bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greening Lafayette: a model for building sustainable community
Authors: Cohen Benjamin , Lawrence Kira T. , Armstrong Andrea , Wilcha Miranda , Gatti Alexa
Published: October 2018

Purpose

A coalition of students, professors, administrators and operational staff at Lafayette College designed an environmental module to integrate in-class curricular education with out-of-class environmental engagement. The purpose of this study was to improve the ethos of sustainability across campus.

Design/methodology/approach

The research reported here draws from qualitative and quantitative assessments to corroborate previous evidence that institution-wide collaboration is a necessary prerequisite for the successful development of such environmental campus programming.

Findings

It adds to those prior conclusions with the finding that three intertwined factors are critical keys to success. One is attention in the design process to coalition building between the academic, administrative and operational units of campus; second is a strong focus on organizational capacity; and third is explicit attention to preparing long-term management.

Practical implications

The particularities of college campuses, where student residence is temporary while the campus environment is continuous, require attention to organizational sustainability as much as the more common technical features of sustainability (e.g. energy, water, food, transportation systems, etc.). For small colleges seeking to implement similar programming to foster a culture of sustainability on their campuses, that commitment to organizational sustainability demonstrates that maintenance, durability and invested personnel are essential factors when similarly seeking interdisciplinary environmental education initiatives.

Originality/value

This paper describes the original program structure of Greening Lafayette. The program was built on the campus of Lafayette College through specific co-curricular, administrative, academic and facilities efforts. The paper details the approach Lafayette College students and faculty took to draw from best practices in campus sustainability, analyze their campus’ baseline engagement in and awareness of sustainability and leverage their college’s structures to design a program that generates a campus ethos of sustainability. It further elucidates the importance of ensuring the organizational sustainability of the program itself. While Greening Lafayette was designed for the context of a specific undergraduate campus, the program offers a model for faculty, students and administrators of other colleges and universities to build coalitions, design sustainability programming and develop an ethos of sustainability on their campuses.
Competency-oriented education for sustainable development
Authors: Singer-Brodowski Mandy , Grossmann Katrin , Bartke Stephan , Huning Sandra , Weinsziehr Theresa , Hagemann Nina
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Energy poverty can be seen as a relatively new, but typical sustainability problem in which various dimensions (ecology, society and economy) are interlinked and in part conflict with each other. Moreover, the variety of involved stakeholders (planners, tenants, housing companies, private landlords, energy consultants, etc.) represents conflicting aims for solving this problem. This paper aims to present a systematic linkage between higher education for sustainable development (HESD) and education about energy poverty yet.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative comparative case study approach with a similar didactic approach is used.

Findings

Based on the literature about HESD and an overall model in general didactics, ten criteria were identified and used for an overall reflection about similar courses dealing with the topic of energy poverty. The criteria covered the learning goals, the didactical approaches and the institutional support in the forms of organisation in the courses.

Research limitations/implications

There was no competency measurement of the students in the described courses.

Practical implications

There was no evaluation of the development of students’ key competencies for sustainability. However, the reflections of students and teachers revealed a positive development regarding the students’ learning process, especially because they worked on a real-world sustainability problem: energy poverty.

Originality/value

This contribution describes how university courses on energy poverty were designed and implemented at five German universities. Against the background of general criteria for HESD, it reflects on the experiences that the use of this concept evoked. Through a comparison of the five courses against these criteria, the paper outlines strengths and weaknesses of the approach and closes with recommendations and requirements for designing further courses.
The foundation of information science: one world or three? A discussion of Gnoli (2018)
Authors: Hjørland Birger
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to make a critical analysis of the views put forward by Claudio Gnoli (2018) in this paper concerning philosophical problems in library and information science (LIS).

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents the basic ideas in Gnoli (2018) and discusses the set of basic assumptions, concepts and conclusions put forward.

Findings

It is argued that the idea of the theory of levels is basically sound, but we do not need to consider the material world, the mental world (minds) and the world of mentefacts as three different worlds. They represent different levels with different kinds of emergent properties in the world. Further, although the concepts of artifacts and mentefacts are useful, there are other terms within LIS, such as document, work and object that have been influential and should be discussed in this context. It is also argued that subjective vs objective knowledge is often confused with private vs public knowledge, which is problematic. Finally, it is claimed that the cognitive view and the “sociological view” are not about two different levels of reality but are competing views about the same reality.

Originality/value

The paper clarifies some aspects of the analytical framework of domain analysis and adds to the developments of the philosophical dimensions of information within LIS.
What are the attributes of excellence in an acute practice occupational therapist?
Authors: Swan Jenny , Carr Sandra E. , Fisher Colleen
Published: October 2018

Background/aim

There is anecdotal recognition within the profession that novice occupational therapists who perform well at interview do not necessarily make the best practising clinicians. Further anecdotal evidence suggests that it is difficult to tell (at interview) which occupational therapists will follow which path and whether further training can achieve excellence in existing staff. What is it that makes the difference? What attributes do those truly ‘excellent’ clinicians have that makes them better than others?

Method

A two‐round Delphi survey was utilised and 18 expert occupational therapists were purposively recruited from Perth's three adult tertiary hospitals. Panellists rated and ranked sixteen possible attributes that could comprise excellence in an acute practice occupational therapist.

Results

The final order of importance (from most to least) of the 16 possible attributes of excellence was determined. Communication, Self‐management and Critical Thinking were found to be the three most important attributes, whereas Humility was considered the least important attribute. All attribute rankings achieved at least a low level of consensus.

Conclusion

We now have a much clearer picture of what excellence looks like in the acute practice setting, giving managers a new understanding. There is now the possibility of integrating this information into both the recruitment of new staff and the professional development of existing staff. In this way we can move forward to a future that includes the active development of occupational therapy excellence in ways that were not possible before these results were available.
The capacity of the BATCH as a predictive tool for discharge planning for people with neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Miller Kathryn , Mancuso Serafino , Tacey Mark , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis , Hitch Danielle
Published: October 2018

Background/aim

Assessment of cognitive function in people with neurosychiatric disorders can be challenging, due to behavioural and psychiatric symptomatology. The Behavioural Assesment Tool for Cognition and Higher Functioning (BATCH) is a validated observational tool that complements formal cognitive testing in this patient population. This study aimed to determine the capacity of the BATCH as a predictive tool for discharge planning.

Method

BATCH scores for 330 consecutive admissions for assessment to a specialist neuropsychiatry unit between 2007 and 2015 were analysed. The variables of interest included discharge destination, diagnosis, length of stay, age at discharge and BATCH scores (both subdomain and total). Significant predictors of discharge destination were identified using logistic regression analysis.

Results

After adjusting for age at discharge, three variables were found to be significant predictors of discharge destination – length of stay, diagnosis, and BATCH total score. The odds of being discharged to a destination other than home decreased by 3% for each additional BATCH total score unit. The length of stay remained a significant predictor of discharge destination when adjusting for BATCH total score, age at admission and diagnosis.

Conclusion

BATCH total scores, but not subdomain scores, were predictive of discharge destination, along with the patients’ length of stay and diagnosis. Knowledge of this relationship may guide clinical discharge planning, when working with the complex needs of this group of patients. A larger study is indicated to determine the range and cut‐off scores for discharge destinations other than home.
Persistent income gaps in an occupational choice model with multi‐goods
Authors: Sano Koichiro , Tomoda Yasunobu
Published: October 2018

In this study, we propose a theory to explain why income gaps persist. We model a simple overlapping‐generations economy with three consumption goods and two types of workers. We find that high‐skilled workers have comparative advantage in skill‐intensive jobs and low‐skilled workers in less skill‐intensive jobs. This pattern of comparative advantage determines occupational choices by workers. Combined with human capital accumulation, the occupational choices widen income gaps between families. At the same time, the relative price of skill‐intensive goods declines owing to productivity improvement. The decline holds back income gaps from exploding. The implications of skill‐biased technological change are also examined.
Should We Tax Sugar and If So How?
Authors: Lloyd Peter , MacLaren Donald
Published: October 2018

This article reviews empirical studies of proposals to tax sugary products in Australia. A corrective tax must be designed carefully if it is to increase national welfare. There is an underlying problem in designing such a tax because consumers are heterogeneous. The best choice of goods to be taxed is the group of sugar‐sweetened‐beverages, the best tax base is the sugar content and the best tax form is a progressive specific tax with two or more levels. We recommend initial rates that are equal to those of the UK tax on SSBs.
Analysis of Pseudomonas putida growth on non‐trivial carbon sources using transcriptomics and genome‐scale modelling
Authors: D'Arrigo Isotta , Cardoso João G. R. , Rennig Maja , Sonnenschein Nikolaus , Herrgård Markus J. , Long Katherine S.
Published: October 2018

Pseudomonas putida is characterized by a versatile metabolism and stress tolerance traits that allow the bacterium to cope with different environmental conditions. In this work, the mechanisms that allow P. putida KT2440 to grow in the presence of four sole carbon sources (glucose, citrate, ferulic acid, serine) were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and genome‐scale metabolic modelling. Transcriptomic data identified uptake systems for the four carbon sources, and candidates were subjected to preliminary experimental characterization by mutant strain growth to test their involvement in substrate assimilation. The OpdH and BenF‐like porins were involved in citrate and ferulic acid uptake respectively. The citrate transporter (encoded by PP_0147) and the TctABC system were important for supporting cell growth in citrate; PcaT and VanK were associated with ferulic acid uptake; and the ABC transporter AapJPQM was involved in serine transport. A genome‐scale metabolic model of P. putida KT2440 was used to integrate and analyze the transcriptomic data, identifying and confirming the active catabolic pathways for each carbon source. This study reveals novel information about transporters that are essential for understanding bacterial adaptation to different environments.
Beauty in the Struggle: Poetry Found in the Lives of Mothers Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Wright Travis
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the article is to foreground the words of individuals experiencing homelessness and complicate our understandings of the values and visions individuals experiencing homelessness have for their lives. Through the use of poetry, the author seeks to represent the complexity and beauty that may be found in the lives of these mothers. Four poems “found” during a research project on the experiences of mothers parenting while homeless are presented.
Tumor targeting with 99mTc radiolabeled peptides: Clinical application and recent development
Authors: Rezazadeh Farzaneh , Sadeghzadeh Nourollah
Published: October 2018

Targeting overexpressed receptors on the cancer cells with radiolabeled peptides has become very important in nuclear oncology in the recent years. Peptides are small and have easy preparation and easy radiolabeling protocol with no side‐effect and toxicity. These properties made them a valuable tool for tumor targeting. Based on the successful imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with 111In‐octreotide, other receptor‐targeting peptides such as bombesin (BBN), cholecystokinin/gastrin analogues, neurotensin analogues, glucagon‐like peptide‐1, and RGD peptides are currently under development or undergoing clinical trials. The most frequently used radionuclides for tumor imaging are 99mTc and 111In for single‐photon emission computed tomography and 68Ga and 18F for positron emission tomography imaging. This review presents some of the 99mTc‐labeled peptides, with regard to their potential for radionuclide imaging of tumors in clinical and preclinical application.
Beliefs About Moral Obligation Structure Children's Social Category‐Based Expectations
Authors: Chalik Lisa , Dunham Yarrow
Published: October 2018

Young children view social category members as morally obligated toward one another, and expect these obligations to shape people's social behavior. The present work investigates how children specify which behaviors are constrained by social categories in this way. In two studies (N = 128), 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children predicted that morally positive behaviors would be directed toward in‐group members, and that morally negative behaviors would be directed toward out‐group members, but did not hold equally strong expectations about behaviors described as positive or negative for reasons irrelevant to morality. Thus, notions of morality are embedded within children's representations of social categories, such that when learning about novel moral norms, children immediately expect those obligations to uniquely hold within social groups.
High prevalence of congenital deafness on Reunion Island is due to a founder variant of LHFPL5
Authors: Lerat Justine , Bonnet Crystel , Cartault François , Loundon Natalie , Jacquemont Marie‐Line , Darcel Françoise , Rouillon Isabelle , Mezouaghi Kheira , Guichet Agnes , Litzler Julie , Gesny Roselyne , Gherbi Souad , Aissa Ines Ben , Digeon Fabienne Saint James , Garabedian Eréa‐Nöel , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Genin Emmanuelle , Denoyelle Françoise , Jonard Laurence , Marlin Sandrine
Published: October 2018

Reunion Island is a French oversea department in the Indian Ocean with 1.6/1000, an estimated prevalence of deafness that is almost double as compared to the mainland France. Twelve children having isolated bilateral prelingual profound deafness along with motor delay attributed to vestibular areflexia were enrolled. Their mean walking age was 19 months. Electroretinography and temporal bone CT‐scans were normal in all cases. A novel homozygous frameshift lipoma HMGIC fusion partner‐like 5 (LHFPL5) variant c.185delT p.(Phe62Serfs*23) was identified using whole‐exome sequencing. It was found in seven families. Four patients from two different families from both Reunion Island and mainland France, were compound heterozygous: c.185delT p.(Phe62Serfs*23) and c.472C > T p.(Arg158Trp). The phenotype observed in our patients completely mimics the hurry‐scurry (hscy) murine Tmhs knock‐out model. The recurrent occurrence of same LHFPL5 variant in Reunion Island is attributed to common ancestor couple born in 1693.
Akne bei erwachsenen Frauen: Physiologische und psychologische Erwägungen und Management
Authors: Dreno Brigitte , Bagatin Edileia , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Rocha Marco , Gollnick Harald
Published: October 2018

Heutzutage werden mehr Akne‐Erkrankungen nach der Adoleszenz beobachtet, wobei Frauen häufiger betroffen sind als Männer. Bei erwachsenen Frauen hat Akne ein charakteristisches klinisches Erscheinungsbild und ist mit einer Reihe spezifischer pathophysiologischer Merkmale und geschlechtsspezifischer Auslösefaktoren assoziiert. Akne hat meist bedeutende psychische Auswirkungen, die weitgehend unterschätzt werden; insbesondere stehen Belastungen im Berufs‐ und Privatleben sowie Angstzustände und Schlafqualität mit Krankheitsanfälligkeit und Schwere der Erkrankung in wechselseitiger Beziehung. Ein Vergleich zu Männern ist unerlässlich. Die psychische Belastung durch Akne ist bei erwachsenen Frauen oft stärker als bei Frauen im Jugendalter. Die Erkrankung kann sich daher auf weibliche Patienten stärker auswirken und somit schwerwiegendere psychosoziale Ängste verursachen sowie die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Folgeerkrankungen, wie einer Dermatillomanie (Impulskontrollstörung), und das Risiko kutaner Superinfektionen und rezidivierender Akne erhöhen. Das Management der Akne bei erwachsenen Frauen sollte nicht nur die medizinische Behandlung der Symptome, sondern auch eine umfassende ganzheitliche Betrachtung der Patientin umfassen, einschließlich individueller Faktoren ihres Lebensstils und des Einflusses der Akne auf ihre Lebensqualität. Das anstehende Management der Erkrankung sollte darauf abzielen, die Therapietreue der Patientinnen zu verbessern und validierte Prognosen der Behandlungsergebnisse hinsichtlich des allgemeinen Hautbilds und der Lebensqualität zu entwickeln.
IL‐6 mediates ER expansion during hyperpolarization of alternatively activated macrophages
Authors: Ayaub Ehab A , Tandon Karun , Padwal Manreet , Imani Jewel , Patel Hemisha , Dubey Anisha , Mekhael Olivia , Upagupta Chandak , Ayoub Anmar , Dvorkin‐Gheva Anna , Murphy James , Kolb Philipp S , Lhotak Sarka , Dickhout Jeffrey G , Austin Rick C , Kolb Martin R J , Richards Carl D , Ask Kjetil
Published: October 2018

Although recent evidence has shown that IL‐6 is involved in enhanced alternative activation of macrophages toward a profibrotic phenotype, the mechanisms leading to their increased secretory capacity are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of IL‐6 on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion and alternative activation of macrophages in vitro. An essential mediator in this ER expansion process is the IRE1 pathway, which possesses a kinase and endoribonuclease domain to cleave XBP1 into a spliced bioactive molecule. To investigate the IRE1‐XBP1 expansion pathway, IL‐4/IL‐13 and IL‐4/IL‐13/IL‐6‐mediated alternative programming of murine bone marrow‐derived and human THP1 macrophages were assessed by arginase activity in cell lysates, CD206 and arginase‐1 expression by flow cytometry, and secreted CCL18 by ELISA, respectively. Ultrastructural intracellular morphology and ER biogenesis were examined by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Transcription profiling of 128 genes were assessed by NanoString and Pharmacological inhibition of the IRE1‐XBP1 arm was achieved using STF‐083010 and was verified by RT‐PCR. The addition of IL‐6 to the conventional alternative programming cocktail IL‐4/IL‐13 resulted in increased ER and mitochondrial expansion, profibrotic profiles and unfolded protein response‐mediated induction of molecular chaperones. IRE1‐XBP1 inhibition substantially reduced the IL‐6‐mediated hyperpolarization and normalized the above effects. In conclusion, the addition of IL‐6 enhances ER expansion and the profibrotic capacity of IL‐4/IL‐13‐mediated activation of macrophages. Therapeutic strategies targeting IL‐6 or the IRE1‐XBP1 axis may be beneficial to prevent the profibrotic capacity of macrophages.
Occupational Integration and Challenges Faced by Former North Korean Teachers in South Korea
Authors: Kim Yoon Young
Published: October 2018

This study examines cultural barriers and societal challenges that hinder the occupational integration of former North Korean teachers into the South Korean educational system. As a step toward integrating themselves as professionals into South Korea, these newly arrived immigrants participated in a special government‐funded education programme (NK Academy) in 2010 and 2011. Primary data were collected from 28 interviewees who had attended the NK Academy. Data also include discussions among policymakers, organizers of the NK Academy, and researchers in various interactions in the course of the project. The former North Korean teachers face challenges arising from differences between the two Koreas’ educational systems, a lack of training and evaluation programmes in South Korea, social perceptions and expectations of former North Korean teachers, and social resistance to allowing them to compete for South Korean teaching licenses.
Greater insulin response to acute fructose ingestion among Māori and Pacific people compared to European people living in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Murphy Rinki , Gamble Greg D. , House Meaghan , Pool Bregina , Horne Anne , Merriman Tony R. , Dalbeth Nicola
Published: October 2018

Background

Fructose consumption has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes, which are more prevalent in those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity compared to New Zealand European.

Aim

To determine whether the acute effects of fructose consumption on serum glucose, insulin, lipids and C‐reactive protein differs according to body mass index (BMI) and/or ethnicity.

Methods

Participants of Māori (n= 25), Pacific (n= 26) or New Zealand European (n= 25) ethnicity consumed a 64 g fructose/16 g glucose solution. Changes in lipids, glucose, insulin and C‐reactive protein were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures.

Results

After adjustment for age and gender, those with higher BMI had a higher glucose (P= 0.0064) and insulin (P= 0.0007) response than those with lower BMI. Those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity had similar glucose levels (P= 0.077) to those of New Zealand European ethnicity but higher insulin responses (P= 0.0005), which remained after additional adjustment for BMI (P= 0.001). Reported sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) intake was higher among Māori and Pacific than New Zealand European (median 1.0 vs 0.0 SSB/dayP= 0.002).

Conclusion

Even after adjustment for BMI, those of Māori and Pacific ethnicity have a significantly higher insulin response to fructose than New Zealand Europeans. Higher habitual SSB intake may be a contributing factor.
Word Level Stress and Lexical Processing in 17‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Campbell Jennifer , Graham Susan , Curtin Suzanne
Published: October 2018

Detailed representations enable infants to distinguish words from one another and more easily recognize new words. We examined whether 17‐month‐old infants encode word stress in their familiar word representations. In Experiment 1, infants were presented with pairs of familiar objects while hearing a target label either properly pronounced with the correct stress (e.g.,baby/’beɪbi/) or mis‐pronounced with the incorrect stress pattern (e.g.,baby/beɪ’bi/). Infants mapped both the correctly stressed and mis‐stressed labels to the target objects; however, they were slower to fixate the target when hearing the mis‐stressed label. In Experiment 2, we examined whether infants appreciate that stress has a nonproductive role in English (i.e., altering the stress of a word does not typically signal a change in word meaning) by presenting infants with a familiar object paired with a novel object while hearing either correctly stressed or mis‐stressed familiar words (Experiment 2). Here, infants mapped the correctly stressed label to the familiar object but did not map the mis‐stressed label reliably to either the target or distractor objects. These findings suggest that word stress impacts the processing of familiar words, and infants have burgeoning knowledge that altering the stress pattern of a familiar word does not reliably signal a new referent.
Safe Assets as Commodity Money
Authors: EDEN MAYA , KAY BENJAMIN S.
Published: October 2018

This paper presents a model in which safe assets are systemic because they are the medium of exchange in risky assets. It connects the literature from banking and finance on safe assets to the monetary literature on alternative monetary systems involving commodity money, interest bearing money, and private money creation. Because safe assets have intrinsic value, changes in their supply lead to changes in market efficiency. Additionally, because safe assets are costly to produce, there is overproduction of safe assets relative to the social optimum. When the model is calibrated to plausible liquidity premiums the resulting inefficiencies are not large.
Fabrication Method for a Mounting Jig and Cast Support for Mounting Complete Dentures
Authors: Dumbrigue Herman B. , Dumbrigue Ethan C. , Tanaka Mamoru
Published: October 2018

In complete denture fabrication, the definitive maxillary cast is mounted on an articulator using a facebow transfer or mounting jig, and the mandibular cast is mounted using an interocclusal record. The technique presented describes an easy and inexpensive method for fabrication of a mounting jig and rigid cast supports for mounting complete dentures.
Evolution of thermal tolerance in multifarious environments
Authors: Cuenca Cambronero Maria , Beasley Jordan , Kissane Stephen , Orsini Luisa
Published: October 2018

Species extinction rates are many times greater than the direst predictions made two decades ago by environmentalists, largely because of human impact. Major concerns are associated with the predicted higher recurrence and severity of extreme events, such as heat waves. Although tolerance to these extreme events is instrumental to species survival, little is known whether and how it evolves in natural populations, and to what extent it is affected by other environmental stressors. Here, we study physiological and molecular mechanisms of thermal tolerance over evolutionary times in multifarious environments. Using the practice of “resurrection ecology” on the keystone grazer Daphnia magna, we quantified genetic and plastic differences in physiological and molecular traits linked to thermal tolerance in historical and modern genotypes of the same population. This population experienced an increase in average temperature and occurrence of heat waves, in addition to dramatic changes in water chemistry, over five decades. On genotypes resurrected across the five decades, we measured plastic and genetic differences in CTmax, body size, Hb content and differential expression of four heat shock proteins after exposure to temperature as single stress and in combination with food levels and insecticide loads. We observed evolution of the critical thermal maximum and plastic response in body size, HSP expression and Hb content over time in a warming only scenario. Molecular and physiological responses to extreme temperature in multifarious environments were not predictable from the response to warming alone. Underestimating the effect of multiple stressors on thermal tolerance can lead to wrong estimates of species evolvability and persistence.
Multiple roles and diverse regulation of the Ras/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in Candida albicans
Authors: Huang Guanghua , Huang Qian , Wei Yujia , Wang Yue , Du Han
Published: October 2018

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, causing both superficial and life‐threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised people. The conserved Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway plays a key role in regulating multiple traits important for the virulence of C. albicans such as cell growth, yeast‐hyphal transition, white‐opaque switching, sexual reproduction and biofilm development. Diverse external signals influence cell physiology by activating this signaling pathway. The key components of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway include two Ras GTPases (Ras1 and Ras2), an adenylyl cyclase (Cyr1, also known as Cdc35), two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (Pde1 and Pde2) and the catalytic (Tpk1 and Tpk2) and regulatory (Bcy1) subunits of PKA kinase. Activation of this pathway dramatically alters the gene expression profile via several transcription factors, leading to the activation of specific biological processes. Here, we review the progress made in the past two decades to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway senses diverse environmental cues and controls specific cellular responses and its connection with other signaling pathways in C. albicans.
Brexit as Linguistic Symptom of Britain Retreating into its Shell? Brexit‐Induced Politicization of Language Learning
Authors: LANVERS URSULA , DOUGHTY HANNAH , THOMPSON AMY S.
Published: October 2018

Debates about the future of UK language learning in the context of Brexit intensified as soon as the referendum outcome was announced. This politicization of language learning, evidenced recently also in the United States and France, falls upon an already difficult context of the United Kingdom in a ‘language learning crisis,’ and an increasing social segregation between those who learn languages, and those who do not. In the Brexit‐induced politicization of language learning, some suggest that the United Kingdom's unwillingness to learn languages is indexical of Europhobia, while others contend that the ‘global English’ phenomenon is the root cause. We examine the evidence for these rationales. Our data analysis uses van Dijk's methods of macrostructure Critical Discourse Analysis, to examine 33 publicly available texts on the topic of Brexit and language learning in the UK that appeared in the immediate aftermath of the referendum (June–November 2016). The analysis reveals how different stakeholders frame language learning as a habitus associated with social markers, and thus either reinforce patterns of the social divide in language learning, or challenge these. The conclusion proposes avenues of politicizing language learning that might foster rather than hinder uptake in those currently disengaged from language learning.
Association between albumin and C‐reactive protein and ankle‐brachial index in haemodialysis
Authors: Tsai Hui‐Ju , Huang Jiun‐Chi , Tsai Yi‐Chun , Chen Ling‐I , Chen Szu‐Chia , Chang Jer‐Ming , Chen Hung‐Chun
Published: October 2018

Aim

Peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular mortality, morbidity and hospitalization in patients undergoing dialysis. An ankle‐brachial index (ABI) less than 0.9 has been used to diagnose PAOD. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations among inflammation, malnutrition and their interactions on the risk of PAOD.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty‐two haemodialysis patients (mean age 61.0 ± 11.7 years, 56.8% men) were enrolled and stratified into four groups according to median values of albumin (3.87 g/dL) and logarithm of C‐reactive protein (CRP) (0.48 mg/L). Associations between the study groups and an ABI less than 0.9 were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to predict an ABI less than 0.9.

Results

A lower level of albumin and higher level of CRP were significantly associated with an ABI less than 0.9 in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 5.688; 95% confidence interval, 1.369–23.626; P = 0.017) after adjusting for demographic, clinical, biochemical and medication data. The interaction between albumin and CRP in relation to an ABI less than 0.9 was significant in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.797; 95% confidence interval, 1.258–2.568; P = 0.001). The areas under the curve for albumin, CRP and albumin + CRP for the prediction of ABI less than 0.9 were 0.311, 0.654 and 0.733, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing haemodialysis with a lower albumin level and higher CRP level have an increased risk of PAOD. A combination of malnutrition and inflammation may be associated with PAOD in haemodialysis patients.
Perspectives on acute kidney injury strategy in China
Authors: Zhao Youlu , Yang Li
Published: October 2018

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has imposed a heavy disease burden in China, with substantial underdiagnosis and undertreatment. The incidence, cause and outcome of patients with AKI vary according to different geographic regions and economic development status; therefore, regional improvement strategies are needed. Defining the etiology of AKI is critical in making the proper therapeutic regimen, and a multidisciplinary cooperative AKI team is essential in order to establish the early diagnosis and proper management of patients with AKI.
Genetic study of immunoglobulin A nephropathy: From research to clinical application
Authors: Li Ming , Yu Xueqing
Published: October 2018

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common primary glomerulonephritis throughout the world and a major cause of end‐stage renal disease among East Asian population. It is widely considered that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN. The genetic studies of IgAN, is from the association studies of candidate genes and family‐based designs, to the genome‐wide association studies. Altogether there are five large genome‐wide association studies performed, which have identified multiple susceptibility loci for IgAN, including several novel loci found in Chinese population. The discovery of these susceptibility loci has provided important insight into the potential biological mechanisms and pathways that influence genetic risk to IgAN. In addition, genetic interaction and structural variation (such as copy number variation) studies were also conducted to identify more variants associated with IgAN and disease progression. The genetic studies of IgAN have made great achievements in recent years. Most of susceptibility loci discovered up to date contain genes involved in the response to mucosal pathogens, suggesting that intestinal immune network for IgA production may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. While the genetic studies of the complex diseases remain to be challenging, new genetic and analytical techniques and methods, especially next‐generation sequencing‐based studies, need to be applied to advance the genetic studies of IgAN. More importantly, we need to identify the genetic factors which influence the clinical phenotypes and renal progression to end‐stage renal disease. This will require the integration of genomic data with other omics profiles (e.g. transcriptomics, metabolomics and immunomics) in patients with long‐term clinical follow‐up data to better understand the factors underlying inter‐individual variability, not only in disease susceptibility, but also in the long‐term prognosis and healthcare requirements.
A rare case of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with colitis in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Ingilizova Marinela , Epstein Shara , Heun Lee Dong , Patel Neal , Patel Babariya Shraddha , Morgenstern Ricardo , Popnikolov Nikolay , Coppock Dagan
Published: October 2018

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) colitis is a rare complication of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Here, we describe a case of disseminated MAC infection with colitis following renal transplantation. Despite common pathways of immunosuppression, SOT recipients and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients differ in their typical presentations of MAC infection. Intestinal infections have been more commonly reported in HIV‐infected patients than in SOT recipients. The explanation for this difference may be related to HIV's targeted effects on the CD4+ T‐cell reservoir in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue.
Introduction: Special issue celebrating the life and work of Larry E. Smith
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Davis Daniel R.
Published: October 2018

This brief introduction provides a short biography of Professor Larry Eugene Smith, who passed away in December 2014. The introduction also discusses the contents of this special issue, which pays tribute to the life and work of Professor Smith. All of the sixteen substantive articles have been contributed by Larry's friends and colleagues from the US as well as from many other societies worldwide. Larry's personal and professional reach was truly international in scope, as this collection of articles bears direct witness.
Intelligibility and pedagogy
Authors: Berns Margie
Published: October 2018

Since the journal World Englishes came into existence in 1981, it has published nearly 300 articles, book reviews, and author responses that are keyed to the term ‘intelligibility’. This I discovered in a search for ‘intelligibility’ on the complete Wiley Online Library Backfile (onlinelibrary.wiley.com) via my university website with its access to all volumes of the journal beginning with volume 1 through the most recent issue. Among the 290 article titles that came up in the search, 22 (13%) of them indicated that the article addressed some aspect of English teaching. This search of titular connections and the findings prompted me to title this article ‘intelligibility and pedagogy’ since no publication in World Englishes has carried this title. My look at this relationship will be as open and broad as the title. No claims are made for comprehensiveness. It is neither a descriptive nor empirical study. Instead, it is an account of one individual's attempt to bring Larry Smith's conception of understanding to bear in an English language course. The account will address the topics reflected in the 22 titles as they are indeed germane to a look at intelligibility and pedagogy. These topics are language education policy, teacher preparation, curriculum design, teaching principles and practices of teaching, assessment, and learners.
Communication across cultures
Authors: Christopher Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

The following is a tribute to the life and work of Larry E. Smith, re‐telling some of his anecdotes, based on his experiences of the ups and downs of sharing the English language with a wide range of people in international contexts. The stories reveal, more than any words of mine could do, the extent of his contribution to cross‐cultural understanding across the world.
Beyond center and periphery: Plurality with inclusivity
Authors: Hilgendorf Suzanne K.
Published: October 2018

This article considers the extraordinary contributions of Larry E. Smith to English Linguistics and Language Pedagogy over a career spanning more than 40 years. The discussion initially shares personal reflections on Larry as an exceptional colleague, mentor, and friend in the community of world Englishes (WE) scholars. In helping establish this field of study and co‐founding the journal World Englishes, Larry had a profound impact on innumerable researchers around the world. He further provided the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE) with invaluable leadership, marked by great integrity and a remarkable commitment to plurality and inclusion. The discussion next examines Larry's influential scholarship, focusing in particular on his paradigm of English as an International Auxiliary Language (EIAL), which recognized the broader social reality of English use around the world. The final section considers the legacy of Larry's work for future research, especially in light of critiques of the WE paradigm as marginalizing, arguing that it is necessary to critically address center‐periphery dynamics and tensions between extant English‐using speech communities. The article explores these center – periphery relationships, and revisits Kachru's (1990) Three Circles paradigm, which in fact recognizes plurality while simultaneously calling attention to those dynamics and tensions.
An EIL pioneer far ahead of his time
Authors: Hino Nobuyuki
Published: October 2018

This article discusses the late Larry E. Smith's contributions to the study of English for intercultural communication, by illustrating the pioneer nature of his concept of EIL (English as an International Language) as well as its impact on English language education including that of Japan. Smith's EIL paradigm, originally formed from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, was a forerunner to many theories of world Englishes today. It is hoped that this article will help to recognize the enormous significance of the works of this great thinker, scholar, and educator.
Mixing, multilingualism, and intelligibility
Authors: Sridhar S. N. , Sridhar Kamal K.
Published: October 2018

This article expands the discussion of Larry Smith's theory of intelligibility to explore multilingual language use with reference to code‐mixing in the Indian context. Our findings suggest that the understanding of intelligibility in the context of bilingual/multilingual language mixing calls for a rich sociolinguistic model that is socially realistic and culturally rooted.
Larry E. Smith's scholarly publications: A bibliography
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Davis Daniel R.
Published: October 2018

This article presents a bibliography of Larry Smith's publications over a period of thirty‐four years from 1971 until 2015 (shortly after Larry's passing). The bibliography attests to Larry's creativity and originality, which helped shape the scope and range of so much of the world Englishes (WE) activities, including its openness and sensitivity to cross‐cultural communication, and deeply‐felt respect for multicultural and multilingual diversity.
Using Literature in Bibliotheraphy: Biography Sampling
Authors: Altunbay Müzeyyen
Published: October 2018

Bibliotherapy is consisted of a combination of the Greek “biblion (book)” and “therapeia (therapy-healing)” which have become popular since the 20th century as one of the alternative therapy methods. It is used to make individuals identify themselves with the works they read through works of high literary and aesthetic value and make them powerful individuals in the spiritual direction by producing solutions to the problems they experience in this way. In other words, bibliotherapy can also be defined as bringing the right books to the individual at the right time. That is, the history of accepting the idea that books are good for man is very old. In this study, the importance of using biographies will be explained in one of the important alternative therapy methods, bibliotherapy. There are some criteria in the selection of books because they are the most important materials that form the basis of bibliotherapy. As it is known, the process is three dimensions as the advisee, book preference and consultant. However, it is not possible to use every work in bibliotherapy. It is important to use the works that are high in reality dimension and keeping a mirror on the problems of the individual in bibliotherapy. This process includes the works that will develop the imaginary world of the individual, as well as the works suitable for real life. As is known, the common point in biographies is not only the success that the person who wrote the biography has achieved, but also this person's struggle for reaching his goal is his patience and perseverance. As a result, in the process of bibliotherapy, reading the biographies that will increase the morale and motivation of the individual and develop self-confidence will contribute positively to the person. Moreover, the preference of the biographies of the positive role-model in the society will be the example for the individual.
What Is in Your Beet Juice? Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Beet Juice Products Marketed to Athletes
Authors: Gallardo Edgar J. , Coggan Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

Consumption of beetroot juice (BRJ) supplements has become popular among athletes because beets tend to be rich in nitrate (NO3−), which can enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production. The NO3− content of beets can vary significantly, however, making it difficult to know how much NO3− any product actually contains. Samples from 45 different lots of 24 different BRJ products from 21 different companies were therefore analyzed for NO3− (and nitrite [NO2−]) concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. The NO3− and NO2− content (i.e., amount per serving) was then calculated based on either (a) the manufacturer’s recommended serving size (for prepackaged/single dose products) or (b) as used in previous studies, a volume of 500 ml (for BRJ sold in bulk containers). There was moderate-to-large variability in NO3− content between samples of the same product, with a mean coefficient of variation of 30% ± 26% (range 2–83%). There was even greater variability between products, with a ∼50-fold range in NO3− content between the lowest and highest. Only five products consistently provided ≥5 mmol of NO3−/serving, which seems to be the minimal dose required to enhance exercise performance in most individuals. NO2− contents were generally low (i.e., ≤0.5% compared with NO3−), although two products contained 10% and 14%. The results of this study may be useful to athletes and their support staff contemplating which (if any) BRJ product to utilize. These data may also offer insight into variability in the literature with respect to the effects of BRJ on exercise performance.
Critical Speed as a Measure of Aerobic Fitness for Male Rugby Union Players
Authors: Kramer Mark , Watson Mark , Du Randt Rosa , Pettitt Robert W.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To compare critical speed (CS) derived from all-out testing (AOT) for linear and shuttle running with metrics from a graded exercise test, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test  Level 1 (YYIR1), and estimation of an 800-m-shuttle time trial. Methods: Twelve male rugby players completed a graded exercise test, the YYIR1, a linear AOT, shuttle AOTs of 25 and 50 m, and an 800-m-shuttle time trial consisting of 32 × 25-m shuttles. Results: Strong linear correlations were observed between maximum oxygen uptake () and CS (m·s−1) derived from the linear AOT (3.68 [0.62], r = .90, P < .01) and 50-m-shuttle AOT (3.19 [0.26], r = .83, P < .01). Conversely, showed lower correlations with speeds evoking CS from 25-m AOT (2.86 [0.18], r = .42, P = .18) and YYIR1 (4.36 [0.11], r = .55, P = .07). The 800-m time trial (213.58 [15.84] s) was best predicted using parameters from the 25-m AOT (r = .93, SEE = 6.60 s, P < .001). Conclusions: The AOT is a valuable method of assessing performance-specific fitness, with CS from linear and 50-m-shuttle AOTs being strong predictors of , rivaling metrics from the graded exercise test. The YYIR1 offered limited utility compared with the AOT method.