bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of the Animal and Clinical Pharmacology of Diflunisal
Authors: Davies Richard O.
Published: November 2017

Diflunisal is a new salicylic acid derivative identified after a search for a compound with improved potency, enhanced gastrointestinal tolerance relative to its antiinflammatory activity, and a longer duration of action than that of aspirin. Animal and clinical studies have confirmed these properties. As an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase tested in vitro in a sheep seminal vesicle preparation, diflunisal was less potent than indomethacin but 10 to 20 times more active than aspirin. In addition, it was shown biochemically to act as a moderate free radical scavenger. Diflunisal is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, is subject to dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics (like aspirin), and reaches steady‐state levels in a predictable fashion in most persons. The drug is excreted by the kidneys, and its apparent half‐life is lengthened in the presence of renal failure. A number of drug interactions have been described. Diflunisal produces reversible effects on platelet aggregation when given in high doses, whereas aspirin produces irreversible aggregation at low doses. Measurements of fecal blood loss and endoscopic examinations have confirmed the improved gastrointestinal tolerance of diflunisal compared to aspirin.
Electronic and Topological Analysis for New Phases of Chromium Nitride
Authors: Marín‐Suárez Marco , Alzate‐Vargas Leidy L. , David Jorge , Arroyave‐Franco Mauricio , Vélez Mario E.
Published: November 2017

Chromium nitride (CrN) in its NaCl‐type phase has been widely studied through density functional theory (DFT) in order to analyze its electronic properties. By the means of DFT with the Becke's three parameter Lee‐Yang‐Parr (B3LYP) hybrid functional, the same stoichiometry is studied in two unreported hypothetical phases in addition to the nonsynthesized and previously reported zinc‐blende‐type phase. The cohesive energy of every structure is calculated, and the analysis of this quantity indicated that all crystals are stable and that there is an unreported phase more stable than the synthesized one. The calculated electronic dispersion relation and density of electronic states allowed for the determination that these three phases have a conducting behavior. The symmetry of some bands is determined as a result of the crystal field splitting for chromium d states. The topology of the electron density was studied in order to determine its properties at bond critical points (BCPs). The form of the Laplacian of the density and its gradient trajectories allowed to locate ring critical points in these structures. From these calculations, it is concluded that all three phases are ionic crystals. The synthesized NaCl‐type phase is studied in order to compare and confirm the results.
Equivalence testing for similarity in bioassays using bioequivalence criteria on the relative bioactivity
Authors: Baljé‐Volkers Corine , Mzolo Thembile , Talens Erik , IJzerman‐Boon Pieta , Van den Heuvel Edwin
Published: November 2017

Similarity in bioassays means that the test preparation behaves as a dilution of the standard preparation with respect to their biological effect. Thus, similarity must be investigated to confirm this biological property. Historically, this was typically conducted with traditional hypothesis testing, but this has received substantial criticism. Failing to reject similarity does not imply that the 2 preparations are similar. Also, rejecting similarity when bioassay variability is small might simply demonstrate a nonrelevant deviation in similarity. To remedy these concerns, equivalence testing has been proposed as an alternative to traditional hypothesis testing, and it has found its way in the official guidelines. However, similarity has been discussed mainly in terms of the parameters in the dose‐response curves of the standard and test preparations, but the consequences of nonsimilarity on the relative bioactivity have never been investigated. This article provides a general equivalence approach to evaluate similarity that is directly related to bioequivalence on the relative bioactivity of the standard and test preparations. Bioequivalence on the relative bioactivity can only be guaranteed for positive (only nonblanks) and finite dose intervals. The approach is demonstrated on 4 case studies in which we also show how to calculate a sample size and how to investigate the power of equivalence on similarity.
Molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition
Authors: Muchová Eva , Bezek Michal , Suchan Jiří , Cibulka Radek , Slavíček Petr
Published: November 2017

Triplet state mechanism of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition forming a cyclobutane ring from two ethylenes is investigated in the context of photocatalysis. High‐level ab initio calculations are combined with ab initio adiabatic molecular dynamics and ab initio metadynamics for rare events modeling. In a photocatalytic scheme, a reactant reaches the triplet state either via intersystem crossing (ISC) or triplet sensitization. The model system adopts a biradical structure, which represents energy intersection with the ground state. The system either completes cyclization or undergoes fragmentation into two olefinic units. The potential and free energy surfaces of the cyclobutane/ethylenes system are mapped with multireference approaches describing possible reaction pathways. To obtain a full picture of a double bond photoreactivity, ab initio adiabatic dynamical calculations were used to estimate reaction yields and to model the effects of excess energy. The potential use of density functional theory based approaches for [2 + 2] photocycloaddition was investigated for future simulations and design of realistic photocatalytic systems. Dynamical aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition via a triplet state manifold are investigated by combining ab initio multireference methods and ab initio molecular dynamics and metadynamics. The reaction pathways are studied for a model system of two ethylenes forming a cyclobutane ring to provide a basis for further studies on design of photocatalytic systems.
Open at birth? Why new firms do (or don’t) use open innovation
Authors: Greul Anne , West Joel , Bock Simon
Published: November 2017

Research Summary

Open innovation is about firms harnessing knowledge flows across firm boundaries, but limited research has examined the nature and antecedents of these flows for start‐up firms, as well as the interdependence of inbound and outbound flows. From a new sample of start‐up firms making 3D printers, we show how their degree of openness for inbound and outbound knowledge flows relates to the firms’ initial capabilities and founding intentions. From this, we suggest that the patterns of openness are influenced more by initial factor endowments than a firm‐specific process of emergent strategy development.

Managerial Summary

Innovative firms often face trade‐offs between open and proprietary strategies, particularly in industries and segments where online communities and other collaborations provide a pool of shared knowledge for the entire industry. This study illuminates these trade‐offs by comparing the choices made by the founders of 3D printer manufacturers. For products based on modular systems, it shows the range of choices that firms have on their degree of inbound openness (using external technology) and outbound openness (sharing their own technology)—as well as the interdependencies of these choices. Finally, it points to long‐term implications of early entrepreneurial decisions: firms that leverage external technology can enter markets more quickly, but their innovation options will be limited unless they have capabilities for proprietary innovation.
The effect of plasma treatment on the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE fiber–reinforced thermoplastic HDPE composite
Authors: He Runqin , Niu Fenglian , Chang Qiuxiang
Published: November 2017

Ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have been modified by plasma treatment to increase adhesion in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) matrices. Results showed that surface roughness predominates for modified UHMWPE fibers, indicating that the plasma treatment favors the interaction with HDPE. Unmodified HDPE composite samples gave a lower interlaminar shear strength than did the samples that were incorporated with UHMWPE. The addition of unmodified UHMWPE fibers to the neat HDPE significantly increases interlaminar shear strengths of composites, up to 20 vol%. The oxygen concentration increased from 16.16 %to 21.99%, and the ratio of oxygen to carbon atoms increased significantly from 0.194 to 0.284 after oxygen plasma treatment for 5 minutes with a power of 300 W.
Advanced quantitative analysis of epitaxial SiGe composition on production wafer for logic devices
Authors: Penley Christopher , Walker Michael , Wilson Michael , Billingsley Daniel , Raviswaran Arvind , Phillips Shane
Published: November 2017

Quantitative analyses of in situ boron‐doped SiGe composition on production wafers for 14 and 20‐nm logic devices were successfully characterized using advanced, small area Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analysis methods. The quantification of dopant levels in SiGe offered an improved method for tool‐to‐tool matching, process monitoring, and improvement, and performing this function accurately was necessary to enable advanced SiGe technology development that ensured world class manufacturing requirements were met. The boron concentration was measured with Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, based on a single Si1‐xGex/Si on silicon substrate standard, which exhibited excellent matching with corresponding inline XRF intensity data. Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry accurately characterized SiGe composition with adequate sensitivity to detect small boron concentration variations to fine‐tune process parameters. This provided insight to the relationship between overlap capacitance and Rodlin measurements with SiGe dopant levels and ultimately led to device performance improvement.
Determining the preload in preloaded bolt assemblies in existing steel structures
Authors: de Vries Peter , Nijgh Martin , Veljkovic Milan
Published: November 2017

Preloaded bolts are used to achieve slip‐resistant shear connections. The actual preload force in each bolt has a direct influence on the fatigue and slip resistance of the connection. The strain gauge method is examined for practical assessment of the actual preload because its use is no longer limited by the demands on adhesive curing conditions. The main objective of the paper is to describe how measured strain in the bolt shank and statistical variation of the nominal mechanical and geometrical properties of the bolt are used to determine the actual bolt preload without calibrating every single bolt. The calibration factors established by laboratory and in situ measurements exhibit rather small scatter. The minimum bolt preload required is achieved with a 95 % probability of being exceeded in a bolted connection on a Dutch highway bridge (Middachterbrug).
Preload losses in stainless steel bolting assemblies
Authors: Afzali Nariman , Pilhagen Johan , Manninen Timo , Schedin Erik , Stranghöner Natalie
Published: November 2017

Stainless steel material is a suitable choice for modern steel constructions as it has a high resistance to corrosion combined with high material strength and ductility. Furthermore, its use leads to significant reductions in maintenance. In this frame, bolted connections made of stainless steel components become more and more important to enhance the application of stainless steel not only to small parts of steel structures but also to complex structures. Whereas non preloaded stainless steel bolted connections are already widely used, according to EN 1090‐2, the application of preloaded stainless steel bolting assemblies is not allowed unless otherwise specified. If they shall be used, they shall be treated as special fasteners and a procedure test is mandatory. Also EN 1993‐1‐4 requires that their acceptability in a particular application has to be demonstrated from test results. These restrictions are mainly caused by two facts: firstly, the viscoplastic deformation behaviour of stainless steel which might result in not negligible preload losses in the bolting assemblies themselves and secondly, the gap of knowledge regarding suitable tightening parameters and procedures for stainless steel bolting assemblies to secure a required preload in the bolting assemblies and to avoid galling. To solve these questions, research activities have been carried out in the frame of the European RFCS‐research project ”Execution and reliability of slip resistant connections for steel structures using CS and SS“ SIROCO. The present contribution gives an initial insight into the viscoplastic deformation behaviour of stainless steel bolting assemblies which were achieved in SIROCO which shows that preloaded bolted stainless steel connections can be treated similar to those made of carbon steel.
Finite element modeling of debonding mechanisms in carbon fiber reinforced polymer‐strengthened reinforced concrete continuous beams
Authors: Sakr Mohammed A.
Published: November 2017

This paper presents three‐dimensional (3D) and two‐dimensional (2D) finite element models to analyze strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) continuous beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) which has become familiar technique in the last decade. Experimental results in the literature showed that two different debonding failure modes, either by interfacial debonding of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) or by concrete cover separation may occur. This study takes the two possible debonding failure modes into account by considering two cohesive surfaces; the first is inserted in the adhesive layer, whereas the second is inserted between the reinforcing steel and the concrete cover. The proposed cohesive surfaces take the slippage into account considering the cohesive surface fracture energy. The numerical models are verified utilizing five symmetrical RC continuous beams available in the literature. The numerical results of 3D and 2D models for the plated beams (beams strengthened with FRP plates) agreed well with the experimental results. Additionally, the effect of the CFRP plate length, and the parameters of the cohesive surfaces on the behavior and debonding failure modes (in the adhesive layer and between the reinforcing steel and the concrete cover) of CFRP‐strengthened RC continuous beams are investigated.
Uncovering young children's motivational beliefs about learning science
Authors: Oppermann Elisa , Brunner Martin , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Anders Yvonne
Published: November 2017

Young children, ages 5–6 years, develop first beliefs about science and themselves as science learners, and these beliefs are considered important precursors of children's future motivation to pursue science. Yet, due to a lack of adequate measures, little is known about young children's motivational beliefs about learning science. The present two‐part study explores the motivational beliefs of young children using a new measure—the Young Children's Science Motivation (Y‐CSM) scale. Initial measurement development involved a thorough literature review of existing measures, and an extensive piloting phase until a final instrument was reached. To establish scale reliability, measurement invariance as well construct and criterion validity, the final instrument was administered to a new sample of 277 young children, age 5–6 years, in northern Germany. Results reveal that children's motivational beliefs can be empirically differentiated into their self‐confidence and enjoyment in science at this young age. Older children were more motivated in science, but no significant gender differences were found. Importantly, children in preschools with a science focus reported significantly higher science motivation. This finding stresses the importance of early science education for the development of children's motivational beliefs science.
Comparison of standard‐based and standardless methods of quantification used in X‐ray fluorescence analysis: Application to the exoskeleton of clams
Authors: Pessanha S. , Fonseca C. , Santos J.P. , Carvalho M.L. , Dias A.A.
Published: November 2017

In this work, we aim at achieving the most accurate quantitative determination of the composition of exoskeletons of bivalves from Tagus estuary with Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence. Samples from the shells of clams ranging from the Bronze Ages to the 16th century A.D. belonging to the Museu Arqueológico de Almada, and also from the shells of clams collected recently in the same region, were analyzed for comparison of the trace element composition and detection of heavy metals. The analysis was performed with 2 Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence setups, one with triaxial geometry and another with a conventional geometry and vacuum capabilities. Samples were pressed as pellets, and the spectra collected with both setups were evaluated using standardless fundamental parameter based software's implemented in each setup, and by comparing with standard reference materials of similar matrix. The comparison of the results obtained with different methods lead to the conclusion that the most realistic results were obtained with calibration curves obtained with external standards and correction the fluorescent intensities with the Compton scattering peak. When comparing the obtained concentrations for all the analyzed periods, results showed a decrease of Fe in the 12th Century. Regarding the environmental current state of the Tagus estuary, there were no heavy metals detected above the safety regulations.
Leptonic invariants, neutrino mass-ordering and the octant of θ23
Authors: Branco G. C. , Rebelo M. N. , Silva-Marcos J. I.
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We point out that leptonic weak-basis invariants are an important tool for the study of the properties of lepton flavour models. In particular, we show that appropriately chosen invariants can give a clear indication of whether a particular lepton flavour model favours normal or inverted hierarchy for neutrino masses and what is the octant of θ
23. These invariants can be evaluated in any conveniently chosen weak-basis and can also be expressed in terms of neutrino masses, charged lepton masses, mixing angles and CP violation phases.
Erratum to: CP-violation in the ZZZ and ZWW vertices at e+e− colliders in Two-Higgs-Doublet Models
Authors: Grzadkowski B. , Ogreid O. M. , Osland P.
Published: November 2017

We have been made aware of a sign error in this paper.
A composite axion from a supersymmetric product group
Authors: Lillard Benjamin , Tait Tim M.P.
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A global U(1)PQ symmetry is protected from gravitational effects in the s-confining SU(N)
k
product group theory with

$$ A + 4Q+N\overline{Q} $$

A
+

4
Q
+
N

Q
¯

matter. If the SU(4) family symmetry is gauged and an appropriate tree-level superpotential is added, then the dynamically generated superpotential spontaneously breaks SU(4) × U(1)PQ → SU(3)
c
and produces a QCD axion. Small values of the CP -violating θ parameter are then possible without any fine-tuning, as long as the product group is suitably large. By introducing a second copy of the s-confining SU(N) product group also coupled to the gauged SU(4), we find that values as small as N = 7 are consistent with

$$ \overline{\theta}<1{0}^{-10} $$

θ
¯

<
1

0

−
10

, even under the pessimistic assumption that the dominant contribution to the axion quality is at tree level.
Advancing to a Circular Economy: three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix
Authors: Milios Leonidas
Published: November 2017

Material resources exploitation and the pressure on natural ecosystems have raised concerns over potential future resource risks and supply failures worldwide. Interest in the concept of Circular Economy has surged in recent years among policy makers and business actors. An increasing amount of literature touches upon the conceptualisation of Circular Economy, the development of ‘circular solutions’ and circular business models, and policies for a Circular Economy. However, relevant studies on resource efficiency policies mostly utilise a case-by-case or sector-by-sector approach and do not consider the systemic interdependencies of the underlying operational policy framework. In this contribution, a mapping of the existing resource policy framework in the European Union (EU) is undertaken, and used as a basis for identifying policy areas that have been less prominent in influencing material resource efficiency. Employing a life cycle approach, policies affecting material efficiency in the production and consumption stages of a product have been found to be poorly utilised so far in the EU. Taking this as a point of departure, three policy areas that can contribute to closing material loops and increasing resource efficiency are thoroughly discussed and their application challenges are highlighted. The three policy areas are: (1) policies for reuse, repair and remanufacturing; (2) green public procurement and innovation procurement; and (3) policies for improving secondary materials markets. Finally, a potential policy mix, including policy instruments from the three mentioned policy areas—together with policy mixing principles—is presented to outline a possible pathway for transitioning to Circular Economy policy making.
Treatment of Stable Angina with a New Fixed-Dose Combination of Ivabradine and Metoprolol: Effectiveness and Tolerability in Routine Clinical Practice
Authors: Divchev Dimitar , Stöckl Georg ,   On behalf of the study investigators
Published: November 2017

Introduction

In this prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study, the effectiveness and tolerability of the first fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulation of the selective heart rate reducing agent ivabradine and the beta-blocker metoprolol was evaluated in stable angina pectoris (AP) patients in a clinical practice setting.

Methods

Stable AP outpatients received a FDC of ivabradine and metoprolol (b.i.d.) for 4 months, in addition to cardiovascular standard therapy. Resting heart rate (HR), number of angina attacks, short-acting nitrate consumption, severity of symptoms (assessed by patient judgment and documented by CCS score) and tolerability were documented. Medication adherence was assessed by a modified four-item Morisky questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed on all data.

Results

A total of 747 stable AP patients (mean age, 66.4 years, 62% male, 50% and 31% with previous PCI and myocardial infarction, respectively) were included. Apart from ivabradine and beta-blockers as free combination, most frequently used concomitant standard medications at baseline were aspirin (68%), statins (71%), ACEI/AT1-blockers (76%), diuretics (35%), and calcium antagonists (15%). Highly prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (86%), hyperlipidemia (65%), and diabetes (35%). After 4 months, switch to treatment with the FDC was associated with a significant reduction in mean HR by 10 bpm. Proportion of patients with ≥ 1 angina attacks/week decreased from 38 to 7%. Patients in CCS class 1 increased (25 to 63%), while they decreased in CCS class 3 (19 to 5%). Medication adherence was also significantly improved (p < 0.001 for all changes from baseline). Mostly mild adverse events were documented in 5.4% of patients.

Conclusions

In these stable AP patients in a real-life setting, treatment with a FDC of ivabradine and metoprolol was associated with reduced HR and angina symptoms, while exercise capacity (CCS score) was improved. These effects may be mainly mediated by the increased medication adherence of patients observed with use of the FDC formulation.

Funding

Servier

Trial registration number

ISRCTN51906157
Electrophysiological Investigations in Orthostatic Myoclonus: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Gunduz Aysegul , Tutuncu Melih , Zeydan Burcu , Apaydin Hulya , Kiziltan Gunes , Ertan Sibel , Kiziltan Meral E.
Published: November 2017

We report the clinical and electrophysiological findings in seven patients with orthostatic myoclonus (OM) associated with gait initiation failure and falls. OM is one of the causes of unsteadiness of stance and gait, and it may develop as a symptom of neurodegenerative disorders. Both positive myoclonic bursts and negative myoclonus may be seen in electrophysiological recordings, and electrophysiological analysis suggests a subcortical origin for OM.
GENERATION OF SECOND MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS AND THE EXISTENCE OF SPECIAL PRIMES
Authors: BURNESS TIMOTHY C. , LIEBECK MARTIN W. , SHALEV ANER
Published: November 2017

Let $G$ be a finite almost simple group. It is well known that $G$ can be generated by three elements, and in previous work we showed that 6 generators suffice for all maximal subgroups of $G$. In this paper, we consider subgroups at the next level of the subgroup lattice—the so-called second maximal subgroups. We prove that with the possible exception of some families of rank 1 groups of Lie type, the number of generators of every second maximal subgroup of $G$ is bounded by an absolute constant. We also show that such a bound holds without any exceptions if and only if there are only finitely many primes $r$ for which there is a prime power $q$ such that $(q^{r}-1)/(q-1)$ is prime. The latter statement is a formidable open problem in Number Theory. Applications to random generation and polynomial growth are also given.
Augustine Deformed: Love, Sin, and Freedom in the Western Moral Tradition.
Authors: Collinge William J.
Published: November 2017

How did we arrive at “the systematically anti-Christian, indeed anti-religious, world-view which most opinion formers of the Western Establishment now profess” (6)? Several major studies in recent years have challenged the default position that this is simply the inevitable result of the progress of science, and have instead argued for the importance of contingent historical factors that could have gone otherwise. Notably, Brad Gregory's The Unintended Reformation argues that the Reformation and the doctrinal “hyperpluralism” and religio-political conflicts to which it gave rise ultimately led to modern Western secularism, moral subjectivism, and consumer capitalism. John Rist's Augustine Deformed now joins the ranks of those studies. Rist, professor emeritus of classics and philosophy at the University of Toronto, expresses much agreement with Gregory but faults him for failing to reach back to the early medieval period—in fact, to Augustine—for the causes of our present “intellectual, moral and cultural nihilism” (4).
Wave boundary layers in a stratified fluid
Authors: Reznik G. M.
Published: November 2017

We study so-called wave boundary layers (BLs) arising in a stably stratified fluid at large times. The BL is a narrow domain near the surface and/or bottom of the fluid; with increasing time, gradients of buoyancy and horizontal velocity in the BL grow sharply and the BL thickness tends to zero. The non-stationary BL can arise both as a result of linear evolution of the initial perturbation and under the action of an external force (tangential stress exerted on the fluid surface in our case). We analyse both the variants and find that the ‘forced’ BLs are much more intense than the ‘free’ ones. In the ‘free’ BLs all fields are bounded and the gradients of buoyancy and horizontal velocity grow linearly in time, whereas in the ‘forced’ BL only the vertical velocity is bounded and the buoyancy and horizontal velocity grow linearly in time. As to the gradients in the ‘forced’ BL, the vertical velocity gradient grows in time linearly and the gradients of buoyancy and horizontal velocity grow quadratically. In both of the cases we determine exact solutions in the form of expansions in the vertical wave modes and find asymptotic solutions valid at large times. The comparison between them shows that the asymptotic solutions approximate the exact ones fairly well even for moderate times.
Oblique internal-wave chain resonance over seabed corrugations
Authors: Couston Louis-Alexandre , Liang Yong , Alam Mohammad-Reza
Published: November 2017

Here we show that monochromatic long-crested corrugations on an otherwise flat seafloor can coherently scatter the energy of an oblique incident internal wave to multiple multi-directional higher-mode internal waves via a series of resonant interactions. We demonstrate that a resonance between seabed corrugations and a normally or slightly oblique incident internal wave results in a series of follow-up resonant interactions, which take place between the same corrugations and successively resonated shorter waves. A chain resonance of internal waves that carries energy to small scales is thus obtained, and we find that the Richardson number decreases by several orders of magnitude over the corrugated patch. If the incidence angle is large, and the incident wave perfectly satisfies a resonance condition with the topography, it turns out that not many higher-mode resonance or near-resonance conditions can be satisfied, such that energy stays confined within the first few modes. Nevertheless, if the incident waves are sufficiently detuned from satisfying a perfect resonance condition with the seabed corrugations, then we show that this frequency detuning may balance off the large detuning due to oblique incidence, leading to a chain resonance that again carries energy to small scales. The evolution of the incident and resonated wave amplitudes is predicted from the envelope equation for internal waves over resonant seabed topography in a three-dimensional rotating fluid, which we derive considering the Boussinesq and $f$-plane approximations with $f$ the Coriolis frequency, linear density stratification and small-amplitude corrugations. Our results suggest that topographic features on the ocean floor with a well-defined dominant wavenumber vector, through the chain resonance mechanism elucidated here, may play a more important role than previously thought in the enhancement of diapycnal mixing and energy dissipation.
Computational analysis of physical mechanisms at the onset of three-dimensionality in the wake of a square cylinder
Authors: Agbaglah G. , Mavriplis C.
Published: November 2017

A high-order spectral element method is used to perform direct numerical simulations of flow past a square cylinder at the transition from the two-dimensional von Kármán vortex street in the wake of the cylinder to three-dimensionality. A Reynolds number range between 100 and 300 has been considered and good agreement with previous numerical and experimental results is obtained. At transition, the spanwise perturbation observed in the cylinder wake occurs before the onset of the streamwise vortex separation, while the former mechanism is commonly shown, in the literature, to originate from the latter by an instability of the cores or interactions of shed vortices in the vicinity of the cylinder. It is shown that the first three-dimensional unstable mode, the mode $A$, originates from an axial stretching of the upstream perturbed vorticity, existing on the braids, due to the strain field created by the spanwise vortices which evolve under a shear instability of the wake when viscous effects are small. On the other hand, the mode $B$ is observed to arise only after spanwise vortices are shed downstream of the cylinder.
On the dynamics of starting plumes
Authors: Bhamidipati N. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: November 2017

We explore the dynamics of starting plumes by analysis of a series of new small-scale laboratory experiments combined with a theoretical model for mass, momentum, and buoyancy conservation. We find that the head of the plume ascends with a speed which is approximately 0.6 times the characteristic speed of the fluid in the following steady plume, in accord with Turner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 13 (03), 1962, pp. 356–368), and so the fluid released from the source eventually catches the head of the flow. On reaching the top of the plume it recirculates and mixes in the plume head. We estimate that approximately $0.61\pm 0.04$ of the total buoyancy released from the source accumulates in the plume head, with the remainder in the following steady plume. Using measurements of the volume of the head, we estimate that a fraction $0.16\pm 0.08$ of the volume of the head is entrained directly from the ambient, with the remainder of the fluid in the head being supplied by the following steady plume. These results imply that the buoyancy force exerted on the plume head plus the momentum flux supplied by the following plume exceeds the rate of change of momentum of the plume head even including the added mass of the plume head. We propose that the difference is associated with a drag force resulting from the displacement of ambient fluid around the plume head. Using our experimental data, we estimate that the drag coefficient $C_{d}$ has a value $4.2\pm 1.4$, with the range in values associated with the uncertainty in our estimate of entrainment of fluid directly into the plume head. As a test, the proposed model is shown to provide a reasonable description of a starting plume rising through a stratified environment in the region below the maximum height of rise of the associated steady plume, although, above this point, the shape of the plume head changes and the model breaks down.
The relationship between networking behavior and promotability: The moderating effect of political skill
Authors: Huang Yin-Mei
Published: November 2017

Networking behaviors toward career and community domains assist individuals in doing their jobs better and advancing their careers. However, few studies investigate and identify how these different types of networking behaviors lead to supervisory promotability evaluations. The current study argues that career- and community-based networking behaviors interact with political skill on promotability. This study surveyed and collected data from 160 financial employees and 103 supervisors working at branches of a large bank in Taiwan. Career-based networking behaviors, particularly maintaining contacts and engaging in professional activities, were found to be positively related to promotability, and political skill strengthened the relationship between community-based networking behaviors and promotability. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of networking behaviors, political skill, and promotability.
Spectral-Line Observations Using a Phased Array Feed on the Parkes Telescope
Authors: Reynolds T.N. , Staveley-Smith L. , Rhee J. , Westmeier T. , Chippendale A. P. , Deng X. , Ekers R. D. , Kramer M.
Published: November 2017

We present first results from pilot observations using a phased array feed (PAF) mounted on the Parkes 64-m radio telescope. The observations presented here cover a frequency range from 1 150 to 1 480 MHz and are used to show the ability of PAFs to suppress standing wave problems by a factor of ~10, which afflict normal feeds. We also compare our results with previous HIPASS observations and with previous H i images of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Drift scan observations of the GAMA G23 field resulted in direct H i detections at z = 0.0043 and z = 0.0055 of HIPASS galaxies J2242-30 and J2309-30. Our new measurements generally agree with archival data in spectral shape and flux density, with small differences being due to differing beam patterns. We also detect signal in the stacked H i data of 1 094 individually undetected galaxies in the GAMA G23 field in the redshift range 0.05 ⩽ z ⩽ 0.075. Finally, we use the low standing wave ripple and wide bandwidth of the PAF to set a 3σ upper limit to any positronium recombination line emission from the Galactic Centre of <0.09 K, corresponding to a recombination rate of <3.0 × 1045 s−1.
Democratic Citizenship and Denationalization
Authors: LENARD PATTI TAMARA
Published: November 2017

Are democratic states permitted to denationalize citizens, in particular those whom they believe pose dangers to the physical safety of others? In this article, I argue that they are not. The power to denationalize citizens—that is, to revoke citizenship—is one that many states have historically claimed for themselves, but which has largely been in disuse in the last several decades. Recent terrorist events have, however, prompted scholars and political actors to reconsider the role that denationalization can and perhaps should play in democratic states, in particular with respect to its role in protecting national security and in supporting the global fight against terror more generally. In this article, my objective is to show that denationalization laws have no place in democratic states. To understand why, I propose examining the foundations of the right of citizenship, which lie, I shall argue, in the very strong interests that individuals have in security of residence. I use this formulation of the right to respond to two broad clusters of arguments: (1) those that claim that it is justifiable to denationalize citizens who threaten to undermine the safety of citizens in a democratic state or the ability of a democratic state to function as a democratic state, and (2) those that claim that it is justifiable to denationalize dual citizens because they possess citizenship status in a second country that is also able to protect their rights.
Effect of fibre additions to flatbread flour mixes on glucose kinetics: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Boers Hanny M. , van Dijk Theo H. , Hiemstra Harry , Hoogenraad Anne-Roos , Mela David J. , Peters Harry P. F. , Vonk Roel J. , Priebe Marion G.
Published: November 2017

We previously found that guar gum (GG) and chickpea flour (CPF) added to flatbread wheat flour lowered postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and insulin responses dose dependently. However, rates of glucose influx cannot be determined from PPG, which integrates rates of influx, tissue disposal and hepatic glucose production. The objective was to quantify rates of glucose influx and related fluxes as contributors to changes in PPG with GG and CPF additions to wheat-based flatbreads. In a randomised cross-over design, twelve healthy males consumed each of three different13C-enriched meals: control flatbreads (C), or C incorporating 15 % CPF with either 2 % (GG2) or 4 % (GG4) GG. A dual isotope technique was used to determine the time to reach 50 % absorption of exogenous glucose (T50 %abs, primary objective), rate of appearance of exogenous glucose (RaE), rate of appearance of total glucose (RaT), endogenous glucose production (EGP) and rate of disappearance of total glucose (RdT). Additional exploratory outcomes included PPG, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1, which were additionally measured over 4 h. Compared with C, GG2 and GG4 had no significant effect onT50 %abs. However, GG4 significantly reduced 4-h AUC values for RaE, RaT, RdT and EGP, by 11, 14, 14 and 64 %, respectively, whereas GG2 showed minor effects. Effect sizes over 2 and 4 h were similar except for significantly greater reduction in EGP for GG4 at 2 h. In conclusion, a soluble fibre mix added to flatbreads only slightly reduced rates of glucose influx, but more substantially affected rates of postprandial disposal and hepatic glucose production.
Perinatal maternal high-fat diet induces early obesity and sex-specific alterations of the endocannabinoid system in white and brown adipose tissue of weanling rat offspring
Authors: Almeida Mariana M. , Dias-Rocha Camilla P. , Souza André S. , Muros Mariana F. , Mendonca Leonardo S. , Pazos-Moura Carmen C. , Trevenzoli Isis H.
Published: November 2017

Perinatal maternal high-fat (HF) diet programmes offspring obesity. Obesity is associated with overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in adult subjects, but the role of the ECS in the developmental origins of obesity is mostly unknown. The ECS consists of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1) and cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2)) and metabolising enzymes. We hypothesised that perinatal maternal HF diet would alter the ECS in a sex-dependent manner in white and brown adipose tissue of rat offspring at weaning in parallel to obesity development. Female rats received standard diet (9 % energy content from fat) or HF diet (29 % energy content from fat) before mating, during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring were killed for tissue harvest. Maternal HF diet induced early obesity, white adipocyte hypertrophy and increased lipid accumulation in brown adipose tissue associated with sex-specific changes of the ECS’s components in weanling rats. In male pups, maternal HF diet decreased CB1 and CB2 protein in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In female pups, maternal HF diet increased visceral and decreased subcutaneous CB1. In brown adipose tissue, maternal HF diet increased CB1 regardless of pup sex. In addition, maternal HF diet differentially changed oestrogen receptor across the adipose depots in male and female pups. The ECS and oestrogen signalling play an important role in lipogenesis, adipogenesis and thermogenesis, and we observed early changes in their targets in adipose depots of the offspring. The present findings provide insights into the involvement of the ECS in the developmental origins of metabolic disease induced by inadequate maternal nutrition in early life.
Toward laboratory torsional spine magnetic reconnection
Authors: Chesny David L. , Orange N. Brice , Oluseyi Hakeem M. , Valletta David R.
Published: November 2017

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental energy conversion mechanism in nature. Major attempts to study this process in controlled settings on Earth have largely been limited to reproducing approximately two-dimensional (2-D) reconnection dynamics. Other experiments describing reconnection near three-dimensional null points are non-driven, and do not induce any of the 3-D modes of spine fan, torsional fan or torsional spine reconnection. In order to study these important 3-D modes observed in astrophysical plasmas (e.g. the solar atmosphere), laboratory set-ups must be designed to induce driven reconnection about an isolated magnetic null point. As such, we consider the limited range of fundamental resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic parameters of dynamic laboratory plasmas that are necessary to induce the torsional spine reconnection (TSR) mode characterized by a driven rotational slippage of field lines – a feature that has yet to be achieved in operational laboratory magnetic reconnection experiments. Leveraging existing reconnection models, we show that within a${\lesssim}1~\text{m}^{3}$apparatus, TSR can be achieved in dense plasma regimes (${\sim}10^{24}~\text{m}^{-3}$) in magnetic fields of${\sim}10^{-1}~\text{T}$. We find that MHD and kinetic parameters predict reconnection in thin${\lesssim}20~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$current sheets on time scales of${\lesssim}10~\text{ns}$. While these plasma regimes may not explicitly replicate the plasma parameters of observed astrophysical phenomena, studying the dynamics of the TSR mode within achievable set-ups signifies an important step in understanding the fundamentals of driven 3-D magnetic reconnection and the self-organization of current sheets. Explicit control of this reconnection mode may have implications for understanding particle acceleration in astrophysical environments, and may even have practical applications to fields such as spacecraft propulsion.
How to Gamble in Greek: The Meaning of Kubeia
Authors: Kidd Stephen E.
Published: November 2017

Kubeia and its congeners are often translated as ‘playing dice’ or ‘dicing’ because kuboi are ‘dice’. But sometimes kubeia has nothing to do with ‘dice’ (kuboi) at all, and so ought often to be translated simply as ‘gambling’. Pollux explains the nature of the word clearly in book 7, and his position is supported by earlier authors such as Theopompus, Diphilus, Isocrates, Xenophon and Aeschines. Not only is it possible to ‘gamble’ (kubeuein) with knucklebones (astragaloi) as well as cubic dice (kuboi), it is also possible to ‘gamble’ (kubeuein) by folding leather straps, by spinning coins and by guessing about small objects hidden in the hand; it is even possible to ‘gamble’ (kubeuein) during a cock-fight. The mistaken belief that the word means ‘dicing’ has affected not only centuries of translations and interpretations, but also the editing of texts since at least the early 19th century, as is shown regarding a crux in Aeschines’ Against Timarchus.
Gadfly or Spur? The Meaning of ΜΎΩΨ in Plato’s Apology of Socrates
Authors: Marshall Laura A.
Published: November 2017

The standard translation of μύΩΨ in Plato’s Apology of Socrates 30e is ‘gadfly’. However, this word was generally translated as ‘spur’ until the 1800s. This article re-evaluates the scholarship that led to the ‘gadfly’ translation and argues that the ‘spur’ translation is correct based on the use elsewhere in Greek literature of μύΩΨ and other significant words in the passage.
Evaluating the conservation status of the Black-fronted FrancolinPternistis atrifrons
Authors: GEDEON KAI , RÖDDER DENNIS , ZEWDIE CHEMERE , TÖPFER TILL
Published: November 2017

The occurrence of the Black-fronted FrancolinPternistis atrifronsis restricted to a tiny area in southern Ethiopia. Based on field studies from 2012 to 2014, we modelled the range and estimated the population size of the species in order to evaluate its current conservation status. Annual mean temperature (relatively low) and precipitation (relatively high) proved to be key factors for the probability of its occurrence. The modelled range is 1,286 km2(“extent of occurrence” according to the IUCN Red List criteria). However, only about one third of the modelled range is actually populated by the Black-fronted Francolin. This area, around 385 km2, corresponds to the IUCN’s “area of occupancy”. The total population size is estimated at 1,100 to 2,100 mature individuals. Thus, we conclude that the species should be classified as Endangered, criteria: A2c+B1ab(i,iii,v) + B2ab(i,iii,v); population trend: decreasing. This means that the Black-fronted Francolin is one of Africa’s most endangered galliforms. Major threats are range and habitat losses due to agricultural expansion, grazing pressure, commercial firewood and timber exploitation, and hunting. Furthermore, expected climate changes in south-east Ethiopia (higher temperatures, less precipitation) could further exacerbate these threats. We propose urgent conservation actions, including the extension of the currently projected Borana National Park.
An unusual course of anti-Ro antibody-mediated fetal complete heart block
Authors: Renaud Claudia , Jaeggi Edgar , Thakur Varsha
Published: November 2017

Fetal hydrops is a serious complication of immune-mediated congenital complete atrioventricular block. We present the case of a fetus with severe hydrops and profound bradycardia and an unusual favourable outcome. This case enhances the importance of considering the contribution of ventricular ectopic beats to the cardiac output when counselling and predicting outcome of complete heart block.