bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain tissue properties differentiate between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits
Authors: Accolla Ettore A. , Dukart Juergen , Helms Gunther , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Kherif Ferath , Lutti Antoine , Chowdhury Rumana , Hetzer Stefan , Haynes John‐Dylan , Kühn Andrea A. , Draganski Bogdan
Published: April 2014

Despite advances in understanding basic organizational principles of the human basal ganglia, accurate in vivo assessment of their anatomical properties is essential to improve early diagnosis in disorders with corticosubcortical pathology and optimize target planning in deep brain stimulation. Main goal of this study was the detailed topological characterization of limbic, associative, and motor subdivisions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in relation to corresponding corticosubcortical circuits. To this aim, we used magnetic resonance imaging and investigated independently anatomical connectivity via white matter tracts next to brain tissue properties. On the basis of probabilistic diffusion tractography we identified STN subregions with predominantly motor, associative, and limbic connectivity. We then computed for each of the nonoverlapping STN subregions the covariance between local brain tissue properties and the rest of the brain using high‐resolution maps of magnetization transfer (MT) saturation and longitudinal (R1) and transverse relaxation rate (R2*). The demonstrated spatial distribution pattern of covariance between brain tissue properties linked to myelin (R1 and MT) and iron (R2*) content clearly segregates between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits. We interpret the demonstrated covariance pattern as evidence for shared tissue properties within a functional circuit, which is closely linked to its function. Our findings open new possibilities for investigation of changes in the established covariance pattern aiming at accurate diagnosis of basal ganglia disorders and prediction of treatment outcome. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5083–5092, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KSHV‐associated multicentric Castleman disease: A tangle of different entities requiring multitarget treatment strategies
Authors: Carbone Antonino , De Paoli Paolo , Gloghini Annunziata , Vaccher Emanuela
Published: April 2014

Multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder presenting with heterogeneous pathological and clinical features. It comprises disease entities with a complex aetiology and overlapping pathogenesis. MCD can be found in association with HIV infection, plasma‐cell dyscrasias, Kaposi sarcoma (KS), B‐cell lymphomas including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and its solid variant, and Hodgkin lymphoma. In KSHV‐associated MCD cases, a common association is KS and a specific variant of lymphoma referred to as “plasmablastic lymphoma,” also called “large B‐cell lymphoma arising in KSHV‐associated MCD” lacking EBV infection. MCD is often referred to as human interleukin‐6 (hIL‐6) syndrome, since an overproduction of IL‐6 occurs in MCD‐associated diseases as well as in MCD itself. hIL‐6 and a viral IL‐6 (vIL‐6) homolog encoded by KSHV can independently or together lead to flares of KSHV‐associated MCD. Recently, a new clinical entity was proposed to describe a severe systemic infection/reactivation of KSHV: KSHV inflammatory syndrome (KICS). KICS may contribute in inducing the inflammatory symptoms seen in some patients with severe KS or PEL. The precise relationship of KICS to KSHV‐associated MCD is unclear and it is possible that KICS may be prodromal symptoms to frank KSHV‐associated MCD. Options for treatment of KSHV‐associated MCD and related diseases include monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, immune modulators, virus‐activated cytotoxic therapy and antiviral therapies. A comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of the HIV‐KSHV coinfection will probably lead to additional advances in therapy and managements for these disorders.
Functions of volume‐sensitive and calcium‐activated chloride channels
Authors: Hoffmann Else Kay , Holm Niels Bjerre , Lambert Ian Henry
Published: April 2014

The review describes molecular and functional properties of the volume regulated anion channel and Ca2+‐dependent Cl− channels belonging to the anoctamin family with emphasis on physiological importance of these channels in regulation of cell volume, cell migration, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death. Finally, we discuss the role of Cl− channels in various diseases. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):257–267, 2014
Production and Consumption
Authors: Jacobs Gloria E. , Castek Jill , Pizzolato Andrew , Reder Stephen , Pendell Kimberly
Published: April 2014

In this column, the authors discuss emerging research in the field of adult digital literacy acquisition. The authors argue that the field of adult digital literacy acquisition has been under‐researched, especially in relation to multiliteracies and multimodal literacy practices. Data emerging from a large scale mixed methods study of adults engaged with Learner Web, a self‐access online learning system, indicate that opportunities to engage in tutor‐facilitated digital literacy acquisition, among populations that have been historically left out of the digital revolution, have the potential to change lives. Additionally, the research provides insights into the shifts learners undergo as they gain experience and confidence with digital tools, which can help educators develop more robust systems for supporting vulnerable learners who are outside of the traditional educational system.
Print‐Based Texts
Authors: Blasingame James
Published: April 2014

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult literature and provides a valuable resource for literature selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Independent Reading: Shifting Reluctant Readers to Authentic Engagement in the Middle Level
Authors: Benning Katy
Published: April 2014

This column features essays written by current middle school and high school teachers, media specialists, librarians, literacy coaches, curriculum specialists, administrators, preservice teachers, teacher educators, and adolescent and adult learners. They highlight diverse perspectives on teaching and/or learning with literacies to inspire reader reflection.
Disciplinary Literacy
Authors: Gillis Victoria
Published: April 2014

This article argues that every teacher is not a teacher of literacy, but instead posits that teachers in content areas must adapt literacy strategies to the content being taught and to the context in which that teaching occurs. Examples of adaptations of a literacy strategy for use in English/language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies are provided.
A Protease Storm Cleaves a Cell–Cell Adhesion Molecule in Cancer: Multiple Proteases Converge to Regulate PTPmu in Glioma Cells
Authors: Phillips‐Mason Polly J. , Craig Sonya E.L. , Brady‐Kalnay Susann M.
Published: April 2014

Cleavage of the cell–cell adhesion molecule, PTPµ, occurs in human glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor tissue and glioma cell lines. PTPµ cleavage is linked to increased cell motility and growth factor independent survival of glioma cells in vitro. Previously, PTPµ was shown to be cleaved by furin in the endoplasmic reticulum to generate membrane associated E‐ (extracellular) and P‐ (phosphatase) subunits, and by ADAMs and the gamma secretase complex at the plasma membrane. We also identified the presence of additional extracellular and intracellular PTPµ fragments in brain tumors. We set out to biochemically analyze PTPµ cleavage in cancer cells. We determined that, in addition to the furin‐processed form of PTPµ, a pool of 200 kDa full‐length PTPµ exists at the plasma membrane that is cleaved directly by ADAM to generate a larger shed form of the PTPµ extracellular segment. Notably, in glioma cells, full‐length PTPµ is also subject to calpain cleavage, which generates novel PTPµ fragments not found in other immortalized cells. We also observed glycosylation and phosphorylation differences in the cancer cells. Our data suggest that an additional serine protease also contributes to PTPµ shedding in glioma cells. We hypothesize that a “protease storm” occurs in cancer cells whereby multiple proteases converge to reduce the presence of cell–cell adhesion molecules at the plasma membrane and to generate protein fragments with unique biological functions. As a consequence, the “protease storm” could promote the migration and invasion of tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1609–1623, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Massively parallel implementation of 3D‐RISM calculation with volumetric 3D‐FFT
Authors: Maruyama Yutaka , Yoshida Norio , Tadano Hiroto , Takahashi Daisuke , Sato Mitsuhisa , Hirata Fumio
Published: April 2014

A new three‐dimensional reference interaction site model (3D‐RISM) program for massively parallel machines combined with the volumetric 3D fast Fourier transform (3D‐FFT) was developed, and tested on the RIKEN K supercomputer. The ordinary parallel 3D‐RISM program has a limitation on the number of parallelizations because of the limitations of the slab‐type 3D‐FFT. The volumetric 3D‐FFT relieves this limitation drastically. We tested the 3D‐RISM calculation on the large and fine calculation cell (20483 grid points) on 16,384 nodes, each having eight CPU cores. The new 3D‐RISM program achieved excellent scalability to the parallelization, running on the RIKEN K supercomputer. As a benchmark application, we employed the program, combined with molecular dynamics simulation, to analyze the oligomerization process of chymotrypsin Inhibitor 2 mutant. The results demonstrate that the massive parallel 3D‐RISM program is effective to analyze the hydration properties of the large biomolecular systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural aspects ofCystoisospora belli(syn.Isospora belli) in continuous cell lines
Authors: Resende Deisy V. , Assis Dnieber C. , Ribeiro Múcio F. Barbosa , Cabrine‐Santos Marlene , Frenkel Jacob K. , Correia Dalmo , Oliveira‐Silva Márcia B.
Published: April 2014

Cystoisospora belliis an opportunistic protozoan that causes human cystoisosporiasis, an infection characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. The lack of animal models susceptible toC. belli, and the difficulty in obtaining clinical samples with fair amounts of oocysts have limited the research pertaining to the basic biology of this parasite. This study aimed to describe the ultrastructure of endogenous stages ofC. belliin Monkey Rhesus Kidney Cells (MK2) and Human Ileocecal Adenocarcinoma cells (HCT‐8). Zoites ofC. belliexhibited typical morphological features of coccidia, which included a trilaminar pellicle, an apical complex formed by a conoid, polar rings, rhoptries, and micronemes, in addition to dense granules and the endoplasmic reticulum. No crystalloid body was observed but various lipid and amylopectin granules were usually present in the cytoplasm of zoites. We observed a tendency of the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell to be located near the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Merozoites were formed by endodyogeny and during replication, the apical complex of the mother cell remained intact. The formation of gametes or oocysts was not observed. The ultrastructural findings ofC. belliare further evidence of its proximity to Sarcocystidae family members and corroborate their reclassification asCystoisosporaspp.Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:472–478, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,3‐Dithiol‐2‐one Derivatives via 4,5‐Bis(dibromomethyl)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐one
Authors: Li Gao‐Nan , Chen Guang‐Ying , Niu Zhi‐Gang , Lei Bing‐Xin , Feng Hua‐Jie
Published: April 2014

A series of 1,3‐dithiol‐2‐one derivatives via [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of 4,5‐bis(dibromomethyl)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐one with vinyl‐substituted compounds have been synthesized. Structures of all the newly synthesized compounds are well supported by spectral data such as 1H‐NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The structures of IVf and IVg have been analyzed by X‐ray crystallography.
Maternal and Child Ill Health as a Household Health Shock – Case Descriptions from a Vulnerability Perspective in Lao Pdr
Authors: Alvesson Helle M. , Laflamme Lucie , Kanthaphat Bouasavanh , Lindelow Magnus
Published: April 2014

Household coping strategies during maternal and child health shocks in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) are analysed in this paper. Vulnerability was the consequence of high and immediate medical costs, which forced households to borrow money or sell off assets, and also of poor access to health care as a result of these costs. This, in turn, resulted in income loss and health deterioration. Weaknesses in the health system contributed to vulnerability through low and unstable access to preventive services and limited monitoring of the conditions that threatened the health of women and children. Even when households received timely care, they could face long‐term economic impacts as a consequence of their coping strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ochrobactrum anthropi induced retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinal extension complicating airway obstruction: a case report
Authors: Al‐naami Awaji Qasim , Ali Khan Liaqat , Ali Athlawy Yahya , Sun Zhonghua
Published: April 2014

Retropharyngeal abscess with involvement of mediastinal abscess represents an uncommon complication of upper respiratory tract infections. We report a case presenting with a large retropharyngeal abscess with airway obstruction as the primary presenting symptom. Contrast‐enhanced CT showed a large retropharyngeal abscess in the neck with extension to the upper and posterior mediastinal spaces. The abscess was surgically excised with 200 cc pus drained from the neck and mediastinal regions. We describe this case to assist physicians in making the difficult diagnosis when confronting a patient with airway obstruction, as early recognition of retropharyngeal abscess permits emergent airway management.
Paratrechina longicornis ants in a tropical dry forest harbor specific Actinobacteria diversity
Authors: Reyes Ruth D. Hernández , Cafaro Matías J.
Published: April 2014

The diversity of Actinobacteria associated with Paratrechina longicornis, an ant species that prefers a high protein diet, in a subtropical dry forest (Guánica, Puerto Rico) was determined by culture methods and by 16S rDNA clone libraries. The results of both methodologies were integrated to obtain a broader view of the diversity. Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Nocardia, Ornithinimicrobium, Tsukamurella, Brevibacterium, Saccharopolyspora, Nocardioides, Microbacterium, Leifsonia, Pseudonocardia, Corynebacterium, Geodermatophilus, Amycolatopsis, and Nonomuraea were found associated with the ants. The genera Streptomyces and Actinomadura were the most abundant. Also, the diversity of Actinobacteria associated with the soil surrounding the nest was determined using 16S rDNA clone libraries. In total, 27 genera of Actinobacteria were associated with the nest soils. A dominant genus was not observed in any of the soil samples. We compared statistically the Actinobacteria communities among P. longicornis nests and each nest with its surrounding soil using the clone libraries data. We established that the communities associated with the ants were consistent and significantly different from those found in the soil in which the ants live.
Effects of chitosan and oligochitosan on development and mitochondrial function of Rhizopus stolonifer
Authors: Robles‐Martínez Leobarda , Guerra‐Sánchez María Guadalupe , Hernández‐Lauzardo Ana Niurka , Pardo Juan Pablo , Velázquez‐del Valle Miguel Gerardo
Published: April 2014

The antifungal activities of chitosan and oligochitosan have been used to control postharvest decay of the fruits. The effect of chitosan and oligochitosan on mycelium growth, spore germination, and mitochondrial function of Rhizopus stolonifer was evaluated in order to establish a connection between fungus development and the main organelle in charge to provide energy to the cell. The mycelium growth of R. stolonifer was significantly reduced on minimum media amended with chitosan or oligochitosan. The highest antifungal indexes were obtained on media containing chitosan or oligochitosan at 2.0 mg ml−1. Microscopic observation showed that chitosan and oligochitosan affected the spore germination and hyphae morphology. Both polymers increased oxygen consumption of R. stolonifer. Respiratory activity was restored with NADH in permeabilized treated and untreated cells, and was inhibited with rotenone and flavones. Complex III and IV were inhibited by antimycin A and cyanide, respectively, in treated and untreated cells. Chitosan and oligochitosan increased NADH dehydrogenase activity in isolated mitochondria. However, there were not changes in the cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase activities by effect of these polymers. These results suggest that both chitosan and oligochitosan affect the development of R. stolonifer and might be implicated in the mitochondrial dysfunction.
Thc6 protein, isolated from Trichoderma harzianum, can induce maize defense response against Curvularia lunata
Authors: Fan Lili , Fu Kehe , Yu Chuanjin , Li Yingying , Li Yaqian , Chen Jie
Published: April 2014

Mutant T66 was isolated from 450 mutants (constructed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation method) of Trichoderma harzianum. Maize seeds coated with T66 were more susceptible to Curvularia lunata when compared with those coated with wild‐type (WT) strain. The disease index of maize treated with T66 and WT were 62.5 and 42.1%, respectively. Further research showed T‐DNA has inserted into the ORF of one gene, which resulted in the functional difference between WT and T66. The gene was cloned and named Thc6, which encodes a novel 327 amino acid protein. To investigate its function, we obtained knockout, complementation, and overexpression mutants of Thc6. Challenge inoculation studies suggested that the Thc6 overexpression mutant can reduce the disease index of maize inbred line Huangzao 4 against the leaf spot pathogen (C. lunata). Meanwhile, The Thc6 mutants were found to affect the resistance of maize inbred line Huangzao 4 against C. lunata by enhancing the activation of jasmonate‐responsive genes expression. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) data further confirmed that the concentration of jasmonate in the induced maize exhibits a parallel change tendency with the expression level of defense‐related genes. Hence, the Thc6 gene could be participated in the induced resistance of maize inbred line Huangzao 4 against C. lunata infection through a jasmonic acid‐dependent pathway.
Susceptibility of nine organophosphorus pesticides in skimmed milk towards inoculated lactic acid bacteria and yogurt starters
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Wei , Zhao Xin‐Huai
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Previous research has shown that fresh milk might be polluted by some organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). In this study the dissipation of nine OPPs, namely chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, phorate, pirimiphos‐methyl and trichlorphon, in skimmed milk was investigated to clarify their susceptibility towards lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yogurt starters.

RESULTS

Skimmed milk was spiked with nine OPPs, inoculated with five strains of LAB and two commercial yogurt starters at 42 °C for 24 and 5 h respectively and subjected to quantitative OPP analysis by gas chromatography. Degradation kinetic constants of these OPPs were calculated based on a first‐order reaction model. OPP dissipation in the milk was enhanced by the inoculated strains and starters, resulting in OPP concentrations decreasing by 7.0–64.6 and 7.4–19.2% respectively. Totally, the nine OPPs were more susceptible to Lactobacillus bulgaricus, as it enhanced their degradation rate constants by 18.3–133.3%. Higher phosphatase production of the assayed stains was observed to bring about greater OPP degradation in the milk.

CONCLUSION

Both LAB and yogurt starters could enhance OPP dissipation in skimmed milk, with the nine OPPs studied having different susceptibilities towards them. Phosphatase was a key factor governing OPP dissipation. The LAB of higher phosphatase production have more potential to decrease OPPs in fermented foods. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction and preliminary purification of proanthocyanidins and chlorogenic acid from almond (Prunus dulcis) skin
Authors: Ma Xue , Zhou Xin‐Yu , Qiang Qian‐Qian , Zhang Zhi‐Qi
Published: April 2014

An aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a green solvent was employed for the first time to develop the ultrasound‐assisted extraction of proanthocyanidins (PA) and chlorogenic acid (CA) from almond skin. The optimized extraction parameters were determined based on response surface methodology, and corresponded to an ultrasound power of 120 W, a liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 20:1 (mL/g), and a PEG concentration of 50% (v/v). Under these optimized conditions, the extraction yields of PAs and CA from almond skin were 32.68 ± 0.22 and 16.01 ± 0.19 mg/g, respectively. Compared with organic solvent extraction, PEG solution extraction produced higher yields. Different macroporous resins were compared for their performance in purifying PAs and CA from almond skin extract. Static adsorption/desorption experimental results demonstrated that AB‐8 resin exhibits excellent purification performance at pH 4. Under the optimized dynamic adsorption/desorption conditions on the AB‐8 column, the total recovery of purification for PAs and CA was 80.67%. The total content of PAs and CA in the preliminarily purified extract was 89.17% (with respective contents of 60.90 and 28.27%).
Determination of l‐hydroxyproline using hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with lyophilized concentrated extraction in milk and dairy products
Authors: Zhu Ai‐ling , Peng Tao , Chen Dong‐dong , Wang Ping , Wang Guo‐min , Wang Jin‐hua , Jiang Hai‐yang , Fan Chun‐lin , Chen Ying
Published: April 2014

In this study, a screening and confirmation method for the determination of l‐hydroxyproline (Hyp) as a target compound in milk and dairy products using high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The samples were lyophilized after acidic hydrolysis, followed by cleanup with graphitized carbon black to remove pigments. Hyp was separated by a hydrophilic interaction chromatographic column and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry working with multiple reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray ionization interface in a positive‐ion mode. Average recoveries in spiked milk and dairy products ranged from 68.0 to 101.1% with relative standard deviations between 2.0 and 11.7% (n = 7). A reagent‐matched standard calibration curve was used for quantification of Hyp, with linear correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.99 in the concentration range of 0.1–100 μg/mL. The LOQs were from 0.25 to 5 mg/kg, which were usually sufficient to verify the Hyp in samples. The confirmation concentration of Hyp ranged from 10 to 50 mg/kg.
Models for Oscillating Polymerization: Activation by Product in a System with Flow
Authors: KATIME ISSA , PÉREZ ORTIZ JUAN A. , MORALES JOSÉ A. , MENDIZÁBAL EDUARDO
Published: April 2014

In this work, four polymerization mechanisms with flow are proposed where sustained oscillation can be present: (1) Polyaddition initiated by radicals produced by initiator decomposition, which is catalyzed by the polymer, first‐order termination, a polymer disappears by a reaction with a third substance and by leaving the system in the exit flow. (2) Polycondensation where the polymer has catalytic activity upon H to produce a monomer, first‐order termination and a monomer disappears by a reaction with a third substance, and there is exit flow for all the species. (3) Polycondensation with catalytic activity of the polymer upon A to produce a monomer, first‐order termination, conformational transitions of the polymers, one of the polymer conformations disappears by a reaction with a monomer and exit flow for all the species. (4) Polycondensation combined with polyaddition where the polycondensation polymer product has catalytic activity on the monomer, first‐order termination and exit flow of all the species.
Absorption and Scattering in Concentrated Monomer Miniemulsions: Static and Dynamic Investigations
Authors: Lobry Emeline , Jasinski Florent , Penconi Marta , Chemtob Abraham , Ley Christian , Croutxé‐Barghorn Céline , Oliveros Esther , Braun André M. , Criqui Adrien
Published: April 2014

Low‐scattering monomer miniemulsions have recently emerged as a suitable system for the development of efficient photopolymerization processes in dispersed media. Since their reactivity under UV exposure is strongly dependent on their optical properties, there is a strong interest to find simple analytical methods for studying absorption and scattering with ready‐to‐polymerize concentrated miniemulsions, while avoiding dilution. This paper focuses on three types of concentrated miniemulsions without photoinitiator (PI) and containing either a hydrophilic or hydrophobic PI. The application of the two‐flux theory of Kubelka–Munk on these multiple scattering miniemulsions enables the determination of the scattering and absorption coefficients for different initial droplet sizes. These results show that reaction kinetics are strongly correlated with scattering efficiency. Below a threshold average diameter of ca. 150 nm, any decrease of droplet size diminishes the extent of scattering significantly, thus improving light penetration and the reaction rate. Additionally, a complementary dynamic study proves that the smallest miniemulsions are subjected to a decrease of scattering during irradiation. This result opens up interesting perspectives on the elucidation of the nucleation mechanism operating in a miniemulsion photopolymerization.

image
Image reconstruction in k‐space from MR data encoded with ambiguous gradient fields
Authors: Schultz Gerrit , Gallichan Daniel , Weber Hans , Witschey Walter R.T. , Honal Matthias , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: April 2014

Purpose

In this work, the limits of image reconstruction in k‐space are explored when non‐bijective gradient fields are used for spatial encoding.

Theory

The image space analogy between parallel imaging and imaging with non‐bijective encoding fields is partially broken in k‐space. As a consequence, it is hypothesized and proven that ambiguities can only be resolved partially in k‐space, and not completely as is the case in image space.

Methods

Image‐space and k‐space based reconstruction algorithms for multi‐channel radiofrequency data acquisitions are programmed and tested using numerical simulations as well as in vivo measurement data.

Results

The hypothesis is verified based on an analysis of reconstructed images. It is found that non‐bijective gradient fields have the effect that densely sampled autocalibration data, used for k‐space reconstruction, provide less information than a separate scan of the receiver coil sensitivity maps, used for image space reconstruction. Consequently, in k‐space only the undersampling artifact can be unfolded, whereas in image space, it is also possible to resolve aliasing that is caused by the non‐bijectivity of the gradient fields.

Conclusion

For standard imaging, reconstruction in image space and in k‐space is nearly equivalent, whereas there is a fundamental difference with practical consequences for the selection of image reconstruction algorithms when non‐bijective encoding fields are involved. Magn Reson Med 73:857–864, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free‐breathing steady‐state free precession cine cardiac magnetic resonance with respiratory navigator gating
Authors: Moghari Mehdi H. , Komarlu Rukmini , Annese David , Geva Tal , Powell Andrew J.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To develop and validate a respiratory motion compensation method for free‐breathing cardiac cine imaging.

Methods

A free‐breathing navigator‐gated cine steady‐state free precession acquisition (Cine‐Nav) was developed which preserves the equilibrium state of the net magnetization vector, maintains the high spatial and temporal resolutions of standard breath‐hold (BH) acquisition, and images entire cardiac cycle. Cine image data is accepted only from cardiac cycles occurring entirely during end‐expiration. Prospective validation was performed in 10 patients by obtaining in each three complete ventricular image stacks with different respiratory motion compensation approaches: (1) BH, (2) free‐breathing with 3 signal averages (3AVG), and (3) free‐breathing with Cine‐Nav.

Results

The subjective image quality score (1 = worst, 4 = best) for Cine‐Nav (3.8 ± 0.4) was significantly better than for 3AVG (2.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.002), and similar to BH (4.0 ± 0.0, P = 0.13). The blood‐to‐myocardium contrast ratio for Cine‐Nav (6.3 ± 1.5) was similar to BH (5.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.52) and to 3AVG (5.6 ± 2.5, P = 0.43). There were no significant differences between Cine‐Nav and BH for the ventricular volumes and mass. In contrast, there were significant differences between 3AVG and BH in all of these measurements but right ventricular mass.

Conclusion

Free‐breathing cine imaging with Cine‐Nav yielded comparable image quality and ventricular measurements to BH, and was superior to 3AVG. Magn Reson Med 73:1555–1561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility of Electric Property Tomography of pelvic tumors at 3T
Authors: Balidemaj Edmond , van Lier Astrid L. H. M. W. , Crezee Hans , Nederveen Aart J. , Stalpers Lukas J. A. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

Investigation of the validity of the “transceive phase assumption” for Electric Property Tomography of pelvic tumors at 3T. The acquired electric conductivities of pelvic tumors are beneficial for improved specific absorption rate determination in hyperthermia treatment planning.

Methods

Electromagnetic simulations and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of a pelvic‐sized phantom and the human pelvis of a volunteer and a cervix cancer patient.

Results

The reconstructed conductivity values of the phantom tumor model are in good quantitative agreement (mean deviation: 1–10%) with the probe measurements. Furthermore, the average reconstructed conductivity of a pelvic tumor model was in close agreement with the input conductivity (0.86 S/m vs. 0.90 S/m). The reconstructed tumor conductivity of the presented patient (cervical carcinoma, Stage: IVA) was 1.16 ± 0.40 S/m.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of electric property tomography to measure quantitatively the conductivity of centrally located tumors in a pelvic‐sized phantom and human pelvis with a standard magnetic resonance (MR) system and MR sequences. A good quantitative agreement was found between the reconstructed σ‐values and probe measurements for a wide range of σ‐values and for off‐axis located spherical compartment. As most pelvic tumors are located in the central region of the pelvis, these results can be exploited in hyperthermia treatment planning systems. Magn Reson Med 73:1505–1513, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Negative effect of clenbuterol on physical capacities and neuromuscular control of muscle atrophy in adult rats
Authors: Lang Guillaume , Dernoncourt Valerie , Bisson Jean‐François
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Clenbuterol has been used to alleviate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and elicit an anabolic response in muscles. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of muscle mass variation on physical capacities in rats.Methods: The left hindlimbs of Wistar rats were immobilized for 20 days in plantarflexion with a splint and then remobilized for 16 days. The effect of a non‐myotoxic dose of clenbuterol during the immobilization period was evaluated. Physical capacities were coordination, free locomotion, grip strength, and bilateral deficit.Results: Immobilization induced a loss of muscle mass, coordination, and strength without any effect on free locomotion. The positive anabolic effect of clenbuterol did not prevent a loss of physical capacities resulting from immobilization.Conclusions: Muscle mass correlated strongly with coordination and isometric strength in untreated rats. Anabolic effect, fiber phenotype modification, and perturbation in neuromuscular communication with clenbuterol improved muscle mass, but it altered physical capacities.Muscle Nerve52: 1078–1087, 2015
Green and blue areas as predictors of overweight and obesity in an 8‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Halonen Jaana I. , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Stenholm Sari , Kawachi Ichiro , Subramanian S.V. , Vahtera Jussi
Published: April 2014

Objective

To longitudinally examine associations between proximity of urban green or blue areas and BMI.

Methods

The study population consisted of the Finnish Public Sector study participants who responded to surveys in 2000 and 2008 and lived in an urban area; 15,621 of them did not move residence (nonmovers) during the follow‐up, and 9696 did (movers). The associations for objectively measured distance and change in distance to blue area and usable green area with self‐reported BMI were assessed (normal weight/overweight/obese).

Results

Among the nonmovers, living >750 versus <250 m from usable green area increased the odds of overweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07‐2.11), and living 500‐750 versus <250 m from the nearest blue area increased the odds of overweight (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.01‐1.52). No significant associations were observed for obesity. Moving away from the proximity of green, but not blue, area (from <250 to >250m) increased the odds of obesity (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.08‐2.06).

Conclusions

These longitudinal population level findings suggest that living far from usable green areas or waterfront in urban areas increases the risk of overweight.
Evaluation of early weight loss thresholds for identifying nonresponders to an intensive lifestyle intervention
Authors: Unick Jessica L. , Hogan Patricia E. , Neiberg Rebecca H. , Cheskin Lawrence J. , Dutton Gareth R. , Evans‐Hudnall Gina , Jeffery Robert , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Nelson Julie A. , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier , West Delia Smith , Wing Rena R. ,   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: April 2014

Objective

Weight losses in lifestyle interventions are variable, yet prediction of long‐term success is difficult. The utility of using various weight loss thresholds in the first 2 months of treatment for predicting 1‐year outcomes was examined.

Methods

Participants included 2327 adults with type 2 diabetes (BMI:35.8 ± 6.0) randomized to the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) of the Look AHEAD trial. ILI included weekly behavioral sessions designed to increase physical activity and reduce caloric intake. 1‐month, 2‐month, and 1‐year weight changes were calculated.

Results

Participants failing to achieve a ≥2% weight loss at Month 1 were 5.6 (95% CI:4.5, 7.0) times more likely to also not achieve a ≥10% weight loss at Year 1, compared to those losing ≥2% initially. These odds were increased to 11.6 (95% CI:8.6, 15.6) when using a 3% weight loss threshold at Month 2. Only 15.2% and 8.2% of individuals failing to achieve the ≥2% and ≥3% thresholds at Months 1 and 2, respectively, go on to achieve a ≥10% weight loss at Year 1.

Conclusions

Given the association between initial and 1‐year weight loss, the first few months of treatment may be an opportune time to identify those who are unsuccessful and utilize rescue efforts.

Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00017953
Emigration of Scottish Steelworkers to Canada: Impacts on Social Networks
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce , Watson Susannah , Ellaway Anne
Published: April 2014

Throughout the 1960s–1980s, many steelworkers emigrated from the regions in and around Glasgow, Scotland, seeking better economic opportunities in other industrial cities, including Hamilton in Ontario, Canada. However, little is known about how this move affected the social networks of the steelworkers and their families at the time of immigration and how their social networks had evolved over time. Fifteen former Scottish steelworkers living in the Hamilton area and the daughter of one deceased steelworker were interviewed for this study. Immigration to Canada had clearly disrupted their social networks, as many experienced the loss of valued relationships with parents, neighbours, and co‐workers left behind in Scotland. These losses led to homesickness for many steelworkers and their wives and had driven some families back to their home country. Despite cultural similarities to the broader population, the steelworkers still experienced social isolation at times that limited their ability to form supportive networks (particularly with co‐workers and neighbours). Over time, a change in lifestyle as a result of immigration increased social advantages in Canada, and involvement in recreational sports contributed to the strengthening of relationships (particularly with their immediate family members and fellow Scottish immigrants) and the formation of new social networks, albeit ones that differed from those they had left behind in Scotland. This study helped to identify circumstances that both challenge and ease the formation of social networks for immigrants and contribute to our understanding of how context influences the evolution of social networks for new arrivals. © 2014 The Authors. Population, Space and Place published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Cyclic potential growth mechanism for electropolymerized polythiophenes as anode buffer layers in P3HT–PCBM solar cells
Authors: Bom Sidhant , Ortel Marlis , Wagner Veit
Published: April 2014

A new method for electropolymerization of polythiophenes as anode buffer layer in combination with a PEDOT:PSS buffer in P3HT–PCBM solar cells is introduced. This approach uses a stack of PEDOT:PSS and electropolymerized polythiophene (ePT) as an anode buffer layer. A significant improvement in the short circuit current is seen in solar cells with additional thin buffer layers of ePT grown on top of PEDOT:PSS. The cells with ePT buffer layer grown with constant potential mode compared to solar cells without additional ePT buffer layer have an 18.7% increase in power conversion efficiency. However, the cells with ePT grown with cyclic potential mode result in an additional enhancement in short circuit current with a further increase of 11.7% in power conversion efficiency. This improvement is attributed to better quality of the buffer layer obtained by cyclic potential electropolymerization technique with respect to film quality and area coverage.
High temperature strain glass transition in defect doped Ti–Pd martensitic alloys
Authors: Zhou Yumei , Xue Dezhen , Ding Xiangdong , Otsuka Kazuhiro , Sun Jun , Ren Xiaobing
Published: April 2014

Strain glass alloys exhibit novel functionalities around their glass transition temperatureT0; but T0 is too low for TiNi‐based strain glass alloys, restricting their potential applications. It is thus of practical importance to develop high T0 strain glass alloys. In the present study, several ambient‐temperature T0 strain glass alloys were developed, by selecting TiPd with high temperature martensitic transformation as the host alloy and doping different kinds of point defects to substitute Pd. By comparing TiPd‐based and TiNi‐based strain glass alloys, it is found that T0 of strain glass alloys is controlled by the martensitic transformation temperature of its host alloys without defect doping. Finally, our results suggest that strain glass alloys are also promising damping materials for applications, as their transition damping peak is insensitive to the cooling/heating rate and is also thermal hysteresis free.
Fabrication of NiO photoelectrodes by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD)
Authors: Mat‐Teridi M. A. , Tahir Asif Ali , Senthilarasu S. , Wijayantha K. G. U. , Sulaiman M. Y. , Ahmad‐Ludin N. , Ibrahim M. A. , Sopian K.
Published: April 2014

Nanostructured nickel oxide (NiO) photoelectrodes were fabricated with controlled morphology and texture using single‐step aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD). The durable one‐step film fabrication process resulted in highly crystalline columnar structure. Texture controlled films were also fabricated from granular to crystalline columnar morphology by controlling the deposition temperature. The thin film electrodes are highly reproducible and possess an optical bandgap of ∼3.7 eV and exhibit cathodic photocurrent. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical investigation of molecular and electronic structure changes of the molecular magnet Mn12 cluster upon super‐reduction
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshio , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio , Lundberg Marcus , Irle Stephan
Published: April 2014

magnified image

Density functional theory calculations on the neutral [Mn12]0 molecular magnet and super‐reduced [Mn12]8– cluster were employed to investigate the experimental geometrical changes observed during discharging in a molecular cluster battery. It was found that for relevant low‐spin states the eight electrons added in [Mn12]8– are mainly added to the outer eight Mn atoms, causing elongation of the bonds between outer Mn and their surrounding O atoms, while the inner Mn4 cluster is less affected by the reduction.

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Schematic representation of the spin density of the neutral [Mn12]0 cluster and its super‐reduced state [Mn12]8–, for which several possible spin states were found.

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Better Posture Strategy for Fingertip Force and Finger Coordination during a Daily Activity
Authors: Huang Chen‐Yu , Su Fong‐Chin
Published: April 2014

An effective jar opening movement requires not only the complex integration of the thumb and fingers but also good body segment coordination dependent on the body posture. However, few studies have focused on the effect that jar opening posture has on the finger force integration when the fingertips are grasping the jar in their natural positions, rather than fixed ones, and few have considered the role of the global motor in this task.

Forty‐two healthy young subjects participated in this study and performed the jar opening movement using a custom instrument with three opening postures. The results showed that the resultant force and overall torque of the right hand significantly increased from the vertical to the off‐table posture. The thumb produced the greatest resultant, tangential and normal forces when the off‐table posture was used. Further, the average normalized normal forces of the thumb and middle–ring–little finger group were greater for the off‐table posture than those for the vertical posture, whereas no difference was found for the index finger. The normal forces were 3.02–3.36 times greater than the tangential forces for the three finger groups. The thumb had the greatest torque contribution and produced the same torque contributions for all the three postures. The torque contributions of the index finger and the middle–ring–little finger group were 0.56–0.96 times smaller than that of the thumb. This study found a better posture strategy for the young subjects to open a jar with the off‐table posture while sitting, and this was also the best opening posture when comparing the overall torque in this work with that reported in previous studies, no matter whether the subjects were standing or sitting or whatever type of finger group was defined. However, the effect of grasp type and the middle, ring and little fingertip force need to be clarified in future studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward linear scaling: Locality of potential energy surface coupling in valence coordinates
Authors: Richter Falk , Carbonniere Philippe , Pouchan Claude
Published: April 2014

We investigate the possible locality of potential energy surface (PES) coupling in curvilinear internal valence coordinates using pure electronic energy as well as vibrational energy guided definitions of PES coupling range on the example of the floppy but‐enal and the semirigid but‐dienol molecule C4OH6. We propose ways to exploit found coupling range limits for efficient PES generation leading to significant computational savings. The generation of the 27 dimensional PESs using vibrationally guided convergence criteria within an adaptive PES generation method (AGAPES) at B3LYP quality is reported as well with a detailed error‐gain analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the patina formed on a low tin bronze exposed to aqueous hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Chan Michelle , Capek Alexandra , Brill Daniel A. , Garrett Simon J.
Published: April 2014

The dark gray corrosion layer (patina) formed on the surface of a polished low tin bronze alloy following exposure to a deoxygenated and saturated aqueous solutions of H2S has been characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The system represents a model for bronze corrosion in reducing conditions where sulfate‐reducing bacteria in soils or deoxygenated seawater may generate H2S during respiration. The initial surface was dominated by metallic copper together with Sn, Pb and Zn oxides and hydroxides. Surface enrichment of Pb and Zn was noted because of a smearing effect during polishing. At least some of the lead was crystalline. In contrast, the corrosion layer formed by H2S(aq) exposure was dominated by polycrystalline Cu2S (low and high chalcocite) and smaller concentrations of CuSO4 · nH2O. This surface was enriched with Zn as Zn(OH)2. Lead was present as redeposited PbS (galena) crystallites in at least two different morphologies. Unlike bronzes exposed to oxidizing conditions, which develop protective SnO2 layers, the H2S(aq)‐exposed surface was considerably depleted in Sn. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propensity score methods for estimating relative risks in cluster randomized trials with low‐incidence binary outcomes and selection bias
Authors: Leyrat Clémence , Caille Agnès , Donner Allan , Giraudeau Bruno
Published: April 2014

Despite randomization, selection bias may occur in cluster randomized trials. Classical multivariable regression usually allows for adjusting treatment effect estimates with unbalanced covariates. However, for binary outcomes with low incidence, such a method may fail because of separation problems. This simulation study focused on the performance of propensity score (PS)‐based methods to estimate relative risks from cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes with low incidence. The results suggested that among the different approaches used (multivariable regression, direct adjustment on PS, inverse weighting on PS, and stratification on PS), only direct adjustment on the PS fully corrected the bias and moreover had the best statistical properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tricks of Light on Helices: Transformation of Helical Polymers by Photoirradiation
Authors: Nakano Tamaki
Published: April 2014

The following polymer structural transitions were achieved using light: preferred‐handed helix formation for poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl), helix racemization (helix–helix transition) for poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)fluoren‐9‐yl acrylate) and poly(2,5‐bis[4‐((S)‐2‐methylbutyloxy)phenyl]styrene), and helix decomposition for poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)‐9‐methylfluoren‐9‐yl acrylate) and poly(2,7‐bis(4‐t‐butylphenyl)fluoren‐9‐ylmethyl methacrylate). Although these types of transitions and chemical transformations have been studied mainly using heat or chemicals as stimuli, light can also cause these structural alterations. In the helix construction and the helix–helix transition, a key transition is a twist‐coplanar conformational change of a biphenyl or an aryl–aryl unit in the side chain or the main chain of the polymer. Furthermore, the helix–helix transition was caused only by light and not by heat. The examples discussed in this review are expected to trigger off a new direction in synthesis and reaction of chiral polymers.