bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KONTEKSTUALISASI DOKTRIN ASWAJA SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN EKONOMI UMAT
Authors: Mukhsinun Mukhsinun
Published: August 2021

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), salah satu organisasi Muslim paling berpengaruh di Indonesia harus berusaha untuk menggalakkan dakwahnya dalam semua dimensi. Hal itu dimaksudkan untuk menjangkau semua orang di lapisan multi-etnis masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini adalah salah satu agenda penting untuk mengatasi berbagai macam masalah bangsa. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mendefinisikan istilah “Aswaja” sebagai penyebaran ajaran Islam dalam yang bijaksana dan sederhana, tetapi mencakup semua aspek dari problematika kebangsaan. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa NU perlu untuk berusaha membangun program dan gerakan dalam isu ekonomi, isu politik, isu pendidikan, isu kesehatan dengan cara yang lebih baik. Jadi, NU sebagai salah satu organisasi Islam terkemuka dituntut untuk lebih aktif dalam masalah kebangsaan dengan prinsip Aswaja. Meskipun selama ini NU telah diakui sebagai gerakan puritan yang berusaha untuk memisahkan Islam dari unsur-unsur lain yang bertentangan dengan al-Quran dan as-Sunnah (ucapan dan perbuatan Nabi Muhammad luar Qur'an), tetapi NU masih harus memperhatikan isu-isu ekonomi, pendidikan, dan kesehatan karena semua tidak dapat dipisahkan dari urusan agama (Islam). Dengan demikian, kontribusi NU terhadap bangsa dan negara akan benar-benar dirasakan.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KONSENTRASI SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE PADA PEMBUATAN ETANOL DARI AIR TEBU DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI
Authors: Cahyaningtiyas Ardilya , Sindhuwati Christyfani
Published: August 2021

Etanol adalah produk yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi, etanol dapat dibuat dengan bahan air tebu, nira  tebu ataupun bahan yang mengandung karbohidrat. Pada pandemi covid-19 ini kebutuhan etanol semakin  meningkat, etanol banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku handsanitizer, Bahan baku parfumed bahan baku  pembuatan kosmetik, dan juga etanol bisa dijadikan bahan bakar. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan untuk  menghasilkan etanol dari air tebu menggunakan yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae dengan memvariasikan variabel  yang digunakan yakni massa yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae dengan bantuan nutrient pupuk NPK dan urea. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae dipilih sebagai pereaksi yang tepat dalam pembentukan etanol yang maksimum.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae dapat merombak kandungan glukosa dengan baik dan dapat bertahan lebih lama alam  proses fermentasi. Proses fermentasi pada pembuatan etanol dilakukan pada suhu ruang atau suhu lingkungan  yakni 30°C dan dilakukan selama 72 jam proses fermentasi. Air gula adalah bahan yang digunakan pada  pembuatan etanol dengan penambahan yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5%, 7,5%, 10%. Hasil penelitian yang  didapatkan yakni pada massa Saccaromyces cerevisiae 50 gram didapatkan kadar etanol sebesar 5%, massa  Saccaromyces cerevisiae 75 gram didapatkan kadar etanol sebesar 7,5%, dan pada massa Saccaromyces  cerevisiae 100 gram didapatkan kadar etanol sebesar 10%.
ANALISA EKONOMI PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK KIMIA PEMBUATAN SABUN MANDI CAIR DARI VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) KAPASITAS 750 TON/TAHUN
Authors: Sulistiyanto Bachtiar Asfin , Suryandari Ade Sonya
Published: August 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki berbagai potensi. Salah satu potensi yang dimiliki indonesia yaitu  sebagai salah satu negara penghasil virgin coconut oil (VCO) yang bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku sabun  mandi cair. VCO memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan kulit maka dari itu sangat cocok digunakan dalam  pembuatan sabun mandi cair. Pembuatan sabun mandi cair dari VCO memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan  pada industri berskala besar. Sehingga perlunya pendirian pabrik Sabun dari VCO guna memenuhi kebutuhan  manusia dalam penggunaan sabun yang terus meningkat, dikarenakan kesadaran dalam perilaku hidup sehat  sekarang ini. Pabrik akan didirikan memiliki kapasitas 750 ton/tahun diharapkan mampu memenuhi dari  kebutuhan pasar. Berdasarkan evaluasi ekonomi pabrik ini, keuntungan kotor didapatkan sebesar Rp.  12.277.766.231-/tahun, keuntungan bersih didapatkan sebesar Rp.7.366.659.739,-/tahun, Nilai BEP dihasilkan  sebesar 53%/tahun, Return On Investment sebelum pajak dihasilkan sebesar 38%/tahun dan setelah pajak  sebesar 23%/tahun, Pay Out Time diperoleh sebesar 4 tahun dan Shut Down Point pabrik ini berada pada angka  39%. Hasil evaluasi ekonomi ini menunjukkan bahwa pabrik sabun mandi cair dari VCO ini layak untuk didirikan.
PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI LIMBAH KOPI DAN SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF
Authors: Ramadhani Safira Fausta , Utama Muhammad Jundi , Ariani Ariani
Published: August 2021

Limbah kopi dan sekam padi sebagai biomass memiliki nilai kalor unsur karbon mencapai 40-43% dan kandungan sulfur yang rendah, sehingga industri memiliki inisiatif untuk menjadikan limbah kopi dan sekam padi sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti batu bara. Namun, bahan tersebut masih memiliki kadar air yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang kurang memenuhi. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan nilai kalor dan mengurangi kadar air serta gas emisi dengan cara mengolah bahan tersebut menjadi briket. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menentukan rasio terbaik antara kopi dan sekam. Pembuatan briket ini dilakukan pada variabel suhu non karbonisasi, karbonisasi 200oC, karbonisasi 500oC, karbonisasi S200oC (karbonisasi sekam pada 200oC) dan karbonisasi K500oC (karbonisasi kopi pada 500oC), dengan rasio komposisi yaitu K2P8 (kopi 20% dan sekam 80%), K3P7, K4P6, dan K5P5. Pembuatan briket ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu persiapan bahan baku, pemanasan awal, perlakuan karbonisasi, size reduction dan screening, pembriketan, pemanasan akhir, dan pengujian kualitas briket berupa proximate, nilai kalor, dan gas emisi. Mutu produk yang diperoleh dibandingkan dengan standar baku mutu Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) dan Peraturan Mentri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan sampel biobriket terbaik pada sampel blanko kopi dengan karbonisasi 500oC dan pada rasio komposisi sampel K5P5 pada semua variabel suhu karbonisasi.
PENGOLAHAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA MENJADI ARANG DAN ASAP CAIR DENGAN METODE SEMI-BATCH PYROLYSIS
Authors: Sari Dewi Ratna , Ariani Ariani
Published: August 2021

Biomassa sangat melimpah di Indonesia, salah satu yang sangat melimpah yaitu pohon kelapa. Di Indonesia  pemanfaatan buah kelapa baru sebatas daging buahnya untuk dijadikan santan, kopra dan minyak. Untuk  tempurung kelapa hanya sebatas dibakar untuk menghasilkan arang sehingga perlu dilakukan pemanfaatan  agar tidak mencemari lingkungan serta diharapkan dapat menjadi sumber energi alternatif bagi masyarakat  maupun industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh suhu reaktor, dan waktu proses  terhadap yield arang dan asap cair yang dihasilkan. Serta menganalisis arang dan asap cari yang dihasilkan dari  proses pirolisis. Dengan metode semi-batch pyrolysis yang dilakukan pada tempurung kelapa sebanyak 1000 g  digunakan peubah suhu 350, 400, 450℃ dan waktu proses 60, 80, 100 menit. Yield arang yang dihasilkan  berkisar 33,25% dan yield asap cair berkisar 43,52%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh suhu yaitu  semakin tinggi suhu maka yield arang yang dihasilkan semakin rendah sedangkan yield asap cair semakin tinggi.  Pengaruh dari waktu proses yaitu semakin lama waktu proses, yield arang yang dihasilkan semakin rendah dan  yield asap cair semakin tinggi.
EVALUASI NERCA MASSA KINERJA KOLOM FRAKSINASI C-1 PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI CEPU
Authors: Hakim Moch. Abdul , Takwanto Anang , Kusuma Rieza Mahendra
Published: August 2021

Kilang PPSDM Migas mengolah minyak mentah menjadi beberapa produk seperti pertasol CA, pertasol CB,  pertasol CC, solar dan residu. Salah satu unit yang penting pada proses pengolahan minyak mentah pada PPSDM  Migas adalah crude distillation unit proses pemisahan minyak mentah yang dilakukan oleh PPSDM menggunakan  destilasi fraksinasi yang berarti memisahkan komponen-komponen (fraksi) minyak bumi berdasarkan titik didih  atau sebagi pemurnian minyak bumi. Tujuan dari perhitungan neraca massa untuk menentukan efisiensi pada  proses kolom destilasi menggunakan bantuan steam dan tanpa menggunakan bantuan steam untuk menentukan  mana yang lebih efisien. Metode perhitungan yang digunakan adalah neraca massa pada proses destilasi  fraksinasi C-1 PPSDM Migas Cepu, menentukan efisiensi pada proses destilasi fraksinasi C-1 menggunakan  bantuan steam dan tanpa bantuan steam. Pengumpulan data didapatkan dari proses dilapangan dan control  room. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan pada kolom destilasi fraksinasi C-1 jika menggunakan bantuan steam maka  dapat diperoleh efisiensi sebesar 68% sedangkan pada proses destilasi fraksinasi C-1 tenpa menggunakan  bantuan steam dapat diperoleh efisiensi sebesar 62%. Dari data dan perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa proses  operasi pada kolom destilasi fraksinasi C-1 lebih efisien menggunakan bantuan steam untuk meningkatkan  efisiensinya.
EVALUASI KINERJA KOLOM FRAKSINASI C-1 DI PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI (PPSDM MIGAS) CEPU
Authors: Ilhami Aditya , Takwanto Anang , Kusuma Rieza Mahendra
Published: August 2021

Pusat Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Minyak dan Gas Bumi (PPSDM MIGAS) merupakan salah satu  Instansi Pemerintah Pusat di bawah Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Energi dan Sumber Daya  Mineral, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Kilang PPSDM MIGAS mengolah Crude oil menjadi  beberapa produk utama diantaranya, Pertasol CA, pertasol CB, Pertasol CC, dan Solar. Proses pengolahan crude  oil di PPSDM MIGAS dilakukan dengan metode pemisahan dengan menggunakan Crude Distillation Unit. Pada  Crude Distillation Unit digunakan kolom fraksinasi C-1 untuk memisahkan crude oil menjadi solar dan pertasol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai efisiensi kolom fraksinasi C-1 dengan kondisi operasi tanpa  steam. Metode perhitungan yang digunakan adalah direct method dimana efisiensi dihitung berdasarkan nilai  kalor dari aliran massa (bahan) yang masuk maupun keluar dari kolom fraksinasi C-1. Evaluasi kolom fraksinasi  C-1 dilakukan dengan membandingkan efisiensi kolom fraksinasi C-1 yang beroperasi menggunakan steam dengan efisiensi kolom fraksinasi C-1 yang beroperasi tanpa menggunakan steam. Hasil perhitungan  menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi kolom fraksinasi C-1 yang beroperasi tanpa menggunakan steam adalah sebesar  42,72%. Sedangkan efisiensi kolom fraksinasi C-1 yang beroperasi menggunakan steam sebesar 53,72%. Hal  ini menunjukkan bahwa kolom fraksinasi C-1 lebih efisien beroperasi menggunakan bantuan steam.
PENENTUAN SUHU MAKSIMAL PADA PROSES OKSIDASI PTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PT PETROWIDADA
Authors: Damayanti Sarah Nabila , Maryanty Yanty , Aris M. Ansar
Published: August 2021

PT Petrowidada Gresik adalah sebuah pabrik yang memproduksi Phthalic Anhydride (PA). Phthalic Anhydride adalah  bahan utama dalam pembuatan plastik yang dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi lapisan seperti polimer yang  cukup kuat. Pembuatan PA secara garis besar terdiri atas 5 tahap. Tahap pertama adalah pengolahan bahan  baku berupa o-xylene dan udara. Tahap kedua adalah tahap oksidasi yang berlangsung dalam reaktor fixed bed  multitube dengan bantuan katalis. Tahap ketiga adalah tahap kondensasi gas keluaran reaktor di dalam switch condenser. Tahap keempat adalah pemurnian dan tahap terakhir adalah tahap pemadatan produk. Pada proses  bagian reaktor fixed bed multitube, menyebabkan reaksi oksidasi secara parsial dengan bantuan katalis V2O5.  Reaksi terjadi pada suhu 365-375⁰C (Reaksi eksoterm). Suhu maksimum dari reaksi tersebut digunakan untuk  mengetahui kapasitas suhu pada reaktor. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui seberapa kapasitas  suhu yang akan terjadi didalam reaktor, untuk mengantisipasi hal-hal yang nantinya tidak diinginkan. Suhu  tersebut akan bereaksi dalam reaktor dengan cara menghitung awal Tmax dengan mencari laju massa dan mol  produk terlebih dahulu setelah menghitung kapasitas panas rata-rata dan melakukan trial suhu Tmax dengan  dasar panas boiler menggunakan cara goal seek sehingga didapatkan suhu maksimum nya adalah 1322,65oC.
PEMANFAATAN KOAGULAN ALAMI DARI CAMPURAN KITOSAN DAN BIJI ASAM JAWA PADA PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH PENYAMAKAN KULIT
Authors: Shabrina Rezka Wilda , Hardjono Hardjono
Published: August 2021

Industri penyamakan kulit termasuk salah satu industri yang mengeluarkan limbah cair dalam volume cukup  besar. Pada penyamakan 1 ton kulit basah diperlukan air ± 40 m3 dan kemudian dibuang sebagai limbah cair  yang tercampur dengan bahan kimia sisa proses dan komponen kulit yang terlarut selama penyamakan. Limbah  cair industri penyamakan kulit dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan karena mengandung logam berat  seperti krom (Cr), sehingga sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan harus melalui proses pengolahan terlebih dahulu.  Salah satu proses pengolahan limbah cair adalah dengan metode koagulasi flokulasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini  adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan penambahan koagulan dan kecepatan pengadukan terhadap  penurunan kadar krom, TSS, pH, serta turbiditas. Selain itu juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan  penambahan koagulan dan kecepatan pengadukan yang optimal terhadap penurunan kadar krom, TSS, pH,  serta turbiditas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode secara batch. Koagulan yang digunakan berupa koagulan  alami dari campuran biji asam jawa dan kitosan. Proses koagulasi flokulasi ini menggunakan tiga variabel  kecepatan pengaduk serta empat variabel perbandingan dosis koagulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan  kondisi optimum pada penambahan koagulan 75% biji asam jawa dengan 25% kitosan pada kecepatan 25 rpm  dapat menurunkan kadar krom mencapai 95,86%, penurunan nilai TSS mencapai 95,24%, serta penurunan turbiditas mencapai 49,73%.
ANALISA BOD UNIT IPAL SISTEM CPI (CORRUGATED PLATE INTERCEPTOR) DAN EFISIENSI KINERJANYA DI PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Habiba Shahifa , Budiono Arief , Kusuma Rieza Mahendra
Published: August 2021

Salah satu unit pengolahan minyak bumi di Indonesia adalah kilang minyak milik Pusat Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Minyak dan Gas Bumi (PPSDM MIGAS) yang berada di Cepu, Blora, Jawa Tengah. Industri migas menghasilkan air limbah yang umumnya mengandung senyawa berbahaya yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan makhluk hidup dan kelestarian lingkungan. PPSDM MIGAS Cepu memiliki serangkaian Instalansi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) yang terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu American Petroleum Institute (API) dan Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI). Salah satu parameter yang ditetapkan pada PERMENLH Nomor 19 Tahun 2010 mengenai baku mutu pembuangan air limbah proses dari kegiatan pengolahan minyak bumi adalah BOD. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) adalah salah satu parameter uji air limbah yang menunjukkan jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh mikroorganisme untuk menguraikan senyawa organik. Analisa BOD dilakukan dengan cara metode Winkler sesuai dengan SNI 06-6989-72-2009. Metode tersebut dilakukan dengan cara titrasi blanko, sampel awal limbah, dan sampel limbah setelah inkubasi selama 5 hari dalam kondisi gelap dan suhu 20oC. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja unit CPI yang ada di PPSDM MIGAS Cepu berdasarkan parameter BOD. Hasil perhitungan nilai BOD pada inlet CPI sebesar 10,0817 mg/l dan outlet CPI sebesar 0,0337 mg/l. Efisiensi kinerja CPI berdasarkan parameter BOD adalah 99,6740%.
The Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies in Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: He Jialin , Huang Yan , Liu Jianyang , Lan Ziwei , Tang Xiangqi , Hu Zhiping
Published: August 2021

Studies have demonstrated the potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration to promote functional recovery in preclinical studies of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet the effects of MSCs on remyelination are poorly understood. We wished to evaluate the therapeutic effects of MSCs on functional and histopathological outcomes in MS; therefore, we undertook an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical data on MSC therapy for MS. We searched mainstream databases from inception to July 15, 2021. Interventional studies of therapy using naïve MSCs in in vivo rodent models of MS were included. From each study, the clinical score was extracted as the functional outcome, and remyelination was measured as the histopathological outcome. Eighty-eight studies published from 2005 to 2021 met the inclusion criteria. Our results revealed an overall positive effect of MSCs on the functional outcome with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of −1.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.32, −1.65; p = 0.000). MSCs promoted remyelination by an SMD of −2.31 (95% CI: −2.84, −1.79; p = 0.000). Significant heterogeneity among studies was observed. Altogether, our meta-analysis indicated that MSC administration improved functional recovery and promoted remyelination prominently in rodent models of MS.
Using Global-Scale Earth System Models for Regional Fisheries Applications
Authors: Kearney Kelly A. , Bograd Steven J. , Drenkard Elizabeth , Gomez Fabian A. , Haltuch Melissa , Hermann Albert J. , Jacox Michael G. , Kaplan Isaac C. , Koenigstein Stefan , Luo Jessica Y. , Masi Michelle , Muhling Barbara , Pozo Buil Mercedes , Woodworth-Jefcoats Phoebe A.
Published: August 2021

Climate change may impact ocean ecosystems through a number of mechanisms, including shifts in primary productivity or plankton community structure, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. These processes can be simulated with global Earth system models (ESMs), which are increasingly being used in the context of fisheries management and other living marine resource (LMR) applications. However, projections of LMR-relevant metrics such as net primary production can vary widely between ESMs, even under identical climate scenarios. Therefore, the use of ESM should be accompanied by an understanding of the structural differences in the biogeochemical sub-models within ESMs that may give rise to these differences. This review article provides a brief overview of some of the most prominent differences among the most recent generation of ESM and how they are relevant to LMR application.
Efficacy and Safety of Moxibustion for Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Qiqi , Hu Hantong , Han Dexiong , Gao Hong
Published: August 2021

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the most common complications of herpes zoster (HZ), and there is still a lack of effective therapies. An increasing number of studies have found that compared to traditional therapy, moxibustion treatment is beneficial for the treatment of PHN, although current evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxibustion for PHN.

Methods: We conducted a broad literature review of a range of databases from inception to December 2020, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Clinical Trails, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), China Biomedical Network Information, and Wanfang databases. We included RCTs that compared moxibustion to pharmacological therapies, herbal medicine, or no treatment for treating PHN. The main outcome measure was efficacy rate and Visual Analog Scale (VAS); the secondary outcome measure was adverse events. Data accumulation and synthesis included meta-analysis, publication bias, sensitivity analysis, risk-of-bias assessment, and adverse events.

Results: We included 13 RCTs involving 798 patients. Compared with the controls (pharmacological therapies, herbal medicine, or no treatment), moxibustion achieved a significantly higher efficacy rate (odds ratio [OR]: 3.65; 95% [confidence interval]: [2.32, 5.72]; P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis of the distinct moxibustion modalities showed that both Zhuang medicine medicated thread and thunder-fire moxibustions obtained higher clinical efficacy than the control group. Compared with the controls, moxibustion resulted in significantly lower scores on the VAS (Weighted Mean Difference (MD) = −1.79; 95% CI: [−2.26, −1.33]; P < 0.00001). However, there was no significant difference in terms of safety between moxibustion and the controls (OR = 0.33; 95% CI [0.06, 1.77]; P = 0.19).

Conclusion: Due to the lack of methodological quality as well as the significant heterogeneity of the included studies, it remains difficult to draw a firm conclusion on the efficacy and safety of moxibustion for the treatment of PHN. Future high-quality studies are urgently needed.
Effects of Anterior Borderzone Angle Grading on Predicting the 90-Day Prognosis After Recanalization of Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Chen Ying , Hong Quanlong , Liu Junpeng , Zheng Zhen , He Yingchao , Chen Shuheng , Wang Canxiong , Cai Mengjuan , Cheng Qiong , Wang Yinzhou , Li Yongkun
Published: August 2021

Objective: This work explores collateral circulation metrics, such as the anterior borderzone angle grading (ABZA-grading), as a predictor of the prognosis in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) following endovascular treatment (EVT).

Methods: Clinical data from 108 patients with acute MCAO, treated by EVT, were retrospectively analyzed. In patients with MCAO, ABZA is the angle between the median line of the sagittal sinus and the borderzone of the pial arterioles of ACA and MCA, and the ABZA/23.0° was rounded to obtain the corresponding collateral circulation score (ABZA-grading). In parallel, the primary outcome was defined as the 90-day clinical outcome by modified ranking scale score (mRS). Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to analyze the independent predictors of the 90-day clinical outcome (mRS). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to judge the predictive value of ABZA.

Results: Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis showed that ABZA-grading > 2 and age were independent predictors of the 90-day clinical outcome after EVT in patients with acute MCAO. The ROC analysis showed that ABZA alone could predict a favorable 90-day clinical outcome with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.868. Using an ABZA of >57.8° (the corresponding ABZA-grading of >2) as the cut-off value, the predictive sensitivity and specificity were 75.7 and 88.7%, respectively. Contingency table analysis showed a statistical difference in mRS score between ABZA-grading subgroups, and ABZA-grading between stroke caused by large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardiogenic embolism (CE).

Conclusion: The ABZA-grading is an easy and objective assessment of collateral circulation that is independently associated with short-time clinical outcome after EVT in patients with acute MCAO. Therefore, it may guide selection of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) suitable for EVT. The ABZA-grading of collateral circulation can be a supplemental metric to help differentiate stroke by LAA and CE.
Implantable Pulse Generators for Deep Brain Stimulation: Challenges, Complications, and Strategies for Practicality and Longevity
Authors: Sarica Can , Iorio-Morin Christian , Aguirre-Padilla David H. , Najjar Ahmed , Paff Michelle , Fomenko Anton , Yamamoto Kazuaki , Zemmar Ajmal , Lipsman Nir , Ibrahim George M. , Hamani Clement , Hodaie Mojgan , Lozano Andres M. , Munhoz Renato P. , Fasano Alfonso , Kalia Suneil K.
Published: August 2021

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents an important treatment modality for movement disorders and other circuitopathies. Despite their miniaturization and increasing sophistication, DBS systems share a common set of components of which the implantable pulse generator (IPG) is the core power supply and programmable element. Here we provide an overview of key hardware and software specifications of commercially available IPG systems such as rechargeability, MRI compatibility, electrode configuration, pulse delivery, IPG case architecture, and local field potential sensing. We present evidence-based approaches to mitigate hardware complications, of which infection represents the most important factor. Strategies correlating positively with decreased complications include antibiotic impregnation and co-administration and other surgical considerations during IPG implantation such as the use of tack-up sutures and smaller profile devices.Strategies aimed at maximizing battery longevity include patient-related elements such as reliability of IPG recharging or consistency of nightly device shutoff, and device-specific such as parameter delivery, choice of lead configuration, implantation location, and careful selection of electrode materials to minimize impedance mismatch. Finally, experimental DBS systems such as ultrasound, magnetoelectric nanoparticles, and near-infrared that use extracorporeal powered neuromodulation strategies are described as potential future directions for minimally invasive treatment.
MRI DTI and PDFF as Biomarkers for Lower Motor Neuron Degeneration in ALS
Authors: Lichtenstein Thorsten , Sprenger Alina , Weiss Kilian , Große Hokamp Nils , Maintz David , Schlamann Marc , Fink Gereon R. , Lehmann Helmar C. , Henning Tobias D.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate the utility of nerve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and muscle MRI multi-echo Dixon for assessing lower motor neuron (LMN) degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods

In this prospective observational cohort study, 14 patients with ALS and 13 healthy controls underwent a multiparametric MRI protocol, including DTI of the sciatic nerve and assessment of muscle proton density fat fraction of the biceps femoris and the quadriceps femoris muscles by a multi-echo Dixon sequence.

Results

In ALS patients, mean fractional anisotropy values of the sciatic nerve were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. The quadriceps femoris, but not the biceps femoris muscle, showed significantly higher intramuscular fat fractions in ALS.

Interpretation

Our study provides evidence that multiparametric MRI protocols might help estimate structural nerve damage and neurogenic muscle changes in ALS.
RhoC Modulates Cell Junctions and Type I Interferon Response in Aggressive Breast Cancers
Authors: Abraham Hannah G. , Ulintz Peter J. , Goo Laura , Yates Joel A. , Little Andrew C. , Bao Liwei , Wu Zhifen , Merajver Sofia D.
Published: August 2021

Metastases are the leading cause of death in cancer patients. RhoC, a member of the Rho GTPase family, has been shown to facilitate metastasis of aggressive breast cancer cells by influencing motility, invasion, and chemokine secretion, but as yet there is no integrated model of the precise mechanism of how RhoC promotes metastasis. A common phenotypic characteristic of metastatic cells influenced by these mechanisms is dysregulation of cell-cell junctions. Thus, we set out to study how RhoA- and RhoC-GTPase influence the cell-cell junctions in aggressive breast cancers. We demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of RhoC in SUM 149 and MDA 231 breast cancer cells results in increased normalization of junctional integrity denoted by junction protein expression/colocalization. In functional assessments of junction stability, RhoC knockout cells have increased barrier integrity and increased cell-cell adhesion compared to wild-type cells. Whole exome RNA sequencing and targeted gene expression profiling demonstrate decreased expression of Type I interferon-stimulated genes in RhoC knockout cells compared to wild-type, and subsequent treatment with interferon-alpha resulted in significant increases in adhesion and decreases in invasiveness of wild-type cells and a dampened response to interferon-alpha stimulation with respect to adhesion and invasiveness in RhoC knockout cells. We delineate a key role of RhoC-GTPase in modulation of junctions and response to interferon, which supports inhibition of RhoC as a potential anti-invasion therapeutic strategy.
The Efficacy of Pyrotinib as a Third- or Higher-Line Treatment in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Exposed to Lapatinib Compared to Lapatinib-Naive Patients: A Real-World Study
Authors: Ouyang D. J , Chen Q. T , Anwar M. , Xie N. , Ouyang Q. C. , Fan P. Z. , Qian L. Y. , Chen G. N. , Zhou E. X. , Guo L. , Gu X. W. , Ding B. N. , Yang X. H. , Liu L. P. , Deng C. , Xiao Z. , Li J. , Wang Y. Q. , Zeng S. , Wang Shouman , Yi Wenjun
Published: August 2021

Background: Pyrotinib is a novel irreversible pan-ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Evidence of the efficacy of pyrotinib-based treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in patients exposed to lapatinib is limited.

Methods: Ninety-four patients who received pyrotinib as a third- or higher-line treatment for HER2-positive MBC were included in this retrospective study. The primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis were implemented to balance important patient characteristics between groups.

Results: Thirty (31.9%) patients were pretreated with lapatinib and subsequently received pyrotinib as an anti-HER2 treatment, and 64 (68.1%) patients did not receive this treatment. The OS and PFS indicated a beneficial trend in lapatinib-naive group compared to lapatinib-treated group in either the original cohort (PFS: 9.02 vs 6.36 months, p = 0.05; OS: 20.73 vs 14.35 months, p = 0.08) or the PSM (PFS: 9.02 vs 6.08 months, p = 0.07; OS: 19.07 vs 18.00 months, p = 0.61) or IPTW (PFS: 9.90 vs 6.17 months, p = 0.05; OS: 19.53 vs 15.10 months, p = 0.08) cohorts. Subgroup analyses demonstrated lapatinib treatment-related differences in PFS in the premenopausal subgroup and the no prior trastuzumab treatment subgroup, but no significant differences were observed in OS.

Conclusion: Pyrotinib-based therapy demonstrated promising effects in HER2-positive MBC patients in a real-world study, especially in lapatinib-naive patients, and also some activity in lapatinib-treated patients.
Dysfunctions, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies of Regulatory T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Li Xiaoya , Xu Huihui , Huang Jing , Luo Dan , Lv Shuang , Lu Xiangchen , Xiao Cheng
Published: August 2021

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a distinct subpopulation of CD4+T lymphocytes that promote immune tolerance and maintain immune system homeostasis. The dysfunction of Tregs is tightly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although the complex pathogenic processes of RA remain unclear, studies on Tregs in RA have achieved substantial progress not only in fundamental research but also in clinical application. This review discusses the current knowledge of the characterizations, functions, and molecular mechanisms of Tregs in the pathogenesis of RA, and potential therapies for these disorders are also involved.
Acute Detubulation of Ventricular Myocytes Amplifies the Inhibitory Effect of Cholinergic Agonist on Intracellular Ca2+ Transients
Authors: Belevych Andriy E. , Bogdanov Vladimir , Terentyev Dmitry A. , Gyorke Sandor
Published: August 2021

Muscarinic receptors expressed in cardiac myocytes play a critical role in the regulation of heart function by the parasympathetic nervous system. How the structural organization of cardiac myocytes affects the regulation of Ca2+ handling by muscarinic receptors is not well-defined. Using confocal Ca2+ imaging, patch-clamp techniques, and immunocytochemistry, the relationship between t-tubule density and cholinergic regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in normal murine ventricular myocytes and myocytes with acute disruption of the t-tubule system caused by formamide treatment was studied. The inhibitory effect of muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol (CCh, 10 μM) on the amplitude of Ca2+ transients, evoked by field-stimulation in the presence of 100 nM isoproterenol (Iso), a β-adrenergic agonist, was directly proportional to the level of myocyte detubulation. The timing of the maximal rate of fluorescence increase of fluo-4, a Ca2+-sensitive dye, was used to classify image pixels into the regions functionally coupled or uncoupled to the sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx (ICa). CCh decreased the fraction of coupled regions and suppressed Ca2+ propagation from sarcolemma inside the cell. Formamide treatment reduced ICa density and decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content. CCh did not change SR Ca2+ content in Iso-stimulated control and formamide-treated myocytes. CCh inhibited peak ICa recorded in the presence of Iso by ∼20% in both the control and detubulated myocytes. Reducing ICa amplitude up to 40% by changing the voltage step levels from 0 to –25 mV decreased Ca2+ transients in formamide-treated but not in control myocytes in the presence of Iso. CCh inhibited CaMKII activity, whereas CaMKII inhibition with KN93 mimicked the effect of CCh on Ca2+ transients in formamide-treated myocytes. It was concluded that the downregulation of t-tubules coupled with the diminished efficiency of excitation–contraction coupling, increases the sensitivity of Ca2+ release and propagation to muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of both ICa and CaMKII activity.
Sex- and Age-Related Physiological Profiles for Brachial, Vertebral, Carotid, and Femoral Arteries Blood Flow Velocity Parameters During Growth and Aging (4–76 Years): Comparison With Clinical Cut-Off Levels
Authors: Zócalo Yanina , Bia Daniel
Published: August 2021

Ultrasound-derived blood flow velocity (BFV) levels [e.g., peak systolic velocity (PSV)], intrabeat indexes (e.g., resistive), and intersegment ratios [e.g., internal/common carotid artery (ICA/CCA) PSV ratio] are assessed to describe cardiovascular physiology and health status (e.g., disease severity evaluation and/or risk stratification). In this respect, fixed cut-off values (disregard of age or sex) have been proposed to define “significant” vascular disease from BFV-derived data (parameters). However, the use of single fixed cut-off values has limitations. Accurate use of BFV-derived parameters requires knowing their physiological age-related profiles and the expected values for a specific subject. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have characterized BFV profiles in large populations taking into account: (i) data from different age-stages (as a continuous) and transitions (childhood–adolescence–adulthood), (ii) complementary parameters, (iii) data from different arteries, and (iv) potential sex- and hemibody-related differences. Furthermore, (v) there is little information regarding normative data [reference intervals (RIs)] for BFV indexes.

Aims: The aims of this study are the following: (a) to determine the need for age-, body side-, and sex-specific profiles for BFV levels and derived parameters (intrabeat indexes and intersegment ratios), and (b) to define RIs for BFV levels and parameters, obtained from CCA, ICA, external carotid, vertebral, femoral, and brachial arteries records.

Methods: A total of 3,619 subjects (3–90 years) were included; 1,152 were healthy (without cardiovascular disease and atheroma plaques) and non-exposed to cardiovascular risk factors. BFV data were acquired. The agreement between left and right data was analyzed (Concordance correlation, Bland–Altman). Mean and SD equations and age-related profiles were obtained for BFV levels and parameters (regression methods; fractional polynomials).

Results: Left and right body-side derived data were not always equivalent. The need for sex-specific RIs was dependent on the parameter and/or age considered. RIs were defined for each studied artery and parameter. Percentile curves were compared with recommended fixed cut-off points. The equations for sex, body-side, and age-specific BFV physiological profiles obtained in the large population (of children, adolescents, and adults) studied were included (spreadsheet formats), enabling to determine for a particular subject, the expected values and potential data deviations.
Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction
Authors: Zhang Xin , Pourreza Alireza , Cheung Kyle H. , Zuniga-Ramirez German , Lampinen Bruce D. , Shackel Kenneth A.
Published: August 2021

Canopy-intercepted light, or photosynthetically active radiation, is fundamentally crucial for quantifying crop biomass development and yield potential. Fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (fPAR) is conventionally obtained by measuring the PAR both below and above the canopy using a mobile lightbar platform to predict the potential yield of nut crops. This study proposed a feasible and low-cost method for accurately estimating the canopy fPAR using aerial photogrammetry-based canopy three-dimensional models. We tested up to eight different varieties in three experimental almond orchards, including California's leading variety of ‘Nonpareil’. To extract various canopy profile features, such as canopy cover and canopy volume index, we developed a complete data collection and processing pipeline called Virtual Orchard (VO) in Python environment. Canopy fPAR estimated by VO throughout the season was compared against midday canopy fPAR measured by a mobile lightbar platform in midseason, achieving a strong correlation (R2) of 0.96. A low root mean square error (RMSE) of 2% for ‘Nonpareil’. Furthermore, we developed regression models for predicting actual almond yield using both measures, where VO estimation of canopy fPAR, as a stronger indicator, achieved a much better prediction (R2 = 0.84 and RMSE = 195 lb acre−1) than the lightbar (R2 = 0.70 and RMSE = 266 lb acre−1) for ‘Nonpareil’. Eight different new models for estimating potential yield were also developed using temporal analysis from May to August in 2019 by adjusting the ratio between fPAR and dry kernel yield previously found using a lightbar. Finally, we compared the two measures at two different spatial precision levels: per-row and per-block. fPAR estimated by VO at the per-tree level was also assessed. Results showed that VO estimated canopy fPAR performed better at each precision level than lightbar with up to 0.13 higher R2. The findings in this study serve as a fundamental link between aerial-based canopy fPAR and the actual yield of almonds.
Gender Difference in Pain Management Among Adult Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Assessment
Authors: Alodhayani Abdulaziz , Almutairi Khalid M. , Vinluan Jason M. , Alsadhan Norah , Almigbal Turky H. , Alonazi Wadi B. , Batais Mohammed Ali
Published: August 2021

Objective

To compare gender differences in pain management among adult cancer patients in Saudi Arabia and to explore the predictors associated with attitudinal barriers of cancer patients to pain management.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 325 cancer patients from tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

Result

Of the total participants, 67.4% were women (N = 219) and 32.6% were men (N = 106). The overall mean scores of the attitudinal barriers questionnaire were 49.51 ± 13.73 in men and 54.80 ± 22.53 in women. The analysis shows significant differences in scores in subscales of tolerance (men = 7.48 ± 2.37), (women = 8.41 ± 3.01) (p = 0.003) and fear of distraction in the course of treatment (men = 6.55 ± 1.34), and (women = 7.15 ± 2.63) (p = 0.008). Female patients reported a more moderate to severe level of pain than men (worst pain in last week of 7.07 ± 1.50, worst pain in last week of 5.84 ± 2.65, respectively). Splitting by gender, the significant predictor for physiology effect domains in male cancer patients includes age, marital status, employment status, monthly income, cancer type, and presence of comorbid disease (p < 0.050). Age was a significant predictor of the domains of fatalism, communication, and harmful effects (p < 0.050) among female cancer patients.

Conclusion

The present study revealed significant differences between men and women with attitudinal barriers to cancer pain management. Managing pain requires the involvement of all methods in a comprehensive manner, thus unalleviated pain influences the patient’s psychological or cognitive aspect.
How Information-Seeking Behavior, Essential Technologies, and Resilience Enhance the Academic Performance of Students
Authors: Miraj Muhammad , Chuntian Lu , Mohd Said Ridzwana , Osei-Bonsu Robert , Rehman Ramiz ur
Published: August 2021

This study explores how the scholarly accomplishments of students might increment due to specific fundamental causes. The academic performance of the student was prioritized as a dependent variable, and the independent indicators chosen were “information seeking, IT ability, reading/writing capacity, and resilience.” At the same time, age, gender, marital status, and family income were included in the control variables. The research subject samples were limited to (N= 288) postgraduate students from three mega universities in Islamabad, Pakistan. Forward regression analysis was performed in this research to decide the impact of the indicators. The results indicate that information seeking affects academic performance positively and significantly. Essentially, the study revealed that information technology (IT) skills make a fundamentally positive and significant impact on academic performance. Reading and writing influenced academic performance considerably. In addition, resilience affected academic performance emphatically and essentially. Further, this research also noted the relationships between information-seeking behaviors, IT ability, reading/writing capacities, and resilience capabilities and the academic performance of students. These variables have a positive impact on the academic performance of students.
Women's Contexts and Circumstances of Posttraumatic Growth After Sexual Victimization: A Systematic Review
Authors: Guggisberg Marika , Bottino Simone , Doran Christopher M.
Published: August 2021

Sexual violence is a concerning public health and criminal justice problem. Even though extensive literature has linked sexual victimization to a multitude of mental and physical problems, some victim/survivors recover and are able to lead lives without notable negative impacts. Little is known about women who experienced posttraumatic growth following sexual victimization. This review brings together knowledge accumulated in the academic literature in the past decade. It was informed by the PRISMA-P guidelines. Databases were searched using a combination of keywords to locate original peer-reviewed research articles published between January 2010 and October 2020 focusing on posttraumatic growth following sexual victimization. The initial search identified 6,187 articles with 265 articles being read in full, identifying 41 articles that were included in the analysis. The results suggest that recovery from sexual victimization is possible with the healing process being idiosyncratic. Victim/survivors employed various strategies resulting in higher degrees of functioning, which were termed growth. Following a synthesis of themes that emerged from the thematic analysis, a higher order abstraction, using creative insight through reflexivity, discussions among the research team and consistent interpretation and re-interpretation of the identified themes as a second stage analysis, resulted in the identification of two superordinate topics “relationship to self” and “relationship to others.” Findings indicated that women engaged in deliberate introspection to connect with themselves and utilized altruistic actions and activism in an attempt to prevent further sexual victimization Helping victim/survivors deal with the sexual violence facilitated growth as a collective. We concluded that helping others may be a therapeutic vehicle for PTG. Given research in this area remains in its infancy, further investigation is urgently needed.
Parallel Hybrid Particle Swarm Algorithm for Workshop Scheduling Based on Spark
Authors: Zheng Tianhua , Wang Jiabin , Cai Yuxiang
Published: August 2021

In hybrid mixed-flow workshop scheduling, there are problems such as mass production, mass manufacturing, mass assembly and mass synthesis of products. In order to solve these problems, combined with the Spark platform, a hybrid particle swarm algorithm that will be parallelized is proposed. Compared with the existing intelligent algorithms, the parallel hybrid particle swarm algorithm is more conducive to the realization of the global optimal solution. In the loader manufacturing workshop, the optimization goal is to minimize the maximum completion time and a parallelized hybrid particle swarm algorithm is used. The results show that in the case of relatively large batches, the parallel hybrid particle swarm algorithm can effectively obtain the scheduling plan and avoid falling into the local optimal solution. Compared with algorithm serialization, algorithm parallelization improves algorithm efficiency by 2–4 times. The larger the batches, the more obvious the algorithm parallelization improves computational efficiency.
Stellar Angle-Aided Pulse Phase Estimation and Its Navigation Application
Authors: Wang Yusong , Wang Yidi , Zheng Wei , Song Minzhang , Li Guanghua
Published: August 2021

X-ray pulsar-based navigation (XNAV) is a promising autonomous navigation method, and the pulse phase is the basic measurement of XNAV. However, the current methods for estimating the pulse phase for orbiting spacecraft have a high computational cost. This paper proposes a stellar angle measurement-aided pulse phase estimation method for high Earth orbit (HEO) spacecraft, with the aim of reducing the computational cost of pulse phase estimation in XNAV. In this pulse phase estimation method, the effect caused by the orbital motion of the spacecraft is roughly removed by stellar angle measurement. Furthermore, a deeply integrated navigation method using the X-ray pulsar and the stellar angle is proposed. The performances of the stellar angle measurement-aided pulse phase estimation method and the integrated navigation method were verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed pulse phase estimation method can handle the signals of millisecond pulsars and achieve pulse phase estimation with lower computational cost than the current methods. In addition, for HEO spacecraft, the position error of the proposed integrated navigation method is lower than that of the stellar angle navigation method.
Pesticide Policies and Farm Behavior: The Introduction of Regulations for Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Kvakkestad Valborg , Steiro Åsmund Lægreid , Vatn Arild
Published: August 2021

Integrated pest management (IPM) was introduced in the 1960s as a response to increasing pesticide use and has since evolved from being understood mainly as an economic issue to also including environmental and human health considerations. The EU has made IPM mandatory for all farmers through the Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (SUD). Using a mixed-methods approach, this paper examines how Norwegian cereal farmers have responded to this requirement. The qualitative results show that most farmers have an understanding of IPM that goes beyond economic considerations only. The quantitative results display that farmers’ intrinsic motivation for IPM changed after introduction of the SUD. There is increased emphasis on using methods other than spraying, producing grain without traces of pesticides, and preventing pesticide resistance. Farmers’ self-reported knowledge of IPM increased, and 41% of farmers stated that they use IPM to a greater extent than before the SUD was introduced. These results demonstrate that mandatory IPM requirements have been a successful strategy for increasing farmers use of IPM in Norway. Clearer IPM provisions and increased intrinsic motivation for IPM among farmers will, however, be important to reduce the risks from pesticides further.