bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron holography characterization of the electrostatic potential of thin high-κ dielectric film embedded in gate stack
Authors: Yao Y. , Yang Y. , Duan X. F. , Wang Y. G. , Yu R. C. , Xu Q. X.
Published: October 2011

The electrostatic potential of the thin high-κ dielectric film and related interfaces embedded in the gate stack can be profiled in high spatial resolution in the wedge-shape sample. The retrieved potential uncovers the uneven distribution with a maximum 15.6 ± 0.7 V in HfLaON dielectric film. It implies the non-uniform material distribution in high-κ thin film and physical parameter of the film, such as permittivity, should not be considered as the constant.
High-temperature piezoresponse force microscopy
Authors: Bhatia B. , Karthik J. , Cahill D. G. , Martin L. W. , King W. P.
Published: October 2011

We report high temperature piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) on 100 nm thick PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 films fabricated on a miniature heater stage. The microfabricated resistive heater allows local temperature control up to 1000 °C with minimal electrostatic interactions. The PFM measurements were used to collect piezoelectric hysteresis loops over the temperature range 25–400 °C. The piezoresponse increases with temperature and then decreases rapidly near 400 °C, which is indicative of ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition.
Full-band Monte Carlo simulation of high-energy carrier transport in single photon avalanche diodes: Computation of breakdown probability, time to avalanche breakdown, and jitter
Authors: Dolgos Denis , Meier Hektor , Schenk Andreas , Witzigmann Bernd
Published: October 2011

The high-energy charge transport of electrons and holes in GaAs single photon avalanche diodes with multiplication region widths of 55 nm to 500 nm is investigated by means of the full-band Monte Carlo technique incorporating computationally efficient full-band phonon scattering rates. Compared to previous works, the solution of the Boltzmann transport equation and the incorporation of the full-band structure put the evaluation of the breakdown probability, the time to avalanche breakdown, and the jitter on deeper theoretical grounds. As a main result, the breakdown probability exhibits a steeper rise versus reverse bias for smaller multiplicator sizes. The time to avalanche breakdown and jitter decrease for smaller multiplicator widths.
Saturation of Förster resonance energy transfer between two optically nonlinear cyanine dyes of small Stokes shift energies in polymer thin films
Authors: Kojima Osamu , Hamano Shogo , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu
Published: October 2011

We report the saturation of Förster resonance energy-transfer (FRET) between two optically nonlinear cyanine dyes in polymer thin films, where the energy donor and acceptor have small Stokes shift energies. Our combinations of dyes show the energy transfer rate of inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the energy donor and acceptor dyes. This result quite differs from the normal FRET results. From speculation based on the number of excited acceptor dye, our FRETs are saturated even at such a long distance approximately 10 nm between the energy donor and acceptor because of the optical excitation of acceptor dyes in addition to FRET process.
Solvation effects on angular distributions in H−(NH3)n and NH2−(NH3)n photodetachment: Role of solute electronic structure
Authors: Grumbling Emily R. , Sanov Andrei
Published: October 2011

We report 355 and 532 nm photoelectron imaging results for H−(NH3)n and NH2−(NH3)n, n = 0−5. The photoelectron spectra are consistent with the electrostatic picture of a charged solute (H− or NH2−) solvated by n ammonia molecules. For a given number of solvent molecules, the NH2− core anion is stabilized more strongly than H−, yet the photoelectron angular distributions for solvated H− deviate more strongly from the unsolvated limit than those for solvated NH2−. Hence, we conclude that solvation effects on photoelectron angular distributions are dependent on the electronic structure of the anion, i.e., the type of the initial orbital of the photodetached electron, rather than merely the strength of solvation interactions. We also find evidence of photofragmentation and autodetachment of NH2−(NH3)2−5, as well as autodetachment of H−(NH3)5, upon 532 nm excitation of these species.
Photoelectron angular distributions in negative-ion photodetachment from mixed sp states
Authors: Grumbling Emily R. , Sanov Andrei
Published: October 2011

We describe an approach for constructing analytical models for the energy-dependence of photoelectron angular distributions in the one-electron, non-relativistic approximation. We construct such a model for electron emission from an orbital described as a superposition of s- and p-type functions, using linearly polarized light. In the limits of pure s or pure p electron photodetachment or photoionization, the model correctly reproduces the familiar Cooper–Zare formula. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for strongly solvated H− and NH2−, corresponding to predominantly s and predominantly p character parent states, respectively.
Magnetic force microscopy in the presence of a strong probe field
Authors: Lee Inhee , Kim Jongjoo , Obukhov Yuri , Banerjee Palash , Xiang Gang , Pelekhov Denis V. , Hauser Adam , Yang Fengyuan , Chris Hammel P.
Published: October 2011

We describe a magnetic force microscopy (MFM) imaging approach in which we take advantage of the strong, localized magnetic field of the MFM probe to deterministically modify the magnetization of the sample. This technique enables quantitative mapping of sample magnetic properties including saturation magnetization and anisotropy, a capability not generally available using conventional MFM methods. This approach yields a fruitful theoretical analysis that accurately describes representative experimental data we obtain from an isolated permalloy disk.
Global weak solutions and smooth solutions for a two-component Hunter-Saxton system
Authors: Guan Chunxia , Yin Zhaoyang
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we mainly study the initial value problem of a two-component Hunter-Saxton system. By the method of characteristics, we first show that the system has global smooth solutions and blowing up smooth solutions. By using the obtained a priori estimates on smooth solutions, we then prove the existence of global weak solutions to the system.
Deformations of quantum field theories on de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Morfa-Morales Eric
Published: October 2011

Quantum field theories on de Sitter spacetime with global U(1) gauge symmetry are deformed using the joint action of the internal symmetry group and a one-parameter group of boosts. The resulting theory turns out to be wedge-local and non-isomorphic to the initial one for a class of theories, including the free charged Dirac field. The properties of deformed models coming from inclusions of CAR-algebras are studied in detail.
Adsorption and diffusion of 3d transition metal atoms on the GaN(0001) surface
Authors: González-Hernández Rafael , López-Pérez William , Guadalupe Moreno-Armenta María , Arbey Rodríguez M Jairo
Published: October 2011

We carried out first-principles spin-polarized calculations in order to study the adsorption and diffusion of 3d transition metal (TM = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) atoms on a GaN(0001)- 2×2 surface using density functional theory within a plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential scheme. The results show that, for Ti, V, Cr, and Mn atoms, the most stable adsorption sites are all at the T4 site (the top site of the N-surface atom), whereas Fe, Co, and Ni slightly prefer the H3 hollow site. The adsorption energies can vary significantly with different TM atoms. A comparative study suggests that the TM–N bond formation is energetically more favorable for Ti, V, and Cr atoms, while the formation of a TM–Ga surface alloy is more favorable for elements such as Fe, Co, and Ni, as experimental results have shown. We found that the 3d TM adatom diffusion energy barrier between the H3 and T4 sites is around 0.40 eV, which is an indication of a significant TM adatom diffusion on the GaN(0001) surface. Furthermore, the total magnetic moment increases for Ti, V, Cr, and Mn adsorbates successively and then decreases for Fe, Co, and Ni adsorbates. The density of states indicates that the adsorption of Ti, V, and Cr atoms results in semiconductor behavior, while the adsorption of Mn, Fe, and Co atoms presents a half-metallic character. These properties make the TM/GaN systems promising for yielding high-efficiency metal-semiconductor spin injection devices.
The magnetic, electrical transport and thermal transport properties of Fe-based antipervoskite compounds ZnCxFe3
Authors: Lin S. , Wang B. S. , Lin J. C. , Huang Y. N. , Hu X. B. , Lu W. J. , Zhao B. C. , Tong P. , Song W. H. , Sun Y. P.
Published: October 2011

The effects of carbon concentration on the crystal structure, magnetic, and electrical/thermal transport properties of ZnCxFe3 (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.5) have been investigated systematically. Both the Curie temperature and the saturated magnetization decrease firstly and then reach saturation with increasing x. The investigations of heat capacity and resistivity indicate that ZnC1.2Fe3 displays a strongly correlated Fermi liquid behavior considering its Kadowaki-Woods ratio (∼0.64 a0). Around the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition (∼358 K), a reversible room-temperature magnetocaloric effect is observed. The relative cooling power (RCP) is ∼164 J/kg (∼385 J/kg) with the magnetic field change ΔH = 20 kOe (45 kOe). Considering the considerable large RCP, inexpensive and innoxious raw materials, ZnC1.2Fe3 is suggested to be a promising candidate for room-temperature magnetic refrigeration. Furthermore, the studies of thermal transport properties indicate that ZnC1.2Fe3 can also be a potential thermoelectric material with the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT = α2T/ρk) reaching its maximum of 0.0112 around 170 K.
Inverse Raman bands in ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy
Authors: Qiu Xueqiong , Li Xiuting , Niu Kai , Lee Soo-Y
Published: October 2011

Ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS) is equivalent to anti-Stokes femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), using a broadband probe pulse that extends to the blue of the narrow bandwidth Raman pump, and can be described as inverse Raman scattering (IRS). Using the Feynman dual time-line diagram, the third-order polarization for IRS with finite pulses can be written down in terms of a four-time correlation function. An analytic expression is obtained for the latter in the harmonic approximation which facilitates computation. We simulated the URLS of crystal violet (CV) for various resonance Raman pump excitation wavelengths using the IRS polarization expression with finite pulses. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental results of S. Umapathy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 024505 (2010). In the limit of monochromatic Raman pump and probe pulses, we obtain the third-order susceptibility for multi-modes, and for a single mode we recover the well-known expression for the third-order susceptibility, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\chi _{IRS}^{(3)}$\end{document}χIRS(3), for IRS. The latter is used to understand the mode dependent phase changes as a function of Raman pump excitation in the URLS of CV.
Analysis in the instantaneous frequency forms of a chirped laser pulse
Authors: Yuan C. J. , Wu X. Y. , Wang J. X. , Wang P. X.
Published: October 2011

We analyze two forms of the instantaneous frequency of a linearly chirped laser pulse. Using a 3D test particle simulation, numerical results are presented for electrons accelerated by a chirped laser pulse with these two linearly chirped forms of the instantaneous frequency. We summarize that the linearly chirped frequency, ω(t)=ω0[1-α(t-z/c)] is reasonable, ω0 is laser frequency at z=0 and t=0, and α is the frequency chirp parameter.
Shubnikov-de Haas measurement of electron effective mass in GaAs1−xBix
Authors: Fluegel B. , Kini R. N. , Ptak A. J. , Beaton D. , Alberi K. , Mascarenhas A.
Published: October 2011

Magnetic field and temperature dependent resistivity measurements on n-type GaAs1-xBix epitaxially grown films show clear Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0088. An overall decrease in the electron effective mass is observed for this range of compositions. Accounting for the known giant bandgap bowing and giant spin orbit bowing, the measured changes in the effective mass are in qualitative agreement with perturbation theory applied to these energy band changes, confirming that bismuth mainly perturbs the valence band. The stronger compositional dependence of the measured mass is attributed to effects from the bismuth isolated state.
Sub-bandgap light-induced carrier generation at room temperature in 4H-SiC metal oxide semiconductor capacitors
Authors: DasGupta Sandeepan , Armstrong Andrew , Kaplar Robert , Marinella Matthew , Brock Reinhard , Smith Mark , Atcitty Stan
Published: October 2011

Carrier generation characteristics in n-type substrate silicon carbide (SiC) metal oxide semiconductor capacitors induced by sub-bandgap energy light are reported. The generation rate is high enough to create an inversion layer in approximately 20 min with monochromatic front side illumination of energy 2.1 eV in 4H-SiC for electric fields less than 1 MV/cm. Generation and recovery results strongly indicate involvement of a metastable defect whose efficiency as a generation center increases under hole-rich and decreases under electron-rich conditions. The generation dependence on bias history and light energy shows the defect to have properties consistent with the metastable silicon vacancy/carbon vacancy-antisite complex (VSi/Vc–CSi).
Localized non-contact manipulation using artificial bacterial flagella
Authors: Peyer Kathrin E. , Zhang Li , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: October 2011

Artificial bacterial flagella (ABFs) are swimming microrobots that mimic the propulsion method of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. Microrobots have the potential to act as wireless manipulation tools for invitro applications. This paper investigates the micro-flows induced by ABFs for localized contact-free manipulation of micro-objects. The flow is simulated using the method of fundamental solutions and compared to experimental data where the tangential flow was measured by means of tracking polystyrene microbeads. Good agreement with the experimental data was found, and preliminary results show the contact-free rotation away from and the translation of micro-objects near a solid wall.
The hysteresis phenomenon of the field emission from the graphene film
Authors: Chen Jiangtao , Li Jun , Yang Juan , Yan Xingbin , Tay Beng-Kang , Xue Qunji
Published: October 2011

A cycle-testing of field emission behavior was carried out for graphene film prepared by electrophoresis deposition followed by annealing at 700 °C in argon atmosphere. The result shows that the graphene film displays a stable field emission characteristic after a period of conditioning. Also, it is interesting that the field emission hysteresis takes place when the film is measured in loops of rised and falled voltages. The possible physical mechanism of this hysteresis phenomenon may be relevant to the desorption/adsorption effect of gas molecules.
The power factor of Cr-doped V2O3 near the Mott transition
Authors: Populoh S. , Auban-Senzier P. , Wzietek P. , Pasquier C.R.
Published: October 2011

We have measured the Seebeck coefficient, S, of nominally 1.1% Cr doped V2O3 as a function of both temperature and pressure. Large variations of S are found at the Mott insulator-metal transition. A combination of our data with resistivity data allows us to estimate the power factor. Contrary to thermopower and resistivity, the power factor is not strongly modified upon crossing the first order phase transition. Such a behavior is in sharp contrast with standard semiconductors.
Effect of Mg codoping on Eu3+ luminescence in GaN grown by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Takagi Yasufumi , Suwa Takanobu , Sekiguchi Hiroto , Okada Hiroshi , Wakahara Akihiro
Published: October 2011

The effect of Mg codoping on the Eu3+ luminescence in GaN was investigated by photoluminescence measurements. Two notable emission peaks associated with the 5D0→7F2 transition in the Eu3+ ions were governed by Mg codopants, which corresponded to the change of the dominant peak wavelength from 622.3 to 620.3 nm with an increase in Mg concentration. An optimal amount of Mg also led to enhancement of approximately 20 times of the Eu3+ luminescence. These results indicated that the Mg codopants selectively activated the optical site of 620.3 nm emission due to the elimination of nonradiative deexcitation paths from the 5D0 state.
Number-of-layer discriminated graphene phonon softening and stiffening
Authors: Wang Y. , Yang X. X. , Li J. W. , Zhou Z. F. , Zheng W. T. , Sun Chang Q.
Published: October 2011

From the perspective of bond order-length-strength correlation and the local bond averaging approach, we have formulated the number-of-layer resolved Raman shifts of graphene, with quantification of the referential origins from which the Raman shifts proceed and clarification of their origins. It is found that the primary D mode and the secondary 2D mode are dominated by the interaction between a specific atom and its nearest neighbors while the G mode by the dimer interaction, and therefore red shift happens to the D/2D phonons and blue shift to the G mode upon the number-of-layer is reduced.
Communication: A dynamical theory of homogeneous nucleation for colloids and macromolecules
Authors: Lutsko James F.
Published: October 2011

Homogeneous nucleation is formulated within the context of fluctuating hydrodynamics. It is shown that for a colloidal system in the strong damping limit the most likely path for nucleation can be determined by gradient descent in density space governed by a nontrivial metric. This is illustrated by application to low-density/high-density liquid transition of globular proteins in solution where it is shown that nucleation process involves two stages: the formation of an extended region with enhanced density followed by the formation of a cluster within this region.
How does increased fire frequency affect carbon loss from fire? A case study in the northern boreal forest
Authors: Brown C. D. , Johnstone J. F.
Published: October 2011

Fire frequency is expected to increase due to climate warming in many areas, particularly the boreal forests. An increase in fire frequency may have important effects on the global carbon cycle by decreasing the size of boreal carbon stores. Our objective was to quantify and compare the amount of carbon consumed during and the amount of carbon remaining following fire in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests burned after long v. short intervals. We hypothesised that stands with a shortened fire return interval would have a higher carbon consumption than those experiencing a historically typical fire return interval. Using field measurements of forest canopy, soil organic horizons and adventitious roots, we reconstructed pre-fire stand conditions to estimate the biomass lost in each fire and the effects on post-fire residual carbon stores. We found evidence of a higher loss of carbon following two fire events that recurred after a short interval, resulting in a much greater total reduction in carbon relative to pre-fire or mature stand conditions. Consequently, carbon storage across disturbance intervals was dramatically reduced following short-interval burns. Recovery of these stores would require a subsequent lengthening of the fire cycle, which appears unlikely under future climate scenarios.
Woman to woman
Authors: Rahman Jacquelyn
Published: October 2011

Professional female comedians frequently face harassment from male fellow performers and from male audience members who take a sexist attitude, essentializing women as psychologically and temperamentally unsuited to the profession of comedy. This paper examines a strategy that African American female comedians employ to overcome the obstacles they face in performing before mixed gender African American audiences. While implementing features that emphasize their African American and female identity, the comedians direct their performances toward women in the audience, employing features and practices comparable to those researchers associate with close female friends in conversation. Intensive use of a strategy that includes taking stances such as confidence sharing and using gendered terms to directly address female audience members establishes solidarity with the women who are listening. Having a large portion of the audience as allies discourages the occurrence of sexist harassment.
Corpora in the LSP classroom
Authors: Rodgers Ornaith , Chambers Angela , Le Baron-Earle Florence
Published: October 2011

While there is a growing body of research in the use of corpora in the teaching of languages for specific purposes (LSP) since the late 1960’s, learner evaluations of the activity are rarer (see, for example, Yoon & Hirvela 2004 and O’Sullivan & Chambers 2006). This study investigates the use of a corpus of articles on biotechnology in French with native English-speaking university students of biotechnology. After situating the study in the research context, we investigate the issues involved in the creation of an appropriate corpus, describe the integration of the corpus in the French language course, and evaluate the learners’ reactions through questionnaires and semi-structured group interviews. Finally, the implications of studies such as this for applied corpus-based research are discussed, including the need for specialised pedagogic corpora.
Marginal prepositions in learner English
Authors: Rankin Tom , Schiftner Barbara
Published: October 2011

This paper illustrates the use of learner corpus data to inform language teaching. A comparative interlanguage analysis of a specific class of complex and marginal prepositions in a range of L1 German learner corpora is presented. The comparison shows that, in native English, prepositions in the semantic field of “reference” and “aboutness” are used in distinct structural and collocational environments, while the learner data shows a greater degree of interchangeability in use. Since the distribution of these prepositions in native English is more differentiated than might be suggested by the standard pedagogical reference works, implications for English language teaching are suggested.
Inhibitory control processes and lexical access in trilingual speech production
Authors: Schwieter John W. , Sunderman Gretchen
Published: October 2011

This study tests whether or not trilingual language learners rely on inhibitory control (IC) when accessing words during speech production. In particular, it investigates the extent to which second language (L2) and third language (L3) lexical robustness modulates such reliance. English language learners of French and Spanish participated in a picture-naming task containing language switches in all three of their languages. Analyses were conducted on the switching performance of the three languages followed by an exploration of how these effects were modulated by L2 and L3 lexical robustness. The results support reliance on IC for all three languages. Furthermore, the strength of L2 lexical robustness affected performance in all languages whereas the strength of L3 lexical robustness only affected L3 performance. The results suggest that in the context of having to switch between three languages within a single experiment, trilingual speakers rely on IC.
Acquiring the syntactic constraints on auxiliary change under restructuring in L2 Italian
Authors: Kraš Tihana
Published: October 2011

This paper reports the findings of an experiment into the syntactic constraints on auxiliary change under restructuring in Italian L2 grammars which are possibly at the end state. Its aim is to test the prediction of the original version of the Interface Hypothesis that narrow syntactic properties are fully acquirable in the L2. In Italian restructuring constructions with embedded unaccusatives, the change of auxiliary fromavere(‘have’) toessere(‘be’) is either optional or obligatory depending on clitic presence and placement. A group of highly proficient L1 Croatian adult L2 learners of Italian and a group of adult Italian native speakers used Magnitude Estimation to express their auxiliary preferences in restructuring constructions with embedded unaccusatives. The L2 learners were shown not to know when auxiliary change is optional and when obligatory. Such findings are not consistent with the version of the Interface Hypothesis tested. Possible reasons for the incomplete acquisition of the phenomenon under scrutiny are discussed in the paper.
Deontological issues, language ideologies and reflexivity in linguistics
Authors: Toke Valelia Muni
Published: October 2011

Given the fact that ‘native’ speakers and linguists both can be considered as experts in language, the specificity of their knowledge(s) of language needs to be described. The reflexive discourses they respectively produce seem to indicate a difference in the perception of temporality (speakers tend to stress the loss of an ideal language throughout the ages, whereas linguists tend to see scientific findings as positively oriented towards progress) and in the capacity of acknowledging ignorance. In this respect, the present paper analyzes two kinds of data: Guidelines produced by linguists acting as experts for language analysis in asylum cases, and elicited interviews collected in the field within an anthropological framework.
Social demand and the new media
Authors: Antelmi Donella
Published: October 2011

Starting from the assumption that Discourse Analysis can shed light on hidden instances of social demand through the analysis of discourse in different social contexts, the present paper focuses on healthcare, in particular on the social demands concerning health that emerge in forums where health problems are discussed. A corpus of texts produced in the context of non-specialized discussion groups has been analyzed, both from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. Various discourse features have been examined — from strategies of self-presentation and other-addressing to the selection of specialized lexicon and terminologies, from levels of formality to the interplay of description and narrative. The analysis has revealed the presence of two different ‘scenographies’ (Maingueneau, 2007), that can be named ‘social’ and ‘private’, respectively. The former is characterized by the exchange of information, while the latter gives voice to the need for a different relationship between patients and doctors. In this perspective, it is suggested that the person as a whole should be the main concern of doctors, thus leading to a renewal of discourse in the medical sector.
Cognitive modeling in illocutionary meaning
Authors: Del Campo Martínez Nuria
Published: October 2011

The present contribution argues that illocutionary interpretation is not only metonymic (Panther & Thornburg, 1998, 2003), but also a matter of active zone/profile discrepancy (Langacker, 1987, 1999). The theoretical framework is the Lexical Constructional Model propounded by Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal (2008, 2011) and Mairal & Ruiz de Mendoza (2009). In this study I examine active zone/profile discrepancy in a number of expressions that are constructionally polysemous from an illocutionary perspective. Such is the case of the utterance Stay away from me if you don’t want to get in trouble, which profiles an instruction to avoid some negative consequences and can be understood either as a threat or a warning depending on the active zone. The results of the analysis provide evidence of the need to consider cognitive construal operations in the approach to illocution adopted by the Lexical Constructional Model.
The impact of metaphorical framing on term creation in biology
Authors: Volanschi Alexandra , Kübler Natalie
Published: October 2011

The present paper is an in-depth study of the lexical units transferred by metaphorical extension from general English to the field of biology, based on the analysis of a 20 million word corpus of scientific articles. Terminological metaphors are analysed both as keys to cognitive processes involved in scientific activity and as linguistic units. We examine the role metaphors play in the evolution of the discipline, as well as the process by which they are introduced, reinforced by common usage, and ultimately lexicalized. The metaphorical term candidates extracted from the corpus are analysed as representing different stages in a diachronic process of lexicalization, or demetaphorising. They are classified according to the perceptual basis (similarity of shape, function or position) or to the ‘root’ conceptual metaphors on which they are built.
Estatismo y dinamismo de la terminología jurídica en el ámbito de los documentos de transmisión de bienes
Authors: Larraz Elena Ferran
Published: October 2011

This article argues the need to resort to categories or basic cognitive schemata from the field of law in order to frame and identify private documents for the transfer of property (documents for the transfer of property and title). The objective is to better understand their main cognitive and terminological properties, thus facilitating the interpretation of their contents. The study is grounded in a multi-faceted theory of terminology in which terms and other related concepts (such as terminological nodes and the conceptual structure of a text) are understood via the frameworks of different sciences. In our case cognitive science applied to law represents the main access door to terms and the conceptual structure of texts. However, we also study their linguistic expression within texts and do this using examples from Civil Law and Common Law. Finally, our approach allows to see how a static conceptual structure evolves towards several types of documents, new rights in-rem, new transferable rights and, generally speaking, new realities and interpretations within the field of transfer and disposition of property.
Iran's Free Trade Zones: Back Doors to the International Economy?
Authors: Hakimian Hassan
Published: October 2011

Since the late 1980s, Iran has pursued a policy of attracting foreign investment and fostering regional trade by granting favored status to the so-called “Free Trade-Industrial Zones” (FTZs) and “Special Economic Zones” (SEZs). To date six FTZs and sixteen SEZs have been set up throughout Iran. The FTZs are strategically positioned for their potential international links and have their eyes on markets beyond Iran, and the SEZs for their value in serving main industries and for improving the country's distribution system and supply network. This paper examines the experience of these zones in Iran in the context of Iran's contradictory and ambivalent approach to international economic integration in general. It is shown that liberal policies pursued in the free zones have been in marked contrast to the approach in the mainland, which has been generally inward-looking in much of the post-revolutionary period. We examine first the rise of free zones as a global phenomenon followed by an overview of Iran's zones and their characteristics. It is argued that serving mainly as “back doors” to the international economy, Iran's free zones have stalled mainly because their promotion has been decoupled from, if not at odds with, official attitudes to the international economy at large. As a result, the zones' ability to attract investment has been limited by both adverse external perceptions of Iran as an investment destination and internal complexities discouraging such investment.
The Qadi, the Wazir and the Da‘i: Religious and Ethnic Relations in Buyid Shiraz in the Eleventh Century
Authors: Howes Rachel T.
Published: October 2011

Shiraz's importance as a Buyid political capitol during the late Buyid period has been mentioned but not thoroughly analyzed. This article attempts to understand Shirazi politics under the late Buyid Abu Kalijar (r. 415/1024 to 440AH/1048CE) by tracing the careers of three prominent figures in his court: the Ismaili propagandist Al-Mu'ayyad fi al-Din al-Shirazi, the Sunni Qadi Abdallah al-Fazari, and Abu Kalijar's Wazir Bahram ibn Mafanna al-‘Adil. Using material from a variety of different narrative sources, it becomes clear that all three individuals used their understanding of court politics and their connections to one or more factions, preferably military factions, to gain sufficient intimacy with King Abu Kalijar to present their own point of view and to exclude other individuals from doing the same. Abu Kalijar was able to maintain sufficient contact with a variety of different factions to prevent the kind of factional warfare that was evident in Baghdad in the same period. By tracing the political strategies of these three men, the article sketches the structure of Shirazi politics and highlights the inclusiveness of Abu Kalijar's court and its relative stability compared to the Baghdad court of the same period.
A Catalan contribution to the myth of the contubernio Judeo-Masónico-Bolchevique
Authors: Preston Paul
Published: October 2011

One of the principal justifications for the military coup of 1936 and the subsequent plan of extermination behind right-wing violence in the Civil War was the accusation that the Second Republic was the anti-Spanish instrument of the Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy. Thus, when the conspirators declared that punishment had to be inflicted on freemasons, liberal politicians, journalists, school-teachers, professors, as well as on leftists and trade-unionists, they used the idea of an evil Jewish conspiracy to destroy the Christian world. Of all of the writers who called for an assault on progressive Spain, those who might be termed the ‘theorists of extermination’, the most influential was the Catalan priest, Juan Tusquets Terrats (1901–1998). Awareness and approval of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was promoted through his enormously popular writings. During the Civil War, he became an adviser to Generals Mola and Franco and his file-card index of names of supposed freemasons was part of the infrastructure of repression.
Working with suicidal clients: The person‐centred counsellor's experience and understanding of risk assessment
Authors: Moerman Marijke
Published: October 2011

Background: Client risk assessment within the person‐centred paradigm is traditionally seen as squarely opposed to its ethos. Aim: To determine how the person‐centred counsellor experiences and understands the issue of risk assessment within the confines of their work ethos. Method: Semi‐structured interviews with seven person‐centred counsellors using thematic analysis were conducted. Findings: Three main themes emerged following thematic analysis: The impact of the risk assessment process on self; The counsellor's experience of self, and The therapeutic process in relation to risk assessment. Discussion: The findings suggest that person‐centred counsellors conduct risk assessments taking a holistic approach involving not only individual risk predictors and characteristics of the client but also individual factors related to self.
Respiratory and locomotor muscle blood‐volume and oxygenation kinetics during intense intermittent exercise
Authors: Tong Tom K. , Lin Hua , McConnell Alison , Eston Roger , Zheng Jun , Nie Jinlei
Published: October 2011

In this study, we examined the time course of changes in the blood volume and oxygenation of accessory respiratory (RM) and locomotor (LM) muscles, and the interrelationships of changes in these parameters during maximal incremental intermittent exercise in 15 non‐endurance‐trained active men. Blood volume and oxygenation of the serratus anterior and of vastus lateralis were measured simultaneously by near‐infrared spectroscopy. The respiratory compensation point, and the breakpoints where abrupt changes were apparent in RM and LM blood volume and oxygenation versus time were identified. During exercise, the decreases in RM and LM oxygenation were accentuated in the vicinity of the respiratory compensation point. This was concomitant with a reduction in LM, but not RM, blood volume. The time at which the respiratory compensation point and the breakpoints in RM and LM blood volume and oxygenation were detected (70.2–75.0% exercise time) did not differ, and were inter‐correlated (r=0.56 to 0.95). Moreover, the rate of the accelerated fall of oxygenation in the locomotor muscles was correlated with that of the decline in blood volume in that area (r=0.73), and with that of the accelerated fall of oxygenation in the respiratory muscles (r=0.71). The results suggest that the high ventilatory demand, which occurs naturally during intense intermittent exercise in non‐endurance‐trained individuals, may precipitate an accelerated fall in RM oxygenation, concomitant with a reduction in LM blood volume and an accentuated decline in LM oxygenation. Such responses are likely to occur above the respiratory compensation point during intermittent exercise.
Unraveling the basic biology and clinical significance of the chlamydial plasmid
Authors: Rockey Daniel D.
Published: October 2011

Chlamydial plasmids are small, highly conserved, nonconjugative, and nonintegrative DNA molecules that are nearly ubiquitous in many chlamydial species, including Chlamydia trachomatis. There has been significant recent progress in understanding chlamydial plasmid participation in host–microbe interactions, disease, and immune responses. Work in mouse model systems and, very recently, in nonhuman primates demonstrates that plasmid-deficient chlamydial strains function as live attenuated vaccines against genital and ocular infections. Collectively, these studies open new avenues of research into developing vaccines against trachoma and sexually transmitted chlamydial infections.
ELM size analysis in JET hybrid plasmas
Authors: Zarzoso D. , Beurskens M.N.A. , Frassinetti L. , Joffrin E. , Rimini F.G. , Solano E.R.
Published: October 2011

Experimental results are presented in this paper, characterizing the behaviour of type I ELMs for a JET database of standard ELMy H-mode and hybrid plasmas. Whereas the collisionality scaling published in [1] has been reproduced for the new baseline discharges, no clear correlation can be established from the analysis of hybrid scenarios. The ELM losses normalized to the pedestal stored energy for high triangularity hybrid plasmas seem to be significantly larger than the energies for baseline plasmas at similar values of collisionality. For low triangularity hybrid plasmas, the ELM losses are of the same order as those obtained in baseline scenarios. The important scatter of the results seems to be due to the sensitivity of hybrid plasmas to gas fuelling. Analysis of the ITER-like wall compatibility of hybrid discharges is also reported.
Experimental evidence of the non-local response of transport to peripheral perturbations
Authors: Sun H.J. , Diamond P.H. , Shi Z.B. , Chen C.Y. , Yao L.H. , Ding X.T. , Feng B.B. , Huang X.L. , Zhou Y. , Zhou J. , Song X.M.
Published: October 2011

Qualitatively novel results on non-locality phenomena in perturbative transport experiments are reported. Here, non-locality means a rapid response in the core follows an edge perturbation on a time scale far shorter than any standard approximation to the global, diffusive model confinement time. Sequential firing of supersonic molecular beam injection on the HL-2A tokamak sustained the increase in the core temperature in response to the edge perturbation. O-mode reflectometers are introduced to measure density fluctuations and show that the central turbulence is suppressed during nonlocallity, suggesting that the interpretation of the phenomenon due to the formation of an ‘ITB-like’ structure is plausible. ECH switch-off experiments on the HL-2A tokamak demonstrated that the non-local response is sensitive to the deposition location. Taken together, these results suggest that non-locality phenomena have several aspects in common which can be linked to certain simple, generic elements of tokamak turbulence physics.
Conceptual design study of a superconducting spherical tokamak reactor with a self-consistent system analysis code
Authors: Hong B.G. , Hwang Y.S. , Kang J.S. , Lee D.W. , Joo H.G. , Ono M.
Published: October 2011

In a spherical tokamak (ST) reactor, the radial build of toroidal field coil and the shield play a key role in determining the size of the reactor. For self-consistent determination of the reactor components and physics parameters, a system analysis code is coupled with a one-dimensional radiation transport code. A conceptual design study of a compact superconducting ST reactor with an aspect ratio of up to 2.0 is conducted and the optimum radial build is identified. It is shown that the use of an improved shielding material and high-temperature superconducting magnets with high critical current density opens up the possibility of a fusion power plant with compact size and small re-circulating power simultaneously at a low aspect ratio, and that by using an inboard neutron reflector instead of a breeding blanket, tritium self-sufficiency is possible with an outboard blanket only and thus a compact-sized all superconducting coil ST reactor is viable.
Data acquisition system for steady-state experiments at multiple sites
Authors: Nakanishi H. , Ohsuna M. , Kojima M. , Imazu S. , Nonomura M. , Yamamoto T. , Emoto M. , Yoshida M. , Iwata C. , Shoji M. , Nagayama Y. , Kawahata K. , Hasegawa M. , Higashijima A. , Nakamura K. , Ono Y. , Yoshikawa M. , Urushidani S.
Published: October 2011

A high-performance data acquisition (DAQ) system has been developed for steady-state fusion experiments at the Large Helical Device (LHD). Its significant characteristics are 110 MB s−1continuous DAQ capability and the performance scalability using an unlimited number of DAQ units. Incoming data streams are first transferred temporarily onto the shared random access memory, and then cut into definite time chunks to be stored. They are also thinned out to 1/Nto be served for the real-time monitoring clients. In LHD steady-state experiment, the DAQ cluster has established the world record for acquiring 90 GB/shot. The established technology of this steady-state acquisition and store can contribute to the ITER experiments whose data amount is estimated in the range 100 or 1000 GB/shot. This system also acquires experimental data from multiple remote sites through the fusion-dedicated virtual private network in Japan. The speed lowering problem in long-distance TCP/IP data transfer has been improved by the packet pacing optimization. The demonstrated collaboration scheme will be analogous to that of ITER and the supporting machines.
F-blowups of F-regular surface singularities
Authors: Hara Nobuo
Published: October 2011

We prove that F-blowups of any F-regular surface singularity coincide with the minimal resolution.
Sfp‐type 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase is required for lysine synthesis, tolerance to oxidative stress and virulence in the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus sativus
Authors: LENG YUEQIANG , ZHONG SHAOBIN
Published: October 2011

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are the major enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which have diverse activities, including roles as pathogenicity/virulence factors in plant pathogenic fungi. These enzymes are activated by 4′‐phosphopantetheinylation at the conserved serine residues, which is catalysed by 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). PPTase is also required for primary metabolism (α‐aminoadipate reductase, AAR). In the genome sequence of the cereal fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus, we identified a gene (PPT1) orthologous to the PPTase‐encoding genes found in other filamentous ascomycetes. The deletion of PPT1 in C. sativus generated mutants (Δppt1) that were auxotrophic for lysine, unable to synthesize melanin, hypersensitive to oxidative stress and significantly reduced in virulence to barley cv. Bowman. To analyse the pleiotropic effects of PPT1, we also characterized deletion mutants for PKS1 (involved in melanin synthesis), AAR1 (for AAR) and NPS6 (involved in siderophore‐mediated iron metabolism). The melanin‐deficient strain (Δpks1) showed no differences in pathogenicity and virulence compared with the wild‐type strain. Lysine‐auxotrophic mutants (Δaar1) induced spot blotch symptoms, as produced by the wild‐type strain, when inoculated on wounded barley leaves or when lysine was supplemented. The Δnps6 strain showed a slightly reduced virulence compared with the wild‐type strain, but exhibited significantly higher virulence than the Δppt1 strain. Our results suggest that an unknown virulence factor, presumably synthesized by PKSs or NRPSs which are activated by PPTase, is directly responsible for high virulence of C. sativus on barley cv. Bowman.
Regulation of disease‐responsive genes mediated by epigenetic factors: interaction of Arabidopsis–Pseudomonas
Authors: DE‐LA‐PEÑA CLELIA , RANGEL‐CANO ALICIA , ALVAREZ‐VENEGAS RAÚL
Published: October 2011

Genes in eukaryotic organisms function within the context of chromatin, and the mechanisms that modulate the structure of chromatin are defined as epigenetic. In Arabidopsis, pathogen infection induces the expression of at least one histone deacetylase, suggesting that histone acetylation/deacetylation has an important role in the pathogenic response in plants. How/whether histone methylation affects gene response to pathogen infection is unknown. To gain a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating the interaction between Pseudomonas syringae and Arabidopsis thaliana, we analysed three different Arabidopsis ash1‐related (absent, small or homeotic discs 1) mutants. We found that the loss of function of ASHH2 and ASHR1 resulted in faster hypersensitive responses (HRs) to both mutant (hrpA) and pathogenic (DC3000) strains of P. syringae, whereas control (Col‐0) and ashr3 mutants appeared to be more resistant to the infection after 2 days. Furthermore, we showed that, in the ashr3 background, the PR1 gene (PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED GENE 1) displayed the highest expression levels on infection with DC3000, correlating with increased resistance against this pathogen. Our results show that, in both the ashr1 and ashh2 backgrounds, the histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) levels decreased at the promoter region of PR1 on infection with the DC3000 strain, suggesting that an epigenetically regulated PR1 expression is involved in the plant defence. Our results suggest that histone methylation in response to pathogen infection may be a critical component in the signalling and defence processes occurring between plants and microbes.