bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Incoming Interns Be Entrusted to Recognize Medical Emergencies? Implementation of a Vignette-Based Cross-Cover Assessment
Authors: Heidemann Lauren A , McTaggart Suzy , Monrad Seetha U , Hartley Sarah
Published: August 2022

Background

Interns must recognize urgent clinical situations and know when to seek assistance. However, assessing this skill is challenging.

Objective

We explored whether graduating medical students could determine urgency of medical cross-cover scenarios and what factors were associated with this ability.

Methods

Sixty senior medical students enrolled in an internal medicine residency preparation course, and 28 experts were invited to take an assessment using 4 clinical vignette handoffs, each with 5 to 6 cross-cover scenarios. Respondents were asked whether they would evaluate the patient at bedside and notify their supervising resident. They were asked to rate their comfort managing the scenario, rate the urgency (1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high), and take a medical knowledge quiz. Student performance was categorized based on stratification of clinical urgency—those who underestimated (fourth quartile), accurately estimated (second and third quartile), and overestimated (first quartile) urgency. We examined differences between groups in medical knowledge, action, and confidence using analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test.

Results

Fifty-eight students (96.7%) and 22 experts (78.6%) participated. Clear differentiation emerged between students' ability to estimate urgency on the 3-point urgency scale (lowest quartile: 2.15±0.11; mid-quartiles: 2.38±0.07; upper quartile: 2.61±0.10, respectively). Students who underestimated urgency were less likely to notify their supervising resident (P=.001) and less likely to evaluate a patient at bedside (P=.01). There was no difference in quiz score or comfort level.

Conclusions

Incoming interns vary in their abilities to recognize urgent scenarios, independent of medical knowledge and confidence.
Structural and Mutational Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Protein
Interactome
Authors: Megha C Terdal  , Jayashree G  , Harshitha Priya R  , Himabindu B  , Sukruth K  , Manohar G M  , Kiran Kumar D J
Published: August 2022

SARS CoV-2, also known as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, is a highly
contagious pathogenic virus that affects millions of people and causes respiratory diseases. Studying
the intraviral protein-protein interactions of the virus will give us insight on the functioning
mechanisms of the cell. And also, this is important to predict the severity of infection as and when
mutations evolve. In order to establish which amino acids mutations, lead to stabilization and
destabilization of protein-protein interactions in the virus, 15 intraviral proteins identified as
interacting in literature were docked with their partners using ClusPro and the interface residues were
mutated using FoldX. From the 15 interactions, the highest and lowest energy changes of each
interaction yielded 30 models which showed 19 stabilizing mutations and 9 destabilizing mutations
with an interaction complex showing neither. Stabilizing mutations may strengthen the interactions
and therefore provide a more robust biomolecular interaction with the host while the opposite may be
expected with destabilizing mutations. Our findings may be of support for deducing insights into the
possible changes in the severity of the disease associated with the evolving mutations.
STUDY OF COST EFFECTIVENESS OF GEOSYNTHETIC
MATERIAL IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Zeyiam Mushtaq  , Sukhdeep Singh
Published: August 2022

Over the last 30 years, geotextiles have been actively advocated for pavement construction. In order
to learn more about the impact of geotextile reinforcement on pavement design, further full-scale
studies are needed. Geotextile-reinforced pavements under controlled loads and climatic conditions
were the major focus of this investigation. Geosynthetics have been widely employed to conduct a
range of functions that have substantially improved the performance of highways. All of these things
serve to keep you safe and secure by isolating you from your surroundings while also filtering out
contaminants. At least six significant highway applications employ one or more of these qualities.
For example, reflecting crack migration in asphalt overlays may be addressed using these techniques.
Other uses include isolating roads, stabilizing the road foundation, and providing lateral drainage.
Natural materials like wood and stone may be replaced with geotextiles, which have both economic
and environmental advantages. Various variables contribute to the occurrence of the study's typical
pain difficulties in the road building industry. The current situation in India necessitates the
construction of as many transportation facilities as possible in the least amount of time and money as
possible. In this paper, we looked at the economics of using geosynthetic material in building projects,
and the results were rather encouraging.
Activismos feministas y decoloniales en las universidades: una estrategia posible hacia la descolonización del saber
Authors: Busquier Lucía
Published: August 2022

Este escrito busca indagar las diversas formas de injusticia y violencia epistémica que habitan en el ámbito académico y cuáles son las estrategias políticas que los movimientos sociales actuales, en particular los feminismos locales, se proponen para combatir dichos actos de violencia. Para ello, serán recuperadas algunas estrategias impulsadas por activistas feministas y afrodescendientes que habitan los espacios académicos de la región latinoamericana y caribeña orientadas a incorporar en las agendas académicas temáticas vinculadas al racismo y a la afrodescendencia y sus imbricaciones con el género. En cuanto a la metodología empleada, se realizó un análisis cualitativo de documentos escritos virtuales tales como repositorios virtuales y páginas web de diferentes espacios académicos como universidades, grupos de investigación, posgrados, revistas académicas, jornadas y congresos, entre otros, con el propósito de recuperar dichas experiencias e iniciativas políticas. Por último, se destaca que la participación de activistas feministas y afrodescendientes en el espacio académico resulta clave para garantizar la incorporación de estudios y la construcción de saberes que visibilicen no solo las históricas y múltiples formas de dominación y explotación que los diversos grupos de mujeres de nuestra región debieron enfrentar, sino que también sean recuperadas sus resistencias y activismos políticos para combatir las violencias y opresiones.
Evolution and Recent Advances in MIS in Head and Neck Cancers: A Comprehensive Review
Authors:   (Lt)col Abhijit Basu, Military Hospital Jalandhar Cantt, India, Basu Abhijit , Kumar Jaya ,   Senior Resident, Department of Surgical Oncology, DR.BRA Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Barua Areendam ,   Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgical Oncology, India.
Published: August 2022

Minimally invasive approaches like Endoscopic and Robotics in head and neck cancers has got a wide area of application in managing Oral cavity, pharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, Laryngeal tumours, Sinus & Base of skull tumours and Thyroid &Parathyroid tumours. Transoral approaches allow easy access to these secluded sites and removal of tumours with minimal complications. Till today surgery has remained the only curative modality in head and neck cancer. With the availability of Endoscopy, laparoscopy and Robotic systems patients requiring major surgeries for small tumours can now be offered surgery with limited human resources, good aesthetic& cosmetic outcome with better patient compliance. The MIS is still a grey area of head and neck surgeries so we like to have a comprehensive review on the evolution and recent advances in MIS.
Subcutaneous Benign Tumour; A Case of an Ox and Its Management Outcome; A Case Report
Authors:   Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Clinical Studies, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Habte Dessalew
Published: August 2022

Tumor or neoplasm is an abnormal mass or swelling of tissue which results when cells divide more than they should beyond brain’s control. This case report describes, a successful management of subcutaneous benign tumour on an adult local breed ox having a body weight of 295 kg that was presented to VTH of AAU-CVMA, Bishoftu, on February 24/2022. It has a primary complaint and a history of firm and cold swelling at the caudal part of mandible on the lateral side of neck region that has spent over four years. Aspiration of the swelling with a sterile 16 gauge needle with syringe didn’t detect or withdrawn any of the contents (pus, fluid, blood and other). Cytological examination of tissue smears resulted immature and irregular shaped cells which have large darker nucleus. Based on history, clinical signs and cytological staining result, the case was diagnosed as subcutaneous benign tumor which is differentially diagnosed from abscess, oedema, cascious lymph adenitis and haematoma. It was managed by surgical resection and intramuscular injection of penicillin G procaine with wound spray topically for three successive days. Complete recovery of the ox was achieved after three weeks. Surgical resection accompanied with topical application and parenteral administration of antibiotics can give successful outcome on the management of localized subcutaneous benign tumours after proper identification and effective analgesics.
Significado de la Potenciación en ℝ
Authors: Quiroz Quiroz Enrique , Flores Ccanto Florencio
Published: August 2022

El recojo de las prácticas matemáticas sobre la potenciación, los diferentes autores definen, primero la potencia de base real y exponente natural. Su significado no es otro que un producto repetido, excepto para exponentes 0 y 1. Algunos autores establecen que 〖-3〗^4 no es una potencia, sino el opuesto de la potencia 3^4. También ambiguo al decir que 0^0 es una expresión indeterminada o que existe radicales de números negativos como ∛(-8). Después de resolver las representaciones y definiciones ambiguas se deja camino abierto para formular el significado institucional. Se describe el significado de la potencia de base real y exponente natural mostrando que se trata de un producto repetido, excepto para 1 y 0. Para la definición de la potencia con exponente fraccionario primero se describe el significado del denominador n del exponente fraccionario m/n. Además, se demuestra que el exponente fraccionario será cualquier fracción equivalente a m/n, pues de lo contrario será una definición ambigua, que es origen de algunas prácticas matemáticas erróneas. Teniendo en cuenta los argumentamos de tres prácticas matemáticas erróneas. Se refiere a la representación y significado de potencia de base real y exponente negativo como 〖-a〗^n=-(a^n ),a∈R, esta expresión solo es cierta si n es impar. Luego, se prueba que utilizar radicales de índice impar de números negativos como ∛(-8) , √(5&-32) nos conducen a situaciones paradójicas como a=-a,∀a∈R. Finalmente mostramos que 0^0 es 1.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Nimesulide Using Pomegranate Peel and Acacia
Authors: Simran Tanwar , Komal Tikariya , Vimukta Sharma
Published: August 2022

The main objective of the study is the formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of Nimesulide using pomegranate peel and acacia as natural polymer. The preformulation study of Nimesulide was conducted and λmax was found at 300 nm. The sustained release matrix tablet was prepared using Pomegranate peel as Release rate retardant, Acacia as polymer, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 as Binder, Isopropyl alcohol as Granulation solution, Micro Crystalline Cellulose as Diluent, Magnesium stearate as Lubricant and Talc as Glidant. Several formulations were prepared by taking different drug concentration in Pomegranate peel (Release rate retardant) with varying ratio of binder to lubricants. Various formulations of sustained release matrix tablet of Nimesulide F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 was prepared. The prepared granules were evaluated for different parameters like Bulk density, Tapped density, Angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio which shows the excellent flow properties of formulation. The physical characteristic of Nimesulide sustained release matrix tablets (F1 to F6) such as thickness, diameter, hardness, friability, weight variation and drug content were determined and results of the formulations (F1 to F6) found to be within the limits specified in official books. The drug content of all the formulation were found to be in the range of 99.59 to 99.83 % w/w, which is within the specified limit as per Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 (i.e. 90-110% w/w). The drug released from formulation F1 to F3 was found to be 93.7, 92.9 and 92.2 % for Nimesulide respectively. The drug released from formulation F4 to F6 was found to be 94.1, 93.9 and 92.8% for Nimesulide respectively. The release rate of F1 and F4 was found to be higher when compared to other formulations this is due to increase in the concentration of polymer. These results are indicating that has higher drug retarding ability for long duration. All the formulations were analyzed for stability testing. All the formulations from F1 to F6 were found to be stable.
Role of Maharaja Naranarayana in the Consolidation of the Koch Kingdom: A Historical Study
Authors: Sutradhar Kartik Chandra
Published: August 2022

The name of Maharaja Naranarayan is almost unknown to the people of Bengal or Assam, not only that there is no sign of the name of the Maharaja in the history of India; but once he was a remarkable King or Monarch who placed the Koch Kingdom on the fame and glorious position in the soil of North east India. He became the challenging figure in the larger areas of North east India defeating the contemporary rulers gradually one by one, namely Ahom Kingdom, Kachhar, Jayantiya, Manipur and Dimrua. Maharaja not only defeated his rivalry and consolidated his empire, but also he took a diplomatic policy like Samudragupta, the great Gupta King because in spite of wining the native states in the North east India he returned the concerned Kingdoms to the native rulers by getting annual tribute and yielding. But unfortunately the name of the great king including the history of the other rulers of the Koch Kingdom has not get any place in the history of India. Beside the expansion and consolidation of the Koch Kingdom he established peace and integrity maintaining the cultural assimilation and economic development in the Koch Kingdom. In the present article the achievement of this great Koch King will be highlighted.
Root Distribution of Nursery Trees and its Relationship to Transplanting Success
Authors: Watson G.W. , Himelick E.B.
Published: August 2022

The natural root distributions of seven species of shade trees (Norway, red and sugar maple, green ash, redbud, ginkgo, and pin oak), growing under nursery conditions were characterized. The north quadrant of the root systems of these trees was more developed than any other quadrant. In general, the vertical distribution of the major roots showed the greatest development at the soil depth of 13-38 cm, with limited growth in the top 12 cm, and decreasing development at depths below 38 cm. The fibrous root densities were usually greater in the upper 10 cm depth than at the lower depths. Tree spades, commonly used to transplant nursery trees, reduce the root system by up to 98 percent. Since regenerated roots originate primarily at the severed ends of the roots cut during digging, location of these severed roots, with respect to the new soil profile is an important factor in the re-establishment of transplanted trees.
Municipal Tree Management in the U.S.: 1980
Authors: Kielbaso J. , Haston G. , Pawl D.
Published: August 2022

A survey of 2861 cities to determine status ot tree care produced a 54% response. Only 50% identify their program as systematic. The manager's average age is 43 years, with 14 years of experience and 8 years in the current position. Membership patterns of tree managers is presented. The various organizations have potential to expand membership among municipal tree care managers, and thus greatly influence urban tree management. Of cities surveyed, only 22% know, with certainty, the number of trees in their jurisdiction. Total U.S. street trees are estimated to number 49,000,000. Overall per capita expenditures for tree care is $2.19 and the per tree expenditure is $10.78. Budgets for tree care are allocated primarily to street trees (61 %) and park trees (24%). The major cultural practices related to these are trimming (27%), removal (23%), and planting (14%).
A INTERATIVIDADE ON-LINE: UMA ANÁLISE DA FERRAMENTA FÓRUM
Authors: Camargo Rosi Teresinha Munaretti de
Published: August 2022

A interatividade na educação on-line: um estudo da ferramenta fórum traz a pesquisa realizada na área buscando identificar as situações em que a presença não física na educação on-line, deve encontrar eco no estabelecimento das relações interativas focando na construção do processo da aprendizagem. Essa relação de interação e interatividade pensada e praticada como forma de gerir contato entre os envolvidos no processo de aprendizado na tríade professor curador (PPC, instituição), professor tutor (prática tutorial), estudantes na sua diversidade de conhecimentos e culturas distribuídas em bairros e/ou cidades distintas. Relação, essa, estabelecida a partir do objetivo proposto para uma atividade de aprendizagem a ser executada pelos envolvidos no processo utilizando as ferramentas previstas e planejadas para o curso. Dentro das atividades de acesso no ambiente Moodle, o fórum apresenta caraterísticas a serem exploradas e vivenciadas para a realização de atividades de forma que, os estudantes cumpram como parte das atividades avaliativas ou aprofundamento, tendo na realização da atividade acadêmica a oportunidade de ler, refletir, participar do debate interagindo com seus pares. O fórum apresenta-se como uma condição importante para que o estudante possa fazer parte da comunidade com seus colegas de curso, interagindo de forma direta ou não, permitindo conhecer a opinião dos demais envolvidos na comunidade de aprendizagem de forma que possa refletir sobre as ideias divergentes ou próximas com sua maneira de pensar. A partir desta prerrogativa terá condições de absorver, elaborar e desenvolver seu próprio entendimento sobre o tópico em discussão.
IDENTIFIKASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER EKSTRAK BUAH BELIMBING WULUH GEOTHERMAL NON GEOTHERMAL ACEH BESAR
Authors: Nuraskin Cut Aja , Reca Reca , Mardelita Sisca
Published: August 2022

Simplicia is a natural ingredient used for medicine and has not undergone any process changes and is in the form of dried material. Drying is a necessary process in maintaining the quality of a simplicia. This study aims to analyze the comparison of the amount of Ie Seu Um Geothermal and non-geothermal star fruit extracts to calculate yield value, dry weight of simplicia, drying loss, extract weight, percent yield and identify active compounds in wuluh starfruit taken from the Ie Seu Um Geothermal area. and non-geothermal Aceh Besar Aceh Province. The laboratory research method begins with oven drying. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent with a solvent ratio of 1:10 for 3x 24 hours. Then the extract was concentrated with a rotary evaporator, the yield value was calculated, and the phytochemical test was carried out. The identification results show that there are differences; sample dry weight, drying loss, extract weight and percent yield of geothermal and non-geothermal starfruit extract. In the ethanol extract of the wuluh starfruit Ie Seu Um Geothermal dry weight of simplicia 152 grams, drying loss 1,992.4 g, yield 52, 63%, extract weight 80 grams and the results of phytochemical screening of samples of ethanol extract of starfruit wuluh Ie Seu Um geothermal contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, saponins. In non-geothermal star fruit ethanol extract, simplicia dry weight 150 g, drying loss 1,992.5 g, yield 3,075%, extract weight 61.5 grams and the results of phytochemical screening samples of non-geothermal star fruit ethanol extract contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids , saponins.. In conclusion, the weight of the extract and the yield of the ethanol extract of the bilimbi wuluh geothermal fruit is higher than that of the non-geothermal.
The Effect Of Implementation Of Patient Identification Based On The Pall Accreditation Standards On Improving The Patient Safety Program At Royal Prima General Hospital In 2022
Authors: Silalahi Yosiana , Wahyuni Nasution Sri , Novalinda Ginting Chrismis
Published: August 2022

Patient safety is a variable to measure and evaluate the quality of nursingservices that have an impact on health services. One of the safety services inhospitals starts from the accuracy of patient identification. Patientidentification errors at the beginning of the service will continue to the nextservice error. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect ofimplementing patient identification based on JCI accreditation standards onimproving the Patient Safety program at Royal Prima Hospital. This type ofresearch is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. Samplingtechnique The sampling technique in this study was to use the Slovinformula with a total sample of 124 patients. Data analysis in this study usedunivariate and bivariate analysis. The results of the study explained thatthere was an influence between the implementation of patient identificationbased on the Plenary accreditation standard to the improvement of thePatient Safety program at the Royal Prima Hospital Medan with ap value of<0.007. Through this research, it is hoped that the Royal Prima HospitalMedan can improve the quality of nursing services, especially in theimplementation of identification based on the Plenary AccreditationStandards.
Decoupling impacts of weather conditions on interannual variations in concentrations of criteria air pollutants in south China – constraining analysis uncertainties by using multiple analysis tools
Authors: Lin Yu , Zhang Leiming , Fan Qinchu , Meng He , Gao Yang , Gao Huiwang , Yao Xiaohong
Published: August 2022

Abstract. In this study, three methods including the random forest (RF) algorithm, boosted regression trees (BRTs) and the improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) were adopted for investigating emission-driven interannual variations in concentrations of air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO, SO2 and (NO2+O3) monitored in six cities in south China from May 2014 to April 2021. The first two methods were used to calculate the deweathered hourly concentrations, and the third one was used to calculate decomposed hourly residuals. To constrain the uncertainties in the calculated deweathered or decomposed hourly values, a self-developed method was applied to calculate the range of the deweathered percentage changes (DePCs) of air pollutant concentrations in annual scale. Emission-driven trends and emission-driven percentage changes (PCs) during the whole seven-year period were generated with the four methods being applied to analyzing the data. The consistency in the trends between the RF-deweathered and BRTs-deweathered concentrations and the ICEEMDAN-decomposed residuals of an air pollutant in a city reaches approximately 70 % of all the studied cases, but that in the PCs reaches only approximately 30 % of all the cases. The remaining cases with inconsistent trends and/or PCs indicated large uncertainties produced by one or more of the three methods. The calculated PCs from the deweathered concentrations and decomposed residuals were thus combined with the corresponding range of DePCs calculated from the self-developed method to gain the robust range of DePCs where applicable. Building on the robust ranges, the mitigation effects were discussed.
SAGE III/ISS aerosol/cloud categorization and its impact on GloSSAC
Authors: Kovilakam Mahesh , Thomason Larry , Knepp Travis
Published: August 2022

Abstract. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) began its mission in June 2017. SAGE III/ISS is an updated version of the SAGE III on Meteor (SAGE III/M3M) instrument that makes observations of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient at wavelengths that range from 385 to 1550 nm with a near global coverage between 60° S and 60° N. While SAGE III/ISS makes reliable and robust solar occultation measurements in stratosphere, similar to its predecessors, interpreting aerosol extinction measurements in the vicinity of tropopause and in the troposphere have been a challenge for all SAGE instruments. Herein, we discuss some of the challenges associated with discriminating between aerosols and clouds within the extinction measurements and describe the methods implemented to categorize clouds and aerosols using available SAGE III/ISS aerosol measurements. This cloud/aerosol categorization method is based on the results of Thomason and Vernier (2013) with some modifications that now incorporate the influence of recent volcanic/PyroCb events and a new method of locating aerosol centroid based on k-medoid clustering. We use version 5.2 of SAGE III/ISS extinction coefficients for the analysis. The current algorithm now classifies standard (background) and non-standard (enhanced) aerosols in the stratosphere and identify enhanced aerosols and aerosol/cloud mixture in the tropopause region. SAGE data is an important dataset in the GloSSAC data base and therefore, the impact of cloud-filtered aerosol extinction coefficient measurements on the latest version of GloSSAC (version 2.2) is also discussed.
The future of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Using large ensembles to illuminate time-varying responses and inter-model differences
Authors: Maher Nicola , Wills Robert C. Jnglin , DiNezio Pedro , Klavans Jeremy , Milinski Sebastian , Sanchez Sara C. , Stevenson Samantha , Stuecker Malte F. , Wu Xian
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Future changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are uncertain, both because future projections differ between climate models and because the large internal variability of ENSO clouds the diagnosis of forced changes in observations and individual climate model simulations. By leveraging 14 single model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs), we robustly isolate the time evolving response of ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) variability to anthropogenic forcing from internal variability in each SMILE. We find non-linear changes in time in many models and considerable inter-model differences in projected changes in ENSO and the mean-state tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient. We demonstrate a linear relationship between the change in ENSO SST variability and the tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient although forced changes in the tropical Pacific SST gradient often occur later in the 21st century than changes in ENSO SST variability, which can lead to departures from the linear relationship. Single forcing SMILEs show a potential contribution of anthropogenic forcing (aerosols and greenhouse gases) to historical changes in ENSO SST variability, while the observed historical strengthening of the tropical Pacific SST gradient sits on the edge of the model spread for those models for which single forcing SMILEs are available. Our results highlight the value of SMILEs for investigating time-dependent forced responses and inter-model differences in ENSO projections. The non-linear changes in ENSO SST variability found in many models demonstrate the importance of characterising this time-dependent behaviour, as it implies that ENSO impacts may vary dramatically throughout the 21st century.
A new inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers derived from multiple elevation datasets since the 1970s
Authors: Guo Lei , Li Jia , Dehecq Amaury , Li Zhiwei , Li Xin , Zhu Jianjun
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Surges are an important source of glacier hazards and complete surge-type glacier inventories are required for assessing glacier-related hazards. Glacier surge events in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are widely reported. However, the completeness of present inventories of HMA surge-type glaciers is constrained by the insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of glacier change observations, or by the limitations of the identification methods. In this paper, we established a new inventory of HMA surge-type glaciers based on the glacier surface elevation changes over four decades. Four kinds of elevation sources (KH-9 DEM, NASADEM, COP30 DEM, HMA8m DEM) were utilized to estimate the glacier surface elevation changes during two periods (1970s–2000 and 2000–2010s). In total 1015 surge-type glaciers were identified in HMA. Compared to the latest surge-type glacier inventory in HMA, our inventory incorporated 477 new surge-type glaciers. The number and area of surge-type glaciers accounted for ~2.49 % (excluding glaciers less than 0.3 km2) and ~23.32 % of the total glacier number and glacier area in HMA, respectively. Considering that glacier outlines are usually composed of multiple tributaries within a glacier complex, the proportion of surge-related area may be overestimated, and the number of surge-type glaciers could be even larger. Surge-type glaciers were found in 21 of the 22 subregions of HMA (except for the Dzhungarsky Alatau), however, the density of surge-type glaciers is highly uneven. Surge-type glaciers are common in the northwest subregions (e.g., Pamir and Karakoram), but scarce in the peripheral subregions (e.g., Eastern Tien Shan, Eastern Himalaya, and Hengduan Shan). The inventory indicates that surge activity is more likely to occur for larger and longer glaciers. Besides, we found a potential relationship between the frequency of surge activities andregional glacier mass balance. The subregions with slightly negative or positive mass balance hold large clusters of surge-type glaciers, while those with severe glacier mass loss hold very few surge-type glaciers. In some subregions where glacier mass loss accelerated, the frequency of surge activities that occurred before 2000 was much higher than that after 2000. The inventory is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6944979 (Guo et al., 2022).
An EFL Classroom Oral Language and Group Work Observation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Abbasi Ishfaque Ahmed , Anthony Elizabeth M
Published: August 2022

In Pakistani EFL context where speaking skill is hardly assessed, it becomes a challenging task for a researcher to find an appropriate and valid instrument to observe and analyse the speaking activities and the learning on the basis of these activities.  This study is to validate the adapted versions of instruments of Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM) and the Group Participation Observation Checklist. From SOLOM only fluency measurement scale was adapted and used for this study. These instruments were piloted and the data was collected through video recording of a class and audio recordings of interviews of two participants. For validity check the data was shared with three inter-raters for Inter-Rater reliability.  The data was analysed using the Percentage agreement of raters and Cohen Kappa coefficient. The results validated the instruments and the instruments were found appropriate to be used in the main study with slight changes.
Artificial Meat Manufacturing and its Future Perspectives
Authors: Ikram Amna , Yaseen Hina , Haq M. Ahsan ul
Published: August 2022

The world population is continuously increasing and it is expected that it will increase up to 7 billion by the year 2050. Hence the increasing population requires extra resources likewise the meat industry is unable to respond to this increasing demand for protein. Thus industries must find an alternative to meet the needs of people and solve the problems related to the welfare of animal life, health, and sustainability. Modern meat or the novel meat commonly known as "artificial meat" is utilizing modern and groundbreaking technologies and techniques to tackle problems faced by the traditional meat industry. Artificial meat, in-vitro meat, and GMO meat (Meat produced from genetically modified organisms) have no capacity to fight with traditional meat production in the current environment. Although, meat replacement plans including proteins obtained from plant and myco proteins are serving the best competitors and are also wiping their hurdles in the market. Cultured meat can push traditional meat to the premium end of the market. If the expense rate on traditional meat did not lessen, the manufactured meat will provide the less expensive and palatable meat. The livestock industry has considered agroecology and ecology concepts to create sustainable systems for animal production. The traditional meat industry can increase the output, quality and variety in meat from innovative technologies like GMO (genetically modified organisms) and cloning. By using these technologies the meat industry can produce the best substitute for conventional meat and meet the need for resources and environmental changes.
Endophytic Nanoparticles: Towards a new Therapeutic Future
Authors: Nafeh Abdul , Mazhar Sumaira
Published: August 2022

A substantial aspect of nanotechnology is the advancement of solid procedures for the joining of nanoparticles. Naturally blended nanoparticles could offer a wide range of uses, including gathering, catalysis, bio-labeling, and so on. In this study, we highlight the microbial world's extravagance, which includes a plethora of endophytic materials as a growing device in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The new study is the first of its kind, providing insight into hitherto unknown endophyte applications.
Association of PPAR Gamma Gene Polymorphism; C161T with Diabetes in Population of Pakistan
Authors: Ilyas Syeda Zainab , Sarwar Sumbal , Shabana  , Hasnain Shahida
Published: August 2022

Diabetes mellitus is defined by an abnormally high blood glucose level. Insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and endogenous insulin production are all symptoms of type 2 diabetes, also known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). With 38 million people, Asian Indians have a higher prevalence of diabetes. Many single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-) gene play a role in the development of diabetes, either directly or indirectly. On exon 6 of the PPAR gamma gene, a silent mutation at position 161 convert the C allele into T allele. We obtained 926 individual samples from the local population, 500 were controls (fasting blood sugar < 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar < 126 mg/dL) and 426 were diabetes patients (fasting blood sugar > 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar > 126 mg/dL). In serum analysis lipid profiling was done that include TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and leptin. DNA was isolated and quantified; ARMS (amplification-refractory mutation system) PCR technique was used subsequently. The genotypic frequencies for CC, CT, and TT in diabetes patients are 66.66%, 20%, and 13.33%, respectively. Normal persons had genotype frequencies of 48.78%, 39.02%, and 12.19% for CC, CT, and TT, respectively. Minor allele frequency did not differ considerably between patients and controls (p-0.273). The patients and controls had considerably varied anthropometric and biochemical characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate such an association in the local population.
Relation between Gut Microbiota and Cancer
Authors: Malik Hafiza Iqra , Qadir Muhammad Imran
Published: August 2022

Human has about 100 trillion symbiotic microbes in the gut with 300-1000 different species. Gut microbiota is associated with host metabolism, obesity, diabetes, hepatic disorder, and cancer. Nowadays, studies are focusing on the role of gut microbiota in cancer. Evidence shows that Fusobacterium is associated with colorectal cancer when its genome was confirmed by 16SRNA analysis and PCR technique in cancerous cell. The complete mechanism of gut microbe involvement in cancer is still unknown. There may be some association of toxic metabolites of gut microbes, dietary substances, and the immune response. This review will help to attain the brief knowledge about the research till now in the regard of gut microbiota with cancer. The study will also reveal the research of using gut microbes for anticancer therapy. It is examined that Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the form of probiotics has a significant role in anticancer therapy. The anticancerous therapeutic and immunogenic role of gut microbiota must be further studied.
A Review on Red Blood Disorder: Thalassemia
Authors: Munir Iqra , Raza Sidra
Published: August 2022

Thalassemia is classified as major (homozygous), minor (heterozygous) or intermedia (compound heterozygous). It’s diagnosed is based on hematological findings whereas molecular genetic analysis has also been gradually developed. Due to untreatable nature of thalassemia, it is important to adopt preventive measures. In this regard, the community awareness, carrier testing and genetic counselling are important milestones. Region-wise division of thalassemia mutations is diverse in distinct provinces. HBB: c.92+5G > C represents raised incidence in Balochistan and Sindh. HBB: c.27_28insG is most common in KPK and Punjab. Similarly, NG_000007.3: g.71609_72227del619 has its roots previously in India subsequently in Gujratis along with Memon community populating Sindh. Widespread family testing can employ DNA-based genomic analysis in areas where consanguine marriages are usual. An assessed carrier ratio for HBV (3-5%) along with (4-5%) for hepatitis C virus being found in Pakistan due to asymptomatic distribution. Bone marrow transplantation is the only solution to get rid from thalassemia major complications and this facility is accessible ever since 1999 in Pakistan.
Comparative Analysis of Single and Multibacterial Biofertilizer Treatment on the Growth of Zea mays L.
Authors: Sana Ramla , Ahmed Ambreen , Mubashar Misbah
Published: August 2022

In the recent era, pesticides and fertilizers are extensively used in agriculture to cope up the high agricultural demands of growing population. Although these chemical fertilizers have fulfilled human food requirements but being non-biodegradable and persistent in soil, they pose hazardous effect on the ecosystem and living beings. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria play a substantial role that enables the plant to bear biotic and abiotic stresses. The current study is based on pre-germination treatment of Zea mays L. in which we using single and co-inoculum biofertilizers. For this purpose, two bacterial strains i.e., DS1 and ES3 were selected based on their auxin producing potential and applied on Zea mays L. for evaluation of their growth on physical parameters i.e., root length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh weight (FW) and no of leaves (NL), and biochemical substances such as Proteins, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, catalase and peroxidase. The results demonstrated that coinoculum of these bacterial strains was more effective as compared to single bacterial strain. So, these bacterial strains can be used as potential growth promoting agents in place of chemical fertilizers.
Overview of O157 in Pakistan: An Important Food-Borne Disease of Public Health
Authors: Ismail Sadaf , Ullah Kaleem , Sunnya Hafsa , Bingjie Xie
Published: August 2022

Food-borne microorganisms are the source of 65% of the human food-originating ailments present globally and with the highest load in under-developing nations including Pakistan. Thus, this review focused on the background of E. coli O157, a significant food-borne bacteria which is pathogenic, and its public health perspective in general and particularly in Pakistan. Dairy animals and their products are the chief means of spreading and challenging public health. Dairy products, meat, and eggs are the main items through which the public is vulnerable to E. coli O157, which leads to food-borne illness and consequently death. Virulence and production of toxins are accountable for the pathogenesis of E. coli O157, which are categorized chiefly by gastrointestinal disorders including moderate and severe nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and other species-specific symptoms. Proper hygiene, good manufacturing practices, sanitation in operating procedures of products, by-products, and execution of standardized hazard investigation and critical control points (HACCP) plus pasteurization measures are important approaches for the control and safety of Public Health. In recent times, the emergence of E. coli O157 multidrug-resistant (MDR) related with ingesting of polluted animal originating food products and by-products are a great alarm for public health and should be managed by surveillance and monitoring of E. coli O157, particularly in developing countries including Pakistan.
Evaluation of Cis-Regulatory Elements of Dicot ?-TbSt Promoter
Authors: Bacha Sardar , Iqbal Nadia , Bashir Aftab , Deeba Farah , Asif Muhammad , Yuan Joshua
Published: August 2022

The eukaryotic gene expression is controlled by a regulatory region called promoter. Many plant promoters have been characterized for regulatory motifs. There are three types of plant promoters i.e. inducible, constitutive and tissue specific on basis of regulatory motifs. Plant sources have been searched for isolation of strong promoters that are being utilized in molecular biology research. The researchers need to address IPR issues for utilizing the strong patented promoters for the expression of their transgenes. The identification and characterization of strong dicot promoter is necessary for the expression of transgenes by native researchers to evaluate their artificial gene. The promoters isolated from viral sources have some limitations. The dicot promoter sequence of ?-tubulin (?-TbSt) was explored and isolated from potato. The ?-TbSt promoter sequence consists of light responsive, hormonal responsive and stress responsive elements. Motifs having responsive elements were identified in ?-TbSt promoter. The ?-TbSt promoter is highly constitutive promoter.
The Prevalence and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Uropathogenic Bacteria among People of Islamabad
Authors: Ajmal Sehrish , Munir Iqra , Ashraf Muhammad Waseem
Published: August 2022

Bacteria belonging to different genera are responsible for urinary tract infections. Antibacterial agents are routinely administered to treat these urinary tract infections. To counteract the effect of antibiotics, different bacteria develop resistance to these antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to check the prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria among the studied population. For this purpose, 150 urine samples were collected and were processed for the isolation and identification of disease causing pathogen. The bacteria were identified by using API strips. Furthermore, the antibiotic susceptibility testing was also performed for routinely administered antibiotics. From the present study it was observed that urinary tract infections have affected more females as compared to males. Majority of the UTI patients belonged to the age between 21 to 30 years. The isolated bacteria belonged to different genera including E.coli, Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, E. fecalis, and Citrobacter sp. The most prevalent UTI pathogen among the studied group was E.coli. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing results have shown that the isolated bacteria from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections resisted multiple tested antibiotics and were characterized as multi drug resistant bacteria. From the present study it has been concluded that E.coli is the most commonly found pathogen among the UTI pathogens and antibiotic resistance is rapidly increasing among these pathogenic bacteria. Further study must be carried out in different clinical setups to evaluate the urinary tract infection complication so that their increasing prevalence can be minimized.
Derechos humanos y actividad jurisdiccional interpretativa: advertencias y exigencias
Authors: Vigo Rodolfo Luís
Published: August 2022

El artículo se propone identificar diecinueve conse­cuencias que conlleva el reconocimiento operativo de los derechos humanos sobre la cultura jurídica en general, y, específicamente, sobre la actividad jurisdiccional operativa o interpretativa imperante entre los juristas. Esta matriz decimonónica funcional al Estado de derecho legal revela problemas difíciles de superar cuando ya en tiempos del Estado de derecho constitucional se consagran eficazmente los derechos humanos y, de manera complementaria, se proponen teorías jurídicas no positivas que diseñan un renovado aparato conceptual que respalda y fortalece a los mismos. Se configura así una nueva agenda para los juristas que requiere ser atendida en orden a evitar un uso ideológico, irracional o inapropiado del derecho.
JUDO IN TEENAGERS’ BULLYING PREVENTIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Khitaryan Davit , Stepanyan Lusine
Published: August 2022

It is revealed that among teenagers’ bullying system all types of roles are present: bullies, victims, helpers, defenders and observers.
Significant differences have been identified in the structural and functional components of bullying among teenagers in secondary schools and Judokas.
The results of the intergroup analysis showed that the number of victims and helpers among teenagers studying in secondary schools is significantly higher than among teenagers training judo.
The results of the comparative analysis provide us the exact information that judo has a key role as a bullying prevention among teenagers.
Based on the research results it is proposed to include judo as an alternative to physical education in secondary schools or to include judo technical elements in the program of physical education.
“Ayenst trauelynge fendys by nyghte”: Simple Medicines, Practical Innovation, and the Premodern Conceptualization of the Nightmare
Authors: Gordon Stephen
Published: August 2022

Sleep paralysis, as it is known today, was one of the most remarked-upon maladies in premodern medicine. The feeling of being choked during sleep was usually seen by physicians as being caused by an abundance of melancholic humors. Others interpreted the experience as a supernatural attack. However, the distinctions between medical and “superstitious” remedies against nightmares were rarely so clear cut, especially given the belief that demons were able to manipulate the bodily humors. In this article I will chart the various substances—plant and stone—that were traditionally believed to assuage the symptoms of the nightmare. I will examine how “hot” herbs, such as peony, and minerals with occult heating properties, such as gagate, could rebalance the dangerously cold and heavy vapors that provoked a nightmare attack. It will be seen that even seemingly “magical” apotropaic practices were entirely rational within the milieu of humoral theory.
The Power of Mimetic Performance: Cognitive Evolution and Supernatural Agency
Authors: Liebenberg Deon
Published: August 2022

The very widespread belief in the supernatural agency of cultural objects and actions is arguably underpinned by a mode of thought that entails the concept, widely and variously expressed in myth, ritual, and related cultural phenomena, of the priority of culture over nature, as well as related concepts of primordial wholeness or an initial undifferentiated state. This is explained here in terms of Merlin Donald’s theory of cognitive evolution, specifically that spoken language was preceded by a mimetic form of communication. Various theories of cognitive evolution are brought into play to explain the putative survival of certain forms of mimetic performance after the evolution of spoken language should have made them obsolete. It is argued here that, in spite of their apparently counterintuitive character, such mimetic performances were perpetuated and further developed because of their powerfully adaptive nature, their ability to address crucially important psychological issues.