bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The permeability of hyperplastic oral epithelium
Authors: Squier C. A. , Hall B. K.
Published: April 2006

An epithelial hyperplasia is one of the reactions of skin and oral mucosa to chemical and mechanical insult. It is usually assumed that this reaction produces a more effective epithelial harrier, but there is no information as to whether a less permeable (issue results. To examine this question, hyperplasia was induced in the cheek pouches of hamsters by either chemical treatment with 0.0025% TPA in acetone or by mechanical abrasion with a rotating mop; untreated hamsters served as controls. The animals were killed and the cheek pouches were removed, mounted in diffusion chambers and the permeability to labelled water and horseradish peroxidase (IIRPO) determined. The results showed that higher values were obtained for the permeability constant of hyperplastic epithelia than for that of control tissue, suggesting that an increased epithelial thickness is not necessarily associated with an improved permeability barrier function. The presence of an inferior barrier layer in hyperplastic epithelia may be related to the increased rate of turnover of this tissue.
Analysis of a kindred with amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Wright J. T.
Published: April 2006

Amelugenesis imperfecta (A1) is a group of hereditary disorders whose manifestations are generally considered as being confined to the teeth. Pedigree analysis of a kindred revealed 2 siblings affected with AI which was consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Cephalometric evaluation showed both children to have an obtuse gonial angle and steep mandibutar plane. These skeletal changes were manifested as a severe anterior open bite. Histological evaluation of the teeth demonstrated numerous enamel changes including altered prism morphology, prism coalescence and disruption, globular inclusions, and irregular crystallite orientation. The clinical and histological data are consistent with autosonial recessive pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. The enamel defects appear to be caused by the combination of decreased mineral deposition with abnormal crystallite and prism formation. Some areas of enamel hypoplasia seem to exist as well.
Langerhans cell surface densities in rat oral mucosa and human buccal mucosa
Authors: Ahlfors E. E. , Laksson P. Å. , Bergstresser P. R.
Published: April 2006

We determined surface densities of Langerhans cells (LCs) in rat oral mucosa and human buccal mucosa by enumerating ATPase‐positive dendritic cells in epithelial whole mounts. For the rat, mean surface densities per mm2 were 160 in anterior buccal mucosa, 640 in posterior buccal mucosa, 430 in the palate and 340 in the tongue. Human buccal mucosa showed a density of 890 cells per mm2. We conclude that LC densities in oral mucosa approximate those of external body sites, making them available in numbers sufficient to accomplish their postulated antigen‐presenting functions.
Indomethacin and 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthraceneinduced carcinogenesis in the hamster buccal pouch
Authors: Gould A. R. , Miller R. L. , Grant F. T. , Perry D. A.
Published: April 2006

Indomethacin was not observed to produce any significant effect upon hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. No statistically significant difference in delayed hyper‐sensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene was found between Indomethacin‐treated, tumor‐bearing and control groups.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of Actinomyces species and Arachnia propionica in periapical infections
Authors: Happonhn R.‐P. , Söderling E. , Viander M. , Linko‐Kittunen L. , Pelliniemi L. J.
Published: April 2006

Immunocytochemical methods were used for the demonstration of Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Arachnia propionica in bacterial colonies found in 7 routine biopsies from periapical inflammatory lesions. All 3 species were found in one specimen, both A. israelii and A. propionica in 3 specimens, and one of each species in the remaining 3 biopsies. Specificity controls by enzyme immunoassay showed that antiserum to A. israelii reacted also with A. odontolylicus, and that to A. naeslundii with A. viscosus, while antiserum to A. propionica did not show any cross‐reactions with Actinomyces species. The results indicate that immunocytochemical methods can be used for the diagnosis of periapical actinomycosis at the species level. Actinomyces and Arachnia species seem to have an important role in the pathogenesis of complicated periapical infections.
Epithelial dysplasia immediately adjacent to oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Wright A. , Shear M.
Published: April 2006

A number of workers have attempted to identify features which may be predictors of malignant change, by prospective studies of dysplastic lesions. In the present study we have looked at dysplastic changes immediately adjacent to established squamous carcinomas in an attempt to determine whether any predictors can be identified in this way. Eighty cases were included in the study for whom information on tobacco usage was known. Clinical details were recorded. Histological features in epithelium immediately adjacent to the carcinoma were studied in representative sections. Eighteen specific histological characteristics were noted as present or absent. Data were transferred by Conversational Monitoring System (CMS) terminal. Processed and analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Computer package. Only 8 patients were non‐smokers (10%). Dysplastic changes in adjacent epithelium were frequently multicentric. Changes appear to occur first in the basal layer in the form of disturbance of polarity or basal cell hyperplasia, while other dysplastic features are absent. The feature referred to as basal cell hyperplasia appears, in fact, to represent disturbed epithelial maturation. In 80% of cases increased nucleo‐cytoplasmic ratio appears to result from a decrease in cytoplasmic volume rather than increased nuclear size. A defect in RNA synthesis may be a factor. A sharp decrease in inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of adjacent epithelium, compared with that of the carcinoma, was observe. Russell bodies were noted in 5 of the 8 lesions in non‐smokers (63%) and in 16 of 72 lesions in smokers (22%) (p<0.001:Chi2 17.65).
Lymphocyte function in recurrent aphthous ulceration
Authors: Greenspan J. S. , Gadol N. , Olson J. A. , Hoover C. I. , Jacobsen P. L. , Shillitoe H. J. , Armitage G. C.
Published: April 2006

Lymphocyte blast transformation responses to mitogens and to streptococcal, adenovirus Type I, and oral mucosal antigens were studied in 32 patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) and matched control subjects. RAU patients showed significantly depressed (p<0.05) responses to mitogens in comparison with matched controls, but there was no significant difference between patients and controls in response to any of the antigens tested, These results indicate that neither cell‐mediated hypersensitivity to streptococcal or viral antigens nor cross‐reactivity between oral mucosal and streptococcal antigens are likely lo play a role in the pathogenesis of RAU. Rather, the data support the hypothesis of an imbalance or defect in immune cell subpopulations.
Natural root caries: a histologic and microradiographic evaluation
Authors: Wefel J. S. , Clarkson B. H. , Heilman J. R.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the detailed histopathology of naturally occurring root caries. Fifty extracted human teeth exhibiting some degree of root caries were sectioned longitudinally and examined with transmitted light, polarized light and microradiography. The occurrence of the histological zones of dentinal caries was tabulated and revealed a lesion body in all eases Light microscopy showed the same basic features as microradiography and was most useful when the sections were imbibed in quinoline. A structureless area below the main body of the lesion was observed in 77% of the cases when using quinoline. This fluid more clearly defined the extent of the lesion and may show a “phenolic reaction” when using polarized light microscopy. Partial radiopaque surface layers were observed in almost 80% of the sections. This study has described the detailed histopathology of root caries, and aids in the development of model systems to evaluate this emerging dental health problem.
Histochemical studies of obstructive adenitis in human submandibular salivary glands. I. Immunohistochemical demonstration of lactoferrin, lysozyme and carcinoembryonic antigen
Authors: Tsukitani K. , Nakai M. , Tatemoto Y. , Hikosaka N. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistochemical detection of lactoforrin (LF), lysozyme (LZ) and carcinoembryonie antigen (CEA) was made in obstructive adenitis of the submandibular glands. Atrophic and altered acinar cells in the early stage of the lesion stained strongly for I.F, whereas they were unreactive or stained slightly for LZ. Ductal cells usually stained for LZ Staining for CEA was strong and irregularly distributed in altered acinar cells. Duct‐like structures and dilated ductal segments in the chronic stage were generally negative for LF LZ and CEA. Secretory components in luminal cavities gave abundant staining for LF. LZ and CEA. Histocytes which infiltrated into the connective tissue in the later stage showed a positive LZ reaction.
Hyaline bodies in ameloblastoma: histological and ultrastructural observations
Authors: Takeda Y. , Kikuchi H. , Suzuki A.
Published: April 2006

An exceedingly rare case of ameloblastoma. plexiform type, which contained numerous hyaline bodies was reported. Hyaline bodies occurred within the parenchyma, and showed similar histochemical reactions to those of hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts. Ultrastructurally, hyaline bodies found in the present case of ameloblastoma were composed of a peripheral electron‐dense area and central electron‐lucent area. Well‐developed endoplasmic reticulum containing electron‐lucent and homogeneous substance were seen in the epithelial cells adjacent to hyaline bodies. Furthermore, electron‐dense spherical granules, with or without limiting membrane, were scattered in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. It is thought that hyaline bodies in the present case of ameloblastoma are particular products formed by odontogenic epithelial cells.
A histological analysis of the early effects of alcohol and tobacco usage on human lingual epithelium
Authors: Valentine J. A. , Scott J. , West C. R. , St. Hill C. A.
Published: April 2006

Macroscopically normal tongues were examined from 161 necropsies. Two types of lingual epithelium were investigated by morphometry and the results were statistically analysed in relation to known levels of alcohol and tobacco usage in each case. Alcohol and tobacco were each associated with a reduction in epithelial thickness brought about by a reduction in the maturation layer due mainly to cell shrinkage By contrast, the progenitor layer increased in size, due to hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia Changes occurred in each type of epithelium and were more severe with alcohol. There was no significant interaction between alcohol and tobacco. The structural changes appeared to be non‐specific reactions to local toxic effects of alcohol and tobacco. They could, if accompanied by equivalent functional decrements, indicate an increased vulnerability to carcinogens, whether or not these derive from alcoholic drinks or tobacco smoke.
Lethal effect of male rat submandibular gland homogenate for rat neonates
Authors: Dean D. H. , Hiramoto R. N.
Published: April 2006

Suckling rats injected subcutaneously with male submandibular gland homogenate (SMGH), but not liver homogenate (L.H), died within 24 h. Weanling and adult rats injected with proportionately greater doses of male SMGH did not die. Suckling rats injected with male SMGH exhibited a I200% increase in scrum trypsin‐like activity while the corresponding increase for an adult receiving a proportionately similar dose was 46%. We suggest that pups injected subcutaneously with SMGH absorbed trypsin‐like enzymes into their bloodstream, were unable to inactivate the enzyme. and suffered a hypotensive crisis leading to death.
Effect of excisional wounding on DMBA ‐induced hamster tongue carcinogenesis
Authors: Maeda H. , Kameyama Y.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate histologically the effect of wounding on the hamster tongue after pretreatment with DMBA. The animals in which the tips of the tongues were pretreated with DMBA for 8 weeks, subsequently excised, and had no treatment or received applications of acetone, showed epithelial dysplasias. The animals which had the same pretreatment, excision, and received additional post‐excision applications of DMBA for 9–13 days, developed squamous cell carcinomas. However, the animals which were pretreated with DMBA for 8 weeks but had no excision, did not show any pathologic changes, even though they received additional applications of DMBA for 9–13 days. The animals which received no pretreatment with DMBA for 8 weeks hut had an excision, showed normal wound healing, even though they had a post‐treatment with DMBA for 9‐13 days. The results of the present study indicated that excisional wounding acted as a promotional stimulus in inducing the appearance of epithelial dysplasias or carcinomas of tongues initiated with the carcinogen DMBA.
Initiation and promotion of experimental oral mucosal carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Steidler N. E. , Reade P. C.
Published: April 2006

While there is considerable evidence that skin carcinogenesis proceeds as a step‐wise series of changes, little evidence is available to indicate that a similar mechanism applies to oral mucosal carcinogenesis. In the current study, a mouse model of mucosal carcinogenesis was used to examine the effects of repeated applications of the phorbol ester phorbol‐12,13‐didecanoate (FDD) following various periods of treatment with the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO). All animals were histologically examined at 50 weeks. Oral epithelial dysplasia was seen in animals treated with 4NQO for as little as 2 weeks, and oral squamous cell carcinomas developed in all animals treated with 4NQO for 12 weeks. In those mice treated with PDD as well, carcinomas developed in mice receiving as little as 2 weeks treatment with 4NQO, and 100% of mice treated with 4NQO for 12 weeks, followed by PDD treatment, developed carcinomas. The results indicate that irreversible changes in the oral mucosa of mice occur relatively early during treatment with 4NQO, and the development of carcinomas can be enhanced with subsequent PDD treatment, giving an indication of staged carcinogenesis in this model system.
Langerhans cells in verruciform xanthomas: an immunoperoxidase study of 10 oral cases
Authors: Rowden G. , Lovas G. , Shafer W. , Sheikh K.
Published: April 2006

Ten oral verruciform xanthomas were studied using an immunoperoxidase stain for S‐100 protein. All cases exhibited positively stained dendritic cells among the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at the base of the lesions and to a lesser extent among the “foam cells”. The foam cells were, however, negative for S‐100 staining. We suggest that, based on these findings, verruciform xanthomas belong to a new category of “non‐X histiocytoses” in which the presence of Langerhans cells suggests an immunologic pathogenesis.
Histologic study of the inhibition of bone resorption in organ cultures by myoinositol‐2‐monophosphate
Authors: Gomes B. C. , Kaufman H. W. , Archard H. O. , Cangemi C. , Guerra A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study examines chemically and histologically the relative abilities of inositiol monophosphate (IP1), inorganic phosphate (Pi), ethane‐1‐hydroxy‐1, 1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene disphosphonate (Cl2MDP) to inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH) ‐ induced resorption of fetal rat long bones in organ culture. Pregnant rats injected with 45Ca on the 18th day of gestation were killed the next day and their fetuses removed. Half of each pair of dissected long bones was incubated in a chemically defined control medium while the contralateral half was incubated in medium containing PTH or PTH plus the compound to be tested. 45Ca released into the medium was indicative of the amount of bone resorption. Bones were then processed histologically and examined microscopically. All compounds inhibited resorption to some extent with IP1 and Pi being less effective than EHDP or Cl2MDP at comparable phosphate concentrations. However, the disphosphonates damaged osteoclasts whereas IP1 and Pi did not. This suggests that IP1 may inhibit resorption by a different mechanism perhaps related only to prevention of crystal dissolution.
Immunoglobulin‐producing cells in labial salivary glands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Matthews J. B. , Potts A. J. C. , Hamburger J. , Struthers G. , Scott D. G. I.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of immunoglobulin‐producing cells within labial salivary glands from normal individuals (n = 7) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 10) and systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 9) was studied using morphometric and indirect immunoperoxidase methods. Cell counts revealed a significant increase in the density of IgG cells within glands from both patient groups compared with glands from normal individuals. No significant differences in the density of IgA‐ or IgM‐producing cells between the 3 groups were observed although large individual variations were apparent. Histomorphometric studies showed an increase in the lymphoid compartment and a decrease in glandular elements within glands from the 2 patient groups. When data for all specimens were pooled a significant positive correlation was obtained between the percent area of stromal lymphoid tissue and density of IgG and IgM cells.
Malignant potential of oral lichen planus: observations in 722 patients from India
Authors: Murti P. R. , Daftary D. K. , Bhonsle R. B. , Gupta P. C. , Mehta F. S. , Pindborg J. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The malignant potential of oral lichen planus was assessed on the basis of observations in 722 patients found among 27,599 individuals examined in various epidemiologic studies in Kerala, Ernakulam district, India. Seven hundred and two patients with oral lichen planus were re‐examined annually over a 10‐year period with a mean observation period of 5.1 years. Most of the lesions (93%) were observed among tobacco users. Carcinoma developed in 3 (0.4%) patients with oral lichen planus. Clinically, all 3 had atrophic components in their lesions, and all were tobacco users. The relative risk of a lichen planus developing oral cancer compared to a tobacco user was estimated as 3.3. However, this relative risk was not significant. Histologically, 74% of the 94 biopsies from oral lichen planus showed epithelial atrophy. Two of the 3 in whom cancer developed also showed epithelial atrophy. It is felt that epithelial atrophy probably renders the mucosa more vulnerable to the carcinogenic action of tobacco. Although this study could not confirm the precancerous nature of this disease with a high degree of certainty, the disease did not appear to be innocuous either.
Effects of orthodontic force on enamel formation in normal and hypocalcemic rats
Authors: Engstrom C. , Noren J. G.
Published: April 2006

Maxillary incisors of young rats fed a diet deficient in calcium and vitamin D for 4 weeks developed hypoplastic enamel surfaces. In the enamel of maxillary incisors of deficiently fed rats as well as in normal rats, an orthodontic force (50 gin) acting on their incisors for 3–7 days induced foldings in the enamel, globular projections from the surface and marked hypoplastic defects. However, the orthodontic force produced clusters of free‐lying enamel matrix only in the nutritionally deficient rats. In view of these observations, it might be concluded that disturbances in enamel formation which cause hypoplasias can he caused both by mechanical trauma and hypocalcemia. Furthermore, it seems that hypocalcemia increases the susceptibility to mechanical trauma of ameloblasts in their secretory stage. Whether the changes in enamel formation noted in the hypocalcemic rats is a direct effect of lowered serum calcium or due to the increase in parathyroid hormone is not known at present.
Focal lymphocytic infiltration in the human labial salivary glands: a postmortem study
Authors: Takeda Y. , Komori A.
Published: April 2006

Focal lymphocytic infiltration in the human labial salivary glands was examined in a series of 190 postmortem subjects after suitable exclusion had been made. Focal lymphocytic infiltration, with or without a slight degree of parenchymal atrophic change, was found in 22.4% of the males and in 35.7% of the females. Of these, 9.0% (12 subjects) of the males and 10.7% (6 subjects) of the females with focal lymphocytic infiltration did not show any atrophic changes of the parenchyma. In the series reported here, the prevalence of focal lymphocytic infiltration apparently differs from the results of earlier investigators who had reported that none of the postmortem subjects without autoimmune diseases or connective tissue diseases showed focal lymphocytic infiltration in minor salivary glands. Although the pathological significance of focal lymphocytic infiltration in the minor salivary glands remains obscure, its diagnostic value for Sjögren's syndrome is discussed.
A scanning electron microscopic study of fissured tongue
Authors: Kullaa‐Mikkonen A. , Sorvari T. E.
Published: April 2006

In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the surface morphology of fissured tongue. Tissue samples from the anterior part of the tongue were taken from 15 patients with fissured tongue. The formalin‐fixed samples were processed routinely for scanning electron microscopy. Typically, the surface of a fissured tongue was covered with hairless papillae of various sizes. The biggest papillae were larger than the body of a normal filliform papilla, and the apex was rounded and rough. On the other hand, some of these papillae had a few hairs and resembled normal filiform papillae, but were flatter. In addition some papillae formed only slight elevations on the tongue mucosa, which was smooth and contained some desquamating cells. The walls of the fissure found in macroscopical examination consisted of very low elevations of the smooth mucosa with some desquamating cells. At high magnification the superficial cells of the epithelium were polygonal. On their surface there were branching or parallel microplicae, which were often broken. Only occasionally superficial cells of the large papillae had a pitted appearance. The knob‐like structures found among the microplicae and small cracks between the epithelial cells are discussed from the standpoint of the pathogenesis of fissured tongue.
Laminated zones in carious human dental enamel
Authors: Palamara J. , Phakey P. P. , Rachinger W. A. , Orams H. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Laminated zones within the body of carious lesions were studied by polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Areas from within and surrounding the laminated zones, precisely selected using light microscopy, were argon‐ion‐beam thinned and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Laminated zones were present in ∼7% of the samples studied. Polarized light microscopy showed variation in mineralization from zone to zone and the enamel surrounding the zones in the body of the lesion. Laminated zones whose central region showed ∼1% of space when examined in air and whose boundaries showed ∼2–4% of space when imbibed in quinoline were selected for ultrastructural studies. Electron microscopy showed the laminated zone to be less demineralized than the surrounding enamel in the body of the lesion. The ultrastructure of their central regions was similar to healthy enamel but their boundaries showed demineralization which increased into the body of the lesion. Within the central region of lamination there was greater evidence of resistance to demineralization rather than the presence of remineralization.
An ultrastructural study of binucleate plasma cells
Authors: Jinn‐Fei Y. , EI‐Labban N. G.
Published: April 2006

Fifty surgical specimens from 10 different diseases were examined for the presence of binucleate plasma cells. Thirty‐three specimens showed binucleated plasma cells. Morphologically, they resembled mononuclear cells and contained abundant basophilic cytoplasm which ultra‐structurally showed extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. Their 2 nuclei exhibited the “cart‐wheel” arrangement of heterochromatin characteristic of plasma cells. When serially examined the 2 nuclei remained separate. In addition, pairs of closely apposed plasma cells were observed. Some of these cells showed distinct opposing membranes separated by a gap of approximately 15nm. While others, exhibited localised areas of indistinct membranes. There were also pairs of closely apposed plasma cells showing cytoplasmic bridges. These results suggest that the mode of formation of binucleate plasma cells is probably cell fusion. They also show that these binucleate cells are not confined to a single disease as they were found in 10 different diseases.
In vitro growth characteristics of human odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts
Authors: Stenman G. , Magnusson B. , Lennartsson B. , Juberg‐Ode M.
Published: April 2006

Using an in vitro system, the growth characteristics and enzyme histochemical properties of 3 odontogenic keratocysts and 3 dentigerous cysts were studied. It was found that the epithelial cells of the keratocysts hut not of the dentigerous cysts grew in vitro. Furthermore, the epithelial‐like cells of the keratocysts showed the same activities of acid phosphatase and NADH‐diaphorase in vitro as earlier described in vivo. These enzymatic activities were increased in epithelial‐like cells close to proliferating fibroblast‐like cells, indicating a close relationship between these two cell types. The results are discussed in the light of the known clinical behaviour of the keratocysts and certain conclusions are also drawn concerning the suggested neo plastic potential of the keratocysts.
Histodifferentiation and ultrastructure of oral squamous cell carcinoma in HMT rats
Authors: Chen S.‐Y.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Seven oral squamous cell carcinomas developed in HMT rats were studied with light and electron microscopy. Two carcinomas in extra‐oral sites were also described. Histodifferentiation of oral squamous cell carcinomas ranged from well‐differentiated to poorly‐differentiated, comparable to that of the same disease in humans. Ultrastructural features characteristic of human oral carcinomas were observed in the HMT rat carcinomas.
Chromosomal breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in patients with herpetic stomatitis
Authors: Zervou‐Valvi F. , Bazopoulou‐Kyrkanidou E. , Angelopoulos A. P.
Published: April 2006

Chromosomal breakage and sister‐chromatid exchanges (SCE) were studied in peripheral lymphocytes of 9 patients with primary herpetic stomatitis (PHS), 12 patients with secondary herepetic stomatitis (SHS) and 12 controls. The incidence of chromosomal breakage was breakage was significantly higher in PHS patients (mean 23%, P.=0.0002) and in SHS patients (mean 20.25%, P. = 0.0003) compared to the controls (mean 4.2%). The incidence of SCE per 46 chromosomes was significantly higher in SHS patients (mean 16.564) compared with (P.<0.001) the controls (mean 11.367) and compared with (P.=0.00) the PHS patients (mean 12.13). It is concluded that both PHS and SHS patients exhibit structural chromosomal damage; SHS patients in addition exhibit more repaired chromosomal lesions.
Malignancy grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma. I. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of mouth: histologic grading in the clinical evaluation
Authors: Anneroth G. , Hansen L. S. , Silverman S.
Published: April 2006

In a retrospective histological and clinical study, a multifactorial grading system was used for histological classification and grading of malignancy in 51 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of mouth The results indicated that the use of such a multifactorial grading system, consisting of 7 morphological paramaeters, including an evaluation of both the tumor cell population itself and the tumor host relationship, can serve as an important supplement to clinical judgement in determining the outcome of the oral tumor.
Chondrogenesis in peripheral fibromas of the gingiva. Histochemical demonstration of oxytalan fibers and mucopolysaccharides
Authors: Balogh K. , Richardson J.
Published: April 2006

Five lesions were studied to elucidate the histogenesis of cartilage in peripheral fibromas. Cytological features suggested direct transformation from fibroblast‐like cells to chondrocyles (cartilaginous metaplasia). Supportive evidence for such differentiation was the presence of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides in the loose stroma of the lesions as well as in the ground substance of the cartilaginous centers. In one instance, the metaplastic cartilage showed bone formation. An increased number of oxytalan fibers could be demonstrated in the fibroma and in the cartilage.
Age‐related increase of focal lymphocytic infiltration in the human submandibular glands
Authors: Kurashima C. , Hirokawa K.
Published: April 2006

Histopathological studies were made on the submandibular glands, obtained from 207 autopsy cases of patients, ranging in age from 40–98 years who had not had collagen diseases. Focal lymphocytic infiltration of the submandibular glands was more frequently seen in the cases of patients over 70 years (80.3%) than in those of under 70 years (53.8%). Generally, the incidence of foeal lymphocytic infiltration showed a trend to gradual increase with age. Immunohistochemically, a predominance of T cells (60–80%) was found in submandibular lesions with the majority (60–70%) belonging to the Leu 3a (subset (Helper/Inducer) and with less than 20% belonging to the Leu 2a+ subset (Cytotoxic/Suppressor). The percentage of Leu 2aH subset was found to increase in the lesion of the periacinar area, and the acinar parenchyma appeared gradually to be damaged by the infiltrating lymphocytes. The findings in the present study suggest that focal lymphocylic infiltration in submandibular glands is a focal sign of immunological disorder, based on the autoimmunity associated with aging.
Detection of herpes simplex virus proteins in cultured cells by monoclonal antibodies and the avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase complex method
Authors: Hwang C. B. C. , Greenspan J. S. , Shillitoe E. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The distribution of 5 proteins of herpes simplex virus Type 1 was observed in cells that had been infected for various periods. The cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies to 1CP4, ICP5, ICP6, ICP8, and gB, using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Each protein had a characteristic pattern of time of appearance and translocation by which it could be distinguished from the others. The sensitivity of the ABC technique, its ease of use, and the permanence of the preparations make this method well suited for the study of viral proteins.
Immunohistochemical observations on carbonic anhydrase I and II in human salivary glands and submandibular obstructive adenitis
Authors: Noda Y. , Sumitomo S. , Hikosaka N. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Immunohistochemical identification of carbonic anhydrase I and II (CA‐I, CA‐II) was made in human major salivary glands and obstructive adenitis in submandibular glands. Normal salivary glands stained the strongest for CA‐II in serous acinar cells and were negative in mucous cells. Moderate to strong staining for CA‐I and CA‐II was found in ductal segments. Submandibular glands with obstructive adenitis exhibited reduced CA‐1 activity in atrophic acinar cells, but not in ductal elements in the early and intermediate stages of the disorder. In the late stage of the obstructive lesion, CA staining in duct‐like structures was moderate; however, almost degenerate ductal cells were negative for CA. During the progression of the degeneration in the obstructive lesion, the CA staining decreased dependent on acinar atrophy. Even after longstanding obstruction of the salivary gland, altered ductal epithelia may retain some of their functions.
Pulpal response to an experimental adhesion promoter
Authors: Plant C. G. , Tobias R. S. , Browne R. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The pulpal response to an experimental adhesion promoter (FTP) used in conjunction with a composite resin material, Biogloss, is described, in lined and unlined cavities. Dycal was the lining and negative control material. Standardised Class V cavities were prepared in ferret canine teeth and the pulpal responses studied after 1, 2 and 4 weeks and 6 months post‐operatively. Pre‐treatment of cavities with FTP causes a reduction in pulpal inflammation at 7 and 14 days compared with Biogloss. There was no obvious difference at the longer time intervals. Pre‐treatment with FTP delays the ingress of microorganisms at the cavity wall/material interface but does not prevent it in the long term in this situation. The effect of FTP is not altered if the fluid is allowed to dry naturally rather than by blow drying.
Effect of cholera toxin on the induction of gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐positive clones by benzo(a)pyrene in embryonic mouse tongue cells in culture
Authors: Rao K. V. K. , Gujarathi K. G. , Bhide S. V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The utility of gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GOT) as a histochemical marker to study the carcinogen‐induced changes and its possible modulation by cholera toxin was explored in primary cell cultures. It was observed that cholera toxin not only promotes growth of fibroblasts in primary cell culture, but it also enhances the GGT‐positive foci induced by benzo(a)pyrene. It is interesting to speculate that cholera toxin may be acting as a tumor promoter in primary cell cultures of embryonic mouse tongue.
Immunodetection of involucrin in lesions of the oral mucosa
Authors: Itoiz M. E. , Conti C. J. , Gimenez I. B. , Lanfranchi H. E. , Fernandez‐Alonso G. I. , Klein‐Szanto A. J. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The immunoperoxidase method for involucrin detection was applied to the study of the maturation of epithelial lesions of the oral mucosa that included specimens of leukoplakia, lichen planus, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. Areas of orthokeratinized, parakeratinized, and non‐keratinized normal mucosa were also studied. Normal orthokeratinized epithelia showed intracytoplasmic or pericellular staining in the suprabasal epithelia showed intracytoplasmic or pericellular standing in the suprabasal epithelial layers in a pattern similar to that of the normal epidermis. Parakeratinized and non‐keratinized epithelia were less stained. Intense staining was observed in leukoplakia, whereas the staining of lichen planus was lessintense but exhibited a more homogeneous pericellular staining pattern than leukoplakia. Verrucous carcinoma was markedly and very irregularly stained. Carcinomas in situ and invasive carcinoma exhibited a slightly positive and patchy reaction. The distribution patterns of involucrin in the lesions correlated very well with the degree of epithelial differentiation. In addition, irregularpatchy distribution correlated with the degree of atypia, and was especially evident in carcinomas.
An histological study of cystic lesions following pulp therapy in deciduous molars
Authors: Savage N. W. , Adkins K. F. , Weir A. V. , Grundy G. E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The clinical and radiographic features of a group of apical periodontal cysts associated with endodontically treated deciduous molar teeth have been previously reported. The histological description and histochemical investigation of distinctive intraepithelial inclusions are described in this paper. The chronic inflammatory response is dominated by plasma cells and the wall contains an amorphous, eosinophilic material that is shown to contain phenolic groupings similar to those present in the intracanal medicaments used clinically. A direct relationship is proposed between the inclusions, continued antigenic stimulation within the lesions and their clinical behaviour.
Identification of human papillomavirus types in oral verruca vulgaris
Authors: Adler‐Storthz K. , Newland J. R. , Tessin B. A. , Yeudall W. A. , Shillitoe E. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Eleven oral verruca vulgaris specimens were examined for the presence of papillomavirus structural antigens by reaction with antibody to type‐common antigens and detection by the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. The specimens were also examined by in situ hybridization with biotin‐labelled human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA to determine the specific HPV types present in the lesions. Six of the 11 specimens were positive for papillomavirus structural antigens. Of these 6, 5 hybridized to the HPV Type 2 (HPV2) probe and one to the HPV4 probe.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Caselitz J. , Schulze I. , Seifert G.
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐four cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma from the Salivary Gland Registry of the University of Hamburg were analysed with respect to their differentiation and subclassification. With immunohistochemical methods, several groups of marker substances were analysed in these tumors: marker for a glandular function; immunoglobulins; metalloproteins; tumor markers; substances associated with the basal membrane and carbohydrate chains. The following patterns of histological differentiation were found: cribriform pattern with typical pseudocysts; tubular pattern with ductal elements; trabecular pattern with predominance of hyalininzed stromal elements; basaloid pattern with low differentiated cells. For every pattern, a special immunohistochemical profile could be established. The morphological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the following relation between the different patterns: Origin of the malignant proliferation is presumably the terminal ductal system of the salivary glands (indifferent cell of the reserve cell type). This cell can differentiate in 2 directions: a myoepithelial and a ductal cell type. Immunohistochemically, the presence of basement membrane‐associated substances is accompanied by the appearance of myoepithelial‐like cells. The presence of secretory products is a feature of ductal cells.
Oral vegetable granuloma: ultrastructural and histological study
Authors: Harrison J. D. , Martin I. C.
Published: April 2006

An unusual giant‐cell granulomatous inflammatory oral lesion is characterised by the presence of hyaline rings and by a lack of agreement on their nature, opinions ranging from their being hyaline degenerative blood‐vessels to remains of leguminous cells. Ten such lesions and a variety of vegetables have been examined in the present investigation. Light‐microscopical examination of the lesions revealed the hyaline rings surrounded by inflamed granulation tissue with associated multinuclear giant cells. Electron‐microscopical examination showed them to consist of a material similar to that of vegetable cell walls, sometimes with an associated superficial layer of collagen. The observations indicate that the lesions consist of vegetable remains with an associated foreign‐body type of inflammatory response.
Phenotypic identification of mononuclear cells in oral premalignant lesions and cancer by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Migliorati C. A. , Migliorati E. K. J. , Silverman S. , Greenspan D. , Greenspan J. S.
Published: April 2006

To explore the nature and importance of mononuclear cells of different phenotypes in oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer, we studied biopsy specimens from 21 oral red and/or white lesions (6 hyperkeratosis, 3 mild dysplasia, 4 severe dysplasia and 8 squamous cell carcinoma), using monoclonal antibodies and avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex staining. Peripheral blood samples (J'B) from 4 normal subjects and 5 reactive lymph nodes (LN) were used as controls for the technique. T11‐positive cells were the predominant phenotype (74–78%) in all cases examined. The T4/T8 ratio in severe dysplasia was significantly lower than that in mild dysplasia (p ≤. 0.05). These observations support the hypothesis of a role for cellular immune responses in oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer. The predominance of T cells may represent the local expression of immunity against antigens (viral or other). The decreased T4/T8 ratio observed in severe dysplasia may represent a transitory stage of local immunosuppression, which may be of critical importance for the progression into carcinoma. Phenotypic variations in mononuclear cell infiltrates in these conditions could be of diagnostic value.
S‐100 protein content of dermal and oral mucosal blue nevi
Authors: Lovas G. , Wysocki G. , Daley T. , Rowden G.
Published: April 2006

Three common blue nevi from skin of the trunk and upper extremities, and 5 from oral mucosae were studied using an immunoperoxidase stain for S‐100 protein. The skin lesions were uniformly negative whereas all of the oral mucosal lesions contained numerous positively stained dendritic cells. This difference may, in part, be explained by the different embryologic origins of the connective tissue stromas; the connective tissues of the head and neck are thought to be of neural crest origin whereas the connective tissues in the rest of the body are of mesodermal origin. These findings strengthen and refine the association between S‐100 protein content and neural crest derivation.
S‐100 immunolabelling of Langerhans cells in oral epithelium
Authors: Charbit Y. , Monteil R. A. , Hitzig C. , Sanget P. , Benaiche N. , Jasmin J. R.
Published: April 2006

Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells usually present in the suprahasal regions of squamous epithelial remarkable by the presence of Fc IgG and C3 receptors, Ia/Or, T‐6 and T‐4 antigens on their membranes. Conventional and immunohistochemical techniques for identification of LCs require special fixation procedures and are incompatible with paraffin embedding. A method for staining LCs, in routine fixed and paraffin‐embedded material, based on the use of antiserum against S‐100 proteins is presented. The problem arising from the simultaneous staining of melanocytes is discussed. S‐100 positive dendritic cells should be considered as LCs when fulfilling 3 criteria: 1) located in the suprabasal layers of the epithelium: 2) the whole cell body being visible: 3) with at least one dendritic process.
Effect of proteolytic enzymes on caries lesion formation in vitro
Authors: Clarkson B. H. , Hall D. L. , Heilman J. R. , Wefel J. S.
Published: April 2006

This study investigates enzyme degradation of collagen at various pH levels and is designed to obtain information pertaining to the effect of proteolytic enzymes on caries‐like lesion formation and progression. One hundred and eight sections of human teeth with exposed areas on enamel and root face, were placed into an enzyme/buffer system maintained at pH levels of 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0. Periodically, throughout the experimental period, sections were removed and examined histologically for caries‐like lesion formation. Results showed consistent surface erosion occurring on the root face only at a pH level of 5.5 in buffer containing enzymes. Sections placed in pH 5.5 buffer only, which served as controls, showed obvious lesion formation on the root face, but with histologically intact surfaces. This interaction occurring between enzymatic activity and acid demineralization suggests that enzymes may have a contributory effect on caries lesion formation in root surfaces.
Oral epithelial cell lipid synthesis in the presence of retinoic acid or nitrosonornicotine
Authors: Schuster G. S. , Erbland J. F. , Wyrick S. D. , Singh B. B.
Published: April 2006

The current study examines the effects of N‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and all trans‐retinoic acid (RA) on the synthesis and composition of lipids of oral epithelial cells grown in culture. Cells were exposed to NNN, RA or methylene chloride (the vehicle for the NNN and RA) and the lipids labelled with [14C]‐acetate. Lipids were extracted from the cells, separated by paper chromatography, located by autoradiography, and acetate incorporation determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Cholesterol labelling was significantly decreased by the RA between 4 and 48 h when compared to the NNN‐treated or control cells. After 48 h the incorporation levels in the presence of the two last compounds decreased. Free fatty acid labelling was also significantly less in cells exposed to RA, while labelling of triglycerides and phospholipids was increased. N‐nitrosonornicotine seemed to produce a decreased labelling of cholesterol after 96 h continuous exposure. The results of these studies suggest that retinoid rapidly elevates the cell content of lipid formed from the glycerolipid pathway and membrane mechanisms may be modulated by this effect.
Evaluation of eugenol for mutagenicity by the mouse micronucleus test
Authors: Woolverton C. J. , Fotos P. G. , Mokas M. J. , Mermigas M. E.
Published: April 2006

Mutagenicity of eugenol (2‐methoxy‐4‐allylphenol) was evaluated by an in vivo eukaryotic assay in mice. A 50% lethal dose (LD50) for intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of eugenol was found to be 1109.6 mg/kg body weight (7.5% eugenol‐in‐saline). Oral (PO) delivery via stainless‐steel, esophageal cannulation was not lethal to 14,794 mg/kg body weight (100%) eugenol. Based upon recommended procedure, HO and 25% LDW doses were administered IP in 250 μl volumes. Undiluted eugenol was administered PO in 100 μl volumes. Delivery of eugenol by both regimes to male mice induced anaphase mutations in polychromatic erythrocytes as measured by the bone marrow micronucleus test. IP delivery of both doses induced the formation of micronuclei to significant levels (P <0.001) compared to saline controls. PO delivery of eugenol induced a much reduced frequency of micronuclei when compared to the IP route. However, a significant increase in micronuclei was evident when this test population was compared to its control group (P <0.003). These results suggest that eugenol presents some mutagenic capacity in eukaryotic hosts and should be evaluated for further toxicological effects.
Granular cell reaction to surgical glove powder
Authors: Peters E. , Gardner D. G. , Altini M. , Crooks J.
Published: April 2006

The histopathologic features characteristic of the inflammatory response associated with starch powder used as a lubricant for surgical gloves were investigated by implanting starch granules into 3 separate sites on the right side of 8 male Wistar rats. On the opposite side, a sham‐operated site and sites implanted with talc were used as controls. Two rats were killed at 1, 2, 3 & 4‐week intervals and tissue from the implanted sites was assessed for distinctive features. It was found that a consistent feature of the starch‐implanted sites was the presence of large histiocytes containing prominent PAS‐positive, diastase‐resistant inclusions. These cells were not found in the control sites and, thus, were considered characteristic of starch contamination in tissue, even in the absence of identifiable starch granules. A possible clinical case of reaction to starch, identified retrospectively, using these results is discussed.