bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Active Current Adaptive Linear Neural Networks for Photovoltaic Shunt Active Power Filters
Authors: Mohd Zainuri Muhammad , Mohd Radzi Mohd , Che Soh Azura , Mariun Norman , Abd Rahim Nasrudin , Hajighorbani Shahrooz
Published: May 2016

This paper presents improvement of a harmonics extraction algorithm, known as the fundamental active current (FAC) adaptive linear element (ADALINE) neural network with the integration of photovoltaic (PV) to shunt active power filters (SAPFs) as active current source. Active PV injection in SAPFs should reduce dependency on grid supply current to supply the system. In addition, with a better and faster harmonics extraction algorithm, the SAPF should perform well, especially under dynamic PV and load conditions. The role of the actual injection current from SAPF after connecting PVs will be evaluated, and the better effect of using FAC ADALINE will be confirmed. The proposed SAPF was simulated and evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink first. Then, an experimental laboratory prototype was also developed to be tested with a PV simulator (CHROMA 62100H-600S), and the algorithm was implemented using a TMS320F28335 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). From simulation and experimental results, significant improvements in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD), time response and reduction of source power from grid have successfully been verified and achieved.
Genome to Phenome Mapping in Apple Using Historical Data
Authors: Migicovsky Zoë , Gardner Kyle M. , Money Daniel , Sawler Jason , Bloom Joshua S. , Moffett Peter , Chao C. Thomas , Schwaninger Heidi , Fazio Gennaro , Zhong Gan‐Yuan , Myles Sean
Published: May 2016

Apple (Malus X. domestica Borkh.) is one of the world's most valuable fruit crops. Its large size and long juvenile phase make it a particularly promising candidate for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). However, advances in MAS in apple have been limited by a lack of phenotype and genotype data from sufficiently large samples. To establish genotype‐phenotype relationships and advance MAS in apple, we extracted over 24,000 phenotype scores from the USDA‐Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database and linked them with over 8000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 689 apple accessions from the USDA apple germplasm collection clonally preserved in Geneva, NY. We find significant genetic differentiation between Old World and New World cultivars and demonstrate that the genetic structure of the domesticated apple also reflects the time required for ripening. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 36 phenotypes confirms the association between fruit color and the MYB1 locus, and we also report a novel association between the transcription factor, NAC18.1, and harvest date and fruit firmness. We demonstrate that harvest time and fruit size can be predicted with relatively high accuracies (r > 0.46) using genomic prediction. Rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in apples means millions of SNPs may be required for well‐powered GWAS. However, rapid LD decay also promises to enable extremely high resolution mapping of causal variants, which holds great potential for advancing MAS.
Germplasm Architecture Revealed through Chromosomal Effects for Quantitative Traits in Maize
Authors: Bernardo Rex , Thompson Addie M.
Published: May 2016

Germplasm architecture refers to how favorable alleles for a given trait are distributed across the genome in a germplasm collection. Our objective was to assess germplasm architecture for quantitative traits among US maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds. A total of 271 inbreds were genotyped at 28,626 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and phenotyped for anthesis date, plant height, starch and protein concentration, and resistance to northern corn leaf blight (NCLB, caused by Setosphaeria turcica). Chromosomal effects were calculated as the sum of the trait effects of SNP alleles carried on a specific chromosome by an inbred. The chromosomal effects were further decomposed into the mean effects of chromosomes, mean effects of inbreds, and chromosome × inbred effects. On average, none of the 10 maize chromosomes was particularly rich or poor in favorable quantitative trait locus (QTL) alleles. However, extreme values of chromosome × inbred effects often involved chromosomes 5 and 8 for anthesis date, chromosomes 1 and 5 for plant height, and chromosome 9 for protein concentration. Inbreds with one or two chromosomes deficient in favorable alleles were candidates for improvement via chromosome‐substitution lines. Specific chromosomes for which each of five genetic backgrounds (B73, Mo17, Oh43, A321, and PH207) were rich or poor for unknown favorable alleles were also identified. Chromosomal effects varied widely even when prior association mapping in the same germplasm collection had failed to identify any QTL. Genomewide marker effects, particularly when partitioned into chromosomal effects, provide a simple way to dissect germplasm architecture for quantitative traits.
PARALLAX RESULTS FROM URAT EPOCH DATA
Authors: Finch Charlie T. , Zacharias Norbert
Published: May 2016

We present 1103 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions from the United States Naval Observatory Robotic Astrometric Telescope (URAT) observations taken at the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS) over a three-year period from 2012 April to 2015 June covering the entire sky north of about

decl. We selected two samples: previously suspected nearby stars from known photometric distances and stars showing a large, significant parallax signature in URAT epoch data without any prior selection criteria. All systems presented in this paper have an observed parallax ≥40 mas with no previous published trigonometric parallax. The formal errors on these weighted parallax solutions are mostly between 4 and 10 mas. This sample gives a significant (of the order of 50%) increase to the number of known systems having a trigonometric parallax to be within 25 pc of the Sun (without applying Lutz–Kelker bias corrections). A few of these are found to be within 10 pc. Many of these new nearby stars display a total proper motion of less than 200 mas yr−1. URAT parallax results have been verified against Hipparcos and Yale data for stars in common. The publication of all signifigant parallax observations from URAT data is in preparation for CDS.
A COMPREHENSIVE DUST MODEL APPLIED TO THE RESOLVED BETA PICTORIS DEBRIS DISK FROM OPTICAL TO RADIO WAVELENGTHS
Authors: Ballering Nicholas P. , Su Kate Y. L. , Rieke George H. , Gáspár András
Published: May 2016

We investigate whether varying the dust composition (described by the optical constants) can solve a persistent problem in debris disk modeling—the inability to fit the thermal emission without overpredicting the scattered light. We model five images of the β Pictoris disk: two in scattered light from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at 0.58 μm and HST/Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC 3) at 1.16 μm, and three in thermal emission from Spitzer/Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) at 24 μm, Herschel/PACS at 70 μm, and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 870 μm. The WFC3 and MIPS data are published here for the first time. We focus our modeling on the outer part of this disk, consisting of a parent body ring and a halo of small grains. First, we confirm that a model using astronomical silicates cannot simultaneously fit the thermal and scattered light data. Next, we use a simple generic function for the optical constants to show that varying the dust composition can improve the fit substantially. Finally, we model the dust as a mixture of the most plausible debris constituents: astronomical silicates, water ice, organic refractory material, and vacuum. We achieve a good fit to all data sets with grains composed predominantly of silicates and organics, while ice and vacuum are, at most, present in small amounts. This composition is similar to one derived from previous work on the HR 4796A disk. Our model also fits the thermal spectral energy distribution, scattered light colors, and high-resolution mid-IR data from T-ReCS for this disk. Additionally, we show that sub-blowout grains are a necessary component of the halo.
MAGNETIC FLUX CANCELLATION IN ELLERMAN BOMBS
Authors: Reid A. , Mathioudakis M. , Doyle J. G. , Scullion E. , Nelson C. J. , Henriques V. , Ray T.
Published: May 2016

Ellerman Bombs (EBs) are often found to be co-spatial with bipolar photospheric magnetic fields. We use Hα imaging spectroscopy along with Fe i 6302.5 Å spectropolarimetry from the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope (SST), combined with data from the Solar Dynamic Observatory, to study EBs and the evolution of the local magnetic fields at EB locations. EBs are found via an EB detection and tracking algorithm. Using NICOLE inversions of the spectropolarimetric data, we find that, on average, (3.43 ± 0.49) × 1024 erg of stored magnetic energy disappears from the bipolar region during EB burning. The inversions also show flux cancellation rates of 1014–1015 Mx s−1 and temperature enhancements of 200 K at the detection footpoints. We investigate the near-simultaneous flaring of EBs due to co-temporal flux emergence from a sunspot, which shows a decrease in transverse velocity when interacting with an existing, stationary area of opposite polarity magnetic flux, resulting in the formation of the EBs. We also show that these EBs can be fueled further by additional, faster moving, negative magnetic flux regions.
THE DECAY OF A WEAK LARGE-SCALE MAGNETIC FIELD IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE
Authors: Kondić Todor , Hughes David W. , Tobias Steven M.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the decay of a large-scale magnetic field in the context of incompressible, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. It is well established that a very weak mean field, of strength significantly below equipartition value, induces a small-scale field strong enough to inhibit the process of turbulent magnetic diffusion. In light of ever-increasing computer power, we revisit this problem to investigate fluids and magnetic Reynolds numbers that were previously inaccessible. Furthermore, by exploiting the relation between the turbulent diffusion of the magnetic potential and that of the magnetic field, we are able to calculate the turbulent magnetic diffusivity extremely accurately through the imposition of a uniform mean magnetic field. We confirm the strong dependence of the turbulent diffusivity on the product of the magnetic Reynolds number and the energy of the large-scale magnetic field. We compare our findings with various theoretical descriptions of this process.
DOPPLER MONITORING OF FIVE K2 TRANSITING PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Authors: Dai Fei , Winn Joshua N. , Albrecht Simon , Arriagada Pamela , Bieryla Allyson , Butler R. Paul , Crane Jeffrey D. , Hirano Teriyaki , Johnson John Asher , Kiilerich Amanda , Latham David W. , Narita Norio , Nowak Grzegorz , Palle Enric , Ribas Ignasi , Rogers Leslie A. , Sanchis-Ojeda Roberto , Shectman Stephen A. , Teske Johanna K. , Thompson Ian B. , Eylen Vincent Van , Vanderburg Andrew , Wittenmyer Robert A. , Yu Liang
Published: May 2016

In an effort to measure the masses of planets discovered by the NASA K2 mission, we have conducted precise Doppler observations of five stars with transiting planets. We present the results of a joint analysis of these new data and previously published Doppler data. The first star, an M dwarf known as K2-3 or EPIC 201367065, has three transiting planets (“b,” with radius

“c,”

and “d,”

). Our analysis leads to the mass constraints:

and M

c
< 4.2 M
⊕ (95% confidence). The mass of planet d is poorly constrained because its orbital period is close to the stellar rotation period, making it difficult to disentangle the planetary signal from spurious Doppler shifts due to stellar activity. The second star, a G dwarf known as K2-19 or EPIC 201505350, has two planets (“b,” 7.7 R
⊕; and “c,” 4.9 R
⊕) in a 3:2 mean-motion resonance, as well as a shorter-period planet (“d,” 1.1 R
⊕). We find M

b
=

, M

c
=

and M

d
< 14.0 M
⊕ (95% conf.). The third star, a G dwarf known as K2-24 or EPIC 203771098, hosts two transiting planets (“b,” 5.7 R
⊕; and “c,” 7.8 R
⊕) with orbital periods in a nearly 2:1 ratio. We find M

b
=

and M

c
=

. The fourth star, a G dwarf known as EPIC 204129699, hosts a hot Jupiter for which we measured the mass to be

. The fifth star, a G dwarf known as EPIC 205071984, contains three transiting planets (“b,” 5.4 R
⊕; “c,” 3.5 R
⊕; and “d,” 3.8 R
⊕), the outer two of which have a nearly 2:1 period ratio. We find M

b
=

, M

c
<

(95% conf.) and M

d
< 35 M
⊕ (95% conf.).
A SURVEY OF CHEMICAL SEPARATION IN ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS
Authors: Mckinven Ryan , Cumming Andrew , Medin Zach , Schatz Hendrik
Published: May 2016

The heavy element ashes of rp-process hydrogen and helium burning in accreting neutron stars are compressed to high density where they freeze, forming the outer crust of the star. We calculate the chemical separation on freezing for a number of different nuclear mixtures resulting from a range of burning conditions for the rp-process. We confirm the generic result that light nuclei are preferentially retained in the liquid and heavy nuclei in the solid. This is in agreement with the previous study of a 17-component mixture of rp-process ashes by Horowitz et al., but extends that result to a much larger range of compositions. We also find an alternative phase separation regime for the lightest ash mixtures which does not demonstrate this generic behavior. With a few exceptions, we find that chemical separation reduces the expected

in the outer crust compared to the initial rp-process ash, where

measures the mean-square dispersion in atomic number Z of the nuclei in the mixture. We find that the fractional spread of Z plays a role in setting the amount of chemical separation and is strongly correlated to the divergence between the two/three-component approximations and the full component model. The contrast in Y

e
between the initial rp-process ashes and the equilibrium liquid composition is similar to that assumed in earlier two-component models of compositionally driven convection, except for very light compositions which produce nearly negligible convective driving. We discuss the implications of these results for observations of accreting neutron stars.
ORBITAL STABILITY OF MULTI-PLANET SYSTEMS: BEHAVIOR AT HIGH MASSES
Authors: Morrison Sarah J. , Kratter Kaitlin M.
Published: May 2016

In the coming years, high-contrast imaging surveys are expected to reveal the characteristics of the population of wide-orbit, massive, exoplanets. To date, a handful of wide planetary mass companions are known, but only one such multi-planet system has been discovered: HR 8799. For low mass planetary systems, multi-planet interactions play an important role in setting system architecture. In this paper, we explore the stability of these high mass, multi-planet systems. While empirical relationships exist that predict how system stability scales with planet spacing at low masses, we show that extrapolating to super-Jupiter masses can lead to up to an order of magnitude overestimate of stability for massive, tightly packed systems. We show that at both low and high planet masses, overlapping mean-motion resonances trigger chaotic orbital evolution, which leads to system instability. We attribute some of the difference in behavior as a function of mass to the increasing importance of second order resonances at high planet–star mass ratios. We use our tailored high mass planet results to estimate the maximum number of planets that might reside in double component debris disk systems, whose gaps may indicate the presence of massive bodies.
BEYOND 31 mag arcsec−2: THE FRONTIER OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS IMAGING WITH THE LARGEST OPTICAL TELESCOPES
Authors: Trujillo Ignacio , Fliri Jüergen
Published: May 2016

The detection of structures in the sky with optical surface brightnesses fainter than 30 mag arcsec−2 (3σ in 10 × 10 arcsec boxes; r-band) has remained elusive in current photometric deep surveys. Here we show how present-day telescopes of 10 m class can provide broadband imaging 1.5–2 mag deeper than most previous results within a reasonable amount of time (i.e., <10 hr on-source integration). In particular, we illustrate the ability of the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio de Canarias telescope to produce imaging with a limiting surface brightness of 31.5 mag arcsec−2 (3σ in 10 × 10 arcsec boxes; r-band) using 8.1 hr on source. We apply this power to explore the stellar halo of the galaxy UGC 00180, a galaxy analogous to M31 located at ∼150 Mpc, by obtaining a radial profile of surface brightness down to μ

r
∼ 33 mag arcsec−2. This depth is similar to that obtained using the star-counts techniques for Local Group galaxies, but is achieved at a distance where this technique is unfeasible. We find that the mass of the stellar halo of this galaxy is ∼4 × 109
M
⊙, i.e., (3 ± 1)% of the total stellar mass of the whole system. This amount of mass in the stellar halo is in agreement with current theoretical expectations for galaxies of this kind.
SELF-GRAVITATIONAL FORCE CALCULATION OF INFINITESIMALLY THIN GASEOUS DISKS ON NESTED GRIDS
Authors: Wang Hsiang-Hsu , Taam Ronald E. , Yen David C. C.
Published: May 2016

We extend the work of Yen et al. and develop second-order formulae to accommodate a nested grid discretization for the direct self-gravitational force calculation for infinitesimally thin gaseous disks. This approach uses a two-dimensional kernel that is derived for infinitesimally thin disks and is free of artificial boundary conditions. The self-gravitational force calculation is presented in generalized convolution forms for a nested grid configuration. A numerical technique derived from a fast Fourier transform is employed to reduce the computational complexity to be nearly linear. By comparing with analytic potential–density pairs associated with the generalized Maclaurin disks, the extended approach is verified to be of second-order accuracy when using numerical simulations. The proposed method is accurate, computationally fast, and has the potential to be applied to studies of planetary migration and the gaseous morphology of disk galaxies.
L’Oraison des mamans : un nouvel entre-soi religieux
Authors: Aubourg Valérie
Published: May 2016

Fondé dans le Kent, en 1995, le mouvement l’Oraison des mamans compte actuellement plus de 2 000 groupes en France qui témoignent de l’activisme d’organisations catholiques favorisant une culture alternative de résistance par le religieux. Notre enquête ethnographique analyse ses pratiques, les idées conservatrices qu’il promeut et le profil de ses membres. Grâce à la fluidité des appartenances, le caractère volontaire de l’adhésion, le rapport démédiatisé avec Dieu, l’importance accordée au bien-être personnel, l’inscription dans un réseau transnational et transconfessionnel, le mouvement entre en consonance avec la culture contemporaine.
Joseph-Clément de Bavière, prince d’Empire subsidié (1702-1715)
Authors: Demoulin Bruno
Published: May 2016

Joseph-Clément de Bavière, électeur de Cologne (1688-1723), évêque et prince de Liège (1694-1723) fut avec son frère, Maximilien-Emmanuel, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas et électeur de Bavière, l’un des deux alliés de Louis XIV pendant la guerre de Succession d’Espagne. Hélas ! Pour lui, le sort des armes fut défavorable aux armées françaises et bavaroises. Il connut les rigueurs de l’exil à Namur, puis Lille et Valenciennes. Accompagné de son armée et d’une partie de sa cour, il dut batailler fermement auprès des ministres français pour obtenir le paiement de ses subsides, d’abord en espèces puis en rentes ou assignations, objet de conflits sans fin avec ses banquiers. Il sera réintégré dans ses états lors du traité de Rastadt mais mourra ruiné en 1723.
Dunkerque sous la Régence : un collapsus à cerner
Authors: Pfister-Langanay Christian
Published: May 2016

La destruction du port, imposée par le traité d’Utrecht, entraîne une crise sans précédent de la cité. Curieusement, cette crise, toujours évoquée par les historiens, n’a jamais été réellement estimée tant sur les plans démographique, économique ou social. Par le biais des comptes de la ville, de l’hôpital et de l’église, il est possible de cerner l’ampleur de la catastrophe : une chute d’un tiers de la population et des deux tiers pour les recettes municipales. Ces dernières sont alimentées par l’impôt indirect sur les alcools qui sera augmenté par les autorités pour combler le déficit constant des finances locales. Les recettes de l’église baissent beaucoup moins mais la part des aumônes passe de 44 % à 4 % de 1709 à 1716 pour retrouver son niveau antérieur. Il en est de même pour le montant des quêtes et des troncs. L’économie portuaire doit repartir sur de nouvelles bases : si les capitaines émigrent à Ostende, les pêcheurs restent et relancent la pêche à la morue et quelques négociants arment pour les Isles, deux secteurs qui préparent la forte croissance de la décennie suivante.
Osher Flux with Entropy Fix for Two-Dimensional Euler Equations
Authors: Zhu Huajun , Deng Xiaogang , Mao Meiliang , Liu Huayong , Tu Guohua
Published: May 2016

We compare in this paper the properties of Osher flux with O-variant and P-variant (Osher-O flux and Osher-P flux) in finite volume methods for the two-dimensional Euler equations and propose an entropy fix technique to improve their robustness. We consider both first-order and second-order reconstructions. For inviscid hypersonic flow past a circular cylinder, we observe different problems for different schemes: A first-order Osher-O scheme on quadrangular grids yields a carbuncle shock, while a first-order Osher-P scheme results in a dislocation shock for high Mach number cases. In addition, a second-order Osher scheme can also yield a carbuncle shock or be unstable. To improve the robustness of these schemes we propose an entropy fix technique, and then present numerical results to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the influence of grid aspects ratio, relative shock position to the grid and Mach number on shock stability are tested. Viscous heating problem and double Mach reflection problem are simulated to test the influence of the entropy fix on contact resolution and boundary layer resolution.
Molecular determinant modulates thermal recovery kinetics and structural integrity of the bacterial BLUF photoreceptor
Authors: Tanwar Meenakshi , Nahar Smita , Gulati Sahil , Veetil Sindhu Kandoth , Kateriya Suneel
Published: May 2016

BLUF domains are flavin‐based photoreceptors which receive the blue light signal and are involved in the sensory transduction. We report a short BLUF photoreceptor (SnfB) in Stenotrophomonas sp. We have investigated photodynamic properties of C terminus truncated and several mutated SnfB proteins. Deletion of the extended C‐terminal residues alters the thermal recovery kinetics and also affects the integrity of the SnfB protein. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the conserved residues within and outside the flavin‐binding pocket also regulates the photocycle properties of the protein. These studies suggest that the C‐terminal residues outside the BLUF domain can tune the photodynamic properties of the BLUF protein.
Ionospheric data assimilation with thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model and GPS‐TEC during geomagnetic storm conditions
Authors: Chen C. H. , Lin C. H. , Matsuo T. , Chen W. H. , Lee I. T. , Liu J. Y. , Lin J. T. , Hsu C. T.
Published: May 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of rapid assimilation‐forecast cycling on the performance of ionospheric data assimilation during geomagnetic storm conditions. An ensemble Kalman filter software developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), called Data Assimilation Research Testbed, is applied to assimilate ground‐based GPS total electron content (TEC) observations into a theoretical numerical model of the thermosphere and ionosphere (NCAR thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model) during the 26 September 2011 geomagnetic storm period. Effects of various assimilation‐forecast cycle lengths: 60, 30, and 10 min on the ionospheric forecast are examined by using the global root‐mean‐squared observation‐minus‐forecast (OmF) TEC residuals. Substantial reduction in the global OmF for the 10 min assimilation‐forecast cycling suggests that a rapid cycling ionospheric data assimilation system can greatly improve the quality of the model forecast during geomagnetic storm conditions. Furthermore, updating the thermospheric state variables in the coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere forecast model in the assimilation step is an important factor in improving the trajectory of model forecasting. The shorter assimilation‐forecast cycling (10 min in this paper) helps to restrain unrealistic model error growth during the forecast step due to the imbalance among model state variables resulting from an inadequate state update, which in turn leads to a greater forecast accuracy.
The response of equatorial electrojet, vertical plasma drift, and thermospheric zonal wind to enhanced solar wind input
Authors: Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Fejer Bela G.
Published: May 2016

In this study we used observations from the CHAMP and ROCSAT‐1 satellites to investigate the solar wind effects on the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), vertical plasma drift, and thermospheric zonal wind. We show that an abrupt increase in solar wind input has a significant effect on the low‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system, which can last for more than 24 h. The disturbance EEJ and zonal wind are mainly westward for all local times and show most prominent responses during 07–12 and 00–06 magnetic local time (MLT), respectively. The equatorial disturbance electric field is mainly eastward at night (most prominent for 00–05 MLT) and westward at daytime with small amplitudes. In this study we show for the first time that the penetration electric field is little dependent on longitude at both the day and night sides, while the disturbance zonal wind is quite different at different longitude sectors, implying a significant longitudinal dependence of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo. Our result also indicates that the F region equatorial zonal electric field reacts faster than E region dynamo, to the enhanced solar wind input.
A synthesis of star calibration techniques for ground‐based narrowband electron‐multiplying charge‐coupled device imagers used in auroral photometry
Authors: Grubbs Guy , Michell Robert , Samara Marilia , Hampton Don , Jahn Jorg‐Micha
Published: May 2016

A technique is presented for the periodic and systematic calibration of ground‐based optical imagers. It is important to have a common system of units (Rayleighs or photon flux) for cross comparison as well as self‐comparison over time. With the advancement in technology, the sensitivity of these imagers has improved so that stars can be used for more precise calibration. Background subtraction, flat fielding, star mapping, and other common techniques are combined in deriving a calibration technique appropriate for a variety of ground‐based imager installations. Spectral (4278, 5577, and 8446 Å) ground‐based imager data with multiple fields of view (19, 47, and 180°) are processed and calibrated using the techniques developed. The calibration techniques applied result in intensity measurements in agreement between different imagers using identical spectral filtering, and the intensity at each wavelength observed is within the expected range of auroral measurements. The application of these star calibration techniques, which convert raw imager counts into units of photon flux, makes it possible to do quantitative photometry. The computed photon fluxes, in units of Rayleighs, can be used for the absolute photometry between instruments or as input parameters for auroral electron transport models.
Small solar wind transients at 1 AU: STEREO observations (2007–2014) and comparison with near‐Earth wind results (1995–2014)
Authors: Yu W. , Farrugia C. J. , Galvin A. B. , Lugaz N. , Luhmann J. G. , Simunac K. D. C. , Kilpua E.
Published: May 2016

This paper discusses small solar wind transients (STs) from 1995 to 2014. Using STEREO data, we have more sites from which to study STs near 1 AU. STEREO measurements are compared with wind observations near the Sun‐Earth line. We examined statistically the dependence of ST occurrence frequency on (i) solar cycle phase, as monitored by the sunspot number (SSN), and (ii) solar wind speed. We find dependencies on both: an anticorrelation with SSN, an opposite trend to that of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and correlation with slow solar wind (over 80% in the slow wind). We compare ST distributions during solar maximum year 2003, which had the lowest percentage of slow wind, and minimum year 2009, which had the highest percentage thereof, and show evidence of both dependencies. We give a statistical overview of ST parameters: field strength, B, Alfvén Mach number, MA, and proton beta, βp. They show the same temporal trends as the ambient solar wind but have twice (B) or one half (MA, βp) of its average values. In STs, the proton temperature is not below the temperature expected from corotating solar wind expansion. Non‐force free models should be used in solar minimum years where βplasma≈ 1, while the force free models could be used in solar maximum when βplasma<<1. We find that only ∼5% of STs show enhanced values of iron charge states. Our work further supports the two‐source origin of STs, i.e., the solar corona and the interplanetary medium.
Sandbox modeling of evolving thrust wedges with different preexisting topographic relief: Implications for the Longmen Shan thrust belt, eastern Tibet
Authors: Sun Chuang , Jia Dong , Yin Hongwei , Chen Zhuxin , Li Zhigang , Shen Li , Wei Dongtao , Li Yiquan , Yan Bin , Wang Maomao , Fang Shaozhi , Cui Jian
Published: May 2016

To understand the effects of substantial topographic relief on deformation localization in the seismically active mountains, like the Longmen Shan thrust belt in the eastern Tibet, sandbox experiments were performed based on the framework of the critical taper theory. First, a reference experiment revealed that the critical taper angle was 12° for our experimental materials. Subsequently, different proto wedges (subcritical (6° in taper angle), critical (12°), and supercritical (20°)) were introduced to cover the range of natural topographic relief, and we used two setups: setup A considered only across‐strike topographic relief, whereas setup B investigated along‐strike segmentation of topography, consist of two adjacent proto wedges. In all experiments, thrust wedges grew by in‐sequence accretion of thrust sheets. Setup A revealed an alternating mode of slip partitioning on the accreted thrusts, with large‐displacement thrust and small‐displacement thrust developing in turn. And contrasting wedge evolutions occurred according to whether the proto wedge was subcritical or critical‐supercritical. In setup B, the differential deformation along the strike produced transverse structures such as tear fault and lateral ramp during frontal accretion. The observed tear fault and its associated thrust system resemble the seismogenic fault system of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Our experimental results could also explain first‐order deformation features observed in the Longmen Shan. Consequently, we conclude that topographic features, including topographic relief across the range and along‐strike segmentation of topography, contribute significantly to the kinematics and deformation localization in such active mountains.
Assimilation of MWHS radiance data from the FY‐3B satellite with the WRF Hybrid‐3DVAR system for the forecasting of binary typhoons
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Min Jinzhong , Shen Feifei , Ban Junmei , Chen Peng
Published: May 2016

Chan‐hom and Linfa were binary typhoons that occurred in the western North Pacific in 2015. In this study, the impacts of FY‐3B satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder (MWHS) radiance observations on the analyses and forecasts of Linfa and Chan‐hom are assessed. The regional Weather Research and Forecasting model and its data assimilation (DA) systems, using three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) and Hybrid (ensemble/3DVAR) methods are used. Assimilation of the FY‐3B MWHS data using the 3DVAR method slightly improves the descriptive wind and temperature fields. Positive impacts on the specific humidity forecasts, for levels higher than 850 hPa, are also obvious. 3DVAR adjusts the typhoons' initial positions and their dynamic structures favorably, yielding better tracks, intensities, and precipitation forecasts, compared to the experiment run without MWHS data (control). With the Hybrid method, the water vapor information from the MWHS data better improve the analyses through multivariable correlations with the flow‐dependent background error. The Hybrid method further improves the track, intensities, and precipitation forecasts. For Typhoon Linfa, with the coexistence of Typhoon Chan‐hom, the Hybrid method provides a more descriptive background error covariance matrix, than using 3DVAR. Experiments on multiple binary typhoon cases are also provided to further validate the robustness of the results on the FY‐3B satellite MWHS radiance data assimilation.
Multi‐Length Scaled Silver Nanowire Grid for Application in Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Jiang , Que Xinglu , Hu Qin , Luo Deying , Liu Tanghao , Liu Feng , Russell Thomas P. , Zhu Rui , Gong Qihuang
Published: May 2016

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) with multi‐length scaled structure are promising candidates as a potential replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO). In this work, multi‐length scaled silver nanowire (AgNW) grids are demonstrated as TCEs for organic solar cells. The multi‐length scale silver nanowire grids are prepared by top‐down patterning using a neutral vapor etching process. Patterning AgNW film into multi‐length scale grid structures could improve the optical transmittance and enhance the use of incident photons. Based on these multi‐length scale AgNW grids, inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency up to 9.02% are fabricated, which are higher than that based on the original AgNW films and comparable to that based on ITO.
Waveguiding Microactuators Based on a Photothermally Responsive Nanocomposite Hydrogel
Authors: Zhou Ying , Hauser Adam W. , Bende Nakul P. , Kuzyk Mark G. , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: May 2016

The incorporation of gold nanoparticles within thermally responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogels provides a simple means to define photothermally addressable materials. Relying on such composite gels, it is established here that micropatterned bilayer photoactuators demonstrate rapid and highly reversible bending and unbending behavior in response to illumination with visible light. In addition to actuation by free space light, as in most previous research on such responsive nanocomposite hydrogels, light from a 532 nm laser is also waveguided through a plastic optical fiber directly into the photoactuator, providing remotely controllable actuators that do not require line‐of‐sight access.
User‐Interactive and Wireless‐Communicating RF Textiles
Authors: Gorgutsa Stepan , Blais‐Roberge Mickael , Viens Jeff , LaRochelle Sophie , Messaddeq Younes
Published: May 2016

This paper presents user‐interactive and wireless‐communicating radio‐frequency (RF) textiles made from glass–metal–polymer composite fibers that interact with the user through touch‐sensing and that relays the touch data through IEEE 802.15.4 and Bluetooth protocols at 2.4 GHz frequency. This work integrates several textile functionalities in fiber‐form including capacitive touch sensing, electrical interconnects, and 2.4 GHz wireless communications using submillimeter glass–metal–polymer composite fibers imbedded into the textile host. Tests conducted with these user‐interactive RF textiles have shown that the emissive performance in terms of radiation pattern, gain, and signal strength adequately address short‐range wireless communications applications in compliance with Bluetooth protocols, and that the user‐interaction is enabled through capacitive finger‐touch sensing with a 1 ms time response. This approach demonstrates that glass‐fiber textiles can be adequately designed for user‐interactive and wireless communications applications addressing 2.4 GHz frequency bands while preserving the mechanical and cosmetic properties of the garments.
PEDOT:PSS/PVA‐Nanofibers‐Decorated Conducting Paper for Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Rai Prabhakar , Sharma Jai Gopal , Sharma Ashutosh , Malhotra Bansi Dhar
Published: May 2016

The development of a flexible, label free, low‐cost, and environment friendly biosensor platform is reported for sensitive and rapid detection of cancer biomarker based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate)/polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber decorated conducting paper. This conducting paper based biosensor demonstrates improved sensing performance with linear detection range of 0.2–25 ng mL−1, high sensitivity of 14.2 μA ng−1 mL cm−2, and shelf life of 22 days for a carcinoembryonic antigen (cancer biomarker) detection. This modified conducting paper electrode is a promising alternative over expensive conventional electrodes (indium tin oxide, gold, and glassy carbon) for fabrication of smart point of care devices.
Engineering Intrinsically Zirconium‐89 Radiolabeled Self‐Destructing Mesoporous Silica Nanostructures for In Vivo Biodistribution and Tumor Targeting Studies
Authors: Goel Shreya , Chen Feng , Luan Shijie , Valdovinos Hector F. , Shi Sixiang , Graves Stephen A. , Ai Fanrong , Barnhart Todd E. , Theuer Charles P. , Cai Weibo
Published: May 2016

A systematic study of in vitro and in vivo behavior of biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (bMSNs), designed to carry multiple cargos (both small and macromolecular drugs) and subsequently self‐destruct following release of their payloads, is presented. Complete degradation of bMSNs is seen within 21 d of incubation in simulated body fluid. The as‐synthesized bMSNs are intrinsically radiolabeled with oxophilic zirconium‐89 (89Zr, t1/2 = 78.4 h) radionuclide to track their in vivo pharmacokinetics via positron emission tomography imaging. Rapid and persistent CD105 specific tumor vasculature targeting is successfully demonstrated in murine model of metastatic breast cancer by using TRC105 (an anti‐CD105 antibody)‐conjugated bMSNs. This study serves to illustrate a simple, versatile, and readily tunable approach to potentially overcome the current challenges facing nanomedicine and further the goals of personalized nanotheranostics.
Wetting forces and meniscus pinning at geometrical edges
Authors: de Wijs Willem‐Jan A. , Laven Jozua , de With Gijsbertus
Published: May 2016

It is shown that complications in currently used optical measurements for wetting and flow resistance over edges can be circumvented by surface tension force measurements. These forces are measured by employing a modified Wilhelmy plate testing technique in which a plate with rectangular holes is immersed. The forces measured during immersion and emersion are subdivided into mass, buoyancy, and surface tension related parts, where the flow resistance when the meniscus passes horizontal faces and edges of the plate receives particular attention. Combining this experimental method with wetting theory, we show that we can predict and measure the full force curve for meniscus shape transitions over edge geometries under quasi‐static conditions. Moreover, wetting effects directly linked to surface defects can be detected qualitatively. We also point to the speed‐dependent rupture of metastable films formed during emersion. The measurement method designed is most relevant in cases where optical methods cannot be used. © 2016 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4453–4465, 2016
Testing for the mediating role of endophenotypes using molecular genetic data in a twin study of ADHD traits
Authors: Pinto Rebecca , Asherson Philip , Ilott Nicholas , Cheung Celeste H. M. , Kuntsi Jonna
Published: May 2016

Family and twin studies have identified endophenotypes that capture familial and genetic risk in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it remains unclear if they lie on the causal pathway. Here, we illustrate a stepwise approach to identifying intermediate phenotypes. First, we use previous quantitative genetic findings to delineate the expected pattern of genetically correlated phenotypes. Second, we identify overlapping genetic associations with ADHD‐related quantitative traits. Finally, we test for the mediating role of associated endophenotypes. We applied this approach to a sample of 1,312 twins aged 7–10. Based on previous twin model‐fitting analyses, we selected hyperactivity–impulsivity, inattention, reading difficulties (RD), reaction time variability (RTV) and commission errors (CE), and tested for association with selected ADHD risk alleles. For nominally significant associations with both a symptom and a cognitive variable, matching the expected pattern based on previous genetic correlations, we performed mediation analysis to distinguish pleiotropic from mediating effects. The strongest association was observed for the rs7984966 SNP in the serotonin receptor gene (HTR2A), and RTV (P = 0.007; unadjusted for multiple testing). Mediation analysis suggested that CE (38%) and RTV (44%) substantially mediated the association between inattention and the T‐allele of SNP rs3785157 in the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) and the T‐allele of SNP rs7984966 in HTR2A, respectively. The SNPs tag risk‐haplotypes but are not thought to be functionally significant. While these exploratory findings are preliminary, requiring replication, this study demonstrates the value of this approach that can be adapted to the investigation of multiple genetic markers and polygenic risk scores. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐penile glans amputation: a report of two cases
Authors: Terayama Takero , Sakamoto Toshihisa , Ikeuchi Hisashi , Tanaka Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Case

Self‐penile amputation, especially at the glans, has rarely been reported. Most reported cases of self‐amputation were performed at the proximal or peripubic area, and there only one case of self‐amputation at the glans has been reported in Japan. We report two cases of self‐penile amputation at the glans. Case 1: A 31‐year‐old man with no psychiatric disease completely amputated his penis at the glans. He underwent a stump plasty under spinal anesthesia. Case 2: A 46‐year‐old man with schizophrenia amputated his penis at the glans. Surgery and the post‐surgical course were almost the same as described in Case 1.

Outcome

Both patients experienced few functional problems except for slight urinary stream disorders.

Conclusion

A stump plasty is a good procedure to treat self‐penile amputation at the glans. It is simple, quick, does not require special technical skills, and is not associated with serious complications.
Ultrathin electrospun PANI nanofibers for neuronal tissue engineering
Authors: Castagna R. , Tunesi M. , Saglio B. , Della Pina C. , Sironi A. , Albani D. , Bertarelli C. , Falletta E.
Published: May 2016

N‐(4‐aminophenyl)aniline oxidative polymerization is optimized to produce polyaniline (PANI) free from carcinogenic and/or polluting coproducts. The resulting polymer is electrospun using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the supporting polymer, with different weight ratios (1:0, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 0.5:1 w/w PANI/PMMA). By rinsing with a selective solvent, PMMA is removed while maintaining the fibrous morphology. Ultrathin (65 ± 14 nm) and defect‐free PANI nanofiber mats are obtained for the blend containing a high relative content of PANI (2:1 w/w, namely F2:1). Two different solvents are tested to remove PMMA, namely acetone and isopropanol, the former giving better results, as highlighted by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrates that the electrospun PANI is amorphous. The thin fiber mats are robust and sterilization both by autoclave and UV irradiation can be carried out. UV irradiation is preferred since no modification of the fibrous morphology is detectable. In vitro biocompatibility of the electrospun F2:1 fibers has been evaluated with SH‐SY5Y neuronal‐like cells. Indirect cytocompatibility tests show that no cytotoxic leachable is released by the electrospun mats at both short and longer times, while direct cytocompatibility investigations indicate that only F2:1 fibers washed in isopropanol do not reduce cell proliferation rate with respect to controls on tissue culture plates. Globally, these results suggest that the proposed electrospun nanostructures are promising materials for neuronal tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43885.
Exploratory subgroup analysis in clinical trials by model selection
Authors: Rosenkranz Gerd K.
Published: May 2016

The interest in individualized medicines and upcoming or renewed regulatory requests to assess treatment effects in subgroups of confirmatory trials requires statistical methods that account for selection uncertainty and selection bias after having performed the search for meaningful subgroups. The challenge is to judge the strength of the apparent findings after mining the same data to discover them. In this paper, we describe a resampling approach that allows to replicate the subgroup finding process many times. The replicates are used to adjust the effect estimates for selection bias and to provide variance estimators that account for selection uncertainty. A simulation study provides some evidence of the performance of the method and an example from oncology illustrates its use.
The translational science training program at NIH: Introducing early career researchers to the science and operation of translation of basic research to medical interventions
Authors: Gilliland C. Taylor , Sittampalam G. Sitta , Wang Philip Y. , Ryan Philip E.
Published: May 2016

Translational science is an emerging field that holds great promise to accelerate the development of novel medical interventions. As the field grows, so does the demand for highly trained biomedical scientists to fill the positions that are being created. Many graduate and postdoctorate training programs do not provide their trainees with sufficient education to take advantage of this growing employment sector. To help better prepare the trainees at the National Institutes of Health for possible careers in translation, we have created the Translational Science Training Program (TSTP). The TSTP is an intensive 2‐ to 3‐day training program that introduces NIH postdoctoral trainees and graduate students to the science and operation of turning basic research discoveries into a medical therapeutic, device or diagnostic, and also exposes them to the variety of career options in translational science. Through a combination of classroom teaching from practicing experts in the various disciplines of translation and small group interactions with pre‐clinical development teams, participants in the TSTP gain knowledge that will aid them in obtaining a career in translational science and building a network to make the transition to the field. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(1):13–24, 2017.