bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Pulmonary Obstruction in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction
Authors: Johansson Anna M. , Gardner Sarah Y. , Atkins Clarke E. , LaFevers D. Heath , Breuhaus Babetta A.
Published: March 2010

Background:Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is common in horses. Although pulmonary artery (PA) pressure increases during RAO, cardiac function in horses with RAO has received limited attention.

Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to noninvasively determine the cardiovascular effects of acute pulmonary obstruction (APO) in horses with RAO and their reversibility.

Animals:Five geldings with RAO, inducible by exposure to moldy hay, were studied.

Methods:Pulmonary mechanics, echocardiography, serum troponin I concentrations, arterial blood gases, and hematocrit were obtained before and after 7 days of APO. Heart rate, PA diameter and flow characteristics, right and left ventricular Iuminal dimensions and wall thicknesses, global cardiac performance, and evidence of myocardial damage were evaluated. Pulmonary mechanics and echocardiography were reevaluated during remission.

Results:Severe, transient APO did not induce chronic cor pulmonale in horses, because cardiac anatomy and function were normal between episodes. An acute episode of APO produced anatomical and functional cardiac changes in both the right and left heart (including increased PA diameter, abnormal septal motion, and decreased left ventricular diameter and estimated stroke volume), possibly because of the development of pulmonary hypertension, without apparent myocardial damage. The decrease in stroke volume was offset by the increase in heart rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: With APO of 7 days' duration, cardiovascular abnormalities and the functional airway changes that produce them are reversible when the offending allergens are removed.
Detection of Fibrin Deposits in Tissues from Horses with Severe Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Cotovio Mario , Monreal Luis , Navarro Marga , Segura Didac , Prada Justina , Alves Anabela
Published: March 2010

Background:In humans and experimental animals, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) causes fibrin deposition in several organs, which eventually leads to ischemia and multiorgan failure.

Hypothesis:Horses who died or were euthanized for severe gastrointestinal disorders could have fibrin deposits in different tissues.

Animals:Tissue‐organ samples collected during postmortem examinations on 66 colic horses with poor prognoses (eg, severe intestinal ischemia, enteritis, peritonitis), from 11 colic horses with good prognoses (eg, large‐colon obstruction or displacement), and from 16 slaughter horses.

Methods:Tissue samples (kidney, lung, liver) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin for a blinded histologic examination. A fibrin score (grades 0 to 4) was established for each tissue sample and for each horse.

Results:Fibrin deposits were found in tissue specimens of 11 of 27 of horses (40.7%) in the ischemic group, 8 of 21 in the enteritis group (38.1%), and 7 of 18 in the peritonitis group (39.0%), whereas none of the horses in the obstructive group (n = 11) and only 1 horse in the slaughter group (n = 16) had fibrin deposits in their tissues. In addition, the mean fibrin score values for the ischemic, enteritis, and peritonitis groups (1.3 ± 1.7, 1.1 ± 1.6, and 0.9 ± 1.3, respectively) were statistically higher than those for the obstructive and slaughter groups (0.0 ± 0.0 and 0.1 ± 0.5, respectively). The largest fibrin deposits were found in the lungs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Horses with severe gastrointestinal disorders have fibrin deposits that are consistent with capillary microthrombosis, multiorgan failure, and DIC.
Compressive Cervical Myelopathy in Young Texel and Beltex Sheep
Authors: Penny Colin , Macrae AIastair , Hagen Regine , Hahn Caroline , Sargison Neil , Scott Philip , Smith Sionagh , Wilson David , Mayhew Joe
Published: March 2010

Background:This investigation was prompted by the referral of increasing numbers of young Texel and Beltex rams with ataxia and weakness, or wobbler syndrome.

Hypothesis:The study aims were to describe the clinical and pathologic findings in affected sheep.

Animals:The animals evaluated in this study included 7 Texel sheep (6 male and 1 female) and 3 Beltex sheep (2 male and 1 female) referred from pedigree flocks. Typically, the sheep were 15–18 months of age at referral.

Methods:Diagnostic investigations included radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) myelography followed by gross postmortem and histopathologic examinations.

Results:Clinical findings typical of cervical spinal cord compression were present in all sheep but varied in severity. Myelography confirmed dorsal spinal cord compression in the region of C6‐C7. No bony abnormalities were identified as described in cases of canine and equine wobbler syndrome. Postmortem examinations revealed discrete, smooth, nodular to polypoid projections of adipose tissue apparently prolapsing through the dorsolateral intervertebral space at C6‐C7 and causing localized spinal cord compression. Histopathology of the nodules confirmed that they were composed of well‐differentiated adipocytes typical of fatty tissue. Spinal cord lesions were similar in all sheep with marked Wallerian degeneration at the site of compression and mild Wallerian degeneration present cranial and caudal to the lesion.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The findings of this study suggest a novel cervical myelopathy in these sheep breeds caused by the presence of fatty nodules encroaching into the dorsal vertebral canal at C6‐C7. Additional investigations are required to establish the etiology and possible hereditary risk factors for this unique clinicopathologic syndrome.
Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses
Authors: Couëtil Laurent L. , Hoffman Andrew M. , Hodgson Jennifer , Buechner‐Maxwell Virginia , Viel Laurent , Wood James L.N. , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide a review of current knowledge and opinions concerning inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and to help practitioners differentiate IAD from heaves (or recurrent airway obstruction; RAO) and other inflammatory respiratory diseases of horses.
Anticoagulant Effects of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Heparins in Healthy Cats
Authors: Alwood Amy J. , Downend Amanda B. , Brooks Marjory B. , Slensky Kimberly A. , Fox Julia A. , Simpson Stephen A. , Waddell Lori S. , Baumgardner James E. , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: March 2010

Background:Low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) has potential benefit in cats at risk for thromboembolic disease. However, LMWH pharmacokinetics has not been characterized in the cat. Drug effect with LMWH may be evaluated with analysis of factor Xa inhibition (anti‐Xa) or thromboelastography (TEG).

Hypothesis:Administration of LMWH at previously recommended dosages and schedules to healthy cats will result in inhibition of factor Xa and hypocoagulable TEG.

Animals:In vivo research with heparin was performed in 5 purpose‐bred cats.

Methods:In a prospective study with randomized crossover design, heparin or placebo was administered. Treatments were unfractionated heparin (UFH), 250 IU/kg q6h; dalteparin, 100 IU/kg q12h; enoxaparin, 1 mg/kg q12h; or 0.9% saline, 0.25 mL/kg q6h. Each drug was administered for 5 consecutive days followed by a minimum washout of 14 days. Baseline and post‐treatment analyses included anti‐Xa, TEG, and prothrombin time/activated partial thromboplastin time.

Results:Mean anti‐Xa activity 4 hours after enoxaparin (0.48 U/mL) approached the human therapeutic target (0.5–1.0 U/mL); however, mean trough anti‐Xa activity was below detection limits. Mean anti‐Xa activity 4 hours after dalteparin was lower, and only 1 cat attained therapeutic target at a single time point. Cats receiving UFH attained target anti‐Xa activity and changes in TEG at trough and 4 hours.

Conclusions: Cats have rapid absorption and elimination kinetics with LMWH therapy. On the basis of pharmacokinetic modeling, cats will require higher dosages and more frequent administration of LMWH to achieve human therapeutic anti‐factor Xa activity of 0.5–1 U/mL. Peak anti‐Xa activity is predicted at 2 hours after administration of LMWH.
Urinary Catecholamine and Metanephrine to Creatinine Ratios in Healthy Dogs at Home and in a Hospital Environment and in 2 Dogs with Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Kook Peter H. , Boretti Felicitas S. , Hersberger Martin , Glaus Tony M. , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: March 2010

Background:Measurement of high concentrations of urine catecholamines and metanephrines is useful in diagnosing pheochromocytoma in humans. Stress increases Catecholamine excretion in urine.

Hypothesis:Stress of a hospital visit increases urinary Catecholamine and metanephrine excretion in dogs.

Animals:Fourteen clinically normal dogs, 2 dogs with pheochromocytoma

Methods:Voided urine samples were collected by the owners 7 days before (t — 7), during the hospital visit immediately after diagnostic procedures (t0), as well as 1 (t1) and 7 days (t7) after the hospital visit. Urine Catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations were measured using high‐pressure liquid chromatography and expressed as ratios to urine creatinine concentration.

Results:In client‐owned dogs epinephrine and norepinephrine ratios at t0 were significantly higher compared with ratios at t7. Metanephrine and normetanephrine ratios at t — 7, t0, and t1 did not differ significantly from each other; however, at t7 they were significantly lower compared to values at t — 7. In staff‐owned dogs no significant differences were detected among the different collecting time points for any variable. Metanephrine and normetanephrine ratios were significantly higher in client‐owned dogs compared to staff‐owned dogs at t — 7, t0, and t1 but not at t7.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Stress associated with a hospital visit and with the sampling procedure causes increases in urine Catecholamine and metanephrine excretion. Urine collection for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma probably should take place at home after adaptation to the sampling procedure.
Genetic Cause of Autosomal Recessive Hereditary Nephropathy in the English Cocker Spaniel
Authors: Davidson Ashley G. , Bell Rebecca J. , Lees George E. , Kashtan Clifford E. , Davidson George S. , Murphy Keith E.
Published: March 2010

Background:Autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy (ARHN) in the English Cocker Spaniel is caused by a type IV collagen defect, but the underlying mutation is unknown.

Animals: One hundred thirty‐four English Cocker Spaniels (12 with ARHN, 8 obligate carriers, and 114 others), 3 mixed breed dogs with X‐linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN), and 7 other dogs without hereditary nephropathy were included.

Methods: Diagnosis of ARHN was based on transmission electron microscopy and immunostaining of kidney. Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to compare COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 mRNA concentrations in the renal cortex from ARHN‐affected English Cocker Spaniels, XLHN‐affected dogs, and dogs without hereditary nephropathy. The entire coding region of COL4A4 was sequenced in 2 ARHN‐affected dogs, 2 obligate carriers, 2 English Cocker Spaniels of unknown status, and 2 healthy mixed breed dogs. The exon containing the mutation was sequenced for all 134 English Cocker Spaniels.

Results: Quantitative real time RT‐PCR implicated COL4A4 as the gene harboring the mutation, and sequencing identified a single nucleotide substitution at base 115 as the cause of ARHN in English Cocker Spaniels. This mutation, which causes a premature stop codon in exon 3 of COL4A4, was segregated with clinical status in all affected dogs and obligate carriers. The mutation also was identified in 39 of 114 other English Cocker Spaniels with previously unknown status.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The cause of this disease has been identified, and use of a test for the mutation will permit eradication of ARHN in the English Cocker Spaniel.
Effect of Control of Systolic Blood Pressure on Survival in Cats with Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Jepson Rosanne E. , Elliott Jonathan , Brodbelt David , Syme Harriet M.
Published: March 2010

Background:Systemic hypertension is a common clinical problem, often occurring in association with renal disease in cats. Limited information is available to assess the effect of blood pressure and the treatment of hypertension on survival.

Hypothesis:That adequacy of blood pressure control is associated with the duration of survival in cats with systolic hypertension.

Animals:One hundred and forty‐one client‐owned cats with systolic hypertension.

Methods:Hypertensive cats were treated with amlodipine besylate and were followed until death or the study end point. Time‐averaged systolic blood pressure (SBPOT) after implementation of antihypertensive medication and stabilization of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was calculated by using the equation (area under the curve/survival [days]). Cats were divided into quartiles based on their SBPOT, representing varying levels of blood pressure control (median [25th, 75th percentile]: Q1 = 137 [132, 141] mm Hg, Q2 = 148 [145, 151] mm Hg, Q3 = 157 [155, 158] mm Hg, Q4 = 170 [164, 175] mm Hg). Survival and clinical variables were compared between the quartiles. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the association of age, renal function, proteinuria, SBPOT, and the presence of hyperthyroidism on survival. Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP: C) was compared at diagnosis of hypertension and after initiating treatment.

Results:Only UP: C and SBP at diagnosis differed significantly between SBPOT quartiles. Proteinuria was the only variable significantly related to survival in hypertensive cats. A significant decline in UP: C was found in cats treated with amlodipine besylate.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Proteinuria before and after treatment of hypertension is strongly associated with survival in cats with systolic hypertension. Treatment with amlodipine besylate can result in a significant reduction in UP: C.
Evaluation of Antineutrophil IgG Antibodies in Persistently Neutropenic Dogs
Authors: Weiss Douglas J.
Published: March 2010

Background:Immune‐mediated neutropenia (IMN) is one of several causes of persistent neutropenia in dogs. A test to detect IMN in dogs is not available.

Hypothesis:A flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay will provide a sensitive method for detection of antineutrophil antibodies in dogs.

Animals:The study included 12 neutropenic dogs and 20 healthy dogs.

Methods:An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to dog neutrophils. Leukoagglutination was evaluated by light microscopy. Neutrophil distribution in scatter plots, neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity was evaluated by use of flow cytometry.

Results:Antineutrophil antibodies were detected in the serum of 5 of 6 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Leukoagglutination was present in 3 dogs. Four dogs had altered neutrophil distribution in forward‐angle versus side‐angle light scatter plots. Five of 6 dogs had increased neutrophil fluorescence intensity and 4 of 6 dogs had an increased percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The flow cytometric test for antineutrophil antibodies detects dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Testing for antineutrophil antibodies should include observation for leukoagglutination, observation of scatter plots for altered distribution of the neutrophil population, observation of the shape of the fluorescence histogram, determination of neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and determination of the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity.
A Novel Mutation of the CLCN1 Gene Associated with Myotonia Hereditaria in an Australian Cattle Dog
Authors: Finnigan Daniel F. , Hanna W.J. Brad , Poma Roberto , Bendall Andrew J.
Published: March 2010

Background:Heritable myotonia is a genetic muscle disorder characterized by slow relaxation of skeletal muscles. The main clinical signs are skeletal muscle stiffness, especially after vigorous contraction, and muscle hypertrophy. Muscle stiffness may be enhanced by inactivity, and often is relieved by exercise. Myotonia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner (Thomsen‐or Becker‐type myotonia, respectively). In mice, goats, Miniature Schnauzer dogs, and most affected humans, the disorder is caused by mutations in CLCN1, which encodes the skeletal muscle voltage‐gated chloride channel, ClC‐1.

Hypothesis:We hypothesized that an Australian Cattle Dog with generalized muscle stiffness and hypertrophy examined at the Ontario Veterinary College would have a mutation in the CLCN1 gene.

Animals:A pure‐bred Australian Cattle Dog from Ontario, Canada, was used.

Methods:Based on clinical signs and electromyographic test results, a diagnosis of myotonia hereditaria was made, and a muscle biopsy was collected for genetic analysis.

Results:Sequence data obtained from the affected dog confirmed that it was homozygous for a single base insertion in the CLCN1 coding sequence. This mutation would result in a truncated ClC‐1 protein being expressed, which, based on molecular evidence from other studies, would result in functionally compromised chloride conduction in the skeletal muscles of the animal.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: To the authors' knowledge, this report describes the 1st case of myotonia in an Australian Cattle Dog and represents the 1st non‐Schnauzer canine myotonia to be genetically characterized. In addition, we developed a polymerase chain reaction‐based genetic screen to detect heterozygotes with this mutation in the at‐large Australian Cattle Dog population.
Effects of 2 Concentrations of Sodium Citrate on Coagulation Test Results, von Willebrand Factor Concentration, and Platelet Function in Dogs
Authors: Morales F. , Couto C.G. , Iazbik M.C.
Published: March 2010

Background:Blood collection tubes containing 3.2% (0.109 M) sodium citrate, instead of 3.8% (0.129 M) sodium citrate, have recently become available in the United States. These tubes are visually indistinguishable from the traditional 3.8% sodium citrate tubes, except for wording on the label. Consequently, samples for hemostatic evaluation are frequently collected in tubes containing the lower concentration of sodium citrate.

Hypothesis:Results of hemostasis assays are different in samples collected in 3.2% versus 3.8% sodium citrate.

Animals:Twenty healthy dogs.

Methods:This study aimed at determining whether results of standard coagulation tests, von Willebrand factor concentration (vWF:Ag), and platelet function with the platelet function analyzer PFA‐100a were affected by the different concentrations of sodium citrate. Blood samples were collected in tubes containing either 3.2% or 3.8% sodium citrate concentrations and processed routinely for coagulation assays (one‐stage prothrombin time [OSPT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count), vWF:Ag, and platelet function assays with a PFA‐100.

Results:There was no significant difference between samples collected in 3.2% versus those collected in 3.8% sodium citrate for OSPT, aPTT, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, or vWF:Ag. The closure times with collagen/adenosine diphosphate were significantly shorter (66 ± 8.1 versus 74.8 ± 9.7 seconds; P < .0001) with the 3.2% than with 3.8% sodium citrate concentration, and the hematocrit was significantly higher (47.9 ± 5.6 versus 46.0 ± 4.7 seconds; P= .03) in samples collected in 3.2% than in those collected in 3.8% sodium citrate.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There is no clinically relevant effect of collection of blood into 3.2% or 3.8% sodium citrate.
Effects of Syringe Type and Storage Temperature on Results of Blood Gas Analysis in Arterial Blood of Horses
Authors: Picandet Valerie , Jeanneret Stephanie , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2010

Background:Results of arterial blood gas analysis can be biased by pre‐analytical factors, such as time to analysis, syringe type, and temperature during storage. However, the acceptable delay between time of collection and analysis for equine arterial blood gas remains unknown.

Hypothesis:Dedicated plastic syringes provide better stability of arterial blood gases than multipurpose plastic syringes.

Animals:Eight mares, 1 stallion, and 1 gelding, ages 3 to 10 years old.

Methods:Arterial blood samples were collected in a glass syringe, a plastic syringe designated for blood gas collection, and a multipurpose tuberculin plastic syringe. Blood samples were stored at ambient temperature or in iced water. For each sample, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), and pH were measured within a few minutes of collection and at 5, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after collection.

Results:Collection into glass syringes stored in iced water provided adequate PaO2results for up to 117 ± 35 minutes, whereas blood collected in either of the plastic syringes resulted in a variation >10 mm Hg after 10 ± 3 to 17 ± 2 minutes, depending on the storage conditions. Plastic syringes kept at ambient temperature offered more stability for PaCO2analysis because they could be stored up to 83 ± 16 minutes without significant variations. Values of pH did not show variations more than 0.02 for the first hour, irrespectively of storage condition.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Glass syringes placed on ice are preferable for analysis of PaO2. Blood collected in plastic syringes should be analyzed within 10 minutes, irrespective of the storage temperature, to ensure the accuracy of PaO2values.
Cytokine Profiles of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated from Septic and Healthy Neonatal Foals
Authors: Gold Jenifer R. , Perkins Gillian A. , Erb Hollis N. , Ainsworth Dorothy M.
Published: March 2010

Background:Septicemia initiates the production of pro‐inflammatory (interleukin [IL] 1‐beta [IL‐β], interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ], IL‐6), and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4) cytokines. The transcription of some of these proteins (IL‐8, IL‐6) is linked to endotoxin‐induced activation of the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Hypotheses: Septic foals fail to increase gene expression of IFN‐γ. Nonsurviving septic foals exhibit distinctive cytokine profiles.

Animals:Twenty‐one septic and 20 healthy neonatal foals.

Methods:Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, gene expression of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐4, IL‐8, TLR4, and β‐actin in PBMC were measured in samples obtained from septic foals at 0, 24, and 72 hours (T = 0, 24, and 72 hours) after admission to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Control foals were sampled at comparable times.

Results:At T = 0 hours, septic foals exhibited a 6‐fold decrease in gene expression of IL‐4 and a 5‐fold increase in gene expression of TLR4. Gene expression of IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐8, or of IL‐1β did not differ between the 2 groups of foals at T = 0 hours. In septic foals that died (n = 3), there was a 15‐fold increase in IL‐6 at T = 0 hours compared to survivors.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Septic foals, unlike septic human infants, up‐regulate TLR4 gene expression, which may enhance pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Despite the presence of sepsis, IFN‐γ was not up‐regulated. Additional studies are needed to verify that increased IL‐6 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in septic foals.
Serum Iron and Plasma Fibrinogen Concentrations as Indicators of Systemic Inflammatory Diseases in Horses
Authors: Borges AIexandre S. , Divers Thomas J. , Stokol Tracy , Mohammed O. Hussni
Published: March 2010

Background:Detection of systemic inflammation, which is important for proper diagnosis and prompt treatment, can be challenging.

Hypothesis:Measurement of plasma iron concentration is a sensitive method for detecting systemic inflammation in horses compared with measurements of plasma fibrinogen concentration, a traditional marker for inflammation in the horse.

Animals:Ninety‐seven horses hospitalized with diseases causing systemic inflammation, 22 horses with localized inflammation, and 12 clinically normal horses were included in this study.

Methods:A retrospective study was made on hospitalized horses that had both plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations measured on hospital admission.

Results:Plasma iron concentration was lower in horses with systemic inflammation (64 ± 45 μg/dL) than the reference interval minimum (105 μg/dL) and were significantly lower (P= .001) than the value in a group of horses with local inflammation (123 ± 45 μg/dL) and in healthy transported horses (143 ± 29 μg/dL). Low plasma iron and high fibrinogen concentrations were both sensitive indicators of systemic inflammation in horses with sensitivity of 90 and 82%, respectively. There was a similar correlation between either continued decreases in iron concentration (Rspof 0.239) or increases in fibrinogen concentration (Rspof 0.280) during hospitalization and a worse prognosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Measurement of plasma iron concentration better reflected acute inflammation than did fibrinogen concentration.
Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically III Neonatal Foals
Authors: Barton Michelle Henry , LeRoy Bruce E.
Published: March 2010

Background:Reference ranges for serum bile acids (SBA) concentration are well established in healthy adult horses. Increased values are indicative of hepatic disease.

Hypotheses: SBA concentrations are significantly greater in the neonatal period compared with mature horses, and illness in the neonatal period will further increase SBA.

Animals:Ten healthy mature horses, 12 healthy foals, and 31 clinically ill foals.

Methods:Prospective cross‐sectional study. Blood samples were obtained once from the mature horses, from healthy foals immediately after birth, at 2 days, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of age; and from ill foals less than 1 month of age at the time of admission to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. SBA concentrations were determined enzymatically and by radioimmunoassay. Total and direct bilirubin and triglyceride concentrations were measured, as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities.

Results:There was a significant negative correlation between age and SBA concentration. Compared with mature horses, SBA concentrations were significantly greater in healthy foals at each collection time over the first 6 weeks of life. Radioimmunoassay values were lower than enzymatic SBA values, with increasing bias as the mean difference between values increased. When comparing age‐matched values between healthy and ill foals, there were no significant differences in SBA. None of the ill foals had a primary diagnosis of hepatic disease. There was no significant correlation between the SBA concentration and the bilirubin or triglyceride concentrations or the GGT activity. There was a significant direct correlation between increased SBA and serum SDH activity in healthy foals only.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance: SBA concentrations in foals are significantly higher in the early neonatal period, underscoring the importance of using age‐matched references when evaluating clinical pathology values during the neonatal period.
Hemorrhagic Syndrome‐Like Disease in Calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex
Authors: Dabak Murat , Karapinar Tolga , Gulacti Irem , Bulut Hakan , Kizil Omer , Aydin Suleyman
Published: March 2010

Background:Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is one of the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle but there have been limited field studies about that condition.

Hypothesis:To identify the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis in calves and describe its clinical findings.

Animals:Five calves from a farm with 150 dairy cows.

Methods:Clinical examination of the calves was performed. After blood samples were obtained from 2 calves, whole blood, sera, and leukocyte samples were used for hematologic and hemostatic examinations, neutralization tests, virus isolation, and viral genome sequencing.

Results:The calves had moderate pyrexia, dullness, serous or mucous nasal discharge, and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on mucosal surfaces. Severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were identified on hematologic examinations. All calves died within 10 days of the onset of clinical signs. Virologic examinations identified BVDV as the causative agent of the disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This paper identifies a hemorrhagic syndrome‐like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex in Turkey.
Culture‐Positive Sepsis in Neonatal Camelids: 21 Cases
Authors: Dolente Brett A. , Lindborg Susan , Palmer Jonathan E. , Wilkins Pamela A.
Published: March 2010

Background:There is limited literature on neonatal bacterial sepsis in New World (NW) camelids.

Hypothesis:Bacterial culture‐positive crias have clinical differences based on the specific bacterial genera isolated.

Animals:Bacterial culture‐positive NW camelid crias <21 days of age from 1990 to 2005 were included.

Methods:Historic physical examination and cliniopathologic data were retrieved from medical records as were the identity and antibiograms of bacterial isolates. Cases were categorized by outcome (survival versus nonsurvival) and type of sepsis (gram‐negative or gram‐positive). Kruskal‐Wallis and chi‐square testing were used to evaluate differences between groups.

Results:Twenty‐one crias met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 2 days. Failure of passive transfer was common. There were few differences identified on the basis of outcome or type of sepsis. Crias without gastrointestinal or central nervous system involvement survived in greater numbers. Forty‐six percent of isolates were gram‐positive. The most common isolates were the following:Escherichia coli, Enterococcusspp.,Listeria monocytogenes, andCitrobacterspp. Overall survival was 67% (14/21).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Crias with sepsis do not appear to present with major biochemical, hematologic, or blood gas abnormalities, potentially complicating diagnosis. Affected crias may not have localizing signs at presentation and are not usually febrile, although hypothermia, tachypnea, and tachycardia are relatively common. Total protein concentration was not a substitute for immunoglobulin G measurement in septic crias in this study. Familiarity with the clinical presentation and common pathogens isolated should improve early recognition and treatment and ultimately outcome of crias with sepsis.
Altered Tryptophan Metabolism in FIV‐Positive Cats
Authors: Kenny Martin J. , Baxter Katie J. , Avery Nicholas C. , Addie Diane , Gruffydd‐Jones Tim , Tasker Severine
Published: March 2010

Background:Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is analogous to human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In AIDS patients, a progressive reduction in serum tryptophan concentration occurs because of activation of an inducible tryptophan degradation pathway mediated by elevated Λ‐interferon production.

Hypothesis:Cats infected with FIV have increased tryptophan catabolism evidenced by reduced circulating concentrations of tryptophan and increased concentrations of the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine.

Animals:Convenience sample of 235 cats submitted for diagnostic FIV serology (115 FIV‐negative and 120 FIV‐positive cats).

Methods:Retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Serum was assayed for tryptophan and kynurenine using a high performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection, respectively.

Results:Tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were log‐normally distributed. Geometric mean concentrations were: tryptophan: FIV‐positive 30.6 μM (95% CI: 26.8–34.8 μM), FIV‐negative 48.9 μM (95% CI: 43.6–54.9 μM) (P < .001); kynurenine: FIV‐positive 22.7 μM (95% CI: 25.5–10.9 μM), FIV‐negative 9.9 μM (95% CI: 20.3–9.03 μM) (P < .001). The ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan was: FIV‐positive 4.93 (95% CI: 5.62–4.32), FIV‐negative 1.34 (95% CI: 1.53–1.17) (P < .0001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Serum tryptophan concentration was significantly lower and serum kynurenine concentration was significantly higher in FIV‐positive cats. The kynurenine: tryptophan ratio was >3‐fold higher in FIV‐positive animals, indicating increased tryptophan catabolism in this group. Dietary or pharmacologic intervention to support serum tryptophan concentrations has been shown to be clinically useful in humans with AIDS and might be applicable to cats with FIV infection.
Guidelines for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Brown S. , Atkins C. , Bagley R. , Carr A. , Cowgill L. , Davidson M. , Egner B. , Elliott J. , Henik R. , Labato M. , Littman M. , Polzin D. , Ross L. , Snyder P. , Stepien R.
Published: March 2010

Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide veterinarians with guidelines regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of animal diseases. The foundation of the Consensus Statement is evidence‐based medicine, but if such evidence is conflicting or lacking, the panel provides interpretive recommendations on the basis of their collective expertise. The Consensus Statement is intended to be a guide for veterinarians, but it is not a statement of standard of care or a substitute for clinical judgment. Topics of statements and panel members to draft the statements are selected by the Board of Regents with input from the general membership. A draft prepared and input from Diplomates is solicited at the ACVIM Forum and via the ACVIM Web site and incorporated in a final version. This Consensus Statement was approved by the Board of Regents of the ACVIM before publication.
Use of Conventional and Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Epidemiology of Hemoplasma Infections in Anemic and Nonanemic Cats
Authors: Sykes Jane E. , Drazenovich Nicole L. , Ball Louise M. , Leutenegger Christian M.
Published: March 2010

Background: The goals of this study were to develop and apply conventional (c) and real‐time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays forMycoplasma haemofelis(Mhf),‘CandidatusMycoplasma haematoparvum’ (Mhp), and‘CandidatusMycoplasma haemominutum’ (Mhm) to blood samples of cats to determine the epidemiology of these infections in cats.

Hypothesis: Cats are infected with >2 hemoplasma species, and organism load correlates with disease induced by these organisms.

Animals: Blood samples from 263 anemic and nonanemic cats were used.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted.

Results: Forty‐seven (18%) samples were positive. Three samples (1%) yielded 170 base pair cPCR products, 1 of which was positive forMhfusing real‐time PCR. Forty‐four samples (17%) yielded 193 base pair cPCR products, 40 of which were positive forMhmusing real‐time PCR. Organism loads ranged from 375 × 106/mL to 6.9 × 106/mL of blood. Sequencing of cPCR products from samples testing negative using real‐time PCR identified 2Mhp‐like sequences, 1Mhm‐like sequence, and 1 sequence resembling ‘CandidatusMycoplasma turicensis.’ Cats infected withMhmwere less likely to be anemic than uninfected cats. Older age, outdoor exposure, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) seropositivity, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and stomatitis were associated withMhminfection. Cats from the Sacramento Valley were more often infected withMhmthan cats from the San Francisco bay area.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats may be infected with 4 hemoplasma species. The association betweenMhminfection, FIV, and SCC may reflect outdoor roaming status of infected cats. The clustered distribution of infection suggests an arthropod vector in transmission.
Treatment of Severe Immune‐Mediated Thrombocytopenia with Human IV Immunoglobulin in 5 Dogs
Authors: Bianco Domenico , Armstrong P. Jane , Washabau Robert J.
Published: March 2010

Background: Glucocorticoids with or without other immunotherapy are the initial treatment of choice for dogs with severe immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT). The majority of treated dogs will have improvements in platelet counts within 5 to 7 days of starting therapy, but complications from hemorrhage often occur before a response is seen. Human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIG) blocks Fc receptors on mononuclear phagocytic cells in dogs; it is used in people with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe adverse effects and benefit of hIVIG in addition to conventional immunosuppressive therapy in dogs with severe IMT.

Animals: Five client‐owned dogs with severe primary IMT.

Methods: Case series. The hospital database was searched for dogs with primary IMT treated with hIVIG.

Results: No adverse effects were noted during or after hIVIG infusion in any treated dog. Over a 6‐month follow‐up, all dogs were clinically normal when using conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Human IVIG was administered 3 days after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy in 4 dogs, and, after 2 days, in 1 dog. In all dogs, the mean platelet counts pre‐and 24 hours post‐hIVIG infusion (0.28–0.76 g/kg) were 2,500/μL and 50,600/μL (62,750/μL for the 4 responders), respectively. One dog failed to respond as promptly to hIVIG (0.34 g/kg), and the platelet count increased to 66,000/μL after 9 days of immunosuppressive therapy. The mean duration of hospitalization post‐hIVIG in all 5 dogs was 1.8 days (12 hours for responders), and the mean total length of hospitalization was 4.6 days (3.5 days for responders). Active hemorrhage resolved and no packed red blood cell transfusions were required after hIVIG infusion for responders.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Human IVIG was well tolerated and appeared to be associated with rapid platelet count recovery and amelioration of clinical signs in most dogs with IMT.
Assessment of Regional Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Function Using Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chetboul Valérie , Gouni Vassiliki , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Tissier Renaud , Serres Francois , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis
Published: March 2010

Background: Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) or strain (St) imaging could provide sensitive indices for early detection and treatment follow‐up of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Analysis of TDI and St features in dogs with overt DCM is a prerequisite before using these new criteria in prospective screenings of predisposed families or in clinical trials.

Hypothesis: Radial and longitudinal right and left myocardial motion, assessed by TDI and St variables, is altered in dogs with DCM.

Animals: Case records for 26 dogs; 14 with DCM and 12 healthy controls of comparable age and weight were reviewed.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of conventional echocardiography, 2‐dimensional color TDI, and St imaging data.

Results: The DCM group was characterized by decreases in radial and longitudinal systolic velocity gradients of the left ventricular free wall (LVFW), radial and longitudinal absolute values of peak systolic St of the LVFW, and longitudinal systolic right ventricular (RV) velocities (all P < .001 versus control) associated with longitudinal postsystolic contraction waves in 7/14 dogs. Early diastolic LVFW velocities also were decreased for longitudinal (P < .01) and radial (P < .05) motions. All radial LVFW, longitudinal basal LVFW, and RV systolic velocities were negatively correlated with heart rate (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: LV contractility along both the short and long axes is impaired in dogs with spontaneous DCM, as is systolic RV and diastolic LVFW function. These myocardial alterations are associated with an inverse force‐frequency relationship. Studies now are needed to determine the comparative sensitivity of TDI and St variables for the early detection of canine DCM.
The Effects of Age and Heart Rate on Tricuspid Annular Motion Velocities in Healthy Nonsedated Cats
Authors: Disatian Sirilak , Bright Janice M. , Boon June
Published: March 2010

Background: Age and heart rate have effects on myocardial velocities as assessed by color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in people. A similar phenomenon has been identified when left ventricular velocities are assessed in cats. To date, the effects of age and heart rate on tricuspid annular velocities of cats have not been assessed.

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the relationships between age and heart rate and tricuspid annular velocities in cats as assessed by 2‐dimensional (2D) color TDI.

Animals: Fifty healthy nonsedated cats with age range from 3 months to 19 years old were studied.

Methods: Tricuspid annular velocities were obtained with 2D color TDI. Effects of age and heart rate on tricuspid annular velocities were evaluated by simple linear regression. The strength of the linear relationship was determined by using coefficient of determination (R2).

Results: A significant weak negative relationship was found between age and peak early diastolic annular velocity (E';R2= 0.135,P= .018). No significant relationships between age and right ventricular (RV) systolic TDI values were found. Diastolic and systolic TDI parameters were not affected by heart rate with the exception of deceleration rate of early diastolic motion (DR;R2= 0.100,P= .025).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Age and heart rate have minimal effects on tricuspid annular velocities. The present study provides reference ranges for tricuspid annular velocities in healthy cats and information for assessing the clinical utility of color TDI for evaluation of RV function in cats.
Papillary Muscle Measurements in Cats with Normal Echocardiograms and Cats with Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Adin Darcy B. , Diley‐Poston Lindsey
Published: March 2010

Background: Papillary muscle hypertrophy can occur in conjunction with, or as the only indication of, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or other diseases that result in left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (LVCH). Assessment of papillary muscle size is usually subjective because objective measures have not been reported.

Hypothesis: The study hypothesis was that papillary muscle dimensions are different between normal cats and cats with LVCH.

Animals: Echocardiograms from 44 normal cats and 40 cats with LVCH were included in the study.

Methods: All measurements were taken from the right parasternal short‐axis view at the level of the papillary muscles at end‐diastole. Three methods were used to assess papillary muscle size: the area subtraction method, the direct area trace method, and the diameter method. Measurements were compared between cat groups and method comparisons were made among methods for area determination.

Results: Cats with LVCH were older and had significantly greater left ventricular septal and free wall thicknesses and larger left atrial measurements than normal cats (P< .0006). Papillary muscle measurements were significantly greater by all measurement methods in cats with LVCH than in cats with normal echocardiograms (P< .0001). The area subtraction method and direct area trace method showed moderate agreement.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Papillary muscle measurements were larger for LVCH cats than normal cats; however, some overlap was present. The establishment of these objective measures adds to the echocardiographic examination of cats.
Effects of L‐Asparaginase on Plasma Amino Acid Profiles and Tumor Burden in Cats with Lymphoma
Authors: LeBlanc A.K. , Cox S.K. , Kirk C.A. , Newman S.J. , Bartges J.W. , Legendre A.M.
Published: March 2010

Background: L‐Asparaginase (Elspara), is anEscherichia coli‐derived enzyme that depletes lymphoma cells of asparagine, inhibiting protein synthesis and resulting in cell death. The single agent response rate in cats with lymphoma and impact of L‐asparaginase on plasma amino acid concentrations is unknown.

Hypotheses: L‐Asparaginase significantly reduces plasma asparagine concentrations and has demonstrable efficacy against untreated lymphoma in cats.

Animals: Thirteen cats with confirmed lymphoma (LSA) of any anatomic site were given 1 dose 400 IU/kg IM) of L‐asparaginase for initial LSA treatment.

Methods: Plasma collected at 0, 2, and 7 days after L‐asparaginase therapy was assayed for ammonia, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid concentrations. Cats were restaged 7 days later to assess tumor response.

Results: Eight cats had T‐cell LSA, 4 cats had B‐cell LSA, and 1 cat's immunophenotype was unknown. Two complete and 2 partial responses to L‐asparaginase were seen. Four cats had stable disease, and 5 cats had progressive disease. Ammonia and aspartic acid concentrations were increased from baseline at 2 and 7 days posttreatment. Asparagine concentrations were decreased from baseline at 2 days but not 7 days posttreatment. Glutamic acid concentrations were increased at day 2 compared to day 7 posttreatment but not compared to baseline. Glutamine concentrations were unchanged.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: L‐Asparaginase significantly reduced asparagine concentrations within 2 days of treatment, but this effect was lost within 7 days. The apparent overall response rate of feline LSA to L‐asparaginase in this study was 30%.
Photodynamic Therapy of Feline Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Newly Developed Liposomal Photosensitizer: Preliminary Results Concerning Drug Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Buchholz Julia , Wergin Melanie , Walt Heinrich , Gräfe Susanna , Bley Carla Rohrer , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara
Published: March 2010

Background: Squamous cell carcinomas are common skin tumors in cats. We investigated photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a new liposomal photosensitizer as a minimally invasive, effective treatment that can be easily performed while achieving good cosmetic results.

Aim: The goal of this study was to assess and describe possible toxicities using a liposomal formulation of the photosensitizermeta‐(Tetrahydroxyphenyl)Chlorin (m‐THPC) and investigate if favorable pharmacokinetics translate into favorable tumor response and control.

Animals: Eighteen client‐owned cats with 20 spontaneous cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas were included in the study.

Methods: PDT was performed using a new, liposomal formulation of the photosensitizer. Toxicity, tumor response, and tumor control were evaluated retrospectively.

Results: No general adverse effects were observed in cats treated with the new liposomal formulation. Mild local toxicity such as erythema and edema were seen in 15% of the patients. All cats responded to therapy, with a complete response rate of 100%. The overall 1‐year control rate was 75%. The tumor recurrence rate was 20% with a median time to recurrence of 172.25 (±87.1) days.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A new liposomal photosensitizer was successfully used for squamous cell carcinoma in cats and was well tolerated. There were no systemic adverse effects observed with the liposomal formulation. The favorable pharmacokinetics of the liposomal drug resulted in a favorable tumor response.