bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is a Multiple Artwork?
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

‘Multiple artworks’ are generally understood to be artworks that admit of multiple instances. It is argued that we need to distinguish between two ways in which something can qualify as an ‘instance’ of an artwork: by being an ‘epistemic instance’ and by being a ‘provenential instance’. Something qualifies as the former purely in virtue of its capacity to play a particular experiential role in the appreciation of a work, while something qualifies as the latter in virtue of also standing in a particular kind of relation to the provenance of a work. A ‘strict’ epistemic instance is one which is ‘fully qualified’ to play the experiential role. This allows us to distinguish two senses in which an artwork or an art form might be multiple in virtue of allowing for a plurality of strict instances: by being e(pistemically)-multiple and by being p(rovenentially)-multiple. A version of Gregory Currie’s ‘Instance Multiplicity Hypothesis’, read as the claim that most if not all artworks are e-multiple, is then defended and a number of challenges to Currie’s claims are addressed. The conditions under which a work might be e-singular are also explored. It is concluded that the intuitive distinction, in the literature, between singular and multiple artworks cannot be drawn in terms of e-multiplicity.
Methodological Interlude
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents two methodological challenges to Dodd’s dialectical strategy as outlined in the previous chapter. It then considers his more recent attempts to defend this strategy by invoking certain general meta-ontological principles. It is argued first that Dodd’s strategy in Works of Music fails to respect what I have termed the ‘pragmatic constraint’. This is apparent in Dodd’s assumption that we can answer the ontological question—what kind of thing is a (musical) work of art?—before addressing ‘epistemological’ questions about the proper appreciation and evaluation of works. Dodd treats the relevant epistemological issues later in his book, but this compounds the problem because (1) he uses the ontological conclusions of the first seven chapters of his book to discount claims about ‘proper appreciation’, and (2) the defence of ‘moderate empiricism’ is question-begging. Furthermore, Dodd’s dialectical strategy leads him to identify the question ‘how do we individuate musical works?’ with the question ‘how do we identify instances of musical works?’ Appeal is made to the ‘appreciation constraint’ in arguing that we shouldn’t identify these questions. Finally, there is consideration of Dodd’s claim that appeals to practice in defence of instrumentalist and contextualist views of musical works go against a meta-ontological principle governing work in applied ontology more generally, and fail to take seriously the properly explanatory goals of the ontology of art. In countering this claim, more general constraints on exercises in applied ontology are considered, and it is argued that artistic practice must be accorded the role in the ontology of art assigned to it by the pragmatic constraint.
Further Explananda
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

Three further putative explananda are considered: modal flexibility, temporal flexibility, and variability. First, Rohrbaugh claims that multiple artworks like photographs and non-multiple artworks like paintings share two fundamental features, modal flexibility and temporal flexibility, which could not be possessed by types as understood by Dodd. Rohrbaugh’s argument for the modal and temporal flexibility of photographs appeals to the putative modal and temporal flexibility of paintings. But while the physical object ‘housing’ a painting may be temporally and modally flexible, it doesn’t follow that the painting is. It is argued, however, that the idea of multiples as eternally existing norm-types or as ‘initiated types’ is highly counter-intuitive if extended to multiples initiated by means of a production artefact. The problem of variability arises for those art forms—e.g. music—where a work can have multiple strict p-instances at a given time that differ in those properties that bear upon the appreciation of the work of which they are strict instances. The problem is to account for the range of variation amongst such instances. Contra the idea that the property-associate of the work, qua norm-kind, serves to identify the properties required in strict instances of a work, Brandom’s pragmatic theory of norms is cited in arguing that the import of these norms cannot be characterized independently of those concrete practices through which content is given to the idea that particular performances are strict or flawed performances of a work.
The Nine Explananda Revisited
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

As argued in Chapter 5, an ontological account of multiple artworks is to be judged by its capacity to make sense of those features of our artistic practices that would be upheld on rational reflection. This chapter begins by recapitulating the conclusions drawn in preceding chapters concerning the nine different features of our practices identified earlier as putative explananda for such an account. It also looks in more detail at how we should think about the possibility of unexemplified works in different multiple art forms. It is then argued that a compelling case has been presented against Dodd’s Platonist view of musical works. This case rests on a number of things: (1) its inability to account for variability; (2) identified failings in the arguments offered for the default status of the type-token theory—a) the two explananda supposedly best explained by that theory, repeatability and perceivability, can be explained using resources available to other ontological accounts, and b) the choice of these two explananda as the touchstone of an ontological theory of multiples is methodologically flawed; (3) while explananda that would present serious problems for the Platonist—modal and temporal flexibility—have been questioned, other explananda that seem incompatible with Platonism have been endorsed—a) art-historical contextualization, and b) the need to accommodate artistic practices that incorporate instrumentalism; (4) Platonism cannot accommodate the creatability of multiples initiated by means of a production artefact.
Can Non-Platonists Be Realists about Multiple Artworks?
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines three anti-realist arguments for the conclusion that, if we reject Platonist accounts of multiple artworks, then we cannot be realists about such works. It first assesses Mag Uidhir’s claim that what are standardly regarded as separate instances of a single multiple artwork should instead be viewed as distinct singular works that stand to one another in relations of ‘relevant similarity’. It argues that Mag Uidhir’s account is more revisionary of our practice concerning artworks than he suggests. Related accounts by Hazlett and Moruzzi are also considered. All these views have difficulty allowing for uninstantiated works, and are in other ways revisionary of our practices. Furthermore, the realist ‘Wollheimian-type’ account can preserve the assets of such views without incurring their liabilities. Kania’s suggestion that non-Platonist realism concerning talk of musical works is untenable, and that we should instead adopt a fictionalist stance towards such talk, is then considered. Finally, the chapter turns to Azzouni’s claim that fictionalist accounts more generally may fail to satisfy an ‘external discourse constraint’. This exists when statements in other indisputably realist discourses require that statements in the putatively fictionalist discourse be truth-apt. Azzouni claims that such truth-aptness is compatible with rejecting realism concerning the entities posited in such discourses. This, he claims, applies to discourse about fictional characters. It is asked whether a parallel argument might be given for discourse about multiple artworks. The chapter concludes by offering a provisional defence of non-Platonist realism about multiples.
The ‘propulsive’ imperfect
Authors: Bertinetto Pier Marco
Published: March 2024

The perfective/imperfective opposition is especially relevant for past-referring tenses, allowing speaker/writers to attune to the narration needs. See for instance the foreground/background opposition characterizing the canonical types of aspectual switch, as in the interplay of an aoristic and a progressive past tense. But Italian literary texts also offer less conventional uses, with imperfective pasts supporting the perfective ones in fulfilling the ‘propulsive’ function, i.e. in the advancement of the narrative thread. This, however, does not undermine the aspectual system; the very possibility of such unconventional uses is allowed by the system’s solid foundations. Most importantly, the ‘propulsive’ use of the Imperfect should not be mistaken for the so-called ‘narrative’ Imperfect, which presupposes a counter-determining, perfective context. Although most examples are from Italian authors, the effects here described can possibly be found in any literary tradition exploiting the perfective/imperfective contrast among past-referring tenses.
Aspect, modality, interrogativity
Authors: Celle Agnès
Published: March 2024

This chapter investigates the meaning of aller (‘go’) and venir (de) (‘come’ (‘to’)) + infinitive in qu’est-ce que questions in French. It is contended that the aspecto-temporal meaning of these periphrases is associated with information-seeking questions, self-addressed questions, and rhetorical questions, i.e. questions where the wh-word is referential. In contrast, the ‘extraordinary’ meaning Damourette and Pichon (1911) is reported to derive from the original motional meaning of these verbs, which contributes to shaping the aspecto-modal contour of an unexpected eventuality. It is further argued that this modal meaning is found in surprise questions, which are analysed as biased questions. Surprise questions convey a judgement of incongruity (Kay and Fillmore 1999) that sets them apart from rhetorical questions. A distinctive feature of these questions is the semantic shift undergone by the interrogative word, which cannot be interpreted referentially.
What is the Event Elaboration Constraint?
Authors: Michaelis Laura A.
Published: March 2024

A paradoxical behaviour of the English resultative present perfect is that while the causal event is unique, its time cannot be specified adverbially, at least in current US English: *We have moved here in 2012. Klein’s influential pragmatic explanation—that the constraint arises from the quantity-based injunction against simultaneously fixing event and reference times—is hard to reconcile with some of the facts: the constraint is neither defeasible nor apparently applicable to past-perfect sentences. I have proposed that the time-specification constraint is one aspect of a broader constraint preventing use of the Resultative Present Perfect (RPrP) to say more about an event that is mutually presupposed to have occurred. In this chapter I extend this constraint to several contexts, only vaguely described in my earlier work, in which verb class, and in particular the directionality of the denoted event, affects usability of the RPrP.
The speaker’s viewpoint on events
Authors: Robert Stéphane
Published: March 2024

Based on Wolof data, this chapter introduces a new framework to account for the various functions of TAM markers in discourse while maintaining a unitary definition for each of them. This framework relies on a new functional definition of assertion, operationalizing the speaker’s viewpoint and the time of speech as the founding parameters of the default frame of reference for any utterance. These two parameters function as the source of the modal and temporal specifications of the utterance. Their varying salience for a same TAM marker is shaped by the context of use. Applied to the Wolof verbal system, this approach makes it possible to account for the various uses of the zero-tense, ranging from a narrative to a subordinating mood through various forms of subjective or intersubjective modality. Applied to the perfect, presentative, and to the imperfective suffix, this framework also reveals regular mechanisms connecting aspect, tense, modality, and stance.
Children’s use of tenses beyond time
Authors: Morgenstern Aliyah , Parisse Christophe , de Pontonx Sophie
Published: March 2024

Children experience language (Ochs 2012) as they are involved in their everyday life, but language can also create worlds of its own. Children progressively use language about objects and events that they are not experiencing in the here and now. The current study asks whether some situations, constructed through language—called ‘langspace’—provide the affordances for children to learn the use of specific verb forms to mark disconnection—and going beyond the present time, the present space, the present reality. This study is based on the analyses of a longitudinal dataset of seven French-speaking children in interaction with their family at home. The analyses demonstrate that parents use specific verb forms to mark disconnections in their interactions with their children, and that as of age 2, children start producing these forms in similar langspace situations, especially when they express memories. They use those verb forms more and more productively and creatively to express a variety of disconnections as they get older.
Bringing Child Suspects into the Light
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This introductory chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the invisibility of child suspects in several arenas: in legislation and policy, in the courts and accountability mechanisms, and in academic consideration. It considers what is meant by a ‘child’ in the context of police custody in England and Wales, introduces the theoretical framework within which the experiences of children in police detention will be evaluated and describes the research methods employed in the empirical work to explore the custody process from a child suspect perspective. The chapter closes by setting out the framework of the book and the progression of the chapters through the child’s police custody journey.
The Child as Legal Actor
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers the child as legal actor in police custody, beginning with the delivery of rights information as part of the booking-in process. I explore, in particular, children’s understandings of their legal rights and the barriers they experience in taking up the offer of legal advice—the challenges of engaging with complex rights information in the emotional turmoil of custody and the misconceptions and misunderstandings that hamper their decision-making. The discussion situates the research findings on these issues in the context of previous research internationally, particularly in North America. For those who do request legal advice, the analysis then explores the challenges for children of engaging with their representative and of navigating the complex loyalties at play in providing instructions and making the decisions required of them. The chapter closes with a call for mandatory legal advice for children in police custody.
Police Interview
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This final empirical chapter addresses the culmination of the custody process—the police interview—and evaluates the outcomes of police detention against the theoretical framework. I review the challenges of assessing fitness for interview in the custody block and the inadequacies of the current arrangements. In relation to the obtaining of accurate and reliable evidence, the analysis explores the cumulative impact of the child’s custody experience on their ability to cope with interview and to give a good account of themselves when questioned. I focus, in particular, on the counterproductive impact of coercive interviewing tactics, which are liable to confuse and frustrate rather than to foster effective participation and elicit reliable evidence. I argue, in the conclusion, for a recognition that, in most cases, the investigation, and the wider purposes of the youth justice process, are not best served by interviewing a child in detention.
General Introduction
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces the relevant issues of this book, including the explanation of relevant technology-related concepts and the important role technology plays in promoting development. It then unveils the inability of Africa pre-colonial governing systems to develop appropriate frameworks to protect technology and to promote technological progress. The chapter illustrates how the colonial system suppressed local innovation by promoting western-style intellectual property (IP) systems which were only fit to protect European innovations. It further reveals how developmental policies adopted by African states after independence failed to mainstream IP, thus perpetuating the prevailing scenario. The chapter then addresses the challenges to shaping a global legal framework to promote technology transfer, with particular emphasis on the abortive UNCTAD Draft International Code of Conduct for the Transfer of Technology. The chapter suggests the need for change in philosophical, policy, legal, institutional, and practical approaches for Africa to overcome the challenges in accessing technology.
The Challenges of Promoting Innovation through Technology Transfer into Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This chapter establishes that to promote technology transfer and innovation to developing states requires the establishment of a uniform international legal framework. It provides details of the attempts to establish such a regime and these include: the Draft International Code of Conduct for the Transfer of Technology developed in 1976 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Multilateral Agreement on Access to Basic Science and Technology (ABST), partially embraced by the WIPO Development Agenda, and the attempt to compound an International Transfer of Technology Agreement (ITT). This chapter explains that with the failure to establish a uniform regime, separate and sectoral regimes of technology transfer mushroomed, especially in the environmental sector, leading to the fragmentation of the international legal framework on the matter. The chapter proposes, as a solution, to condense the positive aspects of the previous proposals into a single international legal instrument.
The Proposal to Establish the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI)
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides details of the efforts to establish an international legal regime to regulate technology transfer to developing countries. The chapter unveils the causes of the deadlock in negotiations which include hosting organization, legal character of the instrument, scope, technical assistance, definition of developed states’ obligations, mechanism to persuade private sector to support technology transfer, and Dispute Settlement Mechanism. The chapter illustrates the proliferation of sectoral regimes that resulted in fragmentation of the global technology transfer regime. The chapter then tables a proposal for the adoption of a uniform international technology transfer agreement within the framework of the WTO to be designated as the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI). The chapter argues that, given the changing geopolitical landscape, there is a greater chance that the instrument will be approved if the underlying issues that led to previous negotiations’ deadlock are effectively addressed.
The Role of Developing States and LDCs in the Quest for Technology Transfer: Recommendations
Authors: dos Santos Fernando
Published: March 2024

This chapter highlights the role that African states can play in attracting or absorbing technology and defines the mechanisms and incentives that must be put in place to that end. The chapter also emphasizes the need to develop absorptive capacities in the recipient countries. Hence, the chapter recommends that a special focus be placed on the use of utility models to facilitate technological learning, and to improve absorptive capacities and adaptation of imported technologies to address local needs and foster local innovation. In so doing, the chapter draws lessons from the successful experiences of East Asian states that have managed to overcome the technology-averse culture and that have enabled technology transfer and local innovation to thrive in their respective jurisdictions. The chapter also dedicates special attention to the need to leverage the opportunities offered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) to enable the continent to catch up on technological progress.
Effects of climate change on insect phenology
Authors: Ma Gang , Ma Chun-Sen , Lann Cécile Le , van Baaren Joan
Published: March 2024

Climate change has affected insect phenology substantially, causing increased or decreased phenological synchronization between species in natural and managed ecosystems. Phenological mismatches can be induced by different environments that interacting species experience or by differences in climate sensitivity among species. Insect phenology can shift due to the changes in metabolic and developmental responses to climate change. Phenological shifts may result in advanced spring emergence and delayed winter diapause, causing variation in voltinism in some species. Consequently, insect abundance may either increase due to the additional generations or decline or even go extinct due to “developmental/ecological traps.” At the community and ecosystem levels, phenological mismatches between species may modify interspecific antagonistic and mutualistic interactions, leading to changes in structure, functioning and provision of biocontrol and pollination ecosystem services. These phenological shifts may also offer promising opportunities for implementing engineering ecological methods (e.g., plant diversity manipulation) for improving these ecosystem services.
Sexual selection in insects in times of climate change
Authors: Buzatto Bruno A. , Silva Daniel P. , Peixoto Paulo Enrique C.
Published: March 2024

Elaborate sexual ornaments and weapons used in extravagant displays and ritualistic combats are among the most fascinating traits in nature. The evolution of this morphological and behavioral diversity is usually studied focusing on how selection operates via interactions between competitors of the same sex or mating partners. However, abiotic factors also play a significant role in the evolution of behavior and morphology, creating links between climate and the expression of sexually selected traits. This chapter explores different ways in which climate change (CC) may affect the evolution of insect ornaments and weapons directly or indirectly by affecting processes related to mate choice, intra-sexual competition, alternative mating tactics and intra-sexual dimorphisms. It also discusses how sexual dimorphism and species recognition mechanisms might be affected by CC. Finally, the chapter discusses the relationship between the strength of sexual selection and how insect species can adapt to environmental change.
Changes in insect population dynamics due to climate change
Authors: Boggs Carol L.
Published: March 2024

Climate change can modify the population dynamics of insects. In this instance, “climate” encompasses temperature and precipitation patterns, including dry season or snow cover duration and timing. Also included are changes in both climate means and variances. Insect declines in response to climate change are real but population dynamics are heterogeneous across space and taxa. Both rates of climate change and the location of a population within its climate envelope affect the outcome. Our understanding is currently limited by five factors. First, insect monitoring studies cover a narrow geographic range. Second, other anthropogenic changes, such as land-use change, jointly affect the results of climate change on insect dynamics. Third, species interactions may be affected by climate change, with resulting indirect effects on insect dynamics. Fourth, our understanding of the underlying physiological and fitness response to weather extremes is still limited for insects. Fifth, we have an insufficient understanding of the dynamics of changes in vital rates, which control population dynamics, in response to climate change. This chapter examines these factors, with an emphasis on temperate and arctic species.
Evidence of climate change effects on insect diversity
Authors: Del-Claro Kleber , da Costa Silva Vitor Miguel , Calixto Eduardo S. , de Oliveira Elliot Centeno , Pereira Iasmim , Anjos Diego , Torezan-Silingardi Helena Maura , Moura Renan Fernandes
Published: March 2024

Socioeconomic advances caused profound changes in human lives during the last centuries. Currently, billions of people are living and thriving on Earth, but such prosperity comes with a cost. Biodiversity loss has reached alarming levels, and insects are especially vulnerable to human impacts and climate change. This chapter provides the state of knowledge on human-driven impacts on insect diversity, and how climate change boosts such impacts. Insect diversity has been devastated by habitat change, over-exploitation of resources, pesticide use and pollution and invasive species. Additionally, biodiversity loss of organisms such as plants and vertebrates represents an additional blow that hastens the impact on insect diversity and ecological interactions. Insects are the most abundant group of animals on the planet, and their loss risks many ecosystem functions (e.g., pollination), causing cascade effects that threaten our survival. Thus, a global and coordinated effort should be made to preserve and recover insect diversity.
Climate change disrupts insect biotic interactions
Authors: Luna Pedro , Dáttilo Wesley
Published: March 2024

There is growing evidence showing that insect diversity is rapidly decaying due to direct and indirect impacts derived from climate change. However, most studies have only focused on how current and future changes in climate may affect insect diversity, physiology and behavior, neglecting their numerous biotic interactions with different organisms. In view of the lack of a conceptual framework for this subject, this chapter summarizes the current knowledge on insect biotic interactions and the potential cascading effects associated with their biotic interactions with different trophic levels. The chapter starts by synthesizing how biotic interactions involving insects are threatened by climate change, which could generate cascading effects, focusing on both antagonistic (i.e., herbivory, granivory and host–parasite systems) and mutualistic (i.e., pollination and seed dispersal) relationships. The chapter discusses the potential mechanisms that should buffer cascading effects trough different trophic levels and how they can maintain ecosystem integrity and functioning. Finally, the authors identify current knowledge gaps and propose future directions in the study of cascading effects in insect biotic interactions in the context of climate change.
Refugia from climate change, and their influence on the diversity and conservation of insects
Authors: Ursul Guim , Mingarro Mario , Cancela Juan Pablo , Helena Romo , Wilson Robert J.
Published: March 2024

Climate change refugia are landscapes, topographic features or ecosystems that buffer organisms against exposure to climate change by providing conditions that are stable or spatially heterogeneous (macrorefugia) or distinct from their surroundings (microrefugia). Refugia allow taxa to persist through unfavorable climatic conditions and act as foci for subsequent recovery or range expansion, and could therefore underpin measures for adapting conservation to climate change. This chapter outlines physical and microclimatic features of refugia, and the evidence for their influence on insect responses to historical and recent climate change. It considers how vulnerability to climate change depends on how climate varies over space and time in refugia, but also on biotic traits (endemism, narrow climatic tolerance or habitat specialism) that may increase climate change sensitivity for species occupying these locations. The chapter concludes by reviewing proposals and remaining challenges for the practical application of climate change refugia to insect conservation.
Improving our understanding of insect responses to climate change
Authors: González-Tokman Daniel , Gasperin Ornela De , Dáttilo Wesley
Published: March 2024

Despite the central importance of insects to ecosystem multifunctionality, this book reveals that our current knowledge about how insects respond to climate change is limited by several key aspects: (i) the lack of long-term data monitoring population dynamics, including declines, shifts, expansions and extinctions; (ii) the low evidence available regarding the effects of climate change in some geographical regions, mainly the tropics, despite their high biodiversity; (iii) a taxonomic bias where a few insect orders have been studied in detail whereas others remain mostly unstudied; (iv) the effect of climate change interacting with other stressors such as habitat loss, pollution and exotic species remains mostly unexplored; and (v) the effects of species losses or gains on ecosystem functioning are constrained by cascading effects, which have been overlooked in insects. This chapter describes these aspects and the importance of considering them in further studies in order to have an integrated view of how insects respond to climate change.
Future Perspectives in Medical Education
Authors: Cohen Debbie , Kitchen Thomas
Published: March 2024

Medical education is a complex system that forms a foundation of medical practice. While much effort continues to be made to create safe, sustainable, positive environments for people to learn and work in, evidence from across the globe and the experience of COVID-19 has shown that this is not the case. The reality is that both medical education and medical practice are failing systems which we would argue are no longer fit for purpose. This chapter will present the reader with the challenge of taking a step back and considering what we can learn from other systems to support medicine and medical education to do what is required; to make a system-level shift and create a future healthcare environment where patients, students, staff, and the communities around them can not only grow, but flourish in a sustainable and regenerative way.
Indonesia
Authors: Citraningtyas Theresia , Lili Rossalina , Cipta Darien Alfa , Kloping Nabila Ananda
Published: March 2024

Burnout is a serious problem among medical students in Indonesia. This book chapter will present the extent of the problem of burnout among medical students in Indonesia and provide a brief overview of the context of the medical education system. We aim to better understand potential factors that contribute to burnout related to three aspects: academic pressures, socioeconomic issues, and psychosocial factors. These three aspects align with systemic issues in medical education, social context for certain groups, and individual risk factors. We will then look at changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion then leads to a call to action for changes in the medical education system and provision of specific supports for students.
Italy
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Sampogna Gaia , Fiorillo Andrea
Published: March 2024

University students, and medical students in particular, are a vulnerable group reporting higher rates of mental disorders and substance misuse than the general population. Studies on samples of Italian Medical Students report rates of depressive symptoms reaching 21% and rates of cigarettes, energy drink, and alcohol use ranging from 15 to 86%. It has been demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to additional perceived stress with an increase in psychological morbidity among medical students. Further research is needed to describe associated factors and variables related to the higher risk for mental disorders among students, and more specific systematic preventive and therapeutic interventions should be promoted in university settings.
Nepal
Authors: Kafle Bikram
Published: March 2024

Background: Mental health problems among medical students are highly prevalent internationally. There have been very few studies however in Nepal. Various studies conducted in Nepal have shown depression, anxiety, and burnout to be high in medical students. Medical students are exposed to various academic and psychosocial stressors thought to be typical of the medical school environment that may detrimentally affect their mental health, such as difficult academic environments, heavy study workload, sleeplessness, and exposure to serious illness. These issues can result in significant anxiety or mood disorders, compromise academic attainment, and heighten the risk of medical errors, dropout, alcohol and substance abuse, and suicide. Timely recognition of mental health problems is imperative to avert psychiatric illness. Training on early identification and management of stress to medical students would be helpful. Further studies are required to identify the factors associated with poor mental health.
Sri Lanka
Authors: Dahanayake Dulangi , Wickramasinghe Anuprabha
Published: March 2024

Medical undergraduate training in Sri Lanka is evolving to keep up with changing healthcare needs of the local population and global trends in medical education. In Sri Lanka, as elsewhere, the definition and measurement of mental wellbeing remains a challenge. Medical undergraduates face significant mental health problems including stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression in this setting. Various factors including (but not limited to) characteristics of individuals, the medical course, and the wider sociocultural, economic, and political milieu determine these adverse impacts. There is an established system within Sri Lankan universities to support the mental wellbeing of medical undergraduates, which at present appears to be underutilized. Institutions need to adopt methods to keep up with the changing needs of medical students and to enhance accessibility for all undergraduates.
Medical Student Reflections
Authors: Farrell Sarah Marie , Schranz Amy , Philip Sharad , Koury Hannah , Daler Harmani , Kloping Nabila Ananda
Published: March 2024

Five students from different countries present their personal narratives of life as a medical student. Each has their own story navigating through a complex mix of issues, from the shame of not being able to answer questions when asked, to difficulties of learning during a global pandemic, to physical disability, and/or poor mental health. We begin to see the complex journey each student has and how this shapes their thoughts on what life will be like as a doctor. Despite their deep understanding of the pressure of studying medicine and despite having been hit hard by the process, for the most part our students are positive about the outlook going forward, showing a commendable resilience and strength. They identify their needs, spot flaws in the system, and where possible, try and create their own tools to navigate their way through.
Considering the Needs of Those Studying Medicine Abroad
Authors: Agrawal Sapna
Published: March 2024

As the world becomes increasingly globalized, with easier migration of students and graduates, the importance of understanding different cultures and learning from each other has become more important. All education systems should change and adapt their syllabuses to include more globally relevant curricula to include these requirements to remain competitive and avoid their courses becoming obsolete. Not moulding themselves to this new world will place their students at a disadvantage in the global job market. This chapter examines international medical students’ challenges and the strategies the host countries may use to reduce these. It should be noted that though the issues faced by international students are universal, they are written here mainly from a British perspective. As many international medical students become international medical graduates, the chapter also discusses some issues about these graduates.
Substance Misuse Amongst Medical Students
Authors: Irvine Kate , Mohan Christopher , O’Neill Eimear , Cannon Mary
Published: March 2024

Interest in substance use disorder (SUD) in medical students and physicians is driven by high prevalence and potential consequences of substance misuse on the general public. There is an association between substance use by physicians and the decreased ability to detect, treat and educate against SUD in patients, and they can also over-prescribe addictive substances. Medical students have increased absenteeism and increased exam failure when misusing substances. Substances can be broadly broken into three categories:
What is Being Done, and Does It Work?
Authors: Kaplan Jay
Published: March 2024

Medical students suffer from burnout, particularly as they progress into their clinical years. The National Academy of Medicine has created a conceptual model of clinician wellbeing that notes that 75% of burnout is related to the work environment rather than personal resilience skills. Medical schools and national organizations such as the American Medical Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education are taking active steps to decrease medical student burnout and make the clinical environment more conducive to a lifelong commitment to the practice of medicine. The time to prevent burnout by addressing the environmental contributors and building resilience skills must be early during the education and training of those wanting to pursue medicine as a profession.
Conclusions
Authors: Molodynski Andrew , Farrell Sarah Marie , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: March 2024

The conclusion of the book draws together the key themes from what has gone before. It begins by outlining the significant challenges identified and discussed throughout the book such as globalization, the changing nature of societies and their expectations, and the internet. The current situation faced by medical students, as described int eh country reports, is then briefly described before a look to the future and call for action. The conclusion also introduces a key aspect of the book and a tool for readers—our medical school charter. We hope that this will be widely used to identify and support good practice and equally to identify areas where there is unmet need to allow for positive change and better support of our students.
Introduction
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

This chapter is an overview of the existing literature, objectives for the study and positionality whereby the author discusses how this work sits within the field of Islamic feminism, which is itself not a monolith, but also how it contributes to other fields within Islamic studies such as ḥadīth studies, Islamic legal theory, and even translation studies. The Introduction also expresses the aspirations for the book to inform activists and the broader Muslim community, particularly women and their allies in the activism towards gender-just realizations of Islam. It also provides an overview of the book.
The Kaleidoscope of Configurations
Authors: Hong Meiling , Spigel Ben
Published: March 2024

Variation in entrepreneurial ecosystems between places is as much due to the different varieties of actors as to the varieties of institutional forces. However, we know less about the individual and organizational actors who constitute entrepreneurial ecosystems, and most current work has focused on the types of resources and institutions in thriving ecosystems. To fill this research gap, this chapter introduces an actor/role configurations perspective to understand the kaleidoscope of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. A role is a set of functions an actor takes on that contributes to the ecosystem’s development, functioning, or reproduction. To investigate the multiple roles that ecosystem actors take on and how these roles shift across different economic and cultural contexts, we analyse eighty semi-structured interviews with technology entrepreneurs in three Canadian entrepreneurial ecosystems: Waterloo, Calgary, and Ottawa. We find that in entrepreneurial ecosystems, actors take on multiple roles, but these actor/role configurations depend on varied local contexts. This demonstrates that entrepreneurial ecosystems are not homogeneous entities; rather, regional contexts lead to different actor/role configurations, creating a kaleidoscope of entrepreneurial ecosystem forms.
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in European Union Regions
Authors: Szerb László , Lafuente Esteban , Komlósi Éva
Published: March 2024

While the entrepreneurship ecosystem literature has gone through a rapid expansion over the past decade, it is still in an early phase in terms of its theoretical and conceptual development. Complexity theory provides a suitable way to study the emergence of new structures, to describe the relationship among the system elements, and to examine the time-evolving dynamics of the constituents. In this chapter we provide a short, dynamic, complexity theory-based theoretical underpinning of the regional ecosystem measure, the Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI). Moreover, we also enhance the REDI methodology by building on the Benefit of the Doubt (BOD) weighting technique. This weighting system reflects a value judgement on what are the optimal configurations of REDI constituents. This approach, based on homogeneous (across regions) and fixed (across pillars) weights, ignores region-specific heterogeneity, which may obscure policymaking processes. However, if policymakers are given objective, non-arbitrary information about the importance of REDI pillars, resource allocation should follow an economically meaningful process. Quantity improvements are ensured if additional resources are deployed, but for an equal quantitative change in the REDI score enhancements will be qualitatively superior if policymakers target a clear set of priorities. Based on the BOD enhanced REDI (REDI BOD) scores and the fourteen pillars of REDI, we provide REDI (BOD) scores for 124 European Union (EU) regions, conduct a grouping by cluster analysis, and offer policy suggestions for twenty-three large EU city-regions.
Anchor Tenants
Authors: Harima Aki
Published: March 2024

Nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems are characterized by the lack of connections and interactions between various actors and have, therefore, weak social capital. To advance the evolutionary stage of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, interconnectedness among ecosystem stakeholders needs to be strengthened and diversified. While the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature emphasizes the importance of social capital for entrepreneurial ecosystem development, it has not paid sufficient attention to how social capital is created within ecosystems. This study sheds light on the role of anchor tenants, central actors in the ecosystem governance of nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems, in creating ecosystem-level social capital. This study conducted two case studies of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The first entrepreneurial ecosystem is located in Latin America (Case LA), where a large public accelerator backed by the government significantly formed a large start-up community. The second ecosystem is in Southern Africa (Case SA), where a smaller, private co-work space/business incubator contributed to changing the manner of stakeholder interactions, which led to the creation of a larger start-up community. Based on the within- and between-case analyses of these two ecosystems, this study revealed that anchor tenants create ecosystem-level social capital with a cycling mechanism of three consecutive steps: (1) creating bonding social capital, (2) creating bridging social capital, and (3) converting bridging into bonding social capital. The findings extend the current understandings of early ecosystem evolution by illuminating anchor tenants’ social capital creation activities and offer implications for social capital theory by examining the interplay between bonding and bridging social capital.
Universities within the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Authors: Johnston Andrew
Published: March 2024

The entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) has emerged as a popular concept, capturing the systemic nature of entrepreneurship whereby value creation results from the interaction of multiple actors. However, the concept has been criticized for being under-theorized, overlooking the roles of knowledge generators such as universities, and taking a static approach. Given these criticisms, this chapter presents a conceptual model of the EE that outlines the roles of universities and the process of co-evolution, whereby each may promote change in the other. Furthermore, the chapter explores how both the determinism and reactiveness of the university can influence the evolution of the EE. Finally, several further questions are proposed to further develop understanding of universities and EEs.
Ecology, Complex Systems, and Sociology
Authors: Bliemel Martin , O’Connor Allan , Daniel Lisa , de Klerk Saskia , Scheepers Margarietha de Villiers , Miles Morgan
Published: March 2024

This chapter aims to provide researchers and policymakers with a pragmatic understanding of three different approaches to entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) research. In particular, we aim to inform theoretical framework selection for researchers and policymakers who share an interest in the cultivation, enrichment, and evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. To do so, we illuminate three perspectives of entrepreneurial ecosystems and provide guidance on the theoretical frameworks and methods in their research application. Each of the three frameworks encapsulates a particular ecosystem epistemology (biological ecologies, complex adaptive systems, and community capitals). These frameworks converge regarding their emphasis on diversity among ecosystem elements and their inter-relationships, and situatedness within multilevel contexts. A methodological commonality here is the use of qualitative grassroots approaches to assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems. To illustrate the similarities and differences in frameworks and their associated epistemologies and methods, we discuss how these vary in research application. Selecting a framework has implications for research methods and thus also what types of insights can be gained, such as on how EEs can be designed, shaped, or governed.
Conceptualizing Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Resilience
Authors: O’Connor Allan , Hallak Rob , Soosay Claudine , Mandrell Joe
Published: March 2024

An entrepreneurial ecosystem reflects a dynamic network of interdependent entities each interacting to create and exchange value for communities. In this context we adopt a regional view to group micro, small, and family-based enterprises working within a regionally defined geographic boundary. This we refer to as a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem (REE), and we propose a distinctive school of thought that considers ecosystems-as-regions. This chapter presents a synthesis of the themes in the academic literature to conceptualize the concept of REE resilience and governance by connecting as critical elements four broad factors: internal business factors, external relational factors, diversity, and government. Our aim is to examine how the process of regional governance can be conceived to influence REE resilience as enterprises recover, adapt, or transform their business, and consequently the region, as they confront crisis events. From this perspective, future research is proposed.