bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct measurements of classical and enhanced gradient-aligned cross-field ion flows in a helicon plasma source using laser-induced fluorescence
Authors: Siddiqui M. Umair , Thompson Derek S. , McIlvain Julianne M. , Short Zachary D. , Scime Earl E.
Published: December 2015

Direct laser induced fluorescence measurements are shown of cross-field ion flows normal to an absorbing boundary that is aligned parallel to the axial magnetic field in a helicon plasma. We show Langmuir and emissive probe measurements of local density and plasma potential in the same region, as well as floating probe spectra near the boundary. With these measurements, we investigate the influence of ion-neutral collisionality on radial ion transport by varying the ratio of the ion gyro-radius, ρi, to the ion-neutral collision length, λ, over the range 0.34 ≤ ρiλ−1 ≤ 1.60. Classical drift-diffusion transport along density and potential gradients is sufficient to describe flow profiles for most cases. For two parameter regimes (ρiλ−1 = 0.65 and 0.44), low-frequency electrostatic fluctuations (f < 10 kHz) and enhanced cross-field bulk ion flow to the boundary are observed.
Thermal expansion coefficients of ultralow-k dielectric films by cube corner indentation tests at elevated temperatures
Authors: Vanstreels Kris , Zahedmanesh Houman , Hangen Ude
Published: December 2015

This paper demonstrates the use of cube corner indentation tests performed at elevated temperatures to measure the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of ultralow-k dielectric films. Using this approach, the CTE of organo-silicate glass low-k films with different intrinsic film stresses is estimated to vary between 8.2 ± 0.8 ppm/ °C and 10.9 ± 1.1 ppm/ °C. The advantages and limitations of the proposed test methodology are discussed.
Thermo optical coefficient of tin-oxide films measured by ellipsometry
Authors: Ristić D. , Guddala S. , Chiappini A. , Alombert Goget G. , Lukowiak A. , Ramponi R. , Righini G. C. , Ivanda M. , Ferrari M.
Published: December 2015

The thermo-optic coefficient of tin-oxide thin films on silicon substrates was measured using fixed wavelength ellipsometry. The applicability of ellipsometry for these measurements is discussed with special considerations to the problem of measurement of the thermo-optic coefficient of materials with very low values of the thermo-optic coefficient (<2 × 10−5). The effect of thermal annealing on the thermo-optic coefficient and on the film-substrate boundary properties of the tin oxide film is also discussed.
Interfacial contribution to thickness dependent in-plane anisotropic magnetoresistance
Authors: Tokaç M. , Wang M. , Jaiswal S. , Rushforth A. W. , Gallagher B. L. , Atkinson D. , Hindmarch A. T.
Published: December 2015

We have studied in-plane anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in cobalt films with overlayers having designed electrically interface transparency. With an electrically opaque cobalt/overlayer interface, the AMR ratio is shown to vary in inverse proportion to the cobalt film thickness; an indication that in-plane AMR is a consequence of anisotropic scattering with both volume and interfacial contributions. The interface scattering anisotropy opposes the volume scattering contribution, causing the AMR ratio to diminish as the cobalt film thickness is reduced. An intrinsic interface effect explains the significantly reduced AMR ratio in ultra-thin films.
First record of the tabulate coral "Ligulodictyum" in the early Emsian of Victoria (Australia), with additional data on Australian Ligulodictyum sensu lato
Authors: Plusquellec Yves
Published: December 2015

Well-preserved specimens of “Ligulodictyum” belonging to the mauretanicum lineage are described from the lower part of the Taravale Formation, of early Emsian age, Buchan area, eastern Victoria (Australia). A short review of the stratigraphic distribution of Ligulodictyum sensu lato (Ligulodictyum s.l. megastoma and undescribed new species) in central and eastern Victoria is presented. The new data show the presence of the mauretanicum lineage in Victoria, emphasising the relationships between the Tasman Subprovince and the north-western part of the Gondwana (Ibarmaghian Domain).
Response of the Snowy River Estuary to two environmental flows
Authors: McLean Errol J. , Hinwood Jon B.
Published: December 2015

The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia, discharging to the Tasman Sea via a barrier estuary, with its entrance constricted by marine sands. Since the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, river flows have not been sufficient to maintain the river channel. A program of environmental flow releases (EFR) is returning water to the river to restore the fluvial reaches and is now trialling flow regimes that may also benefit the estuarine reaches. This paper documents the response of the estuarine segments of the Snowy River to two EFRs; the release in 2010 was designed to scour the upper reaches of the Snowy River while the larger 2011 release was intended to extend the scouring downstream. For each release, the effects on the entrance morphology, tides and salinity through the flow peak and recovery are described.
Each EFR caused minor increases in depth and very minor longshore movement of the entrance channel, although each EFR had been preceded by a larger fresh flow that would have scoured the channels. The small increase in fresh water inflow in the 2010 EFR pushed salinity contours seawards and steepened vertical salinity gradients. The larger inflow in the 2011 EFR purged the upper estuary of saltwater. After the peak flow, salinity recovery was rapid in the principal estuarine channels but
took weeks where poorly connected wetlands could store fresh flood waters. Critical flows for scouring the entrance and purging salinity are estimated.
Mercury use and loss from gold mining in nineteenth-century Victoria
Authors: Davies Peter , Lawrence Susan , Turnbull Jodi
Published: December 2015

This paper reports on preliminary research into gold-mining-related mercury contamination in nineteenth-century Victoria. Data drawn from contemporary sources, including Mineral Statistics of Victoria and Mining Surveyors Reports from 1868‒1888, are used to calculate quantities of mercury used by miners to amalgamate gold in stamp batteries and the rates of mercury lost in the process. Some of the mercury discharged from mining and ore milling flowed into nearby waterways and some remained in the waste residue, the tailings near the mills. We estimate that a minimum of 121 tons of mercury were discharged from stamp batteries in this period. Although the figures fluctuate through time and space, they allow a good estimate of how much mercury was leaving the mine workings and entering Victorian creeks and rivers. Better understanding of historic mercury loss can provide the basis for improved mapping of mercury distribution in modern waterways, which can in turn inform the management of catchment systems.
The influence of speed on omissions in simultaneous interpretation
Authors: Barghout Alma , Rosendo Lucía Ruiz , García Mónica Varela
Published: December 2015

Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is a highly complex cognitive process which aims to deliver a complete and accurate rendition of the original message in real time. However, there is a myriad of factors that can influence the process, speed being one of the factors most frequently put forward by practising interpreters as a major challenge. Against this background, we, who are professional interpreters at the United Nations and in the private market, and have observed that speed has become an increasingly present challenge in our work, have carried out an experimental study with the aim of elucidating one of the strategies that expert interpreters resort to when confronted with different speed rates, namely the omission of redundant information. Ten professional interpreters from the United Nations were asked to simultaneously interpret three speeches, which were written to be read and were of similar lexical density, at different speeds. The findings indicate that at higher speeds interpreters omit more redundant information, and it would appear that omission is a strategy the interpreter resorts to for coping with speed.
The Discourse of Controlling “Illegal Immigration” in Irish Parliamentary Texts
Authors: Burroughs Elaine
Published: December 2015

“Illegal immigration” occurs at a quite small scale in the Irish context, especially when compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, there is a significant level of discussion about “illegal immigration” in the Irish Parliament. Through the conceptual frameworks of Foucauldian thought and Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper undertakes a Topoi Analysis to examine discursive representations from the Irish Parliament (2002–2009). It concentrates upon the most common argumentation forwarded by parliamentarians – the need to control “illegal immigration” in Ireland. This argumentation is expressed through various discourses. Notably, these discourses are juxtaposed with positive representations of the “undocumented Irish” in the U.S. Overall, it is argued that negative control discourses about “illegal immigrants” in Ireland provide a number of functions: (i) the legitimization and continuation of the nation-state rationale of governance, (ii) the provision of a forum for implicit expressions of racism, and (iii) the acceptance of “justified” practices of exclusion of unwanted non-EU migrants.
Linguistic warscapes of northern Mali
Authors: Mc Laughlin Fiona
Published: December 2015

In this paper I show that public writing (and its effacement) during a recent period of crisis in northern Mali constituted a powerful tool by which various factions attempted to inscribe political hegemony on the linguistic warscapes of three cities: Gao, Kidal, and Timbuktu. The warscapes of these Saharan cities are linguistically complex: they are written in multiple languages, primarily French, Arabic and Tamasheq, and involve three different scripts, Latin, Arabic and Tifinagh, each of which is associated with a number of ideological stances. Within this context, linguistic warscape becomes more than the symbolic construction of the public space, it becomes symbolic control of the public space. The linguistic warscape of northern Mali stands in stark contrast to the linguistic soundscape which, in addition to Tamasheq, is dominated by languages that rarely or never appear in the LL. This paper shows that in multilingual, multigraphic contexts, LL can only be understood against the backdrop of an entire linguistic ecology and its regimes of literacy.
Different types of creativity on the two sides of shutters
Authors: Bloch Maurice
Published: December 2015

A charitable sale housed in the Paris showrooms of Christie’s displayed works created by European artists. These were painted over or on the backs of specially commissioned carved house shutters typical of the Zafimaniry region of Madagascar. The present article considers and contrasts the two types of creativity juxtaposed at the Christie’s sale. The European work stresses the artist’s individual originality and social isolation from the everyday lives of those who come to admire or buy the works. The process of the art’s production ends abruptly at the moment of exhibition and sale. In contrast, the work of the Malagasy carvers is contained within a general concern of continuing the life and growth of their families. Their art intends to harden and beautify the houses that represent the continuation of the families’ life. There is no disconnection between the carver and those who will see and use the shutters similar to that of the European artists, and there is no clear beginning or end to the process of creation similar to the point of exhibition and sale. The Malagasy carvers do not want to be different from their predecessors; they want to continue the work and lives of those they are in contact with.
Creativethinging
Authors: Malafouris Lambros
Published: December 2015

Humans are organisms of a creative sort. We make new things that scaffold the ecology of our minds, shape the boundaries of our thinking and form new ways to engage and make sense of the world. That is, we are creative ‘thingers’. This paper adopts the perspective of Material Engagement Theory (Malafouris 2013) and introduces the notion ‘thinging’ to articulate and draw attention to the kind of cognitive life instantiated in acts of thinking and feeling with, through and about things. I will focus more specifically on Creativethinging, or creative material engagement, exploring the importance of thinging for understanding our species unique capacity for inventiveness.
Diagrams, jars, and matchsticks
Authors: Vallee-Tourangeau Frederic , Vallée-Tourangeau Gaëlle
Published: December 2015

Participants in cognitive psychology experiments on reasoning and problem solving are commonly sequestered: Efforts are made to impoverish the physical context in which the problem is presented, decoupling people from the richer and modifiable environment that naturally instantiates it outside the lab. Sense-making activities are constrained, but this conforms to the strong internalist and individualist commitments implicit to these research efforts: Cognition reflects internal computations and the scientists’ toils must focus on the individual and what she is thinking, decoupled from the world. We contrast this position with one that identifies cognition as the product of a cognitive system that is configured and enacted by, minimally, an agent and the world in which she is embedded. We review work on the psychology of hypothesis testing and problem solving and argue that refocusing research efforts on the dynamic agent-environment couplings that generate cognitive products — such as a problem representation, a hypothesis or a problem solution — offers a much richer set of methodological opportunities to unveil how people actually think outside the cognitive psychologist’s laboratory. We conclude by exploring the ontological implications of a systemic perspective on cognition.
Thinking in action
Authors: Tversky Barbara , Kessell Angela
Published: December 2015

When thought overwhelms the mind, the mind uses the body and the world. Several studies reveal ways that people alone or together use gesture and marks on paper to structure and augment their thought for comprehension, inference, and discovery. The studies show that the mapping of thought to gesture or the page is more direct than the arbitrary mapping to language and suggest that these forms of visual/spatial/action representation are used to “translate” language into mental representations. It is argued that actions in space create patterns in the world that reflect abstractions, that the actions are incorporated into gestures and the patterns into diagrams, a network that integrates gesture, action, the designed world, and abstraction dubbed spraction.
Scientists’ use of diagrams in developing mechanistic explanations
Authors: Burnston Daniel C. , Sheredos Benjamin , Abrahamsen Adele , Bechtel William
Published: December 2015

We explore the crucial role of diagrams in scientific reasoning, especially reasoning directed at developing mechanistic explanations of biological phenomena. We offer a case study focusing on one research project that resulted in a published paper advancing a new understanding of the mechanism by which the central circadian oscillator in Synechococcus elongatus controls gene expression. By examining how the diagrams prepared for the paper developed over the course of multiple drafts, we show how the process of generating a new explanation vitally involved the development and integration of multiple versions of different types of diagrams, and how reasoning about the mechanism proceeded in tandem with the development of the diagrams used to represent it.
Iconicity
Authors: Fay Nicolas , Ellison Mark , Garrod Simon
Published: December 2015

This paper explores the role of iconicity in spoken language and other human communication systems. First, we concentrate on graphical and gestural communication and show how semantically motivated iconic signs play an important role in creating such communication systems from scratch. We then consider how iconic signs tend to become simplified and symbolic as the communication system matures and argue that this process is driven by repeated interactive use of the signs. We then consider evidence for iconicity at the level of the system in graphical communication and finally draw comparisons between iconicity in graphical and gestural communication systems and in spoken language.
Consonant clusters and intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca in Japan
Authors: O’Neal George
Published: December 2015

This is a qualitative study of the relationship between consonant cluster articulation and intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca interactions in Japan (Jenkins 2000; Matsumoto 2011). Some research has claimed that the full articulation of consonant clusters in lexeme-initial and lexeme-medial position is critical to the maintenance of intelligibility (Jenkins 2000, 2002, 2007; Walker 2010; Deterding 2013). Using conversation analytic methodology to examine a corpus of repair sequences in interactions among English as a Lingua Franca speakers at a Japanese university, this study claims that consonant elision in consonant clusters in lexeme-initial, lexeme-medial, and lexeme-final position can attenuate intelligibility, and that the insertion of an elided consonant into a word that was oriented to as unintelligible can help restore intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca.
Reevaluation of the role of Pex1 and dynamin-related proteins in peroxisome membrane biogenesis
Authors: Motley Alison M. , Galvin Paul C. , Ekal Lakhan , Nuttall James M. , Hettema Ewald H.
Published: December 2015

A recent model for peroxisome biogenesis postulates that peroxisomes form de novo continuously in wild-type cells by heterotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum–derived vesicles containing distinct sets of peroxisomal membrane proteins. This model proposes a role in vesicle fusion for the Pex1/Pex6 complex, which has an established role in matrix protein import. The growth and division model proposes that peroxisomes derive from existing peroxisomes. We tested these models by reexamining the role of Pex1/Pex6 and dynamin-related proteins in peroxisome biogenesis. We found that induced depletion of Pex1 blocks the import of matrix proteins but does not affect membrane protein delivery to peroxisomes; markers for the previously reported distinct vesicles colocalize in pex1 and pex6 cells; peroxisomes undergo continued growth if fission is blocked. Our data are compatible with the established primary role of the Pex1/Pex6 complex in matrix protein import and show that peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae multiply mainly by growth and division.
The polarity protein Inturned links NPHP4 to Daam1 to control the subapical actin network in multiciliated cells
Authors: Yasunaga Takayuki , Hoff Sylvia , Schell Christoph , Helmstädter Martin , Kretz Oliver , Kuechlin Sebastian , Yakulov Toma A. , Engel Christina , Müller Barbara , Bensch Robert , Ronneberger Olaf , Huber Tobias B. , Lienkamp Soeren S. , Walz Gerd
Published: December 2015

Motile cilia polarization requires intracellular anchorage to the cytoskeleton; however, the molecular machinery that supports this process remains elusive. We report that Inturned plays a central role in coordinating the interaction between cilia-associated proteins and actin-nucleation factors. We observed that knockdown of nphp4 in multiciliated cells of the Xenopus laevis epidermis compromised ciliogenesis and directional fluid flow. Depletion of nphp4 disrupted the subapical actin layer. Comparison to the structural defects caused by inturned depletion revealed striking similarities. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the two proteins interact with each other and that Inturned mediates the formation of ternary protein complexes between NPHP4 and DAAM1. Knockdown of daam1, but not formin-2, resulted in similar disruption of the subapical actin web, whereas nphp4 depletion prevented the association of Inturned with the basal bodies. Thus, Inturned appears to function as an adaptor protein that couples cilia-associated molecules to actin-modifying proteins to rearrange the local actin cytoskeleton.
The Ski2-family helicase Obelus regulates Crumbs alternative splicing and cell polarity
Authors: Vichas Athea , Laurie Matthew T. , Zallen Jennifer A.
Published: December 2015

Alternative splicing can have profound consequences for protein activity, but the functions of most alternative splicing regulators are not known. We show that Obelus, a conserved Ski2-family helicase, is required for cell polarity and adherens junction organization in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. In obelus mutants, epithelial cells display an expanded apical domain, aggregation of adherens junctions at the cell membrane, and microtubule-dependent defects in centrosome positioning. Through whole-genome transcriptome analysis, we found that Obelus is required for the alternative splicing of a small number of transcripts in the early embryo, including the pre-mRNA that encodes the apical polarity protein Crumbs. In obelus mutants, inclusion of an alternative exon results in increased expression of a Crumbs isoform that contains an additional epidermal growth factor–like repeat in the extracellular domain. Overexpression of this alternative Crumbs isoform recapitulates the junctional aggregation and centrosome positioning defects of obelus mutants. These results indicate that regulation of Crumbs alternative splicing by the Obelus helicase modulates epithelial polarity during development.
Vitamin D receptor–retinoid X receptor heterodimer signaling regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation
Authors: de la Fuente Alerie Guzman , Errea Oihana , van Wijngaarden Peter , Gonzalez Ginez A. , Kerninon Christophe , Jarjour Andrew A. , Lewis Hilary J. , Jones Clare A. , Nait-Oumesmar Brahim , Zhao Chao , Huang Jeffrey K. , ffrench-Constant Charles , Franklin Robin J.M.
Published: December 2015

The mechanisms regulating differentiation of oligodendrocyte (OLG) progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature OLGs are key to understanding myelination and remyelination. Signaling via the retinoid X receptor γ (RXR-γ) has been shown to be a positive regulator of OPC differentiation. However, the nuclear receptor (NR) binding partner of RXR-γ has not been established. In this study we show that RXR-γ binds to several NRs in OPCs and OLGs, one of which is vitamin D receptor (VDR). Using pharmacological and knockdown approaches we show that RXR–VDR signaling induces OPC differentiation and that VDR agonist vitamin D enhances OPC differentiation. We also show expression of VDR in OLG lineage cells in multiple sclerosis. Our data reveal a role for vitamin D in the regenerative component of demyelinating disease and identify a new target for remyelination medicines.
Large gaps between consecutive prime numbers containing square-free numbers and perfect powers of prime numbers
Authors: Maier Helmut , Rassias Michael
Published: December 2015

We prove a modification as well as an improvement of a result of K. Ford, D. R. Heath-Brown and S. Konyagin concerning prime avoidance of square-free numbers and perfect powers of prime numbers.
Uniformly Lipschitzian group actions on hyperconvex spaces
Authors: Wiśnicki Andrzej , Wośko Jacek
Published: December 2015

Suppose that

{

T

a

:
a
∈
G
}

\{T_{a}:a\in G\}

is a group of uniformly

L
L

-Lipschitzian mappings with bounded orbits

{

T

a

x
:
a
∈
G
}

\left \{ T_{a}x:a\in G\right \}

acting on a hyperconvex metric space

M
M

. We show that if

L
>

2

L>\sqrt {2}

, then the set of common fixed points

F
i
x

G

\mathrm {Fix} G

is a nonempty Hölder continuous retract of

M
.

M.

As a consequence, it follows that all surjective isometries acting on a bounded hyperconvex space have a common fixed point. A fixed point theorem for

L
L

-Lipschitzian involutions and some generalizations to the case of

λ
\lambda

-hyperconvex spaces are also given.
An example of a non non-archimedean Polish group with ample generics
Authors: Malicki Maciej
Published: December 2015

For an analytic

P
P

-ideal

I
I

we denote by

S
I

S_I

the Polish group of all the permutations of

N

\mathbb {N}

with support in

I
I

, equipped with a topology given by the corresponding submeasure on

I
I

. We show that if

Fin

⊊
I

\mbox {Fin} \subsetneq I

, then

S
I

S_I

has ample generics. This implies that there exists a non non-archimedean Polish group with ample generics.
Orthogonal polynomials for the weakly equilibrium Cantor sets
Authors: Alpan Gökalp , Goncharov Alexander
Published: December 2015

Let

K
(
γ
)

K(\gamma )

be the weakly equilibrium Cantor-type set introduced by the second author in an earlier work. It is proven that the monic orthogonal polynomials

Q

2
s

Q_{2^s}

with respect to the equilibrium measure of

K
(
γ
)

K(\gamma )

coincide with the Chebyshev polynomials of the set. Procedures are suggested to find

Q

n

Q_{n}

of all degrees and the corresponding Jacobi parameters. It is shown that the sequence of the Widom factors is bounded below.
On the asymptotic mean value property for planar 𝑝-harmonic functions
Authors: Arroyo Ángel , Llorente José
Published: December 2015

We show that

p
p

-harmonic functions in the plane satisfy a nonlinear asymptotic mean value property for

p
>
1

p>1

. This extends previous results of Manfredi and Lindqvist for a certain range of

p
p

’s.
Odd-balanced unimodal sequences and related functions: parity, mock modularity and quantum modularity
Authors: Kim Byungchan , Lim Subong , Lovejoy Jeremy
Published: December 2015

We define odd-balanced unimodal sequences and show that their generating function

V

(
x
,
q
)

\mathcal {V}(x,q)

has the same remarkable features as the generating function for strongly unimodal sequences

U
(
x
,
q
)

U(x,q)

. In particular, we discuss (mixed) mock modularity, quantum modularity, and congruences modulo

2
2

and

4
4

. We also study two related functions which share some of the properties of

U
(
x
,
q
)

U(x,q)

and

V

(
x
,
q
)

\mathcal {V}(x,q)

.
Strong convergence of solutions to nonautonomous Kolmogorov equations
Authors: Lorenzi Luca , Lunardi Alessandra , Schnaubelt Roland
Published: December 2015

We study a class of nonautonomous, linear, parabolic equations with unbounded coefficients on

R

d

\mathbb {R}^{d}

which admit an evolution system of measures. It is shown that the solutions of these equations converge to constant functions as

t
→
+
∞

t\to +\infty

. We further establish the uniqueness of the tight evolution system of measures and treat the case of converging coefficients.
CR regular embeddings and immersions of 6-manifolds into complex 4-space
Authors: Torres Rafael
Published: December 2015

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of characteristic classes for a closed smooth orientable 6-manifold to admit a CR regular immersion/embedding into

C

4

\mathbb {C}^4

.
A singular integral approach to a two phase free boundary problem
Authors: Bortz Simon , Hofmann Steve
Published: December 2015

We present an alternative proof of a result of Kenig and Toro (2006), which states that if

Ω
⊂

R

n
+
1

\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{n+1}

is a 2-sided NTA domain, with Ahlfors-David regular boundary, and the

log
\log

of the Poisson kernel associated to

Ω
\Omega

as well as the

log
\log

of the Poisson kernel associated to

Ω

ext

{\Omega _\textrm {ext}}

are in VMO, then the outer unit normal

ν
\nu

is in VMO. Our proof exploits the usual jump relation formula for the non-tangential limit of the gradient of the single layer potential. We are also able to relax the assumptions of Kenig and Toro in the case that the pole for the Poisson kernel is finite: in this case, we assume only that

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

is uniformly rectifiable, and that

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

coincides with the measure theoretic boundary of

Ω
\Omega

a.e. with respect to Hausdorff

H
n

H^n

measure.
Topological Hochschild homology and the cyclic bar construction in symmetric spectra
Authors: Patchkoria Irakli , Sagave Steffen
Published: December 2015

The cyclic bar construction in symmetric spectra and Bökstedt’s original construction are two possible ways to define the topological Hochschild homology of a symmetric ring spectrum. In this short note we explain how to correct an error in Shipley’s original comparison of these two approaches.
Mumford-Tate groups of polarizable Hodge structures
Authors: Patrikis Stefan
Published: December 2015

We classify the possible Mumford-Tate groups of polarizable rational Hodge structures.
Quantization for a nonlinear Dirac equation
Authors: Zhu Miaomiao
Published: December 2015

We study solutions of certain nonlinear Dirac-type equations on Riemann spin surfaces. We first improve an energy identity theorem for a sequence of such solutions with uniformly bounded energy in the case of a fixed domain. Then, we prove the corresponding energy identity in the case that the equations have constant coefficients and the domains possibly degenerate to a spin surface with only Neveu-Schwarz type nodes.
Solvability of infinite systems of second order differential equations in 𝑐₀ and ℓ₁ by Meir-Keeler condensing operators
Authors: Mursaleen M. , Rizvi Syed
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we present existence results for the solution of infinite systems of second order differential equations in Banach sequence spaces

c
0

c_0

and

ℓ
1

\ell _1

using the idea of Meir-Keeler condensing operators. We also give some examples to illustrate our results in these sequence spaces.
The psychology of primate cooperation and competition: a call for realigning research agendas
Authors: Schmelz Martin , Call Josep
Published: December 2015

Cooperation and competition are two key components of social life. Current research agendas investigating the psychological underpinnings of competition and cooperation in non-human primates are misaligned. The majority of work on competition has been done in the context of theory of mind and deception, while work on cooperation has mostly focused on collaboration and helping. The current impression that theory of mind is not necessarily implicated in cooperative activities and that helping could not be an integral part of competition might therefore be rather misleading. Furthermore, theory of mind research has mainly focused on cognitive aspects like the type of stimuli controlling responses, the nature of representation and how those representations are acquired, while collaboration and helping have focused primarily on motivational aspects like prosociality, common goals and a sense of justice and other-regarding concerns. We present the current state of these two bodies of research paying special attention to how they have developed and diverged over the years. We propose potential directions to realign the research agendas to investigate the psychological underpinnings of cooperation and competition in primates and other animals.
Psychological autonomy and hierarchical relatedness as organizers of developmental pathways
Authors: Keller Heidi
Published: December 2015

The definition of self and others can be regarded as embodying the two dimensions of autonomy and relatedness. Autonomy and relatedness are two basic human needs and cultural constructs at the same time. This implies that they may be differently defined yet remain equally important. The respective understanding of autonomy and relatedness is socialized during the everyday experiences of daily life routines from birth on. In this paper, two developmental pathways are portrayed that emphasize different conceptions of autonomy and relatedness that are adaptive in two different environmental contexts with very different affordances and constraints. Western middle-class children are socialized towards psychological autonomy, i.e. the primacy of own intentions, wishes, individual preferences and emotions affording a definition of relatedness as psychological negotiable construct. Non-Western subsistence farmer children are socialized towards hierarchical relatedness, i.e. positioning oneself into the hierarchical structure of a communal system affording a definition of autonomy as action oriented, based on responsibility and obligations. Infancy can be regarded as a cultural lens through which to study the different socialization agendas. Parenting strategies that aim at supporting these different socialization goals in German and Euro-American parents on the one hand and Nso farmers from North Western Cameroon on the other hand are described. It is concluded that different pathways need to be considered in order to understand human psychology from a global perspective.
The origins of belonging: social motivation in infants and young children
Authors: Over Harriet
Published: December 2015

Our reliance on our group members has exerted a profound influence over our motivation: successful group functioning requires that we are motivated to interact, and engage, with those around us. In other words, we need to belong. In this article, I explore the developmental origins of our need to belong. I discuss existing evidence that, from early in development, children seek to affiliate with others and to form long-lasting bonds with their group members. Furthermore, when children are deprived of a sense of belonging, it has negative consequences for their well-being. This focus on social motivation enables us to examine why and in what circumstances children engage in particular behaviours. It thus provides an important complement to research on social cognition. In doing so, it opens up important questions for future research and provides a much-needed bridge between developmental and social psychology.
The shaping of social perception by stimulus and knowledge cues to human animacy
Authors: Cross Emily S. , Ramsey Richard , Liepelt Roman , Prinz Wolfgang , Hamilton Antonia F. de C.
Published: December 2015

Although robots are becoming an ever-growing presence in society, we do not hold the same expectations for robots as we do for humans, nor do we treat them the same. As such, the ability to recognize cues to human animacy is fundamental for guiding social interactions. We review literature that demonstrates cortical networks associated with person perception, action observation and mentalizing are sensitive to human animacy information. In addition, we show that most prior research has explored stimulus properties of artificial agents (humanness of appearance or motion), with less investigation into knowledge cues (whether an agent is believed to have human or artificial origins). Therefore, currently little is known about the relationship between stimulus and knowledge cues to human animacy in terms of cognitive and brain mechanisms. Using fMRI, an elaborate belief manipulation, and human and robot avatars, we found that knowledge cues to human animacy modulate engagement of person perception and mentalizing networks, while stimulus cues to human animacy had less impact on social brain networks. These findings demonstrate that self–other similarities are not only grounded in physical features but are also shaped by prior knowledge. More broadly, as artificial agents fulfil increasingly social roles, a challenge for roboticists will be to manage the impact of pre-conceived beliefs while optimizing human-like design.
Mechanisms and development of self–other distinction in dyads and groups
Authors: Milward Sophie J. , Sebanz Natalie
Published: December 2015

This opinion piece offers a commentary on the four papers that address the theme of the development of self and other understanding with a view to highlighting the important contribution of developmental research to understanding of mechanisms of social cognition. We discuss potential mechanisms linking self–other distinction and empathy, implications for grouping motor, affective and cognitive domains under a single mechanism, applications of these accounts for joint action and finally consider self–other distinction in group versus dyadic settings.
Self–other control processes in social cognition: from imitation to empathy
Authors: de Guzman Marie , Bird Geoffrey , Banissy Michael J. , Catmur Caroline
Published: December 2015

We review the evidence that an ability to achieve a precise balance between representing the self and representing other people is crucial in social interaction. This ability is required for imitation, perspective-taking, theory of mind and empathy; and disruption to this ability may contribute to the symptoms of clinical and sub-clinical conditions, including autism spectrum disorder and mirror-touch synaesthesia. Moving beyond correlational approaches, a recent intervention study demonstrated that training participants to control representations of the self and others improves their ability to control imitative behaviour, and to take another's visual perspective. However, it is unclear whether these effects apply to other areas of social interaction, such as the ability to empathize with others. We report original data showing that participants trained to increase self–other control in the motor domain demonstrated increased empathic corticospinal responses (Experiment 1) and self-reported empathy (Experiment 2), as well as an increased ability to control imitation. These results suggest that the ability to control self and other representations contributes to empathy as well as to other types of social interaction.
From shared to distinct self–other representations in empathy: evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders
Authors: Lamm C. , Bukowski H. , Silani G.
Published: December 2015

Neuroscientific research has identified two fundamental components of empathy: shared emotional representations between self and other, and self–other distinction. The concept of shared representations suggests that during empathy, we co-represent another person's affect by engaging brain and bodily functions underpinning the first-hand experience of the emotion we are empathizing with. This possible grounding of empathy in our own emotional experiences explains the necessity for self–other distinction, which is the capacity to correctly distinguish between our own affective representations and those related to the other. In spite of the importance of these two components in empathy, several aspects still remain controversial. This paper addresses some of them and focuses on (i) the distinction between shared activations versus representations, raising the question what shared representations entail in terms of the underlying neural mechanisms, (ii) the possible mechanisms behind self–other distinction in the cognitive and the affective domains, and whether they have distinct neural underpinnings and (iii) the consequences associated with a selective impairment of one of the two components, thereby addressing their importance in mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, psychopathy and alexithymia.
Crystal structure of diaquabis(2,6-dimethylpyrazine-κN4)bis(thiocyanato-κN)cobalt(II) 2,5-dimethylpyrazine monosolvate
Authors: Suckert Stefan , Wöhlert Susanne , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: December 2015

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Co(NCS)2(C6H8N2)2(H2O)2]·C6H8N2, the CoIIcation is coordinated by the N atoms of two terminal thiocyanate anions, the O atoms of two water molecules and two N atoms of two 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligands. The coordination sphere of the resulting discrete complex is that of a slightly distorted octahedron. The asymmetric unit comprises a CoIIcation and half of a 2,5-dimethylpyrazine ligand, both of which are located on centres of inversion, and a water ligand, a 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligand and one thiocyanate anion in general positions. In the crystal, the discrete complexes are arranged in such a way that cavities are formed in which the 2,5-dimethylpyrazine solvent molecules are located. The coordination of the 2,5-dimethylpyrazine molecules to the metal is apparently hindered due to the bulky methyl groups in vicinal positions to the N atoms, leading to a preferential coordination of the 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligands. The discrete complexes are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds between one water H atom and the non-coordinating N atom of the 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligands. The remaining water H atom is hydrogen bonded to one N atom of the 2,5-dimethylpyrazine solvent molecule. This arrangement leads to the formation of a two-dimensional network extending parallel to (010).
Crystal structure of bis(1,3-diaminopropane-κ2N,N′)bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)acetato-κO]zinc(II)
Authors: Roberts T. J. , Mehari T. F. , Assefa Z. , Hamby T. , Sykora R. E.
Published: December 2015

In the structure of the title compound, [Zn(C8H6NO4)2(C3H10N2)2], the ZnIIatom is located on a center of symmetry with one independent Zn—O distance of 2.199 (2) Å, and two Zn—N distances of 2.157 (2) and 2.144 (2) Å. The overall coordination geometry around the ZnIIatom is octahedral. Several types of hydrogen-bonding interactions are evident. Both intramolecular [2.959 (3) Å] and intermolecular [3.118 (3) and 3.124 (3) Å interactions occur between the O atoms of the acetate group and the amino N atoms, and weak intermolecular C—H—O interactions involving the nitro groups, leading to an extended chain of the molecules aligned along theacplane.
Crystal structure of bis{N-[(diethylamino)dimethylsilyl]anilido-κ2N,N′}zinc
Authors: Chen Juan
Published: December 2015

The title zinc amide, [Zn(C12H21N2Si)2], was prepared by the metathetical reaction of [LiN(SiMe2NEt2)(C6H5)]2with zinc dichloride. It is mononuclear and the molecule is generated by twofold rotation symmetry. The central ZnIIatom isN,N′-chelated by each of the twoN-silylated anilide ligands in a highly distorted tetrahedral environment. Two N—Si—N ligands are arranged in acisfashion around the ZnIIatom. The Zn—Naminebonds [2.2315 (12) Å] are much longer than the Zn—Nanilidebonds [1.9367 (11) Å].
Crystal structure of (1R,3S,8R,11R)-11-acetyl-3,7,7-trimethyl-10-oxatricyclo[6.4.0.01,3]dodecan-9-one
Authors: Bismoussa Abdoullah , Ait Itto My Youssef , Daran Jean-Claude , Auhmani Abdelwahed , Auhmani Aziz
Published: December 2015

The title compound, C16H24O3, is built up from three fused rings, a six-membered, a seven-membered and a three-membered ring. The absolute configuration of the title compound was determined as (1R,3S,8R,11R) based on the synthetic pathway. The six-membered ring has an half-chair conformation whereas the seven-membered ring displays a boat conformation. In the cyrstal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds build up a two-dimensional network parallel to (0 0 1). The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a minor twin component of 34%.
Crystal structure of 3,4-dimethoxyphenol
Authors: Mills-Robles Heather A. , Desikan Vasumathi , Golen James A. , Manke David R.
Published: December 2015

The title compound, C8H10O3, has two planar molecules in the asymmetric unit possessing mean deviations from planarity of 0.051 and 0.071 Å. In the crystal, there are two distinct infinite chains, both along [010]. The chains are formed by O—H...O interactions between the phenol and both the 3-methoxy and the 4-methoxy groups.
Crystal structure of (Z)-3-allyl-5-(3-bromobenzylidene)-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one
Authors: El Ajlaoui Rahhal , Rakib El Mostapha , Forsal Issam , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: December 2015

In the title compound, C13H10BrNOS2, the rhodanine (systematic name: 2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one) and the 3-bromobenzylidene ring systems are inclined slightly, forming a dihedral angle of 5.86 (12)°. The rhodanine moiety is linked to an allyl group at the N atom and to the 3-bromobenzylidene ring system. The allyl group, C=C—C, is nearly perpendicular to the mean plane through the rhodanine ring, maling a dihedral angle of 87.2 (5)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(10) ring motif.
Crystal structure of tris(N-methylsalicylaldiminato-κ2N,O)chromium(III)
Authors: Hilbert Jessica , Kabus Sven , Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: December 2015

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cr(C8H8NO)3], is isotypic with the vanadium(III) analogue. The asymmetric unit consists of one Cr3+cation and threeN-methylsalicylaldiminate anions. The metal cation is octahedrally coordinated by threeN,O-chelatingN-methylsalicylaldiminate ligands, leading to discrete and neutral complexes. In the crystal, neighbouring complexes are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions into chains propagating parallel to thecaxis.
The structure of VgrG1 fromPseudomonas aeruginosa, the needle tip of the bacterial type VI secretion system
Authors: Spínola-Amilibia Mercedes , Davó-Siguero Irene , Ruiz Federico M. , Santillana Elena , Medrano Francisco Javier , Romero Antonio
Published: December 2015

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a mechanism that is commonly used by pathogenic bacteria to infect host cells and for survival in competitive environments. This system assembles on a core baseplate and elongates like a phage puncturing device; it is thought to penetrate the target membrane and deliver effectors into the host or competing bacteria. Valine–glycine repeat protein G1 (VgrG1) forms the spike at the tip of the elongating tube formed by haemolysin co-regulated protein 1 (Hcp1); it is structurally similar to the T4 phage (gp27)3–(gp5)3puncturing complex. Here, the crystal structure of full-length VgrG1 fromPseudomonas aeruginosais reported at a resolution of 2.0 Å, which through a trimeric arrangement generates a needle-like shape composed of two main parts, the head and the spike, connectedviaa small neck region. The structure reveals several remarkable structural features pointing to the possible roles of the two main segments of VgrG1: the head as a scaffold cargo domain and the β-roll spike with implications in the cell-membrane puncturing process and as a carrier of cognate toxins.
Structure of the ectodomain of the electron transporter Rv2874 fromMycobacterium tuberculosisreveals a thioredoxin-like domain combined with a carbohydrate-binding module
Authors: Goldstone David C. , Metcalf Peter , Baker Edward N.
Published: December 2015

The members of the CcdA family are integral membrane proteins that use a disulfide cascade to transport electrons from the thioredoxin–thioredoxin reductase system in the interior of the cell into the extracytoplasmic space. The core transmembrane portion of this family is often elaborated with additional hydrophilic domains that act as adapters to deliver reducing potential to targets outside the cellular membrane. To investigate the function of family members inMycobacterium tuberculosis, the structure of the C-terminal ectodomain from Rv2874, one of three CcdA-family members present in the genome, was determined. The crystal structure, which was refined at 1.9 Å resolution withR= 0.195 andRfree= 0.219, reveals the predicted thioredoxin-like domain with its conserved Cys-X-X-Cys active-site motif. Unexpectedly, this domain is combined with a second domain with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) fold, this being the first reported example of a CBM in association with a thioredoxin-like domain fold. A cavity in the CBM adjacent to the thioredoxin active site suggests a likely carbohydrate-binding site, representing a broadening of the substrate range for CcdA-family members and an expansion of the thioredoxin-domain functionality to carbohydrate modification.