bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement report: Changing characteristics of atmospheric CH4 in the Tibetan Plateau: records from 1994 to 2019 at the Mount Waliguan station
Authors: Liu Shuo , Fang Shuangxi , Liu Peng , Liang Miao , Guo Minrui , Feng Zhaozhong
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A 26-year, long-term record of atmospheric methane (CH4) measured in situ at the Mount Waliguan (WLG) station, the only World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) global station in inland Eurasia, is presented. Overall, a nearly continuous increase in atmospheric CH4 was observed at WLG, with a yearly growth rate of 5.1±0.1 parts per billion (ppb) per year during 1994–2019, except for some particular periods with near-zero or negative values, e.g., 1999–2000 and 2004–2006. The average CH4 mole fraction was only 1799.0±0.4 ppb in 1994 but increased to about 133 ppb and reached a historic level of 1932.0±0.1 ppb in 2019. The case study in the Tibetan Plateau showed that the atmospheric CH4 increased rapidly. During some special periods, it is even larger than that of city regions (e.g., 6.7±0.2 ppb yr−1 in 2003–2007). Generally, the characteristics of CH4 varied in different observing periods as follows: (i) the diurnal cycle has become apparent and the amplitudes of the diurnal or seasonal cycles increased over time; (ii) the wind sectors with elevated CH4 mole fractions switched from ENE-E-ESE-SE-SSE sectors (wind directions) in early periods to NNE-NE-ENE-E sectors in later years; (iii) the area of source regions increased as the years progressed, and strong sources shifted from northeast (city regions) to southwest (northern India); and (iv) the annual growth rates in recent years (e.g., 2008–2019) were significantly larger than those in the early periods (e.g., 1994–2007).
Precipitation response to aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions in regional climate simulations over Europe
Authors: López-Romero José María , Montávez Juan Pedro , Jerez Sonia , Lorente-Plazas Raquel , Palacios-Peña Laura , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The effect of aerosols on regional climate simulations presents large uncertainties due to their complex and non-linear interactions with a wide variety of factors, including aerosol–radiation (ARI) and aerosol–cloud (ACI) interactions. These interactions are strongly conditioned by the meteorological situation and type of aerosol, but, despite their increase, only a limited number of studies have covered this topic from a regional and climatic perspective. This contribution thus aims to quantify the impacts on precipitation of the inclusion of ARI and ACI processes in regional climate simulations driven by ERA20C reanalysis. A series of regional climatic simulations (for the period 1991–2010) for the Euro-CORDEX domain were conducted including ARI and ARI + ACI (ARCI), establishing as a reference a simulation where aerosols were not included interactively (BASE). The results show that the effects of ARI and ACI on time-mean spatially averaged precipitation over the whole domain are limited. However, a spatial redistribution of precipitation occurs when the ARI and ACI processes are introduced into the model, as well do changes in the precipitation intensity regimes. The main differences with respect to the base-case simulations occur in central Europe, where a decrease in precipitation is associated with a depletion in the number of rainy days and clouds at low level (CLL). This reduction in precipitation presents a strong correlation with the ratio PM2.5∕PM10, since the decrease is especially intense during those events with high values of that ratio (pointing to high levels of anthropogenic aerosols) over central Europe. The precipitation decrease occurs for all ranges of precipitation rates. On the other hand, the model produces an increase in precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean basin associated with an increase in clouds and rainy days when ACIs are implemented. Here, the change is caused by the high presence of PM10 (low PM2.5∕PM10 ratios, pointing to natural aerosols). In this case, the higher amount of precipitation affects only days with low rates of precipitation. Finally, there are some disperse areas where the inclusion of aerosols leads to an increase in precipitation, especially for moderate and high precipitation rates.
Testing the electrodynamic method to derive height-integrated ionospheric conductances
Authors: Weimer Daniel , Edwards Thom
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We have used empirical models for electric potentials and the magnetic fields both in space and on the ground to obtain maps of the height-integrated Pedersen and Hall ionospheric conductivities at high latitudes. This calculation required use of both “curl-free” and “divergence-free” components of the ionospheric currents, with the former obtained from magnetic fields that are used in a model of the field-aligned currents. The second component is from the equivalent current, usually associated with Hall currents, derived from the ground-level magnetic field. Conductances were calculated for varying combinations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude and orientation angle, as well as the dipole tilt angle. The results show that reversing the sign of the Y component of the IMF produces substantially different conductivity patterns. The Hall conductivities are largest on the dawn side in the upward, Region 2 field-aligned currents. Low electric field strengths in the Harang discontinuity lead to inconclusive results near midnight. Calculations of the Joule heating, obtained from the electric field and both components of the ionospheric current, are compared with the Poynting flux in space. The maps show some differences, while their integrated totals match to within 1 %. Some of the Poynting flux that enters the polar cap is dissipated as Joule heating within the auroral ovals, where the conductivity is greater.
Factors controlling the competition between Phaeocystis and diatoms in the Southern Ocean and implications for carbon export fluxes
Authors: Nissen Cara , Vogt Meike
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The high-latitude Southern Ocean phytoplankton community is shaped by the competition between Phaeocystis and silicifying diatoms, with the relative abundance of these two groups controlling primary and export production, the production of dimethylsulfide, the ratio of silicic acid and nitrate available in the water column, and the structure of the food web. Here, we investigate this competition using a regional physical–biogeochemical–ecological model (ROMS-BEC) configured at eddy-permitting resolution for the Southern Ocean south of 35∘ S. We improved ROMS-BEC by adding an explicit parameterization of Phaeocystis colonies so that the model, together with the previous addition of an explicit coccolithophore type, now includes all biogeochemically relevant Southern Ocean phytoplankton types.
We find that Phaeocystis contribute 46±21 % (1σ in space) and 40±20 % to annual net primary production (NPP) and particulate organic carbon (POC) export south of 60∘ S, respectively, making them an important contributor to high-latitude carbon cycling.
In our simulation, the relative importance of Phaeocystis and diatoms is mainly controlled by spatiotemporal variability in temperature and iron availability. In addition, in more coastal areas, such as the Ross Sea, the higher light sensitivity of Phaeocystis at low irradiances promotes the succession from Phaeocystis to diatoms. Differences in the biomass loss rates, such as aggregation or grazing by zooplankton, need to be considered to explain the simulated seasonal biomass evolution and carbon export fluxes.
The use of ASH-15 flowstone as a matrix-matched reference material for laser-ablation U − Pb geochronology of calcite
Authors: Nuriel Perach , Wotzlaw Jörn-Frederik , Ovtcharova Maria , Vaks Anton , Stremtan Ciprian , Šala Martin , Roberts Nick M. W. , Kylander-Clark Andrew R. C.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Latest advances in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICPMS) allow
for accurate in situ U−Pb dating of carbonate material, with final age
uncertainties usually >3 % 2σ. Cross-laboratory reference materials (RMs) used for
sample-bracketing are currently limited to WC1 calcite with an age of 254.4±6.5
(2σ). The minimum uncertainty on any age determination with the LA-ICPMS method is
therefore ≥2.5 %, and validation by secondary RMs is usually performed on in-house
standards. This contribution presents a new reference material, ASH-15, a flowstone that is dated
here by isotope dilution (ID) thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analysis using 37 sub-samples, 1–7 mg each. Age
results presented here are slightly younger compared to previous ID isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) U−Pb dates
of ASH-15 but within uncertainties and in agreement with in situ analyses using WC1 as
the primary RM. We provide new correction parameters to be used as primary or secondary
standardization. The suggested 238U∕206Pb apparent age, not corrected for
disequilibrium and without common-lead anchoring, is 2.965±0.011 Ma (uncertainties
are 95 % confidence intervals). The new results could improve the propagated uncertainties on
the final age with a minimal value of 0.4 %, which is approaching the uncertainty of typical ID
analysis on higher-U materials such as zircon. We show that although LA-ICPMS spot analyses
of ASH-15 exhibit significant scatter in their isotopic ratios, the down-hole fractionation of
ASH-15 is similar to that of other reference materials. This high-U
(≈1 ppm) and low-Pb (<0.01 ppm) calcite is most appropriate as
a reference material for other speleothem-type carbonates but requires more-sensitive ICP-MS
instruments such as the new generation of single-collector and multi-collector ICP-MS. Reference
materials with high-Pb and low-U or both low-U and low-Pb compositions are
still needed to fully cover the compositional range of carbonate material but may introduce
analytical challenges.
Assessing internal changes in the future structure of Dry-Hot
compound events. The case of the Pyrenees
Authors: Lemus-Canovas Marc , Lopez-Bustins Joan Albert
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Impacts upon vulnerable areas such as mountain ranges may become greater under a future scenario of adverse climatic conditions. In this sense, the concurrence of long dry spells and extremely hot temperatures can induce environmental risks such as wildfires, crop yield losses or other problems, the consequences of which could be much more serious than if these events were to occur separately in time (e.g. only long dry spells). The present study attempts to address recent and future changes in the following dimensions: duration (D), magnitude (M) and extreme magnitude (EM) of compound Dry-Hot events in the Pyrenees. The analysis focuses upon changes in the extremely long dry spells and extremely high temperatures that occur within these dry periods, in order to estimate whether the internal structure of the compound event underwent a change in the observed period (1981–2015) and whether it will change in the future (2011–2100) under intermediate (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. To this end, we quantified the changes in the temporal trends of such events, as well as changes in the bivariate probability density functions for the main Pyrenean regions. The results showed that to date the risk of the compound event has increased by only one dimension –magnitude (including extreme magnitude) – during the last few decades. In relation to the future, increased in risk was found to be associated with an increase both in the magnitude and the duration (extremely long dry spells) of the compound event, mainly in the eastern and southern regions of the Pyrenees.
Beachgoers' ability to identify rip currents at a beach in situ
Authors: Pitman Sebastian J. , Thompson Katie , Hart Deirdre E. , Moran Kevin , Gallop Shari L. , Brander Robert W. , Wooler Adam
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Rip currents (“rips”) are the leading cause of drowning on surf beaches worldwide. A major contributing factor is that many beachgoers are unable to identify rip currents. Previous research has attempted to quantify beachgoers' rip identification ability using photographs of rip currents without identifying whether this usefully translates into an ability to identify a rip current in situ at the beach. This study is the first to compare beachgoers ability to identify rip currents in photographs and in situ at a beach in New Zealand (Muriwai Beach) where a channel rip current was present. Only 22 % of respondents were able to identify the in situ rip current. The highest rates of success were for males (33 %), New Zealand residents (25 %), and local beach users (29 %). Of all respondents who were successful at identifying the rip current in situ, 62 % were active surfers/bodyboarders, and 28 % were active beach swimmers. Of the respondents who were able to identify a rip current in two photographs, only 34 % were able to translate this into a successful in situ rip identification, which suggests that the ability to identify rip currents by beachgoers is worse than reported by previous studies involving photographs. This study highlights the difficulty of successfully identifying a rip current in reality and that photographs are not necessarily a useful means of teaching individuals to identify rip currents. It advocates for the use of more immersive and realistic education strategies, such as the use of virtual reality headsets showing moving imagery (videos) of rip currents in order to improve rip identification ability.
Hydrocarbon accumulation in basins with multiple phases of extension and inversion: examples from the Western Desert (Egypt) and the western Black Sea
Authors: Bosworth William , Tari Gábor
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Folds associated with inverted extensional faults are
important exploration targets in many basins across our planet. A common
cause for failure to trap hydrocarbons in inversion structures is crestal
breaching or erosion of top seal. The likelihood of failure increases as the
intensity of inversion grows. Inversion also decreases the amount of
overburden, which can adversely affect maturation of source rocks within the
underlying syn-extensional stratigraphic section. However, many rift basins
are multi-phase in origin, and in some cases the various syn-rift and
post-rift events are separated by multiple phases of shortening. When an
inversion event is followed by a later phase of extension and subsidence,
new top seals can be deposited and hydrocarbon maturation enhanced or
reinitiated. These more complex rift histories can result in intra-basinal
folds that have higher chances of success than single-phase
inversion-related targets. In other basins, repeated inversion events can
occur without significant intervening extension. This can also produce more
complicated hydrocarbon maturation histories and trap geometries. Multiple
phases of rifting and inversion affected numerous basins in North Africa and
the Black Sea region and produced some structures that are now prolific
hydrocarbon producing fields and others that failed. Understanding a
basin's sequence of extensional and contractional events and the resulting
complex interactions is essential to formulating successful exploration
strategies in these settings.
Contributors' Notes
Authors: Kennedy Christopher
Published: January 2021

Contributors' Notes for Radical Teacher Volume 118, New Student Activism.
Datos biográficos de Joseph Quer y Martínez (1695-1774)
Authors: Velayos Guillermo , Medina Leopoldo , Aedo Carlos
Published: January 2021

En este trabajo se constatan las fechas definitivas del nacimiento y la defunción de Joseph Quer y Martínez mediante la reproducción de los textos originales recogidos en los Archivos Departamentales de los Pirineos Orientales y en el libro de difuntos de la iglesia Parroquia de San Ginés de Arlés respectivamente.
Paulo Freire e a Educação Profissional Técnica e Tecnológica
Authors: Urbanetz Sandra Terezinha , Bastos Eliana Nunes Maciel
Published: January 2021

This article aimed to rescue and reflect on how Paulo Freire’s teachings on the ideals of a liberating, dialogical and democratic education can help to implement the assumptions of the Technical and Technological Professional Education. It was sought to discuss the fundamental concepts in the Freirian studies for the implementation of humanistic education in the interim of contemporary schools, aiming at the omnilateral education of students, so that they may be able to build their sociability as autonomous citizens and protagonists of their stories. The Freirian legacy seems extremely current due to the reality that afflicts professionals in the Brazilian education. Thus, the text discusses the assumptions of professional education in the light of the teachings of the great Brazilian educator.
The structural performance of houses in earthquakes
Authors: Cooney R. C.
Published: January 2021

The paper discusses the structural performance of New Zealand houses in past earthquakes, the development of building regulations for timber construction in New Zealand and the consequent development in construction; and the earths quake resistance of contemporary timber construction.
Alternative Hedonism: Its Relation to Tattoo Coverage and Community Type
Authors: Frankel Sarah , Childs Michelle , Kim Youn-Kyung
Published: January 2021

Alternative hedonism is an unconventional form of consumerism that offers a middle-ground consumption practice between sustainability and hedonism. Based on a review of the literature, we identified three major themes of alternative hedonism: seeking pleasure from consuming differently, civic responsibility, and voluntary simplicity. This study is designed to determine whether tattoo coverage (none, light, or heavy) and community type (urban, suburban, or rural) have main and interaction effects on alternative hedonism practices such as community engagement, green consumption, shopping small, and holistic wellness. We collected data via online survey from 168 lightly tattooed, 213 heavily tattooed, and 185 non-tattooed individuals. We discuss implications of our findings for both scholars and practitioners.
Sourcing and Management Practices by the Live-Goat Suppliers and Retailers in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Sigbeku O. T. , Omojola A. B. , Ogunwole O. A.
Published: January 2021

The sourcing and management practices of the live-goat suppliers and retailers in Lagos State, Nigeria were evaluated. Sources of the live-goat and the husbandry practices on them by suppliers and retailers were determined, using three-stage sampling procedures. Three livestock markets each from Lagos East, West and Central Senatorial Districts were purposively selected. Nine suppliers and 18 retailers were randomly selected in each market resulting to 81 and 162 respondents, respectively. Data on sourcing, handling, and holding period of live-goat were collected using two well-structured questionnaires for the suppliers and retailers of goats. Results showed that most suppliers (89.3%) purchased goats from open markets outside the state. The suppliers (52.0%) and retailers (80.0%) tethered goats. Most suppliers (77.3%) and retailers (90.0%) held goats for a maximum of three weeks, fed goats on dry grass sold in the open markets and some from open paddock. Routine administration of analgesic, dewormer, salt licks and water mainly sourced from boreholes and rivers were practices by both the suppliers and retailers. The age and level of education of the suppliers and retailers significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the management systems, handling, pest control, deworming, watering and additives used by the suppliers and retailers of goats. Most retailers (90.0%) belonged to markets regulated by different sectorial market associations while the local and state government officials in the markets performed no regulatory roles. Therefore, live-goat in Lagos State were sourced from other parts of Nigeria, handled, and managed by the suppliers and then retailers prior to their disposal in a manner directly influenced by the age and levels of education of the practitioners.
Genetic Effects on Corn Seed Longevity
Authors: Mota Armando Dornelas , Ribeiro Camila Bastos , Carvalho Regis de Castro , Gonçalves Flávia Maria Avelar
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to elucidate the maternal and paternal genetic effects of the physiological quality of hybrid seed corn over time, as well as the contribution of heterosis for this trait. The seeds of single hybrids, reciprocals and parents were obtained by manual crosses in a complete diallel cross scheme. The analyses of germination and accelerated aging were performed and the data were analyzed with Tukey test and Griffing method. The quadratic components of general combining ability were similar to the effects of specific combining ability and superior to reciprocal, in most evaluation periods, implying that the effects on seed quality characters were attributed to genes of additive effect and genes of non-additive effect. The maternal effect of corn seed longevity was highly significant however its contribution was smaller than general combining ability and specific combining ability effects, but proved to be important in combinations of parents with lower estimate of general combining ability.
Saliency-Based Image Retrieval as a Refinement to Content-Based Image Retrieval
Authors: Al-Azawi Mohammad A. N.
Published: January 2021

Searching for an image in a database is important in different applications; hence, many algorithms have been proposed to identify the contents of the image. In some applications, but not all, identifying the content of the image as a whole can offer good results. Searching for an object inside the image is more important in most applications than identifying the image as a whole. Therefore, studies focused on segmenting the image into small sub-images and identified their contents. In view of the concepts of human attention, various literature defined saliency as a computer representation of it, where different algorithms were developed to extract the salient regions. These salient regions, which are the regions that attract human attention, are used to identify the most important regions that contain important objects in the image. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm that utilises the saliency principles to identify the contents of an image and search for similar objects in the images stored in a database. We also demonstrate that the use of salient objects produces better and more accurate results in the image retrieval process. A new retrieval algorithm is therefore presented here, focused on identifying the objects extracted from the salient regions. To assess the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, a new evaluation method is also proposed which considers the order of the retrieved image in assessing the efficiency of the algorithm.
Wie digital und vernetzt ist die Versorgung von Patienten? Ein Einblick mit Ausblick*
Authors: Hillebrandt Bernd
Published: January 2021

Der Beitrag thematisiert aktuelle Entwicklungen zur Versorgungsoptimierung durch Digitalisierung und vernetzte Versorgungsstrukturen. Neben Ausführungen zu Herausforderungen, mit denen die Gesundheitsbranche derzeit konfrontiert ist, wird ein idealisiertes digitales Zeitalter gezeichnet, welches wiederum mit ausgewählten Beispielen (vorrangig aus Schleswig-Holstein) abgeglichen wird.
From peril to promise: The academic library post–COVID-19
Authors: Ohler L. Angie , Pitts Joelle
Published: January 2021

As in so many other parts of our society, COVID-19 has forced many changes to the ways in which academic libraries operate. The response of higher education to the pandemic has revealed both how vital academic libraries are to the academic enterprise and to scientific advancement at-large through open access initiatives. It has also highlighted that libraries are not alone in confronting the long-term challenges of sustainability with respect to the current scholarly communication marketplace, and the affordability of higher education more broadly. For academic libraries to assume a leadership role in higher education’s search for solutions, we must first reconcile our own identity in the new landscape. We need to ground ourselves in a new way of operating: embracing iterative development techniques while deliberately combining collections strategy, digital initiatives, and outreach efforts to support open scholarship.
News from the Field
Authors: Free David
Published: January 2021

Applications, nominations invited for C&RL editorTracing Race at Iowa State UniversityProject Outcome for Academic Libraries releases new case studyDOAJ leads collaboration to improve preservation of OA journalsOCLC, Washington State University creating digital stewardship training coursesProQuest debuts Black Freedom Struggle websiteEBSCO releases 2021 Serials Price Projection Report
A short review on the root canal configuration of primary maxillary molars
Authors:   Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Gurunathan Deepa
Published: January 2021

It is of interest to compile available information on the root canal morphology of primary maxillary molars from known literature. The literature resources used to collect data include Medline/PubMed, The Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, SIGLE and Science Direct. Data consists of type of population, number of teeth per study, number of root canals, canal length and type of root canal configuration. We used data from a total of 13 studies (951 primary maxillary molars). Maxillary molars (1st and 2nd) are dominant for two roots variant. The first molar the mean root length ranges from 7.9mm – 8.1mm. The second molar ranges from 7.2mm-8.5mm. Type I (explain in a phrase) canal morphology is the common variant in both the molars. Data shows that Root Canal morphology shows variations with the diagnostic aid (example micro CT) used and in different ethnic populations.
Association of age and gender of patients undergoing class V tooth coloured restoration in maxillary teeth
Authors:   Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Ranjan Manish
Published: January 2021

It is of interest to assess the association of age and gender of patients undergoing class V tooth colored restoration in maxillary teeth. Records were collected by reviewing the data of 86,000 patients of which 1580 patients had undergone class V tooth colored restoration in maxillary teeth. Patients were divided into age groups 18-30, 31-40,41-50,71-80 years. The most common age group who had undergone class V restoration was in the age group 41-50 years (30.8%). Cervical abrasions were the most common (79%). Most of the patients underwent direct restoration (87.7%). Direct restoration was found to be more prevalent in the age group 41-50 years due to cervical abrasion.
The link between gender and post-extraction complications of teeth
Authors:   Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Madhuluxmi Madhuluxmi
Published: January 2021

Extraction of teeth is a common procedure in dentistry. Recalling patients for monitoring wound healing is a concern in surgical procedures. It allows foreseeing signs or/and symptoms possibly related to surgical complications. Therefore, it is of interest to document the link between gender and complications in post extraction. The null hypothesis was age and gender had no impact on post dental extraction. We used patient records at Saveetha Dental College, India for this study. The overall follow-up rate post-extraction is less compared to known literature. Data shows that males outnumbered the females and those “above 40 years” than “below 40 years” in follow-up. Thus, we report that factors such as gender, age and the presence of a post-operative complication play a key role in determining whether a patient reports back for follow-up after routine extractions.
Influence of angles occlusion in periodontal diseases
Authors:   Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, S. Varghese Sheeja
Published: January 2021

It is of interest to document the known relationship between periodontal status and Angle痴 malocclusion types. We used 26092 case records of patients between 16 to 50 years of age with no gender restrictions. Variables such as age, gender, periodontal diagnosis and type of Angle痴 occlusion were extracted and tabulated. Statistical analysis was completed using chi square test in the SPSS software version 20. Data shows that the majority (95.27%) had Angle痴 class I occlusion and less than 5% had class II and Class III occlusion. Statistical analysis of class II and Class III cases with 1000 randomly selected cases of class I occlusion show a significant difference in the periodontal status between different types of Angle痴 occlusion. Chronic periodontitis was more in class I (10.4%) and it was the lowest in Class II Div 2 (4.3%) occlusion. Class II Div 1(23.8%) and Class III (17%) had the highest and lowest proportion of clinically healthy periodontium, respectively. Thus, we report that angles occlusion types had significant influence on periodontal status along with the other determinants.
“Lay down branch roads, provide town sites, build barracks”: A Practical Stylistic Investigation of Hyde Clarke’s Colonization, Defence, and Railways in Our Indian Empire (1857)
Authors: Virdis Daniela Francesca
Published: January 2021

In his treatise Colonization, Defence, and Railways in Our Indian Empire (1857), Hyde Clarke wholeheartedly approves of Indian colonial railways and advocates the need for the British to bring about technological progress in the subcontinent. The main research purpose of this article is to provide stylistic evidence of how Clarke relays and constructs his Anglocentric and imperial viewpoint on Indian railways. The article firstly introduces the figure of Clarke and his railway pamphlet, and discusses the keywords colonialism and colonization as defined in two authoritative nineteenthcentury dictionaries of the English language and in colonial and postcolonial studies. Secondly, moving from this field and from the field of postcolonial stylistics, the stylistic methodology defined by Ron Carter as “practical stylistics” is applied to thirteen sequences from the treatise including the keyword colonization. Finally, the definitions of colonialism and colonization are compared with Clarke’s notion of colonization as emerging from the text. This linguistic analysis hence identifies and explores the stylistic strategies utilised by the author – mainly stylistic choices at word- and phrase-level, syntactic structures and the pragmatic functions of these devices – and reveals the ways in which he conveys his colonial mental attitude to the Indian reality.
I L-shell X-rays from near Bohr-velocity I20+ ions impacting on various targets
Authors: Zhou Xian-Ming , Wei Jing , Cheng Rui , Zhao Yong-Tao , Zeng Li-Xia , Mei Ce-Xiang , Liang Chang-Hui , Li Yao-Zong , Zhang Xiao-An , Xiao Guo-Qing ,   Ion Beam and Optical Physics Joint Laboratory of Xianyang Normal University and Institute of Modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianyang 712000, China,   Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China,   School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Published: January 2021

The L-shell X-ray emissions of iodine are investigated as a function of target atomic number for 4.5-MeV I20+ ions impacting on Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn targets. Six distinct L-subshell X-rays are observed. The energy of the x-ray has a blue shift compared with the atomic data. The relative intensity ratio of Lβ1, 3, 4 and Lβ2, 15 to Lα1, 2 almost increase linearly with the target atomic number increasing. The ratio of I(Lι) to I(Lα1, 2) and I (Lγ2, 3, 4, 4') to I(Lγ1) are approximately proportional to the square of target atomic number. It is indicated that during the interaction of highly charged heavy ions with atom in the energy region near the Bohr velocity, the inner-shell process is mainly caused by the close-range collisions below the surface. There, the projectile not only has enough time to capture electrons from the target atom to be neutralized, but also has enough kinetic energy to ionize the inner-shell electron by coulomb interaction. At the balance between electron capture and ionization, the outer-shells of M, N, O etc. could be multiply ionized. The extent of multiple ionization increases with the target atomic number increasing. That leads to the energy shift, resulting in the change of the relative intensity ratio for the L-subshell X-ray. The smaller the atomic fluorescence, the larger the enhanced fluorescence caused by multiple ionization.
Socio-Economic and Institutional Determinants of the Adoption of Improved Pearl Millet Varieties in the Centre-nord and Boucle du Mouhoun Regions of Burkina Faso
Authors: Barry Silamana , Balima Mariam Myriam Dama- , Nadembega Sabine
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to determine the socio-economic and institutional factors for the adoption of improved pearl millet varieties in the Boucle du Mouhoun and Centre-Nord regions of Burkina Faso. Data were collected from 300 producers. The Logit model was used for econometric regression. The results show that four (4) variables have a positive and significant influence on the adoption of improved millet varieties: the training received on improved varieties, the availability of improved varieties, the organoleptic characteristics of improved varieties and the North Central locality. In terms of recommendations, actions must be taken to intensify training for producers and especially the most vulnerable, make improved varieties available at all times and in all places. Breeders should integrate the organoleptic aspect into the design of the variety.
Biosynthesis of Manganese Nanoparticles (MnNPs) from Brassica oleraceae (Cabbage leaves) and its Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Amatya Sharmila Pradhan , Shrestha Santu
Published: January 2021

Manganese nanoparticles are promising material for various applications such as water remediation, catalytic oxidation reactions, bio sensors, etc for their superior adsorbing, electrochemical, catalytic, magnetic, supercapactive like properties additionally, MnNPs possess significant medicinal values, hence, this research aims at synthesizing MnNPs biogenically, characterize them to explore antibacterial activity. Aqueous cabbage extract was allowed to react with precursor KMnO4 solution to synthesize the MnNPs. Then, MnNPs were characterized by: visual observation, UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). Finally, agarwell diffusion was employed to study antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria: staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and salmonella typhi. Turning of purple color solution to reddish brown after stirring was the indication of the formation of nanoparticles. The formation of MnNPs was confirmed by appearance of sharp peak at 420 nm, the assigned band for MnNPs and the energy absorption band at 6 keV in EDX spectrum. Diffraction pattern of MnNPs revealed polycrystalline type with crystallite size of 10.70 nm. FT-IR result showed the chief biomolecules: flavoniods, alkaloids, proteins present in the extract which acts as reducing agent. FE-SEM confirmed the formation of spherical and ellipsoidal shaped agglomerated MnNPs. Agarwell diffusion method showed zone of inhibition (ZOI) of range 10-13 mm with (gram + ve and gram –ve) bacteria. Cabbage mediated biosynthesis of MnNPs is found simple, ecofriendly. This work revealed the formation of agglomerated MnNPs confirmed from uv-vis spectra and FE-SEM. Chief biomolecules of the extract act as reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Results of agarwell diffusion method depicted MnNPs are promising material for its antibacterial properties.
Attitude and Awareness amongst Secondary School Students of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Akuku-Toru Local Government Area, Rivers State
Authors: Lawson D. , Dike John, W. , Mienye Bob-Manuel, , Abiye Somiari,
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The study investigated the attitude and awareness amongst secondary school students of sexually transmitted infections in Akuku-Toru Local Government Area of Rivers state.

Methodology: Three research questions were formulated to guide the study, with a target population of 350 from fifteen schools and sample size of 70 students, drawn through disproportionate random sampling technique. The Sexually Transmitted Infection Evaluator (STIE) questionnaire was employed to gather data from the respondents. The instrument was validated by two experts in Measurement and Evaluation, while reliability of the instrument was determined through test-retest method to obtain a coefficient of 0.90 index. The research questions were analyzed using mean value.

Results: The attitude of students towards sexually transmitted infections is negative and the awareness level is still poor.

Conclusion: Based on the findings it was recommended that sex education should be taught in all schools and teachers should come up with modalities of improving sexuality education in schools to ensure students awareness of sexually transmitted infections.
Mechanical Perspective on the Rotational Doppler Shift of a Single Photon
Authors: Lozano Roberto
Published: January 2021

A theoretical model that relates the rotational Doppler shift of a photon and the rotational velocity of the lenses traversed by the beam of light, is presented. The mathematical relation, which is resolved in the context of a four-dimensional Minkowski flat spacetime and Cartesian coordinates, relates the rotational Doppler effect of a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave, caused by the transfer of spin angular momentum from a rotating object (lenses), with the coordinate acceleration of the rotating object, in the counter-propagating direction in which the photons move, and its angular velocity. From the analysis of the solved equation, it can be considered the generated coordinate acceleration and the theoretical possibility that it was obtained from the mechanical energy of a rotating object traversed by a beam of light, which, in turn, would generate a coordinate acceleration difference in the parallel and counter-propagating direction in which the photons move.
Histamine interaction on surface recognition sites of H2‐type in parietal and non‐parietal cells isolated from the guinea pig stomach
Authors: Gespach Christian , Bouhours Danièle , Bouhours Jean-François , Rosselin Gabriel
Published: July 2002

In gastric cells isolated by pronase digestion from the guinea pig, histamine stimulated cAMP production in 3 fundic cell fractions (EC
50 = 1.6–2 × 10−4 M) enriched in parietal (94%), peptic (63%) and mucous cells (87%) as well as in antral cells (EC
50 = 4 × 10−4 M) that are devoid of parietal cells. Histamine stimulations were completely inhibited by the H2 antagonist cimetidine (K
i = 0.27–0.57 × 10−6 M) or by the H1 antagonist diphenhydramine, but at 100‐times lower potency (K
i = 22–45.7 × 10−6 M), indicating the presence of histamine H2 receptors in parietal and nonparietal cells of the guinea pig gastric mucosa.
Critical cation balance in B → Z transition: role of Li+
Authors: Ramesh N. , Brahmachari Samir K.
Published: July 2002

The sodium salt of poly(dG‐dC) is known to exhibit a B → Z transition in the presence of various cations and 60% alcohol. We here show that the lithium salt of poly(dG‐dC) does not undergo B → Z transition in the presence of 60% alcohol since Li+ with its large hydration shell cannot stabilize the Z‐form. On the other hand, high concentrations of Mg2+ or micromolar concentrations of the cobalt hexamine complex which are known to stabilize the Z‐form can compete with Li+ for charge neutralization and hence bring about a B → Z transition in the same polymer. From the model building studies the mode of action of the cobalt—hexamine complex in stabilizing the Z‐form is postulated.
Macrophages contain at least two myosins
Authors: Trotter John A. , Scordilis Stylianos P. , Margossian Sarkis S.
Published: July 2002

A number of motile functions of macrophages are thought to be mediated by myosin. We have observed that myosin from rabbit alveolar macrophages is heterogeneous with respect to its 20 kDa light chain: two species of 20 kDa light chain are identified by one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in a ratio of 2:1. Native myosin, analyzed on non‐denaturing gels, is also composed of two species, in a ratio of 2:1. These results indicate that macrophages contain at least two different myosins, which might have different physiological functions.
Epidermal growth factor: intracellular Ca2+ inhibits its association with pancreatic acini and A431 cells
Authors: Logsdon Craig D. , Williams John A.
Published: July 2002

The uptake of 125I‐labeled epidermal growth factor (125I‐EGF) by mouse pancreatic acini was inhibited (40–50%) by the secretagogue cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8). Analysis of competitive binding data showed that the apparent K
d of EEG binding increased 135% while the binding capacity was only slightly altered (30% increase). That the effect of CCK8 on acini was mediated by intracellular Ca2+ was indicated by the following: (i) Inhibition of 125I‐EGF binding to acini was dose‐dependent and paralleled the known abilities of CCK8, its analogs, and the cholinergic secretagogue carbachol to induce Ca2+ efflux from acini; and (ii) addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 also inhibited 125I‐EGF binding. In addition, EGF association with A431 cells was also inhibited by A23187 in the presence but not the absence of Ca2+.
Chick embryo spinal cord neurons synthesize a transferrin‐like myotrophic protein
Authors: Stamatos Cathryn , Squicciarini Joseph , Fine Richard E.
Published: July 2002

Highly enriched cultures of chick embryo spinal cord neurons synthesize and secrete a protein which is immunoprecipitable by anti‐ovotransferrin. Ovotransferrin, an iron‐binding glycoprotein of M
r 80 000, is also shown to stimulate in vitro myogenesis of cultured chick embryo myotubes as measured by saturable dose‐dependent increase in acetylcholine receptors. This effect is probably dependent on ovotransferrin's ability to donate iron to the cells. In many respects ovotransferrin is similar to ‘sciatin’, a myotrophic protein isolated from chicken sciatic nerves [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1980) 77, 6922–6925].
Cyclic AMP, folic acid and pterin‐mediated protein carboxymethylation in cellular slime molds
Authors: van Waarde Aren
Published: July 2002

In aggregative cells of Dictyostelium discoideum, extracellular cAMP induces transient methylation of a M
r 46 000 protein. Starvation induces a 10–100‐fold increase in the number of cAMP‐receptors, but no change in the amount of the methyl accepting protein. In vegetative amoebae, a temporal increase of methylation of the protein is induced by stimulation with folic acid. Aggregative amoebae of Dictyostelium lacteum also contain a M
r 46 000 protein, which is methylated after addition of the attractant monapterin. Therefore, protein carboxymethylation seems to be a general phenomenon during chemotaxis of the cellular slime molds.
Identification of barley and wheat cDNA clones related to the high‐Mr polypeptides of wheat gluten
Authors: Forde J. , Forde B.G. , Fry R.P. , Kreis M. , Shewry P.R. , Miflin B.J.
Published: July 2002

We have identified 3 cDNA clones related to the high‐M
r group of storage proteins in barley endosperm, the D‐hordeins. A cDNA library has been constructed from wheat endosperm poly(A+)‐RNA and screened using one of the D‐hordein cDNA clones. Two wheat clones which cross‐hybridised to the barley clone have been identified, by hybrid‐release translation and nucleotide sequence analysis, as partial copies of mRNAs encoding the high‐M
r gluten polypeptides of wheat.
Effects of the calcium ionophore A 23187 on low‐density lipoprotein processing and lipid metabolism in cultured human fibroblasts
Authors: Mazière J.C. , Mazière C. , Mora L. , Gardette J. , Polonovski J.
Published: July 2002

Pretreatment of cultured human fibroblasts with the calcium ionophore A 23187 resulted in a decrease in low‐density lipoprotein internalization. This effect was dose‐dependent and did not occur in a medium devoid of calcium. About 2‐fold reduction was observed with 10−5 M A 23187. In contrast, the low‐density lipoprotein binding was only slightly affected. The incorporation of [14C]acetate and [14C]oleate into all classes of lipids (sterol, triacylglycerols and phospholipids) was strikingly reduced by ionophore pretreatment.
The binding of Gla‐containing proteins to phospholipids
Authors: Vermeer Cees
Published: July 2002

It is demonstrated here that osteocalcin, the Gla‐containing protein from bone, is unable to interfere with the binding of the blood coagulation factors to phospholipid vesicles. Therefore, it seems that besides the Gla residues other structural features of the coagulation factors are required for their effective binding to phospholipid surfaces.
Identification of microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) in Xenopus oocyte
Authors: Jessus C. , Thibier C. , Ozon R.
Published: July 2002

Microtubules were isolated from prophase‐blocked oocytes of Xenopus laevis with the use of the anti‐tumor drug taxol. In addition to tubulin, 5 microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) were characterized. Among them, 2 high molecular mass proteins (200–300 kDa) are phosphorylated in ovo. The oocyte MAP extract promotes the assembly of rat brain 6 S purified tubulin.
The apparent non‐linearity of the relationship between the rate of respiration and the protonmotive force of mitochondria can be explained by heterogeneity of mitochondrial preparations
Authors: Duszyński Jerzy , Wojtczak Lech
Published: July 2002

The apparent non‐linear relationship between the rate of respiration and the protonmotive force in mitochondria under resting state conditions is an observation which has led to concepts such as (i) non‐chute characteristics of the proton leak through the mitochondrial membrane, or (ii) a slippage of proton pumps. We propose that this non‐linearity may be a consequence of a heterogeneity of isolated mitochondria concerning the degree of coupling, since a small proportion of totally uncoupled, or loosely coupled, organelles may considerably contribute to the total respiration but not, or only slightly, to the protonmotive force. This hypothesis is supported by a fairly good fitting of computed relationships with those determined experimentally.
Poly‐ADP‐ribosylated histones: potent DNA suppressors
Authors: Yu Fu-Li
Published: July 2002

When rat liver nuclear chromatin was sonicated in buffer containing 0.35 M (NH4)SO4 to release the engaged RNA polymerases, a potent inhibitor was also released. This inhibitor elicited dramatic inhibition of RNA synthesis regardless of whether the free or engaged RNA polymerase was used. On further analysis, it became apparent that the site of inhibition was on the DNA template, not on the enzyme. This inhibitor could be extracted into 0.25 N HCl by the standard procedure for the isolation of histones. This acid‐soluble inhibitor, showing typical histone band on gel, was RNase A and DNase I resistant, but was sensitive to both pronase and snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion, as well as to 0.1 N KOH hydrolysis. Furthermore, when [14C]adenine labeled poly‐ADP‐ribosylated histones were digested by snake venom phosphodiesterase, the release of radioactivity was in parallel to the loss of inhibitor activity. We conclude that the inhibitor substances are poly‐ADP‐ribosylated histones and propose that the poly‐ADP‐ribosylated histones rather than the histones are the natural suppressors of the gene.