bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting Natural Law Principles into Practice
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: January 2021

This chapter cites ancient roots for the principles of human rights and concept of justice, such as Hammurabi's Code, the Bible, Plato, and Aristotle. It mentions Roman thinkers such as Cicero and Seneca who helped to develop commitment to freedom of expression and Mencius and Asoka as non-Western sources for roots of thinking about rights. The chapter illustrates the struggles of dissenting movements in England in the middle decades of the seventeenth century, in which men actively engaged in efforts to uphold their rights. It discusses religious and political sects during the turbulent period in England, such as the Levellers, the Diggers, the Ranters, the Quakers, and the Muggletonians that were preoccupied by their right to be treated fairly and humanely when the state sought to suppress their beliefs. It also analyzes the concept of natural law that provided the main philosophical basis for the rights movements.
International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the notion that truly “civilized” people should set boundaries even in war, which was not solely confined to those who founded Western civilization. It mentions the Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu, whose writings about the relationship between warfare and politics anticipated much contemporary thought on civility. It also identifies some of the leading figures in the Christian Church in the West that called for restraint in combat. The chapter looks into the most significant development of codes imposing restraints on the conduct of hostilities that took place during the “age of chivalry,” which was the late medieval period that lasted from about the twelfth to the fifteenth century. It also reviews accounts of the development of contemporary international humanitarian law, starting with the battle of Solferino in 1859.
Defying Communism
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the rise of the international human rights movement as significant force in world affairs. It draws attention to the Cold War, in which the context of international human rights took place. It also talks about the “Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch” as one of the leading non-governmental human rights organizations operating globally that was established at different stages of the Cold War era. The chapter focuses on the emergence of the human rights movement in the communist countries, as well as its development on the other side of the Cold War divide. It illustrates the demonstration over the arrests of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel in 1965, which marked the beginning of the emergence of a human rights movement in the Soviet bloc countries.
Rights after 9/11
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the significant role of the human rights movement after September 11, 2001. It points out how Al-Qaeda made no claim to respect rights after 9/11, making them insusceptible to the human rights movement's main weapon: embarrassment. It also details how the United States played a crucial role in the promotion of human rights worldwide during and after the Cold War. The chapter analyzes the consequence of the decision to make prevention the defining concern of U.S. government policy in responding to the threat of terrorism for human rights. It looks at the consequences of the primacy given to prevention that removed one of the restraints on the use of torture or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.
The United States in the Global Economy
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out basic facts about international trade and the U.S. economy. It describes how world trade has expanded rapidly in the recent decades and explains how the development provides the context in which to consider trade policy. The chapter discusses the reasons for the increase in trade and how trade has changed with the fragmentation of production and the increase in trade of intermediate goods. It talks about the state of public opinion on the question of globalization. It also analyzes protectionist policies that directly harm employment in domestic industries by raising production costs in addition to forcing consumers to pay higher price for the products they buy.
The Case for Free Trade
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the economic logic of free trade and recent empirical evidence reinforcing the case for it. It mentions Adam Smith and David Ricardo who have described the gains from trade in a systematic way many centuries that made economists of today urge for higher income that results from improved resource allocation as the main advantage of trade. It also explains how trade not only helps to improve the allocation of existing resources but also makes those resources more productive. The chapter talks about the productivity gains from trade that are sometimes neglected but appear to be substantial. It also points out the importance of welfare benefits of a greater variety of products that resulted from trade.
Trade Remedies and Relief from Foreign Competition
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the legal framework that allows firms to petition the government for the imposition of tariffs on competing imports. It introduces the antidumping law as the most commonly used measure to block unfair imports. It talks about the government's definition of “dumping” as a lower price charged in the United States than in a foreign exporter's home market. The chapter also examines the case for providing domestic industries with temporary relief from imports so that they can adjust to foreign competition, including the recently revived “national security” rationale for limiting imports. It looks at countervailing duties, which address foreign subsidies and escape clause, and provide industries with temporary relief from imports without the claim of unfairness.
Christian Globalism at Home
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: January 2021

Child sponsorship emerged from nineteenth-century Protestant missions to become one of today's most profitable private fundraising tools in organizations including World Vision, Compassion International, and ChildFund. Investigating two centuries of sponsorship and its related practices in American living rooms, churches, and shopping malls, this book reveals the myriad ways that Christians who don't travel outside of the United States cultivate global sensibilities. The book traces the movement of money, letters, and images, along with a wide array of sponsorship's lesser-known embodied and aesthetic techniques, such as playacting, hymn singing, eating, and fasting. It shows how, through this process, U.S. Christians attempt to hone globalism of a particular sort by oscillating between the sensory experiences of a God's eye view and the intimacy of human relatedness. These global aspirations are buoyed by grand hopes and subject to intractable limitations, since they so often rely on the inequities they claim to redress. Based on extensive interviews, archival research, and fieldwork, the book explores how U.S. Christians imagine and experience the world without ever leaving home.
Introduction
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of “Christian globalism.” The term is shorthand for a cluster of ideas, cultural forms, structures of feeling, and social connections that at a very basic level emerge from the understanding that the Christian God encompasses all human beings as their creator and eventual judge. All forms of globalism, Christian or otherwise, take shape within specific societal frameworks and institutional structures. With that in mind, this book focuses on one site in particular: child sponsorship programs in the United States. This fundraising model, which began in Protestant missions two centuries ago and then spread to NGOs, is familiar in North America and Europe. It requests a defined yearly or monthly amount to aid a foreign child, with some promise of communication between donors and recipients. Sponsorship is a good vantage point from which to address the “immobile global” since less than one per cent of U.S. sponsors actually meet the child they support.
Love and Sin
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses informal evangelical theologies that fused the circulation of human love and Divine Love into a basis for U.S. Christian globalism. It begins by clarifying how nineteenth-century Christians came to understand childhood innocence as a shared attribute of humankind. Without this revolutionary shift, sponsorship would likely never have come about. The chapter then looks at how the rising middle classes grappled with vexed questions about adult sin among heathens and in their own communities. Ultimately, a productive tension between a growing theology of love and earlier ideas about sin became the engine driving thousands of nineteenth-century Americans to band together, announce their sins, make objects, save pennies, and adopt a child abroad.
Systems and Statistics
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the statistical science of “large numbers,” notably population statistics, worked dialogically with the penny donations of systematic giving and the individual recipients associated with “special objects” charity. It focuses on statistical aesthetics and linguistic gigantism, where missionary audiences were treated to display after display of numbers, graphs, and maps that portrayed global immensities. These aesthetic forms shared a common message with designated and systematic giving: they reiterated the “burdensome calculus” of millions upon millions of perishing heathen souls and the millions upon millions it would cost to convert them. But for U.S. Christians, big numbers did not crush to kill. Instead, they were meant to uplift and enliven moral action in service of global projects.
Interlude
Authors: Kaell Hillary
Published: January 2021

Following two sides of a sponsorship story, this interlude experiments with a narrative approach to further highlight the irresolution and silences that constitute global relations. It should be read alongside chapters 6 and 7, both of which raise questions about what it’s like to keep in touch and lose touch during sponsorship. The interlude is based on interviews with individuals I have called Carol and Rizal in 2017 and 2018, respectively. My conversation with Carol lasted nearly three hours and was supplemented by her written recollections and follow-up emails. I contacted Rizal on Facebook and we were in touch for a few months before conducting a phone interview with the help of Kristel Kabigting, a colleague at my university who graciously offered to translate. Carmen Tomas, a Manila-based contractor with whom I have worked many times, transcribed and translated Rizal’s responses into English. I underline phrases that are directly from the transcripts for both interviews (changing first person to third). The rest is paraphrased, with small details added for narrative flow. The final product is thus a result of its creation as I stitched together a patchwork of overlapping voices. Rizal’s story is undoubtedly colored by mistranslations and emotions (“I was nervous,” he said at the end, “This is the longest I ever spoke to someone from another country”). Carol’s bore traces of her own multiple retellings, including a version she wrote in 2015 that I mention in the timeline below....
The University Population in World Society and University Organizations
Authors: Frank David John , Meyer John W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the exploding numbers and broadening capacities of students and professors that skyrocket over time, especially as the hyper-modern society assembles around the university-based knowledge system. It discusses how schooling is seen as relevant for more and more sorts of people and points out how the dimensions of people are activated and incorporated. It also looks at people that are involved and seen not simply as passive entrants but as executors of ever more legitimate interests and capacities that is above all the general capacity for empowered choice or actorhood. The chapter describes the properly schooled person that is imagined to be a dramatic social actor, fit to master and change the world and not simply to be a carrier of received culture. It applies a neo-institutional perspective to the expansion of the university populations of reconstructed individual people.
The Human Actor and the Expansion of Academic Knowledge
Authors: Frank David John , Meyer John W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses curricular growth, focusing on the new human materials made available by globalization and liberalization that was developed during the liberal period of the last half-century. It explains how globalization diminishes both real and imagined boundaries around humans, society, and nature, and opens new cultural terrains to academic scrutiny. It also assesses liberalization that reconstitutes society and culture around the human individual and launches a greatly empowered agent of cultural inquiry and social change. The chapter analyzes the changes in the university that occur in an ideological context that renders them as normal and seemingly inevitable. It also investigates globalization and liberalization and the changes they foster in the wider institutional context.
Introduction
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Drinfeld's work on the global Langlands correspondence over function fields. Whereas the global Langlands correspondence is largely open in the case of number fields K, it is a theorem for function fields, due to Drinfeld and L. Lafforgue. The key innovation in this case is Drinfeld's notion of an X-shtuka (or simply shtuka). The Langlands correspondence for X is obtained by studying moduli spaces of shtukas. A large part of this course is about the definition of perfectoid spaces and diamonds. There is an important special case where the moduli spaces of shtukas are classical rigid-analytic spaces. This is the case of local Shimura varieties. Some examples of these are the Rapoport-Zink spaces.
Adic spaces
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the theory of adic spaces as developed by Huber. There are two familiar categories of geometric objects which arise in nonarchimedean geometry: formal schemes and rigid-analytic varieties. The goal is to construct a category of adic spaces which contains both formal schemes and rigid-analytic spaces as full subcategories. Just as formal schemes are built out of affine formal schemes associated to adic rings, and rigid-analytic spaces are built out of affinoid spaces associated to affinoid algebras, adic spaces are built out of affinoid adic spaces, which are associated to pairs of topological rings. The affinoid adic space associated to such a pair is the adic spectrum. The chapter then looks at Huber rings and defines the set of continuous valuations on a Huber ring, which constitute the points of an adic space.
Adic spaces II
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter defines adic spaces. A scheme is a ringed space which locally looks like the spectrum of a ring. An adic space will be something similar. The chapter then identifies the adic version of “locally ringed space.” Briefly, it is a topologically ringed topological space equipped with valuations. The chapter also reflects on the role of A+ in the definition of adic spaces. The subring A+ in a Huber pair may seem unnecessary at first: why not just consider all continuous valuations on A? Specifying A+ keeps track of which inequalities have been enforced among the continuous valuations. Finally, the chapter differentiates between sheafy and non-sheafy Huber pairs.
Examples of adic spaces
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses various examples of adic spaces. These examples include the adic closed unit disc; the adic affine line; the closure of the adic closed unit disc in the adic affine line; the open unit disc; the punctured open unit disc; and the constant adic space associated to a profinite set. The chapter focuses on one example: the adic open unit disc over Zp. The adic spectrum Spa Zp consists of two points, a special point and a generic point. The chapter then studies the structure of analytic points. It also clarifies the relations between analytic rings and Tate rings.
Perfectoid spaces
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers a second lecture on perfectoid spaces. A perfectoid Tate ring R is a complete, uniform Tate ring containing a pseudo-uniformizer. A perfectoid space is an adic space covered by affinoid adic spaces with R perfectoid. The term “affinoid perfectoid space” is ambiguous. The chapter then looks at the tilting process and the tilting equivalence. The tilting equivalence extends to the étale site of a perfectoid space. Why is it important to study perfectoid spaces? The chapter puts forward a certain philosophy which indicates that perfectoid spaces may arise even when one is only interested in classical objects.
Diamonds
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the notion of a diamond. The idea is that there should be a functor which “forgets the structure morphism to Zp.” The desired quotient in the example provided in the chapter exists in a category of sheaves on the site of perfectoid spaces with pro-étale covers. The chapter then defines pro-étale morphisms between perfectoid spaces. A morphism of perfectoid spaces is pro-étale if it is locally (on the source and target) affinoid pro-étale. The intuitive definition of diamonds involved the tilting functor in case of perfectoid spaces of characteristic 0. For this reason, diamonds are defined as certain pro-étale sheaves on the category of perfectoid spaces of characteristic p.
Shtukas with one leg
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes shtukas with one leg over a geometric point in detail, and discusses the relation to (integral) p-adic Hodge theory. It focuses on the connection between shtukas with one leg and p-divisible groups, and recovers a result of Fargues which states that p-divisible groups are equivalent to one-legged shtukas of a certain kind. In fact this is a special case of a much more general connection between shtukas with one leg and proper smooth (formal) schemes. Throughout, the goal is to fix an algebraically closed nonarchimedean field. The chapter then provides an overview of shtukas with one leg and p-divisible groups.
Shtukas with one leg III
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a third lecture on one-legged shtukas. The goal is to complete the proof of Fargues' theorem. To complete the proof of Fargues' theorem, it remains to prove the following result, where Y = Spa Ainf REVERSE SOLIDUS {xk}. Theorem 14.2.1 posits that there is an equivalence of categories between finite free Ainf-modules and vector bundles on Y. One should think of this as being an analogue of a classical result: If (R, m) is a 2-dimensional regular local ring, then finite free R-modules are equivalent to vector bundles on (Spec R)REVERSE SOLIDUS {m}. The chapter then provides a proof of Theorem 14.2.1.
The BdR+-affine Grassmannian
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter defines an object that was one of the big motivations to develop a theory of diamonds. In the study of the usual Grassmannian variety G/B attached to a reductive group G, one defines a Schubert variety to be the closure of a B-orbit in G/B. Generally, Schubert varieties are singular varieties. Desingularizations of Schubert varieties are constructed by Demazure. The chapter uses an analogue of this construction in the context of the B+
dR-Grassmannian. It then looks at miniscule Schubert varieties. In this case, one can identify the space explicitly. If µ is minuscule, the Bialynicki–Birula map is an isomorphism.
Affine flag varieties
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews affine flag varieties. It generalizes some of the previous results to the case where G over Zp is a parahoric group scheme. In fact, slightly more generally, it allows the case that the special fiber is not connected, with connected component of the identity G? being a parahoric group scheme. This case comes up naturally in the classical definition of Rapoport-Zink spaces. The chapter first discusses the Witt vector affine flag variety over Fp. This is an increasing union of perfections of quasiprojective varieties along closed immersions. In the case that G° is parahoric, one gets ind-properness.
Local Shimura varieties
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter specializes the theory back to the case of local Shimura varieties, and explains the relation with Rapoport-Zink spaces. It begins with a local Shimura datum. A local Shimura datum is a triple (G, b, µ) consisting of a reductive group G over Qp, a conjugacy class µ of minuscule cocharacters. Rapoport-Zink spaces are moduli of deformations of a fixed p-divisible group. After reviewing these, the chapter shows that the diamond associated with the generic fiber of a Rapoport-Zink space is isomorphic to a moduli space of shtukas of the form with µ minuscule. It then extends the results to general EL and PEL data.
Integral models of local Shimura varieties
Authors: Scholze Peter , Weinstein Jared
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains an application of the theory developed in these lectures towards the problem of understanding integral models of local Shimura varieties. As a specific example, it resolves conjectures of Kudla-Rapoport-Zink and Rapoport-Zink, that two Rapoport-Zink spaces associated with very different PEL data are isomorphic. The basic reason is that the corresponding group-theoretic data are related by an exceptional isomorphism of groups, so such results follow once one has a group-theoretic characterization of Rapoport-Zink spaces. The interest in these conjectures comes from the observation of Kudla-Rapoport-Zink that one can obtain a moduli-theoretic proof of Čerednik's p-adic uniformization for Shimura curves using these exceptional isomorphisms. The chapter defines integral models of local Shimura varieties as v-sheaves.
Democratic Federalism
Authors: Inman Robert , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

Around the world, federalism has emerged as the system of choice for nascent republics and established nations alike. This book considers the most promising forms of federal governance and the most effective path to enacting federal policies. The result is an essential guide to federalism, its principles, its applications, and its potential to enhance democratic governance. The book assess different models of federalism and their relative abilities to promote economic efficiency, encourage the participation of citizens, and protect individual liberties. Under the right conditions, the book argues, a federal democracy—including a national legislature with locally elected representatives—can best achieve these goals. Because a stable union between the national and local governments is key, the book also proposes an innovative method for evaluating new federal laws and their possible impact on state and local governments. Finally, to show what the adoption of federalism can mean for citizens, the book discusses the evolution of governance in the European Union and South Africa's transition from apartheid to a multiracial democracy. Interdisciplinary in approach, the book brims with applicable policy ideas and comparative case studies of global significance.
Economic Federalism
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines, both theoretically and empirically, the causal connections from multiple local and provincial governments and their local assignment of revenues and services to the three goals of economic efficiency, political participation, and the protection of rights and liberties. Economic Federalism does not require the direct representation of provincial or local governments within the central government. Rather, the central government is managed by a single leader, a president, elected nationally. The president makes and implements all national policies. The chapter then reviews the theory and evidence as to the performance of competitive lower-tier governments and finds that allowing citizens variety and choice provides significant economic benefits in efficiency and growth. Matters are less clear for how Economic Federalism might perform against the goals of democratic participation and the protection of rights and liberties.
Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes Cooperative Federalism, which replaces Economic Federalism's nationally elected president with a “council” of locally elected representatives. Again there are multiple provincial and local governments with important, possibly concurrent, policy responsibilities and revenues, but now national goods, services, and regulations are the responsibility of a locally elected national council. To ensure that each city's, state's, or nation's preferences are accommodated, Cooperative Federalism imposes a supermajority, often unanimity, voting rule. The resulting governments are known as confederal when representation is by geography, or consociational when representation is allowed more generally—say, from ethnic, religious, or economic groups. The primary virtue of Cooperative Federalism is its potential to protect the interests of minorities from Economic Federalism's tyranny of a majority under presidential governance. Since the stakes for minority citizens are potentially so high and the influence of each elected representative to the national council so decisive, democratic participation may be encouraged. It is on the dimension of economic efficiency in the provision of national goods and regulations that Cooperative Federalism is likely to fall short.
Democratic Federalism
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the likely economic, democratic, and rights performance of a decentralized national legislature with representatives elected from geographically specified local districts. The national legislature is assigned responsibility for national public goods and services and national regulations. Decisions in the legislature are made by simple majority rule. Independent local governments continue to be responsible for important local services, perhaps provided concurrently with the national government. On the dimensions of democratic participation and the protection of rights and liberties, Democratic Federalism is likely to do well, provided all citizens are represented in the legislature. It is on the dimension of economic efficiency that legislature-only Democratic Federalism is most likely to fall short.
Regulation in the Federal Union
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the principles for the efficient regulation of market activities in a federal economy. As with the provision of public services and the assignment of taxing powers, the aim is to allocate regulatory responsibilities between local, state, and national governments so as to ensure efficient allocations. There may be too little regulation as a result of competition by local and state governments for private business and the compensating benefits for residents that those firms might provide, a competition known as “the race to the bottom.” The result will be lax environmental, competitive, or financial regulations imposing damages on residents of other localities or states. If those damages are significant and widespread, then national regulation of such activities will be appropriate. On the other hand, national regulations that preempt local regulations may restrict the ability of state and local governments to tailor their own environment or competitive marketplace to meet the specific needs of their residents. Allowing local regulatory choice that benefits only local residents and imposes only local costs, and may be copied by other states, may lead to a “race to the top.” The chapter provides a template for separating the two “races” and facilitating an informed national debate on federal regulatory policies.
Mandela’s Federal Democracy
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies the central role that the institutions of Democratic Federalism played in South Africa's transition from apartheid to a multiracial democracy, one of the most important political events of the last century. While both apartheid's governing National Party (NP) and the resistance's African National Congress (ANC) agreed that the century of suppression and armed resistance must end, negotiations over exactly how the new democratic government should be designed were far from harmonious. The NP wished to protect the economic interests of the once-ruling elite and rural landowners, while the ANC was committed to a significant expansion of essential public services for the poor: health care, education, and housing. In the background was a desire to avoid the damaging consequences of Zimbabwe's monolithic unitary government, a concern for both the ANC and the NP. They compromised on a middle ground of shared governance with politically independent provincial and metropolitan governments constitutionally assigned to provide all important local services, and a separately elected national parliament and president responsible for setting the overall rate of taxation and funding for local services. The federal compromise has worked, so far, to the economic benefit of most South Africans.
Epilogue
Authors: Inman Robert P. , Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

This epilogue addresses the question of who should be federal. While there is much to recommend it, Democratic Federalism may not be for everyone. Any new nation-state seeks to do what smaller and spatially diffuse communities cannot: provide for mutually beneficial public goods, most notably collective security; control intercommunity spillovers; and enforce the rules needed for wider market exchange. Each new state must choose how best to run its affairs. Whether designed as Economic or Cooperative or Democratic Federalism, federal governance is one alternative. But so is a single, unitary government, or perhaps even to remain as separately governed jurisdictions and then manage shared interests by bilateral agreements. There are strengths and weaknesses to each form of governance. While numerous “fundamentals” will be important to the choice of governance—technology, geography, language, ethnicity—the chapter suggests two attributes that may be the most important: heterogeneity of tastes for government services and a willingness to compromise when there is disagreement. Democratic Federalism will be most appropriate for that middle ground where tastes are different but compromise still possible.
Basic Rights
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2021

Since its original publication, this book has proven increasingly influential to those working in political philosophy, human rights, global justice, and the ethics of international relations and foreign policy, particularly in debates regarding foreign policy's role in alleviating global poverty. The book asks: Which human rights ought to be the first honored and the last sacrificed? It argues that subsistence rights, along with security rights and liberty rights, serve as the ground of all other human rights. This classic work, now available in a thoroughly updated fortieth-anniversary edition, includes a substantial new chapter examining how the accelerating transformation of our climate progressively undermines the bases of subsistence like sufficient water, affordable food, and housing safe from forest-fires and sea-level rise. Climate change threatens basic rights.
Security and Subsistence
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the general structure of a moral right, as well as basic rights. It considers why people have a basic right to physical security—a right that is basic not to be subjected to murder, torture, mayhem, rape, or assault. The main reason for discussing security rights was to make explicit the basic assumptions that support the usual judgment that security rights are basic rights. The chapter then assesses whether matters other than physical security should also be basic rights. It will emerge that subsistence, or minimal economic security, can also be shown to be as well justified for treatment as a basic right as physical security is. Minimal economic security, or subsistence, refer to unpolluted air, unpolluted water, adequate food, adequate clothing, adequate shelter, and minimal preventive public health care.
Correlative Duties
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines some of the reasons why it sometimes appears that although people have basic security rights, the right, if any, to even the physical necessities of existence like minimal health care, food, clothing, shelter, unpolluted water, and unpolluted air is somehow less urgent or less basic. Frequently it is asserted or assumed that a highly significant difference between rights to physical security and rights to subsistence is that they are respectively “negative” rights and “positive” rights. The chapter offers some examples that clearly illustrate that the honoring of subsistence rights sometimes involves action no more positive than the honoring of security rights does. It also presents two theses about economic deprivation. The chapter then suggests that with every basic right, there are three types of correlative duties: duties to avoid depriving; duties to protect from deprivation; and duties to aid the deprived.
Affluence and Responsibility
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the idea that the fulfillment of subsistence rights would probably place inordinate, if not unlimited, burdens on everyone except the poorest. It would not be possible, and it is not necessary in order to fulfill subsistence rights, to transfer so much wealth and income from the currently affluent to the currently deprived that today's affluent will be reduced to a level only marginally better than subsistence. Nevertheless, since no calculation of the costs of fulfilling subsistence rights universally can be precise, one cannot rule out the possibility that those with the duties to aid the deprived will suffer some decline in the quality of their lives as a result of making the required transfers. In general, there is no reason why the performance of duties, especially duties correlative to basic rights, should cost the bearers of the duties nothing. But, as the broader population objection complains, it is possible for the costs to be unreasonably high.
Right-grounded Duties and the Institutional Turn
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how the allocation of duties among bearers depends upon the specification of which duties need to be performed, and hence allocated. Unfortunately, which duties can reasonable be specified also depends upon which allocations of duties among bearers are generally reasonable and, most specifically, fair. The depth of the difficulty here emerges from the contrast between the institutional and the interactional perspectives. This difficulty has two elements. First, one can reason, as it were, from either end of the problem. On the one hand, one can take an institutional perspective on the honoring of rights by asking: what institutions would need to be functioning effectively in order for people generally to have secure access to what they have rights to? On the other hand, one can ask: which allocations of right-grounded duties would be fair to individual duty-bearers? The second element of the difficulty, however, is that while these reciprocal requirements are not contradictory, there unfortunately is also no guarantee that they can both be satisfied simultaneously in fact. The chapter then recommends an institutional turn in thinking about human rights.
Introduction
Authors: Zhu Yang , Krstic Miroslav
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of time-delay systems. Time-delay systems, also called systems with after-effect or dead-time, hereditary systems, equations with deviating argument, or differential-difference equations, are ubiquitous in practice. Some representative examples are found in chemical industry, electrical and mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, and management and traffic science. The most common forms of time delay in dynamic phenomena that arise in engineering practice are actuator and sensor delays. Due to the time it takes to receive the information needed for decision-making, to compute control decisions, and to execute these decisions, feedback systems often operate in the presence of delays. The chapter then illustrates the possible methods in control of time-delay systems. This book develops adaptive and robust predictor feedback laws for the compensation of the five uncertainties for general linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with input delays.
Single-Input Systems with Full Relative Degree
Authors: Zhu Yang , Krstic Miroslav
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes single-input systems with full relative degree. The primary approach is based on the adaptive backstepping control with Kreisselmeier-filters. In output-feedback adaptive problems, the relative degree plays a major role in determining the difficulty of a problem. The chapter focuses on a special class of LTI systems with its relative degree being equal to its system dimension. Moreover, in this chapter the actuator state is assumed to be measured. The chapter also presents a combination of prediction-based boundary control with adaptive backstepping to address unknown parameters and time delay. It then develops two Lyapunov-based identifiers to estimate unknown plant parameters and actuator time delay.
Full-State Feedback of Uncertain Multi-Input Systems
Authors: Zhu Yang , Krstic Miroslav
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates adaptive control for uncertain multi-input LTI systems with distinct discrete actuator delays. In parallel with the single-input case in the third chapter, four types of basic uncertainties come with multi-input LTI time-delay systems. Different combinations of the four uncertainties above result in different design difficulties. For example, when the full-state measurement of the transport PDE state is available, the global stabilization is acquired, whereas when the actuator state is not measurable and the delay value is unknown at the same time, the problem is not solvable globally, since the problem is not linearly parameterized. The chapter then summarizes the different collections of uncertainties for the multi-input case. When some of the four variables are unknown or unmeasured, the basic idea of certainty-equivalence-based adaptive control is to use an estimator (a parameter estimator or a state estimator) to replace the unknown variables in the PDE-based framework in the previous chapter, and carefully select their adaptive update laws based on Lyapunov-based analysis.
W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

W. Arthur Lewis was one of the foremost intellectuals, economists, and political activists of the twentieth century. This book, the first intellectual biography of Lewis, traces Lewis's life from its beginnings on the small island of St. Lucia to Lewis's arrival at Princeton University in the early 1960s. A chronicle of Lewis's unfailing efforts to promote racial justice and decolonization, it provides a history of development economics as seen through the life of one of its most important founders. If there were a record for the number of “firsts” achieved by one man during his lifetime, Lewis would be a contender. He was the first black professor in a British university and also at Princeton University and the first person of African descent to win a Nobel Prize in a field other than literature or peace. His writings, which included his book The Theory of Economic Growth, were among the first to describe the field of development economics. Quickly gaining the attention of the leadership of colonized territories, he helped develop blueprints for the changing relationship between the former colonies and their former rulers. He made significant contributions to Ghana's quest for economic growth and the West Indies' desire to create a first-class institution of higher learning serving all of the Anglophone territories in the Caribbean. This book, based on Lewis's personal papers, provides a new view of this renowned economist and his impact on economic growth in the twentieth century. It will intrigue not only students of development economics but also anyone interested in colonialism and decolonization, and justice for the poor in third-world countries.
The Colonial Office
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines W. Arthur Lewis's frequent contacts with the British Colonial Office from the late 1930s until 1953, first as a member of West Indian delegations seeking to alter the hiring policies of the British government and after that as an adviser and consultant on projects designed to promote colonial economic development. His work at the Colonial Office had been pivotal for his career as a development economist. During this decade and a half, he often found himself battling with the Colonial Office over development priorities. Despite the strained personal and intellectual relations with officials at the Colonial Office, Lewis's experiences with the Colonial Office provided privileged access to information on colonial economies and spurred his thinking and writing about development economics. Lewis first elaborated many of his most influential concepts in the field of economic development and staked out his reputation as the founder of development economics through the countless reports and memorandums that he wrote for the Colonial Office.
Ghana’s Chief Economic Adviser, 1957–58
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on W. Arthur Lewis's appointment as Ghana's chief economic adviser. The excitement surrounding Ghana's independence in 1957 as tropical Africa's first decolonized territory captivated Lewis as thoroughly as it did African nationalists and Afrophiles around the world. Ghana was to become the testing ground for Lewis's ideas on economic development. However, although Lewis was remarkably well informed on Ghana and knew many Ghanaian officials personally, he was not fully prepared for the complexities of his new position or the fragility of Ghanaian economics and politics. If Lewis saw Ghana as a proving ground for his ideas on economic development, later scholars have viewed the Nkrumah years as a case study of striking failure, of economic policies gone awry, and political stability destroyed.
The Princeton Years, 1963-91
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes how W. Arthur Lewis joined the faculty of Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Although Lewis may well have been ailing physically when he arrived in Princeton, he plunged into his teaching and research with unusual energy. From the outset, he offered graduate seminars on economic development jointly in the Woodrow Wilson School and the economics department. The usual format that he chose was a graduate overview course on economic development followed by a team-taught seminar dealing with economic development in selected country studies. Lewis chose the continent of Africa for his country studies, while his colleagues treated the countries of Latin America and Asia. As the custom at Princeton was for all faculty to do undergraduate teaching, Lewis experimented with various undergraduate courses, even trying his hand at one of the large introductory economics lecture courses, where he was not at his best or comfortable. He eventually developed a standard undergraduate lecture course on economic development.
The Transatlantic Indian, 1776-1930
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This book takes a fascinating look at the iconic figure of the Native American in the British cultural imagination from the Revolutionary War to the early twentieth century, and examining how Native Americans regarded the British, as well as how they challenged their own cultural image in Britain during this period. The book shows how the image of the Indian was used in English literature and culture for a host of ideological purposes, and reveals its crucial role as symbol, cultural myth, and stereotype that helped to define British identity and its attitude toward the colonial world. Through close readings of writers such as Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, and D. H. Lawrence, the book traces how the figure of the Indian was received, represented, and transformed in British fiction and poetry, travelogues, sketches, and journalism, as well as theater, paintings, and cinema. It describes the experiences of the Ojibwa and Ioway who toured Britain with George Catlin in the 1840s; the testimonies of the Indians in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show; and the performances and polemics of the Iroquois poet Pauline Johnson in London. The book explores transatlantic conceptions of race, the role of gender in writings by and about Indians, and the complex political and economic relationships between Britain and America. The book argues that native perspectives are essential to our understanding of transatlantic relations in this period and the development of transnational modernity.
Sentiment and Anger: British Women Writers and Native Americans
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the portrayal of Native Americans by British women writers. This treatment was often far more radical, and far more angry—whether focusing on racial issues or on imperial ambitions in general—than that found in the work of many male authors. Until the midcentury at least, the cultural work performed by those women writers who took Indians as their subject oscillated between mourning their imminent and inevitable demise and protesting against the specific political and racist attitudes that lay behind their treatment in America. After the middle of the century, although women's appropriation of the figure of the Indian occurred less frequently within serious imaginative writing, those poets who engaged with these native peoples showed an increasing tendency to extrapolate from the American context and turn their humanitarian gaze toward the workings of the British Empire itself. Women seem to have been particularly drawn to Indians as a poetic topic, both finding them a suitable object on which to expend the fashionable literary currency of sentimental compassion and, it has been argued, seeing them, in their apparent disempowerment and marginalization, as an analogue for their own condition as women.