bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The #GoAtlanticBlue and the All-Atlantic Ocean Youth Ambassador Initiative to raise awareness of and promote the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Rae Margaret
Published: March 2020

The Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance was launched on the signing of the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation between Canada, the European Union and the United States of America in May 2013.  A request to raise the visibility of the Atlantic Ocean was made by the trilateral Galway Statement Implementation Committee.  In answer, the #GoAtlanticBlue campaign was created and piloted in June 2019 alongside World Oceans Day as this highly visible way to raise the profile of the Atlantic Ocean in people’s everyday lives and promote a reconnection with the Atlantic Ocean.

The #GoAtlanticBlue celebrating the Atlantic Ocean and our connections to it asked people and places to don blue garments, blue face paint, blue wigs and celebrate their connections whether they be livelihoods, inspiration, health and wellbeing or sustainable actions and developments for the ocean that could be celebrated.  At night, the ask was to light up in blue and celebrate these connections.  All were asked to share on social media.  The success of this endeavour will be described and the next level of ambition will be discussed.

Following on from the June event, in August 2019 an All-Atlantic Ocean Youth Ambassador summer school was held at the special request of the Healthy Oceans & Seas Unit at the European Commission DG Research and Innovation. The All-Atlantic Ocean Youth Ambassador initiative is supported by the All-Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance under the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation and the Belém Statement on Atlantic Ocean Research & innovation Cooperation. 23 Youth Ambassadors participated in this event from 15 countries along and across the Atlantic Ocean.  Three (3) campaigns types were co-created during this time under the umbrella of #MyAtlanticStory, #GoAtlanticBlue.  These campaigns as well as the All-Atlantic Ocean Youth Ambassador Forum launched in Brussels in February 2020 will be described and their success to date shown.
Effects of winter chilling vs. spring forcing on the spring phenology of trees in a cold region and a warmer reference region
Authors: Yang Yue , Li Mai-He , Wu Zhengfang , He Hong S. , Du Haibo , Zong Shengwei
Published: March 2020

Regions at high latitudes and high altitudes are undergoing a more pronounced winter warming than spring warming, and such asymmetric warming will affect chilling and forcing processes and thus the spring phenology of plants. We analyzed winter chilling and spring forcing accumulation in relation to the spring phenology of three tree species (Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii, and Syringa oblata) growing in a cold region (CR) compared with trees in a warmer reference region (WR, using the Dynamic Model and the Growing Degree Hour (GDH) model. We tested that forcing rather than chilling affects the spring phenology of trees in CR (hypothesis I), and that trees in CR have both lower chilling and lower forcing temperatures and thus longer accumulation periods than trees in WR (hypothesis II). In line with our hypotheses, forcing played a crucial role in spring phenology in CR, but chilling and forcing combined to determine spring phenology in WR. The temperatures during the chilling and forcing periods were lower and the accumulation period started earlier and ended later in CR than in WR. Moreover, the chilling accumulation was broken into two periods by the low deep winter temperature in CR. We conclude that asymmetric warming, with a stronger temperature increase in winter than in spring, could decrease the forcing accumulation effects and increase the chilling effects on the spring phenology of plants in CR. This change in the balance between chilling and forcing will lead to a shift in plant phenology, which will further have major impacts on biogeochemical cycles and on ecosystem functioning and services.
Deriving the ancient lunar pole path from impact induced gravity anomalies
Authors: Smith David E , Zuber Maria T , Goossens Sander J , Neumann Gregory A , Mazarico Erwan
Published: March 2020

The large anomalies in the lunar gravity field are in most cases the result of large impacts that occurred more than 3 billion years ago.  Today those anomalies provide the stability of the lunar rotation and if removed would cause a change in the position of the intersection of the spin pole with the lithosphere. Thus, extracting a gravity anomaly from today’s gravity field can provide the approximate location of the pole of rotation prior to the impact that caused the anomaly.  By removing the gravity field of each anomaly in order of age, youngest first, we can estimate the path of the lunar pole back 3 to 4 billion years, to the beginning of the time of heavy bombardment.

Starting from the GRAIL gravity model we selectively remove large gravity anomalies by first determining the center and dimensions of the anomaly from the Bouguer gravity and then deriving the average free air gravity for the Bouguer location and dimensions. The anomaly field is expanded into spherical harmonics and the degree 2 terms used to derive the change in pole position caused by the anomaly. Removing each anomaly in order of increasing age provides an estimate of the pole path from before the time of the first anomaly, SP-A.  Since the pole path depends on the order of the gravity anomalies being created it is important to know when each impact induced anomaly occurred.  The results suggest the re-constructed motion of the lunar pole of rotation is within approximately 10 dgerees of the present pole.
Linking Cloud Variability with Surface Radiation Budget over the Continental United States Using NASA CERES Satellite Observations and CMIP6 Model Simulations
Authors: Fu Danning
Published: March 2020

The surface radiation budget is defined by the difference between the downward and upward components of shortwave and thermal infrared longwave radiation at the surface. The instability of the surface radiation budget plays a significant role in climate change and variability through the modulation of temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, etc. Clouds are believed to be a key factor to regulate such energy imbalance at the surface, as they generally reflect shortwave radiation from the sun and emit infrared radiation. Specifically, we are going to focus on the continental United States and answer the following questions: How is the surface radiation budget varied with time and space in the observations? How do clouds impact variations of surface radiation budget? How do state-of-the-art global climate models capture these observed features? What can they tell us about future changes in the surface radiation budget?

To investigate these questions, the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) observations will be used, along with model simulations from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We will first focus on the surface radiation budget from CERES observations in the 21st century, and examine their seasonal cycles, spatial patterns, long-term trends, and interannual variations over the continental United States. More importantly, we are going to investigate how cloud variability, including cloud types, cloud amount and cloud water content, influences the surface radiation budget. Then the CMIP6 historical simulations will be compared with CERES observations over the same time period. In addition, the CMIP6 future scenario simulations will be used to investigate how the surface radiation budget changes from the middle and late 21st century to the early 21st century. Overall, this study will help us to better understand the cloud and radiation variations in the past, as well as build credibility in the hindcast and future projections of surface energy budget over the continental United States.
The maximum likelihood climate change for global warming under the influence of greenhouse effect and Levy noise
Authors: Zheng Yayun
Published: March 2020

An abrupt climatic transition  could be triggered by a single extreme event, and an alpha-stable non-Gaussian Levy noise  is regarded as a   type of noise to generate such extreme events. In contrast  with the classic Gaussian noise, a comprehensive approach of the most probable transition path  for systems under alpha-stable Levy noise is still lacking. We develop here a  probabilistic framework, based on  the nonlocal Fokker-Planck equation, to investigate  the maximum likelihood climate change for  an energy balance system under the influence of  greenhouse effect and  Levy fluctuations.  We find that a period of the  cold climate state can be interrupted by a sharp shift to the warmer one due to  larger noise jumps with low frequency. Additionally,  the climate change for warming 1.5 degree under an enhanced greenhouse effect generates a step-like growth process. These results provide  important insights into  the underlying mechanisms of abrupt climate transitions triggered by a Levy process.
Synergistic impacts of climate and land cover change, and water management on terrestrial hydrology over headwaters with an integrated attribution framework
Authors: Ji Peng , Yuan Xing
Published: March 2020

Located over eastern Tibetan Plateau, the upper Yellow River basin (UYRB) provides about half of the total annual discharge of the entire Yellow River basin in northern China, and influences more than one hundred million people over downstream regions. In the Anthropocene, human activities such as greenhouse gases emission, human-induced land cover change and water management are changing the terrestrial hydrological process and streamflow extremes over UYRB. However, quantifying their separate influence is a great challenge due to limited observations and difficulty in modeling hydro-thermal processes over alpine regions.

Here we find significant fingerprints of anthropogenic climate change and land cover change in decreasing total water storage and increasing extremely low streamflow over UYRB headwater. While anthropogenic climate change, reservoir operation and land cover change significantly decreasing the probability of extreme flooding event over the UYRB by 31%, 45% and 10% respectively. The newly-developed Conjunctive Surface-Subsurface Process version 2 (CSSPv2) land surface model was first implemented at a high resolution (3km) over the UYRB. Comprehensive evaluations show the model well captures the variation and variability of hydrological variables. Simulations with and without land cover change were then compared to assess the impact of land cover change, while reservoir influence was calculated by comparing the modeled naturalized streamflow with observed streamflow. CSSPv2 was also driven by CMIP5 outputs with natural or anthropogenic forcings to assess influence of anthropogenic climate change. An integrated hydro-climate attribution framework was finally used to unify the contributions of different factors. Our results highlight the local-scale human influences (including land cover change and water management) on the streamflow extremes, which are still not well incorporated in current global climate models for detection and attribution studies.
Using net primary productivity and water use efficiency for assessing the degree of land degradation and rehabilitation in the Northeast Asia dryland region
Authors: Kang Sinkyu , Kang Wenping
Published: March 2020

Changes in vegetation productivity and species composition have been used as conventional indicators of land degradation and rehabilitation assessments. The two biophysical parameters vary nonlinearly during land change process with various time lags, which provide, as a whole, a useful framework to diagnose degree of land degradation and rehabilitation. In this study, the net primary productivity (NPP) and water use efficiency (WUE), which are the proxies of vegetation productivity and ecophysiological properties related to species composition, were combined to develop an eco-physiological framework to assess the degree of land degradation in the Northeast-Asia dryland regions (NADR) from 1982 to 2012. Results from long-term trends analysis showed early, middle or late degradation stages occurred in northern grassland and central barren or sparsely vegetated regions, respectively, while the rehabilitation prevailed in eastern croplands and forest, southern, and western grassland. In contrast, short-term trend analysis illustrated the recent rehabilitation in mideastern Mongolia and Loess Plateau, which was unseen in long-term trend analysis. The spatial patterns and temporal changes of land degradation and rehabilitation could be explained partly by either or both natural and anthropogenic factors. Longterm drying and warming might induce land degradation in northern and central NADR, respectively, while the recovery projects and wetting conditions after 2000s promoted the land rehabilitation in Loess Plateau and mid-eastern Mongolia. Here, our NPP–WUE framework may contribute further conceptual development and rapid assessments on land degradation and rehabilitation in wide geographic regions.
Using Data-based Modeled Groundwater Model to Developing Groundwater Optimal Pumping Strategy – A Case of Taipei Basin
Authors: Tseng Hua-Ting , Yu Hwa-Lung , Chang Tsang-Jung
Published: March 2020

The Taipei Basin is located in the northwestern part of Taiwan. In the past, it faced the problem of ground subsidence due to the over-pumping of the groundwater layer. Later, due to the implementation of control policies, the situation of groundwater over-pumping has greatly improved, but now it is exposed to the risk of soil liquefaction due to the high groundwater level.

This research mainly trying to do two things. The first one is to establish the MODFLOW model by objective methods. Because the MODFLOW model was often established based on subjective conditions in the past it results that everyone has a different model in the same research area. This study tries to establish a more objective model. The second thing is to use the established model to develop an optimal pumping strategy, hoping to establish a pumping strategy that can minimize the risk of formation subsidence and soil liquefaction. This study includes an economical loss to assist in quantifying risk. The other constraints are well capacity, nonnegative constraint, soil liquefaction groundwater level upper limit and land subsidence water level lower limit. Evaluating the optimal groundwater control strategy by minimizing economical loss through MODFLOW parameterization using Monte-Carlo simulation.
Modeling the coseismic landslide using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach: a case study of 2016 Aso-Bridge landslide, Japan
Authors: Tang Chen-Hsun , Lin Guan-Wei
Published: March 2020

An earthquake-induced large-scale landslide could lead to catastrophic disasters. In order to understand the characteristics of a coseismic landslide, the numerical simulation is a method worth using to reconstruct the movement process of the landslide. The study uses the coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian (CEL) method to simulate the processes of the Aso-Bridge landslide triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (ML 6.5) in Japan. Simulation results are consistent with terrain changes after the collapse and can be used to deduce the ground motion caused by the mass movement.

First of all, the mass movement changed from gradual deformation to rapid displacement when the earthquake acceleration exceeded 0.1 g. Second, the maximum velocity of the landslide reached 35 m/s, and the affected area was successfully estimated. Third, the ground motions induced by the simulated landslide at the ground surface revealed that sliding mass impacted the downslope channel at 40 s after the earthquake occurred. The amplitude of simulated landslide-induced ground motions was more significant than that of ambient noise after the main earthquake ended. Because the ground motions caused by the coseismic landslide were hidden in the vibration of the earthquake, it is difficult to distinguish it from the earthquake's shakes. The results in the study indicated that when the earthquake ended, unfinished landslide-induced ground motions may be identified from the records of nearby seismic stations. The CEL simulation provided valuable information to evaluate the impact of a coseismic landslide.   

Keywords: coseismic landslide, coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, Aso-bridge landslide
Modeling of Low Impact Development Nutrient Reduction Performance in the Lake Simcoe Watershed
Authors: Li James
Published: March 2020

Stormwater quality management has evolved from traditional centralized downstream control devices (e.g. ponds and wetlands) to distributed low impact development practices (LID) at the source (e.g. bioretention, porous pavement, greenroof).  In order to develop master LID plans for municipalities in the Lake Simcoe watershed (3576 km2), a new modeling approach was developed.  The challenge of modeling small scale LID practices over a watershed scale was resolved using unit response functions (URF) of different types of LID.  The concept of URF is based on the linear assumption of LID performance on a watershed level where routing is not important.  Detailed URF of runoff and nutrient reduction were developed on a lot level using US EPA SWMM models and linked with lot level characteristics such as imperviousness percentage.  The process of modeling include: (1) screening of appropriate LID across the watershed based on identification of unsuitable areas (e.g. wellhead protection area, NaCl concentration, industrial land use) and prioritization suitable lots which maximize environmental benefits and demonstration potential; (2) development of hydrological unit response functions of each type of LID (i.e. average annual runoff and nutrient loading reduction) using US EPA SWMM models; (3) aggregation of the cumulative runoff and nutrient reduction of all appropriate LID at each municipalities; (4) cost-effective analysis of different combinations of LID (i.e. Pareto front); (5) recommendation of the preferred LID combinations for each municipal within the watershed .  Results of the modeling indicate that (1) the average annual runoff volume reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 20% and 33%; and (2) the average annual phosphorus reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 2.0 to 2.7 tonnes per year.  This study has demonstrated a new modeling approach of small scale LID over watershed scales. 
Colloidal dynamics of soil clay under the effect of fine-sized biochars: Implication for biochar amendment towards preventing clay loss and soil erosion
Authors: T. Mai Nga , T. T. Pham Nga , T. Q. Nguyen Anh , T. N. Nguyen Anh , M. Nguyen Anh , T. H. Bach Nhung , L. Do Chi , T. Nguyen Thom , H. Nguyen Nam , Dultz Stefan , N. Nguyen Minh
Published: March 2020

In soils clay loss by leaching and surface runoff is one of the initial steps increasing the risk of erosion. Here we set out to determine the effect of fine-sized biochar amendment on colloidal dynamics of soil clay, with the aim of answering whether biochar addition enhances or curbs soil erosion. Fine-sized biochar samples were prepared from fern Dicranopteris linearis’s biomass under non-biochar-oriented pyrolysis (open heating) and biochar-oriented pyrolysis (N2-supported heating) over a temperature range from 400 to 900°C. The clay fraction (< 2 µm) separated from a clay-rich soil in a hilly area of the Red River basin containing relatively high amounts of kaolinite was tested for its dispersion properties under the presence of the prepared biochars. Surface charge of biochar-soil clay mixtures was determined by polyelectrolyte titration using a particle charge detector, while corresponding colloidal properties of the mixtures were examined by the test tube method. Both, the soil clay fraction and biochar samples showed strongly negative surface charge and their surface charge was variable depending on pH. In a pH range from 3 to 10 and at an electrolyte background of 0.01 M NaCl, surface charge of the clay fraction decreased from -1.68 to -44.75 mmolc Kg-1, while the biochars surface charge varied from -0.6 to -48.8 mmolc Kg-1. Soil clays were more strongly dispersed in the presence of biochars by increasing electrostatic repulsive forces. The biochar preparation method had a crucial role for surface charge properties of biochars and in consequence colloidal dynamics of biochar-clay mixtures. The N2-supported pyrolysis at lower temperatures does not increase charge density but creates a more porous structure, thereby increasing the total negative net charges. As a result, the N2-supported biochars favor clay dispersion more effectively, while the open-pyrolysis biochars showed lesser effects. Our results indicate that fine-sized biochar amendments generally enhance the risk of clay loss, however, such techniques for creating low-charged biochars can help to decrease clay dispersibility when applying biochar for soil.
Challenging Drinking Water Affordability and Wastewater Services in Urban Environments
Authors: Buurman Joost , Xenarios Stefanos , Araral Eduardo , Ong Corinne
Published: March 2020

The urbanization trend is an undeniable fact worldwide in large and small cities.  This trend demands the allocation of vast amount of water resources in cities for drinking and sanitation purposes to ensure a sustainable living.  The sufficient and good water quality as well as the provision of adequate wastewater services is a core element for the sustenance of urban centers independently of its scale.

Many of the water supply and wastewater authorities (WWS) are currently facing major challenges on the continuous and uninterrupted provision of services.  Rapid urbanization, aged infrastructure, water scarcity, poor water quality and network loses are some of the challenges to be currently met.

The response to many of the above issues demands the increase of operational and maintenance costs that have to be born mostly or entirely by the users. A big debate on the affordability of the urban dwellers to cover the water supply and waste expenditures is currently ongoing.

The current study will assess the affordability of water users in urban centers to cover the basic consumption and secure a minimum amount of water.  Also, the study will investigate water affordability indicators among different cities for the sustainable operation of the WWS in 21st century.

We will assess 5 different type of urban types to better capture the water affordability trends at large. Namely, the following types will be assessed a) New cities with rapid urbanization b) Old cities with existent aged network c) Water scarce cities with difficulty to access water sources d) Hazard prone cities with high vulnerability on water-risk problems e) Water sufficient cities, which however take measures on securitization of water resources. Examples from developing and developed countries will be drawn to examine the affordability issue in context specific and case-specific studies.
New particle formation characteristics in the Arctic (Zeppelin, Svalbard)
Authors: Lee Haebum , Lee KwangYul , Krejci Radovan , Aas Wenche , Park Jiyeon , Park Ki-tae , Lee Bang Yong , Yoon Young-Jun , Park Kihong
Published: March 2020

Continuous measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles down to 3 nm was conducted in the Arctic (Zeppelin) from Oct 2016 to Dec 2018. The measured size distributions of particles from 3 nm to 60 nm were classified into distinct clusters with mode diameters of 10 nm (cluster 1), 20 nm (cluster 2), 30 nm (cluster 3), and 50 nm (cluster 4). Cluster 1 includes newly formed particles with high population which was often observed in summer season. A significant amount of nanoparticles down to 3 nm often appeared during new particle formation (NPF), suggesting that the NPF happened near the site rather than being transported from other regions after growth. The average NPF occurrence frequency per year was found to be 28%. The particle formation rate (J3-7) for particles in 3 nm to 7 nm was 0.044 cm-3 s-1 on average, ranging from 0.001 to 0.714 cm-3 s-1. The average growth rate (GR3-25) was around 2.62 nm h-1. Even though the NPF occurrence frequency in the Arctic was comparable to other areas (highly or moderately polluted areas), the intensity of NPF events (e.g. J3-7 and GR3-25) was much smaller than other continental areas. The increase of nanoparticles occurred more frequently when the air mass passed over the south and southwest ocean region, and concentration of NH3 increased in the NPF event days compared to non-event days, suggesting that that the marine biogenic and animal sources played important roles in the NPF. The NPF occurrence criteria previously developed was also applicable for the NPF in the Arctic.
The effect of boichar on the emission of N2O from a calcareous soil
Authors: Dong Wenxu , Walkiewicz Anna , He Caohui , Bieganowski Andrzej , Hu Chunsheng
Published: March 2020

Biochar additions may mitigate N2O emissions from soil. The mechanisms underpinning the mitigation of emissions remain to be elucidated. A series of incubation experiments were performed to investigate the effects of biochar on N2O production and reduction in columns with a low-fertility or high-fertility soil, with or without the injection of N2O in the subsoil and with and without glucose (to stimulate denitrification). Biochar was added to the calcareous soils in 0 and 1% (w/w) amounts and moisture was maintained at 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS) over the incubation period. The results revealed that biochar reduced the emissions of soil-produced N2O by 37−47% and those of injected N2O by 23−44%. The addition of glucose solution strongly increased N2O emissions, while biochar reduced total N2O emissions by as much as 64−81% and those of injected N2O alone by 29−51%. Differences between the low-fertility and high-fertility soils in the apparent N2O emission mitigation by biochar were relatively small, but tended to be larger for the low-fertility soil. The results suggest that biochar addition can suppress the production of N2O in soil and simultaneously stimulate the reduction of N2O to N2. Further studies are needed to elucidate the regulatory effects of biochar in soil.

 
Evaluation and Regulation of Stereosopic Spatial Connectivity for Wetland System in Heilongjiang River Basin, China
Authors: Yang Qin , Hu Peng , Wang Jianhua , Zeng Qinghui , Yang Zefan , Liu Huan , Dong Yiyang
Published: March 2020

The weakened connectivity of wetland system is the key factor leading to the destruction, degradation and disappearance of wetland. Recently, the researches on the connectivity of wetland system mainly focus on the connectivity of hydrology and geomorphology, the impact of wetland system on habitat is ignored. In this study, an innovative method was applied to evaluate and regulate the Stereoscopic Spatial Connectivity (SSC) of wetland systems in the Heilongjiang River Basin in China (HRBC). In the method, the water requirements of typical organisms in the region was considered, and the evolution trend of landscape area in wetland system and the health condition of SSC were analyzed by GIS. The regulation mode of improving Stereoscopic Spatial Connectivity Index (SSCI) was proposed. The results showed that over the past 35 years, the wetland system in the study area had shrunk significantly with the SSCI decreasing from 41.3% in 1980 to 35.08% in 2015. By comparing the correlation between temperature, precipitation, agricultural land, construction land and wetland system in the same period, it proves that human activity is the major driving factor of wetland system shrinkage. Eventually, the key protected areas for maintaining the SSC of the wetland system are clarified, and the key recovery areas are determined according to the three scenarios of "high-medium-low" feasibility, which greatly improves the SSCI and Generalization Route (GR) after regulation. In general, the proposed SSC evaluation and regulation methods can fully reflect the ecological effect of wetland system. The methods also scientifically quantify the significant effect of regulation mode, which has certain reference significance for the evaluation and regulation of wetland system in other regions.
The 1834 Ermellek earthquake effects and the architecture of migration after war in Baroque times
Authors: Bostenaru Dan Maria
Published: March 2020

1712 Swabian immigration started to Sathmar county on today's Romania territory. This followed closing the Sathmar peace 1711 after a war which left lands empty without work force. The colonists came from Upper Swabia, which is today Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The immigration took about one century. The colonists came by means of ships called Ulmer Schachtel from Ulm on the Danube, for which reason these are the first Danube Swabians. The later waves of colonists were brought by Emperor Maria Theresia to further areas in Banat and Hungary. Within a DOMUS scholarship in the home country, the author investigated how patterns of architecture were brought by the migrants from their old to their new home, including church and vernacular architecture. The colonists came from an area where much of the land belonged to monasteries, and following the end of the 30 years war an intense construction activity started, in Baroque style, which led to what is today the Upper Swabian Baroque Street. Investigation of Zsiros assessed the magnitude of the 1834 Érmellék earthquake, which affected this area, by effects on vernacular architecture. But also churches displayed earthquake damage, as research of Julia Bara shows, including destruction of towers and vaults. Churches were built by foreign architects such as Josef Bittheuser from Würzburg and Franz Sebastian Rosenstingl from Vienna. The churches of the later in Vienna displayed damages with time as well. Within the research of the author these damages were mapped and connected to patters of earthquake safe construction in the home country, which is also affected by moderate earthquakes. Particularly in case of vernacular architecture, the houses of the colonists are related to other typologies of Danube Swabians but not to those which can be observed in the houses conserved in village museums, from which some date from before the migration. This can be explained by their destruction. The oldest identified one is one of the ancestors of the author, dated by genealogy data to be built around 1840. The in situ conserved museum house is of a more recent date. The vernacular housing typology was investigated employing the GEM taxonomy based on the World Housing Encyclopedia questionnaire. Relevant for the session is how migration patterns result in architectural shape patterns, for which the author also participated in building a society game. Migration has been mapped by means of story maps as well, but also using Gephi network analysis. The effects of the anthropic hazard of war on letting large amounts of population move (migration) are also relevant for the session.
A study of the generation mechanism of the ocean gravity waves excited by seismic surface waves, based on the comparison of the numerical experiments results and observation data
Authors: Sementsov Kirill A. , Nosov Mikhail A. , Kolesov Sergey V. , Karpov Viacheslav A. , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2020

The DONET (Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis) is a submarine cabled real-time seafloor observatory network for precise earthquake and tsunami monitoring. Ten DONET observatories were in operation during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki event near the Pacific coast of Honshu Island. Each observatory was equipped with an ocean bottom pressure gauge (PG) and a three-component ocean bottom seismometer (OBS). A comparative analysis of the PG and OBS records revealed that shortly after seismic surface waves traversed the DONET region, free gravity waves were observed within the water layer. The period of these gravity waves was approximately 170 s, the peak-to-peak amplitude was approximately 3.5 cm, the length was on the order of 22 km, and the phase velocity was 134 m/s. We performed numerical simulations of the observed gravity waves using a combined 2D/3D numerical model. The ground motions required for the simulation were reconstructed from records provided by the DONET OBSs and the nearest ground-based GPS stations. The synthetic bottom pressure variations are in good agreement with the DONET PG records. The synthetic displacements of the ocean surface throughout the simulation domain showed that the observed gravity waves were excited directly above the submarine slopes. Theoretical estimates and numerical experiments revealed the generation mechanism of the observed gravity waves. The results showed that (1) horizontal, rather than vertical, bottom movements play a key role in their generation, (2) the amplitude of the excited gravity waves is determined by the amplitude of the dynamic horizontal bottom motions, while the contribution of horizontal static bottom displacements is insignificant, and (3) the amplitude of the excited gravity waves depends on the relative orientation of the slope and the propagation direction of the seismic surface waves.

The study was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects 20-35-70038, 19-05-00351, 20-07-01098).

Sementsov, K. A., Nosov, M. A., Kolesov, S. V., Karpov, V. A., Matsumoto, H., & Kaneda, Y. (2019). Free gravity waves in the ocean excited by seismic surface waves: Observations and numerical simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 8468–8484. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015115

Nosov, M. A., Sementsov, K. A., Kolesov, S. V., Matsumoto, H. & Levin, B. W. (2015). Recording of gravity waves formed in the ocean by surface seismic waves during the earthquake of March 11, 2011, off the coast of Japan. Doklady Earth Sciences, 461 (2), 408-413. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X15040121
Variability of Central European Summer Precipitation forced by Sea Surface Temperature Gradients
Authors: Haslinger Klaus , Hofstätter Michael , Schöner Wolfgang , Blöschl Günter
Published: March 2020

The amount of summer precipitation in the Alpine Region is found to show no linear trend whatsoever over the last 140 years. However, we found significant low frequency periodicity of the interannual variability summer precipitation which synchronizes with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations periodicity of 50 years with a time lag of 17 years. Analyzing atmospheric circulation characteristics over the Alpine Region revealed a see-saw of enhanced/reduced meridional flow which alters the interannual variability of summer precipitation. The polar jet stream appears as a physical mechanism linking atmosphere and oceanic temperature gradients and the meridional/zonal circulation characteristics. Enhanced meridional flow over the Alps induced by a weak jet is increasing precipitation variability through positive soil moisture precipitation feedbacks on the regional scale, whereas enhanced zonal flow is generating less variability through constant moisture flow from the Atlantic and suppressed feedbacks with the land surface. The lagged response to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is rooted in the spatially inhomogeneous warming/cooling phases which are subject to distinct sea surface temperature gradient patterns.
Multi-criterial calibration of a global hydrological model for the Mississippi basin: Exploring the effect of the number of calibration units
Authors: Hasan HM Mehedi , Güntner Andreas , Shadkam Somayeh , Döll Petra
Published: March 2020

The predictive ability of a hydrological model depends among others on how well the model is calibrated by model parameter adjustment. When calibrating spatially distributed models such as global hydrological models in which river basins are represented by laterally connected grid cells of mostly 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude, it is not appropriate and possible to adjust the parameters of each grid cell individually. This is mainly due to the lack of high-resolution observations but also due to the required computational effort. It needs to be investigated which spatial extent of calibration units for which parameters are uniformly adjusted, is optimal given the available observations and the characteristics of the region or river basin. To explore the effect of size and number of calibration units, the WaterGAP Global Hydrological Model (WGHM) was calibrated for a large river basin in North America, the Mississippi basin, successively dividing the basin into smaller calibration units, i.e., sub-basins, in order to examine the feasibility and value of reducing the size of calibration units for the given set of observations. Total water storage anomalies from GRACE satellites, snow cover from MODIS and in-situ streamflow were used as observations in an ensemble-based multi-criterial Pareto Optimization Calibration (POC) framework using the Borg-MOEA optimization algorithm.
Study on the Variance Component Estimation in relative weighting of the Inter-Satellite Links and GNSS observations for orbit determination
Authors: Kur Tomasz , Liwosz Tomasz , Kalarus Maciej
Published: March 2020

This research aims at evaluation of the Variance Component Estimation (VCE) to derive a combined orbit solution from the Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) and GNSS measurements. The ISLs provide precise range measurements between satellites in the specific GNSS constellation which is one of the key requirements for improving accuracy and reliability of the orbit determination. Our investigation based on various ISLs connectivity schemes (observation scenarios) indicates that by using ISLs measurements in addition to GNSS observations, it is possible to improve orbit estimation mainly by reducing RMS errors in cross-track and along-track directions.

This study, however, is focused on comparison of weighting methods based on presupposed measurement accuracies (described here as an empirical weighting) and four approaches to the VCE method. VCE is a method used to determine proper weighting factors for different types of measurements, e.g. of diverse nature or based on distinct techniques and thus of various accuracy. It is expected that systematic and random errors of the individual solutions could be reduced by this combination method. In this simulation-based study we assess orbit solutions using both types of weighting with a few approaches to the empirical weighting as well as to the VCE. In parallel, we evaluate properties of the simulated ISLs measurements including the connectivity schemes and observation accuracy.

This work is concluded with general advantages and disadvantages of proposed weighting methods along with the observation scenarios, that are potentially optimal for better orbit and clock estimates using ISLs and GNSS observations.
Characteristics of PM2.5 aerosol particles during a heat wave in an urban atmosphere in southwest Germany
Authors: Song Junwei , Gao Linyu , Saathoff Harald
Published: March 2020

Aerosol particles have significant impacts on climate, air quality, and human health. Their characteristics are especially important in urban atmospheres during heat waves. Therefore, we conducted a 4-week measurement campaign at an urban kerbside in the city of Karlsruhe in southwest Germany during a heat wave period in July 2019. A high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed in the container to measure non-refractory aerosol compositions of PM2.5 online. Filter samples were also collected during the campaign, and characterized for oxygenated organic molecular compounds using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). In addition, a small box with low cost particle sensors and meteorological sensors (solar radiation, temperature, and humidity) was used for spatial resolved measurements employing a bicycle. During our measurement, the total organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon contributed on average 58.9%, 17.3%, 5.9%, 5.5%, 0.2% and 12.3% to the particle mass comprising non-refractory components plus black carbon. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis for the AMS organic aerosol (OA) data resolved three factors including hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). Meteorological effects on aerosol compositions were investigated. Low wind speeds during the whole campaign correspond to major contributions from local emissions. During heat waves, high temperature and low humidity suppressed the formation of nitrate, but facilitated the formation of sulfate and organics. In particular, SV-OOA and LV-OOA showed positive correlations with temperature. The ratios of LV-OOA to SV-OOA strongly correlated with temperature and odd oxygen (Ox = O3 + NO2), suggesting fast photochemical transformation of SV-OOA to LV-OOA during heat waves. Furthermore, the relationships between organic aerosol factors and typical organic markers were investigated to study the relative influences of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions on OA formation. Besides, bicycle measurements point to important hot spots of particle pollution. This contribution will discuss the interaction of urban air pollution and heat islands.
Distributive Justice in Water Resources Allocation and Management
Authors: Yalew Seleshi G. , Kwakkel Jan , Doorn Neelke
Published: March 2020

Water resources management involves allocation of ‘enough’ water, a limited resource, to users and stakeholders from multiple sectors such as agriculture, energy, ecosystems, and water supply. The integrated water resources management (IWRM) framework has been applied for such water resources allocation optimizations in river basins and watersheds with general constraints such as less water may result in operational inefficiency or in drought, and more water may result in risks such as flooding or infrastructure damage.

What seems to receive less attention in such IWRM applications is the role of moral considerations and the importance of distributive justice. 
Different allocation principles could be formulated, stemming from different moral principles and different views on distributive justice discussed 
in the literature:  

-  Utilitarianism: water resources should be allocated based maximizing happiness and well-being for the majority; 
-  Egalitarian: water resources should be allocated such that inequalities are reduced to the largest extent possible; 
-  Pareto: only the vital few should be considered when allocating water resources. 
-  Sufficientarianism: irrespective of inequalities, water should be allocated so that each user/stakeholder gets ‘enough’; 
- Prioritarinism: irrespective of inequalities, water should be allocated so that each the worse-off users/stakeholders get priority in allocating water resources; 

Operationalizing such moral principles in IWRM applications is important for an equitable and sustainable allocation of limited water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, and in the face of growing societal challenges such as from population growth and climate change.

In this study, we examine the role of moral principles in water resources allocation/optimization efforts. Using case studies in the Como Lake (Italy), Seine River (France) and the Merguellil basin (Tunisia), we demonstrate that operationalizing moral principles in IWRM is critical beyond aspects of efficiency in water resources allocation and/or optimization.
Evaluate before use – temporal performance differences of gridded precipitation products in complex terrain
Authors: Zandler Harald , Haag Isabell , Samimi Cyrus
Published: March 2020

Gridded precipitation data is of central importance for various geoscientific research applications and is often the only available resource to derive spatial and temporal rainfall quantities. Numerous studies exist that evaluate respective products using gauge measurements. However, many existing approaches ignore the impact of temporal changes in incorporated observation data, the location of the observations and the potential overlap of evaluation and dataset stations. Considering these issues, we quantitatively evaluated monthly precipitation values of frequently used precipitation raster datasets (GPCC Full Data Monthly Product Version 2018, GPCC Monitoring Product Version 6, CRU TS 4.03, GPCP Version 2.3, PERSIANN-CDR, TRMM 3B43, MERRA-2, MERRA-2 bias corrected, ERA5) in the peripheral Pamir mountains with a focus on the two periods 1980–1994 and 1998–2012 as they are characterized by considerable observation data changes. The coefficient of efficiency, a dimensionless hydroclimatic evaluation measure, showed that only three of the precipitation raster datasets (GPCC Full Data Monthly Product Version 2018, GPCC Monitoring Product Version 6, MERRA-2 bias corrected) are able to provide better surface precipitation values than the long-term station mean in this observation data poor region. Results of the gauge-based products also document a fourfold increase of errors during periods with low availability of station data compared to periods with higher observation data inputs. In conclusion, the study clearly illustrates that gridded precipitation products may be connected to major problems in peripheral mountain regions with limited measurement infrastructure as most datasets directly or indirectly depend on observation networks. Significant differences of errors related to incorporated observation data variations demonstrate the need for temporal and spatial evaluation approaches as a prerequisite for the scientific utilization of precipitation raster datasets.
Interferometric Observations of the Active Regions in Radio Domain Before and After the Total Solar Eclipse on 21 August 2017
Authors: Dabrowski Bartosz , Flisek Paweł , Vocks Christian , Morosan Diana , Zhang Peijin , Zucca Pietro , Magdalenic Jasmina , Fallows Richard , Krankowski Andrzej , Mann Gottfried , Blaszkiewicz Leszek , Rudawy Pawel , Hajduk Marcin , Fron Adam , Gallagher Peter , Ryan Aoife Maria , Kotulak Kacper , Matyjasiak Barbara
Published: March 2020

We hereby present the interferometric LOFAR observations made before and after the total solar eclipse on 21 August 2017, during which the type III radio bursts have been detected.

The LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a large radio interferometer operating in the frequency range of 10–240 MHz, designed and constructed by ASTRON (the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy). The LOFAR telescope is an array of stations distributed throughout the Netherlands and other parts of Europe. Currently the system consist of 52 LOFAR stations located in Europe. Apart from the high time and frequency resolution of the dynamic spectra, LOFAR allows also a 2D imaging of the radio sources and tracking of their positions through the solar corona.

In this work we present a preliminary analysis of the dynamic spectra of type III radio bursts with radio images.