bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Vertical Asymmetry in Saccades
Authors: Abegg Mathias , Pianezzi Dario , Barton Jason J.S.
Published: February 2021

Visual exploration of natural scenes imposes demands that differ between the upper and the lower visual hemifield. Yet little is known about how ocular motor performance is affected by the location of visual stimuli or the direction of a behavioural response. We compared saccadic latencies between upper and lower hemifield in a variety of conditions, including short-latency prosaccades, long-latency prosaccades, antisaccades, memory-guided saccades and saccades with increased attentional and selection demand. All saccade types, except memory guided saccades, had shorter latencies when saccades were directed towards the upper field as compared to downward saccades (p
Measuring Attention in Second Language Reading Using Eye-tracking: The Case of the Noticing Hypothesis
Authors: Dolgunsöz Emrah
Published: February 2021

Taking Schmidt’s (1990) noticing hypothesis as point of departure this study aims to measure attention and learning gains during second language (L2) reading by making use of eye-tracking methodology. Relying on Robinson’s hierarchical memory model (1995, 2003), it is hypothesized that vocabulary learning and attention are closely associated. After a vocabulary pre-test, seventy-five learners of English read a standard text individually while their eye movements were being recorded followed by an immediate post-test. The results revealed that learners spent more time on unknown words than they did on familiar ones. Attention and learning gains also positively correlated; fixation values on an unknown word increased its further recognition probability in post-test. Finally, the findings revealed a cut-off point of approximately 450ms as an activation threshold for noticing. Eye-tracking as a technique to measure attention in second language acquisition (SLA) was also discussed.
Driving with Homonymous Visual Field Defects: Driving Performance and Compensatory Gaze Movements
Authors: Kübler Thomas C. , Kasneci Enkelejda , Rosenstiel Wolfgang , Aehling Kathrin , Heister Martin , Nagel Katja , Schiefer Ulrich , Papageorgiou Elena
Published: February 2021

Aim of this pilot study was to assess the driving performance and its relationship to the visual search behavior, i.e., eye and head movements, of patients with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs) in comparison to healthy-sighted subjects during a simulated driving test. Eight HVFD patients and six healthy-sighted age- and gender-matched control subjects underwent a 40-minute driving test with nine hazardous situations. Eye and head movements were recorded during the drive. Four out of eight patients passed the driving test and showed a driving performance similar to that of the control group. One control group subject failed the test. Patients who passed the test showed an increased number of head and eye movements. Patients who failed the test showed a rightwards-bias in average lane position, probably in an attempt to maximize the safety margin to oncoming traffic. Our study supports the hypothesis that a considerable subgroup of subjects with HVFDs show a safe driving behavior, because they adapt their viewing behavior by increased visual scanning.
Syntax highlighting as an influencing factor when reading and comprehending source code
Authors: Beelders Tanya R. , Du Plessis Jean-Pierre L.
Published: February 2021

Syntax highlighting or syntax colouring, plays a vital role in programming development environments by colour-coding various code elements differently. The supposition is that this syntax highlighting assists programmers when reading and analysing code. However, academic text books are largely only available in black-and-white which could influence the comprehension of novice and beginner programmers. This study investigated whether student programmers experience more difficulty in reading and comprehending source code when it is presented without syntax highlighting. Number of fixations, fixation durations and regressions were all higher for black-and-white code than for colour code but not significantly so. Subjectively students indicated that the colour code snippets were easier to read and more aesthetically pleasing. Based on the analysis it could be concluded that students do not experience significantly more difficulty when reading code in black-and-white as printed in text books.
Eye tracking scanpath analysis techniques on web pages: A survey, evaluation and comparison
Authors: Eraslan Sukru , Yesilada Yeliz , Harper Simon
Published: February 2021

Eye tracking has commonly been used to investigate how users interact with web pages, with the goal of improving their usability. This article comprehensively revisits the techniques that could be applicable to eye tracking data for analysing user scanpaths on web pages. It also uses a third-party eye tracking study to compare these techniques. This allows researchers to recognise existing techniques for their goals, understand how they work and know their strengths and limitations so that they can make an efficient choice for their studies. These techniques can mainly be used for calculating similarities/dissimilarities between scanpaths, computing transition probabilities between web page elements, detecting patterns in scanpaths and identifying common scanpaths. The scanpath analysis techniques are classified into four groups by their goals so that researchers can directly focus on the appropriate techniques for a sequential analysis of user scanpaths on web pages. This article also suggests dealing with the limitations of these techniques by pre-processing eye tracking data, considering cognitive processing and addressing their reductionist approach.
Haptic feedback in eye typing
Authors: Majaranta Päivi , Isokoski Poika , Rantala Jussi , Špakov Oleg , Akkil Deepak , Kangas Jari , Raisamo Roope
Published: February 2021

Proper feedback is essential in gaze based interfaces, where the same modality is used for both perception and control. We measured how vibrotactile feedback, a form of haptic feedback, compares with the commonly used visual and auditory feedback in eye typing. Haptic feedback was found to produce results that are close to those of auditory feedback; both were easy to perceive and participants liked both the auditory ”click” and the tactile “tap” of the selected key. Implementation details (such as the placement of the haptic actuator) were also found important.
Anticipation of physical causality guides eye movements
Authors: Wende Kim , Theunissen Laetitia , Missal Marcus
Published: February 2021

Causality is a unique feature of human perception. We present here a behavioral investigation of the influence of physical causality during visual pursuit of object collisions. Pursuit and saccadic eye movements of human subjects were recorded during ocular pursuit of two concurrently launched targets, one that moved according to the laws of Newtonian mechanics (the causal target) and the other one that moved in a physically implausible direction (the non-causal target). We found that anticipation of collision evoked early smooth pursuit decelerations. Saccades to non-causal targets were hypermetric and had latencies longer than saccades to causal targets. In conclusion, before and after a collision of two moving objects the oculomotor system implicitly predicts upcoming physically plausible target trajectories.
Detection of moving point symbols on cartographic backgrounds
Authors: Krassanakis Vassilios , Filippakopoulou Vassiliki , Nakos Byron
Published: February 2021

The present paper presents the performance of an experimental cartographic study towards the examination of the minimum duration threshold required for the detection by the central vision of a moving point symbol on cartographic backgrounds. The examined threshold is investigated using backgrounds with discriminant levels of information. The experimental process is based on the collection (under free viewing conditions) and the analysis of eye movement recordings. The computation of fixation derived statistical metrics allows the calculation of the examined threshold as well as the study of the general visual reaction of map users. The critical duration threshold calculated within the present study corresponds to a time span around 400msec. The results of the analysis indicate meaningful evidences about these issues while the suggested approach can be applied towards the examination of perception thresholds related to changes occurred on dynamic stimuli.
ELAN Analysis Companion (EAC): A Software Tool for Time-course Analysis of ELAN-annotated Data
Authors: Andersson Richard , Sandgren Olof
Published: February 2021

LAN is a widely used and free (in both senses) annotation software for behavioral or other events that unfold over time. We report on and release a stand-alone program that expands on ELAN's capabilities in two ways: 1) it allows the researcher to plot and export time-course analysis data directly from ELAN's native annotation files, allowing for hassle-free data extraction in the time domain, e.g. for visual-world paradigm studies; and 2) it allows the researcher to weight ELAN's built-in annotator reliability rating based on the duration of the coded events. This software is released under an open license.
Comparing the Difficulty of Tasks Using Eye Tracking Combined with Subjective and Behavioural Criteria
Authors: Andrzejewska Magdalena , Stolińska Anna
Published: February 2021

In this article, we attempted to examine the issue of the existence of differences in eye move-ment of school-age students as they solve tasks of different difficulty levels in the sciences and natural sciences (computer science, mathematics, physics, biology). Categories of the task’s difficulty level were established on the basis of two types of criteria: subjective (an evaluation made by the subjects) and behavioural (connected to the correctness of their solution). The relationships of these criteria with the visual activity parameters, which were considered to be indicators of mental effort, were identified. An analysis of the data obtained enabled the observation of discrepancies in categorizing difficulties of the tasks on the basis of subjective and behavioural criteria. A significant and strong correlation was noticed between task difficulty level, determined by the percentage of correct answers, and the fixation parameters, although such a relationship with the blink parameters was not found. There was no correlation of the activity of the eye movement parameters, considered to be mental effort indicators, with a student’s opinion about the task’s difficulty level. On the basis of the investigations made, it can be stated that the fixation duration average can be taken as an index of the difficulty level of the task being solved.
The interference effect of concurrent working memory task on visual inhibitory control
Authors: Hong Brad M. , Weiner Susan , Clancy Michael , Kouh Minjoon
Published: February 2021

We examined the interference between inhibitory control of a saccadic eye movement and a working memory task. This study was motivated by the observation that people are suscep-tible to cognitive errors when they are preoccupied. Subjects were instructed to make an anti-saccade, or to look in the opposite direction of a visual stimulus, thereby exercising inhibito-ry control over the reflexive eye movement towards a salient object. At the same time, the subjects were instructed to memorize a random sequence of digits that were read out to them, thereby engaging their working memory. We measured the success of an eye movement by rapidly switching between images and asking the subjects what they saw. We found that these concurrent cognitive tasks significantly degraded anti-saccade performance.We examined the interference between inhibitory control of a saccadic eye movement and a working memory task. This study was motivated by the observation that people are susceptible to cognitive errors when they are preoccupied. Subjects were instructed to make an anti-saccade, or to look in the opposite direction of a visual stimulus, thereby exercising inhibitory control over the reflexive eye movement towards a salient object. At the same time, the subjects were instructed to memorize a random sequence of digits that were read out to them, thereby engaging their working memory. We measured the success of an eye movement by rapidly switching between images and asking the subjects what they saw. We found that these concurrent cognitive tasks significantly degraded anti-saccade performance.
Eye Movement Patterns in Solving Science Ordering Problems
Authors: Tang Hui , Day Elizabeth , Kendhammer Lisa , Moore James N , Brown Scott A , Pienta Norbert J
Published: February 2021

Dynamic biological processes, such as intracellular signaling pathways, commonly are taught in science courses using static representations of individual steps in the pathway. As a result, students often memorize these steps for examination purposes, but fail to appreciate either the cascade nature of the pathway. In this study, we compared eye movement patterns for students who correctly ordered the components of an important pathway responsible for vasoconstriction against those who did not. Similarly, we compared the patterns of students who learned the material using three dimensional (3-D) animations previously associated with improved student understanding of this pathway against those who learned the material using static images extracted from those animations. For two of the three ordering problems, students with higher scores had shorter total fixation duration when ordering the components and spent less time (fixating) in the planning and solving phases of the problem-solving process. This finding was supported by the scanpath patterns that demonstrated that students who correctly solved the problems used more efficient problem-solving strategies.
Performance of a simple remote video-based eye tracker with GPU acceleration
Authors: Du Plessis Jean-Pierre , Blignaut Pieter
Published: February 2021

Eye tracking is a well-established tool that is often utilised in research. There are currently many different types of eye trackers available, but they are either expensive, or provide a relatively low sampling frequency. The eye tracker presented in this paper was developed in an effort to address the lack of low-cost high-speed eye trackers. It utilises the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) in an attempt to parallelise aspects of the process to localize feature points in eye images to attain higher sampling frequencies. Moreover, the proposed implementation allows for the system to be used on a variety of different GPUs. The developed solution is capable of sampling at frequencies of 200 Hz and higher, while allowing for head movements within an area of 10×6×10 cm and an average accuracy of one degree of visual angle. The entire system can be built for less than 700 euros, and will run on a mid-range laptop.
User-Friendly Locations of Error Messages in Web Forms: An Eye Tracking Study
Authors: Inal Yavuz
Published: February 2021

Error messages presented to users are one of the most important elements of Web forms. Error messages are embedded in different parts of the forms available on the Internet and presented in various formats. One of the measures of a user-friendly error message design is the ability to easily capture users’ attention and facilitate fast error correction. In this empirical study, I tested four different locations of error messages frequently used in Web forms on 32 participants. In addition, I analysed the participants’ interactions with error messages through their eye movements. The results of the study showed that the participants spotted the error message fastest when it was displayed on the right side of the erroneous input field. When error messages displayed further the input field users have less saccades to and fixations on error messages compared to those located near to this field, suggesting that less effort has been spent to understand the given message. However, group mean dif-ferences were not statistically significant for form completion time, error recognition time, the number of saccades, and error correction time.
Culture shapes how we look: Comparison between Chinese and African university students
Authors: Duan Zhaohui , Wang Fuxing , Hong Jianzhong
Published: February 2021

Previous cross-cultural studies find that cultures can shape how we look during scene perception, but don’t mention its condition and limited to the East and West. This study recruited Chinese and African students to testify the cultural effects on two phases. In free-viewing phase: Africans fixated more on the focal objects than Chinese, while Chinese payed more attention to the backgrounds than Africans especially on the first fourth and fifth fixations. In recognition phase, there was no cultural difference on perception, but Chinese recognized more objects than Africans. Based on chosen subjects, we conclude that cultural differences exit on scene perception under conditions of no task and more clearly in its later period, but that differences may be hidden in a deeper way (e.g. memory) in task condition.
Investigating the Spatial Pattern of Older Drivers’ Eye Fixation Behaviour and Associations with Their Visual Capacity
Authors: Sun Qian , Xia Jianhong (Cecilia) , Falkmer Torbjörn , Lee Hoe
Published: February 2021

Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on visual search patterns along different road sections of actual driving still remains undocumented. In this on-road driving study, we simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers’ eye movement and precise vehicle movement trajectories. The vehicle positions were linked to every eye fixation of individual drivers so that we know the locations of a driver's gaze origin in geospatial coordinates. Spatial distribution pattern of drivers’ eye fixations (duration and frequency) were then analysed. We further investigated the associations between older drivers’ visual capacity (processing speed, divided and selective attention) and their eye fixation patterns in various driving manoeuvres. The results indicate that driving scenarios have significant impact on older drivers’ visual patterns. Older drivers performed more frequent eye fixations when manoeuvreing through roundabouts, while they tended to fixate on certain objects much longer during straight road driving. The key findings show that the processing speed and divided attention of older drivers were associated with their eye fixations at complex right-turns; drivers with a lower capacity for selective attention performed less frequent eye fixations at roundabout manoeuvres. This study has also demonstrated that visualisation and spatial statistics are effective and intuitive approaches in eye movement analysis.
Direction Estimation Model for Gaze Controlled Systems
Authors: Sharma Anjana , Abrol Pawanesh
Published: February 2021

Detection of gaze requires estimation of the position and the relation between user’s pupil and glint. This position is mapped into the region of interest using different edge detectors by detecting the glint coordinates and further gaze direction. In this research paper, a Gaze Direction Estimation (GDE) model has been proposed for the comparative analysis of two standard edge detectors Canny and Sobel for estimating automatic detection of the glint, its coordinates and subsequently the gaze direction. The results indicate fairly good percentage of the cases where the correct glint coordinates and subsequently correct gaze direction quadrants have been estimated. These results can further be used for improving the accuracy and performance of different eye gaze based systems.
Optically induced refractive errors reduces fixation stability but saccade latency remains stable
Authors: Vikesdal Gro Horgen , Langaas Trine
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of optically induced refractive errors on saccade latency and fixation stability.Sixteen healthy, young adults (two males), with normal visual acuity and normal accommodation, performed a saccade task and a fixation task wearing a range of contact lenses (from +3.00 to -5.00 diopters) which induced visual blur and accommodation. The results showed that mean (± standard error) saccade latency was 207 (± 5) milliseconds (ms) and remained stable with both visual blur and accommodation, whereas mean (± standard error) fixation stability was logBCEA 2.48 (± 0.03) (arcmin²) and declined by about 0.09 logBCEA with both visual blur and accommodation.  In healthy adults with normal vision, results indicate that recording of saccade latency can be completed accurately regardless of the moderate refractive errors induced in this study. Fixation stability, on the other hand, degrades slightly with blur and with accommodation.
Short of nothing: expanding horizons of ‘scarcity’ in the poetry of Peter Larkin
Authors: Collings Simon
Published: February 2021

'Scarcity' is a key term in the poetry of Peter Larkin. It first makes its appearance in two poems from 1992, in which 'scarcity' is primarily understood either ecologically or as referring to efficiency in biological processes. In poetry written later in the 1990s 'scarcity' acquires an additional ontological, even theological, dimension, closely related to a line of thought Larkin began developing in critical essays on the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge. The expanded sense of 'scarcity', as ontological 'promise', is articulated in two of Larkin's poems published in 1998, opening the path to a rich body of writing which has continued to evolve up to the present. This essay will examine the poetry of the early 1990s in which the term 'scarcity' initially appears, and then review the emergence of the much expanded concept of 'scarcity' in poems from the mid to late 1990s. Affinities between the ideas Larkin explores poetically and those he discusses in his essays of that period on Wordsworth and Coleridge will be examined. Larkin's phenomenological approach is discussed, including the influence of Merleau-Ponty, and of the theologians Jean-Luc Marion and Jean-Louis Chrétien. The manifestation in his recent poetry of a more overtly theological concept of 'scarcity' is illustrated with reference to a poem from 2007.
‘radical gleaning’: Doing Prac Crip
Authors: Joelle Natalie
Published: February 2021

This article develops what I call ‘prac crip’ as an innovative methodology to perform on the page the scholarly realities of working, living and writing with the disability of repetitive strain injury. Prac crip is a prac crit of crips that complicates liberatory crip criticism. It shows how repetitive strain injury changes an approach to practical criticism, but also, by association with ‘crit’, how practices of practical criticism with repetitive strain injury shift some key uses of the ‘crip’. Critical of this mode of cripping as well as cripical, prac crip demonstrates the emancipatory limits of practising crip criticism for those crips the work also hurts in the act.Peter Larkin’s fascination with gleaning runs parallel to the rise of lean. To glean and its derivatives have a ‘distinctive presence’ in his lexis from Pastoral Advert (1988) to Seven Leaf Sermons (2018), a thirty-year period during which lean management has become increasingly global. The article traces through Larkin the eco-politically crucial relationships between the common right of gathering after harvest known as gleaning, historically, a practice for disabled people; the gesture of leaning; and the genealogy of global lean management technologies in the packing of lean meat. The essay explores how disability is an integral part of how its readings are produced, as well as addressing the predicament that work-related upper limb disorders, which are driven by lean managed environments, continue to be driven by writing against lean managed environments.
The Circle of Unity: The power of symbols in a team sport context
Authors: O'Hallarn Brendan , Morehead Craig , Slavich Mark , Cintron Alicia
Published: February 2021

Modern-day political discord has led to a recent spate of athletes using their platform to make statements about America. One under-researched aspect to modern sport activism is the study of the symbols themselves, such as the controversial kneeling during the national anthem by National Football League players, statement-making pregame apparel worn by National Basketball Association stars, and other political statements. This case study examines a 2016 activist display by Old Dominion University’s football team, known as the Circle of Unity. The display, performed before most games that season, began as a form of protest by team captains, and morphed into a gesture that was celebrated across the political spectrum. Through the lens of both Symbolic Interactionism (SI) and Critical Race Theory (CRT), the current study seeks to uncover the impetus, meaning, and ultimate impact of the symbol on a variety of stakeholders. Examining the symbol used—players and coaches standing in a circle, facing out, holding hands and raising them to the sky—can further contextualize the challenging role that student-athletes have in finding their voice to speak on issues they care about in a divided America.
Fan Ties and Friendships: A Longitudinal Network Study of Division III Sports on Campus
Authors: Katz Matthew , Cocieru Ovidiu , Springer Daniel , Dixon Marlene
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this longitudinal actor-based network study is to examine the evolution of sport fan ties and friendship ties on Division III campuses. Using two years of network data from a cohort of new students at a Division III institution, a SIENA model is developed to empirically test the co-evolution of fan ties and friendship ties. Grounded in student development, sport consumer behavior, and network theories, the overarching goal of this study is to explore the causal effect of fan ties on friendship ties among new students. To ascertain the value of Division III sports on campus, the authors explore the role of sports on campus in promoting friendships for new students based on the strong theoretical tradition from student development highlighting the salience of peer relationship in student success and retention. Accordingly, theoretical implications related to sport fan networks are considered within practical discussion of Division III sports and retention.
Semantics and function of imperative forms in the Altai language
Authors:   Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences  (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), Tazranova A. R.
Published: February 2021

The paper is devoted to the analysis of imperative forms of the Altai language. In the system of imperatives, we have identified 11 positive forms (=Ø=; CA=; =GÏn / =GÏŋ (rare); =(Ï)GAr / =AAR=; =SAgAr; =GÏlA; =SÏn; =AAK; =AAktAr; =y/AAlï: =y/AAlïk / =AAlïktAr (rare) and 10 negative (all form with a particle of negation, but the form on =GÏn / =GÏŋ). It is considered that the imperative has a complete paradigm in grammatical descriptions of the Siberian Turkic languages. In this regard, the Altai language has a particular position: the im-perative-Hortative of the 1st person unit number at =Aiyn is derived from the paradigm and referred to the indicators of the desired mood, i.e. the optative. A specific feature of the Altai imperative is the variety of forms of the 1st person non-singular number denoting two or more participants in the action. This type of imperative is defined as a call to action distinguishing between minimal and extended inclusiveness. For the first time in the Altai language, one can observe a grammatical opposition in time with two paradigms as in the Yakut language: “the imperative of the present tense” and “the imperative of the future tense.” The first group ex-presses the forms of 2nd dual numbers at =AAK / =AAktAr, and =AAlïk / =AAlïktAr; the se-cond group is form at =AAlï. Thus, it turns out that the lower the degree of flatness, the great-er the distance from the moment of speaking. The system of imperative forms includes the form of multiplicity on =GYLA with the value of a categorical imperative.
Explanatory constructions in the Altai language (in literary and academic texts)
Authors:   Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences  (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), Ozonova A. A.
Published: February 2021

We analyze the structural and semantic types of Altai polypredicative explanatory construc-tions (in literary and academic texts). Explanatory relations are expressed by two types of constructions: monofinite (with the infinite predicate in the subordinate clause) and bifinite (with the finite predicate in the main and subordinate clauses and their relation being analyti-cally indicated by the linking unit or connector dep). The semantic-grammatical type of the predicate in the main clause defines the semantic distinctiveness of explanatory sentences and the structural models of constructions corresponding to the semantic types. The strategy choice of the subordinate sentence structure primarily depends on the semantics of the main predicate. The verbs of three lexical-semantic groups (thought, speech, and emotion) predom-inantly function as a predicate of the main predicate unit. These verbs have their peculiarities in semantics and usage. For example, speech verbs are actively used in bifinite poly- predicative constructions and much less in monofinite constructions. Verbs of perception sug-gest only sensory interpretations in monofinite constructions. However, in bifinite construc-tions, they also contain epistemic elements. The academic text specificity is characterized by the wide use of the verbs of thought and speech, deductive evaluative predicates as main pred-icates in polypredicative constructions. The functionally subordinate clauses may serve as ei-ther a subject or an object. In the Altai language, the subordinate clause, as a predicate object, contains possessive and case affixes of the accusative, dative, ablative, instrumental, and loca-tive cases. When being a predicative subject, a subordinate clause takes the form of a nomina-tive sentence with possessive affixes denoting the grammatical meaning of the action per-former person. Bifinite constructions with verbs from various lexical-semantic groups share a subordinate subject in nominative or accusative cases, while the monofinite construction subordinate subjects have genitive or nominative cases.
Specifics of the narrative about the rulers in Russian memoirs of the 20s – 70s of the 18th century
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), Roshchina O. S. , Farafonova O. A. ,   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation)
Published: February 2021

The paper considers the ways of authors’ self-representation concerning the presentation of the figure of the ruler in Russian memoirs of the 18th century. The memoirs of the 20s – 50s tend to combine personal and impersonal narrative with the predominance of the latter. This combination makes the view of events seem objective. Memoirists do not make value judg-ments about rulers and describe only facts. However, even in an impersonal narrative, mem-oirists, being former participants or witnesses of the described events, cannot avoid making judgments about various figures of their era. In the 60s and 70s, authors mostly used personal narrative and noticed any shortcomings of the reigning characters. In some cases, memoirists justify and explain them by the harmful influence of the courtier environment or do not rec-ognize them as particularly serious. In other cases, shortcomings in public administration or wrong actions of the monarch are seen as a direct consequence of his personality. Memoirists, whose personal formation, as a rule, was in the time of Peter the Great (Neplyuev, Shakhovskaya), think about the figure of the sovereign as of an absolute super-personal value. Obviously, this personal value came to be devalued in the minds of people of the post-Petrine era and/or those personally affected by the rule of a monarch (Dolgorukaya, Minikh). The process of memoir individualization occurs during this period simultaneously in two direc-tions – of the subject of the utterance and the object of description.
On the Problem of Classifying Deputy Heads of Police as Subjects of Departmental Control of Inquiry Bodies of the Internal Affairs Agencies of the Russian Federation in the Field of Criminal Proceedings
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Smirnova Irina G. , Korotaeva Yulia A. ,   East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Irkutsk, Russian Federation)
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the vague normative regulation of the concept of the head of the body of inquiry. This vagueness results in difficulties in classifying deputy heads of police that exercise the powers of the head of the inquiry body as subjects of departmental control over the procedural activities of the inquiry body of the internal affairs agencies. The authors focus on a number of issues that require attention from the legislator: the need to make a specific list of officials who are heads of inquiry bodies in the internal affairs agencies; the need to take into account the scope of activities of deputies when giving them the powers of the head of the inquiry body. The deputy head of police exercising the powers of the head of the body of inquiry is subject to departmental control only if they are acting as the head of police or the head of an internal affairs agency due to the head’s temporary absence.
The Stage of Assessing the Validity of the Complaint (Presentation) in Continuous Cassation
Authors:   Stavropol Regional Court (Stavropol, Russian Federation), Spiridonov Mikhail S.
Published: February 2021

With the introduction of continuous cassation in criminal cases on 01 October 2019, the content of the verification of the validity of the cassation complaint and presentation has changed. The science of criminal procedure has been faced with a new problem: to assess the effectiveness of legal regulation, in which the validity of the cassation complaint or presentation is verified directly at the hearing, not at the preliminary stage. The object of this research is criminal procedural relations that develop in the implementation of the norms of criminal procedure law that regulate cassation proceedings in criminal procedure. The research focuses on the norms of the constitutional and criminal procedure law of the Russian Federation, domestic and foreign legislation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law governing cassation proceedings, provisions of the science of criminal law and criminal procedure. The aim of the research is to reveal the essence of the introduced legislative changes concerning the stage of verification of the validity of the cassation complaint or presentation, to develop proposals for improving the legislation. The methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison were applied to determine the procedure for the verification of the validity of the cassation complaint or presentation by the court of the cassation instance. The comparative legal method was employed to study foreign forms of cassation proceedings. The formal legal method was used to analyze the content of the texts of normative legal acts regulating cassation proceedings. The research resulted in the following conclusions. The lack of a stage for assessing the validity of the cassation complaint (presentation) and the grounds for its transfer to the cassation court excessively strengthens the revision principle and shifts the balance towards the task of identifying and eliminating violations of the requirements for the final court decision. The solution to this problem is possible through the introduction of written cassation proceedings carried out by a panel of three judges, which will consider the issue of admissibility and validity of the complaint (presentation).
House Arrest of the Accused (Suspect): Full Isolation and the Right to Walk
Authors:   East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Irkutsk, Russian Federation), Gaponova Valentina N. , Vinogradova Varsenik A. ,   Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Krasnodar, Russian Federation)
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the changes in the legal regulation of the house arrest and the practice of its imposition. Particular attention is given to the controversial issue of the right of the accused under house arrest to leave the premises for a walk. The authors note that the Normative Transformation of House Arrest, which brought it closer to detention, set the law enforcement task to overcome the established stereotypes in the interpretation of specific provisions related to the essence of this preventive measure. First, it concerns the “regime” of isolation, specifically, the possibility of the accused to take walks. Today, when the house arrest implies ultimate isolation of the accused with the right to live in their home, the court’s permission for the accused to leave the place of residence is not based on the law. The authors conclude that the positive decision of the court is permissible only because of applying the law by analogy. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the responsibility of the state to take care of the health of persons whose possibilities in this part are limited due to the election of preventive measures with isolation from society.
A case of inversion of chromosome 4 and an unbalanced transloca- tion between the short arm of chromosome 4 and long arm of chromosome 18 in a girl: evolution of clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations
Authors: Bobylova M. Yu. , Abramov M. O. , Kovalskaya A. V. , Alikhanov A. A. , Mukhin K. Yu.
Published: February 2021

We report a case of a girl with a chromosomal disorder that has never been described in the literature: inversion of chromosome 4 with an unbalanced translocation between the short arm of chromosome 4 and long arm of chromosome 18. Clinical manifestations of this syndrome included severe growth retardation, very slow weight gain, optic nerve hypoplasia, pronounced delay in mental and motor development, and epilepsy with focal hemiclonic fever-related seizures of varying location. The patient has multiple stigmas of dysembryogenesis, but no abnormalities in the development of internal organs. The somatic status is complicated by chronic liquid aspiration and sleep apnea. Magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated agenesis of the corpus callosum. In this article, we have summarized the results of clinical observation and electroencephalography findings obtained during several years. The type of epilepsy in this girl does not match Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (which is determined by her karyotype), but is similar to epilepsy in patients with aberrations of the long arm of chromosome 18.
Application of Laminated Plate Construction Technology in Prefabricated Building Structure
Authors: Weng Mei Li Jianghua,
Published: February 2021

With the development of China's construction field, prefabricated building structure has gradually become a very common building structure in the current construction engineering by virtue of its many advantages in the actual construction field. Combined with the engineering practice, this paper summarizes the hoisting technology of precast composite slab and precast staircase in prefabricated building structure. This paper focuses on the optimization design of laminated plate support under the conditions of wood formwork and aluminum formwork system and the key and difficult points in the construction process, and puts forward a set of practical and feasible construction methods for prefabricated components. This paper focuses on the analysis of the design concept, materials, structural form, manufacturing technology, hoisting and installation, and construction technology of M-type light steel concrete composite slab. This paper discusses and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of M-type light steel reinforced concrete composite slab at present, and analyzes its development and application prospects. At the same time, in order to determine the reasonable type of laminated plate, the material budget analysis of assembled laminated plates with different structural forms is carried out. The conclusions are as follows: PK prestressed concrete composite slab has great advantages in the whole material budget cost, which is suitable for all kinds of span buildings. One way steel truss slab and YH prestressed concrete composite slab are suitable for small span buildings.
A Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Model Based on Web Service
Authors: Li Haitao
Published: February 2021

Based on the in-depth study of the existing database synchronization model, in order to improve the cross platform ability of the system and facilitate the construction of small and medium-sized enterprise information platform, this paper proposes a heterogeneous distributed computing scheme based on Web service. The scheme uses JMS to realize the message transmission between systems, and uses web service technology to realize cross platform data reading and writing. In the aspect of distributed transaction processing, the two-phase commit protocol is improved to reduce the probability of system deadlock and effectively ensure the consistency of distributed database data. In order to improve the performance of distributed database system, cache technology is introduced, and the way of integrating cache and database transaction processing is proposed, which effectively ensures the validity of cache data. The architecture is oriented to program developers, who can develop efficient and convenient distributed database system on the basis of this architecture. Finally, this architecture is applied to the background management system of mobile express service. The running results show that the architecture can well meet the business requirements of distributed heterogeneous database system synchronization.
Electrical Detection and Control System Based on Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hang Zhou Ren Li,
Published: February 2021

With the rapid development of society, many industries have integrated intelligent advanced technology, and electrical automation control is one of them. Electrical automation control system is a control system for the efficiency, status, quality and other aspects of electrical operation. Through the system, electrical operation can be well controlled. After the use of intelligence, the system has the ability of sub identification and decision-making. This paper first briefly analyzes the application theory of artificial intelligence, and then expounds the advantages of artificial intelligence controller. This paper studies the application of artificial intelligence technology in electrical automation control system from two aspects of the application of artificial intelligence in DC drive and AC drive, and analyzes the advantages of artificial intelligence control. Taking the application of AI Artificial Intelligence regulator in the control of an electrical appliance as an example, this paper expounds the circuit principle, implementation scheme and application effect of the system.
On the Finiteness of Hulls
Authors: Mauer Florian
Published: February 2021

Let β≥φΛ. Is it possible to characterize normal, almost surely semi-degenerate categories? We show that K ̄is comparable to k. The ground breaking work of P. Laplace on vectors was a major advance. Recent developments in advanced discrete representation theory[1] have raised the question of whether the re exists a sub-continuous factor.
Countably Tangential, Continuous, Finitely Ultra-p-Adic Polytopes over Smoothly Left-Irreducible Fields
Authors: Repin Artem
Published: February 2021

Let q be a generic, naturally anti-universal homomorphism. It was Galois–Steiner who firstasked whether right-Galois, almost everywhere anti-injective, universally Eratosthenes subsetscan be extended. We show that the Riemann hypothesis holds. It would be interesting to applythe techniques of [29] to pseudo-reversible categories. Unfortunately, we cannot assume that theRiemann hypothesis holds.
FINITENESS IN ALGEBRA
Authors: Rizzo Olimpia
Published: February 2021

Let ‖β‖ ≥ 0 be arbitrary. We wish to extend the results of[10] to equations. We show that G is not dominated by E. Moreover, it would be interesting to apply the techniques of[10] to topoi. This reduces the results of[4] to the ellipticity of primes.
UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS AND THE INVERTIBILITY OF NORMAL FUNCTORS
Authors: Noël Faustin
Published: February 2021

UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS AND THE INVERTIBILITY OF NORMAL FUNCTORS
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF POINTWISE EINSTEIN–GRASSMANN, HARDY MONOIDS
Authors: Mifsud Salwa
Published: February 2021

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF POINTWISE EINSTEIN–GRASSMANN, HARDY MONOIDS
What Motivates Students Engaging with Public Universities: A Case in Vietnam
Authors: Et al. Quynh N.H
Published: February 2021

The fierce competition among educational institutions further affirms the role of maintaining student cohesion as an important strategy for each institution's existence and development. Therefore, the need to better understand this topic for both academics and managers is getting more and more interesting. The relationships between student engagement, and motives have been investigated through several studies in developed countries context, but they have not yet been properly considered for developing countries. An appropriate method - MEC- explored the motivations that force students to engage with the educational institutions in this study. The results show that the five main student engagement motivations include career orientation, financial relevance, memorable emotion, meaningful behaviour, and self-enhancement. This result is expected not only to provide more information for education administrators in determining the factors motivating student engagement with a specific institution but to complement knowledge to the literature foundation of student engagement.
Learning Management in Suburban Schools During the Midst of COVID-19
Authors: Et al. Bernadetha Nadeak
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to determine how the teachers manage to learn in suburban schools during COVID-19. This thesis was conducted at Kristen Indonesia University. The method of this study was quantitative research with a survey design. The instrument used was a set of questionnaire which consisted of 24 statements. Two hundred thirty-five teachers involved in this research. The findings of the analysis showed that 85% of the teachers find it difficult in managing the learning at schools because most of the students do not have laptops, 87% of the teachers said that it is difficult to get in touch with the students for having low signal and wasteful of using data packages because many students lived far from urban areas. Teachers are deemed ineffective because as many as 83.5% of teachers stated that their students are not familiar with online before the COVID-19 Pandemic. The conclusion is that it is clear from various points of view that COVID-19 is a disaster that affects almost all sectors of human life, including teaching. However, it cannot be denied that the Pandemic of COVID-19 also provides educational institutions with the opportunity to become technology literate. The implementation of online teaching has become a catalyst for advancing the process of digital transformation of Indonesian learning