bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype‐by‐genotype interactions between an insect and its pathogen
Authors: Hudson A. I. , Fleming‐Davies A. E. , Páez D. J. , Dwyer G.
Published: September 2016

Genotype‐by‐genotype (G×G) interactions are an essential requirement for the coevolution of hosts and parasites, but have only been documented in a small number of animal model systems. G×G effects arise from interactions between host and pathogen genotypes, such that some pathogen strains are more infectious in certain hosts and some hosts are more susceptible to certain pathogen strains. We tested for G×G interactions in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and its baculovirus. We infected 21 full‐sib families of gypsy moths with each of 16 isolates of baculovirus and measured the between‐isolate correlations of infection rate across host families for all pairwise combinations of isolates. Mean infectiousness varied among isolates and disease susceptibility varied among host families. Between‐isolate correlations of infection rate were generally less than one, indicating nonadditive effects of host and pathogen type consistent with G×G interactions. Our results support the presence of G×G effects in the gypsy moth–baculovirus interaction and provide empirical evidence that correlations in infection rates between field‐collected isolates are consistent with values that mathematical models have previously shown to increase the likelihood of pathogen polymorphism.
Effect of spray drying process conditions on bacteria survival and acetaldehyde retention in sweetened yoghurt powder: An optimization study
Authors: Seth Dibyakanta , Mishra Hari Niwas , Deka Sankar Chandra
Published: September 2016

The objective of this study was to optimize the spray drying conditions in developing a sweetened yoghurt powder using response surface methodology. Results indicated that the corresponding response surface model was sufficient to describe and predict powder characteristics in terms of moisture content (% db), bacteria survival ratio (N/No), acetaldehyde retention (%), and overall sensory score with R2 of 98.24, 98.44, 98.57, and 97.85%, respectively. Under optimal conditions (inlet air temperature 148 °C, feed rate 0.54 L/h, and atomization pressure 898 kPa), the response variables including the moisture content, bacteria survival ratio, acetaldehyde retention, and overall sensory score were predicted and validated as 3.69% (db), 2.37 × 10−3, 76.39%, and 8.0, respectively. Furthermore, physicochemical properties and morphology of the optimally developed sweetened yoghurt powder were studied. It was concluded that a reasonably good‐quality shelf‐stable powder can be developed from sweetened yoghurt having adequate bacteria count and acetaldehyde content by spray drying.

Practical applications

This article reports the successful application of spray drying in developing a shelf‐stable dried misti dahi which is the sweet delicacy of India. The quality of reconstituted sweetened yoghurt in terms of starter culture survival and acetaldehyde retention could be achieved by optimizing the spray drying process parameters. In this “ready to eat” era, sweetened yoghurt powder drying process has the potential to be scaled‐up and manufactured in large scale.
Longitudinal Relationships of Fitness, Physical Activity, and Weight Status With Academic Achievement in Adolescents
Authors: Suchert Vivien , Hanewinkel Reiner , Isensee Barbara
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

To examine associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity (PA) and weight status with academic achievement 1 year later. In addition, the mediating role of psychological variables was tested.

METHODS

Longitudinal analyses included 1011 German students (M = 14.1 years, SD = 0.6 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined with the 20 m shuttle run test. Compliance with PA guidelines was assessed through questionnaire. Weight status was based on body mass index percentiles. As proxy of academic achievement students' self‐reported grades in Mathematics and German in their midterm report were averaged. Mediation analyses were conducted at follow‐up testing general self‐efficacy, depressed affect, and attention/hyperactivity problems.

RESULTS

High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness predicted higher educational attainment (p = .007), while we found no longitudinal association for PA and weight status (p > .253). However, students being insufficiently physically active at baseline but meet PA guidelines at follow‐up showed a significant improvement in educational attainment. The cross‐sectional association between PA and academic achievement was mediated by students' general self‐efficacy.

CONCLUSION

High fitness in adolescence is associated with higher subsequent academic achievement. The promotion of PA might benefit school performance because of enhanced fitness levels in the long‐term and positive influences of PA in the shortterm. The association between weight status and educational attainment remains controversial.
Accelerometry‐Derived Physical Activity of First Through Third Grade Children During the Segmented School Day
Authors: Weaver R. Glenn , Crimarco Anthony , Brusseau Timothy A. , Webster Collin A. , Burns Ryan D. , Hannon James C.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Schools should provide children 30 minutes/day of moderate‐to‐vigorous‐physical‐activity (MVPA). Determining school day segments that contribute to children's MVPA can inform school‐based activity promotion. The purpose of this paper was to identify the proportion of children accumulating 30 minutes/day of school‐based MVPA, and to identify school day segments' contribution to children's MVPA.

METHODS

First‐third graders (N = 323 [173 girls and 150 boys]) accelerometer‐derived sedentary behaviors, light activity, and MVPA were measured for 1 to 5 school days. Children's activity was estimated during class time, lunch, physical education (PE), and recess. To explore disparities in MVPA, children were stratified into high/low‐active groups.

RESULTS

Girls and boys accumulated 30.4 and 34.4 minutes/day of MVPA on PE days and 23.5 and 27.3 minutes/day of MVPA on non‐PE days. This translated to 36.5 and 44.1% of girls and boys accumulating 30 minutes of MVPA on PE days and 16.3 and 36.5% on non‐PE days. On PE days, PE contributed the most MVPA for girls and boys (11.8 and 13.0 minutes/day), followed by class time (11.4 and 12.5 minutes/day), recess (5.2 and 6.5 minutes/day), and lunch (2.0 and 2.4 minutes/day). Disparities between high/low children were greatest during PE and class time.

CONCLUSIONS

Most children were not accumulating 30 minutes/day of MVPA. PE and class time are promising school day segments for promoting MVPA.
Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration in Japan: Controlling for the Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Nishimura Takuma , Suzuki Takashi
Published: September 2016

Abstract: The present study investigated the function of satisfaction and frustration of the basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence, and relatedness – that contribute to subjective well‐being (life‐satisfaction, vitality, and depression) through a back‐translation procedure of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS). A total of 564 Japanese undergraduates (356 males, 205 females, three unknown; M
age = 18.61 years, SD = 1.48) participated in a questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the BPNSFS had the same six‐factor structure as that found in the original version. Structural equation modeling showed that satisfaction of each of the three needs contributed to the prediction of subjective well‐being (life satisfaction and vitality), whereas frustration of each need uniquely contributed to the prediction of ill‐being (depressed affect). These results support previous findings found in Belgium, China, the USA, and Peru, confirming that satisfaction of basic psychological needs represents a critical element for healthy functioning across cultures. However, controlling for the effects of the Big Five personality traits indicates the possible over‐estimation for the functions of the needs while clarifying these roles.
Graphical Modeling for Multivariate Hawkes Processes with Nonparametric Link Functions
Authors: Eichler Michael , Dahlhaus Rainer , Dueck Johannes
Published: September 2016

Hawkes () introduced a powerful multivariate point process model of mutually exciting processes to explain causal structure in data. In this article, it is shown that the Granger causality structure of such processes is fully encoded in the corresponding link functions of the model. A new nonparametric estimator of the link functions based on a time‐discretized version of the point process is introduced by using an infinite order autoregression. Consistency of the new estimator is derived. The estimator is applied to simulated data and to neural spike train data from the spinal dorsal horn of a rat.
The Nature of Social Responsibility: Exploring Emancipatory Ends
Authors: Mussell Helen
Published: September 2016

Social responsibility (SR) initiatives within a corporate environment (CSR) continue to be met with deep scepticism. My concern is with exploring this scepticism, which I argue is due to there being more to the underlying objectives of SR than has previously been investigated. I begin by outlining and substantiating my project as a social ontological enquiry, one in which I unpack key concepts to reveal the nature of SR. These ontological findings then underpin my argument that SR is problematically grounded in liberalist thinking, and CSR is in fact just one manifestation of SR. I advance the thesis that SR has emancipatory ends, of meeting human needs and flourishing, and that it is best explicated using feminist care ethics. The argument is then focussed on both shoring up and advancing the emancipatory project of SR. The scepticism of interest is revealed to be the incongruity between care and business; that businesses are deemed as being incompatible with SR, at least in their present capacity. Any claims to the contrary by the business community are branded inauthentic and the aforementioned scepticism ensues. The paper concludes with a brief discussion concerning implications for CSR initiatives and future changes and developments are considered.
Autonomous Demand and the Harrodian Criticisms of the Kaleckian Model
Authors: Skott Peter
Published: September 2016

Lavoie () introduces autonomous demand in a defense of the (post‐) Kaleckian analysis against classical and Harrodian criticisms. This note corrects some errors in Lavoie's analysis, questions the stabilizing potential of autonomous demand, and points out some differences between the two variants of Lavoie's ‘neo‐Kaleckian’ model.
Blubber cortisol qualitatively reflects circulating cortisol concentrations in bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Champagne Cory D. , Kellar Nicholas M. , Crocker Daniel E. , Wasser Samuel K. , Booth Rebecca K. , Trego Marisa L. , Houser Dorian S.
Published: September 2016

Stress hormones, released into circulation as a consequence of disturbance, are classically assayed from blood samples but may also be detected in a variety of matrices. Blubber and fecal samples can be remotely collected from free‐ranging cetaceans without the confounding hormone elevations associated with chase, capture, and handling required to collect blood samples. The relationship between cortisol concentrations in circulation with that of blubber and feces, however, is unknown. To assess these associations, we elevated cortisol by orally administering hydrocortisone for five days in five bottlenose dolphins. Voluntary blood and fecal samples were collected daily; blubber biopsies were collected on day one, just prior to hydrocortisone administration, and days three and five of hydrocortisone administration. We evaluated subsequent changes in several circulating stress hormones as well as cortisol and glucocorticoid metabolites in blubber and feces, respectively. There was a significant association between cortisol levels in serum and in blubber (F1,12.7= 14.3,P< 0.01,mR2= 0.57) despite substantial variability in blubber cortisol levels. Counterintuitively, fecal cortisol metabolite levels were inversely related to serum cortisol. The relationship between serum and blubber cortisol levels suggests blubber samples from remote sampling may be useful to detect stress loads in this species.
Morphometric profile of large intestinal neuronal plexuses in normal perinatal autopsies and Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Subramanian H. , Badhe B. A. , Toi P. C. , Sambandan K.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To derive objective values for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) from a comparison of the morphometric profile of large intestinal neuronal plexuses in normal perinatal autopsies and surgical specimens of HSCR.

Methods

A cross‐sectional comparative study with 40 subjects each in (i) non‐HSCR perinatal group encompassing neonates and stillborn babies beyond 30 weeks of gestation on whom autopsies were conducted and (ii) HSCR group comprising all patients clinicoradiologically diagnosed as HSCR. The morphometric assessment was done on hematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained sections.

Key Results

The morphometric profile in terms of average number of ganglia/linear mm of colon, interganglion distance, number of ganglion cells/ganglion, average ganglion cell length, ganglion cell nuclear area, ganglion cell nuclear diameter, nerve trunk thickness, and density has been outlined. On comparison with the neuroanatomically normal zone of HSCR, the cut‐offs to identify hypertrophic nerve trunks (nerve trunk thickness of >37.85 μm) and reduced number of ganglia (number of ganglia/linear mm of colon <2.05 and interganglion distance of >229 μm) were derived.

Conclusions & Inferences

The determined objective values, after testing on diagnostic rectal biopsies, may serve to formulate a diagnostic algorithm along with immunostaining for diagnosis of HSCR in colorectal specimens.
Cardiac Device Implant Skin Closure with a Novel Adjustable, Coaptive Tape‐Based Device
Authors: LALANI GAUTAM G. , SCHRICKER AMIR A. , SALCEDO JONATHAN , HEBSUR SHRINIVAS , HSU JONATHAN , FELD GREGORY , BIRGERSDOTTER‐GREEN ULRIKA
Published: September 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare a unique zip‐type adjustable coaptive tape‐based skin closure device to traditional subcuticular sutures in three domains: time, cosmesis, and wound closure‐related outcomes in cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures.

Methods

A total of 40 patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial to assess time to wound closure, as well as cosmesis and wound closure‐related outcomes.

Results

The adjustable coaptive tape‐based skin closure device had shorter overall closure time (78 ± 6.6 seconds vs 216 ± 21.5 seconds; P < 0.001) and mean closure time per centimeter (18.0 ± 2.0 s/cm vs 50.1 ± 6.7 s/cm; P < 0.001) versus sutures, with less intersurgeon and interpatient variability with the use of adjustable coaptive device versus sutures (P < 0.001). There was no difference between groups in postoperative pain or scar cosmesis during the follow‐up period. Neither group had any closure‐related adverse events.

Conclusions

The adjustable coaptive tape‐based skin closure device demonstrated shorter closure times with less variability when compared to sutures. It is a safe and acceptable alternative to sutures for skin closure following CIED implantation.
Association between water and carbon dioxide transport in leaf plasma membranes: assessing the role of aquaporins
Authors: Zhao Manchun , Tan Hwei‐Ting , Scharwies Johannes , Levin Kara , Evans John R , Tyerman Stephen D
Published: September 2016

The role of some aquaporins as CO2 permeable channels has been controversial. Low CO2 permeability of plant membranes has been criticized because of unstirred layers and other limitations. Here we measured both water and CO2 permeability (Pos, PCO2) using stopped flow on plasma membrane vesicles (pmv) isolated from Pisum sativum (pea) and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We excluded the chemical limitation of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the vesicle acidification technique for PCO2 using different temperatures and CA concentrations. Unstirred layers were excluded based on small vesicle size and the positive correlation between vesicle diameter and PCO2. We observed high aquaporin activity (Pos 0.06 to 0.22 cm s−1) for pea pmv based on all the criteria for their function using inhibitors and temperature dependence. Inhibitors of Pos did not alter PCO2. PCO2 ranged from 0.001 to 0.012 cm s−1 (mean 0.0079 + 0.0007 cm s−1) with activation energy of 30.2 kJ mol−1. Intrinsic variation between pmv batches from normally grown or stressed plants revealed a weak (R2 = 0.27) positive linear correlation between Pos and PCO2. Despite the low PCO2, aquaporins may facilitate CO2 transport across plasma membranes, but probably via a different pathway than for water.
Infrared radiation increases skin damage induced by other wavelengths in solar urticaria
Authors: de Gálvez María Victoria , Aguilera José , Sánchez‐Roldán Cristina , Herrera‐Ceballos Enrique
Published: September 2016

Background

Photodermatoses are typically investigated by analyzing the individual or combined effects of ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and visible light using light sources that simulate portions of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation (IRR), however, accounts for 53% of incident solar radiation, but its effects are not taken into account in standard phototest protocols.

Aims

The aim was to analyze the effects of IRR, alone and combined with UVA and visible light on solar urticaria lesions, with a distinction between infrared A (IRA) and infrared B (IRB).

Methods

We performed standard phototests with UVA and visible light in four patients with solar urticaria and also tested the effects after blocking IRB with a water filter. To analyze the direct effect of IRR, we performed phototests with IRA and IRB.

Results

Initial standard phototests that were all positive found the induction of erythema and whealing, while when IRR was blocked from the UVA and visible light sources, three of the patients developed no lesions, while the fourth developed a very small wheal.

Conclusion

These results suggest that IRR has the potential to produce and exacerbate lesions caused by other types of radiation. Consideration of these effects during phototesting could help prevent diagnostic errors.
Photo‐induced graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Hardy Juliette M. , Marguery Marie‐Claude , Huynh Anne , Borel Cécile , Apoil Pol André , Lamant Laurence , Tournier Emilie , Alberto Chloé , Pauwels Céline , Thomas Marianne , Mazereeuw Hautier Juliette , Paul Carle , Bulai Livideanu Cristina
Published: September 2016

Overlap chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) associates both features of acute and chronic GVHD. Trigger factors for chronic GVHD are unclear. We describe two patients who received allogenic haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation, and who later developed overlap chronic GVHD after sun exposure. Available data from in vivo investigations suggest ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) has a beneficial effect on acute and chronic GVHD. The role of sun irradiation as a trigger for isomorphic cutaneous GVHD has been rarely reported in the literature. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time, using repetitive broadband phototesting, that UVB triggers chronic GVHD.
Pulmonary immune responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: isotype‐specific antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of rats
Authors: Ramaswamy K. , Befus D.
Published: September 2016

Larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have an obligatory migratory phase through the lungs of rats during their development. Since earlier studies have shown that this migration is associated with accumulation of Fc receptor bearing effector cells in the bronchoalveolar spaces, wc have analysed antibody reactivity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) during development of immune responses against N. brasiliensis. The development of parasite specific antibodies in bronchoalveolar spaces was similar to that in the serum, but was of a lower titre. A secondary infection resulted in an anamnestic response. Iso type analysis showed that IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies were present in BALF and they recognized several proteins of the parasite ranging from 16‐290 kDa. Immunoblot analysis on two‐dimensional electrophoretic separated parasitic proteins identified stage specific differences in the BALF antibody responses. IgG was the predominant class of antibody in BALF and when compared with serum, IgM antibody responses were weak. Thus, infection with N. brasiliensis resulted in the appearance of site‐, stage‐ and isotype‐specific antibody responses in the lungs of rats.
Incentives in Third‐Party Governance: Management Practices and Accountability Implications
Authors: Girth Amanda M.
Published: September 2016

Contract incentives are designed to motivate contractor performance and to provide public managers with a powerful tool to achieve contract accountability. Our knowledge of contract incentives is rooted in contract design, yet as we move beyond contract specification and further into the contract lifecycle, we know little about why and how managers implement incentives. This study assesses public managers’ use of contract incentives in practice and advances theory development. A typology of contract incentives is constructed to capture a comprehensive range of formal and informal incentives, and the factors that influence managerial use of incentives are identified. The findings shed light on the complexities of maintaining accountability in third‐party governance structures and the management techniques aimed at improving the performance of public agencies.
Varieties of Open Governance: How Openness Projects Organize and Make Decisions
Authors: Ingrams Alex
Published: September 2016

Related Content: Balfour and Newbold (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: King (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Fiorino (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Knox (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Brook (PAR November/December 2016)
Leading Change in Public Organizations
Authors: Brook Douglas A.
Published: September 2016

Related Content: Balfour and Newbold (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: King (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Fiorino (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Knox (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content: Ingrams (PAR November/December 2016)
Can We Change Everything? The Politics and Economics of Climate Change
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J.
Published: September 2016

Related Content:Balfour and Newbold (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content:King (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content:Knox (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content:Brook (PAR November/December 2016)

Related Content:Ingrams (PAR November/December 2016)
Validation of a new domiciliary diagnosis device for automatic diagnosis of patients with clinical suspicion of OSA
Authors: Durán‐Cantolla Joaquín , Zamora Almeida Gabriela , Vegas Diaz de Guereñu Odei , Saracho Rotaeche Luis , Hamdan Alkhraisat Mohammad , Durán Carro Joaquín , Egea Santaolalla Carlos , Anitua Eduardo ,   on Behalf of the Spanish Sleep Network
Published: September 2016

Background and objective

Obstructive sleep apnoea is a prevalent and considerably underdiagnosed disease. The development of cost‐effective, home‐based, automatic diagnostic devices to improve the diagnosis accessibility is therefore essential.

Methods

In this study, a new portable polygraph (BTI‐APNiA) was used to validate automatic scoring. This five‐channel device records respiratory flow, oxygen saturation, heart rate, body position and snoring. The validation was performed in two phases. In the first phase, manual and automatic scorings of a new respiratory polygraphy (RP) device (BTI‐APNiA) were compared. In the second phase, automatic analysis performed with BTI‐APNiA was compared with manual scoring of a validated RP device (Embletta Gold).

Results

Phase I was completed by 424 patients (50.5% males, 52.2 ± 12.4 years, BMI of 25.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2 and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 8.0 ± 4.0). Manual and automatic analysis resulted in an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) of 13.7 ± 12.7 and 14.0 ± 12.5 (P > 0.05), respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.99 (P < 0.001). During Phase II, 28 patients were evaluated (72.0% men, 49.1 ± 10.9 years, BMI of 27.1 ± 4.2 kg/m2 and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 7.5 ± 4.2). Manual analysis of Embletta Gold recordings indicated an AHI of 12.3 ± 14.0, while automatic analysis of the BTI‐APNiA was 13.4 ± 14.7 (P > 0.05). The ICC was 0.68 (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The automatic analysis of the BTI‐APNiA is as accurate as manual analysis of AHI. This automatic analysis compared well with the manual analysis of a validated RP device (Embletta Gold).
Geochemistry of Triassic Carbonates: Exploration Guide to Pb–Zn Mineralization in North Tunisia
Authors: Jemmali Nejib , Souissi Fouad , Carranza Emmanuel John M. , Henchiri Mohsen
Published: September 2016

The Triassic carbonate rocks in Northern Tunisia (Nappes, Domes, Jurassic Mountains zones), consist of massive carbonates, clays and gypsum with authigenic minerals. These are associated with several Pb–Zn deposits and occurrences. At Jebel Ichkeul, Bechateur and Oum Edeboua, these Triassic carbonates exhibit enrichment in Pb (0.32 to 228 ppm), Zn (17 to 261 ppm), Cd (5 to 6 ppm) and Co (0.3 to 89.5 ppm), with respect to their average contents in crustal carbonates. The enrichment is more pronounced at Oum Edeboua (near the ore zone). Permeability is one of the most effective factors of dispersion of metallic trace elements, causing the development of geochemical halos. The genetic relationship of the Triassic carbonate rocks with the ore deposits was controlled by diapirism and tectonic movements, which favored mineralization along the Triassic‐cover contact as well as the remobilization of metals from the mineralized rocks. Analysis of metallic trace elements in Triassic rocks provides clues to the presence of possible mineral deposits. These could be effectively used for both geochemical interpretation and mineral exploration. Carbon and O‐isotope data (– 9.3‰ < δ13C < +3‰; +21.9 < δ18O < +31‰) suggest that the Triassic carbonates of all study areas have marine carbonates as their origin; some of them show significantly lower δ18O values indicating some exchange with hydrothermal fluids. Calcites associated with mineralization at Oum Edeboua have δ13C of –6.2‰ to –8.22‰ and δ18O of +24.88‰ to +25‰. The C‐isotope compositions of these calcites are 13C depleted, indicating an organic origin.
Exchange Rate Regimes and Welfare Losses from Foreign Crises: The Impact of the US Financial Crisis on Mexico
Authors: Kemme David M. , Koleyni Kayhan
Published: September 2016

We modify the Gali and Monacelli small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, calibrate to Mexican data and simulate the impact of the financial crisis on Mexico, under floating and counter factual fixed exchange rates. The floating exchange rate ameliorates welfare losses for Mexico. They are greater under fixed exchange rates because the return paths to equilibrium are more volatile (higher variance) and output, consumption and employment impulse response functions (IRFs) overshoot. Monetary policy, inflation targeting with floating exchange rates, clearly reduced the welfare costs vis‐à‐vis other counter factual policies including consumer price index‐based Taylor rule, domestic inflation Taylor rule and fixed exchange rates.
Localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in sixteen Boston terrier dogs
Authors: Lee Fiona F. , Bradley Charles W. , Cain Christine L. , White Stephen D. , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Murphy Lisa A. , Mauldin Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2016

Background

Although zinc responsive dermatosis is typically a disorder of Arctic breed dogs, this study identifies similar cutaneous lesions on the face and pressure points of Boston terrier dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To document the clinical and histological features of localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis of Boston terrier dogs, to determine if the lesions respond to zinc supplementation and to determine whether tissue zinc levels were decreased in affected versus unaffected dogs.

Material and methods

Sixteen Boston terrier dogs with similar gross and histological findings were identified retrospectively from two institutions. Follow‐up information for nine dogs from one institution was obtained from referring veterinarians using a questionnaire. Tissue zinc levels were measured from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded skin biopsy samples of affected and unaffected dogs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

Mild to severe parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with follicular involvement was present in all 16 cases. Of the nine dogs for which follow‐up information was available, five dogs received oral zinc supplementation and four dogs had documented clinical improvement or resolution of dermatological lesions. The median skin zinc levels were not significantly different between affected and unaffected dogs.

Conclusions and clinical importance

To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first report of localized parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in Boston terrier dogs, some of which improved with oral zinc supplementation. Prospective studies in Boston terrier dogs are warranted to document potential zinc deficiency (serum and/or tissue levels, pre‐ and post‐treatment) and to objectively assess response to zinc supplementation and other therapies.
Comparison of two systemic antifungal agents, itraconazole and terbinafine, for the treatment of dermatophytosis in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)
Authors: Bexton Steve , Nelson Helen
Published: September 2016

Background

Dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton erinacei is a common scaling and crusting skin disease affecting European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) admitted to wildlife rescue centres. The application of topical therapy can be challenging because wild hedgehogs are subject to stress and often roll into a ball when handled. Systemic antifungal therapy is more convenient but has not been evaluated in this species.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the efficacy of oral itraconazole versus oral terbinafine for the treatment of dermatophytosis affecting hedgehogs.

Animals

A treatment trial was undertaken in a wildlife hospital involving 165 hedgehogs with naturally occurring dermatophytosis.

Methods

Animals were randomly divided into two groups and treated with either itraconazole or terbinafine orally for 28 days. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated after 14 and 28 days by mycological culture and clinical dermatological lesion scores.

Results

Both drugs were well tolerated and clinically effective. After 14 and 28 days of treatment, the respective mycological cure rate was 36.6% and 65.9% for the itraconazole‐treated group and 92.8% and 98.8% for the terbinafine‐treated group.

Conclusion and clinical importance

Itraconazole and terbinafine were both effective for the treatment of dermatophytosis affecting hedgehogs; however, terbinafine was more effective.
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Knowledge and Attitudes of Australian Cat Breeders and Their Husbandry Practices
Authors: Shapiro A. J. , Norris J. M. , Bosward K. L. , Heller J.
Published: September 2016

A Q fever outbreak in a small animal veterinary hospital, associated with a cat caesarean section, initiated a cat seroprevalence study (n = 712) that found circulating antibodies to Coxiella burnetii was highest in cattery‐confined breeding cats (9.3%). These findings stimulated interest about potential sources of C. burnetii infection for cats and humans associated with cats. Cat breeders are potentially a group at increased risk of C. burnetii infection, and this study sought to identify potential risk factors. A cross‐sectional online survey was conducted targeting all domestic cat breeders registered with an affiliate member body in Australia in 2015. Responses from 177 cat breeders across Australia were analysed. Forty per cent of responding cat breeders had not heard of Q fever. Raw meat was fed as an integral constituent of the diet by 89% of respondents. Eighty per cent of respondents allowed queens access to the home for parturition, and assistance of queens and resuscitation of kittens at the time of birth were reported by 97% of respondents. Respondents who perceived some level of exposure to Q fever through their breeding activities were three times less likely to perform mouth‐to‐snout resuscitation (OR 0.3 95% CI 0.1–0.9; P = 0.034) than those who did not perceive a risk of exposure. Similarly, respondents who perceived Q fever as a risk through breeding activities were close to eight times more likely to use personal protective equipment during parturition (OR 7.7 95% CI 1.5–39.9; P = 0.015) than those who did not. Husbandry practices of cat breeders that may increase the risk of C. burnetii transmission require further targeted investigations to assess the contribution of these risk factors to the acquisition of disease. Concurrent education forums are recommended to inform Australian cat breeders of the aetiopathogenesis of Q fever.
Binaural blood flow control by astrocytes: listening to synapses and the vasculature
Authors: Mishra Anusha
Published: September 2016

Astrocytes are the most common glial cells in the brain with fine processes and endfeet that intimately contact both neuronal synapses and the cerebral vasculature. They play an important role in mediating neurovascular coupling (NVC) via several astrocytic Ca2+‐dependent signalling pathways such as K+ release through BK channels, and the production and release of arachidonic acid metabolites. They are also involved in maintaining the resting tone of the cerebral vessels by releasing ATP and COX‐1 derivatives. Evidence also supports a role for astrocytes in maintaining blood pressure‐dependent change in cerebrovascular tone, and perhaps also in blood vessel‐to‐neuron signalling as posited by the ‘hemo‐neural hypothesis’. Thus, astrocytes are emerging as new stars in preserving the intricate balance between the high energy demand of active neurons and the supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood by maintaining both resting blood flow and activity‐evoked changes therein. Following neuropathology, astrocytes become reactive and many of their key signalling mechanisms are altered, including those involved in NVC. Furthermore, as they can respond to changes in vascular pressure, cardiovascular diseases might exert previously unknown effects on the central nervous system by altering astrocyte function. This review discusses the role of astrocytes in neurovascular signalling in both physiology and pathology, and the impact of these findings on understanding BOLD‐fMRI signals.

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Analysis on the Effects of Grinding Wheel Speed on Removal Behavior of Brittle Optical Materials
Authors: Li Ping , Jin Tan , Guo Zongfu , Yi Jun , Qu Meina
Published: September 2016

It is often desired to increase the machining rate while maintaining the desired surface and subsurface integrity during fabricating high-quality optical glass components. This paper proposed a high-speed high-efficiency low-damage grinding technology for machining brittle optical materials, which consists of three grinding processes: rough grinding, semifinishing grinding, and finishing grinding. Grinding characteristics are investigated with respect to grinding forces, specific cutting energy, surface roughness, ground surface quality, subsurface damage, and material removal mechanisms in grinding of fused silica optical glasses with this technology at grinding speeds of up to 150 m/s. These indications are thoroughly discussed by contacting the undeformed chip thickness. The results indicate that the level of these indications is significantly improved with an increase in the wheel speed due to the decrease of the undeformed chip thickness. It is also found that the improvement of ground surface quality is limited when the wheel speed increases from 120 m/s to 150 m/s, which may be due to the influence of vibration caused by the higher wheel speed. For different grinding processes, these results are also substantially improved with the change of grinding conditions. It is found that the material removal mechanism is dominated by brittle fracture at rough and semifinishing grinding processes, while ductile flow mode can be observed at the finishing grinding process. There are some differences between the experimental results and the previous predicted model of subsurface damage depth.
An Environmental and Cost Analysis of Stamping Sheet Metal Parts
Authors: Cooper Daniel R. , Rossie Kathleen E. , Gutowski Timothy G.
Published: September 2016

Little work has been done on quantifying the environmental impacts and costs of sheet metal stamping. In this work, we present models that can be used to predict the energy requirements, global warming potential, human health impacts, and costs of making drawn parts using zinc (kirksite) die-sets and hydraulic or mechanical presses. The methodology presented can also be used to produce models of stamping using other die materials, such as iron, for which casting data already exists. An unprecedented study on the environmental impacts and costs of zinc die-set production was conducted at a leading Michigan die-maker. This analysis was used in conjunction with electrical energy measurements on forming presses to complete cradle-to-gate impact and cost analyses on producing small batch size hood and tailgate parts. These case studies were used to inform a generalized model that allows engineers to predict the impacts and costs of forming based on as little information as the final part material, surface area, thickness, and batch size (number of units produced). The case studies show that the press electricity is an insignificant contributor to the overall impacts and costs. The generalized models highlight that while costs for small batch production are dominated by the die-set, the environmental impacts are often dominated by the sheet metal. These findings explain the motivation behind the research into die-less forming processes such as incremental sheet forming, and emphasize the need to minimize the sheet metal scrap generation in order to reduce environmental impacts.
Large Amplitude Free Flexural Vibration of Stiffened Plates Using Superparametric Element
Authors: Panda Saleema , Barik Manoranjan
Published: September 2016

The present paper studies the nonlinear free flexural vibration of stiffened plates. The analysis is performed using a superparametric element. This element consists of an ACM plate-bending element along with in-plane displacements to represent the displacement field, and cubic serendipity shape function is used to define the geometry. The element can accommodate any arbitrary geometry, and the stiffeners either straight or curvilinear are modeled such that these can be placed anywhere on the plate. A number of numerical examples are presented to show its efficacy.
Experimental Studies on Heat Transfer Coefficients of Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation With Seawater
Authors: Shen Shengqiang , Chen Xue , Mu Xingsen , Jiang Changkun
Published: September 2016

The overall heat transfer process in a horizontal tube falling film evaporator is mainly influenced by the falling film evaporation outside horizontal tube due to the average heat transfer coefficient which is about 50% of that of the condensation inside tube. A series of experimental studies were conducted to investigate the heat transfer coefficients of the falling film evaporation outside the horizontal tube with parameters such as the spray density, the evaporation temperature, the salinity, and the tube spacing. Experiments were conducted by using Al-brass tubes with 19 mm outer diameter and 1600 mm length. The horizontal tubes are arranged vertically in the evaporator. The test tube is heated by an internal electric heater with uniform heat flux. Temperatures of the test tube surface and saturated vapor measured by thermocouples are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients. The seawater with salinity of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% was used as experimental fluid. The spray density varied between 0.017 and 0.087 kg/(m s), and the evaporation temperature was controlled in the range of 50–70 °C. Results show that the average heat transfer coefficients of water under different salinities increase obviously with the spray density until a certain point. The average heat transfer coefficients of seawater decrease slightly with the evaporation temperature, decrease with the salinity, increase with the tube spacing, and are almost independent of the heat flux. In addition, the comparisons with 25.4 mm outer diameter tube and the circumferential distribution of local heat transfer coefficient are presented in this study.
The Dissipation Function-Based Efficiency for Turbomachinery—Part I: The Efficiency of a Cooled Turbine Row1
Authors: Cha Chong M.
Published: September 2016

The effect of coolant addition or “mixing loss” on aerodynamic performance is formulated for the turbine, where mixing takes place between gas streams of different compositions as well as static temperatures. To do this, a second-law efficiency measure is applied to a generalization of the one-dimensional mixing problem between a main gas stream and a single coolant feed, first introduced and studied by Hartsel (1972, “Prediction of Effects of Mass-Transfer Cooling on the Blade-Row Efficiency of Turbine Airfoils,” AIAA Paper No. 1972-11) for the turbine application. Hartsel's 1972 model for mass transfer cooling loss still remains the standard for estimating mixing loss in today's turbines. The present generalization includes losses due to the additional contributions of “compositional mixing” (mixing between unlike compositions of the main and coolant streams) as well as the effect of chemical reaction between the two streams. Scaling of the present dissipation function-based loss model to the mainstream Mach number and relative cooling massflow and static temperature is given. Limitations of the constant specific heats assumptions and the impact of fuel-to-air ratio are also quantified.
Numerical Study of Purge and Secondary Flows in a Low-Pressure Turbine
Authors: Cui Jiahuan , Tucker Paul
Published: September 2016

The secondary flow increases the loss and changes the flow incidence in the downstream blade row. To prevent hot gases from entering disk cavities, purge flows are injected into the mainstream in a real aero-engine. The interaction between purge flows and the mainstream usually induces aerodynamic losses. The endwall loss is also affected by shedding wakes and secondary flow from upstream rows. Using a series of eddy-resolving simulations, this paper aims to improve the understanding of the interaction between purge flows, incoming secondary flows along with shedding wakes, and mainstream flows on the endwall within a stator passage. It is found that for a blade with an aspect ratio of 2.2, a purge flow with a 1% leakage rate increases loss generation within the blade passage by around 10%. The incoming wakes and secondary flows increase the loss generation further by around 20%. The purge flow pushes the passage vortex further away from the endwall and increases the exit flow angle deviation. However, the maximum exit flow angle deviation is reduced after introducing incoming wakes and secondary flows. The loss generation rate is calculated using the mean flow kinetic energy equation. Two regions with high loss generation rate are identified within the blade passage: the corner region and the region where passage vortex interacts with the boundary layer on the suction surface. Loss generation rate increases dramatically after the separated boundary layer transitions. Since the endwall flow energizes the boundary layer and triggers earlier transition on the suction surface, the loss generation rate close to the endwall at the trailing edge (TE) is suppressed.
Competing Three-Dimensional Mechanisms in Compressor Flows
Authors: Taylor James V. , Miller Robert J.
Published: September 2016

Three-dimensional design is central to all modern compressor design systems, but many of these methods still rely on a two-dimensional and sectional view of aerodynamics at their core. This paper argues that this view fundamentally limits design by not considering the effect, on separation and loss, of the pressure gradient on the surface of the blade perpendicular to the meridional direction, here known as the transverse pressure gradient. The first part of the paper details how altering the transverse pressure gradient, by changing a blade's 3D stacking, switches the way in which the blade aerodynamically “fails,” from a open corner separation to a trailing edge separation. It also shows how the transverse pressure gradient significantly changes the blade profile loss. In the second part, the effect of the transverse pressure gradient on the uncertainty inherent in the compressor design space is investigated. It is shown that as blade pitch–chord ratio is raised and the amount of 3D stacking is lowered, the uncertainty of predicting a compressor's operating range is significantly raised. By increasing 3D stacking and the strength of the transverse pressure gradient, it is shown that this uncertainty can be significantly reduced.
Heat Transfer Performance of Internal Cooling Channel With Single-Row Jet Impingement Array by Varying Flow Rates
Authors: Siw Sin Chien , Miller Nicholas , Alvin Maryanne , Chyu Minking
Published: September 2016

The current detailed experimental study focuses on the optimization of heat transfer performance through jet impingement by varying the coolant flow rate to each individual jet. The test section consists of an array of jets, each jet individually fed and metered separately, that expel coolant into the channel and exit through one end. The diameter D, height-to-diameter H/D, and jet spacing-to-diameter S/D are all held constant at 9.53 mm, 2, and 4, respectively. Upon defining the optimum flow rate for each jet, varying diameter jet plates are designed and tested using a similar test setup with the addition of a plenum. Two test cases are conducted by varying the jet diameter within 10% compared to the benchmark jet diameter, 9.53 mm. The Reynolds number, which is based on hydraulic diameter of the channel and total mass flow rate entering the channel, ranges from approximately 52,000 up to 78,000. The transient liquid crystal technique is employed in this study to determine the local and average heat transfer coefficient distributions on the target plate. Commercially available computational fluid dynamics software, ansys cfx, is used to qualitatively correlate the experimental results and to fully understand the flow field distributions within the channel. The results revealed that varying the jet flow rates, total flow varied by approximately ±5% from that of the baseline case, the heat transfer enhancement on the target surface is enhanced up to approximately 35%. However, when transitioning to the varying diameter jet plate, this significant enhancement is suppressed due to the nature of flow distribution from the plenum, combined with the complicated crossflow effects.