bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freedom and Human Rights
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

Muslim countries and societies face major human rights challenges today, especially for those living under patriarchal societies and authoritarian rule. These include equal rights for women; freedom of religion, speech, and expression; and freedom of the press. Major polls report that majorities of Muslims strongly...
Science, Bioethics, and Human Life
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

In the twenty-first century, it is crucial to understand the relationship between Shariah and scientific questions about life, including medical, bioethical, and environmental decisions. Historically, Muslims viewed scientific exploration as a way to express and deepen one’s faith. From 800 ce to the beginning of...
Military Ethics and International Law
Authors: Lucas George
Published: November 2020

If, as the cliché goes, “All’s fair in love and war,” then how can there be laws or rules in combat?

The idea that warfare is chaotic, lawless strife was captured by the famous remark of the Roman senator and orator Cicero, in the...
Military Ethics and the Just War Tradition
Authors: Lucas George
Published: November 2020

What is the just war tradition?

Several times in the opening chapters we made reference in passing to the “just war tradition,” but, just like the concept of military ethics itself, this may be a phrase that is quite unfamiliar to a great many...
Military Interventions for Humanitarian Relief
Authors: Lucas George
Published: November 2020

What is “humanitarian military intervention”?

Humanitarian interventions (HI) are among the list of military operations other than war, discussed briefly in ­chapter 5. As the name implies, the goal here is strictly to provide assistance to victims of natural tragedy or political crisis, quite...
Military Ethics AND Cyber Warfare
Authors: Lucas George
Published: November 2020

We hear people referring to “cyberspace” all the time, but what exactly is it?

“Cyber” is derived from an ancient Greek noun referring to a “space” or a domain. The slightly redundant term “cyberspace” was first coined to popularity by science fiction writer William...
Ebb and Flow
Authors: Prados John
Published: November 2020

The world of Special Forces expanded, perhaps exponentially, during the 1960s. Green Berets got most of the attention, but much of what they did—especially with the Studies and Analysis Group—would have been impossible without the unconventional warriors of the air force and navy. The...
Toward New Horizons
Authors: Prados John
Published: November 2020

As Special Operations Forces moved into the 1980s, they had a new sense of commitment, within a US defense policy offering favorable portents. Toward the end of his administration, President Carter had begun to create a “rapid deployment force” capable of short-notice deployment...
What Future for the “Army of One”?
Authors: Prados John
Published: November 2020

What Tensions Exist within the Special Operations Community Today?

Tensions exist, and some of them are over SOF roles. The shape of the next great conflict matters. If it is a war with, say China, over Chinese adventures across the Pacific Rim, American leaders...
Prologue
Authors: Prados John
Published: November 2020

The Afghanistan war began with high hopes and in a thrilling way. A few Americans—just a few—enlisted local allies and toppled the national government led by the Taliban, an Islamist political-religious movement that had emerged triumphant from a civil war and, in power,...
What I Eat Is Your Business
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

Jonathan Haidt is a social psychologist who studies the different values held by liberals and conservatives. He writes in his 2012 book, The Righteous Mind, “Liberals sometimes say that religious conservatives are sexual prudes…But conservatives can just as well make fun of liberal...
The Pesticide Controversy
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

What Is the Pesticide Controversy?

Margot Woelk was ninety-five years old before she revealed her role in Nazi Germany as Hitler’s food taster. Fearful the British would poison him, Hitler made sure to eat food only after it was eaten by Margot and fourteen other...
The Chemical Fertilizer Controversy
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

What Is the Chemical Fertilizer Controversy?

Chemical fertilizer has an almost miraculous impact on crop yields—so miraculous, in fact, that some people mistake it for a divine miracle. Evangelical Protestants in Guatemala have recently been stealing adherents from Catholicism, while at the same time the...
The Farm Subsidy Controversy
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

What Is the Farm Subsidy Controversy?

The last twenty years have witnessed a stunning rise in food activism, where authors like Michael Pollan, activists like Alice Waters, politicians like former mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg, and over twenty food documentaries at Amazon Instant Video...
The Local Food Controversy
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

What Is the Local Food Controversy?

As Romania exited the Soviet bloc in 1989 and began integrating with western Europe, it returned the land comprising its collective farms to its owners prior to collectivization (or their heirs). As the country transitioned towards a market economy,...
Controversies About Livestock
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

The Well-Being of Livestock Raised for Food

How Do You Define Animal Welfare?

Most people are omnivores, and because they also have empathy for farm animals, they want livestock to live a pleasant life—or at least not suffer. Our research has revealed that 31 percent...
Parting Thoughts
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Oltenacu Pascal A. , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S. , Lancaster Sarah
Published: November 2020

News at The Onion may be fake, but it often speaks a deep truth about society. In September 2013 The Onion ran an article with the headline “Guy Looking to Feel Horrible about Aspect of Everyday Life Decides to Watch Documentary.”...
Students
Authors: Blumenstyk Goldie
Published: November 2020

Who goes to college in America?

The population of the United States is far better educated today than it has ever been, and by some measures, that’s a national success story. In 1971, only 12 percent of adults aged twenty-five years and older held a...
Costs, Spending, and Debt
Authors: Blumenstyk Goldie
Published: November 2020

How much does America spend on higher education, and how has that changed over time?

Higher education is big business. The nearly $500 billion in revenues generated annually by colleges and universities represented about 3 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product in 2012, roughly...
Who’s in Charge? Leadership Pressures— From Within and Without
Authors: Blumenstyk Goldie
Published: November 2020

How are colleges run? Is their unusual practice of “shared governance” in danger?

Public and private colleges are run by the governing boards that have fiduciary responsibility for them—be they the self-perpetuating boards of trustees that run private colleges, the politically appointed (and in some...
Conclusion
Authors: Blumenstyk Goldie
Published: November 2020

Should we be optimistic about the future of higher education in America?

In May 2014, Gallup reported results of the first of five planned annual surveys on the state of American college graduates. The landmark survey found that compared to the population as a whole,...
Historical Struggle
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

How did VAWG first gain recognition?

Violence against women and girls—from marital rape and wife battering to sexual abuse and harassment—has largely been hidden in recorded history, though the problem extends back well beyond our mothers’ and grandmothers’ generations. Similarly, the struggle against this...
VAWG and Land/Property Rights
Authors: True Jacqui
Published: November 2020

Are women and girls without legal equality in rights to land, property, inheritance, access to credit, and business ownership more vulnerable to VAWG?

Land and property rights provide a structural context through which gendered power is reorganized, increasing women’s empowerment and making them less...
Introduction
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

The Catholic Church makes some pretty exalted claims for itself. Over the centuries, the Church has described itself variously as the “Mystical Body” of Jesus Christ, the “Spotless Bride” of the Son of God, and the “Temple of the Holy Spirit,” the only path to...
Historical Highlights and Lowlights
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

William Faulkner famously observed that not only is the past never dead, it’s not even past. If ever there was an institution that proves Faulkner’s point, it’s the Catholic Church. Theologically, Catholicism attaches considerable weight to “tradition,” meaning the way the Church has answered questions...
The Church Outside “The Church”
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Theologically, Catholicism understands itself to be a “communion of saints” that cuts through time and across space, embracing all those who have been baptized and incorporated into the fellowship of Jesus Christ. That’s not, however, what most people usually mean when they talk about “the...
The Life Of The Mind
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Despite stereotypes depicting religious folk as hostile to critical thought, most Catholics actually think a fair bit about their faith. Every day, future priests and lay people show up at seminaries and universities to study Catholic teaching, while countless others take part in small study...
Angels, Demons, And Saints
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Ironically, there’s a sense in which potboiler novels such as Dan Brown’s Angels and Demons and movies such as The Exorcist actually do a better job depicting the Catholic Church than most of the learned commentary one finds in venues such...
Catholicism And Money
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Of all the jabs people sometimes take at Roman Catholicism, none is easier to deliver than pointing out the stark contrast between the wealth of the Church today and the poverty of its founder. Christians believe Jesus Christ is the all-powerful Son of God, yet...
Rome And America
Authors: Allen John L.
Published: November 2020

Harvard political scientist Joseph Nye famously distinguishes between “hard power,” by which he means military and economic muscle, and “soft power,” referring to the persuasive capacity of ideas. Although Nye didn’t have the relationship between America and Rome in mind, his ideas are tailor-made for...
Introduction
Authors: Finkel Andrew
Published: November 2020

Why this book?

The method of this book is to investigate a complex subject succinctly by posing a series of questions that beg answers that beget more questions. It is hard to squeeze an introduction into such a scheme unless the very first question...
Politics . . . and the military
Authors: Finkel Andrew
Published: November 2020

What sort of political system does Turkey have?

In order to even begin membership negotiations with the European Union, Turkey, like other candidates, had to demonstrate that its economy was capable of integrating with the free markets of the member states and that its...
Society and religion
Authors: Finkel Andrew
Published: November 2020

What role does Islam play in Turkish public life?

Turkey is both a Muslim-majority country and an avowed secular state. Reconciling these two identities has proven surprisingly complicated. While Turkey lays claim to serving as a cultural ambassador between faiths in a post-9/11 world,...
History and Culture
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

The history of humans interacting with the living beings outside our own species is deep and broad. Any single attempt to tell the whole story of how humans have seen and reacted to, as well as protected or harmed, our fellow Earth creatures is...
Laws
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

As one of humans’ most significant institutions, legal systems have impacted greatly the ways in which humans deal with other living beings. There are several different kinds of legal systems around the world, and while most of the discussion here focuses on the legal...
Political Realities
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

Long-standing problems of humans harming other humans still command enormous amounts of time in our political discussions, even as new issues like global warming and public health threats clamor for attention. Whether morally based concerns for harms to other animals will be given a...
Social Realities
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

In the daily lives of humans are many opportunities to protect or harm nonhuman animals. Through consumer choices, environmentally sensitive acts, or treatment of nearby animals, individual humans create animal protections or harms. For this reason, social realities are as important as are the...
Contemporary Sciences—Natural and Social
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

Just as the major human endeavors of law, education, religion, and various fields like literature and the study of history reveal humans’ diverse engagement with other living beings, so too do many sciences reveal that humans and other animals are connected in important ways....
Major Figures and Organizations in the Animal Rights Movement
Authors: Waldau Paul
Published: November 2020

The individuals and organizations listed here are mentioned because they have made a difference somewhere and thus become revealing parts of the worldwide animal protection movement. Some are very well known, even famous. Peter Singer is, for example, a high-profile philosopher at Princeton University...
Fourth Period (Continued): The Second Civil War and the Turabist State
Authors: Natsios Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

Why and how did the Second Civil War start in the South?

Southerners hoping for an immediate peace dividend following the Addis Ababa Agreement were disappointed. Some of this disappointment stemmed from wildly unrealistic expectations. Even under the most favorable circumstances, development is a long,...
The Bashir-Turabi Coup of 1989, the Rise and Fall of Hassan Al-Turabi, and U.S. Policy Toward Sudan
Authors: Natsios Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

How did Omar al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi take power?

On June 30, 1989, just as Sadiq was about to leave for Addis Ababa, a group of midranking army officers led by Brigadier Omar al-Bashir staged a coup orchestrated by Hassan al-Turabi and NIF. They sought...
The Three Rebellions of Darfur
Authors: Natsios Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

What caused the rebellions in Darfur?

The three successive Darfur rebellions beginning in 1987 had deep roots in the Sudanese past. The British colonial rulers broke the military power of the Fur sultanate in one last great battle in 1916, in which Ali Dinar, the...
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Authors: Natsios Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

Why did Khartoum negotiate an end to the Second Civil War?

The third Darfur rebellion devolved into a disastrous conflagration while the most sustained effort to resolve the North–South war since Sadiq al-Mahdi’s overthrow was under way. As we’ve seen, these wars were interrelated: the...
Drugs and Drug Policy
Authors: Kleiman Mark A.R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

While there have always been norms and customs around the use of drugs, explicit public policies--regulations, taxes, and prohibitions--designed to control drug abuse are a more recent phenomenon. Those policies sometimes have terrible side-effects: most prominently the development of criminal enterprises dealing in forbidden (or untaxed) drugs and the use of the profits of drug-dealing to finance insurgency and terrorism. Neither a drug-free world nor a world of free drugs seems to be on offer, leaving citizens and officials to face the age-old problem: What are we going to do about drugs? In Drugs and Drug Policy, three noted authorities survey the subject with exceptional clarity, in this addition to the acclaimed series, What Everyone Needs to Know. They begin by, defining "drugs, " examining how they work in the brain, discussing the nature of addiction, and exploring the damage they do to users. The book moves on to policy, answering questions about legalization, the role of criminal prohibitions, and the relative legal tolerance for alcohol and tobacco. The authors then dissect the illicit trade, from street dealers to the flow of money to the effect of catching kingpins, and show the precise nature of the relationship between drugs and crime. They examine treatment, both its effectiveness and the role of public policy, and discuss the beneficial effects of some abusable substances. Finally they move outward to look at the role of drugs in our foreign policy, their relationship to terrorism, and the ugly politics that surround the issue. Crisp, clear, and comprehensive, this is a handy and up-to-date overview of one of the most pressing topics in today's world.
Introduction
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

The devastation wrought by drugs and drug dealing is familiar from the daily news and carefully documented in academic journals. Illegal drugs get the most attention. A quarter of 14- to 15-year-olds in the United States have already tried an illegal drug. Injection drug use...
Why Is “Drug” the Name of a Problem?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

What is a drug?

A drug is a chemical that influences biological function (other than by providing nutrition or hydration). Some drugs come from plants, some from laboratories. Some are traditional and familiar, others novel. A drug’s effects can be benign or harmful,...
Why Have Drug Laws?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

What is drug-abuse control policy?

That drugs are sometimes used beneficially, and sometimes abused, is not a new insight: the Bible has some nice things to say about wine and some rude things to say about drunkenness. Individuals and groups defend themselves against drug-abuse risks...
How Does Drug-Law Enforcement Work?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

How is drug enforcement unlike enforcement of other laws?

Illicit drugs are traded in markets, and the effects of enforcement depend on the response of buyers and sellers. Dealers adapt to enforcement pressure, and seized drugs and traffickers tend to be replaced.

Criminal justice sanctions...
What Prevents Drug Abuse?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

What are risk factors for drug use? Protective factors?

Risk factors are traits that are statistically associated with drug use, meaning that someone who has the risk factor is more likely to use drugs than is an otherwise similar person who does not have the...
Can Drug Problems Be Dealt With at the Source?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

Do international programs offer a quick fix to drug problems?

Most illicit drugs consumed in most countries around the world have been imported from abroad. This understandably fuels desires to get to the root of drug problems by stopping drug production in source countries. But...
Does International Drug Dealing Support Terrorism?
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Caulkins Jonathan P. , Hawken Angela
Published: November 2020

How do terrorists get a cut of the drug business?

Political terrorism requires a group of people with some level of mutual trust and willingness to break the law, plus the capacity to move and manage people, material, and money, often across international borders. Those...
Overview
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What do we mean by reproductive politics?

Beginning in the mid-1960s, women’s rights advocates known as “Second Wave feminists” (a name inspired by nineteenth-century “First Wave” feminists who focused on winning the right to vote and other reforms) coined the term “reproductive politics” to describe...
Historical Questions
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

When and why was abortion criminalized in the United States?

Since reproduction is a biological process, it is often perceived as timeless. But this process takes place within social contexts that shape and reshape its meaning, as ideas about sexuality, gender, race, class,...
Religion and Reproduction
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What ideas have structured religious thinking about reproductive policy?

Neither the Old nor the New Testament contains language specifically addressing contraception or abortion. Yet Judaism and Christianity—as well as other religions—have long taken positions on these matters based on interpretations of inspired texts....
Population Issues and Reproductive Politics
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What is the state of population growth in the United States today, and how is it affected by immigration?

According to the 2010 census, the US population has grown 9.7 percent (adding about 27 million people, including about 13 million immigrants) during the past...
Teenage and Single Pregnancy in the United States
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

How have attitudes about single and teenage pregnancy changed since World War II?

Once again, as with so much of reproductive politics, the question immediately and urgently touches upon race and class. Between about 1945 and 1970, with many institutions still widely enforcing...
Values Debates and Reproductive Politics
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What is “abstinence only” sex education?

In the 1980s, with high rates of abortion, pregnancy, and childbearing outside of marriage, sexually transmitted diseases, and other evidence of teenagers engaging in sexual intercourse, many politicians and religious leaders became more vocal in promoting “abstinence...
Contraception
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What are the most commonly used forms of contraception in the United States?

Almost all heterosexual, sexually active women have used at least one form of contraception; nearly 90 percent of such women who do not want to get pregnant use contraception today....
Contemporary Abortion III—Activism, Law, and Policy
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

How are state legislatures responding to abortion and satellite issues?

In recent years many state legislatures have defined abortion and efforts to limit the procedure as their number one social issue. In fact, the state legislature, rather than Congress or the courts, has...
Fetuses
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

Has the fetus always been the focus of anti-abortion concerns?

Anti-abortion campaigns in the illegal era focused on a number of issues, from protecting women against life-endangering abortifacients and procedures; to the threatening association of abortion, illicit sexuality, and degraded chastity; to errant husbands,...
Family Building, Reproductive Technologies, and Stem Cell Research
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What qualifies as a family today?

Traditionally, state governments and religious institutions made laws and rules about marriage and family that were obeyed by almost all Americans who were allowed to marry: a family consisted of a married man and woman and, in time,...
Disability and Reproductive Politics
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

What basic reproductive restrictions have been placed on women with disabilities in the past and today?

Historically, the medical community and general society considered disabled women—those who were born with genetic anomalies, or acquired disabilities associated with diseases such as cerebral palsy or polio,...
Men and Reproductive Politics
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

In what ways are reproductive rights the concerns of men as well as women?

With the ongoing rise in single pregnancy and motherhood, and continuing patterns of disproportionate maternal responsibility for child rearing, men are typically less connected to and less likely to take...
Language and Frameworks
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: November 2020

When did Americans adopt the language of “choice” and “right to life”?

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, advocates of legal abortion used the term “rights,” much more frequently than “choice,” to refer to what they were trying to achieve. However, choice...
Energy: The Basic Concepts
Authors: Goldemberg José
Published: November 2020

What are forces?

In order to live and move around, human beings need to overcome gravity, or the force of attraction that the Earth exerts on all objects. They must also overcome other obstacles to movement, such as friction. With muscular effort, humans manage...
Present Energy Use
Authors: Goldemberg José
Published: November 2020

How much energy do humans need to keep alive?

The daily minimum energy an adult human needs to live is approximately 1,000 kilocalories (1 million calories). A person who consumes less than this amount of energy will lose weight and may eventually die. World...
Energy And Lifestyle
Authors: Goldemberg José
Published: November 2020

What is the relationship between energy and lifestyles?

Broadly speaking, lifestyle is a pattern of daily living that is a combination of values, attitudes, interpretations, preferences, actions, and interactions in a particular time and space. Lifestyle choices are configured by multiple forces: technical, economic,...
Infection and Immunity
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on some key points and terminology that will hopefully give those who are unfamiliar with the science of infectious disease just enough information to understand what follows, or any public discussion of pandemics. But don’t expect too much, either of yourself...
The Sars Warning
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

Why was SARS so scary?

The problem with the 2002 outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was that it hit suddenly and people were dying horribly while both the cause and the principal mode of spread were unknown. Then, the epidemiology...
Fledermaus to Field Mouse
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

What’s a fledermaus?

Fledermaus is German for bat, literally, “a flying mouse.” Bats are the most abundant mammals on earth. Fruit bats did get a mention with the SARS virus, of course, but there’s a much bigger and scarier story to tell here....
Virus Vectors
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

What is a vector?

In the context of virus and other infections, a vector is an insect carrier of disease. What we’re talking about here are living needles in the grass, like ticks, and flying needles, like mosquitoes. One of the major U.S. tire...
Mad Cows and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

Has there ever been a mad cow or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease pandemic?

No, but it is worth reminding ourselves of these “scary monsters” as we think about novel pandemic threats. What we’re discussing here is the link between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow...
Economics and the Human-Animal Equation
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

What type of pandemic infection causes the most economic damage?

The SARS experience taught us that a mysterious, rapidly spreading, and potentially fatal respiratory infection can trigger a short, sharp, severe economic shock that has longer term consequences. Though less than 900 people died...
Bioterrorism
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

Could sophisticated terrorists initiate a pandemic?

Yes, that is a legitimate concern. Anything to do with those who are capable of extreme violence justified by delusional self-righteousness is dangerous. But the problem with deliberately starting a pandemic is that, by definition, rapidly spreading pathogens...
Conclusions
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2020

The following summarizes key points and provides short comments on a few issues that come up in any discussion of global infectious disease.

Modern air travel links us all in a very immediate, physical way. Any pathogen that spreads readily from human to human...
Introduction
Authors: Singer P. W. , Friedman Allan
Published: November 2020

Why Write a Book about Cybersecurity and Cyberwar?

“All this cyber stuff.”

The setting was a Washington, DC, conference room. The speaker was a senior leader of the US Department of Defense. The topic was why he thought cybersecurity and cyberwar was so important....
How It All Works
Authors: Singer P. W. , Friedman Allan
Published: November 2020

The World Wide What? Defining Cyberspace

“It’s not a truck. It’s a series of tubes.”

This is how the late Alaska senator Ted Stevens famously explained cyberspace during a congressional hearing in 2006. As late-night humorist Jon Stewart noted, that someone who doesn’t “seem...
Why It Matters
Authors: Singer P. W. , Friedman Allan
Published: November 2020

What Is the Meaning of Cyberattack? The Importance of Terms and Frameworks

It had taken a long time to bring the two groups together, but finally the senior American and Chinese officials were gathered around the same table. The important issues on the two...
Conclusions
Authors: Singer P. W. , Friedman Allan
Published: November 2020

Where Is Cybersecurity Headed Next?

In 2008, the Roadrunner first ran online.

The world’s first “petaflop” supercomputer, Roadrunner was able to perform one quadrillion (that’s a million billion) floating point operations per second. At a cost of more than $120 million to build, it...
General Introduction
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

What is a biological invasion?

On a sunny day in May 2002, two men went fishing at a small, shallow pond (originally a construction pit) behind a strip mall in Crofton, Maryland, 20 miles from the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Almost immediately, a large,...
Impacts of Invasions—Complications and Impacts on Humans
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

What is an indirect effect?

Whereas impacts like predation and herbivory are direct effects of an introduced species A affecting a native species B, impacts of invasive introduced species on native species are often mediated in a number of ways by other species, which...
Can We Predict Species Invasions?
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

Can we predict which species will become invasive if they are introduced?

Asa Gray, the great 19th-century American botanist, contended that impacts of invasions cannot be predicted, and invasion biologists from Charles Elton onward have lamented how hard it is to foresee what a...
Detection and Eradication of Introduced Species
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

What is an early detection and rapid response system?

Invasion biology shares a philosophy with medicine—it is far better to prevent a harmful event or disease than it is to rely on the hope that some prescribed cure will be successful. Still, nonnative species...
Maintenance Management of Invasions
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

If eradication fails or is not attempted, it may still be possible to maintain invasive species at low levels and minimize their impacts. Many invasions have been successfully managed in the long-term by a variety of means. These tactics mostly fall in three categories,...
Prospect—The Homogeocene?
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: November 2020

What is biotic homogenization?

Multitudes of species have been introduced to all parts of the earth (even Antarctica has about 10 established invaders) in what ecologist Francis Putz has branded the Homogeocene. The main change marking the end of the Holocene (the current epoch)...
The Nature and Value of Liberty
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2020

How do libertarians define “liberty”?

Philosophers say there are two major kinds of liberty: negative liberty and positive liberty.

We often use the words “liberty” or “freedom” to refer to an absence of obstacles, impediments, or constraints. Philosophers call this negative liberty....
Civil Rights
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2020

WHAT IS THE LIBERTARIAN VIEW OF CIVIL LIBERTY?

Libertarians joke: Most people are libertarian toward those they regard as their equals; they are paternalistic toward those they care about but view as lower status; and they are authoritarian toward those they despise. In contrast,...
Introduction
Authors: Axilrod Stephen H.
Published: November 2020

Why is the Federal Reserve (the Fed) so important to the country?

The Fed is the nation’s central bank and, as authorized by law, independently determines the country’s monetary policy. It has a unique capacity to control inflation, helps moderate cyclical ups and downs...
The Fed’s Organization for Policy
Authors: Axilrod Stephen H.
Published: November 2020

Where does responsibility for monetary policy decisions reside in the Fed?

Though organized as a regional system, with 12 Federal Reserve Banks around the country, monetary policy and other major decisions are made on a national basis. The dominant role is played by the...
The Formulation and Communication of Monetary Policy
Authors: Axilrod Stephen H.
Published: November 2020

What is the institutional structure for monetary policy decisions?

Monetary policy is essentially formulated in the FOMC because it is the entity within the Fed that controls open market operations. But of course, as noted earlier, the economic objectives of monetary policy stipulated in...
What Lies Ahead?
Authors: Chislett William
Published: November 2020

The conservative Popular Party (PP) of Mariano Rajoy trounced the Socialists in the November 2011 general election and scored its best-ever result (see table 7.1). The PP increased its number of seats in parliament from 154 to 186, giving it an absolute...
Copyright: what it is and what it is not
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: November 2020

One cannot follow the debates over copyright’s present and future without understanding copyright’s key doctrines and concepts. This chapter provides that understanding.

The copyright law of the United States is a product of over two hundred years of judicial decisions and congressional legislation. It spans...
The Battles Over Copyright: Overview
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: November 2020

As we have seen in Chapter I, copyright law reflects a delicate balance. Copyright law provides authors with a set of exclusive rights to copy and disseminate their creative expression. But copyrights are also punctuated by significant exceptions and limitations. These include fair...
Why Have Copyright Law?
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: November 2020

Lying just under the surface of the debates that surround copyright law are sharp disagreements about what are the justifications, if any, for recognizing and protecting copyrights. Some observers and interested parties argue that copyrights need no policy justification because authors have an inherent right...
Current Controversies
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock
Published: November 2020

Does file sharing really harm authors and copyright industries?

The copyright industries insist that file sharing (via both downloading and streaming) poses a major threat to their future viability. Underlying that concern, the industries—and many observers—posit that individuals who can freely enjoy music and video...
Modern Greece
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis
Published: November 2020

Just a few years ago, Greece appeared to be a politically secure nation with a healthy economy. Today, Greece can be found at the center of the economic maelstrom in Europe. Beginning in late 2008, the Greek economy entered a nosedive that would transform it into the European country with the most serious and intractable fiscal problems. Both the deficit and the unemployment rate skyrocketed. Quickly thereafter, Greece edged toward a pre-revolutionary condition, as massive anti-austerity protests punctuated by violence and vandalism spread throughout Greek cities. Greece was certainly not the only country hit hard by the recession, but nevertheless the entire world turned its focus toward it for a simple reason: the possibility of a Greek exit from the European Monetary Union, and its potential to unravel the entire Union, with other weaker members heading for the exits as well. The fate of Greece is inextricably tied up with the global politics surrounding austerity as well. Is austerity rough but necessary medicine, or is it an intellectually bankrupt approach to fiscal policy that causes ruin? Through it all, Greece has staggered from crisis to crisis, and the European central bank’s periodic attempts to prop up its economy fall short in the face of popular recalcitrance and negative economic growth. Though the catalysts for Greece’s current economic crises can be found in the conditions and events of the past few years, one can only understand the factors that helped to transform these crises into a terrible political and social catastrophe by tracing Greece’s development as an independent country over the past two centuries. In Greece: What Everyone Needs to Know, Stathis Kalyvas, an eminent scholar of conflict, Europe, and Greece, begins by elucidating the crisis’s impact on contemporary Greek society. He then shifts his focus to modern Greek history, tracing the nation’s development from the early nineteenth century to the present. Key episodes include the independence movement of the early nineteenth century, the aftermath of World War I (in which Turkey and Greece engaged in a massive mutual ethnic cleansing), the German occupation of World War II, the brutal civil war that followed, the postwar conflict with Turkey over Cyprus, the military coup of 1967, and-finally-democracy and entry into the European Union. The final part of the book will cover the recent crisis in detail. Written by one of the most brilliant political scientists in the academy, Greece is the go-to resource for understanding both the present turmoil and the deeper past that has brought the country to where it is now.
Emergence
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: November 2020

How did modern Greece come into being?

Most people see modern Greece as a successor state of ancient Greece and the last chapter in a long history going back three thousand years. Both geographic location and linguistic continuity imply a close association between modern and...
The Great Crisis
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: November 2020

How did Greece go from economic boom to bust?

Things in Greece looked ideal in 2008. By most indices of economic and human development, the country was in an enviable position. It was reaching the end of a decade that had been remarkable for its...
India’s Civilizational Legacy
Authors: Kamdar Mira
Published: November 2020

How has India’s geography shaped its history?

The Indian subcontinent is a distinct geographic area, connected to yet largely separate from the vast continent of Eurasia. At once accessible and protected, the subcontinent’s geography and topography allowed a unique and multifaceted civilization to develop over...
Society
Authors: Kamdar Mira
Published: November 2020

How large is India’s population?

In 2017, India’s population of 1.33 billion slipped past China’s 1.29 billion, making India the most populous country in the world. India’s population is expected to keep rising until it hits 1.7 billion people in 2050, after which it could...
Environment
Authors: Kamdar Mira
Published: November 2020

How will climate change affect India?

With its large population, long coastlines, and location near the equator, India is particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of global warming. Rising sea levels will threaten the country’s many coastal cities, including the financial capital, Mumbai, and the...
Introduction
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

This introduction was written and the first edition published prior to the inauguration of the new government on March 30, 2011. From the inaugural speech of the new president, former general and former prime minister U Thein Sein on that day, a series of reforms...
The Crises That Are Burma/Myanmar
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

This chapter and those that follow, all written before the change in government based on the elections in November 2010, are left intact to encourage the reader to reflect on how the state was perceived both by its inhabitants and external observers at that time....
The Colonial Era’s Importance in Understanding Burma/Myanmar Today
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

The colonial period lasted a relatively short time in its domination of the whole country—only from 1885 to 1948. Its impact, however, has been of far greater significance than one might expect from only two generations of foreign rule, the shortest of the colonial experiences...
The Military Coup, the Socialist Period (1962–1988), and the Perpetuation of Military Rule
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

The military coup of March 2, 1962, in retrospect, seemed designed to accomplish four goals: ensure that the Union of Burma would not be dismantled through minority secession, free Burma from what the military regarded as incompetent and corrupt civilian rule, strengthen the socialist base...
Issues in Myanmar’s Future
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

Winston Churchill once characterized Russian policy as “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.” We might apply the same analogy to Burma/Myanmar’s future for all the diverse reasons previously discussed. As Dante Alighieri wrote in the Divine Comedy, soothsayers go to...
Coda
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

This Coda was written in the summer of 2009. See chapter 9 for a reassessment.

The prognosis for early socioeconomic progress in Myanmar is not sanguine, and that for politics is marginal. In spite of tatmadaw protestations to the contrary, there will be...
The Power of Positive Change
Authors: Steinberg David I.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Events in Myanmar since the elections of November 7, 2010, have profoundly altered the internal mood of much of Myanmar society and have surprised Burmese and seasoned foreign observers of the Myanmar scene. The pessimism that pervaded the society prior to the November 2010...
Nutrients
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: November 2020

Why are nutrients considered pollutants, since they are required for life?

Input of excess nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) causes major problems in the aquatic environment. While phosphorus tends to be the main cause in freshwater, nitrogen is the major source...
Marine Debris
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: November 2020

Why is marine debris so abundant?

Marine debris is any solid manufactured item that enters the marine environment, including cigarette butts, fishing line, diapers, bottles and cans, syringes, and tires. It is a pervasive pollution problem that has been made worse by the increasing...
Oil and Related Chemicals
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: November 2020

What are the components of oil?

Oil is a complex combination of various hydrocarbons (carbon-based compounds with hydrogen atoms attached). Petroleum hydrocarbons are the primary constituents in oil, gasoline, diesel, and a variety of solvents. Oil and related substances don’t generally mix with water...
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: November 2020

What is bioaccumulation and what is biomagnification?

Organisms take pollutants up from the environment through their skin, gills, or digestive system. The term bioaccumulation is generally used to describe uptake, but there are specific terms that refer to specific ways they do so. Bioaccumulation...
Original Research: Assessing Organizational Focus on Health Literacy in North Texas Hospitals
Authors: Howe Carol J. , Adame Tracine , Lewis Brennan , Wagner Teresa
Published: November 2020

Overview:

In 2012, the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy established 10 attributes of a health literate health care organization that, if instated, would improve health information and empower patients to make more informed health decisions. Few studies have assessed how well organizations meet these attributes.

Purpose:

This study sought to describe the extent to which health care systems in North Texas were adopting policies and practices that address the 10 attributes of a health literate health care organization. More specifically, we sought to describe key organizational leaders' and clinicians' perceptions in this regard.

Study design and methods:

This was a mixed-methods study, conducted with a convenience sample of 74 key informants from 13 hospitals across five health care systems. Informants provided demographic data, and their perceptions of the extent to which their hospital met the 10 attributes were measured via the Health Literate Health Care Organization 10-item questionnaire (HLHO-10) and semistructured interviews.

Results:

Mean scores for HLHO-10 items ranged from 3.74 to 5.39, with 7 as a maximum score. Qualitative data provided richer content, elaborating on the survey results. Workforce training in health literacy, patient inclusion in health information development and evaluation, and communication about health care costs were rated the lowest and were described as issues of concern.

Conclusion:

Study findings indicated limited leadership and little systemic promotion of efforts to ensure health literate health care organizations, although individual health literacy champions sometimes stepped up with creative initiatives.
DEA Disconnect Leads to Buprenorphine Bottlenecks
Authors: Ostrach Bayla , Carpenter Delesha , Cote Larry P.
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

To describe a buprenorphine dispensing bottleneck resulting from a pharmacist-perceived Drug Enforcement Administration “cap” on the amount of buprenorphine that can be ordered or stocked.

Methods:

Expert review and preliminary fieldwork.

Results:

We find no such cap exists, though medication distributors struggle to accurately understand and interpret regulatory guidelines, with implications for medication availability.

In states where opioid overdose rates remain higher and efforts to increase the number of eligible health care providers prescribing medications to treat opioid use disorder are underway, patients prescribed buprenorphine products report difficult filling prescriptions and pharmacists perceive limits on how much medication they can order and stock.

Conclusions:

We recommend Drug Enforcement Administration policy clarifications or changes to facilitate distributor interpretation; pharmacist workflow; and patient access to medication. We also advise continuing education with pharmacists and buprenorphine prescribers. These steps would facilitate greater access to lifesaving treatment for opioid use disorder.