bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online risk numbers – helpful, meaningless or simply wrong? Reflections on online risk calculators
Authors: Skolbekken John-Arne
Published: January 2019

Among the instruments offered to citizens via digital media are risk calculators, aiming at identifying individuals at high risk of various diseases. These calculators present us with both epistemological and socioethical challenges. Tracking the history of individual risk models, this article provides an analysis looking into their content, construction, use and functions. Epistemologically, the notion of risk factor epidemiology frames an approach to public health that goes through the identification of high-risk individuals, providing a way of making public health doable without involving social, cultural and economical factors in the risk assessments. Instead, ethnicity is included in many calculators, serving as boundary objects that enable epidemiologists to avoid addressing its inherent epistemological challenges. Through this notion of individual risk, a discourse is created that provides us with the narrative of the empowered vulnerable global citizen, which is given room to look after her or his risky self, while ignoring the structural and political factors influencing it. In doing so, flawed calculator construction provides ample risk of getting the wrong number.
Long-Term Changes of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Fatigue in Cancer Patients 6 Months After the End of Yoga Therapy
Authors: Lundt Anna , Jentschke Elisabeth
Published: January 2019

Background: Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cancer-related fatigue are commonly associated with cancer. Cancer patients increasingly use complementary and alternative treatments, such as yoga, to cope with psychological and physical impairments. In the present article, long-term changes of anxiety, depression, and fatigue in cancer are examined 6 months after a yoga intervention. Method: We used an observational design based on a randomized controlled study in cancer patients with mixed diagnoses to evaluate long-term changes of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue 6 months after the end of yoga therapy. We measured anxiety symptoms with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), depressive symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire–2 (PHQ-2), and fatigue with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Fatigue Scale (EORTC QLQ-FA13). Yoga therapy was provided in yoga classes of 60 minutes each once a week for 8 weeks in total. The exercises provided contained both body and breathing activities as well as meditation. Results: A total of 58 patients participated in the study. Six months after the end of yoga therapy, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue were significantly reduced compared with baseline. However, symptoms of anxiety and fatigue slightly increased during the follow-up period, whereas symptoms of depression remained stable. Conclusion: Our results are promising and support the integration of yoga interventions in supportive cancer treatment concepts but should be confirmed by randomized controlled trials. Long-term effects of yoga therapy on cancer patients should be the subject of further research.
Research Ethics Committees’ Oversight of Biomedical Research in South Africa: A Thematic Analysis of Ethical Issues Raised During Ethics Review of Non-Expedited Protocols
Authors: Silaigwana Blessing , Wassenaar Douglas
Published: January 2019

In South Africa, biomedical research cannot commence until it has been reviewed and approved by a local research ethics committee (REC). There remains a dearth of empirical data on the nature and frequency of ethical issues raised by such committees. This study sought to identify ethical concerns typically raised by two South African RECs. Meeting minutes for 180 protocols reviewed between 2009 and 2014 were coded and analyzed using a preexisting framework. Results showed that the most frequent queries involved informed consent, respect for participants, and scientific validity. Interestingly, administrative issues (non-ethical) such as missing researchers’ CVs and financial contracts emerged more frequently than ethical questions such as favorable risk/benefit ratio and fair participant selection. Although not generalizable to all RECs, our data provide insights into two South African RECs’ review concerns. More education and awareness of the actual ethical issues typically raised by such committees might help improve review outcomes and relationships between researchers and RECs.
Types of evidence used in Canadian provincial sport organisations
Authors: Pankow Kurtis , Tamminen Katherine A , Camiré Martin , MacDonald Dany J , Strachan Leisha , Holt Nicholas L
Published: January 2019

Different types of evidence can be used to inform organisational decision making. The purpose of this study was to identify types of evidence used in sport organisations. Data were collected via interviews with 60 Canadian Provincial Sport Organisation representatives from five provinces. A qualitative description approach was used and data were subjected to an inductive-to-deductive thematic analysis procedure, with the deductive component guided by a classification of evidence types. Results demonstrated that knowledge and information (reported by 38 participants) and ideas and interests (28 participants) were the most frequently reported evidence types, whereas research (12 participants), political (2 participants), and economic (12 participants) evidence types were least frequently reported. These findings suggest that sport science researchers could communicate in the form of, and through mediums dedicated to, knowledge and information and ideas and interests in order to reach sport organisations.
Hypoglycemia Incidence and Factors Associated in a Cohort of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Hospitalized in General Ward Treated With Basal Bolus Insulin Regimen Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Gómez Ana María , Imitola Madero Angélica , Henao Carrillo Diana Cristina , Rondón Martín , Muñoz Oscar Mauricio , Robledo Maria Alejandra , Rebolledo Martín , García Jaramillo Maira , León Vargas Fabian , Umpierrez Guillermo
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a better tool to detect hyper and hypoglycemia than capillary point of care in insulin-treated patients during hospitalization. We evaluated the incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with basal bolus insulin regimen using CGM and factors associated with hypoglycemia.

Methods:

Post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Hypoglycemia was documented in terms of incidence rate and percentage of time <54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) and <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Factors evaluated included glycemic variability analyzed during the first 6 days of basal bolus therapy.

Results:

A total of 34 hospitalized patients with T2D in general ward were included, with admission A1c of 9.26 ± 2.62% (76.8 ± 13 mmol/mol) and mean blood glucose of 254 ± 153 mg/dL. There were two events of hypoglycemia below 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) and 11 events below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) with an incidence of hypoglycemic events of 0.059 and 0.323 per patient, respectively. From second to fifth day of treatment the percentage of time in range (140-180 mg/dL, 7.8-10.0 mmol/L) increased from 72.1% to 89.4%. Factors related to hypoglycemic events <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) were admission mean glucose (IRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79, 0.95, P < .01), glycemic variability measured as CV (IRR 3.12, 95% CI 1.33, 7.61, P < .01) and SD, and duration of stay.

Conclusions:

Basal bolus insulin regimen is effective and the overall incidence of hypoglycemia detected by CGM is low in hospitalized patients with T2D. Increased glycemic variability as well as the decrease in mean glucose were associated with events <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
Examining the information and support needs of first-degree relatives of breast cancer patients
Authors: Aloweni Fazila , Nagalingam Saraswathi , Yong Bernice Shi Ling , Hassan Norasyikin , Chew Suet Mei
Published: January 2019

Women with a family history of breast cancer, specifically among first-degree relatives (FDRs) such as daughter, mother and sister, face a two-fold higher risk of getting breast cancer than women with no family history. Current literature highlighted that these FDRs’ needs for factual information and emotional support were poorly met. Owing to a lack of local research, this cross-sectional survey study aimed to identify the information and support needs of FDRs of breast cancer women, their risk perception and self-care practices. Forty-one FDRs of breast cancer patients were recruited via convenience sampling. They completed a questionnaire comprising primarily the Information and Support Needs Questionnaire (ISNQ). In general they perceived information needs to be more important than support needs. The most important need identified was “information about breast cancer treatment.” Overall, only a few participants perceived that their needs were “met fully” both for information ( n = 2, 4.9%) and support needs ( n = 3, 7.3%). Breast screening examination (BSE) adherence was low; only eight FDRs (19.5%) performed monthly BSE. They expressed the need to receive guidance from health care professionals on the proper techniques of BSE. In conclusion, the findings underscored the need for effective avenues to empower FDRs with information and support so they can better support themselves and their loved ones. This is essential to help them cope with the cancer diagnosis of their loved ones, while simultaneously engaging in early screening and health-promoting measures toward betterment of their own quality of life and health outcomes.
Visualizing Music Psychology: A Bibliometric Analysis of Psychology of Music, Music Perception, and Musicae Scientiae from 1973 to 2017
Authors: Anglada-Tort Manuel , Sanfilippo Katie Rose M.
Published: January 2019

Music psychology has grown drastically since being established in the middle of the 19th century. However, until now, no large-scale computational bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature in music psychology has been carried out. This study aims to analyze all published literature from the journals Psychology of Music, Music Perception, and Musicae Scientiae. The retrieved literature comprised a total of 2,089 peer-reviewed articles, 2,632 authors, and 49 countries. Visualization and bibliometric techniques were used to investigate the growth of publications, citation analysis, author and country productivity, collaborations, and research trends. From 1973 to 2017, with a total growth rate of 11%, there is a clear increase in music psychology research (i.e., number of publications, authors, and collaborations), consistent with the general growth observed in science. The retrieved documents received a total of 33,771 citations ( M = 16.17, SD = 26.93), with a median (Q1—Q3) of 7 (2—20). Different bibliometric indicators defined the most relevant authors, countries, and keywords as well as how they relate and collaborate with each other. Differences between the three journals are also discussed. This type of analysis, not without its limitations, can help understand music psychology and identify future directions within the field.
A Systematic Review of Exposure to Bisphenol A from Dental Treatment
Authors: Marzouk T. , Sathyanarayana S. , Kim A.S. , Seminario A.L. , McKinney C.M.
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Dental composite restorations and dental sealants containing bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) are commonly used materials in dentistry. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture BisGMA and can be a by-product in BisGMA-based dental materials. BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may affect reproductive, psychological, cognitive, and endocrine-related health. We conducted a systematic review of clinical studies that measured urinary BPA (uBPA) concentrations before and after dental treatment to evaluate the extent to which individuals are exposed to BPA from dental treatment.

Methods:

Eligibility included studies that measured uBPA concentrations before and after dental treatment with any type of resin-based dental material. We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Clinical Trials with no date or language restrictions to identify published studies. We summarized eligible studies across participant characteristics, amount of treatment, and time of follow-up measures. Because methods of measuring uBPA varied, our primary outcome was the direction and percentage change between baseline and 24 h posttreatment and at later time points as available.

Results:

We identified 1,190 abstracts and 7 eligible studies: 4 in children and 3 in adults. In all studies, BPA concentrations increased 24 h after treatment. The 2 studies with the largest sample sizes found statistically significant increases >40% in uBPA concentrations at 24 h posttreatment (both P values <0.01). The 1 study to examine uBPA concentrations beyond 1 mo posttreatment found that concentrations returned to baseline by 14 d after treatment and remained at baseline 6 mo after treatment.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that uBPA concentrations increase 24 h after dental treatment. One study showed that uBPA concentrations return to baseline by 14 d. Additional research is needed to determine the magnitude of change from pre– to post–dental treatment and the trajectory of uBPA concentrations posttreatment.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may have negative human health effects. Our findings suggest that urinary BPA concentrations increase in the short term after dental treatment. The extent to which such an increase may affect the health of patients remains an open question, particularly since there are no established thresholds for safety or harm related to BPA exposure.
Cancer stem cell mobilization and therapeutic targeting of the 5T4 oncofetal antigen
Authors: Harrop Richard , O’Neill Eric , Stern Peter L.
Published: January 2019

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can act as the cellular drivers of tumors harnessing stem cell properties that contribute to tumorigenesis either as founder elements or by the gain of stem cell traits by the malignant cells. Thus, CSCs can self-renew and generate the cellular heterogeneity of tumors including a hierarchical organization similar to the normal tissue. While the principle tumor growth contribution is often from the non-CSC components, it is the ability of small numbers of CSCs to avoid the effects of therapeutic strategies that can contribute to recurrence after treatment. However, identifying and characterizing CSCs for therapeutic targeting is made more challenging by their cellular potency being influenced by a particular tissue niche or by the capacity of more committed cells to regain stem cell functions. This review discusses the properties of CSCs including the limitations of the available cell surface markers, the assays that document tumor initiation and clonogenicity, the roles of epithelial mesenchymal transition and molecular pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Hippo and Hedgehog. The ability to target and eliminate CSCs is thought to be critical in the search for curative cancer treatments. The oncofetal tumor-associated antigen 5T4 (TBGP) has been linked with CSC properties in several different malignancies. 5T4 has functional attributes that are relevant to the spread of tumors including through EMT, CXCR4/CXCL12, Wnt, and Hippo pathways which may all contribute through the mobilization of CSCs. There are several different immunotherapies targeting 5T4 in development including antibody–drug conjugates, antibody-targeted bacterial super-antigens, a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-basedvaccine and 5T4-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cells. These immune therapies would have the advantage of targeting both the bulk tumor as well as mobilized CSC populations.
Despite Similar Perceptions and Attitudes, Postbaccalaureate Students Outperform in Introductory Biology and Chemistry Courses
Authors: Shortlidge Erin E. , Rain-Griffith Liz , Shelby Chloe , Shusterman Gwendolyn P. , Barbera Jack
Published: January 2019

Embedding active learning is a common mechanism for meeting science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education reform goals. Researchers have identified student benefits from such strategies, yet these benefits may not be universal for all students. We sought to identify how students at a nontraditional university perceive introductory biology and chemistry courses, and whether perceptions relate to course type, performance, or student status. We surveyed students ( n = 601) using open-ended prompts regarding their perceptions of factors that impact their learning and interest, and about specific learning strategies. Generally, students did not differ in what influenced their learning or interest in course content, and students mostly perceived active learning positively. Attitudes toward active learning did not correlate to final course scores. Despite similar perceptions and attitudes, performance differed significantly among student groups—postbaccalaureates outperformed all others, and traditional-age students outperformed non-traditional-age students. We found that, even with active learning, underrepresented minority students underperformed compared to their peers, yet differentially benefited from nonsummative course factors. Although students generally perceive classroom environments similarly, undetected factors are influencing performance among student groups. Gaining a better understanding of how classroom efforts impact all of our students will be key to moving beyond supposing that active learning simply “works.”
Twenty years of the Critical Psychiatry Network
Authors: Double Duncan B.
Published: January 2019

The Critical Psychiatry Network (CPN) was formed in 1999. This editorial attempts to define critical psychiatry and notes some key contributions from members of the CPN. The implications of critical psychiatry and some differences within the critical psychiatry movement are discussed.

Declaration of interest

D.B.D is founding member of the Critical Psychiatry Network.
Questioning Authority
Authors: Billey Amber , Drabinski Emily
Published: January 2019

When a library adds a book to its collection, it adds a surrogate record for that book in the library's catalog. To get this record the library will either download it or create a record for the book from an international bibliographic record database. Authors have records too. These are known as name authority records. Recently the standards for creating these records changed to allow library catalogers to record more personal information about authors in authority records. This includes information about gender. There began a collective effort by a handful of catalogers to revise the new instructions so that binary gender was not encoded into the metadata of library records. This paper outlines the developments, results, and implications of this work.
Kontrazeption und venöse Thromboembolie
Authors: Rott H.
Published: January 2019

Etwa 20 Millionen Frauen befinden sich aktuell im reproduktiven Alter. Ein Drittel von ihnen wendet kombinierte hormonelle Kontrazeptiva an (KHK), welche meist aus Ethinylestradiol und einem synthetischen Gestagen bestehen. Das Grundrisiko für venöse Thromboembolien (VTE) für Frauen im reproduktiven Alter ist gering, steigt aber deutlich an durch Anwendung von KHK oder auch in der Schwangerschaft/Wochenbett. Dies gilt auch für nichtorale KHK. Hierdurch haben junge Frauen ein merklich höheres VTE Risiko als Männer bis zum Alter von 35 Jahren, danach gleicht sich das VTE-Risiko zwischen den Geschlechtern an. Die Erhöhung des VTE Risikos hängt vom verwendeten KHK ab. Ältere KHK mit Norgestimat oder Levonorgestrel als Gestagen haben ein niedrigeres VTE-Risiko als neuere KHK. In vielen internationalen Leitlinien gelten daher mittlerweile die älteren KHK als erste Wahl. Neuere KHK sollten daher nur noch verordnet werden, wenn besondere Gründe hierfür vorliegen. Das VTE-Risiko von KHK mit Estradiol bzw. Estradiolvalerat statt EE ist noch unklar durch fehlende Datenlage. Die Anwendung von rein gestagenhaltiger Kontrazeption erhöht das VTE-Risiko nicht signifikant mit Ausnahme von Depot-Medroxyprogesteronacetat (DMPA). Die Notfallkontrazeption („Pille danach”), welche keine Östrogene enthalten, sondern nur Levonorgestrel bzw. Ulipristalacetat erhöhen das VTERisiko nicht. Orale reine Gestagenkontrazeptiva (mit Desogestrel oder Levonorgestrel), Intrauterine Kontrazeption und Etonogestrel Implantate sind die Verhütungsmittel der Wahl bei Frauen mit erhöhtem VTE-Risiko. Ein Thrombophilie-Screening ist nicht bei jeder Frau indiziert mit Kontrazeptionswunsch. Diese Testung sollte limitiert werden z.B. auf Frauen mit positiver VTE Eigenanamnese oder auf Frauen mit VTE-Fällen in jungen Jahren unter 50 in der nächsten Verwandtschaft.
Broad-spectrum capture of clinical pathogens using engineered Fc-mannose-binding lectin enhanced by antibiotic treatment
Authors: Seiler Benjamin T. , Cartwright Mark , Dinis Alexandre L. M. , Duffy Shannon , Lombardo Patrick , Cartwright David , Super Elana H. , Lanzaro Jacqueline , Dugas Kristen , Super Michael , Ingber Donald E.
Published: January 2019

Background:Fc-mannose-binding lectin (FcMBL), an engineered version of the blood opsonin MBL that contains the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and flexible neck regions of MBL fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1, has been shown to bind various microbes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). FcMBL has also been used to create an enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLecSA) for use as a rapid (<1 h) diagnostic of bloodstream infections.

Methods:Here we extended this work by using the ELLecSA to test FcMBL’s ability to bind to more than 190 different isolates from over 95 different pathogen species.

Results:FcMBL bound to 85% of the isolates and 97 of the 112 (87%) different pathogen species tested, including bacteria, fungi, viral antigens and parasites. FcMBL also bound to PAMPs including, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6) fromMycobacterium tuberculosis.

Conclusions:The efficiency of pathogen detection and variation between binding of different strains of the same species could be improved by treating the bacteria with antibiotics, or mechanical disruption using a bead mill, prior to FcMBL capture to reveal previously concealed binding sites within the bacterial cell wall. As FcMBL can bind to pathogens and PAMPs in urine as well as blood, its broad-binding capability could be leveraged to develop a variety of clinically relevant technologies, including infectious disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
Anaemia in solitary acyanotic ventricular septal defect in comorbid with pneumonia or pulmonary hypertension: A retrospective study of 75 paediatric cases
Authors: Changwe Geoffrey Joseph , Zhang Haizhou , Li Hongxin , Farhaj Zeeshan , Tewara Marlvin Anemey , Zhang Wenlong , Zou Chengwei
Published: January 2019

Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are the second commonest congenital heart defects after bicuspid aortic valve. When left unrepaired, they can undergo spontaneous closure or elicit a spectrum of complications including pneumonia (PNA) or pulmonary hypertension (PH) with subsequent anaemia. In this retrospective study, we aim to establish and compare the prevalence of anaemia in patients with solitary acyanotic VSD in comorbid with PNA or PH.

Methods: A total of 75 case files of patients with solitary acyanotic VSD, who underwent surgical closure or device occlusion had haemoglobin level analysed prior to the procedure. The cohort included patients with (history of) PNA and PH, and asymptomatic. The cohort included 27 females and 48 males with mean age and weight of 8.3±5.72 (3-24) months and 5.9±3.9 (2.7-17.8) kilograms, respectively. Depending on  associated complication and age, the cohort was divided: PNA (A), PH (B) and Control (C); and (I) young children (≥3-6≤) and (II) older children (>6-≤24) months. We used 95 and 105 grams per litre as haemoglobin lower threshold level for (I) and (II), respectively.

Results: According to data analysis 27 patients (36%) in total had anaemia. Of the anaemia cohort 16 (59.3%) had PNA, 9 (33.3%) PH and 2 (7.4%) were asymptomatic. Of the cohort, 42 were young children, with anaemia prevalence of 19/42 (45.2%), while 24.2% of the older children had anaemia. Intergroup ANOVA independent sample t-test was significant (p<0.05). In addition, intergroup Tukey HSD test for haemoglobin: A/B (p>0.05), A/C (p<0.01), B/C (p<0.01).

 Conclusion: Paediatric patients with acyanotic VSD in comorbid with PNA or PH are 8 and 4 times more susceptible to develop anaemia compared to asymptomatic counterparts. Susceptibility is even higher among young children (3-6months). However, a prospective study is needed to validate our findings.
Uwagi o elizji spółgłosek wargowych we współczesnej polszczyźnie mediów
Authors: Jaskuła Krzysztof
Published: January 2019

Remarks on the Elision of Labial Consonants in Contemporary Polish MediaIntervocalic elision of labial consonants seems to be one of the most common types of distorting the pronunciation of contemporary Polish words in colloquial speech. This phenomenon was described by Biedrzycki (1978) as typical of everyday speech and unknown to media or in official situations. Now it has entered the world of electronic media on a large scale and has become something of a norm among television presenters as well as experts and actors. All of these speakers tend to employ articulatorily incorrect Polish in official situations. This paper includes a preliminary classification of contexts where the deletion of labials takes place, and as such it is a continuation of Jaskuła (2014). Moreover, an attempt has been made to determine the reasons for elision. Analyses of similar phenomena which can be found in the phonological literature concerning both Polish and other phonological systems have also been taken into account with a view to discovering whether or not there is an interplay between phonetics and phonology in this respect.
O sposobie konstruowania haseł w dawnych słownikach przekładowych (na przykładzie prac Łukasza Brzezwickiego)
Authors: Lenartowicz-Zagrodna Anna
Published: January 2019

On the Method of Constructing Entries in Old Translation Dictionaries (Using the Example of the Works of Łukasz Brzezwicki)The birth of Polish-Latin lexicography has usually been associated with Cnapius, the author of Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus seu Promptuarium linguae Latinae et Graecae (1621), while the two lexicographers who worked before him tend to be forgotten. In 1596 Nicholas Volckmar published Dictionarium trilingue tripartitum ad discendam linguam Latinam, Polonicam et Germanicam accommodatum, and a few years later, on the basis of Volckmar’s work, Łukasz Brzezwicki composed two dictionaries: Synonyma latina ex variis authoribus collata Polonice et Latine (Cracow 1602) and Puerilia ex variis onomasticis excerpta et in usum iuventutis Polonae publicata (Cracow 1625). Although the list of words in the dictionaries of these two authors is nearly identical, Brzezwicki introduced several changes to his lexicographic method. One of the innovative features of Synonym… and Puerilia… is the construction of entries in the form of series of synonyms. The goal of the present paper is to analyse these series and to answer the questions: What kinds of pairs of words does Brzezwicki introduce? What role do they play? In what relation are those pairs to the state of contemporary Polish? This is the basis on which this paper will attempt to evaluate the level of lexicographic and linguistic awareness of Łukasz Brzezwicki.
Alleviating Water Scarcity in Rural Arid Areas through Grey Water Treatment and Reuse: Palestine as a Case Study
Authors: Haddad Marwan , Jumma Abeer
Published: January 2019

Conventional water sources in Palestine are vulnerable and scarce. Among potential alternative non-conventional water sources is greywater which comprises 50–80% of residential wastewater. In this paper the long and short term impacts assessment of six onsite greywater treatment plants, GWTPs using constructed wetland technology was conducted. The constructed wetland system were constructed by National Agricultural Research Committees, NARC and International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA in Northern West Bank to disseminate the safe uses of the treated greywater. Performance indicators were used for assessing the quality and efficiency of the execution of six treated greywater reuse stations in Jenin and Tubas governorates. Effluent from the six plants was reused in nine home gardens for fruit tree (citrus and olive) and fodder (sorghum) plantations. A field survey was designed and conducted for reuse beneficiaries. The short term indicator included greywater quality parameter before and after treatment during the period from June and July 2015. pH , TDS, Na+ ,Ca2+ ,Cl- ,BOD ,PO42+ and SO42-fall within the Palestinian standard for treated wastewater (2012). The average water quality was: pH 7.5, TDS 1024.27, Na 128.2, Ca 65.6, Cl 224, Mg 288.3,NO-3 77.8 and COD 400.8, BOD 178,PO4 7.69 and So4 139. The efficiency of total coliform and Ecoli removal efficiency was 33.3% and 37.3% in 2015 compared to 87 % and 55.3% in 2011. The efficiency of BOD was 70.8 in 2015 compared to 75.8 % in 2011. The decrease was 5%. The efficiency of EC was 9.8 % in 2015 compared to 27.3 % in 2011. The decrease in the efficiency with time was due to accumulation of solids in the constructed wetland. Soil pH and EC were 6.67 and 2.65. No heavy metal accumulation in soil was observed. Both grew water and soil analysis after five years of treatment remains within the accepted Palestinian reuse standards.
Poverty propaganda and reproduction of poverty, power and inequality
Authors: Shildrick Tracy
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the consequences of poverty propaganda in terms of policy responses to poverty that make life worse for those on low incomes. It also explores how and why these policy developments are tolerated by a general public that largely tends to buy into the value of poverty propaganda, at least on some level. The chapter considers the wider impacts of poverty propaganda and asks who benefits from its production. It argues that the production of poverty propaganda is a deliberate product of neoliberal capitalist regimes, like in the UK, whereby inequality is entrenched and deepened to benefit capitalist winners, further penalising and marginalising its losers.
Embodied Research in Migration Studies
Authors: Vacchelli Elena
Published: January 2019

The definition of data in qualitative research is expanding. This book highlights the value of embodiment as a qualitative research tool and outlines what it means to do embodied research at various points of the research process. It shows how using this non-invasive approach with vulnerable research participants such as migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking women can help service users or research participants to be involved in the co-production of services and in participatory research. Drawing on both feminist and post-colonial theory, the author uses her own research with migrant women in London, focusing specifically on collage making and digital storytelling, whilst also considering other potential tools for practicing embodied research such as yoga, personal diaries, dance, and mindfulness. Situating the concept of ‘embodiment’ on the map of research methodologies, the book combines theoretical groundwork with actual examples of application to think pragmatically about intersectionality through embodiment.
Weaving family connections on-and offline: the turn to networked individualism
Authors: Quan-Haase Anabel , Wang Hua , Wellman Barry , Zhang Renwen
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in family life from the perspective of older adults, and whether ICT use is helping to maintain and strengthen social ties within and across generations. Drawing on networked individualism as a conceptual and analytical model, it investigates social and network transitions affecting families and communities since the 1990s. In-depth interviews conducted in 2013–2014 with older adults from East York, Toronto, show that most of them rely more on email and less on social media and video chat. Most importantly, they still prefer spending time in person. The chapter also considers how the so-called Triple Revolution in how society operates has created opportunities for a transition to networked individualism that affects family interactions. Finally, it discusses three areas where ICTs have been integrated into family life: practices of connectivity, maintaining family ties near and far, and feelings of connectedness.
Use of communication technology to maintain intergenerational contact: toward an understanding of ‘digital solidarity’
Authors: Peng Siyun , Silverstein Merril , Suitor J. Jill , Gilligan Megan , Hwang Woosang , Nam Sangbo , Routh Brianna
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the use of communication technology (emailing and texting) for the maintenance of digital solidarity. It first considers the role of digital solidarity in the study of intergenerational solidarity, and more specifically how digital solidarity adds a new dimension to the concepts of associational solidarity and functional solidarity. It then explores the use of emailing and texting by older mothers to maintain contact with their adult children using data from two US sources and from different years (the 2008 Within-Family Differences Study and the 2016 Longitudinal Study of Generations). The demographic characteristics of mothers are discussed, along with the characteristics of their adult children and the methods used in the two studies. The results show that mothers in the 2016 sample are more likely to use communication technology with their offspring than are mothers in the 2008 sample. The chapter concludes by suggesting directions for future research.
The Future for Health Promotion
Authors: Palfrey Colin
Published: January 2019

Does health promotion have a lasting and positive effect on people? With mounting pressure to reduce costs to the NHS and increasing scepticism of the so-called nanny state, health promotion initiatives are increasingly being criticised as costly and ineffective, with many arguing that health inequalities can only be reduced through radical political and economic change. This book examines the methods used to evaluate the value of health promotion projects and determines whether attempts to change people's lifestyles have proved successful. Taking into account the practical and ethical issues involved in deciding the appropriate approach to take in efforts to reduce health inequalities, the book assesses what might be the best path forward for health promotion.
Supporting Children When Parents Separate
Authors: Murch Mervyn
Published: January 2019

After years of research and reflection on the work of the interdisciplinary family justice system this book offers a fresh approach to supporting the thousands of children every year who experience a complex form of bereavement following parental separation and divorce. This stressful family change, combined with the loss of support due to austerity cuts, can damage their education, well-being, mental health, and long-term life chances. This book argues for early preventative intervention which responds to children's worries when they first present them, without waiting until things have gone badly wrong. The book's radical proposals for reform involve a much more coordinated and joined-up approach by schools, the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. This book encourages practitioners and academics to look outside their professional silos and to see the world through the eyes of children in crisis to enable services to offer direct support in a manner and at a time when it is most needed.
How Language Works in Politics
Authors: Williams Matthew
Published: January 2019

There were more colons used in legislation in 2015 than there were words enacted in 1900. Using analysis from machine readings of all legislation enacted between 1900 and 2015, this book discusses the social impact of increasingly elastic legislative language on the contemporary workings of the British constitution. The hot-button debates of our time — from immigration to European integration, to the creeping power of judges — have, at their core, battles over what policy instructions are authoritative. The book encourages readers to connect the dots of British statecraft, and to understand how, exactly, public demands are transferred into laws that are then implemented with greater and lesser degrees of success. Crucially, it shows that vague legislation has a tremendous impact on policy delivery, disproportionately affecting the weakest, in areas including immigration, homelessness and anti-discrimination.
Derechos de los pueblos indígenas y desarrollo en la Amazonia
Authors: Loureiro Dias Camila
Published: January 2019

Este artículo trata sobre algunas cuestiones contemporâneas relativas a los pueblos indígenas en Brasil y, particularmente, en la Amazonia. Se aborda desde la situación demográfica actual, pasando por su historia reciente de conquista de derechos que les han permitido invertir el proceso de extinción, del cual habían sido víctimas a lo largo de los siglos, hasta los graves desafíos que los pueblos indígenas enfrentan actualmente en Brasil y en la Amazonia en virtud de un modelo de desarrollo que lleva vigente desde, por lo menos, la década de 1950. Y, a la luz de estos aspectos históricos, se establecen, finalmente, algunos parámetros acerca del papel que los pueblos indígenas pueden desempeñar en otro modelo de desarrollo, atento al futuro y orientado al respeto del bien común.
Potencial mineral de la Amazonia: problemas y desafíos
Authors: G. Cordani Umberto , Juliani Caetano
Published: January 2019

Los bienes minerales son imprescindibles para la humanidad desde los inicios de la civilización, y los recursos minerales serán siempre necesarios, y en una proporción cada vez mayor. La Amazonia, cerca de la mitad del territorio brasileño, representa la última frontera mineral importante del planeta. La región posee un potencial minero enorme, poco aprovechado. Se están probando nuevos modelos para la formación de depósitos minerales, existiendo la posibilidad de que en un futuro la Amazonia se caracterice como una província mineral productora de cobre, molibdeno y oro. Los principales recursos minerales que están siendo explotados, especialmente en la región de la Sierra de los Carajás, incluyen oro, cobre, níquel, manganeso y, principalmente, hierro. Por otro lado, a pesar de albergar menos del 10% de las minas brasileñas, la Amazonia es responsable de cerca del 30% del valor global de la producción mineral del país. Las actividades depredadoras de miles de garimpeiros, dispersos en áreas enormes y poco pobladas, perjudican a los ríos amazónicos y a la floresta tropical. Por otro lado, la minería organizada, que opera a gran escala, propicia grandes ingresos, aunque ocupe un reducido espacio de terreno. El caso de la Floresta de Carajás (FLONA) es emblemático donde la minería organizada y sostenible ha protegido de la deforestación a toda el área, que permanece íntegramente preservada, mientras que el entorno de la región ha sido devastado por la agricultura y la ocupación humana.
The occurrence of disinfectant and antibiotic-resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim Waleed A. , Marouf Sherif A. , Erfan Ahmed M. , Nasef Soad A. , El Jakee Jakeen K.
Published: January 2019

Aim: This work aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Organs (liver, lung, heart, yolk sac, and bone marrow) of 1500 chicken samples were collected from diseased chickens suffered from colibacillosis with PM findings as CRD, diarrhea and omphalitis from different governorates of Egypt as: Giza, EL-Bahira, Fayoum, El-Dakahlia, El-Ismalia, and El-Sharkia during 2015-2016. These samples were labeled and transported immediately on ice to the Reference laboratory for quality control on poultry production (RLQP). The samples were cultured onto MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Isolation and identification of the E. coli were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out using disk diffusion method. The PCR employing tetA, qacED1 and qacA/B were carried out for detection of these genes in isolated E.coli. Results: The prevalence of E. coli in chicken was 34%. Predominant serotypes of E. coli which serologically identified were O128, O111, O44, O158, and O2. Antibiotic susceptibility test of E. coli revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, while 73.53% and 38.23% of them were sensitive for colistin sulfate and levofloxacin, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes as tetA gene were tested for isolated E. coli and detected by incidence rate of 91.18%. qac resistance genes resembling as qacED1 and qacA/B genes were detected in isolated E. coli 70.6% and 14.7%, respectively. Conclusion: E. coli isolated from chickens in Egypt was carried qac and antibiotic-resistant genes that affect the poultry industry.
Efeito da descontinuidade estrutural na hidrogeoquímica do aquífero Barreiras no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Stein Paula , Cabral Natalina Maria Tinoco , Manoel Filho João , Lucena Leandson Roberto Fernandes
Published: January 2019

O aquífero Barreiras no campo de poços de Boa Cica, localizado no município de Nísia Floresta/RN, é composto por rochas siliciclásticas com espessura média da ordem de 65 metros. Na área estudada se encontra sobreposto a um aquitardo Mesozóico carbonático. Ambas as unidades, localmente, são interceptadas por um sistema de falhas nas direções NE-SW e NW-SE. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o entendimento da interação entre a estruturação geológica da área e as variáveis hidrogeológicas e hidrogeoquímicas do aquífero Barreiras. As descontinuidades geradas pelas falhas propiciam caminhos de fluxo preferencial através dos quais ocorrem interações das águas subterrâneas do aquitardo e do aquífero, em profundidade por fluxo vertical ascendente. Corroborando, observa-se dois grupos distintos de águas em poços captando o aquífero Barreiras: Grupo 1, com fácies cloretada sódica, típica do aquífero Barreiras; Grupo 2, com fácies bicarbonatada cálcica a magnesiana, com influência do aquitardo carbonático.
The Gut Microbiota in Causation, Detection, and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Murphy Clodagh L. , O'Toole Paul W. , Shanahan Fergus
Published: January 2019

The gut microbiota has emerged as an important consideration in clinical oncology. The role of the microbiome in cancer extends beyond causation and cancer risk. It is now known that the microbiome not only acts at a local epithelial level in the gut but also modifies immune responses within intestinal and extraintestinal tumors. Microbial signaling influences the clinical course of cancer including the efficacy, bioavailability, and toxicity of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapy agents. This has focused research on microbiota profiling in different cancer states with an aim of developing prognostic biomarkers of risk. The potential value of microbiome manipulation with live biotherapeutics or microbial transplantation has also become a realistic consideration. Maintenance of microbial diversity in patients with cancer is a variable challenge given the modifying influences of the tumor itself, chemotherapy, nutritional status, and sporadic antimicrobial therapy. Here, we address current evidence for the role of the microbiome in cancer therapy.
Noninvasive Tests for Prognosticating Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease in Pregnancy: Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Kushner Tatyana , Sarkar Monika , Tran Tram
Published: January 2019

Rates of cirrhosis and pregnancy in women of reproductive age are increasing, making pregnancy-specific prognostic markers of disease severity increasingly important. Gonsalkorala et al. describe albumin-bilirubin score and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index as superior prognostic tools to the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score in predicting live births and gestation beyond 37 weeks in pregnant women with cirrhosis, among 165 pregnancies in women with chronic liver disease. However, further efforts are needed to identify diagnostic and prognostic tools during pregnancy, as well as to refine and implement a multidisciplinary team-centered approach to the care of women with chronic liver disease during pregnancy.
War Noir
Authors: Trott Sarah
Published: January 2019

Hard-boiled writer Raymond Chandler created his detective Philip Marlowe not as the idealisation of heroic individualism as is commonly perceived, but as an authentic individual subjected to real psychological frailties resulting from his traumatic experiences during World War One. Marlowe’s characterisation goes beyond the traditional chivalric readings and can instead be interpreted as an authentic representation of a traumatised veteran in American society. Substituting the horror of the trenches for the corruption of the city, Chandler’s disillusioned protagonist and his representation of an uncaring American society resonate strongly with the dislocation of the Lost Generation. Consequently, it is profitable to consider Chandler as both a generic writer and a genuine literary figure. This book re-examines important primary documents highlighting extensive discrepancies in existing biographical narratives of Chandler’s war experience, and unveils an account that is significantly different from that of his biographers. Utilizing psychological behavioural interpretation to interrogate Chandler’s novels demonstrates the variety of post-traumatic symptoms that tormented Chandler and his protagonist. A close reading of his personal papers reveals the war trauma subconsciously encoded in Marlowe’s characterisation. This conflation of the hard-boiled style and war experience – a war noir – has influenced many contemporary crime writers, particularly in the traumatic aftermath of the Vietnam War. This work offers a new understanding of Chandler’s traumatic war experience, how that experience established the traditional archetype of detective fiction, and how this reading of his work allows Chandler to transcend generic limitations to be recognised as a key twentieth century literary figure.