bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new 3D equilibrated residual method improving accuracy and efficiency of flux‐free error estimates
Authors: Parés Núria , Díez Pedro
Published: June 2019

The paper presents a novel strategy providing fully computable upper bounds for the energy norm of the error in the context of three‐dimensional linear finite element approximations of the reaction‐diffusion equation. The upper bounds are guaranteed regardless the size of the finite element mesh and the given data, and all the constants involved are fully computable. The upper bound property holds if the shape of the domain is polyhedral and the Dirichlet boundary conditions are piecewise‐linear. The new approach is an extension of the flux‐free methodology introduced by Parés and Díez in the paper “A new equilibrated residual method improving accuracy and efficiency of flux‐free error estimates”, which introduces a guaranteed, low‐cost, and efficient flux‐free method substantially reducing the computational cost of obtaining guaranteed bounds using flux‐free methods while retaining the good quality of the bounds. Besides extending the 2D methodology, specific new modifications are introduced to further reduce the computational cost in the three‐dimensional setting. The presented methodology also provides a new strategy to obtain equilibrated boundary tractions, which improves the quality of standard techniques while having a similar computational cost.
A remarkable case of gout in the Imperial Rome: Surgery and diseases in antiquity by osteoarchaeological, paleopathological, and historical perspectives
Authors: Fornaciari Gino , Marinozzi Silvia , Messineo Daniela , Caldarini Carla , Zavaroni Federica , Iorio Silvia , Sveva Longo , Capuani Silvia , Catalano Paola , Gazzaniga Valentina
Published: June 2019

This study is the result of a multidisciplinary approach and focuses on a case of considerable historical and medical interest. The work originally stemmed from findings at a funerary site in the area of Casal Bertone in Rome (Italy), regards an individual in a tomb identified simply by the number “75.” The skeletal alterations that were later discovered gave rise a debate among the members of the team. Challenges in identifying the pathology have brought historians, anthropologists, and radiologists into the field with the use of sophisticated equipment, including CT scans and X‐ray equipment, as well as some analyses carried out with the latest spectrometers. Consequently, the most likely diagnostic hypothesis resulted in gout. During this work, each area of study dealt with the problem in a different manner, allowing for a greater understanding of gout at this point in history, how this pathology might have influenced a person's life, as well as the medical approaches and techniques used to treat it in the imperial age of the second century BCE.
Cultivating identity through private land conservation
Authors: Gooden Jennifer L.
Published: June 2019

Private land conservation is driven by a variety of influences. As a voluntary action undertaken by landowners, it is influenced not only by external factors such as financial incentives, but also by personal and psychological factors.

Using William James’s concept of the “extended self”, this study investigates how protected land becomes a part of landowners’ identity. The study is based on narrative interviews with 27 landowners who had purchased or created a privately conserved area in one of 13 countries.

The analysis highlights three facets of these nature reserves that enable incorporation into a landowner’s sense of self: place, possession and project. Drawing on Breakwell’s identity theory, Belk’s analysis of possessions, and Little’s project analytic theory, findings illustrate the various functions land serves in the expression and development of identity. The present research draws attention to aspects of land as possession and land as project, which have received little attention in conservation research.

This study points to new directions for inquiry into the relationship between land, nature, identity and self and to practical applications for program design, including implications for knowledge sharing, toolkits, networks and communication.
What are women saying about noninvasive prenatal testing? An analysis of online pregnancy discussion forums
Authors: Crabbe Rebecca E.S. , Stone Peter , Filoche Sara K.
Published: June 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore what women are saying about noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in online discussion forums.

Methods

Inductive thematic analysis of content from 13 open‐access discussion forums written in English from 11 popular maternity websites from four different countries (the United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, and Australia) between 2013 to 2017 (n = 127 women).

Results

The forums were a space where women were provided with emotional support and advice in making their decision about NIPT as screening option. Justifications were made for paying for NIPT with terminology echoing commercial advertising “price was high … well worth the peace of mind.” Paying for NIPT was referred to as a shopping exercise to find the “best deal.” Women in the United States often talked about having to choose between NIPT and a scan because their insurance “won't pay for both.” Commercial influence on maternity care providers' preference for different brands of NIPT was evident: “my doctor only uses [brand]. He said it's the best one on the market.”

Conclusion

Our findings highlight women's need for experiential information in prenatal screening counselling and how NIPT commercialization influences both routinized perspectives, and access, which may affect informed choice and best evidence screening practice.
Understanding hydrophobicity variations in dense medium ferrosilicon from different production routes
Authors: Otunniyi Iyiola Olatunji , Oluokun Oluwayimika O.
Published: June 2019

Dense medium ferrosilicon (FeSi) powders produced via submerged arc furnace smelting, granulation, and milling route show varying hydrophobicity, sometimes totally nonwetting, amounting to production losses. This does not occur in powders produced via induction furnace smelting and atomization. Although wetting is fundamentally a surface phenomenon, bulk property can dictate surface behavior. Hence, for detailed insight into the cause of the variation, particles of powders from different production routes were studied from surface to the core. Particle shapes differ clearly for the two production routes, but this was found inconsequential to the wetting behavior. Rather, size distribution, proportion of ultra‐fine particles in the powder, was seen to have effect, being more in the nonwetting sample. From the optical microscopy: in the granular particles (that is, before milling), it is visible that different phases formed from the Fe‐Si‐C system, and this will impact milling differently; particles from nonwetting milled powders show a notable surface layer, and in contrast, the atomized particles show more homogeneous equiaxed grains. From X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, argon ions sputtering, and depth composition profiling, graphitic carbon (C1s at 284.5 eV binding energy) was found on the surface for all samples at levels above bulk alloy composition but highest (65%) for the totally nonwetting sample. From these pointers, graphite coating on particles is responsible for varying hydrophobicity. Carbon affects solid FeSi microstructure, milling, and powder properties. Controlling carbon content from the smelting stands out for avoiding milled FeSi hydrophobicity. This is however not a straight forward minimization problem.
Dictating High‐Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Batteries through Redox‐Mediated Lithium Sulfide Growth
Authors: Zhao Meng , Peng Hong‐Jie , Wei Jun‐Yu , Huang Jia‐Qi , Li Bo‐Quan , Yuan Hong , Zhang Qiang
Published: June 2019

Regulating the solid product growth is critical for achieving high capacities in rechargeable batteries based upon multiphase and multielectron dissolution–precipitation chemistries (e.g., lithium–sulfur chemistry). The intrinsic redox mediators, polysulfides, are insufficient for effective regulation due to the dynamically changed species and concentration. Herein cobaltocene (CoCp2) is introduced as a persistent extrinsic redox mediator to dictate an alternative growing pathway toward three‐dimensional lithium sulfide growth, which enables at most 8.1 times enhancement in discharge capacities at harsh conditions of high‐rate (>1 C) or electrolyte‐lean operation (electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 4.7 µL mgS−1). The faster kinetics and higher diffusivity of CoCp2 play an essential role in regulating lithium sulfide growth and increasing discharge capacities. This work not only illustrates an effective strategy to increase the capacity of high‐rate or electrolyte‐lean lithium–sulfur batteries but also paves a way toward the rational design of novel redox mediators for dissolution–precipitation energy chemistries.
Differential Space‐Limited Crystallization of Mixed‐Cation Lead Iodide Single‐Crystal Micro‐Plates Enhances the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sung Hsin-Hung , Kuo Chien-Chen , Chiang Hung-Sheng , Yue Hong-Lin , Chen Fang-Chung
Published: June 2019

The synthesis of certain asymmetric perovskite single crystals (SCs)—including CH3NH3PbI3, which is used most commonly—for application in high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PeSCs), remains very challenging. Herein, a promising but general method, differential space‐limited crystallization (DSLC), is described for synthesizing high‐quality perovskite single‐crystal micro‐plates. The thickness of the perovskite SCs is controlled by the difference between the thicknesses of two sets of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) spacers. Because the DSLC method does not require very thin spacers, it simplifies the procedure of crystal growth. More importantly, the hydrophobicity of the PTFE spacers weakens the attraction between the surfaces of the confined space and the precursor complexes, thereby increasing the rate of diffusion of the precursor ions. Accordingly, the critical nucleation step is not limited by the low rate of diffusion of the ions. This approach is used to prepare mixed‐cation lead iodide single‐crystalline micro‐plates for solar cell applications. The device performance of single‐crystal PeSCs improves after introducing formamidinium ions. The stability of the single‐crystal devices also improves relative to that of conventional thin‐film counterparts. It is anticipated that this DSLC method can also be used to synthesize different types of asymmetrical perovskite SCs for other optoelectronic applications.
Energy‐Loss Reduction as a Strategy to Improve the Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Zhaoyang , Guo Yaxiao , Wang Linqin , Hao Yan , Guo Yu , Franchi Daniele , Zhang Fuguo , Kloo Lars , Sun Licheng
Published: June 2019

Four weak donor backbones (BT, BTP, BT2, and BT3), featuring stepwise enhanced electron‐donating capacities, are designed and synthesized. The sp
3 type carbons introduced are tethered with auxiliary groups to generate a better electron‐blocking stereoscopic structure. A series of NB dyes are subsequently synthesized from these central cores by end‐capping a strong diphenylamine donor and a planar heterocyclic acceptor 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐ylethynyl)benzoic acid. The fine‐tuning of steric configurations and energy levels of the resulting dye molecules reduces the energy losses significantly when applied in dye‐sensitized solar cells. These devices offer one of the highest open‐circuit voltages (≈1.03 V) reported so far, and high power conversion efficiencies of 9.6%–12.1% using the NB dyes in combination with a well‐developed cobalt‐tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)amine‐based tandem electrolyte.
Optimisation of design and operation of generators for offshore vertical axis wind turbines
Authors: Argent Michael , McDonald Alasdair , Leithead William , Giles Alexander
Published: June 2019

A process for optimizing both the design and operation of the generator for a large offshore vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is developed. The objectives of the optimization process are to minimize additional costs and losses in the generator to allow for a fair evaluation of the impact of the VAWT environment on the powertrain. A spectrum of torque control strategies was tested based on the ratio, q, of the allowed electrical torque variation to the inherent mechanical torque variation. Equations relating q to the generator losses were established. The effect of q on the energy extracted by the rotor was also investigated and incorporated into the optimization process. This work shows that a variable q strategy with respect to wind speed can improve turbine performance across the range of operational wind speeds depending on the torque loading from the rotor blades. In turn, this also allows for the torque rating of the generator to be reduced from the peak torque rating that would otherwise be expected, creating an opportunity to downscale the generator size, reducing costs. The optimization of powertrain design and operation should be carried out at as high level as is possible, ideally using the fully factored cost of energy (COE) to guard against unexpected losses because of excessive focus in one COE factor (for example reducing upfront cost but in turn reducing availability).
Theoretical analysis for static bending of circular Euler–Bernoulli beam using local and Eringen's nonlocal integral mixed model
Authors: Zhang Pei , Qing Hai , Gao Cunfa
Published: June 2019

Many studies have shown that Eringen's differential nonlocal model leads to some inconsistencies for the cantilever beams, which indicates the necessity to adopt the original integral nonlocal model. In this paper, Eringen's two‐phase local/nonlocal model is applied to capture the size effect in the curved Euler‐Bernoulli beam. The governing equations of equilibrium and boundary conditions are derived on the basis of Hamilton's principle. The Fredholm type integral governing equations are transformed to Volterra integral equations of the second kind through simply adjusting the limit of integrals, and solved uniquely through the Laplace transformation with several unknown constants, which are determined through the boundary conditions and extra constrained equations. The Exact solutions for a curved microbeam bending are derived explicitly for different boundary conditions. The present model is validated against the straight Euler beam for large radius circular case. The numerical results from current model show that the consistent softening effect of the two parameters on the bending deflection of the microbeams is observed for all boundary conditions.
Perifovea retinal thickness as an ophthalmic biomarker for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tao Rui , Lu Zhaozeng , Ding Ding , Fu Shuhao , Hong Zhen , Liang Xiaoniu , Zheng Li , Xiao Yiqin , Zhao Qianhua
Published: June 2019

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate retinal thickness as a biomarker for identifying patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

The retinal thickness, utilizing the spectral domain optical coherence tomography, was compared among 73 patients with AD, 51 patients with MCI, 67 cognitive normal control (NC) subjects.

Results

The retinal thickness of ganglion cell complex and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer decreased in both AD and MCI patients, in comparison with NC subjects (AD vs. NC, P < .01; MCI vs. NC, P < .01). The inner retinal layers in macular area in MCI exhibited significant thinning compared with NC (P < .001). Remarkable association was found between the retinal thickness and brain volume (P < .05). Better correlation was seen between the inner perifovea retinal thickness and the hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volume (r: 0.427–0.644, P < .01).

Discussion

The retinal thickness, especially the inner retinal layer thickness, is a potentially early AD marker indicating neurodegeneration.
Validation of National Healthcare Safety Network–reported core elements of antimicrobial stewardship in Tennessee
Authors: Evans Christopher D. , Thure Katie A. , McDaniel Honour M. , Adre Cullen J. , Reed Vicky P. , Talley Pamela P. , Kainer Marion A.
Published: June 2019

A survey of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs was performed to validate core element achievement data from the National Healthcare Safety Network’s (NHSN) Patient Safety Component Annual Survey. In total, 89% of hospitals met all 7 core elements, compared to only 68% according to the NHSN survey.
Dewetting of liquid film via vapour-mediated Marangoni effect
Authors: Kim Seungho , Kim Joonoh , Kim Ho-Young
Published: June 2019

Liquid films on wettable solid surfaces can be disturbed to dewet when low surface tension liquids or surfactants are added because the surface tension difference gives rise to stresses on the film interface. Here we consider an alcohol drop placed above a thin aqueous film, which punctures a hole in the film starting from underneath the alcohol drop. Such film dewetting is attributed to the Marangoni effects caused by the spatial gradient of alcohol vapour concentration. We measure the liquid–gas interfacial tension of aqueous liquids rapidly responding to the surrounding isopropyl alcohol vapour concentration, and observe evolution of the film morphology consisting of central hole, fringe film, thinning region and bulk. We construct scaling laws to predict the dewetting rates of the film by considering the Marangoni stress, viscous shear stress and evaporation. It is shown that our experiments are consistent with our theory.
A priori bounds and existence of non-real eigenvalues for singular indefinite Sturm–Liouville problems with limit-circle type endpoints
Authors: Sun Fu , Qi Jiangang
Published: June 2019

The present paper deals with non-real eigenvalues of singular indefinite Sturm–Liouville problems with limit-circle type endpoints. A priori bounds and the existence of non-real eigenvalues of the problem associated with a special separated boundary condition are obtained.
Effects of Wire Length in Turbulence Investigations with a Hot-Wire Anemometer
Authors: Frenkiel F. N.
Published: June 2019

The paper discusses the influence of wire length on the characteristics of a turbulent flow as measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Most of the mathematical treatment can be directly applied to other problems of length correction, such as may occur, for instance, in problems of astrophysical turbulence, as well as to some problems related to measurements of random processes. The discussion will, however, use the example of a hot-wire anemometer with particular attention to the influence of the length of the wire on the measurement of the intensity of turbulence, correlation coefficients, and scale and microscale of turbulence.
The Design of Thin Finite Wings in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Hancock G. J.
Published: June 2019

A method is developed for designing thin finite wings with prescribed lift distributions. Particular attention is given to wings which, at a certain optimum angle of incidence, have zero loading along the whole leading edge. It is suggested that such a wing will have a greater range of lift coefficient for low drag than other wings with the same plan form.

On the basis of the linearised theory a formula, relating the wing surface to the pressure distribution over the surface, is deduced which differs from the usual potential relationship by avoiding the difficulty of the non-uniform convergence with respect to the normal distance away from the wing surface singularities. The surface integral which is developed includes a regular singularity and a definite limiting process.
Early Thoughts on the Jet Flap
Authors: Stratford B. S.
Published: June 2019

An historical sketch shows how the basic ideas of the jet flap were evolved. The exploratory work included the prediction that lift would be induced on an aerofoil by a two-dimensional jet deflected from the trailing edge, and that the magnitude of the total lift would be of the order of four times the direct jet lift. The prediction was confirmed experimentally and a first quantitative theory evolved. Meanwhile the hypothesis was put forward that, ideally, the forward thrust on the aerofoil would be independent of the deflection angle of the jet.

This paper is the first of a series of papers that will describe the development and present state of knowledge of the jet flap.
On a Class of Laminar Viscous Flows Within One or Two Bounding Cones
Authors: Morgan A. J. A.
Published: June 2019

The class of incompressible axially-symmetric laminar viscous flows considered are exact invariant (similarity) solutions of the Navier- Stokes equations. The functional forms of the velocity components are deduced by group-theoretic arguments. The system of governing partial differential equations is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations and these in turn are reduced to a single first order non-linear ordinary differential equation for the dimensionless tangential velocity component. The general solution of this equation is obtained in terms of hypergeometric functions.

The classes of laminar viscous flows bounded by a right conical surface or by right inner and outer conical surfaces with a common apex obtainable from the previously mentioned (similar) solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation are studied. Suction/injection velocities (inversely proportional to the distance from the apex) normal/parallel to the conical boundaries are admissible for the classes of flows considered. If the flow is bounded by impermeable conical surfaces, then it is shown that these solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation imply that it must be identically quiescent.

When the bounding cones are not impermeable, closed solutions for the single-cone case are found in terms of elementary functions. A numerical example of such a flow, with fluid injected normal to the conical boundary, is given. Such a simplification of the hypergeometric functions entering into the problem, however, cannot be achieved in the two-cone case.
Shear Flow Through a Cascade
Authors: Hawthorne W. R. , Armstrong W. D.
Published: June 2019

When a flow with a non-uniform velocity passes through a cascade, the blades impose on each layer of the flow local pressure changes which are roughly proportional to the dynamic head in the layer. This results in local pressure differences which, within the blade passages, produce rotational secondary flows and which also cause overall spanwise accelerations and displacements. These effects are analysed for frictionless flow by treating the blade row as an actuator plane whose outlet angle is determined by the secondary velocities in the blade passages.

At low outlet angles or large deflections the secondary flows effectively control the downstream flow angles. When the outlet angle is large the displacement effect can result in downstream flow angles of opposite sign to those induced by the secondary flow alone.

Measurements on cascades with small spanwise variations induced in the approaching stream confirm the main predictions of the first order theory.
An Energy Approach to Climb Performance Estimation of a Turbo-Jet Transport Aircraft
Authors: Tamboli Ramchandra B.
Published: June 2019

The climb performance of a turbo-jet transport aircraft is considered, using the concept of the energy height. The analytical formulae used in evaluating the time needed, distance covered and fuel consumed during climb under various conditions are developed. It is concluded that the application of this energy approach method to the climb performance estimation of a turbojet transport aircraft will prove satisfactory from the points of view both of the accuracy of the results and of saving some of the considerable time needed for the climb calculation by the conventional method. A numerical example is given to illustrate the usefulness, applicability and flexibility of this method.
Dr. Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante
Authors: Schoenrich Otto
Published: June 2019

Dr. Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén, a giant in the field of international law, passed away at his home in Havana, Cuba, on August 24, 1951, at the age of 86. As a writer, teacher, judge and advocate in matters relating to public and private international law he had attained world prominence.
Modern Population Trends and Problems
Authors: Benjamin B. , Cox P. R. , Menzler F. A. A.
Published: June 2019

In March 1944, while the second world war was still raging, the Royal Commission on Population was appointed ‘to examine the facts relating to the present population trends in Great Britain; to investigate the causes of these trends and to consider their probable consequences; to consider what measures, if any, should be taken in the national interest to influence the future trend of population; and to make recommendations’. This step was of twofold significance. First, it marked the recognition by the Government of the possible need to take policy decisions in the field of population—to translate the subject from the academic to the political plane. Secondly, it marked official recognition of the fact that despite a flood, during the immediate prewar years, of reports of grave foreboding by the demographers of the day (whose anxieties have since proved to have been exaggerated) the Government had insufficient information to decide whether or not there was a 'population problem' in Great Britain. That the problem does not now appear to be so pressing as was once thought does not abate in any way the necessity for observing the facts. The Royal Commission, indeed, emphasized the necessity for continuous study of the population problem which, they said, will always be changing.
The Actuarial Management of a Life Office
Authors: Anderson J. L. , Binns J. D.
Published: June 2019

In recent years an unusually high proportion of the papers submitted to the Institute and to the Faculty have dealt with technical problems of life assurance management. The subjects covered include investment policy, valuation and bonus policy, the relationship between liabilities and assets and the relative merits of with-profit and without-profit business. The object of this paper is to indicate how these various subjects (with the addition of new-business policy) react on each other and to consider how far any over-all actuarial planning is possible, special regard being paid to modern developments in the different fields. Some repetition of what has already been said in recent years is inevitable, but no attempt will be made to summarize actuarial opinion on the topics under review, a task which would be impossible within the scope of the paper.
The Treatment of Sub-standard Lives in Practice
Authors: Perks Wilfred
Published: June 2019

Has it ever really been proved that the lives that we call under-average are under average? It would be very interesting indeed to have an investigation not of individual impairments, but of a block of lives that are rated-up, except, perhaps, the very heavily rated-up cases, just to see whether their mortality is really higher than of those we take at ordinary rates.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for a discussion on the treatment of proposals for life assurance on sub-standard lives. To assist in this discussion a body of mortality data in respect of the sub-standard lives of a particular office is presented. The data relate to ordinary life assurances issued in this country subject to a diminishing lien. In the light of these data certain suggestions are made regarding the relative financial importance of the extra mortality of impaired lives in modem conditions. Apart from this statistical material, there is little that is new or original in the paper, although it is hoped that the author's relatively simple outlook on the subject may be of general interest and of assistance to students. The paper is concerned with the actuarial and practical aspects of the subject rather than with the medical aspects.
Legal Aspects of OEEC
Authors: Szuldbzynski Jan
Published: June 2019

The OEEC meeting in Paris in March, 1952, was a turning point for the organisation. Its original function of allocating Marshall Aid having virtually ended, the member-States have had to decide to restrict their activities to the left-over functions concerning intra-European trade and payments or to develop into an effective instrument for co-ordinating European economy.

Initially in the report of September 22, 1947, submitted to the U.S. by the Conference of the sixteen original member-States, the OEEC was described as temporary and limited to the four-year period of U.S. help. In its constitution, however, the elaboration and execution of a joint recovery programme is considered to be only “an immediate task.” The chief aim of the organisation is to be the “achievement of a sound European economy through the economic co-operation of its members” —and this is certainly a function of a permanent character. The general undertaking of the signatories to “work in close co-operation in their economic relations with one another” also suggests a more permanent association.

At the decisive meeting of March 29, 1952, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Butler, declared that it was on OEEC foundations “that we must build and rely for the future.” He also expressed the view that it was more imperative than ever that Europe should resolutely devise collective measures of self-help.

After a review of the new position, the following three primary purposes have been named for keeping the organisation alive: — (1) to raise European production, (2) to eliminate external trade deficits, particularly with the dollar zone, and (3) to help stabilise the internal finances of member-States.
TAKING THE MEASURE OF CHANGING LABOUR MOBILIZATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION IN THE WAKE OF THE EU SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire
Published: June 2019

This analysis investigates changing mobilization at the ILO in response to the labour and social rights shock created by EU and IMF demands in the EU sovereign debt crisis (Crisis Europe or euro-crisis). Mobilization means the purposeful use of legal norms and institutions by social movements and civil society groups to advance identified policy goals. It can be contrasted with the use of legal norms and institutions by individuals or entities to settle disputes affecting them. After introducing relevant features of euro-crisis and the ILO, the article develops an analysis that measures changing mobilization at the ILO during euro-crisis. It then shows how such an analysis makes two key contributions: first, to our understanding of the ILO and, second, to how we approach mobilization. First, by viewing the ILO as a rights mobilization structure, it shows the vitality and interest of doubted or neglected ILO supervision and complaints mechanisms. Five elements are underlined: the ILO is more than existing literature assumes; it questions the depiction of the ILO as a ‘toothless tiger’; the sharp divide between unions and NGOs is overstated; certain institutional design features make the ILO a good venue for transnational mobilization; the ILO is not transparent in terms of access to documents relevant to mobilization and compares poorly in this respect with UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies. Second, by setting it against existing literature, it is shown how measuring mobilization is distinctive within the broader human rights mobilization scholarship. The most important insights it introduces are: rejecting the assumption that mobilization inevitably follows a significant rights shock such as euro-crisis; addressing the puzzles of union ‘mobilization’ and motivation; operationalizing measurement of mobilization against the backdrop of venue choices; considering how to deal with an international organization which is both a mobilization venue and an engaged actor.
Grain and straw yield interactions in barley cultivar mixtures
Authors: Newton A. C. , Guy D. C. , Hackett C. A.
Published: June 2019

Cultivar mixtures of winter barley and spring barley, together with their component monocultures, were grown in field trials to assess the effect of cultivar combinations on both straw and grain yield. The overall grain yields for all trials were significantly higher for the cultivar mixtures than for the corresponding component monocultures. Also, significant decreases in rhynchosporium disease severity for cultivar mixtures were recorded for most non-fungicide treatments. The size of these responses was often significantly correlated with the component number of the mixtures. The amount of straw produced in mixtures was sometimes changed significantly, but not always in a positive direction and it was only correlated with increasing mixture component number in two environments. No correlation of straw yield potential of cultivars with performance in mixtures was found. Cultivar × cultivar mixture × environment interactions appeared to affect the relative yield of grain and straw differentially and therefore it was not possible to predict the effect of mixtures on the harvest index.
Some Observations on the Transmission of Bacteria by Infective Larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Gharib H. M.
Published: June 2019

It is well known that the first two larval stages in the life cycle of nematodes belonging to the superfamily Strongloidea, have a freeliving existence. During this time, the larva which hatches from the egg feeds actively, undergoes two moults and grows considerably before reaching the infective stage, when it is ready to invade a definitive host. Under natural conditions this external development takes place in the faeces, which have been deposited by the infected host on ground likely to be contaminated with various bacteria.
A New Tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium salvelini sp. nov., from a Salmon, Salvelinus alpinus, in Greenland
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2019

By kind permission of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) the writer has had the opportunity of studying some tapeworms collected from a Greenland Salmon (Salvelinus alpinus subsp. ?) from Ottostrand, East Greenland, in August 1948 by Hjalmar Fleischer of Oslo. The material was found in the “gut” and contained about thirty specimens of an adult Diphyllobothrium, which appears to be new, along with specimens of Diplocotyle olrikii Krabbe, 1874 and Eubothrium crassum (Schrank, 1790).
The Combined Use of Nematicidal Soil Fumigants and Solubilized Chemicals
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2019

1. The first experiment showed that there is a considerable loss of DD vapour from the surface layer of soil, and that this loss is only moderately reduced by using a water seal or a non-gas-tight seal of foil. The effect of this is to leave a residue of potato root-eelworm “survivors” in the top 2 inches of soil and so to make DD less effective than it would be if the loss could be prevented.

2. The second experiment showed that the survivors could be dealt with by treating the soil surface with a micellar solution of p-m cresol, solubilized by the method of Staniland and Stone. It also established the fact that the two treatments behave independently at all levels: there was no interaction between them.
The Estimation of the Cyst Contents of the Potato-root Eelworm H. rostochiensis
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2019

Research on the potato-root eelworm Heterodera rostochiensis has been severely handicapped by the fact that it is virtually impossible to estimate the infectivity of individual cysts. Since the infectivity of an individual cyst is determined by the number of viable larvae present within it, the problem can be settled in one of two ways—either by means of a technique which recovers all the viable larvae and rejects the non-viable or by estimating firstly the total contents and then the proportion of them which is viable. Techniques for the recovery of larvae from cysts have been described by Fenwick (1941) and Fenwick and Franklin (1940). The former of these sought to express soil infectivity directly in terms of available larvae per gm. of soil while the latter was concerned merely with obtaining a representative sample of larvae from a given batch of cysts. Neither claimed to estimate viability of the contents. A further technique (Bracey, 1946) which was described in a paper circulated among interested workers was a modification of that described by Fenwick and Franklin (loc. cit.) and claimed to express viability of cyst contents directly as a percentage.
Motion in a Horizontal Circle
Authors: J. P. McC.
Published: June 2019

(f) Let the tangent at the vertex of the parabola meet XL and XM at Q and R respectively. Then the points X, Q, S and R are concyclic. By inversion QR cuts the pair of orthogonal circles of the previous section (e) at points Q1 and R1 respectively such that the points X1, Q1, R1 and S1 are concyclic.
The Meaning of the Cellular Jail in Post-Independence India
Authors: DOBSON JULIA SOPHIE
Published: June 2019

In April 2014, the Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands, was submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List for India. The image of the colonial jail, depicted on coins, stamps, and first day covers, symbolizes both the suffering and heroic struggle of India's freedom fighters. Considering how international, national, and local state forces have attempted to ‘freeze’ the meaning of the Cellular Jail, this article questions what has been excluded or obscured from collective memory. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between contending political wills and the symbol of the Cellular Jail through a particular focus on recent struggles between Hindu and secular nationalists over its appropriation. By considering the production of the symbol of the Cellular Jail, this article challenges the narratives at the heart of modern nation-building and demonstrates their intrinsic instability.
Opistholebes diodontis n.sp., its development in the final host, the affinities of some amphistomatous trematodes from marine fishes and the allocreadioid problem
Authors: Cable R. M.
Published: June 2019

Opistholebes diodontis n.sp. is described from the intestine of the porcupine fish, Diodon hystrix, and development from the metacercaria to the adult is outlined. In that process, the ventral sucker shifts from near the mid-level to the posterior end of the body and other rearrangements occur as a result of differential growth. Hence in the Opistholebetidae and probably the Gyliauchenidae and Cephalo-poridae as well, the amphistome plan is considered to be secondary in phylogeny. None of those families belongs in the Paramphistomoidea. Instead, each is believed to be a distinct family of aberrant trematodes derived from a separate line of more generalized distomes. Representing one such line of descent are the Opistholebetidae and Opecoelidae which are more closely related to each other than either is to any other group. Hence a superfamily, Opecoeloidea, is proposed to include the two families and set them apart as a natural group distinct from the remainder of the allocreadioid complex which is discussed. The genus Pachycreadium is transferred to the Opistholebetidae, family diagnoses are revised, and a key to the species of Opistholebes is given.
Parasitic copepods of fish from Ceylon. IV
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2019

This contribution is intended to be the last of this series. As one who may claim to have revived interest in these crustaceans from this region since the days of Bassett-Smith just prior to the beginning of the century, I find it particularly gratifying that several Indian zoologists are now steadily engaged in adding to our knowledge of these forms. Altogether some forty-three genera containing about 120 species have now been recorded from the Indian Ocean. This must form only a small fraction of the total number of forms that actually occur on the wide variety of hosts inhabiting this region.
Perezia sp. (fam. Nosematidae) parasitic in the fat-body of Gonocephalum arenarium (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2019

The microsporidian described in this paper is parasitic in the fat-body of Gono-cephalum arenarium (Order Coleoptera; Family Tenebrionidae), a root-feeding beetle which is usually found sheltering under stones or fallen leaves and in lawns in South Africa. During the present investigation only adult insects were available for study as the earlier phases of the life history doubtless occur beneath the surface of the soil.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , With a Statistical Analysis by J. W. Trevan
Published: June 2019

The present revision of the morphology, taxonomy and affinities of trypanosomes causing Surra in the Old World was undertaken in order to determine the status of the diverse geographical and hostal strains, the exact relation of which toTrypanosoma evansiand allied species was hitherto a subject of controversy. The material for this study was represented by thirty strains from diverse mammalian hosts and various countries, extending from Morocco to the Philippines.

One of the problems dealt with is the occurrence of polymorphism inT. evansi. When single samples of typical (monomorphic) strains from naturally infected animals were examined, only negligible numbers of stumpy forms (0·05–0·40 %) were found in a minority of cases. But in strains kept under continuous observation for several years the proportion of stumpy forms occasionally rose higher (2–25%), while one strain exhibited a remarkable and persistent degree of polymorphism in the course of 17 years, the proportion of stumpy forms—including numerous posteronuclear ( = posterior-nuclear) ones—fluctuating from 0 to 60%. It was shown that—as in the case of theBruceigroup—the length distributions in polymorphic samples ofT. evansicould be statistically resolved into distinct curves, corresponding to the three morphological components (stumpy, intermediate, slender).
Attenuated vagally-mediated heart rate variability at rest and in response to postural maneuvers in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Chang Hsin-An , Fang Wen-Hui , Wan Fang-Jung , Tzeng Nian-Sheng , Liu Yia-Ping , Shyu Jia-Fwu , Chang Tieh-Ching , Huang San-Yuan , Chang Chuan-Chia
Published: June 2019

Background

Altered heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic nervous system function, has been reported in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but the results have been mixed. Thus, the present study, using a large sample size and better methodology, aims to examine whether GAD is associated with impaired HRV, both at rest and in response to posture challenges.

Methods

In total, 1832 participants were recruited in this study, consisting of 682 patients with GAD (including 326 drug- and comorbidity-free GAD patients) and 1150 healthy controls. Short-term HRV was measured during the supine-standing-supine test (5-min per position). Propensity score matching (PSM), a relatively novel method, was used to control for potential confounders.

Results

After PSM algorithm, drug- and comorbidity-free GAD patients had reductions in resting (baseline) high-frequency power (HF), an index for parasympathetic modulation, and increases in the low-frequency/HF ratio (LF/HF), an index for sympathovagal balance as compared to matched controls. Furthermore, the responses of HF and LF/HF to posture changes were all attenuated when compared with matched controls. Effect sizes, given by Cohen's d, for resting HF and HF reactivity were 0.42 and 0.36–0.42, respectively.

Conclusions

GAD is associated with altered sympathovagal balance, characterized by attenuation in both resting vagal modulation and vagal reactivity, with an almost medium effect size (Cohen's d ≈ 0.4), regardless of medication use or comorbidity status.
Towards an edition of the fragments of Alexis
Authors: Arnott Geoffrey
Published: June 2019

Many are the misrepresentations that luxuriate on the subject of later Greek comedy. It is still possible to read in standard works, for instance, that the main theme of middle comedy was food, and that Alexis of Thurii was Menander's paternal uncle (so theSudafirst, and far too many others since). Yet among such inaccurate fancies there are just a few whose charm counterbalances their unauthenticity. My own favourite is an anecdote about Alexis that remains little known (Edmonds omits it from his collection oftestimonia); it appears to derive from the χρεῖαι attributed falsely to Aristotle (Stob.Flor.50. 83 Hense;Gnom. Vat.46 Sternbach=Gnom. Vind.36), and runs as follows: ‘One day, when the comic poet Alexis was a very old man, he was observed walking along with great difficulty.
Remarks on the Black Cloaks of the Ephebes
Authors: Maxwell-Stuart P.G.
Published: June 2019

In a remarkably interesting paper on the Black Hunter and the Athenian ephebeia, Vidal-Naquet has given one or two examples of the use ofblackordarknessin connection with the ephebes. Whereas I think the main points of his argument sound, in these details there may be some misunderstanding about which I should like to make a brief comment.

We are told by Xenophon: ‘οἱ οὖν περὶ τὸν Θηεραμένη παρεσκεύασαν ἀνθρώπους μέλανα ἱμάτια ἔχοντας καὶ ἐν χρῷ κεκαρμένους πολλοὺς ἐν ταύτῇ τῇ ἑορτῇ, ἴνα πρὸς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἤκοιεν, ὡς δὴ συγγενεῖς ὄντες τῶν ἀπολωλότων.’ The appearance of these men in black at a festival where the processionists at least, according to Istros, wore their finest clothes, is certainly odd at first glance, but I do not think we are entitled to draw Vidal-Naquet's conclusion that they had the appearance of ephebes.
La protection des immunités diplomatiques et consulaires au Canada
Authors: Dufour André
Published: June 2019

Moins connu que le domaine des relations de travail, parce qu’il n’a pas encore fait naître de sérieuses difficultés, le domaine des relations diplomatiques et consulaires est susceptible de devenir la pierre d’achoppement du fédéralisme canadien d’aujourd’hui en matière de mise en application des traités. Le respect des immunités que le droit international accorde à ces agents étrangers nécessite en effet que les deux gouvernements fassent preuve d’une collaboration de mise en oeuvre, dont ni l’un ni l’autre ne semble avoir compris l’importance et l’urgence.
Divorce in the Canadian Conflict of Laws: Two Recent Developments
Authors: Blom Joost
Published: June 2019

Two recent cases have added substantially to the Canadian jurisprudence on divorce in the conflict of laws. In one, discussed in Part I of this article, a court of first instance in Alberta initiated what is likely to be a far-reaching change in the rules for the recognition of foreign decrees. In the other, discussed in Part II, the Supreme Court of Canada gave its imprimatur for the first time to the controversial doctrine whereby someone who has obtained an invalid foreign decree may be precluded from denying its validity in a Canadian court. Although the two questions that these cases deal with are quite separate, their treatment by the Alberta Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Canada shows a common tendency to resolve conflicts problems by rules that are general and flexible rather than precise and arbitrary.
Recent Australian Trends in Tortious Choice of Law
Authors: Pryles Michael
Published: June 2019

Under the traditional rule enunciated by Willes J. in Phillips v.
Eyre both the lex fori and lex loci delicti are relevant, to some extent, in actions upon foreign torts. The requirements of the rule, that the wrong be actionable if committed in the jurisdiction of the forum and not justifiable by the law of the place, have been subjected to considerable judicial and extrajudicial scrutiny. In relation to the latter element, the recent and already famous House of Lords decision in Chaplin v. Boys establishes that it is not necessary to show actionability under the lex loci delicti for each and every substantive matter. In the opinion of Lord Pearson and Lord Donovan something less than complete civil liability sufficed to render an act not justifiable where donc, while Lord Wilberforce and Lord Hodson appeared to require compliance with the lex loci delicti in all respects, but were prepared to create an exception for appropriate cases.