bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Improved PSO Arithmetic for Identifying Ground Stress Based on Rock Core Discing Observation
Authors: Jiang An Nan , Zeng Zheng Wen , Wang Jun Xiang
Published: May 2011

Identifying ground stress based on rock core discing can save a lot of surveying cost, so studying “rock core disicing” has great meaning. Aiming at the limitation of conventional methods, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) arithmetic is introduced to be combined with numerical simulation, so as to identify the ground stress based on rock core disicing observation. The objective function of optimization is constructed by combing Mohr-Coulomb criterion and tension criterion. Adopts dynamically adjusting momentum term method and steric compression method so as to improve the PSO in convergence velocity and globally searching property. The proposed method is mentioned and used to identify the ground stress of Bakken formation in USA. The arithmetic has good convergence speed and the identified results are coincident with the former reported results.
An Implementation and Improvement of Fast Two-Dimensional Median Filtering
Authors: Wang Gui Tang , Wang Rui Huang , Wang Feng , Liu Wen Juan
Published: May 2011

This paper discussed a conventional fast median filtering algorithm for FPGA implementation. An improved way -- Quasi-median filtering algorithm -- have been proposed to reduce the occupancy rate of FPGA resources on the premise of ensuring the result of median filtering. Through the detailed analysis and comparison of results of simulation and experiments, conclusions can be drawn that such improvements can achieve better filtering results, and can reduce FPGA resource utilization. It offers some value for the application of design which requires more FPGA resources.
Model of DOS near the Top of Valence Band in Strained Si1-xGex/(001)Si
Authors: Song Jian Jun , Shan Heng Sheng , Zhang He Ming , Hu Hui Yong , Wang Guan Yu , Ma Jian Li , Xu Xiao Bo
Published: May 2011

Strained Si1-xGex technology has been widely adopted to enhance hole mobility. One of the most important physical parameters is density of state near the top of valence band in strained Si1-xGex materials. In this paper, we first obtained the hole effective mass along arbitrarily k wavevector directions, the hole isotropic effective masses and density of state effective mass of hole in strained Si1-xGex/(001)Si with the framework of K.P theory. And then, model of density of state near the top of valence band in strained Si1-xGex/(001)Si materials was established, which can provide valuable references to the understanding on its material physics and theoretical basis on the other important physical parameters.
Enhancement of Cellulase Activity from a New Strain ofBacillus subtilisby Medium Optimization and Analysis with Various Cellulosic Substrates
Authors: Deka Deepmoni , Bhargavi P. , Sharma Ashish , Goyal Dinesh , Jawed M. , Goyal Arun
Published: May 2011

The cellulase activity ofBacillus subtilisAS3 was enhanced by optimizing the medium composition by statistical methods. The enzyme activity with unoptimised medium with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was 0.07 U/mL and that was significantly enhanced by CMC, peptone, and yeast extract using Placket-Burman design. The combined effects of these nutrients on cellulase activity were studied using 22full factorial central composite design. The optimal levels of medium components determined were CMC (1.8%), peptone (0.8%), and yeast extract (0.479%). The maximum enzyme activity predicted by the model was 0.49 U/mL which was in good agreement with the experimental value 0.43 U/mL showing 6-fold increase as compared to unoptimised medium. The enzyme showed multisubstrate specificity, showing significantly higher activity with lichenan and β-glucan and lower activity with laminarin, hydroxyethylcellulose, and steam exploded bagasse. The optimised medium with lichenan or β-glucan showed 2.5- or 2.8-fold higher activity, respectively, at same concentration as of CMC.
Current Trends in Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Garbade Jens , Bittner Hartmuth B. , Barten Markus J. , Mohr Friedrich-Wilhelm
Published: May 2011

The shortage of appropriate donor organs and the expanding pool of patients waiting for heart transplantation have led to growing interest in alternative strategies, particularly in mechanical circulatory support. Improved results and the increased applicability and durability with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have enhanced this treatment option available for end-stage heart failure patients. Moreover, outcome with newer pumps have evolved to destination therapy for such patients. Currently, results using nonpulsatile continuous flow pumps document the evolution in outcomes following destination therapy achieved subsequent to the landmark Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure Trial (REMATCH), as well as the outcome of pulsatile designed second-generation LVADs. This review describes the currently available types of LVADs, their clinical use and outcomes, and focuses on the patient selection process.
The pacifist Jesus and the violent Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Sim David C.
Published: May 2011

The Gospel of Matthew presents two starkly different depictions of Jesus. The earthly Jesus of the past is a pacifist who teaches non-violence, compassion, non-retaliation, forgiveness and love of enemies, and he lives his life according to these ideals. The other Jesus is the eschatological figure of judgement who is the antithesis of the earthly Jesus. This Jesus is violent, merciless and vengeful in his treatment of the wicked. The evangelist constructed and promoted this terrible figure of judgement to assist his readers to cope with certain situations of crisis, but in doing so he paid a steep christological price by presenting Jesus in contradictory terms.
‘Wat jy ook op die aarde mag bind, sal in die hemel gebonde wees, en wat jy ook op die aarde mag ontbind, sal in die hemel ontbonde wees’ (Matt 16:19)
Authors: Dreyer Theuns F.J.
Published: May 2011

‘What you prohibit on earth will be prohibited in heaven, and what you permit on earth will be permitted in heaven’ (Mt 16:19) This article has been a homiletic reflection on the well-known words in Matthew 16:19. The explication and application of these words have been theologically contextualised with respect to current debates amongst theologians in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk. The original meaning of this verse relates to the rabbinical tradition of interpretation of the Torah. Matthew pictures Jesus as the new teacher (like Moses), who gave a new interpretation of the law. In rabbinical language, his teachings are ‘binding’ and ‘loosening’, or, as translated in the Good News Bible (1933), they permit and prohibit. In the history of the reformed tradition, this verse was mostly interpreted from a judicial perspective as the authority to excommunicate or to include. To a great extent and especially in certain circles, the tradition of interpretation became static because of the authority of a ‘final’ interpretation attached to the creeds of the church. However, the original meaning of this verse is the authority, and commands us continuously to interpret the meaning of the gospel in the context of the present-day situation.
Televisión e infancia: cinco años después del código de autorregulación
Authors: Fernández Martínez Ángeles , López de Ayala-López Mª Cruz
Published: May 2011

En el contexto de transformaciones tecnológicas que dibuja el encendido digital, la gestión y explotación de la TDT plantea importantes desafíos a las operadoras. Entre ellos destaca el reto de programar contenidos que aseguren una correcta alfabetización de los menores y su protección frente a la violencia o comportamientos sociales nocivos. Un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos hemos realizado el seguimiento de los contenidos televisivos en horario de especial protección infantil, con la referencia del Código de Autorregulación sobre Contenidos Televisivos e Infancia firmado por las principales cadenas de ámbito nacional y autonómicas en España que operan en España. Los resultados de este estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, que comprende la totalidad de los programas de TVE 1, Antena 3, Cuatro, Tele5, La Sexta y Telemadrid emitidos en esa franja horaria entre septiembre y diciembre de 2008 y julio y septiembre de 2009, nos han permitido elaborar un diagnóstico del grado de seguimiento e incumplimientos del citado Código.
Formas de condicionar la verdad con el uso del montaje en La pelota vasca
Authors: Cabeza San Deogracias José , Paz Rebollo María Antonia
Published: May 2011

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la construcción de sentido en La pelota vasca. La piel contra la piedra (Julio Medem, 2003), el documental sobre terrorismo que más éxito comercial y más polémica ha generado en el cine español. A través de un análisis del montaje, este artículo busca descubrir las pautas, esquemas o estructuras narrativas utilizadas por el director para construir el texto fílmico y para influir en la opinión de los espectadores. Para ello se ha creado una base de datos que permite un minuicioso análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de todAs las intervenciones que hay en la película. Esta propuesta metodológica pretende servir al análisis de otros documentales con similares características narrativas. Las conclusiones obtenidas muestran que el director usa la estructura de parte del documental y las entrevistas a diferentes personalidades del País Vasco para configurar un sentido propio de lo que denomina conflicto vasco, que está muy cercano a las tesis nacionalistas. Queda demostrada la crítica a la acción del PP en sus años de gobierno y el deterioro de la imagen del Estado, principalmente a través de un 80% de referencias negativas sobre las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado. También se prueba que las personas entrevistadas son más o menos creíbles dependiendo de cómo quedan situadas dentro del montaje y de si otros personajes refutan o respaldan lo que dicen.
La investigación sobre Comunicación en España (1998-2007). Análisis de los artículos publicados en revistas científicas
Authors: Martínez Nicolás Manuel , Saperas Lapiedra Enric
Published: May 2011

El espectacular crecimiento de la producción científica sobre comunicación habido en España en la última década contrasta con la escasez de estudios dedicados a conocer la investigación que estamos haciendo. Con el propósito de avanzar en esa línea, presentamos un análisis de contenido cuantitativo de los artículos publicados en cuatro años del periodo 1998-2007 (1998, 2002, 2003 y 2007) por cuatro de las más relevantes revistas españolas especializadas en comunicación, con una muestra total de 285 textos, de los que 235 corresponden a autores que trabajan en universidades o en centros de investigación españoles. Los resultados del análisis indican, entre otras cuestiones, que la investigación española sobre comunicación se centra fundamentalmente en el estudio del Periodismo, y más específicamente en el de los discursos periodísticos. Se trata, además, de una investigación mayoritariamente de carácter empírico, aunque adolece de una generalizada insuficiencia metodológica. Estas deficiencias han ido disminuyendo a lo largo del periodo estudiado, pero parecen estar repuntando en los trabajos publicados más recientemente.
Competencias en Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) de los estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Arras Vota Ana María de Guadalupe , Torres-Gastelú Carlos Arturo , García Valcárcel Muñoz Repiso Ana
Published: May 2011

En esta época la vida de los seres humanos está signada por las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC), a través de éstas, las personas generan espacios virtuales, conocimiento, interacciones y se relacionan en maneras antes inimaginables. En este contexto, es importante estudiar las competencias de los estudiantes en el uso de las TIC. Esta investigación, subvencionada por AECID (2009-10), tuvo como propósito identificar las competencias en el uso académico de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) por parte de los estudiantes universitarios en las universidades de: Salamanca, en España, Autónoma de Chihuahua y Veracruzana, en México. La muestra incluye los alumnos de clase de 20 profesores de cada universidad que utilizan significativamente las TIC en sus procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran confianza de los estudiantes en sus competencias en TIC para interactuar en ambientes de enseñanza mediados por tecnología.
Observations of in-situ generated gravity waves during a stratospheric temperature enhancement (STE) event
Authors: Gerrard A. J. , Bhattacharya Y. , Thayer J. P.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Observations of in-situ generated atmospheric gravity waves associated with a stratospheric temperature enhancement (STE) are presented. Two sets of gravity waves are observed by molecular-aerosol lidar in conjunction with the early December 2000 STE event above Sondrestrom, Greenland. The first set of gravity waves shows downward phase progression with a vertical wavelength of ~8 km while the second set shows upward phase progression with a vertical wavelength of ~9 km. With estimates of the background wind fields from synoptic analyses, the various intrinsic gravity wave parameters of these two wave structures are found. The observed waves compare well to numerical modeling predictions, though the potential observation of a downward propagating wave would be unexpected.
Estimation of spatio-temporal distribution of precipitable water using MODIS and AVHRR data: a case study for Cyprus
Authors: Hadjimitsis D. , Mitraka Z. , Gazani I. , Retalis A. , Chrysoulakis N. , Michaelides S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. In this paper, the atmospheric precipitable water (PW) over the area of Cyprus was estimated by means of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) thermal channels brightness temperature difference (ΔT). The AVHRR derived ΔT was calculated in a grid of 5 × 5 km cells; the corresponding PW value in each grid cell was extracted from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 2 product (near-infrared algorithm). Once the PW – ΔT relationship coefficients corresponding to the area of Cyprus were calculated, the relationship was applied to AVHRR data for one month period. Radiosonde derived PW values, as well as MODIS independent PW values were used to validate the estimations and a good agreement was noted.
The global ocean circulation on a retrograde rotating earth
Authors: Kamphuis V. , Huisman S. E. , Dijkstra H. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. To understand the three-dimensional ocean circulation patterns that have occurred in past continental geometries, it is crucial to study the role of the present-day continental geometry and surface (wind stress and buoyancy) forcing on the present-day global ocean circulation. This circulation, often referred to as the Conveyor state, is characterised by an Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) with a deep water formation at northern latitudes and the absence of such a deep water formation in the North Pacific. This MOC asymmetry is often attributed to the difference in surface freshwater flux: the Atlantic as a whole is a basin with net evaporation, while the Pacific receives net precipitation. This issue is revisited in this paper by considering the global ocean circulation on a retrograde rotating earth, computing an equilibrium state of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface-sea ice model CCSM3. The Atlantic-Pacific asymmetry in surface freshwater flux is indeed reversed, but the ocean circulation pattern is not an Inverse Conveyor state (with deep water formation in the North Pacific) as there is relatively weak but intermittently strong deep water formation in the North Atlantic. Using a fully-implicit, global ocean-only model the stability properties of the Atlantic MOC on a retrograde rotating earth are also investigated, showing a similar regime of multiple equilibria as in the present-day case. These results indicate that the present-day asymmetry in surface freshwater flux is not the most important factor setting the Atlantic-Pacific salinity difference and, thereby, the asymmetry in the global MOC.
Precipitation concentration changes in Spain 1946–2005
Authors: de Luis M. , González-Hidalgo J. C. , Brunetti M. , Longares L. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. An analysis was made of the Precipitation Concentration Index using the new MOPREDAS database of monthly precipitation in Spain (Monthly Precipitation Data base of Spain). The database was compiled after exhaustive quality control of the complete digitalized Spanish Meterological Agency (AEMet) archives and contains a total set of 2670 complete and homogeneous monthly precipitation series from 1946 to 2005. Thus, MOPREDAS currently holds the densest information available for the 1946–2005 period for Spain and ensures a high resolution of results. The Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) is a powerful indicator of the temporal distribution of precipitation, traditionally applied at annual scales; as the value increases, the more concentrated the precipitation. Furthermore PCI is a part of the well-known Fournier index, with a long tradition on natural system analyses, as for example soil erosion. In this paper, the mean values of annual, seasonal and wet and dry periods of PCI in the conterminous Spain and for two normal periods (1946–1975 and 1976–2005) were studied. Precipitation in Spain follows a general NW-SE spatial pattern during the wet (months) period due to the Atlantic storm track, while during the dry (months) period, it follows a predominantly N-S spatial pattern. As a result, the annual values of PCI combine the two patterns and show a SW-NE PCI gradient. The analyses of the two sub-periods show significant changes in the precipitation occurred in conterminous Spain from 1946 to 2005, and precipitation concentration increased across most of the IP. At an annual scale, PCI increases mostly due to an increase in precipitation concentration during the wet season. At a seasonal scale significant changes were detected between 1945–1975 and 1976–2005, particularly in autumn (increase of PCI values), while changes in winter, spring and summer were mostly localized and not generalized (both increase and decrease). Changes in PCI seem to be complex and appear to be related to global atmospheric features and synoptic and local factors affecting precipitation trends. We discuss the possible explanation linked to the atmospheric pattern and monthly trends and their implications.
Intraocular Neovascularization Associated with Choroidal Ganglioneuroma in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Ishijima Kan , Kase Satoru , Noda Mika , Ishida Susumu
Published: May 2011

Purpose.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) complicates various tumors originating from the neural crest. The authors report a case of NF-1 presenting with globe enlargement and subretinal and choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal ganglioneuroma.

Methods.

A 7-year-old boy with NF-1 had severe ocular pain OS. He has a medical history of congenital glaucoma OS. Left eye showed increased intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, corneal opacity, hyphema, and vitreous hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated prominent vitreous hemorrhage and a choroidal tumor. Enucleation was consequently performed OS.

Results.

Histopathologic diagnosis of the choroidal tumor was ganglioneuroma admixed with micro-vessels and melanocytes. There was a huge subretinal and choroidal fibrovascular membrane formation originating from the choroidal ganglioneuroma.

Conclusions.

Severe ocular pain in this patient was caused by intraocular neovascularization and subsequent increased eyeball content by vitreous hemorrhage associated with the choroidal tumor. In NF-1 with orbitofacial involvement, detection of intraocular tumor by imaging tests may predict tumor-associated severe ophthalmic complications.
Glaucoma and Frequency of Ocular and General Diseases in 30 Patients with Aniridia: A Clinical Study
Authors: Gramer Eugen , Reiter Constantin , Gramer Gwendolyn
Published: May 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the following in patients with aniridia: age at first examination at the University Eye Hospital and age at diagnosis of glaucoma; visual acuity; frequency of family history of aniridia; and frequency of ocular and general diseases associated with aniridia.

Methods

This was a consecutive examination of 30 unrelated patients with aniridia and retrospective evaluation of ophthalmologic, pediatric, and internal findings. The relative frequency of age at glaucoma diagnosis within decades was evaluated for the 20 patients with aniridia and glaucoma. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test.

Results

Relative frequency of the age of patients with aniridia at time of glaucoma diagnosis within the following decades was as follows: from birth to 9 years: 15%, 10-19: 15%, 20-29: 15%, 30-39: 15%, 40-49: 35%, and 50-59: 5%. Visual acuity in the better eye of 20/100 or less was found in 60%. Family history of aniridia was found in 33.3% of patients, with 1-4 relatives with aniridia. A total of 76.7% of patients had congenital cataract, and 66.7% had glaucoma. Mean maximum intraocular pressure of the 20 patients with glaucoma was 35.9 mmHg in the right and 32.6 mmHg in the left eye. A total of 53.3% had nystagmus, 26.6% corneal opacifications, 16.7% bilateral lens dislocation upwards, 6.7% optic nerve hypoplasia, 3.3% poor foveal development, and 3.3% Wilms tumor.

Conclusions

Up to the age of 40 years, 15% of patients were diagnosed with glaucoma per age decade. Frequent bilateral glaucoma and similar bilateral height of intraocular pressure suggest a genetic glaucoma disposition with malformation at Schlemm canal, besides possible sequential anatomic changes in the chamber angle. Associated ocular abnormalities limit visual prognosis.
Comparison of Short-Run Cell Seeding Methods for Poly(L-Lactide-co-1,5-Dioxepan-2-one) Scaffold Intended for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Xing Zhe , Xue Ying , Dánmark Staffan , Finne-Wistrand Anna , Arvidson Kristina , Hellem Sølve , Yang Zhuang-Qun , Mustafa Kamal
Published: May 2011

Constructs intended for bone tissue engineering are influenced by the initial cell seeding procedure. The seeding method should be rapid, convenient, improve cell spatial distribution, and have no negative effects on cellular viability and differentiation. This study aimed to compare the effect of short-run seeding methods (centrifuge and vortex) with a static method on the scaffolds prepared from poly(L-lactide-co-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) by solvent-casting particulate-leaching (SCPL) technique. Human osteoblast-like cells (HOB) were seeded by the three methods described above. The seeding efficiency was determined by attached cell numbers. Cellular proliferation was analyzed by WST-1 and dsDNA assay. Cell distribution was examined by scanning electron (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. Expression of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Collagen type I (Col I), Osteocalcin (OC) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) were determined by real time RT-PCR. Results indicated that centrifuge and vortex increased seeding efficiency and had no negative effects on cellular viability. The data obtained by the fluorescence microscope confirmed the SEM results that the vortex method improved cell distribution through the scaffolds more than the other two methods (p<0.05). The RT-PCR results showed no significant differences on the expression of mRNA between the three methods of the above markers. The vortex method was found to be a simple and feasible seeding method for the poly(L-lactide-co-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) scaffolds.
Dystonia and the Role of Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Ellis Thomas L.
Published: May 2011

Dystonia is a painful, disabling disease whose cause in many cases remains unknown. It has historically been treated with a variety methodologies including baclofen pumps, Botox injection, peripheral denervation, and stereotactic surgery. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is emerging as a viable treatment option for selected patients with dystonia. Results of DBS for dystonia appear to be more consistently superior in patients with primary versus secondary forms of the disorder. Patients with secondary dystonia, due to a variety of causes, may still be candidates for DBS surgery, although the results may not be as consistently good. The procedure is relatively safe with a small likelihood of morbidity and mortality. A randomized trial is needed to determine who are the best patients and when it is best to proceed with surgery.
Iceman Survived due to Cooling Device
Authors: Roser M. , Martens F. , Storm C.
Published: May 2011

Although mild hypothermia treatment is part of the standard postresuscitation care today, no standard method for treatment of accidental severe hypothermia has been yet established. Different strategies including invasive and noninvasive methods have been described in the literature. We present the case of a 75-year-old man with accidental severe hypothermia (23°C) and demonstrate that using a surface cooling device with automatic controlled temperature feedback mechanism (ArcticSun2000 Medivance, Louisville, Colorado, USA) is an effective and safe method for controlled rewarming in this life-threatening setting.
Dimensiones múltiples de la participación ciudadana en la planificación espacial
Authors: Martínez López: Miguel
Published: May 2011

En el estudio de los procesos sociales de participación ciudadana vinculadosa procesos de planifi cación espacial prevalecen visiones pluralistas y unidimensionales.En este trabajo se examinan las defi niciones de la participaciónciudadana en la planifi cación espacial propuestas por autores con perspectivaselitistas, confl ictualistas y, en general, multidimensionales. Sus contribucionesofrecen marcos interpretativos más adecuados para la investigaciónsocial de esta problemática y señalan variables relevantes, como el papel delos expertos, el origen de las iniciativas y las consecuencias sociopolíticas.Distinguimos aquí cuatro enfoques multidimensionales (el de los «movimientosurbanos», el «dialéctico», el de la «potenciación» y el «comunicativocrítico»), sus principales diferencias y las alternativas que formulan a lasconcepciones unidimensionales de la participación ciudadana en términosde ejercicios colectivos de poder, actores y métodos involucrados.
Rentas mínimas y procesos de inserción laboral: determinantes individuales y contextuales
Authors: Riba i Romeva Clara , Ballart Xavier , Blasco Jaume
Published: May 2011

En este artículo se discute si las políticas de activación tienen un efectopositivo en los benefi ciarios del programa de renta mínima de inserciónen Cataluña. En primer lugar, se confi rma que los benefi ciarios de laasistencia social con un elevado grado de empleabilidad tienen mayoresposibilidades de encontrar trabajo. En segundo lugar, el artículoidentifi ca distintos perfi les de benefi ciarios y examina las característicasde los que no encuentran trabajo en un contexto económico favorable.Los resultados sugieren que los problemas personales actúan comobarreras al empleo. En tercer lugar, el artículo también examina hastaqué punto los resultados obtenidos son atribuibles a la gestión públicadel programa. A tal fi n, se comparan los resultados de las unidadesde gestión, controlando por las características de sus clientes. Finalmente,el artículo discute si la vinculación de la asistencia social conlas políticas de activación es una buena estrategia para la mayoría delos benefi ciarios con perfi les especialmente difíciles y qué es lo que lasadministraciones pueden hacer al respecto.
A framework for synthesizing the optimal separation process of azeotropic mixtures
Authors: Yang Xiao , Dong Hong‐Guang , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: May 2011

In this work, a systematic framework is introduced to synthesize the optimal separation process of azeotropic mixtures. The proposed framework, which can handle an arbitrary number of components, consists of two main steps: a system analysis and a state‐space superstructure algorithm. The system analysis is composed of some equation‐oriented algorithms to supply basic information for the superstructure, including structure of the composition space, existence of unchangeable points and candidate operations. It is shown that the proposed superstructure featuring multistream mixing is superior to previous ones because it significantly expands the feasible area. Moreover, detailed design parameters such as number of stages and reflux ratio are derived. Additionally, flowsheet feasibility test rules are constructed to facilitate the analysis of the process, and are able to be used as heuristic methods to guide the design of ternary or quaternary systems. Three industrial cases are presented to illustrate the proposed framework. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the elderly: A case series from Peru
Authors: Beltran Brady E. , Castillo Jorge J. , Morales Domingo , de Mendoza Fernando Hurtado , Quinones Pilar , Miranda Roberto N. , Gallo Aly , Lopez‐Ilasaca Marco , Butera James N. , Sotomayor Eduardo M.
Published: May 2011

EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the elderly is an entity recently included in the WHO classification of lymphoid tumors. We have reviewed our experience and clinical outcomes of this distinct subtype of DLBCL. Between 2002 and 2009, cases of DLBCL were identified from medical records of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins in Lima, Peru, and underwent pathological evaluation including immunohistochemistry for CD20, CD10, bcl‐6, MUM1/IRF4, and EBV‐encoded RNA in situ hybridization. Clinical data were gathered, tabulated, and reported descriptively. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan‐Meier estimates. Out of 199 cases of DLBCL, 28 cases of EBV‐positive DLBCL of the elderly were identified. The median age was 75 years with male predominance (1.5:1). B‐symptoms were present in 43%, advanced stage in 50% and International Prognostic Index (IPI) score > 2 in 57% of patients; 68% of patients had a nongerminal center (NGC) phenotype. The complete response rates to R‐CHOP and CHOP were 63% and 33%, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) for the group was 5 months. In the univariate analysis, age ≥70 years, lymphocyte count <1.0 × 109/L, and advanced clinical stage were associated with worse OS in patients treated with chemotherapy with and without rituximab. EBV‐positive DLBCL of the elderly is a clinically aggressive entity with a short OS and typically presents with advanced stage, high IPI score, and a NGC phenotype. Further studies are needed to investigate if rituximab‐containing regimens are associated with better response and OS rates in EBV‐positive DLBCL of the elderly. Am. J. Hematol. 86:663–667, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered expression of tissue remodeling genes in a mouse model of acute allergic rhinitis
Authors: Sautter Nathan B. , Delaney Katherine L. , Trune Dennis R.
Published: May 2011

Background:

Osteogenesis, fibrosis, and scarring are prominent pathologic changes resulting from chronic sinonasal inflammation, and these tissue changes may increase the degree of disease symptomatology and the level of surgical difficulty. Members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) families of cytokines and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of endopeptidases are known to regulate tissue remodeling in other disease processes, but their role in acute and chronic sinonasal inflammation remains undefined.

Methods:

A previously described mouse model of acute allergic rhinitis secondary to Aspergillus fumigatis exposure in BALB/C mice was used. Intranasal challenge was performed 1 week following intraperitoneal sensitization with A. fumigatis extract and mice were sacrificed 6 hours (n = 8) and 24 hours (n = 8) later. Additional mice were intranasally challenged 3 times per week and sacrificed at the end of 7 days (n = 8) and 21 days (n = 8). The snouts were processed for quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and compared to untreated controls for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of BMP1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8a, 8b, 9, 10, FGF1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and MMP1a, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 14. Additional 21‐day‐old mice were prepared for sinonasal histopathology. Control mice were treated with the same protocol, with intraperitoneal phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and intranasal PBS substituted for A. fumigatis extract. Untreated mice were used for additional comparison.

Results:

Compared to both the PBS‐treated and untreated control groups, statistically significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of MMP8 was observed in the 6‐hour time point. Significant downregulation of MMP8 was observed at 1 week. Significant upregulation of FGF3 was observed at 1 week (p < 0.05). BMP3 and BMP5 were significantly downregulated in the 1‐week group (p < 0.05). The mice exhibited histologic sinonasal changes consistent with allergic inflammation.

Conclusion:

Intranasal exposure to A. fumigatis results in altered expression of several tissue remodeling cytokines at varying time points in the acute allergic rhinitis mouse model. These changes in cytokine regulation may subsequently contribute to sinonasal osteogenesis, scarring, and fibrosis as seen in chronic rhinosinusitis. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Shark reactions to scuba divers in two marine protected areas of the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Cubero‐Pardo Priscilla , Herrón Pilar , González‐Pérez Fernanda
Published: May 2011

Worldwide, there are concerns about the potential impact of a growing tourism industry on the behaviour and ecology of sharks. Several shark species are key attractions in the scuba diving industry in both the Galápagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador) and the Sanctuary of Fauna and Flora Malpelo (Colombia).

In this study, the reactions of five species of shark to the behaviour of scuba divers were investigated in the Galápagos and Malpelo.

Four discrete categories of shark reaction (evasion, spontaneous approach, alert and no reaction) were identified and analysed against five categories of diver behaviour (direct approach, camera flash, sudden movement, noise and simple presence), two categories of observation strategy (still and movement) and the distance of the focal diver group to the sharks.

The type of reaction in the sharks was determined by the behaviour of the divers, their distance to the fish and, especially, by their observation strategy. Shark reactions varied between species and locations and divers acted more intrusively towards those species they were not afraid of, and which they could access more easily due to the conditions of their environment.

‘Direct approach’, ‘sudden movement’, the observation strategy ‘moving’ and distances closer than 4 m between divers and sharks elicited stronger behavioural responses by the species targeted. Recommendations are given for the preferred actions divers should employ in order to diminish the effects on the target species analysed in this study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms and prescription of antidepressants in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Lindberg Magnus
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE

Depressive symptoms are commonly noted in patients on hemodialysis treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the psychological care of patients receiving in‐center hemodialysis treatment. Thus the aim was to describe the occurrence of depressive symptoms and prescription of antidepressive agents, as well as to assess the agreement between present symptoms and ongoing pharmacological treatment in clinical practice.

METHODS

The occurrence of self‐reported depressive symptoms and documented ongoing pharmacological treatment was assessed in a cross‐sectional survey including 141 hemodialysis patients. Agreement between depressive symptoms and prescription of antidepressants was analyzed.

RESULTS

Thirty‐five percent of the participants suffered from self‐reported depressive symptoms, and there was poor agreement between depressive symptoms and prescription of an antidepressant agent.

DISCUSSION

Depressive symptomatology is a significant problem in hemodialysis patients. It is therefore important to use systematic approaches to screen patients for depression, diagnose clinical depression, plan for treatment strategies, and follow up depression treatment outcomes.
Cell replacement therapies for nervous system regeneration
Authors: López‐Bendito Guillermina , Arlotta Paola
Published: May 2011

The adult brain was thought to be a slowly decaying organ, a sophisticated but flawed machine condemned to inevitable decline. Today we know that the brain is more plastic than previously assumed, as most prominently demonstrated by the constitutive birth of new neurons that occurs in selected regions of the adult brain, even in humans. However, the overall modest capacity for endogenous repair of the central nervous system (CNS) has sparked interest in understanding the barriers to neuronal regeneration and in developing novel approaches to enable neuronal and circuit repair for therapeutic benefit in neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic injuries. Scientists recently assembled in Baeza, a picturesque town in the south of Spain, to discuss aspects of CNS regeneration. The picture that emerged shows how an integrated view of developmental and adult neurogenesis may inform the manipulation of neural progenitors, differentiated cells, and pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic benefit and foster new understanding of the inner limits of brain plasticity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 145–152, 2012
Developmental plasticity of dendritic morphology and the establishment of coverage and connectivity in the outer retina
Authors: Reese Benjamin E. , Keeley Patrick W. , Lee Sammy C.S. , Whitney Irene E.
Published: May 2011

Developing retinal neurons differentiate their distinctive dendritic morphologies through cell‐intrinsic instructions and cellular interactions within the local environment. This review examines the contributions of interactions with afferents and with homotypic neighbors upon the dendritic morphogenesis of retinal bipolar cells in four different mouse models that modulate the frequency of these interactions. Comparisons with horizontal cell differentiation are discussed, and differences between the dendritic plasticity within the outer versus inner plexiform layers are highlighted. Finally, the developmental plasticity of the bipolar and horizontal cells is considered in light of thenatural variation in afferent and target cell number, ensuring a uniformity of coverage and connectivity across the retinal surface. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1273‐1285, 2011
Plant community composition as a function of geochemistry and hydrology in three Appalachian wetlands
Authors: Thompson Yvonne , D'Angelo E. M. , Karathanasis A. D. , Sandefur Brian C.
Published: May 2011

Appalachian mountain wetlands are uncommon and diverse ecosystems; however, they are often susceptible to extensive alteration or destruction due to coal mining, highway construction, and quarrying. This study aimed to determine vegetation composition at three pristine wetlands and establish relationships with previously reported hydrologic, edaphic, and porewater characteristics to provide baseline data that could enhance wetland mitigation or restoration projects. Herbaceous vegetation was assessed by visually estimating percent cover for bryophyte and vascular species and by determining stem density for vascular taxa using 1 m2 quadrats located along transects. Multiple response permutation procedures (MRPPs) based upon importance values confirmed that species composition differed significantly (P < 0·001) among the sites. Nonmetric multi‐dimensional scaling (NMDS) indicated that soil moisture conditions during the fall, soil chemistry, and porewater chemical composition influenced plant community composition. The first wetland (Martins Fork) was primarily dominated by Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis, and Sphagnum palustre in response to drier soil during the fall season, higher soil pH, and weakly minerotrophic soil and porewater. The second wetland (Kentenia) was overwhelmingly dominated by S. palustre due to lower soil pH and persistently high water levels. Vegetation at the third wetland (Four Level) was distinguished by strongly dominant Scirpus polyphyllus and Glyceria striata and responded to higher soil and porewater Ca, Mg, and P concentrations as well as a light intensity gradient. The diverse vegetation and physico‐chemical characteristics indicate that these sites, although small in size, support regional biodiversity and are potential reference wetlands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposed principles governing how vegetation changes affect transpiration
Authors: Moore Georgianne W. , Heilman James L.
Published: May 2011

Understanding global variation in evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for accuracy of climate models, predictions used in water resources management, and assessment of land use change impacts on the water balance of ecosystems—yet we lack unifying principles to predict when transpiration (T) varies with land use. Plant T is a dynamic and often dominant component of ET, and is affected by a variety of processes controlled by land use changes superimposed onto edaphic conditions. We propose the following three principles that determine whether T will vary with changes in vegetation: variation will result if energy balance partitioning has been altered, if deeper or shallower active rooting depth has changed the amount of soil moisture accessible to plants, or if temporary changes in water use add up over longer time scales. Clearly these concepts are not new; however, they are often overlooked in favor of blanket assumptions that large changes in vegetation inevitably alter T. Not so. Our suggested framework incorporates both edaphic and plant traits that determine whether T will vary or not in response to altered land cover conditions. We suggest that this simple set of principles unifies results of wide‐ranging studies of T following land use change and can explain underlying causes of T variation. These principles are illustrated through case studies from four different environments: Pacific Northwest forest, Texas mesquite brushland, Texas savanna and woodland, and Middle Rio Grande riparian forest. The proposed principles seem broadly applicable, should be further evaluated, and are directly relevant for land management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence‐specific predictive chromatography to assist mass spectrometric analysis of asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization in peptides
Authors: Sargaeva Nadezda P. , Goloborodko Anton A. , O'Connor Peter B. , Moskovets Eugene , Gorshkov Mikhail V.
Published: May 2011

Deamidation of asparagine and spontaneous isomerization of aspartic acid in proteins and peptides occur frequently. These modifications result in a mixture of peptide variants containing all three residues in the sequences. Identification and isomer quantification for these systems are challenging tasks for tandem mass spectrometry commonly utilized in protein analysis. Chromatographic data provide a set of sequence‐specific information complementary to mass spectrometry. In order to compare measured retention times (RTs) with those calculated from the sequences derived from protein databases, it is necessary to develop chromatographic models and tools allowing the prediction of RT and elution order for peptides with modified residues. In this work we extended recently introduced critical liquid chromatography of biomacromolecule model for prediction of RTs for peptides containing asparagines, aspartic acid, and isoaspartic acid residues.
Power calculations for monitoring studies: a case study with alternative models for random variation
Authors: Elston D. A. , Nevison I. M. , Scott W. A. , Sier A. R. J. , Morecroft M. D.
Published: May 2011

Statistical assessment of any monitoring scheme should always take place ahead of its implementation, and formal power calculations play an important role in such assessments. The power calculations can either be used to help find a design with a stated probability of detecting a given trend or difference in trends at some level of significance, or they can be used to provide information about the magnitude of trend or difference in trends which is likely to be detected by a proposed monitoring scheme. In either case, the power calculations require estimates of variances or variance components. This paper describes a case study in which statistical powers are compared for two competing models for random variation over years within sites: a random regression coefficient model and a first order autocorrelated error model. The response variables we present results for are unconstrained indices of butterfly abundance and constrained indices of plant species composition. The results indicate the effect of the different assumptions about random variation, in both the short and the long term. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MATERNAL ILLNESS IN RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: Powell‐Jackson Timothy , Hoque Mohammad Enamul
Published: May 2011

We use panel data on household consumption combined with information taken from the medical records of women who gave birth in health facilities to explore the economic consequences of maternal ill health, in the context of a rural population in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that there is a large reduction in household resources associated with maternal illness, driven almost entirely by spending on health care. In spite of this loss of resources, we find that households are able to fully insure consumption against maternal ill health, although confidence intervals are unable to rule out a small effect. Households in our study area are shown to have good access to informal credit (whether it be from local money lenders or family relatives), and this appears critical in helping to smooth consumption in response to these health shocks, at least in the short term. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A profile of patients with hyperparathyroidism undergoing lithium therapy for affective psychiatric disorders
Authors: Kandil Emad , Dackiw Alan P. , Alabbas Haytham , Abdullah Obai , Tufaro Anthony P. , Tufano Ralph P.
Published: May 2011

Background

Our objective was to evaluate whether lithium‐induced hyperparathyroidism (LIHPT) is caused by single‐gland versus multigland disease.

Methods

Medical records of 7 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for LIHPT were reviewed.

Results

The mean preoperative calcium was 11.1 ± 0.7 mg/dL. Six of 7 patients were rendered eucalcemic with surgery. Of the 6 patients successfully treated with surgery, 4 had single‐gland disease, 1 had double adenomas, and 1 had 4‐gland hyperplasia. Intraoperative intact serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) accurately predicted resolution of hyperparathyroidism in 6 of 7 patients. One patient then subsequently developed persistent hyperparathyroidism refractory to further surgery. Localization studies defined the extent of disease in 5 of 7 patients.

Conclusion

LIHPT presents with a spectrum of disease ranging from single‐gland to multigland disease. The utility of preoperative localization studies and intraoperative iPTH in this population is uncertain. Bilateral exploration may be best to achieve a resolution of LIHPT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011