bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Chelation‐Assisted Aromatic C—H Functionalization via Catalytic meta Sulfonation.
Authors: Reynolds William R. , Liu Po Man , Kociok‐Koehn Gabriele , Frost Christopher G.
Published: April 2014

Sulfonylation of 2‐phenylpyridine proceeds at the meta‐phenyl position with high selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Heterocycles Incorporating the Pyrazolopyridine Moiety.
Authors: Abu‐Melha Sraa
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of a variety of new heterocycles incorporating a pyrazolopyridine moiety utilizing cyanoacetamide (I) as key intermediate is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and anti‐Amoebic Activity of N‐(Pyrimidin‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonamide Derivatives.
Authors: Bhat Abdul Roouf , Arshad Mohammad , Lee Eun Ju , Pokharel Smritee , Choi Inho , Athar Fareeda
Published: April 2014

New compounds (V) and (VII) are evaluated for their effects on the in vitro growth of Entamoeba histolytica. Sulfonamide derivatives (IIIb), (IIIe), and (Ve) exhibit IC50 values 3‐13‐fold higher than reference drug metronidazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Pyrido[3,2‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine Derivatives: Potent and Selective Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Banda Veeraswamy , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

15 Title compounds of type (III) or (V) are prepared and 8 of them are evaluated for their affinity towards all four subtypes of human adenosine receptors.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrimidopyrimidines Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as a Reusable Catalyst: An Extension of Biginelli‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Magar Rupali L. , Thorat Prashant B. , Thorat Pratima B. , Thorat Vinod V. , Patil Bhagawan R. , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: April 2014

Sulfated tin oxide is found to be an efficient catalyst for the one‐pot three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketones and urea to give the title compounds (IV) in good yields, in general.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 4,6‐Disubstituted‐1,3‐oxazinan‐2‐one Analogues.
Authors: Borah Arun Jyoti , Phukan Prodeep
Published: April 2014

An efficient and high yielding synthetic protocol for the preparation of 4,6‐disubstituted 1,3‐oxazinan‐2‐one derivatives based on the Sharpless dihydroxylation of homoallylic carbamates (IV) and subsequent intramolecular cyclization of the products is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Dialkyl‐N′‐Chlorosulfonyl Chloroformamidines in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 10. The First Pyrazolo[1,5‐b][1,2,4,6]thiatriazine Derivatives and Their Unusual Reactions with Acylating Agents.
Authors: Norman Rebecca E. , Perkins Michael V. , Liepa Andris J. , Francis Craig L.
Published: April 2014

A series of pyrazolothiatriazines (III), representatives of a new heterocyclic ring system, are readily prepared by regioselective reaction of dichlorides (I) with 3‐aminopyrazoles (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Organophosphorus Compounds. Part 1. Synthesis and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Pyrimido‐[5′,4′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐d][1,3,2]thiazaphosphinine Compounds.
Authors: Younes Sabry H. H. , Mohamed Shaaban K. , Albayati Mustafa R.
Published: April 2014

The reaction of Lawesson′s reagent (II) with various pyrimidone derivatives (I) and (IV) is studied and the biological activities of the products are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: S‐[3‐Cyano‐2‐oxo‐3‐ (triphenyl‐λ5‐phosphanylidene)propyl] O‐Ethyl Carbonodithioate: A Novel Xanthate Reagent for the Synthesis of α‐Keto (Cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane Ylides from Olefins.
Authors: Lee Kieseung
Published: April 2014

The novel xanthate reagent (I) can undergo group transfer addition to olefins (II) under radical conditions furnishing a concise access to α‐Keto ylides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Electrochemical Pathway to Fluoroalkyl Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Mikhaylov Dmitry Y. , Gryaznova Tatyana V. , Dudkina Yulia B. , Polyancev Fedor M. , Latypov Shamil K. , Sinyashin Oleg G. , Budnikova Yulia H.
Published: April 2014

Electrolysis of organofluorine iodides and white phosphorus or diphenylchlorophosphine in the presence of a Ni‐catalyst results in the formation of fluoroalkyl phosphines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Selenadiazolo Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kuarm B. Suresh , Madhav J. Venu , Rajitha B.
Published: April 2014

One of the screened analogues, (IIIe), is considered as lead compound worthy of further structural optimization and development as potential antimicrobial agent for the treatment of both bacterial and fungal infections.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Cytotoxic Spirostane‐Steroidal Saponins from the Roots of Bletilla striata.
Authors: Park Jong Eel , Woo Kyeong Wan , Choi Sang Un , Lee Je Hyun , Lee Kang Ro
Published: April 2014

Two new spirostane‐steroidal saponins, bletilnoside A (I) and bletilnoside B (II), are isolated along with five known compounds from the roots of bletilla striata.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)‐Polyoxamic Acid Starting with a Chiral Aziridine.
Authors: Yoon Hojong , Sim Taebo
Published: April 2014

The target compound is synthesized in nine steps in ca. 13% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic syn‐Aldol Reaction of Dihydroxyacetone Promoted by Water‐Compatible Catalysts.
Authors: Popik Oskar , Zambron Bartosz , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: April 2014

It is found that the serinamides (SBS) and (RBS) efficiently promote highly enantioselective syn‐selective reaction of dihydroxyacetone with diverse aldehydes including optically pure ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Isoflavone Glycosides from the Extracts of the Fungus Monascus pilosus‐Fermented Black Soybean.
Authors: Hong Seong Su , Choi Yun‐Hyeok , Lee Jung A. , Ahn Eun‐Kyung , Suh Joo‐Won , Oh Joa Sub
Published: April 2014

Two new isoflavone glycosides (I) and (II) are isolated together with two known isoflavone glycosides.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 2‐Aryl‐3,4,5‐trihydroxypiperidines: Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibition.
Authors: Yu Chu‐Yi , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

Novel 2‐aryl polyhydroxylated piperidine iminosugars (V), (VI) and their enantiomers, piperidine analogues of the pyrrolidine alkaloids xadicamine A and B, are synthesized and evaluated for their glycosidase inhibitory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic 5‐Hydroxyindole Alkaloids from the Marine Sponge Scalarispongia sp.
Authors: Lee Yeon‐Ju , Lee Dong‐Geun , Rho Hyun Soo , Krasokhin Vladimir B. , Shin Hee Jae , Lee Jong Seok , Lee Hyi‐Seung
Published: April 2014

[isolation, structure determination and cytotoxicity of three new 5‐hydroxyindole alkaloids, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Cassaine Diterpene Alkaloids from Erythrophleum fordii and Their anti‐Angiogenic Effect.
Authors: Hung Tran Manh , Cuong To Dao , Kim Jeong Ah , Tae Nara , Lee Jeong Hyung , Min Byung Sun
Published: April 2014

Two new compounds, erythroformide (I) and 3β‐acetoxynorcassamide (II), are isolated together with four known compounds and their effects on endothelial tube formation on matrigel are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Chiron Approach for the Total Synthesis of Crassalactone A.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu Singh , Rao Gokada Maheswara , Thirupathaiah Bodakuntala
Published: April 2014

Compound I is achieved in 12 steps with 8% overall yield starting from 1,5—D—gluconolactone.
ChemInform Abstract: Discussion and Analysis on Thermal Decomposition Laws of Oxysalt
Authors: Ding Yan
Published: April 2014

Review: 5 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highlights of Non‐Equilibrium, Non‐Isobaric, Non‐Isothermal Desorption of Nitrogen from a LiX Zeolite Column by Rapid Pressure Reduction and Rapid Purge by Oxygen
Authors: Rama Rao V. , Chai S. W. , Kothare M. V. , Sircar S.
Published: April 2014

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals: Colloidal Chemistry, Assembly and Their Biological Applications
Authors: Hui Junfeng , Wang Xun
Published: April 2014

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese Oxides as Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Wiechen Mathias , Spiccia Leone
Published: April 2014

Review: [9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms for Enhanced Performance of Platinum‐Based Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Su Liang , Jia Wenzhao , Li Chang‐Ming , Lei Yu
Published: April 2014

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Julia—Kocienski Olefination: A Key Reaction for the Synthesis of Macrolides
Authors: Chatterjee Bhaskar , Bera Smritilekha , Mondal Dhananjoy
Published: April 2014

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Synthesis of Organometallic Amino Acids and Analogues
Authors: Jana Poulami , Maity Sibaprasad , Haldar Debasish
Published: April 2014

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Syntheses of Nucleoside Triphosphates
Authors: Kore Anilkumar R. , Srinivasan Balasubramanian
Published: April 2014

Review: literatures after the year 2000
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Strategies for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles
Authors: Moyano Albert , Companyo Xavier
Published: April 2014

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Brevianes Revisited
Authors: Macias Francisco A. , Carrera Ceferino , Galindo Juan C. G.
Published: April 2014

Review: synthesis, bioactivity, and biogenetic pathway; 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Furan‐ and Pyrrole‐Ring Formation
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Crochet Pascale
Published: April 2014

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in the Syntheses of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans
Authors: Chang Junbiao , Song Chuanjun
Published: April 2014

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiyl Radicals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Denes Fabrice , Pichowicz Mark , Povie Guillaume , Renaud Philippe
Published: April 2014

Review: 877 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products as Inspiration for Reaction Development. Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Reactions of Prochiral Enolate Equivalents
Authors: Behenna Douglas C. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2014

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Is Simpler Better? Synthetic Nicotinamide Cofactor Analogues for Redox Chemistry
Authors: Paul Caroline E. , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Hollmann Frank
Published: April 2014

Review: 161 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiophene: Synthesis, Chemical Properties and Biological Activity
Authors: Ganatra Parth V. , Sureja Dipen K. , Dave Sarthak B.
Published: April 2014

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Micro‐ and Nano‐Capsules for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Shimanovich Ulyana , Bernardes Goncalo J. L. , Knowles T. P. J. , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur
Published: April 2014

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: How to Produce White Light in a Single‐Phase Host?
Authors: Shang Mengmeng , Li Chunxia , Lin Jun
Published: April 2014

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Realizing the Commercial Potential of Hierarchical Zeolites: New Opportunities in Catalytic Cracking
Authors: Li Kunhao , Valla Julia , Garcia‐Martinez Javier
Published: April 2014

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of Absolute Configuration by 31P NMR
Authors: Szyszkowiak Jagoda , Majewska Paulina
Published: April 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Infrared Techniques: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Xu Feng , Yu Jianming , Tesso Tesfaye , Dowell Floyd , Wang Donghai
Published: April 2014

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Nanoprobes for Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomolecules: An Update
Authors: Xu Jing‐Juan , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: April 2014

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biochemistry of 13C Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
Authors: Keshari Kayvan R. , Wilson David M.
Published: April 2014

Review: 229 refs.
Cube data model for multilevel statistics computation of live execution traces
Authors: Ezzati‐Jivan Naser , Dagenais Michel R.
Published: April 2014

Execution trace logs are used to analyze system run‐time behaviour and detect problems. Trace analysis tools usually read the input logs and gather either a detailed or brief summary of them to later process and inspect in the analysis steps. However, continuous and lengthy trace streams contained in the live tracing mode make it difficult to indefinitely record all events or even a detailed summary of the whole stream. This situation is further complicated when the system aims to compare different parts of the trace and provide a multilevel and multidimensional analysis. This paper presents an architecture with corresponding data structures and algorithms to process stream events, generate an adequate summary—detailed enough for recent data and succinct enough for old data—and organize them to enable an efficient multilevel and multidimensional analysis, similar to online analytical processing analyses in the database applications. The proposed solution arranges data in a compact manner using interval forms and enables the range queries for any arbitrary time durations. Because this feature makes it possible to compare of different system parameters in different time areas, it significantly influences the system's ability to provide a comprehensive trace analysis. Although the Linux operating system trace logs are used to evaluate the solution, we propose a generic architecture that can be used to summarize various types of stream data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degeneracy: Demystifying and destigmatizing a core concept in systems biology
Authors: Mason Paul H.
Published: April 2014

Often relegated to the methods section of genetic research articles, the term “degeneracy” is regularly misunderstood and its theoretical significance widely understated. Degeneracy describes the ability of different structures to be conditionally interchangeable in their contribution to system functions. Frequently mislabeled redundancy, degeneracy refers to structural variation whereas redundancy refers to structural duplication. Sources of degeneracy include, but are not limited to, (1) duplicate structures that differentiate yet remain isofunctional, (2) unrelated isofunctional structures that are dispersed endogenously or exogenously, (3) variable arrangements of interacting structures that achieve the same output through multiple pathways, and (4) parcellation of a structure into subunits that can still variably perform the same initial function. The ability to perform the same function by drawing upon an array of dissimilar structures contributes advantageously to the integrity of a system. Drawing attention to the heterogeneous construction of living systems by highlighting the concept of degeneracy valuably enhances the ways scientists think about self‐organization, robustness, and complexity. Labels in science, however, can sometimes be misleading. In scientific nomenclature, the word “degeneracy” has calamitous proximity to the word “degeneration” used by pathologists and the shunned theory of degeneration once promoted by eugenicists. This article disentangles the concept of degeneracy from its close etymological siblings and offers a brief overview of the historical and contemporary understandings of degeneracy in science. Distinguishing the importance of degeneracy will hopefully allow systems theorists to more strategically operationally conceptualize the distributed intersecting networks that comprise complex living systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 12–21, 2015
An efficient small‐delay faults simulator based on critical path tracing
Authors: Liu Tieqiao , Kuang Jishun , Cai Shuo , You Zhiqiang
Published: April 2014

Testing for small‐delay defects (SDDs) has become an important component of integrated circuit testing. In this paper, an efficient small‐delay fault simulator, a hybrid method combining forward serial simulation and backward critical path tracing simulation for SDDs is proposed, which aims to determine the coverage of small‐delay defects for a given test set fast and accurately. In our proposed method, a unit delay model is employed, and reconvergent sensitization as well as hazard‐based detection is considered. Signal waveforms are expressed by bitmap data forms. In addition to providing an accurate result for fault simulation, the proposed simulator can well assist test generation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed simulator can further accelerate the simulation by one or two orders of magnitude compared with previous works. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acquiring Rule‐Sets for Deciding Target Areas in Distributing Cruising Taxicabs
Authors: Ohara Makoto , Tamaki Hisashi
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a way to acquire effective rule‐sets for realizing the suitable distribution of cruising taxicabs based on a decentralized autonomous approach. As a result of the revision of the Road Transportation Law, the taxi business has been saturated by new entries, and rookie drivers in particular have considerable difficulty in finding passengers because of lack of knowledge or experience. Thus designing a support system that suggests potential destinations for finding passengers is desirable and effective in assisting less‐experienced drivers. As for the problem of distributing cruising taxicabs, there are many uncertainties caused by incomplete observations, for example, locations of passengers as well as other taxicabs. Due to these uncertainties, it is impossible to distribute taxicabs optimally, for example, by a certain centralized control. This paper proposes a decentralized and autonomous framework for distributing cruising taxicabs by adopting priority‐based rules, which calculate the priorities of areas, which are then adjusted according to the situation of each taxicab. Through computational simulations, the effectiveness and the potential of the proposed method are confirmed.
A Study of Mutual Coupling between Vertical Grounding Electrodes
Authors: Fujita Yuta , Ametani Akihiro , Nakamura Keisuke , Yamabuki Koichi
Published: April 2014

This paper investigates the mutual grounding impedance between vertical grounding electrodes based on field measurements and FDTD simulations. In the case of vertical electrodes, the mutual impedance between the electrodes is almost completely independent of the electrode length, and thus the induced voltage is nearly constant as the electrode length becomes longer. This characteristic is different from that of an overhead conductor, where the electromagnetic‐induced voltage is proportional to the conductor length. The greater the separation distance between the electrodes, the smaller the induced voltage, as in the case of an overhead conductor. The propagation speed increases as the separation increases. It is found that the speed is not necessarily proportional to the inverse of the relative permittivity of the earth.
Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative 1,2‐Carboacylation of Activated Alkenes with Alcohols: A Tandem Route to 3‐(2‐Oxoethyl)indolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: April 2014

Oxindoles are important heterocyclic compounds that are found in a wide range of pharmaceutical agents and natural products. A new oxidative tandem route to the assembly of 3‐(2‐oxoethyl)indolin‐2‐ones from N‐arylacrylamides and alcohols has been established by using inexpensive and environmentally benign iron catalysts and peroxides. In the presence of Fe(OAc)2 and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide, a variety of arylacrylamides underwent the oxidative 1,2‐carboacylation reaction with alcohols to give the corresponding 3‐(2‐oxoethyl)indolin‐2‐ones in moderate to good yields.
Diterpenoid Alkaloid Lappaconine Derivative Catalyzed Asymmetric α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Li Zhi , Lian Mingming , Yang Fan , Meng Qingwei , Gao Zhanxian
Published: April 2014

A new framework derived from the commercially available diterpenoid alkaloid lappaconitine was evaluated as a Brønsted base catalyst for the enantioselective α‐hydroxylation of β‐dicarbonyl compounds by using 30 % hydrogen peroxide as a green and highly practical source of oxygen. This protocol allows convenient access to the corresponding α‐hydroxy‐β‐oxo esters, α‐hydroxy‐β‐oxo amides and (–)‐kjellmanianone with up to 98 % yield and 92 % ee.
Resorcin[4]arene‐Based Molecular Baskets and Water‐Soluble Container Molecules: Synthesis and 1H NMR Host–Guest Complexation Studies
Authors: Fankhauser Daniel , Kolarski Dušan , Grüning Wolfram R. , Diederich François
Published: April 2014

Resorcin[4]arene‐based molecular baskets, with four free or methylene‐bridged HO groups, and water‐soluble container molecules bearing poly(ethylene glycol) chains of different lengths on the lower rim and cap have been synthesized. These cavitands, topped with p‐xylylene bridges, feature well‐defined cavities capable of encapsulating heteroalicyclic guests. Association constants (Ka) were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy for the organic‐soluble molecular baskets in CDCl3 and for the water‐soluble container molecules in D2O/CD3CN (2:1). Opposite guest selectivities were observed in the two environments. Upon complexation, the water‐soluble hosts show changes in their 1H NMR spectra. In the absence of guests, the p‐xylylene bridge rotates rapidly on the 1H NMR timescale, revealing a time‐averaged achiral C2v structure, whereas this rotation is hindered by guest inclusion, resulting in spectra showing a racemic C2‐symmetric host, indicative of planar chirality.
Electrolyte system for fast preparative focusing in wide pH range based on bidirectional isotachophoresis
Authors: Šlais Karel , Štastná Miroslava
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we suggest new electrolyte system for fast preparative electrofocusing in wide pH range. It is based on bidirectional ITP with multiple counterions and spacers created by commercially available defined simple buffers. The migration course of proposed focusing model can be simulated in advance by using separation conditions and electrolyte components that are consequently applied during the experiments. The suggested electrolyte system allows high current densities at the initial stages of focusing without danger of local overheating, which strongly reduces the time needed for analysis completion. The performance of the electrolyte system is demonstrated by the focusing of synthetic colored low molecular weight indicators and proteins in the arrangements with both linear narrow strip and nonwoven fabric sheet with continuous flow.
HES6 drives a critical AR transcriptional programme to induce castration‐resistant prostate cancer through activation of an E2F1‐mediated cell cycle network
Authors: Ramos‐Montoya Antonio , Lamb Alastair D , Russell Roslin , Carroll Thomas , Jurmeister Sarah , Galeano‐Dalmau Nuria , Massie Charlie E , Boren Joan , Bon Helene , Theodorou Vasiliki , Vias Maria , Shaw Greg L , Sharma Naomi L , Ross‐Adams Helen , Scott Helen E , Vowler Sarah L , Howat William J , Warren Anne Y , Wooster Richard F , Mills Ian G , Neal David E
Published: April 2014

Castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is poorly characterized and heterogeneous and while the androgen receptor (AR) is of singular importance, other factors such as c‐Myc and the E2F family also play a role in later stage disease. HES6 is a transcription co‐factor associated with stem cell characteristics in neural tissue. Here we show that HES6 is up‐regulated in aggressive human prostate cancer and drives castration‐resistant tumour growth in the absence of ligand binding by enhancing the transcriptional activity of the AR, which is preferentially directed to a regulatory network enriched for transcription factors such as E2F1. In the clinical setting, we have uncovered a HES6‐associated signature that predicts poor outcome in prostate cancer, which can be pharmacologically targeted by inhibition of PLK1 with restoration of sensitivity to castration. We have therefore shown for the first time the critical role of HES6 in the development of CRPC and identified its potential in patient‐specific therapeutic strategies.
Cybersecurity: Energy Industry Mobilizing for Cyber Risk Control
Authors: Olcott Jacob , Sills Evan
Published: April 2014

For organizations in every sector of the economy, the past 12 months have seen cybersecurity issues elevate from an IT problem to the corporate executive suite and the boardroom. Cyber threats continue to evolve and become more sophisticated, as threat actors increasingly target specific employees and third parties to gain access to corporate networks and data. The energy sector has not been immune to this phenomenon, and faces additional risk to industrial control systems that could cause significant and potentially catastrophic damage to business operations.
Memantine improves attention and episodic memory in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Wesnes Keith A. , Aarsland Dag , Ballard Clive , Londos Elisabet
Published: April 2014

Objective

In both dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), attentional dysfunction is a core clinical feature together with disrupted episodic memory. This study evaluated the cognitive effects of memantine in DLB and PDD using automated tests of attention and episodic memory.

Methods

A randomised double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 24‐week three centre trial of memantine (20 mg/day) was conducted in which tests of attention (simple and choice reaction time) and word recognition (immediate and delayed) from the CDR System were administered prior to dosing and again at 12 and 24 weeks. Although other results from this study have been published, the data from the CDR System tests were not included and are presented here for the first time.

Results

Data were available for 51 patients (21 DLB and 30 PDD). In both populations, memantine produced statistically significant medium to large effect sized improvements to choice reaction time, immediate and delayed word recognition.

Conclusions

These are the first substantial improvements on cognitive tests of attention and episodic recognition memory identified with memantine in either DLB or PDD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The translocation t(2;11)(p21;q23) without MLL gene rearrangement—a possible marker of good prognosis in myelodysplastic syndrome patients
Authors: Dvorak Pavel , Lysak Daniel , Vokurka Samuel , Michalova Kyra , Sarova Iveta , Jonasova Anna , Hruba Martina , Rykovska Anna , Subrt Ivan
Published: April 2014

The translocation t(2;11)(p21;q23) is associated with de novo myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and has an overall frequency of approximately 1%. The outcome of MDS patients with this translocation is not clear until now, because most of the clinical data addressing the t(2;11)(p21;q23) has been collected without investigating the status of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. In this report, we present seven new patients with MDS diagnosis and the t(2;11)(p21;q23) in bone marrow cells; all of them without MLL gene rearrangement. They were found in two databases consisting of 1185 patients of two Czech institutions. These patients tended to be younger and showed a strong male predominance. A cytological and histological assessment of bone marrow at diagnosis revealed only mild MDS with marked dysplasia in megakaryopoiesis. Similar to other primary abnormalities in MDS (e.g. deletion of 11q), the t(2;11)(p21;q23) was frequently associated with deletion of 5q. Our results stress the common clinicopathological features of this entity and indicate that the t(2;11)(p21;q23) may be associated with a good prognosis for MDS patients (median survival 72 months). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of HPV type on prognosis in patients diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer
Authors: Cuschieri K. , Brewster D.H. , Graham C. , Nicoll S. , Williams A.R.W. , Murray G.I. , Millan D. , Johannessen I. , Hardie A. , Cubie H.A.
Published: April 2014

While much is known about the influence of HPV type on the progression of pre‐invasive cervical lesions, the impact of HPV type on cervical cancer prognosis is less evidenced. Thus, we assessed the impact of HPV type on the survival of women diagnosed with cervical cancer. A total of 370 cases of cervical cancer were assessed. Univariate analysis is presented using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and log‐rank statistics and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were generated using age group, socio‐economic deprivation, FIGO stage, differentiation and HPV type. HPV grouping was considered in a number of ways with particular reference to the presence or absence of HPV 16 and/or 18. In the univariate analysis, FIGO, age at diagnosis and treatment were associated with poorer survival (p < 0.0001) as was absence of HPV 16 and/or 18 (p = 0.0460). The 25% mortality time in the non‐HPV 16/18 vs. HPV16/18 positive group was 615 days and 1,307 days respectively. An unadjusted Cox PH model based HPV16/18 vs. no HPV 16/18 resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.669 (0.450, 0.995). Adjusting for deprivation, FIGO and age group resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.609 (0.395, 0.941) p = 0.025. These data indicate that cancers associated with HPV 16 and/or 18 do not confer worse survival compared to cancers associated with other types, and may indicate improved survival. Consequently, although HPV vaccine is likely to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer it may not indirectly improve cervical cancer survival by reducing the burden of those cancers caused by HPV16/18.
INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION
Authors: De Fraiture Charlotte , Fayrap Aynur , Unver Olcay , Ragab Ragab
Published: April 2014

With a growing and increasingly wealthy and urban population, it is likely that the role of agricultural water management in ensuring food security will become more important. Pressure on water resources is high. Adverse environmental impacts as a result of sometimes poor management of irrigation and drainage are well documented, calling into question the sustainability of some of the current water management practices. Water, food, energy and climate are intrinsically connected. Greater pressure on water resources and, hence, stronger interconnectivity between sectors sharing these resources, call for new, integrated approaches to agricultural water management. This paper explores the links between water, food, energy and climate. It then explores the role of irrigation and drainage in food production and in providing other ecosystem services that are essential for the sustainable use of natural resources. The paper argues that looking at water for food production in isolation would miss important developments outside the water sector that determine the sustainability of agricultural water management. Integrated approaches to food production are not only necessary to ensure sustainability. They also lead to higher benefits per unit of water. For example, integrating food production with other ecosystem services provided by irrigation and drainage not only contributes to sustainability, it also leads to much higher economic value of benefits. This implies breaking disciplinary boundaries and encouraging greater cooperation from planning to implementation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Training and maintenance of a picture‐based communication response in older adults with dementia
Authors: Trahan Maranda A. , Donaldson Jeanne M. , McNabney Matthew K. , Kahng SungWoo
Published: April 2014

We examined whether adults with dementia could learn to emit a picture‐based communication response and if this skill would maintain over time. Three women with moderate to severe dementia were taught to exchange a picture card for a highly preferred activity. All participants quickly learned to exchange the picture card and maintained this response without practice.
The Oncolytic Adenovirus Δ24-RGD in Combination With Cisplatin Exerts a Potent Anti-Osteosarcoma Activity
Authors: Martinez-Velez Naiara , Xipell Enric , Jauregui Patricia , Zalacain Marta , Marrodan Lucía , Zandueta Carolina , Vera Beatriz , Urquiza Leire , Sierrasesúmaga Luis , Julián Mikel San , Toledo Gemma , Fueyo Juan , Gomez-Manzano Candelaria , Torre Wensceslao , Lecanda Fernando , Patiño-García Ana , Alonso Marta M
Published: April 2014

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. The presence of metastases and the lack of response to conventional treatment are the major adverse prognostic factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatment strategies that overcome both of these problems. Our purpose was to elucidate whether the use of the oncolytic adenovirus Δ24-RGD alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy would be effective, in vitro and in vivo, against osteosarcoma. Our results showed that Δ24-RGD exerted a potent antitumor effect against osteosarcoma cell lines that was increased by the addition of cisplatin. Δ24-RGD osteosarcoma treatment resulted in autophagy in vitro that was further enhanced when combined with cisplatin. Of importance, administration of Δ24-RGD and/or cisplatin, in novel orthotopic and two lung metastatic models in vivo resulted in a significant reduction of tumor burden meanwhile maintaining a safe toxicity profile. Together, our data underscore the potential of Δ24-RGD to become a realistic therapeutic option for primary and metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma. Moreover, this study warrants a future clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Δ24-RGD for this devastating disease. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Conditional Disruption of the Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Protein 2 (Phd2) Gene Defines Its Key Role in Skeletal Development
Authors: Cheng Shaohong , Xing Weirong , Pourteymoor Sheila , Mohan Subburaman
Published: April 2014

We have previously shown that the increase in osterix (Osx) expression during osteoblast maturation is dependent on the activity of the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (Phd2), a key regulator of protein levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor family proteins in many tissues. In this study, we generated conditional Phd2 knockout mice (cKO) in osteoblast lineage cells by crossing floxed Phd2 mice with a Col1α2-iCre line to investigate the function of Phd2 in vivo. The cKO mice developed short stature and premature death at 12 to 14 weeks of age. Bone mineral content, bone area, and bone mineral density were decreased in femurs and tibias, but not vertebrae of the cKO mice compared to WT mice. The total volume (TV), bone volume (BV), and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the femoral trabecular bones of cKO mice were significantly decreased. Cross-sectional area of the femoral mid-diaphysis was also reduced in the cKO mice. The reduced bone size and trabecular bone volume in the cKO mice were a result of impaired bone formation but not bone resorption as revealed by dynamic histomorphometric analyses. Bone marrow stromal cells derived from cKO mice formed fewer and smaller nodules when cultured with mineralization medium. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry detected reduced expression of Osx, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein in cKO bone cells. These data indicate that Phd2 plays an important role in regulating bone formation in part by modulating expression of Osx and bone formation marker genes. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The spectacle of the ball python (Python regius): A morphological description
Authors: Da Silva Mari‐Ann O. , Heegaard Steffen , Wang Tobias , Nyengaard Jens R. , Bertelsen Mads F.
Published: April 2014

Cover illustration. Snakes have no moveable eyelids. Instead, the eyelids remain fused in the embryonic state to create the spectacle, a transparent structure that covers and protects the eye. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Da Silva et al. (pp. 489–496 10.1002/jmor.20230) provide a detailed account on the histology and ultrastructure of the eye of ball pythons (Python regius). The cover image shows the head of a live ball python (image: J.M. Starck 2005).
Protective effects of geraniol (a monoterpene) in a diabetic neuropathy rat model: Attenuation of behavioral impairments and biochemical perturbations
Authors: Prasad Sathya N. , Muralidhara
Published: April 2014

Involvement of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DN) is well appreciated. The present study examines the potential of geraniol (GE), a well‐known phytoconstituent commonly found in lemon, spices, rose oil, etc., to attenuate DN‐associated oxidative/nitrosative stress by employing a streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rat model. STZ‐induced diabetic rats provided with oral supplements of GE (100 mg/kg bw/day, 8 weeks) exhibited significant improvement in tail‐flick latency (sensory function) and the narrow beam test (motor function). Terminally, elevated levels of oxidative markers (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides) in cytosol of the sciatic nerve (SN) and in selected regions of the brain of diabetic rats were markedly reduced by GE supplements. Furthermore, GE significantly diminished the levels of protein carbonyls (a measure of protein oxidation) and nitrites in diabetic rats. In addition, in mitochondria, GE supplements restored the activities of enzymes, such as complexes I–III, succinate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase, in brain regions of diabetic rats, with a concomitant reduction in the levels of oxidative markers. GE significantly lowered the enhanced cytosolic calcium levels and acetylcholinesterase activity in the SN and the brain regions of diabetic rats. Depleted dopamine levels evident in the SN and the cortex/striatum among diabetic rats were restored by GE. From our data, we hypothesize that GE may be a promising therapeutic candidate in the management of DN in humans. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its neuromodulatory effects is essential in order to exploit its therapeutic efficacy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A web‐based restriction endonuclease tool for mycobacteriophage cluster prediction
Authors: Gissendanner Chris R. , Wiedemeier Allison M. D. , Wiedemeier Paul D. , Minton Russell L. , Bhuiyan Swapan , Harmson Jeremy S. , Findley Ann M.
Published: April 2014

A recent explosion in the amount of genomic data has revealed a large genetic diversity in the bacteriophages that infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. In an effort to assess the novelty of newly described mycobacteriophage isolates and provide a preliminary determination of their probable cluster assignment prior to full genome sequencing, we have developed a systematic approach that relies on restriction endonuclease analysis. We demonstrate that a web‐based tool, the Phage Enzyme Tool (or PET), is capable of rapidly facilitating this analysis and exhibits reliability in the putative placement of mycobacteriophages into specific clusters of previously sequenced phages. We propose that this tool represents a useful analytical step in the initial study of phage genomes and that this tool will increase the efficiency of phage genome characterization and enhance the educational activities involving mycobacteriophage discovery.
Microbial diversity in an Armenian geothermal spring assessed by molecular and culture‐based methods
Authors: Panosyan Hovik , Birkeland Nils‐Kåre
Published: April 2014

The phylogenetic diversity of the prokaryotic community thriving in the Arzakan hot spring in Armenia was studied using molecular and culture‐based methods. A sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries demonstrated the presence of a diversity of microorganisms belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes phyla, and Cyanobacteria. Proteobacteria was the dominant group, representing 52% of the bacterial clones. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments also indicated the abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria populations. Most of the sequences were most closely related to uncultivated microorganisms and shared less than 96% similarity with their closest matches in GenBank, indicating that this spring harbors a unique community of novel microbial species or genera. The majority of the sequences of an archaeal 16S rRNA gene library, generated from a methanogenic enrichment, were close relatives of members of the genus Methanoculleus. Aerobic endospore‐forming bacteria mainly belonging to Bacillus and Geobacillus were detected only by culture‐dependent methods. Three isolates were successfully obtained having 99, 96, and 96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Arcobacter sp., Methylocaldum sp., and Methanoculleus sp., respectively.
Modeling sighting heterogeneity and abundance in spatially replicated multiple‐observer surveys
Authors: Barker Richard J. , Forsyth David M. , Wood Matthew
Published: April 2014

Failure to account for dependencies among observers in multiple‐observer capture‐recapture studies will lead to biased inference yet methods that account for dependencies are poorly developed. We combined hierarchical capture‐recapture models and finite sampling theory to infer population abundance of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the 5,812‐ha Mount Eccles National Park, southeastern Australia. We used plot replication to build a Bayesian hierarchical model of koala sightings by multiple observers. Given the number of koala present on a plot, we modeled counts of koala by a multinomial log‐linear model with interaction terms to account for between‐observer dependencies. We modeled total numbers using a Poisson log‐linear model with covariate and random effects. We estimated the number of koala as 1.9 koala/ha (95% CI = 1.6, 2.4). We found evidence of between‐observer interactions, highlighting the importance of having at least 3 observers in multiple observer studies. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Flow‐Induced Coalescence in Polydisperse Systems
Authors: Fortelný Ivan , Jůza Josef
Published: April 2014

The theory of flow‐induced coalescence, based on the switch between the rates of approach of spherical and flattened droplets, is generalized to systems with different droplet radii. Probability, Pc, that the droplet collision will be followed by their fusion is calculated for systems containing droplets with two different droplet radii as a function of the average droplet radius. Analysis of the results obtained shows that Pc is a gradually decreasing function of the average droplet radius, 〈R〉 in broad range of 〈R〉 for systems with a large width of droplet radii distribution. The dependence of Pc for a polydisperse system should be considered also if experimentally determined average particle size is regarded as a result of the competition of the droplet breakup and coalescence in flowing polymer blends.
Modeling of Network Formation in the Atom Transfer Radical Co‐Polymerization (ATRP) of Vinyl/Divinyl Monomers Using a Multifunctional Polymer Molecule Approach
Authors: Hernández‐Ortiz Julio César , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Dubé Marc A. , Penlidis Alexander
Published: April 2014

A mathematical model for the kinetics of copolymerization with crosslinking of vinyl/divinyl monomers in the presence of ARGET ATRP controllers is developed. A reaction scheme considering multifunctional polymer molecules, which results in a tridimensional problem, is proposed. Molecular weight development during the pre‐gelation period is calculated using the method of moments. Flory‐Stockmayer's theory is used for the post‐gelation period. The ATRP solution copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) is used as a case study and test of the model. Good agreement between predicted profiles and experimental data from the literature is obtained.
The molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic properties of oleanolic acid, its isomer and derivatives for type 2 diabetes and associated complications
Authors: Camer Danielle , Yu Yinghua , Szabo Alexander , Huang Xu‐Feng
Published: April 2014

Recent research has uncovered the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic properties of oleanolic acid (OA), its isomer ursolic acid (UA), and derivatives. In particular, recent reports have highlighted the benefits of these compounds in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated life‐threatening complications, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and atherosclerosis. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is of major concern since it is reaching global epidemic levels. Treatments targeting the signaling pathways altered in type 2 diabetes are being actively investigated, and OA and UA in natural and derivative forms are potential candidates to modulate these pathways. We will explore the findings from in vitro and in vivo studies showing that these compounds: (i) improve insulin signaling and reduce hyperglycemia; (ii) reduce oxidative stress by upregulating anti‐oxidants and; (iii) reduce inflammation by inhibiting proinflammatory signaling. We will discuss the molecular mechanisms underpinning these therapeutic properties in this review in order to provide a rationale for the future use of OA, UA, and their derivatives for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities.
Correcting partial volume effects in biexponential T2 estimation of small lesions
Authors: Huang Chuan , Galons Jean‐Philippe , Graff Christian G. , Clarkson Eric W. , Bilgin Ali , Kalb Bobby , Martin Diego R. , Altbach Maria I.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

T2 mapping provides a quantitative approach for focal liver lesion characterization. For small lesions, a biexponential model should be used to account for partial volume effects (PVE). However, conventional biexponential fitting suffers from large uncertainty of the fitted parameters when noise is present. The purpose of this work is to develop a more robust method to correct for PVE affecting small lesions.

Methods

We developed a region of interest‐based joint biexponential fitting (JBF) algorithm to estimate the T2 of lesions affected by PVE. JBF takes advantage of the lesion fraction variation among voxels within a region of interest. JBF is compared to conventional approaches using Cramér–Rao lower bound analysis, numerical simulations, phantom, and in vivo data.

Results

JBF provides more accurate and precise T2 estimates in the presence of PVE. Furthermore, JBF is less sensitive to region of interest drawing. Phantom and in vivo results show that JBF can be combined with a reconstruction method for highly undersampled data, enabling the characterization of small abdominal lesions from data acquired in a single breath hold.

Conclusion

The JBF algorithm provides more accurate and stable T2 estimates for small structures than conventional techniques when PVE is present. It should be particularly useful for the characterization of small abdominal lesions. Magn Reson Med 73:1632–1642, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.