bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Extrapyramidal Adverse Effects
Authors: Divac Nevena , Prostran Milica , Jakovcevski Igor , Cerovac Natasa
Published: June 2014

Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal adverse effects are well recognized in the context of first-generation antipsychotic drugs. However, the introduction of second-generation antipsychotics, with atypical mechanism of action, especially lower dopamine receptors affinity, was met with great expectations among clinicians regarding their potentially lower propensity to cause extrapyramidal syndrome. This review gives a brief summary of the recent literature relevant to second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal syndrome. Numerous studies have examined the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal syndrome with first- and second-generation antipsychotics. The majority of these studies clearly indicate that extrapyramidal syndrome does occur with second-generation agents, though in lower rates in comparison with first generation. Risk factors are the choice of a particular second-generation agent (with clozapine carrying the lowest risk and risperidone the highest), high doses, history of previous extrapyramidal symptoms, and comorbidity. Also, in comparative studies, the choice of a first-generation comparator significantly influences the results. Extrapyramidal syndrome remains clinically important even in the era of second-generation antipsychotics. The incidence and severity of extrapyramidal syndrome differ amongst these antipsychotics, but the fact is that these drugs have not lived up to the expectation regarding their tolerability.
Exogenous Proline and Glycine Betaine Mediated Upregulation of Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems Provides Better Protection against Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativaL.) Varieties
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Mirza , Alam Md. Mahabub , Rahman Anisur , Hasanuzzaman Md. , Nahar Kamrun , Fujita Masayuki
Published: June 2014

The present study investigates the roles of exogenous proline (Pro, 5 mM) and glycine betaine (GB, 5 mM) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive (BRRI dhan49) and salt tolerant (BRRI dhan54) rice (Oryza sativaL.) varieties. Salt stresses (150 and 300 mM NaCl for 48 h) significantly reduced leaf relative water (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased endogenous Pro and increased lipid peroxidation and H2O2levels. Ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and GSH/GSSG, ascorbate peroxidae (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and glyoxalase I (Gly I) activities were reduced in sensitive variety and these were increased in tolerant variety due to salt stress. The glyoxalase II (Gly II), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased in both cultivars by salt stress. Exogenous Pro and GB application with salt stress improved physiological parameters and reduced oxidative damage in both cultivars where BRRI dhan54 showed better tolerance. The result suggests that exogenous application of Pro and GB increased rice seedlings’ tolerance to salt-induced oxidative damage by upregulating their antioxidant defense system where these protectants rendered better performance to BRRI dhan54 and Pro can be considered as better protectant than GB.
Electromechanical Coupled Forced Responses for Microplate
Authors: LiZhong Xu , XiaoRui Fu
Published: June 2014

The electromechanical coupled forced response of the microplate subjected to electrostatic force is investigated. Using electromechanical coupled dynamic equations and the mode superposition method, the forced responses of the microplate to voltage excitation and load excitation are analyzed, respectively. Based on this, the coupled forced responses of the micrplate to voltage and load excitations are obtained. Beat vibration caused by the coupled response is investigated and the condition that the beat vibration occurs is determined.
Predictors of the Occurrence of Smoking Discontinuation in Novice Adolescent Smokers
Authors: O'Loughlin Jennifer L. , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre , Dugas Erika N. , Karp Igor
Published: June 2014

Background: While long-term cessation is an outcome of interest in adult smokers, little is known about discontinuing smoking in adolescent smokers. The objective was to identify the predictors of the occurrence of smoking discontinuation in novice smokers.

Methods: Data were available for 620 adolescent smokers participating in a longitudinal study on the natural course of nicotine dependence. Data on smoking discontinuation (i.e., stopping smoking for ≥12 consecutive months) were collected in 20 cycles over five years from grade 7 to 11 (1999–2005). Data on 37 potential predictors representing a wide range of demographic, psychosocial, health, lifestyle, smoking-related, and context-related characteristics were collected once, 2 to 3 times, or 20 times. Pooled logistic regression was used to test the association between each potential predictor and smoking discontinuation, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results: Forty percent of 620 participants discontinued smoking during follow up. Male sex [OR (95% confidence interval), 1.8 (1.3–2.4)], age [1.3 (1.1–1.5)], cigarette package warnings [0.6 (0.5–0.9)], team sports participation [1.4 (1.1–1.9)], family stress [0.7 (0.6–1.0)], worrying about weight [0.6 (0.5–0.9)], overweight [0.7 (0.5–1.0)], illicit drugs use [0.5 (0.4–0.7)], tolerance [0.6 (0.4–1.0)], and other nicotine dependence symptoms [1.0 (0.9–1.0)] were statistically significantly associated with smoking discontinuation.

Conclusions: Both individual and context-level factors were associated with smoking discontinuation.

Impact: Programs and policy targeting novice adolescent smokers may be more effective if factors associated with long-term smoking discontinuation are taken into consideration. In particular, young smokers may need help with dependence symptoms, body weight issues, family functioning, and polysubstance use. Cigarette package warnings may be effective in helping adolescents discontinue smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 1090–101. ©2014 AACR.
Performance of the Genomic Evaluators of Metastatic Prostate Cancer (GEMCaP) Tumor Biomarker for Identifying Recurrent Disease in African American Patients
Authors: Levin Albert M. , Lindquist Karla J. , Avila Andrew , Witte John S. , Paris Pamela L. , Rybicki Benjamin A.
Published: June 2014

Evaluation of prostate cancer prognosis after surgery is increasingly relying upon genomic analyses of tumor DNA. We assessed the ability of the biomarker panel Genomic Evaluators of Metastatic Prostate Cancer (GEMCaP) to predict biochemical recurrence in 33 European American and 28 African American prostate cancer cases using genome-wide copy number data from a previous study. “Biomarker positive” was defined as ≥20% of the 38 constituent copy number gain/loss GEMCaP loci affected in a given tumor; based on this threshold, the frequency of a positive biomarker was significantly lower in African Americans (n = 2; 7%) than European Americans (n = 11; 33%; P = 0.013). GEMCaP positivity was associated with risk of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 5.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.32–15.11; P = 3 × 10−4] in the full sample and among European Americans (HR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.13–10.51; P = 0.032) but was not estimable in African Americans due to the low rate of GEMCaP positivity. Overall, the GEMCaP recurrence positive predictive value (PPV) was 85%; in African Americans, PPV was 100%. When we expanded the definition of loss to include copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (i.e., loss of one allele with concomitant duplication of the other), recurrence PPV was 83% for European American subjects. Under this definition, 5 African American subjects had a positive GEMCaP test value; 4 went on to develop biochemical recurrence (PPV = 80%). Our results suggest that the GEMCaP biomarker set could be an effective predictor for both European American and African American men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer who may benefit from immediate aggressive therapy after radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1677–82. ©2014 AACR.
‘Scarless' Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery by the Combination of Mini-Laparoscopic and Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery Equipment
Authors: Kallidonis Panagiotis , Georgiopoulos Ioannis , Kyriazis Iason , Al-Aown Abdulrahman , Kontogiannis Stavros , Stolzenburg Jens-Uwe , Liatsikos Evangelos N.
Published: June 2014

Objective: We evaluated reconstructive and oncological laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) combined with mini-laparoscopic instruments as standard equipment. Patients and Methods: 30 patients underwent reconstructive and oncological LESS: mini-laparoscopic-assisted LESS pyeloplasty (LESS-P, n = 18), mini-laparoscopic-assisted LESS partial nephrectomy (LESS-PN, n = 7) or mini-laparoscopic-assisted LESS radical prostatectomy (LESS-RP, n = 5). Perioperative data were prospectively collected. Results: The 18 LESS-P cases had operative times ranging between 120 and 180 min (average 147.9 min). Estimated blood loss ranged between 100 and 300 ml (average 202.1 ml). Two patients required additional management for failed reconstruction. LESS-PN was performed in 7 patients with tumor size ranging between 2.5 and 3.8 cm (average 2.7 cm). Average operative time and blood loss were 155 (140-180) min and 321.4 (250-550) ml, respectively. Renal artery clamping took place in 1 case. LESS-RP was performed in 5 patients; average operative time was 156 (140-180) min and average blood loss 196 (100-400) ml. Functional and oncological outcome was directly comparable to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Conclusion: The combination of LESS and mini-laparoscopic instrumentation as routine equipment of reconstructive LESS reveals a different perspective for ‘scarless' urologic surgery.
Competing Risks Model in Screening for Preeclampsia by Serum Placental Growth Factor and Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 at 30-33 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Lai Jonathan , Garcia-Tizon Larroca Santiago , Peeva Gergana , Poon Leona C. , Wright David , Nicolaides Kypros H.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To assess the risk for preeclampsia (PE) by maternal characteristics, serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) at 30-33 weeks' gestation. Methods: This was a screening study in singleton pregnancies including 2,140 that subsequently developed PE and 83,615 that were unaffected by PE, gestational hypertension or delivery of small-for-gestational-age neonates (normal group). We developed a survival time model for the time of delivery for PE by combination of maternal characteristics and history with PlGF and sFlt-1 multiple of the median (MoM) values (biochemical test). Data on third-trimester PlGF and sFlt-1 were available in 118 cases of PE and 3,734 of normal group. The detection rate (DR) of PE requiring delivery within 4, 6 and 8 weeks of the visit was estimated. Results: In pregnancies with PE, the log10 MoM values of PlGF and sFlt-1 were linearly related to gestational age at delivery. Screening by the biochemical test detected 100, 76, and 62% of PE with delivery within 4, 6 and 8 weeks of the visit, at a fixed false-positive rate of 5%. Interpretation: Testing by PlGF and sFlt-1 at 30-33 weeks could identify all pregnancies developing PE and requiring delivery within the subsequent 4 weeks.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Activation by Dietary Capsaicin Promotes Urinary Sodium Excretion by Inhibiting Epithelial Sodium Channel α Subunit–Mediated Sodium Reabsorption
Authors: Li Li , Wang Fei , Wei Xing , Liang Yi , Cui Yuanting , Gao Feng , Zhong Jian , Pu Yunfei , Zhao Yu , Yan Zhencheng , Arendshorst William J. , Nilius Bernd , Chen Jing , Liu Daoyan , Zhu Zhiming
Published: June 2014

High salt (HS) intake contributes to the development of hypertension. Epithelial sodium channels play crucial roles in regulating renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure. The renal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) cation channel can be activated by its agonist capsaicin. However, it is unknown whether dietary factors can act on urinary sodium excretion and renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function. Here, we report that TRPV1 activation by dietary capsaicin increased urinary sodium excretion through reducing sodium reabsorption in wild-type (WT) mice on a HS diet but not in TRPV1
–/–
mice. The effect of capsaicin on urinary sodium excretion was involved in inhibiting αENaC and its related with-no-lysine kinase 1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase 1 pathway in renal cortical collecting ducts of WT mice. Dietary capsaicin further reduced the increased αENaC activity in WT mice attributed to the HS diet. In contrast, this capsaicin effect was absent in TRPV1
–/–
mice. Immunoprecipitation study indicated αENaC specifically coexpressed and functionally interact with TRPV1 in renal cortical collecting ducts of WT mice. Additionally, ENaC activity and expression were suppressed by capsaicin-mediated TRPV1 activation in cultured M1-cortical collecting duct cells. Long-term dietary capsaicin prevented the development of high blood pressure in WT mice on a HS diet. It concludes that TRPV1 activation in the cortical collecting ducts by capsaicin increases urinary sodium excretion and avoids HS diet–induced hypertension through antagonizing αENaC-mediated urinary sodium reabsorption. Dietary capsaicin may represent a promising lifestyle intervention in populations exposed to a high dietary salt intake.
Green Critique in a Red Environment: East European Art and Ecology Under Socialism
Authors: Fowkes Maja , Fowkes Reuben
Published: June 2014

For the wave of ecological consciousness that spread on the counter-cultural currents of the 1968 uprisings across the globe, the Iron Curtain proved to be as porous as it was in the case of contemporary art's turn towards conceptualism. This article examines East European artists’ approaches to the natural environment and their engagement with green thought against the political, social and environmental background of real existing socialism, in which the party not only attempted to cover up the actual state of environment pollution but also to keep control over access to ecological discourse. Through the dematerialised practices of Slovenian OHO Group, Croatian group TOK, Slovak artist Rudolf Sikora and Czech Petr Štembera, it considers their critical stance towards the communist system's promethean take on nature, awareness of the social and existential aspects of environmental crisis in urban centres, investigation of cosmological dimensions as a strategy to distance themselves from the ideological contamination of the socialist public sphere, interest in phenomenological, non-hierarchical encounters with the natural world, as well as new-age experiments in communal living on the margins of socialist society. By asking how far their understanding of ecological issues was coloured by the socialist system itself and the extent to which their green critique offered an antidote to its limitations, this article proposes that the coalescence of ecology and conceptual art in the wake of 1968 could also be considered a tipping point in the slow-burning crisis of socialism, pointing the way to its subsequent implosion under the strain of social, political and environmental pressures.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of some Hemicriconemoides species (Nematoda: Criconematidae) together with a phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Van den Berg Esther , Tiedt Louwrens R. , Inserra Renato N. , Stanley Jason D. , Vovlas Nicola , Palomares Rius Juan E. , Castillo Pablo , Subbotin Sergei A.
Published: June 2014

Sheathoid nematodes of the genusHemicriconemoidesare migratory root-ectoparasites of many plants including various agricultural crops and fruit trees. They are generally found inhabiting warm areas of the world and presently consist of 52 valid species. In this study we provide morphological and molecular characterisation of 12 species of this genusviz.:H. alexis,H. brachyurus,H. californianus,H. chitwoodi,H. macrodorus,H. minutus,H. ortonwilliamsi,H. promissus,H. silvaticus,H. strictathecatus,H. wessoniandHemicriconemoidessp. originating from China, Greece, Japan, Myanmar, Spain, South Africa and the USA. Morphological descriptions, measurements, light and scanning electron microscopic observations and drawings are given for several species. Phylogenetic relationships withinHemicriconemoides, as inferred from the analyses of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and ITS-rRNA gene sequences, resulted in trees with three major clades that corresponded with species groupings based on morphology of the lip pattern and vulval flap. PCR with species-specific primers were developed forH. californianus,H. chitwoodiandH. strictathecatus.
Desire for Higher Education in First-Generation Hispanic College Students Enrolled in a Graduate Counseling Program
Authors: Olive Tamara
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Motivation to seek higher education is rarely examined in Hispanic first-generation graduate students, those whose parents have not attended college, and there is less literature examining those whose desire for education extends to a master’s degree in counseling. The purpose of this study was to conduct a phenomenological examination of the desire to attend college among first-generation Hispanic students enrolled in a counselor education program. One-hour taped interviews were conducted with three volunteer participants enrolled in a graduate counseling program at a Texas university designated as a Hispanic-serving institution. Meaning units and constituents were extracted, and a general structure was developed using the Descriptive Phenomenological Method (Giorgi, 1985). The phenomenological analysis resulted in one structure that identifies the influence of respected others; resilience and self-efficacy; self-denial; a need for distinction and career satisfaction; spirituality; altruism; and a view of commitment to a counseling degree as a nonlinear process.
Judicialisation and the End of Parliamentary Supremacy
Authors: Ng Gar Yein
Published: June 2014

There is now a greater presence of the judiciary checking the legislature, moving away from the classical paradigm that the judge is the weakest branch of government. This article traces political and judicial developments in uk, France and the Netherlands, countries following a parliamentary supremacy model. The following questions are addressed: Are courts of the early 21st century willing to supervise a parliament that has been conceived as supreme? Have parliaments subsequently shown a willingness to be supervised by courts? From the comparative analysis, what has this meant for the separation of powers?
Cajole and Control
Authors: Mangan David
Published: June 2014

Improvement of publicly funded education has long been part of governments’ more pressing mandates. With globalisation and recent economic issues, the pressure has intensified. This article canvasses the different legislative tactics employed in England to improve education delivery while reducing its cost. Two methods have been used in particular, control and cajole: successive governments have adopted a strategy of controlling the cost of education and cajoling teachers to improve student achievement. Similar sequences of events arising in both England and Canada are examined in order to highlight the distinct new course taken by the former in 2010. This paper presents examples of legislative management of education at a time when governments around the world are facing significant demands to reduce public expenditure while simultaneously increasing student achievement (as a way of preparing for the future).
Book Review: Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications, edited by Ross P. Buckley
Authors: Teniola Imoleayo Y.
Published: June 2014

Subject: international finance law

Related subject: economic development
Correction of the publication date of Lithocolletis helianthemella Herrich-Schäffer based on additional data of the taxonomic history of this species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: DE PRINS JURATE , SATTLER KLAUS
Published: June 2014

Recently De Prins et al. (2013) published a description of the new genus Triberta and transferred to it two species, T. cistifoliella (Groschke) and T. helianthemella (Herrich-Schäffer), formerly assigned to the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner. In the upcoming studies related to this new genus the need arose to clarify whether the publication year of T. helianthemella is 1860 or 1861 (Buszko 1996, 2013; De Prins & De Prins 2005, 2013).
A new forest-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) from Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand
Authors: KUNYA KIRATI , PANMONGKOL AUMPORN , PAUWELS OLIVIER S.G. , SUMONTHA MONTRI , MEEWASANA JIRAPORN , BUNKHWAMDI WORAPHOT , DANGSRI SIRIWAT
Published: June 2014

We describe a new forest-dwelling Cyrtodactylus from Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Cyrtodactylus doisuthep sp. nov. is characterized by a maximal known SVL of 90.5 mm; 19 or 20 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; a continuous series of 34 or 35 enlarged femoro-precloacal scales, including six or seven pitted scales on each femur (male and females) separated by a diastema from six pitted (females) or pore-bearing (male) precloacal scales; no precloacal groove or depression; transversely enlarged subcaudal scales; and six or seven irregular thin beige dorsal bands between limb insertions.
Economic Crisis in a Stalemated Democracy
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Piana Daniela
Published: June 2014

In Southern Europe, the economic crisis (2008-2013) triggered a deeper political crisis, affecting a number of aspects of a representative democracy. Italy provides a particularly telling case of what happens when an economic crisis occurs in an unstable political context characterized by low government effectiveness, low efficiency, corruption, decline of electoral participation, fragmented and radicalized party competition, social inequality, high public debt, and other related features, here summarized in the model of “stalemated democracy.” On the basis of a comprehensive data set developed along with eight dimensions of democracy assessment and taking into account the policies pursued during the years of the crisis, we analyze the different effects of economic crisis—some of them expected, others more surprising—and how those effects characterize Italian political crisis and a new phase of great uncertainty. In the concluding remarks we offer an explanation of the role played by the economic crisis, focusing on the interplay between veto rules and actual veto players. Such an explanation is also relevant to see key, more in-depth aspects of Italian democracy during last 20 years and earlier.
Leading from the front: America, Libya and the localisation of R2P
Authors: Vaughn Jocelyn , Dunne Tim
Published: June 2014

The United States has historically been inconsistent and ambivalent about the responsibility to protect. Part 1 of the article sets out a theoretical framework for understanding how the United States aligns itself with the responsibility to protect; it does so by initially using the idea of norm localisation, which reveals important convergences and tensions between the international norm and the localised variant that we call ‘genocide and mass atrocity prevention/protection’. Part 2 looks at the impact of this norm innovation in relation to the position that the United States government adopted on Libya – suggesting that it played a critical leadership role in the crisis and in doing so took risks with its international reputation while knowing that there was little prospect that this action would be warmly greeted by Congress or domestic public opinion.
Analytic Approaches to the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)
Authors: Blozis Shelley A. , Villarreal Ricardo
Published: June 2014

This brief research report shows how different applications of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) can have implications for the interpretation of the role of ethnic identity in research. Throughout the MEIM’s widespread use, notable inconsistencies lie in how the measure has been applied. This report uses empirical data to demonstrate differences in statistical inference due to these differences in usage.
Second language acquisition and schizophrenia
Authors: Dugan James E
Published: June 2014

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that results in language-related symptoms at various discourse levels, ranging from semantics (e.g. inventing words and producing nonsensical strands of similar-sounding words) to pragmatics and higher-level functioning (e.g. too little or too much information given to interlocutors, and tangential discourse). Most of the literature concerning people with schizophrenia who acquire a second or foreign language suggests that these linguistic deficits are not as prominent (in some instances, altogether absent) when patients use their non-dominant language, a phenomenon that has been used to support different claims posited by psychologists and linguists about schizophrenia and second language learning alike. This review explores the relationship between second language acquisition and schizophrenia, and discusses how empirical findings regarding multilingual individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia inform current notions regarding second language acquisition.
An epidemiological study to assess the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain among adults with diabetes attending private and institutional outpatient clinics in South Africa
Authors: Jacovides Andrew , Bogoshi Mampedi , Distiller Larry A , Mahgoub Ehab Y , Omar Mahomed KA , Tarek Ismail A , Wajsbrot Dalia B
Published: June 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) among South African adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited patients with diabetes from 50 institutional/private clinics. DPNP was diagnosed using Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire (score ≥4). Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and sleep were assessed with EQ-5D and Daily Sleep Interference Scale (DSIS), respectively.

Results

Prevalence of DPNP was 30.3% ( n = 1046). Risk of DPNP was significantly increased in people aged 50–64 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.21, 2.41), with diabetes for ≥10 years (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15, 2.08), female patients (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18, 2.12), and black patients (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.19, 2.46). Mean ± SD EQ-5D and DSIS scores were 0.84 ± 0.16 and 0.83 ± 1.90, respectively, in participants without DPNP versus 0.64 ± 0.25 and 3.62 ± 2.96, respectively, in those with DPNP.

Conclusions

DPNP is widely prevalent in South Africa. Despite its negative impact on HRQoL and sleep, DPNP is inadequately treated. DN4 is an easy-to-use, validated questionnaire that can be used widely as a DPNP screening tool in clinical practice.
Weapon Possession Among College Students
Authors: Jang Hyunseok , Kang Ji Hyon , Dierenfeldt Rick , Lindsteadt Greg
Published: June 2014

Weapon possession on college campuses causes great concern, but there remains a lack of research examining the determinants of this phenomenon. Previous studies addressing weapon possession have primarily focused on either K-12 or the general adult population. Unlike previous studies, this study examined the weapon possession among college students using data collected from a mid-sized university in Missouri, and 451 students participated. Weapon possession and other theoretical factors were measured through the self-administered survey. Logistical regression analysis revealed that weapon socialization was the most significant factor in predicting student weapon carrying. Also, gender and age were significant factors in explaining campus-based weapon possession. This research has a limitation with generalizability because the data were collected from only a single university with convenient sampling. Future studies need to cover a wider range of college students from a variety of different universities with random sampling.
Effect of Notchplasty in Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Koga Hideyuki , Muneta Takeshi , Yagishita Kazuyoshi , Watanabe Toshifumi , Mochizuki Tomoyuki , Horie Masafumi , Nakamura Tomomasa , Sekiya Ichiro
Published: June 2014

Background:

The effects of notchplasty on the clinical outcome after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remain unclear.

Hypothesis:

Anatomic ACL reconstruction with notchplasty would result in less risk of loss of extension and would provide adequate space for better graft healing, leading to better knee stability compared with anatomic ACL reconstruction without notchplasty.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 137 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction were included. Seventy-three patients without notchplasty were classified as the control group, and 64 patients with 2-mm notchplasty were classified as the notchplasty group. The following evaluation methods were used: loss of extension, patient’s subjective feeling of limited extension and pain at passive full extension, muscle strength, manual laxity tests, KT-1000 arthrometer measurement, patellofemoral joint findings, Tegner score, Lysholm score, subjective scores, and time to return to sports. Tearing of the reconstructed ACL and additional synovectomy were recorded. Both tibial and femoral tunnel positions were measured using 2-view radiographs: a Rosenberg and a lateral view.

Results:

Loss of extension was larger in the notchplasty group compared with controls (at 6 months: 0.8° vs 1.4°, P = .012; at 2 years: 0.4° vs 0.9°, P = .0053). The number of patients with a feeling of limited extension was also larger in the notchplasty group (at 6 months: 13 patients graded 1+ [somewhat limited] and 2 patients graded 2+ [very limited] vs 18 graded 1+ and 6 graded 2+, P = .015; at 2 years: 2 graded 1+ and 0 graded 2+ vs 4 graded 1+ and 5 graded 2+, P = .011). Six patients in the notchplasty group required additional synovectomy because of the prolonged loss of extension, whereas no patient in the control group required additional synovectomy. There were no differences between groups regarding muscle strength, patellofemoral findings, Lysholm score, Tegner score, subjective scores, or time to return to sports. The KT-1000 arthrometer measurement was better in the notchplasty group (1.2 vs 0.4 mm, P = .0017). However, 6 patients in the notchplasty group showed an overconstrained knee (KT-1000 measurement ≤–2 mm), compared with only 1 patient in the control group. There were no differences between groups in the other manual laxity tests or the tunnel positions.

Conclusion:

In anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction, anterior stability was improved and there were no harmful effects on patellofemoral joint findings by 2-mm notchplasty; however, notchplasty likely caused overconstrained knee, leading to a need for additional synovectomy in some patients. In contrast, anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction without notchplasty did not increase the incidence of loss of extension or of graft failure.
Let them eat cake: Food prices, domestic policy and social unrest
Authors: Weinberg Joe , Bakker Ryan
Published: June 2014

Recent price spikes in the international commodity markets have been blamed for numerous riots, protests and other forms of civil unrest. While these effects are widespread, they are not universal. In this article we investigate the relationship between food prices and social unrest. More specifically, we are concerned with the factors that make civil conflict more or less likely when food prices are elevated. We borrow from the extant literature on civil conflict as well as agriculture economics in order to analyze this phenomenon and help explain the variation among different countries. By merging these two research programs, we hope to make a contribution to each. We utilize a domestic-level measure of food prices rather than the world market price in order to more accurately represent national-level economic conditions. Our results show a positive and significant relationship between food prices and outbreak of social unrest and conflict across a wide range of coutries. Thus, we recommend the inclusion of a food price variable into any future studies of civil conflict. More importantly, we have helped to identify the potential factors that might insulate countries from food-oriented conflict. Given the events of the past year, this issue is paramount for scholars and world leaders alike.
More than Members: Market Revitalization in the Building Trades
Authors: Kosla Martin T.
Published: June 2014

For decades sociologists have been interested in the labor movement’s attempts to rebound. Most research, however, focuses on revitalization within the service industry, ignoring important efforts in other sectors, like construction. As recent scholars argue, revitalization within the building trades is unique because organizing workers is not the same as organizing work. Locals must simultaneously increase membership and market capacity. Unfortunately, existing theories ignore many obstacles that building trade unions face in market expansion efforts. These obstacles include macro-economic conditions, like the Great Recession, which limit work opportunities; inter-union competition which allows one Local to expand market share by poaching work from another; and cost differentials which continue to prevent unions from breaking into new markets. Relying on the case of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) Local 58, these obstacles are explored and used to reformulate current theories on revitalization and market recovery within the building trades.
‘We Must Demonstrate Intolerance toward the Intolerant’: Boundary Liberalism in Citizenship Education for Immigrants in Germany
Authors: Brown Jessica Autumn
Published: June 2014

Following the decline of ethnic notions of national identity, the extent to which immigrants are believed to have acceptably liberal values has become a site of boundary making in Western Europe. Much scholarly work has focused on ‘boundary liberalism’ in European media/policy discourse, and the ways that Muslim migrants in particular are framed as carriers of unacceptable ideologies. There has, however, been little exploration of how these ideas shape practice in the mandatory citizenship training that is an increasingly common feature of European integration regimes. This article examines boundary liberalism in citizenship education as it took place in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Attention is paid to how instructors interpret the mandate to enforce tolerance in others in light of Germany’s own problematic history, how curricula and classroom interactions define normative liberalism, and how lessons on these values still draw the symbolic boundaries of national and supranational identities to exclude Muslims.
False Consciousness Reconsidered: A Theory of Defective Social Cognition
Authors: Thompson Michael J.
Published: June 2014

This article provides a reconstruction of the concept of false consciousness seen as defective forms of reasoning that derive from particular forms of socialization. In contrast to the traditional understanding of the concept, I suggest that it is a state of accepting the value patterns and cognitive styles of thinking generated by others, particularly by forms of institutional norms and cultural patterns of activity that can deform critical-cognitive capacities. As a result, false consciousness is a phenomenon linked to questions of power since it is the very means by which groups come to submit themselves to the interests of others, in particular the ability of an elite to be able to actively distract subordinates from questioning the basis of their social relations with one another. False consciousness is therefore recast here as a pathology of subjective cognitive and moral reasoning faculties brought on by particular social-cultural forces within administrative-capitalist society.
Social Stratification, Oral Hygiene, and Trajectories of Dental Caries Among Old Americans
Authors: Liang Jersey , Wu Bei , Plassman Brenda , Bennett Joan M. , Beck Jim
Published: June 2014

Objective: This study analyzed how oral hygiene (i.e., brushing, rinsing, and flossing) influences the trajectories of dental caries (i.e., numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth) among older Americans within the context of social stratification. Method: Data came from Piedmont Dental Study that involved a sample of 810 older Americans who were dentate in 1988 with up to four repeated observations through 1994. Hierarchical linear models were used for data analysis. Results: Brushing, flossing, and rinsing were associated with the trajectories of dental caries in distinct ways. In addition, oral hygiene was correlated with race, education, household income, and use of dental care. The effects of brushing and flossing on decayed and missing teeth remained robust, even when socio-demographic and health attributes were controlled. Conversely, socioeconomic disparities in dental caries persisted, when oral hygiene was adjusted. Discussion: Both social stratification and oral hygiene need to be considered in promoting oral health.
The Role of Relationship Biography in Advance Care Planning
Authors: Moorman Sara M. , Carr Deborah , Boerner Kathrin
Published: June 2014

Objective: We examine the ways that romantic relationship biographies are related to whether, how, and with whom individuals complete advance care planning (ACP), preparations for end-of-life medical care. Method: Data are from an Internet survey of 2,144 adults aged 18 to 64, all of whom were either married to or cohabiting with an opposite-sex partner. Results: Cohabitors were less likely than married people to complete ACP. Relationship quality was an important influence on ACP, but did not account for the differences between married and cohabiting persons. Differences were largely explained by the age composition of the groups. Discussion: Couples who foresee a long and stable future together are those most likely to engage in end-of-life planning, a preventative health behavior with long-term consequences for well-being.
Parenteral antiretroviral formulations are still urgently needed: a case report and commentary
Authors: Odongo Fatuma Catherine Atieno
Published: June 2014

This case report highlights a challenging clinical dilemma to administer antiretroviral therapy in a critically-ill human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient who presented with multiple opportunistic infections and a non-functional gastrointestinal tract. The need for parenteral antiretroviral drug options is discussed and investigational drugs are briefly reviewed.
Emotional Awareness: On the Importance of Including Emotional Aspects in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
Authors: Ojala Maria
Published: June 2014

Pluralistic approaches to education for sustainable development (ESD) that acknowledge complexity, value conflicts and uncertainty in learning about sustainable development have become popular in recent years. In implementing these, educational researchers have been inspired by deliberative communication models. Deliberative approaches can, however, be criticized for lacking sufficient insight into how emotions influence deliberation and learning. The first aim of this article is thus to review theories and earlier research, mainly in psychology, that demonstrate the importance of taking emotional aspects seriously in ESD. The second aim is to show that since emotions sometimes can be difficult to bear, it is also important to be aware of emotion regulation strategies in order to promote pluralistic learning. The third aim is to discuss practical implications for ESD, with an emphasis on the importance of allowing articulation of emotional reactions and the need to consider emotion regulation strategies at individual, group and cultural levels.
Education for Sustainable Development in Initial Teacher Education: From Compliance to Commitment—Sowing the Seeds of Change
Authors: Summers Denise
Published: June 2014

Despite increasing awareness of the importance of sustainability and national and international policies suggesting education is the key, there has been limited progress so far in the UK education system. Although there are areas of good practice, there is little evidence of the higher orders of learning and change required for the transformative approach necessary for a sustainable future. This article reports on research carried out to investigate the influence of embedding education for sustainable development (ESD) in an initial teacher education programme for student teachers in the further education and skills sector. The way in which the students and initial teacher educators are conceptualizing ESD is explored, as well as the way in which the introduction to ESD has influenced their professional and personal lives. Their responses are analyzed in relation to Sterling’s ( 2011 ) levels of learning and change to consider the levels achieved by the students and tutors.
The Sustainable University: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Koester Robert J.
Published: June 2014

Stephen Sterling, Larch Maxey, Heather Luna (Eds), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Abingdon, Oxon, and New York, 2012, 332 pages, $118.60 (hard cover), $116.00 USD kindle. ISBN: 978-0-415-62774-0; ISBN (e-book): 978-0-203-10178-0
The Utility of MMPI-2-RF Substantive Scales in Prediction of Negative Treatment Outcomes in a Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Anestis Joye C. , Gottfried Emily D. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: June 2014

This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) substantive scales in the prediction of premature termination and therapy no-shows while controlling for other relevant predictors in a university-based community mental health center, a sample at high risk of both premature termination and no-show appointments. Participants included 457 individuals seeking services from a university-based psychology clinic. Results indicated that Juvenile Conduct Problems (JCP) predicted premature termination and Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction and JCP predicted number of no-shows, when accounting for initial severity of illness, personality disorder diagnosis, therapist experience, and other related MMPI-2-RF scales. The MMPI-2-RF Aesthetic-Literary Interests scale also predicted number of no-shows. Recommendations for applying these findings in clinical practice are discussed.
Factorial Invariance of the Five-Factor Model Rating Form Across Gender
Authors: Samuel Douglas B. , South Susan C. , Griffin Sarah A.
Published: June 2014

The Five-Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF) provides a brief, one-page assessment of the Five-Factor Model. An important and unique aspect of the FFMRF is that it is the only brief measure that includes scales for the 30 facets proposed by Costa and McCrae. The current study builds on existing validity support for the FFMRF by evaluating its factorial invariance across gender within a sample of 699 undergraduate students. Consistent with other measures of the Five-Factor Model, men scored lower than women on the domains of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness but slightly higher on openness. The novel contribution of the current study is the use of exploratory structural equation modeling to determine that the FFMRF displayed a five-factor structure that demonstrated strong measurement invariance across gender. This factorial invariance adds important support for the validity of the FFMRF as a self-report measure as it indicates that the scores assess the same latent constructs in men and women. Although future work is needed to clarify some facet-level findings and evaluate for potential predictive biases, the present results add to the increasing body of research supporting the validity of the FFMRF as a self-report measure of personality.
The most fulminant course of the Marburg variant of multiple sclerosis—autopsy findings
Authors: Nunes JC , Radbruch H , Walz R , Lin K , Stenzel W , Prokop S , Koch A , Heppner FL
Published: June 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually a chronic and disabling inflammatory disease. Marburg’s type of MS is characterized by rapid progression and severe disease course that leads to death within one year after the onset of clinical signs. We describe a fulminant clinical presentation of this malignant subtype of MS and discuss the neuropathological hallmarks as well as differential diagnoses of other fulminant demyelinating diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most fulminant course of this MS variant reported in the literature.
Cleanliness/dirtiness, purity/impurity as social and psychological issues
Authors: Speltini Giuseppina , Passini Stefano
Published: June 2014

The issue of cleanliness in its clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies definitely has a social and cultural dimension. Some daily cleaning practices are indeed quite common actions in every culture and society, even if some differences in the frequency and quality of the practices and in the value attributed to them do exist. In this article, we will discuss how cleaning practices and contamination fears sink their roots in the social context and in cultural practices. In particular, we will explore the connections between one's own sense of cleanliness and attitudes of prejudice and intolerance toward other groups. First, the issue of cleanliness over the centuries and the exaggerations of cleanliness referring to individual psychopathology will be examined. Then, the psychosocial meaning of cleanliness will be considered in revealing the impact of the clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies on day-to-day social interactions with others.
The social psychology of intractable conflicts
Authors: Mazur Lucas
Published: June 2014

The author reviews Daniel Bar-Tal’s summary of the social-psychological research on mass violence, particularly intractable conflicts, and critically examines his synthesis of this large and growing body of literature. What actually defines a conflict as intractable is discussed, and an overview of past research is presented. The author explores Bar-Tal’s thinking on the escalation of conflict, how societies are shaped by conflict, how conflicts come to be sustained over time so as to become intractable, and finally, how such conflicts might be brought to an end. While sustained, large-scale conflicts are truly awful, in that they cause horror but also astonishment, they arise from the normal, mundane processes underlying intergroup dynamics. In this sense, their “normality” offers invaluable insights into how to assuage the suffering caused by what are otherwise mundane and even valuable social-psychological processes.
The dialogicality of cleanliness ‘thematizing’ the clean/dirty antinomy in the background of the theory of social representations
Authors: Rochira Alessia
Published: June 2014

Speltini and Passini manuscript points to a theoretical framework for exploring the psychosocial dimensions of the issue of cleanliness addressing the clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies. In particular, the authors discuss the symbolic and normative valence of the issue of cleanliness and demonstrate its social and cultural rootedness feeding negative attitudes and adverse emotions towards persons and groups. Elaborating on the arguments of Speltini and Passini, I endorse the conceptual overlapping between the issue of cleanliness and the dialogical notion of basic themata. In the background of social representation theory, the process of anchoring serves as context for addressing this conceptual overlapping and for challenging the profound interrelationship between the issue of cleanliness and the theme of intergroup dynamics and inter-ethnic encounters.