bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Sensors (3): Optical Sensors
Authors: Kanda Shoji
Published: April 2015

Of all semiconductor sensors, optical sensors and pressure sensors have the longest history. Optical sensors detect the amount and direction of light, and are used for headlamp control and to help improve air conditioning performance.

In the future, the focus of technological development in field of safety systems is likely to shift from passive to active systems. As part of this trend, the requirements of peripheral monitoring systems will increase. As a result, image sensors (i.e., semiconductor cameras) are one type of key optical device that will be installed in greater numbers. Such sensors have already been installed in rear‐view cameras that are used when backing up, peripheral‐view monitors that show top‐view images based on the processing of images around the vehicle, drive recorders that store images when accidents occur, and so on. Sensors have also been developed that use image sensors to measure the movement of the driver's eyes and eyelids and issue a warning to the driver if signs of drowsiness are detected. This chapter describes the principles and applications of optical sensors.
Further results on stable weighted multiple model adaptive control: Discrete‐time stochastic plant
Authors: Zhang Weicun
Published: April 2015

A new weighting algorithm is proposed to relax the convergence conditions and to improve the convergence rate for weighted multiple model adaptive control systems. The stability and convergence of the corresponding weighted multiple model adaptive control systems of two types of stochastic plants, one is linear time‐invariant system (LTI) with unknown parameters, the other is linear time‐varying system with jumping parameters, are proved. Finally, some simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed weighting algorithm and the performance of the closed‐loop control system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and Properties of Fully Strained SrCoOx (x ≈ 2.8) Thin Films on DyScO3
Authors: Hu S. , Yue Z. , Lim J. S. , Callori S. J. , Bertinshaw J. , Ikeda‐Ohno A. , Ohkochi T. , Yang C.‐H. , Wang X. , Ulrich C. , Seidel J.
Published: April 2015

High quality epitaxial SrCoOx (oxygen deficient SrCoO3) thin films were grown on (110) DyScO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition.The disappearance of half order peaks in X‐ray diffraction as well as the XAS at the O K‐edge indicates an oxygen content of x ≈ 2.8 in the thin films. Magnetization measurements reveal that the specific substrate strain suppresses the ferromagnetism found in the corresponding bulk material and the emergence of an antiferromagnetic‐type spin correlation as predicted by theoretical calculations. Our work demonstrates that the magnetism can be tuned by in‐plane strain in SrCoOx thin films.
Single Crystalline GaN Tiles Grown on Si (111) Substrates by Confined Lateral Guided Growth to Eliminate Wafer Bowing
Authors: Song Jie , Chen Danti , Leung Benjamin , Zhang Yu , Han Jung
Published: April 2015

A novel concept termed confined lateral guided growth (CLGG) has been demonstrated to prepare single crystalline GaN microtiles with a goal to create high crystalline quality and strain‐free GaN on large‐sized Si (111) substrates. Uniform array of hexagonal GaN tiles has been created with a diameter of larger than 30 μm for each tile. As revealed by the surface pits density of around 2 × 108 cm−2, the density of dislocations in these GaN tiles has been significantly reduced compared with that obtained typically from a GaN heteroepitaxy on Si (111). The strain in GaN tiles has been dramatically reduced to nearly zero. This approach offers a route to eliminate wafer‐bowing for growing high crystalline quality GaN on Si, especially when the substrate size scales to 12 in and beyond. The growth behavior and mechanism within these confined growth masks are investigated by both finite element modeling and experimental studying, indicating that CLGG is dominated by gas phase diffusion.
Hybrid Graphene–Perovskite Phototransistors with Ultrahigh Responsivity and Gain
Authors: Wang Yusheng , Zhang Yupeng , Lu Yao , Xu Weidong , Mu Haoran , Chen Caiyun , Qiao Hong , Song Jingchao , Li Shaojuan , Sun Baoquan , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Bao Qiaoliang
Published: April 2015

Graphene is an attractive optoelectronic material for light detection because of its broadband light absorption and fast response time. However, the relatively low absorption cross‐section, fast recombination rate, and the absence of gain mechanism have limited the responsivity of pure graphene‐based phototransistor to ≈10−2 A W−1. In this work, a photoconductive gain of ≈109 electrons per photon and a responsivity of ≈6.0 × 105 A W−1 are demonstrated in a hybrid photodetector that consists of monolayer graphene covered with a thin layer of dispersive organolead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr2I) islands. The unprecedented performance is attributed to the effective charge transfer and photogating effect, which were evidenced by photoluminescence quenching, time‐resolved photoluminescence decay, scanning near‐field optical microscopy, and photocurrent mapping. Unlike previous report which used perovskite bulk thin film, the perovskite islands have low bulk recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. The device also shows broad photodetection spectral range from ultraviolet to visible (250–700 nm), affording new opportunities for scalable UV detectors and imaging sensors.
Recent Advances in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Methylation Reactions
Authors: Yan Guobing , Borah Arun Jyoti , Wang Lianggui , Yang Minghua
Published: April 2015

Methylation is one of the most fundamental synthetic transformations in organic chemistry, but usually employs hazardous and toxic reagents, such as methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate, diazomethane and dimethyl carbonate. In order to address sustainable development and green strategies, synthetic chemists have devoted much effort to the discovery and development of new methylating reagents, which are successfully being applied in transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. In this review, recent advances in this area are summarized, mainly including C‐methylation, N‐methylation and O‐methylation. The respective reaction mechanisms are also discussed.

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Tandem Hydroformylation/Acyloin Reaction – The Synergy of Metal Catalysis and Organocatalysis Yielding Acyloins Directly from Olefins
Authors: Ostrowski Karoline A. , Faßbach Thiemo A. , Vorholt Andreas J.
Published: April 2015

A novel, atom efficient, orthogonal tandem catalysis was developed yielding acyloin products (α‐hydroxy ketones) directly from olefins under hydroformylation conditions. The combination of a metal‐catalysed hydroformylation and an organocatalysed acyloin reaction provides three atom efficient CC bond formations to linear, multifunctional molecules via linkage of the intermediate n‐aldehydes. Additionally, the rhodium catalyst system gives a high n/bra ratio with an exclusive conversion of the terminal double bond in the hydroformylation and the n‐aldehydes are converted selectively to their acyloins.

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Phenyliodine Diacetate‐Mediated Intramolecular C(sp2)H Amidation for 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazole Synthesis under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Maiti Saikat , Mal Prasenjit
Published: April 2015

A transition metal‐free, hypervalent iodine(III) reagent [phenyliodine diacetate (PIDA)]‐mediated C(sp2)H amidation in trifluoroethanol (TFE) has been developed. The intramolecular coupling methodology presented here provides a direct access to 1,2‐disubstituted multifunctional benzimidazoles in good to excellent yields. The reactions were performed in the open air and at ambient temperature, and were found to be eco‐friendly and atom‐economical.

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Iridium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Aromatic Imines with 1,3‐Dienes via Direct Functionalization of an Aromatic CH Bond
Authors: Ebe Yusuke , Hatano Miyuki , Nishimura Takahiro
Published: April 2015

The [3+2] annulation of N‐sulfonyl aromatic imines with 1,3‐dienes proceeded via a direct CH functionalization to give 1‐aminoindane derivatives in high yields with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities. The iridium complex coordinated with a substrate 1,3‐diene displayed high catalytic activity. The reaction proceeds via the direct formation of the aryliridium(I) species from the aromatic aldimine and an iridium(I) acetate species via a concerted metalation‐deprotonation pathway.

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Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formate Catalyzed by a Copper/1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene System
Authors: Watari Ryo , Kayaki Yoshihito , Hirano Shin‐ichi , Matsumoto Norio , Ikariya Takao
Published: April 2015

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formate was achieved using copper (Cu) catalysts in the presence of strong organic bases including amidines and guanidines. Specifically, 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) proved to be effective for the transformation of a 1:1 mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide into its formate salt under increased pressure in the presence of various Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts at 100 °C. A novel complex derived from copper iodide and DBU equally promoted the same reaction, indicating that DBU–Cu species are involved as real catalysts in this hydrogenation.

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Styrene/Butadiene Rubber Prepared by Anionic Bulk Polymerization in a Twin‐Screw Extruder
Authors: Wang Jiming , Shan Dong , Yang Long , Liu Weixing , Chen Bo , Zheng Anna
Published: April 2015

Styrene/butadiene rubber (SBR) was prepared by anionic polymerization using a twin screw extruder as the reactor. To study the relationship between microstructure and phase morphology, three SBRs were synthesized using different initiator complexes. With the addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF), the vinyl content of butadiene increased; the microstructure of SBRs was randomized, simultaneously. Transmission electron microscope and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the compatibility of the two components became better with the increasing relative mass of the THF. The method used in this paper provides an environmentally friendly way to synthesize SBR, which is always synthesized through anionic solution polymerization.
Market Dynamics Associated with Canadian Ethnic Vegetable Production
Authors: Campbell Benjamin L. , Mhlanga Saneliso , Lesschaeve Isabelle
Published: April 2015

Ethno‐cultural vegetables are increasingly in demand in Canada. Little research has examined differences in cultural preferences for these vegetables. Using conjoint analysis within an online survey of Canada and key export markets in the U.S., we examine consumer preference for external attributes of several (okra, yardlong bean, and Asian long purple eggplant) ethno‐cultural vegetables. Further, we examine how wide‐scale introduction of U.S., Ontario, and Quebec vegetables into Ontario impacts the market. Our results indicate differences between ethnic heritage group preferences. We find home country bias as most ethnic groups positively value product from their home country. Results also indicate that the value of external quality, such as freshness, appearance, size, and firmness, on the purchase decision is different across ethnic heritage groups. We also find that the introduction of Ontario product competes well with U.S. product in Ontario, however, Quebec product could be the biggest competitor to Ontario production.
Targeted Detection of G‐Quadruplexes in Cellular RNAs
Authors: Kwok Chun Kit , Balasubramanian Shankar
Published: April 2015

The G‐quadruplex (G4) is a non‐canonical nucleic acid structure which regulates important cellular processes. RNA G4s have recently been shown to exist in human cells and be biologically significant. Described herein is a new approach to detect and map RNA G4s in cellular transcripts. This method exploits the specific control of RNA G4–cation and RNA G4–ligand interactions during reverse transcription, by using a selective reverse transcriptase to monitor RNA G4‐mediated reverse transcriptase stalling (RTS) events. Importantly, a ligation‐amplification strategy is coupled with RTS, and enables detection and mapping of G4s in important, low‐abundance cellular RNAs. Strong evidence is provided for G4 formation in full‐length cellular human telomerase RNA, offering important insights into its cellular function.
Design, Synthesis, and Application of a Chiral Sulfinamide Phosphine Catalyst for the Enantioselective Intramolecular Rauhut–Currier Reaction
Authors: Su Xiao , Zhou Wei , Li Yangyan , Zhang Junliang
Published: April 2015

A novel class of chiral sulfinamide phosphine catalysts (Xiao‐Phos) are reported, which can be easily prepared from inexpensive commercially available starting materials. The Xiao‐Phos catalysts showed good performance in enantioselective intramolecular Rauhut–Currier reactions, generating α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones in high yields with up to 99 % ee under mild conditions. Moreover, kinetic resolution and parallel kinetic resolution were also observed with the use of two different substituted racemic precursors.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Gold Vinylidene Complex Lacking π‐Conjugated Heteroatoms
Authors: Harris Robert J. , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: April 2015

Hydride abstraction from the gold (disilyl)ethylacetylide complex [(P)Au{η1‐CCSi(Me)2CH2CH2SiMe2H}] (P=P(tBu)2o‐biphenyl) with triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate at −20 °C formed the cationic gold (β,β‐disilyl)vinylidene complex [(P)AuCCSi(Me)2CH2CH2Si(Me)2]+B(C6F5)4− with ≥90 % selectivity. 29Si NMR analysis of this complex pointed to delocalization of positive charge onto both the β‐silyl groups and the (P)Au fragment. The C1 and C2 carbon atoms of the vinylidene complex underwent facile interconversion (ΔG≠=9.7 kcal mol−1), presumably via the gold π‐disilacyclohexyne intermediate [(P)Au{η2‐CCSi(Me)2CH2CH2Si(Me)2}]+B(C6F5)4−.
Tuning the Metal–Support Interaction by Structural Recognition of Cobalt‐Based Catalyst Precursors
Authors: Larmier Kim , Chizallet Céline , Raybaud Pascal
Published: April 2015

Controlling the nature and size of cobalt(II) polynuclear precursors on γ‐alumina and silica‐alumina supports represents a challenge for the synthesis of optimal cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts. By density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show how after drying the interaction of cobalt(II) precursor on γ‐alumina is driven by a structural recognition phenomenon, leading to the formation of an epitaxial Co(OH)2 precipitate involving a Co–Al hydrotalcite‐like interface. On a silica‐alumina surface, this phenomenon is prevented due to the passivation effect of silica domains. This finding opens new routes to tune the metal–support interaction at the synthesis step of heterogeneous catalysts.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Novel Symmetric Sulfamides Derived from Phenethylamines
Authors: Aksu Kadir , Topal Fevzi , Gulcin İlhami , Tümer Ferhan , Göksu Süleyman
Published: April 2015

The antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of novel symmetric sulfamides derived from phenethylamines were evaluated. Phenethylamines 8–11 were reacted with SO2Cl2 in the presence of Et3N to afford sulfamides in good yields. The synthesized sulfamides were converted to their phenolic derivatives with BBr3. We elucidated the antioxidant activity of novel symmetric sulfamides by using different bioanalytical assays. For this purpose, the radical scavenging activities of the novel symmetric sulfamides were assessed by DPPH•, ABTS•+, DMPD•+, and O2•– radical scavenging tests. In addition, the reducing abilities of the novel symmetric sulfamides were evaluated by Fe3+‐Fe2+ reducing, Cu2+‐Cu+ reducing, and [Fe3+‐(TPTZ)2]3+‐[Fe2+‐(TPTZ)2]2+ reducing activity tests. Also, the Fe2+ chelating activity by the pipyrdyl reagent and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the novel symmetric sulfamides were studied. Especially, the novel phenolic and symmetric sulfamides 16–19 showed high antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. On the other hand, IC50 values were calculated for the DPPH•, ABTS•+, DMPD•+, and O2•–scavenging, the metal chelating, and the acetylcholinesterase inhibition effects of the novel symmetric sulfamides.
Robust Adaptive Control of Uncertain Stochastic Hamiltonian Systems with Time Varying Delay
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Peng Lianghong
Published: April 2015

This paper investigates the robust adaptive control problem for a class of time‐delay stochastic Hamiltonian systems. The system under study involves stochastics, parameter uncertaintiess, and time varying delay. The aim of this study is to design an uncertainty‐independent adaptive control law such that, for all admissible uncertainties, as well as stochastics, the closed‐loop Hamiltonian system is robustly asymptotically stable in mean square. Sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the rationality and validity of the proposed control laws, which are derived based on Lyapunov functional method. The performance of the controllers is validated through digital simulations.
Overexpression and purification of HSV‐2 glycoprotein D in suspension CHO cells with serum‐free medium and immunogenicity analysis
Authors: Qi Yong , Xu Yueyue , Pan Ying , Li Suqin , Li Bingjun , Pan Mingjie , Zhang Shumin , Li Yuexi
Published: April 2015

Glycoprotein D (gD2) is the most important candidate antigen for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) vaccine development. Establishment of a stable eukaryotic cell line to overexpress gD2 and an efficient purification process to purify is essential for the development of subunit vaccine against HSV‐2. The DNA sequence of the extracellular epitope‐rich fragment of gD2 was optimized, chemically synthesized, and cloned into plasmid pMD902. The recombinant plasmid pMD902‐gD was stably transfected into CHO‐DG44 cells, and cell lines with high levels of expression of gD2 were established. The recombinant gD2 was purified efficiently using an anion exchange column and a Sephadex G‐25 desalting column. The yield of the purified gD2 was 57 mg/L of serum‐free culture medium, and its purity was determined to be about 95% by HPLC analysis. Finally, the immunogenicity of the purified gD2 was measured and it induced strong and specific humoral immunity and higher level of cellular immune response than gD2 expressed in prokaryotic cells. We established a stable, secretory, and high‐yield gD2‐expression cell line and an easy and efficient gD2‐purification process, which lays the foundation for preparation of large amount of gD2 that is essential for HSV‐2 subunit vaccine development.
Stimulating the biosynthesis of antroquinonol by addition of effectors and soybean oil in submerged fermentation of Antrodia camphorata
Authors: Hu Yong‐Dan , Lu Rui‐Qiu , Liao Xiang‐Ru , Zhang Bo‐Bo , Xu Gan‐Rong
Published: April 2015

Antrodia camphorata is a precious medicinal mushroom that has attracted increasing attentions. Antroquinonol has been considered as being among the most biologically active components of A. camphorata. However, it was hardly biosynthesized via conventional submerged fermentation. Two approaches were applied to stimulate the biosynthesis of antroquinonol in submerged fermentation. On one hand, different kinds of effectors that may involve in the antroquinonol biosynthesis were investigated. Among the tested effectors, camphorwood leach liquor was the most effective for stimulating the antroquinonol production. On the other hand, because of the hydrophobic characteristics of antroquinonol, soybean oil was added to establish an extractive fermentation system for alleviating the product inhibition and resulting in enhanced productivity. The highest antroquinonol concentration could be achieved at 89.06 ± 0.14 mg/L when 10% (v/v) soybean oil was added at the beginning of the fermentation. This study will be of great significance for the study of A. camphorata and the bioprocess regulation of antroquinonol production.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of 2‐pyridylacetic acid, a major metabolite of betahistine, in a phase 1 dose escalation study in subjects with ADHD
Authors: Moorthy Ganesh , Sallee Floyd , Gabbita Prasad , Zemlan Frank , Sallans Larry , Desai Pankaj B.
Published: April 2015

Betahistine, a potent histamine H3 receptor antagonist, is being developed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that manifests with symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of betahistine in ADHD subjects at doses higher than 50 mg. These assessments were made during a randomized, placebo‐controlled, single blind, dose escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of once daily doses of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg of betahistine in subjects with ADHD. Plasma levels of 2‐pyridylacetic acid (2‐PAA), a major metabolite of betahistine were quantified using a validated LC‐MS/MS method and used for pharmacokinetic analysis and dose proportionality of betahistine. A linear relationship was observed in Cmax and AUC0‐4 of 2‐PAA with the betahistine dose (R2 0.9989 and 0.9978, respectively) and dose proportionality coefficients (β) for the power model were 0.8684 (Cmax) and 1.007 (AUC0‐4). A population pharmacokinetic model with first‐order absorption of betahistine and metabolism to 2‐PAA, followed by a first‐order elimination of 2‐PAA provides estimates of clearance that underscored the linear increase in systemic exposure with dose. There were no serious adverse events reported in the study, betahistine was safe and well tolerated at all the dose levels tested. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A P300‐based cognitive assessment battery
Authors: Kirschner Aaron , Cruse Damian , Chennu Srivas , Owen Adrian M. , Hampshire Adam
Published: April 2015

Background

It is well established that some patients who are diagnosed as being in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state show reliable signs of volition that may only be detected by measuring neural responses. A pertinent question is whether these patients are capable of higher cognitive processes.

Methods

Here, we develop a series of EEG paradigms that probe several core aspects of cognition at the bedside without the need for motor responses and explore the sensitivity of this approach in a group of healthy controls.

Results

Using analysis of ERPs alone, this method can determine with high reliability whether individual participants are able to attend a stimulus stream, maintain items in working memory, or solve complex grammatical reasoning problems.

Conclusion

We suggest that this approach could form the basis of a brain‐based battery for assessing higher cognition in patients with severe motor impairments or disorders of consciousness.
The effect of the dimensions of the distal femur and proximal tibia joint surfaces on the development of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Işik Derya , Işik Çetin , Apaydin Nihal , Üstü Yusuf , Uğurlu Mahmut , Bozkurt Murat
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to determine whether the dimensions of the distal femur and proximal tibia joint surfaces affect the etiology of knee osteoarthritis (OA). The study comprised the records of 1,324 patients who had been admitted to hospital with knee pain. Anterioposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of the knee were taken. Using the Kellgren‐Lawrence Scale, the patient group comprised Stages 2, 3, and 4 radiographs and the controls comprised Stages 0 and 1 radiographs. Four lengths were measured for each patient in both groups: femur mediolateral (femur ML), tibia mediolateral (tibia ML), femur anteroposterior (femur AP), and tibia anteroposterior (tibia AP). Osteophytes were not included in the measurements in the patient group. All the measurements were repeated by two researchers at two different times. The groups were compared in terms of these measurements and the correlations between them. The mean femur ML length was significantly greater in the patient group than the control group (P = 0.032) and the mean femur AP length was significantly less (P = 0.037). In addition, the difference between the femur ML and AP lengths was significantly high in the patient group (P < 0.001). The difference between the tibia and femur ML lengths was significantly high in the patient group (P < 0.001) and the difference between the tibia and femur AP lengths was higher in the control group (P = 0.001). A longer femur ML and a shorter femur AP, together with a greater difference between these two lengths and a greater difference between the tibia ML and femur ML lengths, could be a risk factor for developing knee OA. More extensive anatomical and biomechanical studies in the future will enable these results to be corroborated. Clin. Anat. 28:672–677, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching visual impact assessment at a master level
Authors: Manchado Cristina , Gomez‐Jauregui Valentin , Manero Gorka , Carrasco César , Otero César
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this article is to describe a Master level subject on Visual Impact Assessment, presenting its most noteworthy contents, academic features, methodology, and technology. It also presents some practical results extracted from some outstanding final works submitted by the students during the academic year 2012–2013. These works can give a clear idea about the degree of achievement regarding competences and skills that students can achieve. As Visual Impact Assessment is a compulsory requirement in an Environmental Impact Assessment document, it needs to become incorporated in the professional curriculum and, therefore, needs to be taught in the classroom, for instance at an academic Master level. This paper describes a way to address it. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:703–714, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21643
JNK and NFκB dependence of apoptosis induced by vinblastine in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells
Authors: Calviño Eva , Tejedor M. Cristina , Sancho Pilar , Herráez Angel , Diez José C.
Published: April 2015

The relationship between the mitogen‐activated protein kinase response, nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) expression and the apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia NB4 cells treated with vinblastine was investigated in this work. Cell viability, subdiploid DNA and cell cycle were analysed by propidium iodide permeability and flow cytometry analyses. Apoptosis was determined by annexin V‐Fluorescein isothiocyanate assays. Western‐blot analysis was used for determination of expression levels of apoptotic factors (p53, Bax and Bcl2), intracellular kinases [serine/threonine‐specific protein kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)], NFκB factor and caspases. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was usefully applied to study DNA‐NFκB interaction. In NB4 cells, vinblastine produces alteration of p53 and DNA fragmentation. Vinblastine treatment had an antiproliferative effect via the induction of apoptosis producing Bax/Bcl‐2 imbalance. Vinblastine treatment suppressed NFκB expression and depressed NFκB‐DNA binding activity while maintaining JNK activation that subsequently resulted in apoptotic response through caspase‐dependent pathway. Our study provides a possible anti‐cancer mechanism of vinblastine action on NB4 cells by deregulation of the intracellular signalling cascade affecting to JNK activation and NFκB expression. Moreover, JNK activation and NFκB depression can be very significant factors in apoptosis induction by vinblastine. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chinese medicine Tongxinluo increases tight junction protein levels by inducing KLF5 expression in microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Li Li‐Min , Zheng Bing , Zhang Ruo‐Nan , Jin Li‐Shuang , Zheng Cui‐Ying , Wang Chang , Zhou Pei‐Pei , Guo Zong‐Wei , Ma Dong , Wen Jin‐Kun
Published: April 2015

Tongxinluo (TXL) is a compound prescription formulated according to the meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine. It may play an important role in cardiovascular protection by improving endothelial cell function. The aim of present study was to investigate whether endothelial protection with TXL is related to its regulation of tight junction protein expression. Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) were cultured and treated with 10−7 mol l−1 angiotensin II (Ang II) and the different doses of TXL; the expression of tight junction proteins occludin, claudin, VE‐cadherin and beta‐catenin was determined by Western blotting and real‐time PCR. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function of Krüppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5) were carried out in HCMEC transfected with either KLF5 adenovirus pAd‐KLF5 or siRNA specific for KLF5. Angiotensinogen transgenic mice were treated with TXL by oral administration of TXL of 0.75 g kg−1 day−1, and immunohistochemical staining was performed with antioccludin, anticlaudin, anti‐VE‐cadherin, antibeta‐catenin and anti‐KLF5 antibodies. Ang II treatment significantly reduced the expression of tight junction proteins occludin, claudin, VE‐cadherin and beta‐catenin in cultured HCMECs. TXL pretreatment could abrogate the down‐regulation of these tight junction proteins induced by Ang II. Ang II treatment also decreased KLF5 expression at the mRNA and protein levels; TXL pretreatment markedly reversed the inhibitory effect of Ang II on KLF5 expression. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function of KLF5 showed that KLF5 mediated the expression of tight junction proteins in HCMECs. TXL‐enhanced expression of the tight junction proteins was mediated by KLF5. In angiotensinogen transgenic mice, TXL also increased the tight junction protein levels by inducing KLF5 expression. Chinese medicine TXL increases tight junction protein levels by inducing KLF5 expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Just Do It!” redux
Authors: Hakeem Abdul , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: April 2015

Key Points

Several pharmacological agents and intracoronary administration of agents correlate well with the gold standard of intravenous adenosine for FFR measurement.

Different degrees of hemodynamic changes from pharmacological agents do not affect FFR of a particular lesion.

It is rare (<1%) that one pharmacological agent will show an ischemic response and another agent will not.
Prospective multicentre clinical performance evaluation of second and third generation zotarolimus‐eluting stents to treat patients with bifurcated coronary lesions
Authors: Burzotta Francesco , Summaria Francesco , Latib Azeem , De Vita Maria , Fantoni Cecilia , Benedetto Stefano , Turturo Maurizio , Larosa Claudio , Manzoli Alessandro , Trani Carlo
Published: April 2015

Aim

To assess the “real world” clinical outcome of patients with bifurcated lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of second and third generations of zotarolimus‐eluting stent.

Methods and Results

Nine Italian centres participated in a prospective multicentre clinical project evaluating the outcome of patients receiving zotarolimus‐eluting Resolute stent and Resolute Integrity stents. Patients with bifurcated lesions entered this evaluation. Clinical characteristics and angiographic and procedural details were prospectively recorded. Clinical outcome was prospectively assessed to evaluate the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). A total of 577 patients were enrolled. The target lesion was distal left main in 11.1% and left anterior descending artery in 52.8%, and 30.3% of lesions were Medina 1,1,1. At a mean follow‐up time of 27.0 ± 13.5 months, the survival free from MACE was 91.8%. Survival free from MACE was similar in patients grouped according to different bifurcated lesion complexity. On the contrary, patients receiving a single stent had better survival free from MACE as compared with those with double stent (P = 0.005). At multivariable analysis, double stenting (but not bifurcated lesion complexity) was found to be a significant predictor of MACE (hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–4.94; P = 0.007). Of note, patients receiving the second stent as a bail‐out had worse survival free from MACE compared with those who received it as a planned technique (P = 0.045).

Conclusion

The treatment of patients with bifurcated lesions with second and third generation zotarolimus‐eluting stents is associated with good long‐term clinical outcomes. Clinical outcome seems to be independent of lesion complexity, but may be influenced by the stenting technique (single or double stenting as well as elective or bail‐out double stenting). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrooxidation of Ammonia at Tuned (100)Pt Surfaces by using Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Galipaud Jules , Roy Claudie , Martin Manuel H. , Garbarino Sébastien , Roué Lionel , Guay Daniel
Published: April 2015

PtxNi100−x thin films (72≤x≤100, 10–25 nm thick) were deposited on MgO (100) substrates by using pulsed laser deposition. As shown from X‐ray diffraction analysis, the formation of a Pt(Ni) solid solution was observed over the Ni range investigated. All PtNi‐based films showed epitaxial growth in the (100) direction at 350 °C, which is in contrast to pure Pt films, where a Ni seeding layer was required to obtain epitaxial deposits at this temperature. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth‐profile analyses showed a Ni enrichment at the PtNi/MgO interface, which may be at the origin of the epitaxial growth in the alloys. After immersion in acidic media, Ni atoms are totally dissolved from the first ten atomic layers of the PtNi films, forming pure Pt electrodes. On the basis of underpotential‐deposited hydrogen electrochemical analyses, a (100) preferential surface orientation of the crystallites originating from epitaxial growth was confirmed on both Ptseeded and PtxNi100−x films. It was shown that the fraction of (100) terraces and terrace edge sites are a determining factor in the electrooxidation of NH3. The highest electrocatalytic activity was observed with the Ptseeded film.
Synthesis of Triazine‐Based Materials by Functionalization with Alkynes
Authors: Braml Nicole E. , Stegbauer Linus , Lotsch Bettina V. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

In this contribution, we report on novel functionalized triazines, which represent new precursors for C/N/(H) compounds or suitable building blocks for carbon‐based functional networks. Our results provide insights into the structural properties of molecular carbon nitride materials and their design principles. Tris(1‐propynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (C3N3(C3H3)3) and tris(1‐butynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (C3N3(C4H5)3) were prepared by substitution reactions of cyanuric chloride (C3N3Cl3) with prop‐1‐yne and but‐1‐yne. The crystal structure of tris(1‐propynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine was solved in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn (Z=4, a=1500.06 (14), b=991.48(10), c=754.42(6) pm, V=1122.03(18)×106 pm3), whereas tris(1‐butynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine crystallized in the triclinic space group P−1 (Z=6, a=1068.36(12), b=1208.68(12), c=1599.38(16) pm, α=86.67(3), β=86.890(4), γ=86.890(4)°, V=1997.7(4)×106 pm3). For both structures, planar triazine units and layerlike packing of the molecules were observed. Tris(1‐propynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine is built up from hydrogen‐bonded zig‐zag strands, whereas tris(1‐butynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine shows parallel layered arrangements. Both compounds were investigated by NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis, which provided insights into their structural, chemical, and thermal properties. In addition, tris(1‐propynyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine was pyrolyzed and a new polymeric triazine‐based compound containing mesitylene units was obtained. Its structural features and properties are discussed in detail.
Design and Stereoselective Synthesis of ProM‐2: A Spirocyclic Diproline Mimetic with Polyproline Type II (PPII) Helix Conformation
Authors: Reuter Cédric , Opitz Robert , Soicke Arne , Dohmen Stephan , Barone Matthias , Chiha Slim , Klein Marco Tobias , Neudörfl Jörg‐Martin , Kühne Ronald , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: April 2015

With the aim of developing polyproline type II helix (PPII) secondary‐structure mimetics for the modulation of prolin‐rich‐mediated protein–protein interactions, the novel diproline mimetic ProM‐2 was designed by bridging the two pyrrolidine rings of a diproline (Pro–Pro) unit through a Z‐vinylidene moiety. This scaffold, which closely resembles a section of a PPII helix, was then stereoselectively synthesized by exploiting a ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) as a late key step. The required vinylproline building blocks, that is, (R)‐N‐Boc‐2‐vinylproline (Boc=tert‐butyloxycarbonyl) and (S,S)‐5‐vinylproline‐tert‐butyl ester, were prepared on a gram scale as pure stereoisomers. The difficult peptide coupling of the sterically demanding building blocks was achieved in good yield and without epimerization by using 2‐(1H‐7‐azabenzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU)/N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA). The RCM proceeded smoothly in the presence of the Grubbs II catalyst. Stereostructural assignments for several intermediates were secured by X‐ray crystallography. As a proof of concept, it was shown that certain peptides containing ProM‐2 exhibited improved (canonical) binding towards the Ena/VASP homology 1 (EVH1) domain as a relevant protein interaction target.
A {Co4O4} Cubane Incorporated within a Polyoxoniobate Cluster
Authors: Liang Zhijie , Zhang Dongdi , Ma Pengtao , Niu Jingyang , Wang Jingping
Published: April 2015

A novel octacobalt‐containing polyoxoniobate, Na6K12[H2Co8O4(Nb6O19)4]⋅39 H2O, has been prepared by a combination of hydrothermal and diffusion methods. The polyanion [H2Co8O4(Nb6O19)4]18− incorporates a tetrameric assembly of Lindqvist‐type [Nb6O19]8− fragments trapping a {CoII4CoIII4} cluster which comprises a central {CoIII4O4} cubane core, surrounded by another four CoII ions linkers. Furthermore, magnetic measurements show that the compound exhibits antiferromagnetic interactions.
Construction of the Isocopalane Skeleton: Application of a Desulfinylative 1,7‐Hydrogen Atom Transfer Strategy
Authors: Xiao Xiong , Xu ZhongYu , Zeng Qian‐Ding , Chen Xi‐Bo , Ji Wen‐Hao , Han Ying , Wu PeiYing , Ren Jiangmeng , Zeng Bu‐Bing
Published: April 2015

Two attractive chirons, aldehyde 6 and chloride 7, exhibiting functionalized ent‐spongiane‐type tricyclic skeletons (ABC ring system), have been constructed and their absolute configurations have been studied by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both of these chirons are derived from commercially available andrographolide in good yield. Aldehyde 6 is obtained through a novel K2S2O8‐catalyzed aquatic ring‐closing reaction of allylic sodium sulfonate and intramolecular 1,7‐hydrogen atom transfer process. Further mechanistic investigations demonstrate that the 1,7‐hydrogen atom transfer is a free‐radical process, whereby hydrogen migrates from C18 to C17, as evidenced by double‐18‐ deuterium‐labeled isotope experiments. Prospective applications of these two chiral sources are also discussed.
Direct Aromatic CH Trifluoromethylation via an Electron‐Donor–Acceptor Complex
Authors: Cheng Yuanzheng , Yuan Xiangai , Ma Jing , Yu Shouyun
Published: April 2015

A novel electron‐donor–acceptor (EDA) complex‐mediated direct CH trifluoromethylation of arenes with Umemoto’s reagent has been developed. This transformation has been enabled by an unprecedented EDA complex formed by Umemoto’s reagent and an amine, which was supported by experiments and theoretical calculations. The radical‐based methodology presented here allows to access highly‐functionalized trifluoromethyl arenes in up to 81 % chemical yield.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols under N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Sánchez‐Díez Eduardo , Fernández Maitane , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa , Vicario Jose L.
Published: April 2015

A straightforward procedure to carry out the enantioselective benzoin reaction between aldehydes and ynones by employing a chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as catalyst was developed. Under the optimized reaction conditions, these ynones undergo a clean and selective 1,2‐addition with the catalytically generated Breslow intermediate, not observing any byproduct arising from competitive Stetter‐type reactivity. This procedure allows the preparation of tertiary alkynyl carbinols as highly enantioenriched materials, which have the remarkable potential to be used as chiral building blocks in organic synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure Determination of Ag3Pb4Bi11Se22 by Microfocussed Synchrotron Radiation.
Authors: Heinke Frank , Meyer Ralf , Wagner Gerald , Oeckler Oliver
Published: April 2015

Sintered crystallites of nominal composition Ag0.68Pb0.61Bi2.28Se5 are prepared by melting of the elements under Ar (SiO2 tube, 873 K, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Mg0.39(2)NiSn1.61(2) and Mg2.61(2)Ni4Sn3.39(2) Featuring Mg/Sn Atom Networks with Different Connections of Ni@(Mg/Sn)8 Coordination Polyhedra.
Authors: Siggelkow Lisa , Hlukhyy Viktor , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: April 2015

Mg0.39NiSn1.61 (I) and Mg2.61Ni4Sn3.39 (II) are prepared by melting of the elements (sealed Ta ampoules, 700 °C, 2 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: The Stannides Nd3Pd5Sn5, Gd3Pd4.96(1)Sn5, and GdPdSn.
Authors: Heying Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: April 2015

Nd3Pd5Sn5 and Gd3Pd4.96Sn5 are obtained by arc‐melting of the elements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Novel KSrPO4:Dy3+ Phosphor.
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐wei , Song Ai‐jun , Song Shi‐tao , Zhang Jian‐ping , Zhang Wei‐guo , Wang Dong‐jun
Published: April 2015

KSrPO4:Dy3+ is prepared by sintering stoichiometric amounts of K2CO3, SrCO3, (NH4)2HPO4, and Dy2O3 in air (1150 °C, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Jalpaite Ag3CuS2: A Novel Promising Ternary Sulfide Absorber Material for Solar Cells.
Authors: Liu Zhifeng , Han Jianhua , Guo Keying , Zhang Xueqi , Hong Tiantian
Published: April 2015

Ag3CuS2 modified ZnO nanoarrays on ITO (indium tin oxide) substrates for inorganic/organic hybrid solar cells are prepared by chemical etching of ZnO nanorods with 0.1 M thioacetamide to form ZnS shell/ZnO core nanotubes.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Frustrated Double Perovskites: Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Magnetic Order of Sr2BOsO6 (B: Y, In, Sc).
Authors: Jansen Martin , et al.
Published: April 2015

Sr2BOsO6 (B: Y, In, and Sc) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of the respective binary metal oxides (corundum crucible in sealed quartz tubes under Ar, 950‐960 °C, 100 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Na3B4O7X (X: Cl, Br): Two New Borate Halides with a 1D Na‐X (X: Cl, Br) Chain Formed by the Face‐Sharing XNa6 Octahedra.
Authors: Bai Chunyan , Han Shujuan , Pan Shilie , Zhang Bingbing , Yang Yun , Li Lin , Yang Zhihua
Published: April 2015

Single crystals of Na3B4O7X (X: Cl, Br) are grown by spontaneous crystallization from a 1:1:3 molar mixture of Na2CO3, NaCl (NaBr), and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 750 °C, 12 h;.
ChemInform Abstract: The Orthoperiodates of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium.
Authors: Hummel Thorsten , Salk Florian , Stroebele Markus , Enseling David , Juestel Thomas , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: April 2015

M5(IO6)2 (M: Ca, Sr, Ba) are prepared by solid‐state reactions of metal iodides or metal iodates in air.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure Determination and Electronic Structure of Magnesium Nitride Chloride, Mg2NCl.
Authors: Li Yanqing , George Janine , Liu Xiaohui , Dronskowski Richard
Published: April 2015

Mg2NCl is prepared by solid‐solid reaction of a 1:1 molar mixture of Mg3N2 and MgCl2 (evacuated quartz tubes, 500 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: SrBa2(NH2)6: A New Ternary Amide from Ammonothermal Synthesis.
Authors: Hertrampf Jan , Alt Nicolas S. A. , Schluecker Eberhard , Niewa Rainer
Published: April 2015

Single crystals of SrBa2(NH2)6 are obtained from the ammonothermal reaction of Ba and Sr (Ni alloy 718 autoclave, 180 MPa NH3, 573 K, 36 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Tin‐Ordering in RE3Rh9Si2Sn3 (RE: Y, Sm, Gd ‐ Lu).
Authors: Vosswinkel Daniel , Niehaus Oliver , Gerke Birgit , Benndorf Christopher , Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer
Published: April 2015

Polycrystalline samples of Ln3Rh9Si2Sn3 (Ln: Y, Sm, Gd ‐ Lu) are obtained by arc melting of stoichiometric amounts of the elements followed by annealing (evacuated silica tubes, 1270 K (Y, Tb, Dy) or 1470 K (Gd, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu), 96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Rationally Designed Multifunctional Supramolecular Iminium Catalysis: Direct Vinylogous Michael Addition of Unmodified Linear Dienol Substrates.
Authors: Gu Yun , Wang Yao , Yu Tian‐Yang , Liang Yong‐Min , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: April 2015

The first direct vinylogous Michael addition of unmodified linear substrates to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes by employing a rationally designed multifunctional supramolecular iminium catalysis strategy is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Benzyne with Olefins.
Authors: Chen Zhao , Han Xie , Liang Jin‐Hua , Yin Jun , Yu Guang‐Ao , Liu Sheng‐Hua
Published: April 2015

Effective routes for the synthesis of benzocyclobutenes, biaryl compounds and 9,10‐dihydrophenanthrene derivatives are developed using novel cycloaddition reactions of benzyne with olefins in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Diyne Esters to 1H‐Cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes, cis‐Cyclopenten‐2‐yl δ‐diketones, and Bicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐1,5‐dienes.
Authors: Li Dan , Rao Weidong , Tay Guan Liang , Ayers Benjamin James , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: April 2015

The reaction outcome is controlled by the electronic and steric differences of the diverse gold complexes applied.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Oxyacylation of Alkenes Using a Hydroxyl Directing Group.
Authors: Hoang Giang T. , Pan Zhongda , Brethorst Jason T. , Douglas Christopher J.
Published: April 2015

Despite the application of a chiral ligand all products are obtained as racemates.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Tandem Cyclization Reactions of o‐Cyanoanilines and Diaryliodonium Salts with Copper Catalyst for the Construction of Quinazolinimine and Acridine Scaffolds.
Authors: Pang Xinlong , Chen Chao , Su Xiang , Li Ming , Wen Lirong
Published: April 2015

Two cyclization modes are realized to produce different nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, i.e., quinazolin‐4(3H)‐imines of type (III) and acridines (IV) by assembling o‐cyanoanilines and diaryliodonium salts via tandem reaction pathways.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Cleavage of Olefins by in situ‐Generated Catalytic 3,4,5,6‐Tetramethyl‐2‐iodoxybenzoic Acid/Oxone.
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Parida Keshaba Nanda
Published: April 2015

The reaction mechanism is described as initial dihydroxylation of the olefin with oxone, oxidative cleavage by in situ‐generated 3,4,5,6‐tetramethyl‐2‐iodoxybenzoic acid, and subsequent oxidation of the aldehyde functionality to the corresponding acid with oxone again.
ChemInform Abstract: Method for Transforming Alkynes into (E)‐Dibromoalkenes.
Authors: Xiang Jiannan , Yuan Rui , Wang Ruijia , Yi Niannian , Lu Linghui , Zou Huaxu , He Weimin
Published: April 2015

The reaction in which copper(II) bromide acts both as reagent and catalyst proceeds highly stereoselectively to (E)‐dibromoalkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridine‐Mediated N‐Vinylation of Heterocyclic Compounds: A Mild, Stereoselective and General Synthesis.
Authors: Shahraki Azam , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: April 2015

A variety of N‐vinylated heterocyclic compounds (III) are obtained by simple and effective one‐pot reaction of acetylenic esters and various NH heterocyclic compounds using pyridine as efficient catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: C—N Bond Formation Using Highly Effective and Reusable Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles in Water.
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Tavakoli Ghazal , Moafi Atiyeh , Saberi Vahid , Rezvani Hamid Reza
Published: April 2015

Efficient amination and amidation of aryl halides is achieved using NiFe2O nanoparticles as catalyst (75 examples in all).