bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bubble transitions in strongly collapsed elastic tubes
Authors: HEAP ALEXANDRA , JUEL ANNE
Published: August 2009

The selection of long air bubbles propagating steadily in a strongly collapsed fluid-filled elastic tube is investigated experimentally in a benchtop model of airway reopening. Localized regions of strong collapse are likely in the lung, because collapsing fluid-elastic instabilities promote extensive deformation of the airway cross-section beyond the point of opposite wall contact. We find that radical changes in the reopening mechanics occur at this point. We build on the recent identification by Heap & Juel (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 2008, article no. 081702) of three different steadily propagating bubbles (asymmetric, double-tipped and pointed) that are selected successively for increasing values of the capillary number (Ca, ratio of viscous to surface tension forces) in tubes initially collapsed beyond the point of opposite wall contact. The asymmetric bubble is also observed in less collapsed tubes for small values of Ca, and we show that it bifurcates super-critically from the usual parabolic-tipped bubble as Ca increases. We also characterize the mechanisms underlying the discontinuous transitions between asymmetric and double-tipped bubbles, and double-tipped and pointed bubbles. In particular, we find that the tube must reopen to a critical height for double-tipped bubbles to be selected. The length of the precursor fingers in the double-tipped bubble decreases with Ca, and the bubble loses stability to pointed bubbles when this length is less than the height of the tube at the point where the fingers merge. By contrast with the asymmetric and double-tipped bubbles, the pointed bubble infiltrates the most collapsed part of the tube to yield the rapid reopening of the airway at low pressure, with the potential to reduce ventilation-induced lung damage.
Unsteady two-layer hydraulic exchange flows with friction
Authors: LI S. S. , LAWRENCE G. A.
Published: August 2009

Two-layer exchange flow through a contraction with both friction and barotropic forcing is modelled in terms of three parameters reflecting the friction and the strength and period of the barotropic forcing. In the appropriate limits, the results for steady flow with and without friction, and inviscid barotropically forced flow are recovered. The predicted time-dependent interface position compares well with laboratory experiments, improving on the inviscid formulation. The concurrent effects of friction and barotropic forcing on average exchange flow rate are determined. When friction is weak barotropic forcing increases the exchange rate. However, when friction is high, tidal forcing can result in a reduced exchange rate, a phenomena that we call tidal inhibition. When friction is weak maximal exchange occurs throughout the tidal cycle, but as friction is increased submaximal flow develops for longer and longer periods. As friction is increased even further the flow becomes hydraulically uncontrolled. The parameter range for major sea straits includes tidally enhanced and tidally inhibited flows, as well as maximal, submaximal and uncontrolled flows.
Turbulent channel flow: comparison of streamwise velocity data from experiments and direct numerical simulation
Authors: MONTY J. P. , CHONG M. S.
Published: August 2009

Recently there has been remarkable progress made in the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of wall-bounded turbulence, particularly of turbulent channel flow, with numerical data now available above Reτ ≈ 2000 (Hoyas & Jiménez, Phys. Fluids, vol. 18, 2006, p. 011702; Iwamoto et al., Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium Smart Control of Turbulence, 2005). Much knowledge has been gained from these results, particularly in the areas of flow structure and dynamics. Yet, while the value of such simulations is undoubted, only very limited comparisons with experimental data have been documented. Although the physics of the flow are captured correctly in an ideal DNS, as with any real numerical or physical experiment, there are opportunities for misrepresentation of the characteristics of turbulence. As such, this article seeks to make a comparison between a well-documented high Reynolds number (Reτ = 934), large box size (8πh × 2h × 3πh) DNS from del Álamo et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 500, 2004, p. 135) and laboratory channel flow data measured by the authors. Results show that there is excellent agreement between the streamwise velocity statistics of the two data sets. The spectra are also very similar, however, throughout the logarithmic region the secondary peak in energy is clearly reduced in the DNS results. Although the source of the difference is not certain, the wavelengths concerned are close to the DNS box length, leading to the recommendation that longer box lengths should be investigated. Another large-scale spectral discrepancy near the wall results from the incorrect assumption of a constant convection velocity used to infer spatial information from the temporal. A near-wall convection velocity modification function is tentatively proposed. While the modification gives good agreement between the data sets, higher Reynolds number comparisons are required to better understand the intricate convection velocity issue.
Vortex wakes of a flapping foil
Authors: SCHNIPPER TEIS , ANDERSEN ANDERS , BOHR TOMAS
Published: August 2009

We present an experimental study of a symmetric foil performing pitching oscillations in a vertically flowing soap film. By varying the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation we visualize a variety of wakes with up to 16 vortices per oscillation period, including von Kármán vortex street, inverted von Kármán vortex street, 2P wake, 2P+2S wake and novel wakes ranging from 4P to 8P. We map out the wake types in a phase diagram spanned by the width-based Strouhal number and the dimensionless amplitude. We follow the time evolution of the vortex formation near the round leading edge and the shedding process at the sharp trailing edge in detail. This allows us to identify the origins of the vortices in the 2P wake, to understand that two distinct 2P regions are present in the phase diagram due to the timing of the vortex shedding at the leading edge and the trailing edge and to propose a simple model for the vorticity generation. We use the model to describe the transition from 2P wake to 2S wake with increasing oscillation frequency and the transition from the von Kármán wake, typically associated with drag, to the inverted von Kármán wake, typically associated with thrust generation.
The Land, Decentralization and Democracy: Notes on Recent Publications
Authors: Ward Leo R.
Published: August 2009

A FEW YEARS AGO, hardly an important or good book about the human problems of the land was appearing. Now, to judge by the books and articles, we see that a new and very intelligent interest has been awakened. Publications are devoted to homestead and subsistence projects, such as Ralph Borsodi's and Monsignor Ligutti's, to the great and lasting agrarianism of the South, to an outright decentralization, to cooperatives as affecting rural and suburban life, and especially to the effective and democratic cooperatives of Nova Scotia.
The Rise and Fall of the Proletarian Utopias
Authors: Briefs Goetz A.
Published: August 2009

Proudhon once remarked—and Cortéz eagerly took up the idea—that in the Western world all great intellectual and moral issues derive, fundamentally, from theological sources. In the past, and even today, Western thought has received and is receiving a tremendous impetus from the secularization of religious and theological doctrines. The Christian doctrines of salvation, of the kingdom of God, of the visio beatifica in a Paradise of happiness and perfect concord, have always led men not only to envision but even to plan an earthly millenium. With the rise of anthropocentric humanism the theological bases of these conceptions were swept away. Man and his powers superseded them. Man, endowed with reason, freedom and a desire for happiness, was made the focal point of history and of nature.
Bureaucracy and Consultation
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein
Published: August 2009

Administrative organization, if at all the product of thought, reflects primarily the need for a rational division of labor. Purpose must be translated into functions. Functions must be mapped out in terms of individual working units devoted to specific tasks. The ensuing specialization, however, is not without undesirable concomitants. Inevitably, confinement to one set of operations has a stifling effect, differing only in degree, on those virtually prisoners of the office structure. Perspective narrows, initiative weakens. Day after day the same general formula is enacted, the same questions are raised, the same points are checked. An outsider bold enough to inquire into concrete considerations underlying the fixed pattern must be prepared for surprises. He will have to be satisfied all too often with the slipshod reply, reproachful or sarcastic: “It has always been done this way.” The answer is not only pathetically inadequate. It also reveals that the formative idea which once guided the design for action has lost its hold. Routine perpetuated by sheer habit is at best a makeshift. It may keep things going temporarily, but it is certain to cramp the conduct of business under changing conditions. Moreover, thoughtless reliance on techniques once acquired results necessarily in a corresponding measure of intellectual unemployment. When precedent is sacred, minds go idle.
Trends in Modern Politics
Authors: Gurian Waldemar
Published: August 2009

Scarcely two decades have passed since Lord Bryce stated that democracy is universally accepted “as the normal and natural form of government.” What the author of the American Commonwealth regarded at the end of his long life as the result of the modern development had been announced by Alexis de Tocqueville even before Bryce was born. This French historian and political philosopher, who is today classed as one of the most important thinkers of all time, characterized the whole modern political and social trend as an irresistible advance towards democracy. He was afraid that democratic equality would destroy individual liberty. Like John Stuart Mill a generation later, he too was depressed by the fear that the despotism of a brutal majority rule might be a future threat to democracy. But this fear did not change the general trend of his prophecy.
Hitler—The Simplifier of German Nationalism
Authors: Gurian Waldemar
Published: August 2009

The best description of Adolf Hitler's character can be found in Jacob Burckhardt's Historical Fragments. In these lecture notes, published after his death, the great Swiss historian devotes a few pages to Mohammed as founder of Islam. I do not know whether these pages do justice to the Prophet of the Mohammedans, but I think that they are very important for the understanding of the mentality and the historical role of the Führer. “Mohammed is in his very personality fanatical, that is his fundamental force. His fanaticism is that of a radical simplifier, and so far he is completely genuine. His fanaticism is of a most tenacious kind, and his victory is one of the greatest victories of the doctrinaire attitude and of triviality.” “His paltry preaching alone would have obtained only moderate and transitory success, but he continually presented to his bands concrete aims … plunder of caravans, conquests in Arabia, with the accompanying booty. The Holy War against the outside world follows, as something self-evident. The World Empire is simply a conclusion.” Burckhardt points out that the Arabs, the henchmen of Mohammed, were not barbarians. They were an ingenious people, with many spiritual traditions; Mohammed's success among them was based upon a longing for unification, for an “extreme simplification.” Mohammed utilized parts of the most various traditions. Therefore, “everybody found something reminiscent of his previous beliefs in the preaching of Mohammed.”
History and the Future: The Vision of August Cieszkowski
Authors: Hepner Benoit P.
Published: August 2009

A Quarter of a century has passed since the western world acquired and developed some familiarity with Russian philosophy. The names of Chaadayev, Kireyevsky, Khomiakov and Solovyov are not unknown. The success of the late lamented Nicolas Berdyaev, not only in Europe but also in America and even in the far East, was in large measure due to the fact that his thought continued the tradition created by his Russian predecessors. Ontology, irrationalism, personalism, theohuman nostalgia—such are the themes and attitudes in which lies the originality of this current of ideas.
The Reception of Leo XIII's Labor Encyclical in America, 1891–1919
Authors: Abell Aaron I.
Published: August 2009

In America, as elsewhere, Catholic effort to reform the modern economic order antedates by some years Rerum Novarum, Leo XIII's masterly encyclical on the condition of labor, issued in May, 1891. For a full generation Catholics in France and Germany had been organizing to ameliorate social conditions, and in all industrialized lands the more progressive members of the Church insisted that a sincere attempt to apply Christianity to the social order must be made without delay. The reformers, nevertheless, needed aid and encouragement from the Pope, preferably a reasoned analysis of the industrial situation showing the desirability and means of bettering labor's condition. Everywhere, the few Catholics who championed labor's cause in the Church's name met unyielding resistance from highly placed Catholics intent on protecting vested interests or sincere in thinking that social reform meant social convulsion. As for American Catholics, if their leaders, ecclesiastics for the most part, had not, in many instances or to a conspicuous degree, deferred to great wealth, as a group they had seen in the struggling labor movement little more than a revolutionary uprising, a projection on these shores of the Socialist and Anarchist movements of the Old World.
Hirohito—Man, Emperor, “Divinity”
Authors: Tibesar L. H.
Published: August 2009

History has again been playing one of its tricks that end in tragedy. This time the victim is the Emperor of Japan, Hirohito, unspeakably sacred to his loyal subjects. In our age any emperor would be a controversial character; Hirohito is doubly so. In fact we have been witnessing the beginning of controversy and argument concerning him. We may not see the end of it for a long time to come. The process is already well along. What it may become later we can only surmise. The stage is set, the plot unraveling, the finale may be tragic.
Nationalism and the Irish Peasant, 1800–1848
Authors: Brown Thomas N.
Published: August 2009

Inthe years preceding the Great Famine the people of Ireland were separated in space and spirit by the divisive workings of history and geography and by the survival of ancient local customs that were feudal and in some instances, tribal in origin. In 1825, according to a contemporary observer, there were “different districts in Ireland almost as unlike each other as any two countries in Europe.” A thousand light years and more separated the Georgian splendor of Dublin from the rude Gaelic society of the West. And in all the provinces there were pockets where distinctive local cultures stubbornly endured; like the baronies of Bargy and Forth, in the extreme southeast corner of Wexford, whose inhabitants clung to a Chaucerian dialect until the middle of the century, or the fishing village of Claddagh, outside the city of Galway, where the people maintained a severe aloofness, marrying among themselves and ignoring outsiders.
The New United Nations and the Revision of the Charter
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: August 2009

The conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union has prevented the United Nations from becoming the international government of the great powers which the Charter intended it to be. That conflict has paralyzed the Security Council as an agency of international government. In the few instances when it has been able to act as an agency of international government, it has been able to do so either, as in the beginning of the Korean War, by the accidental and temporary absence of the Soviet Union or, as on the Indonesian issue, by a fortuitous and exceptional coincidence of interests.
Political Power in the Soviet Union
Authors: Timasheff N. S.
Published: August 2009

During the last months of the war, hopes were bright in this country that, this time, not only victory, but also peace would be won. The Fascist nations were being knocked out. The Soviet Union was not a democracy, but, apparently, was willing to enter into fair competition with the United States for the souls of the many nations in a state of indecision; and in this competition America thought democracy was likely to gain the upper hand. A world consisting predominantly of free, independent and peace-loving nations seemed ready to emerge.
The Fourth Republic in Transition
Authors: Hermens Ferdinand A.
Published: August 2009

Three events make the year 1951 significant in the history of the Fourth Republic. The first, and most important, was the national elections of June 17. The second was the reversal of an ageold trend by the vote of financial assistance to private, mostly Catholic, schools. The third was the provincial elections (elections cantonales) of October 7 and 14.
Polish-Russian Relations—Past and Present
Authors: Halecki Oscar
Published: August 2009

It is a terribly responsible task to write on Polish-Russian relations at the present moment. It is a moment of dangerous tension in these relations, perhaps even of decisive crisis. Therefore, everything should be avoided that could contribute on either side to excitement which would be equally harmful to the two countries concerned and to the United Nations as a whole. Since the reciprocal misunderstanding has, to a large extent, historical bases, the more realistic approach to the problem would seem to be simply to forget the whole historical background and to look for an entirely new start.
Langland and Mediaeval Functionalism
Authors: Rauch Rufus William
Published: August 2009

Mediaeval man lived in a marvellously ordered and disciplined universe. Both reason and faith taught him that God was in His heaven, and if all was not well with the world, it was the fault of man and his revolt, of sin and moral evil, not the fault of God. Through all the ranges of created being, from prima materia to the very infinitude of God Himself, there was a necessary order and hierarchy, for the simple reason that God had so disposed all things. Only man was capable of violating that natural order and its concomitant law. The tradition of philosophy supported this pervasive thesis of revelation, at least without contradiction; and the fact of sin was selfevident: not man's irredeemable corruption and futility, as in the great heresies of Manichaeus, the Albigenses and later of Calvin, but his tragic tendency toward evil and moral disintegration unless sanctified by supernatural aid. This aid would be forthcoming with absolute certainty if man assumed his personal responsibility for the evil in his own life and if he cooperated in an intimate way with the scheme of divine redemption. Time and the secular order therefore could be redeemed, from generation to generation, because God had intervened in time and had interfered with the natural state of man in the climactic events of the Incarnation and the Crucifixion. But the redemption of society must depend inevitably on the redemption of the individual human person; St. Paul's “redeem the time for the days are evil” meant “redeem one's self, and the days will be better.” Any other philosophy of reform must lead, as we know now, to the subjection of the human person to slavery, whatever the complexion of the particular totalitarian “ism.” On the other hand, the Christian hope and desire for moral improvement, and thus for social betterment, was and no doubt continues to be the basis for the ultimate optimism of Western civilization.
Global Ethics and Global Peace
Authors: MacLean Donald A.
Published: August 2009

World peace, the greatest natural good mankind can possess, is a universal global responsibility. In its attainment all peoples, nations and states should share. Sacrifice, generosity and good will are its vital concomitants.

A necessary and urgent requirement for guaranteeing the ordered tranquility of mankind is the creation of a sound, reliable, and effective peace program. To this must be coupled such practical, juridical, international institutions as are necessary to ensure the application of the program to the realities of the present world crisis. This constitutes for peoples and states their major ethical obligation.
The Education of Man
Authors: O'Malley Frank
Published: August 2009

IT is for man that education must exist. Such a statement may seem too obvious to make at all. Yet its meaning is rarely understood today. Too many contemporary educators fail to recognize the central point of man in the educative process. There is lavish talk of education for the masses, education for today, education for tomorrow, education for democracy, education for business, education for science and industry, education for power and even education for death. But the real problem is education for man. Man may make various uses of his education in contributing to political and social enlightenment, in increasing our technological control, in elevating the standards of the multitude, and in diminishing human pain and suffering (or in increasing the agony of men by multiplying methods and instruments of war and death). These uses, however, are after-products. The particular product — and the root-problem — is man and his personal and spiritual awakening, growth and fulfillment.
The Culture of the Church
Authors: O'Malley Frank
Published: August 2009

Among the preparatory prayers of the Mass, there are these words from Psalm 42: “Judge me, O God, and distinguish my cause from the nation that is not holy.” However inadequately accomplished, the purpose of this essay is to affirm and distinguish our cause as Catholic minds and human beings from the nation and from the world that are not holy—to affirm the strength and meaning of the world of the Church for our varied worlds of living and working. As Christopher Dawson points out in a remarkable essay, there is, even in the modern world, “a tradition of sacred culture which it has been the mission of the Church to nourish and preserve”—and to nourish and preserve it even in the nation that is not holy. “However secularized our modern civilization may become,” Dawson continues, “this sacred tradition [this sacred life] remains like a river in the desert, and a genuine religious education can still use it to irrigate the thirsty lands and to change the face of the world with the promise of a new life. The great obstacle is the failure of Christians themselves to understand the depth of that tradition and the inexhaustible possibilities of new life that it contains.”
The Premises of Brownson's Political Theory
Authors: Parry Stanley J.
Published: August 2009

The theorist's attempt to interpret man's relation to man in civil society inevitably grows from and reflects his deeper conception of man's relation to the universe and to God. Consequently, the ultimate meaning and significance of a political theory can be ascertained only by establishing the precise way in which the theorist's world view has been spelled out in his view of the state. In the case of Orestes A. Brownson this is especially true. In the course of his movement from Transcendentalism to Catholicism he elaborated a metaphysic distinctively his: it summarizes his own intellectual history, his basic thought prior even to his theology, for it is the rationale of his acceptance of the Catholic Church. Our thesis with regard to Brownson's political thought is first, that this same metaphysic constitutes the premises on which he elaborates his political theory and, secondly, that the solution he offers to the ultimate problem raised by that theory is theological since ultimately his basic metaphysic gets completed by his theology. Our task is to indicate how this metaphysic and theology determine the fundamental conceptions of his specifically political thought.
Don Luigi Sturzo
Authors: Caponigri A. Robert
Published: August 2009

In historical retrospect,* the period between the last great formations of European nationalism, German unification and the Italian Riorgimento, and the second world war, must appear as among the most crucial and decisive eras in the political life of the West. The single, but ultimately all-embracing, phenomenon which gives this period its special character is the emergence of the ethical and monistic lay state—the state which, from the sociological point of view, and hence ethically, juridically and politically, seeks the effective subordination to itself of all forms of social life. In Italy, this process, as the result of conditions prevalent there, was especially articulated; and the logic of the new state was developed almost hyperbolically in certain of its dimensions and aspects. In that same country, also as a result peculiar to its conditions, the diagnosis and the contraindications of the monistic state emerged simultaneously with the emergence of that state itself. The ideas and the forces which were effectively to stabilize and then to reverse the process of the lay state were present and active from the moment that state made its effective appearance. For this reason the history of Italy must possess as especial interest during this period. The man who has been, perhaps beyond all others, the expressive and dynamic symbol of those ideas and forces, is Don Luigi Sturzo. As a consequence his career, like the history of his country, has arresting, if not unique, interest.
Max Weber and the Contemporary Political Crisis
Authors: Parsons Talcott
Published: August 2009

We are living in a time when men most urgently feel the need of intellectual clarification of the social and political situation in which they stand. By no means all the great masters of social thought who have made important potential contributions to such clarification are sufficiently well known, even among social and political scientists. One of these is Max Weber who, in the English-speaking world, is known more as a sociologist of religion and a methodologist of social science than as an interpreter of the political scene. Weber's scope of interest in institutional problems, with specific reference to the modern Western world, was, however, exceedingly broad, and a substantial part of his work was centered o nthe field of political institutions, particularly in their relations to the economic order and to other aspects of the social structure.
Orestes A. Brownson' The American Republic
Authors: Cook Thomas I. , Leavelle Arnaud B.
Published: August 2009

While Roman Catholic commentary on specific phases of American life and politics fills many volumes, particularly in the form of periodical literature, systematic analyses of American government in terms of the philosophy of-the Church Fathers and the great scholastics are rarely encountered. Certainly, such an examination addressed to the general reading public is exceptional. Even more unusual is it to find a work from this viewpoint accepted as an influential element in our intellectual development and heritage. Such, however, has been the happy fate of Orestes A. Brownson's The American Republic, which has found its way even into text book discussions of American political ideas. Yet, while the reasons for its notice are, in historical retrospect, understandable, the resultant analysis has done the work somewhat less than justice. It has been treated almost exclusively as part of the literature which marked the triumph of Republicanism and nationalism against the Confederacy and the states' rights doctrine. Now, while Brownson, who entered his spiritual and intellectual resting place after finding Presbyterianism, Universalism, and Unitarianism successively inadequate to his needs, undoubtedly desired to justify the triumphant federal union against its opponents, his fundamental objective, in which he revealed the ardor not unusual in converts, was to show the nature of American political institutions in the light of the tradition of Roman Catholic moral and political philosophy. Indeed, while he deplored the extreme states' rights idea as manifested in Secession, he was even more concerned with the problem of excessive centralization, which he saw as the great potential danger for the future.
Rationalism, Principles, and Politics
Authors: Letwin Shirley Robin
Published: August 2009

That politics should not be a matter either of impulse and whim or of pure ratiocination, hardly anyone will dispute. But there is no settled agreement on the precise role that reason should play in political decisions. Disagreement is aggravated because those who have written on the question usually intended to correct some prevalent error and in their fervor have often fostered other, equally pernicious, errors. As a result, discussion about the nature of political reasoning has tended to oscillate between extreme positions that hardly anyone would uphold consistently. This tendency is illustrated once again in the recent attacks on Rationalism, where the authors, in criticizing the Rationalist misuse of reason, seem to identify all abstract reasoning with Rationalism and appear to distrust all general principles.
Britain and the H-bomb, 1955–1958
Authors: Epstein Leon D.
Published: August 2009

Britain's decision in 1955, reaffirmed by policy and action through 1958, to manufacture its own hydrogen bomb has raised important questions about the effectiveness of joint Anglo-American defense arrangements. That the British development of massive retaliatory weapons involved a costly and unnecessary duplication of the American program has been persuasively argued by Henry Kissinger. Like many others, Kissinger would have preferred Britain to have concentrated on the conventional and tactical nuclear means of waging limited war. Indeed, from a joint Anglo-American point of view, Kissinger's argument is so persuasive that an altogether different point of view, much more exclusively national, is required to explain Britain's H-bomb development. This may be discerned in the way in which the policy was presented to the British public. Granting that such presentation does not necessarily reveal the actual motivations of policy-makers, nevertheless the public justifications for Britain's H-bomb illuminate the image which Englishmen have of their nation's status in world affairs, particularly in relation to the United States.
The Political Role of the Peasantry in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Angress Werner T.
Published: August 2009

TheEnglish word “peasantry” today evokes visions of humble tillers of the soil who dwell in hovels which they share with their families, pigs, goats, and sheep. But translated into German, “peasantry” becomesBauernschaft, a term which for at least a century and a half has carried an emotional connotation of professional pride. All agrarian producers, whether they cultivate a five-acre plot or a thousand acre estate, belong to theBauernschaftwhich sets them off from the rest of the nation. Yet until the end of World War II very distinct class lines existed within theBauernschaftand divided German farmers into roughly two groups,Gutsbesitzern—(proprietors of estates) andBauern(peasants). To avoid confusion, “peasantry” will refer hereafter only to the latter, while “farmers” will apply to all German landowners.
William Seton — A Catholic Darwinist
Authors: Morrison John L.
Published: August 2009

TheBattleLines in the evolution controversy had been clearly drawn by the year 1890. In scientific circles a few die-hards, like the German zoologist, Virchow, were making a last ditch fight against the increasingly popular Darwinian concept. American scientists, however, were virtually unanimous in their acceptance of evolution now that the restraining hand of Louis Aggassiz had been lifted. Among the theologians too might be found liberals who embraced the new theory; such influential Protestant preachers as Henry Ward Beecher and Lyman Abbott announced that they were “enthusiastic evolutionists.” Most Protestant leaders did not share this enthusiasm. They remained skeptical of evolution's scientific merits, suspicious of its philosophical implications, and fearful of its theological effects. Perhaps the most common Protestant technique was to denounce Darwinism as a threat to Christianity. Thus, as matters stood, America was in the midst of a struggle between a school of evolutionists, many of whom espoused unchristian or antichristian philosophies, and another group of anti-evolutionists who denied the scientific validity of evolution and objected to its theological implications. The evolutionists seemed to be gaining in strength and numbers.
Stalinist Theory and Soviet Foreign Policy
Authors: Diplomaticus
Published: August 2009

Arguments about Soviet foreign policy usually include a lively debate about whether the Politburo is made up of Marxists or Machiavellians. The defenders of the Machiavellian interpretation of Soviet behaviour insist that the Communists are just “power politicians” carrying out the historic Russian program of expansion under a new guise. Until recently this view has been by far the most popular with American scholars and laymen. Few people here even now would take the position diat the Soviet Union's actions are a blind fulfillment of Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist theory. Some would, however, insist that an understanding of this theory will facilitate interpretation of Soviet behaviour. Indeed, some Soviet policies and actions make much more sense when placed within a Stalinist frame of reference than as “power politics.”
Aspects of the Saar Problem
Authors: Roegele O.
Published: August 2009

The question of the final political status of the Saar territory constitutes a barrier across both the French and German roads leading toward a supranational Europe. Every time a step is to be taken toward such a Europe, and every time any sort of difference of opinion develops between the two neighboring nations, the question of the Saar again gives rise, with all passion and all vehemence, to a discussion of national prestige. It is apparently impossible for the two nations to forget the Saar or to treat it with the relatively moderate amount of attention it deserves in accordance with its importance in world politicss as a whole.
Nationalism and Darwin
Authors: Ong Walter J.
Published: August 2009

The concepts with which man registers the reality around him and with which he does his thinking carry within them the record of their own history. Thus our ordinary ways of conceiving of the world which lies around and ahead of us, the world of the postnationalist age, seem inevitably to perpetuate the concept of nationalism. To get beyond nationalism, we commonly think of internationalism or postnationalism or transnationalism, conceiving of what is not nationalism in terms of nationalism itself. The difficulty here is of course unavoidable, for the next age will have emerged from nationalism, and our concept of it, too, must perpetuate the realities of history.
Origins of the Political Philosophy of the A. F. of L., 1886–1896
Authors: Grob Gerald N.
Published: August 2009

European socialists at the beginning of the twentieth century often expressed amazement at the fact that the United States, although one of the most advanced industrial nations in the world, also had one of the weakest socialist movements, as well as a trade union movement bent on avoiding any hard and fast political commitments. Yet, only a few short years before, it appeared as though the American working class had at last arrived at political maturity and was putting its potential voting strength to good advantage. In the elections of 1886, for example, labor tickets in the Northeast and Middle West polled substantial proportions of the vote and won some startling victories. In New York City, Henry George, running with labor and socialist backing, lost out in his race for mayor by only 22,000 votes, while in Chicago and Milwaukee a number of labor candidates swept to victory.
Agrarianism and Politics
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2009

The title of my paper, I hasten to say, is intended to be noncommittal. It does not mean that there has been a marriage between agrarianism and politics, or even anything approaching a love affair. Yet perhaps this explanation is superfluous. It is obvious that there is not a close working-relationship between current politics and the theory of agrarianism. That condition is the subject of my discussion. The politics of agrarianism has not been denned or has been poorly defined. This paper is simply an attempt to locate the source of the difficulty.
Ownership and the Human Person
Authors: Michel Virgil
Published: August 2009

In the treatment of my topic, I shall begin with the human person and go on from there to the question of ownership of material goods. This will be done in the deep conviction, which accords also with the best philosophical tradition of 2,000 years, that the institution of ownership must be theoretically derived and must take its practical cues from the human person, and not vice versa. If there is one supreme characteristic of our modern civilization in this regard, it is the fact that we have turned this matter quite around. Our civilization has given the supreme position to ownership, whether public or private, and has made the person quite subservient in practical life to this supposedly highest of all individual and social values. By modern civilization I mean the general dominant trend of human events in our Western world during the past four centuries or so, which was in some regards a trend away from the general Christian tradition of thought and life that existed progressively for much over a thousand years before what is technically known as the modern era of history began.
Modern Culture and the New European War
Authors: Alexeiev N. N.
Published: August 2009

WE STAND at the beginning of events of enormous importance. It is too early to form an opinion as to how these events will develop—whether it will be a long-lasting war or if all will be finished when these lines are published—whether other nations and countries will be involved in the struggle besides those who began it, or in other words whether this war will become really a world catastrophe or if it will be relatively localized—which way Chance will turn and what will be the final result of the war? Trying to answer these questions would be mere guess work, without any sufficient foundation. One thing only one might say with entire certainty: it is not a simple war-like episode the beginning of which we witness, it is an event, or rather a series of events of world importance, a. turning point in European history. And in so far as European Culture has become World Culture, the new European War may be considered as a turning point in the life of the whole world.
Language and Politics: Turkish Language Reform
Authors: Tachau Frank
Published: August 2009

The close relation between language and politics was noted by George Orwell many years ago. Undoubtedly, no other political phenomenon brings this relationship more sharply into focus than that of nationalism.

“In our time, the national community has assumed paramount power,” notes Frederick Hertz. Along with this development, “the national language has become one of the idols of a new religion. All nations regard it as a symbol of their independence and honour, as the supreme expression of their personality, and they esteem its exclusive domination within their national territory more highly than obvious spiritual and material advantages.” Indeed, language has been widely (though in some cases erroneously) accepted as one of the prime indicators of national identity.
Africa Seeks a Common Language
Authors: Ornstein Jacob
Published: August 2009

A Few years ago an editor was beaten in Uganda for using the “wrong” forms of the Luganda tongue, which somewhat earlier had been “standardized.” This incident reflects the emotionalism surrounding language issues in the emergent African countries, so desperately seeking a common medium for internal and external communication.
The Team Against the Committee
Authors: de Jouvenel Bertrand
Published: August 2009

A certain small group of men (hereafter called “the team”) shares an intention, the implementation of which requires at least a once-for-all decision of some public authority. The most obvious procedure is to plead in favor of that decision with the holders (or holder) of the competent authority. The next most obvious is to win over people who have easy and habitual access to the decision-maker or makers. These first and second procedures can be practiced under any regime.
The Tumultuous Petitioners: The Protestant Association in Scotland, 1778–1780
Authors: Black Eugene Charlton
Published: August 2009

Emotional religion was embedded in the hearts of eighteenth-century Britons. The veneer of culture and moderation, so often considered the hallmark of the age of reason, was perilously thin. Conjure up an image of the Gordon Riots of June, 1780, to see the mob, rising in hysterical fear of popery, terrorizing the city of London for a week. From Charles Dickens' classic account in Barnaby Rudge to the recent King Mob of Christopher Hibbert, the saga of those savage days has fascinated historians and readers alike. Few of us remember that the Gordon Riots were merely the climax of organized agitation which had brewed for nearly two years and had already achieved singular success in Scotland. Victory there made possible the London disorders. In Glasgow and Edinburgh, in the intellectual capital of Britain, the heirs of John Knox had rejected the overtures of reason and moderation.
French Reformism
Authors: Epsztein Leon
Published: August 2009

In recent decades the socialists have attracted more attention and historical study than other social reformers. The extreme positions, utopian socialism and Marxism, have been the subject of many studies, and indeed, have been investigated to the neglect of the intermediate and moderate forms of socalism. The concentration of study upon the extreme positions may perhaps be explained in that they are older movements and they have had an influence that certainly makes for quantitative importance. Moreover, those who take extreme positions are often the first to gain attention.
Spanish Nationalism in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Payne Stanley G.
Published: August 2009

Spanish patriots have prided themselves on the fact that Spain was one of the first nations in Europe to achieve political unity. They devoutly believe that Ferdinand and Isabella created the first “nation” in Europe. To them, as well as to many non-Spaniards, Spain seems an entity unique in Europe, with a distinct psychology and value system. The traditional xenophobia of Spaniards and their emotional resentment of the outer world — the “otherness” of Spain in the twentieth century — make it difficult to conceive of the Spanish as anything other than a narrowly personalistic or nationalistic group.
The Irish Constitution: A Discussion of its Theoretical Aspects
Authors: Bromage W. , Bromage Mary C.
Published: August 2009

WHEN a new constitution was promised to the Irish people a few years ago, Eamon de Valera, then President of Saorstat Eireann and now Prime Minister of Eire, told his people that it would be written as if England were a million miles away. Apart from the passing phases of Anglo-Irish relations, he wished to remove his constitutional plans from the limitations of contemporary events, to unshackle his mind from the here and the now. How far he succeeded in this effort will be known only in the twenty-first century or the twenty-second. Then, if the new Bunreacht na hEireannhas withstood the slings and arrows of Irish fortunes, de Valera and his advisers will be found to have written not only for their own time but for times to come as they intended.
Settlement Workers in Politics, 1890–1914
Authors: Davis Allen F.
Published: August 2009

Settlement workers during the Progressive era were probably more committed to political action than any other group of welfare workers before or since. Charity organization workers also cooperated on occasion in political reform projects, but Robert Hunter, the itinerant radical, settlement worker, and charity expert was probably right in 1902, even if he exaggerated, when he decided that the settlement worker and the charity worker had basically different temperaments. The charity worker was hesitant to get involved with reform, Hunter decided; he had a philosophy of “don't, don't” and was constantly troubled by the fear that his relief would destroy independence. The settlement worker, on the other hand, was more often the victim of unbounded enthusiasm than of moral questioning. “He is constantly doing, urging; he is constantly pressing forward, occasionally tilting at wind mills, at times making mistakes, often perhaps doing injury, but filled with enthusiasm, warmth and purpose, without much question”.
Alcide De Gasperi and the Fascist Regime, 1924–1929
Authors: Carrillo Elisa A.
Published: August 2009

In May, 1924, the National Council of the Partita Popolare elected Alcide De Gasperi, deputy from Venezia Tridentina and president of the Popolare parliamentary group, as political secretary. This election united for the first time in one mandate the presidency of the parliamentary organization and the party secretaryship. Under De Gasperi the party remained on center moorings, opposing Fascism on constitutional grounds and employing moderate, legal methods. But the struggle was an unequal one. The violence of the Fascists did not abate after their April electoral successes, and the headquarters of the local branches of the Partito Popolare, along with Catholic societies and “White” cooperatives, continued to be objects of squadrist attacks, especially in northern Italy. As an able opponent of Fascism both at Montecitorio and in the Trentino, his homeland, De Gasperi aroused the enmity of Mussolini and his subordinates.
The Ethics of Intervention
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: August 2009

IN POLITICS the church is only a theoretician. The religious communities as such should be concerned with political doctrine, and with clarifying and keeping wide open the legitimate options for choice. Their task is not the determination of policy. Their special orientation upon politics is, in a sense, an exceedingly limited one. They need to stand in awe before people nowadays called political “decision-makers,” or rather before the majesty of topmost political agency. Political decision and action is an image of the majesty of God, who also rules by particular decrees. God says, “Let there be … ”; and His word becomes deed and actuality. So also earthly magistrates have the high and lonely responsibility of declaring what shall actually be done. Allowing for the limitations that surround even the highest magistrate of a great nation, it is still the case that he creatively shapes events by decisions that must be particular decisions going beyond doctrine. He must actualize what is to be from among a number of legitimate choices. The majesty of political rulership is that it is always a triumph over doctrine through right doctrine, a victory over generalities through the proper generalities. It injects life-giving, or at least actuality-giving, deeds into words over words and beyond words.