bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cavitating flow structure by experimental and numerical investigations
Authors: COUTIER-DELGOSHA O. , STUTZ B. , VABRE A. , LEGOUPIL S.
Published: April 2007

The unsteady structure of cavitating flows is investigated by coupled experimental and numerical means. Experiments focus on the structure and dynamics of sheet cavitation on the upper side of a two-dimensional foil section in the ENSTA cavitation tunnel. Various flow conditions are investigated by varying the pressure, the flow velocity, and the incidence of the foil section. High-frequency local measurements of volume fractions of the vapour phase are performed inside the liquid/vapour mixture by a X-ray absorption method. The numerical approach is based on a macroscopic formulation of the balance equations for a two-phase flow. The assumptions required by this formulation are detailed and they are shown to be common to almost all the models used to simulate cavitating flows. In the present case we apply a single-fluid model associated with a barotropic state law that governs the mixture density evolution. Numerical simulations are performed at the experimental conditions and the results are compared to the experimental data. A reliable agreement is obtained for the internal structure of the cavity for incidence varying between 3° and 6°. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of partial and transitional instabilities, and to the effects of the interaction between the two sides of the foil section.
Application of full and simplified acoustic analogies to an elementary problem
Authors: SPALART PHILIPPE R.
Published: April 2007

The axisymmetric impulse-heating case used by Tam in a critique of Lighthill's acoustic analogy is revisited. Linear and nonlinear sound levels are considered, as are three versions of the acoustic analogy: full; linearized; and one with the quadrupoles frozen at their initial distribution. Numerical solutions confirm that the full version reproduces the Euler solution and, in our analysis but contrary to Tam's, correctly identifies both the source of sound and nonlinear steepening. The linearized version is somewhat inaccurate at high sound levels, near 175 dB. The frozen version is almost as accurate as the linearized version at these levels, and identical at linear levels. In this admittedly artificial problem, it provides the radiated sound from the initial conditions only, i.e. without using the Euler solution. This is in contrast with the full acoustic analogy, which can be viewed as ‘circular’ in the sense of taking the history of all the Euler variables and returning the density.
The initial development of a jet caused by fluid, body and free-surface interaction. Part 2. An impulsively moved plate
Authors: NEEDHAM D. J. , BILLINGHAM J. , KING A. C.
Published: April 2007

The free-surface deformation and flow field caused by the impulsive horizontal motion of a rigid vertical plate into a horizontal strip of inviscid incompressible fluid, initially at rest, is studied in the small time limit using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. It is found that three different asymptotic regions are necessary to describe the flow. There is a main, O(1) sized, outer region in which the flow is singular at the point where the free surface meets the plate. This leads to an inner region, centred on the point where the free surface initially meets the plate, with size of O(-t log t). To resolve the singularities that arise in this inner region, it is necessary to analyse further the flow in an inner-inner region, with size of O(t), again centred upon the wetting point of the nascent rising jet. The solutions of the boundary value problems in the two largest regions are obtained analytically. The solution of the parameter-free nonlinear boundary value problem that arises in the inner-inner region is obtained numerically.
The effect of streamwise vortices on the aeroacoustics of a Mach 0.9 jet
Authors: ALKISLAR MEHMET B. , KROTHAPALLI A. , BUTLER G. W.
Published: April 2007

The role of the streamwise vortices on the aeroacoustics of a Mach 0.9 axisymmetric jet is investigated using two different devices to generate streamwise vortices: microjets and chevrons. The resultant acoustic field is mapped by sideline microphones and a microphone phased array. The flow-field characteristics within the first few diameters of the nozzle exit are obtained using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow-field measurements reveal that the counter-rotating streamwise vortex pairs generated by microjets are located primarily at the high-speed side of the initial shear layer. In contrast, the chevrons generate vortices of greater strength that reside mostly on the low-speed side. Although the magnitude of the chevron's axial vorticity is initially higher, it decays more rapidly with downstream distance. As a result, their influence is confined to a smaller region of the jet. The axial vorticity generated by both devices produces an increase in local entrainment and mixing, increasing the near-field turbulence levels. It is argued that the increase in high-frequency sound pressure levels (SPL) commonly observed in the far-field noise spectrum is due to the increase in the turbulence levels close to the jet exit on the high-speed side of the shear layer. The greater persistence and lower strength of the streamwise vortices generated by microjets appear to shift the cross-over frequencies to higher values and minimize the high-frequency lift in the far-field spectrum. The measured overall sound pressure level (OASPL) shows that microjet injection provides relatively uniform noise suppression for a wider range of sound radiation angles when compared to that of a chevron nozzle.
A coupled-mode model for the scattering of water waves by shearing currents in variable bathymetry
Authors: BELIBASSAKIS K. A.
Published: April 2007

A coupled-mode model is presented for wave–current–seabed interaction, with application to the problem of wave scattering by ambient shearing currents in variable bathymetry regions. We consider obliquely incident waves on a horizontally non-homogeneous current in a variable-depth strip, which is characterized by straight and parallel bottom contours. The flow associated with the current is assumed to be directed along the bottom contours and it is considered to be steady and known. In a finite subregion containing the bottom irregularity, we assume that the horizontal current profile is general and smoothly varying. Outside this region, the current is assumed to be uniform (or zero). Based on a variational principle, in conjunction with a rapidly convergent local-mode series expansion of the wave pressure field in the finite subregion containing the current variation and the bottom irregularity, a new coupled-mode system of equations is obtained, governing the scattering of waves in the presence of variable bathymetry and longshore shearing currents. By keeping only the propagating mode in the local-mode series, a new one-equation model is derived, having the property to reduce to the modified mild-slope equation when the current is zero, and to the enhanced mild-shear equation when the bottom is flat. An important aspect of the present model is that it can be further elaborated to treat shearing currents with general, depth-dependent vertical structure, and to include the effects of weak nonlinearity.
Parametrization of global attractors, experimental observations, and turbulence
Authors: ROBINSON JAMES C.
Published: April 2007

This paper is concerned with rigorous results in the theory of turbulence and fluid flow. While derived from the abstract theory of attractors in infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, they shed some light on the conventional heuristic theories of turbulence, and can be used to justify a well-known experimental method.

Two results are discussed here in detail, both based on parametrization of the attractor. The first shows that any two fluid flows can be distinguished by a sufficient number of point observations of the velocity. This allows one to connect rigorously the dimension of the attractor with the Landau–Lifschitz ‘number of degrees of freedom’, and hence to obtain estimates on the ‘minimum length scale of the flow’ using bounds on this dimension. While for two-dimensional flows the rigorous estimate agrees with the heuristic approach, there is still a gap between rigorous results in the three-dimensional case and the Kolmogorov theory.

Secondly, the problem of using experiments to reconstruct the dynamics of a flow is considered. The standard way of doing this is to take a number of repeated observations, and appeal to the Takens time-delay embedding theorem to guarantee that one can indeed follow the dynamics ‘faithfully’. However, this result relies on restrictive conditions that do not hold for spatially extended systems: an extension is given here that validates this important experimental technique for use in the study of turbulence.

Although the abstract results underlying this paper have been presented elsewhere, making them specific to the Navier–Stokes equations provides answers to problems particular to fluid dynamics, and motivates further questions that would not arise from within the abstract theory itself.
The development of the turbulent flow in a bent pipe
Authors: WILSON PHILLIP L. , SMITH FRANK T.
Published: April 2007

The three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow through a slender bent pipe of simple cross-section is analysed, the pipe gradually bending the rapid flow through a substantial angle. The ratio of the relative radius of curvature to the magnitude of the turbulent fluctuations is crucial: analysis of the entry region involving exact solutions of the governing equations shows three different downstream developments, depending on the magnitude of that ratio. The main velocity components are found in each case, and one downstream development studied in detail is when turbulence dominates the flow.

The main novel points and results are as follows. (i) The present physical situation which arises commonly in industrial settings has been little studied previously by theory or experiments. (ii) The working applies for any two-tier mixing-length model. (iii) As a most surprising feature, the fully developed flow far downstream is not unique, being found to depend instead on the global flow behaviour (thus the centreline velocity is not determined simply by the pressure drop, in contrast to the laminar case). (iv) A quite accurate predictive tool based on approximation is suggested for the downstream flow. (v) Crossflow maxima are found to occur very close to the walls, as observed in experiments. (vi) Other comparisons are made with experimental data and prove generally favourable.
COUNTERBALANCING THE PENDULUM EFFECT: POLITICS AND THE DISCOURSE OF POST-9/11 THEATRE
Authors: Harding James M.
Published: April 2007

If a model haunts my inauguration of “Critical Stages,” then it is the “Forum on Theatre and Tragedy in the Wake of September 11, 2001” that David Román commissioned for the March 2002 issue of Theatre Journal. Yet there would be little room in that important historical document for what I have to say here. Though I greatly admire Román for commissioning that forum and am still profoundly moved by the thoughts of its twenty-seven contributors, I must ask how much more significant that forum would have been had the original commission focused on “Theatre and Politics” rather than “Theatre and Tragedy.” Would Diana Taylor's suggestion that the events of 9/11 have given us “a different kind of tragedy” have been a suggestion that 9/11 has given us a different kind of political theatre? What is that theatre? Is it even progressive? At the very least, a more direct focus on theatre and politics in the forum might have constituted a reply to the debate among theatre practitioners (particularly those in the United States) about the role of theatre in the politics of a post-9/11 world. As Marvin Carlson has pointed out, those debates initially centered on whether, in one fell swoop, historical forces had cowed political theatre into voluntary silence if not obsolescence. Five years later, what he describes as a retreat “from any consideration of an engaged theatre”—a retreat that ran the gamut from the “commercial theatre of Broadway” to “New York's most experimental and uncommercial ventures”—casts a shadow out of which we have yet to emerge.
DRAMA AND DIALOGUE IN OLD ENGLISH POETRY: THE SCENE OF CYNEWULF'SJULIANA
Authors: Frantzen Allen J.
Published: April 2007

InThe Semiotics of Performance, Marco de Marinis notes that the field of performance studies has greatly expanded the traditional categories of drama and theatre. “It is obvious,” he writes, “that we are dealing with a field that is far broader and more varied than the category consisting exclusively oftraditional stagings of dramatic texts, to which some scholars still restrict the class of theatrical performances.” A few scholars of early theatre history have embraced expanded categories of performance. Jody Enders's “medieval theater of cruelty,” for example, rests on a concept of “atheoryof virtual performance” that translates “into actual medieval dramatic practice.” Carol Symes's study of the “dramatic activity” suggested by medieval French manuscripts identifies “a vital performative element within the surrounding culture.” Both writers have shown how new ideas of performance enlarge the category beyond the “traditional stagings” described by de Marinis.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Schoch Richard
Published: April 2007

A few months ago I was accosted in a pub near King's Cross, in central London, by a drunk spoiling for a fight. Instead of trying to reason with someone unreasonable, I alerted one of the bartenders that trouble was ahead. My warning came too late. As soon as the drunk saw me talking to the bartender, he lunged at me, shouting “You! You!,” as if somehow I had betrayed the trust of this perfect stranger. He threw me against the wall, my pint glass shattering on the floor as I fell backward. And then he started to choke me. (For a drunk, his grip was surprisingly strong.) I couldn't tell you how much time elapsed—it felt like a long time, but was probably only a minute or so—before some of the other customers finally overpowered him.
Techno, Frankenstein and copyright
Authors: McCUTCHEON MARK A.
Published: April 2007

This essay argues that the widespread but not widely recognised adaptation of Frankenstein in contemporary dance music problematises the ‘technological’ constitution of modern copyright law as an instrument wielded by corporations to exert increasing control over cultural production. The argument first surveys recent accounts of intellectual property law’s responses to sound recording technologies, then historicises the modern discourse of technology, which subtends such responses, as a fetish of industrial capitalism conditioned by Frankenstein. The increasing ubiquity of cinematic Frankenstein adaptations in the latter two decades of the twentieth century outlines the popular cultural milieu in which Detroit techno developed its futuristic aesthetic, and which provided subsequent dance music producers with samples that contributed to techno’s popularisation. These cultural and economic contexts intersect in an exemplary case study: the copyright infringement dispute in 1999 and 2000 between Detroit’s Underground Resistance (UR) techno label and the transnational majors Sony and BMG.
The melodic-harmonic ‘divorce’ in rock
Authors: TEMPERLEY DAVID
Published: April 2007

Several authors have observed that rock music sometimes features a kind of independence or ‘divorce’ between melody and harmony. In this article, I examine this phenomenon more systematically than has been done in the past. A good indicator of melodic-harmonic divorce is cases where non-chord-tones in the melody do not resolve by step. I argue that this does occur frequently in rock – often with respect to the local harmony, and sometimes with respect to the underlying tonic harmony as well. This melodic-harmonic ‘divorce’ tends to occur in rather specific circumstances: usually in pentatonically based melodies, and in verses rather than choruses. Such situations could be said to reflect a ‘stratified’ pitch organisation. A particularly common situation is where the verse of a song features stratified organisation, followed by a chorus which shifts to a ‘unified’ organisation in which both melody and accompaniment are regulated by the harmonic structure.
‘I Will Survive’: musical mappings of queer social space in a disco anthem
Authors: HUBBS NADINE
Published: April 2007

This essay reconsiders the constituencies of fans and detractors present at prime and bursting 1970s dicsos. It argues for a more gender-inclusive conception of discos multiracial ‘gay’ revellers and for a particular convoluted conception of ‘homophobia’ as this applies to the Middle-American youths who raged against disco in midsummer 1979. Their historic eruption at Chicago’s Comiskey Park came just weeks after the chart reign of Gloria Gaynor’s ‘I Will Survive’, today a classic emblem of gay culture in the post-Stonewall and AIDS eras and arguably disco’s greatest anthem. Disco inspired lovers and haters, too, among music critics. Critical adulation and vitriol are conjoined in the present reading of musical rhetoric, which explores disco’s celebrated power to induce rapture in devotees at the social margins while granting anti-disco critics’ charge of inexpressivity in its vocals. In ‘Survive’ musical expressivity is relocated in the high-production instrumentals, where troping of learned and vernacular, European and Pan-American, sacred and profane timbres and idioms defines a euphoric space of difference and transcendence. The use of minor mode for triumphant purposes is also a striking marker of difference in ‘Survive’ and is among the factors at work in the song’s prodigious afterlife.
Rethinking the music industry
Authors: WILLIAMSON JOHN , CLOONAN MARTIN
Published: April 2007

This article examines a very basic question for popular music studies: what is ‘the music industry?’ It surveys the usage of the term in various arenas and argues that it is often used in ways which state or imply that the industry is a homogenous unit with shared objectives and interests. However, the reality is that this picture is, at best, outdated and an inaccurate portrayal of the organisational structure of the global music economy in the mid-2000s. In addition, to think of a single ‘music industry’ rather than music industries, plural, is simplistic and does little to aid understanding of those cultural industries which are primarily concerned with the creation, management and selling of music, either as a physical/digital product, a performance, or as a bundle of intellectual property rights. We tease out the implications of this, especially as they relate to understanding what is routinely referred to as ‘the music industry’ and the development of policies for it.
Marketing androgyny: the evolution of the Backstreet Boys
Authors: JAMIESON DARYL
Published: April 2007

The trend in popular culture away from idealising mature, strong ‘men’ in favour of young, androgynous ‘boys’ can in part be traced to how pop music impresarios such as Lou Pearlman present sexuality to their huge market of young listeners. During their time under the management of Wright Stuff, 1996–1998, the Backstreet Boys were the most popular manufactured boyband in the world, and as such influenced the sexual development of millions of young women and men. This paper examines how, during this period, the presentation and marketing of the Backstreet Boys, and their youngest member Nick Carter in particular, encouraged queer readings, and how those subtle queer subtexts in the music and videos may have affected their (mostly) young, uncritical audience.
The Hendrix chord: blues, flexible pitch relationships, and self-standing harmony
Authors: VAN DER BLIEK ROB
Published: April 2007

Jimi Hendrix was often characterised by his exotic appearance and extravagant performance, but underneath these trappings was an extraordinary guitarist who managed to transform some of the key elements of blues and rhythm-and-blues traditions. An important feature of Hendrix’s music is his characteristic use of the seventh chord with a sharp ninth, or the augmented ninth chord, now often referred to as the ‘Hendrix chord’. This paper examines some ways in which Hendrix used this chord by surveying and drawing comparisons between various instances. It is not necessarily the fully voiced version of the chord that Hendrix used, but interval combinations drawn from or related to it, with particular timbres and articulations. Together these define what might be called a ‘sharp ninth sound’. Through register placement, timbre, articulation, and chordal function, it is intimately tied to the blues idiom, adding a blues tonal element. This is one aspect of Hendrix’s music, then, that shows his deep roots in the blues.
Engineering Software Correctness
Authors: PAGE REX
Published: April 2007

Design and quality are fundamental themes in engineering education. Functional programming builds software from small components, a central element of good design, and facilitates reasoning about correctness, an important aspect of quality. Software engineering courses that employ functional programming provide a platform for educating students in the design of quality software. This pearl describes experiments in the use of ACL2, a purely functional subset of Common Lisp with an embedded mechanical logic, to focus on design and correctness in software engineering courses. Students find the courses challenging and interesting. A few acquire enough skill to use an automated theorem prover on the job without additional training. Many students, but not quite a majority, find enough success to suggest that additional experience would make them effective users of mechanized logic in commercial software development. Nearly all gain a new perspective on what it means for software to be correct and acquire a good understanding of functional programming.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation patterns in pig oocytes and cumulus cells during gonadotrophin-induced resumption of meiosis in vitro
Authors: Ebeling S. , Schuon C. , Meinecke B.
Published: April 2007

The present study investigated the phosphorylation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) during spontaneous and FSH/LH-induced in vitro maturation (IVM). Both isoforms of MAPK were unphosphorylated in oocytes recovered immediately after liberation from follicles and became phosphorylated following 25 h incubation, corresponding to the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). In contrast, MAPK was already phosphorylated in minimal amounts in cumulus cells at the time of liberation from follicles and phosphorylation of MAPK increased after 0.5 h incubation. Supplementation of medium with gonadotrophins intensified phosphorylation at 0.5 h incubation, demonstrating the early and rapid action of FSH/LH on MAPK phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of MAPK in cumulus cells peaked after 21 h of incubation, whereas MAPK was almost completely dephosphorylated at the end of incubation (45 h). During subsequent incubation in the absence of added gonadotrophins, between 5 and 10 h exposure to FSH/LH-supplemented medium was required to induce resumption of meiosis in COCs. Phosphorylation of MAPK in oocytes was prevented by the MEK inhibitor U0126, but the inhibitor reduced phosphorylation of MAPK in cumulus cells only during the first 2 h of IVM. The data support the hypothesis that two different MAPK phosphorylation events occurred following gonadotrophin stimulation, one in cumulus cells and the other in oocytes. In cumulus cells, FSH/LH induced early and rapid U0126-insensitive phosphorylation of MAPK, whereas U0126-susceptible MAPK phosphorylation took place in the oocyte itself around the time of GVBD.
Blastocyst production by in vitro maturation and development of porcine oocytes in defined media following intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Asakuma S. , Fukui Y.
Published: April 2007

The present study was carried out to establish porcine defined IVP. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated the efficacy of additional 0.6 mM cystine and/or 100 µM cysteamine (Cys) to a defined TCM199 maturation medium with regard to the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration and the developmental competence of in vitro matured porcine oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The control medium was a modified TCM199 containing 0.05% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Cys and/or cystine were added to the control medium. The control group and immature oocytes (presumptive germinal vesicle oocytes; GV) were prepared for GSH assay. In Experiment 3, the efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) addition to a modified porcine zygote medium (mPZM) for in vitro culture (IVC) medium was investigated on embryonic development and the mean cell number of blastocysts following ICSI. As a positive or negative control, 0.3% BSA (mPZM-3) or 0.3% PVA (mPZM-4), respectively, was added to the base medium. The defined IVC medium was supplemented with 5 or 10 ng/ml EGF. In Experiment 1, no significant difference was found in the rates of cleavage (31.4–64.3%) and blastocyst formation (6.5–22.9%) among the treatment and control groups. The mean cell numbers per blastocyst ranged from 30 to 48 among the groups without significant differences. However, in Experiment 2, the intracellular GSH concentrations in the oocytes cultured in the medium supplemented with 100 µM Cys (9.6 pmol/oocyte) or Cys + cystine (9.9 pmol/oocyte) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control (2.5 pmol/oocyte) and 0.6 mM cystine (6.5 pmol/oocyte) groups, but not different from the GV group (9.0 pmol/oocyte). The GSH concentration in the cystine group was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in the control group, but not different from the GV group. In Experiment 3, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation and the mean cell numbers of blastocysts were not significantly different among the groups. However, the addition of 5 ng/ml EGF into the mPZM-4 resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher blastocyst rate per cleaved embryo than the other two defined groups (mPZM-4 + 5 ng/ml: 48.6%, mPZM-4 and mPZM-4 +10 ng/ml: 23.4% and 23.1%, respectively).

The present results indicate that the addition of Cys to a defined medium for in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes increases intracellular GSH concentration. Further addition of cystine into the IVM medium containing 100 µM Cys is not necessary and TCM199 plus Cys (100 µM) could be used as a defined IVM medium for porcine oocytes. The addition of 5 ng/ml EGF to a defined IVC medium has enhanced subsequent development after ICSI. This study shows that porcine blastocysts can be produced by defined media throughout the steps of IVP (IVM, ICSI and IVC).
The ability of whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce calcium oscillations and its relevance to oocyte activation
Authors: Amemiya K. , Hirabayashi M. , Ishikawa H. , Fukui Y. , Hochi S.
Published: April 2007

Interspecies microinsemination assay was applied to examine the ability of minke whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce Ca2+oscillations and oocyte activation. Populations of round spermatids (RS), early-stage elongating spermatids (e-ES), late-stage elongating spermatids (1-ES) and testicular spermatozoa (TS) were cryopreserved in the presence of 7.5% glycerol on board ship in the Antarctic Ocean. Repetitive increases of intracellular Ca2+concentration occurred in 0, 65, 81 and 96% of BDF1 mouse oocytes injected with the postthaw RS, e-ES, 1-ES and TS, respectively. A normal pattern of the Ca2+oscillations was observed in 26–47% of the responding oocytes. Most oocytes that exhibited Ca2+oscillations, regardless of the oscillation pattern, resumed meiosis (83–94%). These results indicate that whale spermatogenic cells acquire SOAF activity, which is closely related to their Ca2+oscillation-inducing ability at the relatively early stage of spermiogenesis.
Analysis of transcription factor expression during oogenesis and preimplantation development in mice
Authors: Kageyama S. , Gunji W. , Nakasato M. , Murakami Y. , Nagata M. , Aoki F.
Published: April 2007

The transition from a differentiated germ cell into a totipotent zygote during oogenesis and preimplantation development is critical to the creation of a new organism. During this period, cell characteristics change dynamically, suggesting that a global alteration of gene expression patterns occurs, which is regulated by global changes in various epigenetic factors. Among these, transcription factors (TFs) are essential in the direct regulation of transcription and also play important roles in determining cell characteristics. However, no comprehensive analysis of TFs from germ cells to embryos had been undertaken. We used mRNA amplification systems and microarrays to conduct a genomewide analysis of TFs at various stages of oogenesis and preimplantation development. The greatest alteration in TFs occurred between the 1- and 2-cell stages, at which time zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs. Our analysis of TFs classified by structure and function revealed several specific patterns of change. Basic transcription factors, which are the general components of transcription, increased transiently at the 2-cell stage, while homeodomain (HD) TFs were expressed specifically in the oocyte. TFs containing the Rel homology region (RHR) and Ets domains were expressed at a high level in 2-cell and blastocyst embryos. Thus, the global TF dynamics that occur during oogenesis and preimplantation development seem to regulate the transition from germ-cell-type to embryo-type gene expression.
Establishment of a basic method for manipulating preantral follicles: effects of retrieval method on in vitro growth of preantral follicles and intrafollicular oocytes
Authors: Lee S.T. , Choi M.H. , Gong S.P. , Han J.Y. , Lim J.M.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study was to establish a basic manipulation protocol of preantral follicles for deriving developmentally competent oocytes. Primary, early and late secondary follicles retrieved from the ovaries of 14-day-old F1 (C57BL/6 × DBA2) female mice mechanically or enzymatically were cultured singly and in vitro growth of the follicles and maturation of intrafollicular oocytes were subsequently monitored. A mechanical method retrieved more (p < 0.0001) follicles (339 ± 48 vs. 202 ± 28) than an enzymatic method. However, the enzymatic method collected more singly isolated follicles that could be provided for subsequent culture (102 ± 26 vs. 202 ± 28). When an enzymatic method was employed, early and late secondary follicles required 9 and 6 days for reaching the maximal incidence of the pseudoantral stage. However, primary follicles were not possible to develop into the pseudoantral stage. The optimal duration of oocyte maturation from the onset of follicle culture was 7 days and 5–7 days for early and late secondary follicles, respectively. A general decrease in oocyte diameter (65.2–65.53 μm vs. 75 μm) and zona thickness (5.41–5.74 μm vs. 7.76 μm) was detected in in vitro-derived compared with in vivo-derived matured oocytes. Pronuclear formation was detected in 86–94% of mature oocytes after parthenogenetic activation and no significant difference was detected among groups. These results showed that preantral follicles retrieved by an enzymatic method underwent step-by-step growth in vitro, which could yield mature oocytes.
Microplate assay for quantifying developmental morphologies: effects of exogenous hyalin on sea urchin gastrulation
Authors: Razinia Z. , Carroll Jr E.J. , Oppenheimer S.B.
Published: April 2007

It is often difficult to determine the effects of various substances on the development of the sea urchin embryo due to the lack of appropriate quantitative microassays. Here, a microplate assay has been developed for quantitatively evaluating the effects of substances, such as hyalin, on living sea urchin embryos. Hyalin (330 kDa) is a major constituent of the sea urchin hyaline layer, an extracellular matrix that develops 20 min postinsemination. Function of the hyaline layer and its major constituent, is the adhesion of cells during morphogenesis. Using wide-mouthed pipette tips, 25 μl of 24-hStrongylocentrotus purpuratusembryos were transferred to each well of a 96-well polystyrene flat-bottom microplate yielding about 12 embryos per well. Specific concentrations of purified hyalin diluted in low calcium seawater were added to the wells containing the embryos, which were then incubated for 24 h at 15 °C. The hyalin-treated and control samples were observed live and after fixation with 10% formaldehyde using a Zeiss Axiolab photomicroscope. The small number of embryos in each well allowed quantification of the developmental effects of the added media. Specific archenteron morphologies—attached, unattached, no invagination and exogastrula—were scored and a dose-dependent response curve was generated. Hyalin at high concentrations blocked invagination. At low concentrations, it inhibited archenteron elongation/attachment to the blastocoel roof. While many studies have implicated hyalin in a variety of interactions during morphogenesis, we are not aware of any past studies that have quantitatively examined the effects of exogenous hyalin on specific gastrulation events in whole embryos.
Drawing Politics in Pink and Blue
Authors: Edwards Janis L.
Published: April 2007

Assessing the current condition of editorial cartooning invites engagement in a number of potential perspectives: Cartoons may be positioned as journalism, artistic expression, entertaining satire, and political and historical record. A rhetorical perspective examines cartoons as expressions of political discourse positioned within the wider culture that defines, constructs, and frames larger social ideologies as a backdrop to events of the day. Cartoonists accomplish this task not only by devising explicit messages about their subjects, but in the implicit expression of societal norms and values in the conceptual lenses and commonplaces they employ. This essay considers the conceptual lens of gender as it has been used by cartoonists in recent years to frame politicians, and the implications of that framing.
Popular Culture in Political Cartoons: Analyzing Cartoonist Approaches
Authors: Conners Joan L.
Published: April 2007

To what extent do political cartoonists use popular culture references to make sense of political culture? Seeing images in 2004, depicting Vice President Dick Cheney as Darth Vader fromStar Wars, John Edwards as the Cheshire Cat fromAlice in Wonderland, and John Kerry as Frankenstein's monster, it is clear that some editorial cartoonists make connections between our popular culture and our political culture. Why, and with what possible consequences?
Crossing the Line? Freedom of Speech and Religious
Sensibilities
Authors: Harkness S. Suzan J. , Magid Mohamed , Roberts Jameka , Richardson Michael
Published: April 2007

On September 30, 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten
printed 12 editorial cartoons, several of which contained caricatures of
the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. This publication sparked a controversy that
began in Denmark and spanned the globe. The cartoon publications stemmed
from an article discussing the difficulty in finding illustrators for a
book on the life of the Prophet Muhammad. According to the book's
author, cartoonists refused contract out of fear of retaliation from the
Muslim community, citing the example of the 2004 murder of Theo Van Gogh,
a Dutchman, for making the documentary Submission, a film focused
upon the position of women in Islam. In addition to the article,
nationwide debate discussed the right to freedom of speech and the
problems surrounding self-censorship. It was within this context that
Flemming Rose, the cultural editor at Jyllands-Posten, asked
Danish cartoonists to depict the Prophet Muhammad as they saw him with the
underlying purpose to raise the issue of self-censorship and fuel further
debate. The cartoons ran alongside an article on free speech and
self-censorship.
Exploring Anti-Americanism in Post-9/11 Editorial Cartoons in
the U.S. and Spain
Authors: Long Mark
Published: April 2007

Billed as the first great crisis of the twenty-first century,
terrorist attacks on the United States led to unprecedented media
attention. What was initially seen as unqualified worldwide support for
the U.S. quickly gave way to claims in the U.S. of growing
anti-Americanism around the world (Mack 2005,
v). This paper uses editorial cartoons in leading newspapers in Spain and
the U.S. to investigate purported anti-Americanism.
Risky Business: Three Political Cartooning Lessons from Indonesia during Suharto's Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Ostrom Richard
Published: April 2007

The recent international uproar caused by the publication of the “Muhammad Cartoons” has had the useful side effect of stimulating thought about the roles newspaper editors and editorial cartoonists ought to play in our increasingly globalized world. This symposium article is based on my 10-year study of cartoons related to watershed changes in the Indonesian political system. This article draws on previous articles by the author. See the References section.
Cues, Endorsements, and Heresthetic in a High-profile Election: Racial Polarization in Durham, North Carolina?
Authors: Grose Christian R.
Published: April 2007

Did voters in Durham, North Carolina divide along racial lines in the high-profile May 2, 2006, primary election for Durham district attorney? The results of an analysis of the primary vote by race suggest there were not major racial divisions: winner Mike Nifong received about the same percentage of support from African-American voters as from voters who are not African American. However, it seems likely, and I argue here, that Nifong used the high-profile prosecution of the Duke lacrosse rape case to win over some African-American and White voters in what otherwise might have been a low-key, low-information local election. This case and its allegations are sordid and appalling, and have garnered substantial national media attention. I contend that Nifong aggressively pursued prosecution as a way of representing what he perceived was his constituents' interests in justice for the alleged victim (though some have subsequently questioned his prosecution of the case); this aggressive prosecution's public nature likely had electoral ramifications. Further, supporting recent work on race and electoral politics, I show that traditional racial cues were critically important in other concurrently held Durham elections, though not in Nifong's race for district attorney. Nifong, a White candidate, defeated another White candidate and an African-American candidate in a county that is 51% White and 40% African-American (based on those identifying as only one race in the 2000 census).
Who Publishes in Comparative Politics? Studying the World from the
United States
Authors: Munck Gerardo L. , Snyder Richard
Published: April 2007

Who publishes in the discipline's leading journals is a matter of
intrinsic interest to political scientists. Indeed, any discipline is
first and foremost about the people who practice it. A focus on who
publishes also raises important questions concerning the relationship
between the characteristics of authors, such as their gender, seniority,
institutional affiliation, and nationality, and the knowledge they
produce. Is who publishes associated with what is published? Moreover,
publications in leading journals are an important marker of professional
status and a key conduit for the diffusion of ideas. This points to a
further question: Do the top journals differ in terms of the authors and
research they publish? We are grateful to
Angela Hawken for her advice on the construction of the data set, to
Matthew Lieber for his assistance with data collection, and to
PS's two anonymous referees for their comments and
suggestions.
Gender and Journal Authorship in Eight Prestigious Political Science
Journals
Authors: Breuning Marijke , Sanders Kathryn
Published: April 2007

How well are women authors represented in the most-recognized journals
in political science? To what degree does the presence of women authors
mirror women's presence in the discipline? Although a few studies
have sought to provide data on the presence of women authors in political
science journals (Young 1995; Kelly et al. 1994), more recent work on the visibility of women in
the discipline has focused on gender and authorship of edited volumes
(Mathews and Andersen 2001), on the
participation of women in the APSA annual meetings (e.g., Gruberg 2006; 2004), and on the
status of women in the discipline (Sarkees and McGlen 1992; 1999; Committee on the
Status of Women in the Profession 2001). All are
useful endeavors. This paper analyzes the presence of women authors in six
volume years (1999–2004) of eight prestigious political science
journals—American Political Science Review (APSR),
American Journal of Political Science (AJPS),
Journal of Politics (JOP), World Politics
(WP), International Organization (IO),
Comparative Politics (CP), Comparative Political
Studies (CPS), and International Studies Quarterly
(ISQ).
A Political Science Look at Political Science: APSA's First
Four Elections
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Yoshinaka Antoine
Published: April 2007

It has now been four years of contested elections for the Council of
the Association. In this note we ask: What can we learn about these
elections from a political science perspective?
Will We Ruin Them for (Civic) Life? Analyzing the Impact of Teaching Rational Choice in Introductory Courses
Authors: Crawford Sue E. S.
Published: April 2007

This article revisits a debate between Jurg Steiner and Paul Johnson (Johnson 1990; Steiner 1990) over the civic implications of teaching rational choice that appeared inPSa little over 15 years ago. That debate summarized key contemporary arguments about the possible civic implications of teaching rational choice that likely still reverberate in department and conference discussions today. Despite numerous books, articles, and conference sessions on the perils and pluses of rational choice in scholarship, very few empirical studies examine the civic consequences of learning rational choice in undergraduate political science courses. This article reports the results of a study that attempts to do just that; to measure rational choice influences on students' civic attitudes.
Survey of Textbooks for Teaching Introduction to U.S. Politics: (How) Do They See Us?
Authors: Novkov Julie , Gossett Charles
Published: April 2007

The Committee on the Status of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and the Transgendered [LGBT] in the Profession has authorized this review of 17 recent editions of top-selling textbooks marketed for use in courses providing an introduction to U.S. politics.
Sexuality and the Body Politic: Thoughts on the Construction of an APSA Sexuality & Politics Section
Authors: Wilson Angelia R. , Burgess Susan
Published: April 2007

One day, argues Foucault, we may wonder how “the ruses of sexuality” seduced us to academic inquiry, but that day is possible only “in a different economy of bodies and pleasures” (1976, 159). In such a very different political reality, a genealogical account of the relationship between power and sexuality might not be necessary. But at present, “our discourse, our customs, our institutions, our regulations, our knowledge” is “busy producing in the light of day and broadcasting to noisy accompaniment” sexuality so pervasive in our consciousness that it informs much of our political culture and democratic governance. Politicians fear being caught in its seduction, yet conjure it to excite voters. Campaign advisers dance with sexuality, provoking it to publicly bless their candidate and using it to scandalize their opponent. Janus-faced voters charge the state with its regulation while, publicly and privately, celebrating sexual freedoms. The body politic knows well the power of sexuality. The leading professional association of political scientists has yet to formally recognise it. Perhaps one day people will wonder at this. Perhaps that day has come. The authors would like to thank Cynthia Burack and Jyl Josephson for assistance with this article.
Corrections to “The Political Science 400”
Authors: Masuoka Natalie , Grofman Bernard , Feld Scott L.
Published: April 2007

Emails received by the authors since the publication of “The
Political Science 400: A 20-Year Update” (Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld
2007) called attention to mistakes in the
citation counts of a number of scholars. Corrections to the citation
counts are posted in an EXCEL file at www.socsci.uci.edu/∼bgrofman/. Once we have
entered all corrections, an erratum will appear in a later issue of
PS. Please address any corrections to that article to
BGrofman@uci.edu.
Eugene R. Wittkopf
Authors: McCormick James M. , Holsti Ole R. , Jones Christopher M.
Published: April 2007

Eugene R. Wittkopf, professor emeritus of political science at
Louisiana State University, passed away suddenly on September 18, 2006. He
was 63 years old. Gene was a native of Algona, Iowa and received his B.A.
from Valparaiso University in 1965, and his M.P.A and his Ph.D. from the
Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs at Syracuse University
in 1966 and 1971, respectively. He started his academic career at the
University of Florida, where he taught for 17 years. In 1987, he moved to
Louisiana State University, where he taught until his retirement in 2005.
Gene Wittkopf was an extraordinary scholar and teacher and a wonderful
colleague and mentor.
Military Interventions and the “Lessons of Iraq”
Authors: Watts Stephen
Published: April 2007

The disastrous invasion of Iraq has shed a stark light on the
limitations of military interventions. Much of the ensuing skepticism is
quite healthy. But there is a risk that “the lessons of Iraq”
will be learnt to the exclusion of lessons that can be drawn from the more
than two dozen other interventions of the post-Cold War era.
Recursive Bayesian electromagnetic refractivity estimation from radar sea clutter
Authors: Vasudevan Sathyanarayanan , Anderson Richard H. , Kraut Shawn , Gerstoft Peter , Rogers L. Ted , Krolik Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2007

Estimation of the range‐ and height‐dependent index of refraction over the sea surface facilitates prediction of ducted microwave propagation loss. In this paper, refractivity estimation from radar clutter returns is performed using a Markov state space model for microwave propagation. Specifically, the parabolic approximation for numerical solution of the wave equation is used to formulate the refractivity from clutter (RFC) problem within a nonlinear recursive Bayesian state estimation framework. RFC under this nonlinear state space formulation is more efficient than global fitting of refractivity parameters when the total number of range‐varying parameters exceeds the number of basis functions required to represent the height‐dependent field at a given range. Moreover, the range‐recursive nature of the estimator can be easily adapted to situations where the refractivity modeling changes at discrete ranges, such as at a shoreline. A fast range‐recursive solution for obtaining range‐varying refractivity is achieved by using sequential importance sampling extensions to state estimation techniques, namely, the forward and Viterbi algorithms. Simulation and real data results from radar clutter collected off Wallops Island, Virginia, are presented which demonstrate the ability of this method to produce propagation loss estimates that compare favorably with ground truth refractivity measurements.