bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Epidemiology of Pediatric Pneumococcal Empyema from 2001 to 2007 in Utah
Authors: Byington Carrie L. , Hulten Kristina G. , Ampofo Krow , Sheng Xiaoming , Pavia Andrew T. , Blaschke Anne J. , Pettigrew Melinda , Korgenski Kent , Daly Judy , Mason Edward O.
Published: December 2009

Utah had a high rate of pediatric pneumococcal empyema (PPE) prior to licensure of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) in 2000. The majority (62%) of PPE cases was due to nonvaccine serotypes, primarily
Streptococcus pneumoniae
serotype 1, multilocus sequence type (MLST) 227. PPE in Utah children has increased over the last decade. It is unclear whether the increase was due to serotype replacement or switch. In this study, we describe the incidence and molecular epidemiology of PPE by MLST in Utah children after the licensure of PCV-7. Empyema rates increased from 8.5/100,000 children in the state of Utah in 2001 to 12.5/100,000 children in 2007 (
P
= 0.006). Ninety-eight percent was due to nonvaccine serotypes (
P
< 0.001 when compared to the pre-PCV-7 period). PPE was primarily due to serotypes 1, 3, 19A, and 7F, with MLST demonstrating sequence types (ST) that were commonly present in the United States prior to licensure of PCV-7. Serotype switch was not documented. Replacement disease with common ST of serotypes 1,3, 7F, and 19A rather than serotype switch was responsible for the increase in PPE in Utah children.
Genetic Diversity of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates from a Tertiary Care Tuberculosis Hospital in South Korea
Authors: Shamputa Isdore Chola , Lee Jongseok , Allix-Béguec Caroline , Cho Eun-Jin , Lee Ji-im , Rajan Vignesh , Lee Eun Gae , Min Jin Hong , Carroll Matthew W. , Goldfeder Lisa C. , Kim Jin Hee , Kang Hyung Seok , Hwang Soohee , Eum Seok-Yong , Park Seung Kyu , Lee Hyeyoung , Supply Philip , Cho Sang-Nae , Via Laura E. , Barry Clifton E.
Published: December 2009

Tuberculosis (TB) remains an immense public health problem in the Republic of Korea despite a more than fivefold decrease in the prevalence of the disease over the last 3 decades. The rise in drug-resistant TB has compounded the situation. We analyzed 208 clinical isolates of
M. tuberculosis
from the National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital by spoligotyping, IS
6110
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and 24-locus-based mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing to assess the diversity and transmission dynamics of the tubercle bacilli in the Republic of Korea. The majority of the isolates (97.1%) belonged to the Beijing genotype. Cluster analysis by MIRU-VNTR yielded a low clustering rate of 22.3%, with most of the clusters comprising isolates with diverse drug resistance patterns. The discriminatory capacity of the typing methods was high for RFLP and MIRU-VNTR (allelic diversity [
h
] = 0.99) but low for spoligotyping (
h
= 0.31). Although analysis of 19 MIRU-VNTR loci was needed to achieve maximum discrimination, an informative set of 8 loci (960, 1955, 2163b, 2165, 2996, 3192, 4052, and 4348) (
h
= 0.98) that was able to differentiate most of the closely related strains was identified. These findings suggest that 24-locus-based MIRU-VNTR typing is a likely suitable alternative to RFLP to differentiate clinical isolates in this setting, which is dominated by
M. tuberculosis
Beijing strains. Within the study limits, our results also suggest that the problem of drug-resistant TB in the Republic of Korea may be largely due to acquired resistance as opposed to transmission.
ICP27 Phosphorylation Site Mutants Are Defective in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication and Gene Expression
Authors: Rojas Santos , Corbin-Lickfett Kara A. , Escudero-Paunetto Laurimar , Sandri-Goldin Rozanne M.
Published: December 2009

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP27 is a multifunctional regulatory protein that is posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation during viral infection. ICP27 has been shown to be phosphorylated on three serine residues, specifically serine residues 16 and 18, which are within casein kinase 2 (CK2) sites, and serine residue 114, which is within a protein kinase A (PKA) site. Phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that is reversible and controls many signaling pathways, protein-protein interactions, and protein subcellular localization. To determine the role of phosphorylation in modulating the activities of ICP27, we constructed phosphorylation site mutations at each of the three serine residues. Single, double, and triple viral mutants were created in which alanine or glutamic acid was substituted for serines 16, 18, and 114. ICP27 phosphorylation site mutants were defective in viral replication and viral gene expression. Notably, ICP4-containing replication compartment formation was severely compromised, with the appearance of small ring-like structures that persisted even at late times after infection. Neither the colocalization of ICP27 with RNA polymerase II nor the formation of Hsc70 nuclear foci was observed during infection with the phosphorylation site mutants, both of which occur during wild-type HSV-1 infection. These data indicate that several key events in which ICP27 plays a role are curtailed during infection with ICP27 phosphorylation site mutants.
Induction of Protective Immunity against Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection in the Absence of Viral Latency
Authors: Jia Qingmei , Freeman Michael L. , Yager Eric J. , McHardy Ian , Tong Leming , Martinez-Guzman DeeAnn , Rickabaugh Tammy , Hwang Seungmin , Blackman Marcia A. , Sun Ren , Wu Ting-Ting
Published: December 2009

Human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are important pathogens associated with diseases, including lymphomas and other malignancies. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is used as an experimental model system to study the host immune control of infection and explore novel vaccine strategies based on latency-deficient live viruses. We studied the properties and the potential of a recombinant MHV-68 (AC-RTA) in which the genes required for persistent infection were replaced by a constitutively expressed viral transcription activator, RTA, which dictates the virus to lytic replication. After intranasal infection of mice, replication of AC-RTA in the lung was attenuated, and no AC-RTA virus or viral DNA was detected in the isolated splenocytes, indicating a lack of latency in the spleen. Infection of the AC-RTA virus elicited both cellular immune responses and virus-specific IgG at a level comparable to that elicited by infection of the wild-type virus. Importantly, vaccination of AC-RTA was able to protect mice against subsequent challenge by the wild-type MHV-68. AC-RTA provides a vaccine strategy for preventing infection of human gammaherpesviruses. Furthermore, our results suggest that immunity to the major latent antigens is not required for protection.
Activation of the N-Terminally Truncated Form of the Stk Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Sf-Stk by Friend Virus-Encoded gp55 Is Mediated by Cysteine Residues in the Ecotropic Domain of gp55 and the Extracellular Domain of Sf-Stk
Authors: He Shihan , Ni Shuang , Hegde Shailaja , Wang Xin , Sharda Daniel R. , August Avery , Paulson Robert F. , Hankey Pamela A.
Published: December 2009

Friend virus induces an erythroleukemia in susceptible mice that is initiated by the interaction of the Friend virus-encoded glycoprotein gp55 with the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor and the product of the host
Fv2
gene, a naturally occurring truncated form of the Stk receptor tyrosine kinase (Sf-Stk). We have previously demonstrated that the activation of Sf-Stk, recruitment of a Grb2/Gab2/Stat3 signaling complex, and induction of Pu.1 expression by Stat3 are required for the development of the early stage of Friend disease both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Here we demonstrate that the interaction of gp55 with Sf-Stk is dependent on cysteine residues in the ecotropic domain of gp55 and the extracellular domain of Sf-Stk. Point mutation of these cysteine residues or deletion of these domains inhibits the ability of gp55 to interact with Sf-Stk, resulting in the inability of these proteins to promote the Epo-independent growth of erythroid progenitor cells. We also demonstrate that the interaction of gp55 with Sf-Stk does not promote dimerization of Sf-Stk but results in enhanced phosphorylation of Sf-Stk and the relocalization of Sf-Stk from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Finally, we demonstrate that a constitutively active form of Sf-Stk (Sf-StkM330T), as well as its human counterpart, Sf-Ron, promotes Epo-independent colony formation in the absence of gp55 and that this response is also dependent on the cysteines in the extracellular domains of Sf-StkM330T and Sf-Ron. These data suggest that the cysteines in the extracellular domains of Sf-Stk and Sf-Ron may also mediate the interaction of these truncated receptors with other cellular factors that regulate their ability to promote cytokine-independent growth.
PREFEEDING OF HIGH FAT DIET AND RESISTANCE OF RATS TO INTENSE COLD
Authors: LeBlanc J.
Published: December 2009

Three groups of 16 albino rats were fed for 45 days, group I, a normal diet of pellets containing 3.5% fat; group II, a diet containing 17% fat in the form of oil; and group III, a diet containing 17% fat in the form of lard. On exposure to cold, the drop of rectal temperature in group I was faster and more pronounced than in group II or group III. It was shown that the larger amount of fat accumulated in the animals fed a high fat diet could not explain, either as a source of energy reserves or as an insulator, the superiority of these diets in maintaining the rectal temperatures at higher levels in the cold. It is postulated that prefeeding of a high fat diet induces changes in the organism which permit higher sustained rates of heat production in the cold.
COALESCENCE AS A FACTOR IN SOLVENT STIMULATION OF PLASTID PHOSPHATIDASE C ACTIVITY
Authors: Kates Morris , Gorham Paul R.
Published: December 2009

Solvents which stimulate plastid phosphatidase C activity (e.g., ethyl ether, propyl ketone, and ethyl butyrate) have been observed (microscopically) to produce coalescence of lecithin and chloroplast phases, while those which do not stimulate the reaction (e.g., chloroform and petroleum ether) do not produce coalescence. In the ethyl ether-stimulated reaction, all of the original enzymatic activity was associated with the coalesced material, and the lecithin apparently formed an ether-insoluble complex with the chloroplasts; no enzymatic activity appeared in either the aqueous or ether phases. Ether extraction of chloroplasts alone did not liberate the enzyme from the plastids, and the presence of this stimulating solvent was still necessary for reaction with the substrate to occur. It is concluded that stimulating solvents achieve their effect primarily by causing substrate and plastid phases to coalesce and that the enzymatic reaction actually proceeds in the coalesced phase.
METABOLISM OFDL-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE-α-C14IN BOVINE ADRENAL HOMOGENATE
Authors: Pellerin Joseph , D'Iorio Antoine
Published: December 2009

The metabolism of DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-α-C14(DL-DOPA) by beef adrenal medulla homogenates has been investigated. Following incubation seven radioactive zones appeared on the chromatograms. Five of these substances have been identified using admixture chromatography: DOPA, DOPA-pyridoxal phosphate Schiff base, dopamine, noradrenaline, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Conversion of DL-DOPA to noradrenaline varied from 5 to 14% when calculated on the initial radioactivity of the DOPA incubated. No radioactive adrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, isoprenaline, homovanillic acid, or epinine was detected.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF QUERCETIN IN BUCKWHEAT: PART I
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Watkin J. E. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

Cuttings of Fagopyrum tataricum were allowed to metabolize various labelled compounds for 24 hours in the light. Quercetin was then isolated and degraded by alkaline hydrolysis of its pentamethyl ether into veratric acid (ring B plus carbon 2) and 2′-hydroxy-2,4′,6′-trimethoxyacetophenone (ring A plus carbons 3 and 4). Eleven amino acids, including tyrosine, were poor precursors of quercetin as were also protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Shikimic acid, phenylalanine, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and cinnamic acid were very good precursors followed by (in decreasing order of effectiveness) caffeic acid (fair), sinapic acid, m-methoxycinnamic acid, and ferulic acid (very poor). Quercetin formed from β- or ring-labelled cinnamic acid gave labelled veratric acid on degradation, and that from α- or carboxyl-labelled cinnamic acid gave labelled 2′-hydroxy-2,4′,6′-trimethoxyacetophenone. Two-ninths of the activity of quercetin formed from uniformly labelled phenylalanine was found in the acetophenone derivative and seven-ninths in the veratric acid. These results show that C6.C3 compounds are used with the carbon skeleton unchanged for the synthesis of ring B and carbons 2, 3, and 4 of quercetin and that the ring hydroxylation pattern of the compound used determines its effectiveness. None of the compounds were good precursors of ring A.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE CONDITIONING OF THE HEPARIN-INDUCED LIPEMIA CLEARING ACTIVITY (LCA) IN THE RAT
Authors: Constantinides P. , Cairns A. , So Y.
Published: December 2009

The effects of various endocrines and of stress on the "lipemia clearing activity" (LCA) which is elicited in rat plasma by intravenous heparin injection were studied.High dosage cortisone accelerated LCA, but low dosage cortisone did not affect it. Severe catabolic stress accelerated LCA. Application of a single mild stress was ineffective, but the combination of two mild stressors accelerated LCA. ACTH had no influence on LCA, but adrenalectomy accelerated it. Stilbestrol inhibited LCA at both a low and a high dosage level, but there was no difference in LCA production between males and females or between estrous and diestrous females. Estrous females, however, displayed less LCA than ovariectomized females. Anterior pituitary extract inhibited LCA in females and hypophysectomy accelerated it in both sexes. A synthetic oil emulsion yielded the same qualitative information as lipemic plasma wherever it was used as a substrate for the clearing activity of postheparin plasma.Thus, with the exception of the effects of sex difference and low dosage cortisone, most of the previously reported endocrine effects on the LCA that follows subcutaneous heparin were also obtained when heparin was injected intravenously. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AMOUNT OF INSULIN EXTRACTABLE FROM BEEF PANCREAS: I. EFFECTS OF AGING FRESH PANCREAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Authors: Wrenshall Gerald A. , Best Charles H. , Hartroft W. Stanley
Published: December 2009

Effects on the concentration of extractable insulin of aging fresh beef pancreas at temperatures in the 22–26 °C. range have been described. Two phases of change with time of aging have been observed, describable as a transient increase superimposed on a progressive fall toward zero in the concentration of insulin extractable from the pancreas. In two of the eight experiments reported only the second phase was detected.Various hypotheses concerning the cause of the first phase are considered. The available experimental evidence is considered to support the hypothesis that the early rise in extractable insulin resulted from the continuing new formation of insulin from structural components already present in the cytoplasm of the beta cells at time of exsanguination, or diffusing into it thereafter. The progressive fall in the extractable insulin during the second phase must have resulted from destruction or inactivation of insulin within the pancreas.The bearing of these recent findings on the usage of the term "The insulin content of the pancreas" has been discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AMOUNT OF INSULIN EXTRACTABLE FROM BEEF PANCREAS: III. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON CHANGES ACCOMPANYING THE AGING OF FRESH PANCREAS
Authors: Wrenshall Gerald A. , Casselman W. G. Bruce , Best Charles H.
Published: December 2009

The early rise with time of aging in the amount of insulin extractable from fresh beef pancreas has been observed in two different extracts, both at 6 °C. and at 25 °C., in samples of the same mature beef pancreas. The same phenomenon has been seen to a lesser degree at 25 °C. in samples of fresh pancreas from immature animals. In the study with pancreas from the mature animal the rates of change in extractable insulin were 12 times as large at 25 °C. as at 6 °C. The early rise was observed in fresh pancreas but not in samples which had been frozen and thawed prior to aging.
THE BIOASSAY OF INSULIN BY THE COMPENSATION METHOD
Authors: Macallum A. Bruce
Published: December 2009

The compensation principle developed by Bouckaert and de Duve (1) during an investigation of the action of insulin was modified for use as a method for the bioassay of insulin. This method has the advantage that the blood sugar level is maintained within physiological limits, thus eliminating the possibility that the action of the insulin might be modified by the elaboration in the test animal of homeostatic factors that regulate the blood sugar concentration.Dry, crystalline zinc insulin preparations from three British and three American sources were investigated. Using the new method, the strength of each preparation in units per milligram was found to correspond with the strength of the international standard and also with the certified strength of the preparations as supplied by the manufacturers from results of assay by the pharmacopoeial method.
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS: THE STARVATION BLOCK
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

Partial localization of the metabolic block in cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate by starved rat liver homogenates has been achieved. Experimental evidence indicates that this block is located in the biosynthetic pathway between β-hydroxy-β-methyl glutaric acid and squalene. Fractionation and comparative chromatographic examination of incubated homogenates from starved and normal rats failed to reveal any accumulation of an appreciably radioactive intermediate as a result of the blocked biosynthetic pathway in the starved animal. A strongly labelled acidic compound has been isolated in minute amounts from incubated homogenates of both starved and normal rats. This is readily incorporated into cholesterol by liver homogenates from normal, but not from starved rats. Its identity has as yet not been established.
DETERMINATION OF Δ4-3-KETOSTEROIDS BY MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSORBANCE OF THEIR 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES
Authors: McKinley W. P. , Devlin W. F.
Published: December 2009

A rapid, sensitive method suitable for the quantitative determination of ethisterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, and progesterone is described. The method involves the extraction of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of the steroid from the excess dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent with cyclohexane and measurement of the absorbance of the resulting yellow cyclohexane extract. The method has been used in the analysis of a number of tablets and aqueous suspensions containing a mixture of one of these Δ4-3-ketosteroids and other ingredients.
EFFECT OF HISTAMINE ON GASTRIC PEPSINOGEN, PEPSIN SECRETION, AND BLOOD PEPSINOGEN IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kowalewski K.
Published: December 2009

The endocrine and exocrine activity of guinea pig stomach was measured by the determination of pepsinogen in gastric tissue and in plasma. Gastric juice pepsin was also studied.A significant increase of both pepsinogen and pepsin was found in animals treated with a dose of histamine (75 mg. per kg. of body weight). These results give further evidence that the zymogenic cells of gastric mucosa may be stimulated by histamine. The determination of pepsinogen in gastric tissue seems to permit a direct approach to the enzymatic function of zymogenic cells.
THE UTILIZATION OF ACETATE BY LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF GROWTH HORMONE TREATED RATS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen Helen F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of growth hormone on the in vitro incorporation of C14acetate into fatty acids, carbon dioxide, and cholesterol by liver and adipose tissue from young, adult, and old rats was studied.In all three age groups of animals, growth hormone was found to depress the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by liver slices but the CO2production was unaffected. In both young and old animals growth hormone did not significantly alter the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids and CO2by preparations of adipose tissue, but did result in a decline in the fat content of the adipose tissue. It was noted that the CO2production from acetate was much less with adipose tissue from old rats than with similar preparations from young rats.Incorporation of acetate into cholesterol was unaffected by growth hormone in young and old animals but was significantly increased in liver slices from adult animals.
AN EFFECT OF REDUCED BAROMETRIC PRESSURE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Girling F. , Sunahara F. A.
Published: December 2009

Several groups of investigators have noted in the past that exposure to a reduced barometric pressure results in a decrease in peripheral blood flow.In the present study human subjects were exposed to a pressure of 225 mm. Hg with maintenace of arterial oxygen saturation, and forearm and hand blood flows were measured plethysmographically. Forearm blood flow was not affected by the exposure whereas hand blood flow was reduced in all subjects. Blood pressure and heart rate were also measured and showed no change during the experiment.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-PYRROLECARBOXYLIC (C14O2H) ACID AND STUDY OF ITS METABOLISM IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Letellier G. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolecarboxylic (C14O2H) acid (PCA), in 50% over-all yield, by carbonation in a closed system of pyrrylmagnesium bromide, using a small amount of radioactive carbon dioxide. Doses of the labelled substance were administered by intraperitoneal injection to young rats. A small fraction of the injected radioactive PCA was catabolized in the rat tissues in such a manner that only 5 to 6% of the isotope appeared in expired carbon dioxide within 24 hours. From 70 to 80% of the injected radioactivity was excreted in the urine collected for 24 hours. Unchanged PCA, pyrroylglycine, and a glucuronide of PCA were the three major radioactive products demonstrated in the urine.
SEX HORMONE CONTROL OF THE ZINC CONTENT OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Millar M. Jean , Elcoate P. V. , Mawson C. A.
Published: December 2009

Gonadotrophins and testosterone propionate, administered by subcutaneous injection into immature rats, were found to produce marked increases in the size, zinc concentration, and rate of zinc-65 uptake of the dorsolateral prostate glands. Oestrogen treatment produced a reduction in gland size but no change in the zinc concentration or in the rate of zinc-65 uptake.These results are compared with the findings of other workers and possible reasons for some of the observed differences are discussed. It is postulated that under normal physiological conditions, the male sex hormone is the major factor which controls the accumulation and maintenance of a high concentration of zinc in the dorsolateral prostate of the rat. The accumulation or loss of zinc is not necessarily closely linked with gland growth.
COMPARISON OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN BLOOD SERUM WITH LIPID CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN CORONARY ARTERIES: (A SECOND INTERIM REPORT)
Authors: Paterson J. C. , Derrick J. B. D.
Published: December 2009

This report, which is concerned with only one facet of the serum lipid/atherosclerosis problem, gives the results of a comparison of the levels of total serum cholesterol, determined serially during life in 88 patients, with the concentrations of total lipid extracted from large segments of the coronary arteries of the same patients after death and autopsy. No significant relationships have been encountered in individuals between 60 and 89 years of age whether the comparisons were made on the entire series of cases or on cases in the same age group at the time of death. The data in younger individuals were inadequate for statistical analysis. Terminal loss of weight from wasting disease processes had no significant relationship to the concentration of lipid in the coronary arteries of the entire series of cases, or of cases in the same age group. In general, the ante-mortem serum cholesterol levels of the 88 patients were found to be remarkably constant over periods of as long as four years.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AFFECTING ARTERIAL PRESSURE IN MALES IN THE SEVENTH DECADE
Authors: Brown R. G. , McKeown Thomas , Whitfield A. G. W.
Published: December 2009

Measurements of arterial pressure in 1045 representative men in the seventh decade are used to examine its relation to age, social class (as indicated by occupation), physical and mental demands of occupation, and smoking habits. It is shown that both systolic and diastolic pressures tend to rise as economic and social circumstances become progressively less favorable; they are lower in smokers than in non-smokers. There is no evidence that arterial pressures are related to the physical or mental demands of employment.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN AND SOMATOTROPHIN ON THE GROWTH OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Salter J. M. , Davidson I. W. F. , Best C. H.
Published: December 2009

Growth induced by exogenous insulin in hypophysectomized rats on an unrestricted diet is similar to that stimulated by somatotrophin. Both hormones promote skeletal growth and produce an increase in weight that is due to an increase in total body protein, fat, and water. However, insulin-treated animals consume more food, produce more fat, retain less water, and exhibit less skeletal growth than comparable rats treated with somatotrophin. Insulin and somatotrophin promote the synthesis of similar amounts of protein under our experimental conditions. Insulin-induced growth is enhanced and the disproportionate increase in fat is prevented by the simultaneous administration of somatotrophin. Insulin cannot stimulate protein anabolism in hypophysectomized rats restricted to the amount of food consumed prior to treatment. When the insulin-treated animals are allowed to consume glucose in addition to their basal ration there is a marked increase in the amount of ingested nitrogen retained. A comparable reduction in nitrogen excretion cannot be achieved when the carbohydrate supplement is replaced by fat. The results also indicate that under the experimental conditions described, the protein sparing action of glucose is dependent upon an adequate supply of insulin.
THE DETERMINATION OF GALACTOSE IN SMALL AMOUNTS OF BLOOD
Authors: Robinson H. M. Czajkowska , Rathbun J. C.
Published: December 2009

A method for the determination of blood galactose in 0.1 ml. samples was developed in which the glucose is removed by treatment with yeast. Modified dilutions of Somogyi and Nelson reagents are used and the non-fermentable sugar is determined colorimetrically at 680 millimicrons. A comparison of three protein precipitants led to the choice of tungstic acid. The range covered by the method is 6–50 mg. %, corresponding to 2–16 micrograms of galactose per sample.
ON THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION OF AMINOACETONITRILE (AAN)
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: December 2009

Experiments on adrenalectomized rats maintained on small doses of cortisol acetate and desoxycorticosterone acetate indicate that aminoacetonitrile markedly inhibits the production of inflammatory exudate in the "granuloma pouch" test. It is concluded that this antiphlogistic effect is an inherent property of the lathyrogenic aminonitrile and not merely the consequence of an adrenal-mediated stressor action.
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPLANTABLE ACTH-PRODUCING PITUITARY TUMORS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Bahn Robert , Wilson Hildegard , Kedda Leonard , Furth Jacob , Anderson Evelyn
Published: December 2009

Following the implantation of adrenocorticotrophin-producing tumors into LAF1 mice, a reproducible syndrome was observed which was characterized by adrenal cortical hypertrophy, thymic atrophy, lymphopenia, ovarian atrophy, cessation of estrus cycles, obesity, polydipsia, and polyuria. These changes appeared after intervals of a few weeks or several months, depending on the secretory activity of the tumor. Metabolic balance studies indicated an increased excretion of nitrogen and potassium. In place of an intolerance to glucose in the tumor-bearing mice, there was an apparently increased tolerance, presumably due to the presence of the large tumor mass. Observations on intact, castrated, and hypophysectomized mice bearing ACTH tumors suggested that the C21 steroids of LAF1 mice possess moderate glucocorticoid as well as discernible mineralocorticoid activity; the C19 steroids apparently are either very weak or inactive androgens, but may be capable of directly affecting the anterior pituitary and the vagina.
INFLUENCE OF A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT OF ERUCIC ACID AND OTHER FATTY ACIDS ON FERTILITY IN THE RAT: STERILITY CAUSED BY ERUCIC ACID
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Noble R. L.
Published: December 2009

Male rats were raised on a diet of powdered Masters Meal with a supplement of 10% or more by weight of erucic acid. The animals suffered a progressive reduction in spermatogenesis and became completely sterile after about 5 months, despite their normal rate of growth and their apparently excellent state of health. Subsequent experiments have suggested that similar effects can be produced, though less readily, in adult rats on the same diet. Recovery of spermatogenesis apparently can take place provided testicular degeneration has not advanced too far. The impairment of spermatogenesis appears to be a specific effect of the erucic acid in the diet. The estrous cycles of female rats on the diet usually remained undisturbed but there was some interference with parturition. Few of the offspring survived for long because of deficient mammary development and lactation in the mother. The same impairment, occurred also when the animals were fed the diet with 15% by weight of oleic acid. The defects resemble those which occur in animals when fed a diet deficient in essential fatty acids. The suggestion is offered, therefore, that erucic acid may interfere with reproduction by interfering with the metabolism of the essential fatty acids. The administration of erucic acid in the diet may afford a new lead for the control of fertility.
A DEVICE TO FACILITATE THE TUBE-FEEDING OF SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C C.
Published: December 2009

A device is described that simplifies the tube-feeding of rats.
THE EFFECT OF SULPHAEMOGLOBIN ON RED CELL VIABILITY
Authors: Israels L. G. , Chutorian A. , Delory G. E. , Israels Esther
Published: December 2009

Sulphaemoglobinaemia was produced in rabbits by the injection of para-aminopropriophenone and calcium sulphide. The disappearance of this pigment from the blood was used as an index of red cell survival. Sulphaemoglobin disappeared in an exponential fashion, indicating a mean red cell life span of 36 days. The red cells were also tagged with Cr51, and this method of measuring erythrocyte life span yielded values strongly suggesting that sulphaemoglobin in the red cell impairs its viability and leads to random cell destruction. Under these conditions it would seem that the disappearance rate of sulphaemoglobin is not a true measure of red cell survival.
TREATMENT OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE DOG WITH CHLORPROMAZINE AND/OR HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Kilborn R. M. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: December 2009

Treatment of established hemorrhagic shock, produced in anesthetized dogs by a standardized technique, with chlorpromazine (2.5 mg./kg.) and/or hypothermia (immersion cooling: 25 °C.) did not increase the survival rate and tended to shorten the survival time. The cardiac output of all the treated animals, especially those subjected to chlorpromazine combined with hypothermia, failed to return to prehemorrhage levels even after reinfusion. The results suggest that once hemorrhagic shock has occurred, treatment with chlorpromazine or hypothermia is of no value and with the combination is deleterious.
THE KINETICS OF AMINO GROUP TRANSFER BY CORN RADICLE TRANSAMINASE
Authors: Cook F. S.
Published: December 2009

The kinetics of transamination are complicated by the presence of two substrates whose concentrations change appreciably during the course of the reaction. The only previously published account of the kinetics of this system deviates considerably from classical theory. Equations based on premises of Michaelis and Menten have been shown, however, to accommodate the data on reaction rate in relation to substrate concentration obtained with a corn radicle enzyme preparation by a spectrophotometric method.
THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF LIVER AND KIDNEY SARINASE
Authors: Adie Peter A. , Tuba Jules
Published: December 2009

The cells of the liver and kidneys from three species known to be comparatively susceptible to sarin (rabbit, guinea pig, and monkey) and two species known to be less susceptible (rat and mouse) have been fractionated into their cell constituents (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and non-particulate fraction). Each fraction has been tested for sarinase activity. The non-particulate fraction had the highest activity, the microsomes the second highest, the mitochondria the third highest, and the nuclei the lowest. The significance of the differences found in the distribution of sarinase activity in the cell fractions is discussed.Monkey cell fractions were also tested with ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun) as the substrate. The results were similar to those obtained with sarin, suggesting that the same enzyme was responsible for the hydrolysis of both substrates.
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACIDS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF SCORBUTIC GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Rangneker P. V. , Dugal L. P.
Published: December 2009

A comparative study is made on the plasma amino acids in scorbutic and normal guinea pigs. It is observed that there are some striking differences in the assortment of amino acids obtained. Arginine, threonine, hydroxyproline, and cystine are absent in the plasma of scorbutic guinea pigs while they are found to be present in the plasma of normal animals. A few amino acids have been estimated quantitatively. Plasma values of leucine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, and glycine are lower and the values of phenylalanine, lysine, and histidine are higher in scorbutic animals as compared with the respective values in normal ones.
AN UNEXPECTED FACTOR AFFECTING THE ALCOHOL INTAKE OF RATS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: December 2009

Measurements have been made of the amount of dilute alcohol (15% v/v) consumed by adult male rats fed an adequate diet. When both water and alcohol were made available, most rats usually chose water. The relative proportions of the two liquids consumed appeared to be influenced by the positions of the food, water, and alcohol dispensers. Had these observations been less complete, the unwarranted conclusion might have been drawn that some of the rats (possibly for genetic reasons) displayed a marked preference for alcohol.
THE EFFECT OF STRESS AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE RESPONSE TO DICUMAROL IN RATS
Authors: Mogenson G. J. , Fisher L. M. , Jaques L. B.
Published: December 2009

The prothrombin time was followed in a large number of rats receiving daily doses of dicumarol. Prothrombin times, using the Schwager–Jaques method, were determined on blood samples obtained from the tail vein. It was found that rats, like rabbits, showed a wide variation in their response to dicumarol at dose levels of 10 and 20 mg./kg. body weight per day but, unlike rabbits, they seemed to develop a tolerance to the drug. This began after a peak prothrombin time was reached and occurred later in rats having a higher prothrombin time, or receiving the higher dose of the drug. Stress, in the form of electroshock or sound-induced seizures, increased the variability of the prothrombin time and significantly increased the mean values with 20 mg./kg. dicumarol. These changes persisted in some rats for at least 48 hours. They were prevented by ether anesthesia. Adrenalectomized rats fed dicumarol showed a marked increase in prothrombin time, did not develop tolerance to the drug after a few days, and died of hemorrhage. An analysis of blood samples obtained by cardiac puncture from adrenalectomized, sham-operated, and normal rats fed dicumarol at a dose level of 10 mg./kg. body weight for 5 days showed that values for the Quick one-stage prothrombin times of the adrenalectomized group were elevated significantly above those of the sham-operated and normal groups. No significant differences, however, were noted in the values for the two-stage tests for prothrombin, hematocrit, or plasma dicumarol levels of these animals.
THE PROPERTIES OF THROMBINOGEN
Authors: Ronwin Edward
Published: December 2009

Evidence is given which demonstrates the existence of an intermediate, designated thrombinogen, during the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The conversion of prothrombin to thrombinogen requires thromboplastin. The conversion of thrombinogen to thrombin requires thrombin, though other tryptic enzymes can replace thrombin. The properties of thrombinogen have been studied.
A MODIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF VITAMIN B12 IN NATURAL MATERIALS OF LOW POTENCY
Authors: McLaughlan J. M. , Rogers C. G. , Middleton E. J. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

The isotope dilution assay for vitamin B12 depends on the extraction and removal of vitamin B12-like factors prior to the spectrophotometric measurement of vitamin B12. Since it is not suitable for low potency materials, modifications have been made in the method of extraction and purification. Vitamin B12 is measured with Lactobacillus leichmannii 313. The purification procedure was effective in removing pseudovitamin B12 and factor A, but was ineffective in the removal of vitamin B12III. A correction factor was used in place of Co60-labelled vitamin B12 to adjust for loss during purification. Statistical analysis showed this correction factor to be valid and reproducible. Purification did not affect the estimates of vitamin B12 activity of milk, blood plasma, chick mash, or fish meal. True vitamin B12 activity was apparently responsible for 50% of the total vitamin B12 activity of dried cattle faeces and for less than 10% of the total activity of yeast extract. The coefficient of variation of the modified method was 8.7% based on 20 potency estimates.
EFFECTS OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON POTASSIUM-STIMULATED GLUCOSE ABSORPTION BY ISOLATED SURVIVING GUINEA PIG INTESTINE
Authors: Riklis E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: December 2009

2,4-Dinitrophenol, at low concentrations, inhibits potassium-stimulated active transport of glucose by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine to a greater extent than the unstimulated glucose transport. The potassium stimulation is abolished in the presence of 0.04 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol. Potassium stimulation of the active transport of glucose and galactose in the isolated guinea pig intestine is inhibited by phlorizin at low concentrations (0.01 mM) which have little or no effect on the unstimulated sugar transport. The presence of phlorizin has little or no effect on active fructose absorption, as shown by the combined transport of fructose and glucose derived from the fructose. In the presence of 15.6 meq./liter K+phlorizin exerts a small depression of the active transport of fructose. Potassium stimulation of the active transport of glucose in the isolated guinea pig intestine is inhibited by the narcotic luminal at low concentrations (2 mM). Luminal (10 mM) abolishes the potassium stimulation. Sodium malonate, at the concentration 2 mM, which exerts no inhibition of active glucose transport in isolated surviving guinea pig intestine, brings about over 40% inhibition of glucose transport when this is stimulated by potassium ions. Choline, at 0.5 mM, suppresses potassium stimulation of the active glucose transport in the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine. It is suggested that an enzymatic mechanism exists, associated with intestinal membranes, that controls sugar transport and that phosphorylations, either directly or indirectly, are connected with it.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSVITIN FROM HEN EGG YOLK
Authors: Joubert F. J. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

Phosvitin was precipitated from egg yolk solution in 0.4 M magnesium sulphate by adding an equal volume of water. Purification was accomplished by repeatedly precipitating and dialyzing at pH 4.0 to remove lipovitellin. Phosvitin so prepared was free of lipid, contained 9.6% phosphorus, and had a molecular weight of 3.0 × 104at pH 4.0 and a frictional ratio that indicates an elongated molecule. It is a polyelectrolyte with properties that are dependent on both the concentration of the solute and the composition of the solvent. In buffer solutions containing low concentrations (0.01 to 0.05 M) of magnesium sulphate, it forms complexes having a particle weight of 14 × 105and with calcium salts a particle weight of 7.5 × 105.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS AND FATTY ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Wood J. D. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

Rats were fed diets containing 20% oils and 9% fatty acids and the effect of these compounds on cholesterol metabolism was studied. Unsaturated oils and fatty acids increased total cholesterol in the liver and stimulated the incorporation of C14-acetate into cholesterol both in vivo and in liver homogenates. Saturated material such as coconut oil and lauric acid had the opposite effect with respect to amount of liver cholesterol and to in vivo incorporation. The saturated material had no significant effect on synthesis in homogenates. The effect of oils in the diet was rapid, the stimulating effect of rapeseed oils being observed after the rats had been placed on the diet for as short a period as 3 days.
THE PHASE TEST INTERMEDIATE AND THE ALLOMERIZATION OF CHLOROPHYLL a
Authors: Holt A. S.
Published: December 2009

The phase test intermediate of methyl chlorophyllide a is generated in organic solvents by alkoxyl and hydroxyl ions. The intermediate is oxidized by oxygen and such oxidants as iodine, p-benzoquinone, and potassium permanganate. Different products are obtained depending on the solvent, the base used to generate the intermediate, and the oxidant. Three fractions are obtained from methanol containing oxygen and traces of magnesium methoxide. These are (1) Mg-purpurin 7-trimethyl ester, (2) Mg-purpurin 7-lactone-methyl ether-dimethyl ester, and (3) Mg-10-oxy-methyl pheophorbide a. The first and third fractions each make up 10–15% of the total oxidized pigment. Mg-"unstable" chlorin diester is obtained by oxidation with potassium permanganate of the phase test intermediate generated in pyridine by aqueous potassium hydroxide. Mg-10-methoxy-methyl pheophorbide a is obtained by oxidation with iodine of the phase test intermediate generated in methanol by magnesium methoxide (ca. 7%, w/v). It is concluded that allomerization of chlorophyll in alcoholic solution is due to oxidation by oxygen of traces of phase test intermediate.The visible and infrared absorption spectra of the allomerized derivatives are presented and discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON THE RESPIRATION OF RAT BRAIN CORTEX SLICES AND RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Beer C. T. , Quastel J. H.
Published: December 2009

A study has been made of the effects of a series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol) on the respiration of rat brain cortex slices in the presence or absence of 0.1 M KCl. The respiration of rat brain cortex slices incubated in presence of 0.1 M KCl is found to be much more sensitive to the alcohols than that of the tissue incubated in absence of the added potassium ions. The inhibitory effects of the alcohols increase markedly as the length of the carbon chain increases and with increase of their concentrations. The stimulation of brain cortex respiration by addition of 0.1 M KCl is diminished or abolished by concentrations of the alcohols that have little effect on the unstimulated respiration. n-Pentanol is far more effective than ethanol in effecting an inhibition of potassium-stimulated brain cortex respiration. The inhibitive effects of the alcohols at low concentration on potassium-stimulated brain cortex respiration are not due to a gradual denaturation of tissue proteins. The data point to a rapid establishment of equilibria between the alcohols and components influencing brain respiratory systems. Brain mitochondrial respiration is relatively insensitive to concentrations of alcohols that considerably depress potassium-stimulated respiration of rat brain cortex slices. It is suggested that the alcohols exercise their inhibitory effects on brain cortex respiration at the brain cell membranes.
CORRELATED STUDIES OF STEROID FORMATION IN VITRO, ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS, AND CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ADRENAL GLANDS OF RATS GIVEN HISTAMINE
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Casselman W. G. Bruce
Published: December 2009

In the adrenal glands of rats given histamine, there are significant correlations between the increase in steroid formation in vitro, and the depletion of ascorbic acid or cytological changes in Z. fasciculata and Z. reticularis indicative of stimulation.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF TETRAZOLIUM SALTS BY MONOAMINES
Authors: Lagnado J. R. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the role of purines as cofactors in the enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium salts by monoamines have led to the following results: (1) With whole rat liver extracts as the source of enzymes, several purines exhibit cofactor activity either as the free base or as the corresponding riboside and ribotide derivatives. (2) In contrast to this, mitochondrial material from rat liver is active only if adenylic acid or one of several ribotidic derivatives containing an adenylyl or similar moiety is used as cofactor. (3) Mitochondrial material utilizes hypoxanthine as cofactor for the amine/tetrazolium system only in combination with the supernatant obtained by centrifugation of tissue homogenates at 20,000 g. The additional factor present in this supernatant portion is heat-labile and nondialyzable. The possibility that this additional factor is an enzyme or enzymes converting the free base to the ribotide is discussed.Inhibition studies have revealed that the amine/tetrazolium enzyme system is sensitive to several metal-binding agents, but no direct evidence for the role of a metal in the enzymatic reaction could be obtained. It was also found that nicotinamide and adenine, neither of which exhibits cofactor activity, are potent inhibitors of the enzyme system studied.