bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The antibiofilm and collagen‐stabilizing effects of proanthocyanidin as an auxiliary endodontic irrigant
Authors: Yang S. Y. , Liu Y. , Mao J. , Wu Y. B. , Deng Y. L. , Qi S. C. , Zhou Y. C. , Gong S. Q.
Published: February 2020

Aim

To evaluate the antibiofilm effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) solution as an irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its influence on the mechanical properties and biodegradation resistance of demineralized root dentine.

Methodology

Enterococcus faecalis were introduced into human root dentine tubules by a serial centrifugation method and grown for 1 week. Dentine blocks infected with 1‐week‐old E. faecalis biofilms were treated with the following irrigants: sterile water (control), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 2% PA, 5% PA and 10% PA. After treatment, the live and dead bacteria proportions within E. faecalis biofilms were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. To evaluate the biostability of fully demineralized dentine treated by the aforementioned irrigants, the elastic modulus and hydroxyproline release of human dentine incubated in collagenase solution were tested at baseline, after irrigant treatment and after biodegradation, respectively. Furthermore, the surface chemical bond of demineralized dentine collagen treated by various irrigants was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons with the significance level at 5%.

Results

The proportion of dead E. faecalis volume was significantly higher in the PA and CHX groups than that in the control group (P < 0.05). PA irrigation significantly increased the mechanical properties of demineralized dentine (P < 0.05), and the effect was enhanced with increasing PA concentration. CHX and PA groups had significantly less elasticity loss and hydroxyproline release (P < 0.05). The biomodification of dentine collagen by PA was verified by increased C‐O/C‐N peak percentage under C1s and C‐O peak percentage under O1s narrow‐scan XPS spectra.

Conclusions

Proanthocyanidin killed E. faecalis within biofilms and enhanced the biostability of the collagen matrix of demineralized root dentine. It might be used as an auxiliary endodontic irrigant with antibiofilm and collagen‐stabilizing effects.
HIV infection suppresses TLR3 activation‐mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages
Authors: Liu Hang , Zhou Run‐Hong , Liu Yu , Guo Le , Wang Xu , Hu Wen‐Hui , Ho Wen‐Zhe
Published: February 2020

Monocytic‐lineage cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including microglia and brain resident macrophages, are the key players in the CNS innate immunity against viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, these cells also serve as the major targets and reservoirs for HIV in the CNS. To address the question of how HIV can establish persistent infection in the target cells in the CNS, we examined whether HIV has the ability to counteract Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation‐mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages. We observed that HIV latently infected microglial cells (HC69·5) expressed reduced levels of TLR3 and TLR3 activation‐mediated interferons (IFN‐α/β and IFN‐λ) as compared with the uninfected control cells (C20). In addition, HIV infection of primary human macrophages suppressed the expression of TLR3 and the IFNs. HIV infection also inhibited the expression of the antiviral IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) and the HIV‐restriction miRNAs. Mechanistically, HIV infection inhibited the phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7) and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT1 and STAT3) in both HIV latently infected microglia and acutely infected macrophages. These findings provide previously unrecognized and sound mechanisms for HIV infection and persistence in the primary target and reservoir cells in the brain.
The role of WNT5A and Ror2 in peritoneal membrane injury
Authors: Padwal Manreet , Liu Limin , Margetts Peter J.
Published: February 2020

Patients on peritoneal dialysis are at risk of developing peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis, which can lead to dysfunction of the peritoneal membrane. Recent evidence has identified cross‐talk between transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) and the WNT/β‐catenin pathway to induce fibrosis and angiogenesis. Limited evidence exists describing the role of non‐canonical WNT signalling in peritoneal membrane injury. Non‐canonical WNT5A is suggested to have different effects depending on the receptor environment. WNT5A has been implicated in antagonizing canonical WNT/β‐catenin signalling in the presence of receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor (Ror2). We co‐expressed TGFB and WNT5A using adenovirus and examined its role in the development of peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis. Treatment of mouse peritoneum with AdWNT5A decreased the submesothelial thickening and angiogenesis induced by AdTGFB. WNT5A appeared to block WNT/β‐catenin signalling by inhibiting phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) and reducing levels of total β‐catenin and target proteins. To examine the function of Ror2, we silenced Ror2 in a human mesothelial cell line. We treated cells with AdWNT5A and observed a significant increase in fibronectin compared with AdWNT5A alone. We also analysed fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a TGFB model of mesothelial cell injury. Both fibronectin and VEGF were significantly increased in response to Ror2 silencing when cells were exposed to TGFB. Our results suggest that WNT5A inhibits peritoneal injury and this is associated with a decrease in WNT/β‐catenin signalling. In human mesothelial cells, Ror2 is involved in regulating levels of fibronectin and VEGF.
Interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes confer sex‐specific effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vaught Rebecca C. , Voigt Susanne , Dobler Ralph , Clancy David J. , Reinhardt Klaus , Dowling Damian K.
Published: February 2020

Genetic variation outside of the cell nucleus can affect the phenotype. The cytoplasm is home to the mitochondria, and in arthropods often hosts intracellular bacteria such as Wolbachia. Although numerous studies have implicated epistatic interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic variation as mediators of phenotypic expression, two questions remain. Firstly, it remains unclear whether outcomes of cyto‐nuclear interactions will manifest differently across the sexes, as might be predicted given that cytoplasmic genomes are screened by natural selection only through females as a consequence of their maternal inheritance. Secondly, the relative contribution of mitochondrial genetic variation to other cytoplasmic sources of variation, such as Wolbachia infection, in shaping phenotypic outcomes of cyto‐nuclear interactions remains unknown. Here, we address these questions, creating a fully crossed set of replicated cyto‐nuclear populations derived from three geographically distinct populations of Drosophila melanogaster, measuring the lifespan of males and females from each population. We observed that cyto‐nuclear interactions shape lifespan and that the outcomes of these interactions differ across the sexes. Yet, we found no evidence that placing the cytoplasms from one population alongside the nuclear background of others (generating putative cyto‐nuclear mismatches) leads to decreased lifespan in either sex. Although it was difficult to partition mitochondrial from Wolbachia effects, our results suggest at least some of the cytoplasmic genotypic contribution to lifespan was directly mediated by an effect of sequence variation in the mtDNA. Future work should explore the degree to which cyto‐nuclear interactions result in sex differences in the expression of other components of organismal life history.
Dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase extraction and purification of Astragalus polysaccharides
Authors: Chikari Fadzai , Han Juan , Wang Yun , Luo Peng , He Xingcheng , Kwaw Emmanuel , Otu Phyllis
Published: February 2020

The study investigated the effect of dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase extraction and desalination on the yield, microstructure and antioxidant properties of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS). Extracts were desalinated for 10 (APS10), 20 (APS20), and 30 (APS30) minutes. A 28.40% experimental yield, well correlated to the response surface methodology predicted model was achieved. Thermodynamic parameters were non‐spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic. Moreover, ultrasound enhanced the desalination rate and did not alter the chemical structure in the APS. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed a similar spectrum in all the APS samples. High‐performance gel chromatography and scanning electron microscopy, respectively presented reduced molecular weights and altered microstructures in the samples. Monosaccharide analysis revealed the existence of xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, and ribose in the APS samples. Moreover, the APS20 showed strong hydroxyl and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities, thus showing its potency in reducing oxidative stress. Hence, this study demonstrates that coupled ultrasound and alcohol/salt ATPS is a sustainable technique, which generates high yields of simultaneously extracted products.

Practical applications

Astragalus root has been used as an effective complementary treatment to conventional medicine owing to its rich nutraceutical composition and its numerous health attributes. Commercialization of Astragalus supplements into functional foods and nutraceuticals requires continuous exploration of novel, low cost and reproducible methods that retain their bioactivity. In this work, a synergized and bio‐compatible dual‐frequency ultrasound‐assisted alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase system was used to extract and purify Astragalus polysaccharides. Application of this technique in the nutraceutical industry reduces treatment time, lowers bulk energy consumption hence reducing energy costs. It promotes the use of low‐cost, non‐hazardous bio‐based solvents in treatment processes thus considerably reducing extraction costs and environmental degradation. Findings from this study exhibit the practicability of this technique in industrial application. It equips biotechnologists with information on improved, sustainable and safer ways of extracting and enriching the quality of nutraceutical compounds.
Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Park Sunmin , Jung Jinhong , Cho Byungchul , Kim So Yeon , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu , Park Jongmoo , Park Jin‐hong , Kim Jong Hoon , Yoon Sang Min
Published: February 2020

Background and Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long‐term oncologic outcomes after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

A total of 290 patients with HCC were registered between March 2007 and July 2013. A dose of 10–15 Gy per fraction was given over three to four consecutive days, resulting in a total dose of 30–60 Gy. Overall and recurrence‐free survivals were estimated from the date of the start of SBRT to the date of death, the last follow‐up examination, or to the date of tumor recurrence.

Results

The median follow‐up period of all patients was 38.2 months, and the median tumor size was 1.7 cm. Overall survival (OS) rate at 5 years was 44.9%. Multivariate analyses revealed that age, Child–Pugh class, tumor size, and albumin levels were significant factors for OS. The 5‐year local control rate was 91.3%. In multivariate analysis, tumor size and albumin were significantly associated with local tumor control. However, there was a negative correlation between total dose and tumor size in Pearson's correlation analysis (r = −0.111, P = 0.046).

Conclusions

Stereotactic body radiation therapy was an excellent ablative treatment option for patients with small HCC. Tumor size was a significant factor for local tumor control after SBRT, although the total dose was negatively correlated with tumor size. Considering the low OS rates and the high local tumor control rates, the combined SBRT and systemic therapies may be beneficial for improving survival outcomes.
Assessing the Quality of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in Nursing Homes
Authors: Olivieri‐Mui Brianne , McGuire Jean , Griffith John , Cahill Sean , Briesacher Becky
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Quality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in nursing homes (NHs) has never been measured.

DESIGN

A cross‐sectional study.

SETTING

NHs.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 203 NHs and 1375 persons living with HIV.

MEASUREMENTS

Medicare claims from 2011 to 2013 were linked to assessments of resident health, prescription dispensing data, and national reports of NH characteristics. Five nationally validated HIV care quality measures (prescription of antiretroviral therapy; CD4/viral load monitoring; frequency of medical visits; gaps in medical visits; and Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis) were adapted and applied to NHs. Logistic regression predicted compliance by organizational factors. Random intercept logistic regression predicted if persons living with HIV received care by person and organizational factors.

RESULTS

Compliance ranged from 43.3% (SD = 31.1%) for CD4/viral load monitoring to 92.4% (SD = 13.6%) for gaps in medical visits. More substantiated complaints against an NH decreased the likelihood of high compliance with CD4/viral load monitoring (odds ratio [OR] = 0.846; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.726‐0.986), while NH‐reported incidents increased the likelihood of high compliance with pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis (OR = 1.173; 95% CI = 1.044‐1.317). Differences between NHs explained 21.2% or less of variability in receipt of care.

CONCLUSIONS

Since 2013, the population with HIV and NH HIV care quality has inevitably evolved; however, this study provides previously unknown baseline metrics on NH HIV care quality and highlights significant challenges when measuring HIV care in NHs. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1226–1234, 2020.
Uterine epithelial remodelling during pregnancy in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae): Implications for mammalian placental evolution
Authors: Laird Melanie K. , Hansen Victoria L. , McAllan Bronwyn M. , Murphy Christopher R. , Thompson Michael B.
Published: February 2020

Mammalian pregnancy involves remodelling of the uterine epithelium to enable placentation. In marsupials, such remodelling has probably played a key role in the transition from ancestral invasive placentation to non‐invasive placentation. Identifying uterine alterations that are unique to marsupials with non‐invasive placentation can thus elucidate mechanisms of marsupial placental evolution. We identified apical alterations to uterine epithelial cells prior to implantation in Monodelphis domestica, a member of the least derived living marsupial clade (Didelphidae) with invasive (endotheliochorial) placentation. We then compared these traits with those of Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae) and Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae), both with non‐invasive placentation, to identify which alterations to the uterine epithelium are ancestral and which facilitate secondarily evolved non‐invasive placentation. In M. domestica, remodelling of the uterine epithelium involves reduced cellular heterogeneity and development of uterodome‐like cells, suggesting that similar alterations may also have occurred in the marsupial common ancestor. These alterations also overlap with those of both T. vulpecula and Ma. eugenii, suggesting that the placental shift from invasive to non‐invasive placentation in marsupials involves essential, conserved characteristics, irrespective of placental mode. However, unique apical alterations of both T. vulpecula and Ma. eugenii, relative to M. domestica, imply that lineage‐specific alterations underpin the evolutionary shift to non‐invasive placentation in marsupials.
Effect of a topical antioxidant serum containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and ferulic acid after Q‐switched 1064‐nm Nd:YAG laser for treatment of environment‐induced skin pigmentation
Authors: Kim Jihee , Kim Jemin , Lee Young In , Almurayshid Abdurrahman , Jung Jin Young , Lee Ju Hee
Published: February 2020

Background

Extrinsic skin aging caused by atmospheric pollutants is associated with a sustained inflammatory response which is a significant risk factor for lentigines and melasma.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of combination formulation of vitamin C, vitamin E, and ferulic acid as an adjuvant to Q‐switched Nd:YAG (QSNY) lasers treatment in individuals with lentigines and melasma.

Methods

A single blinded, prospective, randomized split‐face trial was conducted. Eighteen men and women between 26 and 53 years old were treated with a combination antioxidant serum on one randomized side of their face immediately after QSNY laser and twice daily for 2 weeks. Patients were evaluated using digital photography and spectrometry to assess the melanin index and erythema index. Melasma severity score and global improvement scores also were assessed.

Results

The treated side of the face exhibited a significantly greater reduction in the melanin index. There was no significant difference in post‐treatment erythema. More clinical improvement was observed on the treated side compared with the untreated side.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that topical application of a combination vitamins C, E, and ferulic acid antioxidant formula may be effective as an adjuvant option in QSNY lasers.
Effect of tongue‐strengthening training combined with a tablet personal computer game in healthy adults
Authors: Hwang Na‐Kyoung , Kim Min‐Ji , Lee Gihyoun , Yoon Taehyung , Park Ji‐Su , Jung YoungJin
Published: February 2020

Background

Game‐based training has been shown to improve behavioural motor learning in various medical fields including rehabilitation.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tablet PC (personal computer) game‐based tongue training on tongue strength, thickness and compliance in healthy adults.

Methods

This study recruited 30 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 15/group). Group 1 performed game‐based tongue training, and group 2 performed tongue resistance training using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Both groups performed the same tongue exercises as follows: frequency (isotonic = 30 times × 3, isometric = 20 seconds × 3), intensity (70% of 1‐repeated maximum contraction) and intervention period (5 days for 6 weeks). The primary outcomes were tongue muscle strength and thickness. Secondary outcomes were assessed using a 0‐to‐10 numerical rating self‐report scale that included motivation, interest/fun, physical effort and muscle fatigue/pain.

Results

Both groups showed significant improvement in tongue strength and thickness, but there were no significant differences between the groups after the intervention. The self‐report scale numerical rating revealed that group 1 had significantly higher motivation and interest/fun after the exercise than group 2. Group 1 had expended a significantly lower physical effort than group 2. No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups for muscle fatigue/pain.

Conclusion

This study showed that both exercises had similar effects on tongue strength and thickness increase in healthy adults, but game‐based tongue training was more fun and physically less demanding.
Effects of oral administration of 5 immunosuppressive agents on activated T‐cell cytokine expression in healthy dogs
Authors: Archer Todd M. , Mulligan Charlee , Narayanan Lakshmi , Riggs Caitlin , Fellman Claire , Thomason John M. , Wills Robert W. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cruz‐Espindola Crisanta , Harmon Roy , Mackin Andrew J.
Published: February 2020

Background

Dogs are often adminstered >1 immunosuppressive medication when treating immune‐mediated diseases, and determining whether these different medications affect IL‐2 expression would be useful when performing pharmacodynamic monitoring during cyclosporine therapy.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine the effects of 5 medications (prednisone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and leflunomide) on activated T‐cell expression of the cytokines IL‐2 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ).

Animals

Eight healthy dogs.

Methods

Randomized, cross‐over study comparing values before and after treatment, and comparing values after treatment among drugs. Dogs were administered each drug at standard oral doses for 1 week, with a washout of at least 21 days. Activated T‐cell expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ mRNA was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Blood drug concentrations were measured for cyclosporine, mycophenolate, and leflunomide metabolites.

Results

Least squares means (with 95% confidence interval) before treatment for IL‐2 (2.91 [2.32‐3.50] ΔCt) and IFN‐γ (2.33 [1.66‐3.00 ΔCt]) values were significantly lower (both P < .001) than values after treatment (10.75 [10.16‐11.34] and 10.79 [10.11‐11.46] ΔCt, respectively) with cyclosporine. Similarly, least squares means before treatment for IL‐2 (1.55 [1.07‐2.02] ΔCt) and IFN‐γ (2.62 [2.32‐2.92] ΔCt) values were significantly lower (both P < .001) than values after treatment (3.55 [3.06‐4.00] and 5.22 [4.92‐5.52] ΔCt, respectively) with prednisone. Comparing delta cycle threshold values after treatment among drugs, cyclosporine was significantly different than prednisone (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ both P < .001), with cyclosporine more suppressive than prednisone.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Prednisone and cyclosporine both affected expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ, suggesting that both have the ability to influence results when utilizing pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporine treatment.
Altered primary iron sulfides in CM2 and CR2 carbonaceous chondrites: Insights into parent body processes
Authors: Singerling S. A. , Brearley A. J.
Published: February 2020

The presence of primary iron sulfides that appear to be aqueously altered in CM and CR carbonaceous chondrites provides the potential to study the effects and, by extension, the conditions of aqueous alteration. In this work, we have used SEM, TEM, and EPMA techniques to characterize primary sulfides that show evidence of secondary alteration. The alteration styles consist of primary pyrrhotite altering to secondary pentlandite (CMs only), magnetite (CMs and CRs), and phyllosilicates (CMs only) in grains that initially formed by crystallization from immiscible sulfide melts in chondrules (pyrrhotite‐pentlandite intergrowth [PPI] grains). Textural, microstructural, and compositional data from altered sulfides in a suite of CM and CR chondrites have been used to constrain the conditions of alteration of these grains and determine their alteration mechanisms. This work shows that the PPI grains exhibit two styles of alteration—one to form porous pyrrhotite‐pentlandite (3P) grains by dissolution of precursor PPI grain pyrrhotite and subsequent secondary pentlandite precipitation (CMs only), and the other to form the altered PPI grains by pseudomorphic replacement of primary pyrrhotite by magnetite (CMs and CRs) or phyllosilicates (CMs only). The range of alteration textures and products is the result of differences in conditions of alteration due to the role of microchemical environments and/or brecciation. Our observations show that primary sulfides are sensitive indicators of aqueous alteration processes in CM and CR chondrites.
Involvement of three FliA‐family sigma factors in the sporangium formation, spore dormancy and sporangium dehiscence in Actinoplanes missouriensis
Authors: Hashiguchi Yuichiro , Tezuka Takeaki , Ohnishi Yasuo
Published: February 2020

The rare actinomycete Actinoplanes missouriensis forms sporangia, which open up and release zoospores in response to water. Here, we report a genetic and functional analysis of four FliA‐family sigma factors, FliA1, FliA2, FliA3 and FliA4. Transcription of fliA1, fliA2 and fliA3 was directly activated by the global transcriptional activator TcrA during sporangium formation and dehiscence, while fliA4 was almost always transcribed at low levels. Gene disruption analysis showed that (a) deletion of fliA2 reduced the zoospore swimming speed by half, (b) the fliA1‐fliA2 double‐deletion mutant formed abnormal sporangia in which mutant spores ectopically germinated and (c) deletion of fliA3 induced no phenotypic changes in the wild‐type and mutant strains of fliA1 and/or fliA2. Comparative RNA‐Seq analyses among the wild‐type and gene deletion mutant strains showed probable targets of each FliA‐family sigma factor, indicating that FliA1‐ and FliA2‐dependent promoters are quite similar to each other, while the FliA3‐dependent promoter is somewhat different. Gene complementation experiments also indicated that the FliA1 regulon overlaps with the FliA2 regulon. These results demonstrate that A. missouriensis has developed a complex transcriptional regulatory network involving multiple FliA‐family sigma factors for the accomplishment of its characteristic reproduction process, including sporangium formation, spore dormancy and sporangium dehiscence.
Interventions to increase adherence to micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Gomes Filomena , Bergeron Gilles , Bourassa Megan W. , Dallmann Diana , Golan Jenna , Hurley Kristen M. , King Shannon E. , da Silva Ana Carolina Feldenheimer , Mehta Saurabh
Published: February 2020

Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy has been shown to be a cost‐effective method to reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, one of the main barriers to the successful implementation of a micronutrient supplementation program in pregnancy is poor adherence. Our review will assess the effectiveness of interventions designed to increase adherence to micronutrient supplements in pregnancy. Following the Cochrane Collaboration Methodology, we will start by conducting the literature searches on Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, in addition to sources of gray literature, to retrieve all the available relevant studies. We will include randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies with a control group, where participants are pregnant women taking any micronutrient supplements in the context of antenatal care globally. We will include studies with targeted interventions designed to improve adherence to micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women compared with (1) usual care or no intervention or (2) other targeted micronutrient adherence intervention. Abstract selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (according to the type of studies) will be conducted by two independent reviewers. The pooled results will be reported using the standardized mean differences for continuous data, and odds ratio or risk ratio for dichotomous data. We will assess sources of heterogeneity and publication bias. By following this protocol, we will systematically assess and synthesize the existing evidence about interventions designed to increase adherence to micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women. Understanding which strategies are more effective to increase the consumption of micronutrient supplements during this critical stage of life will have significant implications for clinicians and policymakers involved in the delivery of prenatal micronutrient supplementation interventions.
Ventricular arrhythmia ablation lesions detectability and temporal changes on cardiac magnetic resonance
Authors: Vunnam Rama , Maheshwari Varun , Jeudy Jean , Ghzally Yousra , Imanli Hasan , Abdulghani Mohammed , Mahat Jagat B. , Timilsina Saroj , Restrepo Alejandro , See Vincent , Shorofsky Stephen , Dickfeld Timm
Published: February 2020

Background

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics of ventricular radiofrequency ablation (RFA) lesions have only been incompletely defined.

Aim

To determine the detectability and imaging characteristics of ventricular RFA lesions in an unselected patient cohort undergoing ventricular arrhythmia ablation.

Methods and results

A retrospective chart review (n = 249) identified 36 patients with either pre‐/postablation CMR (n = 14) or only postablation CMR (n = 22). Ablation lesions could be identified in 50% (n = 18) of patients. Nonvisualized lesions had more preexisting transmural late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) >75% at the ablation sites (21% vs 0.0%, P = .042), more prevalent ICD artifact (50% vs 0%, P = .001), and lower ejection fraction (35.8 ± 14.2% vs 45.3 ± 13.4%, P = .048). Early CMR imaging demonstrated a central “black” signal void (microvascular obstruction [MVO], n = 12, 67%) up to 32 days post‐RFA, whereas late imaging showed a homogenously “white” gadolinium enhancement pattern (n = 6, 33%). MVO was only observed in nonfibrotic myocardium without preexisting LGE (n = 12) but was not observed in the scar with preexisting LGE (n = 3, P = .002) suggesting different wash‐in/wash‐out kinetics in scar/nonscar myocardium. Signal intensity (1909 vs 2534, P = .009) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (−7.8 vs 16.3, P = .009) were significantly different between MVO and LGE lesions, respectively.

Conclusion

Ventricular ablation lesions visualization is negatively affected by preexisting transmural scar, ICD artifact, and low ejection fraction. The transition of “black” MVO appearance to “white” LGE appearance on CMR occurs around 1 month following ablation, suggesting a change in histological characteristics of ablation lesions. This may affect the utility of CMR in the evaluation of the ventricular lesions, when undergoing real‐time or repeat VT ablations.
Let it bloom: cross‐talk between light and flowering signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Perrella Giorgio , Vellutini Elisa , Zioutopoulou Anna , Patitaki Eirini , Headland Lauren R. , Kaiserli Eirini
Published: February 2020

The terrestrial environment is complex, with many parameters fluctuating on daily and seasonal basis. Plants, in particular, have developed complex sensory and signaling networks to extract and integrate information about their surroundings in order to maximize their fitness and mitigate some of the detrimental effects of their sessile lifestyles. Light and temperature each provide crucial insights on the surrounding environment and, in combination, allow plants to appropriately develop, grow and adapt. Cross‐talk between light and temperature signaling cascades allows plants to time key developmental decisions to ensure they are ‘in sync’ with their environment. In this review, we discuss the major players that regulate light and temperature signaling, and the cross‐talk between them, in reference to a crucial developmental decision faced by plants: to bloom or not to bloom?
Mild cycles open closed communities to ecological restoration
Authors: Tielke Ann‐Kathrin , Karreman Japke , Vos Matthijs
Published: February 2020

Species loss is a global issue. With up to a million species at risk and insufficient protected area to maintain the world's biodiversity, humanity will increasingly need to rely on species re‐introductions to locally restore diversity and function. However, such restoration attempts are bound to fail when ecological communities get locked in a closed state that is resistant to recovery. It is presently unknown how to repair these closed systems. We use mathematical models to identify ways out of this problem. We first show how ecological communities may enter a closed state, to then explain how to open them up again for restoration of their original diversity. We find that restoration is often still possible shortly after initial species loss, as (1) the secondary extinctions that produce closure have not happened yet and (2) mild population fluctuations still allow successful repair during a transient postdisturbance phase. However, after this typically short window of opportunity for restoration, the system enters a new equilibrium, which may be a closed state. Our analysis shows how to take ecological communities out of the closed state: Appropriate management of carrying capacities produces a regime of mild population fluctuations that opens a window for successful species re‐introductions. These windows can be perpetually recurring or permanently open. Such opportunities for repair can be absent under regimes of wild cycles or perfect stability. We conclude that mild cycles may open windows of opportunity for the repair of communities that have become resistant to recovery.
Social Support Mediates the Association between Disclosure of Suicide Attempt and Depression, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Thwarted Belongingness
Authors: McClay Michael M. , Brausch Amy M. , O'Connor Stephen S.
Published: February 2020

Objective

Prior research has found disclosure of concealable stigmatized statuses, including suicide attempt survivorship, to be associated with positive mental health outcomes. This study sought to test the mediating effect of self‐reported social support on the association between disclosure of suicide attempt and suicide risk factors in a sample of undergraduate college students.

Method

Data were analyzed from 149 undergraduate college students with a history of one or more suicide attempts. Three parallel mediation analyses tested the simultaneous mediating effect of family social support and peer social support on the association between suicide attempt disclosure and suicide risk factors.

Results

Significant total indirect effects in all models indicated family social support and peer social support simultaneously mediated the association between disclosure of suicide attempt and depression, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness. The indirect effect on thwarted belongingness via peer social support was stronger than the indirect effect via family social support.

Conclusions

Disclosure of suicide attempt was associated with higher social support, which was associated with lower suicide risk factors. In a therapeutic context, it is important to consider social support when discussing disclosure of suicide attempt. Keywords: suicide, disclosure, attempt survivor, interpersonal needs, social support.
The algebraic dimension of compact complex threefolds with vanishing second Betti number
Authors: Campana Frédéric , Demailly Jean-Pierre , Peternell Thomas
Published: February 2020

We study compact complex three-dimensional manifolds with vanishing second Betti number. In particular, we show that a compact complex manifold homeomorphic to the six-dimensional sphere does carry any non-constant meromorphic function.
Na detenção ou na liberdade: onde eu encontro minha saúde?
Authors: Gusmão Maria Aparecida de Jesus Xavier , Graça Bianca Carvalho da , Mariano Michele De Melo , Terças Ana Cláudia Pereira , Nascimento Vagner Ferreira , Gleriano Josué Souza
Published: February 2020

Introdução: A vida no encarceramento é permeada por desafios de diferentes áreas, a percepção sobre como as mulheres percebem saúde e o seu processo de adoecimento no ambiente prisional é fundamental para ampliar as discussões que possam reduzir as iniquidades a que estão expostas. Objetivo: Conhecer e refletir sobre a percepção do processo saúde-doença a partir do ponto de vista de reeducandas. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa desenvolvida em uma Cadeia Pública Feminina de um município da região médio norte de Mato Grosso junto a 57 mulheres condenadas ou em regime provisório. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2016, através de entrevista individual guiada por roteiro semiestruturado elaborado pelos próprios pesquisadores, contendo questões abertas que abordavam aspectos relacionados à percepção das reeducandas sobre o conceito de saúde e seus condicionantes e determinantes. Resultados: Os relatos expressaram significados diversificados de saúde para essa população, desde conceitos reduzidos à outros mais amplos, correspondendo à ausência de doenças, acesso aos profissionais de saúde e medicamentos, autocuidado, possibilidade de exercerem atividades laborais e liberdade. Conclusões: Ressalta-se a necessidade da criação e efetivação de políticas públicas e projetos sociais, oferta de educação continuada aos profissionais penitenciários, parceria com atores sociais e participação ativa dos profissionais de saúde para garantia de melhor qualidade de vida para as reeducandas e manutenção do sistema prisional.
Las virtudes esenciales del cuidado: una mirada de los estudiantes de enfermería
Authors: Uribe Velásquez Sandra Patricia , Lagoueyte Gómez María Isabel
Published: February 2020

Introducción: La enseñanza de las virtudes se da en diferentes espacios, uno de los cuales es el universitario, y para los profesionales de enfermería practicarlas debe ser un compromiso con la excelencia profesional. Objetivo: Analizar los conocimientos y la práctica de las virtudes de prudencia, responsabilidad y compasión de los estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública e identificar la percepción que tienen sobre la vivencia de estas virtudes en los docentes de la facultad. Método: Estudio de tipo cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a diez estudiantes. Para el análisis se tuvieron en cuenta las herramientas de la teoría fundamentada, se guardaron las consideraciones éticas de anonimato y firma de consentimiento informado. Resultados: La vivencia de las virtudes es importante, y su aprendizaje se da más por el ejemplo que se brinda que por la enseñanza teórica. La virtud que más sentimientos evoca es la de la compasión. La vivencia de las virtudes en el ámbito comunitario se experimenta muy poco, y ello da la impresión de que el cuidado a la comunidad no tiene la misma importancia que la experiencia clínica. Conclusiones: La enseñanza de la ética en los currículos de enfermería es asunto que debe complementarse con el ejemplo de los docentes de cualquier curso. Aunque las virtudes deben practicarse siempre, es tal vez, en momentos de adversidad y de múltiples carencias, cuando más debe brillar un profesional armónico, que una la ciencia a la virtud para brindar un cuidado humano, integral y comprometido.
Hindcasting Loss and Evaluating Implications of Track Location for the 2011 Joplin, Missouri Tornado
Authors: Pilkington Stephanie F. , Mahmoud Hussam , van de Lindt John W. , Koliou Maria , Smith Steve
Published: February 2020

The direct physical loss from a tornado is one possible factor in considering resilience goals for a community. Estimating such loss has historically been achieved either through analysis of empirical data from historical events meant to then match future hypothetical events or through a cost analysis based on a building's damage state. These approaches provide a solid baseline for estimating loss from wind events; however, gathering data from historical events may assume all locations are the same, while analyses based solely on the building damage state may not include a building's contents. This study builds on work previously established in determining loss from building damage state fragilities, by including a loss to the building's interior (including contents) based on Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) HAZUS equations. The approach laid out in this paper is then validated, showing what is deemed an acceptable level of accuracy, using the May 22, 2011 Joplin tornado that devastated the local community. Once validated, the same tornado path is relocated in different directions, ultimately crossing most of city of Joplin in four additional hypothetical scenarios. The results of both hindcasting the 2011 Joplin tornado and its hypothetical track variations show commercial (nonresidential) type buildings as key in contributing to the direct physical loss of a wind event. Ultimately, this provides decision makers with a point of consideration when evaluating their community's resilience goals.
Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification of Spinal Rod Computational Models Under Three-Point Bending
Authors: Nagaraja Srinidhi , Loughran Galyna , Gandhi Anup , Inzana Jason , Baumann Andrew P. , Kartikeya Kumar , Horner Marc
Published: February 2020

Verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) can increase confidence in computational models by providing evidence that a model accurately represents the intended reality of interest. However, there are currently few examples demonstrating the application of VVUQ best practices for medical devices. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to understand the reproducibility and repeatability of experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEA), perform VVUQ activities that guide the development and refinement of a finite element model, and document best practices for future research. This study focused on experiments and simulations of three-point bend testing, which is a fundamental element of a hierarchical validation study of medical devices (e.g., spinal rod-screw systems). Experimental three-point bend testing was performed at two laboratories using medical-grade titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) spinal rods. FEA replicating the experimental test was performed by four independent institutions. Validation activities included comparing differences in mechanical properties between FEA and experimental results, where less than 10% difference was observed for all quantities of interest. Computational model uncertainties due to modeling assumptions and model input parameters were estimated using the sensitivity coefficient method. An importance factor analysis showed that rod diameter was the parameter driving uncertainty in the initial elastic region, while the material model is the primary contributor beyond this point. These results provide a proof of concept in the use of VVUQ for the use of FEA for medical device applications.
No Influence of Prematch Subjective Wellness Ratings on External Load During Elite Australian Football Match Play
Authors: Bellinger Phillip M. , Ferguson Cameron , Newans Tim , Minahan Clare L.
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To determine whether there is an association between external match load and contextual factors on subjective wellness in the days before and after Australian Rules football match play. Methods: A total of 34 elite male Australian football players completed a subjective wellness questionnaire in the days leading into the match (–3, –2, and –1 d), the day of (match day), and the days after each match (+3, +2, and +1 d). Players subjectively rated each item (mood, energy, stress, leg heaviness, muscle soreness, sleep quality, hours slept, and total wellness [a sum of the total response score]) on a visual analog scale ranging from 1 to 10, with 1 representing the negative end of the continuum. External load during competitive matches was quantified using accelerometer-derived PlayerLoad, and running activity was quantified using global positioning system technology across 2 competitive seasons. The relationships between perceptions of wellness (within-individual z score), external match load, and contextual factors (match result, match location, and between-matches recovery duration) were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results: Mixed-effect linear models revealed trivial effects of match-day wellness z score on subsequent external match load metrics. Match result (win) and PlayerLoad in the anteroposterior vector (au·min−1) were associated with an increased (estimate ± SE: 0.30 ± 0.13 z score) and reduced subjective wellness (−0.15 ± 0.06 z score), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that prematch perceived wellness does not relate to external match load in elite Australian football players. The between-matches microcycle length appears to be sufficient to restore perceived wellness to values that do not affect the subsequent external match loads.
Motor Development Research: I. The Lessons of History Revisited (the 18th to the 20th Century)
Authors: Whitall Jill , Schott Nadja , Robinson Leah E. , Bardid Farid , Clark Jane E.
Published: February 2020

In 1989, Clark and Whitall asked the question, “What is motor development?” They were referring to the study of motor development as an academic research enterprise and answered their question primarily by describing four relatively distinct time periods characterized by changes in focus, theories or concepts, and methodology. Their last period was named the process-oriented period (1970–1989). In hindsight, it seems clear that their last period could be divided into two separate historical time periods: the information-processing period (1970–1982) and the dynamical systems period (1982–2000). In the present paper, we briefly revisit the first three periods defined by Clark and Whitall, and expand and elaborate on the two periods from 1970 to the turn of the century. Each period is delineated by key papers and the major changes in focus, theories or concepts, and methodology. Major findings about motor development are also described from some papers as a means of showing the progression of knowledge.
Osteogenic preconditioning in perfusion bioreactors improves vascularization and bone formation by human bone marrow aspirates
Authors: Harvestine J. N. , Gonzalez-Fernandez T. , Sebastian A. , Hum N. R. , Genetos D. C. , Loots G. G. , Leach J. K.
Published: February 2020

Preconditioning propels the osteogenic potential of bone marrow aspirate.
A sustainable wood biorefinery for low–carbon footprint chemicals production
Authors: Liao Yuhe , Koelewijn Steven-Friso , Van den Bossche Gil , Van Aelst Joost , Van den Bosch Sander , Renders Tom , Navare Kranti , Nicolaï Thomas , Van Aelst Korneel , Maesen Maarten , Matsushima Hironori , Thevelein Johan M. , Van Acker Karel , Lagrain Bert , Verboekend Danny , Sels Bert F.
Published: February 2020

Every twig and splinter used

Plant-based production of commodity chemicals faces steep competition from fossil resources, which are often cheaper and easier to partition. Sustainable use of renewable resources requires strategies for converting complex and recalcitrant biomolecules into streams of chemicals with extraordinary efficiency. Liao
et al.
developed a biorefinery concept in which wood is eventually fully converted into useful chemicals: phenol, propylene, pulp amenable to ethanol production, and phenolic oligomers that can be incorporated into ink production (see the Perspective by Zhang). A life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis highlight the efficiency of the process and reveal the potential for such biorefinery strategies to contribute to sustainable chemicals markets.

Science
, this issue p.
1385
; see also p.
1305
Two drugs converged in a pancreatic β cell
Authors: Scavuzzo Marissa A. , Borowiak Malgorzata
Published: February 2020

Combining a DYRK1A inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonist boosts human pancreatic β cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis in vivo (Ackeifi
et al.
, this issue).
Maybe not an overreaction
Authors: Han Li-Hsin
Published: February 2020

A mathematical simulation of coronavirus COVID-19 estimated the number of infections to be far worse than reported.
Laccaria bicolor
Mobilizes both Labile Aluminum and Inorganic Phosphate in Rhizosphere Soil of
Pinus massoniana
Seedlings Field Grown in a Yellow Acidic Soil
Authors: Gu Xirong , Li Jie , Wang Xiaohe , He Xinhua , Cui Yao
Published: February 2020

Here, we reveal the underlying nutritional mechanism in plant Al tolerance conferred by ectomycorrhizal (ECM)-fungus inoculation in the field and report the screening of a promising ECM isolate to assist phytoremediation and afforestation using
Pinus massoniana
in acidic soil in southern China. This study advances our understanding of the contribution of ECM fungi to plant–ECM-fungus symbiosis and highlights the vital role of ECM-fungus inoculation in plant Al tolerance. In addition, the results described in the present study confirm the importance of carrying out studies in the field rather than only
in vitro
studies. Our findings strengthen our understanding of the role of ECM-fungus association in detecting, utilizing, and transporting unavailable nutrients in the soil to enhance host plant growth and adaptability in response to adverse habitats.