bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arm Hypervisor and Trustzone Alternatives
Authors: Zaidenberg Nezer Jacob , Ben Yehuda Raz , Leon Roee Shimon
Published: February 2020

Many scenarios such as DRM, payments, and homeland security require a trusted and verified trusted execution environment (TEE) on ARM. In most cases such TEE should be available in source code mode. The vendor cannot conduct code review and ensure that the operating system is trustworthy unless source code is available. Android and other rich execution environments (REEs) support various TEE implementations. Each TEE implementation has its own unique way of deploying trusted applications and features. Most TEEs in ARM can be started at TrustZone™ or Hyp (Hypervisor) mode. Choosing a proper TEE operating system can be a problem for trusted application developers and hardware vendors. This article discuss the hypervisor vs. TrustZone™ implementation dilemma. Furthermore, the article surveys multiple ARM TrustZone™ TEE solutions and ARM virtualization solutions that are available today with source code. This article allows IoT vendors and SoC manufacturer to select a suitable TEE for their platform needs based on their criteria.
Resisting the “Tyranny of an Expert”
Authors: Morrison Jennifer Adele , Kim Jeong-Hee
Published: February 2020

As more and more universities push for engaged scholarship following Boyer's mandate, it is paramount that faculty and graduate students consider what community-engaged scholarship means in general as well as what it means to develop as reflexive researchers who are fully-engaged partners in the research process, especially when working with Indigenous communities. The purpose of this chapter is to document how a graduate student works on her Bildung of becoming an engaged scholar, fostered by her faculty mentor. In so doing, the researchers aim to affirm Indigenous ways of knowing and researching and further question what it means to be a community-engaged scholar.
Teaching as We Learn
Authors: Lesley Mellinee K. , Smit Julie
Published: February 2020

Increasingly, universities are embracing engaged scholarship as a vehicle for research that is “meaningful” and capable of reaching beyond the walls of academia to bring about a positive impact on society. While this shift toward citizen scholars is taking place philosophically in institutions of higher education across the United States (e.g., Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate), few faculty have experience or training in the implementation of engaged scholarship and are, thus, reticent to both attempt this research paradigm and teach students about it. Given such a conceptual chasm, this chapter examines issues encountered by two faculty while working with graduate students to conduct engaged scholarship and provides observations about mentoring students into this paradigm of research. Through a self-study constructed as a bricolage, insights into mentoring graduate students through processes of building trust, collective discovery, meaningful impact, and publishing are presented.
Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Prajapati Bhavesh B. , Chaubey Nirbhay Kumar
Published: February 2020

Quantum key distribution is an application of quantum cryptography which is based on quantum mechanics and optical physics. The word “quantum” means the smallest particle of matter and energy which inhibits unique special properties to make it different from normal matter. This chapter discusses underlying principles, and operations of quantum mechanics which are used to derive quantum key distribution protocols. This chapter also discusses elementary QKD protocols based on no cloning theorem and EPR correlations. Limitation of quantum key distribution is also discussed with reference to its implementation. Conceptual notes on quantum internet are also given.
Rural Development and the Struggle for Land Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Tshishonga Ndwakhulu Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter investigates the paradox of land reform programme and its quest to address challenges faced by the rural population in post-apartheid South Africa. Land reform was institutionalized in 1994 with the primary intention to redress the injustices caused by colonial-apartheid land dispossession. Despite the land reform's mandate to restore dignity through land tenure, restitution, and land redistribution, the rural population are among the most underdeveloped, disadvantaged, and deprived of the basic services. Failure to address these fundamental issues holistically has made the land reform programme a mockery to those residing in the rural and peripheral areas. The reality is that the rural population depends on land for their livelihoods, food security, and agriculture, and without productive land, these already vulnerable people are further pushed to abject poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment. The chapter is based on secondary information obtained from books and book chapters, accredited journals, and government documentation.
Narrative Strategies in VR Movies, Traditional Movies, and Digital Games
Authors: Zheng Li , Si Mei
Published: February 2020

Virtual reality (VR) movies have gained tremendous attention in recent years, with an increasing amount of experimentations and explorations from researchers and practitioners with various backgrounds. Many VR movies are aimed at providing the audience with a narrative experience, just as in traditional film and digital games. VR movies are a relatively new art form. The audience's experiences in VR movies share many common properties with traditional film and narrative games. On the other hand, VR movies offer a unique way for the audience to view and interact with the content, which differentiates it from other visual and narrative-based digital experiences. In this chapter, the authors review the narrative techniques used in movies and narrative games and present a survey and analysis of whether the techniques can or have been applied to VR movies.
Privacy Concerns in the VR and AR Applications in Creative Cultural Industries
Authors: Kang Yowei , Yang Kenneth C. C.
Published: February 2020

Creative culture industry refers to industries that combine the creation, distribution, production, and commercialization of creative contents in advertising, design, film & video, interactive leisure software, music, publishing, and television and radio. This chapter focuses on the museum sub-sector of the creative cultural industries. These sub-sectors have eagerly embraced digital technologies to promote cultural heritage by transforming their archaeological finds into more immersive creative and cultural contents. However, the pervasive nature of mobile technologies and the heavy reliance on consumers' locational information have caused rising privacy concerns among consumers. This chapter employed a text mining study to explore how potential privacy infringement, as one of the most observable social impacts of mobile-based and location-sensitive AR and VR technologies, is discussed in major media outlets around the world. Discussions and implications conclude the chapter.
Development of Attitudes Towards Assessment and Evaluation Course
Authors: Filiz Bijen
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Brain Breaks® videos on preservice teachers' attitudes towards an Assessment and Evaluation course. The experimental group consisted of 47 preservice teachers of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teacher. The control group consisted of 55 preservice teachers of the Department of Preschool Education. Pre-test-posttest control group experimental method was used. Data were collected using the attitude scale towards Assessment and Evaluation Course in Education. The experimental group watched Brain Breaks® videos and performed physical activity in the Assessment and Evaluation course for 12 weeks. Brain Breaks® videos improved the experimental group participants' cognitive levels and attitudes towards the Assessment and Evaluation course. However, there was a slight negative shift in the control group participants' attitudes towards the Assessment and Evaluation course. Results indicate that Brain Breaks® videos improve students' attitudes towards academic courses.
Physiological Stress against Simulated 200-M and 500-M Sprints in World-Class Boat Paddlers
Authors: Senakham Nutcharee , Punthipayanon Sirichet , Senakham Tanormsak , Sriyabhaya Promjit , Sriramatr Sonthaya , Kuo Chia-Hua
Published: February 2020

To characterize physiological stress response against simulated short-distance sprints among world-class paddlers. Thirteen dragon boat gold medalists performed 200-m and 500-m simulated race trials on a kayak ergometer in a randomized, counter-balanced, crossover fashion. During the 200-m and 500-m sprints, oxygen consumption (VO2) increased from 8.7 to 31.2 ml/kg/min and from 8.0 to 32.7 ml/kg/min within 60 s, respectively. A plateau of 35 ml/kg/min below maximal VO2(VO2max) (39.7 ± 6.3 ml/kg/min) was reached at 75 s during the 500-m sprint. Respiratory exchange ratio dropped from 1.21 ± 0.16 to 1.07 ± 0.12 and 1.28 ± 0.13 to 1.06 ± 0.16 at 45 s, and resurged to 1.17 and 1.28 at the end of 200-m and 500-m sprints with lactate concentration reached 13 ± 2 and 15 ± 2 mM. Aerobic energy contribution to paddling power increases from ~10% for the first 15 s to ~80% for the last 15 s during the 500-m trial. Postexercise plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased by 376% and 543% above baseline after 200-m and 500-m trials (P < 0.001, between trials), respectively, followed by quick returns to baseline in 30 min (P < 0.001). Increased plasma creatine kinase (+48%) was observed only after the 500-m trial (P < 0.001, between trials), not 200-m trial. Our data suggest that muscle damage occurred only when maximal sprinting exceeding 2 min, highlighting an importance of volume than intensity on exercise-induced muscle damage.
Modeling dust sources, transport, and radiative effects at different altitudes over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hu Zhiyuan , Huang Jianping , Zhao Chun , Jin Qinjian , Ma Yuanyuan , Yang Ben
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Mineral dust plays an important role in the climate of the Tibetan Plateau
(TP) by modifying the radiation budget, cloud macro- and microphysics,
precipitation, and snow albedo. Meanwhile, the TP, with the highest
topography in the world, can affect intercontinental transport of dust plumes
and induce typical distribution characteristics of dust at different
altitudes. In this study, we conduct a quasi-global simulation to
investigate the characteristics of dust source contribution and transport
over the TP at different altitudes by using a fully coupled
meteorology–chemistry model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem), with a tracer-tagging technique.
Generally, the simulation reasonably captures the spatial distribution of
satellite-retrieved dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) at different altitudes.
Model results show that dust particles are emitted into atmosphere through
updrafts over major desert regions and then transported to the TP. The East
Asian dust (mainly from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts) is transported southward
and is lifted up to the TP, contributing a mass loading of 50 mg m−2 at a height of
3 km and 5 mg m−2 at a height of 12 km over the northern slope of the
TP. Dust from North Africa and the Middle East are concentrated over both of the
northern and southern slopes below 6 km, where mass loadings range from 10
to 100 and 1 to 10 mg m−2 below 3 km and above 9 km,
respectively. As the dust is transported to the north and over the TP, mass
loadings are 5–10 mg m−2 above a height of 6 km. The dust mass flux carried from East Asia to the TP is 7.9 Tg yr−1, mostly
occurring at heights of 3–6 km. The dust particles from North Africa and the Middle East are transported eastward following the westerly jet and then
are carried into the TP at the west side with dust mass fluxes of 7.8 and 26.6 Tg yr−1, respectively. The maximum mass flux of the North African dust
mainly occurs at 0–3 km (3.9 Tg yr−1), while the Middle Eastern dust occurs at 6–9 km
(12.3 Tg yr−1). The dust outflow occurs on the east side (−17.89 Tg yr−1) and
south side (−11.22 Tg yr−1) of the TP, with a peak value (8.7 Tg yr−1) at
6–9 km. Moreover, the dust (by mass) is concentrated within the size range of
1.25–5.0 µm and the dust (by particle number) is concentrated in the size
range of 0.156–1.25 µm. Compared with other aerosols, the dust contributes to more than 50 % of the total AOD over the TP. The direct
radiative forcing induced by the dust is −1.28 W m−2 at the top of the
atmosphere (cooling), 0.41 W m−2 in the atmosphere (warming), and −1.68 W m−2 at the surface (cooling). Our quantitative analyses of the dust
contributions from different source regions and the associated radiative
forcing can help us to better understand the role of dust on the climate over the
TP and surrounding regions.
The challenge of simulating the sensitivity of the Amazonian cloud microstructure to cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations
Authors: Polonik Pascal , Knote Christoph , Zinner Tobias , Ewald Florian , Kölling Tobias , Mayer Bernhard , Andreae Meinrat O. , Jurkat-Witschas Tina , Klimach Thomas , Mahnke Christoph , Molleker Sergej , Pöhlker Christopher , Pöhlker Mira L. , Pöschl Ulrich , Rosenfeld Daniel , Voigt Christiane , Weigel Ralf , Wendisch Manfred
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The realistic representation of aerosol–cloud interactions is of primary
importance for accurate climate model projections. The investigation of these interactions in strongly contrasting clean and polluted atmospheric conditions
in the Amazon region has been one of the motivations for several field
campaigns, including the airborne “Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems–Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) (ACRIDICON-CHUVA)” campaign based in Manaus, Brazil, in September 2014.
In this work we combine in situ and remotely sensed aerosol, cloud, and
atmospheric radiation data collected during ACRIDICON-CHUVA with regional,
online-coupled chemistry-transport simulations to evaluate the model's ability
to represent the indirect effects of biomass burning aerosol on cloud
microphysical and optical properties (droplet number concentration and effective radius). We found agreement between the modeled and observed median cloud droplet number
concentration (CDNC) for low values of CDNC, i.e., low levels of pollution. In
general, a linear relationship between modeled and observed CDNC with a slope
of 0.3 was found, which implies a systematic underestimation of modeled CDNC
when compared to measurements. Variability in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
number concentrations was also underestimated, and cloud droplet effective radii
(reff) were overestimated by the model. Modeled effective radius
profiles began to saturate around 500 CCN cm−3 at cloud base,
indicating an upper limit for the model sensitivity well below CCN
concentrations reached during the burning season in the Amazon Basin. Additional
CCN emitted from local fires did not cause a notable change in modeled cloud
droplet effective radii. Finally, we also evaluate a parameterization of CDNC at
cloud base using more readily available cloud microphysical properties, showing
that we are able to derive CDNC at cloud base from cloud-side remote-sensing
observations.
Ice Crystal Characterization in Cirrus Clouds II: Radiometric Characterization of HaloCam for the Quantitative Analysis of Halo Displays
Authors: Forster Linda , Seefeldner Meinhard , Baumgartner Andreas , Kölling Tobias , Mayer Bernhard
Published: February 2020

Abstract. This study presents the weather-proof RGB camera HaloCam_RAW, which is part of the automated halo observation system HaloCam and designed for the quantitative analysis of halo displays. We present a procedure for both the geometric and absolute radiometric characterization of HaloCam_RAW and demonstrate its application in a case study. The geometric calibration was performed using a chessboard pattern to estimate camera matrix and distortion coefficients. For the radiometric characterization of HaloCam_RAW, dark signal and vignetting effect were determined to correct the measured signal. Furthermore, the spectral response of the RGB sensor and the linearity of its radiometric response were characterized. The absolute radiometric response was determined by cross-calibrating HaloCam_RAW against the completely characterized specMACS imager. For a typical measurement signal the relative (absolute) radiometric uncertainty amounts to 2.8 % (5.0 %), 2.4 % (5.8 %), and 3.3 % (11.8 %) for the Red, Green, and Blue channel, respectively. The absolute radiometric uncertainty estimate is larger mainly due to the inhomogeneity of the scene used for cross-calibration and the absolute radiometric uncertainty of specMACS. Geometric and radiometric characterization of HaloCam_RAW were applied to a scene with a 22° halo observed on 21 April 2016. The observed radiance distribution and 22° halo ratio compared well with radiative transfer simulations assuming a range of ice crystal habits and surface roughness. This application demonstrates the potential of developing a retrieval method for ice crystal properties, such as ice crystal size, shape and surface roughness using calibrated HaloCam_RAW observations together with radiative transfer simulations.
JULES-GL7: the Global Land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 7.0 and 7.2
Authors: Wiltshire Andrew J. , Duran Rojas Maria Carolina , Edwards John M. , Gedney Nicola , Harper Anna B. , Hartley Andrew J. , Hendry Margaret A. , Robertson Eddy , Smout-Day Kerry
Published: February 2020

Abstract. We present the latest global land configuration of the Joint UK Land
Environment Simulator (JULES) model as used in the latest international
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The configuration is defined
by the combination of switches, parameter values and ancillary data, which
we provide alongside a set of historical forcing data that defines the
experimental setup. The configurations provided are JULES-GL7.0, the base
setup used in CMIP6 and JULES-GL7.2, a subversion that includes improvements
to the representation of canopy radiation and interception. These
configurations are recommended for all JULES applications focused on the
exchange and state of heat, water and momentum at the land surface. In addition, we provide a standardised modelling system that runs on the
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) JASMIN cluster, accessible to all JULES users. This is provided so that
users can test and evaluate their own science against the standard
configuration to promote community engagement in the development of land
surface modelling capability through JULES. It is intended that JULES
configurations should be independent of the underlying code base, and thus
they will be available in the latest release of the JULES code. This means
that different code releases will produce scientifically comparable results
for a given configuration version. Versioning is therefore determined by the
configuration as opposed to the underlying code base.
SAMPLING METHOD ANALYSIS AND QUALITY EVALUATION STRATEGY FOR REMOTE SENSING BIG DATA
Authors: Dang Y. , Zhang J. X. , Zhang P. C. , Luo F. J. , Bai J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Under the background of the increasingly unified management of natural resources, remote sensing big-data will become the main data source to support a number of major projects. How to sample the natural resources results efficiently and reliably in the process of quality evaluation is always a research hotspot when it comes to the natural resources results involving remote sensing big-data. A sequential quality evaluation model based on root mean square error (RMSprop) optimization algorithm is constructed by theoretical analysis with an numerical experiments to validate the effectiveness of this method.
OVERVIEW OF CHINESE AND AMERICAN MARINE AIRBORNE LIDAR
Authors: Tan Y. Z. , Zhou G. Q. , Zhou X. , Wei J. D. , Chen J. L. , Hu H. C.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. As one of the most popular surveillance technologies in the 21st century, Lidar is applied in commercial, military and civilian applications. paper mainly introduces the development process of Chinese and American marine lidar detection technology, compares the hardware technical parameters of marine airborne laser lidar between China and the United States, and summarizes China's current airborne lidar detection technology and developed countries. Find the gap between developed countries. It introduces the most important application of this technology, and its contribution to the development of science and technology. Finally, summarize the various problems encountered in the development of the technology, analyse the reasons, and look forward to the future development trend.
RESEARCH ON IMPROVED REGION GROWING POINT CLOUD ALGORITHM
Authors: Kang C. L. , Wang F. , Zong M. M. , Cheng Y. , Lu T. N.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The effective segmentation of point clouds is a prerequisite for surface reconstruction, blind spot repair, and so on. Among them, regional growth is widely used due to its simple and easy to implement algorithm. However, the traditional regional growth segmentation algorithm often causes problems such as over-segmentation or voiding of the segmentation result due to the instability of the local features of the point cloud or the unreasonable selection of the initial seed nodes. In view of the above shortcomings, this paper proposes an improved region growing point cloud algorithm. Firstly, by calculating the Gaussian curvature and the average curvature of the point cloud data and sorting them, and setting the minimum curvature point as the seed node, the total number of clusters is reduced, and the quality of the classification result is improved. Secondly, the growth of the point cloud region growth criterion is determined by combining the normal angles. Finally, according to the shape characteristics of the point cloud and the preliminary segmentation results, each threshold is adjusted and determined, and the segmentation result is optimized.The experimental results show that compared with the traditional regional growth segmentation algorithm, this method can not only reduce the total number of segmentation regions, but also segment the point cloud data quickly and effectively, and solve the segmentation result caused by the traditional region growth point cloud segmentation method. Problems such as stability improve the accuracy and stability of point cloud segmentation.
INTELLIGENT SERVICE PUSH METHOD BASED ON ACTIVE GEOGRAPHIC PERCEPTION
Authors: Jiang J. W. , Li J. W. , Wei J. S. , Su Z. P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In view of the lack of consideration of user behavior motives in traditional personalized precision service systems, the accuracy of service content is not high.In order to solve this problem, research on personalized accurate service push method based on active geographic perception. By constructing a geographic feature information model, get the characteristics of the user's destination in real time, and then infer the user's behavioral motivation. Focusing on active geographic awareness technology and personalized precision service methods, the concept, principle, process and key technologies of active geographic sensing are studied, determined the main research content of active geographic perception and the relationship. Then analyze and discuss the construction method of active geographic awareness architecture, developed a geographic feature content system and studied its extraction and weight calculation methods. By the way, according to the characteristics of active geo-sensing, an active awareness API conforming to high efficiency and real-time is designed. Then explored the personalized accurate service push method based on active geographic perception,designed three processes of geographic awareness, service retrieval and service push, a service retrieval and delivery method is proposed. Finally, a personalized precise service system based on active geographical perception is designed. By adding geographic features to the personalized precision service, it can make up for the lack of service personalization and lack of precision caused by ignoring user motivation, which provides a new idea for more accurate and personalized service push.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBSIDENCE MONITORING OF RECLAMATION AREA BASED ON TS-INSAR TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Ren C. , Shi X. J. , Zhou L. , Huang Y. L. , Liang Y. J. , Zhu Z. L. , Li X. G.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. This study used the Time Series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (TS-InSAR) technology and the ENVISAT ASAR dataset obtained between 2007 and 2010 and the Sentinel-1A dataset from 2017 to 2019 to determine the subsidence in the Shenzhen reclamation area, and used ASTER GDEM V2 to remove the phase jump caused by spectral decorrelation between bursts. Based on the time series of land subsidence of the reclamation area, a three-dimensional subsidence model of the reclamation area was established. By comparing and analyzing the subsidence results of two sets of satellite time series in the reclamation area, the temporal and spatial evolution of land subsidence and the cause of land subsidence in the reclamation area were analyzed. The results show that the test results of time series ENVISAT ASAR and Sentinel-1A have good continuity in subsidence spatialtemporal variation: From 2007 to 2010, the land subsidence in most areas of Shenzhen reclamation area is relatively stable, and the area where subsidence occurs is mainly distributed in Baoan District, the maximum subsidence rate in Baoan District is −23.12 mm/year. From 2017 to 2019, land subsidence in the reclamation area showed a tendency to spread and spread from west to east. The subsidence characteristics of Nanshan District are the most obvious, and the maximum subsidence rate is −17.52 mm/year.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF PM2.5 CONCENTRATION IN CHINA FROM 1998 TO 2016 AND ITS RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Zhang H. Z. , Chen J. J. , Zhao X. N. , Liu J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. China's economy has experienced rapid development in the past few decades, and economic development has also brought serious pollution problems, which has attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. Based on the data of global PM2.5 remote sensing products and China's economic development from 1998 to 2016, the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 concentration in China from 1998 to 2016 were analyzed, and the response of PM2.5 concentration in China to economic development was studied. The results showed that the average annual PM2.5 concentration in 1998–2016 showed the spatial distribution characteristics of high in the East and low in the west; during 1998–2016, PM2.5 increased significantly in most regions, but decreased significantly in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, while PM2.5 did not change significantly in some parts of the central region; during 1998–2007, PM2.5 concentration in most regions of China experienced rapid economic development. The concentration of PM2.5 in a few areas such as Inner Mongolia decreased significantly, while that in Yunnan, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia did not change significantly. During the 10 years of economic slowdown in China (2008–2016), the downward trend of PM2.5 concentration in China was expanding. The concentration of PM2.5 in the central and southern regions decreased or did not change significantly, except in the northwest and a few northeast regions. The change of PM2.5 concentration responds obviously to economic development, but the response of different regional economic development to the change of PM2.5 concentration is different.
CONSTRUCTION OF SMART COMMUNITY BASED ON GIS AND TILT PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Dou S. Q. , Ding S. Y.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. As a component of smart city, smart community is the community form in the information age. With people's higher pursuit of living environment, safety, convenience and other intelligent aspects, the construction of smart community continues to accelerate. However, there are still some problems such as uneven community safety management level, data island, insufficient quality service projects and lack of participation of residents. This paper studies and practices the construction of smart community based on GIS and tilt photogrammetry. The smart community uses tilt photogrammetry technology to restore the real scene of the community as the data source. The core work of field data acquisition, 3D model construction and monomer modelling of the real scene is carried out. Then, the smart community web terminal is built based on Cesium.js and Vue.js framework, and the mobile terminal is developed by using WeChat applet. The experiment shows that this system can build a communication bridge between managers and users, and it is convenient for property management personnel to carry out accurate positioning verification, inspection, maintenance and timely feedback of community events on the information reported by users in real time. The whole smart community system can provide intelligent and convenient conditions for residents of the community, It can improve the existing management level of the community and provide the valuable technical reference for the current construction of smart communities.
Pan-Antarctic map of near-surface permafrost temperatures at 1 km2 scale
Authors: Obu Jaroslav , Westermann Sebastian , Vieira Gonçalo , Abramov Andrey , Balks Megan Ruby , Bartsch Annett , Hrbáček Filip , Kääb Andreas , Ramos Miguel
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Permafrost is present within almost all of the Antarctic's ice-free areas,
but little is known about spatial variations in permafrost temperatures
except for a few areas with established ground temperature measurements. We
modelled a temperature at the top of the permafrost (TTOP) for all the
ice-free areas of the Antarctic mainland and Antarctic islands at 1 km2
resolution during 2000–2017. The model was driven by remotely sensed land
surface temperatures and downscaled ERA-Interim climate reanalysis data, and
subgrid permafrost variability was simulated by variable snow cover. The
results were validated against in situ-measured ground temperatures from 40
permafrost boreholes, and the resulting root-mean-square error was
1.9 ∘C. The lowest near-surface permafrost temperature of
−36 ∘C was modelled at Mount Markham in the Queen Elizabeth Range in
the Transantarctic Mountains. This is the lowest permafrost temperature on
Earth, according to global-scale modelling results. The temperatures were
most commonly modelled between −23 and −18 ∘C for mountainous
areas rising above the Antarctic Ice Sheet and between −14 and −8 ∘C for coastal areas. The model performance was good where snow
conditions were modelled realistically, but errors of up to 4 ∘C
occurred at sites with strong wind-driven redistribution of snow.
A Comparative Study of Cultural Values in Chinese and American Parenting Reflected in The Joy Luck Club
Authors: Wu Bao-qin , Afzaal Muhammad , Ghaffar Abdul , Naqvi Swaleha Bano
Published: February 2020

Education plays a pivotal role in a country’s progress and rejuvenation. As the most basic and vital stage in education, parenting exerts an invaluable role in supporting the progress of children. Under the influence of production mode, geographical environment, national policy and other factors, education in different countries takes on a unique and distinguishable character in correspondence with its cultural and geographical contexts. China and America are two prominent countries on the world map which represent, in many ways, divergent national culture models. Taking Strodtbeck and Kluckhohn’s theory of cultural values combined with Hofstede’s national culture model as the theoretical framework, and the novel The Joy Luck Club as data, the study investigates differences in Chinese and American parenting in terms of cultural values from the perspectives of humankind and nature, time orientation, activity orientation and social relationships. Comparing the two styles of parenting, the study argues that Chinese parenting is distinguishable from American parenting in many aspects, including parenting idea, parenting content and parenting method. Adopting a monitoring role, the Chinese parents foreground criticism in parenting, whereas American parents tend to prefer encouragement as the cornerstone of their parenting style, demonstrating a democratic approach and magnanimity towards their children.
Analysis of Consumer Demand and Preference for Rabbit Meat in Benin
Authors: Adanguidi Jean
Published: February 2020

The demand for rabbit meat exists and would only be satisfied at 50% and the holiday periods often have quite high demands. This demand is growing rapidly as it is increasingly valued by Beninese with modest incomes in search of dietary diversification and limiting cholesterol average. Rabbits are sold at a relatively high price in the Ouémé/Plateau region compared to other regions of the country, due to the higher demand there. Rabbits produced in South Benin are relatively more competitive compared to imported rabbit meat. Consumers of rabbit meat are mainly active civil servants (50% of cases) and low-income individuals. These consumers believe that locally produced rabbit is of very good quality and tastes very good.
Preoperative imaging study in assessment of hazard to Internal Carotid Arteries injury during endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery
Authors: Berger Greta , Łukaszewicz Adam , Grinevych Vitalii , Tarasów Edward , Milewska Anna  Justyna
Published: February 2020

In endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal procedures, ICA injury occurs up to 3.8%[8]. The highest hazard of injury is in case of contact between the ICA and pituitary gland, during opening of the dura. Preoperative imaging ie. CTA, MRA supports objectively intraoperative techniques of imaging. CTA as well as MRA are essential to access anatomic details in variability of cavernous segment of ICA (C4 ICA). The aim of the study was to measure the space between the pituitary gland and ICA on both sides. Anatomic relations between left and right ICAs were accessed on CTA ( coronal scans) at levels:A- the most concave point of the C4-C5 bend;B- at the most convex point of the C4 bend;C- at the C4 posterior ascending portion. Distances between pituitary gland and ICAs were measured on both sides on MRA (axial scans):A'- at the most concave point of C4-C5 bend;B'- the most convex point of the C4 bend.The Statistica 13 (StatSoft) software was used for the statistical analysis. The Mann Whitney U test was applied to determine differences between the quantitative variables, Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The results were considered statistically significant at the level of p<0,05. Distance reduction was shown between pituitary glands and cavernous segment (C4) of ICAs on both sides, which is related to age. This has impact on surgical planning and highlights the risk of ICAs intraoperative injury.
The contribution of modern 24-hour society to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of insufficient sleep
Authors: Karthikeyan Ramanujam , Spence David Warren , Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R
Published: February 2020

Epidemiological studies since 1980 have shown significant increases in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The public health burden generated by the growing prevalence of T2DM, which, in its fully developed form, is a lifelong illness, has been associated with further social and economic costs in affected countries. Recent studies have suggested that chronic sleep insufficiency or disrupted or poor quality sleep could contribute to the development of T2DM. Although many research findings have now shown that sleep plays a key role in glucose metabolism, the full implications of these findings have not been translated into clinical programs for improving patients' sleep quality as a means for addressing the treatment of T2DM. The purpose of this brief overview is to focus on the clinical significance of sleep in the onset and treatment of T2DM. We suggest here that physician education should emphasize the importance of sufficient sleep for overall health, including the management of T2DM, and that steps should be taken to incorporate this perspective into clinical practice. The promotion of sleep hygiene techniques as a clinical intervention could improve the regulation of glucose metabolism and thus the longevity of T2DM patients. Moreover, it may prevent secondary complications accruing from the illness and consequently reduce the significant medical costs of treating T2DM patients.
Predicting the night-to-night variability in the severity of obstructive sleep apnea: the case of the standard error of measurement
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Duran-Cantolla Joaquin , Almeida Gabriela Zamora , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan
Published: February 2020

Study objectives Night-to-night variability in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) may affect the accuracy of the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and treatment selection. This study was conducted to assess the utility of the standard error of measurement (SEM) in predicting the night-to-night variability in the OSA.

Methods Ninety nine patients underwent a 3-consecutive nights of sleep monitoring with a validated home portable monitoring devise (BTI-APNiA, BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain). The night-to-night variability in apnea- and hypopnea-related measures and blood desaturation were assessed. The agreement between the three nights was also assessed. The SEM and the AHI of the first night were used to calculate a range for the severity of the OSA. This range was then challenged to predict the most frequent OSA severity, the OSA severity in nights 2 and 3, and the OSA severity in the three nights.

Results Ninety nine patients (mean age: 56±14 years) participated in the study. The mean body mass index was 25.4±4.0 Kg/m2 and the mean score of Epworth questionnaire was 8±5. The AHI of the first, second and third nights were 13.96±13.46, 13.76±12.76 and 13.52±12.91 events/h, respectively. The night-to-night variability in the AHI and the sleep time in supine position over the three nights were not statistically significant. However, the differences in the severity of the OSA was statistically significant (range of agreement in the diagnosis: 41.7%-83.3%). The standard error of measurement (SEM) considering the AHI was 4.64 events/h.. The SEM was efficient in predicting the most frequent OSA severity (among the three nights) in more than 96% of the cases.

Conclusions The night-to-night variability in the AHI might affect the diagnosis of OSA. The use of standard error of measurement and the AHI of one single night would be of interest to predict the night-to-night variability in the severity of OSA.
Age-dependent influence of gender on symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in adults
Authors: Forcelini Cassiano Mateus , Buligon Camilla Müller , Costa Gabriel Juan Kettenhuber , Petter Gabrielle do Canto , Scapin Henrique Perosa , Augustin Igor Alexander , Dal-Piva Larissa Daiane Michelon , Durgante Raquel Erbice , Lorenzoni Vinícius Paz
Published: February 2020

Objective Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is linked to classical symptoms of snoring and excessive sleepiness. However, many women with OSA may present with a diverse profile. The influence of age on the clinical differences between genders is unclear. This survey aimed to compare the clinical and polysomnographic findings of OSA between adult males and females, but considering different age groups.

Methods This cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 472 consecutive adult patients with OSA who underwent full-night polysomnography. Data from the medical and polysomnographic records was obtained, as well as the score on Portuguese validated version of the Epwoth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Comparisons of main clinical aspects of OSA between genders were stratified according to three groups: young (< 30 years old), middle-aged (30 - 50 y.o.), and older patients (> 50 y.o.).

Results Men comprised the majority of the sample (male/female ratio of 1.6). Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) was higher in men than women (median [interquartile range]: 29.7 [18.1-47.8] vs. 21.9 [11.5-36.1]; p < 0.0001), and body mass index alike (mean ± standard deviation: 29.0±4.9 vs. 27.6±5.2; p = 0.004). Snoring was more common in male than in female patients (92% vs. 84.7%; p = 0.015). In the subset of subjects younger than 30 years-old the differences between genders were prominent (male/female; AHI: 19.6 [13.1-28.1] vs. 11.8 [7.7-18.8], p = 0.012; sno ring: 89.7% vs. 55.2%, p = 0.007), accompanied by a trend to lower score in ESS in male patients (7.1 ± 4.3 vs. 9.2 ± 4.3; p = 0.066).

Discussion Results suggest that a classical clinical picture of snoring and severe daytime sleepiness is lacking in a considerable proportion of OSA sufferers, particularly young women, who tend to be sleepier than male patients. The awareness of OSA in young women should be based more in mild excessive daily sleepiness than in other typical OSA symptoms.
Nightmare frequency and nightmare distress: Socio-demographic and personality factors
Authors: Schredl Michael , Goeritz Anja S.
Published: February 2020

The diagnosis of a nightmare disorder is based on clinically significant distress caused by the nightmares, e.g., sleep or mood disturbances. In order to understand nightmare etiology better empirical research should focus on studying factors that affect nightmare distress in addition to nightmare frequency. Overall, 2492 persons (1437 woman, 1055 men) completed the online survey. Nightmare frequency, global nightmare distress, and personality traits were measured. The findings indicate that in addition to nightmare frequency heightened emotional reactivity measured as neuroticism contribute to global nightmare distress and, thus, supporting the neurocognitive model of Levin and Nielsen (2007). Moreover, the recurring nightmares that relate to a waking-life event were associated with higher nightmare distress. From a clinical viewpoint, it would be desirable to carry out similar surveys using diagnostic interviews in order to determine the presence of a nightmare disorder and study the variables that are related to that diagnosis.
La Incorporación de la Ética Animal al Derecho
Authors: Serra Palao Pablo
Published: February 2020

Este trabajo tiene por objeto principal el análisis de la normativa que más afecta a la situación de los animales utilizados por el ser humano, en concreto en el sector de la ganadería industrial. Asimismo, el fundamento filosófico de la ética animal podrá ayudar a llegar a la conclusión de que la evolución hacia una sociedad más justa debe llevar aparejada, necesariamente, la supresión de una serie de prácticas que causan un enorme sufrimiento a los animales. Las medidas proteccionistas de su bienestar son insuficientes para tomar realmente en consideración sus propios intereses, puesto que perpetúan la utilización del resto de animales para nuestro beneficio. De esta manera, se presenta como una posibilidad a largo plazo el reflejo en el derecho de la abolición de todo tipo de explotación animal.

The main aim of this work is to analyse the legislation that most affects the situation of animals used by humans, particularly in the industrial livestock sector. Furthermore, the philosophical basis of animal ethics may help to conclude that the evolution towards a fairer society must necessarily lead to the elimination of a number of practices that cause enormous suffering to animals. Protectionist measures for their welfare are insufficient to really take their own interests into account, as they perpetuate the use of other animals for our benefit. In this way, the reflection in the law of the abolition of all forms of animal exploitation is presented as a long-term possibility.
Las construcciones de indefinición y el rol del contexto
Authors: Ruiz Velasco D. Liliana
Published: February 2020

En trabajos previos hemos venido planteando la existencia de una construcción indefinida con dar la gana. En este trabajo abordamos la relación que guarda con el contexto. Para ello partimos de la teoría de la construccionalización, como un proceso de cambio lingüístico y en lo particular aquel vinculado a la gramaticalización. En este sentido diversos trabajos (Heine, 2002; Diewald, 2006) han resaltado el rol del contexto. Se plantea que el significado de indefinición surge desde la construcción más antigua dar gana y con la construcción dar la gana se verifica su carácter polisémico por el que en algunos contextos pasa a primer plano un significado volitivo mientras que en otros es el significado de indefinición.

Previous work has shown the existence of an indefinite construction with dar la gana. The present paper deals with the relationship that this construction keeps with context. The point of departure is constructionalization theory, as a process of linguistic change, particularly the process of grammaticalization. Several authors (Heine, 2002; Diewald, 2006) have emphasized the role of context. It is shown that indefiniteness meaning appears with the older construction dar gana, while with dar la gana we found a polysemous meaning according to the context: in some contexts the volitional reading comes to the front while in others it is the indefinite reading.
Comparative Study of the Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Spondias mombin Leaves and Curcuma longa Rhizomes on Serum Lipid Profile and Electrolytes in Alloxan Induced Diabetes in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Friday Saronee , Ojeka Sunday O. , Amadi Okekem , Ilochi Ogadinma N. , Dapper Datonye V.
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases; the possible uses of Spondias mombin and Curcuma longa rhizomes for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders have become prevalent in our environment.

Aim: The present study attempts a Comparative assessment of the effects of methanolic extracts of Spondias mombin leaves and Curcuma longa rhizomes on serum lipid profile and electrolytes in alloxan induced diabetes in male wistar rats.

Methodology: 90 male wistar rats were randomly divided into 9 groups of 10 rats each. Diabetes was induced intraperitonially using alloxan at 200 mg/kg-bw. The different rat Groups were treated with extracts and glibenclamide orally for 42 days as follows: Group 1: untreated non diabetic; Group 2: untreated diabetic; Group 3: diabetic + low dose Spondias mombin; Group 4: diabetic + high dose Spondias mombin; Group 5: diabetic + low dose Curcuma longa; Group 6: diabetic + high dose Curcuma longa; Group 7: diabetic + low dose combined Spondias mombin and Curcuma longa; Group 8: diabetic + high dose combined Spondias mombin and Curcuma longa; and Group 9; diabetic + glibenclamide. Blood was collected on day 43 by cardiac puncture for determination of serum lipid profile and electrolytes.

Results: Compared to Group 2, total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and electrolytes were significantly reduced while high density lipoprotein was significantly increased in all treated Groups (p<0.05). Compared to Groups 3 to 6, Groups 7 and 8 rats showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein as well as electrolytes (p<0.05): however, high density lipoprotein was significantly increased (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Spondias mombin showed better hypolipidemic effects compared to Curcuma longa.  However, results show that combined treatment with both extracts had better hypolipidemic effects than administration of individual extracts. Further research is recommended to evaluate the possible mechanism of action of these extract.