bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomorphic evidence for ancestral drainage patterns in the Zagros Simple Folded Zone and growth of the Iranian plateau
Authors: WALKER RICHARD T. , RAMSEY LUCY A. , JACKSON JAMES
Published: August 2011

We describe the geomorphology of a large (~10000 km2) internally draining region within the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Fars province, Iran. A series of wind gaps through fold crests and a continuous line of low-slope pixels in digital elevation models indicate the presence of an older, and now abandoned, through-going river system. We suggest, from the presence of the wind gaps, that the original through-going river system was abandoned as a direct result of fold growth. At present, through-going drainage in Fars is restricted to only two major rivers, the Kul and the Mand, which bound the margins of the internally drained region. The low gradients of the Kul and the Mand rivers are similar to those in topographic profiles drawn along the course of the abandoned drainage. The Mand and Kul rivers may be defeated in the future, causing an expansion of the internally drained region, and resulting in a profound change in the distribution of sediment and surface elevations within the Zagros. The internally draining part of the Zagros resembles the Central Iranian Plateau both in its geomorphology and in the apparently slow rates of deformation within it. We speculate that the development of internally drained basins and distribution of shortening within the range may be causally linked. The geomorphology that we describe might, therefore, record a stage in the southward expansion of the non-deforming and topographically high Central Iranian Plateau.
Preface
Authors: Allen Mark
Published: August 2011

It is a pleasure to write a preface to this special issue of Geological Magazine, on the Zagros orogen. The papers reinforce Geological Magazine's commitment to publishing top quality research across subject areas within Earth Sciences, in forms from data-rich papers to large-scale reviews. It is notable how many of the papers are multi-disciplinary, or draw upon results from a particular study area to advance our understanding of more general geological processes. On behalf of the journal, I thank the Guest Editors Olivier, Bernhard and Guy for their enormous effort in gathering and editing the papers within the issue. Their enthusiasm has resulted in a much larger set of papers than was first thought likely. Nearly 60 authors are represented in the 17 papers; thanks go to them all for contributing so willingly. These scientists have collectively made this issue a body of research which will be invaluable for years to come. The benefits will go to those working on the geology of the Zagros, but also anyone with an interest in how the continents are formed and deformed, to create the landscapes on which we all live.
Effects of strobilurin fungicide programmes and fertilizer nitrogen rates on winter wheat: severity ofSeptoria tritici, leaf senescence and yield
Authors: ISHIKAWA S. , HARE M. C. , KETTLEWELL P. S.
Published: August 2011

Four field experiments were conducted over 3 years to study whether adding a strobilurin fungicide to a triazole fungicide programme for disease control in winter wheat had any influence, in combination with different rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N), on the severity of foliar diseases, the degree of leaf senescence and consequently on yield.Septoria triticiwas the dominant foliar disease observed in all experiments. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) tended to be greater for untreated plots than those treated with fungicides; however, the performance of the programme containing a strobilurin fungicide did not always exceed that of the triazole-only programme. Fitting a quadratic equation to relationships between leaf N concentration and the proportion of leaf area covered withS. triticion a relative scale across the four experiments indicated a possibility that there could be an optimum N concentration in host plants forS. triticito develop, rather than a simple increase or decrease with a rise in plant N concentration. Plant height tended to be reduced following an application of a mixture of epoxiconazole and trifloxystrobin; however, it was not clear whether there was any association between plant height and the severity ofS. tritici. S. triticicaused a reduction in mean grain weight (MGW) in most of the experiments. It was concluded that an optimum leaf N concentration may exist forS. triticiin winter wheat.
Seasonal development and pathological changes associated with the parasitic nematodePhilometroides sanguineusin wild crucian carpCarassius carassius(L.) in England
Authors: Williams C.F. , Moravec F. , Turnbull J.F. , Ferguson H.W.
Published: August 2011

Pathological changes associated with the parasitic nematodePhilometroides sanguineus(Rudolphi, 1819) are described for the first time from observations of infections in wild crucian carpCarassius carassius(L.) in England. The damage caused byP. sanguineuswas influenced strongly by host size, parasite development and the seasonal migrations of female nematodes within host tissues. Male and unfertilized female nematodes located on the swim-bladder wall caused only minor, localized changes. In contrast, the migration of gravid female nematodes into the fins during autumn provoked an acute inflammatory response comprising neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. This was accompanied by fin distortion, swelling of the dorsal and caudal tissues, degenerative changes and localized oedema. The encapsulation of female nematodes in connective tissue throughout winter limited additional tissue damage. The emergence of gravid nematodes from the fins in spring to facilitate larval dispersal caused necrosis, hyperplasia and loss of skin integrity. This activity was again accompanied by acute inflammatory reactions. Pathological changes were more severe in crucian carp measuring less than 60 mm in length, with no signs of debilitation in larger fish. These observations suggest that any impact ofP. sanguineusis strictly seasonal and may be limited to fry. Lesions caused by this parasite, only recently recorded in Britain, may represent an additional pressure upon wild crucian carp populations already threatened by hybridization, competition and habitat loss.
The impact of political crisis on smallholder pig farmers in western Kenya, 2006–2008
Authors: Dewey Cate E. , Wohlgemut Jared M. , Levy Mike , Mutua Florence K.
Published: August 2011

Farmers and families in western Kenya have grown increasingly dependent on the pig industry as a primary resource for savings and income. The post-election crisis in 2008 had a serious impact on people living in western Kenya because the region was the stronghold of the opposition Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The pig industry was affected in a number of ways, including an increase in the price of food and farm inputs, sale of pigs to provide food and other essentials for the family, or because of forced migration, leading to a drastic decrease in numbers of pigs. This will have a negative effect on the long-term viability of the pig industry due to decreased availability of growing, breeding and market weight animals.
‘Even if I am not here, there are so many eyes’: surveillance and state reach in Rwanda
Authors: Purdeková Andrea
Published: August 2011

Based on seven months of fieldwork research, the present article explores the nature and ‘reach’ of the state in post-genocide Rwanda, and its effects on decentralisation, participation and assertion of voice at the local level. Rwanda as a case of a ‘strong’ African state is explored through a number of lenses: the vertical structure (administrative and information apparatuses of the state); the lateral structure (multiple responsibilities, imihigo, indirect control); the spectrum of state-led ‘local’ activities; and, last but not least, the ‘counterweights’ to the state. The article suggests an increasing penetration of state in terms of surveillance as well as exactions (couched in terms of umusanzu or contribution) and control over voice at local level. Decentralisation amounts to mere ‘dispatching of control’, making central power more, not less, effective.
The parasitic nematodes Hysterothylacium sp. type MB larvae as bioindicators of lead and cadmium: a comparative study of parasite and host tissues
Authors: KHALEGHZADEH-AHANGAR H. , MALEK M. , McKENZIE K.
Published: August 2011

Cadmium and lead concentrations were compared in tissues of cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus L., its intestinal nematode Hysterothylacium sp. type MB larvae, and in water from the same location in the Sea of Oman. Metal accumulation in hosts, parasites and sea water was measured by ICP-OES. Hysterothylacium larvae from the intestinal lumen and visceral cavity showed much higher metal concentrations than in host tissues or sea water. Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences in metal accumulation between infected and uninfected hosts. Cadmium concentration in the host muscle was lower than in intestine, liver and gonad tissues. The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in nematodes were 289·03 and 81·5 times higher than in host intestine, 188·4 and 225 times higher than in host muscle, 108·6 and 65·3 times higher than in host gonads, 70·5 and 19·5 times higher than in host liver and 3351 and 148 times higher than in sea water. The results show the value of this and possibly related nematodes as bioindicators of heavy metals and their potential use in environmental studies.
Conserved peptide sequences bind to actin and enolase on the surface ofPlasmodium bergheiookinetes
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ-ROMANO J. , RODRÍGUEZ M. H. , PANDO V. , TORRES-MONZÓN J. A. , ALVARADO-DELGADO A. , LECONA VALERA A. N. , RAMOS R. ARGOTTE , MARTÍNEZ-BARNETCHE J. , RODRÍGUEZ M. C.
Published: August 2011

The description ofPlasmodiumookinete surface proteins and their participation in the complex process of mosquito midgut invasion is still incomplete. In this study, using phage display, a consensus peptide sequence (PWWP) was identified in phages that bound to thePlasmodium bergheiookinete surface and, in selected phages, bound to actin and enolase in overlay assays with ookinete protein extracts. Actin was localized on the surface of fresh live ookinetes by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy using specific antibodies. The overall results indicated that enolase and actin can be located on the surface of ookinetes, and suggest that they could participate inPlasmodiuminvasion of the mosquito midgut.
Scepticism about the argument from divine hiddenness
Authors: MCBRAYER JUSTIN P. , SWENSON PHILIP
Published: August 2011

Some philosophers have argued that the paucity of evidence for theism – along with basic assumptions about God's nature – isipso factoevidence for atheism. The resulting argument has come to be known as the argument from divine hiddenness. Theists have challenged both the major and minor premises of the argument by offering defences. However, all of the major, contemporary defences are failures. What unites these failures is instructive: each isimplausiblegiven other commitments shared by everyone in the debate or by theists in particular. Only challenges which are plausible given both common sense and other theistic commitments will undermine the argument from divine hiddenness. Given that such defences universally fail, the best hope for a successful challenge to the argument comes from more general sceptical responses. This sort of response is briefly sketched and defended against four independent objections.
English as a foreign language spelling development: A longitudinal study
Authors: KAHN-HORWITZ JANINA , SPARKS RICHARD L. , GOLDSTEIN ZAHAVA
Published: August 2011

English as a foreign language (EFL) spelling was examined longitudinally three times (4th, 9th, 12th grades) during 9 years of EFL study among Hebrew first language (L1) students. The study examined the impact of L1 literacy variables including phonemic awareness, word attack, and spelling on EFL spelling and the relationship between EFL literacy variables and EFL spelling. Results showed that English spelling measured at earlier points strongly predicted later English spelling. L1 literacy skills measured in fourth grade were more significant than English word recognition in explaining end of ninth grade EFL spelling. Beginning of first year EFL letter knowledge in fourth grade predicted end of first-year EFL spelling. These results show qualitatively different L1 and EFL literacy abilities impacting EFL spelling at 4th, 9th, and 12th grades.
Acquisition of initial mental graphemic representations by children at risk for literacy development
Authors: APEL KENN , THOMAS-TATE SHURITA , WILSON-FOWLER ELIZABETH B. , BRIMO DANIELLE
Published: August 2011

We examined the acquisition of initial mental graphemic representations (MGRs) by 46 kindergarten children (mean age = 5 years, 9 months) at risk for literacy development because of low socioeconomic status. Using a storybook context, we exposed children to novel nonwords that varied in their phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities and then assessed the children's development of initial MGRs through spelling and reading recognition tasks. The children developed some initial MGRs but less than past reports of children from middle socioeconomic status backgrounds. Children with more advanced word recognition abilities developed more initial MGRs than their peers with less advanced word recognition skills. Like previous reports, the words' linguistic properties affected initial MGR acquisition and MGR acquisition ability predicted reading and spelling achievement above other known predictors. The results speak to the importance of increasing the print and orthographic knowledge of children at-risk for adequate literacy development.
Deeper than shallow: Evidence for structure-based parsing biases in second-language sentence processing
Authors: WITZEL JEFFREY , WITZEL NAOKO , NICOL JANET
Published: August 2011

This study examines the reading patterns of native speakers (NSs) and high-level (Chinese) nonnative speakers (NNSs) on three English sentence types involving temporarily ambiguous structural configurations. The reading patterns on each sentence type indicate that both NSs and NNSs were biased toward specific structural interpretations. These results are interpreted as evidence that both first-language and second-language (L2) sentence comprehension is guided (at least in part) by structure-based parsing strategies and, thus as counterevidence to the claim that NNSs are largely limited to rudimentary (or “shallow”) syntactic computation during online L2 sentence processing.
Comparison of native versus nonnative perception of vowel length contrasts in Arabic and Japanese
Authors: TSUKADA KIMIKO
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the prediction that individuals are able to use the knowledge from their first language (L1) in processing the comparable sound contrasts in an unknown language. Two languages, Arabic and Japanese, which utilize vowel duration contrastively, were examined. Native Arabic (NA) and native Japanese (NJ) listeners' discrimination accuracy for native (known) and nonnative (unknown) vowel length contrasts was assessed in an AXB discrimination test. A group of Australian English (OZ) speakers who do not know either Arabic or Japanese participated as a control group. Despite the expectation that native listeners positively transfer and generalize the L1 knowledge to process unknown languages with equivalent phonetic characteristics, both the NA and NJ groups were clearly less accurate in discriminating vowel length contrasts in unknown languages. Further, they showed no advantage over the OZ listeners who have limited experience with vowel length contrasts in their L1. These results suggest that, not only for stop place contrasts examined previously, but also for vowel length contrasts, experience with specific phonetic contrasts may not be sufficient for attaining truly nativelike discrimination accuracy.
Cross-linguistic differences in the immediate serial recall of consonants versus vowels
Authors: KISSLING ELIZABETH M.
Published: August 2011

The current study investigated native English and native Arabic speakers’ phonological short-term memory for sequences of consonants and vowels. Phonological short-term memory was assessed in immediate serial recall tasks conducted in Arabic and English for both groups. Participants (n= 39) heard series of six consonant–vowel syllables and wrote down what they recalled. Native speakers of English recalled the vowel series better than consonant series in English and in Arabic, which was not true of native Arabic speakers. An analysis of variance showed that there was an interaction between first language and phoneme type. The results are discussed in light of current research on consonant and vowel processing.
Baby-boomers and the ‘denaturalisation’ of care-giving in Quebec
Authors: GUBERMAN NANCY , LAVOIE JEAN-PIERRE , OLAZABAL IGNACE
Published: August 2011

The North American post-war generation, known as the baby-boomers, has challenged traditional family relations and the sexual division of labour. How do these challenges play out in the face of frail, ill or disabled family members? A study undertaken in Montreal, Quebec, with baby-boomer care-givers aimed to raise understanding of the realities of this group. We met with 40 care-givers for a one and a half-hour qualitative interview to discuss their identification with their social generation, their relationship to care-giving, their values regarding care-giving, and the reality of the care-giving they offer. The findings indicate that women, in particular, no longer identify themselves mainly in terms of family. For most, care-giving is not their only or even their dominant identity. They are actively trying to maintain multiple identities: worker, wife, mother, friend and social activist, alongside that of care-giver. They are also participating in the very North American process of individualisation, leading to what we call the ‘denaturalisation’ of care-giving. Notably, the women we met with call themselves ‘care-givers’ and not simply wives, daughters or mothers, denoting that the work of care-giving no longer falls within the realm of ‘normal’ family responsibilities. These care-givers thus set limits to their caring commitments and have high expectations as to services and public support, while still adhering to norms of family responsibility for care-giving.
Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?
Authors: ÖKTEM EMRE
Published: August 2011

This article explores whether Turkey is the continuing or a successor state of the Ottoman Empire. This is a question that attracts particular attention in the context of the contemporary political debate on ‘neo-Ottomanism’. After the analysis of past debates on succession and continuity, the Ottoman Empire's legacy is considered in light of the international case law, especially the 1925 Ottoman Public Debt Arbitration. Arguments of the international doctrine in favour of and against the Ottoman continuity thesis are also explored and tested by reference to comparable cases. The peculiarity of the transitional period from the Empire to the Republic, where two governments and two constitutions coexisted, is crucial to understanding the transmission process of the legal personality. Despite the undeniable ambiguity of the issue, the conclusion tilts towards the continuity argument. Potential positive and negative, as well as legal and political, implications of continuity, including those related to delictual responsibility, are discussed at the end.
The Subject Matters: The ICJ and Human Rights, Rights of Shareholders, and the Diallo Case
Authors: VERMEER-KÜNZLI ANNEMARIEKE
Published: August 2011

On 30 November 2010, the International Court of Justice issued its decision in the merits phase of the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case. This decision turned on the questions of whether the DRC had violated Mr Diallo's human rights and his rights as a shareholder and manager in two corporations he owned in the DRC. This paper analyses the decision of the Court in the light of the choices it made and the methodology it applied, and demonstrates that both issues raise fundamental questions. The Court's decision on Mr Diallo's human rights is often ambitious to the detriment of clarity, whereas the part of the judgment dealing with corporate rights does not seem to move beyond its 1970 predecessor in Barcelona Traction. While understandable, this is also regrettable and the consequences for individuals doing business and/or residing in foreign countries may be substantial.
Tracking the constraints on a grammaticalizing perfect(ive)
Authors: Copple Mary T.
Published: August 2011

Perfect grammaticalization has been much researched across languages (Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca, 1994; Harris, 1982, among others), however, debate continues about the role of continuative and experiential perfects (e.g., Stage II of the proposed path) and how extension to perfective contexts occurs (Schwenter, 1994a, 1994b; Schwenter & Torres Cacoullos, 2008; Squartini & Bertinetto, 1995, 2000). This study examines data from three centuries of Peninsular Spanish dramatic texts in order to track the linguistic factors constraining Present Perfect (PP)-Preterit variation. In the 15th century, the PP was employed in very recent temporal reference contexts, where it had developed a “hot news” function. Use in nonspecified (irrelevant and indeterminate) temporal reference was concentrated in semantic classes associated with resultative use. With time, the PP extended to all semantic classes in irrelevant temporal reference while simultaneously strengthening in perfective, but temporally indeterminate contexts, and finally, hodiernal contexts. Nonspecified temporal reference is believed to play a special role in the PP's grammaticalization: the irrelevant temporal PP function helps to solidify the event focus introduced by the hot news perfect, whereas its use in indeterminate contexts strengthens associations with perfectivity.
A statistical method for the identification and aggregation of regional linguistic variation
Authors: Grieve Jack , Speelman Dirk , Geeraerts Dirk
Published: August 2011

This paper introduces a method for the analysis of regional linguistic variation. The method identifies individual and common patterns of spatial clustering in a set of linguistic variables measured over a set of locations based on a combination of three statistical techniques: spatial autocorrelation, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. To demonstrate how to apply this method, it is used to analyze regional variation in the values of 40 continuously measured, high-frequency lexical alternation variables in a 26-million-word corpus of letters to the editor representing 206 cities from across the United States.
Independence claims in linguistics
Authors: Paolillo John C.
Published: August 2011

Empirical work in linguistics often puts forward claims about the independence of two phenomena as substantive hypotheses. But, independence is always an assumption in the framework of empirical hypothesis testing, meaning independence claims are not empirically verifiable. Hence, they need to be regarded differently from truly empirical hypotheses within the substantive theories of which they are part. In this paper, a number of independence claims are illustrated, alongside their problematic consequences for empirically guided theorizing. Recommendations are made regarding the use of independence that should facilitate the empirical testing of substantive linguistic hypotheses.
Seed persistence in the soil on eroded slopes in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region, China
Authors: Wang Ning , Jiao Ju-Ying , Jia Yan-Feng , Wang Dong-Li
Published: August 2011

The soil seed-bank is an important component of vegetation dynamics. Its presence affects both ecosystem resistance and resilience. A persistent seed-bank is especially important in disturbed habitats and harsh environments. In the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region, serious soil erosion causes decreases in soil water capacity and constrains vegetation recolonization. A stable and long-term persistent soil seed-bank is necessary for natural vegetation recolonization. We used an integrated measure of the depth distribution of seeds in the soil and the seasonal dynamics of soil seed-banks to analyse the persistence of seeds in soil and to investigate the correlation of seed longevity with seed size/shape and the species' life history. The results showed a significant tendency for small seeds and seeds of annuals/biennials to persist longer in soil than large seeds and seeds of perennials. However, seed shape was not related to persistence. The main dominant speciesArtemisia scoparia, Lespedeza davurica, Heteropappus altaicus, Stipa bungeana, Artemisia gmelinii, and Bothriochloa ischaemun in the different successional stages in this region can form a persistent and stable soil seed-bank. The pioneer species A. scoparia is especially significant because it can form a large, long-term, persistent seed-bank. These species can play a role in the recolonization of the eroded abandoned slope lands by vegetation.
Encouraging reflection: Do professional development workshops increase the skill level and use of reflection in practice?
Authors: Tan Kieng , Cashell Angela , Bolderston Amanda
Published: August 2011

Reflection is a way of evaluating best practice and challenging existing norms, while at the same time, considering one’s personal values and assumptions in our personal and professional lives. However, many health practitioners may lack the skills to do this effectively. Through participation in a series of three workshops, practitioners in the Radiation Medicine Program at Princess Margaret Hospital have learned and acquired new skills to encourage reflection and reflective practice in themselves, their colleagues as well as with their students. A pre- and post-course survey was used to ascertain their level of knowledge of reflection and reflective practice. An additional survey at 3 months assessed the frequency of use and ongoing comfort level with reflective practice. Results of the evaluation indicate that the participants’ knowledge of reflective practice has improved their understanding of reflection in clincal practice. They recognize the importance of reflection and anticipate increasing their use of reflection in/on practice. As well, participants have been able to sustain the positive momentum 3 months after the course was delivered.
Welfare Reform, Jobcentre Plus and the Street-Level Bureaucracy: Towards Inconsistent and Discriminatory Welfare for Severely Disadvantaged Groups?
Authors: Fletcher Del Roy
Published: August 2011

A defining feature of UK welfare reform has been concerted moves towards greater conditionality and sanctioning which has stimulated much academic debate. However, few policy articles have sought to examine how welfare reforms are actually implemented. Lipsky (1980) has shown that the intentions of policy makers may be frustrated by the behaviour of public service workers operating in a ‘corrupted world of service’. This article draws upon the findings of the evaluation of the Jobseekers Mandatory Activity to discuss how key welfare reforms are likely to be implemented. It argues that that discretion remains a significant feature of front-line practice with potentially profound implications for severely disadvantaged groups.
Deliberative Research for Deliberative Policy Making: Creating and Recreating Evidence in Transport Policy
Authors: Murray Lesley
Published: August 2011

Despite promotion of evidence-based policy responses, there remains a knowledge gap between policy-makers and academia particularly in transport policy making, which is steeped in positivist traditions. A number of social policy academics have conceptualised research utilisation in relation to particular elements of social policy, but less attention has been paid to the integration of deliberative and interpretative research into transport policy. This article explores this through a study of the journey to school that used mobile and visual methods in an in-depth exploration of this element of everyday life.
Accounting for Housing in Poverty Analysis
Authors: Mullan Killan , Sutherland Holly , Zantomio Francesca
Published: August 2011

The treatment of housing in the definition of income used to measure poverty makes a big difference to who is counted as poor. Both the Before Housing Costs (BHC) and After Housing Costs (AHC) measures in current use in the UK pose problems. BHC income does not capture the advantages of living in owner-occupied housing and AHC income might not account for the benefits of living in higher-quality accommodation. We explore the potential of including in income the difference between the estimated value of housing consumed and housing costs, which we refer to as net imputed rent. We investigate whether findings about child and pensioner poverty, and judgements about the effectiveness of poverty-reducing policies, are affected by accounting for housing in this way.
Working Together to Address Multiple Exclusion Homelessness
Authors: Cornes Michelle , Joly Louise , Manthorpe Jill , O'Halloran Sue , Smyth Rob
Published: August 2011

This article draws on preliminary findings from a two-year exploratory study to describe how different agencies and professionals work together to identify and manage the intersections between homelessness and other facets of deep social exclusion. We assess the extent to which current practice is informed by policy frameworks for ‘personalised and integrated care planning’ focusing in particular on the ‘coordinating’ and ‘sign-posting’ role of the housing support worker. We conclude with some initial thoughts as to how policy and practice might be strengthened in this area to ensure more ‘joined-up’ and continuous support for people with experience of multiple exclusion homelessness.
Interagency Working to Support the Health of People Who Are Homeless
Authors: Joly Louise , Goodman Claire , Froggatt Katherine , Drennan Vari
Published: August 2011

Interagency working is a recurrent theme in homelessness policy literature, but is ill defined and rarely addressed in UK homelessness research. This article draws on findings from a study that explored how interagency working is achieved between statutory and voluntary sector services concerned with improving the health of people experiencing homelessness. We argue that a focus on the health needs and behaviours perceived as being a risk to the general population directly influences interagency working and how professional networks organise themselves. The findings are discussed with reference to the impact of social policy on the health of people who are homeless.
Comparing Men's and Women's Experiences of Multiple Exclusion Homelessness
Authors: Bowpitt Graham , Dwyer Peter , Sundin Eva , Weinstein Mark
Published: August 2011

This article explores gender as a variable in multiple exclusion homelessness in England. Much past research has taken insufficient account of the gender of homeless people, especially the predominance of men in the single homeless population and of women heading homeless households with dependent children. Drawing on qualitative data generated in a study of multiple exclusion homelessness in London and Nottingham, the article considers three ways in which gender may act as a homelessness variable: in people's susceptibility to homelessness, in their experiences of homelessness and in their encounters with accommodation services. By comparing the accounts of homeless men and women with complex support needs with evidence from staff working for support agencies, the overall aim of the article is to offer a critical examination of the gendered assumptions of homelessness policy and practice.
Conditionality and Homelessness Services; ‘Practice Realities’ in a Drop-in Centre
Authors: Dobson Rachael
Published: August 2011

This article provides insights into the client−practitioner interaction, as understood through the eyes of those working at the front-line in a Drop-in Centre for homeless clients. Through a case-study analysis of ‘official’ techniques and informal approaches, it is argued that conditional practices are present in contemporary support practices. However, the picture is fragmented, with practitioners arguing for, but also deviating from, conditional strategies that aspire to shape client behaviour. Choices about appropriate responses are occasionally permeated by ‘top−down’ policy messages that aim to responsibilise and generate change in clients. However there is evidence of ‘bottom−up’ drivers informed by experiences of working with clients at the grassroots. These ‘practice realities’ shift an analysis of conditional tactics from just a moralising and disciplining approach, and suggest a more complex set of events at the front-line. Insights add to ongoing commentary about an apparent policy emphasis on rectifying the behaviour of citizens at the sharp end. Conclusions highlight the role of complexity for understanding therapeutic and disciplining elements in policies and practices. Such debates are especially relevant where they connect to the care and control of individuals understood by practitioners as both transgressive and vulnerable.
Interactive Glyph Graphics of Multivariate Data in Psychometrics
Authors: Ünlü Ali , Ahmed Malik Waqas
Published: August 2011

Gauguin (Grouping And Using Glyphs Uncovering Individual Nuances) is statistical data visualization software for the interactive graphical exploration of multivariate data using glyph representations. Glyphs are defined as geometric shapes scaled by the values of multivariate data. Each glyph represents one high-dimensional data point or the prototype (average) of a group or cluster of data points. This paper reviews the capabilities, functionality, and interactive properties of this software package. Key features of Gauguin are illustrated with data from the Programme for International Student Assessment.
Two-Part Modeling of Semicontinuous Longitudinal Variables
Authors: Flora David B.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents specification of two approaches for analyzing a longitudinally observed semicontinuous variable, in which a large proportion of observations equal zero while remaining observations follow a continuous distribution. Both approaches utilize two-part models, where Part 1 models the zero values, such that hypotheses can be examined regarding the likelihood that the outcome equals zero at a particular time point (using the Olsen & Schafer model) or regarding the likelihood of observing the initial onset of a nonzero value (using the “launch model”) and Part 2 for the remaining continuous portion of the outcome variable is a standard latent growth curve model. However, interpretation of Part 2 depends on the approach used in Part 1. Parts 1 and 2 are jointly estimated, allowing them to be correlated, and covariates may have differing relationships across the two parts. The approaches are illustrated using a longitudinal study of adolescent alcohol use.
Exploiting Prior Information in Stochastic Knowledge Assessment
Authors: Heller Jürgen , Repitsch Claudia
Published: August 2011

Various adaptive procedures for efficiently assessing the knowledge state of an individual have been developed within the theory of knowledge structures. These procedures set out to draw a detailed picture of an individual’s knowledge in a certain field by posing a minimal number of questions. While research so far mostly emphasized theoretical issues, the present paper focuses on an empirical evaluation of probabilistic assessment. It reports on simulation data showing that both efficiency and accuracy of the assessment exhibit considerable sensitivity to the choice of parameters and prior information as captured by the initial likelihood of the knowledge states. In order to deal with problems that arise from incorrect prior information, an extension of the probabilistic assessment is proposed. Systematic simulations provide evidence for the efficiency and robustness of the proposed extension, as well as its feasibility in terms of computational costs.
Managing Heterogeneity of Variance in Studies of Reliability Generalization With Alpha Coefficients
Authors: Botella Juan , Suero Manuel
Published: August 2011

In Reliability Generalization (RG) meta-analyses, the importance of bearing in mind the problems of range restriction or biased sampling and their influence on reliability estimation has often been highlighted. Nevertheless, the presence of heterogeneous variances in the included studies has been diagnosed in a subjective way and has not been taken into account in later analyses. Procedures to detect the presence of a variety of sampling schemes and to manage them in the analyses are proposed. The procedures are further explained with an example, by applying them to 25 estimates of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in the Hamilton Scale for Depression.
An Improved Model for Evaluating Change in Randomized Pretest, Posttest, Follow-Up Designs
Authors: Mara Constance A. , Cribbie Robert A. , Flora David B. , LaBrish Cathy , Mills Laura , Fiksenbaum Lisa
Published: August 2011

Randomized pretest, posttest, follow-up (RPPF) designs are often used for evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention. These designs typically address two primary research questions: (1) Do the treatment and control groups differ in the amount of change from pretest to posttest? and (2) Do the treatment and control groups differ in the amount of change from posttest to follow-up? This study presents a model for answering these questions and compares it to recently proposed models for analyzing RPPF designs due to Mun, von Eye, and White (2009) using Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed model provides increased power over previous models for evaluating group differences in RPPF designs.
When the Truth Hits You Between the Eyes
Authors: Bulté Isis , Onghena Patrick
Published: August 2011

Visual data analysis is an important first step when evaluating intervention effects. This also holds for analyzing data from single-case experiments. Because most software packages do not offer customized facilities for constructing single-case graphs and are not particularly suited to perform single-case visual data analyses, we created an R package to help researchers in making graphical representations of single-case data and to transform graphical displays back to raw data. In addition to a basic plotting function, we included some tools to facilitate the use of three interpretative principles for visually analyzing single-case data: plotting a measure of central location as a horizontal reference line; displaying variability with (trimmed) range bars, range lines, and trended ranges; and displaying trends with a vertical line graph, by fitting a robust linear trend, or by plotting running medians. Finally, we included a function to extract raw data values from published graphs.
One Size Fits All?
Authors: Voelkle Manuel C. , McKnight Patrick E.
Published: August 2011

The use of latent curve models (LCMs) has increased almost exponentially during the last decade. Oftentimes, researchers regard LCM as a “new” method to analyze change with little attention paid to the fact that the technique was originally introduced as an “alternative to standard repeated measures ANOVA and first-order auto-regressive methods” (Meredith & Tisak, 1990, p. 107). In the first part of the paper, this close relationship is reviewed, and it is demonstrated how “traditional” methods, such as the repeated measures ANOVA, and MANOVA, can be formulated as LCMs. Given that latent curve modeling is essentially a large-sample technique, compared to “traditional” finite-sample approaches, the second part of the paper addresses the question to what degree the more flexible LCMs can actually replace some of the older tests by means of a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, a structural equation modeling alternative to Mauchly’s (1940) test of sphericity is explored. Although “traditional” methods may be expressed as special cases of more general LCMs, we found the equivalence holds only asymptotically. For practical purposes, however, no approach always outperformed the other alternatives in terms of power and type I error, so the best method to be used depends on the situation. We provide detailed recommendations of when to use which method.
The tidal history of Iapetus: Spin dynamics in the light of a refined dissipation model
Authors: Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , Efroimsky Michael , Lainey Valéry
Published: August 2011

We study the tidal history of an icy moon, basing our approach on a dissipation model, which combines viscoelasticity with anelasticity and takes into account the microphysics of attenuation. We apply this approach to Iapetus, the most remote large icy moon in the Saturnian system. Different authors provide very different estimates for Iapetus's despinning timescale, by several orders of magnitude. One reason for these differences is the choice of the dissipation model used for computing the spin evolution. As laboratory data on viscoelastic properties of planetary ices are sparse, many studies relied on dissipation models that turned out to be inconsistent with experiment. A pure water ice composition, generally assumed in the previous studies of the kind, yields despinning times of the order of 3.7 Gyr for most initial conditions. We demonstrate that through accounting for the complexity of the material (like second‐phase impurities) one arrives at despinning times as short as 0.9 Gyr. A more exact estimate will remain unavailable until we learn more about the influence of impurities on ice dissipation. By including the triaxial‐shape‐caused torque, we encounter a chaotic behavior at the final stage of despinning, with the possibility of entrapments in the intermediate resonances. The duration of these entrapments turns out to be sensitive to the dissipation model. No long entrapments have been found for Iapetus described with our laboratory‐based dissipation model.
Laboratory thermal emission spectroscopy of shocked basalt from Lonar Crater, India, and implications for Mars orbital and sample data
Authors: Wright Shawn P. , Christensen Phil R. , Sharp Thomas G.
Published: August 2011

Whereas the thermal infrared (TIR) spectra of specific minerals and/or igneous and metamorphic rocks have been compared to data of the Martian surface, TIR data of the impactite products of the shock metamorphism of basalt have not been examined in detail. The effects of shock on the thermal infrared spectrum of Deccan basalt are described here. Sample collection at Lonar Crater, India, yielded four classes of shocked basalt: classes 1, 2, 4, and 5. Spectral features attributed to labradorite in TIR spectrum of unshocked Deccan basalt are absent in the spectrum of class 2 shocked basalt. Petrography confirms that labradorite has been replaced by diaplectic glass (maskelynite). The TIR spectrum of class 2 shocked basalt is nearly identical to that of the Los Angeles shergottite. The addition of experimentally shocked plagioclase feldspars as TIR end‐members improves fits and lowers RMS errors for the deconvolution of the TIR spectrum of the maskelynite‐bearing impactite, and the correct mineralogy is chosen to within 5%. Class 4 shocked basalt contains vesiculated plagioclase glass (due to more heat) and highly fractured augites. Two class 5 spectral types have primary Si‐O stretching vibrations at lower wave numbers than Si and Si‐K glass end‐members commonly used in analyses of TIR data, agreeing with lower SiO2 abundances (∼50%) determined from two techniques. At least three differences in spectral features exist between the two class 5 spectral types that we attribute to incomplete melting in the class 5A samples based on comparison to the class 4 spectrum. These samples and their TIR spectra represent excellent analogs for Martian shocked basalt and new lithologic end‐members for use in spectral libraries used to analyze TIR data from Mars.
Oceanic calcium changes from enhanced weathering during the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum: No effect on calcium‐based proxies
Authors: Komar N. , Zeebe R. E.
Published: August 2011

During the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum (PETM ∼55 Myr ago), prominent climatic and biogeochemical changes took place in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. For example, deep‐sea temperatures rose by 5°C to 6°C, while sea surface temperatures at high latitudes increased by up to 9°C. In the sedimentary record, the onset of the PETM is marked by widespread dissolution of calcium carbonate on the seafloor. In addition, there is evidence for globally higher humidity, precipitation and increased weathering during the PETM. Both calcium carbonate dissolution and enhanced weathering probably affected the seawater calcium concentration. Here we investigate implications that possible changes in the ocean's calcium inventory may have had on boron/calcium (B/Ca) and magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios, which are used as proxies for deep water carbonate chemistry and temperature, respectively. We also examine effects on δ44Ca of seawater, which is used as an indicator for variations in the marine calcium cycle. We focus on the magnitude of change in the ocean's calcium ion concentration as a result of the carbon perturbation, which resulted in increased weathering fluxes and the dissolution of calcite on the ocean floor during the PETM. Different ranges of carbon input scenarios and their effect on ocean chemistry were examined using the Long‐term Ocean‐atmosphere‐Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir (LOSCAR) model. We found that under the most plausible scenario, the calcium ion concentration change (Δ[Ca2+]) was less than 0.7% and around 2% in the most extreme scenario. Our results show that B/Ca and Mg/Ca proxies were not affected within analytical precision by changes in oceanic calcium due to weathering and carbonate dissolution during the PETM. The most extreme scenario (Δ[Ca2+] = 2%) would result in ∼4 μmol kg−1 uncertainty in reconstruction of Δ[CO32−]. The same scenario affects the temperature reconstruction by ∼0.2°C. The effect on the ocean's calcium isotope budget was insignificant as well, resulting in Δδ44Casw of less than 0.05‰.
Sensitivity of seawater oxygen isotopes to climatic and tectonic boundary conditions in an early Paleogene simulation with GISS ModelE‐R
Authors: Roberts Christopher D. , LeGrande Allegra N. , Tripati Aradhna K.
Published: August 2011

An isotope‐enabled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model (GISS ModelE‐R) is used to estimate the spatial gradients of the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw, whereδis the deviation from a known reference material in per mil) during the early Paleogene (45–65 Ma). Understanding the response ofδ18Oswto changes in climatic and tectonic boundary conditions is important because records of carbonateδ18O document changes in hydrology, as well as changes in temperature and global ice‐volume. We present results from an early Paleogene configuration of ModelE‐R which indicate that spatial gradients of surface oceanδ18Oswduring this period could have been significantly different to those in the modern ocean. The differences inferred from ModelE‐R are sufficient to change early Paleogene sea surface temperature estimates derived from primary carbonateδ18O signatures by more than ±2°C in large areas of the ocean. In the North Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans, the differences inδ18Oswinferred from our simulation with ModelE‐R are in direct contrast with those from anotherδ18O‐tracing model study which used different, but equally plausible, early Paleogene boundary conditions. The large differences inδ18Oswbetween preindustrial and early Paleogene simulations, and between models, emphasizes the sensitivity ofδ18Oswto climatic and tectonic boundary conditions. For this reason, absolute estimates of Eocene/Paleocene temperature derived from carbonateδ18O alone are likely to have larger uncertainties than are usually assumed.