bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTES IN EPIDEMIC PNEUMONIA
Authors: Mills Ralph G.
Published: June 2004

The testicular changes in pneumonia are without clinical manifestations, are non-specific, focal in character, independent of the infecting organisms or the antecedent disease, and vary in severity directly with the total length of the illness. The process is a continuous one, divisible into stages in which the following features are recognizable: (1) cessation of spermatogenesis; (2) degeneration of preformed spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa; (3) desquamation of altered cells and fragments of the same; (4) formation of giant cells in the tubule walls with subsequent liberation into the lumen; (5) disappearance of all desquamated cells and all those derived from the spermatogonia by mitosis; (6) in some instances thickening of the hyaline layer of the basement membrane.

Older lesions are frequently found which continue the structural alteration of the tubules by hyalinosis and destruction of cells until they ultimately disappear. These lesions are not believed to be connected with the present illness.

Edema may represent the acute injury in another form, and round cell infiltration suggests that possibly other factors than toxins may have a part in the tissue alterations.

In the absence of definite evidence to the contrary, the cause is assumed to be circulating toxins, as Wolbach (12) claims for influenzal cases.

The hemolytic streptococcus produced more extensive changes, both epithelial and interstitial, in primary pneumonia occurring during the measles epidemic than when pneumonia followed as a secondary infection; in the latter cases the pulmonary complications covered a relatively shorter period. Measles and epidemic influenza had little apparent effect upon the testes, except that the former caused mild inhibition of spermatogenesis; evidence regarding the latter is inconclusive.

The Pfeiffer bacillus was always associated with other organisms, in primary infections and in those following measles. It occurred alone in a few cases after epidemic influenza, but the testicular lesion was not distinctive.

The pneumococcus when alone in primary infections or after an epidemic disease produced a uniformly mild picture which was not intensified when associated with the influenza bacillus.

Giant cells were much more frequent after influenzal pneumonia regardless of its cause and were associated with large numbers of other desquamated cells. They are formed in the walls of tubules by futile mitotic effort and incomplete protoplasmic separation, the abnormality of the process being further suggested by the early severing of cytoplasmic attachments and rapid desquamation.

The series is unique in its uniformity, in the care exercised in the bacteriological examinations, and in the relative freedom from complicating factors.
A STRAIN OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SEVEN YEARS OLD
Authors: Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of connective tissue is still very active after more than 7 years of life in vitro.

2. The rate of growth of the fragments of tissue can be measured accurately and used for testing the action of many different factors on the growth of connective tissue cells.

3. The rate of growth of the strain is at least as rapid as it was 5 years ago, and may be more active.

4. The connective tissue cells appear to have the power of multiplying indefinitely in a culture medium, as do microorganisms.
STREPTOLYSIN PRODUCTION IN CARBOHYDRATE MEDIA
Authors: Stevens F. A. , Koser S. A.
Published: June 2004

It is evident that there are numerous interacting factors which affect streptolysin in the presence of fermented sugars. The principal action is the change in the metabolism of the streptococcus by which more carbohydrate and less protein is utilized; although the growth is much increased there is proportionately less hemolysin. The acid developed in these cultures not only lessens the vitality of the growing organism and so lessens proteolysis, but is destructive to hemolysin at incubator temperature. The concentration of the acid produced causes some hemolysis, and a coincident brown discoloration of the hemoglobin. These principles may be applied to both liquid and solid media.
BLOOD VISCOSITY
Authors: Langstroth Lovell
Published: June 2004

A rise in venous pressure caused by application of a loose binder to the arm results in a marked increase in the viscosity of the whole blood which is primarily due to a concentration of the blood in the capillaries. This concentration is shown by an increase in the viscosity and total nitrogen of the plasma, an increase in the relative volume of the red blood cells, and an increase in the relative percentage of hemoglobin.

Change in the viscosity of whole blood following venous stasis apparently bears no demonstrable relation to the carbon dioxide or oxygen content.
A METHOD OF STANDARDIZING BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

The opacity of a bacterial suspension is measured by the length of the column of the suspension required to cause the disappearance of a wire loop. By a simple formula the measured opacity is translated into terms of the concentration of bacteria per cc., and so made comparable with that of other suspensions of the same organism. An instrument for measuring the opacity of bacterial suspensions is described in detail.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

A dose of x-rays governed by the following factors induces a stimulation of lymphoid tissue in mice: spark-gap ⅞ inch, milliamperage 25, distance 8 inches, time of exposure 10 minutes. Within 4 days after this dose there appeared an abnormally large number of mitotic figures in the lymphoid tissue of spleen and lymph glands, indicating an acceleration of the proliferative activity of the tissue.
DAIRY INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCUS EPIDEMICUS
Authors: Brown J. Howard , Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

A streptococcus epidemic of moderate extent and severity was characterized by clinical symptoms different from the usual septic sore throat, though the organism found was culturally Streptococcus epidemicus.

The infection was traced to the milk from a single quarter of the udder of a cow in a dairy of 112 cows producing an otherwise excellent grade of raw milk.

A number of the milkers on the dairy farm were found infected. It was impossible to trace the infection of the cow's udder to any one of the milkers, though such an infection seems probable since the streptococcus isolated from the cow was in every respect like streptococci isolated from patients and milkers, and different from those usually found in normal cows or cows with garget.

Certain recommendations are made to safeguard producers of raw milk against the occurrence of such epidemics.
FUNGOUS DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH FORMS OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ
Authors: Wade H. W. , Manalang C.
Published: June 2004

It has been found that three different strains of an organism supposed to be Bacillus influenzæ will, under certain conditions, abandon the usual bacillary form and grow as a frank fungus, morphologically of the Discomyces type. Under other conditions they show less modification, the most striking feature then being the production of conidiospores, bodies of a type not found in true bacteria. That this organism may not be the true Pfeiffer bacillus is conceivable, of course, but considering the source, morphology, ordinary cultural characteristics, and the poison production of the one strain tested, we consider this highly improbable. Further, we are confident that the cultures do not contain any contaminating organisms, as may be suggested. In short, we believe that we have been dealing solely with the true Pfeiffer bacillus.

While these observations are of considerable interest as a contribution to the biology of the bacteria of this general type it cannot, of course, be predicted that they will prove to be of any significance as regards the true causative agent of epidemic influenza. Experimental work with this organism, apparently negative so far as reproducing true clinical influenza is concerned, has been carried out with the bacillary form exclusively. It may be found that its physiological capabilities in another phase are essentially different. This is a general biological law and there is no evident reason why it should not hold true here.

It remains to be determined whether the relatively high, complex forms described have any relation to those that occur while the organism lives among other organisms on the respiratory mucosa or acts as a tissue invader. While it seems improbable that they should develop in the animal body, that is while the organism is living as a parasite, it is at least possible that the bacillus may, under some conditions, undergo some analogous or at least similarly radical modification. If this supposition is true its cultivability might well be quite different from that of its bacillary phase, in which event it might be present in abundance and yet not be found in ordinary cultures or be recognizable in films.

But the more important problem would appear to be whether it can assume a simpler phase. If, as some believe, some of the infectious bacteria and fungi can do this, whether it be as minute, filter-passing, formed elements or as a more or less amorphous ("sym-plastic,"16 "crytoplasmic,"15) substance, an organism that is capable of as remarkable a range of morphological development upward might well go to the other extreme from the mean, bacillary stage. Whether or not this occurs and if so under what conditions are questions that deserve through investigation.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Wilson George W. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

There is present in serum of high precipitin titer, produced by the repeated injection of rabbits with the blood-free serum of guinea pigs or dogs, a principle highly toxic for animals of the species furnishing the antigen. Intravenously the serum causes severe shock, and even sudden death, while locally it gives rise to acute inflammatory changes and profuse capillary hemorrhages. The complete removal of hemolysins and hemagglutinins from the serum by exposing it repeatedly to washed red cells lessens its toxicity to only a slight degree and one obviously dependent on these elements; while the further removal of precipitin by specific precipitation in vitro has no detoxifying effect whatever. Whether the toxic principle is a hitherto unrecognized antibody or perhaps a toxic product of the interaction of precipitin and precipitinogen,—one formed as readily in the test-tube as in the animal body,—remains to be determined.

The symptoms of guinea pigs and dogs given an intravenous injection of treated or untreated serum markedly resemble those of anaphylaxis, but our attempts at desensitization have been unsuccessful. The local lesion in guinea pigs is more severe than that of the Arthus phenomenon. But these differences from anaphylaxis may, of course, be dependent merely on differing proportions of constituents that are themselves, as yet, scarcely apprehended.

Our observations, as here summed up, were made with a practical point in mind, and as regards this point they are of a discouraging nature. In papers already published it has been shown that sera specifically effective against infections of which the excitant is unknown can in some cases be obtained by using infected tissue itself as antigen. Such sera must, of course, be deprived of antibodies injurious to tissue, prior to their employment in the animal body; and this was successfully accomplished in our early experiments by exhaustion with washed red cells. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether serum used as antigen gives rise to injurious principles in the antiserum. For the serum of infected individuals would in many diseases form a convenient antigen. It is evident that injurious principles result from its use, and that they are not removed from the antiserum when the latter is exhausted with red cells and its precipitin removed by specific precipitation, nor can their action be nullified by desensitization as carried out in anaphylaxis. Unless the obstacle of their presence is in some way overcome the body fluids of infected human beings cannot be practically utilized for the production of antiserum. In test animals the difficulty is not so grave. For we have found that the toxic antiserum produces no enduring lesions when it is administered intravenously in non-lethal doses.
GIANT CENTROSPHERES IN DEGENERATING MESENCHYME CELLS OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Warren H.
Published: June 2004

1. Degenerating mesenchyme cells in tissue cultures cultivated in various modifications of Locke's solution often have giant centrospheres.

2. These giant centrospheres develop gradually around the centriole and in their most complete condition consist of centriole, medullary zone, and cortical zone.

3. Preceding the appearance of the centrosphere the centriole is surrounded by degeneration granules or granules and vacuoles, and as the centrosphere develops these are forced first to the periphery of the medullary zone and latter, when it develops, to the periphery of the cortical zone.

4. The mitochondria become orientated about the centriole and centrosphere, at first more or less radially, later concentrically. They change from threads to rods and granules.

5. The giant centrospheres and cancer cell inclusions (Plimmer's bodies, etc.) are identical.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DIABETES
Authors: Allen Frederick M.
Published: June 2004

1. The injurious effects of excessive carbohydrate diet are demonstrable in partially depancreatized dogs, in the same manner as in human patients. With severe diabetes there is rapid progress of emaciation and weakness and early death.

2. With milder diabetes, there is frequently a transitional state following operation, when the fate depends on the diet. If the tolerance is spared for a time, recovery sometimes occurs to such extent that diabetes cannot be produced by any kind or quantity of feeding, but only by removal of a small additional fragment of pancreatic tissue. The proper degree of carbohydrate overfeeding is important in this early period for producing the most useful type of diabetic animals; namely, those having good digestion and general health combined with a permanent lowering of assimilative power, like the condition of human patients.

3. In the early stage, glucose is more powerful than starch in producing diabetes, and animals which are progressing toward complete recovery on starch diet can be sent into hopeless diabetes by admixture of glucose. The difference seems to be merely of the rate of absorption, and indicates that a rapid flood of carbohydrate is more injurious to the pancreatic function than a slow absorption. Whenever permanent diabetes is present, so that complete recovery is impossible, starch brings on glycosuria more slowly than sugar, but just as surely. The difference in time in different cases amounts to days, weeks, or months. The clinical lesson from such experiments is that even if a patient becomes free from glycosuria on withdrawal of sugar only, nevertheless other foods should also be limited.

4. No significant differences were observed between the assimilation of different starches, or any extreme lowering of the carbohydrate tolerance by proteins, such as alleged by certain writers in connection with the "oatmeal cure".

5. Repair of traumatic inflammation and hypertrophy of the pancreas remnant have been mentioned incidentally as the basis of the early tendency to recovery, and also hydropic degeneration of Langerhans islands as an accompaniment of the lowering of tolerance by excessive diet. These are believed to have their parallels in human cases, and are to be described more fully hereafter.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DIABETES
Authors: Allen Frederick M.
Published: June 2004

No specific differences were observed between the glycosuric effects of different kinds of protein. Other incidental observations were noted in connection with the records of individual animals. General conclusions are deferred to the close of the series.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia in monkeys confers on them an immunity which protects them against subsequent infection with the homologous type of pneumococcus. The duration of this immunity has not been determined.

2. A certain amount of cross-immunity against the other fixed types of pneumococcus pneumonia may or may not be present following experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia. The degree of cross-immunity is difficult to measure and probably varies widely with the individual monkey.

3. Experimental Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia in monkeys confers slight if any protection against subsequent infection with the same, or with an homologous strain of Pneumococcus Type IV.

4. There is no evidence in monkeys of cross-immunity against Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia following Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia; and conversely, Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia confers no cross-immunity against Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.
A GROUP OF PARATYPHOID BACILLI FROM ANIMALS CLOSELY RESEMBLING THOSE FOUND IN MAN
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

1. In addition to the paratyphoid bacilli already named there exists a group which occurs in a variety of animals and which culturally is the same as Bacillus schottmülleri. As a rule this group can be separated from the latter by the type of clumps formed when bouillon cultures are used as antigens, while other antigens and complement fixation tests have failed to differentiate it. Agglutination absorption tests sharply separate the animal from the human paratyphoids.

2. No differences have been detected between organisms of this group derived from a number of animals and a common name for them is desirable, but for the present it seems better to call them calf-, swine-, mouse-, etc., typhus, according to the animal from which they were isolated.

3. Evidence exists in the literature that these organisms have been associated with food infections in man, particularly with what have been called paratyphoid B infections, but this function, as well as the part they play in animal diseases, is a subject for further study.

4. Well defined groups of paratyphoid such as Bacillus choleræ suis, the Voldagsen bacillus, Bacillus abortus equi, and Bacillus enteritidis are found in animals in addition to the organisms considered in this paper, and every attempt should be made to range newly isolated organisms in one or the other of these well recognized groups.

5. One of the objects in continuing this work was to find a method of differentiating these animal from the human paratyphoids less complicated than agglutination absorption. This object was not realized; the two groups are very similar and agglutination absorption seems to be the only means of classifying them.
A FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EXCITATION OF INFECTIONS OF THE THROAT
Authors: Grant Samuel B. , Mudd Stuart , Goldman Alfred
Published: June 2004

Improvements are described in the method of following temperature changes, and thus alterations in vasomotor tone, in exposed mucous membranes. Invention of an applicator holder, by means of which more sure and stable apposition of the thermopile terminals to the mucous surface may be effected has been the chief advance. Minor improvements have been the use of a saliva ejector and of better calibration technique.

The palatine tonsils, like the palate, pharynx, and skin, react to chilling of the body surface with reflex vasoconstriction and ischemia. On rewarming the subject the tonsils quickly more than recover their former blood supply, actually becoming hyperemic; the skin returns to about its control condition; the pharynx and palate remain somewhat ischemic.

The hypothesis is advanced that one factor in the beneficial hardening effect of cold bathing and outdoor living, with its incident heightened immunity to respiratory infection, may be the training of the vasomotor system in the direction of development in the pharynx of a reaction of hyperemia following chilling, similar to that observed in the tonsils of the present subjects.

With inhalation of amyl nitrite, the skin temperature has always shown a sharp transient rise. The mucous membrane, if relatively ischemic, responds by a rise corresponding to the skin flush. If already hyperemic, local vasodilation in the mucous membrane with amyl nitrite is more than counterbalanced by the lowering of the general blood pressure, and the temperature falls.

The flora of the pharynx and tonsils, studied by the unsatisfactory method described, showed, in several instances, after experimentation changes apparently due to proliferation of one of the microorganisms already present. In one case Streptococcus hæmolyticus, in one Micrococcus catarrhalis, and in a third Bacillus influenzæ was the organism showing a relative increase in numbers. The first two instances were associated with sore throat, the third with slight constitutional symptoms.

The chilling in the experiments in no instance produced albuminuria or glycosuria, although a more dilute urine was apparently excreted during the experiments. A fall in hydrogen ion concentration, referable to the forced respiration, was noted.
BLACKHEAD IN CHICKENS AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION BY FEEDING EMBRYONATED EGGS OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA
Authors: Smith Theobald , Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2004

Feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis papillosa to brooder chickens led to a disease of both ceca, characterized by the presence of a core consisting of fecal matter, coagulated blood, and emigrated cells from the mucosa. The walls of the ceca were thickened as a result of cell invasion and multiplication, invasion and multiplication of Amœba meleagridis or allied parasites, and more rarely hemorrhage and edema. The respective parts played by Heterakis papillosa and the protozoa in starting the lesions and the source of the protozoa remain to be defined. The invasion of the liver by the protozoa was insignificant.
EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING THE INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF ACID
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Smith G. H. , McNamara F. P.
Published: June 2004

The damage caused by the introduction of acid into the pulmonary parenchyma is repaired rapidly.

The depth of the necrosis determines which elements will participate in the repair. If epithelium alone is injured, epithelium alone takes part in the repair. When the damage involves the deeper tissue, organization by granulation competes with and impedes the development of the epithelium.

An overproduction of the epithelium occurs and may form bronchiolar polypi or extend into the peribronchial tissue.
INFLUENCE OF VARIATIONS OF MEDIA ON ACID PRODUCTION BY STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

The results of variations in acid production in 1 per cent dextrose fermented and unfermented veal broth modified by the addition of 4 per cent of horse serum or 2 per cent of peptone have been recorded. Human streptococci and a group of low acid-producing streptococci from milk produce less acid in the simpler broths (fermented and unfermented). 2 per cent peptone fails to increase the amount of acid produced by these two groups.

The bovine streptococci act much the same as those of human origin. The equine streptococci apparently do not require serum in addition to carbohydrate since they tend to produce less acid in serum media.

The following figures indicate the average minimum and maximum acid production of the various streptococci under the conditions set forth in the experiment.

Human: pH 4.97 to 5.66; titratable acidity 4.51 to 3.66

Bovine: pH 4.56 to 4.77; titratable acidity 7.0 to 5.74

Equine: pH 4.86 to 5.42; titratable acidity 5.38 to 4.24

Low acid-producing streptococci from milk: pH 6.28 to 5.14; titratable acidity 2.56 to 4.28
EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF MALARIA BY MEANS OF ANOPHELES LUDLOWI
Authors: Darling Samuel T.
Published: June 2004

Three persons were experimentally inoculated with malaria by means of Anopheles ludlowi reared from larvæ and infected with a pure strain of subtertian plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum), thus proving that there exists no mechanical impediment or obstacle to the free exit of sporozoites from the salivary ducts or proboscis.

In the dissection of infected mosquitoes there were no evidences of degenerated zygotes. Sporozoites appeared promptly in the salivary glands (9 to 12 days). Inoculation occurred with ease either in an interrupted feeding or after mosquitoes had been fed twice previously.

The period of incubation was 14 and 18 days. The clinical manifestations were more severe in the subject that had never been infected with malaria previously, while the splenic enlargement was most pronounced in the subject infected after a long interval of freedom from malaria. In a third subject already suffering from tertian malaria there was only the slightest evidence of physical illness elicited by the superimposed subtertian infection; his temperature, however, became duly elevated.

The type of febrile reaction in the two uncomplicated cases was at first tertian, becoming quotidian later, and this phenomenon in a pure strain leads strongly to the supposition that Plasmodium falciparum possesses inherently both tertian (or subtertian) and quotidian tendencies, as well as its well known tendencies to cause fever of the irregularly remittent or continued type.

The creation of a specific plasmodium to account for clinical forms of æstivo-autumnal or subtertian malaria having a quotidian periodidty is probably unwarranted.

In consideration of the facility with which this species can be infected and man inoculated experimentally, the occurrence of naturally infected wild specimens, and the positive epidemiological evidence, there should no longer exist in the minds of sanitarians any doubt as to its being a malarial carrier.

Operations against this species can therefore be recommended without reservation and should be carried out without delay.
REPRODUCTION IN VITRO OF ENTAMŒBA TETRAGENA AND ENTAMŒBA COLI FROM THEIR CYSTS
Authors: Yoshida Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2004

1. The vegetative forms of amebæ may be developed in vitro from the cysts.

2. The cysts of Entamœba tetragena and Entamœba coli each produce only a single vegetative individual. It has not been observed in vitro that a number of daughter amebæ, corresponding to the number of nuclei present in the cyst, emerge from the mother cyst, as claimed by Casagrandi and Barbagallo, Schaudinn, and a number of other investigators.

3. The daughter nuclei in the cystic stage correspond to the gamete nuclei of other protozoa. The syngamic nuclear union in the case of these two amebæ does not take place in the tetranuclear stage of the cyst, as claimed by Schaudinn and Wenyon, but during reproduction.

4. The process of autogamy of both amebæ is not restricted to two nuclei; it may involve more than two, which unite to form a syncaryon. In the case of all other protozoa, autogamy is restricted to two nuclei.

5. In order to distinguish the two types of autogamy, one has been termed simple autogamy and the other polynuclear autogamy. The latter may again be classified according to the number of nuclei involved, as trinuclear and tetranuclear autogamy.

6. The majority of cysts treated for 5 minutes in a 2 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid survives.

7. It was possible to demonstrate in vitro the developmental cycle of Entamœba tetragena.

8. No evidence of heterogamy has been observed in vitro in Entamœba tetragena or Entamœba coli.

9. The vegetative form of Entamœba tetragena, at a certain stage of its life cycle in vitro, shortly after its formation, has not only one or two, but may have as many as three or four nuclei.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

In a series of more than 200 rabbits in which generalized lesions were observed following local inoculation with Treponema pallidum, there were a number of animals in which characteristic lesions were noted upon mucous membranes or along mucocutaneous borders. These lesions were distributed with about equal frequency between the nose or nasolacrimal system and the eyelids on the one hand, and the genital and anal regions on the other. The lips and buccal mucosa appeared to be less subject to localized infections unless the papillomatous growths noted on the lips and under side of the tongue should prove to be in some way connected with such an infection.

In many instances, the local reaction was initiated by an acute inflammatory process, and in the case of nasal and genital infections, a definite exudate was formed. The succeeding stages of the reaction consisted in an infiltration of the parts involved, together with a variable degree of proliferation of fixed tissue cells, leading eventually to necrosis and ulceration. The resulting lesions differed according to their location and the character of the reaction in the individual case. Localized infections of the nose occurred in several forms, first, as a rather diffuse affection of the nasal mucosa characterized by the presence of a mucopurulent exudate, second, as a more or less circumscribed process of infiltration with an especial predilection for the region of the anterior nares, and third, as a granulomatous process involving the alæ in particular.

Involvement of the nasal mucosa was very commonly associated with lacrimal overflow and with some degree of conjunctivitis.

The lesions of the eyelids were usually small, elevated papules or lesions of an ulcerative character some of which were surrounded by a zone of infiltration. In exceptional instances, large granulomatous lesions occurred along the margins of the lower lids.

Infection of the penis and sheath gave rise to conditions analogous to those of the nose. In one group of animals, there was a diffuse affection characterized by redness and swelling of the parts with a mucopurulent exudate, in another there were circumscribed or diffuse infiltrations, while in a third the lesions formed were indurated granulomatous masses. Secondary necrosis with erosion or ulceration was a common feature of all these conditions.

Localized infections in the region of the anus differed from those in other localities chiefly in the absence of an exudative group of affections and in the frequency with which lesions of a papillomatous type occurred.

Lesions of mucous membranes and mucocutaneous borders developed at periods of time varying from a few weeks to several months after inoculation. Most of them were rather enduring and in several instances persisted in an active condition for considerably more than a year.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for the preparation of an active enzyme-containing solution of pneumococci, in which no living cells are present. These enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing sucrose, starch, and inulin.

2. The invertase and amylase of pneumococcus are active within the limits pH 5 to 8, with an optimum reaction of about pH 7. This reaction range corresponds closely with limiting hydrogen ion concentrations which define growth of the organism in the presence of carbohydrate.

3. These studies indicate that the enzymes described are not true secretory products of the living cell, but are of the nature of endoenzymes, since their activity can be demonstrated only when cell disintegration has occurred.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF VIBRIO FETUS
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B. , Taylor Marian S.
Published: June 2004

The data bearing on these three cases are quite sufficient to rule out Bacillus abortus as the agent. Not only the cultures and guinea pig tests of fetal tissues and contents of the digestive tract, but also the agglutination and guinea pig tests of the milk, were negative. The same is true of the agglutination tests of the blood serum. Only in one case was the placenta obtained in part. The stained films and the sections from various regions showed no abortion bacilli. Guinea pig tests of placental tissue were negative for Bacillus abortus. On the other hand) minute organisms resembling vibrios were detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells within capillaries in the edematous subchorionic tissue. Subsequently the agglutination titer of the blood serum of one of these cases rose to a level indicating infection with Bacillus abortus during the second pregnancy.

The peculiar distribution of abortions due to Vibrio fetus among older cows and heifers in this herd, resulting at first in cases among older cows and latterly passing to young stock, may be explained by certain occurrences in the herd itself. It may be assumed that the infection was originally brought in by purchased cows. The young stock is kept segregated from these in a special barn, and when 6 months old it is pastured on outlying farms until returned in an advanced stage of pregnancy. The heifers during the first pregnancy were thus kept away from vibrio carriers until after the first calf was born.

In June and July, 1919, 55 older cows, purchased and native, were placed on the young stock pasture. The three cases of abortion in heifers due to Vibrio fetus occurred October 24, November 9, and December 2, 1919. The age and condition of the fetuses accord very well with the assumption that Vibrio fetus was introduced among the young stock in June or July of the same year.

The information gathered thus far concerning vibrionic abortion in this herd enables us to formulate a tentative hypothesis subject to modification with increasing knowledge of this type of infectious abortion. The infectious agent was probably introduced by purchased cows in 1917 or earlier. It gained a certain headway up to 1919, then the number of cases declined so that between May, 1919, and May, 1920, only the above three cases in heifers, and one case of mixed infection with Bacillus abortus in an older cow, were detected. During the same period cases due to Bacillus abortus continued undiminished. The greater resistance of Bacillus abortus manifested in cultures as compared with Vibrio fetus is thus reflected in its behavior in nature. The temporary dying out of the infection indicates that natural immunization of a herd to Vibrio fetus proceeds quite rapidly. Another outbreak may be expected when the immunity of the herd has declined in the absence of the infecting agent and the latter is reintroduced from without, or it may reappear at any time when a vibrio of higher virulence is brought in.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HETEROPLASTIC BONE FORMATION
Authors: Asami Goichi , Dock William
Published: June 2004

1. Bone formation in the rabbit kidney with ligated vessels takes place (a) through the activity of young fibroblasts which accumulate to form a membrane-like structure; (b) subsequently by direct ossification of hyaline connective tissue in continuity with preformed bone; and (c) through erosion of lime placques by granulating tissue and laying down of lamellar bone by cells derived from fibroblasts.

2. Bone formation in the rabbit kidney begins not in direct contact with calcium deposits, but in the loose vascular connective tissue close under the transitional epithelium of the calices.

3. With autotransplanted ear cartilage of the rabbit there is an active new formation of cartilage in the connective tissue which surrounds the transplants, and the bone is formed by the fibroblasts from the perichondrium which erode and invade the calcified areas in this new cartilage.

4. The process of bone formation in the kidney is similar to that found in normal membranous ossification, while with the transplanted ear cartilage the process is identical with endochondral ossification.
PREPARATION OF COLLODION SACS FOR USE IN BACTERIOLOGY
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

A standardized method is described in detail by which collodion sacs suitable for intraperitoneal incubation and for other bacteriological experiments may be produced in large numbers, sterilized, and handled with convenience and the minimum danger of contamination. Various factors influencing permeability have been subjected to experiment. Like Brown, we found that immersion in alcohol is the most important factor, but the high permeability conferred by alcohol treatment is lost during heat sterilization if the membrane was previously allowed to dry. Quantitative experiments on the dialysis of sodium chloride, and simple tests with other substances indicate the general character of the membranes and their probable field of usefulness in bacteriology.
A MECHANICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT FOR STERILE LIQUIDS
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

An instrument is described by which aliquot portions of a liquid may be mechanically measured and delivered. It was devised especially for use in immunological experiments, to take the place of a graduated pipette in setting up serum tests. The instrument may be set for any quantity within its capacity and measures sterile liquids without danger of contamination. It may therefore find a wider application in other procedures requiring sterile measurements of small amounts of liquid.
PRESERVATION OF STOCK CULTURES OF BACTERIA BY FREEZING AND DRYING
Authors: Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

Attention is called to the fact that bacteria may be preserved for a long time by desiccation in the frozen state. It has been shown that it is necessary to maintain the frozen condition until desiccation is complete; if the fluid melts before the moisture is completely removed, the organisms are killed, probably because of the concentration of the salts upon the surface of the bacteria. By the simple expedient of immersing the tubes of organisms in glycerol contained in a desiccator and subsequently keeping the whole apparatus in a salt-ice mixture until drying is complete, the organisms are easily maintained in the frozen state, and dry properly. Bacteria preserved in this manner retain their cultural, biochemical, and immunological characters for prolonged periods.
STUDY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MENINGOCOCCI
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Gilbert Ruth , Hutton Alice
Published: June 2004

The meningococcus, like some other pathogenic species, varies in its agglutination in immune serum, some strains being readily agglutinable while others agglutinate with difficulty in their homologous serum as well as in heterologous serums. The different strains appear to vary also in their action as antigens. In order to secure representative strains, therefore, it was thought necessary to consider the antigenic action as well as the agglutinability of the cultures.
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF N-PHENYLGLYCINEAMIDE-p-ARSONIC ACID (TRYPARSAMIDE) UPON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF TRYPANOSOMA RHODESIENSE
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the effects of tryparsamide upon the infections produced in various species of animals by Tr. rhodesiense.

The strain of trypanosome used was one which possessed a very low virulence for guinea pigs, was fairly virulent for mice and rats, and highly virulent for rabbits.

Therapeutic experiments carried out on 24 hour infections in mice and rats showed that cures could be obtained in this class of infections by the administration of a single large dose of the drug amounting to approximately two-thirds of the maximum tolerable dose, as contrasted with similar results in cases of gambiense infections from approximately one-ninth and one-fifth of this dose respectively.

With advanced infections in rabbits, there appeared to be no single dose of the drug capable of insuring a cure which could be administered with safety, although some cures were obtainable with doses approximating the maximum tolerable dose. Treatment of these infections could be carried to a successful conclusion, however, by an intensive system of treatment in which large doses of the drug were administered at short intervals of time, and even relapses yielded to this treatment in some instances. The employment of such a method of treatment was possible on account of the unusual tolerance exhibited by animals to this drug, a fact which was previously emphasized.
RELATION BETWEEN THE VIRULENCE OF STREPTOCOCCI AND HEMOLYSIN
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Brady John W. S. , West Randolph
Published: June 2004

Strains of streptococci whose virulence has been increased for any one species of animal do not produce greater concentrations of hemolysin than the original strain. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the original culture to grow more rapidly than the more pathogenic form, and to reach the height of hemolysin production at an earlier stage during the growth of the culture. These conclusions can probably be applied only to experiments in which the serum used in the media is from some species not employed for the animal passages.
THE ETIOLOGICAL RELATION OF BACILLUS ACTINOIDES TO BRONCHOPNEUMONIA IN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

A bronchopneumonia of calves in the early months of life is described and its etiology associated definitely with a minute bacillus, Bacillus actinoides. Bacillus pyogenes, Bacillus bovisepticus, and, less frequently, staphylococci and streptococci may appear later in the affected lungs.

Subcutaneous injections of cultures of Bacillus actinoides produce large indurations ending in necrosis. Similarly intratracheal injections produce circumscribed necroses of lung tissue. The cultivation of Bacillus actinoides and its morphological peculiarities have been sufficiently described and illustrated in an earlier publication to ensure success on the part of those who attempt to isolate it.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA TOWARD GENTIAN VIOLET
Authors: Churchman John W.
Published: June 2004

1. A gentian-positive strain (a "strain-within-a-strain" variant) has been isolated from a pure culture of a gentian-negative organism. This observation corresponds to that of a "strain-within-a-species" variant, occurring in the enteritidis group, reported some years ago.

2. The Gram reaction and the gentian reaction do not depend, as has been assumed in previous publications, on the specific affinity of the gentian-positive organisms for a portion of the gentian violet molecule, since certain Gram-negative strains are shown to be gentian-positive.

3. Dead bacterial bodies interposed between living bacteria and gentian violet media partially negative the effect of the dye on Gram-positive organisms and allow them to grow. This seems to be either a phenomenon of filtration or of stimulation of growth.

4. The application of these facts by the method of divided plates shows a number of difficulties in the application of laboratory studies to chemotherapeutics, which would escape observation by ordinary methods.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY OF STRAINS OF BACILLUS PFEIFFERI ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF MENINGITIS
Authors: Anderson Ruth A. , Schultz Oscar T.
Published: June 2004

Five strains of Bacillus pfeifferi were isolated from a case of meningitis. These strains came from the spinal fluid, blood, nose, throat, and nasopharynx.

Immunologic reactions show no definite relations between these strains, although those from the nose, throat, and nasopharynx might be presumed to be related to one another. It is also presumable that the spinal fluid strain was derived from the upper air passages, and that the blood was invaded from the meninges. In spite of immunologic differences, it is believed that the five strains were genetically related.

The variations in these five strains from a single case are as great as those which have been found by others for strains from different cases, or individuals.

As determined by immunologic reactions, the number of so called strains of Bacillus pfeifferi is apparently limited only by the number of cultures which have been or might be isolated. It is inconceivable that under the designation Bacillus pfeifferi is included a heterogeneous mixture of innumerable distinct races of bacteria; there must be some biological relation which cannot be established by agglutination, complement fixation, or opsonin reactions.

The variations which have been noted, may be an indication of a degree of instability which may have some bearing upon questions relating to the epidemiology of Bacillus pfeifferi infections and to the serum therapy of influenzal meningitis.

The strain variations which have been shown to exist by immunologic methods do not support the theory of the etiological relationn of Bacillus pfeifferi to epidemic influenza, unless it can be shown that such variations are due to instability of the organism. The fact that the incidence of meningeal involvement was only slightly increased during the last pandemic is also evidence against the causal relation of the organism to the pandemic disease.
THE INCIDENCE OF BLACKHEAD AND OCCURRENCE OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA IN A FLOCK OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED TURKEYS
Authors: Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2004

In a flock of artificially reared turkeys originally consisting of 85 birds and reduced during the summer and fall by deaths and withdrawals for experimental purposes to 42 birds, five cases of blackhead occurred. These appeared during the months of July, September, and October. In four, Heterakis was searched for and found. In 38 birds from this flock killed for food during November and December, five harbored no Heterakis, and the rest carried light infestations.

Of sixteen healthy birds withdrawn from the above flock during July and placed with a flock of older birds which had passed through this disease in former seasons, all contracted blackhead and fourteen died of the disease. The infestation with Heterakis was, as a rule, high, reaching a hundred specimens in some cases. In general, it appears that a high infestation with Heterakis is correlated with a high incidence of blackhead, a relation that had already been inferred in feeding experiments. In both of these groups no other species of worm was found in the ceca, and in instances in which examinations for coccidia were made none was found.

Pheasants have been incriminated as a source of infestation with Heterakis papillosa in artificially reared flocks.

In an artificially reared flock 38 birds that had never been ill, when killed in November and December, failed to show lesions of blackhead or evidence in the nature of scars that they had passed through an attack of the disease.

Infectious soil that had remained unoccupied by turkeys and chickens for a period of 5 months beginning in the depth of a severe winter still harbored viable ova of Heterakis and proved highly dangerous to young poults.

These experiments and observations fail to throw any light on the source of the protozoan parasite (Amœba meleagridis) which causes the fatal lesions of blackhead.