises. Geographers disagree about whether playing with things distracts us from, or helps us to more critically engage with, questions of justice, poverty, exploitation, environment and the commodity. Art activists in the academy say that working in creative ways can enliven and enhance our practices of research, publication and impact. Drawing together these debates about art, activism and geography, this paper asks what can be learned from recreating in LEGO and posting online scenes from the tense and changing socio‐economic relationships between investigative journalists, corporate executives and garment workers making clothes for a high street fashion retailer Primark before, during and after the catastrophic Rana Plaza garment complex collapse in April 2013. It also experiments with the composition of academic outputs, in the hope that that its arguments leap up from the page. And it finishes by inviting readers to try this approach for themselves.
The Analysis of the Compassion Levels of the Classroom Teachers in Terms of Different Variables
Authors: Çalışoğlu Murat
Published: June 2018

A teacher should be just and compassionate to be a good teacher. If there is weakness in these two, what a pity for those children who are trained by that teacher! Because one of the biggest diseases of this time is that mercilessness and unjustness are the raising trends. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mercy levels of the classroom teachers in terms of different variables. The study was conducted on 227 classroom teachers, 132 females and 95 males, working in Ağrı Province, Turkey in 2017.In the study, the Compassion Scale (CS) developed by Pommier (2011) and adapted to Turkish by Seher Akdeniz and Mehmet Engin Deniz was applied to the teachers. A statistical program was used to analyze the data. Frequency distribution to determine demographic characteristics, t test to analyze the relationship between compassion level and two independent variables, and ANOVA variant analysis to analyze the relationship between compassion level and variables more than two were used in the analyses of the data. The difference between the variables was interpreted on the basis of p0.05 significance level.According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant difference between the level of compassion of the teachers and the gender, the settlement they work in, and their term of office. It was determined that the mean scores of male teachers were higher than the female teachers in the dimensions of indifference, disconnection and intercourse in the sub-dimensions of compassion level, the mean scores of the teachers working in the village in the sub-dimension of being aware of the sharing is higher than the teachers working in the city, and the mean scores of the teachers with 6-10 years of period of office is higher than those with 16 years of period of office in the sub-dimension of being aware of the sharing and the mean scores of the teachers with 5 years and below of period of office is higher than those with 6-10 years of period of office in the sub-dimension of disengagement.It can be recommended that increasing the compassion levels of the teachers in social and school life will have a positive effect on their relationships with students. It is also of higher importance to analyze other variables which are thought to positively affect compassion.
On the Intermediary Effect of Organizational Policy: The Effect of Perceived Ethical Climate on Corruption Behavior of Teachers
Authors: Özen Fatmanur
Published: June 2018

Employees want to benefit from more sources of the organization to achieve their own goals in the direction of individual desires, which made them rivals in the sharing of income, responsibility, and promotion regarding the organization; thus, in organizations, political processes began to appear. Perceptions of what is considered ethically correct and how ethical issues are addressed within an organization constitutes the ethical climate of the organization. According to social psychology, behaviors of the individual are the function of the psychological environment perceived by the individual in which he or she is living or working. In that case, positively or negatively perceived organizational ethical climate has the possibility of reducing or increasing unethical behavior under the influence of organizational policy perception. In other words, corruption behavior, which means an employee's using public resources or power for his/her own interests, is likely to be affected both by organizational ethical climate and organizational policy perceptions. To examine these effects relational type path analysis used. The data were collected with "Organizational: Policy Perception, Ethical Climate, and Corruption" scales. Although the results of the research did not confirm the model established to determine the effect of ethical climate on teachers' corruption behavior under the intermediary influence of organizational policy; the ethical climate perceived as socially responsible and ruled are determined to have the effect of reducing the corruption behavior, while the attitude of superordinate and workmates of organizational policy perception have an increasing effect on the corruption behavior of teachers.
Variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons modulates both force steadiness and pegboard time in young and older adults
Authors: Feeney Daniel F. , Mani Diba , Enoka Roger M.
Published: June 2018

Key points

The fluctuations in force during a steady isometric contraction (force steadiness) are associated with oscillations in common synaptic input to the involved motor neurons.

Decreases in force steadiness are associated with increases in pegboard times in older adults, although a mechanism for this link has not been established.

We used a state‐space model to estimate the variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons during steady, isometric contractions.

The estimate of common synaptic input was derived from the discharge times of motor units as recorded with high‐density surface electrodes.

We found that the variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons modulates force steadiness for young and older adults, as well as pegboard time for older adults.

We investigated the associations between grooved pegboard times, force steadiness (coefficient of variation for force) and variability in an estimate of the common synaptic input to motor neurons innervating the wrist extensor muscles during steady contractions performed by young and older adults. The discharge times of motor units were derived from recordings obtained with high‐density surface electrodes when participants performed steady isometric contractions at 10% and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction force. The steady contractions were performed with a pinch grip and wrist extension, both independently (single action) and concurrently (double action). The variance in common synaptic input to motor neurons was estimated with a state‐space model of the latent common input dynamics. There was a statistically significant association between the coefficient of variation for force during the steady contractions and the estimated variance in common synaptic input in young (r2 = 0.31) and older (r2 = 0.39) adults, although not between either the mean or the coefficient of variation for interspike interval of single motor units with the coefficient of variation for force. Moreover, the estimated variance in common synaptic input during the double‐action task with the wrist extensors at the 20% target was significantly associated with grooved pegboard time (r2 = 0.47) for older adults but not young adults. These findings indicate that longer pegboard times of older adults were associated with worse force steadiness and greater fluctuations in the estimated common synaptic input to motor neurons during steady contractions.
Synthetic phonons enable nonreciprocal coupling to arbitrary resonator networks
Authors: Peterson Christopher W. , Kim Seunghwi , Bernhard Jennifer T. , Bahl Gaurav
Published: June 2018

Wavelike spatiotemporal modulation of discrete coupling elements creates synthetic phonons that enable nonreciprocal coupling.
Clonal Background, Resistance Gene Profile, and Porin Gene Mutations Modulate
In Vitro
Susceptibility to Imipenem-Relebactam in Diverse Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Gomez-Simmonds Angela , Stump Stephania , Giddins Marla J. , Annavajhala Medini K. , Uhlemann Anne-Catrin
Published: June 2018

Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CRE) are limited. While
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains harboring
bla
KPC
account for most CRE, recent evidence points to increasing diversification of CRE.
Biochemical and Structural Basis of Triclosan Resistance in a Novel Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase
Authors: Khan Raees , Zeb Amir , Roy Nazish , Thapa Magar Roniya , Kim Hyo Jeong , Lee Keun Woo , Lee Seon-Woo
Published: June 2018

Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (ENR), such as FabI, FabL, FabK, and FabV, catalyze the last reduction step in bacterial type II fatty acid biosynthesis. Previously, we reported metagenome-derived ENR homologs resistant to triclosan (TCL) and highly similar to 7-α hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7-AHSDH).
Sensitivity of Single-Molecule Array Assays for Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxins in Comparison to Conventional Laboratory Testing Algorithms
Authors: Banz Alice , Lantz Aude , Riou Brigitte , Foussadier Agnès , Miller Mark , Davies Kerrie , Wilcox Mark
Published: June 2018

Guidelines recommend the use of an algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of
Clostridium difficile
infection (CDI). Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) detecting
C. difficile
toxins cannot be used as standalone tests due to suboptimal sensitivity, and molecular tests suffer from nonspecificity by detecting colonization.
Modulation of Cellular CpG DNA Methylation by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Journo Guy , Tushinsky Carmel , Shterngas Asia , Avital Nir , Eran Yonatan , Karpuj Marcela Viviana , Frenkel-Morgenstern Milana , Shamay Meir
Published: June 2018

In cancer cells, certain promoters become aberrantly methylated, contributing to the phenotype of the tumor. KSHV infection seems to modify cellular CpG methylation, but only a few methylated promoters have been identified in KSHV-infected cells. Here, we investigated the CpG methylation of the human genome in KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and KSHV-infected cells. We have identified many hyper- and hypomethylated gene promoters and correlated their methylation with cellular gene expression. These differentially methylated cellular promoters can distinguish KSHV-positive cells from uninfected cells and may serve as the foundation for the use of these differentially methylated regions as potential biomarkers for KSHV-associated malignancies. Drugs that reverse these cancerous methylation patterns have the potential to inhibit tumor growth. Here, we show that treating PEL cells with a demethylating drug (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) led to inhibition of cell growth, raising the possibility of testing this drug for the treatment of PEL.
Pharmacologic Depletion of Microglia Increases Viral Load in the Brain and Enhances Mortality in Murine Models of Flavivirus-Induced Encephalitis
Authors: Seitz Scott , Clarke Penny , Tyler Kenneth L.
Published: June 2018

As CNS invasion by flaviviruses is a rare but life-threatening event, it is critical to understand how brain-resident immune cells elicit protection or injury during disease progression. Microglia have been shown to be important in viral clearance but may also contribute to CNS injury as part of the neuroinflammatory process. By utilizing a microglial depletion model, we can begin to parse out the exact roles of microglia during flaviviral pathogenesis with hopes of understanding specific mechanisms as potential targets for therapeutics.