bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identificación y alternativas de manejo del mildiu velloso en rosal
Authors: Álvarez Romero Pablo Israel , García Velasco Rómulo , Mora Herrera Martha Elena , Salgado Siclan Martha Lidya , Domínguez Serrano Daniel
Published: December 2018

El mildiu velloso causado por Peronospora sparsa Berkeley es una de las enfermedades más importantes del rosal en México, causando pérdidas de 100%. Su manejo se basa con fungicidas en continuas aplicaciones que tienden a generar poblaciones resistentes. La búsqueda de alternativas es indispensable. En el presente trabajo se confirmó la identidad morfométrica y molecular del agente asociado con el mildiu del rosal, se evaluó la eficacia del fosfito de potasio (K3PO3), quitosano, silicio y mefenoxam para el manejo de la enfermedad y se determinó su efecto en la longitud y diámetro de tallo floral. El estudio se realizó en verano y otoño de 2013 en Tenancingo, Estado de México. La caracterización morfométrica se realizó bajo microscopio compuesto y electrónico de barrido. Para la caracterización molecular, se amplificó el ADN ribosomal de la región ITS con los primers PS3 y PS1. Los tratamientos fueron: fosfito de potasio (K3PO3), quitosano, silicio, mefenoxam y testigo y se aplicaron a intervalos semanales. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar y la comparación de medias fue por Tukey (α= 0.05). Datos morfométricos y moleculares correspondieron a Peronospora sparsa. El K3PO3 y silicio redujeron la incidencia y severidad con respecto al testigo. El tratamiento con K3PO3 mostró incrementos de 24.8 y 97.5% en la longitud de tallos con diámetros de 7.5 y 6.2 mm en verano y otoño respectivamente, comparando con el testigo. Así, el K3PO3 y silicio pueden ser alternativas en el manejo del mildiu velloso del rosal en condiciones de invernadero.
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN ASPEK PSIKOMOTORIK PADA PRAKTIKUM FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI LAJU REAKSI KELAS XI IPA SMA NEGERI 3 PONTIANAK
Authors: Syahputra Septian Triadi
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to develop the psychomotor assessment instruments on experiment of factors that influence the rate of reaction which is feasible to be used. The development model used in this research was the modification model of 4P development into 3P which is recommended by Thiagarajan that is defining, designing and developing. Data collection techniques used were structured observation and questionnaire. The research instruments used were observation sheet and questionnaire. Initial field trials conducted on six students of class XII IPA 1, involving four observers while the main field trial conducted on 36 students of class XI IPA 1. The researcher involved four observers and one chemistry teacher. The feasibility of the developed psychomotor aspects assessment instrument is based on validity and practical aspects. The results obtained in this study were: (1) the average value of the validity of the psychomotor aspects assessment instrument was 1.00 with very high criteria and (2) the practicality of the psychomotor aspects assessment instrument based on the observers' response of 94.44 with very high criteria and teachers' response 90.27 with very high criteria. Based on the validity and practicality of the psychomotor aspect appraisal instrument the factors affecting the reaction rate are feasible to use
Peningkatan Daya Tahan, Kelincahan, dan Kecepatan pada Pemain Futsal: Studi Eksperimen Metode Circuit Training
Authors: Rahman Firman Juniatur
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat manakah yang lebih baik antara latihan fisik circuit training menggunakan bola dengan circuit training tanpa bola terhadap peningkatan daya tahan, kelincahan dan kecepatan serta mengetahui peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan peserta ekstrakurikuler futsal SMAN 1 Kebomas Gresik, pembagian kelompok di lakukan dengan ordinal pairing setelah di lakukan tes awal sehingga kelompok terbagi menjadi tiga yakni kelompok circuit training  dengan bola dan tanpa bola serta kelompok kontrol. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain penelitian Quasi Experimental (Pretest-Postest Design). Data hasil penelitian yang peroleh sebagai berikut: pretest dan posttest kelompok circuit training dengan bola terhadap peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan (0,000<0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan, kelompok circuit training dengan bola  terhadap peningkatan terhadap kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan. Circuit training tanpa bola terhadap peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan (0,000<0,05) dan terhadap daya tahan (0,002<0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol (0,004<0,05) artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada kecepatan sedangkan pada kelincahan (0,989>0,05)  dan daya tahan (0,476>0,05), artinya tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan. Disimpulkan dari penelitian ini bahwa pelatihan circuit training dengan bola dan tanpa bola efektif untuk peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan.
Os contos insólitos “El otro”, de Borges, e “Ideias do canário”, de Machado: desconstrução do dogmatismo científico por meio da ironia.
Authors: Librenz Patrícia , Guizzo Antonio Rediver
Published: December 2018

Este artigo tem o objetivo de fazer uma comparação entre duas obras literárias, tendo como base uma mesma chave de leitura. A partir de ideias trazidas por Nietzsche (2008) e Foucault (1999), faz-se uma análise acerca da construção do conhecimento, do valor da verdade para esta sociedade e, enfim, dos dogmas construídos a partir disso. Tentou-se demonstrar que tanto Jorge Luis Borges quanto Machado de Assis trabalham com essas perspectivas dentro dos dois contos selecionados, utilizando uma linguagem fortemente irônica, a fim de mostrar as formas ultrapassadas de alguns discursos acerca do conhecimento (que circulavam no contexto de produção das narrativas). Com isso, é possível inferir que os autores buscam provocar uma reflexão: de que o excessivo valor que se dá à ciência leva a humanidade a um dogmatismo emburrecedor, tendo em vista que a ciência e a filosofia não têm todas as respostas para as questões humanas. Contudo, é importante observar que o conto de Machado de Assis circulou no final dos anos 80 do século XIX, enquanto que a narrativa do argentino Jorge Luis Borges fora publicada na metade da década de 70 do século XX. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a estratégia de representação literária deles diverge, uma vez que Borges fala de um conhecimento filosófico e Machado do conhecimento científico.
Configurações do insólito: o espaço labiríntico em "O largo do mestrevinte" (1958), de José J. Veiga
Authors: Lima Marcia Machado de
Published: December 2018

É relevante o estudo da obra de José J. Veiga (1915-1999) para o campo dos estudos de literatura brasileira, dentre outros motivos, pela provocação que os recursos dedicados ao espaço impõem à leitura de seus contos. Discutiremos o espaço labiríntico em “O Largo do Mestrevinte” desdobrado do conflito adultez racionalizada e o campo de experiência aberto que a criança mobiliza. O espaço cria o movimento necessário ao desenvolvimento do conflito e para que o narrador tenha que fazer as suas escolhas. Do mesmo modo, o espaço funciona para criar as condições para o efeito de transgressão próprio do fantástico no conto “O Largo do Mestrevinte”. Veiga permitiu aproximarmo-nos da noção de heterotopia, e aparece, ainda, propondo questões provocadoras, para os estudos literários, sobre o insólito.
Alice no espelho: o recurso ao fantástico na formação de leitores juvenis
Authors: Beltramim Alessandra Oliveira dos Santos , Zappone Mírian Hisae Yaegashi
Published: December 2018

O presente artigo apresenta uma leitura da obra Alice no espelho, de Laura Bergallo, publicada em 2005, integrando a Coleção Muriqui da editora SM. A partir da análise fundamentada nos referenciais da Literatura Fantástica, verifica-se que, no contexto da produção literária endereçada ao público juvenil, esta obra literária consegue superar as possíveis pretensões didatizantes e moralizantes da coleção e se reveste de valor e qualidade ao recorrer aos fundamentos do fantástico como estratégia para a problematização desse tema de forte apelo didático e mercadológico como é a anorexia. A autorreferencialidade, presente na remissão explícita à obra de Lewis Carrol, a criação de um ambiente paralelo e o recurso ao duplo e à hesitação se configuram como estratégias a partir das quais se viabiliza a discussão de um tema complexo e problemático, no meio juvenil, de modo leve, mas nem por isso, menos profundo.
Korupsi dan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Sektor Kehutanan
Authors: Rasad Fauziah
Published: December 2018

Penerbitan izin terkait kawasan hutan rentan terhadap tindak pidana korupsi (korupsi), yang diantaranya berakibat pada pengambilalihan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah relasi antara korupsi dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dalam sektor kehutanan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui studi literatur, pendapat ahli, dan studi kasus. Korupsi di sektor kehutanan menyebabkan terlanggarannya HAM masyarakat yang hidup dari sumber daya hutan, khususnya hak milik atas tanah. Pelanggaran ini kemudian berdampak pada berbagai hak lainnya, seperti hak atas kesejahteraan termasuk hak atas pekerjaan, hak memperoleh informasi, hak menyampaikan pendapat, hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat, dan hak atas rasa aman. Di sisi lain, pelanggaran HAM yang dialami oleh masyarakat tersebut juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya korupsi, misalnya hak memperoleh informasi yang membuka peluang masyarakat kehilangan kesempatan untuk mempertahankan hak milik atas tanahnya. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi baru mampu membuktikan terjadinya kerugian keuangan negara, sementara kerugian perekonomian negara, terlebih lagi pelanggaran HAM, belum dapat dibuktikan. Pemidanaan koruptor belum mampu memulihkan HAM yang terlanggar akibat korupsi.Penelitian ini menyarankan pencegahan korupsi dapat menggunakan pendekatan pemajuan HAM, dan sebaliknya, serta penegakan hukum atas korupsi seharusnya mampu memulihkan hak-hak asasi masyarakat yang dilanggar.
Indonesia di Persimpangan: Urgensi “Undang-Undang Kesetaraan dan Keadilan Gender” di Indonesia Pasca Deklarasi Bersama Buenos Aires Pada Tahun 2017
Authors: Kusumawardhana Indra , Abbas Rusdi Jarwo
Published: December 2018

Pasca Deklarasi Bersama Buenos Aires tentang Perdagangan dan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Perempuan pada Desember 2017 silam, keterlibatan Indonesia kembali menjadikannya berada dipersimpangan jalan. Jika merujuk pada kenyataan bahwahingga kini Indonesia belum memiliki Undang - Undang Kesetaraan dan Keadilan Gender (UU-KKG), polemik kesetaraan dan keadilan gender tetap menjadi sebuah tugas yang jauh dari kata usai untuk Indonesia terutama dalam konteks penjaminan Hak Asasi Manusia. Padahal, substansi Deklarasi Bersama Buenos Aires adalah penekanan terhadap kesetaraan dan keadilan gender pada aktifitas ekonomi, dalam konteks tersebut, kajian ini dirajut dalam rangka mengangkat kembali urgensi UU-KKG, terutama dalam kaitan pemberdayaan ekonomi perempuan pasca Deklarasi Buenos Aires. Pertanyaan utama yang diajukan adalah mengapa UU-KKG penting bagi Indonesia pasca keterlibatannya di dalam Deklarasi Buenos Aires? Menggunakan pendekatan globalisasi ekonomi, hak asasi manusia, dan perspektif gender; serta menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dalam menganalisis permasalahanurgensi Undang-UndangKesetaraan dan Keadilan Gender setelah Indonesia terlibat di dalam Deklarasi Bersama Buenos Aires tentang Perdagangan dan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Perempuan.
Aktiivisen kansalaisuuden mahdollisuudet kotouttamistyön ulkoisten ehtojen ja maahanmuuttajien tarpeiden ristipaineissa
Authors: Turtiainen Kati , Kokkonen Tuomo , Viitasalo Katri
Published: December 2018

Nykyisessä poliittisessa keskustelussa aktiivinen kansalaisuus ymmärretään usein kapeasti työkansalaisuutena. Artikkelissa analysoidaan, miten aktiivinen kansalaisuus rakentuu kotouttamistyön rakenteellisten ehtojen ja maahanmuuttajien tarpeiden huomioimisen ristiriidassa. Teoreettisesti nojaudutaan Amartya Senin toimintamahdollisuuksien teoriaan, joka painottaa erilaisten kyvykkyyksien sekä autonomisten toimintamahdollisuuksien merkitystä aktiivisessa kansalaisuudessa. Tuloksena havaitaan, että ammattilaisten näkemyksissä painottuu ristiriita järjestelmän tarpeille rakentuvan työkansalaisuuden ja kotoutujien autonomiaa tukevien toimintamahdollisuuksia vahvistavan työn välille.  Myös kotiäitien perheasemaan perustuva kansalaisuus on erityisen vaikeasti saavutettavissa. Lopputuloksena on, että järjestelmän tarpeille rakennettu maahanmuuttajien sopeuttaminen kääntyy itseään vastaan, sillä yksilöiden tarpeet eivät rakennu ulkoisten määrittelyjen varaan. Lopulta yksilöllisten tarpeiden tunnistamattomuus ja huomiotta jättäminen passivoi maahanmuuttajaa.
MADENCİLİKTE GÖRÜNTÜLEME VE ANALİZ CİHAZLARI
Authors: Yılmaz Hatice , Bursa Ceren , Tanrıverdi Mehmet
Published: December 2018

Bu çalışmada öncelikle madencilik sektöründe yaygın olarak kullanılan görüntüleme ve analizcihazlarından optik mikroskop, X Işını Kırınım cihazı (X-Ray Diffraction, XRD), X Işını FloresansSpektrometresi (X-Ray Flouresans spektrometresi, XRF), Mikroprop (Scanning ElectronMicroscope, SEM + Energy Dispersive Spectrometre, EDS) ve Mineral Serbestleşme Analizörü(Mineral Liberation Analyzer, MLA) cihazlarının analiz yöntemleri ve kullanım amaçları kısacatanıtılmıştır. Ardından bu cihazlar kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalardan örnekler verilerek sektördekiARGE çalışmalarına ve problemlere ne şekilde yaklaşılması gerektiği konusunda bir perspektifortaya konmuştur.
MADENCİLİKTE TOZA BAĞLI MESLEK HASTALIKLARININ AŞAMALI LOGARİTMİK DOĞRUSAL ANALİZ İLE İNCELENMESİ: TKİ HİMMETOĞLU LİNYİT OCAĞI ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: Önder Mustafa , Önder Seyhan , İroz Burcu Demir , Adıgüzel Erhan
Published: December 2018

Çeşitli endüstri dallarında maruz kalınan toz düzeylerine bakıldığında, madencilik endüstrisindeaçığa çıkan toz seviyeleri kabul edilebilir sınır değerlerden yüksek kalmaktadır. Madencilikterastlanan en önemli meslek hastalıklarından birisi de toza bağlı akciğer rahatsızlıklarıdır. Buçalışmada, Bolu ili Göynük İlçesi Himmetoğlu Köyünde TKİ’nin rödovansçısı olarak faaliyetgösteren AKSA Enerji’ye ait linyit ocağında toza bağlı meslek hastalıklarını tespit etmekamacıyla çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İşçilerin çalıştığı ortamdaki toz ölçümleri için özel bir laboratuvarile çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen tüm veriler, aşamalı logaritmik doğrusal analiz yöntemi ile SPSS®11.5 paket programında değerlendirilmiş ve toza bağlı meslek hastalıklarında etkili olabilecekparametreler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
MADENCİLİKLE İLGİLİ YASAL DÜZENLEMELERDEKİ KÜRESEL EĞİLİMLER VE TÜRKİYE UYGULAMASI
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2018

Dünyada maden hukukunda yaşanan gelişmelerde madenlerin devlet eliyle işletilmesi ile özelsektör madenciliğinin özendirilmesi anlayışı etken olmuştur. Buna ilaveten çevre hukukununbaskısıyla gelişen sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramının da maden hukuku reformlarında etkisiyadsınamaz. Şili’den başlayarak Meksika ve Peru’da yapılan maden hukuku reformları GüneyAmerika Kanun Modeli olarak dünyaya örnek gösterilmiştir.Dünya Bankası ve diğer uluslararası kuruluşlar birtakım inisiyatifler hazırlayarak tekdüze birmaden kanunu oluşturarak ortak bir maden kanunu “lex minarele” oluşturma çabaları sürmektedir.Ancak ülkelerin madencilik sektöründen beklentileri, çevreciler ve diğer baskı grupları madenhukuku mevzuatının oluşumunda ve değiştirilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Madenhukuku mevzuatında yapılan değişiklik ve yenilikler, Mevzuat Etki Değerlendirilmesi adı altındaölçümlemeye ve analiz edilmeye tabi tutulmaktadır. Çalışmamızda maden hukuku reformu olarakdikkate değer değişiklikler yapan ülke kanunlarıyla ilgili genel bir değerlendirmeye yer verilmiştir.
A Guide for the Creativity in Modifying Problem-Solving Based Learning Media of Students of IKIP-PGRI Pontianak
Authors: Fatmawati Erni , Arifin Zainal
Published: December 2018

This research aimed to 1) describe students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media, 2) develop a guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media, and 3) assess the accuracy of usage of the guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media. It employed a research and development method and a research design which was adapted from Borg and Gall’s model. The subject of research was a group of college students in semester VI academic calendar 2017/2018 who were taking micro-teaching courses in IKIP PGRI Pontianak. Data were collected using observation and questionnaires. The data were analysed using a series of interactive model analysis: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: 1) a guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media was well developed according to pre-planned stages; 2) the students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media were in “good” category; and 3) the usage of the guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media was deemed appropriate as 60% students managed to modify their learning media.

 

Keywords: guide, creativity, learning media, problem-solving
Improving financial access to rural business. An impact evaluation of Mexico's credit guarantee programs
Authors: Palao Mendizabal Agustin
Published: December 2018

Whether improved financial access after the
implementation of a new program on a credit guarantee system leads to a
change in targeted rural businesses. Data from Mexican Credit Guarantee System for rural enterprises.

 A
reduction in the average amount per guaranteed operations is found and it leads
to a CGS shift in the targeted beneficiaries. Smaller rural producers are being
included in the CGS due to changes in program eligibility conditions. The CGS
beneficiary shift is assessed using Interrupted Time Series. Financial support
and accessibility increased after the implementation of the Fondo Nacional de
Garantías (FONAGA). The study shows temporal and permanent shifts on some of
the credit guarantee operation parameters.
A note on Entropy
Authors: khasgiwala Suvidh
Published: December 2018

This article explains a general second law of thermodynamics. The article stems from the fact that the Second law of thermodynamics was supposed to explain everything in the universe. But, there have been multiple pieces of research conducted which prove that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is not applicable to everything in the Universe, by changing the law and re-defining Entropy, States , System the improved statetment of the law is capapble of explainin everything.
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KAMPUNG WARNA-WARNI TELUK SERIBU KOTA BALIKPAPAN
Authors: Arsitektur ARTEKS Jurnal Teknik
Published: December 2018

Title: Community Participation In The Development Of Kampung Warna-warni Teluk Seribu In Balikpapan CityThe growth and development of the city is one of driving factors for the emergence of slums in urban areas. Slums are usually located on the outskirts of the city, an example of which can be found in Balikpapan known as “Kampung Nelayan” slum area. A common condition takes place in other big cities in Indonesia, and this has led the government to formulate programs and policies by issuing government regulations Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 concerning to Housing and Human Settlement Areas. It is stipulated in the regulation that “The management of slums must be carried out by the central Government, local Government and/ or by every individuals”. To improve the welfare and a better life quality, active community participation is needed to build sustainable habitable human settlements. In order to explore more about this concept, a research was conducted at Kampung Nelayan Warna-warni Teluk Seribu. The research aims at learning more about the roles of the community and obstacles encountered in developing Kampung Nelayan Warna-warni Teluk Seribu. The method used is descriptive analysis through observation, interview, literatures study, and related documents. The result of the research shows that community participation plays a successful role in developing Kampung Nelayan Warna-warni Teluk Seribu as one of the tourist attractions in Balikpapan which, then, leads to economic enhancement of local community and Balikpapan city.
MENINGGALNYA ANGGOTA JAKMANIA OLEH KELOMPOK BOBOTOH
Authors: deni agustinus
Published: December 2018

Pancasila merupakan dasar Negara Indonesia yang sah,di dalam pancasila terkandung lima sila yang merupakan hal terpenting bagi Indonesia karena sesuai dengan bentuk,kebudayaan dan kepribadiaan Indonesia dan sudah mencakup cita-cita bangsa Indonesia. Bahkan pancasila juga dijadikan sebagai dasar hukum sehingga hukum yang di buat di Indonesia berpatokkan dengan pancasila. Sebagai warga Negara Indonesia yang baik tentu saja kita harus mentaati dan menghormati pancasila sebagai dasar hukum,akan tetapi masih banyak orang yang melanggar pedoman pancasila tersebut. Dan bahkan melakukan tindakan yang melanggar dan merusak norma pancasila itu sendiri. Pancasila berkaitan erat dengan demokrasi, karena demokrasi merupakan landasan hukum yang mengutamakan hak setiap individu atau orang untuk mengeluarkan pendapat dll.Namun dalam hal penggunaannya, demokrasi seringkali disalah artikan dan bahkan banyak dari berbagai pihak memanfaatkan system demokrasi ini secara tidak bertanggung jawab. Begitupun pancasila, masik banyak pelanggaran yang sering mencoreng nama baik pancasila. Bahkan hal itu dilakukan dengan sengaja oleh pihak pihak tertentu, baik secara sengaja maupun tidak. Contoh dari pelanggaran dari nilai pancasila dan demokrasi yang baru-baru terjadi adalah kasus meninggalnya anggota Jakmania oleh kelompok Bobotoh. Kejadian ini sangat tidak etis dan sangat tidak bermoral. Karena secara lansung, telah melanggar sila kemanusiaan keadilan, ketuhanan, dan sila persatuan. Kita sebagai bangsa Indonesia yang memiliki keberagaman harus menjunjung tinggi nilai pancasial tersebut yang kemudian bisa kita sebut sebagai gotong royong. Tindakan pembunuhan seperti ini harus ditindaklanjuti dan diberi sanksi sekeras-kerasnya, supaya memberikan efek jera, agar tidak ada lagi yang berani melakukan tindakan pembunuhan itu lagi dinegara kita.
krisis jiwa pancasila
Authors: Farmasi Alfinda Dwi A D-III
Published: December 2018

Dewasa ini Negara Indonesia sedang dilanda #krisis jiwa pancasila, dimedia social telah ramai perbincangan tentang adanya perebutan kekuasaan dimana perebutan itu ditandai dengan aksi tawuran antar warga dengan menggunakan barang tajam yang banyak menjatuhkan korban. Hal ini seakan-akan tidak mencerminkan bahwa Negara Indonesia mempunyai jiwa pancasila, dalam pancasila telah dicantumkan pada sila ke-3 “persatuan Indonesia” dalam butir sila ke-3 dimana seharusnya rakyat Negara Indonesia Menempatkan persatuan, kesatuan, kepentingan dan keselamatan bangsa dan Negara diatas kepentingan pribadi atau golongan, lalu apakah arti pancasila sebagai dasar Negara ? apakah perbuatan tersebut merupakan perbuatan yang mencerminkan bahwa rakyat Negara Indonesia berjiwa pancasila ?
PRODUK PEKERTI-AA
Authors: Aditi Bunga
Published: December 2018

Produk pekerti AA ini menyajikan materi laporan mengenai Analisis Instruksional, Struktur Pembelajaran, Kontrak Kuliah, . Silabus Mata Kuliah, Rencana Program Pembelajaran (RPP), Media Pembelajaran, Bahan Ajar
Transparency
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin
Published: December 2018

In 2013, the G-20 asked the OECD to develop new rules for corporate tax transparency, pushed by civil society activists. World leaders had agreed that increased transparency was urgently needed to help shore up national fiscal systems and alleviate social injustices. These new rules have wide-ranging economic and political consequences for the regulation of global wealth chains (GWCs). Tax transparency is a key factor in the level of information asymmetry between wealth chain ‘insiders’, such as corporations and tax advisers, and ‘outsiders’, such as tax authorities and civil society activists. This chapter discusses the ‘technicisation’ of the OECD policy process to define these new requirements, i.e. the embedding of highly political discussions in a specialised, expertise-intensive policy context. Technicisation constrained the post-crisis political momentum for expanded transparency of corporate wealth chains, but also helped normalize the idea of increased transparency as ‘risk assessment’ within the policy community. The chapter highlights three key dynamics of technicisation: policy insulation, re-framing and appropriateness judgments. Evidence is drawn from a qualitative content analysis of documents in the OECD policy debates on corporate tax transparency, and interviews with select informants involved in the policy process.
CODE-SWITCHING IN EFL CLASSROOM: IS IT GOOD OR BAD?
Authors: Nurhamidah N. , Fauziati Endang , Supriyadi Slamet
Published: December 2018

Code-switching has been an evolving topic since the bilingualism blooming in linguistics milieu. However, practitioners or experts have contrastive views regarding its use in classroom setting. While the proponents believe that the presence of code-switching in one side is considered as an asset to teach language, the opponents see it is as merely an obstacle to achieve learning goal that is to acquire target language. Code-switching serves many functions for both teacher and students yet it is still employed. Despite the pro and cons of the code-switching, this research aims to show the perspective of both teacher and students towards code-switching and functions it serve in EFL classroom setting. This research used qualitative descriptive approach and the data were taken from the informants of English department in one of university in Surakarta to explore whether the use of code-switching in EFL classroom was seen as beneficial tool. It begins by the general view of EFL use in everyday classroom. This current study found that code-switching was preserved as benefits as it served some functions for teacher to convey material and for students to received material and communicate in classroom.
Phytochemical Investigation of Corchorus olitorius L. Leaves Cultivated in Iraq and it’s In Vitro Antiviral Activity
Authors: T. Hasan Hayder , J. Kadhim Enas
Published: December 2018

The aim of our study was to investigate the antiviral activity of the Corchorus olitorius family Tiliaceae cultivated in Iraq against measles virus, and to demonstrate an overview about chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of Corchorus olitorius L.

About150 gm Leaves of Corchorus. olitorius were defatted by maceration in hexane for 24 hrs. The defatted plant materials were subjected for extraction after filtration using Soxhlet apparatus, with aqueous methanol 85% as a solvent extraction for 24 hours, the extract was filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to get a dry extract of about 12 gm. About 4 gm from the residue was suspended in 100ml water, about 3-4ml of 5% sodium hydroxide was added to obtain a basic solution having PH 10 and partitioned with ethyl acetate (3x100ml), the aqueous layer collected and evaporated to dryness. MTT-cell viability assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was conducted on 96-well plates (Falcon), Vero cells were seeded at 1× 104 cells/well to obtain a multiplicity of infection (MOI 10), and at 5 × 103 cells/well to obtain a multiplicity of infection (MOI 5).

Different statistical result revealed a significant antiviral activity of the aqueous layer of Corchorus olitorius leaves against measles virus. The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in the aqueous layer of Corchorus olitorius leaves.

The antiviral activity of Corchorus olitorius leaves is mainly due to the phenolics and flavonoids that detected in the aqueous layer.
Can Self-Financing Redeem the Basic Income Guarantee? Disincentives, Efficiency Costs, Tax Burdens, and Attitudes: A Rejoinder
Authors: Boadway Robin , Cuff Katherine , Koebel Kourtney
Published: December 2018

We respond to concerns raised by Kesselman (2018) about our illustrative proposal on how to finance and implement a basic income guarantee (BIG) in Canada (Boadway, Cuff, and Koebel forthcoming). We demonstrate how our proposal could be adjusted to mitigate Kesselman’s main concern of high marginal effective tax rates (METRs) and argue that the incentive effects, redistribution consequences, and public opposition are not as detrimental as Kesselman suggests. We also show that Kesselman’s proposed alternate—an expanded Working Income Tax Benefit—could be incorporated into our BIG but would result in higher METRs and efficiency losses at some incomes.
Gray Iron
Authors: White Charles V.
Published: December 2018

ASTM specification A 48 classifies gray irons in terms of tensile strength. The usual microstructure of gray iron is a matrix of pearlite with graphite flakes dispersed throughout. Section sensitivity effects are used in the form of a wedge test in production control to judge the suitability of an iron for pouring a particular casting. Mechanical property values obtained from test bars are sometimes the only available guides to the mechanical properties of the metal in production castings. Gray iron castings are used widely in pressure applications such as cylinder blocks, manifolds, pipe and pipe fittings, compressors, and pumps. Where high impact resistance is needed, gray iron is not recommended. The machinability of most gray cast iron is superior to that of most other cast irons of equivalent hardness, as well as to that of virtually all steel. Gray iron is used widely for machine components that must resist wear.
Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels
Authors: Krauss George
Published: December 2018

This article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite-pearlite microstructures. It shows the range of hardness levels which may be obtained by tempering at various temperatures as a function of the carbon content of the steel. To reduce the number of processing steps associated with producing quenched and tempered microstructures, new alloying approaches have been developed to produce high-strength microstructures directly during cooling after forging.
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate
Authors: Fletcher F.B.
Published: December 2018

The production and use of steel plate is aided by a system of standard designations and associated specifications defining composition, property, and performance ranges. This article contains an extensive amount of information on the designations and grades of plate products and how they are made. Although most steel plate is used in the hot-finished condition, some applications require one or more heat treating steps to mitigate imperfections and/or improve relevant qualities. The article discusses these interconnected factors as well as their impact on mechanical properties and critical fabrication issues, including formability, machinability, and weldability.
Steel Wire Rod
Authors: Glodowski R.J.
Published: December 2018

Wire rod is a semifinished product rolled from billet on a rod mill and is used primarily for the manufacture of wire. Steel wire rod is usually cold drawn into wire suitable for further drawing; for cold rolling, cold heading, cold upsetting, cold extrusion, or cold forging; or for hot forging. The article explains these operations, along with the several recognized quality and commodity classifications applicable to steel wire rods. The heat treatments commonly applied to steel wire rod, either before or during processing into wire, include annealing, spheroidize annealing, patenting, and controlled cooling. When the end product must be heat treated, the heat treatment and mechanical properties should be clearly defined. Carbon steel rods are produced in various grades or compositions: low-carbon, medium-low-carbon, medium-high-carbon, and high-carbon steel wire rods. Rod for the manufacture of carbon steel wire is produced with manufacturing controls and inspection procedures intended to ensure the degree of soundness and freedom from injurious surface imperfections necessary for specific applications. This article also describes the various quality descriptors applicable to the rods as well as standard qualities and commodities available in alloy steel wire rod.
Threaded Steel Fasteners
Authors:   ASM Committee on Threaded Steel Fasteners, Akstens Frank W. , Gialamas James , Bueche Edward J. , Madvad T.P. , Murkey Brian , McAuliffe Joseph , Sander Gregory D. , Frederick Edwin F. , Miller Hal L. , Hagopian P.C. , Fox James
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the properties of threaded fasteners made from carbon and low-alloy steels containing a maximum of 0.55% carbon. It provides guidelines for the selection of steels for bolts, studs, and nuts intended for use at temperatures between -50 and 370 deg C. The article also discusses steels rated for service above 370 deg C and describes internationally recognized grade designations. The specifications provided can be used to outline fastener requirements, control manufacturing processes, and establish functional or performance standards. The most commonly used protective metal coatings for ferrous metal fasteners; zinc, cadmium, and aluminum; are described as well.
Closed-Die Forgings
Authors: Rossow James A.
Published: December 2018

Forgings are classified in various ways, beginning with the general classifications open die and closed die. They are also classified according to how they are made; such as hammer upset forgings, ring-rolled forgings, and multiple-ram press forgings; and in terms of the close-to-finish factor or amount of stock that must be removed to satisfy the dimensional and detail requirements of the finished part. In addition to types and classifications, the article discusses critical design factors and ways to ensure that the resulting forgings measure up to metallurgical, mechanical property, and dimensional accuracy requirements. The responsibility for design verification is vested in material control, which depends on the proper application of drawings, specifications, manufacturing process controls, and quality assurance programs. The article addresses each of these areas as well as related topics; including stress-induced fatigue failure, tolerances, machining allowances; and the fundamentals of hammer and press forgings, hot upset forgings, and hot extrusion forgings.
Bearing Steels
Authors: Burrier Harold
Published: December 2018

Bearing steels, which include high-carbon and low-carbon types, can be divided into service-based classes, such as normal service, high-temperature service, and service under corrosive conditions. This article discusses the importance of matching the hardenability and quenching of a bearing steel. It also discusses the typical microstructure of a high-carbon through-hardened bearing, and shows typical case and core microstructures in carburized bearing materials. Apart from a satisfactory microstructure, which is obtained through the proper combination of steel grade and heat treatment, the single most important factor in achieving high levels of rolling-contact fatigue life in bearings is the cleanliness, or freedom from harmful nonmetallic inclusions, of the steel. Alloy conservation and a more consistent heat-treating response are benefits of using specially designed bearing steels. The selection of a carburizing steel for a specific bearing section is based on the heat-treating practice of the producer, either direct quenching from carburizing or reheating for quenching, and on the characteristics of the quenching equipment.
Wrought Tool Steels
Authors: Bayer Alan M. , Walton Lee R.
Published: December 2018

Tool steels are any steel used to make tools for cutting, forming, or shaping manufactured parts. Most tool steels are wrought products alloyed with relatively large amounts of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese, and/or chromium. The article describes a wide variety of tool steels, including high-speed steels, hot and cold-work steels, shock-resisting steels, and special-purpose steels. Hot-work steels are designed to withstand excessive amounts of heat, pressure, and abrasion, suiting them for punching, shearing, and high-temperature forming applications. Cold-work tool steels have exceptional dimensional stability and wear resistance, but lack the alloy content necessary to resist softening at temperatures above 205 to 260 deg C. The article examines standard designations for all tool steel types and provides corresponding composition and property ranges. It also discusses surface treatments, fabrication issues, and in-service measures of performance.
Maraging Steels
Authors: Rohrbach Kurt , Schmidt Michael
Published: December 2018

Maraging steels comprise a special class of high-strength steels that differ from conventional steels in that they are hardened by a metallurgical reaction that does not involve carbon. Instead, these steels are strengthened by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds at temperatures of about 480 deg C. Commercial maraging steels are designed to provide specific levels of yield strength in the range of 1030 to 2420 MPa. However, some experimental maraging steels have yield strengths as high as 3450 MPa. These steels typically have very high nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum contents and very low carbon contents. This article outlines the processing of maraging steels: melting, hot working, cold working, machining, heat treating, surface treatment, and welding. It also covers mechanical and physical properties as well as tooling and aerospace applications, where maraging steels are extensively used.
Directionally Solidified and Single-Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Harris K. , Erickson G.L. , Schwer R.E.
Published: December 2018

Directionally solidified (DS) and single-crystal (SX) superalloys and process technology are contributing to significant advances in turbine engine efficiency and durability. These gains are expected to arise from the development of higher creep strength and improved oxidation-resistant SX alloy compositions as well as from the development of SX casting and fabrication technology to utilize advanced transpiration-cooling schemes. This article provides a detailed discussion on the chemistry and castability of first- and second-generation DS and SX superalloys. It summarizes the chemistry modifications applied to MAR-M 247 to develop CMSX-2 with respect to function and objectives. The article also lists the nominal compositions of first- and second-generation DS and SX superalloys.
Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Cayless R.B.C.
Published: December 2018

A four-digit numerical designation system is used to identify wrought aluminum and aluminum alloys. In addition to providing a detailed account of the temper designation system for aluminum and aluminum alloys, this article describes wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloy designations. It also tabulates the grade designations and compositions of wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloys. The article provides information on cross-referencing of aluminum wrought and ingot/cast products according to composition, per the Aluminum Association, Unified Numbering System (UNS) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
Aluminum Mill and Engineered Wrought Products
Authors: Bray Jack W.
Published: December 2018

Aluminum mill products are those that have been subjected to plastic deformation by hot- and cold-working mill processes such as rolling, extruding, and drawing, either singly or in combination. Microstructural changes associated with the working and with any accompanying thermal treatments are used to control certain properties and characteristics of the worked, or wrought, product or alloy. This article discusses the designation system, classification, product forms, corrosion and fabrication characteristics, and applications of wrought aluminum alloys. Commercial wrought aluminum products are divided into flat-rolled products (sheet, plate, and foil); rod, bar, and wire; tubular products; shapes; and forgings. The article discusses factors affecting the strengthening mechanisms, fracture toughness, and physical properties of aluminum alloys, in addition to the effects of alloying on the physical and mechanical properties. Important alloying elements and impurities are listed alphabetically as a concise review of major effects.
Aluminum Foundry Products
Authors: Kearney A. , Rooy Elwin L.
Published: December 2018

Aluminum casting alloys are the most versatile of all common foundry alloys and generally have the highest castability ratings. This article discusses the designation and classification of aluminum casting alloys based on their composition and the factors influencing alloy selection. Alloys discussed include rotor alloys, commercial duralumin alloys, premium casting alloys, piston and elevated-temperature alloys, general-purpose alloys, magnesium alloys, aluminum-zinc-magnesium alloys, and bearing alloys. Six basic types of aluminum alloys developed for casting include aluminum-copper, aluminum-copper-silicon, aluminum-silicon, aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-zinc-magnesium, and aluminum-tin. The article also describes the main casting processes for aluminum alloys, which include die casting, permanent mold casting, sand casting (green sand and dry sand), plaster casting, and investment casting. In addition, the article discusses factors affecting the mechanical and physical properties, microstructural features that affect mechanical properties, the effects of alloying, and major applications of aluminum casting alloys.
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Authors: Mankins W.L. , Lamb S.
Published: December 2018

Nickel in elemental form or alloyed with other metals and materials has made significant contributions to our present-day society and promises to continue to supply materials for a demanding future. This article provides a historical overview and physical metallurgy of nickel and nickel alloys. It lists and describes the compositions, mechanical and physical properties, and applications of commercial nickel and its alloys. The article briefly explains the forms of corrosion resulting from the exposure of nickel alloys to aqueous environments. It provides valuable information on the commercial forms of nickel alloys, namely, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-iron series, iron-nickel-chromium alloys, controlled-expansion alloys, nickel-iron low-expansion alloys, soft magnetic alloys, and welding alloys.
Titanium Powder Metallurgy Products
Authors: Eylon Daniel , Froes F.H. (Sam)
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the mechanical properties, production of titanium powder metallurgy (P/M) compacts, namely, blended elemental (BE) compacts and prealloyed (PA) compacts. It explains the postcompaction treatments of titanium P/M compacts, including heat treatment, and thermochemical processing. The article talks about the applications of titanium P/M products, namely, BE and PA products. It concludes with a short note on the future trends in titanium P/M technology.
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Kramer Deborah A.
Published: December 2018

Gallium-base components can be found in a variety of products ranging from compact disk players to advanced military electronic warfare systems, owing to the factor that it can emit light, has a greater resistance to radiation and operates at faster speeds and higher temperatures. This article discusses the uses of gallium in optoelectronic devices and integrated circuits and applications of gallium. The article discusses the properties and grades of gallium arsenide and also provides information on resources of gallium. The article talks about the recovery techniques, including recovery from bauxite, zinc ore and secondary recovery process and purification. The article briefly describes the fabrication process of gallium arsenide crystals. Furthermore, the article gives a short note on world supply and demand of gallium and concludes with research and development on gallium arsenide integrated circuits.
Electrical Contact Materials
Authors: Shen Yuan-Shou , Lattari Pat , Gardner Jeffrey , Wiegard Harold
Published: December 2018

Electrical contacts are metal devices that make and break electrical circuits. This article provides information on materials selection criteria and failure modes of make-break contacts. It describes the property requirements for make-break arcing contacts, namely, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, chemical properties, fabrication properties, and thermal properties. The article presents a brief note on brush contact materials and their interdependence factors for sliding contacts. It also describes the type of commercial contact materials for electrical contacts, namely, copper metals, silver metals, gold metals, metals of the platinum group, precious metal overlays, tungsten and molybdenum, aluminum, and composite materials. Finally, the article provides information on composite manufacturing methods, and tabulates the physical, and mechanical properties of electrical contact materials, including copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, and composites.
Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel-Base and Iron-Base Alloys
Authors: deBarbadillo J.J. , Fischer J.J.
Published: December 2018

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys are produced by mechanical alloying, a process by which base metals and alloying particles are powdered together forming a metal-matrix composite. This article discusses the production of ODS superalloy powders and subsequent processing steps, including consolidation, hot rolling, heat treating, and the fabrication of mill products. It also discusses the nominal composition and microstructure of commercial ODS alloys, including nickel, iron, and aluminum-base systems, and provides detailed information on their mechanical, physical, oxidation, and hot-corrosion properties.
Niobium-Titanium Superconductors
Authors: Kreilick T. Scott
Published: December 2018

Niobium-titanium alloys (NbTi) became the superconductors of choice in the early 1960s, providing a viable alternative to the A-15 compounds and less ductile alloys of niobium-zirconium. This can be attributed to the relative ease of fabrication, better electrical properties, and greater compatibility with copper stabilizing materials. This article discusses the ramifications of design requirements, selection criteria and processing methods of superconducting fibers and matrix materials. It provides information on the various steps involved in the fabrication of superconducting composites, including assembly, welding, isostatic compaction, extrusion, wire drawing, twisting, and final sizing. The article also provides a detailed account of the properties and applications of NbTi superconducting composites.
A15 Superconductors
Authors: Smathers David B.
Published: December 2018

This article reviews the phase diagrams, alloy with third element additions, layer growth, critical current density, and matrix materials of A15 superconductors. It describes the production methods of tape conductors (chloride deposition, and surface diffusion) and multifilamentary wires (rod process, modified jelly roll process, niobium tube process, in-situ process, powder metallurgy process, and jelly roll method). The article focuses on reaction heat treatment, which is required at the end of wire processing to convert the ductile components to the desired, but brittle, superconductor. Finally, it discusses the applications of A15 superconductors in commercial magnets, power generation, power transmission, high-energy physics, and fusion.