bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning–Based Multimodal Data Fusion: Case Study in Food Intake Episodes Detection Using Wearable Sensors
Authors: Bahador Nooshin , Ferreira Denzil , Tamminen Satu , Kortelainen Jukka
Published: December 2020

Background

Multimodal wearable technologies have brought forward wide possibilities in human activity recognition, and more specifically personalized monitoring of eating habits. The emerging challenge now is the selection of most discriminative information from high-dimensional data collected from multiple sources. The available fusion algorithms with their complex structure are poorly adopted to the computationally constrained environment which requires integrating information directly at the source. As a result, more simple low-level fusion methods are needed.

Objective

In the absence of a data combining process, the cost of directly applying high-dimensional raw data to a deep classifier would be computationally expensive with regard to the response time, energy consumption, and memory requirement. Taking this into account, we aimed to develop a data fusion technique in a computationally efficient way to achieve a more comprehensive insight of human activity dynamics in a lower dimension. The major objective was considering statistical dependency of multisensory data and exploring intermodality correlation patterns for different activities.

Methods

In this technique, the information in time (regardless of the number of sources) is transformed into a 2D space that facilitates classification of eating episodes from others. This is based on a hypothesis that data captured by various sensors are statistically associated with each other and the covariance matrix of all these signals has a unique distribution correlated with each activity which can be encoded on a contour representation. These representations are then used as input of a deep model to learn specific patterns associated with specific activity.

Results

In order to show the generalizability of the proposed fusion algorithm, 2 different scenarios were taken into account. These scenarios were different in terms of temporal segment size, type of activity, wearable device, subjects, and deep learning architecture. The first scenario used a data set in which a single participant performed a limited number of activities while wearing the Empatica E4 wristband. In the second scenario, a data set related to the activities of daily living was used where 10 different participants wore inertial measurement units while performing a more complex set of activities. The precision metric obtained from leave-one-subject-out cross-validation for the second scenario reached 0.803. The impact of missing data on performance degradation was also evaluated.

Conclusions

To conclude, the proposed fusion technique provides the possibility of embedding joint variability information over different modalities in just a single 2D representation which results in obtaining a more global view of different aspects of daily human activities at hand, and yet preserving the desired performance level in activity recognition.
Technical Aspects of Developing Chatbots for Medical Applications: Scoping Review (Preprint)
Authors: Safi Zeineb , Abd-Alrazaq Alaa , Khalifa Mohamed , Househ Mowafa
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Chatbots are applications that can conduct natural language conversations with users. In the medical field, chatbots have been developed and used to serve different purposes. They provide patients with timely information that can be critical in some scenarios, such as access to mental health resources. Since the development of the first chatbot, ELIZA, in the late 1960s, much effort has followed to produce chatbots for various health purposes developed in different ways.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the technical aspects and development methodologies associated with chatbots used in the medical field to explain the best methods of development and support chatbot development researchers on their future work.

METHODS

We searched for relevant articles in 8 literature databases (IEEE, ACM, Springer, ScienceDirect, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar). We also performed forward and backward reference checking of the selected articles. Study selection was performed by one reviewer, and 50% of the selected studies were randomly checked by a second reviewer. A narrative approach was used for result synthesis. Chatbots were classified based on the different technical aspects of their development. The main chatbot components were identified in addition to the different techniques for implementing each module.

RESULTS

The original search returned 2481 publications, of which we identified 45 studies that matched our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most common language of communication between users and chatbots was English (n=23). We identified 4 main modules: text understanding module, dialog management module, database layer, and text generation module. The most common technique for developing text understanding and dialogue management is the pattern matching method (n=18 and n=25, respectively). The most common text generation is fixed output (n=36). Very few studies relied on generating original output. Most studies kept a medical knowledge base to be used by the chatbot for different purposes throughout the conversations. A few studies kept conversation scripts and collected user data and previous conversations.

CONCLUSIONS

Many chatbots have been developed for medical use, at an increasing rate. There is a recent, apparent shift in adopting machine learning–based approaches for developing chatbot systems. Further research can be conducted to link clinical outcomes to different chatbot development techniques and technical characteristics.
Periodic Manual Algorithm Updates and Generalizability: A Developer’s Response. Comment on “Evaluation of Four Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Self-Diagnosis Apps on Three Diagnoses: Two-Year Follow-Up Study” (Preprint)
Authors: Gilbert Stephen , Fenech Matthew , Idris Anisa , Türk Ewelina
Published: December 2020

UNSTRUCTURED

N/A
Democracy, Polis and Parasite in Communication
Authors: Magoulas Charalampos
Published: December 2020

Communication, as a social activity existing in and comprising almost any human action, cannot take place but as a mediated performance, given that it consists in the triadic relation between transmitter, message and receiver. Its goal is always the transmission of a message with the highest possible coherence and, at the same time, its simultaneous comprehension with the less possible deterioration of its original meaning. A basic assumption is that a potential difficulty in everyday communication is due for the most part to the existence of one or more parasites, which could be detected either in external factors or in the message itself. The question is whether a parasite could live in the signifier of a word and thus determine or alter its signified during an act of communication. This paper aims at exploring Serres’ view on parasite and attempting to identify its existence and function within the signifier of words we use in everyday life. To that end the terms of “democracy” and “polis” will be used as examples of hosts of parasites.
El derecho a la protección de datos de personales en la prestación de servicios de cloud computing.
Authors: Novoa Eugenia
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo busca esclarecer cómo la prestación de servicios de cloud computing puede afectar al derecho a la protección de datos personales reconocido a los consumidores ecuatorianos, y qué medidas podrían ser establecidas por el Estado para que este derecho los ampare de forma preventiva. Inicialmente se explicará el modelo de prestación de servicios del cloud computing, estableciendo las fases para el tratamiento de datos personales. También se definirán pautas estandarizadas para comprender el derecho a la protección de datos personales y su aplicabilidad para los consumidores ecuatorianos. Finalmente, se intentará dilucidar si existe la necesidad de implementar en Ecuador normativa que prevenga y ampare en relaciones B2C frente al cloud computing.
El innovador rol del mediador en el proceso concursal. La gestión cooperativa de la insolvencia
Authors: Briz Clariget María José , Martínez Vigil Cibils Daniel , Rychtenberg Milans Florencia
Published: December 2020

El artículo se centra en el análisis del rol del mediador en el proceso concursal y en las ventajas que este método tiene tanto para el deudor como para los acreedores. Se realiza un abordaje descriptivo y analítico, que presenta la mediación como herramienta de gestión de conflictos, teniendo en cuenta la experiencia internacional y la situación en Uruguay, donde se presentó un proyecto de ley que procura modificar la Ley Concursal y crear la figura del mediador en los procesos concursales. Se concluye que el derecho concursal uruguayo necesita actualizar su normativa legal y adoptar soluciones no adversariales como la mediación, que son tendencia mundial.
Espacialización y análisis del proceso de ocupación de unidades territoriales residenciales en la circunscripción IV, Río Gallegos
Authors: Saldivia Merlina L. , González Cristhian S. , Ampuero Cristian , Cáceres Alicia P.
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo reconocer y espacializar las Unidades Territoriales Residenciales (UTR) de la Circunscripción IV, Secciones B y C de la Tercera Franja Residencial (TFR) respectivamente, de la ciudad de Río Gallegos, Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. La metodología que sustentó la investigación comprendió salidas de campo, recopilación y lectura de bibliografía científica, relevamiento de ordenanzas, cartografía, fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales. La información recolectada se procesó a través de un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), y se identificaron UTR, nueve en la Sección B y seis en la Sección C. Los resultados aportan a la zonificación del uso del suelo que debe realizar el Municipio de la ciudad de Río Gallegos.
Hubungan Agama dan Negara di Indonesia: Polemik dan Implikasinya dalam Pembentukan dan Perubahan Konstitusi
Authors: Sadzali Ahmad
Published: December 2020

For ages, the relationship between state and religion in Indonesia is always become a controversy, and the tension were getting higher in the early period before the declaration of independence. This article discusses how the controversy was occurred within period of Constitution making, and its influence in the text of Constitution, amendment or replacement of the Constitution. The debate on the issue of state and religion were focused on weather Indonesia would become a religious state (Islamic state) or secular state. The issue was consciously repeated in the event of amendment or replacement of Constitution. The implication of the discourse between state and religion lead to the gentlemen agreement on Pancasila, which one of the principles is “Believe in one God”. Therefore, the principle is reflected in Constitution such as recognition of certain religions; equality among the officially recognized religions; guaranteeing of freedom of religion; human rights protection which consider religious values; and developing national education system that based on religious aspect.

Abstrak

Polemik tentang hubungan antara agama dan negara di Indonesia sesungguhnya telah berlangsung lama, dan semakin meningkat tensinya pada saat kemerdekaan Indonesia sedang dipersiapkan. Artikel ini membahas bagaimana polemik itu berlangsung dalam kaitannya dengan pembentukan dan perubahan Konstitusi, dan bagaimana pula implikasinya pada Konstitusi yang dibentuk, diganti, dan diamandemen. Dalam artikel ini ditunjukkan, polemik hubungan agama dan negara berlangsung sengit pada masa persiapan kemerdekaan, atau jika dikaitkan dengan Konstitusi berarti pada saat Konstitusi pertama sedang dirumuskan. Polemik itu berkutat pada perdebatan apakah Indonesia menjadi negara agama (Islam) ataukah negara yang tidak didasarkan pada agama tertentu. Polemik semacam ini ternyata kembali berulang pada saat Konstitusi diganti dan diamandemen. Pada perkembangannya, polemik ini berimplikasi pada lahirnya kesepakatan mulia berupa Pancasila, di mana negara didasarkan salah satunya pada “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa”. Dalam isi atau batang tubuh Konstitusi, kesepakatan semacam ini menimbulkan implikasi turunannya berupa pengakuan negara terhadap eksistensi agama tertentu; perlakuan secara sama terhadap semua agama yang diakui; pemberian jaminan kebebasan penduduk untuk memeluk dan menjalankan ajaran agama; pengakuan dan penghormatan hak asasi yang mempertimbangkan nilai-nilai agama; dan pengembangan pendidikan nasional yang berbasis dan berorientasi pada peningkatan aspek spiritual keagamaan.
Cannulation Strategies & Circulation Management in Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Saran Nishant , Pochettino Alberto
Published: December 2020

Type A aortic dissection most often requires emergent surgery to prevent
malperfusion, stroke, and/or rupture of aorta. The conduct of the
surgery is mostly targeted at restoring true lumen flow. In this regard,
institution of cardiopulmonary bypass and circulation management is key
to allow adequate systemic flow, perfusion of brain and visceral organs
and comprehensive systemic cooling to achieve circulatory arrest when
needed. Different strategies have been used with varying success rates,
with the most common being femoral cannulation. More recently axillary
and central cannulation strategies have shown satisfactory results with
the promise of antegrade flow. Cannulation approach should, therefore,
depend on individual patient characteristics, presentation and true
lumen anatomy.
Fair and Stable Prices in the Age of Greed: The Torah View
Authors: Friedman Hershey , Mizrachi Murray
Published: December 2020

Much of the Jewish legal tradition deals with business ethics. This paper focuses on an overlooked precept: ensuring price stability. There is a tendency to trivialize the law mandating that prices be kept low and affordable, but in the wake of the 2020 world pandemic, these laws are more important than ever. Indeed, very few people are aware that the ninth blessing of the ancient Amida (also known as shemoneh esrei) prayer, established by the 120 members of the Great Assembly in the 5th century BCE, is a prayer for divine protection against individuals who would raise prices unjustly. This paper illustrates the importance of this law and provides interesting stories and examples of individuals who protected the public against hoarders. Ethical leaders have an obligation not to take advantage of vulnerable members of the public by price gouging.
The Process of Establishing a Green Climate: Face-To-Face Interaction between Leaders and Employees in the Microsystem
Authors: Flagstad Ingeborg , Johnsen Svein , Rydstedt Leif
Published: December 2020

This study explores the processes of establishing a green organizational climate in small-scale companies. Previous studies have primarily focused on factors associated with pro-environmental behaviour in large organizations. The role of a green organizational climate—specifically, the interactional processes involved in the construction of a green climate—has largely been unexplored. Entrepreneurial small companies constitute an ideal arena in which to study the initial phase of greening processes. The present study examined the process of establishing a green organizational climate in seven small-scale Norwegian companies. This article presents a systems model that was developed to analyse how processes at different levels interact in the shaping of the green climate. The design was a longitudinal mixed-methods approach, consisting of focus-group interviews conducted in the field, a questionnaire and follow-up interviews with the leaders. Findings indicate that the construction of a green climate had a strong practise-based approach. The company founders were driven by environmental values; they sparked the initial green measures, influenced the employees—directly and indirectly—and also invited dialogue around and co-construction of the green climate. Frequent face-to-face interactions within the microsystem of the leaders/employees were decisive to the development of the green climate. The present study contributes to the understanding of the process of greening an organization: specifically, how green practice relates to the construction of a shared green climate. Contrary to previous research and theorizing, this study indicates that it is possible to “go green” without a superordinate green strategy.
Boosting Mongolia’s Long-Term Economic Growth through More Equal Labor Force Participation between Men and Women
Authors:   Asian Development Bank
Published: December 2020

This Observations and Suggestions note provides recommendations to boost female labor force participation in Mongolia.
Process strategies for laser cutting of electrodes in lithium-ion battery production
Authors: Kriegler Johannes , Binzer Moritz , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: December 2020

The growing competition in electric mobility is leading to an increased demand for inexpensive, high-performance lithium-ion batteries. In order to meet both objectives, optimization of the entire production chain is indispensable. In this work, the laser cutting of electrodes as one of the core processes in large-format battery production is addressed. A comprehensive literature review on the boundary conditions and the relevant quality characteristics of the separation process is presented. Furthermore, experimental findings regarding the dependency between cutting edge quality and achievable process speed of pulsed and continuous wave fiber lasers in the near infrared spectrum are compared. Finally, the design of customized cutting strategies based on multiple laser scan cycles is shown and the potential for the implementation in the battery production is discussed.
Resenha de “uma imagem do mundo: realidade e imaterialidade”, de Walter Trinca
Authors: Franco Wilson
Published: December 2020

Resenha
Acerca de las implicancias legales y políticas de la decisión de la Administración Trump sobre los Altos del Golán
Authors: Arredondo Ricardo
Published: December 2020

La decisión de la Administración Trump de reconocer la soberanía israelí sobre los Altos del Golán es una medida altamente controvertida, que ha generado un amplio criticismo tanto por parte de numerosos Estados y organizaciones como de la comunidad académica. Este trabajo considera dicha medida a la luz del derecho internacional vigente, para lo cual se la analiza desde distintos ángulos. A su vez, este análisis está precedido por una breve reflexión histórica. Finalmente, se abordan las potenciales implicancias jurídicas y políticas que esta medida trae aparejadas.
Notes on the Performance and Cultivation of some Lesser Known Eastern Himalayan Plants
Authors: Crutchley Simon
Published: December 2020

Staff from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh have made four expeditions to eastern Nepal and Bhutan during the years 1985-1991. Brief descriptions and notes on observations, performance and cultivation are given for seven species from this region. The species described are Spiraea hemicryptophyta Grierson, Streptopus parasimplex Hara & Ohashi, Rubus calophyllus C.B.Clarke, Berberis thomsoniana Schneider, Sorbus kurzii (Prain) C.K. Schneider, Gaultheria tricophylla Royle and Theropogon pallidus (Kunth) Maxim.
The Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Northern Greece :
Authors: Maloupa Eleni , Krigas Nikos
Published: December 2020

in this paper the profile of the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia (BBGK) is outlined and basic illustrations are provided. Τhe location, establishment, facilities, organization and staff of BBGK, as well as the topography, soils and climate of its grounds, are presented. the plant conservation targets and policies formulated by bbgk in order to fulfil its mission are also described. This includes eight different complementary policies. These are the Only Native Plants policy, Important Plant Species (IPS) policy, Explicit Plant Documentation policy, Propagation of the IPS First policy, DNA Barcoding policy, Combined ex situ and in situ Conservation policy, Evaluation for Sustainable Exploitation policy and the Environmental Awareness on Native Plants policy. The living native plant collections of the BBGK are presented quantitatively and the number of plant sections and displays designed in the BBGK and in the newly established Garden of Environmental Awareness are described. BBGK’s mission is to support research, maintenance, propagation, evaluation, conservation and sustainable use of the native plants of Greece and the Balkans, combined with raising public awareness of the environment.
Pineapple Growing :
Authors: Lausen-Higgins Johanna , Lusby Phil
Published: December 2020

Pineapples are a tropical food crop, yet from the late 1600s onwards, they were grown extensively in the northerly latitudes of Europe. The race to produce the first fruit in Europe was won by the Dutch in 1685 but the production of the first British fruits between 1714 and 1716 triggered a mania for growing them and the horticultural developments that this stimulated are described. The advent of hot water heating from 1816 revolutionized pineapple growing and in the Victorian era the production of well-grown pineapples became the crucial challenge that every gardener worth his salt had to master so that fruits could be entered in the prestigious horticultural shows. The Victorian pineapple pit at The Lost Gardens of Heligan, which was restored in 1994, recalls 19th century pineapple growing. A description and evaluation of the cultivation of the pit using traditional Victorian methods, but lacking certain crucial facilities such as tanner’s bark and supplementary heating, is given.
Data Capture Project at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Authors: Frachon Natacha , Gardner Martin , Rae David
Published: December 2020

Botanic gardens, with their large holdings of living plants collected from around the world, are important guardians of plant biodiversity, but acquiring and curating these genetic resources is enormously expensive. For these reasons it is crucial that botanic gardens document and curate their collections in order to gain the greatest benefit from the plants in their care. Great priority is given to making detailed field notes and the process of documentation is often continued during the plants formative years when being propagated. However, for the large majority of plants this process often stops once the material is planted in its final garden location. The Data Capture Project at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is an attempt to document specific aspects of the plant collections so that the information captured can be of use to the research community even after the plants have died.
The International Year of Biodiversity
Authors: Prance Ghillean
Published: December 2020

No abstract
A History of Hawaiian Plant Propagation
Authors: De Motta Michael J.
Published: December 2020

The National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) has been a leader in the propagation and cultivation of rare native Hawaiian plants for several decades. The organisation’s work in rare plant conservation started primarily with field research and has evolved into a large-scale nursery operation. The NTBG now produces thousands of plants a year for ex situ conservation, garden collections and restoration projects. Here a number of Hawaiian species are reviewed, and appropriate propagation and cultural methods for each are discussed.
Raising the living dead
Authors: Magdalena Carlos
Published: December 2020

‘Living dead’ is a term biologists have begun to use to describe those species that are not expected to escape extinction without significant human intervention (Janzen, 2001), such as captive breeding or cultivation. While the number of taxa that fall into this category continues to increase, this paper reports on a species that may beat the odds and escape its fate, after decades of cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. An account of the historical facts that led to the recovery of the species in question, Ramosmania rodriguesii, and the latest update regarding its current situation are provided along with cultivation notes.
Lessons from Phenology
Authors: Harper Geoffrey
Published: December 2020

Twenty provisional multiple-regression models based on a small data set are presented to account for the timing of first-flower date and other phenological events. Biological mechanisms are suggested to explain the pattern of temperature-dependent developmental stages. The implications for how plants and vegetation are likely to react to climate change are discussed, and attention is drawn to the importance of within-taxon variation in phenological behaviour.
Propagation of Dry Habitat Fern Species Using Spore Collections from Historic Herbarium Specimens
Authors: Ovstebo Gunnar
Published: December 2020

Spores sourced from historic herbarium specimens have been used to introduce wild-collected material to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) living plant collection. The ability of dry habitat ferns to maintain spore viability for prolonged periods makes it possible to grow plants from the historically important RBGE herbarium collections. The factors that affect the ability of spores to germinate from herbarium collections are described. Three fern species from the Pteridaceae – Actiniopteris semiflabellata, Anogramma leptophylla and Aleuritopteris scioana – which were not previously in cultivation at RBGE were germinated from herbarium material of different ages. Germination was observed from all three species. Plants produced in this experiment were accessed into the RBGE living plant collection for future horticultural research and germination trials.
Working Towards Green Tourism Accreditation at Dawyck Botanic Garden
Authors: Stewart Graham
Published: December 2020

Dawyck Botanic Garden was awarded a Silver accreditation in the Green Tourism Business Scheme in December 2010. The award was the result of a sustained focus to pursue an industry award as a measure of Dawyck’s achievements in sound environmental management. The award followed the construction of a new Visitor Centre in 2008 and also built upon green initiatives already achieved by staff. This case study follows the stages of the process up to the point of the award being made.
“To Get Those Plants ... Likely to Prove Interesting at Edinburgh"
Authors: Hardy Graham
Published: December 2020

Robert Brown and James McNab are introduced and the purposes of their journey in 1834 are explained. Extracts from the diaries written by McNab which might be of particular interest to horticulturists are reproduced. The details of the itinerary and a seed list of species collected are also included as appendices.
Plant Health Protocols for the Reintroduction of Native Plants
Authors: Frachon Natacha
Published: December 2020

Many botanic gardens and conservation agencies are now cultivating threatened native species specifically for reintroduction programmes in response to the second part of Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). While collection, cultivation and reintroduction techniques are frequently discussed in workshops and described in papers, few seem to have considered the threats of introducing non-native pests, diseases, weeds and hybrids between different populations of the same species. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has been cultivating plants for its Target 8 programme since 2005 and now grows 82 per cent threatened Scottish species. It is running active reintroduction programmes for nine of these species with programmes planned for a further five species. In recent years increasing attention has been paid to reducing the risks of introducing non-native organisms and hybrids between different populations of native species into the wild.This paper describes the protocols that have been developed, including verification, screening for pests and diseases, averting spontaneous hybridisation and preparing plants for reintroduction.
Implementing Target 10 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation at the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland
Authors: Smyth Noeleen
Published: December 2020

The importance of managing invasive non-native species (INNS), be it through eradication or limitation, is set out in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which states that parties to the Convention should ‘prevent, control or eradicate alien species’ (IUCN, 2000). Unfortunately there is some evidence that botanic gardens have been implicated in being responsible for the early introduction of many environmental weeds listed by IUCN as among the worst invasive species (Hulme, 2011). Stronger global networking between botanic gardens to tackle the problem of INNS has been suggested by Hulme. Botanic gardens have a remit to meet Target 10 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the European Strategy for Plant Conservation (ESPC) Targets 10.1 and 10.2. The National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, in conjunction with University College Dublin and Mayo and Fingal County Councils, with grant funding from the Heritage Council, has monitored populations then researched and implemented effective control methods of two escaped garden plants: Hottentot fig (Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.) and giant rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb.) in EU protected habitats and in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Ireland. Chemical treatments were trialled and tested in the field for both species, and successful regeneration of native vegetation in formerly invaded areas has been observed since treatments began in 2009.
Guest Essay: The ultra-urban botanic garden
Authors: Medbury Scot
Published: December 2020

No abstract
Using Trees to Create Habitats Within a Botanic Garden
Authors: Witcher Ericka
Published: December 2020

Botanic gardens bring plants from all over the world into one small place for people to admire and study. The challenge lies in creating a suitable habitat for specimens from widely disparate regions in the garden environment. Plants have specific environmental requirements which have to be considered for successful cultivation, but sometimes these are not naturally present and instead must be provided. This paper discusses the ecological utility of large trees in the context of the botanic garden for other plants to flourish.
Brazilian Botanic Gardens
Authors: Da Costa Maria Lucia M.N , Maunder Mike , Pereira Tania S. , Peixoto Ariane L.
Published: December 2020

We argue that botanic gardens, as plant conservation focused institutions, have been tested in temperate regions that possess a relatively robust conservation infrastructure and a relatively low number of threatened species. The ability of the Brazilian botanic gardens to support plant conservation is especially challenging, given their small number relative to Brazil’s plant diversity and the increasing rate of habitat loss and plant endangerment. This study, the first for Brazil, assesses the conservation capacity of Brazilian botanic gardens. An assessment is made of the status of conservation facilities in Brazilian botanic gardens and the conservation status of their plant collections.This was based on a survey sent to thirty-six Brazilian botanic gardens in 2011– 2013 using information from the 2008 Brazilian Red List, and seven state conservation lists. The results identified a small percentage of threatened species (n =102/21 per cent) in ex situ collections of 22 botanic gardens and less than 10 per cent representation for each state red list. An assessment based on the updated Brazilian Red List (2014) showed that 425 threatened species were maintained in living collections of 18 botanic gardens. Despite the extensive size of some collections, the proportion of threatened species in the collections was found to be very low. Improvement in infrastructure, technical capacity, including horticultural skills, and development of policies and protocols will benecessary to increase the effectiveness of the collections for conservation aims.
The Gardens of Singapore
Authors: Lindsay Stuart , Middleton David
Published: December 2020

Singapore has several public gardens of which two, Singapore Botanic Gardens and Gardens by the Bay, are of particular national and international renown. These two gardens have contrasting but complementary ways of enthusing and educating the public about plants and of gaining their support for horticultural excellence, botanical research and conservation. Founded in 1859, Singapore Botanic Gardens is an old and established garden with a long history of horticultural and botanical research, plant exploration and conservation. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2015, the world’s first tropical botanic garden to receive this accolade. Gardens by the Bay opened in 2012 and its focus is on large-scale displays in spectacular settings, thereby attracting huge numbers of visitors since its opening. In their contrasting ways, both gardens enthuse and educate the public about plants and the natural world. This work lays the foundations for public advocacy of conservation efforts in Singapore, resulting in a very high level of public support for greening efforts and the protection of natural areas in land-scarce Singapore.
The Living Collection at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Illustrates the Floral Diversity in Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae)
Authors: Moller Michael , Atkins Hannah , Barber Sadie , Purvis David
Published: December 2020

A visual summary of the floral types present in the diverse genus Streptocarpus is given along with descriptions of the different categories. We categorised the species and defined seven types and six sub-types. The use of a comprehensive and well-curated living collection for the study of floral diversification is presented and its use for interpretation and education discussed.
Phytophthora root rot: its impact in botanic gardens and on threatened species conservation
Authors: Summerell Brett , Liew Edward
Published: December 2020

Phytophthora root rot is one of the most devastating diseases of perennial plants worldwide, affecting plants in food production, amenity plantings and in natural ecosystems. The impact of these diseases in botanic gardens can be substantial and can affect how a site may be used for months and years ahead. Management is critically dependent on avoidance of the introduction of the pathogen and effective hygiene protocols are key to achieving this. Additionally, botanic gardens have a key role to play in protecting plants and enhancing conservation outcomes through surveillance, education and ex situ conservation programmes, as well as through the recognition that they can be critical as sentinel sites to detect new incursions of pests anddiseases. The impact of several Phytophthora species on the in situ and ex situ management of the critically endangered Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine), which is highly susceptible to phytophthora root rot, is used to highlight the need to ensure management of these pathogens is a critical component of threatened species recovery and management.
Hydrological and planting design of an experimental raingarden at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Authors: Kelly David , Wilson Kirsty , Kalaichelvam Aravindan , Knott David
Published: December 2020

A new experimental raingarden has been created at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) to help cope with the impacts of more frequent and intense rainfall events. Raingardens offer a sustainable, nature-based solution to flood mitigation by mimicking natural rainwater retention and infiltration characteristics within a constructed bioretention system. By incorporating specially selected plants that can withstand both very wet and very dry conditions, raingardens also provide enhanced biodiversity capacity.

This paper reports on the hydrological design of the raingarden, which is aimed at reducing the occurrence of waterlogging and localised flooding within RBGE, before discussing the selection and cultivation of the planting. It is hoped that the mix of plants chosen will encourage a great diversity of wildlife, providing nectar sources for insects and bees in summer, and homes for invertebrates and food for seed-eating birds in winter. With the raingarden having been in place for over a year at the time of writing, reflections on its maintenance and

upkeep during that time and performance assessment for significant storm events will also be discussed.
Hypertonic disease and its involvement in the class of diseases of the circulatory system: epidemiological situation in Ukraine
Authors:   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv, Ruden' V.V. , Diachyschyn V.I. ,   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv
Published: December 2020

Aim. A substantiation by the types of morbidity of biostatistic tendencies in the development of hypertonic disease and its involvement in the existing pathologies of the class of diseases of the circulatory system among the population of Ukraine. Material and Methods. An epidemiological, cross-sectional, continuous, prospective study was conducted with the use of statistical data of the Health Statistics Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (1993 and 2017), summarizing and processing them in spreadsheets of Microsoft Office Excel 2016 using retrospective, biostatistical and abstract research methods, as well as methods of copying, deductive awareness, structural-logical analysis and systematic principles. Results and Discussion. The results clearly indicated a steady increase in all forms of hypertonic disease among the population of Ukraine over the studied time period by Рincr=119.8%, when in 2017 this pathology affected ngen=10,388,376 persons, with the prevalence indicator Рgen= 29,844.1о/оооо, which testified that every fourth citizen had a case of hypertonic disease, whereas hypertonic disease accompanied ischemic heart disease in Рpr=40.4% of cases, - cerebrovascular disease in Рpr=23.1% of cases and - strokes in Рpr= 35.8% of cases. Conclusions. It is established that hypertonic disease is one of the most prevalent diseases of the cardiovascular system and has a direct negative impact on of socio-economic well-being and resource provision for society and, based on achievements in etiopathology, diagnostics and treatment, requires the highest governmental structures of the state to undertake prompt and adequate managerial preventive actions aimed at strengthening the health of patients with hypertonic disease and of changing the lifestyle of the population in consideration of established risk factors in the occurrence of this pathology. Keywords: circulatory system diseases, hypertonic disease, general and primary morbidity, tendencies, involvement, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, stroke
Pemanfaatan Enzim Papain dalam Pembuatan Pakan Ikan Lele serta Pengolahan Nugget Ikan Lele
Authors: Permata Deivy Andhika , Ismanto Sahadi Didi , Asben Alfi
Published: December 2020

Kelompok Muda Berkarya merupakan kelompok usaha nelayan yang bergerak dibidang budidaya ikan lele. Masalah yang dihadapi mitra adalah besarnya biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk membeli pelet serta pertumbuhan ikan lele yang lambat. Disamping itu Kelompok Usaha Muda Berkarya dan ibu-ibu rumah tangga nelayan di Nagari Pulau Karam juga tertarik untuk mendapatkan pelatihan mengenai pembuatan produk olahan ikan lele, namun belum mengetahui cara mengolahnya. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dilakukan suatu pembinaan dengan metode penyuluhan dan demonstrasi, pendampingan, monitoring serta evaluasi. Dari hasil kegiatan yang dilakukan terjadi peningkatan pemahaman mitra binaan dalam pembuatan pakan ikan lele dengan penambahan enzim papain dan pembuatan nugget ikan lele. Pelet yang dihasilkan membutuhkan biaya produksi yang murah dan dapat mempercepat pertumbuhan ikan lele.
Development trends of service industry in Yakutia in the late XIX century
Authors: Andreeva Elena Vasilevna
Published: December 2020

The object of this research is the establishment of service industry in Yakutia, while the subject is its development trends in the second half of the XIX century. Attention is focused on examination of the documents from the National Archive of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), namely content of the documents of Yakut regional administration for the period from 1850s to 1900s, reports of the town governors of the Yakut region, and comparison with the existing research on the history of Yakutia of this period. The author explore the peculiarities of service industry as a social and historical process; determine natural-climatic and historical factors impacting the development of service sector in Yakutia; review social composition of the participants, as well as headmost services in Yakutia in the late XIX century. The conclusion is made that in the late XIX century, service sector in Yakutia was at its infancy, and characterized by a contradictory tendency, which on one hand combined limitedness of the content and types of services due to immaturity of the craft, state control and initiative in this sphere; and on the other –  engaged the representatives of different social groups, set vector towards the forming consumer requests, rudiments of legal culture and civil society. The author makes an assumption that due to the historical and political development of our country, the indicated contradiction was not resolved in subsequent periods and retains certain effect on the current state and development of service sector in Yakutia. The novelty of this work consists in attraction and examination of the extensive archival material that allows broadening the knowledge on the establishment of service sector in Yakutia.
Experimental study of combined low salinity and surfactant flooding effect on oil recovery
Authors: Araz Abdulmecit , Kamyabi Farad
Published: December 2020

A new generation improved oil recovery methods comes from combining techniques to make the overall process of oil recovery more efficient. One of the most promising methods is combined Low Salinity Surfactant (LSS) flooding. Low salinity brine injection has proven by numerous laboratory core flood experiments to give a moderate increase in oil recovery. Current research shows that this method may be further enhanced by introduction of surfactants optimized for lowsal environment by reducing the interfacial tension. Researchers have suggested different mechanisms in the literature such as pH variation, fines migration, multi-component ionic exchange, interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration for improved oil recovery during lowsal injection.

In this study, surfactant solubility in lowsal brine was examined by bottle test experiments. A series of core displacement experiments was conducted on nine crude oil aged Berea core plugs that were designed to determine the impact of brine composition, wettability alteration, Low Salinity Water (LSW) and LSS flooding on Enhancing Oil Recovery (EOR). Laboratory core flooding experiments were conducted on the samples in a heating cabinet at 60 °C using five different brine compositions with different concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The samples were first reached to initial water saturation, Swi, by injecting connate water (high salinity water). LSW injection followed by LSS flooding performed on the samples to obtain the irreducible oil saturation.

The results showed a significant potential of oil recovery with maximum additional recovery of 7% Original Oil in Place (OOIP) by injection of LS water (10% LS brine and 90% distilled water) into water-wet cores compared to high salinity waterflooding. It is also concluded that oil recovery increases as wettability changes from water-wet to neutral-wet regardless of the salinity compositions. A reduction in residual oil saturation, Sor, by 1.1–4.8% occurred for various brine compositions after LSS flooding in tertiary recovery mode. The absence of clay swelling and fine migration has been confirmed by the stable differential pressure recorded for both LSW and LSS flooding. Aging the samples at high temperature prevented the problem of fines production. Combined LSS flooding resulted in an additional oil recovery of 9.2% OOIP when applied after LSW flooding.

Surfactants improved the oil recovery by reducing the oil-water interfacial tension. In addition, lowsal environment decreased the surfactant retention, thus led to successful LSS flooding. The results showed that combined LSS flooding may be one of the most promising methods in EOR. This hybrid improved oil recovery method is economically more attractive and feasible compared to separate low salinity waterflooding or surfactant flooding.
Pushing the Limits of NMR Cryoporometry in Polymers from Nanometer to Micron
Authors: Webber J. Beau W. , Welle Alexandre , livadaris vincent , Andreev Andrey
Published: December 2020

We report for the first time the nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry (NMRC) pore size distribution study of polypropylene homopolymer fluffs in a wide range from several nanometers up to almost one micrometer. The method, being applicable to fragile materials, provides an opportunity to employ a set of different probe molecules, such as dodecane and hexadecane in this study, to characterize the pore sizes and swelling effect of the polymers. The fluffs have been proven to be essentially macroporous with a minor mesopore part and negligible pore volume of micropores. The residual silica porosity analysis performed to understand the origin of polymer macroporosity emphasize the porosity hidden by the main mesoporosity peak of silicon oxide. This residual macroporosity would seem similar to the macroporosity of the PPH fluffs in terms of PSD. NMRC has been shown to provide robust interconsistent and reproducible pore size distributions of polymers and silicas within the range from several nanometer up to 2 micrometers.
ANTİ AYRIMCI PROGRAMLARIN OKUL ÖNCESİ SINIFLARDA UYGULANMASININ AVANTAJ VE SINIRLILIKLARI
Authors: BAYRAKDAR Uygar , AKMAN Berrin
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada Anti Ayrımcı ve Çok Kültürlü eğitimin ne olduğu, alan yazında nasıl tanımlandığı, Anti Ayrımcı Programların ön koşullarının ne olduğu, hangi bileşenlerden oluştuğu, neleri hedeflediği ve hangi paydaşlardan yararlandığı yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Anti Ayrımcı Programlarda yer alan kişilerin ve uzmanların rol ve sorumluluklarının ne olduğu, bu programlar uygulanırken nelere dikkat edilmesi gerektiği açıklanmıştır. Bunların yanı sıra “Anti Ayrımcı Programların” okulöncesi sınıflarda uygulanmasının yarattığı avantajlar ve sınırlılıkları alan yazında yer alan görüşlere göre derlenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. “Anti Ayrımcı Programların” okulöncesi sınıflarda uygulanmasının yarattığı avantajların ortak yönü olarak eğitim ortamlarında kültürel ve bireysel farklılıkların temsilinin artıyor olması ve buna bağlı olarak eğitim öğretim sürecinde hem sosyal hem akademik çıktıların olumlu etkilenmesi olarak görülebilir. “Anti Ayrımcı Programların” okulöncesi sınıflarda uygulanmasının yarattığı dezavantajların ise alan yazına göre daha çok içerik, materyal, süre ve bilinç eksikliği ekseninde yer aldığını söyleyebiliriz.