bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authoritarianism, Self-Esteem, Emotionality and Intelligence
Authors: Kayser Brian D.
Published: September 2011

Authoritarianism was hypothesized to have significant loadings on a factor with intelligence, self-esteem, emotionality, and feelings of potency. The results of the factor analysis partially confirmed the hypothesis. Authoritarianism was associated with low grades, low reported IQ, and feelings of impotency. Unlike past studies self-esteem and emotionality were not related to authoritarianism.
Stability and Inter-Rater Reliability of Lateral Eye Movement
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Goldstein Rhonnie , Penick S. B.
Published: September 2011

Inter-rater reliability of conjugate lateral eye movement was found to be less than perfect, and evidence for the stability of this movement over an interval of 1 wk. was not obtained. These findings generate doubt about at least some of the conclusions of previous investigators.
Additional Data on Probability of Error Repetition following Varying Numbers of Successive Prior Repetitions
Authors: Marx Melvin H. , Witter David W. , Mueller John H.
Published: September 2011

Data extracted from two independent experiments are reported to support the proposition that the probability of repetition of incorrect responses in human learning often increases as a positive function of the number of successive prior repetitions.
Effect of Exposure to a Single Stimulus on Transfer of Perceptual Learning
Authors: Bennett Thomas L. , Levitt Lynn , Anton Barry S.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats reared in a visually sparse environment were pre-exposed to either both, one, or neither of the to-be-discriminated stimuli. Both groups which received early stimulus experience learned the discrimination task in significantly fewer trials than did the nonexposed control group, and the group which received early experience with both stimuli was superior to the group pre-exposed to only one of the to-be-discriminated stimuli. The results imply that greatest facilitation by early experience of later discrimination learning will occur if S is allowed to compare the to-be-discriminated stimuli in his rearing environment.
Perception of Time and Cigarette Smoking among College Students
Authors: Koenig Fredrick
Published: September 2011

340 undergraduate students were asked to draw three circles representing the past, present, and the future. Temporal dominance was measured by the size of the circles, temporal relatedness was indicated by whether the circles were not separated in space. Non-smokers tended to draw circles that were future dominant and temporally related.
Orientation and Position Effects of Mirror-Image Reversal Discrimination of Triangles by Young Children
Authors: Cronin Virginia
Published: September 2011

The effects of orientation, obliqueness and position in a triad on mirror-image reversal discrimination by 5- and 6-yr.-old Ss were assessed. Discrimination was facilitated when the triangles were in an upright position, e.g., the horizontal line was at the bottom of the figure. Within a triad of triangles position had a significant effect. The reversed triangle was more distinct when the two identical triangles were beside each other. Obliqueness did not influence mirror-image reversal discrimination.
Age, Familiarity and Complexity as Recognition Variables
Authors: Howell Sandra C
Published: September 2011

The effect of stimulus material on card-sorting scores by two age groups was tested with stimuli varied by generational familiarity and complexity (redundancy). The 48 older adults performed at a level not significantly different from 48 young with non-redundant and stimuli appropriate to their age. Young Ss showed greater recognition errors with non-redundant stimuli of this generational quality than with redundant, currently familiar stimuli. Old Ss decrementally responded to redundancy in spire of the familiarity of the objects displayed. An interaction between historic familiarity and complexity is postulated.
Reliabilities of Three Tests of Form-Copying
Authors: Ryckman David B. , Rentfrow Robert , Fargo George , McCartin Rosemarie
Published: September 2011

This study investigates test-retest and interscorer reliability for three tests of form copying: the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, and the Bender-Gestalt. Tests were administered to children in the second, fourth, and sixth grades in a lower middle-class school. All three tests produced relatively high interscorer reliability coefficients. The low test-retest reliability coefficients of the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test suggest caution in using this test with primary age children.
Mc Creery Tests of Rhythm and Pitch: Their Reliability and Validity
Authors: Buegel Hermann F. , Harris Jack Henley
Published: September 2011

Grade school norms had been developed for the McCreery rhythm and pitch tests on 3,000 children in the public schools of Maywood, Illinois. These have been issued with the instructions for the test since 1937. Harris (1945) investigated the reliability and validity of these tests with 745 public school children in 4 locations. He found reported reliability and validity coefficients that are comparable to those for the Drake, Seashore, and Kwalwasser-Dykema tests.
Relationship of Field Independence and Dogmatism with an Hierarchically Arranged Concept Learning Task
Authors: Grippin Pauline C. , Ohnmacht Fred W.
Published: September 2011

23 Ss were administered the Dogmatism Scale (D), an Embedded-figures Test (EFT), and a modification of the Heidbreder conceptual learning task. A multiple regression analysis tested the influence of field independence, dogmatism, and their interaction with the first trial on which S identified every instance of a general concept serving as the criterion. It was predicted that: (1) object concepts would be easier than design concepts and these would be easier than number concepts; (2) field-independent Ss would experience less difficulty with the design and number concepts; (3) field-independent Ss who were also open-minded would require fewer trials for all concepts, whereas field-dependent closed-minded Ss would experience the greatest difficulty with all concepts. Hypotheses were supported differentially for object, design, and number concepts.
Association of Two Congenitally Organized Behavior Patterns in the Newborn: Hand-Mouth Coordination and Looking
Authors: Korner Anneliese F. , Beason Lynn M.
Published: September 2011

A previous analysis of 1000 ft. of film of each of 32 full-term 2- to 3-day-old neonates established that there exists a concurrence of alerting and hand-mouth contacting which is significantly greater than could be expected to occur by chance judging from the expected and the actual distribution of these behaviors (Korner & Kraemer, 1972). A frame-by-frame analysis of these concurrences was then undertaken to assess whether there was a predictable direction of causation between these two behaviors. Five types of behavior sequences were observed. The infant's alerting could be viewed as an orienting response to the hand's activity in slightly more than half the sequences. Yet, alerting occurred just before hand-mouth contact almost as frequently as immediately afterwards. Thus, the close temporal proximity of these two behaviors may point primarily to an association of two neonatal behaviors which antecedes the synchronization of these behaviors in later eye-hand coordination.
Masculinity and Femininity as Perceived by Hawaiians
Authors: Vroegh Karen
Published: September 2011

To determine the nature of masculinity and femininity as perceived by persons in a lower-income American-Hawaiian group 109 Ss between the ages of 15 and 65 yr., living in a Hawaiian homestead community, were given 2 sets of 53 6-point bipolar personality scales to describe most masculine and least masculine males or most feminine and least feminine females. Males and females agreed on the nature of masculinity and femininity. Agreement across age groups was also found. Most masculine males and most feminine females were similar on 6 personality factors. However, they appeared to differ on some of the personality scales loading on these factors. Least masculine males and least feminine females were similar, both being described somewhat unfavorably.
Letter Position in Trigram Discrimination by Beginning Readers
Authors: Timko Henry G.
Published: September 2011

To determine what effect change in letter position has on the tendency of beginning readers to utilize the outer letters of trigrams more often than medial ones, first graders were tested on 40 matching-to-sample discriminations. Alternatives with the first 2 letters or last 2 letters reversed were chosen more often than those with the positions of the first and last letters reversed.
Distance Model Conceptualization for the Stone-Coles Method of Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

A rationale is presented which suggests that the Stone-Coles multidimensional scaling paradigm can be interpreted in terms of providing distances within a metric space.
Field Dependence and Psychological Differentiation: Reexamination
Authors: Wachtel Paul L.
Published: September 2011

The concepts of field dependence and psychological differentiation have provided an extremely valuable link between theories of personality and psychopathology and laboratory research on perception and cognition. However, confusion between test and construct and failure to control adequately for intelligence have made it difficult to assess the limits of the concept of differentiation. Further, basic understanding of the nature of the individual differences observed has been hampered by insufficient efforts to distinguish between personality differences stemming from differences in ability and those stemming from differences in adaptive choices and strategies. The present paper examines these issues as they are reflected in the current literature and attempts to point toward a more comprehensive approach to research in this area.
Relationships among Oral Form Recognition, Interdental Thickness Discrimination and Interdental Weight Discrimination
Authors: Williams William N. , La Pointe Leonard L.
Published: September 2011

15 normal speaking Ss were tested on tasks of oral-form recognition, interdental thickness discrimination, and interdental weight discrimination. A significant correlation ( p < .05) obtained between form identification and weight discrimination. Means, SDs, and range of performance for each of the three tasks are provided.
Rural High School Dropout: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Fuller Gerald B. , Friedrich Douglas
Published: September 2011

This study explored some of the characteristics of a group of 39 students (10 females, 29 males) identified as having left school before graduation in a rural public school district over the last 5 yr. These students were matched with a control group for sex and number of years in school. Cumulative record files were used and 11 different variables examined. Variables distinguishing the two groups were identified and discussed, and suggestions were made as to how these variables could be used to identify potential dropouts. Some comparisons were made of present results and current conceptualizations about school dropouts. Finally, some implications for preventing dropouts were discussed.
Abbreviation of the Frostig Test of Developmental Visual Perception
Authors: Gayton William F. , Neifert James T. , Warner William R. , Wilson Winston T.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the validity of an abbreviated form of the Frostig Test of Developmental Visual Perception. The abbreviated form manifested a high degree of statistical correspondence with the full Frostig when used with 100 child guidance clinic patients. When a practical analysis was conducted, the abbreviated form manifested certain deficiencies in predicting an individual's Total Perceptual Quotient.
Influence of Environmental and Nutritional Factors on Problem Solving in the Rat
Authors: Wells Annie Marie , Geist Charles R. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Rat pups were randomly cross-fostered to lactating dams which were maintained on either 21% casein diet or a 12% casein diet by weight. At 21 days of age the pups fostered with dams receiving 21% casein continued on the high protein diet. The pups fostered with the dams receiving the 12% casein diet were placed either on a low protein diet consisting of 5% casein by weight or on a 21% casein diet provided in restricted amounts in order to maintain their weight equal to that of the animals weaned to the 5% casein diet. Throughout the 8-wk. period in which the dietary regimes were imposed, the pups were housed individually either in spatially, tactually, and visually enriched, or impoverished environments. At 11 wk. of age all of the animals were rehabilitated and maintained on the 21% high protein diet for the remainder of the experiment. When problem-solving ability was measured by performance in the Hebb-Williams maze, the low-protein animals reared in impoverished environments exhibited the greatest latencies to leave the start box, spent the longest time within the maze enclosure, and made the greatest number of errors Conversely, the high-protein animals reared in the enriched environments showed the shortest latencies, spent less time in the maze, and made the fewest errors.
Primary Process Elements in the Draw-a-Person Protocols of Creative Young Women
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: September 2011

A previous study showed that creative high school girls, as compared with their peers, exhibit more elements of primary process thinking in their thematic literary productions. The present study examined the incidence of several such elements in the graphic productions (Draw-A-Person protocols) by the same Ss. Results disclosed that the creative girls reveal more primary process elements of a strange, bizarre nature than their peers. No significant differences between the two groups were found in the incidence of drive-dominated aspects of primary process, i.e., sex and aggression.
Visual-Tactile and Tactile-Tactile Paired-Associate Learning by Normal and Poor Readers
Authors: Steger Joseph A. , Vellutino Frank R. , Meshoulam Uriel
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that poor readers suffer from an inter-sensory perceptual deficit was tested by having 16 poor and 16 normal readers learn an inter- and intra-sensory paired-associate task. Thus, visual symbols were paired with tactile stimuli and another set of tactile stimuli were paired with tactile stimuli. Although all poor readers met an explicit criterion for poor reading, there was no difference between poor and normal readers in either of the paired-associate tasks. The results suggest that a general perceptual deficit does not exist for poor readers; however, a specific integration problem in auditory-visual pairing may exist.
Dream Recall and Content in Long and Short Sleepers
Authors: Taub John M.
Published: September 2011

Dream recall and content were studied in 10 female college students who habitually slept nocturnally for more than 9 hr. and in 7 who habitually slept less than 6½ hr. During 2 wk. 81 spontaneously recalled dreams were reported by the 7 short sleepers and 114 dreams by the 10 long sleepers. Of 9 dream content variables the 2 groups of sleepers differed significantly on only one and did not significantly differ in frequency of dream recall. It was suggested that in homogeneous groups of long and short sleepers length of sleep per se might be relatively unimportant in relation to dream reports and dream reporting, and other measured personality characteristics.
Paired-Associate Learning Using Color Responses Varying in Form
Authors: Coffman David , McAleer Charles
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 14 Ss each were compared on acquisition of paired-associate tests varying in form of response. Ss acquired significantly more responses in word form than in chromatic form when given 4 trials to learn a 10-pair list. These results seem to be a function of verbal habit patterns developed over time.
Eye-Movements of Stutterers and Non-Stutterers during Silent, Oral, and Choral Reading
Authors: Roland Billy C.
Published: September 2011

Measurements of fixations and retraces were obtained from 7 stuttering and 12 non-stuttering college students during silent, oral, and choral reading conditions. Stutterers made significantly more retraces during silent and choral readings than did the control group. A significantly greater number of retraces by stutterers occurred during choral than either silent or oral reading.
Cross-Cultural Developmental Performance of Navajo Children on the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Taylor Henry D. , Thweatt Roger C.
Published: September 2011

Developmental data on a cross-cultural population of 160 Navajo Indians and Anglos were obtained for the Bender-Gestalt test. Two age groups of 6- to 7- and 11- to 12-yr.-old children were tested. Significant differences obtained between ethnic groups and age groups. 6- to 7-yr.-old Navajo children produced more distortions than Anglo children of this age. However, at 12 yr. of age, Navajo children functioned at the same competence level as the Anglos.
Cognitive Consistency and Class Identification: Study of Social Perception
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne , Loadholt C. Boyd
Published: September 2011

Using the Semantic Differential, 46 undergraduates evaluated as theoretically expected 12 social-psychological concepts as they themselves felt about each concept and as they thought hypothesized members of four social-class categories would evaluate them. The evaluation scores of the generally working-class Ss were much more similar to those projected onto the middle and upper classes than those attributed to the lower and working classes.
Conceptual Structure and Conceptual Tempo
Authors: Wolfe Raymond , Egelston Richard , Powers John
Published: September 2011

College students selected for extremes of concrete and abstract conceptual structure were given 4 visual information-processing tasks: Matching Familiar Figures, Design Recall test, Embedded-figures test, and a task requiring identification of familiar objects presented tachistoscopically at 1/100 sec. Schroder's theory of conceptual structure provided a basis for predicting that abstract Ss would proceed more reflectively on the tasks than would concrete Ss, i.e., abstract Ss were expected to show longer response times and a higher proportion of correct responses. Results showed little generality of either speed or accuracy over tasks, and no support for the conceptual structure hypothesis. Non-parametric analysis of over-all performance indicated that abstract Ss and males tended to be both faster and more accurate in visual tasks than concrete Ss and females, respectively.
Anxiety, Intelligence, and Access to Primitive Modes of Thought in High and Low Scorers on Remote Associates Test
Authors: Martindale Colin
Published: September 2011

Three studies concerning the validity of the Remote Associates Test (RAT) are described. All are based on the serendipitous finding that, when is are dichotomized at their median RAT score, within the high RAT group the RAT correlates with other tests in a manner which would be expected for a test of creativity whereas it generally does not do so across its total range. Study I reports this finding for several measures of access to primitive modes of thought. An analogous finding concerning anxiety emerged from Study II. In Study III it was found that the RAT does not correlate with intelligence in the upper half of its distribution. It is concluded that the RAT may be a valid measure of creativity only in its upper ranges.
Perception of Interaurally Segmented Syllables
Authors: Berry R. C. , Daniloff R. G. , Holstead Lisa
Published: September 2011

Monosyllabic, meaningful syllables of 2 types were perceived by 11 normal adults under a temporal distortion in which the syllable was switched suddenly between right and left ears while being heard. CCV-type syllables were better heard than VCC-type syllables. These results are construed as support for the notion that CCV-syllables are the more ‘natural’ unit of syllable decoding-encoding.
Neuropsychological Function of Normal Boys, Delinquent Boys, and Boys with Learning Problems
Authors: Hurwitz Irving , Bibace Roger M. A. , Wolff Peter H. , Rowbotham Barbara M.
Published: September 2011

Two studies comparing the sensorimotor function and cognitive styles of normal boys, juvenile delinquents, and boys with learning disabilities are reported. The two clinical groups performed significantly poorer on the Lincoln-Oseretsky Test of Motor Development than normal boys and had particular difficulties on items of the test requiring rhythmical repetition. In a second study, the sequencing skills of normal boys and matched delinquents were compared. Delinquent boys did consistently more poorly on tasks of sensorimotor and symbolic sequencing than normals; tests of spatial ability did not discriminate the groups. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the functional analysis of behavior disturbances.
Short-Term Memory for Shape Information Processed Intra- and Intermodally at Three Ages
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

2 experiments are reported in which the effects of intra- and intermodal information acquisition and memory for shape are studied. Exp. I examined the relative performance of children (8 yr.) across 4 groups involving different modality combinations. Results were compared with earlier findings for an adult sample, and the pattern of relative retention across groups was similar for children and adults. Intramodal visual retention was best, whereas intramodal haptic and both types of intermodal retention proved similarly effective. Using simpler shapes, Exp. 11 compared four similar groups with a sample of 5-yr.-olds. The pattern of results was largely similar to that obtained for older samples. As a whole, findings did not support the view of superior retention under intramodal acquisition and retention.
Clairvoyant Perception of Target Material in Three States of Consciousness
Authors: Krippner Stanley , Hickman James , Auerhahn Nanette , Harris Robert
Published: September 2011

Four Ss with histories of reported spontaneous ESP occurrence participated in 8 sessions per S. Each session consisted of 3 trials in which the contents (art prints) of sealed envelopes were assessed by clairvoyant means. One trial took place while S was in his ordinary waking state, one while S was in a self-induced altered conscious state, and one while S was in an altered state induced by sensory-bombardment techniques. Written transcripts of each S‘s statements were given to 3 outside evaluators who ranked each transcript against the 4 possible art prints in the target pool randomly selected for that session. Using median ranks of 1 and 2 as “hits” and ranks of 3 and 4 as “misses,” the 4 Ss were awarded a total of 58 “hits” and 38 “misses” ( CR = 2.04, p = .041, two-tailed). S-judgings produced a total of 61 “hits” and 35 “misses” ( CR = 2.65, p = .008, two-tailed).
Investigation of the Shape-O Ball Test as a Perceptual-Motor Task for Pre-Schoolers
Authors: Thomas Jerry R. , Chissom Brad S. , Biasiotto Judson
Published: September 2011

To assess the validity of the Shape-O Ball Test, a perceptual-motor task, 38 kindergarten Ss were administered both the Shape-O Ball Test and the Frostig. A composite teacher rating (academic achievement) was collected for each S. Results indicated that the Shape-O Ball Test (1) correlates highly with the Frostig total score and significantly with all 5 subtests, and (2) is a good predictor of the academic rating.
Adjusting Retention Scores: Reply to Balogh and Zimmermann
Authors: Medin Douglas L.
Published: September 2011

Balogh and Zimmermann (1971) used an inappropriate adjustment of retention scores of naive and sophisticated monkeys. When a less erroneous adjustment is made in the retention scores, no group differences emerge.
Situational Variables and Performance on Machover's Figure-Drawing Test
Authors: Dmitruk Victor M.
Published: September 2011

Machover's figure-drawing test was administered to two groups of college students ( n = 295) to determine the influence of recent experience on test performance. Ss taking an introductory anthropology course drew significantly more “novel” figures than did Ss enrolled in introductory psychology. The nature of the figures drawn by the anthropology group suggested that they were largely a function of exposure to course content, e.g., cavemen, Indians, etc., in a variety of “primitive” settings. It was concluded that recent experience should be considered before inferences of “pathology” are derived from performance on Machover's test.
Relationship between Sociability and Personal Space Preference at Two Different Times of Day
Authors: Rodgers Janet A.
Published: September 2011

Measurements of sociability and emotional adjustment were determined for 100 undergraduate college students by the Heron Two-part Personality Inventory. Three measurements of personal space preference—maximum, optimum and minimum distance for comfortable standing conversation—were obtained for each S between the hours of 8:30–9:30 A.M. and 2:30–3:30 P.M. Contrary to earlier studies, in this sample there was no relationship between the degree of sociability and preference for personal space. However, the amount of personal space preferred in the morning was significantly greater than the amount preferred in the afternoon for all Ss. Low sociability Ss did demonstrate a significantly greater variability in the amount of personal space preferred than did high sociability Ss in 4 of the 6 trials.
IQ Constancy and Age
Authors: Klonoff Harry
Published: September 2011

The WISC was given to 173 normal children, ages 5 to 13 yr. on 3 consecutive occasions at yearly intervals. Only the Full-scale IQ data were presented in this paper. Of the 18 between-year comparisons of mean Full-scale IQ, only 1 was significantly higher. Of the 9 between 2-year comparisons, only 2 were significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed a perfect relationship between magnitude of correlations and lapsed time as well as a distinctive trend regarding the increase of magnitude of correlation with increasing age. No sex differences in the patterning of IQ changes were noted (only 1 of the 54 comparisons was significant). There was no consistent pattern of change in IQ scores of the low-IQ subgroup compared with the high-IQ subgroup. Three factors are discussed as being important in longitudinal studies, namely, maturation, sex and individual differences in IQs of Ss.
Poggendorf Illusion among Mental Retardates
Authors: Letourneau Jacques E.
Published: September 2011

The Poggendorf illusion was measured in groups of normal and mentally retarded children ( ns = 15) of the same chronological age and adults. Differences existed between the two groups of children but none between the normal children and adults.
Correlations between Motor Learning and Visual and Arm Adaptation under Conditions of Computer-Simulated Visual Distortion
Authors: Gyr John , Willey Richmond , Gordon David G.
Published: September 2011

Adaptation to visual distortion, simulated with a computer-generated display, was studied under conditions of (a) S falsely believing a real prism to be present and the nature of the distortion produced by the prism explained to him, and (b) S not given an optical rationale for the distortion but merely told about the nature of the distortion. The computer technique allowed measurements of visual adaptation, arm adaptation, and of motor learning in a manual guidance task. In (a) visual adaptation was different from zero but no difference between (a) and (b) was found. On one measure, arm adaptation was significantly different from zero in both conditions. On the same measure, arm adaptation in (b) was greater than that in (a). In (a) a positive correlation was found between motor learning and visual adaptation. For (a) and (b) combined there was a negative correlation between one measure of motor learning and one measure of arm adaptation.
Single- vs Multiple-Problem Training in Subsequent Discrimination Learning
Authors: Euse Franklin J. , Hickey Kathleen Larkin , Farrow Bobby J.
Published: September 2011

36 Grade 2 and 3 students were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups receiving single-problem training, multiple-problem training, or no training with intervening, pretest, and posttest exposure to selected plates of the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale. It was hypothesized that type of problem-solving training would influence subsequent ability to solve a novel problem-solving task with multiple training resulting in the greatest positive transfer. An analysis of variance applied to the number of successful choices indicated that the effects of groups and Group × Sex were significant. Further, orthogonal comparisons indicated that the combined mean for the groups receiving single- and multiple-problem training was significantly larger than the mean score for the control group and that the mean of the group receiving multiple-problem training differed significantly from the mean of the group receiving single-problem training.
Patterns of Changes in Binocular Contour Rivalry
Authors: Cogan Rosemary
Published: September 2011

The reports of 3 Ss observing the binocular rivalry of 3.9° light contours were examined to determine whether or not patterns of rivalry changes were random. Sequential dependencies were identified in the transitions from one to another of 4 categories of rivalry perception reported by Ss.
Effects of a Surround upon Onset and Offset Reaction Time
Authors: Pease Victor P.
Published: September 2011

This study measured onset and offset reaction time (RT) to test stimuli presented in a surround and no-surround condition in the fovea. The differences between onset and offset RT in the surround condition were not significant. However, the differences between onset and offset RT for the no-surround case and the differences between surround and no-surround RTs were significant. RTs were faster with a surround present. A significant luminance by onset-offset interaction for the surround condition was also present.
Effect of Stimulus Preview and Supplemental Visual Cues on Children's Spatial Representation and Perceptual-Motor Anticipation in a Discrete Tracking Task
Authors: Davol Stephen H. , Quinn Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

90 children, Grades 1 to 5, performed an anticipatory tracking task under 3 conditions: supplemental visual cues, stimulus pattern preview, and control; they then drew the pattern of the tracking stimulus. Analyses showed anticipation in masked tracking and correct pattern drawing to be age-related and means of task solution heavily dependent upon experimental condition.
Inhibition and the Human Movement Response in Children
Authors: Eisman Howard D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between children's perception of human movement on inkblots (the M response) and two aspects of their inhibitory behavior was investigated. Differences in the fantasy correlates of children's and adult M perception were discussed, as was the possibility that different psychological processes mediate inhibitory behavior at different ages.
Methodological Investigation of Perceived Structure of College Teaching across Two Cultures
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Lehmann Wolfgang , Scheidt Ulrich
Published: September 2011

4 multidimensional scaling analyses based on similarity ratings among 30 operational statements of college-level psychology teaching activities (stimuli) using samples of psychology students and teachers from the USA and Germany as raters resulted in 7 teaching factors common in varying degrees to both cultures and one in each culture with no counterpart in the other. The paired German-American factors ordered from most to least agreement in accordance with the proportion of their highly loaded stimuli held in common by corresponding factors across cultures were: Teacher (Lecturing) Dynamism, Dynamik des Vortragens; Classroom Administration, Durchsetzung der Ordnung; Information Dissemination, Ausgabe von Informationen; Knowledge Dissemination, Verarbeitung von Wissen; Advisory Guidance, Studentische Beratung; Environmental Regulation, Regulierung von Randbedingungen; Teacher-Student Feedback, Lehrer-Student Rueckmeldung; Control of Student Behavior, Verwendung von audiovisuellen Hilfsmitteln. Analyses of the degree of student-teacher agreement of factors within cultures resulted in a greater degree of within culture agreement than the degree of cross-cultural agreement shown among the 8 teaching factors. The clarity of the current results may be interpreted as indicating that the method employed possesses potential for establishing the degree of perceptual generality and meaningfulness of teaching performance criteria.
Effects of Intermittent and Continuous Noise on Serial Search Performance
Authors: Harris C. Stanley
Published: September 2011

To determine whether high intensity broadband noise has an adverse effect on human performance when special conditions related to type of task, length of testing, and intensity of noise exposure are met, 3 groups of 20 Ss each were tested on a serial search task. The first group was presented continuous broadband noise, the second received intermittent noise, and the third served as a control group. Performance was measured for 36 min. continuously on a practice day and 4 test days. Both noise groups produced approximately the same results. Both groups found significantly fewer numbers on the task than the control group on the last two days of testing. The effect was quite orderly; the smallest difference between groups occurred on the 1st testing day, and the largest occurred on the last day of testing. On these days the effect was constant throughout the 36 min. of testing. The results support the contention that when certain conditions of testing are met, a reliable effect of noise on performance can be demonstrated.
Time and Consistency as Measures of Psychological Distance
Authors: Snodgrass Joan Gay , Kass Ruth
Published: September 2011

Decision times, consistency measures, and their relationships were used to study stimulus-stimulus and subject-stimulus distance for two types of responses—single stimulus and paired comparisons, and two types of tasks—preference and judged complexity. Two assumptions based on Coombs' (1964) theory of data—that decision time is inversely related to distance and that both stimulus and ideal points have variability—led to the following predictions: (1) stimulus ordering from paired comparison judgments will be predictable from the ordering of decision times in single stimulus judgments; (2) more intransitive triads will occur in paired comparison preference judgments than paired comparison complexity judgments; and (3) complexity judgments will exhibit greater concordance than preference judgments. All three predictions were supported by data. Of three latency transformations investigated, standardized reciprocal times showed the highest correlation with difference in ranks in the paired comparison task.
The Holtzman Inkblot Technique: A Bibliography, 1956–1970
Authors: Van Dyke Paul S.
Published: September 2011

A bibliography of 235 published references to work with the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, calendar years 1956–1970, is presented.
Effect of Reward Sequence on Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Authors: Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A.
Published: September 2011

Rats were tested in an alley to determine the effect of reward sequence on the extinction and spontaneous recovery of latency and time. Daily, half of the Ss received a small reward on Trial 1 and a large reward on Trial 2 (SL), while the other half received the opposite sequence of rewards (LS). Resistance to extinction and spontaneous recovery were greater when a large reward fallowed a small reward than when a small reward followed a large reward. The results were discussed in terms of Capaldi's (1967) sequential learning hypothesis.
Normative Study of Oral Vibrotactile Sensitivity
Authors: Telage Kal M. , Fucci Donald J. , Arnst Dennis J.
Published: September 2011

Ascending vibrotactile lingual thresholds were obtained for 110 Ss at 200 and 400 Hz. Mean thresholds and standard deviations were reported in microns. Although frequency differences were observed, comparatively small standard deviations reflected little inter-subject variability. Possible clinical applications were discussed.
Oscillation of Human Performance as a Personality Measure
Authors: Tainsh Michael A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the frequency of the periodic characteristics of individual behaviour and Spearman's (1927) concept of oscillation is discussed in terms of Eysenck's concept of neuroricism. It is shown that the harmonic frequency derived from an individual's scores on a perceptual-motor task is related to his scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory. This is considered grounds for reconsidering a concept of behavioural oscillation as a reliable personality dimension.
An Empirical Test of the Theory of Sexual Symbolism
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Soueif M.
Published: September 2011

A theory was tested according to which rounded figures (female symbols) would be preferred by males, elongated figures (male symbols) by females. Preference judgments obtained from 451 male and 445 female students failed to bear out this prediction.
Preferences of Rats Given Early Temporal Visual Patterns
Authors: Oswalt Robert M. , Medsker Allan E.
Published: September 2011

20 albino rats were reared with one of two different temporal light patterns (Dash-Dot-Dot; Dot-Dash-Dot) for 60 days and subsequently tested for preference between their rearing pattern or a different pattern. The results indicated that both groups tended to prefer the Dash-Dot-Dot pattern. However, the effects of being reared with a particular pattern for 60 days did not significantly increase the preference of the pre-exposed group for their pattern compared to the results of a group not exposed to this pattern.
Facilitation on a Response-Loaded Task by Changes in Task Difficulty
Authors: May Richard B. , Duncan Pam
Published: September 2011

The relation between changes in problem difficulty and performance was extended from discrimination studies to a speeded skill task. Children were given repeated trials with easy and hard puzzle blocks. An intermediate number of changes in difficulty facilitated performance more than trial-to-trial change or no change. It was suggested that an optimal amount of change may vary with the type of task considered and that further work with various difficulty sequences and tasks seems warranted.
Instructors' Multidimensional Perceptions of Their Students
Authors: Coles Gary J. , Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

Two instructors of a single psychology course made similarity estimations of students who were enrolled in this course. This judgmental data was multidimensionally scaled using the Stone-Coles paradigm. Three judgmental dimensions were extracted: academic achievement, sex membership, and liberal-conservative attitudes and behaviors. A suggestion was made that multidimensional scaling may represent an approach to grading if grading is to be based solely on observations-evaluations of teachers.
Acute Mountain Sickness: Within-Day Symptomatology Effects
Authors: Stamper David A. , Sterner Ray T.
Published: September 2011

Analyses of within-day measurements of Acute Mountain Sickness symptomatology indicated that greater subjective reports occurred during morning than evening sampling sessions on Arousal Level, Somatic Discomfort, Tired and Mood subscales of Evans' General High Altitude Questionnaire (3). This effect was exaggerated at 14,110 ft. for Somatic Discomfort symptoms.
Two-Dimensional Arrangement of Ktsa Objects: Preliminary Report
Authors: Greaves George
Published: September 2011

Since the juxtaposition of the KTSA objects and their distance relationships are important factors in interpreting the results of the KTSA, the author suggests use of an 8 × 8 grid as a special procedure for examining possible spatial relationships in S's symbolic representations. These might not appear in the standard test in which S uses a single linear dimension. Three illustrations of the procedure suggest strengthening of the inferential power of the KTSA.
Relaxation and Neuromuscular Tension Control and Changes in Motor Performance under Induced Tension
Authors: Chaney Dawn S. , Andreasen Lois
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of specific instructions in relaxation and neuromuscular tension control on changes in the performance of a motor test under stress. The motor test was throwing darts at a specific target for speed and accuracy. Stress was induced by a verbal threat of failure. GSR, respiration rate, and EMG recordings were obtained from each S on initial and final tests. The verbal threat produced stress in all Ss ( p = .01). Ss in the exercise control group had a significantly lower respiration rate than the other Ss. The experimental treatment given to the relaxation group did not have a significant influence in reducing neuromuscular tensions during the performance of the motor test.
The Draw-a-Dog Scale
Authors: Levinson Boris M. , Mezei Harry
Published: September 2011

The Draw-A-Dog Scale, a provisional supplement to the Goodenough-Harris drawing test, consisting of 41 items was standardized on 120 white middle-class children. The mean CAs for the groups ranged from 5.8 to 7.7 yr. The test-retest reliability of the scale is .76 and scorer reliability .91.
Punishment of Oral-Genital Self-Stimulation in Young Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Stoffer Gerald R. , Zimmermann Robert R. , Strobel David A.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to control the duration of oral-genital self-stimulation in 2 male rhesus macaques. Response-contingent electric shock was programmed for 10 daily sessions and followed by 10 additional daily sessions of tone-shock classical conditioning trials. During the classical conditioning phase, the tone was made contingent on self-stimulation in the home cage. Primary punishment (shock) immediately and completely suppressed self-sucking performance. However, duration of sucking within Ss' home cage remained unchanged. Subsequent tone-shock trials continued to suppress behavior to zero levels in the shock box. In addition, the tone was now an effective conditioned punisher within the home cage, reducing self-stimulation to near zero levels.
Parental Behaviors in Profoundly Retarded Subjects
Authors: Cleland C. C. , Hereford S. McF. , Fellner M. , Lawrence W.
Published: September 2011

The behavior of 13 male and 16 female profoundly retarded adults (18 to 30 yr. old) in response to the visual stimulus of a human infant was observed. Little support was obtained for the ethologically based hypothesis that the infant as a sign-stimulus would release parental (i.e., approach) behavior. However, significantly more active-approach behavior was observed in female than male Ss.
Shaping Monkey-Human Contact
Authors: Aarons Louis
Published: September 2011

An empirically ordered sequence of 11 steps is described for the training of progressive increases in physical contact between monkeys and Es. The steps range from a point at which food is not accepted from E's hand, through the touching and petting of varied parts of the monkey's body, to the monkey climbing on or being held by E. Some illustrative data are presented and it is suggested that evaluation of the animal-human relationship is relevant to long-term studies in experimental behavior therapy.
Comparison of Two Self-Administered Field Dependency Measures
Authors: Dumsha T. C. , Minard J. , Williams Jun-Ko Mc
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the correlations between the recently developed group embedded-figures test (GEFT), the hidden-figures test Form-V, and the rod-and-frame test (RFT). 30 college males randomly selected from introductory and experimental psychology courses were administered the three measures of field dependency within a 2-wk. period. Intercorrelations among the three tests were significant ( rGEFT/RFT = –.691, p < .005; rHFT/RFT = –.476, p < .005; rGEFT/HFT = –.749, p < .005). A t test for related correlations indicated that the two correlations with the rod-and-frame test were significantly different ( t = 2.19, p < .025). The validity of the hidden-figures test as a measure of field dependency is questioned.
Inhibition of Aggression against the Physically Disabled
Authors: Levitt Lynn , Viney Wayne
Published: September 2011

Female Ss ostensibly delivered electric shock to 2 successive targets who were perceived in one condition as normal and in another as physically disabled. The sequence of targets included a normal person followed by a disabled one and a disabled person followed by a normal one. Each sequence included all combinations of sex-target sequence. Administrator Ss delivered significantly more shock to normal than to disabled targets. The sequence disabled-normal, yielded significantly higher shock levels than the sequence, normal-disabled. The sex-sequence did not yield significant differences. A significant interaction between physical condition of target and physical condition sequence was characterized by large increases in shock delivered to normal targets when such targets were preceded by disabled targets. This displacement was explained by extension of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
Subject-Task Interaction in Selective Attention Research
Authors: Gross Steven Jay , Moore Samuel F. , Stern Stephen L.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of investigating human information processing, the one focusing on the manipulation of experimental tasks and the other emphasizing individual differences, were compared. The design utilized the experimental tasks of Treisman and Riley (1969) while examining for individual differences on the basis of Witkin's field-articulation dimension. The findings of Treisman and Riley were replicated, while no differences were found among Ss categorized on the individual-difference dimension, suggesting that task variables were most important in performance requiring selective attention.
Significance of WISC Verbal-Performance Discrepancies for Younger Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rourke Byron P. , Dietrich Dianne M. , Young Gerald C.
Published: September 2011

82 5- to 8-yr.-old children (IQ range 79 to 120) exhibiting learning disabilities were divided into three groups on the basis of their WISC Verbal IQ and Performance IQ: a high Performance IQ-low Verbal IQ group, a Verbal IQ equal to Performance IQ group, and a high Verbal IQ-low Performance IQ group. The three groups were equated for age and Full Scale IQ. The performance of these Ss on selected measures of verbal, auditory-perceptual, visual-perceptual, problem-solving, motor, and psychomotor abilities did not yield the same clear-cut differences observed in previous studies with older (9- to 14-yr.-old) children with learning disabilities who had been divided into groups on the basis of WISC Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancies of an identical magnitude. These results argue for very guarded clinical inrerpretation of WISC Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancies of this magnitude in the case of younger children exhibiting learning disabilities.