bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion‐Exchange: A Promising Strategy to Design Li‐Rich and Li‐Excess Layered Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Xin , Qiao Yu , Jia Min , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: April 2021

Li‐rich and Li‐excess oxides have been regarded as a promising category of cathode materials for next‐generation Li‐ion batteries due to their high energy density on basis of anionic/cationic redox chemistry. However, the application of Li‐excess oxides suffers from significant problems, such as irreversible lattice oxygen loss and structural distortion. A Li/Na‐ion exchange strategy can be regarded as an effective way to address these obstacles by tuning oxygen stacking arrangements and the coordination environment of alkali metal within emerging structures. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art progress made within conventional and Li‐excess layered cathodes generated by ion exchange strategy at first is reviewed. Moreover, the mechanisms of oxygen redox, the migrations of Li/transition metals, and structural evolutions within Li‐excess oxides have been further clarified by advanced characterizations, which play an important role in understanding lattice oxygen release, irreversible transition metal migration, phase transition, and the root of capacity/voltage decay. In addition, the theory calculations based on density of states, oxygen release energy, and migration energy barriers of Li/transition metals are systematically summarized, providing an essential guidance to harvest stable oxygen‐related redox reactions within Li‐excess materials. Altogether, this review offers fundamental understanding and future perspectives toward the rational design of high‐energy‐density Li‐excess oxides with reversible anionic/cationic redox chemistry.
Electrochemical Zinc Ion Capacitors: Fundamentals, Materials, and Systems
Authors: Yin Jian , Zhang Wenli , Alhebshi Nuha A. , Salah Numan , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: April 2021

An electrochemical zinc ion capacitor (ZIC) is a hybrid supercapacitor composed of a porous carbon cathode and a zinc anode. Based on the low‐cost features of carbon and zinc metal, ZIC is a potential candidate for safe, high‐power, and low‐cost energy storage applications. ZICs have gained tremendous attention in recent years. However, the low energy densities and limited cycling stability are still major challenges for developing high‐performance ZICs. First, the energy density of ZIC is limited by the low capacitance of porous carbon cathodes. Second, aqueous electrolytes induce parasitic reactions, which results in limited voltage windows and poor cycling performances of ZICs. Third, the poor stabilities and low utilization of zinc anodes remain major challenges to develop practical ZICs. This review summarizes the recent progress in developing ZICs and highlights both the promising and challenging attributes of this emerging energy storage technology. Future research directions are proposed for developing better, lower cost, and more scalable ZICs for energy storage applications.
Comparative analysis of spatial genetic structures in sympatric populations of two riparian plants, Saxifraga acerifolia and Saxifraga fortunei
Authors: Magota Kana , Sakaguchi Shota , Hirota Shun K. , Tsunamoto Yoshihiro , Suyama Yoshihisa , Akai Kensei , Setoguchi Hiroaki
Published: April 2021

Premise

The genetic structure between plant populations is facilitated by the spatial population arrangement and limited dispersal of seed and pollen. Saxifraga acerifolia, a local endemic species in Japan, is a habitat specialist that is confined to waterfalls in riparian environments. Its sister species, Saxifraga fortunei, is a generalist that is widely distributed along riverbanks. Here, we examined sympatric populations of the two Saxifraga species to test whether the differences in habitat preference and colonization process influenced regional and local genetic structures.

Methods

To reveal genetic structures, we examined chloroplast microsatellite variations and genome‐wide nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by genotyping by sequencing. We also estimated the gene flow among and within populations and performed landscape genetic analyses to evaluate seed and pollen movement and the extent of genetic isolation related to geographic distance and/or habitat differences.

Results

We found strong genetic structure in the specialist S. acerifolia, even on a small spatial scale (<1 km part); each population on a different waterfall in one river system had a completely different predominant haplotype. By contrast, the generalist S. fortunei showed no clear genetic differentiation.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the level of genetic isolation was increased in S. acerifolia by the spatially fragmented habitat and limited seed and pollen dispersal over waterfalls. Habitat differentiation between the sister taxa could have contributed to the different patterns of gene flow and then shaped the contrasting genetic structures.
A journey towards answers: Bonnie Odgers Meets Dr. John Graham
Authors: Scott Anna‐Lisa , Odgers Bonnie
Published: April 2021

The importance of understanding HIST1H1E Syndrome is sharing our family's personal journey to find a diagnosis for our daughter, Bonnie Odgers. This syndrome has also been referred to as Rahman Syndrome and HIST1H1E Neurodevelopmental Syndrome depending upon the origin of research. Characteristics of HIST1H1E are curved fingers, full cheeks, high forehead, speech impairments and mild to severe intellectual disability. This article reveals the Odgers' family journey towards a diagnosis, the key physicians research through whole exome genetic testing and revealing characteristics of HIST1H1E.
Copper Mediated Chemo‐ and Stereoselective Cyanation Reactions
Authors: Chandra Prakash , Choudhary Neha , Lahiri Goutam K. , Maiti Debabrata , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: April 2021

Earth‐abundant transition metal based catalytic materials can become pivotal for clean chemical manufacturing due to their facile handling and air moisture stability replacing conventional expensive noble metal based catalytic systems. Amongst the non‐noble metals, copper based catalytic systems due to the variable oxidation states have been effectively used as the tunable and multifunctional catalytic materials for the promotion of selective organic transformations. These copper based catalytic systems effectively promote multifarious organic transformations promoting functionalization of the easily available organic substrates. Nitriles are a significant class of nitrogen‐containing compounds finding applications in pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Several organic and inorganic cyanide sources have been effectively usedto cyanate organic compounds by using multi‐ferrous copper catalysts. Furthermore, nitrile compounds are key components used for the synthesis of drug molecules and fabrication of functionalized materials.
Alpha‐Synuclein Oligomers and Neurofilament Light Chain Predict Phenoconversion of Pure Autonomic Failure
Authors: Singer Wolfgang , Schmeichel Ann M. , Shahnawaz Mohammad , Schmelzer James D. , Sletten David M. , Gehrking Tonette L. , Gehrking Jade A. , Olson Anita D. , Suarez Mariana D. , Misra Pinaki P. , Soto Claudio , Low Phillip A.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To explore the role of alpha‐synuclein (αSyn) oligomers and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF) as markers of future phenoconversion to multiple system atrophy (MSA).

Methods

Well‐characterized patients with PAF (n = 32) were enrolled between June 2016 and February 2019 at Mayo Clinic Rochester and followed prospectively with annual visits to determine future phenoconversion to MSA, Parkinson's disease (PD), or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). ELISA was utilized to measure NfL and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to detect αSyn oligomers in CSF collected at baseline.

Results

Patients were followed for a median of 3.9 years. Five patients converted to MSA, 2 to PD, and 2 to DLB. NfL at baseline was elevated only in patients who later developed MSA, perfectly separating those from future PD and DLB converters as well as non‐converters. ASyn‐PMCA was positive in all but two cases (94%). The PMCA reaction was markedly different in five samples with maximum fluorescence and reaction kinetics previously described in MSA patients; all of these patients later developed MSA.

Interpretation

αSyn‐PMCA is almost invariably positive in the CSF of patients with PAF establishing this condition as α‐synucleinopathy. Both NfL and the magnitude and reaction kinetics of αSyn PMCA faithfully predict which PAF patients will eventually phenoconvert to MSA. This finding has important implications not only for prognostication, but also for future trials of disease modifying therapies, allowing for differentiation of MSA from Lewy body synucleinopathies before motor symptoms develop. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1212–1220
Improvement of thermal stability and gamma‐ray absorption in microwave absorbable poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite
Authors: Bel Tayfun , Muhammettursun Mahmut , Kocacinar Elif , Erman Ecem , Gul Fuat Berke , Dogan Emre , Celep Murat , Baydogan Nilgun
Published: April 2021

The graphene nanofiller (2 wt%) was dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) by in situ polymerization method. The optimum high frequency (microwave) absorption was evaluated at X‐band due to changes in the scattering parameters (determined by using a vector network analyzer). The slight improvement has been attained in gamma attenuation coefficient of the polymer nanocomposite by using gamma transmission technique. The addition of graphene nanoplatelets (2 wt%) resulted in a thermal improvement from 196.73 to 243.00°C (with 5% weight loss) in TGA analysis. The graphene nanoplatelets provided an optimum decrease in scattering of the microwaves due to the elimination of the defects and the prevention of the agglomeration of the graphene nanoplates. The improvement of microwave absorption (between 8 and 12 GHz) suggested that the nanocomposite was a suitable candidate as a microwave absorbing material. This multipurpose nanocomposite has provided thermal stability and it has ensured the optimum gamma‐ray and microwave absorption depending on the development of the structural properties. The development of these physical characteristics has enabled to improve the electrical conductivity as a result of the progress in the structural properties.
Fear of Death and Examination Performance in a Medical Gross Anatomy Course with Cadaveric Dissection
Authors: Allison Sara , Notebaert Andrew , Perkins Eddie , Conway Marianne , Dehon Erin
Published: April 2021

Cadaveric dissection offers an important opportunity for students to develop their ideas about death and dying. However, it remains largely unknown how this experience impacts medical students' fear of death. The current study aimed to address this gap by describing how fear of death changed during a medical gross anatomy dissection course and how fear of death was associated with examination performance. Fear of death was surveyed at the beginning of the course and at each of the four block examinations using three of the eight subscales from the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale: Fear of the Dead, Fear of Being Destroyed, and Fear for the Body After Death. One hundred forty‐three of 165 medical students (86.7%) completed the initial survey. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant changes in Fear of the Dead (F (4, 108) = 1.45, P = 0.222) or Fear for the Body After Death (F (4, 108) = 1.83, P = 0.129). There was a significant increase in students' Fear of Being Destroyed (F (4, 108) = 6.86, P < 0.0005) after beginning dissection. This increase was primarily related to students' decreased willingness to donate their body. Concerning performance, there was one significant correlation between Fear for the Body After Death and the laboratory examination score at examination 1. Students with higher fears may be able to structure their experience in a way that does not negatively impact their performance, but educators should still seek ways to support these students and encourage body donation.
Rechargeable Thin‐Film Lithium Microbattery Using a Quasi‐Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Chaudoy Victor , Pierre Fabien , Ghosh Arunabh , Deschamps Michael , Tran Van Francois , Ghamouss Fouad
Published: April 2021

A thin‐film microbattery was designed after synthesizing a unique gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), using polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVdF‐HFP) and cross‐linked poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), with an ionic liquid and salt (LiTFSI) mixture. The polymers resulted in a semi‐interpenetrated polymer network (semi‐IPN), hosting an ionic liquid (IL)/salt mixture, and thus exhibited high ionic conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurements and relaxation rates analysis highlighted the existence of interactions between Li+ ions and oxygen within the polymers, preventing electrolyte leakage and ensuring excellent mechanical strength which enabled a unique quasi‐solid electrolyte. Such mechanical strength and chemical stability made this electrolyte to be first ever reported GPE to withstand thermal evaporation deposition and hence direct deposition of lithium metal. The electrolyte could be shaped as self‐standing thin films, and thus worked as both separator and electrolyte in a thin‐film lithium microbattery. The thin‐film microbattery exhibited excellent performances showing no short‐circuit current, an open circuit voltage of ∼3.0 V, higher nominal voltage plateau, lower equivalent series resistance by comparison to a thin‐film microbattery designed in conventional way with a popular ceramic electrolyte LiPON.
THC persists in breast milk
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2021

9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is present in the breast milk of women who used marijuana while pregnant, researchers have found. It's no secret that THC crosses the placenta and can be detected in breast milk; national guidelines recommend abstinence from the drug during pregnancy and lactation. But data is limited on the presence of THC in breast milk. The researchers estimated the amount and duration of THC in breast milk of women who had used marijuana while pregnant.
Should adolescents or young adult children see inpatient hospitalization notes?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2021

A recent study has found that there is no harm in adolescent or young adult (AYA) children seeing their notes from a recent psychiatric hospitalization. In fact, there could be great benefits, according to the expert.
Sensitive screening of synthetic cannabinoids using liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction
Authors: Kleis Jan‐Niklas , Hess Cornelius , Germerott Tanja , Roehrich Jörg
Published: April 2021

Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids still poses a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well‐known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner.

In this study, we developed a qualitative screening approach for synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by means of liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS). Samples were measured in data‐dependent auto‐MS/MS mode and identified by fragment spectra, retention time and accurate mass.

Two established solid phase extractions were compared using fortified serum and urine samples. Mixes of 199 synthetic cannabinoids and 110 metabolites were used in 1‐ and 10‐ng/ml concentrations. Up to 93% of synthetic cannabinoids and 74% of metabolites were detected in fortified 1‐ng/ml samples.

From February 2018 to October 2020, we analyzed 1492 cases, of which 73 cases were positive for synthetic cannabinoids or metabolites. 5F‐MDMB‐PICA, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA, MDMB‐4en‐PINACA, and 4F‐MDMB‐BICA were most frequently detected. Hydrolysis metabolites were detected in many blood samples, providing a longer detection window. Quantification was conducted via liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry after liquid–liquid extraction. Concentrations were mostly close to 1 ng/ml in blood samples. LC‐QTOF‐MS was able to detect substances above trace quantities (< 0.1 ng/ml) in most cases, therefore fulfilling its purpose as a sensitive general screening approach. Expansion of the screening library was uncomplicated and enables future additions for up to thousands of targets.
Methane emissions and energy generation potential from a municipal solid waste landfill based on inventory models: A case study
Authors: Bian Rongxing , Chen Jihong , Li Weihua , Shi Wei , Lin Yifan , Chai Xiaoli , Sun Yingjie
Published: April 2021

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are the third largest source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission. Evaluating the CH4 emission and energy generation potential of MSW landfills facilitates the development of appropriate measures for mitigation and recovery of CH4. This study evaluated the CH4 generation, CH4 emissions and potential energy generation capacity of Jiangcungou MSW landfill, Xi'an, China, during its operation and closure period using three inventory models, including the IPCC default method (DM), IPCC first‐order decay (FOD), and US EPA Landfill Gas Emissions Mode (LandGEM). Based on the DM, FOD and LandGEM models, the total estimated CH4 emissions in 1994–2060 were 755.0, 348.9, and 344.9 Gg, respectively. There is a huge potential for electricity generation after the closure of the landfill, and the potential energy generation for 2020 was 688.3 MkW h and 599.7 MkW h. However, the actual electricity generation ranged from 12.4% to 74.1% and 14.2% to 61.8% of the potential electricity generation during the operation period (2004–2017) for the FOD and LandGEM methods, respectively. Improving the efficiency associated with LFG collection and gas engine from the landfill after closure can be an effective measure to mitigate greenhouse effects and increase investment payments.
High‐resolution ultrasound of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve: Normal appearance and pathological findings in a postsurgical case series
Authors: Picasso Riccardo , Zaottini Federico , Pistoia Federico , Carobbio Andrea , Ascoli Alessandro , Barabino Emanuele , Perez Maribel Miguel , Parrinello Giampiero , Peretti Giorgio , Martinoli Carlo
Published: April 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to validate high‐resolution ultrasound (US) as an imaging modality able to map the normal marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) and recognize its abnormalities in the postoperative setting.

Methods

The ability of US to recognize the MMN was first tested by injecting latex under US guidance on three fresh frozen cadavers. Then, a standardized scanning protocol was established on 20 healthy volunteers based on appropriate landmarks. Finally, a postsurgical series of three patients with MMN abnormalities were examined with US.

Results

In the cadaveric study, US‐guided latex injection provided identification of the MMN. In healthy volunteers, US was able to recognize the MMN for a segment of 3.4 ± 1.2 cm in length. Pathologic abnormalities of the MMN were detected and characterized in three patients.

Conclusions

High‐resolution US is a valuable diagnostic tool to identify the MMN and might have potential for detecting its pathologic changes.
An illustration‐based developmental motor screening questionnaire for young children: Development and a Rasch analysis
Authors: Chen Chia‐Ling , Chen Po‐Hsi , Chang Chien‐Ju , Wang Chia‐Chi , Hsieh Yu‐Wei , Huang Hsiang‐Han , Hong Wei‐Hsien
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to develop an illustration‐based developmental motor screening questionnaire (DMSQi) for young children and examined its psychometric properties. 463 young children and their caregivers were collected and received the DMSQi assessment. DMSQi is made up of two domains. The gross motor (GM) domain includes body coordination and stability/mobility subdomains. The fine motor (FM) domain includes visual motor integration and hand grasp/manipulation subdomains. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and test–retest reliabilities (ICCs) of DMSQi were 0.88–0.98 and 0.85–0.95, respectively. For concurrent validity, the GM and FM domains of DMSQi were highly correlated with the corresponding domains of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, second edition (r = 0.85–0.95). DMSQi had good discriminant validity for age (p < .001). Most items (96%) were fitted and the item difficulty was from −7 to 5 scaled by Rasch analysis. DMSQi is easy, quick, and culture‐specific. It has good reliability, validity, and item fit for assessing the motor development of young children.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging: An effective method to detect the effect of moderate intensity statin treatment in slowing carotid plaque progression
Authors: Chen Yuhui , Xing Haiying , Wen Jiexi , Peng Qing , Liu Ran , Sun Wei , Jin Haiqiang , Xu Ke , Huang Yining
Published: April 2021

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging (3DUS) in assessing the therapeutic effect of moderate‐intensity statin therapy on carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

Methods

Patients with carotid plaques were recruited to the study from January 2016 to September 2018, and were divided into two groups based on whether or not they were taking statins. All participants underwent 3DUS of their carotid plaques at baseline, then 3 months and 2 years after initial examination. The changes of the carotid plaques were compared between the two groups.

Results

Were included 97 patients (57 males and 40 females), 65.26 ± 9.53 year‐old with 67 into the statin group and 30 in the control group. The baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) were lower in the statin group than in the control group (3.79 ± 0.78 mmol/L vs 4.50 ± 1.12 mmol/L; 2.01 ± 0.62 mmol/L vs 2.58 ± 0.91 mmol/L, P < .05). There was no significant difference in the change of total plaque volume (TPV) detected by 3D‐US between the statin (median [interquartile range]: 0 [−30‐20] mm3) and the control group (0 [−22.5‐25] mm3) at 3 months. Over 2 years, the TPV increased faster in the control group (+70 [25‐150] mm3), than in the statin group (15 [−57.5‐90) mm3, P < .05).

Conclusions

3DUS can be an effective tool to observe the development of carotid plaques and the effect of statin treatment.
Genetic counselors, patients', and carers’ views on an Australian clinical genetics service information system
Authors: Speechly Catherine , Stenhouse Rachael , Berman Yemima , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Fleming Jane , Petrie Dianne , Culling Bronwyn
Published: April 2021

The Genetic Information System (GIS) is an Australian database of family genetic information. This health information technology system has been used by all 31 publicly operated clinical genetics services across New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for over a decade. As these services are separated geographically, the linkage engendered by the GIS facilitates the services to operate as a virtual state‐wide service. This study aimed to explore the views of genetic counselors, patients, and carers on the use and storage of family genetic information in the GIS. Data were collected using audio‐recorded semi‐structured telephone interviews with genetic counselors experienced with using the GIS and focus groups with past patients/carers of the services. Using thematic analysis, four themes were identified from genetic counselor participant interviews (n = 12): (a) Shared information is valuable; (b) inconsistent data entry provides a challenge; (c) perceived need for the GIS to be current and integrated with other health systems; and (d) future challenges and strategies for the GIS. Three themes were identified following three focus groups with consumer participants (n = 14): (a) access to family genetic information provides a ‘clearer picture’; (b) support, but caution, concerning use of information for relatives’ health care; and (c) stewardship of family information. Genetic counselors and consumers identified similar advantages and privacy concerns regarding the sharing of family genetic information and all participants wanted patients/carers to be better informed about the GIS early in the genetic counseling process. Consumers were reassured by genetics health professionals’ stewardship of their information, but surprised the GIS was not available nationally or for private geneticists or certain non‐genetic specialists. These findings may inform further development of the GIS and other clinical genetic databases and lead to increased patient/carer knowledge through education and resource development.
Value of a genetics clinic evaluation in identifying women at risk for hereditary breast‐ovarian cancer syndrome
Authors: Hinshaw Jesse C. , Zhao Lue‐Ping , Brimm John E. , Payne Thomas H. , Hisama Fuki M.
Published: April 2021

Our work evaluates the contributions of a genetics clinic visit in assessing patients’ risk of hereditary cancers and in meeting National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) criteria for genetic testing. We reviewed the electronic health records (EHR) of 56 women seen for medical care in our healthcare system who were subsequently seen in the Adult Genetics Clinic. We searched for all personal or family cancer history available in either free‐text or structured form within the EHR prior to the genetics visit. For each patient, we then compared the aggregate data with the pedigree information obtained at the Genetics Clinic visit for first‐, second‐, and third‐degree relatives. During the genetics clinic visit, the number of relatives with cancer diagnoses doubled from 121 to 235, and for 17 of 56 (30%) of patients, family histories changed one or more NCCN criteria. For 39/56 (70%) of patients, the family history in the EHR was not changed during the genetics clinic visit. Of 56 women referred to the genetics clinic, 45 (80%) met NCCN guidelines for testing, 40 women underwent genetic testing, and 9 of 40 (23%) tested were positive for a Likely Pathogenic or Pathogenic (LP/P) variant. This study of 56 women quantitatively demonstrates the value of a genetics clinic visit by improved identification of key family history components.
The structure of graphs with no K3,3 immersion
Authors: DeVos Matt , Malekian Mahdieh
Published: April 2021

The Kuratowski–Wagner Theorem asserts that a graph is planar if and only if it does not have either or as a minor. Using this, Wagner obtained a precise description of all graphs with no ‐minor and all graphs with no ‐minor. Similar results have been achieved for the class of graphs with no ‐minor for a number of small graphs . In this paper we give a precise structure theorem for graphs which do not contain as an immersion. This strengthens an earlier theorem of Giannopoulou, Kamiński, and Thilikos that gives a rough description of the class of graphs with no or immersion.
In neonatal‐onset surgical short bowel syndrome survival is high, and enteral autonomy is related to residual bowel length
Authors: Fatemizadeh Roxana , Gollins Laura , Hagan Joseph , Debuyserie Anne , King Kristi , Vogel Adam M. , Van Buren Kristin L. , Hair Amy B. , Premkumar Muralidhar H.
Published: April 2021

Background

In an era of improved management and treatment options, this study aims to describe the long‐term outcomes and factors predictive of outcomes of neonatal‐onset intestinal failure (IF) due to surgical short bowel syndrome (SBS).

Methods

Retrospective, single‐center cohort study of infants born between January 2011 and December 2018 with inclusion criteria: <44 weeks postmenstrual age at SBS diagnosis, <28 days on admission, parenteral nutrition dependence >60 days, and documented intestinal resection. Primary outcomes included survival and achievement of enteral autonomy (EA). Data analysis utilized Fisher.s exact test, Kruskal‐Wallis test, survival analysis methods, Cox proportional hazards regression, linear regression and logistic regression.

Results

Ninety‐five patients (males 56%) were studied with median follow‐up of 38 months (IQR 19, 59). Survival at last follow‐up was 96%, and EA was achieved in 85%. Forty‐eight patients had documented residual bowel length (RBL) with median length of 49 cm (IQR 36, 80). Survival in patients with RBL of <30cm (n = 8), 30‐59cm (n = 19), and >60cm (n = 21) was 100%, 95%, and 95% respectively. Shorter RBL was associated with longer time to achieve EA (p = 0.007), but not with survival (p = 0.81). Delay in achieving EA was associated with absence of ileocecal valve (p = 0.002) and bloodstream infections (p < 0.001). Peak conjugated bilirubin correlated with increased mortality (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Overall high rate of survival and achievement of EA was found in neonatal onset IF due to SBS. EA but not survival was correlated with RBL. Ileocecal valve, bloodstream infections, and conjugated bilirubin levels were the other predictive factors of outcomes.
The Prevalence of Microembolic Signals in Transcranial Doppler Sonography With Bubble Test in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Cho Hyunji , Kim Taewon , Song In‐Uk , Chung Sung‐Woo
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is noninvasive and highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale (PFO). We evaluated the diagnostic implications of the TCD with a saline agitation test as a routine work‐up for ischemic stroke patients.

Methods

A TCD bubble study was performed in all consecutive ischemic stroke patients as a routine work‐up. We evaluated the prevalence of microembolic signals (MES) for each stroke etiology and the optimal number of MES for predicting the PFO‐attributable stroke.

Results

Subjects (N = 499) with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled. A significant fraction of patients had MES during both normal respiration (5.7–44.4%) and the Valsalva maneuver (19.5–55.6%) across all stroke etiology categories. The optimal MES threshold for the diagnosis of PFO‐attributable stroke confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography was 46 MES during the Valsalva maneuver (96% sensitivity and 95% specificity). Applying ≥46 MES during the Valsalva maneuver as a threshold effectively increased the ability to differentially diagnose PFO‐attributable stroke from other etiologies. The number of MES during the Valsalva maneuver was negatively correlated with increasing age (r = −.108; P = .016).

Conclusions

A significant fraction of patients had right to left shunt across all Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment etiologies. A threshold number of MES facilitated the differential diagnosis of PFO‐attributable stroke from other etiologies, and the optimal threshold was 46 MES during the Valsalva maneuver.
Restricting depletion of soil organic carbon by amending nutrient‐N input to soils
Authors: Sharma Anil , Kumar Sarvendra , Iqbal Mir Javid , Kumar Ramesh , Chand Sharma Om , Lal Shiv , Lal Kumawat Kishan , Ahmed Nazeer , Beer Singh Desh , Ahmad Ganie Mumtaj , Razvi Sajad
Published: April 2021

For reducing soil carbon (C) depletion and increasing its stocks in soil through sequestration, it is necessary to develop identification, standardization, and adoption of some effective nutrient management practices, especially related to nitrogen management. In this study, various modes of N input were tried and the best mode (MRPU‐2S, i.e., mid‐rib placement upper to corms in two splits) that restricted SOC depletion and kept SOC above a threshold level of 1%, was suggested as suitable for saffron (Crocus sativus) cultivation in temperate soils. Under this treatment a significantly higher yield (1.92 kg ha−1) as well as more apocarotenoids (crocin and safranal) content, was noticed. Threshold values of surface SOC stock (26.64 Mg ha−1) above which C sequestration values moved to a positive coordinate plane were noted. Through this investigation, we identified a great C sequestration potential for MRPU‐2S treatment for improving declining SOC stocks in saffron growing soils of temperate regions. Although the our study has been carried out in saffron growing soils of a temperate region the outcomes and recommendations generated are probably applicable for other crops, soils and climates too.
Morphological evolution of self‐assembled PS‐g‐PA6 graft copolymer via in situ polymerization
Authors: Liu Yan , Sun Qiquan , Su Yinhe , Zhang Xin , Chen Fei , Zhang Zhifei , Yang Guisheng
Published: April 2021

The self‐assembly behaviors of polystyrene graft polyamide‐6 (PS‐g‐PA6) copolymer obtained through incorporation of PA6 and PS segments with exact lengths via in situ polymerization were studied in this work. Copolymers were obtained via the bulk polymerization induced self‐assembly process without any external template or stabilizer. The morphological characteristics of PS‐g‐PA6 copolymer were probed using SEM and TEM techniques. Particular attention was paid to changing the PS‐g‐PA6 morphology from a simple nanospherical to the combined nano/microspherical phase structure by varying the [PA6]/[PS] mass ratio. At a [PA6]/[PS] mass ratio of 80:20, PS‐g‐PA6 copolymer revealed a specific phase structure, where the PS backbones formed a continuous phase and the PA6 side chains ensured the microspheres with dispersed nano‐scale inclusions. The grain diameter of a dispersed PA6 sphere phase was found to be about 75 nm. When the PS backbone mass ratio decreased to 10 wt%, the copolymer structure was self‐assembled into the 1–3 μm large microspheres with uniformly distributed nanospherical particles. A further decrease in the PS backbone content to 5 wt% led to the failure of phase inversion in the copolymers. The main feature of this project is that the structure of the main chain and branch chain of PS‐g‐PA6 copolymer can be reversed. The branched chain forms spherical phase and the main chain forms continuous phase structure. The strategy was proved to be effective to obtain the novel structure of graft copolymer.
High‐thermal‐conduction and low‐cost composite originated from the tight packing structure of boron nitride sheets and binary alumina balls
Authors: Su Fan , Zhang Ling , Li Chunzhong
Published: April 2021

In this work, a novel low‐cost and thermal conductive composite consisting of boron nitride (BN)/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) heat transfer network was constructed by the high packing volume fraction of two sizes Al2O3 spheres at the optimal weight ratio. The dense packing of 5 μm Al2O3 and 20 μm Al2O3 supports the BN sheets scattering around Al2O3 to interconnect into main three‐dimensional BN network, and acts as thermal conductive bridges forming secondary BN‐Al2O3 heat transfer networks. The maximum thermal conductivity of the composite reached 3.61 Wm−1 K−1, which was 20.1 times more than that of pure epoxy resin. Moreover, the excellent capacity of heat dissipation and the dielectric properties denoted that the composite can be used commendably in electronic components. This article is expected to provide a novel idea for the preparation of economical and high‐performance thermal conductive composites applied in new generation of microelectronic devices.
Validity of ICD‐10‐CM diagnoses to identify hospitalizations for serious infections among patients treated with biologic therapies
Authors: Lo Re Vincent , Carbonari Dean M. , Jacob Jerry , Short William R. , Leonard Charles E. , Lyons Jennifer G. , Kennedy Adee , Damon Jolene , Haug Nicole , Zhou Esther H. , Graham David J. , McMahill‐Walraven Cheryl N. , Parlett Lauren E. , Nair Vinit , Selvan Mano , Zhou Yunping , Pocobelli Gaia , Maro Judith C. , Nguyen Michael D.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Identifying hospitalizations for serious infections among patients dispensed biologic therapies within healthcare databases is important for post‐marketing surveillance of these drugs. We determined the positive predictive value (PPV) of an ICD‐10‐CM‐based diagnostic coding algorithm to identify hospitalization for serious infection among patients dispensed biologic therapy within the FDA's Sentinel Distributed Database.

Methods

We identified health plan members who met the following algorithm criteria: (1) hospital ICD‐10‐CM discharge diagnosis of serious infection between July 1, 2016 and August 31, 2018; (2) either outpatient/emergency department infection diagnosis or outpatient antimicrobial treatment within 7 days prior to hospitalization; (3) inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, or rheumatological diagnosis within 1 year prior to hospitalization, and (4) were dispensed outpatient biologic therapy within 90 days prior to admission. Medical records were reviewed by infectious disease clinicians to adjudicate hospitalizations for serious infection. The PPV (95% confidence interval [CI]) for confirmed events was determined after further weighting by the prevalence of the type of serious infection in the database.

Results

Among 223 selected health plan members who met the algorithm, 209 (93.7% [95% CI, 90.1%–96.9%]) were confirmed to have a hospitalization for serious infection. After weighting by the prevalence of the type of serious infection, the PPV of the ICD‐10‐CM algorithm identifying a hospitalization for serious infection was 80.2% (95% CI, 75.3%–84.7%).

Conclusions

The ICD‐10‐CM‐based algorithm for hospitalization for serious infection among patients dispensed biologic therapies within the Sentinel Distributed Database had 80% PPV for confirmed events and could be considered for use within pharmacoepidemiologic studies.
Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Starr Jessica A. , Pinner Nathan A. , Lisenby Katelin M. , Osmonson Alyssa
Published: April 2021

Heart failure (HF) impacts more than 6 million Americans with an annual mortality rate approaching 22%. Along with optimizing guideline‐directed management and therapy (GDMT), the development of treatment options to improve mortality and morbidity in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is paramount. Cardiovascular outcome trials in patients with type 2 diabetes have shown that sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve both cardiovascular (CV) and renal outcomes and have consistently reduced hospitalizations for HF in patients with and without a previous history of HF. A precise mechanism by which SGLT2 inhibitors provide benefits for patients with HFrEF has not been identified, and it is probable that multiple pathways may best explain the outcomes seen in recent clinical trials. The mounting evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce HF‐related hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes led to the publication of two pivotal trials, the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA‐HF) trial and the Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure (EMPEROR‐Reduced) trial. Data from these publications demonstrate significant benefit of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin on a variety of CV and HF quality of life end points in patients with HFrEF independent of the presence of type 2 diabetes. Now, widespread application of the clinical findings from the DAPA‐HF and EMPEROR‐Reduced trials must follow with SGLT2 inhibitors incorporated into GDMT for HFrEF regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. In this review, we examine key literature surrounding the CV outcome data for SGLT2 inhibitors with a specific focus on patients with HFrEF.
Benefits for immigrant‐origin and nonimmigrant‐origin youth of discussing immigration in gender and sexuality alliances
Authors: Rosenbach Sarah B. , Sherwood S. Henry , Poteat V. Paul , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Calzo Jerel P.
Published: April 2021

In a time of unprecedented polarization in the United States, particularly concerning immigration, schools are uniquely positioned to help students understand the consequences of drastic policy changes. Beyond formal settings such as social studies classes, extracurricular activities may be important for fostering discussions about sociohistorical and policy issues. Such discussions could serve to empower youth from marginalized populations and raise their critical consciousness. Yet the potential outcomes of discussions in these extracurricular settings have not been studied in depth. Using data collected in school‐based Gender‐and‐Sexuality‐Alliances (GSAs) throughout Massachusetts during the periods leading up to and following the 2016 US Presidential election, we examined whether discussions of immigration issues in GSAs were associated with greater empowerment and critical consciousness among 580 youth (M
Age = 15.59, range = 10–20 years). Multilevel structural equation models showed that the frequency with which youth discussed immigration, relative to their fellow members, was positively associated with residualized change in perceived peer validation for members in general and with residualized change in hope for immigrant‐origin members only. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find significant associations for critical consciousness. Findings suggest how groups addressing issues of equity and justice can promote members' empowerment.
Burn model system national longitudinal database representativeness by race, ethnicity, gender, and age
Authors: Wolfe Audrey E. , Stockly Olivia R. , Abouzeid Cailin , Rodríguez‐Mercedes Silvanys L. , Flores Laura E. , Carrougher Gretchen J. , Gibran Nicole S. , Holavanahalli Radha , McMullen Kara , Trinh Nhi‐Ha , Zafonte Ross , Silver Julie K. , Ryan Colleen M. , Schneider Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Representativeness of research populations impacts the ability to extrapolate findings. The Burn Model System (BMS) National Database is one of the largest prospective, longitudinal, multi‐center research repositories collecting patient‐reported outcomes after burn injury.

Objective

To assess if the BMS Database is representative of the population that is eligible to participate.

Design

Data on adult burn survivors who were eligible for the BMS Database from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed.

Setting

Not applicable.

Participants

Burn survivors treated at BMS centers meeting eligibility criteria for the BMS Database. Eligibility for the database is based on burn size and receipt of autografting surgery.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Race, ethnicity, gender, and age were compared between individuals who did and did not enroll. Regression analysis examined the correlation between demographic characteristics and study enrollment. Additional regression analysis examined the association between enrollment and the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender.

Results

A total of 982 adult burn survivors were eligible for the BMS database during the study period. Of those who were eligible, 72.1% Enrolled and 27.9% were Not Enrolled. The Enrolled group included more female and more younger survivors compared to the Not Enrolled group. In regression analyses, Black/African American burn survivors were less likely and individuals identifying as female were more likely to enroll in the BMS Database. Furthermore, White men and women were more likely to enroll compared to Black/African American men and women, and non‐Hispanic/Latino men were more likely to enroll compared to Hispanic/Latino men.

Conclusions

This study found differences in BMS Database enrollment by race, ethnicity, and gender. Further research is warranted to investigate causes for the disparities found in this study. In addition, strategies are needed to improve enrollment to ensure future representativeness.
Development of a transperineal prostate biopsy robot guided by MRI‐TRUS image
Authors: Wang Weirong , Pan Bo , Fu Yili , Liu Yanjie
Published: April 2021

Background

In the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided transperineal prostate biopsy, doctors determine the biopsy target by observing the prostate region in TRUS images. However, ultrasound images with low imaging quality make doctors easy to be interfered when determining the biopsy route, which reduces the biopsy success rate.

Methods

This paper introduces the guidance method of magnetic resonance image (MRI) registration to ultrasound image and develops a 5‐degrees of freedom robot for prostate biopsy guided by MRI‐TRUS image. The robot uses a structure attached to the ultrasound probe to reduce the space occupied. By registering the posture relationship between MRI, TRUS image, ultrasonic probe and the robot base, the accurate localization of the suspected lesion area can be achieved with the preoperative MRIs.

Results

The prostate phantom biopsy based on the robotic biopsy system in this paper, the average biopsy error is 1.44 mm, and the maximum biopsy error is 2.23 mm.

Conclusions

We build a robotic biopsy platform with prostate phantom, and evaluate the biopsy accuracy of MRI‐TRUS guided prostate biopsy robot, the results meet clinical prostate biopsy requirements.
(NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6]2V10O28 ⋅ 4H2O; Structural Analysis and Bactericidal Activity against Pathogenic Gram Negative Bacteria
Authors: Mahmoud Ghada Abd‐Elmonsef , Ibrahim Ahmed B. M. , Mayer Peter
Published: April 2021

A bis(hexaaquanickel(II)) complex‐decavanadate cluster compound, (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6]2V10O28 ⋅ 4H2O, was synthesized. This compound has been structurally characterized by infrared spectroscopy and single crystal XRD analysis that indicated its triclinic P −1 space group. Additionally, the thermal decomposition mechanism of the compound to a composite of V2O5 and Ni(VO3)2 was elucidated. The common antibacterial agents are organics that experience instability and cause pollution to the environment, therefore we wish to consider the synthesis of inorganic bactericides. (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6]2V10O28 ⋅ 4H2O, in comparison to chloramphenicol, led to better inhibition of the growth of five Gram negative human pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, Serratia plymuthica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Remarkably, the highest inhibition was displayed against Escherichia coli that was inhibited completely at (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6]2V10O28 ⋅ 4H2O (50 μg/ml), while the Escherichia coli growth was of 12.93×107±0.25 CFU/ml at (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6]2V10O28 ⋅ 4H2O (5 μg/ml). This is in contrast to chloramphenicol (5 μg/ml) that allowed for Escherichia coli growth of 13.97×107±0.24 CFU/ml (control=17.33×107±0.48 CFU/ml).
Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions to α, β‐Unsaturated Nitroolefins
Authors: Das Tapaswini , Mohapatra Seetaram , Mishra Nilima P. , Nayak Sabita , Raiguru Bishnu P.
Published: April 2021

An organocatalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reaction has been established as the most relevant and dynamic research area for the construction of chiral carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bond. In the current scenario, rapid revolutions on asymmetric Michael addition to nitroolefins have been explored by taking advantage of newly developed chiral organocatalysts. Moreover, nitroolefins have proven as well‐known Michael acceptors for providing various structurally essential nitro‐functionalized frameworks. In addition to this, remarkable stereoselectivity has been achieved in this asymmetric process by following different mechanistic pathways that involve enamine, iminium ion intermediate formation and bifunctional H‐bonding interaction. So, we have discussed the recent advancements of organocatalytic Michael addition reactions to α, β‐unsaturated nitroolefins from the year 2016 to 2020.