bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying spatially explicit uncertainty in empirically downscaled climate data
Authors: Inglis Nicole C. , Brown Taylor R. , Cale Ashley B. , Hartsook Theodore , Matos Adriano , Onyegbula Johanson , Greenberg Jonathan A.
Published: August 2024

Ecological simulations including forest and vegetation growth models require climate inputs that match the resolution and extent of the process being modelled. Climate inputs are often derived at resolutions coarser than the scale of many ecosystem processes. Machine learning models can be trained to spatially downscale climate data to fine (30 m) resolution using topographic variables such as elevation, aspect and other site‐specific factors. Statistically downscaled climate models will have spatially varying uncertainty that is not usually incorporated into downscaling techniques for error propagation into later models, are often applied on smaller areas, are not fine enough resolutions for many modelling techniques, or are not always scalable to large spatial extents. There remains opportunity to leverage machine learning advancements to downscale climate to very fine (30 m) resolutions with associated spatially explicit uncertainty to represent microclimatic variation in ecological models. In this study, we used quantile machine learning to produce 30 m downscaled temperature and precipitation data and associated model prediction uncertainty for the state of California. Temperature models were accurate at downscaling 4 km climate data to 30 m, performing better than the 4 km data at high and low slope positions and at high elevations, especially where there were fewer weather observations. Precipitation model predictions did not show global improvement over the 4 km scale, but were more accurate at high elevations, slopes with higher solar radiation and in valleys. For all climate variables, the added detail of spatial explicit uncertainty via 90% prediction intervals provides critical insight into the utility of empirically downscaled climate. The resulting 30 m spatially contiguous outputs can be used as ecological model inputs with uncertainty propagation, to illuminate climate trends over time as a function of fine‐scale spatial factors, and to highlight areas of spatially explicit uncertainty.
Mechanism of Laser‐Induced Self‐Deposition of Nanoparticles Identified by In Situ Observation
Authors: Chen Liwei , Matsuda Kazuya , Ito Yusuke , Sun Huijie , Sugita Naohiko , Nakao Masayuki , Nagato Keisuke
Published: August 2024

Laser ablation has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating nanoparticles (NPs) on metal surfaces, as demonstrated by extensive experimental and simulation studies. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the self‐deposition of laser‐induced NPs remain unclear, owing to the complexity of the process influenced by various factors and their interactions. In contrast to prior research that solely focused on isolated factors, this research proposes an observation system designed to systematically elucidate the mechanisms of laser‐induced self‐deposition of NPs on a copper surface. This system integrates ultrashort exposure observation with the pump–probe method, enabling the capture of dynamically evolving phenomena within the time frame of laser ablation. The proposed probing techniques reveal that the plasma plume consistently aligns with the NP spatter boundary. Additionally, liquid NPs are observed to travel into the plume and evaporate at its boundary, while solid NPs are propelled in opposite directions owing to recoil pressure from jetting vapor, eventually settling around the laser‐irradiated area. This study offers comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of NP self‐deposition through laser ablation, which is critical for optimizing the laser parameters in micro/nanofabrication and advancing the fundamental research in laser manufacturing.
Georgia's 25‐year certified peer specialist movement celebrated in new film
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2024

Observing Georgia's leadership in pioneering the certified peer specialist movement and its role in paving the way for Medicaid reimbursement for peer support services, the Georgia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities (DBHDD) has released a new documentary that highlights the journeys of peer specialists in the state and their impact on recovery and support.
New CEO of Vibrant Emotional Health shares vision for 988
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2024

In the weeks following the second anniversary of the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline on July 22 (see “988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline a work in progress during two‐year anniversary,” MHW, July 23; https://doi.org/10.1002/mhw.34114), Vibrant Emotional Health — the administrator of the 988 Lifeline — on July 31 announced the appointment of Cara McNulty, DPA, as its new CEO.
Study finds increased suicide risk in cancer patients' spouses
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2024

Noting that little is known about the risk of suicidal behavior in relation to having a spouse with a cancer diagnosis, researchers of a Denmark‐based study set out to estimate the risk of suicide attempt and suicide death among spouses of patients with cancer. They found that people who were married to patients diagnosed with cancer had an increased risk of suicide.
Role of prazosin in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome with sympathetic overactivity: A cohort study
Authors: Kumar Mritunjai , Guin Abhishek , Singh Anu , Singh Rajni , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: August 2024

Introduction/Aims

In Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), patients with dysautonomia demonstrate sympathetic overactivity (SO). This study assessed the role of prazosin (α1‐blocker) in the management of SO.

Methods

This cohort study was conducted from January 2022 to September 2023. Thirty‐two GBS patients with SO received prazosin (2.5–10 mg three times a day) (prazosin group). For comparison, we included historical controls that included 33 GBS patients having SO with similar baseline characteristics, including median age and disability, who did not receive prazosin, from a GBS registry of patients admitted during February 2018–December 2021. The primary endpoint was days to resolution of SO. Secondary endpoints were daily fluctuations in the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), duration of hospital stay, in‐hospital mortality, and disability at 3 months.

Results

The median ages of both the treatment and the control groups were 36 (IQR 25–49) years and 43 (66.2%) were males. The demographic and clinical parameters were comparable. Prazosin resulted in significantly earlier normalization of SO compared to the control group (median 15 vs. 20 days; p = .01). The mean fluctuations in the SBP and DBP at 15 days were significantly lower in the prazosin group. However, the duration of hospital stay and good recovery at 3 months were comparable. Three patients developed hypotension, while two patients died (ventilator‐associated pneumonia) in the prazosin group.

Discussion

This study provides new evidence supporting the role of prazosin in SO, and needs randomized trials to confirm our findings.
Comfort distance between patients and pharmacists during medication instruction: A prospective observational study at a cancer chemotherapy center
Authors: Gocho Saori , Miyagi Yukina , Nakayama Chika , Miyachi Yuka , Okada Shoshiro , Maruyama Kenta , Oshima Taeyuki
Published: August 2024

Background

The distance from the patient is a crucial factor in the communication with patients. The distance between patients and pharmacists varies depending on several factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between comfort distance and patients' physical condition and mood by measuring this distance at a chemotherapy center.

Methods

A total of 114 patients were surveyed regarding their physical condition and mood. The distance at which the patients were best able to talk to the pharmacists was measured. For comfort distance measurement, the pharmacists were instructed to approach or move away from the patients.

Results

The correlation between physical condition, mood, and comfort distance was examined in both male and female patients, and no significant correlation was found; however, there was a strong correlation between physical condition and mood in female patients. We looked at correlations by further dividing patients into those over and under 65 years of age and found a slight correlation with comfort distance in women under 65. They tended to shorten the distance when they felt well and lengthen the distance when they felt not well.

Conclusions

No correlation was found between physical condition or mood and comfort distance in male or female. A slight correlation was observed when age was included; however, the results were not satisfactory. By directly measuring the distance in actual patients, we obtained an actual measurement of the comfort distance that synthesized the patient's condition and various backgrounds during chemotherapy, providing a foothold for future studies.
FE2${\mathrm{FE}}^{2}$ method to model graphene subjected to in‐plane loading
Authors: Ochs Julian , Wackerfuß Jens
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the mechanical properties of carbon‐based nanostructures, in particular graphene, using the   method. The local boundary value problem is calculated using molecular mechanics and is therefore, in contrast to continuum mechanics, discrete. In the case of graphene as a microstructure, atomistic interactions occur with a range of up to three or more atoms. For the local boundary value problem, a representative volume element is developed that is compatible with the atomistic interactions. Boundary effects resulting from the molecular mechanical consideration are eliminated. Boundary conditions compatible with the Hill–Mandel condition are formulated for the local boundary value problem. The results are verified with fully atomistic simulations.
On the heritage of Kurt Magnus in gyro technology
Authors: Wagner Jörg F.
Published: August 2024

Kurt Magnus (1912–2003) is one of the personalities who shaped research and teaching in applied mechanics during the 20th century. Through his work with his doctoral supervisor Max Schuler at the University of Göttingen, gyrodynamics became his most important field of work, which also led to his research in oscillations, multi‐body systems, and mechatronics. Magnus made significant contributions in all these fields. He was regarded as a gifted lecturer, and the close connection between scientific research and practical application was important to him. Life and scientific work of Kurt Magnus were, however, also characterized by his 7‐year deportation to the USSR in 1946. Despite this fate, he was able to continue his research under certain restrictions during this time. After returning to Germany, he became Professor of Mechanics at the University of Stuttgart in 1958. His appointment coincided with the gradual resumption of industrial activities in Germany in the field of gyro technology—activities that had come to a standstill at the end of World War II. In the years that followed, Magnus' institute became the scientific center for gyrodynamics in Germany. The activities of that time are reflected in a preserved collection of gyro instruments for research and teaching as well as in the co‐founding of an annual international conference on inertial technology, which continues to this day. Magnus' subsequent move to the Technical University of Munich in 1966 did nothing to change this. At that time, he was regarded as a doyen of gyro technology. After a short biography of Kurt Magnus, the paper addresses the recent revision and digitization of the gyro instrument collection and presents an outline of the history of the conference series providing details on how gyro technology has developed since his work in Stuttgart.
Synergistic integration of dynamic acylsemicarbazide bonds and disulfide bonds into polyurethane: A facile strategy to surmount the tradeoff between mechanical strength and self‐healing capacity of elastomers
Authors: Wang Yubin , Hu Yangyang , Hao Zhiwei , Xu Zhongdi , Sun Baojiang , Zhang Jianhua
Published: August 2024

The polymeric materials can simultaneously possess high mechanical properties and outstanding self‐healing performance under mild condition have found widespread applications in various fields. However, this type of polymers is exceedingly rare due to the trade‐off between mechanical robustness and chain flexibility for healing. In this study, we designed a facile strategy for synergistic integration of dynamic acylsemicarbazide (ASC) bonds and disulfide bonds into polyurethane elastomer by the reaction between 3,3′‐dithiobis(propionohydrazide) and isocyanate‐terminated Pre‐PU. The obtained elastomer ASC‐SS‐PU not only possesses an outstanding tensile strength (17.1 MPa), good stretchability (735%) and high toughness (57.16 MJ·m−3), but also exhibits excellent self‐healing performance under mild condition. The healing efficiency of the damaged ASC‐SS‐PU samples (breakage rate >90%) can reach over 70% healing at 60°C for 40 min, which is much lower than conventional ASC‐based PU elastomer. Considering the simple and easy‐to‐scaleup preparation process and commercially available low‐cost raw materials, outstanding mechanical strength and toughness, as well as high healing efficiency under mild condition, the ASC‐SS‐PU elastomer as self‐healing but strong materials have great potential for use in various fields.
Effects of preoperative respiratory muscle training for improvement of postoperative health related quality of life in mitral valve replacement patients
Authors: Umar Umama , Hussain Ahad , Tariq Komal
Published: August 2024

Background and Purpose

A patient's defective mitral valve is replaced as part of a treatment called mitral valve replacement (MVR) with a mechanical or biological (bioprosthetic) valve. To evaluate the effects of preoperative respiratory muscle training (RMT) on the improvement of postoperative Health related quality of life in MVR patients.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental study was conducted at Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology. A Sample of 40 adult patients aged 25–50 years of both genders who underwent MVR was selected and divided into two groups Group 1 (Respiratory Muscle Training Group) was received RMT consisting of 10–15 repetitions a day for 5 days; for 3 weeks. Whereas Group 2 (Conventional Group) was receive breathing exercise consisting of 10–12 repetitions a day for 5 days; for 3 weeks. Modified Healthy Heart Questionnaire (HHQ‐GP‐1) was used as screening tool. In outcome measuring tools Health Related Quality of life Questionnaire (EuroQol), New York Heart Association, was used at baseline, 3rd week and postoperatively. Duration of Postoperative Mechanical Ventilation (hours) and Hospital Stay was also noted as outcome measures of this study.

Results

Results obtained indicate that level of Self‐Care in EuroQol‐5‐D‐5L has improved in group 1 3.35 ± 1.03 to 1.35 ± 0.48 showing significant improvement similarly in case of Hospital Length of Stay, Mechanical ventilation 4.05 ± 0.68 to 5.05 ± 0.51 and Pain 65.25 ± 8.34 to 71.50 ± 6.70 has improved.

Implications on Physiotherapy Practice

It was concluded that Respiratory Muscle Training and Conventional Muscle Training both are effective in MVR patients. But RMT is more effective in improving self‐care, reducing pain, Hospital Length of Stay and Mechanical Ventilation in postoperative period as compared to Conventional Muscle Treatment.
Micro/Nano Hierarchical Crater‐Like Structure Surface With Mechanical Durability and Low‐Adhesion for Anti‐Icing/Deicing
Authors: Xuan Sensen , Zhuo Lijie , Li Guoqiang , Zeng Qin , Liu Jiasong , Yu Jiaxin , Chen Liang , Yang Yi , Liu Senyun , Wang Yuan , Yin Kai
Published: August 2024

Superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted significant attention for their ability to prevent ice formation and facilitate deicing without requiring external energy. However, these surfaces are often vulnerable to damage from external forces, leading to functional failure due to poor mechanical stability, which limits their widespread use. Drawing inspiration from the hierarchical groove of rose petals and the micropapillae of lotus leaves, a simple laser‐based method is proposed to create a superhydrophobic surface with a micro/nano hierarchical crater‐like structure (HCLS). To enhance the surface, boiling water treatment is applied to induce dense nanostructures, resulting in an optimal contact angle (CA) of 162° and a desirable sliding angle (SA) of 2.0°. The initial ice adhesion strength of HCLS is as low as 1.4 kPa and remains below 10 kPa even after 300 cm sandpaper abrasion. Furthermore, the HCLS demonstrates excellent mechanical durability, maintaining its performance under conditions that simulate the continuous impact of water and sand in extreme weather. This approach offers an innovative design concept that has the potential to advance the development of anti‐icing and deicing surfaces for future aircraft.
Immune profiling of premalignant lesions in patients with Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Liu Zhongyue , Wu Boda , Shi Xiaoliu , Zhou Junfeng , Huang Hui , Li Zhihong , Yang Mei
Published: August 2024

Background

Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome (PJS), is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by an elevated risk of various cancers. Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11) gene is a major tumor suppressor crucial for immune evasion with and beyond tumorigenic cells. It has garnered increasing attention in the realm of oncology treatment, particularly in the context of immunotherapy development.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the suitability of polyps obtained from individuals with PJS, resulting from germline STK11 deficiency, for immunotherapy. Additionally, we seek to identify potential shared mechanisms related to immune evasion between PJS polyps and cancers. To achieve this, we examined PJS polyps alongside familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic polyps.

Methods

Polyps were compared among themselves and with either the paracancerous tissues or colon cancers. Pathological and gene expression profiling approaches were employed to characterize infiltrating immune cells and assess the expression of immune checkpoint genes.

Results

Our findings revealed that PJS polyps exhibited a closer resemblance to cancer tissues than other polyps in terms of their immune microenvironment. Notably, PJS polyps displayed heightened expression of the immune checkpoint gene CD80 and an accumulation of myeloid cells, particularly myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).

Conclusion

The findings suggest an immunobiological foundation for the increased cancer susceptibility in PJS patients, paving the way for potential immune therapy applications in this population. Furthermore, utilizing PJS as a model may facilitate the exploration of immune evasion mechanisms, benefiting both PJS and cancer patients.
Satellite observations of Arctic blowing dust events >82°N
Authors: Baddock Matthew , Hall Alex , Rideout Joseph , Bryant Rob , Bullard Joanna , Gassó Santiago
Published: August 2024

This study reports satellite evidence for the most northerly blown dust activity yet observed on Earth. A systematic inspection of high‐resolution satellite imagery identified active dust events and their sources >82°N in Peary Land, Greenland. In the absence of any local weather measurements, for all observed dust activity a focus period in April 2020 with multiple dust plumes, reanalysis climate data found the majority of dust events to be associated with wind speeds exceeding a typical threshold value for blowing sand and dust uplift. Wind direction variability points to dust‐raising by cold airflow down‐valley winds, likely from nearby ice masses.
Cultural Heritage and Urban Development: Embracing the Historic Urban Landscape Approach
Authors: Francini Carlo , Rozochkina Tatiana
Published: August 2024

In the global context, there is not a single historic city that has managed to preserve its original character intact; this concept is perpetually evolving, destined to transform in tandem with society itself. Given the constant urban change, how can the societies accommodate the need for urban development and the cultural heritage conservation within urban management? The article elaborates on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach as a solution framework that provides an understanding of how historic fabric and contemporary development can harmoniously interact, reinforcing their respective roles and significance. The case study of Florence serves as a compelling example of efficacy of this approach and offers valuable insights into the HUL’s successful integration into existing local frameworks, ultimately shedding light on the potential benefits of the HUL application in different urban contexts.
A Novel Perception of Quantum Software: Theoretical, Engineering, and Application Aspects
Authors: Felderer Michael , Pérez-Castillo Ricardo , Piattini Mario , Exman Iaakov
Published: August 2024

The chapter discusses the importance of quantum software and defines it as a multifaceted concept comprising a theoretical, engineering, and application viewpoint. Hence, it covers aspects of quantum software theory, quantum software systems, as well as quantum software laboratory. The chapter also outlines the entire book and its individual chapters structured into three parts on quantum software theory, quantum software system design, as well as quantum software laboratory and applications.
Simulating Quantum Software with Density Matrices: Reading Feynman on Fast-Forward
Authors: Exman Iaakov
Published: August 2024

Richard P. Feynman’s 1982 paper “Simulating Physics with Computers” is often recognized as a pioneer of quantum computing. However, careful reading between the lines finds further meaningful content. This work reinterprets the pioneering paper, as a precursor of Quantum Software. Feynman’s proposal to represent the simulated system by a Density Matrix opens the way toward a mathematical Quantum Software systems theory.

Density Matrix modularization leads to software modules as high-level abstractions unifying conceptual software units and matrix basis kets, stimulating new software-related questions and novel quantum solutions. Software modules are building blocks for any imaginable Quantum Software computations in practice, such as software system evolution, measurement, compositionality, and future potential applications.
Quantum Software Ecosystem Design
Authors: Basermann Achim , Epping Michael , Fauseweh Benedikt , Felderer Michael , Lobe Elisabeth , Röhrig-Zöllner Melven , Schmiedinghoff Gary , Schuhmacher Peter K. , Setyawati Yoshinta , Weinert Alexander
Published: August 2024

The rapid advancements in quantum computing necessitate a scientific and rigorous approach to the construction of a corresponding software ecosystem, a topic underexplored and primed for systematic investigation. This chapter takes an important step in this direction. It presents scientific considerations essential for building a quantum software ecosystem that makes quantum computing available for scientific and industrial problem-solving. Central to this discourse is the concept of hardware–software co-design, which fosters a bidirectional feedback loop from the application layer at the top of the software stack down to the hardware. This approach begins with compilers and low-level software that are specifically designed to align with the unique specifications and constraints of the quantum processor, proceeds with algorithms developed with a clear understanding of underlying hardware and computational model features, and extends to applications that effectively leverage the capabilities to achieve a quantum advantage. We analyze the ecosystem from two critical perspectives: the conceptual view, focusing on theoretical foundations, and the technical infrastructure, addressing practical implementations around real quantum devices necessary for a functional ecosystem. This approach ensures that the focus is toward promising applications with optimized algorithm–circuit synergy, while ensuring a user-friendly design, an effective data management, and an overall orchestration. This chapter thus offers a guide to the essential concepts and practical strategies necessary for developing a scientifically grounded quantum software ecosystem.
Development and Deployment of Quantum Services
Authors: Moguel Enrique , Garcia-Alonso Jose , Murillo Juan M.
Published: August 2024

Quantum computing is advancing by leaps and bounds to become a commercial reality. This revolutionary new technology aims to improve essential areas such as cybersecurity, financial services, and medicine. The growth of this technology has encouraged different research centers and big companies such as IBM, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google to dedicate considerable efforts to the development of new technologies that bring quantum computing to the market. However, these technologies are not yet mature and create a major problem of vendor lock-in. Therefore, new techniques and tools are needed to facilitate access to this technology and to allow developers to increase the level of abstraction at which they work. In this chapter, we perform a technical comparison between different quantum computing service providers using a case study by performing empirical tests based on the Traveling Salesman Problem. This study highlights the differences between the major providers. To address these differences and reduce the vendor lock-in effect, we made three proposals: an extension of the Quantum API Gateway to support the different vendors; a code generator making use of a modification of the OpenAPI specification; and a workflow to automate the continuous deployment of these services making use of GitHub Actions. This would allow programmers to deploy quantum code without specific knowledge of the major vendors, which would facilitate access and simplify the development of quantum applications.
Labor’s Economic Rationalism: Women Under the Hawke and Keating Governments (1983–1996)
Authors: Johnson Carol
Published: August 2024

This chapter focuses on Australian government policy but also provides relevant international examples. It discusses gender equality policy during the period of the Hawke and Keating governments. It highlights internationally innovative policy developments such as the introduction of Women’s Budget Statements, later exported to the world in the form of gender responsive budgeting. However, it argues that the governments’ internationally innovative attempts to meld neoliberalism and social democracy—a project which influenced Tony Blair’s “New Labour”—had less positive effects on women such as public sector cutbacks and a marketisation of services. Furthermore, some of the neoliberal framing influences on industrial relations policy were to contribute to the gender pay gap for decades to come. Nonetheless, it will be suggested that the Blair (1997–2007) government’s “Third Way” placed less of a focus on being socially inclusive than the Hawke and Keating governments’ policies. However, Australian supporters of gender equality were to face a much greater challenge with the defeat of Labor and the election of the socially conservative, neoliberal Howard government that was influenced by both Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.
Innate immune signatures in the nasopharynx after SARS-CoV-2 infection and links with the clinical outcome of COVID-19 in Omicron-dominant period
Authors: Cha Hyunkyung , Lee Chan Mi , Kim Sujin , Kang Chang Kyung , Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Jo Hyeon Jae , Kim Nam Joong , Park Wan Beom , Kim Hyun Jik
Published: August 2024

While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by impaired induction of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), the IFNs and ISGs in upper airway is essential to restrict the spread of respiratory virus. Here, we identified the prominent IFN and ISG upregulation in the nasopharynx (NP) of mild and even severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (CoV2+) in Omicron era and to compare their clinical outcome depending on the level of IFNs and ISGs. Whereas the induction of IFNB was minimal, transcription of IFNA, IFNG, and IFNLs was significantly increased in the NP of CoV2 + patients. IFNs and ISGs may be more upregulated in the NP of CoV2 + patients at early phases of infection according to viral RNA levels and this is observed even in severe cases. IFN-related innate immune response might be characteristic in macrophages and monocytes at the NP and the CoV2 + patients with higher transcription of IFNs and ISGs in the NP showed a correlation with good prognosis of COVID-19. This study presents that IFNs and ISGs may be upregulated in the NP, even in severe CoV2 + patients depending on viral replication during Omicron-dominant period and the unique IFN-responsiveness in the NP links with COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
Uncovering miRNA-Mediated Regulation in Phellem Versus Xylem Differentiation in Quercus suber L.
Authors: Lopes Susana T. , Costa Bruno , Chaves Inês , Costa Augusta , Miguel Célia M.
Published: August 2024

Several regulators of phellem/cork formation have been identified in recent years, using mainly transcriptomic approaches. However, this developmental process, showing parallels to the functioning of vascular cambium, remains poorly understood. The cork oak tree (Quercus suber L.) exhibits a remarkable ability to form a traumatic phellogen after debarking, enabling sustainable cork production. We aimed at uncovering post-transcriptional mechanisms controlled by miRNAs, specifically involved in regulating phellogen functioning and phellem differentiation in cork oak. To achieve this, we conducted a comparative analysis of the small RNA transcriptome between differentiating phellem and xylem, both originating from secondary meristems (phellogen and vascular cambium). In addition to identifying miRNAs exclusive to phellogen/phellem tissues, we discovered 246 differentially expressed miRNAs between the two tissues, of which 74 are conserved. The most abundant miRNA families found in phellem tissues were MIR165/166, MIR167, MIR168 and MIR390. By analysing miRNA predicted targets and their expression in the same tissues, many of the differentially expressed miRNAs were found associated with sequence-specific DNA binding functions. Within these, transcription factor families HD-ZIP III, WRKY, NAC and MYB were highlighted as key in phellem differentiation. Furthermore, hormone-mediated signalling pathways, particularly involving auxin, appeared as an enriched biological process, as several ARF transcripts, among other auxin signalling genes like IAA11, ARF18 and ARF19, were identified as putative targets of conserved or novel miRNAs. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive overview of the miRNA landscape during cork formation, providing valuable knowledge for further functional studies and potential practical applications in forest management.

Graphical Abstract
Real-world data on the prevalence of BRCA1/2 and HRR gene mutations in patients with primary and metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Hommerding Moritz , Hommerding Oliver , Bernhardt Marit , Kreft Tobias , Sanders Christine , Tischler Verena , Basitta Patrick , Pelusi Natalie , Wulf Anna-Lena , Ohlmann Carsten-Henning , Ellinger Jörg , Ritter Manuel , Kristiansen Glen
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study seeks to contribute real-world data on the prevalence of BRCA1/2 and HRR gene mutations in prostate cancer.

Methods

We compiled sequencing data of 197 cases of primary and metastatic prostate cancer, in which HRR mutation analysis was performed upon clinical request within the last 5 years. All cases were analyzed using a targeted NGS BRCAness multigene panel, including 8 HRR genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK12, CHEK2, FANCA, HDAC2, PALB2).

Results

Our findings reveal a prevalence of potentially targetable mutations based on FDA criteria of 20.8%, which is comparable to the literature. However, the frequency of targetable BRCA2 mutations within our cohort was lower than reported for mCRPC and ATM and CHEK2 mutations were more prevalent instead. Thus, while 20.8% (n = 38) of the cases meet the criteria for olaparib treatment per FDA approval, only 4.9% (n = 9) align with the eligibility criteria according to the EMA approval.

Conclusion

This study offers valuable real-world insights into the landscape of BRCA1/2 and HRR gene mutations and the practical clinical management of HRR gene testing in prostate cancer, contributing to a better understanding of patient eligibility for PARPi treatment.
Urinary continence outcomes, surgical margin status, and complications after radical prostatectomy in 2,141 German patients treated in one high-volume inpatient rehabilitation clinic in 2022
Authors: Bahlburg Henning , Rausch Patricia , Tully Karl Heinrich , Berg Sebastian , Noldus Joachim , Butea-Bocu Marius Cristian , Beyer Burkhard , Müller Guido
Published: August 2024

Purpose

To identify independent predictors of urinary continence and report early complications after radical prostatectomy (RP) in a large, contemporary German cohort.

Methods

Urinary incontinence data of patients undergoing 3-week inpatient rehabilitation (IR) after RP were prospectively assessed by 24-hr pad test and uroflowmetry at the beginning and the end of IR, respectively. Lymphoceles were assessed prospectively by ultrasound. Tumor and patient characteristics, and information on urinary leakage on initial cystography were retrospectively extracted from discharge letters and surgical reports. Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of urinary continence at the beginning of IR.

Results

Overall, 2,141 patients were included in the final analyses. Anastomotic leakage on the initial cystography and lymphoceles were found in 11.4% and 30.8% of patients, respectively. Intervention for a symptomatic lymphocele was required in 4.2% of patients. At the end of IR, 54.2% of patients were continent, while the median urine loss decreased to 73 g (interquartile range 15–321). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age and diabetes mellitus as independent negative predictors, but nerve-sparing surgery as an independent positive predictor of urinary continence (each p < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that 24-hr urine loss increased by 7 g with each year of life (p < 0.001), was 79 g higher in patients with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.007), and 175 g lower in patients with NS (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Age, diabetes mellitus, and NS are significantly associated with continence outcomes in the early period after RP. Our analyses may help clinicians to pre-operatively counsel patients on potential surgical outcomes.
An Efficient Algorithm to Compute the Toughness in Graphs with Bounded Treewidth
Authors: Katona Gyula Y. , Khan Humara
Published: August 2024

Let t be a positive real number. A graph is called t-tough if the removal of any vertex set S that disconnects the graph leaves at most |S|/t components. The toughness of a graph is the largest t for which the graph is t-tough. We prove that toughness is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized with the treewidth. More precisely, we give an algorithm to compute the toughness of a graph G with running time $${\mathcal {O}}(|V(G)|^3\cdot \textrm{tw}(G)^{2\textrm{tw}(G)})$$

O
(
|
V

(
G
)

|
3

·
tw

(
G
)

2
tw
(
G
)

)

where $$\textrm{tw}(G)$$

tw
(
G
)

is the treewidth. If the treewidth is bounded by a constant, then this is a polynomial algorithm.
The olfactory test established by Henkin: is it reliable and does it correlate to established psychophysical tests?
Authors: Hernandez Anna Kristina , Käb Irina , Hummel Thomas
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This pilot study aimed to determine whether the Henkin olfactory test discriminates between the olfactory function of patients with olfactory loss and healthy individuals, and whether the Henkin test is correlated with a validated psychophysical olfactory test.

Methods

Participants underwent olfactory testing using the modified Henkin test (including detection [DT] and recognition [RT] thresholds, magnitude estimation [ME], and hedonic ratings [H], for four different odors) and the extended “Sniffin’ Sticks” test battery (odor detection, discrimination, identification).

Results

Forty-four individuals (28 women, aged 19–81 years, mean: 39 years) were included. Twenty-three were healthy (mean age: 38 years) and 21 had olfactory dysfunction (OD) (mean age: 40 years). OD patients had worse mean DT, lower composite RT, and lower ME ratings. Mean and individual odor H ratings were not significantly different between the groups. Most individuals were classified as hyposmic when using the prescribed classification by Henkin, with only very few satisfying the stringent criteria of anosmia and normosmia. Modified Henkin subtests were all positively correlated with each other and with the “Sniffin’ Sticks”, except for Unpleasant Mean H which was only correlated with Pleasant Mean H; and Pleasant mean H which was not correlated with mean DT scores.

Conclusion

The Henkin test is able to separate between OD patients and controls. However, modifications to the conduct of this test may be required. Studies that used this test should be carefully interpreted.

Level of evidence

3.
Effects of ischemic pre-conditioning on electrically stimulated contractions
Authors: Allois Ruben , Pagliaro Pasquale , Leonardo Ermini , Roatta Silvestro
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) offers protection against future ischemic events and may improve sports performance due to several mechanisms at local and systemic levels. This study investigates the local effects on muscle contractility in electrically induced muscle contractions, thus effectively excluding any uncontrolled change in the motor drive.

Methods

Twenty-one subjects were divided into two groups: 12 subjects in the IPC group (3 × 5/5 min right arm ischemia/reperfusion; cuff pressure 250 mmHg) and 9 subjects in the SHAM group (same treatment at 20 mmHg). The adductor pollicis was contracted by supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve with single pulses, trains of stimuli (5, 8, 10 and 12 Hz, 1-s duration) and bursts (4 pulses, 25 Hz), all separated by 5-s intervals. The stimulation sequence was delivered before and 15 and 30 min after IPC/SHAM treatment. The isometric contraction force, the superficial electromyographic signal, and tissue oxygenation were continuously monitored.

Results

A significant force decrease in time was observed at 8, 10 (p < 0.01) and 12 Hz (p < 0.05) along with a decrease in half-relaxation time in single twitches and bursts (p = 0.01), regardless of treatment. This general time-related weakening was more marked in IPC than SHAM at 5-Hz stimulation. No effects were observed on the magnitude of the superficial electromyographic signal.

Conclusion

Data indicate that IPC does not increase muscle force during electrically stimulated contractions, supporting the idea that IPC’s ergogenic effects are not due to increased muscle contractility.
Mosquito prevalence, resting habitat preference, and Plasmodium infection status of anophelines in coastal Karnataka during the declining phase of malaria—an exploratory study
Authors: Arumugam Gowthami , Saravu Kavitha , Kotthapalli Prashanth , Nallapati Vishnu Teja , Bhat Prashanth , Achari Muktha , Kulal Naveenchandra , Ananganallur Nagarajan Shriram , S. L. Hoti , Kumar Ashwani
Published: August 2024

Malaria has a historical presence in the Dakshina Kannada (D.K.) and Udupi districts of Karnataka, India. To understand the potential involvement of anopheline fauna in malaria transmission, we conducted an exploratory entomological survey. The study is crucial given the decreasing malaria incidence in these districts in recent years. From September 2022 to August 2023, we collected indoor resting mosquitoes using a manual aspirator at 27 randomly chosen sites within three distinct resting habitats (human dwellings, cattle sheds, and construction sites) in the urban areas of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts. Mosquitoes were morphologically identified, and anopheline specimens were tested for the presence of malarial parasite by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. We collected a total of 1810 mosquitoes, comprising 21 species distributed across five genera. Culex emerged as the predominant genus, constituting 84.4% of the collected specimens, while Anopheles accounted for 5.4%. Among the observed species, Culex quinquefasciatus was predominant, comprising 77.9% of the mosquito specimens collected in this study. Two malaria vectors, An. stephensi and An. subpictus complex, constituted 16.3% and 1.0% of the total anophelines collected, respectively. None of the 96 female anophelines was tested positive for Plasmodium infection. Our findings suggest that Anopheles mosquitoes prefer resting in cattle sheds over human dwellings. While our study identified two malaria vectors, they were present at low densities. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of these vector mosquitoes, it is essential to conduct long-term surveillance to monitor their prevalence and role in malaria transmission.
Sharp metastability transition for two-dimensional bootstrap percolation with symmetric isotropic threshold rules
Authors: Duminil-Copin Hugo , Hartarsky Ivailo
Published: August 2024

We study two-dimensional critical bootstrap percolation models. We establish that a class of these models including all isotropic threshold rules with a convex symmetric neighbourhood, undergoes a sharp metastability transition. This extends previous instances proved for several specific rules. The paper supersedes a draft by Alexander Holroyd and the first author from 2012. While it served a role in the subsequent development of bootstrap percolation universality, we have chosen to adopt a more contemporary viewpoint in its present form.
Does a coexisting congener of a mixed mating species affect the genetic structure and selfing rate via reproductive interference?
Authors: Katsuhara Koki R. , Ushimaru Atushi , Miyazaki Yuko
Published: August 2024

Reproductive interference is defined as an interspecific interaction that reduces fitness via mating processes. Although its ecological and evolutionary consequences have attracted much attention, how reproductive interference affects the population genetic structures of interacting species is still unclear. In flowering plants, recent studies found that self-pollination can mitigate the negative effects of reproductive interference. Selfing-biased seed production is expected to increase population-level inbreeding and the selfing rate, and limits gene flow via pollinator outcrossing among populations. We examined the population genetics of the mixed-mating annual herb Commelina communis f. ciliata, focusing on reproductive interference by the sympatric competing congener C. communis using microsatellite markers. First, we found that almost all C. c. f. ciliata populations had relatively high inbreeding coefficients. Then, comparing sympatric and allopatric populations, we found evidence that reproductive interference from a competing congener increased the inbreeding coefficient and selfing rate. Allopatric populations exhibit varied selfing rates while almost all sympatric populations exhibit extremely high selfing rates, suggesting that population selfing rates were also influenced by unexamined factors, such as pollinator limitation. Besides, our findings revealed that reproductive interference from a competing congener did not limit gene flow among populations. We present the first report on how reproductive interference affects the genetic aspects of populations. Our results suggested that the high selfing rate of C. c. f. ciliata promotes its sympatric distribution with C. communis, even in the presence of reproductive interference, although it is not clear whether reproductive interference directly causes the high selfing rate.
Robotic bariatric surgery reduces morbidity for revisional gastric bypass when compared to laparoscopic: outcome of 8-year MBSAQIP analysis of over 40,000 cases
Authors: Spurzem Graham J. , Broderick Ryan C. , Kunkel Emily K. , Hollandsworth Hannah M. , Sandler Bryan J. , Jacobsen Garth R. , Horgan Santiago
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Robotic-assisted metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is gaining popularity. Revisional MBS is associated with higher perioperative morbidity compared to primary MBS. The optimal surgical approach to minimize complications in these complex cases is unclear. The goal of this study was to assess robot utilization in revisional MBS and compare laparoscopic and robotic revisional MBS outcomes in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database.

Methods

A retrospective review of the MBSAQIP database was performed identifying revisional sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) cases from 2015 to 2022. Primary MBS, open/emergent cases, cases converted to another approach, and combined cases other than esophagogastroduodenoscopy were excluded. 30-Day outcomes for laparoscopic and robotic cases were compared using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidities, and operative variables.

Results

41,404 Cases (14,474 SG; 26,930 RYGB) were identified. From 2015 to 2022, the percentage of revisional SG and RYGB cases performed robotically increased from 6.1% and 7.3% to 24.2% and 32.0% respectively. Laparoscopic SG had similar rates of overall morbidity, leak, bleeding, readmission, reoperation, and length of stay compared to robotic. Laparoscopic RYGB had significantly higher rates of overall morbidity (6.2% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.001, AOR 0.80 [0.70–0.93]), blood transfusion (1.5% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.05, AOR 0.74 [0.55–0.99]), superficial incisional SSI (1.2% vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001, AOR 0.30 [0.19–0.47]), and longer length of stay (1.87 vs. 1.76 days, p < 0.001) compared to robotic. Laparoscopic operative times were significantly shorter than robotic (SG: 86.4 ± 45.8 vs. 113.5 ± 51.7 min; RYGB: 130.7 ± 64.7 vs. 165.5 ± 66.8 min, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Robot utilization in revisional bariatric surgery is increasing. Robotic surgery has lower postoperative morbidity and shorter length of stay in revisional RYGB when compared to laparoscopic. Robotic platforms may have the capacity to improve the delivery of care for patients undergoing revisional bariatric surgery.
Association of ambient temperature with intentional self-harm and suicide death in Seoul: a case-crossover design with a distributed lag nonlinear model
Authors: Kim Seunghyeon , Kim Yoonhee , Park Eunsik
Published: August 2024

Previous epidemiological studies have reported a short-term association between ambient temperature and suicide risk. To gain a clearer understanding of this association, it is essential to differentiate the risk factors for intentional self-harm (ISH) from those specifically associated with suicide deaths. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether the association between daily temperature and ISH or suicide deaths differs by age and sex. Between 2014 and 2019, cases of emergency room visits related to ISH and suicide deaths in Seoul were identified. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to adjust for temporal trends and seasonal variation. A distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the nonlinear and time-delayed effect of ambient temperature on ISH and suicide deaths. Positive associations were observed between temperature and both ISH and suicide deaths. For ISH, the relative risk (RR) was high at 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.34) for a temperature of 25.7 °C compared with 14.8 °C. The RR for suicide death was higher than those for ISH, at 1.43 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.00) for a temperature of 33.7 °C. These associations varied by age and sex, with males and females aged 35–64 years showing increased susceptibility to suicide deaths. This study provides detailed evidence that unusually high temperatures, both anomalous and out of season, may trigger suicidal behaviors, including both ISH and suicide deaths.