bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mexican Premiere of Tennessee Williams's "A Streetcar Named Desire"
Authors: Kolin Philip C.
Published: September 2012

En diciembre de 1948 y de mayo a agosto de 1949, la obra clásica de Tennessee Williams, Un Tranvía Llamado Deseo, se presentó por primera vez en México y con ella hizo historia, tanto en el teatro mexicano como en el estadounidense. La obra fue dirigida por Seki Sano, el director japonés a quien se le atribuye la transformación del teatro mexicano, y en ella actuaron Wolf Ruvinskis, quien después siguió una destacada carrera en el cine, y María Douglas. La joven compañía de Seki Sano recibió grandes alabanzas de los críticos mexicanos por introducir y representar de una manera muy bella uno de los dramas más importantes de los Estados Unidos.
Neoliberal Economic Policies and the Potential for Electoral Change in Mexico
Authors: Davis Charles L. , Coleman Kenneth M.
Published: September 2012

Se utilizan encuestas nacionales efectuadas por Prospectiva Estratégica en 1989 y 1991 para examinar los determinantes y las consecuencias electorales de las actitudes de los ciudadanos mexicanos hacia las políticas neoliberales y el Tratado de Libre Comercio. La transición políticas neoliberales ha dividido al pueblo mexicano según clases sociales y partidos políticos. El Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) todavía dispone de amplios recursos políticos para atraer a los votantes más independientes. Sin embargo, la apertura de la economía hace al PRI más vulnerable a los efectos políticos de los impactos económicos.
"El Corrido de Joaquín Murrieta": Origen y difusión
Authors: Leal Luis
Published: September 2012

The corrido is a popular narrative poem, sung accompanied by the guitar, by means of which the common people are informed about the deeds of popular heroes and other historical events. The Corrido de Joaquín Murrieta, whose origin we have traced back to a nineteenth-century corrido from the state of Zacatecas, in northern Mexico, is dedicated to a California gold rush hero who terrorized the mining camps soon after gold was discovered in 1848. An analysis of the form and contents of the most important versions of the Murrieta corrido is also presented.
Reading, Social Control, and the Mexican Soul in "Al filo del agua"
Authors: Anderson Danny J.
Published: September 2012

Al filo del agua (1947) explora los usos de la lectura y su relación con los mecanismos de control social. Temáticamente, la novela representa el papel de la lectura in 1909-1910 y su potencial subversivo en vísperas de la Revolución Mexicana. En términos de técnicas narrativas, la novela es un artefacto cultural que intenta producir una nueva comprensión de la identidad mexicana en la década de 1940, un "sujeto nacional" imaginado como el ciudadano ideal del país.
"El Paso de Venus por el disco del sol": Criminality and Alcoholism in the Late Porfiriato
Authors: Piccato Pablo
Published: September 2012

Las ideas sobre criminalidad y alcoholismo fueron una parte importante de las ideas sociales de las élites porfirianas. Alrededor de ellas se construyeron categorías que servían para distinguir y jerarquizar a los grupos sociales. Los estudiosos mexicanos buscaron las peculiaridades nacionales de esos vicios mediante la observación científica y el uso de modelos explicativos importados. Sin embargo, no llegaron a establecer un consenso sobre la forma de tratar con ambos problemas.
Agio, clero y bancarrota fiscal, 1846-1847
Authors: Connaughton Brian
Published: September 2012

This article analyzes the loans made by the Mexican Church to the national government between 1835 and 1846, and especially in the years 1846 and 1847. It relates the significant increase in the loaned amounts to the government's growing indebtedness, while pointing out the clear tendency, beginning in 1842, for loans from suffragan dioceses to dry up. By 1846 and particularly 1847, the burden of providing ecclesiastical loans to the federal government fell mainly upon the Archbishopric of Mexico. As a result, diocesan authorities increasingly condemned usury, considered as undermining their own position, and parallel symptoms of crisis within ecclesiastical institutions.
La familia en México colonial: Una historia de conflictos cotidianos
Authors: Aizpuru Pilar Gonzalbo
Published: September 2012

In recent decades scholars have become interested in the nature of daily life and the history of the family. Studies of those subjects in Mexico, although scattered and unsystematic, now constitute an important body of work. Large questions, such as the formation of a national identity, biological and cultural mestizaje, changes in social organization, and the preservation of traditions and ancestral beliefs, can be better understood if considered from the perspective of family structure, manifestations of daily life, and the relationship between the public and the private. This essay seeks to assess the recent advances in these fields.
Factors That Contributed to the Expansion of Cattle Ranching in Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: González-Montagut Renée
Published: September 2012

Este artículo analiza las condiciones y los individuos que participaron en la expansión ganadera acontecida en Veracruz durante el presente siglo. A finales del siglo pasado, innovaciones tecnológicas crearon las condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo posterior de la ganadería. A raíz de la Revolución mexicana surgió un grupo de caciques poderosos, que utilizaron la ganadería para acaparar tierras y adquirir poder político. La desigualdad aumentó afectando a la clase campesina. En un principio, la expansión de pastizales ocurrió a costo de la cobertura forestal y, a partir de 1970, de la sustitución de áreas agrícolas. La naturaleza expansiva de este uso del suelo ha causado su propia decadencia. Es cuestionable si nuevas formas de uso del suelo lograrán tener un impacto menos negativo en el tejido social y en los ecosistemas del estado. Leyes que incorporen el valor de la naturaleza y que tengan una base democrática necesitan ser aplicadas con el apoyo de todos los sectores sociales veracruzanos. / The article analyzes the conditions that contributed to, and the individuals who participated in the expansion of cattle ranching in the state of Veracruz during this century. At the end of the last century, technological innovations created the appropriate conditions for the subsequent expansion of cattle raising. As a result of the Mexican Revolution, a powerful group of caciques arose who used cattle ranching as a means of taking control of land and acquiring political power. Inequality increased affecting the farmer's class. At first, the expansion of pastures occurred at the expense of forest cover and, after 1970, by taking over agricultural areas. The expansive nature of this form of land use has resulted in its own decline. It is doubtful that new forms of land use will result in a less negative impact on society and in the state's ecosystems. Laws that take into account the value of nature and which have a democratic base need to be applied with the support of all sectors of Veracruz society.
Buy, Beg, Borrow, and Steal: The Forms and Fashions of Technology Transfer
Authors: Blair Calvin P.
Published: September 2012

En los mercados imperfectos para la tecnología, la adaptación es más importante que la inovación. México posee la sutileza para adquirir el conocimiento práctico pero tiene una débil base técnica y políticas no coordinadas.
Public Policy and Technology Transfer: A View from the United States
Authors: Harris Martha Caldwell
Published: September 2012

El intercambio de la tecnología ha llegado a ser un punto de controversia en la relaciones estadounidenses-mexicanas. En un clima de una política incierta, el rango y la efectividad de la transferencia de la tecnología continuarán a ser limitados a menos que se tomen pasos significativos para establecer un nuevo curso de dirección.
El pueblo de México y la política capitalina, 1808 y 1812
Authors: Guedea Virginia
Published: September 2012

Beginning in 1808 the people started to play a prominent role in the political life of Mexico. This article examines the significant growth of popular political participation in the City of Mexico during the period 1808-1812. In particular, it analyzes the substantial role that the people played in the elections of 1812, a role they would continue to play in the early years of the new nation.
Insurrection--Reaction--Revolution--Fragmentation: Reconstructing the Choreography of Meltdown in New Spain during the Independence Era
Authors: Archer Christon I.
Published: September 2012

Cuando los historiadores y muchos otros investigadores hasta el presente han explorado la década de la guerra de independencia, con frecuencia han concluido que el conflicto terminó en 1816 con el fin de la revolución. Continuaban diciendo que con excepción de varias cuadrillas de bandidos en las fronteras y regiones montañosas, la revolución no resurgió sino hasta la erupción de la rebelión definitiva de Agustín de Iturbide. La tesis del artículo presente demuestra que en lugar de un periodo de calma aparente, la Nueva España experimentaba una guerra interminable de insurgencia y bandolerismo--con una confusa mezcla de motivaciones y direcciones. Con la destrucción de la economía y continuación de una guerra fragmentada de guerrillas, el sistema realista sufrió una corrosión gradual. El régimen colonial ofrecía amnestías que incluían la aceptación de ex-insurgentes en las compañías realistas, como defensores contra-insurgentes. En vez de una victoria española, los ganadores eventuales serían la fatiga y el fracaso moral, los cuales abrirían a Iturbide la puerta al colapso precipitado del ejército realista, y a la independencia definitiva.
Using the Present to Study the Past: Religious Movements in Mexico and Uganda a Century Apart
Authors: Vanderwood Paul
Published: September 2012

Cuando las fuentes escritas resultan escasas o proporcionan poca información, el historiador puede recurrir a la antropología en busca de sugerencias. La documentación con que contamos para el movimiento religioso ocurrido a principios de siglo en Tomochic, en el noroeste de México, es limitada y escueta, pero la evidencia que surge de un movimiento espiritual que se da actualmente en Uganda brinda atrayentes similitudes que pueden ayudarnos a obtener una mayor sustancia de nuestra documentación mexicana al tiempo que nos anima a pensar de manera comparativa.
Disentangling the PRI from the Government in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Victoria E. , Ward Peter M.
Published: September 2012

Este trabajo pretende analizar el grado en que el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) y el gobierno de México se entrelazan. Si bien estos dos aparatos a menudo perciben como uno solo, es importante desagregar analíticamente sus papeles, funciones y acceso a recursos, así como diferenciar el personal y las carreras seguidas por quienes pertenecen a una u otra institución. El trabajo demuestra que estos dos aparatos son diferentes en muchos aspectos, y discute hasta qué punto la apertura política y la democratización en México pueden estar llevando a una mayor divergencia o convergencia entre las dos estructuras. De manera un tanto paradójica, dada la ortodoxia técnica y neoliberal de la presente administración, los imperativos políticos tienden a llevar al PRI y a las estructuras gubernamentales hacia una vinculación más estrecha y hacia un traslape mayor. Los autores argumentan que esta convergencia va en contra de un proceso de democratización y apertura política genuinas.
An Image of Mexican Intellectuals, Some Preliminary Observations
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: September 2012

Empleando el método reputacional, el autor acude a las opiniones de los intelectuales mexicanos, los políticos, y los expertos norteamericanos para formar una lista de los intelectuales sobresalientes en Mexico desde 1920 hasta 1980. Se analizan los antecedentes de estos intelectuales por lo que nos dicen de los intelectuales mexicanos colectivamente, y de la estructura de la vida intelectual generalmente. Lo más revelador son las diferencias en la lista de los intelectuales sobresalientes proporcionados por los intelectuales y los políticos, diferencias que explican cambios importantes ocurriendo en la relación entre el estado y la comunidad intelectual.
Budgetary Secrecy and Policy Strategy: Mexico under Cárdenas
Authors: Cothran Dan A.
Published: September 2012

El gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas empezó la práctica de subestimar sistemática- y significativamente los gastos y asignar la diferencia en secreto, una práctica que continuó por varias décadas. Este artículo describe la norma de discrepancias entre gastos proyectados y gastos reales durante la presidencia de Cárdenas y especula acerca de las razones por la particularidad de esta norma y por el carácter secretivo del presupuesto en general.
Germany, Revolutionary Nationalism, and the Downfall of President Francisco I. Madero: The Covadanga Killings
Authors: LaFrance David G.
Published: September 2012

La matanza de cuatro alemanes, supuestamente a las manos de revolucionarios maderistas, en julio de 1911 en Puebla provocó una de las crisis más agudas del nuevo gobierno mexicano. La inhabilidad de México para satisfacer las demandas de Berlin respecto a este acontecimiento causó un alejamiento entre los dos gobiernos y reveló y acentuó la debilidad interna del régimen de Francisco I. Madero.
La politica informativa de Televisa en los Estados Unidos: El caso de "24 Horas"
Authors: Ramírez Pablo Arredondo , Torres María de Lourdes Zermeño
Published: September 2012

This article synthesizes the results of a study of the news program "24 HORAS" which is produced in Mexico and transmitted daily throughout the United States. The study was a response to the need to systematize an "informative" experience of unique character within the realm of international communication and to analyze its relevance for Mexico.
Socioeconomic Influences on Fertility in the Mexican Borderlands Region
Authors: Pick James B. , Jones Glenda L. , Butler Edgar W. , Nag Swapan
Published: September 2012

El presente estudio analiza los efectos socioeconómicos en la fecundidad de los 272 municipios en los seis estados fronterizos de México durante 1980. Un modelo preliminar de fertilidad se prueba mediante análisis regresivo. Se genera un modelo modificado de fertilidad en la frontera que pone énfasis en las influencias del alfabetismo, la participación de la fuerza de trabajo, los ingresos y el desempleo.
Camarillas in Mexican Politics: The Case of the Salinas Cabinet
Authors: Camp Roderic A.
Published: September 2012

El presente ensayo explora la importancia de las camarillas y sus consecuencias en la política mexicana, en particular el significado de los orígenes políticos personales del gabinete de Salinas.
The Quincentenary of an Erasure: From Caliban to Hispanic
Authors: Soldatenko Michael
Published: September 2012

Este ensayo traza la manera en que potencias dominantes Euro-americanas han construido poblaciones subalternas en "América." Comenzando con Colón, el autor utiliza el concepto de "orientalismo" para entender al sujeto subalterno. Termina con una discusión sobre la continuidad entre el índio definido por Colón, Sepúlveda y Las Casas y la forma en que muchos intelectuales han analizado al méxico-americano contemporáneo.
Jacobinismo y ruptura revolucionaria durante el porfiriato
Authors: Bastian Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2012

This essay examines the way in which modern associations spread within Mexican society during the last third of the nineteenth century. These lodges, Protestant and mutualist associations, spiritist circles, and liberal clubs formed a jacobin political culture which not only escaped the control of Díaz's oligarchical and neo-conservative state, but which also opposed the regime.
Sobre la situación económica de los latinos: Oportunidades y retos para hoy y para mañana
Authors: Rochin Refugio I.
Published: September 2012

This study examines the economic status of Hispanics in the United States, particularly in terms of four sets of major indicators: demographics, income, and poverty; education, language and assimilation; employment, wages, and occupations; and entrepreneurial activities. Hispanics are compared to non-Hispanics within each set. Government reports and the most recent research on Hispanics are the chief sources of information.
The Mexican Foreign Debt and the Sexennial Transition from López Portillo to De la Madrid
Authors: Schmidt Henry C.
Published: September 2012

Este trabajo examina algunos aspectos de la reestructuración de la deuda externa mexicana y del paso sexenal de López Portillo a De la Madrid. Aclara la política del ajuste económico del primer año de la administración de De la Madrid, dando enfoque en la orientación y los programas del nuevo sexenio.
Mexico's Agriculture in Crisis: A Study of Its Northern States
Authors: Rochin Refugio I.
Published: September 2012

En el trabajo que sigue se analizan las condiciones agrícolas de los estados del norte de México. Al perfilar las tendencias y los problemas actuales del desarrollo de la agricultura en esta zona, la pregunta que se plantea el autor es si es posible que la nación pueda seguir produciendo lo suficiente para cumplir con las continuas exigencias de los Estados Unidos por sus productos de exportación y a la vez acudir a la demanda del consumo nacional por los mismos. En torno a este dilema se examinan tres problemas fundamentales: 1) las limitaciones físicas (relacionadas con el uso del agua y la productividad de la tierra); 2) los problemas sociales (relacionados con el alto nivel de desempleo y la reforma agraria); y 3) las restricciones institucionales (relacionadas con las políticas de importación y las deudas internacionales). Se proporcionan estadísticas sobre las dificultades que enfrenta la nación en dichas áreas y se apunta a la necesidad de más investigaciones sobre las limitaciones examinadas aquí.
Global Gambit: A German General Staff Assessment of Mexican Affairs, November 1913
Authors: Herwig Holger H. , Archer Christon I.
Published: September 2012

El descubrimiento de un documento desconocido sobre el estado de México en 1913 por un oficial alemán, Coronel Eugen Zoellner, echa luz sobre la situación militar y política en la primera etapa de la Revolución Mexicana. Aunque los alemanes aceptaron varios perjuicios comunes entre observadores extranjeros de México, hay muchas áreas de interés en el estudio de asuntos estratégicos y militares, en el papel del General Victoriano Huerta, y en las relaciones entre México y los Estados Unidos del Presidente Woodrow Wilson. Zoellner ofrece una vista que puede asistir en la explicación de la diplomacia mexicana-alemana del período.
Pedro Castera, novelista y minero
Authors: Ovando Clementina Díaz y de
Published: September 2012

This article examines the writings of the miner, inventor, and novelist, Pedro Castera. His works illustrate the daily life of the miners--their customs, dangers, and sacrifices. Castera's works constituted a strong argument for the improvement of the lives and working conditions of the miners. His novels, which were the first to treat the lives of miners, provide important historical information about mining in Mexico.
Metaphors, Models, and Myths in the Interpretation of Mexican Politics
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: September 2012

Entender en fenómeno implica imponer un padrón sobre la materia. Pero cada tipo de padrón tiene característicos propios y conduce a conclusiones específicos.
The 1994 Elections in Mexico: The Case of Chiapas
Authors: Fiederlein Suzanne L.
Published: September 2012

Este artículo examina las elecciones de 1994 en Chiapas, así como los acontecimientos previos y sus resultados y ramificaciones. El levantamiento zapatista tuvo un impacto profundo en el proceso electoral en Chiapas, así como sobre el movimiento nacional de democratización en México. Mientras que las irregularidades electorales ocurridas por todo el país no fueron vistas como lo suficientemente importantes para desafiar la victoria del partido en el poder en cuanto a la elección de presidente, los resultados oficiales en Chiapas, en particular sobre la elección de gobernador, no se consideraron limpios. Desde las elecciones, los zapatistas y una sociedad civil más vigorosa han continuado la presión sobre el gobierno nacional para implementar una reforma electoral y para resolver cuestiones más amplias, como justicia económica, democratización y responsabilidad gubernamental.
La medicina en las gacetas de México
Authors: Guedea Virginia
Published: September 2012

The article examines the manner in which the three gacetas de México, which were published during the period 1722-1809, recorded the changing nature of medicine in New Spain and the way in which society perceived medicine. It also highlights the importance of these periodicals as sources for the history of medicine in colonial Mexico.
Business as Usual: Mexico North Western Railway Managers Confront the Mexican Revolution
Authors: French William E.
Published: September 2012

Este estudio de caso analiza el comportamiento de los trabajadores, el funcionamiento de la economía chihuahuense y la relación que se dio entre el capital extranjero y los regímenes revolucionarios en el occidente de Chihuahua durante la Revolución mexicana
Revolutionary Reform: The Mexican Revolution and the Discourse on Prison Reform
Authors: Buffington Robert
Published: September 2012

El presente trabajo examina la evolución del discurso sobre la reforma carcelaria mexicana a partir de mediados del siglo XIX hasta el Congreso Constituyente de 1916-17. Reconoce que se da una fuerte continuidad en el discurso sobre la reforma carcelaria de las élites mexicanas, en particular su preocupación acerca de la criminalidad de las clases bajas. Al mismo tiempo reconoce los esfuerzos de los revolucionarios por poner un freno al abuso potencial del poder ejecutivo al negar a Carranza un sistema penitenciario controlado desde el centro, descentralizando así los medios de represión.
Exploring Mexican Images of the United States
Authors: Morris Stephen D.
Published: September 2012

NAFTA, neoliberalism and even neoindigenismo in Chiapas have all challenged past perceptions of self and other in Mexico. Rooted in the postmodernist importance of the other in shaping identity, this essay explores themes in contemporary Mexican images of the United States-- Mexico's predominant other-- as found in written editorials and illustrations from the Mexican press during recent moments in Mexican-U. S. affairs. The discussion first maps out the theoretical setting, raising questions about the importance of Mexican perceptions of its northern neighbor and recent changes in those perceptions. These concerns are briefly incorporated into the modernist/postmodernist approaches. The essay then explores and interprets the major themes portrayed by the Mexican press during the period under review. Despite recent indications that Mexico has nurtured a new, more modern view of the United States, perceptions of the United States as power-hungry, hypocritical, and anti-Mexican still inform the public discourse. / El TLC, el neoliberalismo y también el neoindigenismo en Chiapas han retado a las recientes percepciones sobre el yo y el otro en México. A raíz de la importancia posmodernista del otro en la creación de la identidad nacional, el trabajo actual examina algunos aspectos de la imagen contemporánea que México sostiene de los Estados Unidos. Este ensayo se basa en un análisis de editoriales escritos e ilustraciones de la prensa mexicana durante un período reciente en la relación entre los dos países. Dividida en dos partes, la discusión empieza al ofrecer un marco teórico que subraya varias cuestiones sobre la importancia de las percepciones mexicanas de vecino del norte y los posibles cambios de éstas en los últimos años. Se incorporan entonces estos puntos, en forma breve, a los enfoques modernistas/posmodernistas. La segunda sección explora e interpreta los temas más sobresalientes de la prensa mexicana durante el período en cuestión. El trabajo muestra que a pesar de las recientes indicaciones que México ha desarrollado una imagen nueva, y más moderna de los EU, la percepción dominante caracteriza a Estados Unidos como un país con una insaliable hambre de poder, hipócrita y antimexicano.
Common Sense without Common Ground: The Concept of Democratic Transition in Mexican Politics
Authors: Schedler Andreas
Published: September 2012

In contemporary Mexico, political elections have turned into fundamentally free, fair, competitive, and clean contests. Yet, in political debate, the idea prevails that the country's transition to democracy is still on its way. How can we explain this apparent divergence? First, as the article argues, empirical disagreements over the state of democratization persist due to the veiled nature of the Mexican transition. Second, normative disagreements over the endpoints of democratization have raised the standards a complete transition must fulfill. Third, the idea of an ongoing transition has turned into political common sense. It has become part of 'ordinary' language. Accordingly, political actors may use it in many different ways but still harbour an illusion of shared meaning and common ground. / En el México contemporáneo, las elecciones políticas se han convertido, en lo fundamental, en contiendas competitivas, libres, equitativas y limpias. Sin embargo, en el debate público prevalece la idea que el país esté todavía transitando hacia la democracia. ¿Cómo podemos explicar esta aparente incongruencia? En primer lugar, el artículo argumenta que los desacuerdos empíricos acerca del estado de la transición persisten por la naturaleza "velada" de la democratización mexicana. Luego, la existencia de concepciones diferentes de democracia ha elevado los estándares que una transición democrática "completa" debe satisfacer. Por último, la idea de una transición en marcha ha llegado a formar parte del lenguaje cotidiano y del sentido común en política. Consecuentemente, los actores políticos usan el concepto de transición de maneras muy diferentes, manteniendo sin embargo la ilusión de hablar un lenguaje común.
Erotismo y homofobia en "El Apando" (1969) de José Revueltas
Authors: Manzo-Robledo Francisco
Published: September 2012

In José Revueltas' novel El apando (1969), the possibility for transgression is greatly diminished by the system. In such circumstances, the only possibility of transgression by means of the body is through drug consumption and erotic acts. This article examines the lack of literary criticism regarding the erotic, the homoerotic and the expression of sexual desire, other than in the sense of the society's values. The notion of act-space, together with concepts from cultural and queer theory serve as a critical instrument for this analysis. This essay evaluates critically the narrative discourse, clearly tinted with homophobia and a patriarchal patronage incapable of dealing with the most intimate aspects of self-expression. Under the patriarchy, that self-expression is occluded and controlled by the same ideologies, which again, are signs of homophobia. / En la novela El apando (1969) de José Revueltas, la posibilidad de transgredir se reduce a base los parámetros impuestos por el sistema. Ante tal situación, la única posibilidad de transgredir corporalmente que permanece se presenta a través del consumo de droga y la expresión erótica. El presente ensayo examina por qué existe una carencia de crítica en relación al erotismo, al homoerotismo y a la expresión del deseo sexual si no se estudian estos tres puntos de interés exclusivamente a base de los valores sociales que imperan. Una lectura que va contracorriente, en combinación con la noción de acto-espacio, se integra a conceptos culturales y de teoría queer para forjar un instrumento de investigación. Este análisis evalúa críticamente el discurso narrativo que está teñido por sentimientos de homofobia que sustancian a un patriarcado incapaz de aceptar los aspectos más íntimos de la auto-expresión. Esta auto-expresión bajo el patriarcado se ve controlada y obstruida por las mismas ideologías que ejemplifican, una vez más, la homofobia dentro de dicho sistema.
The Los Angeles "Zoot Suit Riots" Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives
Authors: del Castillo Richard Griswold
Published: September 2012

The so-called Zoot Suit riots in Los Angeles in June of 1943 made Latin Americans more aware of the negative racial attitudes within the United States toward Mexicans. Through the publicity surrounding the riots, they also first learned of the existence of a large ethnic group of Mexican origin. This knowledge, however, often came with an additional message that the Mexican American culture was not worthy of esteem by respectable people. / Los disturbios llamados "Zoot-Suit" que ocurrieron en Los Angeles en Junio 1943 hizo saber a los latino americanos que las actitudes de los norteamericanos hacia los mexicanos no eran muy positivas. A través de la publicidad durante los disturbios, aprendieron por la primera vez de la existencia de un gran grupo étnico de origen mexicano en los Estados Unidos. Desgraciadamente esta información vino con otro mensaje que la cultura de los mexicoamericanos no era digna de honor por la supuesta gente decente.
Diagrammatic Practices: The Office of Frederick L. Ackerman and "Architectural Graphic Standards"
Authors: Emmons Paul
Published: September 2012

The office of Frederick Ackerman (1878-1950) was the source of the first modern architectural handbook, Architectural Graphic Standards (1932), which was intended as a radical manifesto. Basing his practice on the economic critique of "conspicuous consumption" by Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), Ackerman was a leader of the technocratic movement. Ackerman directed his employees to develop factual architectural data. The authors of Graphic Standards, Charles Ramsey (1884-1963) and Harold Sleeper (1893-1960), worked at Ackerman's firm, and it was for Ackerman's projects that the first versions of the handbook's plates were drawn. Graphic Standards reflected Ackerman's technocratic approach to architecture, whereby he isolated functional facts from appearance, which was understood as self-expression. In its use of diagrams, Graphic Standards reflected the view that such schematic representations were the transparent rendering of facts. Yet, as seen in some of the plates of Graphic Standards, even the most reductive diagrams inevitably include expressive elements. Through many editions, Graphic Standards has been widely hailed as the "bible" of architectural practice, and it is paradoxical that Ackerman's radical practice became the basis of today's normative commercial practices. The attempt to separate functional fact from aesthetic self-expression was an impossible project, but Ackerman's efforts to achieve a modern architecture that was derived from the nature of its use and construction to replace the design of novelties remain a significant achievement.
Searching for a Modern Chinese Monument: The Design of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing
Authors: Lai Delin
Published: September 2012

In this article, I address the design of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing (1925-31), the most important monument of republican China. By putting it in the context of Sun's ideal for a modern China, the historiography of Chinese architecture since the nineteenth century, various historical associations of competition proposals, the new commemoration rite the Chinese Nationalist Party developed for Sun, and the iconic needs in a cultural politics for awakening masses, I argue that Chinese-style architecture, rather than a readymade system, was an open-ended discourse, in which tradition was examined in relation to the new interest in international architecture. This is epitomized in the design of the mausoleum, in which various ideals for a modern Chinese monument-stylistic, functional, and symbolic-were conceived as part of an effort to fashion the new nation. Modern architecture, in this instance, must be understood as a material embodiment of the struggle to define a modern state.
Modernist Architecture and Nationalist Aspiration in the Baltic: Two Case Studies
Authors: Mansbach S. A.
Published: September 2012

Modern art developed comparatively late in the eastern Baltic, with a variety of meanings, political purposes, and national references different from those to be found elsewhere in Europe and the Americas. Shaped by specific historical events and determined by distinctive local interests, Baltic modern architecture and art of the early twentieth century was charged with a national mission to reflect the political aspirations of the emergent new states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The present article investigates this charged nationalism within the modern art in the Baltic by focusing on the function of architecture in the newly established republics of Lithuania and Estonia during the years following World War I. The comprehension of the creative ways in which Baltic modern architecture was simultaneously employed domestically to articulate a national self-image and implemented internationally to signal democratic and republican progress might serve as a model with which to probe more penetratingly the roles of modern art generally, as well as to provide a new perspective from which to assess national narratives.
Modernism in Late Imperial British West Africa: The Work of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, 1946-56
Authors: Liscombe Rhodri Windsor
Published: September 2012

This article situates the educational architecture of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew in British West Africa in 1946-56 in the context of late British colonial policy. The analysis extends discursive readings of architecture with contemporary literary texts as aspects of what might be termed the material cultural fabric. These different forms of articulation illuminate the sociocultural dynamic underlying the migration of modernism in the postwar era, and the extent to which the movement affected and was appropriated by British colonial enterprise. It also discloses modernism's simultaneous disruption and reinforcement of the objectives of modernity, among which were the ideological and technical systems of British imperial expansion. On this basis, it is argued that Fry and Drew were constrained in their endeavor to resolve the divergent expectations within modernist theory concerning the application of universal principles to local conditions, and thus also in their aim of initiating a legitimate modern African architecture.
"We Do Nothing but Enact History": Thomas Carlyle Stages the Past
Authors: Schoch Richard W.
Published: September 2012

While recent scholarly interest in the "theatricality" of Victorian culture has focused principally on novels, this essay widens that focus to include early-Victorian historical writing. Like his novelistic counterparts, Thomas Carlyle integrated pictorial and theatrical modes of representation into his historical essays despite harboring customary antitheatrical prejudices. In Past and Present, most particularly, Carlyle relied upon theatricality (as distinct from dramatization) as the surest means of providing his readers with the vibrant, animated, and enacted history that he promised them. This implicitly theatrical restoration of the past did not occur through a self-conscious mise-en-scène but through such basic elements of performance as bodily presence, pictorialism, and the organization of theatrical space. For Carlyle, no less than for his theatrical contemporaries, any purely narrative history was dead, linear, and typographic, while any enacted history-alive, solid, and corporeal-was inevitably theatrical. Through a close reading of passages from Past and Present, this essay illuminates correspondences between Carlyle's rhetorical embodiment of history and the staging of history in the Victorian theater.
Animal Bodies: Corporeality, Class, and Subject Formation in The Wide, Wide World
Authors: Mason Jennifer
Published: September 2012

In recent criticism, arguments about whether domesticity in The Wide, Wide World (1850) empowered or disempowered women, and whether it was embraced or critiqued by Warner and her contemporaries, have been founded upon, or at least buttressed by, readings of horses and horsemanship. The interpretation of Ellen Montgomery's riding lessons as a metaphor for her disempowerment, and the ubiquitous denunciation of John Humphreys as "brutal horse-beater," however, have little grounding in the nineteenth-century horsemanship on which Warner drew. While for centuries horses in Western culture had been associated with human passions and horsemanship with their forcible domination, a combination of new methods for disciplining equines and new forms of recreational riding rendered the equine body, in the nineteenth century, discursively situated to communicate the internalized discipline and self-regulation that was necessary to make a human body middle class. Through horseback riding and other lessons, Ellen attains the particular mental and bodily development necessary for her to become a proper, sentimental, middle-class woman who is inserted into a network of power relations-a network in which Ellen attains power over other kinds of women who fail to meet the standards that she does. Historical contextualization also reveals that John's horsemanship accords quite well with nineteenth-century standards and would not have been seen as abusive by his contemporaries. As nearly all arguments about The Wide, Wide World's resistance to domestic ideology have been predicated upon John's propensity for horse-beating, this essay calls for a reexamination of what has become a principal claim of Warner criticism.
The Hound of the Baskervilles, the Man on the Tor, and a Metaphor for the Mind
Authors: Frank Lawrence
Published: September 2012

Through Dr. Watson's narrative, Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles (1901-2) dramatizes a nineteenth-century debate between opposing naturalistic accounts of the human mind, one associated with Cesare Lombroso's biological reductionism, the other with John Tyndall's Romantic materialism. In the episode of the Man on the Tor a vision of the mind emerges that acknowledges the influence of Darwinian thought. Yet, through allusions to Tyndall's "Scientific Use of the Imagination" (1870), to Pierre-Simon Laplace's nebular hypothesis, and to Milton, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Wordsworth, the episode offers a metaphor for the mind: it suggests, iconographically, that the consciousness of enlightenment rationalism rides precariously, like the earth's crust, over the subterranean depths to be associated with the Romantic unconscious.
The "Outing" of Walter Pater
Authors: Shuter William F.
Published: September 2012

A subject that biographers and critics once avoided altogether or approached only with great circumspection, Pater's sexuality has become an explicit and even a major topic of recent Pater studies. The story of Pater's erotic relationship in 1874 with an Oxford undergraduate, though apparently known to some of his contemporaries, has only recently been reconstructed and documented, the fullest account being that of Billie Inman. And Pater's encoded sexuality has been made a central topic of critical discourse by Richard Dellamora, who has decoded several of Pater's texts using the method of gender criticism. To the degree that the conclusions of these studies rely on demonstration, they raise questions that are of as much interest as the conclusions themselves. These questions concern the nature of the available evidence, the manner in which the evidence is interpreted, and the suppositions that render one interpretation more persuasive that another. The case of Pater also tests a terminological distinction favored by Dellamora and other gender critics. Because all-male institutions have traditionally discouraged overtly sexual relationships between men, gender criticism distinguishes "homosociality" from "homosexuality" in order to oppose them. For Patter, however, the "homosocial" and the "homosexual" form a continuum that recalls the erotic sensibility of the Greeks he admired. It is therefore difficult to describe Pater's sexual temperament using such language. Probably the least unsatisfactory term would be "homoerotic." It is more inclusive than "homosexual," and as a verbal formation it has the advantage of being purely Greek.
"The Burning Clime": Charlotte Brontë and John Martin
Authors: Alexander Christine
Published: September 2012

The name of the Romantic painter and printmaker John Martin has long been associated with the Brontës. His pictures hung on the Brontë Parsonage walls; the Brontë children both copied his images in paint and transposed them into "print" in their tiny handsewn magazines. His sublime landscapes and gigantic imaginary scenes of ancient architecture-an amalgamation of Classical, Egyptian, and Indian styles-provided unlimited scope for the young architects of Glass Town and Angria. Yet the dynamic relationship between Martin's lurid canvases and Charlotte Brontë's writings extends beyond the simple use of pictorialism. In his work she found an analogue for her own frustrating experience, and her response to his work significantly contributed to her personal development as an artist. This essay attempts to trace the way in which Brontë's writings register her early-nineteenth-century response to Martin's work in a gradual shift from her initial enthusiasm for his landscapes toward a distrust of his illusive promises of grandeur.
The Education of Cousin Phillis
Authors: Rogers Philip
Published: September 2012

In "Cousin Phillis" Elizabeth Gaskell shows Phillis Holman's love experience to be inseparable from her education. Gaskell's male narrator naively supposes that having a male education makes Phillis "more a like man than a woman"; however, the male supervision of her studies and the lessons of her readings in classical and foreign literature confirm instead the constraints of Victorian womanhood. Gaskell's allusion to the Phillises of Virgil, Ovid, and the Renaissance pastoral tradition implies demeaning and self-destructive models for her heroine and, more broadly, a critique of the representation of women in literary texts. Phillis Holman's abandonment and collapse repeat the patterns of her classical namesakes, but ultimately she eludes their reductive definitions of womanhood and establishes her individuality in the will to live.
"Ways That Are Dark": Appropriations of Bret Harte's "Plain Language from Truthful James"
Authors: Scharnhorst Gary
Published: September 2012

One of the most popular poems ever published, "Plain Language from Truthful James" (1870) has usually been read not as a satire of the Irish, as Bret Harte intended, but of the Chinese, represented by Ah Sin. The text literally constructs a racial Other in stereotypical terms; only when read ironically does it subvert the stereotype. Harte meant to ridicule the anti-Chinese prejudices of the Irish underclass, with whom Chinese immigrants cmpeted for jobs in northern California. At the height of its popularity, however, the poem was adapted by the foes of Chinese immigration to support their cause. This tendency to (mis) appropriate the poem is apparent in various illustrated reprintings of it; in the play Ah Sin (1877), mostly written by Mark Twain; and in juvenile novels by Horatio Alger, Jr. By the 1890s Harte's authority was again invoked by the opponents of Chinese immigration, including the California journalist Adeline Knapp, and the anti-Chinese reading of the poem has remained essentially fixed in American culture since the turn of the century.
The Divine Truth of Scripture: Chant in the Roman de Fauvel
Authors: Rankin Susan
Published: September 2012

The Roman de Fauvel-a satirical tale of the rise and fall of a vice-ridden beast-was begun in the last years of the reign of Philip "le Bel" (d. 1314). Intended as an allegory of the French royal court, the version preserved in Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds fr. 146 renders the references to specific persons and events more explicit and pointed. This was achieved through the inclusion of an expanded French narrative, illustrations, and 169 musical pieces-monophonic and polyphonic, French and Latin. This study examines one category of musical pieces, those based on liturgical chant. The nature of those pieces-their identity as chants if they are liturgical, their relation to chant if they are not-and the reasons for their inclusion are explored.
Newly Identified Manuscripts of Operas and Related Works from Mannheim
Authors: Corneilson Paul , Wolf Eugene K.
Published: September 2012

Opera at the court of Elector Palatine Carl Theodor in Mannheim during the period 1742-78 attained a level of prestige fully equivalent to that of other leading courts of the day. Yet the loss of most of the performance materials in use at Mannheim has constantly hindered basic research in this area. The present article reports the existence of twenty-eight manuscripts (mainly full scores) of twenty separate operas and related secular dramatic works that were either copied at Mannheim or prepared for use there. Eight of these are revealed to have belonged to the personal collection of Count Carl Heinrich Joseph von Sickingen (1737-91), privy councillor to Carl Theodor and his envoy in Paris from 1768 until his death. Discovery of a thematic catalogue of Sickingen's collection allows the partial reconstruction of its contents; this has special relevance in that Mozart was a frequent guest of the count during his sojourn in Paris in 1777/78 and can be shown to have known and made use of his collection of opera scores.
"Mein Weg geht jetzt vorüber": The Vocal Origins of Webern's Twelve-Tone Composition
Authors: Shreffler Anne C.
Published: September 2012

The essay explores Anton Webern's earliest encounters with the twelve-tone method in the context of his previous decade-long preoccupation with vocal music. Examination of Five Sacred Songs, op. 15, Five Canons, op. 16, Three Traditional Rhymes, op. 17, Three Songs, op. 18, and sketches and drafts from 1922 to 1925 suggests that Webern did not accept Arnold Schoenberg's method uncritically, but alternately rejected and embraced it. The religious and folk texts that Webern set during these years, hardly anonymous ciphers, were essential in helping him to articulate his own twelve-tone technique.
Aural Key Identification and Its Relationship to Absolute Pitch
Authors: Terhardt Ernst , Seewann Manfred
Published: September 2012

The ability of musically talented and trained subjects (124 non- absolutepitch- possessors, 11 AP possessors), was tested to determine whether or not brief musical stimuli were in the nominal (i. e., correct) key; no pitch reference was given. As test stimuli, excerpts of J. S. Bach's major preludes of the Well- Tempered Clavier, Vol. 1 (duration 4- 5 sec), were employed. Three categories of test were carried out, i. e., pilot, main, and control experiments. In the pilot and main experiments, test stimuli were generated on a piano, while in the control experiments modified piano sounds and electronic sounds were used. The pilot experiments yielded good replicability of previous findings (Terhardt & Ward, 1982), and showed insensitivity of key- identification performance to the type of experimental paradigm employed. In the main experiment, 78% of the subjects (only 11 being AP possessors) achieved significant identification performance with transpositions of up to 4 semitones. Forty-five percent of subjects were significantly able to tell the nominal key from ± 1-semitone transpositions. The distribution of identification rates (normalized for guessing) extends from 0 to 100% and shows a pronounced minimum at around 75%. This suggests two different modes of key identification, one used by non-AP-possessors, and the other by AP possessors. The control experiments reveal that key- identification performance is not piano-specific. Results of all three test categories indicate that no perceptual cues other than pitch were involved. It is thus concluded that both AP possessors and non-AP-possessors depend on absolute pitch information when identifying musical key; however, they employ different perceptual modes: AP possessors primarily identify individual notes, while non-AP-possessors unconsciously deduce from a series of notes a feeling of key.