bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Practice Related to the Use of High Flow Nasal Cannula in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Kawaguchi Atsushi , Garros Daniel , Joffe Ari , DeCaen Allan , Thomas Neal J. , Schibler Andreas , Pons-Odena Marti , Udani Soonu , Takeuchi Muneyuki , Junior José Colleti , Ramnarayan Padmanabhan
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

To determine current management of critically ill children and gather views regarding high flow nasal cannula therapy and to evaluate research priorities for a large prospective randomized controlled trial of noninvasive respiratory support in children.

Design:

Multinational cross-sectional questionnaire survey conducted in 2018.

Setting:

The sample included pediatric intensive care physicians in North and South America, Asia, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand.

Measurement:

Questions consisted of: 1) characteristics of intensivists and hospital, 2) practice of high flow nasal cannula, 3) supportive treatment, and 4) research of high flow nasal cannula.

Interventions:

None.

Main Results:

We collected data from 1,031 respondents; 919 (North America, 215; Australia/New Zealand, 34; Asia, 203; South America, 186; Europe, 281) were analyzed. Sixty-nine percent of the respondents used high flow nasal cannula in non-PICU settings in their institutions. For a case of bronchiolitis/pneumonia infant, 2 L/kg/min of initial flow rate was the most commonly used. For a scenario of pneumonia with 30 kg weight, more than 60% of the respondents initiated flow based on patient body weight; while, 18% applied a fixed flow rate. Noninvasive ventilation was considered as a next step in more than 85% of respondents when the patient is failing with high flow nasal cannula. Significant practice variations were observed in clinical practice markers used, flow weaning strategy, and supportive practices. Views comparing high flow nasal cannula to continuous positive airway pressure also noticeably varied across the respondents.

Conclusions:

Significant practice variations including views of high flow nasal cannula compared to continuous positive airway pressure was found among pediatric intensive care physicians. To expedite establishment and standardization of high flow nasal cannula practice, research aimed at understanding the heterogeneity found in this study should be undertaken.
Peripheral inflammatory response in human tuberculosis treatment is predicted by a combination of pathogen sterilization and microbiome dysbiosis
Authors: Wipperman Matthew F. , Bhattarai Shakti K. , Vorkas Charles Kyriakos , Taur Ying , Mathurin Laurent , McAulay Katherine , Vilbrun Stalz Charles , Francois Daphie Jean , Bean James , Walsh Kathleen F. , Nathan Carl , Fitzgerald Daniel W. , Glickman Michael S. , Bucci Vanni
Published: February 2020

Antibiotic therapy cures infection predominantly by killing the infecting pathogen, but for infections such as tuberculosis (TB), which are accompanied by chronic inflammation, the salutary effects of antibiotic therapy may reflect a combination of pathogen killing and microbiome alteration. This question has not been examined in humans due to the difficulty in dissociating the immunologic effects of antibiotic induced pathogen clearance and microbiome alteration. We analyzed sputum TB bacterial load, microbiome composition, and peripheral blood transcriptomics from a clinical trial (NCT02684240) comparing two antimicrobial therapies for tuberculosis, only one of which was clinically effective. We confirm that standard TB therapy (HRZE) rapidly depletes Clostridia from the intestinal microbiota. The antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide (NTZ), although ineffective in reducing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacterial load in the sputum, caused profound alterations to host microbiome composition overlapping with alterations generated by HRZE. We then evaluated the effect of these two treatments on the TB driven inflammatory state and found that whereas HRZE normalized proinflammatory TB-associated gene sets, NTZ exacerbated these pathways. Using Random Forest Regression, we identify both pathogen sterilization and microbiome disruption as the top predictors of changes in TB-associated inflammatory transcriptomic markers. We then validate the observed microbiome-peripheral gene expression associations in an independent human cohort of healthy subjects in which the abundance of Clostridia was positively associated with homeostatic, and negatively associated with pro-inflammatory pathways, while the abundance of Bacilli and Proteobacteria species displayed the opposite trend. Our findings indicate that antibiotic-induced reduction in pathogen burden and changes in the microbiome are independently associated with treatment-induced changes of the inflammatory response of active TB, and more broadly indicate that response to antibiotic therapy may be a combined effect of pathogen killing and microbiome driven immunomodulation. Additionally, to our knowledge, this is the first analysis to directly test the hypothesis that the microbiome composition is associated with peripheral gene expression inflammatory profile in humans.
Clinical Data on Hospital Environmental Hygiene Monitoring and Medical Staff Protection during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak
Authors: Jiang Yanfang , Wang Haifeng , Chen Yukun , He Jiaxue , Chen Liguo , Liu Yong , Hu Xinyuan , Li Ang , Liu Siwen , Zhang Peng , Zou Hongyan , Hua Shucheng
Published: February 2020

Background

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed unprecedented challenges on hospital environmental hygiene and medical staff protection. It is crucial to assess hospital environmental hygiene to understand the most important environmental issues for controlling the spread of COVID-19 in hospitals.

Objective

To detect the presence of COVID-19 in the samples from the area at risk of contamination in the First Hospital of Jilin University.

Methods

Viruses in the air were collected by natural sedimentation and air particle sampler methods. Predetermined environmental surfaces were sampled using swabs at seven o’clock in the morning before disinfection. The real-time reverse-transcription PCR method was used to detect the existence of COVID-19 pathogens.

Results

Viruses could be detected on the surfaces of the nurse station in the isolation area with suspected patients and in the air of the isolation ward with an intensive care patient.

Conclusion

Comprehensive monitoring of hospital environmental hygiene during pandemic outbreaks is conducive to the refinement of hospital infection control. It is of great significance to ensure the safety of medical treatment and the quality of hospital infection control through the monitoring of environmental hygiene.
Repeated colonization of caves leads to phenotypic convergence in catfishes (Siluriformes:Trichomycterus) at a small geographical scale
Authors: Flórez Juan Sebastián , Cadena Carlos Daniel , DoNascimiento Carlos , Torres Mauricio
Published: February 2020

Across various animal groups, adaptation to the extreme conditions of cave environments has resulted in convergent evolution of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. We document a Neotropical cave fish system with ample potential to study questions related to convergent adaptation to cave environments at the population level. In the karstic region of the Andes of Santander, Colombia, cave-dwelling catfishes in the genusTrichomycterusexhibit variable levels of reduction of eyes and body pigmentation relative to surface congeners. We tested whether cave-dwelling, eye reduced, depigmentedTrichomycterusfrom separate caves in Santander were the result of a single event of cave colonization and subsequent dispersal, or of multiple colonizations to caves by surface ancestors followed by phenotypic convergence. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships ofTrichomycterusfrom Santander, we found that caves in this region have been colonized independently by two separate clades. Additional events of cave colonization -and possibly recolonization of surface streams- may have occurred in one of the clades, where surface and cave-dwelling populations exhibit shallow mtDNA differentiation, suggesting recent divergence or divergence in the face of gene flow. We also identified various taxonomic challenges including both a considerable number of potentially undescribed species and likely problems with the circumscription of named taxa. The system appears especially promising for studies on a wide range of ecological and evolutionary questions.
Bottom-up control of leakage in spectral electrophysiological source imaging via structured sparse bayesian learning
Authors: Gonzalez-Moreira Eduardo , Paz-Linares Deirel , Areces-Gonzalez Ariosky , Wang Ying , Li Min , Harmony Thalia , Valdes-Sosa Pedro A.
Published: February 2020

Brain electrical activity in different spectral bands has been associated with diverse mechanisms underlying Brain function. Deeper reconnoitering of these mechanisms entails mapping in grayordinates (Gray Matter coordinates), the spectral features of electrophysiological Brain signals. Such mapping is possible through MEG/EEG signals, due to their wide Brain coverage and excellent temporal resolution in reflecting neural-electrical-activity. This process-coined Electrophysiological Source Imaging (ESI)-can only produce approximated images of Brain activity, which are severely distorted by leakage: a pervasive effect in almost any imaging technique. It has been proposed that leakage control to tolerable levels can be achived through using priors or regularization within ESI, but their implementation commonly yields meager statistical guaranties. We introduce bottom-up control of leakage: defined as maximum Bayesian evidence search braced with priors precisely on the spectral responses. This is feasible due to an instance of Bayesian learning of complex valued data: spectral Structured Sparse Bayesian Learning (sSSBL). “Spectral” refers to specific spatial topologies that are reflected by the MEG/EEG spectra. We also present a new validation benchmark based on the concurrency between high density MEG and its associated pseudo-EEG of lower density. This reveals that prevealing methods like eLORETA and LCMV can fall short of expectations whereas sSSBL exibits an exellent performance. A final qualitative assesment reveals that sSSBL can outline brain lessions using just low density EEG, according to the T2 MRI shine through of the affected areas.
Recombinant production of active microbial transglutaminase inE. coliby using self-cleavable zymogen with mutated propeptide
Authors: Sato Ryo , Minamihata Kosuke , Ariyoshi Ryutaro , Taniguchi Hiromasa , Kamiya Noriho
Published: February 2020

Microbial transglutaminase fromStreptomyces mobaraensis(MTG) has been widely used in food industry and also in research and medical applications, since it can site-specifically modify proteins by the cross-linking reaction of glutamine residue and the primary amino group. The recombinant expression system of MTG inE. coliprovides better accessibility for the researchers and thus can promote further utilization of MTG. Herein, we report production of active and soluble MTG inE. coliby using a chimeric protein of tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease and MTG zymogen. A chimera of TEV protease and MTG zymogen with native propeptide resulted in active MTG contaminated with cleaved propeptide due to the strong interaction between the propeptide and catalytic domain of MTG. Introduction of mutations of K9R and Y11A to the propeptide facilitated dissociation of the cleaved propeptide from the catalytic domain of MTG and active MTG without any contamination of the propeptide was obtained. The specific activity of the active MTG was 22.7±2.6 U/mg. The successful expression and purification of active MTG by using the chimera protein of TEV protease and MTG zymogen with mutations in the propeptide can advance the use of MTG and the researches using MTG mediated cross-linking reactions.
Changing hand appearance using visual illusions modulates body perception disturbance and pain in longstanding Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A randomised trial
Authors: Lewis Jennifer S , Newport Roger , Taylor Gordon , Smith Mike , McCabe Candida S
Published: February 2020

Effective treatment of longstanding Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a challenge, as causal mechanisms remain elusive. People with CRPS frequently report distorted subjective perceptions of their affected limb. Evidence of pain reduction when the affected limb is visually altered in size, suggests that visual illusions used to target central processing could restore coherence of this disrupted limb representation. We hypothesised that using virtual reality that alters hand image to match the patient’s desired hand appearance, would improve body perception disturbance and pain. Also, repeated exposure would maintain any therapeutic effect.

A blinded randomised controlled trial of 45 participants with refractory upper-limb CRPS and body perception disturbance (BPD) viewed a digital image of their affected hand for one minute. The image was digitally altered according to the patient’s description of how they desired their hand to look in the experimental group and unaltered in the control group. BPD and pain were measured pre and post-intervention. A subgroup was followed up two weeks after a course of repeated interventions.

BPD (p=0.036, effect size (ES)=0.6) and pain intensity (p = 0.047, ES=0.5) reduced in 23 participants after single exposure compared to controls (n=22). At follow-up the subgroup (experimental n= 21; control n=18) showed sustained pain reduction only (p=0.037 ES=0.7), with an overall 1.2 decrease on an 11-point scale.

Visually changing the CRPS hand to a desired appearance modulates BPD and pain suggesting therapeutic potential for those with refractory CRPS. Future detailed studies to optimise this therapeutic effect are required.
Genetic correlates of socio-economic status influence the pattern of shared heritability across mental health traits
Authors: Marees Andries T. , Smit Dirk J.A. , Abdellaoui Abdel , Nivard Michel G. , van den Brink Wim , Denys Damiaan , Galama Titus , Verweij Karin J.H. , Derks Eske M.
Published: February 2020

Epidemiological studies show high comorbidity between different mental health problems, indicating that individuals with a diagnosis of one disorder are more likely to develop other mental health problems. Genetic studies reveal substantial sharing of genetic risk factors across mental health traits. However, mental health is genetically correlated with socio-economic status (SES) and it is therefore important to investigate and disentangle the genetic relationship between mental health and SES. We used summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies (average N∼160,000) to estimate the genetic overlap across nine psychiatric disorders and seven substance use traits and explored the genetic influence of three different indicators of SES. Using Genomic SEM, we show significant changes in patterns of genetic correlations after partialling out SES-associated genetic variation. Our approach allows the separation of disease-specific genetic variation and genetic variation shared with SES, thereby improving our understanding of the genetic architecture of mental health.
ADHD is more closely linked to neurodevelopmental than externalizing and internalizing disorders: A genetically informed multivariate Swedish population study
Authors: Rietz Ebba Du , Pettersson Erik , Brikell Isabell , Ghirardi Laura , Chen Qi , Hartman Catharina , Lichtenstein Paul , Larsson Henrik , Kuja-Halkola Ralf
Published: February 2020

Background

While ADHD is currently classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the latest diagnostic manuals, the disorder shows phenotypic and genetic associations of similar magnitudes across neurodevelopmental, externalizing and internalizing disorders. This study aimed to investigate if ADHD is etiologically more closely related to neurodevelopmental than externalizing or internalizing disorder clusters after accounting for a general psychopathology factor.

Methods

Full- and maternal half-sibling pairs (N=774,416), born between 1980 and 1995, were identified from the Swedish Medical Birth and Multi-Generation Registers, and ICD-diagnoses were obtained using the Swedish National Patient Register. A higher-order confirmatory factor analytic model was performed to examine associations between ADHD and a general psychopathology factor as well as a neurodevelopmental, externalizing, and internalizing subfactor. Quantitative genetic modelling was performed to estimate the extent to which genetic, shared and non-shared environmental effects influenced the associations with ADHD.

Results

ADHD was significantly and strongly associated with all three neurodevelopmental, externalizing and internalizing factors (r=0.67-0.75). However, after controlling for a general psychopathology factor, only the association between ADHD and the neurodevelopmental-specific factor remained moderately strong (r=0.43, 95%Confidence Interval [CI]=0.42-0.45) and was almost entirely influenced by genetic effects. In contrast, the association between ADHD and the externalizing-specific factor was smaller (r=0.25, 95%CI=0.24-0.27), and largely influenced by non-shared environmental effects. There remained no internalizing-specific factor after accounting for a general factor.

Conclusions

ADHD comorbidity is largely explained by genetically influenced general psychopathology, but the strong link between ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders is also substantially driven by unique genetic influences.
Perceptions of the Adult US Population regarding the Novel Coronavirus Outbreak
Authors: McFadden SarahAnn M. , Malik Amyn A. , Aguolu Obianuju G. , Willebrand Kathryn S. , Omer Saad B.
Published: February 2020

Background

COVID-19 outbreak is spreading globally. Although the risk of infection in the US is currently low, it is important to understand the public perception of risk and trust in sources of information to better inform public health messaging. In this study, we surveyed the adult US population to understand their risk perceptions about the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods and Findings

We used an online platform to survey 718 adults in the US in early February 2020 using a questionnaire that we developed. Our sample was fairly similar to the general adult US population in terms of age, gender, race, ethnicity and education. We found that 69% of the respondents wanted the scientific/public health leadership (either the CDC Director or NIH Director) to lead the US response to COVID-19 outbreak as compared to 14% who wanted the political leadership (either the president or the Congress) to lead the response. Risk perception was low (median score of 5 out of 10) with the respondents trusting health professionals and health officials for information on COVID-19. Majority of the respondents were in favor of strict infection prevention policies to control the outbreak.

Conclusion

Given our results, the public health/scientific leadership should be at the forefront of the COVID-19 response to promote trust.
Suppression of Inflammation Delays Hair Cell Regeneration and Functional Recovery Following Lateral Line Damage in Zebrafish Larvae
Authors: Zhang Ru , Liu Xiao-Peng , Li Ya-Juan , Wang Ming , Chen Lin , Hu Bing
Published: February 2020

Background

Human cochlear hair cells cannot spontaneously regenerate after loss. In contrast, those in fish and amphibians have a remarkable ability to regenerate after damaged. Previous studies focus on signaling mechanisms of hair cell regeneration, such as Wnt and Notch signals but seldom on the fact that the beginning of regeneration is accompanied by a large number of inflammatory responses. The detailed role of this inflammation in hair cell regeneration is still unknown. In addition, there is no appropriate behavioral method to quantitatively evaluate the functional recovery of lateral line hair cells after regeneration.

Results

In this study, we found that when inflammation was suppressed, the regeneration of lateral line hair cells and the recovery of the rheotaxis of the larvae were significantly delayed. Calcium imaging showed that the function of the neuromasts in the inflammation-inhibited group was weaker than that in the non-inflammation-inhibited group at the Early Stage of regeneration, and returned to normal at the Late Stage. Calcium imaging also revealed the cause of the mismatch between the function and quantity during regeneration.

Conclusions

Our results, meanwhile, suggest that suppressing inflammation delays hair cell regeneration and functional recovery when hair cells are damaged. This study may provide a new knowledge for how to promote hair cell regeneration and functional recovery in adult mammals.
“Prevalence of of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) Blood Groups in Eastern UP Population”
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Rai Vandana
Published: February 2020

Approximately 300 different types of blood groups are identified so far, the ABO and Rh antigens are still the clinically most significant and genetically most polymorphic of all human blood group systems to date. A total of 200 unrelated individuals from Uttar Pradesh were studied for the phenotype and allele frequency distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups. In total 200 samples analyzed, phenotype B blood type has the highest frequency 36.5% (n=73), followed by O (34.5%; n=69), A (20.5%; n=41) and AB (8.5%; n=17). The O, A and B frequencies were 0.5849, 0.1571 and 0.2580 respectively. The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups were B>O>A>AB. The variation in phenotypic frequencies between male and female might be due to small sample size of male sample. The allelic frequency of Rh-negative was 0.2.
RLP/K enrichment sequencing; a novel method to identify receptor-like protein (RLP) and receptor-like kinase (RLK) genes
Authors: Lin Xiao , Armstrong Miles , Baker Katie , Wouters Doret , Visser Richard G.F. , Wolters Pieter J. , Hein Ingo , Vleeshouwers Vivianne G.A.A.
Published: February 2020

The identification of immune receptors in crop plants is time-consuming but important for disease control. Previously, resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) was developed to accelerate mapping of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) genes. However, resistances mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) remain less utilised.

Here, our pipeline shows accelerated mapping ofPRRs.Effectoromics leads to precise identification of plants with target PRRs, and subsequent RLP/K enrichment sequencing (RLP/KSeq) leads to detection of informative SNPs that are linked to the trait.

UsingPhytophthora infestansas a model, we identifiedSolanum microdontumplants that recognize the apoplastic effectors INF1 or SCR74. RLP/KSeq in a segregatingSolanumpopulation confirmed the localization of the INF1 receptor on chromosome 12, and lead to the rapid mapping of the response to SCR74 to chromosome 9. By using markers obtained from RLP/KSeq in conjunction with additional markers, we fine-mapped the SCR74 receptor to a 43-kbpG-LecRKlocus.

Our findings show that RLP/KSeq enables rapid mapping ofPRRsand is especially beneficial for crop plants with large and complex genomes. This work will enable the elucidation and characterisation of the non-NLR plant immune receptors and ultimately facilitate informed resistance breeding.
Differential modulation of heat inducible genes across diverse genotypes and molecular cloning of a sHSP from Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. Br.]
Authors: MukeshSankar S , Satyavathi C. Tara , Barthakur Sharmistha , Singh S.P , Kumar Roshan , Prabhu K.V. , Bharadwaj C. , Soumya S.L.
Published: February 2020

Environmental stresses negatively influence survival, biomass and grain yield of most crops. Towards functionally clarifying the role of heat responsive genes in Pearl millet under high temperature stress, the present study were carried out using semi quantitative RT- PCR for transcript expression profiling ofhsf and hspsin 8 different inbred lines at seedling stage, which was earlier identified as thermo tolerant/susceptible lines through initial screening for thermo tolerance using membrane stability index among 38 elite genotypes. Transcript expression pattern suggested existence of differential response among different genotypes in response to heat stress in the form of accumulation of heat shock responsive gene transcripts. Genotypes WGI 126, TT-1 and MS 841B responded positively towards high temperature stress for transcript accumulation for bothPgcp 70andPghsfand also had better growth under heat stress, whereas PPMI 69 showed the least responsiveness to transcript induction supporting the membrane stability index data for scoring thermotolerance, suggesting the efficacy of transcript expression profiling as a molecular based screening technique for identification of thermotolerant genes and genotypes at particular crop growth stages. As to demonstrate this, a full length cDNA ofPghsp 16.97was cloned from the thermotolerant cultivar, WGI 126 and characterized for thermotolerance. The results of demonstration set forth the transcript profiling for heat tolerant genes can be a very useful technique for high throughput screening of tolerant genotypes at molecular level from large cultivar collections at seedling stage.
Critical roles of phosphoinositides and NF2 in Hippo pathway regulation
Authors: Hong Audrey W. , Meng Zhipeng , Plouffe Steven W. , Lin Zhijie , Zhang Mingjie , Guan Kun-Liang
Published: February 2020

The Hippo pathway is a master regulator of tissue homeostasis and organ size. NF2 is a well-established tumor suppressor, and loss of NF2 severely compromises Hippo pathway activity. However, the precise mechanism of how NF2 mediates upstream signals to regulate the Hippo pathway is not clear. Here we report that, in mammalian cells, NF2's lipid-binding ability is critical for its function in activating the Hippo pathway in response to osmotic stress. Mechanistically, osmotic stress induces PI(4,5)P2 plasma membrane enrichment by activating the PIP5K family, allowing for NF2 plasma membrane recruitment and subsequent downstream Hippo pathway activation. An NF2 mutant deficient in lipid binding is unable to activate the Hippo pathway in response to osmotic stress, as measured by LATS and YAP phosphorylation. Our findings identify the PIP5K family as novel regulators upstream of Hippo signaling, and uncover the importance of phosphoinositide dynamics, specifically PI(4,5)P2, in Hippo pathway regulation.
Service user experience of the Norfolk youth service
Authors: Heavens David , Hodgekins Joanne , Lower Rebecca , Spauls Joanne , Carroll Benjamin , Gee Brioney , Clarke Timothy , Wilson Jonathan
Published: February 2020

Purpose

There is an international drive to improve mental health services for young people. This study aims to investigate service user experience of a youth mental health service in Norfolk, UK. In addition to suggesting improvements to this service, recommendations are made for the development of youth mental health services in general.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data from satisfaction questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics and compared between two time points. A semi-structured interview was used to generate qualitative data. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes in the interview transcripts and triangulation was used to synthesise quantitative and qualitative data.

Findings

Service users appeared satisfied with the service. Significant improvements in satisfaction were found between two time points. Qualitative analysis identified three main themes that were important to service users, including support, information and personhood.

Practical implications

Recommendations for the development of youth mental health services are provided. Although these are based on findings from the Norfolk youth service, they are likely to apply to other mental health services for young people.

Originality/value

Mental health care for young people requires significant improvement. The Norfolk youth service is one of the first services of its kind in the UK. The findings from this study might be helpful to consider in the development of youth mental health services across the world.
Reevaluation of platelet function in chronic immune thrombocytopenia: impacts of platelet size, platelet‐associated anti‐αIIbβ3 antibodies and thrombopoietin receptor agonists
Authors: Nishiura Nobuko , Kashiwagi Hirokazu , Akuta Keigo , Hayashi Satoru , Kato Hisashi , Kanakura Yuzuru , Tomiyama Yoshiaki
Published: February 2020

Platelet function of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has been controversial because of methodological problems associated with low platelet counts. In this study, we evaluated platelet function in 21 patients with chronic ITP (cITP) using the recently developed flow cytometry (FCM)‐based platelet aggregation assay (FCA) along with a PAC1/CD62P assay. Since ITP platelets are larger than controls, whole platelets (whole gating method) and size‐adjusted platelets (size‐adjusted method) were analysed in the PAC1/CD62P via FCM. We found that: (i) aggregation was equivalent [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐induced] or enhanced [protease‐activated receptor 1‐activating peptide (PAR1AP)‐induced] in cITP compared with control by FCA; (ii) PAC1 or CD62P was also equivalent or enhanced in cITP in the whole gating method; and (iii) in sharp contrast, the size‐adjusted method revealed that ADP‐, PAR1AP‐, and collagen synthetic liquid reactive peptide (SRP)‐induced PAC1 and ADP‐induced CD62P were impaired in cITP. These data suggested that an increase in the number of larger‐sized platelets may compensate for the impaired platelet function of cITP, leading to non‐inferiority of overall platelet function in cITP. Furthermore, we revealed that ADP‐induced aggregation was impaired in the patients with thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs) or platelet‐associated anti‐αIIbβ3 antibodies compared with the control, suggesting that the presence of anti‐αIIbβ3 autoantibodies and/or administration of TPO‐RAs may have a negative impact on platelet function.
Reply to Myszkowski et al. (2020): Some matters of fact concerning aesthetic sensitivity
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Corradi Guido , Barrada Juan Ramón , Clemente Ana , Chuquichambi Erick G.
Published: February 2020

We respond to some of Myszkowski and colleagues’ (2020, Br. J. Psychology) critical comments on our recent work on aesthetic sensitivity (Corradi, Chuquichambi, Barrada, Clemente, & Nadal, 2020, Br. J. Psychology). We show that these comments stem mostly from factual inaccuracies.
Use of a trizonal schema to assess targeting accuracy in prostatic fusion biopsy
Authors: Franklin Anthony , Gianduzzo Tony , Yaxley John , Kua Boon , Coughlin Geoff , Samaratunga Hema , Gianduzzo Troy
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To describe the use of a novel 'trizonal' biopsy schema in which 'near‐target' biopsies are taken adjacent to the MRI lesion, in addition to target and systematic biopsies, to determine the accuracy of prostate MRI fusion systems.

Participants and Methods

A trizonal biopsy technique was used to evaluate 75 men with small Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 3–5 MRI lesions (<15 mm) identified from a prospective cohort of 290 men undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suspected prostate cancer at a single high‐volume institution between September 2017 and May 2019. In addition to target and systematic biopsies, near‐target biopsies were taken 4 mm from the apparent border of the MRI lesion. Comparisons were made between highest International Society of Urological Pathology grade and longest tumour length.

Results

Fifty‐three men with significant prostate cancer in the same quadrant as the target were included in the final analysis. The percentages of positive cores from target, near‐target and MRI‐negative zones were 66%, 39% and 17%, respectively. Significant cancer was detected in the near‐target zone in 77% of cases when the target zone was positive. A total of 17% of participants were upgraded by a median (range) of 1 (1–3) grades through the addition of near‐target cores. Notably, 9% of men were diagnosed with clinically significant prostate cancer solely via the near‐target biopsy cores when the target cores were negative.

Conclusion

The use of near‐target biopsies as part of a trizonal biopsy schema provides a novel methodology to optimize clinically significant prostate cancer detection.
Weak migratory connectivity, loop migration and multiple non‐breeding site use in British breeding Whinchats Saxicola rubetra
Authors: Burgess Malcolm D. , Finch Tom , Border Jennifer A. , Castello Joan , Conway Greg , Ketcher Martin , Lawrence Mark , Orsman Christopher J. , Mateos Judit , Proud Amanada , Westerberg Stephen , Wiffen Tina , Henderson Ian G.
Published: February 2020

Determining the links between breeding populations and the pressures, threats and conditions they experience presents a challenge for the conservation of migratory birds which can use multiple sites separated by hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Furthermore, migratory connectivity – the connections made by migrating individuals between networks of breeding and non‐breeding sites – has important implications for population dynamics. The Whinchat Saxicola rubetra is declining across its range, and tracking data from a single African non‐breeding site implies high migratory spread. We used geolocators to describe the migration routes and non‐breeding areas of 20 Whinchats from three British breeding populations. As expected, migratory spread was high, with birds from the three populations overlapping across a wide area of West Africa. On average, in non‐breeding areas, British breeding Whinchats were located 652 km apart from one another, with some likely to share non‐breeding areas with individuals from breeding populations as far east as Russia. Four males made a direct non‐breeding season movement to a second, more westerly, non‐breeding location in January. Autumn migration was through Iberia and around the western edge of the Sahara Desert, whereas spring migration was more direct, indicating an anticlockwise loop migration. Weak migratory connectivity implies that Whinchat populations are somewhat buffered against local changes in non‐breeding conditions. If non‐breeding season processes have played a role in the species’ decline, then large‐scale drivers are likely to be the cause, although processes operating on migration, or interactions between breeding and non‐breeding processes, cannot be ruled out.
Association of PARP1 polymorphisms with response to chemotherapy in patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Avitabile Marianna , Lasorsa Vito Alessandro , Cantalupo Sueva , Cardinale Antonella , Cimmino Flora , Montella Annalaura , Capasso Dalila , Haupt Riccardo , Amoroso Loredana , Garaventa Alberto , Quattrone Alessandro , Corrias Maria Valeria , Iolascon Achille , Capasso Mario
Published: February 2020

The genetic aetiology and the molecular mechanisms that characterize high‐risk neuroblastoma are still little understood. The majority of high‐risk neuroblastoma patients do not take advantage of current induction therapy. So far, one of the main reasons liable for cancer therapeutic failure is the acquisition of resistance to cytotoxic anticancer drugs, because of the DNA repair system of tumour cells. PARP1 is one of the main DNA damage sensors involved in the DNA repair system and genomic stability. We observed that high PARP1 mRNA level is associated with unfavourable prognosis in 3 public gene expression NB patients’ datasets and in 20 neuroblastomas analysed by qRT‐PCR. Among 4983 SNPs in PARP1, we selected two potential functional SNPs. We investigated the association of rs907187, in PARP1 promoter, and rs2048426 in non‐coding region with response chemotherapy in 121 Italian patients with high‐risk NB. Results showed that minor G allele of rs907187 associated with induction response of patients (P = .02) and with decrease PARP1 mRNA levels in NB cell line (P = .003). Furthermore, rs907187 was predicted to alter the binding site of E2F1 transcription factor. Specifically, allele G had low binding affinity with E2F1 whose expression positively correlates with PARP1 expression and associated with poor prognosis of patients with NB. By contrast, we did not find genetic association for the SNP rs2048426. These data reveal rs907187 as a novel potential risk variant associated with the failure of induction therapy for high‐risk NB.
At the Margins: Comparing School Experiences of Nonbinary and Binary‐Identified Transgender Youth
Authors: Allen Brittany J. , Andert Ben , Botsford Jay , Budge Stephanie L. , Rehm Jennifer L.
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming (TNG) young people are a diverse group, including young people with gender identities beyond the gender binary. Whereas nonbinary youth experience disparities in victimization and mental health, school belonging, support, and resources have not been well described.

METHODS

We conducted an online survey of TNG young people (ages 12‐22) in Wisconsin to assess school belonging, safety, support, and resources. We compared responses among participants with nonbinary versus binary identities using mulvariate analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance, chi‐square and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 287 TNG young people met inclusion criteria (average age 18.2 ± 2.5 years). More than 40% of participants identified as nonbinary. Nonbinary participants were less likely to be out to teachers, but more likely to utilize supportive staff as a resource compared to binary‐identified TNG peers. There were no significant differences in school safety and belonging.

CONCLUSIONS

Most school experiences do not vary significantly between TNG young people with binary versus nonbinary gender identities, though nonbinary young people are less likely to be out at school. Future research should examine factors that impact whether nonbinary young people share their gender identity and access school support services.
Exceeding Crisis. The Psychic Life of Drawings
Authors: Giordano Cristiana
Published: February 2020

Since 2015, an unprecedented number of people from Middle Eastern and African countries have crossed borders into and within Europe. Media and political actors describe this time as an “emergency” and a “crisis” that challenges the core of European values and human rights principles. Calling this a crisis implies responding to it, on the one hand, with humanitarian gestures of saving lives, and, on the other, with stricter border control. I reflect on the grammar of crisis and the forms of care that it simultaneously enables and disables. I am inspired by the relationship between two painters—from Tunisia and Nigeria—and their forms of therapeutic and ethical explorations through art. I propose to attend to practices that bear witness to other grammars, or the lack thereof. These practices are the expression of a denial, or, better, of an interruption in the language of the crisis and pathology.
Chronic disease comorbidity in patients with oral leukoplakia: A matched case–control study
Authors: Giudice Lance W. , Graff Emrik A. , Haripersad Yasmita , Frydrych Agnieszka M. , Parsons Richard , Kujan Omar , Farah Camile S.
Published: February 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of chronic diseases in patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) compared to controls matched for age group, gender, smoking and alcohol use.

Subjects and Methods

This case–control study examined the general demographics, medical and social histories of 105 OL cases and 391 controls matched for age group, gender, tobacco and alcohol use. All OL cases were diagnosed based on both clinical and histopathological findings.

Results

Chronic diseases were significantly associated with OL, namely dyslipidaemia (p < .0001), musculoskeletal diseases (p = .0101) and asthma (p = .0052). The use of ACE inhibitors (p = .0177), opioid analgesics (p = .0300), anticoagulants (p = .0055) and statins (p = .0010) was significantly associated with OL. Dyslipidaemia (p < .0001; odds ratio [95% CI]: 6.4 [3.5–11.6]) and asthma (p = .0110; odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.2 [1.2–4.0]) were identified as independent predictors of OL in multivariate analysis, both of which were significantly more common amongst cases than controls.

Conclusions

Results from this first Australian study suggest that dyslipidaemia and asthma may constitute independent predictors for the presence of OL. However, longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain the temporal relationship between OL and chronic disease comorbidity and the mechanisms underlying these associations.
c(RGDfK)‐ and ZnTriMPyP‐Bound Polymeric Nanocarriers for Tumor‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: de las Heras Elena , Boix‐Garriga Ester , Bryden Francesca , Agut Montserrat , Mora Margarita , Sagristá M. Lluïsa , Boyle Ross W. , Lange Norbert , Nonell Santi
Published: February 2020

Active targeting strategies are currently being extensively investigated in order to enhance the selectivity of photodynamic therapy. The aim of the present research was to evaluate whether the external decoration of nanopolymeric carriers with targeting peptides could add more value to a photosensitizer formulation and increase antitumor therapeutic efficacy and selectivity. To this end, we assessed PLGA‐PLA‐PEG nanoparticles (NPs) covalently attached to a hydrophilic photosensitizer 5‐[4‐azidophenyl]‐10,15,20‐tri‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridinium)porphyrinato zinc (II) trichloride (ZnTriMPyP) and also to c(RGDfK) peptides, in order to target αvβ3 integrin‐expressing cells. In vitro phototoxicity investigations showed that the ZnTriMPyP‐PLGA‐PLA‐PEG‐c(RGDfK) nanosystem is effective at submicromolar concentrations, is devoid of dark toxicity, successfully targets αvβ3 integrin‐expressing cells and is 10‐fold more potent than related nanosystems where the PS is occluded instead of covalently bound.
The Affordability of Flood Risk Property‐Level Adaptation Measures
Authors: Hudson Paul
Published: February 2020

The affordability of property‐level adaptation measures against flooding is crucial due to the movement toward integrated flood risk management, which requires the individuals threatened by flooding to actively manage flooding. It is surprising to find that affordability is not often discussed, given the important roles that affordability and social justice play regarding flood risk management. This article provides a starting point for investigating the potential rate of unaffordability of flood risk property‐level adaptation measures across Europe using two definitions of affordability, which are combined with two different affordability thresholds from within flood risk research. It uses concepts of investment and payment affordability, with affordability thresholds based on residual income and expenditure definitions of unaffordability. These concepts, in turn, are linked with social justice through fairness concerns, in that, all should have equal capability to act, of which affordability is one avenue. In doing so, it was found that, for a large proportion of Europe, property owners generally cannot afford to make one‐time payment of the cost of protective measures. These can be made affordable with installment payment mechanisms or similar mechanisms that spread costs over time. Therefore, the movement toward greater obligations for flood‐prone residents to actively adapt to flooding should be accompanied by socially accessible financing mechanisms.
Identification of two novel HLA‐C alleles, HLA‐C*07:02:92 and HLA‐C*07:828 in Chinese individuals
Authors: Wang Wei , You Xuan , Zhang Wei , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: February 2020

Two novel HLA‐C alleles, HLA‐C*07:02:92 and HLA‐C*07:828, were identified.
The novel HLA‐A*02:787 allele was identified by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing
Authors: Zhang Wei , Fu Rui , Wang Fang , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: February 2020

HLA‐A*02:787 differs from HLA‐A*02:07:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 278 C > T.
Externalized Migration Governance and the Limits of Sovereignty: The Case of Partnership Agreements between EU and Libya
Authors: Palm Elin
Published: February 2020

Can state sovereignty justify privileged receiving countries exercising authority over non‐members in a third country to safeguard their own interests? Under the current migration governance of the EU, state sovereignty is manifested in migrant interdiction, interception and detention policies employed to prevent unauthorized migrants from reaching the EU, and even from attempting to embark on cross‐Mediterranean journeys. While reinforcement of the Schengen region's external borders is a key aim of the EU's internal migration politics, collaboration with third countries regarding migration control has, in the last decade, become a key feature of its external migration policy. In close collaboration with third countries, the EU has managed to curb the outflux of migrants from transit and sending countries. In effect, irregular migrants are prevented from exiting as well as from entering. This article explores the justifiability of such practices, by questioning commonly invoked models of justification such as the sovereignty “model”, with a special focus on partnership agreements regarding migration control between the EU and Libya.
Terapi Pemakanan Menurut Pandangan Sheikh Abbas Kuta Karang: Kajian Awal Terhadap Kitab Al-Rahmah Fi Al-Tib Wa Al-Hikmah (Nutritional Therapy According To Sheikh Abbas Kuta Karang: Early Research Based On Kitab Al-Rahmah Fi Al-Tib Wa Al-Hikmah)
Authors: Hasan Ommu Khanif , P Othman Noraishah , Muhamad Siti Norlina , Abdullah Akmaliza
Published: February 2020

Nutrition is one of the methods of health care as it gives strength to the physical body. Malay community had a highly concerned about nutriotion as they know the  type and nature of the food such as hot and cold to suit their body condition. Their main purpose in nutrition is to maintain health and diseases treatment. Among the most prominent scholars in the debate on healthy nutriotion is Sheikh Abbas Kuta Karang who is known as a scholar of various disciplines. He wrote his views on nutriotion based on the Qur'an and the Hadith and some of the scholars' views. Among the books he wrote was the Book of Al-Rahmah Fi Al-Tib Wa Al Hikmah in 1853 which contained health care guidelines and treatment of diseases. The book of Al-Rahmah Fi Al-Tib Wa Al Hikmah is one of guideline for malay medicine practitionar until this day. Method of data collection that be used from this study are library studies, bibliographic data analysis from this book, previous studies and journals to determine the effectiveness of current practice. Therefore, this study will describe some of his views on nutrition based on the Book of Al-Rahmah Fi Al-Tib Wa Al Hikmah. Although this book does not have detail explaination on healthy nutrition, its foundations can be studied and proven scientifically.