bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional processes versus state variables: interstitial organic matter pathways in floodplain habitats
Authors: Claret C , Boulton A J , Dole-Olivier M -J , Marmonier P
Published: April 2011

We assessed the potential rates of two microbial processes, cellulose decomposition potential (CDP) and hydrolytic activity, to explore the relationship of these functional measurements with several state variables of organic matter. Samples were collected from two interstitial sites in the main channel of the Rhône River and 10 sites on the alluvial floodplain representing five habitat types defined by sediment size (fine versus coarse sediments) and interstitial water origin (surface water versus groundwater). Although sites with fine sediments had more interstitial total organic matter, refractory and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentrations did not differ among habitat types. Unlike the floodplain, the main channel had high CDP and low hydrolytic activity. In the floodplain, functional measurements varied consistently, and both CDP and hydrolytic activity were lowest at the sites with coarse sediments. Our data imply that microbially mediated processes are different in the main channel and the floodplain and that low levels of organic matter in the coarse sediments are probably due to slow rates of accrual rather than rapid rates of decomposition. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between functional variables and dissolved organic carbon concentrations illustrates the dangers of interpreting ecosystem processes or ecological integrity based solely on state variables.
Biological implications of empirical models of winter oxygen depletion
Authors: Meding Marianne E , Jackson Leland J
Published: April 2011

We compiled data for 23 North American temperate zone lakes to assess three alternative winter O2 depletion models for estimating O2 dynamics from freezing to thawing. Dissolved O2 concentrations were constant or declined slightly for an average of 40 days after freezing and then declined rapidly. Once O2 concentrations reached 13 mg·L1, consumption slowed. No model that we fit captured O2 dynamics shortly after freezing. The best fit was a one-pool exponential decay model after one to four initial data were removed. Photosynthesis and freeze-out estimates suggest that O2 inputs are more important in shallow than in deep lakes. Oxygen decay rates (k) correlated with morphometry in shallow lakes and chlorophyll a, Secchi depth, and the sediment surface area to volume ratio in deep lakes. We hypothesize that the failure of chlorophyll a to correlate with k in shallow lakes is because macrophytes are the primary source of decaying organic matter but have not been included in assessments of winter O2 depletion. Thus, some processes in deep lakes cannot simply be scaled to smaller scales in shallow lakes.
Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance?
Authors: Harley Shelton J , Myers Ransom A , Dunn Alistair
Published: April 2011

We compiled 297 series of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and independent abundance data (as estimated by research trawl surveys) and used observation error and random effects models to test the hypothesis that CPUE is proportional to true abundance. We used a power curve, for which we were interested in the shape parameter (β). There was little difference among species, ages, or gear types in the distributions of the raw estimates of β for each CPUE series. We examined three groups: cod, flatfish, and gadiformes, finding strong evidence that CPUE was most likely to remain high while abundance declines (i.e., hyperstability, where β < 1). The range in the mean of the random effects distribution for β was quite small, 0.640.75. Cod showed the least hyperstability, but still, 76% of the mass of the random effects distribution was below 1. Based on simulations, our estimates of β are positively biased by approximately 10%; this should be considered in the application of our findings here. We also considered the precision of CPUE indices through a meta-analysis of observation error variances. The most precise indices were those from flatfish (median coefficient of variation of [Formula: see text]0.42).
Diagnostics for multiyear tagging models with application to Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Latour Robert J , Hoenig John M , Olney John E , Pollock Kenneth H
Published: April 2011

Information on age- and year-specific survival can be obtained from multiyear tagging data using one of three classes of tag recovery models. Two of the model types yield information on total survival, while the third allows separation of total mortality into its fishing and "natural" components if information on the tag reporting rate is available. The performance of each class is usually assessed using goodness-of-fit tests, Akaike's information criterion, and similar measures. However, we propose that examination of model residuals is also important for the evaluation of model performance and contend that at least four types of problems are potentially detectable via patterns in residuals. Those presented in this paper include nonmixing of newly tagged animals, emigration of older animals, cohort effects associated with initial tag-induced mortality or tag shedding, and a change in the natural mortality rate. We present the diagnostic procedures by analyzing a hypothetical tagging data set and discuss the various constraints inherent to the residuals of each class of models. The diagnostic procedures are also used to evaluate striped bass tagging (Morone saxatilis) data from the Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay.
Errors in identification using natural markings: rates, sources, and effects on capturerecapture estimates of abundance
Authors: Stevick Peter T , Palsbøll Per J , Smith Tim D , Bravington Mark V , Hammond Philip S
Published: April 2011

The results of a double-marking experiment using natural markings and microsatellite genetic markers to identify humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) confirm that natural markings are a reliable means of identifying individuals on a large scale. Of 1410 instances of double tagging, there were 414 resightings. No false positive and 14 false negative errors were identified. The rate of error increased with decreasing photographic quality; no errors were observed among photographs of the highest quality rating, whereas an error rate of 0.125 was identified in sightings for which only part of the area used for identification was visible. There was also a weaker relationship between error rate and the distinctiveness of markings, which may result from non-independence in coding for image quality and distinctiveness. A correction is developed for the Petersen two-sample abundance estimator to account for false negative errors in identification, and a parametric bootstrap procedure for estimation of variance is also developed. In application to abundance estimates from the North Atlantic, the correction reduces the bias in estimates made using poorer quality photographs to a negligible level while maintaining comparable precision.
Tripping over spatial scales: a comment on Guay et al. (2000)
Authors: Williams John G
Published: April 2011

Guay et al. (2000.Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.57:20652075) report a test of numerical habitat models (NHMs) that combine two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling of the depth and velocity fields of a stream reach with simple biological models. The hydrodynamic model was tested with field data from randomly chosen points in the stream, and the overall models were tested with observations of fish in a "verification" section of the stream. This is a proper procedure, but the execution and interpretation of the test seem flawed, largely by a misunderstanding of the spatial scales appropriate. The NHMs used by Guay et al. make predictions for patches or "tiles" at a scale of 125 m2; the hydrodynamic component of the NHMs needs to be tested at the same spatial scale.
Diagnostic tools for unbiased in situ target strength estimation
Authors: Gauthier Stéphane , Rose George A
Published: April 2011

In situ target strength (TS) is theoretically the optimal measure to scale echo-integration values to fish density. In practice, in situ TS is often biased. The number of fish per sample volume (Nv) has been used to set a threshold density to reduce the bias attributable to multiple targets. However, order of magnitude differences in the Nv threshold have been reported within the theoretical range 0 < Nv [Formula: see text] 1. To investigate the use and scale-dependence of the Nv index, with the objective of achieving unbiased estimates of in situ TS, redfish (Sebastes spp.) aggregations were measured in Newfoundland waters. When averaged over large horizontal distances (large scale), TS was biased upwards if Nv exceeded 0.04. However, TS could be estimated at higher densities without bias using smaller measurement scales. To deal with these scale-dependent variations, we develop diagnostic tools based on Nv and an echo-count index (Tv), which enable unbiased estimates of the Nv threshold and in situ TS.
Arctic boreal plankton species in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Johns D G , Edwards M , Batten S D
Published: April 2011

The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey has sampled regularly in the Northwest Atlantic since the early 1960s. Over the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in the abundance of a number of arctic boreal plankton species, notably Calanus hyperboreus (Krøyer), Calanus glacialis (Jaschnov), and Ceratium arcticum, and a southerly shift of the copepod C. hyperboreus in the CPR survey. In 1998, C. hyperboreus was recorded at its farthest position south in the survey, 39°N, off the Georges Bank shelf edge. Other studies have reported similar parallel biological responses on three trophic levels. During the late 1990s, production of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) has been at a high, a direct response to the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The increase in abundance of these species, up to four standard deviations from the long-term mean, is linked to variability in the hydrography of the area and the driving climatic processes of the North Atlantic.
The role of measurement error on the interpretation of otolith increment width in the study of growth in larval fish
Authors: Pepin P , Dower J F , Benoît H P
Published: April 2011

Patterns in increment widths and the associated measurement error were studied in the otoliths of radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata) larvae sampled from the field. Mean increment widths increased with larval age, whereas the relative measurement error decreased. Furthermore, the level of serial correlation in increment widths showed a clear increase with age. When measurement error was taken into consideration, the pattern of serial correlation indicates that an individual's growth increments did not show the effect of changes in local environmental conditions for at least 3 days, independent of age. Only after that period can we hope to detect the effect of environmental influences on increment widths (and by inference growth rates). The patterns of measurement error and serial correlation will have direct impacts on our ability to find the influence of environmental conditions on growth rates of individual larvae and determine patterns of selective loss in a population of larval fish.
Intercohort competition effects on survival, movement, and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Swedish streams
Authors: Nordwall Fredrik , Näslund Ingemar , Degerman Erik
Published: April 2011

The effects of density-dependent intercohort competition on growth and mortality in stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) were tested by experimentally reducing the densities of age-1 fish and fish older than age 1 in six small streams. When densities of age-1 fish were reduced, abundance of age-0 and age-1 fish increased the following year, while age-1 fish experienced a reduced mean size. Reduced densities of fish older than age 1 resulted in increased apparent survival of age-0, age-1, and age-2 fish in the subsequent year. Mean size of age-2 fish increased as well. Many older immigrants (age >2) were found in the treatment sections where densities previously had been reduced. Data from the Swedish Electrofishing RegiSter (SERS) showed that mean body size of age-0 brown trout was negatively related to both age-0 and age >0 densities. The database also verified the inverse relationship between age-0 abundance and abundance of older cohorts. Our results indicate that intercohort competition regulates territorial fish populations, even when simple single populations in restricted environments are considered.
Laboratory assessment of the role of a larval pheromone and natural stream odor in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: Vrieze Lance A , Sorensen Peter W
Published: April 2011

This study used large laboratory mazes and natural stream waters to test the role of olfactory cues, including a pheromone released by larvae, in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We found that migratory lamprey strongly prefer stream water over lake water and that this response is dependent upon a functional olfactory system. Responses persisted among migratory lamprey even after stream water was diluted a thousand times but were not seen among non-migratory lamprey. Experiments using waters from five streams demonstrated that a larval pheromone is a key determinant of stream attractiveness: water from streams with larval populations were consistently more attractive than those without, and adding larval odor to the latter reversed this relationship. Larval odor was attractive at low, realistic concentrations, especially when presented together with natural stream water, suggesting that streams contain other odors that synergize the actions of the pheromone. Some, but not all, of the activity of the larval pheromone could be explained by two bile acids released by larvae (petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid). Together, these results strongly suggest that migratory lamprey locate streams using a larval pheromone. This cue could be useful in lamprey control.
Scaled chrysophytes as indicators of water quality changes since preindustrial times in the MuskokaHaliburton region, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Paterson Andrew M , Cumming Brian F , Smol John P , Hall Roland I
Published: April 2011

Scaled chrysophytes preserved in modern and fossil sediment samples from lakes in south-central Ontario were examined to evaluate changes in water quality since preindustrial times. Redundancy analysis determined that chrysophyte distributions were related to a primary gradient of pH, alkalinity, and ion concentration (λ1 = 0.26). A 117-lake reconstruction model from Ontario, the Adirondacks, and northeastern U.S.A. was used to infer the lakewater pH of present-day and preindustrial samples. A comparison of predicted and measured pH values of modern samples, analog matching, and an examination of inferences from triplicate cores in four lakes suggested that the inferences were reliable. Reconstructions indicated that presently acidic lakes (pH < 6) had acidified, whereas lakes with measured pH > 7 had become more alkaline. In comparison to other acid-sensitive regions, however, the overall change was small. The relatively short pH gradient, higher preindustrial pH values, and amount of acid deposition are factors that may explain these trends. Finally, we introduce a novel, multi-indicator reconstruction model, which provides an average of environmental reconstructions from diatom, chrysophyte cyst, and scaled chrysophyte assemblages. This model performed as well or better than the individual inferences when used to predict the pH of modern samples.
Niche segregation between Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta): an experimental study of mechanisms
Authors: Jansen Peder A , Slettvold Henning , Finstad Anders G , Langeland Arnfinn
Published: April 2011

Interactive competition has been suggested to be an important mechanism by which brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) segregate into benthic vs. pelagic niches. According to the interactive competition hypotheses, Arctic char and brown trout should have the same preference for prey. We tested this by studying foraging performance when char and trout were offered small pelagic Daphnia longispina and (or) large epibenthic Gammarus lacustris in 10-min foraging experiments with solitary fish and with fish competing pairwise. There were obvious behavioural differences between char and trout. Trout were profoundly more aggressive than char. In comparison, char chose small pelagic daphnids and were superior daphnid foragers. Trout chose large epibenthic gammarids and were superior gammarid foragers. When competing, char and trout segregated such that rate of feeding on the chosen prey type was similar to solitary foraging fish, whereas rate of feeding on the alternative prey type was close to zero. We suggest that the observed selective differences in foraging behaviour, choice of prey, and feeding rates play an important role in niche segregation between Arctic char and brown trout. Hence, our results conform more closely with selective processes, rather than interactive processes, as the founding mechanisms for such segregation.
Bio-optical characteristics of the snow, ice, and water column of a perennially ice-covered lake in the High Arctic
Authors: Belzile Claude , Vincent Warwick F , Gibson John AE , Hove Patrick Van
Published: April 2011

Lake A is a meromictic, perennially ice-covered lake located at the northern limit of North America (latitude 83°N, Ellesmere Island, Canada). In early June 1999, only 0.45% of incident photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) was transmitted through its 2-m ice and 0.5-m snow cover. Removal of snow from 12 m2 increased PAR under the ice by a factor of 13 and biologically effective ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by a factor of 16 (from 0.4% to 6.3% of incident). The diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) for UVR was substantially lower in the ice than in the underlying freshwater (e.g., 50% lower at 320 nm), indicating the exclusion of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) during freeze-up or the subsequent degradation of CDOM retained in the ice. Peak phytoplankton concentrations occurred immediately under the ice, and a broad maximum of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria and associated sulfur particles was observed over the depth interval 2045 m at <0.005% of incident PAR. Climate-induced changes in the overlying snow and ice have the potential to cause major habitat disruption (UV exposure, PAR, temperature, mixing regime) for these stratified, extreme-shade communities.
VIII.: ON A COLLECTION OF CRUSTACEA MADE AT ST. ANDREWS, N.B.
Authors: MacDonald B.A. D. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
IX.: PARASITIC COPEPODS FROM NANAIMO, BRITISH COLUMBIA, INCLUDING EIGHT SPECIES NEW TO SCIENCE.: (WITH SEVEN PLATES)—PLATES III-IX.
Authors: Wilson Sc. D. Dr. Charles Branch
Published: April 2011

not available
XII.: A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF COTTOID FISH FROM DEPARTURE BAY, VANCOUVER ISLAND.
Authors: Gilbert Ph. D. Charles H.
Published: April 2011

not available
V.: LIFE-HISTORIES OF GEORGIAN BAY EPHEMERIDAE OF THE GENUS HEPTAGENIA.
Authors: Clemens B.A. W. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
VII.: NOTES ON THE HIRUDINEA OF GEORGIAN BAY.
Authors: Ryerson B.A. Miss C. G. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
IX.: BRYOZOA OF THE GEORGIAN BAY REGION.
Authors: White M.A. H. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
III.: THE COMMERCIAL VALUE OF THE KELP-BEDS OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC COAST.—A PRELIMINARY REPORT AND SURVEY OF THE BEDS.
Authors: Cameron M.A., B.Sc. A. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
VIII.: THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE HAKE (UROPHYCIS CHUSS Gill) AS DETERMINED FROM ITS SCALES.
Authors: Craigie E. Horne
Published: April 2011

not available
XI.: ARE MIGRATING EELS DETERRED BY A RANGE OF LIGHTS—REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL TESTS.
Authors: Cox Ph. D. Prof. Philip
Published: April 2011

not available
XII.: POSSIBLE LOBSTER PLANTING AREAS ON THE EAST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, B.C.
Authors: Fraser Ph.D. C. McLean
Published: April 2011

not available
XVI.: A HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION OF THE BAY OF FUNDY IN 1914.
Authors: Craigie E. Horne
Published: April 2011

not available
ON THE SCALES OF THE SPRING SALMON.
Authors: Fraser Ph.D. C. McLean
Published: April 2011

not available
VI: ON THE AGE AND GROWTH OF THE POLLOCK IN THE BAY OF FUNDY.
Authors: Mavor Ph.D. James W.
Published: April 2011

not available
XIII.: BACTERIAL DESTRUCTION OF COPEPODS OCCURRING IN MARINE PLANKTON.
Authors: Sadler M.Sc., B. Wilfrid
Published: April 2011

not available
I.: Further Studies on the Growth Rate in Pacific Salmon.
Authors: Fraser Ph.D., F.R. C. McLean
Published: April 2011

not available
VIII.: Eastern Canadian Plankton.—The Distribution of Floating Tunicates (Thaliacea) obtained during the Canadian Fisheries Expedition, 1914-1915.
Authors: Huntsman B.A., M.B., F.R. A. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
XIII: The Utilization of Dog-Fish and Selachian Fishes of Eastern Canada.
Authors: Mavor Ph.D. James W.
Published: April 2011

not available
XVI.: THE HISTOLOGY OF THE FLEXOR TENDON IN THE CRUSHING CLAW OF THE LOBSTER.
Authors: Knight M.A., M.D, F.R.S.C. A. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. X: RESULTS OF THE HUDSON BAY EXPEDITION, 1920: II. THE GASTEROSTEIDÆ
Authors: COX Ph.D. PHILIP
Published: April 2011

not available
No. XI: DIATOMS FROM THE QUILL LAKES, SASKATCHEWAN, AND FROM AIRDRIE, ALBERTA
Authors: Bailey Ph.D., LL.D. L. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 3: RESULTS OF THE HUDSON BAY EXPEDITION, 1920: IV. THE ASCIDIACEA
Authors: HUNTSMAN A. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 25: ON THE SUMMER MIGRATION OF CERTAIN STARFISH IN DEPARTURE BAY, B.C.
Authors: O'DONOGHUE D.SC., F.R.S.C. CHAS. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 4: LIMITING FACTORS FOR MARINE ANIMALS: I. THE LETHAL EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT
Authors: HUNTSMAN A. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 12: POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM THE NANAIMO DISTRICT.: PART 2. PHYLLODOCIDAE TO NEREIDAE.
Authors: BERKELEY EDITH
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 15: THE LARVAL STAGES AND MEGALOPS OF RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISI (GOULD)
Authors: CONNOLLY C. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 5: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF MARINE GASTROPODS: II. THE INTERTIDAL LIFE OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM, A STUDY IN NON-ADAPTATION
Authors: GOWANLOCH J. NELSON
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 6: ENTOMOSTRACA OF THE BELLE ISLE STRAIT EXPEDITION, 1923, WITH NOTES ON OTHER PLANKTONIC SPECIES: PART I
Authors: PINHEY M.SC. KATHLEEN F.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 18: FLUCTUATIONS IN THE HADDOCK FISHERY OF THE BAY OF FUNDY
Authors: HUNTSMAN A. G. , NEEDLER A. W. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 20: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIGOR MORTIS AND THE GLYCOGEN, LACTIC ACID AND FREE PHOSPHORUS OF FISH MUSCLE
Authors: LEIM A. H. , MACLEOD J. J. R. , SIMPSON W. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
No. 21: THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF FISH MUSCLE
Authors: FORBES M.A., PH.D. J. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DECOMPOSITION OF CLAM MUSCLE IN ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: RICE CHRISTINE E.
Published: April 2011

not available
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY ON THE HATCHING OF THE EGGS OF THE WINTER FLOUNDER: (PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS WALBAUM)
Authors: SCOTT W. C. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
REPORTS OF THE JASPER PARK LAKES INVESTIGATIONS, 1925-26 III. THE LEECHES
Authors: BERE R.
Published: April 2011

not available
REPORTS OF THE JASPER PARK LAKES INVESTIGATIONS, 1925-26 V. FOOD AND GROWTH OF JASPER PARK FISHES
Authors: NEAVE F. , BAJKOV A.
Published: April 2011

not available
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM THE NANAIMO DISTRICT PART 4. CHAETOPTERIDAE TO MALDANIDAE
Authors: BERKELEY EDITH
Published: April 2011

not available
THE TRYPTIC HYDROLYSIS OF HADDOCK MUSCLE: PRELIMINARY PAPER
Authors: WYNNE ARTHUR M.
Published: April 2011

not available
REPORTS OF THE JASPER PARK LAKES INVESTIGATIONS, 1925-26 VII. A STUDY OF THE PLANKTON
Authors: BAJKOV ALEXANDER
Published: April 2011

not available
LETHAL TEMPERATURES OF LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Authors: HENDERSON B.A. JEAN T.
Published: April 2011

not available
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF MARINE GASTROPODS: III. DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF LITTORINA
Authors: HAYES F. RONALD
Published: April 2011

not available
A NOTE ON LETHAL TEMPERATURE IN CONNECTION WITH SKATE REFLEXES
Authors: BATTLE HELEN I.
Published: April 2011

not available
EFFECTS OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES AND SALINITIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OFENCHELYOPUS CIMBRIUS(L.)
Authors: Battle Helen I.
Published: April 2011

not available
A NEW PARASITIC COPEPOD (SCOLECIMORPHA HUNTSMANI N. SP.)
Authors: HENDERSON JEAN T.
Published: April 2011

This remarkable vermiform parasite whose outward aspect as much resembles a dedifferentiated isopod as a degenerate copepod was first recorded as having been found in the endostylar vessel of Styela gibbsii from Departure Bay, B.C. by Dr. Huntsman (Ascidians from the coasts of Canada. Trans. Canad. Inst., IX, 1912, p. 117). The same Ascidian species occurs in Puget sound and on the coast of California, but the parasite has not been found there. Styela gibbsii has not been taken so far north as the coast of Alaska.As a parasite of the endostyle it is of special interest, having in mind the transformation of the endostyle into the thyroid gland of craniate vertebrates.
THERMAL INVESTIGATIONS ON FISH MUSCLE
Authors: LANGSTROTH G. O.
Published: April 2011

The times of freezing of twelve rectangular blocks of haddock muscle were found to agree with those calculated from the equation t = ε2Lρ/2k(T−θ) (see Langstroth, Trans. N.S. Inst. Sci. 17, 206, 1929a).Determinations of the temperature change with time at the centre of cans of tightly packed haddock flesh during processing at 100 °C. were found to agree quite well with the theory herein developed, the diffusivity K being 0.0016 cm.2/sec.Physical constants are given for six and thermal constants for eight species of fish.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF PROTOZOA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: WAILES G. H.
Published: April 2011

The following species (all marine) are now first described: order Amoebaea, Vexillifera vacillans; order Radiolaria, Challengeron depauperatum, Distephanus octangulatus and Distephanus pentagonus; order Peritricha, Zoothamnium candelabrum; subclass Acinetaria, Trichophrya columbiae and Podophrya elongata.
REACTIONS OF FISH TO NOISE
Authors: MOORHOUSE V. H. K.
Published: April 2011

Observations made of the effect of noise upon perch, flounders, rock cod and dog-fish, using an electrically driven sound producer submerged in the water showed little observable reaction except in the case of perch, which avoided noise and gathered at the opposite end of their tank. With feeding associated with sound, the perch developed quickly a well-marked conditioned response, increasing in intensity on repetition, and resembling the trace conditioned reflex of mammals. The perch used in these feeding experiments also developed a strong visual conditioned reflex, being attracted to the surface by agitation of the water. It was possible to develop a very temporary protective response in these fish, by combining stimuli of darkness and sound.
A MECHANISM CONTROLLING MOVEMENTS OF THE SPIRAL INTESTINE IN ELASMOBRANCHS
Authors: SAWYER MARGARET E.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the anatomical relations and function of a large sheet of smooth muscle lying in the anterior mesentery of elasmobranchs. This muscle acts on the spiral intestine, pulling it anteriorly and at the same time causing a marked rotation of the intestine towards the right. Its contraction is produced by direct mechanical or electrical stimulation, by stretching and by sympathetic and parasympathetic drugs. It is doubtful whether the mesenteric muscle is under the control of extrinsic sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves since stimulation of these produces a contraction only when there is simultaneous activity in the stomach or intestine. The contraction in this latter case could be due to a secondary stimulation produced by mechanical or tension effects. It is thought that this muscle acts as a mechanism for regulating the position of the spiral intestine during digestion.
A JACKETED COLD STORAGE ROOM
Authors: YOUNG O. C.
Published: April 2011

A jacketed cold storage room was tested and found uniform in temperature within 0.44 °C. Dehydration then depended principally upon displacement of air from outside, and was found to vary with the surface exposed to drying approximately as the cube root of the area. Air-tight boxes with oil sealed or air-locked lids were found to practically eliminate dehydration in an ordinary cold storage room.
THE CESTODA OF CANADIAN FISHES III. ADDITIONS TO THE PACIFIC COASTAL FAUNA
Authors: WARDLE ROBERT ARNOLD
Published: April 2011

An additional collection of cestode material from the Canadian Pacific coastal region comprised Ligula intestinalis, Schistocephalus solidus, Clestobothrium crassiceps, Grillotia erinacea and Proteocephalus arcticus. The common tetrarhynchoid larva of Ophiodon elongatus is identified with Nybelinia surmenicola Okada and some notes upon its biology are given.
A STUDY OF THE CESTODE GENUS EUBOTHRIUM OF NYBELIN IN CANADIAN FISHES
Authors: KUITUNEN-EKBAUM E.
Published: April 2011

The three species of Eubothrium, described in the following pages, have been found in Canadian salmonoid fishes and agree in the main characteristics with the European species rugosum (Batsch), crassum (Bloch), and salvelini (Schrank). The fourth species, found from the Pacific salmon, is described by R. A. Wardle as a distinct species, Eubothrium oncorhynchi.
EUPHAUSIACEA AND MYSIDACEA FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: TATTERSALL W. M.
Published: April 2011

An account of a collection of Euphausiacea and Mysidacea made in the waters of British Columbia by Miss A. A. Berkeley and Mr. G. H. Wailes, with summary of all previous records, so that the paper represents a complete account of the western Canadian species of these two groups of Crustacea, with a full list of references to the literature of west American species. Five species are described and figured as new to science, viz.: Pseudomma berkeleyi, Neomysis sculpta, Neomysis pseudomacropsis, Neomysis columbiae and Proneomysis wailesi.
THE FRESH-WATER AMPHIPODS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND
Authors: Saunders L. G.
Published: April 2011

Hyalella azteca, Eucrangonyx gracilis, Gammarus limnaeus and G. confervicolus are recorded from various localities and their characteristics given. From field observations and experiments G. limnaeus was not found to be related to hardness (lime) of the water. Among parasites echinorhynchid worms were found in 25 per cent, of all adult G. limnaeus in Paul lake, giving an appearance seemingly responsible for the local name of "orange spotted shrimp."
FISH OILS: 4. THE BODYING OF PILCHARD OIL
Authors: BROCKLESBY H. N. , DENSTEDT O. F.
Published: April 2011

The theory of polymerization of fatty oils is briefly discussed.An investigation of the heat polymerization of pilchard oil shows that the highly unsaturated fatty acids are more readily polymerized than the more saturated. Polymerization takes place rapidly over a temperature range of 250 to 275 °C. Up to 300 °C. saponification equivalent of fatty acids from polymerized oil remains normal, but above this temperature it increases. Molecular weights of fatty acids of polymerized oils in benzene indicate polymerization from 250 °C. up.Hydrogenation of polymerized oil at 180 °C. did not bring about any depolymerization.A method for the removal of more saturated fatty acids from polymerized oils by means of simultaneous heat polymerization and steam distillation is described.Blowing pilchard oil with air gives products of higher apparent molecular weight than those obtained by heat polymerization in the absence of air.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LIFE HISTORY AND PROPAGATION OF THE SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA) AT CULTUS LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA: No. 4. THE LIFE HISTORY CYCLE OF THE 1925 YEAR CLASS WITH NATURAL PROPAGATION
Authors: FOERSTER R. E.
Published: April 2011

Eggs spawned naturally by 3,883 females in 1925 were estimated as amounting to 17,470,000. Approximately 12,500 fry (0.07% of eggs) migrated to sea in 1926, 183,272 yearlings (1.05%) in 1927, and 1,722 two-year-olds (0.01%) in 1928, making 1.13% in all. Returning fish consisted of no three-year (32 group), 4,463 four-year (42 group), and 1,112 five-year fish (no 52 group, all being of the 53 group). None of the fish was reported returning to other spawning areas.
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE BACTERIA IN RELATION TO LOW TEMPERATURES AND FREEZING
Authors: HESS ERNEST
Published: April 2011

Growth and normal pigment formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Flavobacterium deciduosum (isolated from cod fish slime) on nutrient agar have been observed at 0 °C, −3 °C. and −6.5 °C., the lowest temperatures recorded for any bacteria, except by Bedford in 1933—marine bacteria growing at −7.5 °C. Ps. fluorescens maintained motility at these temperatures for over five weeks, i.e. longer than at temperatures above 0 °C. Practically all cultural characteristics of these organisms and Achromobacter x were evident at −3 °C. Nitrate reduction, proteolysis of fish muscle protein and fluorescence on fish extract agar were the least cold-sensitive of the reactions, becoming evident at −3 °C. in as short periods as 5 days, 7 days and 12 days, respectively.Prolonged cultivation of the test-organisms at 5 °C. produced "adapted" strains, that were more active at 0 °C. and especially at −3 °C, than strains sub-cultured at 20 °C, 0 °C. or −3 °C. With few exceptions, no "adaptation" to cultivation at 0 °C. or −3 °C. occurred.With the exception of motility, none of the cultural characteristics of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flav. deciduosum and Achromobacter were impaired by exposure to freezing at −16 °C. in distilled water and sterile sea-water for various lengths of time (8 minutes, 60 minutes, 44 hours) although from 40 to 70 per cent of the cells failed to grow on agar after 8 minutes' exposure and 99.9 per cent after 4¼ hours' freezing.
Hydroids from the Queen Charlotte Islands
Authors: Fraser C. McLean
Published: April 2011

Tubularia aurea, Ophiodes corrugata and Selaginopsis trilateralis are described as new. The gonangium of Thuiaria distans is described. Tubiclava cornucopiae, Turris neglecta, Perigonimus serpens, Campanularia gigantea and Clytia minuta are now first reported from the Pacific.
The Food of Kingfishers and Mergansers on the Margaree river, Nova Scotia
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

The river, particularly its northeast branch, contains chiefly salmon and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Kingfishers shot along the northeast branch contained chiefly salmon remains, but also trout, sticklebacks and suckers. Disgorged kingfisher pellets showed the same food for the northeast branch but consisted chiefly of sticklebacks where that fish abounded. In feeding experiments young kingfishers consumed forty or more fish each per day. The numbers consumed by kingfishers on the Northeast Margaree in 1935 is estimated to have been 330,000 salmon, 50,000 trout, and 40,000 other fishes. They evidently fed upon the food most easily obtained. American mergansers were found frequenting the salmon and trout habitats, rearing their young on the smaller streams. Stomach analyses of 28 birds shot on the Northeast Margaree give as food 82.2% salmon, 6.3% trout, 11.5% other fishes. The estimated consumption on the Northeast Margaree for July to October, 1935, is 390,000 salmon and trout.
Age determinations of Salmon Parr by effect of Rate of Growth on Body Proportions.
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Rapidly growing fish (as shown by scales) have short heads and small eyes. Plotting eye diameter against length of fish places, with few exceptions, each year class in a separate zone. On this basis, age may be determined.
Factors influencing the Upstream spawning Migration of the Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

From data collected at McClinton creek, Masset inlet, British Columbia, as a result of a comprehensive programme of investigation on the pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, a positive significant mathematical correlation is demonstrated between numbers of fish migrating from the sea to the stream each day and both the maximum daily water height in the creek and the daily rainfall in the area. A positive significant correlation also exists between the maximum water height and the rainfall. From available records no co-variation between numbers of migrants and changes in temperature can be shown.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: VII. The Vitamin A and D Potency of the Oils from British Columbia Canned Salmon
Authors: Bailey Basil E.
Published: April 2011

The total oil in samples of canned British Columbia sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon, each from three different localities, contained respectively 50, 67, 67 and 50, 67, 67 international units of vitamin D per gram, equivalent to average contents of 1700 and 880 international units in the oil per pound of contents for the sockeye and pink samples respectively. The oil in the cans of sockeye salmon from two of the localities contained approximately 2.5 and 2.0 A.D.M.A. units of vitamin A per gram respectively. A composite sample of the oil in all the cans of pink salmon contained no appreciable amount of vitamin A. Several physical and chemical characteristics of the oil samples are given.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: XII. Mineral Constituents of some Food Fishes of British Columbia
Authors: Riddell W. A.
Published: April 2011

Ashes of composite samples of canned sockeye, pink and blueback salmon and canned pilchard were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, Ka P. Cl, S and traces of Cu and Mn. Comparison of the relative amounts of these elements with their concentration in sea water indicates selective absorption of Ca and K over Mg and Na respectively. The presence of Cu and Mn in trades is important for dietetic purposes.
The Preparation of Fresh-fillets of Fish for Smoking
Authors: Cooper D. LeB. , Linton E. P.
Published: April 2011

Controlled experiments on the variables affecting the pre-treatment of fresh fillets for smoking show that the preliminary ice storage of the fish should be for longer than two days and the fillets should be treated with 80 per cent saturated brine at a temperature of between 1 and 7 °C. for approximately 15 minutes. Drying should be with air at a velocity of between 125 and 400 centimetres per second, a wet-bulb temperature between 15 and 23 °C. and a relatively humidity below 70 per cent. These conditions must be adjusted so that the drying time is at least from 35 to 40 minutes.
Observations on Some Pacific Diatoms as the Food of Copepods and Fishes
Authors: Lowe Charles W.
Published: April 2011

An investigation to determine what species of diatoms are used as food by different species of copepods: Calanus tonsus, Euchaeta japonica, Metridia lucens, Harpacticus uniremis, and Diosaccus spinatus. Also to determine the food chains between diatoms, copepods, and the following fish: Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii; chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta; spring salmon, O. tschawytscha; dogfish, Squalus suckleyi; ling cod, Ophiodon elongatus; rockfish, Sebastodes caurinus; starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus; lemon sole, Parophrys vetulus; yellow-finned surffish, Damalichthys vacca; blue perch, Taeniotoca lateralis, and yellow shiner, Cymatogaster aggregatus. Stomach, intestines, and excreta were examined for the presence of diatoms. Almost all the common diatoms were found to be used as food by the copepods. The copepods and herring were found to be important links in the food chains between diatoms and the larger fishes.
The Return from the Sea of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with Special Reference to Percentage Survival, Sex Proportions and Progress of Migration
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

From the marking of 104,061 seaward-migrating sockeye at Cultus lake, B.C., in 1930 and 365,265 in 1931, recoveries of 3,821 and 12,803 adults, respectively, were obtained, or 3.67 per cent and 3.5 per cent. Consideration of errors of 10 per cent and 5 per cent respectively, for marked adults missed and a differential mortality among marked fish ranging from 58 per cent to 65 per cent, probable value—62 per cent, indicate a normal survival in the ocean of between 3.5 per cent and 11.7 per cent, probable value, 9.9 per cent. Of eggs deposited naturally a mortality of 97.5 per cent to the seaward migrant stage occurs. The total loss during the life cycle thus amounts to approximately 99.75 per cent. On the basis of 4,500 eggs per sockeye female the ratio of spawning parents to returning mature offspring ranges from 1:2 to 1:6.5, most probable ratio −1:5.5. Females predominate in trap and seine catches and males in gill nets but the paucity of males in the spawning escapement is not clearly explained. Marked sockeye recoveries in the fishing areas indicate no regular geographic progression in the run except at the estuary of the Fraser river. Catches were made in all areas over the same periods but a lag at the river mouth was noted. Migration to the Fraser occurred through both Juan de Fuca and Johnstone straits. A particular spawning population does not necessarily, therefore, travel in a compact school nor follow the same route.
The Application of Thermal Data to the Calculation of Sterilizing Times for Canned Fish
Authors: Cooper D. LeB.
Published: April 2011

It is shown experimentally that the equation for heat flow in a finite cylinder

[Formula: see text]

can be effectively used with lethality data for the controlling organism to calculate sterilization times for fisheries products packed solidly into cylindrical cans.
Hemipodia canadensis a new Polychaetous Annelid from Nova Scotia
Authors: Treadwell Aaron L.
Published: April 2011

Henipodia: Notal lobe of parapodium absent; prostomium like Glycera. Not previously recorded from eastern coast.
Fluctuations in the Intensity of the Spawning Runs of Rainbow Trout at Paul Lake
Authors: Mottley C. McC.
Published: April 2011

During a six-year study of the migration of mature rainbow trout from Paul lake into Paul creek, British Columbia, characteristic daily and seasonal fluctuations were found. The peak of each daily run occurred in the early afternoon and the peak of the seasonal run began during the first spell of warm bright weather in spring after the ice left the lake. By using an index of the intensity of migration based on an estimate of the total number of spawners in the lake the seasonal fluctuations were related to such conditions as the direction of the wind, the temperature of the lake and creek, thunderstorms and the size of the fish.
"Residual" and kokanee salmon in Cultus lake
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

The sockeye salmon in Cultus lake are of three kinds: (1) the normal anadromous stock, (2) a "residual" group, not anadromous, but largely or perhaps wholly the progeny of anadromous fish, and (3) a stock of non-anadromous kokanee, which have no known connection with the anadromous or residual fish at the present time. Morphological and physiological peculiarities distinguish the three kinds of sockeye at maturity. In the segregation of the progeny of a spawning of anadromous fish into migrant and residual groups, rate of growth and sex play a determining role.
The Mysidacea of Eastern Canadian Waters
Authors: Tattersall W. M.
Published: April 2011

Records of occurrence of nine different species out of thirteen known in the region, including Boreomysis tridens, not known previously.
Hydrographic Features of the Waters of Saint John Harbour
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

The salinity distribution of Saint John harbour waters varies greatly with the phase of the tide. After a dry summer, with comparatively small discharge from the river, the salinity at any phase of the tide did not fall below 22.00‰, and salinities greater than 32.00‰ penetrated the harbour at the greater depths. At times of spring freshets, the harbour was thoroughly bathed, at certain phases of the tide, with waters of a salinity less than 5.0‰. At other phases of the tide, salinities greater than 30.00‰ penetrated into the harbour. Formulae have been derived to express the annual variation of water temperatures, and the relationship between harbour salinities and river discharge.
Effects of Current on the Movement of Speckled Trout
Authors: Elson Paul F.
Published: April 2011

Abrupt change from still water to current, or the reverse, results in an increase in the activity of Salvelinus fontinalis. Sudden increase in current strength and in amount of turbulence also increases activity. In still water activity takes the form of random wandering. The increase in activity while in current is manifested by movement upstream. High water temperatures (20 °C. as against 17 °C. in the experiments) result in a decrease in, or even a lack of, increased activity.
Growth of Young Shipworms (Teredo navalis) in Malpeque Bay
Authors: Needler A. W. H. , Needler A. B.
Published: April 2011

In spruce boards from July 6 to November 12 growth was as much as 24 cm. with, and 5 cm. across, the grain; fastest at high temperatures but continued even below 10 °C.
The Development of the Vertebral Column of the Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii)
Authors: Gwyn Agnes M.
Published: April 2011

Embryological development is followed over a period of ten weeks after hatching. The mode of formation of the components of the vertebral column is compared with that in Clupea harengus, and is described in detail where differences are observed or additional information is available. Development appears essentially similar in the two species, although in general more rapid relative to length in C. pallasii. At hatching, myotome formation is complete and the ultimate vertebral number of an individual is presumably determined by that time. During ossification of the vertebral column, complex growth gradients from one or more centres are observed.
Food of the Rocky Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni (Girard)
Authors: McHugh J. L.
Published: April 2011

A study of 365 stomachs indicates the chief food to be aquatic insect larvae and other bottom forms. The type of food varies with locality, age, and season, depending on availability. The whitefish is of value as a game and food fish, but it may compete with trout and salmon for food, and may also destroy the eggs and young of these species.
Occurrence and Retention of Plankton Within the Estuary
Authors: Rogers Harold M.
Published: April 2011

An estuary is a region of continually changing currents and tides. Certain estuaries maintain a plankton in spite of the outflowing current of river water, either by the plankton remaining in the salt water below or owing to a mechanism which consists of an inflowing bottom current of salt water combined with a diurnal vertical migration of the plankton. Other estuaries contain only a temporary plankton.
"Sea Lice" (Lepeophtheirus) and Death of Salmon
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

In 1939 Lepeophtheirus salmonis infected salmon entering Moser river, Nova Scotia. Some fish had much of skin in occipital region removed and died some time after entering fresh water. It is suggested that these copepods cause the condition on the top of the salmon's head known as "white spot."
The Fate of Trimethylamine Oxide and Trimethylamine in Man
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Normal human urine contains small amounts of trimethylamine oxide but no appreciable trimethylamine. Trimethylamine when administered orally appears mainly as trimethylamine oxide in the urine; trimethylamine oxide similarly administered is excreted unchanged, thus proving the existence in man of a system capable of oxidizing trimethylamine.