bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of new short‐period method for delayed contact hypersensitivity assay in the guinea pig
Authors: Kashima Ryuichi , Oyake Yumiko , Okaua Joskin , Ikeda Yuzo
Published: April 2006

A new method for delayed contact hypersensitivity assay of chemical compounds in guinea pigs, a short‐period method (14 days) with a high detection sensitivity, has been developed. The new method was as follows; a combination of a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA, undiluted) intradermal injection and a 24–h occusive patch on a guinea pig was performed 2x at an interval of 4 days and challenged by non‐occlusive topical application II days after the first sensitization (with benzyl alcohol during test development). Acanthosis and spongiosis in the epidermis and mononuclear cell infiltration into the dermis were observed histopathologically at the skin reaction site. This newly developed method (adjuvant and 24–h occusive patch 2 test: AP2 test) could equally and/or better detect the allergenicities of 6 other chemical compounds (bromostyrol, citronellal, benzyl salicyfate. p‐aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, phenylenediamine and formaldehyde) as compared with the cumulative contact enhancement test (CCET) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT).
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to acrylates during work with dental prostheses
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estiander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta , Tarvainijn Kyllikki
Published: April 2006

Between 1974 and 1992. we were consulted by 4 patients (an orthodontist. 2 dental technicians and a denial worker trained in‐house) who had developed occupational allergic contact dermatitis from working with denial prostheses. All patients had positive allergic patch test reactions to methyl methacrylate (MMA). the acrylate which is the most widely used in work with prostheses. All but the orthodontist also reacted to dimethacrylates. which are used in cross‐linked dental prostheses. The last patient, investigated in 1992. had been exposed mainly to light‐cured acrylics, which are similar in composition to dental composite resins. These acrylics, only recently introduced into prosthetic work, contain more potent acrylic sensilizers than MMA. Accordingly, dental personnel working with prostheses may face a higher risk of sensitization than previously. To detect cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis, we suggest that patients working with dental prosiheses should be patch tested with MMA, 2‐hydroxyethyi methacrylate. dimeihacrylates. epoxy acrylates and urethane acrylates.
Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: allergic and photoallergic contact dermatitis and phototoxicity
Authors: Ophaswongse Suwirakorn , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

In spite of not knowing the numbers of patients treated and incomplete reporting, we review the adverse effects of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, namely, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic and phototoxic dermatitis, and attempt to provide a clinical perspective.
Prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Rosen Robert H. , Freeman Susanne
Published: April 2006

570 patients with occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) were seen between 1984 and 1990 at the Skin and Cancer Foundation in Sydney. 336 (59%) were followed up 1 to 5 years later. Roughly 1/3 were healed, 1/3 were improved without complete healing, 1/4 had no change and 1/12 of the patients had deteriorated. The overall improvement rate was in excess of 70%. Data derived from these patients demonstrated that changing the work duties of patients with OCD improved their outcome (p < 0.01), whilst leaving the industry altogether resulted in a greater overall healing rate (p < 0.01). No difference existed between the outcome of irritant contact dermatitis compared with allergic contact dermatitis. Atopics as expected had a worse prognosis. The outcome in the construction industry was significantly poorer than other industries. Patients suffering from allergic contact dermatitis from chromate also had a dismal prognosis.
Carvone: an overlooked contact allergen cross‐reacting with sesquiterpene lactones?
Authors: Paulsen E. , Andersen K. E. , Carsen L. , Egsgaard H.
Published: April 2006

The terpene l‐carvone is one of the main constituents of spearmint oil. The sensitizing potential of l‐carvone has been considered low, but it has occasionally caused contact allergy in users of spearmint toothpaste and chewing gum. l‐Carvone is also an oxidation product of d‐limonene that occurs in solvents used increasingly in industry. We included l‐carvone 5% pet, in the standard patch test series. In the 1st year, 541 patients were tested and 15 (2.77%) had positive, and 12 doubtful positive (?+) reactions to l‐carvone. The strongest reactions were observed in 9 patients with concomitant Compositae sensitivity. The key clinical Features and other contact allergies of the patients are presented. When re‐testing with l‐carvone in the same or lower concentrations, only 2 out 8 patients had positive reactions. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in terms of cross‐reactions, concomitant sensitization, excited skin syndrome, irritancy and facilitated immunological response.
Ethylmercuric chloride: the responsible agent in thimerosal hypersensitivity
Authors: Pirker C. , Möslinger T. , Wantke F. , Götz M. , Jakrisch R.
Published: April 2006

The causative agent of thimerosal allergy (sodium ethylmercury thiosalicylate) has not previously been thoroughly investigated. To evaluate whether the organic mercury component or the thiosalicylic acid molecule induces thimerosal sensitization. 23 patients positive to thimerosal were patch tested with ethylmercuric chloride, thiosalicylic acid and 8 different derivatives of mercury. To date, ethylmercuric chloride has not been tested in thimerosal allergy. 19/23 patients (82%) showed positive patch test reactions to ethylmercuric chloride, 4/ 23 patients negative to ethylmercuric chloride reacted positively to thimerosal 0.1% but not to thimerosal 0.05% 8/ 23 patients (35%) also reacted to other mercurials. 20 controls negative to thimerosal showed negative patch test reactions to ethylmercuric chloride. Neither patients nor controls reacted lo thiosalicylic acid. These results indicate that testing with thimerosal 0.1% leads to false‐positive reactions and that the ethyl mercury component is the responsible agent in thimerosal allergy.
The role of vehicles in diagnostic patch testing
Authors: Tanglertsampan Chuchai , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

The correct selection of vehicles for patch testing is crucial in the evaluation of suspected allergic contact dermatitis. We reviewed the literature by using Grateful Med software for the years 1966–1992, utilizing the subjects “vehicles” and “allergic contact dermal his” or “patch tests”. Vehicles can influence bioavailability of the chemicals and subsequently percutaneous absorption or interaction with allergens. There are methodological problems in interpreting studies, such as sample size, percutaneous absorption and clinical aspects. Our judgement, partially validated by the literature, suggested that improved delivery systems (such as via vehicles) might significantly increase optimization, reliability and reproducibility of patch tests.
Concentration threshold of non‐occluded nickel exposure in nickel‐sensitive individuals and controls with and without surfactant
Authors: Minné T. , Calvin G.
Published: April 2006

Most cases of primary nickel sensitization are caused by occluded exposure to nickel released from earrings, buttons, etc. Nickel‐sensitive females are both domestically and occupationally exposed lo trace amounts of nickel. The present study was designed to define the minimum eliciting threshold concentration of nickel exposure in previously nickel‐sensitized individuals, after open application on normal forearm skin with and without surfactant. A dilution series of NiCl2, ranging from 0.1 to 4000 ppm nickel with and without 4% sodium Lauryl sulfate, was applied to healthy volar forearm skin. None reacted with definite allergic reactions to 100 ppm and below. Follicular reactions were seen in the concentration range from 0.1–100 ppm in a few patients and 1 healthy control. The results are discussed in relation to consumer products containing 1–10 ppm nickel.
A study of the relationship between susceptibility to skin stinging and skin irritation
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Griffiths H. A.
Published: April 2006

In an evaluation of the safety of new chemicals, of products containing them, or of novel formulations of existing chemicals which may come into contact with the skin, it is important to incorporate an assessment of specially susceptible sub‐populations. Such a group is represented by those who are more likely to experience sensory effects such as stinging. Since these individuals are easily and rapidly identifiable, we investigated whether they represented a group who were also more susceptible to the effects of an irritant. The primary purpose was to discover whether ‘stingers’might represent an easily and rapidly identifiable sub‐population with a more generally increased tendency to give skin responses. The response to a 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulphate patch test was assessed in a group of 25 ‘stingers’and compared to the response in 25‘non‐stingers′. There was no difference in either the pattern or strength of the irritant response assessed by subjective erythema and dryness scores. Thus the data suggest that there is no correlation between the susceptibility of an individual to a skin stinging response and an irritation reaction.
Compositae dermatitis in a Danish dermatology department in 1 year
Authors: Pulsen E. , Andersen K. E.
Published: April 2006

During our first year of routine testing with Compositae allergens and extracts, contact allergy to Compositae was frequently found in eczema patients (4.5%), especially in middle‐aged or elderly persons. Based on clinical patterns, patch test reactions and the long‐term course of the disease, 4 groups of patients were recognized: (a) a small group with localized eczema: (b) another with classic Compositae dermatitis of exposed skin; (c) a 3rd group, the largest, with localized eczema that suddenly one summer turned into a widespread dermatitis: (d) a 4th group with a vesicular hand eczema and more‐or‐less widespread dermatitis with seasonal variation from the beginning, 65% of the patients had vesicular hand eczema at some time, partly reflecting the frequency of atopy (25%) and metal allergy (44%). 75% of the patients had contact allergy to 5 ≥1 compounds besides Compositae Thus, Compositae allergy may be primary, e.g., in young patients with occupational plant contact, or secondary to other contact allergies, perhaps as a result of increased individual susceptibility. The clinical patterns in the latter patients were most often a widespread dermatitis with summer exacerbation. The variability in the clinical picture makes routine patch testing with Compositae allergens recommendable.
Skin symptoms among workers in a spice factory
Authors: Meding Birgitta
Published: April 2006

Workers in a Swedish spice factory (n= 70). and in the office (n=23) of the same company, were investigated by questionnaire regarding skin symptoms. In a 2nd part of the study, subjects reporting skin symptoms were examined and investigated by patch and prick testing. Skin symptoms were reported by 1/2 the factory workers. Pruritus and skin irritation, particular from cinnamon powder, were common, Patch test reactions to cinnamic aldehyde were found in 11/25 factory workers, but in several cases, the nature of the reactions was difficult to evaluate. Irritant patch test reactions were seen from powders of cardamom, paprika and white pepper. On prick testing, 6/25 workers reacted to cinnamic aldehyde. The results illustrate the difficulties of patch testing with spices and indicate the need for further research and validation of methods.
In vitro evidence of delayed‐type hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone
Authors: Wilkinson S. M. , English J. S. C. , Mattey D. L.
Published: April 2006

Hypersensitivity to topical hydrocortisone is becoming increasingly recognized. We present further evidence that this is mediated via a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. A hydrocortisone: albumin complex was able to induce a proliferative response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients allergic to hydrocortisone. Protein binding of hydrocortisone or a degradation product may be important in the development of corticosteroid allergy.
Patch testing in cutaneous reactions caused by carbamazepine
Authors: Alanko Kristina
Published: April 2006

The usefulness of patch testing in the diagnosis of carbamazepine‐induced allergic skin eruptions was studied in 18 patients with previous histories of skin eruptions caused by carbamazepine. The etiological role of carbamazepine was ascertained by peroral or topical provocation in 15 (out of 18) patients. The clinical reactions caused by the drug were classified as maculopapular exanthema with general symptoms (7 patients), other type of exanthema (3). exfoliative dermatitis (erythroderma) (3), fixed drug eruption (3), erythema multiforme (1) and urticaria (1). Patch testing showed positive reactions to carbamazepine in 7 patients; in addition. 2 patients had doubtful reactions. Positive patch test reactions were seen only in patients with exfoliative dermatitis (all 3 patients) and maculopapular exanthema (4 out of 7). None of the patients with fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme or urticaria, or the control subjects, had positive patch test reactions 10 carbamazepine. The present study suggests that patch testing is useful in the diagnosis of carbamazepine allergy in patients with maculopapular eruptions or erythrodermas.
Mercury allergy in a contact dermatitis clinic in Northern Ireland
Authors: Havdley J. , Todd D. , Borrows D.
Published: April 2006

441 consecutive patients (294 female, 147 male) with suspected contact dermatitis were patch tested to the European standard series, mercury metal (1% pet.). ammoniated mercury (1% pet.), and mercuric chloride (0.1% aq.), 14 patients (3.2%), 12 of whom were female, showed a positive response to 1 or more mercury compounds: none reacted to mercuric chloride alone. Primary sensitization was most likely due to either inoculation with vaccines containing merthiolate preservatives or amalgam dental restorations. Mercury allergy was of historical clinical relevance in only 2 pa I rents, both women who developed gingivostomatitis following insertion of amalgam dental fillings. 1 of these women subsequently developed allergic contact dermatitis from contact lens solutions, shampoos and cosmetics which contained mercury preservatives. On the basis of these findings, we recommend patch testing with both metallic mercury and ammoniated mercury in patients with suspected mercury allergy.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA)
Authors: Pinola Anne , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitt , Tarvainen Kyllikki , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

Coconut diethanolamide (CDFA). manufactured from coconut oil, is widely used as a surface‐active agent in hand gels. hand‐washing liquids, shampoos, and dish‐washing liquids. CD HA has rarely caused allergic contact dermatitis. During NS5 IW2, we investigated 6 patients with occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by CDEA. 2 became sensitized from a barrier cream, 3 from a hand‐washing liquid, and 1 had been exposed both to a hand‐washing liquid and to a metalworking fluid containing CDEA. Leave‐on products (hand‐protection foams) caused sensitization much more rapidly (2 3 months) than rinse‐off products (hand‐washing liquids: 5–7 years). Due to the extensive use of CDEA and the lack of proper declaration of products, it is difficult to avoid CDEA exposure. No contact allergy to another coconut‐oil‐derived sensitizer (cocamidopropyl betaine) was found in the patients.
The efficacy of a moisturizer (Locobase) among cleaners and kitchen assistants during everyday exposure to water and detergents
Authors: Halkier‐Søsensen Lars , Thesirup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

Workers exposed to various irritants are widely advised to use moisturizers. To evaluate the efficacy of a moisturizer (Locobase), we studied 111 cleaners and kitchen workers, during everyday exposure to water and detergents. All look part in a standardized interview, After randomization. 1/2 the workers (n=56) used Locobase during a period of 2 weeks (period L), followed by a period without any emollient (period C). or vice versa(n=5). Clinical assessment and measurements of the skin surface temperature, electrical capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were performed on the fingers, hands and arms on entry to the study, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks, or at drop out. The final evaluation showed that 70(63%) were able to complete the study: 23 (21%) completed period L. but withdrew from period C after a mean of 6 days because of progressive dryness of the skin and eczema: and 12 (11%) were excluded because they used topical corticosteroids or emollients. The remaining 6 (5%) participants were lost to follow‐up. Clinically, we observed a significant increase in dryness (p < 0.001) during periods of no treatment (period C), and normalization of the skin texture during use of Locobase. Clinical observations were confirmed by statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the electrical capacitance (epidermal hydration), which decreased during period C and increased to pre‐study values during period L. No ‐significant differences were found in skin temperatures and TEWL rates. Analysis of the questionnaires showed that inability to complete the study (period C) was strongly correlated with incidence of previous skin diseases (irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, atopy, etc.). It is concluded that cleaners and kitchen workers in general benefit from the use of a moisturizer during exposure to various irritants, and that use of a moisturizer seems to be an absolute necessity for 1/3 of the workers.
Intradermal testing in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Herbst Rudolf A. , Lauerma Antti I. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Contact hypersensitivity may be diagnosed with patch testing or intradermal testing. Although these methods have been used earlier in parallel, patch testing has gradually become the only method in routine diagnosis of contact allergy. Recent findings in corticosteroid contact hypersensitivity have shown that patch testing is not always an optimal method, especially when poor penetrants are used. Therefore, a reappraisal of intradermal testing is presented, based on the literature. Studies employing both patch and intradermal testing are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of intradermal tests as compared to patch tests in contact allergy diagnostics are discussed. We find that it might be worthwile to evaluate whether contact allergy to compounds other than corticosteroids may be easier to detect with intradermal than patch test.
Compositae dermatitis in a Danish dermatology department in one year
Authors: Paulsen E. , Andersen K. E. , Hausen B. M.
Published: April 2006

To investigate the frequency of Compositae sensitivity, the recently‐developed sesquiterpene lactone mix (SL mix) was included in the standard patch lest series. Patients with positive reaction to this or patients suspected of having a Compositae allergy were supplementary tested with a Compositae mix, consisting of ether extracts of 5 European Compositae plants. In the first year, 686 patients were tested with the SL mix and 79 with the Compositae mix. A total of 31 Compositae‐sensitive patients (4.5%) were found. The frequency of positive reactions to either of the mixes was equal, but only 17 of 30 patients tested were positive to both mixes. Testing with the individual ingredients of the Compositae mix showed frequent positive patch test reactions to feverfew, followed in order by chamoinile, tansy, yarrow and arnica. The reason for this distribution is discussed and the results of standard, photo‐ and other plant patch tests are presented. The only partial overlap between positive reactions to the mixes emphasizes the necessity of supplementary testing in patients suspected of Compositae allergy, as well as the lack of a reliable single screening agent. Since no cases of active sensitization or irritant reactions were seen, both the SL mix and the Composite mix may be considered suitable for routine screening of Compositae allergy.
Nickel sensitization and ear piercing in an unselected Danish population
Authors: Henrik Nielsen Niels , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The study aimed at evaluating nickel sensitization and ear piercing in an unselected population. A questionnaire and ready‐to‐apply patch tests (TRUE‐Test) were mailed to 793 subjects, aged 15 to 69 years. A total of 567 (71.5% out of the 793) were patch tested. The tests were read 2 days after application. Nickel sensitization was diagnosed in 11.1% of the females and in 2.2% of the males. Independent of sex, old age was associated with a lower risk of nickel sensitization (p <0.01). The risk of nickel sensitization was independent of a history of flexural eczema (p>0.5). Ear piercing was more common in the young than in the older age groups, ranging from 30.5% to 0.0% in men, and from 91.5% to 42.9% in women, Sensitization lo nickel was found in 14.8% of those with pierced ears as compared to 1.8% among those without pierced ears. When adjusted for the effects of sex and age, the risk of nickel sensitization among those with pierced ears remained significantly increased and the odds ratio value was 4.5: the 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio value was 1.5 to 13.0. The study confirmed that nickel sensitization in the general population is common, particularly among women. Ear piercing is probably an important risk factor for nickel sensitization.
Alcohol vehicles in tests for non‐immunological immediate contact reactions
Authors: Lahti Arto , Poutianen Aino‐Maija , Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

In a search for vehicles that might enhance the sensitivity of human skin tests for nonimmunological immediate contact reactions, benzoic acid was tested in 17 liquid vehicles on 16 medical students using the open application test method on the upper back. The results were read visually and the change in blood flow was measured using a laser‐Doppler flowmeter 20, 40 and 60 min after application of the test substances. 2‐propyl alcohol (isopropanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol), 1,2‐propylene glycol and water were mixed to form alcohol, alcohol/water, alcohol/alcohol, alcohol propylene glycol and propylene glycol/water vehicles. The reactions were stronger in the alcohol/water vehicles than in the alcohols as such. The addition of 25% propylene glycol to isopropanol and ethanol had the greatest enhancing effect on the reactions. Ethanol has been the most popular liquid vehicle in tests for non‐immunological immediate contact reactions, but at least with benzoic acid, stronger reactions can he elicited if alcohol/propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixture arcs used.
Studies of new short‐period method for delayed contact hypersensitivity assay in the guinea pig
Authors: Kashima Ryuichi , Oyake Yumiko , Okada Joshini , Ikeda Yuzo
Published: April 2006

The enhancement effect of cyclophosphamide on the delayed contact hypersensitivity reaction of chemical compounds was studied in Hartley albino guinea pigs. A series of assay procedures. combining the AP2 test (adjuvant and 24‐h occlusive patch 2× test, as previously reported) with intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide administration, were examined. The newly developed method was as follows; cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration 3 days before the 1st sensitization of the AP2 test (cyclophosphamide. adjuvant and 24‐h occlusive patch 2× test: CAP2 test). Comparing the CAP2 test with the AP2 test, the cumulative contact enhancement test (CCET) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), the CAP2 test equally and/or better enabled the detection of allergenicities not only of strong allergens such as bromostyrol, citronellal, p‐phenylendediamine and formaldehyde, but also of weak allergens such as benzyl salicylate and p‐aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester. Acanthosis and spongiosis in the epidermis and mononuclear cell infiltration into the dennis at the skin reaction site were histopathologically observed. Cyclophosphamide effectively enhanced the delayed contact hypersensitivity reaction of weak allergens.
Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae)
Authors: Avalos Javier , Kent Rupprecht J. , McLaughlin Jerry L. , Rodriguez Eloy
Published: April 2006

Several acetogenins, characteristic of the Annonaceae, have been found to exhibit pesticidal and feeding‐deterrent activities against a variety of pests and are undergoing commercial development as pesticides. The sensitizing potential of one of these plants, pawpaw. Asmina triloba Dunal, was examined in the current study. The potential of Fraction F020 (a pesticidal crude extract of pawpaw stem bark) to sensitize and elicit an allergic contact dermatitis response was determined by using a modified guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). Fraction F020 is a weak sensitizer and the active compound, asimicin, a trihydroxy‐bistetrahydrofuran fatly acid γ‐lactone, is a weak irritant.
Guidelines for measurement of cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: Bircher Andreas , de Boer Edith M. , Agner Tove , Wahlberg Jan E. , Serup Jørgen
Published: April 2006

The report reviews individual‐related variables (age, sex. race, anatomical site), intra‐ and inter‐individual variation (temporal, physical and mental activity, food and drugs), and environment‐related variables (air convection, temperature). Technical variation, instrument validation including a standard reactive hyperemia experiment, and a standard operating procedure are discussed and included in the guidelines.
Airborne contact dermatitis from Frullania
Authors: Quirce Santiago , Tabar Ana Isabel , Muro María Dolores , Olaguibel José María
Published: April 2006

7 subjects, each giving a history of scaly or vesicular dermatitis in light‐exposed areas after going for strolls to the park, the forest or the country during warm weather, were evaluated. Patch testing was carried out with Frullania dilatata and Frullania tamarisci as well as with 2 common members of the Compositae and to alantolactone and the sesquiterpene lactone mix. All the patients were positive to F. dilatata, 3 reacted to F. tamarisci as well, and 2 to florists' chrysanthemum. All of them except 1 gave positive responses to the sesquiterpene lactone mix, but only 3 reacted to alantolactone. Airborne contact dermatitis from these species of Frullania was considered to be the cause of their eczema, Patch testing with the sesquiterpene lactone mix seems to be a good screen for Frullania sensitivity; however, a variable pattern of response to these sesq uiterpene‐lactone‐containing materials was observed, suggesting individual immunologic responses to them.
Contact dermatitis and adverse oral mucous membrane reactions related to the use of dental prostheses
Authors: Vilaplana J. , Romaguera C. , Cornellana F.
Published: April 2006

The latest trends in the use and composition of dental prostheses have been reviewed, and 66 patients referred by dermatologists and odontologists patch tested. The allergen series used were: TRUE Test™ standard series; Chemotechnique denial screening series; specially prepared metals series. The allergens found to be positive, in order of frequency, were: nickel, cobalt, potassium dichromate, rhodium, palladium, mercury, beryllium, methyl methacrytale, copper and zinc.
Skin elicitation threshold of ethylbutyl thiourea and mercaptobenzothiazole with relative leaching from sensitizing products
Authors: Emmett E. A. , Risby T. H. , Taylor J. , Chen C. L. , Jiang L. , Feinman S. E.
Published: April 2006

We studied 3 contact sensitizers present in rubber products, ethylbutyl thiourea (EBT), 2‐mercapto‐benzothiazole (MBT) and 2,2‐dithio‐bis‐benzothiazole (MBTS), to relate the amount orsensitizer eliciting allergic contact dermatitis to the quantity leaching from a product into various biological fluids: normal saline, human plasma and 3 synthetic sweat solutions of pH 5.5 to 7.5. To determine the amount of sensitizer remaining after leaching, Soxhlet extraction with acetonitrile was subsequently performed. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used for chemical analysis. 12 MBT‐sensitive patients were patch tested with serial dilutions of MBT and MBTS in petrolatum. A Latin Square design was used in statistical analysis of variance of the patch test results. Large amounts of thioureas leached from 2 rubber articles eliciting thiourea dermatitis, the literature suggesting that these would have been well above the elicitation threshold. Leaching of MBTS was relatively greater than MBT into most media, whereas MBT was a more potent elicitor than MBTS at equivalent concentrations. The lowest eliciting concentration of MBT in 1 subject was 0.01%. Such information should prove helpful to manufacturers in designed products that do not release allergens sufficiently to cause reactions in consumers.
Serum and urine concentrations in nickel‐sensitive patients after prolonged oral administration
Authors: Santucci B. , Manna F. , Cannistraci C , Cristaudo A. , Capparella R. , Bolascct A. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

8 nickel‐sensitive subjects were given a gradually increasing daily oral intake of NiSO4 in water. The exposure lasted from between 91 and 178 days and the total intake ranged from between 113 and 278 mg of Ni++. While 6 subjects were continuously exposed over the entire period, the other 2 were exposed for 2 shorter periods with an interval between the 2 exposures of 84 and 63 days, respectively. Nickel exposure was well tolerated by all subjects, and there was no worsening of the cutaneous manifestations. Ni++ serum and urine concentrations were repeatedly assayed. A reduction of intestinal adsorption and an activation of the renal excretion were shown through an evaluation of the ratios of Ni++ serum concentration/Nr + cumulative oral intake, Ni++ urinary amount/nickel cumulative oral intake and Ni++ serum amount/Ni++ urine amount, The course of Ni++ faecal amounts, calculated indirectly, increased rapidly in time and was consistent with the other courses. In many subjects, the decrease in serum concentrations was followed by a slight increase. It is likely that this phenomenon is due to the release of epidermally stored nickel. These data seem to indicate that in some sensitive subjects, prolonged oral exposure to NiSO4 in water reduces the intestinal adsorption of nickel and activates its renal excretion, also promoting the mobilization of accumulated element.
Effects of softened and unsoftened fabrics on sensitive skin
Authors: Pérard Gérald E. , Arrese Jorge E. , Rodríguez Carlos , Daskaleros Panagiotis A.
Published: April 2006

The effects of softened fabrics on the skin were evaluated by a forearm wet and dry test, under conditions simulating real‐life skin contact with fabrics. 15 volunteers with sensitive skin according to dermatological assessment and their own recognition entered a double‐blind 12 day, 3 sessions per day, forearm wetting and drying test, using cotton fabrics washed with a powder detergent and softened or not with a liquid fabric conditioner. To simulate conditions of skin damage, a dilute solution of sodium lauryl sulfate was applied under patch to the forearm before the start of the study. Skin effects were evaluated by visual grading (redness, dryness and smoothness), by noninvasive skin stripping and measuring of Chroma C* (squamometry), and by instrumental measurements (capacitance, transepidermal water loss, and colorimetry). Both the unsoftened and softened fabrics induced no deleterious effects on control or previously irritated skin. Furthermore, a mild beneficial effect was observed with the softened fabrics, particularly on previously irritated skin. The study findings suggest that softened fabrics may exert a reduced frictional effect on the skin.
Skin symptoms and disease during work with visual display terminals
Authors: Bergqvist Ulf , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

A cross‐sectional study on 353 routine office workers was performed in order to investigate relationships between skin diseases, signs or reported symptoms and work at visual display terminals. Skin diseases and signs were ascertained by dermatological examination. Skin symptoms as well as details of VDT work and other work conditions were obtained from a questionnaire. Measurements of the physical environment were made at each work place. The results were subjected to a multivariate analysis, There was a tendency for increased occurrence of seborrhoeic eczema, nonspecific erythema and symptoms among VDT compared to non‐VDT users. Organizational conditions during VDT work, such as a perceived high work pace or work load, and inability to take rest breaks, were found to be associated with reported skin symptoms and nonspecific erythema. A low relative humidity was associated with a diagnosis of seborrhoeic eczema. No associations were found in this study between current field levels of electric or magnetic fields and skin diseases, signs or reported symptoms.
Sodium lauryl sulphate penetration in an in vitro model using human skin
Authors: Fullerton Ann , Broby‐Johansen Urs , Agner Tove
Published: April 2006

Because of their ability to impair the skin barrier function, detergents constitute a major risk factor for the development of irritant contact dermatitis. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is a commonly used detergent for experimental studies within the area of irritant contact dermatitis. In the present study, penetration of S35‐labelled SLS was studied in an in vitro model using human cadaver skin. The investigations showed that SLS is capable of permeating the skin barrier when applied under occlusion. SLS could be detected in the dermis and the amount of SLS found here was shown to depend on the dose of SLS applied on the skin. Penetration of SLS continued after removal of the SLS applied as a patch test on the skin surface. Considerable inter‐individual variation in the penetration of SLS was demonstrated between different donors.
Contact sensitivity to Tinuvin® P in mice
Authors: Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Tsuchiya Toshie , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

The contact sensitizing potential of 2‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin® P) was investigated using the marine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the mouse ear swelling test with some modification in the induction procedure (modified MEST), Topical exposure of the ears to Tinuvin® P in acetone: olive oil (AOO) for 3 consecutive days induced no increase in auricular lymph node weight and lymph node cell proliferation. In the LLNA, Tinuvin® P was negative, and its sensitizing potential was determined as not strong. In the modified MEST, mice were sensitized with a combination of an intradermal injection of 0.2% Tinuvin® P in Freund's complete adjuvant into the shaved abdomen and topical application of 1% Tinuvin® P in AOO on both ears for 3 consecutive days. The ear thickness in mice previously treated with Tinuvin® P increased significantly on challenge with Tinuvin® P. A cross‐reaction test between Tinuvin® P and various substituted benzotriazole ultraviolet light (UV) absorbers was performed. Challenge with these benzotriazole compounds on the ears of the mice previously sensitized to Tinuvin® P showed no increase in ear thickness. These data indicated that Tinuvin® P had a contact sensitizing ability, while Tinuvin® P‐sensitized mice did not cross‐react with the other benzotriazole UV absorbers.
Glove‐related skin symptoms among operating theatre and dental care unit personnel
Authors: Wrangsjö Karin , Osterman Karin , van Hage‐Hamsten Marianne
Published: April 2006

Following interviews on glove‐related skin symptoms, 202 subjects, 56 hospital workers at an operating theatre and 146 workers at dental care centres, were skin prick tested with different latex extracts. Also, in 193 cases, blood samples were RAST‐analysed, using the CAP system. Sensitization to latex diagnosed by positive skin prick test and/or by demonstration of specific antibodies in serum analyses was found in 3.5% of the subjects investigated. 4 cases (2%) showed 1 or more positive skin tests, and 4 cases (2%) had positive RAST to latex antigens. Further work on the diagnostic tools is still needed, as are prognostic studies.
High frequency of contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Björkner Bert , Bruze Magnus , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

When gold sodium thiosulfate was added to the patch test standard series, positive reactions were obtained in 8.6% of 823 consecutive patients with suspect contact allergy. The test reactions were clinically of an allergic type and, in several cases, long‐lasting. There was no correlation with other allergens in the standard series. In a special study on 38 patients with contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate, the following principal findings were obtained: positive patch tests to the compound itself in dilute concentration; positive patch tests to potassium dicyanoaurate; negative patch tests to gold sodium thiomalate, sodium thiosulfate, and metallic gold; positive intradermal tests to gold sodium thiomalate. Our findings make gold sodium thiosulfate the 2nd most common contact allergen after nickel sulfate. It is suggested that a positive skin test to gold sodium thiosulfate represents gold allergy.
Alcohol dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome
Authors: Ophaswongse Suwirakorn , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

In spite of not knowing the numbers of people exposed and obviously incomplete reporting, the known mechanisms of alcohol cutaneous intolerance and the literature classified according to mechanisms are listed. Testing techniques for delayed‐ and immediate‐types are proposed.
Identification of causative chemicals of allergic contact dermatitis using a combination of patch testing in patients and chemical analysis
Authors: Kaniwa Masa‐Aki , Isama Kazuo , Nakamura Akitada , Kantoh Hiromi , Itoh Masatoshi , Miyoshi Kaoru , Saito Sumi , Shono Mamiko
Published: April 2006

5 cases of allergic contact dermatitis from rubber footwear were investigated by a combination of patch testing in patients and chemical analysis of causative rubber products. Our studies revealed 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) (typical allergenic accelerators) as causative chemicals in 3 cases from children's rubber shoes, ladies' rubber boots and ladies' canvas shoes. These 3 patients reacted to mercaptobenzothiazole‐type accelerators including MBT and MBTS. MBT and MBTS were determined in each item of causative footwear by chemical analysis, including extraction by shaking with acetone‐chloroform (1:1) mixture at room temperature and determination using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Subsequently, we identified styrenated phenol (SP), a newly found allergenic antioxidant, as a causative chemical in a case from ladies' canvas shoes. The patient reacted to SP but not to MBT and MBTS, though SP, MBT and MBTS were determined in the causative shoes by gas chromatography (GC). GC‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and HPLC. We also identified p‐tert‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐F‐R), (a known allergenic adhesive ingredient) as a causative chemical in a case from ladies' sneakers. The patient reacted to PTBP‐F‐R but not to p‐tert‐butylphenol (PTBP), MBT and MBTS. These 4 compounds were determined in the causative sneakers by GC, GC‐MS and HPLC. Thus, our studies revealed that not only known allergens, such as MBT, MBTS and PTBP‐F‐R, but also a newly found one, such as SP, were important causes of allergic contact dermatitis from rubber footwear.
Treatment of chronic hand eczema with UV‐B Handylux® in the clinic and at home
Authors: Sjövall Peter , Christensen Ole B.
Published: April 2006

The efficacy of UV‐B irradiation, administered by a new unit, Handylux®, in patients with chronic hand eczema was investigated. 15 patients were treated in the clinic and 11 patients at home. Treatments were performed 4–5 × weekly for approximately 10 weeks. According to the strict criteria used for clearing, none of the patients cleared during the study, but 18 of the 26 patients were defined as much improved by the investigator, while 17 of the patients considered themselves as > 80% improved. The compliance in both groups was very good and side‐effects limited and dose‐related. According to our experience, the effect of high dose UV‐B in chronic hand eczema is almost comparable to PUVA, and offers an opportunity for patients to treat themselves at home.
Contact dermatitis from textile dyes
Authors: Lisboa Carmen , Barros M. Antónia , Azenha A.
Published: April 2006

6 female patients with allergic contact dermatitis from textile dyes are described. Lesions were confined to areas in direct contact with the offending garment, mainly where friction and/or pressure occurred. Patch tests were positive to 2 or more disperse dyes. Thin‐layer chromatography was carried out on the dyes extracted from fabrics of 3 patients, for the identification of textile dyes.
Allergenicity of rosin (colophony) esters
Authors: Gäfvert Elisabeth , Shao Li Ping , Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Nilsson Ulrika , Nilsson J. Lars G.
Published: April 2006

In the esterification of rosin with glycerol, the main compound formed, glyceryl triabietate, shows low allergenic activity. In this study, compounds formed in smaller amounts, when abietic acid (main component in rosin) was esterified with glycerol, were identified as glyceryl‐1‐monoabietate (GMA), glyceryl‐1,2‐diabietate (GDA1,2) and glyceryl‐1,3‐diabietate (GDA1,3), using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infra‐red (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses. According to animal experiments, GMA was a contact allergen. No cross‐reactivity was seen to allergens in unmodified rosin. Some patients allergic to unmodified rosin reacted when tested with GMA. No reactions were seen to the 2 diabietates. Some patients also reacted to commercial glycerol‐modified rosins. GMA together with unmodified abietic acid were identified in these rosin samples. The reactions seen in rosin‐sensitive patients to commercial glycerol‐esterified rosins probably derive from the unmodified material still present in the product, but could also be the result of GMA obtained from the glycerol derivatization.
Occupational exposure to isothiazolinones A study based on a product register
Authors: Nielsen Helen
Published: April 2006

A national data base on chemical products (the Danish Product Register (PROBAS)) was searched in order to survey occupational exposure to isothiazolinones. 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one/2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazoliri‐3‐one(MCI/MI) was registered in 550 products, 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one(BIT) in 156 products and 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one in 16 products. For the MCI/MI‐containing products, of which 343 had information on concentration, 64% of the products contained above or equal to 0.001% (10 ppm) MCI/MI, Main product categories were paints, hair shampoos, skin care products, and cleaning agents. For BIT‐containing products, of which 139 had information on concentration, 54% of the products contained above or equal to 0.01% (100 ppm) BIT. Main product categories were cleaning agents, polishes, and paints. Only a few products were registered with content of 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one and these were not studied further. The dermatological literature has often focused on isothiazolinones in cosmetics as the source of allergy. The present study showed that attention should also be paid to occupational exposure, as isothiazolinones occur in many industrial product categories.
Cold‐impregnated aluminium A new source of nickel exposure
Authors: Lidén Carola
Published: April 2006

A new technique for finishing anodized aluminium was introduced during the 1980s – cold impregnation with nickel. Nickel is available on the surface of cold‐impregnated aluminium, as shown by the dimethylglyoxime test. Chemical analysis with EDXA showed that nickel was in the form of NiSO4. A case of work‐related allergic contact dermatitis in an engraver with nickel allergy is reported. It transpired that the patient was exposed to nickel in connection with aluminium. It is concluded that cold‐impregnated aluminium is a new source of nickel exposure, probably previously unknown to dermatologists.
Occupational irritant contact dermatitis and fungal infection in construction workers
Authors: Skogstad Marit , Levy Finn
Published: April 2006

We have examined 6 construction workers who developed chronic skin diseases on their hands over a period of 15 years (1970–1985). 4 developed a Trichophyton rubrum infection, and the other 2 an irritant contact dermatitis. All of them carried out jobs which caused traumatization of the skin, due to the presence of ethylene glycol and mineral oils during operation of pneumatic hammers in winter. They also suffered other types of skin trauma during their work. Construction workers may be at risk of developing an occupational skin disease involving fungal infection.
Bacitracin: a significant sensitizer in leg ulcer patients?
Authors: Zaki I. , Shall L. , Dalziel K. L.
Published: April 2006

We report the results of patch testing 85 patients with either long‐standing venous ulceration or eczema complicating their leg ulcers. As previously reported, lanolin and its derivatives and topical antibiotics were the most frequent sensitizers. However, unlike previously published data, we found bacitracin to be the most potent sensitizer of all topical antiboitics tested. There were no positive reactions in a control group of patients, although we were unable to repeat the patch tests in patients with a positive reaction to bacitracin. In the past 10 years, our department has used a proprietary mixture of potymyxin and bacitracin in treating infected leg ulcers and other dermatoses. It is therefore possible that chronic usage of topical bacitracin on leg ulcers carries a significant risk of contact sensitization.
A clinical and patch test study in a tall‐oil rosin factory
Authors: Färm Gunilla , Lidén Carola , Karlberg Ann‐Therése
Published: April 2006

Rosin of different sources is commonly used in many technical products and is known to cause contact allergy. The aim of the present investigation was to study the frequency of occupational dermatoses and of contact allergy to rosin in a factory producing tall‐oil rosin. 163/180 present employees and 17/35 former employees participated in the study, which consisted of interview, clinical examination and patch testing with a standard series and additional rosins. 1/4 of those examined had some kind of current skin lesion. There were 10 cases of hand eczema. 7 subjects were patch‐test‐positive to gum rosin in the standard series. This frequency is about the same as among dermatitis patients at our clinic. Only 1 reaction to tall‐oil rosin and none to the modified rosins tested were found. No relation between a positive patch test reaction to rosin and current skin disease could be established. No case of ongoing occupational skin disease was proved.