bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito da redução da densidade energética de dietas sobre as características do ovo de codorna japonesa
Authors: Moura Guilherme de Souza , Barreto Sergio Luiz de Toledo , Lanna Eduardo Arruda Teixeira
Published: July 2010

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da redução da densidade energética da dieta sobre a qualidade de ovo de codornas japonesas, mantendo a mesma relação energia metabolizável (EM):nutrientes. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas dos 76 aos 160 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, 10 repetições e 8 aves por unidade experimental. Utilizaram-se cinco dietas com densidades energéticas distintas (2.900, 2.800, 2.700, 2.600 e 2.500 kcal de EM/kg), mantendo constante a relação entre energia metabolizável e nutrientes da dieta, que continha 2.900 kcal de EM/kg. As aves foram arraçoadas à vontade durante todo o período experimental. Houve diferença significativa apenas no consumo de ração e peso no específico de ovo. Para consumo de EM, PB e aminoácidos, peso do ovo, massa do ovo, peso da gema, porcentagem da gema, peso do albúmen, porcentagem do albúmen, peso da casca, porcentagem da casca, diâmetro do ovo e altura do ovo, não foram encontradas diferença significativas entre as dietas. Recomenda-se utilizar dietas com 2.800 e 2.900 kcal de EM/kg, mantendo a mesma relação EM:nutrientes da dieta, quando o objetivo for qualidade de ovo.
Forma física, suplementação enzimática e nível nutricional de rações para frangos de corte na fase inicial: desempenho e digestibilidade dos nutrientes
Authors: Pucci Luiz Eduardo Avelar , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Bertechini Antônio Gilberto , Nascimento Germano Augusto Jerônimo do , Lima Renato Ribeiro de , Silva Leonardo Rafael da
Published: July 2010

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, utilizando um total de 1.440 frangos de corte machos de 8 a 21 dias de idade, para avaliar a forma física da ração, o uso de enzimas e os níveis nutricionais em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 × 2, com duas formas físicas de ração (farelada ou triturada); sem ou com complexo enzimático (amilase, celulase e protease) e dois níveis nutricionais (95 ou 100% das recomendações). No experimento 1, 1.200 aves foram distribuídas nos oito tratamentos, com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada, para avaliação de consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar. Simultaneamente, realizou-se o experimento 2 (ensaio de metabolismo), no qual 240 aves receberam os tratamentos experimentais, com seis repetições de cinco aves cada. Aos 18 dias de idade, iniciou-se a coleta total de excretas, realizada uma vez ao dia, por três dias consecutivos, para determinação da energia metabolizável (EMAn) e dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de matéria seca (CMMS), proteína bruta (CMPB) e extrato etéreo das rações experimentais. A forma física da ração e o nível nutricional influenciaram o consumo de ração das aves, mas não o ganho de peso. Houve interação nível nutricional × forma física da ração para EMAn e metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta. A forma física melhora a energia e o CMMS enquanto as enzimas influenciam a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta. Com exceção do CMPB, as demais características são influenciadas pelo nível nutricional da dieta.
Performance and carcass characteristics of Santa Inês pure lambs and crosses with Dorper e Texel at different management systems
Authors: Garcia Iraides Ferreira Furusho , Costa Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues , Almeida Amélia Katiane de , Pereira Idalmo Garcia , Alvarenga Flávio Augusto Pereira , Lima Natália Ludmila Lins
Published: July 2010

It was evaluated the performance and the carcass characteristics of 36 non-castrated male lambs, Santa Inês purebreed and crossbreeds from Dorper × Santa Inês and Texel × Santa Inês, managed in three different systems (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive), slaughtered at 38.41 ± 1.24 kg. It was observed the highest weight gain for lambs reared in intensive system, which also showed the greatest carcass yield. The management systems did not influence carcass measures of animals in intensive system much because of the greater weight of the carcass. The intensive system provided the best performance, regardless the genetic group. The use of Texel and Dorper breeds in crossings with Santa Inês increases carcass yield.
Digestibilidade in situ e cinética ruminal de bovinos de corte a pasto sob suplementação com proteinados
Authors: Oliveira Luiz Orcírio Fialho de , Saliba Eloísa de Oliveira Simões , Gonçalves Lúcio Carlos , Borges Iran , Miranda Paula de Almeida Barbosa , Fialho Maria Paula Ferreira
Published: July 2010

Foram estudados os efeitos da suplementação com proteinados sobre a degradabilidade da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido (FDN e FDA) em bovinos de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos Nelore com 395 ± 9 kg, fistulados no rúmen para avaliação da degradabilidade e da cinética da fase líquida e das partículas. Dois bovinos com fístulas esofagianas foram usados para a colheita de extrusas. Suplementos com 50, 40 e 30% de proteína bruta (PB) foram fornecidos na proporção de 400 g/animal/dia em comparação à suplementação controle, com apenas sal mineral. A oferta de suplemento proteinado não influenciou a degradabilidade potencial da MS, PB e FDN, mas promoveu aumento de 36,85% para 48,97% na degradabilidade efetiva da MS e de 22,06% para 30,05% na degradabilidade da FDN. Os suplementos com 40 e 30% de proteína bruta foram superiores ao controle, pois promoveram maior degradabilidade efetiva da PB e maiores taxas de saída das partículas. A taxa de passagem da fase líquida foi 11,4% maior nos animais que receberam os suplementos em relação aos do grupo controle. A degradabilidade efetiva da FDA não foi afetada pelo consumo dos suplementos e variou de 12,19% (controle) a 16,75% (suplemento com 30% de PB). Os resultados deste estudo mostram a importância da suplementação protéica para animais em pastagem de baixa qualidade e também do nível de N dos suplementos.
Avaliação do uso de ventilação mínima em galpões avícolas e de sua influência no desempenho de aves de corte no período de inverno
Authors: Vigoderis Ricardo Brauer , Cordeiro Marcelo Bastos , Tinôco Ilda de Fátima Ferreira , Menegali Irene , Souza Júnior Jalmir Pinheiro de , Holanda Mônica Calixto Ribeiro de
Published: July 2010

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar um sistema de ventilação mínima ou de higiene e sua influência no conforto térmico, na qualidade do ar e no desempenho zootécnico de aves criadas durante o inverno. Foram utilizados dois galpões similares, cada um com 9.500 aves, da linhagem Cobb, durante um ciclo produtivo completo. Em um dos galpões, foi instalado um sistema de ventilação positiva que atendia à necessidade mínima de renovação de ar, composto por três ventiladores com vazão de 300 m³/min, instalados no forro, paralelamente ao piso. O outro galpão foi considerado controle e não possuía sistema de ventilação. Houve diferença na temperatura e umidade relativa do ar nas duas primeiras semanas de vida das aves, sobretudo no sistema de ventilação mínima que apresentou as piores condições de conforto. As aves mantidas no galpão sem sistema de ventilação tiveram os melhores resultados de peso ao abate (com ventilação - 1,549 kg; e sem ventilação - 1,577 kg), conversão alimentar (com ventilação - 1,63 kg/kg; sem ventilação - 1,59 kg/kg) e eficiência produtiva (com ventilação - 285 e sem ventilação - 297). Houve diferença também na concentração de gases contaminantes, que foi menor no sistema com ventilação mínima. O sistema com ventilação mínima, da maneira como foi concebido no experimento, diminui significativamente a temperatura no interior do galpão avícola, comprometendo o conforto térmico e o desempenho animal. Apesar de o sistema com ventilação mínima resultar em menores concentrações de gases, nenhum dos sistemas promove concentração média de dióxido de carbono e monóxido de carbono prejudicial às aves.
Pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease and depression: a chicken-and-egg dilemma
Authors: Paz-Filho Gilberto , Licinio Julio , Wong Ma-Li
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pathophysiological basis linking cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression; to discuss the causal relationship between them, and to review the effects of antidepressant treatment on cardiovascular disease. METHOD: A review of the literature based on the PubMed database. DISCUSSION: Depression and cardiovascular disease are both highly prevalent. Several studies have shown that the two are closely related. They share common pathophysiological etiologies or co-morbidities, such as alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, cardiac rhythm disturbances, and hemorheologic, inflammatory and serotoninergic changes. Furthermore, antidepressant treatment is associated with worse cardiac outcomes (in case of tricyclics), which are not observed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Although there is a strong association between depression and cardiovascular disease, it is still unclear whether depression is actually a causal factor for CVD, or is a mere consequence, or whether both conditions share a common pathophysiological etiology. Nevertheless, both conditions must be treated concomitantly. Drugs other than tricyclics must be used, when needed, to treat the underlying depression and not as mere prophylactic of cardiac outcomes.
Preliminary studies on affirmative action in a brazilian university
Authors: São Paulo Eduardo de
Published: July 2010

As a signatory to Durban III World Conference against Racism, Discrimination, Xenophobia and other forms of Intolerance, Brazil has committed itself to the enforcement of mechanisms to promote social equity. As a consequence, governmental programs have been implemented, aiming at the inclusion of Afro-descendents in higher education. Actually, the quantity of such students in the academy is minimal and does not relate to what can be observed in the general population. As an example of such endeavor, Universidade de Brasília (UnB) has started an Affirmative Action program in order to include a contingent of 20% of its freshman students as representatives of racial underprivileged groups. This policy started in August 2004. The present study aimed to investigate the perceptions of students and general public to this policy. An instrument, based partially on McConahay's (1986) Modern Racism scale, was administered to a sample of 316 students. A factor analysis (AF) extracted five factors, corresponding to 48% of the total variance explained. An Analysis of Variance (Anova) was performed to better understand the results, concerning both age and gender of the subjects. Results show that, although students demonstrated interest in the implementing of Affirmative Action programs, and are aware of the relevance of such procedures to the cultural and social structure of the community, they do not agree with their reasons or measures taken, or to the existence of the problem itself.
A analítica queer e seu rompimento com a concepção binária de gênero
Authors: Souza Eloisio Moulin de , Carrieri Alexandre de Pádua
Published: July 2010

A analítica queer comumente relacionada a estudos de gênero é uma abordagem conceitual recente. Este artigo objetiva principalmente trazer à tona essa perspectiva pouco explorada na análise crítica do campo organizacional. Os principais conceitos e princípios relacionados às ideias contidas no pensamento queer são apresentados, e discutem-se as principais diferenças entre a analítica queer e os estudos modernistas de gênero. A analítica queer está fundamentada em Foucault que defende uma visão pós-identitária e fragmentada em relação ao pensamento identitário/binário hegemônico sobre a sexualidade e os estudos de gênero. Tal visão é fundamental para o fomento de resistência e desenvolvimento de práticas organizacionais locais e empíricas que possam promover uma atuação e intervenção diante das práticas opressivas direcionadas não só à sexualidade, mas também a outras formas de opressão no local de trabalho. Conclui-se que a emancipação das práticas hegemônicas de poder contemporâneas reside na visão pós-identitária e não binária de mundo como possibilidade de contribuição para a construção de uma nova realidade social nas organizações, realidade esta que possa combater os dispositivos de biopoder relacionados não somente à sexualidade, mas também aos demais dispositivos de poder.
Mulheres policiais, relações de poder e de gênero na polícia militar de Minas Gerais
Authors: Cappelle Mônica Carvalho Alves , Melo Marlene Catarina de Oliveira Lopes
Published: July 2010

Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se compreender o trabalho operacional feminino na 8ª Região da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais (PMMG), um universo originalmente masculino, à luz das relações de poder e de gênero. Partiu-se do pressuposto que, apesar de a presença de mulheres na Polícia, muitas vezes, ainda reproduzir os padrões de gênero vigentes na sociedade, sua inclusão deve ser compreendida de maneira mais dinâmica, com base nas estratégias adotadas por homens e mulheres para conviverem e se posicionarem na organização. Isso pode se concretizar dependendo das relações de poder estabelecidas pelos e pelas policiais em seu cotidiano de trabalho. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de caso qualitativo na 8ª Região da PMMG, realizado por meio de entrevistas com dez professores que são pesquisadores especialistas sobre a Polícia Militar, 33 mulheres policiais do policiamento operacional e 18 membros de suas equipes de trabalho; pesquisa documental e observação não participante. Os dados foram examinados por análise de conteúdo e permitiram evidenciar que o trabalho das policiais do operacional da PMMG está marcado pelas relações de poder e de gênero em seu cotidiano, seus relacionamentos, na sua vida pessoal ou nas dificuldades que enfrentam no exercício de sua função.
Hemigrammus tocantinsi: a new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Carvalho Fernando R , Bertaco Vinicius A , Jerep Fernando C
Published: July 2010

Hemigrammus tocantinsi is described from the upper rio Tocantins basin, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás State, Central Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners by the presence of 15-17 branched anal-fin rays, longitudinal stripe relatively narrow anteriorly and wider posteriorly, and one or two maxillary teeth. Sexual dimorphism of the new species is characterized by differences among the color in life, adipose-fin origin, body measurements, in addition to presence of bony hooks in the anal and pelvic fins of males.
Habitat partitioning, habits and convergence among coastal nektonic fish species from the São Sebastião Channel, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Gibran Fernando Zaniolo
Published: July 2010

Based on a fish survey and preliminary underwater observations, 17 "morphotypes" were identified that characterize the morphological diversity found within 27 nektonic fish species sampled at São Sebastião Channel. Such "morphotypes" were studied using an ecomorphological approach, with the intention to investigate similarities and differences in shape and habits. Underwater field observations were also performed, to verify if the lifestyle of these species, such as vertical occupation of the water column and the habitat use, are in accordance with their distribution in the morphospace. The results, complemented with data from scientific literature on the taxonomy and phylogenies of these species, allowed discussing some of the typical cases of convergent and divergent evolution. Some of the ecomorphological clusters had no phylogenetic support although this is probably due to the environmental conditions in which theirs members have evolved. The body shape and fins positions of a fish clearly influence its ecological performance and habitat use, corroborating the ecomorphological hypothesis on the intimate link between phenotype and ecology.
Environmental enrichment reduces aggression of pearl cichlid, Geophagus brasiliensis, during resident-intruder interactions
Authors: Kadry Vivian Oliveira , Barreto Rodrigo Egydio
Published: July 2010

Among fishes, when residents and intruders fight, residents usually win, most likely because they value the residence more than intruders. We hypothesized that enriched environments increase the value of an area in dispute, causing a resident to more fiercely defend a resource-rich environment than a poor one. However, in the present study, intruder-resident tests with the pearl cichlid, Geophagus brasiliensis, showed environmental enrichment actually reduces aggression and can even lead to co-habitation without fighting. Additionally, in our experiments, the prior residence effect occurred irrespective of enrichment condition. Decreased visibility from increased habitat complexity reduces interactions between fish and consequently might explain the lower aggression observed herein.
Reproductive biology of Plagioscion magdalenae (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) (Steindachner, 1878) in the bay of Marajo, Amazon Estuary, Brazil
Authors: Santos Nayara Barbosa , Rocha Rossineide Martins da , Fredóu Flávia Lucena
Published: July 2010

Plagioscion magdalenae (pacora) is a commercially important benthopelagic sciaenid and widely distributed in the Amazon River basin. The present study describes the reproductive biology of this species in the bay of Marajo, Amazon Estuary, Brazil. The gonadal development stage, age and size at first sexual maturity (L50), sex ratio, and reproductive strategy were determined. The data were collected bi-monthly from December 2005 to October 2006. A total of 251 specimens were examined, with the total length (TL) ranging between 220 and 590 mm. The weight-length relationship for females, males and grouped sexes was highly significant, showing a positive allometry. The L50 was of 279 mm for grouped sexes, with 305 mm and 269 mm TL for females and males respectively. The sex ratio for the total number of individuals favored the males (2.02 males: 1 female). Macroscopically, the gonads were classified as immature, maturing, mature and spent. Considering the macro and microscopic evaluation of the gonads, an extended spawning period, mainly in August to February, was observed.
Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of ichthyoplankton in a region affected by water regulation by dams
Authors: Gogola Tatiane M , Daga Vanessa S , Silva Pedro R. L. da , Sanches Paulo V , Gubiani Éder A , Baumgartner Gilmar , Delariva Rosilene L
Published: July 2010

The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of ichthyoplankton in a region affected by water regulation by dams. The study area was located in the region of Ilha Grande National Park, upper Paraná River floodplain. Specifically, we examined the temporal and spatial distribution of Ichthyoplankton, identified spawning areas and established the relationships between the abundances of fish eggs and larvae and some limnological and hydrological variables. Samples were taken monthly between October and March from 2001 to 2005 at 24 sampling sites. For analytical purposes, the sampling sites were grouped into upper, middle and lower areas. The upper area of the National Park had the highest egg density and should be considered the primary spawning area. The middle area should be considered a drift area, and the lower area likely functions as a growth and feeding habitat. Statistical analyses showed that the spawning was influenced by water temperature, pH, fluviometric level and rainfall, and that larval density was influenced by pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and rainfall. The results also revealed that the tributaries apparently are used as migratory routes by fish, and and this shows the need to protect these sites.
Novel sex-related characteristics of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933
Authors: Oliveira Tacyana P. R , Castro André L. C , Rosa Ierecê L
Published: July 2010

This paper presents novel sex-related characteristics in Hippocampus reidi, expressed as a prominent and pigmented keel (males only), and by a row of dorsolateral spots mostly (97.4%) found in males. While the keel was found even in the smallest males sampled, the dorsolateral spots appear to be associated with body size. Ex situ observations revealed that during courtship males highlighted both characters by turning pale their background body colour. Understanding such colour and behavioural patterns is relevant to increase our knowledge about sexual selection in a morphologically and biologically unique group of fishes.
When Treating Cancer, Please Don't Forget Hepatitis B
Authors: King Lindsay Y. , Chung Raymond T.
Published: July 2010

Four cases highlighting the reactivation of hepatitis B virus during chemotherapy are presented and the current data and guidelines for pre-emptive management are reviewed.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Lactoferrin Supplementation in Combination with rHuEPO-β for the Treatment of Anemia in Advanced Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Macciò Antonio , Madeddu Clelia , Gramignano Giulia , Mulas Carlo , Sanna Eleonora , Mantovani Giovanni
Published: July 2010

Advanced-stage cancer patients often suffer from anemia that closely resembles the anemia of chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by specific changes in iron homeostasis and absorption. i.v. iron improves the efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in anemic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We report the results of an open-label, randomized, prospective trial aimed at testing the efficacy and safety of treatment with oral lactoferrin versus i.v. iron, both combined with rHuEPO, for the treatment of anemia in a population of 148 advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. All patients received s.c. rHuEPO-β, 30,000 UI once weekly for 12 weeks, and were randomly assigned to ferric gluconate (125 mg i.v. weekly) or lactoferrin (200 mg/day). Both arms showed a significant hemoglobin increase. No difference in the mean hemoglobin increase or the hematopoietic response, time to hematopoietic response, or mean change in serum iron, C-reactive protein, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed between arms. In contrast, ferritin decreased in the lactoferrin arm whereas it increased in the i.v. iron arm. In conclusion, these results show similar efficacy for oral lactoferrin and for i.v. iron, combined with rHuEPO, for the treatment of anemia in advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Current and emerging biomarkers in breast cancer: prognosis and prediction
Authors: Weigel Marion T , Dowsett Mitch
Published: July 2010

Breast cancer treatment has experienced several changes in the past decades due to the discovery of specific prognostic and predictive biomarkers that enable the application of more individualized therapies to different molecular subgroups. These subgroups show specific differences regarding biological clinical behavior. In addition to the classical clinical prognostic factors of breast cancer, established molecular biomarkers such as estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor have played a significant role in the selection of patients benefiting from endocrine therapy for many years. More recently, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has been validated to be not only a prognostic factor, but also a predictor of response to HER2 targeting therapy. The shift toward an earlier diagnosis of breast cancer due to improved imaging methods and screening programs highlights the need for new factors and combinations of biomarkers to quantify the residual risk of patients and to indicate the potential value of additional treatment strategies. The marker of proliferation Ki67 has recently emerged as an important marker due to several applications in neoadjuvant therapy in addition to its moderate prognostic value. With the introduction of high-throughput technologies, numerous multigene signatures have been identified that aim to outperform traditional markers: current prospective clinical trials are seeking evidence for their definitive role in breast cancer. There exist many more factors and approaches that have the potential to become relevant in the near future including the detection of single disseminating and circulating tumor cells in blood and bone marrow as well as of circulating cell-free DNA and microRNA. Careful randomized prospective testing and comparison with existing established factors will be required to select those emerging markers that offer substantial cost-effective benefit and thereby justify their routine use for breast cancer therapy decision-making.
Recruitment limitation after mast‐seeding in two African rain forest trees
Authors: Norghauer Julian M. , Newbery David M.
Published: July 2010

Seed and establishment limitation can have a major role in determining plant species' abundances and distributions in communities. Their relative importance, however, remains uncertain and controversial, especially for trees in forests where density‐dependent mortality of seeds and seedlings may be common. In a primary African rain forest, we directly tested the strength of each limitation by using seeds of the tree species Microberlinia bisulcata and Tetraberlinia bifoliolata at eight addition levels and by following establishment over six weeks. Local background seed rain was also measured. Seedling recruitment was higher in seed‐addition quadrats than in control quadrats, indicating seed limitation in both species. However, fitting the Beverton‐Holt model indicated that establishment limitation was consistently 2–4 times stronger than seed limitation for Microberlinia, whereas seed limitation greatly exceeded establishment limitation for Tetraberlinia. Strong density dependence was operating in the short seed‐to‐seedling transition for Microberlinia, whereas it was almost negligible for Tetraberlinia. Although early postdispersal mortality was very high for both species (>80%), they may achieve local codominance as a result of differing strengths of seed limitation vs. establishment limitation. Assessing the importance of seed limitation for tree populations requires a knowledge of species‐specific seed rain as well as a reliable recruitment function. The outcome of early establishment processes also needs to be seen in the context of later stages of tree dynamics.
Order of plant host establishment alters the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities
Authors: Hausmann Natasha Teutsch , Hawkes Christine V.
Published: July 2010

The causes of local diversity and composition remain a central question in community ecology. Numerous studies have attempted to understand community assembly, both within and across trophic levels. However, little is known about how community assembly aboveground influences soil microbial communities belowground. We hypothesized that plant establishment order can affect the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots, with the strength of this effect dependent on both host plant identity and neighboring plant identity. Such priority effects of plants on AMF may act through host‐specific filters of the initial species pool that limit the available pool for plants that established second. In a greenhouse experiment with four plant hosts, we found that the strength of the priority effect on AMF communities reflected both host plant characteristics and interactions between host and neighbor plant species, consistent with differential host specificity among plants. These patterns were independent of plant biomass and root colonization. Functional studies of AMF associated with a wide array of host plants will be required to further understand this potential driver of community dynamics.
Distributions, life‐history specialization, and phylogeny of the rain forest vertebrates in the Australian Wet Tropics
Authors: Williams S. E. , VanDerWal J. , Isaac J. , Shoo L. P. , Storlie C. , Fox S. , Bolitho E. E. , Moritz C. , Hoskin C. J. , Williams Y. M.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this data set was to compile distributional, general life‐history characteristics and phylogenies for Australian tropical rain forest vertebrates to inform a wide range of comparative studies on the determinants of biodiversity patterns and to assess the impacts of global climate change. We provide three distinct data sets: (1) a table of species‐specific distributional and life‐history traits for 242 vertebrate species found in the rain forests of the Australian Wet Tropics; (2) species distribution maps (GIS raster files) for 202 of the species displaying both the realized and potential distributions; and (3) phylogenies for these species. These species represent 93 birds, 31 amphibians, 31 mammals (including one monotreme), and 47 reptiles. Where information exists, the distributional and life‐history data compiled here present information on: indices of environmental specialization (ENFA), habitat specialization, average body mass and size, sexual dimorphism, reproductive characteristics such as age at first reproduction, clutch/litter size, number of reproductive bouts per year and breeding seasonality, longevity, time of day when most active, and dispersal ability; distributional characteristics such as range size (potential and realized for both total and core ranges) and observed ranges in temperature, precipitation, and elevation; and niche attributes such as environmental marginality and specialization. The distribution maps provided represent a combination of presence‐only ecological niche modeling (using MaxEnt) to estimate the potential distribution of a species followed by biogeographic clipping by expert opinion based on extensive field data and a subregional classification relevant to the topography and biogeographic history of the region to produce best‐possible estimates of the realized distribution. Our assemblage contains many species with a shared evolutionary history, and thus many analyses of these data will need to account for phylogeny. Although a comprehensive phylogeny with branch length information does not exist for this diverse group of species, we present a best‐estimate composite phylogeny constructed primarily from recently published molecular phylogenies of included groups.

The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
The Applications of HD and B Flow in 4D Echocardiography
Authors: Yagel Simcha , M Cohen Sarah , V Valsky Dan , Lipscheutz Michal , Messing Baruch
Published: July 2010

High Definition Power Flow Doppler (HDPD) is a bi-directional power Doppler imaging mode. B-flow
is a direct-volume non-gated scanning tool that images blood flow in real-time. These ultrasound modalities
have improved images of the fetal cardiovascular system to near-angiographic quality. Each has its particular
advantages, which are illustrated with examples of fetal cardiovascular malformations obtained with these tools.
HDPD and B-flow provide images not available to practitioners even five years ago.
Introduction: Natural versus Synthetic Biopolymers
Authors: U. Adikwu Michael
Published: July 2010

In the area of drug delivery, various polymers are involved. The earlier polymers
were natural in origin. The natural polymers were found to be fraught with many formulation
problems such instability, irreproducibility, changes in aesthetics on storage, uncontrollable
formulation characteristics, etc. As a result new designer molecules were sought for to solve
some of the problems. Some of the natural polymers were largely polysaccharide gums such
as acacia, guar, xanthan, agar, tragacanth, etc. These may have their origin plant, seaweed or
even fungi. Some bacteria are known to produce polysaccharides that may be useful in
medical and pharmaceutical practices. A few polymers may be of animal origin such as
gelatin, serum albumin, liposomes, etc. On the other hand, synthetic polymers are either
modified from natural polymers or completely synthesized from synthetic monomers. They
process properties that seem to relatively address the problems of instability, irreproducibility,
changes in aesthetics on storage, uncontrollable formulation characteristics. The environment
of use in the body is often considered in the preparation of these polymers. Good examples
are the derivates of the acrylic resins, vinyl polymers, cellulose polymers, etc. Various aspects
of these two classes of polymers are presented in this chapter.
Novel Applications of Biopolymers: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: C. Ofokansi Kenneth , A. Akpa Paul
Published: July 2010

Biopolymers have a myriad of applications which may be considered as novel not only
in agriculture and agribusiness, consumer science, sports, transparent and optical materials and in
biological and medical materials but also in controlled drug delivery and targeting. This chapter
will highlight the major applications of biopolymers as enunciated in the preceding sentence with
special emphasis on the use of engineered polymers and polymeric systems in controlled drug
delivery and targeting. Successful pharmacotherapy intervention requires strict control over the
spatial and temporal characteristics of drug delivery. Engineered polymers are the materials used
today to construct carriers with controlled drug delivery properties, that is, carriers which could
perform one or more of the following: (a) increase drug availability to the target cells, (b) increase
selectivity towards the target cells, (c) release their drug load only at the site of drug action (or
nearby) in response to internal or external stimuli (e.g. pH or temperature changes) and (d) release
drug only when it is required in response to biological signals (e.g. an increase in glucose levels in
blood). The development of such polymers has caused advances in polymer chemistry, which, in
turn, has resulted in smart polymers that can respond to changes in environmental conditions. The
responses vary widely from swelling/deswelling to degradation. Drug-polymer conjugates and
drug-containing nano/micro-particles have been used for drug targeting. Engineered polymers and
polymeric systems have been used in new areas, such as molecular imaging as well as in more
recent applications in nanotechnology.
Biopolymer Blends: Applications, Limitations, and Future Prospects
Authors: I. Ofoeful Sabinus , A. Attama Anthony
Published: July 2010

Biopolymers are important class of materials for pharmaceutical and
biotechnological applications. Studies have been carried out on different biopolymer blends
and types. The area of biopolymer interactions has been the focus of intensive fundamental
and applied research in recent time. Such biopolymer combinations may possess unique
properties that are different from those of individual components. There is a great potential in
utilizing biopolymer blends as pharmaceutical adjuvants and in controlled release drug
delivery systems. Appropriate selection of biopolymer or biopolymer blend is necessary in
order to develop a successful drug delivery vehicle. In drug delivery, the biopolymer blends
used should be designed in such a way that their functionality remains constant throughout an
application. For a successful industrial development of a viable dosage form using biopolymer
blends, the biopolymers selected must be pharmaceutically approved and should also
demonstrate acceptable mechanical and biocompatible properties. Biopolymer blends used in
drug delivery are characterized to establish their suitability for the intended dosage form. In
this chapter, biopolymer blends used in drug delivery are discussed with particular emphasis
on their formation, properties, characterization, applications and their limitations and future
prospects.
Sampling, Recruitment, and Retention in a Bereavement Intervention Study: Experiences from the Living after Loss Project
Authors: Caserta Michael , Utz Rebecca , Lund Dale , de Vries Brian
Published: July 2010

This article reports on the sampling and recruitment challenges, as well as the strategies used to address them in the Living After Loss (LAL) project, a bereavement intervention study conducted in Salt Lake City and San Francisco comparing two 14-week group conditions with follow-up. We encountered three major challenges: 1) difficulty determining eligibility for some potential participants who were contacted, 2) locating and recruiting nonwhites, and 3) unavailable phone numbers for approximately one-third of those we attempted to contact. Despite these challenges, we achieved a 42% response rate with a sample size of 328 participants comprising 15% non-white. Eighty-five percent of the participants completed all of the follow-up data points. Leading factors in participants' decisions to join and remain in the study were 1) opportunities to obtain help and support, 2) to potentially help other bereaved individuals, 3) to contribute to research, and 4) their on-going interactions with a professional, empathetic, and culturally sensitive project staff. Effectively focusing recruitment efforts and carefully and systematically training research staff were among the most effective strategies we employed and therefore suggest for those planning similar investigations.
Opportunities for Mourning When Grief is Disenfranchised: Descendants of Nazi Perpetrators in Dialogue with Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Livingston Kathy
Published: July 2010

This article explores the concepts of unmourned and disenfranchised grief as a way to understand the experiences of adult children of Nazi perpetrators, who grew up with cultural norms of grieving alone or in silence. The scholarly literature on descendants of Nazis reflects a group unlikely to warrant empathy or support from others because of the stigma surrounding their family's possible involvement in the Holocaust atrocities. This article uses, as a case study approach, the testimony given by Monika Hertwig, the adult daughter of a high ranking Nazi, who appears in the documentary film, Inheritance. From the perspective of disenfranchised grief, defined as grief that is not socially recognized or supported, the article links Monika's testimony with existing research from in-depth interviews with other descendants of Nazis to suggest that, as a group, they lacked permission to grieve their deceased parents, acknowledgment of their grief, and opportunities to mourn. Based on the theory that the effects of grief can be trans-generational, the disenfranchisement experienced by the “children of the Third Reich” does not have to pass to subsequent generations if opportunities for mourning are made possible and some resolution of grief occurs. Studies have shown that ongoing dialogue groups between Holocaust survivors and descendants of Nazis provide opportunities for mourning to both groups.
Characterizing Markets for Biopharmaceutical Innovations: Do Biologics Differ from Small Molecules?
Authors: Trusheim Mark R. , Aitken Murray L. , Berndt Ernst R.
Published: July 2010

While much has been written about the distinctions between biologics and small molecules in terms of their scientific, manufacturing and regulatory experiences, relatively little has been published comparing their clinical and commercial experiences. Employing a data base encompassing all 96 biologics and 212 small molecules newly launched in the U.S. between 1998Q1 and 2008Q4, we compare their downstream clinical and commercial characteristics. Substantial heterogeneity occurs across therapeutic classes. Biologics are more concentrated than small molecules in their therapeutic class composition, but have obtained FDA indication approvals in 13 of 15 classes. While average delays between FDA approval and first observed sales revenues are similar, biologics are twice as likely as small molecules to be Orphan Drugs, are slightly more likely to be designated FDA priority rather than standard review status, and gain slightly more supplemental indication approvals. Although 9.4% of new small molecules permanently exited the market for a variety of reasons, 7.3% of new biologics exited, but 26% of biologics had black box warnings compared to 20% of small molecules. Both biologics and small molecules take 21-22 quarters from launch to reach $100 million in real revenues. Small molecules have an initially more rapid uptake, but thereafter biologics mean revenues tend to be slightly greater than for small molecules. While launch prices for biologics are commonly perceived as being greater than for small molecules, price growth per standard unit is generally greater for small molecules than biologics, with rates of price growth increasing for small molecules in the first five years since launch, and decreasing thereafter. We conclude that the market dynamics of biologics differ substantially from those of small molecules, although therapeutic class composition plays a major role.
An approach to determine enthalpies of formation for ternary compounds
Authors: Du Y. , Wang J. , Ouyang Y.F. , Zhang L.J. , Yuan Z.H. , Liu S.H. , Nash P.
Published: July 2010

An integrated approach of experiment and theoretical computation to acquire enthalpies of formation for ternary compounds is described. The enthalpies of formation (DHf ) for Al71Fe19Si10 and Al31Mn6Ni2 are measured via a calorimeter. Miedema model, CALPHAD and first-principles method are employed to calculate DHf for the above compounds and several Al-based ternary compounds. It is found that first-principles generated data yield good agreements with experimental values and thus can be used as key 'experimental data', which are needed for CALPHAD approach.
Nickel adsorption onto carbon anode dust modified by acetic acid and KOH
Authors: Strkalj A. , Radjenovic A. , Malina J.
Published: July 2010

Carbon anode dust (CAD) is metallurgical waste material of aluminium production industry. The objective of this study was to convert carbon anode dust to acetic acid-modified and KOH-modified carbon adsorbat. Modified and unmodified carbon anode dust samples were characterized by SEM analysis. Pore volume, pore size and surface area were determined with BET method. The prepared carbons were evaluated for their adsorption capacity of nickel ions. The experimental data were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Changes in the surface morphology, surface area properties and obtained adsorption capacity indicate that acetic acid is a better modifier than KOH. Equilibrium results showed that acetic acid modification increased the CAD adsorption capacity for Ni (II) more than KOH modification.
Application of optical basicity to viscosity of high alumina blast furnace slags
Authors: Ghosh D. , Krishnamurthy V.A. , Sankaranarayanan S.R.
Published: July 2010

The composition and properties of blast furnace slags greatly affect the furnace productivity and the quality of hot metal produced. Viscosity is an important physical property of slags, strongly influenced by the chemical composition, structure and the temperature. Experimental measurement of slag viscosity requires high temperature equipment and is time consuming. Therefore, chemical parameters are used to identify trends in viscosity as function of chemical composition. Limited information is available for High Alumina Blast Furnace Slags, since much of the open literature deals with Low Alumina Slags, with alumina content less than 15 weight percentage. High Alumina slags (alumina content in the range of 15% to 30%) are predominantly encountered in Indian Blast Furnaces. It appears that these slags have higher viscosity and lower sulphide capacity than the low alumina slags. The effect of chemical composition / ionic structure on viscosity has been interpreted in this work, using the chemical parameter of optical basicity. Data reported in the literature have been used, along with the values of liquidus temperature, for high alumina slags. Three slag systems, i.e., CaO-Al2O3-SiO2, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO-TiO2 have been considered in this work. The trends observed are discussed in the paper.
Copper recovery in a bench-scale carrier facilitated tubular supported liquid membrane system
Authors: Makaka S. , Aziz M. , Nesbitt A.
Published: July 2010

The extraction of copper ions in a tubular supported liquid membrane using LIX 984NC as a mobile carrier was studied, evaluating the effect of the feed characteristics (flowrate, density, viscosity) on the feedside laminar layer of the membrane. A vertical countercurrent, double pipe perspex benchscale reactor consisting of a single hydrophobic PVDF tubular membrane mounted inside was used in all test work. The membrane was impregnated with LIX 984NC and became the support for this organic transport medium. Dilute Copper solution passed through the centre pipe and sulphuric acid as strippant passed through the shell side. Copper was successfully transported from the feedside to the stripside and from the data obtained, a relationship between Schmidt, Reynolds and Sherwood number was achieved of.
On the component masses of visual binaries
Authors: Cvetkovic Zorica , Ninkovic S.
Published: July 2010

In the Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars we found those belonging to the Main Sequence to form a sample containing 432 visual binaries. Their total masses were obtained dynamically, i.e. they were calculated using the orbital elements and the new Hipparcos parallaxes. For the same pairs the total mass was also found astrophysically - by applying the mass-luminosity relation. The apparent magnitudes of the components were found in two different ways: by deriving them from total magnitudes and magnitude differences, and by taking their values directly from a catalogue. The results for these two approaches show no essential discrepancy. The values of total masses obtained dynamically have a large dispersion involving even completely unrealistic values. This is a clear indication that the input data are not sufficiently reliable. Nevertheless, in a large number of cases the agreement between total masses obtained by us in two different ways is quite satisfactory indicating that i) for many visual binaries, as a rule not too distant and with high-quality orbital elements, the dynamical total masses can be reliable; ii) the mass-luminosity relation yields quite satisfactory estimates for the component masses when they belong to the Main Sequence and iii) a correlation between the relative parallax error and orbit grade exists.
Anatomy of a State/Tribal Tax Dispute: Legal Formalism, Shifting Incidence, Potatoes, and the Idaho Motor Fuel Tax
Authors: Cowan Mark J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT: The law regarding state taxation in Indian country is one of the last bastions of legal formalism in tax law jurisprudence. The ability of a state to tax in Indian country turns on the legal incidence of the tax: in general, a tax on the tribe or tribal members is not allowed; a tax on nonmembers doing business with the tribes or tribal members is allowed. In a world where legal formalism governs and there is no overarching mechanism for reconciling the competing interests of state and tribal governments, state/tribal tax disputes can quickly become contentious. A recent battle between the state of Idaho and the tribes within its borders over fuel tax revenue exemplifies the truculence of state/tribal tax disputes, but also shows that amicable resolution is possible when the courts take small steps away from legal formalism. This article provides an overview of the tax landscape in Indian country and then analyzes the dispute over the Idaho motor fuel tax and what it reveals about resolving state/tribal tax disputes.