bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Test of The Audience Cost Proposition
Authors: Eyerman Joe , Hart Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Fearon (1994a) concludes that democracies should be less likely to back down in crises and thus be able signal resolve more effectively than autocratic states. The authors evaluate this argument against the population of conflicts identified by the SHERFACS phase-disaggregated conflict management data set. Their findings indicate that domestic characteristics of democracies enable them to communicate intentions effectively. Between 1945 and 1984, conflicts between pairs of democratic states have been found to have fewer phases than those involving at least one autocratic state. This suggests that the information conveyed by the regime type of a state may help resolve the security dilemma by providing communication between democracies. This finding also supports an integration of existing explanations of the democratic peace.
Empirical Indicators of Crisis Phase in the Middle East, 1979-1995
Authors: Schrodt Philip A. , Gerner Deborah J.
Published: March 2007

A number of studies of crisis behavior assume that political behavior goes through a series of clear phases characterized by distinct patterns of interactions. Correct identification of these phases is important in crisis forecasting and in the application of mediation techniques such as preventive diplomacy. To date, empirical work with these data sets has identified crisis phases contextually (by human coders) rather than through any systematic procedures. This study uses several statistical techniques to identify and analyze phases in an event data set measuring the political behavior between eight Middle Eastern actors for the period July 1979 to June 1995, and concludes with observations on how these analytic approaches might be applied to the problem of crisis early warning.
Cultural Transmission
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: March 2007

Human beings are biologically adapted for culture in ways that other primates are not, as evidenced most clearly by the fact that only human cultural traditions accumulate modifications over historical time (the ratchet effect). The key adaptation is one that enables individuals to understand other individuals as intentional agents like the self. This species-unique form of social cognition emerges in human ontogeny at around 1 year of age as infants begin to engage with other persons in various kinds of joint attentional activities involving gaze following, social referencing, and gestural communication. Young children’s joint attentional skills then engender some uniquely powerful forms of cultural learning, enabling the acquisition of language, discourse skills, tool use practices, and many other conventional activities. These novel forms of cultural learning allow human beings to pool their cognitive resources both contemporaneously and over historical time in ways that are unique in the animal kingdom.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Body Dissatisfaction in Estonian and Australian Young Adults and its Relationship with Media Exposure
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Rüütel Eha
Published: March 2007

The study investigated body image in young adults from two countries with different histories of media exposure. Questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, dieting, disordered eating, leisure pursuits, and media exposure were administered to 394 Australian university students and 415 Estonian university students. Although there were large gender differences between men and women, in contrast to prediction, there were relatively few differences on body concern between Australian and Estonian students.
Structural Equivalence in Multilevel Research
Authors: van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Poortinga Ype H.
Published: March 2007

In cross-cultural research, there is an increasing interest in the comparison of constructs at different levels of aggregation, such as the use of individualism—collectivism at the individual and country levels. A procedure is described for establishing structural equivalence (i.e., similarity of psychological meaning) at various levels of aggregation based on exploratory factor analysis. A construct shows structural equivalence across aggregation levels if its factor structure is invariant across levels. The procedure was applied to the Postmaterialism scale of the World Values Survey. The similarity of postmaterialism at the individual and country levels could not be unambiguously demonstrated; a likely reason is that the concept does not have an identical meaning in countries with low and high gross national products.
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Effects of Familiarity on Classificatory Behaviour
Authors: Okonji Ogbolu Michael
Published: March 2007

243 Ibusa and Glasgow school children aged from about 6 to 12 years were given two classificatory tasks: the sorting of a collection of objects which were familiar to Ibusa children but not as familiar to Glasgow children, and the sorting of models of animals which were equally familiar to both groups. The results indicated that the degree of familiarity influenced classificatory behavior in some ways and that the overall trend of development was similar in both samples in both the tasks.
Need Achievement, Coerciveness of Government, and Political Unrest
Authors: Feierabend Rosalind L. , Feierabend Ivo K. , Sleeat David A.
Published: March 2007

McClelland has assessed the level of need for achievement (n Ach) within societies and found it to be related to rate of economic development. In this study, McClelland's n Ach scores for 23 nations in 1925 and 39 nations in 1950 are correlated with the authors' measures of political instability, coerciveness of regime, systemic frustration, and level of development. Results show that 1925 n Ach scores are negatively related, and 1950 n Ach scores are positively related to these societal measures, although the relationships are not statistically significant. Stronger relationships are found using the trend in level of n Ach over time between 1925 and 1950. Increases in n Ach level are positively and significantly related to both political unrest and coerciveness of regime. It is suggested that an increase in n Ach heralds a rapid rate of socioeconomic change which, in the short run, increases the level of political unrest within societies.
Choosing the Language of Instruction for One's Children
Authors: Frasure-Smith Nancy , Lambert Wallace E. , Taylor Donald M.
Published: March 2007

It is not unusual in Quebec to find English-Canadian parents sending their children to French language schools and French-Canadian parents sending their children to English language schools. Why some parents decide on this form of language experience for their children was the focus of this investigation. Examined in some detail were the ethnic identity patterns and motivations of selected subgroups of French-and English-Canadian parents, who were compared with parents who send their children to "other"' language schools with those whose children attend schools where the home language is used as the medium of instruction. All parents agreed on the benefits of bilingualism in occupational and educational matters. In contrast, particular subsets of parents, depending on their ethnicity, the community they come from, and the decision they make about schooling for their children, have distinctive constellations of personal motivations and ethnic allegiances. Clearly, people perceive different costs and rewards associated with choice of language of schooling; this decision, furthermore, has implications not only for the relationships within the family, but for the established network of social relationships within the community.
Polyphasic Pictorial Perception
Authors: Munro D. , Deregowski J. B.
Published: March 2007

This study tests a hypothesis arising from the authors' previous work, that writing picture-interpretation stories in a second language makes subjects more stimulus-bound and therefore more likely to fragment in time the events occurring in the picture (polyphasic perception). Rhodesian upper primary-school children responded to the same pictures in either English or Shona. No relationship between language medium and stimulus-binding, or between stimulus-binding and polyphasic responding, was observed. Furthermore, the previously observed preponderance of polyphasic responses by African children failed to appear, and a second sample of "Colored" and "Asian" children gave fewer polyphasic responses than Western children normally do. The lack of evidence for a truly perceptual phenomenon is underlined.
Disclaimed Activity in Dreams of Chicanos and Anglos
Authors: Roll Samuel , Rabold Kay , McArdle Lucy
Published: March 2007

To test the hypothesis that Chicanos would report their dreams in terms which relied more heavily on a passive approach to life, 109 Chicano college students (43 males and 66 females) and 136 Anglo college students (61 males and 75 females) were asked to submit written reports of their dreams. The specific type of passivity investigated was "disclaimed activity" in which the dreamer negates the existence of a self-conscious and knowing actor. This is done by attributing the responsibility for the activity in the dreams to someone else, to parts of the body, to parts of the mind, to fate, and to other objects. The passive approach would also manifest itself in a greater number of crossing out what was reported as a means of taking back what was already written. The Chicanos used significantly disclaimed activity as well as more crossouts than did the Anglos. The findings were discussed in the context of other cross-cultural research and with a warning about understanding "passivity" in a pejorative sense.
Responsibility Attribution among Mexican-American, Black, and Anglo Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Lipton Jack P. , Garza Raymond T.
Published: March 2007

Although the literature dealing with attribution of responsibility (AR) is rather extensive, the cross-cultural perspectives have not been fully explored. This study investigates AR in a rigorous factorial design involving ethnicity (Mexican-Americans, Blacks, Anglos), sex, age (adults, adolescents), Heider's levels of causality, outcome quality (positive, negative), and outcome intensity (mild, severe). The cultural factor was highly significant both as a main effect and in interaction with other combinations of variables. It is brought out that "classic" theories of AR do not always have universal applicability and in fact may only be valid among Anglos. Explanations for these strong findings are suggested in terms of different family structures among minority groups as well as their "subordinate" status within the United States.
The Development of Concrete Operations among the Hausa
Authors: Fahrmeier Edward D.
Published: March 2007

To assess the development of concrete operations among the Hausa, seven conservation tasks were individually administered to 449 children between the ages of 5 and 13 years. A 50% rate of conservation responses was achieved on most tests by age 12. Schooled children had significantly higher scores on only a few tasks; schooling did not seem to be a major factor in accelerating the attainment of concrete operations. There were also social class and urbanization effects on several tasks. As a combined test, the Piaget battery seems to be closely related to several intelligence test subtests, particularly those with reasoning components. In addition, the test results of three Piagetian tasks were analyzed to identify the underlying reasoning processes.
Work Outcome Preference and Evaluation
Authors: Feldman Jack M. , Sam Iulai Ah , McDonald W. Fraser , Bechtel Gordon G.
Published: March 2007

Members of European, Maori, and Samoan ethnic groups in New Zealand were predicted to differ in terms of both the evaluation of a sample of job outcomes and their order of preference among these same outcomes. Predictions were made, on the basis of cultural values and the economic situation of the various groups, that Maoris and Samoans generally would prefer and evaluate "particularistic" outcomes (that is, personalistic exchanges of love, status, or service) and pay increments more than Europeans, but not evaluate good working conditions as highly. Results, while not as predicted, did support the importance of particularism in both non-European samples and the importance of community obligations in the Samoan group. The conceptual difference between preferences and evaluations was also noted.
Multiple Group Membership and Self-Identity
Authors: Wong-Rieger Durhane , Taylor Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This study addressed the fundamental paradox of how an individual achieves a unitary self-identity despite membership in many different groups. The investigation of this issue was conceptualized in the form of three strategies for resolution, and samples of Anglophone and Francophone adults were compared. In Part I, subjects' perceptions of their relationships with various groups were measured to determine which groups contribute to self-identity. In Part II, the interrelatedness of the groups was measured in two ways, in terms of commonality in members and in terms of commonality in values; these were analyzed by means of multidimensional scaling analyses. The results showed that subjects belonged to a fairly large number of significant groups and that the most important were personal groups rather than broad social categories. Francophone and Anglophone subjects differed in three respects: Francophones placed greater emphasis on their cultural group; their personal groups had highly similar values orientations relative to the Anglophones'; and the Francophones' own values were group-oriented and similar to those of all their groups, whereas Anglophones' own values were individualistic and less similar to their groups' values.
A Spanish Psychological Screening Inventory
Authors: Gonzalez Jose Ramon , Lanyon Richard I.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this project was to develop a Spanish version of the Psychological Screening Inventory for use with Costa Rican adolescents and to assess its psychometric equivalence to the English version and its external validity. In Study 1, norms were generated on 600 male and 600 female high school students who were stratified on age and socioeconomic level and were geographically representative. Comparisons with the PSI English version were made for means, scale reliabilities, scale intercorrelations, and item endorsement frequencies. Study II compared the PSI Spanish version scores of students who did and did not request counseling. The Spanish version showed reasonable psychometric equivalence to the English version and was also shown to possess preliminary external validity. Its potential utility for use with U.S. Spanish-speaking populations is discussed.
Attitudes and Attributions Related to Psychological Symptomatology in Indian Immigrant Women
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M. , Ditto Blaine , Taylor Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the patterns of attitudes and attributions associated with relatively high and low distress among a sample of (N = 104) immigrant women from India living in Montreal. Results showed the high distress group to be less satisfied with their roles in the home and in the job market, to be more in favor of modem sex roles, to want less to pass on traditional sex roles to their children, to attribute success and failure more to their own personal characteristics and less to destiny, and to perceive more racial discrimination in society. The findings underline the value of differentiating between aspects of immigration and incorporating social psychological variables in studies of possible links between immigration and distress.
Dimensions of School Motivation
Authors: McInerney Dennis M. , Sinclair Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines Maehr's Personal Investment Model of motivation, which has clear and significant implications for cross-cultural research in education. The design and validation of the Inventory of School Motivation (1SM) based on Personal Investment Theory is described. Evidence is presented for both the usefulness of the theoretical framework and the validity of the ISM in analyzing motivational variables for individuals from different cultural groups in educational settings. Multiple-regression analysis demonstrated the predictive power of the ISM, and discriminant analysis showed that variables from the scale were able to discriminate between students who returned to school for senior high school and those who did not.
Determinants of In-Group and Out-Group Perceptions of Heterogeneity
Authors: Lee Yueh-Ting , Ottati Victor
Published: March 2007

Research indicates that increased familiarity with a social category leads to greater category differentiation. Consequently, in-groups are perceived as more heterogeneous than out-groups and intergroup contact enhances perceived out-group heterogeneity. In examining Sino-American stereotypes, this study considers two additional determinants of perceived heterogeneity. These are (a) perceptual responsiveness to the target group's objective level of heterogeneity, and (b) adjusting perceptions of heterogeneity to be evaluatively consistent with attitudes toward the target group. The results obtained from Chinese and American subjects indicate that responsiveness to objective differences between the in-group and out-group can override the tendency to perceive greater heterogeneity in the in-group. Furthermore, evaluative consistency mechanisms play an important and unique role in determining perceived out-group heterogeneity.
Mothers' Reports of Behaviour Problems in Three Groups of South African Preschool Children
Authors: Spiro Monica , Swartz Leslie
Published: March 2007

Sixty mothers of preschool children from African, Malay, and White groups in Cape Town, South Africa, were interviewed about the presentation, understanding, and management of behaviour problems. Overall symptom prevalence was similar across groups; results coincided with international findings. Differences were related in the main to material circumstances. Certain problems viewed as signifying disorder by White mothers-such as rocking and thumb sucking-were seen as part of a normal developmental process by African mothers. Some of the problems inherent in South African transcultural psychiatry are discussed.
The Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Style of Life on Cognitive Development of Israeli Bedouin Children
Authors: Berg Yoel , Kugelmass Sol
Published: March 2007

The effect of two social variables thought to be relevant to cognitive development was studied in a tribe of Israeli Bedouin undergoing acculturation. Proceeding from Berry's ecocultural theory, two social variables were derived from anthropological observations: socioeconomic status (SES) and style of life (SOL). Data were collected on 161 children using tests of Piaget's spatial concepts and conservation operations. The results substantiated the influence of SES but provided no evidence of any systematic effect of SOL on the cognitive development of Bedouin children. Consideration of the results of both the volume conservation test and the horizontality spatial test raised doubts about their appropriateness to the actual demands of the cross-cultural research.
The Representation of Antecedents of Emotions in Northern and Southern Italy
Authors: Galati Dario , Sciaky Riccardo
Published: March 2007

Antecedents of six emotions in two different Italian subcultures were studied through the analysis of their verbal representations. One hundred participants (50 from northern Italy and 50 from southern Italy) were asked to write two short stories about each of the six emotions considered (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise). These stories were scored at six levels of progressively higher abstraction. The results showed that for each emotion there is a modal category, which frequently was identical, and some secondary categories that varied considerably with culture. Southern Italians showed significantly more interest in other people then northern Italians, both in the sense of worrying more about others' negative behavior and considering it very important to feel good about other people. Northern Italians tended to center their attention on the self; they reported greater worry about self-achievement than about relationships with other people and feared personal harm more than loneliness.
The Influence of Situational Prototypes on Dimensions of Intercultural Communication Competence
Authors: Hammer Mitchell R. , Nishida Hiroko , Wiseman Richard L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the influence of situational prototypes on three dimensions of American subjects' intercultural communication competence: (a) understanding of Japanese rules of behaving in specific situations, (b) understanding of Japanese culture in general, and (c) affect toward Japanese culture. In the study, 44 interaction scenarios were constructed involving some misunderstanding between a Japanese and an American regarding the communication rules between two people from different cultures based on cultural variations in role, social, linguistic, nonverbal, and/or business rules for behavior. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, cluster analysis of 44 interaction scenarios was undertaken to identify situational prototypes (ideal models of situations). The second phase examined the influence of the four situational prototypes on the three dimensions of intercultural communication competence. Overall results indicate that there were significant differences for each of the three measures of intercultural communication competence across the four situational prototypes.
Patterns of Social Expectations among Maori and European Children in New Zealand
Authors: Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Petrie Keith J.
Published: March 2007

Children's social expectations were assessed among 163 Maori and European New Zealanders aged 9 and 12 in response to nine videotaped scenes of everyday social encounters. Compared with European children, Maori children were more focused on peers, more likely to report that they would act independently and assertively, and less deferent to authority. Ethnic differences were significantly greater among younger than among older children. Although most children responded in a manner highly typical of their ethnic group (enculturated), older Maori children were more similar to European peers than younger children, and girls of both ages were more similar to their ethnic group than boys. Among Maori children, an enculturated pattern was associated with less assertiveness and lower self-concept, but was unrelated to cross-ethnic acceptance. These findings differ from findings with minority children in the United States.
The Effects of Language and Priming on the Relative Accessibility of the Private Self and the Collective Self
Authors: Trafimow David , Silverman Ellen S. , Fan Ruth Mei-Tai , Fun Law Josephine Shui
Published: March 2007

An experiment addressed some limitations and implications of previous findings obtained by Trafimow, Triandis, and Goto suggesting that private and collective self-cognitions are stored in different cognitive locations. Consistent with expectations, priming the private self increased the retrieval of private self-cognitions, but priming the collective self increased the retrieval of collective self-cognitions. Further, retrieval of private and collective self-cognitions was clustered by type. The fact that such clustering was obtained with collectivist subjects in their native country, and even using their native language, supports the generality of the Trafimow et al. theory to both individualistic and collectivist cultures. In addition, however, the data indicate that using a collectivist language can increase the cognitive accessibility of the collective self relative to when an individualistic language is used. Finally, we present some speculations about possible implications of this accessibility effect.
Lovesongs in the United States and China
Authors: Rothbaum Fred , Tsang Bill Yuk-Piu
Published: March 2007

Prior research suggests that for Chinese as compared with Americans, love is more embedded and is less associated with intense desire. Love is defined as embedded when it is incorporated within a larger context, namely, the natural world and broad aspects of the relationship that entail devotion over time. This study included 42 popular Chinese lovesongs (half from Hong Kong and half from Mainland China) and 38 popular U.S. lovesongs. Findings indicated that Chinese songs depicted love as more embedded, but there were no cultural differences in expressions of intense desire. The Chinese lovesongs had more negative expectations about the outcome of the relationship and they conveyed more suffering than did the U.S. lovesongs. These cultural differences and similarities may be particular to romantic love and may not be common in other contexts or relationships. The findings point to the importance, but also the limits, of cultural influence on romantic love.
Attitudes toward High Achievers, Self-Esteem, and Value Priorities for Australian, American, and Canadian Students
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: March 2007

Results from this comparative study showed that (a) American students gave more emphasis to achievement, competence, and conformity values and were more in favor of rewarding high achievers; (b) Australian students gave less emphasis to conformity values, rated prosocial values as higher in importance, and reported higher equalitarianism; (c) Canadian students gave less emphasis to affiliative contentment values. Gender differences were also obtained on the value, attitude, and self-esteem measures.
Unpackaging Culture’s Influence on Self-Esteem and Embarrassability
Authors: Singelis Theodore M. , Bond Michael H. , Sharkey William F. , Lai Chris Siu Yiu
Published: March 2007

A growing body of research supports the notion that individuals simultaneously hold two views of self. Members of collective cultures have stronger interdependent images of self, but less strong independent images, than do individualist groups. University students in Hong Kong ( n = 271), Hawaii ( n = 146), and mainland United States ( n = 232) completed the Self-Construal Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Modigliani Embarrassability Scale. As expected, levels of independence and interdependence were related to ethnocultural group (Euro-American, Asian American, and Hong Kong Chinese). Independence and interdependence accounted for most of the variance in embarrassability attributable to ethnocultural group. Contrary to predictions based on terror management theory, there was no difference in the relation between self-construal and self-esteem across the three ethnocultural groups. Across all groups, a more independent and less interdependent self-construal predicted higher levels of self-esteem. It is concluded that similar psychological processes contribute to self-esteem and embarrassability across the ethnocultural groups in the study.
Chinese and English Speakers’ Linguistic Expression of Probability and Probabilistic Thinking
Authors: Lau Lai-Yin , Ranyard Rob
Published: March 2007

Previous research found that when bilingual Chinese speakers responded to a View of Uncertainty Questionnaire (VUQ) in English, they exhibited greater nonprobabilistic thinking than did native English speakers. This study compares English and Chinese speakers’ responses to a VUQ in their native languages. Their responses to a Probability Scale Task (PST), in which respondents labeled a numerical scale in their own language, also were compared. On the VUQ, results from several measures suggested that the Chinese speakers showed more nonprobabilistic thinking than did the English speakers. Similarly, in the PST, they used a lesser variety of probability phrases and used them less precisely than did the English speakers. It is argued that these results advance understanding of the relation between probabilistic thinking and the use of probability language.
Growth Enhancing Versus Dissociative States of Consciousness: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Hunt Harry , Dougan Sean , Grant Karen , House Michael
Published: March 2007

Evidence is found in normative samples for the separation widely observed in qualitative individual and special group studies between transpersonal, growth-enhancing states of consciousness and more conflicted dissociated states. These two patterns of transformative states of consciousness are shown to be different manifestations of a background, bivalent dimension of absorption/openness to experience, identified in current personality research as a defining feature of individual variability. Further dialogue among transpersonalists, clinical psychologists, and personality researchers is needed if we are to better understand the relations between integrative versus disintegrative states of consciousness and their common rooting in normative individual differences.
Feminist and Lesbian Development
Authors: Hess Elizabeth P.
Published: March 2007

Both women in general and lesbians in particular occupy a low-status position in our society. This article explores the means by which an identity as "feminist" or "lesbian" becomes a positive one, enhancing self-worth and facilitating further personal growth. In addition, the interaction between lesbian and feminist identities is explored, and a developmental model that can apply to either is presented. This model draws on the work of Vivienne Cass and Kurt Lewin, both of whom deal with human growth as it is influenced by the surrounding social environment. This material was first presented at the Association of Women in Psychology Conference in Boston, 1981. The conference encouraged participants to explore the positive aspects of diversity among women. Coupled with this intriguing theme was the steady support and advice of staff and board members of the National Gay Task Force. Both of these influences provided a fertile environment for breaking new ground.
William James and John Dewey on Consciousness
Authors: Morrow Felix
Published: March 2007

This article was read at an invitational conference convened by the Institute for Noetic Sciences, June, 1982, to discuss ways of introducing into the educational system our new knowledge of the scope of consciousness. I illustrated the difficulties by the way in which the academic world has ignored or suppressed William James' writings on psychical research and the concept of cosmic consciousness. A similar process has befallen John Dewey's writings on F. Matthias Alexander, which have vainly urged systematic scientific study of the Alexander Technique and its incorporation into the educational system. In James' case, the successor to his chair at Harvard, Ralph Barton Perry, given the task of reprinting James' papers, failed to include most of the writings on psychical research and failed to gather them in one place. Fifty years after James' death, this important omission was rectified by Gardner Murphy and William 0. Ballou, in William James on Psychical Research. In Dewey's case, likewise, his literary executors failed to reprint his writings and letters on the Alexander Technique. In each of these cases, a great philosopher thought his views central to his Weltanschaung but his literary executors found those views unpalatable enough to ignore them.
Healing Through Meeting and the Problematic of Mutuality
Authors: Friedman Maurice
Published: March 2007

The question as to how much mutuality is possible and desirable between therapist and client transcends the bounds of orthodox psychoanalysis as it focuses on the real interhuman relationship between the two and not just on "transference" and "countertransference." Within this relationship there is mutuality of contact, trust, and common concern with the client's problems. However, as Martin Buber said in his dialogue with Carl Rogers in 1957, the therapist must experience the client's side of the relationship and imagine concretely what the client is thinking, feeling, and willing, but the client cannot be expected to practice "inclusion" with the therapist. This article surveys a wide range of practice and theory concerning mutuality from Freud and his followers to such therapists as Carl Rogers, Sidney Jourard, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Harold Searles, Margaret Sechaheye, Harry Guntrip, and Marvin Spiegelman. It concludes that the rejection of "mirrorlike impassivity" on the part of the therapist should not lead to a sentimental blurring of the essential distinction between therapy and less structured types of I-Thou relationships in which there are no normative limitations of mutuality. Yet the therapist is not only professionally accountable, but is personally responsible, even though the responsibility for whether the therapy works is ultimately a matter of the "between."
Maurice Friedman and the Dialogic Human Image in Psychotherapy
Authors: Stanton Richard D.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses Maurice Friedman's role in the history of psychotherapy and presents some of his thoughts on the human image and psychotherapy. There is no actual school of dialogic psychotherapy; nor is there a movement. But there is a significant influence both in the United States and in Europe that has grown from the work of Maurice Friedman and Martin Buber. This article draws on Friedman's major written works and points forward to three new books that were specifically focused on psychology and psychotherapy. I have drawn upon my own 15-year association with Maurice Friedman here, including my doctoral dissertation and the introductions that I wrote for two of those three new works. This is an initial description of the impact of Friedman's work as it affects psychotherapy.
Of Myths and Monkeys
Authors: O'Hara Maureen
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the so-called Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon that has been used to support a theory of critical mass in human group consciousness. Discussed are the actual studies of macaque behavior transmission and how they have been misrepresented. In considering some of the factors contributing to this story's currency in human potential circles, I have explored pseudoscience and its contradictions, ambivalence toward established science, and the lack of adequate grounds for appraisal of scientific claims. The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon is described as a bad myth that compares poorly with the powerful sustaining myth of the human potential movement, i.e., a belief in the possibility of a world composed of free, responsible, creative, rational persons participating together in the creation of a humane, pluralistic, global community.
The Pollyanna Paradigm
Authors: Levine Art
Published: March 2007

Recently I've been so impressed by the power and sales figures of such marvelously upbeat books as The Aquarian Conspiracy, The Turning Point, and Megatrends that I've decided to enter the arena of all-purpose New Age optimism myself. So here, in my own bid for immortality and a slot on the Times bestseller list, is a special preview: an unpublished excerpt from my new manuscript, The Pollyanna Paradigm. (Publishers' and movie producers' inquiries welcome.) I hope that you're as excited by this book as I am.
Self-Renewal
Authors: Jaffe Dennis T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a model of the process of self-renewal, the creative restructuring of the self that may follow the painful and disconfirming personal crisis of illness or other extreme personal trauma. Self-renewal is a possible response to pain and struggle, and one that can be facilitated and encouraged. The article presents several examples of the complex processes that make up self-renewal, including the self-definition as a person taking an active role, the presence of a deep relationship to others, and the role of being a public witness concerning issues raised by the struggle. The article concludes by suggesting that self-renewal as a process has important social implications, beyond the personal level.
Self-Direction as a Potential Influence on the Etiology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Gammill Cyndy
Published: March 2007

Genetic and environmental theories do not account for all the variance in the incidence of schizophrenia. In failing to consider the role of selfdirection, researchers may have excluded a critical area. Literature suggesting that schizophrenics demonstrate some control over their symptoms is reviewed. A variety of theorists are cited to support the view that selfdirection is a significantvariable. Continuingto exclude this variable from research potentially limits our knowledge. Including this variable in research implies revision of current research methods.
Nine Humanistic Heresies
Authors: Rowan John
Published: March 2007

A heresy is what happens when one part of a coherent body of doctrine gets taken and blown up in size until it becomes something new, but distorted and one-sided. The heresies in this article are Instrumentalism, Feelingism, Autonomy-ism, Peace-and-loveism, Peakism, Spiritual-ism, Expertism, Sexism, and Eclectic Mish-mash-ism. They are described and then criticized in detail. In the conclusion, humanistic psychology is described and its hopeful nature is outlined in world terms.
Can Psychology Help Reduce the Risk of Nuclear War?
Authors: Blight James G.
Published: March 2007

Nuclear psychology, which began with the very best of intentions is, according to this article, doomed to failure and perpetual irrelevance unless it begins to take what the author refers to as a phenomenological approach to the subject. So far, too much attention has been given to "off-the-shelf' models derived from the psychological clinic and laboratory, and too little attention has been given to the actual perspective of nuclear policy makers, who are the people psychologists must influence if they hope to reduce the risk of a catastrophic nuclear war. The author attributes this trend to positivism, the belief that psychology is a natural science rather than one of the humanities. In his view, if psychologists wish to reduce nuclear risks, they must get more fully inside the viewpoints of policymakers, they must assume policymakers' roles at least in their imaginations, and only then will they come up with proposals that will make sense to the policy-making community. There are two requirements: (1) to obtain a greater understanding of what policymakers' thoughts and feelings are about during nuclear crises-those episodes when nuclear risks have been greatest, and (2) to know what it actually is like to have such thoughts and feelings at moments when the fate of the world is believed to be at stake. Importantly, this leads, or ought to lead, psychologists to the study of the Cuban missile crisis, the closest call by far to nuclear war between the superpowers. There is a great deal to be learned about the psychological reality of that moment of maximum nuclear danger in October, 1962. The author illustrates his argument with a literary metaphor drawn from John LeCarre 's The Little Drummer Girl.

"She's panicked," Litvak announced suddenly to Becker's back.

Puzzled, Becker turned and glanced at him.

"She's gone over to them," Litvak insisted. His voice had a throaty instability.

Becker returned to the window. "Part of her has gone over, part has stayed," he replied. "That is what we asked of her."

"She's gone over!" Litvak repeated, rising on the swell of his own provocation. "It's happened with agents before. It's happened now... So what's her motivation? She's not Jewish. She's not anything. She's theirs. Forget her..."

From the shallows of his sparse camp bed, Kurtz offered drowsy consolation. "Germany makes you jumpy Shimon. Ease off. What does it matter who she belongs to, so long as she keeps showing us the way?" (LeCarre, 1983)
Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut
Authors: Pauchant Thierry(Terry) C. , Dumas Colette A.
Published: March 2007

In this article we present a comparison of the lives and work of Abraham Maslow, a founding father of humanistic psychology, and Heinz Kohut, the founding father of self psychology. While this comparison reveals certain predictable differences between these distinct leaders and their theoretical orientations, it also reveals surprising similarities in terms of their visions, their theories, and their lives. In addition, this comparison indicates that self psychology can provide an empirical bridge between humanistic psychology and modern psychoanalysis. This finding is particularly important at a time when the humanistic psychology community has identified the need to move away from ideology and to focus on humanistic psychology's empirical and clinical foundations, as one of its primary strategic challenges.

The person in the peak-experiences feels more integrated (unifiled, whole, all-of-a-piece), than at other times,... more integrated,... more harmoniously organized, more synergic,... In Roger's nice phrase, he feels "fully-functioning,"... responsible, active,... more creative.... (Maslow, 1968, pp. 104-108)

The successful end of the analysis... has been reached when the analysand's formally enfeebled or fragmented nuclear self... has become sufficiently strengthened and consolidated to be able to function as a more or less self-propelling, self-directed, and self-sustaining unit which provides a central purpose to his personality and gives a sense of meaning to his life. (Kohut, 1977, pp. 138-139)
Gordon Allport and Humanistic Psychology
Authors: DeCarvalho Roy Jose
Published: March 2007

It is argued that the term "humanistic psychology" was first coined by Gordon Allport in 1930. The essay also delineates Allport's biography and understanding of human nature.
Does the Lone Genius Ride Again? Chaos, Creatwity, and Conmmunity
Authors: Richards Ruth
Published: March 2007

Montuori and Purser (1995), in "Decontructing the Lone Genius Myth," and Hale (1995), in "Psychological Characteristics of the Literary Genius," are perhaps closer together than one might think. The first authors do not deconstruct the lone genius, but rather the lone aspect of this genius, with attention to the context for creativity. Hale does not deem context unimportant but emphasizes situations in which the creator might stand more in reaction to than in resonance with parts of that context. Nonetheless, Montuori and Purser's view of context is more expansive and interconnected and stems from an important social critique. The present comment uses chaos theory as both model and metaphor for creative innovation, highlighting the uniqueness of individuals and their contributions and, at the same time, acknowledging the intricate interdependence and sensitivity that can occur within the context for creation. Viewing the "genius" in this framework may, however, require attention to other issues not elaborated upon in these articles, including mood disorders and creativity, thought disorder and normalcy, and a greater acceptance of our own personal divergence and deviancy.
Notes on the Early International Development of Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Harari Carmi
Published: March 2007

This article details highlights of the early international development of humanistic psychology from 1969 to 1972 and chronicles the initial international presentations of humanistic psychology organized by Harari at the International Congress of Social Psychiatry in London in 1969, followed by a series of international meetings. The First International Invitation Conference on Humanistic Psychology took place in 1970 at the Vrije (Free) University of Amsterdam. The conference president was C. Buhler, the program chair was S. Krippner, and the author was the conference chair. During this period, a British AHP group expanded and developed an active program. The Second International Invitation Conference on Humanistic Psychology took place the following year at the University of Wurzburg, which had played a significant role in the early history of humanistic psychology. Buhler was the conference president; the local conference president was W Arnold, distinguished chair of the Psychology Department; and Krippner and Harari were the program and conference chairs, respectively. In fairly quick succession, meetings were organized in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Local groups were organized in a number of countries. Presentations were made at international congresses of psychology in Liege and Ibkyo in 1971 and 1972 and at our own International Conference on Humanistic Psychology.
Dynavac Revisited: Self-Management in Transition
Authors: Cupper Les
Published: March 2007

During the three years since the author reported the developments at Dynavac, very significant changes have occurred even though the support by the principal shareholders of the company has ensured that self-management will evolve unchecked by considerations of ownership. The character and operation of the Group has changed and the Salary Review Group has been discontinued. Compulsory participation in the Group has been abandoned in favour of voluntary participation and a Personnel Performance Review body was intro duced early in 1978. There are, however, areas of continued concern: there are still problems of adjustment to collective and self-management and more problems have occurred in the area of pay fixation. The conclusion is that the past three years has witnessed a period of achievement and consolidation for Dynavac but the next few years will provide a test of whether, under the new voluntary system, a management elite will develop within the company structure.
New Managerial Approaches to Industrial Relations: Major Paradigms and Historical Perspective
Authors: Gospel Howard F.
Published: March 2007

Any consideration of 'new' managerial approaches to industrial relations needs to be placed in the context of (a) the major relevant historical literature and (b) the historical development of management structures and strategies. The relevant literature is surveyed and from it a framework of analysis is distilled. It is suggested that labour management must be defined broadly to cover work relations, employment relations and industrial relations, rather than confined to union- management relations and collective bargaining. The paper goes on to discuss the development of management structure and concludes that only through a long-term view of management strategy in the context of the total operations of the firm can we understand 'new' managerial approaches to industrial relations.
Wage Determination and Information Sharing: An Alternative Approach to Incomes Policy?
Authors: Shimada Haruo
Published: March 2007

The flexibility of the Japanese labour market attracts attention domestically as well as abroad. It is widely believed that labour market flexibility, particularly of wages, has been highly instrumental in rapidly restoring the equilibrium of the Japanese economy with stable prices and nearly full employment through the storms of the oil crises in the 1970s. The paper first identifies the meaning of alleged wage flexibility in the context of the Japanese labour market. Next it reviews what has happened in the system of wage determination under collective bargaining, known as shuntō or synchronised wage negotiations in spring, during the adjustment years following the oil crises. The prime focus is on the functional reforms of the shuntō system as a source of renderinig flexibility to aggregate patterns of wage changes. Finally the paper attempts to interpret such developments from the viewpoint of corporatism.
Workers Compensation Policy in Australia: Best Practice or Lowest Common Denominator?
Authors: Purse Kevin
Published: March 2007

In July 1996 and May 1997 the Heads of Workers Compensation Authorities released their interim and final reports respectively on the state of workers compensation policy nation-wide. This article examines the reports and discusses their implications. It finds several of the authorities' proposals to be clear attempts to pass on the costs resulting from employer negligence to the community as a whole, and the general thrust of the report to favour business interests over workers' welfare and security, advocating cost cutting and administrative simplicity rather than investment in protective and preventive measures.