bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the roles of microbial functional breadth and home‐field advantage in leaf litter decomposition
Authors: Osburn Ernest D. , Hoch Peter J. , Lucas Jane M. , McBride Steven G. , Strickland Michael S.
Published: February 2022

Soil biota are increasingly recognized as a primary control on litter decomposition at both local and regional scales, but the precise mechanisms by which biota influence litter decomposition have yet to be identified.

There are multiple hypothesized mechanisms by which biotic communities may influence litter decomposition—for example, decomposer communities may be specially adapted to local litter inputs and therefore decompose litter from their home ecosystem at elevated rates. This mechanism is known as the home‐field advantage (HFA) hypothesis. Alternatively, litter decomposition rates may simply depend upon the range of metabolic functions present within a decomposer community. This mechanism is known as the functional breadth (FB) hypothesis. However, the relative importance of HFA and FB in litter decomposition is unknown, as are the microbial community drivers of HFA and FB. Potential relationships/trade‐offs between microbial HFA and FB are also unknown.

To investigate the roles of HFA and FB in litter decomposition, we collected litter and soil from six different ecosystems across the continental US and conducted a full factorial litter × soil inoculum experiment. We measured litter decomposition (i.e. cumulative CO2‐C respired) over 150 days and used an analytical model to calculate the HFA and FB of each microbial decomposer community.

Our results indicated clear functional differences among decomposer communities, that is, litter sources were decomposed differently by different decomposer communities. These differences were primarily due to differences in FB between different communities, while HFA effects were less evident.

We observed a positive relationship between HFA and the disturbance‐sensitive bacterial phylum Verruomicrobia, suggesting that HFA may be an important mechanism in undisturbed environments. We also observed a negative relationship between bacterial r versus K strategists and FB, suggesting an important link between microbial life‐history strategies and litter decomposition functions.

Microbial FB and HFA exhibited a strong unimodal relationship, where high HFA was observed at intermediate FB values, while low HFA was associated with both low and high FB. This suggests that adaptation of decomposers to local plant inputs (i.e. high HFA) constrains FB, which requires broad rather than specialized functionality. Furthermore, this relationship suggests that HFA effects will not be apparent when communities exhibit high FB and therefore decompose all litters well and also when FB is low and communities decompose all litters poorly. Overall, our study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which microbial communities influence the decomposition of leaf litter.

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Soil enzymes in response to climate warming: Mechanisms and feedbacks
Authors: Fanin Nicolas , Mooshammer Maria , Sauvadet Marie , Meng Cheng , Alvarez Gaël , Bernard Laëtitia , Bertrand Isabelle , Blagodatskaya Evgenia , Bon Lucie , Fontaine Sébastien , Niu Shuli , Lashermes Gwenaelle , Maxwell Tania L. , Weintraub Michael N. , Wingate Lisa , Moorhead Daryl , Nottingham Andrew T.
Published: February 2022

Soil enzymes are central to ecosystem processes because they mediate numerous reactions that are essential in biogeochemical cycles. However, how soil enzyme activities will respond to global warming is uncertain. We reviewed the literature on mechanisms linking temperature effects on soil enzymes and microbial communities, and outlined a conceptual overview on how these changes may influence soil carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.

At the enzyme scale, although temperature can have a positive effect on enzymatic catalytic power in the short term (i.e. via the instantaneous response of activity), this effect can be countered over time by enzyme inactivation and reduced substrate affinity. At the microbial scale, short‐term warming can increase enzymatic catalytic power via accelerated synthesis and microbial turnover, but shifts in microbial community composition and growth efficiency may mediate the effect of warming in the long term.

Although increasing enzyme activities may accelerate labile carbon decomposition over months to years, our literature review highlights that this initial stage can be followed by the following phases: (a) a reduction in soil carbon loss, due to changing carbon use efficiency among communities or substrate depletion, which together can decrease microbial biomass and enzyme activity and (b) an acceleration of soil carbon loss, due to shifts in microbial community structure and greater allocation to oxidative enzymes for recalcitrant carbon degradation. Studies that bridge scales in time and space are required to assess whether there will be an attenuation or acceleration of soil carbon loss through changes in enzyme activities in the very long term.

We conclude that soil enzymes determine the sensitivity of soil carbon to warming, but that the microbial community and enzymatic traits that mediate this effect change over time. Improving representation of enzymes in soil carbon models requires long‐term studies that characterize the response of wide‐ranging hydrolytic and oxidative enzymatic traits—catalytic power, kinetics, inactivation—and the microbial community responses that govern enzyme synthesis.

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A physics‐guided neural network‐based approach to velocity model calibration for microseismic data
Authors: Zhang Hongliang , Akram Jubran , Innanen Kristopher A.
Published: February 2022

The physics‐guided neural network framework combines the effectiveness of data‐driven and physics‐based models, and it is, therefore, becoming increasingly popular in geophysical applications. We present a physics‐guided neural network–based approach to calibrate velocity models for microseismic data. In our implementation, the physics‐guided neural network comprises of a user‐selected number of fully connected layers, a scaling and shifting layer and a forward modelling operator layer. We input the observed P‐ and S‐wave arrival times to the neural network. In the forward pass, the network's output layer produces normalized P‐ and S‐wave velocities for the subsurface model. The scaling and shifting layer converts the normalized output to realistic velocity values. The forward modelling operator (i.e. a ray‐shooting algorithm) layer computes traveltimes using the velocities from the preceding scaling and shifting layer and the known source–receiver locations. We then evaluate a loss function that compares the predicted traveltimes with the input observed arrival times, and update network's weights and bias parameters. We also use a weight‐based saliency measure to evaluate whether the selected network architecture (i.e. number of hidden layers and neurons) is optimal for the model calibration problem. Finally, using synthetic data examples, we demonstrate that our unsupervised physics‐guided neural network–based approach can provide robust velocity model and uncertainty estimates.
Migrating to Global Reporting Initiative Guidelines: Does International Harmonization of CSR Information Pay?
Authors: Jeriji Maher , Louhichi Waël , Ftiti Zied
Published: February 2022

Thousands of organizations worldwide currently use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards to report on sustainability information. We use data from 39 countries over the 2010–2018 period to examine the incremental value relevance of the international harmonization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure. A propensity score matching–difference in differences (PSM‐DID) research design was used to avoid selection bias and endogeneity concerns. We find that migrating to the GRI guidelines destroys firm value. This relationship is stronger for firms with poor CSR performance, which suggests that market players, particularly institutional investors, consider GRI migration as a cost driver – at least in the short term. The introduction of other potentially confounding institutional factors highlights the effectiveness of the negative relationship between firm value and GRI migration for countries with more opaque financial markets and less sustainable business environments. Our findings have several implications for policymakers, academics and practitioners in understanding both the motivations and the consequences of CSR harmonization reporting on financial markets.
Treatment pattern, satisfaction, and productivity loss of patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in Korea: A multicenter cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hoon , Kim Yong‐Gil , Lee Seung‐Geun , Lee Soo Hyun , Kim Young‐Joo , Jeon Ja‐Young , Jo Joo‐Young , Yoo Hyun‐Jeong , Lee Juneyoung , Kim Tae‐Hwan
Published: February 2022

Aim

To provide in‐depth understanding of real‐world tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment patterns in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and treatment satisfaction, productivity loss, and associated factors.

Methods

This was a multicenter observational hybrid retrospective chart review and cross‐sectional survey study. Disease activity and physical functioning were measured using the Bath AS Disease Activity Index and Bath AS Functional Index, respectively. Treatment satisfaction was determined with the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM). Productivity loss was evaluated using the Korean version of the World Health Organization–Health and Work Performance Questionnaire.

Results

A total of 497 patients were enrolled (mean age 40.3 years, 85.3% male, mean AS duration 10 years). The mean duration of TNFi treatment was 6.2 years. Among the four TNFi considered, adalimumab (39.6%) and etanercept (23.5%) were most commonly used at study enrollment. The TSQM convenience domain score was lower than scores in the effectiveness, adverse effects, and global satisfaction domains. Subcutaneous syringe‐type injection and intravenous injection were associated with lower patient convenience satisfaction than subcutaneous pen‐type injection. Increased costs of lost productivity time were associated with female sex, unemployed status, and higher disease activity.

Conclusions

The most frequently prescribed TNFi was adalimumab, followed by etanercept. Etanercept was used for the longest duration. More convenient treatment options may enhance overall treatment satisfaction. Considerable loss in productivity due to AS was observed in this study. To reflect patients’ perspectives, further attention should be paid to factors associated with treatment satisfaction and productivity loss when selecting treatment options.
“Readiness for enhanced healthy aging” nursing diagnosis: Content validation by experts
Authors: Cardoso Rosane Barreto , Caldas Célia Pereira , Brandão Marcos Antônio Gomes , de Souza Priscilla Alfradique , Santana Rosimere Ferreira
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To validate the content nursing diagnosis “Readiness for enhanced healthy aging.”

Methods

Descriptive, methodological study of diagnostic content validation, using the Fehring model. The sample consisted of 74 nurses experts in gerontology, with knowledge in NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses.

Findings

The title, one definition, and the three defining characteristics proposed for the diagnosis were validated, as well as the suggestion of domain and location class in NANDA‐I Taxonomy II. The Diagnostic Content Validity Index was 0.81.

Conclusions

The validation of the diagnostic content by experts was fundamental for adequacy of the elements of the proposed diagnosis, which supported the elaboration of the diagnostic framework for submission to the NANDA‐I taxonomy.

Implication for nursing practice

The diagnosis “Readiness for enhanced healthy aging” can help nurses understand the phenomenon of “Healthy Aging” and, consequently, will support the planning and implementation of interventions aimed at promoting the health of the elderly population and those in the aging process. In addition, this diagnosis will offer nurses the opportunity to rethink health promotion strategies in their care plan, making a commitment to the population regarding the promotion of healthy aging, as recommended by the Word Health Organization.
Parental age and the risk of bipolar disorder in the offspring: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Polga Natália , Macul Ferreira de Barros Pedro , Farhat Luis C. , de Almeida Karla Mathias , Bloch Michael H. , Lafer Beny
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Whether parental age, i.e., paternal or maternal, at childbirth is associated with the risk of bipolar disorder (BD) in offspring remains unclear. We conducted a meta‐analysis of observational studies to address this gap.

Methods

PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to June 2021. Studies investigating the associations between parental age at childbirth (exposure) and the risk of BD in offspring (outcome) were eligible for inclusion in our study. Paternal and maternal age were examined separately. Odds ratio (OR) was used as the effect size index. Data were pooled through random‐effects meta‐analyses.

Results

Seven studies involving 3,183,539 participants and 23,253 individuals with BD were included in our meta‐analyses. Meta‐analyses indicated an increased risk of BD in the offspring of the older paternal age groups (35–44 years old [k = 5; OR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.05, 1.14; p < 0.0001] and ≥45 years old [k = 5; OR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.19, 1.14; p = 0.0001]) in comparison with the reference category (25–34 years old). Meta‐analysis also indicated an increased risk of BD in the offspring of the older maternal age group (≥40 years old [k = 3; OR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.10, 1.31; p < 0.0001]) in comparison with the reference category (20–29 years old).

Conclusions

Advanced paternal and maternal age were both associated with an increased risk of BD in offspring. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms behind this association.
Alcohol consumption trajectories over the Australian life course
Authors: Leggat Geoffrey , Livingston Michael , Kuntsche Sandra , Callinan Sarah
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

Alcohol consumption changes markedly over the life course, with important implications for health and social development. Assessment of these patterns often relies on cross‐sectional data, which cannot fully capture how individuals' drinking changes as they age. This study used data from 18 waves of a general population panel survey to measure drinking trajectories over the life course in Australia.

Design and Setting

Longitudinal survey data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey between 2001 and 2018.

Participants

A total of 20 593 individuals ages 15 or above in two samples assessing quantity‐frequency (n = 20 569, 52.0% female) and risky single occasion drinking (RSOD), respectively, (n = 17 340, 52.5% female), interviewed as part of HILDA.

Measurements

Usual quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion; frequency of drinking occasions per week; average daily consumption, calculated by combining reported usual quantity and frequency; and average reported frequency of RSOD per week.

Findings

Multilevel, mixed effects models run with fractional polynomial terms found similar male and female alcohol consumption trajectories for quantity‐frequency and RSOD measures. Usual quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion (5.4 drinks for men, 3.8 for women) and RSOD frequency (0.56 occasions/week for men, 0.38 for women) peaked in young adulthood, whereas frequency of drinking occasions (2.5 occasions/week for men, 1.7 for women) peaked in middle age. Middle‐age drinkers had the highest average daily consumption of alcohol (1.4 drinks/day for 54‐year‐old men, 0.6 drinks for 57‐year‐old women) and engaged in RSOD slightly less than young adults.

Conclusions

Alcohol consumption in Australia appears to vary substantially over the life course, with usual quantity per drinking occasion and frequency of risky single occasion drinking peaking during early adulthood and average daily consumption and frequency of consumption peaking in middle age.
Trajectories of alcohol consumption in relation to all‐cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a 35‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Ding Chengyi , O'Neill Dara , Britton Annie
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

Research into alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients' prognosis has largely ignored the longitudinal dynamics in drinking behaviour. This study measured the association between alcohol consumption trajectories and mortality risk in CVD patients.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

UK‐based Whitehall II Study.

Participants

A total of 1306 participants with incident non‐fatal CVD (coronary heart disease/stroke) events.

Measurements

Up to eight repeated measures of alcohol intake were available for each patient from the most recent assessment phase pre‐incident CVD and all subsequent phases post‐incident CVD, spanning up to three decades. Six trajectory groups of alcohol consumption were identified using group‐based trajectory modelling and related to the risk of all‐cause mortality, adjusting for demographics and changes in life‐style and health status.

Findings

Three hundred and eighty deaths were recorded during a median follow‐up of 5 years after patients' last alcohol assessment. Compared with patients who consistently drank moderately (≤ 14 units/week), former drinkers had a greater risk of mortality (hazard ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.19–2.54) after adjustment for covariates. There was no significantly increased risk of mortality in long‐term abstainers, reduced moderate drinkers, stable or unstable heavy drinkers. Cross‐sectional analyses based only on drinking information at patients' last assessment found no significant differences in mortality risk for abstainers, former or heavy drinkers versus moderate drinkers.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular disease patients who consistently drink ≤ 14 units/week appear to have a similar risk of mortality to those who are long‐term abstainers, which does not support a protective effect of moderate drinking on total mortality. Cardiovascular disease patients who stop drinking appear to have increased mortality risk compared with continuous moderate drinkers, but this may be linked to poor self‐rated health before cardiovascular disease onset.
Perspectives, understandings of dementia and lived experiences from Australian Aboriginal people in Western Australia
Authors: Gubhaju Lina , Turner Kyle , Chenhall Richard , Penny Elsie , Drmota Susan , Hawea Shanelle , Carroll Sophie‐Lee , Hunt Kerry , Eades Francine , Eades Sandra
Published: February 2022

Objective

We explored understandings about dementia and lived experiences from carers among community‐dwelling Aboriginal people in Western Australia (WA).

Methods

In partnership with Aboriginal medical services in WA, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with Aboriginal people in Perth and Bunbury. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded thematically.

Results

We conducted 39 interviews. Dementia was associated with ‘losing your memory’, a ‘change in behaviour’ and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasing awareness about dementia in the community was noted particularly to enable people to recognise the early signs, feel safe to ask for help and know how to best support families. Families were primarily responsible for caring for people with dementia and were finding it difficult to manage. They expressed negative experiences with currently available aged care facilities.

Conclusions

Increased awareness of dementia in the community through public health messaging and by health professionals and culturally secure services focussing on dementia care is required.
A comparison of praevia and non‐praevia outcomes in placenta accreta spectrum cases: A single centre analysis
Authors: Heading Rhiannon , Slade Laura , Kennedy‐Andrews Sue , Atkinson Elinor , Grivell Rosalie
Published: February 2022

Background

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) causes severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Antenatal diagnosis can optimise maternal outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. PAS cases where the placenta is not low lying are suggested to be more difficult to diagnose antenatally and are potentially associated with different outcomes.

Aim

The aim was to compare factors associated with births in PAS pregnancies with and without placenta praevia at a single tertiary centre over 15 years.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective review of all births complicated by PAS was conducted from a site‐specific database. Cases with and without a placenta praevia were analysed to compare differences in maternal risk factors, outcomes and histological diagnosis.

Results

Between June 2006 and July 2020 there were 134 cases of PAS, 106 with placenta praevia. Cases without praevia were less likely to have a history of previous caesarean section and to be admitted for delivery planning or with antepartum haemorrhage. A higher proportion of cases without praevia were delivered at term, with no overall difference in emergency or elective deliveries. There was a significantly lower rate of hysterectomy in the non‐praevia group. The overall estimated blood loss was significantly lower in those without praevia.

Conclusion

Suspected PAS without placenta praevia is at lower risk of hysterectomy and massive blood loss. The management approach can be tailored accordingly, with good operative outcomes with transverse abdominal and uterine incisions. Antenatal diagnosis can be difficult to accurately predict the degree of invasion, and a higher level of suspicion is required.
Systematic review of quantitative studies assessing the relationship between environment and mental health in rural areas
Authors: Batterham Philip J. , Brown Kimberly , Trias Angelica , Poyser Carmel , Kazan Dominique , Calear Alison L.
Published: February 2022

Objective

Physical and natural environments might strongly influence mental health and well‐being. Many studies have examined this relationship in urban environments, with fewer focused on rural settings. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise quantitative evidence for the relationship between environmental factors (drought, climate and extreme weather events, land use/environmental degradation, green space/vegetation, engagement in natural resource management activities) and mental health or well‐being in rural areas.

Design

Following a systematic search of three databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science), 4368 articles were identified, of which 28 met eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review.

Results

Poorer mental health and well‐being was typically found to have an association with extreme climate or weather events and environmental degradation. The observed relationships were largely assessed at area‐wide or community levels.

Conclusions

Studies examining the relationship between the environmental condition of land and mental health at an individual level, particularly within farms, are lacking. Addressing this gap in research requires interdisciplinary expertise and diverse methodology. Few studies examined the effects of natural resource management practices/principles or biodiversity on mental health. While there is evidence that extreme climate or weather events have a negative impact on mental health in rural areas, there remain considerable gaps in our knowledge of how rural environments influence mental health and well‐being.
Narrating Pandemics across Time and Space
Authors: Perrino Sabina M.
Published: February 2022

The unexpected arrival of the novel Coronavirus in January 2020 has changed many aspects of our daily lives and our sense of normalcy. This is not the first pandemic humans have faced, however. Older generations still remember their parents’ stories about the 1918‐1920 influenza pandemic, for example, which, like COVID‐19, caused serious respiratory problems, death, and fear of the unknown. Through my autoethnographic explorations across time and space, this essay examines how stories of past pandemics (re)emerge at a fast pace, reinforcing embodiments of dread and fear during COVID‐19’s trying times.
Residual tumor and primary debulking surgery vs interval debulking surgery in stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Sørensen Sarah Mejer , Høgdall Claus , Mosgaard Berit Jul , Dalgaard Maya Isabella Riise , Jensen Mai Partridge , Fuglsang Katrine , Schnack Tine Henrichsen
Published: February 2022

Introduction

It is debated whether women with FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer should be offered primary debulking surgery (PDS) or interval debulking surgery (IDS). Furthermore, the impact of complete resection of intra‐abdominal disease (R0) despite their extra‐abdominal metastases is questioned. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of intra‐abdominal residual tumor, Stage IVA vs IVB, the localization and number of metastases defining Stage IV disease on overall survival (OS) comparing PDS and IDS in FIGO Stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer.

Material and Methods

We included 2091 women registered with Stage IIIC–IV ovarian cancer in the Danish Gynecological Cancer Database during 2009–2016. The impact of residual tumor was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

In total, 681 patients had stage IV disease, of whom 26% underwent PDS, 38% IDS, and 36% chemotherapy only. Overall survival for PDS and IDS were similar. Patients achieving R0 at PDS showed a tendency towards a higher OS than patients achieving R0 at IDS, though the difference was non‐significant. In women with Stage IVA and IVB disease there was a survival benefit in achieving R0 both when treated with PDS and IDS. Women with Stage IVB disease treated with chemotherapy only had a significantly lower OS than patients achieving R0 at both PDS and IDS. Malignant pleural effusion and having five metastatic sites compared with having one was associated with a poorer OS.

Conclusions

Our study shows similar OS in patients with Stage IV disease treated with IDS compared with PDS. Complete intra‐abdominal tumor resection improves the prognosis in both PDS and IDS in Stage IV ovarian cancer. Malignant pleural effusion seems to be a negative prognostic factor and should have more focus in future studies.
Non‐tariff measures and Vietnam's export performance
Authors: Luu Dang Hai , Parsons Craig R.
Published: February 2022

The increasing importance of non‐tariff measures (NTMs) in international trade today presents a challenge for developing countries that are following an export‐led growth strategy. This paper investigates the effects of NTMs on Vietnamese exports. It considers NTMs imposed by importing countries and by the Vietnamese government itself. We find that for importing countries' NTMs the technical measures have a positive effect on Vietnamese exports, especially intermediate goods. Final products seem to be the target of non‐technical measures used by importing countries. With regard to Vietnam's export‐related NTMs, technical measures seem to be effective in increasing Vietnam's exports of final products to importing countries with a level of per capita income below US$11,462. For those importing country markets, the positive marginal effect of Vietnam's export‐related technical measures on exports of final products is higher in poorer countries. On the other hand, the non‐technical categories tend to negatively affect Vietnamese exports of intermediate goods.
Commoning the city for survival in urban informal settlements
Authors: Waliuzzaman S M , Alam Ashraful
Published: February 2022

There is a resurgent interest in the study of ‘urban commons’ in critical geography scholarship as a way to reimagine cities beyond the pervasive neoliberal framing. Inspired by this body of work, this paper explores the processes through which marginalised groups, despite their many socio‐economic limitations, negotiate and transform their sparse urban resources into ‘commons’ to survive in cities. We use qualitative interviews and participant observations to examine two case studies of informal settlements in Dhaka and Khulna city in Bangladesh. The ‘commons identikit’ is used to analyse how informal settlers negotiate survival by enacting particular social relationships among themselves and beyond, ensuring access, use, and exchange of materials and ideas, as well as distributing care, benefits, and responsibility of their commons. By bringing a commons perspective to the pre‐existing and emerging local tactics, we highlight the logics and relationality that help these communities make efforts of collective survival and aspire to a better future. We argue that there are significant practical benefits to recognising the self‐organising logics of the precariously positioned communities in the city. Furthermore, commoning the city constitutes a major extension of the theorisation of urban informal settlements and the city as urban commons.
Changes in the live birth profile in Henan, China: A hospital registry‐based study
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Chen Xi , Li Bingbing , Xia Lei , Zhang Shan , Ding Wenjun , Gao Liang , Liu Aiqing , Xu Falin , Zhang Ruili , Cui Shihong , Wang Xiaoyang , Zhu Changlian
Published: February 2022

Background

Preterm complications and neonatal asphyxia are the leading causes of death in those under 5 years of age. However, little information exists for the province of Henan, China. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in the live birth profile in a provincial hospital over the past 32 years in Henan, China.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted to reveal the characteristics of live neonates from 1987 to 2018.

Results

There were 118 253 live births during the period, including 19 798 (16.74%) preterm births. The neonatal death rate was 6.45‰, and the top risk factor was preterm birth complications and birth asphyxia. Before 1998, neonatal death occurred primarily among term infants. Between 1999 and 2018, preterm infants, especially extreme and very preterm infants with very low birthweight, constituted more than half of all mortalities, and the preterm birth rate increased from 5.94% in 1999 to 16.69% in 2018. The risk factors associated with preterm birth were being male (aOR = 1.18, P < 0.001), advanced maternal age (>35 years old; aOR = 1.08, P = 0.008), gravidity ≥2 (aOR = 1.15, P < 0.001), parity ≥2 (aOR = 1.50, P < 0.001), placenta previa (aOR = 7.41, P < 0.001), twin or multiple births (aOR = 10.63, P < 0.001), hypertension (aOR = 2.08, P < 0.001), and rupture of membrane (aOR = 5.03, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The preterm birth rate has increased over the past 32 years from 4.98% to 16.69% in a provincial hospital in China. Preterm birth was the leading reason for neonatal death, and birth asphyxia was the major risk factor for death in term infants.
Retracted: An enhanced ensemble machine learning classification method to detect attention deficit hyperactivity for various artificial intelligence and telecommunication applications
Authors: Sheriff Meeran , Gayathri Rajagopal
Published: February 2022

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental health disorder in teenager groups and it consists of a combination of problems. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that manifests itself in children and adolescents as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This research proposes a novel classification approach using BoostAlexNet model for ADHD automatic diagnosis. It consists of different pretrained methods like ResNet 101, NASNet, Xception, MobileNet, and InceptionV3. Based on the pretrained model, input MRI images are processed and integrated for the detection of abnormalities in ADHD MRI brain images of patients. The BoostAlexNet model is evaluated and comparatively observed with the existing techniques. The dataset for processing consists of 1359 CT images composed of ADHD and non‐ADHD. The validation range is set as 50 for each case with a total value of 150 and the network is trained with MRI images of 1069 for classification. The analysis of results expressed that BoostAlexNet exhibits higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity value of 93.67%, 0.93, and 0.97, respectively. The proposed BoostAlexNet classification technique achieves an accuracy of 93.67%. The developed model provides improved accuracy than the existing techniques.
Prevalence of missed lesions in patients with inadequate bowel preparation through a very early repeat colonoscopy
Authors: Pantaleón Sánchez Miguel , Gimeno Garcia Antonio‐Z , Bernad Cabredo Belen , García‐Rodríguez Ana , Frago Santiago , Nogales Oscar , Diez Redondo Pilar , Puig Ignasi , Romero Mascarell Cristina , Romero Sánchez‐Miguel Ivan , Caballero Noemí , Ibañez Ines , Hernandez Negrín Domingo , Bujedo Sadornill Gema , Pérez Oltra Alicia , Pérez Berbegal Rocio , Casals Gemma , Seoane Urgorri Agustín , Riu Pons Faust , Amorós Jaume , Alvarez‐Gonzalez Marco Antonio
Published: February 2022

Objectives

When bowel preparation (BP) is inadequate, international guidelines recommend repeating the colonoscopy within 1 year to avoid missing clinically relevant lesions. We aimed to determine the rate of missed lesions in patients with inadequate BP through a very early repeat colonoscopy with adequate BP.

Methods

Post hoc analysis was conducted using data collected from a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial including patients with inadequate BP and then repeat colonoscopy. Inadequate BP was defined as the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score <2 points in any segment. We included patients with any indication for colonoscopy. The adenoma detection rate (ADR), advanced ADR (AADR), and serrated polyp detection rate (SPDR) were calculated for index and repeat colonoscopies.

Results

Of the 651 patients with inadequate BP from the original trial, 413 (63.4%) achieved adequate BP on repeat colonoscopy. The median interval between index and repeat colonoscopies was 28 days. On repeat colonoscopy, the ADR was 45.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 40.5–50.1%), the AADR was 10.9% (95% CI 8.1–14.3%), and the SPDR was 14.3% (95% CI 10.9–17.7%). Cancer was discovered in four patients (1%; 95% CI 0.2–2.5%). A total of 60.2% of all advanced adenoma (AA) were discovered on repeat colonoscopy. A colon segment scored BBPS = 0 had most AA (66.1%) and all four cancers.

Conclusion

Patients with inadequate BP present a high rate of AAs on repeat colonoscopy. When a colonoscopy has a colon segment score BBPS = 0, we recommend repeating the colonoscopy as soon as possible.
Brain bases of English morphological processing: A comparison between Chinese‐English, Spanish‐English bilingual, and English monolingual children
Authors: Sun Xin , Marks Rebecca A. , Zhang Kehui , Yu Chi‐Lin , Eggleston Rachel L. , Nickerson Nia , Chou Tai‐Li , Hu Xiao‐Su , Tardif Twila , Satterfield Teresa , Kovelman Ioulia
Published: February 2022

How do early bilingual experiences influence children's neural architecture for word processing? Dual language acquisition can yield common influences that may be shared across different bilingual groups, as well as language‐specific influences stemming from a given language pairing. To investigate these effects, we examined bilingual English speakers of Chinese or Spanish, and English monolinguals, all raised in the US (N = 152, ages 5–10). Children completed an English morphological word processing task during fNIRS neuroimaging. The findings revealed both language‐specific and shared bilingual effects. The language‐specific effects were that Chinese and Spanish bilinguals showed principled differences in their neural organization for English lexical morphology. The common bilingual effects shared by the two groups were that in both bilingual groups, increased home language proficiency was associated with stronger left superior temporal gyrus (STG) activation when processing the English word structures that are most dissimilar from the home language. The findings inform theories of language and brain development during the key periods of neural reorganization for learning to read by illuminating experience‐based plasticity in linguistically diverse learners.
Should I stay or should I go: Hydrologic characteristics and body size influence fish emigration from the floodplain following an atypical summer flood
Authors: Walker Richard H. , Naus Christopher J. , Adams Steven Reid
Published: February 2022

Floods play an important role in regulating ecological patterns and processes in river–floodplain ecosystems. Yet, the hydrologic connectivity between many river–floodplain ecosystems has been severed by anthropogenic activities that have markedly altered these ecological processes. Superimposed over anthropogenic reductions in river–floodplain connectivity, climate change is also shifting flood characteristics to produce more intense, unpredictable floods. To more efficiently manage river–floodplain ecosystems, additional research characterising the ecological consequences of unpredictable floods on fish movements is required. In this study, we used a modified fyke net to characterise the patterns and identify the important drivers of lateral movements of fish emigrating from the floodplain during contraction of a high‐magnitude, late‐summer flood in the Fourche LaFave River, Arkansas, in 2007. We captured approximately 43,200 fish emigrating from the floodplain over an 8‐day period, representing 38 distinct species from 12 families. We related fish‐emigration patterns to different stages of flood contraction and linked species‐specific emigration to water‐level fluctuations and associated changes in floodplain habitat availability and quality. We also show that some species exhibit body‐size emigration patterns, where larger individuals emigrated from the floodplain earlier than smaller individuals. To meet conservation goals for maintaining healthy riverine ecosystems and the biodiversity they support, it will be necessary to continue characterising and identifying the ecological consequences of shifting flood characteristics within river–floodplain ecosystems.
Ultrasonic‐assisted phosphate curing: a novel approach to improve curing rate and chicken meat quality
Authors: Tong Huiquan , Cao Changwei , Du Yanli , Liu Yong , Huang Wei
Published: February 2022

The effects of ultrasound‐assisted phosphate curing (UPC), phosphate curing (PC), and deionised water curing (DC) on the quality of chicken breast meat were investigated. The analysis of tissue sections, low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR), and headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas‐phase mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) of water distribution, myofibrillary structure, and volatile components of the meat samples were performed to reveal the mechanism. Also, the curing rate, water holding capacity (WHC), and shear force of meat were assessed. The results revealed that ultrasonic‐assisted salting improved the meat salting rate, WHC, and tenderness by mechanically destroying the muscle fibre structure, increasing the space between the muscle fibre bundles, promoting water migration and uniform distribution, and reducing water freedom in the treated samples. In addition, HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS analysis revealed that PC significantly reduced the content of volatile flavour components in the chicken breast meat compared with DC (P < 0.05); however, the combination treatment with PC and ultrasonic curing could reconstruct the flavour loss caused by phosphate. Thus, our cumulative results suggest that the ultrasonic technology may effectively assist the processing technology in improving the quality of meat and reconstructing the flavour loss in meat products.
Quality evaluation of yellow corn (Zea mays cv. Everta) subjected to 27.12‐MHz radio frequency treatments for popcorn production
Authors: Sosa‐Morales María Elena , Andaluz‐Mejía Larissa Minerva , Cardona‐Herrera Román , Castañeda‐Rodríguez Luis Rey , Ochoa‐Montes Diana Angélica , Santiesteban‐López Norma A. , Rojas‐Laguna Roberto
Published: February 2022

Radio frequency (RF) treatments have been reported for pasteurization and disinfestation of diverse grains such as corn. Yellow corn (Zea mays cv. Everta) is the kernel employed for popcorn, a popular snack in different countries. In this study, yellow corn was subjected to RF heating (until reach 52 °C), holding time (1 min) and cooling with forced air (until room temperature) as a disinfestation protocol. RF heating took around 6 min for batches of 10 kg and 3.5 min for batches of 20 kg. Even moisture and water activity of the grains were affected by the protocol (P < 0.05), and similar physical properties were obtained in 20‐kg RF‐treated batches. As an advantage, the popping ability of the grains was not affected by the RF heating in comparison with untreated samples (P > 0.05). Short RF heating may be considered as potential treatment for yellow corn, keeping kernel conditions for popcorn production.
Breastfeeding and infant growth in offspring of mothers with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: The pregnancy and neonatal diabetes outcomes in remote Australia study
Authors: Longmore Danielle K. , Titmuss Angela , Barr Elizabeth , Barzi Federica , Simmonds Alison , Lee I‐Lynn , Hawthorne Eyvette , Derkenne Ruth , Connors Christine , Boyle Jacqueline , Zimmet Paul , O'Dea Kerin , Oats Jeremy , McIntyre Harold D. , Brown Alex , Shaw Jonathan , Maple‐Brown Louise J.
Published: February 2022

Background

Benefits of breastfeeding on infant growth in children born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are uncertain.

Objectives

To describe growth trajectories between birth and 14 months according to breastfeeding and maternal hyperglycaemia in pregnancy, and assess associations between breastfeeding and 14 month growth outcomes among children born to mothers with GDM.

Subjects/methods

Data on 258 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants from the PANDORA study born to mothers with normoglycaemia (n = 73), GDM (n = 122), or with pre‐existing type 2 diabetes (n = 63) in pregnancy were assessed. Infant weight and BMI growth trajectories according to predominant breastfeeding at 6 months and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy were developed using mixed‐effect models and cubic splines. Associations between breastfeeding and 14‐month growth outcomes (z‐scores: weight‐for‐age, weight‐for‐length and BMI) were evaluated using linear regression in a subgroup of infants born to mothers with GDM.

Results

Predominantly breastfed infants had lower BMI trajectories compared to those not predominantly breastfed, irrespective of maternal hyperglycaemia in pregnancy status (p < 0.01 for all groups), and lower weight trajectories among those born to mothers with GDM (p = 0.006). Among offspring of women with GDM, predominant breastfeeding was only associated with lower weight‐for‐age at 14 months, however adjusting for maternal obesity, smoking, and parity attenuated observed associations. Maternal obesity remained significantly associated with greater infant growth.

Conclusions

Predominant breastfeeding was associated with reduced growth among children born to women with and without hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. However, among children exposed to GDM in utero, maternal obesity largely explained this association.
The workplace and psychosocial experiences of Australian junior doctors during theCOVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hunter Roseanna , Willis Karen , Smallwood Natasha
Published: February 2022

Background

Junior doctors experience high levels of psychological distress and emotional exhaustion. The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in significant changes to healthcare globally, with quantitative studies demonstrating increased fatigue, depression and burnout in junior doctors. However, there has been limited qualitative research to examine junior doctors' experiences, challenges and beliefs regarding management of future crises.

Aims

To investigate the workplace and psychosocial experiences of Australian junior doctors working during the second wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Australian healthcare workers were invited to participate in a nationwide, voluntary, anonymous, single time point, online survey between 27 August and 23 October 2020. A qualitative descriptive study of responses to four free‐text questions from 621 junior doctors was undertaken, with responses analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

Participants were predominantly female (73.2%), aged 31–40 years (48.0%) and most frequently reported working in medical specialties (48.4%), emergency medicine (21.7%) or intensive care medicine (11.4%). Most (51.9%) participants had 0–5 years of clinical experience since medical graduation. Junior doctors described experiences related to four key themes: a hierarchical, difficult workplace culture; challenging working conditions; disrupted training and career trajectories; and broader psychosocial impacts. The COVID‐19 pandemic exacerbated longstanding, workplace issues and stressors for junior doctors and highlighted the threat that crises pose to medical workforce retention. There is an urgent need for authentic, positive workplace cultural interventions to engage, validate and empower junior doctors.

Conclusions

Challenging workplace cultures and conditions, which have worsened during the COVID‐19 pandemic, are associated with poor psychological well‐being in junior doctors. There exists a need for long‐term, widespread improvements in workplace culture and working conditions to ensure junior doctors' well‐being, facilitate workforce retention and enhance the safety and quality of patient care in Australia.
Modelling triadic relationships in families of children with intellectual disability
Authors: Williams Caitlin A. , Bailey Tom , Hastings Richard P.
Published: February 2022

Background

Existing research has predominately focused on dyadic relationships in families of children with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to build on emerging literature exploring triadic relationships between a mother, sibling, and child with intellectual disability, investigating how they influence each other's well‐being.

Method

An online survey was used to collect information regarding the mother's mental health and the emotional and behavioural problems of the sibling and the child with intellectual disability in 573 families.

Results

Using structural equation modelling, we found that maternal psychological distress was associated with higher levels of behaviour problems in the sibling, and the behaviour problems of the child with intellectual disability were associated with higher levels of maternal distress.

Conclusions

Family member well‐being is inter‐related in families of children with intellectual disabilities. Clinical interventions that improve the behaviours of children with intellectual disabilities should be considered.