bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte
Authors: Wilson Robert Thomas
Published: September 2014

A colourful British general, Robert Wilson (1777–1849) was knighted many times over by crowned heads, but never by his own monarch. Described by Wellington as 'a very slippery fellow', he fought in the Peninsular and Napoleonic wars, and his published account of the Egyptian campaign resulted in Napoleon complaining to the British government about accusations of his cruelty towards prisoners and his own men. Following the invasion of Russia, Wilson was seconded to Kutuzov's army, and was present at all the major engagements. Edited by his nephew and published in 1860, this second edition of Wilson's journal includes personal and official correspondence from Tsar Alexander I and his generals, and gives not only detailed accounts of troop movements and strategy, but also vivid descriptions of the savagery meted out by both sides. It remains an essential source of information on one of history's most famous military retreats.
The Sikh Religion
Authors: Macauliffe Max Arthur
Published: September 2014

Born and educated in Ireland, Max Arthur Macauliffe (1841–1913) joined the Indian Civil Service in 1862. In 1882 he was promoted to the post of deputy commissioner of the Punjab. But it was after he retired from the civil service in 1893 that he gained public attention. Macauliffe developed a close affinity with Sikhism while in the Punjab, eventually converting to the religion. His translation into English of the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhism, is recognised as the most accurate to date. Following this project, he set to work on this six-volume set, covering the history and philosophy of Sikhism, first published in 1909 and still regarded as the definitive work on the subject. Volume 3 narrates the life of Arjun, the fifth guru, with translations of his compositions in the Sikh holy book.
The Works of Sir William Jones
Authors: Jones William
Published: September 2014

A renowned Enlightenment polymath, Sir William Jones (1746–94) was a lawyer, translator and poet who wrote authoritatively on politics, comparative linguistics and oriental literature. Known initially for his Persian translations and political radicalism, Jones became further celebrated for his study and translation of ancient Sanskrit texts following his appointment to the supreme court in Calcutta in 1783. He spent the next eleven years introducing Europe to the mysticism and rationality of Hinduism through works such as his nine 'Hymns' to Hindu deities and his translation of the Sanskrit classic Sacontalá, influencing Romantic writers from William Blake to August Wilhelm Schlegel. Volume 12 of his thirteen-volume works, published in 1807, contains the final book of Jones's Histoire de Nader Chah (1770), a memoir of the famed Iranian ruler, translated into French from the Persian. This volume also includes Jones' Traité sur la poësie orientale (1770), an essay exploring Arabic and Persian poetry.
A Grammar of the Sungskrit Language
Authors: Carey William
Published: September 2014

The Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit is the primary language of Hinduism and also a scholarly language of Buddhism. Dating back to the second millennium BCE, it is considered to be the parent of most modern languages of India, and remains central to work in Indo-European studies, philology and linguistics today. First published in 1806, this is a comprehensive grammar of Sanskrit, compiled by the Baptist missionary William Carey (1761–1834) during his time in India. Its purpose was to make the language accessible to European learners, presenting its complex systems of verb conjugation, compound words and affixation in a straightforward way. Reissued here in a two-volume set, Volume 2 contains Books 4 and 5 of the work (covering word formation and syntax), a detailed appendix on the roots of Sanskrit words, and an index. Carey's reference works on Marathi and Bengali are also reissued in this series.
Ferishta's History of Dekkan, from the First Mahummedan Conquests
Authors: Ferishta
Published: September 2014

Serving in Bengal as a captain of the East India Company, Jonathan Scott (1753–1829) became a private Persian translator to Governor-General Warren Hastings in 1783. A gifted orientalist, he was elected a member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784, returned to England in 1785, and a year later published the first of his many translations, Memoirs of Eradut Khan (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection), shedding light on the Mughal empire in the seventeenth century. This two-volume work, published in 1794, narrates the fortunes of the Islamic kingdoms in southern India from the thirteenth century onwards. Based around translations from various manuscripts, Volume 2 covers the conquest of the Deccan Plateau by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the rise of the Maratha leader Shivaji and the reigns of the later Mughal emperors. Also included is an account of the state of Bengal from the mid-eighteenth century.
Research Methods for Engineers
Authors: Thiel David V.
Published: September 2014

Learn how to plan for success with this hands-on guide to conducting high-quality engineering research. Plan and implement your next project for maximum impact: step-by-step instructions cover every stage in engineering research, from the identification of an appropriate research topic through to the successful presentation of results. Improve your research outcomes: discover essential tools and methods for producing high-quality, rigorous research, including statistical analysis, survey design, and optimisation techniques. Research with purpose and direction: clear explanations, real-world examples, and over 50 customisable end-of-chapter exercises, all written with the practical and ethical considerations of engineering in mind. A unique engineering perspective: written especially for engineers, and relevant across all engineering disciplines, this is the ideal book for graduate students, undergraduates, and new academics looking to launch their research careers.
Mrs Gaskell
Authors: Chadwick Esther Alice
Published: September 2014

Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65) lost her mother at an early age and was sent to live with her aunt in Knutsford, a country town outside Manchester which is often thought to bear a notable resemblance to the fictional Cranford. In this engaging biography, Esther Alice Chadwick (1862–1929) shows how many historical facts of Gaskell's life influenced her novels and stories - from the character of her home town to the sudden disappearance of her brother in India. Originally published in 1910, this was the first full biography of the author; the revised edition of 1913 is reissued here. It includes additional research, illustrations, and excerpts from Gaskell's letters, which provide a touching glimpse into the life of a writer who often felt herself torn between her intellectual and domestic duties. Still a major source for modern biographies, Chadwick's book remains an authoritative source for scholars and students of English literature.
A Voyage of Discovery, into the South Sea and Beering's Straits, for the Purpose of Exploring a North-East Passage
Authors: Kotzebue Otto von
Published: September 2014

An admirer of Captain Cook, Otto von Kotzebue (1787–1846) was a leading navigator, in Russian service, circumnavigating the globe three times. His 1815 expedition set out to find a passage through the Arctic, study the coastlines of Kamchatka and Alaska, and explore the Pacific. Among the personnel were the naturalist Chamisso and the artist Choris, who both contributed valuable information to the published account, while Eschscholtz, a physician, collected zoological specimens. Originally published in 1821 in Russian and German, this English translation, presented with many plates and charts, appeared the same year and formed part of Darwin's library aboard the Beagle. Volume 2 contains the concluding part of the journal, together with contributions by the other members of the expedition. Chamisso's chapters on the Pacific languages are still of interest today, with his glossaries including words not given in any other contemporary sources.
The Economics of Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Engel Eduardo , Fischer Ronald D. , Galetovic Alexander
Published: September 2014

Governments typically build and maintain public infrastructure, which they fund through taxes. But in the past twenty-five years, many developing and advanced economies have introduced public-private partnerships (PPPs), which bundle finance, construction, and operation into a long-term contract with a private firm. In this book, the authors provide a summary of what they believe are the main lessons learned from the interplay of experience and the academic literature on PPPs, addressing such key issues as when governments should choose a PPP instead of a conventional provision, how PPPs should be implemented, and the appropriate governance structures for PPPs. The authors argue that the fiscal impact of PPPs is similar to that of conventional provisions and that they do not liberate public funds. The case for PPPs rests on efficiency gains and service improvements, which often prove elusive. Indeed, pervasive renegotiations, faulty fiscal accounting, and poor governance threaten the PPP model.
Verzeichniss der Hebraischen Handschriften
Authors: Steinschneider Moritz
Published: September 2014

Educated in Prague, Vienna and Leipzig, Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907) was a Jewish Bohemian orientalist with a deep understanding of classical and Semitic languages and cultures, specialising in bibliography. He edited twenty-one volumes of the journal Hebräische Bibliographie from 1859 to 1882, and his 1878 catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts held in the Hamburg State Library is also reissued in this series, along with his 1877 review of Arabic polemic and apologetic literature among Muslims, Christians and Jews. Published between 1878 and 1897, this two-volume work is a descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts in what is now the Berlin State Library. In Volume 1, Steinschneider categorises and describes 124 manuscripts. The volume also includes reproductions of Hebrew handwriting.
Mss. Codices Hebraici Bibliothecae I. B. De-Rossi Accurate ab Eodem Descripti et Illustrati
Authors: De Rossi Giovanni Bernardo
Published: September 2014

Published in 1803, this is the second part of a three-volume descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew codices in the personal library of Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi (1742–1831), professor of oriental languages at the University of Parma. Each codex is numbered and its contents briefly described in Latin. Volume 2 features descriptions of codices 347–858 from a total of 1,377. De Rossi was an important collector of manuscripts and incunabula, and an authority on Hebrew typography and textual variants. The Hebrew manuscripts described in this catalogue were obtained as a result of his exhaustive researches into variant readings of the Old Testament, the results of which he published as Variae lectiones veteris testamenti (1784–8). He also produced groundbreaking studies of printed Hebrew texts, and a catalogue of Jewish anti-Christian polemics, Bibliotheca judaica antichristiana (also reissued in this series).
The DRCOG Revision Guide
Authors: Ward Susan , Joels Lisa , Melrose Elaine , Vindla Srinivas
Published: September 2014

The DRCOG Revision Guide has been written by examiners as a must-have guide for anyone preparing for this examination. The format is closely aligned to the DRCOG syllabus with a chapter covering each one of the seven syllabus sections. The specimen questions can be used to check existing knowledge and ascertain where to concentrate your revision efforts. The guide contains 350 example questions that accurately represent each of the three question types that are featured in the examination. The answers sections contain detailed explanations and some insights from the examiners to help with exam technique. Suggested reading material and references to the sources of information used to set the questions are given throughout. The book ends with a complete mock examination to help you to practise time management and test your overall understanding. If you are preparing to sit the DRCOG examination, this is an essential guide for exam success.
Moral China in the Age of Reform
Authors: Ci Jiwei
Published: September 2014

Three decades of dizzying change in China's economy and society have left a tangible record of successes and failures. Less readily accessible but of no less consequence is the story, as illuminated in this book, of what China's reform has done to its people as moral and spiritual beings. Jiwei Ci examines the moral crisis in post-Mao China as a mirror of deep contradictions in the new self as well as in society. He seeks to show that lack of freedom, understood as the moral and political conditions for subjectivity under modern conditions of life, lies at the root of these contradictions, just as enhanced freedom offers the only appropriate escape from them. Rather than a ready-made answer, however, freedom is treated throughout as a pressing question in China's search for a better moral and political culture.
The Musicology of Record Production
Authors: Zagorski-Thomas Simon
Published: September 2014

Recorded music is as different to live music as film is to theatre. In this book, Simon Zagorski-Thomas employs current theories from psychology and sociology to examine how recorded music is made and how we listen to it. Setting out a framework for the study of recorded music and record production, he explains how recorded music is fundamentally different to live performance, how record production influences our interpretation of musical meaning and how the various participants in the process interact with technology to produce recorded music. He combines ideas from the ecological approach to perception, embodied cognition and the social construction of technological systems to provide a summary of theoretical approaches that are applied to the sound of the music and the creative activity of production. A wide range of examples from Zagorski-Thomas's professional experience reveal these ideas in action.
Thomas Pynchon and American Counterculture
Authors: Freer Joanna
Published: September 2014

Thomas Pynchon and American Counterculture employs the revolutionary sixties as a lens through which to view the anarchist politics of Pynchon's novels. Joanna Freer identifies and elucidates Pynchon's commentaries on such groups as the Beats, the New Left and the Black Panther Party and on such movements as the psychedelic movement and the women's movement, drawing out points of critique to build a picture of a complex countercultural sensibility at work in Pynchon's fiction. In emphasising the subtleties of Pynchon's responses to counterculture, Freer clarifies his importance as an intellectually rigorous political philosopher. She further suggests that, like the graffiti in Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon creates texts that are 'revealed in order to be thought about, expanded on, translated into action by the people', his early attraction to core countercultural values growing into a conscious, politically motivated writing project that reaches its most mature expression in Against the Day.
Pragmatism and the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Slater Michael R.
Published: September 2014

In this book, Michael Slater provides a new assessment of pragmatist views in the philosophy of religion. Focusing on the tension between naturalist and anti-naturalist versions of pragmatism, he argues that the anti-naturalist religious views of philosophers such as William James and Charles Peirce provide a powerful alternative to the naturalism and secularism of later pragmatists such as John Dewey and Richard Rorty. Slater first examines the writings of the 'classical pragmatists' - James, Peirce, and Dewey - and argues for the relevance of their views for thinking about such topics as the nature of religion and the viability of natural theology. His final three chapters engage with the religious views of later pragmatists such as Rorty and Philip Kitcher, and with current philosophical debates over metaphysical realism, naturalism, and evidentialism. His book will be of particular interest to philosophers of religion, theologians, and specialists in American philosophy.
Stimulus-Locked and Response-Locked ERP Correlates of Spatial Inhibition of Return (IOR) in Old Age
Authors: Amenedo Elena , Gutiérrez-Domínguez Francisco-Javier , Mateos-Ruger Sara M. , Pazo-Álvarez Paula
Published: September 2014

Behavioral research has shown that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is preserved in old age although at longer time intervals between cue and target, which has been interpreted as reflecting a later disengagement from the cue. A recent event-related potential (ERP) study attributed this age-related pattern to an enhanced processing of the cue. Previous ERP research in young samples indicates that target and response processing are also affected by IOR, which makes interesting to study the ERP correlates of IOR from cue presentation to response execution. In this regard, in the present study stimulus-locked (cue-locked and target-locked) and response-locked ERPs were explored in healthy young and older participants. The behavioral results indicated preserved IOR in the older participants. The cue-locked ERPs could suggest that the older participants processed the cue as a warning signal to prepare for the upcoming target stimulus. Under IOR, target-locked ERPs of both age groups showed lower N1 amplitudes suggesting a suppression/inhibition of cued targets. During the P3 rising period, in young subjects a negative shift (Nd effect) to cued targets was observed in the lower visual field (LVF), and a positive shift (Pd effect) in the upper visual field. However, in the older group the Nd effect was absent suggesting a reduction of attentional resolution in the LVF. The older group showed enhanced motor activation to prepare correct responses, although IOR effects on response-locked lateralized readiness potential LRP indicated reduced response preparation to cued targets in both age groups. In general, results suggest that the older adults inhibit or reduce the visual processing of targets appearing at cued locations, and the preparation to respond to them, but with the added cost of allocating more attentional resources onto the cue and of maintaining a more effortful processing during the sequence of stimuli within the trial.
Age Differences in the Processing of Context Information
Authors: Schmitt Hannah , Wolff Maren C. , Ferdinand Nicola K. , Kray Jutta
Published: September 2014

The dual mechanisms of control theory (DMC; Braver & Barch, 2002 ) assumes that age-related changes in the temporal structure of context processing underlie age differences in numerous cognitive control tasks. Younger adults usually exhibit a proactive control mode, characterized by cue-related context updating, while older adults show a reactive control mode, updating information when interference is detected. This study aimed at determining whether age differences in electrophysiological correlates of context updating in a pro-and reactive manner are independent of individual differences in task performance. To this end, younger and older adults were split into four groups according to their updating efficiency in behavioral data. Nineteen younger and 18 older adults completed a modified AX-Continuous-Performance Task ( Lenartowicz, Escobedo-Quiroz, & Cohen, 2010 ) in which correct responses to probes were either dependent (c-dep) or independent (c-indep) on a preceding contextual cue. Analysis of the behavioral data showed no differences in context updating when performance was matched, that is, between low performing younger and high performing older adults. However, low performing younger adults showed larger cue-locked parietal P3b amplitudes on c-dep than c-indep trials, indicating c-dep trials to require context updating to a larger extent, while high performing older adults exhibited a specific control strategy and continuously updated context information, as reflected in comparable P3b amplitudes on c-dep and c-indep trials. The persistent age effect in the P3b when controlling for performance differences suggests context updating to be fundamental to cognitive aging. High performing in contrast to low performing older adults also showed a larger negative N450 to ambiguous probes on c-dep trials associated with conflict detection. According to the DMC, this finding suggests late conflict detection at the time interference is detected, indicative of a reactive control style particular in high performing elderly.
Novel Friction Law for the Static Friction Force based on Local Precursor Slipping
Authors: Katano Yu , Nakano Ken , Otsuki Michio , Matsukawa Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

The sliding of a solid object on a solid substrate requires a shear force that is larger than the maximum static friction force. It is commonly believed that the maximum static friction force is proportional to the loading force and does not depend on the apparent contact area. The ratio of the maximum static friction force to the loading force is called the static friction coefficient µM, which is considered to be a constant. Here, we conduct experiments demonstrating that the static friction force of a slider on a substrate follows a novel friction law under certain conditions. The magnitude of µM decreases as the loading force increases or as the apparent contact area decreases. This behavior is caused by the slip of local precursors before the onset of bulk sliding and is consistent with recent theory. The results of this study will develop novel methods for static friction control.
Supercritical fluid rectification of lignin microwave-pyrolysis oil
Authors: Mudraboyina B. P. , Fu D. , Jessop P. G.
Published: September 2014

Supercritical fluid rectification selectively extracts single ring phenols from lignin microwave-pyrolysis oil.
Turbulence and skin friction modification in channel flow with streamwise-aligned superhydrophobic surface texture
Authors: Jelly T. O. , Jung S. Y. , Zaki T. A.
Published: September 2014

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flow in a channel with superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) were performed, and the effects of the surface texture on the turbulence and skin-friction coefficient were examined. The SHS is modeled as a planar boundary comprised of spanwise-alternating regions of no-slip and free-slip boundary conditions. Relative to the reference no-slip channel flow at the same bulk Reynolds number, the overall mean skin-friction coefficient is reduced by 21.6%. A detailed analysis of the turbulence kinetic energy budget demonstrates a reduction in production over the no-slip phases, which is explained by aid of quadrant analysis of the Reynolds shear stresses and statistical analysis of the turbulence structures. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the strength of streamwise vortical structures in the presence of the SHS texture and a decrease in the Reynolds shear-stress component ⟨R12⟩ which has a favorable influence on drag over the no-slip phases. A secondary flow which is set up at the edges of the texture also effects a beneficial change in drag. Nonetheless, the skin-friction coefficient on the no-slip features is higher than the reference levels in a simple no-slip channel flow. The increase in the skin-friction coefficient is attributed to two factors. First, spanwise diffusion of the mean momentum from free-slip to no-slip regions increases the local skin-friction coefficient on the edges of the no-slip features. Second, the drag-reducing capacity of the SHS is further reduced due to additional Reynolds stresses, ⟨R13⟩.
Molecular forces, geometries, and frequencies by systematic molecular fragmentation including embedded charges
Authors: Collins Michael A.
Published: September 2014

The accuracy of energies, energy gradients, and hessians evaluated by systematic molecular fragmentation is examined for a wide range of neutral molecules, zwitterions, and ions. A protocol is established that may employ embedded charges in conjunction with fragmentation to provide accurate evaluation of minimum energy geometries and vibrational frequencies in an automated procedure.
The hydrogen diffusion in liquid aluminum alloys from ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Jakse N. , Pasturel A.
Published: September 2014

We study the hydrogen diffusion in liquid aluminum alloys through extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. At the microscopic scale, we show that the hydrogen motion is characterized by a broad distribution of spatial jumps that does not correspond to a Brownian motion. To determine the self-diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in liquid aluminum alloys, we use a generalized continuous time random walk model recently developed to describe the hydrogen diffusion in pure aluminum. In particular, we show that the model successfully accounts the effects of alloying elements on the hydrogen diffusion in agreement with experimental features.
Ring polymers in crowded environment: Conformational properties
Authors: Haydukivska K. , Blavatska V.
Published: September 2014

We analyze the universal size characteristics of flexible ring polymers in solutions in presence of structural obstacles (impurities) in d dimensions. One encounters such situations when considering polymers in gels, colloidal solutions, intra- and extracellular environments. A special case of extended impurities correlated on large distances r according to a power law ∼r−a is considered. Applying the direct polymer renormalization scheme, we evaluate the estimates for averaged gyration radius ⟨Rg ring⟩ and spanning radius ⟨R1/2 ring⟩ of typical ring polymer conformation up to the first order of double ɛ = 4 − d, δ = 4 − a expansion. Our results quantitatively reveal an extent of the effective size and anisotropy of closed ring macromolecules in disordered environment. In particular, the size ratio of ring and open (linear) polymers of the same molecular weight grows when increasing the strength of disorder according to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\langle R^2_{g\,{\rm ring}} \rangle / \langle R^2_{g\,{\rm chain}} \rangle =\frac{1}{2} (1+\frac{13}{48}\delta )$\end{document}⟨Rg ring 2⟩/⟨Rg chain 2⟩=12(1+1348δ).
Structural, thermodynamic, mechanical, and magnetic properties of FeW system
Authors: Ren Q. Q. , Fan J. L. , Han Y. , Gong H. R.
Published: September 2014

The Fe-W system is systematically investigated through a combined use of first-principles calculation, cluster expansion, special quasirandom structures, and experiments. It is revealed that the ferromagnetic state of BCC Fe-W solid solution has lower heat of formation than its nonmagnetic state within the entire composition range, and intermetallic λ-Fe2W and μ-Fe7W6 phases are energetically favorable with negative heats of formation. Calculations also show that the Fe-W solid solution has much lower coefficient of thermal expansion than its mechanical mixture, and that the descending sequence of temperature-dependent elastic moduli of each Fe-W solid solution is E > G > B. Moreover, magnetic state should have an important effect on mechanical properties of Fe-W phases, and electronic structures can provide a deeper understanding of various properties of Fe-W. The derived results agree well with experimental observations, and can clarify two experimental controversies regarding structural stability and magnetic property of Fe-W phases in the literature.
You cannot tell a book by looking at the cover: Cryptic complexity in bacterial evolution
Authors: Zhang Qiucen , Bos Julia , Tarnopolskiy Grigory , Sturm James C. , Kim Hyunsung , Pourmand Nader , Austin Robert H.
Published: September 2014

Do genetically closely related organisms under identical, but strong selection pressure converge to a common resistant genotype or will they diverge to different genomic solutions? This question gets at the heart of how rough is the fitness landscape in the local vicinity of two closely related strains under stress. We chose a Growth Advantage in Stationary Phase (GASP) Escherichia coli strain to address this question because the GASP strain has very similar fitness to the wild-type (WT) strain in the absence of metabolic stress but in the presence of metabolic stress continues to divide and does not enter into stationary phase. We find that under strong antibiotic selection pressure by the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in a complex ecology that the GASP strain rapidly evolves in under 20 h missense mutation in gyrA only 2 amino acids removed from the WT strain indicating a convergent solution, yet does not evolve the other 3 mutations of the WT strain. Further the GASP strain evolves a prophage e14 excision which completely inhibits biofilm formation in the mutant strain, revealing the hidden complexity of E. coli evolution to antibiotics as a function of selection pressure. We conclude that there is a cryptic roughness to fitness landscapes in the absence of stress.
Forced response of a laminar shock-induced separation bubble
Authors: Sansica A. , Sandham N. D. , Hu Z.
Published: September 2014

The source of unsteadiness in shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions is currently disputed. This paper considers a two-dimensional separation bubble induced by an oblique shock wave interacting with a laminar boundary layer at a free-stream Mach number of 1.5. The global response of the separated region to white noise forcing is analyzed for different interaction strengths, which generate small and large separation bubbles. Forcing location and amplitude effects have been examined. For both interaction strengths and for forcing both upstream and inside the bubble, the wall-pressure spectra downstream of the separation show a high-frequency peak that is demonstrated to be a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. A low-frequency response at the separation point is also found when the separation bubble is only forced internally, therefore with a disturbance-free upstream boundary layer. For low-amplitude internal forcing, the low-frequency response at the separation point and downstream of the bubble is linear. However, when forced upstream the low-frequency unsteadiness of the large separation bubble is found to be driven by nonlinearities coming from the downstream shedding. The same nonlinear behavior is found when the separation bubble is internally forced over a narrow band around the shedding frequency, without low-frequency disturbances. This analysis for a laminar interaction is used to interpret the low-frequency unsteadiness found at the foot of the shock of turbulent interactions. Here, the low-frequency unsteadiness occurs in the absence of upstream disturbances and a linear relationship is found between the internal forcing and the response near the separation point. When low-frequencies are not present in the forcing they are generated from weak nonlinearities of the shear-layer instability modes.
Investigation of plasma diagnostics using a dual frequency harmonic technique
Authors: Kim Dong-Hwan , Kim Young-Do , Cho Sung-Won , Kim Yu-Sin , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: September 2014

Plasma diagnostic methods using harmonic currents analysis of electrostatic probes were experimentally investigated to understand the differences in their measurement of the plasma parameters. When dual frequency voltage (ω1,ω2) was applied to a probe, various harmonic currents (ω1, 2ω1,ω2, 2ω2,ω2±ω1,ω2±2ω1) were generated due to the non-linearity of the probe sheath. The electron temperature can be obtained from the ratio of the two harmonics of the probe currents. According to the combinations of the two harmonics, the sensitivities in the measurement of the electron temperature differed, and this results in a difference of the electron temperature. From experiments and simulation, it is shown that this difference is caused by the systematic and random noise.
The breakup length of harmonically stimulated capillary jets
Authors: García F. J. , González H. , Castrejón-Pita J. R. , Castrejón-Pita A. A.
Published: September 2014

A simple transfer function that can predict the breakup length of a pressure-modulated capillary jet is rigorously deduced from first principles. In this paper, the initial velocity modulation of a stimulated jet is given in terms of its pressure amplitude by means of a generalized Bernoulli equation, which in turn is connected to the breakup time through a two-mode linear analysis. The predicted breakup length is compared against experimental results with water jets emerging from a thin 1 mm-diameter orifice for different pressure modulations. These experiments agree better with the presented theoretical prediction than with a previously established model.
Quasi-periodic Fibonacci and periodic one-dimensional hypersonic phononic crystals of porous silicon: Experiment and simulation
Authors: Aliev Gazi N. , Goller Bernhard
Published: September 2014

A one-dimensional Fibonacci phononic crystal and a distributed Bragg reflector were constructed from porous silicon. The structures had the same number of layers and similar acoustic impedance mismatch, and were electrochemically etched in highly boron doped silicon wafers. The thickness of the individual layers in the stacks was approximately 2 μm. Both types of hypersonic band gap structure were studied by direct measurement of the transmittance of longitudinal acoustic waves in the 0.1–2.6 GHz range. Acoustic band gaps deeper than 50 dB were detected in both structures. The experimental results were compared with model calculations employing the transfer matrix method. The acoustic properties of periodic and quasi-periodic structures in which half-wave retarding bi-layers do not consist of two quarter-wave retarding layers are discussed. The strong correlation between width and depth of gaps in the transmission spectra is demonstrated. The dominant mechanisms of acoustic losses in porous multilayer structures are discussed. The elastic constants remain proportional over our range of porosity, and hence, the Grüneisen parameter is constant. This simplifies the expression for the porosity dependence of the Akhiezer damping.
Kinetic transverse dispersion relation for relativistic magnetized electron-positron plasmas with Maxwell-Jüttner velocity distribution functions
Authors: López Rodrigo A. , Moya Pablo S. , Muñoz Víctor , Viñas Adolfo F. , Valdivia J. Alejandro
Published: September 2014

We use a kinetic treatment to study the linear transverse dispersion relation for a magnetized isotropic relativistic electron-positron plasma with finite relativistic temperature. The explicit linear dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves propagating along a constant background magnetic field is presented, including an analytical continuation to the whole complex frequency plane for the case of Maxwell-Jüttner velocity distribution functions. This dispersion relation is studied numerically for various temperatures. For left-handed solutions, the system presents two branches, the electromagnetic ordinary mode and the Alfvén mode. In the low frequency regime, the Alfvén branch has two dispersive zones, the normal zone (where ∂ω/∂k > 0) and an anomalous zone (where ∂ω/∂k < 0). We find that in the anomalous zone of the Alfvén branch, the electromagnetic waves are damped, and there is a maximum wave number for which the Alfvén branch is suppressed. We also study the dependence of the Alfvén velocity and effective plasma frequency with the temperature. We complemented the analytical and numerical approaches with relativistic full particle simulations, which consistently agree with the analytical results.
Enhancement of switching speed of BiFeO3 capacitors by magnetic fields
Authors: Guo E. J. , Das S. , Herklotz A.
Published: September 2014

The effect of a magnetic field on the ferroelectric switching kinetics of BiFeO3 (BFO) capacitors with La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 (LCMO) bottom electrode and Pt top contact has been investigated. We find a strong dependence of the remnant polarization and coercive field on the magnetic field. The switching time can be systematically tuned by magnetic field and reaches a tenfold reduction around the Curie temperature of LCMO at 4 T. We attribute this behavior to the splitting of the voltage drops across the BFO film and the LCMO bottom electrode, which can be strongly influenced by an external magnetic field due to the magnetoresistance. Further experiments on the BFO capacitors with SrRuO3 bottom electrodes show little magnetic field dependence of ferroelectric switching confirming our interpretation. Our results provide an efficient route to control the ferroelectric switching speed through the magnetic field, implying potential application in multifunctional devices.
A novel ultrathin and broadband microwave metamaterial absorber
Authors: Wang Bei-Yin , Liu Shao-Bin , Bian Bo-Rui , Mao Zhi-Wen , Liu Xiao-Chun , Ma Ben , Chen Lin
Published: September 2014

In this paper, the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement of an ultrathin and broadband microwave metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on a double-layer structure are presented. Compared with the prior work, our structure is simple and polarization insensitive. The broadband MMA presents good absorption above 90% between 8.85  GHz and 14.17 GHz, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) absorption bandwidth of 6.77 GHz and a relative FWHM absorption bandwidth of 57.3%. Moreover, the structure has a thickness of 1.60 mm (only λ/20 at the lowest frequencies). The experimental results show excellent absorption rates which are in good correspondence with the simulated results. The broadband absorber is promising candidates as absorbing elements in scientific and technical applications because of its broadband absorption and polarization insensitive.
Transport properties in semiconducting NbS2 nanoflakes
Authors: Huang Y. H. , Peng C. C. , Chen R. S. , Huang Y. S. , Ho C. H.
Published: September 2014

The electronic transport properties in individual niobium disulphide (NbS2) nanoflakes mechanically exfoliated from the bulk crystal with three rhombohedral (3R) structure grown by chemical vapor transport were investigated. It is found that the conductivity values of the single-crystalline nanoflakes are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that of their bulk counterparts. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements show that the 3R-NbS2 nanoflakes exhibit semiconducting transport behavior, which is also different from the metallic character in the bulk crystals. In addition, the noncontinuous conductivity variations were observed at the temperature below 180 K for both the nanoflakes and the bulks, which is attributed to the probable charge density wave transition. The photoconductivities in the semiconducting nanoflakes were also observed under the excitation at 532 nm wavelength. The probable mechanisms resulting in the different transport behaviors between the NbS2 nanostructure and bulk were discussed.
Atom-probe tomographic study of interfaces of Cu2ZnSnS4 photovoltaic cells
Authors: Tajima S. , Asahi R. , Isheim D. , Seidman D. N. , Itoh T. , Hasegawa M. , Ohishi K.
Published: September 2014

The heterophase interfaces between the CdS buffer layer and the Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorption layers are one of the main factors affecting photovoltaic performance of CZTS cells. We have studied the compositional distributions at heterophase interfaces in CZTS cells using three-dimensional atom-probe tomography. The results demonstrate: (a) diffusion of Cd into the CZTS layer; (b) segregation of Zn at the CdS/CZTS interface; and (c) a change of oxygen and hydrogen concentrations in the CdS layer depending on the heat treatment. Annealing at 573 K after deposition of CdS improves the photovoltaic properties of CZTS cells probably because of the formation of a heterophase epitaxial junction at the CdS/CZTS interface. Conversely, segregation of Zn at the CdS/CZTS interface after annealing at a higher temperature deteriorates the photovoltaic properties.
Seebeck nanoantennas for solar energy harvesting
Authors: Briones E. , Briones J. , Cuadrado A. , Martinez-Anton J. C. , McMurtry S. , Hehn M. , Montaigne F. , Alda J. , Gonzalez F. J.
Published: September 2014

We propose a mid-infrared device based on thermocouple optical antennas for light sensing and energy harvesting applications. We numerically demonstrate that antennas are able to generate low-power dc signals by beneficing of the thermoelectric properties of the metals that constitute them. We theoretically evaluate the optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency for harvesting applications and finally discuss strategies to increase its performance. Thermocouple optical antennas therefore open the route toward the design of photovoltaic devices.
The extraordinary magnetoelectric response in silicene doped with Fe and Cr atoms
Authors: Zheng Rui , Lin Xianqing , Ni Jun
Published: September 2014

We have investigated the magnetic properties of the silicene doped with Fe and Cr metal atoms under external electric field by the first-principles calculations. We find that the doped systems show a variety of interesting magnetoelectric (ME) behaviors: (1) The magnetic moment of Fe doped silicene show a sharp jump at a threshold electric field, which indicates a good switching effect; (2) For the low concentrations of Fe or Cr doped silicene, there are two structures in which the changes of magnetism are significantly different under external electric field; (3) The magnetic moment of the doped systems has a nearly linear region with the electric field. We find that the changes of magnetic moment strongly depend on the direction of the electric field. In particular, one structure of Fe doped silicene shows an interesting ME response which can be considered as a magnetoelectric diode. With the electric field, the good controllability and sharp switching of the magnetism may offer a potential applications in the ME devices.
Electric and magnetic behaviors observed in NiO-based thin films under light-irradiation
Authors: Luo Yi-Dong , Song Kenan , Shun Li , Gao Junqi , Xu Ben , Lin Yuan-Hua , Nan Ce-Wen , Liu Wei
Published: September 2014

We report the room-temperature ferromagnetic properties that can be tuned by light irradiation in the Li and Mn co-doped NiO films (LMNO) grown by the spinning coating. The optical tunable magnetic behavior is enhanced by the increase of the Li doping concentration. First-principle calculations reveal that the Li doping plays key roles in the optical tuned magnetic behavior, which brings a 3d-like impurity state to enhance a significant hybridization between the Mn3+ 3d state and the impurity band, thus strengthening the ferromagnetic coupling effects. Additionally, it can tune the band gap of the LMNO films and produce more holes under the light irradiation, enhancing the optical tuned magnetic behavior.
The influence of prestrained metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial gallium-nitride templates on hydride vapor phase epitaxial growth
Authors: Klein M. , Meisch T. , Lipski F. , Scholz F.
Published: September 2014

We have varied the strain situation in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial (MOVPE) grown gallium-nitride (GaN) by exchanging the nucleation layer and by inserting a submono-SixNy-interlayer in the first few hundred nanometers of growth on sapphire substrates. The influence on the MOVPE template and subsequent hydride vapor phase epitaxial (HVPE) growth could be shown by in-situ measurements of the sample curvature. Using the results of these investigations, we have established a procedure to confine the curvature development in MOVPE and HVPE growth to a minimum. By increasing the layer thickness in HVPE, we could create self-separated, freestanding GaN layers with small remaining curvature.
Lattice and electronic contributions to the refractive index of CuWO4
Authors: Ruiz-Fuertes J. , Pellicer-Porres J. , Segura A. , Rodríguez-Hernández P. , Muñoz A.
Published: September 2014

We report an investigation of the refractive index dispersion and anisotropy in CuWO4 by means of interference measurements in two extinction directions from mid infrared to the visible region of the energy spectrum. The analysis of the refractive index dispersion yields ϵ(∞) = 4.5(1) for light polarization parallel to the c-axis and ϵ(∞) = 5.3(1) with respect to the other extinction axis. In addition, we report reflectance measurements carried out from the far infrared to the near ultraviolet to study the lattice and electronic contributions to the refractive index of CuWO4. We have determined the wavenumbers of nine infrared active lattice modes and compared them with previous ab initio calculations. The value of the Penn gap, 7 eV, as well as the origin of a structure observed at 4.4 eV in the reflectance spectrum, is discussed in the context of the CuWO4 electronic structure.
High mobility single-crystalline-like GaAs thin films on inexpensive flexible metal substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Dutta P. , Rathi M. , Zheng N. , Gao Y. , Yao Y. , Martinez J. , Ahrenkiel P. , Selvamanickam V.
Published: September 2014

We demonstrate heteroepitaxial growth of single-crystalline-like n and p-type doped GaAs thin films on inexpensive, flexible, and light-weight metal foils by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Single-crystalline-like Ge thin film on biaxially textured templates made by ion beam assisted deposition on metal foil served as the epitaxy enabling substrate for GaAs growth. The GaAs films exhibited strong (004) preferred orientation, sharp in-plane texture, low grain misorientation, strong photoluminescence, and a defect density of ∼107 cm−2. Furthermore, the GaAs films exhibited hole and electron mobilities as high as 66 and 300 cm2/V-s, respectively. High mobility single-crystalline-like GaAs thin films on inexpensive metal substrates can pave the path for roll-to-roll manufacturing of flexible III-V solar cells for the mainstream photovoltaics market.
Plasmid-based human norovirus reverse genetics system produces reporter-tagged progeny virus containing infectious genomic RNA
Authors: Katayama Kazuhiko , Murakami Kosuke , Sharp Tyler M. , Guix Susana , Oka Tomoichiro , Takai-Todaka Reiko , Nakanishi Akira , Crawford Sue E. , Atmar Robert L. , Estes Mary K.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Human noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, but they remain noncultivatable. A tractable system is needed to understand the host restriction to cultivation. We established a reverse genetics system driven by a mammalian elongation factor-1α promoter without helper virus. This system supports genome replication, particle formation, and particles containing a GFP-marked genomic RNA. RNA from these particles is infectious. The system also produces infectious murine norovirus, confirming its broad applicability to other noroviruses.