bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of carbon nanotubes to vibration damping behavior of epoxy and its carbon fiber composites
Authors: Avil Esma , Kadioglu Ferhat , Kaynak Cevdet
Published: February 2020

The main objective of this study was to investigate contribution of the non-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the vibration damping behavior of first neat epoxy resin and then unidirectional and bidirectional continuous carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites. Epoxy/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites were produced by ultrasonic solution mixing method, while the continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates were obtained via resin-infusion technique. Vibration analysis data of the specimens were evaluated by half-power bandwidth method; and the mechanical properties of the specimens were determined with three-point bending flexural tests, including morphological analyses under scanning electron microscopy. It was generally concluded that when even only 0.1 wt% carbon nanotubes were incorporated into neat epoxy resin, they have contributed not only to the mechanical properties (flexural strength and modulus), but also to the vibration behavior (damping ratio) of the epoxy. When 0.1 or 0.5 wt% carbon nanotubes were incorporated into continuous carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites, although they have no additional contribution to the mechanical properties, their contribution in terms of damping ratio of the composites were significant.
Patient-on-Staff Assaults: Perspectives of Mental Health Staff at an Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Teaching Hospital in the United States
Authors: Ezeobele Ifeoma E. , Mock Ardell , McBride Rachel , Mackey-Godine Arslee , Harris Dorothy , Russell Christine D. , Lane Scott D.
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Physical assaults perpetrated by patients in psychiatric hospitals against mental health staff (MHS) is a serious concern facing psychiatric hospitals. Assaulted staff reports physical and psychological trauma that affects their personal and professional lives. There is a dearth of literature exploring this phenomenon.

Purpose

To explore MHS perspectives of assault by psychiatric patients.

Methods

A transcendental phenomenological qualitative design was used to explore and analyze the perspectives of a purposeful sample of 120 MHS perspectives at an acute inpatient psychiatric hospital. Participants’ age ranged from 22 to 63 years (mean age = 32.4). Moustakas’ theoretical underpinnings guided the study.

Results

Two patterns, 8 themes, and 19 subthemes were identified: (a) Psychological impacts revealed four themes—increase of anxiety/fear level, helplessness and hopelessness, flashbacks/burnout, and doubting own competency. (b) Physiosocial impacts revealed four themes—unsupportive superiors, stigmatization of staff victim, failure to report the incident, and environmental safety.

Discussion

Participants verbalized that assaults by patients have instilled fear and trauma in them. Most of the assaults occurred when staff were performing their routine job functions and setting limits to patient’s behavior.

Conclusion

The study allowed MHS opportunities to narrate their lived experiences of being assaulted by patients and provided validation of their perspectives. Findings illuminated the phenomenon and may help to support policy changes in psychiatric hospitals.
Measuring the Built Environment for Aging in Place: A Review of Neighborhood Audit Tools
Authors: Kan Har Ye , Forsyth Ann , Molinsky Jennifer
Published: February 2020

What audit tools are available to assess neighborhood suitability for aging in place? Drawing on theories from environmental gerontology, the article outlines physical and social environmental characteristics influencing aging. Eight research audit tools and three community/practitioner tools were identified using a Boolean search strategy. They emphasize walkability and the physical attributes of places. Areas for further development include addressing specific features related to aging, a wider range of environments, additional physical and social dimensions, and conducting audits using technologies and participatory processes to better incorporate aging experiences. For planners, these audit tools raise awareness of how environments can better support aging populations.
“I’m More Open to Talking About It”: Women’s Experiences With Sexual Abuse and Reproductive Health
Authors: Meier Stephanie , Brig Kristin , Delay Cara , Sundstrom Beth , Schwab-Reese Laura , DeMaria Andrea L.
Published: February 2020

Approximately one in three women experience sexual abuse, which can result in negative reproductive health consequences. A history of sexual abuse may negatively impact health care seeking and experience. The purposes of this article were to understand how women perceived their sexual abuse experiences and how these experiences integrated into their overall reproductive health, reproductive planning, and health care access. As part of a larger study about women’s reproductive health, researchers analyzed 16 in-depth interviews with women aged 18 years and older (range = 18–78) living in South Carolina (May–November 2016). A constant comparative method of data analysis was completed to explore women’s sexual abuse experiences as they related to reproductive health and health care experiences. HyperRESEARCH 3.7.3 assisted in data organization and management. Limited bodily agency impacted women’s ability to engage in family planning, particularly when partners utilized sexual coercion to maintain desired relationships and attain desired family size, regardless of women’s preferences. In addition, limited sexual violence and abuse discussion in health care contexts impacted women’s autonomy in reproductive health decision-making despite participants’ desire to engage in these discussions with providers. Participants expressed a desire for communication about their sexual abuse experiences; however, results indicated women had to navigate stigma within families and communities, which deterred disclosure and open discussion. Negative health outcomes and desire to discuss these experiences within the health care context highlighted a need for patient–provider communication about sexual abuse history as one aspect of gynecologic care. Findings from this study offer practical recommendations to guide communication about sexual abuse within reproductive health care experiences to empower women in their reproductive health choices. As these experiences may impact overall health and reproductive choices, provider-initiated conversations with adolescents and women may improve care and assist in prevention efforts, including the prevention of negative health outcomes.
The Role and Importance of Individual Retirement Accounts
Authors: Kilgour John G.
Published: February 2020

What are now called “traditional IRAs” (Individual Retirement Accounts) were created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Roth IRAs were added in 1997. Employer-sponsored Simplified Employee Pensions–IRAs were added in 1978 and Savings Investment Match Plans for Employees–IRAs (and 401(k)s) in 1996. Together IRAs hold $8.8 trillion in assets, one third of the total $27.1 trillion in all retirement plans. This article examines the role and importance of IRAs in the U.S. retirement system and the development of the different types of IRAs and their interaction with each other.
Fabrication and characterization of smart karaya gum/sodium alginate semi-IPN microbeads for controlled release of D-penicillamine drug
Authors: Reddy O Sreekanth , Subha MCS , Jithendra T , Madhavi C , Rao K Chowdoji
Published: February 2020

This article reports the fabrication of pH-sensitive microbeads from sodium alginate (SA) and modified karaya gum (KG). KG was modified by graft copolymerization using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) through in situ free radical polymerization reaction. The graft copolymer was blended with SA to develop microbeads by a simple ionotropic gelation technique. The microbeads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of %HEMA and polymer blend ratio on the swelling capacity was investigated. Drug release kinetics of the microbeads was investigated under both pH 7.4 and pH 1.2 at 37°C. The drug release kinetics was analyzed by evaluating the release data using different kinetic models.
Keeping military in mind: The Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ Military and Veterans’ Mental Health Network
Authors: Wallace Duncan , Meurk Carla , McKay Diana , Khoo Andrew , Lane Jon , Heffernan Ed
Published: February 2020

Objective:

The objective of this study is to introduce The Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) Military and Veterans’ Mental Health Network (The Network) and profile its inaugural members.

Methods:

We implemented an online survey of demographic, professional and practice characteristics of network members; self-rated knowledge of military and veterans’ mental health; reasons for joining The Network; and suggestions as to how The Network could best support members’ needs. Quantitative survey responses were analysed descriptively. Qualitative responses were analysed thematically.

Results:

Thirty-two out of 60 network members returned the survey. The membership was predominately male and 50 years of age or older. One-half had completed their fellowship or specialty 20 or more years ago. A high level of self-rated knowledge with respect to the assessment and management of current and ex-serving military personnel was reported. Knowledge of the assessment and management of current and ex-serving emergency services personnel was lower.

Conclusion:

There are RANZCP members with an active interest, expertise and knowledge in the field of military, veterans’ and emergency services personnel mental health; this affirms the significant role the RANZCP can play in this area. There is a need to expand, diversify and ensure sustainability of the workforce.
“We Are Here for You All the Way”—Patients’ and Relatives’ Experiences of Receiving Advanced Home Care
Authors: Wennman Ingela , Ringheim Anna , Wijk Helle
Published: February 2020

Background:

It is of great importance to understand how patients and their close relatives experience the pros and cons of advanced home care so as to further develop this quickly growing choice of care.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of receiving advanced home care among patients affected by life-threatening illness and their close relatives.

Design:

The study was an interview study conducted with patients in their homes. Some patient interviews were conducted together with a close relative participating.

Setting/Participants:

Patients registered in advanced home care in 2017 were offered the opportunity to participate in the study. The selection criteria were that the patient was within grade 3 of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group’s Performance Status, older than 18 years, able to orient to time and place, and not newly registered.

Analysis:

The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analyzed with qualitative content analysis.

Results:

A total of 11 interviews were conducted: 8 with patients and 1 or 2 close relatives together; and 3 with the patient alone. It resulted in 3 main categories: create a safe environment, see the person, and better to manage care at home.

Conclusion:

The results of this study show that patients and close relatives perceived that advanced home care was a safe and secure form of caring during advanced as well as end-of-life care.
The Impacts of Prognostic Awareness on Mood and Quality of Life Among Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Kang EunKyo , Kang Jung Hun , Koh Su-Jin , Song Eun-Kee , Shim Hyun-Jeong , Keam Bhumsuk , Maeng Chi-Hoon , Kim Yu Jung , Yun Hwan Jung , Jung Kyung Hae , Kwon Jung Hye , Lee Soon Nam , Lee Jung Lim , Do Young Rok , Min JeongHee , Lee Jihye , Choo Jiyeon , Yun Young Ho
Published: February 2020

Background:

Accurate awareness of the prognosis is an important factor in the treatment decision of patients with advanced cancer; however, prognostic disclosure is still subject to debate because it can reduce patient’s satisfaction and increase depression.

Aim:

The purpose of this study is to assess whether patients’ prognostic awareness is associated with decreased quality of life (QoL) or increased depressive mood in patients with advanced cancer

Design and Participants:

In this cohort study, 386 patients with advanced cancer were recruited across 3 periods from December 2016 to August 2018. The outcome of this study was a change in QoL and depression according to the patients’ prognostic awareness at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results:

This study found significant differences in changes of QoL based on patients’ prognostic awareness. From baseline to 3 months, emotional functioning ( P = .039), pain ( P = .042), existential well-being ( P = .025), and social support ( P = .038) subscale scores improved significantly more in those with lack of prognostic awareness. Over 6 months, the group without prognostic awareness improved significantly in terms of physical functioning ( P = .037), emotional functioning ( P = .002), nausea/vomiting ( P = .048), and constipation ( P = .039) subscale scores and existential well-being scores ( P = .025). No significant difference between the groups was found in terms of depression.

Conclusion:

Accurate prognostic awareness may pose harm and may provide no additional benefits in terms of QoL and mood among patients with advanced cancer for a short period of time.
Elastic–plastic-damage model of nano-indentation of the ion-irradiated 6061 aluminium alloy
Authors: Ustrzycka A , Skoczeń B , Nowak M , Kurpaska Ł , Wyszkowska E , Jagielski J
Published: February 2020

The paper presents experimental and numerical characterization of damage evolution for ion-irradiated materials subjected to plastic deformation during nano-indentation. Ion irradiation technique belongs to the methods where creation of radiation-induced defects is controlled with a high accuracy (including both, concentration and depth distribution control), and allows to obtain materials having a wide range of damage level, usually expressed in terms of displacements per atom (dpa) scale. Ion affected layers are usually thin, typically less than 1 micrometer thick. Such a low thickness requires to use nano-indentation technique to measure the mechanical properties of the irradiated layers. The He or Ar ion penetration depth reaches approximately 150 nm, which is sufficient to perform several loading-partial-unloading cycles at increasing forces. Damage evolution is reflected by the force-displacement diagram, that is backed by the stress–strain relation including damage. In this work the following approach is applied: dpa is obtained from physics (irradiation mechanisms), afterwards, the radiation-induced damage is defined in the framework of continuum damage mechanics to solve the problem of further evolution of damage fields under mechanical loads. The nature of radiation-induced damage is close to porosity because of formation of clusters of vacancies. The new mathematical relation between radiation damage (dpa) and porosity parameter is proposed. Deformation process experienced by the ion irradiated materials during the nano-indentation test is then numerically simulated by using extended Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model, that accounts for the damage effects. The corresponding numerical results are validated by means of the experimental measurements. It turns out, that the GTN model quite successfully reflects closure of voids, and increase of material density during the nano-indentation.
Intranasal Glucagon: A New Way to Treat Hypoglycemic Emergencies
Authors: Lowe Rachel N. , Trujillo Jennifer M.
Published: February 2020

Objective: To review the safety, efficacy, and administration of intranasal (IN) glucagon for the management of hypoglycemia. Data Source: A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE (1995 to November 2019) using the terms intranasal glucagon, nasal glucagon, glucagon, hypoglycemia treatment, and hypoglycemia management was completed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies evaluating IN glucagon were evaluated. Data Synthesis: IN glucagon is a newly approved product for the treatment of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes, 4 years and older. Administered as a 3-mg dose, it was shown to be noninferior to intramuscular (IM) glucagon. In comparison trials, more than 98% of hypoglycemic events were treated successfully with IN glucagon in both pediatric and adult patients. In simulated and real-world studies, IN glucagon was administered in less than a minute for the majority of scenarios. IM glucagon took longer to administer, ranging from 1 to 4 minutes, and often, patients did not receive the intended full dose. Nausea and vomiting, known adverse events for glucagon, as well as local adverse events were most commonly reported with IN glucagon. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: IN glucagon is safe, effective, easy to use, and does not require reconstitution prior to use, which can lead to faster delivery in a severe hypoglycemic event. It does not require age- or weight-based dosing. This delivery method offers an option for someone who fears needles or is uncomfortable with injections. Conclusion: IN glucagon is a safe, effective, easy to use, needle-free treatment option for severe hypoglycemia.
Myxoid Spindle Cell Sarcoma With LMNA-NTRK Fusion: Expanding the Morphologic Spectrum of NTRK-Rearranged Tumors
Authors: So Yik Ka , Chow Chit , To Ka Fai , Chan John K. C. , Cheuk W.
Published: February 2020

Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase ( NTRK)-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm is a recently described soft tissue tumor entity that occurs predominantly in children and young adults. The diagnosis of this tumor is difficult due to the nonspecific and highly variable morphology, yet it is of clinical relevance because of the availability of highly effective TRK inhibitors. In this article, we report the case of a 40-year-old female who presented with a mass in the left calf. Histologic examination revealed a low-grade sarcoma consisting of monomorphic spindle cells accompanied by abundant myxoid stroma, a feature that had not been emphasized in the reported cases of NTRK-rearranged tumors. The tumor cells expressed CD34 and S100 but not SOX10, and they showed positive staining for pan-TRK. Next-generation sequencing showed the presence of LMNA-NTRK1 fusion. The patient developed several episodes of lung metastases that eventually became unresectable. TRK inhibitor was given that led to near-complete resolution of the tumors.
Primary Mammary-Like Carcinoma of the Lung: A Case Report of a Distinct Type of Primary Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Lindholm Kaleigh E. , Moran Cesar A.
Published: February 2020

A case of a primary lung carcinoma with histologic and immunohistochemical features of a mammary carcinoma is presented. The patient is a 72-year-old man who presented with symptoms of cough and dyspnea. Diagnostic imaging showed a bronchial tumor in the left lower lobe that was surgically resected by a left lower lobectomy. The tumor was characterized by a homogenous cellular proliferation composed of small to medium-sized cells with round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli. Multiple immunohistochemical stains were performed, and the tumor was notably positive for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, GATA3, and pan-keratin, while molecular analysis showed somatic mutation in ARID1A. Clinical follow-up showed that the patient is alive and well 18 months post-surgical resection without evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease. Based on the overall features of this neoplasm, we consider that the tumor herein presented represents an unusual type of lung carcinoma that we refer to as primary mammary-like carcinoma of the lung.
Material ESG Outcomes and SDG Externalities: Evaluating the Health Care Sector’s Contribution to the SDGs
Authors: Consolandi Costanza , Phadke Himani , Hawley Jim , Eccles Robert G.
Published: February 2020

The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have created a framework for environmental and social impacts, which institutional investors and corporations are using to guide resource allocation or highlight SDG-aligned investments already in place. We argue that the SDGs have clarified certain elements predominantly missing or implicit in many environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards, specifically focusing on companies’ E and S externalities. Methodologically, we analyze how health care companies contribute to SDG 3 on health and well-being as a case, mapping the goal’s targets to the Sustainability Accounting Standard Board’s (SASB’s) 30 generic ESG issues and considering both financially material and immaterial ESG issues, based on SASB. Using an innovative data set, we highlight where private sector firms contribute to SDG impacts and where their financial priorities might lie. Where firms are either not contributing or perhaps unable to, we point to the need for public sector activities.
Feline leishmaniosis: diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 16 cats
Authors: Fernandez-Gallego Ana , Feo Bernabe Luis , Dalmau Anabel , Esteban-Saltiveri Diego , Font Artur , Leiva Marta , Ortuñez-Navarro Amparo , Peña Maria-Teresa , Tabar Maria-Dolores , Real-Sampietro Llibertat , Saló Ferran , Lloret Albert , Bardagí Mar
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease and in European countries is caused by Leishmania infantum. Cats are considered secondary reservoirs of the infection in endemic areas. The objective of this retrospective study is to describe the clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of feline leishmaniosis (FeL) in 16 cats in Spain.

Methods

Medical records of cats diagnosed with leishmaniosis were retrospectively reviewed for cases that met the following inclusion criteria: identification of Leishmania organisms and/or DNA on cytological and/or histological specimens and/or a high anti- Leishmania antibody titre, compatible clinical findings and pathological abnormalities.

Results

Sixteen cats met the inclusion criteria, all of which were living in areas endemic for canine leishmaniosis. Systemic signs were present in 11 cases (68.8%). The most common clinical signs on presentation included cutaneous lesions in 12 cats (75%), ocular disease in six cats (37.5%) and anorexia in six cats (37.5%). A polyclonal gammopathy was noted in 12 cats (85.7%). Non-regenerative anaemia and renal abnormalities were present in six (37.5%) and five patients (31.3%), respectively. In nine cats (56.3%), immunosuppressive conditions/comorbidities were identified. The diagnosis was made in eight of the cats (50%) by cytology, but a combination of diagnostic tests was needed for definitive diagnosis in the remaining patients. Twelve cats (75%) were treated specifically for leishmaniosis. Five of the 12 cats (41.7%) did not improve with treatment. The median survival time in the group of patients treated specifically for leishmaniosis was 17 months. Median survival of patients treated with concomitant diseases was 13 months vs 41 months in those without, although this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.557).

Conclusions and relevance

Presentation of FeL appears to be similar to canine leishmaniosis but with some specific features: ulcerative and nodular skin lesions are the predominant cutaneous signs; cats with immunosuppressive conditions or coexisting diseases were more commonly present than typically seen in dogs (mainly feline immunodeficiency virus). A combination of diagnostic tests may be needed for definitive diagnosis.
Staying in Place or Moving Forward? Young Women’s Imagined Futures and Aspirations for Mobility in Care Work
Authors: Lamberg Emma
Published: February 2020

This article analyses how the culturally widespread incitements to become aspirational and mobile are negotiated by young women in the vocational nursing education in Finland. Drawing on interviews with final year students, the article examines their imagined futures and asks how lived inequalities shape their aspirations and possibilities of navigating the neoliberalising care labour market that is marked by stark hierarchies and diminishing resources. The paper finds that the participants’ aspirations were characterised by the considerations of whether to remain as a practical nurse or to move forward to higher education. Yet, while some women were able to adopt a strong ethos of moving forward, others were more likely to be seen as fixed in place in auxiliary care work. The article pushes forward the debate on youth aspirations and mobility by unpacking the lived contradictions that shape the aspirations of young women entering the lower end of the care labour market.
On the Matrix Condition of Phylogenetic Tree
Authors: Jhwueng Dwueng-Chwuan , O’Meara Brian C
Published: February 2020

Phylogenetic comparative analyses use trees of evolutionary relationships between species to understand their evolution and ecology. A phylogenetic tree of n taxa can be algebraically transformed into an n by n squared symmetric phylogenetic covariance matrix C where each element [Formula: see text] in C represents the affinity between extant species i and extant species j. This matrix C is used internally in several comparative methods: for example, it is often inverted to compute the likelihood of the data under a model. However, if the matrix is ill-conditioned (ie, if [Formula: see text], defined by the ratio of the maximum eigenvalue of C to the minimum eigenvalue of C, is too high), this inversion may not be stable, and thus neither will be the calculation of the likelihood or parameter estimates that are based on optimizing the likelihood. We investigate this potential issue and propose several methods to attempt to remedy this issue.
Broadening ‘Media’ for Development Communication: Alternative Channels Employed in Loja, Ecuador
Authors: Bates Benjamin R. , Nieto-Sanchez Claudia , Marvel Diana L. , Guerrero Darwin , Baus Esteban G. , Grijalva Mario J.
Published: February 2020

When communicators use media and communication to address problems of development, we seek to assess whether those interventions are grounded in current development challenges and in patterns of media use. Additional challenges emerge, however, from patterns in media use between those used by development communication professionals and those that are accessible to communities. Electronic media, such as radio and television, or digital media platforms, including computer-based and mobile technologies, are available in urbanized areas of the global south, but are not accessible to all communities. Our study group has engaged three rural communities located in the mountainous province of Loja, Ecuador for over a decade through development communication efforts. Since these communities experience low access to electronic and digital media, our study group and the communities had to re-think what ‘media’ means in these communities. Drawing on our experiences of co-creating graffiti walls, songs and plays, we argue that development communicators must be open to channels of media that are neither electronic nor digital, but are accessible to communities in which we work.
Book review: Richard Heeks (Ed.), Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D)
Authors: Ala-Uddin Mohammad
Published: February 2020

Richard Heeks (Ed.), Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D). Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2018, 410 pp, US$ 25.38. ISBN 9781138101807 (Hardcover)/9781138101814 (Paperback).
Book review: Brian Schrag and Kathleen J. Van Buren, Make Arts for a Better Life: A Guide for Working with Communities
Authors: De Mousumi
Published: February 2020

Brian Schrag and Kathleen J. Van Buren, Make Arts for a Better Life: A Guide for Working with Communities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2018, 352 pp., $35. ISBN: 9780190878283 (pbk.); 9780190878276 (hardcover).
Palle Kanneeru Pedutundo (My Village Is Shedding Tears): A Subaltern Critique of the Derivative Form of Postcolonial Nationalism
Authors: Kolluri Satish
Published: February 2020

In positioning myself at the intersection of development (support) communication, postcolonialism, and poststructuralism, I suggest that understanding the derivativeness of the postcolonial nation provides us with the appropriate context to grasp the economic evolution of development paradigms and formation of national and communitarian/communal subjectivities in the postcolonial world. I employ postcolonial derivativeness of the nation as a device in the allegorical deconstruction of the discourse of development and (de)construction of community through the analysis of a popular song penned by the Indian poet and singer, Goreti Venkanna in Telugu, his native language as well as mine.
Looking or talking: Visual attention and verbal engagement during shared book reading of preschool children on the autism spectrum
Authors: Wicks Rachelle , Paynter Jessica , Westerveld Marleen F
Published: February 2020

Visual attention and active engagement during shared book reading are important for facilitating emergent literacy learning during the preschool years. Children on the autism spectrum often show difficulties in language and literacy development, yet research investigating potential indicators of shared book reading engagement, including visual attention and verbal engagement, for this group of preschoolers is currently limited. To better understand the relationship between children’s visual attention and verbal engagement during shared book reading, parent shared book reading behaviors, and children’s emergent literacy skills (e.g. receptive vocabulary and letter-name knowledge), we observed 40 preschoolers on the spectrum and their parents sharing an unfamiliar storybook. Videos of the shared book reading interactions were transcribed and coded for child and parent behaviors using observational coding schemes. Strong significant associations were found between children’s visual attention, verbal engagement, and parents’ use of questions and/or prompts during the shared book reading interaction. Contrary to expectations, children’s visual attention was not related to their emergent literacy skills. Overall, our findings emphasize the interplay between parent behaviors and how preschoolers on the spectrum engage in this important literacy-related context and provide directions for future research.

Lay abstract

Children who have an autism diagnosis often have trouble learning to talk and read. These difficulties become noticeable before children start school and may be linked to lower attention and engagement in literacy-related activities such as sharing storybooks with their parents. To date, few researchers have looked at possible ways to measure how children on the autism spectrum engage during shared storybook reading, for example, where children look or how much they talk, and how this may be related to their letter-name knowledge and their vocabulary knowledge. In this study, we analyzed videos of 40 preschoolers on the spectrum and their parents sharing an unfamiliar storybook. We wanted to see whether where children looked (i.e. toward the storybook, their parent, or elsewhere) and how much they talked were related to what their parents did (e.g. ask questions or provide prompts) and/or children’s letter-name knowledge and vocabulary. The videos were coded for different child and parent behaviors. We found that where children looked and how much they talked were strongly related to each other and what parents did during the shared book reading interaction, particularly asking questions and using prompts. In contrast to what we expected, where children looked was not related to children’s letter or vocabulary knowledge. Overall, results of the study draw attention to the connection between what parents do and what preschoolers on the spectrum do when sharing storybooks and provide directions for future research.
The 1975 French sex workers’ revolt: A narrative of influence
Authors: Aroney Eurydice
Published: February 2020

The 1975 French sex workers’ strike is widely acknowledged by sex workers’ movement activists as the spark that ignited the contemporary European sex workers’ rights movement. Yet, significant scholarly research has judged the strike a failure because it neither achieved law reform, nor was it able to sustain a lasting presence. How then should we understand the disparity between how sex worker activists see the occupation and the judgment of academic researchers? This research extends the analytical frame of the 1975 movement’s influence beyond the disappointment of specific policy outcomes and instead addresses the role that the movement played in challenging attitudes towards sex workers, and building a new collective identity that fed into the emerging global sex workers’ rights movement. It argues that by defining and amplifying a set of shared grievances recognisable across borders the strike was a significant cultural achievement for the sex workers’ movement and this in turn established a narrative of influence.
Between social spaces
Authors: Liu Sida
Published: February 2020

Sociologists often imagine society as spaces, yet how social spaces are related remains ambiguous in most theories. In developing his field theory, Bourdieu used extensively the concept of homology to describe the structural similarities across fields, but he had not taken seriously the spaces between fields or how fields are related to each other. Adopting the Simmelian approach of formal sociology, this article outlines six basic social forms by which social spaces are related. It argues that relations between social spaces can be understood along two dimensions: heterogeneity and social distance. In terms of heterogeneity, social spaces can be kindred, symbiotic or oppositional. In terms of social distance, they can be linked, nested or overlapping. These social forms of interspatial relations are constituted by the boundary work of a variety of actors, including guardians, brokers and space travellers. The article provides a general vocabulary for thinking about how social spaces are related and how they interact across boundaries.
The effect of voters’ economic perception, Brexit and campaigns on the evaluation of party leaders over time
Authors: Berz Jan
Published: February 2020

When and why do voters change their evaluation of party leaders? Voters’ evaluations of party leaders are an increasingly important determinant of electoral behaviour. Which factors influence these evaluations of party leaders? Do voters evaluate party leaders who hold the office of prime minister differently from other party leaders, and do electoral campaigns and issues change these evaluations? I use a multilevel growth model with panel data from the United Kingdom to analyse effects over time. I find that campaigns play a significant role and that voters’ stance on Brexit has a considerable time-varying effect. In addition, voters use economic performance as a valence signal for party leaders holding the office of prime minister and therefore hold them accountable for bad economic performance, especially during election campaigns. These findings show that the personalization of politics may endanger the democratic function of elections to a lesser extent than is commonly feared.
Restricted modes: Social media, content classification and LGBTQ sexual citizenship
Authors: Southerton Clare , Marshall Daniel , Aggleton Peter , Rasmussen Mary Lou , Cover Rob
Published: February 2020

In the context of recent controversies surrounding the censorship of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer online content, specifically on YouTube and Tumblr, we interrogate the relationship between normative understandings of sexual citizenship and the content classification regimes. We argue that these content classification systems and the platforms’ responses to public criticism both operate as norm-producing technologies, in which the complexities of sexuality and desire are obscured in order to cultivate notions of a ‘good’ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer sexual citizen. However, despite normative work of classification seeking to distinguish between sexuality and sex, we argue that the high-profile failures of these classification systems create the conditions for users to draw attention to, rather than firm, these messy boundaries.
Structural empowerment, cultural diversity, and interpersonal conflict: Evidence from international NGOs in Pakistan
Authors: Yasmeen Aiza , Ahmad Mansoor , Raziq Muhammad Mustafa , Khan Muhammad Laeeq
Published: February 2020

This article examines the relationship between structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict. We examine whether this relationship is moderated by cultural diversity. Although there is some understanding of conflicts in an organization, there is little understanding concerning how conflicts may arise because of structural empowerment. We propose that structural empowerment is positively associated with interpersonal conflict and that this relationship is contingent upon cultural diversity. We draw on survey evidence from 351 employees of international nongovernmental organizations in Pakistan. Our results reveal significant positive relationships among cultural diversity, structural empowerment, and interpersonal conflict and show that where the organization is characterized by a high cultural diversity, the relationship between structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict is stronger, and vice versa. We contribute by offering the first of empirical evidence on the issue using the collectivist context of Pakistan and further extending the research scholarship by offering a contingency of cultural diversity to the structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict relationship. Our study suggests for the managers, a clearer understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the workforce as well as developing a proper socialization process through which a conducive environment for the culturally diverse workforce can be developed.
Features of primary care practice influence emergency care-seeking behaviors by caregivers of persons with dementia: A multiple-perspective qualitative study
Authors: Beck Aaron P , Jacobsohn Gwen C , Hollander Matthew , Gilmore-Bykovskyi Andrea , Werner Nicole , Shah Manish N
Published: February 2020

Background

Persons with dementia use emergency department services at rates greater than other older adults. Despite risks associated with emergency department use, persons with dementia and their caregivers often seek emergency services to address needs and symptoms that could be managed within primary care settings. As emergency departments (EDs) are typically sub-optimal environments for addressing dementia-related health issues, facilitating effective primary care provision is critical to reduce the need for, or decision to seek, emergency services. The aim of this study is to explore how features of primary care practice influence care-seeking decisions by community-dwelling persons with dementia and familial caregivers.

Methods

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 27 key dementia-care stakeholders (10 primary care/geriatrics providers, 5 caregivers, 4 emergency medicine physicians, 5 aging service providers, and 3 community paramedics) from multiple health systems. Transcripts from audio recordings were analyzed using a thematic analysis framework to iteratively code and develop emergent themes. Features of primary care were also synthesized into lists of tangible factors leading to emergency care-seeking and those that help prevent (or decrease the need for) ED use.

Findings

Stakeholders identified eight categories of features of primary care encompassing the clinical environment and provision of care. These collapsed into four major themes: (1) clinic and organizational features—including clinic structure and care team staffing; (2) emphasizing proactive approaches to anticipate needs and avoid acute problems—including establishing goals of care, preparing for the future, developing provider–patient/provider–caregiver relationships, and providing caregiver support, education, and resources to help prevent emergencies; (3) health care provider skills and knowledge of dementia—including training and diagnostic capabilities; and (4) engaging appropriate community services/resources to address evolving needs.

Conclusions

Features of primary care practice influence decisions to seek emergency department care at the system, organizational/clinic, medical, and interpersonal levels, particularly regarding proactive and reactive approaches to addressing dementia-related needs. Interventions for improving primary care for persons with dementia and their caregivers should consider incorporating features that facilitate proactive family-centered dementia care across the four identified themes, and minimize those leading to caregiver decisions to utilize emergency services.
Anxiety and Depression Are Not Related to Increasing Levels of Burden and Stress in Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Tentorio Tiziana , Dentali Sharon , Moioli Camilla , Zuffi Marta , Marzullo Rosy , Castiglioni Stefania , Franceschi Massimo
Published: February 2020

Sixty-nine dyads of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and primary caregivers have been followed up for 1 year to evaluate cognitive (Mini-Mental State Examination), functional (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), and behavioral (Neuropsychiatric Inventory) decline of patient in relation to burden (Caregiver Burden Inventory), stress (Relative Stress Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y), and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) reported by the caregivers. After 1 year of observation, cognitive and functional scores worsened while behavioral problems remained unchanged and relatively mild in patients. After 1 year, caregivers’ scores of scales of anxiety and depression decreased significantly, while stress scores remained unchanged and burden slightly increased. In our opinion, the unexpected improvement in psychological situation of caregivers may be mainly due to educational interventions focused on knowledge of the disease with a particular attention directed toward emotional support and individual needs.
Molecular mechanisms of action of hesperidin in cancer: Recent trends and advancements
Authors: Aggarwal Vaishali , Tuli Hardeep S , Thakral Falak , Singhal Paavan , Aggarwal Diwakar , Srivastava Saumya , Pandey Anjana , Sak Katrin , Varol Mehmet , Khan Md. Asaduzzaman , Sethi Gautam
Published: February 2020

Hesperidin belongs to flavanones class of flavonoids and is known to possess broad-spectrum applicability to prevent dreadful diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The reported anticancer effects of hesperidin have been found to be associated with its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hesperidin interacts with numerous recognized cellular targets and inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, evidence has suggested its promising role in inhibiting tumor cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. The present mini-review highlights the ongoing development to identify hesperidin targets in cancer. Furthermore, the potential of nano technology-based hesperidin combinations and delivery systems will also be discussed. Overall, this review highlights all the possible molecular targets affected by hesperidin in tumor cells on a single platform.

Impact statement

Experimental findings from numerous studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of hesperidin (Hesp) to be associated with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities along with its potential role in inhibiting the tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis. Additionally, Hesp can also reverse drug resistance of cancer cells, which make it a promising candidate to be used in combination with existing anti-cancer drugs. This review will be helpful for upcoming researchers and scientific community to find out complete capsular package about cancer drug targets of Hesp and its role in modulating various important hallmarks of cancer.
The signature of pharmaceutical sensitivity based on ctDNA mutation in eleven cancers
Authors: Zhang Shumei , Su Mu , Sun Zhongyi , Lu Haibo , Zhang Yan
Published: February 2020

Gene mutations are closely related to cancers and drug sensitivity. Noninvasive liquid biopsy was used to detect mutations of ctDNA in plasma, which is regarded as an indicator of chemotherapy reaction. In this study, we performed exon sequencing of 416 cancer-related genes for cancer primary tissue and plasma samples of 20 patients in 11 cancers. The comprehensive mutation landscape was obtained by bioinformatics tools. In all samples, a total of 0–135 genes involved somatic mutations, and 5–209 genes involved copy number variation. APC, KRAS, and TP53 were detected as frequently mutated genes. Nineteen genes with high-frequency copy-number amplification and 59 with frequent copy-number deletions were identified. By quantitatively assessing the degree of agreement, we found that liquid biopsy is reliable instead of tissues. Besides, 31 mutation prognostic markers in 7 cancers were screened by integrating the consistent mutations and enlarging samples in TCGA. Moreover, from drug-mutation network, 25 drugs connected with 9 mutations (B-Mut-9) were obtained which can be served as drug biomarkers in blood. This was proved by further integrating the mutation information of patients in TCGA into drug-mutation network. In summary, the variation in ctDNA can be used as the biomarkers for cancer prognosis and drug efficacy prediction.

Impact statement

Gene mutations are closely related to cancers and drug sensitivity and noninvasive liquid biopsy was used to detect mutations of ctDNA in plasma. In this study, we performed exon sequencing of 416 cancer-related genes for cancer primary tissue and plasma samples of 20 patients in 11 cancers and obtained the comprehensive mutation landscape. We found that liquid biopsy is reliable in place of tissue biopsy. And 31 potential unique mutation prognostic markers were screened in 7 cancer types. Moreover, the drug-mutation network (DMN) was constructed and 9 gene mutations (B-Mut-9) were confirmed that can be served as drug biomarkers in blood. Our study showed that the variation in ctDNA can be used as the biomarkers for cancer prognosis and drug efficacy prediction. This can provide a reference for clinical noninvasive testing.