bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF PARAMYXOVIRUS‐SPECIFIC HAEMOLYSIS‐INHIBITING ANTIBODIES SEPARATE FROM HAEMAGGLUTINATING‐INHIBITING AND NEURAMINIDASE‐INHIBITING ANTIBODIES
Authors: Örvell Claes
Published: August 2010

Egg‐grown Newcastle disease (NDV) and mumps virus were used for preparation of rabbit hyperimmune sera against purified whole virus and projectionless virus particles. These sera and convalescent sera after natural NDV and mumps infections in chickens and human subjects, respectively, were studied in haemolysis‐inhibition (HLI), haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase‐inhibition (NI) tests both before and after absorption with Tween 80‐ether (TE) treated virus preparations. In addition, neutralization tests using the different sera were carried out. HI and NI antibodies and the major population of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent sera were removed by absorption with TE treated virus material without changing the titre of non‐HI HLI antibodies. Rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against projectionless virus particles exhibited HLI antibody titres in marked excess of HI and NI antibody titres, whereas this was not found in sera against whole virus. Absorption with TE treated virus material resulted in removal of all demonstrable antibody activities in sera against whole virus. The corresponding absorption of sera against projectionless particles eliminated HI antibodies without changing the titre of non‐Hi HLI antibodies. In rabbit hyperimmune sera, HI antibodies were of primary importance in neutralization tests. After addition of anti‐gamma globulin to the test, an efficient neutralization was observed if mumps non‐HI HLI antibodies were used whereas this was not found if NDV non‐HI HLI antibodies were used.
RELATIONSHIP OFNEISSERIA ELONGATASUBSP.GLYCOLYTICATO OTHER MEMBERS OF THE FAMILYNEISSERIACEAE
Authors: BOVRE KJELI. , FROHOLM L. O. , HENRIKSEN S. D. , HOLTEN EIRIK
Published: August 2010

Neisseria elongatasubsp.glycolyticastrain 6171/75 is closely similar to the type strain ofN. elongata, M2, as regards DNA base composition, fatty acid content and electrophoretic mobility of two glutamate dehydrogenases, one of which showed a reaction of identity with the corresponding enzyme from M2 in double immunodiffusion in agar. The strain showed genetic homologies with strain M2 in genetic transformation at a level suggesting species identity, and withN. meningitidisat a lower level. No affinity toMoraxellaspecies or “false neisseriae” was demonstrated, with the exception of a production of a few transformants in the 6171/75 recipient by DNA fromKingella kingae.The strain showed the same pattern of associated variation of colony type, fimbriation and competence in transformation as that found in otherNeisseriaandMoraxellaspecies. After continuous subcultivation for some time some clones of the strain appeared to have lost the ability to produce acid from glucose.
SORPTION OF STREPTOCOCCI TO GLASS: EFFECTS OF MACROMOLECULAR SOLUTES
Authors: ØRSTAVIK DAG
Published: August 2010

Macromolecular solutes (albumin, concanavalin A, whole saliva, serum) caused impaired sorption of Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus sanguis to glass. The inhibitory effect resided chiefly with interactions of the solutes with the glass surface. In the case of sorption of S. sanguis to glass in the presence of parotid fluid, the inhibitory effect was counteracted by a specific attachment of S. sanguis cells mediated by some component(s) of the parotid fluid. Agglutination of the test organisms was in general accompanied by inhibition of sorption. However, when small or unstable aggregates were formed, the number of cells adhering on the glass surface was increased. The findings are discussed with reference to the colonization of teeth by oral bacteria.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROBACTER AGGLOMERANS (ERWINIA SPP.) FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS
Authors: URSING J.
Published: August 2010

The biochemical reactions of 18 anaerogenic and 45 aerogenic isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans are described and used for subdivision in the biogroups suggested by Ewing & Fife. The presence of special cultural characteristics (symplasmata and biconvex bodies) was also recorded and was found to be unrelated to formation of gas from glucose. Previous authors have reported such structures in anaerogenic cultures only. The amount of gas produced varied to a great extent between strains and also proved to be dependent on incubation temperature. The results do not support the division of E. agglomerans into one anaerogenic and one aerogenic major subgroup. The value of the gelatin liquefaction test for characterization of the species is emphasized.
CULTIVATION AND ISOLATION OF FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS ON SELECTIVE CHOCOLATE AGAR, AS USED ROUTINELY FOR THE ISOLATION OF GONOCOCCI
Authors: Berdal Bjørn P. , Søderlund Erik
Published: August 2010

Two strains of Francisella tularensis were grown on a selective chocolate agar, used for the isolation of gonococci. The growth conditions appeared to be satisfactory, and contaminating flora was largely eliminated, thus facilitating reisolation and diagnosis.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE LATE SPOROBLAST AND THE INITIATION OF SPOROZOITE FORMATION IN EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Hutchison W. M. , Süm J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of the late sporoblast and the initiation of sporozoite formation in E. brunetti was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 24 hours at 27d̀ C. The late sporoblast was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed two nuclei, with associated Golgi bodies, situated at either end of the organism. Its cytoplasm contained numerous polysaccharide granules, electron translucent vacuoles, dense bodies, mitochondria, and some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The sporoblast, at this stage, was enclosed by two unit membranes. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the sporoblast. A conoid was present in the central region of the plaques. Sporozoite formation was similar to the initiation of merozoite formation in the schizont. Endodyogeny did not appear to be involved in the process of sporozoite formation.
LACK OF MEASURABLE COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIBODIES AGAINST VIRAL ANTIGENS
Authors: RISKI HELLEVI , PYRHÖNEN SEPPO , WAGER ODD , PENTTINEN KARI
Published: August 2010

A serological and clinical study was performed to find the common features of 130 patients without antibodies against 11 or more different antigens in the complement fixation (CF) test. These patients (= 1.6 per cent) were discovered during the screening of 8,021 adult patients. Rheumatoid factor(s) (RF) were found in the sera of 113 of the patients. In the remaining 17 patients no common serological or clinical markers were found. Myeloma M‐components were found in three cases. The lack of measurable CF antibodies in RF positive cases was apparently due to the inhibitory effect of RF(s) in the CF test. This was indicated by a positive reaction in CF after centrifugal separation of IgM and IgG fractions and also by the detection of antibodies using immunodiffusion method. Possible immune complexes were sought using the platelet aggregation test, which was positive for the sera of 47 (= 37 per cent) of the patients. The clinical diagnosis of the 130 CF‐nonreactors was rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (ARA criteria) in 23 cases and pulmonary diseases in 65 cases. In a comparison group of equal size there were only 3 RA patients and 15 with pulmonary disease. RA was thus found in 20 per cent of the RF positive CF‐nonreacting patients. In the comparison group of 52 RA patients 8 CF‐nonreactors were found (= 15 per cent). This suggests that the effect of RF(s) from RA patients in CF reaction varies greatly.
THE TENDENCY OF SMOOTH AND ROUGH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUMBACTERIA AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE TO HYDROPHOBIC AND IONIC INTERACTION, AS STUDIED IN AQUEOUS POLYMER TWO‐PHASE SYSTEMS
Authors: MAGNUSSON K.‐E. , STENDAHL O. , TAGESSON C. , EDEBO L. , JOHANSSON G.
Published: August 2010

In aqueous two‐phase system, the partition of bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from a rough (R) strain (Rd‐mutant) of Salmonella typhimurium is influenced by polymers with covalently linked hydrophobic groups indicating hydrophobic structures accessible at the cell surface. Furthermore, the partition of the R bacteria is influenced by a number of inorganic positive and negative ions, presumably as a consequence of interaction with negatively charged surface structures. In contrast, smooth (S) bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from the parent strain do not seem to participate in either hydrophobic or charge interaction indicating extensive hydrophilicity without charge. Thus, the S‐specific polysaccharide side chain of S. typhimurium might serve the purpose of blindfolding aspecific host defence mechanisms dependent on hydrophobicity and charge. On the contrary, the R bacteria and R lipopolysaccharide have physico‐chemical properties which predispose to interaction with several types of cells, organelles and molecules.
CYTOCHEMICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON POLYSACCHARIDE GRANULES IN THE ENDOGENOUS FORMS OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Hutchison W. M. , Sum J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

The endogenous stages in the life cycle of Eimeria brunetti were tested for polysaccharide material by electron microscopical cytochemistry using the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazideosmium tetroxide (PATO)‐method. The parasites were observed within the epithelial cells of the small intestine of infected domestic fowls. Two types of granules reacted positively for polysaccharide. The first was large, approximately 500 nm by 250 nm. These granules had an appearance similar to the polysaccharide granules reported for other coccidian parasites. They were observed in mature merozoites, macrogamonts, and developing oocysts. The second type of granule was smaller (15–30 nm in diameter) and was only observed at the periphery of the residual cytoplasmic mass of mature microgamonts. It was more similar in appearance to metazoan glycogen than the former. However, since the PATO‐method does not differentiate between different polysaccharides it can not be proven if these granules in fast contain glycogen. The WFB I of the macrogamete and the outer layer of the oocyst wall gave a slight positive reaction but after examination of the controls it appeared that this was not a specific reaction for polysaccharides.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SEROLOGICAL REACTIVITY AND ENDOTOXICITY OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES EXTRACTED IN DIFFERENT WAYS FROM BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS, BACTEROIDES MELANINOGENICUS AND BACTEROIDES ORALIS
Authors: Hofstad T. , Sveen K. , Dahlén G.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from strains of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides oralis with phenol‐water, trichloroacetic acid, EDTA or liquid phenolchloroform‐petroleum ether (PCP) and isolated by ultracentrifugation, varied considerably in their quantitative chemical composition. Negligible yields of LPS were obtained by PCP‐extraction. All preparations were more or less serologically active. All methods (except PCP) extracted the same O‐antigenic determinants from B. fragilis. Endotoxic activity, as measured by primary skin inflammations in rabbits, was low but was present in all preparations. Proteins (and/or lipoproteins) co‐precipitated with LPS in the ultracentrifuge.
ORIGIN OF INTESTINAL β‐GLUCURONIDASE IN GERMFREE, MONOCONTAMINATED AND CONVENTIONAL RATS
Authors: RØd Terje O. , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

The instestinal β‐glucoronidase was studied in germfree, monocontaminated and conventional rats. The greater part of the β‐glucuronidase of the caecum and the large intestine of the contaminated animals was of bacterial origin. No bacterial β‐glucuronidase was found in the small intestine. Monocontamination withEscherichia coligave activities corresponding to those of the conventional rats, whereas content from the caecum and the large intestine of the rats monocontaminated withStreptococcus pyogenesshowed an activity approximately 10 per cent of that of the conventional rats.
ASSOCIATION OF SOME ENTEROBACTERIA WITH THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF MOUSE IN RELATION TO THEIR PARTITION IN AQUEOUS POLYMER TWO‐PHASE SYSTEMS
Authors: PERERS LARS , ANDåKER LARS , EDEBO LARS , STENDAHL OLLE , TAGESSON CHRISTER
Published: August 2010

The association of enterobacteria with mouse intestinal mucosa has been investigated by pumping heat‐killed, radioactively‐labelled bacteria through the gut lumen in vitro. Approximately 20 cm of the small intestine proximal to the ileo‐caecal valve was rinsed, excised and maintained in an organ bath. By using two different bacteria labelled with different radioactive isotopes, the relative association of the two bacteria pumped through the same piece of gut was determined. Cross‐labelling showed that choce of isotope did not affect the association. Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 was used as reference and the other bacteria investigated related to it. S. typhimurium MR10 and Escherichia coli O 14 K7, which are relatively lipophilic, showed greater association than S. typhimurium 395 MS and E. coli O 111 K58, which are more hydrophilic. Prolonged incubation of bacteria with the length of intestine in vitro leading to damage of the brush border of the mucosal epithelium enhanced the association of the bacteria. These data suggest that similar physico‐chemical surface properies govern the association of certain enterobacteria to the intestinal mucosa as in phagocytosis with professional phagocytes.
QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOELECTRO PHORETIC STUDIES OF THE L AND S ANTIGENS OF VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: GURVIN INGMUND , HAUKENES GUNNAR , PRANTE PER II.
Published: August 2010

The L (10S) and S (7S) antigens of vaccinia virus have been characterized by their sensitivity to heat, to proteolytic enzymes and to periodate. The L antigen was heat labile and inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and periodate. Treatment with trypsin for 1 min indicated that the S antigen was built up of at least two protein subunits of about 3S and 5S. One of the sub units was highly sensitive to heat and to proteolytic enzymes. On further treatment with trypsin the other subunit was split in two components showing partial identity serologically.
ENDOCYTOSIS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 395 MS AND MR10 BY HELA CELLS
Authors: Kihlström Erik , Nilsson Lennart
Published: August 2010

Monolayers of HeLa cells were examined for their ability to endocytose Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS (wild) and MR10 (chemotype Rd). Monolayers treated with the glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetic acid (IAA) or N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) or the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide (NaN3) or cytochalasin B (CB) were incubated with S. typhimurium. The numbers of cell‐associated (intracellular plus cell‐membrane attached extracellular) and intracellular bacteria were determined by viable counts, together with the HeLa cell ATP levels. IAA and NEM at concentrations 10‐4M and 10‐3M decreased significantly the number of intracellular MR10 and the cellular ATP levels, but did not influence significantly the total number of cell‐associated bacteria except for 10‐3M IAA which slightly increased the associa tion. On the other hand, NaN3 at concentrations 10‐4M and 10‐3M did not affect the number of associated or intracellular bacteria, or the cellular ATP levels. CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml increased the number of associated bacteria, decreased the number of intracellular bacteria and caused a small decrease in cellular ATP levels. Thus, HeLa cells may internalize S. typhimurium by an energy‐requiring, glycolysis‐dependent process. CB had a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on the internalization without influencing significantly the HeLa cell ATP levels. This indicates that CB might affect the internalization process by some means other than decreasing the ATP content.
SINGLE‐CELL PROTEIN AS A BACTERIAL SUBSTRATE
Authors: Fossum Kåre , Almlid TorbjØrn
Published: August 2010

It was found that the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria tested were able to grow and produce extracellular enzymes and toxins in substrates based on extract from various products of Single‐cell protein (SCP), as well as in suspensions of SCP. In addition to the hygienic aspects of these findings the possibility of utilizing SCP as substrate for cultivation of bacteria is pointed out.
EXPERIMENTAL MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA IN DOGS: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF INFECTED TISSUE
Authors: Rosendal S. , Vinther O.
Published: August 2010

Thin sections of lung tissue from dogs with pneumonia induced by endobronchial inoculation of Mycoplasma cynos were examined by electron microscopy. Mycoplasmas were observed extracellularly in lumen of bronchus and in alveoli in the earlier stages of the infection. The infection also resulted in degenerative changes in the bronchial epithelial cells, including in particular destruction and loss of cilia.
GHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON THE SPORULATION OF THE OOCYSTS OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SIIM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The later stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples which had been allowed to sporulate at 27°C for 24. 36 and 48 hours. It was observed that the sporoblasts became ellipsoidal and the nucleus underwent the final division. A nucleus with associated Golgi bodies was now observed at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm was limited by two unit membranes and contained rough endoplasmic reticulum. dense bodies, electron translucent vacuoles and mitochondria. The first evidence of sporozoite formation was the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism. This appeared in the vicinity of the nuclei, and adjacent to the limiting membrane of the sporoblast. At this stage the sporocyst wall was still unformed. Then the two sporozoites were formed from opposite ends of the organism by growth of the dense plaques and invaginations of the plasmalemma which thus formed the pellicles of the developing sporozoites. A conoid and subpellicular microtubules were observed at this stage and as development continued, a number of vacuoles were found between the nucleus and the conoid. These vacuoles constituted the precursors of the rhoptries and micronemes. At the same stage a large dense body had appeared within the forming sporozoite. As the sporozoite developed, this body, the anterior refractile body, is followed by the nucleus and another dense body which formed the posterior refractile body. During this period, the thin sporocyst wall was formed and Stieda and sub‐Stieda bodies were now present at one end of the sporocyst. Each mature sporocyst contained two sporozoites.
BOVINE PROTOTHECOSIS
Authors: Bodenhoff Jessie , Madsen P. Schmidt
Published: August 2010

Prototheca zopfti was isolated repeatedly from milk samples from ten cows (of a herd of 192 dairy cows) with reduced milk yield and indurated mammary glands. The strain was moderately sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin and gentamycin, but resistant or relatively resistant to other antibiotics and antimycotics commonly used in clinical practice.

An attempt to treat the infection with Ethidium bromide, which was found effective in vitro, did not succeed. The number of Prototheca excreted decreased, but a complete cure was not obtained.

In histological sections of the udder, Prototheca cells were demonstrated both intracellularly and interstitially.
THE ROLE OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES IN BINDING OF MICROORGANISMS TO MOUSE PERITONEAL EXUDATE MACROPHAGES
Authors: FREIMER N. B. , ÖGMUNDSDÓTTIR H. M. , BLACKWELL C. C. , SUTHERLAND I. W. , GRAHAM L. , WEIR D. M.
Published: August 2010

The recognition by macrophages of unopsonized bacteria was studied, employing a binding assay, performed at 4° C. Various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were shown to bind to glass‐adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells under these conditions. Str. pneumoniae being the only exception. The binding could be inhibited by pretreatment of the macrophage monolayers with various monosaccharides. The role of particular components of the bacterial cell wall in binding was examined further using different strains of K. aerogenes and S. typhimurium with a known cell wall composition and mutant strains deficient in certain sugars. The ability of a particular constituent to inhibit binding was found to correlate closely with its presence in the bacterial cell wall. It is concluded, that this form of binding, mediated by cell wall carbohydrates represents a primitive recognition mechanism enabling phagocytes to bind microorganisms.
BACITRACIN PRODUCTION BY THE HIGH‐YIELDING MUTANT BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS STRAIN AL: STIMULATORY EFFECT OF L‐LEUCINE
Authors: HAAVIK HANS IVAR , VESSIA BERIT
Published: August 2010

The high‐yielding mutant Bacillus licheniformis AL produced only small amounts of bacitracin in the chemically defined M2 medium. L‐leucine markedly stimulated bacitracin production and restored the mutant strain to its place as a superior producer as compared to Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. Leucine also stimulated the growth rate of the mutant. The stimulatory effect of leucine on bacitracin production is discussed in relation to control mechanisms and overproduction of antibiotics.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: BAESS I. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: August 2010

The homology percentages between DNA from M. smegmatis ATCC 607 and DNA from nine various species of mycobacteria have been determined. DNA‐DNA hybridization was measured in a spectrophotometer. The technique, calculation of results and the uncertainty of the method are described.
CROSS‐REACTIONS BETWEEN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS AND TWENTY‐SEVEN OTHER BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: HOFF GERD EVA , HØIBY NIELS
Published: August 2010

Cross‐reactions between antigens from N. meningitidis and antigens from 27 other bacterial species from clinical isolates representing 20 different genera were studied by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. A water‐soluble N. meningitidis antigen preparation and a corresponding pooled rabbit antiserum regularly presenting 48 immunoprecipitates were used as reference system. Antigens from 16 other bacterial genera cross‐reacted with one to four N. meningitidis antigens, whereas antigens from six other Neisseria species cross‐reacted with 37 to 48 N. meningitidis antigens. Antigens from only three bacterial genera (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Bacteroides) did not show any cross‐reactions. The degree af cross‐reactivity between the antigens were 25–100%, as judged by absorption of antibodies. Three of the cross‐reacting antigens reacted with normally occurring precipitating antibodies in serum from humans and rabbits.
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HEAT‐STERILIZED, HEAT‐DISINFECTED AND CHEMICALLY‐DISINFECTED HAEMODIALYSIS MONITORS
Authors: KOLMOS HANS JØRN
Published: August 2010

The bacterial contamination of one heat‐sterilized, three heat‐disinfected and four chemically‐disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis. All monitor types were contaminated. In the heat‐treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design. They were less contaminated than the chemically‐disinfected recirculating single‐pass monitors. The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply. Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus. Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate.

The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses. and the flora of the dialysate.
MICROCALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF NORMAL AND ADENOVIRUS INFECTED HeLa CELLS
Authors: LJUNGHOLM KARIN , WADSÖ INGEMAR , KJELLÉN LARS
Published: August 2010

The use of a simple microcalorimetric technique for the study of HeLa cells and adenovirus infected HeLa cells has been investigated. The calorimetric curves obtained with these two cellular systems showed characteristic differences. It is concluded that the method can serve as a useful analytical technique for the monitoring of the overall metabolic activity of tissue cells attached to a solid support.
COMPARISON OF SMALL HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN PARTICLES AND HUMAN SERUM LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN MOLECULES BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: SOLAAS MARIT HORNBERG
Published: August 2010

The small spherical panicles associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) could be distinguished from the low density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in human serum by examination of coded, negatively stained preparations. The HBsAg associated particles showed a more marked contrast against the background than LDL. Addition of specific antiserum to LDL caused a significantly reduced mean diameter of LDL molecules. An insignificant reduction in size of HBsAg particles was found by corresponding treatment. It is suggested that the antibody molecules protect LDL molecules against artificial flattening during preparation.
IN VITRO SENSITIVITY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND CANDIDA ALBICANS TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Authors: LÖVGREN TIMO , SALMELA ILKKA
Published: August 2010

Strains of fresh clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans have been tested in vitro for their sensitivity to eight drugs used in the therapy of monilial and trichomonal vaginitis. Three of the chemotherapeutic agents, chlorchinaldol, clotrimazole and broxyquinoline, were effective against both organisms. Tinidazole and metronidazole were active against T. vaginalis. The strains of C. albicans were also sensitive to trichomycin, natamycin and nystatin. Tinidazole was the most effective trichomonacide, clotrimazole and chlorchinaldol were most effective against C. albicans, while chlorchinaldol had the best in vitro effect against both organisms. The ranges of the MICs are compared to values previously reported.
NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM (NBT) REDUCTION BY BACTERIA EMPLOYED FOR RAPID DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC CONCENTRATIONS IN SERUM
Authors: URBAN TERESA , JARSTRAND CONNIE
Published: August 2010

The ability of bacteria to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan, and the inhibition of this process by antibiotics, have been utilized in a method to determine antibiotic concentrations in serum. Escherichia coli, growing in the presence of increasing but subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, produces diminished amounts of formazan. This is photometrically quantified and the optical density obtained with the sample is compared with those obtained with known concentrations. Levels of aminoglycosides below 1 μg/ml can be measured in the presence of other antibiotics also, and the assay can be carried out in three hours. Good correlation was obtained when 49 serum samples containing varying concentrations of sisomicin were tested simultaneously by the NBT assay and a disc diffusion method.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF32P‐LABELLEDE. COLIBY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELLS (PMN)
Authors: MIDTVEDT TORE , MELBY KJETIL
Published: August 2010

A system for the study of phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) is presented. The leucocytes are harvested from heparinized whole blood by the Bøyum method and transferred to glass tubes to yield glass adherent monolayers of leucocytes, approximately 80% of which were PMN. A strain ofE. colilabelled by32P serves as test organism.
VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS ISOLATED FROM DISCHARGE FROM THE EAR IN TWO PATIENTS EXPOSED TO SEA WATER
Authors: Olsen Helge
Published: August 2010

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus were isolated from discharge from the ear in two patients exposed to sea water. Both had perforation of the tympanic membrane. They recovered quickly. The bacteriological characteristics of the two strains are described.
THE FIRST TICK‐BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS ISOLATES FROM NORWAY
Authors: Traavik T. , Mehl R. , Wiger R.
Published: August 2010

Five virus strains with close serological relationship to the tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) complex have been isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks. The ticks were collected in early June 1976 at three different locations in Sogn & Fjordane County, Norway. One of the virus‐yielding pools was composed of ticks collected between the cabins on a tourist camping ground.
PREVALENCE OF NON‐CHOLERA VIBRIOS IN CAVUM NASI AND PHARYNX OF DUCKS
Authors: BISGAARD M. , SAKAZAKI R. , SHIMADA T.
Published: August 2010

Investigations among ducks on ten different farms showed a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in cavum nasi and pharynx after the ducks were admitted to the open field. In no case was Vibrio cholerae isolated from ducks which had never been outside the houses. At least six serovars were isolated, 0:54 being the most prevalent. All the strains isolated produced a distinctive cytotoxic effect in Yl adrenal cells and caused fluid accumulation in rabbit gut loops. Migratory birds were incriminated as the source of initial contamination.
CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITIS GROUP VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM MOSQUITOES COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN AND ARCTIC NORWAY
Authors: TRAAVIK T. , MEHL R. , WIGER R.
Published: August 2010

Three virus strains serologically related to the California encephalitis group (Bunyaviridae) of arboviruses were isolated from 7331 mosquitoes collected in Norway in June‐August 1975. Two of the isolates (S 548 and S 618) seemed to be closely related and the third. S 568. more distantly related by serological techniques to Tahyna virus. Viruses were found in the mosquito species Aedes sticticus, A. diantaeus and A. hexodontus collected (in order) from Øyern (59° 50′ N, 11° 12′ E), Trandum (60° 08′ N, 11° 10′ E) and Masi (69° 26′ N, 23° 39′ E). The Masi isolate seems to be the northernmost arbovirus isolate in the world so far. Strain S 568 was from 16 ♂♀A. diantaeus, indicating transovarial transmission of the virus. An accidental infection demonstrated the potential human pathogenicity of one of the newly‐isolated strains (S 568), and the ability of CE viruses to persistently infect suckling mouse brains was indicated by in vivo findings. The biological characteristics of the new strains so far investigated are consistent with those of the California encephalitis group. During this work the Aerosil absorption method for production of haemagglutinating antigens proved useful for Tahyna virus and the newly‐isolated strains. Trypsinization of erythrocytes improved the haemagglutinating capacities of these viruses.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL SWAB SAMPLER ‐ A QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: NYSTRÖM PER‐OLOF
Published: August 2010

The aim of the investigation was to give an in vitro experimental account of the commonly used cotton swab as a sampler for quantitative determination of bacteria in operation wounds. The transfer of staphylococci with the swab from an inoculated to a non‐inoculated agar culture plate was used as a model, and three different ways of swab handling were tested. A direct transfer of 19 per cent staphylococci from the inoculated to the non‐inoculated plate was found. When the swab was rinsed in a small volume of saline and the rinsing fluid was plated. 39 per cent were transferred. When the swab was kept in a Stuart transport medium, as is the usual procedure in clinincal practice, only 4 per cent were transferred. Quantitative wound swab cultures depend on a thorough sampling of the wound and an efficient recovery of bacteria from the swab. It is concluded that the use of a Stuart transport medium would appear to hamper quantitative determination, and a rinsing procedure should be preferred.
INDUCTION OF LEUKOCHEMOTAXIS BY PROTEIN A OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: SVEEN K. , GROV A.
Published: August 2010

The mechanism of the leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal protein A (pA) has been studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Protein A alone or mixed with heat‐inactivated serum induced no migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, demonstrating that pA is not a cytotaxin, but a cytotaxigen. Protein A, activating both pathways of the C system, induced chemotaxis in a C4 deficient serum, but not in a C5 deficient serum. This shows that the chemotactic mediator elaborated is a split product of C5, i.e. C5a. The chemotactic activity of pA observed in the presence of normal sera (in vitro) and in wound chambers (in vivo) was exclusively caused by C activation via reaction with Fc.
INDUCTION OF LEUKOCHEMOTAXIS BY PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: GROV A. , SVEEN K.
Published: August 2010

Leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan and isolated, specified fragments has been studied. The D‐Ala‐D‐Ala group of the pentapeptide was found to be the major cytotaxigen, and C5a to be the dominant cytotaxin. A molecular weight of about 2,000 appeared to be a critical lower limit for inducing chemotactic response, the highest effect being observed with a fragment having a molecular weight of 3,000. The effect seems to depend on the kind of available antigenic determinants in the fragments and the proportion of specific antibodies in the complement source.
Neutralization of Aggregated Strains of Enterovirus 71 and Echovirus Type 4 in RD and Vero or GMK‐AH1 Cells
Authors: von Zeipel G.
Published: August 2010

Strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 containing aggregates which were poorly neutralized by antibody in cell lines of green monkey kidney origin such as Vero and GMK‐AH1, were as easily neutralized as non‐aggregated strains when grown in human RD cells. The explanation for this may be a lesser degree of aggregation of viral materials originating from RD cells and/or the use of lower doses of virus for neutralization tests in such cells. The latter was a consequence of a higher sensitivity of RD cells to minimal amounts of virus than that shown by Vero and GMK‐AH1 cells. Thus, virus grown in RD, Vero or GMK‐AH1 cells reached a titre 10 to 100 times higher in RD cells than in the other cell lines.
Cultivable Mycobacteria In Sphagnum Vegetation Of Moors In South Sweden And Coastal Norway
Authors: Kazda Jindrich , Müller Klaus , Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: August 2010

Intact sphagnum vegetation from moors in south Sweden and coastal areas of west Norway contained cultivable mycobacteria in 32% and 30% of the specimens, respectively. This frequency of specimens is lower than the 50% previously found in the partly altered moors of northwestern Germany, but the Scandinavian moors contained a larger variety of species. On both intact and altered moors M. chelonei and M. sphagni sp. nov. were found, the latter a homologous group of 151 strains. In south Sweden the highest frequency was found in S. balticum, S. recurvum, S. tenellum and S. compactum & molle. (40–65%). In coastal Norway the highest frequency was found in S. rubellum (48%) which offers favourable conditions for the accumulation of solar energy due to the red brown colour in the upper parts. Combined with a high humidity in coastal Norway in summer, this may contribute to the growth of mesophilic mycobacteria. A significant affinity of M. chelonei to S. tenellum was stated.
Affinity Chromatography of Influenza Virus on Immobilized α‐ and β‐Ketosides of Neuraminic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Holmquist Leif , Nilsson Gustaf
Published: August 2010

In order to purify influenza viruses which contain neuraminidase as a constituent of the virus‐coat surface, a study was made of the affinity of formaldehyde‐inactivated viruses for immobilized ketosides of neuraminic acid derivatives. Attempted desorption of viruses bound to columns of the conjugates was performed by addition of the benzyl α‐ketoside of N‐acetylneuraminic acid to the eluent. The conjugates with α‐ketosidically bound neuraminic acids adsorbed virus which could be desorbed with the enzyme substrate. When β‐ketosidically immobilized N‐acetylneuraminic acid was saturated with virus and the conjugate was washed with buffer until it was free from neuraminidase activity, no more virus could be desorbed with neuraminidase substrate‐containing eluents. However, addition of substrate to the buffer during the washing procedure resulted in a neuraminidase activity peak in the effluent. All conjugates bound firmly a portion of the viruses, which remained on the sorbents even after excessive treatment with eluent containing the neuraminidase substrate. When the conjugates were saturated with virus, all sites which bound the viruses strongly were blocked, and the remaining binding sites could be utilized for reversible adsorption of the viruses. Using this method, crude influenza virus vaccine could be separated into allantoic‐fluid components and pure virus. Centrifugation of the virus preparation in a sucrose gradient indicated that this column procedure did not solubilize the viral neuraminidase. Using freshly prepared non‐inactivated influenza virus, the portion of gel‐bound viruses which could not be desorbed by neuraminidase substrate was diminished.
Diagnosis of Postnatal Rubella by the Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Rubella IgM and IgG Antibodies
Authors: Vejtorp M. , FanØe E. , Leerhoy J.
Published: August 2010

A semi‐automated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the detection of rubella IgM antibodies in non‐fractionated sera. A cut‐off level between rubella IgM positive and negative sera was determined by a study of sera without rheumatoid factor from 200 blood donors. Testing of 12 donor sera containing rheumatoid factor showed that 5 sera gave a positive result in the rubella IgM assay. Rubella IgG and IgM antibodies were quantified by ELISA in a study of 214 serial serum specimens drawn from 16 patients with rubella during a period of up to 10 years after the infection. Peak values of the IgM antibodies were reached approximately 8 days after onset of the rash, and the persistence of the IgM antibodies ranged from 17–90 days, with the exception of one patient with a prolonged IgM response. The rubella IgG antibodies increased slowly after the rash and reached maximum levels about 50–120 days, after which a minor decrease was observed. The results of the present study indicate that ELISA is suitable as a routine procedure for the serodiagnosis of recent rubella.
Seroepidemiology of HlNl Influenza: Striking Differences in the Attack Rate Among Young People
Authors: Pyhälä R. , Aho K. , Visakorpi R.
Published: August 2010

The HlNl influenza outbreak in winter 1977–78 covered the whole of Finland in a uniform fashion, whereas striking differences emerged between various population segments in the susceptible age group. The attack rate was 68 per cent among young servicemen who had been in the armed forces during the epidemic and 33 per cent among those who had entered the service after the epidemic, but only 6 per cent among pregnant women of the same age. Based on routine specimens sent to the laboratory for reasons unrelated to influenza. the attack rate was 4 per cent among children born in 1973–76 and increased by age up to 45 per cent among subjects born in 1957–62. The findings on pregnant women and small children suggest a novel mechanism of innate resistance operating specifically against HlNl influenza.
Ultrastructural Studies on the Sporulation of Oocysts of Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Sum J. Chr. , Hutchison W. M.
Published: August 2010

The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were examined in samples sporulated at 27°C for 0, 6, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The intitial zygote was roughly spherical and was limited by a single unit membrane. A few micropores of the inactive type were present on this membrane. The cytoplasm contained a large nucleus with a nucleolus. a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies together with a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the initiation of sporulation little change was noted in the cytoplasm except for an increase in protein synthesis as evidenced by the augmentation of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of polyribosomes. Nuclear division occurred twice giving rise to four nuclei which were situated close to the cell periphery and well separated from each other. At this multinucleate stage a second limiting membrane was formed. The cytoplasmic mass then divided to form the two sporoblasts. This was accomplished by an invagination of the limiting membranes in combination with internally formed membranes. The two binuclear sporoblasts were roughly spherical. They were limited by two unit membranes and contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as described for the zygote.
Elisa for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type‐Specific Antibodies in Human Sera Using HSV Type 1 and Type 2 Polyspecific Antigens Blocked with Type‐Heterologous Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Vestergaard Bent F. , Grauballe Per C.
Published: August 2010

Crude antigenic preparations made from rabbit cornea cells infected with either HSV type 1 or type 2 could be used in ELISA for titration of HSV type‐specific antibodies in human sera. After immunochemical binding of the crude HSV antigens in microtitre wells by use of type‐homologous rabbit antibodies, type‐common antigenic sites were blocked with type‐heterologous rabbit antibodies. Titration of human sera in this system showed that high concentrations of type‐heterologous rabbit antibodies were capable of completely blocking type‐common antigenic sites, while leaving type‐specific antigenic sites unblocked and capable of reacting with human antibodies. Thus HSV type‐specific antibodies in human sera could be measured in ELISA without the use of purified typespecific antigens.
Experiments to Illustrate The Effect Of Chlorpromazine On The Permeability Of The Bacterial Cell Wall
Authors: Kristiansen Jette E. H.
Published: August 2010

The present investigation has been made to illustrate whether the cell walls of micro‐organisms are affected by membrane stabilizers.In vitroexperiments were carried out withS. aureusunder the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ). De‐pigmentation and a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of CPZ on the micro‐organisms were seen. It has been shown that concentrations of CPZ near the bacteriostatic value, in combination with bacterial haemolysins, alters erythrocyte membranes (horse and rabbit) in such a way that they become resistant to haemolysis. It has been shown that CPZ in bacteriostatic concentration probably changes the transport of potassium through the bacterial membrane in the same manner as described for mammalian muscle tissue.
Toxoplasma Gondii: Scanning Electron Microscope Studies on the Small Intestine of Infected and Uninfected Cats
Authors: Hutchison W. M. , Pittilo R. M. , Ball S. J. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

The mucosal surfaces of villi from the small intestine of cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii were studied with the scanning electron microscope and compared with those from uninfected control cats. In uninfected cats villi were predominantly leaf shaped and were lined with ridges; goblet cell openings could be seen. The enterocytes had a hexagonal surface outline and were dome‐shaped. Infected cats had both normal and abnormal villi. Injured villi were shortened and attained a broad leaf shape, often with blunt edges. Enterocytes containing oocysts were enlarged, and microvilli were resolvable only on these surfaces. Ruptured cells from which parasite discharge had occurred were seen. Oocysts were observed and possessed a smooth coat.
GROWTH INHIBITION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS STRAIN OMZ 176 BY XYLITOL
Authors: Assev S. , Vegarud G. , RöLla G.
Published: August 2010

The present study showed that xylitol exhibited a dose‐related inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus mutans in a Brain Heart Infusion medium. It is suggested that the mechanism involved may be an effect of the translocation of glucose across the bacterial cell membrane. Sorbitol showed no similar effect but caused a delay in the reaching of the stationary phase.
EXPERIMENTAL SALPINGITIS IN GRIVET MONKEYS BY CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Authors: MøLler Birger R. , Märdh Per‐Anders
Published: August 2010

Experimental infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, immunotype K, was carried out in six grivet monkeys. Three routes of infection were used: (A) into the uterine cavity through the cervical canal: (B) into the uterine cavity, but after ligature of the tubal isthmus, followed by curettement of the endometrium: (C) into the cervical epithelium. Two monkeys were used for each type of experiment. All monkeys inoculated by routes (A) and (C) developed marked signs of inflammation in the Fallopian tubes. Characteristically, the tubes were reddened and swollen. Exudate appeared in the abdominal ostia and in the cul‐de‐sac. In three of the four monkeys studied, a yellowish discharge was seen in the posterior vaginal fornix. An exudate composed mostly of lymphocytes and clusters of desquamated cells was found in the lumen of the tubes. The epithelium was injured in some areas and there were adhesions between the mucosal folds. In two of the monkeys, tubal occlusion was present two months after the inoculation. With one exception, all monkeys presented a significant rise in antibodies to C. trachomatis. In the two monkeys inoculated by route (B), no signs of inflammation in the upper genital tract were seen, but one of the animals died day 14 post inoculation;autopsy showed peritonitis and perihepatitis. One monkey was inoculated with non‐infected yolk sac specimen by route (A) and another by route (B). Practically no inflammatory changes in the genital organs or elsewhere could be detected in these monkeys. The results indicate that C. trachomatis can cause salpingitis in female grivet monkeys by canalicular spread from the lower genital tract. The histological findings and the infection route in this experimentally induced salpingitis in the grivet monkeys closely resemble those ascribed to «gonococcal« salpingitis in man.
AN ANTIGEN COMMON TO A WIDE RANGE OF BACTERIA.
Authors: Sompolinsky David , Hertz Jesper B. , HøIby Niels , Jensen Klaus , Mansa Bendt , Samra Zemira
Published: August 2010

In crude water‐soluble extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 64 antigens can be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in agarose with polyvalent Pseudomonas‐immunoglobulin. One of these antigens cross‐reacts with antigens prepared from bacteria of a wide range of taxonomic groups. Monospecific immunoglobulins to this antigen (Common Antigen) were produced by immunization with the appropriate immunocomplex extracted from agarose. Common Antigen was purified by the combination of two fractionation methods: Precipitation of the crude extract with 18% (w/v) sodium sulfate, followed by gel filtration of the supernatant on a Sephadex G‐200 column. By this method, 35% of Common Antigen from the crude extract was recovered, more than half of the fractions electrophoretically pure. Electrophoresis of reduced Common Antigen on a dodecyl sodium sulfate polyacrylamide gel revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 59–62 000 and 62–65 000, respectively. The untreated antigen, however, passed a column of Sephadex G‐200 with the void volumen, indicating a substance of high molecular weight (> 4–600 000).