bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 concludes with a discussion of the core findings and implications for the future of resource competition and territorial conflict. It demonstrates Rent-Addiction Theory’s generalizability by applying it broadly to explain the decline in territorial conflict worldwide and the prospects for resource competition in regions beyond the Arctic, such as the Middle East and Africa. The core findings support the book’s thesis that what states make influences what they want to take. The theory suggests that, contrary to existing findings on the link between economic development and conflict, resource-driven development may make states more, rather than less, conflict-prone. This insight is critical for policymakers seeking to anticipate states’ responses to climate change and technological innovation, which are rapidly revealing seabed resources. Finally, the theory provides a novel explanation for why, despite a general decline in conquest, some states still have a strong interest in seeking profits from territorial expansion.
Religion as Alternative Reality
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 explores the notion that, like war, religion is an imagined alternative reality. The chapter begins with the remarkable success of the Left Behind novels, Evangelical Protestant novels that imagine the end of the world at the time of the rapture, when righteously saved souls are transported to heaven and the ordinary world struggles with the control of the Antichrist. Though extreme, this vision is characteristic of all religion: it presents an alternative view of reality. All religion is imagined in that they are constructions of an alternative view of reality, as the sociologist Robert Bellah has argued. Like war, religion is a response to a perception of deep disorder, though in the case of religion it is often the fear of one’s own demise, the fear of death. For this reason most religious traditions have incorporated violence and death into their rituals and images (the Christian cross is an obvious example), as a way of showing that in the religious imagination the fear of chaos is overcome and death has been defeated. As does war, religion provides an imagined scenario of chaos conquered.
The Production of National Racial Innocence
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

Since when and on what grounds have white American Christians declared themselves innocent of the sins of their generations? When did white American Christianity excuse itself from grappling with the most serious and far-reaching human abuses to make as its object instead the perpetuation of an undisturbed and unchallenged hold on continuity and capital? This chapter examines how mass media contributed to the production of white racial innocence by featuring spectacles of white patriotism and “wholesomeness” including, prominently, Mormon performing acts. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir and the Osmonds enacted a spectacle of innocence that normalized anti-Black racism as an unremarkable element of a “wholesome” morality. Their performances engaged audiences in a silent agreement to “forget” racism and to claim a moral high ground without taking responsibility for the oppression of people of color.
The Persistence of White Supremacy Beyond Desegregation
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: May 2020

Systematic anti-Black racism did not end with the legal abolition of chattel slavery in the United States. It simply changed shape: into debt peonage, criminalization, mass incarceration, housing segregation, sexual predation, voter suppression, and discrimination of all kinds. The same holds true for systematic anti-Black racism in white American Christianity. This chapter examines how structures of everyday white supremacy persisted in everyday Mormonism beyond the end of the priesthood and temple ban, especially through rhetorical strategies on the part of LDS Church leaders that evaded historical facts or dismissed history as insignificant and demonstrated no commitment to responsibility, reconciliation, or reparations.
Political Discussion Networks and Information
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Abrajano Marisa , Bedolla Lisa García
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 examines the relationship among network characteristics, political knowledge, and policy attitudes by ethnorace, nativity, and gender. While we are unable to distinguish between selection and social influence, we uncover some interesting patterns. Network size is positively associated with political knowledge for both men and women, but we observe variation by ethnorace and nativity. Network size is not associated with political knowledge among Latinos, and discussion frequency is not associated with political knowledge among Blacks, Latinos, or Whites. Discussion frequency is positively associated with political knowledge among both the U.S. and foreign born, but network size is only associated with political knowledge among the U.S. born. For policy attitudes, we explored two issues that are important for marginalized ethnoracial group members: environmental policy and social justice policy. We find substantial variation in the relationship between network characteristics and policy preferences among the ethnoracial groups in the sample.
Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

Paracomedy: Appropriations of Comedy in Greek Tragedy is the first book that examines how ancient Greek tragedy engages with the genre of comedy. While scholars frequently study paratragedy (how Greek comedians satirize tragedy), this book investigates the previously overlooked practice of paracomedy: how Greek tragedians regularly appropriate elements from comedy such as costumes, scenes, language, characters, or plots. Drawing upon a wide variety of complete and fragmentary tragedies and comedies (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Rhinthon), this monograph demonstrates that paracomedy was a prominent feature of Greek tragedy. Blending a variety of interdisciplinary approaches, including traditional philology, literary criticism, genre theory, and performance studies, this book offers innovative close readings and incisive interpretations of individual plays. The author presents paracomedy as a multivalent authorial strategy: some instances impart a sense of ugliness or discomfort; others provide a sense of lightheartedness or humor. While the book traces the development of paracomedy over several hundred years, it focuses on a handful of Euripidean tragedies at the end of the fifth century BCE. The author argues that Euripides was participating in a rivalry with the comedian Aristophanes and often used paracomedy to demonstrate the poetic supremacy of tragedy; indeed, some of Euripides’s most complex uses of paracomedy attempt to reappropriate Aristophanes’s mockery of his theatrical techniques. The book theorizes a new, groundbreaking relationship between Greek tragedy and comedy that not only redefines our understanding of the genre of tragedy but also reveals a dynamic theatrical world filled with mutual cross-generic influence.
Paracomedy and Relative Chronology
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents paracomedy as a tool that can help establish a relative chronology between plays in cases where we can detect an allusive relationship between a tragedy and a comedy but we do not know which play was performed first. Using examples from Sophocles’s Chryses, Euripides’s Cyclops, Euripides’s Heracles, and Euripides’s Ion, it lays out different interpretations for the possible chronologies in an attempt to unpack their implications and to clarify their underlying scholarly assumptions. The chapter analyzes Euripides’s Antiope as a corrective response to Aristophanes’s Women at the Thesmophoria that reverses Aristophanes’s critique that intellectual musicians are useless by making Amphion an intellectual musician who is politically efficacious. The chapter also proposes a new way to interpret the metrical evidence for dating Antiope and suggests that Euripides may have used old-fashioned metrics as an archaizing throwback to support the musical and political goals of his play.
Conclusion
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter concludes the book by examining paracomedy in relation to other theatrical and literary theories, such as the concept of intertheatricality, the notion of the haunted stage, and Bakhtinian views of the carnivalesque. Drawing comparisons to early modern and modern theater, it emphasizes that paracomedy is both a familiar concept, since it operates through the theatrical memory of the audience (as does paratragedy), and a strikingly rare one, since it manifests an unexpected directionality—a high theatrical genre co-opting features from a low one. It also provides a catalogue, categorized by type, of the examples of paracomedy analyzed in the book.
Ecumenical Naturalism
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George
Published: May 2020

This book advances a comprehensive, multidisciplinary model of human religiosity. Ecumenical naturalism (EN) assumes that both normal and pathological forms of religiosity share the same subpersonal cognitive systems. So mental disorders or illnesses of human religiosity are alternative expressions of similar general features of religious cognition. This assumption of continuity of features and systems has direct implications for how to use EN to understand diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry. Our hope is that, through successive successful applications of the model, EN will ultimately emerge as a popular framework for cross-disciplinary research. The chapter briefly describes examples of possible future applications. One among them is to examine the role of the illness of psychopathy in religious terrorism. Another is to develop a form of psychotherapy that accommodates a patient’s commitment to prayer but which produces a gradual discontinuation of depressive rumination on the perceived silence of the client’s God.
Democracy Reloaded
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Framed in debates about the crisis of democracy, the book analyzes one of the most influential social movements of recent times: Spain’s “Indignados” or “15-M” movement. In the wake of the global financial crisis and harsh austerity policies, 15-M movement activists occupied public squares across the country, mobilized millions of Spanish citizens, gave rise to new hybrid parties such as Podemos, and inspired pro-democracy movements around the world. Based on access to key participants in the 15-M movement and Podemos, and extensive participant observation, the book tells the story of this remarkable movement, its emergence, evolution, and impact. In so doing, it challenges some of the core arguments in social movement scholarship about the factors likely to lead to movement success. Instead, the book argues that movements organized around autonomous network logics can build and sustain strong movements in the absence of formal organizations, strong professionalized leadership, and the ability to attract external resources. The key to understanding its power lies in the shared political culture and collective identity that emerged following the occupation of Spain’s central squares. These protest camps sustained the movement by forging reciprocal ties of solidarity between diverse actors, and generating a shared set of critical master frames across a diverse set of actors and issues (e.g., housing, education, pensions, privatization of public services, corruption) that enabled the movement to effectively contest hegemonic narratives about the crisis, austerity, and democracy, influencing public debate and the political agenda.
The PAH
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8, “The PAH: Building a Movement within a Movement,” analyzes the Platform for those Affected by Mortgages (PAH), a widely admired and highly valued organization within 15-M, and also the one that addresses one of the austerity issues with the highest social, economic, and personal impact: the housing crisis. It shows how the PAH took this issue, which lies at the core of the Spanish financial crisis, and converted it into the basis for a powerful mass movement while developing a powerful and influential counter-narrative that connects groups across issues and organizational forms in 15-M.
Indignant and Precarious Youth
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9, “Indignant and Precarious Youth,” explores Spain’s indignant “Youth Without Future” and how they are facing the post-crisis scenario by demanding the right to a dignified life and constituting a precarious political subject, “youth,” that greatly inspired the origins and development of the 15-M movement. From hunger strikers in the Puerta del Sol, to Juventud Sin Futuro (Youth Without Future, or JSF), to the Oficina Precaria (Precarious Office), these young activists creatively and passionately connect their lived experience directly with core austerity issues (education, housing, healthcare, precarious un/employment, and emigration), identifying a matrix of identifying those who are responsible for and benefit from austerity politics (bankers, etc.) against whom they direct their indignation. In so doing, they continually frame their activism in relation to the deficiencies of really existing democracy and contribute to the development of a new democratic imaginary, drawing on core elements of 15-M political culture and collective identity.
15-M and Podemos
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 10, “15-M and Podemos: Explaining the Puzzle of the ‘Electoral Turn,’ ” explores the relationship between 15-M and Podemos to answer a central puzzle that arises from the case of 15-M: How did so many members of a movement that was radically committed to critiquing representative democracy embrace the Podemos electoral initiative less than three years later while still claiming allegiance to the spirit and identity of the 15-M movement? It argues that party strategists engaged in extensive discursive work to overcome their cognitive dissonance and realign their activist identities to embrace an electoral option without reneging their 15-M identity. Podemos managed to convince 15-M activists by offering the promise of integrating core elements of 15-M political culture into the party, including autonomy, feminism, and a digitally enabled hacker ethic.
Democracy Reloaded
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents the major contributions of the book and the question of the role pro-democracy movements can play in democratic regeneration in times of crisis. It argues that their emancipatory potential lies in critique and resignification of the meaning of democracy, and in prefigurative experimentation in democratic practice. Activists in 15-M developed shared master frames about the crisis, austerity, and democracy that enabled them to not only develop a strong collective identity, but also to effectively contest hegemonic narratives used to justify austerity politics. In this way democracy also became one core factor in enabling cross-sectoral alliances, in both form (movement practices that prefiguratively embodied a “15-M” way of manifesting democratic principles) and in content (diagnoses of deficient democracy and new imaginaries proposed to correct these deficiencies).The chapter evaluates the impact and significance of the 15-M movement, and the potential for autonomous movements to reload democracy in times of crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

The Introduction follows a spiral movement beginning with the author’s motivation for choosing this area of study and moving into locating the themes of the study within the context of related literature. It narrows down the theoretical area from the broader field of new religious movements to Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity and to more specifically the neo-Pentecostal movement. Thus the basic premises that gird this study and the reasons for choosing the theoretical and geographical fields of the study are highlighted. Thereafter, the physical area is explored by locating the fieldwork. The narration of the author’s field experiences takes one deeper into the personal space of the identity of the author both as a native anthropologist and an outsider. The chapter ends with the theoretical scheme of the book by outlining the chapters.
The New Testament Church and the Emergence of Religious Identities
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This chapter is an elucidation of the process of identity formation among the Catholic Charismatics and the neo-Pentecostals, both at the corporate and the individual levels, with the recreation of the New Testament Church (NTC) as the guiding motif. The process of identity formation for the neo-Pentecostals involves marking clear-cut boundaries with Catholicism and Hinduism, the two dominant religious traditions in Goa. Assuming the identity of the NTC involves appropriating the dualistic spiritual worldview of the early Church and defining their mission as saving the lost, the lost being Catholics, Hindus, Muslims, and all others who are not Born-Again Christians. The identity of the neo-Pentecostals is closely linked with their idea of the mission to include urgent, aggressive proselytization and numerical expansion.
Charismatic Life-Cycle Rituals and a Life Plan
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses life-cycle rituals of the neo-Pentecostals such as birth, marriage, priesthood, and death in the light of notions of the Born-Again Christian community being elevated to a spiritual community of believers, elevated from its biological and kinship moorings. The creation of a distinct Charismatic habitus has led to the life-cycle rituals differing from the biological clock and from other religious traditions. The rite of baptism that includes water baptism, baptism in the Spirit, and the practice of glossolalia is explained as a bridge-burning act for the new convert, who severs all ties with his or her old community and publicly declares allegiance to the new faith. The neo-Pentecostals connect birth with death through the notion of baptism being a funeral service. Priesthood in both the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) and neo-Pentecostalism is based on the patriarchal notion of only men becoming pastors and is supported with scriptural sanction.
The Concept of Self
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand
Published: May 2020

One significant aspect of the Urdu ghazal is that it is not simply a lyrical accretion of feelings and emotions—it contains ideas, thoughts, and philosophical viewpoints. This chapter examines the Urdu ghazal in light of various streams of thought about human nature, about personal identity (self), and about human beings’ relationship with God. Besides being a source of enjoyment, the Urdu ghazal also served as a cohesive force for promoting pluralistic culture of India, while at the same time further bonding its intrinsic ethnic multiplicity.
Culture and Economics
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

Culture is often treated as the decoration on the economy, something that is of no consequence for the economy. This chapter takes a contrary line. Through tales and accounts of real-life encounters, the chapter illustrates the important role that culture and social institutions play in the functioning of an economy, at times paving the way for development prosperity, at times blocking growth and economic progress. Trust and trustworthiness are often as important as having a robust legal system for contract enforcement. They can make or break an economy.
Inequality and Labour Pains
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

A topic that has come increasingly into limelight is rising economic inequality in the world and the suffering of the labouring classes associated with the rise of new technology—in particular, artificial intelligence and digital platforms. Not surprisingly, these were topics with which the author had some ample engagement during his years as policymaker and this chapter speaks to this new global challenge. The chapter provides some basic information about the state of inequality and the falling share of labour income, and also suggests policy interventions to mitigate some of these problems.
The Birth of a New God
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

This chapter is the author’s translation into English Shibram Chakraborty’s well-known short story, written in Bengali, about superstition, miracles, and human gullibility. At one level it is a hilarious tale, but read carefully, it is commentary on human psychology and vulnerability.
Introduction
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

Today, during a time of severe political polarization in India, Urdu literature and poetry and their attendant ‘spaces’ continue to find broad audiences. Indeed, Urdu poetry remains a medium that is deployed as a trenchant critique of the vagaries of political discourse and the communal polarization that is taking place in India. The formal and informal spaces of poetry remain crucial arenas for not only understanding the anxieties of the past and the contradictions of the present but also for discovering the possibilities of the future. The introduction discloses he aim of the book, which is to highlight the ways in which various Muslim intellectuals, often through poetry, interrogated what it meant to be Muslim and what they imagined India to be.
Nodes of Identity
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 will illustrate the effect of transnational events on articulations of identity amongst these figures and will particularly argue against viewing the transnational, the regional, and the local as three distinct spheres instead of fluid overlapping spaces. In particular, this chapter will try to chart the rise of a self-consciously global Muslim identity amongst the aforementioned individuals while retaining a rootedness in India.
Liberalism and Diversity
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This is an introductory chapter that defines and clarifies some notions that will be fundamental to the rest of the book. First, liberalism is seen as a theory looking for an answer to the question ‘how to live together?’ in condition of deep diversity. Second, diversity is considered as a fact marking contemporary society, a fact to which liberalism has to find an answer. This chapter distinguishes between comprehensive and political liberalism, and between pro-autonomy and pro-toleration liberalism. Combining the two distinctions, one obtains four kinds of liberal theories: comprehensive pro-autonomy (hereafter CA), comprehensive pro-toleration (hereafter CT), political pro-autonomy (hereafter PA), and political pro-toleration (hereafter PT). These four theories, the author contends, offer a wide overview of the contemporary academic debate. This chapter also contains a schema of this book.
Epilogue
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

The discussions within this book have analysed the interdependences among economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The social and environmental sustainability of development requires the process of growth to be socially non-disruptive and it should not involve any serious environmental risk of the collapse of its ecosystem. The former would require a just distribution of resources and social products among its people so that there is no serious poverty or inequality due to absolute or relative deprivation of resources or income for some of its people, and therefore no economic source of social tension. The empirical findings using advanced econometric and quantitative methods on the interrelationships among poverty, inequality, social tension, social discrimination, and religious polarization on the one hand and their fallouts in the form of crime, riots, and insurgencies across Indian states on the other have been quite informative, not always stereotypical, and insightful from the point of view of policy planning for social sustainability. The environmental sustainability condition would, on the other hand, require the reduction of the ecological footprint and improvement of environmental protection through conservation of resources and control of pollution, including CO...
The Battle of Keshi Ghat
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

This chapter chronicles recent struggles between two groups—Futurists and Protectors—for the development and preservation of Vrindavan as a major pilgrimage and tourist destination. I focus especially on the Yamuna and its waterfront—prominent symbols of Vrindavan as a whole. Here we begin to see the major impact that the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), earlier known as the Hare Krishna movement, has had on the town. ISKCON’s globalizing presence, India’s liberalized economy, and the politics of governance in an age of Hindu nationalism are major vectors in the story.
Mall of Vrindavan
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

A new temple axis in Vrindavan—temples, hotels, and theme parks—has emerged along the Chatikara Road in the last fifteen years, tying the old Vrindavan to the Delhi–Agra highway like a vast religious strip-mall. There’s an equally new array of gurus to match, some Indian and some from abroad, but precious few from Vrindavan’s old Brahmin elites. The new temples and ashrams reveal that Vrindavan is no longer just the land of Krishna. Instead they reflect the new India as a whole, especially as branded in Delhi and Gurgaon.
The Skyscraper Temple
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the design, architecture, and marketing of the Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir (Vrindavan Moonrise Temple) on the part of its creators, the indigenously Indian break-off branch of ISKCON headquartered in Bangalore. Bangalore is more than a thousand miles south of Vrindavan and is India’s premier IT hub. Some seventy stories high, the Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir will be India’s tallest building by far, and an important entry in the race for global religious visibility. It is intended to be the world’s tallest religious structure.
A Different Refuge for Women
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

For centuries Vrindavan has been famous as a refuge for widows. Some have come to live here of their own accord; others are ejected from their families as burdensome and inauspicious presences after their husbands die. But this pattern is gradually changing, and in unexpected ways. Two notable women who have played major roles in India’s leading political parties—Congress and the BJP, sworn enemies—have recently established new sorts of women’s institutions in Vrindavan. Even Oprah Winfrey has come to visit.
Narrative Pasts
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

Narrative Pasts explores the narrative power of texts—genealogical, historical, and biographical—in creating communities. It retrieves the social history of a Muslim community in Gujarat, a region that has one of the earliest records of Muslim presence in the Indian subcontinent. By reconstructing the literary, social, and historical world of Sufi preceptors, disciples, and descendants from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, the book reveals the importance of learned Muslim men in imparting a distinct regional and historical identity to Gujarat. The prominence of Gujarat’s maritime location has often oriented the study of Gujarat towards the commercial world of the western Indian Ocean world. Narrative Pasts demonstrates that Gujarat was also an integral part of the historical and narrative processes that shaped medieval and early modern South Asia. Employing new and rarely used literary materials in Persian and Arabic, this book departs from the narrow state-centred visions of the Muslim past and integrates Gujarat’s sultanate and Mughal past with the larger socio-cultural histories of Islamic South Asia.
Parisian Debuts and World War I
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

In 1913, Georges Auric and his family moved to Paris, where he studied for one year at the Conservatoire and one year at the Schola Cantorum. During his first year in the capital, Auric published his first pieces of music criticism, performed a recital for the Société Musicale Indépendante, and had compositions performed on a recital for the Société Nationale de Musique. From these auspicious beginnings, he participated in several avant-garde art groups and was invited to join many of the most prestigious Parisian salons. In 1917, he was drafted into the army; though his military record was undistinguished, it led to close friendships with Louis Aragon and André Breton.
Withdrawing from the Parisian Music Scene
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

After a dispute with Diaghilev over money and after a long-standing feud with fellow music critic Emile Vuillermoz, Auric abruptly made several shifts in his career in the late 1920s. He briefly moved out of Paris into the suburbs. He began collaborating frequently with avant-garde theatre companies and, beginning in 1930, would compose his first three film scores. He also dreamed of composing major works of absolute music, resulting in his 1930–31 Sonate en fa. In 1930, he married the painter Nora Vilter and the two settled in Hyères, in a home given to them by Charles and Marie de la Noailles. As the Great Depression settled into France, the Aurics struggled financially and his career reached its lowest point.
Personifying the Musical Establishment
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

As Auric’s film career continued to expand during the late 1950s and 1960s, he also held more arts administration positions. Perhaps the most important was his continuing presidency of SACEM. After the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958, Auric heeded Culture Minister André Malraux’s call for cultural action. With other leaders at SACEM, Auric initiated a series of transformations to the society. After expanding the membership and increasing the benefits to members, he led the creation of a cultural action program that now annually awards more than 50 million euros per year in grants. Auric’s most prominent position, however, was as Administrator of the Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux. During his six years running the Paris Opéra and Opéra-Comique, he implemented a number of reforms that restored the Opéra’s financial health.
Retirement
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

In 1968, Auric stepped down from the Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux and went into semi-retirement. He would remain active with SACEM and CISAC for the remainder of his life. With SACEM, he was particularly invested in expanding the cultural action programs and in arranging for the construction of a new headquarters building in Neuilly. With both organizations, he remained active in the copyright debates, most notably participating in the 1967 and 1971 revision conferences for the Berne Convention. During his final decade of compositional activity, Auric produced two series of chamber works that further explored the more sober, contemporary style that he had developed in his ballets of the 1950s.
The Future
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 restates the major theme of the book: that drones change strategic choices for their users by altering their calculation of risks and expanding their goals. It notes that while drones have many peacetime and humanitarian uses, it is their destructive potential that haunts the general public. The apparent absence of risk when using drones in conflict zones changes the choices and behavior of users. It concludes that drones cannot be considered as politically neutral, but rather as irreducibly political and inclined to privilege specific modes of action and thinking. It also identifies future trends that might intersect with drone technology, including the rise of AI, autonomy, swarming, miniaturization and others.
On Actors and Their Roles
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

Is Benedict Cumberbatch arrogant like Sherlock Holmes? Is Robert Downey Jr. really as arrogant and irreverent as Tony Stark? These are questions fans ask themselves when they’re trying to understand the difference between their favorite actors and the roles they are known for playing. This chapter leads readers through the process that people take to understand each other. Then it discusses how people repeat that process to understand who an actor is and who his or her character is. This process can sometimes lead to the fundamental attribution error—confusing an actor with a role he or she plays. Ultimately, the chapter explores why individuals’ attraction to the actors and their roles makes perfect sense given their drive to understand the people they encounter.
Multimodal Mental Imagery and Perceptual Justification
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: May 2020

There has been a lot of discussion about how the cognitive penetrability of perception may or may not have important implications for understanding perceptual justification. The aim of this chapter is to argue that a different set of findings in perceptual psychology poses an even more serious challenge to the very idea of perceptual justification. These findings are about the importance of perceptual processing that is not driven by corresponding sensory stimulation in the relevant sense modality (such as amodal completion and multimodal completion). These findings show that everyday perception is in fact a mixture of sensory-stimulation-driven perceptual processing and perceptual processing that is not driven by corresponding sensory stimulation in the relevant sense modality and that we have strong reasons to doubt the epistemic pedigree of the latter process. The implication of this is not that we should become skeptics or deny the possibility of perceptual justification. It is, rather, that the only way in which we can understand when and whether a perceptual state justifies beliefs is by paying close attention to empirical facts about the reliability of perceptual processing that is not driven by corresponding sensory stimulation in the relevant sense modality. In this sense (a very narrow sense) epistemology needs to be naturalized.
The Emotional Dimension to Sensory Perception
Authors: Kühle Lana
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers how we might understand the effect that emotions have on the justification of our perceptual beliefs about the world, beliefs that we acquire from a variety of sensory modalities—audition, gustation, olfaction, and so on. The chapter takes the problem to be associated with one of two forms of perceptual influence: penetration or multisensory integration. In any given perceptual moment there are multiple sensory modalities and mental states at play, each affecting the overall experience. Whether we understand the influence of emotion on perception as a form of non-perceptual penetration or a form of non-visual sensory perception of the inner body—interoception—the potential epistemological difficulties remain: How can we be said to acquire justified beliefs and knowledge on the basis of such influenced perceptual experience? As has been the norm, only the five exteroceptive senses of vision, audition, olfaction, taste, and touch are typically discussed in the context of sensory perception. However, as this chapter argues, there is strong reason to accept the claim that emotional experience is a form of interoception, and that interoception ought to be considered when discussing sensory perception. In this way, then, the chapter proposes that clarifying the role played by interoception in sense perception across modalities is necessary if we are to make progress on the epistemological problems at hand.
The Perception of Virtue
Authors: Matey Jennifer
Published: May 2020

It is not uncommon for people to like what they take as morally good. And often these feelings of esteem for virtue come prior to conscious cognitive appraisals about character. This chapter outlines a framework for understanding some emotional responses of esteem to perceived good character as representing the character traits as valuable, and hence, as virtues. It is proposed that these esteeming experiences are analogous to perceptual representations in other modalities in their epistemic role as causing, providing content for, and in justifying beliefs regarding the value of the traits they represent. The role of the perceiver’s own character in their ability to recognize and respond appropriately to virtue in others is also discussed. It is shown that moral virtues can also be epistemic virtues when it comes to facilitating knowledge about the character of people we encounter.
Guilty Pleasures? Feminism and Everyday Life in the 1980s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter interweaves individual life course analysis with the development of feminism, exploring the homes, food, clothes and leisure enjoyed by midlife activists. Exploring municipal feminism and Women Against Pit Closures mobilisation during the miners’ strike through the stories of Valerie Wise and Betty Cook, the chapter skirts simple narratives of movement success or decline to explore the domestic lives of feminists. These could fuel activism and enable alternative life courses and families, but also show the need for rest, pleasure and privacy. Shopping too is revealed as an area of shame as well as where feminists pioneered ethical forms of consumption, particularly in sexual goods or clubs, whilst acknowledging the divisive context of Thatcher’s Britain. The chapter closes with a portrait of Barbara Jones, radical lesbian feminist, woman builder and ecological designer, whose vivid S&A interview captures feminism’s transformative effects alongside its troubled relationship to capitalism, money and the state. 150 words
The Splitting of Herakles
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

The Herakles passage in Homer’s Odyssey 11.601–4 has been seen as problematic because it is not one thing: the vision it gives of Herakles’ place in the afterlife is double—his eidōlon (“image”) and the autos (“self”); the underworld and the heavens. This chapter explores the following questions: Should the afterlife be one thing rather than a plurality of things? Should we mark out as “anomalous” what we think doesn’t “fit”? On what criteria should this be done? The spatial problem of Herakles in Od.11 has been interpreted through a series of oppositions: earlier or later, authentic and inauthentic, Homeric and “Orphic,” “negative” and “positive” eschatologies. In fact, though, Herakles can be interpreted as a force for unity. In one brief moment he maps the extremes of the universe with radical economy. It is the job of eschatology to encompass the world.
The Road Map
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the underworld journey of Virgil, Aeneid 6. It examines a series of possible models for afterlife space in Aen. 6. In particular it looks at the underworld journey of Aen. 6 in the light of ancient geographical traditions. We learn that a point-by-point idiom of representing space was much more widespread than you might imagine in antiquity. It’s found across many different genres, involving real and imagined space: geography, poetry, and art. The author argues that idioms of spatial expression are constant across representations of imagined and real space and across image and text. It is possible for Virgil to use the components of a “real” geography to construct his imaginary world. The afterlife is modeled on our concept of the “real” world, but in turn the “reality” we model it on is in large part a construct of the human artistic imagination, of our propenstiy for simplification and schematization. Like a map, the afterlife landscape allows us to simplify and schematize our environment, because it imposes no limits: it is imaginary. The afterlife landscape, in Virgil and elsewhere, acts as a fulcrum between real and imaginary space. There is no strict dichotomy between real and imagined space; instead there is a continuity between the “imagined” space of Virgil’s underworld, and the space of geographical accounts; between the world of the soul and the “real” world.
The Cloak of Stars
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the vision of the cosmos set out in the speech of Anchises at Virgil’s Aeneid 6.724–51, comparing it to the response of Dante in Paradiso Canto IV. This passage of the Aeneid draws predominantly, the author argues, on the account of the universe in Plato’s Timaeus. The result of the combination of this speech with the underworld journey is that there are two kinds of space in Aen. 6: the linear journey, and the synoptic vision. Virgil commentators, ancient and modern, have tried to simplify Virgil’s space through allegory, whereby the underworld is seen as merely a cover for the cosmos. The former is ascribed to Virgil’s epic voice, the latter to his philosophical one. In the author’s view the philosophical voice does not silence the epic one. Rather than seeing the underworld as a veil, a “fiction” thinly concealing the philosophical “truth” of a celestial afterlife, we can see Virgil’s underworld as a mesh through which the upper world appears.
Soul Music
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This is the first of two “musical” chapters (the second is chapter 6 that follows the Intermezzo). In them the author draws on her musicological background to discuss the physics of music and its relevance to the texts studied. This chapter studies Cicero’s Somnium Scipionis (Dream of Scipio), from the sixth book of his Republic. Particular emphasis is placed on the passage of the Somnium that describes the “harmony of the spheres.” The author believes it is important to try to grasp the rationale behind the presence of the harmony of the spheres in this afterlife text: we need to understand what it is, and why it appears in the eschatological context. Answering this question will lead to an important concept in this book, what we’ll come to call “psychic harmonization.” She uses this term to designate the goal of alignment between the soul and the universe. Afterlife landscapes are a way of talking about the need to express the makeup of the soul though the universe, and vice versa: that essential human trait of simultaneous projection and introjection of the world.
Talking about improvisation
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights that we understand improvisation, largely, through talking about it. Talking about music is a fundamental part of how we make sense of music. This chapter argues that spoken definitions of improvisation serve specific psychological purposes for the speaker in creating, negotiating, and maintaining a particular line of argument, and this line of argument is linked to the musical identities and broader psychological identities of the speaker. Talking about improvising is important not just because it describes improvisation, but also because it constructs musical and social realities for those engaged in the dialogue. This chapter makes the following key points: How improvisers talk about music shapes how they engage with music; musical identities are important aspect of music making; training improvisers to understand and articulate why they value the music they like should be an important part of improvisation pedagogy; and musical identities may be more important for improvisers than for other types of musicians.
A new virtuosity
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores how improvisers’ practice transforms the more they play with each other. It considers how and why one might achieve or progress as an improviser; what one might strive for in individual and collaborative improvising; how improvisational development might be apprehended; how individuals can be supported in developing as improvisers; and how improvising is shaped by the ideas we can form about it, and the range of behaviours we can imagine. We set out theoretical propositions to support the concept of development as an improviser. We also define capacities that might be associated with virtuosic improvising. We discuss the work of psychologist George Kelly, who argued that human beings are constantly testing and reshaping their individual understandings of the world, the better to predict social situations. This theory offers a mechanism to explain how improvising relationships transform over time, and how improvisers can continue to exercise creativity together in real time.
The Types and Extent of Innumeracy
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “The Types and Extent of Innumeracy,” briefly describes three kinds of numeric competency. First, people can score high or low on tests of their understanding and use of mathematical concepts (called objective numeracy). Objective innumeracy occurs across levels of education and is not the same as intelligence; very smart people can be quite poor with numbers in critical ways. Second, people can be good or bad at persisting in numeric tasks because of their subjective numeric confidence. Despite existing objective innumeracy, 63% of Americans nonetheless say that understanding medical statistics is easy. Finally, people differ in an intuitive number sense that appears to underlie childhood development of objective numeracy and to compensate for adults’ low objective numeracy abilities. The Appendix for this chapter introduces measures of objective numeracy and subjective numeracy.
Issues and Opportunities in Objective Numeracy Research
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Issues and Opportunities in Objective Numeracy Research,” discusses three cross-cutting questions in objective numeracy research. The first two issues concern the correlational nature of most objective numeracy research. Alternative explanations exist for the effects of numeracy on decisions and life outcomes. In particular, this chapter questions whether general intelligence can explain objective numeracy effects and whether the reverse causal path may offer a better explanation. Objective numeracy generally emerges as the better explanation, but alternative explanations remain of some effects (e.g., worse health sometimes may produce lower numeracy). The third issue concerns researchers’ experimental design decisions and what these results might teach us about how to improve numeric reasoning in decisions.
Missions and Ministries
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 discusses the history and scope of Christian (and other) missions that provide medical, surgical, nursing, and dental care and environmental health development through extensive programs of global outreach on six continents. These include partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, government agencies, academic institutions, and secular foundations and philanthropies. The chapter also lays out a historical timeline for the emergence of the pastoral care field, with an emphasis on healthcare chaplaincy. From pioneers such as Richard Cabot and Anton Boisen, in the 1920s and 1930s, through establishment of key organizations and institutions like the Association of Professional Chaplains, the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, and the HealthCare Chaplaincy Network, this history is traced with an emphasis on clinical, educational, and scholarly developments that have shaped the profession to the present day. Newer professional innovations such as faith-based psychotherapy are also discussed.