bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrological Notes on Rocks from Southern Abyssinia
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

An interesting account of a journey into Southern Abyssinia was given in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society for 1900, by Mr. H. Weld Blundell. He followed a route roughly westward from Berbera through Somaliland and Southern Abyssinia, then turned northward to the Blue Nile and into the Sudan. On this expedition Dr. R. Kœttlitz collected a large number of rock-specimens which (at the kind suggestion of Mr. Teall), together with some obtained by Lord Lovat, were entrusted to me for description. The absence of the former on the Antarctic Expedition makes it impossible to submit these notes to him for revision. But the following brief statement is condensed from a topographical sketch which he posted to me from the ship
Discovery
at Lyttelton (New Zealand) in the spring of 1902, and a more general account by him will be found printed as an appendix to Mr. Blundell's paper mentioned above. A map of the route was published with that paper, from which I have copied the spelling for the place-names, where possible. I have identified a few other localities on the British War Office map of the district, but the remainder had to be taken from the rough pencil-labels.

The expedition crossed the coastal plain from Berbera, passing knoll-like isolated hills, the road gradually rising to the edge of the plateau, where the shattered rocky ground often exposed schistose and granitic masses. Overlying these, sedimentary beds and volcanic rocks were seen in places, and occasionally flat-topped
On the Probable Source of some of the Pebbles of the Triassic Pebble-Beds of South Devon and of the Midland Counties
Authors: Shrubsole Octavius Albert
Published: October 2009

The strongly-marked character of the pebbles of the Bunter and the wide dispersal of so many of them in our old river-gravels have caused a considerable amount of speculation as to their origin. The subject, however, appears to me to be not yet exhausted; and this must be my apology for adding another to the long list of papers connected therewith.

I. Previous Incestigations.

The first attempt to deal with the subject in a systematic way was in a paper on ‘On the Pebble-Beds of Budleigh Salterton,’ by W. Yicary & J. W. Salter, which appeared in the Journal of this Society for 1864 Iu this important paper Salter came to the conclusion that the fossils found in the Budleigh-Salterton pebbles were not British types at all, but must be referred to the May Sandstone and the Grès Armoricain of Normandy. He did not,however, deal with all the material submitted to him, and admitted the existence of ‘possibly Devonian’ forms.

In 1867 the Rev. P. B. Brodie drew attention to the lithologieal and pal~eontological resemblance between certain pebbles found in the Drift of Warwickshire and others in the Budleigh-Salterton Pebble-Bed.

In 1869 Thomas Davidson completed the work of J.W. Salter by showing that many of the Budleigh-Salterton pebbles did contain Devonian fossils (braehiopoda). He was inclined to look to some tract of land now occupied by the English Channel for the source of the pebbles.

In the same year appeared the Geological Survey Memoir on ‘The Permian & Trias of
Geology of the Ashbourne & Buxton Branch of the London & North-Western Railway:—Crake Low to Parsley Hay
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose Henry Howe
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

In a previous paper read before this Society, I gave a description of the geology of 6 miles of the new Ashbourne & Buxton Railway from Ashbourne to Crake Low. The sections described were in Bunter Sandstone, Boulder-Clay, shales and thin limestones (Yoredale Series of the Geological Survey), and volcanic tuff. The present paper is a continuation of the former one, and deals with the geology of the cuttings (Nos. 9 to 23) in the next 8 miles as far as Parsley Hay.

After passing through Yoredale Shales in the second cutting (No. 10), the railway enters the thick beds of Mountain-Limestone, in which it continues as far as Buxton. Several of the cuttings are of considerable length and depth; but, owing in some cases to the folded state of the beds, and in others to their nearly horizontal position, no very great thickness of limestone is seen.

It was not found possible to correlate the beds in the different cuttings. Although the limestones in the Cold-Eaton and Heathcote cuttings are somewhat similar in character and are divided up by intercalations of clay, we cannot be certain that they represent the same series of beds. The clay-partings do not in any way correspond. They are farther apart in the Cold-Eaton than in the Heathcote cutting. In the former six wayboards of clay are contained in 230 feet of limestone, and in the latter eight in a little more than 100 feet.

The chief points of interest brought to
On some Disturbances in the Chalk near Royston (Hertfordshire)
Authors: Woodward Horace Bolingbroke
Published: October 2009

On the Geological-Survey map (Sheet 47, old series) a ‘line of flexure’ is marked in the Chalk-area from Therfield, south-west of Royston in Hertfordshire, to near Heydon in Cambridgeshire, a distance of rather more than 6 miles. The line is a curved one, and in three places to the north of it, and in one to the south, arrows are engraved on the map to indicate that the Chalk dips northward or north-north-westward at angles varying from 22° to 60°. It may be noted that the line of the flexure is drawn, not at right angles to the directions indicated by the arrows, but a little below the crest of the Upper Chalk-escarpment, which has here been eroded in a broad semicircular hollow; and that it is continued east of Heydon as the ‘approximate line of division between the Upper and the Middle Chalk.’

The late W. H. Penning, who surveyed the area, called attention to the flexure in 1876, when describing some ancient ‘river-gravels’ which lie in the vale to the north, but he did so only incidentally, remarking on its post-Eocene age, and expressing his opinion that the upper extremity of the Wardington valley—the semicircular hollow before mentioned—was due to this flexure in the Chalk. Particulars of the sections, with illustrations of those near Reed and Barkway, were published two years later in the Survey Memoir. Therein Penning (p. 11) stated that‘The flexure appears to have been very local, and of no great vertical extent. It occurs so
On a Transported Mass of Ampthill Clay in the Boulder-Clay at Biggleswade (Bedfordshire)
Authors: Home Henry
Published: October 2009

The section to be described has been exposed in the construction of a well, which is being sunk into the water-bearing strata of the Lower Greensand, about 2 miles south-south-east of Biggleswade Railway-station, and less than half a mile north of Bleak Hall on the western side of the Roman Way. The excavation down to the 70-foot level was about 14 feet in diameter, and below that depth about 10 feet.

Bed No. 1 calls for no remark.

Bed No. 2 contains well-striated boulders and fossils, chiefly belemnites and
Gryphœce
of the Oxford Clay and Lower Lias.

Bed No. 3: thickness 67 feet. On the excavation entering this bed it was seen that the clay had not the characteristics of the Gault. It was a dark indigo-coloured selenitiferous clay, laminated, and becoming shaly on exposure to dry weather. A large number of septarian nodules occurred throughout it, some in regular layers parallel to the bedding of the clay, and others irregularly.

One layer of which special notice was taken, situated at a depth of 37 feet from the surface, dipped west-south-westward at an angle of 9°. Some of these septarian nodules had an area of as much as 20 square feet and weighed about 2 tons. They nearly all contained water. The characteristic fossil that was found throughout the greater part of this bed was
Ammonites (Cardioceras) excavatus
, which occurs also in a pyritized form.
Thracia depressa
too was present at all levels.

The following fossils obtained from this bed
On a Section at Cowley, near Cheltenham, and its Bearing upon the Interpretation of the Bajocian Denudation
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

To a paper communicated to this Society and published in vol. lvii (1901) p. 126 of the Quarterly Journal, Mr. S. S. Buckman, F.G.S., appended a map (pl. vi) showing the area upon which the Upper
Trigonia
-Grit was deposited. This map was corrected up to April 1900.

During a somewhat detailed investigation of the Inferior Oolite of the Cheltenham district—the results of which on the whole testify to the extreme accuracy of Mr. Buckman's work—I noticed a section exposed in a quarry about half a mile south-west of the village of Cowley, and at the north-western corner of the wood known as Cowley Wood. On Mr. Buckman's map this quarry would be represented as one-eighth of an inch due north of the
l
in Elkston. According to that author, we ought to have no ‘intervening beds’ present here: in other words, the Upper
Trigonia
-Grit should have been seen to rest directly, and nonsequentially, upon the Upper Freestone. Thus the evidence afforded would appear (at first sight) to point to a serious flaw in the mapping of the geographical distribution of the beds upon which the Upper
Trigonia
-Grit rests. The above sketch-map, however, will show that this is not an error in fact, out only in inference. It is possible to correct the limits of the several subdivisions upon which the deposit of the hemera
Garantianœ
was laid down, so as to agree with the facts recorded in the present paper, without interfering with those boundary-lines which are founded upon facts
The Rhætic and Lower Lias of Sedbury Cliff, near Chepstow (Monmouthshire)
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

On the opposite side of the Severn to Aust Cliff, and 2 miles north-north-west of that section, there is a corresponding elevation known as Beachley, Aunard's, or Sedbury Cliff. Chepstow lies to the west-north-west, and in a direct line is distant
about 1¼ miles, but by road
about 2 ¼ miles. I have distinguished the cliff-section as that of Sedbury, since Sedbury Park, the country-seat of Sir William Marling, Bart.—to whom, and to Mr. S. S. Marling, I am indebted for permission to examine the cliff and for kind assistance—is situated on the Rhætic and Liassic outlier.

The literature relating to the section is not voluminous. In that which has come under my notice I find it incidentally mentioned in several papers,1 and briefly noticed in two other communications. The earliest account is that given by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, but it is based upon information supplied by Mr. Higgins. This account may be summarized as follows. There is a development of true ‘Insect-Limestone’ above the ‘Landscape-Stone,’ and although they are separated one from the other by 4 feet of shale at the eastern end of the section, at the western they thin out and blend as at Aust. The ‘Landscape-Stone’ contains a great variety of insect-remains, some of which are tolerably perfect. The ‘
Cypris
- and Plant-Bed’ is seen in its proper position, and in every case possesses a true ‘Landscape’ character. Sir W. V. Guise observed that this section closely resembled the exposure at Aust, yet presented differences which
Description of a Species of
Heterastræa
from the Lower Rhætic of Gloucestershire
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: October 2009

I Have been favoured by Mr. L. Richardson, F.G.S., of Cheltenham, with the loan of a small compound coral which he took from the Lower Rhætic Beds at Deerhurst (Gloucestershire). It is undoubtedly a species of
Heterastrœa
, differing chiefly from the several Liassic species in the small size of the corallum, and in the small size of its calices. Mr. Richardson writes of its locality and stratigraphical position as follows:—

‘The exposure where the coral was obtained is situated about three-quarters of a mile east-south-east of Deerhurst Church, in a deeply-cut wheel-track. The gate giving access to this track is almost opposite a barn which is situated less than a quarter of a mile south-west of ‘The Folly.’ The Upper Keuper red marls constitute the subsoil of the field, and in the bank opposite the oak-tree the Tea-green Marls are visible. In the winter of 1901 the following beds were revealed by a very little excavating, but unfortunately the measurements were not taken

From the foregoing it is evident that the coral occurs only a very little way above the Bone-Bed, which there, as in many other places, is a hard micaceous sandstone. It is specifically new, and generically new to the Rhætic formation, and, as I shall presently show, has a very Jurassic relationship.

The corallum, as is so commonly the case with the compound corals of the Rhmtic deposits, is small, and, so far as may be determined by the much-embedded specimen, has a somewhat peduncular form,with a
Two Toarcian Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

Two ammonites belonging to the family Hildoceratidæ have been found by members of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field-Club, and have been given to me to name. Both happen to be new forms; and they are of particular interest—one for the geological information which it gives, the other from a biological point of view. The allies of both these species have been figured in my Monograph on the Inferior-Oolite Ammonites (Pal. Soc.)—particularly in the Supplement thereto; but as I have passed the place where they should have been included, I deem it desirable to lay them before the Geological Society. That they are both new species, and that one of them is particularly distinct, shows that in spite of the number of species described, new forms still crop up, and much work yet remains to be accomplished.

Denckmannia bredonensis
, sp. nov. (P1. XXVII, figs. 1–4
b
.)

Description.—Platy - subleptogyral; subangustumbilicate: whorls bullate (on inner margin), rursi-subflexicostate; septicarinate, parvicarinate; periphery subtabulate; subdensiseptate, with superior lateral lobe broad and subtrilobulate.

Remarks.—Degenerative changes are marked after about 50 mm. diameter. After that the ornament declines, till in another half-whorl costæ and bullæ are nearly lost, expansion of the umbilicus begins, and the subtabulate periphery declines to convexi-fastigate.

Affinity and Distinction.—This species is nearest to
Denckmannia torquata
, S. Buckm., but the degenerative changes begin at an early age, consequently it soon shows marked decline of ornament, of which that species gives little indication.

The small carina distinguishes it from species of
Haugia
.

History of
On the Occurrence of
Edestus
in the Coal-Measures of Britain
Authors: Newton Edwin Tulley
Published: October 2009

The presence of marine beds in the Coal-Measures of North Staffordshire was first made known by Mr. J. Ward [1], of Longton, in 1865; but their occurrence in other districts had already been observed by the officers of the Geological Survey [2 & 3].

These marine bands are chiefly met with during the sinking of shafts; and Mr. J. T. Stobbs, F.G.S., of Stoke-on-Trent, has for some time past been studying those that occur in North Staffordshire. It is due to the vigilant observations of that gentleman, and to the assistance of the pupils of his mining class, that these beds are found to occur with much greater frequency than has hitherto been supposed.

Mr. Stobbs very courteously called the attention of the Geological Survey to one of these marine bands, found at about 18 yards below the 'Twist Coal,' in the Smallthorne sinking of Messrs. Robert Heath & Son's pits at Nettlebank (North Staffordshire).

An interesting series of fossils has been found in the shales and impure limestones brought to bank from this particular band ; and with the permission of the colliery-owners, the fossil-collector of the Geological Survey, Mr. J. Pringle, went to Smallthorne to secure a series of these fossils. Among the specimens thus obtained, there is one which calls for special notice, as it establishes for the first time the occurrence in Britain of the remarkable genus of fishes known as
Edestus
. This genus was originally described from the Coal-Measures of the United States, but was
A Contribution to the Glacial Geology of Tasmania
Authors: Gregory J. Walter
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The existence of Pleistocene glaciation in Southern Australia has been so often affirmed on unsatisfactory evidence, that the assertion of a recent glaciation in Tasmania has been received with doubt. Two years ago I read through the literature on the glaciation of Tasmania, and came to the conclusion that, except for such traces of high-level glacial action as those at Mount Sedgwick, recorded by E. J. Dunn and T. B. Moore, and those near the summit of Mount Ida, recorded by Officer, Balfour, and Hogg, the evidence consisted of material that was either not of glacial origin, or was due to glacial action at some Upper Palaeozoic date. The advocates of a low-level, recent glaciation in Tasmania were men who had apparently received no special geological training, and who had not written other papers by which the value of their geological observations could be tested. The professional and the trained geologists were almost unanimous in denying the existence of signs of recent ice-action in the lower valleys of Tasmania.

II. The Geology and Topography of the Area.

It may be advisable here to introduce a short statement of the geological structure and physical geography of that part of Tasmania in which the deposits described as glacial occur. Most of them have been recorded from the country beside the West-Coast Range, and the western part of the Central Plateau of Tasmania. The West-Coast Range runs north and south, at a distance of 20 to 25 miles from the western
Notes on the Garnet-bearing and Associated Rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series
Authors: Walker Edward Eaton
Published: October 2009

I.
The Intrusive Complex of Blea Crag, Langstrath

During the past year I have spent the greater part of my vacations in the study of the garnet-bearing rocks associated with the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. Being unable to proceed further with this work, I venture to put forward the results of my observations, in the hope that they may be of use to those who continue the study of these rocks. I should like, at the outset, to say how greatly indebted I am to Mr. Marr for all the help that he has given me; he has not only placed at my disposal his own maps of the area and the details of his own observations, but has always been ready with encouragement and advice. My thanks are also due to Mr. Harker for the kind help and advice that he has given me during the progress of the work.

The Volcanic Series runs in a broad belt, 12 or 13 miles wide, across Cumberland and Westmorland. In order to become acquainted with the various features of the garnetiferous rocks, I have attempted to cover some 130 square miles of ground ; and as the greater part of this area has only been visited once, I feel some diffidence in drawing any conclusions from so hurried a survey.

Perhaps the most interesting of these garnet-bearing rocks are those which occur as dykes and sills intrusive in the Volcanic Series. They are chiefly to be found in the central part of
On the Probable Occurrence of an Eocene Outlier off the Cornish Coast
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: October 2009

During the new geological survey of the Hampshire Basin fresh evidence was discovered of the westerly extension of certain of the deposits, in the form of Eocene river-gravels. This evidence tended to link more closely the Eocene deposits of Devon with those of the Hampshire Basin; but it did not seem to throw any light on the Eocene geology of Cornwall, nor of any part of the area west of Dartmoor.

Some years since (in 1897) during a holiday-visit to the Lizard, I was much impressed by the character of the material which forms the extensive shingle-beach at Gunwalloe, on the western side of the Lizard promontory, not far from Mullion. The shingle, which was being extensively carted away for gravel, was so perfectly rounded, and in appearance was so unlike anything that I had expected to find in Cornwall, that I examined it closely, taking away samples to give to the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. The coarser beach proved to consist largely (about 70 per cent. by weight.) of Chalk-flint and Greensand-chert, only 30 per cent. being Palaeozoic at the spot where it was examined. A large quantity of the fine shingle yielded :—

At the time, I was unable to carry the matter further; for, although well aware that scattered Chalk-flints were not uncommon in Cornwall, I could not understand why so many had collected at this spot, almost to the exclusion of the local rocks. The absence of Chalk-flints from the Pliocene gravels of St.
Implementiferous Sections at Wolvercote (Oxfordshire)
Authors: Bell Alexander Montgomerie
Published: October 2009

A section at Wolvercote, a village 1½miles north of Oxford, has been open for the past ten years, and-will reward study by geologists interested in the phenomena of Pleistocene time, whether their object is to study the ehanges of laud and elimate, or whether, as was the ease with the writer, they seek for some detail in the fragmentary story of Palælithic Man.

The section eontains four parts, which may thus be named in the order of their age: (1)the Oxford Clay beneath, which is largely quarried for bricks; (2)an old surface, in which pits or troughs chiefly filled with gravel are seen enveloped in weathered clay; (3) a river-bed, containing gravel at the base, and layers of variouslyeoloured clay above; and (4)a surface-layer of humus over all, about 2 feet thick, containing h'eolithie remains. The relation which the various paris bear one to the other is also plain. The old Pleistoeene surface lies upon eroded Oxford Clay; the river-bed has worn a channel in the old Pleistocene surface; between the river-bed and the Neolithic surface is the trail usually named ‘warp,’ which, however, is not discussed in this paper.

The river-bed first attracted my attention : it lies on the summit of land between the Isis and Cherwell, at an equal height above either river. There seems to be no reason to doubt that it represents the deposits of a stream whieh contained the united waters of both rivers, at a time before they became
The Igneous Rocks associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol District
Authors: Morgan Conwy Lloyd , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In the ‘Summary of Progress’ of the Geological Survey for 189S (pp. 104–1l) Sir Archibald Geikie & Mr. Aubrey Straban contributed an admirable section on the Volcanic Group associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of Northern Somerset. Although in this summary the evidence for the contemporaneous character of the igneous rocks is clearly set forth, the subject is of sufficient interest and importance to justify some further record

The earliest-published reference to these volcanic rocks, with which we are acquainted, occurs in a note contributed by the Rev. D. Williams to the Geological Society on June 10th, 1840. The note refers to the occurrence of ‘fine porphyritic trap’ in the Uphill Cutting, near Weston-super-Mare, of the Bristol & Exeter (now Great Western)Railway-line. in the figure which accompanics Williams's short paper the igneous rock is described as ‘ trap, apparently substituted for the originally continuous limestone, by slow fusion and conversion.’ Dean Buckland appears, however, to have observed the occurrence of igneous rocks at another locality in the district as early as 1817, though the first-published record of the fact occurs in his Presidential Address to the Somersetshire Archaeological & Natural History Society in 1849. Although no detailed evidence is given, his brief statement suggests that he had recognized the volcanic nature of the beds. ‘The vents,’ he says, ‘that have discharged igneous rocks in the hills of Somerset arc few,’ and adds that one of these occurs on the N.W. shoulder of Broadfield Down near the upper terminus of
A Description of some Rhætic Sections in the Bristol District, with Considerations on the Mode of Deposition of the Rhætic Series
Authors: Short A. Rendle
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

This paper is a condensation of a longer memoir, the parts omitted being chiefly lists of fossils and remarks on the same. It embodies the results of some five years' study of the Rhætic Series, chiefly in the Bristol district, maple easier by the fact that I reside in that district.

II. D
escription
of
four
new
R
h
æ
tic
E
xposures
.

(A) Redland, Bristol.

A number of exposures have been recently made here in cutting a new road. One of these has already been briefly dealt with in a local memoir by Mr. W. H. Wickes (46), and again by Mr. Parsons (47). I give, with slight modifications, Mr. Wickes's classification of the beds, and his list of fossils, enumerating those that I have found in addition. The lettering corresponds to that used by the late Edward Wilson for the Pylle-Hill section (36). The fossils are not obtained solely from the exposure originally described, but from the newer exposures as well. It is impracticable to separate them, as the material thrown out has been mixed.

Such is the original exposure, which furnished the material for Mr. Wickes's paper.

The next section to be opened, about a quarter of a mile or less away, displayed upturned beds of Upper Carboniferous Limestone, cut off flat, with the Rhætic Beds deposited on them unconformably. The limestone-beds are very massive, and dip at 35° south 80° east. Between these beds little pockets of yellow clay pass down for a variable distance, due to greater erosion
Eocene and Later Formations surrounding the Dardanelles
Authors: English Thomas
Published: October 2009

I.
Pre-Eocene Formations

A description of the Tertiary and post-Tertiary deposits surrounding the Dardanelles can hardly be made clear without some reference to the older rocks upon which they rest, but our knowledge of the conditions under which the pre-Eocene strata in Thrace and Anatolia were deposited and broken up is as yet very limited.

The pre-Eocene sedimentary formations are, as a rule, so highly metamorphosed that no fossils are visible; and they are so much dislocated that the general appearance is that of an archipelago of old rocks in the Eocene Sea. A succession of mica- and hornblende-schists, crystalline limestones, and marble, with, occasional gneiss or granite and serpentine, upon which the Tertiary deposits rest unconformably, can be traced from Olympus and Athos, along the Thracian coast, including the island of Thasos, into the Sea of Marmora. The Eocene shore-lines and fringing coral-reefs can be identified in some instances, but an inspection of the map (Pl. XXI) will show the probable islands of the pre-Eocene archipelago more clearly than any description. I shall, therefore, only refer to a few localities hitherto unnoticed, or where some correction to previous accounts appears to be necessary.

At Tenedos Island I found the south-eastern face for about 2 miles in length, from Cape Marmora to Oinos Point, to be formed of white marble.

Along the southern shore of the Sea of Marmora, a stretch of about 35 miles, from Boz Burnu to Kara Burnu, and thence halfway up the Gulf of Artaki, shows,
Phenomena bearing upon the Age of the Lake of Geneva
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: October 2009

[Abstract.]

Following up his investigations concerning the age of the principal Alpine lake-basins, the Author has, during a recent prolonged stay on the Lake of Geneva, examined the low-level gravel-beds and other alluvia in the Rhone Valley, from Geneva to the Jura-bar near Fort, de l'Écluse, as well as the high-level gravel-beds of La Côte above Rolle and of the Jorat district above Lausanne, and, further, the rock-formations on both sides of the lake, inview of evidence of flexures as the primary cause of the formation of the present deep lake-basin.

After describing the phenomena around the Lake of Geneva, and comparing them with those around the Lake of Zurich, he is led to the following conclusions:—

(1) The low-level gravel-beds of the Rhone Valley near Geneva, overlying the Molasse and underlying the glacial alluvia, are, like the deep-level gravel-beds of the Limmat Valley near Zurich, fluviatile deposits of the second Interglacial Period, and were formed before the present deep lake-basin came into existence.

(2) The high-level gravel-beds of La Côte above Rolle and of the Jorat district above Lausanne are, like the corresponding deposits of the Uetliberg near Zurich, and of the Dombes and of Lyons, true Deckenschotter. Hence the term alluvion ancienne should, in its proper acceptation, only apply to the high-level deposits.

(3) The formation of the present deep lake-basin of Geneva was,like that of Zurich, primarily due to the lowering of the valley-floor by flexures of the bfolasse and its contactzones, posterior to the maximum glaciation,
The Valley of the Teign
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John
Published: October 2009

The problem of the Teign Valley attracted my attention soon after I came to live in Devonshire ; and I have lost no opportunity of considering it from different points of view, both in the study and in the field. The following pages are the outcome of this consideration, and constitute an attempt to explain the peculiar course which the river takes in passing from its sources on Dartmoor to the sea at Teignmouth.

The Teign Valley is, in fact, one of the most remarkable in the British Islands, because it is not a simple transverse valley, nor a longitudinal one between more or less parallel ridges, nor does it take such a course as the general slope or gradient of the country below its sources would suggest. On the contrary, although the earlier part of its course is in accordance with this general gradient, it afterwards takes a curve which leads it to run at right angles to its primary direction, and to traverse a depression which has the aspect of a longitudinal valley. From this it debouches into a plain; and in this plain it again turns at right angles, to pass through a gap which is clearly a transverse valley excavated out of the ridge that borders the seaward side of the longitudinal valley. This gap is now occupied by the estuary of the Teiffn.

As might be imagined, a valley which exhibits so curious a succession of changes presents also a variety of physical features, different
The Evidence for a Non-Sequence between the Keuper and Rhætic Series in North-West Gloucestershire and Worcestershire
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

During my investigations of the Rha3tic Series in Worcestershire and North-West Gloucestershire, the results of which are in part chronicled in the 'Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field- Club' 1 and in the 'Geological Magazine,' : two facts were most noticeable. The first was that above a particular bed in the Rhu3tic Series the remaining component deposits were remarkably persistent; while the second was that below that stratigraphical horizon such persistency was not found. The stratigraphical horizon referred to is that of the well-known Bone-Bed of the sections at kust and Garden Cliffs, and of the less-known Bone-Beds at Wainlode and Sedbury.

The stratigraphical details may be dealt with first. In most of the sections in Worcestershire a massive bed of sandstone is the equivalent of the thin pyritic Bone-Bed which is so crowded with vertebrate-remains at Garden Cliff, and the contemporaneity of these deposits might be at first doubted. Wainlode Cliff, however, furnishes the clue to the whole question, for in that cliff-section may be observed the change from a thin pyritic stratum (only an inch or so thick) to a micaceous sandstone-bed, usually devoid of vertebrate-remains, and about a foot thick. The latter development, however, contains in some abundance those equivocal casts to which the name of
Pullastra arenicola
has been so frequently applied; and also a broad form of what appears to be
Modiola minima
-but only as obscure casts. The point, however, to which attention is particularly directed is the gradual transition between the two varieties of
The Genesis of the Gold-Deposits of Barkerville (British Columbia) and the Vicinity
Authors: Atkin Austin J. R.
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION.

The characters of the basic sills of Caernarvonshire have been described in detail by several writers, notably by Mr. ttarker in his well-known essay on the Bala Volcanic Series. There is a marked absence of dykes in association with the outbursts of this period, and the numerous basic dykes of this area have generally been assigned to a later series of eruptions. The evidence upon which this assumption rests is, however, not always satisfactory; and although Mr. Harker is inclined to favour their post-Carboniferous age, he does not conceal the uncertainty of this conclusion in several eases, and he adduces evidence which seems to point, at least in some instances, to the possibility of the existence of more than one group of these intrusions. Dr. C. A Matley, also, finds that in Northern Anglesey at least two groups of dykes occur, of which the earlier are pre-Silurian and the later post-Ordovician But Mr. E. Greenly maintains that the later dykes of Anglesey, including those of the Menai Straits, are certainly post-Carboniferous, and may possibly be evea of Tertiary age.

With regard to the Llyn-Padarn dykes, with which this paper is ciliefly concerned, no very detailed description appears to have been published, although several authors have incidentally referred to them, as will be mentioned hereafter. It appears to have been generally assumed that these dykes are of the same age as those of the Menai Straits, to which they are supposed to bear a general resemblance, both, in petrographical
On the Moine Gneisses of the East-Central Highlands and their Position in the Highland Sequence
Authors: Barrow George
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION.

The object of this paper is : First, to describe the Moine Gneisses in:Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and to show that in their mode of occurrence and field-characters, as well as in their composition and microscopic structures, they are identical with the Moine Gneisses of the North-Western Highlands.

Secondly, to trace the mode of ending-off of these gneisses, and to show that, while retaining their characteristic parallel banding they pass into a small zone of rocks, locally known as the Hon estones, which, in varying phases, lie persistently for miles oll the white margin of the Central-Highland Quartzite. The parallel-banded Moine Gneisses are, in fact, simply the flaggy margin of this Quartzite.

Thirdly, to show, that in this special area, as the flaggy rocks thicken, there is usually a small hiatus in the succession, owing either to the contemporaneous erosion of the finer material that should lie next them, or to its non-deposition. When this parallelbanded material, however, attains a certain degree of fineness, this erosion rarely occurs, and then the other limit of the group is the Little Limestone. In fact, when the succession is complete, the Moine Gneisses can be shown to pass laterally into the rocks ofthe Honestone Group, and to lie between the white margin of the Quartzite and the Little Limestone.

Whether these flaggy rocks lie above or below the Quartzite is at present a matter of dispute. The view here taken is that they come above the Quartzite, and the evidence for that view
The Derby Earthquakes of July 3rd, 1904
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: October 2009

B
etween
the Derby earthquakes of March 24th, 1903, and July 3rd, 1904, there exist several points of intimate resemblance. The isoseismal lines of the two shocks, when drawn on one map, are so closely related that they might be the isoseismals of a single earthquake; both earthquakes were twins; the two epicentres in 1904 were nearly or quite coincident with those in 1903; and both earthquakes were followed by an after-shock, originating for the most part in the interfocal region of the fault. The points in which they differ are of little consequence. The intensity of the shock of 1903 was greater than that of the shock of 1904; the impulses at the two foci were approximately of the same strength in 1903, and of unequal strength in 1904; they occurred at the same instant on the former occasion, while, on the latter, they were separated by a brief interval of time.

The principal shock of 1903 occurred on a weekday at 1.30
P.M.
, that of 1904 at 3.21 on a Sunday afternoon. Thus, although of less intensity, the recent earthquake was felt and heard over a much wider area than its predecessor. There was at the time practically no traffic in the streets, and many of the observers (especially of those at a great distance from the centre) were lying down—conditions that favoured the observation of the earthquake in places at which, on an ordinary occasion, it would have passed totally unperceived.

There were at least three earthquakes in
On an Ossiferous Cavern of Pleistocene Age at Hoe-Grange Quarry, Longcliffe, near Brassington (Derbyshire)
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose Henry Howe , Newton Edwin Tulley
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
April 1902, the south-south-eastern end of a cavern in the Hoe-Grange Quarry was broken into, in the course of the quarrying operations (P1. VI). The discovery was first made known to us by Mr. J. Ward, Curator of the Cardiff Museum, who was formerly a resident in Derby, and has worked out several caverns in the neighbourhood. One of us visited the quarry on April 26th, 1902, and subsequently, through Messrs. Holland & Rigby, solicitors (of Ashbourne), obtained leave from Major Nicholson, the owner of the quarry, to work the deposits on behalf of the Derbyshire Archæological & Natural History Natural History Society. The owner stipulated that the cavern should be worked in such a manner as would secure the largest amount of evidence possible under the circumstances. In company with Mr. C. Fox-Strangways we visited the quarry, and found that the cavern had been indiscriminately worked in the upper part, above the line AB in the horizontal section (Pl. V, fig. 1), for a distance of 34 feet north-north-west of the point where the quarrymen had first broken in at the south-south-eastern end. Our thanks are due to Messrs. Shaw&Lovegrove, the lessees of the quarry, who did their best, before we took the work over, to secure and retain, as far as they could under the circumstances, specimens which had been obtained. By this means they supplied us with 1577 specimens, and we subsequently recovered other 679 specimens from the tip-heaps. Some of these were obtained
An Experiment in Mountain-Building: Part II.
Authors: Avebury P. C.
Published: October 2009

I
n
1903 the Society did me the honour of publishing a short paper on this subject. I may, perhaps, just repeat that Sir James Hall many years ago, and others since, have illustrated the formation of folded mountains by placing layers of cloth under a weight, and then compressing two of the sides so that the cloth was thrown into folds. Since then, other and more complete, experiments of the same kind have been made by Favre, Cadell, Daubrée, Willis, Ruskin, and others.

In these investigations the compression was from two sides only. If, however, folded mountains are caused by contraction due to the cooling of the earth, the compression must take place from all sides.

With the view of illustrating this, I requested the Cambridge Philosophical Instrument Company to make for me an apparatus consisting of four square beams of wood, resting upon a floor, which by means of screws could be moved nearer to, or farther from, each other. The beams left between them a space 2 feet across and 9 inches in depth.

In this square central space 1 placed layers of cloth, baize, oil-cloth, cement, etc., separated by layers of sand. The machine was then set in motion, and compressed so that the central space was reduced from 24 inches square to 22.

Since last year I have made other experiments, changing the arrangement in various ways. The results differ in details in almost every case, the initial movements being probably determined by slight differences in
On the Order of Succession of the Manx Slates in their Northern Half, and its Bearing on the Origin of the Schistose Breccia associated therewith
Authors: Blake John Frederick
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A
mong
the slates of the Isle of Man some strata have been found which represent, in the opinion of Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, so distinct a type of phenomenon that he assigned thereto a special name—that of a ‘crush-conglomerate.’ In the earlier announcement of this result in 1895, he defined the rock as ‘made up of scattered fragments set in a slaty matrix,’ and considered it ‘due to the breaking-up under pressure of alternations of flaggy slate and thin grit-bands’ (
op. cit.
p. 565). So far as this general statement goes, we shall find it included in the description, of many fragmental rocks; but when we seek further information, and enquire concerning the fragments whether they be angular or round, scattered or crowded, uniform or various, composed of neighbouring rocks or of remote ones, and of the pressure, whether it be shearing or otherwise, metamorphosing or not—then our troubles begin.

The paper in the Quarterly Journal was only a preliminary account of what had been observed, and a full statement was promised when the Geological Survey-Memoir on the island should: be published, which took place in 1903. I had early, however, taken an interest in the question, owing to the inclusion by Sir Archibald Geikie of some rocks in Anglesey in the same category. But I had not to wait so long as 1903, for, with the greatest kindness, Mr. Lamplugh lent me some advance-proofs of the principal passages involved, and thereby enabled me to spend portions of
The Blea Wyke Beds and the Dogger in North-East Yorkshire
Authors: Rastall Robert Heron
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
exact stratigraphical position of the Blea Wyke Beds and their relations to the beds above and below them have given rise to a great deal of discussion, but no very satisfactory conclusion seems to have been reached by any of the writers on the question.

Many attempts have been made to assign these beds to the Lias or to the Inferior Oolite, but hitherto there has always been some objection to drawing a hard-and-fast line at any particular horizon; and in these days, when less importance is attached to arbitrary divisions of geological time, and more to broad questions of physical geography, it seems worth while to study the question afresh from a more modern standpoint.

These beds are also noteworthy for another reason, because a study of them seems to throw some light on the history of the Peak Fault, perhaps the greatest and most important dislocation in North-East Yorkshire.

Before beginning the detailed study of the Blea Wyke Beds, it will be necessary to say a few words concerning the general structure of the district in which they are developed.

The southernmost exposure of the Lias on the Yorkshire coast is in the cliffs below what was formerly known as Peak, but now called Ravenscar.

At this point the beds have a rather steep dip to the south, and by proceeding northwards from Staintondale, we pass in succession over a fine series of Oolitic and Liassic strata. The Oolites form the cliffs as far north
On the Age and Relations of the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow
Authors: White Harold J. Osborne , Treacher Llewellyn
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the course of an investigation of the Upper Chalk in the western part of the London Basin, we had occasion, last autumn, to examine the pit at the South Lodge of Taplow Court, to which so much attention was attracted twelve years ago by Mr. A. Strahan's discovery of the richly-phosphatic character of some of the beds therein exposed.

It was originally intended to devote no more than a few paragraphs to this section, in a short account of the highest beds of the Chalk and their relations with the Lower Eocene sediments in the whole area, which we have in preparation; but the difficulties in the way of a satisfactory interpretation which presented themselves at the preliminary inspection referred to, and seemed, for a time, but to increase with succeeding visits, compelled us to undertake a minute examination of the beds, and the results of this work now appear to be of sufficient interest to merit the more detailed discussion obtainable in a separate paper.

In dealing with the phenomena of a single exposure of a rock having so wide a lateral range as the Chalk, some loss of the sense of continuity and of proportion is usually inevitable; but a separate treatment of the Taplow-Court section appears to be justified, no less by the remoteness of the beds from any visible Chalk of a similar age, than by their exceptional lithological character.

References to the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow are numerous and widely scattered, but
The Marine Beds in the Coal-Measures of North Staffordshire
Authors: Stobbs John T.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
R
emarks
.

T
he
North-Staffordshire Coalfield offers exceptional facilities for the study of Coal-Measure geology. It is remarkably rich in deposits of coal, ironstone, and marl, which are being worked by means of a comparatively-large number of mines and quarries; and, by reason of the excessive folding and faulting of the Measures, the whole sequence is exposed within a moderate area. The number of these exposures is further increased by the shaft-sinkings and cross-measure drifts which are rendered necessary by the disposition of the strata, and are constantly in progress in some part of the district in the process of mining the different beds. Each of these operations, therefore, not only reveals a section of the strata, but also provides a large quantity of material for search and examination. In order, however, to reap the fullest benefit from such opportunities, it is necessary to inspect the excavated débris almost day by day, so that the stratigraphical position of each fossiliferous band may be located
in situ
, with exactness. It is obvious that this can only be performed by local workers; and, during the past six years, I have taken advantage of these opportunities for minute and careful examination of the individual beds of the Coal-Measures, chiefly with the purpose of establishing a more satisfactory correlation of the seams in the different areas of the Coalfield. Fortunately, the work has added to our knowledge of the prevalence of marine conditions during the period of deposition in the Midlands of those Measures