bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying components of the phosphorus cycle in temperate forests
Authors: Sohrt Jakob , Lang Friederike , Weiler Markus
Published: September 2017

We review the state‐of‐the‐art of cross‐disciplinary knowledge on phosphorus (P) cycling in temperate forest ecosystems, focused at studies from hydrology, biology, biogeochemistry, soil‐, and geosciences. Changes in soil P stocks during long‐term ecosystem development are addressed briefly; the general ranges of specific P pools and P fluxes within the ecosystem and the presumed underlying processes are covered more in depth. Wherever possible, we differentiate between coniferous and deciduous forests. As the most important P pools, mineral soil, forest floor, vegetation, and microbial biomass are described in terms of pool size, molecular composition, and turnover. Litterfall, soil water seepage, atmospheric deposition, and biotic uptake as the most studied P fluxes in the forest ecosystem are discussed in detail, spotlighting biogeochemical processes relevant for mobilization and retention of P in the rooting zone. Through a meta‐analysis of available literature, we build a dataset that allows the quantification of major P‐cycle components in temperate forests in terms of range and distribution, highlighting similarities and differences between coniferous and deciduous forests. The two forest types are notably distinct in their distribution of P within compartments of the plant biomass and forest floor. The possibility to construct closed local P balances is often hindered by missing information on fluxes of dissolved and particulate P across the ecosystem boundary, be it in the atmosphere, soil, or on the surface. These fluxes are irregular in space and time and feature large overall mass fluxes but comparatively small P fluxes, making the latter one difficult to quantify.WIREs Water2017, 4:e1243. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1243

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Science of Water > Water Quality
Preparation and Luminescence of Cluster Compounds [W6Br8L6]2– with L = CF3COO and C7H7SO3
Authors: Fuhrmann Arin‐Daniel , Seyboldt Alexander , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: September 2017

Optically active cluster compounds [W6Br8L6]2– are prepared from Cs2[W6Br14], which is obtained via reduction of WBr6 with elemental antimony in the presence of CsBr. Cesium ions and six apical bromide ligands of Cs2[W6Br14] are successively replaced for n‐tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA)+ and ligands (L). Light yellow single‐crystals of (TBA)2[W6Br8L6] with L = CF3COO and C7H7SO3 were isolated from dichloromethane solution and structurally characterized by means of X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Photoluminescence studies reveal a wide excitation range within 250 to 500 nm for both compounds and a broad emission centered at λem,max = 735 nm (L = CF3COO) and 730 nm (L = C7H7SO3). Oxygen dependencies of emission intensities are reported.
Effect of social condition on behavioral development during early adult phase in Drosophila prolongata
Authors: Matsuo Takashi
Published: September 2017

Behavioral changes during early development provide useful insights into the internal mechanisms that generate complex behavior expressed by mature individuals. At the same time, social conditions during early adult phase can influence behavior in later stages of development even in holometabolous insects. In this study, age-dependent changes in courtship behavior and the effect of social conditions were examined in a fruit fly, Drosophila prolongata. Younger males showed lower mating activity and simpler courtship behavior. Mating activity reached a maximum level by 5 days after eclosion, whereas expression of complex courtship behavior was not yet fully developed at that time, suggesting that they are controlled by different mechanisms. When two males were maintained in the same vial, not only mating activity but also courtship complexity was reduced, demonstrating for the first time that preceding social experience, not current social conditions, influenced the complexity of male courtship. The effect of social experience was completely erased by 1 day of isolation, however, showing that social experience did not suppress or promote behavioral development itself. Rather, these results suggest that the observed effect of social experience was a plastic response of males that reduced investment in courtship effort by anticipating increased male–male competition.
Surface Tension and Adsorption Studies by Drop Profile Analysis Tensiometry
Authors: Kairaliyeva T. , Aksenenko E. V. , Mucic N. , Makievski A. V. , Fainerman V. B. , Miller Reinhard
Published: September 2017

Surface tension and dilational viscoelasticity of solutions of various surfactants measured with bubble and drop profile analysis tensiometry are discussed. The study also includes experiments on the co‐adsorption of surfactant molecules from a solution drop and alkane molecules from saturated alkane vapor phase. Using experimental data for 12 surfactants with different surface activities, it is shown that depletion due to adsorption of surfactant from the drop bulk can be significant. An algorithm is proposed quantitatively to take into consideration the depletion effect which is required for a correct description of the co‐adsorption of alkanes on the solution drop surface and the correct analysis of experimental dynamic surface tension data to determine the adsorption mechanism. Bubble and drop profile analysis tensiometry is also the method of choice for measuring the dilational viscoelasticity of the adsorbed interfacial layer. The same elasticity moduli are obtained with the bubble and drop method only when the equilibrium surface pressures are sufficiently small (Π < 15 mN m−1). When the surface pressure for a surfactant solution is larger than this value, the viscoelasticity moduli determined from drop profile experiments become significantly larger than those obtained from bubble profile measurements.
EPR Oximetry Sensor—Developing a TAM Derivative for In Vivo Studies
Authors: Boś-Liedke Agnieszka , Walawender Magdalena , Woźniak Anna , Flak Dorota , Gapiński Jacek , Jurga Stefan , Kucińska Małgorzata , Plewiński Adam , Murias Marek , Elewa Marwa , Lampp Lisa , Imming Peter , Tadyszak Krzysztof
Published: September 2017

Oxygenation is one of the most important physiological parameters of biological systems. Low oxygen concentration (hypoxia) is associated with various pathophysiological processes in different organs. Hypoxia is of special importance in tumor therapy, causing poor response to treatment. Triaryl methyl (TAM) derivative radicals are commonly used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) as sensors for quantitative spatial tissue oxygen mapping. They are also known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and fluorescence imaging compounds. We report the properties of the TAM radical tris(2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-carboxy-phenyl)methyl, (PTMTC), a potential multimodal (EPR/fluorescence) marker. PTMTC was spectrally analyzed using EPR and characterized by estimation of its sensitivity to the oxygen in liquid environment suitable for intravenous injection (1 mM PBS, pH = 7.4). Further, fluorescent emission of the radical was measured using the same solvent and its quantum yield was estimated. An in vitro cytotoxicity examination was conducted in two cancer cell lines, HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma) and followed by uptake studies. The stability of the radical in different solutions (PBS pH = 7.4, cell media used for HT-29 and FaDu cells culturing and cytotoxicity procedure, full rat blood and blood plasma) was determined. Finally, a primary toxicity test of PTMTC was carried out in mice. Results of spectral studies confirmed the multimodal properties of PTMTC. PTMTC was demonstrated to be not absorbed by cancer cells and did not interfere with luciferin-luciferase based assays. Also in vitro and in vivo tests showed that it was non-toxic and can be freely administrated till doses of 250 mg/kg BW via both i.v. and i.p. injections. This work illustrated that PTMTC is a perfect candidate for multimodal (EPR/fluorescence) contrast agent in preclinical studies.
Specific protein biomarker patterns for Alzheimer’s disease: improved diagnostics in progress
Authors: Gozes Illana
Published: September 2017

This short review looks at Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis through my own point of view, going from imaging through cerebrospinal fluid to blood proteins. Over the last couple of years, we have published two papers targeted at Alzheimer’s diagnosis. In one paper, we took an approach of selecting a specific target, namely, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), and our results tightened the association of ADNP blood expression with intelligence. In another paper, we took an unbiased approach of analysis of all genes expressed in lymphoblastoid cells lines and discovered changes in expression of the regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) as a potential AD predictor. This review will assess our data in comparison to selected independent studies focusing on blood protein biomarkers as well as assessing saliva and urine samples with potential predictive value for AD. Furthermore, the review will provide directions for a combination of innovative markers, stratifying the population toward disease prevention and personalized medicine.
Does your discussion realize its potential?
Authors: Lingard Lorelei
Published: September 2017

None
Steering Against Wind: A New Network of NamiRNAs and Enhancers
Authors: Liang Ying , Zou Qingping , Yu Wenqiang
Published: September 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions. Traditionally, miRNAs are thought to play a negative regulatory role in the cytoplasm by binding to the 3′UTR of target genes to degrade mRNA or inhibit translation. However, it remains a challenge to interpret the potential function of many miRNAs located in the nucleus. Recently, we reported a new type of miRNAs present in the nucleus, which can activate gene expression by binding to the enhancer, and named them nuclear activating miRNAs (NamiRNAs). The discovery of NamiRNAs showcases a complementary regulatory mechanism of miRNA, demonstrating their differential roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Here, we reviewed miRNAs in nucleus to better understand the function of NamiRNAs in their interactions with the enhancers. Accordingly, we propose a NamiRNA–enhancer–target gene activation network model to better understand the crosstalk between NamiRNAs and enhancers in regulating gene transcription. Moreover, we hypothesize that NamiRNAs may be involved in cell identity or cell fate determination during development, although further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms in detail.
Assembling Early Christianity
Authors: Concannon Cavan W.
Published: September 2017

In this book, Cavan W. Concannon explores the growth and development of Christianity in the second century. He focuses on Dionysios of Corinth, an early Christian bishop who worked to build a network of churches along trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean. Using archaeological evidence, and analysing Dionysios' fragmentary letter collection, Concannon shows how various networks and collectives assembled together, and how various Christianities emerged and coexisted as a result of tenuous and shifting networks. Dionysios' story also overlaps with key early Christian debates, notably issues of celibacy, marriage, re-admission of sinners, Roman persecution, and the economic and political interdependence of churches, which are also explored in this study. Concannon's volume thus offers new insights into a fluid, emergent Christianity at a pivotal moment of its evolution.
Building the Bloc
Authors: Bloch Rubin Ruth
Published: September 2017

Traversing more than a century of American history, this book advances a new theory of congressional organization to explain why and how party dissidents rely on institutions of their own making, arguing that these intraparty organizations can radically shift the balance of power between party leaders and rank-and-file members. Intraparty organizations empower legislators of varying ideological stripes to achieve collective and coordinated action by providing selective incentives to cooperative members, transforming public-good policies into excludable accomplishments, and helping members to institute rules and procedures to promote group decision making. Drawing on rich archival evidence and interview data, the book details the challenges dissident lawmakers encounter when they face off against party leaders and their efforts to organize in response. Eight case studies complicate our understanding of landmark fights over rules reform, early twentieth-century economic struggles, mid-century battles over civil rights legislation, and contemporary debates over national health care and fiscal policy.
Governance for Peace
Authors: Cortright David , Seyle Conor , Wall Kristen
Published: September 2017

Governance for Peace presents a comprehensive analysis of the dimensions of governance that are most likely to prevent armed conflict and foster sustainable peace. It is an accessible study written for the general reader that brings together the best empirical evidence across numerous disciplines showing how effective governance and inclusive, participatory, and accountable institutions help to reduce violence by addressing social needs and providing mechanisms for resolving disputes. This balanced and incisive book gives meaning to the term 'good governance' and identifies the specific features of political and economic institutions that are most likely to promote peace within and between states. Concepts and topics examined in the book include political legitimacy, human security, 'political goods', governance and power, inclusion, accountability, social cohesion, gender equality, countering corruption, the role of civil society, democratic participation, development as freedom, capitalism and economic growth, the governance of markets, China and the 'East Asian peace', the European Union, and global institutions.
Musical Response in the Early Modern Playhouse, 1603–1625
Authors: Smith Simon
Published: September 2017

Presupposing no specialist musical knowledge, this book offers a fresh perspective on the dramatic role of music in the plays of Shakespeare and his early seventeenth-century contemporaries. Simon Smith argues that many plays used music as a dramatic tool, inviting culturally familiar responses to music from playgoers. Music cues regularly encouraged audiences to listen, look, imagine or remember at dramatically critical moments, shaping meaning in plays from The Winter's Tale to A Game at Chess, and making theatregoers active and playful participants in playhouse performance. Drawing upon sensory studies, theatre history, material texts, musicology and close reading, Smith argues for the importance of music in familiar and less well-known plays including Antony and Cleopatra, Othello, The Revenger's Tragedy, Sophonisba, The Spanish Gypsy and A Woman Killed With Kindness.
Characteristics of meltwater export from Jakobshavn Isbræ and Ilulissat Icefjord
Authors: Beaird Nicholas , Straneo Fiammetta , Jenkins William
Published: September 2017

Jakobshavn Isbræ, which terminates in Ilulissat Icefjord, has undergone rapid retreat and is currently the largest contributor to ice-sheet mass loss among Greenland's marine terminating glaciers. Accelerating mass loss is increasing fresh water discharge to the ocean, which can feed back on ice melt, impact marine ecosystems and potentially modify regional and larger scale ocean circulation. Here we present hydrographic observations, including inert geochemical tracers, that allow the first quantitative description of the glacially-modified waters exported from the Jakobshavn/Icefjord system. Observations within the fjord suggest a deep-reaching overturning cell driven by glacial buoyancy forcing. Modified waters containing submarine meltwater (up to 2.5 ± 0.12%), subglacial discharge (up to 6 ± 0.37%) and large portions of entrained ocean waters are seen to exit the fjord and flow north. The exported meltwaters form a buoyant coastal gravity current reaching to 100 m depth and extending 10 km offshore.
Common Data Elements for Concussion in Tertiary Care: Phase One in Ontario
Authors: Hunt Cindy , Michalak Alicja , Ouchterlony Donna , Marshall Shawn , Masanic Cheryl , Vaidyanath Chantal , Bhalerao Shree , Cusimano Michael D. , Quon Deanna , Fischer Lisa K. , Baker Andrew
Published: September 2017

Background:Standardized data collection for traumatic brain injury (TBI) (including concussion) using common data elements (CDEs) has strengthened clinical care and research capacity in the United States and Europe. Currently, Ontario healthcare providers do not collect uniform data on adult patients diagnosed with concussion.Objective:The Ontario Concussion Care Strategy (OCCS) is a collaborative network of multidisciplinary healthcare providers, brain injury advocacy groups, patient representatives, and researchers with a shared vision to improve concussion care across the province, starting with the collection of standardized data.Methods:The International Framework of Functioning Disability and Health was selected as the conceptual framework to inform the selection of CDEs. The CDEs recommended by the OCCS were identified using key literature, including the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Zurich Consensus Statements for concussion in sport and the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation Concussion/mTBI clinical guidelines.Results:The OCCS has recommended and piloted CDEs for Ontario that are readily available at no cost, clinically relevant, patient friendly, easy to interpret, and recognized by the international scientific community.Conclusions:The implementation of CDEs can help to shift Ontario toward internationally recognized standard data collection, and in so doing yield a more comprehensive evidence-based approach to care while also supporting rigorous research.
CHU IDENTITY AS SEEN FROM ITS MANUSCRIPTS: A REEVALUATION
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: September 2017

The question of Chu's cultural affinity perplexed—and continues to perplex—traditional and modern scholars. Some view it as the cultural Other of the Zhou world, while others believe that this state fundamentally belonged to the Zhou cultural sphere. The difficulty in assessing Chu's cultural trajectory derives in not a small measure from the bias of traditional sources, all of which were composed or compiled in the northern and eastern parts of the Zhou world. Yet recently discovered Chu historical manuscripts allow us to overcome this “northeastern bias.” How much do the newly available texts display—if at all—a distinct Chu identity? Do they present an alternative version of Chu history? Who were their audience? By answering these questions I hope both to revisit the question of Chu's relations to the Zhou (“Chinese”) world, and to put forward novel understandings of the usages of history writing in preimperial China.
Multiple phoretic mechanisms in the self-propulsion of a Pt-insulator Janus swimmer
Authors: Ibrahim Yahaya , Golestanian Ramin , Liverpool Tanniemola B.
Published: September 2017

We present a detailed theoretical study which demonstrates that electrokinetic effects can also play a role in the motion of metallic-insulator spherical Janus particles. Essential to our analysis is the identification of the fact that the reaction rates depend on Pt-coating thickness and that the thickness of coating varies from pole to equator of the coated hemisphere. We find that their motion is due to a combination of neutral and ionic-diffusiophoretic as well as electrophoretic effects whose interplay can be changed by varying the ionic properties of the fluid. This has great potential significance for optimizing performance of designed synthetic swimmers.
On the aerodynamic forces on heaving and pitching airfoils at low Reynolds number
Authors: Moriche M. , Flores O. , García-Villalba M.
Published: September 2017

The influence that the kinematics of pitching and heaving 2D airfoils has on the aerodynamic forces is investigated using direct numerical simulations and a force decomposition algorithm. Large-amplitude motions are considered (of the order of one chord), with moderate Reynolds numbers and reduced frequencies of order $O(1)$, varying the mean pitch angle and the phase shift between the pitching and heaving motions. Our results show that the surface vorticity contribution (viscous effect) to the aerodynamic force is negligible compared with the contributions from the body motion (fluid inertia) and the vorticity within the flow (circulation). For the range of parameters considered here, the latter tends to be instantaneously oriented in the direction normal to the chord of the airfoil. Based on the results discussed in this paper, a reduced-order model for the instantaneous aerodynamic force is proposed, taking advantage of the force decomposition and the chord-normal orientation of the contribution from vorticity within the flow to the total aerodynamic force. The predictions of the proposed model are compared with those of a similar model from the literature, showing a noticeable improvement in the prediction of the mean thrust, and a smaller improvement in the prediction of the mean lift and the instantaneous force coefficients.
Morphological evolution of microscopic dewetting droplets with slip
Authors: Chan Tak Shing , McGraw Joshua D. , Salez Thomas , Seemann Ralf , Brinkmann Martin
Published: September 2017

We investigate the dewetting of a droplet on a smooth horizontal solid surface for different slip lengths and equilibrium contact angles. Specifically, we solve for the axisymmetric Stokes flow using the boundary element method with (i) the Navier-slip boundary condition at the solid/liquid boundary and (ii) a time-independent equilibrium contact angle at the contact line. When decreasing the rescaled slip length $\tilde{b}$ with respect to the initial central height of the droplet, the typical non-sphericity of a droplet first increases, reaches a maximum at a characteristic rescaled slip length $\tilde{b}_{m}\approx O(0.1{-}1)$ and then decreases. Regarding different equilibrium contact angles, two universal rescalings are proposed to describe the behaviour of the non-sphericity for rescaled slip lengths larger or smaller than $\tilde{b}_{m}$. Around $\tilde{b}_{m}$, the early time evolution of the profiles at the rim can be described by similarity solutions. The results are explained in terms of the structure of the flow field governed by different dissipation channels: elongational flows for $\tilde{b}\gg \tilde{b}_{m}$, friction at the substrate for $\tilde{b}\approx \tilde{b}_{m}$ and shear flows for $\tilde{b}\ll \tilde{b}_{m}$. Following the changes between these dominant dissipation mechanisms, our study indicates a crossover to the quasistatic regime when $\tilde{b}$ is many orders of magnitude smaller than $\tilde{b}_{m}$.
Assessment of suboptimal control for turbulent skin friction reduction via resolvent analysis
Authors: Nakashima Satoshi , Fukagata Koji , Luhar Mitul
Published: September 2017

This paper extends the resolvent analysis of McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336–382) to elucidate the drag reduction mechanisms for the suboptimal control laws proposed by Lee, Kim & Choi (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 358, 1998, pp. 245–258). Under the resolvent formulation, the turbulent velocity field is expressed as a linear superposition of propagating modes identified via a gain-based decomposition of the Navier–Stokes equations. This decomposition enables targeted analyses of the effects of suboptimal control on high-gain modes that serve as useful low-order models for dynamically important coherent structures such as the near-wall (NW) cycle or very-large-scale motions. The control laws generate blowing and suction at the wall that is proportional to the fluctuating streamwise (Case ST) or spanwise (Case SP) wall shear stress, with the magnitude of blowing and suction being a design parameter. It is shown that both Case ST and SP can suppress resolvent modes resembling the NW cycle. However, for Case ST, the analysis reveals that control leads to substantial amplification of flow structures that are long in the spanwise direction. Quantitative comparisons show that these predictions are broadly consistent with results obtained in previous direct numerical simulations. Further, the predicted changes in mode structure suggest that suboptimal control can be considered a modified version of opposition control. In addition to the study of modes resembling the NW cycle, this paper also considers modes of varying speed and wavelength to provide insight into the effects of suboptimal control across spectral space.
Statistics and structure of spanwise rotating turbulent channel flow at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Brethouwer Geert
Published: September 2017

A study of fully developed plane turbulent channel flow subject to spanwise system rotation through direct numerical simulations is presented. In order to study both the influence of the Reynolds number and spanwise rotation on channel flow, the Reynolds number $Re=U_{b}h/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is varied from a low 3000 to a moderate 31 600 and the rotation number $Ro=2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}h/U_{b}$ is varied from 0 to 2.7, where $U_{b}$ is the mean bulk velocity, $h$ the channel half-gap, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ the viscosity and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ the system rotation rate. The mean streamwise velocity profile displays also at higher $Re$ a characteristic linear part with a slope near to $2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$, and a corresponding linear part in the profiles of the production and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy appears. With increasing $Ro$, a distinct unstable side with large spanwise and wall-normal Reynolds stresses and a stable side with much weaker turbulence develops in the channel. The flow starts to relaminarize on the stable side of the channel and persisting turbulent–laminar patterns appear at higher $Re$. If $Ro$ is further increased, the flow on the stable side becomes laminar-like while at yet higher $Ro$ the whole flow relaminarizes, although the calm periods might be disrupted by repeating bursts of turbulence, as explained by Brethouwer (Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 1, 2016, 054404). The influence of the Reynolds number is considerable, in particular on the stable side of the channel where velocity fluctuations are stronger and the flow relaminarizes less quickly at higher $Re$. Visualizations and statistics show that, at $Ro=0.15$ and 0.45, large-scale structures and large counter-rotating streamwise roll cells develop on the unstable side. These become less noticeable and eventually vanish when $Ro$ rises, especially at higher $Re$. At high $Ro$, the largest energetic structures are larger at lower $Re$.
On the interaction of a planar shock with a three-dimensional light gas cylinder
Authors: Ding Juchun , Si Ting , Chen Mojun , Zhai Zhigang , Lu Xiyun , Luo Xisheng
Published: September 2017

Experimental and numerical investigations on the interaction of a planar shock wave with two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) light gas cylinders are performed. The effects of initial interface curvature on flow morphology, wave pattern, vorticity distribution and interface movement are emphasized. In experiments, a wire-restriction method based on the soap film technique is employed to generate N$_{2}$ cylinders surrounded by SF$_{6}$ with well-characterized shapes, including a convex cylinder, a concave cylinder with a minimum-surface feature and a 2-D cylinder. The high-speed schlieren pictures demonstrate that fewer disturbance waves exist in the flow field and the evolving interfaces develop in a more symmetrical way relative to previous studies. By combining the high-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory construction with the double-flux scheme, numerical simulation is conducted to explore the detailed 3-D flow structures. It is indicated that the shape and the size of 3-D gas cylinders in different planes along the vertical direction change gradually due to the existence of both horizontal and vertical velocities of the flow. At very early stages, pressure oscillations in the vicinity of evolving interfaces induced by complex waves contribute much to the deformation of the 3-D gas cylinders. As time proceeds, the development of the shocked volume would be dominated by the baroclinic vorticity deposited on the interface. In comparison with the 2-D case, the oppositely (or identically) signed principal curvatures of the concave (or convex) SF$_{6}$/N$_{2}$ boundary cause complex high pressure zones and additional vorticity deposition, and the upstream interface from the symmetric slice of the concave (or convex) N$_{2}$ cylinder moves with an inhibition (or a promotion). Finally, a generalized 3-D theoretical model is proposed for predicting the upstream interface movements of different gas cylinders and the present experimental and numerical findings are well predicted.
Onset of global instability in low-density jets
Authors: Zhu Yuanhang , Gupta Vikrant , Li Larry K. B.
Published: September 2017

In low-density axisymmetric jets, the onset of global instability is known to depend on three control parameters, namely the jet-to-ambient density ratio $S$, the initial momentum thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{0}$ and the Reynolds number $Re$. For sufficiently low values of $S$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{0}$, these jets bifurcate from a steady state (a fixed point) to a self-excited oscillatory state (a limit cycle) when $Re$ increases above a critical value corresponding to the Hopf point, $Re_{H}$. In the literature, this Hopf bifurcation is often regarded as supercritical. In this experimental study, however, we find that under some conditions, there exists a hysteretic bistable region at $Re_{SN}<Re<Re_{H}$, where $Re_{SN}$ denotes a saddle-node point. This shows that, contrary to expectations, the Hopf bifurcation can also be subcritical, which we explore by evaluating the coefficients of a truncated Landau model. The existence of subcritical bifurcations implies the potential for triggering and the need for weakly nonlinear analyses to be performed to at least fifth order if one is to be able to predict saturation and bistability. We conclude by proposing a universal scaling for $Re_{H}$ in terms of $S$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{0}$. This scaling, which is insensitive to the super/subcritical nature of the bifurcations, can be used to predict the onset of self-excited oscillations, providing further evidence to support Hallberg & Strykowski’s concept (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 569, 2006, pp. 493–507) of universal global modes in low-density jets.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Cavity Flows on Graphic Processing Unit with Memory Management
Authors: Hong P. Y. , Huang L. M. , Chang C. Y. , Lin C. A.
Published: September 2017

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is adopted to compute two and three-dimensional lid driven cavity flows to examine the influence of memory management on the computational performance using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Both single and multi-relaxation time LBM are adopted. The computations are conducted on nVIDIA GeForce Titan, Tesla C2050 and GeForce GTX 560Ti. The performance using global memory deteriorates greatly when multi relaxation time (MRT) LBM is used, which is due to the scheme requesting more information from the global memory than its single relaxation time (SRT) LBM counterpart. On the other hand, adopting on chip memory the difference using MRT and SRT is not significant. Also, performance of LBM streaming procedure using offset reading surpasses offset writing ranging from 50% to 100% and this applies to both SRT and MRT LBM. Finally, comparisons using different GPU platforms indicate that Titan as expected outperforms other devices, and attains 227 and 193 speedup over its Intel Core i7-990 CPU counterpart and four times faster than GTX 560Ti and Tesla C2050 for three dimensional cavity flow simulations respectively with single and double precisions.
Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects and the Effects of Heterogeneous Treatments with Ensemble Methods
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Messing Solomon , Westwood Sean J.
Published: September 2017

Randomized experiments are increasingly used to study political phenomena because they can credibly estimate the average effect of a treatment on a population of interest. But political scientists are often interested in how effects vary across subpopulations—heterogeneous treatment effects—and how differences in the content of the treatment affects responses—the response to heterogeneous treatments. Several new methods have been introduced to estimate heterogeneous effects, but it is difficult to know if a method will perform well for a particular data set. Rather than using only one method, we show how an ensemble of methods—weighted averages of estimates from individual models increasingly used in machine learning—accurately measure heterogeneous effects. Building on a large literature on ensemble methods, we show how the weighting of methods can contribute to accurate estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects and demonstrate how pooling models lead to superior performance to individual methods across diverse problems. We apply the ensemble method to two experiments, illuminating how the ensemble method for heterogeneous treatment effects facilitates exploratory analysis of treatment effects.
Dynamic Elections and Ideological Polarization
Authors: Nunnari Salvatore , Zápal Jan
Published: September 2017

How does political polarization affect the welfare of the electorate? We analyze this question using a framework in which two policy and office motivated parties compete in an infinite sequence of elections. We propose two novel measures to describe the degree of conflict among agents:antagonismis the disagreement between parties;extremismis the disagreement between each party and the representative voter. These two measures do not coincide when parties care about multiple issues. We show that forward-looking parties have an incentive to implement policies favored by the representative voter, in an attempt to constrain future challengers. This incentive grows as antagonism increases. On the other hand, extremism decreases the electorate’s welfare. We discuss the methodological and empirical implications for the existing measures of political actors’ ideal points and for the debate on elite polarization.
Gender Differences in Vote Choice: Social Cues and Social Harmony as Heuristics
Authors: Harteveld Eelco , Dahlberg Stefan , Kokkonen Andrej , Van Der Brug Wouter
Published: September 2017

Some parties are more popular among men, while other parties attract more female voters. This article proposes that these differences can be partially explained by two recurring gender differences in the socio-psychological literature. It argues that men’s generally lower sensitivity to social cues makes them more likely to vote for stigmatized and small parties, whereas women’s greater concern with social harmony is expected to make them less likely to vote for extreme parties. The models are tested at the individual and party levels using three waves of Comparative Study of Electoral Systems data from twenty-eight countries.Ceteris paribus, men are more likely than women to vote for parties that are socially stigmatized or ideologically extreme. This has consequences for the current understanding of gender gaps in voting, and reiterates that voting has important social aspects.
The Political Dynamics of Bureaucratic Turnover
Authors: Dahlström Carl , Holmgren Mikael
Published: September 2017

This Research Note explores the political dynamics of bureaucratic turnover. It argues that changes in a government’s policy objectives can shift both political screening strategies and bureaucratic selection strategies, which produces turnover of agency personnel. To buttress this conjecture, it analyzes a unique dataset tracing the careers of all agency heads in the Swedish executive bureaucracy between 1960 and 2014. It shows that, despite serving on fixed terms and with constitutionally protected decision-making powers, Swedish agency heads are considerably more likely to leave their posts following partisan shifts in government. The note concludes that, even in institutional systems seemingly designed to insulate bureaucratic expertise from political control, partisan politics can shape the composition of agency personnel.
SCHWARZ LEMMA FOR HOLOMORPHIC MAPPINGS IN THE UNIT BALL
Authors: KALAJ DAVID
Published: September 2017

In this note, we establish a Schwarz–Pick type inequality for holomorphic mappings between unit balls Bn and Bm in corresponding complex spaces. We also prove a Schwarz-Pick type inequality for pluri-harmonic functions.
THE LOWER RANK OF DIRECT PRODUCTS OF HEREDITARILY JUST INFINITE GROUPS
Authors: KLOPSCH BENJAMIN , VANNACCI MATTEO
Published: September 2017

We determine the lower rank of the direct product of finitely many hereditarily just infinite profinite groups of finite lower rank.
BRAIDED MIXED DATUMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ON HOM-QUANTUM GROUPS
Authors: ZHANG XIAOHUI , DONG LIHONG
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we mainly provide a categorical view on the braided structures appearing in the Hom-quantum groups. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a monoidal category on which F is a bimonad, G is a bicomonad, and ϕ is a distributive law, we discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions for $\mathcal{C}^G_F(\varphi)$, the category of mixed bimodules to be monoidal and braided. As applications, we discuss the Hom-type (co)quasitriangular structures, the Hom–Yetter–Drinfeld modules, and the Hom–Long dimodules.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF LOCALLY FINITE ACTIONS OF GROUPS ON SETS
Authors: SCARPARO EDUARDO
Published: September 2017

We show that an action of a group on a setXis locally finite if and only ifXis not equidecomposable with a proper subset of itself. As a consequence, a group is locally finite if and only if its uniform Roe algebra is finite.
Helminth composition and prevalence of indigenous and invasive synanthropic murid rodents in urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Julius R.S. , Schwan E.V. , Chimimba C.T.
Published: September 2017

Although synanthropic rodents such as the indigenous species,Mastomys coucha,and the invasive species,Rattus norvegicus,R. rattusandR. tanezumi, are well-known to be hosts to various micro- and macroparasites, their helminth parasite fauna is poorly studied in South Africa. In an attempt to remedy the situation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the helminth fauna of these sympatric rodent species, which were obtained from the informal settlements of Alexandra, Tembisa, Diepsloot and residential suburbs of Pretoria and Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Helminths were recovered from the urinary bladder, liver and gastrointestinal tract and were identified morphologically and molecularly. The recovered nematodes were all rodent-specific and includedAspiculuris tetraptera,Eucoleussp.,Heterakis spumosa,Mastophorus muris,Nippostrongylus brasiliensis,Protospirurasp.,Strongyloides ratti,Syphacia obvelata,Syphacia muris,Trichurissp. andTrichosomoides crassicauda.Syphacia obvelata, a commensal nematode of laboratory rodents, was recovered from indigenousM. coucha. Strobilar stages of cestodes recovered includedHymenolepis diminuta,Hymenolepis nanaandInermicapsifer madagascariensis. Recovered metacestodes were strobilocerci ofHydatigera taeniaeformisfrom all three invasiveRattusspecies and coenurostrobilocerci ofHydatigera parvafromM. coucha. An acanthocephalan,Moniliformis moniliformis, was recovered fromR. rattusonly. All rodent species examined showed high helminth infection prevalence (≥70%) with equal or higher nematode than cestode prevalence.Mastomys coucha, however, showed significantly lower cestode prevalence thanRattusspecies where they co-occur. Interspecific transmission of helminths likely occurs between invasive and indigenous rodents, and these rodents harbour several helminths that have zoonotic implications.
Just Another Day in Chancery Lane: Disorder and the Law in London's Legal Quarter in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Kleineke Hannes , Ross James
Published: September 2017

Scarcely any turbulence, quarrels or disturbance ever occur there, but delinquents are punished with no other punishment than expulsion from communion with their society, which is a penalty they fear more than criminals elsewhere fear imprisonment and fetters. For a man once expelled from one of these societies is never received into the fellowship of any other of those societies. Hence the peace is unbroken and the conversation of all of them is as the friendship of united folk.

This was Sir John Fortescue's idealized account to the exiled prince of Wales, Edward of Lancaster, of the peace-loving nature of London's Inns of Court and Chancery in the mid-fifteenth century. Fortescue was not concerned with the reality, which, as he knew all too well, was different. He was concerned with impressing on his young pupil the perfection of the English law and the education of its practitioners, rather than the imperfections that existed in a society that the prince, as he explicitly told him, would never experience. Few who were familiar with the legal quarter that surrounded the Inns would have recognized the Arcadia that Fortescue described. Far from being the peaceful and well-ordered district that the former chief justice invoked, in the period when he wrote the area to the west of London's Temple Bar was a liminal space, populated by—among others—large numbers of young trainee lawyers, in whom the kind of unruly behaviour otherwise also associated with the early universities, not least the western suburb's Paris counterpart, thequartier latinto the south of the river Seine, was endemic. Among the most important factors that made it so was the very existence of the established, and to some extent tribal, all-male societies of the Inns of Court and of Chancery, at close quarters with the royal law courts and their heady mix of disputants and hired legal counsellors in permanent competition with each other.
Potassium-ion intercalation in graphite within a potassium-ion battery examined usingin situX-ray diffraction
Authors: Pramudita James C. , Peterson Vanessa K. , Kimpton Justin A. , Sharma Neeraj
Published: September 2017

Graphite has been widely used as a negative electrode material in lithium-ion batteries, and recently it has attracted attention for its use in potassium-ion batteries. In this study, the firstin situX-ray diffraction characterisation of a K/graphite electrochemical cell is performed. Various graphite intercalation compounds are found, including the stage three KC36and stage one KC8compounds,along with the disappearance of the graphite during the potassiation process. These results show new insights on the non-equilibrium states of potassium-ion intercalation into graphite in K/graphite electrochemical cells.
Central line-associated bloodstream infections in Australian ICUs: evaluating modifiable and non-modifiable risks in Victorian healthcare facilities
Authors: SPELMAN T. , PILCHER D. V. , CHENG A. C. , BULL A. L. , RICHARDS M. J. , WORTH L. J.
Published: September 2017

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in intensive care units (ICUs) result in poor clinical outcomes and increased costs. Although frequently regarded as preventable, infection risk may be influenced by non-modifiable factors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate organisational factors associated with CLABSI in Victorian ICUs to determine the nature and relative contribution of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Data captured by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society regarding ICU-admitted patients and resources were linked to CLABSI surveillance data collated by the Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2013. Accepted CLABSI surveillance methods were applied and hospital/patient characteristics were classified as ‘modifiable’ and ‘non-modifiable’, enabling longitudinal Poisson regression modelling of CLABSI risk. In total, 26 ICUs were studied. Annual CLABSI rates were 1·72, 1·37, 1·00 and 0·93/1000 CVC days for 2010–2013. Of non-modifiable factors, the number of non-invasively ventilated patients standardised to total ICU bed days was found to be independently associated with infection (RR 1·07; 95% CI 1·01–1·13; P = 0·030). Modelling of modifiable risk factors demonstrated the existence of a policy for mandatory ultrasound guidance for central venous catheter (CVC) localisation (RR 0·51; 95% CI 0·37–0·70; P < 0·001) and increased number of sessional specialist full-time equivalents (RR 0·52; 95% CI 0·29–0·93; P = 0·027) to be independently associated with protection against infection. Modifiable factors associated with reduced CLABSI risk include ultrasound guidance for CVC localisation and increased availability of sessional medical specialists.
From pause to word:uh, umanderin written American English
Authors: TOTTIE GUNNEL
Published: September 2017

This article describes and discusses the appearance and increasing frequency ofuh,umanderin American English journalistic prose from the 1960s to the early 2000s as part of the colloquialization of the language. The three variantsuh,umanderare shown to have different uses in writing than in speech; in writing they can be shown to qualify as words, while their status in speech appears to be on a cline of wordhood. In writing, they belong to the class of stance adverbs, serving metalinguistic purposes. Two types are distinguished, depending on sentence placement: in initial position,uh,umanderare attitude adverbs and in medial position, they are style adverbs. Althougheris dispreferred in initial position and preferred for correction of previously used words, every variant can be used for all discourse-pragmatic functions, which supports classifying them as one lexeme.
INTRODUCTION TO RECENT INSIGHTS INTO FINANCIAL, HOUSING, AND MONETARY MARKETS
Authors: Jawadi Fredj
Published: September 2017

This short note gives an overview of recent research on topics concerning Financial, Housing, and Monetary markets. In particular, I introduce a special issue that includes a selection of papers presented at the second International Workshop on Financial Markets and Nonlinear Dynamics (FMND) held in Paris in June 2015 (www.fmnd.fr). The papers investigate various issues and discuss hypotheses that help us to understand asset price dynamics and their impact on real activity, as well as the new rules governing financial markets. Furthermore, their conclusions can help us to improve the forecasting of market trends in the future.
Code-switching as a marker of linguistic competence in bilingual children
Authors: YOW W. QUIN , TAN JESSICA S. H. , FLYNN SUZANNE
Published: September 2017

Code-switching is a common phenomenon that bilinguals engage in, including bilingual children. While many researchers have analyzed code-switching behaviors to better understand more about the language processes in bilingual children, few have examined how code-switching behavior affects a child's linguistic competence. This study thus sought to examine the relationship between code-switching and linguistic competency in bilingual children. Fifty-five English–Mandarin bilingual children aged 5 to 6 years were observed during classroom activities over five days (three hours each day). A number of different word roots and mean length of utterance for both languages, and a number of code-switched utterances for each child, were computed. English receptive vocabulary scores were also obtained. Additionally, teachers rated children's English and Mandarin language competencies approximately six months later. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses support the argument that code-switching does not indicate linguistic incompetence. Instead, bilingual children's code-switching strongly suggests that it is a marker of linguistic competence.