bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of tempo-oxidized cotton fibers
Authors: Milanovic Jovana , Kostic Mirjana , Skundric Petar
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the influence of the catalytic oxidation using water soluble
and stable nitroxyl radical 2,2?,6,6?-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) on
structure and properties of cotton fibers was studied. In particular, the
selective TEMPO-mediated oxidation has become very interesting way for
introduction of functional groups into cellulose fibers with the aim to
obtain oxycellulose fibers with specific properties. Unmodified and modified
fibers were characterized in terms of weight loss values, introduced
functional groups and crystallinity index. Also, oxidized fibers were
characterized in terms of the sorption, morphological, and physico-mechanical
properties. The TEMPO-oxidized cotton fibers show a minimum increase of
fineness (from 1.32 to 1.28 dtex) and increase of crystallinity index (up to
91.9%), while the tensile strength of fibers decreases (up to 10.82 cN/tex).
By the TEMPO-mediated oxidation of cotton fibers significant amount of
carboxyl groups (up to 0.795 mmol/g cell) can be introduced into cellulose
fibers. Introduced hydrophilic carboxyl groups increases the sorption
properties of oxidized fibers, that can be used directly or for further
chemical modification.
Vague Auditing Standards and Ambiguity Aversion
Authors: Bigus Jochen
Published: March 2012

I model unilateral auditor liability under the assumption that the auditor has an aversion to uncertainty about probability (ambiguity aversion). A vaguely defined negligence standard implies an ambiguity situation.

There are two characteristics of ambiguity aversion: pessimism and likelihood insensitivity. The former improves the auditor's overall incentives to avoid the worst outcome possible (certainty effect). The latter impairs the auditor's marginal incentives because taking additional care is perceived to be partly futile (futility effect). The futility effect prevails with low damage payments; the certainty effect is dominant with high damage payments. Even with low incentives to sue, an ambiguity-averse auditor exerts excessive care when damage payments are sufficiently large.

With strict liability, there is no ambiguity situation and, hence, there are no distortions from ambiguity aversion. Ambiguity aversion affects auditor care in a different way to loss aversion or risk aversion because there is no futility effect with the latter.

JEL Classifications: M42; K13; D81.
Health Concerns of Heavy Metals and Metalloids
Authors: Cooksey Chris
Published: March 2012

There is a long history and an overwhelming amount of data on the toxicity of heavy metal compounds. Here a brief look is taken of some aspects of the toxicity of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, chosen for their historical importance and environmental significance, highlighting especially the contrast between the acute and chronic toxicity of purely inorganic species and their organic derivatives. For further details of other toxic metal compounds, the reader might like to consult “Elements of murder: a history of poison” by John Emsley (2005, Oxford University Press).
Sir William Ramsay and the Noble Gases
Authors: Davies Alwyn G.
Published: March 2012

Sir William Ramsay was one of the world's leading scientists at the end of the 19th century, and in a spectacular period of research between 1894 and 1898, he discovered five new elements. These were the noble gases, helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon; they added a whole new group to the Periodic Table of the elements, and provided the keystone to our understanding of the electronic structure of atoms, and the way those electrons bind the atoms together into molecules. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904, the first such prize to come to a British subject. He was also a man of great charm, a good linguist, and a composer and performer of music, poetry and song. This review will trace his career, describe his character, and give and account of the chemistry which led to the award of the Nobel Prize.
An insight into commercial natural history: Richard Glennon, William Hinchy and the nineteenth-century trade in giant Irish deer remains
Authors: Adelman Juliana
Published: March 2012

Despite the gentlemanly status of natural history research and collecting during the nineteenth century, there was a wide commercial network that was necessary to supply the booming demand for specimens from scientists, hobbyists and public institutions. This article is a case study of two dealers in giant Irish deer remains, Richard Glennon and William Hinchy. I argue that examining how they transacted their business can give us insight into the workings of commercial natural history. The dealer-buyer relationship resembled one of patronage despite the fact that they were engaging in a commercial transaction.
Teaching nature study on the blackboard in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England
Authors: Wylie Caitlin Donahue
Published: March 2012

England's Education Acts in the late nineteenth century made school free and mandatory for all children, filling schools with more and younger students. Visual teaching methods such as blackboard drawing were used to catch young students’ eyes and engage their interest. At the same time, there was high public engagement with natural history and popular science lectures, which built the perception of science as accessible, interesting and useful for people of all social classes. This “science for all” trend along with the new universal education paved the way for nature study, a new school subject based on experiential learning through observation of plants and animals, similar to the popular nineteenth-century pedagogy of object lessons. The many manuals about nature study that were published for teachers in England in the early twentieth century reveal the content, pedagogy, and portrayal of science communicated to young students. Analysis of one manual, Nature teaching on the blackboard (1910), sheds light on typical nature study lessons, including suggested images for teachers to draw on the blackboard. Visual methods of teaching science were not limited to schoolchildren: university lecturers as well as popularizers of science used object lessons and blackboard drawing to educate and entertain their adult audiences. Comparing blackboard teaching of nature study with other educational images and audiences for science explores how multisensory learning and the blackboard brought information about the natural world and engagement with science to the public.
The documentation of the British Museum's natural history collections, 1760–1836
Authors: Thomas Jennifer M.
Published: March 2012

While much critical attention has been paid to the British Museum's early collections of natural history, less has been made of the way in which the items were catalogued and recorded. This paper will examine how information was organized within the Museum from its inception in 1753 to 1836, following the publication of the second Report from the Select Committee on the condition, management and affairs of the British Museum. Drawing on the Museum's avian collections as a case study, it will become apparent that while the Trustees and staff recognized the need for detailed catalogues of their natural history collections, their attention and resources were diverted from this task for various reasons during the early years of the Museum.
Newspapers as sources of historical information about lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)
Authors: Cochran Philip A. , Elliott Robert F.
Published: March 2012

As part of an attempt to reconstruct the original distribution and relative abundance of lake sturgeon in tributaries to Lake Michigan, old newspapers were surveyed for accounts of sturgeon captured by sport and commercial fishers. The reliability of this process was assessed in several ways. A historical column in a modern newspaper (De Pere journal) proved useful for identifying the time period during which original accounts of sturgeon were first published (late 1800s–early 1900s) and the season when most historical catches occurred (the spring spawning season), but a complete survey of the original newspapers revealed many more records than resurfaced in the historical column and some significant accounts that were published outside of the spawning season. Independent surveys of De Pere newspapers by different searchers revealed that the average searcher found a majority of known records (more than 90%). The seasonal distribution of catches in the Lower Fox River as revealed by historical newspaper accounts was very similar to that based on modern sightings, and the newspaper contained several accounts of sturgeon in other parts of the drainage or other parts of Wisconsin. However, comparison with newspapers published in the neighbouring community of Green Bay revealed that the latter included few of the incidents reported in the De Pere paper, and few additional accounts appeared in the Green Bay papers that were not reported in De Pere. Although the De Pere newspaper accounts taken alone reveal a history of sturgeon exploitation in this microcosm remarkably parallel to patterns of sturgeon exploitation nationwide, our initial focus on the De Pere paper appears to have been fortuitous in that few local newspapers along the Lake Michigan shoreline would have yielded comparable amounts of historical information.
George Edgar Dennes (1817–1871): life after the Botanical Society of London
Authors: Lucas A. M.
Published: March 2012

G. E. Dennes, the long-term Secretary of the Botanical Society of London who disappeared from British records soon after the Society was wound up, has been traced to Canada, and to Australia where he died.
Magnetically Separable Base Catalysts: Heterogeneous Catalysis vs. Quasi-Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Abu-Reziq Raed , Alper Howard
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of magnetically separable quasi-homogeneous base catalyst and heterogeneous base catalyst is described. The quasi-homogeneous catalyst is achieved by supporting silane monomers functionalized with different amine groups directly on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles. The heterogeneous catalyst is prepared via a sol-gel process in which silane monomers containing different amine groups are copolymerized with tetraethoxysilane in the presence of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with ionic liquid moieties. The reactivity of the quasi-homogeneous and the heterogeneous base catalysts is compared in the nitroaldol condensation.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation: A Comparative Analysis of Australian Energy Sources
Authors: Hardisty Paul E. , Clark Tom S. , Hynes Robert G.
Published: March 2012

Electricity generation is one of the major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning the World’s energy economy to a lower carbon future will require significant investment in a variety of cleaner technologies, including renewables and nuclear power. In the short term, improving the efficiency of fossil fuel combustion in energy generation can provide an important contribution. Availability of life cycle GHG intensity data will allow decision-makers to move away from overly simplistic assertions about the relative merits of certain fuels, and focus on the complete picture, especially the critical roles of technology selection and application of best practice. This analysis compares the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities per megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity produced for a range of Australian and other energy sources, including coal, conventional liquefied natural gas (LNG), coal seam gas LNG, nuclear and renewables, for the Australian export market. When Australian fossil fuels are exported to China, life cycle greenhouse gas emission intensity in electricity production depends to a significant degree on the technology used in combustion. LNG in general is less GHG intensive than black coal, but the gap is smaller for gas combusted in open cycle gas turbine plant (OCGT) and for LNG derived from coal seam gas (CSG). On average, conventional LNG burned in a conventional OCGT plant is approximately 38% less GHG intensive over its life cycle than black coal burned in a sub-critical plant, per MWh of electricity produced. However, if OCGT LNG combustion is compared to the most efficient new ultra-supercritical coal power, the GHG intensity gap narrows considerably. Coal seam gas LNG is approximately 13–20% more GHG intensive across its life cycle, on a like-for like basis, than conventional LNG. Upstream fugitive emissions from CSG (assuming best practice gas extraction techniques) do not materially alter the life cycle GHG intensity rankings, such is the dominance of end-use combustion, but application of the most recent estimates of the 20-year global warming potential (GWP) increases the contribution of fugitives considerably if best practice fugitives management is not assumed. However, if methane leakage approaches the elevated levels recently reported in some US gas fields (circa 4% of gas production) and assuming a 20-year methane GWP, the GHG intensity of CSG-LNG generation is on a par with sub-critical coal-fired generation. The importance of applying best practice to fugitives management in Australia’s emerging natural gas industry is evident. When exported to China for electricity production, LNG was found to be 22–36 times more GHG intensive than wind and concentrated solar thermal (CST) power and 13–21 times more GHG intensive than nuclear power which, even in the post-Fukushima world, continues to be a key option for global GHG reduction.
Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey: Methodology and Estimated Arsenic Intake from Drinking Water and Urinary Arsenic Concentrations
Authors: Roberge Jason , O’Rourke Mary Kay , Meza-Montenegro Maria Mercedes , Gutiérrez-Millán Luis Enrique , Burgess Jefferey L. , Harris Robin B.
Published: March 2012

The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 µg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 µg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 µg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 µg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.
Enhancement of Palmarumycin C12 and C13 Production in Liquid Culture of the Endophytic Fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 by Oligosaccharides from Its Host Plant Dioscorea zingiberensis
Authors: Li Yan , Shan Tijiang , Mou Yan , Li Peiqin , Zhao Jianglin , Zhao Wensheng , Peng Youliang , Zhou Ligang , Ding Chunbang
Published: March 2012

Three crude oligosaccharides were respectively prepared by acid hydrolysis of three polysaccharides, which were water-extracted polysaccharide (WEP), sodium hydroxide-extracted polysaccharide (SEP) and acid-extracted polysaccharide (AEP) from the rhizomes of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Among the three oligosaccharides, the crude oligosaccharide prepared by acid hydrolysis of WEP was found to be the most efficient elicitor to enhance the production of palmarumycins C12 and C13 in liquid culture of endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12. When OW was applied to the medium at 300 mg/L on day 3 of culture, the maximal yields of palmarumycin C12 (87.96 mg/L) and palmarumycin C13 (422.28 mg/L) were achieved on day 15 of culture, which were 9.83 and 3.24-fold in comparison with those (8.95 and 130.43 mg/L) of control, respectively. The results indicate that addition of the oligosaccharides from the host plant D. zingiberensis should be an effective strategy for enhancing production of palmarumycins C12 and C13 in liquid culture of endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12.
Sensitivity Enhancement of Strain Sensing Utilizing a Differential Pair of Fiber Bragg Gratings
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Yan Lianshan , Pan Wei , Luo Bin , Wang Ping , Guo Likang , Zhou Wei
Published: March 2012

In strain measurement applications, the matched fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) method is generally used to reduce temperature dependence effects. The FBG parameters have to be designed to meet the requirements by the particular application. The bandwidth and slope of the FBG has to be balanced well, according to the measurement range, accuracy and sensitivity. A sensitivity enhanced strain demodulation method without sacrificing the measurement range for FBG sensing systems is proposed and demonstrated utilizing a pair of reference FBGs. One of the reference FBGs and the sensing FBG have almost the same Bragg wavelength, while the other reference FBGs has a Bragg wavelength offset relative to the sensing FBG. Reflected optical signals from the sensing FBG pass through two reference FBGs, and subtract from each other after the detection. Doubled strain measurement sensitivity is obtained by static rail load experiments compared to the general matched grating approach, and further verified in dynamic load experiments. Experimental results indicate that such a method could be used for real-time rail strain monitoring applications.
Optical Fiber Networks for Remote Fiber Optic Sensors
Authors: Fernandez-Vallejo Montserrat , Lopez-Amo Manuel
Published: March 2012

This paper presents an overview of optical fiber sensor networks for remote sensing. Firstly, the state of the art of remote fiber sensor systems has been considered. We have summarized the great evolution of these systems in recent years; this progress confirms that fiber-optic remote sensing is a promising technology with a wide field of practical applications. Afterwards, the most representative remote fiber-optic sensor systems are briefly explained, discussing their schemes, challenges, pros and cons. Finally, a synopsis of the main factors to take into consideration in the design of a remote sensor system is gathered.
A CMOS-Compatible Poly-Si Nanowire Device with Hybrid Sensor/Memory Characteristics for System-on-Chip Applications
Authors: Chen Min-Cheng , Chen Hao-Yu , Lin Chia-Yi , Chien Chao-Hsin , Hsieh Tsung-Fan , Horng Jim-Tong , Qiu Jian-Tai , Huang Chien-Chao , Ho Chia-Hua , Yang Fu-Liang
Published: March 2012

This paper reports a versatile nano-sensor technology using “top-down” poly-silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) in the conventional Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible semiconductor process. The nanowire manufacturing technique reduced nanowire width scaling to 50 nm without use of extra lithography equipment, and exhibited superior device uniformity. These n type polysilicon nanowire FETs have positive pH sensitivity (100 mV/pH) and sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection ability (100 pM) at normal system operation voltages. Specially designed oxide-nitride-oxide buried oxide nanowire realizes an electrically Vth-adjustable sensor to compensate device variation. These nanowire FETs also enable non-volatile memory application for a large and steady Vth adjustment window (>2 V Programming/Erasing window). The CMOS-compatible manufacturing technique of polysilicon nanowire FETs offers a possible solution for commercial System-on-Chip biosensor application, which enables portable physiology monitoring and in situ recording.
Multi-centre calibration of an adaptive thresholding method for PET-based delineation of tumour volumes in radiotherapy planning of lung cancer
Authors: Nestle U. , Kremp S. , Hellwig D. , Grgic A. , Buchholz H. G. , Mischke W. , Gromoll C. , Dennert P. , Plotkin M. , Senftleben S. , Thorwarth D. , Tosch M. , Wahl A. , Wengenmair H. , Rübe C. , Kirsch C.-M. , Schaefer A.
Published: March 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the calibration of an adaptive thresholding algorithm (contrastoriented algorithm) for FDG PET-based delineation of tumour volumes in eleven centres with respect to scanner types and image data processing by phantom measurements. Methods: A cylindrical phantom with spheres of different diameters was filled with FDG realizing different signal-to-background ratios and scanned using 5 Siemens Biograph PET/CT scanners, 5 Philips Gemini PET/CT scanners, and one Siemens ECAT-ART PET scanner. All scans were analysed by the contrast-oriented algorithm implemented in two different software packages. For each site, the threshold SUVs of all spheres best matching the known sphere volumes were determined. Calibration parameters a and b were calculated for each combination of scanner and image-analysis software package. In addition, “scanner-typespecific” calibration curves were determined from all values obtained for each combination of scanner type and software package. Both kinds of calibration curves were used for volume delineation of the spheres. Results: Only minor differences in calibration parameters were observed for scanners of the same type (Δa ≤ 4%, Δb ≤ 14%) provided that identical imaging protocols were used whereas significant differences were found comparing calibration parameters of the ART scanner with those of scanners of different type (Δa ≤ 60%, Δb ≤ 54%). After calibration, for all scanners investigated the calculated SUV thresholds for auto-contouring did not differ significantly (all p > 0.58). The resulting sphere volumes deviated by less than –7% to +8% from the true values. Conclusion: After multi-centre calibration the use of the contrast-oriented algorithm for FDG PET-based delineation of tumour volumes in the different centres using different scanner types and specific imaging protocols is feasible.
Arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel
Authors: Abd-Elnaeim M. , Ali M. M.
Published: March 2012

Objectives: To describe a technique for arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel, and the problems that could occur during and after arthroscopy.

Methods: Seven animals (4 cadaveric limbs and 3 living camels) were used in this study. Two dorsal arthroscopic portals (lateral and medial) and one palmaro-lateral portal were used. Distension of the joint capsule was effected by injecting Ringer's lactate solution into the joint cavity. Landmarks for the dorsal arthroscopic portals were located at the centre of the groove bounded by the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament and the large metacarpus at a point 1 cm proximal to the joint. The palmaro-lateral portal was located in a triangular area between the branch of the suspensory ligament, the large metacarpus, and the sesamoid bone, with insertion of the arthroscope in a 45° joint flexion angle.

Results: Arthroscopy of the fetlock joint via the dorso-lateral portal allowed examination of the distal end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx of the fourth digit. Arthroscopy via a dorso-medial approach allowed examination of the distal end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx and the distal end of the third digit. The palmaro-lateral portal allowed examination of the sesamoid bones, the synovial membrane, and the synovial villi. The main complications recorded during arthroscopy were iatrogenic articular surface injury as well as obstruction of vision with the synovial villi.

Clinical significance: This is the first work to describe the normal arthroscopy of the fetlock joint in the dromedary camel, the arthroscopic portals, and the complications that could occur during and after arthroscopy. Further studies are required for diagnosis of pathological changes in the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel and for arthroscopy of other joints in the dromedary camel.
Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis Patient Stance Control Disorders, Measured by Means of Posturography and Related to Brainstem Lesions
Authors: Alpini Dario , Di Berardino Federica , Mattei Valentina , Caputo Domenico , Schalek Peter , Cesarani Antonio
Published: March 2012

Balance disorders are commonly observed during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study is to report characteristics of MS patient stance control disorders, measured by means of posturography and related to the brainstem lesions. Thirty-eight patients affected by MS, mildly to moderately disable according to Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale, underwent a complete clinical neurological and vestibular evaluation and brain MRI scanning. All patients were then tested on a static posturography platform (Tetrax, Israel) in four conditions: eyes open and eyes closed standing on a firm surface and on a foam pad. Clinical and/or magnetic resonance imaging evidence of brainstem involvement was observed in 55.3% of patients. When brainstem lesion was detected, Fourier analysis showed a typical pattern characterized by inversion of the 0-0.1 Hz and 0.1-0.25 Hz frequency bands. In conclusion, MS leads to pervasive postural disturbances in the majority of subjects, including the visuo-vestibular loops and proprioception involving vestibulospinal pathways in at least 55.3% of patients. Our results may also suggest the presence of Fourier inversion in patients with brainstem lesions.
A randomised controlled trial of an enhanced interdisciplinary community based group program for people with Parkinson’s disease: study rationale and protocol
Authors: Peters Catherine , Currin Michelle , Tyson Sara , Rogers Anthea , Healy Susan , McPhail Steven , Brauer Sandra G. , Heathcote Kathy , Comans Tracy
Published: March 2012

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no known cure. Physical exercise programs may be used to assist with the physical management of PD. Several studies have demonstrated that community based physical therapy programs are effective in reducing physical aspects of disability among people with PD. While multidisciplinary therapy interventions may have the potential to reduce disability and improve the quality of life of people with PD, there is very limited clinical trial evidence to support or refute the use of a community based multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary programs for people with PD. A two group randomized trial is being undertaken within a community rehabilitation service in Brisbane, Australia. Community dwelling adults with a diagnosis of Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease are being recruited. Eligible participants are randomly allocated to a standard exercise rehabilitation group program or an intervention group which incorporates physical, cognitive and speech activities in a multi-tasking framework. Outcomes will be measured at 6-week intervals for a period of six months. Primary outcome measures are the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) cognitive test. Secondary outcomes include changes in health related quality of life, communication, social participation, mobility, strength and balance, and carer burden measures. This study will determine the immediate and long-term effectiveness of a unique multifocal, interdisciplinary, dual-tasking approach to the management of PD as compared to an exercise only program. We anticipate that the results of this study will have implications for the development of cost effective evidence based best practice for the treatment of people with PD living in the community.
Urinary Sludge Caused by Ceftriaxone in a Young Boy
Authors: Kimata Takahisa , Kaneko Kauznari , Takahashi Masaya , Yamanouchi Sohsaku , Tsuji Shoji , Kino Minoru
Published: March 2012

It is known that ceftriaxone administration is associated with biliary pseudolithiasis, although the development of urolithiasis has been rarely reported. We encountered a young male with bacterial meningitis complicated by urinary precipitates composed of ceftriaxonecalcium salt which is confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. This patient suggested that ceftriaxone significantly increased urinary excretion of calcium, which may be linked to ceftriaxone-related urolithiasis or sludge. It is therefore worthwhile to monitor the levels of urinary calcium to creatinine ratio in patients on ceftriaxone, as they may be at greater risk for developing large stones and renal damage.
A Bronchogenic Cyst, Presenting as a Retroperitoneal Cystic Mass
Authors: Govaerts Kim , Van Eyken Peter , Verswijvel Geert , Van der Speeten Kurt
Published: March 2012

Bronchogenic cysts are mostly benign, congenital abnormalities originating from the remnants of the primitive foregut. A retroperitoneal location is rare. Due to the mostly asymptomatic behavior and the historical confusion regarding histology, an exact prevalence is not known. We present here a case report of a retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst. A literature review was performed for cases of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cysts written in English. Anatomopathological criteria for inclusion were pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium together with the presence of at least one of the following: cartilage, smooth muscle or seromucous glands. In addition, the embryology, pathogenesis, radiological, clinical and suggested treatment modalities are reviewed. We report the surgical excision of a retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst that presented as a non-functioning left adrenal mass. Our review of literature revealed only 62 potential cases of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cysts. After applying the strict anatomopathological criteria, only 30 cases of true retroperitoneal bronchogenic cysts could be identified. Retroperitoneal location of a bronchogenic cyst is rare. Despite the rarity of this pathologic entity, bronchogenic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal cystic lesions. Only histology can confirm definitive diagnosis. Surgery remains the recommended treatment of choice.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Vulva, Clinical Reminder of a Rare Occurrence
Authors: Su Albert , Apple Sophia K. , Moatamed Neda A.
Published: March 2012

Pleomorphic adenoma, also known as mixed tumor, is a benign tumor which typically presents as a painless and persistent mass. The majority of pleomorphic adenomas involve the salivary glands, most commonly the parotid gland. Other sites include breast and skin. It is a rare tumor in the vulva. In this article we are reporting a case of pleomorphic adenoma of labia with characteristic pathologic and clinical findings, as reminder of a common benign neoplasm occurring with rare locality.
Older Adults' Experiences of Occupational Therapy Predischarge Home Visits: A Systematic Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research
Authors: Atwal Anita , Spiliotopoulou Georgia , Plastow Nicola , McIntyre Anne , McKay Elizabeth A
Published: March 2012

Background:

Occupational therapists in many countries routinely perform predischarge home visits. Although there have been repeated calls to ascertain whether predischarge home visits are clinically and cost effective, there has been a tendency to neglect users' perceptions and experiences of this intervention.

Objective:

The objective was to conduct a systematic thematic synthesis of older adults' perceptions and experiences of predischarge home visits.

Method:

The search strategy was an electronic database search. Conference proceedings were hand searched and universities and occupational therapy professional bodies within Europe, Australia and North America were contacted.

Results:

Forty-four studies were initially identified, of which 13 studies (7 published, 6 unpublished) were selected for detailed screening. Only three qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria and, from this synthesis, two main themes emerged from the data. The first theme was older adults' perceptions of home visits and the second theme was acceptance of occupational therapy.

Conclusion:

Only a limited body of research has been conducted. This is surprising given the number of predischarge home visits that are performed. This thematic synthesis of qualitative research has highlighted that insufficient attention has been paid to older adults' perceptions of predischarge home visits.
The Personalisation of Adult Social Care: Occupational Therapists' Perceptions
Authors: London-Willis Jacqueline , Couldrick Lorna , Lovelock Linda
Published: March 2012

Purpose:

The personalisation of adult social care, as confirmed in Putting People First (Department of Health 2007), will see a fundamental change in social care services, including occupational therapy. This study aimed to capture occupational therapists' perceptions of personalisation.

Procedure:

A qualitative study involving interviews with six practising occupational therapists was undertaken. The interviews were transcribed and the data studied for emerging themes, using thematic analysis to code and analyse the data.

Findings:

Four main themes were identified: similarities to occupational therapy; a lack of understanding of occupational therapy; threats and concerns; and opportunities and action needed. All participants felt that they understood the components of personalisation and identified similarities to occupational therapy. All were able to highlight opportunities and actions for occupational therapists with regard to personalisation. However, all raised concerns about the future role of the occupational therapist and highlighted a general lack of understanding of occupational therapy.

Conclusion:

Occupational therapists consider themselves to be well placed to support the implementation of personalisation. They feel that it is the right direction for adult social care, and that its goals are in parallel with those of occupational therapy. However, there are concerns that the possible contribution of occupational therapists could be overlooked.
The Convergent Validity of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception—Adolescent and Adult, Motor-Free Visual Perception Test—Third Edition and Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (Non-Motor) — Third Edition When Used with Adults
Authors: Brown Ted , Elliot Stephen , Bourne Ralda , Sutton Emma , Wigg Stefan , Morgan Deidre , Glass Sharon , Lalor Aislinn
Published: March 2012

Objective:

The objective of the study was to investigate the convergent validity of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A), the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test — third edition (MVPT-3) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (non-motor) — third edition (TVPS-3) when used with adults.

Method:

Two hundred and twenty-one participants aged 20+ years (49 with and 172 without neurological impairment) completed the DTVP-A, MVPT-3 and TVPS-3. Spearman rho correlation coefficients were used to analyse the convergent validity of the three tests.

Results:

The DTVP-A (non-motor) total score was significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the MVPT-3 and the TVPS-3 total scores (rho = 0.73 and rho = 0.75 respectively). The MVPT-3 total score was also significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the TVPS-3 total score (rho = 0.79). The DTVP-A figure-ground subscale was found to be significantly correlated (p<0.01) with TVPS-3 subscales 1 to 7 with rho coefficients ranging from 0.36 to 0.56, as was the DTVP-A visual closure subscale (rho coefficients ranging from 0.43 to 0.64) and the DTVP-A form constancy subscale (rho coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.64). The DTVP-A total score was also significantly correlated (p<0.01) with subscales 1 to 7 of the TVPS-3 (rho coefficients ranging from 0.48 to 0.68). Moreover, the TVPS-3 total score was significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the figure-ground, visual closure and form constancy subscales of the DTVP-A (rho = 0.62, rho = 0.65 and rho = 0.68). Furthermore, the MVPT-3 total score was significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the figure-ground, visual closure and form constancy subscales of DTVP-A (rho = 0.59, rho = 0.68 and rho = 0.65 respectively) and with subscales 1 to 7 of the TVPS-3 (rho coefficients ranging from 0.53 to 0.70).

Conclusion:

The DTVP-A, MVPT-3 and TVPS-3 exhibited moderate to high levels of convergent validity. The clinical implications of the findings of the study are that the DTVP-A, MVPT-3 and TVPS-3 appear to be measuring similar visual perceptual skills, but it is also important to note that the three tests all assess the visual perceptual skills in different ways.
Culture and Diversity among Occupational Therapists in Ireland: When the Therapist is the ‘Diverse’ One
Authors: Beagan Brenda L , Chacala Aneta
Published: March 2012

Introduction:

Literature in occupational therapy, although paying increased attention to cultural differences and diversity, has largely ignored the situation of therapists who are themselves members of social and cultural minority groups. ‘Difference’ is assumed to be exclusively an attribute of the client.

Method:

This qualitative study explored the professional experiences of 12 occupational therapists in Ireland who self-identified as disabled or ethnic minority group members.

Findings:

Participants reported challenges with colleagues and managers, which revolved primarily around cultural differences in the norms and expectations guiding social interactions, communications and practice styles. Overt discrimination was reported only by disabled therapists. With clients, again there were clashes of cultural values, but participants also experienced overt and covert prejudice and intolerance. This was particularly difficult to respond to in the context of client-centred practice.

Conclusion:

Cultural competence, as the prevailing approach to diversity, emphasises suspending one's own values to facilitate those of clients. This demand may be inappropriate for minority therapists who may face prejudice and discrimination. In contrast, cultural humility and critical reflexivity emphasise negotiating values in the context of social power relations, an approach that may better position occupational therapy to benefit from a diverse workforce.
The Affirmative Model of Disability: A Means to Include Disability Orientation in Occupational Therapy?
Authors: McCormack Cathy , Collins Bethan
Published: March 2012

Disability orientation is a missing concept in occupational therapy. Disability orientation describes a person's interpretation of his or her disability experience and his or her perceptions of the meaning of being disabled. One orientation is that of affirmation, which originates in the affirmative model. This takes a non-tragic view of disability and impairment, and rejects the assumption that disability is necessarily negative. Instead, those with an affirmative orientation view disability as difference that can be celebrated and can enrich life. Since occupational therapists may work with people with an affirmative disability orientation, understanding and acceptance of this orientation could support client-centred practice.
Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model – Part 2: Experimental campaigns in Northern Africa
Authors: Haustein K. , Pérez C. , Baldasano J. M. , Jorba O. , Basart S. , Miller R. L. , Janjic Z. , Black T. , Nickovic S. , Todd M. C. , Washington R. , Müller D. , Tesche M. , Weinzierl B. , Esselborn M. , Schladitz A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The new NMMB/BSC-Dust model is intended to provide short to medium-range weather and dust forecasts from regional to global scales. It is an online model in which the dust aerosol dynamics and physics are solved at each model time step. The companion paper (Pérez et al., 2011) develops the dust model parameterizations and provides daily to annual evaluations of the model for its global and regional configurations. Modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) was evaluated against AERONET Sun photometers over Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe with correlations around 0.6–0.7 on average without dust data assimilation. In this paper we analyze in detail the behavior of the model using data from the Saharan Mineral dUst experiment (SAMUM-1) in 2006 and the Bodélé Dust Experiment (BoDEx) in 2005. AOD from satellites and Sun photometers, vertically resolved extinction coefficients from lidars and particle size distributions at the ground and in the troposphere are used, complemented by wind profile data and surface meteorological measurements. All simulations were performed at the regional scale for the Northern African domain at the expected operational horizontal resolution of 25 km. Model results for SAMUM-1 generally show good agreement with satellite data over the most active Saharan dust sources. The model reproduces the AOD from Sun photometers close to sources and after long-range transport, and the dust size spectra at different height levels. At this resolution, the model is not able to reproduce a large haboob that occurred during the campaign. Some deficiencies are found concerning the vertical dust distribution related to the representation of the mixing height in the atmospheric part of the model. For the BoDEx episode, we found the diurnal temperature cycle to be strongly dependant on the soil moisture, which is underestimated in the NCEP analysis used for model initialization. The low level jet (LLJ) and the dust AOD over the Bodélé are well reproduced. The remaining negative AOD bias (due to underestimated surface wind speeds) can be substantially reduced by decreasing the threshold friction velocity in the model.
Direct N2O5 reactivity measurements at a polluted coastal site
Authors: Riedel T. P. , Bertram T. H. , Ryder O. S. , Liu S. , Day D. A. , Russell L. M. , Gaston C. J. , Prather K. A. , Thornton J. A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Direct measurements of N2O5 reactivity on ambient aerosol particles were made during September 2009 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Pier facility located in La Jolla, CA. N2O5 reactivity measurements were made using a custom flow reactor and the particle modulation technique alongside measurements of aerosol particle size distributions and non-refractory composition. The pseudo-first order rate coefficients derived from the particle modulation technique and the particle surface area concentrations were used to determine the population average N2O5 reaction probability, γ(N2O5), approximately every 50 min. Insufficient environmental controls within the instrumentation trailer led us to restrict our analysis primarily to nighttime measurements. Within this subset of data, γ(N2O5) ranged from <0.001 to 0.029 and showed significant day-to-day variations. We compare these data to a recent parameterization that utilizes aerosol composition measurements and an aerosol thermodynamics model. The parameterization captures several aspects of the measurements with similar general trends over the time series. However, the parameterization persistently overestimates the measurements by a factor of 1.5–3 and does not illustrate the same extent of variability. Assuming chloride is internally mixed across the particle population leads to the largest overestimates. Removing this assumption only partially reduces the discrepancies, suggesting that other particle characteristics that can suppress γ(N2O5) are important, such as organic coatings or non-aqueous particles. The largest apparent driver of day-to-day variability in the measured γ(N2O5) at this site was the particle nitrate loading, as inferred from both the measured particle composition and the parameterizations. The relative change in measured γ(N2O5) as a function of particle nitrate loading appears to be consistent with expectations based on laboratory data, providing direct support for the atmospheric importance of the so-called "nitrate effect".
A conceptual framework to quantify the influence of convective boundary layer development on carbon dioxide mixing ratios
Authors: Pino D. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J. , Peters W. , Schröter J. , van Heerwaarden C. C. , Krol M. C.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Interpretation of observed diurnal carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratios near the surface requires knowledge of the local dynamics of the planetary boundary layer. In this paper, we study the relationship between the boundary layer dynamics and the CO2 budget in convective conditions through a newly derived set of analytical equations. From these equations, we are able to quantify how uncertainties in boundary layer dynamical variables or in the morning CO2 distribution in the mixed-layer or in the free atmosphere (FA) influence the bulk CO2 mixing ratio. We find that the largest uncertainty incurred on the mid-day CO2 mixing ratio comes from the prescribed early morning CO2 mixing ratios in the stable boundary layer, and in the free atmosphere. Errors in these values influence CO2 mixing ratios inversely proportional to the boundary layer depth (h), just like uncertainties in the assumed initial boundary layer depth and surface CO2 flux. The influence of uncertainties in the boundary layer depth itself is one order of magnitude smaller. If we "invert" the problem and calculate CO2 surface exchange from observed or simulated CO2 mixing ratios, the sensitivities to errors in boundary layer dynamics also invert: they become linearly proportional to the boundary layer depth. We demonstrate these relations for a typical well characterized situation at the Cabauw site in The Netherlands, and conclude that knowledge of the temperature and carbon dioxide profiles of the atmosphere in the early morning are of vital importance to correctly interpret observed CO2 mixing ratios during midday.
Significant decreasing cloud cover during 1954–2005 due to more clear-sky days and less overcast days in China and its relation to aerosol
Authors: Xia X.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. An updated analysis of cloud cover during 1954–2005 in China was performed using homogeneous cloud cover data from 314 stations. Long-term changes in frequencies of different cloud cover categories and their contributions to long-term changes in cloud cover were assessed. Furthermore, aerosol effects on cloud cover trends were discussed based on comparison of cloud cover trends in polluted and mildly polluted regions. Frequencies of clear sky (cloud cover <20%) and overcast days (cloud cover >80%) were observed to increase by ~2.2 days and decrease by ~3.3 days per decade, respectively, which accounts for ~80% of cloud cover reduction. Larger decreasing trends in cloud cover due to larger increase in clear sky frequency and larger decreases in overcast frequency were observed at stations with lower aerosol optical depth. There is no significant difference in trends regarding cloud cover, clear sky frequency, and overcast frequency between mountain and plain stations. These results are inconsistent with our expectation that larger decreasing trends in cloud cover should have been observed in regions with higher aerosol loading where more aerosols could lead to stronger obscuring effect on ground observation of cloud cover and stronger radiative effect as compared with the mildly polluted regions. Aerosol effect on decreasing cloud cover in China appear not to be supported by this analysis and therefore, further study on this issue is required.