bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between immune competence phenotype and feedlot health and productivity in Angus cattle
Authors: Hine Brad C , Bell Amy M , Niemeyer Dominic D O , Duff Christian J , Butcher Nick M , Dominik Sonja , Porto-Neto Laercio R , Li Yutao , Reverter Antonio , Ingham Aaron B , Colditz Ian G
Published: January 2021

Genetic strategies aimed at improving general immune competence (IC) have the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of disease in beef production systems, with resulting benefits of improved animal health and welfare and reduced reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease. Implementation of such strategies first requires that methodologies be developed to phenotype animals for IC and demonstration that these phenotypes are associated with health outcomes. We have developed a methodology to identify IC phenotypes in beef steers during the yard weaning period, which is both practical to apply on-farm and does not restrict the future sale of tested animals. In the current study, a total of 838 Angus steers, previously IC phenotyped at weaning, were categorized as low (n = 98), average (n = 653), or high (n = 88) for the IC phenotype. Detailed health and productivity data were collected on all steers during feedlot finishing, and associations between IC phenotype, health outcomes, and productivity were investigated. A favorable association between IC phenotype and number of mortalities during feedlot finishing was observed with higher mortalities recorded in low IC steers (6.1%) as compared with average (1.2%, P < 0.001) or high (0%, P = 0.018) IC steers. Disease incidence was numerically highest in low IC steers (15.3 cases/100 animals) and similar in average IC steers (10.1 cases/100 animals) and high IC steers (10.2 cases/100 animals); however, differences between groups were not significant. No significant influence of IC phenotype on average daily gain was observed, suggesting that selection for improved IC is unlikely to incur a significant penalty to production. The potential economic benefits of selecting for IC in the feedlot production environment were calculated. Health-associated costs were calculated as the sum of lost production costs, lost capital investment costs, and disease treatment costs. Based on these calculations, health-associated costs were estimated at AUS$103/head in low IC steers, AUS$25/head in average IC steers, and AUS$4/head in high IC steers, respectively. These findings suggest that selection for IC has the potential to reduce mortalities during feedlot finishing and, as a consequence, improve the health and welfare of cattle in the feedlot production environment and reduce health-associated costs incurred by feedlot operators.
Assessing the Impact of 41 Years of Forest Management on Native Wildlife Habitat in Minnesota, USA
Authors: Zobel John M , Ek Alan R , Edgar Christopher B
Published: January 2021

Over the last four decades, forest management goals have transitioned to multiuse objectives, begging the question of their impact on wildlife habitat. Using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and the WHINGS (Wildlife Habitat Indicator for Native Genera and Species) model, the trends in wildlife habitat were quantified from 1977 to 2018 across Minnesota. Statewide, 35.5% of species experienced significant improvement in habitat, 29% significant reductions, and 35.5% nonsignificant change. The extent of habitat (acreage) increased for 100% of species, but the quality declined for 63% of species. Results were explained by the reduction in acreage of larger size classes of the aspen, balsam, and birch forest type and increases in smaller, younger forest area. Specifically, forest management that converted aspen stands to other forest types benefited certain wildlife species over others. Future forest management should consider the balance between the habitat requirements of the diverse native species in Minnesota.

Study Implications

Trends in forest wildlife habitat over the last four decades across Minnesota highlight that forest management often favors one species at the expense of another. Statewide, wildlife species with preferences for larger, older aspen experienced diminished habitat, whereas habitat for species preferring younger forest types or older nonaspen types increased. Regionally, the forested ecoregions in Minnesota (northeast) generally saw reduced habitat, whereas the prairie/agricultural regions (south and northwest) saw the largest increases. Through this and further applications, forest and wildlife managers can rapidly assess the habitat implications of proposed management, whether for environmental review, forest planning, or harvest scheduling.
Anomalous anatomic trajectory of the superior thyroid artery encountered during thyroidectomy. A rare case report
Authors: Zarokosta Maria , Foutsitzi Aikaterini , Mpartziotas Iraklis , Manthas Alexandros , Tsiaoussis John , Mariolis-Sapsakos Theodoros
Published: January 2021

Superior thyroid artery (STA), which is one of the primary arteries supplying to the thyroid gland, constitutes a severe consideration of both surgeons and interventional radiologists. Knowledge of the origin, the trajectory, the branching patterns and the anatomic aberrations of STA are of paramount clinical significance, due to its proximity to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the potentiality of accidental hemorrhage. The present manuscript reports for the first time the anomalous trajectory of the left STA, coursing superficially, through the left sternothyroid muscle and underlines the clinical significance of such aberrations.
Meiotic chromosome axis remodelling is critical for meiotic recombination inBrassica rapa
Authors: Cuacos Maria , Lambing Christophe , Pachon-Penalba Miguel , Osman Kim , Armstrong Susan J , Henderson Ian R , Sanchez-Moran Eugenio , Franklin F Christopher H , Heckmann Stefan
Published: January 2021

Meiosis generates genetic variation through homologous recombination (HR) that is harnessed during breeding. HR occurs in the context of meiotic chromosome axes and the synaptonemal complex. To study the role of axis remodelling in crossover (CO) formation in a crop species, we characterized mutants of the axis-associated protein ASY1 and the axis-remodelling protein PCH2 in Brassica rapa. asy1 plants form meiotic chromosome axes that fail to synapse. CO formation is almost abolished, and residual chiasmata are proportionally enriched in terminal chromosome regions, particularly in the nucleolar organizing region (NOR)-carrying chromosome arm. pch2 plants show impaired ASY1 loading and remodelling, consequently achieving only partial synapsis, which leads to reduced CO formation and loss of the obligatory CO. PCH2-independent chiasmata are proportionally enriched towards distal chromosome regions. Similarly, in Arabidopsis pch2, COs are increased towards telomeric regions at the expense of (peri-) centromeric COs compared with the wild type. Taken together, in B. rapa, axis formation and remodelling are critical for meiotic fidelity including synapsis and CO formation, and in asy1 and pch2 CO distributions are altered. While asy1 plants are sterile, pch2 plants are semi-sterile and thus PCH2 could be an interesting target for breeding programmes.
s.Two Implementation and Accountability, 5 Translating International Law into Domestic Law, Policy, and Practice
Authors: Gillian MacNaughton , Angela Duger
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the means through which international human rights law is translated into domestic law, policy, and practice. To have an influence on public health, international human rights law must be translated into domestic action. As international human rights law is largely state centered, it relies upon national and subnational governments to implement it—to promote and protect human rights and to provide remedies to victims of human rights violations. Based upon international rules on domestic implementation, there are four general approaches to translate international law into domestic action: human rights education, policymaking, judicial actions, and engagement with international human rights mechanisms. National and subnational governments use these four approaches to translate international human rights law into domestic law, policy, and practice for health, while nongovernmental organizations and international human rights mechanisms play important roles in monitoring these processes.
s.Two Implementation and Accountability, 8 Justiciability of Human Rights for Health
Authors: Colleen M Flood , Bryan Thomas
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines both the power and limitations of litigation as a means of facilitating accountability for the advancement of public health. While almost half of the world’s constitutions now contain a justiciable right to health, the impact of litigation has been mixed. Judicial accountability has, in some cases, advanced state obligations to realize the highest attainable standard of health, but in other cases, litigation has threatened the solidarity undergirding public health systems. There is significant country-to-country variation in interpreting health-related human rights, as well as differing views of the proper role of courts in interpreting and enforcing these rights. Surveying regional human rights systems and national judicial efforts to address health and human rights, it is necessary to analyze how courts have approached—and how they should approach—litigation of the right to health and health-related human rights to improve health for all.
s.Three Contemporary Applications, 10 Communicable Diseases, Health Security, and Human Rights: From AIDS to Ebola
Authors: Sharifah Sekalala , John Harrington
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the influence of human rights in the quest to control communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are emerging and spreading faster than ever before, with devastating consequences for the most vulnerable in a rapidly globalizing world. Human rights have come to frame infectious disease control, beginning in the early response to AIDS and expanding from the stigmatization of marginalized populations to include the provision of essential medicines. Human rights claims have correspondingly expanded, arising out of norms of non-discrimination, consent, and privacy and now including the right to health. As individual rights compete with state authority, the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) International Health Regulations (2005) aim to guide states in a rights-based response to communicable disease. However, as seen in recent Ebola outbreaks, human rights have lost priority to health security as the dominant frame for health policy, and this securitization of communicable disease control may undermine the gains of human rights, risking the future of global health.
s.Four New Challenges, 20 Global Health and Human Rights in the Age of Populism
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Andrés Constantin , Benjamin Mason Meier
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the threat of populism to global health and human rights. Out of the ashes of World War II, institutions of global health and human rights have brought the world together in unprecedented cooperation, giving rise to the successes and opportunities detailed throughout this text. However, the current populist age threatens these successes and raises obstacles to future progress. In violent contrast with the shared goals of a globalizing world, populism seeks to retrench nations inward, with right-wing populist nationalism directly challenging institutions of global health, violating the rights of vulnerable populations, and spurring isolationism in international affairs. Such retrenchment could lead to a rejection of both global governance and human rights as a basis for global health. Yet, with hope for the future, there remains enduring strength in institutions of global health and human rights, with these institutional bulwarks capable of facing the challenges to come.
The Right to a Fair Trial in International Law
Authors: Clooney Amal , Webb Philippa
Published: January 2021

This book brings together the diverse sources of international law that define the right to a fair trial in the context of criminal proceedings. It aims to make the law accessible to counsel and meaningful to victims in courtrooms all over the world. By focusing on what the right to a fair trial means in practice, it seeks to bring to life the commitment made by over 170 states parties to the ICCPR. The book is subdivided into 14 substantive chapters each dealing with one component of the right to a fair trial. Each chapter collates and analyses international sources, highlighting both consensus and division in the international jurisprudence. The book aims to be the global reference for the most frequently litigated human right in the world.
Stellar flares from blended and neighbouring stars in Kepler short cadence observations
Authors: Jackman James A G , Shkolnik Evgenya , Loyd R O Parke
Published: January 2021

We present the results of a search for stellar flares from stars neighbouring the target sources in the Kepler short cadence data. These flares have been discarded as contaminants in previous surveys and therefore provide an unexplored resource of flare events, in particular high-energy events from faint stars. We have measured M dwarf flare energies up to 1.5 × 1035 erg, pushing the limit for flare energies measured using Kepler data. We have used our sample to study the flaring activity of wide binaries, finding that the lower mass counterpart in a wide binary flares more often at a given energy. Of the 4430 flares detected in our original search, 298 came from a neighbouring star, a rate of 6.7 ± 0.4 per cent for the Kepler short cadence light curves. We have used our sample to estimate a 5.8 ± 0.1 per cent rate of false positive flare events in studies using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite short cadence data.
On the non-axisymmetric fragmentation of rings generated by the secular gravitational instability
Authors: Pierens Arnaud
Published: January 2021

Ringed structures have been observed in a variety of protoplanetary discs. Among the processes that might be able to generate such features, the Secular Gravitational Instability (SGI) is a possible candidate. It has also been proposed that the SGI might lead to the formation of planetesimals during the non-linear phase of the instability. In this context, we employ two-fluid hydrodynamical simulations with self-gravity to study the non-axisymmetric, non-linear evolution of ringed perturbations that grow under the action of the SGI. We find that the non-linear evolution outcome of the SGI depends mainly on the initial linear growth rate. For SGI growth rates smaller than typically σ ${\lesssim}$ 10−4–10−5 Ω, dissipation resulting from dust feedback introduces a m = 1 spiral wave in the gas, even for Toomre gas stability parameters Qg > 2 for which non-axisymmetric instabilities appear in a purely gaseous disc. This one-armed spiral subsequently traps dust particles until a dust-to-gas ratio ϵ ∼ 1 is achieved. For higher linear growth rates, the dust ring is found to undergo gravitational collapse until the bump in the surface density profile becomes strong enough to trigger the formation of dusty vortices through the Rossby Wave Instability (RWI). Enhancements in dust density resulting from this process are found to scale with the linear growth rate, and can be such that the dust density is higher than the Roche density, leading to the formation of bound clumps. Fragmentation of axisymmetric rings produced by the SGI might therefore appear as a possible process for the formation of planetesimals.
ALMA detection of millimetre 183 GHz H2O maser emission in the Superantennae galaxy at z ∼ 0.06
Authors: Imanishi Masatoshi , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Horiuchi Shinji , Izumi Takuma , Nakanishi Kouichiro
Published: January 2021

We present the results of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) band-5 (∼170 GHz) observations of the merging ultraluminous infrared galaxy, the ‘Superantennae’ (IRAS 19254−7245), at z = 0.0617, which has been diagnosed as containing a luminous obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN). In addition to dense molecular line emission (HCNJ = 2–1, HCO+J = 2–1, and HNC J = 2–1), we detect a highly luminous (∼6 × 10$^{4}\, \mathrm{L}_{\odot }$) 183 GHz H2O 31,3–22,0 emission line. We interpret the strong H2O emission as largely originating in maser amplification in AGN-illuminated dense and warm molecular gas, based on (1) the spatially compact (≲220 pc) nature of the H2O emission, unlike spatially resolved (≳500 pc) dense molecular emission, and (2) a strikingly different velocity profile from, and (3) significantly elevated flux ratio relative to, dense molecular emission lines. H2O maser emission, other than the widely studied 22 GHz 61,6–52,3 line, has been expected to provide important information on the physical properties of gas in the vicinity of a central mass-accreting supermassive black hole (SMBH), because of different excitation energy. We here demonstrate that with highly sensitive ALMA, millimetre 183 GHz H2O maser detection is feasible out to >270 Mpc, opening a new window to scrutinize molecular gas properties around a mass-accreting SMBH far beyond the immediately local Universe.
Voter Registration Among People With HIV in North Carolina
Authors: Schranz Asher J , Belenky Nadya , Moss Haley A , Napravnik Sonia , Rosen David L
Published: January 2021

Persons with HIV (PWH) represent a socially and medically vulnerable population who often depend on public resources. We examined voter registration among PWH in North Carolina. Sixty-four percent were registered to vote. Registration was lower among PWH who were young, Hispanic, publicly insured or uninsured, and who had poor HIV health status.
In Place of a Conclusion
Authors: Issiyeva Adalyat
Published: January 2021

Although the 1917 Russian Revolution brought the collapse of the old regime, the legacy of imperial Russia, with its sophisticated patterns of political and cultural relations with its eastern and southern peoples, survived and continued to exist in the Soviet period, both in the USSR and abroad. Many imperial ethnographers, such as Lev Shternberg and Sergei Oldenburg, decided to ally with the Bolsheviks since they believed that they could both build a modern progressive socialist state and organize its multinational constituents. As Francine Hirsch points out, the Soviet ethnographers, as expert-consultants, played a “far greater role in the work of government than most European or American anthropologists had ever done.”...
Posthuman Bliss?
Authors: Levin Susan B.
Published: January 2021

Transhumanists urge us to pursue the biotechnological heightening of select capacities, above all, cognitive ability, so far beyond any human ceiling that the beings with those capacities would exist on a higher ontological plane. Because transhumanists tout humanity’s self-transcendence via science and technology, and suggest that bioenhancement may be morally required, the human stakes of how we respond to transhumanism are unprecedented and immense. In Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism, Susan B. Levin challenges transhumanists’ overarching commitments regarding the mind, brain, ethics, liberal democracy, knowledge, and reality in a more thoroughgoing and integrated way than has occurred thus far. Her critique shows transhumanists’ notion of humanity’s self-transcendence into “posthumanity” to be pure, albeit seductive, fantasy. Levin’s philosophical conclusions would stand even if, as transhumanists proclaim, science and technology supported their vision of posthumanity. They offer breezy assurances that posthumans will emerge if we but allocate sufficient resources to that end. Yet, far from offering theoretical and practical “proof of concept” for the vision that they urge upon us, transhumanists engage inadequately with cognitive psychology, biology, and neuroscience, often relying on questionable or outdated views within those fields. Having shown in depth why transhumanism should be rejected, Levin defends a holistic perspective on living well that is rooted in Aristotle’s virtue ethics but adapted to liberal democracy. This holism is thoroughly human, in the best of senses. We must jettison transhumanists’ fantasy, both because their arguments fail and because transhumanism fails to do us justice.
Listening and Responding
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

This chapter makes the case that students deserve to be taught how to read texts critically and interrogate norms, givens, and assumptions. This includes re-evaluating what is meant by the word empowerment, revisiting the purpose of raising hands so that the teacher might decide and control who speaks, challenging current discussion techniques that are ostensibly geared toward teaching students how to respond to the comments of others, and interrogating the ubiquitous practice of classroom rules. The goal established here is to help both teachers and students embrace plurality and difference so that social justice is grounded in our engagements with others.
Afterword
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

This chapter brings the book to a close with a brief afterword reflecting on the place of dialogue in the social and the musical, returning always to John Dewey as we think through listening that challenges and moves beyond one-way engagements to genuine dialogue. Vivian Gussin Paley, an early childhood educator, for whom issues of exclusion were always foremost in her mind, helps frame a final consideration of the ways our acts of “intervention” often prevent the affordance of genuine dialogue and thus, voice. Socially just engagements, then, are the new beginnings and pedagogical encounters in which we listen and attend in ways that vow humility, recognition, and agency.
Welfare Reform and Market Conformity
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes the post-1970s neoliberal restructuring of US state welfare that culminated in the 1996 welfare reform act. The authors demonstrate how neoliberal welfare reform, combined with changes in the labor force, has destabilized families and left both low-income mothers and fathers with fewer options for subsistence, particularly during economic downturns. They also show how the devolution of authority for welfare provision from the federal to the state government resulted in state reductions in public assistance during times of economic crisis due to a decline in state tax revenues and because subsidizing businesses in the state was a priority. Further, by viewing the perspectives of couples in the first part of the decade and among fathers after the Great Recession, we see how neoliberal state changes are viewed through a gendered lens.
“I Ain’t No Fucking Check, I’m a Father”
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the authors turn their attention to child support policies that were central to 1996 welfare reform, to the organization of Child Support Enforcement in Connecticut, and to Fatherhood Initiative programs that proliferated across the nation after 1998. They explore how low-income fathers made sense of and responded to this changing landscape, paying particular attention to their gendered locations in the family but also to their different racial experiences. Further, they examine how the reorganization of state welfare and child support enforcement was about “getting the money” in an era of state austerity but also about the institutionalization of symbolic power, through which the courts defined, stigmatized, and managed the lives of a marginalized population, reaffirming racial and class hierarchies.
Public Housing and the Streets
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

In the next two chapters, the authors focus on the most marginalized fathers in the study. While it is apparent that prisons have become institutions for warehousing the most marginalized populations, public housing developments in the 1970s and after provided a similar institutional mechanism—they became depositories for the poorest families in urban America. A little less than one-fourth of the men in this study spent some of their childhood growing up in public housing, and nearly all of them were racial minorities (93 percent). Further, nearly three-quarters of this group were either locked up or unemployed at the time of the interview. This does not include fathers who grew up in surrounding neighborhoods, many of whom had similar reputations as the “PJs” themselves. It is in these urban spaces that fathers became exposed to the drug trade, robberies, and structural and interpersonal violence, and it is here where they became fathers.
Fathering Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the authors look more closely at fathers’ lives on the streets, the ways in which the criminal justice system intersected with and shaped their lives, their experiences of relating with children and mothers while incarcerated, and their perspectives on fatherhood within the institutional interstices of the streets, police, prisons, and community reentry. Key contradictions are examined that challenge marginalized fathers, including reconciling masculinity on the streets with being available and present to children, as well as reconciling norms and expectations of being nurturing fathers with preparing children for living in violent social spaces.
Fathers Making Sense of It All
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the cultural frames and narratives fathers used to represent themselves, tell a coherent story about their lives, and project an identity of themselves into their futures. It was rare that their frames and narratives conveyed an understanding of the systemic class, racial, and ethnic inequalities and barriers that confront them. More generally, fathers were reactive to moralistic discourses that cast them as irresponsible, unreliable, negligent, deadbeat dads. They attempted to derive socially valued identities along a range of symbolic boundaries that included distinguishing themselves from fathers who relied on welfare, from fathers uninvolved in their children’s lives, and, most of all, from their own irresponsible, absent fathers. They adopted individualistic narratives about taking responsibility, “manning up,” and making fatherhood central to their lives. The men imagined themselves doing better and, in nearly all cases, being engaged fathers was at the center of these projected, hopeful constructions.
Understanding Communication and Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

Communication is one of the considerable challenges faced by children with autism. Before a child with autism can learn, their must be able to communicate. This chapter includes information on communication traits and characteristics of persons with autism as well as steps to obtain effective communication with students with autism in the music classroom. Other topics include joint attention, reciprocation, echolalia, receptive and expressive language, and augmentative and alternative communication for students with autism in the music classroom.
Classroom Behavior and Students with Autism
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

Understanding behavior and the intent of a behavior is key to successfully teaching music to children with autism. This chapter includes the following topics: child behavior development and autism; typical behavior interventions and strategies used by special educators; outbursts, meltdowns, and other disruptions; and how routine and schedule interact with a student with autism and their behavior. Specific teacher vignettes with strategies are included.
Autism, Sensory Dysfunction, and Music Education
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

Many people with autism struggle with sensory integration challenges. This may have a large impact on their ability to learn music. This chapter addresses the following topics: understanding sensory challenges; tactile strategies for the music classroom; visual strategies for the music classroom; vestibular and proprioceptive strategies in the music classroom; auditory strategies in the music classroom; sensory motor and motor planning; and how to address self-stimulating sensory behavior in the music classroom. Vignettes from teachers in the field are provided for context.
Classroom and Ensemble Snapshots of Teaching Music to Students with Autism
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter contains short case studies or vignettes that were provided by music teachers in the field who are actively teaching students with autism. It also provides examination and discussion of possible generalizations to all music classrooms. Contributions include the following: classroom-based vignettes and discussion; performance-based vignettes and discussion; and strategies and tips for the music classroom.
Music Teacher Education and Students with Autism
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

As of the publication of this book, 1 in 59 children are diagnosed with autism. Therefore, it is most likely that music teachers will teach a student who is challenged by Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is well known throughout the music education community that often preservice music educators receive knowledge and skills through coursework outside the school or department of music. This chapter is designed to provide the tools and structure for music teachers to learn through well-crafted fieldwork experiences that include time in class with students on the spectrum.
Resources for Music Teachers
Authors: Grimsby Rachel
Published: January 2021

This chapter is intended to offer a wide array of print and media resources related to autism spectrum disorder. These resources include websites that list information on individual diagnoses, information on available therapies, instructional strategies, rights for individuals with autism, advocacy information, and forums for discussion. Apps (applications) for phones and tablets are also listed. These apps either assist in communication or learning, or are apps caregivers may use to support behavior and transitions. Lastly, a list of readings has been provided. Readings include practitioner and scholarly articles, theses, and dissertations, as well as books.
Women and Gender in the Qur'an
Authors: Ibrahim Celene
Published: January 2021

Hundreds of Qur’anic verses pertain to women and girl figures. These figures play pivotal roles in Islamic sacred history, and the Qur’an celebrates the aptitudes of many such figures in the realms of spirituality, politics, and family. Some women are political adversaries of prophets or use their agency in morally corrupt ways; however, the Qur’an presents many more examples of pious women and girls, including those who birth, protect, guide, and inspire prophets. This book outlines how female figures—old, young, barren, fertile, chaste, profligate, saintly, and reproachable—enter Islamic sacred history and advance the Qur’an’s overarching didactic aims. The analysis considers all the major and minor female figures referenced in the Qur’an, including those who appear in narratives of sacred history, in parables, in verses that allude to events contemporaneous with the Qur’an, and in descriptions of the eternal abode. Female personalities appear in the Qur’anic accounts of human origins, in stories of the founding and destruction of nations, and in narratives of conquest, filial devotion, romantic attraction, and more. This work gives attention to these wide-ranging depictions and to themes related to sexual relations, kinship relations, divine-human relationships, female embodiment, and women’s social roles. Analysis focuses on lexical features of the Qur’an, intra-textual resonances, and thematic juxtapositions. The book explores Qur’anic dictates involving gender relations and highlights female spiritual competencies.
Aspects of Neuroplasticity
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

The brain exhibits an impressive degree of plasticity, even as it ages. Plasticity is really an intrinsic feature of the nervous system, not an exceptional or occasional state. Neuroplasticity comprises a family of different types of plasticity. Of these, synaptic plasticity is perhaps the best-understood variety, and it plays an important role in cortical map reorganization and memory consolidation. Cortical map plasticity is of direct relevance to any discussion of modularity. There are two types of cortical map plasticity: intramodal (within a modality) and crossmodal. Crossmodal plasticity is likely to arise from the underlying supramodal (or “metamodal”) organization of the brain.
Modules Reconsidered
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

The previous chapter argued that we ought to regard dissociability as the sine qua non of modularity. As for what in the brain meets this standard of modularity, the only likely candidate will be something resembling a cortical column. But this is not guaranteed. The effects of the neural network context may so compromise a region’s ability to maintain a set of stable input–output relations that it cannot be considered a genuine module. The brain’s network structure poses particular difficulties for modularity, since even if we were to treat nodes as modules, still we could be missing the point—the key to networks lies not in their nodes, but in the structure of their interactions, and these interactions make pinning down what any single node “does” a fraught enterprise. The chapter includes a table of specificity for brain regions.
Are Modules Innate?
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

It should by now be clear that modules are sensitive with respect to such experiences as learning, injury, and sensory deprivation, regardless of how young or mature the organism happens to be. And yet this is not the full story. The brain’s plasticity is definitely constrained. While plasticity is an intrinsic and crucial feature of the nervous system, it is important to emphasize that the brain is not open-endedly plastic. Furthermore, a brain region can be innate in a relatively strong sense and yet fail to reach the threshold characteristics of a genuine module. A bias, after all, is not a specialization.
Saving Faculty Psychology
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

The future of faculty psychology depends in no small part on the productive collaboration between neuroscience and psychology. The argument from multiple realization has posed a significant philosophical stumbling block to this quest in the past. Multiple realization should not be taken as an empirical given—establishing that a kind is multiply realizable takes a good deal of work, as Shapiro has been at pains to show; and even when the existence of an MR kind can be verified, the details of its implementation do not suddenly become irrelevant. Structure and function are two sides of the same coin. Thus the multiple realization argument provides no basis for neglecting the discoveries of neuroscience. Faculty psychology’s strength lies precisely in its willingness to work with neuroscience.
Career Outcomes for Master’s-Level Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides those considering earning a master’s degree in industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology with information about the type of job opportunities available after graduation. Common occupational titles, organizational roles, and salary ranges are identified for both recent I-O graduates and those later in their careers. Job positions reflect a broad range of roles and include talent management, data analytics, human resources, organization development, and consulting. Graduates of I-O psychology master’s programs are primarily working in jobs related to their I-O degree and overwhelming perceive their I-O degree to be valuable. I-O master’s alumni report a high level of career satisfaction and perceive that their I-O skills are highly valued by employers.
Getting a Job
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides readers with critical insights into the nuts and bolts of conducting a job search. Specific actions that industrial-organizational master’s students can take to execute a successful job search are provided. Actions in graduate school that lay a foundation for a successful job search include developing an elevator speech, pursuing internships (paid or unpaid), participating in applied projects, and ensuring a professional social media image. Strategies for completing an application, using applicant tracking systems, writing résumés and cover letters, responding to phone screens, preparing for interviews, and demonstrating job offer etiquette are provided. These strategies enable most job seekers to land one or multiple job offers within six months of graduation.
Enemies of the Cross
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

The present book argues that Martin Luther and his first allies and intra-Reformation critics (Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer) appealed to suffering to teach Christians to distinguish between true and false doctrine, teachers, and experiences. In so doing, they developed and deployed categories of false suffering, in which suffering was received or simply feigned in ways that hardened rather than demolished self-assertion. These ideas were nourished by the reception of teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God received from post-Eckhartian mysticism. Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer developed this mystical inheritance in different directions, each of which intended to shape Christians for differing forms of ecclesial-political dissent: Luther redefined union with God as a union with Christ through faith and the Word, and he counseled Christians to endure persecution as divine work under contraries; Karlstadt described union with God as “sinking into the divine will,” and he upheld this union as a postmortem goal that required, here and now, constant self-accusation and improvement on the part of the individual and the community; Müntzer looked for God to possess souls according to the created order, making Christians into actors for the execution of God’s will on the earthly plane. The democratization of mysticism that so many scholars have attributed to these reformers’ teachings involved a delimitation: mysticism joined to Reformation teaching was used to identify false experiences, false teachers, and ultimately false Christianity.
“No one comes to the living truth except through the way of his nothingness”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes teachings about suffering and union in late-medieval Eckhartian mysticism and illuminates the reformers’ reception of this mysticism through analysis of Luther’s and Karlstadt’s handwritten annotations to Tauler’s Sermons and of printed marginalia in the 1520 Rhau-Grunenberg edition of the German Theology. The chapter shows reformers’ shared interest in Eckhartian teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God, and in related motifs including the critique of self-chosen suffering, the ideal of resignatio ad infernum, the possibility of “suffering without suffering” in union with God, and the status of the “yielded” as vessels or instruments for God’s work. The chapter also argues that the German Theology was useful to reformers particularly in its preoccupation with truth and falsehood. The printed 1520 marginalia focus on sin as Annehmlichkeit and on Gelassenheit as the solution—themes that align with the central motifs of Karlstadt’s teaching of c. 1523–1525.
“I will choose what they ridicule”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

After discussing the interaction of concepts of humility and faith in Luther’s theological development up to 1517, this chapter analyzes Luther’s critique of indulgences and scholastic theology in 1517 and 1518 as a two-front struggle against cross-shirking. Luther taught that suffering, as punishment for sin, should be endured willingly by the contrite; he thus worried on the one hand that Christians were taught to appropriate the benefit of others’ suffering—through indulgences and relics—rather than suffering themselves. On the other hand, Luther criticized those whose vigorous self-mortification and apparently patient suffering merely concealed an unwillingness to endure the humiliation and reduction of their own moral and intellectual resources for earning salvation. Luther criticized scholastic theology and theologians for using reason to construct a theology that reflected and buttressed self-assertion and distrust of God, and he offered suffering as a crucible that would separate true and false theologians and doctrines.
“To where should he who hopes in God come, unless into his own nothingness?”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes vernacular pamphlets published by Luther and Karlstadt between 1519 and 1521. It argues that both reformers developed Eckhartian motifs in their writings, while advancing the Wittenberg movement as a summons to true suffering over and against self-willed doctrine and life. That said, Luther described the annihilation of self-trust and union with Christ through faith, while Karlstadt underlined the need to judge the self and “sink” into the divine will. Both recognized the incompleteness of annihilation and union. By undergoing the mortification of their own reason and will, Christians were promised new capacity to see God at work underneath suffering and through the lowly. Analysis of Luther’s Wartburg Postil shows that teachings about the reduction of the sinner unto nothingness (humiliation) and the need for despair of the self were prominent in Luther’s program for evangelical preaching and found enduring place in the Lutheran preaching tradition.
“Bring about . . . that I may become to myself like a bitter boil”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 examines how Karlstadt unfolded a unique theology and reform program following his public break with Luther. Continuing to engage the Eckhartian tradition, Karlstadt found his center in the goal of “sinking into God’s will,” and he saw earthly life as growth toward the postmortem attainment of this goal, revising the doctrine of purgatory. According to Karlstadt, God exercised divine pedagogy through inward illumination, scripture, and eternally ordained suffering; in turn, Christians were to engage in individual and communal study, self-examination, self-accusation, and improvement. Karlstadt depicted Luther and his Wittenberg allies as enemies of the cross, who refused to sink into God’s will by accusing and denying their own will, and who consequently preferred a practical reform program that did not arouse opposition. This verdict mirrored the verdict against scholastic theology and so-called papists that Luther and Karlstadt shared.
The “Bitter Side of Faith”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 follows the development of Müntzer’s theological views and reform aspirations from his early self-alignment with Wittenberg to his decisive rejection of Wittenberg teachings. Müntzer attacked the Wittenberg dicta of Christ, faith, and scripture alone for offering an easy, outward faith that taught Christians to avoid necessary inward trials. For Müntzer, God moved elect souls through inner Verwunderung, and they needed to yield to God’s work by confronting their unbelief and rejecting creaturely attachments in order to return to the created order, becoming God’s possession and instrument for ecclesial-political action. This chapter contends that Müntzer’s core theological loci were promise and faith, but he gave these terms distinct content reflecting his Eckhartian inheritance. The promise related to God’s possession of souls and to a Spirit-led church; faith was courage to execute God’s will without fear of creaturely opposition. Unbelief was doubt about the truth of Christianity vis-à-vis other religions.
“The Cross and the Impossibility of Faith”
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the exchange between Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer during the Peasants’ War. Each counseled a different response to persecution, rooted in their respective paradigms of annihilation and union. Personal invective around cross-shirking intended to expose opponents’ inability to receive and teach truth. Luther defended the doctrine of salvation extra nos and the stance of waiting for God to reform hearts as true suffering of God’s condemnation of human ideas and inner resources for salvation. Karlstadt and Müntzer continued to trace Luther’s teaching to self-will, while breaking with one another over the legitimacy of violent rebellion. Müntzer saw the Anfechtungen at the birth of faith as a passing trial, after which illumined Christians could execute God’s will against the ungodly. Karlstadt rejected rebellion as contrary to God’s will. Unlike Müntzer, Karlstadt and Luther constrained the revolutionary implications of democratized mysticism—Karlstadt by delaying union, Luther by redefining it.
Epilogue
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

Recent scholarship has often focused on the failure of sixteenth-century reform aspirations; scholars have also questioned the coherence and historical significance of the Reformation. The present study brings into relief a yet-unresolved question underlying these debates: what did reformers want to achieve? Scholars have highlighted numerous goals (relief from the social and psychological burdens of late-medieval religion, Christianization, consolation, certitude); this book views the reformers’ central concern as truth and the alignment of Christian life around truth. Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer agreed that human self-assertion in thinking and willing was the root of religious deception; thus, they agreed in seeing suffering both as key to the reception and perception of truth and as an inevitable consequence of life according to truth in a fallen world. Eckhartian mysticism inspired and aided their work to teach discernment and self-discipline. Such pedagogical efforts continued through the preaching, printed sermons and postils, and devotional literature of the early modern era, and it is inappropriate to pass judgment on the success or failure of the Reformation without attending to that literature.
Growth, Investment, and Savings in Five Year Plans
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter visits major macroeconomic parameters, such as gross domestic product, savings, and investment, and studies their movement, especially the peaks and troughs in the six decades of planning, 1951–2011. The growth performance of the economy is assessed by comparing the realized growth rate with the target set in the Five Year Plans. It identifies the periods when the growth rate failed to meet the target, and pinpoints the reasons behind the shortfall. The growth rates are measured for agriculture, industry, and services sectors, and the structural changes in the economy are explored. Tracing the course of investment in the public and private sector in the mixed-economy framework, it shows how the share of these two sectors in total investment and domestic product altered over time. Finally, it unfolds the nexus between savings, investment, and economic growth that is evident in different phases of the Plan periods.