bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swarm Intelligent Power‐Aware Detection of Unauthorized and Compromised Nodes in MANETs
Authors: Mehfuz Shabana , Doja M. N.
Published: February 2008

Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) such as lack of central coordination, mobility of hosts, and limited availability of resources make quality of service (QoS) provisioning very challenging. Limited resource availability such as battery power and insecure medium is one of the major QoS issues to be dealt with. In this paper, we have proposed a new secure power‐aware ant routing algorithm (SPA‐ARA) for mobile ad hoc networks that is inspired from ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms which are a swarm intelligent technique. In this algorithm, we have introduced a new metric,next-hop availability, which is a combination of two metrics. It maximizes path availability and minimizes travel time of packets, and therefore it offers a good balance between selection of fast paths and a better use of network resources. The protocol also incorporates a trust model which helps in detection of unauthorized and compromised nodes in MANETs.
A Collaborative Wireless Access to On‐Demand Services
Authors: Naor Zohar
Published: February 2008

A collaborative access scheme that exploits the broadcast
nature of the wireless communication in order to achieve multicast
content delivery is presented in this paper. The key idea is that individual
clients requesting for the same content can collaborate and share the same
data channel. As opposed to broadcasting, this method enables the clients
to determine online the delivered content, and thus supports on‐demand
services. On the other hand, a multicast content delivery is much more
efficient than a unicast content distribution, which must use a dedicated
data channel per each and every client. This method is particularly
suitable for sessions having a long‐time duration, for applications in which
clients can subscribe to ahead of time, and for applications in which the
clients receive the same information simultaneously. A multicast content
distribution increases the network service throughput in terms of the
expected number of clients served simultaneously, and therefore it offers
a reduced waiting time for content delivery at highly loaded time periods.
It is shown that the problem of maximizing the efficiency of distributing
a content in a wireless network is NP‐hard. An approximation algorithm
is therefore used, that for any 0 < ε < 1 finds an approximation solution
with a relative accuracy ε. The proposed method does not require any hardware modification on the network equipment. Thus, it can be easily
implemented.
Current Tunnelling in MOS Devices withAl2O3/SiO2 Gate Dielectric
Authors: Bouazra A. , Nasrallah S. Abdi-Ben , Said M. , Poncet A.
Published: February 2008

With the continued scaling of the SiO2 thickness below 2 nm in CMOS devices, a large direct‐tunnelling current flow between the gate electrode and silicon substrate is greatly impacting device performance. Therefore, higher dielectric constant materials are desirable for reducing the gate leakage while maintaining transistor performance for very thin dielectric layers. Despite its not very high dielectric constant (∼10), Al2O3 has emerged as one of the most promising high‐k candidates in terms of its chemical and thermal stability as its high‐barrier offset. In this paper, a theoretical study of the physical and electrical properties of Al2O3 gate dielectric is reported including I(V) and C(V) characteristics. By using a stack of Al2O3/SiO2 with an appropriate equivalent oxide thickness of gate dielectric MOS, the gate leakage exhibits an important decrease. The effect of carrier trap parameters (depth and width) at the Al2O3/SiO2 interface is also discussed.
Characterization of FeOOH Nanoparticles and Amorphous Silica Matrix in an FeOOH‐SiO2 Nanocomposite
Authors: Ennas Guido , Casula Maria F. , Marras Sergio , Navarra Gabriele , Scano Alessandra , Marongiu Giaime
Published: February 2008

A nanocomposite with an FeOOH/SiO2 ratio equal to 17.7 wt% and the pertinent matrix, obtained by etching away the nanoparticles through reaction with hydrochloric acid, were investigated by XRD, TGA‐DTA, heliostereopicnometry, BET, and TEM techniques. The study shows the presence in the nanocomposite of ferrihydrite nanoparticles phase with average dimensions around 4 nm. The FeOOH nanoparticles structure was analyzed by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction data using the distribution difference curve method. The porous structure of the matrix resulting by etching away the nanoparticles differs significantly from that of a pure SiO2 sample obtained by hydrolysis of TEOS under the same operative conditions followed in the nanocomposite preparation.
Haptic Stylus and Empirical Studies on Braille, Button, and Texture Display
Authors: Kyung Ki-Uk , Lee Jun-Young , Park Junseok
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a haptic stylus interface with a built‐in compact tactile display module and an impact module as well as empirical studies on Braille, button, and texture display. We describe preliminary evaluations verifying the tactile display′s performance indicating that it can satisfactorily represent Braille numbers for both the normal and the blind. In order to prove haptic feedback capability of the stylus, an experiment providing impact feedback mimicking the click of a button has been conducted. Since the developed device is small enough to be attached to a force feedback device, its applicability to combined force and tactile feedback display in a pen‐held haptic device is also investigated. The handle of pen‐held haptic interface was replaced by the pen‐like interface to add tactile feedback capability to the device. Since the system provides combination of force, tactile and impact feedback, three haptic representation methods for texture display have been compared on surface with 3 texture groups which differ in direction, groove width, and shape. In addition, we evaluate its capacity to support touch screen operations by providing tactile sensations when a user rubs against an image displayed on a monitor.
Delays in Referral of Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Johnson G. D. , Smith G. , Dramis A. , Grimer R. J.
Published: February 2008

Introduction and aims. It is well established that soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are more effectively treated in a specialist centre. However, delays in time taken for a patient to be referred to a specialist centre may lead to a poorer prognosis. This study aims to identify the length of these delays and where they occur.Patients and methods. Patients with a proven STS were included. They were recruited from both outpatient clinics and from the surgical ward of the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital (Birmingham, UK). A structured interview was used to take a detailed history of the patients' treatment pathway, before arriving at the specialist centre. Dates given were validated using the case notes.Results. The median time for the patient to present to a specialist centre from the onset of symptoms was 40.4 weeks. The median delay until presentation to a medical professional (patient delay) was 1.3 weeks. Median delay in referral to a specialist centre (service delay) was 25.0 weeks.Discussion. Medical professionals rather than patients contribute the greatest source of delay in patients reaching a specialist centre for treatment of STS. Adherence to previously published guidelines could decrease this delay for diagnosis of possible sarcoma. Steps should be taken to refer patients directly to a diagnostic centre if they have symptoms or signs suggestive of STS.
Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Differentially Facilitate Leukocyte Recruitment and Utilize Chemokines for T Cell Migration
Authors: Man Shumei , Ubogu Eroboghene E. , Williams Katherine A. , Tucky Barbara , Callahan Melissa K. , Ransohoff Richard M.
Published: February 2008

Endothelial cells that functionally express blood brain barrier (BBB) properties are useful surrogates for studying leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions at the BBB. In this study, we compared two different endothelial cellular models: transfected human brain microvascular endothelial cells (THBMECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). With each grow under optimal conditions, confluent THBMEC cultures showed continuous occludin and ZO-1 immunoreactivity, while HUVEC cultures exhibited punctate ZO-1 expression at sites of cell-cell contact only. Confluent THBMEC cultures on 24-well collagen-coated transwell inserts had significantly higher transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lower solute permeability than HUVECs. Confluent THBMECs were more restrictive for mononuclear cell migration than HUVECs. Only THBMECs utilized abluminal CCL5 to facilitate T-lymphocyte migration in vitro although both THBMECs and HUVECs employed CCL3 to facilitate T cell migration. These data establish baseline conditions for using THBMECs to develop in vitro BBB models for studying leukocyte-endothelial interactions during neuroinflammation.
Existence of Pseudo‐Superinvolutions of The First Kind
Authors: Jaber Ameer
Published: February 2008

﻿Our main purpose is to develop the theory of existence of pseudo‐superinvolutions of the first kind on finite dimensional central simple associative superalgebras over K, where K
is a field of characteristic not 2. We try to
show which kind of finite dimensional central simple associative superalgebras
have a pseudo‐superinvolution of the first kind.
We will show that a division superalgebra 𝒟
over a field K
of characteristic not 2 of even type has pseudo‐superinvolution (i.e., K‐antiautomorphism J such that
of the first kind if and only if 𝒟
is of order 2 in the Brauer‐Wall group BW(K). We will also show that a division superalgebra 𝒟
of odd type over a field K
of characteristic not 2 has a pseudo‐superinvolution of the first kind if and only if
and 𝒟
is of order 2 in the Brauer‐Wall group BW(K).
Finally, we study the existence of pseudo‐superinvolutions on central simple superalgebras
𝒜 = Mp+q(𝒟0).
Approximation Methods for Common Fixed Points of Mean Nonexpansive Mapping in Banach Spaces
Authors: Gu Zhaohui , Li Yongjin
Published: February 2008

Let "Equation missing" be a uniformly convex Banach space, and let "Equation missing" be a pair of mean nonexpansive mappings. In this paper, it is proved that the sequence of Ishikawa iterations associated with "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" converges to the common fixed point of "Equation missing" and "Equation missing".
[Retracted] Light‐Induced Tyrosine Radical Formation from Ruthenium‐Tyrosine Complex Anchored to SnO2 Semiconductor
Authors: Ghanem Raed
Published: February 2008

Steady state spectroscopy and flash photolysis measurements were used to study the multistep electron transfer in a supramolecular complex adsorbed on the surface of nanocrystalline SnO2 in order to mimic the function of the tyrosineZ and chlorophyll unit P680 in natural photosystem II (PSII). A ruthenium(II)‐tris(bipyridyl) complex covalently linked to an L‐tyrosine ethyl ester through an amide bond was anchored to the surface of nanocrystalline SnO2 via four carboxylic acid groups linked to the bpy ligands. The apparent association constant for the association between ruthenium(II)‐tris(bipyridyl) complex and SnO2 is 3.2×106 M-1 and a degree of association up to 99% was determined. 450 nm excitation of the complex promotes an electron to a metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state, from which the electron is injected into SnO2. The photogeneration of Ru(III) is followed by an intramolecular electron transfer from tyrosine to Ru(III), regenerating the photosensitizer Ru(II) and forming the tyrosyl radical. The tyrosyl radical is formed in less than 3 microseconds with a yield of 32%.
Assembly/Disassembly of DNA‐Au Nanoparticles: A Strategy of Intervention
Authors: Lim I-Im S. , Wang Lingyan , Chandrachud Uma , Gal Susannah , Zhong Chuan-Jian
Published: February 2008

This report describes the viability of a strategy for manipulating the assembly/disassembly processes of DNA‐Au nanoparticles by molecular intervention. Using the temperature‐induced assembly and disassembly processes of DNAs and gold nanoparticles as a model system, the introduction of a molecular recognition probe is demonstrated to lead to the intervention of the assembly/disassembly processes depending on its specific biorecognition. This process can be detected by monitoring the change in the optical properties of gold nanoparticles and their DNA assemblies. Implications of the preliminary results to exploration of the resulting nanostructures for fine‐tuning of the interfacial reactivities in DNA‐based bioassays and biomaterial engineering are also discussed.
Spatial, Temporal, and Interchannel Image Data Fusion for Long‐Distance Terrestrial Observation Systems
Authors: Fishbain Barak , Yaroslavsky Leonid P. , Ideses Ianir
Published: February 2008

This paper presents methods for intrachannel and interchannel fusion of thermal and visual sensors used in long‐distance terrestrial observation systems. Intrachannel spatial and temporal fusion mechanisms used for image stabilization, super‐resolution, denoising, and deblurring are supplemented by interchannel data fusion of visual‐ and thermal‐range channels for generating fused videos intended for visual analysis by a human operator. Tests on synthetic, as well as on real‐life, video sequences have confirmed the potential of the suggested methods.
A Suprachoroidal Electrical Retinal Stimulator Design for Long‐Term Animal Experiments and In Vivo Assessment of Its Feasibility and Biocompatibility in Rabbits
Authors: Zhou J. A. , Woo S. J. , Park S. I. , Kim E. T. , Seo J. M. , Chung H. , Kim S. J.
Published: February 2008

This article reports on a retinal stimulation system for long‐term use in animal electrical stimulation experiments. The presented system consisted of an implantable stimulator which provided continuous electrical stimulation, and an external component which provided preset stimulation patterns and power to the implanted stimulator via a paired radio frequency (RF) coil. A rechargeable internal battery and a parameter memory component were introduced to the implanted retinal stimulator. As a result, the external component was not necessary during the stimulation mode. The inductive coil pair was used to pass the parameter data and to recharge the battery. A switch circuit was used to separate the stimulation mode from the battery recharging mode. The implantable stimulator was implemented with IC chips and the electronics, except for the stimulation electrodes, were hermetically packaged in a biocompatible metal case. A polyimide‐based gold electrode array was used. Surgical implantation into rabbits was performed to verify the functionality and safety of this newly designed system. The electrodes were implanted in the suprachoroidal space. Evoked cortical potentials were recorded during electrical stimulation of the retina. Long‐term follow‐up using OCT showed no chorioretinal abnormality after implantation of the electrodes.
Mathematical Modeling of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte‐Mediated Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Long Changjiang , Qi Huan , Huang Sheng-Hu
Published: February 2008

Nowak′s model of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been extensively and successfully used to simulate the interaction between HIV and cytotoxic lymphocyte‐ (CTL‐) mediated immune response. However, this model is not available for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. As the enhanced recruitment of virus‐specific CTLs into the liver has been an important novel concept in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B, we develop a specific mathematical model analyzing the relationship between HBV and the CTL‐mediated immune response, and the indicator of the liver cell damage, alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The stability condition of the complete recovery equilibrium point at which HBV will be eliminated entirely from the body is discussed. A different set of parameters is used in the simulation, and the results show that the model can interpret the wide variety of clinical manifestations of HBV infection. The model suggests that a rapid and vigorous CTL response is required for resolution of HBV infection.
Patterning of Gold Nanoparticles on DNA Self‐Assembled Scaffolds
Authors: Cheng Immensee , Wei Bryan , Zhang Xunyun , Wang Yongjian , Mi Yongli
Published: February 2008

We report a method of patterning the 1D and 2D arrays of gold nanoparticles on the DNA self‐assembled scaffolds. The 5 nm gold nanoparticle was well positioned at the center of each 4 × 4 tile motif of the DNA scaffold. The precisely located gold particles can form 1D and 2D arrays. This controllable scaffolding technology may become a promising tool for nanoscaled fabrication of electronics and photonic devices.
Figure‐of‐Merit‐Based Area‐Constrained Design of Differential Amplifiers
Authors: Agarwal Alpana , Shekhar Chandra
Published: February 2008

A new methodology based on the concept of figure of merit under area constraints is described for designing optimum performance differential amplifiers. First a figure of merit is introduced that includes the three performance parameters, namely, input‐referred noise, differential dc gain, and unity‐gain bandwidth. Expressions for these parameters have been derived analytically and finally arrived at an expression for the figure of merit. Next it is shown how these performance parameters vary with the relative allocation of the total available area between the input and load transistors. The figure of merit peaks at a certain value of relative area allocation in the range of 60% to 80% of the available area to the input transistors. The peak value of figure of merit is a function of area. However, it is independent of biasing current (and, therefore, power consumption) subject to the minimum current (and, therefore, a minimum power) required to keep all the transistors biased in the saturation region. The peak figure of merit and minimum power required to achieve the peak figure of merit are also plotted as a function of area. These analyses help in synthesizing optimal differential amplifier circuit designs under area constraints.
Examination of Particle Tails
Authors: Blackwell Tim , Bratton Dan
Published: February 2008

The tail of the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) position distribution at stagnation is shown to be describable by a power law. This tail fattening is attributed to particle bursting on all length scales. The origin of the power law is concluded to lie in multiplicative randomness, previously encountered in the study of first‐order stochastic difference equations, and generalised here to second‐order equations. It is argued that recombinant PSO, a competitive PSO variant without multiplicative randomness, does not experience tail fattening at stagnation.
A Comparative Analysis of China's and India's Recent Export Performances
Authors: Kalirajan Kaliappa , Singh Kanhaiya
Published: February 2008

Drawing on the convergence theory, one would expect that the export performance of India (a latecomer to integrating with the global economy) would be at least on par with that of China because China's performance has happened as predicted by the theory. This study, using performance measures based on the endogenous growth theory that internalizes the ability to export the maximum possible exports under the determinants of exports including the existing behind the border and beyond the border constraints, shows that India's export performance is still far behind that of China. The implication of this study is that India's reform measures need to be bolstered effectively to catch up and to overtake China.
Financial Liberalization, Crises, and Economic Growth
Authors: Lee Inkoo , Shin Jong-Hyup
Published: February 2008

The paper computes the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by combining the results of a panel model with those of a probit model. It finds a positive net effect from financial liberalization to growth. Surprisingly, we find that the net effect on growth is larger in the crisis-experienced country group than in the overall sample group. Our guess is that the crisis-experienced countries are mostly developing countries that usually enjoy higher growth rates than the developed countries because of the catching-up phenomenon. The paper also studies the link between financial liberalization and nominal interest rates, and finds, contrary to expectations, that the direct liberalization effect is positive. Our guess is that this reflected the overshooting of interest rates after crises.
The Cumulus, Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations Experiment of 2006
Authors: Damiani R. , Zehnder J. , Geerts B. , Demko J. , Haimov S. , Petti J. , Poulos G. S. , Razdan A. , Hu J. , Leuthold M. , French J.
Published: February 2008

The finescale structure and dynamics of cumulus, evolving from shallow to deep convection, and the accompanying changes in the environment and boundary layer over mountainous terrain were the subjects of a field campaign in July–August 2006. Few measurements exist of the transport of boundary layer air into the deep troposphere by the orographic toroidal circulation and orographic convection. The campaign was conducted over the Santa Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona, a natural laboratory to study convection, given the spatially and temporally regular development of cumulus driven by elevated heating and convergent boundary layer flow. Cumuli and their environment were sampled via coordinated observations from the surface, radiosonde balloons, and aircraft, along with airborne radar data and stereophotogrammetry from two angles.

The collected dataset is expected to yield new insights in the boundary layer processes leading to orographic convection, in the cumulus-induced transport of boundary layer air into the troposphere, and in fundamental cumulus dynamics. This article summarizes the motivations, objectives, experimental strategies, preliminary findings, and the potential research paths stirred by the project.
Analog European Heat Waves for U.S. Cities to Analyze Impacts on Heat-Related Mortality
Authors: Kalkstein Laurence S. , Greene J. Scott , Mills David M. , Perrin Alan D. , Samenow Jason P. , Cohen Jean-Claude
Published: February 2008

Europe experienced an unprecedented excessive heat event (EHE) in 2003, raising the question: What if a similar EHE were experienced in U.S. cities?

This study used an airmass-based meteorological method to develop analogs to the 2003 European EHE for five U.S. cities: Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.; and calculated the potential excess mortality for these analogs.

Analogs capture the 2003 EHEs characteristics by determining daily deviations from long-term averages for meteorological variables in Paris, France, expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation for each variable s long-term average.

The 2003 daily multiples of the standard deviation measured in Paris for 12 meteorological variables, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures, were transferred to each U.S. city, and multiplied by the corresponding standard deviation calculated for each variable, to produce analog meteorological variables. With these data, an airmass calendar for each city was developed, and excess mortality was calculated using existing city-specific airmass algorithms.

Results show the analog EHEs breaking all-time records for maximum and high minimum temperatures in all five cities. Excess heat-related mortality for the analog summer is 2 to over 7 times the long-term average, with New York showing the greatest increases. In all cities, calculated excess heat-related mortality for the analog summer exceeds the hottest recorded summer in 35 yr.

These study results could be valuable for public health planning and a wide range of additional reliability or sensitivity analyses.
Overseeing Research Practice
Authors: Leahey Erin
Published: February 2008

This article examines whether and how a particular research practice is overseen and supervised, and by whom. This investigation fills notable gaps in the literature on science, including a lack of emphasis on larger sociopolitical structures, a neglect of regulation, and indifference toward ethics. The author focuses on the oversight of a particular research practice; data editing; which embodies qualities that are intriguing to sociologists of science: invisibility, uncertainty, heterogeneity, and reliance on tacit knowledge. These characteristics pose unique challenges to oversight efforts. An analysis of in-depth interviews with gatekeepers reveals that although the methodological and ethical implications of data editing strategies can be substantial, oversight of such practices falls outside the stages and domains of current gatekeeping activity. These findings serve as the basis for recommendations to ensure data integrity while maintaining the professional autonomy of researchers.
Risk Regulation in the Baltic Sea Ferry Traffic
Authors: Hänninen Hannu Ilmari , Laurila Juha Sakari
Published: February 2008

This article contributes to research on the regulation of technological risks in the form of a case study of the Baltic Sea ferry traffic. The analysis suggests that the social systemic features of an industry heavily influence the relationship between technological failures and risk regulation. The study augments recent work on how regulations affect the handling of technological risks and how failures influence regulatory arrangements. These issues have already been studied in the context of aviation, auto, chemical, nuclear power, and railway industries, but not in shipping. As an extension to previous literature, the authors also explore how different regulatory organizations in this industry act in relation to risks and how they influence each other in risk regulation activities. The study highlights the indirect relationships between technological failures and risk regulation arrangements. It also underlines the influence of the involved actors on the regulatory responses to technological failures.
Radical Uncertainty in Scientific Discovery Work
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael
Published: February 2008

Radical uncertainty is a concept currently debated, for example, in the economics literature to theorize the impossibility of foreseeing the outcomes of scientific and technological development work. The purpose of this study is to extend the concept to articulate and theorize the minute-to-minute transactions in scientific laboratories. Empirical materials resulting from five years of ethnographic work in one laboratory focusing on fish vision are used to show how scientists produce a material continuity between some natural phenomena and the way they are represented in scientific discourse. Because the outcomes of scientists' actions (i.e., observations) sometimes turn out to be uncertain, the material (practical) actions that produce this continuity themselves retroactively become uncertain. Scientists may at any one point determine that what they had done is not what they thought and said to have done. Actions and the objects they produce therefore stand in a dialectical relationship: they produce, mutually presuppose, and in their respective materiality, stabilize one another.
Therapeutic Touch and Agitation in Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Hawranik Pamela , Johnston Pat , Deatrich Judith
Published: February 2008

Limited effective strategies exist to alleviate or treat disruptive behaviors in people with Alzheimer's disease. Fifty-one residents of a long-term care facility with Alzheimer's disease were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups. A multiple time series, blinded, experimental design was used to compare the effectiveness of therapeutic touch, simulated therapeutic touch, and usual care on disruptive behavior. Three forms of disruptive behavior comprised the dependent variables: physical aggression, physical nonaggression, and verbal agitation. Physical nonaggressive behaviors decreased significantly in those residents who received therapeutic touch compared with those who received the simulated version and the usual care. No significant differences in physically aggressive and verbally agitated behaviors were observed across the three study groups. The study provided preliminary evidence for the potential for therapeutic touch in dealing with agitated behaviors by people with dementia. Researchers and practitioners must consider a broad array of strategies to deal with these behaviors.
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Eccentric Exercises in the Treatment of Recreational Athletes with Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Stergioulas Apostolos , Stergioula Marianna , Aarskog Reidar , Lopes-Martins Rodrigo A. B. , Bjordal Jan M.
Published: February 2008

Background

Eccentric exercises (EEs) are recommended for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy, but the clinical effect from EE has a slow onset.

Hypothesis

The addition of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to EE may cause more rapid clinical improvement.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

A total of 52 recreational athletes with chronic Achilles tendinopathy symptoms were randomized to groups receiving either EE + LLLT or EE + placebo LLLT over 8 weeks in a blinded manner. Low-level laser therapy (Λ = 820 nm) was administered in 12 sessions by irradiating 6 points along the Achilles tendon with a power density of 60 mW/cm2 and a total dose of 5.4 J per session.

Results

The results of the intention-to-treat analysis for the primary outcome, pain intensity during physical activity on the 100-mm visual analog scale, were significantly lower in the LLLT group than in the placebo LLLT group, with 53.6 mm versus 71.5 mm ( P = .0003) at 4 weeks, 37.3 mm versus 62.8 mm ( P = .0002) at 8 weeks, and 33.0 mm versus 53.0 mm ( P = .007) at 12 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes of morning stiffness, active dorsiflexion, palpation tenderness, and crepitation showed the same pattern in favor of the LLLT group.

Conclusion

Low-level laser therapy, with the parameters used in this study, accelerates clinical recovery from chronic Achilles tendinopathy when added to an EE regimen. For the LLLT group, the results at 4 weeks were similar to the placebo LLLT group results after 12 weeks.
Simulated Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions Do Not Alter the Path of Glenohumeral Articulation
Authors: Youm Thomas , Tibone James E. , Attrache Neal S. El , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q.
Published: February 2008

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated increased glenohumeral translations with simulated type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions, which may explain the sensation of instability in the overhead-throwing athlete. It is unknown whether this amount of increased translation alters glenohumeral kinematics.

Purpose

To determine whether type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions significantly alter glenohumeral kinematics as defined by path of glenohumeral articulation in a simulated cadaveric model of the throwing shoulder.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Six cadaveric shoulders were tested for glenohumeral rotational range of motion and translation using a custom shoulder testing system and the Microscribe 3DLX. The path of glenohumeral articulation was measured by calculating the humeral head center with respect to the glenoid articular surface at maximal internal rotation, 30°, 60°, 90°, and maximal external rotation. Data were recorded for vented intact shoulders, shoulders with arthroscopically created type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions, and shoulders with arthroscopically repaired superior labral anterior posterior lesions.

Results

A subtle but significant increase in external rotation (2.7°) was seen after creating a type II lesion. Small increases in glenohumeral translation were found in the anterior (0.9 mm) and inferior (0.9 mm) directions with application of a 15-N force in the superior labral anterior posterior group. Increases in glenohumeral rotation and translation were restored to the intact state after repair of the lesion. No significant differences were found in the path of glenohumeral articulation for the superior labral anterior posterior condition compared with the intact shoulder.

Conclusion

The small amounts of increased external rotation and translation found with arthroscopically created type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions do not significantly affect glenohumeral kinematics in this passive motion model as quantified by the path of glenohumeral articulation.

Clinical Relevance

Findings suggest that in the absence of pain or mechanical symptoms, type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions that do not significantly involve the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments may not need surgical repair.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction
Authors: Diamantopoulos Andreas P. , Lorbach Olaf , Paessler Hans H.
Published: February 2008

Background

Although techniques and options for suitable graft substitutes for anterior cruciate ligament surgery continue to improve, failures occur because of many reasons. Errors in surgical techniques seem to be important reasons.

Hypothesis

Inappropriate positioning of the tunnels may be the most important reason for these failures. Anatomical anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction, using autografts, may yield acceptable outcomes.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

This retrospective study involved 148 anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstructions performed in our hospital using autografts. One hundred and seven patients were followed up at a mean of 72.9 ± 20.6 months. Clinical evaluation was performed using the Lysholm score, the Tegner rating system, the International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation form, and the KT-1000 arthrometer. Radiographs were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis according to the Jaeger and Wirth classification.

Results

Inappropriate positioning of the tunnels was the most important reason (63.5%) for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure. The average Lysholm score improved significantly at the follow-up (88.5±12.4 vs 51.5±24.9; P < .001). Moreover, the average Tegner activity score improved significantly compared with the activity score before revision surgery (6.3±1.8 vs 2.8±1.8; P < .001). The International Knee Documentation Committee score was A in 17 cases, B in 45, C in 37, and D in 8. Radiographic evaluation revealed that 33 patients had degenerative findings of grade I, 35 of grade li, 16 of grade III, and 2 of grade IV.

Conclusion

Anatomical anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction provides satisfactory midterm results as far as stability and function of the knee are concerned. In spite of these favorable subjective and objective results, the radiological evaluation revealed a significant progression of osteoarthritis.
Minimally Invasive Coracoclavicular Stabilization with Suture Anchors for Acute Acromioclavicular Dislocation
Authors: Choi Sung Wook , Lee Tong Joo , Moon Kyoung Ho , Cho Kyu Jung , Lee Seung Yeol
Published: February 2008

Background

The management of acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is controversial.

Purpose

The authors describe a surgical technique involving securing the clavicle to the coracoid process using suture anchors for the treatment of acute AC joint injury.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty patients were evaluated retrospectively, clinically, and radiographically, for a mean of 41.2 months.

Results

At last follow-up, the mean Constant score for the 20 patients was 89.5. Eighteen patients (90%) maintained complete AC joint reduction in both anteroposterior and axillary views. Slight loss of reduction was noted in 2 patients (10%), but their functional outcomes were good. No fixation failure or pulling out of suture anchors was encountered.

Conclusion

This minimally invasive technique using a suture anchor for the treatment of acute AC dislocation is easily performed.
Elbow Valgus Laxity May Result in an Overestimation of Apparent Shoulder External Rotation during Physical Examination
Authors: Minata Teruhisa , Safran Marc R. , McGarry Michelle H. , Abe Muneaki , Lee Thay Q.
Published: February 2008

Background

The contributions of the scapulothoracic articulation and spine when measuring shoulder range of motion have been well described; however, the effect of elbow valgus laxity has not.

Hypothesis

Increased elbow valgus laxity affects the assessment of shoulder external rotation measured during physical examination at 90° of elbow flexion.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Seven cadaveric upper extremities were tested with an elbow valgus laxity-testing device. Shoulder external rotation was assessed with 2.8 Nm of external torque by measuring a change in the angle of the forearm axis at 90° of elbow flexion. Elbow valgus laxity was measured in degrees of valgus angulation with 1.5 N.m of valgus torque with the humerus fixed. Shoulder external rotation and elbow valgus laxity were recorded at each of the following conditions: (1) intact, (2) after splitting the pronator muscles and venting the capsule, (3) after cutting the posterior band of the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament, and (4) after cutting the anterior oblique ligament completely.

Results

After the posterior band of the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament was cut, apparent shoulder external rotation and elbow valgus laxity were increased by 4.1° ± 1.7° ( P < .01) and 3.1° ± 1.3° ( P < .001), respectively, when compared with the intact condition. Complete cutting of the anterior oblique ligament resulted in an apparent increased shoulder external rotation and an increased elbow valgus laxity of 11.0° ± 1.1° ( P < .001) and 9.1 ° ± 1.2° ( P < .001), respectively, when compared with the intact condition.

Conclusion

Shoulder external rotation as assessed by physical examination, which was defined as the angle of the forearm axis, as well as elbow valgus laxity, was significantly increased after the anterior oblique ligament of the ulnar collateral ligament was cut, although the glenohumeral joint condition was not changed.

Clinical Relevance

Elbow valgus laxity may cause an overestimation of shoulder external rotation on clinical examination of the shoulder.
The Influence of Arthroscopic Subscapularis Tendon and Capsule Release on Internal Rotation Strength in Treatment of Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Liem Dennis , Meier Felix , Thorwesten Lothar , Marquardt Bjoern , Steinbeck Joern , Poetzl Wolfgang
Published: February 2008

Background

Arthroscopic release of the capsule is a popular treatment option for chronic refractory frozen shoulder. Additional release of the intra-articular part of the subscapularis is controversial regarding possible impairment of subscapularis function.

Hypothesis

Arthroscopic release of the intra-articular part of the subscapularis produces good clinical results and does not lead to reduced internal rotation strength.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty-two patients were retrospectively evaluated 53 months (range, 12–106) after undergoing arthroscopic anterior capsular release, including release of the intra-articular portion of the subscapularis. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and the Constant score. Isometric and isokinetic strength for internal and external rotation were determined at the time of follow-up in both shoulders using a Cybex dynamometer.

Results

The Constant score was improved significantly from 17.7 points to 82.8 points ( P < .0001) and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score increased significantly from 23.5 points to 76.8 points ( P < .0001). The mean range of motion was significantly improved for external rotation from 16° to 58°, from 66° to 142° for abduction, and from 76° to 155° for forward flexion. Isometric and isokinetic strength in the standard abduction position of the Cybex dynamometer showed no significant side-to-side difference.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic capsular release combined with a release of the intra-articular portion of the subscapularis tendon revealed good clinical results in the arthroscopic treatment of adhesive capsulitis without significant loss of internal rotation strength.
The Effect of Dynamic External Rotation Comparing 2 Footprint-Restoring Rotator Cuff Repair Techniques
Authors: Park Maxwell C. , Idjadi Jeremy A. , Attrache Neal S. El , Tibone James E. , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q.
Published: February 2008

Background

Allowing for humeral external rotation while loading rotator cuff repairs has been shown to affect tendon biomechanics when compared with testing with the humerus fixed. Adding dynamic external rotation to a tendon-loading model using footprint-restoring repairs may improve our understanding of rotator cuff repair response to a common postoperative motion.

Hypothesis

A tendon suture-bridging repair will demonstrate better load sharing compared to a double-row repair, and there will be a differential gap formation between the anterior and posterior tendon regions.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

In 6 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders, a tendon suture-bridging rotator cuff repair was performed; a suture limb from each of 2 medial anchors was bridged over the tendon and fixed laterally with an interference screw. In 6 contralateral match-paired specimens, a double-row repair was performed. For all specimens, a custom jig was employed that allowed dynamic external rotation (0° to 30°) with loading. A materials testing machine was used to cyclically load each repair from 0 N to 90 N for 30 cycles; each repair was then loaded to failure. A deformation rate of 1 mm/s was employed for all tests. Gap formation between tendon edge and insertion was measured using video digitizing software.

Results

The yield load for the suture-bridging technique (161.88 ± 35.09 N) was significantly larger than the double-row technique (135.17 ± 24.03 N) ( P = .026). The yield gap between tendon and lateral footprint was significantly greater anteriorly than posteriorly (1.62 ± 0.82 mm and 0.68 ± 0.47 mm, respectively) for the suture-bridging technique ( P = .024) but not for the double-row technique (1.35 ± 0.52 mm and 1.05 ± 0.50 mm, respectively) ( P = .34). There were no differences for gap formation, stiffness, ultimate load to failure, and energy absorbed to failure between the 2 repairs ( P > .05). The anterior regions of the repair were the first to fail in all constructs. The suture-bridging repair remained interconnected for 5 of 6 repairs.

Conclusions

The tendon suture-bridging rotator cuff repair has a yield load that is higher than the double-row repair when allowing for external rotation during load testing. External rotation can accentuate gap formation anteriorly at a repaired rotator cuff footprint.

Clinical Relevance

Based on the tension of repair, there may be a role for reinforcing the repair anteriorly and limiting external rotation postoperatively.
Models of Transportation and Land Use Change: A Guide to the Territory
Authors: Iacono Michael , Levinson David , El-Geneidy Ahmed
Published: February 2008

Modern urban regions are highly complex entities. Despite the difficulty of modeling every relevant aspect of an urban region, researchers have produced a rich variety of models dealing with interrelated processes of urban change. The most popular types of models have been those dealing with the relationship between transportation network growth and changes in land use and the location of economic activity, embodied in the concept of accessibility. This article reviews some of the more common frameworks for modeling transportation and land use change, illustrating each with some examples of operational models that have been applied to real-world settings. It then identifies new directions for future research in urban modeling and notes the important contributions of the field to date.
Exposure to Domestic and Community Violence in a Nonrisk Sample
Authors: Malik Neena M.
Published: February 2008

Limited data exist on the unique, additive, and interactive effects of exposure to domestic and community violence on children's functioning, particularly in community samples. This study examined relations between children's violence exposure, at home and in the community, and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing problems. Parents reported on domestic violence in the home, and children reported on community violence. Concurrent child functioning was measured through parent and teacher reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and child self-reports on the Children's Depression Inventory. A multi-ethnic sample of 117 children, aged 8 to 12 years, and their parents and teachers participated. Community violence was related to all measures of children's adjustment, whereas exposure to domestic violence was related only to CBCL externalizing problems. Teacher reports of child aggression were predicted by child age, community violence, and the interaction of community and domestic violence. Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed.
Adult Attachment as a Risk Factor for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Doumas Diana M. , Pearson Christine L. , Elgin Jenna E. , McKinley Lisa L.
Published: February 2008

This study examined the relationship between intimate partner violence and adult attachment in a sample of 70 couples. The attachment style of each partner and the interaction of the partners' attachment styles were examined as predictors of intimate partner violence. Additional analyses were conducted to examine violence reciprocity and to explore differences in the relationship between attachment and violence using continuous and dichotomous violence measures. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated the “mispairing” of an avoidant male partner with an anxious female partner was associated with both male and female violence. When controlling for partner violence, the relationship between attachment and violence was significant for males only. In addition, analyses using a dichotomized violence variable produced different results from analyses using a continuous violence measure. Clinical implications include focusing on the discrepancy between partners' needs for intimacy and distance within the couple as a strategy for treating intimate partner violence.
Filicide–Suicide in Chicago, 1870-1930
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Weekes-Shackelford Viviana A. , Beasley Shanna L.
Published: February 2008

Filicide (the killing of a child by a parent) followed by the offender's suicide is a tragic but, fortunately, rare event. The contexts and circumstances surrounding filicide–suicide may provide insight into parental psychology. The authors test several hypotheses about filicide–suicide using a database including incident-level information on 11,018 Chicago homicides during 1870-1930. The results provide some support for the hypothesis of differential risk of suicide following filicide by genetic parents and stepparents and replicate previous research indicating that filicides with multiple victims are more likely to end in the offender's suicide than are filicides with a single victim; parents are more likely to commit suicide following the filicide of an older child than of a younger child; and older parents, relative to younger parents, are more likely to commit suicide following filicide. The discussion situates these results within the existing literature and highlights important directions for future research.