bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FUTURE OF PERCEPTUAL CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: DOBSON MICHAEL W
Published: April 2007

In the recent past, research in perceptual cartography has been criticized for a variety of reasons. In the paper that follows, the role of perceptual cartography in the future of cartography is discussed and guidelines for a more productive research program are offered.
SYMBOL–SUBJECT MATTER RELATIONSHIPS IN THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: DOBSON MICHAEL W
Published: April 2007

The establishment of symbol conventions in thematic cartography has given the cartographer a standard symbology for representing various distributions depending on the nature of the data. Map readers, however, are not privy to cartographers thoughts and are, therefore, unfamiliar with many of the symbol conventions the cartographer uses. An experimental design was developed and used to examine the interface between map makers and map users relating to symbol-subject matter relationships in cartographic displays. Experienced and inexperienced map readers were tested to determine if map readers associate a specific symbolic language with certain types of distributions and if these associations coincide with the conventional cartographic symbolization of that distribution. Several different analysis procedures were used to study the performances of the subjects and all showed reliable differences between experienced and inexperienced map readers. In the last section of the paper theoretical interpretations are provided. L'établissement de signes conventionnels en cartographie thématique a fourni au cartographe un symbolisme normalisé lui permettant de représenter diverses répartitions selon le genre de données devant être indiquées. Toutefois, les lecteurs de cartes ne sont pas au courant des pensées des cartographes et ne peuvent donc pas être familiers avec les nombreux signes utilisés. Une représentation, à titre d'expérience, a été mise sur pied; on a alors effectué un sondage auprès des dresseurs et des lecteurs de cartes dans le but de déterminer le terrain commun qui existe entre les deux groupes lorsque ceux-ci considèrent les relations symbole/sujet du graphique cartographique. Des lecteurs de cartes avec et sans expérience ont subi l'épreuve visant à déterminer si les lecteurs de cartes associent des signes particuliers à certains types de distributions et si ces associations coïncidaient avec le symbolisme cartographique actuellement en usage. Plusieurs différents procédés d'analyse ont été utilisés afin d'étudier le rendement des personnes et ils ont tous démontré une nette différence entre les lecteurs avec expérience et ceux qui n'en possédaient pas. La dernière partie de l'exposé présente des interprétations théoriques.
From L'État, c'est moi to L'État, c'est l'État: Mapping in Early Modern France
Authors: Petto Christine M.
Published: April 2007

Using the printed works of two French cartographers, Alexis-Hubert Jaillot and Guillaume Delisle, I investigate how the changing interests of the government directed not only the process of map-making but the rhetoric evident in printed maps and atlases. Jaillot, a commercial map publisher flourishing during the second half of the seventeenth century, produced maps that participated in the fabrication of the image of Louis XIV. Maps served this “cult of image” and contributed to a multimedia show to glorify the reign of the Sun King and to support his personal state – l’état, c’est moi. In the eighteenth century, while a rhetoric of image was still present on printed maps, the “cult of image” was dead and mapping appealed to the rise of the impersonal or bureaucratized state – l’état, c’est l’état. Delisle produced maps as instruments of statecraft that aided the state in furthering its domestic and international interests. In particular, printed maps of the Americas served the government's need to acquire greater territorial control. While images were still powerful on New World maps, the French boundary claims, egregious to some, if uncontested could be produced time and again as a true representation and legitimization of territorial control.
MAPS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION / A PRELIMINARY SURVEY
Authors: RISTOW WALTER W
Published: April 2007

Within the next several years the United States of America will commemorate the bicentennials of the American Revolution and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Appropriate recognition of these events will include research on this exciting period in American history. Particularly significant to such research are contemporary manuscript and printed maps and charts. This paper surveys some of the general and specialized cartographic materials of the Revolutionary War period, with particular emphasis on those in the collections of the Library of Congress' Geography and Map Division.
A Comparison Of Simple Mathematical Approaches To The Placement Of Spot Symbols
Authors: CARSTENSEN JR LAURENCE W
Published: April 2007

Cartography is both an art and a science. This paper examines an artistic aspect of spot mapping, the placement of spot symbols into choroplethic zones. No simple algorithm for the calculation of aesthetically pleasing centroids exists, yet the findings do suggest that both relative area around the point, as well as its distance from the perimeter are significant. It is hypothesized that centering may be performed in a two-stage procedure. First, the entire polygon is scanned for a general center location. Second, that location is further scanned for an area-weighted center.
A Study of the Status of Academic Cartography and GIS in Nigeria
Authors: IKHUORIA DR. ISI A.
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses the results of a questionnaire survey of cartographic personnel and academic curricula in Nigeria. The analysis shows that cartography and GIS are subsumed under geography and surveying disciplines, and that Nigeria and other developing countries have not yet responded positively to the new requirement to create awareness of specialization in cartography, remote sensing, and GIS in the university curricula. Also, the study reveals that both personnel and students are making greater demands for a cartography discipline. It is concluded that trained personnel in cartography, GIS and map-use awareness through improved academic curricula should be given greater attention in order to improve the status of maps, cartographic professionalism, personnel efficiency, and participation in national policy decisions on mapping and environment.
Finding the Right Mix: How Do Contextual Factors Affect Collaborative Mental Health Care in Ontario?
Authors: Mulvale Gillian , Bourgeault Ivy Lynn
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this research was (i) to describe the factors that affect collaboration among mental health service providers of different disciplines, (ii) to understand the mix of providers in existing collaborative care models, and (iii) to develop a framework to better understand the barriers and facilitators to interdisciplinary collaborative mental health delivery using Ontario as a case example. We draw upon the academic and policy literature and in-depth interviews with key informants from the disciplines of family medicine, psychiatry, psychology, social work, and nursing to identify factors that are important to the successful development of interdisciplinary collaborative mental health care.
Putting the British Seas on the Map: John Dee's Imperial Cartography
Authors: SHERMAN WILLIAM H.
Published: April 2007

This essay surveys the cartographic output of the Elizabethan scholar John Dee (1527–1609), and puts it in the context of intellectual and political developments in sixteenth-century England. While Dee's mappings are now obscured by the legacy of explorers such as Drake and Raleigh and writers such as Hakluyt and Purchas, they brought together advanced science and sophisticated rhetoric, and played an important role in the genesis of the British Empire.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHOROPLETH MAPS / DEVELOPMENT AND ASPECTS OF CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
Authors: JENSEN JOHN R
Published: April 2007

Research to describe figure-ground relationships in three dimensions to cartography students resulted in the development of stereoscopic choropleth maps. The map medium is unique in that it retains the shape and planimetry of individual enumeration districts unlike many isometric or one- and two-point perspective diagrams. Also, because of its projection, no masking of important low-valued enumeration districts takes place if an "expanded" view is selected. The enhancement of figure-ground relationships using depth contrast is discussed along with limitations of the method. These factors coupled with the relative ease of construction suggest that the stereoscopic choropleth map has utility as a special-purpose map. La recherche sur la description en trois dimensions, à l'intention des étudiants en cartographie, des relations entre les données thématiques à souligner et le fond de carte a entraîné l'établissement de cartes choroplèthes stéréoscopiques. La carte est un moyen exceptionnel: elle conserve la forme et la planimétrie de chaque district de dénombrement contrairement à plusieurs diagrammes isométriques ou en perspective à un ou deux points. Aussi, à cause de sa projection, elle ne masque pas les districts importants de recensement de valeur moindre si une vue "élargie" est choisie. La mise en évidence des relations qui existent entre les données thématiques et le fond de carte en utilisant des contrastes de profondeur est examinée en même temps que les limites de la méthode. Ces facteurs associés à la facilité relative de construction laissent croire que la carte choroplèthe stéréoscopique a son utilité comme carte spéciale.
Cartographic Education in The United States and Canada
Authors: Fryman James
Published: April 2007

The profession of cartography has changed considerably over the past several decades. These changes should be reflected in teaching practise at academic institutions. Focusing on undergraduate academic cartographic in the United States and Canada, this paper examines several major components of the undergraduate curriculum. Instructors and curriculum variables are analyzed, including graduate training of instructors in cartography, enrollment and course offerings at academic institutions, textbook use, and the use of computers in introductory cartography courses.
The Russian Ministry of the Interior's Unpublished Statistical Atlas of 1850 Compiled by N. A. Milyutin
Authors: YATSUNSKY V K
Published: April 2007

The late author, onetime doyen of Soviet historical geographers, describes a manuscript statistical atlas probably compiled by N. A. Milyutin in the middle of the 19th century. The atlas contains thirty-five black-and-white cartograms (mostly) and maps and accompanying statistical tables covering European Russia only and treating mainly population, agriculture, and taxation. In design and themes it was typical of contemporary Russian economic cartography. L'auteur maintenant décédé, ancien doyen des géographes soviétiques en géographie historique nous décrit le manuscript d'un atlas statistique qui fut probablement compilé par N. A. Milyutin au milieu du XIXe siecle. L'atlas renferme trente-cinq cartogrammes, la plupart en noir et blanc, des cartes accompagnées de tableaux statistiques de la Russie européenne seulement et traitant principalement de la population, de l'agriculture et des impôts. La présentation et les thèmes sont caractéristiques de la cartographie russe en géographie économique.
Elect / An Interactive Graphical System For The Automatic Generation Of Electoral Maps
Authors: THALMANN NADIA , CLAUDE YVES , LAPORTE GILBERT , ROUSSEAU JEAN-MARC
Published: April 2007

When an electoral map is prepared, various socio-economic, political and geographical parameters must be taken into consideration. In order to evaluate the importance of these parameters, it is necessary to have several electoral maps drawn. The ELECT system produces electoral maps automatically according to options selected by the user. As an electoral map is composed of ridings, that are themselves composed of sectors, one of the main problems to be solved is to distinguish automatically between the boundary of each riding (unknown at the beginning) and the boundaries of each sector (known for each one). This problem is particularly difficult to solve by computer. A similar problem occurs with the positioning of the sector numbers and riding names on the map. The graphical ELECT system offers solutions to these complex problems as well as providing an interactive dialogue with the user.
A Spatiotemporal Framework for Environmental Information Systems
Authors: Kucera H. , Flaherty Mark
Published: April 2007

The data products and delivery mechanisms provided by research institutes and government agencies are lagging behind the needs and expectations of the private sector, regulatory agencies, and academia. This situation is particularly acute in the environmental arena, in which the analysis of complex processes frequently requires the integration of data and information collected by independent researchers and agencies. However, a variety of technical, institutional, and physical barriers inhibits the fluid communication of data and information locally, nationally, and internationally. To overcome these barriers, data and information must be placed into a common modelling, management, and analysis framework by referencing it to a spatiotemporal architecture.

The proposed framework for integrated spatiotemporal data management systems unites an active information repository system with a standards-based spatiotemporal data model. The key to unification is a core data model that provides an extensible taxonomy of abstract data types for creating specialized data definitions for different application areas. The core model is complemented by an architecture that supports graphical user interfaces, data integration, and linkages to analytical packages.
THE INTERCHANGE OF COMPUTER DATA
Authors: LINDERS JAMES G
Published: April 2007

The author contends that standarization in the computer field is inhibited by existing incompatibilities in hardware and software. He points out that the creation of arbitrary standards and conventions is impractical for hardware, whose physical characteristics are constantly changing, and that the creation of fixed format files for data interchange is too inflexible to meet future developments in data sharing through data bases. He concludes that data interchange can be most effectively achieved through means (such as self-defining files) that are sufficiently flexible to be adapted to changing requirements.
Experiments In The Ordered Perception Of Coloured Cartographic Line Symbols
Authors: GILL GRAHAM A
Published: April 2007

As part of a linked program relating to the design of maps for route planning, two experiments requiring some methodological improvisation were carried out. A psychophysical test using line symbol segments found that the perceived prominence of the individual symbols in central vision could be predicted remarkably consistently by a combination of measures of line width, brightness and saturation contrast, and the effective value of the line colour. A second performance-based test of line symbol conspicuity suggested a minimum colour difference to be used between line classes to prevent confusion in peripheral vision.
SURVEY METHODS ON THE USE OF MAPS AND ATLASES
Authors: McGRATH GERALD , KIRBY R. P.
Published: April 2007

Mapping organizations must know whether or not the maps they produce are answering their clients' more important needs. Commercial map producers can judge this from their sales, but government mapping agencies, who of course have a natural monopoly, can obtain more accurate information by employing user surveys. In this paper the authors comment in general on these surveys, and describe two in detail—one in Jamaica, the other in Great Britain. Some of the problems and refinements in the design, the conducting and the interpretation of map user surveys are discussed.
What Was a Map? The Lexicographers Reply
Authors: Andrews J.
Published: April 2007

Definitions of the word "map" are often discussed in a philosophical spirit, but they have not been previously used as a way of throwing light on cartographic history. In this study, a sample of more than three hundred such definitions has been collected from dictionaries, encyclopedias, geographical texts, and other writings of various dates from the mid-seventeenth century to the present day. The results clearly deserve statistical and historical analysis, and several examples of such analysis are offered for consideration. The most common lexicographical approach is to treat maps as representations of the surface of the earth, but for many writers this simple formula has been too general and too crude. Of the alternative definitions, few seem conformable to common usage. Instead, they reflect changing intellectual fashions among geographers and, in more recent times, cartographers. In these cases where greater lexicographical refinement is attempted, a number of motifs can be seen to emerge, those chosen for discussion being, in historical order, scientific, popular, professional, and philosophical.
Geospatial Data Infrastructure Portals: Using the National Atlas as a Metaphor
Authors: Aditya Trias , Kraak Menno-Jan
Published: April 2007

The concept of geospatial data infrastructure (GDI) has been put into practice in some countries by providing portals allowing users to search for multiple geospatial data sets. Our review and inquiry activities show that current portals suffer from two potential setbacks: inappropriate navigation tools and a lack of supports for users’ understanding. This article defines a new approach to portal development using the atlas as metaphor. This allows the atlas to be used not only to access assorted thematic maps but also to discover data sets. Within the atlas, an information structure plays an important role in organizing the content. Metadata published by providers are incorporated into this structure as metadata summaries. Based upon the topical relevancy of the data, each metadata summary is linked to a specific map within a particular topic. These summaries can be represented as symbols to support discovery tasks, either loosely or strictly defined. Browsing can be used to deal with the first via navigations and map interfaces. Searching can be used to deal with the second via explorer and search presentation interfaces. A working prototype to enable users to browse and search is built as a Flash-based ArcIMS client. Whether browsing or searching, users are offered interfaces to effectively assess data suitability.
ANALOGS BETWEEN CLASS-INTERVAL SELECTION AND LOCATION-ALLOCATION MODELS
Authors: MONMONTER MARK S
Published: April 2007

Significant parallels exist between the problem of locating multiple facilities to serve numerous demand points and the problem of dividing data values into categories for choroplethic mapping. Heuristic techniques developed for solving location-allocation problems can be used to solve the statistical part of the class-interval problem using a variety of objective criteria. Psychophysical research on map perception should attempt to determine measurable properties of a map pattern that are important in increasing visual effectiveness and that can be employed either in objective functions or as constraints for computerized optimization algorithms.
LA CARTOGRAPHIE THEMATIQUE/TECHNIQUE AUXILIAIRE OU DISCIPLINE AUTONOME?
Authors: RAVENEAU JEAN
Published: April 2007

The author raises the question of the autonomy of thematic cartography and discusses the relations existing between cartographers and cartography, and also between researchers, especially geographers, who have a need for spatial graphic representation to illustrate their work. The author shows that the development of thematic cartography is closely tied to general geographic research, and that the true autonomy of cartography appears only during the process of graphic creation. Finally, the consequences of computer data processing and the handling of quantitative studies are considered in relation to the work of cartographers.
Official Geography and the Creation of 'Canada'
Authors: Taylor Iain C.
Published: April 2007

A survey of the influence of government and public mapping and charting endeavours in Canada from the period of exploration and settlement to the post-war period. It is set within the context of mapping as a government or public objective (Buisseret), and examines the idea that the resultant maps shaped people's (especially Canadians') concepts of territory and national identity (Harley).
Spatial Image Schemata, Locative Terms, and Geographic Spaces in Children's Narrative: Fostering Spatial Skills in Children
Authors: FREUNDSCHUH SCOTT M. , SHARMA MADHU
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the geographical content of a sample of popular children's storybooks. We surveyed twenty-five children's story-books, ranging in reading level from pre-school to grade four, for the kinds of locatives (spatial concepts) used to communicate, and the kinds of spaces used to illustrate, each locative. Results suggest that story-books for children reflect Bracken's developmental progression as to locative terms in story-books for children of different ages. Results also suggest prototype locatives (which are a basic subset of locatives that can be used communicate spatial relationships) in the development of spatial image schemata. Lastly, results indicate an absence of references to geographic spaces. Recommendations are made that encourage the creation of children's story-books strong in geographical content.
Topographic Cartography from a Regional Government: The Geographic Map of Catalonia, 1914–1941
Authors: MONTANER M. CARME
Published: April 2007

The topographic map made by the regional government of Catalonia at the beginning of the twentieth century was an important ideological symbol for the region's political and territorial aspirations in the face of Spanish control. The map of Catalonia symbolized the idea of the nation-state, and its contours constituted a patriotic allegory of the region's aspirations to sovereignty, not only to be recognized beyond its frontiers, but to be assimilated by its own citizens.
PRODUCTION OF A MULTI-COLOURED ROAD MAP IN FOUR COLOUR PRINTINGS
Authors: BALDOCK E. D.
Published: April 2007

The task of preparing a Centennial Year road map of Canada and northern United States was undertaken by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ottawa, in spring, 1965. The requirements demanded an attractive map of new design in four colour printings that was suitable for a French text edition and annual revision, and that was to be produced in two parts and printed on either side of the paper. The project allowed the Branch to develop and test new techniques in four-colour printing using contact screens of varying densities. The writer details the compilation and drafting procedures and the selection of screened tints and colours. The complex photo-mechanical processes are described and illustrated by diagrams showing the sequence of exposures. La Direction des levés et de la cartographie a entrepris à Ottawa, au printemps de 1965, la tâche d'établir pour l'année du centenaire une carte routière du Canada et du nord des Etats-Unis. Il fallait une nouvelle carte attrayante en quatre couleurs que se prêterait à une édition française et à une révision annuelle, en deux parties et imprimée sur les deux côtés. Le projet a permis à la Direction de mettre au point et d'éprouver de nouvelles techniques d'impression en quatre couleurs à l'aide de filtres de contact à densité variable. L'auteur donne des détails sur les techniques de compilation et de dessin employées et sur le choix de couleurs et de teintes filtrées. Les procédés photomécaniques complexes sont illustrés par des diagrammes indiquant la séquence des expositions.
THE NCGIA CORE CURRICULUM EVALUATION PROGRAM: A REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
Authors: Kemp Karen K.
Published: April 2007

This paper describes the evaluation program of the NCGIA Core Curriculum. Different surveys cover details of the technical environments of the test sites, the educational backgrounds and experience of the instructors and the backgrounds, expectations and experiences of the students. A detailed review of each lecture and lab is completed by instructors after each class. Final surveys of students and instructors provide details of the effectiveness of the courses and the level of satisfaction with the structure and content. In addition, philosophical issues, such as the role of hands-on training, the need for specific case studies and the potential impact of such a curriculum development project on the teaching of introductory GIS are presented.
THE EARLY GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF THE ISLE OF ARRAN, 1807–1858
Authors: BOUD R C
Published: April 2007

Research on geological maps has tended to stress the cartobibliographical details whilst ignoring the historical-scientific influences. In this paper, a review is made of the geological maps of the Isle of Arran over the period of fifty years which followed the publication of the earliest map of the island in 1807. The problems arising from the lack of accurate topographic maps of suitable scale and accuracy are discussed and an attempt made to correlate the geological maps with the attendant growth in knowledge of Arran's geology. La recherche sur les cartes géologiques à eu tendance a insister sur les détails cartobiblographiques, et à laisser de côté les influences historico-scientifiques. Dans ce document se trouve une étude des cartes géologiques de l'île d'Arran, qui couvre la période de cinquante années qui a suivi la publication de la première carte de l'île en 1807. L'auteur y étudie les problèmes causés par le manque de cartes topographiques précises a échelles appropriées, et tente de faire une corrélation entre les cartes géologiques et les connaissances sur la géologie d'Arran, qui les ont accompagnées.
The Surveyor's Model of the World: The Uses and Abuses of History in Introductory Surveying Textbooks
Authors: Rose-Redwood Reuben
Published: April 2007

A growing body of geographical literature has examined the importance of power relations in the history of surveying and mapping, yet such studies have been virtually ignored by the engineering establishment and the authors of introductory surveying textbooks, many of whom are professional engineers. The present study seeks to compare the "textbook histories" of surveying with recent analyses of surveying as a mechanism of social control. The study is based on a selection of 15 US surveying textbooks published over the last century and argues that current textbook accounts of the history of surveying are both Eurocentric and nationalistic - legitimizing the state while at the same time denying the significance of power. A number of historiographic changes are proposed as a means of improving the quality of textbook histories of surveying, including (1) a shift away from the search for ancient "origins" and more emphasis on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, (2) an acknowledgement of the imperial legacy of surveying and mapping, and (3) a greater sensitivity to the contested power relations that form the basis of the historical and contemporary practice of surveying and mapping.
FEDERAL ELECTORAL MAPS OF CANADA 1867–1970
Authors: WINEARLS JOAN
Published: April 2007

The author presents a checklist of federal electoral maps of Canada from 1867 to 1970, together with the redistribution acts to which they pertain, based upon the holdings of the Public Archives of Canada and map collections in Toronto. The bibliography is preceded by an essay on the redistribution process and a commentary on the maps themselves: the coverage for various periods, the problem of dating, and their availability today.
Interpolated Generalization : Cartographic Theory For Expertguided Feature Displacement
Authors: MONMONIER MARK
Published: April 2007

Existing small-scale geographic databases may provide useful guidance for automated cartographic generalization. Presumably reflecting geographic wisdom and cartographic skill, a database developed for display at a scale of 1:y should incorporate feature displacements with directional offsets much greater than required for displays at somewhat larger scales. These offsets can direct feature displacement when data developed for display at a comparatively large scale 1:x are to be generalized to 1:z, where 1:x ≯ 1:z ≯ 1:y. A feature displaced for presentation at the intermediate scale 1:z would thus occupy an intermediate position between its representations at 1:x and 1:y. This paper expands these principles through the development of algorithms addressing several aspects of interpolated generalization: displacement of matched endpoints separating geometrically simple feature sections, subsequent displacement of intermediate points in these sections, and simplification and smoothing. Tests based upon a contrived dataset demonstrate the ability of interpolated generalization to avoid graphic interference of otherwise overlapping features. Interpolated generalization is also useful in controlling and guiding the generation of simplified cartographic caricatures. Les bases de données géographiques existant déjà à petites échelles peuvent devenir un guide utile pour la généralisation cartographique automatisée. En effet, réflétant probablement la sagesse géographique et les techniques cartographiques, une base de données développée pour un affichage à une échelle de 1 : y devrait prévoir les déplacements d'éléments au moyen de paramètres de direction et de distance dont la valeur est beaucoup plus grande que ceux requis pour l'affichage à des échelles plus grandes. Ces paramètres peuvent diriger les déplacements d'éléments lorsque des données conçues pour un affichage à une échelle comparativement grande, voire 1 : x, doivent être généralisées à une échelle de 1 : z, où 1 : x ≯ 1 : z ≯ 1 : y. De même un élément déplacé en fonction d'un affichage à l'échelle intermédiaire de 1 : z occuperait alors un emplacement intermédiaire par rapport aux représentations des échelles 1 : x et 1 : y. Cet article explique ces principes par le développement d'algorithmes qui s'appliquent à divers aspects de la généralisation interpolée: déplacement de points terminaux correspondants, séparant les sections d'un élément géométriquement simple, déplacement ultérieur de points intermédiaires à l'intérieur de ces sections, simplification et lissage. Des tests basés sur un ensemble de données développées à cette fin ont démontré la capacité de la généralisation interpolée d'éviter l'interférence graphique d'éléments qui pourtant se recoupent. La généralisation interpolée est aussi utile pour contrôler et guider la génération de croquis cartographiques simplifiés.
VALUE VERSUS CHROMA IN COLOR SCHEMES ON QUANTITATIVE MAPS
Authors: CUFF DAVID J
Published: April 2007

Graphic portrayal of the dimensions of value (lightness) and chroma (intensity or saturation) of colours permits greater understanding of how these dimensions affect map readers' reactions to colours on quantitative maps. Specifically, when changes in value and chroma on test maps of a choropleth type are correlated with reader's reactions to these test maps it is found that chroma is extremely potent as a variable in a map reader's perception of varying magnitudes, and if not carefully controlled can render a colour scheme quite ineffective.
The Needs of Selected Map Users: Teachers as Map Users
Authors: Grime Alexander R
Published: April 2007

This paper deals with Junior Atlases, Model Globes and Topographic Maps currently in use in the classrooms of North American schools. In the hope that constructive criticism of these materials will lead to better products, the writer has identified certain difficulties associated with their use and has suggested ways in which the difficulties might be overcome. Le présent mémoire traite de l'utilisation des atlas pour jeunes, des globes terrestres et des cartes topographiques dans les écoles de l'Amérique du Nord. Dans l'espoir qu'une critique constructive de ces aides didactiques entrainera leur amélioration, l'auteur signale certaines difficultés que suscite leur utilisation et propose quelques solutions.
LETTERING MAPS FOR BOOK ILLUSTRATION
Authors: HODGKISS A. G.
Published: April 2007

Lettering is the one map feature making the most immediate visual impact, particularly when the map is used as a book illustration. With this viewpoint in mind, the author discusses legibility, harmony and suitability for reproduction as lettering aims, and also examines the problems of cost, rapidity of execution and ease of execution for several lettering methods. Hand lettering, stencils, self-adhesive transparent sheets and pre-set stick-on type are discussed, evaluated and compared in terms of these aims and problems. The arrangement and placing of lettering is also discussed and numerous suggestions are offered to help improve the results of the lettering process. Le lettrage est le seul trait caractéristique de cartes étant le point d'impact visuel le plus immédiat, surtout lorsqu'on se sert de la carte pour l'illustration de livres. En tenant compte de ce point de vue, l'auteur discute la netteté, l'harmonie et le rapport de reproduction comme projets de lettrage et examine aussi les problèmes du coût et de la rapidité de l'exécution ainsi que la facilité d'exécution de différentes méthodes de lettrage. Le repoussage, les clichés, les feuilles transparentes adhésives d'elles-mêmes et les morceaux de papier, préparés à l'avance que l'on colle sur les cartes, toutes ces méthodes sont discutées, évaluées et comparées en fonction de ces projets et de ces problèmes. On discute aussi l'arrangement et la disposition du lettrage et bien des suggestions se présentent pour aider à la perfection des résultats du procédé de lettrage.
Critical Point Detection Using the Length Ratio (LR) for Line Generalization
Authors: Nakos Byron P. , Mitropoulos Vasilis Ch.
Published: April 2007

This article presents a review of existing methods for the detection of critical points cited in cartographic and computer science literature. Moreover, a theoretical assessment of algorithm validity with regard to cartographic representation demands is carried out. A method for the detection of critical points using the length ratio (LR) index is introduced, based on geometric principles. Four lines (three geomorphologic and one arbitrary) selected from relevant studies are used to check the method. Finally, the LR index is used to compare the results of two line simplification algorithms (pointremove and bendsimplify) applied on five successive line simplification tasks on the coastline of a small island.
Transition in Cartographic Education in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities in Curriculum Design
Authors: Dymon Ute
Published: April 2007

A framework for the transition that cartographic education has undergone over the past decade points to key challenges and new opportunities for instructors and students in the future. While implementing the new technologies, instructors continue to re-learn and re-think how to teach cartography, while students similarly adapt to and learn the rapidly changing forms of technologies. In addition to acquiring cartographic concepts and methods, students face the task of learning new computer systems and programs. However, automation also provides challenges and rich opportunities in the teaching environment. Colour presentation and faster map production are among the many advantages these innovations bestow. Many challenges lie ahead. Curricula must be designed to reveal the basics of cartography while students are using already-programmed software. Technology will need to be upgraded in spite of budgetary constraints. At the same time, attention also must be given to the needs of adult students returning to the university to keep current their professional qualifications. Cartographers have embraced the new technologies, and now we have to embrace the continuing difficulties and wealth of possibilities available to teachers and students alike.
Error Modelling for Integrated GIS
Authors: Ehlers Manfred , Wenzhong Shi
Published: April 2007

A persistent problem for GIS researchers is the quantitative assessment of the overall error, or uncertainty, of a GIS analysis that requires the combination of heterogeneous data sets. Rather than strive for a global solution, this chapter outlines a stepwise approach to a combined error analysis for the integration of diverse data sets in GIS. The presented method was developed for the integration of information derived from remotely sensed data into a GIS database. Even for such a simple analysis, which is routinely performed in environmental GIS applications, an analytical error-handling strategy is still missing, and researchers have made intensive use of simulation techniques. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model to address common errors that can be associated with the generation of GIS layers, such as manual digitizing (positional) errors and automated classification (thematic) errors. As a first step, the error model is restricted to the case of point digitizing and maximum likelihood classification. However, this model can be extended to address integrated error analyses of multisource GIS data or multitemporal remote sensing data sets.
Recall Memory for Topographic Maps and Natural Terrain: Effects of Experience and Task Performance
Authors: MONTELLO DANIEL R. , SULLIVAN CATHERINE N , PICK, JR. HERBERT L
Published: April 2007

Two experiments were conducted to examine the recall of information from natural landscapes and topographic maps. In Experiment 1, the nature of information recalled from photos of landscape scenes by experienced and novice topographic-map readers was influenced by the performance of a map-matching task, but did not vary much as a function of experience with topographic maps. In Experiment 2, the nature of information recalled from topographic maps by experienced topographic- map readers was not influenced by the performance of a scene-matching task, but did vary somewhat as a function of experience with maps. The results are explained by reference to the contexts in which specialized knowledge that develops as part of experience with topographic maps will be activated. Characteristics of this specialized knowledge are discussed, as are proposals for further research on the information-processing that occurs during map use.
Mountain Cartography at the Cartographic Institute of Catalonia
Authors: BAELLA BLANCA , PLA MARIA
Published: April 2007

The strategic position of Catalonia in the Mediterranean region, straddling the route between central Europe and Africa, propelled the development of cartography from the Middle Ages onward. Because the territory is rugged, detailed mountain maps are an important part of the Catalonian cartographic legacy. The Cartoteca de Catalunya - the Catalan map library - has nice examples of old maps centred in mountain areas. Today, advanced technologies are being implemented by the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya to generate a wide range of cartographic products, including mountain maps. These old maps and the current cartographic products, preserved or produced at the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya, contribute interesting examples of mountain cartography to be offered in a publication focused on this topic. This paper is divided in two parts. The first - after a brief introduction describing the Catalan relief in order to locate the mountain areas in the territory - gives a historical overview of cartography in Catalonia, showing some examples of old maps. This overview is included in the context of mountain cartography because a large number of maps of Catalonia produced during the last two centuries were centred in mountain areas. This overview helps to explain the evolution of some mountain maps until the current production at the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya, which comprises the second part of the paper. Moreover, the thematic products related to mountain cartography - some series that include a large number of sheets of mountainous areas - will be also included in the paper. The paper is focused more on the presentation of mountain cartographic products than on a detailed description of the processes or the problems encountered in the production of each product. More detailed information about some of the products can be found on the Internet at http://www.icc.es.
Between Demythologizing and Deconstructing the Map: Shawnadithit's New-found-land and the Alienation of Canada
Authors: SPARKE MATTHEW
Published: April 2007

Understood as the product of an agent of knowledge, the cartographic work of Shawnadithit (the last known Beothuk survivor in Newfoundland) questions a whole set of essential and Eurocentric notions of identity, space and history. Geographically, it displaces the 'new'-ness and emptiness of the Europeans' Newfoundland. Historically, it disrupts a traditional treatment of native people as at once sacrificial victims and heroic proxies in Canadian national history. And epistemologically, it serves to put into question some of the dominant modes of classifying 'indigenous cartography' within cartographic history. In order for such disruptive effects to be realized, it is necessary to shuttle between demythologizing and deconstructing the mapâ€”two modes of analysis that need to be better distinguished in scholarship that addresses maps as technologies of power/knowledge.

[Colonial boundaries drawn on maps] provide perhaps the most spectacular illustrations of how an anticipatory geography served to frame colonial territories in the minds of statesmen and territorial speculators back in Europe. Maps were the first step in the appropriation of territory. Such visualizations from a distance became critical in choreographing the colonial expansion of early modern Europe.

[However the map as] an instrument of colonial power could be reappropriated by colonized people. â€”Brian Harley1

[T]he look of surveillance returns as the displacing gaze of the disciplined, [a process in which] the observer becomes the observed and the partial representation rearticulates the whole notion of identity and alienates it from essence. â€”Homi Bhabha2
SPACE, PLACE AND INTERFACE
Authors: TILTON DAVID W , ANDREWS SONA KARENTZ
Published: April 2007

Information technology has advanced to a degree that we now have a vast number of information sources available for use in geographic inquiry. In order to use meaningfully the information contained in a complex, hypermedia system, users must know what information they need, its characteristics, its availability and how to get it. Although the spatial metaphor dominates current thinking and approaches to hypermedia information access, the metaphor has been so overextended that its continued use as a model requires critical examination. By tracing the origin and development of the spatial metaphor we are able to point to some concerns associated with its universal application, and its appropriateness for structuring the access to geographic information.
Tool use during display behavior in wild cross river gorillas
Authors: Wittiger L. , Sunderland‐Groves J.L.
Published: April 2007

During the course of a 3‐year ecological study on Cross River gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) at the Kagwene Mountain in Cameroon, we observed three cases of tool use which may be unique to the gorillas of this region and possibly learned through interactions with humans. A non‐habituated group of Cross River gorillas threw fistfuls of grass toward humans in display contexts. An individual gorilla was also observed to throw a detached branch toward researchers during another encounter. The third encounter occurred between the focal group and a local man, in which the man threw stones at the gorillas and they reacted by throwing fistfuls of grass back at him. We describe these observations and speculate that this sub‐population of gorillas developed this display behavior as a response to particular local conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1307–1311, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of a novel composite based on hyperbranched polysilane and fullerene
Authors: Yu Jiang , Zhang Zhenghua , Ni Yu , Lu Yanbing , Xiong Yuanqin , Xu Weijian
Published: April 2007

Conjugated polymers doped with fullerenes have shown promising application in photovoltaic cells, in which photoinduced charge transfer takes place. Here, we report a novel composite that was prepared by in situ polymerization of σ‐conjugated hyperbranched polysilane in the presence of fullerene. Both of the hyperbranched polysilane and fullerene have 3D structures, which are propitious to preparing materials with interpenetrating structure. The resulting composite has good solubility in common organic solvents and the UV spectrum edge suggests a low bandgap. Photoluminescence quenching in the composite is shown by the PL spectra and is also observed from the fluorescence microscopy images, which may be ascribed to the PCT from the hyperbranched polysilane to the fullerene. The composite was also characterized by GPC, FTIR, NMR, XRD, and TGA. Through further discussion, there may be π‐π stacking between hyperbranched polysilane and fullerene, which enhances the photoinduced charge transfer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Melting and degradation of nylon‐11 particles during HVOF combustion spraying
Authors: Ivosevic Milan , Cairncross Richard A. , Knight Richard
Published: April 2007

Numerical predictions and experimental observations have been correlated to improve the qualitative understanding of the degree of thermal degradation occurring during the HVOF spray deposition of nylon‐11. Particle residence time (∼ 1 ms) in the HVOF jet was insufficient for significant decomposition of the nylon‐11, but was sufficient for noticeable discoloration (yellowing) of the particles of a powder with a mean particle size of 30 μm. Experimental observation showed this to be the case even though numerical predictions indicated that the temperature of a 30 μm diameter particle should be considerably higher than the upper degradation limit of nylon‐11. Initial thermal oxidation of nylon‐11 promotes the formation of carbon–carbon double bonds that strongly absorb in the visible spectrum even at concentrations of parts per million causing discoloration of the nylon. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Proton conductivity and methanol permeability of sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes modified by using sulfoacetic acid and poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Seeponkai N. , Wootthikanokkhan J.
Published: April 2007

Sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for use as a proton conductive membrane in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was prepared by reacting the PVA with sulfoacetic acid and poly(acrylic acid). The effects of the amount of sulfoacetic acid and poly(acrylic acid) on proton conductivity, methanol permeability, water uptake, and ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the sulfonated PVA membranes were investigated by using impedance analysis, gas chromatography, gravimetric analysis, and titration techniques, respectively. The water uptake of the membranes decreased with the amount of the sulfoacetic acid and the amount of poly(acrylic acid) used. The proton conductivity and the IEC values of the membranes initially increased and then decreased with the amount of the sulfoacetic acid. The methanol permeability of the sulfonated PVA membranes decreased continuously with the amount of the sulfoacetic acid. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007