bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Users’ Trust in Drought Forecasts
Authors: Shafiee-Jood Majid , Deryugina Tatyana , Cai Ximing
Published: July 2021

Forecast valuation studies play a key role in understanding the determinants of the value of weather and climate forecasts. Such understanding provides opportunities to increase the value that users can obtain from forecasts, which can in turn increase the use of forecasts. One of the most important factors that influences how users process forecast information and incorporate forecasts into their decision-making is trust in forecasts. Despite the evidence from empirical and field-based studies, modeling users’ trust in forecasts has not received much attention in the literature and is therefore the focus of our study. We propose a theoretical model of trust in information, built into a forecast valuation framework, to better understand 1) the role of trust in users’ processing of drought forecast information and 2) the dynamic process of users’ trust formation and evolution. Using a numerical experiment, we show that considering the dynamic nature of trust is critical in more realistic assessment of forecast value. We find that users may not perceive a potentially valuable forecast as such until they trust it enough, implying that exposure to even highly accurate forecasts may not immediately translate into forecast use. Ignoring this dynamic aspect could overestimate the economic gains from forecasts. Furthermore, the model offers hypotheses with regard to targeting strategies that can be tested with empirical and field-based studies and used to guide policy interventions.
Cocreation for Climate Change—Needs for Actions to Vitalize Drivers and Diminish Barriers
Authors: Fagiewicz K. , Churski P. , Herodowicz T. , Kaczmarek P. , Lupa P. , Morawska-Jancelewicz J. , Mizgajski A.
Published: July 2021

This study determines the conditions and provides a recommendation for fostering cocreation for climate change adaptation and mitigation (CCA&M). In postulating that insufficient cocreation by stakeholders in the quadruple helix model is an important factor contributing to the low effectiveness of climate actions in the regions, we have focused our research on identifying real stakeholder engagement in climate action and identifying the needs, barriers, and drivers for strengthening the cocreation process. We identified the needs for action highlighted by stakeholders as having an impact on reducing barriers and stimulating drivers. We treated the identified needs for action as deep leverage points (intent and design) focused on three realms—knowledge, values, and institutions—in which engagement and cocreation can be strengthened and have the potential to increase the effectiveness of climate action taken by stakeholders within our quadruple helix. We recommend knowledge-based cocreation, which puts the importance of climate action in the value system and leads to paradigm reevaluation. The implementation of the identified needs for action requires the support of institutions, whereby they develop standards of cooperation and mechanisms for their implementation as a sustainable framework for stakeholder cooperation. The research has proved how the quadruple helix operates for climate action in the Poznań Agglomeration. We believe that this case study can be a reference point for regions at a similar level of development, and the methods used and results obtained can be applied in similar real contexts to foster local stakeholders in climate action.
Insight in nonpsychotic disorders: A new model of insight and a systematic review of measures
Authors: Halaj Asala , Huppert Jonathan D
Published: July 2021

Objective:

There is substantial research examining insight in psychotic disorders and in some nonpsychotic disorders. However, there has been little attention given to many nonpsychotic disorders. Research on insight in psychosis distinguishes between cognitive and clinical insight. In most studies examining insight in nonpsychotic disorders, definitions and assessments of insight vary significantly. The purpose of this review is to suggest a definition of insight in nonpsychotic disorders such that it can be used across different disorders.

Method:

We systematically review the extant literature of insight in nonpsychotic disorders and analyze the assessments used in order to determine how well they capture these two types of insight. Then, we discuss how these two constructs can provide better understanding of the phenomenology of insight in nonpsychotic disorders.

Results:

The systematic search resulted in 99 articles. These articles used 17 different methods of measuring insight, containing 127 questions. Results of the content analysis of items suggested that measures of insight used in nonpsychotic disorders do not distinguish between cognitive and clinical insight, but that most questions (90%) can indeed be reliably differentiated.

Conclusion:

We provide a multidimensional model of cognitive and clinical insight in nonpsychotic disorders, emphasizing the complexity of assessment and the importance of accurately defining insight. Such definitions have important theoretical and clinical implications, offering a better understanding of the concept of insight in nonpsychotic disorders.
Nature Connectedness and Nature Exposure Interactively Influence Social Dominance Orientation and Policy Support for Marginalized Groups during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ng Henry Kin Shing , Leung Angel Nga Man
Published: July 2021

Social dominance orientation (SDO) has been reported to predict attitudes and behavior toward the natural environment. This research investigated whether dispositional connectedness with and temporary exposure to nature would reversely alter SDO. Two studies reported consistent results: Nature connectedness predicted lower SDO, and exposure to nature (vs. urban) decreased SDO only among nature-connected people. Moreover, the effect of nature exposure was strongest when the environment registered high security features. Study 2 generalized the findings on SDO to people’s policy support for marginalized groups in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings are discussed in the light of the transition from people-to-nature connections to interpersonal connections and the heterogeneity of nature’s effect. We conclude by discussing the importance of nature exposure, of which people have been deprived since the global lockdown, in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
Four great magnalia of government. La riforma istituzionale di Henry Neville: un machiavelliano inglese alla corte di Cosimo III de’ Medici
Authors: Maria Alagna Luana
Published: July 2021

The tumultuous phase running from the beheading of Charles I to the Glorious Revolution is the time frame in which England goes through the crucial phases that will put an end to royal absolutism. One of the most authoritative intellectual figures of that founding historical moment of modern constitutionalism is Henry Neville, author of political and satirical pamphlets who, taking up the lesson of the ancients with the experience of “modern things”, published in 1680 the Plato Redivivus, a work that will consecrate him as a Republican political thinker. The treaty, written and published in the context of the Exclusion crisis, exhort Charles II to reduce his powers. The disease suffered by the State, the causes of which Neville investigates by seeking remedies, arose precisely from the extension of the king's power and his arbitrariness.
Mental disorders in the media: A retrospective study of newspaper coverage in the Chilean Press
Authors: Grandón Pamela , Fernández Vega Dany , Sánchez Oñate Alejandro Antonio , Vielma Aguilera Alexis Vladimir , Villagrán Valenzuela Loreto , Vidal Gutiérrez Daisy , Inostroza Rovengno Carolina , Whitley Rob
Published: July 2021

Background:

The mass media are relevant in shaping the population’s attitudes towards mental disorders. In low- and middle-income countries there is little information about the portrayal of people with mental disorders in the mass media.

Aim:

The general objective of the study was to assess the tone and content of Chilean newspaper articles about mental disorder from 2000 to 2019.

Method:

The digital editions of four national circulation Chilean newspapers were intentionally selected. The search engine Google News was used to identify and retrieve the news. To evaluate the news, a standardised codebook was administered. A total of 385 news were evaluated.

Results:

The results show that a large proportion of the news items has an overall positive/optimistic tone 43.5% and 57.5% does not stigmatise; however, only 18.4% emphasises recovery as part of the content. The highest percentages of news stigmatising in tone and content are observed for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the experts are quoted much more frequently than people diagnosed with mental disorders or their families and/or friends. When comparing by years there is a trend towards general decrease in stigmatisation, moving towards a more positive or optimistic view of mental health,

Conclusions:

In general, low stigmatisation towards mental disorders was found in the news and this was reduced steadily over time. Although there are aspects to improve in some particular areas, suggesting that manifest stigma has diminished, but more subtle forms still remain.
Influence of interface ply orientation on delamination growth in composite laminates
Authors: Raimondo A , Urcelay Oca I , Bisagni C
Published: July 2021

The standard experimental procedures for determining the interlaminar fracture toughness are designed for delamination propagation in unidirectional specimens. However, in aerospace structural components, delamination usually occurs between plies at different orientations resulting in different damage mechanisms which can increase the value of the fracture toughness as the delamination propagates. Generally, numerical analyses employ the value measured at the delamination onset, leading to conservative results since the increase resistance of the delamination is neglected. In this paper, the fracture toughness and the R-curves of carbon/epoxy IM7/8552 are experimentally evaluated in coupons with delamination positioned at 0°/0° and 45°/−45° interfaces using Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and Mixed-Mode Bending (MMB) tests. A simplified numerical approach based on the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) is developed to simulate variable fracture toughness with the delamination length within a Finite Element code using a predefined field variable. The results of the numerical analyses compared with the experimental data in terms of load-displacement curves demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in simulating the increase resistance in delamination positioned between plies at 45°/−45° interface.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Rwandan refugees living in Zambia
Authors: Mwanamwambwa Victor , Pillay Basil Joseph
Published: July 2021

The present study investigated posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress among Rwandan refugees living in the townships of Lusaka, Zambia. Refugees are often exposed to trauma and violence which leads to a wide range of psychological distress and mental disorders. Two hundred and sixty-seven refugees participated in the study. The sample consisted of older and younger adult refugees, 128 (47.9%) males and 139 (52.1%) females, from Lusaka. The Impact of Event Scale–Revised and the General Health Questionnaire-28 were administered to all participants. The study found that a significant number of participants reported posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. About 76.8% endorsed posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. In addition, 31.8% reported somatic symptoms, 36.7% anxiety or insomnia, 27.3% social dysfunction, and 22.8% severe depression. Lower education ( p < .01), larger family size ( p < .001), lack of financial support ( p < .05), and being unemployed ( p < .001) were positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. Intervention strategies aimed at improving the lives of refugees should be ongoing and must encompass a well-articulated, structured refugee policy that emphasizes mental health and psychological needs.
The Personal Is Political Art: Using Digital Storytelling to Teach Sociology of Sexualities
Authors: Vaughn Michael Patrick , Leon Dezhane
Published: July 2021

How can sociology instructors provide high-quality education in the sociology of sexualities that captures both the increasing need for digital pedagogical tools and sociology’s continued drive for theoretically rich course content? We present digital storytelling as a highly adaptable instructional tool that is appropriate for a range of undergraduate sociology courses. We outline one specific application of digital storytelling—a staged, semester-long assignment in which students create multimedia presentations to tell stories about how they were socialized into some gendered or sexual role. We also discuss three key learning outcomes from the digital storytelling project: (1) developing students’ sociological imagination and intersectional thinking by connecting their own lived experience to social theory, (2) developing transferable technological skills, and (3) learning to apply sociological concepts outside of the classroom. We close our discussion with potential assignment modifications to improve accessibility.
“A Gay Agenda”: Troubling Compulsory Heterosexuality in a South African University Classroom
Authors: Francis Dennis A.
Published: July 2021

Not only does teaching about gender and sexuality diversity lead to some very interesting and often emotionally evocative, pedagogical exchanges; it can also create challenging issues for teachers and students alike. This article focuses on what happens when a module that addresses compulsory heterosexuality and schooling is broached in an undergraduate sociology class. More importantly, it offers an analysis of the critical incidents and tensions that pay specific attention to how power, knowledge, and emotion feature in teaching and learning. Using antioppressive and affect theories, this article offers an analysis of how we might understand pedagogical practice, especially as it relates to addressing the power of normative heterosexuality in a university classroom. With reflections emerging from the module, I argue for more sociological theorization and analysis of the role of affect in pedagogies that seek to advance liberatory teaching and learning in the area of anti-heterosexism education.
Queering the Introduction to Sociology Course
Authors: Better Alison
Published: July 2021

Introduction to Sociology is a widely enrolled course that gives students both an overview of the field of sociology and tools to view and analyze the social worlds we live in. This course provides students new ways to see and understand themselves and the world around them. This teaching note describes ways to queer the Introduction to Sociology classroom, pedagogy, and canon by intentionally recasting and reexamining dominant messages on sexuality, sex, and gender. The act of deliberately queering the introductory course reframes and resituates knowledges, making space for and centering minoritized voices in the field of study and the classroom. This moves queer experiences from the margins to the center of the conversation and refocuses the study of sociology to better serve all students while also rethinking gender, sexuality, and power in the discipline itself.
The potential of a union default to influence the preferences and choices of non-union workers in unionised workplaces
Authors: Harcourt Mark , Gall Gregor , Wilson Margaret , Rubenstein Korey
Published: July 2021

This article questions the perception of non-union workers as rather rigid and out-of-reach non-unionists by using research conducted in New Zealand. It explores whether, under new institutional architecture, non-unionists would continue to exhibit the same preferences and exercise the same choices as before. This was done by testing their responses to a union default scenario. The significance of this study concerns how this particular group of workers, contra non-union workers in non-union workplaces, would react to a union default where a union is already available to them. By contrast, non-union workers in non-union workplaces not only at present have effectively no choice for gaining union representation but are also bereft of any experience of it in their workplace. The results suggest 44% of these employees would join as a result of a union default with union density consequently rising in New Zealand from 17–18% to 26–27%.
A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: Exploring the Relationship Between Leader Humility and Unethical Behavior
Authors: K. B Darren , Lowe Kevin B. , Bahmannia Somayeh , Cui Lin , Chen Zhen Xiong
Published: July 2021

Prior research on the effects of leader humility implies that the more humility the leader exhibits, the greater the positive effect on recipients (e.g., followers and teams). However, little or no attention has so far been paid to the effects on the actors (e.g., leaders), who espouse humble behavior. In response to recent calls to theorize and examine how humility impacts these actors, this research draws on moral licensing theory, adopting an actor-centric approach to examine the mechanisms through which leader humility can lead to unethical behavior, such as unethical behavior for an organization (pseudobeneficial) and unethical behavior toward the organization (detrimental). Ultimately, we propose leader relational accountability as a moderator to mitigate the moral licensing effect of humble leaders. Results from a survey study provide support for the proposed hypotheses.
Racial Biases in the Publication Process: Exploring Expressions and Solutions
Authors: Avery Derek R. , B Darren K. , Dumas Tracy L. , George Elizabeth , Joshi Aparna , Loyd Denise L. , van Knippenberg Daan , Wang Mo , Xu Haoying (Howie)
Published: July 2021

In this guest editorial, we consider racial biases in the publication processes. Drawing on the experiences of a large network of authors, we conclude that such racial biases express themselves in differential responses to two study attributes that covary with the racial background of authors: research topics (less favorable for research on race and diversity) and research samples (less favorable for samples that deviate more from the predominantly White samples from Northern America and Western countries outside of Northern America). We outline possible solutions to reduce racial biases in the publication process.
Prognostic Factors and Outcomes of De Novo Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Nguyen Emily S. , Risbud Adwight , Birkenbeuel Jack L. , Murphy Linda S. , Goshtasbi Khodayar , Pang Jonathan C. , Abiri Arash , Lehrich Brandon M. , Haidar Yarah M. , Tjoa Tjoson , Kuan Edward C.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To review overall survival (OS), recurrence patterns, and prognostic factors of de novo sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (DN‐SCC).

Data Sources

PubMed, Scopus, OVID Medline, and Cochrane databases from 2006 to December 23, 2020.

Review Methods

The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles were required to report either recurrence patterns or survival outcomes of adults with DN‐SCC. Case reports, books, reviews, meta‐analyses, and database studies were all excluded.

Results

Forty‐one studies reported on survival or recurrence outcomes. The aggregate 5‐year OS was 54.5% (range, 18%‐75%) from 35 studies (n = 1903). Patients undergoing open surgery were more likely to receive radiation therapy and present at an advanced stage compared to those receiving endoscopic surgery (all P <. 001). Advanced T stage, presence of cervical nodal metastases, maxillary sinus primary site, and negative human papillomavirus (HPV) status were all correlated with significantly worse 5‐year OS. Direct meta‐analysis of 8 studies demonstrated patients with surgery were more likely to be alive at 5 years compared to those who did not receive surgery (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.48‐3.47; P <. 001). Recurrence was reported in 628 of 1471 patients from 26 studies (42.7%) with an aggregate 5‐year locoregional control rate of 67.1% (range, 50.4%‐93.3%).

Conclusion

This systematic review and meta‐analysis suggests that the 5‐year OS rate for DN‐SCC may approach 54.5% and recurrence rate approaches 42.7%. In addition, various tumor characteristics including advanced T stage, positive nodal status, maxillary sinus origin, and negative HPV status are all associated with decreased survival.
Ewing Sarcoma of the Craniofacial Bones: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: Rehman Rafey , Osto Muhammad , Parry Nathan , Awada Nadeen , Agemy Jacob , Arianpour Khashayar , Folbe Adam J.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To conduct a systematic review on the demographics, characteristics, management, treatment, complications, and outcomes of Ewing sarcomas in the craniofacial bones.

Data Sources

Using Cochrane Library, EmBase, and PubMed, the authors identified 71 studies to be included.

Review Methods

The Cochrane Library, EmBase, and PubMed databases were used to identify literature relating to Ewing sarcomas in the craniofacial bone to conduct a systematic review. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment strategies were extracted.

Results

Seventy‐one studies encompassing 102 patients were identified. The most common craniofacial locations involved were the frontal bone (16.7%, n = 17), nasal cavity (16.7%, n = 17), and temporal bone (14.7%, n = 15). Stratified by location, the most common presenting symptoms were frontal bone (palpable mass, n = 8, 47.1%), nasal cavities (epistaxis, n = 9, 52.9%), and temporal bones (headache, n = 5, 33.3%). The 3 most commonly used treatment strategies were a combination of surgical intervention/radiotherapy/chemotherapy (n = 43, 43%), a combination of radiotherapy/chemotherapy (n = 18, 18%), and a combination of surgical intervention/chemotherapy (n = 15, 15%). Patients who received a combination of surgical intervention/radiotherapy/chemotherapy experienced local recurrence rate of 16.6%. However, other combinations of therapies such as surgical intervention/chemotherapy and radiotherapy/chemotherapy had a lower local recurrence rate but were limited by small sample size. Most patients (79.0%) were disease free without evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion

Ewing Sarcoma of the craniofacial bones has a good prognosis when treated appropriately. Given that our study was limited by retrospective data, we advise clinicians to use the findings of this article with their own clinical judgment to determine which treatment strategy they should pursue.
Laryngeal Adductor Reflex Movement Latency Following Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Strohl Madeleine P. , Chang Jolie L. , Dwyer Christopher D. , Young VyVy N. , Rosen Clark A. , Cheung Steven W.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To measure the latency of laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) motion onset at 2 laryngopharyngeal subsites using calibrated aesthesiometers.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Academic institution.

Methods

Twenty‐one asymptomatic, healthy subjects (11 male, 10 female) underwent laryngopharyngeal sensory testing with tactile stimuli delivered to the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus using 30‐mm Cheung‐Bearelly monofilaments (4‐0 and 5‐0 nylon sutures) via channeled flexible laryngoscope. The LAR onset latency, defined as the first visual detection of ipsilateral vocal fold adduction following tactile stimulation, was measured with frame‐by‐frame analysis of video recordings.

Results

The overall mean LAR latency across both subsites and stimulation forces was 176.6 (95% CI, 170.3‐183.0) ms, without significant difference between subsites or forces. The critical value for LAR response latency prolongation at the. 01 significance level was 244 ms. At 30 frames/s video capture resolution, LAR response latency ≥8 frame intervals would indicate abnormal prolongation.

Conclusion

Aesthesiometer‐triggered LAR latency appears to be invariant over an 8.7‐dB force range and between the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus subsites in controls. Laryngeal adductor reflex latency incongruences between stimulation forces or laryngopharyngeal subsites may serve as pathophysiological features to dissect mechanisms of upper aerodigestive tract disorders.

Level of Evidence

Level 3B.
Cost‐effectiveness Analysis of Submandibular Gland Preservation With Sialendoscopy for the Management of Sialolithiasis
Authors: Acevedo Joseph R. , Hsu Ashley C. , Yu Jeffrey C. , Rice Dale H. , Kwon Daniel I. , Kung Raymond W. , Kokot Niels C.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To compare the cost‐effectiveness of sialendoscopy with gland excision for the management of submandibular gland sialolithiasis.

Study Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis.

Setting

Outpatient surgery centers.

Methods

A Markov decision model compared the cost‐effectiveness of sialendoscopy versus gland excision for managing submandibular gland sialolithiasis. Surgical outcome probabilities were found in the primary literature. The quality of life of patients was represented by health utilities, and costs were estimated from a third‐party payer’s perspective. The effectiveness of each intervention was measured in quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). The incremental costs and effectiveness of each intervention were compared, and a willingness‐to‐pay ratio of $150,000 per QALY was considered cost‐effective. One‐way, multivariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to challenge model conclusions.

Results

Over 10 years, sialendoscopy yielded 9.00 QALYs at an average cost of $8306, while gland excision produced 8.94 QALYs at an average cost of $6103. The ICER for sialendoscopy was $36,717 per QALY gained, making sialendoscopy cost‐effective by our best estimates. The model was sensitive to the probability of success and the cost of sialendoscopy. Sialendoscopy must meet a probability‐of‐success threshold of 0.61 (61%) and cost ≤$11,996 to remain cost‐effective. A Monte Carlo simulation revealed sialendoscopy to be cost‐effective 60% of the time.

Conclusion

Sialendoscopy appears to be a cost‐effective management strategy for sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland when certain thresholds are maintained. Further studies elucidating the clinical factors that determine successful sialendoscopy may be aided by these thresholds as well as future comparisons of novel technology.
Accuracy and Reliability of 4D‐CT and Flexible Laryngoscopy in Upper Airway Evaluation in Robin Sequence
Authors: Lam Austin S. , Bindschadler Michael D. , Evans Kelly N. , Friedman Seth D. , Blessing Matthew S. , Bly Randall , Cunningham Michael L. , Egbert Mark A. , Ettinger Russell E. , Gallagher Emily R. , Hopper Richard A. , Johnson Kaalan , Perkins Jonathan A. , Romberg Erin K. , Sie Kathleen C. Y. , Susarla Srinivas M. , Zdanski Carlton J. , Wang Xing , Otjen Jeffrey P. , Perez Francisco A. , Dahl John P.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of 4‐dimensional computed tomography (4D‐CT) in assessing upper airway obstruction (UAO) in patients with Robin sequence (RS) and compare the accuracy and reliability of 4D‐CT and flexible fiber‐optic laryngoscopy (FFL).

Study Design

Prospective survey of retrospective clinical data.

Setting

Single, tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Methods

At initial and 30‐day time points, a multidisciplinary group of 11 clinicians who treat RS rated UAO severity in 32 sets of 4D‐CT visualizations and FFL videos (dynamic modalities) and static CT images. Raters assessed UAO at the velopharynx and oropharynx (1 = none to 5 = complete) and noted confidence levels of each rating. Intraclass correlation and Krippendorff alpha were used to assess intra‐ and interrater reliability, respectively. Accuracy was assessed by comparing clinician ratings with quantitative percentage constriction (QPC) ratings, calculated based on 4D‐CT airway cross‐sectional area. Results were compared using Wilcoxon rank‐sum and signed‐rank tests.

Results

There was similar intrarater agreement (moderate to substantial) with 4D‐CT and FFL, and both demonstrated fair interrater agreement. Both modalities underestimated UAO severity, although 4D‐CT ratings were significantly more accurate, as determined by QPC similarity, than FFL (−1.06 and −1.46 vs QPC ratings, P =. 004). Overall confidence levels were similar for 4D‐CT and FFL, but other specialists were significantly less confident in FFL ratings than were otolaryngologists (2.25 and 3.92, P <. 0001).

Conclusion

Although 4D‐CT may be more accurate in assessing the degree of UAO in patients with RS, 4D‐CT and FFL assessments demonstrate similar reliability. Additionally, 4D‐CT may be interpreted with greater confidence by nonotolaryngologists who care for these patients.
Endoscopic Resection and Mucosal Reconstitution With Epidermal Grafting: A Pilot Study in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Davis Ruth J. , Lina Ioan , Motz Kevin , Gelbard Alexander , Lorenz Robert R. , Sandhu Guri S. , Hillel Alexander T.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To describe technical aspects and surgical outcomes of endoscopic resection and mucosal reconstitution with epidermal grafting (ie, the Maddern procedure) in the treatment of idiopathic subglottic stenosis.

Study Design

Medical record abstraction.

Setting

Johns Hopkins Hospital.

Methods

Retrospective series of 9 adults with idiopathic subglottic stenosis who underwent the Maddern procedure by a single surgeon over a 5‐year period. Prespecified outcomes included (1) perioperative outcomes (Clavien‐Dindo grade 4/5 complications, need for staged tracheostomy, hospital length of stay), (2) postoperative outcomes (peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR], need for subsequent airway surgery, tracheostomy at follow‐up), and (3) patient‐reported quality‐of‐life outcomes (Clinical COPD Questionnaire, Voice Handicap Index–10, Eating Assessment Tool–10, and 12‐Item Short Form Version 2). Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test and Kaplan‐Meier analysis were performed.

Results

There were no Clavien‐Dindo grade 4/5 complications; 2 patients required unplanned staged tracheostomy; and the median length of stay was 3 days. Following endoscopic resection and stent removal, a median of 2 laser resurfacing procedures were required. Two patients developed recurrent stenosis requiring cricotracheal resection (CTR). There were significant improvements in PEFR, Clinical COPD Questionnaire, and Voice Handicap Index–10, without significant difference in Eating Assessment Tool–10. The 12‐Item Short Form Version 2 approximated the population norm. Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated significant improvement in time to surgery after the final laser resurfacing.

Conclusion

The Maddern procedure has a low complication rate and offers durable physiologic improvement in PEFR, limiting need for additional procedures. Risks included need for CTR salvage, temporary tracheostomy, phlegm accumulation, and laryngospasm. It is a surgical option for patients with short dilation intervals who prefer to avoid the risks of CTR.
Impact of Race and Insurance Status on Primary Treatment for HPV‐Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Habib Andy M. , Carey Ryan M. , Prasad Aman , Mady Leila J. , Shinn Justin R. , Bur Andrés M. , Brody Robert M. , Cannady Steven B. , Rajasekaran Karthik , Ibrahim Said A. , Newman Jason G. , Brant Jason A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the impact of sociodemographic factors on primary treatment choice (surgery vs radiotherapy) in patients with human papillomavirus–associated (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Setting

Data from >1500 Commission on Cancer institutions (academic and community) via the National Cancer Database.

Methods

Our sample consists of patients diagnosed with HPV+ OPSCC from 2010 to 2015. The primary outcome of interest was initial treatment modality: surgery vs radiation. We performed multivariable logistic models to assess the relationship between treatment choice and sociodemographic factors, including sex, race, treatment facility, and insurance status.

Results

Of the 16,043 patients identified, 5894 (36.7%) underwent primary surgery while 10,149 (63.3%) received primary radiotherapy. Black patients were less likely than White patients to receive primary surgery (odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.96). When compared with privately insured patients, those who were uninsured or on Medicaid or Medicare were also less likely to receive primary surgery (OR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.56‐0.86]; OR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.65‐0.91]; OR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75‐0.96], respectively). Patients receiving treatment at an academic/research cancer program were more likely to undergo primary surgery than those treated at comprehensive community cancer programs (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.56).

Conclusion

In this large sample of patients with HPV+ OPSCC, race and insurance status affect primary treatment choice. Specifically, Black and nonprivately insured patients are less likely to receive primary surgery as compared with White or privately insured patients. Our findings illuminate potential disparities in HPV+ OPSCC treatment.
Blind rehabilitation programs teach iPhone and iPad use to improve independence in Veterans with low vision or blindness
Authors: Miskin Hila , Silberlust Jared , Blondet Zaskia , Lares Gabino , Mandi Deepak , Silverman Michael
Published: July 2021

While many individuals affected by blindness or low vision utilize accessibility applications on iPhone and iPad devices, few receive professional training on application use. Determining the impact of a smartphone and tablet-based curriculum at a Blind Rehabilitation Center (BRC) on functionality and independence can help patients and physicians understand the value of these training programs. Between January 2015 and December 2019, a pre–post initiative evaluated patient functionality and independence scores before and after exposure to a technology educational curriculum at the West Palm Beach Veteran Affairs BRC. A total of 337 patients with impaired vision or complete blindness participated in a 1-month, 35-hr iPhone and iPad learning course. This course was led by technology instructors trained in working with patients with low vision or blindness. The level of function and independence was determined before and after the educational curriculum using a modified Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) Scale from 1 to 7, with 1 indicating no independent functionality and 7 indicating complete independence. After completion of the course, patients were stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, and eye-related diagnosis. All demographic groups noted an increase in FIM score, with average improvement of 3.75 points. A factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that younger age groups displayed a statistically significant improvement in FIM score compared to older groups with an F ratio of F(3, 295) = 4.503, p = .004. Eye diagnosis did not have an impact on FIM score change. These results suggest any patient may benefit from professional training in the use of iPhone and iPad applications with younger patients showing greater rates of initial improvement. The authors recommend increased utilization of smartphone and tablet training programs at BRCs by all individuals with low vision or blindness.
Understanding consumers’ purchase intention towards online paid courses
Authors: Chen Yuan , Ding Donghong , Meng Lidong , Li Xiaodong , Zhang Shengliang
Published: July 2021

With the unprecedented development of information and communication technologies, online learning is increasingly seen as an important channel for knowledge acquisition. Although knowledge payment platforms have attracted a considerable number of consumers, little is known about the determinants of purchase intention of online learning consumers for online paid courses (OPCs). In this study, we identify the mechanism underlying online learning consumers’ purchase intentions towards online paid courses (OPCs) based on outcome expectation and trust. We further examine the antecedents of performance expectation and trust from a learning-oriented perspective. Results indicate that trust and performance expectation play positive roles in consumer purchase intention. Moreover, perceived lecturer expertise, prior learning experience, and personal trial experience are positively associated with trust and performance expectation, which in turn influence purchase intention towards OPCs. The data were collected using a questionnaire survey of 443 users of knowledge payment platforms, and the proposed model was analysed through structural equation modelling. This study enhances the theoretical understanding of why consumers purchase OPCs in the knowledge payment context. For information system practice, these findings provide new insights for managers on how to conduct knowledge product transactions effectively.
Manufacture of non-thrombogenic polymer surfaces by gamma irradiation to induce simultaneous grafting and heparinization of thin PVC films
Authors: Panzarini Luz Consuelo Gonzalez Alonso , de Araújo Morandim-Giannetti Andreia , Guedes Selma Matheus Loureiro
Published: July 2021

Investigations regarding alternative methods for producing polymeric materials with hydrophilic properties have increased considerably. In this context, polymeric biomaterials with hemocompatible surface properties have been successfully obtained by grafting hydrophilic monomers onto commercial polymer films by simultaneous irradiation processes. In this study, simultaneous irradiation and grafting were used to produce a copolymer PVC-co-DMAEMA-co-heparin with hemocompatible surface properties. Characterization by FTIR of the graft copolymer indicates that the increase in monomer grafting levels inhibits the bonding sites to heparin. FTIR-PAS analyses of the graft copolymers showed that the highest graft levels were obtained for the irradiated samples containing 45% of monomer. Heparin, however, could only be detected in the irradiated samples containing 30% of DMAEMA. The analysis of the micrographs, on the other hand, showed that increasing the monomer concentration enhances surface roughness of the graft copolymers. Roughness however decreased with heparin addition. It was possible to verify that an excess of surface roughness of the graft copolymers inhibits anticoagulant properties of heparin, triggering thrombus formation. Platelet adhesion, on its turn, was not significantly affected by the presence of heparin when PVC-co-DMAEMA and PVC-co-DMAEMA-co-heparin, obtained from the systems containing 45% of monomer, are compared. The addition of heparin in the systems containing 30% of DMAEMA resulted in fewer thrombogenic surfaces.
Influence of new surface micro-structures on the performance behaviours of fluid film tilting pad thrust bearings
Authors: Atwal JC , Pandey RK
Published: July 2021

Performance parameters such as power loss, minimum film thickness, and maximum oil temperature of the sector-shaped tilting pad thrust bearings employing the new micro-structural geometries on pad surfaces have been investigated. The lubrication equation incorporating the mass-conservation issue is discretized using the finite element method and the solution of resulting algebraic equations is obtained employing a Newton-Schur method. The pad equilibrium in the analysis is established using the Newton-Raphson and Braydon methods. The influence of attributes of micro-structures such as depth, circumferential and radial positioning extents have been explored on the performance behaviours. It is found that with the new micro-structured pad surfaces, the performance parameters significantly improved in comparison to conventional plain and conventional rectangular pocketed pads.
Geometrically exact, intrinsic mixed variational formulation for smart, slender multilink composite structures
Authors: Asdaque P M G Bashir , Roy Sitikantha
Published: July 2021

Flexible links are often part of massive aerospace structures like helicopter or wind turbine blades, satellite bae, airplane wings, and space stations. In the present work, a mixed variational statement based on intrinsic variables is derived for multilinked smart slender structures. Equations involved in the derivation do not involve approximations of kinematical variables to describe the deformation of the reference line or the rotation of the deformed cross-section of the slender links resulting in a geometrically exact formulation. Finite element equations are derived from weak formulation, which can analyze large geometrically non-linear problems. The weakest possible variational statement provides greater flexibility in the choice of shape functions, therefore reducing the associated numerical complexities. The present work focuses on developing a single integrated computational platform which can study multibody, multilink, lightweight composite, structural system built with both embedded actuations, sensing, as well as passive links. Validation of static mechanical and electrical outputs from 3D FE simulation and literature proves the efficacy of the computational platform. Dynamic results will be communicated in future correspondence. The computational platform developed here can be applied for monitoring and active control applications of flexible smart multilink structures like swept wings, multi-bae space structures, and helicopter blades.
Intramural Ova of Enterobius vermicularis in the Appendix—An Egg-Topic Location!
Authors: Mendos Angelina , Mathison Blaine A. , Pritt Bobbi S. , Lamps Laura W. , Pai Sanjay A.
Published: July 2021

We report an unusual case of appendicitis in a 9-year-old girl in whom the wall of the appendix contained necrotizing granulomas, as well as eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. Although luminal E vermicularis adult parasites are commonly identified in the appendix and luminal eggs are occasionally seen, intramural worms and eggs are rare. We are unaware of earlier reports of ectopic intramural eggs in the appendix. It is important to and make a correct diagnosis, as both, the patient, as well as the family should be treated for enterobiasis.
Energy transfer through parametric excitation to reduce self-excited drill string vibrations
Authors: Kulke Vincent , Ostermeyer Georg-Peter
Published: July 2021

Drilling a wellbore can result in several types of vibration that lead to inefficient drilling and premature failure of drill string components. These vibrations are subdivided based on their operating direction into lateral, torsional, and axial vibrations. Especially in hard and dense formations, high-frequency torsional oscillations are found in the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). These critical vibrations are induced by a self-excitation mechanism caused by the bit–rock interaction. Self-excitation mechanisms are regenerative effects, mode coupling, or a velocity-dependent torque characteristic at the drill bit. To increase drilling performance and reduce tool failure due to high-frequency torsional oscillations, the critical vibration amplitudes localized at the bottom-hole assembly need to be minimized. Increasing the damping of self-excited systems to affect the energy output during vibration is a common approach to mitigate self-excited vibrations. In drilling systems, the achievable damping is naturally limited by the small installation space due to the drilled borehole diameter. Therefore, alternative methods to influence vibrations are necessary. Applying parametric excitation in self-excited systems can result in a parametric anti-resonance and therefore in an energy transfer within different modes of the structure. This allows, among other benefits, improved utilization of the structural damping. In this article, the influence of additional stiffness–based parametric excitation on self-excited torsional vibration in downhole drilling systems is investigated. For this purpose, a finite element model of a drill string is reduced using the component mode synthesis and analyzed with the goal to mitigate torsional vibrations. The multiple degree of freedom drill string model is investigated regarding the additional energy transfer due to the parametric excitation. Robustness of various parameters, especially with regard to the positioning within the bottom-hole assembly, is analyzed and discussed. Additionally, the problem of multiple unstable self-excited modes due to the nonlinear velocity-dependent torque characteristic in drilling systems is addressed.
Motivation towards the foreign language (English) and regional language (Basque) in immersion schools: Does CLIL in the foreign language make a difference?
Authors: Lázaro-Ibarrola Amparo , Azpilicueta-Martínez Raúl
Published: July 2021

Motivation to learn languages strongly correlates with language achievement, and the school context has a great influence on the motivation of young learners (YLs). A key rationale for the implementation of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) programs, therefore, was pupil motivation. Very few studies have measured motivation in this context, especially in primary schools. Even fewer have done so in bilingual areas, where the continuation of widespread use of the regional language often depends on its presence in the school system and where CLIL reduces this presence. To address these gaps, motivation towards the foreign language (FL), English, and the regional language, Basque, was measured in 399 YLs of English (aged 10–12 years) in Basque immersion schools. The learners were divided into a CLIL group ( n = 230), with English as a foreign language (EFL) and CLIL lessons, and a non-CLIL group ( n = 169), which received only EFL lessons. Results showed that the CLIL learners had a more positive attitude towards English and a slightly lower motivation towards Basque. This suggests that increasing the amount of exposure to the foreign language (FL) via CLIL lessons improves the motivation towards English but could decrease the instrumental motivation towards the regional language.
Experimental investigation of helical gear tooth crack location and depth detection using moving average method on transmission error
Authors: Rezaei Mohsen , Poursina Mehrdad , Rezaei Ehsan
Published: July 2021

Gear systems are the most useful and essential power transmission systems in the high-speed industry due to their accuracy. It is necessary to make sure that these systems work without defects such as tooth cracks. Therefore, detecting the location and depth of cracks in gear systems is very important. In this research, a new approach is proposed to detect the crack location, and accordingly, some statistical indicators are used to estimate the crack depth in the helical gear tooth. To this end, after explaining the helical gear mesh stiffness and tooth-root crack modeling, the helical gear pair dynamic is modeled. Then, the vibration data of a helical gear system is obtained by an experimental test rig, and the moving average method is undertaken to precisely detect the crack location. The crack depth ratio is estimated using the crest factor, impulse factor, clearance factor, and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which are applied to the simulation results and the experimental signal. According to these results, the crest factor, impulse factor, and clearance factor calculated the crack depth ratio with a good agreement, and the indicators [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] estimated it with a more significant error. Also, the average of estimated values is calculated, indicating a better result than each indicator alone.