bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Melt Electrospinning System for Studying Cell Substrate Interactions
Authors: Tourlomousis Filippos , Babakhanov Azizbek , Ding Houzhu , Chang Robert C.
Published: September 2015

Controlling cell behavior has generated immense attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Particular emphasis has been given to the creation of 3D biomimetic cellular microenvironments that replicate the complex nature of the extracellular matrix (ECM). A key factor that has not been rigorously deconstructed using scalable, layered manufacturing approaches is the structural dimension or scale aspect of in vitro culture models. Melt electrospinning represents a bio-additive manufacturing process that has been relatively under-reported. Although complex in nature, the melt electrospinning process can furnish a 3D cell delivery format with physiologically relevant 3D structural cues. In the present work, poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) has been chosen as the biomaterial substrate. Rheological studies that guide the design phase of the reported system have been performed for the entire PCL melt processing range, implicating the governing effect of the experimental melt temperature on the scale and the topography in the final processed material. Notable challenges that arise from the nature of the process with respect to the electrospun fiber stability and resolution have been overcome through the design of a novel heating element configuration. In this paper, a reliable biofabrication process with tunable processing of the fiber diameter and alignment is reported. Fundamental parametric studies utilizing the major processing parameters demonstrate the potential for the system to precisely fabricate 3D PCL scaffolds with microstructural features.
On Modeling and Simulation of the Discharging Activity in Electrochemical Discharge Machining
Authors: Jiang Baoyang , Lan Shuhuai , Ni Jun
Published: September 2015

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a promising machining technology to process non-conducing and brittle materials, featuring high throughput and good accuracy in meso and micro scale machining of hard-to-machine materials. Currently ECDM has not yet attracted wide interest from the industry because of the low controllability and repeatability. There is a huge gap in process optimization to make ECDM viable in industry. A good process model is essential to achieve an improved and optimized process. The fundamental of ECDM is the discharging activity, which triggers various mechanisms to remove material. Therefore characterization of sparks from the aspects of electrical and thermal properties is the premise of process modeling. In this paper, experimental investigation and modeling of discharging activity was presented. The spark releasing process was studied in terms of discharge energy, intensity distribution, and material removal. Conic tool electrodes were fabricated to achieve more consistent discharging. The material removal mechanism was revealed by analytical derivation and simulated with numerical methods.
The Development of Drawn Microchannel Flow Inserts for High Temperature Waste Heat Recuperators
Authors: Brannon Samuel T. , Paul Brian K.
Published: September 2015

The U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that the opportunities for industrial waste heat recuperation far exceed the current installed base of renewable energy. Of greatest potential are high temperature applications of waste heat recovery including opportunities in emerging technologies such as solid oxide fuel cells and the solar thermal processing of fuels. High temperature recuperators are typically produced from nickel super-alloys. To improve the economics of high temperature recuperation, microchannels have been applied to reduce the size and weight of the recuperators. Machining of microchannel features into these alloys is not only difficult, but expensive due to low material utilizations. Efforts to form microchannel geometries require the use of highly porous, micro-scale pyramidal truss networks inserted into low pressure microchannel to resist fin deflection. Challenges include the formability of the superalloy and the need for precision registration to the dies. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of conventional drawing for producing a truss network made from a nickel superalloy.
Electrically-Assisted Machining of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V and Nickel-Based Alloy IN-738: An Investigation
Authors: Ulutan Durul , Pleta Abram , Mears Laine
Published: September 2015

Despite their increasing use in leading industries, manufacture of alloys with superior mechanical properties have been a big challenge in the recent years. Researchers have been working on using assisted or augmented processes to overcome this challenge, with methods such as ultrasonically assisted, thermally assisted, vibration-assisted, magnetic field-assisted, and laser-assisted machining. Utilizing electrical assistance in manufacturing has not caught much attention due to its difficult-to-apply nature. However, it is possible to increase the ductility and machinability (through reduced flow stress) of certain metallic materials through the use of electricity. In this method, the electrical current resistively heats the material while aiding in deforming the material through the electroplastic effect.

The limited amount of work in this topic is mainly focused on exploring the forming characteristics of relatively softer materials. Application of this augmentation to alloys with superior mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, on the other hand, has not been explored. This study aims to fill in that void through an investigation of applying different currents through the tool concentrated on the tool-workpiece contact zone. Both the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and the nickel-based superalloy IN-738 were investigated, and the results showed that for both materials, there are two separate thresholds that need to be considered in any analysis. The first threshold is where the material starts to get deformed, below which no significant divergence from the baseline (no current) tests was observed. After exceeding this value, machining forces start decreasing with increasing current up to a certain point (second threshold) where the effect of electric current is reversed. If the second threshold is surpassed, the machining forces increase rapidly. Findings of this study can be used in assisting the machining of such materials.
Direct Adhesion of Warm Roll-Bonded Al1100/Polyurethane/Al1100 Sandwich Composite
Authors: Mousa Saeed , Kim Gap-Yong
Published: September 2015

Metal/polymer sandwich composites combine high stiffness, lightweight characteristics and favorable forming behavior due to the strong metal skin and soft polymer core. Among various techniques available for the manufacturing of metal/polymer sandwich composites, roll bonding can provide advantages over other techniques due to its mass production capability. Roll bonding of multilayer composites, however, is challenging due to significant differences in the mechanical properties and adhesion characteristics of polymeric and metallic materials. In this study, warm roll bonding (WRB) has been applied to fabricate a sandwich composite consisting of commercially pure aluminum (AL1100) and polyurethane (PU) sheets. The effects of WRB process parameters, which include surface roughness, preheat temperature, and rolling speed, on the adhesion strength have been investigated by the peel test. The failure mode changed from adhesive to cohesive as surface roughness increased. The optimal temperature and rolling speed were identified for WRB of the three-layer AL1100/PU/AL1100 sandwich composite.
Crystallographic Textures Produced During Sand Blasting
Authors: Basu Saurabh , Wang Zhiyu , Saldana Christopher
Published: September 2015

Evolution of crystallographic textures in sand blasted surfaces is studied. Sand blasting is approximated as a series of ideal cylindrical, flat punch and wedge indents. Features of the deformation field produced during indentation with these geometries is studied using in-situ techniques. Subsequently, crystallographic textures produced during indentation with these geometries is delineated using orientation imaging microscopy and simulated using the visco plastic self consistent framework. Finally, using a novel heuristic, the crystallographic textures created during indentation are related to those produced during sand blasting. It was seen that the heuristic is able perform a first order replication of empirically observed crystallographic textures.
Selective Laser Foaming for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture on a Compact Disc
Authors: Ock JinGyu , Li Wei
Published: September 2015

A selective laser foaming process is developed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffold on a commercially available compact disc (CD) made of polycarbonate (PC). The laser-foamed 3D structure could be utilized to form high throughput perfusion-based tissue model device. In this study, effects of significant parameters and the morphology of porous structure were analyzed. As a result, laser foaming of gas saturated polycarbonate creates inverse cone-shaped wells with 3D porous structure on the surface region and the pores are tens of micrometers in diameter. The size of the well is dependent on the laser power and laser exposure time. The pore size relies on the gas concentration in the PC CD samples. The fabricated micro-scale porous scaffolds will be used to create centrifugal force driven two-chamber tissue model system arrays for high throughput drug testing.
Subsurface Deformation in Surface Mechanical Attrition Processes
Authors: Wang Zhiyu , Basu Saurabh , Saldana Christopher
Published: September 2015

A modified expanding cavity model (M-ECM) is developed to describe subsurface deformation for strain-hardening materials loaded in unit deformation configurations occurring in surface mechanical attrition. The predictive results of this model are validated by comparison with unit deformation experiments in a model material, oxygen free high conductivity copper, using a custom designed plane strain deformation setup. Subsurface displacement and strain fields are characterized using in-situ digital image correlation. It is shown that conventional analytical models used to describe plastic response in strain-hardening metals are not able to predict important characteristics of the morphology of the plastic zone, including evolution of the dead metal zone (DMZ), especially at large plastic depths. The M-ECM developed in the present study provides an accurate prediction of the strain distribution obtained in experiment and is of utility as a component in multi-stage process models of the final surface state in surface mechanical attrition.
A Semantic Representation for Process-Oriented Knowledge Management Based on Functionblock Domain Models Supporting Distributed and Collaborative Production Planning
Authors: Gernhardt Benjamin , Miltner Franz , Vogel Tobias , Brocks Holger , Hemmje Matthias , Wang Lihui
Published: September 2015

Semantic knowledge representation, management, sharing, access, and re-use approaches can support collaborative production planning in a flexible and efficient as well as an effective way. Therefore, semantic-technology based representations of Collaborative Production Process Planning (CAPP) knowledge integrated into a machine readable process formalization is a key enabling factor for sharing such knowledge in cloud-based semantic-enabled knowledge repositories supporting CAPP scenarios as required in the CAPP4SMES project [1]. Beyond that, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as represented in CAPP4SMES request for a standardized CAPP-oriented product-knowledge- and production-feature representation that can be achieved by applying function-block based knowledge representation models. Semantic Web- and at the same time Cloud-based technologies, tool suites and application solutions which are based on process-oriented semantic knowledge representation methodologies such as Process-oriented Knowledge-based Innovation Management (German: Wissens-basiertes Prozesess-orientiertes Innovationsmanagement, WPIM) [2] can satisfy these needs, supporting the semantic integration, management, access and re-use in a machine readable and integrated representation of distributed CAPP knowledge that is shared within a cloud-based centralized semantic-enabled knowledge repository. Furthermore semantic knowledge representation and querying add value to knowledge-based and computer-aided re-use of such knowledge within CAPP activities and, finally, pave the way towards further automating planning, simulation and optimization support in a semantic web for CAPP.
Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing of Silver Seeds: Micro Scale Patterning by Electroless Copper Deposition
Authors: Qin Hantang , Dong Jingyan , Lee Yuan-Shin
Published: September 2015

The paper describes a new method for micro scale patterning of highly conductive features on flexible and flat surfaces. The method uses electrohydrodynamic jet printing to deposit silver seeds on-demand that serve as catalysts for subsequent electroless deposition of copper. The electroless deposition of copper on substrates occurred only where silver seeds exist. In the study, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and triethanolamine (TEA) were used as chelating agents, and formaldehyde as reducing agent. Copper growth rate and resistivity were investigated using microscopic and profilometer to determine optimal concentration of each agents in reaction solution. The results indicated that EDTA significantly affects copper growth rate, playing an important role in complexing, while TEA in the dual-complexing system will balance deposition rate and stability of solution. Optimal temperature and time for copper deposition on silver nanoparticles were also discussed in the study. The techniques of activating substrates by selective printing and electroless metallization was successfully used to pattern on glass, and flexible polymer films, and both flat and curved substrates were used. The proposed technique was also capable of fabricating metal structures on flexible substrates with excellent conductivity. Metal filaments with resistivity four times bulk copper and thickness up to 15μm were demonstrated in the research.
Detector dose response in megavoltage small photon beams. I. Theoretical concepts
Authors: Bouchard Hugo , Seuntjens Jan , Duane Simon , Kamio Yuji , Palmans Hugo
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To explain the reasons for significant quality correction factors in megavoltage small photon fields and clarify the underlying concepts relevant to dosimetry under such conditions.

Methods:

The validity of cavity theory and the requirement of charged particle equilibrium (CPE) are addressed from a theoretical point of view in the context of nonstandard beams. Perturbation effects are described into four main subeffects, explaining their nature and pointing out their relative importance in small photon fields.

Results:

It is demonstrated that the failure to meet classical cavity theory requirements, such as CPE, is not the reason for significant quality correction factors. On the contrary, it is shown that the lack of CPE alone cannot explain these corrections and that what matters most, apart from volume averaging effects, is the relationship between the lack of CPE in the small field itself and the density of the detector cavity. The density perturbation effect is explained based on Fano's theorem, describing the compensating effect of two main contributions to cavity absorbed dose. Using the same approach, perturbation effects arising from the difference in atomic properties of the cavity medium and the presence of extracameral components are explained. Volume averaging effects are also discussed in detail.

Conclusions:

Quality correction factors of small megavoltage photon fields are mainly due to differences in electron density between water and the detector medium and to volume averaging over the detector cavity. Other effects, such as the presence of extracameral components and differences in atomic properties of the detection medium with respect to water, can also play an accentuated role in small photon fields compared to standard beams.
Detector dose response in megavoltage small photon beams. II. Pencil beam perturbation effects
Authors: Bouchard Hugo , Kamio Yuji , Palmans Hugo , Seuntjens Jan , Duane Simon
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To quantify detector perturbation effects in megavoltage small photon fields and support the theoretical explanation on the nature of quality correction factors in these conditions.

Methods:

In this second paper, a modern approach to radiation dosimetry is defined for any detector and applied to small photon fields. Fano's theorem is adapted in the form of a cavity theory and applied in the context of nonstandard beams to express four main effects in the form of perturbation factors. The pencil‐beam decomposition method is detailed and adapted to the calculation of perturbation factors and quality correction factors. The approach defines a perturbation function which, for a given field size or beam modulation, entirely determines these dosimetric factors. Monte Carlo calculations are performed in different cavity sizes for different detection materials, electron densities, and extracameral components.

Results:

Perturbation effects are detailed with calculated perturbation functions, showing the relative magnitude of the effects as well as the geometrical extent to which collimating or modulating the beam impacts the dosimetric factors. The existence of a perturbation zone around the detector cavity is demonstrated and the approach is discussed and linked to previous approaches in the literature to determine critical field sizes.

Conclusions:

Monte Carlo simulations are valuable to describe pencil beam perturbation effects and detail the nature of dosimetric factors in megavoltage small photon fields. In practice, it is shown that dosimetric factors could be avoided if the field size remains larger than the detector perturbation zone. However, given a detector and beam quality, a full account for the detector geometry is necessary to determine critical field sizes.
Effects of Force Requirements on Pinch Force Production in Healthy Adults
Authors: Khan Aisha , Gorniak Stacey L.
Published: September 2015

Previous studies of fine motor control have focused on the ability of participants to match their grip force production to a visually provided template. We investigated differences exhibited in pinch force control during variable force production templates, including sine-, sawtooth-, and square-wave templates. Our results indicate that increased force requirements are associated with increased error rates and a noisier frequency spectrum, consistent with previous studies. Our results also indicate that visual feedback, in the form of template shape, directly affect pinch force production features and motor unit firing patterns, despite the use of consistent baseline force requirements, amplitude changes, and visual signal frequency. This suggests that CNS modulation of motor unit responses can be triggered by basic changes in visual feedback unrelated to force requirements. The potential implications of error compensation based on this study due to aging are also discussed.
Garner-Interference in Skilled Right-Handed Grasping is Possible
Authors: Janczyk Markus , Kunde Wilfried
Published: September 2015

According to the Perception-Action-Model (PAM), the human visual cortex consists of the ventral vision-for-perception and the dorsal vision-for-action streams. Performance decrements with increasing variation of nominally task-irrelevant stimulus features (Garner-Interference) was suggested as an empirical tool for identifying contributions of these streams: vision-for-perception, but not visionfor-action, should suffer from Garner-Interference, but inconsistencies in this argument were revealed by several studies. We here used a new manipulation to induce Garner-Interference in a dorsal task: The stimulus objects did not differ in their lengths but in the side to which they were weighted. In Experiment 1, Garner-Interference was found in a ventral perceptual judgment task. Notably, we did also find Garner-Interference in skilled right-handed grasping in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that the presence or absence of Garner-Interference does not consistently index the contribution of different processing streams for perception and action, but the coprocessing of nominally task-irrelevant stimulus features in general, be it for perception of action.
Genome Sequence of Avirulent Riemerella anatipestifer Strain RA-JLLY
Authors: Zhang Tengfei , Zhang Rongrong , Luo Qingping , Wen Guoyuan , Ai Diyun , Wang Honglin , Luo Ling , Wang Hongcai , Shao Huabin
Published: September 2015

Riemerella anatipestifer
is an important bacterial pathogen associated with epizootic infections in waterfowl and various other birds.
Riemerella anatipestifer
strain RA-JLLY is an avirulent strain, isolated from the brain of an old duck in Hubei province, China. Here, we report the genome sequence of this species.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Entomopathogenic Bacterium Bacillus pumilus 15.1, a Strain Highly Toxic to the Mediterranean Fruit Fly
Ceratitis capitata
Authors: García-Ramón Diana C. , Palma Leopoldo , Berry Colin , Osuna Antonio , Vílchez Susana
Published: September 2015

We present the draft whole-genome sequence of the entomopathogenic
Bacillus pumilus
15.1 strain that consists of 3,795,691 bp and 3,776 predicted protein-coding genes. This genome sequence provides the basis for understanding the potential mechanism behind the toxicity and virulence of
B. pumilus
15.1 against the Mediterranean fruit fly.
Isolation of a Complete Circular Virus Genome Sequence from an Alaskan Black-Capped Chickadee (
Poecile atricapillus
) Gastrointestinal Tract Sample
Authors: Hanna Zachary R. , Runckel Charles , Fuchs Jérôme , DeRisi Joseph L. , Mindell David P. , Van Hemert Caroline , Handel Colleen M. , Dumbacher John P.
Published: September 2015

We report here the genome sequence of a circular virus isolated from samples of an Alaskan black-capped chickadee (
Poecile atricapillus
) gastrointestinal tract. The genome is 2,152 bp in length and is most similar (30 to 44.5% amino acid identity) to the genome sequences of other single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) circular viruses belonging to the gemycircularvirus group.
Complete Genome Sequence of Pelosinus fermentans JBW45, a Member of a Remarkably Competitive Group of
Negativicutes
in the
Firmicutes
Phylum
Authors: De León Kara B. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Camilleri Laura B. , Elias Dwayne A. , Arkin Adam P. , Fields Matthew W. , Brown Steven D. , Wall Judy D.
Published: September 2015

The genome of
Pelosinus fermentans
JBW45, isolated from a chromium-contaminated site in Hanford, Washington, USA, has been completed with PacBio sequencing. Nine copies of the rRNA gene operon and multiple transposase genes with identical sequences resulted in breaks in the original draft genome and may suggest genomic instability of JBW45.
Molecular Signature of the Ebola Virus Associated with the Fishermen Community Outbreak in Aberdeen, Sierra Leone, in February 2015
Authors: Capobianchi Maria R. , Gruber Cesare E. M. , Carletti Fabrizio , Meschi Silvia , Castilletti Concetta , Vairo Francesco , Biava Mirella , Minosse Claudia , Strada Gino , Portella Gina , Miccio Rossella , Minardi Valeria , Rolla Luca , Kamara Abdul , Chillemi Giovanni , Desideri Alessandro , Di Caro Antonino , Ippolito Giuseppe
Published: September 2015

We report the complete genome sequence of Ebola virus from a health worker linked to a cluster of cases occurring in the fishing community of Aberdeen, Sierra Leone (February 2015), which were characterized by unusually severe presentation. The sequence, clustering in the SL subclade 3.2.4, harbors mutations potentially relevant for pathogenesis.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Marinobacter
sp. CP1, Isolated from a Self-Regenerating Biocathode Biofilm
Authors: Wang Zheng , Eddie Brian J. , Malanoski Anthony P. , Hervey W. Judson , Lin Baochuan , Strycharz-Glaven Sarah M.
Published: September 2015

Marinobacter
sp. CP1 was isolated from a self-regenerating and self-sustaining biocathode biofilm that can fix CO
2
and generate electric current. We present the complete genome sequence of this strain, which consists of a circular 4.8-Mbp chromosome, to understand the mechanism of extracellular electron transfer in a microbial consortium.
Incidence of Burkholderia mallei infection among indigenous equines in India
Authors: Malik Praveen , Singha Harisankar , Goyal Sachin K , Khurana Sandip K , Tripathi Badri Naryan , Dutt Abha , Singh Dabal , Sharma Neeraj , Jain Sanjay
Published: September 2015

Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of glanders which is a highly contagious and fatal disease of equines. Considering the nature and severity of the disease in equines, and potential of transmission to human beings, glanders is recognised as a ‘notifiable’ disease in many countries. An increasing number of glanders outbreaks throughout the Asian continents, including India, have been noticed recently. In view of the recent re‐emergence of the disease, the present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of glanders among indigenous equines from different parts of India. Serum samples were analysed by complement fixation test (CFT) and ELISA for the detection of B mallei specific antibodies. A total of 7794 equines, which included 4720 horses, 1881 donkeys and 1193 mules were sampled from April 2011 to December 2014 from 10 states of India. Serologically, 36 equines (pony=7, mules=10, horses=19) were found to be positive for glanders by CFT and indirect‐ELISA. The highest number of cases were detected in Uttar Pradesh (n=31) followed by Himachal Pradesh (n=4) and Chhattisgarh (n=1). Isolation of B mallei was attempted from nasal and abscess swabs collected from seropositive equines. Four isolates of B mallei were cultured from nasal swabs of two mules and two ponies. Identity of the isolates was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of fliP gene fragment. The study revealed circulation of B mallei in northern India and the need for continued surveillance to support the eradication.
3D gravity, Chern–Simons and higher spins: A mini introduction
Authors: Kiran K. Surya , Krishnan Chethan , Raju Avinash
Published: September 2015

We give a review on (a) elements of (2+1)-dimensional gravity, (b) some aspects of its relation to Chern–Simons theory, (c) its generalization to couple higher spins, and (d) cosmic singularity resolution as an application in the context of flat space higher spin theory. A knowledge of the Einstein–Hilbert action, classical non-Abelian gauge theory and some (negotiable amount of) maturity are the only pre-requisites.
Structure stability and magnetic properties of WnH2 (n =7–12) clusters
Authors: Zheng Xiang-Yu , Zhang Xiu-Rong , Zhang Ling-Ling , Hu Gao-Kang
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the structure and magnetic properties of WnH2 (n = 7–12) clusters have been systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The result indicates that the ground state structures of WnH2 clusters are generated when H2 dissociative adsorbed on the atop site of Wn clusters. W8H2 and W[Formula: see text]H2 clusters are found to be more stable than other clusters. The adsorption abilities of Wn clusters are related to W–H bond length, adsorption energy and the charge transfer between H and W clusters as well as the electronic density of state.
Pseudo Knowledge Sharing: The Influence of Trust and Guanxi Orientation
Authors: Goh See-Kwong , Nee Poh-Yee
Published: September 2015

Despite the fact that knowledge sharing has been deemed as a competitive advantage and business sustainability tools for organizations, however many researcher has underpinned the deleterious impact knowledge sharing can bring forth to an organization performance. To date, it is found that minimal empirical research has been devoted to the dark side of knowledge sharing activities. Thus, this present study aims to extend this aspect specifically on pseudo knowledge sharing (PKS). The present study was setup to investigate the influence of trust (both cognitive and affective based trust in colleagues), and Guanxi orientation (GXO) towards PKS. A survey was adopted to examine on the developed research framework of this present study. The survey is completed by 264 employees from 32 multimedia super corridor (MSC) status companies within Klang Valley. MSC status organizations are given to firms that have strong focus on information communication technology (ICT) in producing or delivering its product or services. Regression analysis was used to examine the research framework. The correlation analysis reveals that there is significant negative relationship for both affective and cognitive based trust on PKS. In the same analysis, GXO also posited a significant negative impact towards PKS.
Improved Computation of the Humanoid Centroidal Dynamics and Application for Whole-Body Control
Authors: Wensing Patrick M. , Orin David E.
Published: September 2015

The control of centroidal momentum has recently emerged as an important component of whole-body humanoid control, resulting in emergent upper-body motions and increased robustness to pushes when included in whole-body frameworks. Previous work has developed specialized computational algorithms for the centroidal momentum matrix (CMM) and its derivative, which relate rates of change in centroidal momentum to joint rates and accelerations of the humanoid. This paper instead shows that specialized algorithms are in fact not always required. Since the dynamics of the centroidal momentum are embedded in the joint-space dynamic equations of motion, the CMM and terms involving its derivative can be computed from the joint-space mass matrix and Coriolis terms. This new approach presents improvements in terms of its generality, compactness, and efficiency in comparison to previous specialized algorithms. The new computation method is then applied to perform whole-body control of a dynamic kicking motion, where the mass matrix and Coriolis terms are already required by the controller. This example motivates how centroidal momentum can be used as an aggregate descriptor of motion in order to ease whole-body motion authoring from a task-space perspective. It further demonstrates emergent upper-body motion from centroidal angular momentum (CAM) control that is shown to provide desirable regulation of the net yaw moment under the foot. Finally, a few perspectives are provided on the use of centroidal momentum control.
Change Control of Key Capability Factors in Product Research and Development
Authors: Yeh Chung , Lee Yu-Tang
Published: September 2015

Change control is considered as the prime power and obstruction of growth. During product research and development, it is difficult to avoid various engineering changes (ECs). Appropriate control of ECs can improve the design and quality of products. This study examines aerospace products from development to production over 17 years including 1180 cases of EC. We use statistical methods to analyze the central and dispersion tendency of the products research and development and then test it to find which key capability factors are important to EC. Some required ECs for a typical aerospace product development are investigated. In this study, key factors for aerospace products are classified into nine categories: Structure, subsystem, electrics, control, electronics, interface, manufacture, engine and others. The results show that the life cycle of electronic parts and time to implement ECs is four to seven years and the electronics manufacturer must improve risk management in product research and development stages to reduce engineering changes effectively. Further, a regression model is developed to recompose integrated planning for controlling the cost and scheduling. Thus, the communication of various designs and the control of ECs can be improved in the initial stages of product research and development.
Uniqueness of rarefaction waves in multidimensional compressible Euler system
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Kreml Ondřej
Published: September 2015

We show that 1D rarefaction wave solutions are unique in the class of bounded entropy solutions to the multidimensional compressible Euler system. Such a result may be viewed as a counterpart of the recent examples of non-uniqueness of the shock wave solutions to the Riemann problem, where infinitely many solutions are constructed by the method of convex integration.
A degenerate parabolic–hyperbolic Cauchy problem with a stochastic force
Authors: Bauzet Caroline , Vallet Guy , Wittbold Petra
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we are interested in the Cauchy problem for a nonlinear degenerate parabolic–hyperbolic problem with multiplicative stochastic forcing. Using an adapted entropy formulation a result of existence and uniqueness of a solution is proven.
Cauchy problem for effectively hyperbolic operators with triple characteristics of variable multiplicity
Authors: Bernardi Enrico , Bove Antonio , Petkov Vesselin
Published: September 2015

We study a class of third-order hyperbolic operators P in G = {(t, x): 0 ≤ t ≤ T, x ∈ U ⋐ ℝn} with triple characteristics at ρ = (0, x0, ξ), ξ ∈ ℝn ∖{0}. We consider the case when the fundamental matrix of the principal symbol of P at ρ has a couple of non-vanishing real eigenvalues. Such operators are called effectively hyperbolic. Ivrii introduced the conjecture that every effectively hyperbolic operator is strongly hyperbolic, that is the Cauchy problem for P + Q is locally well posed for any lower order terms Q. This conjecture has been solved for operators having at most double characteristics and for operators with triple characteristics in the case when the principal symbol admits a factorization. A strongly hyperbolic operator in G could have triple characteristics in G only for t = 0 or for t = T. We prove that the operators in our class are strongly hyperbolic if T is small enough. Our proof is based on energy estimates with a loss of regularity.
Conservation laws driven by Lévy white noise
Authors: Biswas Imran H. , Karlsen Kenneth H. , Majee Ananta K.
Published: September 2015

We consider multidimensional conservation laws perturbed by multiplicative Lévy noise. We establish existence and uniqueness results for entropy solutions. The entropy inequalities are formally obtained by the Itó–Lévy chain rule. The multidimensionality requires a generalized interpretation of the entropy inequalities to accommodate Young measure-valued solutions. We first prove the existence of entropy solutions in the generalized sense via the vanishing viscosity method, and then establish the L1-contraction principle. Finally, the L1 contraction principle is used to argue that the generalized entropy solution is indeed the classical entropy solution.
DEVALUATION, COMPETITIVENESS AND NEW BUSINESS FORMATION IN EMERGING COUNTRIES
Authors: HERRERA-ECHEVERRI HERNÁN , HAAR JERRY , JIMÉNEZ ALEXANDER ARRIETA , ZAPATA MANUEL ARAÚJO
Published: September 2015

In September 2010, Brazil’s Finance Minister, Guido Mantega, used the term “currency war” with reference to monetary policies implemented by different countries to generate an artificial devaluation of their currency and achieve a cheaper, more competitive domestic economy that may be attractive to foreign investors. Similar cases have been documented since the 1930’s Great Depression, when several countries abandoned the gold standard as backing for their currencies. More recently, a large-scale asset purchase by Japan’s Central Bank in 2013 was singled out as a strategy aimed at generating devaluation of the yen. This research uses statistics of new business formation density reported by Doing Business for 30 emerging countries in the period from 2004 through 2011 to evaluate the impact of devaluation measured by the behavior of the real effective exchange rate (REER) on the rate of new business formation (NBF). It is determined how variables associated with competitiveness affect the relationship between devaluation and business formation. Results show that devaluation has a positive effect on NBF in the short term, which gets diluted in the long term. Countries with greater competitiveness have less dependence on devaluation to increase the number of businesses.
Strategic Environment Assessment of River Basin Management Plans: Proposal for an Integrated Assessment
Authors: Vicente Fernando , Méndez Gonzalo
Published: September 2015

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted an integrated approach for the management and governance of European rivers, which led Spain and Portugal to carry out coordinated hydrological planning of the international basins, considering them as unique realities from ecological, hydrological and hydrogeological perspectives. In spite of this ecosystemic basis, the Directive allowed river basin management plans (RBMPs) to cover those parts of the international river basin districts located within the territory of each member state if joint planning was not possible. Moreover, under the requirements of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (SEA Directive), both countries are obliged to submit the RBMPs for SEA and to consult the authorities and the public in other states if a plan could affect the environment in a neighbouring state. In the case of the hydrological planning of the Miño river basin and its coastal and estuarine waters, the SEA was conducted through a split SEA at the level of national sub-basins. The present study analyses the findings of the two SEA procedures on the Miño river during the recent hydrological cycle under the requirements of WFD and SEA Directive. Thus, from an integrated approach adopted by WFD that demands interdependence and interrelationship between both assessments, the reality of two separated assessments revealed disconnections concerning the methodologies used, asymmetries in the detection of cross-border effects and an uneven national and transboundary participation. Overcoming these deficiencies and improving efficiency is a challenge for the new hydrological cycle. An elaboration of joint SEA between co-riparian states that could help respond to the European Union (EU) expectations from an integrated approach is recommended.
The World Risk Index – An Approach to Assess Risk and Vulnerability on a Global Scale
Authors: Welle Torsten , Birkmann Joern
Published: September 2015

The demand for information and understanding on natural hazard related risk on a global scale has grown in recent years. Such information is crucial for stakeholders who are working in the field of disaster risk reduction, spatial planning and (re-)insurance. This article provides a new approach to assess risk and vulnerability towards natural hazards on country scale and allows the comparison of countries at global scale. The concept of the WorldRiskIndex focuses on the understanding of risk which is defined as the interaction of physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements. The exposure to natural hazards was assessed by using five indicators that describe the expsoure of people towards earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and sea level rise. Whereas vulnerability consists of susceptibility, coping capacity and adaptive capacity was calculated on the basis of 23 indicators which comprise social, economic and environmental conditions of a society. The method and the results of the WorldRiskIndex were validated by using statistical analysis such as reliability, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The results of the WorldRiskIndex were mapped and classified by means of a GIS system to show different patterns of exposure, vulnerability and risk on global scale. The global perspective of risk clearly shows that the vulnerability of a society or a country is not the same as exposure to natural hazards.
The Ecological Physiology of Earth's Second Oxygen Revolution
Authors: Sperling Erik A. , Knoll Andrew H. , Girguis Peter R.
Published: September 2015

Living animals display a variety of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters that enable them to live in low-oxygen environments. These features and the organisms that have evolved them are distributed in a regular pattern across dioxygen (O2) gradients associated with modern oxygen minimum zones. This distribution provides a template for interpreting the stratigraphic covariance between inferred Ediacaran-Cambrian oxygenation and early animal diversification. Although Cambrian oxygen must have reached 10–20% of modern levels, sufficient to support the animal diversity recorded by fossils, it may not have been much higher than this. Today's levels may have been approached only later in the Paleozoic Era. Nonetheless, Ediacaran-Cambrian oxygenation may have pushed surface environments across the low, but critical, physiological thresholds required for large, active animals, especially carnivores. Continued focus on the quantification of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the Proterozoic will provide the definitive tests of oxygen-based coevolutionary hypotheses.
Integrating Global Climate Change Mitigation Goals with Other Sustainability Objectives: A Synthesis
Authors: von Stechow Christoph , McCollum David , Riahi Keywan , Minx Jan C. , Kriegler Elmar , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Jewell Jessica , Robledo-Abad Carmenza , Hertwich Edgar , Tavoni Massimo , Mirasgedis Sevastianos , Lah Oliver , Roy Joyashree , Mulugetta Yacob , Dubash Navroz K. , Bollen Johannes , Ürge-Vorsatz Diana , Edenhofer Ottmar
Published: September 2015

Achieving a truly sustainable energy transition requires progress across multiple dimensions beyond climate change mitigation goals. This article reviews and synthesizes results from disparate strands of literature on the coeffects of mitigation to inform climate policy choices at different governance levels. The literature documents many potential cobenefits of mitigation for nonclimate objectives, such as human health and energy security, but little is known about their overall welfare implications. Integrated model studies highlight that climate policies as part of well-designed policy packages reduce the overall cost of achieving multiple sustainability objectives. The incommensurability and uncertainties around the quantification of coeffects become, however, increasingly pervasive the more the perspective shifts from sectoral and local to economy wide and global, the more objectives are analyzed, and the more the results are expressed in economic rather than nonmonetary terms. Different strings of evidence highlight the role and importance of energy demand reductions for realizing synergies across multiple sustainability objectives.
The Fluid Mechanics of Pyroclastic Density Currents
Authors: Dufek Josef
Published: September 2015

Pyroclastic density currents are generated in explosive volcanic eruptions when gas and particle mixtures remain denser than the surrounding atmosphere. These mobile currents have a diversity of flow regimes, from energetic granular flows to turbulent suspensions. Given their hazardous nature, much of our understanding of the internal dynamics of these currents has been explored through mathematical and computational models. This review discusses the anatomy of these currents and their phenomenology and places these observations in the context of forces driving the currents. All aspects of the current dynamics are influenced by multiphase interactions, and the study of these currents offers insight into a high-energy end-member of multiphase flow. At low concentration, momentum transfer is dominated by particle-gas drag. At higher concentration, particle collisions, friction, and gas pore pressure act to redistribute momentum. This review examines end-member theoretical models for dilute and concentrated flow and then considers insight gained from multiphase simulations of pyroclastic density currents.
Sources, Ages, and Alteration of Organic Matter in Estuaries
Authors: Canuel Elizabeth A. , Hardison Amber K.
Published: September 2015

Understanding the processes influencing the sources and fate of organic matter (OM) in estuaries is important for quantifying the contributions of carbon from land and rivers to the global carbon budget of the coastal ocean. Estuaries are sites of high OM production and processing, and understanding biogeochemical processes within these regions is key to quantifying organic carbon (Corg) budgets at the land-ocean margin. These regions provide vital ecological services, including nutrient filtration and protection from floods and storm surge, and provide habitat and nursery areas for numerous commercially important species. Human activities have modified estuarine systems over time, resulting in changes in the production, respiration, burial, and export of Corg. Corg in estuaries is derived from aquatic, terrigenous, and anthropogenic sources, with each source exhibiting a spectrum of ages and lability. The complex source and age characteristics of Corg in estuaries complicate our ability to trace OM along the river–estuary–coastal ocean continuum. This review focuses on the application of organic biomarkers and compound-specific isotope analyses to estuarine environments and on how these tools have enhanced our ability to discern natural sources of OM, trace their incorporation into food webs, and enhance understanding of the fate of Corg within estuaries and their adjacent waters.
No Love Lost Between Viruses and Interferons
Authors: Fensterl Volker , Chattopadhyay Saurabh , Sen Ganes C.
Published: September 2015

The interferon system protects mammals against virus infections. There are several types of interferons, which are characterized by their ability to inhibit virus replication and resultant pathogenesis by triggering both innate and cell-mediated immune responses. Virus infection is sensed by a variety of cellular pattern-recognition receptors and triggers the synthesis of interferons, which are secreted by the infected cells. In uninfected cells, cell surface receptors recognize the secreted interferons and activate intracellular signaling pathways that induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes; the proteins encoded by these genes inhibit different stages of virus replication. To avoid extinction, almost all viruses have evolved mechanisms to defend themselves against the interferon system. Consequently, a dynamic equilibrium of survival is established between the virus and its host, an equilibrium that can be shifted to the host's favor by the use of exogenous interferon as a therapeutic antiviral agent.