bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of sulphide on anoxia-driven mortality and anaerobic metabolism in the ark shellAnadara kagoshimensis
Authors: Miyamoto Yasushi , Iwanaga Chitose
Published: March 2016

Reduction in survival under hypoxic conditions in the presence of sulphide has been repeatedly demonstrated in various benthic invertebrates. However, the reason for this reduction has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, the effects of sulphide accumulation on anoxic survival and anaerobic metabolism were investigated in the ark shell Anadara kagoshimensis. Ark shells from western Japan were experimentally exposed to 3 sulphide-accumulation levels under sustained anoxic conditions: accumulated H2S treatment (static incubation), decreased H2S treatment (semi-static incubation with daily replacement of incubation media), and inhibited H2S treatment (static incubation with the addition of antibiotics). Moreover, the effect of antibiotics on anoxic survival was examined under sulphide exposure. The decreased H2S and inhibited H2S treatments resulted in 1.5- and 3-fold increase in the anoxic survival time, respectively, when compared with the accumulated H2S treatment. Under anoxic sulphide exposure, the antibiotics addition did not affect survival time, suggesting the shorter survival time in the accumulated H2S incubation was probably due to sulphide toxicity. Glycogen consumption and propionate accumulation, which indicate activation of anaerobic metabolism, were observed in both accumulated and inhibited H2S treatments. However, glycogen consumption was significantly higher in the accumulated H2S treatment after a significant sulphide accumulation was detected in the incubation media. In addition, survival in the accumulated H2S treatment decreased rapidly, whereas no significant mortality was observed in the inhibited H2S throughout the experiment. These results likely suggest that the accelerated anoxic-driven mortality in sulphide-rich environments was partly due to the faster breakdown of glycogen.
The long-term risk of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction for depression in older men
Authors: Jovanova O. , Luik A. I. , Leening M. J. G. , Noordam R. , Aarts N. , Hofman A. , Franco O. H. , Dehghan A. , Tiemeier H.
Published: March 2016

Background

The association between myocardial infarction (MI) and depression is well described. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are unclear and the contribution of psychological factors is uncertain. We aimed to determine the risk of recognized (RMI) and unrecognized (UMI) myocardial infections on depression, as both have a similar impact on cardiovascular health but differ in psychological epiphenomena.

Method

Participants of the Rotterdam Study, 1823 men aged ⩾55 years, were followed for the occurrence of depression. RMI and UMI were ascertained using electrocardiography and medical history at baseline. We determined the strength of the association of RMI and UMI with mortality, and we studied the relationship of RMI and UMI with depressive symptoms and the occurrence of major depression.

Results

The risk of mortality was similar in men with RMI [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–2.03] and UMI (aHR 1.58, 95% CI 1.27–1.97). Men with RMI had on average [unstandardized regression coefficient (B) 1.14, 95% CI 0.07–2.21] higher scores for depressive symptoms. By contrast, we found no clear association between UMI and depressive symptoms (B 0.55, 95% CI −0.51 to 1.62) in men. Analysis including occurrence of major depression as the outcome were consistent with the pattern of association.

Conclusion

The discrepant association of RMI and UMI with mortality compared to depression suggests that the psychological burden of having experienced an MI contributes to the long-term risk of depression.
Existence and linearized stability of solitary waves for a quasilinear Benney system
Authors: Dias João-Paulo , Figueira Mário , Oliveira Filipe
Published: March 2016

We prove the existence of solitary wave solutions to the quasilinear Benney system

where , –1 < p < +∞ and a, γ > 0. We establish, in particular, the existence of travelling waves with speed arbitrarily large if p < 0 and arbitrarily close to 0 if . We also show the existence of standing waves in the case , with compact support if – 1 < p < 0. Finally, we obtain, under certain conditions, the linearized stability of such solutions.
On the Glacial Drift of Furness, Lancashire
Authors: Hodgson. E.
Published: March 2016

The following sketch of the glacial deposits of Furness is not pretended to be complete ; it is, in fact, nothing but a sketch: neither can it presume to be free from errors. The marine drift, especially, has not received all the attention it demands, but will, I hope, with the clays and peats of Furness, form a subject for a future memoir. The deposits in the section are referred doubtfully to their periods.

Striated Bock Surfaces.—The district of Furness; its south-eastern part, however, does not perhaps present so many of those remarkable records of the glacial period, the striated rock-surfaces, as are to be met with in more mountainous districts. The rocks, especially the Carboniferous Limestone and Permian formations, either lie in agreat measure hidden under a thick covering of deposits, or, as in the hills of the Upper Silurian strata, are of such a soft decomposing nature, that they retain very little primitive facing.

Occasionally, however, striations may be found. A little way in shore, west from the estuary of the Crake, at the head of Morecambe Bay, a rock-surface recently exposed by the removal of the overlying material, and now quarried away, showed a series of parallel shallow groovings from an inch to an inch and a half apart; the intervening spaces plane and smoothed, and having very fine striæ. The striæ and grooving had a direction from E. to W., or perhaps a little N.E. to S.W.
Speculations on Possible Physical and Cosmical Phenomena in Reference to the Past Conditions of Our Earth
Authors: Mackie S. J.
Published: March 2016

Whenever we begin to think about the formation of the universe we get at once into the realms of speculation, and the only value of our thoughts rests in their probability. In everything unknown we must first form an idea—that is, speculate; then, by partial gatherings of facts, or by positive reasoning, we may theorize. Ultimately, by the accumulation of evidence, we may prove that which, in the first place, we only imagined. When first men observed the sun, they regarded the earth as a flat plain, over which the sun passed in his heavenly course, and below which, at eve, he retired to rest. It was not until many ages had elapsed that the world came to be regarded as round, and even then it was long before the sun was considered as a fixed centre of the planetary system revolving round him.

By no nation of ancient times has astronomy been more advanced than the Greeks. Not that the Greeks ever worked out much to a proved result, but they were an imaginative people, and they invented notions. If one theory or speculation was disproved, they invented another; and, hit or miss, they always seemed to have fresh ideas in reserve. In some things astronomical, as in many other things that the world believes in, we may be heretics, and we admit we do not adhere to all the cosmical, physical, geological, and spiritual tenets of the popular faiths. We may not entirely believe in the perfect stability of the universe; we may doubt the eternal endurance of the sun's bright rays; and we may not quite acquiesce in the unchangeable permanence of tne planetary orbits: in short, we do not believe in the permanence of anything whatever in creation. All ever has been change, and changeful all things ever will be. Diversity and change are visible in the first created things of which any relics have been left us.
On the Mode of Formation of Limestone Bands
Authors: Touche J. D. La , Salter J. W.
Published: March 2016

The existence of layers of limestone at various intervals among the rocks, while in the intermediate strata there is a remarkable deficiency of that substance, is a fact which I have not seen hitherto satisfactorily accounted for, but of which we may hope to find some rational explanation.
Palæontological Notes
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: March 2016

So little is known of Scottish Jurassic Brachiopoda, that any additional information cannot fail to prove interesting. Professor Nicol wrote me on the 16th of April, 1860, that out of a pretty large collection of the fossils of this period sent up to the Aberdeen meeting of the British Association, he found only two species and specimens of Brachiopoda, and both imperfect. That in Sunderland they are most common in the Dunrobin Reefs (by some thought to be Oxford clay, by others Lias), but that the stone is so friable, that the specimens fall to pieces almost at the slightest touch; and that in the sandstone at Braambury Hill, are casts of a large shell, like Terebratula perovalis, but often crushed and distorted.

In 1850, the late A. Bobertson, of Elgin, sent me two beautifully preserved Rhynchonellæ (R. lacunosa?), from Dunrobin, and which will be found figured and described in my monograph; and about the same period, the late Hugh Miller sent me a specimen of T. numismalis, from the Lias of Shendwick, and another of Rhynchonella Bouchardii, from the Lias of Cromarty. Mr. Geikie recorded likewise a Rhynchonella tetrahedra, from the Middle Lias of the island of Pabba.
Notes on the Geology of Maidstone
Authors: Bensted W. H.
Published: March 2016

The outcroppings of the Cretaceous strata in the valley of the Medway, the great quarries in the lower beds of the greensand for the much-used Kentish ragstone, the extensive chalk-pits at Burham and other places, the pottery clay-pits and the numerous brickfields, afford excellent facilities for the observation of the geological structure of Maidstone and the surrounding country.

By taking the road from Rochester, through Maidstone, to Linton, the outcrops of the Chalk and its subordinate beds are passed over in succession across their line of strike.

The chalk hills, are covered, at various places, with a red, tenacious (Post-Tertiary or Diluvial) clay, in which great quantities of flint nodules are buried.
Further Discoveries in Heathery Burn Cave
Authors: Elliott John
Published: March 2016

Since the publication of my paper “On the Discovery of Human and Animal Bones in Heathery Burn Cave, near Stanhope,” in the ‘Geologist’ for January last, there have been further very important discoveries made in that cave.

In carrying on the quarrying operations from the point where they were suspended (see F—fig. 1) when the first discovered relics were sent to London the workmen found numerous fragments of bones, also bone pins and knives, fragments of very rude pottery, portion of an armlet, boar-tusks, bronze spear-head, pins, celts, and armlet, two coins, some marine shells, cockle, limpet, and mussels, and large quantities of charcoal, etc., all deposited under an incrustation of stalagmite, varying from 2 to 4, or at some places to 8 inches in thickness, with the exception of one or two manufactured articles, which were found in the sand not covered by stalagmite. The whole of the cave-deposits, with this trifling exception, were covered by a thick sheet of stalagmite, varying from a very dense, compact structure, to a highly crystalline, or to a more or less porous substance: some portions easily fractured by the stroke of a hammer, others yielding only to most energetic blows.

The bronze armlet and the two coins were found in sand uncovered by stalagmite, but as they were deposited in what had, not long ago, been the watercourse, the stalagmite had either been denuded, or had been prevented from forming, at that particular place, by the action of the stream; the coins were under very little cover, and might have been imbedded very recently.
Fossil Monkeys
Authors: Blake Charles Carter
Published: March 2016

In these days of progress, when the alleged origin of the human race from a transmuted gorilla is canvassed as a demonstrable and demonstrated theory by many geologists and zoologists, and the pens of various distinguished writers are occupied to prove the absolute identity of man's physiological and psychological nature with that of the beasts of the field, it behoves the candid student of palæontology to inquire what are the fossil members of the Order of Mammalia immediately beneath man—the Quadrumana, and whether they are such individuals as might fulfil the hypothetical condition of being his ancestors, under any of the “derivative” theories propounded by Darwin or Lamarck.

In venturing upon this field of error, doubt, and confusion, I wish dispassionately to endeavour to divest myself of any adherence to any prevailing doctrine. Imbued strongly with the conviction of the unity of type of all animals, and with the probability of their common origin by secondary law, yet I advocate no theory which derives mankind from any known recent or fossil species of animal. Convinced of the distinctive peculiarities of the human brain, characters not satisfactorily demonstrated in any animal, yet I do not shut my eyes to the analogy which sometimes exists between the structures in the lowest men and the highest apes.
A Lecture on “Coal.”
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: March 2016

I shall now give a few out of many specimens of coal, to show its composition, and so look at it in a practical point of view. For ordinary purposes, there is no doubt the “best” is the best; but whether that best is Welsh, or Newcastle, or Scottish, I do not pretend to say; for the various kinds of coal are suited for different purposes, and what may be refuse in one direction may be of the greatest use in another.

In experiments undertaken with a view to determine what coals were best suited for our steam-navy, Sir Henry de la Beche and his associates tried nearly all the kinds known in Britain, and compared them too with those artificial fuels which are made up from coal-refuse, and are extremely valuable in their way.

I can only give a few examples, and shall refer my young readers—they are older now than when the lecture began, and will not mind a little dry study—to the book itself, if they require more information.

They tried these coals to see how much they held of carbon, which supplies the heat; of hydrogen, which gives the flame; of oxygen, which is worse than useless in the coal, though essential in the air that is to support the combustion; and, lastly, the quantity of ashes left after the coal was consumed.
Palæontological Notes on the Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: March 2016

All that pertains to the science of Palæontology is of consequence to the geological inquirer; therefore a few notes and illustrations relative to the Brachiopoda may, perhaps, prove acceptable to the general reader, and, at the same time, stimulate some others to prosecute an inquiry upon which so much time and labour have been already expended.

It was justly observed by a distinguished naturalist, that there exists a decided advantage in the same subject being investigated by a number of different observers; and the truth of this statement has been fully substantiated by the information already acquired on all that concerns the affinities, classification, and anatomical structure of the Brachiopoda. But it must also be remembered, that, although these topics may have been individually and collectively the subject of considerable investigation, much still remains to be discovered and satisfactorily explained before many of the problems relating to the character and history of the class can be considered as finally determined.

All palæontologists seem to agree that the Brachiopoda should bo divided into two principal groups. The first will include all those genera and species which have their valves articulated by means of teeth and sockets; the second will comprise those forms which, being un-articulated, have their valves kept in place by means of muscular and other contrivances.
The Ironstone Formation of the Forest of Dean; with a Sketch of the General Geology and Industrial History of the District
Authors: Watson J. W.
Published: March 2016

It is an old remark, that much of the prosperity attending the manufacture of iron in Great Britain has resulted from the circumstance that the ore, the fuel, and the flux are mostly associated minerals in the same locality; and, although this is typically true as regards the mineral basin which forms the subject of the present article, it is some-what curious that, in all probability, the discovery of the fuel in this instance dates much posteriorly to the employment of the ore, so that iron-making, had become an active branch of industry in this district long prior to any of the numerous seams of coal being worked; and, what is equally likely, before even their existence was known. If we look into any of the early histories of Gloucestershire, we find that, while abundant mention is made of the iron-mines and the smelting furnaces, no notice whatever is afforded of the coal, fully warranting the supposition that the discovery of the deposits had not then been made. I t will, perhaps, form an interesting preface to this paper, if, in connection with this latter circumstance, before entering upon the geological and lithological features of the ironstone formations, which are special and of the greatest interest, I give a sketch of the commercial history of the locality, past and present.

In tracing the progress made in the metallurgy of iron in this country, the Forest of Dean claims to have been among the first localities where the manufacture of that metal was established.
The Practical Application of Geology in Coal-Seeking
Authors: Buckman James
Published: March 2016

The case now to be detailed is one which was investigated at Malmsbury, in Wiltshire. At this place the worthy burgesses to whom the land had been bequeathed by king Athelstan had undoubted evidence that a shaft had been sunk for coal on the land in question. This operation was actually performed about a century ago, and, in order to pay the attendant expenses, the whole of the timber from a large estate was felled and sold. Tradition said that “the coal had been arrived at, but, in reality, those engaged had been bought off by some proprietors in the Bristol coal-field, for fear the new district coal should come in competition with theirs.” But, besides evidence of this kind, about two pounds of Lignite was submitted to my inspection, with the assurance that it burnt like good coal; and the argument founded upon this pseudo-coal was as follows:—“This coal is about two inches thick at about 20 feet from the surface; how thick, therefore, may we not expect it at a hundred yards?” But for fear this should not be deemed conclusive, a bill of sale of some land in the district, many years before the date of this examination, was produced, on which was the statement that “Mining rights were reserved.” But I should state that upon inquiry it was found that the said land belonged to the Crown, and I believe that in all Crown lands there is a reservation made of mining rights; thus this, it will be perceived, was no evidence whatever of the presence of mineral matter. These, then, were the foundations upon which the burgesses relied; now for the geological examination.
On the Geology of the Beaufort and Ebbw Vale District of the South Wales Coal-Field
Authors: Bevan George Phillips
Published: March 2016

In my former paper I endeavoured to describe the general appearance and characteristics of the limestone, millstone grit, and Pennant rocks of this coal-field, and shall now proceed to give a brief outline of the coal measures themselves and their fossil contents. As I stated before, the character of the coal is materially different in different parts of the basin; for instance, if a line be drawn from Merthyr to the sea in a south-western direction, it will divide the basin into two unequal portions, the eastern one containing bituminous coal, and the western the anthracite. I do not mean to say that there is an exact line of demarcation between the two kinds of coal, but merely that such a boundary will seem to show pretty well where the two qualities pass into one another. Curiously enough, too, in the western or anthracite portion the seams are anthracitic in the northern bassets, while the southern outcrops of the same veins are bituminous. The anthracite is now in very great demand; but, formerly, people would have nothing to do with it, and there was even a law passed to prevent its being burned in London, on account of its supposed noxious qualities, and the idea that it was detrimental to health. It differs from the bituminous coal principally in containing more carbon, less bituminous matter, and less ashes; and, as a consequence, is a much cleaner-burning coal. We may, however, dismiss the anthracite, as this portion of the field is destitute of it.
British Fossils, Stratigraphically Arranged
Authors: Morris John
Published: March 2016

The Palæozoic System comprises the earliest fossil-bearing strata. These have collectively a great thickness, and are of various mineral characters, being argillaceous, arenaceous, and calcareous, generally indurated, and occasionally metamorphosed.

As a general rule, these strata appear in the western and north-western districts of Britain, and, to a considerable extent, in the mari-time districts of Ireland. The rocks of this system contain the chief metaliferous workings, as in Cornwall, North Wales, Cumberland, Scotland, &c. The upper portion, namely, the Carboniferous, affords the chief source of our lead-ores which occur in the limestone of Derbyshire, Flintshire, and Cumberland; and the associated shales and sandstones, forming the Coal-Measures, contain the well-known extensive deposits of fossil fuel and iron-ore.

The palæozoic strata are numerous enough and sufficiently distinct among themselves to form several series. The first or lower of these comprises the Cambrian and Silurian; the middle is the Devonian; and the uppermost includes the Carboniferous and Permian.

The lower portion of the palæozoic system has two great groups of rocks; the lower one is named Cambrian by the Rev. Professor Sedgwick,—from its great extent in Wales;—the other is called Silurian by Sir Roderick Murchison, on account of the typical strata of this group having been worked out by him in the country once inhabited by the Silures,—the border-counties of England and Wales, where the group is extensively developed.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J.
Published: March 2016

Rosinus, Waloh, Lemery, and others writing after him followed not in the new path opened ont to them, but reiterated former absurdities.

Bruckmann thinks them a kind of pholas, or boring shell; Bourquet holds to the old notion of their being teeth of whales; Klein even in 1731 regards them as worm-tubes, although three years later he comes round to the opinion that they were nearly allied to the Argonautes; Spirulæ, and chambered shells. Dufay, one of the numerous writers who followed, states that burnt belemnites have the property of being luminous after having been calcined upwards of five years. We have not tried the experiment, and cannot, therefore, speak to the accuracy of the assertion.
Researches on Pseudomorphs
Authors: Delesse M.
Published: March 2016

Metamoephism, considered in its widest generality, comprises all the modifications which mineral substances undergo. It is naturally divisible into parts, according as its objects bear upon minerals or upon rocks. It is the metamorphism of minerals which I propose studying in this notice, and I shall describe it under the name of pseudomorphism. But as certain associations of minerals present all the appearances of pseudomorphism, with which they have been often confounded, it is necessary, in the first place, to consider these specially.
On the South Wales Coal-Field
Authors: Bevan G. P.
Published: March 2016

As the season for active out of door geological work is now approaching, I propose to give a brief glance at some interesting features of the South Wales coal-field, in the hopes that pedestrian geologists may be tempted to make it one of the scenes of their labours. And they will be richly rewarded; for, though coal-fields generally give us an impression of a black, unsightly country, without vegetation or anything pleasant for the eye to rest upon, they are not all alike, and that of South Wales is as rich in beautiful scenery above ground, as it is in the precious mineral beneath. Glorious hills intersected by narrow valleys and wooded dells, each washed by its mountain-stream, and antiquities—in the shape of castles, abbeys, cromlechs, and cairns, may tempt the tourist to whom geology does not hold out sufficient inducement. It is in outward features, which I shall first touch upon, that this differs so much from other coal-fields, the basin being more clearly marked, and the underlying grits and limestones, being more uniform in their development than in any district in Great Britain.
On the Geology of the Scilly Isles
Authors: Statham Francis F.
Published: March 2016

The majority of persons, merely acquainted with the name and position of the Scilly Isles, generally associate in their mind with the mention of this group a cluster of rugged rocks, affording shelter and sustenance to a few poor fishermen and pilots, and famous for nothing else than the frequent shipwrecks and naval disasters of which in times past they have been the scene. From their isolated position, and their comparative difficulty of access, they have been much less frequently visited, and less accurately described, than many other of the beautiful islets which surround our favoured shores; hence much misapprehension prevails both as to their extent and their capabilities, while very little indeed, of a scientific character, has been put on record with reference to their varied attractions, zoological, botanical, or geological.
On the Upper Ludlow Tilestones
Authors: Roberts George E.
Published: March 2016

The Tilestone passage-beds between the Upper Ludlow rocks and those cornstones, now established as the natural base of the Old Red Sandstone, are, from the interesting character of their animal contents, attracting the greatest interest. I think it would be of value if the pages of the Geologist were open to detailed descriptions of the lithological character and fossils of these “Tilestones,” as exposed in different parts of Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Herefordshire. A comparison may thus be instituted which would greatly aid our comprehension of them.
Spirifera Convoluta
Authors: Rofe J. , Davidson Thomas
Published: March 2016

Since some pages of your valuable magazine are occasionally devoted to the description and illustration of “Gems from Private Collections,” allow me to offer a drawing and some observations on Spirifera convoluta, Phillips, one of the most remarkable of our British carboniferous spirifera, and which will serve at the same time as a small supplement to the paper I published in the eleventh number of The Geologist.

At page 35 of my “Monograph” I described Sp. convoluta as a distinct species, but subsequently I thought that it might, perhaps, be a very transverse or exceptional condition or variety of Sp. bisulscata, Sowerby.

Experience teaches us that individuals of the same species may assume great differences in shape; that a Spirifera, for example, which in its normal condition is about as wide as long, may at times exceed these proportions very considerably in one or the other direction, and that we are often too prone to seize upon similar variations as pretexts for the creation of so termed species.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J.
Published: March 2016

In our route we shall pass several brick-pits dug into a stiff brown clay or ordinary brick-earth, which must in no way be mistaken for gault, as this fresh-water or marshy stratum, for such the abundance in its lower part of the small white shells of Helix, Succinea oblonga, and Pupa prove it to be, skirts the chalk downs for many miles, apparently into Surrey. At the time when it is extensively dug for brick-making, bones of Bos primigenius, Cervus elephus, Bos urus, and horse are met with. The specimen figured is from one of these pits belonging to Mr. Kingsnorth, of Broadmead.
On the Occurrence of “Sand-Pipes” in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham
Authors: Kirkby J. W.
Published: March 2016

On examining the interior of the pipes, I have invariably found the surface to be more or less decomposed. For about half an inch—sometimes less and sometimes more—the texture and hardness of the limestone is completely changed—so much so that it is possible to scrape it away with the finger-nail. This is the case with all the beds, no matter how they may differ in texture and general character, though some seem more affected than others. This alteration is best seen in those strata that are crystalline. In one part of the quarry is a bed of which the limestone is hard and dolomitic, and also finely laminated, there being more than a dozen laminæ to the inch; this is its normal character, but where it is penetrated by a pipe it looses its hardness, and becomes dull and earthy; the laminæ also, which in the unaltered portion of the pipe are firmly coherent and difficult to separate, are here easily split open, the surfaces of their planes being highly decomposed; the colour, too, of the decomposed portion is somewhat changed, being of a light yellow, while tho limestone of the bed generally is of a brown or grey hue, and so soft has it become where it forms the surface of a pipe that it crumbles to pieces on being touched, and for half an inch in it can be cut with a pocket-knife.
Gender conflict resolution in Spanish-Basque mixed DPs–ERRATUM
Authors: PARAFITA COUTO M. CARMEN , MUNARRIZ AMAIA , EPELDE IRANTZU , DEUCHAR MARGARET , OYHARÇABAL BEÑAT
Published: March 2016

This article was published in error in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18 (2), 304–323.

The publisher apologizes for this error.
Exit, Resistance, Loyalty: Military Behavior during Unrest in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Albrecht Holger , Ohl Dorothy
Published: March 2016

A few years into the most recent wave of popular uprisings—the Arab Spring—studying regime trajectories in countries such as Syria, Egypt, and Yemen still seems like shooting at a moving target. Yet what has not escaped notice is the central role military actors have played during these uprisings. We describe how soldiers have three options when ordered to suppress mass unrest. They mayexitthe regime by remaining in the barracks or going into exile,resistby fighting for the challenger or initiating a coup d’état, or remainloyaland use force to defend the regime. We argue that existing accounts of civil-military relations are ill equipped to explain the diverse patterns in exit, resistance, and loyalty during unrest because they often ignore the effects of military hierarchy. Disaggregating the military and parsing the interests and constraints of different agents in that apparatus is crucial for explaining military cohesion during such crises. Drawing on extensive fieldwork we apply our principal-agent framework to explain varying degrees and types of military cohesion in three Arab Spring cases: Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria. Studying military hierarchy elucidates decision-making within authoritarian regimes amid mass mobilization and allows us to better explain regime re-stabilization, civil war onset, or swift regime change in the wake of domestic unrest.
Political Science in Real Time: Engaging the Middle East Policy Public
Authors: Lynch Marc
Published: March 2016

A decade ago, very few political scientists had either the opportunity or the incentive to engage with the political public in a direct, unmediated way. Today, there is a dense and eclectic ecosystem of political science and international relations-focused blogs and online publications, where good work can easily find an audience through social media. There are multiple initiatives dedicated to supporting academic interventions in the public sphere, and virtually every political or cultural magazine of note now offers a robust online section featuring commentary and analysis in which political scientists are well represented. This has transformed publication for a broader public from something exotic to something utterly routine. I discuss how these changes have affected individual scholars, the field of political science, and the political world with which we are engaged.
A Discussion of Sidney Tarrow’s War, States, and Contention: A Comparative Historical Study
Authors: Prügl Elisabeth
Published: March 2016

Contemporary political science has generated extensive literatures on the themes of war, civil war, contentious politics, and social movements. But these literatures are often segregated in particular subfields, like International Relations and Comparative Politics, and typically speak past each other rather than to each other. Sidney Tarrow’s War, States, & Contention: A Comparative Historical Study (Cornell 2015) offers a single, synthetic perspective on these topics. As Tarrow states, “I hope to show that the advent of war is sometimes driven by social movements; that movements often affect the conduct of war and sometimes change its directions; and that wars often trigger the rise and expansion of movements in their wake.” Few topics are more important than the ones considered in this book, and so we have invited a range of political scientists, from a variety of subfield and methodological approaches, to comment on the book.
A social paradigm in psychiatry – themes and perspectives
Authors: Priebe S.
Published: March 2016

Aims.

Psychiatry as science is underpinned by paradigms. Considering whether a social paradigm may help to advance the current state of psychiatry, the review provides a reference to the rich, but fragmented past of related initiatives in the history of psychiatry and a personal view of themes, challenges and perspectives of using a social paradigm in psychiatry.

Methods.

Major themes are the evidence on social determinants of mental health; the value-based importance of integrating people with mental disorders in society; options to overcome the social isolation and improve the networks of psychiatric patients; utilising a systemic approach for interventions in families and communities; and understanding group and one-to-one treatments in psychiatry primarily as social interactions. Whilst all these themes open up perspectives for future action and/or research, there are also conceptual challenges through the limitations of the current construct of mental disorders and the dominating terminology.

Results.

Initiatives for using a social paradigm in psychiatry may refer to important achievements in the past, but need to go beyond this and consider on-going societal changes.

Conclusion.

Innovation may benefit from close collaboration with social sciences and humanities.
A Chinese Relational Coping Inventory: Initial Evidence and Implications
Authors: Heppner P. Paul , Tian Lu , Zhao Ran , Wang Kenneth T. , Bi Yu , Hou Zhijin , He Yuhong , Chiao Hung , Hsieh Catherine
Published: March 2016

We report the development of a situation-specific Chinese Relational Coping (CRC) inventory to assess perceived coping effectiveness in a collectivistic Chinese cultural context. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using 3 samples of Chinese college students ( N = 1,807) suggested the viability and stability of a 4-factor model: Understanding Oneself in Context, Involving Relevant Others in Context, Considering Others in Context, and Detaching and Gaining Perspective. The 17-item CRC evidenced strong psychometric properties, and the coping strategies represented in the items were frequently used and perceived as helpful in resolving life problems. In addition, concurrent, construct, and incremental validity estimates suggest the CRC: (a) was positively related to commonly used coping inventories, but also conceptually distinct, (b) was associated with indices of psychological adjustment, and (c) uniquely predicted additional variance in coping outcomes beyond commonly used coping inventories. The results suggest a need to broaden coping theories to include relational-coping reflecting important cultural values that surround individuals and their relationships.
Correction: Corrigendum: Surfactant-Templated Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanocages as Redox Mediators for Efficient Energy Storage
Authors: Ahn Ki-Jin , Lee Younghee , Choi Hojin , Kim Min-Sik , Im Kyungun , Noh Seonmyeong , Yoon Hyeonseok
Published: March 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 14097; published online: 16 September 2015; updated: 21 March 2016 This Article contains an error in the order of the Figures. Figure 6 and Figure 7 were published as Figure 7 and Figure 6 respectively. The correct Figures 6 and 7 appear below as Figs 1 and 2 respectively.
Identification of genes for controlling swine adipose deposition by integrating transcriptome, whole-genome resequencing, and quantitative trait loci data
Authors: Xing Kai , Zhu Feng , Zhai LiWei , Chen ShaoKang , Tan Zhen , Sun YangYang , Hou ZhuoCheng , Wang ChuDuan
Published: March 2016

Backfat thickness is strongly associated with meat quality, fattening efficiency, reproductive performance, and immunity in pigs. Fat storage and fatty acid synthesis mainly occur in adipose tissue. Therefore, we used a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing approach to identify transcriptomes in adipose tissue, and whole-genome differences from three full-sibling pairs of pigs with opposite (high and low) backfat thickness phenotypes. We obtained an average of 38.69 million reads for six samples, 78.68% of which were annotated in the reference genome. Eighty-nine overlapping differentially expressed genes were identified among the three pair comparisons. Whole-genome resequencing also detected multiple genetic variations between the pools of DNA from the two groups. Compared with the animal quantitative trait loci (QTL) database, 20 differentially expressed genes were matched to the QTLs associated with fatness in pigs. Our technique of integrating transcriptome, whole-genome resequencing, and QTL database information provided a rich source of important differentially expressed genes and variations. Associate analysis between selected SNPs and backfat thickness revealed that two SNPs and one haplotype of ME1 significantly affected fat deposition in pigs. Moreover, genetic analysis confirmed that variations in the differentially expressed genes may affect fat deposition.
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals activation of unique gene groups as a consequence of stem cell-parenchymal cell fusion
Authors: Freeman Brian T. , Jung Jangwook P. , Ogle Brenda M.
Published: March 2016

Fusion of donor mesenchymal stem cells with parenchymal cells of the recipient can occur in the brain, liver, intestine and heart following transplantation. The therapeutic benefit or detriment of resultant hybrids is unknown. Here we sought a global view of phenotypic diversification of mesenchymal stem cell-cardiomyocyte hybrids and associated time course. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we found hybrids consistently increase ribosome components and decrease genes associated with the cell cycle suggesting an increase in protein production and decrease in proliferation to accommodate the fused state. But in the case of most other gene groups, hybrids were individually distinct. In fact, though hybrids can express a transcriptome similar to individual fusion partners, approximately one-third acquired distinct expression profiles in a single day. Some hybrids underwent reprogramming, expressing pluripotency and cardiac precursor genes latent in parental cells and associated with developmental and morphogenic gene groups. Other hybrids expressed genes associated with ontologic cancer sets and two hybrids of separate experimental replicates clustered with breast cancer cells, expressing critical oncogenes and lacking tumor suppressor genes. Rapid transcriptional diversification of this type garners consideration in the context of cellular transplantation to damaged tissues, those with viral infection or other microenvironmental conditions that might promote fusion.
Interface instability modes in freezing colloidal suspensions: revealed from onset of planar instability
Authors: Wang Lilin , You Jiaxue , Wang Zhijun , Wang Jincheng , Lin Xin
Published: March 2016

Freezing colloidal suspensions widely exists in nature and industry. Interface instability has attracted much attention for the understandings of the pattern formation in freezing colloidal suspensions. However, the interface instability modes, the origin of the ice banding or ice lamellae, are still unclear. In-situ experimental observation of the onset of interface instability remains absent up to now. Here, by directly imaging the initial transient stage of planar interface instability in directional freezing colloidal suspensions, we proposed three interface instability modes, Mullins-Sekerka instability, global split instability and local split instability. The intrinsic mechanism of the instability modes comes from the competition of the solute boundary layer and the particle boundary layer, which only can be revealed from the initial transient stage of planar instability in directional freezing.
Ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 attenuates RIG-I mediated antiviral signaling by segregating activated RIG-I from its signaling platform
Authors: Nguyen Nhung T.H. , Now Hesung , Kim Woo-Jong , Kim Nari , Yoo Joo-Yeon
Published: March 2016

RIG-I is a key cytosolic RNA sensor that mediates innate immune defense against RNA virus. Aberrant RIG-I activity leads to severe pathological states such as autosomal dominant multi-system disorder, inflammatory myophathies and dermatomyositis. Therefore, identification of regulators that ensure efficient defense without harmful immune-pathology is particularly critical to deal with RIG-I-associated diseases. Here, we presented the inflammatory inducible FAT10 as a novel negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated inflammatory response. In various cell lines, FAT10 protein is undetectable unless it is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. FAT10 non-covalently associated with the 2CARD domain of RIG-I, and inhibited viral RNA-induced IRF3 and NF-kB activation through modulating the RIG-I protein solubility. We further demonstrated that FAT10 was recruited to RIG-I-TRIM25 to form an inhibitory complex where FAT10 was stabilized by E3 ligase TRIM25. As the result, FAT10 inhibited the antiviral stress granules formation contains RIG-I and sequestered the active RIG-I away from the mitochondria. Our study presented a novel mechanism to dampen RIG-I activity. Highly accumulated FAT10 is observed in various cancers with pro-inflammatory environment, therefore, our finding which uncovered the suppressive effect of the accumulated FAT10 during virus-mediated inflammatory response may also provide molecular clue to understand the carcinogenesis related with infection and inflammation.
Down-regulation of tumor endothelial marker 8 suppresses cell proliferation mediated by ERK1/2 activity
Authors: Cao Chuangjie , Wang Zhuo , Huang Leilei , Bai Lihong , Wang Yuefeng , Liang Yingjie , Dou Chengyun , Wang Liantang
Published: March 2016

Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) was recently suggested as a putative anti-tumor target in several types of human cancer based on its selective overexpression in tumor versus normal endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to detect the potential functions of TEM8 in osteosarcoma. Overall, TEM8 was mainly located in cytoplasm and was up-regulated in osteosarcoma compared to benign bone lesions and adjacent non tumor tissue (ANT). High TEM8 expression group had a significant lower overall survival rate than that in the low TEM8 expression group. TEM8 knock-down by siRNA or shRNA results in significant reduction of osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Ablation of TEM8 led to increasing of p21 and p27 and suppression of cyclin D1 mediated by Erk1/2 activity. These findings suggest that down-regulation of TEM8 play an important role in the inhibition of tumorigenesis and development of osteosarcoma.
A new insight into the nanostructure of alkylammonium alkanoates based ionic liquids in water
Authors: Salma Umme , Ballirano Paolo , Usula Marianna , Caminiti Ruggero , Plechkova Natalia V. , Seddon Kenneth R. , Gontrani Lorenzo
Published: March 2016

In this paper, small angle X-ray scattering has been used to study a series of ionic liquids, alkylammonium alkanoates ([N0 0 0 n][CmCO2]), with varying alkyl chain lengths in the cation and the anion.
Case study: the crude MCHM chemical spill investigation and recovery in West Virginia USA
Authors: Whelton A. J. , McMillan L. , Novy C. L.-R. , White K. D. , Huang X.
Published: March 2016

Several recent chemical spills have caused large-scale drinking water contamination incidents in Canada and the USA.
Triethylamine: a potential N-base surrogate for pyridine in Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes and malonic acid
Authors: Pawar Hitesh S. , Wagh Adhirath S. , Lali Arvind M.
Published: March 2016

Triethyl amine was successfully examined as a potent N-base surrogate for Knoevenagel condensation to produce cinnamic acids without compromising product yield.
A catalyst- and solvent-free multicomponent synthesis and docking study of some new antiproliferative N5-allyl-quinolylpyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepinone precursors
Authors: Barad Hitesh A. , Sutariya Tushar R. , Brahmbhatt Gaurangkumar C. , Parmar Narsidas J. , Lagunes Irene , Padrón José M. , Murumkar Prashant , Sharma Mayank Kumar , Yadav Mange Ram
Published: March 2016

Heterocycles of this series resemble MDM2 inhibitors.
The effect of solvent heterogeneity on the solvation and complexation of alkali cations by 18-crown-6: a simulation study in the 90 : 10 chloroform/methanol mixture
Authors: Benay Gael , Wipff Georges
Published: March 2016

Although chloroform is in excess over methanol in the mixture, the predicted ion binding affinities and selectivities are more “methanol-like” than “chloroform-like”.
Integrated profiling methods for identifying the targets of bioactive compounds: MorphoBase and ChemProteoBase
Authors: Muroi Makoto , Futamura Yushi , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: March 2016

Target identification of new bioactive compounds has been achieved by both our direct and indirect approaches. Here, we highlight the utility of the latter approaches, MorphoBase and ChemProteoBase.
Effective delivery of bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene using chitosan–polyethylenimine nanoparticle to promote bone formation
Authors: Zhao Liang , Zhang Kai , Bu Wenhuan , Xu Xiaowei , Jin Han , Chang Bei , Wang Banchao , Sun Yingjian , Yang Bai , Zheng Changyu , Sun Hongchen
Published: March 2016

Treating bone defects is still a challenge in clinical practice.
Towards vast libraries of scaffold-diverse, conformationally constrained oligomers
Authors: Kodadek Thomas , McEnaney Patrick J.
Published: March 2016

Protein ligands with high affinity and selectivity can be mined from large libraries of conformationally constrained oligomers.
Removing the superfluous: a supported squaramide catalyst with a minimalistic linker applied to the enantioselective flow synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinones
Authors: Osorio-Planes Laura , Rodríguez-Escrich Carles , Pericàs Miquel A.
Published: March 2016

A new, cost-effective polystyrene-supported squaramide organocatalyst has been shown to mediate the highly enantioselective formation of pyranonaphthoquinones in flow through a sequential two-step process.
Structural variety in zinc telluro-phosphates: syntheses, crystal structures and characterizations of Sr2Zn3Te2P2O14, Pb2Zn3Te2P2O14and Ba2Zn2TeP2O11
Authors: Xia Mingjun , Li R. K.
Published: March 2016

Three zinc telluro-phosphates, Sr2Zn3Te2P2O14, Pb2Zn3Te2P2O14and Ba2Zn2TeP2O11, exhibit various topological crystal structures due to their diversity of Te–O groups and alkaline earth/lead elements.