bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: illustrating the perceived economic impact of companion animals.
Authors: Hall S. , Dolling L. , Bristow K. , Fuller T. , Mills D.
Published: December 2016

The need for further research and follow up studies on the economic impact of companion animals on the UK economy is briefly discussed.
Forming an end of life hospice/Pawspice service.
Authors: Villalobos A. E.
Published: December 2016

Practitioners who support the human-animal bond can organize a team to provide end of life hospice/'Pawspice' care services in their hospitals. Selected staff can acquire communication skills needed to deal with end of life care issues. Pawspice carers often express worry, disappointment, fear, sadness, anxiety, anticipatory grief and fear of their pet's death. Staff can be trained to provide emotional care for the carers and end of life palliative medicine and body care for patients in end of life decline. We must dispel the old myths that discourage end of life care and refute the reasons why doctors feel reluctant to discuss a poor prognosis. Using the HHHHHMM Quality of Life Scale points out areas to improve and justify palliative care at the end of life.
Process description, qualitative analysis and causal relationships in farm succession.
Authors: Bertoni D. , Cavicchioli D.
Published: December 2016

Intra-family succession represents the preferential way of farm transfer. It consists in an extremely complex process that involves current farm holders and all potential heirs and that, at the same time, influences current and future management, as well as investment choices. Many authors have analysed this topic from different viewpoints that may be roughly categorized in qualitative research, quantitative appraisal and descriptive analyses. This paper attempts to provide a review of contents and results of these strands of literature in developed countries, highlighting their common points and suggesting future research lines.
Production of plasma electrolytic oxide coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy in aluminate-based electrolytes
Authors: Tekin K. C. , Malayoglu U.
Published: December 2016

Titanium alloys have been adopted as standard materials in aviation, biomedical and chemical industries owing to their outstanding properties involving high-specific strength, high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. But, an important shortcoming related to the application of titanium alloys is their poor wear resistance. When titanium slides against itself or other metals it tends to gall and cause adhesive wear damage. In this study, oxide coatings were produced on Ti6Al4V using plasma electrolytic oxidation technique. Different electrolyte compositions were formulated to develop hard coating with less porosity and high load bearing capacity. The nano-indentation test was carried out to determine the micromechanical properties of the coatings. The scratch test was utilised to determine the adhesion strength of coatings. Dry sliding wear tests were performed against alumina ball. Test results showed that tungstate additive increased the wear resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating while the addition of pyrophosphate reduces its wear resistance.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls cell-fate decisions in B cells
Authors: Vaidyanathan Bharat , Chaudhry Ashutosh , Yewdell William T. , Angeletti Davide , Yen Wei-Feng , Wheatley Adam K. , Bradfield Christopher A. , McDermott Adrian B. , Yewdell Jonathan W. , Rudensky Alexander Y. , Chaudhuri Jayanta
Published: December 2016

Generation of cellular heterogeneity is an essential feature of the adaptive immune system. This is best exemplified during humoral immune response when an expanding B cell clone assumes multiple cell fates, including class-switched B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. Although each cell type is essential for immunity, their generation must be exquisitely controlled because a class-switched B cell cannot revert back to the parent isotype, and a terminally differentiated plasma cell cannot contribute to the memory pool. In this study, we show that an environmental sensor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is highly induced upon B cell activation and serves a critical role in regulating activation-induced cell fate outcomes. We find that AhR negatively regulates class-switch recombination ex vivo by altering activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression. We further demonstrate that AhR suppresses class switching in vivo after influenza virus infection and immunization with model antigens. In addition, by regulating Blimp-1 expression via Bach2, AhR represses differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts ex vivo and antibody-secreting plasma cells in vivo. These experiments suggest that AhR serves as a molecular rheostat in B cells to brake the effector response, possibly to facilitate optimal recall responses. Thus, AhR might represent a novel molecular target for manipulation of B cell responses during vaccination.
Resetting microbiota by Lactobacillus reuteri inhibits T reg deficiency–induced autoimmunity via adenosine A2A receptors
Authors: He Baokun , Hoang Thomas K. , Wang Ting , Ferris Michael , Taylor Christopher M. , Tian Xiangjun , Luo Meng , Tran Dat Q. , Zhou Jain , Tatevian Nina , Luo Fayong , Molina Jose G. , Blackburn Michael R. , Gomez Thomas H. , Roos Stefan , Rhoads J. Marc , Liu Yuying
Published: December 2016

Regulatory T (T reg) cell deficiency causes lethal, CD4+ T cell–driven autoimmune diseases. Stem cell transplantation is used to treat these diseases, but this procedure is limited by the availability of a suitable donor. The intestinal microbiota drives host immune homeostasis by regulating the differentiation and expansion of T reg, Th1, and Th2 cells. It is currently unclear if T reg cell deficiency–mediated autoimmune disorders can be treated by targeting the enteric microbiota. Here, we demonstrate that Foxp3+ T reg cell deficiency results in gut microbial dysbiosis and autoimmunity over the lifespan of scurfy (SF) mouse. Remodeling microbiota with Lactobacillus reuteri prolonged survival and reduced multiorgan inflammation in SF mice. L. reuteri changed the metabolomic profile disrupted by T reg cell deficiency, and a major effect was to restore levels of the purine metabolite inosine. Feeding inosine itself prolonged life and inhibited multiorgan inflammation by reducing Th1/Th2 cells and their associated cytokines. Mechanistically, the inhibition of inosine on the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro depended on adenosine A2A receptors, which were also required for the efficacy of inosine and of L. reuteri in vivo. These results reveal that the microbiota–inosine–A2A receptor axis might represent a potential avenue for combatting autoimmune diseases mediated by T reg cell dysfunction.
The null-cone and cohomology of vector bundles on flag varieties
Authors: Vilonen Kari , Xue Ting
Published: December 2016

We study the null-cone of a semi-simple algebraic group acting on a number of copies of its Lie algebra via the diagonal adjoint action. We show that the null-cone has rational singularities in the case of

S

L
3

SL_3

. We observe by example that the null-cone is not normal in general and that the normalization of the null-cone does not have rational singularities in general. This is achieved by computing cohomology of certain vector bundles on flag varieties.
Environments in Western American Literature
Authors: Kollin Susan
Published: December 2016

Western American literature is a diverse body of writing that documents human responses to the ecological changes that have reshaped the region over the years. The literature includes narratives of contact and encounter, nonfiction nature essays, borderlands literature, popular Westerns, hard-boiled detective narratives, Dust Bowl novels, eco-memoirs, climate change fiction, and other genres. At a time when the West faces a number of environmental crises, a survey of the region provides insights into how we arrived at this point by addressing key moments in the environmental past, including struggles over land use, conflicts over resources, the historical meanings of eco-disaster, and efforts at finding solutions to these problems. In settler colonial imaginaries, the region appears as a space of promise and possibility. It offers a retreat from a hyper-modernizing world and serves as a bulwark against changes taking place elsewhere. In this way, the region is also a shifting terrain associated with the nation’s moving frontiers and contact zones, as Europeans continually pushed beyond the spaces of their previous settlements. Before the West was called the West, however, it was home to hundreds of tribal groups who did not configure the land through this geographical lens. Likewise, for some Hispanics, it was known as Aztlán, the mythic land of the ancient Aztecs, and also el Norte. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Chinese immigrants called the area in what is present-day California “gold mountain,” while from 1733 to 1867, parts of the West from Alaska to California were recognized as “Russian America.” As a place that calls forth diverse memories about encounters and conflicts, stories about dispossession and recovery, and dreams of enrichment and tales of going bust, the West remains a contested terrain whose literature carries traces of the economies and ecologies of the people who have made it their home.
The Influence of Arthur Miller on American Theater and Culture and the Global Implications of His Plays
Authors: Abbotson Susan C.W.
Published: December 2016

Arthur Miller (1915–2005) was the author of essays, journals, short stories, a novel, and a children’s book, but is best known for his more than two dozen plays, which include the seminal American dramas Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. A staunch patriot and humanist, Miller’s work conveys a deeply moral outlook whereby all individuals have a responsibility both to themselves and to the society in which they must live. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Miller maintained his optimism that despite humanity’s unfortunate predisposition toward betrayal, people could transcend this and be better. In the creation of Death of a Salesman, along with its director Elia Kazan and designer Jo Mielziner, Miller brought a new style of play to the American stage which mixes the techniques of realism and expressionism; this has since been dubbed “subjective realism” and provoked a redefinition of what tragedy might mean to a modern audience. Influenced by the social-problem plays of the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, the experimental poetics of Clifford Odets and Tennessee Williams, and the inventive staging of Thornton Wilder, Miller created his own brand of drama that often explored macrocosmic social problems within the microcosm of a troubled family. Though he is viewed as a realist by some critics, his work rarely conforms to such limitations, and his entire oeuvre is notable for its experimentation in both form and subject matter, with only his inherent philosophical beliefs to provide connection. For Miller, people need to understand that they are products of their pasts, and that it is inevitable that “the birds come home to roost,” but through acknowledging this and actively owning any guilt attached, individuals and society can improve.

Miller was raised in a largely secular Jewish environment, and his morality has a Judaic inflection and he wrote several plays featuring Jewish characters; however, his themes address universal issues and explore the impact of the past, the role of the family, and a variety of belief systems from capitalism to socialism, along with providing lessons in responsibility and connection, and exploring the abuses and misuses of power. His works provide insight into the heart of human nature in all its horror and glory, including its capacity for love and sacrifice as well as denial and betrayal. Miller was able to see both the comedy and tragedy within the human condition. His driving concern was to make a difference, and it was through his writing that he found his means.
Narrative Persuasion and Storytelling as Climate Communication Strategies
Authors: Jones Michael D. , Peterson Holly
Published: December 2016

Despite scientific consensus about anthropogenic climate change and its potentially devastating effects on the earth, public perceptions remain resistant to some of the most important climate change science messages. Science communicators may help the public better understand, accept, and discuss climate change information by incorporating recent findings in narrative scholarship from the academic field of public policy. Narratives help people understand and communicate information by organizing information in a way that is conducive to human cognition. Through integrating research findings from the climate change science communication literature with those from the narrative policy framework’s (NPF) empirical climate change studies, five distinct suggestions for writing effective climate change stories emerge. For the NPF, policy narratives necessarily include characters and policy referents, but may also include plot, setting, policy solutions, as well as other yet-to-be identified components. The five suggestions for writing climate change stories are as follow. First, use narrative form and content when communicating climate change science. Second, identify audience characteristics and articulate the setting of the story (problem, cause, context) in specific, recent, and audience-relevant language. Third, using knowledge about audience beliefs and values, choose characters (heroes, villains, or victims) whom the audience can relate to and will care about. When casting characters, focus on relaying positive emotions associated with motivation and personal control instead of negative emotions associated with futility. Fourth, temporally link narrative components together with specific information about causality, risk, and human agency. Fifth, clearly identify the point of the story in terms of risks and benefits, emphasizing gains instead of losses, and referencing policy solutions with wide support if relevant. Employing such techniques may help correct suboptimal messaging structures that encourage cognitive resistance to scientific information, thereby facilitating information transmission to a larger segment of the population. Additionally, these techniques offer avenues for replicable research designs that may help to further advance the scientific understanding of climate change communication.
Fakes and Forgeries in Art, and the More Specific Term “Art Fraud”: A Criminological Perspective
Authors: Polk Kenneth
Published: December 2016

Fakes and forgeries are topics of frequent and agitated discussion in the art world. For criminologists, this interests shifts to art fraud because of its fit with issues of non-authentic art. While fraud shares with the wider interests the need to demonstrate deception (an obvious aspect of a fake), a successful prosecution will require in addition that the defendant be shown to be dishonest (that is, that the deception is intentional), that there is harm as a consequence, and that the victim was actually deceived. Despite its popularity as a topic for discussion in the art world, actual cases of art fraud are exceptionally rare, although cases of “mistaken identity” are reasonably common (but these will often lack the deception and intentionality required of fraud). Among the reasons for art fraud being infrequently observed appear to be: (1) police are less than eager to pursue issues of fraud in art; (2) the deceptive skills required of a successful art faker are actually rarely observed or achieved; and (3) the role of the victim in art fraud is complex and often renders victims either passive or non-compliant with the justice process.
A systematic X-ray study of the dwarf novae observed with Suzaku
Authors: Wada Qazuya , Tsujimoto Masahiro , Ebisawa Ken , Hayashi Takayuki
Published: December 2016

X-ray behavior of the dwarf novae (DNe) outside the quiescent state has not been fully understood. We thus assembled 21 data sets of the 15 DNe observed by the Suzaku satellite by the end of 2013, which include spectra taken during not only the quiescence, but also the transitional, outburst, and super-outburst states. Starting with the traditional cooling flow model to explain the X-ray emission from the boundary layer, we made several modifications to account for the observed spectra. As a result, we found that the best-fitting spectral model depends strongly on the state of the DNe with only a few exceptions. Spectra in the quiescent state are explained by the cooling flow model plus a Fe fluorescent line emission attenuated by an interstellar extinction. Spectra in the transitional state require an additional partial covering extinction. Spectra in the outburst and super-outburst state require additional low-temperature thin-thermal plasma component(s). Spectra in the super-outburst state further require a high value of minimum temperature for the boundary layer. We present an interpretation on the required modifications to the cooling flow model for each state.
Origin of animal multicellularity: precursors, causes, consequences—the choanoflagellate/sponge transition, neurogenesis and the Cambrian explosion
Authors: Cavalier-Smith Thomas
Published: December 2016

Evolving multicellularity is easy, especially in phototrophs and osmotrophs whose multicells feed like unicells. Evolving animals was much harder and unique; probably only one pathway via benthic ‘zoophytes’ with pelagic ciliated larvae allowed trophic continuity from phagocytic protozoa to gut-endowed animals. Choanoflagellate protozoa produced sponges. Converting sponge flask cells mediating larval settling to synaptically controlled nematocysts arguably made Cnidaria. I replace Haeckel's gastraea theory by a sponge/coelenterate/bilaterian pathway: Placozoa, hydrozoan diploblasty and ctenophores were secondary; stem anthozoan developmental mutations arguably independently generated coelomate bilateria and ctenophores. I emphasize animal origin's conceptual aspects (selective, developmental) related to feeding modes, cell structure, phylogeny of related protozoa, sequence evidence, ecology and palaeontology. Epithelia and connective tissue could evolve only by compensating for dramatically lower feeding efficiency that differentiation into non-choanocytes entails. Consequentially, larger bodies enabled filtering more water for bacterial food and harbouring photosynthetic bacteria, together adding more food than cell differentiation sacrificed. A hypothetical presponge of sessile triploblastic sheets (connective tissue sandwiched between two choanocyte epithelia) evolved oogamy through selection for larger dispersive ciliated larvae to accelerate benthic trophic competence and overgrowing protozoan competitors. Extinct Vendozoa might be elaborations of this organismal grade with choanocyte-bearing epithelia, before poriferan water channels and cnidarian gut/nematocysts/synapses evolved.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Cranial shape evolution in adaptive radiations of birds: comparative morphometrics of Darwin's finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers
Authors: Tokita Masayoshi , Yano Wataru , James Helen F. , Abzhanov Arhat
Published: December 2016

Adaptive radiation is the rapid evolution of morphologically and ecologically diverse species from a single ancestor. The two classic examples of adaptive radiation are Darwin's finches and the Hawaiian honeycreepers, which evolved remarkable levels of adaptive cranial morphological variation. To gain new insights into the nature of their diversification, we performed comparative three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses based on X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) scanning of dried cranial skeletons. We show that cranial shapes in both Hawaiian honeycreepers and Coerebinae (Darwin's finches and their close relatives) are much more diverse than in their respective outgroups, but Hawaiian honeycreepers as a group display the highest diversity and disparity of all other bird groups studied. We also report a significant contribution of allometry to skull shape variation, and distinct patterns of evolutionary change in skull morphology in the two lineages of songbirds that underwent adaptive radiation on oceanic islands. These findings help to better understand the nature of adaptive radiations in general and provide a foundation for future investigations on the developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying diversification of these morphologically distinguished groups of birds.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear
Authors: Tucker Abigail S.
Published: December 2016

One of the most amazing transitions and innovations during the evolution of mammals was the formation of a novel jaw joint and the incorporation of the original jaw joint into the middle ear to create the unique mammalian three bone/ossicle ear. In this review, we look at the key steps that led to this change and other unusual features of the middle ear and how developmental biology has been providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. This starts with an overview of the tympanic (air-filled) middle ear, and how the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and the cavity itself form during development in amniotes. This is followed by an investigation of how the ear is connected to the pharynx and the relationship of the ear to the bony bulla in which it sits. Finally, the novel mammalian jaw joint and versatile dentary bone will be discussed with respect to evolution of the mammalian middle ear.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Human evolution: a tale from ancient genomes
Authors: Llamas Bastien , Willerslev Eske , Orlando Ludovic
Published: December 2016

The field of human ancient DNA (aDNA) has moved from mitochondrial sequencing that suffered from contamination and provided limited biological insights, to become a fully genomic discipline that is changing our conception of human history. Recent successes include the sequencing of extinct hominins, and true population genomic studies of Bronze Age populations. Among the emerging areas of aDNA research, the analysis of past epigenomes is set to provide more new insights into human adaptation and disease susceptibility through time. Starting as a mere curiosity, ancient human genetics has become a major player in the understanding of our evolutionary history.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Waiting in the wings: what can we learn about gene co-option from the diversification of butterfly wing patterns?
Authors: Jiggins Chris D. , Wallbank Richard W. R. , Hanly Joseph J.
Published: December 2016

A major challenge is to understand how conserved gene regulatory networks control the wonderful diversity of form that we see among animals and plants. Butterfly wing patterns are an excellent example of this diversity. Butterfly wings form as imaginal discs in the caterpillar and are constructed by a gene regulatory network, much of which is conserved across the holometabolous insects. Recent work inHeliconiusbutterflies takes advantage of genomic approaches and offers insights into how the diversification of wing patterns is overlaid onto this conserved network. WntA is a patterning morphogen that alters spatial information in the wing. Optix is a transcription factor that acts later in development to paint specific wing regions red. Both of these loci fit the paradigm of conserved protein-coding loci with diverse regulatory elements and developmental roles that have taken on novel derived functions in patterning wings. These discoveries offer insights into the ‘Nymphalid Ground Plan’, which offers a unifying hypothesis for pattern formation across nymphalid butterflies. These loci also represent ‘hotspots’ for morphological change that have been targeted repeatedly during evolution. Both convergent and divergent evolution of a great diversity of patterns is controlled by complex alleles at just a few genes. We suggest that evolutionary change has become focused on one or a few genetic loci for two reasons. First, pre-existing complexcis-regulatory loci that already interact with potentially relevant transcription factors are more likely to acquire novel functions in wing patterning. Second, the shape of wing regulatory networks may constrain evolutionary change to one or a few loci. Overall, genomic approaches that have identified wing patterning loci in these butterflies offer broad insight into how gene regulatory networks evolve to produce diversity.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
The genetic and molecular architecture of phenotypic diversity in sticklebacks
Authors: Peichel Catherine L. , Marques David A.
Published: December 2016

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the genotypes and phenotypes that underlie adaptation to divergent environments. Stickleback fish, including the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), have been at the forefront of research to uncover the genetic and molecular architecture that underlies phenotypic diversity and adaptation. A wealth of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies in sticklebacks have provided insight into long-standing questions about the distribution of effect sizes during adaptation as well as the role of genetic linkage in facilitating adaptation. These QTL mapping studies have also provided a basis for the identification of the genes that underlie phenotypic diversity. These data have revealed that mutations in regulatory elements play an important role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity in sticklebacks. Genetic and molecular studies in sticklebacks have also led to new insights on the genetic basis of repeated evolution and suggest that the same loci are involved about half of the time when the same phenotypes evolve independently. When the same locus is involved, selection on standing variation and repeated mutation of the same genes have both contributed to the evolution of similar phenotypes in independent populations.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Diatom Centromeres Suggest a Novel Mechanism for Nuclear Gene Acquisition
Authors: Diner Rachel E. , Noddings Chari M. , Lian Nathan C. , Kang Anthony K. , McQuaid Jeffrey B. , Jablanovic Jelena , Espinoza Josh L. , Nguyen Ngocquynh A. , Anzelmatti Miguel A. , Jansson Jakob , Bielinski Vincent A. , Karas Bogumil J. , Dupont Christopher L. , Allen Andrew E. , Weyman Philip D.
Published: December 2016

Centromeres are essential for cell division and growth in all eukaryotes, and knowledge of their sequence and structure guides the development of artificial chromosomes for functional cellular biology studies. Centromeric proteins are conserved among eukaryotes; however, centromeric DNA sequences are highly variable. We combined forward and reverse genetic approaches with chromatin immunoprecipitation to identify centromeres of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Diatom centromere sequences contain low GC content regions and an abundance of long contiguous AT windows, but lack repeats or other conserved sequence features. Native and foreign sequences of similar GC content can maintain episomes and recruit the diatom centromeric histone protein CENP-A, suggesting non-native sequences can also function as diatom centromeres. Thus, simple sequence requirements enable DNA from foreign sources to incorporate into the nuclear genome repertoire as stable extra-chromosomal episomes, revealing a potential mechanism for bacterial and foreign eukaryotic DNA acquisition.
Control of Lipid Domain Organization by a Biomimetic Contractile Actomyosin Cortex
Authors: Vogel Sven K. , Greiss Ferdinand , Khmelinskaia Alena , Schwille Petra
Published: December 2016

The cell membrane is a heterogeneously organized composite with lipid-protein micro-domains. The contractile actin cortex may govern the lateral organization of these domains in the cell membrane, yet the underlying mechanisms are not known. We recently reconstituted minimal actin cortices (MACs) (Vogel et al, 2013b) and here advanced our assay to investigate effects of rearranging actin filaments on the lateral membrane organization by introducing various phase-separated lipid mono-and bilayers to the MACs. The addition of actin filaments reorganized membrane domains. We found that the process reached a steady state where line tension and lateral crowding balanced. Moreover, the phase boundary allowed myosin driven actin filament rearrangements to actively move individual lipid domains, often accompanied by their shape change, fusion or splitting. Our findings illustrate how actin cortex remodeling in cells may control dynamic rearrangements of lipids and other molecules inside domains without directly binding to actin filaments.
The correlation between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Valstad Mathias , Alvares Gail A. , Egknud Maiken , Matziorinis Anna Maria , Andreassen Ole A. , Westlye Lars T. , Quintana Daniel S.
Published: December 2016

There is growing interest in the role of the oxytocin system in social cognition and behavior. Peripheral oxytocin concentrations are regularly used to approximate central concentrations in psychiatric research. This methodological approach has obvious appeal given the invasiveness of cerebrospinal fluid collection. However, the validity of this approach and potential moderators of the association between central and peripheral levels are unclear. Thus, we conducted a pre-registered systematic search and meta-analysis of correlations between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations. A search of databases yielded 17 eligible studies for effect size synthesis and moderator analysis, resulting in a total sample size of 516 participants and subjects. Overall, a positive association between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations was revealed [r=0.29, 95% CI (0.15, 0.42), p<0.0001], along with a moderate-to-high level of heterogeneity across effect sizes [Q=88.14, p<0.0001], and no evidence of publication bias (p=0.45). This association was significantly moderated by experimental context [Qb(4), p=0.0016]. The strongest association was observed after intranasal oxytocin administration (r=0.67,p<.0001), a correlation that was significantly greater (p=.0002) than the equivalent association under baseline conditions (r=0.08,p=.31). These results support the use of peripheral levels of oxytocin as a marker of central levels, but only after exogenous oxytocin administration. Despite the popularity of using peripheral OT levels to approximate central levels during baseline conditions, this approach is not supported by the present results.
Regulation of eIF4F complex by the peptidyl prolyl isomerase FKBP7 in taxane-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Garrido Marine F. , Martin Nicolas J-P. , Gaudin Catherine , Commo Frédéric , AL Nakouzi Nader , Fazli Ladan , Del Nery Elaine , Camonis Jacques , Perez Franck , Lerondel Stéphanie , LE Pape Alain , Abou-Hamdan Hussein , Gleave Martin , Loriot Yohann , Désaubry Laurent , Vagner Stephan , Fizazi Karim , Chauchereau Anne
Published: December 2016

Targeted therapies that exploit the signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer are required to overcome chemoresistance and improve treatment outcomes for men. Molecular chaperones play a key role in the regulation of protein homeostasis and are potential targets to alleviate chemoresistance. Using image-based high content siRNA functional screening based on a gene expression signature, we identified FKBP7, a molecular chaperone overexpressed in docetaxel-resistant and in cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells. FKBP7 was upregulated in human prostate cancers and correlated with the recurrence in patients receiving Docetaxel.FKBP7silencing showed that FKBP7 is required to maintain the growth of chemoresistant cell lines and of chemoresistant tumors in mice. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that FKBP7 interacts with the eIF4G component of the eIF4F translation initiation complex to mediate survival of chemoresistant cells. Using small molecule inhibitors of eIF4A, the RNA helicase component of eIF4F, we were able to overcome docetaxel and cabazitaxel resistance.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of central nervous system in lysosomal storage diseases: A pictorial review
Authors: Fagan Nathan , Alexander Allen , Irani Neville , Saade Charbel , Naffaa Lena
Published: December 2016

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are a complex group of genetic disorders that are a result of inborn errors of metabolism. These errors result in a variety of metabolic dysfunction and build‐up certain molecules within the tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). Although, they have discrete enzymatic deficiencies, symptomology and CNS imaging findings can overlap with each other, which can become challenging to radiologists. The purpose of this paper is to review the most common CNS imaging findings in LSD in order to familiarize the radiologist with their imaging findings and help narrow down the differential diagnosis.
Quantifying spatial variation in the size and structure of ecologically stratified communities
Authors: Tenan Simone , Brambilla Mattia , Pedrini Paolo , Sutherland Chris
Published: December 2016

Including ecological specialization (e.g. functional guild) in analyses performed across regions can help to study how size and structure of communities vary across environmental gradients. Multi‐species occupancy models, and their extension to a multi‐region framework, represent useful tools for such gradient analysis based on functional traits. However, in these models species richness is only a derived parameter and therefore explicit relationships cannot be inferred.

We provide a novel hierarchical multi‐region community model that allows for direct modelling of trait‐based patterns of species richness along environmental gradients by partitioning communities into ecologically relevant strata (e.g. guilds). We illustrate the flexibility of the model by simulations, where we estimate guild richness and community composition using both categorical and continuous species traits. In addition, we apply our model to data from eight avian communities to explore how guild richness varies across elevational gradients.

Simulations indicate that the model is able to estimate relationships between guild richness and environmental gradients even when the number of regions is low. Applying the model to the bird community data set, we show how the number of species in four feeding guilds varies in different ways across an elevational gradient.

Understanding large scale variation in species richness and how it relates to environmental gradients requires an explicit treatment of community structure. Our modelling approach allows the testing of hypotheses directly and simultaneously on strata‐ and community‐specific species richness while accounting for the issues of rarity and detectability, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms which shape large scale spatial variation in species richness.
Developmental Trends in Flexibility and Automaticity of Social Cognition
Authors: Hayward Elizabeth O. , Homer Bruce D. , Sprung Manuel
Published: December 2016

Age‐related changes in flexibility and automaticity of reasoning about social situations were investigated. Children (N = 101; age range = 7;8–17;7) were presented with the flexibility and automaticity of social cognition (FASC), a new measure of social cognition in which cartoon vignettes of social situations are presented and participants explain what is happening and why. Scenarios vary on whether the scenario is socially ambiguous and whether or not language is used. Flexibility is determined by the number of unique, plausible explanations, and automaticity is indicated by speed of response. Overall, both flexibility and automaticity increased significantly with age. Language and social ambiguity influenced performance. Future work should investigate differences in FASC in older populations and clinical groups.
Interaction of primary human trabecular meshwork cells with metal alloy candidates for microinvasive glaucoma surgery
Authors: Wang Wan Wendy , Watson Kelsey A , Dixon S Jeffrey , Liu Hong , Rizkalla Amin S , Hutnik Cindy ML
Published: December 2016

Background

Microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is a relatively new addition to the glaucoma treatment paradigm. Small metallic stents are inserted into the trabecular meshwork in order to increase aqueous humour drainage. MIGS procedures are rapidly being adopted owing to a more favourable side effect profile when compared with traditional surgery. Remarkably, this rapid rate of utilization has occurred without any published studies on the effect of metal alloys used in these stents on human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of candidate metal alloys for MIGS on HTMC morphology, viability and function.

Methods

Human trabecular meshwork cells were cultured on the surfaces of titanium (polished and sandblasted), a titanium–nickel (nitinol) alloy and glass (as control substratum). Fluorescence imaging was used to assess cell morphology and spreading. A lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay, cell death detection ELISA, MTT cell viability assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay and fibronectin ELISA were also conducted.

Results

Cells cultured on sandblasted titanium exhibited significantly greater spreading than cells cultured on other substrata. In comparison, HTMCs cultured on nitinol displayed poor spreading. Significantly more cell death, by both necrosis and apoptosis, occurred on nitinol than on titanium and glass. Also, cell viability and proliferation were suppressed on nitinol compared with titanium or glass. Finally, HTMCs on both titanium and nitinol produced greater amounts of fibronectin than cells grown on glass.

Conclusions

Substratum topography and metal alloy composition were found to impact morphology, viability and function of primary HTMC cultures.
The influence of collagen membrane and autogenous bone chips on bone augmentation in the anterior maxilla: a preclinical study
Authors: Janner Simone F. M. , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Cochran David L. , Chappuis Vivianne , Huynh‐Ba Guy , Jones Archie A. , Buser Daniel
Published: December 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of a resorbable collagen membrane and autogenous bone chips combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) on the healing of buccal dehiscence‐type defects.

Material and methods

The second incisors and the first premolars were extracted in the maxilla of eight mongrels. Reduced diameter, bone‐level implants were placed 5 weeks later. Standardized buccal dehiscence‐type defects were created and grafted at implant surgery. According to an allocation algorithm, the graft composition of each of the four maxillary sites was DBBM + membrane (group D + M), autogenous bone chips + DBBM + membrane (group A + D + M), DBBM alone (group D) or autogenous bone chips + DBBM (group A + D). Four animals were sacrificed after 3 weeks of healing and four animals after 12 weeks. Histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed on oro‐facial sections.

Results

The pattern of bone formation and resorption within the grafted area showed high variability among the same group and healing time. The histomorphometric analysis of the 3‐week specimens showed a positive effect of autogenous bone chips on both implant osseointegration and bone formation into the grafted region (P < 0.05). The presence of the collagen membrane correlated with greater bone formation around the DBBM particles and greater bone formation in the grafted region after 12 weeks of healing (P < 0.05). The oro‐facial width of the augmented region at the level of the implant shoulder was significantly reduced in cases where damage of the protection splints occurred in the first week of healing (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The addition of autogenous bone chips and the presence of the collagen membrane increased bone formation around DBBM particles. Wound protection from mechanical noxa during early healing may be critical for bone formation within the grafted area.
Baumol's Cost Disease and the Sustainability of the Welfare State
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Kreiner Claus T.
Published: December 2016

If productivity increases more slowly for services than for manufactured goods, then services suffer from Baumol's cost disease and tend to become relatively more costly over time. Since the welfare state in all countries is an important supplier of tax financed services, this translates into a financial pressure that seems to leave policymakers with a trilemma: increase tax distortions, cut spending or redistribute less. Under the assumptions underlying Baumol's cost disease, we show that these dismal implications are not warranted. The welfare state is sustainable, and there is even scope for Pareto improvements under Baumol's cost disease.
Students' perceptions of a blended learning experience in dental education
Authors: Varthis S. , Anderson O. R.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

“Flipped” instructional sequencing is a new instructional method where online instruction precedes the group meeting, allowing for more sophisticated learning through discussion and critical thinking during the in‐person class session; a novel approach studied in this research.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to document dental students' perceptions of flipped‐based blended learning and to apply a new method of displaying their perceptions based on Likert‐scale data analysis using a network diagramming method known as an item correlation network diagram (ICND). In addition, this article aimed to encourage institutions or course directors to consider self‐regulated learning and social constructivism as a theoretical framework when blended learning is incorporated in dental curricula.

Materials and Methods

Twenty (second year) dental students at a Northeastern Regional Dental School in the United States participated in this study. A Likert scale was administered before and after the learning experience to obtain evidence of their perceptions of its quality and educational merits. Item correlation network diagrams, based on the intercorrelations amongst the responses to the Likert‐scale items, were constructed to display students' changes in perceptions before and after the learning experience.

Results

Students reported positive perceptions of the blended learning, and the ICND analysis of their responses before and after the learning experience provided insights into their social (group‐based) cognition about the learning experience. The ICNDs are considered evidence of social or group‐based cognition, because they are constructed from evidence obtained using intercorrelations of the total group responses to the Likert‐scale items.

Conclusions

The students positively received blended learning in dental education, and the ICND analyses demonstrated marked changes in their social cognition of the learning experience based on the pre‐ and post‐Likert survey data. Self‐regulated learning and social constructivism are encouraged as useful theoretical frameworks for a blended learning approach.
Host‐plant‐based restoration as a potential tool to improve conservation status of odonate specialists
Authors: Khelifa Rassim , Mellal Mohammed Khalil
Published: December 2016

Several species worldwide show rapid range retraction due to habitat degradation, and some of them have restricted distribution and specific resource needs. Such cases deserve particular attention and need urgent conservation actions to avoid extinction, and one way is to facilitate colonisation of new habitats by resource supplementation.

Here, we investigate the changes in range distribution, during the last decade (2007–2016), of an endangered endemic damselfly, Calopteryx exul Selys, and assess the importance of its favourite host‐plant (Potamogeton nodosus) in colonisation and population dynamics in the last existing population of Algeria.

We first used dynamic occupancy models to assess range distribution dynamics and we found that both occupancy and colonisation probabilities of the species were positively dependent on the occurrence of P. nodosus. There was also evidence that extinction probability increased with habitat disturbance but decreased with the occurrence of P. nodosus. Our experimental restoration showed that the augmentation of patches of P. nodosus increased the total number of individuals, the number of reproductive events and philopatry.

Our study highlights the importance of insect–plant relationship in the establishment of effective restoration plans because of their implication in colonisation and extinction processes and population dynamics.

Since most insect species from different orders and ecosystems are ecologically dependent on plants, our restoration approach may benefit a large range of threatened species and improve their conservation status.
Male and Female Auditors: An Ethical Divide?
Authors: Hottegindre Géraldine , Loison Marie‐Claire , Farjaudon Anne‐Laure
Published: December 2016

This article aims to explore the behavioural differences between male and female auditors with respect to professional ethics rules. We used factorial correspondence analysis to study disciplinary rulings issued against French statutory auditors between June 1989 and December 2008. Our results highlight significant gender‐related behavioural differences between auditors regarding professional ethics. Male statutory auditors are more likely to exhibit behaviour that harms the image of the profession, while their female counterparts principally commit disciplinary offences relating to audit quality and to obstruction of professional peer‐review controls. This study therefore shows that gender offers a relevant perspective for investigating differences in statutory auditor professional ethical behaviour. It is also a useful source of information for the profession in terms of increasing the effectiveness of its disciplinary processes.