bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Architecture of Justice: Dan Kiley’s Design for the Nuremberg Trials
Authors: Somos Mark , Gostwyck-Lewis Morgan
Published: June 2019

Courtroom 600 in the Nuremberg Palace of Justice is one of the most iconic sites in the history of international criminal law. Yet the extensive literature on Courtroom 600 neglects the original 1945 drawings by the architect Dan Kiley, now in the archives of the Harvard Design School. This article revises our understanding of Courtroom 600 in light of these drawings. Among other findings it argues that Kiley, rather than Jackson or the Office of Strategic Services, was the main source of design decisions; that the secondary literature overemphasises film at the expense of architecture; and that the design of both Courtroom 600 and the entire reconstruction of the Palace of Justice offer valuable insights into this key moment in the history of international law.
Humanitarian Military Action in the 21st Century: Three Trends Shaping the Contemporary Landscape
Authors: Everett Andrea L.
Published: June 2019

The practice of humanitarian military action has changed markedly in the 21st century when compared with the 1990s. This essay explores three broad trends that have shaped this evolution. First, the UN has adopted the protection of civilians as a central element of its agenda and as a guiding principle for reforming its peace operations and its responses to atrocities such as genocide and ethnic cleansing. Second, major powers have played a central role as belligerents or patrons of belligerents in many of the worst conflicts of the last two decades. And third, the wealthy Western states with the greatest resources and military capabilities for ambitious humanitarian operations have substantially reduced their direct contributions to these missions. Together, these developments have shifted the balance of responsibility and effort for humanitarian military operations toward the UN and developing countries; constrained the ambitions of these missions; limited what they can accomplish and contributed to gaps between the expectations they create and the protection they are able to deliver; and discouraged meaningful action in response to many of the century’s most devastating conflicts.
Iraq (1991, 2003 and 2014), Normative Debates on Human Protection, and the Role Played by France
Authors: Staunton Eglantine
Published: June 2019

Since the end of the Cold War, Iraq has faced three international interventions. While their humanitarian component was a secondary – and at times, arguable – factor, they all played a central role in normative debates on the extent to which states should protect populations from mass atrocities beyond their borders (and what that actually entails), making Iraq a central piece of the human protection puzzle. In addition to analysing how Iraq’s fate has played a key part in the development of human protection over the years, the article argues that France had a central role in both the interventions and the normative debates they generated, and investigates its role in depth. By doing so, it deepens our understanding of human protection, France’s foreign policy and Iraq’s development.
UN General Assembly Dialogues on the Responsibility to Protect and the Use of Force for Humanitarian Purposes
Authors: Ercan Pınar Gözen
Published: June 2019

Bringing into focus the two formal debates on the Responsibility to Protect that took place in 2009 and 2018, this article identifies the approaches of member states towards the humanitarian use of force by locating it in the UN’s deliberations on R2P. To this end, the article compares and contrasts country statements in order to trace states’ general approach towards humanitarian intervention on the basis of their reflections on R2P. Following from this, the article examines whether or not states’ approaches to humanitarian intervention have been transforming in the twenty-first century, and evaluates how the humanitarian use of force is perceived in relation to the R2P framework that was embraced by the member states of the UN General Assembly in 2005, and how this affects the future of R2P.
Unintended Consequences of the Primacy of Politics in UN Peace Operations
Authors: Gauslå Engell Troels , Lindskov Jacobsen Katja
Published: June 2019

The trend towards a more robust use of force in UN peacekeeping operations has received considerable attention from scholars pointing to the risk of unintended consequences. Since the report of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations, the primacy of politics is expected from all UN peace operations. The unintended consequences stemming from this primacy of politics has received considerably less attention, especially in the context of the UN’s political missions. Through an analysis of the UN’s engagement with the crisis in Burundi in 2015–2016, the article shows how the UN’s political role was implemented in a specific case. The case demonstrates that unintended consequences from the primacy of politics have overlaps with those related to robust peacekeeping, but also differ on important aspects.
World Literatures, Cosmopolitan Publics
Authors: Szurmuk Mónica , Degiovanni Fernando
Published: June 2019

In this article we use the rich sources provided by the press coverage of the 1936 Congress of the PEN Club in Buenos Aires to examine international interactions around literature in times of violence and censorship. We contend that the Congress allows for a reading of the different worlds of literature beyond the traditional categories of text, reader, writer and critic. Our study moves away from canonical authors and literature as an institution to focus on World Literature as a form of experience. We focus on the producers and consumers of literature as embodied multilingual presences and thereby provide a more nuanced understanding of World Literature. Bruce Robbins’s notion of “cosmopolitanisms from below” allows us to rethink the notion of World Literature within the framework of a “lived” cosmopolitanism deployed at a time of political danger.
Correct citation and lectotype designation for the name Iberis carica (Brassicaceae)
Authors: ÇITAK BURCU YILMAZ , CRESPO MANUEL B.
Published: June 2019

The name Iberis carica (Brassicaceae) applies to an endemic annual species growing in southwestern Turkey. A lectotype is selected among syntypes cited in the protologue. Furthermore, the correct authorship citation of that name at both subspecific and specific ranks is discussed.
DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYTA) FROM ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES AND SEDIMENTS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA OFF YUCATAN, MEXICO
Authors: LÓPEZ-FUERTE FRANCISCO OMAR , SIQUEIROS-BELTRONES DAVID A. , VELEVA LUCIEN
Published: June 2019

We provide a floristic and iconographic reference of benthic marine diatom taxa growing on various artificial substrate plates: fiber-glass, stainless steel, aluminum and copper, afixed to a subtidal beach, as well as of diatoms from the adjacent sediments. The sampling site is located 10 km off the beach of Puerto de Telchac, Yucatan, Mexico. The floristic survey comprises 161 diatom taxa, species and varieties, with six new records for Mexican waters with taxonomic, nomenclatural, and updated bibliographic information for each taxon. Twenty-five taxa were identified solely to genus level. The number of species per substrate was: fiberglass 102, sediments 76, aluminum 51, stainless steel 14, and copper 10. The resulting catalog gathers 267 images, with 137 scanning electron micrographs and 135 light micrographs. Fiber-glass plates showed the highest similarity to natural substrate, at 70% of the total taxa, while copper harbored only 6%.
A new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus Cnemaspis Strauch 1887) from the border region of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: GRISMER L. LEE , ONN CHAN KIN , NASIR NUROLHUDA , SUMONTHA MONTRI
Published: June 2019

A new species of karst dwelling gecko, Cnemaspis biocellata sp. nov. is described from the border region in the Satun Province of southern Thailand and the state of Perlis in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Cnemaspis biocellata sp. nov. is differentiated from all other species of Southeast Asian Cnemaspis by having a maximum SVL of 40.1 mm; 6–10 supralabials; 5–7 infralabials; weakly keeled scales on anterior portion of forearm; smooth ventral scales; no femoral pores; 8–12 precloacal pores; smooth subcaudals with an enlarged median row; one or two cloacal tubercles; 29–37 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; no dark bands encircling tail; two distinct, white, well defined, occipital ocelli; a black occipital band bordering a series of closely spaced, large, white to yellow spots which form a nuchal band and a small, black shoulder patch enclosing a single white to yellow ocellus. This species is restricted to the karst formations of the Nakawan Range spanning the Thai-Malaysian border and has been misidentified as C. siamensis by previous authors.
Robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of South Korea. Parts VI–VIII. South Korean species of the Subfamilies Dasypogoninae, Dioctriinae and Trigonomiminae
Authors: YOUNG CHARLES L. , HRADSKÝ MILAN M.
Published: June 2019

Seven species belonging to the subfamilies Dasypogoninae Macquart, Dioctriinae Enderlein, and Trigonomiminae Enderlein, are recorded from South Korea. New records include the subfamilies Dioctriinae and Trigonomiminae; the genera Dioctria Meigen, and Damalis Fabricius, and the species: Dioctria aestivis Esipenko, Dioctria humeralis eoa Lehr, Dioctria keremza Richter, Dioctria vainsteini Lehr, and Damalis andron Walker. Drawings of diagnostic features, a current check list of South Korean asilids, keys and descriptions are included.
Taxonomy and faunistics of the southern African genus Iselma, with the description of nine new species (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Eleticinae)
Authors: PITZALIS MONICA , BOLOGNA MARCO A.
Published: June 2019

The genus Iselma belongs to the most basal subfamily Eleticinae and it is strictly distributed in the western portion of southern Africa. The taxonomy of this group was previously treated, but it is still incomplete and unclear. In this contribution we clarified some taxonomic misinterpretations and we describe nine new species: I. audisioi sp. n., I. cedarbergensis sp. n., I. elephantula sp. n., I. fontisamarae sp. n., I. kamanjabi sp. n., I. kaszabi sp. n., I. lorenzettii sp. n., I. mimica sp. n., I. stellaris sp. n.. The following new synonymies are proposed: I. analis Kaszab, 1953 = I. simillima Kaszab, 1953; I. hirsuta (Thunberg, 1791) = I. ursus (Thunberg, 1791). This taxonomic improvement required the proposal of a new updated key to the species. New faunistic records for several species are also included, and the phenomenon of extreme endemicity in this genus is highlighted.
Phytotelmatomyia, a new Neotropical subgenus of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: ROSSI GUSTAVO C. , HARBACH RALPH E.
Published: June 2019

Phytotelmatomyia, a new subgenus in the Neotropical Region, is proposed for four described species, including Cx. castroi Casal & García, Cx. hepperi Casal & García, Cx. machadoi da Silva Mattos, da Silveira Guedes & Hamilton Xavier, and Cx. renatoi Lane & Ramalho (type species), and two potentially new species without formal Latin names. Monophyly of the group is supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data. Phytotelmatomyia is separated and distinguished from subgenera Culex and Phenacomyia. Diagnostic and differential characters of the male genitalia, larvae, and pupae of the three subgenera are tabulated and illustrated. Bionomics and distributional data are provided for Phytotelmatomyia species.
A generic conspectus of the Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from Africa and China
Authors: CHENG XIN-YUE , THOMPSON F. CHRISTIAN
Published: June 2019

A new genus and species of flower flies is described from China (Furcantenna Cheng, type F. yangi Cheng). Another new genus is proposed for the Afrotropical species incorrectly placed in Ceratophya, Afromicrodon Thompson, type Microdon johannae Doesburg. A key is provided to the groups of the Subfamily Microdontinae, along with a checklist of genus-group names proposed within the subfamily and nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on them.
New Agrilus Curtis species from mistletoe in Mexico (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: HESPENHEIDE HENRY A.
Published: June 2019

Agrilus andersoni Hespenheide, new species, from the genus Phoradendron and A. howdenorum Hespenheide, new species, collected on “mistletoe,” are described, illustrated, and compared to the related A. turnbowi Nelson from Texas which is also known to use the genus Phoradendron as a larval host.key words: Agrilus, Buprestidae, México, mistletoe, new species, Phoradendron, Viscaceae
Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma from Peru, with descriptions of four new species
Authors: GUANILO ALBERTO DANIEL , DE MORAES GILBERTO JOSÉ , KNAPP MARKUS
Published: June 2019

This paper reports the mites of the subfamily Amblyseiinae (Phytoseiidae) known from Peru, based on an extensive survey conducted in different regions of the country as well as on published information. Forty-eight species are reported, four of which are new to science, namely Aristadromips escarsidentatus Guanilo & Moraes n. sp., Proprioseiopsis parabelizensis Guanilo & Moraes n. sp., Typhlodromips angustus Guanilo & Moraes n. sp. and Typhlodromips amazonensis Guanilo & Moraes n. sp. In addition to the description of the new species, measurements of all species collected and a taxonomic key to separate the species reported from Peru are provided.
Review of the genus Cilliba von Heyden (Acari: Uropodina: Cillibidae)
Authors: STACHOWIAK MARCIN , HALLIDAY BRUCE , BⱢOSZYK JERZY
Published: June 2019

We review the systematics, biogeography, ecology, and phylogeny of the genus Cilliba von Heyden (Acari: Uropodina: Cillibidae). The genus includes eight species, all from Europe. Keys are provided for identification of the females, males, and deutonymphs. Re-descriptions are given for C. athiasae (Hirschmann & Zirngiebl-Nicol), C. cassidoidea (Hirschmann & Zirngiebl-Nicol), C. erlangensis (Hirschmann & Zirngiebl-Nicol), C. sellnicki (Hirschmann & ZirngieblNicol) and C. stammeri (Hirschmann & Zirngiebl-Nicol). The only other genus in the family Cillibidae is Australocilliba Athias-Binche & B»oszyk, which occurs in Australia and South America. Most species of Cilliba are bisexual and probably arrhenotokous, but C. erlangensis and C. rafalskii B»oszyk et al. appear to be thelytokous.
Hamadiana chapadensis, a new genus and species of diving beetle from Brazil (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Laccophilinae, Laccophilini)
Authors: BENETTI CESAR J. , SHORT ANDREW E. Z. , MICHAT MARIANO C.
Published: June 2019

Hamadiana chapadensis gen. n. and sp. n. is described based on a single male specimen collected in Central Brazil. The new species belongs to the diving beetle tribe Laccophilini but could not be assigned to any existing genera, therefore a new genus is described to accommodate it. Hamadiana gen. n. is unique among Laccophilini in having the hind margin of the metacoxal process deeply incised and medially slightly protruded backwards. In addition, it differs from other genera of the tribe by having the antennomeres simple, not expanded, the metacoxal lines not straight, and the metatibiae with two simple apical spurs. The habitus, male genitalia, and diagnostic features are illustrated, and a distribution map is provided. A recently published key to Laccophilini is modified to include the new genus.
Redescription of Cryptophasa irrorata Lewin, 1805 (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Xyloryctidae)
Authors: MCMILLAN IAN
Published: June 2019

To serve as a reference point for future studies of the genus Cryptophasa Lewin, 1805, the type species, Cryptophasa irrorata Lewin, 1805, is redescribed with particular emphasis on the morphology of the male genitalia.
New synonyms and a new subspecies of Macrogomphus Selys, 1858 (Odonata: Gomphidae) from continental south-east Asia
Authors: KOSTERIN OLEG E.
Published: June 2019

The taxa of the genus Macrogomphus Selys, 1858 occurring in continental south-east Asia are reconsidered. Macrogomphus rivularis Förster, 1914 (described from Vietnam), M. borikhanensis Fraser, 1933 (described from Laos), and M. guilinensis Chao, 1983 (described from China), are synonymised with M. albardae Selys, 1878. The relationship and conspecificity of the latter with M. parallelogramma Burmeister, 1839 are doubtful, perhaps they are bona species. Males of M. albardae (and seemingly of parallelogramma as well) are approximately trimorphic for the pale pattern of the abdominal S3–S6, being of either a ‘dashed morph’ (with small isolated anteriolateral spots and conspicuous middorsal streaks), or a ‘ringed morph (with broad anterior rings and less conspicuous middorsal streaks), or an ‘intermediate morph’. Validity of the species M. matsukii Asahina, 1986 is doubted; its holotype could be an aberrant male of M. albardae. The main diagnostic character of M. albardae, M. phalantus Lieftinck, 1935 and probably M. parallelogramma, is clarified to be the structure of the cercus inner branch. M. phalantus jayavarman subsp. nov. is described from temporarily inundated forest at the northern bank of the great Lake Tonlé Sap of Cambodia (Siem Reap Province, 1.5 km SSW of Kampong Pluk village, 13.1956° N, 103.9725° E, 3 m a.s.l.), which is ca 1,300 km north and overseas from the presumed range of M. phalantus phalantus.
A review of Peruvian diving beetles of the genus Hydaticus Leach, 1817, with description of Hydaticus (Prodaticus) panguana sp. nov. and notes on other Neotropical species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: MEGNA YOANDRI S. , BALKE MICHAEL , APENBORN RICO , HENDRICH LARS
Published: June 2019

We review the Peruvian Hydaticus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and describe Hydaticus panguana sp. nov. from Huánuco Department. In the context of this work, we also provide new country records for several species: Hydaticus lateralis Laporte, 1835 (for Peru, Guyana, Venezuela, Suriname); H. xanthomelas (Brullé, 1837) (for Peru); H. subfasciatus Laporte, 1835 (for Colombia); H. fractivittis Guignot, 1951 (for Paraguay). Hydaticus riehli Wehncke, 1876 and H. verecundus Clark, 1864, described from “Cuba” and “South America”, respectively, were probably mislabelled specimens, and do not belong to the Neotropical fauna. Diagnostic characters, including illustrations of male genitalia and habitus, are presented for seven of the 11 Neotropical species, and a modified key is provided. Altogether four species of Hydaticus are now known from Peru.
Types of Thyatirinae (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Authors: MIRONOV VLADIMIR G. , ZOLOTUHIN VADIM V.
Published: June 2019

The article deals with 14 taxa of the Thyatirinae moths, the types of most of which are kept in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). It is shown that the designation of lectotypes/holotypes of Thyatira hedemanni Christoph, 1885, Asphalia nigrofascicula Graeser, 1888, and Cymatophora or var. terrosa Graeser, 1888, by Laszlo & al. (2007) on the basis of specimens preserved in the collections of Berlin and London Museums was based on non-syntypic specimens, and that their designation as lectotypes needs to be corrected. Correct lectotypes are designated here for the taxa listed above as well for Gonophora dieckmanni Graeser, 1888, and Thyatira moellendorfi Fixsen, 1887; a lectotype of Cymatophora octogesima var. caucasica Krulikowsky, 1901, is designated from the collection of Kiev University.                The following type localities are thereby fixed: Lagodekhi [Georgia] for Thyatira hedemanni Christoph, 1885, Pung Tung [Central Korea] for Thyatira moellendorfi Fixsen, 1887 and for Thyatira violacea Fixsen, 1887, Nikolaevsk-na-Amure [Far East of Russia] for Cymatophora or var. terrosa Graeser, 1888.
1. Cut, Pasted, and Cut Again
Authors: Rudy Kathryn M.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 reconstructs a manuscript by beghards in Maastricht. (Beghards were men who followed St Francis, considered themselves to be Franciscans, and who lived in community in towns and cities. They did not beg but made their living through their trade and labour.) By reconstructing this book, I can show how the beghards learned to integrate the new technology of printed images into the making of their manuscript. That book straddles the two technological moments and sees the creators adapting midstream.
Evolution of the Warm-Core Structure during the Eyewall Replacement Cycle in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Yuqing , Xu Jing , Duan Yihong
Published: June 2019

This study examines the evolution of the warm-core structure during the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and the subsequent eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) under idealized conditions. Results show that prior to the SEF, the TC exhibited a double warm-core structure centered in the middle and upper troposphere in the eye region, and as the storm intensified with a rapid outward expansion of tangential winds, the warm core strengthened and a secondary off-center warm ring developed between 8- and 16-km heights near the outer edge of the eye. During the SEF, both the upper-level warm core and the secondary off-center warm ring rapidly strengthened. As the secondary eyewall intensified and contracted and the primary eyewall weakened and dissipated, the off-center warm ring extended inward and merged with the inner warm core to form a warm core typical of a single-eyewall TC. Results from the azimuthal-mean potential temperature budget indicate that the warming in the eye is due to subsidence and the warming above 14-km height outside the eye is largely contributed by radial warm advection in the outflow. The development of the off-center warm ring is largely due to the subsidence warming near the inner edge of the primary eyewall and in the moat area and the warming by diabatic heating in the upper part of the inner eyewall below 14-km height. Further analysis indicates that the eddy advection also played some role in the warming above 12-km height in the upper troposphere.
Attributing Historical and Future Evolution of Radiative Feedbacks to Regional Warming Patterns using a Green’s Function Approach: The Preeminence of the Western Pacific
Authors: Dong Yue , Proistosescu Cristian , Armour Kyle C. , Battisti David S.
Published: June 2019

Global radiative feedbacks have been found to vary in global climate model (GCM) simulations. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) driven with historical patterns of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice concentrations produce radiative feedbacks that trend toward more negative values, implying low climate sensitivity, over recent decades. Freely evolving coupled GCMs driven by increasing CO2 produce radiative feedbacks that trend toward more positive values, implying increasing climate sensitivity, in the future. While this time variation in feedbacks has been linked to evolving SST patterns, the role of particular regions has not been quantified. Here, a Green’s function is derived from a suite of simulations within an AGCM (NCAR’s CAM4), allowing an attribution of global feedback changes to surface warming in each region. The results highlight the radiative response to surface warming in ascent regions of the western tropical Pacific as the dominant control on global radiative feedback changes. Historical warming from the 1950s to 2000s preferentially occurred in the western Pacific, yielding a strong global outgoing radiative response at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and thus a strongly negative global feedback. Long-term warming in coupled GCMs occurs preferentially in tropical descent regions and in high latitudes, where surface warming yields small global TOA radiation change but large global surface air temperature change, and thus a less-negative global feedback. These results illuminate the importance of determining mechanisms of warm pool warming for understanding how feedbacks have varied historically and will evolve in the future.
Trends in LRE Placement Rates Over the Past 25 Years
Authors: Williamson Pamela , Hoppey David , McLeskey James , Bergmann Erica , Moore Hanna
Published: June 2019

The least restrictive environment (LRE) mandate suggests a preference for educating students with disabilities in general education settings provided their needs can be met there. This study examined national trends in the educational placements of students with disabilities ages 6 to 17 in the 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1990 through 2015. Data were retrieved electronically from the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Census Bureau websites. Cumulative placement rates were then calculated. Findings indicate that from 1990 through 2015, (a) general education placements increased while more restrictive placements decreased, (b) students in secondary schools continued to be placed in more restrictive settings, and (c) the impact of disability categories on national LRE trends varied. Future research is needed to investigate the effect of increased identification rates in specific disability categories on national placement trends and explore how placement practices vary across schools, districts, and states.
Periodically intermittent control for synchronized stationary distribution and synchronization of memristor-based stochastic coupled systems
Authors: Liu Yan , Li Wenxue , Feng Kaiwen , Song Huihui
Published: June 2019

This article is concerned with inner synchronized stationary distribution for memristor-based stochastic coupled systems for the first time. It is worth mentioning that periodically intermittent control that serves as a new technique is introduced into the investigation of synchronized stationary distribution. Based on the graph theory, the Lyapunov method and periodically intermittent control strategy, two main theorems that guarantee the existence of a synchronized stationary distribution are obtained, whose results illustrate that the existing region of synchronized stationary distribution depends on the control rate, coupled strength and so on. On the other hand, exponential synchronization is also taken into consideration and a theorem is presented. In addition, as applications, memristor-based stochastic coupled oscillators and stochastic coupled Chua’s circuits are presented to verify the practicability of theoretical results. Finally, two simulation examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of theoretical results.
Viewpoint on realigning the Nigerian secondary school curriculum to prevent communicable diseases
Authors: Igbokwe Uche Lebechi , Ogbonna Chimaobi Samuel , Eseadi Chiedu , Nwokenna Edith Nwakaego , Nnadi Ekwutosi Monica , Ude Monday Samuel , Ukwuezeh Priscilla Chika
Published: June 2019

The school is an important agent of community health promotion through its curricular and extracurricular activities. This article highlights the various actions that could be taken to realign the Nigerian secondary school curriculum to prevent communicable diseases. The documentary research approach was used to identify and examine relevant literature sources, and to analyse and synthesise the information obtained. The results indicated that realigning the Nigerian secondary school curriculum to prevent communicable diseases would require several actions, such as the inclusion of school health and well-being in the objectives of Nigeria’s National Policy on Education (NPE). We also observed that as school curriculum objectives and activities are based on the NPE, the incorporation of health education as a core theme in the policy could help to realign the curriculum and adequately prepare secondary school students to combat communicable diseases. Recommendations include the development of more school-targeted health research projects to provide curriculum planners with reliable data to make proactive and informed curriculum innovation decisions regarding communicable disease prevention in Nigerian secondary schools.
Punitive versus Medicalized Responses to Childhood Behavior Problems and High School Graduation
Authors: Ramey David M.
Published: June 2019

There are significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in the use of suspensions and therapy/medication for childhood behavior problems. These disparities exacerbate inequalities elsewhere, including academic achievement. In addition, the unequal distribution of child social control also raises the question of whether unobserved heterogeneity between suspended and medicated children may explain the benefits of therapy/medication as an approach to child social control. In this study, I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979–Child and Young Adult Survey to examine the relationship between early suspension or therapy/medication and high school graduation. Results of logistic regression models show that suspended children have lower odds of graduation than non-suspended/non-medicated children and children who only received therapy/medication. However, results of sibling comparison models that better condition on unobserved factors associated with child social control and academic achievement yield no significant differences in the odds of high school graduation across medicated and suspended siblings.
Anticancer Therapy at the End of Life: Lessons From a Community Cancer Institute
Authors: Sivendran Shanthi , Lynch Selah , McNaughton Caitlyn , Wong Riley , Svetec Sarah , Moore Jason H. , Holliday Rachel , Oyer Randall A. , Newport Kristina
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Studies have shown aggressive cancer care at the end of life is associated with decreased quality of life, decreased median survival, and increased cost of care. This study describes the patients most likely to receive systemic anticancer therapy at the end of life in a community cancer institute.

Materials and Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 201 patients who received systemic anticancer therapy in our institution and died between July 2016 and April 2017. Data collected included primary malignancy, hospice enrollment, healthcare utilization, Oncology Care Model (OCM) enrollment, and clinical assessments at last office visit prior to a treatment decision before death. We defined our outcome variable as the receipt of anticancer treatment in the last 14 days of a patient’s life. We evaluated 20 clinical exposure variables with respect to the outcome classes. Risk ratios along with their associated confidence intervals and P values were calculated. Significance was determined using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to account for multiple testing.

Results:

Of the 201 patients who died of cancer, 36 (17%) received anticancer therapy within the last 14 days of life. Several risk factors were significantly positively associated with receiving anticancer therapy at the end of life including hospitalization within 30 days of end of life, number of hospitalizations per patient (≥2), death in hospital, enrollment in OCM, and a diagnosis of hematologic malignancy.

Conclusion:

Our findings demonstrate those enrolled in the OCM and those with hematologic malignancies have a higher risk of receiving anticancer therapy in the last 14 days of life. These observations highlight the need for better identifying the needs of high-risk patients and providing good quality care throughout the disease trajectory to better align end-of-life care with patients’ wishes.
Fixed and rotary wing transonic aerodynamic improvement via surface-based trapped vortex generators
Authors: Al-Jaburi Khider , Feszty Daniel
Published: June 2019

A novel passive flow control concept for transonic flows over airfoils is proposed and examined via computational fluid dynamics. The control concept is based on the local modification of the airfoil's geometry. It aims to reduce drag or to increase lift without deteriorating the original lift and/or drag characteristics of the airfoil, respectively. Such flow control technique could be beneficial for improving the range or endurance of transonic aircraft or for mitigating the negative effects of transonic flow on the advancing blades of helicopter rotors. To explore the feasibility of the concept, two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations of a NACA 0012 airfoil exposed to a freestream of Mach 0.7 and Re = 9 × 106 as well as of a NASA SC(3)−0712(B) supercritical airfoil exposed to a freestream of Mach 0.78 and Re = 30 × 106 were conducted. The baseline airfoil simulations were carefully verified and validated, showing excellent agreement with wind tunnel data. Then, 32 various local geometry modifications were proposed and systematically examined, all functioning as a trapped-vortex generator. The surface modifications were examined on both the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoils. The upper surface modifications demonstrated remarkable ability to reduce the strength of the shockwave on the upper surface of the airfoil with only a small penalty in lift. On the other hand, the lower surface modifications could significantly increase the lift-to-drag ratio for the full range of the investigated angles of attack, when compared to the baseline airfoil.
A VaR-based Downside Risk Analysis of Indian Equity Mutual Funds in the Pre- and Post-global Financial Crisis Periods
Authors: Deb Soumya Guha
Published: June 2019

This article analyses downside risk of Indian equity mutual funds from 1999 to 2014 using a value at risk (VaR)-based approach. We use weekly return data of a sample of 349 equity mutual funds during the said period to estimate their weekly VaRs on a rolling basis using some parametric and non-parametric models. Moving average (MA), exponentially weighted MA and GARCH (1, 1) are the parametric models and historical simulation (HS) is the non-parametric model. We also carry out backtesting of the models using three popular approaches—two under the unconditional coverage approach, namely Jorion’s ‘Failure Rate’ approach and Kupiec’s proportion of ‘failures’ (POF) test, and one under the conditional coverage approach, namely the Christoffersen’s Independence test—to test the robustness of the VaR models. Our results show that Indian equity mutual funds exhibit considerable downside risk during the chosen period, in terms of the magnitude of the projected VaRs. Moreover, significant proportions of the funds ‘fail’ the predicted VaRs, particularly during times of crisis for some of the models, raising questions about their robustness in an investment setting in India. On the whole, both from failure proportion as well as backtesting perspective, the GARCH (1,1) seems to be the most robust of the models.

JEL codes: G32, G15, G23
Scan and Print: A Digital Design Method for Wearable Products
Authors: Ball Roger , Wang Haining , Luximon Yan
Published: June 2019

Product designers create the beautiful products we use every day from iPhones to eyewear. Every product aspires to mesh seamlessly with the human body. The wearable technology market is increasing the demand for more advanced, better fitting designs. As our technology moves closer to the body, the demand for better-fitted body products increases, and the challenge for designers grows. The scan and print method uses 3D scan technology, CAD design software, and 3D printing to create the next generation of better fitting wearable products with shorter lead-times and improved fit.
United Kingdom, United Courts? Hierarchical Interactions and Attention to Precedent in the British Judiciary
Authors: Masood Ali S. , Lineberger Monica E.
Published: June 2019

Most empirical examinations of hierarchical interactions among the courts are limited to a single judiciary, the American courts. A significant puzzle that remains is the extent to which lower courts in comparative environments follow the legal pronouncements of their court of last resort. We confront this shortcoming by examining lower court adherence to the precedents of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. As the Law Lords in the United Kingdom primarily oversee a single lower court, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, this design provides a unique opportunity to assess the factors that influence hierarchical responses to precedent. We offer a framework in which legal, rather than strategic, factors influence the propensity with which lower court judges rely on the precedents of the House of Lords. Using an original data set of over 13,000 lower court responses to the precedents of the House of Lords between 1970 and 2002, our findings challenge the efficacy of principal–agent accounts and shed new light on how horizontal stare decisis influences decision-making behavior within the United Kingdom.
Gender (A)Symmetry in Correlates of Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence: Gender (A) Symmetry in IPV and the Role of Gender Attitudes
Authors: Yoshihama Mieko , Blazevski Juliane , Bybee Deborah
Published: June 2019

This study examined, using structural equation modeling (SEM), gender differences and similarities in correlates of the perpetration of emotional aggression against intimate partners among one of the largest groups of Asian Indians in the United States, Gujaratis. Although most of the correlates of emotional aggression (e.g., patriarchal attitudes, spousal disagreement, and alcohol use) were similar for men and women, higher support for gendered domestic roles was significantly related to higher perpetration of emotional aggression for men but not for women. Multigroup latent SEM served as a unique analytical strategy to investigate gender (a)symmetry, a controversial but critical debate in the field.
Titanium cage reconstruction of acetabular defects in revision hip arthroplasty results in favourable outcomes: up to 17 years follow-up
Authors: Akel İbrahim , Cağlar Ömür , Tokgözoğlu A Mazhar , Atilla Bülent
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Titanium cages are valuable implant solutions in management of severe acetabular defects during total hip revisions. We aimed to report clinical and radiological results of our cases in which we used titanium cages for reconstruction of acetabular defects.

Methods:

Patients underwent titanium cage reconstruction and bone grafting for their acetabular defects with minimum 2 year-follow-up are included to the study. Analysis of patient records, modified Hospital for Special Surgery hip score and radiological examinations on plain X-rays were evaluated. Acetabular defects are classified according to Paprosky’s classification. Kaplan Meier survival analysis is performed.

Results:

Fifty-six hips of 54 patients (2 bilateral) aged between 29-79 (mean 57 years ) are followed up for 7.06 years ±3.72 (2-17 years). Five patients required revision surgeries at a mean of 2.6±2.2 years. Kaplan Meier’s analysis revealed a survival rate of 91,5 % and mean revision free duration was 15,66±0,56 years. HSS scores of the patients before revision surgery yielded a mean score of 27,9 ± 4,9 (14-38). HSS scores at final follow up showed a significant improvement at a mean score of 45,9 ± 7 (28-56) differences were statistically significant, p<0,001)

Discussion:

Titanium cages are successful for restoring bone stock in severe acetabular defects. It is critical to pay attention on meticulous bone grafting of the presented defects and obtain good hip mechanics during cage insertion. Mechanical reasons are the leading cause of failure in long term but restoration of the bone stock and improvement in defect severity were regularly observed even in failed cages.
Leveraging Image-Derived Phenotypic Measurements for Drug-Target Interaction Predictions
Authors: Kuthuru Srikanth , Szafran Adam T , Stossi Fabio , Mancini Michael A , Rao Arvind
Published: June 2019

In recent years, protein kinases have become some of the most significant drug targets in cancer patients. Kinases are known to regulate the activity of many human proteins, and consequently their inhibition has been used to control cancer proliferation. A significant challenge in drug discovery is the rapid and efficient identification of new small molecules. In this study, we propose a novel in silico drug discovery approach to identify kinase targets that impinge on nuclear receptor signaling with data generated using high-content analysis (HCA). A high-throughput imaging dataset was generated from an siRNA human kinome screen on engineered cells that allow direct visualization of effects on estrogen receptor-α or a chimeric progesterone receptor B binding to specific DNA. Two types of kinase descriptors are extracted from these imaging data: first, a population-median-based descriptor and second a bag-of-words (BoW) descriptor that can capture heterogeneity information in the imaging data. Using these descriptors, we provide prediction results of drug-kinase-target interactions based on single-task learning, multi-task learning, and collaborative filtering methods. The best performing model in target-based drug discovery gives an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.86, whereas the best model in ligand-based discovery gives an AUC of 0.79. These promising results suggest that imaging-based information can be used as an additional source of information to existing virtual screening methods, thereby making the drug discovery process more time and cost efficient.
Corporate skin: Biosocial relations, tropes, and institutions in prosthetics research and development
Authors: Giraldo Herrera César E , Palsson Gisli
Published: June 2019

Modern orthopaedic prosthetics imitate biological organs or their functions, interacting with the body of amputees, and are designed and manufactured corporately. Thus, prosthetics constitute a privileged vantage point to witness the intermingling of society and nature, as well as how biosocial relations and institutions are understood, negotiated, and constituted. We develop methodologies of apprenticeship with a worldwide corporate leader in the development and manufacture of non-invasive orthopaedics, to explore the biosocial relations, the tropes, and the institutions involved in the research and development of lower-limb prosthetics. The ethnography reveals how understandings of biosocial relations are influenced by and simultaneously permeate corporate institutional practices, constituting specific organic tropes, such as the corporate skin. This trope reflects the continuous negotiation of understandings of what the skin is and what it does, of the biosocial relations associated with it, of the history of the company, its products, and how its institutional practices are being shaped by these understandings.
Analysis of failure in concrete and reinforced-concrete beams for the smart aggregate–based monitoring system
Authors: Noori Hoshyar Azadeh , Samali Bijan , Liyanapathirana Ranjith , Taghavipour Saber
Published: June 2019

Monitoring of structures and defining the severity of damages that occur under loading are essential in practical applications of civil infrastructure. In this article, we analyze failure using a smart aggregate sensor–based approach. The signals captured by smart aggregate sensors mounted on the structure under loading are de-noised using wavelet de-noising technique to prevent misdirection of the event interpretation of what is happening in the material. The performance of different mother wavelets on the de-noising process was investigated and analyzed. The objective is to identify the optimal mother wavelet for assessing and potentially reducing the effects of existing noise on signal properties for structural damage detection. In addition, we propose two innovative damage indices, entropy-based dispersion and entropy-based beta, for diagnostic purposes. The proposed entropy-based dispersion damage index is based on the modified wavelet packet tree and root mean square deviation, whereas the entropy-based beta damage index is based on the modified wavelet packet tree and slope of linear regression (beta). In both damage indices, the modified wavelet packet tree uses entropy as a high-level feature. Theoretical and experimental analyses are derived by computing indices on smart aggregate–based sensor data for concrete and reinforced-concrete beams. Validity assessment of the proposed indices was addressed through a comparative analysis with root mean square deviation damage index (benchmark) and the loading history. The proposed indices recognized the cracks faster than other measures and well before major cracking incurs in the structure. This article is expected to be beneficial for smart aggregate–based structural health monitoring applications particularly when damages occurred under loading.
Social Presence Theory: Relevance for HRD/VHRD Research and Practice
Authors: Bickle Jason T. , Hirudayaraj Malar , Doyle Alaina
Published: June 2019

The Problem

Social presence theory (SPT) is the degree to which a person is perceived to be a “real person” in their computer-mediated communication or virtual environments. The level of social presence influences the quality of virtual interactions and outcomes. SPT has not been examined within human resource development (HRD) or virtual human resource development (VHRD); therefore, it is not known if increased social presence could improve virtual teams/organizations and online instruction.

The Solution

Designing online environments and practices to increase social presence could enhance VHRD within virtual teams, online instructional design, and educational settings. Application of Community of Inquiry (CoI), Social Presence Model, and SPT-inspired instructional design through Gagne’s nine events are discussed with recommendations to improve HRD/VHRD by fostering trust, communication, collaboration, personal relationships, and learning within virtual resources and teams.

The Stakeholders

The literature and application of SPT would benefit HRD/VHRD researchers, HR practitioners, educators, and team leaders/managers.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Sutcliffe Matthew
Published: June 2019

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that commonly presents in primary care and has an array of symptoms including abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habit. There may be an overlap of symptoms with other gastrointestinal disorders, leading to difficulty or delay in diagnosis. The condition can produce a variety of troublesome physical and psychological sequelae causing significant impact on an individual’s quality of life. The aim of this article is to highlight the ways in which IBS can present to the General Practitioner and guide the approach to investigation, diagnosis and management in primary care.
Simultaneous localization and mapping and the situativeness of a new generation of geomedia technologies
Authors: Kanderske Max , Thielmann Tristan
Published: June 2019

Simultaneous localization and mapping technology is commonly used within mobile devices and household appliances—it allows our vacuum robot to navigate the living room and enables us to view augmented reality content on our smartphones. By examining simultaneous localization and mapping–based devices and contrasting them against more traditional forms of cartographic practices, we argue that simultaneous localization and mapping technology not only opens up interior spaces for geographic examination but also calls into question the categorical difference between inside and outside itself. As with simultaneous localization and mapping, the mathematical construction of the surrounding space happens in the moment of its detection, simultaneous localization and mapping exhibits a moment of radical situativeness that is freed from the constraints of a stabilized, external database. We propose that this moment of situativeness, which is also inscribed into the resulting highly mobile and fluid visualizations, is the defining feature of a new kind of geomedia that simultaneously establish a vertical and a horizontal geography.