bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Lidocaine Infusions to Manage Opioid‐Refractory Pain in a Series of Cancer Patients in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Gibbons Kathleen , DeMonbrun Andrea , Beckman Elizabeth J. , Keefer Patricia , Wagner Deb , Stewart Margaret , Saul D'Anna , Hakel Stephanie , Liu My , Niedner Matthew
Published: January 2016

Background

Research on the safety and efficacy of continuous lidocaine infusions (CLIs) for the treatment of pain in the pediatric setting is limited. This article describes a series of pediatric oncology patients who received lidocaine infusions for refractory, longstanding, cancer‐related pain.

Procedure

This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent lidocaine infusions to manage severe, opioid‐refractory, cancer‐related pain. Four patients ranging in age from 8 to 18 years were admitted to a pediatric hospital for their medical conditions and/or pain management. Structured chart review established demographic and diagnosis information, infusion rates, side effects, and efficacy of infusions in providing pain relief. Lidocaine bolus doses, infusion rates, serum concentrations, and subjective pain scores were analyzed.

Results

Median pain scores prior to lidocaine infusions were 8/10, falling to 2/10 at the infusion termination (P < 0.003), and rising to 3/10 in the first 24 hr after lidocaine (P < 0.029 compared to preinfusion pain). The infusions were generally well tolerated, with few side effects noted. In most cases, the improvement in pain scores persisted beyond termination of the infusion.

Conclusions

CLIs were a helpful adjuvant in the four cases presented and may be an effective therapy for a more diverse array of refractory cancer pain. The majority of patients experienced pain relief well beyond the metabolic elimination of the lidocaine, corroborating a modulation effect on pain windup. Additional research regarding infusion rates, serum concentrations, side effects, and outpatient follow‐up in a larger group of patients will provide additional insight into the role and safety of this therapy in children.
The extent and correlates of community‐based pharmaceutical opioid utilisation in Australia
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Gisev Natasa , Cama Elena , Nielsen Suzanne , Larance Briony , Bruno Raimondo
Published: January 2016

Purpose

There has been concern regarding the increasing use of opioids and related harm. We present data on opioid utilisation across Australia and consider sociodemographic factors that may affect utilisation rates.

Methods

IMS Health national sales data for over‐the‐counter (codeine) and prescription opioids (buprenorphine, codeine, dextropropoxyphene, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol and tramadol) were used to estimate total utilisation rates in the community during 2013, mapped to Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) and Remoteness Areas. All opioid amounts were measured in pack sales and milligrammes then converted to oral morphine equivalent milligrammes (OME mg) for comparison across opioids. Data on the demographic characteristics of SLAs were obtained from the ABS (sex and age distribution, income and levels of physical labour) and other sources (number of pharmacies in SLAs) and were included in linear regression analyses.

Results

In 2013, an estimated 10 747 kg (OME) of opioids were sold across Australia, equating to 481 OME mg per person. There was considerable geographic variation in opioid utilisation, with higher rates of use in rural and regional areas. Geographic areas that were less populated, had more men and older people, proportionally more low‐income earning households and greater proportions in jobs requiring physical labour had higher utilisation rates.

Conclusions

Substantial geographic variation in opioid utilisation was identified, with areas outside of major cities having higher rates of utilisation of all types of opioids. Prescription monitoring and best practice interventions aimed at improving opioid use need to have a particular focus on areas outside of major cities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiphase Assessment of Project Risk Interdependencies: Evidence from a University ISD Project in Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Wenli , Hsiao Bo , Chen Houn-Gee , Chern Ching-Chin
Published: January 2016

Project risks evolve dynamically, so variations in risk influences during the life cycle of an information system development project require analyses to devise risk management strategies cost effectively and at the appropriate stages. This study extends the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique, using network theory, to assess the risk interdependencies for distinct project phases. A multiphase observation of a university information system development project in Taiwan provides a more in-depth understanding of the key risk factors. To enhance risk assessments, this study proposes integrating an interdependency indicator with risk exposure measures.
Formation of stable nanodiscs by bihelical apolipoprotein A‐I mimetic peptide
Authors: Kariyazono Hirokazu , Nadai Ryo , Miyajima Rin , Takechi‐Haraya Yuki , Baba Teruhiko , Shigenaga Akira , Okuhira Keiichiro , Otaka Akira , Saito Hiroyuki
Published: January 2016

Nanodiscs are composed of scaffold protein or peptide such as apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) and phospholipids. Although peptide‐based nanodiscs have an advantage to modulate the size of nanodiscs by changing phospholipid/peptide ratios, they are usually less stable than apoA‐I‐based nanodiscs. In this study, we designed a novel nanodisc scaffold peptide (NSP) that has proline‐punctuated bihelical amphipathic structure based on apoA‐I mimetic peptides. NSP formed α‐helical structure on 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) nanodiscs prepared by cholate dialysis method. Dynamic light scattering measurements demonstrated that diameters of NSP nanodiscs vary depending upon POPC/NSP ratios. Comparison of thermal unfolding of nanodiscs monitored by circular dichroism measurements demonstrated that NSP forms much more stable nanodiscs with POPC than monohelical peptide, 4F, exhibiting comparable stability to apoA‐I‐POPC nanodiscs. Intrinsic Trp fluorescence measurements showed that Trp residues of NSP exhibit more hydrophobic environment than that of 4 F on nanodiscs, suggesting the stronger interaction of NSP with phospholipids. Thus, the bihelical structure of NSP appears to increase the stability of nanodiscs because of the enhanced interaction of peptides with phospholipids. In addition, NSP as well as 4F spontaneously solubilized POPC vesicles into nanodiscs without using detergent. These results indicate that bihelical NSP forms nanodiscs with comparable stability to apoA‐I and has an ability to control the size of nanodiscs simply by changing phospholipid/peptide ratios. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic field sensitivity at 7‐T using dual‐helmholtz transmit‐only coil and 12‐channel receive‐only bended coil
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Nam , Ryu Yeunchul , Seo Jeung‐Hoon , Kim Young‐Bo
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to combine a dual‐Helmholtz (DH) transmit (Tx)‐only coil and 12‐channel receive (Rx)‐only bended phased array (PA) coil to improve the magnetic flux (|B1|) sensitivity in the superior‐to‐inferior (S‐I) direction during human brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7‐T. The proposed coil combination was primarily implemented by electromagnetic (EM) simulation and compared with the 16‐leg birdcage coil and 8‐channel PA coil, which are generally used for the Tx‐ and Rx‐only modes, respectively. The optimal coil combinations for the proposed structure were determined by |B1| field calculations using the |BT+| and |BR−| fields, which are respectively the transmit and receive components of the |B1| field. The coil performance was then evaluated by a bench test and 7‐T MRI experiment. The results of the computational calculations indicated that the |BT+| field of the DH coil was distributed similarly to that of the 16‐leg birdcage coil despite the fewer conducting legs of the former. However, the 12‐channel Rx‐only bended PA coil had clearly higher |BR−| profiles compared to the 8‐channel PA coil. The results of the 7‐T in vivo experiment showed that the proposed combination of the DH Tx‐only coil and 12‐channel Rx‐only bended PA coil had better |B1| field homogeneity in the sagittal slice as well as higher |B1| field sensitivity during human brain MRI compared to an 8‐channel Rx‐only PA coil. SCANNING 38:515–524, © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
H3K4 Methyltransferase Set1a Is A Key Oct4 Coactivator Essential for Generation of Oct4 Positive Inner Cell Mass
Authors: Fang Lan , Zhang Jun , Zhang Hui , Yang Xiaoqin , Jin Xueling , Zhang Ling , Skalnik David G. , Jin Ying , Zhang Yong , Huang Xingxu , Li Jiwen , Wong Jiemin
Published: January 2016

Limited core transcription factors and transcriptional cofactors have been shown to govern embryonic stem cell (ESC) transcriptional circuitry and pluripotency, but the molecular interactions between the core transcription factors and cofactors remains ill defined. Here, we analyzed the protein–protein interactions between Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc (abbreviated as OSKM) and a large panel of cofactors. The data reveal both specific and common interactions between OSKM and cofactors. We found that among the SET1/MLL family H3K4 methyltransferases, Set1a specifically interacts with Oct4 and this interaction is independent of Wdr5. Set1a is recruited to and required for H3K4 methylation at the Oct4 target gene promoters and transcriptional activation of Oct4 target genes in ESCs, and consistently Set1a is required for ESC maintenance and induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq analyses demonstrate the broad involvement of Set1a in Oct4 transcription circuitry and strong enrichment at TSS sites. Gene knockout study demonstrates that Set1a is not only required for mouse early embryonic development but also for the generation of Oct4-positive inner cell mass. Together our study provides valuable information on the molecular interactions between OSKM and cofactors and molecular mechanisms for the functional importance of Set1a in ESCs and early development.
Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reveals Modulation of Angiogenesis via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling
Authors: Anderson Johnathon D. , Johansson Henrik J. , Graham Calvin S. , Vesterlund Mattias , Pham Missy T. , Bramlett Charles S. , Montgomery Elizabeth N. , Mellema Matt S. , Bardini Renee L. , Contreras Zelenia , Hoon Madeline , Bauer Gerhard , Fink Kyle D. , Fury Brian , Hendrix Kyle J. , Chedin Frederic , EL-Andaloussi Samir , Hwang Billie , Mulligan Michael S. , Lehtiö Janne , Nolta Jan A.
Published: January 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to facilitate healing of ischemic tissue related diseases through proangiogenic secretory proteins. Recent studies further show that MSC derived exosomes function as paracrine effectors of angiogenesis, however, the identity of which components of the exosome proteome responsible for this effect remains elusive. To address this we used high-resolution isoelectric focusing coupled liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, an unbiased high throughput proteomics approach to comprehensively characterize the proteinaceous contents of MSCs and MSC derived exosomes. We probed the proteome of MSCs and MSC derived exosomes from cells cultured under expansion conditions and under ischemic tissue simulated conditions to elucidate key angiogenic paracrine effectors present and potentially differentially expressed in these conditions. In total, 6,342 proteins were identified in MSCs and 1,927 proteins in MSC derived exosomes, representing to our knowledge the first time these proteomes have been probed comprehensively. Multilayered analyses identified several putative paracrine effectors of angiogenesis present in MSC exosomes and increased in expression in MSCs exposed to ischemic tissue-simulated conditions; these include platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and most notably nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) signaling pathway proteins. NFkB signaling was identified as a key mediator of MSC exosome induced angiogenesis in endothelial cells by functional in vitro validation using a specific inhibitor. Collectively, the results of our proteomic analysis show that MSC derived exosomes contain a robust profile of angiogenic paracrine effectors, which have potential for the treatment of ischemic tissue-related diseases.
Preparation of Hydride‐Ethylene Complexes of Osmium
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Botter Alessandra , Castro Jesús
Published: January 2016

Ethylene complexes [OsH(η2‐CH2=CH2)L4]Y (1, 2) [L = PPh(OEt)2, P(OEt)3; Y = OTf, BPh4] were prepared by reacting the dihydride OsH2L4 first with methyl triflate CH3OTf and then with ethylene (1 atm). Alternatively, the compound [OsH(η2‐CH2=CH2){PPh(OEt)2}4]OTf was prepared by allowing the dinitrogen derivative [OsH(N2){PPh(OEt)2}4]OTf to react with ethylene. Acrylonitrile CH2=C(H)CN reacts with OsH(OTf)L4 [L = P(OEt)3] to give the complex [OsH{κ1‐NCC(H)=CH2}{P(OEt)3}4]BPh4 (3). The complexes were characterized spectroscopically (IR and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR) and by X‐ray crystal structure determination of the [OsH(η2‐CH2=CH2){PPh(OEt)2}4]BPh4 derivative.
Stokes problem with a solution dependent slip bound: Stability of solutions with respect to domains
Authors: Haslinger Jaroslav , Stebel Jan
Published: January 2016

We study the Stokes problem in a bounded planar domain Ω with a friction type boundary condition that switches between a slip and no‐slip stage. Unlike our previous work , in the present paper the threshold value may depend on the velocity field. Besides the usual velocity‐pressure formulation, we introduce an alternative formulation with three Lagrange multipliers which allows a more flexible treatment of the impermeability condition as well as optimum design problems with cost functions depending on the shear and/or normal stress. Our main goal is to determine under which conditions concerning smoothness of the boundary of Ω, solutions to the Stokes system depend continuously on variations of Ω. Having this result at our disposal, we easily prove the existence of a solution to optimal shape design problems for a large class of cost functionals.
Basistherapie bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis und kolorektaler Tumoranamnese
Authors: Kleinert S. , Waldner M. , Wendler J. , Kunzmann V.
Published: January 2016

Hintergrund

Zellen des adaptiven Immunsystems sind relevant für die Antitumorreaktion. Aus diesem Grund muss die Basistherapie („disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs“, DMARD) bei Patienten mit gastrointestinaler Tumoranamnese mit besonderem Bedacht gewählt werden.

Zielsetzung

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der Evidenz hinsichtlich kolorektaler Karzinome (KRK) und rheumatoider Arthritis (RA).

Methode und Ergebnisse

Der Arbeit liegt eine Recherche von Pubmed sowie der Kongressabstracts von EULAR und ACR zugrunde. Dem klinisch tätigen Rheumatologen wird ein kurzer Überblick über gegenwärtige Empfehlungen zum Screening und zur Nachsorge des KRK gegeben. Der aktuelle Stand der Therapie und zukünftige therapeutische Optionen werden skizziert. Die erniedrigte Inzidenz bei RA-Patienten wird dargestellt, ebenso die Inzidenz unter verschiedenen DMARDs. Die RA-Therapie in verschiedenen Tumorsituationen wird diskutiert, d. h. während einer zytostatischen Therapie, sowie in einer palliativen oder kurativen Situation. Die Evidenz dazu wird dargestellt. Trotz der eher unbefriedigenden Evidenzlage erfolgen Fazit und praktische Überlegungen für den klinisch tätigen Rheumatologen.
Elucidating Genetic Counseling Outcomes from the Perspective of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Zierhut Heather A. , Shannon K. M. , Cragun D. L. , Cohen S. A.
Published: January 2016

Outcomes in the field of genetic counseling have not been well‐defined or categorized, despite pressures to provide evidence‐based measures in all areas of healthcare. This study describes a process to elucidate and categorize a wide‐ranging set of outcomes as characterized by diverse groups of practicing genetic counselors. Semi‐structured focus groups were conducted at the National Society of Genetic Counselors 2013 NSGC Annual Education Conference during an educational breakout session. A general inductive qualitative research approach was utilized to code focus group notes, categorize them into themes, and compare them across specialty groups. A total of 107 individuals participated in 14 focus groups, consisting of specialists in cancer (n = 20), general genetics (n = 40), prenatal genetics (n = 11), and “other” (n = 36). Of the twelve genetic counseling outcomes themes identified, the most common across focus groups included: 1) appropriateness of testing and accuracy of results interpretation; 2) psychosocial outcomes; 3) adherence to or receipt of appropriate medical management; and 4) patient and provider knowledge. Data assessed by specialty demonstrated similarities in outcomes themes, suggesting that a common set of genetic counseling outcomes would likely be appropriate to cover the majority of needs for the profession. Results can serve as a platform from which to build a more well‐defined and comprehensive set of outcomes.
A Simplified Methodology to Measure the Characteristic Curvature (Cc) of Alkyl Ethoxylate Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Zarate‐Muñoz Silvia , Texeira de Vasconcelos Felipe , Myint‐Myat Khaing , Minchom Jack , Acosta Edgar
Published: January 2016

This work introduces a simplified methodology for measuring the characteristic curvature (Cc) of commercial alkyl ethoxylate nonionic surfactants using carefully selected reference surfactants and oils that produce rapid and well defined separations in salinity scans. The Cc of the commercial reference surfactants was calculated using optimal salinities (S*) obtained from solubilization parameter curves, from interfacial tensions (for a selected system), and from emulsion stability tests. The latter provided a fast detection of S*, in a matter of minutes. The calibrated Cc of the reference surfactants was subsequently used to measure the Cc of various commercial alkyl ethoxylate surfactants. The combination of mixtures of test and reference surfactants and emulsion stability tests produced reproducible Cc values that could be obtained with simple bottle tests and in a timely manner. The values obtained using this methodology were cross‐checked, and proved to be consistent, when using different combinations of reference surfactants and oils, and when conducted by different individuals. The standard deviation of Cc from these measurements was typically ±0.2 Cc units, but it could be as large as 25 % of the Cc value for highly hydrophilic surfactants. After comparing the values of Cc obtained experimentally with values calculated from nominal structures (via a group contribution model) it became clear that there are differences between these values, likely because of the polydispersity of alkyl ethoxylate surfactants.
Increased HDL Size and Enhanced Apo A‐I Catabolic Rates Are Associated With Doxorubicin‐Induced Proteinuria in New Zealand White Rabbits
Authors: López‐Olmos Victoria , Carreón‐Torres Elizabeth , Luna‐Luna María , Flores‐Castillo Cristobal , Martínez‐Ramírez Miriam , Bautista‐Pérez Rocío , Franco Martha , Sandoval‐Zárate Julio , Roldán Francisco‐Javier , Aranda‐Fraustro Alberto , Soria‐Castro Elizabeth , Muñoz‐Vega Mónica , Fragoso José‐Manuel , Vargas‐Alarcón Gilberto , Pérez‐Méndez Oscar
Published: January 2016

The catabolism and structure of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) may be the determining factor of their atheroprotective properties. To better understand the role of the kidney in HDL catabolism, here we characterized HDL subclasses and the catabolic rates of apo A‐I in a rabbit model of proteinuria. Proteinuria was induced by intravenous administration of doxorubicin in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 10). HDL size and HDL subclass lipids were assessed by electrophoresis of the isolated lipoproteins. The catabolic rate of HDL‐apo A‐I was evaluated by exogenous radiolabelling with iodine‐131. Doxorubicin induced significant proteinuria after 4 weeks (4.47 ± 0.55 vs. 0.30 ± 0.02 g/L of protein in urine, P < 0.001) associated with increased uremia, creatininemia, and cardiotoxicity. Large HDL2b augmented significantly during proteinuria, whereas small HDL3b and HDL3c decreased compared to basal conditions. HDL2b, HDL2a, and HDL3a subclasses were enriched with triacylglycerols in proteinuric animals as determined by the triacylglycerol‐to‐phospholipid ratio; the cholesterol content in HDL subclasses remained unchanged. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of [131I]‐apo A‐I in the proteinuric rabbits was faster (FCR = 0.036 h−1) compared to control rabbits group (FCR = 0.026 h−1, P < 0.05). Apo E increased and apo A‐I decreased in HDL, whereas PON‐1 activity increased in proteinuric rabbits. Proteinuria was associated with an increased number of large HDL2b particles and a decreased number of small HDL3b and 3c. Proteinuria was also connected to an alteration in HDL subclass lipids, apolipoprotein content of HDL, high paraoxonase‐1 activity, and a rise in the fractional catabolic rate of the [131I]‐apo A‐I.
Electrosonodiagnosis in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm Based on an Analytic Literature Review
Authors: Goldberg Gary , Zeckser Jeffrey M. , Mummaneni Revati , Tucker Jason D.
Published: January 2016

Background

Suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) remains the most common clinical scenario prompting referral for electrodiagnostic (EDx) studies to identify objective correlates of reported subjective symptoms and clinical examination findings. Despite much debate and a rapidly expanding literature, identification of an optimal algorithm for diagnosing focal median mononeuropathy at the wrist (FMMW) associated with CTS signs and symptoms remains elusive. The introduction and rapid dissemination of peripheral nerve ultrasound imaging (PN‐USI) of the median nerve has raised new questions regarding the relative value of structural information from PN‐USI versus physiological information from EDx in the diagnosis of FMMW, as well as the significance of various clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of CTS. The means by which PN‐USI and EDx may be optimally deployed and integrated in the process of diagnosing FMMW remains to be clearly delineated.

Objective

To complete an analytical literature review to guide the formulation of a clinical diagnostic algorithm (CDA) integrating the use of PN‐USI and EDx for the optimal detection of FMMW in the context of making a clinical diagnosis of CTS.

Data Sources

A structured literature review was performed on the MEDLINE medical literature database accessed through PubMed.

Analysis

Papers with particular relevance and connection to the goal of formulating the CDA were selected from the identified studies. Studies specifically examining the correlations between systematically documented clinical symptomatology, EDx findings, and PN‐USI findings were reviewed for consistent outcomes that could be incorporated into a CDA to guide the integration of these two complementary technologies in the diagnostic process.

Limitations

The formulation of the algorithm was limited to measures with established validity that can be readily obtained by means of widely accepted protocols using standard EDx and ultrasound equipment. The formulated algorithm assumes a consistent association between pathophysiology and anatomical deformation of the median nerve, which may not occur in certain situations. It may also not be as accurately applied to patients with CTS with significant comorbid neuromuscular conditions.

Conclusions

An algorithm has been developed and presented, and illustrated as a flow chart, based on findings reported in the relevant reviewed literature in which PN‐USI is proposed as a painless and rapidly performed screening test for FMMW to be completed before subjecting a patient to a systematic EDx testing process.
The Waterless Portable Private Toilet: An Innovative Sanitation Solution in Disaster Zones
Authors: Kim Yongkyun , Hashemi Shervin , Han Mooyoung , Kim Tschungil , Sohn Hong-Gyoo
Published: January 2016

Catastrophes can occur without warning and inevitably cause short-term and long-term problems. In disaster zones, having an action plan to alleviate difficulties can reduce or prevent many long-lasting complications. One of the most critical and urgent issues is sanitation. Water, energy, personnel, transportation, and the allocation of resources in disaster areas tend to become very limited during emergencies. Sanitation systems suffer in the process, potentially leading to crises due to unsafe and unhygienic surroundings. This article explores the problems of current sanitation practices in disaster areas and identifies the essential characteristics of sustainable sanitation systems. This study also presents a plan for an innovative and sustainable sanitation system using a waterless, portable, private toilet, in addition to a procedure for collecting and disposing waste. The system is agronomic, is socially acceptable, prevents contact with human waste, and can be used for individuals or families. Environmental pollution and social problems (such as sexual harassment) can be reduced both during and after restoration. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:281–285)
QUASI-EVIDENTIALISM: INTERESTS, JUSTIFICATION AND EPISTEMIC VIRTUE
Authors: Freedman Karyn L.
Published: January 2016

In this paper I argue against what I call ‘strict evidentialism’, the view that evidence is the sole factor for determining the normative status of beliefs. I argue that strict evidentialism fails to capture the uniquely subjective standpoint of believers and as a result it fails to provide us with the tools necessary to apply its own epistemic norms. In its place I develop an interest-relative theory of justification which I call quasi-evidentialism, according to which S has a justified belief that P at time t if and only if S's evidence at time t supports P in proportion to S's interest in P. I take interests as fixed and argue that adjusting our confidence in a proposition in the right way, given our interests, is fine-tuned through the exercise of intellectual virtue, in particular the virtue of epistemic conscientiousness. This theory refocuses epistemic responsibility in the subject and by locating agency in the cultivation of epistemic virtue it also provides a handy solution to the problem of doxastic voluntarism, insofar as the development of our epistemic virtue guides our responsiveness to reason.
Direct numerical simulation of shock wavy-wall interaction: analysis of cellular shock structures and flow patterns
Authors: Lodato G. , Vervisch L. , Clavin P.
Published: January 2016

The reflection on a wavy wall of a planar shock propagating at Mach number 1.5 in air is simulated in a two-dimensional geometry by solving the fully compressible Navier–Stokes equations. A high-order spectral difference numerical discretization is used over an unstructured mesh composed of quadrilateral elements. The shock discontinuity is handled numerically through a specific treatment, which is limited in space to a small portion of the computational cell through which the shock is travelling. In the conditions under investigation, the reflection on the wavy wall leads to a weak and smooth deformation of the shock front without singularities just after reflection. Long-living triple points (Mach stems) are spontaneously formed on the reflected shock at a finite distance from the wavy wall. They then propagate on the front in both directions and collide regularly, forming a periodic cellular pattern quite similar to that of a cellular detonation. Transverse waves, issued from the triple points, are generated in the shocked gas. As a result of their mutual interaction, a complex and strongly unsteady flow is produced in the shocked gas. The topology of the instantaneous streamline patterns is characterized by short-lived critical points that appear intermittently. Due to the compressible character of the unsteady two-dimensional flow, the topology of critical points which can be observed is more diverse than would be expected for incompressible two-dimensional flows. Some of them take the form of short-lived sources or sinks. The mechanism of formation and the dynamics of the triple points, as well as the instantaneous streamline patterns, are analysed in the present paper. The results are useful for deciphering the cellular structure of unstable detonations.
Dynamic wetting failure in surfactant solutions
Authors: Liu Chen-Yu , Vandre Eric , Carvalho Marcio S. , Kumar Satish
Published: January 2016

The influence of insoluble surfactants on dynamic wetting failure during displacement of Newtonian fluids in a rectangular channel is studied in this work. A hydrodynamic model for steady Stokes flows of dilute surfactant solutions is developed and evaluated using three approaches: (i) a one-dimensional (1D) lubrication-type approach, (ii) a novel hybrid of a 1D description of the receding phase and a 2D description of the advancing phase, and (iii) an asymptotic theory of Cox (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 168, 1986b, pp. 195–220). Steady-state solution families in the form of macroscopic contact angles as a function of the capillary number are determined and limit points are identified. When air is the receding fluid, Marangoni stresses are found to increase the receding-phase pressure gradients near the contact line by thinning the air film without significantly changing the capillary-pressure gradients there. As a consequence, the limit points shift to lower capillary numbers and the onset of wetting failure is promoted. The model predictions are then used to interpret decades-old experimental observations concerning the influence of surfactants on air entrainment (Burley & Kennedy, Chem. Engng Sci., vol. 31, 1976, pp. 901–911). In addition to being a computationally efficient alternative for the rectangular geometries considered here, the hybrid modelling approach developed in this paper could also be applied to more complicated geometries where a thin air layer is present near a contact line.
Veto Override Requirements and Executive Success
Authors: McGrath Robert J. , Rogowski Jon C. , Ryan Josh M.
Published: January 2016

Presidential systems around the world vary in the proportion of legislators required to override an executive veto. We argue that the nature of the override provision affects executive influence in policymaking; as the proportion needed to override a veto increases, so should executive influence. We leverage varying override requirements across the US states to conduct a comparative study of executive influence over budgetary outcomes. Using governors’ budget requests and enacted appropriations for fiscal years 1987–2011, we provide evidence that state legislatures better accommodate budgetary requests in states with higher override requirements. Further, governors whose preferences are extreme relative to the legislature are more likely to have their budgetary goals met in states with a higher veto threshold.
The visualisation and quantification of human gastrointestinal fat distribution with MRI: a randomised study in healthy subjects
Authors: Liu Dian , Parker Helen L. , Curcic Jelena , Schwizer Werner , Fried Michael , Kozerke Sebastian , Steingoetter Andreas
Published: January 2016

We aimed to study the fate of fat during digestion. For this purpose, we validated and investigated the non-invasive quantification of gastric and duodenal fat emptying and emulsion processing (creaming and phase separation) using the MRI method iterative decomposition with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation (IDEAL). In total, twelve healthy subjects were studied on two separate visits in a single-blind, randomised, cross-over design study. IDEAL was utilised to repeatedly acquire quantitative fat fraction maps of the gastrointestinal tract after infusion of one of two fat emulsions: E1 (acid stable, droplet size 0·33 mm) and E4 (acid unstable, 0·38 mm). In vitro and in vivo validation was carried out using diluted emulsion and gastric content samples, respectively, and resulted in Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients of 1·00 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·00) and 0·91 (95 % CI 0·87, 0·94), respectively. Fat fraction maps and intragastric emulsion profiles enabled the identification of features of intraluminal phase separation and creaming that were not visible in conventional MRI. Gastric fat emptying was faster for E4 compared with E1 with a difference of 2·5 (95 % CI 1·9, 3·1) ml/h. Duodenal content volumes were larger for E1 than for E4 with a difference of 4·9 (95 % CI 3·9, 8·5) ml. This study demonstrated that with IDEAL it was possible (1) to visualise the intragastric and duodenal fat distribution and (2) to quantify the differences in emptying, phase separation and creaming of an acid-stable and an acid-unstable emulsion. This method has potential to bridge the gap between current in vitro digestive models and in vivo behaviour and to be applied in the development of effective functional foods.
Molecular evidence for multiple phylogenetic groups within two species of invasive spiny whiteflies and their parasitoid wasp
Authors: Uesugi R. , Sato Y. , Han B.-Y. , Huang Z.-D. , Yara K. , Furuhashi K.
Published: January 2016

The invasive orange spiny whitefly (OSW)Aleurocanthus spiniferushas extended its distribution to non-native areas since the early 20th century. In a similar manner, the invasive tea spiny whitefly (TSW)A. camelliaehas been expanding over East Asia in recent decades. In this study, the genetic diversity of OSW and TSW and of their important parasitoid waspEncarsia smithiwas investigated in China and Japan to enable more efficient biological control policies. We detected two phylogenetic groups (haplogroups A1 and A2) in OSW and three phylogenetic groups (haplotypes B1 and B2, and haplogroup B3) in TSW in China; however, only a single haplotype was detected in each whitefly species in Japan. Based on historical records and molecular data, OSW was considered to be native to China whereas TSW has probably expanded to China from a more southern location in the last 50 years; China appears to be the source region for OSW and TSW invading Japan. InE. smithi, two phylogenetic groups were detected in Japan: haplotype I, associated with OSW, and haplogroup II mostly associated with TSW, except in two locations. These data support the hypothesis thatE. smithiparasitizing TSW in Japan did not originate from the existent population parasitizing OSW but was newly imported into Japan following the invasion of its host.
Initial assessment of hearing loss using a mobile application for audiological evaluation
Authors: Derin S , Cam O H , Beydilli H , Acar E , Elicora S S , Sahan M
Published: January 2016

Objective:

This study aimed to compare an Apple iOS mobile operating system application for audiological evaluation with conventional audiometry, and to determine its accuracy and reliability in the initial evaluation of hearing loss.

Methods:

The study comprised 32 patients (16 females) diagnosed with hearing loss. The patients were first evaluated with conventional audiometry and the degree of hearing loss was recorded. Then they underwent a smartphone-based hearing test and the data were compared using Cohen's kappa analysis.

Results:

Patients' mean age was 53.59 ± 18.01 years (range, 19–85 years). The mobile phone audiometry results for 39 of the 64 ears were fully compatible with the conventional audiometry results. There was a statistically significant concordant relationship between the two sets of audiometry results (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Ear Trumpet version 1.0.2 is a compact and simple mobile application on the Apple iPhone 5 that can measure hearing loss with reliable results.
Garnett Passe and the tonsillectomy gag
Authors: Rice J C
Published: January 2016

Kevin Kane has written about the painting by Barbara Hepworth of Garnett Passe performing a tonsillectomy, and wondered about the way in which the gag appears to be suspended. This article traces historically the various methods of holding the gag for tonsillectomy, and postulates that what is illustrated in the Hepworth painting is a jack owned by the late Dr Sydney Cocks, who not only was a friend of Passe but who also commenced the discussions with Passe's widow, Barbara, concerning the formation by her of a trust to support young Australian ENT surgeons, which eventually became The Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation.
The association between marine bathing and infectious diseases– a review
Authors: Young Nicholas
Published: January 2016

Worldwide, infectious diseases represent a leading cause of death and disability. Exposure to the ocean, whether through recreation or occupation, represents a potentially significant, but poorly understood, source of infectious diseases in man. This review describes the potential mechanisms whereby marine bathing could lead to infectious diseases in man. Sources of pathogens in the marine environment are described, including human sewage, animal sources, fellow bathers and indigenous marine organisms. The epidemiological evidence for the association between marine bathing and infectious disease is presented, including a consideration of the differing relationship between faecal indicator bacteria levels and illness at point source compared with non-point source settings. Estimating the burden of infectious disease is reliant on public health surveillance, both formal and informal, which is described from a UK perspective in this review. Potential emerging threats at the marine–human interface are discussed, including infections caused byShewanellaandVibriobacteria, and the presence of human pathogens in the marine environment that are resistant to antimicrobials.
The marine biodiscovery pipeline and ocean medicines of tomorrow
Authors: Jaspars Marcel , De Pascale Donatella , Andersen Jeanette H. , Reyes Fernando , Crawford Alexander D. , Ianora Adrianna
Published: January 2016

Marine organisms possess the capacity to produce a variety of unique and biologically potent natural products for treating human diseases, many of which are currently commercially available or are in advanced clinical trials. Here we provide a short review on progress in the field and discuss a case study of an EU-funded project, PharmaSea, which aims to discover novel products for the treatment of infections, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Research in this sector is opening new doors for harnessing the potential of marine natural products with pharmaceutical properties.
The ‘Blue Gym’: What can blue space do for you and what can you do for blue space?
Authors: White M.P. , Pahl S. , Wheeler B.W. , Fleming L.E.F. , Depledge M.H.
Published: January 2016

The Blue Gym Initiative was created in the UK in 2009 to explore: (1) whether blue space environments might be positively related to human health and well-being; and (2) whether the public could be encouraged to preserve and protect these environments. Whilst the wider initiative considers all blue spaces including inland bodies of water (e.g. lakes, rivers and canals as well as the coasts and oceans), to date the focus has been primarily on marine and coastal environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of the Blue Gym Initiative, and outline some of the research that has emerged to date. An important early finding was the observation that individuals living near the coast are generally healthier and happier than those living inland; much subsequent work has tried to understand why this might be. More recently we have begun to focus on how to promote pro-marine behaviours (e.g. sustainable fish choice, reduction of plastic use, avoidance of littering). This strand is still very much work in progress but highlights the importance of understanding public awareness, values and attitudes and the power of visualization in communicating the marine sustainability issues. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the implications of the findings and future research needs.
FOUND IN TRANSLATION
Authors: Carrol Gareth , Conklin Kathy , Gyllstad Henrik
Published: January 2016

Formulaic language represents a challenge to even the most proficient of language learners. Evidence is mixed as to whether native and nonnative speakers process it in a fundamentally different way, whether exposure can lead to more nativelike processing for nonnatives, and how L1 knowledge is used to aid comprehension. In this study we investigated how advanced nonnative speakers process idioms encountered in their L2. We used eye-tracking to see whether a highly proficient group of L1 Swedes showed any evidence of a formulaic processing advantage for English idioms. We also compared translations of Swedish idioms and congruent idioms (items that exist in both languages) to see how L1 knowledge is utilized during online processing. Results support the view that L1 knowledge is automatically used from the earliest stages of processing, regardless of whether sequences are congruent, and that exposure and advanced proficiency can lead to nativelike formulaic processing in the L2.
“The moustache sits down first”: on the acquisition of metonymy
Authors: FALKUM INGRID L. , RECASENS MARTA , CLARK EVE V.
Published: January 2016

This study investigates preschoolers’ ability to understand and produce novel metonyms. We gave forty-seven children (aged 2;9–5;9) and twenty-seven adults one comprehension task and two elicitation tasks. The first elicitation task investigated their ability to use metonyms as referential shorthands, and the second their willingness to name animates metonymically on the basis of a salient property. Although children were outperformed by adults, even three-year-olds could understand and produce metonyms in certain circumstances. Our results suggest that young children may find it easier to produce a metonym than a more elaborate referential description in certain contexts, and that metonymy may serve as a useful strategy in referring to entities that lack a conventional label. However, metonymy comprehension appeared to decrease with age, with older children tending to choose literal interpretations of some metonyms. This could be a result of growing metalinguistic awareness, which leads children to overemphasize literal meanings.
Fourteen-month-olds’ decontextualized understanding of words for absent objects
Authors: HENDRICKSON KRISTI , SUNDARA MEGHA
Published: January 2016

The majority of research examining infants’ decontextualized word knowledge comes from studies in which words and pictures are presented simultaneously. However, comprehending utterances about unseen objects is a hallmark of language. Do infants demonstrate decontextualized absent object knowledge early in the second year of life? Further, to what extent do words evoke strictly prototypical representations of absent objects? To investigate these questions we analyzed 14-month-olds’ comprehension of labels for absent entities without contextual support. In a novel, auditory–visual priming paradigm, infants heard passages containing two target words and then saw four animations – two that matched the meaning of the target words and two they had not heard in the passages. We found that by age 1;2, spoken words evoke prototypical representations of absent entities. Additionally, our findings demonstrate a promising new method for exploring absent object comprehension in infants.
The Look of Fear from the Eyes Varies with the Dynamic Sequence of Facial Actions
Authors: Krumhuber Eva G. , Scherer Klaus R.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Most research on the ability to interpret expressions from the eyes has utilized static information. This research investigates whether the dynamic sequence of facial actions in the eye region influences the judgments of perceivers. Dynamic fear expressions involving the eye region and eyebrows were created which systematically differed in the sequential occurrence of facial actions. Participants rated the intensity of sequential fear expressions, either in addition to a simultaneous, full-blown expression (Experiment 1) or in combination with different levels of eye gaze (Experiment 2). The results showed that the degree of attributed emotion and the appraisal ratings differed as a function of the sequence of facial expressions of fear, with direct gaze resulting in stronger subjective responses. The findings challenge current notions surrounding the study of static facial displays from the eyes and suggest that emotion perception is a dynamic process shaped by the time course of the facial actions of an expression. Possible implications for the field of affective computing and clinical research are discussed.
Effect of Political Orientation on Judgment of Agency, Competence, Morality, and Sociability
Authors: Mignon Astrid , Mollaret Patrick , Rohmer Odile , Bagès Céline
Published: January 2016

Abstract. This study tested the effect of voter’s political orientation on the importance they placed on agency, competence, morality, and sociability as qualities required for being President of the French Republic. It furthermore assessed the participants’ judgments of the five main candidates of the French Presidential Election of 2012 on those dimensions. The results showed that, compared to left-wing voters, right-wing voters placed greater importance on agency and less importance on morality and sociability as qualities required for being president. Right-wing voters differentiated between candidates with respect to agency more than competence, whereas the reverse pattern was observed for left-wing voters. Voters differentiated between candidates with respect to morality as much as sociability. Finally, the participants’ ratings of candidates showed a partisan effect: Left-wing voters rated left-wing candidates as being more competent, moral, and sociable, the same being true of right-wing candidates by right-wing voters. Ratings of candidates’ agentic qualities were less dependent on the voter’s political orientation. These data provide support for how people perceived qualities necessary for being President in France.
Bounded Prospection in Dilemmas of Trust and Reciprocity
Authors: Evans Anthony M. , Krueger Joachim I.
Published: January 2016

Knowing when to trust others is an important social skill, but recent findings suggest that humans struggle with this dilemma—trusting strangers more than they should. Although trust decisions often do not meet the standards of rationality, they appear to be boundedly rational. We present a model of heuristic trust, according to which people focus on their own potential outcomes (what may be gained or lost from trusting), but neglect the probabilities of those outcomes occurring. We examine how trustors form expectations of reciprocity, and how those expectations relate to optimal trust decisions: some previous research suggests that people underestimate the probability of reciprocity and, relative to their subjective expectations, trust strangers too much. In contrast, our heuristic model allows for fine-grained predictions of when people trust too much and when they trust too little. The accuracy of trust depends on the selection and use of available cues; errors occur when trustors neglect valid, but difficult to process, cues and overemphasize salient cues lacking validity.