bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary aerosol formation from stress-induced biogenic emissions and possible climate feedbacks
Authors: Mentel Th. F. , Kleist E. , Andres S. , Maso M. D. , Hohaus T. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Rudich Y. , Springer M. , Tillmann R. , Uerlings R. , Wahner A. , Wildt J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols impact climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by acting as ice and cloud condensation nuclei. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) comprise an important component of atmospheric aerosols. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emitted by vegetation are a major source of SOA. Pathogens and insect attacks, heat waves and droughts can induce stress to plants that may impact their BVOC emissions, and hence the yield and type of formed SOA, and possibly their climatic effects. This raises questions whether stress-induced changes in SOA formation may attenuate or amplify effects of climate change. In this study we assess the potential impact of stress-induced BVOC emissions on SOA formation for tree species typical for mixed deciduous and Boreal Eurasian forests. We studied the photochemical SOA formation for infested plants in a laboratory setup under well-controlled conditions and applied in addition heat and drought stress. The results indicate that stress conditions substantially modify SOA formation. While sesquiterpenes, methyl salicylate, and C17-BVOC increase SOA yield, green leaf volatiles suppress SOA formation. By classifying emission types, stressors and SOA formation potential, we propose possible climatic feedbacks regarding aerosol effects. We conclude that stress situations for plants due to climate change should be considered in climate-vegetation feedback mechanisms.
The relationship of thermospheric density anomaly with electron temperature, small-scale FAC, and ion up-flow in the cusp region, as observed by CHAMP and DMSP satellites
Authors: Kervalishvili G. N. , Lühr H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We present in a statistical study a comparison of thermospheric mass density enhancements (ρrel) with electron temperature (Te), small-scale field-aligned currents (SSFACs), and vertical ion velocity (Vz) at high latitudes around noon magnetic local time (MLT). Satellite data from CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) sampling the Northern Hemisphere during the years 2002–2005 are used. In a first step we investigate the distribution of the measured quantities in a magnetic latitude (MLat) versus MLT frame. All considered variables exhibit prominent peak amplitudes in the cusp region. A superposed epoch analysis was performed to examine causal relationship between the quantities. The occurrence of a thermospheric relative mass density anomaly, ρrel >1.2, in the cusp region is defining an event. The location of the density peak is taken as a reference latitude (Δ MLat = 0°). Interestingly, all the considered quantities, SSFACs, Te, and Vz are co-located with the density anomaly. The amplitudes of the peaks exhibit different characters of seasonal variation. The average relative density enhancement of the more prominent density peaks considered in this study amounts to 1.33 during all seasons. As expected, SSFACs are largest in summer with average amplitudes equal to 2.56 μA m−2, decaying to 2.00 μA m−2 in winter. The event related enhancements of Te and Vz are both largest in winter (Δ Te =730 K, Vz =136 m s−1) and smallest in summer (Δ Te = 377 K, Vz = 57 m s−1. Based on the similarity of the seasonal behaviour we suggest a close relationship between these two quantities. A correlation analysis supports a linear relation with a high coefficient greater than or equal to 0.93, irrespective of season. Our preferred explanation is that dayside reconnection fuels Joule heating of the thermosphere causing air upwelling and at the same time heating of the electron gas that pulls up ions along affected flux tubes.
Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters
Authors: Archer S. D. , Kimmance S. A. , Stephens J. A. , Hopkins F. E. , Bellerby R. G. J. , Schulz K. G. , Piontek J. , Engel A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric CO2 is decreasing ocean pH most rapidly in colder regions such as the Arctic. As a component of the EPOCA (European Project on Ocean Acidification) pelagic mesocosm experiment off Spitzbergen in 2010, we examined the consequences of decreased pH and increased pCO2 on the concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS). DMS is an important reactant and contributor to aerosol formation and growth in the Arctic troposphere. In the nine mesocosms with initial pHT 8.3 to 7.5, equivalent to pCO2 of 180 to 1420 μatm, highly significant but inverse responses to acidity (hydrogen ion concentration [H+]) occurred following nutrient addition. Compared to ambient [H+], average concentrations of DMS during the mid-phase of the 30 d experiment, when the influence of altered acidity was unambiguous, were reduced by approximately 60% at the highest [H+] and by 35% at [H+] equivalent to 750 μatm pCO2, as projected for 2100. In contrast, concentrations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS, were elevated by approximately 50% at the highest [H+] and by 30% at [H+] corresponding to 750 μatm pCO2. Measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of DMSP by phytoplankton indicate increased production at high [H+], in parallel to rates of inorganic carbon fixation. The elevated DMSP production at high [H+] was largely a consequence of increased dinoflagellate biomass and in particular, the increased abundance of the species Heterocapsa rotundata. We discuss both phytoplankton and bacterial processes that may explain the reduced ratios of DMS:DMSPt (total dimethylsulphoniopropionate) at higher [H+]. The experimental design of eight treatment levels provides comparatively robust empirical relationships of DMS and DMSP concentration, DMSP production and dinoflagellate biomass versus [H+] in Arctic waters.
Brief communication "A multi-disciplinary approach to a side-flash lightning incident to human beings in the Basque Country"
Authors: López J. , Urgoiti V. , González M. , Aranda J. A. , Gaztelumendi S. , Anitua P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. On 31 August 2011 a lightning incident affecting two human beings was registered in the Basque Country (northern Spain). The two individuals were sightseeing in the Painted Forest of Oma (province of Biscay, Basque Country) when an approaching thunderstorm forced them to look for shelter under the lowest branches of one of the trees. A lightning discharge in that exact place caused serious injuries to the couple, consisting of the loss of consciousness, superficial burns, a tympanic membrane perforation and a broken clavicle. The investigation presented in this paper was carried out in order to find out the causes by which the couple was hit by the lightning discharge and why the injuries were superficial and did not kill them. Using the data available by the lightning detection networks in the Basque Country and the information available by the weather radar, the exact place where the lightning discharge occurred could be found, the mechanism of lightning injury was classified and the episode was reconstructed.
A database of high-impact weather events in Greece: a descriptive impact analysis for the period 2001–2011
Authors: Papagiannaki K. , Lagouvardos K. , Kotroni V.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This paper introduces the development of a database of high-impact weather events that occurred in Greece since 2001. The selected events are related to the occurrence of floods, flash floods, hail, snow/frost, tornados, windstorms, heat waves and lightning with adverse consequences (excluding those related to agriculture). The database includes, among others, the geographical distribution of the recorded events, relevant meteorological data, a brief description of the induced impacts and references in the press. This paper further offers an extensive analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of high-impact weather events for the period 2001–2011, taking into account the intensity of weather conditions and the consequent impact on the society. Analysis of the monthly distribution of high-impact weather events showed that they are more frequent during October and November. More than 80 people lost their lives, half of which due to flash floods. In what concerns the spatial distribution of high-impact weather events, among the 51 prefectures of the country, Attica, Thessaloniki, Elia and Halkidiki were the most frequently affected areas, mainly by flash floods. Significant was also the share of tornados in Elia, of windstorms in Attica, of lightning and hail events in Halkidiki and of snow/frost events in Thessaloniki.
Brief communication "The assessment of damage caused by historical landslide events"
Authors: Petrucci O.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The paper presents a methodology for relative damage assessment for historical landslide events, i.e. periods during which damage caused by rainfall-triggered landslides affected wide areas. The approach requires a minimum amount of data, and it is based on the assessment of direct, indirect and intangible damage indices at municipal and regional scale. An application to major events which occurred in Calabria (Italy) highlighted roads as the most vulnerable element, even representing the source of intangible damage for people forced to use alternative roads for their daily activities. Indirect costs seem mainly tied to displacement of people even for short periods.
The two opposite facets of arsenic: toxic and anticancer drug
Authors: Florea Ana-Maria , Büsselberg Dietrich
Published: March 2013

Arsenic compounds have been known and used for centuries but their effects in living organisms still represent a large unknown. Arsenic compounds have paradoxical effects: they are threatening to human health, especially upon long-term exposure that can induce the development of cancer; however, they are used as drugs against cancer. This review focuses on the effects shown by clinically and environmentally relevant arsenic compounds in living organisms with a focus on the calcium–apoptosis link.
Thailand's Long-Run Tourism Demand Elasticities
Authors: Untong Akarapong , Ramos Vicente , Kaosa-Ard Mingsarn , Rey-Maquieira Javier
Published: March 2013

This paper estimates Thailand's long-run tourism demand elasticities for a set of origin countries by applying dynamic ordinary least squares. A detailed analysis of the potential competing destinations for each origin country is performed to ensure a precise coefficient for the substituting elasticity. A long-run static model of time varying parameter is then used to analyse the effects on the estimation of a potential structural change caused by the 1997 economic crisis and the subsequent change in exchange rate policy. The results show that there are different demand elasticities for each origin market and that own price elasticity is lower than substituting price elasticity for most origin countries. These findings indicate that price-setting strategies should be specific for each origin market and that information about prices in competing destinations needs to be considered. Moreover, the results show that there was a structural change in 1997 that severely affected the estimation.
Geriatric Psychiatry or Psychogeriatrics? Partnership at the CAGP/CCSMH 2012 Scientific Meeting
Authors: Fischer Corinne E. , Ismail Zahinoor , Rapoport Mark J.
Published: March 2013

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Disinfection Source Water Quality Drives Treatment Selection
Authors: Hubbs Steve
Published: March 2013

Many utilities are considering treatment process changes to avoid noncompliance with new disinfection by‐product rules. Operators should consider several options when evaluating disinfectants and optimizing treatment schemes.
How Can Operators Use GIS to Enhance a Utility's Asset Management Program?
Authors: Copeland Ari
Published: March 2013

Utilities are putting geographic information system (GIS) information to use in many ways, particularly to enhance an asset management plan. Although operators may not have an opportunity to work with GIS directly, their role in the GIS process is critical, and it contributes to having a successful asset management program.
Building a Business Case for AMI
Authors: Fiut Brian
Published: March 2013

Water utilities, large and small, all have the same goal: to efficiently and safely deliver water to utility customers while protecting the utility's revenue stream, minimizing expenses, maintaining customer satisfaction, and safeguarding the water supply. More utilities are turning to an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) to achieve goals and realize the benefits of more timely, granular meter data.
Évaluer les impacts sociaux des politiques de mobilité urbaine : de l’accessibilité spatiale à l’accessibilité sociale
Authors: Crozet Yves , Mercier Aurélie , Ovtracht Nicolas
Published: March 2013

Cet article s’intéresse à la prise en compte des enjeux sociospatiaux relatifs à la mobilité quotidienne. En considérant des mesures d’accessibilité gravitaire aux emplois appliquées à l’agglomération lyonnaise, il propose un double éclairage des politiques de transport. Il illustre ainsi l’impact de la mise en place d’un péage urbain (péage cordon et péage de zone en considérant différents périmètres) sur l’accessibilité spatiale, depuis les différents quartiers de l’agglomération. Si l’accessibilité peut être envisagée comme un outil de modulation de trafic, elle peut être également envisagée comme un vecteur de réduction des inégalités sociales. Dans cette optique, l’article envisage ainsi l’impact de la création d’une ligne de tramway comme vecteur de réduction des inégalités et comme un exemple réussi d’amélioration conjointe de l’accessibilité spatiale et sociale.
Approche multiscalaire de la mobilité domicile-travail en Île-de-France et dans la région Rhin-Ruhr
Authors: Le Néchet Florent
Published: March 2013

L’étude des liens entre forme urbaine, accessibilité aux infrastructures de transport et pratiques de mobilité quotidienne est abordée à travers le prisme d’une échelle de fonctionnement intermédiaire, entre l’échelon local et l’échelon de l’aire fonctionnelle entière, traditionnellement étudiés. Une méthodologie générique de construction de bassins d’emplois est détaillée, puis appliquée aux espaces métropolitains de Paris et de la région Rhin-Ruhr. La mobilité quotidienne (utilisation des différents modes de transport, distances parcourues, part de trajets réalisés localement) est alors analysée à cette échelle intermédiaire, avec insistance sur la pertinence de mesures d’accessibilité à chacun des niveaux distingués.
Inégalités d’accès aux ressources de la ville analysées à l’aide des mobilités quotidiennes
Authors: Demoraes Florent , Piron Marie , Zioni Silvana , Souchaud Sylvain
Published: March 2013

Cet article, avant tout méthodologique, explore la dispersion spatiale des lieux d’activité (étude et travail) fréquentés au quotidien par des individus au regard de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et de leur lieu de résidence, dans l’agglomération de São Paulo. L’étude repose sur l’exploitation de données d’enquêtes sur les systèmes de mobilités réalisées auprès d’un échantillon de ménages. L’accent est mis sur la démarche qui fait intervenir une série d’analyses centrographiques que l’on combine dans un deuxième temps à une analyse typologique. Nous montrons l’intérêt de recourir à ces outils pour appréhender et visualiser les inégalités d’accès aux ressources urbaines en lien avec le cycle de vie des individus, la hiérarchie sociale et le lieu de résidence.
Panamá Viejo: una experiencia exitosa de gestión patrimonial
Authors: Martín Juan Guillermo , De Arango Julieta
Published: March 2013

Beginning in late 1995, the archaeological site of Panama Viejo was managed by Patronato Panama Viejo, a mixed, nonprofit organization whose main objectives focused on the protection, conservation, research and enhancement of the ruins of first Spanish port on the American Pacific coast. After more than fifteen years of work, the institution established the only permanent archaeological project in Panama, protected the site and its surroundings by passing a national law, and brokered, in 2003, its status as World Archaeological Heritage by Unesco. Such a task effectively involved specialists and various public and private sectors, in a joint effort that has become an example of cultural resources management at national and, probably, regional levels. Currently, Panama Viejo is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the country, surpassed only by the Panama Canal, and has established itself, as of 2010, as a regional center for archaeological research and specialized training.
Prácticas descriptivas de los enviados especiales de la prensa francesa a Colombia. Narrativa de una experiencia sensible en un marco intercultural
Authors: Botero Mary Luz
Published: March 2013

Unlike the press agency information flow, the figure of special correspondent appears to be the preferred way for the media to study in depth the problems of countries in conflict. The analysis of the articles by French journalists (Le Monde and Libération) shows the inclusion of subjectivity in their discourses, an expressive dimension which is a result of direct contact with Colombian realities which are difficult to understand. Our motivation to analyze the way Colombia is described in the French press is to try to understand how special correspondents use their own experiences on the spot, in order to provide an easier to comprehend view of what seems to be “the Colombian problem”. From this point of view we propose to examine some writing strategies which are used to compose a normative narrative inside of which the knowledge, the information, but especially the emotional experience, take form in a synthesis of the event and personal experience with “the other”.
Patient-centered Diabetes Care in Children: An Integrated, Individualized, Systems-oriented, and Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Kienle Gunver S. , Meusers Michael , Quecke Birgit , Hilgard DÖrte
Published: March 2013

Background:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is associated with various medical, psychological, emotional, social, and organizational hurdles. Patient-centered disease management should address all patient-relevant issues in an individualized, systems-oriented, and multi-disciplinary approach.

Case:

A 10-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus, a developmental disorder with motor and sensory dysfunction and dyscalculia was cared for full-time by her mother and an assistant nurse. Receiving standard intensified insulin therapy, she still had poor glucose control with frequent mild and severe hypoglycemic episodes. She was socially isolated and not able to attend peer activities and was frustrated with her situation. The mother was substantially stressed, and the child-mother relationship was endangered. The girl and her family were referred to an integrated, patient-centered, and highly individualized, multidisciplinary diabetic care program that offered self-management education courses and psychosomatic care. A core element was to switch the main focus from technical management and laboratory data to the girl and her specific problems, wishes, goals, needs, and conditions. The child became an active partner in management and decisions. The program offered age-appropriate activities. Consequently, the girl was able to successively self-manage her disease, resulting in a substantial improvement in glucose control, quality of life, satisfaction, and the relationship between mother and daughter.

Conclusion:

Increasing technical sophistication in diabetes management tends to lay the focus on biomedical outcomes. Improved medical and psychosocial results may be achieved when the patient and his or her needs, hurdles, goals, and psychological and social issues are made central to the care he or she receives.
Self-directed Mindfulness Training and Improvement in Blood Pressure, Migraine Frequency, and Quality of Life
Authors: Oberg Erica B. , Rempe Margaret , Bradley Ryan
Published: March 2013

Background:

Interest in case studies has undergone a resurgence concurrent with increasing prioritization of illustrations of patient-centered care. However, substantial inclusion of the patient in these reports remains limited. Here, a doctor and patient collaborate to present her case report of self-directed mindfulness training and the subsequent changes in blood pressure, migraine frequency, and quality of life.

Methods:

After receiving encouragement from her naturopathic doctor, the patient initiated an 8-week program in mindfulness training following the Kabat-Zinn protocol and logged her daily blood pressure and symptoms before and after meditation sessions over an 11-week period.

Results:

Patient-reported outcomes included decreased perceived stress, increased focus, and a newfound sense of centeredness and calm. Changes in objective outcomes were clinically and statistically significant, including reductions in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure between week 1 and week 11 (P = .0001 and P = .0004 for systolic and diastolic, respectively, by paired, 2-sided t-tests). Self-reported frequency of chronic migraine was also reduced. Critical to the patient's success was that mindfulness training was first approached in a simple, accessible manner prior to embarking on a deeper, extended experience.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Self-directed mindfulness training can have a meaningful impact on both subjective and objective health outcomes. It may take years of encouragement from a healthcare provider before a patient is ready to adopt a mind-body practice; it is important to recognize and counsel patients with messages appropriate to their stage of change and self-efficacy. Additionally, case studies that combine the voice of the clinician and the patient can provide useful illustrations of truly patient-centered care.
Guidelines for the Application of NAD(P)H Regenerating Glucose Dehydrogenase in Synthetic Processes
Authors: Kaswurm Vanja , Hecke Wouter Van , Kulbe Klaus Dieter , Ludwig Roland
Published: March 2013

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is frequently used for the reduction of NAD+ and NADP+ in bench‐ and industrial‐scale syntheses because the coenzyme regenerating system GDH is easy to apply, robust and relatively inexpensive. To optimize the application of this long known coenzyme regeneration system we investigated the commonly applied Bacillus GDH and characterized this enzyme by its kinetic features in the presence of substrates and products at pH 6.4 and 8.0. Three substrates/products were found to inhibit GDH considerably: (i) the reaction product glucono‐1,5‐lactone, (ii) the reduced coenzyme NAD(P)H and (iii) the oxidized coenzyme NAD(P)+. The inhibition of GDH under several process conditions was modeled using the determined kinetic constants. It was found that the GDH regeneration system is strongly inhibited by the usually applied conditions. This study provides the rate equation of the GDH reaction and simulations of this coenzyme regenerating system leading to an improved prediction and, thus, to a faster scale‐up and increased efficiency of NAD(P)H‐dependent synthetic processes.
Low percolation threshold in polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites through melt blending with poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Maiti Sandip , Suin Supratim , Shrivastava Nilesh K. , Khatua B. B.
Published: March 2013

Here, we demonstrate an easy method for the preparation of highly electrically conductive polycarbonate (PC)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites in the presence of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). In the presence of MWCNTs, PC and PBT formed a miscible blend, and the MWCNTs in the PC matrix were uniformly and homogeneously dispersed after the melt mixing of the PC and PBT–MWCNT mixture. Finally, when the proportion of the PC and PBT–MWCNT mixture in the blend/MWCNT nanocomposites was changed, an electrical conductivity of 6.87 × 10−7 S/cm was obtained in the PC/PBT–MWCNT nanocomposites at an MWCNT loading as low as about 0.35 wt %. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a regular and homogeneous dispersion and distribution of the MWCNTs and formed a continuous conductive network pathway of MWCNTs throughout the matrix phase. The storage modulus and thermal stability of the PC were also enhanced by the presence of a small amount of MWCNTs in the nanocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Soundproofing properties of polypropylene/clay/carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Myung‐Sub , Yan Jun , Kang Kyung‐Min , Joo Kyung‐Hoon , Pandey Jitendra K. , Kang Yeon‐June , Ahn Sung‐Hoon
Published: March 2013

In this article, polypropylene (PP)/clay/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites were prepared via a solution blending method. Sound transmission loss (STL), determined with an impedance tube, was used to characterize their soundproofing properties. The STL for the PP/4.8 wt % clay/0.5 wt % CNT composite was about 15–21 dB higher than that for pure PP at high frequencies (3200–6400 Hz) and about 8–14 dB higher at low frequencies (580–620 Hz). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the crystallinity and the microstructure. A synergistic effect on the STL was established between the structure of the homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Nitrogen Mustard‐Linked Chalcones
Authors: Fang Xianwen , Yang Bingqin , Cheng Zhao , Yang Meipan , Su Na , Zhou Lizhen , Zhou Jia
Published: March 2013

A series of nitrogen mustard‐linked chalcones were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity in vitro against the K562 and HepG2 cell lines. The aldol condensation of [N,N‐bis(chloroethyl)‐3‐amino]‐acetophenone (2) with aromatic aldehydes afforded the nitrogen mustard‐linked chalcones. Among the analogs tested, compounds 5e and 5k exhibited significant anti‐proliferation activities against K562 cells with IC50 values of 2.55 and 0.61 µM, respectively, which revealed higher cell toxicity than the standard drugs cisplatin (IC50 > 200 µM) and adriamycin (IC50 = 14.88 µM). The methoxyl and N,N‐dimethyl groups on the B‐ring of the chalcone frame enhanced the inhibitory activities against both the K562 and HepG2 cell lines. The structure–activity relationship study indicated that the inhibitory activities significantly varied with the position(s) and species of the substituted group(s).
Oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds by a recombinant peroxygenase from Coprinopsis cinerea
Authors: Babot Esteban D. , del Río José C. , Kalum Lisbeth , Martínez Angel T. , Gutiérrez Ana
Published: March 2013

The goal of this study is the selective oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds under mild and environmentally friendly conditions using a low‐cost enzymatic biocatalyst. This could be possible taking advantage from a new peroxidase type that catalyzes monooxygenase reactions with H2O2 as the only cosubstrate (peroxygenase). With this purpose, recombinant peroxygenase, from gene mining in the sequenced genome of Coprinopsis cinerea and heterologous expression using an industrial fungal host, is tested for the first time on aliphatic substrates. The reaction on free and esterified fatty acids and alcohols, and long‐chain alkanes was followed by gas chromatography, and the different reaction products were identified by mass spectrometry. Regioselective hydroxylation of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids was observed at the ω‐1 and ω‐2 positions (only at the ω‐2 position in myristoleic acid). Alkyl esters of fatty acids and monoglycerides were also ω‐1 or ω‐2 hydroxylated, but di‐ and tri‐glycerides were not modified. Fatty alcohols yielded hydroxy derivatives at the ω‐1 or ω‐2 positions (diols) but also fatty acids and their hydroxy derivatives. Interestingly, the peroxygenase was able to oxyfunctionalize alkanes giving, in addition to alcohols at positions 2 or 3, dihydroxylated derivatives at both sides of the molecule. The predominance of mono‐ or di‐hydroxylated derivatives seems related to the higher or lower proportion of acetone, respectively, in the reaction medium. The recombinant C. cinerea peroxygenase appears as a promising biocatalyst for alkane activation and production of aliphatic oxygenated derivatives, with better properties than the previously reported peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita, and advantages related to its recombinant nature for enzyme engineering and industrial production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2323–2332. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Z‐Contrast Imaging of Supported Metal Complexes and Clusters—A Gateway to Understanding Catalysis on the Atomic Scale
Authors: Browning Nigel D. , Aydin Ceren , Lu Jing , Kulkarni Apoorva , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Ortalan Volkan , Reed Bryan W. , Uzun Alper , Gates Bruce C.
Published: March 2013

Z‐contrast imaging in an aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope can be used to observe and quantify the sizes, shapes, and compositions of the metal frames in supported mono‐, bi‐, and multimetallic metal clusters and can even detect the metal atoms in single‐metal‐atom complexes, as well as providing direct structural information characterizing the metal–support interface. Herein, we assess the major experimental challenges associated with obtaining atomic resolution Z‐contrast images of the materials that are highly beam‐sensitive, that is, the clusters readily migrate and sinter on support surfaces, and the support itself can drastically change in structure if the experiment is not properly controlled. Calibrated and quantified Z‐contrast images are used in conjunction with ex situ analytical measurements and larger‐scale characterization methods such as extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to generate an atomic‐scale understanding of supported catalysts and their function. Examples of the application of these methods include the characterization of a wide range of sizes and compositions of supported clusters, primarily those incorporating Ir, Os, and Au, on highly crystalline supports (zeolites and MgO).
Predictors of depression in breast cancer patients treated with radiation: Role of prior chemotherapy and nuclear factor kappa B
Authors: Torres Mylin A. , Pace Thaddeus W. , Liu Tian , Felger Jennifer C. , Mister Donna , Doho Gregory H. , Kohn Jordan N. , Barsevick Andrea M. , Long Qi , Miller Andrew H.
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

Depression is common during and after breast cancer treatment. However, the role of specific therapeutic modalities and related biologic mechanisms remains unclear. Radiation is an essential component of breast‐conserving therapy and may contribute to depression in patients with breast cancer through the activation of inflammatory pathways.

METHODS

Depressive symptoms and inflammatory mediators, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), were assessed at baseline (before radiation), during radiation, and 6 weeks after radiation in 64 women who had stage 0 through IIIA breast cancer.

RESULTS

No significant increases in depressive symptoms occurred during or after radiation, although a number of patients exhibited moderate‐to‐severe depression throughout the study. Multivariate analyses of baseline factors predictive of depression revealed that educational status, perceived stress, prior chemotherapy, and peripheral blood NF‐κB DNA binding all were independent predictors of persistent depressive symptoms after radiation (all P < .05). Of these factors, only prior chemotherapy was associated with inflammatory mediators, including NF‐κB DNA binding, soluble tumor necrosis factor‐alpha receptor 2, and interleukin‐6, which, in univariate analyses predicted depressive symptoms after radiation (all P < .05). Chemotherapy‐treated patients also exhibited an over‐representation of gene transcripts regulated by NF‐κB.

CONCLUSIONS

Radiation was not associated with increased depressive symptoms in the current study, but of disease and treatment‐related factors, prior chemotherapy predicted significant depression after radiation. Longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the relationship among prior chemotherapy, inflammation, and persistent depression after breast cancer treatment. Cancer 2013;119:1951–1959. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Dichotomy between Palladium(II)–Tin(II) and Palladium(0)–Tin(IV) in Complexes of a Sn,As‐Based Chelate Ligand
Authors: Mirzadeh Nedaossadat , Bennett Martin , Wagler Jörg , Wächtler Erik , Gerke Birgit , Pöttgen Rainer , Bhargava Suresh
Published: March 2013

A dinuclear Pd–Sn bonded complex is reported, in which the interaction of the formally tin(II)‐based ligand, [2‐MeBrSnC6F4AsPh2]–, with palladium appears to be best described as PdI–SnIII or Pd0–SnIV.
A Missing Link in Undecagold Cluster Chemistry: Single‐Crystal X‐ray Analysis of [Au11(PPh3)7Cl3]
Authors: Gutrath Benjamin S. , Englert Ulli , Wang Yutian , Simon Ulrich
Published: March 2013

Because of quantum‐size effects, molecular gold clusters are promising materials for applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Owing to the feasible synthesis of Au11 species out of [Au(PPh3)Cl], this material is the subject of many investigations, although its full crystal structure including the ligand shell remained unknown. We have been able to obtain the solid‐state structure at atomic resolution, even for the cocrystallized solvent molecules: The composition of the red crystals corresponds to [Au11(PPh3)7Cl3]·CH2Cl2·1.5{(CH3CH2)2O}. The gold atoms in the cluster subtend a core of almost C3v symmetry derived from a centered icosahedron, which is present in most Au11 species. The mean Au–Au distance amounts to 2.8076 Å and the mean Au–Cl distance to 2.3730 Å; both are in good agreement with comparable data in structurally characterized gold clusters. The mean core diameter, measured between the centers of the gold atoms of opposite sides of the cluster, is about 4.9 Å, and the overall van der Waals diameter can be estimated to 19.8 Å. The optical absorbance of [Au11(PPh3)7Cl3] in solution reveals characteristic peaks at 318 and 406 nm and a shoulder between 450 and 550 nm. The peak at 406 nm and the shoulder can also be resolved for the solid. The energy of the first optically active electron transition of ca. 2.0 eV is very close to the theoretically derived data of the HOMO–LUMO gap. In accordance with the literature, only one singlet in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum is found at δ = 52 ppm, even at –80 °C.
Synthesis of a D Ring‐Functionalized Derivative of the Epiwelwistatin Tetracyclic Core
Authors: Ruiz Míriam , López‐Alvarado Pilar , Menéndez J. Carlos
Published: March 2013

A 14‐oxo derivative of the tetracyclic core of the alkaloid 3‐epi‐welwistatin was prepared by a regioselective ring expansion of Kornfeld's ketone followed by a Michael‐intramolecular aldol anionic domino process to generate a tetracyclic system that contained a bicyclo[4.3.1]decane fragment fused to an indole. Treating this compound with N‐bromosuccinimide in tert‐butyl alcohol diastereoselectively generated the oxindole ring that is inherent to the natural product.
Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites
Authors: Rallini Marco , Natali Maurizio , Monti Marco , Kenny José M. , Torre Luigi
Published: March 2013

In this work, we investigated the thermal behaviour of a carbon‐fibre composite impregnated with nano‐alumina‐based nanocomposites. First of all, we demonstrated that it is possible to obtain good dispersion and distribution of nanoparticles by mechanical mixing. In all the studied filler percentages, the presence of the ceramic filler did not affect the processability of the blends and the mechanical properties of the composites.

First, the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the fire reaction of the fibre‐reinforced composites was studied at different heat fluxes, by TGA, cone calorimeter and exposure to a direct flame. In presence of an oxidizing hyperthermal environment, the experimental data suggested the role of ceramic particles as anti‐oxidizer agent for the char and the carbon fibres. Moreover, the use of alumina nanoparticles allowed a slight reduction of heat release rate. Particularly at a heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the burnt material containing the higher quantity of nano‐alumina maintained a residual structural integrity because of the higher presence of char that bound together the fibres. To estimate the integrity of the composites after exposure to a direct flame (heat flux 500 kW/m2), mechanical tests were carried out on the burnt specimens. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of an observed 135 year ocean temperature change from limited data
Authors: Hobbs William R. , Willis Joshua K.
Published: March 2013

Recent work comparing historical hydrographic data with modern Argo observations shows a long‐term change in the global ocean temperature. The magnitude of this change is greater than estimates of late 20th century warming, and implies a century‐scale change in the global oceans. Using global coupled climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 suite of simulations, we assess to what extent this observed temperature difference can be attributed to a genuine long‐term warming trend. After accounting for natural variability and sampling errors, we find convincing evidence that there has indeed been a century‐scale anthropogenic warming of the global ocean up to the present day, and a strong possibility of anthropogenic warming from 1873 to 1955. The estimated 1873–1955 ocean warming implies a net top‐of‐atmosphere energy imbalance of 0.1 ± 0.06 Wm–2, and a thermosteric global mean sea level rise of 0.50 ± 0.2 mma–1.
A comparative study of human and rat hippocampal low‐frequency oscillations during spatial navigation
Authors: Watrous Andrew J. , Lee Darrin J. , Izadi Ali , Gurkoff Gene G. , Shahlaie Kiarash , Ekstrom Arne D.
Published: March 2013

Rhythmic oscillations within the 3–12 Hz theta frequency band manifest in the rodent hippocampus during a variety of behaviors and are particularly well characterized during spatial navigation. In contrast, previous studies of rhythmic hippocampal activity in primates under comparable behavioral conditions suggest it may be less apparent and possibly less prevalent, or even absent, compared with the rodent. We compared the relative presence of low‐frequency oscillations in rats and humans during spatial navigation by using an oscillation detection algorithm (“P‐episode” or “BOSC”) to better characterize their presence in microelectrode local field potential (LFP) recordings. This method quantifies the proportion of time the LFP exceeds both a power and cycle duration threshold at each frequency, characterizing the presence of (1) oscillatory activity compared with background noise, (2) the peak frequency of oscillatory activity, and (3) the duration of oscillatory activity. Results demonstrate that both humans and rodents have hippocampal rhythmic fluctuations lasting, on average, 2.75 and 4.3 cycles, respectively. Analyses further suggest that human hippocampal rhythmicity is centered around ∼3 Hz while that of rats is centered around ∼8 Hz. These results establish that low‐frequency rhythms relevant to spatial navigation are present in both the rodent and human hippocampus, albeit with different properties under the behavioral conditions tested. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Strategic Value of HRD in Lean Strategy Implementation
Authors: Alagaraja Meera , Egan Toby
Published: March 2013

Central to the relevance of HRD is the inclusion of HRD professionals and functions in organizational strategy. Understanding how HRD units and professionals contribute to or hinder organizational strategy is important for the field. We describe an organizational case in which a systemic strategic initiative involving “Lean strategy” is deployed and the specific contributions by HRD. We also highlight and provide themes from both extant general strategy and Lean strategy literature and key findings from thematic analysis from multilevel organizational interview data. An empirically derived model framing the strategic value of HRD in Lean strategy implementation is provided. These findings highlight HRD contributions for organizations involved in strategy implementation.
The impact of rural land management changes on soil hydraulic properties and runoff processes: results from experimental plots in upland UK
Authors: Marshall M. R. , Ballard C. E. , Frogbrook Z. L. , Solloway I. , McIntyre N. , Reynolds B. , Wheater H. S.
Published: March 2013

To develop an evidence base to help predict the impacts of land management change on flood generation, four experimental sites were established on improved grassland used for sheep grazing at the Pontbren catchment in upland Wales, UK. At each site, three plots were established where surface runoff was measured, supplemented by measurements of soil infiltration rates and soil and vegetation physical properties. Following baseline monitoring, treatments were applied to two of the plots: exclusion of sheep (ungrazed) and exclusion of sheep and planting with native broadleaf tree species (tree planted), with the third plot acting as a control (grazed pasture). Due to a particularly dry summer that occurred pre‐treatment, the soil hydrological responses were initially impacted by the effects of the climate on soil structure. Nevertheless, treatments did have a clear influence on soil hydrological response. On average, post‐treatment runoff volumes were reduced by 48% and 78% in ungrazed and tree‐planted plots relative to the control, although all results varied greatly over the sites. Five years following treatment application, near‐surface soil bulk density was reduced and median soil infiltration rates were 67 times greater in plots planted with trees compared to grazed pasture. The results illustrate the potential use of upland land management for ameliorating local‐scale flood generation but emphasise the need for long‐term monitoring to more clearly separate the effects of land management from those of climatic variability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of a possible maximum flood event in the Tone River basin, Japan caused by a tropical cyclone
Authors: Ishikawa Hirohiko , Oku Yuichiro , Kim Sunmin , Takemi Tetsuya , Yoshino Jun
Published: March 2013

The damage to society caused by tropical cyclones depends largely on the storm track relative to geography. A procedure is proposed to generate different typhoon tracks deviating from the original track of a given reference case. In this procedure, the position of a typhoon is artificially shifted at a certain time before landing in a physically consistent way by applying potential vorticity inversion methodology. After shifting the typhoon position, the subsequent progress is again simulated by a mesoscale weather model. The procedure is applied to a strong typhoon that emerged in a global warming experiment using an atmospheric general circulation model. Various realizations of typhoon landfall cases are generated. Using the output of a suite of realization of different tracks, the worst case scenario is discussed in terms of the river discharge in the Tone River basin, Japan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism of Bumetanide
Authors: SCHWARTZ MORTON A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The metabolism of bumetanide is reviewed, with emphasis on the relationship between metabolism and diuretic activity. Substantial evidence has been obtained for the thesis that diuretic activity is dependent on the amount of bumetanide which reaches the renal tubule. Therefore, bumetanide is a potent diuretic in those species, e.g., human and dog, in which a substantial fraction of the administered dose is excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. In contrast, relatively weak diuretic activity is seen in the rat, a species which very effectively biotransforms bumetanide to inactive metabolites. The metabolites which have been identified in human and rat urine are presented, and the point is made that in both species metabolism of bumetanide appears to be limited to oxidation of the N‐butyl side chain. Different (and unidentified) metabolites are excreted by the dog. A prominent metabolite formed in the dog, however, is the acylglucuronide of bumetanide, which was detected in plasma and bile but was not seen in urine or feces. Tissue distribution of bumetanide in the dog is presented so as to show the ability of the kidney to concentrate bumetanide. In the human, bumetanide disposition is also characterized by 95 per cent plasma protein binding and a plasma half‐life of 1 to 2 hours. Attention is given to the possibility that the clinical response to bumetanide can be altered by factors which affect drug oxidation by the mixed‐function oxygenase system; e.g., induction of the drug‐metabolizing enzymes may lead to increased biotransformation of bumetanide and concomitant decreased diuretic activity.
Drug Interaction: Meperidine and Chlorpromazine, a Toxic Combination
Authors: STAMBAUGH JOHN E. , WAINER IRVING W.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: To determine the effect of chlorpromazine on the serum concentration—time curve and metabolism of meperidine, 10 healthy volunteers were injected on two separate days in a two‐way crossover design with 26 mg/m2 meperidine hydrochloride combined with either 30 mg/m2 chlorpromazine or a placebo. The subjects demonstrated the same serum meperidine concentration—time curves after meperidine plus placebo and meperidine plus chlorpromazine. The excretion of the metabolites normeperidine and normeperidinic acid, however, showed a significant increase with the meperdine—chlorpromazine combination. A marked lethargy was observed after the administration of the meperidine—chlorpromazine combinations in most subjects, which was quite debilitating and may have resulted from the alteration of meperidine metabolism by chlorpromazine. The meperidine—chlorpromazine combination also caused a greater mean depression of the systolic and diastolic pressures than the meperidine—placebo combination. The differences in the blood pressure and symptomatology were significant and represent a potential toxicity that may result from the use of the chlorpromazine—meperidine combination.
Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral 14C‐Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine 14C‐Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints
Authors: RABINOWITZ JOSEPH L. , FELDMAN ELLA S. , WEINBERGER ABRAHAM , SCHUMACHER H. RALPH
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The local, articular, and systemic absorption of oral and topical salicylates was studied in dogs and humans using radioisotope techniques. Topical triethanolamine 14C‐salicylate was found capable of percutaneous absorption into the knee joint and surrounding tissues. In dogs, topical salicylate application resulted in higher salicylate concentrations than oral aspirin in a number of tissues, despite lower blood levels. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, intraarticular 14C‐salicylate levels after triethanolamine 14C‐salicylate cream were 60 per cent of those obtained with oral aspirin. Four of six patients reported equal improvement in local discomfort after oral and topical salicylates. A potential role for topical salicylate cream in the treatment of localized rheumatic disorders is suggested.