bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaluació, diagnòstic i intervenció en la dislèxia
Authors: Garriga Farriols Enriqueta , Sala Torrent Mireia
Published: March 2021

En els últims anys, l’aprenentatge de la lectura i les seves dificultats ha estat de gran interès per als educadors i investigadors, propiciant una evolució en el coneixement dels processos implícits en el seu aprenentatge. S’ha arribat a un consens ampli i generalitzat sobre què és la dislèxia i sobre les dificultats que presenta per reconèixer que la consciència fonològica és un dels predictors més fiables del mateix trastorn. A Catalunya, a partir de la LEC (2009), s’han estimulat les actuacions en el sistema educatiu per tal de garantir l’atenció als trastorns d’aprenentatge; en concret, s’ha millorat la formació dels docents i s’han elaborat instruments i materials que facilitin la seva tasca, com ara els protocols de detecció i atenció a l’alumnat amb dislèxia elaborats l’any 2011.El present article se centra en aquest marc i pretén un doble objectiu: (a) orientar i analitzar el procés d’actuació més eficient a l’hora d’avaluar i diagnosticar precoçment la dislèxia, i (b) donar un model perquè, des del marc escolar, es puguin assumir competències i generar procediments per garantir la trajectòria acadèmica dels nens dislèctics i evitar problemes de desajust emocional i social amb el pas del temps.
Nuevas tecnologías como estrategia terapéutica complementaria para el Trastorno de Juego
Authors: Jiménez Murcia Susana
Published: March 2021

El Trastorno de Juego ha sido reconocido desde hace relativamente poco tiempo. Si bien, siempre se había clasificado como un trastorno del control de los impulsos, recientemente las evidencias empíricas existentes, que demostraban la similitud con los trastornos por uso de sustancias, han favorecido que la comunidad científica acepte su categorización como adicción comportamental. Al mismo tiempo, la impulsividad y los déficits de regulación emocional, características difícilmente modificables con las terapias al uso, siguen considerándose aspectos nucleares en el desarrollo y mantenimiento del trastorno. Es por ello que las nuevas tecnologías pueden ofrecernos alternativas novedosas y eficaces para abordar estos factores asociados al Trastorno de Juego.
Generation Lockdown: Exploring possible predictors of technology phobia during the Coronavirus self-isolation period
Authors: Daruwala Neil Anthony
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this article is to present possible psychological consequences of using ICT, especially online communication applications, during the Coronavirus lockdown. With humans already testing their mental fortitude due to the enforced isolation period, the paper proposes that predictors of technology phobia such as computer anxiety may also arise. The root causes of technophobia are centred around computer dependency, data surveillance, information overload, poor user experience and personality type. Furthermore, scenarios such as a complete internet shutdown, the development of social distancing apps and the introduction of 5G are also dissected within the article. Finally, the reader is presented with ideas on feasible solutions and coping mechanisms in dealing with technology-related stress. It seems evident that there exists a need for academia and governmental entities to work in- tandem in order to implement common-sense legislation.
Critical and prospective analysis of online education in pandemic and post-pandemic contexts
Authors: Badilla Quintana María Graciela , Careaga-Butter Marcelo , Fuentes-Henríquez Carolina
Published: March 2021

Humanity, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, was already in the process of a gradual cultural transition between modernity and postmodernity. The rapid pace of scientific and technological advances has led humans towards a progressive adaptation, as they develop new ways to confront and to solve their problems. In the exceptional context of the pandemic, people and institutions have faced a sudden need to readapt their ways of life and their means of communication. In education, the need to migrate from traditional classrooms to online systems was urgent, and the shift required digital tools and resources to support teaching. This theoretical article aims to analyze the disruption in the educational context and to detail the adaptations that may contribute to the effectiveness of educational processes. Moreover, it discusses the pedagogical, methodological, didactic, and evaluative aspects of the change in education. The article also proposes some guidelines for learning on both synchronous and asynchronous platforms. The trends associated with these changes are analyzed in order to offer a perspective on education in the post-pandemic world.
FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF YANKASA RAMS. 2 — EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE WITH BREWERS' DRIED GRAINS OR PALM KERNEL MEAL.
Authors: Kwatu A. S. , Umunna N. N. , Chineme C. N.
Published: March 2021

Thirty-five Yankasa rams about 11/2 years old and of average weight 27kg were randomly assigned to five experimental diets which were (l) a control with 60% concentrate, diets 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 had the corn replaced by 20% and 40°/o brewers' dried grain (BDG) and palm kernel meal (PKM) respectively. All animals were individually fed the diets for the 70 days of the study. Average daily gain (ADC) was significantly (P 0.05) depressed only at the 40% BDC, level when compared with that of the control. Dressing percentage and percentage yield of wholesale cuts were not affected by the treatments. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly (P 0.05) depressed at the 40% BDG level. Based on the total performance and cost considerations, it was economical to use 20% BDG and up to 40% PKM in ram fattening diets.
SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR SWINE INFLUENZA AND AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN NIGERIAN PIGS
Authors: Majiyagbe K. A. , Patrick D. , Nwosuh C. I.
Published: March 2021

Swine sera collected from Jos abbatoir and parts of Kano and Kaduna States were serologically examined for two viral agents — African Swine Fever (ASF) and Swine Influenze (Sw.i). Out of a total of 913 sera tested, 653 (71.5%) had antibodies to Sw.I in various titers while there was none to ASF virus.
HAEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE GUINEA FOWL (Nurmida meleagris Pallas): 1. EFFECT OF AGE, SEX ,k ND TIME OF BLEEDING OF THE HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF GUINEA FOWLS.
Authors: Orji B. I. , Okeke G. C. , Akunjiyiba A. O.
Published: March 2021

The blood profile and the effects of age, sex and time of bleeding on the parameters were investigated in a 2x 2x 2 factorial experiment using twenty four guinea fowls (Numida meleagrs paths). The results show­ed that erythrocytes values were 2.43+0.04x 106/mm3, t packed cell volume, 37.44%; haerno0obin concentration (gm %), 13.17; etythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/fir) 1.69; length of red blood cell, 12.89 microns width of P.BC, 6.63 microns, leucocyte count, 22.18+0.64x1031mrn3 and clotting time, 7.30 min. Sex anu sometimes age, time of bleeding and their interactions had signi­ficant effect on these haematological values. Correlations between these were calculated.
MINERAL ELEMENTS IN MILK OF THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF LACTATION
Authors: Akinsoyinu A. O.
Published: March 2021

Analysis of ewe's milk from twenty West African dwarf ewes collected from day one after parturition showed that the colostrum contained (mg/100ml) Ca 115.0 1 1,82, P 65.8± 4.08 Na 108.3 ± 2.0, K 163.2 ±1.74, Mg 17.9 0.78, CI 217.7 27.42, and (in mg/ litre) Fe 4.3±0.20, Cu 3.2 ± 0.17 Mn 0.21 ± 0.03, Zn 13.6 1 0.62, and Ug/litre of 1 311.2 ± 6.63. The corresponding values with standard deviation for the mature ewe's milk were Ca 129.5 ± 7.17 P 99.5 ± 6.20, Na 106.2 ± 1.46, K 149.7 $ 3.18, Mg 17.5 ± 1.51, CI 202.4 # 15.52 Fe 0.67. ± 0.38, Cu 0.41 ±0.39, Mn 0.07 ± 0.04, Zn 3.8 0.22 and 1 113.1 £ 28.78. The concentration of these elements in the colostrum approached that of the normal ewe s milk on the seventh day after parturition The results showed a rise in Ca P, Na Mg and C1 levels with stage of lactation and a fall in K, Fe Cu Mn, Zn and I contents of the milk with advancing lactation. .
EVALUATION OF BREWERS DRIED YEAST PROTEIN IN BROILER DIET
Authors: Nuke M. C. , Ahmed A. S. , Haruna E. S.
Published: March 2021

The value of brewers dried yeast protein (BDY) as a replacement of fishmeal in the diet for broiler starters was investigated. In the experiment BDY replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 amd 100% of the fishmeal in the fiet. The average liveweight gain response to increasing levels of BDY at 6 weeks of age was 950.3g, 980.78, 981.8g, 950.5g and 953.2g respec tively. While the figures for the feed/gain ratio were 2.35, 2.28, 2.30, 32 36 and 2.39 respectively. There was no significant differences between these values. Also, the mean feed consumption data for different dietary treatment through the period showed no significant differences. This result suggests that under the conditions of this experiment BDY could replace completely all the fishmeal in the broiler starter diet without any adverse effect on the rate of gain, feed efficiency, or feed consumption of broiler chicks.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EGGS OF FOUR INDIGENOUS GUINEA FOWLS (Numida meleagris galeata, Pallas) IN NIGERIA.
Authors: Ayorinde K. L.
Published: March 2021

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EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix conturnix japonica) IN NIGERIA
Authors: AYORINDE K. L.
Published: March 2021

Two experiments were designed to study the growth and carcass characteristics and the effects of system of management on the Japanese quail. In the first experiment, 138 birds raised to 8 weeks of are were used to study the growth and carcass characteristics of quails. Day old weight averaged 8.67±0.75y while body weights at 4 and 8 weeks of age were 130.38±21.81g and 175.08±21.23g respectively. Feed conversion rate to 8 weeks was 6.42 with each bird consuming 1067.68g feed. No significant sex differences (P>0.05) were observed in the average yield of parts although the males had slightly higher dressed and eviscerated weights and percent wing, back and neck than females. Dressed weight was 93.55% on the average while eviscerated weight was 68.61%. the carcass contained 74.20% moisture, 69.63%CP and 26.5% fat. In the second experiment, 120 birds were used to test the effect of management system (floor vs. cage) on growth and carcass characteristic of the quail. Although floor rearing had a slight advantage over cage rearing in terms of weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield, the differences were not significant (P>0.05).
RUMINAL AMMONIA AND BLOOD UREA METABOLISM IN SHEEP FED HAY WITH OR WITHOUT CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENT
Authors: ADEGBOLA T. A.
Published: March 2021

Metabolism of ruminal ammonia and blood urea was investigated in West African Dwarf ewes and wethers, fed a low quality hay with or without concentrate supplementation, using single injection of [15N] ammonium chloride (HN4Cl) or [15N] urea into the rumen and blood respectively. The percentages of 15N administered intraruminal as HN4Cl recovered in the urine, faeces and milk of the ewes were 4.3, 9.0 and 3.1, Also 32.3 and 28.7% of [15Nl urea administered into the blood were recovered in the urine of the wethers. Ruminal ammonia contributed 50.6% or protozoal-N in sheep fed hay and 14.2 78.7 and 35.0% respectively in sheep fed hay and concentrate. Also, 59.0 and 7.9% of ruminal ammonia-N was derived from blood urea of sheep fed hay and hay plus concentrate respectively. The inclusion of concentrate in the diet increased the extent of ruminal bacteria protein synthesis but not that of the protozoa, However, the contributions of ruminal ammonia to blood urea synthesis and of blood urea to ruminal ammonia were Sharply decreased in the presence of the concentrate.
RESPONSE OF GROWING GUINEA FOWLS (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS) TO DIETARY L-LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: OGUNTONA T.
Published: March 2021

In two experiments, the performance of growing (day 1-6 weeks) guinea fowls, given 20 and 22.5% dietary protein supplemented with graded levels of lysine, was compared with control (25% protein birds). Weight gain, feed conversion and nitrogen retention were significantly (P.05) better in the control than other treatments at both 4 and 6 weeks of age. There was no growth response to 0.05% lysine supplementation in any of the diets. Supplementation of the 20% protein diets with 0.5% lysine produced significant (P.05) weight gains at both 4 and 6 weeks of age. However, supplementation of 22.5% protein diet with 0.5% lysine produced significant (P.05) weight gains, only, at 6 weeks. Best performances were obtained when total dietary lysine level was between 1.6% and 1.8% of the diet.
ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF GROWING YANKASA LAMBS BY FACTORIAL METHOD
Authors: OKOYE F. C. , UMUNNA N. N. , CHINEME C. N.
Published: March 2021

Fifty-two Yankasa lambs of mixed sexes age, 6 to 8 months, were used in this study to determine calcium requirement. Varying levels of dietary calcium viz: 0.28, 0.42, 0.56, 0.70, 0.86, 0.99 and 1.15% were tested in a Completely randomized design. Phosphorus was kept constant at the level in the control ration. The criteria of adequacy employed included clinical observations, growth performance and mineral retention. No clinical abnormality was Observed among the groups throughout the experimental period. Although growth performance improved with increase in dietary calcium level, treatment effects among groups on 030, 0.86, 0.99 and 1.15% dietary levels were not significant (P > 0.05). Apparent dry matter digestibility and calcium retention improved with increase in dietary calcium. Mean calcium requirement for lambs was 305 mg/day/kg body weight. Comparisons with the findings of some temperate workers showed that while the endogenous calcium loss for lambs in this region was lower, their requirement for calcium Was higher than those in the temperate region
Prediction of body weight of broilers at different ages from linear body measurements
Authors: Adeniji F.O , Ayorinde K. L.
Published: March 2021

The prediction of live body weight from six body measurements was studied using the Cobb broiler strain. A total of two hundred and sixty four chicks comprising of one hundred and thirty four at males and females were used. Mean body weights day-old, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of age were 36.7g, 276.16g, 856.72, 1,334.1g and 1,762g respectively for the sexes combined. Males were generally more uniform in body weight and the body measurements than the females as indicated by the lower coefficient of variability (2.53% vs 3.38% for body weight at 3 weeks of age). The males were slightly (P<0.05) heavier than the females at 9 and 12 weeks of age. Cumulative weight gain was more rapid between 3 and 6 weeks of age and decreased with age up to the 12th week.
The correlations, linear and stepwise regression equations reveal linear relationships between body weight and all body measurements (Body length, Body girth, Keel length, Shank length, Drumstick length and Shank thickness). Live body weight of bird was best predicted singly using keel length at 3 and 9 weeks of age and body girth and the 12th week. However with a combination of two to four of the body measurements, the prediction efficiency was enhanced.
The Proximate Compositions And Rumen Degradabilities Of Some Tropical And Temperate Legumes
Authors: Alawa J.P. , Hemingway R. G. , Fishwick G.
Published: March 2021

The proximate compositions and degradabilities in the rumen of tropical legumes (peas and beans) and temperate peas were studied with the aim of comparatively evaluating their nutritive potential for ruminants. The mean crude fibre content of temperat peas (11.3%) was higher than for tropical peas and beans. The mean gross energy contents of tropical peas (18.2 MJ/kg) and beans (18.6 MJ.kg) were higher than for temperate peas (17.0 MJ/kg) despite a higher mean ash value for the tropical types. Other proximate components were very similar for both tropical and temperate legumes although lima bean had a higher crude protein content. Generally the individual compositions of both the temperate peas and were within the range of published values for tropical legumes. The degradabilities of the dry matter and crude protein in the rumen of hay-fed cows were comparable for both tropical and temperate type legumes.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF YANKASA SHEEP TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: OSUHOR C. U. , ADU I. F. , UMUNNA N. N.
Published: March 2021

In a study that lasted for 120 days, 20 weaned Yankasa ram lambs aged 6 months and weighing between 10.5 and 14.5kg with an average of 12.75kg were offered a basal Digitaria smutsii hay diet at 2% of body weight. This was supplemented with a concentrate mixture made to supply 14.6% crude protein and 2.6 Mcal ME per kg and offered to treatment groups A, B, C and D at 1, 2, 3, and 4% of body weight respectively. There were five replicates and the animals were fed individually. Results indicated that the differences in Average Daily Gain was significant (P<0.05) between all the treatments; the value increased with increased level of feeding. The cost of effecting one unit of live weight increase was not significantly different (P<0.05) between treatments, A, B, and C, but it was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for treatment D. The low growth response of lambs fed the concentrate at 1% of body weight and the higher cost per unit gain of lambs offered the supplement at 4% of body weight suggested that concentrate supplementation at 2 and 3% of body weight was adequate for optimum liveweight gains in the Yankasa sheep breed.
Real-Time Ultrasonic Evaluation Of Swine
Authors: Sonaiya E. B. , Stouffer J. R. , Cross H. R.
Published: March 2021

This study shows no difference in the backfat data collected on live and dead animals. In adjusted data, barrows had more backfat according to sonic and actual carcass measurement. There was a significantly (P<0.05) lower value in gilts in the first and last rib positions and in barrows in all positions but the tenth rib for sonic data as compared with carcass measurement. A high and significant (P<0.01) correlation existed between sonic and carcass measurements of fat thickness across sex. Within each sex, correlation was highest on the tenth rib followed by the last rib in gilts and the last lumbar in barrows. There were no significant differences in longissimus area measurement taken ultrasonically or in the carcass although correlations between them were high, being higher in gilts. 3MHz scanning produced greater accuracy in gilts than barrows for fat thickness and longissimus area determination, 5MHz, however, gave data that were closer correlated with carcass data. Except for the first rib position, there were no differences between scans taken on the hot carcass and actual carcass measures taken on the chilled right and left sides 48h later. The result suggests that hogs can be scanned a forthnight before slaughter and the data can be used in computing hog carcass yield at the point of sale. It also suggests the possibility of complete grading for hot carcasses and may further encourage hot processing if adopted. In cold processing situation, it may remove the necessity to enter the cooler for carcass measures.
Estimates Of Genetic Parameters For Economic Traits In West African Dwarf Goat
Authors: Odubote I. K. , Akinokun J. O.
Published: March 2021

Records of 848 West African Dwarf goat kids and 220 kiddings over a period of eight years (1982-1989) were analysed. The records were used to provide heritability and repeatability estimates for litter size at birth, kidding interval (repeatability estimate alone) and body weight at birth, weaning, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year of age. Heritability estimates of 0.28±0.005, 0.18±0.003, 0.14±0.003, 0.29±0.005, 0.11±0.003 and 0.17±0.004 were obtained for litter size at birth, body weight at birth, and at weaning, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months of age respectively. Corresponding repeatability estimates were slightly higher than the heritability estimates. However, repeatability estimates of 0.04±0.030 was obtained for kidding interval.
Animal Breeding and Physiology
Authors: NSAP NJAP
Published: March 2021

Abstract of papers on Animal Breeding and Physiology
Veterinary Section
Authors: NSAP NJAP
Published: March 2021

Abstract of papers on Veterinary section
Dietary Zinc and Protein Utilization by Growing Chickens
Authors: Ogunmodede B. K.
Published: March 2021

Seventy birds made up of pullets and cockrels of both the RIR and WPR breeds were selected at four weeks of age and fed either a basal ration or the basal ration supplemented with 30, 60 or 90ppm zinc respectively. Breed as well as sex of growers influenced feed consumption. Dietary levels of zinc affected the feed gain ratio regardless of the breed or sex of the growers. Protein digestion was significantly higher in younger birds than in older ones as a result of zinc supplementation, similar differences were observed as a result of breed and sex. Younger birds retained more zinc than the older ones and the possible variations in the activities of enzymes having zinc as co-factor was discussed.
Some Nigerian Protein Concentrates as Foods and Feeds
Authors: Fetuga B. L. , Babatunde G. M. , Oyenuga V. A.
Published: March 2021

THE nutrients, amino acid composition and protein quality of a range of Nigerian foods and feeds have been studied in chemical and biological tests with pigs and rats. Lysine, methionine, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, threonine, were the amino acids present in the least amounts in most of the concentrates. Apparent and true digestibility of the concentrates were high except for palm kernel meal (PKM), African locust bean (ALB), and cashewnut scrap meal (CSM). All the animal protein concentrates showed good nutritional qualities except blood meal (BM), which, despite its high lysine content, showed very poor nutritional values and supported no gain in pigs or rats, probably due to its low methionine - cystine and tryptophan content, coupled with a possible isoleucine-leucine antagonism. Among the plant proteins, ALB showed particularly low values, while cashewnut good grade meal (CM) was found to be superior to soyabean meal (SM). The cashewnut scrap kernel meal (CSM) was inferior to the good grade meal. When evaluated at a critical protein level with growing pigs, it was found to be superior to groundnut meal. In practical type diets for fattening pigs, CSM diets were superior to the groundnut meal (GNM) diets, in terms of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. The PKM, despite its apparent balance of amino acids showed poor nutritional values for the rat. In a test with practical type diets, pigs on PKM grew at a highly significantly slower rate and had highly significantly poorer feed and protein efficiency ratios than the pigs on other diets. In another trial involving supplementation of PKM diets with either GNM, fishmeal (FM), BM or milk powder (MP), pigs on the PKM diet supplemented with 10% GNM, had a significantly slower rate of gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio than those on other diets containing lower quantities of PKM supplemented with other protein concentrates. Supplementation of PKM diets with FM and BM gave significantly better results than supplementation with GNM or MP.
Intake And Nutrient Digestibilities Of All-concentrate Diet From Forage And Some Crop Wastes By Sheep And Goats
Authors: Adeloye A. A
Published: March 2021

A total of 20 animals comprising 10 ranis and 10 bucks were involved in a digestibility study to assess the nutritive value of a combination of yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and Leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet for the sheep and goat. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intakes, dry matter and nutrient digestibilities, total digestible nutrients and nutritive ratio. The dry matter intakes in the all-concentrate diet by the sheep and goat ( > 4% of body weight) were higher (p<0.05) than obtained for the conventional diet of grass hay and supplemental concentrates of dry matter, crude protein and energy were lower (P<0.05) while those of crude protein and ether extract were higher and significant when compared to the conventional diet. The nature of the crude fibre of all-concentrate feed could influence the dry matter and energy digestibilities, and the digestible energy. The nutritive ratio of the all-concentrate feed was narrow (P<0.05) and indicated a high nutritive value.
HERITABILITIES OF AND GENETIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOME GROWTH TRAITS IN NIGERIAN LOCAL CHICKENS
Authors: Ebangi A. L. , Ibe S. N.
Published: March 2021

Heritabilities of and genetic correlations between body weight, shank length, keel length  and breast width in a population of Nigerian local chickens at 6 weeks of age were estimatedusing a total of 170 chicks of both sexes obtained from 5 sires each mated to 4 dams by  artifical insemination in a nested fashion. Average body weight, shank length, keel length and breast width at this age were 114.97g, 3.48cm, 3.35cm and 3.22cm, respectively.Genetic correlations between the traits were positive and high, ranging from 0.99 to 1.51. The moderate to high heritabilities (hs2) of these growth traits at 6 weeks point to the existence of an appreciable amount of additive genetic variance in the local chicken population and indicate that improvement in these traits can be brought about by intrapopulation selection. The high genetic correlations indicate the pleiotropic action of genes controlling these traits and that, by direct selection for any one of them, genetic improvement in the others will be realized as correlated responses.
SELECTION RESPONSE FOR HIGHER BODY WEIGHT IN NIGERIA'S INDIGENOUS CROSSBRED PIGS
Authors: ADEBAMBO O. A.
Published: March 2021

Six generations of population selection from 2 lines of improved indigenous pigs *NIGER HUBS" comprising pigs born from the year 1984 - 1990 were evaluated. Continued selection for higher body size resulted in observed increases in 150 day body weight of 26% in the white line A and 41% in the black and white line B from the average weight of the foundation stock and 76 to 84 per cent at 12 month of age for these lines of pius respectively. Moderately high heritability estimates of 0.36 to 0.69 were reported for both lines for the 150 day weight and 0.58 to 0.76 for the yearling weight. Response to selection was highest in the first generation of the Bline and the third generation of the A line. Overall response value of 5.79±1.28kg during the first generation declined to 5.01kg±1.08 during the second generation although this subsequently increased from the third to fifth generations. With the plateau not reached within this 6 generation of selection, further response may still be expected in these lines of pigs
EFFECTS OF REPLACING DIETARY FISH MEAL WITH PERIWINKLE FLESH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS.
Authors: OKON B. I. , OGUNMODEDE B. K.
Published: March 2021

Broiler chickens were fed varying levels of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC), fishmeal and dried Periwinkle flesh. The use of isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations showed that feeding of 6% periwinkle flesh or 2% fishmeal along with 25% PKC significantly improved live weight, (P<0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The two groups of birds fed these rations performed better than those fed either 15% PKC with 2% fishmeal or 25% PKC along with a mixture of 2.5% periwinkle flesh and 1% fishmeal.
CORRELATED RESPONSES IN WEIGHTS OF IMPROVED INDIGENOUS PIGS - NIGERHYB - IN NIGERIA
Authors: Adebambo O. A.
Published: March 2021

Data collected on the weight of 1681 offsprings of improved indigenous pigs from 1984 to 1990 were used to obtain heritability estimates; genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations among weights and gains from birth to mature and yearling weights. The estimates were used to predict expected change from correlated responses from single trait selection. Heritability estimates obtained from paternal half-sib analysis were birth weight 0.90 ±0. 08; gain from birth to weaning 0.14±0.11; 150 days weight 0.49±18; gain from weaning to 150 days 0.49±0.15; weight gain from.150 days to yearling weight 0.41 ± 026 and yearling weight 0.66±. Genetic correlations among all weights and gains were fairly high, ranging from 0.25 to 0.81. Selection for individual pig weight at 56 days appear to be a single good criterion for selection for growth at other ages with coheritabilities of 0.669 for 56 and 150 days weight and 0,856 for 56 days versus yearling weight.
DRAUGHT ANIMAL POWER UTILIZATION ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Gefu J. O. , Ndubuisi A. H. , Ptechere E. O.
Published: March 2021

Asurvey on draught animal power (DAP) use on small holder farms in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State was conducted during the 1988/89 farming season. A purposive sampling technique was utilized where all the 25 household heads who owned and used draught animals were sample. Structured questionnaire schedule was developed and used for data collection. The findings revealed that majority (88%) of the respondents were between the 20 and 29 years of age. While majority (92%) of the respondents started with a pair of work animals, only 4% started with two pairs. White Fulani (Bunaji) cattle was the popular breed among the respondents. The animal were used for achieving three different agricultural tasks. The constraints associated with animal power utilization include unavailability and high cost of implements, scarcity of feed during the dry season and animal disease.
RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES
Authors: FANIMO A. O.
Published: March 2021

24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P>0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P<0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.
EFFECT OF DIETARY COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON SERUM COPPER LEVEL AND PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (Fouta djallon) GOATS
Authors: AINA A. B. J. , AKINSOYINU A. O.
Published: March 2021

The effects of dietary copper supplementation on serum copper level and performance were studied in a 174-day feeding experiment involving 16 female West African dwarf goats level and using depletion - repletion approach, The results obtained showed a significantly lower  (P<0.05) but traces of serum copper after depletion combined with pre depletion (1.70 to 1.90 Ug/dl serum) and after 42 days of dietary repletion (1.28 to 2.50 Ug/dl serum). The best  responses in terms of growth rate (0.114 kg/day) highest dry matter intake (1.43 Ugg feed DM) were induced by 240.68 Ug Cug DM of feed. The goats managed maintenance requirement for copper was 5.033 UgCuw0.75. while the dietary copper supplementation requirement was 240.68 Ug They had free access to salt licks and water. Cu/g DM of feed for optimum weight gain, growth rate and dry matter intake.
CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF SHEEP IN IBADAN, NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF SHEEP AND GOAT UNIT OF IBADAN DAIRY FARM
Authors: DIPEOLU M. A.
Published: March 2021

This study was carried out in an attempt to determine the causes of mortality in sheep in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The result showed  the most common causes of mortality were pneumonia (19.5%), diarrhoea (18.5%) lielminthiasis (17.0%), starvation (9.5%) and Animals enterotoxaemia (8.7%). 65.7% of all the 811 deaths recorded occurred during the first six months of life indicating that lambs were more susceptible to infections than adult sheep deaths occurred among the females than male sheep. Most deaths occurred during the dry. season months of December to February. It seemed that the constraint on sheep productivity imposed by disease can be greatly ameliorated by a combination of improvement of dry season feeding and the prevention of the three major diseases that were together responsible for 55% of all deaths.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF LIVE BODY MEASUREMENT OF BROILER CHICKENS IN A HUMID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Okon B. , Ogar I. B. , Mgere O. O.
Published: March 2021

The interrelationships of live body measurement of Lohmaon brown broilers (LMB) in a humid tropical environment were studied. Body parameters used for the study were body weight (BDW), body girth (BDG), body length (BDL), keel length (KLL), shank length (SHL), and width (SHW). The correlation matrix showed generally that correlation and interrelationship of most live body measurement at 3 and 12 weeks of age were weak and non significant (p>0.05). SHW was the highest and only positively correlated (P<0.01) estimator of BDW at 3 weeks. At 6 and 9 week BDW positively correlated (P<0.01) with all the body parameters studied, having r values ranging from 0.34 to 0.74. However, at 12 week, BDW was positively correlated (p) with BDG (r=0.59), KLL(r=0.55) and SHW (r=0.31). Trait combination and standard partial  regression coefficient showed that at 3 weeks, only SHW could predict final BDW. SHW contributed 46.2% of the total variability in BDW. At 12 weeks the variability in final BDW was attributed in BDG (r2=0.347), SHW (r2=0.149), SHL (r2=0.041) and KLL (r2=0.030)
NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF IPOMEA, CENTROSEMA, PUERARIA, EMILIA AND TRIDAX FORAGES IN MIXED FEEDS FOR WEANER RABBITS
Authors: Asuquo B. O.
Published: March 2021

Five forage species Ipomea batata, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloide, Emilia sanchifolia and Tridax procumbens were evaluated for growth promotion in a mixed feeding regime comprising 50g of rabbit pellet plus forage (ad libitum). Thirty weaner rabbits (6 weeks old) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design in equal groups of six rabbit (2 bucks and 4 does) to the forages during a 13 week feeding trial at the University of Calabar Livestock Research Farm. Result showed significant (P<0.05) difference to the mean daily forage consumption among the species with the values 247.92g (I. batata), 161.95 (C. pubescens), 167.28g (P. phaseoloide), 274.14g (E. sanchifolia) and 291.93g (T. procumbens). No significant (P>0.05) difference were observe in the mean daily dry matter intake, the values of which ranged between 75.26 and 81.30g. while the initial body weight were not significantly different, the forages had significant effect on the final body weights of the rabbit with the values of 2365.20g (I. batata), 2179.74g (C. pubescens), 1662.45g (P. phaseoloide), 1862.02g(E. sanchifolia) and 2352.72 (T. procumbens).
PRELIMINARY STUDIED ON SIMULATION MODELS FOR DETERMINING PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF WEANLING AND GROWING PIGS IN TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL ENVIROMENTS.
Authors: Iyayi E. A. , Steinbach J.
Published: March 2021

Data on protein requirements of two weight categories of pigs, 4-9kg and 4-28kg, reared under temperate and tropical environments were obtained. These data were used to predict the protein requirement of pigs at different ambient temperature. Models Y1= 156.21 + 0.20(A) +0.79(t) and Y2= 190.25- 1.115(I) + 0.202(t) were derived respectively for animals weighing from 4-9kg and from 4-28kg.when these models were simulated using the simplest 1 simulation program, animals in the tropics weighing from 4-9kg were predicted to require 15.80g kg-1 or 11.11% of protein more than their temperate counterparts. Those weighing from 4-28kg in the tropics were predicted to require 4.04g kg-1 or about 2.0% more of protein than their corresponding counterparts reared under temperate climatic conditions.
THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF N’DAMA AND MUTURU CATTLE IN NIGERIA. 1. OESTROUS CYCLE LENGTH, DURATION OF OESTRUS AND OESTROUS BEHAVIOR PATTERNS
Authors: Ezekwe A. G. , Okwun E. O.
Published: March 2021

Twelve primiparous cycling N’dama and Muturu cows comprising 8 Ndama and 4 Muturu Cows, were subjected to three hour continuous observations twice daily at 0630 – 0930hrs and 1500 -1800 hrs for a period of 9 months during which oestrous behavior and oestrous cycle characteristics of the cows were monitored. Results indicated that oestrous cycle length in the two breeds averaged 20.09±0.56 day and 20.56±0.87 day for N’dama and Muturu cows, respectively. Durations of standing oestrus were 12.55±2.93hr in the N’dama and 11.31±4.29hr in the Muturu. There were no significant breed effects (P >0.05) on these parameters. Mounting activities in the herd were signification higher (P < 0.05) in the morning hours than in the evening hours. The practical implication of these result in relation to controlled animal breeding were discussed.
Association Among Some Carcass Traits In Three Weight Groups Of Pigs
Authors: Fetuga B. L. , Babatunde G. M. , Ayeni O. , Oyenuga V. A.
Published: March 2021

A TOTAL of seven hundred and eight Large White x Landrace pigs were slaughtered at three weight groups, 34.0, 55.0 and 92.0kg to collect carcass data. Of these 228, made of 118 castrates and 110 gilts, were slaughtered at 34 kg; 240 pigs, made up of 125 castrates and 115 gilts were slaughtered at 55kg, while a total of 240 pigs made up of 120 gilts and 120 barrows were slaughtered at 92 kg. Simple correlations as well as regression equations describing relationship among traits were calculated. 

Percent of lean cuts and separable lean in carcass decreased while fat cuts and separable fat increased with increasing slaughter weight. Such linear measurements as backfat thickness, loin-eye muscle area and carcass length increased significantly with increasing slaughter weights. Significant differences were obtained for several carcass traits between castrates and gilts slaughtered at 92 kg.

Among the carcass cuts, percentage four lean cuts and loin showed highly significant and positive correlations with separable lean, while the relationship for other cuts such as the ham and shoulder, though significant, were low. Such carcass fat predictors as percentages separable fat, fat cuts and trimmed fat as well as back at thickness were highly significantly negatively correlated with separable lean, the relationship being highest for percentage separable fat. Dressing percentage and carcass length were poorly correlated with fatness or leaness, while loin eye areas was highly significantly correlated with leaness. The predictive values of the different traits remained relatively the same at the different slaughter weights, although the relationships were better at the 55 kg slaughter weight than at lower weights. The results indicate that while direct chemical determinations or complete physical separation are considered the best measures of carcass quality, the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between separable lean or fat and the different cuts suggests that these could be used with some degree of precision in appraising carcasses.
Comparative Effects of Copper and Terramycin on Performance of Broiler Chicks and Growers
Authors: Ogunmodede B. K.
Published: March 2021

BROILER chicks were divided into twelve groups each of which had either the basal ration, the basal ration, and terramycin, the basal ration and graded levels of copper, or the basal ration and both the antibiotic and copper. Broiler growers were fed similarly. High level of dietary copper [300 ppm] depressed growth. A range of 100 to 200 ppm dietary copper produced liveweight gain as much as terramycin. No additional advantage was gained by combining both copper and terramycin. Either terramycin or 100 ppm copper gave equivalent body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion in the broiler chick starters and growers. 

Lack of either dietary copper or terramycin resulted in high mortality. Combinations of dietary copper and terramycin stimulated abdominal fat deposition. It is concluded that either terramycin or 100 ppm dietary could be used for stimulating growth and for preventing enteritis in broilers and the choice of either would depend on availability and cost.
Dry Season Fulani Trashumance and Cattle Trypanosomiasis: The Nature of the Relationship
Authors: Aliu Y. O.
Published: March 2021

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Sheep Pox in North Western and North Central States of Nigeria
Authors: Bida S. A. , Ramsey F. K. , Njoku C. O. , Eze E. U. , Eid F. I.
Published: March 2021

SHEEP pox in two northern states of Nigeria is reported. The disease produced nodules which became popular, vesicular and ulcerated on the skin. Lesions also developed in the respiratory, urogenital and alimentary organs The importance of the disease in animal production and its control are discussed. Viral isolation was not done but the disease was experimentally reproduced. Diagnosis was based on clinical history, experimental transmission and morphological examination
Rumen Cannulation of the Red Sokoto (Maradi) Goats for Nutritional Studies in Nigeria
Authors: Oladosu L. A. , Akpokodje J. U.
Published: March 2021

TWO techniques for cannulating the rumen of the Red Sokoto goat of Nigeria are described. Stump type cannulae made of rigidblack., vulcathene1 material with screwable corks were found to be more suitable than the flexible cannulae made of plastisol2. They appeared to be well tolerated and remained in situ inspite of the animals’ nervous temperament and somewhat flabby abdominal wall. 
Experiences with some forty five of such cannulations performed between October 1970 and January 1975 are reported. These showed that although the double abdominal wall incision approach offered a better technique for cannulae implantation into the rumen of goats, strict routine post-operative attention was essential to avoid a range of post cannulation problems, such as pericannulae necrosis and infection, excessive leakage of the rumen liquor and partial or complete rejection of feed by the cannulated animals consequent upon such complications.
The Natural Forages of Northern Nigeria I. Nitrogen and Mineral composition of Grasses and Browse from the Northern Guinea Savanna and Standing Hays from the different Savanna Zones
Authors: Kapu M. M.
Published: March 2021

THE mineral status of nine native grass species and ten browse species from the Northern Guinea Savanna Vegetation was investigated together with the mineral Composition of standing hays from Daura and Kano areas of the Sudan Savanna, Bauchi ranch of the sub-Sudan, Samaru (Shika Kadama) of the Northern Guinea Savanna and Jos area of the Plateau vegetation, in Northern Nigeria. All forage types (grasses, browse and standing hays) which were sampled in April of 1975 were analysed for nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). The grass species included: Andropogon gayanus, A. ascinodis, Brachiaria jubata, Cynodon dactylon, Hyparthelia dissoluta, Pancium phragmitoides, Setaria anceps, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Urelytram muricatum, while the browse consisted of Adenodolichos panicu latus, Annogeissus leocarpus, Briddelia ferruginea, Crossopteryx febrifug, Dichrostachys cenerea (glometata), Khaya senegalensis, Mimosa pigra, Parinari curatellifolis, Psorospermum guineense, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Both grass and browse species were leafy materials from among those Species considered to be highly consumed by cattle. in general, the average values for Na, P, and Zn in the grasses, browse and standing hays were inadequate for the nutritional needs of cattle one standing hays from all locations contained suboptimum amounts of N, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na and The Cu content of all three forage types was adequate for cattle nutrition. The grass and browse species contained adequate amounts of N, K, Mg and Cu. The trace elements and Ca and Mg tended to be more concentrated in the browse species than in the grass species. The opposite was true of K. Grasses, browse and standing hays contained equal amounts of Na. Similarly, the grass and browse species contained identical amounts of P. Supplementation of mineral concentrates to include Na, P, K, Ca and Zn was suggested.
Short Term Solution to Meat Shortage: Production of Poultry, Pigs & Rabbit (with emphasis on poultry production)
Authors: Adene D. F.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
Influence of Low and High Temperatures on the Development of Haemonchus Contortus and Oesophagostomum Columbianum Larvae in Nigeria
Authors: Okon E. D. , Enyenihi U. K.
Published: March 2021

EGGS of Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum exposed to a constant temperature of 13.8°C at 100% relative humidity developed to the infective third stage larvae within 15 and 18 days respectively. Exposure of eggs for nine hours at 40.6°C and 100% relative humidity was lethal but development to the infective stage was achieved by culturing at 27°C after six hours of exposure at 400C and 100% relative humidity. The normal Nigerian temperature range of 13.8°C [lowest minimum for Obudu Cattle Ranch] to 40.6°C (maximum for Maiduguri) is therefore suitable for survival and development of these stronglyle eggs to the infective stages at any season in the country.
Beef Production on Rotationally Grazed F1 Pennisetum Hybrid and Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum.) Pastures
Authors: Aken'ova M. E. , Chheda H. R.
Published: March 2021

COMPARATIVE studies of elephant and the F1 hybrids between the ‘maiwa’ Cultivar of millet (Pennisetum americanum) elephant grass (P. purpureum) indicated a superiority in quality of the hybrids. To ascertain this potential superiority animal performance was measured by exciting beef production on F1 Pennisetum hybrid and elephant grass pastures consisting of random mixture of genotype which were grazed from July 28 to December 6. 1972 (132 days) by 18 to 24 months old White Falani (Bunaji) Zebu heifers. Each pasture was divided into Six 0.07- ha paddocks which were grazed in rotation by two heifers for 5 to 7 days with intervening rest periods of 30 to 35 days. Total liveweight gains per hectare, of animals grazing F1 Pennisetum hybrid and elephant grass pastures were 246.71 and 171.77kg respectively. Mean daily liveweight gain per 100 Kg body weight of animals on the F1 Pennisetum hybrid nature was 0.18 kg which was significantly higher than the 0.13 kg of animals grazing elephant grass. Dry matter (DM) utilisation and average daily intake of the F1 hybrids and elephant grass were respectively, 46 and 35% and 2.2 an 2.0% of body weight while 11.71 kg and 15.85 kg of F1 Pennisetum hybrids and elephant grass, respectively, were consumed per kg of liveweight gain. The superior performance of animals grazing F1 hybrid Pennisetum, was attributed to the higher intake and more efficient conversion of the hybrids. Stand mortality of F1 Pennisetum hybrids and elephant grass at the end of the study were 25 and 15%, respectively. Greater animal output can be expected from F1 Pennisetum hybrids selected for improved DM production quality and plant persistence.