bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical increases in land‐derived nutrient inputs may alleviate effects of a changing physical climate on the oceanic carbon cycle
Authors: Lacroix Fabrice , Ilyina Tatiana , Mathis Moritz , Laruelle Goulven G. , Regnier Pierre
Published: August 2021

The implications of climate change and other human perturbations on the oceanic carbon cycle are still associated with large uncertainties. Global‐scale modelling studies are essential to investigate anthropogenic perturbations of oceanic carbon fluxes but, until now, they have not considered the impacts of temporal changes in riverine and atmospheric inputs of P and N on the marine net biological productivity (NPP) and air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2). To address this, we perform a series of simulations using an enhanced version of the global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC to isolate effects arising from (1) increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, (2) a changing physical climate and (3) alterations in inputs of terrigenous P and N on marine carbon cycling over the 1905–2010 period. Our simulations reveal that our first‐order approximation of increased terrigenous nutrient inputs causes an enhancement of 2.15 Pg C year−1 of the global marine NPP, a relative increase of +5% over the simulation period. This increase completely compensates the simulated NPP decrease as a result of increased upper ocean stratification of −3% in relative terms. The coastal ocean undergoes a global relative increase of 14% in NPP arising largely from increased riverine inputs, with regional increases exceeding 100%, for instance on the shelves of the Bay of Bengal. The imprint of enhanced terrigenous nutrient inputs is also simulated further offshore, inducing a 1.75 Pg C year−1 (+4%) enhancement of the NPP in the open ocean. This finding implies that the perturbation of carbon fluxes through coastal eutrophication may extend further offshore than that was previously assumed. While increased nutrient inputs are the largest driver of change for the CO2 uptake at the regional scale and enhance the global coastal ocean CO2 uptake by 0.02 Pg C year−1, they only marginally affect the FCO2 of the open ocean over our study's timeline.
OBVIOUSLY STRATEGY‐PROOF IMPLEMENTATION OF ASSIGNMENT RULES: A NEW CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Mandal Pinaki , Roy Souvik
Published: August 2021

We consider assignment problems where individuals are to be assigned at most one indivisible object and monetary transfers are not allowed. We provide a characterization of assignment rules that are Pareto efficient, nonbossy, and implementable in obviously strategy‐proof (OSP) mechanisms. As corollaries of our result, we obtain a characterization of OSP‐implementable fixed priority top trading cycles (FPTTC) rules, hierarchical exchange rules, and trading cycles rules. Troyan (International Economic Review 60 (2019), 1249–61) provides a characterization of OSP‐implementable FPTTC rules when there are equal number of individuals and objects. Our result generalizes this for arbitrary values of those.
Identification of mechanically separated meat in meat products: a simplified analytical approach by ion chromatography with conductivity detection
Authors: Iammarino Marco , Miedico Oto , Sangiorgi Emanuele , D’Amore Teresa , Berardi Giovanna , Accettulli Rosario , Dalipi Rogerta , Marchesani Giuliana , Chiaravalle Antonio Eugenio
Published: August 2021

Due to food safety concerns, the European Food Safety Authority asked for novel approaches for identifying mechanically separated meat (MSM) in meat products. In this work, a novel and simplified approach for MSM identification in meat products is presented. This approach is based on the calcium and magnesium determination by suppressed cation‐exchange chromatography coupled to conductivity detection, after sample mineralisation. One hundred samples of meat products were analysed. The difference between calcium and magnesium concentration (MSMindex) was identified as the most significant parameter useful for discriminating the presence of MSM in the product. The approach was also validated by analysing simulated meat samples containing increasing percentages of MSM. Meat samples with MSMindex higher than 390 mg kg−1 can be classified as MSM products, even if the MSM was obtained at high or low pressure. The protocol is applicable for MSM identification in meat products with MSM percentage higher than 25%.
Effects of heat moisture treatment on the structural, physicochemical and digestibility properties of potato starch–soybean peptide complexes
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhang Yuge , Zhao Huabin , Chen Liyun , Zeng Yan , Liang Zhili , Zhu Jie , Li Lin
Published: August 2021

In this study, potato starch (PS) was complexed with soybean peptides (SPTs) with different molecular weights under heat moisture treatment (HMT) at different moisture contents. The results showed that PSSPT complexes formed under HMT were characterised by weaker and fuzzier polarised cross patterns, and more agglomerates. After HMT, higher gelatinisation temperatures and lower enthalpies were observed for PSSPT complexes. In particular, higher gelatinisation temperatures were observed when moisture levels were higher during HMT. Compared with physically mixed counterparts, the PSSPT complexes under HMT displayed higher pasting temperatures and lower swelling power, and peak viscosity. Higher moisture content during HMT led to a less thermodynamically stable B‐polymorphic structure converting to a more stable A‐type polymorph. Higher SDS content was found in the PSSPT complexes subjected to HMT with lower moisture content, while relatively higher RS content was associated with higher moisture content of HMT. These results could be attributed to restructuring of the amylose/amylopectin chains, the physical barrier of SPT and interactions between the negatively charged groups in PS and the side chains in SPT. This study will advance our understanding of food multicomponent interactions, as well as guidance for the application development of low‐glycaemic index foods containing SDS and RS in the field of fine food processing.
An effective polydopamine coating to improve stability and bioactivity of carvacrol‐loaded zein nanoparticles
Authors: Yilmaz Mustafa Tahsin , Akman Perihan Kubra , Bozkurt Fatih , Karasu Salih
Published: August 2021

In this study, a simple and facile method was used to fabricate carvacrol‐loaded zein nanoparticles (CLZNPs), and CLZNPs were coated with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg mL−1) of polydopamine (PDA) to fabricate CLZPNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that CLNPs and CLZPNPs possessed spherical shapes with smooth surfaces in the sizes of 562 and 725 nm and were highly stable possessing high encapsulation efficiency (81.3%). The antioxidant activity of CLZPNPs (ranging from 70.97% to 89.84%) was higher than that (51.42%) of CLZNPs. PDA had a significant effect to increase the antioxidant activity of the CLZNPs. The thermal stability of the particles was influenced by a temperature change from 30 °C to 70 °C. While 1 CLZPNP sample possessed the highest retention rate of carvacrol, the uncoated CLZNPs had the lowest retention value at all temperatures. The antibacterial effect of CLZNPs could be remarkably increased by their coating with PDA at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg mL−1), reaching the level of 100% inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. As a result, coating the carvacrol‐loaded nanoparticles (CLZNPs) with PDA enabled us to fabricate highly stable CLZPNPs possessing improved stability and bioactivity. The results of this study suggest that the fabricated nanoformulation would find an application in food packaging technology to increase the storage stability of the products and control various foodborne bacterial pathogens.
The effects of ultra‐high‐pressure treatments combined with heat treatments on the antigenicity and structure of soy glycinin
Authors: Xi Jun , Li Yingying
Published: August 2021

Glycinin is one of the important allergens found in soybeans, which can potentially cause severe allergic reactions. Therefore, reducing the antigenicity of glycinin is of major significance to the research of soybean allergies. In order to detect the relationships between the antigenicity and structure of glycinin, samples were extracted from defatted soybean and then processed by ultra‐high‐pressure combined heat treatments. The processed proteins were determined using SDS‐PAGE, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, exogenous fluorescence, free sulfhydryl groups and Fourier transform methods. The results revealed that the antigenicity of the processed soy glycinin had decreased. In addition, the content levels of the hydrophobic groups, free sulfhydryl groups, α‐helix, β‐turn and random coils had increased, and the content of β‐sheets had decreased. The results indicated that the reduction in the antigenicity of the glycinin was due to the processing treatments, which effectively destroyed the spatial structure of the glycinin.
Semi‐solid fibre syrup for sugar reduction in cookies
Authors: Carcelli Alessandro , Suo Xinying , Boukid Fatma , Carini Eleonora , Vittadini Elena
Published: August 2021

Since sugar reduction is a pillar of the international nutritional guideline, the food industry is constantly looking for new ingredients able to replace sugar technological functionality while satisfying the consumer's request for clean label. Based on corn (Zea mays) dextrin and seed coats of chickpeas (testa of Cicer arietinum seed), a fibre syrup was tested as bulking agent in cookies to reach 30% and 50% sugar reduction. Cookies were characterised for their physicochemical, rheological and sensorial attributes. Fibre syrup addition did neither hinder dough workability nor require changes in cookie production procedure. The use of the fibre syrup permitted to partially preserve the structural strength of cookies and increased their red colour index. Moreover, the fibre syrup use allowed to obtain sugar‐reduced cookies qualified for ‘reduced in sugar’ and ‘high in fibre’ nutritional claims.
Utility of hot‐balloon‐based pulmonary vein isolation under balloon surface temperature monitoring: First clinical experience
Authors: Nakahara Shiro , Wakamatsu Yuji , Fukuda Reiko , Hori Yuichi , Nishiyama Naoki , Sato Hirotsugu , Nagashima Koichi , Mizutani Yukiko , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Kobayashi Sayuki , Taguchi Isao , Okumura Yasuo
Published: August 2021

Introduction

A new hot balloon system that registers balloon surface temperature (BST) during energy delivery is now available for clinical use in Japan. This study sought to investigate the utility of BST measurement for achievement of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) by a single‐shot energy delivery strategy during hot balloon ablation (HBA).

Methods

We applied and tested the system in 30 consecutive patients undergoing HBA for paroxysmal or early‐persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). We also performed real‐time PV potential monitoring using a circular catheter.

Results

Acute PVI was achieved with single hot balloon shots in 88% (106/120) of the PVs. Real‐time BSTs and PV potentials were recorded in all cases. Mean BST at documentation of PVI was 49.4°C, and acute reconnections were observed in most cases (86%, 12/14) in which the single‐shot technique was ineffective. Time‐to‐isolation (TTI) (23.1 ± 8.7 s vs. 36.3 ± 9.3 s, p < .01) and median BST (59.9 ± 2.6°C vs. 55.7 ± 1.9°C, p < .01) differed significantly between cases in which PVI was achieved (vs. those in which PVI was not achieved). Multivariable analysis revealed strong association between both TTI and median BST and acute PVI. The best median BST cutoff value for achieving PVI with a single shot was >58.7°C (sensitivity 67.0%, specificity 100%).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that real‐time BST monitoring during energy applications is useful for predicting achievement of acute PVI by a single shot during HBA.
Home blood pressure telemonitoring for improving blood pressure control in middle‐aged and elderly patients with hypertension
Authors: Yue Jianwei , Yang Xiaomin , Wang Bin , Hu Han , Fu Haiming , Gao Yuxia , Sun Gang
Published: August 2021

The blood pressure (BP) control rate among treated hypertensives in China remains low at 37.5%. The relationship between home blood pressure telemonitoring (HBPT) and BP control is controversial. The authors aimed to investigate the relationship between HBPT and BP control in middle‐aged and elderly hypertensives. In total, 252 hypertension patients aged between 60 and 79 years were enrolled. The patients were given either HBPT through interactive platforms between physicians and patients (telemonitoring group,n = 126) or conventional management (routine management group,n = 126). All patients were followed‐up for 15 months. BP control was defined as home systolic blood pressure < 135 mm Hg and home diastolic blood pressure < 85 mm Hg. At baseline, there were no significant differences in the baseline BP control rate (p = .083). However, after 15 months, the BP control rate improved in both groups, and the telemonitoring group (71.3%) had a significantly higher BP control than the routine management group (49.8%) (p < .001). The change of BP control rate from baseline in the routine management group increased by 26.1%, and that of the telemonitoring group increased by 35.4%. The results of the fully adjusted binary logistic regression showed that HBPT was positively associated with BP control after adjusting for confounders (OR = 4.15, 95%CI2.05–8.39). Similar results were observed after 3, 9, and 12 months. The association of HBPT with BP control was similar in subgroups. In conclusions, HBPT is recommended for BP control in middle‐aged and elderly hypertensives in the community setting.
A study of combined microfocused ultrasound and hyaluronic acid dermal filler in the treatment of enlarged facial pores in Asians
Authors: Vachiramon Vasanop , Namasondhi Amornrut , Anuntrangsee Tanaporn , Kositkuljorn Chaninan , Jurairattanaporn Natthachat
Published: August 2021

Background

Enlarged facial pores are a common cosmetic complaint in practice. Microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU‐V) and low‐degree crosslinked hyaluronic acid filler (L‐HA) injection has recently become a popular procedure for skin rejuvenation. The effectiveness of the combined MFU‐V and L‐HA injection in the treatment of enlarged pores has not been evaluated.

Objectives

To compare the efficacy of MFU‐V monotherapy (single technique) and MFU‐V combined with L‐HA injection (combined technique) for the treatment of enlarged facial pores in Asians.

Methods

We conducted a randomized, single‐blinded, split‐face study on participants with enlarged facial pores. Each side of the face was randomly assigned to treatment with one session of single technique or combined technique. Pore volume was objectively measured by an Antera 3D® system. Subjective assessment was evaluated by one‐blinded physician using a pore grading score (0–4). Patients rated the improvement in terms of satisfaction using the visual analog scale (VAS, 0–10).

Results

Forty‐six participants completed the study. The mean pore volume of both sides declined with statistical significance at every visit compared to baseline, with the lowest mean at 4 months post‐treatment. The combined technique showed a lower mean pore volume than single technique throughout the follow‐ups. Physician's subjective evaluation showed no statistically significant difference between the two techniques. The patient satisfaction score showed a similar trend to the mean pore volume, with a statistically significant difference at 4 and 6 months post‐treatment.

Conclusions

Both techniques are effectively minimize enlarged facial pores. The combined technique resulted in more patient satisfaction.
Prevalence and determinants of workplace violence among nurses in the South‐East Asian and Western Pacific Regions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Varghese Abin , Joseph Jaison , Vijay V. R. , Khakha Deepika C , Dhandapani Manju , Gigini George , Kaimal Raveesh
Published: August 2021

Background

Workplace violence (WPV) includes verbal abuse, physical violence, bullying or mobbing, assault and sexual harassment. The area has been well researched in the developed and high‐income countries among nurses and healthcare professionals, but in the case of the low and upper‐middle‐income countries, there remains a paucity of comprehensive data on the prevalence of WPV and its contributing factors.

Aims

To estimate the prevalence and determinants of WPV among nurses working in the South‐East Asian Region and Western Pacific Regions.

Design

Systematic review and Meta‐analysis.

Method

A comprehensive search was done to retrieve articles based on a PRISMA compliant protocol registered in PROSPERO: CRD 42020223605. Study selection, quality assessment and data abstraction were independently done by the team members and discrepancies addressed through mutual consensus. Random‐effect meta‐analysis, I2 statistics and subgroup analysis were done.

Results

The review included 41 studies conducted among 42,222 nurses from 13 countries. The pooled prevalence of WPV, verbal abuse, physical violence, threatening behaviour, physical assault, sexual harassment and bullying/mobbing were 58% (CI 51%‐64%), 64% (CI 59%‐70%), 23% (CI 14%–34%), 30(CI‐11%–52%), 21% (CI 8%‐38%), 12% (CI 7%‐17%) and 25% (17%‐33%), respectively. The various determinants of WPV included attributes related to the patient, nurses and organisation. Moreover, the impact of WPV included physical, psychological repercussions on nurses and the various measures used to manage it.

Conclusion

Nurses encounter a high level of WPV especially verbal abuse in their workplace settings. Nursing councils and professional nursing organisations should put in their effort towards the formulation and implementation of occupational safety legislation in their respective countries through appropriate political lobbying.

Relevance to clinical practice.

Our review highlights the emerging need to focus on the prevention of WPV among nurses working in lower, middle and upper‐middle‐income countries. Legislation changes and organisational commitment are vital for ensuring effective policies to combat WPV.
Evaluation of the clinical performance of noninvasive prenatal testing at a Japanese laboratory
Authors: Sasaki Yuna , Yamada Takahiro , Tanaka Shiro , Sekizawa Akihiko , Hirose Tatsuko , Suzumori Nobuhiro , Kaji Takashi , Kawaguchi Satoshi , Hasuo Yasuyuki , Nishizawa Haruki , Matsubara Keiichi , Hamanoue Haruka , Fukushima Akimune , Endo Masayuki , Yamaguchi Masayuki , Kamei Yoshimasa , Sawai Hideaki , Miura Kiyonori , Ogawa Masaki , Tairaku Shinya , Nakamura Hiroaki , Sanui Ayako , Mizuuchi Masahito , Okamoto Yoko , Kitagawa Michihiro , Kawano Yukie , Masuyama Hisashi , Murotsuki Jun , Osada Hisao , Kurashina Ryuhei , Samura Osamu , Ichikawa Mayuko , Sasaki Rumi , Maeda Kazuhisa , Kasai Yasuyo , Yamazaki Tomomi , Neki Reiko , Hamajima Naoki , Katagiri Yukiko , Izumi Shunichiro , Nakayama Setsuko , Miharu Norio , Yokohama Yuko , Hirose Masaya , Kawakami Kosuke , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Sase Masakatsu , Sugimoto Kohei , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Shiga Tomomi , Tashima Lena , Taketani Takeshi , Matsumoto Mariko , Hamada Hironori , Watanabe Takafumi , Okazaki Tetsuya , Iwamoto Sadahiko , Katsura Daisuke , Ikenoue Nobuo , Kakinuma Toshiyuki , Hamada Hiromi , Egawa Makiko , Kasamatsu Atsushi , Ida Akinori , Kuno Naohiko , Kuji Naoaki , Ito Mika , Morisaki Hiroko , Tanigaki Shinji , Hayakawa Hiromi , Miki Akinori , Sasaki Shoko , Saito Makoto , Yamada Naoki , Sasagawa Toshiyuki , Tanaka Toshitaka , Hirahara Fumiki , Kosugi Shinji , Sago Haruhiko ,   Japan N. I. P. T. Consortium
Published: August 2021

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in high‐risk pregnant women.

Methods

Pregnant women who underwent GeneTech NIPT, the most commonly used NIPT in Japan, between January 2015 and March 2019, at Japan NIPT Consortium medical sites were recruited for this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: pregnant women with missing survey items, multiple pregnancy/vanishing twins, chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus other than the NIPT target disease, and nonreportable NIPT results. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated from the obtained data, and maternal age‐specific PPV and NPV were estimated.

Results

Of the 45 504 cases, 44 263 cases fulfilling the study criteria were included. The mean maternal age and gestational weeks at the time of procedure were 38.5 years and 13.1 weeks, respectively. Sensitivities were 99.78% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 98.78–99.96), 99.12% (95% CI: 96.83–99.76), and 100% (95% CI: 88.30–100) for trisomies 21, 18, and 13, respectively. Specificities were more than 99.9% for trisomies 21, 18, and 13, respectively. Maternal age‐specific PPVs were more than 93%, 77%, and 43% at the age of 35 years for trisomies 21, 18, and 13, respectively.

Conclusion

The GeneTech NIPT data showed high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of fetal trisomies 21, 18, and 13 in high‐risk pregnant women, and maternal age‐specific PPVs were obtained. These results could provide more accurate and improved information regarding NIPT for genetic counseling in Japan.
Neoliberalism, family law, and the devaluation of care
Authors: HEENAN ANNA
Published: August 2021

There is a conflict at the heart of family law between neoliberal ideas of autonomy, which increasingly influence law and policy, and the lived realities of family law's subjects. Neoliberal norms, which assume individual responsibility, financial independence, and freedom of choice, do not reflect the nature of decision making in intact families or the consequences of those decisions on separation; separation raises multiple intersecting legal issues, including financial and child arrangements, providing an important lens for family law more widely. Drawing on the findings of original empirical research with separated parents, this article explores three key assumptions of individuals in the neoliberal paradigm: that they have equal bargaining power, behave economically rationally, and have freedom of choice. Not only do all three assumptions fail to capture the realities of separating parents’ lives, but they actively cause harm in the family law context by devaluing care.
Disturbance history is a key driver of tree life span in temperate primary forests
Authors: Pavlin Jakob , Nagel Thomas A. , Svitok Marek , Pettit Joseph L. , Begović Krešimir , Mikac Stjepan , Dikku Abdulla , Toromani Elvin , Panayotov Momchil , Zlatanov Tzvetan , Haruta Ovidiu , Dorog Sorin , Chaskovskyy Oleh , Mikoláš Martin , Janda Pavel , Frankovič Michal , Rodrigo Ruffy , Vostarek Ondřej , Synek Michal , Dušátko Martin , Kníř Tomáš , Kozák Daniel , Kameniar Ondrej , Bače Radek , Čada Vojtěch , Trotsiuk Volodymyr , Schurman Jonathan S. , Saulnier Mélanie , Buechling Arne , Svoboda Miroslav
Published: August 2021

Aims

We examined differences in life span among the dominant tree species (spruce, Picea abies; fir, Abies alba; beech, Fagus sylvatica; and maple, Acer pseudoplatanus) across primary mountain forests of Europe. We asked how disturbance history, lifetime growth patterns, and environmental factors influence life span.

Locations

Balkan Mountains, Carpathian Mountains, Dinaric Mountains.

Methods

Annual ring widths from 20,600 cores from primary forests were used to estimate tree life spans, growth trends, and disturbance history metrics. Mixed models were used to examine species‐specific differences in life span (i.e., defined as species‐specific 90th percentiles of age distributions), and how metrics of radial growth, disturbance parameters, and selected environmental factors influence life span.

Results

While only a few beech trees surpassed 500 years, individuals of all four species were older than 400 years. There were significant differences in life span among the four species (beech > fir > spruce > maple), indicating life history differentiation in life span. Trees were less likely to reach old age in areas affected by more severe disturbance events, whereas individuals that experienced periods of slow growth and multiple episodes of suppression and release were more likely to reach old age. Aside from a weak but significant negative effect of vegetation season temperature on fir and maple life span, no other environmental factors included in the analysis influenced life span.

Conclusions

Our results indicate species‐specific biological differences in life span, which may play a role in facilitating tree species coexistence in mixed temperate forests. Finally, natural disturbance regimes were a key driver of life span, which could have implications for forest dynamics if regimes shift under global change.
A Eulogy for Jane Robinson: A Social Autopsy of Uncare Policies
Authors: Mulligan Jessica M. , Weil Madeline
Published: August 2021

Shortly after losing her health insurance in 2018, Jane Robinson died of a treatable respiratory infection. This article argues that Jane's death occurred at the nexus of two different approaches to care: the necropolitics of uncare and the micropolitics of generative care labor. Both of these approaches to care increased Jane's health and social vulnerability, in turn quickening her death. We adopt the necropolitics of uncare framework to identify and name the harmful policies and attitudes of disregard that control access to life saving medical care. In the micropolitics of care in Jane's life, she became the safety net for others, which left little over when her health began to deteriorate. This social autopsy reveals that her care networks were insufficient to undo the uncare enshrined in state policy. Jane's unnecessary death foreshadowed the excess mortality that the United States has experienced from COVID‐19.
Deep learning‐based object identification with instance segmentation and pseudo‐LiDAR point cloud for work zone safety
Authors: Shen Jie , Yan Wenjie , Li Peng , Xiong Xin
Published: August 2021

Automated object identification in three‐dimensional (3D) space is crucial for work zone safety, such as compliance with construction rules and preventing workplace injuries and deaths. However, it is greatly challenged by some factors like high‐quality detection, high‐quality instance segmentation, few engineering object datasets with masks, and accurate 3D object understanding due to scale variations and limited cues in the 3D world. Traditional hand‐crafted methods suffer from these challenges. Our key insight is to use 2D object detection, instance segmentation and camera vision to compute pseudo‐light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud for 3D object identification. On the one hand, an enhanced feature pyramid network is proposed to extract more fine‐grained object features, and an improved cascade mask R‐CNN is applied to detect bounding boxes and masks for all 2D objects efficiently. Moreover, the AIM dataset for heavy equipment detection is augmented, and a new object class with the bounding box and mask is added. On the other hand, pseudo‐LiDAR point clouds of objects based on bounding boxes and masks are recovered from a monocular image by deep learning, automatic camera parameter estimation, vision‐based method, and space filter. Extensive experiments and analyses show that the new methodology can identify 3D objects and automatically analyze work zone safety. The proposed object detection model has achieved state‐of‐the‐art results on the AIM dataset and 97.2% in mean average precision for the augmented dataset. The collision detection model using pseudo‐LiDAR point cloud has obtained 95.99% in accuracy. The new model will serve as a baseline to support 3D object identification research for other 3D tasks.
Nurses' experience of patient care using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Asgari Parvaneh , Jackson Alun C. , Esmaeili Maryam , Hosseini Amin , Bahramnezhad Fatemeh
Published: August 2021

Background

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an advanced form of temporary life support, to aid respiratory and/or cardiac function, which diverts venous blood through an extracorporeal circuit and returns it to the body after gas exchange through a semipermeable membrane. It may be used for oxygenation, carbon dioxide removal, and hemodynamic support. ECMO has been available to patients in Iran for only about 4 years. Because nurses do not widely use ECMO in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), for many it is still a unique experience and more needs to be understood about that experience in order to support nurses in that role.

Aim

This study aimed to explore Iranian nurses' experience of caring for patients receiving ECMO.

Methods

This interpretive phenomenological study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in Farsi to collect data from 18 nurses who had cared for patients receiving ECMO. The interviews continued until data saturation, and thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was undertaken.

Results

Following thematic analysis, three main themes of “running on a suspension bridge,” “sense of duality,” and “bewilderment in the mirage of hope,” and with seven sub‐themes, emerged.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it is proposed that caring for patients receiving ECMO is a source of emotional turmoil for nurses. Nurses are constantly thinking about whether their patients receiving ECMO are recovering or dying, and the nature of this care may lead to stress and burnout. Therefore, it is recommended that these nurses receive counselling and psychological support.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Nurses are able to provide comprehensive and holistic patient care when they enjoy good physical and mental health themselves. To prevent distress in nurses and to provide safe care for the patient receiving ECMO, provision of psychological support for these nurses is recommended.
Transformative dissonant encounters: Opportunities for cultivating antiracism in White nursing students
Authors: Dancis Julia , Coleman Brett Russell
Published: August 2021

Sharply in focus in the United States right now is the disproportionate COVID‐19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality rates of Black, Indigenous, Hispanic, and Pacific Islanders living in the United States in contrast to White people. These COVID‐19 disparities are but one example of how systemic racism filters into health outcomes for many Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color (BIPOC). With these issues front and center, more attention is being given to the ways that White medical professionals contribute to these disparities, including their socialization to ignore or deny inequities. As such, the present study sought to understand how educating White health‐care pre‐professionals about systemic racism might influence their understanding of and responsibility for disrupting White supremacy. Data were drawn from 49 White‐identified nursing students who participated in a mapping project that uncovered instantiations of systemic racism in the United States. Participant written reflections were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that mapping projects can develop White people's knowledge and understanding of systemic racism. We introduce the construct, transformative dissonant encounters, to describe how this project precipitated shifts in world view necessary for White people to confront systemic racism. Implications for nursing educators, psychological researchers, and antiracist activists are discussed.
Long‐term nitrogen isotope dynamics in Encelia farinosa reflect plant demographics and climate
Authors: Driscoll Avery W. , Kannenberg Steven A. , Ehleringer James R.
Published: August 2021

While plant δ15N values have been applied to understand nitrogen (N) dynamics, uncertainties regarding intraspecific and temporal variability currently limit their application. We used a 28 yr record of δ15N values from two Mojave Desert populations of Encelia farinosa to clarify sources of population‐level variability.

We leveraged > 3500 foliar δ15N observations collected alongside structural, physiological, and climatic data to identify plant and environmental contributors to δ15N values. Additional sampling of soils, roots, stems, and leaves enabled assessment of the distribution of soil N content and δ15N, intra‐plant fractionations, and relationships between soil and plant δ15N values.

We observed extensive within‐population variability in foliar δ15N values and found plant age and foliar %N to be the strongest predictors of individual δ15N values. There were consistent differences between root, stem, and leaf δ15N values (spanning c. 3‰), but plant and bulk soil δ15N values were unrelated.

Plant‐level variables played a strong role in influencing foliar δ15N values, and interannual relationships between climate and δ15N values were counter to previously recognized spatial patterns. This long‐term record provides insights regarding the interpretation of δ15N values that were not available from previous large‐scale syntheses, broadly enabling more effective application of foliar δ15N values.
MYBA and MYBPA transcription factors co‐regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in blue‐coloured berries
Authors: Karppinen Katja , Lafferty Declan J. , Albert Nick W. , Mikkola Nelli , McGhie Tony , Allan Andrew C. , Afzal Bilal M. , Häggman Hely , Espley Richard V. , Jaakola Laura
Published: August 2021

The regulatory network of R2R3 MYB transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis is not fully understood in blue‐coloured berries containing delphinidin compounds.

We used blue berries of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) to comprehensively characterise flavonoid‐regulating R2R3 MYBs, which revealed a new type of co‐regulation in anthocyanin biosynthesis between members of MYBA‐, MYBPA1‐ and MYBPA2‐subgroups.

VmMYBA1, VmMYBPA1.1 and VmMYBPA2.2 expression was elevated at berry ripening and by abscisic acid treatment. Additionally, VmMYBA1 and VmMYBPA1.1 expression was strongly downregulated in a white berry mutant. Complementation and transient overexpression assays confirmed VmMYBA1 and VmMYBA2 to induce anthocyanin accumulation. Promoter activation assays showed that VmMYBA1, VmMYBPA1.1 and VmMYBPA2.2 had similar activity towards dihydroflavonol 4‐reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), but differential regulation activity for UDP‐glucose flavonoid 3‐O‐glucosyltransferase (UFGT) and flavonoid 3′5′‐hydroxylase (F3′5′H) promoters. Silencing of VmMYBPA1.1 in berries led to the downregulation of key anthocyanin and delphinidin biosynthesis genes. Functional analyses of other MYBPA regulators, and a member of novel MYBPA3 subgroup, associated them with proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and F3′5′H expression.

The existence of 18 flavonoid‐regulating MYBs indicated gene duplication, which may have enabled functional diversification among MYBA, MYBPA1 and MYBPA2 subgroups. Our results provide new insights into the intricate regulation of the complex anthocyanin profile found in blue‐coloured berries involving regulation of both cyanidin and delphinidin branches.
Dignity neuroscience: universal rights are rooted in human brain science
Authors: White Tara L. , Gonsalves Meghan A.
Published: August 2021

Universal human rights are defined by international agreements, law, foreign policy, and the concept of inherent human dignity. However, rights defined on this basis can be readily subverted by overt and covert disagreements and can be treated as distant geopolitical events rather than bearing on individuals’ everyday lives. A robust case for universal human rights is urgently needed and must meet several disparate requirements: (1) a framework that resolves tautological definitions reached solely by mutual, revocable agreement; (2) a rationale that transcends differences in beliefs, creed, and culture; and (3) a personalization that empowers both individuals and governments to further human rights protections. We propose that human rights in existing agreements comprise five elemental types: (1) agency, autonomy, and self‐determination; (2) freedom from want; (3) freedom from fear; (4) uniqueness; and (5) unconditionality, including protections for vulnerable populations. We further propose these rights and protections are rooted in fundamental properties of the human brain. We provide a robust, empirical foundation for universal rights based on emerging work in human brain science that we term dignity neuroscience. Dignity neuroscience provides an empirical foundation to support and foster human dignity, universal rights, and their active furtherance by individuals, nations, and international law.
Hip Arthroscopic Reduction and Fixation for Adolescent Acetabular Posterior Wall Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Shi Rong‐mao , Yuan Li‐bo , Tan Chao‐jun , Li An‐xu , Qiu Xiong , Yang Bing , Tan Hong‐bo
Published: August 2021

Background

Posterior wall fracture is the most common type of acetabular fracture, the traditional open reduction and fixation through the Kocher–Langenbeck approach required a large incision and extensive muscle and soft tissue dissection, resulting in more blood loss, more complications and delayed recovery after the operation. Hip arthroscopy has been widely used in clinical practice but rarely reported in acetabular fractures.

Case Presentation

We present the case of a 14‐year‐old boy with acetabular posterior wall fracture who was treated with hip arthroscopy reduction and fixation using anchors. He began to walk with partial weight‐bearing assisted by double crutches, and returned to school with crutches at 3 days after surgery. Although hip arthroscopy is technically more demanding, it’s an optimal choice for selected patients of acetabular fracture with the advantages of less invasive and faster postoperative recovery.
Comparisons between Direct Anterior Approach and Lateral Approach for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Postoperative Orthopaedic Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Huang Xiao‐tao , Liu Dong‐guang , Jia Bin , Xu Ying‐xing
Published: August 2021

The direct anterior approach (DAA) are attracting increasing attention from orthopedic arthroplasty surgeons, due to the less blood loss, mild soft tissue invasion, rapid rehabilitation and shorter length of stay. However, the longer learning curve in DAA can give rise to several complications, such as intraoperative femoral fracture, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury, wound‐healing problem, premature revision and so on. This meta‐analysis was performed to compare the rate of postoperative orthopedic complications between the DAA and the lateral approach (LA). All studies involving the comparison of postoperative orthopedic complications after THA between the DAA and LA group were searched in 7 databases prior to October 2020. The odds ratio (OR) with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome was calculated by using the RevMan 5.3. The methodological bias of included studies was evaluated and the potential heterogeneity sources were analyzed. Thirteen comparative studies including a total of 24853 hips (9575 hips in the DAA group and 15278 hips in the LA group) were eligible for this meta‐analysis. There was no significant difference in the rate of surgical site infection [2.59% vs 2.14% (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.59‐1.61, P = 0.93)], heterotopic ossification [12.16% vs 26.47% (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.20‐1.07, P = 0.07)] and reoperation [2.70% and 2.11% respectively (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.68‐1.26, P = 0.64)] between the DAA and LA groups. Although a lower rate in prosthesis malposition [36.19% vs 54.86% (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35‐0.73, P = 0.0003)], leg length discrepancy [1.87% vs 2.37% (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.30‐4.25, P = 0.005)] and Trendelenburg gait [1.68% vs 4.78% (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13‐0.65, P = 0.003)] was observed in the DAA group, a higher rate in dislocation [0.77% vs 0.18% (OR = 3.73; 95% CI: 2.35‐5.94, P< 0.00001)], periprosthetic fracture [1.05% vs 0.41% (OR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.58‐3.58, P< 0.0001)], prosthesis loosening [0.61% vs 0.37% (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.05‐2.62, P = 0.03)] and nerve injury [0.95% vs 0% (OR = 7.12; 95% CI: 1.66‐30.48, P = 0.008)] was found in the DAA group. This meta‐analysis demonstrated several evidences indicating that the DAA exhibited the advantages in the accurate prosthesis placement and less damage of surrounding hip musculature. However, a higher rate in dislocation, periprosthetic fracture, prosthesis loosening and nerve injury in the DAA group should be paid more attention, due to the limited exposure and a longer learning curve, compared to the LA.
Capsular Healing in Interportal and Periportal Capsulotomy Methods of Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Li Zi‐yuan , Hu Gang‐feng , Jin Zhi‐gao , Li Qian , Ling Zhuo‐yan , Shi Gao‐long , Dong Qi‐rong , Xie Zong‐gang
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate the midterm outcomes and the capsular healing in patients who had interportal capsulotomy versus periportal capsulotomy of hip arthroscopy.

Methods

Retrospectively reviewed 33 patients with labral tear received hip arthroscopy, with an average age of 41 (27‐67) years, including 13 cases of Cam deformity and three cases of Pincer deformity. All patients had positive sign of flexion adduction internal rotation or flexion abduction external rotation. With MRI and radiographic (CT, X plain) imageological examination. MRI showed that all patients had labral tear. Radiographic finding (CT, X plain) showed the pathological changes of acetabular and femoral neck osteophyte. One group with 23 patients were treated with periportal capsulotomy. Another group with 10 patients were treated with interportal capsulotomy. All patients did not close the capsule. Clinical outcomes were measured with the Hip Outcome Score Activities of Daily Living (HOS‐ADL) and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), patient satisfaction measured with visual analogue scale (VAS). The healing of the capsule was evaluated by MRI. MRI showed continuous capsular indicated healing, discontinuous capsular indicated unhealing. Postoperatively 6 months, mHHS and HOS‐ADL were obtained. Randomized controlled trials were used in this study for analysis.

Results

All patients were followed up with average time of 9.3 months(3‐29 months). The postoperative symptoms were obviously relieved, the VAS decreased from (4.9 ± 0.6) to (1.2 ± 0.2) after 3 months postoperative. Follow up 6 months post‐operation, patients in the interportal group, the mHHS and HOS‐ADL scores improvement were respectively 69.4 ± 9.3 & 70 ± 8.8 pre‐operation, and 92.5 ± 5.0 & 86.6 ± 5.4 post‐operation (P < 0.05); Patients in the periportal group, the mHHS and HOS‐ADL scores improvement were respectively 69.9 ± 15.8, 68.1 ± 15.0 pre‐operation, and 90.1 ± 9.3 & 86.7 ± 7.9 post‐operation (P < 0.05).The differences were statistically significant. Six months after operation, MRI showed that 23 patients with periportal capsulotomy, the capsule have healed, without other complications. Three of the ten patients with interportal capsulotomy were healed and seven were not.

Conclusion

Interportal and periportal capsulotomy had good outcomes. The technique of periportal capsulotomy had little damage to the joint capsule. Although the capsule did not close, the capsule healed well in postoperative follow‐up. The nonunion rate of the joint capsule was high in the interportal capsulotomy without close the capsule.
Improved survival in children with HPS: Experience from two high volume liver transplant centers across continents
Authors: Shanmugam Naresh , Hakeem Abdul Rahman , Valamparampil Joseph J. , Aldouri Ahmed , Bansal Mehak , Reddy Mettu Srinivas , Thiruchunapalli Deepashree , Vilca‐Melendez Hector , Baker Alastair , Dhawan Anil , Heaton Nigel , Rela Mohamed , Deep Akash
Published: August 2021

Background

Severe HPS increases morbidity and mortality after LT in children. We reviewed the combined experience of LT for HPS in children from two LT centers in Europe and Asia.

Methods

All children with “proven” HPS as per ERS Task Force criteria (detailed in manuscript) who underwent LT were categorized into M (PaO2 ≥80 mmHg), Mo (PaO2 = 60–79 mmHg), S (50–59 mmHg), and VS (PaO2 <50 mmHg) HPS, based on room air PaO2.

Results

Twenty‐four children with HPS underwent 25 LT (one re‐transplantation) at a median age of 8 years (IQR, 5–12), after a median duration of 8 (4–12) months following HPS diagnosis. Mechanical ventilation was required for a median of 3 (1.5–27) days after LT. Ten children had “S” post‐operative hypoxemia, requiring iNO for a median of 5 (6–27) days. “VS” category patients had significantly prolonged invasive ventilation (median 35 vs. 3 and 1.5 days; p = .008), ICU stay (median 39 vs. 8 and 8 days; p = .007), and hospital stay (64 vs. 26.5 and 23 days; p < .001) when compared to “S” and “M/Mo” groups, respectively. The need for pre‐transplant home oxygen therapy was the only factor predicting need for re‐intubation. Patient and graft survival at 32 (17–98) months were 100% and 95.8%. All children ultimately had complete resolution of HPS.

Conclusions

VS HPS is associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, which emphasizes the need for early LT in these children.
Estimating Mean Lifetime from Partially Observed Events in Nuclear Physics
Authors: Karvanen Juha , Niilo-Rämä Mikko , Sarén Jan , Kärkkäinen Salme
Published: August 2021

The mean lifetime is an important characteristic of particles to be identified in nuclear physics. State-of-the-art particle detectors can identify the arrivals of single radioactive nuclei as well as their subsequent radioactive decays (departures). Challenges arise when the arrivals and departures are unmatched and the departures are only partially observed. An inefficient solution is to run experiments where the arrival rate is set very low to allow for the matching of arrivals and departures. We propose an estimation method that works for a wide range of arrival rates. The method combines an initial estimator and a numerical bias correction technique. Simulations and examples based on data on the alpha decays of Lutetium isotope 155 demonstrate that the method produces unbiased estimates regardless of the arrival rate. As a practical benefit, the estimation method enables the use of all data collected in the particle detector, which will lead to more accurate estimates and, in some cases, to shorter experiments.
MR1 encompasses at least six allele groups with coding region alterations
Authors: Rozemuller Erik , Eckle Sidonia Barbara Guiomar , McLaughlin Ian , Penning Maarten , Mulder Wietse , de Bruin Helma , van Wageningen Sake
Published: August 2021

Unlike classical HLA class I genes, MR1 is assumed to have limited polymorphic positions. We developed a MR1 specific PCR assay and sequenced 56 DNA samples from cells with a diverse set of HLA genotypes. In this relatively small panel we found six allele groups encoding for different MR1 proteins. The two most frequent allele groups found in this panel had a frequency of 71% (MR1*01) and 25% (MR1*02), respectively. Moreover, the panel contained many intronic SNPs and silent variants, with individual samples containing up to 15 heterozygous positions. The data presented here is consistent with marked variation in MR1.