bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pluralisme, droits fondamentaux et citoyenneté : les termes d'une nouvelle orientation pour l'enseignement de la religion au Québec
Authors: Tremblay Stéphanie
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article aborde les transformations récentes survenues dans le paysage de la confessionnalité scolaire au Québec sous l’angle de la place dévolue à la religion dans l’éducation scolaire. Après avoir dressé un portrait des étapes légales et politiques ayant mené à la nouvelle configuration laïque des rapports entre religions et école, l’auteur précise comment la synthèse des débats sociaux a été modelée dans un discours pédagogique faisant de la religion une des facettes de l’éducation à la citoyenneté. En analysant en particulier la compétence en culture religieuse du programme d’éthique et culture religieuse (ECR), l’article met toutefois au jour certains glissements entre les intentions énoncées dans le programme et leur traduction en contenus de formation, où se chevauchent deux conceptions de la démocratie et des droits fondamentaux.
L'importance de l'accompagnement dans un processus de gestion de la relève
Authors: Richer Francine
Published: May 2011

Résumé Ce texte propose une réflexion sur le cas L’héritage de Gaston , qui décrit une dynamique familiale au moment du passage de la première à la deuxième génération de dirigeants et de propriétaires. Le cas montre que la réussite d’une relève au sein des entreprises familiales repose sur l’accompagnement des dirigeants et des successeurs. Plus précisément, l’auteure indique que l’accompagnement permet au dirigeant de parler à voix haute de soi, de son entreprise et de sa continuité ainsi que de reconnaître les compétences professionnelles des enfants successeurs. De plus, grâce à l’accompagnement, les successeurs peuvent s’intégrer davantage dans le processus de gestion de la relève. Finalement, l’accompagnement s’avère utile pour la relation dirigeant-successeurs étant donné qu’il facilite l’échange entre les générations d’acteurs en cause et oriente les dirigeants et les successeurs vers des professionnels qualifiés et compétents.
Ce que les successeurs familiaux devraient faire
Authors: Martin Sylvain
Published: May 2011

Résumé Ce texte propose une réflexion sur le cas L’héritage de Gaston , qui décrit une dynamique familiale au moment du passage de la première à la deuxième génération de dirigeants et de propriétaires. Le cas montre que la réussite d’une relève au sein des entreprises familiales repose sur des préalables qui devraient être au cœur d’une formation préparatoire ou faire l’objet d’un accompagnement auprès des successeurs. Plus précisément, l’auteur propose sept conseils clés à l’intention des successeurs : valider à l’externe le projet de reprise d’entreprise; effectuer un diagnostic rigoureux de l’entreprise; faire vérifier et comprendre la valeur de l’entreprise; savoir chercher le financement de l’achat d’une entreprise; se familiariser aves l’aspect juridique d’une transaction de reprise d’entreprise; bien communiquer le transfert de direction de l’entreprise tant à l’interne qu’à l’externe; enfin, planifier le départ du dirigeant précédent.
Les facteurs clés de la réussite des successions au sein des entreprises familiales
Authors: Le Breton-Miller Isabelle
Published: May 2011

Résumé La gestion d’une succession au sein d’une entreprise familiale représente un défi de taille. Des études indiquent que la majorité des entreprises familiales ne survivent pas à une succession, et encore moins à deux successions. Nous basant sur une synthèse de la documentation et sur notre expérience, nous expliquons dans cet article pourquoi les successions dans les entreprises familiales sont si complexes. Ensuite, nous décrivons les trois facteurs qu’il faut prendre en compte pour optimiser le succès d’une succession au sein des organisations familiales, à savoir les caractéristiques des principaux acteurs engagés dans la succession, soit le dirigeant sortant et les successeurs potentiels; les éléments liés au contexte de la succession, incluant les caractéristiques de l’industrie ou du secteur d’activité, de l’entreprise, le contexte familial et social; et les éléments du processus de succession, qui comprend les étapes suivantes : l’établissement des règles de base, la préparation des successeurs, le choix des successeurs, le transfert de direction, le transfert de propriété ainsi que l’évaluation et l’adaptation de la succession. Finalement, nous proposons une série de questions clés que les dirigeants, les conseils d’administration et les conseillers gagneraient à se poser avant, pendant et après une succession dans une entreprise familiale afin d’en assurer la réussite.
L'échec des successions des fondateurs d'entreprise : avoir les défauts de ses qualités
Authors: Bélanger Carol
Published: May 2011

Résumé Many business owners spend a great deal of time thinking about their succession. And yet, the evidence clearly shows that ensuring a family succession is a very difficult challenge that often ends in failure. This article, which is based on coaching experiences spread over a period of 15 years and involving 11 company founders, provides us with insight into the human factors at work within entrepreneurial families. We observe that the success of company founders is closely linked to the aggressive approach they take to managing their businesses. This aggressiveness is related to three attributes possessed by these founders: a strong focus (they are constantly thinking about their company); independent thinking (they are independently minded); and a strong vitality (they have a lot of energy). However, while this aggressive approach can be an advantage for the founder’s business, it can work against members of the founder’s family – that is, the spouse or future successors. Our study shows that the spouse of a company founder often plays a decisive role in the success or failure of a succession, because the spouse must focus his or her attention on the family and act as a buffer against the aggressiveness of the founder so that their children can develop the skills and aggressiveness necessary to become successors who will be successful in business.
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Following Nd:YAG Laser Membranotomy in Valsalva Retinopathy
Authors: Goel Neha , Kumar Vinod , Seth Anisha , Raina Usha Kaul , Ghosh Basudeb
Published: May 2011

Background and Objective:

To describe spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings following Nd:YAG laser membranotomy in premacular hemorrhage due to Valsalva retinopathy.

Patients and Methods:

Interventional case series of 7 eyes with premacular hemorrhage due to Valsalva retinopathy. Best-corrected Snellen visual acuity (BCVA) and color fundus photography were obtained before and after the laser treatment. SD-OCT scans were obtained at 1, 3, and 6 months following treatment.

Results:

SD-OCT revealed a convex dome-shaped cavity lined by a hyperreflective layer in all cases, which persisted until the end of follow-up. Two patients complained of metamorphopsia, although BCVA improved dramatically in all cases. The site of laser puncture was visible in 2 patients. No abnormality was detected in the underlying retinal layers.

Conclusion:

SD-OCT reveals formation of a premacular cavity following laser puncture for premacular hemorrhage in Valsalva retinopathy, which may persist despite successful drainage of blood. This may later result in metamorphopsia in certain patients.
Exploring the degree of trawling disturbance by the analysis of benthic communities ranging from a heavily exploited fishing ground to an undisturbed area in the NW Mediterranean
Authors: De Juan Silvia , Demestre Montserrat , Sanchez Pilar
Published: May 2011

This study focuses on 4 sites in the northwestern Mediterranean to investigate the response of benthic fauna across a gradient of trawling impact. One site was located in a heavily exploited fishing ground. The second site was enclosed in the fishing ground but had not been trawled in twenty years. The third site was located adjacent to a marine protected area and was subjected to occasional trawling. The fourth site was located inside the marine protected area, where trawling was banned thirty years ago. Side-scan sonar records of trawl marks on the seabed confirmed the gradient of trawling intensity. We investigated the response of benthic fauna to trawling disturbance at the mesoscale of a fishing ground. We compared the observed patterns of abundance, biomass, diversity and community structure for epifauna and infauna with responses predicted from previous studies. Results showed that those communities less impacted by trawling sustained more biogenically habitat-structured communities (e.g. more abundance of sessile suspension feeders at the less disturbed sites against higher dominance of small invertebrates at the disturbed site). Moreover, these results confirm the benefits of restricting trawling activities for benthic communities, with marine reserves as the paradigm for the conservation of Mediterranean fishing grounds.
Inhibiting CXCR3-Dependent CD8+ T Cell Trafficking Enhances Tolerance Induction in a Mouse Model of Lung Rejection
Authors: Seung Edward , Cho Josalyn L. , Sparwasser Tim , Medoff Benjamin D. , Luster Andrew D.
Published: May 2011

Lung transplantation remains the only effective therapy for patients with end-stage pulmonary diseases. Unfortunately, acute rejection of the lung remains a frequent complication and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The induction of transplant tolerance is thought to be dependent, in part, on the balance between allograft effector mechanisms mediated by effector T lymphocytes (Teff), and regulatory mechanisms mediated by FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we explored an approach to tip the balance in favor of regulatory mechanisms by modulating chemokine activity. We demonstrate in an adoptive transfer model of lung rejection that CXCR3-deficient CD8+ Teff have impaired migration into the lungs compared with wild-type Teff, which results in a dramatic reduction in fatal pulmonary inflammation. The lungs of surviving mice contained tolerized CXCR3-deficient Teff, as well as a large increase in Treg. We confirmed that Treg were needed for tolerance and that their ability to induce tolerance was dependent on their numbers in the lung relative to the numbers of Teff. These data suggest that transplantation tolerance can be achieved by reducing the recruitment of some, but not necessarily all, CD8+ Teff into the target organ and suggest a novel approach to achieve transplant tolerance.
Generation of Human Regulatory γδ T Cells by TCRγδ Stimulation in the Presence of TGF-β and Their Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Kang Ning , Zhang Xuan , Dong Xiaoying , Wei Wei , Cui Lianxian , Ba Denian , He Wei
Published: May 2011

As a component of the innate immune cell population, γδ T cells are involved in tumor immunosurveillance and host defense against viral invasion. In this study, we demonstrated a novel function of human γδ T cells as regulatory cells by detecting their suppressive effect on the proliferation of autologous naive CD4+ T cells. These regulatory γδ T cells (γδ Tregs) could be generated in vitro by stimulating with anti-TCRγδ in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2. Similar to CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, γδ Tregs also expressed Foxp3. Additionally, they primarily belonged to the Vδ1 subset with a CD27+CD25high phenotype. Furthermore, these γδ Tregs showed an immunoregulatory activity mainly through cell-to-cell contact. Importantly, this γδ regulatory population decreased in the peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, suggesting a potential mechanism in understanding the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Genetic Evidence for an Evolutionarily Conserved Role of IL-7 Signaling in T Cell Development of Zebrafish
Authors: Iwanami Norimasa , Mateos Fernando , Hess Isabell , Riffel Nico , Soza-Ried Cristian , Schorpp Michael , Boehm Thomas
Published: May 2011

In mammals, the cytokine IL-7 is a key regulator of various aspects of lymphocyte differentiation and homeostasis. Because of the difficulty of identifying cytokine homologs in lower vertebrates and the paucity of assay systems and reagents, the degree of functional conservation of cytokine signaling pathways, particularly those pertaining to lymphocyte development, is unclear. In this article, we report on the analysis and characterization of three zebrafish mutants with severely impaired thymopoiesis. The identification of affected genes by positional cloning revealed components of the IL-7 signaling pathway. A presumptive null allele of the zebrafish homolog of the IL-7Rα–chain causes substantially reduced cellularity of the thymus but spares B cell development in the kidney. Likewise, nonsense mutations in the zebrafish homologs of janus kinases JAK1 and JAK3 preferentially affect T cell development. The functional interactions of the cytokine receptor components were examined in the three groups of fish hetero- or homozygous for either il7r and jak1, il7r and jak3, or jak1 and jak3 mutations. The differential effects on T cell development arising from the different genotypes could be explained on the basis of the known structure of the mammalian IL-7R complex. Because IL-7 signaling appears to be a universal requirement for T cell development in vertebrates, the mutants described in this article represent alternative animal models of human immunodeficiency syndromes amenable to large-scale genetic and chemical screens.
Antigen Delivery to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells via BST2 Induces Protective T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Loschko Jakob , Schlitzer Andreas , Dudziak Diana , Drexler Ingo , Sandholzer Nadja , Bourquin Carole , Reindl Wolfgang , Krug Anne B.
Published: May 2011

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are capable of presenting Ags to T cells in a tolerogenic or immunogenic manner depending on the formulation of the Ag and the mode of stimulation. It has not been investigated whether effective adaptive immune responses useful for vaccination can be induced by Ab-mediated Ag targeting to PDCs in vivo. In this study, we show that Ag delivered to murine PDCs via bone marrow stromal cell Ag 2 (BST2)/CD317 in combination with TLR agonists as adjuvants is specifically presented by PDCs in vivo and elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses. These include IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells and high Ab titers with a broad range of IgG isotypes. In addition, BST2-mediated Ag delivery in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid as adjuvant induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are functional in vivo. A single immunization with Ag-fused anti-BST2 Ab together with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid as adjuvant is sufficient to trigger protective immunity against subsequent viral infection and tumor growth. We conclude that despite the potential tolerogenic properties of PDCs, Ag targeting to PDCs in combination with TLR agonists as adjuvants is an effective vaccination strategy.
Screening for Tuberculosis and Its Histological Pattern in Patients with Enlarged Lymph Node
Authors: Ahmed Hussain Gad ElKarim , Nassar Akram Saleh , Ginawi Ibrahim
Published: May 2011

Settings. Tuberculosis is a major health problem in the Republic of Yemen. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is one of the most common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, this retrospective descriptive study was conducted in Yemen to investigate the morphological pattern of tuberculous lymphadenitis, as well as to assess the reliability measures of (ZN) Ziehl-Neelsen and fluorescent methods in identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methodology. One hundred lymph nodes tissue biopsies that were previously diagnosed by conventional histopathology as having tuberculous lymphadenitis were reinvestigated. Five micron in thickness sections were obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin wax processed tissues. The sections were stained using Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E), ZN, and fluorescent methods. Results. All of the 100 specimens were proved as having histopathological pattern of tuberculosis lymphadenitis. The most major histological features were giant cell (88%), caseation (84%), epithelioid cells (80%), granuloma and caseation (68%), lymphocytes (31%), and histiocytes (4%). After staining the specimens with ZN and fluorescent, of the 100 specimens only 3 (3%) and 9 (9%) specimens were found positive, by ZN and fluorescent methods, respectively. Conclusion. Conventional ZN and fluorescent methods have limitations in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis due to their lower sensitivity. Histopathology remains the most suitable method for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. In cases of suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis, it is advisable to confirm with more sensitive and specific method, such as polymerase chain reaction PCR or immunohistochemistry before reporting the negative results.
Anterior Subluxation after Total Hip Replacement Confirmed by Radiographs: Report of Two Cases
Authors: McGrory Conor P. , McGrory Brian J.
Published: May 2011

Demonstrable anterior subluxation of the femoral head after a total hip arthroplasty is a rare complication and is usually transient. Both a case of recurrent subluxation and a case of chronic subluxation are described in this paper, each one presenting with unexpected femoral head eccentricity in the acetabulum on radiograph. We show how this unusual complication can be successfully identified and treated.
Nanotherapeutics Using an HIV-1 Poly A and Transactivator of the HIV-1 LTR-(TAR-) Specific siRNA
Authors: Mahajan Supriya D. , Aalinkeel Ravikumar , Reynolds Jessica L. , Nair Bindukumar , Sykes Donald E. , Law Wing-Cheung , Ding Hong , Bergey Earl J. , Prasad Paras N. , Schwartz Stanley A.
Published: May 2011

HIV-1 replication can be efficiently inhibited by intracellular expression of an siRNA targeting the viral RNA. We used a well-validated siRNA (si510) which targets the poly A/TAR (transactivator of the HIV-1 LTR) site and suppresses viral replication. Nanotechnology holds much potential for impact in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics, and nanoparticles such as quantum rods (QRs) can be easily functionalized to incorporate siRNA forming stable nanoplexes that can be used for gene silencing. We evaluated the efficacy of the QR-si510 HIV-1 siRNA nanoplex in suppressing viral replication in the HIV-1-infected monocytic cell line THP-1 by measuring p24 antigen levels and gene expression levels of HIV-1 LTR. Our results suggest that the QR-si510 HIV-1 siRNA nanoplex is not only effective in delivering siRNA, but also in suppressing HIV-1 viral replication for a longer time period. HIV-1 nanotherapeutics can thus enhance systemic bioavailability and offer multifunctionality.
Morphofunctional and Biochemical Approaches for Studying Mitochondrial Changes during Myoblasts Differentiation
Authors: Barbieri Elena , Battistelli Michela , Casadei Lucia , Vallorani Luciana , Piccoli Giovanni , Guescini Michele , Gioacchini Anna Maria , Polidori Emanuela , Zeppa Sabrina , Ceccaroli Paola , Stocchi Laura , Stocchi Vilberto , Falcieri Elisabetta
Published: May 2011

This study describes mitochondrial behaviour during the C2C12 myoblast differentiation program and proposes a proteomic approach to mitochondria integrated with classical morphofunctional and biochemical analyses. Mitochondrial ultrastructure variations were determined by transmission electron microscopy; mitochondrial mass and membrane potential were analysed by Mitotracker Green and JC-1 stains and by epifluorescence microscope. Expression ofPGC1,NRF1andTfamgenes controlling mitochondrial biogenesis was studied by real-time PCR. The mitochondrial functionality was tested by cytochrome c oxidase activity andCOXIIexpression. Mitochondrial proteomic profile was also performed. These assays showed that mitochondrial biogenesis and activity significantly increase in differentiating myotubes. The proteomic profile identifies 32 differentially expressed proteins, mostly involved in oxidative metabolism, typical of myotubes formation. Other notable proteins, such as superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a cell protection molecule, and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein (VDAC1) involved in the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, were found to be regulated by the myogenic process. The integration of these approaches represents a helpful tool for studying mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and functionality in comparative surveys on mitochondrial pathogenic or senescent satellite cells.
SUN-test (Speech Understanding in Noise): A Method for Hearing Disability Screening
Authors: Paglialonga A. , Tognola G. , Grandori F.
Published: May 2011

The SUN-test (Speech Understanding in Noise) is a speech-innoise test to screen adults and older adults for hearing disability. The SUN-test consists in a short list of intervocalic consonants (VCV, vowel-consonant-vowel) in noise that are presented in a three-alternatives forced choice (3AFC) paradigm by means of a touch-screen interface. Based on the number of stimuli correctly identified, the tested subject gets one of three possible test outcomes: no listening difficulties, a hearing check would be advisable, or a hearing check is recommended. This paper reviews the main results obtained with the SUNtest in the Italian language in a population of nearly 1,300 adults and older adults with varying degrees of audiometric thresholds and audiometric configurations, tested both in low and in high ambient noise settings. Results obtained in the tested population revealed that the outcomes of the SUN-test were in line with the outcomes of pure-tone testing, and that the test performance was similar both in low and in high ambient noise (up to 65 dB A). Results obtained with the SUNtest were not biased by the age of the subject because the performance of younger and older subjects in the test was similar. The mean duration of the SUN-test was nearly 40 s/ear, and was lower than 1 minute per ear even in subjects older than 80 years so that both ears could be tested, on average, in 2 minutes. The SUN-test was considered easy or slightly difficult by nearly 90% of subjects; test duration was judged short or fair by nearly 95% of subjects, and the overall evaluation of the test was pleasant, or neutral, in more than 90% of subjects. Overall, results of this study indicated that the SUN-test might be feasible for application in adult hearing screening. The test is fast, easy, self convincing, and reflects differences in hearing sensitivity between the tested subjects. The outcomes of the SUN-test were not influenced by the noise level in the test room (up to 65 dB A) indicating that the test, as such, might be feasible to screen adults and older adults both in clinical and in non clinical settings, such as convenient care clinics, hearing aid providers, or pharmacies, where the ambient noise is, typically, not controlled.
Screening among Workers in a Dockyard in the City of Varna
Authors: Milkov M. , Koseva M.
Published: May 2011

Hearing reduction and hearing loss are common among the industrial workers exposed to continuous and intensive occupational noise, although they are completely preventable[...]
A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Hearing in Very Old Australians
Authors: Sanchez L. , Scott J. , Esterman N. , Luszcz M.
Published: May 2011

Hearing impairment is recognised for its prominence among the chronic conditions of ageing, being more prevalent in Australia than all other national health priorities except musculo-skeletal conditions (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2004)[...]
Testing Listening Effort for Speech Comprehension Using the Individuals’ Cognitive Spare Capacity
Authors: Rönnberg N. , Stenfelt S. , Rudner M.
Published: May 2011

Most hearing aid fittings today are almost solely based on the patient’s audiogram[...]
Experiences with Bimodal Hearing and Bilateral Cochlear Implantation in the Elderly
Authors: Schedlbauer E.M. , Götze R. , Scholz S. , Todt I. , Ernst A.
Published: May 2011

With the geriatric population being the fastest growing segment of our society the number of elderly people with different levels of hearing impairments is increasing[...]
Effect of Angiogenesis-Related Cytokines on Rotator Cuff Disease: The Search for Sensitive Biomarkers of Early Tendon Degeneration
Authors: Savitskaya Yulia A. , Izaguirre Aldo , Sierra Luis , Perez Francisco , Cruz Francisco , Villalobos Enrique , Almazan Arturo , Ibarra Clemente
Published: May 2011

Background

Hallmarks of the pathogenesis of rotator cuff disease (RCD) include an abnormal immune response, angiogenesis, and altered variables of vascularity. Degenerative changes enhance production of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and vascular angiogenesis-related cytokines (ARC) that play a pivotal role in the immune response to arthroscopic surgery and participate in the pathogenesis of RCD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ARC profile, ie, interleukin (IL): IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and angiogenin (ANG), in human peripheral blood serum and correlate this with early degenerative changes in patients with RCD.

Methods

Blood specimens were obtained from 200 patients with RCD and 200 patients seen in the orthopedic clinic for nonrotator cuff disorders. Angiogenesis imaging assays was performed using power Doppler ultrasound to evaluate variables of vascularity in the rotator cuff tendons. Expression of ARC was measured by commercial Bio-Plex Precision Pro Human Cytokine Assays.

Results

Baseline concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8, and VEGF was significantly higher in RCD patients than in controls. Significantly higher serum VEGF levels were found in 85% of patients with RCD, and correlated with advanced stage of disease (r = 0.75; P < 0.0005), average microvascular density (r = 0.68, P < 0.005), and visual analog score (r = 0.75, P < 0.0002) in RCD patients. ANG and IL-10 levels were significantly lower in RCD patients versus controls. IL-1β and ANG levels were significantly correlated with degenerative tendon grade in RCD patients. No difference in IL-6 and bFGF levels was observed between RCD patients and controls. Patients with degenerative changes had markedly lower ANG levels compared with controls. Power Doppler ultrasound showed high blood vessel density in patients with tendon rupture.

Conclusion

The pathogenesis of RCD is associated with an imbalance between pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and vascular ARC.
A Monte Carlo Method for Assessing the Quality of Duplication-Aware Alignment Algorithms
Authors: Freschi Valerio , Bogliolo Alessandro
Published: May 2011

The increasing availability of high throughput sequencing technologies poses several challenges concerning the analysis of genomic data. Within this context, duplication-aware sequence alignment taking into account complex mutation events is regarded as an important problem, particularly in light of recent evolutionary bioinformatics researches that highlighted the role of tandem duplications as one of the most important mutation events. Traditional sequence comparison algorithms do not take into account these events, resulting in poor alignments in terms of biological significance, mainly because of their assumption of statistical independence among contiguous residues. Several duplication-aware algorithms have been proposed in the last years which differ either for the type of duplications they consider or for the methods adopted to identify and compare them. However, there is no solution which clearly outperforms the others and no methods exist for assessing the reliability of the resulting alignments. This paper proposes a Monte Carlo method for assessing the quality of duplication-aware alignment algorithms and for driving the choice of the most appropriate alignment technique to be used in a specific context.

The applicability and usefulness of the proposed approach are demonstrated on a case study, namely, the comparison of alignments based on edit distance with or without repeat masking.
Size distribution of alkyl amines in continental particulate matter and their online detection in the gas and particle phase
Authors: VandenBoer T. C. , Petroff A. , Markovic M. Z. , Murphy J. G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. An ion chromatographic method is described for the quantification of the simple alkyl amines: methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA) and triethylamine (TEA), in the ambient atmosphere. Limits of detection (3σ) are in the tens of pmol range for all of these amines, and good resolution is achieved for all compounds except for TMA and DEA. The technique was applied to the analysis of time-integrated samples collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) with ten stages for size resolution of particles with aerodynamic diameters between 56 nm and 18 μm. In eight samples from urban and rural continental airmasses, the mass loading of amines consistently maximized on the stage corresponding to particles with aerodynamic diameters between 320 and 560 nm. The molar ratio of amines to ammonium (R3NH+/NH4+) in fine aerosol ranged between 0.005 and 0.2, and maximized for the smallest particle sizes. The size-dependence of the R3NH+/NH4+ ratio indicates differences in the relative importance of the processes leading to the incorporation of amines and ammonia into secondary particles. The technique was also used to make simultaneous hourly online measurements of amines in the gas phase and in fine particulate matter using an Ambient Ion Monitor Ion Chromatograph (AIM-IC). During a ten day campaign in downtown Toronto, DMA, TMA + DEA, and TEA were observed to range from below detection limit to 2.7 ppt in the gas phase. In the particle phase, MAH+ and TMAH+ + DEAH+ were observed to range from below detection limit up to 15 ng m−3. The presence of detectable levels of amines in the particle phase corresponded to periods with higher relative humidity and higher mass loadings of nitrate. While the hourly measurements made using the AIM-IC provide data that can be used to evaluate the application of gas-particle partitioning models to amines, the strong size-dependence of the R3NH+/NH4+ ratio indicates that using bulk measurements may not be appropriate.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrolysis of atmospherically relevant organonitrates and organosulfates
Authors: Hu K. S. , Darer A. I. , Elrod M. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The presence of alcohol, organonitrate, and organosulfate species related to the gaseous precursor isoprene in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has stimulated investigations of the nature of SOA-phase chemical processing. Recent work has suggested that certain isoprene-derived organonitrates are able to efficiently convert to organosulfates and alcohols on ambient SOA. In order to better understand the structure activity relationships previously observed for the isoprene-derived organonitrates and organosulfates, the hydrolysis reactions of a number of monofunctional and difunctional organonitrates and organosulfates with varying carbon substitution properties were investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the bulk phase aqueous reactions of these organonitrates and organosulfates in order to determine hydrolysis reaction rate and, in some cases, thermodynamics information. Electronic structure calculations were also carried out to determine the enthalpy of hydrolysis for these species, and for the previously studied isoprene-derived species. The results suggest that while organonitrates and organosulfates are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the corresponding alcohols at standard state, only the tertiary organonitrates (and perhaps some tertiary organosulfates) are able to efficiently hydrolyze on SOA timescales and acidities.
PREP-CHEM-SRC – 1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models
Authors: Freitas S. R. , Longo K. M. , Alonso M. F. , Pirre M. , Marecal V. , Grell G. , Stockler R. , Mello R. F. , Sánchez Gácita M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The preprocessor PREP-CHEM-SRC presented in the paper is a comprehensive tool aiming at preparing emission fields of trace gases and aerosols for use in atmospheric-chemistry transport models. The considered emissions are from the most recent databases of urban/industrial, biogenic, biomass burning, volcanic, biofuel use and burning from agricultural waste sources. For biomass burning, emissions can be also estimated directly from satellite fire detections using a fire emission model included in the tool. The preprocessor provides emission fields interpolated onto the transport model grid. Several map projections can be chosen. The inclusion of these emissions in transport models is also presented. The preprocessor is coded using Fortran90 and C and is driven by a namelist allowing the user to choose the type of emissions and the databases.
Avaliação da eficácia da clorexidina na desinfecção do sistema de água odontológica
Authors: Ferreira Dyna Mara Araújo Oliveira , Silva Juscelino Lopes da , Silva Francisco Laurindo da
Published: May 2011

Introdução: A água utilizada nos procedimentos odontológicos apresenta-se contaminada e pode causar infecção cruzada. Objetivos: Neste estudo, investigou-se a qualidade da água de equipos odontológicos e a ação de diferentes concentrações de clorexidina na redução da contaminação. Métodos: Os parâmetros de contaminação utilizados foram o da American Dental Association e do Ministério da Saúde. Realizou-se análise bacteriológica em amostras de água de 17 seringas tríplices para verificar a qualidade microbiológica da água tratada ou não com clorexidina in vitro. Testaram-se concentrações de clorexidina 0,4%; 0,2%; 0,1%. Utilizou-se clinicamente clorexidina 0,1% na desinfecção do sistema de água por um minuto em 13 equipos e realizou-se nova análise bacteriológica da água. Resultados: Todos os grupos-controles apresentaram níveis elevados de contaminação, 100% dos grupos tratados in vitro com clorexidina e dos equipos que sofreram desinfecção com clorexidina 0,1% apresentaram-se descontaminados. Conclusão: Clorexidina 0,1% foi efetiva na redução da contaminação da água odontológica.
Confiabilidade e aplicabilidade de dois métodos de avaliação da amplitude de movimento de dorsiflexão do tornozelo
Authors: Nolasco Christiane De Souza , Reis Filipe Abdalla dos , Figueiredo André Merjan de , Laraia Érica Martinho Salvador
Published: May 2011

Introdução: A limitação da amplitude de movimento de dorsiflexão é o parâmetro mais utilizado na avaliação e evolução da abordagem fisioterapêutica. Objetivos: Avaliar a confiabilidade e aplicabilidade da goniometria e do teste Weight-Bearing para a mensuração de dorsiflexão do tornozelo. Método: Participaram 25 voluntários, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 38,81 (± 6,26), distribuídos em dois grupos: G1 (n=13 Não-atleta) e G2 (n=12 Atletas). A medida da dorsiflexão do tornozelo foi realizada com goniômetro universal adaptado com haste metálica de 45 cm e por meio do teste Weigth-Bearing. Os dois métodos foram aplicados nos participantes por três examinadores, cada um efetuando a mensuração seis vezes. Com o ICC, verificou-se a confiabilidade dos testes. Resultados: Obtiveram-se ICC de 0,98 na goniometria, para o G1, e 0,97, para o G2. Já para o Weight-Bearing, obteve-se ICC de 0,98 para o G1 e o mesmo para o G2. Todas essas medidas foram consideradas muito elevadas. Conclusão: Ambos os métodos são de alta confiabilidade para aplicação clínica nessas condições experimentais.
Prevalência de discentes fumantes, estudo da dependência da nicotina
Authors: Calasans Diego Apolinário , Araújo Geórgia Aparecida Santos , Araújo Deise Sales , Alexandre Stela Aparecida , Sampaio Luciana Maria Malosa , Angelini Adriana Battagin
Published: May 2011

Introdução: A OMS considera o tabagismo a principal causa de morte evitável. Atualmente, a conscientização dos malefícios causados pelo tabagismo é considerado o melhor tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de fumantes em discentes, analisando o nível de dependência da nicotina. Métodos: Os dados analisados provem de amostras coletadas, após a aplicação de um questionário com 8 perguntas sobre o tabagismo em discentes da área da saúde da Universidade Nove de Julho. Os discentes fumantes foram submetidos ao Teste de Fagerstrom para avaliar e ter o conhecimento do seu real nível de dependência da nicotina. Resultados: Após uma análise do tipo transversal, foram obtidos no estudo 218 fumantes, sendo 157 mulheres e 61 homens que foram submetidos ao teste de Fagerstrom. Verificou-se que os níveis de dependência variaram, apresentando os seguintes resultados: 68,35% grau leve, 25,23% moderado e 3,21% grave. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o tabagismo representa um grave problema de saúde pública que atinge os profissionais em formação na área da saúde.
Qualidade de vida em idosos ativos e sedentários
Authors: Januário Renata Selvatici Borges , Junior Hélio Serassuelo , Liutti Mateus Calabresi , Decker Diogo , Molari Mário
Published: May 2011

Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade de vida de idosos participantes e não participantes de programas de exercícios e determinar os fatores que predizem essa participação. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 102 idosos (média de idade 69,1 ± 6,7), sendo dividida em: grupo atividade física (GAT), constituída por idosos praticantes de exercícios a mais de seis meses e o controle (GC), composto por não praticantes de atividade física sistematizada nos últimos seis meses precedentes ao experimento. O instrumento SF-36, versão curta, foi utilizado para conhecer a percepção da qualidade de vida. As diferenças entre os dois grupos foram analisadas pelo teste Mann Whitney e, por regressão logística, estimaram-se a influência dos domínios do SF-36 e as variáveis socioculturais (p 0,05). Resultados: Observou-se que as pontuações obtidas pelo GC foram inferiores em praticamente todos os domínios do SF-36. Conclusão: Idosos participantes de programas de exercícios têm melhor percepção de qualidade de vida, principalmente quando analisados os componentes relacionados à capacidade funcional e aspectos sociais.
Condromalácia patelar: análise de quatro testes clínicos
Authors: Tavares Graziela Morgana Silva , Brasil Ana Cristhina de Oliveira , Nunes Paula Martins , Costa Natália Lupinacci , De Gasperi Graziela , Piazza Lisiane , Santos Gilmar Moraes
Published: May 2011

Introdução: Condromalácia patelar (CP) é a perda da cartilagem de uma ou mais porções da patela, agravada por atividades que aumentam a compressão entre a patela e o fêmur. Objetivo: Analisar quatro testes clínicos para CP em indivíduos com e sem CP. Método: Foram avaliados 52 indivíduos: 28 com condromalácia e 24 sem. O diagnóstico foi determinado por raio-x (22), ressonância magnética (9) e ultrassom (4). Foi feita anamnese e exame físico, onde aplicaram-se os testes de Waldron (TW), apreensão patelar (AP), Sinal de Frund (SF) e Sinal de Clarke (SC). Resultados: SF e SC identificaram o maior número de sujeitos (12) com CP, seguido do TW (10) e o AP (7). Entretanto, os testes também evidenciaram resultados falso-positivos (SC – 12; SF – 4; TW – 2 e AP -1) Conclusão: Os testes clínicos utilizados nesse estudo foram inconsistentes, evidenciando resultados falso-positivos, sugerindo cautela na sua utilização como indicadores da CP.
Insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes: prevalência e associação com o estado nutricional
Authors: Paludo Ana Carolina , Pelegrini Andreia , Grespan Fabíola , Caldeira Alexandre Schubert , Madureira Alberto Saturno , Serassuelo Junior Helio
Published: May 2011

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Bacteriocinas de bactérias lácticas
Authors: Rosa Cláudia Moreno , Franco Bernadete D. G. M.
Published: May 2011

Mudanças no estilo de vida dos consumidores têm aumentado a procura por novos tipos de alimento, como os refrigerados de preparo fácil (ready to eat), os naturais (sem adição de conservantes químicos) e os nutritivos (SILLS-LEVY, 1989; REINECCIUS, 1989). Alguns patógenos alimentares psicrotróficos – por exemplo, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157:H7 e Aeromonas hydrophila (LECHOWICH, 1988; MOTLAGH et al., 1991) – emergiram devido ao aumento do consumo de produtos refrigerados. Como conseqüência, observa-se o interesse por novas tecnologias que aumentem o tempo de vida útil desses produtos e também confiram segurança microbiológica a eles. Pesquisas com bacteriocinas de bactérias lácticas têm-se expandido nos últimos anos, por causa de sua utilização como bioconservantes alimentares. Sabendo-se que bactérias lácticas ocorrem naturalmente em muitos alimentos fermentados, suas bacteriocinas podem ser facilmente aceitas como aditivos alimentares pelas autoridades da saúde e pelos consumidores (GONZALEZ et al., 1996). Essa revisão tem como objetivo destacar os recentes avanços tecnológicos no estudo dessas bacteriocinas.
Patogenicidade de isolados do fungo Bipolaris sorokiniana em cultivares de cevada e trigo
Authors: Carmo Ivani Ramos do , Silva Andréia A. O. , Rodrigues Eliana , Antomiazzi Noemir , Bach Erna E.
Published: May 2011

As doenças do trigo e da cevada causadas por Bipolaris sorokiniana vêm acarretando consideráveis perdas no rendimento e produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar os isolados, observando os sintomas. Testes de patogenicidade em casa-de-vegetação demonstraram que as cultivares de cevada e trigo foram suscetíveis a todos os patógenos, na concentração de 105 conídios/ml. Assim, isolados de trigo e cevada de Bipolaris sorokiniana apresentaram reação cruzada, demonstrando o nível de especialização nos cultivares.
Distúrbios pulmonares nos idosos e voz
Authors: Costa Luciane Soares , Silva Marta A. de Andrada e , Bertachini Luciana , Rangel Cristiane G. F. , Rezende Wilma T. M. , Ramos Luiz Roberto
Published: May 2011

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é a patologia pulmonar mais comum em adultos. Há uma correlação entre o aumento da expectativa de vida da população brasileira e o número de casos dessa doença entre os idosos. Para que se mantenha uma fonação normal, é necessário que haja um equilíbrio entre as forças aerodinâmicas (pulmões) e as forças mioelásticas (laringe). Considerando-se que os distúrbios pulmonares afetam a corrente aérea, diminuindo assim o suporte aéreo para a produção da voz, e que alguns dos medicamentos utilizados no seu tratamento podem alterar também a qualidade vocal, nota-se a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados, a fim de que a elucidação do impacto que os distúrbios pulmonares possam ter na voz dos idosos aponte novas abordagens terapêuticas.
Ligas alternativas de cobre de uso odontológico
Authors: Sansiviero Alberto , Tavares Júnior Carlos Alberto Reis de Faria , Romão Júnior Waldyr , Marin Kleber Kasakevicius , Kikuchi Lúcia Nobuco Takamori
Published: May 2011

Este trabalho analisa a fidelidade de adaptação de restaurações metálicas fundidas, obtidas com ligas de cobre. Em nosso país, enfrentamos vários problemas de natureza socioeconômica que podem ser contornados, com a utilização de ligas alternativas de Cobre que têm um custo irrelevante em relação às ligas áuricas, possuem boas propriedades mecânicas, são biocompatíveis e têm sido muito usadas em trabalhos de Dentística e Prótese.
As origens das Diretrizes Curriculares propostas pela Comissão de Especialistas em Psicologia: um breve histórico
Authors: Nico Yara , Kovac Roberta
Published: May 2011

O presente artigo propõe-se a analisar as origens das diretrizes curriculares propostas pela comissão de especialistas em Psicologia. Para tanto, apresenta-se um breve histórico da inserção da Psicologia no país e seu desenvolvimento com relação às questões da formação abordadas pelas diretrizes curriculares desta área. Tal histórico inicia-se nos tempos coloniais e passa pelo período em que se origina a formação de um saber psicológico acadêmico e pela formação em nível superior. Deste último momento, destacam-se as disposições existentes no currículo mínimo, cuja vigência é inaugurada em 1963. Os currículos propostos pelas instituições de ensino superior, bem como o profissional que começou a ser formado a partir de então, passaram a ser objetos de análise e debates de diversas pesquisas e encontros na área da Psicologia. Em dezembro de 1999, a Comissão de Especialistas divulgou a versão final das Diretrizes Curriculares da Psicologia, que aqui são analisadas tendo em vista os problemas na formação profissional levantados pela produção da área e o compromisso cada vez maior da Psicologia no Brasil com uma atuação genuinamente crítica.
Caracterização da arborização urbana do bairro de Vila Maria Baixa
Authors: Gonçalves Simone , Rocha Finê Thomaz
Published: May 2011

O presente estudo procurou fazer o levantamento das características qualitativas e quantitativas da arborização do bairro de Vila Maria Baixa. O método aplicado foi amostragem aleatória simples, sendo identificados 119 quarteirões e dentre eles 10 foram sorteados sem repetição, estabelecendo a seqüência de medições das variáveis até atingir a intensidade da amostra estipulada (limite de erro 10% e probabilidade 95%). Foi obtida uma estimativa de 24,42 árvores por quilômetro de calçada com uma variância de 10,48%. Observaram-se 21 espécies botânicas distribuídas irregularmente, das quais apenas 3 representaram 58,49% das árvores. As espécies que mais se destacaram foram: resedá (Lagerstroemia indica), alfeneiro (Ligustrum lucidum) e pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia variegata).
O Tridente de Netuno – considerações sobre a bioquímica da origem da vida
Authors: Bendazzoli Willian Silvestre
Published: May 2011

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Com Crodowaldo Pavan
Authors: Ao Editor Entrevista concedida
Published: May 2011

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Organometallic Catalysts and Catalysis
Authors: Crabtree Robert H.
Published: May 2011

Organometallic principles relevant to homogeneous catalysis are discussed, together with some classic catalytic cycles.
Efficient Reduction of Ethyl 2‐Oxo‐4‐phenylbutyrate at 620 g⋅L−1 by a Bacterial Reductase with Broad Substrate Spectrum
Authors: Ni Yan , Li Chun‐Xiu , Zhang Jie , Shen Nai‐Dong , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Xu Jian‐He
Published: May 2011

A β‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase (FabG) gene from Bacillus sp. ECU0013 was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the encoded protein was purified to homogeneity. The recombinant reductase could reduce a broad spectrum of prochiral ketones including aromatic ketones and keto esters and showed the highest activity in the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 2‐oxo‐4‐phenylbutyrate (OPBE). Using E. coli cells coexpressing both FabG and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) genes, as much as 620 g⋅L−1 of OPBE was almost stoichiometrically converted to ethyl (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyrate [(S)‐HPBE] with excellent (>99%) enantiomeric excess. More importantly, the process could be performed smoothly without external addition of an expensive cofactor as usually done and could be scaled up very easily. All these positive features demonstrate the applicability of this reductase for the large‐scale production of optically active α‐hydroxy acids/esters.
Synthesis and Catalysis in China
Authors: Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: May 2011

In 2000 China ranked 5th in the world (7.9%) in the publication of SCI papers on organic synthesis and catalysis; by 2008 China had become 1st (21.6%), followed by the USA, Germany and Japan. Major contributions made by Chinese research groups in the last decade in the areas of total synthesis of complex natural products, cross‐coupling, asymmetric catalysis, and heterogeneous catalysis are highlighted. The output and quality of the research on synthesis and catalysis from China continue to increase, so that with the rapid development of China’s economy, Chinese chemists will make greater contributions to organic synthesis and catalysis in the future.