bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sclerostin Antibody–Induced Changes in Bone Mass Are Site Specific in Developing Crania
Authors: Scheiber Amanda L , Barton David K , Khoury Basma M , Marini Joan C , Swiderski Donald L , Caird Michelle S , Kozloff Kenneth M
Published: August 2019

Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) is an anabolic bone agent that has been shown to increase bone mass in clinical trials of adult diseases of low bone mass, such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Its use to decrease bone fragility in pediatric OI has shown efficacy in several growing mouse models, suggesting translational potential to pediatric disorders of low bone mass. However, the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin during periods of rapid growth and development have not yet been described with respect to the cranium, where lifelong deficiency of functioning sclerostin leads to patterns of excessive bone growth, cranial compression, and facial palsy. In the present study, we undertook dimensional and volumetric measurements in the skulls of growing Brtl/+ OI mice treated with Scl-Ab to examine whether therapy-induced phenotypic changes were similar to those observed clinically in patients with sclerosteosis or Van Buchem disorder. Mice treated between 3 and 14 weeks of age with high doses of Scl-Ab show significant calvarial thickening capable of rescuing OI-induced deficiencies in skull thickness. Other changes in cranial morphology, such as lengths and distances between anatomic landmarks, intracranial volume, and suture interdigitation, showed minimal effects of Scl-Ab when compared with growth-induced differences over the treatment duration. Treatment-induced narrowing of foramina was limited to sites of vascular but not neural passage, suggesting patterns of local regulation. Together, these findings reveal a site specificity of Scl-Ab action in the calvaria with no measurable cranial nerve impingement or brainstem compression. This differentiation from the observed outcomes of lifelong sclerostin deficiency complements reports of Scl-Ab treatment efficacy at other skeletal sites with the prospect of minimal cranial secondary complications. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
South African adult caregivers as “protective shields”: Serving as a buffer between stressful neighborhood conditions and youth risk behaviors
Authors: Small Latoya A. , Parchment Tyrone M. , Bahar Ozge Sensoy , Osuji Hadiza L. , Chomanczuk Aminda Heckman , Bhana Arvin
Published: August 2019

Low‐income youths in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, face elevated risks to their well‐being from exposure to neighborhood conditions correlated with engaging in risky behaviors. These risks can be mitigated through adult caregivers who serve as protective shields, buffering adverse conditions. However, this protective role is dependent on the caregivers’ mental health and well‐being. This secondary analysis uses baseline data from 475 child‐caregiver dyads in an HIV‐prevention program to examine the mediating effects of caregiver mental health on the relationship between neighborhood conditions and child risk‐behaviors. Multivariate analyses identify the direct and indirect effects of neighborhood stressors and caregiver mental health on child risk‐behavior. Findings suggest that caregivers mitigate the impact of neighborhood conditions on their children, but caregivers’ mental health is directly affected by neighborhood conditions. Therefore, caregivers’ mental health and well‐being must be considered key elements in developing youth risk‐behavior interventions.
The Effects of Dynamic Noncovalent Interaction between Surfactants and Additional Salt on the pH‐Switchable Interfacial Tension Variations
Authors: Zou Jian , Liu Yigang , Wang Qiuxia , Liu Hao , Jia Han , Lian Peng
Published: August 2019

The dynamic noncovalent interaction between the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and 1,3‐diphenylguanidine (DPG) was employed to control the interfacial activity of the surfactant. At high HCl concentration (1000 mg L−1), the SDBS/DPGn+ system could reduce the water/oil interfacial tension (IFT) to 10−4 mN m−1 order of magnitude, which was much lower than the IFT values in the SDBS/DPG+ system with a low HCl concentration (100 mg L−1) and the individual SDBS system by three and four orders of magnitude, respectively. The pH‐switchable protonation of amido groups in DPG molecules determines the SDBS/DPG molecular interaction and the amplitude of IFT reduction, which was confirmed by control experiments using two other surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide [DTAB]). Moreover, the investigation of the NaCl and temperature effects on the IFT indicated the intensity of mixed SDBS/DPGn+ adsorption layers at the water/oil interface.
Cranial nerve outcomes in regionally recurrent head & neck melanoma after sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Hanks John E. , Yalamanchi Pratyusha , Kovatch Kevin J. , Ali S. Ahmed , Smith Joshua D. , Durham Alison B. , Bradford Carol R. , Malloy Kelly M. , McLean Scott A.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Characterize long‐term cranial nerve (CN) outcomes following sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) based management for head and neck cutaneous melanoma (HNCM).

Methods

Longitudinal review of HNCM patients undergoing SLNB from 1997–2007.

Results

Three hundred fifty‐six patients were identified, with mean age 53.5 ± 19.0 years, mean Breslow depth 2.52 ± 1.87 mm, and 4.9 years median follow‐up. One hundred five (29.4%) patients had SLNB mapping to the parotid basin. Eighteen patients had positive parotid SLNs and underwent immediate parotidectomy / immediate completion lymph node dissection (iCLND), with six possessing positive parotid non‐sentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs). Fifty‐two of 356 (14.6%) patients developed delayed regional recurrences, including 20 total intraparotid recurrences: five following false negative (FN) parotid SLNB, three following prior immediate superficial parotidectomy, two following iCLND without parotidectomy, and the remaining 12 parotid recurrences had negative extraparotid SLNBs. Parotid recurrences were multiple (4.9 mean recurrent nodes) and advanced (n = 4 extracapsular extension), and all required salvage dissection including parotidectomy. Immediate parotidectomy/iCLND led to no permanent CN injuries. Delayed regional HNCM macrometastasis precipitated 16 total permanent CN injuries in 13 patients: 10 CN VII, five CN XI, and one CN XII deficits. Fifty percent (n = 10) of parotid recurrences caused ≥1 permanent CN deficits.

Conclusions

Regional HNCM macrometastases and salvage dissection confer marked CN injury risk, whereas early surgical intervention via SLNB ± iCLND ± immediate parotidectomy yielded no CN injuries. Further, superficial parotidectomy performed in parotid‐mapping HNCM does not obviate delayed intraparotid recurrences, which increase risk of CN VII injury. Despite lack of a published disease‐specific survival advantage in melanoma, early disease control in cervical and parotid basins is paramount to minimize CN complications.

Level of Evidence

4 (retrospective case series)

Laryngoscope, 130:1707–1714, 2020
Risk of ocular complications following radiation therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lin Kuen‐Tze , Lee Shih‐Yu , Liu Shao‐Cheng , Tsao Chih‐Cheng , Hsu Sheng‐Der , Chien Wu‐Chien , Chung Chi‐Hsiang , Chang Wei‐Kuo , Chen Yuan‐Wu , Lin Chun‐Shu
Published: August 2019

Objective

To examine the risk of ocular complications following radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

We adopted 1:1 propensity score matching and identified an NPC cohort (n = 736) and a comparison cohort (n = 736) that comprised non‐NPC head and neck cancer patients who received radiotherapy in the National Health Insurance Research Database from 1997 to 2010. The follow‐up period was terminated upon developing ocular complications (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD‐9‐CM]360‐379) or on December 31, 2010.

Results

After adjusting for the confounding factors of the study, the NPC cohort had a higher adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for developing ocular complications than the comparison cohort (adjusted HR = 2.786, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.805–4.112, P < 0.001). The NPC cohort was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing ocular complications compared with the comparison cohort within 12 and after 24 months of follow‐up (P < 0.05). The most common associated ocular complications were optic nerve disorder and retinopathy.

Conclusions

Patients with NPC might be at higher risk of developing ocular complications after radiotherapy than non‐NPC head and neck cancer patients in Taiwan. Either further investigation or routine assessments by ophthalmological physician is recommended.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 130:1270–1277, 2020
Design and validation of a new instrument to assess fear of falling in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Terroba‐Chambi Cinthia , Bruno Veronica , Millar‐Vernetti Patricio , Bruce David , Brockman Simone , Merello Marcelo , Starkstein Sergio
Published: August 2019

Background

Fear of falling may be significantly associated with falls in Parkinson's disease (PD) and may have a negative impact on quality of life. Nevertheless, there are no valid and reliable tools to examine this condition in PD. The objective of this study was to design and determine the psychometric attributes of an instrument to assess fear of falling in PD.

Methods

A prospective 1‐year, 2‐phase study was conducted to validate the Fear of Falling Scale, a self‐assessed instrument for assessing fear of falling in PD. During phase 1, we designed a scale to measure the severity of fear of falling and determine its baseline psychometric characteristics, whereas phase 2 was a 1‐year follow‐up study to assess the frequency of falls and other clinical factors linked to fear of falling. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed against the Fear of Falling Measure and the Starkstein Apathy Scale, respectively.

Results

The Fear of Falling Scale showed high internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and strong convergent and discriminant validity. There was a significant association between fear of falling score and the presence of both generalized anxiety disorder and major depression, poor balance‐related motor ability, increased nonmotor symptoms of PD, more severe impairments in activities of daily living, and increased motor fluctuations. Finally, generalized anxiety disorder was a significant predictor of number of falls during a 12‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusions

The Fear of Falling Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess fear of falling in PD. Fear of falling in PD is associated with specific psychiatric and motor disorders and is significantly related to the performance of balance‐related motor functions. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna employing parasitic loops and defective ground plane
Authors: Feng Guirong , Chen Lei , Shi Xiaowei
Published: August 2019

A simple printed monopole antenna using parasitic loops and defective ground plane is presented for broadband circular polarized (CP) radiation. For this purpose, two square open loops, which install air gaps at the corner and close to the monopole, are printed on both sides for achieving broadband CP radiation with three minimum axial ratio (AR) points. By using a defective ground plane with a vertical slot and a horizontal slot, additional AR points can be excited to further broaden the AR bandwidth. This design was fabricated, and the measured results show that the antenna with a simple structure achieves both wide impedance bandwidth of 87.2% (2.62‐6.67 GHz) and AR bandwidth of 83.9% (2.6‐6.36 GHz).
A pilot study of the responsiveness of wireless motion analysis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Statland Jeffrey M. , Karanevich Alex , Bruetsch Adam , Huisinga Jessie
Published: August 2019

Introduction

We determined whether instrumenting timed functional tasks with wireless inertial motion sensors were responsive to facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) progression and movement pattern changes.

Methods

Ten individuals who were clinically affected with genetically confirmed FSHD, mean age 54 years (range 42–65), performed an instrumented timed up and go (iTUG) trial at each visit, wearing six wireless inertial sensors. We determined the estimated average monthly slope of progression and 12‐month change for temporal and spatial motion variables using a linear mixed effects model.

Results

For an average of 20.6 months (range 6.1–34.5), the iTUG duration stayed constant, whereas stride length, stride velocity, and trunk sagittal range of motion changed, indicating poorer performance. Arm swing changed in a compensatory direction toward the normative mean.

Discussion

This study provides preliminary evidence that iTUG motion variables could be sensitive to progression in FSHD, but this requires validation in a larger study.
Are patient education and self‐care advantageous for patients with head and neck cancer? A feasibility study
Authors: Söderlund Schaller Anne , Dragioti Elena , Liedberg Gunilla M. , Larsson Britt
Published: August 2019

Aim

This study evaluates whether patient education and individually self‐care reduces pain and improves QoL, mood and sleep during and after radiotherapy treatment for patients with head and neck cancer.

Design

A longitudinal, two‐armed feasibility study design was performed.

Methods

Sixty‐four participants with curative intent were included in the study. All participants answered questions about pain three times a week and completed a survey questionnaire about pain, QoL, psychological aspects and barriers towards pain management at baseline, at 4 weeks and at 10 weeks. Thirty‐four of the participants attended in two education sessions on pain based on their beliefs about pain and received individualized self‐care instructions based on their weekly rating of pain.

Result

This study did not find any significant group differences for the pain, QoL, mood and sleep.
Synthesis of IONP's decorated graft copolymers and study of their magnetic force–induced wastewater treatment
Authors: Kiran  , Sonker Ekta , Tungala Kranthikumar , Krishnamoorthi S , Kumar Krishna
Published: August 2019

Our work is focused on facile synthesis and modification of amylopectin‐grafted block copolymers by using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. This technique yields polymers with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity indexes and is feasible with a wide range of monomers. Five different grades of amylopectin‐grafted polymethacrylic acid and polyacrylamide block copolymers have been synthesized via RAFT, by varying the amount of acrylamide employing amylopectin‐based macro chain transfer agent. Graft copolymers have been upgraded as smart responsive graft copolymers, through the incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via condensation reaction. The polymeric materials have been extensively characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Normal and responsive graft copolymers have been studied for removal of model contaminant (kaolin), and responsive graft copolymers have been used to remove methylene blue dye (without using any adsorbent) from water by applying external magnetic field. The upgraded block copolymers have shown best performance in wastewater treatment.
Preparation and properties of flame‐retardant damping polyurethane and its application in floating deck
Authors: Wang Congying , Hong Ling , Tian Caiyun
Published: August 2019

Flame‐retardant modified polyurethane (PU) damping layers were prepared using the combination of expandable graphite (EG), aluminum hydroxide, and phosphorus‐nitrogen flame‐retardant HF600B. The mechanical, thermal, damping, and flame retardancy properties of PU damping layer and the sound insulation, vibration damping, and fire resistance of the deck components were studied systematically. The results revealed that the incorporation of flame retardant depressed the mechanical performance in general, and there was no significant change in damping property. At the same time, the residual char ratio of damping layer increased obviously with the addition of HF600B, the vertical burning rating was upgraded from V‐2 to V‐0 and passed the low flame test of marine materials. The A60 fire test showed that the floating deck system with damping layer had a maximum temperature rise of 75°C on the backfire surface during the test, which is much lower than 180°C required in the A60 grade fire resistance and has good fire resistance. Sound insulation test of the deck components showed that only a 2 mm damping layer increased the average sound insulation by 3 dB, especially in the low‐frequency range by about 8 dB. The vibration test showed that the damping effect of the floating damping deck system on the steel plate surface and the dressing surface is increased by 1.1 and 4.0 dB in the range of 10–200 Hz, 9.2, and 4.7 dB in the range of 200–1,500 Hz, respectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2136–2147, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Deposition, dissipation, and minimum effective dosage of the fungicide carbendazim in the pepper‐field ecosystem
Authors: Ge Qiqing , Mei Jiajia , Chen Shiyu , Zhang Qianke , Xue Yongfei , Yu Yunlong , Fang Hua
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

In order to reduce application dosage of carbendazim (CBD), the effects of different droplet sizes and application rate on initial deposition, retention rate, and field control efficacy of CBD in the pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) were studied under laboratory and field conditions.

RESULTS

Based on eight types of nozzles at six concentrations of 646.8, 582.2, 517.5, 414.0, 310.5, and 258.7 g a.i./hm2, the initial deposition amount of CBD in the pepper plant showed a first increased and then decreased trend with the increasing application dosages. The initial deposition amount of CBD in the pepper leaves and stems was highest when using the nozzle ST110‐03 at 200 μm volume median diameter (VMD) and 350 L/hm2 application rate. HPLC‐MS/MS analysis revealed that CBD was first converted to 2‐aminobenzimidazole, which then transformed into benzimidazole and 2‐hydroxybenzimidazole by deamination and hydroxylation, and ultimately mineralized to carbon dioxide and water via the cleavage of the imidazole ring in pepper plant. The dissipation rate of CBD was fruits > roots/stems > leaves > soils. After 7 days of application, the field efficacy of CBD at six concentrations on pepper anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) were 94.1%, 91.3%, 82.3%, 76.5%, 47.0%, and 41.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results revealed the deposition and dissipation characteristics of CBD, and the minimum effective dosage on pepper anthracnose decreased to 80% of the minimum recommended dose in the open field pepper ecosystem. The study will contribute to the CBD reduction by improving its utilization rate in the pepper‐field ecosystem. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic effect of β‐diketonato ligands on the redox potential of fac and mer tris(β‐diketonato) iron(III) complexes: A density functional theory study and molecular electrostatic potential analysis
Authors: Adeniyi Adebayo A. , Conradie Jeanet
Published: August 2019

Experimental redox potentials of 16 derivatives of tris(β‐diketonato)iron(III) complexes (where β‐diketonato(R1COCHCOR2)─, with substituents R1 and R2 in different combinations of H, C4H3S, C4H3O, CH3, Ph, CF3, or C (CH3)3), and 11 additional isomers, were studied theoretically in terms of the electronic properties, substituent effects, electron affinity, and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis, using density functional theory methods. The computational methods reproduced the experimental reduction potential to a very high level of accuracy, especially when the M062X functional was used (with mean absolute deviation [MAD] = 0.054 and 0.093 and correlation R2 = 0.978 and 0.981 obtained by application of two slightly different free energy cycles, respectively). The most negative computed reduction potential corresponds to the most negative reported experimental reductions, which is indicative of the least favorable reduction potential, also in most cases the most stable molecules energetically. The calculated reduction potentials of the fac isomers of the molecules were generally higher (less negative) than that of the mer isomers when one of the ligand substituents R1 or R2 was CF3 (M062X results), indicating better ease of reduction, although in many cases, the experimental reduction potential agreed better with the calculated reduction potential of the mer isomer instead. The calculated reduction potentials were also affected by the substituents in the order of CF3 > H > C4H3S > C4H3O > Ph > CH3 > C(CH3)3 (the most negative value). The stronger the electron withdrawing tendency of the substituent, the more favorable (less negative value) the reduction potential becomes. In relation to the CH3‐substituted molecule 1 as a reference, the molecules with electron withdrawing substituents resulted in an electron‐deficient MESP iso‐surface, in both the neutral state and reduced state. All the molecules in their reduced state were characterized with an electron‐deficient MESP iso‐surface compared with the reduced CH3‐substituted molecule 1, with the deficiency increasing in mer compared with fac, for both the neutral and reduced molecules. The relative MESP values of ΔVFe in the reduced state of the molecules were able to predict the corresponding experimental reduction potential to a significant level of accuracy (with MAD = 0.091).
Functionality of Non‐Fullerene Electron Acceptors in Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Tao , Zheng Luyao , Xiao Zuo , Meng Xianyi , Liu Lei , Ding Liming , Gong Xiong
Published: August 2019

Ternary organic solar cells, a single active layer comprising three different components, are demonstrated to be one of the most efficient ways to approach high‐performance organic solar cells. But nevertheless, most of the ternary organic solar cells are characterized by steady‐state measurements, which are helpful but inadequate to fully understand the underlying charge carrier behavior at a short time scale. Herein, a comparison of the steady‐state and time‐dependent measurements is used to investigate the functionality of non‐fullerene electron acceptors in ternary organic solar cells. The steady‐state measurements indicate that non‐fullerene electron acceptors enlarge the absorption range of the photoactive layer, suppress charge carrier recombination, reduce charge carrier transfer resistance, and thereby increase photocurrent in ternary organic solar cells. The time‐dependent measurements demonstrate that a short charge carrier extraction time and a high charge carrier mobility are responsible for enhanced photocurrent in ternary organic solar cells. A comprehensive method understanding the underlying of enhanced efficiency of ternary organic solar cells is provided herein.
Contributory factors interactions model: A new systems‐based accident model
Authors: Jing Linlin , Bai Qingguo , Guo Weiqun , Feng Yan , Liu Lin , Zhang Yingyu
Published: August 2019

Understanding the interactions between contributory factors associated with accidents is important. However, the widely applied Swiss cheese model (SCM) and the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) oversimplify the causes of accidents and ignore the interactions among the various components of an entire system, which is the essence of systems thinking. A new systems‐based accident model that reflects the nature of the accidents and can be explained by the underlying accident model must therefore be developed. This study aims to create a new accident model that represents the interactions between the contributory factors, which can offer a systems approach to conducting a comprehensive examination of accidents. We use data obtained from the official accident reports on 94 extraordinary major coal mining catastrophes that took place from 1997 to 2011 in China. The results reveal that all latent conditions, including external factors, organizational influences, unsafe supervision, and preconditions for unsafe behaviours can influence active failures, that is, unsafe behaviours. However, only the preconditions for unsafe behaviours can influence unsafe behaviours within the SCM and HFACS frameworks. Furthermore, latent conditions can affect each other within the contributory factors interactions model. This study provides a new systems‐based accident model that allows us to examine and explain the relationships and linkages within and between complex sociotechnical systems and identify the common factors and interactions that cross human, external, and organizational factors.
Correlated‐replicate occupancy models for wild turkey gobbling call‐count surveys
Authors: Pollentier Christopher D. , Hardy Michael A. , Lutz R. Scott , Hull Scott D.
Published: August 2019

Gobbling call‐count surveys have been frequently used as a means for monitoring distributions and population trends of eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). However, gobbling activity can be highly variable and potentially leads to biased estimates if detection probability is left unaccounted for. Occupancy modeling based on detection–nondetection data offers an effective way of exploring changes in species distribution and provides logistical flexibility with sampling design. Recent advances in occupancy modeling have enabled detection probability and inferences about occupancy dynamics to be estimated from transect sampling designs with spatially replicated survey stations, similar to those of gobbling call‐count surveys. We analyzed data collected from 1,815 gobbling call‐count surveys in northern Wisconsin, USA, 2014–2017, to compare multiseason correlated‐replicate occupancy models to standard multiseason models. Model selection results strongly supported multiseason correlated‐replicate models (Σwi = 1.00) over standard multiseason occupancy models. We observed evidence for spatial autocorrelation in local occupancy—probability of local availability was lower when turkeys were unavailable at the previous station ( = 0.18 ± 0.07 [SE]) compared with when turkeys were available ( = 0.79 ± 0.13). Probability of detection was imperfect and varied by time of day (β = −0.503) and wind speed (β = −0.362). Turkeys occurred throughout a variety of habitat conditions, but occupancy was greatest ( = 0.990 ± 0.03) along survey routes with 40–60% forest cover. We fit simulated data to standard occupancy models and correlated replicate models and found occupancy and detection estimates were underestimated by as much as 10% with standard occupancy models, but bias was negligible under the correlated replicate modeling approach. Our findings indicate that transect sampling designs that account for spatial correlation among adjacent survey stations can yield improved estimates of detection and occupancy, and such sampling designs could lead to greater ecological interest in factors that influence species occurrence and patterns of habitat use. Gobbling call‐count surveys in conjunction with occupancy‐based modeling may be useful for assessing reintroduced or natural expanding wild turkey populations at the edge of their range. Additionally, we suggest the combination of gobbling surveys and occupancy modeling is useful for evaluating habitat–occurrence relationships across large‐scale landscapes or state‐based wild turkey management units. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Money and credit during normal times and house price booms: evidence from time-frequency analysis
Authors: Ryczkowski Maciej
Published: August 2019

I analyse the link between money and credit for twelve industrialized countries in the time period from 1970 to 2016. The euro area and Commonwealth Countries have rather strong co-movements between money and credit at longer frequencies. Denmark and Switzerland show weak and episodic effects. Scandinavian countries and the US are somewhere in between. I find strong and significant longer run co-movements especially around booming house prices for all of the sample countries. The analysis suggests the expansionary policy that cleans up after the burst of a bubble may exacerbate the risk of a new house price boom. The interrelation is hidden in the short run, because the co-movements are then rarely statistically significant. According to the wavelet evidence, developments of money and credit since the Great Recession or their decoupling in Japan suggest that it is more appropriate to examine the two variables separately in some circumstances.
How do you perceive threat? It’s all in your pattern of brain activity
Authors: Fernandes Orlando , Portugal Liana Catrina Lima , Alves Rita de Cássia S. , Arruda-Sanchez Tiago , Volchan Eliane , Pereira Mirtes Garcia , Mourão-Miranda Janaina , Oliveira Letícia
Published: August 2019

Whether subtle differences in the emotional context during threat perception can be detected by multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) remains a topic of debate. To investigate this question, we compared the ability of pattern recognition analysis to discriminate between patterns of brain activity to a threatening versus a physically paired neutral stimulus in two different emotional contexts (the stimulus being directed towards or away from the viewer). The directionality of the stimuli is known to be an important factor in activating different defensive responses. Using multiple kernel learning (MKL) classification models, we accurately discriminated patterns of brain activation to threat versus neutral stimuli in the directed towards context but not during the directed away context. Furthermore, we investigated whether it was possible to decode an individual’s subjective threat perception from patterns of whole-brain activity to threatening stimuli in the different emotional contexts using MKL regression models. Interestingly, we were able to accurately predict the subjective threat perception index from the pattern of brain activation to threat only during the directed away context. These results show that subtle differences in the emotional context during threat perception can be detected by MVPA. In the directed towards context, the threat perception was more intense, potentially producing more homogeneous patterns of brain activation across individuals. In the directed away context, the threat perception was relatively less intense and more variable across individuals, enabling the regression model to successfully capture the individual differences and predict the subjective threat perception.
Making Archaeological Collections Available for Research: Recommendations for Repositories
Authors: King Julia A. , Samford Patricia
Published: August 2019

Archaeological collections repositories have two principal aims: preserving collections while also making them accessible. This accessibility is critical for the growing number of researchers turning to collections to study the past. This article describes steps that repositories can take to enhance access to collections in their custody, based on the experience of the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, the state's public archaeological curation facility. These steps include the identification of stakeholders—archaeologists, Native American tribes, and stakeholder communities; creation of a detailed and prioritized collection inventory including artifacts and records; development of finding aids; reconstruction of provenience systems; and exploration of the digital delivery of collection information. For repositories ill equipped to hold archaeological collections, consideration should be given to transferring the collection to one with the appropriate resources and expertise.
Is depression associated with pathways to care and diagnosis delay in people with tuberculosis in Ethiopia?
Authors: Ambaw F. , Mayston R. , Hanlon C. , Alem A.
Published: August 2019

Background.

Co-morbid depression is common in people with tuberculosis (TB). Symptoms of depression (low energy, impaired concentration, decreased motivation and hopelessness) may affect help-seeking; however, this impact has not been studied so far. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of co-morbid depression on diagnostic delay, pathways to care, and to identify if it mediates other factors associated with diagnostic delay.

Methods.

We analyzed cross-sectional data collected from 592 adults with newly diagnosed TB. We assessed probable depression using Patient Health Questionnaire, nine items (PHQ-9) at a cut-off 10. Data on diagnosis delay, pathways to TB care, socio-demographic variables, stigma, types of TB, substance use, co-morbid chronic illnesses, and perception about TB were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Generalized structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data.

Results.

A total of 313 (52.9%) participants had probable depression. Pathway to TB care was direct for 512 (86.5%) of the participants and indirect for 80 (13.5%) of them. The median diagnosis delay was 12.0 weeks. Depression did not have a statistically significant association with pathways to TB care (β= −0.45; 95% CI−1.85 to 0.96) or diagnostic delay [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.90; 0.77–1.06]. Indirect pathway to TB care was positively associated with diagnosis delay (AOR = 2.72; 95% CI 1.25–5.91).

Conclusions.

People with TB who had co-morbid probable depression visited the modern health care as directly as and as soon as those without co-morbid depression. How socio-demographic factors influence pathways to care and diagnosis delay require qualitative exploration.
New fossil sea turtle trackway morphotypes from the Pleistocene of South Africa highlight role of ichnology in turtle paleobiology
Authors: Lockley Martin G. , Cawthra Hayley C. , De Vynck Jan C. , Helm Charles W. , McCrea Richard T. , Nel Ronel
Published: August 2019

More than 130 late Pleistocene trackway sites from the coastal eolianites and beach deposits of the Cape south coast, South Africa, have previously mostly yielded tracks of large mammals and birds. However, two sites east of Still Bay, and a third near Garden Route National Park, yield distinctive trackways of hatchling sea turtles, made during the short posthatching (postemergence) interval when the trackmakers headed for the sea. One assemblage of approximately parallel trackways indicates smaller loggerhead turtle hatchlings, with alternating gaits, and contrasts with a wider trackway indicating a leatherback turtle hatchling. These are the world's first reports of fossil traces that document this brief “run-for the-sea” phenomenon. They help delineate late Pleistocene sea turtle breeding ranges and indicate climatic conditions along the Cape south coast. Ichnotaxonomically defined swim tracks of large adult sea turtles are known from a few Mesozoic sites. Likewise, walking and swim traces of terrestrial freshwater turtles are also known from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. However, as no ichnotaxonomy exists for these diagnostic hatchling trails, we assign the trackways of the inferred loggerheads to the new ichnotaxonAustralochelichnus agulhasiiichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and the inferred leatherback trackway toMarinerichnus latusichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.
HRNN4F: HYBRID DEEP RANDOM NEURAL NETWORK FOR MULTI-CHANNEL FALL ACTIVITY DETECTION
Authors: Tahir Ahsen , Ahmad Jawad , Morison Gordon , Larijani Hadi , Gibson Ryan M. , Skelton Dawn A.
Published: August 2019

Falls are a major health concern in older adults. Falls lead to mortality, immobility and high costs to social and health care services. Early detection and classification of falls is imperative for timely and appropriate medical aid response. Traditional machine learning models have been explored for fall classification. While newly developed deep learning techniques have the ability to potentially extract high-level features from raw sensor data providing high accuracy and robustness to variations in sensor position, orientation and diversity of work environments that may skew traditional classification models. However, frequently used deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are computationally intensive. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first instance of a Hybrid Multichannel Random Neural Network (HMCRNN) architecture for fall detection and classification. The proposed architecture provides the highest accuracy of 92.23% with dropout regularization, compared to other deep learning implementations. The performance of the proposed technique is approximately comparable to a CNN yet requires only half the computation cost of the CNN-based implementation. Furthermore, the proposed HMCRNN architecture provides 34.12% improvement in accuracy on average than a Multilayer Perceptron.
Theoretical background, first stage development and adaptation of a novel Integrative Adapt Therapy (IAT) for refugees
Authors: Tay A. K. , Miah M. A. A. , Khan S. , Badrudduza M. , Morgan K. , Balasundaram S. , Silove D.
Published: August 2019

Aims

Refugees are confronted with the task of adapting to the long-term erosion of psychosocial systems and institutions that in stable societies support psychological well-being and mental health. We provide an overview of the theoretical principles and practical steps taken to develop a novel psychotherapeutic approach, Integrative Adapt Therapy (IAT), which aims to assist refugees to adapt to these changes. This paper offers the background informing ongoing trials of IAT amongst refugees from Myanmar.

Methods

A systematic process was followed in formulating the therapy and devising a treatment manual consistent with the principles of the Adaptation and Development After Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model. The process of development and refinement was based on qualitative research amongst 70 refugees (ten from West Papua and 60 Rohingya from Myanmar). The therapeutic process was then piloted by trained interventionists amongst a purposively selected sample of 20 Rohingya refugees in Malaysia.

Results

The final formulation of IAT represented an integration of the principles of the ADAPT model and evidence-based techniques of modern therapies in the field, including a transdiagnostic approach and the selective use of cognitive behavioural treatment elements such as problem-solving and emotional regulation techniques. The steps outlined in refining the manual are outlined in relation to work amongst West Papuan refugees, and the process of cultural and contextual modifications described during early piloting with Rohingya refugees in Malaysia.

Conclusions

IAT integrates universal principles of the ADAPT model with the particularities of the culture, history of conflict and living context of each refugee community; this synthesis of knowledge forms the basis for participants gaining insights into their personal patterns of psychosocial adaptation to the refugee experience. Participants then apply evidence-based techniques to improve their capacity to adapt to the serial psychosocial changes they have encountered in their lives as refugees. The overarching goal of IAT is to provide refugees with a coherent framework that assists in making sense of their experiences and their emotional and interpersonal reactions to the challenges they confront within the family and community context. As such, the principles of a general model (ADAPT) are used as a springboard for making concrete, manageable and meaningful life changes at the individual level, a potentially novel approach for psychosocial interventions in the field.
Low Electron Temperatures Observed at Mars by MAVEN on Dayside Crustal Magnetic Field Lines
Authors: Sakai Shotaro , Cravens Thomas E. , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher M. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Thiemann Edward M. B. , Eparvier Francis G. , Brain David A. , Seki Kanako
Published: August 2019

The ionospheric electron temperature is important for determining the neutral/photochemical escape rate from the Martian atmosphere via the dissociative recombination of O2+. The Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument onboard MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) measures electron temperatures in the ionosphere. The current paper studies electron temperatures in the dayside for two regions where (1) crustal magnetic fields are dominant and (2) draped magnetic fields are dominant. Overall, the electron temperature is lower in the crustal‐field regions, namely, the strong magnetic field region, which is due to a transport of cold electrons along magnetic field lines from the lower to upper atmosphere. The electron temperature is also greater for high solar extreme ultraviolet conditions, which is associated with the local extreme ultraviolet energy deposition. The current models underestimate the electron temperature above 250‐km altitude in the crustal‐field region. Electron heat conduction associated with a photoelectron transport in the crustal‐field regions is altered due to kinetic effects, such the magnetic mirror and/or ambipolar electric field because the electron mean free path exceeds the relevant length scale for electron temperature. The mirror force can affect the electron and heat transport between low altitudes, where the neutral density and related electron cooling rates are the greatest, and high altitudes, while the ambipolar electric field decelerates the electron's upward motion. These effects have not been included in current models of the electron energetics, and consideration of such effects on the electron temperature in the crustal‐field region should be considered for future numerical simulations.
Sea Level Rise Explains Changing Carbon Accumulation Rates in a Salt Marsh Over the Past Two Millennia
Authors: McTigue Nathan , Davis Jenny , Rodriguez Antonio B. , McKee Brent , Atencio Anna , Currin Carolyn
Published: August 2019

High rates of carbon burial observed in wetland sediments have garnered attention as a potential “natural fix” to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere. A carbon accumulation rate (CAR) can be determined through various methods that integrate a carbon stock over different time periods, ranging from decades to millennia. Our goal was to assess how CAR changed over the lifespan of a salt marsh. We applied a geochronology to a series of salt marsh cores using both 14C and 210Pb markers to calculate CARs that were integrated between 35 and 2,460 years before present. CAR was 39 g C·m−2·year−1 when integrated over millennia but was upward of 148 g C·m−2·year−1 for the past century. We present additional evidence to account for this variability by linking it to changes in relative sea level rise (RSLR), where higher rates of RSLR were associated with higher CARs. Thus, the CAR calculated for a wetland should integrate timescales that capture the influence of contemporary RSLR. Therefore, caution should be exercised not to utilize a CAR calculated over inappropriately short or long timescales as a current assessment or forecasting tool for the climate change mitigation potential of a wetland.
Rhenium bipyridine catalysts with hydrogen bonding pendant amines for CO2 reduction
Authors: Hellman Ashley N. , Haiges Ralf , Marinescu Smaranda C.
Published: August 2019

Rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridine complexes modified with pendant secondary and tertiary amines in the 6- and 6′-positions were synthesized and characterized.
Versatile electrochemical activation strategy for high-performance supercapacitor in a model of MnO2
Authors: Zhang Yaxiong , Liu Yupeng , Sun Zhenheng , Fu Jiecai , Cheng Situo , Cui Peng , Zhou Jinyuan , Zhang Zhenxing , Pan Xiaojun , Han Weihua , Xie Erqing
Published: August 2019

Electrochemical activation was used to boost surface- and diffusion-controlled capacitance of MnO2 by optimized charge–discharge cycling operations.
Modelling the early evolution of extracellular matrix from modern Ctenophores and Sponges
Authors: Draper Graham W. , Shoemark Deborah K. , Adams Josephine C.
Published: August 2019

Animals (metazoans) include some of the most complex living organisms on Earth, with regard to their multicellularity, numbers of differentiated cell types, and lifecycles. The metazoan extracellular matrix (ECM) is well-known to have major roles in the development of tissues during embryogenesis and in maintaining homoeostasis throughout life, yet insight into the ECM proteins which may have contributed to the transition from unicellular eukaryotes to multicellular animals remains sparse. Recent phylogenetic studies place either ctenophores or poriferans as the closest modern relatives of the earliest emerging metazoans. Here, we review the literature and representative genomic and transcriptomic databases for evidence of ECM and ECM-affiliated components known to be conserved in bilaterians, that are also present in ctenophores and/or poriferans. Whereas an extensive set of related proteins are identifiable in poriferans, there is a strikingly lack of conservation in ctenophores. From this perspective, much remains to be learnt about the composition of ctenophore mesoglea. The principal ECM-related proteins conserved between ctenophores, poriferans, and bilaterians include collagen IV, laminin-like proteins, thrombospondin superfamily members, integrins, membrane-associated proteoglycans, and tissue transglutaminase. These are candidates for a putative ancestral ECM that may have contributed to the emergence of the metazoans.
Secrecy outage of a multi‐relay cooperative communication network with accumulation of harvesting energy at relays
Authors: Sharma Shashibhushan , Roy Sanjay Dhar , Kundu Sumit
Published: August 2019

Security of confidential data at the physical layer has been analysed in a network where the source sends the confidential data to the destination via multiple energy harvesting decode and forward relays in the presence of a single eavesdropper (EAV). In this two‐hop communication, the first hop is broadcasting hop when the source sends the information signal to relay and other is the relaying hop when a selected relay forwards the information signal as well as transmits a jamming signal to destination and EAV. Each relay has the two batteries; one for accumulating the harvested energy and the other for power supply to relays for relay operation over a number of frames until the accumulated harvested energy becomes sufficient. In the broadcasting hop, relays harvest energy using a power splitting ratio scheme and accumulate the harvested energy in the battery over a number of communication frames. The performance is analysed in the form of secrecy outage probability (SOP) when the relay uses only the harvested energy to forward the signal. A closed‐form analytical expression for the SOP is derived. MATLAB‐based simulation results match well with the analytical results.