bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Lis S. , Baer N. , Stein‐en‐Nosse C. , Gallhofer B. , Sammer G. , Kirsch P.
Published: February 2010

Lis S, Baer N, Stein‐en‐Nosse C, Gallhofer B, Sammer G, Kirsch P. Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective:  This study investigates whether hyperactivity, i.e. an increased level of motor activity, can be observed in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method:  An infrared motion‐tracking system was used to measure motor activity in 20 unmedicated adults with ADHD and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) during a 1‐back working memory task.

Results:  Motor activity was higher in ADHD. It increased with the duration of testing and co‐varied with cognitive performance in ADHD only. Subjective and objective measurements of motor activity were related in HC, but not in ADHD.

Conclusion:  Higher levels of motor activity in ADHD are objectively measurable not only in children, but in adults as well. It is linked to cognitive performance arguing against distinguishable diagnostic subtypes. The objective measurement of motor activity seems to extend the description of ADHD symptoms derived from rating scales and might thus help to bridge the gap between psychopathological symptom description and neurobiological alterations.
Is late‐onset schizophrenia a subtype of schizophrenia?
Authors: Vahia I. V. , Palmer B. W. , Depp C. , Fellows I. , Golshan S. , Kraemer H. C. , Jeste D. V.
Published: February 2010

Vahia IV, Palmer BW, Depp C, Fellows I, Golshan S, Kraemer HC, Jeste DV. Is late‐onset schizophrenia a subtype of schizophrenia?

Objective:  To determine whether late‐onset schizophrenia (LOS, onset after age 40) should be considered a distinct subtype of schizophrenia.

Method:  Participants included 359 normal comparison subjects (NCs) and 854 schizophrenia out‐patients age >40 (110 LOS, 744 early‐onset schizophrenia or EOS). Assessments included standardized measures of psychopathology, neurocognition, and functioning.

Results:  Early‐onset schizophrenia and LOS groups differed from NCs on all measures of psychopathology and functioning, and most cognitive tests. Early‐onset schizophrenia and LOS groups had similar education, severity of depressive, negative, and deficit symptoms, crystallized knowledge, and auditory working memory, but LOS patients included more women and married individuals, had less severe positive symptoms and general psychopathology, and better processing speed, abstraction, verbal memory, and everyday functioning, and were on lower antipsychotic doses. Most EOS–LOS differences remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, severity of negative or deficit symptoms, and duration of illness.

Conclusion:  Late‐onset schizophrenia should be considered a subtype of schizophrenia.
Elastic fiber pattern in regressing melanoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Kamino Hideko , Tam Sam , Roses Daniel , Toussaint Sonia
Published: February 2010

Background: Although histopathologic identification of regression of melanoma is usually straightforward, sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish it from scarring fibrosis. Therefore, this study investigates the elastic fiber pattern in melanomas associated with either regression or scars.

Methods: We compared 33 invasive melanomas with the fibrosing stage of regression to 10 cases of invasive melanomas with scarring fibrosis. None of the regression cases had a prior surgical procedure. Elastic fiber patterns were evaluated with Verhoeff's elastic van Gieson stain (EVG) and elastin immunostain.

Results: Elastin immunostain was superior to EVG in revealing the elastic fiber patterns. Both regression and scars had decreased to absent elastic fibers in the areas of fibrosis. However, areas of regression had a well‐defined compressed layer of thin elastic fibers pushed down from the papillary dermis to the base of the fibrosis. In contrast, the base of scars lacked this compressed elastic layer and had instead an abrupt transition to the thick elastic fibers of the spared reticular dermis.

Conclusions: We have identified distinct changes of the elastic tissue network, which more accurately define the presence of regression in melanoma and distinguish it from scarring fibrosis

Kamino H, Tam S, Roses D, Toussaint S. Elastic fiber pattern in regressing melanoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study.
CD10, p63 and CD99 expression in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma, spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma and desmoplastic melanoma
Authors: Kanner William A. , Brill Louis B. , Patterson James W. , Wick Mark R.
Published: February 2010

Background: Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a pleomorphic spindle cell lesion of the skin; it is considered in the differential diagnosis with spindle cell malignant melanoma (MM) and sarcomatoid carcinoma/spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). An optimum approach has yet to fully emerge with respect to the immunohistochemical discrimination of these lesions.

Methods: Departmental archives from 1978 onwards were searched for clinicopathologically confirmed cases of AFX, MM and SCC. Immunostains for CD10, CD99 and p63 were performed in each case. Scored staining results were analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test.

Results: Twenty‐seven of 31 cases of AFX were positive for CD10, as compared with 3 of 22 SCCs and 0 of 20 MMs. CD10 positivity was preferentially associated with the diagnosis of AFX (p < 0.001). p63 reactivity was observed in 15/22 cases of SCCs, 5/31 AFXs and 1/20 MMs. CD99 reactivity was observed in 3/31 cases of AFX, 2/22 SCCs and 3/20 MMs.

Conclusion: CD10 positivity is relatively specific in this context for the diagnosis of AFX. Its utility is enhanced when only strong, diffuse membranocytoplasmic staining is considered as a positive result. In contrast to prior reports, p63 was not found to be highly sensitive for SCC. Similarly, CD99 showed no preferential staining of any single diagnostic group of lesions.

Kanner WA, Brill LB, Patterson JW, Wick MR. CD10, p63 and CD99 expression in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma, spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma and desmoplastic melanoma.
Confirmation of a disease model of pemphigus vulgaris: characterization and correlation between disease parameters in 90 mice
Authors: Holm Thomas Lindebo , Markholst Helle
Published: February 2010

Please cite this paper as: Confirmation of a disease model of pemphigus vulgaris: characterization and correlation between disease parameters in 90 mice. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e158–e165.

Abstract:  Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic autoimmune bullous disease associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). Previously, a mouse model of PV was established by adoptive transfer of naive splenocytes from Dsg3−/− mice to Rag2−/− mice. The model is unique as Dsg3‐specific naive lymphocytes from Dsg3−/− mice can be primed and activated by the endogenous Dsg3 in recipient mice, resulting in pathogenic anti‐Dsg3 IgG without any active immunization. Here, we show that PV occurs after both intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) transfer of naive splenocytes. We evaluated the robustness of the model by comparing engraftment as well as PV phenotype using several disease parameters. While engraftment of spleen cells was significantly better after i.p. transfer, anti‐Dsg3 IgG antibody production, IgG deposition and disease score were comparable after both i.v. and i.p. cell transfer. Thus, transferred cells can be primed, activated and gain effector function. However, we detected heterogeneity in disease development, as only 46% of the mice developed hair loss, whereas 76% of the mice developed anti‐Dsg3 IgG. We also tested cyclophosphamide in the model, as this drug is reported to be beneficial to PV patients. Cyclophosphamide significantly inhibited disease development in a preventive setting, and mice were free of symptoms 35 days after discontinuing the treatment. We have successfully confirmed the induction of PV after both i.v. and i.p. transfer. In addition, we have shown that this model can be used for evaluation of immunosuppressive drugs.
“Transcription physiology” of pigment formation in melanocytes: central role of MITF
Authors: Vachtenheim Jiri , Borovanský Jan
Published: February 2010

Please cite this paper as:“Transcription physiology” of pigment formation in melanocytes: central role of (MITF). Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 617–627.

Abstract: Melanin production is the primary mechanism protecting human skin against the UV light‐induced damage. The polymeric compound melanin is synthesized within melanocytes in the specialized subcellular organelles, termed melanosomes, which are then transferred to surrounding keratinocytes. The genes for melanin synthesis and deposition are coordinately expressed in melanocytes. The transcription factor MITF, which has been reported to activate more than 25 genes in pigment cells, has emerged as an essential regulator not only for melanocyte development, proliferation and survival, but also for the expression of enzymes and structural proteins ensuring the production of melanin. MITF is a transcriptional activator of several genes which encode melanosome‐localized proteins involved both in melanin synthesis and in melanosome biogenesis and transport, including genes whose mutations are associated with human oculocutaneous and ocular forms of albinism. Here, we outline the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of genes associated with the biosynthesis of melanin in melanocytes and melanoma cells. MITF is crucial in this process, while several other factors seem to have only an auxiliary role to play under specific circumstances.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Duthey Beatrice , Hübner Anita , Diehl Sandra , Boehncke Sandra , Pfeffer Jeannette , Boehncke Wolf‐Henning
Published: February 2010

Please cite this paper as: Anti‐inflammatory effects of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in allergic contact dermatitis. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 661–666.

Abstract:  The gamma amino butyric acid B (GABAB) receptor is a G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in synaptic transmission. Recent data indicate it to be also expressed on immune cells, along with chemokine receptors, which are also GPCRs. As GPCRs can undergo heterologous desensitization, we have examined the ability of baclofen, a GABAB receptor selective agonist, to interfere with the function of pro‐inflammatory chemokine receptors known to be upregulated in cutaneous inflammation. In vitro, baclofen reduces chemotaxis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells towards CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCL2 and CX3CL1 in a dose‐dependant manner. Protein kinase C inhibitors calphostin C and G0 6976 could reverse this effect, pointing towards the involvement of both calcium‐dependent and ‐independent protein kinase C in baclofen‐induced inhibition of chemokine receptors. In an in vivo model of contact hypersensitivity in C57BL/6 mice, intraperitoneal injection of baclofen markedly alleviated signs of inflammation as well as recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes into the skin. This study demonstrates a new role for the GABAB receptor in inflammation, making it a potential new therapeutic target to treat inflammatory skin diseases.
The natural history of daytime urinary incontinence in children: a large British cohort
Authors: Swithinbank LV , Heron J , Von Gontard A , Abrams P
Published: February 2010

Aim:  Few studies have looked at the prevalence of daytime incontinence in a longitudinal cohort of children. This study set out to determine the prevalence of daytime incontinence and relationships between daytime incontinence and bedwetting, faecal incontinence and urgency in a large cohort of British children.

Methods:  Parents of children taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were asked questions concerning the child’s daytime wetting, bedwetting and faecal incontinence at different time points, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 9.5 years. The difference between the sexes for these different conditions was compared.

Results and limitations:  Data were available for 10 819 of the 13 973 children who entered the study. The prevalence of any daytime incontinence declined from 15.5% at 4.5 years to 4.9% at 9.5 years, and was mainly described as infrequent. Daytime incontinence was more common in girls than boys and frequent (DSM‐IV) incontinence was more commonly related to urgency, bedwetting and faecal incontinence than infrequent incontinence.

Conclusions:  Daytime incontinence is relatively common among children of primary school age and frequent incontinence more commonly coexists with other conditions, such as bedwetting and urgency. This study suggests the need for treatment to focus on children with frequent incontinence.
Compound KIR‐HLA genotype analyses in the Iranian population by a novel PCR–SSP assay
Authors: Tajik N. , Shahsavar F. , Nasiri M. , Radjabzadeh M. F.
Published: February 2010

Natural killer (NK) cells eliminate infected and transformed cells while still are self‐tolerant. Interactions of the independently segregating Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and human leucocyte antigens (HLA) loci play a critical role in NK cell regulation. Different compound KIR‐HLA genotypes can impart different thresholds of activation to the NK‐cell repertoire and such genotypic variation has been found to confer altered risk in a number of human diseases including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, reproduction abnormalities and cancers. In this study, we presented a novel combined KIR‐HLA polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers genotyping assay for simultaneous determination of KIR genes and their three major HLA class I ligand groups (C1, C2, and Bw4). Moreover, known inhibitory and activating KIR + HLA (iKIR + HLA: 2DL2/3 + C1, 2DL1 + C2, 3DL1 + Bw4; and aKIR + HLA: 2DS2 + C1, 2DS1 + C2, 3DS1 + Bw4) combinations as well as co‐inheritance of aKIR genes and iKIR + HLA pairs were analysed in a total of 200 unrelated healthy Iranian individuals. All tested subjects had at least one of the three iKIR + HLA pairs and the frequencies of various inhibitory combinations in the study group were: 31.5%, three iKIR + HLA pairs, 53.5%, two iKIR + HLA pairs, and 15%, 0ne iKIR + HLA pair. Furthermore, we revealed that majority of Iranians (69%) carry compound genotypes with greater number of inhibitory pairings than activating combinations (iKIR + HLA > aKIR + HLA). Conversely, iKIR + HLA < aKIR (45%) was dominant genotype in the study group. We conclude that selective evolutionary pressure has propensity to maintain KIR‐HLA genotypes with more inhibitory combinations to guarantee self‐tolerance. In contrast, existence of activating KIR genes without normal endogenous ligands, potentially arms the NK population for competent immunosurveillance and stronger defense against infections.
Disseminated histoplasmosis in a cat in Europe
Authors: Mavropoulou A. , Grandi G. , Calvi L. , Passeri B. , Volta A. , Kramer L. H. , Quintavalla C.
Published: February 2010

A cat was presented with a history of vomiting, decreased appetite and weight loss. Abnormal findings were poor body condition, pale mucous membranes, dehydration and a palpable abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasound showed lymph node enlargement, a mass of uncertain origin, thickening of the muscularis layer of the small bowel, focal thickening of the ileum with loss of layering and free peritoneal fluid. Cytology revealed a piogranulomatous infiltrate and numerous macrophages containing oval or round yeast‐like cells 2 to 5 µm diameter with a central, spherical, lightly basophilic body surrounded by a clear halo, compatible withHistoplasma capsulatum, within the cytoplasm. Post‐mortem examination revealed cavity effusions, granulomatous nodules in lungs, intestine and omentum, thickened intestinal walls and intestinal perforation. Staining with Grocott and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed numerous organisms within the granulomatous reaction.H. capsulatumhas a worldwide distribution in temperate and subtropical climates. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of feline histoplasmosis in Europe.
Screening for Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction Using B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: McDonagh Theresa A. , McDonald Kenneth , Maisel Alan S.
Published: February 2010

Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (ASLVD), a known precursor phase of heart failure, fulfills the essential criteria that should be met before screening for a disease. It is common and associated with reduced longevity and quality of life. Left untreated, it progresses to heart failure, which incurs a mortality greater than most cancers as well as significant morbidity rates. In addition, we now have several population‐based studies that demonstrate that both B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) can accurately exclude left ventricular systolic dysfunction. More recent work shows that this can be done cost‐effectively. There is also a wealth of evidence from randomized controlled trials indicating that the treatment of ASLVD can reduce both morbidity and mortality and slow progression to the heart failure state. The main stumbling block to implementation of screening, in addition to the perceived cost, may well be the lack of a randomized study showing that screening the population for ASLVD really does alter the natural history of the condition, something that other screening strategies have so far failed to do. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(4 suppl 1):5–8. ©2008 Le Jacq
Inpatient Monitoring and Prognostic Importance of B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Aspromonte Nadia , Valle Roberto , Peacock William F. , Vanderheyden Marc , Maisel Alan
Published: February 2010

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the leading cause of hospitalization in many industrialized countries. Despite a consistent body of data demonstrating the benefits of drug therapy, the prognosis of patients admitted with ADHF remains dismal, as it is associated with high readmission and mortality rates within 6 months after admission. ADHF is a largely hemodynamic disorder; 90% of hospitalized patients present with volume overload. Neurohormonal activation characterizes the disease; B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide are natriuretic and vasodilating peptides released from the cardiac ventricles as a response to ventricular volume expansion and relate to outcome. While BNP levels obtained on admission provide independent prognostic information of in‐hospital mortality, BNP levels during and at the completion of hospitalization can help to achieve euvolemia and may reflect adequacy of treatment. Once euvolemia is reached, BNP level correlated with functional class and prognosis. Studies using natriuretic peptides have suggested that predischarge BNP level appeared to be the strongest predictor for identifying subsequent death or hospital admission at 6 months. The addition of predischarge BNP levels to a clinical/instrumental decisional score for discharge decision should make possible the detection of high‐risk patients who need reinforced treatment or follow‐up. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(4 suppl 1):30–34. ©2008 Le Jacq
Cost‐Effectiveness of B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Testing
Authors: Mueller Christian
Published: February 2010

As with any other diagnostic method, the cost‐effectiveness of B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) testing depends on the indication of its use and the specific clinical setting. The use of BNP levels, in conjunction with other clinical information, provides information that seems to be particularly helpful in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of heart failure (HF) as well as screening for left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In the screening for asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction, BNP testing seems to be cost‐effective (<$50,000 per quality‐adjusted life‐years gained) when used in a population with a prevalence of at least 1%. BNP testing, in fact, results in cost savings in the diagnosis of HF. Although the data are less robust, BNP seems cost‐effective in the risk stratification of hospitalized HF patients when compared with echocardiography. Because BNP guidance seems to reduce the number of rehospitalizations in recently hospitalized patients with chronic HF, the use of BNP is also most likely cost‐effective in this indication. For the remaining and, in part, evolving indications, further studies are needed to assess cost‐effectiveness. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(4 suppl 1):35–37. ©2008 Le Jacq
Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Chronic Renal Impairment: Role of Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: Vanderheyden Marc , Bartunek Jozef , Filippatos Gerasimos , Goethals Marc , Van Vlem Bruno , Maisel Alan
Published: February 2010

Although there is overwhelming evidence that natriuretic peptides might be helpful in the diagnosis and management of congestive heart failure patients, the relationship among brain natriuretic peptides (BNP), renal function, and the severity of heart failure is less clear. It is obvious that the metabolism and elimination of BNP and N‐terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are different with BNP clearance less dependent upon renal function. This paper reviews current data about the diagnostic and predictive role of natriuretic peptides to detect cardiac events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although BNP and Nt‐proBNP can be used to diagnose acute heart failure and may help predict risk and future cardiac events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a strategy that incorporates their use in daily clinical practice is still lacking. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(4 suppl 1):38–42. ©2008 Le Jacq
The Use of B‐Type Natriuretic Peptides in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Mueller Christian , Maisel Alan , Mebazaa Alexandre , Filippatos Gerasimos S.
Published: February 2010

B‐type natriuretic peptide levels are quantitative markers of cardiac stress and heart failure that summarize the extent of systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction, valvular dysfunction, and right ventricular dysfunction. Initial observational pilot studies have addressed 7 potential indications in the intensive care unit: identification of cardiac dysfunction, diagnosis of hypoxic respiratory failure, risk stratification in severe sepsis and septic shock, evaluation of patients with shock, estimation of invasive measurements, weaning from mechanical ventilation, as well as perioperative and postoperative risk prediction. Although additional studies are required to better define the clinical utility of B‐type natriuretic peptide values in the intensive care unit, current data suggest that the diagnosis of hypoxic respiratory failure and timing of extubation seem to be the most promising indications. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(4 suppl 1):43–45. ©2008 Le Jacq
Risk Factors Associated with Detection of Salmonella in Broiler Litter at the Time of New Flock Placement
Authors: Volkova V. V. , Wills R. W. , Hubbard S. A. , Magee D. L. , Byrd J. A. , Bailey R. H.
Published: February 2010

In this study, we investigated risk factors associated with the probability to detect Salmonella in samples of litter collected within 2 h prior to new flock placement in 76 grow‐out houses on 38 conventional broiler farms located in the US states of Mississippi, Alabama and Texas. We evaluated characteristics of location and layout of the farm; area adjacent to and surrounding the house; house construction; condition and type of equipment in the house; litter management and other production, sanitation, visitation and biosecurity practices; non‐broiler animal species on the farm; and weather conditions on the 3 days leading up to flock placement. Logistic regression was used to model the relationships between probability to detect Salmonella in litter and potential risk factors. In the screening process, each risk factor was evaluated as a single fixed effects factor in a multilevel model that accounted for variability among the sampled farms and their production complexes and companies. Of almost 370 risk factors screened, 24 were associated with the probability to detect Salmonella in litter. These were characteristics of the surroundings of the house, house construction and conditions, litter management, length of downtimes between flocks in the house, biosecurity and farm location. After investigation of collinearity between these variables and building of models for important risk factor categories, the list of candidate variables for the final model was refined to eight factors. The final model demonstrated that a higher probability of detecting Salmonella in litter was strongly associated with the use of wood to construct the base of the walls or to cover the inside of the broiler house foundation, and with the use of fresh wood shavings to top‐dress or completely replace the litter between flocks.
The Role of Exposures to Animals and Other Risk Factors in Sporadic, Non‐TyphoidalSalmonellaInfections in Michigan Children
Authors: Younus M. , Wilkins M. J. , Davies H. D. , Rahbar M. H. , Funk J. , Nguyen C. , Siddiqi A. E. , Cho S. , Saeed A. M.
Published: February 2010

Salmonellosis is largely a major foodborne disease. However, contact with animals particularly reptiles, has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor forSalmonellainfection among children. The major risk factors for salmonellosis in Michigan children have not been assessed. Therefore, we have evaluated the association betweenSalmonellainfections and contact with animals among Michigan children aged ≤10 years by conducting a population‐based case–control study. A total of 123 children with laboratory‐confirmedSalmonellainfections and 139 control children, who had not experienced symptoms of gastrointestinal illness during the month prior to the interviews, were enrolled. A multivariable analysis matched on age group revealed that children withSalmonellainfections had reported more commonly than controls contact with reptiles [adjusted matched odds ratio (MOR) = 7.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–41.01] and cats (MOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.14–5.88). Results of this study suggest an association between salmonellosis and contact with cats and reptiles in Michigan children. Additional efforts are needed to educate caretakers of young children about the risk ofSalmonellatransmission through animal contact.
Perceptions of Risk and Optimistic Bias for Acute Gastrointestinal Illness: A Population Survey
Authors: Sargeant J. M. , Majowicz S. E. , Sheth U. , Edge V. L.
Published: February 2010

Optimistic bias refers to the tendency of individuals to believe that they are less likely to experience negative events compared with other people. Individuals who perceive their risk of an adverse health event to be low may not be as receptive to informational messages aimed at disease prevention. Our objective was to estimate the magnitude of optimistic bias for acute gastrointestinal illness, and to describe demographic associations with, and reasons for, individuals’ perception of personal risk. Data were obtained by a retrospective, cross‐sectional telephone survey of 2057 randomly selected English‐speaking residents of Ontario, Canada conducted between May 2005 and April 2006. Data were collected on the occurrence of acute gastrointestinal illness during the 28 days prior to the survey, demographics, respondents’ perception of their personal risk of acute gastrointestinal illness compared with the average person, and the reasons for this perception. Associations with perception of illness were evaluated using ordinal logistic regression and reasons for perception of risk were explored qualitatively. Optimistic bias was present among all respondents, but was not statistically significant within the group that had experienced acute gastrointestinal illness in the previous 28 days. Rural residency and not having experienced acute gastrointestinal illness in the previous 28 days were associated with a lower perception of risk compared with the average person. Proportionally fewer individuals who had not completed secondary education saw themselves as at less than average risk. The most common reason given for the perception of lower risk was that the respondent was healthier than the average person, although personal lifestyle choices also were provided as reasons. The presence of optimistic bias may negatively impact compliance with public health initiatives to reduce acute gastrointestinal illness. Therefore, recognizing the demographic characteristics associated with a perception of lower risk and understanding the reasons for this perception may help with targeting effective preventive messaging.
A Comparative Parametric Study of Single Step and Double Step Swage Autofrettage in Swaged Metal Tubes
Authors: Malik Azaal M. , Khushnood Shahab , Khan Muddasar , Gilani Ghulam , Khan Musarrat
Published: February 2010

Computerized software based on finite element programming plays a unique role in the design and development of different engineering fields e.g. mechanical, electrical and civil technologies. Specifically these finite element based software analysis plays a vital role in increasing the fatigue life of structural components. To prevent crack failure and to increase the pressure-carrying capacity of thick-walled components, a common practice is auto-frettage treatment of the cylinder prior to use. The applications are typically heavy walled tubes, diesel engine, hydraulically expanded tubular systems, water jet and oil field components. In this research paper, a simple analysis of single step and double step swage auto-frettaged metal tubes is done using available computerized software based on finite element programming and results are validated using available experimental data, and recommendations are sought for the improvement in the design of multi-stage swage process.
Investigation of Discrepancies in Waterhammer Structural Integrity Analysis Simulation and Actual Vibration Testing
Authors: Chaudhry Khalid , Blahoianu Andrei
Published: February 2010

While verifying the Primary Heat Transport (PHT) piping design for increased waterhammer loads due to sudden relief valve opening, it was discovered that linear piping analysis FEA program, which was relied upon extensively in the past, predicted overly conservative results. By overestimating the piping stresses, the stress results did not satisfy the ASME code, Section III, subsection NB-3652 Equation 9 limits for Level B service loading. During the course of investigation to meet ASME code limits, the licensee carried out a series of controlled actual waterhammer tests on thoroughly instrumented PHT piping and recorded the measured piping displacements. Waterhammer pressure-time histories created from these actual tests were then used as input into the standard linear piping analyses to compare analysis simulation results with the actual measured displacement data. It was observed that the analysis simulation results overestimated the piping displacement results by a large margin, i.e., by a factor of 5. A further insight into the analysis results indicated the presence of a single, the so called “killer” mode of vibration which accounted for nearly all of the PHT piping displacement response to test waterhammer loading. On a hypothetical basis, a restraint was applied in the direction of vibration of the pipe and the linear analysis was repeated. It was discovered that the simulated analytical piping response using a modified restraint had a much better match with the displacement results obtained during the actual test. From this hypothetical restraint application, it was inferred that friction between the supports and the pipe is the key ingredient which dampens the pipe oscillations and hence a lower response during the test than the linear analysis which does not consider the friction between the pipe and its guide support. This paper further investigates the contribution of structural damping, friction effects between the pipe and its supports (use of contact elements), fluid structure interactions and issues related to application of friction to carry out ‘modified’ nonstandard analyses to better predict the piping response to waterhammer transient loading.
Validation of Calculated Skyshine Dose From Turbine Building by Using MCNP5 With Experimental Data at Shimane Nuclear Power Station
Authors: Tayama Ryuichi , Wakasugi Kenichi , Kawanaka Ikunori , Kadota Yoshinobu , Murakami Yasuhiro
Published: February 2010

We measured the skyshine dose from turbine buildings at Shimane Nuclear Power Station Unit 1 and Unit 2, and then compared it with the dose calculated by MCNP5 in order to confirm validation. The skyshine dose values calculated by MCNP5 show good agreement with the experimental data, within a factor of 2.8, if the radiation shielding effect of the deck-plate and additional concrete on the roof is precisely taken into account. We concluded that MCMP5 was valid for calculating skyshine dose for BWR turbine buildings.
Use of Shear Lugs for Anchorage to Concrete
Authors: Carrato Peter J. , Reifschneider Martin
Published: February 2010

Anchoring structures, systems and components to concrete is a significant activity in the design and construction of a nuclear power plant. Early in this decade the Concrete Capacity Design method (CCD) was adopted by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) for use in the structural design for both commercial and nuclear facilities. This design method and associated qualification tests brings new challenges to designing efficient means for anchoring to concrete structures. Although the CCD method provides guidance on many aspects of concrete anchorage there are a few areas, pertinent to nuclear power plant construction, that are not covered or require significant interpretation of the most recent codes. This paper will focus on the design of shear lugs used to resist significant lateral loads. Results from laboratory tests of shear lugs are presented. These full scale tests considered the interaction of tension and shear loads on the performance of shear lug assemblies. Recommendations for the efficient use of shear lugs are provided.
Analysis of Rod Ejection Accident in a Research Reactor by the Coupled Technique
Authors: Hamidouche Tewfik , Si-Ahmed El Khider , Bousbia-Salah Anis , Legrand Jack
Published: February 2010

This paper investigates the possibility to extend standard computer tools and methods, commonly used in the safety technology of nuclear power reactors, to research reactor safety analysis. A 3-D Neutron Kinetics Thermal-Hydraulic code (3D-NKTH), based on coupling PARCS and RELAP5/3.3 codes, was developed for a standard Material Test Reactor (MTR). The assessment of the model has been performed by comparison of steady state calculations against conventional diffusion codes and Monte Carlo code results. The model is applied for the analysis of a rod ejection accident. The comparison of the 3D-NKTH code, with conventional conservative research reactor tools showed that 3D-NKTH provided a more realistic course of the accident and did not require to define hot channel parameters. This approach could also open new frontiers in the safety analysis of research reactor such as setting realistic safety margin and adequate limits and operation conditions for optimal utilization of research reactors.
Experimental Results of Reflood Bundle Test QUENCH-14 With M5® Cladding Tubes
Authors: Stuckert Juri , Große Mirco , Sepold Leo , Steinbru¨ck Martin
Published: February 2010

The QUENCH-14 experiment investigated the effect of M5® cladding material on bundle oxidation and core reflood, in comparison with tests QUENCH-06 (ISP-45) that used standard Zircaloy-4 and QUENCH-12 that used VVER E110-claddings. The PWR bundle configuration of QUENCH-14 with a single unheated rod, 20 heated rods, and four corner rods was otherwise identical to QUENCH-06. The test was conducted in principle with the same protocol as QUENCH-06, so that the effects of the change of cladding material could be observed more easily. Pre-test calculations were performed by the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland) using SCDAPSIM, SCDAP/RELAP5 and MELCOR codes. The experiment started with a pre-oxidation phase in steam, lasting 3100 s at 1500 K peak bundle temperature. After a further temperature increase to maximal bundle temperature of 2050 K the bundle was flooded with 41 g/s water from the bottom. The peak temperature of ∼2300 K was measured on the bundle shroud, shortly after quench initiation. The electrical power was reduced to 3.9 kW during the reflood phase to simulate effective decay heat levels. The complete bundle cooling was reached in 300 s after reflood initiation. The development of the oxide layer growth during the test was rather defined by measurements performed on the three Zircaloy-4 corner rods withdrawn successively from the bundle. The withdrawal of Zircaloy-4 and E110 corner rods after the test allowed a comparison of the different alloys in one test. One heated rod with M5 cladding was withdrawn after the test for a detailed analysis of oxidation degree and measurement of absorbed hydrogen. Post-test examinations showed neither breakaway cladding oxidation nor noticeable melt relocation between rods. Different from the QUENCH-14 (M5) findings, the QUENCH-12 test with the E110 claddings performed under similar conditions had resulted in intensive breakaway effect at cladding and shroud surfaces during the pre-oxidation phase and local melt relocation on reflood initiation. The hydrogen production in QUENCH-14 up to reflood was similar to QUENCH-06 and QUENCH-12 bundle tests. During reflood 5 g hydrogen were released which is similar to QUENCH-06 (4 g) but much less than during quench phase of QUENCH-12 (24 g). The reason for the different behaviour of the Zr1%Nb cladding alloys is the different oxide scale properties of both materials.
A New Simulation Code for Analyzing Loss of Coolant Accidents in VVER-440/213 Reactors Concerning Activity Transport
Authors: Madaras Attila , Deme Sa´ndor , Ho´zer Zolta´n , La´ng Edit , Ne´meth Istva´n , Pa´zma´ndi Tama´s , Sza´nto´ Pe´ter
Published: February 2010

In the Atomic Energy Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary a computer code for modelling the in-containment fission product related processes of a design basis LOCA in VVER-440/213 type nuclear reactors is under development. The model is based on the lumped-parameter approach (the total volume of the simulated containment is divided into distinct, connected sub-volumes in which the parameters are assumed to be homogenous). The structural and functional models of the adequate reactor units are implemented in the code. The main considered physical processes of the fission product elements are radioactive decay, transport by gas flows, removal from the containment atmosphere by adsorption to wall surfaces and wash-out. In order to test the abilities of the code we performed sample calculations for the units of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary. In this study the discussion of the first results is presented following a summary of the basics of the physical models implemented in the code.
On Design Verification of Piping Supports Under Combined Stresses
Authors: Jansson Lennart G. , Zeng Lingfu
Published: February 2010

In this paper design verification rules for piping supports under combined stresses according to ASME NF and its appendices are reviewed and examined in detail. A comprehensive study on these rules for piping supports constructed using austenitic steel will be conducted for service limit levels A, B, C and D. Ongoing projects in Sweden will be used to address the application of these rules and to discuss the design philosophy embedded in ASME III, and its rationality in practical design. We show that the rules specified for service limit level D enforce a stronger design requirement than those specified for service limit level C, which is irrational and inconsistent with the general principle upon which ASME III is built. Our suggestions for improving these rules will be given.
Allegro: The European Gas Fast Reactor Demonstrator Project
Authors: Poette Christian , Brun-Magaud Vale´rie , Morin Franck , Pignatel Jean-Franc¸ois , Stainsby Richard , Mikityuk Konstantin
Published: February 2010

In the Gas Fast Reactor development plan, ALLEGRO is the first necessary step towards the electricity generating prototype GFR. The ALLEGRO start of operation is planned by 2020. This needs to define all design options in 2010 and to start detailed design studies in 2013. ALLEGRO is a low power Gas Cooled Fast Reactor studied in the European framework. It is a loop type, non electricity generating reactor. Its power is about 80 MW. Several objectives are assigned to ALLEGRO. At first, it will demonstrate the viability of the GFR reactor system, no reactor of this type having been built in the past. Most of the GFR architecture, materials and components features are considered at reduced scale in ALLEGRO, excluding the energy conversion system. ALLEGRO will rely on the same safety options as the reactor system. In addition, the ALLEGRO core will allow the progressive qualification of the GFR ceramic fuel, with the possibility to load some ceramic carbide or nitride sub-assemblies in a first MOX core, with SiC/SiCf cladding and wrappers. When such unit test will be considered convincing enough, the diagrid and circuits are designed to accept full high temperature ceramic cores. The core neutrons can also be used to irradiate structural materials with fast neutron spectrum and in a large temperature range. The core can also include innovative irradiation fuel devices (samples or full bundles) for other reactor systems. Finally, branches on the main intermediate heat exchanger will allow the testing and validation of high temperature components and processes. The pre-conceptual design of ALLEGRO is shared between European partners through the GCFR 6th R&D Framework Program. After recalling the role of the European partners in the different design and safety tasks, the paper will give an overview of the current design with recent progresses in various areas like: • Core design and neutron performances, • The design of experimental advanced ceramic GFR fuel sub-assemblies included in several locations of the MOX core, • Fuel handling principles and solutions, • System design and global reactor architecture which is largely influenced by the Decay Heat Removal strategy (DHR) for depressurized accidents.
The Use of Stochastic Models to Measure Damage Potential in Acceleration Time Series
Authors: Brahimi Malek , Berri Sidi , Menasseri Abdelrazak , Boulaouad Abdelrachid
Published: February 2010

ARMA models are obtained with parameters chosen to fit real accelerograms of different earthquake records. The maximum likelihood technique is used to estimate the parameters. A random set of earthquakes is generated for each event and used to establish statistically valid structural response spectra. From a sample of earthquakes, the mean and variance of response spectral ordinates are obtained for damage predictors namely peak linear displacement, ductility demand and hysteretic energy demand and compared to spectra based on single earthquake records. These Models are used to assess the damage potential in seismic records.
Development of a New Monte-Carlo Treatment Planning System for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Kumada Hiroaki , Nakamura Takemi , Matsumura Akira , Ono Koji
Published: February 2010

To improve treatment planning in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a new Monte-Carlo radiotherapy planning system is under development at Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). This system (developing code: JCDS-FX) builds on fundamental technologies of JCDS (JAEA Computation Dosimetry System) which has been applied to actual BNCT trials at Japan Research Reactor No.4 (JRR-4). Basic technologies of JCDS have been taken over to JCDS-FX, and some new functions have been built into the system. One of features of the JCDS-FX is that PHITS as a multi-purpose particle Monte-Carlo transport code has been applied to particle transport calculation. Application of PHITS enables to evaluate doses for neutrons and photons as well as protons and heavy ions. Therefore, the JCDS-FX with PHITS can perform treatment planning for not only BNCT but also particle radiotherapy. To verify calculation accuracy of the JCDS-FX with PHITS, dose evaluations for neutron irradiation of a cylindrical water phantom and for an actual clinical trial conducted at JRR-4 were performed. The verification results indicated that JCDS-FX is applicable to BNCT treatment planning in practical use. Further verifications of the system are being performed to achieve practical application of the system in the future. And in addition to the BNCT, investigations for application of the system to any other particle radiotherapy like proton therapy are carried forward.
FE Simulation of Welding Residual Stresses in Reactor Vessel Head Penetrations
Authors: Teughels Anne , Malekian Christian
Published: February 2010

The penetrations in the early Pressurized Water Reactors Vessels are characterized by Alloy 600 tubes, welded by Alloy 182/82. The Alloy 600 tubes have been shown to be susceptible to PWSCC (Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking) which may lead to crack forming. The cracking mechanism is driven mainly by the welding residual stresses and, in a second place, by the operational stresses in the weld region. It is therefore of big interest to quantify the weld residual stresses correctly. In order to determine the welding residual stresses, the weld procedure is simulated numerically by finite elements analysis. In the article, central as well as eccentric sidehill nozzles on the vessel head are analyzed. For the former a 2-dimensional axisymmetrical finite element model is used, whereas for the latter a 3-dimensional model is set up. A nonlinear transient thermo-mechanical analysis is performed, which is preceded by a transient thermal analysis simulating the heating during the multipass welding. Weld beads are deposited “all-at-once”. Different positions on the vessel head are compared and the influence of the sidehill effect is illustrated. The methodology is applied to the reactor vessels of the Belgian nuclear power plants by Tractebel Engineering (Belgium). The results are compared with literature. The global approach in both cases is very similar but is applied to different configurations, specific for each plant.
Fire PRA Database Development and Applications
Authors: Rochon Chris , Baron Barbara R. , Worrell Clarence L. , Ferrel Mark A.
Published: February 2010

Support Task B, the Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (FPRA) Database, is an important organizational task that directly supports nearly all of the NUREG/CR-6850 FPRA development tasks (Reference 1). As a result, the database structure can become quite complex. Westinghouse has created a FPRA Database to support the Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) FPRA development project and has acquired a number of lessons learned and best practices that can be applied to the development of a FPRA for any nuclear power plant. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the WCGS FPRA Database structure and to share the lessons learned and best practices acquired during its development.