bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of health belief model‐based short interviews in women in the postmenopausal period on the prevention of osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kolac Nurcan , Yıldız Ayşe
Published: December 2022

Aim

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of health belief model‐based short interviews on preventive behaviours for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Design and methods

A randomized pretest, posttest and follow‐up design was used. The study was conducted between June 2016 and June 2017 with an intervention (n = 41) and a control group (n = 41). The intervention group applied the Short Interviews Model for 12 weeks as a short interview programme that was created based on the health belief model. The study data were collected by the researcher using a descriptive information form, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, the Osteoporosis Self‐efficacy Scale and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test.

Results

In the posttest and follow‐up measurements, the mean scores of the intervention group on the total Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and its self‐efficacy and exercise sub‐dimensions and the total Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and its sub‐dimensions were significantly higher than those of the control group.

Conclusion

The short interviews held in this study provided evidence to guide women and nurses in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is recommended that the prevention of osteoporosis should be integrated into women's health programmes at the primary health‐care level.
Maternal insulin resistance and maternal β‐cell function during pregnancy for offspring overweight before 2 years of age among women with gestational diabetes
Authors: Gao Ming , Wang Hui , Li Weiqin , Wang Leishen , Li Ninghua , Qiao Yijuan , Zhang Tao , Li Jing , Yu Zhijie , Hu Gang , Leng Junhong , Yang Xilin
Published: December 2022

Objective

To explore associations of maternal insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction with offspring overweight before 24 months of age among children of Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

Offspring of women with GDM (n = 901) who were enrolled in a lifestyle trial during pregnancy were followed up to 24 months of age in Tianjin, China. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to examine full‐range associations of maternal homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and β‐cell function (HOMA‐%β) with childhood overweight. Logistic regression was performed to obtain the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of maternal high HOMA‐IR and low HOMA‐%β at diagnosis of GDM for offspring overweight within 12 months of age and at 13–24 months of age.

Results

Maternal high HOMA‐IR was associated with an increased risk of offspring being overweight within 12 months of age and at 13–24 months of age (OR: 1.71, 95%CI: 1.12–2.62 & 1.89, 1.13–3.17, respectively). Maternal low HOMA‐%β was associated with an increased risk of offspring being overweight at 13–24 months of age (1.64, 1.05–2.55).

Conclusions

Both maternal increased insulin resistance and decreased β‐cell function at diagnosis of GDM were associated with elevated risk of offspring overweight in early childhood among Chinese women with GDM.
The impact of adverse drug reactions on medication adherence and outpatient treatment outcomes in female breast cancer: A review protocol
Authors: Lin Irene D. , Lin Kuan‐Han
Published: December 2022

Aim

Discover the impact of adverse drug reactions of hormonal and chemotherapy on medication adherence and outpatient treatment outcomes in the breast cancer patient population.

Design

A systematic review following the reporting guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses Protocols (PRISMA‐P) guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology will be conducted.

Data Sources

A literature search will be conducted using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Medline and Scopus.

Review methods

Studies published in English before 2022 that report adverse drug reactions with medication adherence and outpatient treatment outcomes as primary outcome measures, following the initiation of one or more oral hormonal, endocrine and chemotherapy agents in female patients with diagnoses of breast cancer will be identified. Observational studies will be included for review, and two reviewers will independently screen study titles, abstracts and full text for inclusion. The quality assessment will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. A meta‐analysis will be conducted where sufficient data are available.

Results

This is a systematic review study protocol, and results are not available at the time of the submission. All results will be reported on the completion of this study.

Discussion

This systematic review will highlight the impact of medication non‐adherence on the breast cancer patient population, support determining strategies to address this issue and identify areas for further research.

Patient or public contribution

This protocol article will identify the impact of adverse drug reactions on medication non‐adherence and treatment outcomes in the female breast cancer patient population. A unique contribution of our study is to support determining strategies to address this ongoing public health issue and identify areas for further research.

Trial registration

This protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (registration number CRD 42021291364).
Drug Courts and the ‘Responsibility without Blame’ Approach
Authors: Nayfeld Nicolas
Published: December 2022

This article starts from a paradox and aims to solve it. On the one hand, although Drug Courts (DCs) are one of the most interesting penal innovations in recent years, running counter to the dominant retributive approach and the rival approach based on deterrence, they have surprisingly not attracted the attention of philosophers and therefore lack a solid philosophical foundation. On the other hand, although Pickard's ‘responsibility without blame’ approach looks very convincing on paper, its practical applications remain unclear outside the clinical context. I argue that Pickard's approach is the theoretical framework that DCs need and that they are a compelling application of it: DCs do ascribe to participants various forms of responsibility (criminal ‘liability‐responsibility’, responsibility of choice, responsibility for progress or failure, responsibility as answerability, tort liability) while striving to keep ‘affective blame’ at bay in order to help them regain their autonomy. However, I argue that some of the limitations of both this approach and DCs become apparent once we consider the ‘outer limits’ of DCs, in other words those who are terminated from DCs and those who refuse to enter DCs in the first place.
Individualized interventions and precision health: Lessons learned from a systematic review and implications for analytics‐driven geriatric research
Authors: Kahkoska Anna R. , Freeman Nikki L. B. , Jones Emily P. , Shirazi Daniela , Browder Sydney , Page Annie , Sperger John , Zikry Tarek M. , Yu Fei , Busby‐Whitehead Jan , Kosorok Michael R. , Batsis John A.
Published: December 2022

Older adults are characterized by profound clinical heterogeneity. When designing and delivering interventions, there exist multiple approaches to account for heterogeneity. We present the results of a systematic review of data‐driven, personalized interventions in older adults, which serves as a use case to distinguish the conceptual and methodologic differences between individualized intervention delivery and precision health‐derived interventions. We define individualized interventions as those where all participants received the same parent intervention, modified on a case‐by‐case basis and using an evidence‐based protocol, supplemented by clinical judgment as appropriate, while precision health‐derived interventions are those that tailor care to individuals whereby the strategy for how to tailor care was determined through data‐driven, precision health analytics. We discuss how their integration may offer new opportunities for analytics‐based geriatric medicine that accommodates individual heterogeneity but allows for more flexible and resource‐efficient population‐level scaling.
Lower urinary tract symptom severity, urinary bother, and incident life‐space mobility restriction among older men
Authors: Bauer Scott R. , Le Thu , Ensrud Kristine E. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Newman John C. , Suskind Anne M. , Covinsky Kenneth , Marshall Lynn M. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: December 2022

Background

Life‐space mobility represents the distance, frequency, and independence of mobility, ranging from one's bedroom to beyond their town. Older men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may limit their life‐space to stay close to a bathroom. However, it's unknown whether LUTS severity or urinary bother are associated with risk of life‐space mobility restriction.

Methods

We analyzed data from 3025 community‐dwelling men age ≥71 years without life‐space mobility restriction at analytic baseline (Year 7) of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. The American Urologic Association Symptom Index (AUASI) was assessed at baseline and includes one question assessing urinary bother (“If you were to spend the rest of your life with your urinary condition just the way it is now, how would you feel about that?”; score 0–1,2,3,4–6) and seven items to classify LUTS severity as none/mild (score 0–7), moderate (8–19), or severe (20–35). The University of Alabama Life‐space Assessment was used to define life‐space mobility restriction (≤60) at baseline and follow‐up (Year 9). We used log‐binomial regression with robust variance estimators to model adjusted risk ratios (ARR) for LUTS severity and urinary bother with incident life‐space mobility restriction, controlling for age, site, health‐related factors, and comorbidities. We then mutually adjusted for urinary bother and LUTS severity.

Results

Overall, the 2‐year risk of life‐space mobility restrictions was 9.9%. Compared to men without urinary bother (scores 0–1), the risk of life‐space mobility restriction was significantly higher among men with bother scores of 4–6 (ARR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.52, 3.19), independent of LUTS severity and confounders. Conversely, LUTS severity was not independently associated with the risk of life‐space mobility restriction.

Conclusions

Urinary bother, but not LUTS severity, is independently associated with incident life‐space mobility restriction among older men. To maintain life‐space mobility in older men with LUTS, future studies should identify shared mechanisms and interventions that minimize urinary bother.
Randomized controlled trial of the Marriage Checkup: Stress outcomes
Authors: Leth‐Nissen Astrid B. , Fentz Hanne N. , Trillingsgaard Tea L. , Stadler Gertraud
Published: December 2022

Several couple interventions targeting relationship distress also show beneficial effects on individual mental health. Yet, strikingly few studies report effects on perceived stress. This study examined the effects of a brief couple intervention, the Marriage Checkup (MC), on perceived stress. We randomly assigned 231 couples to receive two MCs (Weeks 7 and 51) or to a waitlist control. Survey data were collected at seven time points over 2 years and analyzed using multilevel models. We found no significant between‐group treatment effects on average stress at any time point. However, women, but not men, in the intervention group experienced decreased stress after the second MC (d = −0.23) and more women in the intervention group (26.5%) compared with the control group (14.9%) experienced reliable improvements in stress after the second MC. Overall, the MC did not result in main effects on stress but caused temporary reliable change in terms of stress relief for women.
Foot adaptation to climbing in ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Furnariida)
Authors: Leblanc Killian , Pintore Romain , Galvão Ana , Heitz Ezekiel , Provini Pauline
Published: December 2022

Furnariida (i.e. ovenbirds, woodcreepers and antbirds) cover diverse ecologies and locomotor habits, ranging from strictly terrestrial to climbing birds, with different degrees of acrobatic performances. We know that this variety of locomotor modes is linked to different limb morpho‐functional adaptations in other climbing clades of birds, such as woodpeckers and nuthatches. Here, we link the morphological variations to ecological categories, such as different locomotor habits and a gradient of acrobatic performances, in a phylogenetically informed analysis. We used a high‐density three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric approach on foot bones (tarsometatarsus and all toes) of 55 specimens from 39 species of Furnariida. We found a significant correlation between acrobatic performances and foot bone shapes, partly explained by the phylogenetic relationship between species. Dendrocolaptidae show specific anatomical features, linked to their acrobatic locomotor habits. More specifically, we found that: (1) foot bones are more robust amongst climbing Furnariida, (2) the spread between toes is wider amongst highly acrobatic Furnariida, (3) dermal syndactyly between digits II and III is linked to special osteological features interpreted as functional osteological syndactyly in woodcreepers (tail‐assisted climbers) and (4) the hallux claw is straighter than other claws in climbing Furnariida. Our study demonstrates that climbing Furnariida evolved common foot adaptations with subtle phenotypic variations depending on their climbing performances, refining our understanding of how evolution shapes interactions amongst structure, function and ecological traits.
Moral Agency in the Reproductive Marketplace: Social Egg Freezing in the United States
Authors: McDonald Emma
Published: December 2022

More and more women are turning to egg freezing as a strategy for managing conflicting timelines related to professional goals and family formation aspirations. Drawing on critical realism, this article argues that vicious aspects of the reproductive marketplace and the workplace along with cultural ideals of motherhood and the nuclear family incentivize agents to freeze their eggs. While individual egg freezers help contribute to the maintenance of structures and cultures that perpetuate inequalities related to class, race, and gender and hinder the flourishing of all women, ethical analysis should critique the structural and cultural forces that make egg freezing an attractive option for women balancing procreation and professional pursuits.
Understanding the effects of cheating configurations on team creative performance: A social impact theory perspective
Authors: Spoelma Trevor M. , Mai Ke Michael , Wei Wu
Published: December 2022

Unethical behavior is a persistent problem in teams that can stimulate harmful relationship conflict and undermine collective performance. Yet, when considering its impact, scholars tend to focus on the overall amount of unethical behavior and neglect how it is distributed within the team. We propose that considering the way unethical behavior is patterned within teams provides a new lens by which to uncover when unethical behavior has less of a harmful impact. Integrating typologies of team configurations with social impact theory, we theorize that the impact of cheating on relationship conflict and creative performance depends on the interaction between how it is configured (i.e., the amount and pattern of individual member cheating behavior) and levels of peer‐based rational control. In a diverse sample of almost one hundred teams, we find that relative to teams with a fragmented cheating configuration, teams with a bad apple cheating configuration experience less relationship conflict in contexts with high peer‐based rational control; an effect that subsequently impacts team creative performance. Our research demonstrates the value added by considering how cheating emerges as different team configurations and offers implications for interventions intended to suppress its harmful effects.
Neuroanatomical predictors of real‐time fMRI‐based anterior insula regulation. A supervised machine learning study
Authors: Caria Andrea , Grecucci Alessandro
Published: December 2022

Increasing evidence showed that learned control of metabolic activity in selected brain regions can support emotion regulation. Notably, a number of studies demonstrated that neurofeedback‐based regulation of fMRI activity in several emotion‐related areas leads to modifications of emotional behavior along with changes of neural activity in local and distributed networks, in both healthy individuals and individuals with emotional disorders. However, the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying self‐regulation of the emotional brain, as well as their relationship with other emotion regulation strategies, is still limited. In this study, we attempted to delineate neuroanatomical regions mediating real‐time fMRI‐based emotion regulation by exploring whole brain GM and WM features predictive of self‐regulation of anterior insula (AI) activity, a neuromodulation procedure that can successfully support emotional brain regulation in healthy individuals and patients. To this aim, we employed a multivariate kernel ridge regression model to assess brain volumetric features, at regional and network level, predictive of real‐time fMRI‐based AI regulation. Our results showed that several GM regions including fronto‐occipital and medial temporal areas and the basal ganglia as well as WM regions including the fronto‐occipital fasciculus, tapetum and fornix significantly predicted learned AI regulation. Remarkably, we observed a substantial contribution of the cerebellum in relation to both the most effective regulation run and average neurofeedback performance. Overall, our findings highlighted specific neurostructural features contributing to individual differences of AI‐guided emotion regulation. Notably, such neuroanatomical topography partially overlaps with the neurofunctional network associated with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, suggesting common neural mechanisms.
Valvular heart disease in pregnancy
Authors: Timmons Paul , Partridge Gemma , McKelvey Alastair , Lyall Hamish , Morosan Monica , Freeman Leisa
Published: December 2022

Key content

Pregnancy‐induced changes in haemodynamic physiology can place considerable strain on cardiac function in some women with valvular disease.

Regurgitant valve lesions are usually better tolerated in pregnancy than stenotic lesions, although the risk of obstetric complications is increased in both.

Pre‐conception counselling is essential for all women with valvular disease.

Optimising anticoagulation is a particular challenge in women with mechanical valves.

Learning objectives

To understand the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of maternal cardiac disease and how this affects counselling regarding decisions around pregnancy for women with valve pathology.

To understand how valve disease affects pregnancy and vice versa.

To gain insight into the anaesthetic and haematological considerations for managing women with valvular disease.

Ethical issues

What is the optimum anticoagulation regimen for women with mechanical heart valves in pregnancy that balances both maternal and fetal risks?
TRIZ as Innovative Method in English Language Teaching
Authors: Alkasem Batoul , Tilfarlioğlu Filiz Yalçin
Published: December 2022

Learning English is critical because English is an international language, and it plays a significant role in everyone's life. English serves as a gateway to the world. Education is a tool that allows students to both acquire knowledge and develop their creative thinking skills. The purpose of this study is to investigate the benefits of TRIZ implementation as an innovative method for foreign language teaching and learning, in English lessons to improve students' writing and reading skills. An experimental group and a control group were compared within the framework of a quasi-experimental research design. In the experimental group, English lessons, reshaped within the framework of TRIZ, an innovative teaching method, were held for two months. In the control group, any teaching activities shaped within the framework of the TRIZ method were not carried out. A pre-test and a post-test were used to analyze the effectiveness of the TRIZ method on students' writing and reading skills and to compare the experimental and control groups. In addition, observations (students' interactions with the teacher and their views on the teaching method used) were made to evaluate the participants in both classes and to compare their similarities and differences. In summary, within the framework of this research, it was concluded that the application of the TRIZ method in English lessons improves students' reading and writing skills and can help bring an innovative perspective to English Language Teaching.
Supervisión en psicología clínica: Una revisión sobre estudios empíricos 2012-2021
Authors: Botero-García Carolina , Giovanni Irene , Morales Arias Carolina
Published: December 2022

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la investigación sobre supervisión en psicología clínica en los últimos 10 años. Lo anterior con el propósito de señalar rutas futuras sobre investigación y formación en supervisión. Se realizó una revisión de literatura en la que se consultaron bases académicas usando el buscador EBSCO-host. El periodo de indagación fue 2012-2021. La consulta empleó las palabras clave en inglés: “clinical supervision” (OR) “supervision”, (AND) “therapy” (OR) “psychotherapy”, (OR) “psychological intervention” (OR) “behavioral intervention”. La búsqueda arrojó 123 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados se organizan en ocho categorías: modelos de supervisión, competencias/habilidades clínicas, relación entre las personas supervisora y supervisada, técnicas, instrumentos, variación de supervisión según enfoques, utilidad y evaluación. Se observó mayor frecuencia de investigación en las categorías de técnicas de supervisión, competencias/habilidades clínicas y de supervisión, la evaluación de la supervisión y la relación supervisor-supervisado. Se evidenció la escasez de investigaciones empíricas sobre los diferentes modelos y prácticas pedagógicas en la supervisión, porque la mayoría de los estudios se centran exclusivamente sobre la experiencia personal de supervisión.
Bearing Strength of Plastics and Plywood
Authors: Bond James
Published: December 2022

This paper reports the results of tests carried out under the supervision of Prof. Earl D. Hay in the materials-testing laboratory of the University of Kansas to determine the bearing strength of commercially available high-impact molded and laminated plastic sheets and resin-bonded birch plywood. Curves are shown for load versus deformation in per cent of bearing-pin diameter, and load versus permanent set in per cent of bearing-pin diameter. The tests demonstrated the inferiority of plywoods in bearing strength as compared with the reinforced plastics. Heating in most cases improves the bearing strength of specimens, while soaking them in water definitely decreases their strength, as compared with results on specimens conditioned at room temperature and a relative humidity of 55 per cent.
Pulverized Coal for Forge Furnaces
Authors: Engdahl R. B. , Graves F. E.
Published: December 2022

In the course of a survey to determine possibilities for the use of coal in the metallurgical industries, conducted for Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., at Battelle Memorial Institute, studies were made of the application of pulverized coal to forge furnaces. The results obtained and data compiled from the investigation of the action of pulverized coal in a small forge furnace in the laboratory are given in this paper. The conclusion is reached that pulverized coal is entirely suitable for use on many types and sizes of forging furnaces; that it has the same advantage of fluidity as gas and oil; and that it gives a flame of high emissivity which provides maximum heat transfer by radiation. Of particular importance is the fact that for most sections of the country it is the most economical fuel to use for this purpose.
Automatic Uniform Rolling-In of Small Tubes
Authors: Fisher F. F. , Cope E. T.
Published: December 2022

While successful methods for rolling-in large tubes, such as boiler tubes, have been developed, the rolling-in of tubes in surface condensers, feedwater heaters, air coolers, air heaters, and oil coolers has been mentioned but never described in the literature of the art. This paper reviews some of the current methods of rolling-in small tubes in heat exchangers, pointing out the shortcomings of each. The authors have conducted extensive investigations on the procedures of rolling-in small tubes and have devised an entirely new technique which they describe. The method employs an electric-motor-driven parallel-rolling self-feeding expander, which is entered to its full length into the tube end; damage to tube end and tube sheet and excessive friction between tool and tube or tube sheet being prevented by appropriately shaped ball-bearing thrust collars. The degree of expansion is controlled by a current-limiting relay. The effect of the starting current, which is greater in value than the setting of the current-limiting relay and would cause it to chatter, is controlled by an auxiliary switch built into the mechanism of the expander-motor drive. No special training or skill is required in the application of this technique.
Some Mechanical Properties of Plastics and Metals Under Sustained Vibrations
Authors: Lazan B. J.
Published: December 2022

A new oscillatory-type testing machine was developed for determining the mechanical properties of materials under alternating torsional stress. The damping capacity and dynamic modulus of rigidity of both plastics and metals were evaluated by the use of this machine and studies are reported of how these properties are affected by sustained cyclic stress below the endurance limit and also at impending fatigue failure. A similar dynamic testing machine was built for applying alternating direct stress, and parallel studies were made under axial loading conditions. The mechanical properties of selected materials in static tension, compression, and torsion were also determined to supplement the dynamic tests. The wide deviations observed between the static and dynamic moduli of elasticity for plastics are analyzed and are associated with the damping capacity of the material. The significance of these deviations, as related to the repeated constant-deflection type of fatigue test on plastics, is discussed. Experimental data on the damping capacities, dynamic moduli of elasticity, and some static mechanical properties are presented for mild steel, Duralumin, grade X laminated bakelite, laminated-canvas phenolic, and methyl-methacrylate plastic.
Bevel Gears in Aircraft
Authors: Candee Allan H.
Published: December 2022

This paper illustrates and describes some important applications of bevel gears in aircraft, and explains some of their advantageous features. The selection of bevel gears instead of parallel-shaft gears is dictated in many instances by the locations and arrangements of the driven equipment and the source of power. In cases where the related parts can be arranged to suit either general type of gear, the designer will make his selection according to experience and preference.
Effect of Deoxidation Practice on Creep Strength of Carbon-Molybdenum Steel at 850 and 1000 F
Authors: Miller R. F.
Published: December 2022

A co-operative investigation with the General Electric Company, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Climax Molybdenum Company, and Crane Company, of the effect of deoxidation practice on creep strength. One heat of C-1/2-Mo steel was deoxidized with silicon and 1.5 lb of aluminum per ton, another with silicon and 0.5 lb of aluminum per ton. Creep tests at 1000 F showed that, with similar microstructure, the low-aluminum steel has superior creep behavior. At 1000 F coarse ferrite-pearlite has higher creep strength than fine ferrite-pearlite but at 850 F the reverse is true.
Static Friction
Authors: Claypoole Walter
Published: December 2022

A new machine is described by means of which static friction between contacting surfaces separated by lubricating films of thickness approaching molecular dimensions can be measured with considerable precision. In a test run, a number of spot determinations of the static coefficient are made at closely spaced points over a short rubbing track not exceeding a few thousandths of an inch in length. The individual “slips” at the contact may be as small as 0.0002 in. The unit pressure is of the order of 500 psi. A significant correlation between static friction and the molecular structure and dimensions of a pure hydrocarbon lubricant has been established. Exceedingly smooth contacting surfaces overlaid with monomolecular films of strongly polar hydrocarbons have exhibited the phenomenon of vanishingly low static friction.
Developments in the Measuring of Pulsating Flows With Inferential-Head Meters
Authors: Beitler S. R. , Lindahl E. J. , McNichols H. B.
Published: December 2022

The measurement of pulsating flows with inferential-head meters has been rather undependable because of the fact that it was known that these measurements might be greatly in error due to pulsation, and no satisfactory instrument was available for measuring the intensity of the pulsation waves. This paper tells of two types of instruments which have been developed for measuring the frequency and amplitude, or the amplitude alone, of the differential pulsation wave which is the difference between the amplitude of the upstream and downstream pulsations and tells how these instruments are used. The results of considerable research are given to show how meter error varies with differential pressure and amplitude of pulsation waves.
Utilizing Pulverized Coal in the Metallurgical Industries
Authors: Herington C. F.
Published: December 2022

Following a brief outline of the early history of pulverized-coal firing, the author describes in some detail typical equipment which constitutes a modern installation, as best adapted for use in metallurgical furnaces. The relative effectiveness of burners is dealt with by examples. Coal-distribution systems including the pneumatic-transport system, are discussed, special note being taken of advantages of the latter type. Control systems are also considered, and the paper concludes with the presentation of operating data and cost figures.
The Dynamic Viscosity of Nitrogen
Authors: Sibbitt W. L. , Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L.
Published: December 2022

After discussing the existing data on the dynamic viscosity of nitrogen, as reported by various investigators, the authors present the results of a determination of the dynamic viscosity of nitrogen. A nickel capillary 118 ft long was used in the investigation. Data are reported which cover 45 calibration tests and 395 tests on nitrogen at pressures up to 1020 psia and 923 F. An equation is presented which expresses the test results over the entire range of pressures and temperatures covered by the investigation.
The Testing of Volute Springs
Authors: Sterne Bernhard
Published: December 2022

During the past year test work on volute springs has been undertaken on a scale probably never equaled before. The results of this work have necessarily influenced the theoretical thinking. Tests have been conducted both on suspension springs, which are under continuous static load, and on bumper springs which are normally unloaded. Laboratory tests on suspension springs took place for an extended period at constant stroke and predetermined heights with the help of a converted press. More lately, the springs have been tested at constant stroke and predetermined maximum load on a new constant-stress test machine. Field tests have been conducted at the proving grounds, partly over extremely rough terrain. The paper gives some instances of the redesigning of volute springs which was prompted by test results. It also deals with static loading tests, both axial and radial, and with differences in results caused by different manufacturing methods.
Notes on Secondary Stresses in Volute Springs
Authors: Fuchs H. O.
Published: December 2022

Besides the torsion stress which can be calculated from twisting moment and cross section, other, secondary, stresses appear in volute springs; these are caused chiefly by the variation of twist from section to section or by bending of the spring. They may reach high values in the small-diameter coils. An approximation theory is given for the calculation of secondary stresses; strain-gage measurements and distortions of springs are shown. It is proposed to reduce the stresses on the smallest coils by three means, all of which would facilitate manufacture: (a) By increasing the inner diameter of the spring; (b) by supporting the ends more firmly with full-thickness stub tails; (c) by winding the straight blade on a slightly conical mandrel to produce a variable helix angle and more desirable stress distribution.
Studies of Heat Transmission Through Boiler Tubing at Pressures From 500 to 3300 Pounds
Authors: Davidson W. F. , Hardie P. H. , Humphreys C. G. R. , Markson A. A. , Mumford A. R. , Ravese T.
Published: December 2022

This paper is a report on studies of heat transfer and pressure drops in steam-generating tubes at pressures from 500 to 3300 psi and under exposure to furnace heat in large steam-generating units. Most of the test surfaces were in the form of flat spirally coiled tubes, but for comparison one straight tube 50 ft long was tested. Specific problems investigated include the influence of variations of the steam-water ratio and of variations in tube dimensions (scale factor) on tube-metal temperatures and on pressure drops. Some data relate to tubes operating under conditions approaching those often associated with operating failures. The test conditions were extended in several instances to include water below the saturation temperature.

Some of the possible engineering analyses of the data have been made. Such an analysis of the relation of metal temperature to heat absorption and internal fluid conditions led to the proposal of a function ϕ which seems to offer some possibilities of development as a function correlating the factors influencing an abnormal rise in metal temperature. Similarly an analysis of the pressure drop has led to the proposal of a modification of the usual pressure-drop correlation to include the thermodynamic effect of transverse-momentum changes during evaporation.

Supplementary investigations reported upon include pressure drop of water at saturation temperature for the pressure range 250 to 2500 psi, through flow-distributing equipment designed for forced-circulation boilers, and heat-transfer coefficients for the specific auxiliary equipment used.
Aerodynamic Center, Control and Stability of Airplanes
Authors: Reissner Hans
Published: December 2022

In this paper the author proposes a representation of the longitudinal control, and of the longitudinal static-stability theory of the airplane: (1) By a consistent and exclusive use of the aerodynamic centers of all carrying airfoil bodies and the moment coefficients about these centers; (2) by the reference of all states of flight and of the location of the center of gravity to a basic state of flight with noncarrying tail plane and neutral fuselage orientation, with the characterization of other states of flight by the lift force and an effective angle of attack of the tail plane; (3) by the value of the ratio of static moments of wing and tail about the center of gravity as the measure of stability, which must overcome mainly the destabilizing moment of the fuselage and of the propeller. The analysis shows a relatively great effect of the fuselage and propeller moments on the control and stability. Both effects necessitate a greater force of the elevator and appear as the second important destabilizing terms in the stability condition.
Some Observations on Density and Shrinkage of Ponderosa Pine Wood
Authors: Cockrell R. A.
Published: December 2022

California timber has largely been obtained from original old-growth forests of redwood, ponderosa pine, and sugar pine, to the point where these forests are rapidly becoming depleted. Future supplies of these species must come from second-growth forests established on cutover land. However, prejudices have developed against the use of second-growth timber, especially redwood and ponderosa pine. Some of these may be justified, but others are based solely upon false assumptions and misinformation. To clarify the situation, this paper presents the results of a preliminary survey of density and shrinkage percentages of California ponderosa pine, as related to growth rate, position in tree, and age. These properties considered together constitute a fairly reliable index of the mechanical and physical characteristics of wood. Strength, hardness, and ease of working with tools are related directly to wood density, and the seasoning behavior of the wood is associated with its differential shrinkage.
Rate of Ice Formation
Authors: London A. L. , Seban R. A.
Published: December 2022

A general approximate method for the solution of the freezing problem is presented with applications to ice formation at spherical, cylindrical, and plane boundaries. The degree of approximation is investigated, and the results of the analysis are indicated to be of satisfactory accuracy for the solution of engineering problems. Utilization of the analytical results in the prediction of freezing times for actual systems produces good agreement with quoted performance.
Heat Transfer to a Fluid Flowing Periodically at Low Frequencies in a Vertical Tube
Authors: Martinelli R. C. , Boelter L. M. K. , Weinberg E. B. , Yakahi S.
Published: December 2022

There are available in the literature many data for the transfer of heat from a tube to an enclosed fluid flowing with steady, unidirectional motion. Knowledge with respect to the applicability of such steady flow data to the analysis of heat transfer from a pipe to a fluid, the velocity of which is a periodic function of time, is necessary for the solution of certain types of heat-transfer problems. An outstanding example of a system in which such periodic heat transfer occurs is the internal-combustion engine under detonating and nondetonating conditions. The experiments (1) described in this paper are the beginning of a long-range program on the subject of heat transfer in the cylinders of internal-combustion engines and, although the results of the tests are not immediately applicable to engine analysis, some light is shed on the phenomenon.
Application of Turbine-Supervisory Instruments to Power-Generating Equipment
Authors: Roberts J. L. , Dimond H. M.
Published: December 2022

Proper application and use of turbine-supervisory instruments promote efficient operation and prolong the life of power-generating equipment. Equipment is available to record turbine conditions in terms of shaft eccentricity, bearing vibration, shell expansion, speed, and camshaft position. A nonrecording interference detector may also be provided. The interpretation of typical records made by these instruments is a feature of the paper. Not the least important function of the records is the indication given of mechanical trouble in turbine or generator. Case examples of detecting incipient failures are included by the authors.
Mechanics of Sheet-Metal Bending
Authors: Schroeder William
Published: December 2022

The author discusses the basic mechanical phenomena occurring during the bending of sheet material. Analytical methods are given whereby all aspects of behavior during and after bending, such as forming pressure and springback, can be accurately predicted on the basis of the stress-strain diagram of the material. An experimental and analytical study of the strain distribution in the bend is also included.
Drying Characteristics of Vegetables—Riced Potatoes
Authors: Brown A. H. , Kilpatrick P. W.
Published: December 2022

The food necessities of war conditions have brought into prominence the dehydration of foods on a scale never before undertaken. Many agencies are studying the problems involved, but comparatively little information is as yet available in the literature. The present paper takes into account the current shortage of construction materials in its approach to developing experimental data upon which basis dehydrators may be designed and built. The equipment involved, the conditions of the investigation, as applied to the dehydration of riced potatoes, and the analysis of experimental results lead to the presentation of a rational theory of dehydrator design and operation.
Portable Oil-Well Drilling and Servicing Equipment
Authors: Moon James
Published: December 2022

This paper deals mainly with descriptions of certain oil-well drilling and servicing equipment carrying its own derrick as well as the necessary hoisting and rotary drilling equipment. Such equipment is mounted permanently and integrally on wheels, making it completely mobile over highway and across country. The equipment described is of two types, i.e., self-propelled or trailer-mounted. In either case, the entire machine is transportable, virtually with no disassembly; and moving from one well to another has proved to be a matter of minutes. Design and design requirements of this equipment and records showing its usefulness are discussed. Figures are given concerning the saving of steel. Safety requirements and their effect upon the design are also considered, as well as the requirements concerning the use of such equipment over state highways.
Theory of the Expanding of Boiler and Condenser Tube Joints Through Rolling
Authors: Nadai A.
Published: December 2022

Tubes in industrial water heaters, steam boilers, and condensers of turbines are fitted in the holes of adjoining drums or head plates by expanding the tube ends. These are slightly enlarged by means of small revolving rolls. In one large steam condenser many thousands of such tube joints have to be rolled, and in high-pressure boilers these joints must remain tight under several thousands of pounds pressure at high temperatures. The investigation reported in this paper, of the conditions under which tube joints are expanded and made pressure-tight, was undertaken at the suggestion of R. A. Bowman, manager of condenser engineering, of the South Philadelphia Works of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, early in 1942. The pressure of the revolving rolls creates a radial plastic distribution of stress in the tube wall and around the hole in the adjoining heavy steel plate. After the tube end has been rolled, a system of residual stresses remains locked up near the joints which is essential for its pressure tightness. These plastic states of stress have been investigated for various types of the stress-strain characteristics of the tube metal and steel of the head plates. Simple rules are used for computing the stresses in a moderately thick-walled tube under external and internal pressure, either in the elastic or in the plastic state of stress.
Fatigue Characteristics of Rubber
Authors: Yost F. L.
Published: December 2022

Repeated oscillations eventually will cause rubber or synthetics to deteriorate and crack from “dynamic fatigue.” If maintained under constant stress just below its tensile strength, rubber will break from the high stress. This phenomenon is characterized as “static fatigue.” Both vibration and loading are involved in practical applications of rubber and synthetics, and the material fails generally from a combination of these two causes. The author presents data resulting from quantitative studies made on rubber and synthetic samples covering both types of failure. These are considered separately, and then practical conclusions are drawn from the combination of the two.
On the Failure of the Area Metric for Validation Exercises of Stochastic Simulations
Authors: Eça L. , Dowding K. , Roache P. J.
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses the application of the area metric to the quantification of modeling errors. The focus of the discussion is the effect of the shape of the two distributions on the result produced by the Area Metric. Two different examples that assume negligible experimental and numerical errors are presented: the first case has experimental and simulated quantities of interest defined by normal distributions that require the definition of a mean value and a standard deviation; the second example is taken from the V&V10.1 ASME standard that applies the Area Metric to quantify the modeling error of the tip deflection of a loaded hollow tapered cantilever beam simulated with the static Bernoulli–Euler beam theory. The first example shows that relatively small differences between the mean values are sufficient for the area metric to be insensitive to the standard deviation. Furthermore, the example of the V&V10.1 ASME standard produces an Area Metric equal to the difference between the mean values of experiments and simulations. Therefore, the error quantification is reduced to a single number that is obtained from a simple difference of two mean values. This means that the area metric fails to reflect a dependence on the difference in the shape of the distributions representing variability. The paper also presents an alternative version of the Area Metric that avoids this filtering effect of the shape of the distributions by utilizing a reference simulation that has the same mean value as the experiments. This means that the quantification of the modeling error will have contributions from the difference in mean values and the shape of the distributions.
Finite Element Simulation of Proportional, Integral, and Derivative-Controlled Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation of Porcine Spinal Muscle
Authors: Kumru Hanife Tugba , Attaluri Anilchandra , Gordin Vitaly , Cortes Daniel
Published: December 2022

Radio frequency ablation (RFA) of the medial branch nerve is a widely used therapeutic intervention for back pain originating from the facet joint. However, multifidus denervation is a well-known adverse effect of this RFA procedure. Computational simulations of RFA can be used to design a new multifidus-sparing RFA procedure for facet joint pain. Unfortunately, there is not a computational model available for RFA of porcine spines (a common animal model for the translation of spinal treatments). The objective of this study is to develop and verify a computational model for bipolar radio frequency ablation of porcine spine muscle. To do this, the electrical and thermal conductivity properties were measured over a temperature range of 20–90 °C in ex vivo porcine spinal. A proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controlled finite element (FE) model was developed and tuned to simulate the ablation process. Finally, tissue temperatures from simulations and experimental ablations were compared. Thermal conductivity values of spinal muscle ranged from 0.33 W/mK to 0.57 W/mK. Similarly, electrical conductivity varied from 0.36 S/m to 1.28 S/m. The tuned PID parameters for temperature-controlled model were KP=40, Ki=0.01, and Kd=0. A close agreement between experimental measurements of tissue temperature and simulations were observed in the uncertainty range with R-squared values between 0.88 and 0.98. The model developed in this study is a valuable tool for preclinical studies exploring new RFA methods of spinal nerves.