bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioural antecedents to pro re nata psychotropic medication administration on acute psychiatric wards
Authors: Stewart Duncan , Robson Deborah , Chaplin Robert , Quirk Alan , Bowers Len
Published: August 2012

This study examined the antecedents to administration of pro re nata (PRN) psychotropic medication on acute psychiatric wards, with a particular focus on its use in response to patient aggression and other conflict behaviours. A sample of 522 adult in‐patients was recruited from 84 acute psychiatric wards in England. Data were collected from nursing and medical records for the first 2 weeks of admission. Two‐thirds of patients received PRN medication during this period, but only 30% of administrations were preceded by patient conflict (usually aggression). Instead, it was typically administered to prevent escalation of patient behaviour and to help patients sleep. Overall, no conflict behaviours or further staff intervention occurred after 61% of PRN administrations. However, a successful outcome was less likely when medication was administered in response to patient aggression. The study concludes that improved monitoring, review procedures, training for nursing staff, and guidelines for the administration of PRN medications are needed.
Combined excision and intralesional bevacizumab for sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid in an Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)
Authors: Edelmann Michele L. , Utter Mary L. , Klein Lin V. , Wotman Kathryn L.
Published: August 2012

An 18‐year‐old zoo‐kept female Amur tiger presented with an approximately 5 mm diameter lateral canthal eyelid mass in the left eye which grossly appeared red and irregular. The mass was completely excised via lateral canthoplasty. Histopathologic evaluation was consistent with a diagnosis of sebaceous cell carcinoma, which is a potentially aggressive cutaneous neoplasm. The sebaceous carcinoma recurred within 3 months and slowly increased in size until a second surgical excision was performed 9 months following the first surgery. The second surgical excision was combined with intralesional injection of 10 mg of the antiangiogenic drug bevacizumab. Histology confirmed the diagnosis. The tiger was euthanized 16 months postoperatively for reasons unrelated to, and without recurrence of, the eyelid neoplasm. At postmortem, no gross periocular or metastatic lesions were noted, and histopathology of the lateral canthus provided no evidence of recurrence. Surgical excision combined with intralesional bevacizumab treatment induced life‐long resolution of the sebaceous carcinoma. Bevacizumab treatment may be associated with the regression of periocular angiogenic proliferative conditions, including neoplasia, by inhibiting angiogenesis.
The Olympic legacy: Feeding London (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Janssens Freek
Published: August 2012

Over the last decades, the Olympic Games have increasingly claimed to deliver a social and economic ‘legacy’ to the host city. The 2012 Olympic Games in London have set out to deliver a legacy of better food for east London, an area perceived as ‘deprived’, with higher than average rates of obesity and significant ‘food deserts’ in its midst. Various Olympic organizations have considered the issue, resulting in the publication of a Food vision for the first time ever in Olympic history. However, with companies such as Coca‐Cola and McDonald's having been appointed official suppliers to the Games, and with an extremely limited time frame, will the Games be able to deliver on this promise?
Branding halal: A photographic essay on global Muslim markets (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Fischer Johan
Published: August 2012

In the rapidly expanding global market for halal products, Malaysia and Singapore hold a special position as the only two countries in the world where state bodies certify halal products, spaces (shops, factories and restaurants) as well as work processes. In these two countries and in shops all around the world, consumers can find state halal‐certified products that carry distinctive halal marks. This photographic essay explores the properties of halal marks in Malaysia and Singapore within a framework of visual systems and the conditions of their interpretation, relating the particular systems to the complexities of which they are a part. More specifically, I explore the visual systems of halal marks on products, advertisements, shops as well as restaurants.
What do newspapers make of China in the South Pacific?
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan , Seiler‐Helmer Gudrun
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this research note is to provide an empirical indication of how China's increasing role in the South Pacific has been presented in their own and other nations' media over the last 20 years. What is the tone of coverage? Which issues are salient? How does this vary by nation? What changes are there over time? This research note reports information derived from over 1000 articles published in Australasian, Asian and Pacific newspapers in the last 20 years. The findings demonstrate that nations dealing with ‘China's rise’ in the South Pacific are faced with a range of complex issues, which can produce ambivalent and mixed reactions. For instance, although the tone of Australian and New Zealand newspaper coverage of China's entry into their ‘special patch’ is, overall, more negative than positive, negativity is largely driven by coverage of China's diplomatic efforts in the region and geopolitical considerations. Other aspects of China's expanding role (e.g. economic and cultural aspects) are treated much more positively. Similarly, although the major focus of Pacific newspapers is on Chinese aid and economic impact, which are treated very positively, coverage of other issues can be negative.
‘Water war’ in the Mekong Basin?
Authors: Pearse‐Smith Scott W.D.
Published: August 2012

The Mekong River system provides a crucial source of natural resources for riparian nations. However, the increasingly rapid pace of hydro‐development in the Mekong Basin is threatening the integrity of the river system, posing a real concern for Lower Basin states, which are particularly dependent on the basin. This scenario has led to warnings of armed conflict, or even ‘water war’, between riparian states. Certainly, the expanding scale of hydro‐development can be expected to continue increasing interstate tensions in the Mekong region; but are these tensions really likely to escalate to armed conflict? This paper explores this question by drawing on the water and conflict theory of Aaron Wolf. Ultimately, this paper concludes that interstate tensions over Mekong hydro‐development are unlikely to generate armed conflict. This is in part due to the strategic impracticality of such a conflict as well as the presence of a river basin management institution. Most compellingly, though, armed conflict is unlikely because the economic imperative shared by Mekong states is better served by cooperation – or at least non‐interference – than conflict, over regional hydro‐development. In closing, the paper urges that the study of water and conflict in the Mekong Basin be refocused at the intrastate level.
Land degradation and population relocation in Northern China
Authors: Dong Chong , Liu Xiumei , Klein K.K.
Published: August 2012

Overgrazing in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia following market reform in China has led to severe soil degradation and desertification. In an effort to revive the ecological environment in northern pastoral areas, the government of China recently adopted an intervention policy to relocate families from areas where excess grazing pressure was seriously compromising land and the environment. A survey was conducted in three villages to determine how well the relocated families have adapted to their new living conditions and the factors that affect their willingness to stay in the new villages. Regression analysis revealed that the most important factors were age of the head of the household, length of time the family has resided in the new village, proportion of total income that is made up of government payments and level of fixed, durable and current assets.
SECTOR LAND USE AND INDUSTRIAL MIX IN URBAN LAND ALLOCATION
Authors: Burnett Perry
Published: August 2012

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with integrated sector and residential land data to estimate the impact of allocating land to specific industrial sectors. It also analyzes sector combinations for a 15 acre development project using four local interest measures (LIMs): income per acre, tax revenue per acre, income per household, and tax revenue per household. Allocating an acre to high‐wage services yields the largest increases in population and household income, while retail's modest indirect effects make it attractive to areas with limited available land. Sector‐specific land multipliers are estimated and total land is broken into categories to aid zoning and housing distribution. The results show the importance of sector interaction and reveal sector growth complements, sectors that when added to a project, increase a LIM. Finally, the results show that if manufacturing is unavailable, export growth in retail or tourism can substitute and increase most LIMs.
Banknotes And Economic Growth
Authors: Lastrapes William D. , Selgin George
Published: August 2012

Modern paper currency contributes little to productive investment. This shortcoming is not inherent to paper money. It stems from the fact that currency today is monopolistically supplied by public monetary authorities that are poor intermediaries. Commercial banknotes may, in contrast, support efficient intermediation, just as private bank deposits do. We demonstrate this advantage in an endogenous growth model, and use the model to simulate, for a sample of developing countries, steady‐state growth‐rate gains from various degrees of banknote deregulation. The simulated gains are generally large compared with those from conventional forms of financial liberalization.
Englishes in the Outer and Expanding Circles: A comparative study
Authors: DAVYDOVA JULIA
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT:  The major objective of the study is to develop a framework allowing for the systematic investigation of the institutionalised varieties and performance varieties of English (also known as learner Englishes). This involves a detailed description of the forms of English spoken in India and in Russia as well as discussion of sociolinguistic histories and cultural background. Relying on evidence obtained for Indian English and English spoken in Russia, this paper argues that learner Englishes are self‐contained forms of English that reflect order and structure within the grammar and need to be documented and studied systematically in analogy to indigenised forms of English. Moreover, the description of both varietal types should take into account various factors relating to the extra‐linguistic setting and sociolinguistic history of the variety in question. Finally, the study shows how systematic accounts of a learner variety can provide a sound basis for – and a useful source of – differentiated cross‐varietal comparisons with other forms of English.
Prioritarianism and Welfare Reductions
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: August 2012

abstract

Derek Parfit has argued that egalitarianism is exposed to a levelling down objection because it implies, implausibly, that a change, which consists only in the better‐off sinking to the level of the worse‐off, is in one respect better, though it is better for nobody. He claims that, in contrast, the prioritarian view that benefits to the worse‐off have greater moral weight escapes this objection. This article contends, first, that prioritarianism is equally affected by the levelling down objection as is egalitarianism, but that this objection lacks force. Secondly, prioritarianism is less plausible than egalitarianism because it implies that lowering the level of equality by diffusing a quantity of welfare equally over as many recipients as possible is for the better all things considered, and that the outcome of such welfare diffusion would still be better in one respect, even if the quantity of welfare was radically reduced.
Understanding the propensity of wild predators to illegal poison baiting
Authors: Márquez C. , Vargas J. M. , Villafuerte R. , Fa J. E.
Published: August 2012

In many parts of the world, illegal poisoning of wild predators has increased abruptly in recent decades. Birds of prey and carnivores have been targeted directly or indirectly if these are perceived to impact game species or domestic animals. Non‐target species have experienced widespread declines, even local extinctions, as the result of illegal use of poisoned bait. In this study, we used data on detected poisoning events in the southern Spanish region of Andalusia to measure the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic variables on poisoning propensity of 18 wild predator species. Extrinsic factors affecting a species being poisoned were those related to the predicted coverage of poisoning events and how this overlapped with the distribution range of each species. To achieve this, we mapped areas of high ‘favourability’ of poisoning, as well as areas favourable for the species. Intrinsic factors that could increase a species' chances of consuming poisoned bait were related to how much a species depended on scavenging for food, whether it lived in groups, pairs or solitary, and on its sedentariness (whether migratory or sedentary). For each species, we calculated an index of potential spatial conflict between the distribution of poisoning events and the species' most favourable natural areas. To assess a species' intrinsic likelihood for consuming poisoned bait, we derived an index from the species' feeding habits, its sociality and sedentariness. Finally, by combining the extrinsic and extrinsic indices, we produced a general index of propensity to poisoning. We show that vultures and the red kite (Milvus milvus) among the raptors had the highest propensity of being poisoned, while the Iberian grey wolf (Canis lupus signatus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Eurasian badger (Meles meles) were more prone among the carnivores. With our method managers can measure vulnerability of species to poisoning and prioritize them in a clear spatial context.
Studies on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of strawberry polyphenol extract–fortified stirred Dahi
Authors: SINGH RICHA , KUMAR RAJESH , VENKATESHAPPA RAMESH , MANN BIMLESH , TOMAR SUDHIR K
Published: August 2012

The addition of bioactive polyphenolic compounds to dairy products is linked to improve their antioxidant potential. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of strawberry polyphenol on physicochemical properties, total phenolic and antioxidant activity of stirred dahi. Strawberry polyphenol extract was used to fortify stirred dahi (0.5 mg/mL). This fortification resulted in a sevenfold increase in the antioxidant activity of polyphenol‐enriched stirred dahi, while pH, acidity, water‐holding capacity and viscosity remained comparable with the control. Sensory analysis indicated that the product was acceptable up to 2 weeks when stored at 7–8 °C with no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content.
The Material Life of the Ottoman Middle Class
Authors: Abou‐Hodeib Toufoul
Published: August 2012

Recent scholarship on the Ottoman Empire and Egypt pays close attention to the relationship between changing material culture and modernity in the late 19th and early 20th century. This has led to a better understanding of how, for a nascent middle class, objects and commodities served to define both its relationship to modernity as well as its social position. Nevertheless, conceptualizing changing aspects of material life does not go beyond the use of objects to represent and signal socioeconomic positions at the desires and whims of their users. Accordingly, objects have only served to reaffirm scholarly claims about the fragmentation and Westernization of the Ottoman middle class. Using conceptual perspectives on material culture and specific examples from the Levant, particularly Beirut, this article investigates how material culture can further push the understanding of the rise of the middle class by shedding light on anxieties shared across the religious divide and by demystifying the concept of ‘Westernization’.
Pacemaker Wire Central Venous Stenosis and One More Reason to Not Run Central Venous Catheters for Dialysis in Reverse Flow
Authors: Ash Stephen R. , Ugianskis Erika J.
Published: August 2012

A 75‐year‐old man on chronic peritoneal dialysis had unrecognized stenosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) due to pacemaker wires placed 5 years earlier. The patient was placed on hemodialysis after hernia surgery. When a tunneled central venous catheter for dialysis was placed from the right internal jugular (IJ) vein, the venous lumen extended through the stenotic area but not the arterial lumen. Probably due to a subsequent clot at the arterial lumen port the patient developed SVC syndrome and when the catheter was run in the reversed flow direction he developed hypovolemic shock. The stenosis and SVC syndrome resolved with angioplasty of the SVC stenosis, removal of the IJ catheter and use of a femoral vein catheter. The patient eventually returned to peritoneal dialysis and the femoral catheter was removed.
Antibiotic Catheter Locks in the Treatment of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter‐Related Blood Stream Infection
Authors: Joshi Amit J. , Hart Peter D.
Published: August 2012

We prospectively examined the efficacy of systemic antibiotics and antibiotic catheter locks for the treatment of tunneled hemodialysis catheter related blood stream infections (CRBSI). Patients with clinical signs of tunnel or metastatic infection were excluded. All patients with suspected CRBSI were treated empirically with systemic antibiotics at the onset of symptoms before final culture and susceptibility results were available. Once the organism was identified, antibiotics treatment was tailored and antibiotic catheter locks were instilled after each dialysis treatment. Clearance of infection was documented by negative surveillance cultures after completion of antibiotic course. Out of 46 episodes of CRBSI; 16 were due to gram positive organisms, 22 were due to gram negative organisms, and 8 were polymicrobial (≥2 organisms) infections. 19 cases required removal of dialysis catheter. Antibiotic lock protocol was successful for eradicating infection in 27 of 46 episodes (59%). The likelihood of a clinical cure was identical in both gram‐positive and gram‐negative infections (63% and 62% respectively). Antibiotic lock protocol remains an option in the treatment of clinically stable patients with CRBSI; however, success rate of this protocol in eradicating the infection is modest.
Building Bridges with Accessible Care: Disability Studies, Feminist Care Scholarship, and Beyond
Authors: Kelly Christine
Published: August 2012

This article uses elements of autoethnography to theorize an in/formal support relationship between a friend with a physical disability, who uses attendant services, and me. Through thinking about our particular “frien‐tendant” relationship, I find the common scholarly orientations toward “care” are inadequate. Starting from the conversations between feminist and disability perspectives on care, I build on previous work to further develop the theoretical framework ofaccessible care. Accessible care takes a critical, engaged approach that moves beyond understanding “accessibility” as merely concrete solutions to create more inclusive forms of care. Care, in this context, is positioned as an unstable tension among competing definitions, including that it is a complex form of oppression. Accessible care draws on feminist disability perspectives and the feminist political ethic of care to build bridges in four areas: from daily experiences of disability and support to theoretical discussions; across feminist care research and disability perspectives; across divisions and anxieties within disability communities; and from the local to transnational applications. These bridges do not aim to resolve debates but allow us to travel back and forth between differing perspectives and demonstrate the tenuous possibility of accessible practices and concepts of care.
Burden of Alzheimer's Disease–Related Mortality in the United States, 1999–2008
Authors: Moschetti Kristin , Cummings Patricia L. , Sorvillo Frank , Kuo Tony
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To update and examine Alzheimer's disease–related mortality trends according to age, sex, race and ethnicity, geography, and other case characteristics for a 10‐year period.

Design

Trend and comparative analyses of the U.S. multiple‐cause‐of‐death records for 1999 to 2008.

Setting

United States.

Participants

Participants were decedents with Alzheimer's disease (AD) coded as underlying or associated cause of death; decedents with other forms of dementia or cognitive disorder were excluded.

Measurements

Case frequency, age‐specific death rates, and crude and age‐adjusted mortality rates were estimated for all AD decedents from the sampled period. Measures of AD mortality burden were compared with those of other leading causes of death (e.g., diabetes mellitus, stroke).

Results

From 1999 to 2008, 879,281 AD‐related deaths were identified. The age‐adjusted mortality rate for AD increased from 45.3 per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.0–45.7) in 1999 to 50.0 per 100,000 population (95% CI = 49.7–50.3) in 2008. The average age at death was 85.9. Differences in AD‐related deaths varied according to sex, race and ethnicity, and geography. The number of AD‐related deaths and age‐specific mortality for persons aged 85 and older (n = 532,338, 1,096.6 per 100,000 population) were comparable with those from the same age group who died from diabetes mellitus (n = 488,593, 1,006.5 per 100,000 population).

Conclusion

The burden of AD‐related mortality was substantial for the period 1999 to 2008. This burden is expected to grow rapidly as the baby boomer generation ages. Findings from this study may have important implications for present and future planning in medicine, social services, public policy, and public health.
The European Union: A Shield Against the Downside of Globalization
Authors: BELKA MAREK
Published: August 2012

Because they have failed to address the fundamental economic imbalances within Europe obscured by the single currency, each effort by European leaders so far to resolve the euro crisis has only deepened it. Without a decisive move toward fiscal and political union, accompanied by policies that push productivity and competitiveness toward convergence while closing the democratic deficit, the Eurozone will disintegrate.

To discuss the way forward, the Nicolas Berggruen Institute's Council on the Future of Europe met in Rome on May 28 with Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti. In this section we publish the contributions from that meeting by the former European leaders, scholars and Nobel laureates who are members of the Council.
Making Europe Work
Authors: MUNDELL ROBERT
Published: August 2012

Because they have failed to address the fundamental economic imbalances within Europe obscured by the single currency, each effort by European leaders so far to resolve the euro crisis has only deepened it. Without a decisive move toward fiscal and political union, accompanied by policies that push productivity and competitiveness toward convergence while closing the democratic deficit, the Eurozone will disintegrate.

To discuss the way forward, the Nicolas Berggruen Institute's Council on the Future of Europe met in Rome on May 28 with Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti. In this section we publish the contributions from that meeting by the former European leaders, scholars and Nobel laureates who are members of the Council.
The New Egypt: Don't Give Up Hope
Authors: ZEWAIL AHMED
Published: August 2012

The revolutions of the Arab Spring are twisting and turning on a troubled course. After an uprising overthrew Mubarak last year, elections were held in June in which the Muslim Brotherhood dominated—only to have the military once again assert its authority over any new parliament and constitution. What is at stake is whether Egypt will remain a secular state like Turkey, or take on a moretheocratic bent if ruled by Islamists.

In this section, the Arab world's only Nobel laureate in science offers his views about Egypt's future. The Turkish president argues for a secularism that tolerates all religions in Egypt. The CIA's former top analyst on the Muslim world questions whether Islamist parties can deliver once in power instead of opposition.
Mitral Anterolateral Papillary Muscle Rupture in an Asymptomatic Patient with Mitral Stenosis after Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty
Authors: Demirkol Sait , Unlu Murat , Balta Sevket , Yuksel Uygar Cagdas , Celik Turgay
Published: August 2012

Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice for the treatment of patients with mitral stenosis and suitable valve anatomy. Papillary muscle rupture is the most worrisome complication of this procedure. Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TTE) is additive to conventional two‐dimensional imaging in these patients in terms of three‐dimensional perspective and anatomically correct examination. We herein present a case of anterolateral papillary rupture in an asymptomatic patient after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty demonstrated by 3D TEE.
Resident phenotypically modulated vascular smooth muscle cells in healthy human arteries
Authors: Harhun Maksym I. , Huggins Christopher L. , Ratnasingham Kumaran , Raje Durgesh , Moss Ray F. , Szewczyk Kinga , Vasilikostas Georgios , Greenwood Iain A. , Khong Teck K. , Wan Andrew , Reddy Marcus
Published: August 2012

Vascular interstitial cells (VICs) are non‐contractile cells with filopodia previously described in healthy blood vessels of rodents and their function remains unknown. The objective of this study was to identify VICs in human arteries and to ascertain their role. VICs were identified in the wall of human gastro‐omental arteries using transmission electron microscopy. Isolated VICs showed ability to form new and elongate existing filopodia and actively change body shape. Most importantly sprouting VICs were also observed in cell dispersal. RT‐PCR performed on separately collected contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and VICs showed that both cell types expressed the gene for smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM‐MHC). Immunofluorescent labelling showed that both VSMCs and VICs had similar fluorescence for SM‐MHC and αSM‐actin, VICs, however, had significantly lower fluorescence for smoothelin, myosin light chain kinase, h‐calponin and SM22α. It was also found that VICs do not have cytoskeleton as rigid as in contractile VSMCs. VICs express number of VSMC‐specific proteins and display features of phenotypically modulated VSMCs with increased migratory abilities. VICs, therefore represent resident phenotypically modulated VSMCs that are present in human arteries under normal physiological conditions.
Does complementarity in leaf phenology and inclination promote co‐existence in a species‐rich meadow? Evidence from functional groups
Authors: Mason Norman W. H. , Pipenbaher Nataša , Škornik Sonja , Kaligarič Mitja
Published: August 2012

Question

Could tests of proportionality for functionally defined guilds provide a rapid means of revealing potential mechanisms of co‐existence in species‐rich meadow communities?

Study site

A species‐rich meadow in Slovenia.

Methods

Species presence/absence was recorded in 830 contiguous 0.2 m × 0.2 m quadrats arranged in a rectangular transect. Evidence for guild proportionality was assessed for guilds defined by (1) taxonomy, (2) growth form and (3) functional group defined by leaf inclination or leaf phenology. We also tested whether classifying the graminoid‐like forb Scorzenera villosa as a graminoid improved evidence for proportionality in taxonomic guilds.

Results

There was no evidence of guild proportionality for guilds defined by either taxonomy or growth form. There was significant proportionality for functional groups defined by leaf phenology and leaf inclination. Classifying S. villosa as a graminoid did not improve evidence for proportionality of taxonomic guilds.

Conclusions

Testing for proportionality in functionally defined guilds provides a rapid means for detecting potential mechanisms of co‐existence in species‐rich communities. We found evidence that species differing in strategy for spatial light capture (leaf inclination) and temporal resource use (phenology) were more likely to co‐exist than expected by chance. These findings may help to guide future experimental work attempting to confirm co‐existence mechanisms in meadow communities. This approach may prove useful in other poorly studied, species‐rich vegetation types.
The Escherichia coli GTPase ObgE modulates hydroxyl radical levels in response to DNA replication fork arrest
Authors: Kint Cyrielle I. , Verstraeten Natalie , Wens Inez , Liebens Veerle R. , Hofkens Johan , Versées Wim , Fauvart Maarten , Michiels Jan
Published: August 2012

Obg proteins are universally conserved GTP‐binding proteins that are essential for viability in bacteria. Homologs in different organisms are involved in various cellular processes, including DNA replication. The goal of this study was to analyse the structure–function relationship of Escherichia coli ObgE with regard to DNA replication in general and sensitivity to stalled replication forks in particular. Defined C‐terminal chromosomal deletion mutants of obgE were constructed and tested for sensitivity to the replication inhibitor hydroxyurea. The ObgE C‐terminal domain was shown to be dispensable for normal growth of E. coli. However, a region within this domain is involved in the cellular response to replication fork stress. In addition, a mutant obgE over‐expression library was constructed by error‐prone PCR and screened for increased hydroxyurea sensitivity. ObgE proteins with substitutions L159Q, G163V, P168V, G216A or R237C, located within distinct domains of ObgE, display dominant‐negative effects leading to hydroxyurea hypersensitivity when over‐expressed. These effects are abolished in strains with a single deletion of the iron transporter TonB or combined deletions the toxin/antitoxin modules RelBE/MazEF, strains both of which have been shown to be involved in a pathway that stimulates hydroxyl radical formation following hydroxyurea treatment. Moreover, the observed dominant‐negative effects are lost in the presence of the hydroxyl radical scavenger thiourea. Together, these results indicate involvement of hydroxyl radical toxicity in ObgE‐mediated protection against replication fork stress.
The Economic Geography of Australia and Its Analysis: From Industrial to Post‐Industrial Regions
Authors: BEER ANDREW
Published: August 2012

The Australian economy has experienced profound change over the last five decades, moving from an industrial to a post‐industrial structure. This transformation has had far‐reaching implications for the nature of economic activity in Australia and has provided the backdrop for the evolving analysis of the nation's space economy. The paper argues that three interrelated themes underpin much of the work of economic geographers in Australia: the impacts of globalisation on Australia's space economy; neoliberalism and the governance of regions; and policy‐focused analysis of regions, their history and prospects. The paper concludes that economic geography will continue to make important intellectual and practical contributions to Australia in the near future as the reshaping of the Australian economy continues and as new challenges reshape the nation's regions.
Overview of: “Promoting Evidence‐Based Practice in Delinquency Prevention at the State Level: Principles, Progress, and Policy Directions”
Authors: Greenwood Peter W. , Welsh Brandon C.
Published: August 2012

Research Summary

Evidence‐based practice in the field of delinquency prevention has come a long way in the last 15 years in the United States. This progress has been aided by several leading organizations and researchers providing authoritative and up‐to‐date lists of what works, the application of cost–benefit models, and some political leaders championing this movement over “get tough” practices. State governments are on the cutting edge of this movement, providing leadership, infrastructure, and funding for local efforts. This article reports on the first study to examine the ways that state governments are promoting and supporting the use of evidence‐based practice. Case studies of seven early adopter states show a modest yet growing investment in several brand name evidence‐based programs, including Functional Family Therapy (FFT), Multisystemic Therapy (MST), and Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC). To support these programs, numerous efforts stand out across the seven states, including special funding, risk assessment guidance and support, assistance in needs assessment and program selection, and program evaluation.

Policy Implications

The experiences of the two most progressive states—Connecticut and Pennsylvania—offer many lessons for policy makers and practitioners in other states. Evidence‐based practice should begin with bringing together a collaborative group, representing all key stakeholders, for the purpose of identifying needs and selecting programs to support. States also should consider establishing evidence‐based centers, which can provide training and technical assistance to county agencies, and report to stakeholders on the performance of programs along with their impacts on crime and correctional costs within the state. At some point, many states will find it necessary to design and evaluate programs tailored to their own special needs, or to evaluate the application of proven programs to populations different from those covered in the original research.

The positive experiences and reaction to the rollout of evidence‐based programs in early adopter states suggests that state and county agencies can develop the expertise to make effective use of such programs by adopting the strategies and methods that have already been developed for that purpose. With a growing knowledge base and much promise on the horizon, state and local governments and practitioners should be cautiously optimistic about the potential of evidence‐based practice in delinquency prevention.
Local Officials' Incentives and China's Economic Growth: Tournament Thesis Reexamined and Alternative Explanatory Framework
Authors: Su Fubing , Tao Ran , Xi Lu , Li Ming
Published: August 2012

To explain China's dramatic economic growth, researchers have proposed a “tournament thesis.” According to this thesis, the central government's ability to set growth targets has played a crucial role in growth since political promotion is largely based on local economic growth. We use provincial officials' career mobility data to test this thesis. For both time periods (1979–1995 and 1979–2002), economic performance, measured in annual, average and relative terms, did not affect these officials' career advancement. We then sketch an alternative analytical framework to explain Chinese local officials' strong urge for developmentalism and, finally, draw policy implications from this explanatory framework.
Does Life Expectancy Affect Private Educational Investment in China?
Authors: Sun Wenkai , Wang Xiaoxia , Ying Xiaoni
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we emphasize the interactive effect between life expectancy and human capital accumulation, and test the positive feedback of longevity to educational investment in China. This is very important for understanding the pressure from the aging population and the increase in private educational investment in China. We first show in an extended human capital investment model that life expectancy growth acts as a driving force for educational investment. We then build a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences empirical framework and use cross‐province data to examine the effect in China. We use the maternal mortality rate (MMR) to identify the difference in life expectancy between genders, and the illiteracy rate or average years of education by gender for educational investment. The empirical results comply with the theory, in that increases in life expectancy significantly lower illiteracy rates and improve the average schooling years in China. This content of the present paper is closely related to crucial issues like population aging, human capital accumulation and gender discrimination. Policy implications are discussed based on the empirical results.
Analysis of Chinese Manufacturing Export Duration
Authors: Shao Jun , Xu Kangning , Qiu Bin
Published: August 2012

This paper studies the duration of Chinese manufacturing exports and its determinants, using disaggregated 6‐digit level Harmonized System product trade data from 1995 to 2007. Cox proportional hazard, Weibull and exponential models are used to examine the effects of various factors on export duration. It is revealed that export duration tends to be rather short‐lived. It is also found that GDP and GDP per capita of the export destination have positive effects on export duration, while trade relationships with distant and landlocked countries are generally of shorter duration. In addition, export duration is longer for differentiated and parts and components products, as well as products with large initial trade values. WTO membership is also important for longer export duration. Our empirical analysis suggests that developed markets, such as the USA and the EU, are important to China, and should still be the major sources for Chinese export growth in the long run. Moreover, technical innovation of firms and free trade agreement negotiations will be helpful for sustainable export growth.
Empirical Study on Information Asymmetry Based on Chinese Forward Exchange Rate Market
Authors: Wang Xi , Yang Jiaohui
Published: August 2012

Many published studies have considered information asymmetry between domestic and foreign investors about local assets in the stock market, particularly in developed markets. The present study proposes a new perspective to address the issue in the case of China's forward exchange rate market. Following the framework of Clarida and Taylor (1997), the term structures of exchange rates in the domestic forward and the non‐deliverable forward markets are constructed and then applied to predict future spot exchange rates based on a vector equilibrium correction model. By comparing the forecast accuracy on the basis of the root mean square error and the mean absolute error, it is shown that dynamic out‐of‐sample forecasts of the domestic forward market are superior to those of the non‐deliverable forward market, suggesting that domestic investors are better informed than foreign investors. The result has several important policy implications, especially for exchange rate determination.
China's Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN, Japan and Korea: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Estrada Gemma , Park Donghyun , Park Innwon , Park Soonchan
Published: August 2012

The role of China in East Asia's recovery from the recent global financial and economic crisis highlights China's position as an engine of growth for this region. From the viewpoint of China, there are many potential gains from entering into free trade agreements (FTAs) with its neighbors, who collectively form a large and fast‐growing market. In this paper, we qualitatively and quantitatively assess the four main permutations of China's FTAs with East Asian major economies: China–ASEAN, China–Japan, China–Korea and ASEAN+3. We compare the effects of these FTAs on China's output and welfare. Our comparative analysis shows that China will gain from all three bilateral FTAs, while gaining the most from the ASEAN+3. Because forming a region‐wide FTA, such as the ASEAN+3, is expected to be gradual and difficult, China should continue to engage in bilateral FTAs as a medium‐term and alternative strategy. However, in the long term, China should pursue a region‐wide FTA.
Economic Impact of Double‐Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, Depredation on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Aquaculture in Mississippi, USA
Authors: Dorr Brian S. , Burger Loren W. , Barras Scott C. , Godwin Kristina Casscles
Published: August 2012

The Yazoo River Basin of Mississippi, USA, supports the largest concentration of hectares devoted to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, aquaculture production in North America. The Yazoo Basin also supports large numbers of resident, wintering and migrating fish‐eating birds, with the Double‐crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, implicated as the most serious depredating species. We used data from aerial surveys of numbers and distribution of cormorants in the Yazoo Basin and on commercial catfish ponds during winters (November–April) 2000–2001 and 2003–2004 to refine estimates of regional economic losses due to cormorant depredation. In both periods, the greatest monthly estimates of cormorant foraging occurred from 1 January to 31 March. Losses in terms of biomass, number, and dollar value were greater for foodfish ponds than fingerling ponds. Monthly weighted estimates of catfish consumed were 1775.3 and 1346.6 m.t. over winters 2000–2001 and 2003–2004, respectively. Total estimated losses for foodfish and fingerling ponds in 2000–2001 were $11.56 and $0.48 million, respectively, and in 2003–2004 were $5.22 and $0.40 million, respectively. Maximum dollar loss occurred during March in 2000–2001 and during February in 2003–2004. In this study, the volatility in variable production costs and nominal sales price, and distribution of cormorants on pond types and regionally were key factors in resulting economic loss estimates.
Power, Leadership, and Self‐Regulation
Authors: Ent Michael R. , Baumeister Roy F. , Vonasch Andrew J.
Published: August 2012

Power has been linked to both self‐regulatory success and failure. Power typically aids self‐regulation of task performance by making people motivated and goal‐oriented. However, because people’s self‐regulatory resources are limited, as powerful people exert effort on their focal tasks, they may fail to self‐regulate in other domains. This type of goal myopia may lead to detriments in impulse control. Wielding power, by making decisions and leading subordinates, can deplete people’s self‐regulatory resources, making subsequent acts of self‐control more difficult.
When Me versus You Becomes Us versus Them: How Intergroup Competition Shapes Ingroup Psychology
Authors: Mead Nicole , Maner Jon
Published: August 2012

Throughout evolutionary history, intergroup competition has been an influential part of social life. Although the topic has received substantial empirical attention among social psychologists, the majority of that work has focused on how ingroup and outgroup members regard one another. Only recently have researchers begun examining how intergroup rivalry changes that way that ingroup members perceive and relate to one another. New findings suggest that a variety of within‐group processes are influenced by the presence of a rival outgroup. In general, altruistic cooperation and prosocial motives increase among ingroup members when their group competes against another. The relationship between leaders and followers also shifts in response to intergroup rivalry: rather than wielding their power for selfish purposes, leaders prioritize the needs of their group. On the flip side, followers’ choice of leader changes, preferring males during times of intergroup competition but females in the absence of competition. Given the substantial impact of intergroup competition on ingroup processes, future research should continue to deepen the field’s knowledge of this topic. Additionally, the scope of research should be broadened to capture the effect of intergroup competition on ingroup dynamics, such as performance and group outcomes.
The Contributing Role of Negative Affectivity and Experiential Avoidance to Increased Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Hildebrandt Mikaela J. , Hayes Steven C.
Published: August 2012

Depression and anxiety are independent risk factors for the onset of cardiovascular disease, independent of classical risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, or hypertension. The present paper argues that the tendency to avoid difficult thoughts and feelings helps explain this relationship. There is a strong positive relationship between experiential avoidance and negative affectivity. Experiential avoidance is also related to several health behaviors recognized for increasing cardiovascular risk and may help functionally explain why individuals engage in problematic behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and binge eating. Treatments that undermine experiential avoidance could be useful psychosocial approaches to cardiovascular risk reduction.
Two Sides of the Same Coin? Viewing Altruism and Aggression Through the Adaptive Lens of Kinship
Authors: Webster Gregory D. , Cottrell Catherine A. , Schember Tatiana Orozco , Crysel Laura C. , Crosier Benjamin S. , Gesselman Amanda N. , Le Bonnie M.
Published: August 2012

Are altruism and aggression polar opposites, or are they two sides of the same coin? In this review, the authors examine the evolved biological roots of these behaviors and focus on the psychology of kinship and how it can serve to bridge both behaviors. Drawing on inclusive fitness theory (Hamilton, 1964), the kinship, acceptance, and rejection model of altruism and aggression (KARMAA; Webster, 2008), and a sociofunctional threat‐based approach to prejudice (Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005), the authors propose that altruism and aggression can be viewed as two sides of the same coin depending on context and perspective. For example, a mother bear protecting her cubs by attacking a predator may be simultaneously exhibiting an act of altruism and aggression. After offering some empirical support for their view, the authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of viewing altruism and aggression as related constructs at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intergroup levels.
From Mind Perception to Mental Connection: Synchrony as a Mechanism for Social Understanding
Authors: Wheatley Thalia , Kang Olivia , Parkinson Carolyn , Looser Christine E.
Published: August 2012

Connecting deeply with another mind is as enigmatic as it is fulfilling. Why people “click” with some people but not others is one of the great unsolved mysteries of science. However, researchers from psychology and neuroscience are converging on a likely physiological basis for connection – neural synchrony (entrainment). Here, we review research on the necessary precursors for interpersonal synchrony: the ability to detect a mind and resonate with its outputs. Further, We describe potential mechanisms for the development of synchrony between two minds. We then consider recent neuroimaging and behavioral evidence for the adaptive benefits of synchrony, including neural efficiency and the release of a reward signal that promotes future social interaction. In nature, neural synchrony yields behavioral synchrony. Humans use behavioral synchrony to promote neural synchrony, and thus, social bonding. This reverse‐engineering of social connection is an important innovation likely underlying this distinctively human capacity to create large‐scale social coordination and cohesion.