bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular ATP May Contribute to Tissue Repair by Rapidly Stimulating Purinergic Receptor X7-Dependent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release from Primary Human Monocytes
Authors: Hill Lindsay M. , Gavala Monica L. , Lenertz Lisa Y. , Bertics Paul J.
Published: July 2010

Extracellular ATP has been proposed to act as a danger signal to alert the immune system of cell damage. Release of high local concentrations of ATP activates the nucleotide receptor, purinergic receptor X7 (P2RX7), on monocytic cells, which promotes the processing/release of proinflammatory mediators. Although the proinflammatory actions of P2RX7 are well recognized, little is known regarding the potential function of P2RX7 in repair responses. Because the resolution of inflammation is characterized by monocytic cell-dependent production of proangiogenic factors, we evaluated the contribution of P2RX7 to this process. We observed that both short-term and long-term P2RX7 activation promotes the robust release of vascular endothelial growth factor from primary human monocytes. This vascular endothelial growth factor release is calcium dependent and associated with reactive oxygen species production. This previously unrecognized action of P2RX7 suggests that it may not only participate in inflammation and cell death, but that it is also likely to be important in the control of angiogenesis and wound repair.
Evidence for phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron colimitation of phytoplankton communities in Lake Erie
Authors: North R. L. , Guildford S. J. , Smith R. E. H. , Havens S. M. , Twiss M. R.
Published: July 2010

Three nutrient enrichment experiments involving the addition and removal of iron (Fe) alone, as well as in combination with phosphorus (P) and/or nitrogen (N), were conducted in the offshore and nearshore waters of the eastern basin of Lake Erie. Lake Erie phytoplankton are at times colimited by P, N, and Fe. This was most clearly demonstrated in the offshore, strongly stratified waters, where the Fe concentration was below detection (DL = 2.0 nmol L−1), and nutrient limitation indicators (APA, P debt, C: P, N: P, N debt, and C: N) indicated strong P and moderate N limitation. Enrichment with Fe alone did not result in a significant increase in phytoplankton biomass, but the combined addition of Fe, P, and N yielded greater biomass increases than the addition of P and N alone. Phosphorus and Fe were both required to stimulate biomass increases. Nutrient limitation indicators and dissolved nutrient measurements showed that P and Fe additions facilitated the uptake of nitrate (NO3‐), which is the most abundant source of N because of the low ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in Lake Erie. Our results support a colimitation hypothesis wherein the addition of Fe reduces N limitation by allowing the phytoplankton communities to use NO3−, take up more P, and become more strongly P limited. Phytoplankton communities of the eastern basin of Lake Erie and numerous other lakes experience colimitation by P, N, and Fe during the summer period of thermal stratification.
Degradation of water quality in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, by diffuse nitrogen flux from a phosphorus‐rich catchment
Authors: Bunting Lynda , Leavitt Peter R. , Gibson Christopher E. , McGee Edward J. , Hall Valerie A.
Published: July 2010

Annually resolved fossil records of nitrogen (N) inputs (as sedimentary δ15N, N content), aquatic production (δ13C, C content), and algal abundance and gross community composition (pigments, nonsiliceous microfossils) from Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (NI), were compared with annual records of climatic variability, atmospheric and urban nutrient loading, whole‐catchment nutrient budgets, and limnological monitoring data to identify the unique effects of N on the eutrophication of a phosphorus (P)‐rich lake during ca. 1933‐1995. Cluster analysis revealed two major biostratigraphic zones. Zone I (ca. 1933–1955) was characterized by moderate lake production, as inferred from low concentrations of most fossil pigments and reduced δ15N signatures but elevated δ13C values and chlorophyte microfossil concentrations. In contrast, Zone II (ca. 1955‐1995) exhibited greatly increased contents of 15N, N, C, and algal pigments, combined with strongly reduced δ13C ratios and chlorophyte fossil abundance, a pattern consistent with recent severe eutrophication. Overall, microfossils of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were most abundant during the transition period between zones (ca. 1955‐1964). Regression analysis revealed that past N influx to the lake (as δ15N; r2 = 0.916, p < 0.0001), colonial cyanobacterial abundance(as myxoxanthophyll; r2 = 0.837, p < 0.0001), and total algal standing crops (as b‐carotene; r2 = 0.388, p < 0.0001) were all strongly correlated to agricultural inputs of N to NI farmland, weakly correlated to P inputs to NI farmland (r2 δ15N = 0.503, p < 0.0001; r2cyanobacteria = 0.296, p < 0.0001; r2total algae = 0.046, p < 0.05), and uncorrelated to most measures of climatic variability and atmospheric or urban nutrient inputs. Thus, degradation of water quality during the 20th century resulted from excessive loading of diffuse N to the lake from P‐rich agricultural lands.
Climate‐related increases in jellyfish frequency suggest a more gelatinous future for the North Sea
Authors: Attrill Martin J. , Wright Jade , Edwards Martin
Published: July 2010

Data obtained since 1958 from the continuous plankton recorder show an increasing occurrence of jellyfish in the central North Sea that is positively related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic inflow to the northern North Sea. Since 1970, jellyfish frequency has been also significantly negatively correlated with mean annual pH, independent of NAO trends. Jellyfish frequency increased in the mid‐1980s, coincident with the reported regime shift in the North Sea and tracking trends in phytoplankton color. As models produced under all climate‐change scenarios indicate a move toward a positive NAO, and pH of the oceans is predicted to decrease with rising CO2, we suggest that jellyfish frequency will increase over the next 100 yr.
Respiration of allochthonous organic carbon in unproductive forest lakes determined by the Keeling plot method
Authors: Karlsson Jan , Jansson Mats , Jonsson Anders
Published: July 2010

We carried out short‐term (2 d) experiments in nine unproductive lakes in northern Sweden in order to investigate organic carbon sources supporting lake water respiration. Surface water was incubated in gas‐tight bottles in the dark, and the concentration and isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured at the start and end of the incubations. Keeling plot analyses revealed that the δ13C of the respired carbon was between ‐28.4% and ‐30.6% in the lakes and that the respired carbon was mainly of allochthonous organic carbon (AlloOC) origin. The respiration of AlloOC corresponded well with metabolic imbalances indicated by negative net ecosystem production (NEP) values in the lake waters. Keeling plot analysis of DIC accumulating in the hypolimnion of two lakes during summer stratification showed δ13C values of around ‐26.6% for excess DIC, implying that the accumulation of DIC was mainly derived from respiration of AlloOC. Our data provide direct evidence that net heterotrophy of these lakes is caused by input and respiration of AlloOC. We conclude that the Keeling plot method is a powerful technique that enables characterization and quantification of the organic carbon sources contributing to respiration in aquatic systems.
Direct and indirect measures of dispersal in the fairy shrimp Branchipodopsis wolfi indicate a small scale isolation‐by‐distance pattern
Authors: Hulsmans Ann , Moreau Kelle , De Meester Luc , Riddoch Bruce J. , Brendonck Luc
Published: July 2010

We compared dispersal rates and patterns using both spatial genetic structure as well as direct measures of dispersal in Branchipodopsis wolfi, a freshwater anostracan inhabiting clusters of spatially fragmented and temporally unpredictable ephemeral rock pools in southeastern Botswana. For a total of 29 populations from three rock pool sites, the active population component was subjected to allozyme analysis for four loci and gene flow between populations was estimated. For a subset of the pools, we quantified the number of viable floating dormant eggs and larvae dispersing into overflow traps during flood events. Genetic and geographic distances were significantly correlated within each site. Gene flow estimates indicated from 0.6 to 227 migrants per generation. This relatively high effective dispersal rate corresponds with our direct observation of peak dispersal between pools during floods. Up to 784 viable dormant eggs and 301 larvae were trapped at one overflow during one single rainfall event. We determined that a distance of 50 m is already an effective barrier to gene flow for this species. There is ample effective genetic communication between different populations within each rock pool site, but this communication is limited by distance.
Partitioning of organic production in marine plankton communities: The effects of inorganic nutrient ratios and community composition on new dissolved organic matter
Authors: Conan Pascal , Søndergaard Morten , Kragh Theis , Thingstad Frede , Pujo-Pay Mireille , Williams Peter J. le B. , Markager Stiig , Cauwet Gustave , Borch Niels Henrik , Evans Dylan , Riemann Bo
Published: July 2010

We investigated the partitioning of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus between particulate and dissolved production using 11‐m3 marine mesocosms (bags) in a Norwegian fjord with a salinity of 28.3, a chlorophyll concentration of 0.6 µg L−1, an even biomass among five algal groups, and nitrogen limitation as the initial conditions. The experiment lasted 21 days in August. Addition of silicate (+Si) resulted in diatom dominance, while a more diverse community was present in treatments with no added Si (‐Si). Addition of inorganic nutrients in a N: P gradient from 64 to 4 either conserved the initial N limitation or forced the plankton communities to P limitation. Per added limiting nutrient, the diatom‐dominated bags produced more particulate (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than the other bags. However, the relative partitioning of net production to POC and DOC did not differ as a function of the plankton communities. Between 22% and 33% of the net production accumulated as new DOC. The higher values were found in the N‐limited bags. The production of new dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was variable over time, and short periods of positive production were followed by removal (negative production). Between 6% and 22% of the assimilated N was recovered as new DON in the N‐replete bags, while the DON production was very low during N limitation. The community structure had no effects on nitrogen partitioning. Diatom dominance (+Si bags) resulted in P sequestration to particles and a constant low net production of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) across the nutrient gradient. The production of DOP was low in the P‐limited (‐Si) bags; however, with a surplus of inorganic P, most of the assimilated P (74% to 85%) was recovered as new DOP. The consequence was a huge range in stoichiometric ratios for newly produced dissolved organic matter (DOM). With N limitation, the C:N ratio of new DOM was from 40 to 100, but it was below 40 under N‐replete conditions. The C: P ratio of new DOM in the ‐Si bags traced the P availability, and values approached 500 in P‐deficient bags to values between 17 and 58 in the P‐replete bags. The C: P ratio of new DOM in the +Si bags was about 300 at all dosing regimes. Consequently, the range in N: P ratios was also large, with values from below 1 to about 30. Carbon‐rich DOM in oceans and coastal waters is not necessarily a function of a slow diagenetic “maturation’’ process but can be produced almost immediately. Both the nutrient regime and phytoplankton community composition affected the production and composition of new DOM in this experiment.
Release of dissolved organic matter by coastal diatoms
Authors: Wetz Michael S. , Wheeler Patricia A.
Published: July 2010

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) production was examined in axenic batch cultures of five coastal diatom species. For Chaetoceros decipiens, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulated beginning in late exponential growth as a result of increased cell density. For Cylindrotheca closterium, DOC actually decreased in late exponential growth and reached zero by the end of the experiment. This coincided with continued particulate organic carbon (POC) production and a threefold increase in the per‐cell concentration of transparent exopolymer particles after nutrients were depleted. DOC release rates varied between species but were significantly higher for all five species in exponential or transition growth than during stationary growth. On average, 5% of the total fixed C was released as DOC for four of the diatoms, whereas C. decipiens released ~21% of its fixed C as DOC. The percentage of fixed C released as DOC varied little with nutrient availability or diatom growth stage. The DOM produced by some diatom species adheres to filters and is measured in the particulate organic matter (POM) fraction when cells are separated from the medium by filtration. This may be an important problem when diatom species with known benthic life histories are prevalent. In contrast, for species like Chaetoceros that have no benthic life history, DOM release rates estimated by bulk measurements or 14C appear to be accurate. Overall, these results indicate that the species composition of phytoplankton blooms has the potential to influence the relative importance of POM and DOM production and can complicate interpretation of those measurements.
Water residence time: A regulatory factor of the DOM to POM transfer efficiency
Authors: Mari Xavier , Rochelle-Newall Emma , Torréton Jean-Pascal , Pringault Olivier , Jouon Aymeric , Migon Christophe
Published: July 2010

The pools of dissolved (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) and of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) were studied along two sampling gradients in the lagoon of New Caledonia in relation to the residence time of the water masses. The efficiency of the transfer of material from the dissolved to the particulate phase via TEP formation, indicating the physicochemical reactivity of organic matter, was investigated. DOM, POM, and TEP concentration increased along the sampling gradients, but their relative proportions varied. The contribution of the TEP pool to POM increased from 20% to 60%, from the most oligotrophic stations to the more anthropogenically affected bays. According to the low density of TEP and to the observed variations of the proportion of TEP compared with more conventional and solid particles, the aggregates formed inside the bays would be either neutrally or positively buoyant, whereas in the vicinity of the coral barrier, they would be negatively buoyant. As a result, the downward export of organic matter inside the bays might be greatly reduced, thereby prolonging the residence time of organic matter in the water column. The efficiency of the DOM/TEP transformation and the TEP turnover rate dropped drastically when the residence time increased from 0 to 50 d, suggesting that the reactivity of organic matter is reduced as it ages. The very high residence time of the water mass inside the bays, constrained by the hydrodynamic circulation inside the lagoon, favors the installation of a feedback system in which organic matter is not exported and is continuously degraded, leading to the formation of refractory DOM with a low physicochemical reactivity. In contrast, organic matter produced in areas in which water mass has a low residence time (i.e., near the coral barrier) is rapidly exported because of its high physicochemical reactivity.
How climate controls the flux of nitrogen by the Mississippi River and the development of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Donner Simon D. , Scavia Donald
Published: July 2010

The intensification of agriculture in the central U.S. is commonly cited as the primary cause of the increase in nitrogen (N) flux by the Mississippi River since the 1950s and the development of seasonal bottom‐water hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Over the past two decades, however, agricultural land use and land cover have remained relatively constant. With high N inputs each year, climate variability could now be controlling the variability in N leaching from land and transport through the river system. In this study, we examine how precipitation in specific regions of the central U.S. affects the nitrate‐N flux by the Mississippi River and the extent of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Precipitation amounts across the Corn Belt in the previous November‐ December and in March‐April‐May are together a strong predictor (r2 = 0.68) of the spring nitrate flux by the Mississippi. A hypoxia model shows that the year‐to‐year variability in central U.S. climate must be considered in developing nutrient management policy. During a wet year, an N reduction of 50‐60%‐close to twice the recommended target‐is required to meet the goal of reducing the hypoxia zone to less than 5,000 km2 in size. A higher reduction goal is particularly important considering the expected changes in climate in the coming decades.
Sponges as a source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen: Nitrification mediated by temperate sponges
Authors: Jiménez Eroteida , Ribes Marta
Published: July 2010

We evaluated rates of carbon and nitrogen ingestion from particulate organic matter and dissolved inorganic nitrogen excretion by six common sponge species from Mediterranean sublittoral rocky bottom habitats. Clearance rates varied from 4 cm3 dry weight (dry wt)−1 min−1 to 41 cm3 dry weight (dry wt)−1 min−1, depending on cell type and sponge species. Carbon and nitrogen ingestion rates of picoplankton by the different sponges ranged from 0.17 µg C g dry wt−1 min−1 to 1.5 µg C g dry wt−1 min−1 and 2 nmol N g dry wt−1 min−1 to 13 nmol N g dry wt−1 min−1. Although excretion compounds and rates varied between sponge species, most of the species exhibited the ability to excrete significant amounts of nitrate with nitrification rates of 3–13 nmol N g dry wt−1 min−1. Only one species (Dysidea avara) excreted a significant amount of ammonium. This is the first account of nitrification by temperate sponges. Particulate nitrogen ingestion and dissolved inorganic nitrogen excretion did not balance in most cases, suggesting that Mediterranean sponges may be using alternative sources of organic nitrogen. Sponge activity could have a relevant role in remineralization of organic nitrogen in oligotrophic marine coastal zones.
Colonization patterns of Nematoda on decomposing algae in the estuarine environment: Community assembly and genetic structure of the dominant species Pellioditis marina
Authors: Derycke S. , Van Vynckt R. , Vanoverbeke J. , Vincx M. , Moens T.
Published: July 2010

We performed a field experiment in the Westerschelde Estuary (The Netherlands) to characterize the colonization dynamics of nematodes in relation to the proximity of a source population and to local environmental conditions. The effects of colonization on the population genetic structure of the dominant species, Pellioditis marina, were simultaneously investigated. Two contrasting sites, each containing four patches with defaunated algae, were sampled seven times during 1 month. Site A was situated amidst Fucus stands, which permanently harbor P. marina, while site B was approximately 100 m from any source population and experienced more stressful environmental conditions. We hypothesized that (1) colonization in site A would proceed faster than in site B and that (2) founder events and genetic bottlenecks would affect population genetic structure and differentiation at site B more than at site A. We screened 992 individuals for variation in 426 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 gene with the single‐strand conformation polymorphism method. The algal deposits at site A were indeed more rapidly colonized and reached fivefold higher densities of nematodes than those in site B. Haplotype composition in site A was very similar to that of the source population, while rare haplotypes were abundant and genetic diversity was lower in site B. We conclude that founder effects and genetic bottlenecks structured the populations in site B. The genetic differences between patches in each site further indicate that effective migration in P. marina is low and that priority effects influence the genetic structure of P. marina populations.
Contrasting biogeochemistry of six trace metals during the rise and decay of a spring phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay
Authors: Luengen Allison C. , Raimondi Peter T. , Flegal A. Russell
Published: July 2010

The spring 2003 phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay) affected the cycling of Mn, Co, Zn, Ni, and Pb, but not Cu. We followed this diatom bloom for 2 months, capturing a peak in chlorophyll a (Chl a) of >150 µg L−1 and then an increase in dissolved organic carbon of >400 µmol L−1 as phytoplankton decomposed. To determine how the stages of the bloom affected metal concentrations, we used principal component analysis to reduce our 15 water chemistry variables into a bloom factor, a sorbent factor, and a decay factor. Increasing values of the bloom factor, which was a composite of dissolved oxygen, Chl a, and other variables, significantly accounted for reductions in dissolved Mn, Ni, and Pb. We attributed those declines to microbial oxidation, phytoplankton uptake, and sorption onto phytoplankton, respectively. In contrast, dissolved Cu concentrations were not explained by either the bloom or decay factors, consistent with previous studies showing its strong organic complexation and limited bioavailability in South Bay. The decay factor significantly accounted for increases in dissolved Mn, Co, Zn, and Pb. Decomposing bloom material presumably caused suboxic conditions in surface sediments, resulting in release of metals to overlying waters during reductive dissolution of Mn and Fe (hydr)oxides. These alterations in metal cycling during a nutrient‐enriched bloom were evidence of eutrophication. Annually, phytoplankton productivity has the potential to affect metal retention in the estuary; in 2003, 75% of Ni discharged into lower South Bay by wastewater treatment plants was cycled through phytoplankton.
Photoprotection capacity differs among diatoms: Possible consequences on the spatial distribution of diatoms related to fluctuations in the underwater light climate
Authors: Lavaud Johann , Strzepek Robert F. , Kroth Peter G.
Published: July 2010

In this study, we show a fundamental difference between diatom species from different marine habitats in their ability to cope with changes in irradiance. Estuarine species show a higher and more flexible capacity for photoprotection than oceanic and coastal species, and when exposed to excess light, the impairment of their photosynthetic capacity because of photoinhibition was reduced. This resulted in maintenance of growth in a fluctuating light regime, conferring the estuarine species an adaptive advantage. The ability of diatoms, and to a larger extent other phytoplankton, to occupy a wide range of ecological niches depends critically on their capacity to exploit the differences in underwater light climate. These results might explain how diatoms adapt to the challenge of maintaining optimal photosynthetic production in turbulent waters, in which the rate of light change is high.
Freshwater input structures soil properties, vertical accretion, and nutrient accumulation of Georgia and U.S tidal marshes
Authors: Craft Christopher
Published: July 2010

To identify relationships between freshwater input and marsh soil properties, measurements of bulk density, nutrients (carbon [C], nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P]), accretion, and accumulation were compared in tidal marshes of three estuaries of Georgia that varied in delivery of freshwater. Soil organic C and N (0–30 cm) were two times greater in marshes of the freshwater‐dominated Altamaha River than in the salt marshes of Doboy Sound and Sapelo River. 137Cs accretion and accumulation of organic C and N were three to five times greater in freshwaterdominated marshes than in salt marshes. The patterns observed in Georgia marshes were geographically general; data for tidal freshwater and brackish marsh soils compiled from 61 studies in the conterminous United States showed lower bulk density and higher percent organic C and N than salt marshes, regardless of geographic region. Salinity, a proxy for freshwater input, was inversely correlated with percent soil organic C and N and with vertical accretion in Georgia marshes and in marshes elsewhere in the conterminous United States. There was no relationship between above‐ or belowground emergent plant production and salinity of Georgia marshes but the rate of root decomposition was positively related to salinity, and decomposition rate was negatively related to percent soil organic C and C accumulation. In Georgia tidal marshes and elsewhere, soil organic matter content and accumulation are mediated by freshwater through its effects on decomposition.
Contribution of upwelling filaments to offshore carbon export in the subtropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Álvarez-Salgado X. A.
Published: July 2010

Revisiting previously published data we show that upwelling filaments off Iberia and NW Africa export to the offshore system, largely as dissolved organic matter (DOM), from 35% to 58% of the net community production generated in the coastal upwelling systems. Transport by filaments accounts for 2.5 to 4.5 times the offshore carbon export driven by Ekman transport. The fate of this carbon is unknown, although conservative mass balance analysis in the subtropical Northeast Atlantic region suggests that <16% of the exported carbon may be respired in the coastal transition zone (CTZ). Thus, DOM exported by the filaments cannot fully account for the previously reported metabolic imbalance (i.e., net heterotrophy) of the surface waters of the CTZ. The remainder of exported organic matter is transported to and accumulated in the subtropical gyre, where high surface DOM concentrations have been reported. Since filaments are ubiquitous features in all coastal transition zone systems, they must represent a significant flux of carbon to the open ocean, which should be considered in global biogeochemical models.
Phosphonate metabolism by Trichodesmium IMS101 and the production of greenhouse gases
Authors: Beversdorf L. J. , White A. E. , Björkman K. M. , Letelier R. M. , Karl D. M.
Published: July 2010

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate (1) the capacity of Trichodesmium IMS101 to hydrolyze phosphonates as a source of phosphorus (P) for growth, (2) the stoichiometric relationship between phosphonate use and biogenic gas production, and (3) the potential inhibition of phosphonate hydrolysis by additions of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Trichodesmium IMS101 is capable of cleaving the carbon‐P bond found in methylphosphonate (MPn) and ethylphosphonate (EPn), and the decomposition of these particular phosphonates results in the stoichiometric production of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6), respectively. Growth on 2‐aminoethylphosphonate (2‐AEP) led to modest ethylene (C2H4) production. Normalized to rates of Trichodesmium carbon (C) fixation, biogenic gas production as a result of either MPn or EPn hydrolysis (0.95 ± 0.04 mmol CH4 (mol C)−1 and 1.18 ± 0.11 mmol C2H6 (mol C)−1, respectively) approximates rates of DIP use (1.11 ± 0.05 P mmol P (mol C)−1) measured in parallel cultures. DIP, MPn, and EPn can be used by Trichodesmium IMS101 as a sole source of P with equal metabolic efficiency. Additionally, neither MPn hydrolysis nor the production of CH4 was significantly inhibited by additions of up to 30 mmol DIP L−1. These results imply that Trichodesmium can use multiple P resources simultaneously for growth and that the production of greenhouse gases occurs during decomposition pathways of select phosphonates.
Compensation for Pecuniary Losses in Breach of Contract Cases
Authors: Hubbell L. Kenneth
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
New Evidence on Expected Long Term Real Interest Rates
Authors: Havrilesky Thomas
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Interfacing the Economic and Vocational in Personal Injury Cases
Authors: Dillman Everett G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Absence of radiographic asbestosis and the risk of lung cancer among asbestos‐cement workers: Extended follow‐up of a cohort
Authors: Finkelstein Murray M.
Published: July 2010

Background

It has been a matter of controversy whether there is an increased risk of lung cancer among asbestos‐exposed workers without radiographic asbestosis. A previous study of lung cancer risk among asbestos‐cement workers has been updated with an additional 12 years of follow‐up.

Methods

Subjects had received radiographic examination at 20 and 25 years from first exposure to asbestos. Radiographs were interpreted by a single National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH)‐certified B‐reader using the 1971 International Labor Office (ILO) Classification of the pneumoconioses as reference standard. Asbestosis was defined as an ILO coding of 1/0 or higher. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated using the general population of Ontario as reference.

Results

Among asbestos‐cement workers without radiographic asbestosis at 20 years latency the lung cancer SMR was 3.84 (2.24–6.14). Among workers without asbestosis when examined at 25 years latency the SMR was 3.69 (1.59–7.26).

Conclusions

Workers from an Ontario asbestos‐cement factory who did not have radiographic asbestosis at 20 or 25 years from first exposure to asbestos continued to have an increased risk of death from lung cancer during an additional 12 years of follow‐up. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1065–1069, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High performance bio‐based thermosetting resins composed of tung oil and bismaleimide
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Teramoto Naozumi , Nakamura Yu
Published: July 2010

The reaction of tung oil (TO) and 1,1′‐(methylenedi‐4,1‐phenylene)bismaleimide (BMI) in 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (DMI) at 150°C for 4 h and subsequent precipitation gave TO/BMI prepolymer, which was cured at 200°C for 2 h gave crosslinked TO/BMI product with CC ratio from 1/1 to 1/4. The FE‐SEM analysis revealed that all the cured products are homogeneous and no phase separation was observed. The glass transition temperature and 5% weight loss temperature of the cured TO/BMI increased with increasing BMI content. The maximal tensile strength (38.1 MPa) and modulus (2.6 GPa) were obtained for the cured products with the CC ratios of 1/2 and 1/3, respectively. To evaluate the reaction of TO and BMI, the model reaction products of TO and N‐phenylmaleimide (PMI) in DMI were analyzed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The NMR data of the reaction products of TO/PMI with the CC ratio 2/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 at 150°C for 24 h revealed that Diels‐Alder reaction preferentially occurred at 2/1, and that ene reaction and other reactions such as radical homo and copolymerization gradually increased with decreasing CC ratio of TO/PMI. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Using a silanized silica nanofiller to reduce excessive amount of rubber curatives in styrene‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Ansarifar Ali , Wang Li , Ellis Robert J. , Haile‐Meskel Yared
Published: July 2010

In recent years, the rubber industry has come under pressure to improve health and safety at work, minimize damage to the environment, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness. Rubber compounds contain additives including curing chemicals, which are hazardous and harmful. Reducing their use or eliminating them altogether will be beneficial to rubber compounders and manufacturers of rubber articles. A styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) was cured and reinforced with a high loading of precipitated amorphous white silica nanofiller. The silica surfaces were pretreated with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), which is a sulfur‐bearing bifunctional organosilane to chemically adhere silica to the rubber. The chemical bonding between the filler and rubber was optimized via the tetrasulfane groups of TESPT by adding accelerator and activator. The rubbers were subsequently cured and their hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at break, tearing energy, tensile modulus, Young's modulus, and bound rubber content were measured. This study showed that using the filler in combination with a sulfur‐donor accelerator was the most efficient method for curing and reinforcing the rubber. This led to a significant reduction in the use of the curing chemicals, a faster curing cycle, and very good mechanical properties for the rubber vulcanizate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and thermal properties of novel phthalonitrile oligomer containing biphenyl ethernitrile/bisphthalonitrile blends
Authors: Yang Xiaoli , Lei Yajie , Zhong Jiachun , Zhao Rui , Liu Xiaobo
Published: July 2010

A kind of novel n = 2 phthalonitrile oligomer containing biphenyl ethernitrile (2PEN‐BPh) had been firstly synthesized from 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile, 4,4′‐biphenol and 4‐nitrophthalonitrile via solution reaction, and the 2PEN‐BPh was characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectra which exhibited that cyano groups and ethernitrile linkages existed in the backbone of 2PEN‐BPh. The 2PEN‐BPh oligomer was blended with bisphthalonitrile monomer, the curing reaction behaviors of the blends were studied by FTIR, DSC, and rheological analysis. The thermal and thermo‐oxidative stabilities of the 2PEN‐BPh/BPh polymers were investigated by TGA, and the results showed that the completely cured polymers could achieve char yields up to 78% at 800°C in nitrogen, above 11% at 800°C in air. The whole research indicated that the 2PEN‐BPh/BPh blends could efficiently improve the processability of BPh monomer without scarifying other desirable high temperature properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Designing robust rapid transit networks with alternative routes
Authors: Laporte Gilbert , Marín Angel , Mesa Juan A. , Perea Federico
Published: July 2010

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for the design of a robust rapid transit network. In this paper, a network is said to be robust when the effect of disruption on total trip coverage is minimized. The proposed model is constrained by three different kinds of flow conditions. These constraints will yield a network that provides several alternative routes for given origin–destination pairs, therefore increasing robustness. The paper includes computational experiments which show how the introduction of robustness influences network design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asset Legitimacy and Distributive Justice in the Dictator Game: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Mittone Luigi , Ploner Matteo
Published: July 2010

Distributive justice seems to guide behavior in reward allocation tasks in which subjects in a group jointly produce an endowment that is then allocated by a member of the group. It has been shown that allocators aim to preserve the proportionality between inputs (e.g., effort) and outputs (e.g., monetary rewards) of those in the group, even when this comes at a cost to themselves. We experimentally investigated whether justice considerations of this kind play a role in a double‐blind dictator game when the assets to be allocated are generated exclusively through the effort of the decision maker. The experiment shows that distributive justice is an important source of motivation in highly demanding social environments in which reputational concerns and reciprocity are absent. This finding has been corroborated by an independent validity check and may have important implications for previous experimental findings and for the economics of charity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The visceral yolk sac endoderm provides for absorption of nutrients to the embryo during neurulation
Authors: Zohn Irene E. , Sarkar Anjali A.
Published: July 2010

Neural tube defects (NTDs) represent some of the most common congenital malformations in humans. The causes of NTDs are complex with both genetic and environmental contributing factors. Periconception nutrition is an important environmental factor influencing the penetrance of NTDs. NTDs arise from failure to close the neural tube completely during development, an event that occurs before establishment of the chorioallantoic placenta. During neurulation, nutrients are absorbed by histotrophic mechanisms and absorbed by endocytosis in the endoderm‐derived cell layer of the visceral yolk sac (VYS). Here we review the histotrophic mechanisms by which nutrients are delivered to the human embryo during this critical time period. Because more detailed studies on the molecular mechanisms regulating uptake of nutrients have been performed using rodent models, most importantly mouse and rat models, we will also review nutrient uptake in these model organisms to set the stage for presentation of experimental data that have provided valuable information about how nutrients are delivered to the neurulating embryo. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic flux analysis of CHO cell metabolism in the late non‐growth phase
Authors: Sengupta Neelanjan , Rose Steven T. , Morgan John A.
Published: July 2010

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures are commonly used for production of recombinant human therapeutic proteins. Often the goal of such a process is to separate the growth phase of the cells, from the non‐growth phase where ideally the cells are diverting resources to produce the protein of interest. Characterizing the way that the cells use nutrients in terms of metabolic fluxes as a function of culture conditions can provide a deeper understanding of the cell biology offering guidance for process improvements. To evaluate the fluxes, metabolic flux analysis of the CHO cell culture in the non‐growth phase was performed by a combination of steady‐state isotopomer balancing and stoichiometric modeling. Analysis of the glycolytic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) indicated that almost all of the consumed glucose is diverted towards PPP with a high NADPH production; with even recycle from PPP to G6P in some cases. Almost all of the pyruvate produced from glycolysis entered the TCA cycle with little or no lactate production. Comparison of the non‐growth phase against previously reported fluxes from growth phase cultures indicated marked differences in the fluxes, in terms of the split between glycolysis and PPP, and also around the pyruvate node. Possible reasons for the high NADPH production are also discussed. Evaluation of the fluxes indicated that the medium strength, carbon dioxide level, and temperature with dissolved oxygen have statistically significant impacts on different nodes of the flux network. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:82–92. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of New Layered BaNaSc(BO3)2 and BaNaY(BO3)2 Orthoborates.
Authors: Seryotkin Yurii V. , Bakakin Vladimir V. , Kokh Aleksandr E. , Kononova Nadezhda G. , Svetlyakova Tatyana N. , Kokh Konstantin A. , Drebushchak Tatyana N.
Published: July 2010

Crystals of the title compounds are obtained by spontaneous crystallization from a melt of BaB2O4, NaBO2, and MBO3 (M: Sc, Y; Pt crucible, 950—930 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Cr‐Based Magnetic Pyroxenes.
Authors: Matsushita Yoshitaka , Izumi Fujio , Isobe Masahiko , Ueda Yutaka
Published: July 2010

The crystal structures of MCrGe2O6 (M: Li, Na) are determined by synchrotron powder XRD at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Jahn—Teller Distortion Leading to the Spin‐1/2 Uniform Antiferromagnetic Chains in Triclinic Perovskites AgCuF3 and NaCuF3.
Authors: Tong J. , Lee C. , Whangbo M.‐H. , Kremer R. K. , Simon A. , Koehler J.
Published: July 2010

AgCuF3 is synthesized by solid state reaction of AgF and CuF2 (773 K, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the PrBr3—RbBr Binary System.
Authors: Rycerz Leszek , Ingier‐Stocka Ewa , Berkani Madjid , Gaune‐Escard Marcelle
Published: July 2010

The title system is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and electrical conductivity measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkali Metal Indium Thiophosphates Containing the Discrete Anions [In(PS4)(PS5)2]6‐ and [In(PS4)2(PS5)]6‐.
Authors: Rothenberger Alexander , Morris Collin , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: July 2010

The new thiophosphates (IIIa,c) crystallize in the triclic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2 and (IIIb) in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ln2M2+Ge4O12, Ln: Rare‐Earth Element or Y; M: Ca, Mn, Zn.
Authors: Zubkov Vladimir G. , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Leonidov Ivan I. , Tyutyunnik Alexander P. , Surat Ludmila L. , Melkozerova Marina A. , Zabolotskaya Elena V. , Kellerman Dina G.
Published: July 2010

The title compounds are promising optical materials, in which different lanthanoid elements are introduced as a sensitizer or activator.
ChemInform Abstract: The Plumbide CeZnPb — Structure, Magnetism, and Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Hermes Wilfried , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Chevalier Bernard , Matar Samir F. , Eyert Volker , Poettgen Rainer
Published: July 2010

The new title compound is prepared from the elements (Ta‐tube, 1360 K, 25 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt, Manganese, Nickel, and Vanadium Derivatives of the Cyclic 48‐Tungsto‐8‐Phosphate [H7P8W48O184]33‐.
Authors: Keita Bineta , et al. et al.
Published: July 2010

The structures of the title compounds (IV) (triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$, Z = 1), (VI) (P$\bar 1$, Z = 1), and (VIII) (tetragonal, P4/m, Z = 2) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Electronic Properties of the New Compounds U3Co12‐xX4 with X: Si, Ge.
Authors: Soude A. , Tougait O. , Pasturel M. , Kaczorowski D. , Noel H.
Published: July 2010

U6Co23.32Ge8 and U6Co23.5Si8 are prepared by melting of the elements followed by annealing at 1173 K for 14 d.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum Doped BiFeO3 Powders: Syntheses and Characterization
Authors: Gonzalez Garcia F. , Riccardi C. S. , Simoes A. Z.
Published: July 2010

Single‐phase Bi1‐xLaxFeO3 powders with x = 0, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.30 are prepared by esterification of the corresponding metal citrates with ethylene glycol followed by decomposition of the organic residues at 300 °C and calcination at 850 °C (alumina crucible, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes for Pd‐Catalyzed Sonogashira and Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling in Aqueous Solvents.
Authors: Roy Sutapa , Plenio Herbert
Published: July 2010

Water‐soluble palladium catalyst complexes are successfully applied in the copper‐free Sonogashira coupling reaction and Suzuki—Miyaura coupling in alcohol/water mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Primary Amine Mediated Conjugate Addition of Branched Aldehydes to Vinyl Sulfone: Asymmetric Generation of Quaternary Carbon Centers.
Authors: Zhu Qiang , Lu Yixin
Published: July 2010

A novel threonine‐based N‐sulfonamide is prepared and efficiently applied as chiral catalyst for the enantioselective conjugate addition of aldehydes (II) to sulfone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Tsuji—Trost Allylations with Palladium Recovery by Phosphines/Pd(0)‐Triolefinic Macrocyclic Catalysts.
Authors: Serra‐Muns Anna , Pleixats Roser
Published: July 2010

A Pd(0)—triolefinic azamacrocycle complex efficiently catalyzes the Tsuji—Trost reaction of allylic carbonate (I) with various N‐ and O‐nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium(IV) Complexes Featuring P,O‐Chelating Ligands: Regioselective Substitution Directly from Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Sundararaju Basker , Achard Mathieu , Demerseman Bernard , Toupet Loic , Sharma Gangavaram V. M. , Bruneau Christian
Published: July 2010

The Ru complexes (I) and (II) efficiently promote regioselective allylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidant‐Free Lactonization of Diols Using a Hydrotalcite‐Supported Copper Catalyst.
Authors: Mikami Yusuke , Ebata Kaori , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: July 2010

The reaction proceeds with development of hydrogen; the catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Procedure for the Oxidative Cleavage of Olefinic Bonds with PhI(OAc)2, NMO, and Catalytic OsO4.
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Adsool Vikrant A. , Hale Christopher R. H.
Published: July 2010

Two efficient methods for the oxidative cleavage of mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted alkenes are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Oxidation of Electron‐Poor Benzo[b]thiophenes to the Corresponding Sulfones with an Aqueous Solution of H2O2 and P2O5.
Authors: Antonow Dyeison , Marrafa Teresa , Dawood Irfaan , Ahmed Tauheed , Haque Mohammad R. , Thurston David E. , Zinzalla Giovanni
Published: July 2010

Benzo[b]thiophenes (I) and sulfides (III) are oxidized with aqueous peroxomonophosphoric acid to afford the corresponding sulfones (II) and (IV), resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Salan (Salalen) Ligands Derived from Binaphthol for Titanium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins with Aqueous H2O2.
Authors: Xiong Donglu , Wu Mei , Wang Shoufeng , Li Fuwei , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei
Published: July 2010

A variety of olefins is efficiently transformed to the corresponding epoxides by Ti‐catalyzed asymmetric reaction using novel salan/salalen ligands, e.g. (I) or (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorination of Various Substrates in Subcritical Carbon Tetrachloride.
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nishida Yoko , Horaguchi Takaaki
Published: July 2010

Various aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds including 1,4‐disubstituted benzenes are chlorinated using CCl4 under high‐temperature conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation of Various Aromatic Compounds by CF3I in the Presence of Fe(II) Compound, H2O2 and Dimethylsulfoxide.
Authors: Kino Tatsuhito , Nagase Yu , Ohtsuka Yuhki , Yamamoto Kyoko , Uraguchi Daisuke , Tokushisa Kenji , Yamakawa Tetsu
Published: July 2010

The trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds is carried out by using a reagent composition consisting of Fe(II), hydrogen peroxide, and dimethylsulfoxide in the presence or absence of sulfuric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Behavior of Cumulene: Diels—Alder, Friedel—Crafts, and Pd‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions.
Authors: Asakawa Tomohiro , Iinuma Mie , Wakasugi Yuko , Kuno Mayumi , Furuta Takumi , Fujii Satoshi , Tanaka Kiyoshi , Kan Toshiyuki
Published: July 2010

Characteristic Diels—Alder [(I)→(III)+(IV)] and Friedel—Crafts [(I)→(VI)+(VII)] type conjugate addition reactions of methyldiphenylpentatrienal (I) are found, providing novel and useful routes to highly substituted allene and diene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Deprotection of Methylene Acetals in Combination with Trimethylsilyl Triflate‐2,2′‐bipyridyl.
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Senami Kento , Kubo Ozora , Yahata Kenzo , Minamitsuji Yutaka , Maegawa Tomohiro
Published: July 2010

The presented method tolerates acid‐sensitive functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Negishi Alkyl—Aryl Cross‐Coupling Catalyzed by Rh: Efficiency of Novel Tripodal 3‐Diphenylphosphino‐2‐(diphenylphosphino)methyl‐2‐methylpropyl Acetate Ligand.
Authors: Ejiri Syogo , Odo Shunsuke , Takahashi Hideki , Nishimura Yugo , Gotoh Kazuma , Nishihara Yasushi , Takagi Kentaro
Published: July 2010

The reaction is effective for the aromatic zinc derivatives bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents, while poor yields are observed for the electron‐donating and unsubstituted substrates [cf.