bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW OF DESIGN RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A DESIGN SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Barlow T. W. , Greene M. T. , Papalambros P. Y.
Published: June 2020

The design community can contribute significantly to the success of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. Currently, alignment of the design research community on sustainable development goals in Africa is not well understood. In this paper, we review relevant literature and identify trends in research topics studied and in patterns of collaboration between researchers. We find differences in topic representation and collaboration trends between African-based and non-African based researchers. Understanding these differences better will be important for future research.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN IDEA GENERATION: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DESIGNERS AND ENGINEERS
Authors: Colombo S. , Mazza A. , Montagna F. , Ricci R. , Dal Monte O. , Cantamessa M.
Published: June 2020

The paper describes the rigorous implementation of a validated methodological experimental protocol to divergent and convergent thinking tasks occurring in Design by neurophysiological means (EEG and eye-tracking). EEG evidence confirms the findings coherently to the literature. Interesting is the confirmation of such results through eye-tracking ones, and further evidence emerged. In particular, neurophysiological results in idea generation differ between designers and engineers. This study was supported by a multidisciplinary team, both for the neuropsychological and data analysis aspects.
QUANTIFYING THE UNCERTAINTY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SOFT COSTS IN THE “COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SPREADSHEET TOOL” (CREST) MODEL
Authors: Syal S. M. , MacDonald E. F.
Published: June 2020

While solar photovoltaics are projected to grow, major financial barriers exist that impede installation. Soft costs (human-driven costs) can account for over half of total project costs and are often simplified in typical models. We use the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's “Cost of Renewable Energy Spreadsheet Tool” to quantify uncertainty of three soft cost inputs and their influence on the output cost of energy using variance-based sensitivity indices. We then suggest how the development process and model can be redesigned to represent the complexities of this socio-technical system.
COST OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCT FAMILIES USING SOLUTION SPACES
Authors: Rötzer S. , Thoma D. , Zimmermann M.
Published: June 2020

Maximizing the number of shared components does not always produce cost-optimal product families. Shared components can yield economies of scale due to reuse of components, but also increases material cost due to over dimensioning. In this paper, we present an approach to identify a cost-optimal design for product families. It consists of two steps: (1) identifying a scheme to share components in the product family and (2) finding the cost optimal design for the product family.
USING CROWDFUNDING AS PART OF THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: Forbes H. , Han J. , Schaefer D.
Published: June 2020

Crowdfunding is the process of taking a project in need of investment and asking a large group of people to supply the investment. It allows organisations to sell their product before production, reducing the risk of new product development. Organisations such as Tesla and General Electric have used crowdfunding successfully but crowdfunding is yet to be explored as part of a formalised product development framework. This paper includes the business case for commercialising new products with crowdfunding and presents crowdfunding as part of a product development and commercialisation framework.
IDENTIFYING REASONS FOR A LACK OF METHOD APPLICATION IN ENGINEERING DESIGN PRACTICE – AN INTERVIEW STUDY
Authors: Eisenmann M. , Matthiesen S.
Published: June 2020

Design methods are seldom used in engineering design practice. The presented study aims at finding the alternative strategies for situations with a need for methodological support. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten experienced design engineers to identify causes of and strategies for those situations. Three strategy clusters could be identified: generating information, experience and method application. As the individual's and the team's experience compete with the application of methods, they are seen as reasons for a lack of method application.
INTRODUCING A TOOL TO SUPPORT REFLECTION THROUGH SKETCHING AND PROTOTYPING DURING THE DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Jobst B. , Thoring K. , Badke-Schaub P.
Published: June 2020

Sketching and prototyping are parts of a ‘reflective conversation with materials of a design situation’ (Schön, 1992). To support this conversation, we developed a reflective tool -the Reflection Canvas- that facilitates reflection activities through sketching and prototyping on the one hand and verbalisation on the other. We introduced the reflective tool to design students. Based on observation and answers from a questionnaire data reveal that guided reflection structured the process in a helpful way. It also turned out students had difficulties to switch from visualisation to verbalisation.
REVERSE-ARCHITECTING APPROACH FOR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE MODELS
Authors: Pluhnau R. , Kunnen S. G. , Adamenko D. , Nagarajah A.
Published: June 2020

For an efficient product family development an abstraction of concrete product variants is necessary in order to recognize and systematically describe characteristic properties of a variant. System architecture models represent a possibility for the systematic description of the product variety. The structure of architecture models for existing product families resembles a reverse engineering process, in which products have to be analyzed on their structures. This paper describes a reverse engineering approach for building up system architecture models as basis for developing product families.
EFFICIENT DATA GATHERING IN SUPPORT OF DESIGN ISSUE RESOLUTION IN AN AUTOMOTIVE COMPANY
Authors: Sissoko T. M. , Jankovic M. , Paredis C. J. J. , Landel E.
Published: June 2020

When designing complex systems, multiple people contribute to the process of information collection in support of decision making. In this paper, we study information collection in the Issue Resolution Decision Support (IRDS) framework. We assess the difficulties associated with uncertainty in the often scarce data when implementing the framework in a company and map out how the data sources are scattered across the organization. We study the elicitation process and propose to leverage sensitivity analysis to better allocate data collection efforts.
SUPPORTING THE MODELLING IN MBSE BY APPLYING PRODUCT GENERATION ENGINEERING USING ELECTRONIC COMPACT ACTUATORS AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Wäschle M. , Martin A. , Radimersky A. , Behrendt M. , Albers A.
Published: June 2020

The development of a new motor can be a high effort. In this paper, Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is applied to model the second generation of an electronic compact actuator (ECA). This paper focuses on the traceability between model elements from previous product generations. By integrating the approach of the PGE - Product Generation Engineering in MBSE, developers can store more relevant information in the model; they can accomplish automatic calculations of derived factors and build models more efficiently in further product developments.
CUSTOMER SPECIFIC COMPATIBILITY MATRICES FOR FUNCTIONAL INTEGRAL PRODUCT ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Siebrecht J. , Jacobs G. , Konrad C. , Wyrwich C. , Schäfer W.
Published: June 2020

Supplier of system components face the challenge of customer requirements influencing the property level functional integral product architectures. For this, solution approaches focusing on the re-use of pre-engineered part variants are not applicable. However, to generate a valid product structure, customer-specific properties have to fit modelled product knowledge. Therefore, the approach models a reference class structure and analysis compatibilities on the property level for customer specific inputs concerning explicit product knowledge and constraints.
A NOVEL PROCEDURE MODEL FOR DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED DIGITALIZATION STRATEGIES
Authors: Pfenning P. , Eigner M.
Published: June 2020

Many companies face a challenge while defining their individualized digitalization strategy. Therefore, the interrelation of corporate and digitalization strategy is addressed and a novel procedure model to assist companies in defining their strategy is introduced. Based on their corporate strategy, the introduced model allows companies to simply identify suitable business model patterns, digitization use cases and offers a possibility to asses the maturity level of their internal processes and evaluate the added value from an economic point of view.
IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION CHALLENGES AT TWO GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE OEMS
Authors: Alonso Fernández I. , Panarotto M. , Isaksson O.
Published: June 2020

Platform design has been firmly established in the automotive industry as a strategy to provide wider product variety while maintaining cost effective production. But this strategy can struggle to keep up with the pace and nature of emerging technologies. This paper reviews the existing approaches to modelling product platforms, and showcases the challenges at OEMs introducing new technological innovations in their platforms. A gap is identified in the methods to assess the ability of existing platforms to integrate new technologies whenever they become available.
NEW DESIGN HEURISTICS IN THE DIGITAL ERA
Authors: Jin X. , Dong H.
Published: June 2020

In the digital era, products’ forms do not necessarily follow their function. Design fixation may happen when a designer attempts to generate diverse concepts. New design heuristics for digital design were extracted to support designers in the early conceptual design stage. Ten design heuristics were extracted from 998 RedDot award-winning concept designs (2013-2017) through a five-step process. It was preliminarily tested by four practitioners and proved to have positively influenced their conceptual design.
AUTOMATED PRODUCT FUNCTIONALITY AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION INSTANCING A PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM
Authors: Wolniak P. , Sauthoff B. , Kloock-Schreiber D. , Lachmayer R.
Published: June 2020

When using product-service systems as a business model, new product development challenges and opportunities arise. Due to the possibility of customizing the product fleet depending on the user-scenarios, more product variants are possible and often necessary. Therefore, this paper presents an approach for the automated functionality and design optimization for user scenario specific use cases. The approach combines an optimization framework with a functional simulation model and a generative design approach CAD model. This results in a robust and simultaneously flexible design environment.
DIMENSIONS OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW WITHIN DESIGN CONTEXT
Authors: Nguyen Q. T. , Mougenot C.
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we review empirical studies of multidisciplinary collaboration in design and innovation activities. From 200 papers, we selected 17 for a meta-synthesis review. When revisited and compared, they present common themes and dichotomy in findings. This literature review discusses such diversity, offering a methodological critique of unclear areas. Four emerged themes were identified: (1) Knowledge diversity, (2) Trust, (3) Barrier and (4) Jargon and communication, providing perspectives for further research on how online collaboration will influence multidisciplinary team processes.
EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL FOR LOW ENERGY EMITTERS TO FACILITATE SOLAR-POWERED DRIP IRRIGATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: Van de Zande G. , Amrose S. , Winter A. G.
Published: June 2020

Introducing irrigation to smallholder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can increase food security, improve nutrition, and reduce poverty. To explore the possibility of using drip irrigation on smallholder farms in SSA, we introduce a feasibility study that views the design space from both a user-centered lens, explaining how drip might be successful in the future, and from an engineering lens. With a first-order model, we compare estimated capital costs of drip and sprinkler systems for various farm profiles and show that drip has the potential to be a viable technology for many farms in SSA.
WHY ENGINEER-TO-ORDER PORTFOLIO RATIONALIZATION STALLS: CHALLENGES IN STANDARDIZATION, MODULARIZATION, PLATFORM DESIGN AND MASS CUSTOMIZATION
Authors: Bertram C. A. , Mueller G. O. , Løkkegaard M. , Mortensen N. H. , Hvam L.
Published: June 2020

There are various strategies to control complexity and variety growth in ETO businesses. Such portfolio rationalization initiatives sometimes stall. This paper elaborates on the challenges that cause this. Challenges described in literature and challenges seen in five different industry cases are consolidated. The challenges are combined into groups and presented in the ADKAR change management model. The authors intend this list to be used for guidance In industry and expect the collection to be extended with future industry cases and challenges.
THE USER-DRIVEN MINIMUM FEASIBLE PRODUCT – TOWARDS A NOVEL APPROACH ON USER INTEGRATION
Authors: Nicklas S. J. , Atzberger A. , Briede-Westermeyer J. C. , Paetzold K.
Published: June 2020

User integration is a key aspect of new product development. When applying corresponding methods, however, there is a communication gap that needs to be overcome by the designer. Prototyping is a means to bridge this disjunction, yet brings its own set of hermeneutic limitations. Taking a closer look at the processual information exchange, we propose the concept of the user-driven minimum feasible product (UD-MFP). It describes the artefact generated by the users themselves in their specific context, which contains the essence of the problem's solution as a possible source of validation.
PERCEPTION OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN INTEGRATION BENEFITS AMONG INDUSTRY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TEAMS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Chatty T. , Faludi J.
Published: June 2020

How do employees perceive the impact of incorporating sustainability considerations into their product development practice? In this case study, we observe how these perceptions can be shifted by teaching workshops on how to apply sustainable design methods in practice. We compare the trends for different methods on various dimensions such as creativity, design process time, product marketability etc. Results show an overall shift towards positive perception for all the methods on a majority of factors, indicating a way to ease the adoption of sustainable design into industry practice.
CALCULATING TARGET THRESHOLDS FOR THE MARGIN VALUE METHOD USING COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
Authors: Brahma A. , Wynn D. C.
Published: June 2020

Overspecification or excess margin in a design can enhance its ability to absorb changes and uncertainty, but also deteriorates performance criteria such as weight and cost. This paper shows how the Margin Value Method (article in review) can be applied in conjunction with CAE tools such as FEA to quantify excess margin where a design is too complex for algebraic analysis. This new application context for the MVM is illustrated using a case study of a flange coupling design, in which topology optimisation is used within the MVM to identify opportunities for design improvement.
ROLLING RESISTANCE OF ATV TYRES IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Petterson T. C. , Gooch S. D.
Published: June 2020

Electric vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in the agricultural sector. The selection of tyres for reducing energy loss due to rolling resistance is an important consideration in determining the viability of these vehicles. To date little is known about rolling resistance of small all-terrain vehicles. In this study a test rig was used to collect rolling resistance data for seven ATV tyres. The study verifies the relationship between normal load and rolling resistance and gives insight into some of the important considerations when selecting tyres for small off road vehicles.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ADDRESSING ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES (AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES)
Authors: Millar J. , Paz D. , Thornton S. M. , Parisi C. , Gerdes J. C.
Published: June 2020

Policymakers have attempted to preemptively address the concern of ethical issues with the regulation of automated vehicles. Unfortunately, both policymakers and designers of these technologies struggle to articulate ethical issues and their resolution. We propose a framework that engineers and designers of automated technologies can apply that allows them to identify and resolve ethical tensions within the design task. We demonstrate the practicability of the framework to the engineering design process through a human-subject study where engineers applied the framework in a workshop.
ROBUSTNESS IMPROVEMENT USING OPEN SOURCE CODE LIBRARIES
Authors: Sanchez J. , Björkman Z. , Otto K. N.
Published: June 2020

Computer tools are commonly used to assess designs. We develop a toolchain using open source code libraries in Python to provide an open source, interactive robust design improvement toolchain. A reference folder contains a script that reads an input parameter value file and runs the simulation. The toolchain executes uncertainty quantification steps by replicating the reference folder. This is repeated for design points, and mean and sigma graphs generated versus each design variable. This fits within a workflow of defining variation modes, design variables, and toolchain execution.
PET PLASTIC IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE PACKAGING DESIGN: A REVIEW OF LEGISLATION, LITERATURE AND INDUSTRY REPORTING COMPARING EUROPEAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Maritz M. , Eriksson V. , Barnes V.
Published: June 2020

This article draws inspiration from two concepts, which initially appear to be at odds with each other. The first refers to the impact that plastics use has had on the environment and human health, while the second explores the prevalence and continued increase in the use of plastic materials. The manufacturing of plastic packaging will be reviewed to identify appropriate intervention. This article focuses on the future development of PET packaging in South Africa, exploring current literature and legislation which aid in the holistic development of the plastic packaging value chain.
VALUE PROPOSITION OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO COMPARE TWO DIFFERENT DESIGN APPROACHES
Authors: Fernandes S. C. , Pigosso D. C. A. , McAloone T. C. , Rozenfeld H.
Published: June 2020

The development of product-service systems (PSS) requires the design of value propositions, which involves challenging activities. In the context of business model innovation, gamification is presented as a practical mechanism to support the design process. This study aims to create a prototype of a gamified approach to design PSS value propositions and to compare its application to a traditional design approach. Based on a design experiment, the advantages and problems for both approaches were evaluated, providing insights for further development of the new version of the gamified approach.
CONCURRENT CONCEPTUAL DESIGN SEQUENCING FOR MBSE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS THROUGH DESIGN STRUCTURE MATRICES
Authors: Salas Cordero S. K. , Fortin C. , Vingerhoeds R.
Published: June 2020

Whilst Concurrent Conceptual Design (CCD) has been performed for many years at facilities such as: the Concurrent Design Facility at ESA and the Project Design Center at JPL-NASA, the sequencing know-how resides in their communities of practice. This paper strives to explain how a sequencing algorithm based on Design Structure Matrices can be used as an instrument to facilitate the interaction between disciplines during CCD studies for Model-Based systems exemplified with two case studies.
DERIVATION OF DESCRIPTION FEATURES FOR ENGINEERING CHANGE REQUEST BY AID OF LATENT DIRICHLET ALLOCATION
Authors: Riesener M. , Dölle C. , Mendl-Heinisch M. , Schuh G. , Keuper A.
Published: June 2020

Complex products and shorter development cycles lead to an increasing number of engineering changes. In order to be able to process these changes more effectively and efficiently, this paper develops a description model as a first step towards a data driven approach of processing engineering change requests. The description model is systematically derived from literature using text mining and natural language processing techniques. An example of the application is given by an automated classification based on similarity calculations between new and historic engineering change requests.
Analysis of PBAC submissions and outcomes for medicines (2010–2018)
Authors: Lybrand Sean , Wonder Michael
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) provides timely, reliable, and affordable access to necessary medicines for Australians. We reviewed the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) submissions and their related outcomes and timelines since 2010.

Methods

We examined the PBS Website to identify submissions and their related PBAC outcomes for new medicines, new indications, and new combination products that had been considered by the PBAC since 2010.

Results

Thirty-five PBAC meetings were held during the study period, at which the Committee considered 781 submissions (1,074 medicine/patient population pairings). We saw an increase in the annual number of submissions (medicine/patient population parings). The recommendation rate for the study period was higher than the rejection rate. The annual mean value for the period from the date of initial PBAC recommendation to the date of PBS listing ranged from 357 to 644 days; the annual mean value for the period of the date of PBAC recommendation to the date of PBS listing ranged from 187 to 245 days. It took, on average, 1.70 submissions that included an economic evaluation to obtain a PBAC recommendation. It took more submissions to obtain a PBAC recommendation for a cost-effectiveness analysis submission than it did for a CMA submission. The PBAC was willing to recommend medicines for most acceptable base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) bands, and the majority of the PBAC did not recommended any medicine in the study period that had a base-case ICER >AUD75,000.

Conclusions

The results of our analyses reveal a minor reduction in the period from the date of PBAC recommendation to the date of PBS listing. Several analyses were hampered by a high proportion of missing data.
Digging down into the global urban past
Authors: Hart Emma , Dantas Mariana
Published: June 2020

In our introduction to this Special Issue on early modern cities and globalization, we explore the current place of cities before 1850 in global urban history and address the promise of a greater focus on their role. We argue that the interplay between the large scale and the small scale in the imperial global city is an essential dialogical force in the formation of each city's relationship to the wider early modern world. Furthermore, early modern global urban history can help explain the creation of spaces that facilitated connections between distant, global locations, as well as illuminate the emergence of networks of exchange between city communities around the globe. Yet, it also reveals the tense, messy negotiation of the meaning of these urban spaces, as well as the incredibly diverse communities they harboured.
COVID-19 in adult patients with CHD: a matter of anatomy or comorbidities?
Authors: Ferrero Paolo , Piazza Isabelle , Ciuffreda Matteo
Published: June 2020

Little is know about COVID-19 outcome in specific populations such as Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients. We report three cases of adult patients with similar underlying disease with completely different clinical severity at the time of COVID-19 infection. The patient with the most severe clinical course was obese and diabetic, suggesting that COVID-19 mortality and morbidity in Adult congenital heart disease patients might be independent of anatomic complexity.
Availability and affordability of healthy and less healthy food in Nova Scotia: where you shop may affect the availability and price of healthy food
Authors: Egbe Manfred , Grant Amy , Waddington Madeleine , Terashima Mikiko , MacAulay Rita , Johnson Christine , Kholina Ksenia , Williams Patricia L
Published: June 2020

Objective:

The present study aimed to examine the availability and price of healthier compared with less healthy foods by geography, store category and store type for convenience stores, and by store size for grocery stores in Nova Scotia.

Design:

A cross-sectional study that examined differences in the overall availability and price of healthier compared to less healthy foods in grocery and convenience stores in Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia Consumer Food Environment project was part of a larger initiative of the Nova Scotia government (Department of Health and Wellness) to assess the food and beverage environment in Nova Scotia in 2015/16.

Setting:

Four geographic zones (Nova Scotia Health Authority Management Zones) in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Participants:

A sample of forty-seven grocery stores and fifty-nine convenience stores were selected from a list of 210 grocery stores and 758 convenience stores in Nova Scotia to ensure geographic and store type representation in our sample.

Results:

Findings indicate that rurality had a significant effect on food availability as measured by the Nutrition Environment Measures Surveys (NEMS) score (P < 0·01); there was a higher availability of healthy foods in rural compared to urban areas for convenience stores but not grocery stores. Healthier foods were also more available in chain stores compared to independent stores (P < 0·01) and in large stores compared to small and medium stores (P < 0·001 and P < 0·01, respectively).

Conclusions:

The availability of and accessibility to less healthy foods in Nova Scotia food environment suggests that there is a need for government policy action to support a food environment that contributes to healthier diets.
Dual-band bandpass filter for software defined radio and 5G
Authors: Chang Wei-Chung , Tu Wen-Hua
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the filter design in the student design competition of EuMW 2019. This contest motivates students for the design and implementation of a dual-band bandpass filter able to get outstanding performance, where different implementation technologies, such as microstrip, coplanar, multilayer microstrip, substrate integrated waveguide, and some others can be effectively employed. Filters are evaluated by considering a figure of merit (FoM) defined by the insertion loss level, selectivity, spurious-free response, and size. To this end, three viable dual-band bandpass filters with different feeding technologies, resonators, and design topologies are investigated for the optimal FoM.
Origins of Turbulent Transport Dissimilarity Between Dust and Momentum in Semiarid Regions
Authors: Fernandes R. , Dupont S. , Lamaud E.
Published: June 2020

Turbulent transport of mineral dust away from erodible plots is usually assumed similar to the momentum transport. However, observations from the WIND‐O‐V (WIND erOsion in presence of sparse Vegetation's) 2017 field experiment over an isolated flat surface in Tunisia showed a dissimilar turbulent transport between dust and momentum. Here, the origin of this dissimilarity is explored from a numerical experiment using a detailed physically based erosion model based on a large‐eddy simulation airflow model. Simulations support the findings of the WIND‐O‐V campaign, confirming the key role played by the dust emission intermittency to the transport dissimilarity with the momentum, this later one being more continuously absorbed at the surface. Simulations reveal that this dissimilarity diminishes with height as the intermittency of dust emission is progressively lost during the turbulent transport‐mixing process. With wind intensity, the dissimilarity diminishes as well, with dust emissions becoming more spatially homogeneous, and thus less intermittent. Our simulations further highlight the additional role played by the fetch length limitation of the erodible plot to the turbulent transport dissimilarity. In presence of a short fetch, the dissimilarity between dust and momentum turbulent transports increases with height as the dust flux footprint integrates dust emission conditions from different surrounding surfaces. This latter process depends on the characteristics of the surrounded surfaces and is expected to be significant in semiarid regions.
Impacts of Subgrid Orographic Drag on the Summer Monsoon Circulation and Precipitation in East Asia
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Xu Xin , Wang Yuan
Published: June 2020

This work is an investigation of the impacts of three different components of parameterized subgrid orographic drag (SOD) on the summer monsoon circulation and precipitation in East Asia, that is, flow‐blocking drag (FBD), low‐level gravity wave drag (GWD), and upper‐level GWD. Using the global Weather Research and Forecasting model, a series of numerical experiments are conducted with different configurations of SOD parameterization. In the case of no SOD, the simulated lower tropospheric winds are too strong in an elongated region extending from East China to the east of Japan, accompanied with excessive rainfall. The intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high is overestimated, thus suppressing the precipitation over the subtropical ocean. With the parameterization of SOD, the circulation and precipitation biases are alleviated, depending on the geographical and vertical distribution of SOD. The FBD is very weak and only contributes to the circulation in eastern East Asia. Contrastingly, there is remarkable low‐level GWD in the lower latitudes which helps reduce the low‐level wind biases in South China. The upper‐level GWD only occurs in the midlatitudes, preferentially above the subtropical jet. It can not only decelerate the winds in the midlatitudes but also reduce the southwesterlies in East China through the interaction with the upper‐level jet. Alleviation of precipitation bias over the land of East Asia is primarily due to the low‐level GWD which weakens the water vapor flux. In contrast, the upper‐level GWD has the greatest contribution to the enhancement of precipitation over the subtropical ocean by increasing the low‐level lifting.
Structural Evolution at the Northeast North German Basin Margin: From Initial Triassic Salt Movement to Late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic Remobilization
Authors: Ahlrichs Niklas , Hübscher Christian , Noack Vera , Schnabel Michael , Damm Volkmar , Krawczyk Charlotte M.
Published: June 2020

In this study, we investigate the regional tectonic impact on salt movement at the northeastern margin of the intracontinental North German Basin. We discuss the evolution of salt pillows in the Bay of Mecklenburg in the light of thick‐ and thin‐skinned tectonics, including gravity gliding, and differential loading using seismic imaging. Stratigraphic and structural interpretation of a 170 km long, multichannel seismic line, extending from the Bay of Mecklenburg to northeast of Rügen Island, incorporates well information of nearby onshore wells. This new high‐resolution seismic line completely images the stratigraphic and tectonic pattern of the subsurface, from the base of the Zechstein to the seafloor. Our analysis reveals that subsidence during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous at the northeastern basin margin was associated with transtensional dextral strike slip movement within the Trans‐European Suture Zone. We reinterpret the Werre and Prerow Fault Zones west of Rügen Island as an inverted, thin‐skinned normal fault system associated with the formation of the Western Pomeranian Fault System. Salt movement in the Bay of Mecklenburg was initiated in the Late Triassic and lasted until the Early Jurassic. A second phase of salt pillow growth occurred during the Coniacian until Cenozoic and correlates with compression‐related regional basin inversion due to the onset of the Africa‐Iberia‐Europe convergence. Thin‐skinned extensional initialization of salt pillow growth and compressional salt remobilization explains salt pillow evolution in the Bay of Mecklenburg. Additionally, we discuss an impact of gravity gliding on salt pillow evolution induced by basin margin tilt.
Changes in Sedimentary Phosphorus Burial Following Artificial Eutrophication of Lake 227, Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario, Canada
Authors: O'Connell D. W. , Ansems N. , Kukkadapu R. K. , Jaisi D. , Orihel D. M. , Cade‐Menun B. J. , Hu Y. , Wiklund J. , Hall R. I. , Chessell H. , Behrends T. , Van Cappellen P.
Published: June 2020

Lake 227 of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Ontario, Canada, has been fertilized with phosphorus (P) since 1969, which resulted in a rapid transition from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Sediment cores collected from the oxygenated epilimnion, and the mostly anoxic hypolimnion of this unique lake contain a historical record of the changes in sediment P speciation and burial rates across the trophic transition. To elucidate these changes, results of chemical extractions were combined with 210Pb sediment dating, and with 31P NMR, Mössbauer, and XANES spectroscopies. Prior to 1969, organic P (POrg) was the major sedimentary P sink in Lake 227. Eutrophication of the lake coincided with marked increases in the burial rate of total P (TP), as well as in the relative contribution of the NaHCO3‐extractable P pool (humic‐bound P, PHum). Together, PHum and POrg account for ≥70% of total P burial in the sediments deposited since artificial fertilization started. The PHum fraction likely comprises phosphate complexes with humic substances. The strong linear correlation between P and iron (Fe) extracted by NaHCO3 implies a close association of the two elements in the humic fraction. Mössbauer and XANES spectra further indicate that most Fe in the post‐1969 sediments remained in the Fe (III) oxidation state, which is attributed to the stabilization of reducible Fe by organic matter, in part via the formation of phosphate‐Fe (III)‐humic complexes. Importantly, our results show that the eutrophication experimentation of Lake 227 caused the accumulation of a large reservoir of reactive sediment P, which may continue to fuel internal P loading to the water column once artificial fertilization is terminated.
Ice Particle Properties Inferred From Aggregation Modelling
Authors: Karrer M. , Seifert A. , Siewert C. , Ori D. , von Lerber A. , Kneifel S.
Published: June 2020

We generated a large number 105,000 of aggregates composed of various monomer types and sizes using an aggregation model. Combined with hydrodynamic theory, we derived ice particle properties such as mass, projected area, and terminal velocity as a function of monomer number and size. This particle ensemble allows us to study the relation of particle properties with a high level of detail which is often not provided by in situ measurements. The ice particle properties change rather smoothly with monomer number. We find very little differences in all particle properties between monomers and aggregates at sizes below 1 mm which is in contrast to many microphysics schemes. The impact of the monomer type on the particle properties decreases with increasing monomer number. Whether, for example, the terminal velocity of an aggregate is larger or smaller than an equal‐size monomer depends mostly on the monomer type. We fitted commonly used power laws as well as Atlas‐type relations, which represent the saturation of the terminal velocity at large sizes (terminal velocity asymptotically approaching a limiting value) to the data set and tested the impact of incorporating different levels of complexity with idealized simulations using a 1D Lagrangian super particle model. These simulations indicate that it is sufficient to represent the monomer number dependency of ice particle properties with only two categories (monomers and aggregates). The incorporation of the saturation velocity at larger sizes is found to be important to avoid an overestimation of self‐aggregation of larger snowflakes.
Quantifying the Effect of the Drake Passage Opening on the Eocene Ocean
Authors: Toumoulin A. , Donnadieu Y. , Ladant J.‐B. , Batenburg S. J. , Poblete F. , Dupont‐Nivet G.
Published: June 2020

The opening of the Drake Passage (DP) during the Cenozoic is a tectonic event of paramount importance for the development of modern ocean characteristics. Notably, it has been suggested that it exerts a primary role in the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) formation, in the cooling of high‐latitude South Atlantic waters and in the initiation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation. Several model studies have aimed to assess the impacts of DP opening on climate, but most of them focused on surface climate, and only few used realistic Eocene boundary conditions. Here, we revisit the impact of the DP opening on ocean circulation with the IPSL‐CM5A2 Earth System Model. Using appropriate middle Eocene (40 Ma) boundary conditions, we perform and analyze simulations with different depths of the DP (0, 100, 1,000, and 2,500 m) and compare results to existing geochemical data. Our experiments show that DP opening has a strong effect on Eocene ocean structure and dynamics even for shallow depths. The DP opening notably allows the formation of a proto‐ACC and induces deep ocean cooling of 1.5°C to 2.5°C in most of the Southern Hemisphere. There is no NADW formation in our simulations regardless of the depth of the DP, suggesting that the DP on its own is not a primary control of deepwater formation in the North Atlantic. This study elucidates how and to what extent the opening of the DP contributed to the establishment of the modern global thermohaline circulation.
Mixed-state electron ptychography enables sub-angstrom resolution imaging with picometer precision at low dose
Authors: Chen Zhen , Odstrcil Michal , Jiang Yi , Han Yimo , Chiu Ming-Hui , Li Lain-Jong , Muller David A.
Published: June 2020

Both high resolution and high precision are required to quantitatively determine the atomic structure of complex nanostructured materials. However, for conventional imaging methods in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), atomic resolution with picometer precision cannot usually be achieved for weakly-scattering samples or radiation-sensitive materials, such as 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate low-dose, sub-angstrom resolution imaging with picometer precision using mixed-state electron ptychography. We show that correctly accounting for the partial coherence of the electron beam is a prerequisite for high-quality structural reconstructions due to the intrinsic partial coherence of the electron beam. The mixed-state reconstruction gains importance especially when simultaneously pursuing high resolution, high precision and large field-of-view imaging. Compared with conventional atomic-resolution STEM imaging techniques, the mixed-state ptychographic approach simultaneously provides a four-times-faster acquisition, with double the information limit at the same dose, or up to a fifty-fold reduction in dose at the same resolution.
TECPR1 promotes aggrephagy by direct recruitment of LC3C autophagosomes to lysosomes
Authors: Wetzel Lisa , Blanchard Stéphane , Rama Sowmya , Beier Viola , Kaufmann Anna , Wollert Thomas
Published: June 2020

The accumulation of protein aggregates is involved in the onset of many neurodegenerative diseases. Aggrephagy is a selective type of autophagy that counteracts neurodegeneration by degrading such aggregates. In this study, we found that LC3C cooperates with lysosomal TECPR1 to promote the degradation of disease-related protein aggregates in neural stem cells. The N-terminal WD-repeat domain of TECPR1 selectively binds LC3C which decorates matured autophagosomes. The interaction of LC3C and TECPR1 promotes the recruitment of autophagosomes to lysosomes for degradation. Augmented expression of TECPR1 in neural stem cells reduces the number of protein aggregates by promoting their autophagic clearance, whereas knockdown of LC3C inhibits aggrephagy. The PH domain of TECPR1 selectively interacts with PtdIns(4)P to target TECPR1 to PtdIns(4)P containing lysosomes. Exchanging the PH against a tandem-FYVE domain targets TECPR1 ectopically to endosomes. This leads to an accumulation of LC3C autophagosomes at endosomes and prevents their delivery to lysosomes.
Sub-nanowatt resolution direct calorimetry for probing real-time metabolic activity of individual C. elegans worms
Authors: Hur Sunghoon , Mittapally Rohith , Yadlapalli Swathi , Reddy Pramod , Meyhofer Edgar
Published: June 2020

Calorimetry has been widely used in metabolic studies, but direct measurements from individual small biological model organisms such as C. elegans or isolated single cells have been limited by poor sensitivity of existing techniques and difficulties in resolving very small heat outputs. Here, by careful thermal engineering, we developed a robust, highly sensitive and bio-compatible calorimetric platform that features a resolution of ~270 pW—more than a 500-fold improvement over the most sensitive calorimeter previously used for measuring the metabolic heat output of C. elegans. Using this calorimeter, we demonstrate time-resolved metabolic measurements of single C. elegans worms from larval to adult stages. Further, we show that the metabolic output is significantly lower in long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants. These demonstrations clearly highlight the broad potential of this tool for studying the role of metabolism in disease, development and aging of small model organisms and single cells.
Publisher Correction: Prediction of organic homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies at near chemical accuracy with sub-second computational cost
Authors: St. John Peter C. , Guan Yanfei , Kim Yeonjoon , Kim Seonah , Paton Robert S.
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Targeted inhibition of activated protein C by a non-active-site inhibitory antibody to treat hemophilia
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Yan , Wilmen Andreas , Wang Dongli , Wang Xinquan , Bauzon Maxine , Kim Ji-Yun , Linden Lars , Li Liang , Egner Ursula , Marquardt Tobias , Moosmayer Dieter , Tebbe Jan , Glück Julian Marius , Ellinger Philipp , McLean Kirk , Yuan Shujun , Yegneswaran Subramanian , Jiang Xiaoqiao , Evans Vince , Gu Jian-Ming , Schneider Doug , Zhu Ying , Xu Yifan , Mallari Cornell , Hesslein Ashley , Wang Yan , Schmidt Nicole , Gutberlet Katrin , Ruehl-Fehlert Christine , Freyberger Alexius , Hermiston Terry , Patel Chandra , Sim Derek , Mosnier Laurent O. , Laux Volker
Published: June 2020

Activated protein C (APC) is a plasma serine protease with antithrombotic and cytoprotective functions. Based on the hypothesis that specific inhibition of APC’s anticoagulant but not its cytoprotective activity can be beneficial for hemophilia therapy, 2 types of inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are tested: A type I active-site binding mAb and a type II mAb binding to an exosite on APC (required for anticoagulant activity) as shown by X-ray crystallography. Both mAbs increase thrombin generation and promote plasma clotting. Type I blocks all APC activities, whereas type II preserves APC’s cytoprotective function. In normal monkeys, type I causes many adverse effects including animal death. In contrast, type II is well-tolerated in normal monkeys and shows both acute and prophylactic dose-dependent efficacy in hemophilic monkeys. Our data show that the type II mAb can specifically inhibit APC’s anticoagulant function without compromising its cytoprotective function and offers superior therapeutic opportunities for hemophilia.
Structural basis for divergent C–H hydroxylation selectivity in two Rieske oxygenases
Authors: Lukowski April L. , Liu Jianxin , Bridwell-Rabb Jennifer , Narayan Alison R. H.
Published: June 2020

Biocatalysts that perform C–H hydroxylation exhibit exceptional substrate specificity and site-selectivity, often through the use of high valent oxidants to activate these inert bonds. Rieske oxygenases are examples of enzymes with the ability to perform precise mono- or dioxygenation reactions on a variety of substrates. Understanding the structural features of Rieske oxygenases responsible for control over selectivity is essential to enable the development of this class of enzymes for biocatalytic applications. Decades of research has illuminated the critical features common to Rieske oxygenases, however, structural information for enzymes that functionalize diverse scaffolds is limited. Here, we report the structures of two Rieske monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), SxtT and GxtA, adding to the short list of structurally characterized Rieske oxygenases. Based on these structures, substrate-bound structures, and mutagenesis experiments, we implicate specific residues in substrate positioning and the divergent reaction selectivity observed in these two enzymes.
Coupling of melanocyte signaling and mechanics by caveolae is required for human skin pigmentation
Authors: Domingues Lia , Hurbain Ilse , Gilles-Marsens Floriane , Sirés-Campos Julia , André Nathalie , Dewulf Melissa , Romao Maryse , Viaris de Lesegno Christine , Macé Anne-Sophie , Blouin Cédric , Guéré Christelle , Vié Katell , Raposo Graça , Lamaze Christophe , Delevoye Cédric
Published: June 2020

Tissue homeostasis requires regulation of cell–cell communication, which relies on signaling molecules and cell contacts. In skin epidermis, keratinocytes secrete factors transduced by melanocytes into signaling cues promoting their pigmentation and dendrite outgrowth, while melanocytes transfer melanin pigments to keratinocytes to convey skin photoprotection. How epidermal cells integrate these functions remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that caveolae are asymmetrically distributed in melanocytes and particularly abundant at the melanocyte–keratinocyte interface in epidermis. Caveolae in melanocytes are modulated by ultraviolet radiations and keratinocytes-released factors, like miRNAs. Preventing caveolae formation in melanocytes increases melanin pigment synthesis through upregulation of cAMP signaling and decreases cell protrusions, cell–cell contacts, pigment transfer and epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we identify that caveolae serve as molecular hubs that couple signaling outputs from keratinocytes to mechanical plasticity of pigment cells. The coordination of intercellular communication and contacts by caveolae is thus crucial to skin pigmentation and tissue homeostasis.
Transient lensing from a photoemitted electron gas imaged by ultrafast electron microscopy
Authors: Zandi Omid , Sykes Allan E. , Cornelius Ryan D. , Alcorn Francis M. , Zerbe Brandon S. , Duxbury Phillip M. , Reed Bryan W. , van der Veen Renske M.
Published: June 2020

Understanding and controlling ultrafast charge carrier dynamics is of fundamental importance in diverse fields of (quantum) science and technology. Here, we create a three-dimensional hot electron gas through two-photon photoemission from a copper surface in vacuum. We employ an ultrafast electron microscope to record movies of the subsequent electron dynamics on the picosecond-nanosecond time scale. After a prompt Coulomb explosion, the subsequent dynamics is characterized by a rapid oblate-to-prolate shape transformation of the electron gas, and periodic and long-lived electron cyclotron oscillations inside the magnetic field of the objective lens. In this regime, the collective behavior of the oscillating electrons causes a transient, mean-field lensing effect and pronounced distortions in the images. We derive an analytical expression for the time-dependent focal length of the electron-gas lens, and perform numerical electron dynamics and probe image simulations to determine the role of Coulomb self-fields and image charges. This work inspires the visualization of cyclotron dynamics inside two-dimensional electron-gas materials and enables the elucidation of electron/plasma dynamics and properties that could benefit the development of high-brightness electron and X-ray sources.