bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The good, the bad and the ugly of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite signaling during oxygen‐glucose deprivation in rat and arctic ground squirrel
Authors: Bhowmick Saurav , Drew Kelly
Published: June 2021

Cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury initiates a complex cascade of events, several of which involve the generation of nitic oxide (NO) and oxygen (O2•−) free radicals. NO and O2•− rapidly combine to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−) a potent oxidant and nitrating agent. Previous studies have revealed that the arctic ground squirrel (AGS; Urocitellus parryii) is a natural model of high tolerance to I/R injury, however, the mechanisms that contribute to the ability to tolerate this pathological scenario is still elusive. Here, we tested the hypothesis that tolerance to I/R injury modeled in an acute hippocampal slice preparation in AGS is modulated by reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress associated with oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD).

Hippocampal slices (400 micron) from rat and AGS were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) to mimic I/R in vivo using a novel microperfusion technique. Injury consisted of exposing the brain slices to: 1) NO and O2•− donors with and without OGD; and 2) pretreatment of slices with inhibitors of NO, O2•− and ONOO− followed by OGD. In control slices, treatment was administered by switching to standard aCSF. Perfusates were collected every 15 min and analyzed for LDH release, an indicator of cell death; slices were analyzed for nitrosative and oxidative damage using the markers 3‐nitrotyrosine (3NT) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4HNE).

Results show the effect of NO, O2•− and ONOO− mediated injury in ischemic tolerant AGS and ischemic susceptible rat. 1) Effect of NO mediated Injury: An NO donor alone is not sufficient to cause cell death, but with OGD enhances cell death more in rat than in AGS; an inhibitor of nNOS attenuates OGD‐induced injury in rat but has no effect in AGS. 2) Effect of O2•− mediated injury: A O2•− donor alone causes slight injury in rat and even less injury in AGS. Combining the O2•− donor with OGD aggravates the injury in rat; a SOD mimetic attenuates OGD injury in rat but has no effect in AGS. 3) Effect of ONOO− mediated injury: A ONOO− inhibitor attenuates OGD injury in rat but has no effect in AGS. Rat also shows higher levels of 3NT and 4HNE after OGD insult than AGS. These data demonstrate that in rat both NO and O2•− are required for injury and point to ONOO− as the damaging agent. This same mechanism of OGD‐induced cell death is lacking in AGS supporting the hypothesis that resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress contributes to tolerance to cerebral I/R injury in AGS.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by the US Army Medical research and Material Command, No 0517800; the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, Nos. NS041069‐06 and R15NS070779; Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103395.
Industry and Community Engagement in a High School Bioscience Course
Authors: Tabor Aaron J , Gray Ron J
Published: June 2021

iCREATE is an NSF‐funded project at Northern Arizona University designed to engage community partners in a high school bioscience course to positively impact the number of students interest in pursuing bioscience‐related careers. The project integrates community collaborations, innovative course design, and modern technologies to engage students in an authentic problem in their community: the monitoring of infectious diseases. A high school level bioscience course has been designed and implemented in collaboration with local and regional partners including university faculty and graduate students, leading‐edge STEM industry partners, community organizations, and local school collaboratives. Project partners engage students in examining community needs regarding the authentic problem of tracking the spread of influenza across the region. Subsequently, students work with project partners in an effort to design innovative, technology‐rich solutions to address the problem. The university and industry partners bring current knowledge in bioscience and technological understanding of geospatial technologies to the classroom. An iterative outcome‐focused approach to development that is consistent with the major tenets of design‐based research is being used to refine the course design and generate new findings about effective experiences for impacting student interest in STEM learning and careers. A quasi‐experimental research design will be used to evaluate the promise of the intervention during a pilot test that will take place during the final year of the project.

Support or Funding Information

iCREATE is an NSF‐funded.
A Consistent Database of Nutrient Intakes 1978‐Present Can Improve Analyses of Consumption Trends
Authors: Guthrie Joanne F , Smith Travis A. , Lin Biing‐Hwan
Published: June 2021

For decades, the Federal Government has conducted nationally representative surveys of Americans' food and nutrient intakes. Major surveys used for dietary trend analyses include the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s 1977–78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) and the 1989–91 and 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), as well as the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). These surveys are used by researchers and policymakers to assess long‐term trends, yet methodological changes such as changes in nutrient databases can have important influences on results. The dietary references (i.e., nutrient values per 100 grams) utilized in the 1977–78 NFCS and 1989–91 CSFII differed from the 1994‐present databases, and did not contain some key nutrients like sodium. We link current dietary reference values to the 1977–78 NFCS and 1989–91 CSFII databases to create a consistent database that includes all the nutrients that can be analyzed today. We present examples of how the use of a consistent database can affect trend data using 1977–78 NFCS, the 1989–91 CSFII, and the continuous waves of NHANES 2003‐present. We describe the database we created to conduct these analyses, which will be publicly available upon completion.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by U.S.Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Cooperative Research Agreement No. 58‐4000‐6‐0009.
Hardy inequalities on metric measure spaces, II: the case
p
>
q
Authors: Ruzhansky Michael , Verma Daulti
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we continue our investigations giving the characterization of weights for two-weight Hardy inequalities to hold on general metric measure spaces possessing polar decompositions. Since there may be no differentiable structure on such spaces, the inequalities are given in the integral form in the spirit of Hardy’s original inequality. This is a continuation of our paper (Ruzhansky & Verma 2018.
Proc. R. Soc. A
475
, 20180310 (
doi:10.1098/rspa.2018.0310
)) where we treated the case
p
 ≤ 
q
. Here the remaining range
p
 > 
q
is considered, namely, 0 < 
q
 < 
p
, 1 < 
p
 < ∞. We give several examples of the obtained results, finding conditions on the weights for integral Hardy inequalities on homogeneous groups, as well as on hyperbolic spaces and on more general Cartan–Hadamard manifolds. As in the first part of this paper, we do not need to impose doubling conditions on the metric.
Long-term exposure to artificial light at night in the wild decreases survival and growth of a coral reef fish
Authors: Schligler Jules , Cortese Daphne , Beldade Ricardo , Swearer Stephen E. , Mills Suzanne C.
Published: June 2021

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing anthropogenic pollutant, closely associated with human population density, and now well recognized in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. However, we have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of ALAN in the marine realm. Here, we carried out a field experiment in the coral reef lagoon of Moorea, French Polynesia, to investigate the effects of long-term exposure (18–23 months) to chronic light pollution at night on the survival and growth of wild juvenile orange-fin anemonefish,Amphiprion chrysopterus. Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant underwater illuminance (mean: 4.3 lux), reduced survival (mean: 36%) and growth (mean: 44%) of juvenile anemonefish compared to that of juveniles exposed to natural moonlight underwater (mean: 0.03 lux). Our study carried out in an ecologically realistic situation in which the direct effects of artificial lighting on juvenile anemonefish are combined with the indirect consequences of artificial lighting on other species, such as their competitors, predators, and prey, revealed the negative impacts of ALAN on life-history traits. Not only are there immediate impacts of ALAN on mortality, but the decreased growth of surviving individuals may also have considerable fitness consequences later in life. Future studies examining the mechanisms behind these findings are vital to understand how organisms can cope and survive in nature under this globally increasing pollutant.
Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
Authors: Ord Terry J. , Blazek Katrina , White Thomas E. , Das Indraneil
Published: June 2021

Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal signals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowledge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that performed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity—not conspicuousness—that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different predator–prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invading new areas.
Pivoting in a COVID-19 teaching environment: developing interactive teaching approaches and online assessments to improve students’ experiences
Authors: Morgan Kate L. , Chen Wei
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes made to course delivery, course materials and assessment approaches required in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which forced many changes to occur in a very short time.

Design/methodology/approach

It is a case study of the changes made to content, teaching methods and assessment in a postgraduate introductory financial accounting course of approximately 350 students across two terms.

Findings

The key findings are that the sudden change from face-to-face to online teaching to address government regulations, social distancing expectations and students’ needs required immediate changes to how content was delivered, how to interact with students (many of who were studying outside of Australia), and how to adapt to online assessments. Many of the innovations the authors describe will continue to be used in the course going forward both in face-to-face and online formats. That is, the need to change resulted in innovations that can be implemented in a post-pandemic environment.

Originality/value

The key value of this paper is to provide instructors with insights into the innovations the authors made to address the changed circumstances, which can be incorporated into other accounting courses in the future.
Processes of consumer socialization: study of single-father households
Authors: Harrison Robert , Moisio Risto , Gentry James , Commuri Suraj
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Despite years of research into consumer socialization, little research examines men’s roles in consumer socialization processes. The purpose of this paper is to attend to this gap and to investigate consumer socialization processes in single-father households.

Design/methodology/approach

To study consumer socialization processes, this paper develops its insights using grounded theory, deploying qualitative data to develop theory. The data include long interviews with both fathers and their children used to understand the processes of consumer socialization.

Findings

This paper finds six socialization processes: entrustment, entrainment, education, emprise, estrangement and elevation. These processes emerge based on different types of household resource gaps or aspects of men’s gender identity.

Research limitations/implications

The main implications are to study the roles played by cultural context and family type in socialization processes. Studies could examine whether the processes uncovered here occur in other family settings, as well as whether they vary based on children’s age and gender.

Practical implications

Household brands, products and services could target resource-scarce households using appeals that portray offerings as a means to develop children’s responsibilities, independence and involvement in household management. Marketers could also use advertising appeals that depict playful product usage and learning situations or more broadly position brands as identity brands making them more appealing to men who are striving to be better fathers.

Originality/value

This paper uniquely identifies a number of previously uncovered consumer socialization processes, as well as factors that influence them.
A BIM-based space-oriented solution for hospital facilities management
Authors: Wen Ya , Tang Llewellyn C.M. , Ho Daniel C.W.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a space-oriented solution as an interface enabling the knowledge transfer between the building and the facilities management (FM) industry.

Design/methodology/approach

The research gap is explored based on practical investigations in six large-scale hospitals in China. The theory of engineering systems integration inspires the proposed solution. A practical scenario is demonstrated to explain the workflow of this solution.

Findings

It is founded that lagging information updates of FM systems in hospital project are one of the main reasons for inefficient and costly FM workflow. Building information modelling (BIM) model could provide accurate building information to the FM systems at the building handover stage. However, few researchers focus on the continuous information transfer solution from the BIM model to FM systems during the building in-use phase. An interface should be established for the “conversation” between the frequent changes of building and the FM systems in the post-construction period.

Practical implications

The information updates in three FM systems due to space changes in a hospital project is considered as a practical scenario in this paper. It is presented with the workflow and the data logic chain.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper is to propose a solution to integrate the space information provided by the BIM model with the parameters of particular FM systems. This solution deploys a BIM model for the FM industry. The solution could allow the FM personnel to ease operations and maintenance workflow by updating the space information in the BIM model.
Sustainable strategic planning in Italian higher education institutions: a content analysis
Authors: Fantauzzi Chiara , Colasanti Nathalie , Fiorani Gloria , Frondizi Rocco
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims, first of all, to analyze the extent to which Italian higher education institutions declare their mission statements in their official documents; then, to examine their content; and finally, to investigate whether mission statements include considerations on sustainability dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach

After a theoretical background on the new strategic approach adopted by higher education institutions and the related disclosure of their mission statements, the study deepens their sustainable perspective presenting the concepts of social engagement and knowledge transfer from a literary point of view. Then, a documentary analysis on the content of Italian universities’ official mission declarations will be conducted, to understand the role they play in society, by individuating their actual interest in sustainable dimensions.

Findings

Findings suggest that 36% of the 98 Italian universities state their engagement in societal issues, but only 3 of them mention sustainability targets in their mission declarations.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited, exclusively based on what higher education institutions share and, in terms of future perspective, the aim can be to investigate further official documents, especially for what concerns sustainability reports.

Practical implications

Practical implications regard the denounce of weak attention paid by Italian universities to sustainability, with the aim to foster them to increase connections with the external world, aware of the centrality of their role within society.

Originality/value

In a context that is not yet completely investigated, the originality of the paper regards the intent to study the sustainable propensity that characterizes the Italian higher education system.
The stakeholder value map: a new tool to measure success with diverse groups
Authors: Pangarkar Nitin , Pangarkar Natasha
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to propose a framework to help firms craft value-creating strategies for multiple stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses an inductive methodology based on analysing strategies for two exemplar companies, namely, Starbucks and Wagestream. Key insights about how value creation by these companies for multiple stakeholders led to their superior performance, as well as generalizable lessons from the exemplar companies, were identified.

Findings

The study finds that the performance of the two exemplar companies can be explained effectively through the framework.

Research limitations/implications

The framework proposed in the study requires a large amount of data about the value created for different stakeholders. Because the framework is comprehensive, managers need to aggregate different dimensions and varied data which can lead to manipulation or misuse by self-serving managers who wish to make their own strategies or performance look good.

Practical implications

The study identified specific actionable ideas that organizations can undertake to enhance the value they create for their various stakeholders.

Originality/value

The study is the first to develop an actionable framework that can be used by companies to craft strategies based on creating or enhancing stakeholder value. The framework is flexible with regard to application in different country, industry or organizational contexts.
Task adherence: an agentic perspective on task-focused dedication in an interrupting work environment
Authors: Skousen Tanner , Ames Justin , Gaskin James
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Knowledge workers live and work in a technology-enabled, push-notification world full of interruptions that create information overload, often requiring these workers to utilize task switching as a mechanism to meet multiple competing tasks' demands. Previous research has examined both the positive and, more often, negative effects from interruptions and task switching on knowledge workers' performance. However, this paper aims to examine knowledge workers' agentic approach to managing interruption signals and consequent task switching to remain dedicated to the task at hand.

Design/methodology/approach

Using an inductive grounded theory approach, we analyzed data from semi-structured interviews with knowledge workers regarding their experiences with task management strategies in interruption-heavy environments.

Findings

The results indicate the emergence of a new construct that we define as “task adherence.” We identified behavioral and technological mechanisms that knowledge workers employ to adhere to tasks, and we also categorized a host of environmental, personal and task-related factors that influence a knowledge worker's task adherence level.

Practical implications

This study offers a novel conceptualization of key determinants of knowledge workers' task management. Through insights into how knowledge workers purposefully prepare for and address potential interruption signals, as well as manage task switching from subsequent interruptions, managers may be able to design new work processes to improve task performance.

Originality/value

In a world of interruptions, task adherence adds to and clarifies a missing element in the time and task management dilemma that can enhance future efforts in designing strategies that enable knowledge workers to be more productive.
Vocational awareness and aspiration of seafaring students in Taiwan
Authors: Wong Chun Pong
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to examine variables and factors in vocational awareness and attitudes that affect the vocational aspiration of seafaring course students who are potential future seafaring employees.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review was conducted to identify factors that prompt students in seafaring courses to pursue seafaring careers, followed by a design of preliminary questionnaire questions to survey students’ perception on the conditions of seafaring careers (i.e. vocational awareness) and their intention to pursue a seafaring career (i.e., vocational aspiration). A total of 744 seafaring course students in four Taiwanese universities completed a questionnaire developed according to the previous studies. A structured equation modelling was conducted in this research including model validity, goodness of fit, model correction and mediation effects.

Findings

With a model consisting of four factors for vocational awareness, three factors for overall attitudes and vocational aspiration as a dependent variable, the results showed that factors of vocational awareness and students’ overall attitudes were significantly correlated, and the factors of overall attitudes exhibit strong mediation effects on vocational aspiration from vocational awareness. The results confirmed that the factors are important determinants for the vocational aspiration of students.

Originality/value

The findings of this study provide a comprehensive approach to understand students’ seafaring aspiration for the universities, governments and shipping companies. Seafaring policies and management are discussed from the research findings.
Post-pandemic tourism resilience: changes in Italians’ travel behavior and the possible responses of tourist cities
Authors: Corbisiero Fabio , Monaco Salvatore
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, the travel sector has faced an intense challenge, making tourism one of the most affected sectors at the time of writing. Based on the results of a survey administered to a sample of 700 Italian tourists, this paper aims to acquire an empirical understanding of key challenges for the travel and tourism sector in the coming months and the possible responses of tourist cities.

Design/methodology/approach

To study tourism after the pandemic, OUT (University of Naples Tourism Research Center) has created an online survey to answer the following questions: What will tourism be like after the pandemic? What will the main changes in travel behaviors be? What role will new information technologies play in future tourism? Are there territorial differences based on the spread of the virus?

Findings

The pandemic has inevitably affected everyone’s tourist choices, regardless of how much their specific area of residence has been impacted by the virus. Consequently, it will significantly influence travelers’ experiences. The Italian tourists who were survey respondents are aware that physical distancing rules will probably remain in effect for an extended time and, therefore, they cannot imagine future tourism not conditioned by these measures. This does not mean that Italians will give up tourism in the short-medium term, however. Indeed, the research data highlight the resilient character of tourism in that it is transformed but does not cease to exist.

Originality/value

By studying the future through a sociological approach, it is possible to identify how the COVID-19 emergency will impact tourism and how both the form and social meaning of mobility will be conditioned. On the basis of the data, the analysis will be directed from the present to the post-pandemic horizon, hypothesizing possible scenarios for the future of tourism and providing some possible policy indications.
Auditory impairment from acoustic seal deterrents predicted for harbour porpoises in a marine protected area
Authors: Findlay Charlotte R. , Aleynik Dmitry , Farcas Adrian , Merchant Nathan D. , Risch Denise , Wilson Ben
Published: June 2021

Management interventions to reduce human–wildlife conflict can have unintended consequences for non‐target species. Acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) are used globally by the aquaculture sector. However, the potential for these sound emissions to impact non‐target species, such as cetaceans, has not yet been quantified at population relevant spatial scales.

To better understand the extent of potential impacts on cetaceans, such as harbour porpoises, we used acoustic modelling to investigate levels of ADD noise throughout the west coast of Scotland and across a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) for this species.

Using an energy‐flux acoustic propagation model and data on aquaculture sites known to be using ADDs, we predicted the spatial extent of ADD noise on the Scottish west coast from 1 February 2017 to 31 January 2018. Noise maps were produced to determine the risk of auditory impairment for harbour porpoises under a range of scenarios which assumed single or multiple ADDs and simultaneous use across all sites.

The acoustic propagation model performed well when tested against field measurements up to 5 km, with 98% of sound exposure level (SEL) predictions within ±10% of the measurements. Predictions of SELs over a 24‐hr period suggested extensive temporary hearing loss zones (median radius: ~28 km) for harbour porpoises around aquaculture sites. Assuming a single device at each site, 23% of the harbour porpoise SAC was predicted to be exposed to ADD noise sufficient to induce a temporary threshold shift, and under the worst‐case scenario (multiple, continuously running devices per site with an aggregate duty cycle of 100%), levels exceeding permanent threshold shift could reach 0.9% of the SAC.

Policy implications. This study highlights the potential for ‘collateral damage’ from interventions such as acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) which are intended to reduce human–wildlife conflicts with pinnipeds but may affect the long‐term health and habitat use of non‐target species. This is especially true for harbour porpoises which are protected under the EU and UK Habitats Regulations. The aquaculture industry, policymakers and regulators in countries where ADDs are used should consider these findings when attempting to mitigate pinniped depredation.
On Sustainable Aged Care Financing in Australia
Authors: Sherris Michael
Published: June 2021

The Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (Commonwealth of Australia 2021) highlighted the challenges in developing a sustainable financing system for aged care in Australia. The report recommended additional funding both in the short term and longer term so as to provide an adequate level of aged care quality for older Australians, including exploring an actuarially based contributory social insurance scheme for aged care. Sustainable financing of aged care requires a balance between government tax‐based financing, individual contributions during working life through an aged care levy, copayments for aged care costs for those receiving aged care and means testing for these copayments. There should be a role for private market insurance and financing to supplement government financed aged care support.
Workforce—The Bedrock of Aged Care Reform
Authors: Bonner Rob , Peters Micah D. J. , Butler Annie
Published: June 2021

The Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety made 148 recommendations to reform Australian aged care. The recommendations concerning the sector's workforce are integral to ensuring that the widespread neglect and failures characterising the sector be addressed and prevented. This paper discusses several of the Commission's recommendations in relation to issues that we see as foundational for ensuring sustained success of urgent sector‐wide reform. We focus on mandated staffing levels and skills mix, attraction and retention, education and training, staff registration, and funding transparency and accountability.
Transnational migration and disaster risk reduction: Insights from Chinese migrants living in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Zhang Chao , Le Dé Loïc , A. Charania Nadia
Published: June 2021

Migrants can be disproportionately impacted by disasters due to their increased vulnerability. Knowledge of Chinese migrants' perceptions and experiences in the face of hazards and disasters is limited. This qualitative descriptive study explored Chinese migration in relation to disasters and disaster risk reduction in New Zealand. Semi‐structured interviews with 22 Chinese migrants living in Auckland were conducted and data were thematically analysed. Participants displayed strong transnationalism via the creation of ‘mini‐China’ and conceptions of China as their ‘mother’ country and New Zealand their ‘step‐mother’ country. Chinese migrants compared their experiences of disasters in China to those in New Zealand, with many expressing difficulties with accessing information and not trusting New Zealand government authorities, particularly given how the approach contrasts to China's more ‘hands on’ approach. Fear of losing life and property and responsibility to their family were key factors underpinning Chinese migrants' decision to prepare for a disaster. Participants shared insights to guide disaster risk reduction efforts from a community level and expressed a willingness to participate in disaster preparedness organised by agencies involved in disaster risk reduction. The findings indicate capacities of Chinese migrants that planners can leverage and highlight important cultural nuances that need attention in future planning.
Determinants of ethnic identity development in adulthood: A longitudinal study
Authors: Maehler Débora B.
Published: June 2021

Ethnic identity is defined in terms of the interaction between exploration of and commitment to a given cultural background. The present study investigated the effect of individual background, role transitions, and the social environment on the development of ethnic identity in a sample of German adults aged 21–73 years (N = 2,940). Additionally, identity transitions and the moderating effect of disequilibrating life events on identity over time were examined (N = 827). Overall, results are consistent with findings for other identity domains: Respondents could be assigned to one of four identity stages, ranging from unexamined to achieved identity. Particularly, the individual background and the extent of community involvement affected ethnic identity formation in adulthood. Longitudinal analyses revealed that only one‐third of respondents had remained in the same identity stage; most individuals had transitioned forward or backward. Changes in ethnic identity were not moderated by disequilibrating life events.
Deep Neural Models for Illumination Estimation and Relighting: A Survey
Authors: Einabadi Farshad , Guillemaut Jean‐Yves , Hilton Adrian
Published: June 2021

Scene relighting and estimating illumination of a real scene for insertion of virtual objects in a mixed‐reality scenario are well‐studied challenges in the computer vision and graphics fields. Classical inverse rendering approaches aim to decompose a scene into its orthogonal constituting elements, namely scene geometry, illumination and surface materials, which can later be used for augmented reality or to render new images under novel lighting or viewpoints. Recently, the application of deep neural computing to illumination estimation, relighting and inverse rendering has shown promising results. This contribution aims to bring together in a coherent manner current advances in this conjunction. We examine in detail the attributes of the proposed approaches, presented in three categories: scene illumination estimation, relighting with reflectance‐aware scene‐specific representations and finally relighting as image‐to‐image transformations. Each category is concluded with a discussion on the main characteristics of the current methods and possible future trends. We also provide an overview of current publicly available datasets for neural lighting applications.
Bone heating and implant removal using a high‐frequency electrosurgical device: An in vivo experimental study
Authors: Kawamura Atsushi , Akiba Yosuke , Nagasawa Masako , Takashima Makiko , Arai Yoshiaki , Uoshima Katsumi
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Failed implant removal using a high‐frequency electrosurgical device (HFED) has been reported to be less invasive than other surgical techniques. We sought to clarify the mechanism of removal torque reduction in an implant by heating with HFED.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐eight Wistar rats received titanium implants on the maxillary bone 4 weeks after extraction of the first and second molars. The control group was sacrificed 6 weeks after implant installation. In the experimental group, the implant was heated by HFED for 10 s using three different power outputs, and samples were collected at 3, 7, and 14 days after heating. Removal torque measurement and histological analysis were performed in the control and experimental groups. Implant surfaces were observed using an electron‐probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test at a significance level of 5%.

Results

The removal torque could not be measured in the control group due to fracture of the implant. After heating, the removal torque was measurable without fracture and decreased significantly at 14 days as compared with that at 3 days (p < .05). Heating with “min” power output resulted in a significantly smaller blank lacunae area and fewer osteoclasts at 14 days after heating (p < .05). EPMA revealed bone matrix adherence to outer surface of heated implant.

Conclusions

After heating, an enlarged area of blank lacunae around the implant and an increased number of osteoclasts into the bone marrow cavity were observed, which may have contributed to the reduction in removal torque.
Mass cytometry and transcriptomic profiling reveal body‐wide pathology induced by Loxl1 deficiency
Authors: Li Yu , Wu Bingbing , An Chengrui , Jiang Deming , Gong Lin , Liu Yanshan , Liu Yixiao , Li Jun , Ouyang Hongwei , Zou XiaoHui
Published: June 2021

Objective

The loss of LOXL1 expression reportedly leads to the prolapse of pelvic organs or to exfoliation syndrome glaucoma. Increasing evidence suggests that LOXL1 deficiency is associated with the pathogenesis of several other diseases. However, the characterization of the systemic functions of LOXL1 is limited by the lack of relevant investigative technologies.

Materials and Methods

To determine the functions of LOXL1, a novel method for body‐wide organ transcriptome profiling, combined with single‐cell mass cytometry, was developed. A body‐wide organ transcriptomic (BOT) map was created by RNA‐Seq of tissues from 17 organs from both Loxl1 knockout (KO) and wild‐type mice.

Results

The BOT results indicated the systemic upregulation of genes encoding proteins associated with the immune response and proliferation processes in multiple tissues of KO mice, and histological and immune staining confirmed the hyperplasia and infiltration of local immune cells in the tissues of KO mice. Furthermore, mass cytometry analysis of peripheral blood samples revealed systemic immune changes in KO mice. These findings were well correlated with results obtained from cancer databases. Patients with tumours had higher Loxl1 mutation frequencies, and patients with Loxl1‐mutant tumours showed the upregulation of immune processes and cell proliferation and lower survival rates.

Conclusion

This study provides an effective strategy for the screening of gene functions in multiple organs and also illustrates the important biological roles of LOXL1 in the cells of multiple organs as well as in systemic immunity.
Can a systematic review of case reports be useful? Quality matters
Authors: Romeiser Logan Lynne
Published: June 2021

This commentary is on the systematic review by Bastos et al. on pages 1155–1160 of this issue.
Weight‐reducing, lipid‐lowering and antidiabetic activities of a novel arginine vasopressin analogue acting at the V1a and V1b receptors in high‐fat‐fed mice
Authors: Mohan Shruti , Flatt Peter R. , Irwin Nigel , Moffett R. Charlotte
Published: June 2021

Aim

To assess the beneficial metabolic effects of the nonapeptide hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), on metabolism.

Materials and Methods

We exchanged amino acids at position 3 and 8 of AVP, namely phenylalanine and arginine, with those of oxytocin, to generate novel analogues with altered receptor selectivity. Secondary modification by N‐terminal acetylation was used to impart stability to circulating endopeptidases. Analogues were screened for degradation, bioactivity in rodent/human clonal beta cells and primary murine islets, together with evaluation of receptor activation profile.

Results

Analogue Ac3IV, which lacked effects at the V2 receptors responsible for modulation of fluid balance, was selected as the lead compound for assessment of antidiabetic efficacy in high‐fat‐fed mice. Twice‐daily administration of Ac3IV, or the gold standard control exendin‐4, for 22 days, reduced energy intake as well as body weight and fat content. Both interventions decreased circulating glucose levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and substantially improved glucose tolerance and related insulin secretion in response to an intraperitoneal or oral glucose challenge. The peptides decreased total‐ and increased HDL‐cholesterol, but only Ac3IV decreased LDL‐cholesterol, triglyceride and non‐fasting glucagon concentrations. Elevations of islet and beta‐cell areas were partially reversed, accompanied by suppressed islet cell proliferation, decreased beta‐cell apoptosis and, in the case of exendin‐4, also decreased alpha‐cell apoptosis.

Conclusion

AVP‐based therapies that exclusively target V1a and V1b receptors may have significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and related diabetes, and merit further clinical exploration.
Pregnancy, Purity, and Body Autonomy in “New Originals” of “Rapunzel”
Authors: Wilcox Brandy E.
Published: June 2021

This article looks at adaptations and retellings of the fairy tale “Rapunzel,” beginning with the Grimms' own edits obscuring Rapunzel's sexuality, to expose how adaptations of this tale echo the evolution of societal attitudes toward gender roles and sexuality. Retellings of the tale are analyzed as “new originals” in their own right. Adaptations and remediations from the Grimms' first and second editions, including translations and film adaptations such as Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen (1988) and Tangled (2010), are used to explore how these new versions build on originals while injecting their own “flavors” and carrying the social values of their times and places. Reading fairy‐tale retellings as a continuous process of adaptation from “new originals” provides insight into social norms and values while discerning relevant, recognizable, and universally adaptable aspects of a tale.
4. THEORIZING CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
Authors: GLASS MAEVE
Published: June 2021

The historical study of American constitutional law has long rested on a conceptual framework that divides the past into linear units of analysis. Constitutional time unfolds according to discrete eras defined by changes in political leadership and governance, whereas constitutional space typically appears divided into bordered jurisdictions and regional sections. Despite the prominence of this conceptual framework, scholars have yet to ask how, why, and to what effect it became the paradigmatic mode of study. In the absence of close study, the framework instead appears as a neutral embodiment of the constitutional order. This essay offers a preliminary sketch of how theories of knowledge production, and particularly Louis Althusser's theory of law as an ideological apparatus, can help to move beyond this facile assumption. By returning to a selection of landmark judicial opinions and legal treatises from the long nineteenth century and analyzing their discursive practices in relation to the dominant modes of production, this exploratory essay suggests a striking possibility: that the paradigm that we have assumed to be a primordial part of the constitutional order only emerged in its current iteration in the late nineteenth‐century shift from a plantation mode of production rooted in enslaved labor to an industrial mode of production rooted in wage labor. As these sources indicate, leading jurists in America's age of conquest and enslavement regularly analyzed questions of state power and rights by organizing time according to chains of title rooted in dispossession based on race and space according to the geographic circuits of capital. Effective in naturalizing the strict racialized hierarchy integral to the production and circulation of export commodities, this discourse of tethering institutions to the history of property acquisition and the movement of commodities began to shift with the formal abolition of slavery and rise of intensive industrialization, as a new generation of legal academics created a paradigm of institutional time and space that, by erasing material histories of structural inequality, made it possible to reconstitute an old social order predicated on racial classifications of whiteness.
Colour stability of stained composite resins after brushing with whitening toothpaste
Authors: Celik Neslihan , Iscan Yapar Merve
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste on the colour change of composite resins discoloured with coffee.

Methods

Disc‐shaped samples were prepared using one nano‐hybrid (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic), one micro‐hybrid (GC G‐aenial Anterior) and one nano‐ceramic composite (Zenit) (n = 6). After initial colour measurements, the samples were coloured in the coffee solution for 5 days. Colour measurements were made again after the colouring process, and brushing simulation was applied for 7, 15 and 30 days with two different whitening toothpastes containing calcium carbonate+perlite (Signal whitening system, SWN) and hydrated silica+hydrogen peroxide (Colgate optic White, COW) and a conventional non‐whitening toothpaste containing hydrated silica (Sensodyne pronamel, SPN). Colour change (∆E00) after brushing was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system. Repeated measures variance analysis was used for the analysis of data.

Results

G‐aenial anterior and Zenit showed significant coloration compared to Majesty esthetic after coloration with coffee (p < 0.05). The colour change in all composite resins was above the clinically acceptable limit (ΔE00 > 1.8). Colour change over time after brushing with both whitening toothpastes differed significantly (p < 0.05). SWN and COW exhibited a significantly higher whitening effect than SPN (p < 0.05). While there was no significant difference in composite groups brushed with the SWS (p > 0.05), there was a significant difference between Majesty esthetic, G‐aenial anterior and Zenit in groups brushed with COW (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Colour change was high in micro‐hybrid and nano‐ceramic composites which were discoloured in coffee. The whitening toothpastes were effective in reducing the coloration caused by coffee.
Influence of occlusal and proximal caries on the outcome of full pulpotomy in permanent mandibular molar teeth with partial irreversible pulpitis: A prospective study
Authors: R Rechithra , Aravind Archana , Kumar Vijay , Sharma Sidhartha , Chawla Amrita , Logani Ajay
Published: June 2021

Aim

To assess the influence of occlusal and proximal deep carious lesions on the outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mandibular teeth with pulpal diagnosis of symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis.

Methodology

Eighty deep carious mandibular molar teeth with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis without periapical rarefaction from patients of either gender between the age of 16–35 years were included. Depending upon the location of deep carious lesion, the teeth were distributed equally into occlusal (n = 40) and proximal caries groups (n = 40). Full pulpotomy was performed under local anaesthesia and aseptic conditions. The pulp tissue was removed until the root canal orifices, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was applied to arrest pulpal bleeding. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was compacted over the radicular pulp. Teeth were restored with resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and bulk‐fill composite resin. Pre‐ and post‐operative pain was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h using a 11‐point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Patients were followed at 6 and 12 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation. Asymptomatic teeth without any radiographic evidence of periapical rarefaction were considered successful. The data were analysed using the Shapiro–Wilk W test, two‐sample Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, Pearson chi‐square test, Fisher's exact test and Kappa coefficient. The significance level was predetermined at p < .05.

Result

An intergroup comparison revealed that the pre‐ and post‐operative pain scores at 24, 48 and 72 h were not significantly different (p > .05). At the end of follow‐up period (12 months), success of full pulpotomy in occlusal and proximal caries group was 95% and 92.5%, respectively (p = .644). For both groups, the combined success rate of full pulpotomy was 93.75%.

Conclusion

The site of carious lesions (i.e., occlusal or proximal) did not affect the clinical and radiographic outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mature permanent mandibular teeth with symptomatic partial irreversible pulpitis.