bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual Organic Debris on Processed Surgical Instruments
Authors: DesCôteaux Jean‐Gaston , Poulin Eric C. , Julien Maryse , Guidoin Robert
Published: August 2006

This preliminary study describes the degree of cleanliness of three categories of surgical instruments after processing (ie, decontamination, inspection, sterilization). The three categories were reusable laparoscopic, reused disposable laparoscopic, and conventional surgical instruments. The objective of the study was to identify from visual inspection and microscopic examination residual particles, stains, or liquid on processed instruments. The investigators studied 32 instruments selected at random from a hospital's supply of processed surgical instruments. On visual inspection, 90.6% (29–32) of the instruments appeared clean. Microscopic examination with a photomicrographic system, however, revealed residual debris on 84.3% (27/32) of the instruments. The quantity of residual debris on both types of laparoscopic instruments (ie, reusable, reused disposable) was equivalent. The conventional instruments contained less residual debris than the laparoscopic instruments. Sites that contained residual debris included junctions between insulating sheaths and activating mechanisms of laparoscopic instruments and articulations and grooves of forceps. More research is needed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of these findings. AORN J 62 (July 1995) 23–29.
Cleanability of Hybrid Laparoscopic Instruments
Authors: Marlow Scott C. , Petruschke Haans K.
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted to determine if hybrid laparoscopic instruments could be cleaned effectively before sterilization. A cleaning protocol that used materials readily available to perioperative cleaning personnel was established and implemented. Test instruments were soiled under pressure with defibrinated sheep's blood to simulate an abdominal laparoscopic surgical procedure (ie, by creating a pneumoperitoneum). After being cleaned according to the protocol, visual and optical inspections of the instruments indicated that all were free of visible soil. It was concluded that a hybrid laparoscopic instrument system can be cleaned satisfactorily before sterilization. AORN J 62 (July 1995) 32–36.
Estimating the True Costs of Disposable and Reusable Instruments
Authors: Mancuso Rudy , Bickham Margaret J.
Published: August 2006

The real issue in the debate about reusable versus disposable surgical instruments is the true cost and efficacy of specific instruments. Each device needs to be scrutinized on its own merits and analytically compared to other instruments. The goal of this case study was not to promote one type of instrument over the other but to focus on some of the data elements and complex issues involved in determining true costs, cost‐effectiveness, and efficacy of the reusable and disposable instruments. AORN J 62 (July 1995) 39–48.
Laparoscopic Electrosurgical Complications and Their Prevention
Authors: Tucker Robert D. , Voyles C. Randle
Published: August 2006

Insulation failures, direct coupling, and capacitive coupling around active electrodes may cause serious burns and tissue damage to patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. A coordinated team effort between perioperative nurses and surgeons can prevent life‐threatening complications from laparoscopic electrosurgical procedures. Knowledge of the biophysics of electrosurgery, the mechanisms of electrosurgery complications, and prevention of patient injuries will empower surgical team members to provide quality outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. AORN J 62 (July 1995) 51–71.
Talc Poudrage for Treatment of Pleural Effusion in Selected Patients
Authors: Tampinco‐Golos Isabelita C.
Published: August 2006

Recurring pleural effusions are a significant cause of patient morbidity. Treatment goals are to relieve distressing symptoms (eg, dyspnea, pain) caused by the effusion, to prevent further extracellular fluid accumulation in the pleural space, and to restore the patient to a functional pulmonary status. Talc poudrage is a therapy that instills iodized talc through a tube thoracostomy to cover opposing pleural surfaces with an irritating powder. Talc stimulates adhesion formation that obliterates the pleural space. Recent study results indicate that intrapleural instillation of iodized talc is an adequate and effective treatment for control of neoplastic or benign pleural effusion. AORN J 62 (July 1995) 83–91.
Music Reduces Stress and Anxiety of Patients in the Surgical Holding Area
Authors: Watson Donna S.
Published: August 2006

Music Reduces Stress and Anxiety of Patients in the Surgical Holding Area, M.J. Winter, S. Paskin, T. Baker, Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing, Vol 9, December 1994, 340–343
Going Under: Preparing Yourself for Anesthesia
Authors: Richardson Karen
Published: August 2006

Going Under: Preparing Yourself for Anesthesia By Monica Winefryde Furlong, Elliot Essman 1994, 190 pp $12.95 paperback
Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Torresyap Pearl M.
Published: August 2006

Orthopaedic Surgery By Brenda Gregory 1994, 236 pp $44.95 hardcover
High Technology in Health Care: Risk Management Perspectives
Authors: Carter‐Lyon Karen
Published: August 2006

High Technology in Health Care: Risk Management Perspectives Edited by Robin A. Maley, Alice L. Epstein 1993, 285 pp $49 members, $62 nonmembers paperback
Absorbable Gelatin Powder Injection for Transient Vocal Cord Paralysis
Authors: Miller Marsha A. , Saltvoll Brita
Published: August 2006

In the early 1900s, glottic insufficiency in patients with vocal cord paralysis was corrected by injecting paraffin intralaryngeally. Since then, injecting absorbable gelatin powder into the vocal cord has become an acceptable short‐term solution for transient paralysis of a single vocal cord. Although relatively uncommon, this procedure has few complications and is an option for patients when vocal cord function is expected to return within one year. AORN J 61 (May 1995) 821–826.
Thermal Regulation of Patients During the Perioperative Period
Authors: Dennison Donna
Published: August 2006

Surgery patients often become hypothermic during surgical procedures. The body's thermostat, the hypothalamus, strives to maintain a normal temperature; however, when a patient's temperature drops too low, the thermoregulatory processes are suppressed, and hypothermia occurs. Cardiopulmonary bypass procedures use induced hypothermia; however, inadvertent hypothermia may occur in many other surgical procedures during which the body temperature is not systematically monitored and regulated. Hypothermia may cause complications such as protein catabolism, hypokalemia, and changes in glucose metabolism and glomerular filtration. Nursing interventions used intraoperatively to maintain a normothermic state include applying warm and temperature regulating blankets, decreasing the amount of skin exposure, and warming operating rooms. AORN J 61 (May 1995) 827–832.
A Project Alpha Program for Smaller Chapters
Authors: Henderson Lesley , Davis Lisa
Published: August 2006

Smaller chapters cannot easily adapt to their groups the projects of larger chapters or programs at the national level. To address this problem, the Coosa Valley chapter of AORN, Rome, Ga, developed a program that offers perioperative experience to nursing students at a local college. Members of the chapter act as preceptors for the students and educate them before the students' preceptorships in the OR. This education seems to relieve some of the intimidation and fear related to the OR, and students in the program are more willing to participate in the program. AORN J 61 (May 1995) 845–851.
Perioperative Nurses' Attitudes Toward Continuing Education
Authors: Small Becky
Published: August 2006

The primary purpose of this study was to determine perioperative nurses' attitudes toward continuing education (CE) and selected demographic variables. The researcher developed and administered a Likert‐type questionnaire to perioperative nurses. The first part of the questionnaire related to demographic variables, length of service at the facility as a registered nurse, and certification status. The second part of the questionnaire was a 30‐item attitude scale related to perioperative nurses and CE. The null hypothesis was analyzed using a t‐test at a .05 level of significance. Study findings revealed no differences in attitudes toward CE between certified perioperative nurses and noncertified perioperative nurses. AORN J 61 (May 1995) 852–857.
Spanish for Health Care Professionals
Authors: Lahde Ruth Ellen
Published: August 2006

By William C. Harvey 1994, 273 pp, $11.95 paperback
Perioperative Nursing Handbook
Authors: Torresyap Pearl M.
Published: August 2006

By Mark L. Phippen, Maryann Papanier Wells 1995, 345 pp $21.95 paperback
Nurse‐Physician Collaboration: Care of Adults and the Elderly
Authors: Pruznick Marla
Published: August 2006

Edited by Eugenia L. Siegler, Fay W. Whitney 1994, 243 pp $35.95 hardcover
Davis's Guide to IV Medications
Authors: Fortunato Nancymarie
Published: August 2006

DAVIS'S GUIDE TO IV MEDICATIONS, second ed By April Hazard Vallerand, Judith Hopfer Deglin 1994, 969 pp $25.95 spiral bound
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Stengel Joyce M. , DiRado Ralph
Published: August 2006

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is an effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux. The procedure involves wrapping the gastric fundus around the lower end of the esophagus to augment the lower esophageal sphincter. The procedure offers several advantages over open laparotomy, including smaller abdominal incisions, reduced postoperative discomfort, and shortened postoperative recovery and hospital stays. The laparoscopic approach also reduces the length of time a patient has an ileus. AORN J 61 (March 1995) 483–489.
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy to Decrease Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hendricks‐Ferguson Verna L. , Ortman Madeleine Rush
Published: August 2006

Until recently, treatment of muscle spasticity in children with cerebral palsy has consisted of physical therapy, bracing, and surgery to release and lengthen tight tendons of contracted muscles and correct muscle contractures. Selective dorsal rhizotomy is a surgical intervention that selectively cuts the spinal sensory nerve rootlets carrying the most abnormal signals, thereby reducing spasticity in all muscle groups of the affected extremities. It is not a cure for spastic cerebral palsy. Children who have this procedure can gain significant increases in knee and thigh ranges of motion and increased strength and muscle control if they have good family support and follow through with intensive postoperative physical therapy. AORN J 61 (March 1995) 514–525.
Laser Ablation of Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomas in Children
Authors: Andrews Scarlett E.
Published: August 2006

Papillomas are the most common laryngeal tumors in childhood, and their etiology is thought to be viral. Papillomatosis (ie, widespread, multiple papillomas) may involve a child's airway from the epiglottis to the bronchi. Hoarseness is an early sign of juvenile laryngeal papillomas (JLP), and airway obstruction is a later, life‐threatening sign. The recurrence and spread of JLP is common. An otorhinolaryngologist may perform a tracheostomy on a child with JLP; however, this procedure is avoided if possible, because a tracheostomy predisposes the trachea to papilloma seeding. Laser ablation of papillomas through the use of rigid endoscopic equipment and a carbon dioxide laser is the mainstay of therapy. AORN J 61 (March 1995) 532–544.
Implementation of a Regional Pediatric Trauma Center
Authors: Schweer Lynn , Ose Marijo B.
Published: August 2006

Today's hospitals face unique challenges in the treatment of pediatric trauma patients. With the advent of more sophisticated regional trauma systems, there is a growing awareness that children are not “little adults,” but are a special component of the trauma patient population. As few communities can provide pediatric health care facilities committed to trauma care, regional pediatric trauma centers need to be developed and implemented so hospitals can provide pediatric trauma patients with comprehensive and age‐appropriate care. This article describes the steps taken by the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, to develop a regional pediatric trauma center according to the guidelines set forth by the American College of Surgeons committee on trauma. AORN Journal 61 (March 1995) 558–571.
Development of Discharge Information for Recovery after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Gabersonrn Kathleen B.
Published: August 2006

Development of Discharge Information for Recovery after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, S.M. Moore, Applied Nursing Research, Vol 7, November 1994, 170–177
Conducting a Group Research Project: Learning from our Mistakes
Authors: Girard Nancy
Published: August 2006

Conducting a Group Research Project: Learning from our Mistakes, C.L. Bosley, K. Howe, T. Lackey, Ostomy and Wound Management, Vol 40, September 1994, 22–29
Nurse's Med Deck
Authors: Garrett Caroline K.
Published: August 2006

Nurse's Med Deck, fourth ed By Judith Hopfer Deglin, April Hazard Vallerand 1995,417pp $28.95 cards
Essentials of Laparoscopy
Authors: Laubert James H.
Published: August 2006

Essentials of Laparoscopy Edited by Nathaniel J. Soper et al 1994,285 pp $40 paperback
The Aspen Guide to Effective Health Care Correspondence
Authors: Hodges Sharon R.H.
Published: August 2006

The Aspen Guide to Effective Health Care Correspondence By the Aspen Reference Group 1993,420 pp $65 hardcover
Health Policy and Nursing: Crisis and Reform in the US Health Care Delivery System
Authors: Lowenstein Linda E.
Published: August 2006

Health Policy and Nursing: Crisis and Reform in the US Health Care Delivery System Edited by Charlene Harrington, Carroll L. Estes 1994,535 pp $37.50 paperback
Perioperative Patient Care: The Nursing Perspective
Authors: Volpicello Barbara
Published: August 2006

Perioperative Patient Care: The Nursing Perspective, third ed By Julia A. Kneedler, Gwen H. Dodge 1994,419 pp $49.95 hardcover
Angioplasty with Stent Placement in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Authors: Henderson Lesley J. , Kirkland John S.
Published: August 2006

Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTBA) is a minimally invasive and effective adjunct treatment for patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. This surgical technique involves placing an intraarterial balloon within an obstructing arterial lesion and forcibly dilating the balloon under fluoroscopy. The PTBA technique has become an accepted interventional therapy for iliac artery stenoses.

In selected patients with stenotic lesions of the iliac artery, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with the use of an intravascular stent may be an alternative to traditional aortofemoral bypass surgery. The PTA procedure involves only a needle entry site in one or both groins as opposed to an incision exposing the entire abdomen. The hospital stay for the average patient undergoing PTA of the iliac artery is three days as opposed to seven days for the patient undergoing aortofemoral bypass, and the patient may return to normal activity in a much shorter period of time after a PTA procedure. AORN J 61 (April 1995) 671‐685.
Perioperative Nursing Interventions for Intravascular Stent Placements
Authors: Allen Sheila L.
Published: August 2006

Keeping abreast of changing surgcal technologies is among the more challenging aspects of perioperaive nursing. Because peripheral vascular disease is a leading cause of lower extremity disabilities that require surgical interventions, new procedures and techniques are being developed continually. These procedures involve the insertion of intraluminal structural supports into patients who have had mixed or unsuccessful results from arrioplasty. Perioperative nurses are an integral part of vascular surgery teams performing the insertion of intravascular stents. To function effectively, perioperative nurses must understand the concepts of ntravascular stent procedures, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions that promote optimal patient outcomes.AORN J61 (April 1995) 689‐698.
The Challenge of Performing Three Heart Transplantations in One Day
Authors: Sedlacek Jo Ann , Huffman Mariece
Published: August 2006

Heart transplantation procedures, which present a number of challenges not generally seen in perioperative nursing practice, provide important knowledge for perioperative nurses because they demonstrate the importance of organization, communication, collaboration, and resourcefulness among surgical team members. On Friday, Aug 13, 1993, the Virginia Heart Center at Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, implanted donor hearts in three adult recipients in a single day. The day was even more challenging because of elective coronary artery bypass graft procedures performed on three other patients. Successful response to the demands of Aug 13 was facilitated by the presence of skilled, versatile, cardiovascular OR staff members. AORN J (April 1995) 712‐721.
Competency‐based Orientation for Perioperative Cardiovascular Nurses
Authors: Huffman Mariece
Published: August 2006

Nurses working in cardiovascular surgery must be responsible and highly competent to meet the demands of their profession. Hospitals that hire nurses for cardiovascular surgery also must assume responsibility for the competency of nurses hired. The Virginia Heart Center at Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, uses a competency‐based orientation plan to train newly hired cardiovascular surgery nurses in providing quality care. Competency‐based orientation is an effective approach to incorporating new members of the team into the work environment. The benefits of this approach include the development of teamwork and esprit de corps, skill and knowledge enhancement, and possible increased staff retention. AORN J 61 (April 1995) 722‐729.
Developing an Instrument for Measuring Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Forbes Marita L. , Brown Hazel N.
Published: August 2006

We developed a 21‐item questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care provided in an outpatient surgery center. The four constructs of the instrument for measuring patient satisfaction are caring, continuity of care, competence of nurses, and education of patients and family members. Content validity and test‐retest reliability have been established. Using this tool to analyze patients' responses to nursing care can help perioperative nurses improve patient care and patient satisfaction. AORN J 61 (April 1995) 737–743.
Gender Differences in Recovery after Coronary Artery Surgery
Authors: Girard Nancy
Published: August 2006

Gender Differences in Recovery after Coronary Artery Surgery, M.H. Hawthorne, Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 26, Spring 1994, 75–80
Infections and Nursing Practice: Preventions and Control
Authors: Allen George
Published: August 2006

Infections and Nursing Practice: Preventions and Control Edited by Barbara M. Soule et al 1995, 459 pp $39.95 hardcover
American Health Care: Rebirth or Suicide?
Authors: Edwards Mary Jane C.
Published: August 2006

American Health Care: Rebirth or Suicide? By Benjamin F. Fuller 1994, 102 pp $29.75 hardcover
Surgical Patients With Multiantibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Ronk Linda L.
Published: August 2006

Although antibiotics can cure most bacterial infections, there is an increasing number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is becoming increasingly prevalent in US health care facilities. The majority of these infections are found in patients who have extensive burns or surgical wounds. As a result, perioperative nurses must be knowledgeable about MRSA and its implications for the OR. There are many theories on how to control the spread of MRSA but not one definitive set of control measures. Perioperative nurses, in cooperation with infection control practitioners, must develop policies that detail how patients with MRSA will be treated.AORN J61 (June 1995) 1023–1034.
Using a Computerized Scheduling System to Predict Procedure Lengths
Authors: Bross Bill , Gamblin Brenda B. , Holtzclaw Sandra Lyn , Johnston Sue Ellen
Published: August 2006

To determine the effectiveness of our computerized OR scheduling system and database, we compared scheduled surgical procedure lengths to actual procedure lengths for a large, multispecialty sample (1,103 procedures in 14 surgical subspecialties). We were able to accurately predict procedure lengths, within 15 minutes, 65% of the time. The estimated procedure lengths were more accurate in some surgical sub‐specialties than others, and four specific factors accounted for a large percentage (ie, 84%) of all delayed start times. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 1054–1061.
Surgical Technology Review
Authors: Gelsone Sharon
Published: August 2006

Surgical Technology Review By Emily H. Boegli 1995, 304 pp $30 paperback
Cardiac Surgery: Current Issues 2
Authors: Shartel Judith R.
Published: August 2006

Cardiac Surgery: Current Issues 2 Edited by Aurel C. Cernaianu, Anthony J. DelRossi 1994, 254 pp $85 hardcover
Characteristics of the psychoses of late onset in children and adolescents (A comparative study of hallucinating children)
Authors: Garralda M.E.
Published: August 2006

In a retrospective design, 20 children and adolescents with psychoses of late onset and hallucinations were compared with 20 children with conduct or emotional disorders who also had hallucinations. Marked differences emerged between the two groups.

Psychotic subjects showed significantly more delusions, abnormalities in language production, inappropriate affect, bizarre behaviour, hypoactivity, and social withdrawal. Some subjects had symptoms which indicated a specially profound breakdown in personality functioning, but schneiderian and other schizophrenic symptoms were relatively rare. This questions their diagnostic value in the psychoses of late onset of children and adolescents.
Adolescent and parent perceptions of family cohesion and adaptability
Authors: Noller Patricia , Callan Victor J.
Published: August 2006

This study examined across 281 families of different aged adolescents the similarity of parent‐adolescent perceptions of levels of adaptability and cohesion in families. Compared to parents, adolescents of almost all age groups (13–17 years) were less satisfied with levels of adaptability in families and so the ability of the family to change its roles and rules in relation to stress. Adolescents judged the present state of the family as more inflexible to changes in its structure than did parents. Asked about ideal levels of adaptability, fathers with 14 and 16 year old adolescents of both sexes, and fathers with 17 year old sons were least flexible about changes to the power and role structure of families. Scores on cohesion or the emotional bonding in families indicated that across family types parents judged the family as more cohesive than did adolescents.

Adolescents, however, still showed fairly high levels of cohesion, although below their parents. Adolescents desire changes to power and roles in the family system, but still want a relatively cohesive and supportive family environment.
Structure and rheological behaviour of the extracellular polymeric substance network of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
Authors: Wloka M. , Rehage H. , Flemming H.-C. , Wingender J.
Published: August 2006

A rheological study was performed on biofilms of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing high molecular weight alginate as the major polysaccharide component of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Environmental strain SG81 and clinical strain FRD1 produced O-acetylated alginate, and mutant FRD1153 derived from strain FRD1 was defective in alginate acetylation. Confluent biofilms were prepared by cultivating the bacteria at 36 °C for 24 h on membrane filters placed on Pseudomonas isolation agar. The rheological properties of these pure culture biofilms attached to the membrane filters were analysed using a rotating disc rheometer. The biofilms of all mucoid strains showed viscoelastic properties, with polymer (alginate) cross-linking caused predominantly by physical interactions in the form of entanglements. In dynamic frequency-sweep tests, we observed time-dependent plateau regimens, describing the dynamics of network structures. From these data, we could derive the concentration of elastically effective polymer chains as 5 (±1) x 1019 chains/l (limits are standard deviation) for 24 h old biofilms of P. aeruginosa SG81. Relaxation processes predicted an average lifetime of junction points of the order of 16 (±10) s. Pseudomona aeruginosa FRD1 revealed a more elastic polymer network when compared with the acetylation-defective strain FRD1153, which had a more viscous biofilm structure. With calcium (10 mmol/l) added to the growth medium, enhanced biofilm stability was observed, which was based mainly on Coulomb interactions between divalent calcium ions and the carboxylate groups of alginate, with entanglements making only minor contributions. The calcium-induced increase in polymer network stability was greater in biofilms of P. aeruginosa FRD1 than in the acetylation-defective strain FRD1153. These results indicate that acetyl groups as low molecular weight substituents of alginate polymers strongly influence the rheological behaviour of mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilms and are involved in the stabilization of polymer networks of the EPS matrix in both the absence and the presence of calcium ions.
Führt Laufen zu Arthrose?
Authors: Frohnauer  , Neff  , Knechtle
Published: August 2006

Es ist unbestritten, dass das durchschnittliche Körpergewicht der Bevölkerung ständig zunimmt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Tatsache von besonderem Interesse, dass Laufen – im Gegensatz zu Radfahren – zu einem erhöhten Abbau von Subkutanfettgewebe führt und somit einen günstigen Einfluss auf das Körpergewicht hat. In der Bevölkerung existiert das grosse Vorurteil, dass Laufen zu einer vorzeitigen Arthrose führt. Dies wird unter anderem als Vorwand gegen ein regelmässiges Lauftraining verwendet. Wir wollen in dieser Literaturübersicht zeigen, dass Laufen nicht zu einem erhöhten Arthroserisiko führt im Gegensatz zu körperlicher Inaktivität und Übergewicht. Läufer weisen im Vergleich zu Inaktiven kein vermehrtes Risiko einer Arthrose der Gelenke der unteren Extremitäten auf. Hingegen ist die Arthrosehäufigkeit speziell bei Inaktiven und Adipösen deutlich erhöht.
High‐level spacecraft charging in eclipse at geosynchronous altitudes: A statistical study
Authors: Lai Shu T. , Tautz Maurice
Published: August 2006

We present the results of a statistical study on high‐level (above −200V in magnitude) negative‐voltage spacecraft charging in eclipse at geosynchronous altitudes. Theoretically, there exists a critical temperature T* for a surface material. Below T*, no spacecraft charging occurs. Since T* depends on the surface material, which differs from satellite to satellite, each is expected to have its own critical temperature. The theoretical results are compared with the coordinated space‐environmental parameter data obtained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous satellites. The LANL data include spacecraft charging events measured on several geosynchronous satellites, in eclipse and in sunlight, over several years. We have found a nearly linear trend, or better described by a quadratic one, between the spacecraft potential and the ambient electron temperature for potentials below in magnitude of about −5 kV. Extrapolation of the linear trend to zero volts shows an intercept at a finite temperature which agrees reasonably well with the critical temperature predicted by theory. The existence of a critical electron temperature is useful for informing decision and operational support of geosynchronous spacecraft with enhanced knowledge.
A simple model for analyzing climatic effects on terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics: An arctic case study
Authors: Stieglitz Marc , McKane Robert B. , Klausmeier Christopher A.
Published: August 2006

We developed a simplified plant‐soil model (PSM) composed of four coupled differential equations that simulate the effects of climate change on major stocks and fluxes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in terrestrial ecosystems. Here we use the model to examine past, present, and future changes in C storage in arctic Alaska, a region undergoing rapid climate change. Model parameters were initialized to simulate the buildup of C and N stocks from the beginning of the current postglacial period (∼10,000 years BP) to present‐day levels for tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska. For projected rates of warming during the next century, the model predicts an increase in aboveground plant biomass and a net loss of soil carbon, resulting in almost no net change in total ecosystem C. The simplified model structure serves to clarify several important issues that have not been adequately addressed in previous studies. These issues include altered residence times of C and N in soils and plants, decreased synchrony of above and belowground processes, and the relationship between a model's initial conditions and the ecosystem's trajectory at the point of initialization.
An intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms used over sea ice with data from the Surface Heat Budget for the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment
Authors: Brunke Michael A. , Zhou Mingyu , Zeng Xubin , Andreas Edgar L
Published: August 2006

The presence of sea ice fundamentally changes the energy and momentum exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Arctic. Thus an accurate representation of the surface turbulent fluxes in climate models is a necessity. An intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms that calculate surface turbulent fluxes in four climate and numerical weather prediction models is undertaken using data from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment, which occurred on the ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas north of Alaska from October 1997 to October 1998. Algorithm deficiencies include the consistently higher wind stresses produced by the Arctic Regional Climate System Model (ARCSYM) algorithm; the lower sensible heat fluxes under stable conditions by the algorithms in ARCSYM, the National Center for Environmental Prediction's Global Forecasting System model, and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model; and the lower wind stresses by the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Climate System Model (CCSM) algorithm under stable conditions. Unlike the constants used in most of the four model algorithms, the roughness lengths for momentum can be fitted by an exponential function with parameters that account for the seasonality in the roughness length. The roughness lengths for heat, zot, can be considered a constant (e.g., that used in CCSM, 0.5 mm), similar to what was found by Andreas et al. (2004). When these roughness lengths were implemented into the CCSM and ECMWF algorithms, they produced slightly better wind stresses and sensible heat fluxes most of the time.
Moving vessel acoustic Doppler current profiler measurement of tidal stream function using radial basis functions
Authors: Vennell Ross , Beatson Rick
Published: August 2006

Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements from moving vessels have recently been used to obtain detailed observations of the spatial patterns of tidal flows, as well as patterns of vorticity and dynamical terms. Developments in radial basis function (RBF) interpolation theory are demonstrated to significantly improve the quality of the tidal velocity field extracted from the measurements using thin plate splines. These include placing centers at data locations, enforcing “side conditions” on the solution, and using higher‐order splines. For tidal flows with a scale less than a few kilometers the differentiability of RBFs can be exploited to fit the stream function directly to the measurements. This ensures the observed tidal velocity field satisfies mass continuity. Enforcing mass continuity is demonstrated to significantly improve the ability of the splines to interpolate across wide gaps between vessel tracks. Extraordinarily detailed ADCP measurements of the tidal stream function within Bluff Harbour, New Zealand, reveal the stagnation streamline that separates a 200 m wide flood tidal jet from an associated 400 m diameter eddy. The stagnation streamline clearly shows that the eddy gains its fluid and vorticity from inshore of the jet's vorticity maximum. The eddy forms at 04:45 hours before high tide, grows in spiral fashion, and becomes isolated from the jet 02:30 hours before high tide; after which its vorticity rapidly decays.
Estimate of satellite‐derived cloud optical thickness and effective radius errors and their effect on computed domain‐averaged irradiances
Authors: Kato Seiji , Hinkelman Laura M. , Cheng Anning
Published: August 2006

The process of retrieving cloud optical thickness and effective radius from radiances measured by satellite instruments is simulated to determine the error in both the retrieved properties and in the irradiances computed with them. The radiances at 0.64 μm and 3.7 μm are computed for three cloud fields (stratus, stratocumulus, and cumulus) generated by large eddy simulation models. When overcast pixels are assumed and the horizontal flux is neglected in the retrieval process, the error in the domain‐averaged retrieved optical thickness from nadir is 1% to −32% (1% to −27%) and the error in the retrieved effective radius is 0% to 67% (0% to 63%) for the solar zenith angle of 30° (50°). Using the radiance averaged over a 1 km size pixel also introduces error in the optical thickness because of the nonlinear relation between the reflected radiance and optical thickness. Both optical thickness and effective radius errors increase with increasing horizontal inhomogeneity. When the 0.64 μm albedo is computed with the independent column approximation using retrieved properties from nadir (oblique) view for a solar zenith angle of 50°, the error is −0.3% to 14% (−5% to −30%) relative to the albedo from 3‐D radiative transfer computations with the true cloud properties. The albedo error occurs even though the radiance at one angle is forced to agree because a plane parallel cloud with a single value of optical thickness and effective radius cannot consistently match the radiance angular distribution. In addition, the error in the retrieved cloud properties contributes to the albedo error. When albedos computed with cloud properties derived from nadir and oblique views are averaged, the albedo error can partially cancel. The absolute error in the narrowband 0.64 μm (3.7 μm) albedo averaged over a 1° × 1° domain is less than 1.5% (0.6%), 5.0% (4.1%), and 7.1% (11%) in order of increasing inhomogeneity, when albedos computed with cloud properties derived from viewing zenith angles between 0° and 60° are averaged and when the solar zenith angle is between 10° and 50°. When the solar zenith angle is 70°, the error increases to up to +24% (+37%) for all three scenes.
Signature of an overturning gravity wave in the mesospheric sodium layer: Comparison of a nonlinear photochemical‐dynamical model and lidar observations
Authors: Xu Jiyao , Smith Anne K. , Collins Richard L. , She Chiao‐Yao
Published: August 2006

In this paper we study the evolution of the sodium layer in the presence of an overturning (or convectively unstable) gravity wave using model simulations and lidar observations. The simulations employ a time‐dependent, nonlinear, photochemical‐dynamical model. The observations are a 9‐day (210‐hour) set of sodium density and temperature lidar measurements from Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W). We model the evolution of large‐scale (vertical wavelength of 30 km) and small‐scale (vertical wavelength of 10 km) waves and the associated evolution of the sodium layer. We use filtering methods to identify waves of similar scales in the lidar measurements. The semidiurnal tide is the dominant large‐scale wave in the lidar observations. We present the observed evolution of sodium density, mixing ratio, temperature, potential temperature, and buoyancy period over 24‐hour periods. We find that the model and observations show similar behavior in the evolution of the sodium densities, mixing ratios, and potential temperature in response to large‐ and small‐scale waves. The model and observations indicate that the sodium density perturbation has a more pronounced overturning behavior in the bottomside of the layer than the topside of the layer. The sodium density also has a more pronounced overturning behavior than the mixing ratio and potential temperature. The overturning signatures in the sodium density due to small‐scale waves occur periodically at the wave period even before the wave itself becomes completely unstable. The study suggests that observations of single overturning events in sodium densities should be interpreted with caution and may not indicate complete overturning of a wave.
Soil moisture estimation in a semiarid watershed using RADARSAT‐1 satellite imagery and genetic programming
Authors: Makkeasorn Ammarin , Chang Ni‐Bin , Beaman Mark , Wyatt Chris , Slater Charles
Published: August 2006

Soil moisture is a critical element in the hydrological cycle especially in a semiarid or arid region. Point measurement to comprehend the soil moisture distribution contiguously in a vast watershed is difficult because the soil moisture patterns might greatly vary temporally and spatially. Space‐borne radar imaging satellites have been popular because they have the capability to exhibit all weather observations. Yet the estimation methods of soil moisture based on the active or passive satellite imageries remain uncertain. This study aims at presenting a systematic soil moisture estimation method for the Choke Canyon Reservoir Watershed (CCRW), a semiarid watershed with an area of over 14,200 km2 in south Texas. With the aid of five corner reflectors, the RADARSAT‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imageries of the study area acquired in April and September 2004 were processed by both radiometric and geometric calibrations at first. New soil moisture estimation models derived by genetic programming (GP) technique were then developed and applied to support the soil moisture distribution analysis. The GP‐based nonlinear function derived in the evolutionary process uniquely links a series of crucial topographic and geographic features. Included in this process are slope, aspect, vegetation cover, and soil permeability to compliment the well‐calibrated SAR data. Research indicates that the novel application of GP proved useful for generating a highly nonlinear structure in regression regime, which exhibits very strong correlations statistically between the model estimates and the ground truth measurements (volumetric water content) on the basis of the unseen data sets. In an effort to produce the soil moisture distributions over seasons, it eventually leads to characterizing local‐ to regional‐scale soil moisture variability and performing the possible estimation of water storages of the terrestrial hydrosphere.
Variations in severe storms over China
Authors: Zou Xukai , Alexander Lisa V. , Parker David , Caesar John
Published: August 2006

Trends in the number of severe storms defined using the 95th and 99th percentiles of 6‐hourly pressure changes were analyzed for 268 stations in mainland China over the period 1954–2004. Significant decreases were detected in northeastern, central and western parts of the country over the past 50 years, mainly due to the reduction of severe storms in winter and spring. In contrast, some stations on the east coast and in the southeast exhibited significant increasing trends, particularly during the typhoon season (June–October). Significant increasing trends in the maximum wind speed and decreasing trends in the lowest central pressure of landfalling tropical storms and typhoons are also found during the past half century. Thus the typhoon influence over east and southeast China has intensified.
Role of anomalous warm gulf waters in the intensification of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Kafatos Menas , Sun Donglian , Gautam Ritesh , Boybeyi Zafer , Yang Ruixin , Cervone Guido
Published: August 2006

The year 2005 experienced several strong hurricanes intensifying in the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall that severely damaged the Gulf States, especially Hurricane Katrina. Remarkable similarities between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and major hurricane (categories 3 and higher) activity over the Gulf are identified. However, the intensification of individual hurricanes may not necessarily be temporally and spatially coincident with the distribution of warm waters or high sea surface temperature (SST). High SST values are found in advance of significant intensification of Hurricane Katrina. We emphasize that high SSTA which occurred at the right time and right place was conducive to the hurricane intensification. In particular, high SSTA in the northeastern quadrant of the storm track induced significant increases in surface latent heat fluxes (LHF) contributing to the rapid intensification of Katrina. We also compared and verified model simulations with buoy observations.
Responses of energy use to climate change: A climate modeling study
Authors: Hadley Stanton W. , Erickson David J. , Hernandez Jose Luis , Broniak Christine T. , Blasing T. J.
Published: August 2006

Using a general‐circulation climate model to drive an energy‐use model, we projected changes in USA energy‐use and in corresponding fossil‐fuel CO2 emissions through year 2025 for a low (1.2°C) and a high (3.4°C) temperature response to CO2 doubling. The low‐ΔT scenario had a cumulative (2003–2025) energy increase of 1.09 quadrillion Btu (quads) for cooling/heating demand. Northeastern states had net energy reductions for cooling/heating over the entire period, but in most other regions energy increases for cooling outweighed energy decreases for heating. The high‐ΔT scenario had significantly increased warming, especially in winter, so decreased heating needs led to a cumulative (2003–2025) heating/cooling energy decrease of 0.82 quads. In both scenarios, CO2 emissions increases from electricity generation outweighed CO2 emissions decreases from reduced heating needs. The results reveal the intricate energy‐economy structure that must be considered in projecting consequences of climate warming for energy, economics, and fossil‐fuel carbon emissions.
Measurements of the vapor pressure of cubic ice and their implications for atmospheric ice clouds
Authors: Shilling J. E. , Tolbert M. A. , Toon O. B. , Jensen E. J. , Murray B. J. , Bertram A. K.
Published: August 2006

Under conditions commonly found in Earth's atmosphere, water can form two solid phases; hexagonal ice (Ih) and cubic ice (Ic). Recent reports have suggested that Ic may form in the atmosphere under a wider range of conditions than previously believed. In light of these reports, the formation of Ic has been suggested as one contributing factor for in‐situ observations of persistent in‐cloud supersaturations in cold cirrus. However, an accurate evaluation of the contribution of Ic formation to the observed supersaturations requires knowledge of the saturation vapor pressure of Ic, which has not been measured. In this manuscript, we report direct measurements of the vapor pressure of Ic over the temperature range 180–190 K. Over this temperature range, the vapor pressure of the cubic phase is 10.5 ± 2.5% higher than that of the hexagonal phase. Field measurements of in‐cloud supersaturations made during CRYSTAL‐FACE are also re‐analyzed and discussed.
Comparison of mammalian cell lines expressing distinct isoforms of divalent metal transporter 1 in a tetracycline-regulated fashion
Authors: Garrick Michael D. , Kuo Hung-Chieh , Vargas Farida , Singleton Steven , Zhao Lin , Smith Jaime J. , Paradkar Prasad , Roth Jerome A. , Garrick Laura M.
Published: August 2006

DMT1 (divalent metal transporter; also known as SLC11A2, DCT1 or Nramp2) is responsible for ferrous iron uptake in the duodenum, iron exit from endosomes during the transferrin cycle and some transferrin-independent iron uptake in many cells. Four protein isoforms differ by starting in exon 1A or 2 and ending with alternative peptides encoded by mRNA that contains or lacks an IRE (iron responsive element; ±IRE). We have compared 1A/+IRE and 2/−IRE DMT1 during regulated ectopic expression. HEK-293-F (human embryonic kidney-293-fast growing variant) cells were stably transfected with each construct expressed from a tetracycline-regulated CMV promoter. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that construct expression responded to doxycycline. Immunofluorescence staining of cells, using antibodies specific for DMT1 isoforms, confirmed an increase in expression in the plasma membrane and cytosolic vesicles after doxycycline treatment, but with isoform specific distributions. Immunoblotting also revealed stimulation of expression. Nevertheless, both DMT1 isoforms performed similarly in assays for functional properties based on 54Mn2+ and 59Fe2+ uptake. Mn incorporation after doxycycline treatment was ∼10-fold greater than that of untreated cells, while expression in the untreated cells was ∼5-fold greater than in the untransfected cells. Uptake of Mn depended on addition of doxycycline, with half maximal response at ∼1 nM doxycycline. Doxycycline-stimulated Mn and Fe uptake was linear with time for 10 min but not over longer periods. Transport exhibited a pH optimum at ∼5.5 and dependence on incubation temperature and Mn or Fe concentration. The new cell lines should prove useful for research on metal homoeostasis, toxicological studies and efforts to identify distinctive properties of the isoforms.
Tumour necrosis factor α-stimulated gene-6 inhibits osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells induced by osteogenic differentiation medium and BMP-2
Authors: Tsukahara So , Ikeda Ryuji , Goto Shin , Yoshida Kenichi , Mitsumori Rie , Sakamoto Yoshiko , Tajima Atsushi , Yokoyama Toru , Toh Satoshi , Furukawa Ken-Ichi , Inoue Ituro
Published: August 2006

To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of OPLL (ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament) of the spine, an ectopic bone formation disease, we performed cDNA microarray analysis on cultured ligament cells from OPLL patients. We found that TSG-6 (tumour necrosis factor α-stimulated gene-6) is down-regulated during osteoblastic differentiation. Adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression of TSG-6 inhibited osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells induced by BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-2 or OS (osteogenic differentiation medium). TSG-6 suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of Smad 1/5 induced by BMP-2, probably by inhibiting binding of the ligand to the receptor, since interaction between TSG-6 and BMP-2 was observed in vitro. TSG-6 has two functional domains, a Link domain (a hyaluronan binding domain) and a CUB domain implicated in protein interaction. The inhibitory effect on osteoblastic differentiation was completely lost with exogenously added Link domain-truncated TSG-6, while partial inhibition was retained by the CUB domain-truncated protein. In addition, the inhibitory action of TSG-6 and the in vitro interaction of TSG-6 with BMP-2 were abolished by the addition of hyaluronan. Thus, TSG-6, identified as a down-regulated gene during osteoblastic differentiation, suppresses osteoblastic differentiation induced by both BMP-2 and OS and is a plausible target for therapeutic intervention in OPLL.