bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophages and their relevance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I infection
Authors: Koppensteiner Herwig , Brack-Werner Ruth , Schindler Michael
Published: October 2012

Macrophages are important target cells for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1)in vivo. Several studies have assessed the molecular biology of the virus in this cell type, and a number of differences towards HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells have been described. There is a broad consensus that macrophages resist HIV-1 infection much better than CD4+ T cells. Among other reasons, this is due to the presence of the recently identified host cell restriction factor SamHD1, which is strongly expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. Furthermore, macrophages produce and release relatively low amounts of infectious HIV-1 and are less sensitive to viral cytotoxicity in comparison to CD4+ T cells. Nevertheless, macrophages play a crucial role in the different phases of HIV-1 infection. In this review, we summarize and discuss the significance of macrophages for HIV-1 transmission, the acute and chronic phases of HIV-1 infection, the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV-associated diseases, including neurocognitive disorders. We propose that interaction of HIV-1 with macrophages is crucial during all stages of HIV-1 infection. Thus, long-term successful treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals requires potent strategies to prevent HIV-1 from entering and persisting in these cells.
Histone acetylation mediates epigenetic regulation of transcriptional reprogramming in insects during metamorphosis, wounding and infection
Authors: Mukherjee Krishnendu , Fischer Rainer , Vilcinskas Andreas
Published: October 2012

Background

Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated by histone acetylation/deacetylation, an epigenetic process mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) whose opposing activities are tightly regulated. The acetylation of histones by HATs increases DNA accessibility and promotes gene expression, whereas the removal of acetyl groups by HDACs has the opposite effect.

Results

We explored the role of HDACs and HATs in epigenetic reprogramming during metamorphosis, wounding and infection in the lepidopteran model host Galleria mellonella. We measured the expression of genes encoding components of HATs and HDACs to monitor the transcriptional activity of each enzyme complex and found that both enzymes were upregulated during pupation. Specific HAT inhibitors were able to postpone pupation and to reduce insect survival following wounding, whereas HDAC inhibitors accelerated pupation and increased survival. The administration of HDAC inhibitors modulated the expression of effector genes with key roles in tissue remodeling (matrix metalloproteinase), the regulation of sepsis (inhibitor of metalloproteinases from insects) and host defense (antimicrobial peptides), and simultaneously induced HAT activity, suggesting that histone acetylation is regulated by a feedback mechanism. We also discovered that both the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can delay metamorphosis in G. mellonella by skewing the HDAC/HAT balance.

Conclusions

Our study provides for the first evidence that pathogenic bacteria can interfere with the regulation of HDACs and HATs in insects which appear to manipulate host immunity and development. We conclude that histone acetylation/deacetylation in insects mediates transcriptional reprogramming during metamorphosis and in response to wounding and infection.
Effect of analgesic therapy on clinical outcome measures in a randomized controlled trial using client-owned dogs with hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Malek Sarah , Sample Susannah J , Schwartz Zeev , Nemke Brett , Jacobson Peer B , Cozzi Elizabeth M , Schaefer Susan L , Bleedorn Jason A , Holzman Gerianne , Muir Peter
Published: October 2012

Background

Pain and impaired mobility because of osteoarthritis (OA) is common in dogs and humans. Efficacy studies of analgesic drug treatment of dogs with naturally occurring OA may be challenging, as a caregiver placebo effect is typically evident. However, little is known about effect sizes of common outcome-measures in canine clinical trials evaluating treatment of OA pain. Forty-nine client-owned dogs with hip OA were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled prospective trial. After a 1 week baseline period, dogs were randomly assigned to a treatment (ABT-116 – transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, Carprofen – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Tramadol - synthetic opiate, or Placebo) for 2 weeks. Outcome-measures included physical examination parameters, owner questionnaire, activity monitoring, gait analysis, and use of rescue medication.

Results

Acute hyperthermia developed after ABT-116 treatment (P< 0.001). Treatment with carprofen (P≤ 0.01) and tramadol (P≤ 0.001) led to improved mobility assessed by owner questionnaire. Nighttime activity was increased after ABT-116 treatment (P= 0.01). Kinetic gait analysis did not reveal significant treatment effects. Use of rescue treatment decreased with treatment in the ABT-116 and Carprofen groups (P< 0.001). Questionnaire score and activity count at the end of treatment were correlated with age, clinical severity at trial entry, and outcome measure baseline status (SR≥ ±0.40,P≤ 0.005). Placebo treatment effects were evident with all variables studied.

Conclusion

Treatment of hip OA in client-owned dogs is associated with a placebo effect for all variables that are commonly used for efficacy studies of analgesic drugs. This likely reflects caregiver bias or the phenomenon of regression to the mean. In the present study, outcome measures with significant effects also varied between groups, highlighting the value of using multiple outcome measures, as well as an a priori analysis of effect size associated with each measure. Effect size data from the present study could be used to inform design of future trials studying analgesic treatment of canine OA. Our results suggest that analgesic treatment with ABT-116 is not as effective as carprofen or tramadol for treatment of hip arthritis pain in client-owned dogs.
The Epidemiology of Sarcoma
Authors: Burningham Zachary , Hashibe Mia , Spector Logan , Schiffman Joshua D
Published: October 2012

Sarcomas account for over 20% of all pediatric solid malignant cancers and less than 1% of all adult solid malignant cancers. The vast majority of diagnosed sarcomas will be soft tissue sarcomas, while malignant bone tumors make up just over 10% of sarcomas. The risks for sarcoma are not well-understood. We evaluated the existing literature on the epidemiology and etiology of sarcoma. Risks for sarcoma development can be divided into environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, and an interaction between the two. HIV-positive individuals are at an increased risk for Kaposi’s sarcoma, even though HHV8 is the causative virus. Radiation exposure from radiotherapy has been strongly associated with secondary sarcoma development in certain cancer patients. In fact, the risk of malignant bone tumors increases as the cumulative dose of radiation to the bone increases (p for trend <0.001). A recent meta-analysis reported that children with a history of hernias have a greater risk of developing Ewing’s sarcoma (adjusted OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.9, 5.7). Bone development during pubertal growth spurts has been associated with osteosarcoma development. Occupational factors such as job type, industry, and exposures to chemicals such as herbicides and chlorophenols have been suggested as risk factors for sarcomas. A case-control study found a significant increase in soft tissue sarcoma risk among gardeners (adjusted OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.00, 14.00), but not among those strictly involved in farming. A European-based study reported an increased risk in bone tumors among blacksmiths, toolmakers, or machine-tool operators (adjusted OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.08, 4.26). Maternal and paternal characteristics such as occupation, age, smoking status, and health conditions experienced during pregnancy also have been suggested as sarcoma risk factors and would be important to assess in future studies. The limited studies we identified demonstrate significant relationships with sarcoma risk, but many of these results now require further validation on larger populations. Furthermore, little is known about the biologic mechanisms behind each epidemiologic association assessed in the literature. Future molecular epidemiology studies may increase our understanding of the genetic versus environmental contributions to tumorigenesis in this often deadly cancer in children and adults.
Isolation of a novel strain of Candida shehatae for ethanol production at elevated temperature
Authors: Tanimura Ayumi , Nakamura Toshihide , Watanabe Itsuki , Ogawa Jun , Shima Jun
Published: October 2012

Considering the cost-effectiveness of bioethanol production, there is a need for a yeast strain which can convert glucose and xylose into ethanol at elevated temperatures. We succeeded in isolating a yeast strain, designated strain ATY839, which was capable of ethanolic fermentation at temperatures above those previously reported for yeasts able to ferment both glucose and xylose. Strain ATY839 was capable of producing a substantial amount of ethanol at up to 37°C from 2% glucose or 2% xylose. The results of a phylogenetic analysis suggest that strain ATY839 belongs to Candida shehatae. In additional, ethanol production from rice straw by strain ATY839 was examined. Compared with the control strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 0224, Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063, and C. shehatae ATCC 22984), strain ATY839 produced more ethanol in SSF even at 37°C. The theoretical maximum yield of strain ATY839 was 71.6% at 24 h. Thus, strain ATY839 is considered to be the most tolerant to high temperature of the C. shehatae strains.
A three-stage assembly flow shop scheduling problem with blocking and sequence-dependent set up times
Authors: Maleki-Darounkolaei Aref , Modiri Mahmoud , Tavakkoli-Moghaddam Reza , Seyyedi Iman
Published: October 2012

This paper considers a three-stage assembly flowshop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times at the first stage and blocking times between each stage in such a way that the weighted mean completion time and makespan are minimized. Obtaining an optimal solution for this type of complex, large-sized problem in reasonable computational time using traditional approaches or optimization tools is extremely difficult. Thus, this paper proposes a meta-heuristic method based on simulated annealing (SA) in order to solve the given problem. Finally, the computational results are shown and compared in order to show the efficiency of our proposed SA.
Functional relationship between high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in human chondrocytes
Authors: Gasparini Giorgio , De Gori Marco , Paonessa Francesco , Chiefari Eusebio , Brunetti Antonio , Galasso Olimpio
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) regulates articular cartilage homeostasis. During osteoarthritis (OA), the anabolic responses of chondrocytes to IGF-I are likely to be prevented by the enhanced production of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), especially IGFBP-3. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the architectural transcription factor high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) influences IGFBP-3 overexpression in vitro, in cultured chondrocytic cell lines, and ex vivo, in human osteoarthritic cartilage compared to healthy human cartilage controls.

Methods

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess the relative transcript levels of HMGA1 and IGFBP-3 in vitro, in the human chondrocytic cell lines T/C-28a4 and C-28/I2. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transient transfection assays were performed to investigate the HMGA1-IGFBP-3 gene interaction. Samples of articular cartilage were harvested from osteoarthritic patients and controls and analyzed by qRT-PCR for HMGA1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels.

Results

A parallelism between HMGA1 protein levels and IGFBP-3 gene expression has been observed in T/C-28a4 and C-28/I2 cells. The interaction of HMGA1 with the IGFBP-3 gene promoter has been demonstrated by EMSA and ChIP. In transient transfections, IGFBP-3 promoter activity increased in cells overexpressing HMGA1 and decreased in cells pretreated with siRNA detected against HMGA1. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression was higher in cartilage from patients with OA, where the increased expression of IGFBP-3 closely paralleled the increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA.

Conclusions

Our observations indicate that increased HMGA1 expression in human chondrocytes is associated with increased expression of IGFBP-3. It is tempting to speculate that, through the regulation of IGFBP3 expression, HMGA1 may act as a pathogenetic factor for OA.
Impaired skeletal muscle microcirculation in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Partovi Sasan , Schulte Anja-Carina , Aschwanden Markus , Staub Daniel , Benz Daniela , Imfeld Stephan , Jacobi Björn , Broz Pavel , Jäger Kurt A , Takes Martin , Huegli Rolf W , Bilecen Deniz , Walker Ulrich A
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Muscle symptoms in systemic sclerosis (SSc) may originate from altered skeletal muscle microcirculation, which can be investigated by means of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

After ethics committee approval and written consent, 11 consecutive SSc patients (5 men, mean age 52.6 years, mean SSc disease duration 5.4 years) and 12 healthy volunteers (4 men, mean age 45.1 years) were included. Subjects with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were excluded. BOLD MRI was performed on calf muscles during cuff-induced ischemia and reactive hyperemia, using a 3-T whole-body scanner (Verio, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) and fat-suppressed single-short multi-echo echo planar imaging (EPI) with four different effective echo times. Muscle BOLD signal time courses were obtained for gastrocnemius and soleus muscles: minimal hemoglobin oxygen saturation (T2*min) and maximal T2* values (T2*max), time to T2* peak (TTP), and slopes of oxygen normalization after T2* peaking.

Results

The vast majority of SSc patients lacked skeletal muscle atrophy, weakness or serum creatine kinase elevation. Nevertheless, more intense oxygen desaturation during ischemia was observed in calf muscles of SSc patients (mean T2*min -15.0%), compared with controls (-9.1%, P = 0.02). SSc patients also had impaired oxygenation during hyperemia (median T2*max 9.2% vs. 20.1%, respectively, P = 0.007). The slope of muscle oxygen normalization was significantly less steep and prolonged (TTP) in SSc patients (P<0.001 for both). Similar differences were found at a separate analysis of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, with most pronounced impairment in the gastrocnemius.

Conclusions

BOLD MRI demonstrates a significant impairment of skeletal muscle microcirculation in SSc.
Angiopoietin-1 variant reduces LPS-induced microvascular dysfunction in a murine model of sepsis
Authors: Alfieri Alessio , Watson Jay J , Kammerer Richard A , Tasab Mohammed , Progias Pavlos , Reeves Kimberly , Brown Nicola J , Brookes Zoe L
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Severe sepsis is characterised by intravascular or extravascular infection with microbial agents, systemic inflammation and microcirculatory dysfunction, leading to tissue damage, organ failure and death. The growth factor angiopoietin (Ang-1) has therapeutic potential but recombinant Ang-1 tends to aggregate and has a short half-life in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of the more stable Ang-1 variant matrilin-1-angiopoietin-1 (MAT.Ang-1) on the function of the microcirculation in an experimental model of sepsis, and whether any protection by MAT-Ang-1 was associated with modulation of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors or the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-Akt and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin pathways.

Methods

Aluminium window chambers were implanted into the dorsal skinfold of male C3H/HeN mice (7 to 10 weeks old) to expose the striated muscle microcirculation. Endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg at 0 and 19 hours). MAT.Ang-1 was administered intravenously 20 hours after the onset of sepsis. Microcirculatory function was evaluated by intravital microscopy and Doppler fluximetry.

Results

Endotoxemia resulted in macromolecular leak, which was ameliorated by MAT.Ang-1 post-treatment. LPS induced a dramatic reduction in tissue perfusion, which was improved by MAT.Ang-1. Proteome profiler array analysis of skeletal muscle also demonstrated increased inflammatory and reduced angiogenic factors during endotoxemia. MAT.Ang-1 post-treatment reduced the level of IL-1β but did not significantly induce the expression of angiogenic factors. MAT.Ang-1 alone did not induce leak or increase angiogenic factors but did reduce vascular endothelial growth factor expression in controls.

Conclusion

Administration of MAT.Ang-1 after the onset of sepsis protects the microcirculation from endotoxemia-induced vascular dysfunction through reducing inflammation but without pro-angiogenic actions, thus representing a novel, potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis.
Identification of sepsis subtypes in critically ill adults using gene expression profiling
Authors: Maslove David M , Tang Benjamin M , McLean Anthony S
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Sepsis is a syndromic illness that has traditionally been defined by a set of broad, highly sensitive clinical parameters. As a result, numerous distinct pathophysiologic states may meet diagnostic criteria for sepsis, leading to syndrome heterogeneity. The existence of biologically distinct sepsis subtypes may in part explain the lack of actionable evidence from clinical trials of sepsis therapies. We used microarray-based gene expression data from adult patients with sepsis in order to identify molecularly distinct sepsis subtypes.

Methods

We used partitioning around medoids (PAM) and hierarchical clustering of gene expression profiles from neutrophils taken from a cohort of septic patients in order to identify distinct subtypes. Using the medoids learned from this cohort, we then clustered a second independent cohort of septic patients, and used the resulting class labels to evaluate differences in clinical parameters, as well as the expression of relevant pharmacogenes.

Results

We identified two sepsis subtypes based on gene expression patterns. Subtype 1 was characterized by increased expression of genes involved in inflammatory and Toll receptor mediated signaling pathways, as well as a higher prevalence of severe sepsis. There were differences between subtypes in the expression of pharmacogenes related to hydrocortisone, vasopressin, norepinephrine, and drotrecogin alpha.

Conclusions

Sepsis subtypes can be identified based on different gene expression patterns. These patterns may generate hypotheses about the underlying pathophysiology of sepsis and suggest new ways of classifying septic patients both in clinical practice, and in the design of clinical trials.
Endogenous Nodal signaling regulates germ cell potency during mammalian testis development
Authors: Spiller Cassy M. , Feng Chun-Wei , Jackson Andrew , Gillis Ad J. M. , Rolland Antoine D. , Looijenga Leendert H. J. , Koopman Peter , Bowles Josephine
Published: October 2012

Germ cells, the embryonic precursors of sperm or oocytes, respond to molecular cues that regulate their sex-specific development in the fetal gonads. In males in particular, the balance between continued proliferation and cell fate commitment is crucial: defects in proliferation result in insufficient spermatogonial stem cells for fertility, but escape from commitment and prolonged pluripotency can cause testicular germ cell tumors. However, the factors that regulate this balance remain unidentified. Here, we show that signaling by the TGFβ morphogen Nodal and its co-receptor Cripto is active during a crucial window of male germ cell development. The Nodal pathway is triggered when somatic signals, including FGF9, induce testicular germ cells to upregulate Cripto. Germ cells of mutant mice with compromised Nodal signaling showed premature differentiation, reduced pluripotency marker expression and a reduced ability to form embryonic germ (EG) cell colonies in vitro. Conversely, human testicular tumors showed upregulation of NODAL and CRIPTO that was proportional to invasiveness and to the number of malignant cells. Thus, Nodal signaling provides a molecular control mechanism that regulates male germ cell potency in normal development and testicular cancer.
Analysis of nephric duct specification in the avian embryo
Authors: Attia Lital , Yelin Ronit , Schultheiss Thomas M.
Published: October 2012

Vertebrate kidney tissue exhibits variable morphology that in general increases in complexity when moving from anterior to posterior along the body axis. The nephric duct, a simple unbranched epithelial tube, is derived in the avian embryo from a rudiment located in the anterior intermediate mesoderm (IM) adjacent to somites 8 to 10. Using quail-chick chimeric embryos, the current study finds that competence to form nephric duct is fixed when IM precursor cells are still located in the primitive streak, significantly before the onset of duct differentiation. In the primitive streak, expression of the gene HoxB4 is associated with prospective duct IM, whereas expression of the more posterior Hox gene HoxA6 is associated with more posterior, non-duct-forming IM. Misexpression of HoxA6, but not of HoxB4, in prospective duct-forming regions of the IM resulted in repression of duct formation, suggesting a mechanism for the restriction of duct formation to the anterior-most IM. The results are discussed with respect to their implications for anterior-posterior patterning of kidney tissue and of mesoderm in general, and for the loss of duct-forming ability in more posterior regions of the IM that has occurred during vertebrate evolution.
APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes inArabidopsisby recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19
Authors: Krogan Naden T. , Hogan Kendra , Long Jeff A.
Published: October 2012

The development and coordination of complex tissues in eukaryotes requires precise spatial control of fate-specifying genes. Although investigations of such control have traditionally focused on mechanisms of transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression has emerged as being equally important in the establishment of gene expression territories. In the angiosperm flower, specification of lateral organ fate relies on the spatial regulation of the ABC floral organ identity genes. Our understanding of how the boundaries of these expression domains are controlled is not complete. Here, we report that the A-class organ identity gene APETALA2 (AP2), which is known to repress the C-class gene AGAMOUS, also regulates the expression borders of the B-class genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, and the E-class gene SEPALLATA3. We show that AP2 represses its target genes by physically recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. These results demonstrate that AP2 plays a broad role in flower development by controlling the expression domains of numerous floral organ identity genes.
« Don't I long for Montreal »: L'identité hybride d'une jeune migrante franco-américaine pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Fahrni Magda , Frenette Yves
Published: October 2012

Between July 1917 and October 1918, Alma Drouin, a young Franco-American woman from Laconia, New Hampshire, sojourned in Montreal. She had been drawn to Canada's metropolis by the opportunities that it offered for professional mobility, as well as by its big-city attractions. Through an analysis of Alma's correspondence and her diaries, we have attempted to understand the ways in which she represented her daily life in Montreal, along with the place of this big city in her broader mental geography. Alma Drouin possessed a hybrid identity and a transnational consciousness, the latter evident in her participation in a cross-border network of correspondents. Both this network and Alma's use of geographical mobility to achieve social mobility were part of a long migratory tradition in the western world and in French Canada. While Alma constructed herself in her correspondence and her diaries as an independent "working girl", she was nonetheless dependent upon a significant cross-border network of relatives, friends, and acquaintances.
De la nutrition des pauvres malades : L'histoire du Montreal Diet Dispensary de 1910 à 1940
Authors: Cohen Yolande
Published: October 2012

For reformers involved in the public health movement at the end of the nineteenth century, education of the public, particularly the poor and immigrant populations, in day-to-day cleanliness and better nutrition, clothing, and housing would contribute to transforming the country from colony to prosperous nation, with a larger population better integrated into a new Canadian national identity. In Montreal, the Montreal Diet Dispensary, founded by a number of anglo-protestant women volunteers in the interest of helping those who were ill and living in poverty, became a practical laboratory for social action and intervention, inspired by a maternalist ideal. This effort developed in three stages, as the women put in place charitable structures through which those who were ill and in poverty were to be identified and selected, then diagnosed by new female professionals (social workers, dieticians, and nurses), and finally made responsible as individuals in charge of their own health through the promotion of public health. A study of the MDD reveals the definitive role of these women —philanthropists, volunteers, professionals, and those who received services —in constructing a field of activity, intervention, and service that today would be considered a mixed social economy and that was a powerful lever in evoking state and public intervention in this field.
Transcending Language and Ethnicity: Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Canonical Erection of the Diocese of Calgary, 1912–1916
Authors: Foran Timothy P.
Published: October 2012

Les historiens ont généralement présenté le conflit entre les Oblats de Marie Immaculée et M gr John Thomas McNally, Évêque de Calgary, comme un chapitre de la narration nationale traitant de la rivalité entre catholiques « français » et « irlandais ». Des allusions à une rivalité ethnolinguistique sont cependant absentes des rapports rédigés à l'époque par le personnel oblat du sud de l'Alberta. Ces rapports indiquent que les Oblats attribuaient leur conflit avec McNally aux tensions administratives entre l'autorité épiscopale et l'autonomie des ordres religieux. Ayant assemblé un personnel multiethnique et multilingue en réponse à l'afflux d'immigrés catholiques durant les trois décennies précédentes, les Oblats se sont convaincus qu'un évêque séculier ne possédait ni les liens internationaux ni l'expérience administrative requis pour assumer la direction d'une communauté si largement diversifiée. Ils décidèrent ainsi de conserver leur autonomie traditionnelle et de résister à toute tentative de concentrer l'autorité ecclésiastique sur la fonction de l'évêque.
"A figure of a nude woman": Art, Popular Culture, and Modernity at the Canadian National Exhibition, 1927
Authors: Nicholas Jane
Published: October 2012

Trois peintures de nus étaient exposées dans la galerie d'arts de l'Exposition nationale canadienne de 1927 à Toronto. Leur présence a suscité dans les éditoriaux et les lettres à la rédaction des journaux un débat qui transcendait les peintures proprement dites pour révéler des préoccupations sur la modernité et la négociation du tournant culturel dans les années 1920. L'évolution perçue des moeurs, la culture populaire et le corps de la femme étaient des sujets de malaise. Les questions entourant les défis à l'ordre établi de même qu'aux modes d'aménagement de l'espace et de façonnement de l'identité ont également émergé dans les débats sur la classe, le sexe et l'âge.
Experiences of Enslavement in West Central Africa
Authors: Curto José C.
Published: October 2012

Du début des années 1500 jusqu'en 1830, l'esclavage a marqué de son omniprésence la quasi-totalité de l'Afrique occidentale et centrale. Des millions de personnes ont été enlevées, beaucoup pour la filière atlantique et d'autres pour la filière intérieure de l'esclavage. La traite des esclaves a stimulé la prolifération de la violence et de l'insécurité puisque les enlèvements se faisaient au moyen de guerres, de raids, de kidnappings, de trahisons et d'une panoplie d'autres moyens coercitifs. Des personnes de toutes sortes ont vécu cette expérience, même celles qu'il était, en théorie, interdit d'asservir. Dans le même ordre d'idées, l'appât du gain suscité par l'asservissement d'autrui attirait des gens d'une foule d'horizons. Bien que certaines victimes aient réussi à regagner leur liberté, la seule consolation de nombreuses autres aura été de savoir qu'un nombre non négligeable de leurs ravisseurs allaient finir par connaître le même sort.
Forging a New Space for Lay Male Piety: St. Vincent de Paul Societies in Urban Quebec and Ontario, 1846–1890
Authors: Gauvreau Michael
Published: October 2012

Après son introduction au Canada en 1846, la Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul s'est rapidement taillé une place dans les paroisses et les communautés catholiques des principales villes coloniales du Canada. Organisation laïque exclusivement masculine, la SVP était d'abord et avant tout une société pieuse dont la bienfaisance et l'aide aux indigents ne servaient qu'à parfaire la piété de ses membres, s'appropriant un statut et un espace habituellement réservés au clergé. Les vertus auxquelles se vouait la SVP avaient également pour but de justifier la présence d'hommes laïcs dans la prestation de la bienfaisance, une sphère traditionnellement dominée par les ordres religieux catholiques féminins. Par ses secours de bienfaisance, qu'elle prodiguait grâce à un système de visites à domicile, la SVP jouait un rôle important non seulement en venant en aide aux pauvres des villes, mais également en définissant les limites et les identités des catholiques des grandes villes du Canada de l'époque victorienne.
"Au temps et dans les quantités qui lui plaisent": Poachers, Outlaws, and Rural Banditry in Quebec
Authors: Ingram Darcy
Published: October 2012

La question de la conservation de la faune dans le Québec de la seconde moitié du XIX e siècle a provoqué des confrontations. L'exemplifie le cas d'Henri Ladouceur, un braconnier de la région de la Beauce des Cantons de l'Est, au Québec, qui devint un personnage notoire sur la scène provinciale durant une chasse à l'homme de deux ans qui déboucha sur son emprisonnement en décembre 1897. L'étude utilise des documents officiels, des dossiers d'associations, des reportages de journaux et des comparaisons avec le « hors-la-loi du Mégantic » des années 1880 pour dépeindre le braconnage comme une expression du banditisme social et environnemental et pour examiner diverses allégations voulant que l'homme jouisse du droit fondé sur la classe, l'appartenance ethnique, le genre et le territoire de chasser. Outre ses implications pour la conservation de la faune, la réglementation des ressources et l'ordre social, le cas Ladouceur a laissé son empreinte dans le récit plus vaste de la résistance rurale à la loi, à l'État et aux formes privées du pouvoir.
Des idées libérales à la rescousse de l'Église catholique?: Le débat autour des biens des Jésuites en 1846
Authors: Bédard Éric
Published: October 2012

Throughout the nineteenth century, it was not clear who had the right to the revenues from the Jesuit holdings. Catholics in Lower Canada had long defended the idea that they were the sole beneficiaries of the revenues obtained from these properties. This was furthermore the position held by the bishops and French Canadian reformers in 1846, in opposition to the Tory majority, which wanted part of the revenues to be allocated to Protestant educational institutions. Historians have often seen this alliance between Catholic bishops and reformers as a failure of liberal ideas. This perspective needs qualification in light of the "liberal" argument presented in a memorandum from the bishops to members of the Executive Council.
Réflexion sur le pouvoir féminin au Canada sous le Régime français: le cas de la « seigneuresse » Marie-Catherine Peuvret (1667–1739)
Authors: Grenier Benoît
Published: October 2012

Women of New France are often portrayed as being "privileged" in comparison with their colonial English counterparts or with their female descendants living under the British regime. Widows, especially, are frequently used to illustrate what possibilities the law permitted for these women who were free from male supervision. However, despite the myth of it being a golden age for women, women who really exercised power in New France were the exception, not the rule. A study of rural seigneurial widows in pre-industrial Quebec demonstrates that they quickly tended to become "mothers of seigneurs" rather than "seigneuresses." The more entrepreneurial widows, who retained seigneurial power over a long period of time, were in the minority. The "seigneuresse" Marie-Catherine Peuvret is one such exemplary case that raises a number of questions and avenues of enquiry about the social and economic power of women in the patriarchal society of Canada's eighteenth century.
Centring the Suburb, Focusing on the Family: Calgary's Anglican and Alliance Churches, 1945–1969
Authors: Shantz Mary-Ann
Published: October 2012

Durant l'après-guerre, la suburbanisation occupait une place charnière dans les relations entre l'église et la famille pour les églises anglicane et de l'Alliance de Calgary, en Alberta. Tout en dirigeant des ministères tendant la main aux familles des banlieues, les églises réfléchissaient également aux défis de la modernité pour la vie familiale. Si la famille était capitale tant pour les Anglicans que pour l'Alliance, les deux communautés la comprenaient et l'abordaient différemment.
La femme, au cœur d'une société pluriculturelle : la belle Réunionnaise ou la construction d'une identité insulaire depuis le XVIII e siècle
Authors: Hajek Sérena , Delaplace Jean-Michel
Published: October 2012

La beauté, à travers la matière charnelle, représente une véritable incarnation des croyances collectives d'un temps, d'un lieu, changeant de forme en même temps que ce dernier, impliquant un regard ouvert sur le contexte sociétal, culturel, historique dans lequel elle s'inscrit. Afin de mieux comprendre qui est la femme réunionnaise, quel rôle social et politique elle tient dans cette société îlienne, nous nous sommes intéressés aux représentations de la belle créole à travers la littérature et l'art plastique de ces trois derniers siècles. Pour autant, les productions artistiques sont-elles significatives d'un contexte sociétal? Comment peut-on interpréter les regards portés sur la beauté créole? Ce questionnement autour des variations des expressions de la beauté créole révèle la construction progressive d'une identité insulaire de la femme créole : une femme plurielle, métisse et libre indissociable de son île natale. Autour de l'histoire de la beauté créole c'est une histoire de la société créole qui se distingue, mettant en évidence l'importance de l'héritage colonial et esclavagiste tout autant que les mutations rapides actuelles liées à la mondialisation, mais aussi et surtout un mouvement d'émancipation irréversible des femmes réunionnaises.
« Ces lois qui brouillent les races ». Enseignement, ségrégation et égalité en Alabama et au Tennessee (1865-1899)
Authors: Ouellet Nelson
Published: October 2012

Le présent article examine l'intervention des assemblées législatives de l'Alabama et du Tennessee en matière d'enseignement, de l'Émanicipation jusqu'au début du XX e siècle. L'objectif est d'exposer le processus par lequel les élus de ces États sudistes munirent les remparts de la ségrégation de balistes destructeurs d'égalité des chances. En précisant l'acception du rapport entre la ségrégation et l'égalité, l'article révèle que les objectifs les plus précieux du système Jim Crow se trouvaient dans les lois scolaires définissant le pouvoir d'imposition et la distribution des taxes. Portée à la lumière du temps présent, cette histoire rend intelligible l'état du projet d'égalité depuis l'abolition de la ségrégation aux États-Unis.
“Shame upon you as men!”: Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal’s Gavazzi Riot
Authors: Horner Dan
Published: October 2012

L’apparition en juin 1853 d’Alessandro Gavazzi à Montréal provoqua une violente émeute sectaire qui fit 10 morts et quantité de blessés. Les élites canadiennes-françaises et irlandaises de la ville furent scandalisées que les protestants locaux eurent invité le charismatique conférencier anticatholique à Montréal. Les élites anglo-saxonnes, entre-temps, virent dans l’émeute une attaque à la liberté de parole et à leur vision d’une ville ordonnée. Les débats qui éclatèrent dans la foulée de l’émeute offrent un aperçu du débat sur l’identité qui avait cours dans le Montréal du milieu du XIX e siècle. L’affrontement des notions de décorum public, d’espace urbain et de décence masculine et féminine fut au cœur de ces discussions. Les élites canadiennes-françaises, anglo-saxonnes protestantes et irlando-catholiques de la ville interprétèrent les répercussions de l’émeute de façon à justifier leurs revendications rivales à l’égard du pouvoir et de l’autorité durant une période d’intense changement culturel et démographique.
Visiting the Mentally Ill: Volunteer Visitors at Saskatchewan Hospital, Weyburn 1950-1965
Authors: Whyte Jayne Melville
Published: October 2012

Le présent article donne un aperçu de la vie et des activités de certains des patients, béneévoles et employés du système de santé mentale de la Saskatchewan au cours de l'ère de la désinstitutionnalisation. Puisant dans ses propres souvenirs à titre de patiente dans une unité psychiatrique ainsi que dans ses recherches sur l'histoire de la santé mentale, l'auteure met en évidence le rôle des visiteurs bénévoles au Saskatchewan Hospital de Weyburn et évalue l'importance des thérapies par le travail et par le jeu dans l'amélioration de la vie des patients au sein de cet établissement. L'article insiste sur le point de vue des patients et des bénévoles qui ont travaillé activement pour élaborer des activités récréatives dans l'intention d'aider les patients à établir des liens avec les communautés environnantes. Les opinions présentées ici proviennent d'une variété de sources historiques et d'entrevues orales et traduisent le point de vue des visiteurs à l'asile comme des patients. L'auteure a aussi été bénéficiaire de services de santé mentale et a séjourné au Provincial Mental Hospital de North Battleford. Ainsi, cet article apporte une importante contribution à la compréhension de l'histoire sociale de la désinstitutionnalisation, non seulement de par les sources employées, mais aussi parce que ces sources ont été étudiées et sont expliquées aux lecteurs à travers le regard d'une ancienne patiente. Enfin, l'article attire l'attention sur les grandes possibilités de transformation pour les patients au fil de leurs interactions avec les groupes de femmes bénévoles ainsi que sur la façon dont ces transformations suscitées par la désinstitutionnalisation, le transfert aux soins communautaires et les décisions du « haut » ont affecté les personnes sur le terrain.
La révolution psychiatrique au Québec, 1950-1962. De l'asile à la psychiatrie communautaire et l' open-door
Authors: Duprey Catherine
Published: October 2012

Psychiatry opens to the world at a time when the very basis of psychiatric practice, namely the asylum, is called into question. Studies appear in Quebec and Canadian journals concurrent to the introduction of new formulas for care, such as the delivery of psychiatric services in general hospitals and clinics, that allow patients to be treated outside the walls of psychiatric hospitals. In addition, postwar psychiatry takes an optimistic view toward the future of children with impairments through the creation of specialized schools and workshops. From the mid-20 th century onward, the thinking in psychiatry centres on the open door.
Premières initiatives d'intégration sociale des malades mentaux dans une phase de pré-désinstitutionnalisation. L'exemple de Saint-Jean-de-Dieu, 1910-1950
Authors: Thifault Marie-Claude , Perreault Isabelle
Published: October 2012

This article on the first initiatives of social integration of the mentally ill, using the example of the Hôpital St-Jean-de-Dieu, explores the implementation of a period of deinstitutionalization in the early decades of the 20 th century. Our study is situated in the recent historiography that offers a rereading of the period just prior to the Quiet Revolution in Quebec. We intend to contribute by demonstrating that the policies, strategies and practices of the Sisters of Providence and the psychiatrists of St-Jean-de-Dieu developed a system of deinstitutionalization that reintegrated patients into their family as early as the 1910s, half a century before the first wave of deinstitutionalization of the 1960s was orchestrated by the authors of the Bédard report.
Albert Hirschman présenté par Jean-Claude Casanova
Authors: Casanova Jean-Claude
Published: October 2012

Le texte suivant est la transcription du discours de réception au grade de docteur honoris causa dispensé par l'Institut d'études politiques, en la personne de Jean-Claude Casanova, à Albert O. Hirschman le 27 avril 1989. Ce type de discours s'inscrit dans une longue tradition et constitue un véritable genre littéraire de l'hommage rendu à une œuvre. Elle traduit aussi, par le ton personnel que l'on s'y permet et que redouble le plus souvent la réponse de l'impétrant, la dimension d'amitié intellectuelle présente dans les transmissions de savoirs savants depuis l'époque moderne .
L'évocation élégante de la biographie et indissociablement de la bibliographie de Hirschman met en valeur son expérience inter-multi-trans-nationale qui en font un destin de savant singulier, inclassable, « iconoclaste ». Néanmoins, c'est dans la catégorie très française des « sciences morales et politiques » que Jean-Claude Casanova choisit finalement d'intégrer Hirschman ou sous la bannière des Lumières, faisant de lui un « classique » à la française.
Les institutions sans but lucratif hier et aujourd'hui : comparaison France-États-Unis
Authors: Archambault Edith
Published: October 2012

La comparaison des secteurs non lucratifs américain et français commence par un état des lieux en 1995. Les données empiriques strictement comparables sont interprétées par les ideal-types libéral anglo-saxon et partenarial européen de bien-être. Dans un deuxième temps, on analyse l'évolution depuis ce point de départ jusqu'à 2007, en insistant sur le renforcement des spécificités de chaque pays, même si certaines tendances se retrouvent en France comme aux Etats-Unis. Enfin on essaie de voir l'impact de la crise financière, économique et sociale sur les deux Tiers secteurs et leur résilience respective.
Design of Tumor Biomarker–Monitoring Trials: A Proposal by the European Group on Tumor Markers
Authors: Sölétormos György , Duffy Michael J , Hayes Daniel F , Sturgeon Catharine M , Barak Vivian , Bossuyt Patrick M , Diamandis Eleftherios P , Gion Massimo , Hyltoft-Petersen Per , Lamerz Rolf M , Nielsen Dorte L , Sibley Paul , Tholander Bengt , Tuxen Malgorzata K , Bonfrer Johannes MG
Published: October 2012

A major application of tumor biomarkers is in serial monitoring of cancer patients, but there are no published guidelines on how to evaluate biomarkers for this purpose. The European Group on Tumor Markers has convened a multidisciplinary panel of scientists to develop guidance on the design of such monitoring trials. The panel proposes a 4-phase model for biomarker-monitoring trials analogous to that in use for the investigation of new drugs. In phase I, biomarker kinetics and correlation with tumor burden are assessed. Phase II evaluates the ability of the biomarker to identify, exclude, and/or predict a change in disease status. In phase III, the effectiveness of tumor biomarker–guided intervention is assessed by measuring patient outcome in randomized trials. Phase IV consists of an audit of the long-term effects after biomarker monitoring has been included into standard patient care. Systematic well-designed evaluations of biomarkers for monitoring may provide a stronger evidence base that might enable their earlier use in evaluating responses to cancer therapy.
The Effect of Lifestyle-Based Depletion on Teen Consumer Behavior
Authors: Montoya Detra Y. , Scott Maura L.
Published: October 2012

Consumer overspending and lack of adequate savings have a significant economic impact and thus are high-profile issues for policy makers. The authors examine the overspending phenomenon from the perspective of resource depletion and role stress theories. They explore factors that influence consumer and financial decision-making quality among the teenaged consumer segment, conducting two studies—a survey and a series of depth interviews—with middle school and high school teenagers. The results suggest that lifestyle-based depletion (1) can affect consumption patterns among teens and (2) is prevalent among ethnic teenagers, girls, and teens with weak parental relationships. The authors provide recommendations to help guide further policy research and aid policy decision makers.
Diabetes increases the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Hardefeldt Prue J , Edirimanne Senarath , Eslick Guy D
Published: October 2012

The aim of this meta-analysis was to collate and analyse all primary observational studies investigating the risk of breast cancer (BC) associated with diabetes. In addition, we aimed to complete subgroup analyses by both type of diabetes and gender of study participants to further clarify the origin of any such association between the two. Studies were obtained from a database search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Current Contents Connect and Google Scholar with additional cross-checking of reference lists. Collated data were assessed for heterogeneity and a pooled odds ratio (OR) calculated. Forty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis with 40 studies investigating BC in women and six studies investigating BC in men. Overall, we found a significantly increased risk of BC associated with diabetes in women (OR 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.29). After subgroup analysis by type of diabetes, the association was unchanged with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.40) and nullified with gestational diabetes (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.79–1.40). There were insufficient studies to calculate a pooled OR of the risk of BC associated with type 1 diabetes. There was an increased risk of BC in males with diabetes mellitus; however, the results did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.99–1.67). In conclusion, diabetes increases the risk of BC in women. This association is confirmed in women with type 2 diabetes and supports the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent risk factor for BC.