bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serological and Physicochemical Reactivity of Bovine Erythrocytes before and after Trypsin Treatment
Authors: EDEBO L. , COOMBS R. R. A. , BINNS R. M.
Published: June 2006

On partition in aqueous polymer two‐phase systems containing dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG), and PEG substituted with charged or hydrophobia groups ‘inagglutinable’ ox erythrocytes showed more negative surface charge and less hydrophobicity than ‘agglutinable’ ox erythrocytes. Trypsin treatment of the erythrocytes increased the agglutinability, reduced the negative charge, and seemed to increase the liability to hydrophobic interaction. Haemagglutination of highly negatively charged of erythrocytes is almost impossible to accomplish by antibody against the ox erythrocytes alone or against IgG antigen linked to the erythrocytes in passive haemagglutination. Likewise, reverse passive (antiglobulin) haemagglutination cannot be accomplished with these cells when immunoglobulin antigens of moderate molecular size (≥900,000) are used. However, these cells may be agglutinated when a non‐charged carrier such as a bacterium coated with sensitizing antibody (immunoglobulin) is used to bridge the antiglobulin‐coupled erythrocytes in a mixed lattice agglutinate. Such a bridging can also be accomplished by heal aggregation of the immunoglobulin antigen.
Extensive Cross‐reactive Idiotypy among Guinea‐Pig Anti‐TMA Antibodies
Authors: SHAFER K. E. , BELLONE C. J.
Published: June 2006

The extensive cross‐reactivity of the immune response by strain 13 (S‐13) and outbred guinea‐pigs (GP) to either the bivalent antigen l‐tyrosine‐p‐azophenyltrimethylammonium (tyr(TMA)) [H‐l‐tyr(TMA)‐NH‐(CH2)2]2 (T‐S‐T) or the conjugate 3(p‐trimethylphenylazo)‐n‐acteyl‐l‐tyrosylglycylglycine‐bovine serum albumin (T‐S‐B) was examined. Antibody (Ab) isolated from a single T‐S‐B immune S‐13 animal by affinity chromatography (proband) was used to induce antisera (anti‐Id) in a rabbit and a syngeneic S‐13 GP. These anti‐Ids were both shown to be idiotype specific by means of a tube binding radioimmunoassay (TBRIA). A series of S‐13 anti‐(T‐S‐B). S‐13 anti‐(T‐S‐T), and outbred anti‐(T‐S‐B) antisera were tested as inhibitors in the TBRIA through a range of 200 ng anti‐TMA Ab equivalent. Each was found to inhibit extensively, indicating a considerable amount of cross‐reactivity of idiotypes present in the sera. In general, the rabbit anti‐Id recognized more cross‐reactivity among the various antisera than did the GP reagent, particularly among those from T‐S‐B immune S‐13 animals. Addition of free ‘hapten’ tyr(TMA) as an inhibitor specifically displaced 55% of the label from the rabbit reagent at 10−5m, while only 25% of binding of the proband to GP anti‐Ids was inhibitable at this concentration. These findings suggest that the rabbit and GP anti‐Ids are directed predominantly to different determinants, the rabbit recognizing the less variant, hapten‐binding portion of the GP Ab more than does the syngeneic GP reagent. Data from isoelectric focus patterns support the impression of a highly restricted Ab response to TMA. While each serum gives a distinct binding pattern, several bands appear shared by all responders.
T‐Cell Functions in Nude Mice: Proliferation of Spleen Cells from Athymic Mice in the One‐way Xenogeneic Mixed Leucocyte Reaction
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM L. , SMITH C. I. E.
Published: June 2006

Spleen cells from nude mice proliferate in vitro when stimulated with xenogeneic (human) lymphoid cells rendered unresponsive by addition of digitalis glycosides. In digitalis‐sensitive species, such as humans. DNA, RNA, carbohydrate, and protein synthesis is completely blocked by addition of low concentrations of glycoside, whereas no impairment is found in digitalis‐resistant species such as mouse. Since T cells have been implicated to be the cells responding in the mixed leucocyte reaction, this finding may suggest the occasional existence of ‘T‐like’ cells in the spleens of nude mice.
Immunological Effects of d‐Penicillamine during Experimentally Induced Inflammation in Rats
Authors: BINDERUP L. , BRAMM E. , ARRIGONI‐MARTELLI E.
Published: June 2006

Administration of d‐penicillamine (50 mg/kg/day orally) to rats with adjuvant arthritis for up to 42 days significantly modified the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine (3H‐TdR) in concanavalin A (Con A)‐stimulated lymph node cells. Treatment with d‐penicillamine abolished the ability of macrophages from arthritic rats to inhibit lymphocyte responsiveness to Con A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 14 days after the induction of the disease. Increased T‐cell responsiveness to Con A was found from day 14 to day 35 in cultures of unseparated and adherent‐cell‐depleted lymph node cells from d‐penicillamine‐treated arthritic rats. B‐cell responsiveness to LPS was not affected. Experiments with bovine serum albumin gradient‐separated lymph node cells confirmed these findings and indicated that treatment with d‐penicillamine may specifically enhance T‐helper cell responsiveness to Con A. It is suggested that administration of d‐penicillamine may interfere with macrophage function during the course of an immunologically induced chronic inflammation, leading to an increased response of T‐helper cells. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Structural Studies of Three IgG K Proteins from a Patient with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: DWORSKY E. , SLETTEN K. , HARBOE M. , WETTELAND P.
Published: June 2006

Three distinct IgG proteins of similar concentration and the same light‐chain type were demonstrated in a myeloma serum. The bonds between the heavy and light chains were split, and the isolated γ‐ and κ‐chains were characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, subgroup determination and N‐terminal amino acid sequence. The studies showed that the IgG heterogeneity was due to differences in the primary structure of the variable parts of the κ‐chains. Two of the κ‐chains belonged to subgroup VκI, and one chain, the most anodic one, belonged to VκIII. The γ‐chains were homogeneous and belonged to subgroup VHIII.
Ovalbumin Immunity in the Rat: Simultaneous Testing of IgM, IgG and IgE Response Measured by ELISA and Delayed‐type Hypersensitivity
Authors: VOS J. G. , BOERKAMP J. , BUYS J. , STEERENBERG P. A.
Published: June 2006

After immunization of Wistar rats with different concentrations of ovalbumin (OA) emulsified in complete H37Ra adjuvant, the optimal antigen dose for specific IgM, IgG and IgE production and for delayed‐type hypersensitivity appeared to be the same. It is therefore concluded that in the rat these function tests can be combined, which decreases the number of experimental animals needed. For the determination of IgM, IgG and IgE antibodies to OA, the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used, which proved to be a specific method. In addition, using a multi‐channel photometer, it is shown that specific antibody concentrations can be readily quantified by micro‐ELISA instead of using end‐point titrations.
Non‐H‐2 T‐Lymphocyte‐mediated Cytotoxicity after Primary in Vivo Sensitization
Authors: MACPHAIL S.
Published: June 2006

A low level of T‐lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxic activity was demonstrated after primary in vivo immunization in an H‐2‐compatible strain combination (B10.D2–DBA/2). This phenomenon was demonstrated in a second responder strain (BALB/c) and was thus shown not to be restricted to the B10.D2 genetic background. Results on F1 hybrid mice indicate that the M‐locus determinant might be involved in this reaction. It is possible that it is involved in the afferent, efferent, or both limbs of the reaction.
Role of Adherent Cells in Graft‐versus‐Host‐induced Suppression of the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: VILLENEUVE L. , BROUSSEAU P. , CHAPUT J. , ELIE R.
Published: June 2006

Experiments were performed to investigate the role of adherent (A) cells in graft‐versus‐host (GVH)‐induced immunosuppression. GVH reactions (GVHR) were induced in adult, F1hybrid mice by intravenous injections of parental lymphoid cells. Spleen cells (SC) from mice experiencing a GVHR (GVH mice) were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin (Con A), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). SC taken in the early phase of the GVHR (early GVHR) responded normally to LPS but did not respond to PHA and Con A. SC taken in an advanced phase of the GVHR (advanced GVHR) did not respond to PHA, Con A, or LPS. The influence of A cells from GVH mice (GVH‐A cells) on the response of normal non‐adherent cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), PHA, and LPS was investigated. A cells from early GVHR, used in appropriate numbers, stimulated the responses to SRBC and to PHA; in excess they inhibited both responses. They had no effect on the response to LPS. A cells from advanced GVHR, even in low numbers, suppressed the responses to SRBC, PHA and LPS. The lymphoregulatory activities of GVH‐A cells seemed to be mediated by soluble factors. The results indicate that the GVHR evokes complex non‐specific regulatory interactions between A cells and lymphocytes.
Reactivity of Hybridoma Antibodies with Amniotic and Plasma Fibronectin
Authors: KUUSELA P. , BÅNG B. E. , HURME M. , MÄKELÄ O.
Published: June 2006

Mouse antibodies were prepared to human amniotic fluid fibronectin by means of somatic cell hybrids. Comparison of immunological reactivity of antibodies with amniotic and plasma fibronectin revealed that the two molecules had very similar patterns of antigenic determinants. Antibodies from one cell population, however, bound belier to amniotic fluid fibronectin, indicating that there is a difference in the molecular structure of fibronectins isolated from the two sources.
Secretory Component in Immunoglobulin Deficiency: an Immunoelectron Microscopic Study of Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: NAGURA H. , NAKANE P. K. , BROWN W. R.
Published: June 2006

The ultrastructural sites of secretory component (SC) in the intestinal epithelium of severely immunoglobulin‐deficient and immunologically intact persons were compared. SC was found in the same sites in the immunoglobulin‐deficient and normal epithelium: perinuclear spaces, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi completes, external surfaces and endocytic invaginations of the basolateral plasmalemma, and in membranous vesicles throughout the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that the synthesis, external expression and transcellular migration of SC occur independent of the presence of immunoglobulins. The migration of SC from the basolateral cell surfaces to apical surfaces may be an inherent property of epithelial cells and the primary event in the translocation of polymeric immunoglobulins across the cells to external body fluids.
Augmentation of Human K‐Cell Activity with Interferon
Authors: ORTALDO J. R. , PESTKA S. , SLEASE R. B. , RUBINSTEIN M. , HERBERMAN R. B.
Published: June 2006

Our laboratory recently reported that interferon (IF) could augment human antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells. Although there is general agreement that IF can boost the activity of human NK cells, two laboratories have reported a failure to boost ADCC. We have therefore examined in more detail the effects of IF on human ADCC. We have found, by several lines of evidence, that IF can indeed appreciably augment the activity of K cells, the subpopulation of lymphocytes that mediate ADCC: (1) human leucocyte IF, purified to homogeneity, boosted ADCC: (2) IF augmented ADCC against target cells that were completely resistant to NK activity; and (3) the ADCC activity of leukaemic cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) which lacked any detectable NK activity was boosted by IF. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that human NK and K cells are the same subpopulation of lymphocytes and that the mechanisms regulating their activity are similar. However, the absence of NK activity in the CLL patient strongly supports the idea that not all FcR‐positive cells are NK and that ADCC effectors devoid of NK may exist. However, further evidence is required to analyse this point.
Effect of Leucocyte Interferon on Natural Killer Cells in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: KARINIEMI A.‐L. , TIMONEN T. , KOUSA M.
Published: June 2006

The effect of partially purified human leucocyte interferon on natural killer activity (NK activity) of peripheral blood in six healthy volunteers was tested in this study. After 4 h of intradermal injection of interferon, a rapid transient decline in NK activity and in the number of NK cells (large granular lymphocytes) in peripheral blood was observed. The decline was most distinct at 20 h and recovered at 72 h. Since no clear activation of NK cells in peripheral blood was detected, the results suggest an extravasation of NK cells as a result of interferon injection. NK cells did not accumulate at the injection site on the skin, because the suction blister fluids over the injection sites did not contain increased numbers of NK cells.
Monoclonal B Lymphocytes in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: PETTERSSON D. , MELLSTEDT H. , HOLM G.
Published: June 2006

Individual specific antisera were raised against the monoclonal serum component from six IgG myeloma patients. Idiotypic (Id) determinants were identified in direct or indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) on 0.5–44% B lymphocytes from five patients with active disease. Id determinants were not detected on B lymphocytes from one IgG‐κ myeloma patient with an imbalance in the expression of γ heavy chains and κ light chains. Nor were Id determinants detected on E‐rosetting cells. Id structures were usually present together with γ chains on monoclonal B lymphocytes, some of which also carried μ and/δ chains. Blood cells with lymphoplasmacytoid appearance were abundant in two patients. These cells carried IgG with Id determinants both in the cytoplasm and on the surface. Fc receptors were present on most cells carrying surface Id structures but were rare on cells with cytoplasmic monoclonal characteristics. The results further support the hypothesis of multiple myeloma as a differentiating B‐lymphocyte tumour.
Lymphocyte Blast Transformation Responses in Measles Infection
Authors: ILONEN J. , LANNING M. , HERVA E. , SALMI A.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocyte blast transformation responses were studied in eight patients with natural measles infection. A specific response to purified measles virus antigen and a weaker response to crude measles virus antigen were found after infection. The response to purified measles antigen appeared 1–3 weeks after the beginning of the rash, when the great number of proliferating mononuclear cells found in the peripheral blood during the rash was declining. In the first weeks after onset of the rash also leucocyte and lymphocyte numbers were decreased, and specific responses to purified tuberculin (PPD) and to rubella and mumps virus antigens were suppressed. In mitogen stimulation tests there was no significant suppression of phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin responses in this small series, but the response to pokeweed mitogen was decreased. The responses to antigens other than measles virus antigens recovered in parallel with the increase of the measles‐specific response.
Cells Mediating Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in the Lungs of Mice Infected with an Influenza A Virus
Authors: LEUNG K. N. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

Effector cells that demonstrate delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) on transfer with antigen to naive mice can he recovered from the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally 6 days earlier with a lethal dose (usually 5 × 104EID50) of influenza A virus. The activity recovered was proportional to the dose of virus instilled intranasally and the extent of lung consolidation observed. Active cells could also be recovered from the draining lymph nodes and from the peripheral blood. The effector cells were identified as T lymphocytes of Ly I phenotype and required I‐region sharing between donor and recipient for activity to be elicited. They were cross‐reactive within the A group of influenza viruses. Two experiments are reported in which immune cell preparations that expressed DTH activity but had very little cytotoxic T cell activity were transferred to mice inoculated 1 or 2 days earlier with a lethal dose of virus. The mice were not protected from death, and in both experiments, the recipient mice died more rapidly than the controls. These results contrast with earlier results in which cell preparations with high cytotoxic T‐cell activity were shown to protect recipient infected mice from death.
The Architecture of Rat Lymph Nodes
Authors: FOSSUM S.
Published: June 2006

Although lymph nodes are conventionally regarded as composed of superficial cortex, deep cortex, and medulla, a more fundamental division of compartments is the sinuses, the interslitium, and the germinal centres. Whereas the superficial cortex, the deep cortex, and the medullary cords merge gradually into each other, the sinuses, the interstitium, and the germinal centres are separated by cellular borders that seem sufficiently complete to limit the rate of exchange of cells and molecules. Accordingly, the cellular composition shows distinct differences on either side of these borders. These compartments show further division into regions, the sinuses into superficial and deeply situated sinuses, the interstitium into superficial interstitium, follicles, paracortical nodules, and medullary interstitium, characterized by differences in densities of various cell types. Mechanisms behind the different distribution of cells within the different lymph node compartments and regions are discussed.
The Architecture of Rat Lymph Nodes
Authors: FOSSUM S. , SMITH M. E. , BELL E. B. , FORD W. L.
Published: June 2006

The lymph nodes (LN) of the congenitally athymic nude rat (rnu) were compared with the LN of non‐nude littermates. The mesenteric and coeliac LN were smaller in the rnu rats, but the axillary and the cervical LN were larger. Germinal centres were found in the LN of nude rats. They were scarce and often very small, but some were of normal structure, especially in the cervical LN. The endothelium of post‐capillary venules in the LN paracortex was usually flat, but occasionally plump endothelium, typical of post‐capillary venules in the LN of normal rats, was seen. The paracortex was extremely depleted of lymphocytes but remained a distinct area occupied predominantly by pale interdigitating cells. In some LN the medullary sinuses were distended and the cords engorged with plasma cells. The predominant cells in thoracic duct lymph were immunoglobulin‐positive B lymphocytes. The hourly output of these cells was the same as that in non‐nude littermates. However, small numbers of thoracic duct cells were positive for the markers identified by the monoclonal antibodies W3/13 and W3/25, although in normal rats these are not expressed on small B lymphocytes.
The Architecture of Rat Lymph Nodes
Authors: FOSSUM S.
Published: June 2006

Rat popliteal and iliac lymph nodes were examined after foot‐pad injections of colloidal carbon and ferritin‐tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Carbon rapidly entered medullary sinuses, but the entry of carbon into the interstitium was prohibited by avid phagocytosis, by sinus macro‐phages and by the lymphendothelium, which apparently formed a barrier to diffusion. In contrast, little carbon was phagocytosed in subcapsular sinuses, from where the particles entered the underlying cortex through holes in the lymphendothelium created by penetrating frilly cells. The distribution of ferritin was similar to that of carbon. Both carbon and ferritin localized poorly in follicles; however, preinjection of specific antibody caused enhanced follicular localization of ferritin. By electron microscopy clusters of ferritin molecules were found on the surface of dendritic cells. These cells showed different morphology from that of the interdigitating cells of the paracortex. The latter cells did not bind ferritin to their surface, even in the presence of specific antibody.
Two T‐Cell Populations Mediate Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity to Murine Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: LEUNG K. N. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

Two classes of T lymphocytes can mediate delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to influenza virus in the mouse. If non‐infectious virus preparations are used to sensitize for or to elicit a DTH response, the effector cells are found to be Ly‐1‐positive and are I‐region‐restricted. If infectious virus is used both to sensitize for and to elicit the reaction, a second set of effector cells is also detected, which are Ly‐2,3‐positive and are D‐ or K, D‐region‐restricted. The latter cells are cross‐reactive within the A strains of influenza viruses, and pretreatment of the mice with high doses of cyclophosphamide markedly decreases their generation in the spleens of sensitized mice, suggesting that the cells that demonstrate DTH activity in vivo may also have cytotoxic activity in vitro.
Suppressor Activity of T Cells Bearing Fc Receptors for IgG on Lymphoid Colony Formation
Authors: CANONICA G. W. , PISTOIA V. , GHIO R. , MINGARI M. C. , MORETTA L.
Published: June 2006

Human T lymphocytes, upon phytohaemagglutinin stimulation, are able to form colonies in semisolid media. Peripheral T cells bearing Fc receptors (TG) were studied for their possible regulatory activity on lymphoid colony development. Although no substantial differences were observed between the cloning efficiency of unfractionated T cells (thus including TG cells) and T cells depleted of TG, a sharp suppression of colony formation occurred when positively selected TG cells were readded to TG‐depleted suspensions. Therefore, TG suppressor activity seems to be strictly dependent upon cell interaction with ox IgG immune complexes used for TG cell isolation. Different experimental approaches failed to demonstrate, although did not exclude, that suppression in this system is mediated by soluble factors, γ‐irradiation of TG cells abrogated their suppressor capacity.
T Lymphocytes in Malignant, Non‐lymphoid Human Tumours Detected by Esterase Technique
Authors: SVENNEVIG J.‐L.
Published: June 2006

The α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) method, leading to distinct brownish‐red dots in the cytoplasm of T lymphocytes, was used to identify these cells in cryostat sections from eighteen malignant tumours. Esterase‐positive lymphocytes were found in all tumours, the highest number in the peritumoural stroma. The reliability of the method was tested on lymph nodes, on fixed E‐rosetting lymphocytes and on cryostat sections from peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Immunochemical Characterization of a Human B Lymphocyte Differentiation Antigen (p65)
Authors: ADES E. W. , FERRONE S. , BALCH C. M.
Published: June 2006

A human B‐cell differentiation antigen (BDA‐1) with a molecular weight of 65,000 was Identified by use of an anti‐B‐cell xenoantiserum. BDA‐1 was isolated by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates from a B‐lymphoblastoid cell line (SB) and from blood B lymphocytes (sIg+ER−) of four normal individuals. It was not detectable in cell membrane lysates from two T‐lymphoblastoid cell lines (HSB‐2 and MOLT‐3) or from enriched normal T cells (sIg−ER+). BDA is a singlechain molecule since its migration in SDS‐PAGE gels was not altered by heating the protein to 100 C or by treatment with 2‐mercaptoetbanol. Immunodepletion experiments demonstrated that the antigen recognized by anti‐BDA xenoantiserum has neither structural nor antigenic relationships with la‐like antigen or β‐microglobulin.
Family of Large Surface Proteins on Human Lymphocytes
Authors: KOLLER B. , DUNLAP B. , HANK J. , WEE S. L. , BACH F.H.
Published: June 2006

Cells surface molecules of T‐rosette‐positive human peripheral blood lymphocytes were labelled by lactoperoxidase and examined on 5% polyacrylamide gels. Several bands, ranging in molecular weight from 220,000 to 170,000 daltons, were seen. Analysis of the tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the 187K. 200K, 210K and 220K proteins indicated that they are of similar peptide composition. Study of clones derived from this population indicated that individual cells within a population differed in expression of these proteins.
Mitogenic Activation of Human Lymphocytes: a Protein A Plaque Assay Evaluation of Polyclonal B‐Cell Activators
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM L. , BIRD A. G. , SMITH C. I. E.
Published: June 2006

Using the protein A plaque assay, the capacity of various polyclonal B cell activators to induce differentiation in human B lymphocytes was investigated. Dextran sulphate and native Dextran were both virtually devoid of mitogenic properties, Lipopolysaccharide, however, was round to be a potent mitogen in human cells that, although giving rise to low DNA synthetic response, induced high numbers of immunoglobulin‐synthesizing cells. Mean plaque‐forming cell (PFC) numbers in healthy blood donors assayed on the optimal day (days 5–7) were 23, 493 IgM/104 cells, 11, 288 IgG/106 cells, and 2643 IgA/106 cells. Values obtained in spleen cells, peaking at days 4–6, were slightly higher. Purified protein derivative (PPD) was equally or oven more‐effective than lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in generating PFC of different subclasses in peripheral blood with mean of 29, 241 IgM/106, 21, 269 IgG/106, and 3681 IgA/106. PPD furthermore induced a marked DNA synthetic response in human lymphocytes. These data suggest that LPS and PPD may both be used as functional markers in human cells when analysing patients with a suspected immunodeficiency state. It is suggested that cultures should be assayed using the protein A plaque assay, thereby being able not only to investigate the individual immunoglobulin classes but also to avoid the possible hazards involved in measuring antigen‐specific responses in patients whose prior immunization to the antigen tested can never be totally excluded
Immunization with the Light Chain and the VL Domain of the Isologous Myeloma Protein 315 Inhibits Growth of Mouse Plasmacytoma MOPC315
Authors: JØRGENSEN T. , GAUDERNACK G. , HANNESTAD K.
Published: June 2006

Prior immunization of BALB/c mice with free light chains from myeloma proein 315 (VL315) and its variable domain (VL3l5) inhibited the growth of subcutaneously injected MOPC315 tumour cells. The growth suppression observed after immunization with L315 was equivalant to that which resulted from immunization with the complete M315. VL315 and non‐polymerized L315 did not elicit specific antibodies. Polymerized L315; induced both suppression of MOPC315 growth and antibodies specific for free L315; however, these anybodies did not rect with the complete M315, nor were they absorbed by MOPC315 tumour cells. the data indicated that the suppression of tumour growth was mediated by specifically sensitized cells acting in the absence of antibodies against M3l5 or L315. Immunization with the variable domain of the heavy chain from M315 (VH315) had no effect on the growth of MOPC315, the M315 fragment and subunits that induced growth suppression were thus identical with those capable of inducing T helper cells in BALB/c mice.
Conditions for Induction of Specific and Polyclonal Antibody Production by Cowan 1 Bacteria and by Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: SJÖBERG O. , KURNICK J.
Published: June 2006

Cowan 1 bacteria and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used to induce the formation of direct plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. It was necessary to absorb the serum supplement with SRBC before culture to obtain anti‐SRBC PFC. Alternatively, sheep serum could be added to the cultures. The PFC response was specific, and the response was equally high in cultures with a mixture of absorbed and non‐absorbed serum as in cultures with absorbed serum only. Cowan 1 and PWM could also induce synthesis and secretion of both IgM and IgG polyclonal antibodies. Absorption with SRBC or addition of sheep serum had no effect on this synthesis. Thus it seems likely that the induction of anti‐SRBC PFC by Cowan 1 or PWM needs the presence of SRBC antigen and is the result of a synergism between mitogen and antigen. Consequently, the anti‐SRBC PFC response obtained after stimulation with Cowan 1 or PWM in SRBC‐absorbed serum does not reflect a true polyclonal antibody response.
A Primary Immune Response to Dextran B512 is Followed by a Period of Antigen‐specific Immunosuppression Caused by Autoanti‐idiotypic Antibodies
Authors: FERNANDEZ C. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

After a primary immune response to the alpha 1–6 epitope of dextran B512, dextran high responder strains exhibit a specific inability to produce IgM and IgG antibodies against this epitope, although they gave an expected secondary response to horse erythrocytes. Spleen cells from dextran‐primed and‐suppressed mice responded well to dextran after transfer to lethally irradiated previously untreated mice, indicating that tolerance or exhaustive proliferation of dextran reactive B cells is not responsible. Thymus‐dependent dextran–protein conjugates also induced specific suppression. Suppression to both dextran and horse erythrocyte could be passively transferred into untreated recipients with immune serum. However, after absorption with horse erythrocytes and dextran, passive serum transfer only suppressed the response to dextran. It is suggested that the specific immunosuppression was caused by the appearance of autoanti‐idtotypic antibodies directed against the immunoglobulin receptors of dextran‐reactive B cells.
Properties of Purified Papain‐solubilized Rat AgB Antigens and Reactivity of a Xenoantiserum against the Isolated Antigens
Authors: KVIST S. , ERIKSSON U. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

Rat AgB transplantation antigens were isolated after papain digestion of spleens from the inbred strain Hooded Lister. Both subunits of the AgB antigens were present in the purified material. Some physical characteristics of the antigens have been determined. An antiserum, raised in a rabbit, against the purified material reacted exclusively with AgB antigens on splenocytes but detected novel structure on both adult and embryonic fibroblasts. These structures, antigenically related to AgB antigens, were not detected on plasmacytoma or hepatoma cells, nor did they display any antigenic similarity with rat β2‐microglobulin. Radioimmunoassays specific for the AgB antigen heavy chain and for β2‐ microglobulin respectively, were used to estimate the contents of these antigens in several tissues. Spleen and thymus exhibit the largest density, while brain is almost devoid of these antigens.
Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Producing Specific Antibody against Rh‐Antigen D
Authors: KOSKIMIES S.
Published: June 2006

A lymphoblastoid cell line producing specific anti‐Rh antibody against D determinant was established by Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection. The lymphocytes were from an immunized male donor with high titre of anti‐D antibody. The cells were preselected by rosetting them with Rh‐positive erythrocytes before EBV infection. The cell line produced specific antibody of IgG class, namely IgG1 subclass, but it also produced nonspecific IgM and IgG. By rerosetting the cell line, the specific antibody‐producing population could be enriched and the antibody titre increased in the culture supernatant to the level of immune sera.
Antibody‐coated Sheep Erythrocytes Suppress the Ability of Polyclonal B‐Cell Activators to Induce Plaque‐forming Cells against Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: HOLMGREN M. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The primary immune response to untreated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in vitro was suppressed by the addition of antibody‐coated SRBC. A mixture of SRBC and antibody‐coated SRBC also suppressed the induction of anti‐SRBC plaque‐forming cells by the polyclonal B cell activators lipopolysaccharide, purified protein derivative of tuberculin, and native dextran. Injection of a mixture of SRBC and antibody‐coated SRBC into mice led to an increased response to SRBC. It seems plausible from the in vitro findings that the Fc part of antibodies complexed to an antigen can exert a negative signal on antigen‐specific B cells that cannot be overcome by positive signals delivered by polyclonal B cell activators.
Cell Interactions that Regulate the T‐Cell Dose‐Response Profile to Concanavalin A
Authors: NAIDORF K. F. , PTAK W. , GERSHON R. K.
Published: June 2006

We have tested the ability of structures on macrophage (Mφ) membranes (Mφ‐MEM) and on several other types of cells with Fc receptors to affect the DNA synthetic response of concanavalin‐A‐stimulated T cells. Of the cells tested, only Mφ‐MEM have the capacity to relieve the suppression produced by supra‐optimal doses of the mitogen. The Mφ‐MEM do not increase Con A responses by altering the stimulated capacity of the Con A. These observations, analysed together with previous results, which have indicated that live intact Mφ are required for the transfer of information between lymphocyte sets and that Mφ‐MEM preparations can act as competitive antagonists for this function, are interpreted as follows: some supraoptimal doses of Con A activate suppressor cells, which are responsible for limiting the DNA synthetic response to the mitogen; the Mφ‐MEM abrogate this suppression by absorbing the signal that activates the suppressor cell. Kinetic studies suggest that the Mφ‐MEM do not affect the activity of already activated suppressor cells. We also found that Con A usually activates two separately responding T‐cell populations with different sensitivities to dose and to time of contact with mitogen and that the suppression of both populations can be relieved by Mφ‐MEM. These results support the notion that the overall immunological circuit is composed of multiple independently regulated mini‐circuits, with Mφ acting as transmission posts for intra‐ and perhaps also inter‐circuit communication.
Long‐term Maintenance of HLA‐D Restricted T Cells Specific for Soluble Antigens
Authors: KURNICK J. T. , Altevogt P. , LINDBLOM J. , SJÖBERG O. , DANNEUS A. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from donors sensitized to soluble protein antigens tuberculin (PPD) and tetanus toxoid were stimulated in vitro with these antigens. The blasts were isolated on density gradients and maintained in long‐term proliferating culture by the addition of supernatants from phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated (PHA) cultures. Blasts can be shown to retain specificity for the original stimulating antigen as measured by stimulation of DNA synthesis, but only when the antigen is presented in the company of a cooperating cell population. Autologous irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes provide the best cooperation, but donors who share HLA‐D antigens will also allow for continued proliferation in the presence of the appropriate soluble antigen. Donors sharing at HLA‐A, ‐B, or ‐C show minimal ability to cooperate. The soluble antigen‐specific blast cells do not manifest alloreactivity. The data are discussed with regard to possible application to clinical histocompatibility typing and to the implications of self‐recognition in the immune response.
Antibody Secretion and DNA Synthesis Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Enriched Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Kunori T. , RINGDÉN O.
Published: June 2006

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced human lymphocyte activation was analysed with regard to DNA synthesis and antibody secretion. Antibody secretion was measured as plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐coupled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or protein‐A‐coupled SRBC in the presence of developing antiserum against human IgG, IgA and IgM subclasses. By co‐culturing lymphocytes with various concentrations of mitomycin, without impairing cell viability, inhibition of DNA synthesis and antibody secretion by LPS was correlated. Antibody secretion against FITC‐SRBC or protein A‐SRBC was not stimulated by LPS in B cells enriched by elimination of SRBC rosette‐forming cells (E‐RFC). In mixtures of enriched T and B cells the number of PFC was much lower than in unseparated lymphocytes, but the highest number of PFC was seen in the enriched E‐RFC. However, DNA synthesis by LPS was induced in enriched B cells and not in enriched T cells. The highest DNA synthesis was seen for unseparated lymphocytes. Furthermore, autoradiography studies and experiments in which activated lymphocytes were separated revealed that LPS predominantly stimulated DNA synthesis in non‐E‐RFC, presumably B cells and only activated a small proportion of E‐RFC. Finally, antibody secretion induced by LPS was unchanged following iron treatment but was inhibited by cells adherent to plastic.
Specific and Nonspecific Immunoregulatory Events in the Clonal Response of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: DATTNER A. M. , LEVIS W. R.
Published: June 2006

Stimulation of sensitive leucocyte populations with near optimal concentrations of soluble microbial antigens results in vigorous lymphocyte proliferation when 3H‐thymidine incorporation is measured after 4–8 days. Lymphoblasts in these cultures revert to small lymphocytes after 10–14 days, at which time they are often refractory to any stimulant including the original incubating antigen. When these primed lymphocytes are irradiated with 500–1000 R to block their proliferation and added to fresh leucocyte culture from the same individual (autologous), they usually, but not invariably, reduce the proliferation of the unirradiated fresh leucocyte cultures. Exposure to 6000 R reduced the suppressor activity. Reduction was specific for the microbial antigen with which they were originally generated, but, more often, a combination of both specific and nonspecific suppression was observed. These data provide good evidence, with reciprocal specificity, for the generation of antigen specific suppression in vitro.
Proliferation of C3HXCBA Hybrid Lymphocytes in the Spleens of Irradiated CBA Mice: Inhibition of this Phenomenon by Pretreatment of the Hosts with C3HXCBA Spleen Cells
Authors: LILLIHÖöK B. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from C3HXCBA hybrid mice proliferate intensely in the spleens of irradiated CBA mice. Presentment of the CBA hosts with C3HXCBA spleen cells, known to specifically reduce the T‐cell reactivity of the hosts against the strongly stimulatory Mls‐antigen determined by the C3H‐genome, abolished the capacity of the host to promote proliferation of C3HXCBA lymphocytes. In contrast, proliferation of C3HXCBA bone marrow cells, as measured by splenic 59Fe incorporation, was unaffected by such pretreatment. By examining the capacity of spleen cell populations of (C3HXCBA)XCBA back‐cross mice to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, as described above, and to express the C3H‐delermincd Mls‐antigen, it was concluded that these two trails are associated.
Alteration of T‐Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Primary Renal Diseases and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MATSUMOTO K. , OSAKABE K. , OHI H. , YOSHIZAWA N. , HARADA M. , HATANO M.
Published: June 2006

Forty‐eight patients with a variety of primary renal diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined for the proportion of circulating T lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgM Tμ cells) or IgG (Tγ cells). Although the control group showed strikingly similar mean values for both Tμ and Tγ cells, the whole group of patients with primary renal diseases and SLE showed a wide scatter of values. Sixteen patients with primary renal diseases and SLE had higher proportions of Tγ cells than the control group, whereas seven patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), lipoid nephrosis (LN), and SLE showed very marked decrease in the proportions of Tγ cells in the peripheral blood. On the other hand, six out of the total group of patients had low proportions of Tμ cells in the peripheral blood. However, no consistent relationship between the proportion of Tμ and Tγ cells was found in our study. These findings indicate that there exists a heterogeneity of T‐lymphocyte subpopulation distribution in some patients with primary renal diseases and SLE. The possible significance of these phenomena in the pathophysiology of renal diseases is discussed.
Expression of Human Placental Cell Surface Antigens on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: HAMILTON T. A. , WADA H. G. , SUSSMAN H. H.
Published: June 2006

The expression of human placental cell surface antigens was examined in cells of lymphoid origin, including peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoblastoid cells of bone marrow or thymus derivation. A select group of this. defined set of surface antigens was detected on all three cell preparations. The most remarkable observation was the conspicuous absence of three subunits previously demonstrated to be present on all human cell surfaces examined to date. Antiserum directed against several placental components prevents adhesion and spreading of cell which grow attached to surfaces. These results suggest a role for these three glycoproteins in mediating cellular adhesion.
Spontaneous Cell‐mediated Cytotoxicity (SCMC) in Various Mammalian Species and Chickens: Selective Reaction Pattern and Different Mechanisms
Authors: LEIBOLD W. , JANOTTE G. , PETER H. H.
Published: June 2006

Cultured cell lines derived from donors of various species as 75Se‐ or 51Cr‐labelled targets in microcytotoxicity assays. As in human donors, considerable spontaneous cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) was exhibited by peripheral blood lymphoid effector cells from healthy chickens, mink, swine, cattle, horses and tigers. Although all target lines tested could be lysed in SCMC, there was no ‘general SCMC target’ for all species of all individuals of one species. The selectivity, the kinetics, and the strength of SCMC reflected the capacity of the effector cells rather than a ‘susceptibility’ of the target to lysis. Classical major histocompatibility complex products, determinants specific for distinct cell types or subpopulations, or antigens associated with Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes virus ateles, herpes virus papio, or Marek's disease virus were not appreciably involved in SCMC. No ‘malignant phenotype’ on targets was required for the cytotoxic effect. Yet undefined xenogenic, allogenic, and individual structures seem to be involved in SCMC. Depending on their expression, a target can he classified as ‘species related’ or as ‘individual‐related’. Intermediate forms are conceivable. SCMC might comprise different cytotoxic mechanisms. Antibodies are not required for lysis to occur, but serum factors including immunoglobulins can have considerable influence on SCMC.
T‐Lymphocyte Recognition of the I‐EC Gene Products (la) Requires Concomitant Recognition of I‐AB Gene Products
Authors: PECK A. B.
Published: June 2006

The murine primed lymphocyte typing (mPLT) assay, based on the sequential reactivation of specific immunocompetent, alloantigen‐reactive T blast cells in secondary mixed leucocyte culture (MLC), has been utilized to define the class II I‐EC‐subregion‐associated lymphocyte‐stimulating (LS) determinants of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The test panel of secondary stimulating cells has been expanded in this study to include the B10.W lines (mouse strains carrying MHC regions derived from wild mice). Data obtained using mPLT cells generated in primary MLC between I‐EC‐subregion‐disparate strain combinations reveal that(1) an absolute correlation between expression of the serologically defined la specificities and the capacity to induce subsequent secondary MLC activation does not exist, and (2) whereas the serologically defined la specificities appear to cluster on the α‐chain of the la molecule, T lymphocytes recognize either the β‐chain per se or an interaction product of the α‐chain plus β‐chains. Based on these observations, we conclude that T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigenic moieties expressed on the MHC class II antigens. How these data explain and/or affect several genetic concepts is discussed.
Failure to Demonstrate Public Idiotypes on Cytolytic Cells with Specificity for NP‐coupled Syngeneic Cells
Authors: HURME M. , KARJALAINEN K. , MÄKELÄ O.
Published: June 2006

We have investigated whether cytolytic cells specific for hapten‐coupled syngeneic cells have the same public idiotype as serum antibodies against the same hapten, NP‐aminocaproyl (NP‐cap). Anti‐NP‐cap antibodies of C57BL mice possess a public idiotype that can be detected by antisera against the whole V region of the antibody molecule or against the VH domain. Neither reagent had an effect on the cytolytic response either when they were used to sensitize the effector cells for complement killing or when used at high concentrations in the culture medium during the secondary stimulation in vitro.
Immunopathologic Role of Proteoglycan Antigens in Rheumatoid Joint Disease
Authors: GLANT T. , CSONGOR J. , SZÜCS T.
Published: June 2006

Cell‐mediated immunity to proteoglycan antigens was assessed by leucocyte migration inhibition and by lymphocyte stimulation tests in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with ankylosing spondylarthritis, in patients with relapsing synovitis after a single trauma to their knee joints, and in healthy donors. Both tests revealed a sensitization in most of the patients examined with various proteoglycan antigens derived from human cartilaginous tissues, rheumatoid synovial fluid, and species‐common antigen of bovine nasal cartilage. Anybodies against proteoglycan antigens of human articular cartilage were detected by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay in eleven out of twenty‐nine sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in four out of six rheumatoid synovial fluids. The results suggest that the cartilage antigenic components released by an inflammatory process or trauma may trigger a vicious circle of chronic inflammation and joint destruction.
Determination of the Immunoglobulin Class of Complement‐dependent Cytotoxic Antibodies in Serum of D23 Hepatoma‐bearing Rats
Authors: LANDO P. , GABRIEL J. , BERZINS K. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

The immunoglobulin class of the complement‐dependent cytotoxic antibodies in serum from D23 hepatoma‐bearing rats (D23 TBS) for D23 hepatoma cells was analyzed. When studied by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A, protamine, or staphylococcal protein A conjugated to Sepharose, the cytotoxic activity bound to the former two but not to protein A. The binding fractions were further characterized by column chromatography on Sepharose CL‐4B. The cytotoxic activity was recovered exclusively In the high molecular weight fractions corresponding to human IgM. Monitoring with IgG‐ or IgM‐specific rabbit antibodies indicated that these high molecular weight cytotoxic fractions contained both IgG and IgM. However, fractionation of D23 TBS at low pH suggested that cytotoxicity was due to IgM antibodies rather than to Immune‐complexed IgG antibodies. This was supported by the findings that rabbit anti‐rat IgM antibodies inhibited the cytotoxicity of TBS completely when added at high dilutions.
The Ultrastructure of the Tubular Complex in the Cytoplasm of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes
Authors: BYKOVSKAJA S. N. , SERGEEV A. V. , RAUSCHENBACH M. O. , BYKOVSKY A. F.
Published: June 2006

The DNA synthesis, the cytolytic activity, and the ultrastructure of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) derived from mixed mouse thymocyte culture on day 5 were studied. CTL of thymic origin were absorbed by centrifugation on the surface of target cell (TC) monolayers. At different time intervals after absorption, single tubular structures (TS) and complex of tubular structures (CTS) linked with ergastoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, and multivesicular bodies were detected in the CTL cytoplasm. The linkage of CTS with ergastoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and secretory lymphocyte mechanism suggests the possibility of a secretory‐receptor mechanism of TC cytolysis. The release of numerous secretory vacuoles was accompanied by the enlargement of the cytoplasmatic lymphocyte membrane surface, which seemed to cause its shedding. ‘Membranosomas’ were observed on CTL membrane: their role is still obscure and awaits further study.