bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'ALCA face aux alternatives d'intégration pour le développement en Amérique latine (The ALCA and the integration options for the development in Latin America)
Authors: Ramousse Didier
Published: June 2014

Face à la logique d'unions douanières imparfaites et juxtaposées, dans un hémisphère parcouru par des autoroutes de libre-échange, l 'Amérique latine est confrontée au dilemme suivant : privilégier une communauté d'intérêts ou être absorbée dans une vaste zone de libre-échange des Amériques dominée par les Etats-Unis. L'ALCA (Area de Libre Comercio de las Americas) apparaît comme une pièce importante dans la stratégie des Etats-Unis pour consolider leurs positions face à l'Union Européenne. Si des intérêts contradictoires entre les pays de la région peuvent déboucher sur une fragmentation territoriale, la convergence entre certains gouvernements et les mouvements sociaux opposés à l'ALCA entretient l 'incertitude quant à une relance de l "intégration latino-américaine sur de nouvelles bases.
De l'usage de la fragmentation urbaine en Amérique latine (vue de Buenos Aires) (About the use of urban fragmentation in Latin America, a view from Buenos Aires)
Authors: Prevot-Schapira Marie-France
Published: June 2014

En Amérique latine, l'emploi du terme de fragmentation a été au centre des débats et des recherches sur les grandes métropoles. L 'article analyse la triple logique institutionnelle, gestionnaire et sociale dans laquelle s 'inscrivent les usages du terme fragmentation et ses différentes échelles d'observation.
An Educational Program to Promote Competency in Pediatric Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Parant Rebecca L. , Pingitore Francine R.B. , LaRose Jenifer A.
Published: June 2014

Hospital “boarding” of pediatric psychiatric patients awaiting inpatient placement is a growing problem. To address this need, a dedicated inpatient pediatric medical-psychiatric unit was opened at an urban university-affiliated pediatric hospital. An educational program for pediatric medical-surgical nurses who were expected to staff the pediatric medical-psychiatric unit was developed and implemented prior to the opening of the new unit. The rationale for the establishment of the new inpatient unit, educational program development, goals and objectives for the education, implementation, and evaluation of the program are described. Challenges, lessons learned, limitations, resource allocation, and staff attitudes are discussed. Implications for the future of this and similar hospitals are considered.

J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2014;45(7):321–326.
Therapeutic Neuromodulation: Overview of a Novel Treatment Platform
Authors: Brock David G. , Demitrack Mark A.
Published: June 2014

There is an increasing interest in the development of novel nonpharmacological options for the treatment of major psychiatric illnesses, especially major depressive disorder. This is understandable, given that a majority of patients with major depression experience difficulty achieving disease remission with currently available treatments. Therapeutic neuromodulation defines a group of technologies that effect changes in the brain by exploiting both (1) the electrochemical nature of neurons, and (2) that the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, including depression, can be described as a disruption in the functional connections of neuronal networks. These emerging treatment options include technologies cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration—electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)—as well several experimental methods. This article provides a general overview for understanding these various technologies and places them within a framework to help differentiate the mechanisms by which they influence the behavior of neurons.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(6):274–278.]
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Neurological Disease
Authors: Shafi Mouhsin M. , Liu Anli , Fox Michael D. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Press Daniel Z.
Published: June 2014

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) holds great potential in the treatment of a host of neurological conditions due to its ability to focally modulate—suppress or enhance—activity in targeted cortical brain regions and modify activity across specific brain networks. Results from early trials in a number of neurological indications are presented, including stroke rehabilitation, Parkinson’s disease, tinnitus, chronic pain, migraine, and epilepsy. We emphasize both the challenges, such as the limited efficacy to date in tinnitus, as well as the opportunities, such as the use of TMS in epilepsy caused by focal/cortical lesions. However, to establish TMS as a clinically valuable neurological therapeutic intervention, a number of hurdles must be overcome, including accurate targeting of the treatment, characterization of its therapeutic benefit for specific patients/symptoms, proof of efficacy in multicenter trials that are adequately blinded and powered, proof of the durability of the effects, and assessment of potential adverse effects of cumulative dose and repeated application.

[
Psychiatr Ann.
2014; 44(6):299–304.]
Shaping Comprehensive Emergency Response Networks
Authors: Treurniet W.
Published: June 2014

Given its nature, a crisis has a significant community impact. This applies in particular to emergencies: crises that arise quickly. Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of large-scale incidents, the response requires coordinated effort by multiple organizations. This networked collaboration is not solely restricted to professional organizations. In responding to an incident, the affected community can itself be an important source of information and capabilities. This chapter discusses how one can shape a trustworthy and decisive response organization in which relevant and useful capacities available in the community are incorporated. This discussion has two focal points. The first focal point is the role of the affected community in the case of an emergency. On the one hand, an emergency affects the fabric of the community, such as the critical infrastructure. On the other, a community has inherent internal resources that give it resilience and capacity to respond in a crisis. This needs to be reflected in the choice of emergency response planning model. The second focal point is the structure of the emergency response network. An emergency response network is a mixed-sector network. This means that coordination is needed among organizations and collectives with differing strategic orientations.
Smart Surveillance Systems
Authors: Rothkrantz L. J. M.
Published: June 2014

To enable effective and efficient command and control in military operations it is necessary to have full awareness of all the actions in the field. In traditional C2 systems, human operators play key roles varying from observation in the field up to semantic interpretation of observed data in the Command and Control Centre. Networks are mainly used to transmit data between different components of the network. Observation by human operators will be replaced by sensor networks. The huge amount of incoming data is far beyond the capacity of operators, so the heterogeneous, multimodal data from the different sensor systems has to be fused, aggregated, and filtered. Automated surveillance sensor networks are discussed in this chapter. Sensors are modelled as a distributed system of smart agents. Methods and technology from Artificial Intelligence such as expert systems, semantic networks, and probabilistic reasoning is used to give a semantic interpretation of the sensed data from the environment.
Research on Microstructure of Aluminum 2219-T6 Friction Stir Welded Joint
Authors: Cao Fang Li , Sun Guo Qin , Niu Jiang Pei
Published: June 2014

Friction stir weld fatigue test was performed and the microstructure of the welded joint was analyzed on aluminum 2219-T6. The surface morphology, micro-hardness and grain structure of the welded joint were observed. The fracture surface of the welded joint was observed after the fatigue test. According to the observations, there were more dynamic recrystallizations in the nugget zone and the grain size became smaller in this zone. The grains in the thermo-mechanical affected zone deformed obviously and there were more substructures in the heat affected zone. The hardness values were lower in the thermo-mechanical affected zone and nugget zone. The hardness values distribution shape was W in the upper surface of the joint and probably V in the bottom surface of the joint. The fatigue fractures happened mostly in the nugget zone. There were lots of inner-hole defects in nugget zone on the fracture surface by scan observation. These defects could affect the properties of the welded joint.
Study of ZnO Neutralization & Iron-Precipitation Test in Zn Concentrate Pressurization and Lixiviation
Authors: Zhou Ting Xi , Peng Jin Hui , Kuang Zhi En , Wang Ji Kun
Published: June 2014

The effect of ZnO dosage, iron remover and the time duration of neutralization and iron-precipitation on iron removal percentage was investigated to find out the optimal parameters in the technique of ZnO pressurization, neutralization and iron removal, and the residual acid from pressurization lixiviation and neutralization was assayed by using ZnO ore to neutralize and remove iron from lixiviated mineral pulp containing residual acid 20 g/l by simulation of Zn concentrate pressurization and lixiviation in a 2 L autoclave, in order to simplify Zinc pressurization process. The result showed that when Zn lixiviation percentage is higher than 98 %, up to 99.74 % of iron in the lixiviation fluid could be precipitated and the lixiviated fluid contains iron at the level of 20 mg/l, meeting the requirement on pre-purification fluid. Keywords: Zinc Sulfide Concentrate; Pressurization and Lixiviation; ZnO Ore; Neutralization and Iron Precipitation
Deoxidation and Inclusion Control in Stainless Steel Refining
Authors: Wang Xiu Xiu , Jiang Zhou Hua
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzed the deoxidation principle of new-type compound deoxidizer, Si-Al-Fe alloy during stainless steel refining, summarized related studies on deoxidizer behavior, deoxidation products, alloying treatment by workers in the metallurgical in recent years, analyzed to solve a series of problems caused by deoxidation product with high melting point, and pointed out that it was a trend for large-scale production of "zero" inclusions steel or rendering inclusions harmless and functional.
Fluorinated Pyrocarbon Prepared from Ketjenblack for Primary Lithium Battery
Authors: Liu Zhi Chao , Lu Jia Chun , Huang Ping
Published: June 2014

Pyrocarbons were obtained by heat-treatment of Ketjenblack at different temperature from 1000°C to 2400°C, and fluorinated in NF3atmosphere at 520°C to give CFxsamples with high fluorine content. The results indicate that the structure of both pyrocarbons and their derivative fluorides mainly depend on the heat-treatment temperature of raw carbon. The correlation between the electrochemical performance and the structure of pyrocarbon fluoride was discussed in detail. At an optimum condition, the yield of fluorination can come up to 90%, and the pyrocarbon fluoride, as cathode active material of lithium primary cell, gives an energy density up to 2200 Wh kg-1.
Application of Super Conducting High Gradient Magnetic Separation Technology on Resource Utilization of Low Grade Iron Ore
Authors: Wen Hai Tao , Li Su Qin , Zhang Chang Quan , Wei Wei
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, steel industry develops rapidly. However, lots of iron ore needed by China’s steel industry are imported from abroad. China’s dependence on foreign iron ore exceeds 70%. As a result, not only have large amounts of foreign currencies been spent but also a potential threat has been posed to the economic development of our country. Therefore, it is necessary for China to serve its economic production with lots of low grade iron ore. Since traditional beneficiation methods can cause serious environmental problems, High gradient magnetic separation(HGMS) is discussed in this paper. It can recycle tailings when disposing of low grade iron ore as well as solve the environmental problems caused by tailings and arising during the production process. Besides, high gradient magnetic separator can also raise the processing efficiency of low grade iron core. Therefore, high-gradient magnetic separation can not only increase economic returns but also protect ecological environment. With the maturity of super-conduction high gradient magnetic separation technology, super-conducting high gradient magnetic separation will produce better production effects.
Recovery Efficiency Study on a Gold Ore by Combined Process with Flotation and Leaching
Authors: Liu Mei Hua , Zhang Han Ping , Song Tao , Kan Sai Qiong
Published: June 2014

A representative gold ore sample subjected in this work was taken from Guangnan gold mine, Wenshan municipality, Yunnan province, China. The ore sample assays 2.21 g/t Au, and the gold element exists in oxides, sulfides and silicates. Detailed tests as flotation and leaching were conducted in order to make good use of the valuable element. A flotation concentrate which assays 19.48 g/t Au is obtained through a flotation process of one rougher, two scavengers and two cleaners under the grinding fineness of 90% -0.074mm. The flotation concentrate with rich Au content is a high quality feed for metallurgy. And the flotation tailings were subjected to leaching. After 24 hours, the leaching rate reaches 90%.
Study on the Mineral Processing of Cassiterite from Flotation Tailings by a Combined Method
Authors: Liang Yi Qiang , Jian Sheng , Zhu Cong Jie , Qiao Ji Bo
Published: June 2014

A tailings assaying 0.4% Sn is taken from a flotation process which is used to recover Cu, Pb and Zn. The cassiterite in the tailings is of fine dissemination and complex composition, which leads to difficulties to recover by traditional gravity concentration. In order to enhance the recovery of Sn and make good use of the tailings, particle size analysis and chemical analysis were conducted. Test results show that different flotation index under different size range can be obtained, and the flotation behavior of different size range was investigated. As a result, a reasonable process of gravity concentration and flotation after classification is proposed, which can enhance the Sn recovery remarkably.
Preliminary Source Rock Evaluation of Lower-Cretaceous Coal-Measures Strata in Hulin Basin in Northeastern China
Authors: Hou Zi Ming , Deng Hong Wen , Liu Ming Hui
Published: June 2014

According to the thermal decomposition achievement of coal shale and coal samples, which are gathered from the Lower-Cretaceous coal-measure strata of Hulin basin, the organic matter abundance, type and maturation have been analyzed with TOC, S1+ S2, Hydrogen Index, content of maceral, Tmax , Ro. The result indicates that the organic abundance of coal shale and coal in Qihulin formation is average ,kerogen type is type III and their thermal evolution is over mature . The organic abundance of coal shale in Yunshan formation is general to better while the coal’s organic abundance is from better to best, they are both type III kerogen, and their thermal evolution is mature. The above analysis indicates that the hydrocarbon generating potential is limited in the Lower-Cretaceous coal-measure strata of Hulin basin while coal-measure source rocks in the Yunshan formation have good hydrocarbon generating potential.
Study on the Reduction of Oolitic Hematite Ores in N2-CO Atmosphere
Authors: Jin Guang Long , Zhang Jin Zhu , Xu Ben Jun , Yang Song
Published: June 2014

The oolitic hematite will be a potential source of raw iron ore for the Chinese iron and steel industry. Up to now, the oolitic hematite have hardly been utilized effectively by any single traditional technology. The direct reduction may be a practical technology for the exploitation of oolitic hematite. The results show that the metallization rate of the HeZhang oolitic hematite increases with both the partial pressure of CO increase and the reduction time lasted, and the maximum value of the metallization rate is obtained at 35% carbon monoxide in the N2-CO atmosphere and 4h reduction time at 1050°C with 10% calcium oxide in the oolitic hematite. The diffusion may be the primary factor controlled the metallization rate in the later stage of reduction.
A New Vehicle Suspension Semi-Active Control Method for Enhancing Ride Properties
Authors: Jin Li Qiang , Liu Yue , Li Jian Hua , He Gang
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a new control theory will be proposed for the purpose of enhancing vehicle ride performance. In the first step, a quarter car model with two DOF will be analyzed after which the classical semi-active control idea and a new control method will be built. Then a new hybrid control model based on body acceleration and classical one will be provided, after which the advantage of this controller will be studied. All the models that proposed will be accomplished through matlab/simulink. The outcome parameters of two types, namely, the body acceleration and the suspension deflection will be compared in frequency domain among three conditions which can be described as passive, classical semi-active control and hybrid control respectively. Then random excitation will be given as the road input to get power spectral density curves for further compare. Though the curves we can easily come into a conclusion that vehicle suspensions armed with this new controller will show the best ride properties which hold practical values.
Hydrolysis Time on Rutile TiO2 White Pigment via Short Sulfate Process
Authors: Tian Cong Xue
Published: June 2014

Rutile TiO2 white pigment was prepared by self-seeded thermal hydrolysis route via short sulfate process from low concentration TiOSO4 solution. Hydrolysis time had significantly influenced the structure and pigment properties of rutile TiO2. The samples were characterized by XRD, particle size distribution and pigment properties test. The hydrolysis time had great influences on the hydrolysis rate, particle size distribution, crystal growth and particle aggregation of TiO2, eventually determined the pigment structure and properties. The optimized hydrolysis time after second boiling point was of 2.5h. And the prepared rutile TiO2 white pigment was with narrow particle size distribution and nice pigment properties.
Research on the Manufacturing Methods of Self-Healing Microcapsules in Advanced Materials
Authors: Liu Jun Cong , Wang Dan Yong , Chen Yi Wei , Li Shu Hu , Wei Hua Zhen
Published: June 2014

s: For the problem that cracks exist when the advanced materials are attacked or shocked, and the cracks are hard to self-healing. The microcapsules are put forward to make great effects on healing the cracks to some extents. The manufacturing methods of microcapsules are reviewed, including Matrix Polymerization, In-situ Polymerization, In-situ Cross-linking, Solvent Evaporation Method. And the conclusion and problems are prospected finally.
The Photocatalytic Activity of Degrading Congo Red Using SrFe0.5Co0.5O3-δ
Authors: Li Chao , Liu Fang Fang , Qiao Jun , Meng Hong Yan , Huang Xiang Hong
Published: June 2014

In this paper, perovskite oxide SrFe0.5Co0.5O3-δ has been synthesized by citric acid method. The structures and the morphology of material were analyzed by XRD and SEM respectively. Using SrFe0.5Co0.5O3-δ as photocatalyst, the photocatalytic activity of the degrading Congo red solution was investigated. The effect factors, such as irradiation time, catalyst dose, initial concentration of Congo red solution, pH value on the photocatalytic activity were also explored systematically. The results indicated that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Congo red was up to 97.96% in 100mL 5mg/L Congo red solution containing 0.30g catalyst for irradiation time of 20 min.
Preparation of ITO Nano-Powder by the Method of Ammonia Complexation and Calcination
Authors: Sun Li Da , Jiang Yan , Li Zi Jing , Xiao Rui Min , Lu Shun Li
Published: June 2014

ITO (Indium Tin Oxides) nanopowder was prepared by ammonium-calcining method. The chemical composition, morphology and crystal structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Base on the nucleation and growth mechanism of the powder, the temperature of heat treatment impacting on size and morphology was discussed briefly. The results showed that the nanoITO powder of particle size 20nm-40nm with well-pleasing particle shape and dispersion can be prepared at 800°C.
Controlled Synthesis of α-Al2O3 of Different Shapes via the Hydrothermal-Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Hou Qin Qin
Published: June 2014

Taking aluminum sulfate and urea as the raw materials produce α-Al2O3 in different shapes by employing the hydrothermal-pyrolysis method. The study analyzes the characterization of the products by XRD and SEM, and explores the effects exerted by factors like time span of the hydrothermal reaction and additives such as PEG on the products’ morphology. The results indicate as follows: after 6 hours’ hydrothermal reaction in the 120°C water, with the aluminum sulfate and urea as the raw materials, spherical α-Al2O3 can be obtained through calcination at 1200°C. In the same condition but taking PEG 2000 as additives, tabular-shaped α-Al2O3 can be produced respectively by controlling the reaction time. This paper explores the formulation mechanism of α-Al2O3 in different shapes and the result shows that the growing environment of the crystal nucleus plays a vital role in the formation of the α-Al2O3’s shape.
Development of Innate CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Itk-Deficient Mice Is Regulated by Distinct Pathways
Authors: Prince Amanda L. , Kraus Zachary , Carty Shannon A. , Ng Caleb , Yin Catherine C. , Jordan Martha S. , Schwartzberg Pamela L. , Berg Leslie J.
Published: June 2014

T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including innate T cells such as γδ TCR+ cells, invariant NKT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and H2–M3-specific cells. Although innate cells are generally a minor subset of thymocytes, in several strains of mice harboring mutations in T cell signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators, conventional CD8+ T cells develop as innate cells with characteristics of memory T cells. Thus, in Itk-deficient mice, mature CD4−CD8+ (CD8 single-positive [SP]) thymocytes express high levels of the transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) and are dependent on IL-4 being produced in the thymic environment by a poorly characterized subset of CD4+ thymocytes expressing the transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. In this study, we show that a sizeable proportion of mature CD4+CD8− (CD4SP) thymocytes in itk−/− mice also develop as innate Eomes-expressing T cells. These cells are dependent on MHC class II and IL-4 signaling for their development, indicating that they are conventional CD4+ T cells that have been converted to an innate phenotype. Surprisingly, neither CD4SP nor CD8SP innate Eomes+ thymocytes in itk−/− or SLP-76(Y145F) mice are dependent on γδ T cells for their development. Instead, we find that the predominant population of Eomes+ innate itk−/− CD4SP thymocytes is largely absent in mice lacking CD1d-specific invariant NKT cells, with no effect on innate itk−/− CD8SP thymocytes. In contrast, both subsets of innate Eomes+itk−/− T cells require the presence of a novel promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger–expressing, SLAM family receptor adapter protein–dependent thymocyte population that is essential for the conversion of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into innate T cells with a memory phenotype.
Humanized Mice as a Model for Aberrant Responses in Human T Cell Immunotherapy
Authors: Vudattu Nalini K. , Waldron-Lynch Frank , Truman Lucy A. , Deng Songyan , Preston-Hurlburt Paula , Torres Richard , Raycroft Maurice T. , Mamula Mark J. , Herold Kevan C.
Published: June 2014

Immune-deficient mice, reconstituted with human stem cells, have been used to analyze human immune responses in vivo. Although they have been used to study immune responses to xenografts, allografts, and pathogens, there have not been models of autoimmune disease in which the mechanisms of the pathologic process can be analyzed. We have found that reconstituted “humanized” mice treated with anti–CTLA-4 Ab (ipilimumab) develop autoimmune disease characterized by hepatitis, adrenalitis, sialitis, anti-nuclear Abs, and weight loss. Induction of autoimmunity involved activation of T cells and cytokine production, and increased infiltration of APCs. When anti–CTLA-4 mAb–treated mice were cotreated with anti-CD3 mAb (teplizumab), hepatitis and anti-nuclear Abs were no longer seen and weight loss did not occur. The anti-CD3 blocked proliferation and activation of T cells, release of IFN-γ and TNF, macrophage infiltration, and release of IP-10 that was induced with anti–CTLA-4 mAb. We also found increased levels of T regulatory cells (CD25+CD127−) in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in the mice treated with both Abs and greater constitutive phosphorylation of STAT5 in T regulatory cells in spleen cells compared with mice treated with anti–CTLA-4 mAb alone. We describe a model of human autoimmune disease in vivo. Humanized mice may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of biologics that are used in patients. Hepatitis, lymphadenopathy, and other inflammatory sequelae are adverse effects of ipilimumab treatment in humans, and this study may provide insights into this pathogenesis and the effects of immunologics on autoimmunity.
Composition of glacial sediments in Canadian Shield terrane, southeastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec: applications to acid rain research and mineral exploration
Authors: Kettles I M , Shilts W W
Published: June 2014

Glacial sediments that overlie Precambrian rocks belonging to the Central Metasedimentary and the Central Gneiss belts in southeastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec receive some of the most acid precipitation in North America. Sensitivity of drift to changes
induced by acid loading depends on at least three important aspects of composition: 1) carbonate minerals, 2) clay-sized detritus, and 3) trace elements. The first two provide buffering capacity, and the last may be displaced into vegetation, groundwater, and surface water as a result of exchange or
hydrolysis reactions with hydrogen ions. In the eastern part of the study area, significant buffering capacity is provided by carbonate-enriched trains of fine-grained drift that extend southwestward in Ontario across Precambrian bedrock composed of both calcareous and noncalcareous lithologies.
Part of the carbonate and clay-sized detritus was derived from Paleozoic limestone or dolomite outcrops underlying the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys. In contrast, relatively modest quantities of carbonate are found in drift overlying Precambrian marble in the study area farther west in Ontario and
in Quebec. The small influence of Precambrian marble on glacial sediment composition over a wide area can be attributed to physical characteristics of these strata. Hard, massive, coarse-grained Precambrian marbles were less susceptible to processes of glacial erosion and comminution than the thinly
bedded, fine-grained Paleozoic lithologies. In most cases, trace element concentrations in drift are closely related to the composition of the underlying bedrock and may vary widely over short distances because of the complex geology of the Canadian Shield. High concentrations of arsenic, mercury,
copper, and silver, for example, occur in anomalous concentrations in drift overlying outcrops of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in Ontario known to host arsenical gold deposits.
Atlas of common benthic foraminiferal species for Quaternary shelf environments of western Canada
Authors: Patterson R T , Burbidge S M , Luternauer J L
Published: June 2014

Taxonomic notes and scanning electron micrographs are provided for 103 species of the more abundant and ecologically diagnostic Quaternary benthic foraminifera commonly found in samples collected from Quaternary shelf environments of western
Canada.
Cracks in reproductive health rights: Buffalo City learners’ knowledge of abortion legislation
Authors: Macleod Catriona , Seutlwadi Lebogang , Steele Gary
Published: June 2014

Background: The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy (CTOP) Act legalised abortion on request in South Africa until up to 12 weeks of gestation and thereafter under specified conditions. Within the context of liberal legislation, accurate information is a necessary (although not sufficient) requirement for women to exercise their reproductive rights.Objectives: This research investigated Grade 11 learners’ knowledge of the CTOP Act and its stipulations.Methods: Survey research was conducted with respondents drawn from a range of schools in Buffalo City, South Africa. Multi-stage sampling was used, namely stratified random sampling of schools and purposive sampling of grades used within schools. The data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires in group situations.Results: Results indicate that knowledge of the legal status of abortion, as well as of the various stipulations of the law, was poor. Various misunderstandings were evident, including that spousal approval is required in order for married women to have an abortion. Significant differences between the knowledge of respondents at the various schools were found, with those learners attending schools formerly designated for African learners during Apartheid having the least knowledge.Conclusion: Given the multiple factors that may serve as barriers to women accessing abortion, it is imperative that at least the most fundamental aspect of reproductive rights, that is, the right to information, is not undermined. Agtergrond: Die Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (CTOP) bewettig aborsie op aanvraag in Suid-Afrika tot en met 12 weke van swangerskap en daarna onder sekere voorwaardes. Binne die konteks van die liberale wetgewing is akkurate inligting ‘n noodsaaklike (hoewel nie voldoende nie) vereiste vir vroue om hul reproduktiewe regte uit te oefen.Doelwitte: Die navorsing het graad 11-leerders se kennis van die CTOP Wet en dié se bepalings geondersoek.Metodes: Opname-navorsing is gedoen met respondente uit ‘n verskeidenheid van skole in Buffalo City, Suid-Afrika. Multi-steekproefneming is gebruik, naamlik gestratifiseerde steekproefneming van skole en doelgerigte steekproefneming van grade in skole. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van self-geadministreerde vraelyste in groep situasies.Resultate: Die resultate dui daarop dat die kennis van die wetlike status van aborsie, asook van die verskillende bepalings van die Wet, swak was. Verskeie misverstande was duidelik, insluitend dat ’n gade se toestemming nodig is vir getroude vroue se aborsie. Beduidende verskille tussen die kennis van die respondente by die onderskeie skole is gevind, met die swakste kennis onder dié leerders by skole wat voorheen aangewys is vir swart leerders tydens Apartheid.Slot: Gegewe die verskeie faktore wat as hindernisse tot vroue se toegang tot aborsie kan dien, is dit noodsaaklik dat ten minste die mees basiese aspekte van reproduktiewe regte, naamlik, die reg tot inligting, nie geondermyn word nie.
African primary care research: Performing surveys using questionnaires
Authors: Govender Indiran , Mabuza Langalibalele H. , Ogunbanjo Gboyega A. , Mash Bob
Published: June 2014

The aim of this article is to provide practical guidance on conducting surveys and the use of questionnaires for postgraduate students at a Masters level who are undertaking primary care research. The article is intended to assist with writing the methods section of the research proposal and thinking through the relevant issues that apply to sample size calculation, sampling strategy, design of a questionnaire and administration of a questionnaire. The articleis part of a larger series on primary care research, with other articles in the series focusing on the structure of the research proposal and the literature review, as well as quantitative data analysis.
An assessment of medical doctors′ perception of possible interrelationship between oral and general health
Authors: Opeodu O. I. , Ogunrinde T. J. , Fasunla A. J.
Published: June 2014

Background: The possibility of some systemic diseases having oral manifestation is well established with the recent discovery that some oral diseases also adversely affect the general health of an individual. The question is, is the relationship casual or causal? Aim: To assess the perception of medical doctors concerning the possible link of oral diseases as causal/confounding factors of systemic diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 250 medical doctors was carried out in three tertiary health institutions in Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed to resident doctors to assess their perception as to the possibility of any causal relationship between the general systemic diseases and oral diseases. Results: Two-hundred and seven completely filled questionnaires were returned out of the 250 distributed. Over 50% of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that there is a link between oral diseases and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatic heart disease, valvular heart disease, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS. Hypertension and premature low birth weight has the highest percentage (18.8%) of respondents strongly disagreeing with the possibility of having any link with the state of the oral health. There was a statistically significant difference in the perception of the possible link between the state of oral health and myocardial infarction between male and female respondents (P < 0.04) and also when the age-groups were considered in relationship with valvular heart disease (P < 0.02). Conclusion: This study revealed that doctors′ perception of the influence of dental disease/condition on the general state of patients′ health was deficient and, therefore, require improvement through health education and awareness.
Assessment of mandibular ramus thickness in Afro-Brazilian subjects using computed tomography
Authors: Costa Paula Bonfim Almeida , Bittencourt Marcos Alan Vieira , Rocha Rebello Iêda Margarida Crusoé
Published: June 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the skeletal pattern in the anteroposterior and vertical directions influences mandibular ramus thickness in Afro-Brazilian subjects, using computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: CT images of 45 individuals of Afro-Brazilian, from both genders, aged ranges between 19 and 46 years, were used. Determination of the skeletal pattern in the anteroposterior direction was based on the association of the ANB and WITS values, and in the vertical direction, through the GoGn-SN angle. Measurement of the mandibular ramus was performed just above the lingula in the coronal plane after three-dimensional reconstruction of the image and multiplanar analysis. Results: Twenty-seven of the 45 images were from individuals with Class I skeletal pattern, 13 Class II and 5 Class III, with means of 7.19 mm, 7.15 mm and 7.3 mm, respectively (P = 0.95). In the vertical direction, 4 individuals exhibited reduced vertical skeletal pattern, 28 normal pattern and 13 increased pattern, with means of 7.01 mm, 7.15 mm and 7.33 mm, respectively (P = 0.77). Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was found in mandibular ramus thickness in the different skeletal patterns, both in the anteroposterior and vertical directions.
Evaluation of masticatory performance in subjects with shortened dental arch: A comparative study
Authors: Singh Mayank , Tripathi Arvind , Raj Neerja , Singh Raghuwar D.
Published: June 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the masticatory performance of shortened dental arches (SDAs) compared with the complete dentition. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 subjects with the age group of 45-60 years were selected in the study, which were equally divided into two groups - subjects with shorten dental arch (missing molars; case group) and subjects with complete dentition (control group). Masticatory performance was evaluated by a multiple sieve method on the basis of median particle size of the fragmented particles. Roasted peanuts were used as test food. A method of measuring masticatory performance developed by Manly and Braley and modified by Kapur and Soman was used in this study. Assessment of chewing ability level was also done by asking structured questionnaire. Each question was answered on a four point rating scale. Results: Overall masticatory performance in control group ranged from 60% to 70.5% with standard deviation (SD) of 3.20. The male subjects showed higher masticatory performance with SD of 2.60% when compared to females with SD of 1.77%. The overall masticatory performance in case group ranged between 50.6% and 59%, respectively. The male subjects showed higher masticatory performance with SD of 2.29 when compared to females with SD of 1.08. On comparing both groups, it was found that masticatory performance of control group (3.20) was higher when compared to case group (2.59). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that SDA subjects have masticatory performance and patient satisfaction level within acceptable range to that of complete dental arch subjects.
Improving smile and dental esthetics: A comprehensive periodontal and restorative approach after orthodontics
Authors: Chaves Eros , Rodriguez Juan , Peres Maria F. S. , Cunningham Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

The esthetic demands in smile are continually rising, being thus, critical factors such as; dental midline, smile line, incisal embrasures, tooth position, width to length crown ratio, symmetry of contra-lateral gingival margins, and gingival display need to be taken into consideration. The aim of this case report is to describe the improvement of smile esthetics in a patient that after orthodontic therapy, presented excessive gingival display, asymmetric gingival margins, and shape altered upper right and left lateral incisors, which in turn compromised dental esthetics. The present clinical case required comprehensive treatment process, including proper diagnosis and excellent communication between the prosthodontist and periodontist in order to carry out successful esthetic crown lengthening and restorative dentistry. Results were followed-up for 2 years after the case completion. A pleasant smile was obtained, showing stability over time.
On the values of $G$-functions
Authors: Fischler Stéphane , Rivoal Tanguy
Published: June 2014

In this paper we study the set

\mathbf{G}

of values at algebraic points of analytic continuations of

G

-functions (in the sense of Siegel). This subring of

\mathbb{C}

contains values of elliptic integrals, multiple zeta values, and values at algebraic points of generalized hypergeometric functions

_{p+1}F_p

with rational coefficients. Its group of units contains non-zero algebraic numbers,

\pi

,

\Gamma(a/b)^b

and

B(x,y)

(with

a,b\in \mathbb{Z}

such that

a/b\not\in \mathbb Z

, and

x,y\in\mathbb{Q}

such that

B(x,y)

exists and is non-zero). We prove that for any

\xi \in \mathbf{G}

, both

\operatorname{Re} \xi

and

\mathrm{Im} \, \xi

can be written as

f(1)

, where

f

is a

G

-function with rational coefficients of which the radius of convergence can be made arbitrarily large. As an application, we prove that quotients of elements of

\mathbf{G} \cap \mathbb{R}

are exactly the numbers which can be written as limits of sequences

a_n/b_n

, where

\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n z^n

and

\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} b_n z^n

are

G

-functions with rational coefficients. This result provides a general setting for irrationality proofs in the style of Apéry for

\zeta(3)

, and gives answers to questions asked by T. Rivoal in “Approximations rationnelles des valeurs de la fonction Gamma aux rationnels: le cas des puissances”, Acta Arith. 142 (2010), no. 4, 347–365.
Théorème des périodes et degrés minimaux d'isogénies
Authors: Gaudron Éric , Rémond Gaël
Published: June 2014

We give a new, sharpened version of the period theorem of Masser and Wüstholz, which is moreover totally explicit. We also present a new formulation involving all archimedean places. We then derive new bounds for elliptic isogenies, improving those of Pellarin. The small numerical constants obtained allow an application to Serre’s uniformity problem in the split Cartan case, thanks to the work of Bilu, Parent and Rebolledo.
Zero Lyapunov exponents of the Hodge bundle
Authors: Forni Giovanni , Matheus Carlos , Zorich Anton
Published: June 2014

By the results of G. Forni and of R. Treviño, the Lyapunov spectrum of the Hodge bundle over the Teichmüller geodesic flow on the strata of Abelian and of quadratic differentials does not contain zeroes even though for certain invariant submanifolds zero exponents are present in the Lyapunov spectrum. In all previously known examples, the zero exponents correspond to those

\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)

-invariant subbundles of the real Hodge bundle for which the monodromy of the Gauss–Manin connection acts by isometries of the Hodge metric. We present an example of an arithmetic Teichmüller curve, for which the real Hodge bundle does not contain any

\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)

-invariant, subbundles, and nevertheless its spectrum of Lyapunov exponents contains zeroes. We describe the mechanism of this phenomenon; it covers the previously known situation as a particular case. Conjecturally, this is the only way zero exponents can appear in the Lyapunov spectrum of the Hodge bundle for any

\mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)

-invariant probability measure.
Coping Strategies Used by People with a Major Hand Injury: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bates Elena , Mason Rosemarie
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

The hand is a highly specialized part of the body used to perform many functions. Injury causing permanent change affects a person biologically, psychologically, and socially. This literature review aims to study coping strategies that people adopt in order to deal with a major hand injury.

Method:

A qualitative literature search was carried out using relevant databases. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, which resulted in eight appropriate papers. Each one was critically appraised and analysed in a narrative way for patterns, consistencies, and variance.

Findings:

Coping strategies were found to alter over time. In the short term, strategies employed included avoidance, processing the trauma experience, seeking assistance, and maintaining control. In the long term, strategies included acceptance/resignation, resuming occupations, and adjusting occupational roles. Recommendations for intervention included addressing psychosocial impacts, involving significant others in therapy, and incorporating occupational adaptation.

Conclusion:

The effectiveness of coping strategies depends on the individual and their unique circumstances; hand therapists must work in a holistic and client-centred way to find effective strategies that meet the individual's needs. This involves addressing psychosocial and functional adaptation, as well as physical rehabilitation.
Occupational Therapy and Job Retention: Supporting Clients, Supporting Employers
Authors: Frost Richard , Aggett Lynn , Stratton Vicky , Balkwill Suzanne
Published: June 2014

Occupation is a term that has many definitions and interpretations within occupational therapy literature but, within most of the general population, has come to be synonymous with ‘employment’. Occupational therapists have a key role to play in helping someone maintain employment or change jobs without becoming unemployed first. Early intervention in such situations is crucial and involves a range of knowledge and skills. This article considers the importance of job retention, assessing the situation, understanding the employer's perspective as well as the client's, and the role of an occupational therapist as case manager, coordinating and liaising with all those involved.
Top-down, bottom-up and physical controls on diatom-diazotroph assemblage growth in the Amazon River plume
Authors: Stukel M. R. , Coles V. J. , Brooks M. T. , Hood R. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The nutrient-rich waters of the Amazon River plume (ARP) support dense blooms of diatom-diazotroph assemblages (DDAs) that introduce large quantities of new nitrogen to the planktonic ecosystem and, unlike other nitrogen-fixers, are likely to directly fuel vertical carbon flux. To investigate the factors controlling DDA blooms, we develop a five phytoplankton (cyanobacteria, diatoms, unicellular microbial diazotrophs, DDAs, and Trichodesmium), two zooplankton model and embed it within a 1/6° resolution physical model of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. The model generates realistic DDA blooms in the ARP and also exhibits basin-wide primary production, nitrogen fixation, and grazing rates consistent with observed values. By following ARP water parcels with synthetic Lagrangian drifters released at the river mouth we are able to assess the relative impacts of grazing, nutrient supply, and physical forcing on DDA bloom formation. DDA bloom formation is stimulated in the nitrogen-poor and silica-rich water of the ARP by decreases in grazing pressure when mesozooplankton (which co-occur in high densities with coastal diatom blooms) concentrations decrease. Bloom termination is driven primarily by silica limitation of the DDAs. In agreement with in situ data, this net growth niche for DDAs exists in a salinity range from ∼20–34 PSU, although this co-occurrence is coincidental rather than causative. Because net growth rates are relatively modest, bloom formation in ARP water parcels depends critically on the time spent in this ideal habitat, with high DDA biomass only occurring when water parcels spent >23 days in the optimal habitat niche.
Interpolation methods for Antarctic ice-core timescales: application to Byrd, Siple Dome and Law Dome ice cores
Authors: Fudge T. J. , Waddington E. D. , Conway H. , Lundin J. M. D. , Taylor K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Antarctic ice cores have often been dated by matching distinctive features of atmospheric methane to those detected in annually dated ice cores from Greenland. Establishing the timescale between these tie-point ages requires interpolation. While the uncertainty at tie points is relatively well described, uncertainty of the interpolation is not. Here we assess the accuracy of three interpolation schemes using data from the WAIS Divide ice core in West Antarctica; we compare the interpolation methods with the annually resolved timescale for the past 30 kyr. Linear interpolation yields large age errors (up to 380 years) between tie points, abrupt changes in duration of climate events at tie points, and an age bias. Interpolations based on the smoothest accumulation rate (ACCUM) or the smoothest annual-layer thickness (ALT) yield timescales that more closely agree with the annually resolved timescale and do not have abrupt changes in duration at tie points. We use ALT to assess the uncertainty in existing timescales for the past 30 kyr from Byrd, Siple Dome, and Law Dome. These ice-core timescales were developed with methods similar to linear interpolation. Maximum age differences exceed 1000 years for Byrd and Siple Dome, and 500 years for Law Dome. For the glacial–interglacial transition (21 to 12 kyr), the existing timescales are, on average, older than ALT by 40 years for Byrd, 240 years for Siple Dome, and 150 years for Law Dome. Because interpolation uncertainty is often not considered, age uncertainties for ice-core records are often underestimated.