bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 4‐Arylethynyl‐2‐methyloxazole Derivatives as mGluR5 Antagonists for Use in the Treatment of Drug Abuse.
Authors: Iso Yasuyoshi , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐6‐one Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Mojtahedi Mohammad M. , Jalali Mohammad R. , Bolourtchian Mohammad
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Yb(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Reactions of 5‐Alkylidene Meldrum′s Acids with Phenols: One‐Pot Assembly of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins, 4‐Chromanones, Coumarins, and Chromones.
Authors: Fillion Eric , Dumas Aaron M. , Kuropatwa Bryan A. , Malhotra Neil R. , Sitler Tamsyn C.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Chemical Behavior of 2‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)amino‐3‐bromomethyl Pyridine, a Novel Alkylating Agent.
Authors: Krasavin Mikhail , Shkavrov Sergey , Kravchenko Dmitry
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Iodine: A Highly Efficient Catalyst in the Synthesis of Quinolines via Friedlaender Annulation.
Authors: Wu Jie , Xia Hong‐Guang , Gao Ke
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Atropoisomeric Pyridines via Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cocyclotrimerization of Diynes with Benzonitrile.
Authors: Hrdina Radim , Stara Irena G. , Dufkova Lenka , Mitchel Scott , Cisarova Ivana , Kotora Martin
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Addition of Carboxylic Acid to the Alkylthio‐Activated Enyne Triple Bond in the Absence of Catalysts.
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Long , Liu Qun , Zhang Yan‐Feng , Sun Shao‐Guang , Li Yuan‐Na
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient One‐Pot Heterogeneous Catalytic Method for the Preparation of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Hegedues Adrienn , Hell Zoltan , Vigh Ilona
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2‐Substituted Benzyl Hydrazino‐3‐methyl Quinoxalines.
Authors: Vyas D. A. , Chauhan N. A. , Parikh A. R.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of 18—40 Membered Macrocyclic Polyoxadiamides and Polyoxatetraamides via Ring Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Ibrahim Yehia A. , John Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction of the 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1,4,6,2‐oxathiazaphosphorine Ring System.
Authors: Johnson Wynona M. , Turner Kathleen A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium(I) Iodide Promoted Cleavage of Diphenyl Diselenide and Disulfide and Subsequent Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Condensation with Vinylic Bromides. A Simple One‐Pot Synthesis of Vinylic Selenides and Sulfides.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Chattopadhyay Kalicharan , Banerjee Subhash
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chloramultilide A, a Highly Complex Sesquiterpenoid Dimmer from Chloranthus multistachys.
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Ping , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Synthesis of (+)‐Febrifugine and (‐)‐Isofebrifugine by Means of Samarium Diiodide‐Promoted Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Cleavage Reaction.
Authors: Katoh Miho , Matsune Ryuichiro , Honda Toshio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Abietane Diterpene Alkaloids Possessing an Oxazole Ring from Salvia trijuga
Authors: Lin Fu‐Wen , Damu Amooru G. , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In vivo Antitumor Activity of Clitocine (I), an Exocyclic Amino Nucleoside Isolated from Lepista inversa.
Authors: Fortin Helene , Tomasi Sophie , Delcros Jean‐Guy , Bansard Jean‐Yves , Boustie Joel
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Combretastatins A‐1 (I) and B‐1 (II).
Authors: Odlo Kristin , Klaveness Jo , Rongved Paal , Hansen Trond Vidar
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of Sintenin, a New Cytotoxic Ester from Piper sintenense.
Authors: Sharma S. D. , Sharma M. L. , Rathee Raman
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydroxyboranes
Authors: Miyaura N.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
{Mo2O2X2}2+ (X = O, S), a Magic Building Block for the Design of Wheel Shaped Metalates
Authors: Secheresse Francis , Dolbecq Anne , Mialane Pierre , Cadot Emmanuel
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boroxanes
Authors: Periasamy M. , Seenivasaperumal M. , Sivakumar S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Bioinorganic Hybrid Catalysts for Enantioselective Transformations
Authors: Kraemer Roland
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies Toward Two Marine Cyclic Peptides
Authors: Ma Dawei , Zhu Jidong , Yu Shouyun , Pan Xianhua
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boc‐α‐Aminoisobutyryl‐α‐aminoisobutyric Acid Benzyl Ester (Boc‐Aib‐Aib‐O‐Bn): Peptide Synthesis with a Fluorous Carbodiimide Reagent
Authors: Aizpurua Jesus M. , Palomo Claudio , Loinaz Iraida
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Practicable and Pliable Synthetic Strategy for Heterocalixarenes and Related Receptors Through Heterocyclic Transformations
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Singh Prabhpreet , Singh Harjit
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Reactions in Inclusion Crystals
Authors: Urbanczyk‐Lipkowska Zofia , Toda Fumio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Adolfsson Hans
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isomerization of Olefins and Related Reactions
Authors: Otsuka Sei , Tani Kazuhide
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Developments in Nucleophilic Additions to Nitrones
Authors: Merino Pedro
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dendrimers in Catalysis
Authors: Reek Joost N. H. , Arevalo Silvia , van Heerbeek Rieko , Kamer Paul C. J. , Van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optimization of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide and Hydroxide Catalysts for Base‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Corma A. , Iborra S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrons: Synthesis, Reactivity, Properties, and Use as Building Blocks for Various Dendritic Architectures
Authors: Caminade Anne‐Marie , Maraval Alexandrine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Research Trends in Photochromism: Control of Photochromism in Rigid Polymer Matrices and Other Advances
Authors: Evans Richard A. , Such Georgina K.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Principles in Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Schatzschneider Ulrich , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cofactor Biosynthesis: An Organic Chemist′s Treasure Trove
Authors: Begley Tadhg P.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metabolites from Eutypa Species that Are Pathogens on Grapes
Authors: Jimenez‐Teja Daniel , Hernandez‐Galan Rosario , Collado Isidro Gonzalez
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In situ FTIR: A Versatile Tool for the Study of Industrial Catalysts
Authors: Topsoe Nan‐Yu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in the Syntheses of the Epothilones and Related Analogues
Authors: Watkins E. Blake , Chittiboyina Amar G. , Avery Mitchell A.
Published: May 2006

The macrocyclic class of antitumor compounds known as the epothilones has generated considerable interest since its discovery in 1993. Numerous total syntheses of this class of molecules have been published and countless structural analogues have been developed and tested for their abilities to promote tubulin polymerization. Several of these compounds are presently in clinical trials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Ultra‐slim laminated capillary array for high‐speed DNA separation
Authors: Sonehara Tsuyoshi , Kawazoe Hiroshi , Sakai Tomoyuki , Ozawa Satoshi , Anazawa Takashi , Irie Takashi
Published: May 2006

We developed a new kind of capillary array for electrophoresis by using the numerical‐control (NC) wiring technique conventionally used to produce printed‐circuit boards. Laminating two polyimide sheets after laying cylindrical capillaries between them according to designed geometries, we fabricated a 16‐lane laminated capillary array (LCA) 9.9 cm long, 7.2 cm wide, and 0.5 mm thick in which the effective length of all capillaries was only 10.9 cm. This compact LCA thus had separation columns as short as those in capillary array electrophoresis chips fabricated by lithography techniques. Like conventional capillary arrays, it also enabled pipetting‐less direct injection of analytes from sample preparation plates. Using the LCA with LIF detection and a replaceable fluid sieving matrix, we demonstrated high‐speed ssDNA fragment separations. At an electric field strength of 316 V/cm, 15 fragments ranging from 50 to 500 bases were completely separated within 5.8 min in all lanes. The lane‐to‐lane CV of migration time was only 0.38%, and the fragment size for which the resolution per base was 0.59 was 258 ± 15 bases (average ±SD).
Which mechanism for nuclear import of plasmid DNA complexed with polyethylenimine derivatives?
Authors: Grosse Stéphanie , Thévenot Guiti , Monsigny Michel , Fajac Isabelle
Published: May 2006

Background

To investigate the nuclear import mechanism of plasmid/polyethylenimine (PEI) derivative complexes and the putative nuclear targeting of therapeutic genes by the use of oligosaccharides, we have studied the nuclear import of plasmid DNA complexed either with PEI or with lactosylated PEI (Lac–PEI) in cystic fibrosis human airway epithelial cells (∑CFTE29o‐ cells).

Methods and results

Cells were synchronized by a double‐thymidine block protocol and gene transfer efficiency was evaluated: Lac–PEI‐ and PEI‐mediated gene transfer was greatly increased when cells have undergone mitosis during the course of transfection. However, both types of complexes were able to transfect some growth‐arrested cells. When the nuclear import of plasmid/Lac–PEI or plasmid/unsubstituted PEI complexes was studied in digitonin‐permeabilized cells, the nuclear uptake of both types of complexes did not follow the classic pathway of nuclear localization sequence (NLS)‐containing proteins and lactose residues did not act as a nuclear localization signal.

Conclusions

Our results show that for complexes made with PEI derivatives, the major route for plasmid DNA nuclear entry is a passive nuclear importation during mitosis when the nuclear membrane temporarily breaks down. However, albeit to a lesser extent as that observed in dividing cells, a plasmid DNA importation also occurs in nondividing cells by a yet unknown mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of GaN‐buffer etching in atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE growth of InN on sapphire
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Nagai Y. , Miwa H. , Hashimoto A.
Published: May 2006

Films of InN have been grown on sapphire with a GaN buffer by the atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE and the effects of GaN buffer etching with a KOH solution have been studied. With increasing etching time, the number of GaN grains is decreased and, as a result, the grain size of InN grown on the buffer is markedly increased. The grain size of InN grown on the 10 min‐etched GaN buffer is larger than that of films grown without GaN buffer. When the GaN etching time is less than 5 min, the number of InN grains is smaller by about one order of magnitude than that of GaN buffer, showing that one InN grain is grown on about ten GaN grains on average. For the etching time of 8‐10 min, the number of InN grains becomes approximately the same as that of GaN grains, indicating that under this condition one GaN grain acts as a nucleation center for one InN grain and no InN nucleation occurs in the areas without GaN grains on the sapphire substrate. The diffusion length of InN species on the sapphire substrate is estimated to be approximately 1 μm or more. In spite of the enhanced grain growth of InN films grown on the etched buffers, their electrical properties are a little worse compared with those grown without etching. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the magnetic field on the effective mass of the two‐dimensional electron gas in Alx Ga1–xN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Tang N. , Shen B. , Wang M. J. , Yang Z. J. , Xu K. , Zhang G. Y. , Gui Y. S. , Zhu B. , Guo S. L. , Chu J. H. , Hoshino K. , Arakawa Y.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between the magnetic field and the effective mass m* of the two‐dimensional electron gas in the triangular quantum well at the heterointerface of modulation‐doped Al0.15Ga0.85N/GaN heterostructures is investigated by means of temperature‐dependent Shubnikov‐de Haas measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. The values of the m* have strong dependence on the magnetic field, which is thought to be attributed to conduction‐band nonparabolicity of GaN. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic inhomogeneous Poisson processes describing the roles of an isolated mature tree in forest regeneration
Authors: Shimatani Kenichiro , Kitamura Keiko , Kanazashi Tatsuo , Sugita Hisashi
Published: May 2006

The spatial distribution of genotyped adult plants and offspring can be modeled by genetic inhomogeneous Poisson processes. This paper reports the development of a previously proposed point process model to cover safe site conditions for sapling survival, unknown seed sources and wider ranges of dispersal kernels. Suppose that a species has limited seed dispersal and shade‐tolerance, and that young trees are clustered around highly isolated adults. The clustering might be formed solely by dispersed seeds from adults. However, the survival of the offspring might be influenced by shading by the adults’ crowns. The new genetic processes are applicable to such cases, as demonstrated for a young population of Fagus crenata, a shade‐tolerant canopy tree species, in a 55‐year‐old stand regenerated after shelterwood logging. Isozyme analysis revealed that the regenerating trees were genetically related to the nearest adults, but some were not their respective daughters. The maximum likelihood method has led us to the following regeneration: seeds were dispersed mostly within 20 m of their mothers; two residual adults in the plot had equal female reproductive success; about 10% of offspring even close to the adult were not their daughters; the adults’ crowns reduced the survival of offspring up to 20–25 m away. However, the degree of model fitting was unsatisfactory. Hence, our models, in principle, can quantify two roles of highly isolated adults: providing seed sources and safe sites, but the case study suggests that other, unknown factors influence F. crenata regeneration after shelterwood harvesting.
High resolution genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains by macrorestriction analysis with XhoI and polymerase chain reaction targeting enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences: can we predict the zoonotic potential of strains?
Authors: MOSER I. , LENTZSCH P. , RIEKSNEUWOEHNER B. , SCHWERK P. , WIELER L. H.
Published: May 2006

Campylobacter jejuni isolates of human, canine, feline, bovine and poultry origin were investigated for their genomic diversity using O-antigen typing (n = 271), SmaI (n = 158) and XhoI (n = 158) macrorestriction analysis and ERIC–PCR (n = 107). The O-antigens O[ratio ]1/44, O[ratio ]2, O[ratio ]4 complex, O[ratio ]37, O[ratio ]40 were identified and 53.7% of the human and 56.1% of the animal strains were typable with the available antisera. Two ERIC–PCR pattern groups were generated representing human and animal strains as well as those exclusively of animal origin. XhoI macrorestriction analysis also distinguished ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strain clusters, but by SmaI restriction mainly serotype-associated clusters were found. In conclusion, genomic differences may occur between ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ strains and this may reflect their potential to overcome the barrier from animals to humans.
The emerging strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 in Bangladesh are clonal
Authors: TALUKDER K. A. , KHAJANCHI B. K. , ISLAM M. A. , DUTTA D. K. , ISLAM Z. , KHAN S. I. , NAIR G. B. , SACK D. A.
Published: May 2006

A total of 113 strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the Dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research during the period 1999–2004 were studied. Serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. Except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. More than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, and none of the strains were resistant to mecillinam and ciprofloxacin. All strains were invasive as demonstrated by the presence of a 140 MDa plasmid, ial, sen and ipaH genes, Congo Red absorption ability and by the Sereny test performed on representative strains. Plasmid patterns were heterogeneous but more than 50% of strains were confined to a single pattern. All strains possessed a 1·6 MDa plasmid and 87% of the strains contained a 4 MDa plasmid. Middle-range plasmids (90 MDa to 30 MDa) present in 36% of the strains were not associated with antibiotic resistance. All the strains were clustered within a single type with four subtypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis while ribotyping patterns of all the strains were identical.
Incubation period as a clinical predictor of botulism: analysis of previous izushi-borne outbreaks in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1951 to 1965
Authors: NISHIURA H.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated 21 foodborne type-E botulism outbreaks, without antitoxin administration, from 1951 to 1965 in Hokkaido, Japan, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology and evaluate the relationship between case fatality and incubation period. The median (25–75% quartile) attack rate and case fatality, which were evaluated by outbreak, were 58·3% (38·0–73·2) and 25·7% (0·1–50·0) respectively. Individual records of 64 diagnoses, including 31 deaths, were also examined using logistic regression analysis, revealing that a shorter incubation period is likely to result in a significantly higher risk of death (P=0·01). The observed case fatality was more than 50% for those who developed symptoms within the first 18 h after exposure, possibly reflecting underlying dose-dependent mechanisms. In the event of intentional contamination of food with botulinum toxin, rapidly determining the incubation periods may be critical for guiding public health response efforts.
THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF PETINIOTIA PURPURASCENS (BRASSICACEAE): A PHENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: SONBOLI A. , AZIZIAN D. , SHEIDAI M.
Published: May 2006

Rechinger, in his 1968 Flora Iranica account, considered Sterigmostemum to contain nine species in Iran. In 1980 Léonard excluded S. purpurascens from Sterigmostemum and transferred it to the new genus Petiniotia as P. purpurascens. Subsequently, in 1988 Jacquemoud retained this species in Sterigmostemum, but as subgenus Petiniotia. In 2000 Sonboli et al. excluded S. laevicaule from Sterigmostemum and considered it to be a synonym of Erysimum crassicaule. Phenetic analysis of morphological and anatomical characters from herbarium and fresh specimens supports the recognition of five species in Sterigmostemum (S. incanum, S. sulphureum, S. acanthocarpum, S. ramosissimum and S. longistylum). The results of cluster analysis and ordination based on these characters confirm Léonard's exclusion of S. purpurascens and transfer to the genus Petiniotia as P. purpurascens. A key is provided to distinguish Petiniotia from Sterigmostemum, followed by descriptions of the two genera and a conspectus of species.
Flüchtige akute Arthritis im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Freund
Published: May 2006

Parvovirus B19 kann sich vorwiegend im Erwachsenenalter durch Arthralgien oder eine Arthritis, die dem Bild einer Rheumatoiden Arthritis ähnelt, äussern, ohne dabei das für das Kindes- und Jugendalter typische Exanthem. Die Beschwerden heilen nach wenigen Tagen spontan und ohne Folgeschäden ab. Ein diagnostischer Nachweis kann mit einer Serologie erbracht werden. Das therapeutische Vorgehen ist symptomatisch.
Adiabatic reduction of circulation‐related CO2 air‐sea flux biases in a North Atlantic carbon‐cycle model
Authors: Eden Carsten , Oschlies Andreas
Published: May 2006

Physical transport processes of carbon, alkalinity, heat, and nutrients to a large extent control the partial pressure of CO2 at the sea surface and hence the oceanic carbon uptake. Using a state‐of‐the‐art biogeochemical model of the North Atlantic at eddy‐permitting resolution we show that biases in the simulated circulation generate errors in air‐sea fluxes of CO2 which are still larger than those associated with the considerable uncertainties in parameterizations of the air‐sea gas exchange. A semiprognostic correction method that adiabatically corrects the momentum equations while conserving water mass properties and tracers is shown to yield a more realistic description of the carbon fluxes into the North Atlantic at little additional computational cost. Owing to upper ocean flow patterns in better agreement with observations, simulated CO2 uptake in the corrected regional model is larger by 25% compared to the uncorrected model.
Petrologic evolution of gneissic xenoliths in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada: Mineralogy, reactions, partial melting, and mechanisms of mass transfer
Authors: Mariga J. , Ripley E. M. , Li C.
Published: May 2006

Nickel‐copper‐cobalt sulfide ores in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion are closely associated with troctolitic to gabbroic rocks that contain abundant country rock xenoliths. Potential sources of the xenoliths include pelitic paragneiss, enderbitic orthogneiss, and mafic to quartzofeldspathic gneisses that form immediate country rocks to different parts of the intrusion. Regardless of location, all xenoliths have a similar refractory mineral assemblage composed of hercynite, magnetite, Ca‐rich plagioclase, and corundum. The refractory mineral assemblage formed via partial melting immediately after xenoliths were engulfed by magma. Rapid thermal equilibration allowed the xenoliths to survive prolonged interaction with magma. Corundum was formed by the incongruent melting of Na‐rich plagioclase in pelitic and quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Corundum and Ca‐rich plagioclase assemblages are aluminous; their origin involved either multistage melting of protoliths where the production of a granitic minimum melt was followed by the liberation of a more silica‐rich and Al‐poor melt or one‐stage disequilibrium melting. Density differences between the xenoliths, restite assemblages, and enclosing mafic magma facilitated the separation of partial melt from restite. No evidence for the melts in the form of channels or interstitial glass is observed in the restite. Flow of mafic magma in the conduit system is thought to have dispersed the Si‐ and alkali‐rich melts derived from the xenoliths. The only record of the xenolith‐derived melts is in the form of concentric rims of plagioclase and biotite which crystallized from a hybrid melt in boundary layers around most xenoliths. Hercynite in the restitic assemblage was produced either by partial melting involving Fe‐ and Mg‐bearing minerals such as garnet and pyroxene or by replacement of corundum. FeO and MgO that were excluded from the boundary layer diffused inward and reacted with corundum to form hercynite. The thickness of the hercynite bands suggests formation times between 3,000 and 23,000 years. Where the insulating rims of plagioclase and biotite were not present, diffusion of FeO and MgO from the surrounding crystal mush continued, resulting in near complete conversion of corundum to hercynite. The highly refractory mineral assemblages which characterize xenoliths present in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion provide evidence for a complex history of magma–country rock interaction. The transfer of xenomelts and sulfur to flowing magma may have been essential for the formation of the magmatic sulfide ores.
Do Market‐based Indicators Anticipate Rating Agencies? Evidence for International Banks
Authors: Cesare Antonio, DI
Published: May 2006

This paper analyses the ability of credit default swap (CDS) spreads, bond spreads and stock prices to anticipate the decisions of the main rating agencies, regarding the largest international banks. Conditional on negative rating events, all the three indicators show significant abnormal changes before both announcements of review and actual credit rating changes, but rating actions still seem to convey new information to the market. Results for positive rating events are less clear‐cut with the market indicators generally showing abnormal behaviours only in conjunction with the events. As for the predictive power of the financial indicators examined, the CDS market is particularly useful for negative events and stock prices for positive events. However, all indicators also send many false signals and are to be interpreted with care.
The impact of a social network intervention on retention in Belgian therapeutic communities: a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Soyez Veerle , De Leon George , Broekaert Eric , Rosseel Yves
Published: May 2006

Background  Although numerous studies recognize the importance of social network support in engaging substance abusers into treatment, there is only limited knowledge of the impact of network involvement and support during treatment. The primary objective of this research was to enhance retention in Therapeutic Community treatment utilizing a social network intervention.

Aims  The specific goals of this study were (1) to determine whether different pre‐treatment factors predicted treatment retention in a Therapeutic Community; and (2) to determine whether participation of significant others in a social network intervention predicted treatment retention.

Design, setting and participants  Consecutive admissions to four long‐term residential Therapeutic Communities were assessed at intake (n = 207); the study comprised a mainly male (84.9%) sample of polydrug (41.1%) and opiate (20.8%) abusers, of whom 64.4% had ever injected drugs. Assessment involved the European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), the Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness scales (CMR), the Dutch version of the family environment scale (GKS/FES) and an in‐depth interview on social network structure and perceived social support. Network members of different cohorts were assigned to a social network intervention, which consisted of three elements (a video, participation at an induction day and participation in a discussion session).

Findings  Hierarchical regression analyses showed that client‐perceived social support (F1,198 = 10.9, P = 0.001) and treatment motivation and readiness (F1,198 = 8.8; P = 0.003) explained a significant proportion of the variance in treatment retention (model fit: F7,197 = 4.4; P = 0.000). By including the variable ‘significant others’ participation in network intervention’ (network involvement) in the model, the fit clearly improved (F1,197 = 6.2; P = 0.013). At the same time, the impact of perceived social support decreased (F1,197 = 2.9; P = 0.091).

Conclusions  Participation in the social network intervention was associated with improved treatment retention controlling for other client characteristics. This suggests that the intervention may be of benefit in the treatment of addicted individuals.
In vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity of R‐etodolac with dexamethasone in glucocorticoid‐resistant multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Neri Paola , Yasui Hiroshi , Hideshima Teru , Tassone Pierfrancesco , Raje Noopur , Laurence Catley P. , Ishitsuka Kenji , Blotta Simona , Kiziltepe Tanyel , Ocio Enrique M. , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Kanekal Sarath , Elliott Gary T. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: May 2006

Glucocorticoids have been widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) both as single agents and in combination with other drugs. However, primary or acquired glucocorticoid resistance occurs in most cases. It was recently reported that R‐etodolac induced in vitro cytotoxicity in MM cell lines and in primary MM cells, as well as synergistically enhanced dexamethasone (Dex)‐induced apoptosis in Dex‐sensitive MM.1S cells. This study examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of combination treatment with R‐etodolac and Dex on Dex‐resistant OPM1 cells. Treatment with R‐etodolac and Dex was found to enhance cytotoxicity, inhibit nuclear factor κB activity via upregulation of IκBα, as well as enhance Dex‐induced caspase activation and poly (ADP)‐ribose polymerase cleavage in OPM1 cells. R‐etodolac also enhanced Dex cytotoxicity in patient MM cells that were resistant to glucocorticoids. The in vivo anti‐tumour effect of this combination on MM cells was evaluated by using severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with OPM1. Treatment with R‐etodolac or Dex alone did not induce a significant reduction of tumour volume; in contrast, combination treatment with R‐etodolac and Dex induced significant synergistic inhibition of tumour growth. These data indicate that R‐etodolac overcomes resistance to Dex in glucocorticoid‐resistant MM cells, providing the framework for clinical trials of R‐etodolac combined with Dex, to improve patient outcome in MM.
Ocular toxoplasmosis: in the storm of the eye
Authors: JONES L. A. , ALEXANDER J. , ROBERTS C. W.
Published: May 2006

Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) can occur in the children of mothers infected with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy. It is not limited to the congenitally infected, but can also occur following adult‐acquired infection or as a result of disease reactivation in immune‐compromised and pregnant individuals. Many aspects of immune privilege in the eye, including constitutive TGF‐β expression and reduced MHC class 1 expression, would appear at first to favour parasite survival. Conversely, many of the mechanisms that control parasite multiplication in other anatomical sites, such as nitric oxide expression, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, are known to disrupt immune privilege and are associated with ocular damage. Taking into account the opposing needs of limiting parasite multiplication and minimizing tissue destruction we review the pathogenesis of OT in the murine model.
Oral clonidine premedication reduces minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children
Authors: NISHINA KAHORU , MIKAWA KATSUYA , UESUGI TAKANOBU , OBARA HIDEFUMI
Published: May 2006

Backgrounds:  Sevoflurane is widely employed for inhalational induction in children. Clonidine deepens volatile anesthetics and reduces several types of MAC of sevoflurane. Laryngeal mask airway is a useful device for pediatric anesthesia. The aim of the current study was to determine whether oral clonidine premedication can reduce MAC of sevoflurane for an LMA insertion in children.

Methods:  Fifty‐six ASA physical status I patients (3–11 years) scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups of 28 patients each. One group (clonidine group) received clonidine 4 μg·kg−1 approximately 100 min before anesthesia, and the other (control) group did not. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane. Each concentration of sevoflurane, at which an LMA insertion was attempted, was predetermined according to the modification of Dixon's up‐and‐down method with 0.25% as a step size and held constant for at least 20 min before the trial. All responses (‘movement’ or ‘no movement’) to an LMA insertion were assessed.

Results:  Minimum alveolar concentration values of sevoflurane for an LMA insertion were lower in the clonidine group (1.31% ± 0.18% [mean ± sd]) than in the control group (2.00% ± 0.16%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that sevoflurane EC95 values were 1.79% and 2.49% in the clonidine and control groups, respectively.

Conclusions:  Oral clonidine premedication reduced the MAC (EC50) and EC95 values of sevoflurane for LMA insertion by 38% and 28%, respectively.
Effects of an ENSO‐related fire on birds of a lowland tropical forest in Sumatra
Authors: Adeney J.M. , Ginsberg J. R. , Russell G. J. , Kinnaird M. F.
Published: May 2006

Comparisons of bird community composition in burned and unburned areas of a lowland tropical rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia indicated the following during the first 5 years after burning: (1) original burn severity strongly affected bird community composition at both the genus and family levels; (2) bird community composition continued to change progressively away from immediate post‐burn composition in medium and severely burned forest as well as adjacent unburned forest; and (3) the degree of impact was both taxon and guild specific, with understory insectivores most detrimentally affected. Although species richness may temporarily increase in burned areas, this study suggests that multiple wildfires will lead to a decline in diversity over a large scale as birds of open fields replace interior forest specialists.
The Uses of a Good Theory
Authors: Crosby Faye J. , Bearman Steve
Published: May 2006

How does one diminish discrimination? Many members of SPSSI, including the present authors, have tried to reduce discrimination through the application of good theories. We outline three theoretical approaches that Crosby, like many other psychologists, has taken as she has struggled with discrimination. Sometimes missing in Crosby's approach, and often missing in the approach of others, is a frank avowal of values. We argue that the attempt to divorce science from values renders theories less effective than they need be and even allows unexamined values to contaminate good research.
Unobserved Heterogeneity in Models of Competing Mortgage Termination Risks
Authors: Clapp John M. , Deng Yongheng , An Xudong
Published: May 2006

This article extends unobserved heterogeneity to the multinomial logit (MNL) model framework in the context of mortgages terminated by refinance, move or default. It tests for the importance of unobserved heterogeneity when borrower characteristics such as income, age and credit score are included to capture lender‐observed heterogeneity. It does this by comparing the proportional hazard model to MNL with and without mass‐point estimates of unobserved heterogeneous groups of borrowers. The mass‐point mixed hazard (MMH) model yields larger and more significant coefficients for several important variables in the move model, whereas the MNL model without unobserved heterogeneity performs well with the refinance estimates. The MMH clearly dominates the alternative models in sample and out of sample. However, it is sometimes difficult to obtain convergence for the models estimated jointly with mass points.
In vivo determination of diffusive transport parameters in a superfused tissue
Authors: Flessner Michael F. , Deverkadra Ravi , Smitherman Jeremy , Li Xiarong , Credit Kimberly
Published: May 2006

To address the hypothesis that functional changes in tissue transport can be related to structural alterations, we combined mathematical modeling with in vivo experimentation. The model concept includes interstitial diffusion and removal by a distributed microvasculature. Transport of solute and water across the peritoneum is measured via a plastic chamber affixed to the abdominal wall of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Solutions containing [14C]mannitol, with or without vasoactive compounds [control (C; n = 10), C + nitroprusside (NP; n = 10), C + norepinephrine (NE; n = 10)], were infused into the chamber, and the volume and tracer concentrations were determined over 60 min to calculate the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) and the water flux. At 60 min, FITC-dextran (500 kDa) was given to mark the perfused vasculature. After euthanasia, the tissue under the chamber was frozen, dried, sliced with a cryomicrotome, and examined with fluorescent microscopy and quantitative autoradiography. The microvessel density (×103/cm2: NE, 50 ± 10; C, 180 ± 7.0; NP, 225 ± 15) resulted in marked differences ( P < 0.05) in water flux (μl·min−1·cm−2: NE, 0.1 ± 0.1; C, 1.6 ± 0.4; NP, 1.0 ± 0.2) and in mannitol MTC (×103cm/min: NE, 0.9 ± 0.3; C, 3.8 ± 0.3; NP, 3.6 ± 0.6). Concentration profiles and calculated capillary permeability and tissue diffusivity were significantly different among the groups. These results demonstrate a direct correlation of mass transfer, diffusion, capillary permeability, and water flux with peritoneal vascular density and validate a method by which mechanistic changes in transport may be measured.
Sequence analyses of fimbriae subunit FimA proteins on Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 and Actinomyces odontolyticus with variant carbohydrate binding specificities
Authors: Drobni Mirva , Hallberg Kristina , Öhman Ulla , Birve Anna , Persson Karina , Johansson Ingegerd , Strömberg Nicklas
Published: May 2006

Background

Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 express type-2 fimbriae (FimA subunit polymers) with variant Galβ binding specificities and Actinomyces odontolyticus a sialic acid specificity to colonize different oral surfaces. However, the fimbrial nature of the sialic acid binding property and sequence information about FimA proteins from multiple strains are lacking.

Results

Here we have sequenced fimA genes from strains of A.naeslundii genospecies 1 (n = 4) and genospecies 2 (n = 4), both of which harboured variant Galβ-dependent hemagglutination (HA) types, and from A.odontolyticus PK984 with a sialic acid-dependent HA pattern. Three unique subtypes of FimA proteins with 63.8–66.4% sequence identity were present in strains of A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 and A. odontolyticus. The generally high FimA sequence identity (>97.2%) within a genospecies revealed species specific sequences or segments that coincided with binding specificity. All three FimA protein variants contained a signal peptide, pilin motif, E box, proline-rich segment and an LPXTG sorting motif among other conserved segments for secretion, assembly and sorting of fimbrial proteins. The highly conserved pilin, E box and LPXTG motifs are present in fimbriae proteins from other Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, only strains of genospecies 1 were agglutinated with type-2 fimbriae antisera derived from A. naeslundii genospecies 1 strain 12104, emphasizing that the overall folding of FimA may generate different functionalities. Western blot analyses with FimA antisera revealed monomers and oligomers of FimA in whole cell protein extracts and a purified recombinant FimA preparation, indicating a sortase-independent oligomerization of FimA.

Conclusion

The genus Actinomyces involves a diversity of unique FimA proteins with conserved pilin, E box and LPXTG motifs, depending on subspecies and associated binding specificity. In addition, a sortase independent oligomerization of FimA subunit proteins in solution was indicated.
Preliminary study of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in gallbladder cancer in Indian patients
Authors: Chaube Amita , Tewari Mallika , Garbyal RS , Singh Usha , Shukla Hari S
Published: May 2006

Background

The inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene and activation of the proto-oncogene are the key steps in the development of the human cancer. The p53 and c-erbB-2 are the best examples of it. In the present study, our aim was to determine the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder by immunohistochemistry.

Methods

In all 78 consecutive patients of gall bladder diseases were studied for p53 and c-erbB-2 expression immunohistochemically and their expression was correlated with the age, grades and stages of the disease and presence of stone. An informed consent was obtained in each case. Chi square and z test were applied to see the association of p53 and c-erbB-2 over expression with other clinicopathological factors.

Results

Eight (20%) patients of gall bladder cancer were positive for p53 expression and 10 (25%) patients for c-erbB-2. The p53 positivity increased with increasing grade while cerbB-2 positivity decreased with increasing grade of gall bladder cancer. Mean age in cerbB-2 positive cases were lesser as compared to negative cases while p53 did not show such association with age.

Conclusion

Only one case of gall bladder cancer co-expressed the p53 and c-erbB-2, thereby suggesting that p53 and c-erbB-2 may have independent role in carcinogenesis of gall bladder cancer. c-erbB-2 over expression in adenoma and younger age group indicates its role as an early event in carcinogenesis of gallbladder. However study of larger sample is required to further validate the results.
Major combined electrolyte deficiency during therapy with low-dose Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil and Interferon alpha: report on several cases and review of the literature [ISRCTN62866759]
Authors: Hoffmann Katrin , Marten Angela , Lindel Katja , Fritz Stefan , Jager Dirk , Buchler Markus W , Schmidt Jan
Published: May 2006

Background

Low-dose Cisplatin and Interferon alpha treatment of solid tumors rarely has been associated with severe hypocalcaemia. To the authors knowledge the phenomenon has not been reported previously in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.

Case presentation

A patient with resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas was treated with adjuvant radio-chemo-immunotherapy using a combination of low-dose Cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil and Interferon alpha together with external beam radiation. Severe hypocalcaemia without signs of acute renal failure or electrolyte disturbance occurred within 2 days at the 4th week of treatment and required intensive care treatment.

Conclusion

Combination of biological and cytotoxic therapies may increase the incidence of severe hypocalcaemia in pancreatic cancer. Oncologists should remain attentive of this problem as more highly active regimes become available.