bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cancer arising from the remnant mucosa of the ileoanal anastomosis leading to pouchectomy
Authors: Walsh Leon Gearoid , Kenny Bryan J , El Bassiouni Mazen , Coffey John Calvin
Published: August 2016

Ileal pouch-related adenocarcinoma remains a rarity; thus, guidelines on treatment are currently lacking. We present this case of a 54-year-old man who underwent restorative proctocolectomy with stapled ileal pouch–anal anastomosis formation for familial adenomatous polyposis during the 1980s. Despite undergoing annual surveillance endoscopy, the patient was noted to be anaemic and passing fresh bloodper anus. Endoscopy and radiological investigation revealed the presence of a pouch-related adenocarcinoma. This was subsequently treated with short-course radiotherapy and pouch excision. The patient remains well until now and will follow six-monthly surveillance protocols with a transition to annual surveillance after 2 years.
A Survey on Social Media Anomaly Detection
Authors: Yu Rose , Qiu Huida , Wen Zhen , Lin ChingYung , Liu Yan
Published: August 2016

Social media anomaly detection is of critical importance to prevent malicious activities such as bullying, terrorist attack planning, and fraud information dissemination. With the recent popularity of social media, new types of anomalous behaviors arise, causing concerns from various parties. While a large amount of work have been dedicated to traditional anomaly detection problems, we observe a surge of research interests in the new realm of social media anomaly detection. In this paper, we present a survey on existing approaches to address this problem. We focus on the new type of anomalous phenomena in the social media and review the recent developed techniques to detect those special types of anomalies. We provide a general overview of the problem domain, common formulations, existing methodologies and potential directions. With this work, we hope to call out the attention from the research community on this challenging problem and open up new directions that we can contribute in the future
Integration ofAndrographis paniculataas Potential Medicinal Plant in Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghiiSarg.) Plantation of North-Western Himalaya
Authors: Sanwal Chandra Shekher , Kumar Raj , Bhardwaj S. D.
Published: August 2016

The integration ofAndrographis paniculataunderPinus roxburghii(Chir pine) plantation has been studied to evaluate the growth and yield for its economic viability and conservation. It was grown on three topographical aspects, namely, northern, north-western, and western, at a spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm, followed by three tillage depths, namely, minimum (0 cm), medium (up to 10 cm), and deep (up to 15 cm) tillage. The growth parameters, namely, plant height and number of branches per plant, were recorded as significantly higher on western aspect and lowest on northern aspect except for leaf area index which was found nonsignificant. However under all tillage practices all the growth parameters in both understorey and open conditions were found to be nonsignificant except for plant height which was found to be significantly highest under deep tillage and lowest under minimum tillage. The study of net returns forAndrographis paniculatarevealed that it had positive average annual returns even in understorey conditions which indicate its possible economic viability under integration of Chir pine plantations. Hence net returns can be enhanced by integratingAndrographis paniculataand this silvimedicinal system can be suggested which will help utilizing an unutilized part of land and increase total productivity from such lands besides conservation of theA. paniculata in situ.
Interpretation Criteria for Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Maroua Area of Cameroon
Authors: Awah-Ndukum J. , Temwa J. , Ngwa V. Ngu , Mouiche M. M. , Iyawa D. , Zoli P. A.
Published: August 2016

Intradermal tuberculin test (TST) is the choice method for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in live animals. This work was done to assess the performance of single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test in randomly selected cattle in Maroua, Cameroon, against detection of Tb lesions and detection of Tb lesions plus acid fast bacilli in lesions. While 22.28% of slaughtered cattle presented Tb lesions at meat inspection, detection rates of anti-bovine-Tb antibody, Tb lesions, and Tb lesions plus acid fast bacilli were 68.57%, 32.95%, and 22.35%, respectively. SICCT-bovine-Tb positive cattle were 35.29%, 29.41%, 25.88%, 24.7%, and 21.18% at ≥2 mm, ≥2.5 mm, ≥3 mm, ≥3.5 mm, and ≥4 mm cut-offs, respectively. Higher sensitivity and predictive values were obtained at severe interpretations. The best performance was at ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm cut-offs. Against detection of Tb lesions, ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm showed sensitivity of 67.8% and specificity of 94.7% and 96.5%, respectively. For detection of Tb lesions accompanied with acid fast bacilli in lesions, ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm showed sensitivity of 89.4% and specificity of 92.4% and 93.9%, respectively. These findings revealed that interpretations of SICCT-bovine-Tb should be at ≥3 mm and/or ≥3.5 mm cut-offs. Severe interpretation of TST is essential for optimal diagnosis of bovine Tb in cattle in Maroua, Cameroon.
A Retrospective Observational Study to Assess Prescription Pattern in Patients with Type B Aortic Dissection and Treatment Outcome
Authors: Liao Kuang-Ming , Chen Chung-Yu , Wang Shih-Han , Huang Jiann-Woei , Kuo Chen-Chun , Huang Yaw-Bin
Published: August 2016

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition. However, the use of medication to treat it remains unclear in our population, particularly in patients with a type B aortic dissection (TBAD) who do not receive surgery. This retrospective cohort study evaluated antihypertensive prescription patterns and outcomes in patients with nonsurgical TBAD. We reviewed the hospital records of patients with TBAD at a medical center in Taiwan from January 2008 to June 2013 to assess the baseline information, prescribing pattern, event rate, and clinical effectiveness of different antihypertensive treatment strategies. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate outcomes in different antihypertensive strategies. The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and hospital admission for an aortic dissection. We included 106 patients with a mean follow-up period of 2.75 years. The most common comorbidity was hypertension followed by dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Study endpoints mostly occurred within 6 months after the index date. Over 80% of patients received dual or triple antihypertensive strategies. Patients treated with different treatment strategies did not have a significantly increased risk of a primary outcome compared with those treated with a monotherapy. We found no significant difference in the primary outcome following the use of different antihypertensive medication regimes.
Geologia, petrografia e geoquímica das associações leucograníticas arqueanas da área de Nova Canadá: Província Carajás
Authors: Leite-Santos Pablo José , Oliveira Davis Carvalho de
Published: August 2016

A área de Nova Canadá é marcada pela ocorrência expressiva de duas variedades de leucogranitos que, apesar de suas afinidades petrográficas, apresentam fortes contrastes geoquímicos. O Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá é mais expressivo, sendo formado por leucogranodioritos e leucomonzogranitos de textura seriada e com moderado a fraco grau de recristalização, enquanto o Leucogranito Velha Canadá é mais enriquecido em quartzo, possui textura equigranular média a fina e é moderado a fortemente deformado. O comportamento geoquímico mostra que as rochas do Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá são mais enriquecidas em Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, Ba, Sr e, na razão Sr/Y, têm padrão de elementos terras raras (ETR) levemente fracionado, com baixas razões (La/Yb)N e anomalias negativas de Eu ausentes ou discretas, enquanto aquelas do Leucogranito Velha Canadá apresentam conteúdos mais elevados de SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, Rb, HFSE (Zr, Y e Nb), das razões K2O/Na2O, FeOt/(FeOt+MgO), Ba/Sr e Rb/Sr, e são mais enriquecidas em ETR. Este último pode ser caracterizado ainda por: (i) baixas a moderadas razões (La/Yb)N com anomalias negativas de Eu acentuadas; (ii) moderadas a altas razões (La/Yb)N, com anomalias negativas de Eu discretas e padrão côncavo dos ETR pesados (ETRP). Tais contrastes geoquímicos sugerem origem distinta para essas unidades. O Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá tem caráter menos evoluído e assinatura geoquímica híbrida entre manto e crosta (alto Ba-Sr), o que descarta sua origem unicamente por fusão crustal. Por sua vez, o Leucogranito Velha Canadá é mais evoluído e tem características de granitos stricto sensu, similares àqueles originados por anatexia crustal (alto-K). As afinidades geoquímicas entre o Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá e os granitos da Suíte Guarantã do domínio mesoarqueano de Rio Maria sugerem que estes podem estar relacionados ao mesmo evento magmático que atuou naquele domínio, enquanto o Leucogranito Velha Canadá mostra afinidades com os vários granitos cálcio-alcalinos de alto-K que ocorrem na Província Carajás, porém sem uma clara correlação de idade. No entanto, o padrão deformacional deste último e as idades preliminares disponíveis associam o Leucogranito Velha Canadá ao Neoarqueano, o que poderia relacionar tal leucogranito aos mesmos eventos tectonomagmáticos que afetaram o domínio Canaã dos Carajás nesse período.
Entre a rua e o muro: a construção de uma interface nos condomínios horizontais fechados
Authors: Meneguetti Karin Schwabe , Beloto Gislaine Elizete
Published: August 2016

As ruas são espaços livres fundamentais para a vida urbana, e sua paisagem é condicionada pela forma de ocupação e uso dos lotes que as delimitam. Contudo, o processo de urbanização recente tem demonstrado mudanças na relação entre os espaços públicos e privados, entre elas, as derivadas dos grandes condomínios horizontais fechados. Sua implantação resulta em altos e contínuos muros, os quais rejeitam a interface com as ruas adjacentes, afetando, de maneira negativa, a qualidade urbana. Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma possibilidade para construir a interface entre os condomínios fechados e as ruas externas a eles. Para tanto, será relatada a experiência, na cidade de Maringá, da implantação de condomínios cercados por lotes voltados às ruas externas e de usos diversos. A aplicação desse tipo morfológico em vários desses empreendimentos imobiliários tem demonstrado ganho considerável na qualidade da paisagem da via pública.
Effect of Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Heydari Bobak , Abdullah Shuaib , Pottala James V. , Shah Ravi , Abbasi Siddique , Mandry Damien , Francis Sanjeev A. , Lumish Heidi , Ghoshhajra Brian B. , Hoffmann Udo , Appelbaum Evan , Feng Jiazhuo H. , Blankstein Ron , Steigner Michael , McConnell Joseph P. , Harris William , Antman Elliott M. , Jerosch-Herold Michael , Kwong Raymond Y.
Published: August 2016

Background:

Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil have been associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects, but their role in modifying cardiac structures and tissue characteristics in patients who have had an acute myocardial infarction while receiving current guideline-based therapy remains unknown.

Methods:

In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants presenting with an acute myocardial infarction were randomly assigned 1:1 to 6 months of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids (n=180) or placebo (n=178). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cardiac structure and tissue characteristics at baseline and after study therapy. The primary study endpoint was change in left ventricular systolic volume index. Secondary endpoints included change in noninfarct myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular ejection fraction, and infarct size.

Results:

By intention-to-treat analysis, patients randomly assigned to omega-3 fatty acids experienced a significant reduction of left ventricular systolic volume index (–5.8%,
P
=0.017), and noninfarct myocardial fibrosis (–5.6%,
P
=0.026) in comparison with placebo. Per-protocol analysis revealed that those patients who achieved the highest quartile increase in red blood cell omega-3 index experienced a 13% reduction in left ventricular systolic volume index in comparison with the lowest quartile. In addition, patients in the omega-3 fatty acid arm underwent significant reductions in serum biomarkers of systemic and vascular inflammation and myocardial fibrosis. There were no adverse events associated with high-dose omega-3 fatty acid therapy.

Conclusions:

Treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction with high-dose omega-3 fatty acids was associated with reduction of adverse left ventricular remodeling, noninfarct myocardial fibrosis, and serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation beyond current guideline-based standard of care.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00729430.
A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research
Authors: LOURIE SARA A. , POLLOM RILEY A. , FOSTER SARAH J.
Published: August 2016

Nomenclatural clarity is vital for the collection, dissemination, and retrieval of natural history information, which itself is necessary for effective conservation and management of species. Seahorses (genus Hippocampus) are small marine fishes that in many cases are heavily exploited and suffering severe population declines worldwide, leading to conservation concern and action. Here we provide a brief history of seahorse taxonomy, and attempt to clarify seahorse nomenclature by reducing redundancy and exposing areas of disagreement in need of further study. We provide an annotated list of the 41 species we currently recognize as valid, and describe their geographical distributions to offer a solid foundation for future research and conservation efforts. We base our conclusions on available morphological, genetic and distributional data, re-examination of the relevant literature, previous examination of almost all original type specimens, familiarity with many thousands of other live and dead specimens, and photographs of seahorses. This work should lead to greater taxonomic clarity by highlighting known research gaps and by ensuring that each species designation is justified by robust and defensible taxonomic protocols. Such clarity should facilitate greater efficacy in management and conservation.
Oceanic Forcings of the Interdecadal Variability in East Asian Summer Rainfall
Authors: Si Dong , Ding Yihui
Published: August 2016

In this study, it was found that the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) are shown to be the two major drivers of the interdecadal variability of summer rainfall over East Asia. The first leading mode (PC1) of this interdecadal variability—associated with an in-phase variation of rainfall anomalies along the Yangtze River valley and Huanghe–Huaihe River valley in China—is attributed to the PDO, while the second leading mode (PC2)—associated with seesawlike rainfall anomalies between the Yangtze River valley and Huanghe–Huaihe River valley—is attributed to the AMO. The AMO teleconnects its influence to the East Asian region, and beyond, through a circumglobal stationary baroclinic wave train extending from the Atlantic Ocean, through the Eurasian continent, and extending to North America. The AMO also altered the nature of the PDO through this atmospheric teleconnection, resulting in the occurrence of a different PDO pattern (“pseudo-PDO”) between the 1960s and 2010s. The pseudo-PDO has a different anomalous SST pattern in both the tropical and midlatitude Pacific compared to the conventional PDO. The pseudo-PDO causes a distinct atmospheric response in East Asia leading to an opposite relationship with the PC1 compared to the conventional PDO, thus leading to a change in the direction of the influence of the PDO on PC1 between the 1880s–1950s and the 1960s–2010s.
Recent Changes in ENSO Teleconnection over the Western Pacific Impacts the Eastern China Precipitation Dipole
Authors: Jin Dachao , Hameed Saji N. , Huo Liwei
Published: August 2016

The eastern China precipitation dipole (ECPD) features an out-of-phase relationship between boreal summer precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hetao region to its northwest. The precipitation dipole is strongly influenced by ENSO teleconnections over the western tropical Pacific. Here it is shown that a pronounced weakening of both the rainfall variability over eastern China as well as the precipitation dipole structure occurred around the mid-1990s. The changes have been analyzed by considering two epochs: one during 1979–95 and the other during 1996–2009. The characteristic feature of the circulation anomaly during the first epoch is the well-known East Asia–Pacific/Pacific–Japan (EAP/PJ) pattern, a quasi-meridional teleconnection pattern emanating from the western tropical Pacific. On the other hand, during the latter epoch eastern China precipitation variability occurs as an integral part of the circulation anomalies over the western Pacific. In contrast to the more meridionally restricted anomalies during canonical ENSO episodes, the western Pacific circulation has a significantly larger meridional scale. Intriguingly correlation of the precipitation dipole with Pacific sea surface temperature flips in sign during the second epoch, with enhanced precipitation over southeastern China associated with La Niña–like variability, in contrast to the co-occurrence of enhanced precipitation over this region with El Niño during the first epoch. The results suggest that the dominance of Modoki or central Pacific El Niños, and the altered structure of ENSO teleconnections associated with these, may play a role in the weakened ECPD structure during the latter epoch.
Organized Combat or Structural Advantage? The Politics of Inequality and the Winner-Take-All Economy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan , Alexander Shaw Kate
Published: August 2016

Since 1970 the United Kingdom, like the United States, has developed a “winner-take-all” political economy characterized by widening inequality and spectacular income growth at the top of the distribution. However, Britain’s centralized executive branch and relatively insulated policymaking process are less amenable to the kind of “organized combat” that Hacker and Pierson describe for the United States. Britain’s winner-take-all politics is better explained by the rise of political ideas favoring unfettered markets that, over time, produce a self-perpetuating structural advantage for the richest. That advantage is, in turn, justified and sustained by reference to the same ideas. Inequality growth in the United Kingdom has been primarily driven by the financialization of the economy that began under the Thatcher government and continued under New Labour. The survival of pro-finance policies through the financial crisis provides further evidence that lobbying by a weakened City of London was less decisive in shaping policy than the financial sector’s continuing structural advantage and the tenacity of its supporting political consensus.
Politics in the Interest of Capital
Authors: Woll Cornelia
Published: August 2016

In recent debates about inequality, many have pointed to the predominant position of the finance. This article highlights that structural power, not lobbying resources, are key to explaining variations across countries. It examines finance-government negotiations over national bank rescue schemes during the recent financial crisis. Given the structural power of finance, the variation in bank bailouts across countries cannot be explained by lobbying differences. Instead of observing organized interest intermediation, we can see that disorganization was crucial for the financial industry to get off the hook and let the government carry the burden of stabilizing the economy. Put differently, structural power is strongest when finance remains collectively inactive. In contrast to traditional accounts of the lobbying influence of finance, the comparison highlights that the lack of organization can have crucial redistributive consequences.
Music and Theological Method: A Lonerganian Approach
Authors: Heaney Maeve Louise
Published: August 2016

Music has for the most part been relatively absent from theological aesthetics, specifically in relation to theological method. The epistemological framework of Bernard Lonergan allows us to bring insights from music studies into dialogue with Lonergan’s writings on art, the aesthetic and artistic patterns of experience, and music. The author makes a case for the integration of music—both listening to and making music—within theological method.
Four theories to improve justice in Latin America
Authors: Martinez-Villa Basilio A , Machin-Mastromatteo Juan D
Published: August 2016

The theories of justice according to Rawls, Dworkin, Habermas and Sen, although from a predominantly Anglo-Saxon background, are useful for the Latin American reality. Such views of justice bring forward the requirement for developing indicators with a wider scope, so that they measure diverse aspects such as: income, commodities, freedoms, economic, cultural, educative, political and well-being factors. Concluding remarks summarize relevant aspects of justice that can enrich the needed reflection and discussion for new Latin American models of justice.
Topical administration of hyaluronic acid in children with recurrent or chronic middle ear inflammations
Authors: Torretta Sara , Marchisio Paola , Rinaldi Vittorio , Gaffuri Michele , Pascariello Carla , Drago Lorenzo , Baggi Elena , Pignataro Lorenzo
Published: August 2016

Hyaluronic acid (HA) treatment has been successfully performed in patients with recurrent upper airway infections or rhinitis. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of the topical nasal administration of an HA-based compound by investigating its effects in children with recurrent or chronic middle ear inflammations and chronic adenoiditis. A prospective, single-blind, 1:1 randomised controlled study was performed to compare otoscopy, tympanometry and pure-tone audiometry in children which received the daily topical administration of normal 0.9% sodium chloride saline solution (control group) or 9 mg of sodium hyaluronate in 3 mL of a 0.9% sodium saline solution. The final analysis was based on 116 children (49.1% boys; mean age, 62.9 ± 17.9 months): 58 in the control group and 58 in the study group. At the end of follow-up, the prevalence of patients with impaired otoscopy was significantly lower in the study group ( P value = 0.024) compared to baseline but not in the control group. In comparison with baseline, the prevalence of patients with impaired tympanometry at the end of the follow-up period was significantly lower in the study group ( P value = 0.047) but not in the control group. The reduction in the prevalence of patients with conductive hearing loss (CHL) ( P value = 0.008) and those with moderate CHL ( P value = 0.048) was significant in the study group, but not in the control group. The mean auditory threshold had also significantly improved by the end of treatment in the study group ( P value = 0.004) but not in the control group. Our findings confirm the safety of intermittent treatment with a topical nasal sodium hyaluronate solution and are the first to document its beneficial effect on clinical and audiological outcomes in children with recurrent or chronic middle ear inflammations associated with chronic adenoiditis.
Schizophrenia genetics moves into the light
Authors: Curtis David
Published: August 2016

Two recent reports convincingly demonstrate that the risk of schizophrenia is influenced by common variation of C4, which codes for complement component 4, and by rare, disruptive mutations of SETD1A, which codes for a histone methylase. These important results open the way for major advances in our understanding of the fundamental biological processes leading to disease.
Colleague and patient appraisal of consultant psychiatrists and the effects of patient detention on appraisal scores
Authors: Heneghan Miranda , Chaplin Robert
Published: August 2016

Aims and method

This paper aims to review colleague and patient feedback from the 10-year period of the operation of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' 360-degree appraisal system, specifically: (1) examine the overall distribution of ratings; (2) examine the effect of working primarily with detained patients on patient feedback, represented by forensic psychiatrists; and (3) look for a relationship between colleague and patient ratings.

Results

Data were analysed for 977 participating psychiatrists. Both colleagues and patients rated psychiatrists overall with high scores. Less than 1% were identified as low scorers, although there was no relationship between those identified by colleagues or patients. Colleague and patient feedback scores varied little between subspecialties including forensic consultants.

Clinical implications

Psychiatrists in all subspecialties obtained high scores from colleagues and staff. Working with detained patients appeared to have little effect on patient ratings.
Gender Is/in French
Authors: Fassin Éric
Published: August 2016

In transatlantic sex wars, gender is supposedly alien to French culture, as if it were essentially American. This nationalist cliché can be turned upside down if one takes language seriously. Gender is not only, but it is also, a grammatical term, especially in French. It is omnipresent in the experience of French speakers, in particular through rules of agreement, both as a reminder to women of their gender and in the political history of the French language. Attempts to deny the importance of grammatical gender only make it resurface with a vengeance, as illustrated in Valère Novarina’s Le Vivier des noms and as evidenced in Foucault’s introduction to Herculine Barbin. This observation provides a starting point for a theoretical argument about gender, not just in the language but also as a language, and the implications of its “signifying” relationships of power, including in terms of intersectionality.
Imperial Ideologies, Transnational Activism
Authors: Saeed Sadia
Published: August 2016

This article examines how a transnational religious movement that originated in British India, the Ahmadiyya movement, deployed the norm of religious freedom in the course of its expansion outside the British Empire. Ostracized by mainstream Muslims, Ahmadis used their position as imperial subjects to demand that the British protect their right to religious freedom in political spheres beyond the British Empire and irrespective of territorial jurisdiction. British authorities responded to this transnational activism by considering anew the practical meanings of this right. This article argues that this Ahmadiyya-British encounter had the effect of constituting a transnational sphere in which the place of religious freedom was contested and negotiated, both in terms of the actual physical place in which British colonial subjects could enjoy religious freedoms and the place of Ahmadis with respect to entitlement to religious freedoms. It further demonstrates that the British routinely drew on their assumptions about Islam and imperial notions of religious noninterference to subvert Ahmadiyya claims about religious freedom.
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune synapse at a glance
Authors: Dieckmann Nele M. G. , Frazer Gordon L. , Asano Yukako , Stinchcombe Jane C. , Griffiths Gillian M.
Published: August 2016

The immune synapse provides an important structure for communication with immune cells. Studies on immune synapses formed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) highlight the dynamic changes and specialised mechanisms required to facilitate focal signalling and polarised secretion in immune cells. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we illustrate the different steps that reveal the specialised mechanisms used to focus secretion at the CTL immune synapse and allow CTLs to be such efficient and precise serial killers.
Evolving Choice Inconsistencies in Choice of Prescription Drug Insurance
Authors: Abaluck Jason , Gruber Jonathan
Published: August 2016

We study choice over prescription insurance plans by the elderly using government administrative data to evaluate how these choices evolve over time. We find large “foregone savings” from not choosing the lowest cost plan that has grown over time. We develop a structural framework to decompose the changes in “foregone welfare” from inconsistent choices into choice set changes and choice function changes from a fixed choice set. We find that foregone welfare increases over time due primarily to changes in plan characteristics such as premiums and out-of-pocket costs; we estimate little learning at either the individual or cohort level. (JEL G22, H51, I13, I18, J14)
Moderating Political Extremism: Single Round versus Runoff Elections under Plurality Rule
Authors: Bordignon Massimo , Nannicini Tommaso , Tabellini Guido
Published: August 2016

We compare single round versus runoff elections under plurality rule, allowing for partly endogenous party formation. Under runoff elections, the number of political candidates is larger, but the influence of extremist voters on equilibrium policy, and hence policy volatility, is smaller because the bargaining power of the political extremes is reduced compared to single round elections. The predictions on the number of candidates and on policy volatility are confirmed by evidence from a regression discontinuity design in Italy, where cities above 15,000 inhabitants elect the mayor with a runoff system, while those below hold single round elections. (JEL C78, D72)
Capital Taxation under Political Constraints
Authors: Scheuer Florian , Wolitzky Alexander
Published: August 2016

This paper studies optimal dynamic tax policy under the threat of political reform. A policy will be reformed ex post if a large enough coalition of citizens supports reform; thus, sustainable policies are those that will continue to attract enough political support in the future. We find that optimal marginal capital taxes are either progressive or U-shaped, so that savings are subsidized for the poor and/or the middle class but are taxed for the rich. U-shaped capital taxes always emerge when individuals' political behavior is purely determined by economic motives. (JEL D12, D14, D31, D72, H21, H25)
Dynamic Delegation of Experimentation
Authors: Guo Yingni
Published: August 2016

I study a dynamic relationship where a principal delegates experimentation to an agent. Experimentation is modeled as a one-armed bandit that yields successes following a Poisson process. Its unknown intensity is high or low. The agent has private information, his type being his prior belief that the intensity is high. The agent values successes more than the principal does, so prefers more experimentation. The optimal mechanism is a cutoff rule in the belief space: the cutoff gives pessimistic types total freedom but curtails optimistic types’ behavior. Pessimistic types overexperiment while the most optimistic ones underexperiment. This delegation rule is time consistent. (JEL D23, D82, D83, O30)
Moderate chronic fetal alcohol exposure causes a motor learning deficit in adult outbred Swiss-Webster mice
Authors: Reekes Tyler H. , Vinyard III H. Thomas , Echols William , Eubank III Andrew J. , Bouldin Michael D. , Murray William H. , Brewer Stephen , Brown Blake T. , Willis Jr Harold L. , Tabrani Zachary , Favero Carlita B. , Clabough Erin B.D.
Published: August 2016

Prenatal ethanol exposure can negatively affect development, causing physical and/or cognitive deficits in the offspring. Behavioral changes are typically characterized during childhood, but they can also persist into adulthood. The extent of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) abnormalities depends upon the amount and manner of ethanol intake, leading to a large variety of animal models. In order to mimic the genetically diverse human condition, we examined an outbred strain of mice exposed to chronic gestational ethanol and characterized subsequent behavioral alterations during adulthood. To detect deficits in cognitive ability and/or motor function, we ran the mice through tests designed to detect either memory/learning ability or motor strength/skill. We tested cognitive responses using the Barnes Maze and the Open Field Aversion Test, and motor skills using Kondziela’s Inverted Screen Test and the rotarod. As adults, the FASD mice showed no significant differences on grip strength, open field, or the Barnes maze; however, we found that outbred mice who had experienced moderate prenatal ethanol exposure were slower to learn the rotarod as adults, though they did not differ in overall performance. Our data suggest a specific FASD vulnerability in motor learning ability, and also open the door to further investigation on the effect of ethanol on brain areas involved in motor learning, including the striatum.
Study of the Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body in Profile School Elective Courses
Authors: Харыбина  , Kharybina I. , Новикова  , Novikova Tatyana , Новиков  , Novikov Aleksandr
Published: August 2016

The article deals with the problem of studying the rotational motion of a rigid body in a physics course at profi le school. It is proposed to supplement the

study of the topic elective courses to meet the challenges of the kinematics, dynamics, conservation laws for describing plane-parallel motion of a solid

body. The article gives examples of jobs on the formation method of fi nding instantaneous center of velocity, methods are provided for the activities of

the students at the school level action.
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis
Authors: Bates Nicola
Published: August 2016

While anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion is very common, especially in dogs, many animals do not develop signs. In symptomatic animals all clinical signs are related to coagulopathy, which can occur anywhere in the body. Internal bleeding is most common, particularly into the lungs. Initial signs may be non-specific with lethargy, weakness, anorexia, cough, depression and pale mucous membranes. Bleeding does not generally occur until 3–5 days after ingestion. The prothrombin time is the first test to become prolonged (but not until at least 36 hours post-ingestion) and the first to recover, so is used to monitor the need for antidotal therapy. Vitamin K1 is the specific antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning and it is required for at least 21 days because of the long half-life of these compounds. Prognosis depends on the severity and location of the bleeding.
Component alignment and clinical outcome following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Huijbregts H. J. T. A. M. , Khan R. J. K. , Fick D. P. , Hall M. J. , Punwar S. A. , Sorensen E. , Reid M. J. , Vedove S. Dalle , Haebich S.
Published: August 2016

Aims

We conducted a randomised controlled trial to assess the accuracy of positioning and alignment of the components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), comparing those undertaken using standard intramedullary cutting jigs and those with patient-specific instruments (PSI).

Patients and Methods

There were 64 TKAs in the standard group and 69 in the PSI group. The post-operative hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle and positioning was investigated using CT scans. Deviation of > 3° from the planned position was regarded as an outlier. The operating time, Oxford Knee Scores (OKS) and Short Form-12 (SF-12) scores were recorded.

Results

There were 14 HKA-angle outliers (22%) in the standard group and nine (13%) in the PSI group (p = 0.251). The mean HKA-angle was 0.5° varus in the standard group and 0.2° varus in the PSI group (p = 0.492). The accuracy of alignment in the coronal and axial planes and the proportion of outliers was not different in the two groups. The femoral component was more flexed (p = 0.035) and there were significantly more tibial slope outliers (29% versus 13%) in the PSI group (p = 0.032). Operating time and the median three-month OKS were similar (p = 0.218 and p = 0.472, respectively). Physical and mental SF-12 scores were not significantly different at three months (p = 0.418 and p = 0.267, respectively) or at one year post-operatively (p = 0.114 and p = 0.569). The median one-year Oxford knee score was two points higher in the PSI group (p = 0.049).

Conclusion

Compared with standard intramedullary jigs, the use of PSI did not significantly reduce the number of outliers or the mean operating time, nor did it clinically improve the accuracy of alignment or the median Oxford Knee Scores. Our data do not support the routine use of PSI when undertaking TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1043–9.
Patient-specific glenoid guides provide accuracy and reproducibility in total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Gauci M. O. , Boileau P. , Baba M. , Chaoui J. , Walch G.
Published: August 2016

Aims

Patient-specific glenoid guides (PSGs) claim an improvement in accuracy and reproducibility of the positioning of components in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The results have not yet been confirmed in a prospective clinical trial. Our aim was to assess whether the use of PSGs in patients with osteoarthritis of the shoulder would allow accurate and reliable implantation of the glenoid component.

Patients and Methods

A total of 17 patients (three men and 14 women) with a mean age of 71 years (53 to 81) awaiting TSA were enrolled in the study. Pre- and post-operative version and inclination of the glenoid were measured on CT scans, using 3D planning automatic software. During surgery, a congruent 3D-printed PSG was applied onto the glenoid surface, thus determining the entry point and orientation of the central guide wire used for reaming the glenoid and the introduction of the component. Manual segmentation was performed on post-operative CT scans to compare the planned and the actual position of the entry point (mm) and orientation of the component (°).

Results

The mean error in the accuracy of the entry point was -0.1 mm (standard deviation (sd) 1.4) in the horizontal plane, and 0.8 mm (sd 1.3) in the vertical plane. The mean error in the orientation of the glenoid component was 3.4° (sd 5.1°) for version and 1.8° (sd 5.3°) for inclination.

Conclusion

Pre-operative planning with automatic software and the use of PSGs provides accurate and reproducible positioning and orientation of the glenoid component in anatomical TSA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1080–5.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Bryson D. J. , Morris D. L. J. , Shivji F. S. , Rollins K. R. , Snape S. , Ollivere B. J.
Published: August 2016

Prophylactic antibiotics can decrease the risk of wound infection and have been routinely employed in orthopaedic surgery for decades. Despite their widespread use, questions still surround the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis, timing and duration of administration. The health economic costs associated with wound infections are significant, and the judicious but appropriate use of antibiotics can reduce this risk.

This review examines the evidence behind commonly debated topics in antibiotic prophylaxis and highlights the uses and advantages of some commonly used antibiotics.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1014–19.
The prevalence and impact of sarcopenia on degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Park S. , Kim H. J. , Ko B. G. , Chung J. W. , Kim S. H. , Park S. H. , Lee M. H. , Yeom J. S.
Published: August 2016

Aims

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and to examine its impact on patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS).

Patients and Methods

This case-control study included two groups: one group consisting of patients with DLSS and a second group of control subjects without low back or neck pain and related leg pain. Five control cases were randomly selected and matched by age and gender (n = 77 cases and n = 385 controls) for each DLSS case. Appendicular muscle mass, hand-grip strength, sit-to-stand test, timed up and go (TUG) test, and clinical outcomes, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores and the EuroQol EQ-5D were compared between the two groups.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia, as defined by hand-grip strength, was significantly higher in the DLSS group (24%) when compared with the age- and gender-matched control group (12%) (p = 0.004). In the DLSS group, the sarcopenia subgroup demonstrated inferior results for the TUG test and ODI scores when compared with the non-sarcopenia subgroup (p = 0.006 and p = 0.039, respectively) after adjusting for age and gender.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a higher prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with DLSS and highlighted its negative effect on clinical outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1093–8.
Errata
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: August 2016

M. P. Abdel, M. T. Houdek, C. D. Watts, D. G. Lewallen, D. J. Berry. Epidemiology of periprosthetic femoral fractures in 5417 revision total hip arthroplasties. Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:468–474.
Errata
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: August 2016

B. Mollon, S. A. Mahure, D. Y. Ding, J. D. Zuckerman, Y. W. Kwon. The influence of a history of clinical depression on peri-operative outcomes in elective total shoulder arthroplasty. Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:818–824.
Short Communication: Fishing inside Qeshm Island's MPA, Atortuous approach
Authors: CHAMANARA VAHID , KAMRANI EHSAN , ZAHIRINIA MOSTAFA , MANEZ KATHLEEN SCHWERDTNER
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Chamanara V, Kamrani E, Zahirinia M, Máñez KS. 2016. Short Communication: Fishing inside Qeshm Island’s MPA, A tortuous approach. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 169-173. Incremental pressure of population growth in coastal areas has led to loss in many mangrove areas. Although these areas are fish nursery grounds and are very important in stock assessments, there is no accurate and up-to-date available data about them. In this research, the catch data in the Qeshm Island Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Iran was investigated using 11 stake nets. Totally, 81 specimens belonging to 69 genera and 63 families were caught, which majority of them were discarded. The commercial fish were young which were mostly smaller than LM50. In case of White Pomfret as well, only 15.3% of the caught individuals were in the legal catch size. Hence, this catch composition would be a potential threat to fish stocks. The major numerical and weight based specimens were Dussumieria acuta (10.05%) and Arius maculatus (5.9%), respectively. Containing 7 species, the Clupeidae was the most abundant family in the catch composition. Eventually, total annual catch by abovementioned stake nets within the mangrove forests in the Qeshm Island marine protected area was estimated to be 186.77-188.75 tonnes, approximately.
Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Ion-Montmorillonite Organoclays
Authors: Powell Clois E.
Published: August 2016

Montmorillonite is an extraordinary, naturally occurring plate-like material ~1 nm thick with dimensions of at least 150-200 nm with robust mechanical properties (the modulus is ~ 180 GPa). It is non-toxic (the FDA classification of montmorillonite is GRAS (‘generally regarded as safe’ for most applications)). The surface area of the particle is enormous (>750m2/g). The capacity of montmorillonite to have a negative charge allows for the modification of the montmorillonite with quaternary ammonium ions (which have a positive charge) to displace the inorganic counter ions associated with the mineral. This displacement provides a wide range of hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance on the surface of montmorillonite which is key to the utilization of organomontmorillonites in a wide range of different markets (rheology control for coatings, inks, oil-well drilling fluids, grease, etc. and polymer nanocomposites). The utility of organomontmorillonite is not discussed here.

The significant independent variables that relate to successful preparation of organo-montmorillonites are described below and listed in the conclusions.
DIVERSIDAD FLORÍSTICA Y ESTRUCTURA EN CACAOTALES TRADICIONALES Y BOSQUE NATURAL (SUMACO, ECUADOR)
Authors: Jadán Maza Oswaldo Angel , Torres Bolier , Selesi Daniela , Peña Denisse , Rosales Cornelio , Gunter Sven
Published: August 2016

Se caracterizaron la diversidad, estructura horizontal y vertical de la vegetación arbórea y arbustiva en cacaotales tradicionales y bosque maduro. Se evaluó la diversidad alfa, beta y se identificaron relaciones entre la riqueza con la estructura de la vegetación arbórea. El bosque registró los mayores valores en riqueza de especies, abundancia y estructura, seguido por el sistema agroforestal tradicional con cacao semilla. Las especies más importantes ecológicamente en el bosque fueron Iriartea deltoidea y Otoba glycycarpa. En todos los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales fueron Cordia alliodora y Cedrela odorata. En los sistemas agroforestales con cultivo de cacao la riqueza de especies se correlaciona positivamente con la densidad y área basal, marcando dependencia directa entre estas variables. Este resultado no puede generalizarse ya que en el bosque maduro y sistema agroforestal de subsistencia no se registran estas dependencias. Esto posiblemente es explicado por la discetaniedad, tamaños de vegetación y distribución aleatoria de los individuos sobre la riqueza de especies. Se concluyó que el bosque maduro y el sistema agroforestal con cacao semilla son los sistemas más importantes para conservación de especies arbóreas y arbustivas, según la riqueza, diversidad, índices de similitud y estructura de la vegetación. 
EVALUACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE INCENDIOS DE LA VEGETACIÓN EN EL NORTE DE ANTIOQUIA (COLOMBIA): ANÁLISIS DEL PAISAJE
Authors: Jimenez Guerra Ana Milena , Urrego Ligia Estela , Toro Luis Jairo
Published: August 2016

Los incendios forestales son multicausales afectan frecuentemente zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Son dinámicos en tiempo y espacio, y generan fuertes impactos sobre el medio ambiente. Para identificar el patrón espacial de estos en diferentes coberturas vegetales, se generaron mapas de susceptibilidad bruta a incendios (SB), basada en características intrínsecas de vegetación, y susceptibilidad neta (SN), SB mas variables climáticas y topográficas, a escala regional. La mayor área afectada está dominada por pastos con muy altas SB (27.19%) y SN (18.38%). Los bosques naturales (zona noroccidental) y plantados (alrededor del embalse Riogrande II) presentaron baja SB. Se confirma que los patrones espaciales de la susceptibilidad a incendios están relacionados con factores climáticos y topográficos. En zonas con alta y muy alta SB, el área de cada categoría disminuyó incluyendo estos factores. La relación entre la estructura de paisaje y SN no mostró una clara tendencia, ya que la estructura a nivel de paisaje de los bosques y rastrojos fue muy variable por grado de susceptibilidad. Las categorías más críticas de SN se registraron en paisajes muy homogéneos con parches pequeños de bosque y rastrojos (entre 0.3 y 2.1 ha), y poca variabilidad en el tamaño y formas de parches.