bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of musculo-skeletal disorders, intensity of pain, and	general conditions in work -- The case of employees in non-private dental	clinics in a county in southern Sweden
Authors: Rolander Bo , Bellner Anna-Lena
Published: December 2024

{\it Objectives:} (1) To identify perceived musculo-skeletal disorders and intensity of pain among the employees in the non-private dental clinics; (2) To assess perceived psychosocial and physical work conditions on the localization and intensity of musculo-skeletal disorders and pain.

{\it Study design:} A questionnaire, comprising four sections (demographic, self-reported psychosocial and physical work conditions, self-reported disorders from the musculo-skeletal system, self-reported intensity of pain on nine different localization on the body) was mailed to 391 employees. Of these, 338 reported musculo-skeletal disorders. In this latter group, 239 reported work as the cause. These employees completed the questionnaire.

{\it Results:} The greatest amount of pain was reported for the cervico-brachial region. Among all participants, a response pattern was found where the physical work demands were very high, the psychosocial work demands fairly high, the work climate supportive, and the control over work moderate. At an occupational group level, theoretical inconsistencies were identified in terms of a lack of anticipated relationships, especially for the dentist groups.

{\it Conclusions:} For a scientific and social purpose, more research, which identifies relationships between work-related musculo-skeletal pain and dos-response [8], effort-reward [16], and demand-control [12] aspects of the working conditions, is clearly needed.
Borderline personality disorder: Psychosocial considerations and	rehabilitation implications
Authors: Hennessey Mary , McReynolds Connie J.
Published: December 2024

The article describes the medical and psychosocial aspects of borderline personality disorder, a common and sometimes severe psychiatric condition marked by emotional instability and problems with interpersonal relationships. Medication, psychosocial and other treatment issues are discussed within the context of the rehabilitation counselor's role in providing vocational services for people with borderline personality disorder.
What is rehabilitation counseling?: A student's perspective on	professional identity
Authors: Hennessey Mary L.
Published: December 2024

This article (a) reviews changing perspectives about the roles and functions of the rehabilitation counselor and (b) summarizes the reflections of a graduate student in rehabilitation counseling regarding how these perspectives have influenced her emerging professional identity. A review of the literature indicates many different thoughts as to where the profession will stand in the 21st Century. These differing opinions make it challenging for students deciding what career direction to take in their course of study, as well as for practitioners who must stay abreast of new developments in the field to maintain job marketability.
Psychiatric rehabilitation: Current practices and professional	training recommendations
Authors: Garske Gregory G. , McReynolds Connie
Published: December 2024

Emphasis on community-based treatment, along with the development of effective psychotropic medication, has resulted in a major shift in treatment methods for individuals with severe mental illness over the past several years. The primary strategies emphasized in current psychiatric rehabilitation efforts include the strengthening of (a) client skills and competencies and (b) environmental supports. The purpose of this article is to discuss successful psychiatric rehabilitation models and their impact on the social integration of people with severe mental illness.
Work stressors and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Landsbergis Paul A. , Schnall Peter L. , Belkić Karen L. , Baker Dean , Schwartz Joseph , Pickering Thomas G.
Published: December 2024

Over the past 20 years, an extensive body of research evidence has documented that psychosocial work stressors are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. These stressors, which appear to be increasing in prevalence, include job strain (the combination of psychological job demands and low job control), imbalance between job efforts and rewards, threat-avoidant vigilant work, and long work hours. This article reviews the evidence linking these stressors with hypertension and CVD, and the physiological and social psychological mechanisms underlying the associations. Also described are methods for measuring work stressors and new, more accurate techniques for measuring blood pressure. Finally, strategies for reducing work stressors and preventing hypertension and CVD are reviewed. These include clinical assessment, worksite health promotion, work organization interventions, legal approaches and work site surveillance.
Stress and coping among older workers
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Robson Sean M. , Limas Michael J.
Published: December 2024

Age-related changes in physical and cognitive abilities can raise adaptive challenges for older working adults. Older workers exhibit considerable capacity to manage and cope with the stress of job and environmental demands, but at some point, many can become overwhelmed, and find themselves at increased risk for health consequences, injury, disability, and diminished productivity. Older workers are, however, a highly heterogeneous population, and many continue to work safely and successfully. Employers are encouraged to join efforts to provide an optimal person-environment-fit for all of their employees, but with a sensitivity to the increased variability to be expected among older employees.
Minimizing stress in the workplace: Whose responsibility is	it?
Authors: Sanders Martha A.
Published: December 2024

Work-related stress is pervasive in today's society. Its far-reaching effects on worker health, productivity, and organizational commitment have caused legislators and researchers alike to rethink stress prevention strategies that will best serve all systems involved. This article identifies the issues limiting the development of primary stress reduction programs in the workplace and provides insight as to the emerging global legislative initiatives that support this issue.
Ergonomics evaluation of a government office building
Authors: Pentikis John , Lopez Mary S. , Thomas Robert E.
Published: December 2024

An ergonomics team from the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive medicine evaluated 465 video display terminal (VDT) workstations in a Government office building over an 18-day period. Each workstation evaluation involved an assessment of the worker, the chair, the desk, the keyboard, the pointing device, the monitor, and the office environmental conditions. The team also collected worker pain and injury information. The problems seen during the evaluation were characteristic of most office environments where VDT workstation furniture was purchased before the advent of mouse-driven software. The majority of furniture evaluated was not designed to meet the demands of intensive mouse use for prolonged periods of time. Much of the workstation furniture was not adjustable, chairs lacked adequate back support, and workers assumed non-neutral postures. As a result, more than 35% on-the-job pain. New office furniture that is adjustable, adequate desk space and storage space were among the solutions recommended by the ergonomics team.
Drinking and other risk taking behaviors of enlisted male soldiers	in the US Army
Authors: Williams Jeffrey O. , Bell Nicole S. , Amoroso Paul J.
Published: December 2024

High-risk drinking is among the top three prevention priorities of the Department of Defense. Research suggests that enlisted male soldiers are particularly at risk for unhealthy drinking behaviors. 292,023 enlisted male soldiers who responded to a Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) survey between 1990 and 1998 were dichotomized into high and low-risk drinking groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that high-risk drinkers wore seatbelts less frequently, were more likely to drive > 15 mph over the speed limit, and to smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day. This high-risk group was predominately young < 25), Caucasian, high school educated or less, and most likely employed as infantrymen or craftsworkers. The two highest risk occupational groups (infantrymen and craftsworkers) differ from each other, and from other Army occupations. Intervention programs should include safe driving habits and smoking cessation, as well as high-risk drinking, and should be tailored to the specific needs of the group at highest risk.
The effect of individually adjusted workstations on upper quadrant	posture and muscle activity in school children
Authors: Straker Leon , Briggs Andrew , Greig Alison
Published: December 2024

Evidence suggests there is increasing use of computers by children and poor workstation designs for children. This laboratory study investigated the effect of adjusting computer display height and desk height on upper quadrant posture and muscle activity. Thirty three children aged 4--17 years worked on a desktop computer at a standard school workstation and at a workstation adjusted to the individual, typically consisting of a lower display and desk height. The adjustments resulted in increased head tilt, neck flexion, gaze angle, cervical erector spinae activity and a trend for lower right upper trapezius activity. The recent evidence that suggests more head and neck flexion is not necessarily worse is discussed and normative values for children's head tilt and neck flexion presented. The role of forearm support in decreasing trapezius activity is also discussed.
Evaluation of an upper extremity student-role functioning scale	using item response theory
Authors: Schmidt Lacey L. , Amick III Benjamin C. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Ellis Barbara B.
Published: December 2024

Millions of workers suffer from upper extremity (musculoskeletal) disorders. Many of these workers are predisposed to upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders because of early exposure to ergonomic risks as students. Computer usage for four or more hours remains the greatest risk for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders for workers and students alike. Developing preventative methods to reduce student exposure, and thus protect future workers from upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders later in life, requires an appropriate measure for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder prevalence and related limitations for student functioning. Item response theory analysis was used to evaluate and further develop a upper extremity functioning scale for the student role.
When is it work? Perceptions of six year old children
Authors: Chapparo Christine J. , Hooper Elizabeth
Published: December 2024

A naturalistic study was undertaken to explore six-year-old children's perceptions of work in their school day. Twenty-four Year One children enrolled in an infants' school, located in Southern Sydney were involved. Participant observation and focus group interviewing were used to elicit descriptive information. A fishing game, drawing activity and excerpts from a videotape of their day at school were used as stimuli to capture how children categorised and attributed meaning to their own work performance. The findings revealed that these children had well-developed ideas about what is work. They employed a highly individual classification process to determine which occupations were work versus play, self-care and rest, resulting in differences of opinion among the children. This process was based on four factors: the physical and social environment, the type of task being performed, personal meaning attributed to the task and the child's perceived level of control.
Management commitment to safety and health in residential	construction: HomeSafe spending trends 1991–1999
Authors: Gilkey David P. , Keefe Thomas J. , Hautaluoma Jacob E. , Bigelow Philip L. , Herron Robert E. , Stanley Sheila A.
Published: December 2024

The support of good management is fundamental to the success of any safety and health program. Residential construction is a high-risk industry requiring significant commitment by management to impact day-to-day safety and health challenges. Investigators have evaluated management practices and spending trends in a cohort of 228 residential homebuilders in the Denver metro area of Colorado. Findings suggest that companies significantly increased dollars allocated to support safety and health practices between 1991 and 1999. In addition, the HomeSafe Pilot Program has positively impacted financial commitments of partner companies. Resource allocations were significantly greater for specific expense categories when comparing pre to post HomeSafe intervention. This paper presents data on the use of written safety and health programs, safety committees, and workers compensation premium cost containment certification, as well as allocations to safety incentive programs (SIP), personal protective equipment (PPE), other safety equipment (OSE), and safety training (ST).
Attributes of excellence in work-related assessments
Authors: Innes Ev , Straker Leon
Published: December 2024

In order for clinicians to select and conduct work-related assessments that demonstrate 'best practice', it is necessary to identify assessments that are considered 'excellent'.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine (1) the attributes associated with excellence for each of 3 types of work-related assessment (WPAs, FCEJs & FCENJs), and (2) the differences between the attributes associated with each type of work-related assessment.

Study design: A questionnaire was sent to all accredited occupational or vocational rehabilitation providers in Australia, targeting occupational therapists and physiotherapists who conducted work-related assessments. The response rate was 25.3%, and 132 questionnaires were analysed.

Results: A MANOVA revealed that the perceived importance of 18 attributes was different between the 3 forms of work-related assessment $F_{36, 364}=6.54$ ; p<0.001). There was a core of 7 attributes that showed no difference between assessments (accurate, compr ehensive, credible, flexible, practical, safe and useful). Two attributes (generalisable and specific) were different for all 3 forms of assessment. A large group of attributes (consistent, measurable, objective, reliable, reproducible, standardised, structured and valid) demonstrated significant differences between WPAs and both forms of FCE. Relevant demonstrated significant differences between FCENJs and both WPAs and FCEJs. Reliability analysis revealed 2 constructs (dependability and utility).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that there were significant differences between 3 forms of work-related assessments (WPAs, FCEJs & FCENJs) in terms of the attributes considered necessary for excellence for each form of assessment. The attributes were considered to relate to either qualitative or quantitative features of assessment. These features were reflected in the constructs utility, which was comprised of qualitative attributes and associated with broad concepts of validity, and dependability, which was comprised of quantitative attributes and reflected concepts of reliability. There appeared to be a continuum of work-related assessment that ranged from WPAs demonstrating the most qualitative attributes to FCENJs demonstrating the most quantitative features.
Individual status at the start of rehabilitation: Implications for	vocational rehabilitation programs
Authors: Millet Patrick , Sandberg Karl W.
Published: December 2024

This research investigated the situation of 143 unemployed sick leavers at the start of vocational rehabilitation in Sweden. It is argued in this paper that in order to gain a meaningful picture of the vocational rehabilitation process it is necessary to know and understand something of individual differences and status at the onset. In doing so, assessment was carried out of the possible influence of one contextual factor and five individual factors on health, duration of sick leave and unemployment. Findings suggest that individual differences exist in health status, length of sick leave and unemployment, at the upstart of vocational rehabilitating. Locus of control was found to exert important influence on the differences between the individuals in the study sample, with persons of external locus of control having a less favourable point of departure at the start of vocational rehabilitation compared to other groups. It is therefore assumed that these persons will be in greater need of support during the vocational rehabilitation process. The level of unemployment within a geographical area was also found to influence the length of sick leave.

Conclusions: Our suggestion is for rehabilitation programs to be developed and selected to match the special needs and differences whether they are of individual or of social nature.
Use of Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) on formwork	carpentry – A comparison between the United States and Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Gloria K.L. , Chan Chetwyn C.H.
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the utilization and applicability of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) as a methodology to study the job profile (nature and physical demand) of formwork carpentry in the local situation.

Study design: Thirty male formwork carpenters were recruited by convenient sampling to participate in a two-hour interview, with reference to the DOT Physical Demand Questionnaire (DOTPDQ) and the WestTool Sort Questionnaire. The information obtained was further consolidated by comparing the results from the interview to three construction sites and training guidelines from the formwork carpentry training centers. The triangulation of the data formulated a job profile of formwork carpenters.

Results: The results from the DOTPDQ revealed that workers' work demands were standing, walking, pushing, pulling, reaching, climbing, balancing, stooping, crouching, lifting, carrying, handling and near acuity. This produced an agreement of 84.6% with the original DOT. A discrepancy was found in the demands of kneeling, fingering, far acuity and depth perception.

Conclusions: The discrepancy between the data from the United States and local appeared to be minimal. It was thus inferred that the DOT-based job profile was largely valid for describing formwork carpentry in Hong Kong. In-depth analysis should be conducted to further substantiate the validity of utilizing the DOT system for other job types and their physical demands.
The effects of a continuous passive motion device on myoelectric	activity of the erector spinae during prolonged sitting at a computer	workstation
Authors: Beach Tyson A.C. , Mooney Stephanie K. , Callaghan Jack P.
Published: December 2024

Continuous passive motion (CPM) has been proposed as a method to help individuals with low back pain cope with prolonged sitting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that a commercially available CPM device had on lumbar and thoracic erector spinae (ES) muscle activation (using surface electromyography, 'EMG'), and on subjective discomfort during prolonged seated computer work with and without the use of the CPM device. There were no significant differences in average ES muscle activation levels, amplitude probability distribution functions, and EMG gaps number and length when sitting with the CPM device was compared to sitting normally. Subjective ratings of discomfort were also not significantly different between the two sitting conditions. The results indicated that there were no clear mechanisms by which the CPM device may reduce ES muscle pain and fatigue for the tasks and pain-free individuals studied.
Perceived strengths and weaknesses in employment policies and	services among people with multiple sclerosis: Results of a national	survey
Authors: Roessler Richard T. , Rumrill, Jr. Phillip D. , Hennessey Mary L. , Vierstra Courtney , Pugsley Eileen , Pittman Amy
Published: December 2024

More than 1,300 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to an employment concerns survey. The results from this survey served as the topics of discussion for seven focus groups including people with MS and service providers in four states. Recommendations to improve the employment outcomes of people with MS that emerged from these discussions clustered in three areas: employment policies and practices, Social Security benefits, and healthcare. Strategies for preserving strengths in employment supports for people with MS clustered in two areas, access to respectful service providers and personal control.
A pilot study evaluating a peer led and professional led physical	activity intervention with blue-collar employees
Authors: Elbel Russ , Aldana Steve , Bloswick Don , Lyon Joseph L.
Published: December 2024

Objective: To measure the effect of a physical activity intervention, based on social cognitive theory, delivered by a peer and a professional leader.

Design: Quasi-experimental.

Setting: Three locations at a large Mid-Western railroad.

Subjects: One hundred and forty-eight skilled labor employees participated: one hundred and twenty completed the study.

Measures: Self-reported energy expenditure, self-efficacy and stages of change.

Results: ANOVA and categorical analysis using rates and proportions were used for evaluation. The peer group had a non-significant short-term increase in energy expenditure of 3%, which returned to baseline post intervention. The professional and control groups showed a non-significant decrease in energy expenditure of 5% and 9%, respectively. The peer (p < 0.002) and professional groups (p < 0.004) showed significant increases in average stages scores. The peer group maintained increases over time (p < 0.001). The peer and professional led groups showed a 54% and 24% increase in the number of employees reporting regular physical activity over time, respectively. The peer group also showed positive trends in self-efficacy.

Conclusions: The peer intervention enhanced self-efficacy and self-reported physical activity. A job layoff at the professional led site confounded comparisons between locations. Employees reported high energy expenditure and high BMI values, suggesting that a weight management intervention may be more appropriate and appealing in this population.
Comparison of a simulated versus work environment lifting task on	L5/S1 compression forces
Authors: Surrey Lynn R. , Fineran Ben , Howerton Beth , Mock Andrea , Naylor Drew , Wiegand-Swihart Theresa
Published: December 2024

Since a patient's ability to perform simulated work activities guides return-to-work decisions, a significant question to address is whether the simulated work environment accurately reflects the actual work environment. Work hardening programs have been used extensively as a method of rehabilitating workers to return to their pre-injury functioning levels. Re-training workers to lift boxes is a common method used to simulate the work environment. Although very few boxes used in the real work environment have handles, boxes with handles are often used in the simulated work environment. The difference in compression forces at the L5/S1 joint while lifting boxes with and without handles was investigated. The Lift Trak Motion Analysis system was used to estimate lumbar isometric compression forces exerted while lifting a 20-pound (9.07-kg) box. The results indicated that estimates of compression forces when lifting a box without handles were significantly different (p < 0.01) than when lifting the same box with handles. Based on these results, it is recommended that work hardening professionals carefully re-evaluate the simulated work environments currently being used for treatment.
The costs of job accommodations for employees with low back	pain
Authors: Halpern Manny
Published: December 2024

Accommodations are interventions designed to reduce exposure to factors that limit the activities of an impaired individual. The process incurs costs due to job analysis, implementation and follow up. This theoretical paper expands a model of the ergonomic intervention process and provides data on costs of accommodating individuals with musculoskeletal disorders, particularly low back pain.

Accommodations begin with evaluation and documentation of exposure to risk factors. The methods depend on the budget and clinical utility of the data. A full hazard analysis may require 1-hour managerial time plus 1-hour employee time per job. Studies by the Department of Labor and others indicate that at least a quarter of problem jobs could be addressed faster and for less than $500. Follow-up incurs variable employee and managerial time; an ergonomist may be required in 15% of cases. The benefit is expected mainly from reducing compensation costs. Universal solutions could increase the benefits.
The relationship between fishermen's health and sleeping	habits
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Lovísa
Published: December 2024

This article describes research on fishermen's health and sleeping habits in Iceland. It presents the first findings of the project that were presented in October 2002 at a conference that was organized during Seamen Safety Week in Iceland. It covers physical and mental stress symptoms, sleep disturbance, and obesity, as well as fishermen's own reaction to their health and well-being. Take notice that the findings that are presented in this article can be found in a report presented in August, when the whole study will be finished.

Finally, it is concluded how successful the response has been and how the project can be used positively with other studies. It is also noted that, in fact, these findings will be used for further studies linked to safety on board.
Challenges for the older academic in balancing work and	wellness
Authors: Dale Lucinda
Published: December 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the risks for the development of MSDs in older academics.

Method: Four older academics needed modification of their offices to reduce symptoms of MSDs. In order to improve their occupational performance, data were gathered through interviews and observations, facilitating selection of interventions responsive to their unique client factors, physical contexts, and the organizational environment.

Results: Older academics did not perceive risks for the development of MSDs in work that was sedentary. Their routines included few health and wellness behaviors in a culture rewarding excessive work, facilitating commitment to the organization, and understating the importance of health and wellness to the academic community.

Conclusions: Occupational therapists must reframe sedentary work as physically demanding and potentially risky for the development of MSDs, and must recognize the organizational influences on the work of academics. Prolonging work life might likely result from modifications in the physical context and from the academic adopting healthy lifestyle routines within multiple environments.
The aging musician
Authors: Barton Rebecca
Published: December 2024

Objective: Older musicians may develop occupational performance problems resulting from age-related changes and features unique to their occupation. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of the aging process on an older professional musician.

Method: A phenomenological approach was used to study the effects of the aging process on a 71 year old, semi-retired, part-time paid jazz musician. Data were gathered through interviews and observations of performance environments, and analyzed using a grounded hermeneutic approach. An expert panel facilitated theme development.

Results: The musician's experiences related to changes in an ability to perform his daily occupations, including music; his response to the external changes in the playing environment and in his relationships with others; and the way in which he has coped with these changes.

Conclusion: Occupational therapists who provide intervention for older musicians must implement a client centered approach to care, which provides strategies the musician can use to overcome the challenges related to aging in order to continue professional performance.
Development of activity monitoring for determining load carriage	patterns in school students
Authors: Mackie Hamish W. , Legg Stephen J. , Beadle Janine
Published: December 2024

The loads that school students are carrying to, around and from school is an issue of increasing concern particularly as the long term effects of excessive load carriage on school students' musculoskeletal health is unknown. A greater understanding of the temporal patterns of students' load carriage, which usually involves backpacking, would assist in determining the magnitude of the problem that is faced by school students. The aim of this study was to determine the duration of school students' walking, running and stair climbing while backpacking and identify when students take off and put on their backpacks using activity monitoring and video, and therefore validate activity monitoring as a tool for measuring the temporal patterns of backpacking in school students. An activity monitor was secured in the backpacks of six school students while they completed a predefined physical activity course. Participants firstly completed the course following a set time pattern ('set course') and then repeated the course while performing activities as they pleased ('free course'). Video footage and activity monitor data were captured simultaneously. The activity monitor provided consistent visual differentiation between walking, running and taking off and putting on a backpack. The greatest variation between measures was for walking during the 'free course' (mean 8, SD 7 seconds), while the least variation between measures was for stair climbing during the 'set course' (mean 3, SD 2 seconds). There were no statistical differences between the activity monitor and video camera determined durations for any of the activities. These preliminary results suggest that activity monitoring may enable valid analysis of the temporal patterns of backpacking with little disruption to the user, although more work is required to verify this.
The HIPP consultation and rehabilitation team: Developing a	streamlined service and its implications for work processes
Authors: Edwards and Mary M. , Baptiste Sue
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the particular experience of negotiating, creating and operationalizing streamlined processes for a specialized consultation team, within a multi-site academic health science complex, for determining the rehabilitation needs and appropriate program for patients who had experienced surgery for a fractured hip. Background information concerning the main study is provided with the focus of analysis and discussion being upon the processes and outcomes of changing the way work had been undertaken over many years. It also addresses the complexity of attempting to encourage ongoing reflection related to roles and functions within a multi-disciplinary health care team.
Use of functional capacity evaluations in workplaces and the	compensation system: A report on workers' and report users' perceptions
Authors: Strong Susan , Baptiste Susan , Clarke Judith , Cole Donald , Costa Marcos
Published: December 2024

Until recently, little was documented about how functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) are used by employers and workers' compensation organizations. Such information was one focus of a comprehensive research study on FCEs carried out in southern Ontario, Canada, which involved representatives from the full range of groups involved in FCEs: referral sources, assessors, return-to-work specialists, third party payers and injured workers [1]. This paper shares findings from a cohort of injured workers undergoing FCEs, and explored how their FCE results were perceived and utilized by those receiving the reports. Based on study findings, we provide recommendations as to how FCEs should be requested, undertaken, reported and particularly applied to reduce work disability among injured workers.
The role of a mission leader within a large Catholic health	system
Authors: Smith-Eivemark Jane
Published: December 2024

This reflective narrative is intended as a "Letter to the Editor" of sorts, to highlight my personal and professional growth in the role of mission leader for a large academic health centre in South Western Ontario, Canada. This story takes the reader through my lived experience, my beliefs and views of the role of mission leader, against a backdrop of the work of Mary Kathryn Grant, a pioneer in this area of mission and leadership.
Work functioning: A conceptual framework
Authors: Sandqvist Jan L. , Henriksson Chris M.
Published: December 2024

Adequate and reliable methods for evaluation of clients with work disabilities are crucial for both the individuals who are assessed and for society as a whole. Sound and precise work assessments are needed to guide clients to suitable interventions using a minimum of rehabilitation resources [31,46,51,68]. Occupational therapy literature contains evidence that work function assessments are complex and that there is confusion over work assessment concepts [30,31]. Therefore, further development and evaluation of adequate concepts and theoretical models within the area of work assessment is needed [68,74]. This article proposes a conceptual framework for different dimensions of work functioning and points out important factors for work assessment. The concepts proposed and defined in the article are: work functioning, work participation, work performance, and individual capacity.
The impact of vocational services and employment on people with	HIV/AIDS
Authors: Conyers Liza M.
Published: December 2024

The perceptions of vocational services and the impact of employment among 25 individuals with HIV/AIDS diagnoses were explored through a qualitative study. Participants who ranged in age from 22 to 58, represented diverse ethnic backgrounds and were at various stages of the employment process. The key themes that emerged from the data fell into three main areas: (a) personal impact of vocational services, (b) programmatic qualities of vocational services, and (c) impact of employment. Factors that influenced each of these themes and the implications for rehabilitation counselors are discussed.
Predicting the effect of disability on employment status and	income
Authors: Randolph Diane Smith
Published: December 2024

Research shows that participation in employment contributes to life satisfaction for persons with disabilities [18]. Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) sought to prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in the workplace, however, the ADA's effectiveness remains controversial. This research utilizes data from the disability supplement of the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the impact of disability status on predicting employment status and income. Confounding variables such as gender, age, educational level, race and marital/parental status are examined regarding their influence on results. Results from analysis utilizing zero-order correlation, linear and logistic regression analysis techniques revealed that disability status has a significant predictive effect on inability to work. Furthermore, results continue to show that despite legislation, the higher the level of disability, the lower the employment status (those employed for wages) and income. Finally, disability status, coupled with being female or decreased educational level, consistently shows significance in predicting lower employment status and income than men or non-minorities with disabilities. Future research opportunities and policy implications are discussed with regard to the results presented.
Women's work in Guatemala
Authors: Bonder Bette R. , Bazyk Susan , Reilly Bridget , Toyota Jan
Published: December 2024

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe women's work in Maya communities in the Guatemala Highlands, along with some of the trends accompanying the rapid societal change there.

Method: Over the course of six years, observations and interviews focused on two specific groups of women. The first were traditional, home-based women, the second, teachers in a primary school. Resulting transcripts and field notes were analyzed by the researchers to identify themes related to the women's perspectives on work, the patterns of their work activities, and the importance of work in their lives. Women who had been interviewed were asked to reflect on the themes identified.

Results: All the women engaged in paid work activities and were responsible for obligatory tasks in the home. The traditional group preserved the tradition of weaving, but remained largely illiterate, while the emerging group was literate, but did not learn to weave.

Conclusion: Cultural change is both positive and negative, as described by these women. It is important to understand the particular values of the culture, and to recognize that these may not conform to Western (that is to say US.) beliefs and practices.
The etiology of low back pain in military helicopter aviators:	Prevention and treatment
Authors: Pelham Thomas W. , White Harold , Holt and Laurence E. , Lee S. Wayne
Published: December 2024

Low back pain (LPB) is a major health problem among military rotary-wing aircrews worldwide. In order to define the etiology and propose remedies to LBP in helicopter aviators a review and critique of the literature was conducted. In-flight sitting posture and vibration generated by the aircraft were identified as high risk factors for LBP. Consequently, researchers recommended ergonomic modifications to the crew stations. The efficacy of these technical interventions has not been proven. As well, these design changes are not financially practical. Following an in depth kinesiological analysis of the physical demands of this type of flying, and preliminary experimentation, an alternative aeromedical approach focusing on the aircrew rather than the craft is presented. The authors propose a set of flight-specific exercises that might effectively deal with this problem. A thorough testing of this approach is envisioned.
Employee occupational stress in banking
Authors: Michailidis Maria , Georgiou Yiota
Published: December 2024

Occupational stress literature emphasizes the importance of assessment and management of work related stress. The recognition of the harmful physical and psychological effects of stress on both individuals and organizations is widely studied in many parts of the world. However, in other regions such research is only at the introductory stages. The present study examines occupational stress of employees in the banking sector. A sample of 60 bank employees at different organizational levels and educational backgrounds was used. Data collection utilized the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). Results of data analysis provided evidence that employees' educational levels affect the degree of stress they experience in various ways. Bank employees cannot afford the time to relax and "wind down" when they are faced with work variety, discrimination, favoritism, delegation and conflicting tasks. The study also shows the degree to which some employees tend to bring work-related problems home (and take family problems to work) depends on their educational background, the strength of the employees' family support, and the amount of time available for them to relax. Finally, the drinking habits (alcohol) of the employees were found to play a significant role in determining the levels of occupational stress.
The implementation of motor learning principles in designing	prevention programs at work
Authors: Jarus Tal , Ratzon Navah Z.
Published: December 2024

Occupational therapy practitioners offer services to workers in the workplace to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), to help the injured worker restore function, and to recover capacities needed to return to the job. Despite the existence of some evidence about the efficacy of prevention programs, there is uncertainty and even disagreement among health professionals, about the outcome of prevention programs for people with MSDs. It is proposed that principles of motor learning can assist the therapist in structuring prevention programs to facilitate the workers learning of correct movement patterns. This paper discusses basic concepts of motor learning emphasizing characteristics of the learner, the type of task, the structure of practice and application to prevention programs at work settings. We present a four-stage model for prevention programs based on principles of both motor learning and ergonomics. This model coincides with the broad perspective suggested in current occupational therapy models which focuses on the person, the environment, the occupation and their effects on occupational performance.
The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the	rehabilitation of individuals with severe functional impairments in a municipal	care service system
Authors: Sandberg Karl W. , Gardelli Åsa , Stubbs Jonathan
Published: December 2024

This article explores the development of a scheme to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the training of individuals with severe functional impairments. Computers were used as an integral part of a rehabilitation programme for training, and the authors found that the resource was a useful addition to other treatment methods. This article describes the development and subsequent setting up of computers for training and how the study progressed. The study used a somewhat unique bottom up approach that first trained care-giving staff in computer skills. The caregivers in turn worked with and trained some of those they served. This learning strategy drew upon the concept of learning, empowerment and the motivation of all involved in a system and process. The study found that by using ICT all involved felt a greater sense of empowerment and improvement in the quality of life. That caregivers were involved at all stages was valuable in that they felt an ownership of the process and that they also benefited from being involved because they also learned new skills.
When considering vocational rehabilitation: Describing and	comparing the Swedish and American systems and professions
Authors: Stubbs Jonathan , Deaner Guy
Published: December 2024

Rehabilitation of functionally impaired in Sweden and the United States is compared and contrasted. Found is that there are fundamental differences in strategies. The Swedish system most often uses a medically oriented multidisciplinary team approach. The US system most often uses a single individual, the vocational rehabilitation counselor, to work with functionally impaired in helping them return to work. Emphasized is that a vocational rehabilitation counselor uses a unique array of skills that is not duplicated in Sweden by a single profession. Suggested is that a single person with a range of skills can more economically provide vocational rehabilitation services to those with functional impairments; whether this is practical for Sweden is yet to be determined. In contrasting the two systems it was evident that the US system has been in operation for a much longer time and that the Swedish system is maturing. Noted is that the governments of both countries are feeling pressure regarding funding of vocational rehabilitation. This is affecting the level and quality of services. The authors advocate wider contact between Swedish and US university-level training programs in rehabilitation. Felt is that each system has strengths and knowledge that can be used to benefit the other.
Well-being and occupational roles among middle-aged women
Authors: Håkansson Carita , Eklund Mona , Lidfeldt Jonas , Nerbrand Christina , Samsioe Göran , Nilsson Peter M.
Published: December 2024

One purpose of the present study is to explore the stability of the pattern of health/work and sickness absence among middle-aged women over a period of three years. This study tested two hypotheses: (a) that enduringly healthy working women would perceive more valued occupational roles and higher well-being than long-term sick-listed women; (b) that high levels of well-being at baseline would predict enduring health and occupational role value at a 3-year follow-up.

Middle-aged women (n = 208) answered a postal survey with the Role checklist, a well-being scale and questions about work and sickness situation.

The results showed that there was a considerable variability in the pattern of health/work and sickness absence. The variability was greatest among the women who were long-term sick-listed at baseline, and the internal drop out was great among them. The results showed that the enduringly healthy women experienced a more valued worker role and higher well-being than the long-term sick-listed women. Furthermore, high levels of well-being concerning health and work predicted enduring health in the studied sample, and high well-being concerning work was predictive of a valued worker role.

Interventions that enable women to develop valuable worker and leisure roles, as well as harmony between different roles, may be important constituents of health promotion/rehabilitation programmes.
Mexican American women: Impact of culture and education on work	patterns
Authors: Wells Shirley A.
Published: December 2024

The lives of women of Mexican descent are being profoundly affected by their changing workforce participation. They are expected to make up the majority of the female workforce in service occupations by 2010. Based on the literature and personal clinical interactions two factors – cultural values and education attainment – consistently appear to have a strong impact on the occupational choices of Mexican American women. This article will explore the interdependence of work, culture, and education on women of Mexican origin.
Splinting for adaptation of musical instruments
Authors: Boyette Jennifer
Published: December 2024

Classic instrument design does not always match the physical capacity of the musician, as instruments are often chosen because of the pleasing sound and not the ease of play. Devices that are commercially available to create a more ergonomic structure may not address the specific needs of a musician with a chronic condition. Through basic splinting of the musician with an injury, these physical stressors can be reduced, allowing the continuation of musical practice and performance. Appropriate design modification requires a solid understanding of upper extremity anatomy, splint design technique, and the biomechanic principles of playing the instrument. Through knowledge of music theory and appreciation, one may modify the instrument while protecting tonal flexibility, resonance, mechanical freedom, and sound quality. Two case studies present a range of splint design, from small to large, static to dynamic, and for congenital or chronic conditions.
Occupational lifting tasks as a risk factor in low back pain: A	case-control study in a Mexican population
Authors: Prado-Leon Lilia R. , Celis Alfredo , Avila-Chaurand Rosalio
Published: December 2024

The objective of this study was to quantify and assess whether lifting tasks in the workplace are a risk factor in lumbar spondyloarthrosis etiology. A case-control study was performed with 231 workers, 18–55 years old, insured by the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS, according to its designation in Spanish). A multivariate analysis using conditional logistical regression showed that lifting tasks, combined with driving tasks, are associated with this illness (OR = 7.3; 95% CI 1.7–31.4). The daily frequency of lifting as it interacts with work as a driver resulted in a greater risk (OR = 10.4; 95% CI 2.0–52.5). The load weight, daily task-hours and cumulative time showed a dose-response relationship. The attributable risk for lifting tasks was 0.83, suggesting that 83% of lumbar spondyloarthrosis development could be prevented if risk factors were eliminated by ergonomic redesign of the task.