bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Social and Hormonal Determinants of Nest-Building Behaviour in the Ring Dove (Streptopelia Risoria)
Authors: Martinez-Vargas Marie Christine , Erickson Carl J.
Published: June 2008

Two experiments were performed to evaluate some of the controlling factors in ring dove nest-building behaviour. In the first study six pairs of animals were observed each day until the first egg appeared. Behaviour was recorded during four intervals on each day in order to obtain estimates of diurnal changes in behaviour. Moreover, each pair was presented with a variety of nest-building materials in order to determine those kinds that would be most acceptable to the animals in subsequent studies. The birds showed striking diurnal changes in behaviour. Bow-cooing, aggressive pecking by the male, nest soliciting, time-in-the-nest, and allopreening exhibited a steady decline throughout the day. Nest-building activity reached a peak between one and seven hours after the lights came on in the morning and then declined throughout the remainder of the day. By contrast, copulatory behaviour, though infrequent in the morning hours, rose sharply in the late afternoon and reached a peak during the evening watch. Feeding and self-preening also increased slightly during the afternoon and evening. The ring doves also showed marked preferences in their choice of nest materials. Light-colored reed was preferred almost exclusively to dark-colored reed. Moreover, as nest construction progressed, there was a change in the type of material collected. During early building approximately equal numbers of pine needles as well as light and heavy reed were collected. As the nest neared completion, reed collection diminished and pine needles alone were collected. The resulting structure consisted of a base of several materials lined with pine needles alone. Observations in this first experiment suggested that gathering activity by the male was elicited by the presence of the female in the nest site. A second experiment was designed to examine this relationship. Twelve female ring doves were injected with progesterone and diethylstilboestrol while another twelve females served as oil-injected controls. Hormone-treated females were found to become more firmly established at the nest site during the first two days after introduction to a male. The males mated with these hormone-treated females engaged in more nest material gathering than did males mated with oil-treated females. It was concluded that gathering behaviour by the male is determined, at least in part, by relevant social cues from the female.
Motivational Analysis of Fish Feeding
Authors: Colgan Patrick
Published: June 2008

i. Problems and approaches in the analysis of the motivation (internal stimuli) of animal behaviour are reviewed and the nature and advantages of stimulus-response models in dealing with complex cases are discussed. 2. The data on the motivation of fish feeding are reviewed by considering the topics of homeostasis, deprivation and satiation, systemic need versus gastric volume, and preference and selectivity. 3. Based on these observations, a tentative model is proposed. In this model hunger is presumed to be determined jointly by the metabolic debt (systemic need) of the fish and the amount of food in the stomach (gastric volume), two parameters which are themselves affected by many physiological and ecological factors. For given environmental conditions hunger determines the probability that an encountered item is eaten and the interval between encounters. From these parameters monophagous encounter and feeding rates can be calculated. In the case of polyphagy the rates can be calculated provided the relative availabilities of the food types are known. 4. It is shown that the model clarifies several points in the literature and predicts certain response relations present, but apparently unrealized, in the published data. Further, the model makes a number of untested predictions. 5. Some of these predictions were tested and confirmed in a controlled experiment involving pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), in individual aquaria, fed in a standard Latin square design with added control conditions. The fish were fed three different proportions of housefly adults and pupae after one or two days of deprivation. Food items were presented one at a time over a 30 minute feeding bout. The changes in behaviour following changes in deprivation and relative availability of food types were as predicted by the model. The key prediction that response measures would be related in a manner invariant over changes in the independent variables was also supported despite nonstationarities in several response measures. 6. The modelling approach, traditional drive theory, and the case study of fish hunger were used to develop a rigorous general definition of "drive" based on stimulus-invariant response relations. The preferred nature of such a concept for dealing with bodies of motivational data containing such relations is shown. The consequent overall possibilities of modelling diverse motivational systems are considered.
Territory Choice Guided By Familiar Object Cues From Earlier Territories in the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis Bimaculatus Gill 1862 (Pisces, Cichlidae)
Authors: Heuts B.A. , De Boer J.N.
Published: June 2008

When two jewel fishes (Hemichromus binwculatus) in groups of 4 or 5 fishes are territorial, they retain identical territory positions with respect to the only transparent aquarium side permitting an outward look, after several transfers to new similar aquarium tanks (Exp. 1). If the cues on which such relative territory positions in equivalent tanks depend, are merely given by familiar objects (a sheet of slate and two glass filters) in the tanks, the fishes choose their territories according to a familiar view of these cues (Exp. 2, 7, and partly Exp. 3, 5, and 6). When, however, too strong counteracting cues reveal the positions of the new tanks in the experimental room (as manipulated with purpose in Exp. I) the fishes choose their territories according to these cues (Exp. 4 and partly so Exp. 3, 5 and 6), or possibly according to both kinds of cues, so that a random choice results (partly in Exp. 5 and 6). There are indications that relative territory choices can be imposed by former exposure to the territory area, and are further maintained in similar environments. Further experiments investigating related factors determining territory choice are suggested. A possible function of the demonstrated persistent territory choice effect is briefly mentioned.
Zur Steuerung Der Putzbewegungen Der Honigbiene
Authors: Pflumm Walter
Published: June 2008

Das Putzen nektarsammelnder Honigbienen (Apis mellifica) an der Futterquelle, auf das sich die Enthemmungshypothese für Übersprunghandlungen anwenden läßt (PFLUMM, 1969a), wird hinsichtlich der Verteilung der Putzbewcgungen auf die Körperpartien untersucht. Bei konstanter Reizsituation an der Futterquelle hängt die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien von der Anzahl sämtlicher Putzbewegungen pro Besuch - und damit von der Stärke der Aktual-Putzbereitschaft - ab: Je häufiger sich die Bienen während eines Besuchs putzen, desto weiter hinten liegende Körperpartien beziehen sie in den Putzvorgang ein (Abb. I und 2). Die gleiche Anzahl Putzbewegungen pro Besuch - und damit der gleiche Grad der Enthemmung der Potential-Putzbereitschaft (vgl. das Verrechnungsschema bei PrLUMM, 1969a) - ist in verschiedenen Reizsituationen an der Futterquelle zu beobachten. Bei gleich häufigem Putzen führen die Bienen jedoch unterschiedliche Putzbewegungen aus (Abb. 3, 4 und 5): Der Grad der Enthemmung legt also nicht die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien fest. Die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Putzbewegungen von der Konzentration des Zuckerwassers, seiner Zuflußgeschwindigkeit und der Lufttemperatur an der Futterquelle ist dargestellt (Abb. 6, 9 und 10). Der Zeitpunkt, zu dem sich die Bienen während des Aufenthalts an der Futterquelle putzen, hängt von der Zuflußgeschwindigkeit ab (Abb. 7). Wechselt dieser Zeitpunkt, ändert sich die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien (Abb. 8). Die Ergebnisse werden mit an Wirbeltieren gewonnenen Resultaten verglichen.
Genealogical Mating Activity in Free-Ranging Groups of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) On Cayo Santiago
Authors: Missakian Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2008

Behavioral observations on a large group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were carried out on Cayo Santiago from January I968 through December I969 and from October through December I970. Records of mating activity (single mounts, mount series, copulations) indicated that genealogical mating activity on Cayo Santiago had the following characteristics : (I) 5.4% of all recorded mount series and copulations involved mother-son pairs; (2) mating was observed in 3I% of 26 individual pairs of mothers and sons; (3) mating was seen in I2% of 42 individual pairs of brothers and sisters; (4) of I0 instances of mother-son mating, seven involved pairs in which the mother was dominant to the son; (5) mating in mother-son and brother-sister pairs occurred in high and low ranking genealogies within the group; (6) with two exceptions, all three to five-year old males who did engage in sexual activity with their mothers did not mate with non-related females during that breeding season; and (7) with one exception, all instances of mother-son and brother-sister mating involved males from three to five years of age. These findings are in sharp contrast to observations made on a smaller group on Cayo Santiago. Possible causes for this difference between social groups of different size are discussed.
Exploration and Attachment Behaviour in Infant Guinea Pigs
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Berryman Julia C. , Fullerton Clare
Published: June 2008

Individual infant guinea pigs were tested oncde a week during the first 4 weeks of life in a square enclosure which was separated from a smaller enclosure (confinement cage) by a wire-mesh partition. In the Experimental condition (E) the mother and siblings of the subject were present in the confinement cage during testing - while in the Control condition (C) the confinement cage was empty during testing. The young guinea pigs tested in the presence of the mother and siblings displayed a much greater level of activity (i.e. exploratory behaviour) than did those tested with the empty confinement cage. They thus appeared to use the mother and/or siblings as a base from which to explore a novel environment. Exploratory behaviour in condition E showed a significant increase between weeks I and 2 (possibly due to the waning of an initial immobility reaction), and a gradual decline over weeks 3 and 4 (believed to be due to habituation to the test enclosure). In condition C, there were no significant differences in activity between trials. The guinea pigs tested in the presence of the mother and siblings spent significantly more time near the wire partition separating the test enclosure from the confinement cage than did the control subjects - for whom the confinement cage was empty. Subjects in condition E spent significantly more time in the proximity of the mother and siblings during weeks 2-4 as compared to week I. The responsiveness of the young guinea pigs to conspecifics therefore appears to have increased over the first 2 weeks post-partum. The possible adaptive significance of the interaction between exploration and attachment behaviour was discussed.
Scholartracking: the Ethics and Politics of Studying "Others" in the Work of Sam D. Gill
Authors: Urban Hugh B.
Published: June 2008

What was I to do about the cold, hard fact that I and my teachers before me had manipulated cultural materials beyond the constraints of my sources to make them fit my views, my theories?.... I suspected ... that this incident reflects Western man's way of being in the world-colonist and imperialist, arrogant and insensitive, professing great humane causes but accomplishing the opposite. I began to fear that this tiny incident in my academic practice characterized not only my work but also the work of my profession and my cultural and intellectual heritage. Not wanting to face this way of spending ... my life, the research and reflections that have become this book were self-examination in the service of self-justification: my efforts to rationalize why I am doing with my life what I am.
Christ's Birth of a Virgin Who Became a Wife: Flesh and Speech in Tertullian's De Carne Christi
Authors: Otten Willemien
Published: June 2008

This article explores the powerful efficacy of Tertullian's theological discourse in his treatise De came Christi. Departing from the conventional wisdom of evaluating early Christian theological texts according to their adherence to formal rhetorical models, which makes them vulnerable to postmodern criticism, this article advocates an alternative approach. It analyzes Tertullian's arguments by relating them directly to his central topic of discussion: the flesh of Christ. Tertullian's insistence on the physical concreteness of Christ's flesh, which connects Christ's human birth inseparably with his death and resurrection, serves to underscore what he calls "the law for our resurrection" (ch. 1). The article demonstrates that the physical concreteness of Christ's flesh so dominates Tertullian's theological discourse that it underlies even his well-known use of paradox. An example is found when Tertullian makes the truth of Christ's resurrection following his crucifixion dependent on how it mocks wordly wisdom (ch. 5). The article reveals specifically how a view of Tertullian's discourse as pivoting on the concreteness of Christ's flesh sheds light on his arguments regarding Christ's birth of a virgin (chs. 17-23). For Tertullian, Christ's flesh can only lay down the law for humanity's bodily resurrection if the divine Word heeds the "law of the opened body" (ch. 23) by undergoing a fully human birth. In his logic Christ's exit into this world, which opened his mother's womb, caused Mary to change from virgin to wife. Since Christ's birth is thus itself a signum contradicibile, Tertullian's discourse is stripped of its former dependence on paradoxes to describe its salvific novelty, gaining a new-found accuracy instead.
The Provenance of Ecumenius' Commentary On the Apocalypse
Authors: Lamoreaux John C.
Published: June 2008

The earliest extant Greek commentary on the Apocalypse was written by a certain Ecumenius. Many questions surround the provenance of this commentary. Was it written early in the sixth century or does it rather stem from the later decades of that same century? Was it written by a Monophysite? or by a Chalcedonian? Was the author of this commentary a friend and ally of Severus of Antioch? If not, who then was he? Such questions are important because Ecumenius' commentary is important. It offers an early uncial text of the Apocalypse of great moment for the New Testament textual critic. It is a significant source for understanding late antique efforts to support the canonical authority of the Apocalypse.' It contains crucial evidence of developing Mariological doctrines. Even more interesting, however, is the commentary's place in the history of polemic against Origen. Such themes are subtle, yet so frequent that one could read the text primarily as an attempt to provide an eschatological vision orthodox enough to replace that of Origen and his followers. But these are matters for another time.2 Here our concern is that of establishing the provenance of this text-who wrote it? when? and where?
Satire, Fiction and Reference To Reality in Jerome's Epistuia 117
Authors: Lossl Josef
Published: June 2008

Satire is essentially a non-fictional literary form. Its point of departure is a real setting, which is directly referred to. But the way satirists magnify certain aspects of the reality they refer to distorts their picture.' Satires therefore are not realistic in the sense of providing reliable eye witness accounts of given situations. But they usually keep to rules, which provide hermeneutical keys for interpreting them with regard to the reality behind their distortions. How concrete that reality is, whether it just reflects a general or stereotype picture of a society or culture in a given age or whether the satire is directed against concrete historical figures, has to be established individually. The text discussed in the following has to be treated with such questions in mind. It is extant as a letter, but its addressees are not named and it is doubted whether they were historical figures. At a closer look it turns out to be a satire, but it seems at first sight to lack the concrete context that would give meaning and purpose to a satire. However, if it is a satire, and we may assume it is, it must have that context and we may try to reconstruct it using material provided by this text as well as others in its historical and literary vicinity; and although we may not succeed in finding definite answers to all the questions raised by this text, we hope nevertheless to shed some new light on this gripping little piece of ancient Christian literature.
The Myth of the Eternal Rebirth Critical Notes On G.W. Bowersock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity1
Authors: Fossum Jarl
Published: June 2008

In his famous work, Die Untergang des Abendlandes (ET, The Decline of the West [1928]), Oswald Spengler used the language of mineralogy to illustrate his thesis that in the Hellenistic age Greek philosophy and religion provided the hollow forms in which the Oriental material underwent a 'pseudomorphosis'. The simile used was the following: When a crystalline substance fills a hollow left in a geological layer made by a crystal which has disintegrated, the former is forced to take on the mould of the latter, thereby deceiving the observer who does not subject the substance to chemical analysis. In his slim book of less than 100 pages of text, Professor Glen Bowersock propounds a more perceptive view: 'Hellenism'-by which the author means Greek language, philosophy, and religion-did not disintegrate so quickly. Surely the great Dionysus remained alivc for a long time; in the chapter on 'Dionysos and His World', Bowersock cites that Dionysus is the 'controlling figure' in some beautiful late antiquity art work. Rather than effecting a 'pseudomorphosis' of Near Eastern religion, Hellenism was able to bring about a metamorphosis: it became a vehicle for 'strengthening and even transforming local worship without eradicating its local character' (p. 21). Bowersock also correctly notes: 'Christianity had a powerful influence on the paganism that prospered in the late antique world, to a degree [...] no less important than the influence-much more frequently remarked-of paganism on Christianity' (p. 26). However, in his eagerness to demonstrate the influence of Christianity upon paganism, Bowersock unfortunately makes many mistakes. This is rather glaring in his attempt at a 'thorough examination' of Epiphanius' account of the festival in the Alexandrian
Der Christliche Reiterheilige Des Sisinnios-Typs Im Kampf Gegen Eine Vielnamige Dämonin
Authors: Fauth Wolfgang
Published: June 2008

Die christliche Spätantike präsentiert in ihrer Ikonologie und Hagiographie eine in mehreren Varianten entgegentretende Konfiguration: Ein 'heiligcr Reiter' durchbohrt mit seiner Lanze ein am Boden befindliches, verschiedenartig gestaltetes dämonisches Wesen. Der auf solche Weise dargestellte Sieg des Guten über das Böse soll hier, nach einer Übersicht über die wichtigsten Zeugnisse für die genannte Szene, eingeengt werden auf die Betrachtung des Zusammentreffens zwischen dem berittenen Heiligen (Sisinnios, Georg) bzw. seinen Äquivalenten (Erzengel Michael, König Salomon) und einer polyonymen menschenfeindlichen Dämonin. Es wird zum einen versucht, aus den zahlreichen, zum Teil listenartig aufgereihten Namen und ihrer Bedeutung die Wesenheit dieser Dämonin und ihren originären Typus zu erhellen; dabei muß gelegentlich auch auf Belegmaterial zurückgegriffen werden, das außerhalb des engeren Rahmens der Reiterlegende liegt. Zum anderen bieten der Name und die Gestalt des Sisinnios Anlaß zu einer genaueren sprachlichen und literarischen Untersuchung. Um die Herkunftsfrage einer Lösung näherzubringen, wird die jüdische Überlieferung von den drei die Dämonin verfolgenden Engeln S(i)n(o)j, S(i)ns(i)n(o)j und S(a)m(a)ng(a)l(o)f herangezogen. Es besteht die Aussicht, über diesen Weg die Provenienz des Grundmotivs geographisch in etwa zu ermitteln.
After MOX: The Contemporary Shipment of Radioactive Substances in the Law of the Sea
Authors: Nadelson Robert
Published: June 2008

The transport of hazardous cargo has long juxtaposed maritime interests in maintaining navigation rights against the concerns of coastal States over the threat the exercise of such rights poses to the waters off their coast. The shipment of highly radioactive substances has emerged as the most recent, and perhaps starkest reflection of this conflict. Drawing upon contemporary events, this article will examine the continuing controversy over the shipment of highly radioactive cargo and its implications for the law of the sea. First, the origins of the issue in the emergence of radioactive transport itself will be surveyed. Next the international legal regime governing the transport of such cargo will be evaluated, highlighting the different responses at the international, national and regional level. This article will then conclude by considering the prospects for resolution resulting from the recent debate over the Code for the Safe Carriage of Irradiated Nuclear Fuel (INF Code), suggesting the need to formulate alternative approach to shipboard controls in responding to contemporary issues of vessel-source pollution.
The Southern Ocean Sanctuary and the Evolution of International Environmental Law
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: June 2008

The legality of the Southern Ocean Sanctuary has been a matter of debate. This paper seeks to explain the Sanctuary as being both legal and illustrative of the development of international environmental law within a new, evolutionary framework. A teleological approach to statutory interpretation could construe the Convention in ways that are supportive of the non-lethal utilisation of cetaceans. Such an interpretation may be supported under the Vienna Convention, whereby if examples of previous practice demonstrating different interpretations of the language in question can be shown, then this practice is evidence that a different interpretation of the convention in question is legitimate. This has been the case with the International Whaling Commission. The paper concludes that the Southern Ocean Sanctuary may be regarded as being both a legal and authoritative example of the way in which the majority of the international community has viewed one area of global environmental concern.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea : Survey for 1999
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai
Published: June 2008

This Article continues the annual survey of matters connected with the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) during the year 1999. It follows on the similar survey published in the previous volume of this journal, at p. 487. It is structured in the same way, dealing in order with the 1999 Meeting of States Parties and relevant matters from the 54th session of the United Nations General Assembly, and is concluded with an account of the Tribunal's work in 1999.
The Law of the Sea and the Internet: A Resource Guide with Special Reference to the Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources
Authors: Hedley Chris
Published: June 2008

This article provides a brief overview of the mountain of information now available on the Internet relating to the international law of the sea and, in particular, in the field of international fisheries, for which there is an enormous volume of information. The Internet is becoming an increasingly important resource for lawyers and law students, but finding the information you want remains difficult. This guide first explains a few Internet basics and then highlights some of the more useful and interesting sites available and directs the reader to locations where further information may be found.
The South Tasman Rise Arrangement of 2000 and other Initiatives on Management and Conservation of Orange Roughy
Authors: Molenaar Erik Jaap
Published: June 2008

The exceptional vulnerability of the fish species orange roughy has been amply demonstrated by the collapse of various relatively new fisheries where management and conservation measures were absent, inadequate or simply too late. Each of the three case studies of orange roughy fisheries discussed in this article has an inherent international dimension as they concern discrete high seas stocks, straddling stocks or stocks on whose categorisation states disagree. The case studies illustrate the more general shortcomings of the international legal framework for the management and conservation of marine living resources, but also specifically for vulnerable species like orange roughy. Crucial to long-term sustainable management are the issues of participation in regional fisheries management mechanisms or negotiation processes to establish them, as well as the allocation of fishing opportunities thereunder. Possibly, the role of marine scientific research can be further enhanced in relation to the categorisation of stocks and the concept of zonal attachment.
The International Regime for the Protection of the North Sea: From Functional Approaches to a More Integrated Approach
Authors: Hey Ellen
Published: June 2008

The international regime for the North Sea functions within a complex network of multilateral and regional treaties and institutions, without the existence of a treaty that focuses on the overall protection of the North Sea ecosystem. Nevertheless, a North Sea regime can be identified. This essay shows that that regime has moved from more functional approaches to a more integrated approach. It describes the legal and institutional framework in which the North Sea regime is situated, discusses relevant geographical and geopolitical factors and analyses how the process of change emerged and developed. It concludes that the transition process is about attaining perceptual changes and that in that process law, and rules and regulations, must be regarded as both substantive content, in the sense of standard or rule, and as process, in the sense of procedures for changing or testing the standards and rules.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: 1996-97 Survey
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai
Published: June 2008

This article surveys the work of the Meeting of States Parties, of the United Nations General Assembly, and of ITLOS, from the third Meeting of States Parties held in November 1995 through 1996 and 1997. The Meeting of States Parties dealing with the Tribunal's financial and administrative matters is noted. The results of the election of members of ITLOS held in August 1996 and the geographical representation in the Tribunal are explained. An account of different actions taken by the United Nations General Assembly relating to ITLOS during the period under review follows. The Tribunal's activities relating to its own internal organisation, the Tribunal's jurisdiction, and the first case submitted to it, conclude this survey.
The London Convention 1972: Preparing for the Future
Authors: de La Fayette Louise
Published: June 2008

This article examines the accomplishments and the future of the London Convention 1972 after the adoption of the 1996 Protocol. The 1996 Protocol contains an entirely new convention including the recent amendments to the London Convention, as well as going several steps further in adopting a reverse listing approach and in providing incentives for developing countries to join the regime. The importance of the London Convention has been enhanced through the coming into force of the LOS Convention, which requires parties to adopt legislation on ocean dumping at least as effective as the provisions of the London Convention. As shown by the proceedings of the first Consultative Meeting of the Parties since the adoption of the Protocol, there is still much to be done to protect the marine environment from the possible deleterious effects of ocean dumping. Not only do the parties still have to adopt guidelines to assess the impact and acceptability of substances on objects still permitted to be dumped, but also there remains a possibility of restricting further items. OSPAR Conventions are more restrictive, for example, in prohibiting the dumping of vessels of offshore installations.
The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union: Restructuring of the Fishing Fleet and the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance
Authors: Song Yann-huei
Published: June 2008

This article is a study of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy, focusing in particular on the restructuring of the European fishing fleet and the EU's structural fund aid made available to the fisheries sector to help deal with the problem of over-capacity. Four generations of MultiAnnual Guidance Programmes (MAGPs) for the fishing fleet have been adopted, which cover the period between 1983 and 2001, to deal with the problem of "too many fishing boats chasing too few fish" in the EU's maritime waters. By the end of 1996, only the UK and the Netherlands failed to meet their fleet-cutting target in terms of tonnage. Although the percentage of the structural funds provided by the EU to its Member States has been relatively small, the funds made available under the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG) has been used by the European Commission to compel certain Member States to meet the EU's fleet-cutting plan under MAGP.
The 1979 and 1990 Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Agreements: A Model for International I Legal I Co-operation in Common Offshore Petroleum Deposits?
Authors: Ong David M.
Published: June 2008

Offshore petroleum deposits straddling delimited or claimed maritime boundaries increasingly lead to bilateral joint development agreements between coastal states purporting to resolve the international and domestic legal issues raised by such situations. This article will examine one of the lesser known but arguably more successful of these joint development agreements in recent times, namely, the 1990 Agreement between Malaysia and Thailand on the establishment of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority. The background to and negotiating process of the Agreement and the legal regime thus instituted will be examined. The article also considers the impact of this and other bilateral joint development precedents upon the possible development of a general or regional customary rule of international law requiring states to enter into joint development arrangements when confronted by similar situations.
The Law of the Sea and Regional Fisheries Organisations
Authors: Barston Ronald
Published: June 2008

Underlying the 1995 UN Straddling Stocks Agreement was the central notion that straddling and highly migratory fish stocks could best be managed through regional (particularly newly formed) institutions. This article explores a number of the constraints and possibilities for the development of institutions on a wider scale. Amongst these are the problems associated with transforming FAO Article VI institutions into executive management organisations. Secondly, multi-party regional agreements require a mutually acceptable distribution of benefits and costs. Matching those elements can be lengthy and complex, especially in those instances in which external parties are the principal benefactors and weak coastal states have no direct distant water fishing interest or capability. New institutions, for this reason, have tended to be responsible for single species such as tuna. There is some risk accordingly that straddling fish stocks may receive less institutional attention. Other important issues centre on the role of non-parties, and disputes between organisations over competence to manage species.
New Developments in the Disposal of Offshore Installations
Authors: de La Fayette Louise
Published: June 2008

In 1995, Greenpeace International protested the proposed ocean dumping of the offshore installation, Brent Spar. This protest prompted a strong public reaction which in turn led to the recycling of the Brent Spar on land and also to a reconsideration of the relevant legal regime under the OSPAR Convention. In July 1998, the OSPAR Commission meeting at the ministerial level adopted a ban on the disposal of offshore oil and gas installations at sea. Since that time, there have been further developments at the global, regional and national level. This article examines these developments at the OSPAR Commission, at the European Parliament, by the Scientific Group of the London Convention 1972, and in the United Kingdom, which is now implementing the OSPAR decision in its national regulatory regime.
The Early Christian Belief in Creation: Background for the Origins and Assessment of Modern Western Science
Authors: Kaiser Christopher B.
Published: June 2008

The case has often before been made for a connection between biblical thought, particularly the biblical idea of creation, and the rise of modern science. Alfred North Whitehead and R. G. Collingwod were among the pioneers of the argument.' Its best known exponents in our generation would be Reijer Hooykaas and Stanley Jaki.2 It is widely recognized, for instance, that many of the founders of modern Western science were not only devout Christians, but were inspired in creative ways by their Christian faith. Johann Kepler, Isaac Newton, and James Clerk Maxwell are some of the best examples.
What Hope After Babel? Diversity and Community in Gen 11:1-9; Exod 1:1-14; Zeph 3:1-13 and Acts 2:1-3
Authors: Smith David
Published: June 2008

Appropriately enough, the Babel narrative of Gen 11:1-9 has generated a scattered array of interpretations, with most of its detail disputable in one way or another. Further additions to this particular industry may risk achieving little more than adding to the confusion. Interpreting Babel remains, however, a serious and necessary task, not least because of the cultural power exercised by its image of building and dispersion. This power has led to the narrative being used to reinforce a diverse collection of worldviews, from apartheid in South Africa to Derridean deconstruction.1 The question of how we should live after Babel is still very much alive, and must continue to draw us back to the text - and its context.
The Infancy Stories of Matthew and Luke: an Examination of the Child as a Theological Metaphor
Authors: Rodger Lynlea
Published: June 2008

This paper is concerned with the recovery of the theological import of the infancy stories and to show that they are in fact theological masterpieces. It challenges a prevalent view which treats the infancy accounts as prologues to the Gospel texts and therefore as marginal in theological importance. The infancy accounts of Matthew and Luke are examined in turn as sources of theological creativity and innovation. Since the recovery of the evangelists as redactors in more recent years within biblical scholarship, the unique role of the evangelists Matthew and Luke as distinctive shapers of the tradition is examined, with particular reference to the complex theological themes developed by them in their opening chapters. The complexity, subtlety and paradoxes of the web of allusions in the infancy narratives are explored, both with reference to Old Testament texts and to larger theological themes within each of the respective Gospels. This discussion is based on the premise that the infancy accounts of Matthew and Luke represent mature theological reflection, an alternative Christological horizon, which is retrojected from the passion narratives to the time of Jesus' conception. The paper raises issues of divine pregnancy and divine filiation. The frequency of the use by the evangelists of the metaphor of the child is indicated by specific reference to the texts and the complexity of the interaction of this motif with the overall intention of each of the Gospels is indicated. These themes include the Kingdom of God and the nature of the household of God, for which the motif of the child is both an ethical imperative and an exemplar. Some detailed exegesis by way of elaboration of these themes is provided. The paper concludes with some suggestions as to the bases on which an alternative hermeneutic could be constructed which takes as central the metaphor of the child. The motifs of miracle and parable are relevant, and the nature of the child metaphor as a universal and unitive symbol is explored.
Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticle for Potential Application in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Patra Chitta Ranjan , Verma Rajanshu , Kumar Shaji , Greipp Philip R. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Mukherjee Priyabrata
Published: June 2008

The importance of nanotechnology in human health care is unquestionable. There is a growing interest to apply nanotechnology in cancer therapy, as an example. In this report, we have fabricated gold nanoparticle (AuNP), the delivery vehicle of interest, with an anti-cancer drug (Velcade) and a targeting agent (folic acid) for potential therapeutic application in multiple myeloma. Physico-chemical characterization of the nanoconjugates were carried out by UV-Visble spectroscopy exploiting the surface plasmon resonance band of AuNP, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and studying release of radio-labeled tritiated folic acid (3FA) in a scintillation counter. The evidence of the attachment of velcade to AuNP was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and studying the release of3FA from gold-velcade-FA conjugates (Au-Vel-FA). Furthermore, the stability of Au-Vel-FA tested in PBS (phosphate buffer saline) by monitoring the release of3FA suggested significant stability of the nanoconjugate. Functional activity of the nanoconjugate was tested by studying the apoptosis of different multiple myeloma cell lines by annexin/PI method. Apoptosis data suggested that Velcade retained its functional activity in Au-Vel-FA. In future, this strategy may be potentially utilized as an alternative approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Application of X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging Technique in Detection of Pulmonary Lesions Induced by Multi-WalledCarbon Nanotubes in Rats
Authors: Li Jungang , Xue Yanling , Han Bo , Li Qingnuan , Liu Lixiang , Xiao Tiqiao , Li Wenxin
Published: July 2008

With X-ray phase contrast imaging technique, the pulmonary lesions induced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes were preliminarily studied in this work. After 0.1, 1 and 2 mg nanotubes were delivered into lungs of rats via trachea, their acute pulmonary toxicity (at 5-day postexposure)
was assessed using X-ray phase contrast, absorption contrast imaging and routine pathological slice techniques. As such, the long-term pulmonary toxicity (at 140-day postexposure), induced by single intratracheal instillation of 0.1 mg nanotubes, was assessed using X-ray phase contrast imaging
and pathological slice techniques. As a consequence, the nanotubes could induce obvious density and structural integrity alternation in lung tissue at 5-day postexposure and granulomas at 140-day postexposure, and these pathologic lesions could be efficiently detected out with the phase imaging
technique. By comparison, this technique not only gained advantage over the conventional X-ray absorption contrast imaging but also could supply the gap of routine pathological slice in detecting pulmonary lesions induced by carbon nanotubes. It is hoped that this work can act as an impetus
for further application of phase imaging technique to nanotoxicology and to assessment of occupational safety of nanomaterials.
The Effect of Calcination on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Produced by Dc-Arc Discharge
Authors: Pillai Sreejarani K. , Augustyn Willem G. , Rossouw Margaretha H. , McCrindle Robert I.
Published: July 2008

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by dc-arc discharge in helium atmosphere and the effect of calcination at different temperatures ranging from 300–600 °C was studied in detail. The degree of degradation to the structural integrity of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes
during the thermal process was studied by Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and High resolution transmission electron microscopy. The thermal behaviour of the as prepared and calcined samples was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Calcination in air at 400 °C for
2 hours was found to be an efficient and simple method to eliminate carbonaceous impurities from the nanotube bundles with minimal damage to the tube walls and length. The impurities were oxidized at a faster rate when compared to the nanotubes and gave good yield of about 50%. The nanotubes
were observed to be damaged at temperature higher than 450 °C. The results show that this method is less destructive when compared liquid phase oxidation with 5 M HNO3.
Solvent-Dependent, Low-Temperature Solution Phase Synthesis of FePt Nanowires
Authors: Chi Kai-Ming , Chen Pei-Yu
Published: July 2008

Preparation of FePt nanowires by thermal decomposition of the solution mixture of equimolar Fe(CO)5 and Pt(acac)2 in n-octylamine will be presented in this account. The nanowires with the average diameter about 2 nm and the length of several hundred nanometers
were characterized by TEM, EDS, XRD. It is believed that FePt nanowires were generated via the catalytic solution-liquid-solid (S-L-S) synthetic approach. This process is strongly dependent on the solvent and barely on the reaction temperature and the concentrations of precursors.
Direct Electron Transfer and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin Adsorbed on Coralloid Gold Nanostructures
Authors: Jing Aihua , Dong Jian , Ma Xiaoyuan , Qian Weiping
Published: July 2008

Three-dimensional (3D) coralloid gold nanostructures (CGNs) have been fabricated by using an electrochemical growth method on the ITO glass substrates coated with agarose gel. Characterization by a variety of complementary techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the distribution of CGNs on the ITO glass substrates. The adsorption behaviors of hemoglobin (Hb) on the CGNs-modified ITO (CGNs/ITO) electrodes were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemical methods, and the results demonstrated
that 3D CGNs could provide good microenvironment for loading biomolecules and retaining their biological activity. Direct electron transfer of the adsorbed Hb exhibited a couple of stable and well-defined redox peaks centered at about −0.121 V and −0.041 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 mol
L−1 pH 7.0 PBS. The electron transfer rate constant is 0.78 s−1 at a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1. The adsorbed Hb in the CGNs displayed a rapid amperometric response to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for a broad
linear range from 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 to 5.0 × 10−3 mol L−1 with the detection limit of 3.0 × 10−7 mol L−1 (S/N = 3).
Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Single Gold Nanoparticle into Nanogap Electrodes
Authors: Yoon Seok-Hwang , Kumar Sanjeev , Kim Gil-Ho , Choi Young-Suk , Kim T. W. , Khondaker Saiful I.
Published: July 2008

We report the optimization study of assembling single 20 nm gold nano-particle in 20 nm spaced electrode gap via ac dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique. It was observed that time, voltage, and frequency variations influenced significantly the assembly of gold nano-particle in the nano-gap
electrodes. Frequency variation study revealed that at lower frequencies (<1 MHz) the assembling was observed in low field regions; however, at a moderate frequency of 1 MHz, minimum number of nano-particles was assembled in high field region. Trapping of single 20 nm nano-particle in 20
nm spaced electrodes was successfully achieved under the optimized DEP parameters i.e., frequency, applied voltage and time of values corresponding to 1 MHz, 2 V, and 1 sec, respectively, with the yield of almost 66%. Our results show the promise of optimized dielectrophoresis in the future
nano-engineering.
The Influence of Poly(phenyleneethynylene) Side Chain Structure on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Mao Jie , Liu Qian , Wang Shujing , Lv Xin , Huang Yi , Ma Yanfeng , Chen Yongsheng , Yin Shougen
Published: July 2008

A novel poly(phenyleneethynylene)/single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) donor-acceptor nanohybrid system was constructed based on the bulk heterojunction concept, and their photovoltaic (PV) properties were studied. Comparing with that of the pristine polymer poly(phenyleneethynylene)
(PPE) device, the PV performance of the SWNTs/PPE hybrid is dramatically improved. The origin of open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the pristine polymer PPE device and SWNTs/PPE device was explained by metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diode model and pinning mechanism, respectively.
Furthermore, incorporation of sensitizing groups to the side chain of PPE has great effect on the photovoltaic cell performance based on these hybrid materials and both the short-circuit current density (Isc) and power conversion efficiency are significantly enhanced. It
is proposed that the main reason for the increase of short circuit current is due to efficient transfer of holes by sensitizer to PPE backbone and the transfer of electrons to the SWNTs. The power conversion efficiency is enhanced by ∼1 order magnitude to 0.031% for the device based on
the PPE3 with anthracene sensitizer group on the side chain compared with that (4.2 × 10−3% for SWNTs/PPE1 and 6.2 × 10−3% for SWNTs/PPE2) of the device without anthracene sensitizer on the side chain.
Optical Properties of Shaped Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Vodnik Vesna V. , Božanić Dušan K. , Bibić Nataša , Šaponjić Zoran V. , Nedeljković Jovan M.
Published: July 2008

The influence of shape and dielectric property of surrounding media on surface plasmon absorption band of silver nanoparticles was studied. Spherical silver nanoparticles (d = 5.6 nm) synthesized in water using NaBH4 as a reducing agent are transferred in non-polar
solvent (chloroform) with phase-transfer reagent oleylamine. The absorption spectrum of oleylamine-capped silver nanoparticles dispersed in chloroform shows a strong surface plasmon resonance band that is 19 nm red-shifted compared to unmodified particles in water. The values for peak position
and corresponding half widths are compared with theoretical calculations based on Mie theory. Prismatic and plate-like silver nanoparticles were synthesized in water using trisodium citrate as a reducing agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as stabilizer. Due to structural anisotropy of
prismatic and plate-like silver nanoparticles three surface plasmon resonance bands were observed in absorption spectrum. Nanocomposites consisting of non-spherical silver nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol exhibit different optical properties compared to water colloid. Instead of three surface
plasmon bands, nanocomposite film has only one peak at 460 nm. Reason for appearance of single surface plasmon resonance band in nanocomposite film was discussed according to Maxwell-Garnet theory.
Synthesis and Structural Characterizations of Multi-Crystalline La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 Nanowires: A "Multi-Nuclei" Growth Mode
Authors: Liang C. Y. , Che R. C. , Yang H. X. , Li J. Q.
Published: July 2008

Multi-crystalline La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 Nanowires have been synthesized with cationic surfactant at 220 °C. The structure, composition and physical property of the as-prepared nanowires have been characterized by a series of techniques including XRD, SEM,
HRTEM, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and magnetic measurements. It is found that the La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 nanowire has the typical cubic perovskite structure, each nanowire is composed of many small crystalline grains with different orientations. Valance
state of manganese ion in La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 nanowires is determined by EELS technique. A "multi-nuclei" growth mode is proposed based on the microstructure analysis. The temperature dependence of magnetization has been briefly discussed.