bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unacceptable but Indispensable: Opium Law and Regulations in Guangdong, 1912–1936
Authors: Paulès Xavier
Published: February 2014

During most of the period from 1912 to 1936, Guangdong Province was independent from the central government. The local authorities there were facing a dilemma regarding opium, as others were elsewhere in China. On the one hand, opium was considered the symbol of China’s weakness, and its suppression was a top priority; on the other hand, opium taxes represented an indispensable source of fiscal income. Some Guangdong power holders were truly committed to a suppression agenda, especially from 1913 to 1924. During this period, with the exception of a brief interlude from 1915 to 1916, opium laws were prohibition laws. Even if these laws were not always enforced with full vigor, the drug remained illegal in Guangdong. After 1924, opium was legalized, and the authorities openly ruled an opium monopoly. They came out with increasingly comprehensive regulations, which proved successful in increasing opium revenues. Yet, as this article makes clear, there was nothing like direct government control: traditional tax-farming arrangements with local opium merchants (though under stricter supervision) remained the backbone of the monopoly. The article also pays attention to the influence of the Six-Year Plan (1935–1940) launched by the Nanking government. As a credible set of suppression laws, it appealed to the Guangdong progressive elites who were hostile to opium. They urged the local autocrat Chen Jitang to take similar action. Chen made attempts to launch his own plans for suppressing opium, but they were unconvincing and nothing concrete came out of them. This article suggests that, in order to obtain a better understanding of how easily Chen Jitang was driven out of power in the summer of 1936, it is necessary to take into account the significant contribution of the Six-Year Plan in undermining his legitimacy.
Ecologies of Empire: From Qing Cosmopolitanism to Modern Nationalism
Authors: Perdue Peter C.
Published: February 2014

According to modern ecological theory, ecosystems are fragile combinations of diverse elements, and their resilience—or ability to recover after external shocks—varies as the system develops. Under conditions of low resilience, the system can collapse unpredictably and shift into a new state. Biodiversity in ecosystems, however, helps to maintain resilience. These basic natural principles also help to illuminate the social processes of empires. Like ecosystems, empires expand, grow, and collapse unpredictably when they lose the ability to respond to external shocks. Just as biodiversity increases resilience, imperial formations prosper when they are more cosmopolitan, incorporating diverse cultural elements that foster institutional innovation, and they suffer collapse when they limit participation by outside challengers. The author develops this analogy between ecosystems and imperial formations through a discussion of the Ming and Qing empires, concluding with reflections on the Maoist production system and the current resilience of China today.
Between China and Nepal: Trans-Himalayan Trade and the Second Life of Development in Upper Humla
Authors: Saxer Martin
Published: February 2014

Upper Humla, an area in northwestern Nepal bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region, has lost much of its prosperity over the past five decades. The region’s recent history has been shaped by modernization efforts and development initiatives on both sides. However, the author argues that, contrary to the common conception that Communist reform in Tibet dismantled the traditional economic foundation of trade-based Himalayan livelihoods, different forces were at work in the case of upper Humla. Three benevolent development initiatives in public health, wildlife conservation, and community forestry triggered the decline. The “second lives” of successful development, rather than the side effects of modernist planning, are responsible for upper Humla’s current predicament.
Voter Education: Provincial Autonomy and the Transformation of Chinese Election Law, 1920–1923
Authors: Hill Joshua
Published: February 2014

Beginning in 1909, mainland Chinese governments routinely held elections and lawmakers devoted considerable resources to writing and revising election laws. The earliest elections, held during the late Qing and the early Republic, utilized laws based on restricted electorates and indirect voting. By contrast, election laws designed by the provincial autonomy movements of the 1920s and the post-1927 Nationalist government featured direct voting in elections with (near-)universal adult suffrage. Each of these two systems of electoral law incorporated elements of foreign electoral practice with concerns and ideas that arose from the experiences and ideals of late imperial Chinese political thought. The transition between these two systems highlights the surprising influence of the short-lived provincial autonomy movement on the legal structures of the centralized one-party states that followed.
Moralized Hygiene and Nationalized Body: Anti-Cigarette Campaigns in China on the Eve of the 1911 Revolution
Authors: Liu Wennan
Published: February 2014

Western knowledge about the injurious effects of cigarette smoking on smokers’ health appeared in the late nineteenth century and was shaped by both the Christian temperance movement and scientific developments in chemistry and physiology. Along with the increasing import of cigarettes into China, this new knowledge entered China through translations published at the turn of the twentieth century. It was reinterpreted and modified to dissuade the Chinese people from smoking cigarettes in two anti-cigarette campaigns: one launched by a former American missionary, Edward Thwing, in Tianjin, and a second by progressive social elites in Shanghai on the eve of the 1911 Revolution. By examining the rhetoric and practice of the campaigns, the author argues that the discourse of hygiene they deployed moralized the individual habit of cigarette smoking as undermining national strength and endangering the future of the Chinese nation, thus helping to construct the idea of a nationalized body at this highly politically charged moment.
Treaty-Port English in Nineteenth-Century Shanghai: Speakers, Voices, and Images
Authors: Si Jia
Published: February 2014

This article examines the introduction of English to the treaty port of Shanghai and the speech communities that developed there as a result. English became a sociocultural phenomenon rather than an academic subject when it entered Shanghai in the 1840s, gradually generating various social activities of local Chinese people who lived in the treaty port. Ordinary people picked up a rudimentary knowledge of English along trading streets and through glossary references, and went to private schools to improve their linguistic skills. They used English to communicate with foreigners and as a means to explore a foreign presence dominated by Western material culture. Although those who learned English gained small-scale social mobility in the late nineteenth century, the images of English-speaking Chinese were repeatedly criticized by the literati and official scholars. This article explores Westerners’ travel accounts, as well as various sources written by the new elite Chinese, including official records and vernacular poems, to demonstrate how English language acquisition brought changes to local people’s daily lives. The author argues that treaty-port English in nineteenth-century Shanghai was not only a linguistic medium but, more importantly, a cultural agent of urban transformation. It gradually molded a new linguistic landscape, which at the same time contributed to the shaping of modern Shanghai culture.
Representing and Coping with Early Twentieth-Century Chongqing: “Guide Songs” as Maps, Memory Cells, and Means of Creating Cultural Imagery
Authors: Chabrowski Igor
Published: February 2014

Chongqing’s “guide songs” form an interesting subgenre among the broad category of haozi 號子 (workers’ songs). These early twentieth-century songs were a form of rhythm-based oral narrative describing Chongqing’s urban spaces, river docks, and harbors. Each toponym mentioned in the lyrics was followed by a depiction of the characteristic associations, whether visible or symbolic, of the place. This article aims to analyze the verbal images of Chongqing presented in these songs in order to understand how the city was remembered, reproduced, and represented. The article deconstructs representations of the city produced by the lower classes, mainly by Sichuan boatmen, and links culturally meaningful images of urban spaces with the historical experiences of work, religion, and historical-mythical memory. It also points to the functions that oral narratives had in the urban environment of early twentieth-century Chongqing. Rhythmic and easy to remember, the songs provided ready-to-use guides and repositories of knowledge useful to anyone living or working there. A cross between utilitarian resource books and cultural representations, they shaped modes of thinking and visualizations of urban spaces and Chongqing. Finally, this article responds to the need to employ popular culture in our thinking about Chinese cities and the multiplicity of meanings they were given in pre-Communist times.
The Five Buddha Districts on the Yunnan-Burma Frontier: A Political System Attached to the State
Authors: Ma Jianxiong
Published: February 2014

The Five Buddha Districts system prevailed from the 1790s to the 1880s on the frontier between Yunnan, in Southwest China, and the Burmese Kingdom, in the mountainous areas to the west of the Mekong River. Through more than a century of political mobilization, the Lahu communities in this area became an integrated and militarized society, and their culture was reconstructed in the historical context of ethnic conflicts, competition, and cooperation among the Wa, Dai, and Han Chinese settlers. The political elites of the Five Buddha Districts, however, were monks who had escaped the strict orthodoxy of the Qing government to become local chieftains, or rebels, depending on political changes in southern Yunnan. As a centralized polity, the Five Buddha Districts system was attached to the frontier politics of the Qing state before the coming of European colonial powers. The Qing state provided a sociopolitical space for local groups to develop their political ideals between various powerful Dai-Shan chieftains. The negotiation, competition, and cooperation between the Five Buddha leadership and the Qing, Dai chieftains, and neighboring political powers had been thoroughly integrated into the frontier politics of this interdependent society for more than two hundred years. As the history of the Yunnan-Burma frontier formation shows that no mountain space existed to allow the natives to escape from the state through their shifting agriculture, and anarchism was not practiced by the mountain people who were separated from the state, the author argues that a stateless region like James Scott’s “Zomia” did not historically exist in this region.
Creusa's Palinode: Gender, Genealogy, and Intertextuality in the Ion
Authors: Rynearson Nicholas
Published: February 2014

This essay argues that the conflicts of the Ion dramatize Euripides' agonistic relationship with the Oresteia as a monumental predecessor. Creusa's lyric criticism of Apollo, which answers Apollo's arguments at Orestes' trial in the Eumenides , provides a perspective from which to challenge the Oresteia 's exploitation of a gendered hierarchy for its tragic mythmaking. This challenge, in turn, opens a space for a self-consciously innovative Euripidean mythopoetic project. The Odyssey mediates between these two tragic texts, providing a paradigmatic model of filiation and family resemblance, issues at the heart of both the Ion and the Oresteia .
Quintilian's Ratio Discendi ( Institutio 12.8) and the Rhetorical Dimension of the Institutio Oratoria
Authors: Dozier Curtis
Published: February 2014

Many scholars have recognized that Quintilian in the Institutio Oratoria employs the same techniques that he teaches. Few, however, have pursued the implications of this fact for our interpretation of the work: what can we learn from a text that is both didactic and persuasive? This paper argues that in Inst. 12.8 Quintilian addresses this problem, calls attention to its relevance to his treatise, and invites his readers to resist the persuasive dimension of his presentation. A fresh, resistant, examination of the concept of the vir bonus dicendi peritus illustrates how the traditional way of reading the Institutio Oratoria underestimates its sophistication.
The Struggle for Control of the Landscape in Book 1 of Rutilius Namatianus
Authors: Clarke Jacqueline
Published: February 2014

The late pagan poet Rutilius Namatianus charted his journey back to his estates in Gaul in a lengthy elegiac poem De Reditu composed around A.D. 417. This paper examines Rutilius' descriptions of the various places he encounters in Book 1 of this poem, arguing that they are more metaphorical than some have recognized or considered. It will analyse the ways in which Rutilius' preoccupations with visualisation and personification convey the impression that the landscape is a living entity which is continually challenging attempts to contain it, both by the poet and other people he encounters on the voyage.
“He the One We All Knew”
Authors: Njoroge Njoroge
Published: February 2014

This issue is dedicated to an examination of the life and thought of El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. The contributors explore different facets of the biography, legacy, and memory of Malcolm X and his relevance to contemporary politics. By introducing new research and building on previous scholarship, this volume seeks to expand and elaborate upon the complicated life narrative of the man we know as Malcolm X.
“Come down off the cross and get under the crescent”: The Newspaper Columns of Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X
Authors: Wilson Jamie J.
Published: February 2014

The newspaper columns written by Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad and published in African American newspapers in the late 1950s and early 1960s offer the first public delineation of the Nation of Islam’s world view. This essay examines the major themes discussed in these columns to argue that the Nation’s political and religious ideas were part of an evolving discourse simultaneously built on late nineteenth and early twentieth century Black Nationalist thought, and were responsive to the times within which they were written.
Brother Malcolm, Comrade Babu: Black Internationalism and the Politics of Friendship
Authors: Markle Seth M.
Published: February 2014

This essay examines the interrelationship between travel and friendship, exploring the dynamics of Malcolm X’s relationship with Tanzanian radical Adbulrahman Mohamed Babu over a series of moments in 1964. By revisiting speeches, travel diaries, transcribed interviews, and personal letters, I present an alternative biographical narrative of Malcolm’s “final conversion” from Nation of Islam leader to black internationalist, chronicling the meanings and significances he ascribed to African decolonization.
Where do College Drinkers Draw the Line?: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Terry Danielle L. , Garey Lorra , Carey Kate B.
Published: February 2014

Alcohol use among college students has received nationwide recognition as a public health concern. The primary aim of this study was to explore students’ opinions of when drinking crosses the line from acceptable to unacceptable. This study used qualitative methods to: (a) examine unappealing aspects of drinking by relationship type (potential dating partner, friend, self), and (b) determine whether this differs by gender. Interviews were conducted with 78 college students who violated campus alcohol policy. The semistructured interview included open-ended questions related to reactions to others’ excessive drinking. Qualitative analyses revealed that college males and females find lack of control as unappealing, including lack of physical, verbal, and sexual control. More females than males indicated negative perceptions of self and same-sex friends who displayed poor sexual control. Future research might also consider integration of themes in measures of negative expectancies and consequences to more accurately capture unappealing aspects of college drinking behavior.
The Campus Spiritual Climate: Predictors of Satisfaction Among Students With Diverse Worldviews
Authors: Rockenbach Alyssa Bryant , Mayhew Matthew J.
Published: February 2014

Using data collected via the Campus Religious and Spiritual Climate Survey (CRSCS), we examined how dimensions of the campus spiritual climate shape student satisfaction. The findings reveal that structural worldview diversity, space for support and spiritual expression, and provocative experiences with worldview diversity positively relate to satisfaction, while perceptions of a divisive psychological climate undermine satisfaction. There is no compelling evidence to suggest that the relationship between campus climate dimensions and student satisfaction is conditional on religion or worldview.
College Student Binge Eating: Insecure Attachment and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Han Suejung , Pistole M. Carole
Published: February 2014

Because college students who have accomplished developmental tasks less effectively may be at risk for detrimental behavior such as binge eating, we examined emotion regulation as a mediator of attachment insecurity and binge eating. Based on undergraduate and graduate student responses to a Web-based survey ( N = 381), structural equation modeling revealed that attachment insecurity and binge eating were associated and mediated by emotion regulation. Implications for college student counseling and development are discussed.
Syncretic Sunshine: Metaphor in the Cinema of Lee Chang-Dong
Authors: Sng Zachary
Published: February 2014

This essay reexamines the critical potential of the term “syncretism” by analyzing the cinematic metaphors of the South Korean director, Lee Chang-dong. I discuss the uncanny play of concealment and un-concealment that marks Lee’s films (with particular attention to the 2007 Secret Sunshine ), and then turn to recent work by Rey Chow and Susan Buck-Morss on universal history, common humanity, and other forms of community that might offer a more inclusive relation to alterity. The concluding section takes on the accounts of syncretism that we find in Erasmus and Plutarch, which reveal at its core a fundamental ambivalence, violence, and secrecy. I argue that this makes syncretism at once problematic and promising as a figure of imagining a redeemed form of universalism.
My Dream: The Intermedial Turn in Contemporary Chinese Performing Arts
Authors: Yan Haiping 颜海平
Published: February 2014

Centering on My Dream , the signature piece of the Chinese Disabled People’s Performing Art Troupe, this essay traces the ways in which it utilizes classical imageries grounded in Chinese traditions and turns them into a distinct movement of evocative signification across established cultural boundaries. The unusually intense energies engendered by this troupe, whether in its performance at artistic institutions, non-profit public venues, politically significant national theatres or fluid sites of the commercial markets around the world, amounts to a complex re-making of “the Chinese” amidst drastic changes while simultaneously drawing attention to the specific materiality of the performers irreducible to any “Chinese-ness” as such. The special capabilities required for and attained by these artists in order to redefine their otherwise marked “deficiency” on stage leverage as much as un-conceal the fecundity of human performance through which they also come to terms with the rubrics of “everyday life,” its mechanism of power relations, and its regimes of intelligibility. My Dream therewith dislodges the binaries between the normal and abnormal, the able and disabled, or the productive and superfluous, actualizing a form-giving process at odds with the logic of global capital and its “liquidating” motions of spectacle industry. This essay argues how an intermedial aesthetic of the special performer transpires amid such a process, as a mobile method of being and becoming that invites reconsiderations of the relationship between the conditions of the historically (de)formed and the dynamics of embodied images of the cosmopolitan human.
Christians in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Mashriq
Authors: Matar Nabil
Published: February 2014

The article examines a selection of writings and icons by and about the Christian Arabs of the Middle East. Living under Ottoman rule, from Syria to Egypt, they became aware of an Arabic linguistic identity that helped them write and translate numerous chronicles, disputations, theological commentaries, sermons, and histories, in verse and prose. At the same time, they engaged the larger Muslim population in dialogue. While their legal status was that of second class dhimmis , they enjoyed their own religious space, by far more secure than was allowed minorities in the European World of expanding empires.
East-West Fiction as World Literature: The Hayy Problem Reconfigured
Authors: Aravamudan Srinivas
Published: February 2014

This article focuses on the reception history of translations of Ibn Tufayl’s Hayy ibn Yaqzan and how natural theodicy, empiricist experimentalism, and philosophical fiction influenced eighteenth-century England. Discussing the status of Ibn Tufayl’s ideas in relation to Edward Pococke, John Locke, Robert Boyle, and Daniel Defoe allows scholars to go beyond the East-West dichotomy and instead create an opening from eighteenth-century studies onto recent debates around world literature. Using Hayy as a prism, we can understand the opportunities as well as the drawbacks of a world literature paradigm, as theorized by Wolfgang von Goethe, Erich Auerbach, and more recent scholars.
Chinese Occidenterie: The Diversity of “Western” Objects in Eighteenth-Century China
Authors: Kleutghen Kristina
Published: February 2014

The eighteenth-century Chinese taste for European things was met less by importing foreign goods than by domestically producing occidentalizing works of art, a diverse category of objects that can be termed “occidenterie.” This essay redirects the previous consideration of occidenterie from the Jesuit mission and imperial court painting toward a diversity of examples that span geography, material, format, and social class. The various ways in which Chinese occidenterie produced in different places and for different audiences employed elements connoting the West, thereby acquiring their foreign or exoticizing auras, more accurately reflects the empire-wide complexity of this phenomenon.
The Currency of Kinship: Trading Families and Trading on Family in Colonial French India
Authors: Agmon Danna
Published: February 2014

In the French colony of Pondichéry, French and local actors alike drew on the shared idiom of kinship to strategically advance their political and commercial agendas. Recent scholarship has shown that the structures of family underlay early modern European state building and imperial expansion. This essay deploys this insight in the colonial context, to examine how indigenous families in the Tamil region entered into the European colonial project. For native commercial brokers, involvement with European newcomers could actually strengthen local family ties. Simultaneously, French employees of the Compagnie des Indes were eager to insert themselves into Tamil networks and did so by deploying public and inscribed performances of kinship.
Recycled Stories: Historicizing Play Today Through the Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Play Movement
Authors: Heath Michelle Beissel
Published: February 2014

This essay highlights continuity between discussions of play today and the discourse of the early (Victorian) Anglo-American play movement, a continuity that underscores the successes and failures of that movement. By retracing aspects of the legacy of the Anglo-American play movement (the rise of public play spaces and supervised play, rationales of citizenship, including child crowds, and connections between stories and play), the essay aims to show how we today, in attempts at adult control, rehearse sentiments about play that have been recycled for more than a century at least. Play, the essay indicates, is perpetually political, and its political nature time and again causes it to acquire and lose momentum.
“Here your ambitions are illusions”: Boundaries of Integration and Ethnicity among Ecuadorian Immigrant Teenagers in Madrid
Authors: Lucko Jennifer
Published: February 2014

This study analyzes the relationship between a discourse of integration in the European Union and the ways in which the ethnic boundaries of segregated social groups of immigrant children are conceptualized in one working-class and immigrant neighborhood in Madrid, Spain. I use qualitative data gathered during sixteen months of ethnographic fieldwork among Ecuadorian immigrant teenagers to explore the unintended consequences of European efforts to promote the integration of immigrants in member states. My argument is that the pervasive discourse of integration in the European Union is central to a racialized process of subject formation occurring in Madrid through which the children of immigrants come to be recognized as ethnic outsiders in Spanish society. By analyzing in ethnographic detail how discursive forces intertwine with material constraints to shape the subjectivity of immigrant children in Madrid, this study helps to explain how racialized colonial and postcolonial socioeconomic hierarchies are reproduced in current immigration scenarios.
“Now the war is over, we have something else to worry us”: New Zealand Children’s Responses to Crises, 1914–1918
Authors: Bennett Charlotte
Published: February 2014

While most literature tends to focus on the experiences of adults in home-front societies, this paper investigates 1910s New Zealand from a child-centered perspective. It asks how children up to twenty years of age responded to two global events that affected their antipodal nation in the latter half of the decade—the First World War and the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. Drawing on children’s thoughts, feelings, and memories as captured in oral histories and contemporaneous letters, this article argues that New Zealand youth interacted with these crises in a sophisticated manner. Youth actively engaged with the conflict and the pandemic to the extent that the events impacted children’s worlds. Yet, while children’s behavior often diverged from adult expectations, their experiences varied extensively. Emotional and geographical proximity and age all played a significant role in mediating children’s exposure and reactions to these international crises between 1914 and 1918.
Children and Rituals in Early Modern Ashkenaz
Authors: Berner Tali
Published: February 2014

The study of rituals has been the focus of anthropologists and historians for a long time. Scholars from both disciplines, among others, acknowledge the importance of rituals and celebrations of life cycle events and festivals to all societies. Nevertheless, scholars have given little attention, if any, to the participation of children in rituals. This article describes and analyzes the role of children in rituals and life cycle events in Jewish communities of early modern Europe. It reveals the important role children took in these events and their necessity to the conduct of certain rituals. In the article I examine two types of events: “rituals of childhood,” in which the rituals were enacted upon children, and other rituals and life cycle events in which children took part to various degrees. Both types of rituals serve to manifest the important and central role of children in early modern Ashkenazic society as a whole, and reveal much about the understanding of children and the concept of childhood, educational methods, gender roles, and the connections between family and community.
A “delightful resort for persons of all ages, and more especially for the young”: Children at Bristol Zoo Gardens, 1835–1940
Authors: Maddeaux Sarah-Joy
Published: February 2014

Bristol Zoo Gardens has provided a leisure space for people of all ages since it first opened to the public on July 11, 1836. Changes in that space over time reflect the management’s evolving priorities. The story is generally one of increasing provision of activities specifically aimed at children, both for education and entertainment, particularly from the turn of the twentieth century. This has resulted in the common conception of zoos as primarily places for young visitors. Examining the experiences of children themselves shows how they have responded to this provision and how they have appropriated space for their own enjoyment. This article contributes to the growing discipline of childhood studies by exploring the place of children in zoological gardens, using Bristol as a case study. Making the most of the very limited sources depicting children’s perspectives (an essay and postcards written by children) in combination with sources created by adults (minute books, correspondence, guidebooks, and newspaper articles), the article makes some preliminary observations about the extent of children’s agency in the Zoo and about how children’s experiences have differed from the expectations of their seniors in providing a space for children to enjoy.
Immanent and Transeunt Potentiality
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: February 2014

The alleged but unclear distinction between so-called “immanent” and so-called “transeunt” causation is structurally similar to an Aristotelian distinction between two kinds of potentiality ( dunamis ). It is argued that Aristotle’s distinction is in turn grounded in one between a metaphysically basic notion, rooted in his property theory, and a metaphysically posterior notion proper to the understanding of change in the science of nature. By examining Aristotle’s distinction, we can give a satisfying account of immanent and transeunt causation more generally. Furthermore, once we clarify the distinction in this way, some contemporary appeals to immanent causation turn out to be misguided, while others look promising.
Hume and the Metaphysics of Agency
Authors: Wood Joshua M.
Published: February 2014

I examine Hume’s ‘construal of the basic structure of human agency’ and his ‘analysis of human agency’ as they arise in his investigation of causal power. Hume’s construal holds both that volition is separable from action and that the causal mechanism of voluntary action is incomprehensible. Hume’s analysis argues, on the basis of these two claims, that we cannot draw the concept of causal power from human agency. Some commentators suggest that Hume’s construal of human agency is untenable, unduly skeptical, or uniquely entailed by the limits of empiricism. However, as I argue, these criticisms depend either on a misunderstanding of Hume’s analysis of human agency or on a neglect of the historical context of his view.
Pure versus Empirical Forms of Thought: Schelling’s Critique of Kant’s Categories and the Beginnings of Naturphilosophie
Authors: Nassar Dalia
Published: February 2014

The origins of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie and its relation to his transcendental philosophy have for a long time intrigued historians of philosophy. For one, Schelling’s philosophy of nature seems wholly at odds with his earlier transcendental philosophy. Furthermore, the claims that Schelling makes in the Naturphilosophie are not only complex but also, from the perspective of transcendental philosophy, appear to be highly problematic. In attempting to understand the relation between Schelling’s philosophy of nature and his earlier writings, historians of philosophy have thus emphasized a break in his development. For this reason, Schelling’s writings before 1797 are considered to bear little or no relation to his writings on Naturphilosophie . The goal of this paper is to revise the common view of Schelling’s development, by showing that his first systematic works offer significant insights into the way in which he comes to understand the meaning and goal of his philosophy of nature. In particular, I show that Schelling’s appropriation and critique of Kant’s table of categories provides an essential step toward the development of his Naturphilosophie .
Drones: A History from the British Middle East
Authors: Satia Priya
Published: February 2014

This article offers a history of drones grounded in the British use of aerial control in the Middle East and Afghanistan before World War II, rather than in the history of technology. Such a history promises a better understanding of the drone strategy’s likelihood of success because it shows how history, memory, and politics have shaped both the use of aerial control and its reception. Specific cultural and political assumptions first underwrote the invention of aerial control in the Middle East and continue to guide the use of drones in the region today. Our focus on remote piloting as the most controversial aspect of drone use has distracted us from these critical continuities with earlier uses of air power.
Beyond Bounds: Morocco's Rif War and the Limits of International Law
Authors: Chotzen Anna
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the failure of international humanitarian law to sufficiently regulate the use of advanced military technologies, specifically in conflicts between sovereign and non-sovereign actors. This failure is twofold. First, the regulation of weapons consistently lags behind their development and use. Second, international humanitarian law generally excludes non-sovereign actors from its jurisdiction. Juxtaposing the 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol with the contemporaneous Moroccan Rif War reveals loopholes in international humanitarian law that enable major powers to enjoy unrestricted use of advanced military technologies toward imperial ends. This paper contends that the failure to regulate chemical warfare in the 1920s has significant parallels with the nebulous legal status of drone warfare today.
On Narrative and Human Rights
Authors: Dawes James , Gupta Samantha
Published: February 2014

How does narrative affect, and how is it affected by, the development and promotion of human rights? This article analyzes three schools of thought: (1) sympathetic narratives have, over significant arcs of time, cultivated our sensibilities, expanded our range of felt moral responsibility, and fundamentally altered the social function of empathy; (2) sympathetic narratives fail to promote human dignity because they allow the experience of emotional response to substitute for the experience of moral responsibility; and (3) neither of these general claims is useful; instead we should track the cultural functions of particular narrative forms in specific legal/organizational contexts.
Introduction to the Photo Essay
Authors: Guilhot Nicolas
Published: February 2014

Executive editor Nicolas Guilhot introduces a collection of drone photographs by Trevor Paglen.
Photo Essay
Authors: Paglen Trevor
Published: February 2014

In this untitled series of drone photographs, Trevor Paglen invites us to ponder the security state from within a horizon of angst.
The Antinomies of Cosmopolitan Reason
Authors: Remaud Olivier
Published: February 2014

Today, cosmopolitanism sometimes means one thing and sometimes the opposite. I distinguish between three antinomies in contemporary debates: the antinomy of independence, the antinomy of solidarity, and the antinomy of circulation. My thesis is that cosmopolitanism distinguishes a relationship to humanity that starts with its concrete images, its dramaturgical codes, and with the practical margins of maneuver that stem from an overwhelming or transient sentiment of distanciation from the world.
“Engaged in the Same Glorious Cause”: Anglo–American Connections in the American Missionary Entrance into India, 1790–1815
Authors: Conroy-Krutz Emily L.
Published: February 2014

In December 1812, American missionary Samuel Newell sent word of the death of his wife Harriet Newell, to Joseph Hardcastle, a man he had never met. Hardcastle was a director of the London Missionary Society, and for a missionary of the American Board exiled from India in the midst of the War of 1812, he was the only hope of getting news back to the United States. This article examines the beginnings of American foreign missionary work during the early republic, focusing on the relationship between American and British evangelicals. When British missionaries first began working in India in the 1790s, American evangelicals watched their progress eagerly. Americans interested in missions soon came to argue that they, too, had a duty to evangelize the whole world. With the formation of the ABCFM in 1810, Americans sponsored their own missionaries to the region only to find that working within the British Empire presented new and unexpected challenges. When the first missionaries left American shores for South Asia, the War of 1812 began before they reached their destination and the politics of empire affected the mission and its supporters. By examining the ways that missionaries and their supporters negotiated the tensions between their national identity as Americans and their religious identity as evangelical Christians, this article argues that for these Americans, national identity was created in a global context.
Popular Preferences in the Presidential Election of 1824
Authors: Ratcliffe Donald
Published: February 2014

Traditionally Andrew Jackson has been regarded as the people’s choice in the 1824 presidential election who was cheated by insider dealing in the House election. This article tests that view by a careful examination of the election data discovered by Philip Lampi and now available electronically. That evidence shows that the old conflict between Federalists and Democratic Republicans had not died away in local politics but continued to affect political preferences, even though the Federalist Party no longer offered opposition in the presidential election. With Lampi’s generous aid, the article explains (in full detail) the difficulties and uncertainties of reconstructing voter preferences as expressed in a complex and decentralized system that oscillated between casual informality and legalistic pedantry. But an admittedly speculative reconstruction of voter preferences in New York State, containing one-seventh of the populace, suggests that Adams held an overwhelming lead over Jackson there and was probably the most popular candidate nationwide. The Jacksonians, however, found it easy to brand the outcome as a corrupt bargain among political insiders, partly because of the circumstances of the 1824 election. In many ways that contest worked as the Founding Fathers had intended, as a decision taken by those who knew best, but since the 1790s the presidential election had been democratized by the informal processes created by two-party conflict. Now, with the withdrawal of Federalist opposition and a multiplicity of candidates, the election was all too likely to produce a result that appeared to lack the democratic legitimacy of preceding elections.
“The United States of Africa”: Liberian Independence and the Contested Meaning of a Black Republic
Authors: Mills Brandon
Published: February 2014

Historians have primarily examined the African colonization movement within the context of domestic anti-slavery politics; however, because colonizationists often promoted Liberia as a nascent “United States of Africa,” it can also be understood as one of the United States’ first attempts to engineer republicanism abroad. This article examines the symbolic realization of this republican ideal by investigating the often-overlooked moment in 1847 when Liberia declared itself the world’s second black republic. Some white colonization supporters in the United States viewed Liberia’s realization of independence as validation of the idea that a black colony, through U.S. tutelage, could be elevated to become a sovereign, self-governing nation. At the same time, several African American critics argued in pamphlets, abolitionist newspapers, and black political conventions that Liberia’s independence would do little to earn international respect for African Americans and that the event was primarily aimed at garnering support for a colonization movement which had, in fact, contributed to the erosion of black rights in the United States. This article argues that U.S. observers both championed and dismissed Liberian independence as an expression of the United States’ ability to shape the world in its own image at a moment when many Americans were preoccupied with expanding onto new territory as well as policing the boundaries of racialized citizenship within the nation.
Militarized Friendship Narratives: Enemy Aliens and Indigenous Outsiders in Cynthia Kadohata’s Weedflower
Authors: Lai Paul
Published: February 2014

Cynthia Kadohata’s 2006 novel Weedflower imagines alternative contact between Japanese Americans and Mohave at the Poston war relocation center during World War II. This contact, though contentious at times, develops into a close friendship between the protagonist Sumiko and Frank, a Mohave boy from the Colorado River Indian Reservation where Poston is located. Kadohata emphasizes militarized friendship narratives—stories about unlikely friendships that develop in the difficult contexts of war—as the catalyst for critiquing US settler colonialism. Kadohata’s focus on these unlikely friendships allows for insights into different ways of seeing US history and understanding social relations as well as the uneven power dynamics between differently raced groups within the American body politic.
“Picture Man”: Shoki Kayamori and the Photography of Colonial Encounter in Alaska, 1912–1941
Authors: Pegues Juliana Hu
Published: February 2014

This essay focuses on the life and photographs of Shoki Kayamori, a Japanese migrant worker who settled in Yakutat, Alaska, in the 1910s. For three decades he photographed the everyday activities of the town’s denizens, but when World War II escalated, Kayamori committed suicide as rumors circulated that he was a spy. Based on nearly 700 existing Kayamori photographs, this essay argues that Kayamori’s visual archive demonstrates multiple liminal intimacies. In his photographic work, Kayamori crossed racial and gendered boundaries to represent both indigeneity and racial heterogeneity within Alaska’s colonial encounter. Kayamori’s liminal status also allowed him to capture Tlingit strategies for resistance outside of the traditional-modern binary. The framework of liminal intimacy allows for yet another type of reading, between the boundaries of Asian-American studies and Native studies, in order to elucidate a disavowed militarization and surveillance that highlights colonialism and modernity as co-constitutive processes.
The Optics of Interracial Sexuality in Adrian Tomine’s Shortcomings and Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven
Authors: Sheffer Jolie A.
Published: February 2014

This essay focuses on the racial and sexual politics undergirding interracial relationships between men of color and white women. Alexie and Tomine’s works reveal how legal and cinematic histories of interracial romance continue to shape ethnic men’s sense of individual and community identity. An example of comparative ethnic-studies scholarship, this essay explores how minority subjects in the US are shaped by distinct racial logics. Alexie’s collection reflects the influence of the cinematic tropes of the Western and the history of US government attempts to weaken tribal ties on contemporary Native American male characters. Tomine’s graphic novel reveals the racial and sexual conventions of mainstream pornography and the individualist logic of the model minority myth on Asian-American men. Both authors suggest that queerness functions as an alternative ethical relation between parties, one grounded in equality rather than domination and relatively free of the visual logic of racialization.
Competition, Complicity, and (Potential) Alliance: Native Hawaiian and Asian Immigrant Narratives at the Bishop Museum
Authors: King Lisa
Published: February 2014

The Bishop Museum of Honolulu, Hawai‘i, is an institution that has an imperative to serve Native Hawaiian communities, but also has other contributing communities. The question is how these responsibilities between communities might be balanced, if they can be balanced, especially given the history of colonialism in Hawai’i. In an attempt to elucidate these complexities, this essay examines the rhetorical relationship between the Native Hawaiian permanent exhibit, Hawaiian Hall, and the immigrant community exhibit series, “Tradition and Transition.” Through a rhetorical reading of both exhibits, the essay demonstrates the ways in which these two seemingly closed and even contradictory narratives of life on the Hawaiian islands compete with one another, but if read with an eye toward the mechanisms of colonialism and settler colonialism, can be read together under an Indigenously-based alliance as a critique of the systems that created the exigencies for each of these narratives.
Literary Disorders and Translation Treatment: Curing Chekhov's "The Black Monk"
Authors: Geballe Elizabeth Frances
Published: February 2014

Since the 1980s, one strand of translation theory has likened translators to psychoanalysts who treat incoherent narratives. This article uses Constance Garnett's 1917 translation of Chekhov's "The Black Monk" to study how translators seek to "cure" original texts. In this case, since Chekhov's protagonist is ill, the translator's treatment occurs at various levels of the narrative. The article is built around the longstanding conflict between foreignizing and domesticating translation theories, staged directly in the translator's struggle with the fictional character. The two practices are equated, over the course of the paper, with two medical modes: infection and inoculation. Chekhov's original text embraces the former, casting untranslatability as a necessary textual disease; his translator promotes the latter, disinfecting the original through her translation. Garnett's translation strategy discloses an anxiety provoked by Chekhov's story, and also reveals more generally how illness may be necessary to the transmission of texts.
Diagnosis and Revelation in Vsevolod Garshin's "The Red Flower" and Anton Chekhov's "An Attack of Nerves"
Authors: Reilly Cate I.
Published: February 2014

This article examines Vsevolod Garshin's 1883 story "The Red Flower" and Chekhov's 1888 story "An Attack of Nerves" in light of contemporaneous work on diagnostic classificatory systems by the German neurologist Paul Julius Möbius and psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. By situating these Russian stories within a German psychodiagnostic context, rather than seeing them in the tradition of the French experimental novel, it becomes possible to understand these stories not as single instances of illness revealing truth, but as narratives that simultaneously take on diagnosis in its social, medical and legal instantiations. Reading Chekhov's and Garshin's stories in this way opens up a new interpretive possibility: that diagnosis and self-diagnosis could form a model for a creative restructuring concerned less with "proof" than with multiple overlapping narratives of identification. Chekhov's and Garshin's tales illuminate how and when the question of what illness "reveals" can be subordinated to what reveals illness.