bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inner shell spectroscopy of (η5-C5H5)2TiCl2, (η5-C5H5)TiCl3, and TiCl4
Authors: Wen A.T. , Hitchcock A.P.
Published: May 2006

Oscillator strengths for C 1s excitation of gas phase Cp2TiCl2 and CpTiCl3 (Cp = η5-C5H5), and Cl 2p and Ti 2p excitation of gas phase Cp2TiCl2, CpTiCl3, and TiCl4 have been derived from electron energy loss spectra recorded under electric dipole scattering conditions. The C 1s spectra are interpreted with the aid of semiempirical extended Hückel calculations and comparisons with the C 1s spectra of other cyclopentadienyl complexes. The Ti 2p spectra are interpreted using the extended Hückel results and comparisons with atomic multiplet–crystal field calculations for Ti4+ taken from the literature.
Preparation and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of N-bonded complexes of platinum(II) with phosphorus-nitrogen rings containing three-coordinate chalcogens: X-ray structure of [PtCl2(PEt3)]2(Ph4P2N4Se2Et2)
Authors: Chivers Tristram , Doxsee Daniel D. , Hilts Robert W. , Parvez Masood
Published: May 2006

The reaction of 1,5-Ph4P2N4S2Ph2 with [PtCl2CPEt3)]2 in chloroform at 60 °C produces the 1:1 adduct trans-PtCl2(PEt3)(Ph4P2N4S2Ph2) in which the platinum is attached to a nitrogen atom on the basis of 31P nmr spectroscopy. By contrast, the corresponding reactions of 1,5-Ph4P2N4Se2R2 (R = Me, Et, Ph) produce the 2:1 adducts [PtCl2(PEt3)]2(Ph4P2N4Se2R2) (7a, R = Me; 7b, R = Et; 7c, R = Ph) which have been characterized by 1H, 31P and 77Se nmr spectroscopy and, in the case of 7b, by X-ray crystallography. Crystals of 7b are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 27.803(7) Å, b = 12.378(7) Å, c = 15.752(8) Å, β = 115.49(2)°, V = 4893(3) Å3, and Z = 4. The least-squares refinement with anisotropic thermal parameters for all non-hydrogen atoms converged at R = 0.037 and Rw = 0.022. The platinum centres in 7b are attached to distal nitrogen atoms of the disordered P2N4Se2 ring. The reaction of the six-membered ring Ph4P2N3SPh with [PtCl2(PEt3)]2 in dichloromethane at 23 °C occurs in a regiospecific manner to give the 1:1 adduct PtCl2(PEt3)(Ph4P2N3SPh) in which, on the basis of 31P nmr spectroscopy, the platinum is coordinated to a nitrogen atom between phosphorus and sulfur.
The tetrahedral intermediate from the hydration of N-methylformanilide
Authors: Guthrie J. Peter , Barker Jonathan , Cullimore Patricia A. , Lu Jinqiao , Pike David C.
Published: May 2006

Heats of hydrolysis of N-methylformanilide dimethyl acetal have been measured in basic solution. The heat of formation of N-methylformanilide was obtained by determining the equilibrium constant in aqueous solution for its formation from formic acid and N-methylaniline as a function of temperature:[Formula: see text]. These data permit the calculation of the heat of formation of N-methylformanilide dimethyl acetal, [Formula: see text]. The free energy of formation of the tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of N-methylformanilide was calculated by methods we have previously reported. Consideration of the energetics of the intermediates and the known rates of reaction leads to the conclusion that the rate-determining step for alkaline hydrolysis is cleavage of the C—N bond.
Characterization of the molecular weight distribution of polypropylene and polyethylene by turbidity at the lower critical solution temperature
Authors: Bohossian Takouhi , Delmas Geneviève , Benoît Henri
Published: May 2006

The characterization in butane of noncrystalline atactic polypropylene (ncPP) (1) with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) is presented. It uses a new technique based on a thermogram, consisting of turbidity peaks developed in a solution at a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) during a step-by-step temperature increase. Several refinements concerning the analysis of data have been added to the expressions used in earlier work on polyethylene. The relation between the volume of the concentrated phase and the attenuation of light has been developed from an expression of the scattered light by a biphasic system. The thermograms gave a good agreement in Mw and Mw/Mn for four well-characterized ncPP samples. Wide MWD isotactic PP samples (2) were also analyzed in a mixture of butane and 2-methylbutane. Solution behavior at the LCST of 1 and 2 was compared.
The photochemical nucleophile–olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction. Part 5: methanol–monoterpenes (α- and β-pinene, tricyclene, and nopol), 1,4-dicyanobenzene
Authors: Arnold Donald R. , Du Xinyao
Published: May 2006

The reactivity of the radical cations of α- and β-pinene (8 and 9), tricyclene (18), and nopol (23) has been studied. The radical ions were generated, in acetonitrile–methanol (3:1), by single electron transfer (set) to the singlet excited state of 1,4-di-cyanobenzene (1). Biphenyl (3) was used as a codonor. The cyclobutane rings of the initially formed radical cations of α- and β-pinene (8+• and 9+•) cleave to distonic radical cations that react as tertiary alkyl cations and allylic radicals. The results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations (STO-3G) are consistent with the observation that the positive charge is largely associated with the tertiary alkyl moiety while the spin density is largely distributed over the allylic radical. There was no evidence, experimental or theoretical, indicative of a bonding interaction between the cationic and allylic moieties of these distonic radical cations. The cyclobutane ring cleavage is irreversible. The radical cation of tricyclene (18) also gives 1:1:1 (nucleophile:cyclopropyl:aromatic) adducts. The regio- and stereochemistry of the adducts, and the nucleophile selectivity, are all indicative of nucleophile-assisted cleavage of the radical cation (18+•). The radical cation of nopol (23+•) also cleaves to the distonic radical cation. The cyclobutane ring cleavage must be rapid; intramolecular 1,5-endo cyclization of the hydroxyl group cannot compete.
The vibrational circular dichroism spectra of 2-methylaziridine: dominance of the asymmetric centre at nitrogen
Authors: Rauk Arvi , Eggimann Thomas , Wieser Helmut , Shustov Gennadii V. , Yang Danya
Published: May 2006

The experimental VCD spectrum of (2R)-2-methylaziridine has been measured in the region 800–1500 cm−1. The ab initio implementation of the Vibronic Coupling Theory (VCT) of Nafie and Freedman, using the 6-31G*(0.3) basis set, in the common origin and distributed origin gauges and with uniformly and optimally scaled quantum mechanical force fields, is used to investigate the chiroptical properties. VCD spectra are computed for both cis and trans invertomers. The predicted VCD spectrum of 2-methylaziridine (the equilibrium mixture) is dominated by that of the trans diastereomer, not simply because of its greater abundance but because the rotatory strengths of many absorptions in the mid-IR are oppositely signed and of similar magnitude in the two invertomers which differ in absolute configuration at nitrogen. The VCD spectrum of 2-methylaziridine is compared in detail to that of 2-methyloxirane. In the region of the methyl group deformations and CH2 scissor, the theoretical (R)-2-methyloxirane VCD spectrum displays a much closer similarity to the cis-(2R)-2-methylaziridine than to the trans diastereomer.
An ab initio study of the structures, barriers for internal rotation, vibrational frequencies, and thermodynamic functions of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon CH3CF2Cl and the corresponding radical CH2CF2Cl
Authors: Paddison S.J. , Chen Yonghua , Tschukow-Roux E.
Published: May 2006

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations were performed using the GAUSSIAN 90 system of programs at the HF/6-31G* level of theory, on the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and the 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethyl radical. Equilibrium geometries, barriers for internal rotation, and harmonic vibrational frequencies were thus calculated. A single conformational minimum in the potential energy surface was located for both the radical and the parent molecule. The radical center in CH2CF2Cl was found to be nonplanar. Transition structures for internal rotation about the C—C bond were located for both the molecule and the radical using analytical methods. The rotation barriers, evaluated at the fourth-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory ((U)MP4/6-311G**/6-31G*). were calculated after inclusion of zero-point vibrational energy differences to be 1.11 and 4.12 kcal/mol for the radical and the parent molecule, respectively. Computed thermodynamic properties including heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy functions are reported as a function of temperature. Using an experimentally measured heat of formation of CH3CF2Cl at 298 K, the heat of formation of CH2CF2Cl was calculated to be −74.3 ± 1.7 kcal/mol. Tabulations of ΔH0f,T, ΔG0f,T, and log10Kf,T over the temperature range of 0–1500 K are also reported for both species.
Semiclassical study of sudden approximations for rotationally inelastic scattering of Ar + HF
Authors: Barrett James J. C. , Mayne Howard R. , Keil Mark , Rawluk Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

"Exact" quantum close coupled (CC) and infinite-order sudden approximation (IOSA) calculations have been carried out for the Ar + HF system on an accurate potential energy surface. The differential cross sections from the IOSA calculations show marked differences from the CC results. We find that the energy sudden component of the IOSA breaks down in a different manner for small and large impact parameters, significantly shifting and distorting the state-to-state differential cross sections. We also find that the centrifugal sudden approximation alone reproduces all features of the full semiclassical calculations quite faithfully. Through the use of several rotational sudden approximations, including a semiclassical version of the IOSA, we identify how the differences between the CC and IOSA results arise.
Studies on the interaction of selenite and selenium with sulphur donors. Part 1. 2-Mercaptoethanol
Authors: Amaratunga W. , Chaudry O. , Milne J.
Published: May 2006

Raman spectroscopy and proton and 77Se NMR have been used to show that selenous acid reacts with 2-mercaptoethanol (HOC2H4SH), according to Ganther's reaction (H.E. Ganther, Biochemistry, 7, 2898 (1968)).[Formula: see text]The bis(hydroxyethylthio)selenide decomposes readily in strongly acidic and moderately basic solution to selenium and disulfide,[Formula: see text]Selenium dissolves in excess hydroxyethylmercaptide to give the catenated anion, HOC2H4SSe−[Formula: see text]Air oxidation of this equilibrium mixture yields disulfide and selenium. Formation of the hydroxyethylthioselenide is endothermic (ΔH = 0.66 ± 0.02 kJ mol−1).
Electron ionization mass spectrometry of aryl- and fluoroalkyl-substituted palladium(II) β-diketonates and monothio-β-diketonates
Authors: Reimer Mark L. J. , Westmore John B. , Das Manoranjan
Published: May 2006

Positive ion electron ionization mass spectra are presented for palladium(II) β-diketonates and monothio-β-diketonates of the general form PdII[RC(X)CHC(O)R′]2, where R = phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-thienyl, or 2-naphthyl; R′ = trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, or n-heptafluoropropyl; and X = O or S. The mass spectral behavior is in sharp contrast to that of metals of the first transition series. The spectra of the β-diketonates are dominated by metal-containing ions that arise by migration of the R group from the ligand (L) to palladium, but there is no evidence for fluorine-to-metal transfer. These findings are consistent with HSAB theory. The strong tendency of palladium to form bonds with unsaturated carbon also leads to remarkably abundant metal-containing ions that arise by losses of CO or aryloxy radicals from [PdRL]+• ions. In contrast, in decompositions of ions in the spectra of the monothio-β-diketonates, migration of the R group is suppressed; competition for palladium dπ electrons by the sulfur donor makes palladium a poorer aryl group acceptor.
Novel quinazolinones and enniatins from Fusarium lateritium Nees
Authors: Tsantrizos Youla S. , Xu Xiao-Jin , Sauriol Françoise , Hynes Rosemary C.
Published: May 2006

not available
Evidence for the role of the α-helix in the xylosylation reactions involving the glycosaminoglycan-bearing serine of decorin/DS-PGII as shown by1H NMR, CD, and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Wang Yunjun , Sejbal Jan , Kotovych George , Scott Paul G.
Published: May 2006

The conformation of four peptides (N-terminal acetylated and unacetylated 14-mers DEASGIGPEEHFPENH2and 24-mers AcQKGLFDFMLEDEASGIGPEEHFPENH2with a normal and an oxidized methionine residue) containing the sequence Asp-Glu-Ala-Ser-Gly-Ile-Gly (DEASGIG), which is known to play an important role in the xylosylation reactions involving the glycosaminoglycan-bearing serine of decorin/DS-PGII, were studied by two-dimensional proton NMR techniques, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics in a methanol–water mixture. The 14-residue peptide comprises the first (i.e., N-terminal) 14 amino acids of the mature decorin protein and the 24-residue peptide incorporates an additional (N-terminal) sequence of 10 amino acids derived from the procore of decorin. The resonance heterogeneity induced by the isomerization of the two prolines (Pro8, Pro13in the 14-mer, and Pro18, Pro23in the 24-mer) in the peptides studied was evaluated from TOCSY and NOESY NMR spectra. The trans-trans, trans-cis, and cis-trans isomers exist in approximate 68:25:7 proportions in the methanol–water mixture. The NOE distance constraints were used as input parameters for molecular dynamics and restrained energy minimization calculations. It was demonstrated that the conformation of the DEASGIG fragment was affected by the presence of the 10 amino acids at the N-terminal end of the 24-mer, and that the serine is part of an α-helix. The results indicate that an α-helix is present in the 24-mer beginning at the N-terminal end with Lys2and ending at Gly15, and suggest that this could be the signal for the xylosylation of serine Ser14. A type VIb β turn was observed, involving the C-terminal cis-proline in the sequence His-Phe-Pro-Glu. Key words: xylosylation, nascent helix, α-helix, csi-proline, type VIb β-turn, molecular dynamics.
Polyhalide anions in crystals. Part 2. I3−asymmetry and N—H … I bonding: triiodides of the Me2NH2+, Ph2I+, tropanium,N,N,N′,N′-Me4-1,2-ethanediammonium,N,N,N′,N′-Me4-1,3-propanediammonium,N-Me-piperazinium(2+), andN,N′-Me2-piperazinium(2+) cations, and Me2NH2I
Authors: Robertson Katherine N. , Cameron T Stanley , Knop Osvald
Published: May 2006

Crystal-structure determinations are reported for Me2NH2I3, (Ph2I)I3, tropanium-I3, [Me2HN(CH2)2NHMe2](I3)2, [Me2HN(CH2)3NHMe2](I3)2, (N-Me2-piperazinium) (I3)2•H2O, (N,N′-Me2-piperazinium)(I3)2, and Me2NH2I. The features of these and relevant literature structures are used to (1) classify triiodide structures by their ion-packing types; (2) analyze the relationship between the two I—I bond lengths d and d* in the I3−anion; and (3) examine the effect of N—H(N)… I hydrogen bonding on the symmetry of the I3−anion. It is found that the d,d* relationship can be represented to a high degree of correlation by the power function d* − d0 = K(d − d0)−c(d* ≥ d,d0 = d(I—I) in I2(g)) based on the 3c4e model of the anion. An empirical correlation is shown to exist between the H(N)… I and N … I distances both for unbranched and branched N—H(N)… I bonds. Comparison of the degree of asymmetry of I3−in two samples, one containing H-bonded I3−anions, the other with H-bonding absent, leads to the conclusion that while H-bonding is a factor affecting I3−symmetry, it is not a preferential factor. The four 1:2 title triiodides have structures of, or related to, the CdI2type, in which the anions form infinite pseudo-hexagonal channels. The positioning of the divalent cations on the axes of these channels gives rise to an interesting "vernier" effect governed by the cation length and H-bonding ability. Bonding in centrosymmetric I4rings in (Ph2I)I3and (Ph2I)I is examined. Key words: crystal structures, hydrogen bond, iodine–iodine bonds, polyhalide anions, triiodides.
COMPLEMENTARITY OF ENTANGLEMENT AND INTERFERENCE
Authors: HOSOYA A. , CARLINI A. , OKANO S.
Published: May 2006

A complementarity relation is shown between the visibility of interference and bipartite entanglement in a two qubit interferometric system when the parameters of the quantum operation change for a given input state. The entanglement measure is a decreasing function of the visibility of interference. The implications for quantum computation are briefly discussed.
An investigation into student characteristics affecting novice programming performance
Authors: Pillay Nelishia , Jugoo Vikash R.
Published: May 2006

Novice programmers usually experience difficulties when programming for the first time. The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to identify those characteristics that negatively effect procedural programming performance, so that additional support can be provided in the instruction of programming courses for students possessing these characteristics. Investigations were conducted at two South African tertiary institutions. At both institutions a first course in Java programming, focussing on procedural programming aspects, was used for purposes of the study. The characteristics investigated were the student's problem solving ability, gender, learning style, first language and previous computer experience. The study revealed that a student's problem solving ability and first language definitely have an impact on his or her programming performance.
Generalizing APL scalar extension
Authors: Breed Larry
Published: May 2006

We present a generalization of the extension of scalar dyadic functions with one-element operands. The generalization retains the spirit of APL scalar extension, brings into harmony the present rules for extension of one-element arrays, and provides useful new APL constructions. Some contrasts with Dr. S. Charmonman's proposed generalization, and some implementation considerations, are also discussed.
A rational theory of system-making systems
Authors: Schaefer Robert
Published: May 2006

All current models of software development abstract away key interactions of the hosting organization, the results of which can be seen in practice with the common reoccurrence of large software intensive system project failures. Poor model matches with reality can be detected by anomaly, by paradox, and by poor results when approved process is properly applied. The current paradigm is that the software development process (and the more inclusive systems development process) must be abstracted away from the host organization, and that this abstraction must be treated as the whole of the model. This model began its life as a useful fiction to permit a cutting out of what for small projects were (at the time) second-order factors to enable a more concentrated analysis on the principal factors. For the smaller software project, this model has, and continues to work quite well. But over the decades, as systems and systems makers have grown in size and complexity, this working fiction has outgrown its ability to model reality, and at the same time due to past success, has assumed the trappings of a truth; a law not to be questioned. Arguments to date on software process have been only about what variant methodology to apply and how strict one should be in applying methods, but never about the validity of the boundaries of the model. All efforts for improvement have been no more than continual tweaking of a bad model to see what happens. The paradigm for a better model begins with the realization that the larger the system maker and the larger the system, the greater the influence of the internally directed goals, the politics and the structures of the organization have on the design and implementation of the product. This paper attempts to reintroduce these externalities through a new model; the
system-making system
model. This model can be used to explain observations; predict outcomes; identify where current theory should no longer be treated as law and where current practice should no longer treated as optimal. The advantage of this model happens also to be its only drawback (sigh), that politics
must
be discussed.
Software engineering education (SEEd)
Authors: Henderson Peter B.
Published: May 2006

I have strived to sprinkle different points of view from various sources regarding software engineering education through this column. Views from academics, researchers and software practitioners - notably people with extensive experience. This column provides a different perspective, someone just starting their career as a software engineer. I won't say anything else here as you will find our guest columnist, Jeremy Lanman, speaks for himself.
Feature-based similarity search in 3D object databases
Authors: Bustos Benjamin , Keim Daniel A. , Saupe Dietmar , Schreck Tobias , Vranić Dejan V.
Published: May 2006

The development of effective content-based multimedia search systems is an important research issue due to the growing amount of digital audio-visual information. In the case of images and video, the growth of digital data has been observed since the introduction of 2D capture devices. A similar development is expected for 3D data as acquisition and dissemination technology of 3D models is constantly improving. 3D objects are becoming an important type of multimedia data with many promising application possibilities. Defining the aspects that constitute the similarity among 3D objects and designing algorithms that implement such similarity definitions is a difficult problem. Over the last few years, a strong interest in methods for 3D similarity search has arisen, and a growing number of competing algorithms for content-based retrieval of 3D objects have been proposed. We survey feature-based methods for 3D retrieval, and we propose a taxonomy for these methods. We also present experimental results, comparing the effectiveness of some of the surveyed methods.
Symbolic model checking of UML activity diagrams
Authors: Eshuis Rik
Published: May 2006

Two translations from activity diagrams to the input language of NuSMV, a symbolic model verifier, are presented. Both translations map an activity diagram into a finite state machine and are inspired by existing statechart semantics. The requirements-level translation defines state machines that can be efficiently verified, but are a bit unrealistic since they assume the perfect synchrony hypothesis. The implementation-level translation defines state machines that cannot be verified so efficiently, but that are more realistic since they do not use the perfect synchrony hypothesis. To justify the use of the requirements-level translation, we show that for a large class of activity diagrams and certain properties, both translations are equivalent: regardless of which translation is used, the outcome of model checking is the same. Moreover, for linear stuttering-closed properties, the implementation-level translation is equivalent to a slightly modified version of the requirements-level translation. We use the two translations to model check data integrity constraints for an activity diagram and a set of class diagrams that specify the data manipulated in the activities. Both translations have been implemented in two tools. We discuss our experiences in applying both translations to model check some large example activity diagrams.
The language-action perspective as a basis for communication support systems
Authors: Te'eni Dov
Published: May 2006

Developing a framework for effective design principles.
Dynamic binary control-flow errors detection
Authors: Borin Edson , Wang Cheng , Wu Youfeng , Araujo Guido
Published: May 2006

Shrinking microprocessor feature size will increase the soft-error rates to unacceptable levels in the near future. While reliable systems typically employ hardware techniques to address soft-errors, software techniques can provide a less expensive and more flexible alternative. This paper presents a control-flow error classification and proposes new software based control-flow error detection techniques. The new techniques are better than the previous ones in the sense that they detect errors in all the branch-error categories. We also compare the performance of our new techniques with that of the previous ones using our dynamic binary translator.
Medium access control issues in sensor networks
Authors: Ali Muneeb , Saif Umar , Dunkels Adam , Voigt Thiemo , Römer Kay , Langendoen Koen , Polastre Joseph , Uzmi Zartash Afzal
Published: May 2006

Medium access control for wireless sensor networks has been a very active research area for the past couple of years. The sensor networks literature presents an alphabet soup of medium access control protocols with almost all of the works focusing only on energy efficiency. There is much more innovative work to be done at the MAC layer, but current efforts are not addressing the hard unsolved problems. Majority of the works appearing in the literature are "least publishable incremental improvements" over the popular S-MAC [1] protocol. In this paper we present research directions for future medium access research. We identify some open issues and discuss possible solutions.
Effect of adipocyte β3-adrenergic receptor activation on the type 2 diabetic MKR mice
Authors: Kim Hyunsook , Pennisi Patricia A. , Gavrilova Oksana , Pack Stephanie , Jou William , Setser-Portas Jennifer , East-Palmer Joyce , Tang Yan , Manganiello Vincent C. , LeRoith Derek
Published: May 2006

The antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of the β3-adrenergic agonists were investigated on nonobese type 2 diabetic MKR mice after injection with a β3-adrenergic agonist, CL-316243. An intact response to acute CL-316243 treatment was observed in MKR mice. Chronic intraperitoneal CL-316243 treatment of MKR mice reduced blood glucose and serum insulin levels. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps exhibited improvement of the whole body insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis concurrently with enhanced insulin action in liver and adipose tissue. Treating MKR mice with CL-316243 significantly lowered serum and hepatic lipid levels, in part due to increased whole body triglyceride clearance and fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes. A significant reduction in total body fat content and epididymal fat weight was observed along with enhanced metabolic rate in both wild-type and MKR mice after treatment. These data demonstrate that β3-adrenergic activation improves the diabetic state of nonobese diabetic MKR mice by potentiation of free fatty acid oxidation by adipose tissue, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for β3-adrenergic agonists in nonobese diabetic subjects.
Enhanced Release of IL-6 and IL-8 into Tears in Various Anterior Segment Eye Diseases
Authors: Fodor Mariann , Facskó Andrea , Rajnavölgyi Éva , Hársfalvi Jolán , Bessenyei Emilia , Kardos László , Berta András
Published: May 2006

Objective: To determine the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8/CXCL-8) in tears collected from the eyes of normal individuals and of patients with different irritative eye diseases, in order to acquire information on the immunological changes occurring during the early postoperative period following various forms of eye surgery, including penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). Methods: IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured with the aid of human ultrasensitive ELISA kits in the non-stimulated tears of patients in the early postoperative period following PKP or cataract operation, and of patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis or with a corneal foreign body. The IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations, the total amounts released in a given time and the rates of their release were calculated. Results: A significant increase in IL-6 release was observed in all patient groups compared with the normal controls (p ≤ 0.003). The IL-8 release levels were significantly higher in the tears of all patient groups (p ≤ 0.03), except for the cataract operation group, where the IL-8 release was not significantly higher (p = 0.053) than in the control samples. No significant differences in IL-6 or IL-8 release were observed when the various patient groups were compared with each other. Conclusion: The release of IL-6 and IL-8 into the tears is enhanced in various anterior segment eye diseases, and this may be used as an indicator of various inflammatory reactions in the early postoperative period.
Differential Modulation of Ovine Fetal ACTH Secretion by PGHS-1 and PGHS-2
Authors: Reimsnider Sharon , Wood Charles E.
Published: May 2006

Background/Aims: We have previously demonstrated that prostaglandin generation within the fetal brain augments or partially mediates fetal reflex responsiveness to hypotension. The present study was performed to test the relative roles of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and 2, or COX-1 and 2) as potential mediators of this interaction. Methods: Chronically catheterized and instrumented fetal sheep were subjected to transient brachiocephalic occlusion (BCO) after intracerebroventricular injection of resveratrol (PGHS-1 or COX-1 inhibitor), nimesulide (PGHS-2 or COX-2 inhibitor), or vehicle. Results: BCO decreased arterial pressure perfusing the fetal brain and stimulated increases in systemic blood pressure and heart rate as well as in circulating concentrations of ACTH. Inhibition of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 had differential effects on fetal ACTH secretion. Pre-BCO concentrations of plasma ACTH increased in response to nimesulide, while the fetal ACTH response to BCO was delayed by resveratrol. Prior to the BCO, nimesulide also increased fetal blood pressure and decreased fetal heart rate. The injections of resveratrol and nimesulide did not alter placental biosynthesis of prostaglandins and therefore acted within the fetal brain. Conclusion: We conclude that prostaglandin generated in the fetal brain by the action of PGHS-1 augments fetal ACTH reflex responses to BCO but that, in contrast, the action of PGHS-2 is inhibitory to ACTH secretion.
Water Vapor Structure Displacements from Cloud-Free Meteosat Scenes and Their Interpretation for the Wind Field
Authors: Büche G. , Karbstein H. , Kummer A. , Fischer H.
Published: May 2006

The evaluation of water vapor (WV) images taken by satellite-borne radiometers has become an essential source of data in modern meteorology. The analysis of structure displacements within sections of WV images is an effective way to get horizontal components of wind vectors. In contrast to intermediate-level and high-level clouds, the height assignment of displacement vectors connected with cloud-free WV structures needs additional information from atmospheric profiles. Nevertheless, interpreting these motion vectors as independent wind vectors and not simply matching them to any model wind field is tried. This contribution reports on the evaluation of structure displacements and how it can be done efficiently in the case of smooth and shallow scenes by the use of appropriate filters. Then, a series of height-assignment methods is tested for altitude-sensitive parameters such as wind shear and brightness contrast of pixels within segments used for structure tracking. The results are verified by comparison with reference wind data from the analysis of a weather prediction model as well as from radiosonde ascents. From a statistical point of view and for cases of strong wind shear it is clearly revealed that methods that use the effective brightness temperature, in particular from the coldest pixels, lead to better height assignment than do others that are based on the contribution function explicitly. From a series of individual cases it is found that the relative minimum of the difference between reference wind and clear-air structure displacement is not related uniquely to either the coldest (or warmest) pixel of the segment or the effective brightness temperature of pixels leading the tracking procedure. A cloud-free WV structure consequently contains information from an atmospheric layer whose displacement vector is a weighted sum over the motions within its specific thickness. Then the individual situation will determine whether a structure displacement reflects the motion at a well-defined height or whether it should be taken as a collective motion within an atmospheric layer that is an essential part of the upper troposphere.
Dual Lidar Observations at 10.6 μm and 532 nm for Retrieving Semitransparent Cirrus Cloud Properties
Authors: Chiriaco M. , Chepfer H. , Noel V. , Haeffelin M. , Drobinski P.
Published: May 2006

To improve the estimation of the infrared radiances in cirrus clouds, one needs to consider the vertical inhomogeneities of the cloud properties. The position of the maximum of absorption within an ice cloud is potentially important to the improvement of the split-window techniques for retrieving particle size and for understanding the radiative effect of the cloud in the infrared spectrum. Current remote sensing techniques used for inferring ice clouds hardly reach the level of accuracy required to resolve the vertical inhomogeneities of a cloud and to determine the position of absorption. This study explores the possibility of retrieving the vertical structures of ice clouds by combining data from two lidar measurements acquired at the wavelengths of 532 nm and 10.6 μm. A method is proposed to retrieve the variability of ice crystal absorption efficiency at 10.6 μm, the particle concentration weighted by the crystal area, and the attenuation by absorption at 10.6 μm. The method is tested against observations collected at Site Instrumental de Recherche en Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA) in Palaiseau, France. Observations and simulations both show that lidar observations collected simultaneously at those two wavelengths can be used to determine the level within the ice cloud where maximum attenuation of infrared radiation occurs. The maximum attenuation may occur near the cloud base or the cloud top, depending on the case studied.
Conversion of Lactones into Substituted Cyclic Ethers
Authors: Tsushima Kazunori , Araki Katsumi , Murai Akio
Published: May 2006

Lactone enolates were treated with N-phenyl triflimide in the presence of hexamethylphosphoric triamide to afford smoothly the corresponding enol triflates, which, on reaction with lithium dialkylcuprates, gave rise to alkylated cyclic ethers in good yields.
Hetero-aggregation between Gold Porphyrins and Zinc Porphyrins through Charge Transfer Interaction
Authors: Segawa Hiroshi , Nishino Hitoshi , Kamikawa Taku , Honda Kenichi , Shimidzu Takeo
Published: May 2006

Hetero-aggregates composed of electron-attracting gold porphyrins and electron-releasing zinc porphyrins are investigated in aqueous solution. A charge transfer interaction is confirmed by the dependence of hetero-aggregation constants on charge transfer energy of the aggregates.
Novel Method for Hydroboration of Olefins Using Electrolysis
Authors: Shundo Ryushi , Matsubara Yoshiharu , Nishiguchi Ikuzo , Hirashima Tsuneaki
Published: May 2006

A first example of electrochemical hydroboration of olefins was found. Anodic oxidation of sodium borohydride in the presence of olefins in diglyme followed by conventional oxidation gave the corresponding alcohols regio- and stereoselectively in good yields.
Preparation of a Layered Double Hydroxide–Porphyrin Intercalation Compound
Authors: Park In Yong , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo
Published: May 2006

5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphin (TSPP) is intercalated into the interlayer space of hydrotalcite by anion exchange. The intercalated porphyrin anions are possibly arranged with the molecular plane perpendicular to the hydroxide layers.
Activation Parameters for Calixarene Ring Inversion As Determined by Computer-Assisted Spectrum Simulation
Authors: Araki Koji , Shinkai Seiji , Matsuda Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

Activation parameters for calixarene ring inversion were determined for the first time by computer-assisted simulation of the 1H-NMR spectra. It was found that the process is governed by the enthalpy term and features small, negative ΔS≠ for calix[4]arenes and positive ΔS≠ for calix[8]arenes. These data are of great significance to understanding the nature of calixarene conformations.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Hetero Diels–Alder Reactions of Readily Enolizable 1-Oxa-1,3-dienes, 2-Oxo-3-alkenylphosphonates, with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wada Eiji , Kanemasa Shuji , Tsuge Otohiko
Published: May 2006

Remarkable rate enhancement is achieved by use of a weak Lewis acid catalyst such as zinc chloride or bromide in the hetero Diels–Alder reactions of 2-oxo-3-alkenylphosphonates as readily enolizable 1-oxa-1,3-dienes with vinyl ethers. Highly endo-selective cyclo-adducts, 2,4-cis-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans, are produced in good yields.
A Catalytic Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes and Alcohols in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia by Oxidation with NiSO4–K2S2O8
Authors: Yamazaki Shigekazu , Yamazaki Yasuyuki
Published: May 2006

Aromatic and conjugated aldehydes were converted to nitriles by nickel-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of aqueous ammonia with K2S2O8 under the basic aqueous conditions. This reaction could be applied to alcohols as the starting materials.
Isadora Duncan's Dance Theory
Authors: Daly Ann
Published: May 2006

In America, around 1900, Edith Wharton wrote in her autobiography, “[O]nly two kinds of dancing were familiar…: waltzing in the ballroom and pirouetting on the stage”. Wharton missed her earliest opportunity to see Duncan, in 1899, when a Boston philanthropist and Newport hostess featured the young dancer at a garden party:

“Isadora Duncan?” People repeated the unknown name, wondering why it had been used to bait Miss Mason's invitation.… I hated pirouetting, and did not go to Miss Mason's. Those who did smiled, and said they supposed their hostess had asked the young woman to dance out of charity—as I daresay she did. Nobody had ever seen anything like it; you couldn't call it dancing, they said. No other Newport hostess engaged Miss Duncan, and her name vanished from everybody's mind.

No doubt, the young Duncan's earliest performances must have looked peculiar. She neither waltzed nor pirouetted. She did not kick up her legs; she manipulated no skirts; she rarely portrayed any specific character. Legend even has it (though not quite accurately) that she was maverick enough at a very tender age to disavow her toe dancing lessons. In her more semantically polemical moments, Duncan rejected the label “dancer” altogether, in order to disassociate herself from the questionable antics of her colleagues. Instead, she set herself apart as an “artiste.” That is what she listed as her occupation on the birth certificate for her second child, Patrick Augustus Duncan, in 1910.
From Interculturalism to Historicism: Reflections on Classical Indian Dance
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: May 2006

At the MTV awards show in September 1998, Madonna performed a spiritual song in a transparent white T-shirt with three Indian Odissi dancers in their classical regalia. Within two days of this event a representative of a Hindu religious sect, the Vaisnavs, condemned Madonna for debasing Hinduism and Indian women. A significant intercultural event, which had been generating pride for some sections of the Indian-American community, had once again exposed the lack of context and historicity in interculturalism. Odissi is not merely an aesthetically pleasing dance form from eastern India; its history is embedded in various ancient fertility cults tied to ritualistic Hindu temple worship by women dancers known as “mahari(s).” The dance was also performed by young male dancers known as “gotipua(s),” who performed outside the temple. Frederique Marglin traces Odissi to the powerful cult of Chaitanya (a Vaisnavite saint reformer) in the sixteenth century (1985). She explains that, like many indigenous dance forms, it was simply called nacha before its revival in the 1950s by dance scholars and male teachers. Thus, the dance is a product of a complex mix of Hindu nationalism, regional chauvinism, and national revivalism and is embedded in patriarchal views of the role and function of women in society. Madonna's commercial interculturalism failed to take note of this: By trying to glamorize an exotic tradition she, unsurprisingly, offended the self-appointed bearers of that tradition.
The Interplay of Knowledge and Practice in Dance Teaching: What we Can Learn From a Non-Traditional Dance Teacher
Authors: Fortin Sylvie , Siedentop Daryl
Published: May 2006

If we are serious about dance education within the school setting and the preparation of professional dance educators, current dance educators must engage in the difficult identification of the knowledge base required for competent teaching, and develop the materials and strategies to transfer this to students. (Brooks Schmitz 1990, 61)

As Brooks Schmitz recognized, the improvement of dance education will arise from a better understanding of the dance teacher's knowledge in relation to its pedagogical delivery. Although research on teacher knowledge has become a major focus of research in general education (Elbaz 1993; Leinhardt 1990; Schön 1983; Shulman 1986), such research is absent in dance.
Observations on the Reception of the Aristotelian Poetics in the Latin West
Authors: Tigerstedt E. N.
Published: May 2006

The reception of the Aristotelian Poetics in the Latin West poses some difficult and intricate problems which I would like to discuss here. I offer no apology for the desultory character of these remarks, because the present state of scholarship makes it impossible to give a coherent and comprehensive survey. Nor do I hesitate to use freely some earlier papers of mine on this topic, for they were published in Swedish and—Suecana non leguntur.
Economic Change and the Emerging Florentine Territorial State
Authors: Becker Marvin B.
Published: May 2006

Even at the height of Florentine prosperity, the total income of the commune was barely sufficient to cover half of the republic's ever-mounting expenditures. This circumstance stemmed from the costly wars that Florence was compelled to wage throughout the fourteenth century. Earlier, the armies of Florence had been drawn from the populace, and the budget had reflected this fact. In 1303 the communal debt was a trifling sum, but within a generation it had increased to the grand total of 450,000 florins, and this was in excess of the amount that the city could hope to raise from all revenue sources over a sixteen-month period.
Tasso's Experience of Petrarch
Authors: Della Terza Dante
Published: May 2006

Tasso's dialogue Gianluca overo de le maschere,written in February 1585, opens with an extraordinary carnival scene. The ‘forestiero napoletano', as Tasso had the habit of calling himself, sits apart with two of his friends and finds himself overwhelmed by contradictory emotions as he witnesses the reveling around him. He is there because the spectacle attracted him, because he cannot bear to be alone, because even the suffocating modern masks the revelers wear remind him of the multicolored masked crowds of the court of his youth, which still commands his affection.
Erasmus' Biblical Humanism
Authors: Jarrott C. A. L.
Published: May 2006

Behind the humanists’ battle cry ‘ad fontes’ lies a long and laborious
endeavor to get at the original meaning of the ancient texts with all the
admittedly limited philological tools at their disposal. In his work on the
Bible Erasmus was spurred to this effort by a religious zeal which is too
seldom associated with the author of the Praise of
Folly. Yet one of his most important contributions to the
history of thought was his use of a humanistic method for the interpretation
of scripture.
The Poems of C. Aurelius Cambinius
Authors: Richards J. F. C.
Published: May 2006

The Text of this collection often poems, 978 lines written in elegiac couplets, is preserved in a single manuscript (169) in the Biblioteca Augusta at Perugia (ff. 2r-33r). It is listed by Mazzatinti, who gives its date as s.xv ex. and adds a full description, and by Tammaro de Marinis. Internal evidence suggests that the poems may have been written between 1492 and 1494. Although the author, C. Aurelius Cambinius, is not mentioned by Bottiglioni or other literary historians, the Cambini family is well known. Andrea and Bernardo Cambini appear both in historical documents of the period and as authors. Bernardo Cambini wrote sonnets and Andrea Cambini wrote historical works and Tuscan translations of works written in classical and humanist Latin.
Holbein's Pictures of Death and the Reformation at Lyons1
Authors: Davis Natalie Zemon
Published: May 2006

The danse macabre pleased the medieval sensibility. It was painted throughout western Europe in the fifteenth century, and the printing profession early took an interest in the theme. The most celebrated wall paintings of the dance of death in France were also the earliest—1424 at the Cimetière des Innocents in Paris. In 1485, woodcut replicas of these paintings with the verses from the cemetery printed underneath the pictures were brought out by the Parisian printer and priest Guyot Marchant. Printers in Paris and elsewhere followed suit. In Lyons, Mathieu Huss printed a Grant Danse Macabre in February 1499 (o.s.), and fascination with the same cuts and verses extended there well into the sixteenth century. Claude Nourry brought out editions in 1501, 1519, and 1523; Pierre de Saint Lucie, the successor of Nourry and the husband of his widow, printed editions in 1537,1548, and 1555.
The French Renaissance Monarchy as Seen through the Estates General
Authors: Russell Major J.
Published: May 2006

The Estates General played but a small role in the development of the French monarchy. So little did it accomplish that at first glance a serious study of its history hardly seems necessary except to explain why it failed. This negative approach may be justified, but I think the greatest value to be achieved by the study of the French Estates General and other representative institutions during the Renaissance lies in the insight it gives into the nature of the monarchy of that great age. Just as Neale has used the English Parliament as a vehicle for studying Elizabethan government and society and Namier that of Georgian England, so the Estates General provides an opportunity to interpret the government of Renaissance France.
The Renaissance and Historians of Science
Authors: Brown Harcourt
Published: May 2006

Twenty years have passed since the Surveys of Recent Scholarship in the Period of the Renaissance were planned for the Committee on Renaissance Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies, offprints of which were grouped in a brochure circulated under the date of 1945. Any review of progress in these fields ought to start with these useful compendia, even though several important areas were not explored at that time. Science was abundantly documented by Francis Johnson and Sanford Larkey, whose critical evaluations afforded a guide to the physical sciences and mathematics, including astronomy, geography, and cartography, as well as the principal parts of biology.
English Writers and Beza's Latin Epigrams: The Uses and Abuses of Poetry
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake
Published: May 2006

To many Englishmen of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries Théodore de Bèze (or Beza, as he was usually called) was a famous and respected figure, widely known as the biographer and successor of Calvin and as the author of a number of theological treatises and Biblical commentaries which spelled out major aspects of Calvinist thought. English readers also knew him well as a translator of Scripture, whose Latin had angered both Lutheran and Catholic scholars, as a translator of the Psalms into French and Latin poetry, and perhaps, even, as the author of an early experiment in vernacular Biblical tragedy, Abraham sacrifiant.