bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE CERVICAL SPINE
Authors: Conrad Rebecca L.
Published: May 2005

Case histories of 14 horses with pelvic limb ataxia requiring myelography were reviewed. Because differential diagnosis requires radiography, comparisons of lesion location, radiographic techniques, and lesion patterns were studied. Survey radiography and myelography were performed under general anesthesia, with recumbent‐lateral and flexed‐lateral views of the carnial and caudal cervical spine. Metrizamide was the myelographic contrast medium. Assessment of radiography as a diagnostic aid for cervical vertebral instability and cervical stenotic myelopathy was made through the comparison of survey radiographs and myleograms, in nonflexed and flexed positions, using these criteria: width of dorsal and ventral columns of contrast medium, compression of intervertebral disc spaces, presence or absence of bone proliferation at articular facets, remodeling secondary to vertebral instability. Radiography was an adequate diagnostic aid for cervical vertebral instability and cervical stenotic myelopathy. Distribution of lesions showed C3–4 most common, with C2–3 and C4–5 following.
NONGRAFTED AND GRAFTED OSTEOTOMIES OF PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES OF THE HORSE
Authors: Medina Lios , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

A radiographic study of healing patterns of nongrafted and grafted basilar osteotomies of proximal sesamoid bones in 14 horses was performed. Osteotomies were created in one proximal sesamoid bone of each fromt leg. One was treated by an autogenous rib graft, and the other was left nongrafted. Wedge‐shaped cortical bone, corticocancellous bone with multiple drill holes, and chips of cancellous hbone were used as autogenous grafts. Presurgical, surgical, and postsurgical radiographic examinations were performed. The longest follow‐up period was 40 weeks. High detail radiography of 3‐mm bone sections and microangiography were also perofromed. Radiographic interpretation of lack of bone healing was erroneous in approximately one‐half of the cases. Lack of an external bridging callus was incorrectly interpreted as lack of bony union. If noted, periosteal new bone formation failed to develop into a pattern of bridging callus. Radiographs did not permiit detection of the osteotomy line entering the articular surface or displacement of distal fragments. From angiography obtained ten weeks after surgery, the pattern of blood supply was similar in nontreated and grafted sesamoid bones. Microangiography showed rich vascularization of the cancellous graft and callus, reflecting good healing activity, whitle vascularization of the osteotomy site was absent in the nontreated osteotomies.
A MACROSCOPIC AND RADIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF DENTAL DISEASES OF THE DOG
Authors: Hamp Sven‐Erik , Olsson Sten‐Erik , Farsø‐Madsen Klaus , Viklands Peters , Fornell Jan
Published: May 2005

The type and frequency of dental diseases and disorders were determined in 162 randomly selected dogs available for necropsy. There were 82 males and 80 females ranging in age from seven months to 14 years. There were 150 purebred dogs (50 different breeds) and 12 mongrels. Only four breeds were represented by ten individuals or more: Poodles (Miniature and Toy), German Shepherds, Dachshunds, and Boxers. The oral cavity was examined macroscopically, and missing teeth, dental caries, dental calculus (tartar), and gingival epulides were recorded as to frequency and distribution. After macroscopic examination of the oral cavity, the head of each dog was sawed at the midline, fixed in formalin, and radiographed. The frequency, severity, and distribution of marginal periodontitis, periapical destruction, and root resorption were recorded. The most frequently noted disease was periodontitis, which increased in frequency and severity with increasing age of the dogs. The disease varied markedly among and within different breeds. Small dogs were more often affected with periodontitis than large dogs. Periapical destruction was a common finding. Caries and root resorption were less common. Missing teeth was a frequent disorder regardless of age. Most of the dogs had dental calculus.
POSITIVE‐CONTRAST RHINOGRAPHY
Authors: Goring Robert L. , Ticer James W. , Gross Thelma L. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Contrast rhinography is a simple noninvasive procedure that may be a useful diagnostic method for positive‐contrast radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog. A standardized and reliable technique was developed using healthy adult Greyhounds. The radiographic appearance of the regional anatomy after intranasal administration of positive‐contrast medium was established. Four contrast media: 60% propyl iodine, 37% organically bound iodine, a 60% barium sulfate suspension, and a 30% barium sulfate suspension were evaluated on the basis of their radiographic contrast and detail, distribution, and degree of evoked tissue reaction as defined by clinical assessment. A 30% barium sulfate suspension was selected using these criteria. Contrast medium enhanced the radiographic appearance of the regional anatomy when compared with noncontrast techniques. A procedure for positive‐contrast radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses is described in detail. Recommendations are made regarding methods of contrast medium administration and positioning to ensure uniform distribution within the area of interest.
CONTRAST RHINOGRAPHY IN THE RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF DISEASES AFFECTING THE NASAL CAVITY, NASOPHARYNX, AND PARANASAL SINUSES IN THE DOG
Authors: Goring Robert L. , Ticer James W. , Ackerman Norman , Gross Thelma L.
Published: May 2005

Positive‐contrast rhinography is a simple noninvasive procedure that can be used for radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog. After assuring the safety of the procedure, it was employed for evaluation of six dogs with nasal and paranasal disease. Contrast rhinography contributed to the identification and assessment of the disease and aided in the diagnosis in dogs where survey radiography was not helpful. This paper proposes the use of positive‐contrast rhinography for radiographic evaluation of diseases affecting the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS PULMONARY THROMBOSIS OR EMBOLISM
Authors: Flückiger Mark A. , Gomez Juan A.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 21 dogs with necropsy‐confirmed pulmonary thrombosis or embolism (PTE) were reviewed. Two major lung patterns were seen: (1) regional oligemia, giving the impression of a hyperlucent zone; (2) alveolar pulmonary infiltrate, indicating hemorrhage or infarction. Hemorrhage and infarction could not be differentiated radiographically. Other common findings were attenuation or loss of visualization of a lobar artery or lobar vein and pleural effusion, particularly with infarction and cardiac disease. PTE was often associated with renal disease (glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis), septic processes, pancreatitis, systemic venous or right heart thrombosis, cardiac insufficiency, and hypercorticism.
ULTRASONIC ANATOMY OF THE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS IN THE DISTAL METACARPAL‐METATARSAL REGION OF THE EQUINE LIMB
Authors: Spaulding Kathy
Published: May 2005

In a two‐phase study, ultrasound was used to delineate the normal sonographic anatomy of soft tissues of the equine distal limb. The study was limited to the soft tissues of the palmar surface of the limb just proximal to the fetlock joint. In the first phase, cadavers were evaluated with a B‐mode ultrasound machine, † Then the limbs were radiographed and dissected to compare their gross, radiographic, and ultrasonographic appearances. In the second phase, nine normal adult horses were ultrasonographically scanned. The sonographic appearance of the normal animals was compared with that of the cadavers. Front and rear limbs of all horses had similar ultrasonographic appearances. Flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament were easily identified as having linear, uniformly intense ecogenicity. The borders of the digital sheath and of the proximal palmar pouch of the fetlock joint had a less organized and less intense ecogenic appearance than the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament, and they were poorly delineated unless distended with fluid. Ultrasonography was used in three lame horses and aided the diagnoses of synovial proliferation in the fetlock joint, tendosynovitis, and bowed tendon. Diagnostic ultrasonography was effective in identifying and characterizing soft‐tissue structures of the distal equine limb. It is a valuable, noninvasive diagnostic aid.
IRIDIUM‐192 INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY OF EQUINE SARCOID
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Stover Susan M. , Gyorgyfalvy Joy
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐three equine sarcoids in 22 horses were treated, using an afterloading technique, with iridium‐192 (192Ir) interstitial radiation therapy. Previously unsuccessful treatment in 14 horses included surgical excision, cryosurgery, hyperthermia, and nonspecific immunotherapy. Twenty tumors were located in the skin of the head, and three were in the skin of the extremities. Before implantation, surgical debulking was done in six tumors, and hyperthermia (43°C, 30 min) was done in three tumors. Total implantation time varied from 4 to 14 days to give radiation doses of 52–93 Gy. The criteria for assessment of therapy were tumor response, tumor‐free incidence at one year, and complications. Follow‐up times ranged from six to 41 months (mean, 20 months). All tumors of the head and two tumors of the extremities had complete response to therapy. One sarcoid of the extremity had partial response to treatment. Tumor recurence was seen in the head of one horse. Of 16 horses followed for one year, the tumor‐free incidence was 94% (15/16). Complications were severe local necrosis in two horses and deep infection in one horse. It was concluded that 192Ir interstitial brachytherapy was an effective treatment of recurrent and difficult‐to‐manage equine sarcoid.
THE NORMAL FELINE THYROID*
Authors: Beck Kathy A. , Hornof William J. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: May 2005

A technique for performing thyroid scintigraphy in the cat using technetium 99m pertechnetate is presented. Two groups of cats were studied: group I—five young adult cats, and group II—five cats, nine to 11 years of age. The resultant scintigrams were uniform in appearance with no significant differences between groups I and II. Computer analysis was performed to determine radioactivity ratios, comparing thyroid with salivary gland and background radioactivity. A consistent thyroid/salivary ratio (T/S) of approximately 1 was obtained for group I and group II. Thyroid/background ratio (T/B) was variable.
INFLUENCE OF CARDIAC CYCLE ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE FELINE HEART
Authors: Toal Robert L. , Losonsky John M. , Coulter Dwight B. , Denovellis Richard
Published: May 2005

The effect of cardiac‐cycle phase on the radiographic appearance of the feline heart was investigated. Results show that the size and shape changes in the cardiac silhouette due to the cardiac cycle were present in all three postural positions investigated. Cardiac size and shape changes were present more frequently and in more locations of the cardiac silhouette when patients were in ventral recumbency (DV) versus dorsal recumbency (VD). In most cases, the magnitude of differences was small and detection was facilitated by comparison viewing. It is suggested that these size and shape influences of the cardiac cycle on cardiac appearance should be kept in mind when interpreting feline radiographs for cardiac pathology.
CORRELATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC, AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC SIGNS OF LEFT HEART ENLARGEMENT IN DOGS WITH MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Lombard Christophe W. , Spencer Crispin P.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 40 dogs with mitral regurgitation were evaluated for signs of left heart enlargement and classified into three groups based on the degree of left atrial enlargement (mild = group A, moderate = group B, and severe = group C). Echocardiographic enlargement ratios were calculated for the left atrium (LAEecho), the left ventricle (LVEecho), and the aorta (AOEecho) by dividing the measured dimension with the expected dimension normalized for body weight. The incidence of LVH patterns and p‐mitrale was recorded on electrocardiograms. With advanced stages of the disease, there was good agreement of the radiographs and echocardiograms with significant differences of the left atrial enlargement ratio between groups. Nine of the 16 dogs from groups A and B, however, had LAEecho ratios within the normal range. Sixteen dogs with radiographic signs of left ventricular enlargement had normal LVEecho ratios. These disagreements were interpreted as either cardiac enlargement not manifest in the dimensional change measured by the echocardiogram or as overreading of radiographs. The left ventricular wall thickness did not vary significantly between groups. The incidence of p‐mitrale was 30%, but this ECG abnormality, when present, reliably identified enlarged left atrial dimensions. Left ventricular hypertrophy patterns of the ECG did not correlate with either the radiographic diagnosis of left ventricular enlargement or the echocardiographic enlargement ratios.
STANDING MYELOGRAPHY IN SIX ADULT HORSES
Authors: Foley James P. , Gatlin Steven J. , Selcer Barbara A.
Published: May 2005

Standing myelography was conducted in six neurologically normal adult horses. Myelograms were performed without general anesthesia or tranquilization. Four horses were premedicated orally with 2.2 milligrams/kilogram (mg/kg) of phenobarbital 16 hours and 4 hours prior to myelography to raise their seizure threshold. One‐hundred milliters (ml) of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was withdrawn from the lumbosacral space prior to injection. Approximately 100 ml of technical grade metrizamide* was injected into the subarachnoid space via a lumbosacral tap. After injection the horse's head was lowered for approximately 10 minutes to facilitate cranial movement of the metrizamide. Lateral cervical radiographs were taken in a standing position. Filling of the subarachnoid space in the cranial cervical region was good to excellent in five horses. In one horse there was poor definition of the cranial cervical region. There was good to excellent filling of the subaranoid space in the caudal cervical region in all six horses. Reactions to metrizamide injection varied. The most severe reaction was generalized seizure.
BILIARY KINETICS OF HORSES AS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: HORNOF WILLIAM J. , BAKER DAVID G.
Published: May 2005

A technique for hepatobiliary scanning in horses in described. The images acquired were also analyzed by computer, and the normal temporal parameters of the study were described for both fasted and fed horses. No significant differences were found between fasted and fed animals. Maximum activity in the liver was reached within 10 minutes in all cases, and reached 50% of maximum by 36.2 ± 13.8 minutes in fasted horses, and 26.2 ± 4.5 minutes in fed horses. Maximum activity within the bile duct was reached by 14.6 ± 4.2 minutes in fed horses and 18.0 ± 5.7 minutes in fasted horses. The time after injection to 50% of maximum was 30.4 ± 7.1 minutes in fasted horses and 21.0 ± 5.4 minutes in fed horses. This technique shows promise for the evaluation of equine patients with hepatobiliary disease.
A COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED BIOPSY TECHNIQUES
Authors: HOPPE FREDRIK E. , HAGER DAVE A. , POULOS PAUL W. , EKMAN STINA , LINDGREN P. G.
Published: May 2005

A manual, ultrasound‐guided biopsy technique was compared to a new automatic method using a new biopsy device. The liver and the left kidney of 10 dogs were biopsied using the two methods. The specimens from the biopsies were compared for size and quality. Results demonstrate that larger and higher quality samples were obtained with the new automatic method.
DIFFERENTIATION OF NEOPLASTIC FROM NON‐NEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN DOG BRAIN USING QUANTITATIVE CT
Authors: FIKE JOHN R. , CANN CHRISTOPHER E. , TUROWSKI KRZYSZTOF , HIGGINS ROBERT J. , TURRELL JANE M. , AX LIV
Published: May 2005

The uptake and washout of iodinated contrast medium in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions in the dog brin was quantified using computed tomography. The magnitude of tissue contrast enhancement was measured during and up to 15 minutes following an intravenous infusion of contrast medium. Compartmental analysis was used to obtain rate contants for contrast medium movement into and out of brain lesions. In non‐glioma tumors, contrast enhancement was maximum during the infusion and the rate of contrast washout was comparable to that measured in the normal brain. Mixed gliomas also showed maximum enhancement during infusion, but there was no washout of contrast. Contrast enhancement in radiation‐induced brain damage and cystic encephalomalacia secondary to tumor compression continued to increase for 5–15 minutes after infusion; rate constants in these non‐tumor lesions were different from all tumors studied. Hyperthermia‐induced lesions had comparable rate constants for contrast washin and washout. These results indicate that kinetic CT studies provide a non‐invasive measure of permeability differences between lesions, may be useful in differentiating certain types of intracranial lesions, and may provide an effective method for patient follow‐up after treatment.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF IATROGENIC INJURIES OF THE EQUINE ACCESSORY (CARPAL CHECK) LIGAMENT AND SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON
Authors: HENRY GEORGE A. , PATTON CLARK S. , GOBLE DALLAS O.
Published: May 2005

Iatrogenic lesions to the accessory ligament (carpal check or inferior check) and to the superficial digital flexor tendon of five ponies were monitored utilizing diagnostic ultrasound for a period of 6–24 weeks post‐injury. The opposite limb was used as a non‐surgical control. Sonographic differences from control limbs were recorded and correlated with the gross and microscopic post‐mortem lesions. Early post‐surgical sonographic findings included thickening with discrete hypoechoic areas within the injured tissues which corresponded to regions of hemorrhage, edema, and tissue disruption at necropsy. The linear hyperechoic pattern seen in normal tendons was disorganized in the injured portion of the tendons or ligaments. Disruption of the margins of the incised tissues was observed. The initial hypoechoic areas disappeared or decreased in size and became more echoic as healing progressed. The increasing echoic pattern in these areas corresponded to regions of fibrous tissues invasion and collagen deposition. As post‐injury time increased, the size of the tendon or ligament decreased, the margins became more distinct, and the internal structure again became more organized (linear). It was concluded that diagnostic ultrasound can be useful in evaluating injury and healing of the accessory ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses.
SMALL INTESTINAL EMPTYING TIME IN NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: MIYABAYASHI TAKAYOSHI , MORGAN JOE P. , ATILOLA MATTHEW A. O. , MUHUMUZA LUKE
Published: May 2005

Gastric emptying time and small intestinal transit time in dogs are frequently discussed. However, it is often of interest to the radiologist to know what normal small intestinal emptying times should be. A total of 15 upper gastrointestinal studies was performed on five internal parasite‐free, normal, standard Beagle dogs with three studies on each dog, 6 days apart. The ages and weights of the dogs ranged from 2–8 years and from 12.4–13.7 kg, respectively. Following 24‐hour fasting, a dose of 10 ml/kg bw of 60% wt/vol barium sulfate suspension was administered through a stomach tube. Then, sequential radiographs were made at 30‐minute intervals until the entire contrast medium column was in the colon and cecum. The mean, standard deviation, and range of gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, and small intestinal emptying time were 76 ± 16.7 (30–120), 73 ± 16.4 (30–120), and 214 ± 25.1 (180–300) minutes, respectively. This study offers the possibility that small intestinal emptying time may be used to further evaluate patients with suspected small intestinal partial obstruction, pseudo‐obstruction, ischemia, or lymphangiectasia.
THE USE OF A BARIUM MEAL TO EVALUATE TOTAL GASTRIC EMPTYING TIME IN THE DOG
Authors: BURNS JOANNE , FOX STEVEN M.
Published: May 2005

Total gastric emptying time was determined in nine mongrel dogs using a barium meal contrast procedure. Within the group, total gastric emptying time ranged from 7.0–15.0 hours. Comparison of the population mean showed a statistical difference (p − 0.01) from previously published values. Individual dogs showed consistent total gastric emptying time over three trials. The technique can be used to test the effect of a procedure on total gastric emptying time when a normal value has been established for the dog. Due to the wide range of normal values observed, evaluation of clinical patients could be difficult unless there is a gross abnormality in function.
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE HORN CANCER (SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA)
Authors: SINGH GAJ RAJ , SOMVANSHI R. , BHARGAVA A.K.
Published: May 2005

Characteristic radiologic differences were observed between the normal and cancerous horns of five bullocks. In the latter, the horn core was replaced by a homogenous soft tissue mass without demarcating osseous landmarks. The horn appeared osteolytic in nature. It was evident that lysis of core started from the tip and progressed toward the base. Prognosis was favorable when the base was not involved.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL EQUINE DIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
Authors: PARK RICHARD D. , NELSON THOMAS R. , HOOPES P. JACK
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) images were made in sagittal and transverse planes through the metacarpophalangeal joint and digit of a horse. The images accurately depicted gross anatomic structures in the leg. Soft tissue structures were defined as separate entities on the images. Histologic varlation in tissues correlated with signal intensity differences on the MR images. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be a promising imaging modality for evaluating musculoskeletal structures in equine limbs.
RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTILITY OF THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FELINE CARDIAC DISEASE
Authors: WORTMAN JEFFREY A. , CHANG‐WINTERKORN PEARL , KNIGHT DAVID H. , JACOBS GILBERT J.
Published: May 2005

The results of a retrospective study in which 90 sets of feline thoracic radiographs were examined by six readers were evaluated with the aid of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. There were 51 sets of radiographs of 45 normal cats and 39 sets of radiographs of 33 cats with cardiac disease. The readers were asked to classify each set of radiographs as normal or abnormal, with respect to cardiac disease, into one of five diagnostic cholces that reflected reader confidence. The method of generating an ROC curve is discussed. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of interpretation between the five experienced readers. The mean accuracy of this group was 91%. However, inspection of the individual ROC curves demonstrated a fundamental difference in underlying reader bias (i.e., over‐or underreading). As expected, the experienced readers were statistically more accurate than an inexperienced reader. ROC curve methodology has potential applications in veterinary medicine not only for assessing observer performance and reader bias, but also for comparing tests and in clinical decision making.
XERORADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE DIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION
Authors: SMALLWOOD JAMES E. , HOLLADAY STEVEN D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the project was to use xeroradiography to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the equine digit and metacarpophalangeal region. The left foredigits and metacarpophalangeal joints of a mature horse and a 30‐day‐old foal were radiographed, using xeroradiographic techniques. Fifteen xeroradiographs, illustrating standard projections of each area, were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. These xeroradiographs have been used successfully for several years to teach radiographic anatomy of these areas to first‐year veterinary students at North Carolina State University.
SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF A PSEUDOANEURYSM IN A HORSE FOLLOWING ANGIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Riebold Thomas W. , Wagner Pamela C. , Hultgren Bruce D.
Published: May 2005

Angiography in a horse was used to confirm a pseudoaneurysm of the dorsal metatarsal artery originating from trauma. Gradual clinical resolution of the pseudoaneurysm occurred within days following the procedure. A follow‐up angiogram confirmed the clinical impression. An etiology of the spontaneous resolution is presented. Probable influences included technical factors of the injection procedure that caused prolonged presence of the contrast medium within the aneurysmal sac and factors that enhance thrombus formation during angiography.
A COMPLETE MOBILE RADIOLOGY LABORATORY FOR LARGE ANIMAL FIELD WORK
Authors: Bargai Uri
Published: May 2005

Because of the lack of a large animal hospital in Israel, and the need to provide radiology service to equine and bovine patients, a complete radiology mobile laboratory for field work was built. The laboratory was constructed in a van‐type automobile and is equipped with a condenser‐discharge x‐ray unit, a tabletop automatic processor, and a dark room facility. The qualities of each of the components and the operation of the laboratory are discussed.
A COMPUTERIZED WORD‐BASED DATA SYSTEM FOR A VETERINARY RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Angleton George M.
Published: May 2005

Computer programs were developed to record and retrieve the diagnostic findings of a veterinary radiology department. The concluding statements of reports are abstracted into a data file. Records may be retrieved by the computer after selecting any of the following: owner's name, patient number, date, species, breed, sex, age, state of residence, imaging type and diagnosis (word or statement). Also, information retrieved from the hospital financial records (procedures performed) and medical record databases may be combined with imaging report information to provide a powerful tool for clinical research and teaching.
PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FIRST AND FIFTH CARPAL BONES IN STANDARDBRED HORSES AS DETERMINED BY RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Losonsky John M. , Kneller Stephen K. , Pijanowski Gerald J.
Published: May 2005

In a radiographic study of 200 Standardbred horses, a first carpal bone was observed unilaterally in 21 (10.5%) horses and bilaterally in 45 (22.5%) horses. There was no significant effect of sex on the absence or presence of the first carpal bone. No fifth carpal bone was seen in this study.
SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF SKELETAL DISEASE AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE HORSE
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Bone scintigraphy is a valuable aid in the evaluation of lameness in horses. This review describes the principles of bone radiolabeling, scanning, and scan interpretation. Examples are used to illustrate how bone imaging can contribute significantly to a diagnosis after equivocal physical examination or radiographic findings.
THE FIRST TWENTY‐ONE YEARS OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Stowater Jon L. , Pipers Frank S.
Published: May 2005

The veterinary literature of 1966–1986 was searched for articles and books related to the use of diagnostic ultrasound in animals. There were 492 references, categorized as follows: general, 30; small animal applications, 169; large animal applications, 248; blood pressure measurement, 23; ultrasound‐guided biopsy, 4; miscellaneous, 18.
THE NATURE OF ENLARGED “VASCULAR CHANNELS” IN THE NAVICULAR BONE OF THE HORSE
Authors: Poulos Paul W. , Smith Michael F.
Published: May 2005

The morphologic features of the areas along the distal margin of the navicular bone, previously termed vascular channels, and their relationship to blood vessels in this area are described. Alterations in these channels have long been considered one of the pathognomonic signs of navicular disease and suggestive of vascular change. This study of the navicular bones of 4 normal yearlings and 12 adult horses from the pathology service demonstrate that the vascular channels are lined not with blood vessels or vascular endothelium, but rather with synovial tissue displaying a normal vascular supply. The channels represent invaginations of synovial tissue from the synovial fossae into the bone and therefore are more correctly termed “synovial invaginations.” The process by which this invagination occurs remains unknown.
CHANGES IN THE DISTAL PHALANX IN FOALS WITH DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON CONTRACTION
Authors: Arnbjerg Jens
Published: May 2005

Nine foals, aged 4–7 months, suffering from contracted deep digital flexor tendon were radiographed for changes in the distal phalanx. Varying degrees of osteolysis in the distal part of the distal phalanx were observed. The foals with the most pronounced clinical signs also displayed the most prominent radiologic changes. Tenotomy of the check ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon was performed. In severely affected foals, a shoe with a long toepart was used after surgery. Programmed exercise on hard ground was started 1 week after surgery. Control radiography was performed on three of the foals 1–1½years after treatment. At that time, the colts had normal distal phalanges and their function and mobility were normal. Of the remaining six animals, three had been sold as being healthy and were not available for examination. The remaining three had been examined for the first time within the last 3 months, and long‐term evaluation was not possible.
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN OF THE DOG
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi
Published: May 2005

A group of 160 Beagles were studied radiographically to determine the pattern of degenerative changes within the vertebral column, especially involving the intervertebral discs. The normal radiographic appearance of both disc and surrounding vertebrae is described. Disc space narrowing and calcification of discal tissues provide radiographic patterns that assist in diagnosis and prognosis. Because of the older age of the dogs, severe degeneration of the endplates with marked instability between vertebral segments was seen.
ULTRASOUND SCANNING OF SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES USING AN ULTRASOUND STANDOFF PAD
Authors: Biller David S. , Myer Wendy
Published: May 2005

Complete ultrasonographic visualization of superficial structures is facilitated by using a commercially available ultrasound standoff pad. Normally, scanning of superficial structures is difficult, even when using high‐frequency transducers. A major problem is the generation of intense echoes in the most superficial zone of the near field due to transducer reverberations. The ultrasound standoff pad decreases or prevents echo reverberations in the area of interest by placing it in the focal zone of the transducer. The standoff pad has been used to evaluate the flexor tendons of the equine metacarpus and metatarsus, canine testicle, canine lymph node, and other organs in cats and small dogs. Examples of this technique are presented.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION
Authors: Papageorges Marc , Gavin Patrick R. , Sande Ronald D. , Barbee David D.
Published: May 2005

A simple and inexpensive modification of the ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy technique using an extension tube attached to the needle is described. One operator can easily manipulate the ultrasound transducer and biopsy needle while monitoring the entire procedure. This simple modification was found to facilitate ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration.
SYNONYM EQUIVALENCE AMONG NAMES USED FOR OBLIQUE RADIOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF DISTAL LIMBS
Authors: Jay Shively Michael
Published: May 2005

This paper matches official names of oblique radiographic projections of limbs with their obsolete synonyms.
ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF KIDNEY VOLUME IN THE DOG
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Kantrowitz Brett M. , Fisher Paul , Olander Harvey J. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

Canine kidney measurements were obtained in vivo using ultrasound before and after anesthesia and were compared with direct caliper measurements at laparotomy. Following excision, the kidney dimensions were also measured ultrasonically in a water bath and the results were used to calculate kidney ‐volume by a modified parallel planimetric method and three variations of a prolate ellipsoid method. The calculated volume was compared with actual kidney volume determined by volume displacement. All methods were found to underestimate actual volume so that a linear correction of ultrasonically calculated volume was required to predict actual volume. The modified parallel planimetric method and a prolate ellipsoid method using height and width determinations cranial and caudal to the renal pelvis were the best models. The prolate ellipsoid model was chosen for subsequent kidney volume calculations because of its simplicity. The noninvasive calculation of kidney volume using ultrasound was sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful, particularly when serially evaluating kidney size changes in the same dog.
CLINICAL USE OF 99mTC‐MDP SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE EQUINE MANDIBLE AND MAXILLA
Authors: Metcalf Michael R. , Tate Lloyd P. , Sellett Loouis C.
Published: May 2005

99mTc‐methylene diphosphonate (MDP) radionuclide imaging examinations were done in four horses having clinical evidence of skull trauma or infection. Radiographs were made of each horse prior to scintigraphy. Four case histories are presented. In each instance, scintigraphy provided complementary information to that obtainable through radiography, which aided in accurately localizing and characterizing the site and extent of abnormalities, and which proved particularly valuable as an aid for therapeutic planning.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul E. , Kerr Larry Y.
Published: May 2005

The normal sonographic appearance of stomach, small bowel, and colon was determined in normal dogs of small, medium, and large breeds. In all dogs studied, the stomach wall ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm in thickness, and the small and large bowel wall ranged from 2 mm to 3 mm in thickness. Peristalsis was routinely observed in the stomach and small bowel, but not in the colon. Ultrasonic identification of five gastrointestinal wall layers corresponding to the mucosal surface, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and subserosa/serosa was possible. Specific segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were isolated and scanned in a water bath. In one dog, ultrasonic and histologic findings were compared and confirmed the anatomical identification found with ultrasound. Similarities and differences between the ultrasonic appearance of the GI tract of humans and small animals are discussed.
EFFECTS OF POSTMYELOGRAPHIC REMOVAL OF METRIZAMIDE IN DOGS
Authors: Widmer William R. , Blevins William E. , Dan Cantwell H. , Cook James R. , De Nicola Dennis B.
Published: May 2005

Using a paired crossover trial, the effects of postmyelographic removal of metrizamide injected via the cerebellomedullary cistern were studied in 16 normal dogs. Each animal received a routine and a withdrawal myelogram. Seizure activity, changes in spinal evoked motor potentials and body temperature were measured following each myelogram. The amount of metrizamide removed was determined by densitometrically analyzing radiographs of cerebrospinal fluid/metrizamide aliquots recovered during the withdrawal procedure. There was a significant decrease in the number of seizures for withdrawal versus nonwithdrawal myelography (p < 0.01). The mean amount of metrizamide withdrawn per dog was 29% of the total injected.
THORACIC RADIOGRAPHY IN THE NEONATAL FOAL: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , O'Callaghan Michael W. , Paradis Mary Rose
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs from 22 neonatal foals were reviewed to investigate the radiographic appearance of the thorax in normal, immature, and septicemic foals, and in foals with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The size and radiographic appearance of intrathoracic structures and abnormal lung opacities were evaluated. The craniocaudal and apicobasilar dimensions of the heart were 5.6–6.3 and 6.7–7.8 times the length of a midthoracic vetebral body, respectively, in normal, immature and septicemic foals. Apicobasilar measurements were greater (8.0–8.7) in the foals with respiratory distress syndrome. Normal foals had clear lung fields within 12 hours of birth. A more marked interstitial pattern was observed in immature and septicemic foals compared to normals. Diffuse air–space (alveolar) pattern with air bronchograms was seen in foals with respiratory distress syndrome. It was concluded from this series that thoracic radiographs taken 24–48 hours after birth may aid differentiation of normal foals, septicemic or immature foals, and foals with respiratory distress syndrome.
URINOMA (PARA‐URETERAL PSEUDOCYST) IN A DOG
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Ullman Sharon L. , Schelling Scott H.
Published: May 2005

A urinoma is an encapsulated extravasation of urine. In this case history report, the radiographic and ultrasonographic features of a urinoma in a dog are described. The dog presented with a palpable mass in the right flank which developed following ovariohysterectomy. Urinoma was considered when ultrasonographically, a sharply marginated, anechoic mass immediately caudal to the right kidney, ipsilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis were detected. Extravasation of contrast medium was not seen during excretory urography. A fluid‐filled retroperitoneal mass adjacent to a transected ureter was found at exploratory laparotomy. The diagnosis of urinoma (para‐ureteral pseudocyst) and hydronephrosis was confirmed histopathologically.
PSITTACINE SKULL RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Paul‐Murphy J.R. , Koblik P.D. , Stein G. , Penninck D.G.
Published: May 2005

The psittacine skull is a complex anatomic structure, frequently traumatized but difficult to adequately image with standard radiographic procedures. Multiple views including a ventrodorsal, a lateral, and complementary oblique projections are necessary to fully evaluate potential skull fractures in the avian patient. Magnification radiography is a relatively easy procedure that aids the review of small osseous structures. Familiarity with psittacine skull anatomy greatly facilitates radiographic interpretation of cranial trauma.
THE NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE ORANGE‐WINGED AMAZON PARROT (AMAZONA AMAZONICA AMAZONICA)
Authors: Smith Bonnie J. , Smith Stephen A. , Flammer Keven , Spaulding Kathy A. , Smallwood James E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radio‐graphic anatomy of the orange‐winged Amazon parrot (Amazona amazonica amazonica) as a representative of medium‐sized psittacine birds that are commonly kept as pets. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of a mature bird were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Ten xeroradiographs and ten corresponding radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate the normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. Also included is a short discussion of unique avian anatomic features which are important to clinical evaluation.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Nyland Thomas G. , Kerr Larry Y. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

Sonographic findings of 18 dogs and four cats with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases were reviewed. Wall thickness, wall layer identification, wall symmetry, extension of the lesion, nature of the GI contents, motility, and regional and/or systemic involvement were recorded for each animal. Ultrasonographic appearance of gastrointestinal neoplasms, gastrointestinal obstruction, ileus, intussusception, inflammatory GI diseases, and congenital disorders are discussed.
EVALUATION OF SURVEY RADIOGRAPHY, LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING EXPERIMENTAL LESIONS OF THE CRIBRIFORM PLATE IN DOGS
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Survey radiography, linear tomography, and computed tomography were used to image cribriform plate lesions that were created experimentally using intramedullary pins in 18 dog cadaver skulls. Computed and linear tomographic images were taken along the dorsal imaging plane. Studies were independently reviewed by five observers. Results were combined so that the relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging technique could be compared using chi‐square analysis. Computed tomography proved to be significantly more sensitive and accurate (p<0.05) than either linear tomography or survey radiography. Computed tomographic images were consistently of good to excellent quality for imaging the cribriform plate. It was concluded that computed tomography of the skull using a dorsal imaging plane was the best available imaging modality for detecting 3‐mm and 5‐mm experimentally created cribriform plate defects.
THE EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINTS
Authors: Aronson Everett , Kraus Karl H. , Smith Julif
Published: May 2005

The effect of anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral joints was evaluated by taking pelvic radiographs of thirty dogs. Each dog was radiographed twice, once under general anesthesia and once without anesthesia. The radiographs were submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals independently of one another to be evaluated for signs of hip dysplasia. Results suggest there was no statistical difference between the two groups of dogs. Twenty five dogs received the same reading. Three dogs received readings that were worse by one grade while under anesthesia and two dogs received readings that were one grade better while under anesthesia. This study failed to demonstrate any changes due to anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral joints. Anesthesia may, however, be beneficial for proper positioning and to decrease unnecessary patient, and personnel exposure to radiation.
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 27 DOGS WITH INTRANASAL NEOPLASMS TREATED WITH COBALT RADIATION
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Page Rodney L. , Heidner Greta L. , Cline J. Mark , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐seven dogs with sinonasal neoplasms were treated with cobalt radiation. Cytoreductive surgery was performed in six of the patients prior to initiation of irradiation. Dogs received from 4,180 to 5,400 cGy on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday schedule given in 10 to 12 fractions over a four week period. All dogs had a computed tomography (CT) based, computer generated radiation treatment plan. Survival time ranged from 2.5 to 46.0 months with a mean and median of 20.7 ± 3.3 and 12.8 months, respectively. The one‐ and two‐year survival rates were 59% and 22%. Survival time compares favorably to those reported previously for dogs treated with cytoreductive surgery and orthovoltage x‐rays. Survival time is longer than that reported previously using megavoltage radiation alone or in conjunction with surgery. It is likely that the improved survival reported herein is, at least in part, related to the use of computed tomography for tumor localization and computer generation of the treatment plan. No prognostic variables were identified in the present study. Survival time was not significantly different between dogs with carcinoma versus sarcoma. There was no significant difference between patients that had undergone cytoreductive surgery prior to radiotherapy, and those patients treated with radiotherapy alone.
USE OF A BARIUM/GELATIN MIXTURE TO STUDY EQUINE VASCULATURE WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN FREE‐FLAP TRANSFER
Authors: Bristol Davivd G. , Hudson Lola C. , Spaulding Kathy A.
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this study were: 1) to evaluate a barium (30%) and gelatin (4%) solution as an intravascular radiographic contrast medium when perfused into intact equine cadavers, 2) to determine the most appropriate skin site to harvest a flap with direct cutaneous vasculature, and 3) to identify potential recipent vessels for free‐flap transfer.

Heparinized, aspirin‐treated horses were euthanatized, exsanguinated, and perfused with the contrast media. After 24 hours refrigeration, the cadvers were dissected and radiographed. The contrast medium remained solid for the duration of studies (approximately 4 hours), and provided excellent visualization of the arterial vasculature and smaller venous vessls, but did not adequately fill large veins. Due to its location and consistent vascular supply, the skin perfused by branches of the cudal superficial epigastric artery and vein is an appropriate skin‐flap donor site. Multiple potential recipent vessels were identified.
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF CANINE TESTICULAR AND SCROTAL ABNORMALITIES: A REVIEW OF 26 CASE HISTORIES
Authors: Pugh Charles R. , Konde Linda J.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic and medical records of 26 dogs examined for testicular/scrotal abnormalities were reviewed. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with testicular neoplasia that included one or more of the following tumor cell types: Sertoli cell, seminoma and interstitial cell. Ultrasound was highly sensitive to detection of testicular neoplasia including one nonpalpable tumor. Tumor type specificity was not readily apparent in this study, although the three nondescended Sertoli cell tumors displayed similar characteristic sonographic patterns. Six dogs were reviewed with nonneoplastic, noninfectious disorders that included: vascular compromise, atrophy, scrotal edema and intestinal hernia. Five dogs with infectious diseases were reviewed. Ultrasound was sensitive and relatively specific for the nonneoplastic conditions.
ACQUIRED MEGAESOPHAGUS IN A HEIFER
Authors: Bargai Uri , Nathan Ami Tsvi , Pearl Shmuel
Published: May 2005

An 18‐month‐old pregnant heifer, hitherto normal, was noticed to regurgitate wet, partially digested roughage several times a day. On clinical examination, the heifer was losing body weight. There was no obstacle to passing a stomach tube to the rumen. A barium study of the esophagus was performed. Megaesophagus involving the cervical and cranial thoracic esophagus was diagnosed. Postmortem findings were a dilated esophagus, with no gross pathology seen. Histopathology showed extensive submucosal cellular infiltration of eosinophils. The classification and possible etilogy of the case is discussed.
NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURE IN THE PELVIC LIMB IN TWO HORSES
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Ueltschi Gottlieb , Hess Nikolaus
Published: May 2005

The case history, radiographic and scintigraphic findings of two horses with pelvic limb navicular bone fractures are presented. In both cases the fractures were of traumatic origin. One horse had a bilateral fracture of the navicular bone, distal border, the other horse had a fracture of the proximal articular border in one pelvic limb navicular bone.