bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruption of copper homeostasis due to a mutation of
Atp7a
delays the onset of prion disease
Authors: Siggs Owen M. , Cruite Justin T. , Du Xin , Rutschmann Sophie , Masliah Eliezer , Beutler Bruce , Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: August 2012

Copper influences the pathogenesis of prion disease, but whether it is beneficial or detrimental remains controversial. Copper homeostasis is also essential for normal physiology, as highlighted by the spectrum of diseases caused by disruption of the copper transporting enzymes ATP7A and ATP7B. Here, by using a forward genetics approach in mice, we describe the isolation of three alleles of
Atp7a
, each with different phenotypic consequences. The mildest of the three,

Atp7a
brown

, was insufficient to cause lethality in hemizygotes or mottling of the coat in heterozygotes, but did lead to coat hypopigmentation and reduced copper content in the brains of hemizygous males. When challenged with Rocky Mountain Laboratory scrapie, the onset of prion disease was delayed in

Atp7a
brown

mice, and significantly less proteinase-resistant prion protein was found in the brains of moribund

Atp7a
brown

mice compared with WT littermates. Our results establish that ATP7A-mediated copper homeostasis is important for the formation of pathogenic proteinase-resistant prion protein.
Kinetic mechanism of p53 oncogenic mutant aggregation and its inhibition
Authors: Wilcken Rainer , Wang GuoZhen , Boeckler Frank M. , Fersht Alan R.
Published: August 2012

Aggregation of destabilized mutants of the tumor suppressor p53 is a major route for its loss of activity. In order to assay drugs that inhibit aggregation of p53, we established the basic kinetics of aggregation of its core domain, using the mutant Y220C that has a mutation-induced, druggable cavity. Aggregation monitored by light scattering followed lag kinetics. Electron microscopy revealed the formation of small aggregates that subsequently grew to larger amorphous aggregates. The kinetics of aggregation produced surprising results: progress curves followed either by the binding of Thioflavin T or the fluorescence of the protein at 340 nm fitted well to simple two-step sequential first-order lag kinetics with rate constants
k
1
and
k
2
that were independent of protein concentration, and not to classical nucleation-growth. We suggest a mechanism of first-order formation of an aggregation competent state as being rate determining followed by rapid polymerization with the higher order kinetics. By measuring the inhibition kinetics of
k
1
and
k
2
, we resolved that the process with the higher rate constant followed that of the lower. Further, there was only partial inhibition of
k
1
and
k
2
, which showed two parallel pathways of aggregation, one via a state that requires unfolding of the protein and the other of partial unfolding with the ligand still bound. Inhibition kinetics of ligands provides a useful tool for probing an aggregation mechanism.
First-order rate-determining aggregation mechanism of p53 and its implications
Authors: Wang GuoZhen , Fersht Alan R.
Published: August 2012

Aggregation of p53 is initiated by first-order processes that generate an aggregation-prone state with parallel pathways of major or partial unfolding. Here, we elaborate the mechanism and explore its consequences, beginning with the core domain and extending to the full-length p53 mutant Y220C. Production of large light-scattering particles was slower than formation of the Thioflavin T-binding state and simultaneous depletion of monomer. EDTA removes Zn
2+
to generate
apo
-p53, which aggregated faster than
holo
-p53.
Apo
-Y220C also aggregated by both partial and major unfolding.
Apo
-p53 was not an obligatory intermediate in the aggregation of
holo
-p53, but affords a parallel pathway that may be relevant to oncogenic mutants with impaired Zn
2+
binding. Full-length tetrameric Y220C formed the Thioflavin T-binding state with similar rate constants to those of core domain, consistent with a unimolecular initiation that is unaffected by neighboring subunits, but very slowly formed small light-scattering particles.
Apo
-Y220C and aggregated
holo
-Y220C had little, if any, seeding effect on the initial polymerization of
holo
-Y220C (measured by Thioflavin T binding), consistent with initiation being a unimolecular process. But
apo
-Y220C and aggregated
holo
-Y220C accelerated somewhat the subsequent formation of light-scattering particles from
holo
-protein, implying coaggregation. The implications for cancer cells containing wild-type and unstable mutant alleles are that aggregation of wild-type p53 (or homologs) might not be seeded by aggregated mutant, but it could coaggregate with p53 or other cellular proteins that have undergone the first steps of aggregation and speed up the formation of microscopically observable aggregates.
Inducible genetic system for the axolotl
Authors: Whited Jessica L. , Lehoczky Jessica A. , Tabin Clifford J.
Published: August 2012

Transgenesis promises a powerful means for assessing gene function during amphibian limb regeneration. This approach is complicated, however, by the need for embryonic appendage development to proceed unimpeded despite the genetic alterations one wishes to test later in the context of regeneration. Achieving conditional gene regulation in this amphibian has not proved to be as straightforward as in many other systems. In this report we describe a unique method for obtaining temporal control over exogenous gene expression in the axolotl. Based on technology derived from the
Escherichia coli
Lac operon, uninduced transgenes are kept in a repressed state by the binding of constitutively expressed Lac repressor protein (LacI) to operator sequences within the expression construct. Addition of a lactose analog, IPTG, to the swimming water of the axolotl is sufficient for the sugar to be taken up by cells, where it binds the LacI protein, thereby inducing expression of the repressed gene. We use this system to demonstrate an in vivo role for
thrombospondin-4
in limb regeneration. This inducible system will allow for systematic analysis of phenotypes at defined developmental or regenerative time points. The tight regulation and robustness of gene induction combined with the simplicity of this strategy will prove invaluable for studying many aspects of axolotl biology.
The correlates of meeting physical activity recommendations: A population‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Marques Adilson , Martins João , Diniz José , Ramos Madalena , Yazigi Flávia , Onofre Marcos , Carreiro da Costa Francisco
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to identify correlated factors which explain the recommended level of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among Portuguese adults. Subjects aged 31–60 years (972 males, 1195 females) were categorized, based on LTPA data obtained using a questionnaire, into two groups according to the PA recommendation for PA:≥10 or <10 MET·hr·wk−1. Chi‐square and logistic regression analyses were applied to the results. For men, the perception of an active lifestyle [odds ratio (OR) = 4.61, 95% CI:3.13–6.81, p <0.001], having an excellent perception of health (OR = 3.14, 95% CI:1.28–7.71, p =0.013), perception of being sufficiently active (OR = 2.16, 95% CI:1.53–3.05, p <0.001), and having a high socio‐economic status (SES) (OR = 1.86, 95% CI:1.22–2.81, p =0.004) were associated with attaining the recommended level of PA. For women, the perception of an active lifestyle (OR = 3.68, 95% CI:2.63–5.15, p <0.001), and middle SES (OR = 1.50, 95% CI:1.07–2.11, p =0.018) were positive and associated with meeting PA recommendations. Unlike men, women with body mass index (BMI) 25–29.9 kg/m2 were more likely to attain the recommended level of PA than those with BMI <25 kg/m2. The incidence of adults that met the recommended amount of PA is low. Men and women had different patterns of psychological and socio‐demographic correlates. An intervention designed to improve the levels of PA among Portuguese adults may take these correlates into account.
Mutually exclusive redox forms of HMGB1 promote cell recruitment or proinflammatory cytokine release
Authors: Venereau Emilie , Casalgrandi Maura , Schiraldi Milena , Antoine Daniel J. , Cattaneo Angela , De Marchis Francesco , Liu Jaron , Antonelli Antonella , Preti Alessandro , Raeli Lorenzo , Shams Sara Samadi , Yang Huan , Varani Luca , Andersson Ulf , Tracey Kevin J. , Bachi Angela , Uguccioni Mariagrazia , Bianchi Marco E.
Published: August 2012

Tissue damage causes inflammation, by recruiting leukocytes and activating them to release proinflammatory mediators. We show that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) orchestrates both processes by switching among mutually exclusive redox states. Reduced cysteines make HMGB1 a chemoattractant, whereas a disulfide bond makes it a proinflammatory cytokine and further cysteine oxidation to sulfonates by reactive oxygen species abrogates both activities. We show that leukocyte recruitment and activation can be separated. A nonoxidizable HMGB1 mutant in which serines replace all cysteines (3S-HMGB1) does not promote cytokine production, but is more effective than wild-type HMGB1 in recruiting leukocytes in vivo. BoxA, a HMGB1 inhibitor, interferes with leukocyte recruitment but not with activation. We detected the different redox forms of HMGB1 ex vivo within injured muscle. HMGB1 is completely reduced at first and disulfide-bonded later. Thus, HMGB1 orchestrates both key events in sterile inflammation, leukocyte recruitment and their induction to secrete inflammatory cytokines, by adopting mutually exclusive redox states.
Coronary telangiectasia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Frustaci Andrea , Lanfranchi Gerolamo , Bellin Milena , Chimenti Cristina
Published: August 2012

Aims

Coronary telangiectasia (CT) is a rare congenital anomaly causing ventricular shunt and myocardial ischaemia. Its prevalence, genetic background, and impact in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are unknown and were therefore investigated in this study.

Methods and results

Among 445 patients with HCM, 195 had a coronary angiography and 124 a left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. CT draining into the ventricular cavities was observed in 5 of 195 HCM patients (2.5%), whereas it was detected in 0.1% of 1000 consecutive subjects without congenital anomalies undergoing coronary angiography. Patients with CT‐HCM underwent a total body computed tomography scan to investigate the presence of systemic vascular malformations. HCM‐related MYH7, MYBPC3, TNNT2, and TPM1 genes and hereditary haemorragic telangiectasia‐related endoglin and activin receptor‐like kinase 1 genes were analysed. Histology, clinical profile, and outcome of CT‐HCM patients were correlated with those of 22 control HCM patients. No mucocutaneous or systemic vascular malformations were detected. Gene analysis showed a MYH7 mutation in two patients, with an associated endoglin point mutation. Histology showed in the CT‐HCM cohort a more pronounced myocardial fibrosis (29.8 ± 3.8%) compared with HCM controls (13 ± 2.6%), and disorganized cardiomyocytes separated by thin‐walled large vessels adherent to the endocardium. Clinically, the CT‐HCM cohort had a higher arrhythmic profile at diagnosis and increased incidence of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantations and arrhythmic deaths during a long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusion

CT is detectable in 2.5% of HCM patients vs. 0.1% of the general population; it may derive from a co‐existing endoglin gene mutation and cause a prominent, potentially arrhythmogenic myocardial fibrosis.
Single-stage Anterior Release and Sequential Posterior Fusion for Irreducible Atlantoaxial Dislocation
Authors: Hao Dingjun , He Baorong , Zheng Yonghong , Zhang Zhenxing
Published: August 2012

Study Design:

A retrospective study.

Objective:

To introduce the method of single-stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion in irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation (IAAD) and to evaluate the clinical effects of this surgery.

Summary of Background Data:

In previous clinical studies, several techniques have been introduced to manage IAAD. But all these treatments have intrinsic disadvantages. A single-stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion can offer a new alternative which can avoid these disadvantages.

Methods:

From January 2003 to January 2009, 22 cases of IAAD were diagnosed consecutively. Anterior atlantoaxial release was performed through anterior retropharyngeal approach, after traction reduction conducted on the monitoring of C-arm fluoroscopy. C1–C2 were then fixed posteriorly and fused by single stage. Neurological status was evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system.

Results:

All patients were observed for an average of 32 months, ranging from 15 to 40 months. All cases achieved anatomic reduction and solid fusion. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score of 12 patients with myelopathy improved from 8.3 to 13.9, 6 months postoperatively, and the mean improving rate was 87.5%. No graft or implant-related complications were observed in any patient during the entire follow-up period.

Conclusions:

The method of single-stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion is an effective method for management of IAAD, proving its value as a technique for achieving complete reduction with solid bony fusion.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene mutations in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Idali Farah , Zareii Said , Mohammad‐Zadeh Afsane , Reihany‐Sabet Fakhreddin , Akbarzadeh‐Pasha Zoreh , Khorram‐Khorshid Hamid‐Reza , Zarnani Amir‐Hassan , Jeddi‐Tehrani Mahmood
Published: August 2012

Problem

Mutations in genes related to thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis have been associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

Using PCR‐RFLP, we investigated the frequencies of MTHFR (A1298C and C677T) as well as PAI‐1 (‐675 4G/5G) gene polymorphisms in 177 RPL and 100 control women. RPL women were stratified into 38 women with PCOS (RPL‐PCOS), 33 with ovarian PCO (RPL‐ovarian PCO), and 106 without PCOS (RPL).

Results

RPL, RPL‐PCOS, and RPL‐ovarian PCO groups showed significantly higher frequencies of MTHFR A1298C (P < 0.001) and PAI‐1 4G/5G (P < 0.001) mutations than the controls. No significant differences were found between the RPL groups. The respective odds ratios (OR) for bearing MTHFR (A1298C, C677T) and PAI‐1 (4G/5G) gene mutations were 33.9‐, 2.2‐, and 5.2‐fold higher in RPL, 66.3‐, 6.7‐, and 2.8‐fold higher in RPL‐PCOS, and 27.3‐, 1.9‐, and 3.9‐fold higher in RPL‐ovarian PCO women than those in controls.

Conclusion

Our results showed the significance of MTHFR A1298C and PAI‐1 4G/5G mutations in Iranian women suffering from RPL with and without PCOS.
Synthesis, in vitro Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Benzimidamides as Potential BACE1 Inhibitors
Authors: Niu Yan , Gao Haifei , Xu Fengrong , Wang Chao , Liu Peng , Yang Guanyu , Sun Qi , Xu Ping
Published: August 2012

A series of 3, 5‐disubstituted benzimidamides were synthesized and biologically evaluated as potential BACE1 inhibitors. Both the targeted compounds (benzimidamides) and the synthetic intermediates (benzonitriles) were tested for their BACE1 inhibitory activities in a cell‐free FRET assay. All the synthesized benzimidamides were active as BACE1 inhibitors and compound 6d showed the lowest IC50 value of 3.35 μm. Molecular docking study proposed a binding mode, which would help to the further optimization on 6d to achieve more potent, BBB penetrant BACE1 inhibitors.
An easy schedule for postsurgical radioiodine administration in newly diagnosed differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients
Authors: Lupoli Gelsy A. , Poggiano Maria R. , Panico Annalisa , Granieri Luciana , Lupoli Roberta , Cacciapuoti Marianna , Lupoli Giovanni
Published: August 2012

Objective

To validate the simplest approach to preparing patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) for 131I‐administration (131I‐A), minimizing the impact of hypothyroidism.

Design

Panel study.

Patients

Ninety patients with DTC were enrolled in the study. Sixty (Group A) underwent total thyroidectomy (TT); L‐T4 was not administered in preparation for 131I‐A planned for 3 weeks later. Thirty patients (Group B) with previous TT and 131I‐A stopped L‐T4 in preparation for clinical evaluation, including whole‐body scanning (WBS)/radioiodine therapy during thyrotrophin (TSH) stimulation planned for 3 weeks (or more) later.

Measurements

Thyrotrophin was measured the day before TT for group A, during L‐T4 for group B (baseline‐time 1) and then every week until it reached ≥30 mIU/l (time 2). Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated by Billewicz index.

Results

At week 3, 100% of patients in group A and 56·6% of group B exceeded TSH > 30 mIU/l. In group B, the cut‐off was achieved in four patients at the fourth week (TSH 38·6 ± 8·7 mIU/l), in 3 at the fifth (53·2 ± 3) and in 6 at the sixth (42·3 ± 6·1). From time 1 to time 2, total QoL scores were less affected in group A (percentage decrease: 105%) than in group B (218%). At time 2, the total score was >+19 in group A in 46 patients and in 30 in group B. In group A, TSH levels in the higher tertile of QoL (61 ± 6 mIU/l) were not different from those in the lower tertile (62·3 ± 11·1)(P > 0·1); similar results were seen in group B (69·3 ± 13·3 vs 62·9 ± 13·1)(P > 0·1). There was a positive correlation between the time to obtain TSH ≥ 30 mIU/l and total QoL scores.

Conclusions

Quality of life scores were not affected by thyrotrophin was measured the day before TT levels as absolute values. A longer time to obtain TSH ≥ 30 mIU/l was positively correlated with worse scores of QoL. We suggest 3 weeks without therapy can be used as an easy schedule in patients who undergo TT for DTC.
An international campaign coordinated by EPPO to control Colorado Beetle in the Channel Islands
Authors: Brokenshire T. , Meadows S. , Genard O.
Published: August 2012

Collaboration between the Plant Protection Services of France and the Channel Islands has helped to keep Jersey and Guernsey free of Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) for over 60 years. The Channel Islands lie close to the coast of the Cotentin peninsula where potato fields are still infested with Colorado Beetle. Joint surveys of the coastal potato fields of Cotentin provide valuable information on beetle populations. Beetle flight records together with local weather data provide the necessary information to issue Colorado Beetle alerts to the Channel Islands during the months of May–July. High risk alerts issued by French Plant Protection colleagues are acted on and inspectors are mobilised to search beaches in Jersey and Guernsey for adult beetles. Farmers are not obliged to control Colorado Beetle in France. However, there has been an agreement negotiated in the Cotentin that farmers will treat their fields if beetles are found, with monitoring carried out by staff from a local co‐operative. This co‐operation has proved essential in the Colorado Beetle campaign.
Quarantine disinfestation in Russia: past and present
Authors: Shamilov A. S.
Published: August 2012

Until 2005 disinfestation for plant quarantine purposes in the Russian Federation was mainly based on methyl bromide. Methyl bromide is effective against most important insect pests and is also effective against a wide range of nematodes. However, because of its contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion its use has not been permitted in developed countries since 2005, and in developing countries phase out will take place by 2015. In contrast, phosphine remains widely used, even though many insects have developed resistance to it. Alternative methods are also used such as refrigeration, controlled modified atmospheres, methyl iodide and sulfuryl fluoride. The present paper discusses the history of disinfestation in the USSR and describes the new methods which were developed and used as phytosanitary treatments in the Russian Federation. The techniques presented in this paper are the result of many years of scientific and practical work and the search for alternatives is ongoing.
The tomato borer Tuta absoluta in South America: pest status, management and insecticide resistance
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Picanço M. C.
Published: August 2012

The tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has been a recognized pest in South America since the 1960s, quickly spreading to the major tomato‐producing countries in the region. A series of studies regarding this pest's biology, ecology and management were conducted to contain tomato losses within acceptable levels. Although cultural control methods were attempted against T. absoluta, as were the development of resistant tomato varieties and the use of pheromones and natural enemies, insecticides are still the main control method used. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta was identified, confirmed and synthesized in the late 1990s and it is currently used for detection and monitoring of this species, but improved sampling plans are still necessary for its use in decision‐making regarding insecticide use. Insecticide use has shifted from earlier reliance on organophosphates, pyrethroids, cartap and abamectin to insect growth regulators and, more recently, to novel insecticides. Unfortunately, the overreliance on insecticide use led to problems with insecticide resistance in the region, which is a current matter of concern not only in South America, but also elsewhere since introduced strains may carry insecticide‐resistance genes at high frequency even without local selection in the site of introduction.
Experimental studies on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in protected tomato crops in France: biological control and integrated crop protection
Authors: Trottin‐Caudal Y. , Baffert V. , Leyre J.‐M. , Hulas N.
Published: August 2012

Tuta absoluta is a pest from South America which has been detected in many European and Mediterranean countries since 2006. It was identified in Corsica and the South of France in late 2008, and by 2010 this Lepidopteran species had spread to further tomato‐production areas. The pest is present mainly on tomatoes in protected and field crops, and damage on leaves and fruit can be so severe that it can lead to total destruction of the plant. Since 2010, studies have been carried out in experimental insect‐proof glasshouses with artificial infestations of the pest. The objective was to gain better knowledge of this emergent pest and to develop adapted control strategies under the conditions of the South‐East of France. Integrated pest management is widely used on tomato crops in France, and the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus and the parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae were studied, alone and in combination. The possible effect of the concurrent prey Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the impact of the predator on T. absoluta was also studied. The best results were obtained when the two beneficials were released in combination, even in the presence of whiteflies T. vaporariorum.
Using new egg parasitoids (Trichogrammaspp.) to improve integrated management againstTuta absoluta
Authors: Do Thi Khanh H. , Chailleux A. , Tiradon M. , Desneux N. , Colombel E. , Tabone E.
Published: August 2012

This study is the first step of theTutaPIprogram (2011–13) to decrease the costs of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies againstTuta absolutainFrance by investigating new beneficial insects. Currently, the association of predator/egg parasitoid (Macrolophus pygmaeusandTrichogramma achaeae, respectively) inIPMstrategies are quite effective, but expensive. Sixty‐four new potential strains from 19Trichogrammaspecies originating from different regions of the world (from the collection ofTrichogrammaatINRAProvence Alpes Côte d'Azur (PACA),France) were studied in this work. A screening study was performed onT. absolutaeggs on isolated tomato leaves (for 24 h at 25 ± 1°C,RH 75 ± 5% and 16 h light : 8 h dark). The proportion of parasitizedT. absolutaeggs varied greatly (between 0 and 73%) depending on the different strains used. Levels of parasitism by females, equal to or higher than that ofT. achaeae,were observed in 14 of the strains tested among eight species (four fromFrance, four from elsewhere inEurope). The proportion of females that parasitizedT. absolutaeggs was significantly different between strains (from 0 to 100%). Experimental results allowed about half of the 64 initial strains to be eliminated before the next steps: tests on a larger scale (mesocosm, and then in the greenhouse and field).
Biological control of Tuta absoluta in Argentina and Italy: evaluation of indigenous insects as natural enemies
Authors: Luna M. G. , Sánchez N. E. , Pereyra P. C. , Nieves E. , Savino V. , Luft E. , Virla E. , Speranza S.
Published: August 2012

By means of an international project, Argentinian and Italian researchers are carrying out joint research to study biological and ecological aspects of Tuta absoluta biological control. This paper lists indigenous natural enemies reported for T. absoluta, as well as the current results on T. absoluta egg and larval parasitoids in both countries. Parasitoid species that conformed to different guilds are shown to coexist in cropping conditions, and some show positive characteristics as potential biocontrol agents against T. absoluta by means of augmentative releases. Future laboratory and field evaluations of the efficacy of biological control programmes in Argentina and Italy are proposed.
Re‐evaluation of EPPO‐listed pests
Authors: Suffert M.
Published: August 2012

In 2011, EPPO conducted a survey among its member countries to re‐evaluate the status of 14 pests currently listed on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests: Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Cacyreus marshalli, Ciborinia camelliae, Dickeya (Erwinia) chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola, Frankliniella occidentalis, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phialophora cinerescens, Puccina horiana, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Viteus vitifoliae, Xanthomonas fragariae. As a result of the survey, it was concluded that all these pests should be maintained on the A2 List.
EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting: description and details of the first outcomes
Authors: Grousset F. , Petter F. , Suffert M. , Roy A. S.
Published: August 2012

EPPO member countries requested that a study be conducted to identify and better address the risks presented by the trade of plants for planting, which has led to numerous introductions of pests into the EPPO region in recent years. Concerns were raised about the efficacy of the current plant health systems in place in the EPPO region to deal with the risks presented by plants for planting. The EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting was launched by the EPPO Council in 2010. The first part of the Study was completed in spring 2012. It was published as EPPO Technical Document 1061 (http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/EPPO_Study_on_Plants_for_planting.pdf). Examples of pest outbreaks in the EPPO region suspected to be caused by international trade of plants for planting were analyzed. This analysis identified characteristics of the pest/crop/trade patterns associated with the risks of importing pests. These characteristics are described as criteria that are intended to be used in a screening process to enable identification of commodities that require an assessment prior to import in the EPPO region. The further elaboration of the screening process is briefly outlined.
Effet des extraits végétaux méthanoliques de certaines plantes marocaines sur Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)
Authors: Ait Taadaouit N. , Hsaine M. , Rochdi A. , Nilahyane A. , Bouharroud R.
Published: August 2012

Après son introduction en 2008, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) a causé des graves dommages à la production de tomates au Maroc. La lutte chimique est une méthode rapide et simple pour empêcher le développement de ce ravageur. Cependant, l'utilisation massive de ces produits chimiques présente des risques potentiels pour la santé et l'environnement. Afin de prévenir cet inconvénient, cette étude est un essai pour fournir des alternatives basées sur l'utilisation des bioinsecticides d'origine végétale qui sont des produits naturels. Sept plantes marocaines (Thymus vulgaris, Ononis natrix, Lawsonia inermis, Ricinus communis, Argania spinosa, Urtica dioica et Peganum harmala) ont été collectés dans différentes zones de la vallée du Souss. Les matières actives ont été extraites en utilisant un évaporateur rotatif (40°C) et du méthanol comme solvant. La méthode du « Leaf dip bioassay » a été adoptée pour évaluer la toxicité in vitro de ces extraits végétaux contre les larves L2 de T. absoluta. Le logiciel POLO‐PC a été utilisé pour déterminer la dose létale pour 90% des larves (DL90). L'extrait de T. vulgaris a affiché le taux de mortalité le plus important (97%), suivi par R. communis, P. harmala et U. dioica é qui affichaient respectivement des taux de mortalité de l'ordre de 80%, 65% et 55%. La DL90 la plus faible a été obtenue avec l'extrait de T. vulgaris (156 023 ppm).
Management of the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta in Tunisia with novel insecticides and plant extracts
Authors: Braham M. , Glida‐Gnidez H. , Hajji L.
Published: August 2012

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill is a vegetable crop of major importance in Tunisia. Since its detection in 2008, the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) became a serious insect pest attacking both outdoor and greenhouse tomatoes. Its control relies primarily on insecticides; hence the diversification of active substances including natural products is urgently required. The effectiveness of novel insecticides and plant extracts for the control of T. absoluta were investigated in Tunisia on tomatoes grown in greenhouses and in the laboratory in 2011. In tomato greenhouses, the following products were evaluated: Ampligo 150ZS (chlorantraniliprole + lambda‐cyhalothrin), VoliamTargo 063 SC (chlorantraniliprole + abamectin), Tracer240 SC (spinosad), Nimbecidine (azadirachtin 0.03%), Tutafort (plant extracts), Vydate (oxamyl) and Biocatch (Verticillium lecanii). In the laboratory, the products evaluated were: Ampligo 150ZS (chlorantraniliprole + lambda‐cyhalothrin), Movento OD (spirotetramat), Evisect SP (thiocyclam), Challenger SC (chlorfenapyr), Cyproma WP (cyromazine), Vydate (oxamyl), Armorex (plant extracts), Konflic (plant extracts) and Deffort (plant extracts). Greenhouse trials show good efficacy of the following products: Tracer, Nimbecidine, Biocatch, VoliamTargo, Tutafort and Vydate. However, laboratory trials demonstrate good performance of Challenger, Ampligo, Movento, Armorex, Deffort and Konflic. The integration of these products in an integrated pest management approach is discussed.
Susceptibility of tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations from Turkey to 7 different insecticides in laboratory bioassay
Authors: Dağlı F. , İkten C. , Sert E. , Bölücek E.
Published: August 2012

The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), was first recorded in Turkey in August 2009 and rapidly became a serious pest in the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal regions in field and greenhouse grown tomatoes. Currently, insecticides are considered one of the major tools for the management of T. absoluta in Turkey. This study, investigated the efficacy of 7 different insecticides, against T. absoluta in laboratory bioassays. To determine the lethal concentration (LC) values and feeding activity of the larvae, tomato leaf parts mined by 1–3 day old L1 larvae were dipped into different insecticide concentrations. Mortality was recorded 5 days after insecticide treatments. Spinosad, chlorantraniliprole + abamectin or indoxacarb treatment resulted in 100% mortality with minimal or no feeding in all populations at their recommended doses of 120, 50.4 and 60 mg a.s. L−1, respectively. In general, the LC99 values of populations for these insecticides were similar and also lower than that of the recommended field doses. The effect of pyridalyl was low, resulting in low mortality with serious feeding damage at the dose of 125 mg a.s. L−1. The efficacies of abamectin, metaflumizone and azadirachtin were found to be moderate to low at the recommended doses (4.5, 240 and 50 mg a.s. L−1, respectively). However, these insecticides may affect pupation and adult emergence rates hence further studies are recommended to investigate these insecticides.
Evaluation of two methods for the protection of tomato crops against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) under greenhouses in Tunisia
Authors: Harbi Ahlem , Abbes Khaled , Chermiti Brahim
Published: August 2012

The evaluation of two methods of plant protection in tomato crops cultivated in greenhouses against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in the region of Teboulba in Tunisia was performed. This study evaluated the use of insect‐proof screens alone or in combination with one sex pheromone water trap compared to a control greenhouse not equipped with either. The study confirms that the use of one sex pheromone water trap combined with insect‐proof covering of doors and aeration openings is sufficient to guarantee good crop protection. This combined control system allowed a low density of the pest (less than 2 individuals per leaf) to be maintained and a mean number of mines below 1 mine per leaf.
The first report and control strategies of Tuta absoluta in Iran
Authors: Baniameri V. , Cheraghian A.
Published: August 2012

In Iran, the tomato growing area is about 150 000 ha, mostly located in the south of the country. The Iranian Plant Protection Organization and inspection service in Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP) prepared a monitoring program for this pest in 2009 and 2010. A technical guideline was issued and distributed among PPO inspectors. For the first time in November 2010, samples were collected by Uromiyeh PPO on tomato from Uromiyeh in Azarbaijan province in North West Iran. The specimens found in these samples were identified as Tuta absoluta. Three months later in January 2011, pheromone traps were placed in tomato growing areas in Borazjan, Busher province, to detect and monitor this pest. T. absoluta was identified, based on adult morphology and on male genitalia from moths collected in 5 of these traps during January 2011. More pheromone traps were put into place covering the entire tomato growing area throughout the country. As of June 2011, the pest was detected in 24 different locations. This is the first report of T. absoluta in Iran. T. absoluta is a very serious pest for tomato, and an outbreak of this pest is expected during the crop cycle in autumn and winter 2011–2012 in the south of Iran. Thus, based on experiences in other countries an IPM program according to available tools and materials was developed.
First record of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Sudan
Authors: Mohamed E. S. I. , Mohamed M. E. , Gamiel S. A.
Published: August 2012

An outbreak of larvae and adults of a devastating moth was noted to be causing severe damage in tomato grown in greenhouses at Khartoum State, Sudan during June 2010. Symptoms included foliage mining and leaves drying. Photographs of symptoms and larvae and adults of the pest (and subsequently specimens) were sent to Russell IPM, UK and the Finnish Museum of Natural History for identification. The pest was identified as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This is the first official record of T. absoluta in Sudan, based on surveys in tomato production areas in Khartoum, Gezira, Red Sea and North Kordofan States and eggplant and potato in Khartoum State. Severe yield loss due to the serious feeding damage on foliage and fruits infestation was reported on tomato and eggplant fields at Khartoum State.
The current status of Tuta absoluta in Italy
Authors: Speranza S. , Sannino L.
Published: August 2012

The cultivation of tomato, and other Solanaceae, is of major importance for European agriculture. The revival of the Mediterranean diet is helping to bring back to the tables of European peoples many Solanaceae, and particularly tomato. The European and International demand for processed tomato products has sharply increased the interest given to this culture. Nevertheless tomato is a plant strongly infested by insect pests. This paper presents the state of the art concerning the spread of the invasive Gelechiidae moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Italy, along with data on surveying strategies to monitor the insect at regional level.
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Authors: Đurić Z. , Hrnčić S. , Vujanović M. , Đurić B. , Mitrić S.
Published: August 2012

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.
Tomato leafminer – Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) – current status in Montenegro
Authors: Hrnčić Snježana , Radonjić Sanja
Published: August 2012

Tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta was detected for the first time in Montenegro using pheromone traps in the middle of July 2010, in greenhouses in one location at the Montenegrin sea coast. In the period from the end of July to the first week of August, moths were captured in pheromone traps from other locations along the sea coast and surroundings of the city of Podgorica. According to the survey carried out by the authors from July to September 2010, T. absoluta was present in greenhouses in all tomato‐producing areas, while outdoors it was found only in the coastal area. Monitoring of T. absoluta continued in 2011. Pheromone traps were set up in five locations in the main tomato‐producing areas, both in greenhouses and outdoors, between 4 and 15 May. The first captured moths were detected after 7–15 days in all inspected locations, and captures continued until the end of September. According to the number of captured moths and the damage observed, it can be concluded that the population level in 2011 was lower in comparison with 2010, when up to 100% losses were detected in tomato crops in several locations. In 2011, tomato producers were already being informed about the pest and means of control, so most of them applied cultural and chemical control measures.
Electrical stimulation increases blood flow and haemoglobin levels in acute cutaneous wounds without affecting wound closure time: evidenced by non‐invasive assessment of temporal biopsy wounds in human volunteers
Authors: Ud‐Din Sara , Perry Donna , Giddings Pamela , Colthurst James , Zaman Karen , Cotton Symon , Whiteside Sigrid , Morris Julie , Bayat Ardeshir
Published: August 2012

Recent studies highlighted the beneficial effects of a novel electrical stimulation waveform, the degenerate wave (DW), on skin fibroblasts and symptomatic skin scarring. However, no study to date has investigated the role of DW on acute cutaneous wounds. Therefore, we evaluated this in a trial using a temporal punch biopsy model. Twenty healthy volunteers had a biopsy performed on day 0 (left arm) and day 14 (right arm). On day 14, DW was applied. Participants were randomised into two groups. Objective non‐invasive assessments were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 60 and 90 using spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis and full‐field laser perfusion imaging. There were statistically significant increases in mean flux on day 14 (P = 0.027) in the post‐DW arm. Haemoglobin levels increased on day 7 for the post‐DW arm compared to without DW (P = 0.088). Differences in melanin levels were higher post‐DW on the left arm between randomised groups on day 90 (P = 0.033). Haemoglobin levels in the vascular ring increased significantly from day 7 to 90 (P < 0.001 for post‐DW and without DW arms). This study, for the first time, shows that DW increases blood flow and haemoglobin levels in acute healing wounds without affecting wound closure time and may have potential application in enhancing acute cutaneous healing.
The value of immunophenotyping hepatocellular adenomas: consecutive resections at one UK centre
Authors: Bellamy Christopher O C , Maxwell R Scott , Prost Sandrine , Azodo Ijeoma A , Powell James J , Manning Jonathan R
Published: August 2012

Aims:  To determine the utility of immunophenotyping for classification of hepatocellular adenomas resected at one Scottish centre.

Methods and results:  This study comprised a retrospective review and immunophenotyping of consecutive resected benign hepatocellular tumours. Fifty‐five patients (seven men) had 64 adenomas and 26 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNHs) resected. Map‐like glutamine synthetase (GS) staining was specific for FNH. Immunophenotyping changed the morphological typing for three adenomas and resolved 16 of 18 unclassified or equivocal cases, revealing GS positivity in these (seven) and four others. Steatotic/liver fatty acid binding protein‐deficient adenomas were the commonest type in women (12/29 women, 41%) but were absent from men. Where one of multiple adenomas was morphologically unclassified, there was still a shared immunophenotype. Diffuse CD34 positivity correlated with GS positivity or unclassified status (P < 0.0001). Supervised cluster analysis identified morphological discriminants for FNH and predictors of adenoma type and their insensitivity in predicting GS status. Forty per cent of men and 7% of women with adenomas had a specific adenoma risk, including danazol and portal venopathies. Inflammatory adenomas were associated with metabolic syndrome, steatosis, or alcohol (P = 0.053). Four patients showed carcinoma ex‐adenoma.

Conclusions:  The distribution of adenoma types in this population matches that in others, and immunoprofiling is required for accurate typing. Carcinoma ex‐adenoma is uncommon and fits the published risk profile (large size and GS‐positive).
Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression combined with peritoneal involvement and lymphovascular invasion predicts prognosis in Dukes' B colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Doyle Brendan , Hagan Suzanne , Al‐Mulla Fahd , Scott Lucy , Harden Sharon , Paul Jim , Mulcahy Hugh , Murray Graeme I , Sheahan Kieran , O'Sullivan Jacintha , Kolch Walter
Published: August 2012

Aims

There is controversy regarding the use of adjuvant therapy in patients with Dukes' B colorectal cancer (CRC). New markers, identifying high‐risk Dukes' B patients, are needed. Here, we examine the utility of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) as such a marker and promoter methylation as a mechanism of RKIP down‐regulation.

Methods and results

We used a tissue microarray of 220 patients with Dukes' B CRC to examine the effect of RKIP expression on survival. Pyrosequencing was used to assess RKIP promoter methylation status. RKIP expression correlated inversely with disease‐specific survival in this cohort. In multivariate analysis, RKIP was found to be an independent prognostic indicator, along with peritoneal invasion and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). RKIP promoter hypermethylation was seen in only one of 29 tumours analysed by pyrosequencing.

Conclusions

Raf kinase inhibitor protein, peritoneal invasion and LVI provide independent prognostic information in this cohort of Dukes' B CRC patients. This demonstrates the potential utility of RKIP in identifying ‘high‐risk’ Dukes' B patients. It is this high‐risk group which is most likely to benefit from close postoperative monitoring and may derive the most benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Vibrio cholerae/mimicus in fecal microbiota of healthy children in a cholera endemic urban slum setting in Kolkata, India
Authors: Nair Gopinath Balakrish , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Sur Dipika , Kurakawa Takashi , Takahashi Takuya , Nomoto Koji , Takeda Yoshifumi
Published: August 2012

During a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled probiotic trial among 3758 children residing in an urban slum in Kolkata, India, Vibrio cholerae/mimicus was detected in fecal microbiota of healthy children. The importance of this finding in the local, regional and global transmission of cholera is discussed.
Complex regional pain syndrome following protracted labour*
Authors: Butchart A. G. , Mathews M. , Surendran A.
Published: August 2012

Obstetric nerve palsies are common and long‐term sequelae are fortunately rare. The development of a complex regional pain syndrome is an unusual and less reported complication of labour‐related neuropathy. A 28‐year‐old primigravida who experienced prolonged labour and instrumental delivery under spinal anaesthesia complained of persisting weakness and numbness postpartum, affecting the left lower limb. Urgent magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no abnormality and a common peroneal nerve injury was later confirmed by nerve conduction studies. Unfortunately, the neuropathy did not resolve as expected and oedema, burning paraesthesia and allodynia affecting the left foot developed within two weeks. She was treated with gabapentin, ibuprofen, topical capsaicin and regular physiotherapy. After six months, the foot drop had resolved and the chronic pain element was significantly diminished.
Unpacking the impoverished nature of secondary forests
Authors: Parr Catherine L.
Published: August 2012

An ant worker of the genus Diacamma foraging in the understorey of a lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. These ants belong to the species usually nesting in aerial soil in the canopy of primary forest trees (Photo and copyright: M. Janda, www.newguineants.org).

image

An ant worker of the genus Diacamma foraging in the understorey of a lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. These ants belong to the species usually nesting in aerial soil in the canopy of primary forest trees (Photo and copyright: M. Janda, www.newguineants.org).

Klimes, P., Idigel, C., Rimandai, M., Fayle, T.M., Janda, M., Weiblen, G.D. & Novotny, V. (2012) Why are there more arboreal ant species in primary than secondary forests? Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 1103–1112.

In a world where even documenting species declines in tropical systems is challenging enough, Klimes et al. raise the bar by addressing the deceptively simple, yet inherently complex, question of why species richness is lower in secondary forests. Using the first plot‐scale inventory of arboreal ant nests, combined with an innovative rarefaction technique, they quantify the relative importance of a range of successional factors and highlight the contribution of beta diversity to the higher richness in primary forest.