bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscape changes in the southern Amazonian foreland basin during the Holocene inferred from Lake Ginebra, Beni, Bolivia
Authors: Escobar-Torrez Katerine , Ledru Marie-Pierre , Ortuño Teresa , Lombardo Umberto , Renno Jean-François
Published: December 2019

Our study is located in northern Beni and aims to improve knowledge on regional landscape changes from the last 8600 years, based on pollen and charcoal analyses from a lacustrine sediment core from Lake Ginebra. Our results showed that gallery forest and lacustrine sediment were observed from 8645 until 3360 cal yr BP. After a change from a lacustrine to a swamp environment at 1700 cal yr BP, the Cerrados and the Mauritia swamp became installed 1000 years ago on our study site. The environmental changes we observed over the last 8600 years in the Ginebra record reinforce the evidence of a west–east climatic gradient with the persistence of rain forest throughout the Holocene on the western side and the presence of the Cerrados until the late Holocene on the eastern side. Moreover, the persistence of a wet forest in the early to mid-Holocene in southwestern Amazonia highlighted some local responses to the global trend that could be related to the distance from the Andes; while in the late Holocene, both an increase in insolation and strengthening of the South American summer monsoon system enabled the installation of a seasonal flooded savanna in northern Beni and of the rain forest in eastern Beni.
The Comfortable, the Rich, and the Super-Rich. What Really Happened to Top British Incomes during the First Half of the Twentieth Century?
Authors: Scott Peter , Walker James T.
Published: December 2019

We examine shifts in British income inequality and their causes from 1911–1949. Using newly rediscovered Inland Revenue income distribution estimates, we show that Britain had an unusually high concentration of personal incomes in 1911 compared to other industrial nations. We also find that Britain’s substantial inequality reduction over the next four decades was largely driven by a collapse in top capital incomes. This parallels findings for France, the United States, and other western countries, that reduced inequality was mainly caused by declining top unearned incomes, owing to economic shocks, policy responses, and non-market mechanisms associated with the retreat from globalization.
Phylogenetic characterisation of seven Unicapsula spp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from commercial fish in southern China and Japan
Authors: Li Ying-Chun , Tamemasa Souhei , Zhang Jin-Yong , Sato Hiroshi
Published: December 2019

The myxozoan genus Unicapsula Davis, 1924 (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida: Trilosporidae) is characterized as having one functional polar capsule (PC) and two rudimentary PCs in a three-valved myxospore. The plasmodia of Unicapsula spp. grow either in the myofibres or in the gills, oesophageal walls and urinary organs of marine fish. Few studies have investigated the taxonomy of Unicapsula spp. including the type species Unicapsula muscularis. Accordingly, the taxonomy of the genus was explored in the present study by using 15 new isolates of seven Unicapsula spp. (U. muscularis, U. galeata, U. andersenae, U. pyramidata, U. pflugfelderi, and two new species) that had formed pseudocysts in the trunk myofibres of commercial fish collected in southern China and Japan from November 2015 to January 2019. Two new species Unicapsula trigona n. sp., and Unicapsula motomurai n. sp. exhibited unique myxospore morphologies (semi-triangular and spherical myxospores, respectively) and 18S and 28S rDNA sequences that were distinct from those of the other Unicapsula spp. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S and 28S rDNA sequences confirmed the monophyletic status of Unicapsula.
A NEW SHOCK MODEL WITH A CHANGE IN SHOCK SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Eryilmaz Serkan , Kan Cihangir
Published: December 2019

For a system that is subject to shocks, it is assumed that the distribution of the magnitudes of shocks changes after the first shock of size at least d1, and the system fails upon the occurrence of the first shock above a critical level d2 (> d1). In this paper, the distribution of the lifetime of such a system is studied when the times between successive shocks follow matrix-exponential distribution. In particular, it is shown that the system's lifetime has matrix-exponential distribution when the intershock times follow Erlang distribution. The model is extended to the case when the system fails upon the occurrence of l consecutive critical shocks.
Reparations revisited: the role of economic advisers in reforming German central banking and public finance
Authors: Yee Robert
Published: December 2019

The economic advisers of the 1924 Dawes Committee enacted currency and banking reforms as a means of resolving financial and geopolitical problems. Although the committee members stated that they had no plans to resolve the Ruhr occupation, evidence from the technical advisers demonstrated the opposite. Economists Edwin Kemmerer, Joseph Davis and Arthur Young sought to appease Franco-Belgian demands for a resolution to the reparations debate by balancing the German budget and reorganising the banking system, thereby also addressing the question of military occupation. This research delves into the advisers’ reports on public finance, currency stabilisation and the gold standard, arguing that their attempts to assuage reparation-related concerns rested on major reforms to German central banking.
Early weight trends after congenital heart surgery and their determinants
Authors: Banerji Nayan , Sudhakar Abish , Balachandran Rakhi , Sunil Gopalraj Sumangala , Kotayil Brijesh P. , Krishna Kumar Raman
Published: December 2019

Background:

Early weight trends after cardiac surgery in infants from low- and middle-income countries where the majority are undernourished have not been defined. We studied the early post-operative weight trends to identify specific factors associated with early weight loss and poor weight gain after discharge following congenital heart surgery in consecutive infants undergoing cardiac surgery at a referral hospital in Southern India.

Methods:

This was a prospective observational study. Weights of the babies were recorded at different time points during the hospital stay and at 1-month post-discharge. A comprehensive database of pre-operative, operative, and post-operative variables was created and entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis model to identify factors associated with excessive early weight loss after cardiac surgery, and poor weight gain following hospital discharge.

Results:

The study enrolled 192 infants (mean age 110.7 ± 99.9 days; weight z scores − 2.5 ± 1.5). There was a small but significant (p < 0.001) decline in weight in the hospital following surgery (1.6% decline (interquartile range −5.3 to +1.7)); however, there was substantial growth following discharge (26.7% increase (interquartile range 15.3–41.8)). The variables associated with post-operative weight loss were cumulative nil-per-oral duration and cardiopulmonary bypass time, while weight gain following discharge was only associated with age.

Conclusion:

Weight loss is almost universal early after congenital heart surgery and is associated with complex surgery and cumulative nil-per-oral duration. After discharge, weight gain is almost universal and not associated with any of the perioperative variables.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS SPECIAL ISSUE ON NEW TOOLS FOR GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS
Authors: Gori Luca , Antoci Angelo , Fiaschi Davide , Sodini Mauro
Published: December 2019

We provide an overview to the special issue entitled New Tools for Global Analysis of Economic Dynamics by detailing the main aim of each contribution being part of it.
A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for brain tumours: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Osei Ernest , Walters Pascale , Masella Olivia , Tennant Quinton , Fishwick Amber , Dadzie Eugenia , Bhangu Anmol , Darko Johnson
Published: December 2019

Background:

Brain tumours are relatively rare disease but present a large medical challenge as there is currently no method for early detection of the tumour and are typically not diagnosed until patients have progressed to symptomatic stage which significantly decreases chances of survival and also minimises treatment efficacy. However, if brain cancers can be diagnosed at early stages and also if clinicians have the potential to prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ treatment efficacy and survival. In recent years, there have been several investigations to identify biomarkers for brain cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying which group of patients will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.

Materials and methods:

This paper reports on a review of 21 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis, and monitoring the response of treatment of brain cancers.

Conclusion:

Understanding biomarkers, molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways can potentially lead to personalised and targeted treatment via therapeutic targeting of specific genetic aberrant pathways which play key roles in malignant brain tumour formation. The future holds promising for the use of biomarker analysis as a major factor for personalised and targeted brain cancer treatment, since biomarkers have the potential to measure early disease detection and diagnosis, the risk of disease development and progression, improved patient stratification for various treatment paradigms, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and inform clinicians about the likely outcome of a brain cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received.
Erotic Use of Social Media Pornography in Gratifying Romantic Relationship Desires
Authors: Arikewuyo Abdulgaffar , Ozad Bahire , Lasisi Taiwo Temitope
Published: December 2019

The advent of social media platforms has revolutionized the process of information creation, dissemination and consumption. Although highly debated, pornography consumption on social media is a reality. Building on an acquisition, activation, and application model, this study investigates student’s (n = 379) gratification in romantic relationships as an outcome of their pornography consumption on social media, through the mediating effect of sexual confidence and sexual compulsivity. PROCESS macro was used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the effect of pornography consumption on a viewer’s gratification in a romantic relationship is partially mediated by sexual confidence (β = .0461, p < .001) and sexual compulsivity (β = .420, p < .001). These findings hold important contributions to current literature. Findings also indicate that pornography consumption positively and significantly aids a viewer’s sexual gratification in romantic relationships.
The South Korean Twin Registry
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Kang Man Chull , Jeong Hoe-Uk , Kang Il Cook , Kim Jong Woo
Published: December 2019

The South Korean Twin Registry (SKTR) is an ongoing nationwide volunteer registry of South Korean twins and their families. Since its inception, from preschooler to young adult, twins have been registered with the SKTR and have demonstrated that relative influences of genetic and environmental factors explaining individual differences in various psychological, mental health and physical traits in South Koreans are similar to those found in many Western twin studies. Currently, studies at the SKTR focus on identification of the process of gene-by-environment interactions as well as developmental differences in genetic and environmental influences on psychological and mental health traits in South Koreans. This report provides a brief overview, recruitment strategies, current samples, zygosity assessment, measures and future directions of the SKTR.
Use of Surface Motion Characteristics Determined by InSAR to Assess Peatland Condition
Authors: Alshammari Lubna , Boyd Doreen S. , Sowter Andrew , Marshall Chris , Andersen Roxane , Gilbert Peter , Marsh Stuart , Large David J.
Published: December 2019

Peatland surface motion is a key property of peatland that relates to condition. However, field‐based techniques to measure surface motion are not cost‐effective over large areas and long time periods. An alternative method that can quantify peatland surface motion over large areas is interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Although field validation of the accuracy of this method is difficult, the value of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) as a means of quantifying peat condition can be tested. To achieve this, the characteristics of InSAR time series measured over an18‐month period at 22 peatland sites in the Flow Country northern Scotland were compared to site condition assessment based on plant functional type and site management history. Sites in good condition dominated by Sphagnum display long‐term stability or growth and a seasonal cycle with maximum uplift and subsidence in August–November and April–June, respectively. Drier and partially drained sites dominated by shrubs display long‐term subsidence with maximum uplift and subsidence in July–October and February–June, respectively. Heavily degraded sites with large bare peat extent display subsidence with no distinct seasonal oscillations. Seasonal oscillation in surface motion at sites with a dominant nonvascular plant community is interpreted as resulting from changes in seasonal evaporative demand. On sites with extensive vascular plants cover and falling water table, surface oscillations are interpreted as representing sustained drawdown during the growing season and subsequent recharge in late winter. This study highlights the potential to use InSAR to characterize peatland condition and provide a new view of the surface dynamics of peatland landscapes.
On the Emergence Mechanism of Carrot Sprites
Authors: Malagón‐Romero A. , Teunissen J. , Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. C. , McHarg M. G. , Ebert U. , Luque A.
Published: December 2019

We investigate the launch of negative upward streamers from sprite glows. This phenomenon is readily observed in high‐speed observations of sprites and underlies the classification of sprites into carrot or column types. First, we describe how an attachment instability leads to a sharply defined region in the upper part of the streamer channel. This region has an enhanced electric field, low conductivity and strongly emits in the first positive system of molecular nitrogen. We identify it as the sprite glow. We then show how, in the most common configuration of a carrot sprite, several upward streamers emerge close to the lower boundary of the glow, where negative charge gets trapped and the lateral electric field is high enough. These streamers cut off the current flowing toward the glow and lead to the optical deactivation of the glow above. Finally, we discuss how our results naturally explain angel sprites.
A Machine‐Learning Approach for Earthquake Magnitude Estimation
Authors: Mousavi S. Mostafa , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: December 2019

In this study, we present a fast and reliable method for end‐to‐end estimation of earthquake magnitude from raw waveforms recorded at single stations. We design a regressor (MagNet) composed of convolutional and recurrent neural networks that is not sensitive to the data normalization, hence waveform amplitude information can be utilized during the training. The network can learn distance‐dependent and site‐dependent functions directly from the training data. Our model can predict local magnitudes with an average error close to zero and standard deviation of ~0.2 based on single‐station waveforms without instrument response correction. We test the network for both local and duration magnitude scales and show a station‐based learning can be an effective approach for improving the performance. The proposed approach has a variety of potential applications from routine earthquake monitoring to early warning systems.
Ionospheric Perturbations Induced by a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS): A Case Study of Phailin VSCS
Authors: Dube Adarsh , Singh Rajesh , Maurya Ajeet K. , Kumar Sanjay , Sunil P. S. , Singh Abhay K.
Published: December 2019

We investigate F region ionospheric perturbations associated with very severe cyclonic storm Phailin which occurred in Bay of Bengal during 09–12 October 2013. Very severe cyclonic storm Phailin was the most intense supercyclone over the Bay of Bengal with intensity ~T6.0. The primary data used are lightning data from Global Lightning Detection 360 network, Global Position System‐derived total electron content information from seven Global Position System stations located in the cyclone impact region, and meteorological data. This is the first report from north Indian Ocean which investigates the perturbations induced in the ionosphere associated with a cyclone. Investigation of lightning discharges occurrence at the storm center along the cyclone track line showed that the lightning growth pattern closely follows the cyclone intensity during the initial, mature, and decay stages. The total electron content computed from seven Global Position System stations showed that differential total electron content is enhanced during very severe cyclonic storm days, compared with precyclone and postcyclone days. The maximum peak‐to‐peak perturbation in differential total electron content values at Port Blair located at Andaman‐Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal was ~0.33 TECu during the cyclone days, whereas it was only ~0.11 TECu during the no‐cyclone days. The results show that most probably gravity waves generated from cyclonic thunderstorms can couple with the upper atmosphere and modify the dynamics of the ionosphere. Tropical cyclones and large thunderstorms are an important source from below which couple with ionosphere and manifest in the form of ionospheric perturbations.
Asymmetric Reconnection Within a Flux Rope‐Type Dipolarization Front
Authors: Marshall A. T. , Burch J. L. , Reiff P. H. , Webster J. M. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Giles B. L. , Nakamura R. , Hwang K. ‐J. , Genestreti K. J.
Published: December 2019

On 8 September 2018, at nearly 14:51:30 UT, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft encountered an electron diffusion region near the center of a flux‐rope type dipolarization front. The observed signature of the magnetic field in geocentric solar ecliptic included a bipolar Bz coinciding with a peak in By and |B| as is typical for a flux rope. At the same time, all three spacecraft with available plasma data observed a decrease in density and an increase in temperature over ion scales near the reversal in Bz. These ion‐scale changes are expected in a dipolarization front. The three spacecraft with available electron plasma data also observed clear evidence of electron‐scale reconnection just after the Bz reversal including ideal magnetohydrodynamics violation, a large out‐of‐plane current, a large j · E′ energy conversion, and crescent‐shaped electron velocity distributions. This is the first time reconnection has been observed near the center of a flux rope on an electron‐scale during such an event, and MMS was likely very close to the reconnection X‐line.
A Comparative Analysis of the OI 130.4‐nm Emission Observed by NASA's TIMED Mission Using a Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Qin Jianqi , Harding Brian J.
Published: December 2019

Remote sensing of the OI 130.4‐nm emission is potentially a useful means for routine monitoring of the atomic oxygen abundance in the upper atmosphere, especially for altitudes above
300 km where the OI 135.6‐nm emission becomes too dim to be useful. However, to date, the interpretation of the OI 130.4‐nm emission as a proxy for the O density remains ambiguous in that the relative contribution of the external and internal sources to the production of this emission has not been fully understood. In this study, we perform a comparative analysis of the OI 130.4‐nm dayglow observed by NASA's Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission using a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to investigate the consistency between models and the TIMED/Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) data. The solar 130.4‐nm flux is measured by TIMED/Solar EUV Experiment (SEE). The Global Airglow (GLOW) and the Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC) models are used to calculate the initial volume emission rates due to photoelectron impact excitation, and the NRLMSISE‐00 model is used to provide the atmospheric density and temperature profiles. Our data‐model comparisons suggest that the model predicted contributions from photoelectron impact excitation need to be scaled by a factor of
0.1–0.5 to achieve good fits with the data. Moreover, the modeled solar contributions need to be scaled up/down to fit the observations at small (
20
)/large (
60
) solar zenith angles, with a factor of
0.5–1.7. These scale factors are larger than the uncertainties in the GUVI and SEE instrument calibrations, which might suggest inaccurate model predictions of the dayside O density and temperature variations with solar zenith angles.
Coordinated Ground‐Based and Space‐Based Observations of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zou Shasha , Eastes Richard , Karan Deepak K. , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Erickson Philip J. , Coster Anthea J.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents coordinated and fortuitous ground‐based and spaceborne observations of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the South American area on 24 October 2018, combining the following measurements: Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk far ultraviolet emission images, Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Swarm in situ plasma density observations, ionosonde virtual height and drift data, and cloud brightness temperature data. The new observations from the Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk/ultraviolet imaging spectrograph taken at geostationary orbit provide a unique opportunity to image the evolution of plasma bubbles near the
peak height over a large geographic area from a fixed longitude location. The combined multi‐instrument measurements provide a more integrated and comprehensive way to study the morphological structure, development, and seeding mechanism of EPBs. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) The bubbles developed a westward tilted structure with 10–15° inclination relative to the local geomagnetic field lines, with eastward drift velocity of 80–120 m/s near the magnetic equator that gradually decreased with increasing altitude/latitude. (2) Wave‐like oscillations in the bottomside
layer and detrended total electron content were observed, which are probably due to upward propagating atmospheric gravity waves. The wavelength based on the medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance signature was consistent with the interbubble distance of
500–800 km. (3) The atmospheric gravity waves that originated from tropospheric convective zone are likely to play an important role in seeding the development of this equatorial EPBs event.
Determining Crack Aperture Distribution in Rocks Using the 14C‐PMMA Autoradiographic Method: Experiments and Simulations
Authors: Bonnet M. , Sardini P. , Billon S. , Siitari‐Kauppi M. , Kuva J. , Fonteneau L. , Caner L.
Published: December 2019

Because cracks control the global mechanical and transport properties of crystalline rocks, it is of a crucial importance to suitably determine their aperture distribution, which evolves through alteration processes and rock weathering. Due to the high variability of crack networks in rocks, a multiscale approach is needed. The 14C‐PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) method was developed to determine crack apertures using a set of artificial crack samples with different controlled apertures and tilt angles and also using Monte Carlo simulations. The experiments and simulations show the same result: the estimation of apparent aperture wA was successful regardless of tilt angle, even if the estimates are less accurate for low tilt angles (<30°). The uncertainties on the estimation of the real crack aperture wR arise from the unknown tilt angle. The ability of the 14C‐PMMA autoradiography method to estimate crack aperture distributions in rock samples was successfully confirmed on a sample of Grimsel granodiorite.
A Decadal Climatology of Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties of Ambient Smoke in the Western and Southeastern United States
Authors: Bian Qijing , Ford Bonne , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Kreidenweis Sonia M.
Published: December 2019

Biomass burning is a major source of summertime fine particulate matter in the United States, degrading air quality and affecting human health and climate. Fuels, burn conditions, and fire types vary across the United States, which may impact smoke composition and optical properties. We use the Hazard Mapping System to track smoke plumes for 10 years from 2008 to 2017, focusing on three U.S. regions: Southeast, Pacific West, and Southwest. Combining this geospatial data set with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) columnar data, and Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network in situ observations, we define “smoke‐influenced days” and derive the properties of smoke aerosol for April through September, encompassing the main fire seasons across the United States. We find in the IMPROVE surface measurement that the elemental carbon fraction of smoke in the Southeast is statistically different from and lower than that in the west, consistent with more‐smoldering prescribed fires in the southeast. We find in the AERONET columnar observations that the mean single scattering albedo of smoke (at 675 nm) is lower in the two western regions (~0.94) compared to the southeast (~0.96), consistent with the differences in composition and fire types, which implies that the compositional differences at the surface may be representative of the column. Higher relative humidity in the southeast and less dust associated with smoke also appear to contribute to the higher smoke single scattering albedo relative to the west. Our results show that smoke properties vary regionally, with implications for models, data assimilation, and remote‐sensing.
Carbon Budget for a Large Drowned River Valley Estuary Adjacent to an Emerging Megacity (Sydney Harbour)
Authors: Tanner E. L. , Eyre B. D.
Published: December 2019

Annual organic and inorganic carbon budgets were constructed for the Sydney Harbour Estuary. Net ecosystem metabolism was the main control on carbon fluxes in the system. Sydney Harbour Estuary was slightly net heterotrophic, which is consistent with a small CO2 emission of 0.8 × 108 mol C yr−1. Terrestrial carbon loads were 70% dissolved inorganic carbon, 21% dissolved organic carbon, and 9% particulate organic carbon. Dissolved inorganic carbon was exported to the ocean (4.19 × 108 mol C yr−1), and an import of organic carbon (1.92 × 108 mol C yr−1) from the ocean was required to balance the budget. Sydney Harbour had high sediment organic carbon burial rates similar to other river valley estuaries including the Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay. Productivity was the main sink of inorganic carbon followed by sediment burial, emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere, and oyster sequestration. This study highlights the importance of determining the sources, sinks, and transformations of all carbon forms in constructing estuarine budgets.
The Propagation of Fluvial Flood Waves Through a Backwater‐Estuarine Environment
Authors: Dykstra S. L. , Dzwonkowski B.
Published: December 2019

Coastal cities and ports are located along estuaries and deltas where flooding from rivers can be as devastating as storm surges. Precise river discharge measurements are taken far inland of marine influences and backwater environments, creating large timing and magnitude uncertainties downstream at the coast. Long‐term discharge, water level, velocity, and salinity measurements in coastal Alabama were used to observe the timing and magnitude of discharge events flowing 238 km from rivers to the Gulf of Mexico as river flood (fluvial) waves. Waves were described and simplified using a momentum balance, phasing techniques, and wave theory from inland rivers. Results showed the coastal backwater environment transitioned to a drawdown (i.e., plunging water profile) at bankfull discharge and suggested the drawdown location and intensity was strongly influenced by the frictional transition of the delta from tupelo‐cypress forest to oligohaline marsh. The horizontal (velocity) and vertical (water level) components of fluvial waves were observed propagating through this dynamic deltaic‐estuarine environment transitioning from in phase diffusive waves to out of phase dynamic waves. The wave celerity increased with surface water slope and decreased with cross‐sectional area. Instead of larger events propagating faster, the geometry (i.e., levees and floodplains) and flooding significantly delayed and attenuated the magnitude of discharge reaching the gulf. This flooding downstream of discharge measurements modulated the estuarine water level, velocity, and flushing of salt. The use of fluvial wave theory will increase the precision of coastal flooding predictions for stakeholders and research now, as well as under future sea level rise.
Pore‐Scale Modeling of Fluid‐Fluid Interfacial Area in Variably Saturated Porous Media Containing Microscale Surface Roughness
Authors: Jiang Hao , Guo Bo , Brusseau Mark L.
Published: December 2019

A pore‐scale model is developed to simulate fluid‐fluid interfacial area in variably saturated porous media, with a specific focus on incorporating the effects of solid‐surface roughness. The model is designed to quantify total (film and meniscus) fluid‐fluid interfacial area (Anw) over the full range of wetting‐phase fluid saturation (Sw) based on the inherent properties of the porous medium. The model employs a triangular pore space bundle‐of‐cylindrical‐capillaries framework, modified with three surface roughness‐related parameters. The first parameter (surface roughness factor) represents the overall magnitude of surface roughness, whereas the other two parameters (interface growth factor and critical adsorptive film thickness) reflect the microscale structure of surface roughness. A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted for the controlling variables, and the efficacy of the model was tested using air‐water interfacial area data measured for three natural porous media. The model produced good simulations of the measured Anw data over the full range of saturation. The results demonstrate that total interfacial areas for natural media are typically much larger than those for ideal media comprising smooth surfaces due to the substantial contribution of surface roughness to wetting‐film interfacial area. The degree to which fluid‐fluid interfacial area is influenced by roughness is a function of fluid‐retention characteristics and the nature of the rough surfaces. The full impact of roughness may be masked to some degree due to the formation of thick wetting films, which is explicitly quantified by the model. Application of the model provides insight into the importance of the interplay between pore‐scale distribution and configuration of wetting fluid and the surface properties of solids.
Simulation of Gravitational Instability and Thermo‐Solutal Convection During the Dissolution of CO in Deep Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Singh Mrityunjay , Chaudhuri Abhijit , Stauffer Philip H , Pawar Rajesh J
Published: December 2019

The temperature of deep hydrothermal sedimentary reservoirs varies between 50 and 250 °C, while the temperature of injected CO
can be much below the reservoir temperature. Most past studies did not consider temperature effect on the CO
dissolution trapping in storage reservoirs. We have performed numerical simulations of coupled multiphase flow, solute, and heat transport for liquid/supercritical CO
injection in a storage reservoir for different reservoir temperature, injection temperature, and reservoir permeability. During the injection of relatively cool CO
in a warmer storage reservoir, brine density increases with CO
concentration causing solutal fingering in the diffusive boundary layer and the creation of an isolated dissolved CO
plume (gravity trunk) below the injection zone. We have found that in many cases, the formation of a gravity trunk creates a large convection roll beneath the injection point. For low and moderate reservoir temperatures (100 and 175 °C), solutal fingers are pulled towards the injection zone by the large gravity trunk convection roll. In contrast, for higher temperature reservoirs (>206 °C), brine density decreases with dissolved CO
concentration. Hence, for a reservoir temperature of 250 °C, solutal fingers do not develop, but reverse fingering from a dissolved CO
mound is visible. We conclude that dissolution trapping achieves greater effectiveness for a reservoir temperature of 175 °C than those at 100 and 250 °C. We have also observed that free‐phase CO
below the caprock spreads faster for higher reservoir temperature and higher permeability, but it is not sensitive to injection temperature.
Fundamentals of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for dopamine detection
Authors: Venton B. Jill , Cao Qun
Published: December 2019

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is used with carbon-fiber microelectrodes for the real-time detection of neurotransmitters on the subsecond time scale.
A perylene diimide-based near-IR ratiometric sensor for detection of Cu2+ ions: ensemble for discrimination of CN− and S2− ions
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Singh Prabhpreet
Published: December 2019

We have designed a perylene diimide-based near-IR ratiometric chemosensor for detection of Cu2+ ions and this complex was explored as an ensemble for discrimination of CN− and S2− ions.
Enhancing doxorubicin anticancer activity with a novel polymeric platform photoreleasing nitric oxide
Authors: Sodano Federica , Cavanagh Robert J. , Pearce Amanda K. , Lazzarato Loretta , Rolando Barbara , Fraix Aurore , Abelha Thais F. , Vasey Catherine E. , Alexander Cameron , Taresco Vincenzo , Sortino Salvatore
Published: December 2019

Combination of Doxorubicin with light-regulated NO release achieved through formulation strategy of tailored polymeric conjugate nanoparticles may open new treatment modalities to improve cancer therapies.
“Off/on” fluorescence imaging-guided cancer diagnosis and multi-modal therapy
Authors: Wang Changrong , Dong Yanliang , Shi Xiaoguang , Guo Jinxuan , Zhang Jianhua , Deng Liandong , Lin Zhiqiang , Huang Pingsheng , Shi Yongli , Wang Weiwei , Dong Anjie
Published: December 2019

An efficient theranostic nanoplatform responding to tumour microenvironments with characters of simple and flexible combinations owns great potential in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
A nickel coordination polymer derived from 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene for fast and stable potassium battery anodes
Authors: Kapaev Roman R. , Zhidkov Ivan S. , Kurmaev Ernst Z. , Stevenson Keith J. , Troshin Pavel A.
Published: December 2019

A nickel coordination polymer derived from tetraaminobenzene was shown to be suitable for fast and stable potassium battery anodes working in a potential range of 0.5–2.0 V vs. K+/K.
Two-dimensional triphenylene cored hole-transporting materials for efficient perovskite solar cells
Authors: Chen Wangchao , Zhang Hanyu , Zheng Haofeng , Li Haitao , Guo Fuling , Ni Gang , Ma Miaolian , Shi Chengwu , Ghadari Rahim , Hu Linhua
Published: December 2019

A PSC based on a two-dimensional triphenylene-cored HTM is unveiled that shows an optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.4%.
Controlling the kinetics of interaction between microtubules and kinesins over a wide temperature range using the deep-sea osmolyte trimethylamineN-oxide
Authors: Munmun Tasrina , Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Sada Kazuki , Kakugo Akira
Published: December 2019

TrimethylamineN-oxide (TMAO) is found to be effective in regulating the kinetics of interaction between microtubules and kinesins over a wide temperature range.
Photochromic inorganic–organic complex derived from low-cost deep eutectic solvents with tunable photocurrent responses and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Wu Junbiao , Lou Luqi , Sun Huaying , Tao Chunyao , Li Teng , Wang Zhuopeng , Zhang Xia , Li Jiyang
Published: December 2019

A photochromic inorganic–organic complex |C10H10N2|[GaF(C2O4)2] derived from low-cost deep-eutectic solvents possesses tunable photocurrent responses and photocatalytic activities.
The regulation mechanism of phosphorylation and mutations in intrinsically disordered protein 4E-BP2
Authors: Wang Ke , Ning Shangbo , Guo Yue , Duan Mojie , Yang Minghui
Published: December 2019

The free energy landscapes of 4E-BP2 and its variants were obtained by replica-exchanged molecular dynamics, which elucidate the regulation mechanism of phosphorylation and mutations on the intrinsically disordered protein.
A boron nitride nanosheet-supported Pt/Cu cluster as a high-efficiency catalyst for propane dehydrogenation
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Yang , Zhang Chang-Wu , Wen Jing , Weng Xuefei , Shi Lei
Published: December 2019

Here, we report a great promotion in platinum utilization efficiency and catalytic performance for the dehydrogenation of propane using a hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet-supported Pt/Cu cluster catalyst.
Substituent group-tunable hydrogen evolution activity observed in isostructural Cu(ii)-based coordination polymer photocatalysts
Authors: Dai Xue-Jiao , Wang Jia-Jun , Li Lei , Ding Bo , Liu Zheng-Yu , Zhao Xiao-Jun , Yang En-Cui
Published: December 2019

The substituent group effect on the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity for water splitting was observed over a series of five isostructural copper(ii)-based layered coordination polymer photocatalysts.
Mild heat combined with lactic acid fermentation: a novel approach for enhancing sulforaphane yield in broccoli puree
Authors: Cai Yan Xue , Augustin Mary Ann , Jegasothy Hema , Wang Ji Hui , Terefe Netsanet Shiferaw
Published: December 2019

Mild heating coupled with fermentation: a novel approach for increasing sulforaphane yield in broccoli.
Temperature, strain and charge mediated multiple and dynamical phase changes of selenium and tellurium
Authors: Demirci Salih , Gürel Hikmet Hakan , Jahangirov Seymur , Ciraci Salim
Published: December 2019

Trigonal-Se and -Te change to a metallic or a simple cubic structure under thermal excitation, compressive strain and excess positive charge, or to metallic, body-centered tetragonal and body-centered orthorhombic structures under negative charging.
Construction of hierarchical yolk–shell nanospheres organized by ultrafine Janus subunits for efficient overall water splitting
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liu Bingqiu , Ji Yue , Chen Lihua , Zhang Lingyu , Li Lu , Wang Chungang
Published: December 2019

The ultrafine NiS2/MoS2 Janus subunits organized on the yolk-shell nanospheres are synthesized. The reduced particle size of both MoS2 and NiS2 plays vital roles in enhancing the number of intimate interfaces and improving electrocatalytic activity.
Synthesis of nanosensors for autonomous warning of damage and self-repairing in polymeric coatings
Authors: Liu Chengbao , Jin Zhengyu , Cheng Li , Zhao Haichao , Wang Liping
Published: December 2019

A smart polymeric coating containing Phen-encapsulated nanosensors is capable of warning and repairing damage automatically.
Peptide interdigitation-induced twisted nanoribbons as chiral scaffolds for supramolecular nanozymes
Authors: Song Shuxin , Wang Jingyu , Song Na , Di Huixia , Liu Dingbin , Yu Zhilin
Published: December 2019

Peptide interdigitation allows for precisely creating twisted nanoribbons driven by antiparallel β-sheet H-bonds, leading to chiral scaffolds for supramolecular nanozymes.
A versatile, highly effective nanofibrous separation membrane
Authors: Zhou Hua , Niu Haitao , Wang Hongxia , Yang Weidong , Wei Xin , Shao Hao , Lin Tong
Published: December 2019

A single piece of fibrous membrane with amphibious superhydrophilicity–superoleophobicity can perform multitask filtration to effectively separate tiny oil droplets and solid particles from both air and water.
AIE nanodots scaffolded by mini-ferritin protein for cellular imaging and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Min Xuehong , Fang Ti , Li Lingling , Li Chaoqun , Zhang Zhi-Ping , Zhang Xian-En , Li Feng
Published: December 2019

A new type of AIE nanodots has been fabricated for both cell imaging and photodynamic therapy via a simple method using a highly negatively charged mini-ferritin protein as the scaffold.
Strengthening Fano resonance on gold nanoplates with gold nanospheres
Authors: Cui Ximin , Lai Yunhe , Qin Feng , Shao Lei , Wang Jianfang , Lin Hai-Qing
Published: December 2019

The silicon substrate-induced Fano resonance in Au nanoplates is strengthened by placing a gold nanosphere on the Au nanoplates.
Stereoisomeric furan/maleimide adducts as latent monomers for one-shot sequence-controlled polymerization
Authors: Han Fufu , Shi Qiunan , Zhang Liuqiao , Liu Baolei , Zhang Yajie , Gao Yang , Jia Rui , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin
Published: December 2019

Two stereoisomeric latent monomers were used for one-shot sequence-controlled polymerization to create diverse sequence structures.
The effect of aggregation behavior on photovoltaic performances in benzodithiophene-thiazolothiazole-based wide band-gap conjugated polymers with side chain position changes
Authors: Wan Pan , An Cunbin , Zhang Tao , Ma Kangqiao , Liang Ningning , Xu Ye , Zhang Shaoqing , Xu Bowei , Zhang Jianqi , Hou Jianhui
Published: December 2019

Two thiazolothiazole-based polymers were designed and synthesized, which exhibited significantly different aggregation and photovoltaic properties.
AB2 polymerization on hollow microporous organic polymers: engineering of solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of soluble cellulose derivatives
Authors: Chae Su Kyung , Cho Kyoungil , Lee Sang Moon , Kim Hae Jin , Ko Yoon-Joo , Son Seung Uk
Published: December 2019

New post-synthetic functionalization of hollow microporous organic polymers was developed based on AB2 polymerization and thiol–yne click reaction.
Regulating the structural dimensionality and dynamic properties of a porous dysprosium coordination polymer through solvent molecules
Authors: Ma Fang , Sun Rong , Sun Ai-Huan , Xiong Jin , Sun Hao-Ling , Gao Song
Published: December 2019

The solvent molecules can regulate the structural dimensionality of a porous dysprosium coordination polymer from three to two and its dynamic behavior, as evidenced by the increase of the effective energy barriers and slowdown of quantum tunneling.
Selenophosphoramide-catalyzed diamination and oxyamination of alkenes
Authors: Tabor John R. , Obenschain Derek C. , Michael Forrest E.
Published: December 2019

Scavenging fluoride from a selenophosphoramide-catalyzed alkene oxidation reaction suppresses the known syn-elimination pathway, enabling alkene diamination/oxyamination reactions via substitution.
Asymmetric pyrone Diels–Alder reactions enabled by dienamine catalysis
Authors: Cole Charles J. F. , Fuentes Lilia , Snyder Scott A.
Published: December 2019

A dienamine mediated asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction between an array of α,β-unsaturated enals and electron-deficient pyrones is presented along with further transformations of the obtained products and models for the observed stereoselectivity.
Spreading on viscoelastic solids: are contact angles selected by Neumann's law?
Authors: van Gorcum M. , Karpitschka S. , Andreotti B. , Snoeijer J. H.
Published: December 2019

Experimental visualizations of moving wetting ridges reveal the validity of Neumann's law for dynamic wetting of soft viscoelastic solids.
Modified Capanna’s Technique (Vascularized Free Fibula Combined with Allograft) as a Single-Stage Procedure in Post-traumatic Long-Segment Defects of the Lower End of the Femur: Outcome Analysis of a Series of 19 Patients with an Average Gap of 14 cm
Authors: Jayaramaraju Dheenadhayalan , Venkataramani Hari , Rajasekaran Raja Bhaskara , Agraharam Devendra , Sabapathy Shanmuganathan Raja , Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan
Published: December 2019

Objectives Salvage and reconstruction of posttraumatic defects of the long bone are complex due to the multiple procedures involved and increased chances of poor outcomes. We present the outcomes of the modified Capanna’s technique—a reliable single-stage procedure of combining allograft and free vascularized fibular graft—in treating large posttraumatic bone defects in the distal third of the femur.

Study Design This is a retrospective analysis.

Materials and Methods Between April 2012 and September 2016, 19 patients with an average age of 33.8 years (range: 18–49 years) and an average defect of 14.5 cm (range: 9.5–20 cm) in the distal femur were managed by the modified Capanna’s technique. Bone union time and functional outcome using lower extremity functional score (LEFS) after union were noted.

Outcomes and Results Eighteen grafts went onto achieve bony union at an average of 6.6 months (range: 5–9), with an average knee flexion of 80 degrees (range: 45–110 degrees) and an average LEFS of 63 (range: 46–72). One patient had a nonunion with graft resorption at 8 months following persistent infection and was revised with debridement and augmenting the vascularized fibula from the other leg which went on to achieve union. Three patients had superficial infection, and three patients had delayed union.

Conclusion The modified Capanna’s technique provided increased biology and enhanced structural stability and therefore is a good single-stage procedure in the reconstruction of posttraumatic long-segment defects of the distal femur.

Level of Evidence Level 4.

Level of Clinical Care Level I tertiary trauma center.
Rare Unruptured Thin-Cap Fibroatheroma within Left Main Coronary Artery in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Ponnana Hemanth Harish , Nemani Lalita
Published: December 2019

Optical coherence tomography–guided percutaneous coronary angioplasties (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome is useful not only to the good stent opposition but also to the underlying pathophysiology and morphology of the plaque. Here we are reporting a case of anterior myocardial infarction thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) in left main coronary artery with mid left anterior descending artery tight fibrofatty lesion. The cap of the atheromatous lesion was unruptured. This phenomenon of unruptured thin-cap fibroatheroma in the left main coronary artery in acute coronary syndrome has seldom been reported previously.