bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered Expression of Cytoskeletal and Axonal Proteins in Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy
Authors: Sanna Maria Domenica , Ghelardini Carla , Galeotti Nicoletta
Published: January 2016

Background: Oxaliplatin is a platinum compound widely used in the treatment of some solid tumors. Despite its usefulness, oxaliplatin-associated neurotoxicity represents the main dose-limiting factor of this drug. This study examined the structural neuronal effects of oxaliplatin treatment in spinal and supraspinal levels. Methods: Protein expression was investigated in the mouse cortex, thalamus, periaqueductal grey (PAG) matter and spinal cord (SC) by Western blotting. Thermal nociception was assessed by the hot plate test. Results: Results indicate a reduction in the levels of growth associated protein-43 (GAP43) in the cortex and SC areas at the end of thermal hyperalgesic response, while a decrease in neurofilament-H (NfH) phosphorylation was observed in the SC on day 21 when the pain-related manifestation reaches the neurotoxic peak. Counteracting phosphorylated NfH content increases in the SC and cortex regions at day 28 as a result of the beginning of neuro-regeneration process. We also revealed that the levels of HuD, a neuronal-specific RNA-binding protein, decreased, demonstrating the same temporal and regional expression pattern of GAP43. Oxaliplatin chronic treatment induced a region-specific upregulation of γ isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) within thalamus and PAG, and the administration of a PKC inhibitor suggests that PKC activity in these brain regions must be required to maintain the thermal hyperalgesic state. Conclusions: These results suggest that changes in the protein levels of the regulatory and structural proteins are due to oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity and imply that there is a direct link between structural changes in the central nervous system and chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity.
Revisão sistemática sobre prevalência de demência entre a população brasileira
Authors: Boff Mario Sergio , Sekyia Felipe Seiti , Bottino Cássio Machado de Campos
Published: January 2016

À medida que a população idosa aumenta no mundo, as doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento, particularmente a demência, tornam-se mais frequentes. Tendo em vista que o Brasil segue essa tendência global do envelhecimento populacional, deve apresentar, também, aumento da prevalência de demência em sua população. Objetivos: os objetivos desse estudo são revisar artigos sobre prevalência de demência no Brasil nos últimos anos, estabelecer comparações entre os estudos e identificar associações entre a prevalência de demência e características populacionais. Bases de dados: SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Métodos: pesquisa por artigos originais sobre estudos epidemiológicos de prevalência de demência em amostras populacionais brasileiras, usando especificas palavras-chaves nas bases de dados com três fases de seleção final dos artigos e caracterização daqueles selecionados. Resultados: dos 357 artigos encontrados, apenas 8 foram selecionados após a avaliação. A prevalência encontrada nos artigos variou de 5,1% a 17,5%. Discussão: apesar da boa qualidade dos artigos, o pequeno número deles é insuficiente para caracterizar a população brasileira. A doença de Alzheimer é a causa de demência que lidera em número de casos e a associação entre demência e idade é demonstrada, assim como escolaridade. Conclusão: são necessários mais estudos de outras regiões do Brasil para avaliar e comparar a população brasileira com outras populações.
Os direitos humanos na formação do profissional de medicina
Authors: Albuquerque Aline
Published: January 2016

Este artigo tem como escopo investigar a introdução do referencial dos direitos humanos na formação de profissionais de Medicina. Os passos metodológicos adotados nesta pesquisa envolvem duas abordagens: uma teórica, sobre a interconexão entre Medicina e direitos humanos, e outra empírica, que objetivou levantar os estudos sobre a conexão entre direitos humanos e Medicina na produção literária brasileira, bem como identificar a incorporação do referencial dos direitos humanos nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de Medicina e analisar os conteúdos de direitos humanos presentes nas matrizes curriculares dos Cursos de Graduação em Medicina do Distrito Federal. Concluiu-se que é fundamental que profissionais sejam formados na cultura dos direitos humanos, porquanto serão médicos mais atentos à obrigação universal de respeito às diferenças constituintes da identidade de cada um e ao fato de que o exercício da Medicina não é assistencialismo, caridade ou beneficência, mas sim a materialização do direito humano à saúde. As pesquisas empíricas demonstraram que ainda há a escassez de estudos sobre a interconexão entre direitos humanos e Medicina, bem como embora haja a menção expressa aos direitos humanos nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, ainda há uma lacuna quanto a sua inserção nas matrizes curriculares dos Cursos de Graduação em Medicina. No que toca aos Cursos de Graduação em Medicina do Distrito Federal embora haja alguns que contemplem a formação humanística, não há expressamente a incorporação do referencial dos direitos humanos em suas matrizes curriculares.
Perspectivas da terapia gênica
Authors: Costanzi-Strauss Eugenia , Strauss Bryan E.
Published: January 2016

O conceito de terapia gênica é simples: introduzir material genético na célula com o objetivo de interceder na progressão de uma doença. Mesmo com uma definição de fácil entendimento, na verdade o campo de estudo da terapia gênica é rico em tecnologias inovadoras, conhecimentos e práticas interdisciplinares. O desenvolvimento e aplicação de terapia gênica encontram desafios significativos iguais como qualquer tratamento ainda em fase experimental, mas também enfrentam dificuldades próprias devidas ao uso de material biológico como agente farmacológico. Esta pequena revisão apresenta alguns conceitos básicos sobre a tecnologia e aplicação de terapia gênica e serve como base para uma discussão sobre o importante papel da associação entre pesquisa básica e clínica no desenvolvimento desta nova abordagem terapêutica. A contribuição dos conhecimentos dos especialistas em aspectos básicos e clínicos permite que tanto a tecnologia quanto a aplicação de terapia gênica em pacientes rapidamente recebam os benefícios do progresso da ciência. No Brasil, a terapia gênica se encontra em fase precoce quando comparado com vários países ao redor do mundo, porém nossos avanços são significativos e existem excelentes perspectivas de crescimento.
Fisiopatologia da dependência química
Authors: Chaim Carolina Hanna , Bandeira Kercya Bernardes P. , Andrade Arthur Guerra de
Published: January 2016

A dependência química é um transtorno psiquiátrico crônico, manifestado principalmente por sintomas persistentes do comportamento, com diversas consequências negativas sociais, psicológicas e para a saúde. Cada substância psicoativa apresenta diferentes chances de levar ao transtorno, não apenas por suas propriedades particulares, mas também pela interação com fatores de vulnerabilidade individuais. Aspectos genéticos, ambientais e a modulação de substratos neurobiológicos durante o curso da doença irão compor o escopo desses fatores de risco individuais, com variações entre os pesos exercidos de acordo com cada substância e com cada fase da vida. Diante do atual reconhecimento sobre a complexidade da etiologia e cronificação da dependência química, apresenta-se visão geral da fisiopatologia implicada.
O GT Linguística do Texto e Análise da Conversação
Authors: Rodrigues Maria das Graças Soares , Neto João Gomes da Silva
Published: January 2016

Apresentação do GT.
As sequências textuais no gênero oral: análise de uma aula expositiva universitária
Authors: Negreiros Gil Roberto Costa
Published: January 2016

O trabalho tem como tema a organização textual e discursiva do gênero oral “conferência” (também chamado, no trabalho, de “apresentação oral”). Nosso objetivo é analisar, a partir dos planos do texto e do contexto de produção, as estratégias de textualização empregadas pelo sujeito produtor e as regulações “descendentes” (regulações que as situações de interação nos lugares sociais, nas línguas e nos gêneros dados impõem aos enunciados) que interferem nessa produção e que, desta forma, se fazem presentes nos textos em questão. O corpus escolhido faz parte das elocuções formais (uma aula universitária), transcritas pelo Projeto da Norma Urbana Culta da Cidade de São Paulo - NURC-SP e publicadas por Castilho e Preti (1986).  Adotaremos, como referencial teórico, aspectos ligados à Linguística Textual dos Discursos, na perspectiva divulgada por Adam (2000). A partir dessa perspectiva, investigamos a relação entre a organização macroestrutural do texto e os diversos fatores externos em jogo na elaboração textual do corpus em análise, focalizando a aspectos referentes à situação comunicativa e à interação entre os sujeitos. Os resultados das análises suscitam discussões relativas à interação postulada por Adam (2000) entre regulações “ascendentes”, que regem os encadeamentos de proposições no sistema que constitui o texto, e regulações “descendentes”, aquelas imposta pelas situações de interação e pelos gêneros. Com isso, também tentamos demonstrar, em nossa análise, que a apresentação oral possui estratégias de textualidade específicas, como, por exemplo, a adoção do tipo textual da narração, que pode ser um índice do caráter assíncrono do gênero em questão, tendo em vista que a narração é monológica (no sentido conversacional) e limita as possibilidades de cooperação dos ouvintes. Desta forma, sob o impacto da busca por expressão e por interação, os enunciados podem assumir formas infinitas, mas os gêneros e as línguas interferem como fatores que regulam o processo de textualidade.
Fundamentos para o estudo da oralidade na escrita
Authors: Hilgert José Gaston
Published: January 2016

No presente capítulo introduzem-se reflexões sobre a produção de efeitos de oralidade em textos escritos à luz de fundamentos da enunciação. Nesse contexto teórico, mostra-se que não se deve partir de uma identificação aleatória de recursos lexicais e sintáticos, figurativos e temáticos, estilísticos ou retóricos para a compreensão da oralidade na escrita.  Importa, antes de mais nada, identificar o cenário interativo em que esses recursos de linguagem se manifestam. O cenário interativo ou cenário de interação é configurado pela a relação narrador/narratário revelada no texto. Se essa relação se realiza por meio da interação de um eu (narrador) com um você (narratário), explícitos ou implícitos, tem-se nele instituído o princípio básico do diálogo, da conversa, que define a condição de proximidade dos interlocutores e, portanto, o cenário interativo propício ao uso dos recursos de oralidade. Na medida, porém, em que essa relação se realiza na forma de um narrador em terceira pessoa que se dirige a um leitor implícito, estabelece-se o cenário do distanciamento, no qual recursos que evoquem a oralidade não cabem ou, se ocorrem, assumem função específica. Este texto vai, então, dar especial atenção ao cenário interativo constituído pela interação eu/você, mostrando, em diferentes exemplos, os traços de oralidade determinados por ela e, também, os variados graus de proximidade que ela, por suas variadas formas de manifestação, pode revelar.
Tratamento da Oralidade em Sala de Aula: contribuições para o ensino de língua
Authors: Barros Kazue Saito M.
Published: January 2016

O capítulo está fundamentado na tese de que a oralidade deve ser objeto de atenção no ensino de língua materna. Há, no entanto, várias posturas em relação ao tratamento do tema. O trabalho discute, em diferentes níveis de profundidade, algumas das perspectivas de estudo mais produtivas, comentando trabalhos de pesquisa na área com o objetivo de sugerir a professores de ensino médio e fundamental atividades e metodologias para abordar a questão.
Autonomia universitária e Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal: relações e implicações
Authors: Ranieri Nina
Published: January 2016

Pursuant to Brazilian law, university autonomy entails internal and external limits and controls. This article analyzes the implications of the Fiscal Responsibility Act as it concerns public universities, and suggests that the institutions adopt liability rules in order to ensure greater accountability.
A polissemia (social) do deserto: uma história do tópos histórico e historiográfico da solidão monástica no contexto latino medieval
Authors: Castanho Gabriel C.G.
Published: January 2016

O que seria dos monges sem o isolamento? Se as formas de vida monásticas são diversas ao longo do tempo, a presença de um ideal penitencial de separação, de abandono e mesmo de desprezo do mundo é marca constante entre os monges do mundo latino medieval. Essa pluralidade de modalidades de isolamento levou parte da historiografia a compreender a solidão monástica exclusivamente como um desejo religioso de relação direta e solitária do monge com Deus. Ainda que apareça na documentação, essa vontade representa apenas o aspecto mais superficial da definição medieval de solidão. O presente artigo visa demonstrar que esta visão historiográfica parcial é tributária da revalorização medieval de alguns lugares comuns da retórica clássica e bíblica.  Constatação não sem importância, uma vez que ela nos abre um novo horizonte analítico ainda não explorado pelos estudos monásticos: a função social da solidão medieval. Metodologicamente, o artigo propõe o exame das relações lexicais dinâmicas presentes no campo semântico da solidão medieval. Ao final de nosso percurso teremos demonstrado que o deserto latino é, antes de tudo, o resultado da transferência da noção oriental para o ocidente. Uma transferência que coloca a solidão sob o controle de especialistas do isolamento cristão, tais como eremitas e monges. Esses reivindicam para si o monopólio da ocupação de um espaço de solidão: o eremus. Por fim, o presente artigo defende que a noção latinizada de solidão, bem como a polissemia do desertum bíblico, implica uma concepção “territorializada” do espaço na medida em que os agentes sociais em questão pretendem exercer sua influência de forma exclusiva sobre este espaço.
2015 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology
Authors: Ley Klaus
Published: January 2016

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is accompanied by an autoimmune response against apolipoprotein B-100, the core protein of low-density lipoprotein, which manifests as CD4 T cell and antibody responses. To assess the role of the autoimmune response in atherosclerosis, the nature of the CD4 T cell response against apolipoprotein B-100 was studied with and without vaccination with major histocompatibility complex-II–restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides. The immunologic basis of autoimmunity in atherosclerosis is discussed in the framework of theories of adaptive immunity. Older vaccination approaches are also discussed. Vaccinating
Apoe
−/−
mice with major histocompatibility complex-II–restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides reduces atheroma burden in the aorta by ≈40%. The protective mechanism likely includes secretion of interleukin-10. Protective autoimmunity limits atherosclerosis in mice and suggests potential for developing preventative and therapeutic vaccines for humans.
Blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 Enhances Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Foks Amanda C. , Engelbertsen Daniel , Kuperwaser Felicia , Alberts-Grill Noah , Gonen Ayelet , Witztum Joseph L. , Lederer James , Jarolim Petr , DeKruyff Rosemarie H. , Freeman Gordon J. , Lichtman Andrew H.
Published: January 2016

Objective—

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are expressed by numerous immune cells, recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and function as costimulators or coinhibitors. Tim-1 is expressed by activated T cells but is also found on dendritic cells and B cells. Tim-4, present on macrophages and dendritic cells, plays a critical role in apoptotic cell clearance, regulates the number of phosphatidylserine-expressing activated T cells, and is genetically associated with low low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Because these functions of Tim-1 and Tim-4 could affect atherosclerosis, their modulation has potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.

Approach and Results—

ldlr
−/−
mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks while being treated with control (rat immunoglobulin G1) or anti-Tim-1 (3D10) or -Tim-4 (21H12) monoclonal antibodies that block phosphatidylserine recognition and phagocytosis. Both anti-Tim-1 and anti-Tim-4 treatments enhanced atherosclerosis by 45% compared with controls by impairment of efferocytosis and increasing aortic CD4
+
T cells. Consistently, anti-Tim-4-treated mice showed increased percentages of activated T cells and late apoptotic cells in the circulation. Moreover, in vitro blockade of Tim-4 inhibited efferocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein–induced apoptotic macrophages. Although anti-Tim-4 treatment increased T helper cell (Th)1 and Th2 responses, anti-Tim-1 induced Th2 responses but dramatically reduced the percentage of regulatory T cells. Finally, combined blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 increased atherosclerotic lesion size by 59%.

Conclusions—

Blockade of Tim-4 aggravates atherosclerosis likely by prevention of phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic cells and activated T cells by Tim-4-expressing cells, whereas Tim-1-associated effects on atherosclerosis are related to changes in Th1/Th2 balance and reduced circulating regulatory T cells.
Extracellular Vesicles Activate a CD36-Dependent Signaling Pathway to Inhibit Microvascular Endothelial Cell Migration and Tube Formation
Authors: Ramakrishnan Devi Prasadh , Hajj-Ali Rula A. , Chen Yiliang , Silverstein Roy L.
Published: January 2016

Objective—

Literature on the effect of cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV), ≤1 μm vesicles shed from various cell types during activation or apoptosis, on microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) signaling is conflicting. Thrombospondin-1 and related proteins induce anti-angiogenic signals in MVEC via CD36. CD36 binds EV via phosphatidylserine exposed on their surface but the effects of this interaction on MVEC functions are not known. We hypothesized that EV would inhibit angiogenic MVEC functions via CD36.

Approach and Results—

EV generated in vitro from various cell types or isolated from plasma inhibited MVEC tube formation in in vitro matrigel assays and endothelial cell migration in Boyden chamber assays. Exosomes derived from the same cells did not have inhibitory activity. Inhibition of migration required endothelial cell expression of CD36. In mouse in vivo matrigel plug assays, EV inhibited cell migration into matrigel plugs in wild type but not in
cd36
null animals. Annexin V, an anionic phospholipid binding protein, when incubated with EV partially reversed inhibition of migration, suggesting a phosphatidylserine-dependent effect. EV exposure induced reactive oxygen species generation in MVEC in a NADPH oxidase and Src family kinase–dependent manner, and their inhibition by apocynin and PP2, respectively, partially reversed the EV-mediated inhibition of migration. Annexin V partially reversed EV-induced reactive oxygen species generation in murine CD36 cDNA–transfected HVUEC but not in CD36-negative human umbilical vein endothelial cell.

Conclusions—

These studies establish a general inhibitory effect of EV on endothelial cell proangiogenic responses and identify a CD36-mediated mechanistic pathway through which EV inhibit MVEC migration and tube formation.
Preadmission Use of Glucocorticoids and 30-Day Mortality After Stroke
Authors: Sundbøll Jens , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Schmidt Morten , Dekkers Olaf M. , Christiansen Christian F. , Pedersen Lars , Bøtker Hans Erik , Sørensen Henrik T.
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose—

The prognostic impact of glucocorticoids on stroke mortality remains uncertain. We, therefore, examined whether preadmission use of glucocorticoids is associated with short-term mortality after ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods—

We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study using medical registries in Denmark. We identified all patients with a first-time inpatient diagnosis of stroke between 2004 and 2012. We categorized glucocorticoid use as current use (last prescription redemption ≤90 days before admission), former use, and nonuse. Current use was further classified as new or long-term use. We used Cox regression to compute 30-day mortality rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for confounders.

Results—

We identified 100 042 patients with a first-time stroke. Of these, 83 735 patients had ischemic stroke, 11 779 had ICH, and 4528 had SAH. Absolute mortality risk was higher for current users compared with nonusers for ischemic stroke (19.5% versus 10.2%), ICH (46.5% versus 34.4%), and SAH (35.0% versus 23.2%). For ischemic stroke, the adjusted 30-day mortality rate ratio was increased among current users compared with nonusers (1.58, 95% CI: 1.46–1.71), driven by the effect of glucocorticoids among new users (1.80, 95% CI: 1.62–1.99). Current users had a more modest increase in the adjusted 30-day mortality rate ratio for hemorrhagic stroke (1.26, 95% CI: 1.09–1.45 for ICH and 1.40, 95% CI: 1.01–1.93 for SAH) compared with nonusers. Former use was not substantially associated with mortality.

Conclusions—

Preadmission use of glucocorticoids was associated with increased 30-day mortality among patients with ischemic stroke, ICH, and SAH.
A new species of Salvia section Uliginosae (Lamiaceae), from Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Gordillo Martha , Fragoso-Martínez Itzi , García-Peña María del Rosario
Published: January 2016

A new species from Oaxaca is described and illustrated. Salvia tetramerioides belongs to section Uliginosae as it shares with the species of this section the presence of a 5-veined, 3-mucronate posterior calyx lobe and a laterally flattened style. However, the morphology of the inflorescence of the new species differs from all the previously described taxa in the section; although the vegetative morphology resembles that of Salvia laevis. The new species is distinguished by the dense inflorescence, the peduncle longer than the rachis and broadly ovate, persistent bracts, with decussate phyllotaxy and two flowers per node. A key is provided to distinguish it from the species of the section found in Oaxaca.
Description of two new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Brazilian caves with remarks on conservation (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae)
Authors: VASCONCELOS ANA CAROLINE OLIVEIRA , FERREIR RODRIGO LOPES
Published: January 2016

The genus Charinus comprises eleven described species in Brazil. Herein we describe two new species, Charinus caatingae sp n. and Charinus iuiu sp n., from caves of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Charinus caatingae is threatened, requiring special attention to its conservation. Furthermore, we present an updated identification key and a table of characters for the genus in the country.
Brachyopa minima (Diptera: Syrphidae), a new species from Greece with notes on the biodiversity and conservation of the genus Brachyopa Meigen in the Northern Aegean Islands
Authors: PÉREZ-BAÑÓN CELESTE , RADENKOVIĆ SNEZANA , VUJIĆ ANTE , PETANIDOU THEODORA
Published: January 2016

An on-going study of the hoverfly fauna of the Northern Aegean Islands (Greece) has revealed the presence of four species of the genus Brachyopa Meigen. During the survey the following species were found: B. bicolor (Fallén), B. quadrimaculosa Thompson in Kaplan & Thompson, B. minima Vujić & Pérez-Bañón sp. nov. and an unidentified species very close to B. pilosa (Collin). Morphological characters and mitochondrial COI barcodes were used to link different life stages of B. minima, and to identify a larval specimen of B. bicolor. In this study adult and larval morphology and habitat preferences for B. minima are described. The description of larval morphology of B. bicolor and Brachyopa sp. aff. pilosa is amended too. An identification key to the adults of the B. quadrimaculosa group sensu Kassebeer (2002) in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Israel and Turkey) is provided. The importance of specific microhabitats for the continued existence of these taxa is discussed.
A Semi-Implicit Modification to the Lorenz N-Cycle Scheme and Its Application for Integration of Meteorological Equations
Authors: Hotta Daisuke , Kalnay Eugenia , Ullrich Paul
Published: January 2016

The Lorenz N-cycle is an economical time integration scheme that requires only one function evaluation per time step and a minimal memory footprint, but yet possesses a high order of accuracy. Despite these advantages, it has remained less commonly used in meteorological applications, partly because of its lack of semi-implicit formulation. In this paper, a novel semi-implicit modification to the Lorenz N-cycle is proposed. The advantage of the proposed new scheme is that it preserves the economical memory use of the original explicit scheme. Unlike the traditional Robert–Asselin (RA) filtered semi-implicit leapfrog scheme whose formal accuracy is only of first order, the new scheme has second-order accuracy if it adopts the Crank–Nicolson scheme for the implicit part. A linear stability analysis based on a univariate split-frequency oscillation equation suggests that the 4-cycle is more stable than other choices of N. Numerical experiments performed using the dynamical core of the Simplified Parameterizations Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) atmospheric general circulation model under the framework of the Jablonowski–Williamson baroclinic wave test case confirms that the new scheme in fact has second-order accuracy and is more accurate than the traditional RA-filtered leapfrog scheme. The experiments also give evidence for Lorenz’s claim that the explicit 4-cycle scheme can be improved by running its two “isomeric” versions in alternating sequences. Unlike the explicit scheme, however, the proposed semi-implicit scheme is not improved by alternation of the two versions.
Long-Term Effects of Pre-Placement Risk Factors on Children’s Psychological Symptoms and Parenting Stress Among Families Adopting Children From Foster Care
Authors: Nadeem Erum , Waterman Jill , Foster Jared , Paczkowski Emilie , Belin Thomas R. , Miranda Jeanne
Published: January 2016

This exploratory longitudinal study examined behavioral outcomes and parenting stress among families with children adopted from foster care, taking into account environmental and biological risk factors. Child internalizing and externalizing problems and parenting stress were assessed in 82 adopted children and their families at 2 months post-placement, 12 months post-placement, and then yearly until 5 years post-placement. A history of abuse/neglect predicted significantly higher externalizing and internalizing problems at a borderline level of statistical significance. In the initial stages after placement, externalizing problems were significantly higher among children who were 4 years or older at placement versus those who were younger than 4, although differences were no longer significant 5 years post-placement. Statistical trends in parenting stress reflected reduced stress in the first 12 months followed by a plateau for parents who adopted older children and greater stress for parents who adopted younger children. Familiar limitations for observational cohort data apply. Nonetheless, the availability of longitudinal follow-up on a sizable sample of children adopted from foster care adds insight to the psychological dynamics for adoptive families and suggests that families of children adopted from the foster care system may have unique needs for ongoing support around behavioral issues.
Effect of Leptin Replacement on PCSK9 in ob/ob Mice and Female Lipodystrophic Patients
Authors: Levenson Amy E. , Haas Mary E. , Miao Ji , Brown Rebecca J. , de Ferranti Sarah D. , Muniyappa Ranganath , Biddinger Sudha B.
Published: January 2016

Leptin treatment has beneficial effects on plasma lipids in patients with lipodystrophy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance, promotes hypercholesterolemia, and has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target. To determine the effect of leptin on PCSK9, we treated male and female ob/ob mice with leptin for 4 days via sc osmotic pumps (∼24 μg/d). Leptin reduced body weight and food intake in all mice, but the effects of leptin on plasma PCSK9 and lipids differed markedly between the sexes. In male mice, leptin suppressed PCSK9 but had no effect on plasma triglycerides or cholesterol. In female mice, leptin suppressed plasma triglycerides and cholesterol but had no effect on plasma PCSK9. In parallel, we treated female lipodystrophic patients (8 females, ages 5–23 y) with sc metreleptin injections (∼4.4 mg/d) for 4–6 months. In this case, leptin reduced plasma PCSK9 by 26% (298 ± 109 vs 221 ± 102 ng/mL; n = 8; P = .008), and the change in PCSK9 was correlated with a decrease in LDL cholesterol (r2 = 0.564, P = .03). In summary, in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, the effects of leptin on PCSK9 and plasma lipids appeared to be independent of one another and strongly modified by sex. On the other hand, in lipodystrophic females, leptin treatment reduced plasma PCSK9 in parallel with LDL cholesterol.
The View from Havana: Chilean Exiles in Cuba and Early Resistance to Chile's Dictatorship, 1973–1977
Authors: Harmer Tanya
Published: January 2016

This article explores the history of Chilean exiles in Cuba and their role in early resistance to the Chilean dictatorship between 1973 and 1977. From the perspective of the Chilean exile–led Comité Chileno de Solidaridad con la Resistencia Antifascista in Havana, the essay also examines Cuba's support for resistance efforts. This involved not immediate training for armed insurgency in Chile but rather broader support for solidarity work. Indeed, the Cuban government and the Chilean exiles whom it supported were essential conduits for translating global activism into concrete resistance. They did this via the clandestine distribution of funds to Chile, human rights campaigns at the United Nations to isolate the Chilean dictatorship, and efforts to undermine US-Chilean bilateral relations. Simultaneously, Chilean left-wing parties had to come to terms with defeat and devise strategies for the future. These were bleak years, but they were essential precursors for later opposition to the dictatorship.
Software Carpentry: lessons learned
Authors: Wilson Greg
Published: January 2016

Since its start in 1998, Software Carpentry has evolved from a week-long training course at the US national laboratories into a worldwide volunteer effort to improve researchers' computing skills. This paper explains what we have learned along the way, the challenges we now face, and our plans for the future.
Dynamic model substantiation of elastic body in bilevel car
Authors: Лебедев Владимир , Lebedev Vladimir , Антипин Дмитрий , Antipin Dmitriy , Кобищанов Владимир , Kobishchanov Vladimir , Коршунов Сергей , Korshunov Sergey
Published: January 2016

The aim of this work consists in choosing a rational way for the definition of selfresonant frequency in car body bending vibrations of a bilevel car.

A test subject is the car body of a bilevel car of the model 61-4465 manufactured by the Company «Tver Wagon Works».

The vibration tests of a bilevel car were modeled. Test results were compared to the data of actual test and a computation on the recommendations of regulations.

There is developed a lamellar finite-element model of a bilevel car carcass with its stiffness corresponding to a real car body. The assessment of selfresonant frequency in car body bending vibrations was carried out on basis of three variants of its model differed with the distribution of car body gross weight: uniformly throughout the whole of metalware; throughout the parts of metalware in accordance with mass position in a real car; taking into account the influence of partition rigidity in compartments and service rooms. The comparison of modeling results with the use of models described and results of actual tests shows their satisfactory correspondence that allows approaching to dynamic values of a real car body at the investigation of its loading by the methods of computer simulation.
Heterogeneous structure parameter effect upon resistance to contact spalling
Authors: Киричек Андрей , Kirichek Andrey , Баринов Сергей , Barinov Sergey
Published: January 2016

At present time to increase surface layer life in machinery there is formed a heterogeneously streng thened structure representing alternate hard tough areas. The method of static-pulse working (SPW) with surface plastic forming is a method promising enough for the heterogeneous structure formation in a surface layer. At SPW the plastic forming of material to be strengthened is carried out through an impulse load which is a consequence of rise at a blow in an impact system of a strain wave and controlled by the change of geometrical parameters in an impact system. The SPW allows creating a strengthened structure both uniformly, and heterogeneously. For a wider use of the heterogeneous strain strengthening of the SPW in industry there were developed the heterogeneity parameters describing the distribution of hard-tough areas in the surface layer; there were carried out researches of the resistance to a contact spalling of heterogeneously strengthened samples of steel 45, steel X, steel 35 XGSA; there was carried out the analysis of the distribution of hard-tough areas in the surface layer of strengthened samples.

As a result of researches carried out for steel 45, steel 40X, steel 35XGSA there was defined a range of heterogeneity parameters conducive to the increase of their resistance to a contact spalling two … six times more.
Development of structural-functional circuit and algorithms of information advising system work for management decision formation at industrial enterprise
Authors: Черкасов Виталий , Cherkasov Vitaliy , Аверченков Андрей , Averchenkov Andrey , Аверченкова Елена , Averchenkova Elena , Аксененко Дмитрий , Aksenenko Dmitriy
Published: January 2016

The development of an information advising system is based on the formation of fuzzy models describing a reciprocal factor effect of the internal envi-ronment upon each other and the plant external environment influence upon the internal one.

The offered information advising system has a subsystem for data input, a diagnostic unit, an assessment unit and knowledge base. The subsystem of data input is responsible for experts’ assessment input, interconnections and a user query formation. In the evaluation unit there are presented procedures for the effectiveness assessment of the measure complex with the consideration of environment influence upon factors of internal environment. In the unit of a diagnostic trend there are formed factor classifiers of external and internal environment, the selection of management decisions on basis of the formed recommendation set. In the unit of diagnostic trend there are saved tables of the influence of external environment factors upon internal environment factors and accounts are under formation. The system knowledge base contains experts’ assessment archive, formalized data of experts’ competence and a set of experts’ recommendations for various areas of knowledge.
Prototype of access controlled differentiation system to files of documentation formats
Authors: Голембиовская Оксана , Golembiovskaya Oksana , Козачок Александр , Kozachok Aleksandr , Лай Минь , Lay Min
Published: January 2016

The safety problem with information circulating in corporate informationcomputer nets is urgent under conditions of presentday information society. The authors have developed a generalized functional model of the process of controlled access differentiation. At the same time come forward users identified by accounts as access subjects in the model and files of documentation formats are objects. Rules for the differentiation of a subject access to objects are specified as a matrix of powers taking into account marks of confidentiality. A distinguishing feature consists in that a container storing data is protected on basis of the method of indistinguishable obfuscation. The model developed allows storing data in a uniformed kind and ensuring a single method for an access to them. For safe storing is used a format of the protected container where information is stored in an obfuscated form. A container represents an executable file having a number of preset properties and functions allowing unambiguously the user identification, differentiation of an access to data (rights: to read, write, and assignation), assurance of the security for a confidence of the document implemented. The container format ensures its safe storing and transmission through a network.
Performance assessment of fluid power drive at stage of its design using evolutionary simulation
Authors: Казаков Валерий , Kazakov Valeriy , Казаков Павел , Kazakov Pavel
Published: January 2016

In a number of engineering problems in the development of automated systems arises a necessity in the computation and design of a fluid power drive (FPD) in conformity with particular technological schemes for which there are no finished industrial products or it is necessary to carry out a sufficiently exact correspondence of operating characteristics with specified engineering data. In this case one does not carry out the selection of standard elements for a fluid power drive, but performs their designing, where there were used modern approaches and methods of the computeraided design.

As operation results show, a designed fluid power drive in most cases cannot possess required for system functioning dynamic properties: performance, capacity for a decrement, sensitivity and so on. According to the investigations, they depend in many respects upon such characteristics of a hydrosystem as static fluid of a hydrocylinder and piping, time constant of transient and damping coefficient.

If we consider the process of FPD designing as a procedure of a parametric synthesis, then the research of its variants with different combinations of parameter values gives a possibility not only to choose geometrical dimensions for a unit, but to estimate its potential operational functionalities.

At present time as one of the effective approaches in the realization of such a solution may be the application of methods for the evolutionary simulation, where each object analyzed is considered as an individual.

As an example of the evolutionary simulation there are considered the results of FPD servicing characteristics estimate computed on bases of design data for a forklift truck. The graphic dependences obtained establish the extreme correlations of hydraulic actuator operational characteristics which stipulate for a stable work of the fluid power drive in the transient behavior without special damping devices. Results of the evolutionary simulation allow analyzing the influence of parameters mentioned upon the damping coefficient changes and drawing a conclusion for decision making for the choice of such a design variant of a fluid power drive at which there would be ensured the best servicing characteristics of the plant.
Structure and mathematical support of program module «economics and education» of experimental economics agent model
Authors: Машкова Александра , Mashkova Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

The development problems of mathematical and information support for forecasting economic processes and curricula in an agent model of experimental economics are considered. To solve the problems listed in the agent model there is provided a creation of a special program module “Economics and Education”. The module development was carried out through the methods of a structural analysis and designing allowing the communication installation of document files and computing units of the module. To form a forecast of economics requirements in personnel with higher vocational education there was used information of the structure of the employed for a reference year (in the context of aggregative groups of specialties), a forecast of development dynamics in separate kinds of economic activity, the expected indices of birth and death rate. Input, output and inner information files of a software module are shown as onedimensional and twodimensional matrices. At the output of the software module there was obtained a plan of applicant enrollment in aggregative groups of specialties beginning from a reference year. In conclusion the analysis of the applicability limits of the offered simulator and application possibilities for a scenario analysis of economic dynamics for the adequacy increase of economics development forecast is carried out.
Phylogenetic analysis and predicted functional effect of protein mutations of E6 and E7 HPV16 strains isolated in Indonesia
Authors: Wulandari Dwi , Rachmadi Lisnawati , Sudiro Tjahjani M.
Published: January 2016

Background: E6 and E7 are oncoproteins of HPV16. Natural amino acid variation in HPV16 E6 can alter its carcinogenic potential. The aim of this study was to analyze phylogenetically E6 and E7 genes and proteins of HPV16 from Indonesia and predict the effects of single amino acid substitution on protein function. This analysis could be used to reduce time, effort, and research cost as initial screening in selection of protein or isolates to be tested in vitro or in vivo.Methods: In this study, E6 and E7 gene sequences were obtained from 12 samples of  Indonesian isolates, which  were compared with HPV16R (prototype) and 6 standard isolates in the category of European (E), Asian (As), Asian-American (AA), African-1 (Af-1), African-2 (Af-2), and North American (NA) branch from Genbank. Bioedit v.7.0.0 was used to analyze the composition and substitution of single amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis of E6 and E7 genes and proteins was performed using Clustal X (1.81) and NJPLOT softwares. Effects of single amino acid substitutions on protein function of E6 and E7 were analysed by SNAP.Results: Java variants and isolate ui66* belonged to European branch, while the others belonged to Asian and African branches. Twelve changes of amino acids were found in E6 and one in E7 proteins. SNAP analysis showed two non neutral mutations, i.e. R10I and C63G in E6 proteins. R10I mutations were found in Af-2 genotype (AF472509) and Indonesian isolates (Af2*), while C63G mutation was found only in Af2*.Conclusion: E6 proteins of HPV16 variants were more variable than E7. SNAP analysis showed that only E6 protein of African-2 branch had functional differences compared to HPV16R.
Isolated petrous apex ectopic craniopharyngioma
Authors: July Julius , Wahjoepramono Eka J. , Himawan Sutisna , Cahyadi Alexander
Published: January 2016

Primary ectopic craniopharyngioma is a rare entity. Isolated petrous apex bone location has not been reported previously. This study reports a case of 26-year-old male with right abducent nerve palsy. CT and MRI imaging reveal right petrous apex cystic lesion. No sellar or suprasellar region involvement was found. Endoscopic endonasal transphenoid approach has been successfully performed. Histopathology examination confirms the diagnosis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. So far, it’s probably the first case report of primary ectopic craniopharyngioma isolated in the petrous apex. This case report supports the premise that primary ectopic craniopharyngioma is a multifactorial process that starts with an error from migrated embryological cells.
Disseminated tuberculosis diagnosed first as leptospirosis in immunocompetent patient
Authors: Nelwan Erni J. , Kuniawan Juferdy , Praptini Mirna N. , Pohan Herdiman T.
Published: January 2016

Disseminated tuberculosis, mostly seen in immunocompromised patient, can affect several organs. The diagnosis can be difficult due to various clinical manifestations. A case of disseminated tuberculosis of lung and liver that develops acutely is rare especially in immunocompetent patient. Here, we present a 42 year old immunocompetent woman with lung and hepatic tuberculosis which was confirmed by characteristics histopathological findings of the liver biopsy.
Resilience Processes Supporting Adolescents With Intellectual Disability: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Hall Anna-Marié , Theron Linda C.
Published: January 2016

Resilience, or the process of adjusting well to risk, relies on constructive collaboration between youths and their social ecologies. Although the literature details the risks of an intellectual disability (ID), there is little explanation of why some young people cope well despite these risks. Accordingly, we report a multiple case study that affords insight into the resilience of 24 adolescents with ID. Using a draw-and-talk methodology, these young people explained their resilience as enabled primarily by supportive social ecologies (which facilitated behavioral and emotional regulation, encouraged mastery, treated them as agentic beings, and offered safe spaces). Adolescents' positive orientation to their life-worlds co-facilitated their resilience. These insights advance effective ways to champion the resilience of young people with ID.
Ground Zero – the socio-political minefield of symbolic architecture
Authors: Libeskind Daniel , Cairns Graham
Published: January 2016

Daniel Libeskind is today one of the architecture profession’s media elite. He took up his position in the list of ‘super star architects’ twenty ago and has remained in the spotlight of the press ever since. He has projects across the globe and has been awarded prizes by Time Magazine, The Goethe Institute, the American Institute of Architects and the RIBA. He was also appointed the first Cultural Ambassador for Architecture by the State Department of the United States in 2004. He has been both critically lauded and sardonically ridiculed. Tom Dyckhoff of the London Times refers to him as a ‘global brand’.

His most high profile project to date has been The Jewish Museum of Berlin which, after various years of partial completion, was finally opened in full on September 11 2001. The opening day of Libeskind’s commemoration of the twentieth century’s act of horror par excellence then, was also the day of the twenty-first century’s most iconic terrorist act. The macabre irony was not lost on Libeskind himself but the competition that led to him being appointed master planner and architect of the Ground Zero project, turned out to be a dirty, personalised and publically aired media circus. It was a story of political infighting, tawdry economic deals and architectural brinkmanship. It culminated ten years ago this month with Libeskind’s ‘victory.’ In this interview Daniel Libeskind looks back over a decade of working on this project and muses on one of the most high profile, emotive and polemic architectural projects of recent times.