bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The righteousness of God has been revealed … through the pistis of Jesus Christ, for all who trust’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter develops a model of atonement out of Paul’s language of trust and mediation. It argues that such a model should ideally show how it offers human beings release from the power of both sin and the suffering caused by sin. For Paul, both suffering and sin are linked with the failure of trust, and are addressed by the trust and trustworthiness of Christ to God and to humanity, which enables him to mediate between them. To recognize that Christ’s trust in God is vindicated, however, human beings also need the revelation of the resurrection. This model of atonement does not, so far, explain why Christ had to die, but it is argued that Christ had to allow himself to be arrested because to have evaded arrest would have been to fail to trust God and deny the person he was. Furthermore, from a post-resurrection perspective, Christ allows himself to die so that human beings can die ‘with’ him to the power of sin and suffering, and in his exalted life he travels ‘with’ them on this journey. Christ’s death and resurrection also change human beings’ sense of what is possible for them through trust. Contemporary psychology and accounts of the rehabilitation of ex-offenders through trust help to show how this model might work to release people from the power of suffering and sin. Finally, this chapter considers how other people, Christlike, can act as mediators between suffering humanity and Christ.
‘Your trust has saved you’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter turns attention to those who put their trust in Jesus in his earthly life. Through an anti-ableist reading of Jesus’ healings and other stories, it argues that no one who encounters Jesus in his earthly life fully or adequately understands who he is. Multiple stories about the disciples show that even Jesus’ closest followers regularly fail in understanding and trust. There is, though, no sign that for the gospel writers the inadequacy of human trust is a deal-breaker in the divine‒human relationship at any time before the end. The gospels offer a compassionate vision, in which any trust response to Jesus is a starting-point which can bring people into a life-giving relationship with God. The story of the last night of Jesus’ life raises the possibility that even Jesus’ trust in God is not unshakeable. It is argued that Jesus’ trust in God does not waver in Gethsemane, but that his trust in himself to be faithful may. If so, he responds by submitting to God’s will, replacing self-trust with trust and obedience to God. Finally, this chapter considers whether the gospels as narratives seek to foster trust, and reflects on the ways in which the birth narratives highlight the significance of human beings as collaborators in the new divine‒human trust relationship.
‘This saying is trustworthy’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter turns from relational to propositional trust: trust that something is the case. Propositional trust is little discussed in philosophy, and is almost absent from discussions of divine‒human trust, but it invites attention at a time when what can be known, or reasonably believed, about the divine, and on what basis, is increasingly debated. Propositional belief has a role to play as one of the foundations of trust, and when people commit themselves and their future to God and Christ. In New Testament writings, it is implicit wherever God acts with therapeutic trust, and is involved in the process of belief formation. It occurs where the faithful are called to trust that they will live with Christ in the eschatological future; where people are called to trust that Jesus is the Son of God; and where the faithful are invited to trust that the teachings they have inherited are true. Propositional trust is also important when we are considering whether a given account of divine‒human trust is trustworthy, whether it has the capacity to engage us and illuminate our experience, and whether, on that basis, we are willing to commit ourselves and entrust the future to it. Four test cases are proposed to see how propositional trust might, for people in different situations, offer a route to trust in God and Christ, and consider its relationship with doubt and scepticism. Finally, this chapter reflects on the role of propositional trust in the dialogue between history and theology.
Camps and Borderlands
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

After arriving in West Bengal, the Dalit peasant refugees were first taken to various refugee camps scattered across the state. The chapter begins with a description of the refugee camps as ‘spaces of hospitality’ and as sites for renegotiating old identities and forming new ones. These were not ‘spaces of exception’ where refugees could be reduced to ‘bare life’, but rather locations where we observed remarkable signs of agency of these displaced people, and expressions of their righteous indignation against the failings of the state and its local functionaries. The chapter shows how their resistance was initiated at the grassroots level by Dalit camp leaders, who organised themselves into Bastuhara Samitis. A major feature of this refugee resistance was the leading role taken by the women residents of the camps. But the very logic of their movement also prevented them from raising the caste question, as they came under wider political influences. The major resistance of the Dalit refugees was to the government’s rehabilitation plan of dispersal, and here they needed the support and mediation of mainstream opposition parties. And that put constraints on their autonomy and agency. It also looks at the struggles and self-rehabilitation endeavours of those Dalit refugees who settled in the border districts of Nadia and 24-Parganas.
State and Rehabilitation
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 looks at the evolution of a state policy of rehabilitation for the post-1950 Dalit peasant refugees in West Bengal. It critically examines the political debates which ultimately led to the evolution of a rehabilitation policy that was premised on an erroneous assumption of the paucity of reclaimable land in West Bengal. So, the refugees were to be dispersed, first to the neighbouring states of Bihar and Orissa, which were reluctant to accept them, and then to the Andaman Islands and Dandakaranya, where they were seen as units of productive labour required to implement developmental projects. It shows that the state government was reluctant about dispersal through coercion, but Union Ministers Morarji Desai and Mehr Chand Khanna did not want to wait, as the refugees were causing continuous drainage on the state exchequer. It examines the divergent positions of various political parties, as well as interactions between the state and central governments.
Varṇa: Defined by Birth or by Action?
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

Examining different ways of defining varṇa, this chapter begins with the young mixed-varna ascetic [later called Shravana Kumar] in the Ramayana whom Dasharatha kills by accident, and his vaishya father and shūdra mother, all of whom are defined as brāhmaṇas by action. The chapter examines a variety of mixed messages about shūdra characters in context—Vidura, Ekalavya, Shabari, Shambuka, Sanjaya, and the shūdra hunter (Shiva in disguise) who offers his urine to test sage Uttanka. The chapter then analyses debates between several characters that reveal the mixed nature of all action, all bodies, and all ancestry. Bhakta poets use these examples and ideas as tools to contest oppression, thus Surdas cites epic stories such as that of Krishna eating at Vidura’s house as evidence that the highest bonds are those of love.
Citizens, Rulers, and Non-Violence
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

Studying debates between characters about a ruler’s dharma with regard to violence, this chapter asks whether forgiveness and non-violence should be applied in the same ways in personal and political contexts. It focuses on citizens’ voices, protests, and role in choosing kings, and contests some commentators’ view of Yudhishthira as the hero of the Mahabharata and the embodiment of dharma. Examining little-studied episodes, this chapter suggests that Yudhishthira’s repressed envy of Arjuna erupts at crucial moments, and that his addictive, suicidal behaviour parallels Duryodhana’s, leading his teachers, including Vyasa and Krishna, to criticize his folly and his excessive attachment to non-violence regardless of its consequences. This chapter begins the discussion of a ruler’s obligation to treat animals justly.
Endless Siege
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

This book is the only monograph to date on Vidya Bharati: the largest network of private schools in India. These institutions are run by Hindu nationalists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and thus are also connected to the party currently ruling India: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The organization makes for an interesting case: it runs school on an income-basis but its main objective is to spread a nationalist ideology. This work seeks to explain how did Vidya Bharati manage to navigate between these two factors to become such a successful venture. It concludes that Vidya Bharati found itself a wide gap on the Indian education market: its schools are usually much cheaper than elite private ones but also better organized than government institutions. In other cases, they are also found where no other private schools are active and when government schools are moribund. The network not only benefits from functioning in this middle zone, but skillfully hides its affiliation to the RSS and places radical, nationalist accents of its narrative in specific points of the curriculum and school life. The author has made use of original resources (Vidya Bharati school textbooks), as well as visited schools and conducted interviews with school employees.
Transforming Public-Private Ecosystems
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

Public-private ecosystems are central to the functioning and provisioning of most essential ecosystems, e.g., security, healthcare, education, and the environment. These ecosystems face challenges of governance, diverse constituencies, numerous advocacy organizations, incompatible outcome metrics, and persistent media attention, to name a few. There is a wide range of public and private players involved in operating, sustaining, and investing in these ecosystems, including stakeholders from government, industry, academia, non-governmental organizations and the overall public. Fundamental change requires understanding a wide range of interests and accommodating change strategies accordingly. Problems in these ecosystems easily qualify as “wicked problems,” which are social or cultural problems laced with incomplete or contradictory knowledge, large numbers of people and opinions, substantial economic burdens, and the interconnected nature of these problems with other problems. Transforming Public-Private Ecosystems addresses these challenges for four important ecosystems, and provides an integrated perspective for understanding and enabling change. An overall analytic framework is presented and illustrated with 36 case studies of change and innovation.
Calculus Set Free
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

Calculus Set Free: Infinitesimals to the Rescue is a single-variable calculus textbook that incorporates the use of infinitesimals, and more generally the hyperreal numbers. The infinitesimal methods and notation herein were developed with beginning calculus students in mind, resulting in exposition that is more intuitive as well as many calculational procedures that are easier to perform, as compared to both traditional calculus textbooks and earlier attempts at including infinitesimals in calculus. Arithmetic of hyperreal numbers, levels of hyperreal numbers, and approximation in the hyperreals lead to a definition of limit. Limit computations are based directly on that definition. Computation-style proofs of derivative rules use an approximation formula called the “local linearity formula.” The definite integral is developed through the idea of finding area using infinitely many subintervals and right-hand endpoints; the resulting “omega sums” are much easier than Riemann sums as a result of the “sum of powers approximation formula,” which also anticipates the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus by its resemblance to the antiderivative power rule. The limit comparison test is replaced by the “level comparison test,” which is so widely applicable and computationally simple that strategy for testing series is noticeably less difficult. Although infinitesimal methods are used for any mathematical process involving a limit, the remainder of the text uses the standard methods of calculus. Organization is similar to other college-level calculus texts. Features include ample marginal notes, examples, illustrations, and answers to odd-numbered exercises.
Introduction
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

Laser radiation is an intense coherent light field that is characterized by its high monochromatic brightness and high photon degeneracy. Thus, it is capable of generating various stimulated scattering effects and a series of multiphoton excitation-induced opto-physical and opto-chemical effects. There are two parallel theoretical regimes. The first regime is the semiclassical theory that treats light as a classical electromagnetic field described by Maxwell’s equations. The second regime is the quantum electrodynamic theory, which treats light as an assembly of photons obeying Bose–Einstein statistics. Both regimes can be complementarily adopted to describe the interaction of light radiation with matter.
About Light Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses light scattering and its effects. There are two major types of light scattering effects. The first type is known as molecular scattering in an optically pure medium, and includes molecular Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering, and Raman scattering. The second type is Mie scattering from the impurity particles suspended in a homogeneous optical medium. When excited by intense laser radiation, all these various types of spontaneous scattering effects could become corresponding stimulated scattering with high directionality and high monochromatic brightness. It is worth noting that, in general, the physical mechanisms for stimulated scattering effects are different from those for spontaneous scattering effects.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is based on a gain mechanism provided by the pump light reflection from the induced hypersonic acoustic Bragg grating in a continuous net optical medium. The mathematic formulation of SBS generation is based on the solutions of the coupled wave equations that describe the pump field-induced hypersonic acoustic field and the reaction of the acoustic field to the optical field. In experiments, SBS is generally generated along the backward direction, with a longest gain length and a maximum frequency shift that is determined by the speed of the forward hypersonic acoustic wave. SBS generation requires a narrower pump spectral linewidth and start-delay due to the inertia of the collective acoustic motion of scattering molecules.
Optical Phase-Conjugation Properties of Backward Stimulated Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

The backward output beam of stimulated scattering (including SRS, SBS, SRBS, and SMS) can exhibit the optical phase-conjugation (OPC) property under appropriate pump conditions (i.e. high enough pump intensity and long enough gain length). This peculiar property ensures that the backward stimulated scattering (BSS) beam is capable of overcoming the aberration influences from the scattering medium and/or the propagation medium. Based on such a capability, the BSS device can be adopted as an OPC reflector in a high-brightness laser oscillator and/or laser amplifier system. It also can be adopted in a laser auto-aiming/auto-tracking system and a laser weapon system.
Multiphoton Nonlinear Optical Effects
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

There is a variety of novel optical materials exhibiting a superior multiphoton reactivity working in appropriate spectral ranges. These materials have been employed to carry out the fundamental research of multiphoton excitation processes, as well as to explore various advanced applications, such as multiphoton excitation-based upconversion lasing, optical power limiting (for protecting human eyes or optical sensors), optical stabilization (for smoothing the intensity spatiotemporal fluctuations), optical reshaping (for reshaping the spatiotemporal structures of the light), optical 3D data storage (with a volume density up to ~ 1012 bits/cm3), and optical 3D microfabrication of the products with a size or structure less than several microns.
The Samurai and the Cross
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

This book explores the encounter of Christianity and premodern Japan in the wider context of global history. The first part examines how the Jesuit missionaries sought new ways to communicate their faith in an unfamiliar linguistic, cultural, and religious environment. Their aim was to ‘re-invent’ Christianity in the context of samurai Japan. They developed an original ‘moral casuistry’ or ‘cases of conscience’ that responded to the specific dilemmas faced by Japanese Christians. The second part situates the European missionary ‘enterprise’ in East Asia within multiple political contexts. China and Japan resisted the presence both of foreigners and their beliefs. The Spanish Jesuit Alonso Sánchez argued for military intervention in China to guarantee the freedom to preach. This provoked a fierce debate in Europe, South America, and East Asia. The principles of ‘just war’ and the ‘law of nations’ formulated by the School of Salamanca were employed to argue both for and against compelling the Chinese to accept the missionaries. The third part turns back to Japan, where the Jesuits were facing persecution in the midst of civil war. They debated whether they could intervene in military conflicts by providing advice and arms to Japanese Christian lords to protect local communities. Some even advocated for the establishment of a ‘Christian republic’ or civil protectorate. In 1614 the shogunate prohibited Christianity amidst rumours of foreign plots to conquer Japan. But more than the fear of armed invasions, it was the ideological threat—or ‘spiritual conquest’—that the Edo shogunate feared the most.
Aristotle and Aquinas Come to Japan
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the compendium of theology, philosophy, and astronomy composed by Pedro Gómez in the 1590s to prepare Japanese and European missionaries for their pastoral work in Japan. It complemented the studia humanitatis curriculum at the Jesuit College. An abridged adaptation in Latin of the Roman Catechism of the Council of Trent (1566), this Japanese translation by Pedro Ramón, Paulo Yōhō Ken, and Vicente Hōin reveals how the Jesuits adapted traditional teachings to the realities of samurai Japan. They relied on the Coimbra commentaries on Aristotle (the cursus conimbricensis), compiled by Pedro da Fonseca and his fellow Jesuits, to provide them with a framework. This was then recast into Japanese and taught by Pedro Morejón and others. Special emphasis was placed on defining the individual as an authentic spiritual being capable of reaching out for the infinite, in contrast with the pantheistic vision of the world prevalent in Japan.
Alonso Sánchez and his ‘Empresa de China’
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 introduces Alonso Sánchez, a Spanish Jesuit in the Philippines who advocated for armed intervention to force the Chinese to accept foreign missionaries. He was convinced that ‘peaceful preaching’ was not possible. His ‘Chinese enterprise’ found support from the secular and ecclesiastical authorities in the Philippines, who found themselves in dire economic straits. Elected to represent them at court, Sánchez’s proposal elicited a veritable storm of opposition from both Alessandro Valignano and Antonio de Mendoza, superior of the Jesuits in Mexico. Valignano feared possible repercussions on the Japanese mission. As a result, the Jesuit General, Claudio Acquaviva, appointed the Jesuit missionary in Peru, José de Acosta, to accompany Sánchez from New Spain to Europe and to prevent him from speaking to Philip II about conquest. The Dominicans in Spain also denounced him, even though the bishop of Manila, Domingo de Salazar, had initially backed Sánchez’s plans for ‘imperial evangelism’.
Epilogue
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

The epilogue summarizes some of the main conclusions of this study. The practical ‘case studies’ composed by Pedro Gómez discuss the everyday concerns of Japanese Christians. The Jesuits’ ‘casuistry of civil war’ reflected on the conditions for becoming involved in local conflicts. This was prompted by Alonso Sánchez’s call for Spain to intervene militarily to protect the missionaries in China and in Japan. Both those for and against such a course of action argued over the correct interpretation of the theory of ‘just war’, as it was developed by Augustine and Francisco de Vitoria. In this debate Valignano saw the Japanese Church as a new ‘primitive Church’ that reflected pre-Constantinian times. Sánchez, Coelho, and Cruz understood Christianitas defined in territorial terms reminiscent of the Holy Roman Empire. Japanese suspicions that the missionaries were planning to invade Japan were overshadowed by an even greater concern: that Christianity presented a moral threat to the nation. This reminds us of the fate of Buddhism, which had initially been rejected until it was fully integrated into the Japanese polity by Prince Shōtoku. The synthesis between Buddhism, Shinto, and the state that emerged over the next millennium became a cornerstone of the nation. The shogunate was not willing to allow a new synthesis with Christianity to emerge. Thus, when Christians emerged from hiding after the Meiji Restoration, they were initially seen as enemies of the state. Their resilience and survival suggest that they had internalized the teachings they had previously received from their Jesuit mentors.
Kinky in the Digital Age
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

Once a secretive and hidden practice, kinky sex is visible like never before, represented in songs, books, and Hollywood movies. Yet away from these fantastical representations of sensationalized sex, kink is practiced by ordinary people in communities and imbued with psychological meaning for their social identities. This book focuses on the social worlds of gay and bisexual men who engage in kink, and it reveals the dynamic interplay of sexual desires and social meaning that constitutes contemporary kink cultures. Melding psychological and sociological theories, this book documents significant changes in kink narratives among people immersed in kink communities while highlighting the diverse ways in which non-community members engage in kinky sexual practice. Drawing on longitudinal data from 74 in-depth interviews with gay and bisexual men, in addition to ethnographic observations with several kink communities and events over a period of 6 years, the book provides a groundbreaking account of how the internet has transformed the experiences of kink for gay men as well as the communities in which it is practiced. Rejecting a binary of online versus “real life,” this book shows how the digital is increasingly a part of kink communities and subcultures. The second half of the book examines the emergence of pup play as a kink activity and its consolidation as a community and subculture that enables people to explore kink in more playful ways.
What Is Kink?
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, the complexities in defining kink are explored. The chapter describes kink’s history as a pathological sexual practice, moving toward an understanding of kink as a sexual and social identity. In doing this, various terminologies related to kink are discussed, including bondage/discipline, domination/submission, sadism/masochism, to argue for the movement toward viewing kink as the overarching term. After establishing terms, contemporary definitions of kink are explored, and these are framed alongside participants’ understandings of kink. Participants identify blurred boundaries between what they view as kinky and non-kinky. Contemporary definitions of kink are drawn together with participant narratives to explore a new working definition of kink.
Consolidating Pup Communities and Reflections on Change
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on the developments of the pup subculture during a 6-year period and the impact of increased media and cultural popularity, using follow-up interviews with participants from a pup play study. There was a notable shift in how participants interacted with pup play, with some no longer identifying as pups or engaging in pup play. Instead, pup play provided a platform for participants to explore kink interests and their sexuality more generally, speaking fondly of their time identifying with pup play. In this chapter, participants discuss the increased popularity of pup play and how this may impact on the subculture.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, the current status of kinky sexual subcultures for young gay men in the United Kingdom is summarized, and potential future developments are discussed. The internet has allowed individuals to engage in kink practices without immersing themselves in kink communities; these individuals are termed non-community participants. In this chapter, links are drawn between research on non-community participants, the pup play subculture, and the role of the internet in helping these individuals explore kink interests. The chapter calls for a diversification and intensification of kink research, expanding demographics, locations, and topics studied under the kink umbrella. The chapter concludes with a final ethnographic excerpt of communicating these findings in a research environment.
Sovereignty主权
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 3 addresses the second fundamental driver shaping the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China (PRC): assertion and defense of the broadest possible claims of Chinese sovereignty. This chapter adopts an expansive definition of sovereignty, which includes the securing of strategic advantage at a regional and global level, protecting economic assets and PRC citizens abroad, accessing essential resources, and operating more freely from constraints Beijing sees in a U.S.-led, Western-oriented world order. The chapter explains why sovereignty occupies such a central place in PRC foreign policy and how Xi Jinping’s sharper, more expansive, and riskier approach to sovereignty differs from his predecessors’. This chapter also examines how the pursuit of sovereignty in certain “contested spaces”—the Himalayas, South China Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Tibet, and Hong Kong—greatly exacerbates China’s foreign relationships, deeply affects perceptions of China abroad, and could be the source of conflict in the years ahead.
Wealth财富
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 addresses the generation of national wealth and economic prosperity, the third key driver of the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy. The chapter describes how the pursuit of economic development has been a constant element in China’s foreign policy as it bolsters Chinese Communist Party legitimacy and contributes to amassing national power and achieving national rejuvenation. Chapter 4 also explains why and how the pursuit of national wealth depended—and continues to depend—so heavily on relations with the outside world. The chapter identifies critically important and persistent challenges facing the PRC economy—such as diminishing productivity, aging population, growing socioeconomic disparities, and the threat of the “middle income trap”—and a number of initiatives launched by Xi Jinping to address them. These include the Belt and Road Initiative, Made in China 2025, and the “dual circulation” strategy, all of which have significant implications for Beijing’s foreign relations.
Leadership领导权
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 6 examines China’s pursuit of greater leadership roles across a range of international activities. Following an explanation of the People’s Republic of China’s approach to international leadership in the past, the chapter goes on to show how and why, under Xi Jinping, China’s aim to take on greater leadership roles and “move closer to center stage” is an increasingly prominent objective animating PRC foreign policy. It also details numerous examples of China’s leadership pursuits: expanded contributions and leadership positions within the United Nations system; establishment of new multilateral institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the New Development Bank, and the “17 + 1” process linking China with Central and Eastern European countries; and aspirations to leadership in emerging fields of governance and technology, including in mitigating climate change, managing cyberspace, addressing global health challenges, and setting standards in advanced technological fields.
Ontopolitics
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the Foucauldian frameworks of governmentality and regulation as they undergird the treatment of Muslim women in the context of a liberal discourse that insists that individuals are free to act and dress as they wish. Muslim women are often dismissed as being unruly or defiant for wearing hijab, even as non-conformity is read as a brave choice among white men and women. By contrast, the visages of Muslim women are held against them as a mark of their unwarranted defiance. When they assert their rights in courts and government institutions, they are dismissed as misguided or backwards in their cultural commitment. Moreover, they are expected to aspire to be part of the polity and refused the chance to succeed. This unbearable situation is called excruciation.
Anxieties of Liberalism
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the language and primary ideas through which liberal discourse conceals its management of colonial subjects: through concepts such as secularism, freedom, and different understandings of religious accommodation. It contrasts the French treatment of the hijab in contrast to the U.S. approach of allowing markets and courts to settle anti-discrimination claims. It reviews various liberal thinkers, such as John Locke, J.S. Mill, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Susan Okin, in their approaches to colonial subjects and Muslim women. Liberal feminism demands that colonial subjects qua women of color be liberated, but the gauge of freedom is whether they appear to be free in the same way as Western secular liberal feminine subjects. Muslim women of color are subject to neoliberal standards of emancipation measures in the workplace in order to appear free to satisfy liberal anxieties about whether freedom is being “properly” enacted.
Discrimination, Neoliberalism, and Suitable Women
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

In 2009, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) sued Abercrombie and Fitch (A&F), a major clothing retailer, for religious discrimination in the workplace on behalf of Samantha Elauf. They charged that A&F refused to hire Elauf because she wore the hijab. In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Elauf, agreeing that Abercrombie and Fitch had discriminated against Elauf on religious grounds. The case was widely heralded as a definitive stance against the discrimination of Muslim women. Yet, there have been numerous religious discrimination cases that never made it to the Supreme Court, which often ruled in favor of the employer or institution being sued. This chapter argues that the Abercrombie and Fitch was not an exception, but rather followed a long held practice of inducing women to dress “professionally,” or in a secular, “American” mode of dress that is encouraged Western liberal free market societies. Through a neoliberal regime of regulation, abiding by neocolonial qua Western, secular, standards of discrimination, United States judiciaries are complicit in enforcing such culturally hegemonic “secular” and sexist practices.
Quantum Mechanics and the Human Sciences
Authors: Harrington Nicholas T.
Published: June 2022

Many of the founders of quantum mechanics believed the insights of their revolutionary new physics would benefit various disciplines of the human sciences. Consequently, an enterprise of “quantum transposition” took place during the 1930s and 1940s where physicists such as Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and Max Born attempted to transfer the epistemic, ontological, and formalist aspects of quantum outside their field. Notable exceptions were Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and, generally speaking, Erwin Schrödinger, who did not believe quantum mechanics merited application outside physics. Therefore, the approach particular founders of quantum mechanics took to quantum transposition was in many ways patterned to their attitude toward, and interpretation of, quantum theory per se.
A Case
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955–1956 was a successful social movement that exemplified civic deliberation and action. The organizers faced problems of collective action, such as free-riding, path-dependence, oligarchy, boundary problems, and principal/agent conflicts; problems of discourse, such as ideology and propaganda; injustice based on identity distinctions; and human cognitive limitations, such as implicit bias and motivated reasoning. They built alternative institutions that effectively challenged white supremacy. They made choices regarding objectives, tactics, targets, and rhetoric that can be debated.
The Bloomington School and the Citizen as Solver of Collective-Action Problems
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Garrett Hardin coined the phrase “tragedy of the commons.” Elinor Ostrom showed that this is actually a drama whose outcome depends on the human actors. She demonstrated that state control and privatization are not the only two solutions. People can manage their own common-pool resources. Design principles that increase the odds of success can be found around the world. Since individuals are nested in many overlapping and layered systems for managing shared resources, governance is always polycentric. More polycentricity is generally desirable; centralization is problematic. This theory is valuable for addressing problems of collective action but less useful for handling disagreements or uncertainty about values or problems of exclusion and oppression.
A Case
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Black Lives Matter, the largest nonviolent social movement in US history, rejects exclusion, promotes public discourse, and proposes ways to promote public safety as a common pool resource without resort to state power. It prompts questions that are generally relevant to social movements in the twenty-first century: issues of social capital, leadership, respectability politics, policy proposals, methods for decision-making, and relationships to authorities.
Selling the Nightingale
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

Swedish concert singer Jenny Lind made her American debut on September 11, 1850, at New York’s Castle Garden. At the time that she first arrived in the US, Lind was far from the first foreign musical celebrity to tour the country. But no previous touring artist engendered such widespread desires, such longing to hear her treasured voice and see her expressive countenance; nor did any previous artist give rise to such an explosion of efforts to represent her, both verbal and visual. Above all, no earlier touring artists, and few who came in the following decades, were met with such crowds at every turn. With Jenny Lind, music entered the American public sphere in a new way. It became part of something akin to what would, in the twentieth century, become termed “mass culture.” Performing just a year after cultural divisions had erupted in New York with the Astor Place Riot, Lind and her manager, P.T. Barnum, sought to present the singer as an icon of ideal femininity whose appeal crossed divisions of gender, race, and class. Yet they could not escape the social divisions of the era, and Lind’s concert tour was increasingly beset by conflict as it proceeded.
Crowds, Chaos, and Community
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

Music festivals mattered to the larger development of American live music along multiple fronts in the two decades following the founding of the Newport Jazz Festival. Most saliently, festivals helped to push the business of live music more and more toward large-scale production, laying the groundwork for the arena and stadium rock economy. Because they so often had an aura of idealism surrounding them, however, music festivals could never be reduced to strictly commercial ventures. The combination of scale and singularity gave festivals the aura they would come to possess and made them flash points for contests over cultural values that coursed through the musical styles put on stage. This chapter traces the development of US music festivals from the establishment of the Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, to the Newport Folk Festival in 1959, and then into the era of the rock festival in the late 1960s. In jazz and folk alike—and in rock, where the influence of both would loom large—festivals came to stand for a host of tensions that characterized the social role of popular music in the post-war era.
Advanced Theory of Mind
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2022

Theory of mind (i.e., beliefs about the mental world) has been perhaps the most heavily researched topic in developmental psychology for close to 30 years. Most research has concentrated on the first 5 years of life, a time period during which a number of important developmental changes occur. No one, however, has ever believed that the development of theory of mind is complete by age 5, and recent years have seen the growth of a substantial research literature directed to further developments across the middle childhood and adolescent years. This book brings together this large and diverse body of work. Four interrelated themes recur throughout the book. One concerns the descriptive picture for the target of study: What is the nature of theory of mind across different parts of the lifespan? In particular, how does the study of advanced developments add to the well-documented problems and achievements of the first 5 years? A second theme concerns how to explain the developmental changes that are observed, both the commonalties that characterize development and individual differences in the speed or the extent of mastery. A third theme concerns the effects of theory of mind on other aspects of development. Of interest are both individual differences within the normative range and the effects of clinical conditions, most notably autism. A final theme is the theoretical question of how best to characterize advanced theory of mind. A central issue is whether theories designed to explain early developments can be successfully extended to more advanced forms of understanding.
A Song Serves as a Study for the Third Movement
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 considers Mahler’s song “Des Antonius von Padua Fischpredigt” for voice and piano, which he intended as a study for the Scherzo of the Second Symphony. The poem comes from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Youth’s Magical Horn), whose editors altered its ancient narrative about St. Anthony preaching to the fish, adding a note of bitter irony. In the Wunderhorn redaction, after listening approvingly to St. Anthony’s sermon, the fish revert to their old ways, rendering the saint’s mission meaningless. In his setting, Mahler offers a musical metaphor for the meaninglessness inherent in the outcome of St. Anthony’s sermon by first appearing to adopt standard song forms in his music, only to abandon them. In doing so, he obscures the formal meaning such schema normally provide. Much of the irony and humor in the song is conveyed by the piano accompaniment rather than by the vocal lines.
The Third Movement: Scherzo and Trio
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 6 shows that Mahler intended the third movement of his Second Symphony to portray the meaninglessness of life. To achieve this aim, he draws on the topos of meaninglessness from the song discussed in Chapter 5, basing the scherzo on the St. Anthony song. The music of the song appears in the scherzo without the words, but Mahler conveys a sense of meaninglessness nonetheless by omitting much of the song’s cogent melody, relying more on its accompaniment. The trio, which emulates that of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, is interrupted by a paraphrase of music from Hans Rott’s E Major Symphony. Mahler greatly admired Rott, whose life was senselessly cut short at a young age. The quotation thus expresses another poignant dimension of meaninglessness. Near the end of the movement, Mahler introduces a grisly orchestral “scream,” meant to convey the disgust one feels on experiencing a life devoid of meaning.
Jews in Ancient and Medieval Armenia
Authors: Stone Michael E. , Topchyan Aram
Published: June 2022

It has long been the general opinion that there was no significant Jewish community in Armenia throughout the centuries. This book examines the evidence from written sources to archaeological discoveries and asserts that there were Jews in Armenia in the ancient and mediaeval periods. Tigran the Great transferred Jewish exiles to Armenia in the first century BCE. They settled in the chief cities of the land and were still there in the fourth century CE. There were Jews in the capital city, Dvin, in the late ninth century, and Jewish tombstone inscriptions from southern Armenia witness a community there during the Seljuk and Mongol conquests. Thus, the conventional picture must be changed.
Justice in Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned , Zhang Feng
Published: June 2022

Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism offer alternative conceptions of justice. Mohism’s most distinctive doctrine is impartial care, within which four conceptions of equality are embedded. These are the moral equality of human beings, equality of reciprocity, corrective equality, and political equality. In practice, Mohists are as much in favor of a hierarchical order as Confucians. Legalism endorses equality, contending that everyone except for the ruler must be subject equally to the law. Daoism espouses a radical doctrine of the natural equality of all things. It derives from the assumption that Dao, a metaphysical entity whose essence is Nature itself, is at once the beginning of all things and the way in which all things pursue their course. Of all the intellectual traditions in Chinese history, Daoism is the most thoroughgoing advocate of equality, and its doctrine of justice is but a doctrine of equality.
Virtue and the History of the Modern American University
Authors: Reuben Julie
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the history of moral formation as an important aim of American higher education. It explains how the creation of modern universities led to the marginalization of moral education, examines various efforts in the twentieth century to create new forms of moral education, and explores the reasons for the relative success and failure of these efforts. It concludes with a brief discussion of the conditions of contemporary American higher education and concludes that they are not conducive to a strong program of moral education.
Virtue, the German University, and the Limits of Critique
Authors: Wellmon Chad
Published: June 2022

This chapter draws on Max Weber’s lecture on the vocation of scholarship to consider the long-standing debate about the relation between the modern university’s pursuit of specialized, scientific knowledge and its role in moral formation—the debate between Wissenschaft and Bildung in the German context, and between the diverse approaches of liberal arts colleges and research universities in the United States. It focuses in particular on the virtue of “intellectual rectitude” and concludes that universities do have their own ethical commitments, resources, and practices and their own important, though proximate, goods, all of which they can draw on while engaging or partnering with other moral traditions and resources.
The Eclipse of Virtue in the University and Wider Society
Authors: O’Neill Onora
Published: June 2022

Teaching virtue in universities has become problematic both because universities have changed and because ethics has changed. Universities have changed because students are no longer seen as minors and because they are regulated in ways that do not fit well with the aim of inculcating virtue. Ethics has changed because it no longer addresses the classical agent’s question, “What ought I do?” so no longer covers the full range of duties, including both those seen as matters of justice and those seen as virtues. During the twentieth century, a narrower focus on rights and their counterpart duties has been widely accepted. Starting with rights provides a framework for an account of justice but is too narrow to support an account of ethics that offers an account of the virtues.
Closing the Character Gap
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter is structured around an imaginary conversation between the author and a university president. Topics include what a virtue is, what the list of virtues looks like, why it is important to foster virtue in the university, whether students should be the primary focus of efforts to cultivate virtue in universities, and whether we should assume that most students are virtuous, vicious, or neither to begin with. The chapter ends by focusing on the virtue of honesty in particular. It first clarifies some of the philosophical issues and experimental findings which pertain to this virtue. Then it briefly outlines some strategies for fostering honesty in university students.
The Beneficial Effects of Cultivating Gratitude in the University
Authors: Morgan Blaire , Gulliford Liz
Published: June 2022

Taking gratitude as an example, this chapter considers how character and virtue can be cultivated in universities while simultaneously recognizing the diverse ways in which virtues might be understood and valued. With reference to multicomponent perspectives on virtue, the chapter outlines the conceptual issues surrounding gratitude and how they have informed the conceptualization and measurement of gratitude as a multifaceted construct comprising cognitive, affective, attitudinal, and behavioral elements. The chapter then considers how the virtue of gratitude might be cultivated in universities with reference to its complex nature and multicomponent structure. It recommends that gratitude (and character and virtue more broadly) be explored with intellectual rigor, appropriate critical engagement, and an opportunity for open debate. In support of cultivating character and virtue in universities, the chapter offer examples of incorporating gratitude into new and existing university programs and considers barriers to incorporating gratitude within higher education contexts.