bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modalities of Managerialism: The “Double Bind” of Normative and Instrumental Nonprofit Management Imperatives
Authors: Mitchell George E.
Published: September 2016

Nonprofit managers are influenced by managerial logics that guide their everyday understandings, decisions, and behaviors. This article identifies, conceptualizes, and examines these logics through the lens of institutional theory, which implies a distinction between normative and instrumental modalities of nonprofit managerialism. These modalities are contrasted across seven domains of nonprofit management—portfolio management, organizational growth and capacity-building, fundraising, collaboration and competition, effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability—generating insights for managers, scholars, and society at large. Specifically, the framework identifies contradictory managerial imperatives that can create a “double bind” for practitioners, provides a mechanism for organizing and positioning nonprofit management scholarship, and raises fundamental questions about the attainability of nonprofit missions and the function of the nonprofit sector in society.
Auditor Tenure and Quality of Financial Reporting
Authors: Chu Ling , Dai Jie , Zhang Ping
Published: September 2016

Prior studies in general suggest a positive association between auditor tenure (the length of an auditor–firm relationship) and reporting quality (the informational content of reported earnings). In this study, we present evidence that the association is reversed when clients represent increased litigation risks to their auditors. Featuring downward biases in reported earnings as a measure of reporting quality that stem from auditors’ minimization of costs from potential audit errors, we argue that the magnitude of such downward bias decreases in auditors’ experiences with their clients (tenure improves reporting quality). Furthermore, we predict that longer auditor tenure is associated with larger downward bias for firms with increased audit risks (tenure impairs reporting quality). Using non-operating accruals as proxy for downward bias in reported earnings, we find robust empirical evidence in support of our prediction.
Management of Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Adult Patients
Authors: Mundi Manpreet S. , Nystrom Erin M. , Hurley Daniel L. , McMahon M. Molly
Published: September 2016

Despite the high prevalence of malnutrition in adult hospitalized patients, surveys continue to report that many clinicians are undertrained in clinical nutrition, making targeted nutrition education for clinicians essential for best patient care. Clinical practice models also continue to evolve, with more disciplines prescribing parenteral nutrition (PN) or managing the cases of patients who are receiving it, further adding to the need for proficiency in general PN skills. This tutorial focuses on the daily management of adult hospitalized patients already receiving PN and reviews the following topics: (1) PN basics, including the determination of energy and volume requirements; (2) PN macronutrient content (protein, dextrose, and intravenous fat emulsion); (3) PN micronutrient content (electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements); (4) alteration of PN for special situations, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, refeeding, and hepatic/renal disease; (5) daily monitoring and adjustment of PN formula; and (6) PN‐related complications (PN‐associated liver disease and catheter‐related complications).
The effects of peer relational victimization on social cognition
Authors: Park Anna , Jensen-Campbell Lauri A. , Miller Haylie Lauren
Published: September 2016

This study tested two possible ways that being relationally victimized may affect social cognition. Victims may develop a rejection attribution bias (i.e., experiencing social pain by engaging in cue distortion and attributing ambiguous social behavior to intentional rejection). Conversely, victims may develop a more generalized sensitivity to social pain, wherein they react negatively to a wider spectrum of social situations—even those in which they are obviously included and excluded). Participants (males = 55, females = 134) completed online surveys containing demographic, personality, and peer victimization measures. In a later session, participants came to the lab and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: overt exclusion, ambiguous nonexclusion, and overt inclusion as part of an online ball-tossing game (Cyberball). The participants then completed self-report measures regarding their mood and experiences during the game. The results provided more support for the theoretical model that victims have a more generalized sensitivity to social pain; the rejection attribution theory was not supported.
Natural Outbreak of BVDV-1d–Induced Mucosal Disease Lacking Intestinal Lesions
Authors: Bianchi M. V. , Konradt G. , de Souza S. O. , Bassuino D. M. , Silveira S. , Mósena A. C. S. , Canal C. W. , Pavarini S. P. , Driemeier D.
Published: September 2016

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Pestivirus genus, which is further divided into subgenotypes (1a–1u and 2a–c). When persistent infection occurs, the calf will be immunotolerant to BVDV and possibly develop mucosal disease. This study describes an outbreak of BVDV-1d–induced mucosal disease lacking intestinal lesions. Eleven calves presented with anorexia, sialorrhea, lameness, recumbency, and death. Three calves were necropsied, showing ulceration of the interdigital skin and the oral and nasal mucosa; linear ulcers in the tongue, esophagus, and rumen; and rounded ulcers in the abomasum. Microscopically, mucosa and skin had superficial necrosis, with single-cell necrosis and vacuolation in epithelial cells, and severe parakeratosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed BVDV antigen in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in skin and mucosa. All 11 dead calves were positive upon reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Pestivirus along with another 11 live calves from the herd, which were positive again by RT-PCR and IHC after a 4-week interval. Sequencing of the 5′ untranslated region and N-terminal protease showed that viruses from these 22 calves were homologous and of subgenotype BVDV-1d. Cytopathic BVDV was isolated from 8 of 11 dead calves, but only noncytopathic BVDV was isolated from the 11 live animals. The findings indicate that this was an outbreak of mucosal disease caused by BVDV-1d, with high morbidity, and lesions restricted to the upper alimentary system and skin and absent from intestine. Thus, the epidemiological and pathological features in this form of mucosal disease may be similar to vesicular diseases, including foot and mouth disease.
Recent catastrophic landslide lake outburst floods in the Himalayan mountain range
Authors: Ruiz-Villanueva Virginia , Allen Simon , Arora Manohar , Goel Narendra K , Stoffel Markus
Published: September 2016

Among the more complex and devastating interactions between climate and hydromorphological processes in mountain environments are landslide lake outburst floods (LLOFs), resulting from mass movements temporarily blocking a drainage system. This work reviews these processes in the Himalayas and highlights the high frequency of this type of phenomenon in the region. In addition, we analyse two recent catastrophic trans-national LLOFs occurring in the Sutlej river basin during 2000 and 2005. Based on high resolution satellite images, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived evolution of snowline elevation and discharge data we reconstruct the timing and hydrometeorological conditions related to the formation and failure of landslide dams. Results showed that the 2005 flood, originating from the outburst of the Parchu Lake, was not related to heavy precipitation, but was likely enhanced by the rapid and late snowmelt of an unusually deep and widespread snowpack. The flood in 2000 was triggered by the outburst of an unnamed lake located on the Tibetan plateau, identified here for the first time. In this case, the outburst followed intense precipitation in the lake watershed, which raised the level of the lake and thus caused the breaching of the dam. As stream gauges were damaged during the events detailed discharge data is not available, but we estimated the peak discharges ranging between 1100 m3 s−1 and 2000 m3 s−1 in 2005, and 1024 m3 s−1 and 1800 m3 s−1 in 2000. These events caused significant geomorphic changes along the river valleys, with observed changes in channel width exceeding 200 m. Results also demonstrate that remotely-sensed data enables valuable large-scale monitoring of lake development and related hydrometeorological conditions, and may thereby inform early warning strategies, and provide a basis for flood risk reduction measures that focus on disaster preparedness and response strategies.
Comparison of comorbidities of migraine and tension headache in a pediatric headache clinic
Authors: Eidlitz-Markus Tal , Zolden Shirit , Haimi-Cohen Yishai , Zeharia Avraham
Published: September 2016

Objective

To compare comorbidities between migraine and tension headache in patients treated in a tertiary pediatric headache clinic.

Methods

Files of patients with migraine or tension headache attending a pediatric headache clinic were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of organic comorbidities. Additionally, patients were screened with the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to identify nonorganic comorbidities. If necessary, patients were referred to a pediatric psychiatrist, psychologist or social worker for further evaluation.

Results

The study cohort comprised 401 patients: 200 with migraine and 201 with tension headache. The main organic comorbidities were atopic disease, asthma, and first-reported iron-deficiency anemia; all occurred with statistical significance more often with migraine than with tension headache (Familial Mediterranean fever was six times more frequent in the migraine group than in the tension headache group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Nonorganic comorbidities (psychiatric, social stressors) were associated significantly more often with tension headache than with migraine (48.3% versus 33%; p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Children and adolescents with migraine or tension headache treated in a dedicated clinic have high rates of organic and nonorganic comorbidities. In this setting, patients with migraine have significantly more organic comorbidities, and patients with tension headache, significantly more nonorganic comorbidities.
Sports Activity After Reconstruction of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus With Autologous Spongiosa Grafts and Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis
Authors: Wiewiorski Martin , Werner Lorenzo , Paul Jochen , Anderson Andrew E. , Barg Alexej , Valderrabano Victor
Published: September 2016

Background:

For the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLTs), autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) is a safe 1-step procedure with good clinical and radiological results. However, data regarding postoperative sports activity after AMIC are limited.

Purpose:

To identify significant factors influencing the rate of postoperative sports and recreational activities.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

The sports and recreational activities of 60 patients (mean age, 34.9 ± 11.5 years) undergoing the AMIC procedure were retrospectively analyzed at a mean of 46.9 ± 17.8 months (range, 24.5-87.0 months) postoperatively. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score, Tegner activity scale score, activity rating scale (ARS) score, and satisfaction with surgery outcomes were assessed.

Results:

Corrective calcaneal osteotomy was performed in 38 of 60 (63.3%) patients. Ligament repair was performed in 41 of 60 (68.3%) patients. The mean VAS score improved significantly from 6.9 ± 1.6 points (range, 5-10 points) preoperatively to 2.3 ± 1.9 points (range, 0-6 points) at latest follow-up ( P < .001). No significant change in the mean Tegner activity scale score (3.3 ± 2.0 preoperatively to 3.4 ± 2.2 postoperatively; P = .526) and the mean ARS score (2.6 ± 4.3 preoperatively to 2.3 ± 3.4 postoperatively; P = .874) was noted. The percentage of patients involved in sports activity before the onset of symptoms became significantly lower at the time of surgery (from 95.0% to 53.3%; P < .001); no significant difference was noted postoperatively (from 53.3% to 58.3%; P = .663). No significant difference of the weekly sports frequency and the duration of sports activity was found postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Patients undergoing AMIC repair of an OCLT participate at a similar low postoperative sports and recreational activity level compared with the preoperative level.
Factors Related to Increased Ulnar Collateral Ligament Thickness on Stress Sonography of the Elbow in Asymptomatic Youth and Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Atanda Alfred , Averill Lauren W. , Wallace Maegen , Niiler Tim A. , Nazarian Levon N. , Ciccotti Michael G.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Stress ultrasound (SUS) of the elbow has demonstrated changes in the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in professional and high school–aged pitchers. However, there have been no large reports correlating pitching history data with SUS changes in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers.

Hypothesis:

Changes of the UCL on SUS will correlate with pitching volume in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

SUS of the elbow was performed in both elbows of 102 youth and adolescent baseball pitchers. UCL thickness and the width of the ulnohumeral joint, at rest and with 150 N of valgus stress, were measured using a standardized, instrumented device. Demographic data, arm measurements, and a pitching history questionnaire were recorded as well. The pitchers were separated into 2 groups based on age: group 1 (12-14 years) and group 2 (15-18 years). SUS findings of the dominant elbows were compared between the 2 groups. Correlation analysis and linear regression were used to identify relationships between SUS findings and pitching history data.

Results:

In all pitchers, the mean UCL thickness was 4.40 mm in the dominant elbow and 4.11 mm in the nondominant elbow ( P =.03). There was no significant difference between elbows in any joint space characteristics. A comparison of group 1 versus group 2 demonstrated significant differences in UCL thickness (4.13 vs 4.96 mm; P < .001), resting joint space width (6.56 vs 4.04 mm; P < .001), and stressed joint space width (7.68 vs 4.07 mm; P < .001). There was no difference in the change in joint space width between the 2 groups (1.11 vs 0.76 mm; P = .05). The UCL was significantly thicker in pitchers who threw more than 67 pitches per appearance (4.69 vs 4.14 mm), who pitched more than 5 innings per appearance (4.76 vs 4.11 mm), and who had more than 5.5 years of pitching experience (4.71 vs 4.07 mm; P < .001). Linear regression demonstrated that age, weight, and pitches per appearance ( R2 = 0.114, 0.370, and 0.326, respectively) significantly correlated with UCL thickness.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that UCL thickness increases as pitchers get older and heavier and as they increase their pitch volumes.
CCTV and Campus Crime: Challenging a Technological “Fix”
Authors: Liedka Raymond V. , Meehan Albert J. , Lauer Thomas W.
Published: September 2016

Universities using closed circuit television (CCTV) systems often tout its deterrent role when justifying the use of this technology. Using a sample of 336 U.S. universities, we examine the relationship between CCTV and reported crime rates using Clery Act crime data to discern whether CCTV has a deterrent impact on campus crime, controlling for other variables. We find that CCTV appears to have little to no impact. Rather, crime rates are associated with location (suburban, urban, rural), institutional control (public, private), student population density, level of tuition and fees, student-body demographics (e.g., gender, race), and crime control practices other than CCTV (e.g., scheduled security patrols, student transportation/escort services). These relationships differ by type of crime (e.g., property vs. violent). Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Latina/o Professionals’ Career Success
Authors: Cruz Jill Lynch , Blancero Donna Maria
Published: September 2016

Latina/os are members of the largest and also one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States. However, they are disproportionately underrepresented in more highly compensated professional and leadership roles across corporate America. Recognizing the importance of cultural variables in their career development, this article advances a theoretical framework of how outcomes associated with the Latina/o acculturation–enculturation process may factor into different aspects of their career success. While Latina/os may encounter acculturative stressors in their careers as a result of their experiences with this process, many are well adapted and thrive due to the positive influence of bicultural supports, which can serve as a protective factor and provide positive career-related resources that facilitate Latina/o professionals’ objective and subjective career success. Through this lens, we offer important insight on how these cultural factors can help Latina/o professionals bridge the cultural divide of their corporate American workplaces.
Trends in Working Life Expectancy in Europe
Authors: Loichinger Elke , Weber Daniela
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of the article is to analyze past and present developments of working life expectancy (WLE) at age 50 by age, sex, and education in Europe. WLE is also compared with life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HLE). Method: WLE is calculated with the Sullivan method. Labor force participation is based on the European Union (EU) Labor Force Survey. Results: WLE at age 50 has been increasing since the mid- to late 1990s in most European countries. Increases were more pronounced among women than men. Differences in WLE by education are substantial. The comparison of WLE, LE, and HLE for the year 2009 reveals that the correlation between WLE and LE is smaller than between WLE and HLE. Discussion: The analysis of trends in WLE at age 50, particularly when set in relation to remaining LE, provides useful insights about the development of the distribution of economically active and inactive years in Europe’s aging societies.
A Framework for Monitoring Progress Using Summary Measures of Health
Authors: Madans Jennifer H. , Weeks Julie D.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Initiatives designed to monitor health typically incorporate numerous specific measures of health and the health system to assess improvements, or lack thereof, for policy and program purposes. The addition of summary measures provides overarching information which is essential for determining whether the goals of such initiatives are met. Method: Summary measures are identified that relate to the individual indicators but that also reflect movement in the various parts of the system. Results: A hierarchical framework that is conceptually consistent and which utilizes a succinct number of summary measures incorporating indicators of functioning and participation is proposed. Discussion: While a large set of individual indicators can be useful for monitoring progress, these individual indicators do not provide an overall evaluation of health, defined broadly, at the population level. A hierarchical framework consisting of summary measures is important for monitoring the success of health improvement initiatives.
China’s nine-dash line, international law, and the Monroe Doctrine analogy
Authors: Scott Shirley V.
Published: September 2016

John Mearsheimer has compared China’s attitude towards the South China Sea to the Monroe Doctrine of the United States. Mearsheimer does not accord international law much weight and certainly does not regard it as determinative of political outcomes. But many observers of China’s disputes in the South China Sea look to international law for rules and processes that could facilitate peaceful resolution of the disputes. In doing so they are variously puzzled, bemused, and/or angered by China’s assertion of the nine-dash line (南海九段线). This article draws more broadly on the literature on the Monroe Doctrine, viewing the doctrine as: a unilateral pronouncement of foreign policy; representing resistance; embedded in domestic as opposed to international law; and an assertion of legitimate regional hegemony. Through applying the analogy of the Monroe Doctrine, the article seeks fresh insights into China’s legal position in relation to the South China Sea and into the significance of the nine-dash line in terms of international law.
A simple and conservative unstructured sliding-mesh approach for rotor–fuselage aerodynamic interaction simulation
Authors: Xu He-Yong , Xing Shi-Long , Ye Zheng-Yin , Ma Ming-Sheng
Published: September 2016

A conservative unstructured sliding-mesh technique is developed for the rotor–fuselage aerodynamic interaction simulation. The computational domain is decomposed into a rotational zone and a stationary zone. The rotational zone contains the rotor blades that rotate with the zone, while the stationary zone contains the fuselage which keeps stationary during the simulation. The two zones are connected via a sliding interface, which is designed to be a cylindrical surface consisting of the top, bottom, and side surfaces. The top and bottom surfaces are paved with arbitrary triangles and the side surface is meshed by triangularizing equal-sized and right-angled quadrilaterals. The intersection information between the rotational and stationary sliding interface meshes, such as the number of intersection triangles and the area of each intersection polygon, is the key to the present conservative computation. For the top and bottom surfaces, the point-on-line cases are first identified and the point perturbation operation is carried out to eliminate the potential error due to the presence of a point-on-line case. The neighbor-to-neighbor searching algorithm is applied for efficient determination of the intersection triangles, and the intersection polygon areas are determined by enumerating all the possible intersection cases. For the side surface, the intersection relations and polygon areas can be easily determined based on the enumeration method due to the special triangularization. The present method is validated by simulating the GIT (Georgia Institute of Technology) rotor–fuselage interaction model, and comparing numerical results with experiment measurements. It is demonstrated that the present conservative sliding-mesh method is simple to implement, and is efficient for the prediction of complicated unsteady rotor–fuselage aerodynamic interaction.
The lupus impact tracker is responsive to changes in clinical activity measured by the systemic lupus erythematosus responder index
Authors: Devilliers H , Bonithon-Kopp C , Jolly M
Published: September 2016

Objective

The lupus impact tracker (LIT) is a 10-item patient reported outcome tool to measure the impact of systemic lupus erythematosus or its treatment on patients’ daily lives. Herein, we describe the responsiveness of the LIT and LupusQoL to changes in disease activity, using the systemic lupus erythematosus responder index (SRI).

Methods

A total of 325 adult systemic lupus erythematosus patients were enrolled in an observational, longitudinal, multicentre study, conducted across the USA and Canada. Data (demographics, LIT, LupusQoL, BILAG, SELENA–SLEDAI) were obtained three months apart. Modified SRI was defined as: a decrease in SELENA–SLEDAI (4 points); no new BILAG A, and no greater than one new BILAG B; and no increase in the physician global assessment. Standardised response mean and effect size for LIT and LupusQoL domains were calculated among SRI responders and non-responders. Wilcoxon’s test was used to compare the LIT and LupusQoL variation by SRI responder status.

Results

Of the participants 90% were women, 53% were white, 33% were of African descendant and 17% were Hispanic. Mean (SD) age and SELENA–SLEDAI at baseline were 42.3 (16.2) years and 4.3 (3.8), respectively. Mean (SD) LIT score at baseline was 39.4 (22.9). LIT standardised response mean (effect size) among SRI responders and non-responders were −0.69 (−0.36) and −0.20 (−0.12), respectively ( P = 0.02). For LupusQoL, two domains were responsive to SRI: standardised response mean (effect size) for physical health and pain domains were 0.42 (0.23) and 0.65 (0.44), respectively.

Conclusions

LIT is moderately responsive to SRI in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Inclusion of this tool in clinical care and clinical trials may provide further insights into its responsiveness. This is the first systemic lupus erythematosus patient reported outcome tool to be evaluated against composite responder index (SRI) used in clinical trials.
Analysis of phase II methodologies for single-arm clinical trials with multiple endpoints in rare cancers: An example in Ewing’s sarcoma
Authors: Dutton P , Love SB , Billingham L , Hassan AB
Published: September 2016

Trials run in either rare diseases, such as rare cancers, or rare sub-populations of common diseases are challenging in terms of identifying, recruiting and treating sufficient patients in a sensible period. Treatments for rare diseases are often designed for other disease areas and then later proposed as possible treatments for the rare disease after initial phase I testing is complete. To ensure the trial is in the best interests of the patient participants, frequent interim analyses are needed to force the trial to stop promptly if the treatment is futile or toxic. These non-definitive phase II trials should also be stopped for efficacy to accelerate research progress if the treatment proves to be particularly promising. In this paper, we review frequentist and Bayesian methods that have been adapted to incorporate two binary endpoints and frequent interim analyses. The Eurosarc Trial of Linsitinib in advanced Ewing Sarcoma (LINES) is used as a motivating example and provides a suitable platform to compare these approaches. The Bayesian approach provides greater design flexibility, but does not provide additional value over the frequentist approaches in a single trial setting when the prior is non-informative. However, Bayesian designs are able to borrow from any previous experience, using prior information to improve efficiency.
Mortality and morbidity peaks modeling: An extreme value theory approach
Authors: Chiu Y , Chebana F , Abdous B , Bélanger D , Gosselin P
Published: September 2016

Hospitalizations and deaths belong to the most studied health variables in public health. Those variables are usually analyzed through mean events and trends, based on the whole dataset. However, this approach is not appropriate to comprehend health outcome peaks which are unusual events that strongly impact the health care network (e.g. overflow in hospital emergency rooms). Peaks can also be of interest in etiological research, for instance when analyzing relationships with extreme exposures (meteorological conditions, air pollution, social stress, etc.). Therefore, this paper aims at modeling health variables exclusively through the peaks, which is rarely done except over short periods. Establishing a rigorous and general methodology to identify peaks is another goal of this study. To this end, the extreme value theory appears adequate with statistical tools for selecting and modeling peaks. Selection and analysis for deaths and hospitalizations peaks using extreme value theory have not been applied in public health yet. Therefore, this study also has an exploratory goal. A declustering procedure is applied to the raw data in order to meet extreme value theory requirements. The application is done on hospitalization and death peaks for cardiovascular diseases, in the Montreal and Quebec metropolitan communities (Canada) for the period 1981–2011. The peak return levels are obtained from the modeling and can be useful in hospital management or planning future capacity needs for health care facilities, for example. This paper focuses on one class of diseases in two cities, but the methodology can be applied to any other health peaks series anywhere, as it is data driven.
Detecting and accounting for violations of the constancy assumption in non-inferiority clinical trials
Authors: Koopmeiners Joseph S , Hobbs Brian P
Published: September 2016

Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are the gold standard for evaluating a novel therapeutic agent. In some instances, it may not be considered ethical or desirable to complete a placebo-controlled clinical trial and, instead, the placebo is replaced by an active comparator with the objective of showing either superiority or non-inferiority to the active comparator. In a non-inferiority trial, the experimental treatment is considered non-inferior if it retains a pre-specified proportion of the effect of the active comparator as represented by the non-inferiority margin. A key assumption required for valid inference in the non-inferiority setting is the constancy assumption, which requires that the effect of the active comparator in the non-inferiority trial is consistent with the effect that was observed in previous trials. It has been shown that violations of the constancy assumption can result in a dramatic increase in the rate of incorrectly concluding non-inferiority in the presence of ineffective or even harmful treatment. In this paper, we illustrate how Bayesian hierarchical modeling can be used to facilitate multi-source smoothing of the data from the current trial with the data from historical studies, enabling direct probabilistic evaluation of the constancy assumption. We then show how this result can be used to adapt the non-inferiority margin when the constancy assumption is violated and present simulation results illustrating that our method controls the type-I error rate when the constancy assumption is violated, while retaining the power of the standard approach when the constancy assumption holds. We illustrate our adaptive procedure using a non-inferiority trial of raltegravir, an antiretroviral drug for the treatment of HIV.
Strategic Hyphenation between India and Israel: The Major Areas of Cooperation and Constraints in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Ghosal Debjani
Published: September 2016

The article explores the steady strengthening of India’s relationship with Israel, ever since India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in the year 1992. However, notwithstanding the convergence of interests on a range of issues between India and Israel, this bilateral relationship will have to be carefully managed because of a host of constraints which circumscribe the same. This study examines those factors which are bringing the two nations increasingly closer and the constraints that might stand in the way of healthy bilateral relations between them. The first section of this article deals with those areas where both the nations cooperate. The second section highlights the various constraints that make it difficult for this relationship to achieve its full potential. This article explores how India has intricately tried to maintain a delicate balance over the years by addressing the areas of constraints in a very articulate way, so that the Indo-Israeli relations in the post-Cold War era continue to flourish.
Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome in the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Mirghasemi Seyed Alireza , Trepman Elly , Sadeghi Mohammad Saleh , Rahimi Narges , Rashidinia Shervin
Published: September 2016

Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES) is an uncommon and self-limited syndrome characterized by extremity pain of unknown etiology. Symptoms may include sudden or gradual onset of swelling and pain at rest or during activity, usually at night. This syndrome mostly affects middle-aged men and younger women who have pain in the lower extremities. The most common sites involved with BMES, in decreasing order of frequency, are the bones about the hip, knee, ankle, and foot. The diagnosis of BMES is confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging to exclude other causes of bone marrow edema. The correct diagnosis in the foot and ankle often is delayed because of the low prevalence and nonspecific signs. This delay may intensify bone pain and impair patient function and quality of life. The goal of BMES treatment is to relieve pain and shorten disease duration. Treatment options are limited and may include symptomatic treatment, pharmacologic treatment, and surgery.

Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence Among Female Clients Accessing HIV Testing and Counseling Services: Pilot Testing Tools in Rakai, Uganda
Authors: King Elizabeth J. , Maman Suzanne , Namatovu Fredinah , Kiwanuka Deus , Kairania Robert , Ssemanda John B. , Nalugoda Fred , Wagman Jennifer A.
Published: September 2016

The World Health Organization recommends that HIV counseling and testing (HCT) programs implement strategies to address how intimate partner violence (IPV) influences women’s ability to protect themselves from and seek care and treatment for HIV infection. We discuss the process used to adapt a screening and brief intervention (SBI) for female clients of HCT services in Rakai, Uganda—a setting with high prevalence of both HIV and IPV. By outlining our collaborative process for adapting and implementing the SBI in Rakai and training counselors for its use, we hope other HCT programs will consider replicating the approach in their settings.
Developmental Relations Between ADHD Symptoms and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression Across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Murray Aja Louise , Obsuth Ingrid , Zirk-Sadowski Jan , Ribeaud Denis , Eisner Manuel
Published: September 2016

Objective: Past research has provided some preliminary evidence that ADHD and reactive aggression have overlapping neurocognitive bases. Based on this, we tested the hypothesis that ADHD symptoms are closely coupled in developmental terms with reactive aggression, more so than with proactive aggression with which it has been postulated to be only indirectly linked. Method: We used latent growth curve analysis to estimate the developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and subtypes of aggressive behavior in a normative sample of 1,571 youth (761 female, 810 male) measured from ages 7 to 15. Results: Individual ADHD trajectories were significantly and substantially correlated with individual trajectories in both aggressive subtypes; however, consistent with our hypothesis, the relation with reactive aggression was significantly stronger. Conclusion: Our study provides some of the first evidence for a differential relation between ADHD symptoms and aggression subtypes not only cross-sectionally but also in terms of their longitudinal developmental trajectories.
Giving children a voice
Authors: Pawlowski Charlotte Skau , Schipperijn Jasper , Tjørnhøj-Thomsen Tine , Troelsen Jens
Published: September 2016

Facilitators and barriers to recess physical activity are not well understood. To date, research on recess physical activity has predominantly focused on quantitative measures typically focusing on a narrow set of predefined factors, often constructed by adults. To really understand the factors affecting recess physical activity it is crucial to observe and listen to children to know how they engage in and perceive recess physical activity. The aim of this paper was to gain knowledge on children’s perceptions and experiences of factors influencing their physical activity behaviour during recess. Data were collected in three separate studies using different qualitative approaches: participant observation; go-along group interviews and participatory photo interviews. The studies were conducted among 10–13-year-old children (grades 4–6) in 17 Danish schools and in five New Zealand schools among 11–12-year-old children. The socio-ecological model was used as the overall theoretical framework. Twelve factors were identified as influencing the children’s recess physical activity: bodily self-esteem and ability; gender; gendered school culture; peer influence; conflicts and exclusion; space and place experiences; lack of play facilities; outdoor play policy; use of electronic devices; recess duration; organised activities; and weather. These factors were located within different layers of the socio-ecological model, but were interdependent. The findings speak for implementing a combination of actions addressing factors from different layers in the socio-ecological model to increase recess physical activity.
Tough Choices: School Behaviour Management and Institutional Context
Authors: Deakin Jo , Kupchik Aaron
Published: September 2016

In the light of recent disciplinary reform in United States and United Kingdom schools, academic attention has increasingly focused on school punishment. Drawing on interviews with school staff in alternative and mainstream schools in the United States and the United Kingdom, we highlight differences in understandings and practices of school discipline. We argue that, in both countries, there is a mismatch between mainstream schools and alternative schools regarding approaches to punishment, techniques employed to manage student behaviour and supports given to students. While these disparities mirror what one would expect based on the distinct institutional arrangements and organizational priorities of alternative and mainstream schools, they pose particular problems for children transitioning between the two types of school. In this article, we raise a series of questions about the impact of these mismatches on children’s experiences and the potential for school disciplinary reform to achieve lasting results.
Transformation and framework of teacher professional development in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Bo-Ruey
Published: September 2016

This article describes the situation of teacher professional development in Taiwan, including the history and the framework of teacher professional development. With diversification of teacher education systems and institutions, teacher professional development in Taiwan is undergoing a gradual governance shift from the model of centralised state regulation to that of new professionalism and marketisation. The evolution of teacher professional development in Taiwan can be divided into three stages. Approaches towards teacher professional development in Taiwan are undergoing a governance shift, with state power being gradually decentralised to local authorities, schools and teachers, and new methods of conceptualising teacher professional development in Taiwan are emerging.
Latino Families’ Experiences With Autism Services
Authors: Angell Amber M. , Frank Gelya , Solomon Olga
Published: September 2016

This article examines six cases of publicly funded Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy for Latino children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to contribute to thinking about occupational justice. In this ethnographic study of six Latino families of children with ASD in Los Angeles County, all families were offered ABA for their children, but five families experienced occupational challenges leading them to insist on modifications of ABA or to opt out of the service. We consider in each case (a) how the families’ experiences can be understood occupationally, (b) how ABA affected the functionings and capabilities of the children and their families, and (c) how the parents’ accounts relate to occupational justice. Applying the capabilities approach can help operationalize the concept of occupational justice as a tool to evaluate social policy across cases.
Court-Involved Girls’ Perceptions of the Attainability of a Desired Possible Self and Its Connection to Past Adversity and Current Behavior
Authors: Goodson Marva V. , Morash Merry
Published: September 2016

Identity-based motivation theory identifies individuals’ perceptions of attainable possible selves as the future-oriented component of self-concept that is a necessary first step in an adolescent’s goal setting and motivation for action. This qualitative study analyzed data from interviews with 27 court-involved girls. Girls with histories of sexual assault and emotional abuse were less likely than others to have attainable possible selves. Girls with unattainable possible selves more often broke the law as adults and dropped out of school. Discussion of findings focuses on implications for future research and on potential intervention strategies to promote girls’ positive identity development.
The Nellix™ EndoVascular sealing system in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms in conjunction with iliac artery occlusive disease
Authors: van Sterkenburg Steven MM , van den Ham Leo H , Smeets Luuk , Lardenoije Jan-Willem , Reijnen Michel MPJ
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and aortoiliac occlusive disease is a challenging combination, often requiring open reconstructive surgery. In this study, we have assessed a single center experience of the Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System in the treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in conjunction with iliac artery occlusive disease.

Methods

Retrospectively case files of patients treated with Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System in a single center were reviewed. The primary endpoints of the study were the technical success of Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System in patients with coincidental iliac artery occlusive disease and the successful exclusion of the aneurysm during follow-up.

Results

Of the 96 patients that were treated with Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System, five were identified that had an abdominal aortic aneurysm in conjunction with iliac artery occlusive disease. Treated patients had either unilateral (n = 4) or bilateral (n = 1) common iliac artery occlusive disease varying from 70% stenosis to complete occlusions. The lesion length varied from 5 to 50 mm and in two cases it involved an occluded bare metal stent. The indication for surgery was the abdominal aortic aneurysm in all patients, including three also suffering from claudication. In all patients the iliac artery occlusive disease was pretreated with balloon-expandable covered stents. Technical success was achieved in all five patients. After a median follow-up of nine months all stents were patent with no signs of endoleak and stable aneurysm diameters. All patients were free of intermittent claudication or ischemic wounds.

Conclusion

Nellix EndoVascular Aneurysm Sealing System seems feasible and safe in patients with a combination of abdominal aortic aneurysm and iliac artery occlusive disease.
To Ruin the Repairs: Milton, Allegory, Transitional Justice
Authors: Warren Christopher
Published: September 2016

International legal theorists posit historical moments when conceptions of justice are “constituted by, and constitutive of, the transition” (Teitel). This article uses the framework of transitional justice to understand the cultural work of political allegory in the spring of 1660 on the eve of the English Restoration. Insights from transitional justice (1.) help explain how Anglican royalists convinced wary Presbyterians to assent to a restoration of the monarchy; (2.) permit a new reading of Milton’s allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost; and (3.) facilitate a more critical history of the framework of transitional justice itself.
End-of-life care in patients with advanced lung cancer
Authors: Lim Richard B. L.
Published: September 2016

Despite advances in the detection, pathological diagnosis and therapeutics of lung cancer, many patients still develop advanced, incurable and progressively fatal disease. As physicians, the duties to cure sometimes, relieve often and comfort always should be a constant reminder to us of the needs that must be met when caring for a patient with lung cancer. Four key areas of end-of-life care in advanced lung cancer begin with first recognizing ‘when a patient is approaching the end of life’. The clinician should be able to recognize when the focus of care needs to shift from an aggressive life-sustaining approach to an approach that helps prepare and support a patient and family members through a period of progressive, inevitable decline. Once the needs are recognized, the second key area is appropriate communication, where the clinician should assist patients and family members in understanding where they are in the disease trajectory and what to expect. This involves developing rapport, breaking bad news, managing expectations and navigating care plans. Subsequently, the third key area is symptom management that focuses on the goals to first and foremost provide comfort and dignity. Symptoms that are common towards the end of life in lung cancer include pain, dyspnoea, delirium and respiratory secretions. Such symptoms need to be anticipated and addressed promptly with appropriate medications and explanations to the patient and family. Lastly, in order for physicians to provide quality end-of-life care, it is necessary to understand the ethical principles applied to end-of-life-care interventions. Misconceptions about euthanasia versus withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments may lead to physician distress and inappropriate decision making.
Resistance to therapy in estrogen receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor 2 positive breast cancers: progress with latest therapeutic strategies
Authors: Lousberg Laurence , Collignon Joëlle , Jerusalem Guy
Published: September 2016

In this article, we focus on the subtype of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer (BC). Preclinical and clinical data indicate a complex molecular bidirectional crosstalk between the ER and HER2 pathways. This crosstalk probably constitutes one of the key mechanisms of drug resistance in this subclass of BC. Delaying or even reversing drug resistance seems possible by targeting pathways implicated in this crosstalk. High-risk patients currently receive anti-HER2 therapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in the adjuvant setting. In metastatic cases, most patients receive a combination of anti-HER2 therapy and chemotherapy. Only selected patients presenting more indolent disease are candidates for combinations of anti-HER2 therapy and endocrine therapy. However, relative improvements in progression-free survival by chemotherapy-based regimens are usually lower in ER-positive patients than the ER-negative and HER2-positive subgroup. Consequently, new approaches aiming to overcome endocrine therapy resistance by adding targeted therapies to endocrine therapy based regimens are currently explored. In addition, dual blockade of HER2 or the combination of trastuzumab and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOP) inhibitors targeting the downstream pathway are strategies to overcome resistance to trastuzumab. This may lead in the near future to the less frequent use of chemotherapy-based treatment options in ER-positive, HER2-positive BC.
Recurrent anti-GBM disease with pulmonary artery aneurysms
Authors: Dixon John , Wilkinson Hannah , Iqbal Kamran , Quan Virginia
Published: September 2016

We present the first known case of pulmonary artery aneurysms as a feature of Recurrent Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane disease.