bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Give Compelling Talks
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

This chapter will help you more effectively reach your peers, but it also aims to enhance your communications with lay audiences. Giving compelling talks means freeing oneself from text by sufficient practice in learning the talk, speaking from points rather than reading from text. It also means organizing the talk to engage the audience, designing slides that communicate effectively as a complement to your performance, using dramatic and professional visuals to enhance your presentation, and using engaging stagecraft. Also useful are memorable models such as molecular models, demonstrations, and pass-arounds; combining them with speech and stagecraft will create a multimedia explanation of your work. Managing questions is also important to clarify points, to be responsive to your audience, and to avoid unproductive confrontation.
Develop Informative, Engaging Visuals
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Visuals are more than just a tool to explain your research; they are also a way to engage your audiences emotionally and persuade them of the value of your work. It is very useful to invest in high-quality, evergreen visuals for multiple communication uses. These high-quality tables, graphs, illustrations, and animations will pay off in both the short and long term, despite the effort and cost. Not only will they enhance your research communication, but they will also teach you the “visual language” that will serve you throughout your career. Techniques for creating informative graphs and charts can greatly improve presentations and publications. Also important are informative illustrations and animations, and new technologies of virtual and augmented reality offer a promising route to effective, engaging communication.
Produce Informative Research Videos
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Researchers can usefully produce a spectrum of videos, from simple ones created with a smartphone, to professional-quality video news releases. To be effective, technical videos should be brief, often including links to further information. They should still, however, adhere to high production standards. News videos also have specific length and technical requirements, whether a finished video news release or B roll. Video releases should observe ethical requirements to avoid the appearance of being infomercials. Lecture videos should only be considered if they offer more than a talking head but include engaging and informative visuals. Field research makes a useful subject for both lay and technical videos. All videos should observe basic principles of production quality, planning, scripting, shooting, and editing. Videos can also be syndicated widely to numerous free websites.
Author Popular Books
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Authoring popular books presents both pros and cons for researchers. It will increase your visibility as an authority in your field, making it easier for you to get the attention of important lay audiences and even your colleagues, but it requires the discipline to spend years researching, writing, and going through the long publishing process. To be successful, a book must be based on a marketable idea that features having something new to say, telling an engaging story, and having a broader point. For researchers, collaborating with a professional writer has both advantages and pitfalls. Writing a book requires the literary equivalent of training for a marathon. It will also require attracting an agent or publisher, which involves writing a query letter and proposal. Authoring a book also means committing to publicizing it.
Work with Your Public Information Officer
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Researchers should understand who their public information officers (PIOs) are and what their level of expertise is. This understanding includes whether they are a marketing-oriented “sales rep” PIO or a more desirable PIO/journalist. PIOs in different institutions—academic, federal laboratory, government agency, and corporate—face different issues in terms of their institutional culture. There are many ways a PIO can help scientists with their communications needs, but a researcher needs to know how to assess their PIO in order to take advantage of that help. There are specific steps a researcher can take to help their PIO be maximally effective. The specific caveats researchers should be aware of when working with their PIO are, for example, in developing news releases, feature stories, and other content. There are also cautions to be observed when working with PIOs outside one’s institution.
The Mind's Ear
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: August 2021

The Mind’s Ear is a unique and fun series of games, exercises, and essays designed to inspire musical creativity and spark the imagination of musicians and music students at all levels. An invaluable resource for music educators, the book can be used in workshops, classes, online sessions, private lessons, and by a reader alone. Some of the games and exercises can be done without musical instruments, others require instruments, some are for groups, some for solo performers, some for composers, and some are listening exercises to be done only in the imagination. Based on theatre games, the book offers new ways to engage with musical creativity
Piano Puzzler Preparation
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: August 2021

This section, newly created for the third edition, is a response to the many private piano teachers and classroom music teachers who have suggested that it should be possible to create a fun and useful curriculum based on the Piano Puzzler segment of public radio’s Performance Today, which has been broadcast weekly since 2002. These exercises are necessarily for pianists and composers who play the piano because they require keyboard skills and a working knowledge of modes, harmony, and other compositional vocabulary and grammar. All of the exercises may be approached as improvisations and/or compositions to be notated. The penultimate exercise in this book, “Be a Private Ear,” provides a detailed checklist of the main compositional features that go into composing a piano puzzler. The Private Ear Checklist is a kind of shopping list that reminds you of what ingredients you need to cook something that Chopin, Brahms, Debussy, or Stravinsky might prepare. The final exercise is to use the skills developed in the preceding exercises to compose one’s own piano puzzler.
Limits to Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph
Published: August 2021

The chapter explores possible limits to commodification. The chapter identifies four kinds of limits: social limits consisting of moral norms and standards endangered by commodification; political limits arising from opposition to commodification and resulting political movements; systemic limits fueled by contradictions within capitalist accumulation and the need to increase profits; and ecological limits. Here limits arise from the profit-driven destruction of the environment. This chapter argues that it is ecological limits that present the biggest threat to commodification. However, it suggests that the resulting ecological crisis presents a rather disastrous form of de-commodification.
Alternatives to Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses alternatives to commodification. The opposite of commodification is de-commodification. De-commodification imposes limits on the commodity character of goods and services traded on markets, but it does not provide for an alternative. Following an understanding of commodification as subjugation of use value to market/exchange value, the chapter argues that an alternative must seek to “free” use value and reinstate it as the primary goal of production. Or put differently, an alternative to commodification must focus on the satisfaction of human needs rather than the expansion of private profit. Three elements are crucial for the promotion of (collective and ecological) use value: democratization, sustainability, and solidarity. The chapter discusses each one in a separate section. It then brings the three elements together into an alternative vision that is called use-value society.
Three Corruption Scandals, Three Field Experiments
Authors: Lagunes Paul
Published: August 2021

Corruption vulnerabilities turn to actual threats when officials calculate that the benefits of abusing their power are greater than the penalties associated with getting caught. By a similar logic, the formula for corruption control requires increasing the probability of detecting corruption (that is, of activating the eye) through enhanced monitoring and then credibly threatening to apply the appropriate penalty in response to wrongdoing (cracking the whip). As discussed in this introductory chapter, the present book contributes evidence-based recommendations on how societies can go about fighting bureaucratic corruption. The chapter describes the methodological rigor that characterizes the field experimental method, prior to summarizing three original and successive field experiments on corruption control. These experiments represent the book’s core contribution.
Eye and Whip
Authors: Lagunes Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the overlap between corruption and inefficiency. This chapter also evaluates the merits of different accountability mechanisms featured in the existing literature, such as: vertical and horizontal accountability, fire alarm and police patrol oversight, and bottom-up and top-down monitoring. Irrespective of the accountability mechanism that is ultimately preferred, it seems clear that those who wish to promote integrity in government must, first, have the means to uncover wrongdoing, and, second, be in a credible position to threaten wrongdoers with punishment. Stated simply, additional layers of oversight will only have the intended effect if government officials sense that abusing their power has some probability of resulting in punishment.
Ever-Brighter
Authors: Lagunes Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter summarizes the book’s central findings, addresses lingering questions, and delivers a conclusion. The chapter begins with a reminder of the corruption risks that are present across Latin America. Given the persistent problem of corruption, I again argue for the eye and whip approach to corruption control. Good things happen when targeted inspections of key government functions are supported by the credible threat of enforcement. The three field experiments featured in this book suggest that the eye and whip approach contributes to improved compliance with existing regulations and results in the more efficient use of public resources. Moreover, these studies do not lend support to concerns that intensified anticorruption efforts will unnecessarily burden the work of public administration.
Principles Matter
Authors: Ball Carlos A.
Published: August 2021

Progressives who opposed the Trump administration’s policies found themselves repeatedly relying on constitutional principles grounded in federalism, separation of powers, and free speech to resist the federal government. Although many progressives had either criticized or underemphasized those principles before Trump, the principles became vital to progressive causes after Trump was elected. Using dozens of examples from the ways in which Trump abused presidential powers, this book explains how the three sets of principles can help mitigate the harms that autocratic leaders in the Trump mold can inflict on both democratic institutions and vulnerable minorities. In doing so, the book urges progressives to follow this rule of thumb in the post-Trump era: if a constitutional principle was worth deploying to resist Trump’s harmful policies and autocratic governance, then it is likely worth defending in the post-Trump era even if it makes the short-term attainment of progressive objectives more difficult. This type of principled constitutionalism is essential not only because being principled is good in and of itself, but also because being principled in matters related to federalism, separation of powers, and free speech will help both advance progressive causes over the long run and reduce the threats posed by future autocratic leaders in the Trump mold to our system of self-governance, to our democratic values, and to traditionally subordinated minorities. Going forward, progressives should promote and defend constitutional principles grounded in federalism, separation of powers, and free speech regardless of whether they have an ally or an opponent in the White House.
Federalism Before Trump
Authors: Ball Carlos A.
Published: August 2021

This chapter begins by explaining the roots of federalism in the American constitutional system: where it comes from historically and why it exists today. It also explores how northern states relied on federalism mechanisms and principles to oppose the expansion of slavery in antebellum America and how progressives more recently have used federalism to encourage state experimentation with progressive policies, such as marriage equality and marijuana decriminalization, as a way of promoting their eventual national implementation. At the same time, the chapter acknowledges that federalism in American history has been frequently deployed to promote racist and reactionary policies. This mixed record supports the chapter’s thesis that federalism is a substantively neutral principle that has sometimes been used for good and sometimes for ill. Federalism, in other words, is about which level of government (federal or state or both) should make which types of policy decisions rather than about the policies’ substantive content. As such, federalism is a neutral principle of governance that can and should be separated from the pursuit of particular policy objectives.
Moderation, Self-Reflection, Evil
Authors: Schlarb Damien B.
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that the book of Ecclesiastes helps Melville fathom the limits of wisdom philosophy. Ecclesiastes stresses the need to temper the idealism that underpins the perennial search for divine wisdom with the expediencies of daily life in the world. It is a meta-text that reflects critically on the wisdom project. Having found American culture to be fundamentally opposed to wisdom axioms (cf. Chapter 2), Melville, as this chapter shows, begins to push back against some of the skepticism in Solomon’s “despondent philosophy,” while maintaining the fundamental usefulness of its contemplative outlook on life. The works covered here—Redburn, Moby-Dick, Pierre, and the poetry collection Battle-Pieces—all depict individuals caught in the hermeneutical conundrum of applying wisdom teachings to the situations they find themselves in. Melville ultimately winds up embracing the wisdom axiom of moderation through contemplative discernment.
Conclusion
Authors: Schlarb Damien B.
Published: August 2021

This chapter steps back from the critical discussions of the previous chapters to contemplate the bigger picture of Melville’s wisdom project as a response to the condition of modernity. It intersperses brief excursions on Clarel and “The Apple-Tree Table” to show that Melville deemed the spiritual crisis of his day an inescapable conflict, but one that could be weathered while holding on to at least some kind of spiritual belief. Wisdom represented for Melville the best strategic guide to surviving this crisis, and the wisdom books, this chapter contends, helped Melville engage the Bible constructively rather than antagonistically. Literature for Melville is a space in which religious doubt, critical inquiry, and biblical language and philosophy may be juxtaposed, contemplated, and moderated, so as to avoid radical suspicion and skepticism.
Ethics Curricula in Epidemiology
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W. , Prineas Ronald
Published: August 2021

This chapter looks at reasons to broaden the emphasis on ethics and epidemiology, clarifying epidemiology as a basic discipline the security and rigor of which are essential for developing an informed health policy. It argues that applied ethics can usefully guide debates in ethics and epidemiology ranging from research with human subjects and large-scale surveillance to pandemic preparedness and response. It points out how sloppy research or moral shortcomings weaken scientific conclusions and elaborates the need to instruct students and practitioners in professional practice standards and in the moral foundations of scientific inquiry. It also speculates whether flawed science has adverse health and economic consequences if it is used as a basis for public health policy. The chapter explores the extent to which incompetent science can lead to wasted public resources or poorer public health.
Pathogens from Wild Birds at the Wildlife–Agriculture Interface
Authors: Franklin Alan B. , Bevins Sarah N. , Shriner Susan A.
Published: August 2021

Birds are known to carry pathogens affecting human and agricultural health. Conversely, agricultural operations can serve as sources of pathogens that affect wild bird populations. This chapter provides guidelines to identify focal avian species that frequently use agricultural operations. These guidelines are coupled with identifying host types, such as maintenance and bridge hosts, and potential direct and indirect pathways for pathogen contamination from wild birds to agricultural operations, including patterns of spillover and spillback. The chapter also identifies major bacterial and viral pathogens of concern that are prevalent in birds and that affect human and agricultural health. These pathogens are then used to illustrate disease ecology concepts important at the wildlife–agriculture interface. These microorganisms include food-borne bacteria, influenza A viruses, and Newcastle disease virus. The chapter introduces the concept of contamination potential for categorizing avian species in terms of the risk they pose to contamination of agricultural operations with pathogens of concern. Finally, the chapter examines long-distance movements of wild birds in relation to pathogen introduction and illustrates this with global movement of influenza A viruses by wild birds.
Revaluing Roman Cyprus
Authors: Hussein Ersin
Published: August 2021

This study addresses the traditional characterization of Roman Cyprus’s history as a Roman province as uneventful, insignificant, and ‘weary’. It brings fresh insight to the study of its culture and society by taking an integrated approach and bringing together well-known, less familiar, and new evidence to reassess cultural change, local responses to Roman rule, and the articulation of local identity in the Cypriot context. While it focuses primarily on material from the annexation of the island in 58 BC until the mid fourth century AD, or more specifically the refoundation of Salamis by Constantius II between AD 332 and 342, where relevant space will be given to discussion of evidence from across all periods of the island’s ancient history to facilitate a meaningful investigation of the key themes of this work. Ultimately, this study aims to reinsert Roman Cyprus into academic narratives about culture and society of the Roman provinces. Furthermore, it has been put together with the undergraduate student in mind to encourage and promote the study of Roman Cyprus—and, of course, ancient Cyprus—by collating key studies, evidence, and material, and thus making them accessible to new audiences
Law's Ideal Dimension
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: August 2021

Law in general, including constitutional rights and legal argumentation, has a dual nature. This is the underlying thesis of this collection of twenty-one chapters devoted to legal philosophy and constitutional law. Law connects a real dimension, defined by authoritative issuance and social efficacy, with an ideal dimension, defined by the claim to correctness, which essentially includes a claim to justice. The chapters of the first part of the book establish on this basis a non-positivistic concept of law. In the second part, the concept of constitutional rights is connected with proportionality analysis, explicated by principles theory and understood as a necessary condition of the rationality of the application of constitutional rights. In the third part, it is shown that rationality is possible in law because rational legal argumentation is possible. Here the basis is discourse theory. The final result is a system that brings the formal idea of legal certainty together with the substantive idea of justice.
Human Dignity and Proportionality
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: August 2021

The relation between proportionality analysis and human dignity is one of the most contested questions in the debate over the normative structure of human dignity. Two conceptions stand in opposition: an absolute and a relative conception. According to the absolute conception, the guarantee of human dignity counts as a norm that takes precedence over all other norms in all cases. Taking precedence over all other norms in all cases implies that proportionality analysis, and with it, balancing is precluded. According to the relative conception, proportionality analysis is necessary in order to determine whether human dignity is violated or not. Alexy’s thesis in this dispute is, first, that only the relative conception satisfies the requirements of rationality, and second, that it by no means leads to a devaluation of human dignity.
Proportionality and Rationality
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents the argument that the rational application of constitutional rights necessarily presupposes proportionality analysis as defined by principles theory and that proportionality analysis can be rational only if it is embedded in a theory of legal argumentation. The basic elements of principles theory are the Law of Balancing, explicated by the Weight Formula, and the Law of Competing Principles. Both concern the formal rationality of balancing. The connection of this formal dimension of rationality with the theory of legal argumentation connects the formal with a substantive dimension. The result of this connection is a system that is compatible with the requirements of universalizability and legal certainty.
The New Statistics with R
Authors: Hector Andy
Published: August 2021

Statistics is a fundamental component of the scientific toolbox, but learning the basics of this area of mathematics is one of the most challenging parts of a research training. This book gives an up-to-date introduction to the classical techniques and modern extensions of linear-model analysis—one of the most useful approaches in the analysis of scientific data in the life and environmental sciences. The book emphasizes an estimation-based approach that takes account of recent criticisms of overuse of probability values and introduces the alternative approach using information criteria. The book is based on the use of the open-source R programming language for statistics and graphics, which is rapidly becoming the lingua franca in many areas of science. This second edition adds new chapters, including one discussing some of the complexities of linear-model analysis and another introducing reproducible research documents using the R Markdown package. Statistics is introduced through worked analyses performed in R using interesting data sets from ecology, evolutionary biology, and environmental science. The data sets and R scripts are available as supporting material.
Introduction
Authors: Foster Caroline E.
Published: August 2021

The reasoning of international adjudicatory bodies in regulatory disputes is gradually producing a set of ‘global regulatory standards’ conditioning the exercise of States’ regulatory freedom and obligations. Global regulatory standards sit at the meeting point between domestic and international authority in a wide range of regulatory fields. Their emergence is the result of the increasing interdependence among States reflected in international law at the present time in history. This book enquires into the legitimacy of this new ‘standards-enriched’ international law, examining the part played by international courts and tribunals in its articulation, the interpretive techniques employed and the influence of the pleadings. These analyses point to the need for political attention to the emerging global regulatory standards, particularly if the relationship between international and domestic authority is to be governed through requirements for proportionality in domestic decision-making. The book goes on to examine a range of further challenges and opportunities arising in connection with the emergence of global regulatory standards. These include the accompanying reconception of sovereignty as conferred power, the need to address the fragmentation of international law, and the potential for developments in the status of private actors within international law.
Due Regard and Due Diligence
Authors: Foster Caroline E.
Published: August 2021

Chapter Four examines the practice in the same international courts as Chapter Three, this time focusing on ‘due regard’ and ‘due diligence’. These emerging regulatory standards require that States have due regard for one another’s rights and interests, and that States exercise due diligence in the control of activity that may cause transboundary harm. As in Chapter Three, the standards seen in these cases are often accommodating of domestic authority. Due diligence, particularly, significantly accommodates domestic authority. International legal obligations for States to control private conduct and prevent transboundary harm are understood only as obligations of conduct or limited due diligence obligations. This tends to leave international law less equipped to mandate the action from States that will better fulfil States’ combined substantive needs. The emerging global regulatory standards thus appear to do too little to enhance traditional substantive justifications for international law’s claim to legitimate authority.
Regulatory Standards, Legitimate Authority and the Adjudicatory Role
Authors: Foster Caroline E.
Published: August 2021

Part V contains two chapters, Chapter Nine and Chapter Ten. These chapters return to the conceptual questions raised by the emergence of global regulatory standards in international courts and tribunals. Chapter Nine evaluates overall how the standards preserve, enhance or undermine international law’s claim to legitimate authority. Broadly, the standards appear to strengthen traditional procedural justifications of authority. However, substantively they contribute only partially to an ideal balancing of international interests and do not promise the co-ordination between domestic and international legal orders needed for international law better to serve its subjects by better balancing competing global interests. More is not to be expected, though. International courts and tribunals remain formally and socially constrained; inter alia the parties’ pleadings are often influential. Greater international political involvement in the development of global regulatory standards would be appropriate, especially in relation to the possible future adoption of regulatory coherence tests that might require proportionality in regulatory action.
Systemic Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Foster Caroline E.
Published: August 2021

Chapter Ten continues Chapter Nine’s analysis of the systemic questions raised by the emergence of global regulatory standards. Regulatory standards reflect and feed into the contemporary metamorphosis of sovereignty. Their design and employment will require consistent efforts to ensure that international law remains an integrated rather than a fragmented body of law, where economic, social and environmental rules and principles are all applied together. The legal status of private actors within the public international legal system is heavily implicated in the development of regulatory standards and caution is needed in the elaboration of global regulatory standards in order to avoid unwitting concessions. International adjudication is not ‘judicial review’ and global regulatory standards do not constitute ‘standards of review’ separate and distinct from the legal provisions being applied by an international court or tribunal. Care is needed, particularly when contemplating proportionality tests: reliance on the due regard standard is preferable for the present.
Beyond Turnout
Authors: Singh Shane P.
Published: August 2021

Compulsory voting is widely used in the democratic world, and it is well established that it increases electoral participation. This book assesses the effects of compulsory voting beyond turnout. The author first summarizes the normative arguments for and against compulsory voting, provides information on its contemporary use, reviews recent events pertaining to its (proposed) adoption and abolition, and provides an extensive account of extant research on its consequences. The author then advances a theory that compulsory voting polarizes behavior and attitudes, and broadens gaps in political sophistication levels, among those with negative and positive orientations toward democracy. Recognizing the impact of mandatory voting on the electorate, political parties then alter the ways in which they seek votes, with mainstream parties moderating their platforms and smaller parties taking more extreme positions. The author uses survey data from countries with compulsory voting to show that support for the requirement to vote is driven by individuals’ orientations toward democracy. The theory is then comprehensively tested using: cross-national data, cross-cantonal data from Switzerland, and survey data from Argentina. Empirical results are largely indicative of the theorized process whereby compulsory voting has divergent effects on citizens and political parties. The book concludes with a discussion of future directions for academic research, implications for those who craft electoral policy, and alternative ways of boosting turnout.
The Correlates of Support for Compulsory Voting
Authors: Singh Shane P.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 empirically probes the relationship between attitudes toward democracy and support for compulsory voting. In doing so, it makes use of a range of public opinion surveys which ask questions about attitudes toward compulsory voting. Results demonstrate variation in the average level of support for compulsory voting across countries. They are also indicative of a systematic, negative effect of dissatisfaction with democracy, which is used to capture orientations toward democracy, on support for compulsory voting. This effect can be discerned even with controls for political interest, ideology, and a slate of demographic variables. This supports the uncomplicated but foundational expectation of the theory in Chapter 3: that those who are democratically disenchanted are also unsupportive of mandatory voting.
Monetary Policy
Authors: Morales Juan Antonio , Reding Paul
Published: August 2021

The chapter explores two significant challenges faced by central banks in LFDCs: fiscal dominance and external shocks. Monetary policy can be dominated by governments that rely on seigniorage generated by the central bank or impose other constraints to facilitate the financing of persistent deficits. The chapter discusses and illustrates for several countries the concept of seigniorage, examines the mechanisms of fiscal dominance, and assesses its consequences. External oil and food price shocks also raise several monetary policy challenges. Using a theoretical approach, the chapter explores the trade-off between price and output stabilization that the central bank faces after a commodity price hike. The analysis takes into account whether the country is a net exporter or a net importer and whether it is on fixed or on flexible exchange rates. It also discusses coordination issues between monetary and fiscal policies, in particular when windfall gains accrue to the government.
Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law explores Israel’s engagement with international law during the early years of statehood, and the role of ideology in shaping how Ministry of Foreign Affairs legal advisers approached international law at the age of Jewish sovereignty. Drawing on archival sources, the book reveals the patent ambivalence of these jurist-diplomats—Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne—towards three international law reform projects: the right of petition in the draft Human Rights Covenant; the 1948 Genocide Convention; and the 1951 Refugee Convention. In all cases, Rosenne and Robinson approached international law with disinterest, aversion, and hostility while, nonetheless, investing much time and toil in these post-war reforms. They were ambivalent towards international law precisely because of, not despite, the ‘Jewish aspect’ of the right of petition and the human rights project, the Genocide Convention, and the Refugee Convention. The book demonstrates that, rather than the Middle East conflict, Rosenne and Robinson’s ambivalence towards international law was driven by ideological sensibilities predating Israel’s establishment. Their ambivalence expressed the terms on which pre-state Zionism approached international law: inherent ambivalence confirmed by political experience and fuelled by contestation with competing visions of Jewish emancipation. They approached international law through the prism of the creed of Jewish nationalism, testing it against the yardstick of Zionism’s interpretation of the modern Jewish condition and its prescriptions for resolving the Jewish Question. Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law reconstructs the terms of national Jewish engagements with international law to challenge prevalent assumptions on the cosmopolitan outlook of Jewish scholars and practitioners of international law, offer new vantage points on modern Jewish history, and critique orthodox interpretations of the Jewish aspect of Israel’s foreign policy.
A Radical Transformation?
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

The Introduction notes the tendency of international law and Jewish history scholars to read the international law engagement of Jewish scholars as a cosmopolitan project yet limit inquiry to the period preceding Israel’s establishment and the ‘sovereign turn’ in modern Jewish history; as well as the emphasis, in scholarship on Israel’s foreign policy, on the ‘Jewish aspect’ of the Jewish state’s international outlook. Against this backdrop, the Introduction presents the object, scope, and underlying argument of the book: a study of Israel’s early ambivalence towards three post-war international law reform projects, at the United Nations arena, given voice by two Ministry of Foreign Affairs legal advisers. The Introduction points to ideology as the force driving the protagonists’ ambivalence towards international law. It argues that how Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne approached international law was determined by pre-sovereign sensibilities expressing the creed of the Jewish national movement and its political experience.
Revolutionaries, Torchbearers, and Imperfect Subjects
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

The Epilogue recapitulates the main findings of Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law: in the early years of Israel’s diplomacy, Shabtai Rosenne and Jacob Robinson’s attitude towards international law marked a deep-seated ambivalence expressing pre-sovereign ideological sensibilities. They tested international law against the creed of Jewish nationalism; the principles of Zionism determined their reading of international law. The Epilogue reflects on some implications of these findings: their role in determining Israel’s overall outlook on international law; the limits of the cosmopolitan reading of Jewish international law engagements; the question of present-day ambivalence in Israel’s international law perspective; and the absence of Palestinians from how Rosenne and Robinson approached Jewish questions on the United Nations agenda. Last, the Epilogue reflects on the ideological credentials of these self-appointed torchbearers of Zionist ideology: while testing international law, their own adherence to the Zionist creed was tested—to render them imperfect subjects of international law.
Mining Property-driven Graphical Explanations for Data-centric AI from Argumentation Frameworks
Authors: Cocarascu Oana , Cyras Kristijonas , Rago Antonio , Toni Francesca
Published: August 2021

Adoption of AI-equipped systems and their societal benefits are heavily dependent on human understanding of the rationale behind the systems’ outputs. Such systems’ widespread inability to explain their outputs causes human mistrust and doubts regarding their regulatory compliance. Research in psychology points to the amenability of argumentation as a paradigm for human reasoning, advocating that humans developed reasoning in order to argue. We here overview a number of approaches using computational argumentation frameworks as the scaffolding for explanations for human consumption. Our argumentation frameworks are automatically mined from data and data-centric methods. We define explanations as graphs obtained from these argumentation frameworks, which are customisable by means of properties. We illustrate our methods with various consumer-oriented tasks in the media and entertainment industry, providing reasoning outputs that can be explained to consumers, and that consumers can directly interact with to give rise to improved recommendations.
Beyond Robotic Speech: Mutual Benefits to Cognitive Psychology and Artificial Intelligence from the Study of Multimodal Communication
Authors: Grzyb Beata , Vigliocco Gabriella
Published: August 2021

Recently, cognitive scientists have started to realise the potential importance of multimodality for the understanding of human communication and its neural underpinnings; while AI scientists have begun to address how to integrate multimodality in order to improve communication between human and embodied agent. We review here the existing literature on multimodal language learning and processing in humans and the literature on perception of embodied agents, their comprehension and production of multimodal cues and we discuss their main limitations. We conclude by arguing that by joining forces AI scientists can improve the effectiveness of human-machine interaction and increase the human-likeness and acceptance of embodied agents in society. In turn, computational models that generate language in artificial embodied agents constitute a unique research tool to investigate the underlying mechanisms that govern language processing and learning in humans.
The Logical Conscience
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper suggests a way of avoiding two very implausible claims. These are the claim that all our beliefs about how we ought to act are true and the claim that there are two senses of ‘ought’, one subjective and the other objective. We avoid these claims by appeal to a distinction between wide and narrow scope which has application not merely to moral theory but also to the theory of rationality. For the same question arises: is it rational to do what one (perhaps falsely) believes it rational for one to do? The trick is to recognize a structural ambiguity.
Intuitionism in Meta-Epistemology
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper is a response to a paper by Alston which attempts to bring out similarities between views in meta-ethics and views in meta-epistemology. Alston contrasts naturalist (generally causal) epistemology with normative epistemology; but there is a further, more revealing contrast concerning the number of basic epistemological principles. Naturalism is a causal form of one-principle theory, but an analogy with ethical intuitionism should allow many coordinate epistemological principles of justification. So the question at issue is the number of ethical, or epistemological, principles. If there are many ethical principles, the question is how they are known. The merits of a Ross-style epistemology with many coordinate principles are stressed, though Ross maintained that moral principles are epistemically useless. Pursuing that line, the possibility of an epistemological particularism emerges. The paper ends with a discussion of the relation between resultance and supervenience
Contemplating One’s Nagel
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This critical notice of Nagel’s The View from Nowhere argues that Nagel runs two distinct conceptions of objectivity together, in a way that unsettles many of the main conclusions of his book. The ‘Hegelian conception’ involves stepping back from our view of the world to a new conception about the relation between that view and the world so viewed. The ‘absolute conception’ requires us to eliminate from our view of the world any element which can be seen as a product of one’s own perspective. If one tries to combine these two conceptions, the result is likely to be unstable.
Should We Pass the Buck?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper is a historically informed and critical assessment of T. Scanlon’s ‘buck-passing’ conception of value, under which for an object to be of value is for it to have features that give us reasons to respond to it in certain characteristic ways. It starts by giving a fairly detailed account of the history of such views in British moral philosophy (mainly at the hands of Ross, Joseph, and Ewing), which raises the question where the novelty lies in Scanlon’s presentation. It also questions the strength of arguments in favour of buck-passing given by Scanlon and Parfit, and gives some reasons on the other side. Its conclusion is that the buck-passing view needs more support than it had yet received.
Enticing Reasons
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This is a paper in the theory of reasons. Reasons to act are commonly understood in terms of the ways in which they can combine to make it the case that one ought to act or vice versa; what one ought to do is what one has most reason to do. The paper argues that this approach founders on the possibility of enticing reasons, which, no matter how ‘strong’ they are, are not in the business of making it the case that one ought to act as they suggest. It makes some suggestions about what enticing reasons do, if they don’t do that. The might, for instance, manage to establish that an action would be fun, and recommend it therefore and in that way, without thereby showing that it is what one has most reason to do, which is what reasoning to action is standardly understood as trying to show.
Prichard on Duty and Ignorance of Fact
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper is an examination of a paper by Prichard, which converted Ross from externalism to internalism. Externalism is the view that agents’ obligations are grounded in features of the situation that they are in. Internalism is the view that agents’ obligations are grounded not in how things actually are, but in how the agent believes them to be. I conclude that Prichard’s arguments are not as powerful as Ross thought; Ross would have done better to stick to his original position. The paper also considers the relevance of a peculiar postscript to Prichard’s paper which was not printed until after his death; it suggests that the postscript does not improve things.
More Right than Wrong
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper argues that Ross, despite the importance and innovativity of his conception of a prima facie duty, fails entirely to make sense of the relation between prima facie duty, as he understands it, and duty proper. He thus fails to make any sense of what it is to be a moral reason for action, and of right-making and wrong-making properties. Basing my approach on some suggestions of Prichard’s, I suggest that the only way to do this is to abandon any distinct conception of duty proper, restricting ourselves to the idea of what we have most duty to do – what we most ought to do. This retains, but reframes, Ross’s focus on something that is a matter of degree.
The Magic of Immigration Enforcement: Discretion, Order and Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the peculiar nature of immigration decision-making. Removal and deportation are state coercive acts that require the acquiescence of another sovereign state and often involve complex bilateral negotiations by parties in asymmetrical relations of power. As such they are truly international acts that demand careful coordination and interdependence between various actors and institutions. They place immigration officers at the receiving end of a long chain that connects various institutional actors across public and private domains spanning the local, the national, and the global. The peculiarity of immigration enforcement relates to the framework in which officers exercise discretion: a framework structured around a combination of variables over which they have little or no control, a game of chance or a lottery. Officers figuratively gesture at the magical powers of immigration enforcement to solve policing problems. The notion of magic attests to the attractions of immigration powers for everyday policing, as well as the random, capricious, informal, and arbitrary ways in which state power operates. The fragile, ever-changing grounds on which immigration staff make decisions reflects the challenges of state power to spatialize its authority in a transnational world order. By examining the imbrications of state power and magic, this chapter argues that immigration enforcement casts doubt on the presumed rationality of state bureaucracy and authority, exposing its arbitrariness as well as its limits.
The Law of EU External Relations
Authors: Wouters Jan , Hoffmeister Frank , De Baere Geert , Ramopoulos Thomas
Published: August 2021

This unique compilation of materials, cases, and commentary on EU external relations law is both a valuable teaching tool for (post-)graduate courses and seminars on the foreign relations of the European Union, as well as an indispensable first initiation in the legal foundations of the external action of the Union for diplomats, civil servants, attorneys, and other practitioners. Apart from making accessible key primary materials such as EU Treaty provisions; judgments and opinions of the Court of Justice; legislation; agreements; and more obscure documents revealing the law in practice, the book includes concise, expert legal analysis of these materials. The third edition of the book incorporates more than ten years of fascinating dynamics since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. Apart from analysing the general basis of the Union’s external action and its relationship to international law, the book explores the law and practice of the EU in more specialized fields of external action, such as common commercial policy, neighbourhood policy, development cooperation, cooperation with third countries, humanitarian aid, external environmental policy, and common foreign and security policy, as well as EU sanctions. The chapters contain numerous cross-references with a view to facilitating the establishment of connections between different issues and fields of law. Annotations and materials are kept to what is strictly necessary to place them in their context and to clarify links to documents presented elsewhere in the book.