bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) for Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Liver Metastasis: A Total Population Analysis from 2006 to 2021 in Germany
Authors: Thoduka Smita George , Flegar Luka , Groeben Christer , Huber Johannes , Eisenmenger Nicole , Paulus Tobias , Vogt Katharina , Luster Markus , Abolmaali Nasreddin
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate trends in selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCC), and liver metastasis in Germany. We analyzed the nationwide German hospital billing database from 2006 to 2019 for the diagnosis of HCC, CCC or liver metastasis in combination with SIRT. For analyses of SIRT on the hospital level, we used the reimbursement.INFO tool based on German hospitals’ quality reports from 2008 to 2021. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect changes over time. We included a total of 14,165 SIRT procedures. The annual numbers increased from 99 in 2006 to 1605 in 2015 (p < 0.001; increase by 1521%), decreasing to 1175 cases in 2019 (p < 0.001). In 2008, 6 of 21 hospitals (28.6%) performed more than 20 SIRTs per year, which increased to 19 of 53 (35.8%) in 2021. The share of SIRT for HCC increased from 29.8% in 2006 to 44.7% in 2019 (p < 0.001) and for CCC from 0% in 2006 to 9.5% in 2019 (p < 0.001), while the share of SIRT for liver metastasis decreased from 70.2% in 2006 to 45.7% in 2019 (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 0.2% after the SIRT procedure. Gastritis (2.7%), liver failure (0.4%), and sepsis (0.3%) were the most common in-hospital complications reported. We observed an increase in SIRT procedures in Germany, with the number of hospitals offering the procedure going up from 21 in 2008 to 53 in 2021. While the treatment of liver metastasis remains the most common indication, SIRT for HCC and CCC increased significantly over the last few years. The mortality and complication rates show that SIRT is a relatively safe procedure.
Deep Learning-Based Extraction of Biomarkers for the Prediction of the Functional Outcome of Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Oliveira Gonçalo , Fonseca Ana Catarina , Ferro José , Oliveira Arlindo L.
Published: December 2023

Accurately predicting functional outcomes in stroke patients remains challenging yet clinically relevant. While brain CTs provide prognostic information, their practical value for outcome prediction is unclear. We analyzed a multi-center cohort of 743 ischemic stroke patients (<72 h onset), including their admission brain NCCT and CTA scans as well as their clinical data. Our goal was to predict the patients’ future functional outcome, measured by the 3-month post-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS), dichotomized into good (mRS ≤ 2) and poor (mRS > 2). To this end, we developed deep learning models to predict the outcome from CT data only, and models that incorporate other patient variables. Three deep learning architectures were tested in the image-only prediction, achieving 0.779 ± 0.005 AUC. In addition, we created a model fusing imaging and tabular data by feeding the output of a deep learning model trained to detect occlusions on CT angiograms into our prediction framework, which achieved an AUC of 0.806 ± 0.082. These findings highlight how further refinement of prognostic models incorporating both image biomarkers and clinical data could enable more accurate outcome prediction for ischemic stroke patients.
The Predictive Role of the Histopathological Scoring System in Adipose Tumors—Lipoma, Atypical Lipomatous Tumor, and Liposarcoma
Authors: Deacu Mariana , Bosoteanu Madalina , Enciu Manuela , Cozaru Georgeta Camelia , Cojocaru Oana , Baltatescu Gabriela Izabela , Nicolau Anca Antonela , Orasanu Cristian Ionut , Caraban Bogdan Marian , Voda Raluca Ioana
Published: December 2023

Lipomatous tumors are the most frequent soft tissue neoplasms. Sometimes their differential diagnosis is difficult to perform only by microscopic analysis. This study aims to create a histopathological scoring system and highlight the impact of intratumoral microvascular density. This study was conducted over 10 years. We analyzed the main pathogenic pathways (MDM2 and CDK4), as well as the tumor microvascularization (CD31 and CD34) by immunohistochemical tests. We also analyzed the status of the MDM2 gene by CISH. These data, together with the clinical and histopathological information, were statistically analyzed by appropriate tests. We identified 112 eligible cases, with most of the patients being in their sixth decade of life, with a slight predominance of the female sex. We found important associations like tumor location linked to nuclear pleomorphism severity and microvascularization density correlated with atypia severity. Also, we observed that a maximum diameter of a tumor of at least 69 mm is associated with the presence of tumor necrosis. The score designed in this study shows an increased sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of lipomas (100%, respectively, 97%), atypical lipomatous tumors (93.8%, respectively, 82.3%), and liposarcomas (100%, respectively, 90.5%). This present study enhances the present data by bringing to attention the histopathological score with a role in differential diagnosis, as well as in the prediction of immunohistochemical and genetic tests. Also, we highlighted the importance of microvascular density, especially in the diagnosis of liposarcomas.
Management of Childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia in a Developed Country—A Multi-Center Experience from Croatia
Authors: Kranjčec Izabela , Matijašić Stjepović Nuša , Buljan Domagoj , Ružman Lucija , Malić Tudor Karolina , Jović Arambašić Marijana , Pavlović Maja , Rajačić Nada , Lovrinović Grozdanić Kristina , Brković Tomislava , Šantić Krešimir , Roganović Jelena
Published: December 2023

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be a global public health concern, mostly in the developing countries. However, precise epidemiological data on childhood IDA in Croatia are lacking. In order to establish its frequency, underlying etiologies, the rationale for tertiary care visits, diagnostic practices, and current treatment regimens of IDA, medical records of children referred to pediatric hematologists for iron deficiency in a five-year period at tertiary institutions (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Osijek) throughout Croatia were retrospectively analyzed. Eight hundred and sixty-four children, predominately of preschool age, were referred mainly by the primary care pediatricians, who, in general, performed basic diagnostics but failed to initiate oral iron therapy in half of the patients. Approximately one-third of patients were symptomatic, with inadequate nutrition prevailing as underlying etiology. Dextriferron was the preferred iron formulation among hematologists, with a median dose of 5 mg/kg, with acceptable compliance rates (63.5–93.2%). Hospital admission rates varied among the centers (9.4–35%), and so did transfusion policies (6.4–22.9%). The greatest difference was observed in the frequency of parenteral iron administration (0.3–21.5%). In conclusion, the burden of childhood IDA, even in a high-income country, remains substantial, necessitating consistent implementation of national guidelines and additional education of primary health care providers.
Enhanced Gas Recovery for Tight Gas Reservoirs with Multiple-Fractured Horizontal Wells in the Late Stages of Exploitation: A Case Study in Changling Gas Field
Authors: Ning Bo , Li Junjian , Zhong Taixian , Guo Jianlin , Liu Yuyang , Fu Ninghai , Bie Kang , Meng Fankun
Published: December 2023

To initially improve the gas production rate and shorten the payback period for tight gas reservoirs, the multiple-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) model is always applied. However, in the late stages of exploitation, it is difficult to adopt reasonable measures for enhanced gas recovery (EGR), particular for continental sedimentary formation with multiple layers, and efficient strategies for EGR in this type of gas field have not yet been presented. Therefore, in this paper, a typical tight gas reservoir in the late stages of exploitation, the Denglouku gas reservoir in Changling gas field, in which MFHWs were utilized and contributed to the communication of the higher Denglouku formation (0.34 mol% CO2) and lower Yingcheng formation (27 mol% CO2) during hydraulic fracturing, is studied comprehensively. Firstly, alongside the seismic, logging, drilling and experimental data, 3D geological and numerical simulation models are developed. According to the differences in CO2 mole fractions for different formations, the gas production rate of MFHWs produced from Denglouku formation is accurately calculated. Then, the well gas production rate (WGPR) and the well bottom-hole pressure (WBHP) history are matched with the calculated values, and thus the types of remaining gas are provided through the fine reservoir description. Finally, in a combination of gas recovery and economics, the optimal infill well type and the adjustment scheme are determined. The results show that there are three main categories of remaining gas, which are areal distribution, abundant points, and marginal dispersion, and the ratios of reaming gas reserve for these three types are 80.3%, 4.2%, and 15.5%, respectively. For the tight gas reservoir developed by MFHWs with parallel and zipper patterns, the best infilling well type is the vertical well. The combination of patching holes, sidetracking, infilling and boosting can obtain the highest gas recovery, while the scheme with patching holes and sidetracking has the best economic benefits. To balance the gas recovery and economics, the measurement of patching holes, sidetracking and infilling with vertical wells is utilized. In the final production period, compared with the basic schemes, the gas recovery can increase by 5.5%. The primary novelty of this paper lies in the determination of the optimal infilling well types and its presentation of a comprehensive adjustment workflow for EGR in tight gas reservoirs. The conclusions in this paper can provide some guidance for other similar tight gas reservoirs developed with MFHWs in the later period.
Coupled Photocatalysis and Microalgal–Bacterial Synergy System for Continuously Treating Aquaculture Wastewater Containing Real Phthalate Esters
Authors: Chung Ying-Chien , Chen Chih-Yu
Published: December 2023

We developed a system combining visible-light photocatalysis with biological treatment for the continuous removal of phthalate esters (PAEs) from both synthetic and real aquaculture wastewater. We investigated the effects of different operating factors, including the coexistence of glucose or PAEs, on individual PAE removal by using a photobiological system (PBS). In wastewater containing a mixture of PAEs, that is, containing di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a coimmobilized bioreactor system comprising the bacterium Pseudomonas putida and the microalga Chlorella vulgaris demonstrated a higher removal efficiency than immobilized P. putida alone or a coculture of immobilized P. putida and suspended C. vulgaris did. The PBS employed for the continuous treatment of real aquaculture wastewater containing DEHP (0.62 ± 0.05 mg/L), DBP (8.7 ± 0.9 mg/L), and DMP (17.4 ± 1.5 mg/L) achieved at least 99.5% PAE removal and 99.2% mineralization efficiency under optimal operating conditions. After 42 days of treatment, inoculated Pseudomonas (98.12%) remained the predominant genus in the bioreactor. The results reveal that the symbiotic microalgal–bacterial system is a feasible alternative to a pure P. putida immobilized bioreactor for reducing CO2 emissions from mineralized PAEs through microalgal activity.
Models for Simulation of Fractal-like Particle Clusters with Prescribed Fractal Dimension
Authors: Tomchuk Oleksandr
Published: December 2023

This review article delves into the growing recognition of fractal structures in mesoscale phenomena. The article highlights the significance of realistic fractal-like aggregate models and efficient modeling codes for comparing data from diverse experimental findings and computational techniques. Specifically, the article discusses the current state of fractal aggregate modeling, with a focus on particle clusters that possess adjustable fractal dimensions (Df). The study emphasizes the suitability of different models for various Df–intervals, taking into account factors such as particle size, fractal prefactor, the polydispersity of structural units, and interaction potential. Through an analysis of existing models, this review aims to identify key similarities and differences and offer insights into future developments in colloidal science and related fields.
Insights into the Characteristics and Functions of Mast Cells in the Gut
Authors: Guo Yuexin , Wang Boya , Gao Han , He Chengwei , Xin Shuzi , Hua Rongxuan , Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Sitian , Xu Jingdong
Published: December 2023

Mast cells have vital functions in allergic responses and parasite ejection, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Meanwhile, MCs are essential for the maintenance of GI barrier function, and their interactions with neurons, immune cells, and epithelial cells have been related to various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. An increasing number of investigations are being disclosed, with a lack of inner connections among them. This review aims to highlight their properties and categorization and further delve into their participation in GI diseases via interplay with neurons and immune cells. We also discuss their roles in diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Based on the evidence, we advocated for their potential application in clinical practices and advocated future research prospects.
The Stilbene Synthase Family in Arachis: A Genome-Wide Study and Functional Characterization in Response to Stress
Authors: Brasileiro Ana Cristina Miranda , Gimenes Marcos Aparecido , Pereira Bruna Medeiros , Mota Ana Paula Zotta , Aguiar Matheus Nascimento , Martins Andressa Cunha Quintana , Passos Mario Alfredo Saraiva , Guimaraes Patricia Messenberg
Published: December 2023

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its wild relatives are among the few species that naturally synthesize resveratrol, a well-known stilbenoid phytoalexin that plays a crucial role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Resveratrol has received considerable attention due to its health benefits, such as preventing and treating various human diseases and disorders. Chalcone (CHS) and Stilbene (STS) Synthases are plant-specific type III Polyketide Synthases (PKSs) that share the same substrates and are key branch enzymes in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and stilbenoids, respectively. Although resveratrol accumulation in response to external stimulus has been described in peanut, there are no comprehensive studies of the CHS and STS gene families in the genus Arachis. In the present study, we identified and characterized 6 CHS and 46 STS genes in the tetraploid peanut and an average of 4 CHS and 22 STS genes in three diploid wild species (Arachis duranensis, Arachis ipaënsis and Arachis stenosperma). The CHS and STS gene and protein structures, chromosomal distributions, phylogenetic relationships, conserved amino acid domains, and cis-acting elements in the promoter regions were described for all Arachis species studied. Based on gene expression patterns of wild A. stenosperma STS genes in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses, we selected the candidate AsSTS4 gene, which is strongly induced by ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, for further functional investigation. The AsSTS4 overexpression in peanut hairy roots significantly reduced (47%) root-knot nematode infection, confirming that stilbene synthesis activation in transgenic plants can increase resistance to pathogens. These findings contribute to understanding the role of resveratrol in stress responses in Arachis species and provide the basis for genetic engineering for improved production of valuable secondary metabolites in plants.
Correlation between the Cognitive Status (SIRT1) and the Metabolic Function in Geriatric Patients Using the Indonesian Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-INA)
Authors: Semadhi Made Putra , Muliaty Dewi , Halimah Eli , Levita Jutti
Published: December 2023

A growing life expectancy may result in a chronic medical condition and multimorbidity because the aging process leads to a decrease in cognitive and physiological function. These risks may affect the quality of life of geriatrics. The present study aims to determine the correlation between cognitive status (in terms of SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class III deacetylase) and metabolic function (in terms of the lipid profile, kidney function, and blood glucose) in geriatric patients. The differences in the parameters of metabolic function in the participants’ cognitive status were determined by using the Indonesian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessments (MoCA-Ina). The elderly participants (n = 120) were recruited at three sites in Indonesia from March to October 2022. Our study demonstrated a negative correlation between the cognitive status of geriatric patients and their metabolic function, represented by the MoCA-Ina score with a linear regression equation of y = 0.27 − 2.4 ×10−3x. Higher levels of LDL-C, cystatin C, and HbA1c were found in the Severe-Moderate Cognitive Impairment group. Determining the SIRT1 levels may be beneficial in predicting both the cognitive and metabolic status of geriatrics because this protein is among numerous metabolic sensors in the hypothalamus.
The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Update
Authors: Pethő Gábor , Kántás Boglárka , Horváth Ádám , Pintér Erika
Published: December 2023

Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level. In the past decade, an exponentially increasing amount of data has been published on the association between epigenetic changes and the pathomechanism of pain, including its most challenging form, neuropathic pain. Epigenetic regulation of the chromatin by writer, reader, and eraser proteins has been revealed for diverse protein targets involved in the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain. They include receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, inflammasome proteins, etc. Most work has been invested in clarifying the epigenetic downregulation of mu opioid receptors and various K+ channels, two types of structures mediating neuronal inhibition. Conversely, epigenetic upregulation has been revealed for glutamate receptors, growth factors, and lymphokines involved in neuronal excitation. All these data cannot only help better understand the development of neuropathic pain but outline epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers whose pharmacological inhibition may represent a novel option in the treatment of pain.
Effects of Elevated Temperature on Pisum sativum Nodule Development: I—Detailed Characteristic of Unusual Apical Senescence
Authors: Serova Tatiana A. , Kusakin Pyotr G. , Kitaeva Anna B. , Seliverstova Elena V. , Gorshkov Artemii P. , Romanyuk Daria A. , Zhukov Vladimir A. , Tsyganova Anna V. , Tsyganov Viktor E.
Published: December 2023

Despite global warming, the influence of heat on symbiotic nodules is scarcely studied. In this study, the effects of heat stress on the functioning of nodules formed by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 3841 on pea (Pisum sativum) line SGE were analyzed. The influence of elevated temperature was analyzed at histological, ultrastructural, and transcriptional levels. As a result, an unusual apical pattern of nodule senescence was revealed. After five days of exposure, a senescence zone with degraded symbiotic structures was formed in place of the distal nitrogen fixation zone. There was downregulation of various genes, including those associated with the assimilation of fixed nitrogen and leghemoglobin. After nine days, the complete destruction of the nodules was demonstrated. It was shown that nodule recovery was possible after exposure to elevated temperature for 3 days but not after 5 days (which coincides with heat wave duration). At the same time, the exposure of plants to optimal temperature during the night leveled the negative effects. Thus, the study of the effects of elevated temperature on symbiotic nodules using a well-studied pea genotype and Rhizobium strain led to the discovery of a novel positional response of the nodule to heat stress.
Drug Therapies for Diabetes
Authors: Weinberg Sibony Roni , Segev Omri , Dor Saar , Raz Itamar
Published: December 2023

The treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines behavioral and pharmacological interventions to mitigate complications and sustain a high quality of life. Treatment encompasses the management of glucose levels, weight, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and associated complications through medication and lifestyle adjustments. Metformin, a standard in diabetes management, continues to serve as the primary, first-line oral treatment across all age groups due to its efficacy, versatility in combination therapy, and cost-effectiveness. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) offer notable benefits for HbA1c and weight reduction, with significant cardiovascular benefits. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT-2i) lower glucose levels independently of insulin while conferring notable benefits for cardiovascular, renal, and heart-failure outcomes. Combined therapies emphasizing early and sustained glycemic control are promising options for diabetes management. As insulin therapy remains pivotal, metformin and non-insulin agents such as GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2i offer compelling options. Notably, exciting novel treatments like the dual GLP-1/ glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonist show promise for substantially reducing glycated hemoglobin and body weight. This comprehensive review highlights the evolving landscape of pharmacotherapy in diabetes, the drugs currently available for treating diabetes, their effectiveness and efficacy, the impact on target organs, and side effects. This work also provides insights that can support the customization of treatment strategies.
New and Old Key Players in Liver Cancer
Authors: Cuesta Ángel M. , Palao Nerea , Bragado Paloma , Gutierrez-Uzquiza Alvaro , Herrera Blanca , Sánchez Aránzazu , Porras Almudena
Published: December 2023

Liver cancer represents a major health problem worldwide with growing incidence and high mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most frequent. Hepatocytes are likely the cellular origin of most HCCs through the accumulation of genetic alterations, although hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) might also be candidates in specific cases, as discussed here. HCC usually develops in a context of chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, although the role of fibrosis is controversial. The interplay between hepatocytes, immune cells and hepatic stellate cells is a key issue. This review summarizes critical aspects of the liver tumor microenvironment paying special attention to platelets as new key players, which exert both pro- and anti-tumor effects, determined by specific contexts and a tight regulation of platelet signaling. Additionally, the relevance of specific signaling pathways, mainly HGF/MET, EGFR and TGF-β is discussed. HGF and TGF-β are produced by different liver cells and platelets and regulate not only tumor cell fate but also HPCs, inflammation and fibrosis, these being key players in these processes. The role of C3G/RAPGEF1, required for the proper function of HGF/MET signaling in HCC and HPCs, is highlighted, due to its ability to promote HCC growth and, regulate HPC fate and platelet-mediated actions on liver cancer.
The Study of Amorphous Kaempferol Dispersions Involving FT-IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Rosiak Natalia , Tykarska Ewa , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta
Published: December 2023

Attenuated total reflection-Mid-Fourier transform-infrared (ATR-Mid-FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied for the discrimination of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of kaempferol with different types of Eudragit (L100, L100-55, EPO). The ASD samples were prepared by ball milling. Training and test sets for PCA consisted of a pure compound, physical mixture, and incomplete/complete amorphous solid dispersion. The obtained results confirmed that the range 400–1700 cm−1 was the major contributor to the variance described by PC1 and PC2, which are the fingerprint region. The obtained PCA model selected fully amorphous samples as follows: five for KMP-EL100, two for KMP-EL100-55, and six for KMP-EPO (which was confirmed by the XRPD analysis). DSC analysis confirmed full miscibility of all ASDs (one glass transition temperature). FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the –OH and/or –CH groups of KMP and the C=O group of Eudragits. Amorphization improved the solubility of kaempferol in pH 6.8, pH 5.5, and HCl 0.1 N.
Early-Stage Application of Agomir-137 Promotes Locomotor Recovery in a Mouse Model of Motor Cortex Injury
Authors: Liu Xiao-Tian , Teng Zhao-Qian
Published: December 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, and patients often experience varying degrees of motor impairment. MiR-137, a broadly conserved and brain-enriched miRNA, is a key regulator in neural development and in various neurological diseases. Following TBI, the expression of miR-137 is dramatically downregulated. However, whether miR-137 is a therapeutic target for TBI still remains unknown. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that intranasal administration of miR-137 agomir (a mimic) in the early stage (0–7 days) of TBI effectively inhibits glial scar formation and improves neuronal survival, while early-stage administration of miR-137 antagomir (an inhibitor) deteriorates motor impairment. This study elucidates the therapeutic potential of miR-137 mimics in improving locomotor recovery following motor cortex injury.
Single-Stage Microfluidic Synthesis Route for BaGdF5:Tb3+-Based Nanocomposite Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Biodistribution
Authors: Gadzhimagomedova Zaira , Pankin Ilia , Polyakov Vladimir , Khodakova Darya , Medvedev Pavel , Zelenikhin Pavel , Shamsutdinov Nail , Chapek Sergey , Goncharova Anna , Soldatov Alexander
Published: December 2023

Rare-earth-doped nanoscaled BaGdF5 is known as an efficient contrasting agent for X-ray micro-CT and NMR as well as a promising candidate for X-ray photodynamic therapy, thereby opening an opportunity for theragnostic applications. Conventional synthesis of Ln-doped BaGdF5 consider a long-lasting batch procedure, while a conjugation with photosensitizer usually implies a separate stage requiring active mixing. To the best of our knowledge, in this work, we for the first time obtain BaGdF5:Tb3+ nanophosphors in a microfluidic route at temperatures as low as 100 °C while decreasing the time of thermal treatment down to 6 min. The proposed synthesis route allows for the obtaining of single-phase and monodisperse BaGd1−xF5:Tbx3+ nanoparticles with an averaged particle size of ca. 7–9 nm and hydrodynamic radius around 22 nm, as estimated from TEM and DLS, respectively. In addition, X-ray-excited optical luminescence has been recorded in situ for the series of nanophosphors synthesis with varied flow rates of Tb3+ and Gd3+ stock solutions, thereby anticipating a possible application of microfluidics for screening a wide range of possible co-dopants and reaction conditions and its effect on the optical properties of the synthesized materials. Moreover, we demonstrated that BaGd1−xF5:Tbx3+@RoseBengal conjugates might be obtained in a single-stage route by implementing an additional mixer at the synthesis outcome, namely, by mixing the resulting reaction mixture containing nanoparticles with an equivalent flow of photosensitizer aqueous solution. In vitro cytotoxicity test declares moderate toxicity effect on different cell lines, while the results of flow cytometry indirectly confirm cellular uptake. Finally, we report long-term biodistribution monitoring of the synthesized nanocomposites assessed by X-ray micro-CT in the in vivo experiments on balb/c mice, which depicts an unusual character of agents’ accumulation.
Correction: Mahas et al. Seasonal Dynamics of Aphid Flights and Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus Spread in Alabama. Insects 2023, 14, 604
Authors: Mahas Jessica B. , Ray Charles , Kesheimer Adam , Conner Kassie , Jacobson Alana L.
Published: December 2023

In the original publication [...]
The Possibilities of Using Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) PHBV in the Production of Wood–Polymer Composites
Authors: Frącz Wiesław , Janowski Grzegorz , Bąk Łukasz
Published: December 2023

In this study, polymer biocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) PHBV biopolymers with Arbocel C350 SR wood fiber filler with mass contents of 15%, 30%, and 45% were described. Samples for testing were produced using the injection molding process. The shrinkage of the produced composites was determined, as well as the basic mechanical properties on the basis of the uniaxial static tensile test, hardness, and impact tensile test. The dimensional stability of samples was subject to temperature and humidity in the water absorption test. This research was carried out in terms of the problems with composite processing and use of products. This paper contains many remarks and conclusions regarding the processing and exploitation of the tested products, which can be extended to a larger range of cellulose fillers. It was found that it was possible to produce the tested type of composites with a content of up to 45 wt. of filler. However, the mechanical properties of the tested composites made it possible to use them for the production of selected products. These conclusions allow for conducting future research toward the effective use of WPC composites with a PHBV matrix and fibrous fillers of natural origin.
Bidirectional Relationship between HIV/HBV Infection and Comorbid Depression and/or Anxiety: A Systematic Review on Shared Biological Mechanisms
Authors: Fabrazzo Michele , Cipolla Salvatore , Pisaturo Mariantonietta , Camerlengo Alessio , Bucci Paola , Pezzella Pasquale , Coppola Nicola , Galderisi Silvana
Published: December 2023

Background: Mental disorders that are comorbid with chronic infectious diseases may worsen clinical outcomes and patients’ quality of life. We hypothesized that depression and/or anxiety syndromes or symptoms comorbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection might stem from shared biological mechanisms. Methods: We conducted a systematic review applying the PRISMA statement by searching into the PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and Scopus databases. We examined the literature on HIV/HBV infection comorbid with depression and/or anxiety in adults ≥18 years. Results: Thirty-one studies on HIV and three on HBV were analyzed. The Tat protein contributed to HIV-associated mood disorders due to the protein’s ability to cause neurodegeneration and induce hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in response to natural stressors. The decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels also emerged as a mechanism involved in HIV neuropathogenesis and the associated mood symptoms. Neuroinflammation was implicated in depression and/or anxiety onset in patients with HIV/HBV infections. Microglial activation and release of cytokines, in particular, appeared as potential pathogenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, an altered balance between quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid production emerged in HIV patients with comorbid depression, indicating a glutamatergic dysfunction. Inflammatory cytokine production and the downregulation of cellular immune responses contributed to persisting inflammation, delayed healing, and functional decline in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. A shift in type 1–type 2 cytokine balance might be implicated in HBV-related immune pathogenesis, and depression and anxiety might be considered immunomodulatory factors. Cytokines also caused HPA axis hyperactivity, frequently observed in HIV/HBV patients with comorbid depression/anxiety. Conclusions: The present systematic review showed, for the first time, that HIV/HBV and depression and/or anxiety might have several biological mechanisms as common denominators. The longitudinal course of the highlighted biological mechanisms should be explored to establish the causative interrelationship among the involved mechanisms. In addition, future research should investigate the possibility that a patient’s clinical outcome might improve using pharmacological treatments acting on the biological mechanisms we described as common denominators of chronic inflammatory infective diseases and depression/anxiety.
An Attempt to Understand Stock Market Investors’ Behaviour: The Case of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Forces in the Pakistani Stock Market
Authors: Rooh Samina , El-Gohary Hatem , Khan Imran , Alam Sayyam , Shah Syed Mohsin Ali
Published: December 2023

The present study investigates the decision-making process of investors on the Pakistan Stock Exchange with regard to portfolio construction, explicitly focusing on the incorporation of ESG concerns. A quantitative research approach has been implemented for this paper. The hypotheses have been developed and tested through the adapted questionnaires. The data were collected from individual Pakistani investors. The present study employed SmartPLS-SEM to quantitatively assess data received from a sample of 421 out of 500 respondents. Based on the available data, investors participating in the Pakistan Stock Exchange are notably impacted by ESG aspects. The findings of this study hold significance for emerging economy firms, regulators, and investors, in terms of both theoretical and practical ramifications. The study’s findings demonstrate a clear indication of investors’ significant emphasis on ESG matters. This research made a significant contribution to the field of behavioural finance with a focus on ESG-related issues. This work contributes to the literature on ESG elements by using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to adapt the ESG components from the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and Thomson Reuters Corporate Responsibility Index (TRCRI). Furthermore, it provides valuable insights for stakeholders who are involved in the ever-evolving realm of sustainable finance within developing countries.
Studies of the Solid Particle Erosion Resistance of 30 L Steel with Different Types of Surface Modification
Authors: Tkhabisimov Alexander , Mednikov Alexey , Zilova Olga
Published: December 2023

Earlier studies have shown that 30 L steel, used for the manufacture of hydraulic machinery equipment elements, has greater resistance to cavitation wear than 20 GL steel. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the solid particle erosion resistance of 30 L structural steel samples with different surface modifications based on nitriding and boriding processes. The characteristics of the modified near-surface layers were determined. The results of the solid particle erosion resistance tests carried out according to the ASTM G76-13 standard are presented. The research results demonstrated that boriding processes worsen the solid particle erosion resistance of 30 L steel at flow impact angles of 30° and 90°. All the considered variants of surface nitriding at an impact angle of 90° do not worsen the solid particle erosion resistance of 30 L steel samples, while at an impact angle of 30°, they increase the solid particle erosion resistance by at least 10–20%.
Facile Synthesis of Asymmetric aza-Boron Dipyrromethene Analogues Bearing Quinoxaline Moiety
Authors: Feng Ru , Chen Zuoxu , Wang Yue , Pan Jianming , Shimizu Soji
Published: December 2023

An asymmetric aza-BODIPY analogue bearing quinoxaline moiety was synthesized via a titanium tetrachloride-mediated Schiff-base-forming reaction of 6,7-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine. This novel aza-BODIPY analogue forms a complementary hydrogen-bonded dimer due to the quinoxaline moiety in the crystal structure. It also shows intense absorption and fluorescence, with fluorescence quantum yields close to unity. The electrochemical measurements and the DFT calculations revealed the presence of the low-lying HOMO, which benefits their potential applications as an electron-transporting material.
Molecular Dynamics Study on the Diffusion Mass Transfer Behaviour of CO2 and Crude Oil in Fluids Produced via CO2 Flooding
Authors: Wang Shuang , Cheng Qinglin , Li Zhidong , Qi Yaming , Liu Yue
Published: December 2023

Carbon dioxide flooding is one of the main methods used to improve crude oil recovery. It can not only improve oil recovery but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the addition of carbon dioxide makes crude oil become a more complex multiphase fluid; that is, carbon dioxide flooding-produced fluid, in which CO2 and various components in crude oil mass transfer each other. This results in significant changes in the structure and properties of crude oil that increase the hazards associated with its gathering and transportation. Therefore, it is very important to explore the microscopic mechanism for the diffusion mass transfer of CO2 and crude oil in this fluid, especially during its gathering and transportation. In this study, the diffusion mass transfer process of CO2 and crude oil in fluids produced via CO2 flooding is studied using molecular dynamics, and the influences of temperature, gas–oil ratio and water content are explored. Observations of the configuration and dynamic behaviour of the system show that after the system reaches equilibrium, the majority of the CO2 molecules are distributed at the oil–water interface, and CO2 is more prone to diffusing into the oil phase than the water phase. Increases in temperature and water content inhibit, while increases in the gas–oil ratio promote, the diffusion mass transfer of CO2 in the crude oil system. The results of this study reveal the mechanism for the diffusion mass transfer of CO2 and crude oil in fluids produced via CO2 flooding and account for the influence of the water phase, which is consistent with actual production conditions and has certain guiding significance for the safe operation of oil and gas gathering and transportation.
Enhancing Localization Performance with Extended Funneling Vibrotactile Feedback
Authors: Apostolou Kalliopi , Škola Filip , Liarokapis Fotis
Published: December 2023

This study explores the conventional ‘funneling’ method by introducing two extra locations beyond the virtual reality (VR) controller boundaries, terming it the extended funneling technique. Thirty-two participants engaged in a localization task, with their responses recorded using eye-tracking technology. They were tasked with localizing a virtual ping-pong ball as it bounced both within and outside their virtual hands on a virtual board. Both the experimental and control groups received simultaneous spatial audio and vibrotactile feedback. The experimental group received vibrotactile feedback with extended funneling, while the control group received vibrotactile feedback without funneling for comparison. The results indicate that the experimental group, benefiting from the extended funneling technique, demonstrated a significantly higher accuracy rate (41.79%) in localizing audio–vibrotactile stimuli compared to the control group (28.21%). No significant differences emerged in embodiment or workload scores. These findings highlight the effectiveness of extended funneling for enhancing the localization of sensory stimuli in VR.
Facile Fabrication of Nickel Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Yanan , Qian Jianhua , Li Junhua , Xing Jinjuan , Liu Lin
Published: December 2023

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, the demand for renewable energy has increased, thus stimulating the development of novel materials for energy conversion devices such as fuel cells. In this work, nickel nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide (Ni/rGO) with small size and good dispersibility were successfully prepared by controlling the pyrolysis temperature of the precursor at 450 °C, assisted by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Additionally, the electron enrichment on Ni NPs was due to charge transfer from the rGO support to metal nickel, as evidenced by both experimental and theoretical studies. Metal–support interactions between nickel and the rGO support also facilitated charge transfer, contributing to the enhanced ORR performance of the composite material. DFT calculations revealed that the first step (from O2 to HOO*) was the rate-determining step with an RDS energy barrier lower than that of the Pt(111), indicating favorable ORR kinetics. The HOO* intermediates can be transferred onto rGO by the solid-phase spillover effect, which reduces the chemical adsorption on the nickel surface, thereby allowing continuous regeneration of active nickel sites. The HO2− intermediates generated on the surface of rGO by 2e− reduction can also efficiently diffuse towards the nearby Ni surface or the interface of Ni/rGO, where they can be further rapidly reduced to OH−. This mechanism acts as the pseudo-four-electron path on the RRDE. Furthermore, Ni/rGO-450 demonstrated superior stability, methanol tolerance, and durability compared to a 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst, making it a cost-effective alternative to conventional noble metal ORR catalysts for fuel cells or metal–air batteries.
Thermal Blooming Effect of Power-Exponent-Phase Vortex Beams Propagating through the Atmosphere
Authors: Zhang Feng , Hou Zhengcheng , Zhang Mingming , Yan Fangcheng , Gao Jun , Hu Youyou
Published: December 2023

The thermal blooming effect of power-exponent-phase vortex (PEPV) beam propagating in the atmosphere is investigated by employing the multiple phase screen method. The influences of propagation distance, topological charge, power exponent, wind speed, and absorption coefficient on thermal blooming effect are analyzed in detail. The results show that (1) the thermal blooming effect exhibits a significant perturbation on the intensity and phase distribution of PEPV beams, with its influence becoming more pronounced as the propagation distance increases; (2) when the power exponent is fixed at 4, comparing the thermal blooming effect of PEPV beams with different topological charges indicates that a PEPV beam with topological charges of 3 is the most sensitive to thermal blooming; (3) when the topological charge is fixed at 3, the thermal blooming effect decreases with the increase in power exponent; and (4) an increase in wind speed or a decrease in absorption coefficient can reduce the thermal blooming effect. The research results obtained in this article have guiding significance for the application of research into high-energy PEPV beams in the atmosphere.
Direct 3D Printing of Recycled PET/PP Granules by Shear Screw Extrusion
Authors: Mi Dashan , Zhang Jie , Zhou Xianqing , Zhang Xinhe , Jia Shikui , Bai Haiqing
Published: December 2023

This article introduces a one-step extrusion-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) approach for the challenging separation of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) during recycling. A shear screw printer (SSP) with shear elements was designed, and it was compared to a conventional single-screw printer (CSP) to investigate the differences in print stability, degradation levels, tensile performance, molecular orientation, and crystallization when preparing recycled PP and recycled PET blends. Although the retention effect of the SSP screw slightly increases the degradation of the blended rPP/rPET, the strong shear (2.6 × 104 s−1) applied near the extrusion exit improves the blending efficiency. The SSP also enhances molecular orientation, modulus of the parts, and reduces performance fluctuations. Additionally, the SSP has the potential to simplify the recycling process, enabling the transformation of blended recycled materials into products with just one melt process.
Infrastructure in the Age of Pandemics: Utilizing Polypropylene-Based Mask Waste for Durable and Sustainable Road Pavements
Authors: Nciri Nader , Kim Namho
Published: December 2023

When navigating the environmental exigencies precipitated by global pandemics, the escalation of mask waste presents a multifaceted dilemma. In this avant-garde research, we unveil a novel approach: harnessing the sterilized shredded mask residues (SMRs), predominantly composed of 100 wt. % polypropylene, as pioneering modifiers for asphalt. Distinct proportions of SMR (e.g., 3, 6, and 9 wt. %) were judiciously integrated with fresh–virgin base AP-5 asphalt and subjected to an extensive suite of state-of-the-art examinations, encompassing thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and specific rheological metrics. The TLC-FID diagnostic trajectories highlighted the nuanced rejuvenating influence of SMR on the binder, a facet reinforced by a pronounced elevation in the thermodynamic stability index (IC). The FT-IR spectra elucidated SMR’s preeminent role as a filler, negating notions of chemical reactivity. The TGA analyses unveiled an elevated thermal onset of degradation, signposting enhanced thermal resilience, whereas the DSC readings illuminated a superior thermal comportment at lower extremities. The SEM evaluations rendered a clearer panorama: there was heightened textural perturbation at escalated SMR incorporations, yet the 3 wt. % concoction showcased an optimal, coherent microtexture symbiosis with asphalt. The rheological scrutinies revealed a systematic trajectory: a diminishing penetration and ductility countered by ascending softening points and viscosity metrics. The coup de maître stemmed from the DSR analyses, unequivocally validating SMR’s unparalleled prowess in curtailing rutting distress. This seminal inquiry not only posits a blueprint for refined pavement longevity but also champions a sustainable countermeasure to pandemic-propelled waste, epitomizing the confluence of environmental prudence an d infrastructural fortitude.
The Canonization of St Francis Xavier in Spanish Habsburg Lands: A Poetry Challenge in Madrid, Sacristy Paintings by André Reinoso in Lisbon and an Altarpiece by Pieter Pawel Rubens in Antwerp
Authors: Andrews Jean
Published: December 2023

This article examines Jesuit representation of the exploits of Francis Xavier, ‘the Apostle of the East’, in celebration of his canonization in 1622 and in the Jesuit campaign to have him canonized prior to that. Pageants in Madrid, Lisbon and Antwerp are examined, along with prior pictorial depictions of Francis’ miracles and activities, taking into account the gulf between the political realities of proselytization in the Portuguese territories of influence in the East and the hagiography of 1622. The work of Rubens, the Portuguese painter André Reinoso and three Spanish Golden Age poet/playwrights are analyzed, exploring variance in the application of a universal Jesuit aesthetic founded on the melding of the Classical and the Catholic in response to the local conditions for which each ephemeral event and work of art were produced.