bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum-Based KRASG12/G13 Mutation Detection Using Droplet Digital PCR: Clinical Implications and Limitations in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma With Tumor Heterogeneity
Authors: Kim Ju Seok , Bae Go Eun , Kim Seok-Hwan , Choi Min Kyung , Yeo Min-Kyung
Published: January 2021

Background

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has arisen as an alternative target for evaluating somatic mutations in cancer. KRAS mutation status is critical for targeted therapy in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRAC). We evaluated KRASG12/G13 mutations in cfDNA extracted from serum and compared the results with KRASG12/G13 mutations detected in tissue samples. We assessed the clinical significance of KRASG12/G13 mutation in serum in regard to recurrence and metastasis of CRAC.

Methods

A total of 146 CRAC patients were enrolled, and KRASG12/G13 mutations were evaluated in 146 pairs of serum and tissue samples. In addition, 35 pairs of primary and metastatic CRAC tissue samples were evaluated for KRASG12/G13 mutational status.

Results

Detection of KRASG12/13 mutation from serum and tissue had a 55% concordance rate, and serum detection had a sensitivity of 39.8%. Detection of the KRASG12/13 mutation yielded a 14% discordance rate between primary and metastatic tissue. CRAC patients with mutant KRASG12/13 mutation in serum but wild-type KRASG12/13 in tissue had concurrent KRASG12/13-mutant metastatic tumors, indicating spatial genetic heterogeneity. Changes in serum KRASG12/G13 mutation status during postoperative follow-up were associated with recurrence. Conclusion: Although serum detection of the KRASG12/13 mutation cannot substitute for detection in tissue, serum testing can support the interpretation of a CRAC patient’s status in regard to concurrent metastasis. Dynamic changes in serum KRASG12/13 mutation status during follow-up indicated that cfDNA from serum represents a potential source for monitoring recurrence in CRAC patients.
Amplifying Tumor–Stroma Communication: An Emerging Oncogenic Function of Mutant p53
Authors: Capaci Valeria , Mantovani Fiamma , Del Sal Giannino
Published: January 2021

TP53 mutations are widespread in human cancers. An expanding body of evidence highlights that, in addition to their manifold cell-intrinsic activities boosting tumor progression, missense p53 mutants enhance the ability of tumor cells to communicate amongst themselves and with the tumor stroma, by affecting both the quality and the quantity of the cancer secretome. In this review, we summarize recent literature demonstrating that mutant p53 enhances the production of growth and angiogenic factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, modulates biochemical and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, reprograms the cell trafficking machinery to enhance secretion and promote recycling of membrane proteins, and affects exosome composition. All these activities contribute to the release of a promalignant secretome with both local and systemic effects, that is key to the ability of mutant p53 to fuel tumor growth and enable metastatic competence. A precise knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between mutant p53 and the microenvironment is expected to unveil non-invasive biomarkers and actionable targets to blunt tumor aggressiveness.
Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review
Authors: Kansra Alvina R. , Lakkunarajah Sinduja , Jay M. Susan
Published: January 2021

Obesity is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors; it is a significant public health problem. The most common cause of obesity throughout childhood and adolescence is an inequity in energy balance; that is, excess caloric intake without appropriate caloric expenditure. Adiposity rebound (AR) in early childhood is a risk factor for obesity in adolescence and adulthood. The increasing prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a rise in comorbidities previously identified in the adult population, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and Dyslipidemia. Due to the lack of a single treatment option to address obesity, clinicians have generally relied on counseling dietary changes and exercise. Due to psychosocial issues that may accompany adolescence regarding body habitus, this approach can have negative results. Teens can develop unhealthy eating habits that result in Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge- Eating Disorder (BED), or Night eating syndrome (NES). Others can develop Anorexia Nervosa (AN) as they attempt to restrict their diet and overshoot their goal of “being healthy.” To date, lifestyle interventions have shown only modest effects on weight loss. Emerging findings from basic science as well as interventional drug trials utilizing GLP-1 agonists have demonstrated success in effective weight loss in obese adults, adolescents, and pediatric patients. However, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of other weight-loss medications in children and adolescents. Nearly 6% of adolescents in the United States are severely obese and bariatric surgery as a treatment consideration will be discussed. In summary, this paper will overview the pathophysiology, clinical, and psychological implications, and treatment options available for obese pediatric and adolescent patients.
Abnormal Nutritive Sucking as an Indicator of Neonatal Brain Injury
Authors: Shandley Sabrina , Capilouto Gilson , Tamilia Eleonora , Riley David M. , Johnson Yvette R. , Papadelis Christos
Published: January 2021

A term neonate is born with the ability to suck; this neuronal network is already formed and functional by 28 weeks gestational age and continues to evolve into adulthood. Because of the necessity of acquiring nutrition, the complexity of the neuronal network needed to suck, and neuroplasticity in infancy, the skill of sucking has the unique ability to give insight into areas of the brain that may be damaged either during or before birth. Interpretation of the behaviors during sucking shows promise in guiding therapies and how to potentially repair the damage early in life, when neuroplasticity is high. Sucking requires coordinated suck-swallow-breathe actions and is classified into two basic types, nutritive and non-nutritive. Each type of suck has particular characteristics that can be measured and used to learn about the infant's neuronal circuitry. Basic sucking and swallowing are present in embryos and further develop to incorporate breathingex utero. Due to the rhythmic nature of the suck-swallow-breathe process, these motor functions are controlled by central pattern generators. The coordination of swallowing, breathing, and sucking is an enormously complex sensorimotor process. Because of this complexity, brain injury before birth can have an effect on these sucking patterns. Clinical assessments allow evaluators to score the oral-motor pattern, however, they remain ultimately subjective. Thus, clinicians are in need of objective measures to identify the specific area of deficit in the sucking pattern of each infant to tailor therapies to their specific needs. Therapeutic approaches involve pacifiers, cheek/chin support, tactile, oral kinesthetic, auditory, vestibular, and/or visual sensorimotor inputs. These therapies are performed to train the infant to suck appropriately using these subjective assessments along with the experience of the therapist (usually a speech therapist), but newer, more objective measures are coming along. Recent studies have correlated pathological sucking patterns with neuroimaging data to get a map of the affected brain regions to better inform therapies. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad scope synopsis of the research field of infant nutritive and non-nutritive feeding, their underlying neurophysiology, and relationship of abnormal activity with brain injury in preterm and term infants.
Early Diagnosis and Intervention in Cystic Fibrosis: Imagining the Unimaginable
Authors: Coverstone Andrea M. , Ferkol Thomas W.
Published: January 2021

Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-shortening genetic disease affecting Caucasians, clinically manifested by fat malabsorption, poor growth and nutrition, and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Newborn screening programs for cystic fibrosis are now implemented throughout the United States and in many nations worldwide. Early diagnosis and interventions have led to improved clinical outcomes for people with cystic fibrosis. Newer cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators and correctors with mutation-specific effects have increasingly been used in children, and these agents are revolutionizing care. Indeed, it is possible that highly effective modulator therapy used early in life could profoundly affect the trajectory of cystic fibrosis lung disease, and primary prevention may be achievable.
Baitouweng Decoction Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis in Mice Partially Attributed to Regulating Th17/Treg Balance and Restoring Intestinal Epithelial Barrier
Authors: Miao Zhiwei , Chen Liping , Feng Hui , Gu Mingjia , Yan Jing , Xu Yi , Ye Bai
Published: January 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal disease with unclear pathogenesis. With an increasing global prevalence over the past two decades, UC poses a serious threat to public health. Baitouweng decoction (BTW), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to have good clinical efficacy for treating intestinal inflammation. Yet, the efficacy of BTW in UC and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The current study aimed to determine whether BTW suppressed intestinal inflammation in mice and the potential mechanism. We used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model to test the anti-inflammatory efficacy of BTW. Clinical symptoms were scored by the disease activity index (DAI), and the colon length and pathological changes in colon tissue were also used to further evaluate the efficacy of BTW. Precisely how BTW affected immune function and the intestinal barrier of UC mice was also examined. BTW significantly reduced DAI score and colonic pathological damage. BTW regulated the balance between T helper (Th)17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells, decreased interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased IL-10 levels. BTW reduced intestinal permeability of UC mice, increased expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and zonula occludens-1), and decreased expression of phospho-nuclear factor (p-NF)-κB and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the colon. BTW inhibited the ERK/p-NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressed expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. BTW significantly promoted the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids in the gut, particularly acetate, propionate, isobutyric acid, and isovalerate. The results suggest that BTW can protect against DSS-induced UC. The mechanism may be partially attributed to regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells and restoring the intestinal epithelial barrier.
Trimetazidine in Heart Failure
Authors: Shu Hongyang , Peng Yizhong , Hang Weijian , Zhou Ning , Wang Dao Wen
Published: January 2021

Heart failure is a systemic syndrome caused by multiple pathological factors. Current treatments do not have satisfactory outcomes. Several basic studies have revealed the protective effect of trimetazidine on the heart, not only by metabolism modulation but also by relieving myocardial apoptosis, fibrosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Clinical studies have consistently indicated that trimetazidine acts as an adjunct to conventional treatments and improves the symptoms of heart failure. This review summarizes the basic pathological changes in the myocardium, with an emphasis on the alteration of cardiac metabolism in the development of heart failure. The clinical application of trimetazidine in heart failure and the mechanism of its protective effects on the myocardium are carefully discussed, as well as its main adverse effects. The intention of this review is to highlight this treatment as an effective alternative against heart failure and provide additional perspectives for future studies.
DAGLα Inhibition as a Non-invasive and Translational Model of Episodic Headache
Authors: Levine Aidan , Liktor-Busa Erika , Karlage Kelly L. , Giancotti Luigi , Salvemini Daniela , Vanderah Todd W. , Largent-Milnes Tally M.
Published: January 2021

Recent findings suggested that Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency underlies the pathophysiology of pain disorders, including migraine and headache. In models of medication overuse headache induced by sustained administration of sumatriptan or morphine, 2-AG levels were selectively depleted in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and anandamide (AEA) increased in the cortex suggesting distinct regulation of the endocannabinoid system during headache pain. These results led to the hypothesis that blockade of DAGL, to reduce 2-AG levels would induce headache-like behaviors as a new, translationally relevant model of episodic headache. Our study investigated whether non-selective and selective blockade of DAGL, the main biosynthetic enzyme for 2-AG, induced periorbital and hind-paw allodynia, photophobia, anxiety-like behaviors, responsivity to abortive anti-migraine agents, and 2-AG/AEA levels. Injection of non-selective DAGL (DH376, 10 mg/kg, IP) and selective DAGLα (LEI106, 20 mg/kg, IP) inhibitors, but not DAGLβ agents, induced facial sensitivity in 100% and ∼60% of female and male rats, respectively, without induction of peripheral sensitivity. Notably, male rats showed significantly less sensitivity than female rats after DAGLα inhibition, suggesting sexual dimorphism in this mechanism. Importantly, LEI106 induced periorbital allodynia was attenuated by administration of the clinically available abortive antimigraine agents, sumatriptan and olcegepant. Selective DAGLα inhibition induced significant photophobia as measured by the light-dark box, without anxiety like behaviors or changes in voluntary movement. Analysis of AEA and 2-AG levels at the time of peak pain sensitivity revealed reductions in 2-AG in the visual cortex and periaqueductal gray (PAG), without altering anandamide or significantly increasing diacylglycerol levels. These results provide foundational evidence for DAGL-2AG in the induction of headache-like pain and photophobia without extracephalic allodynia, thus modeling the clinical episodic migraine. Mechanistically, behavioral measures of headache sensitivity after DAGL inhibition suggests that reduced 2-AG signaling in the cortex and PAG, but not the trigeminal nucleus caudalis or trigeminal ganglia, drives headache initiation. Therefore, episodic DAGL inhibition, which reduces the time, cost, and invasiveness of currently accepted models of headache, may fill the need for episodic migraine/headache models mirroring clinical presentation. Moreover, use of this approach may provide an avenue to study the transition from episodic to chronic headache.
Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?
Authors: Bajaj Varnica , Gadi Nirupa , Spihlman Allison P. , Wu Samantha C. , Choi Christopher H. , Moulton Vaishali R.
Published: January 2021

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ravaged the world with over 72 million total cases and over 1.6 million deaths worldwide as of early December 2020. An overwhelming preponderance of cases and deaths is observed within the elderly population, and especially in those with pre-existing conditions and comorbidities. Aging causes numerous biological changes in the immune system, which are linked to age-related illnesses and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Age-related changes influence the host immune response and therefore not only weaken the ability to fight respiratory infections but also to mount effective responses to vaccines. Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging are considered key features of the aging immune system wherein accumulation of senescent immune cells contribute to its decline and simultaneously increased inflammatory phenotypes cause immune dysfunction. Age-related quantitative and qualitative changes in the immune system affect cells and soluble mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses within lymphoid and non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. These changes determine not only the susceptibility to infections, but also disease progression and clinical outcomes thereafter. Furthermore, the response to therapeutics and the immune response to vaccines are influenced by age-related changes within the immune system. Therefore, better understanding of the pathophysiology of aging and the immune response will not only help understand age-related diseases but also guide targeted management strategies for deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Carotid Occlusion Accentuates Aortic Stenosis and Cardiac Remodeling With Preserved Systolic Function in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice
Authors: Liu Yandong , Cai Jiawei , Qu Lefeng
Published: January 2021

Background: Carotid atherosclerotic disease is associated with aortic stenosis and reduced cardiac function. The causality between carotid and cardiac pathologies is unknown. We aim to explore the effects of carotid stenosis or occlusion on cardiac pathology and function.

Methods and Results: We produced carotid obstruction or stenosis in 36 atherogenic mice with 150- or 300-μm tandem surgery or sham surgery. The structure and function of the heart were assessed by histology and animal ultrasound. The 150-μm group had larger plaque burden and thicker valve leaflets in the aortic root than did the control group. Also, the two surgery groups had a thicker left ventricular posterior wall and smaller internal diameter compared with controls. Increased myocardial fibrosis was also found in the 150-μm group compared with controls, although the surgery groups had preserved systolic function compared with that of controls.

Conclusions: In a mouse model, carotid occlusion accentuated the formation of aortic stenosis and promoted ventricular remodeling without impairing systolic function. Carotid atherosclerotic plaque may be a pathogenic factor for aortic stenosis and ventricular remodeling.
PET Imaging of Dopamine Neurotransmission During EEG Neurofeedback
Authors: Ros Tomas , Kwiek Jessica , Andriot Theo , Michela Abele , Vuilleumier Patrik , Garibotto Valentina , Ginovart Nathalie
Published: January 2021

Neurofeedback (NFB) is a brain-based training method that enables users to control their own cortical oscillations using real-time feedback from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Importantly, no investigations to date have directly explored the potential impact of NFB on the brain’s key neuromodulatory systems. Our study’s objective was to assess the capacity of NFB to induce dopamine release as revealed by positron emission tomography (PET). Thirty-two healthy volunteers were randomized to either EEG-neurofeedback (NFB) or EEG-electromyography (EMG), and scanned while performing self-regulation during a single session of dynamic PET brain imaging using the high affinity D2/3receptor radiotracer, [18F]Fallypride. NFB and EMG groups down-regulated cortical alpha power and facial muscle tone, respectively. Task-induced effects on endogenous dopamine release were estimated in the frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and thalamus, using the linearized simplified reference region model (LSRRM), which accounts for time-dependent changes in radiotracer binding following task initiation. Contrary to our hypothesis of a differential effect for NFB vs. EMG training, significant dopamine release was observed in both training groups in the frontal and anterior cingulate cortex, but not in thalamus. Interestingly, a significant negative correlation was observed between dopamine release in frontal cortex andpre-to-postNFB change in spontaneous alpha power, suggesting that intra-individual changes in brain state (i.e., alpha power) could partly result from changes in neuromodulatory tone. Overall, our findings constitute the first direct investigation of neurofeedback’s effect on the endogenous release of a key neuromodulator, demonstrating its feasibility and paving the way for future studies using this methodology.
Non-invasive MRI Studies of Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Performance in Edible Crabs Cancer pagurus During Warming Under Elevated CO2 Levels
Authors: Maus Bastian , Gutsfeld Sebastian , Bock Christian , Pörtner Hans-Otto
Published: January 2021

The thermal tolerance of marine decapod crustacea is defined through their capacities for oxygen uptake and distribution. High ambient CO2levels were previously shown to reduce hemolymph oxygen levels at enhanced cardiac performance during warming. This study investigated the impacts of warming under two CO2levels on ventilation and hemolymph circulation in edible crabsCancer pagurus. It also highlights changes in the ventilatory and cardiac pauses displayed by Decapoda under routine metabolism. Animals were exposed to step-wise, sub-critical warming (12–20°C over 5 days) under control (470 μatm) and high (1,350 μatm) waterPCO2. Flow-through respirometry was combined with magnetic resonance imaging and infra-red photoplethysmography to allow for simultaneous, non-invasive measurements of metabolic rates (M˙O2), ventilation and cardiovascular performance. Crabs spent significantly more time in a lowM˙O2state (metabolic pause), when experiencing high CO2conditions above 16°C, compared to normocapnic warming. Heart rates leveled off beyond 18°C at any CO2level. Cardiac output continued to increase with high-CO2-warming, due to elevated cardiac stroke volumes. Consequently, temperature-dependent branchial hemolymph flow remained unaffected by CO2. Instead, a suppressing effect of CO2on ventilation was found beyond 16°C. These results indicate constrained oxygen uptake at stable cardiovascular performance in a decapod crustacean.

Cancer pagurus: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B750F89A-84B5-448B-8D80-EBD724A1C9D4
LncRNA H19 as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Regulate AQP Expression in the Intestinal Barrier of IBS-D Patients
Authors: Chao Guanqun , Wang Zhaojun , Yang Yi , Zhang Shuo
Published: January 2021

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the role of Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) H19 in the pathogenesis of Diarrhea Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D), and further to the regulatory effect of LncRNA H19 on AQP1, 3 in the intestinal mucosa of IBS-D patients, so as to seek a new way to elucidate the mechanism of IBS in clinic.

Methods

The levels of LncRNA H19, AQP1, and AQP3 were detected in colonic tissues of IBS-D patients, compared with that in healthy controls. Through RNA gene interference and activation methods, small activating RNA (saRNA) and small interfering (siRNA) were transfered into Caco-2 cells in vitro experiment, and sub-group for two control group, siH19 empty vector group, siH19 interference group, overexpression H19 vector group, and overexpression H19 empty vector group. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were applied to evaluate the expression levels of LncRNA H19 and the amount of AQP1 and AQP3 protein expression, respectively.

Results

Compared with healthy volunteers, the levels of LncRNA H19, AQP1, and AQP3 in the colonic mucosa of IBS-D patients were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results in vitro transfection experiment revealed that the level of LncRNA H19 in the siH19 interference group was significantly declined (P < 0.05), while there was a remarkable increase in the overexpression H19 vector group (P < 0.05), compared with the corresponding control groups. The expression of AQP1 and AQP3 in Caco-2 cells was of positive correlation with the level of LncRNA H19.

Conclusion

That the down-regulation of LncRNA H19 resulted in the expression changes of AQP1 and AQP3 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of IBS-D.
Rapid, Nitric Oxide Synthesis-Dependent Activation of MMP-9 at Pericyte Somata During Capillary Ischemia in vivo
Authors: Underly Robert G. , Shih Andy Y.
Published: January 2021

Nitric oxide serves essential roles in normal vascular physiology, but paradoxically contributes to vascular pathology in disease. During brain ischemia, aberrant nitric oxide levels can cause cellular injury through induction of nitrosative/oxidative stress and post-translational activation of matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). We recently demonstrated that brain pericyte somata were associated with very early and localized MMP-9 activation along capillaries during cerebral ischemia, leading to focal blood-brain barrier disruption. Here, we tested whether this effect was dependent upon nitric oxide production. In vivo two-photon imaging was used to directly visualize MMP9 activity using a FITC-gelatin probe and leakage of intravenous dye during photothrombotically induced capillary ischemia. Results showed that the NOS inhibitor, L-NIL, at concentrations affecting both iNOS and constitutive NOS isoforms, attenuated capillary leakage at pericyte soma-specific locations and substantially reduced FITC-gelatin cleavage. We also found that combined administration of L-NIL and anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, led to near complete elimination of FITC-gelatin cleavage and vascular leakage. These results indicate that both nitric oxide synthase and new protein synthesis are involved in the rapid activation of MMP-9 at somata of capillary pericytes during ischemia.
Distribution Dynamics and Roles of Starch in Non-photosynthetic Vegetative Organs of Santalum album Linn., a Hemiparasitic Tree
Authors: Zhou Xiu Ren , Zhang Ning Nan , Zhao Yi Min , Dai Lei , Xu Da Ping , Xu Gui Fang , Tian Jing
Published: January 2021

Allocation dynamics of stored starch plays essential roles in the development and growth of trees. Previous studies focused on the dynamics and the characteristics of starch in autotrophic trees. However, although starch granules have been detected in the organs or tissues of some parasitic plants, studies on the allocation dynamics and roles of storage starch in them are limited. Therefore, we determined and estimated the allocation dynamics and roles of starch in Santalum album Linn., a hemiparasitic tree, using morphological and physiological methods. Our findings showed abundant starch in the stem and root of S. album at the early seedling stage. Although S. album seedlings attached to the host showed no significant changes in starch levels throughout the experiment, unattached and host-removed seedlings exhibited a gradual decrease in the starch content over time. When the starch content of unattached seedlings was less than 1%, they started to die. Starch accumulated to high levels in developing and active haustoria; however, starch levels were low in the inactive haustoria. The present study suggests that starch may provide energy to seedlings that have no host, allowing them to survive during the unattached phase, thus increasing their chance to attach to host roots by extending their survival duration. In addition, we speculate that storage starch is potentially involved in the development of haustoria and in the physiological processes of S. album related to the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients from its host.
Epigenetic Changes and Transcriptional Reprogramming Upon Woody Plant Grafting for Crop Sustainability in a Changing Environment
Authors: Kapazoglou Aliki , Tani Eleni , Avramidou Evangelia V. , Abraham Eleni M. , Gerakari Maria , Megariti Stamatia , Doupis Georgios , Doulis Andreas G.
Published: January 2021

Plant grafting is an ancient agricultural practice widely employed in crops such as woody fruit trees, grapes, and vegetables, in order to improve plant performance. Successful grafting requires the interaction of compatible scion and rootstock genotypes. This involves an intricate network of molecular mechanisms operating at the graft junction and associated with the development and the physiology of the scion, ultimately leading to improved agricultural characteristics such as fruit quality and increased tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Bidirectional transfer of molecular signals such as hormones, nutrients, proteins, and nucleic acids from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa have been well documented. In recent years, studies on rootstock-scion interactions have proposed the existence of an epigenetic component in grafting reactions. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules are known to modulate chromatin architecture, leading to gene expression changes and impacting cellular function. Mobile small RNAs (siRNAs) migrating across the graft union from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa mediate modifications in the DNA methylation pattern of the recipient partner, leading to altered chromatin structure and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, graft-induced DNA methylation changes and gene expression shifts in the scion have been associated with variations in graft performance. If these changes are heritable they can lead to stably altered phenotypes and affect important agricultural traits, making grafting an alternative to breeding for the production of superior plants with improved traits. However, most reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying this process comprise studies related to vegetable grafting. In this review we will provide a comprehensive presentation of the current knowledge on the epigenetic changes and transcriptional reprogramming associated with the rootstock–scion interaction focusing on woody plant species, including the recent findings arising from the employment of advanced—omics technologies as well as transgrafting methodologies and their potential exploitation for generating superior quality grafts in woody species. Furthermore, will discuss graft—induced heritable epigenetic changes leading to novel plant phenotypes and their implication to woody crop improvement for yield, quality, and stress resilience, within the context of climate change.
Heat-Induced Oxidation of the Nuclei and Cytosol
Authors: Babbar Richa , Karpinska Barbara , Grover Anil , Foyer Christine H.
Published: January 2021

The concept that heat stress (HS) causes a large accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted. However, the intracellular compartmentation of ROS accumulation has been poorly characterized. We therefore used redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP2) to provide compartment-specific information on heat-induced redox changes of the nuclei and cytosol of Arabidopsis leaf epidermal and stomatal guard cells. We show that HS causes a large increase in the degree of oxidation of both compartments, causing large shifts in the glutathione redox potentials of the cells. Heat-induced increases in the levels of the marker transcripts, heat shock protein (HSP)101, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)2 were maximal after 15 min of the onset of the heat treatment. RNAseq analysis of the transcript profiles of the control and heat-treated seedlings revealed large changes in transcripts encoding HSPs, mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and other nuclear localized components. We conclude that HS causes extensive oxidation of the nucleus as well as the cytosol. We propose that the heat-induced changes in the nuclear redox state are central to both genetic and epigenetic control of plant responses to HS.
Association Between Serum Lipid Levels, Resilience, and Self-Esteem in Japanese Adolescents: Results From A-CHILD Study
Authors: Doi Satomi , Isumi Aya , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: January 2021

Previous studies have found that serum lipid levels independently associate with mental health problems in adulthood. However, little is known about the association between serum lipid levels and positive aspects of mental health such as resilience and self-esteem, which develop in adolescence. The aim of this study is to examine the association between serum lipid levels and resilience and self-esteem in Japanese adolescents. Data were pooled data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study in 2016 and 2018, a school-based, cross-sectional study in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan (N = 1,056, aged 13–14 years). Resilience of the child was assessed by caregivers, and self-esteem was self-identified via questionnaires. Serum lipid levels [total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL)] were assessed in school health checkup, in addition to height and weight measurements. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate the association between standardized serum lipid levels and resilience and self-esteem. LDL showed inverse association with resilience [β = −1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −2.39 to −0.14] after adjusting for child’s BMI, month of birth, sex, absence of parent, household income, caregiver’s mental health, and lifestyle (e.g., habits of eating, physical activity, and sleep). We also found an inverse association of total cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol with self-esteem (β = −0.58, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.18; β = −0.42, 95% CI = −0.83 to −0.01, respectively). HDL cholesterol was not associated with resilience and self-esteem. Among Japanese adolescent, total and LDL cholesterol may be biomarkers of resilience and self-esteem.
Creative Adaptability: Conceptual Framework, Measurement, and Outcomes in Times of Crisis
Authors: Orkibi Hod
Published: January 2021

This article presents the framework and explores the measurement, correlates, and outcomes of creative adaptability (CA), proposed here as the cognitive–behavioral-emotional ability to respond creatively and adaptively to stressful situations. Data collection was in April 2020, during the peak of the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Israel. In Study 1, a sample of 310 adults completed the newly developed CA scale, as well as spontaneity, openness to experience, creative self-efficacy, and well-being measurements. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses corroborated the 9-item CA scale’s theorized underlying construct. The scale’s validity and reliability were also supported. Exploratory analyses suggested that the association between CA and well-being was mediated by creative self-efficacy and that CA may buffer the impact of individuals’ concern about Coronavirus on their well-being. In Study 2, short-term longitudinal data based on a sample of 71 students suggested that CA may predict lower psychological stress over time. Support for the CA scale’s internal consistency reliability was obtained and its test–retest reliability was established. Overall, the results shed light on this new construct as a potential protective factor. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Mood Induction Differently Affects Early Neural Correlates of Evaluative Word Processing in L1 and L2
Authors: Kissler Johanna , Bromberek-Dyzman Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

We investigate how mood inductions impact the neural processing of emotional adjectives in one’s first language (L1) and a formally acquired second language (L2). Twenty-three student participants took part in an EEG experiment with two separate sessions. Happy or sad mood inductions were followed by series of individually presented positive, negative, or neutral adjectives in L1 (German) or L2 (English) and evaluative decisions had to be performed. Visual event-related potentials elicited during word processing were analyzed during N1 (125–200 ms), Early Posterior Negativities (EPN, 200–300 ms and 300–400 ms), N400 (350–450 ms), and the Late Positive Potential (LPP, 500–700 ms). Mood induction differentially impacted word processing already on the N1, with stronger left lateralization following happy than sad mood induction in L1, but not in L2. Moreover, regardless of language, early valence modulation was found following happy but not sad mood induction. Over occipital areas, happy mood elicited larger amplitudes of the mood-congruent positive words, whereas over temporal areas mood-incongruent negative words had higher amplitudes. In the EPN-windows, effects of mood and valence largely persisted, albeit with no difference between L1 and L2. N400 amplitude was larger for L2 than for L1. On the LPP, mood-incongruent adjectives elicited larger amplitudes than mood-congruent ones. Results reveal a remarkably early valence-general effect of mood induction on cortical processing, in line with previous reports of N1 as a first marker of contextual integration. Interestingly, this effect differed between L1 and L2. Moreover, mood-congruent effects were found in perceptual processing and mood-incongruent ERP amplification in higher-order evaluative stages.
Promoting Innovative Behavior in Employees: The Mechanism of Leader Psychological Capital
Authors: Wang Yanfei , Chen Yi , Zhu Yu
Published: January 2021

The study reported in this paper analyzed the influence of leader psychological capital (PsyCap) on employees’ innovative behavior and the roles of psychological safety and growth need strength (GNS) in this process within the context of positive psychology theory and conservation of resources theory. Three stages of questionnaire surveys were administered to 81 enterprise leaders and their 342 direct subordinates in South China to test our theoretical model. The results showed that leader PsyCap had significant and positive effects on employee innovative behavior, psychological safety had a partially mediating effect, and GNS positively moderated the relationship between psychological safety and innovative behavior. The results revealed the mechanism of PsyCap and external boundary conditions of the influence of leader PsyCap on employee innovative behavior. The study expands the research results of leader PsyCap theory and also provides guidance on how enterprises manage employees’ innovative behavior.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Coaches’ Perception of Stress and Emotion Regulation Strategies
Authors: Santi Giampaolo , Quartiroli Alessandro , Costa Sergio , di Fronso Selenia , Montesano Cristina , Di Gruttola Francesco , Ciofi Edoardo Giorgio , Morgilli Luana , Bertollo Maurizio
Published: January 2021

The recent global outspread of the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the lives of people across multiple countries including athletes, coaches, and supporting staff. Along with everybody else, coaches found themselves constrained to an at-home self-isolation, which limited their ability to normally engage with their profession and to interact with their athletes. This situation may also have impacted their own psychological well-being. With this study, we explored coaches’ perceptions of stress in relation to their emotion regulation strategies depending upon their gender and competitive level (elite vs. non-elite). A sample of 2272 Italian coaches were surveyed during the period of lockdown. Mean values for perceived stress and emotion regulation strategies were compared to normative data of the two instruments as reported in the original studies. Furthermore, two Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were completed to observe the potential differences in the coaches’ emotion regulation strategies and perception of stress. Finally, a blockwise regression analysis was run to assess how coaches’ emotion regulation strategies impacted upon their perception of stress. Both women and men reported higher levels of perceived stress than those reported in the normative data. Similarly, average scores for emotion regulation strategies were significantly different from those reported for normative data, in particular, coaches reported slightly higher use of emotion regulation strategies than participants in the original study. Significant gender-based differences emerged in terms of emotional regulations, with men adopting more suppression than women. No differences by competitive level were found. In terms of perceived stress, male coaches and elite coaches showed to be more in control of the situation (positive stress) than female coaches and non-elite coaches, respectively, while women experienced more negative stress than men. The blockwise regression evidenced how reappraisal resulted to be predictive in helping coaches to reduce their perception of stress, while suppression predicted higher stress perceptions.
Prolonged Grief Disorder in a Diverse College Student Sample
Authors: Glickman Kim
Published: January 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the rate of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and associated factors in a large sample of diverse college students. Sources of grief support and perceived helpfulness of support were also examined.

Method: An online survey was administered to bereaved students at three colleges at the City University of New York. PGD measured by the Inventory of Complicated Grief was the primary outcome. Chi-squared and t-tests were used to assess the association between PGD and associated factors.

Results: A total of n = 899 participants completed the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) based on a significant death loss = >12 months. An estimated 13.4% (n = 120/899) met criteria for PGD. The rate of PGD was associated with race, history of anxiety or depression, trauma other than the death, insecure attachment style, kinship to the deceased, closeness to the deceased, cause of death, and sudden/unexpected death. The majority of students sought grief support from a friend or family member.

Conclusion: The rate of PGD in this sample of college students is similar to that of adults and most prevalent for students of color. Identification of those most at risk is critical to referring these students to effective treatments.
Uses and Perceptions of Music in Times of COVID-19: A Spanish Population Survey
Authors: Cabedo-Mas Alberto , Arriaga-Sanz Cristina , Moliner-Miravet Lidon
Published: January 2021

Since March 14, 2020, Spanish citizens have been confined to their homes due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participating in musical activities has been associated with reduced anxiety and increased subjective wellbeing. The aim of this study is to analyze how Spanish citizens used music during the lockdown period. We also study perceptions of the impact music has in everyday life, in particular examining the respondents’ insights into the effects of listening to music in situations of isolation. The study was conducted using the MUSIVID19 questionnaire administered to a total of 1868 Spanish citizens. The results indicate that during lockdown, respondents perceived an increase in the time they devoted to musical activities such as listening, singing, dancing or playing an instrument. The participants also reported using music to cope with the lockdown, finding that it helped them to relax, escape, raise their mood or keep them company. The findings suggest an improvement in their perception of the value of music in personal and social wellbeing during the lockdown. However, the study reveals significant differences in the use and perceptions of music according to respondents’ personal situations. Age and feelings of vulnerability may lead to more conservative uses of musical practice and to more moderate perceptions of the positive values of music.
Physiological and Anthropometric Determinants of Performance Levels in Professional Futsal
Authors: Sekulic Damir , Pojskic Haris , Zeljko Ivan , Pehar Miran , Modric Toni , Versic Sime , Novak Dario
Published: January 2021

There is an evident lack of studies examining the pursuit of excellence in futsal. The aims of this study were to evaluate anthropometric and physiological variables that may contribute to distinguishing among performance levels in professional futsal players and to evaluate correlates of those variables. The participants were 75 male professionals (age = 25.1 ± 5.1 years, body height = 182.3 ± 6.2 cm, body mass = 80.8 ± 10.4 kg), who were divided into performance levels using two criteria: (i) starters (first teams) vs. non-starters (substitutes) and (ii) top-level players (members of the national team and players who participated in top-level team competition in Europe) vs. high-level players (team players competing at the highest national competitive rank). Variables included anthropometrics (body height and mass, BMI, body fat percentage), generic tests of physiological capacities [5- and 10-m sprints, countermovement jump, broad jump, 20-yard test, reactive strength index (RSI)], and futsal-specific fitness tests [kicking speed by dominant and non-dominant leg, futsal-specific tests of change of direction speed, and reactive agility (FSRAG) involving/not involving dribbling the ball]. Top-level players outperformed high-level players in RSI, broad jump, kicking speed, and FSRAG involving dribbling. Starters achieved better results than non-starters in fewer variables, including kicking speed and RSI. Body fat percentage negatively influenced FSRAG involving dribbling, and RSI. FSRAG, RSI, and kicking speed were significantly correlated, indicating the similar physiological background of these capacities. The findings suggest that enhanced reactive strength and the ability to rapidly change direction speed in response to external stimulus while executing futsal-specific motor tasks (e.g., dribbling), along with players’ ability to kick the ball speedily, can be considered essential qualities required for advanced performance in futsal. Consequently, futsal strength and conditioning training should be targeted toward lowering relative body fat, maximizing lower-body reactive strength and including futsal-specific skills (e.g., dribbling, shooting) in reactive agility drills.
Perceived Burdensomeness and the Wish for Hastened Death in Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness
Authors: Stoll Julia , Ryan Christopher James , Trachsel Manuel
Published: January 2021

Background: In several European countries, medical assistance in dying (MAID) is no longer confined to persons with a terminal prognosis but is also available to those suffering from persistent and unbearable mental illness. To date, scholarly discourse on MAID in this population has been dominated by issues such as decision-making capacity, uncertainty as to when a disease is incurable, stigmatization, isolation, and loneliness. However, the issue of perceived burdensomeness has received little attention.

Objective: The study explores the possible impact of perceived burdensomeness on requests for MAID among persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI).

Method: Using the method of ethical argumentation, we discuss the issue of access to MAID for persons with SPMI and perceived burdensomeness.

Conclusion: Perceived burdensomeness may be a contributing factor in the wish for hastened death among persons with SPMI. MAID is ethically unsupportable if SPMI causes the individual to make an unrealistic assessment of burdensomeness, indicating a lack of decision-making capacity in the context of that request. However, the possibility that some individuals with SPMI may perceive burdensomeness does not mean that they should be routinely excluded from MAID. For SPMI patients with intact decision-making capacity who feel their life is not worth living, perceived burdensomeness as a component of this intolerable suffering is not a sufficient reason to deny access to MAID.