bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Luminescence Properties of Organic Thin Films Obtained by Vacuum Deposition of Poly(p-phenylene) Synthesized by Various Chemical Methods
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Asakura Toshihide
Published: August 2006

Various organic thin films were obtained by vacuum deposition of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) synthesized by three different methods: Grignard coupling of p-dibromobenzene (PPP-Y), and two kinds of oxidative cationic polymerization of benzene (PPP-K by a CuCl2–AlCl3 system and PPP-T by a CuCl–AlCl3–O2 system). The IR absorption band at 760 cm−1, which is attributed to a mono-substituted benzene ring, was stronger for the PPP thin films than that for the original PPP. The deposited thin films were partially soluble in THF and chloroform. The electronic absorption spectra of the PPP-K and the PPP-T thin film solutions had shoulders near 410 nm, while that of the PPP-Y film did not. The emission spectra had a peak at 375 nm for the PPP-K and the PPP-Y solutions. In contrast, the PPP-T solution had emission peaks at 465 and ca. 500 nm in addition to a peak at 380 nm, and the excitation spectrum for the peak at 465 nm was quite different from that for the peak at 380 nm. As for thin films, the PPP-K and the PPP-Y had emission peaks at 400—500 nm, while the PPP-T had an emission peak at 615 nm in addition to the peaks at 400—500 nm. The difference in the emission spectra is discussed in terms of the difference in contaminating by-products in the corresponding PPP.
Phosphate Ion Binding to α-Chymotrypsin
Authors: Ishimura Miyuki , Uedaira Hisashi
Published: August 2006

The spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of 31P in α-chymotrypsin phosphate buffer solutions were measured as a function of the buffer concentration. The absorption isotherm of phosphate ions was obtained from the concentration dependence of 1/T1. The value of the equilibrium constant and the number of saturate sites were 66 and 42.
Effect of Temperature on Aggregation Structure of LB Film
Authors: Tone Seiji , Kunitake Masashi , Uchida Motoko , Kunitake Toyoki , Kajiyama Tisato
Published: August 2006

Molecular assembly of polymerizable amphiphile ([2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl][10-[N-[1,3-bis(hexadecyloxycarbonyl)propyl]carbanoyl]decyl]dimethylammonium bromide, designated as dihexadecyl N-[11-[[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethylammonio]undecanoyl]glutamate bromide, 2C16–l-Glu–C11N+Ac) in the LB film was investigated in the temperature range above and below of the crystal–liquid crystal phase transition on the basis of wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements. The crystal–liquid crystal phase transition temperature, Tc was determined to be 323 k based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The LB film was in the form of highly oriented bilayer lamella and hexagonally assembled cylinder (rod) structure below and above Tc of the LB film, respectively. The hexagonally assembled cylinder structure above Tc may be formed due to the reason why a hydrophobic part occupies much larger cross-sectional area in comparison with that of a hydrophilic part above Tc. The change of bilayer lamella-hexagonally assembled cylinder was thermally reversible beyond Tc.
A Major Factor Controlling the SERS Band Intensity of Pyridine Adsorbed on a Silver Electrode
Authors: Saito Hiroshi
Published: August 2006

SERS intensity of pyridine has been examined as a function of the amount of charge necessary for the formation of Ag atom during the ORC procedure in each of several electrolytes. The amount of the reduction charge was controlled so as to hold a constant value of around 50 mC cm−2. Although the efficiency of charge recovery in the reduction process with nonhalide ion was very poor compared with chloride ion, intense SERS bands as large as in the case of chloride ion were found even in the case of nonhalide ion.
Determination of Total Phosphorus in Biological Samples by Flow Injection Analysis with Spectrophotometric Detection
Authors: Munaf Edison , Hu Wenzhi , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: August 2006

Flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection has been developed for the determination of phosphorus in biological samples. Potassium peroxodisulfate was used as an oxidizing reagent with aid of a platinum wire as the catalyst, and organophosphorous compounds were converted to orthophosphate which reacted with ammonium molybdate in the presence of ascorbic acid to form the molybdenum blue complex. The absorbance of the complex was detected at 880 nm.
Analysis of Trace Moisture in HCl by Gas-Phase FTIR
Authors: Miyazaki Keiji , Ogawara Yoshimasa , Kimura Takako
Published: August 2006

Calibration of moisture in HCl in the sub-ppm range was performed by gas-phase FTIR spectroscopy, giving a linear correlation between infrared absorbance and the moisture concentration. Minimum detectability was estimated to be 30 ppb with 5-min scan time at 2 cm−1 spectral resolution at 1.6 kg cm−2 pressure, using an InSb detector and an 8-m-pathlength gas cell.
Formation of Carbon Films from C2H6–H2 by ECR Plasma CVD by Application of a Negative DC Bias
Authors: Maruyama Kazunori , Kamata Kiichiro , Yamamoto Masaki , Morinaga Toshiyuki , Kuchitsu Kozo
Published: August 2006

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were prepared from a C2H6–H2 system by ECR plasma CVD. A negative DC bias ranging 0 — −200 V applied to the ECR system induced an additional DC discharge to give an abrupt increase in the emission intensity of plasma beyond −110 V bias, where a soft (micro Vickers hardness of about 2 GPa) but flat surface with fine grains was formed.
Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds by Carbon monoxide and Water with Rh6(CO)16 Catalyst under Mild Conditions
Authors: Joh Takashi , Fujiwara Keisuke , Takahashi Shigetoshi
Published: August 2006

By controlling such factors as the concentration of water and amine, the carbon–carbon double bond of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds could be selectively hydrogenated under mild water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) conditions using a Rh6(CO)16–Et3N catalyst system. The reaction proceeded at room temperature under atmospheric pressure of CO.
Synergic Extraction of Lanthanoids(III) with 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione in the Presence of 1,10-Phenanthroline or 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Nakamura Shigeto , Suzuki Nobuo
Published: August 2006

The synergic extraction of various tervalent lanthanoids (Ln(III)), La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Yb, and Lu, with 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thieny1)-1,3-butanedione (Htta) in the presence of a bidentate heterocyclic amine, 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp), in benzene was investigated. In the phen system, a synergic enhancement occurred by the formation of the adducts, Ln(tta)3phen; the higher adduct, Ln(tta)3(phen)2, was found for La and Ce. In the dmp system, the formation of only one adduct, Ln(tta)3dmp, was observed. The values of the adduct formation constants (βs,1) for phen increase with increasing atomic number of Ln(III); those for dmp, however, decrease with increasing atomic number of Ln(III) and were lower than those for phen.
[2+3]-Type Addition Reactions of Benzocyclobutadiene with Nitrone Derivatives. Formation of Oxazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Saito Katsuhiro , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Sakura Michihito , Takahashi Kensuke
Published: August 2006

The reactions of benzocyclobutadiene with nitrone derivatives afforded oxazolidine derivatives through endo- and exo-[2+3]-type cycloadditions. The main formations of the endo-type adducts were explained by secondary orbital interactions in the transition states.
Ruthenium Catalyzed Dimerization of Trimethysilylacetylene to 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)butatriene and Its Isomerization to (Z)-1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-buten-3-yne
Authors: Wakatsuki Yasuo , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kumegawa Nami , Johar Perminder S
Published: August 2006

Trimethylsilylacetylene was catalytically dimerized by Ru(cod)(cot)/PR3 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, cot = cyclooctatriene) to give either Me3SiCH=C=C=CHSiMe3 when PR3 = PPh3 or (Z)-Me3SiCH=CH–C≡CSiMe3 when PR3 = PBun3, the latter being formed by stereoselective isomerization of initially formed (Z)-Me3SiCH=C=C=CHSiMe3.
A Facile Preparation of Lithium Selenocarboxylates
Authors: Kojima Yoshihiro , Ibi Kazumasa , Kanda Takahiro , Ishihara Hideharu , Murai Toshiaki , Kato Shinzi
Published: August 2006

A series of lithium selenocarboxylates 2 were synthesized in good yields by the direct reaction of acyl chlorides with lithium selenide. The salts 2 were soluble in ether and tetrahydrofuran and readily reacted with alkyl iodides to give the corresponding Se-alkyl esters in quantitative yields.
Molecular Assemblies of Functional Molecules on Gold Electrode Surfaces Studied by Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Relationship between Function and Adlayer Structures
Authors: Yoshimoto Soichiro
Published: August 2006

In this research, molecular assembly and function of aromatic thiols, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and fullerenes on gold single crystal surfaces was studied by electrochemical methods and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Surface functions of promoter molecules such as pyridinethiols, pyrimidinethiols, and benzenethiol for cytochrome c electrochemistry were characterized by electrochemical techniques. Adlayer structures of those molecules were investigated by in situ STM, and molecular orientations for each molecule on the Au surfaces were clarified at molecular level. Adlayers of porphyrins and phthalocyanines for electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen were examined to elucidate the relationship between activity and adlayer structure. Stable two-dimensional arrays of cobalt porphyrins indicated two-electron reduction of O2 to H2O2, whereas two-step four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O occurred because of highly mobile porphyrinatoiron molecules on the surface. Furthermore, well-defined adlayers of crown-substituted phthalocyanine for host–guest interface and binary array consisting of porphyrin and phthalocyanine for the design of supramolecular nanoarchitectures were clearly visualized by STM. Finally, a unique approach for controlling molecular orientation was found by the formation of supramolecular assemblies consisting of porphyrin and fullerene. The electrochemical redox reaction of carbonyl and ferrocene moieties was promoted by using the simple method for the construction of a 1:1 supramolecular assembled film consisting of C60 derivative and octaethylporphyrinatometal on Au single crystal surfaces.
Theoretical Study of Electronic Structures of [Peroxoporphinato]manganate [Mn(P)(O2)]− Anion
Authors: Yoshioka Yasunori , Sano Hideaki , Mitani Masaki
Published: August 2006

Geometries and electronic structures of the quintet and septet states of the [Mn(P)(O2)]− (P: porphinato) anion were theoretically investigated. Four local minimum geometries with two side-on additions of O2 to MnP, 1 (5B2) and 3 (7A2), and two end-on additions of O2, 2 (5A″) and 4 (5A′), were found. One of the side-on forms, 1, corresponds to that observed by X-ray crystallographic study. 3 is a septet state with higher spin than the quintet states of 1, 2, and 4. Each of the two end-on forms has the corresponding transition state with the side-on geometry. Energy differences among 1, 2, and 3 are less than 1 kcal mol−1. The electronic structures of four local minimum states were essentially different. 1 has an electronic structure presented as [MnIII(O22−)]−. 2 has antiferromagnetically coupled diradical character presented by the formal chemical formula of [MnII•(O2•−)]−. 3 has ferromagnetically coupled diradical character. 4 is presented by [MnII(O2−)]−.
Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase in Salmon Egg Cell Cytoplasm with Fluorescence Detection of Enzymatic Activity and Zinc Detection by ICP-MS in Relation to Metallomics Research
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Sugita Masaru , Takatani Kohei , Matsuura Hirotaka , Umemura Tomonari , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: August 2006

Assay of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in salmon egg cell cytoplasm was performed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with fluorescence detection of enzymatic activity and element-selective detection of zinc by ICP-MS, where 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4-MUP) was used as the substrate for the enzymatic reaction of ALP. Two peaks were observed at retention times of ca. 21 and 27 min in the fluorescence-detected SEC chromatogram for salmon egg cell cytoplasm diluted 10-fold with 0.1 M Tris-HNO3 buffer solution, corresponding to the molecular weights (MWs) of ≥300 and 100 kDa, respectively. On the other hand, in the 66Zn-detected chromatogram for the same sample, a broad peak with a shoulder on the side of longer retention time was observed at ca. 21 min (MW≥300 kDa). When salmon egg cell cytoplasm was diluted 10-fold with pure water or 0.01 M Tris-HNO3 buffer solution, precipitation occurred. The supernatant obtained after filtration produced only one clear peak at a retention time of ca. 27 min in the fluorescence-detected chromatogram, at which the peak corresponding to zinc was also observed in the Zn-detected chromatogram. Therefore, the peak near 27 min was assigned to hydrophilic ALP in the salmon egg cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, the concentration of hydrophilic ALP (MW ca. 100 kDa) in the salmon egg cell cytoplasm was about 350 ng g−1, which was determined as an E. coli ALP-equivalent concentration by fluorescence intensity measurements.
Great Enhancement in the Oxidation Ability of Dilute Nitric Acid in Nanoscale Water-Droplets of Reverse Micelle Systems
Authors: Hojo Masashi , Ueda Tadaharu , Daike Chihiro , Takezaki Fumiko , Furuya Yumi , Miyamoto Kiyomi , Narutaki Akio , Kato Ryosuke
Published: August 2006

In reverse micelle systems, a large enhancement of the oxidation ability of dilute nitric acid was discovered, and its oxidation mechanism was explored. The Br− ion in the surfactant, CTAB, was oxidized to Br2 (or Br3−) in the CHCl3/CTAB/H2O reverse micelle system with W = 1.0–4.0 by diluted nitric acid (0.25–2.5 mol dm−3 in 1.0 vol % H2O portion) at 15–40 °C where CTAB stands for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the W value is the ratio of [H2O]/[surfactant]. At higher concentrations of nitric acid and temperatures, faster reactions occurred. Otherwise, long reaction times were needed, e.g., 10 h for 1.0 mol dm−3 HNO3 at 25 °C. Light or ambient oxygen did not appear to affect the reaction. The ratio of produced Br2 or (Br3−) to the initial amount of HNO3 indicated the following reaction scheme: 2HNO3 + 2Br− → Br2 + NO2− + NO3− + H2O. The nitroyl ion (or nitronium ion), NO2+, was proposed as the intermediate active species. The addition of HClO4 as a proton source caused the complete reduction of N(V) as follows: NO3− + 6H+ + 5e− → 1/2N2 + 3H2O. The hydrogen-bonding structure of H2O in the CTAB or CTAC (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride) micelle system was found to be distorted, compared to that in bulk water, by the 1H NMR chemical shift of H2O. The change in 1H NMR chemical shift also demonstrated the consumption of protons during the oxidation of Br−, but not of Cl−, by dilute HNO3.
Palladium(II) and Palladium(II)–Platinum(II) Mixed Metal Complexes with Mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazolate
Authors: Tannai Hidenori , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Sasaki Yoichi
Published: August 2006

Mononuclear and dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazolate were prepared by reacting [Pd(OH)(terpy)](PF6) with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (Hamct) and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (H2dmct). The reaction of [Pd(OH)(terpy)](PF6) and [Pt(Hdmct)(terpy)](PF6) resulted in the formation of the Pd(II)–Pt(II) heterometallic complex [{Pd(terpy)}(μ-dmct-S,S′){Pt(terpy)}](PF6)2, which showed that dmct2− can be utilized to prepare rationally heterometallic systems. Crystal structure analysis of the complexes showed that the ligands coordinate to the Pd(II) and Pt(II) centers by their mercapto groups in a κ1S coordination mode. The electronic spectra, redox properties, and molecular orbitals of the palladium complexes have been compared to those of Pt(II) congeners that we reported previously. The properties of a Pd(II)–Pt(II) mixed metal complex were elucidated based on the properties of each metal center.
Scavenging Effect of Precipitation on Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Atmosphere
Authors: Sato Emi , Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Okochi Hiroshi , Igawa Manabu
Published: August 2006

Hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are usually found in rainwater with higher concentrations than the values determined from Henry’s law partitioning. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that dissolved organic compounds, such as humic acids, act as cosolvents to solubilize the VOCs. Wet removal by rainfall is a significant sink of trace VOCs.
Crystalline Polymorphism of Bis[o-semibenzoquinonediimine(1−)]platinum(II)
Authors: Konno Yosuke , Matsushita Nobuyuki
Published: August 2006

A platinum complex with a non-innocent ligand, [PtII(L)2] (1), where L is o-semibenzoquinonediimine monoanion, has two polymorphs. In one polymorph, molecules related by translation are arranged in the same orientation along the c axis, while in the other, molecules related by a c-glide plane are aligned alternately in different orientation.
Photoreactivity of Tetra-Substituted Anthracene Derivatives and Their Mesophases
Authors: Yanagimoto Yasushi , Takaguchi Yutaka , Tsuboi Sadao , Ichihara Masahiro , Ohta Kazuchika
Published: August 2006

Novel tetra-substituted anthracene derivatives were synthesized, and their liquid crystallinities were characterized by using polarizing optical microscopy, DSC, and XRD. Although photodimerization of the anthracene derivatives proceed quantitatively upon irradiation with high-pressure mercury lamp in chloroform, the photoirradiation of the mesophases of these derivatives did not yield the corresponding photodimers. XRD analysis of the mesophases showed unusual stacking of anthracene moieties, which have insufficient orbital overlap. Structural analysis is consistent with the photoreactivity.
Lewis Base-Catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement of Silyl Enolates Generated from α-Allyloxy Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: August 2006

Lewis base-catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy carbonyl compounds is described. The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy ketones proceeded smoothly by using a Lewis base catalyst, such as lithio or sodio 2-pyrrolidone, in DMF at room temperature without an accompanying [3,3]-Claisen rearrangement. The nature of the catalyst determines the pathway to proceed either by [2,3]-Wittig or [3,3]-Claisen rearrangement. In addition [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy esters was tried. It was found that ammonium carboxylates, such as 4-methoxybenzoate, effectively promoted the reaction to afford the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement product in good yield. This is the first example of the Lewis base-catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy carbonyl compounds.
Synthesis and Structures of 9-Triptycylallene Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Kobayashi Yuriko , Ono Kasumi , Yano Emiko , Minoura Mao , Mazaki Yasuhiro
Published: August 2006

9-Triptycylallene (1) was synthesized by LiAlH4 reduction of 1-(9-triptycyl)-2-propynyl methanesulfonate (7), and three 3-substituted derivatives of 1 were also obtained by reacting compound 7 with appropriate metal reagents. LiAlH4 reduction of 1,3-di(9-triptycyl)-2-propynyl methanesulfonate (10) gave 1,3-di(9-triptycyl)propyne (12). The molecular structures of some of the allenes and of the propyne were determined by X-ray crystallography. As well, the allenes and some of the related compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Fluorescein-Labeled Circular G-Quadruplex
Authors: Zhou Tianyan , Wang Yifan , Li Xinming , Zhang Qiang , Li Tianhu
Published: August 2006

A fluorescein-labeled circular G-quadruplex was readily synthesized chemically using a linear G-rich precursor. Hydrolysis tests and fluorescence spectroscopic examination confirmed that the product in our investigation has a circular backbone and possesses a fluorescein moiety.
A Novel Recovery Method for Treating Wastewater Containing Fluoride and Fluoroboric Acid
Authors: Itakura Takeshi , Sasai Ryo , Itoh Hideaki
Published: August 2006

A new treatment method for wastewater containing concentrated fluoride and fluoroborate ions by hydrothermal treatment were developed. The treatment is an earth-mimetic method to produce natural minerals by hydrothermal treatment with Ca(OH)2 as a mineralizer. Results of various analyses of the precipitate indicated that the recovered minerals were Ca2B2O5·H2O (parasibirskite) and CaF2 (fluorite). By optimizing the conditions, it was possible to recover more than 98 percent of the boron and 99.9 percent of the fluorine from model wastewater samples containing fluoride (7000 mg L−1) and fluoroborate (8000 mg L−1) ions. Moreover, in the case of fluoroborate ions, the present treatment simultaneously caused the decomposition of the fluoroborate ion, the formation of each minerals, and the preventation of redissolution of parasibirskite. Therefore, the present hydrothermal mineralization treatment with the Ca(OH)2 mineralizer is an effective technique to recover boron and fluorine from wastewater.
Enhanced Oxygen Permeation through a Porous Glass Membrane Containing Phthalocyanato– and Porphyrinato–Cobalt Complexes as an Oxygen Carrier
Authors: Preethi Nalinakumari , Shinohara Hiromi , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: August 2006

The pore surface of a porous glass membrane was modified with phthalocyanato- and tetraphenylporphyrinato-1-(benzylimidazole)cobalt(II) complexes, which specifically and reversibly binds molecular oxygen from air. The lower oxygen-binding affinity enhanced surface oxygen diffusion which improved permeability (3.0 × 10−11 kmol m s−1 m−2 kPa−1) and (oxygen/nitrogen) permselectivity (10).
Concise Synthesis of (±)-γ-Indomycinone
Authors: Hsu Day-Shin , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: August 2006

The first total synthesis of (±)-γ-indomycinone (2) has been accomplished starting from juglone (5) in nine steps, including Diels–Alder reaction of 5 and diene 6 and the formal 6-endo-dig cyclization of alkynone 3 as the key steps.
N-Methylporphyrin as a Binding Motif for the Recognition of a Phenolic Hydroxy Group
Authors: Kotomari Satoshi , Yoshikawa Tsukasa , Mizutani Tadashi , Takagi Hideki
Published: August 2006

Binding of phenols to N-methyltetraphenylporphyrin 1 was investigated in dichloromethane. The binding constant of 4-nonylphenol to 1 was 3200 M−1 while that to simple amine, diamine and triamine were less than 100 M−1 at 25 °C. 1 showed tight binding to ortho-substituted phenols, and the binding constant to 2,6-xylenol was 710,000 M−1.
Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-substituted Anthracenes: Realization of Ideal Conformation for σ–π Conjugation Involving Eclipse of Si–Si σ-Bond with p-Orbital of Aromatic Ring
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Oda Katsunari , Bando Tomoaki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: August 2006

Synthesis and X-ray diffraction analysis of 9- and 9,10-tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl (TTMSS)-substituted anthracenes were carried out to disclose that one of the Si–Si σ-bonds in the TTMSS-substituted anthracenes were perpendicular to the aromatic rings. The introduction of the TTMSS groups induced red shift of UV absorption and fluorescence emission maxima as compared with the parent and 9-pentamethyldisilanylated anthracenes. Theoretical calculation suggests LUMO levels of the TTMSS-substituted anthracenes are lowered by σ*–π* orbital interaction.
Arsenic Removal by Hydroxyapatite-based Ceramics
Authors: Nakahira Atsushi , Okajima Toshihiro , Honma Tetsuo , Yoshioka Satoshi , Tanaka Isao
Published: August 2006

The removal of arsenic in geothermal water was carried out by using hydroxyapatite-based materials including the industrial waste, such as bovine bone and hydroxyapatite modified by a solid solution with SiO2 (SiAp). The existence of arsenic in hydroxyapatite was examined by XANES measurements. The use of these hydroxyapatite-based materials results in a significantly lower environmental loading approach in order to purify arsenic contamination of drinking well waters.
Ce and Y Local Structures of High-performance ZrO2 Composites Codoped with Ce and Y for Implant Applications
Authors: Nakahira Atsushi , Murakami Takayuki , Ohta Mitsuhiko , Honma Tetsuo , Kudo Takahiro
Published: August 2006

12Ce–ZrO2 (containing 12 mol %CeO2)-based composites with the addition of 3Y–ZrO2 (containing 3 mol %Y2O3) were fabricated by the sintering at 1400 °C and post-HIP treatment at 1350 °C. These composites possessed the high strength and fracture toughness. Their local structures of Ce-K, Y-K, and Zr-K edges for these 12Ce–ZrO2/3Y–ZrO2 composites were examined by XAFS measurements.
Phosphodiesterase Activity of Ec DOS, a Heme-regulated Enzyme from Escherichia coli, toward 3′,5′-Cyclic Diguanylic Acid Is Obviously Enhanced by O2 and CO Binding
Authors: Takahashi Hiroto , Shimizu Toru
Published: August 2006

3′,5′-Cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) is emerging as an important bacterial intracellular signaling molecule. Both the Fe(III) and Fe(II) heme complexes of Ec DOS, a heme-bound PAS sensor enzyme from Escherichia coli, have phosphodiesterase activity toward c-di-GMP (27 and 61 min−1, respectively) and that the activity of the Fe(II) heme complex is obviously enhanced by the binding of either O2 (126 min−1) or CO (143 min−1). Therefore, Ec DOS appears to be a novel type of gas sensor enzyme.
Proton-conducting Ordered Mesostructured Silica Monoliths
Authors: Xiong Liangming , Nogami Masayuki
Published: August 2006

Ordered mesostructured silica monoliths (OMSMs) were prepared and after synthesis processed by a deep-UV irradiation to selectively oxidize their surfactants, and the UV-treated monolith exhibited a proton conductivity of 9.1 × 10−3 S cm−1, much higher than that of the calcined monolith, via the first investigation into their AC impedance responses.
Direct Detection of Redox Reactions of Sulfur-containing Compounds on Ferrite Nanoparticle (FP) Surface
Authors: Nishio Kosuke , Gokon Nobuyuki , Tsubouchi Shingo , Ikeda Morihito , Narimatsu Hiroki , Sakamoto Satoshi , Izumi Yasuo , Abe Masanori , Handa Hiroshi
Published: August 2006

Direct observation of sulfur sites for sulfur-containing compounds (cysteine and its oxidative derivatives) on ferrite nanoparticles (FP) was performed by X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements. XANES spectra of cysteine derivatives conjugated with FP indicated that redox reactions occurred on the FP surface. Cysteine was completely oxidized to cystine and cysteinesulfinic acid and cysteic acid were partially reduced. These studies revealed that the FP surface should possess both an oxidation and reduction reactive center for sulfur-containing functional groups.
Eine sichere verteilte Marktplattform für zukunftsfähige Energiesysteme (A Distributed and Secure Market Plattform for Future Energy Systems)
Authors: Eßer Anke , Raabe Oliver , Rolli Daniel , Schöller Marcus
Published: August 2006

Die natürlichen Ressourcen der Erde verknappen sich angesichts des Wachstums der Weltwirtschaft drastisch. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt gerade die Gestaltung zukunftsfähiger Energiesysteme eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Im Projekt SESAM wird unter der Prämisse, dass ein internetbasierter Markt, der einem offenen, liberalisierten Modell folgt, letztlich auch der beste Garant für einen ressourcenschonenden Energieeinsatz ist, die Vision eines zukunftsfähigen Energiesystems entworfen. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst die Rahmenbedingungen dieses Marktes vorgestellt und daran anschließend wird die ökonomische sowie rechtliche Ausgestaltung des Marktes präsentiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Beschreibung der notwendigen Informations- und Kommunikationsinfrastruktur.
PREMIUM: Preis- und Erlösmodelle im Internet – Umsetzung und Marktchancen (PREMIUM: Price and Revenue Model on the Internet)
Authors: Skiera Bernd
Published: August 2006

Ziel des interdisziplinären Projekts PREMIUM (PReis- und ErlösModelle im Internet — Umsetzung und Marktchancen) ist die Zusammenführung von ökonomischen und informatischen Erkenntnissen zu einer umfassenden Analyse von Erlös- und Preismodellen in der Internetökonomie. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Vorgehensweise und die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse des Projekts.
intermedia – Struktureller Wandel der Intermediation in der Medienbranche (intermedia – Structural Change of Intermediation in the Media Industry)
Authors: Hess Thomas
Published: August 2006

Medienunternehmen sind potenziell mehr als Unternehmen jeder anderen Branche durch neue Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien tangiert. Bereits das schmalbandige und nur stationär verfügbare Internet der ersten Generation hat Spuren in der Medienbranche hinterlassen. Neue Unternehmen haben sich am Markt etabliert, die Aufgaben klassischer Anbieter auf sich gezogen, teilweise ganz neue Angebote kreiert. Potenziell sind die vom Internet der zweiten Generation ausgehenden Veränderungen in der Medienbranche wesentlich größer. Die breitbandige Übertragung erschließt dem Online-Kanal nun auch die Medientypen Audio und Video. Aus diesem Grund gibt es kein Unternehmen der Medienbranche, das sich aktuell nicht mit den strategischen Auswirkungen des Internets der zweiten Generation beschäftigt. Das Projekt intermedia analysiert dessen möglichen Auswirkungen auf die so genannten Inhalte-Intermediäre der Medienbranche in zehn Teilprojekten der Disziplinen Betriebswirtschaft, Informatik und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Der Beitrag gibt anhand dreier allgegenwärtiger Phänomene einen Einblick in Arbeit und Zwischenergebnisse des Projektes. Zum einen wird die Logik der Konvergenz von Plattformen und der Divergenz von Endgeräten erläutert. Des Weiteren wird argumentiert, warum es zukünftig zu einer weiteren horizontalen Integration der Medienunternehmen kommt. Zuletzt wird auf die Notwendigkeit umsichtiger und sozial verträglicher Strategien bei der Personalisierung von Inhalten hingewiesen.
Generierung von Webanwendungen für das Innovationsmanagement (Generating Web Applications for the Management of Innovations)
Authors: Jakob Mihály , Kaiser Fabian , Schwarz Holger , Beucker Severin
Published: August 2006

Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über das vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) im Schwerpunktprogramm Internetökonomie geförderte Forschungsprojekt nova-net: Innovation in der Internetökonomie. Neben dem Forschungsrahmen und den Forschungsfeldern zur Unterstützung nachhaltiger Innovationsprozesse wird insbesondere auf die Methodenentwicklung und deren informationstechnische Umsetzung im Themenfeld Trendmonitoring im Szenariomanagement eingegangen. Im Mittelpunkt steht hierbei die Erläuterung des Szenario-Management-Frameworks SEMAFOR im Zusammenhang mit einer neu entwickelten Methode zur Entwicklung von Szenarien, sowie deren Umsetzung mittels des Webanwendungsgenerators WAgen.
Hybridität – Ein Muster zur ökonomischen Nutzung des Internets (Hybrid Design – A Pattern for the Economic Use of the Internet)
Authors: Grob Heinz Lothar , Brocke Jan vom
Published: August 2006

Die meisten Unternehmen sind heute damit konfrontiert, das Internet in ihre routinemäßige Geschäftstätigkeit zu integrieren. Internetökonomie ist daher a priori als eine Ökonomie der Integration internet- und nicht-internetbasierter Phänomene zu betrachten. Die besondere praktische Herausforderung besteht darin, das Nebeneinander “alter” und “neuer” Regeln genauer zu ergründen. Eine theoretische Fundierung hierfür bieten Arbeiten zur Hybridität. In diesem Beitrag wird “Hybridität” als Muster formuliert und zur Gestaltung eines internetbasierten Kommunikationssystems zur Netzwerkbildung angewendet.
Echtzeit Ray Tracing und Interaktive Globale Beleuchtungssimulation (Realtime Ray Tracing and Interactive Global Illumination)
Authors: Wald Ingo
Published: August 2006

Interaktive 3D-Graphik basiert heutzutage fast ausschließlich auf dem Rasterisierungsverfahren, welches aber in Hinblick auf Bildqualität zunehmend an seine Grenzen stößt. Eine Alternative zur Rasterisierung ist das Ray Tracing, welches zwar allgemein für bessere Bildqualität bekannt ist, aufgrund hoher Rechenanforderungen aber bisher im Allgemeinen als unvereinbar mit interaktiver Performanz galt. Im Rahmen der Dissertation werden mehrere neue Verfahren vorgestellt, die es erstmalig ermöglichen, auch auf Standard-PCs und PC Clustern Echtzeit Ray Tracing zu realisieren, und dies insbesondere auch für die interaktive globale Beleuchtungssimulation zu verwenden.
Epidemiologic Features of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Belgian Children: Passive Surveillance Is Not Enough
Authors: Vergison Anne , Tuerlinckx David , Verhaegen Jan , Malfroot Anne ,   for the Belgian Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Study Group
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Reliable epidemiologic surveillance of infectious diseases is important for making rational choices for public health issues such as vaccination strategies. In Belgium, as in most European countries, surveillance relies on voluntary passive reporting from microbiology laboratories; therefore, reported incidence rates are probably inaccurate.

METHODS. We conducted national, active, laboratory-based and clinically based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children.

RESULTS. During the study period, the incidences of invasive pneumococcal disease in children <2 years of age (104.4 cases per 105 person-years and 16.1 cases per 105 person-years for invasive pneumococcal disease and meningitis, respectively) and in children 0 to 59 months of age (59.5 cases per 105 person-years for invasive pneumococcal disease and 7.7 cases per 105 person-years for meningitis) were twice those reported previously through the passive surveillance system. Overall, 67% of the Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from children <5 years of age belonged to 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes and 18% to vaccine-related serotypes (mainly serotype 19A). Erythromycin resistance was frequent, especially among children <2 years of age (59%).

CONCLUSIONS. Under-reporting can explain the reported low incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in countries (such as Belgium) that depend on a passive epidemiologic surveillance system, which could lead to erroneous choices in vaccination policies. There is a need for an active system of epidemiologic surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases such as invasive pneumococcal disease, at the national or European level.
Visual Implant Elastomer and Anchor Tag Retention in Largemouth Bass
Authors: Hartman Kyle J. , Janney Eric C.
Published: August 2006

We double-marked largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides with Floy FD-68B anchor tags and visible implant elastomer (VIE) marks before stocking to compare retention of the two marks for age-0 (178 mm total length (TL)) and age-1 (273 mm TL) largemouth bass. In a short-term (31-d) evaluation, retention rate of anchor tags was over 94% for each age-class and retention of VIE marks was 98% in both age-classes. In a longer-term comparison of fish stocked into the Ohio River, retention was substantially higher for VIE marks (92.9%) than for anchor tags (42.9%) after 403 d (ages combined). Although anchor tags had high retention in two sizes of largemouth bass during the short-term experiment, they should not be used in situations where accurate identification of marked fish is required for periods longer than 123 d.
Effect of Different Reward Levels on Tag Reporting Rates and Behavior of Common Snook Anglers in Southeast Florida
Authors: Taylor Ronald G. , Whittington James A. , Pine William E. , Pollock Kenneth H.
Published: August 2006

Based on the high-reward tagging method, we determined that reporting rates by recreational anglers for tagged common snook Centropomus undecimalis along the Atlantic coast of Florida were approximately 60–70%. Additionally, we found that angler reporting rates were influenced by the use of high-reward tags. To estimate reporting rates, we tagged 989 common snook (range = 600–1,132 mm total length) with internal anchor tags that bore one of eight variable-reward messages (the word “Reward” with or without a specified monetary amount from US$5 to $200) during the summer closed-harvest season of 1995. Approximately equal numbers and sizes of fish were tagged in each reward group. The $200 reward was assumed to be sufficient to elicit a reporting rate of 100%. Return rates during the first year were quite variable and ranged from 13.7% for $5 tags to 25.0% for $25 tags, while the $200 tags had a return rate of 18.7%. Return rates generally increased with increasing reward amount, reaching an asymptotic value at approximately $75 in year 1 and $100 in year 2, above which return rates did not change. In subsequent years, angler behavior appeared to change, as indicated by decreases in the reporting rate of unspecified “Reward” message tags and an increase in the asymptote of the reward level–return rate relationship. This may indicate that angler reporting behavior changed due to the use of high-reward tags. The results from this experiment will facilitate the deconstruction of total mortality into fishing and natural mortality components derived from tagging programs. They also provide insight into angler behavior related to the design and use of high-reward tagging programs to elicit tag returns.
Improving the Design of Acoustic and Midwater Trawl Surveys through Stratification, with an Application to Lake Michigan Prey Fishes
Authors: Adams Jean V. , Argyle Ray L. , Fleischer Guy W. , Curtis Gary L. , Stickel Richard G.
Published: August 2006

Reliable estimates of fish biomass are vital to the management of aquatic ecosystems and their associated fisheries. Acoustic and midwater trawl surveys are an efficient sampling method for estimating fish biomass in large bodies of water. To improve the precision of biomass estimates from combined acoustic and midwater trawl surveys, sampling effort should be optimally allocated within each stage of the survey design. Based on information collected during fish surveys, we developed an approach to improve the design of combined acoustic and midwater trawl surveys through stratification. Geographic strata for acoustic surveying and depth strata for midwater trawling were defined using neighbor-restricted cluster analysis, and the optimal allocation of sampling effort for each was then determined. As an example, we applied this survey stratification approach to data from lakewide acoustic and midwater trawl surveys of Lake Michigan prey fishes. Precision of biomass estimates from surveys with and without geographic stratification was compared through resampling. Use of geographic stratification with optimal sampling allocation reduced the variance of Lake Michigan acoustic biomass estimates by 77%. Stratification and optimal allocation at each stage of an acoustic and midwater trawl survey should serve to reduce the variance of the resulting biomass estimates.
Capture Efficiencies of Two Hook Types and Associated Injury and Mortality of Juvenile Muskellunge Angled with Live Baitfish
Authors: Ostrand Kenneth G. , Siepker Michael J. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: August 2006

Strict harvest regulations and a strong catch-and-release ethic among recreational anglers of muskellunge Esox masquinongy have led to interest in developing strategies for reducing injury and mortality of released fish. With many anglers using live baitfish to capture muskellunge, the use of circle hooks may reduce deep hooking and hence mortality. We contrasted the performance of circle hooks and J-style aberdeen hooks when capturing juvenile muskellunge with actively fished live baitfish. The J hooks performed better than circle hooks in terms of capture efficiency. The J hooks were more efficient at hooking muskellunge than were circle hooks, but landing efficiency was similar between the two types. Interestingly, injury was judged to be low regardless of hook type. Neither anatomical hooking location nor hooking depth differed significantly between fish captured on J and circle hooks. No fish were hooked in potentially lethal locations (e.g., gullet or eye) during the use of either hook type. Ease of hook removal did not differ between hook types, and hooks were generally categorized as easy to remove. Bleeding was considered minor and did not differ between hooks. We observed no initial or delayed mortality for fish captured on J or circle hooks. Given that J hooks have a higher muskellunge capture efficiency and that the use of circle hooks did not provide any compelling conservation benefits, anglers will probably continue to use J hooks and avoid circle hooks. Nonetheless, use of circle hooks could be advantageous for other fishing styles (e.g., still fishing, where baitfish are often swallowed), other species, or different sizes of muskellunge.
Modeling Target Strength Distributions to Improve Hydroacoustic Estimation of Lake Trout Population Size
Authors: Crockett Harry J. , Johnson Brett M. , Martinez Patrick J. , Brauch Dan
Published: August 2006

Many management agencies use hydroacoustic surveys to estimate pelagic prey fish abundance and population trends. It would be desirable to simultaneously assess piscivore population size and predation demand. However, multiple sources of variation in target strength complicate the target strength–fish size relationship, impairing managers' ability to distinguish the echoes of predators and prey. This uncertainty may substantially bias population size estimates, especially for piscivores that are greatly outnumbered by other species. We used an in situ estimate of target strength variance combined with fish length‐frequency distributions to estimate the distribution of target strengths for prey‐sized kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka and piscivorous lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado. Comparison of the resulting lake trout population size estimates with those obtained from an intensive mark–recapture study showed that this approach substantially improved the precision and accuracy of hydroacoustic estimates. This technique may be especially useful in systems having relatively few species or species with discrete size‐classes, as is the case for many western U.S. reservoirs.
Carbon dioxide production in the oscillating Belousov—Zhabotinsky reaction with oxalic acid
Authors: Ševčík P. , Mišicák D. , Adamčíková L’.
Published: August 2006

A new volumetric method for monitoring the oscillating Belousov—Zhabotinsky reaction with oxalic acid is described. While an oscillatory behavior in the potential of the Pt redox electrode at slow stirring without inert gas bubbling can be observed, a monotonous, nonoscillatory course was found both at the slow and rapid stirring rates for the carbon dioxide evolution. Possible reasons for such observations are discussed.
Potentiometric and thermodynamic studies of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-{p-[N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-sulfamoyl]phenylazo}-2-pyrazolin-5-one and its metal complexes
Authors: Fouda A. , Al-Sarawy A. , El-Katori E.
Published: August 2006

The dissociation constants of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-{p-[N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenylazo}-2-pyrazolin-5-one and metal-ligand stability constants of its complexes with some transition metal ions have been determined potentiometrically in 0.1 M-KCl and ethanol—water mixture (30 vol. %). The order of the stability constants of the formed complexes increases in the sequence Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, La3+, Hf3+, UO22+, Zr4+. The effect of temperature was studied and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) were derived and discussed. The dissociation process is nonspontaneous, endothermic, and entropically unfavourable. The formation of the metal complexes was found to be spontaneous, exothermic, and entropically favourable.
Spectral and electrochemical study of coordination molecules Cu4OX6L4: 3-Methylpyridine and 4-Methylpyridine Cu4OBrnCl(6−n)L4 complexes
Authors: Ondrejovič G. , Kotočová A.
Published: August 2006

The tetranuclear Cu4OBrnCl(6-n)L4 complexes, where L = 3-methylpyridine (3-Mepy), 4-methylpyridine (4-Mepy) and n=0–6 with trigonal bipyramidal coordination of copper(II) were prepared and their infrared and electronic absorption spectra as well as cyclic voltammograms in nitromethane solutions were measured. The polyhedra in Cu4OBrnCl(6−n) (3-Mepy)4 molecules are less distorted comparing with those of 4-Mepy analogues as indicated by infrared Cu4O absorptions, far infrared Cu—Br, Cu—Cl, and Cu—N absorptions, d—d bands in electronic spectra and potentials, measured by cyclic voltammetry. The 3-Mepy complexes exhibit strong single infrared Cu4O absorptions, while for related 4-Mepy complexes doubly split Cu4O bands were observed. Two strongly overlapped d—d bands in electronic absorption spectra of the 3-and 4-Mepy complexes in nitromethane were resolved by Gaussian fitting. The 4-Mepy ligand produces slightly stronger ligand field than its 3-Mepy analogue. The maxima of high-energy d—d bands are in a linear correlation with the number of bromide ligands. The correlations for corresponding low-energy bands are considerably deviated from linearity. The halfwave potentials of the complexes in nitromethane correlate with both the number of bromides and the data of electronic absorption spectra suggesting that the reducing electron at the electrode process enters the half-filled d z 2 orbital of the copper(II) atom. The origin of a difference between the 3-and 4-Mepy complexes in their spectral and electrochemical properties is also discussed.
Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium in soil extracts
Authors: Rúriková D. , Kudravá M.
Published: August 2006

Two single-step extraction procedures validated by BCR, extraction with 0.43 mol dm−3 acetic acid and 0.05 mol dm−3 EDTA, are used for assessing bioavailable species of Pb and Cd in soils. After an extensive study of interferences of humic substances and using standard additions procedures, the extractable contents of Pb and Cd have been determined by DPASV directly in soil extracts with a good reproducibility (RSD varied from 1.0 to 7.9 %). Pb(II) and Cd(II) were released from complex in EDTA extracts by pH adjustment to 1 with 1 mol dm−3 HCl. The results were compared with those obtained with atomic absorption spectrometry and indicated reasonable agreement of both methods. Exchangeable forms represented 0.2 to 3.3 % and 13.0 to 63.6 % of total content of Pb and Cd in soils, respectively. EDTA extraction released from soils 7.9 to 29.9 % and 33.5 to 59.6 % of total content of Pb and Cd, respectively.
Gold and silver determination in Waters by SPHERON® Thiol 1000 preconcentration and ETAAS
Authors: Medveď J. , Matúš P. , Bujdoš M. , Kubová J.
Published: August 2006

A reliable procedure for the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) determination of gold and silver in waters at trace level is described. The method is based on prior separation and preconcentration of the metals using a chelating sorbent SPHERON® Thiol 1000 after acidification of water samples (pH < 3) with nitric acid. Optimization of analytical variables during enrichment and ETAAS determination of the metals are discussed. The accuracy of the method is verified by analysis of certified reference materials. The limits of determinations based on 10 σ definition were 0.005 ng cm−3 for Au and 0.02 ng cm−3 for Ag. Precision of studied elements determination expressed by relative standard deviation varied in the range from 2.9 % to 16.4 %.
Syntheses, geometry optimization, and electronic structure of N-and C-substituted benzonaphthyridines
Authors: Deska M. , Śliwa W.
Published: August 2006

Synthesis of N-and C-substituted derivatives of benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine, bearing 2-hydroxyethyl group has been made by quaternization reaction and by condensation of corresponding methylbenzonaphthyridines with formaldehyde. For six derivatives of isomeric benzo[c][1,5]-, benzo[h][1,6]-, and benzo[f][1,7]naphthyridines the 13C NMR spectra are discussed.

For ten compounds the geometry was optimized with the AM1 and, in one case also with the ab initio 6–31G method; their effective charge values have also been calculated.