bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian statistics in human genetics
Authors: Atramentova L. A.
Published: October 2020

Using of the Bayes’ method in genetic counseling allows clarifying of the probability of a disease in the offspring, which in some cases can save probands from additional laboratory diagnostic tests due to the extremely low risk which can be calculated. The article is devoted to the usage of the Bayes’ method in human genetics. The concepts of a priori, conditional, total and posterior probabilities are introduced. As an example, a pedigree with a monogenic recessive X-linked trait is considered. An algorithm for calculating of the probability that a patient is a carrier of a pathological gene is presented. The prediction of results made with help of using the classical method of calculations and the Bayesian method are compared. An example for calculation of the gene mutation rate based on epidemiological and genetic data is given. The discussed topic can be taken into account for presenting of courses in human genetics and medical genetics at classical and medical universities, and the given problem can serve as an example for drawing up of tasks for students with pedigrees of various configurations and other attributes.

Keywords: Bayesian method, a priori probability, posterior probability, teaching of genetics, genetic counseling.
Elevers mestringsoplevelser og self efficacy under nødundervisningen i forbindelse med Covid-19-skolelukningerne
Authors: Qvortrup Ane , Christensen Jacob , Lomholt Rune
Published: October 2020

Artiklen undersøger elevers mestringsoplevelser under nødundervisningen i forbindelse med Covid-19-skolelukningerne. Tidligere forskning har vist, at undervisningskonteksten og den sociale kontekst påvirker elevernes mestringsoplevelser, og der er således grund til at antage, at den nye situation med nye former for undervisning online på distance med hjemmet som ramme har store konsekvenser herpå. Artiklen baserer sig på survey-data fra elever i seks kommuner indsamlet midt i Covid-19-nedlukningen. Baseret på en multipel lineær OLS regressionsanalyse viser artiklen, at størstedelen af variansen i elevernes mestringsoplevelse forklares af deres oplevelse af nødundervisningen, men også rammerne for undervisningen og forskellige typer af undervisningsaktiviteter forklarer en del. Samtidig ses der forskelle ift. både køn og socioøkonomisk status. Artiklen udpeger opmærksomhedspunkter, hvis vi fremadrettet som en del af grundskolens undervisning skal lære eleverne at deltage i online læringsfællesskaber med henblik på at forberede dem til fremtidens globale samfund, hvor digitale teknologier er værdifulde arbejdsredskaber
The invasive red-eared slider turtle is more successful than the native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle: evidence from the gut microbiota
Authors: Qu Yan-Fu , Wu Yan-Qing , Zhao Yu-Tian , Lin Long-Hui , Du Yu , Li Peng , Li Hong , Ji Xiang
Published: October 2020

Background

The mutualistic symbiosis between the gut microbial communities (microbiota) and their host animals has attracted much attention. Many factors potentially affect the gut microbiota, which also varies among host animals. The native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) and the invasive red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are two common farm-raised species in China, with the latter generally considered a more successful species. However, supporting evidence from the gut microbiota has yet to be collected.

Methods

We collected feces samples from these two turtle species raised in a farm under identical conditions, and analyzed the composition and relative abundance of the gut microbes using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing on the Roach/454 platform.

Results

The gut microbiota was mainly composed of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at the phylum level, and Porphyromonadaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae at the family level in both species. The relative abundance of the microbes and gene functions in the gut microbiota differed between the two species, whereas alpha or beta diversity did not. Microbes of the families Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae were comparatively more abundant in C. reevesii, whereas those of the families Porphyromonadaceae and Fusobacteriaceae were comparatively more abundant in T. s. elegans. In both species the gut microbiota had functional roles in enhancing metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. The potential to gain mass is greater in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, as revealed by the fact that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower in the former species. The percentage of human disease-related functional genes was lower in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, presumably suggesting an enhanced potential to colonize new habitats in the former species.
A review ofEuryoryzomys legatus(Rodentia, Sigmodontinae): morphological redescription, cytogenetics, and molecular phylogeny
Authors: Guilardi Mariana D. , Jayat Pablo , Weksler Marcelo , Patton James L. , Ortiz Pablo Edmundo , Almeida Keila , Silva Maria José de J.
Published: October 2020

The taxonomic history ofEuryoryzomys legatushas been complex and controversial, being either included in the synonymy of other oryzomyine species or considered as a valid species, as in the most recent review of the genus. Previous phylogenetic analyses segregatedE. legatusfromE. russatus, its putative senior synonym, but recovered it nested withinE. nitidus. A general lack of authoritative evaluation of morphological attributes, details of the chromosome complement, or other data types has hampered the ability to choose among alternative taxonomic hypotheses, and thus reach a general consensus for the status of the taxon. Herein we revisit the status ofE. legatususing an integrated approach that includes: (1) a morphological review, especially centered on specimens from northwestern Argentina not examined previously, (2) comparative cytogenetics, and (3) phylogenetic reconstruction, using mitochondrial genes.Euryoryzomys legatusis morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from all other species-level taxa in the genus, but its 2n=80, FN=86 karyotype is shared withE. emmonsae,E. nitidus, andE. russatus. Several morphological and morphometric characters distinguishE. legatusfrom other species ofEuryoryzomys, and we provide an amended diagnosis for the species. Morphological characters useful in distinguishingE. legatusfromE.nitidus,its sister taxon following molecular analyses, include: larger overall size, dorsal fur with a strong yellowish brown to orange brown tinge, flanks and cheeks with an orange lateral line, ventral color grayish-white with pure white hairs present only on the chin, presence of a thin blackish eye-ring, tail bicolored, presence of an alisphenoid strut and a well-developed temporal and lambdoid crests in the skull, and a labial cingulum on M3. Molecular phylogenetic analyses recoveredE. legatusas a monophyletic group with high support nested within a paraphyleticE. nitidus; genetic distances segregated members of both species, except for an exemplar ofE. nitidus. Our integrated analyses reinforceE. legatusas a full species, but highlight thatE. macconnelli,E. emmonsae, andE. nitiduseach may be a species complex and worthy of systematic attention. Finally, we also evaluated the chromosome evolution of the genus within a phylogenetic context.
El riesgo como un obstáculo para la equidad en salud
Authors: Flores Figueroa Carla
Published: October 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es defender la tesis de que el uso indiscriminado del concepto “riesgo” en el sistema de salud termina limitando las posibilidades de transferir derechos a la ciudadanía y al mismo tiempo avanzar hacia la equidad. En primer lugar, para probar esto, se presentan argumentos que demuestran que los procesos de definición de lo que es riesgoso o no, responden a cuestiones ideológicas y no a cuestiones de naturaleza necesariamente científica, ni medible. En segundo lugar, se demuestra que los programas responsables de definir y evaluar el riesgo enfatizan en la definición y valoración de los déficits individuales, ignorando las barreras estructurales que existen en el país. Además, asocian el riesgo a peligro, cuestión que provoca que se discrimine todo lo que se considere en esta categoría. Por último, se propone utilizar las perspectivas teóricas que también observen las fuerzas y el capital social que poseen las personas y las comunidades, con el objeto de dejar de ver los indicadores de riesgo como cuestiones naturales y fácticas y confiar en todos las personas y categorías que son consideradas peligrosas
Trayectorias residenciales de hogares inmigrantes peruanos de bajos ingresos en Santiago de Chile
Authors: Rasse Figueroa Alejandra , Sanzana Medina Angélica
Published: October 2020

Este estudio busca comprender la historia residencial de los hogares de inmigrantes peruanos en la Región Metropolitana, desde su llegada hasta su situación actual, a partir de sus propias palabras y experiencias. Desde una perspectiva biográfica, a través de las trayectorias residenciales de ocho hogares, se concluye que la trayectoria residencial de los hogares de inmigrantes peruanos en la ciudad de Santiago, desde su llegada hasta la actualidad, se encuentra conformada por elementos decisionales de cambio y de continuidad. Los elementos de cambio son los que tienen relación con la transformación en su acceso a bienes y/o servicios, y en definitiva, su inserción en la nueva ciudad. Mientras que los elementos de continuidad corresponden a elementos estructurales (de la organización del mercado habitacional) y culturales de la sociedad de acogida, que dificultan la inserción del inmigrante en todo momento de su trayectoria en el nuevo país.
The diet of a Sooty Owl from Yarrangobilly Caves, NSW
Authors: Bilney Rohan J.
Published: October 2020

A total of 783 dietary items from a Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa with suspected partial xanthochromism (yellow plumage colouration) was identified from Yarrangobilly Caves, NSW. Observations of the owl at the cave and collection of feathers suggest that prey items accumulated between 2011 and 2018. A total of 12 mammal species was detected in the diet, with the Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes, Agile Antechinus Antechinus agilis, Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps and Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus dominating. The diet also included three threatened species, the Eastern Pygmy Possum Cercartetus nanus, Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus and Broad-toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus. The diversity of prey identified in the diet contrasts markedly with that found in studies of subfossil deposits from the area, supporting evidence of extensive mammal declines since European settlement.
Reaction Kinetics of Iron Oxides in Ok Tedi Magnetite Skarn Ore
Authors: Kama Mary , Gena Kaul , Nuru Tindi Seje
Published: October 2020

Magnetic skarn ore (MSO) is one of the major copper bearing ore extracted by the Ok Tedi Copper Mine in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Copper minerals are recovered by flotation while the iron not associated with copper are discarded as tailings. The objective of this investigation was to determine the iron ore reduction kinetics for the Ok Tedi MSO and ascertain if it can be processed to produce sponge iron for a mini steel plant in Papua New Guinea. SEM-EDAX analyses of the Ok Tedi MSO indicated 10.1% C, 30% O, 0.6% Mg, 1.1% Si, 21.1% S, 0.8% Ca and 36.2 % Fe. Most of the iron is in sulfide form. Both naturally occurring and roasted sinters of Ok Tedi MSO samples of different particle sizes were reduced by charcoal carbon at three different temperatures and seven different reduction times. Analyses of the reduced products indicated a metallic iron content of more than 65 wt. % on average. Results showed that there was no significant difference in reduction between fluxed and control materials. Only a slight increase in kinetics with reduced particle size, hence the reaction rate constant (K) did not vary much within the temperatures investigated. Reaction kinetics increases with increasing reduction time at 900°C. Therefore, more iron reduction is observed with particles of 106 µm size. In addition, the results also confirmed that the reduction energy used was higher at 800°C and lower at 1000°C. In conclusion, iron reduction can be improved but close monitoring of temperature and reduction times are essential to determine the reaction kinetics of the Ok Tedi MSO.
Scholarly Book Review on Bayesian Statistics for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Approach
Authors: Shahriary Eahsan , Hajibabaee Amir
Published: October 2020

This book offers the students and researchers a unique introduction to Bayesian statistics. Authors provide a wonderful journey in the realm of Bayesian Probability and aspire readers to become Bayesian statisticians. The book starts with Introduction to Probability and covers Bayes’ Theorem, Probability Mass Functions, Probability Density Functions, The Beta-Binomial Conjugate, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm. The book is very well written, and topics are very to the point with real-world applications but does not provide examples for computing using common open-source software.
Comparative Analysis of Emergency Rescue Exercises for Large-Scale Disasters in Korea and Japan
Authors: Choi Hyeongho , Lee Euipyeong
Published: October 2020

Korea is conducting emergency rescue drills led by fire agencies in preparation for a major disaster. On the other hand, in Japan, when large-scale disasters occur, Emergency Fire Response Teams (EFRTs) from national fire headquarters are mobilized by requests or orders from the director-general of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. EFRTs perform emergency rescue together with the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit of the National Police Agency, a disaster relief unit of the Self-Defense Forces, Technical Emergency Control Force of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Disaster Medical Assistance Team of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Thus, EFRTs perform these exercises in collaboration with these working institutions. This study suggests the introduction of national mobilization of EFRTs and mobilization by various means such as transport planes of Self-Defense Forces or large helicopters, hutment training, and self-sufficient rear support exercises, such as Japan has done national exercises, and annual joint exercises of emergency fire response teams in block units.
Gender Dimensions in Disaster and Safety Management
Authors: Lee MinJi , Chung Gunhui
Published: October 2020

Research shows that disasters affect women more adversely than men especially in developing countries due to differences in socio-cultural customs or physical condition. However, in developed countries, not much difference was found in the percentage of male and female victims of disaster. In South Korea, disasters cause severe damage almost every year, thus the public interest in disaster and safety management is increasing. However, due to insufficient data, it is difficult to analyze whether women suffer more severely than men or not. Therefore, in this study, we reviewed Korea’s disaster management laws and guidelines. In addition, a questionnaire survey was implemented to analyze the level of the public awareness related to disasters and safety management. A total of 489 adults participated in the survey. As a result, it was found that both men and women were not well aware of the possibility of a disaster, and needed to be educated about the locations of shelters and evacuation procedures. Gender analysis showed significant differences in male and female responses concerning some questions. For example, women found it difficult to access disaster and safety management education. Nevertheless, men and women showed similar willingness to participate in disaster and safety management education and training. Therefore, disaster and safety management education programs should be developed and implemented more actively. In addition, it was suggested that sex and age of the victims should be reported and female investigators should be included in the disaster damage investigation team.
Correlation between LID Flood Control Capability and Runoff Coefficient
Authors: Jeong Yonggil , Park Jongpyo , Sin Hyunsuk
Published: October 2020

Short-term heavy rains caused by global warming could lead to urban flooding as well as damage to both people and property. Although Korea is taking active measures to reduce the impact of flood-related disasters through disaster impact assessments, these assessments mainly consist of qualitative evaluation procedures for urban inundation when designating districts for development projects. The recently developed “inundation determination and detention site size calculation program” has made it possible to review urban inundation hydraulic calculations, even when designating districts for development projects. However, there is still a limit to the hydraulic review and the utilization of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities due to the lack of linkage between the use of such facilities and the inundation determination program. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop a technique to utilize runoff coefficients in applying the LID in the flood determination program. Therefore, in this study, the flood control capacity of stormwater runoff reduction facilities at each LID facility was reviewed and the relationship with runoff coefficient was analyzed.
The Equality of Flow Distribution to the Distribution Channel of a Filtration Basin Using CFD Analysis
Authors: Ryu Young-Suk , Jung Nahm-Chung , Cho Myung-Hwan
Published: October 2020

A filtration-basin is the most essential component to remove fine particles in water purification process. This study conducted a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis based on Building Information Modeling (BIM), to estimate flow distribution in the inflow distribution channel of the filtration-basin. The BIM model was prepared based on the preliminary construction design draft drawings, and a CFD analysis model was created from the BIM model. The distribution rate of the distribution channel currently operating within the filtration-basin was reviewed. To find the optimal operation method that ensures equal distribution of each filtration-basin, CFD analysis was carried out to compare the adjustment methods of opening the ratio of the butterfly valve and adjusting the height of the stainless steel (STS) plate, using Autodesk CFD software. The CFD analysis revealed that the STS plate method was more efficient at inducing equal distribution rates than the method of opening the ratio of the butterfly valve.
Improvement of Velocity Change Based on Increase in Fire Water Demand Capacity
Authors: Lee Songbog , Min Sehong
Published: October 2020

Recently, sprinkler systems have been designed based on hydraulic calculations to determine the diameter of the water supply pipe. However, the hydraulic calculation currently applied in the underground parking lot area of apartments is generally applied for economic benefits obtained by reducing the pipe size specified in the National Fire Safety Codes Installation Standard. However, the Standard overlooks the nature of hydraulic calculation. Therefore, this study examines and analyzes the flow rate, pressure, and flow rate relationship obtained by supplying a capacity higher than the water supply-demand capacity required for the hydraulic calculation as the water supply capacity of the fire pump. Accordingly, through suggesting an improvement in pressure-reducing valve installation, the firefighting system separation, pipe-diameter change application, the engineer's skill, water supply capacity, and water demand capacity could be matched to uniformly supply the minimum pressure and flow rate for each sprinkler head. It is expected that it can be improved in a direction that satisfies the hydraulic calculation standards.
Effect of setup error in the single‐isocenter technique on stereotactic radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases
Authors: Nakano Hisashi , Tanabe Satoshi , Utsunomiya Satoru , Yamada Takumi , Sasamoto Ryuta , Nakano Toshimichi , Saito Hirotake , Takizawa Takeshi , Sakai Hironori , Ohta Atsushi , Abe Eisuke , Kaidu Motoki , Aoyama Hidefumi
Published: October 2020

In conventional stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), treatment of multiple brain metastases using multiple isocenters is time‐consuming resulting in long dose delivery times for patients. A single‐isocenter technique has been developed which enables the simultaneous irradiation of multiple targets at one isocenter. This technique requires accurate positioning of the patient to ensure optimal dose coverage. We evaluated the effect of six degrees of freedom (6DoF) setup errors in patient setups on SRS dose distributions for multiple brain metastases using a single‐isocenter technique. We used simulated spherical gross tumor volumes (GTVs) with diameters ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 cm. The distance from the isocenter to the target's center was varied from 0 to 15 cm. We created dose distributions so that each target was entirely covered by 100% of the prescribed dose. The target's position vectors were rotated from 0°–2.0° and translated from 0–1.0 mm with respect to the three axes in space. The reduction in dose coverage for the targets for each setup error was calculated and compared with zero setup error. The calculated margins for the GTV necessary to satisfy the tolerance values for loss of GTV coverage of 3% to 10% were defined as coverage‐based margins. In addition, the maximum isocenter to target distance for different 6DoF setup errors was calculated to satisfy the tolerance values. The dose coverage reduction and coverage‐based margins increased as the target diameter decreased, and the distance and 6DoF setup error increased. An increase in setup error when a single‐isocenter technique is used may increase the risk of missing the tumor; this risk increases with increasing distance from the isocenter and decreasing tumor size.
Direct Assembly of Vertically Oriented, Gold Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Zhang Heyou , Liu Yawei , Shahidan Muhammad Faris Shahin , Kinnear Calum , Maasoumi Fatemeh , Cadusch Jasper , Akinoglu Eser Metin , James Timothy D. , Widmer‐Cooper Asaph , Roberts Ann , Mulvaney Paul
Published: October 2020

Although many nanoscale materials such as quantum dots and metallic nanocrystals exhibit size dependent optical properties, it has been difficult to incorporate them into optical or electronic devices because there are currently no methods for precise, large‐scale deposition of single nanocrystals. Of particular interest is the need to control the orientation of single nanocrystals since the optical properties are usually strongly anisotropic. Here a method based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is reported to precisely assemble vertically oriented, single gold nanorods. It is demonstrated that the orientation of gold nanorods during deposition is controlled by the electric dipole moment induced along the rod by the electric field. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations indicate that the magnitude of this dipole moment is dominated by the polarizability of the solution phase electric double layer around the nanorod. The resulting vertical gold nanorod arrays exhibit reflected colors due to selective excitation of the transverse surface plasmon mode. The EPD method allows assembly of arrays with a density of over one million, visually resolvable, vertical nanorods per square millimeter.
A Framework Nucleic Acid Based Robotic Nanobee for Active Targeting Therapy
Authors: Tian Taoran , Xiao Dexuan , Zhang Tao , Li Yanjing , Shi Sirong , Zhong Wenyu , Gong Ping , Liu Zhan , Li Qian , Lin Yunfeng
Published: October 2020

DNA nanotechnology has provided new strategies and platforms for cargo delivery. However, DNA‐based nanostructures utilized for cargo delivery have mainly focused on static structures and passive targeting. Here, inspired by honeybee's natural reaction to hazards, a melittin loaded tetrahedron framework nucleic acid (tFNA) nanostructure, for active targeting therapy as a “nanobee” is developed. Upon exposure to target proteins on the cell membrane, the tFNA exoskeleton goes through conformation change, leading to the selective release of melittin from the exoskeleton and the consequent selective lethal effect. As a result, the active targeting of the nanobee to tumor cells is achieved. At the same concentrations of melittin, the nanobee exhibits significantly higher and more selective cytotoxicity against target cells than free melittin molecules, whereas the inactive nanobee shows neglectable lethal effect. Notably, the complete encapsulation of melittin in the tFNA exoskeleton is confirmed by the combination of experimental screening and molecular dynamic analysis, which is proposed to be the origin of the minimized off‐target effects of nanobee. This nanobee concept offers a strategy that may be extended to various dynamic stimuli‐responsive cargo delivery systems, to enhance cargo stability and decrease severe off‐target effects.
Advanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Yang Huan , Han Xiaotong , Douka Abdoulkader Ibro , Huang Lei , Gong Lanqian , Xia Chenfeng , Park Ho Seok , Xia Bao Yu
Published: October 2020

Oxygen electrocatalysis is of great significance in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Many strategies have been adopted for developing advanced oxygen electrocatalysts to promote these technologies. In this invited contribution, recent progress in understanding the oxygen electrochemistry from theoretical and experimental aspects is summarized. The major categories of oxygen electrocatalysts, namely, noble‐metal‐based compounds, transition‐metal‐based composites, and nanocarbons, are successively discussed for oxygen reduction and evolution. Design strategies of various oxygen electrocatalysts and their relationship on the structure–activity–performance are comprehensively addressed with the perspectives. Finally, the challenge and outlook for advanced oxygen electrocatalysts are discussed toward energy conversion and storage technologies.
Negative‐Pressure‐Induced Large Polarization in Nanosized PbTiO3
Authors: Sun Jing , Li Qiang , Zhu He , Liu Zhanning , Lin Kun , Wang Na , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Deng Jinxia , Chen Jun , Xing Xianran
Published: October 2020

Ferroelectric materials usually undergo decay with particle size decreasing into the nanoscale. At the critical value, the crystal structure undergoes a transition from the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase and the ferroelectricity vanishes. It is a big issue to sufficiently maintain strong ferroelectricity at the nanoscale. Herein, it is reported that synthesized 0D freestanding PbTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) present negative pressure along the c axis (Δc/cbulk × 100% = −2.406), inducing large spontaneous polarization PS (71.2 µC cm−2 in 12 nm). Further local structural studies by atomic pair distribution functions and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure indicate the structural evolution of nanosized PbTiO3. High‐angle annular dark‐field STEM images reveal the existence of preponderant PbO‐terminations on the surface of the PbTiO3 NPs. Ab initio calculation reveals the enhanced hybridization between Pb and O ions, which gives rise to the negative pressure and tensile stress to stabilize the high tetragonality and large polarization. The present work demonstrates an untraditional route to enhance the ferroelectricity and related properties in functional nanostructured materials, being of significance to nanodevices.
Spontaneous (Anti)meron Chains in the Domain Walls of van der Waals Ferromagnetic Fe5−xGeTe2
Authors: Gao Yang , Yin Qiangwei , Wang Qi , Li Zhuolin , Cai Jianwang , Zhao Tongyun , Lei Hechang , Wang Shouguo , Zhang Ying , Shen Baogen
Published: October 2020

The promise of topologically vortex‐like magnetic spin textures hinges on the intriguing physical properties and theories in fundamental research and their distinguished roles as high‐efficiency information units in future spintronics. The exploration of such magnetic states with unique spin configurations has never ceased. In this study, the emergence of unconventional (anti)meron chains from a domain wall pair is directly observed at zero field in 2D ferromagnetic Fe5−xGeTe2, closely correlated with significant enhancement of the in‐plane magnetization and weak van der Waals interactions. The simultaneous appearance of a large topological Hall effect is observed at the same temperature range as that of the abnormal magnetic transition. Moreover, the distinctive features of the (anti)meron chains and their collective dynamic behavior under external fields may provide concrete experimental evidence for the recent theoretical prediction of the magnetic‐domain‐wall topology and endorse a broader range of possibilities for electronics, spintronics, condensed matter physics, etc.
Reversible Deposition of Lithium Particles Enabled by Ultraconformal and Stretchable Graphene Film for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhou Yangen , Zhang Xiao , Ding Yu , Zhang Leyuan , Yu Guihua
Published: October 2020

Originating from inhomogeneous Li deposition and dissolution, the formation of dendritic and/or dead Li lies as a fundamental barrier to the practical implementation of Li metal anodes for high‐energy Li‐ion batteries. Here, an ultraconformal and stretchable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) composed of parallelly stacked few‐layer defect‐free graphene nanosheets, which can deform to remain ultraconformal during the expansion and shrinkage of micro‐sized Li metal particles is reported. The shape‐adaptive graphene protective skin is prepared via a facile mechanical method followed by Li stripping, which enables fast Li‐ion diffusion, and inhibits Li dendrites and Li pulverization. The interlayer slips and wrinkles of the graphene film endow the robust protective skin with high stretchability. This work represents a unique strategy of building ultraconformal and stretchable 2D‐materials‐based protective skins on the surface of Li metal toward high‐energy, long‐life, and safe Li metal batteries.
Precisely Controlling the Position of Bromine on the End Group Enables Well‐Regular Polymer Acceptors for All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiencies over 15%
Authors: Luo Zhenghui , Liu Tao , Ma Ruijie , Xiao Yiqun , Zhan Lingling , Zhang Guangye , Sun Huiliang , Ni Fan , Chai Gaoda , Wang Junwei , Zhong Cheng , Zou Yang , Guo Xugang , Lu Xinhui , Chen Hongzheng , Yan He , Yang Chuluo
Published: October 2020

Recent advances in the development of polymerized A–D–A‐type small‐molecule acceptors (SMAs) have promoted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) over 13%. However, the monomer of an SMA typically consists of a mixture of three isomers due to the regio‐isomeric brominated end groups (IC‐Br(in) and IC‐Br(out)). In this work, the two isomeric end groups are successfully separated, the regioisomeric issue is solved, and three polymer acceptors, named PY‐IT, PY‐OT, and PY‐IOT, are developed, where PY‐IOT is a random terpolymer with the same ratio of the two acceptors. Interestingly, from PY‐OT, PY‐IOT to PY‐IT, the absorption edge gradually redshifts and electron mobility progressively increases. Theory calculation indicates that the LUMOs are distributed on the entire molecular backbone of PY‐IT, contributing to the enhanced electron transport. Consequently, the PM6:PY‐IT system achieves an excellent PCE of 15.05%, significantly higher than those for PY‐OT (10.04%) and PY‐IOT (12.12%). Morphological and device characterization reveals that the highest PCE for the PY‐IT‐based device is the fruit of enhanced absorption, more balanced charge transport, and favorable morphology. This work demonstrates that the site of polymerization on SMAs strongly affects device performance, offering insights into the development of efficient polymer acceptors for all‐PSCs.
Gas‐Phase 3D Printing of Functional Materials
Authors: de la Huerta Cesar Arturo Masse , Nguyen Viet H. , Sekkat Abderrahime , Crivello Chiara , Toldra‐Reig Fidel , Veiga Pedro Brandao , Quessada Serge , Jimenez Carmen , Muñoz‐Rojas David
Published: October 2020

Spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) is a recent approach 100 times faster than conventional atomic layer deposition (ALD), even at atmospheric pressure. Previous works exploited these assets focussing on high‐rate, large‐area deposition for scaling‐up into mass production. Conversely, this work shows that SALD indeed represents an ideal platform for area‐selective deposition of functional materials by proper design and miniaturization of close‐proximity SALD heads. In particular, the potential offered by 3D printing is used to fabricate low‐cost customized close‐proximity heads, which can be easily designed and modified to obtain different deposition areas, free‐form patterns, and even complex multimaterial structures. Finally, by designing a miniaturized head with circular concentric gas channels, 3D printing of functional materials can be performed with nanometric resolution in Z. This constitutes a new gas‐phase 3D printing approach. Because the process is based on ALD reactions, conformal and continuous thin films of functional materials can be printed at low temperatures and with high deposition rate in the open air. This approach represents a new versatile way of printing functional materials and devices with spatial and topological control, thus extending the potential of SALD and ALD in general, and opening a new avenue in the field of area‐selective deposition of functional materials.
Biocompatible Cost‐Effective Electrophysiological Monitoring with Oxidation‐Free Cu–Au Core–Shell Nanowire
Authors: Kim Dongkwan , Bang Junhyuk , Won Phillip , Kim Youngtaek , Jung Jinwook , Lee Jinwoo , Kwon Jinhyeong , Lee Habeom , Hong Sukjoon , Jeon Noo Li , Han Seungyong , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: October 2020

In spite of its excellent electrical, mechanical, and low‐cost characteristics, copper nanowire has fatal issues in the oxidation problem and the lack of biological compatibility, which occasionally outweighs its advantages and limits its usage as electronics or biodevice applications. In this study, a novel wet chemical synthesis method is developed for the oxidation‐free Cu–Au core–shell nanowire based on the prepared Cu nanowire with alkylamine‐mediated synthesis and ligand exchange. The synthesized Cu–Au core–shell nanowire exhibits improved electrical stability against thermal oxidation under the harsh environment of 80 °C and 80% relative humidity. Additionally, to substantiate suitability for the biomedical application, the enhanced chemical stability and biocompatibility are investigated by utilizing the artificial perspiration and the cell culture. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, high performance wearable electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors for electrophysiological monitoring with the Cu–Au core–shell nanowire electrode are demonstrated with superior oxidation‐resistance and biocompatibility even after the harsh environment test. The Cu–Au core–shell nanowire can provide promising, cost‐effective electrode materials for various wearable electronics applications.
Accurate Prediction of Melt Electrowritten Laydown Patterns from Simple Geometrical Considerations
Authors: Hrynevich Andrei , Liashenko Ievgenii , Dalton Paul D.
Published: October 2020

Melt electrowriting (MEW), an electrohydrodynamic additive manufacturing technology, can produce polymer structures with micrometer resolution. Unlike conventional direct writing of fluids, the laydown pattern often deviates from the programmed one, due to a lag in the electrified jet. MEW of increasingly complex patterns currently entails a cumbersome trial‐and‐error procedure of adjusting printing parameters to ensure good accuracy. This issue is addressed with a geometrical model that predicts the expected printed fiber path, based on the coded trajectory, critical translation speed, and the collector speed. The influence of the process parameters on the jet lag is investigated and a general equation for the lag computation is implemented into the model. The presented model can evaluate the printing result up to ten times more accurate than the designed collector movement path and thus assist in identifying printing defects and adjustment of the printing G‐code in advance.
Microwave Synthesis and High‐Mobility Charge Transport of Carbon‐Nanotube‐in‐Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Lin Chun‐Ho , Lyu Zhensheng , Zhuo Yuting , Zhao Chen , Yang Jialin , Liu Changxu , Kim Jiyun , He Tengyue , Hu Long , Li Feng , Shen Yansong , Liu Kewei , Yu Weili , Wu Tom
Published: October 2020

Organolead trihalide perovskites have emerged as a new class of competitive solution‐processed semiconductors due to their unique optoelectronic properties. However, poor ambient stability and charge transport are the Achilles’ heel of hybrid perovskites, thus limiting their applications. In this work, microwave‐assisted synthesis is applied for the first time to rapidly grow perovskite single crystals embedded with single‐wall carbon nanotubes. These nanotube‐in‐perovskite single crystals are endowed with a carrier mobility one order of magnitude higher than the pure counterpart and the related photodetectors show an ultrafast photo‐response speed (5 and 80 ns for rise and decay time, respectively). The fast and uniform heating of microwave irradiation facilitates the synthesis of ambient‐stable crystals with nanoscale additives, paving the way to creating a wide range of mixed‐dimensional perovskite‐based nanocomposites with optimal properties and device performance.
Suppression of Groups Intermingling as an Appealing Option for Flattening and Delaying the Epidemiological Curve While Allowing Economic and Social Life at a Bearable Level during the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Bâldea Ioan
Published: October 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic in a population modelled as a network wherein infection can propagate both via intra‐ and inter‐group interactions is simulated. The results emphasize the importance of diminishing the inter‐group infections in the effort of substantial flattening/delaying of the epi(demiologic) curve with concomitant mitigation of disastrous economy and social consequences. To exemplify, splitting a population intom(say, 5 or 10) noninteracting groups while keeping intra‐group interaction unchanged yields a stretched epidemiological curve having the maximum number of daily infections reduced and postponed in time by the same factorm(5 or 10). More generally, the study suggests a practical approach to fight against SARS‐ CoV‐ 2 virus spread based on population splitting into groups and minimizing intermingling between them. This strategy can be pursued by large‐scale infrastructure reorganization of activity at different levels in big logistic units (e.g., large productive networks, factories, enterprises, warehouses, schools, (seasonal) harvest work). Importantly, unlike total lockdown, the proposed approach prevents economic ruin and keeps social life at a more bearable level than distancing everyone from anyone. The declaration for the first time in Europe that COVID‐19 epidemic ended in the two‐million population Slovenia may be taken as support for the strategy proposed here.
Exploiting Self‐Healing in Lithium Batteries: Strategies for Next‐Generation Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Mezzomo Lorenzo , Ferrara Chiara , Brugnetti Gabriele , Callegari Daniele , Quartarone Eliana , Mustarelli Piercarlo , Ruffo Riccardo
Published: October 2020

Major improvements in stability and performance of batteries are still required for a more effective diffusion in industrial key sectors such as automotive and foldable electronics. An encouraging route resides in the implementation into energy storage devices of self‐healing features, which can effectively oppose the deterioration upon cycling that is typical of these devices. In order to provide a comprehensive view of the topic, this Review first summarizes the main self‐healing processes that have emerged in the multifaceted field of smart materials, classifying them on the basis of their recovering mechanisms. Then, attention is closely focused on self‐healable energy storage devices. In particular, self‐healing in lithium‐ion and lithium–metal batteries is discussed, emphasizing both the physical (cracks, fractures, cuts, etc.) and chemical (degradation, gas production, etc.) issues that currently threaten the operating life of these devices, and the more effective self‐healing strategies which can prevent or postpone undesired and dangerous failures. Finally, an outlook on the possible resolution of relevant challenges is briefly discussed.
Optimization Design and Application of Niobium‐Based Materials in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Lian Yue , Yang Ning , Wang Dawei , Zheng Yujing , Ban Chaolei , Zhao Jing , Zhang Huaihao
Published: October 2020

In various energy storage devices, the development and research of electrode materials has always been a key factor. Nb‐based materials are one choice of energy storage materials because of the good ion‐diffusion channels and high theoretical capacity. More importantly, their advantages, such as safe potential range, high structural stability, and highly reversible redox reaction with small strain, are conducive to efficient, safe, and stable energy storage development. Based on aforementioned superiority, much of the research is to further optimize performance of Nb‐based materials by unique nano‐morphology design, lattice regulation, and functional additives composition, showing good electrochemical performance in many kinds of devices. This review mainly introduces the classification of Nb‐based materials used for energy storage, their application in different battery systems, and common optimization methods. Accordingly, the deficiencies and prospects of Nb‐based materials are also discussed in detail.
Clinical characteristics and rate of dilatation in Turner syndrome patients treated for aortic dilatation
Authors: Pater Colleen M , Gutmark‐Little Iris , Tretter Justin T , Martin Lisa J , Backeljauw Philippe , Brown Nicole M
Published: October 2020

Turner syndrome is associated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysms and dissection. Recent 2017 clinical care guidelines recommend medical therapy to treat aortic dilatation, although whether this slows dilatation is unknown. We aimed to describe a pre‐guideline cohort of Turner syndrome patients with aortic dilatation, the rate of dilatation following diagnosis, and post therapy dilatation rates. We conducted a retrospective review of Turner syndrome patients with a dilated aortic root or ascending aorta by current definitions. In total, 40 patients were included with 22 treated patients. Most patients had 45,X karyotype, were white, non‐Hispanic, and received both growth hormone and estrogen. Except for hypertension, there were no differences in risk factors among treated and untreated groups. Bicuspid aortic valve was very common. Treatment group patients had significantly more dilated ascending aortas by absolute measurements and aortic size index. In an adjusted model, there was minimal change in aortic measures over time and this was not associated with medication use. In conclusion, in this cohort, Turner syndrome patients with aortic dilatation were more likely to be treated if they had hypertension and if they met multiple dilatation criteria. Further study is needed to establish medical therapy efficacy on dilatation progression.
Unpacking chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) patch use: Do individuals respond to food patches as predicted by the marginal value theorem?
Authors: O'Bryan Lisa R. , Lambeth Susan P. , Schapiro Steven J. , Wilson Michael L.
Published: October 2020

The marginal value theorem is an optimal foraging model that predicts how efficient foragers should respond to both their ecological and social environments when foraging in food patches, and it has strongly influenced hypotheses for primate behavior. Nevertheless, experimental tests of the marginal value theorem have been rare in primates and observational studies have provided conflicting support. As a step towards filling this gap, we test whether the foraging decisions of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) adhere to the assumptions and qualitative predictions of the marginal value theorem. We presented 12 adult chimpanzees with a two‐patch foraging environment consisting of both low‐quality (i.e., low‐food density) and high‐quality (i.e., high‐food density) patches and examined the effect of patch quality on their search behavior, foraging duration, marginal capture rate, and its proxy measures: giving‐up density and giving‐up time. Chimpanzees foraged longer in high‐quality patches, as predicted. In contrast to predictions, they did not depress high‐quality patches as thoroughly as low‐quality patches. Furthermore, since chimpanzees searched in a manner that fell between systematic and random, their intake rates did not decline at a steady rate over time, especially in high‐quality patches, violating an assumption of the marginal value theorem. Our study provides evidence that chimpanzees are sensitive to their rate of energy intake and that their foraging durations correlate with patch quality, supporting many assumptions underlying primate foraging and social behavior. However, our results question whether the marginal value theorem is a constructive model of chimpanzee foraging behavior, and we suggest a Bayesian foraging framework (i.e., combining past foraging experiences with current patch sampling information) as a potential alternative. More work is needed to build an understanding of the proximate mechanisms underlying primate foraging decisions, especially in more complex socioecological environments.
Topological Phase Transition and Eigenstates Localization in a Generalized Non‐Hermitian Su–Schrieffer–Heeger Model
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Xu , Huang Rong , Qi Lu , Xing Yan , Zhang Zhan‐Jun , Wang Hong‐Fu
Published: October 2020

The topological properties of a generalized non‐Hermitian Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model are investigated and it is demonstrated that the non‐Hermitian phase transition and the non‐Hermitian skin effect can be induced by intra‐cell asymmetric coupling under open boundary conditions. Through investigating and calculating the non‐Hermitian winding number with generalized Brillouin zone theory, it is found that the present non‐Hermitian system has an exact bulk‐boundary correspondence relationship. Meanwhile, the non‐Hermitian winding number is used to characterize the non‐Hermitian phase transition and determine the phase transition boundary, and it is found that the non‐Hermitian phase transition is not completely induced by the asymmetric coupling strength. By means of the mean inverse participation ratio, the factors that affect the eigenstates localization are shown and it is revealed that large system size or large asymmetric coupling strength can leave the system in the localized state. Additionally, it is found that for the asymmetric coupling strength and the system size, the eigenstates localization is much more sensitive to the asymmetric coupling strength.