bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host Growth and Its Relation to Influenzal Virus Infection
Authors: Kalter Seymour S.
Published: January 2023

Since viruses generally do not reproduce in the absence of living cells, the virus particle must be partially dependent upon the metabolic activities of the host cell for its survival. Evidence of this dependence may be found in reports that undernourished animals, or animals deficient in certain accessory food factors, are more resistant to virus infection than are well-nourished animals (1–17). Many dietary constituents required for normal growth have been studied in relation to viral invasion (3–6, 8–15). From these studies it may be concluded that modification of normal biochemical function in the hosts cells may result in an altered rate of virus growth in that host's tissues.

To test the effect of host growth upon virus growth, two experiments were done to observe: a) the effect of variations in protein intake with its alterations of host growth on virus susceptibility, and b) naturally occuring growth differences and their relation to virus susceptibility.
A Method for Purifying Diphtheria Toxoid and Combining it with Protamine
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

The use of protamine offers a means of separating bacillary protein and therefore removes a major protein component of crude diphtheria toxoid. No specific and constant formula, in terms of quantity of protamine or with respect to ionic strength can be given which will apply equally well to crude toxoids made in broths of varying composition. It is necessary to determine optimal conditions for each lot. It is desirable to employ toxoids that contain only minimal amounts of protein derivatives precipitated by trichloracetic acid at pH 4.0. Using such preparations, this step precipitates toxoid of high purity, once the bacillary protein is removed. On further treatment with Norite, preparations containing 2000 to 2100 Lf/mgN were obtained. Several additional steps have been employed between the removal of bacillary protein and the addition of trichloracetic acid when the crude toxoid contained larger amounts of protein derivatives originating in the production broth.

The chemical steps employed in preparing toxoid of this degree of purity do not appear to have resulted in noticeable changes in the stability of the toxoid, since flocculation has occurred fairly promptly with solutions in phosphate buffer held at 2 C for approximately 2 years and solutions held at 37 C for 4 weeks showed only 10 to 20 per cent loss in Lf. Precipitation of purified toxoid by protamine, and adsorption of the complex on a small quantity of aluminum hydroxide, gave a product which, when suspended in phosphate buffer and warmed at 37 C for 2 weeks, lost only 5 to 10 per cent of its Lf value; when warmed for 4 weeks the loss was 20 per cent. The absence of change in the toxoid molecule as a result of the procedures used is further indicated by the fact that guinea pigs have produced 4 units of antitoxin following injection of the protamine-precipitated product.

The high degree of purity of the toxoid obtained is reflected in the absence of disturbing reactions following injection of the protamine-toxoid into human adults. It seems possible that even the occasional individual who is sensitive to toxoid as such will experience less discomfort if given the protamine-precipitated material, since this would be expected to reduce the rate of release of toxoid at the site of the injection.

Some data are presented dealing with electrophoretic, and sedimentation-measurements of the purified toxoid.
Turbidimetric Measurement of Streptococcal Antihyaluronidase in the Sera of Patients with Streptococcal Infection and Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna
Published: January 2023

The concentration of streptococcal antihyaluronidase has been measured in the sera of several groups of subjects by an adaptation of turbidimetry to such titrations.

Among presumably normal subjects such titers occur only in very low concentrations in infants, but in higher ranges in new born infants and older children. When the latter were divided into subgroups on the basis of potential degree of contact among individuals, the distribution of these titers appeared to be related to the probable degee of personal contact among individuals in such groups. Among children convalescing from scarlet fever, the mean and range of these titers was elevated above the normal, as also among patients with rheumatic fever in a quiescent state of the disease. In active rheumatic carditis, however, the distribution of titers showed a higher mean and range than in the two clinical groups just mentioned. Of 23 cases thus far studied of clinical reactivation of rheumatic fever, all were accompanied by a rise in the streptococcal antihyaluronidase titer as measured turbidimetrically.

These distributions of titers among the clinical groups showed differences similar to those found by the mucin-clot-prevention test for streptococcal antihyaluronidase. The possibilities that the two tests measure the same or different antibodies are discussed in terms of titers observed in individual sera by the two tests and of the relationships between enzyme and substrate in each system.
Studies on the Inactivation of Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses by a Specific Lipid Fraction of Normal Animal Sera
Authors: Utz John P.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A lecithin-like fraction of sera from seven different animal sources appears capable of inactivating in vitro four different strains of influenza virus and one strain of Newcastle disease virus. This material is effective in concentrations so low as to exclude any possible participation of the extracting materials; the inactivating effect appears to be peculiar to serum lipids. The inactivation of the infective property of these viruses occurs at 37 C but not at a room temperature of 24 C; it is proportionate to the time of exposure; it is not hastened by increasing the amount of material present; and it is not significantly affected by changes in the pH in the range of 5 to 9. The inactivating material does not affect the hemagglutinating property of active or heat-inactivated influenza virus. The inactivating effect is inhibited by solutions of alpha amino acids and imino acids with the exception of the dicarboxylic acids, glutamic and aspartic acids. The evidence for and against the positive identification of this material as lecithin is discussed.
Immunization of Laboratory Workers with Purified Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Randall Raymond , Maurer Fred D. , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

The occurrence of infection with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in two members of our laboratory staff and the reports of 24 other laboratory infections with the same virus indicate the exigency for the protective immunization of personnel having contact with this agent.

A formalinized vaccine prepared from chick embryos infected with the Venezuelan virus and partially purified by differential high-speed centrifugation was used to immunize 20 laboratory workers who had not previously had contact with the agent. Following two injections of 1.0 ml amounts of vaccine, the majority developed appreciable amounts of specific neutralizing antibody and one-half of them developed detectable amounts of specific complement-fixing antibodies. A third injection of vaccine resulted in increased amounts of both neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies in the majority of the group. The neutralization indices now ranged from 150 to 1,585,000 and the complement-fixation titers from 0 to 1/32. While there was a general correlation between the results of neutralization and complement-fixation tests there was no close relation between the levels of antibody as determined by the two methods.

None of the 20 persons who received the present vaccine developed clinical signs of disease when they subsequently engaged in the large scale manufacture of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine.
The Effect of Influenza Virus Infection upon the Dispersion of P32 in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Saenz A. C. , Taylor R. M.
Published: January 2023

An accompanying paper (1) records the dispersion of P32 incorporated in Na2HPO4 introduced into chick embryos by various routes. It was noteworthy that when this soluble radioactive phosphate was placed in the allantoic sac of 11-day-old embryos, a very large proportion remained in the allantoic fluid for a period of several days. Only very limited amounts escaped to, or at least were found in, the blood and the body of the embryo. None or only traces appeared in the amniotic fluid. The present paper deals with the effect of influenza virus upon the dispersion of P32 when both substances are inoculated simultaneously into the allantoic sac.

Materials and Methods. The methods of standardizing P32, inoculating the embryos, harvesting the material to be examined, and determining the amount of the isotope in the specimens have been described (1).
Loss of Hemolytic-Complement Activity and of Granulocytes Following Reinjection of an Antigen into the Rabbit
Authors: Stavitsky A. B. , Stavitsky R. , Ecker E. E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The data obtained in this study support the following conclusions: An abrupt and pronounced reduction of complement follows in 30 to 60 minutes after the reinjection of an antigen into a rabbit. This decrease of complement-activity is probably due to fixation of complement by the complex of extracellular antibody and extracellular antigen in vivo.A similar mechanism possibly is involved in the loss of complement in anaphylaxis and also in serum sickness.The antigen-antibody union may also account for the loss of hemolytic complement in the course of various infectious diseases.The granulocytopenia which generally accompanies the reduction of complement after the reinjection of an antigen appears to be related to anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions as well as to an in vivo antigen-antibody reaction. This reaction may however occur in the apparent absence of extracellular antibody.The complement-reduction reaction is well suited for the study of antigen-antibody and hapten-antibody reactions in vivo. It may be used for the detection of extracellular antigen or antibody. It is highly specific and sensitive, apparently not affected by an excess of antigen or antibody, and may require little antigen for its appearance. At present, however, it is not a quantitative method.The granulocytopenic reaction may be useful for the early detection of an anaphylactic type of sensitivity to a given antigen.The granulocytopenic reaction has been observed often in the absence of any cardinal signs of anaphylactic shock.Further study is required to determine the practical significance of the losses of antibodies, complement, and granulocytes during the early part of the so-called negative phase in immunization.
The Antigenicity of Collagen
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Mason Harold L.
Published: January 2023

In rabbits receiving rabbit collagen coupled to diazotized sulfanilic acid and in others receiving commercial gelatin similarly treated, there were formed no precipitating or complement-fixing antibodies to the homologous antigens after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. Normal human collagen, alone or coupled through benzidine with human serum globulin, did not give rise to demonstrable antibody formation in rabbits after intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection, even in the presence of the adjuvants of Freund and McDermott. In guinea pigs, following a single sensitizing injection, the same materials did not give rise to the symptoms of anaphylaxis upon intravenous injection. Rabbits injected with these materials showed no consistent, significant pathologic change. Complement fixation and precipitin tests of 19 sera of patients with lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute rheumatic fever failed to demonstrate the presence of antibodies against normal human collagen. For purposes of purification, the collagen employed in these experiments was subjected to chemical and physical manipulations which may have affected adversely the demonstration of antigenicity.
Tumor-Immunity Induced in Rats by Subcutaneous Injection of Tumor Extract
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed , King Helen Dean
Published: January 2023

Ten successive subcutaneous injections at 2 to 3 day intervals of 0.5 to 1 ml of an alcoholic extract of rat sarcomata was followed by the development of resistance to the growth of transplanted tumor grafts in 50 per cent of the 94 rats treated in 19 litters of rats of the King A strain.

When the tumor-resistant rats were inbred, the percentage of tumor resistance that developed in response to this type of immunization increased, giving a total of 90 per cent, 83 per cent, and 85 per cent in the various inbred generations of the SA, SB and SC lines respectively.

All 173 rats that developed resistance to tumor growth following injections of tumor extract remained resistant to the growth of all grafts of tumor tissue that they received during the several months (6 to 12) they were kept under observation.

The percentage of tumor-immunity increased from 50 per cent of the 94 rats treated in the 19 litters of King A rats selected at random (Table I) to 86.8 per cent of the 145 rats treated in the 31 litters of inbred treated parents (Table II).
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M. , Hart Agnes M.
Published: January 2023

Mice, which had been vaccinated intraäbdominally with one dose of 100 million Shigella sonnei as a broth vaccine, showed a very high degree of immunity against intraäbdominal challenge one week after vaccination. Immunity decreased over the following 12 weeks but was still high at the end of that time.

Mice, which were vaccinated by gavage with 15 daily doses of one billion Sh. sonnei as broth vaccine, did not develop as high a degree of immunity against intraäbdominal challenge as did the mice vaccinated intraäbdominally. This immunity decreased rapidly within a 12 week period.

Sera from mice vaccinated intraäbdominally showed a high degree of passive mouse protective power and low agglutinative titers. Sera from mice vaccinated by gavage showed a significant but lesser degree of passive mouse protective power and absence of agglutinins.
Estimation of Potency of Scarlatinal Antitoxin by a Combined Flocculation and Rabbit Skin Test Method
Authors: Rao S. S. , Moloney P. J.
Published: January 2023

Mixtures of scarlatinal toxin and antitoxin may flocculate in more than one zone. By applying certain criteria it is possible to distinguish the erythrogenic toxin-antitoxin zone from other zones of flocculation.

A combined flocculation-animal test is described for the assay of scarlatinal antitoxin.
Comparison of Two Different Antagonists As Inhibitors of Acriflavine Fastness of Trypanosomes
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Kelly D. R.
Published: January 2023

Esters and amides of aromatic acids, a recently found group of antagonists of trypanocidal arsenoso compounds, share with p-rosaniline hydrochloride the property of also antagonizing the anti-trypanosomal effect of the acridine dye stuff acriflavine.

By the method of inhibition of drug resistance it was shown that by combination of acriflavine with the triphenyl methane dye stuff in serial passages the development of acriflavine resistance of Trypanosoma equiperdum was prevented. In similar experiments in which acriflavine and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate were combined, an acriflavine fast modification of T. equiperdum was obtained which was identical with a strain treated with acriflavine alone.

Therefore, the mechanism of action of these two antagonists is probably different.
Acquired Immunity in Rabbits to Infection with Group A Type 30 Hemolytic Streptococcus: Its Relation to Antibodies to the M Protein
Authors: Bailly Margaret D.
Published: January 2023

One one-thousandth of a milliliter of a blood broth culture of hemolytic streptococcus Type 30, Gay strain, when injected intrapleurally in rabbits is uniformly fatal to normal animals (18/18). This same strain of streptococcus injected subcutaneously at the angle of the jaw produces a severe local infection, but the majority of animals survive and develop antibodies to one or more of the antigens of this strain. When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity develop, animals are usually protected against subsequent intrapleural infection with the same organism (11/14). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity do not develop, animals die of subsequent intrapleural infection (7/7). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity are partially neutralized by previous intravenous injection of M antigen, animals usually survive reinfection (3/5). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity are completely neutralized by previous intravenous injection of M antigen, animals usually die following subsequent infection (10/11). On the other hand, when anti C precipitins and skin sensitivity are neutralized by intravenous injection of Group A “C” antigen, previous to challenge, the immunity of the animals is usually unaffected and they resist intrapleural infection with the streptococcus (7/8). In all eight of these animals M antibodies still remained. Antibodies and skin sensitivity to the nucleoprotein Cl8K appear irregularly and without relation to immunity.
The Effect of Certain Chemicals on Rickettsia Typhi Infections in Chick Embryos
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Bourke Anne R. , Smith Paul K.
Published: January 2023

Three hundred fifteen compounds were tested for rickettsiostatic activity against endemic typhus infections of chick embryos. Twenty-five of these substances significantly delayed death of the embryos. Several compounds related to para-aminobenzoic acid were effective; otherwise there was little correlation between rickettsiostasis and chemical structure. Penicillin fractions showed activity decreasing in the following order: penicillin X > dihydro-F > K > G. Cysteine inhibited the rickettsiostatic activity of penicillin G.
A Physiological Study of Virus Parasitism
Authors: McLimans Wm. F. , Siem R. A. , Scholljegerdes V. R.
Published: January 2023

A manometric technique for determining the rates of oxygen consumption of individual embryonated eggs has been discussed. The described procedure gave reproducible results which compared favorably with the data obtained by other investigators who used the group technique. Although the method is time consuming, this is considered a minor disadvantage because of the elimination of inherent errors encountered in studies performed on groups or pools of infected eggs, i.e., failure to obtain exactly uniform infections or to prevent traumatic deaths a few hours following inoculation. The method permits one to follow the rates of oxygen utilization of individual eggs and thus to study the effect of various agents on the metabolizing host system.
Amino Acids Present in Allantoic Fluid Proteins from Chick Embryos Infected with Influenza Virus
Authors: Kalter Seymour S.
Published: January 2023

Following infection of the developing chick embryo, differences in amino acid concentrations were found between normal allantoic fluids and allantoic fluids obtained from eggs infected with influenza virus. Differences in allantoic fluid amino acid concentrations between PR 8- and Lee-infected eggs were also found.
A Quantitative Complement Fixation Test: Titration of Luetic Sera by the Unit of 50 Per Cent Hemolysis
Authors: Stein George J. , Van Ngu Dang
Published: January 2023

A quantitative complement fixation test employing the unit of 50 per cent hemolysis has been described in detail.

In practice the test proved highly sensitive, specific and relatively simple to carry out.

Only two 50 per cent hemolytic units were used. This contrasts with the multiple 50 per cent units recommended by other investigators.

The underlying advantages and possible applications of the test have been discussed.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Munoz J. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

The serum-agar technic of Oudin was compared with the commonly used method of supernatant analysis for the determination of the homogeneity of serological systems. There was a complete correspondence between the results obtained by the two methods under the experimental conditions used. The conclusion of Oudin that the number of bands of precipitate formed indicate the least number of antigen-antibody systems that could possibly be present was substantiated by using mixtures of antigens and antisera of known immunological composition. The findings presented confirm previous observations that the movement of the bands is proportional to the square root of the time. Some limitations of the serum-agar technic and its possible applications were pointed out. A technic is described to correlate a given band of precipitate to a given antigen.
Cellular Changes in Rabbits During Antibody Formation
Authors: McNeil Crichton
Published: January 2023

Nonspecific inflammation induced by turpentine does not result in a cellular pattern in lymph nodes similar to that produced by the single injection of certain protein antigens. The cellular response that follows a single injection of bovine albumin consists of a definite procession of cellular hyperplasia in lymph nodes as follows: neutrophil, lymphoblast, plasma cell, and large lymphocyte. Antibodies appear in the blood serum immediately after the appearance of hyperplasia of lymphoblasts and coincidental with the peak of plasma cell hyperplasia. Upon continued antigen stimulation, reticulum cell hyperplasia occurs, going on to giant cell reaction. A concomitant decrease in lymphoid cells is observed. Withdrawal of antigen allows a return to normal histological structure in the lymph nodes. A sensitive morphologic technic for the recognition of antibody formation in lymph nodes of rabbits is available.
Neutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition of Swine Influenza Virus by Serum from Suckling Swine and by Milk from Their Dams
Authors: Young George A. , Underdahl Norman R.
Published: January 2023

A study was made on milk from three dams and serum from their 28 pigs for the relationship of antibodies capable of neutralizing or causing hemagglutination inhibition of swine influenza virus. Both neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present in the colostrum of the dam in high titer, but the titers dropped considerably during the first four weeks. Thereafter the rate of loss was less rapid. Neither antibody was found in the serum of the newborn pig prior to nursing, but both-were present in the serum in high titer within 30 hours. The loss of titer in the serum after 30 hours was gradual over an 8-week period.
The Group Phase of Shigella Paradysenteriae Type W: Its Isolation from Man
Authors: Elrod R. P. , Okabe K. , Sanders A. C. , Hullinghorst R. L.
Published: January 2023

Phase variation within the types of Shigella paradysenteriae3 probably has been described best by Boyd (1) as a loss-variation. It was he who pointed out that the loss of the specific type factor of serotype 103 resulted in a variant which had a broad group antigenic mosaic. It was his feeling that the loss of the specific factor allowed the agglutinating potentiality of the group fractions to make themselves manifest. Boyd further showed that in reality the group factors were present in the A (specific) phase and could be demonstrated by preparing an immune serum against the B phase. When this was done antibodies reacting against many group components, not previously detected or which reacted weakly, were shown. The 103 A phase threw off group variants; the B phase bred true, yielding only group phase organisms.

Weil, Farsetta and Knaub (2), were able to confirm Boyd's work with his type 103.
The Occurrence of Salmonella Factor I in Different Types of Bacteria As Shown by a Serologically Cosmopolitan Paracolon Bacterium
Authors: Saxholm Rolf
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary

A study has been made of a paracolon bacterium, E 72/48, which presented serologic relationships, in some instances very marked, to various Salmonellae, and to members of the Shigella Flexner group. Absorption tests showed that this organism contains antigens related to or identical with factor I of the Salmonellae. This antigen of E 72/48 appears to be related to the one which is responsible for the serologic relationship between certain Salmonella strains and the Shigella Flexner group. It would also seem probable from these investigations that S. thompson, S. newport and probably S. hirschfeldi, which have no factor I recorded in their antigen formula, may be in possession of some antigen related to factor I.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Chambers Leslie A. , Clawson Jean R.
Published: January 2023

The soluble antigen (S) of the commercial typhus vaccine has been concentrated by a variety of methods. Sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge at 90,000 G for 40 minutes has resulted in the isolation of a considerably purified S in good yield, possessing both the epidemic and murine complement-fixing activities of the original vaccine. Alcohol and salt precipitation were not successful in effecting a purification of S or in preserving the solubility of this material. Two isolation methods, based on a prior knowledge of the chemically reactive carbonyl groups of S, were successful in the concentration and purification of S in an active antigenic state, although the power to fix murine antibody in the complement-fixing reaction was frequently lost. The product obtained as a result of treatment with phenylhydrazine-p-sulfonic acid, although still impure, was soluble after lyophilization. This material, as well as the far purer material precipitated with Na2SO3, represents a concentrated antigen solution potentially adaptable for numerous practical ends.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies IX.
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Sherman Beila , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Rats injected with the radioiodinated globulin fraction of anti-lung serum exhibited specific localization of radioactivity in their lungs, and also in their kidneys. Although the localization in kidney of anti-lung serum was quite similar in extent to the localization of anti-kidney serum, the localization in lung was quite different for the two antisera. Absorption by acetone extracted kidney sediment removed more kidney-localizing than lung-localizing activity, suggesting that there are substances in lung which are different serologically from any components in kidney. The kidney-localizing component of anti-lung serum was found to be similar to that of anti-kidney serum: both localized clearly in glomeruli (radioautography), decayed in kidney tissue with a “half-life” of about 25 days, and were absorbed in vitro by a fraction of kidney homogenate which was insoluble in saline, alcohol, acetone and ether. It is concluded that there are substances in lung and kidney which are similar, or perhaps identical, and which are the antigens responsible for the development of kidney-localizing antibody. The findings are discussed in relation to glomerulonephritis.
The Sedimentable Components of Influenza Virus Propagated in Deembryonated Eggs
Authors: Hanig Martin , Bernkopf Hans
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The PR8 strain of type A influenza virus diluted to 10−1 or 10−5 with Tyrode's solution was propagated in deembryonated eggs. The preparations obtained in this manner were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge and tested for hemagglutinating and infectious capacities.

It was found that preparations obtained when the inocula were diluted 10 times were of low infectivity, moderately high hemagglutinating capacity and contained one major component sedimenting at approximately 480 S. Preparations obtained when the inocula were diluted to 10−5 also contained only one major component, but this exhibited a sedimentation constant of approximately 630 S, a high infectivity, and the hemagglutinating capacity was comparable to that of the 480 S preparations.

It has been concluded from these and from other data that the infectious principle of the PR8 strain of Type A influenza virus resides primarily in the heavy component, while the hemagglutinative capacity is distributed between heavy and light components.
Quantitative Studies on the Serologic Relationships of Fungi
Authors: Salvin S. B.
Published: January 2023

A method was described for obtaining antisera against the following fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, six species of Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum.

When six isolates of C. neoformans were compared as to their immunogenicity and their serological activity, the differences were quantitative, not qualitative, as indicated by complement-fixation and agglutination tests, and by quantitative antibody-nitrogen determinations.

As determined by complement-fixation studies, a strain of C. stellatoidea was found to cross-react more within the genus than any of the five other species studied, namely, C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, C. Guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, and C. Krusei.

The relationships of six species of fungi, namely, A. fumigatus, B. dermatitidis, C. albicans, Candida stellatoidea, C. neoformans, and H. capsulatum, were investigated by quantitative agglutinin-absorption studies.
The Failure of Hyaluronidase to Influence Growth of PR8 Virus in Chick Embryos
Authors: Fastier Lyle B.
Published: January 2023

A study has been made of the effect of two partially purified bacterial hyaluronidases (streptococcal and pneumococcal) and one commercial product of testicular origin (‘Alidase’) on growth of PR8 virus in the chick embryo. Evidence has been presented to show that these enzyme preparations failed to increase either the infectivity or the yield of this virus when inoculated within the allantoic cavity.
Mixed Infection with Bacterial Virus T5 and its Heat Stable Mutant
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated that a majority of bacteria which have adsorbed at least one T5st+ particle and one T5st particle liberate both kinds on lysis. This finding provides independent evidence that more than one particle of T5 phage can take part in the infectious process in a single bacterium and is in agreement with Luria's conclusion that “multiplicity reactivation” of ultraviolet-inactivated T5 phage indicates that more than one phage particle can take part in the infectious process.

The average burst size of the mixedly infected bacteria is the same as that of bacteria infected with either phage type alone indicating that there is no depressor effect with this pair of viruses.
The Egg-White Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lanni Frank , Lanni Yvonne Théry , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

The progressive reduction in slope of the inhibition curve which occurs when EW inhibitor is treated with certain influenza viruses has been explained on the hypothesis that individual molecules of inhibitor undergo a progressive loss of affinity for virus. Evidence is presented that the modified (weak) inhibitor is a product of the enzymatic action of virus, with the significance of an intermediate in the conversion of fully active to fully inactive inhibitor. Possible alternative hypotheses are discussed.
The Egg-White Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lanni Yvonne Théry , Lanni Frank , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

Semipurified egg-white inhibitor was treated for various periods with influenza virus A (PR8 strain), B (Lee strain), or the swine influenza virus and the effects were tested with heated derivatives of each of the 3 viruses. The existence of an inhibitor gradient, written PR8, Lee, Swine, was established, such that each virus was capable of destroying completely the inhibitor for itself as well as for the preceding virus or viruses, but only partially the inhibitor for the virus or viruses which follow it in the gradient. The same gradient appeared to describe the order of increasing inhibition titers of untreated inhibitor against the corresponding heated viruses, as well as the order of increasing apparent complexity of the changes induced by active virus in the character of the inhibition curve. The results have been interpreted in terms of the structure of the inhibitor and the mechanism of destruction of the inhibitor by virus.
Mazzini Cardiolipin Microflocculation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Mazzini L. Y.
Published: January 2023

The adaptation of cardiolipin antigen to the Mazzini technic has been described. Only minor changes have been found necessary, the technic otherwise remaining essentially the same. The availability of the emulsion immediately after preparation renders possible its use in emergencies and in adapting the test to a particular serological routine. Despite the fact that well-known technics use cardiolipin-lecithin antigen, the results may not be uniform in either sensitivity or specificity; the technic of preparing the emulsion and performing the test exerts great influence on the type of results obtained. The susceptibility of cardiolipin antigen to produce zonal reactions with strongly positive sera is its most serious limitation. This limitation has been overcome by decreasing the quantity of serum, by the addition of saline solution after the primary rotation and by the rerotation of the test at a slower speed for an additional 4 minutes. The test requires a very small amount (0.03 ml) of serum for its performance; a desirable feature in those cases when blood is obtainable in small quantity only, and when multiple tests constitute the serological routine. The increase in sensitivity of the cardiolipin technic has been accomplished with no loss of specificity. In fact, the specificity is also increased. Although the specificity has been found superior to that of the lipoidal antigen, false-positive reactions still will be obtained with sera from individuals with a variety of diseases other than syphilis. Further studies on the preparation of consistently satisfactory lots of lecithin are indicated. Further investigations to determine the nature of the impurities in, or oxidation or hydrolysis of, lecithin solutions and their role in causing nonstable emulsions are also of vital importance. The application of the test to spinal fluid has been accomplished without altering either the stability of the antigen emulsion or the spinal fluid. The results obtained seem to indicate that the test is of real value in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis either as an adjunct to the complement-fixation test or independently.
Immunologic Comparison of Different Laboratory Lines of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Bennett Byron L. , Salk Jonas E.
Published: January 2023

An immunologic comparison was made of three different laboratory lines of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. The three preparations studied had been from the 83rd, 206th and 393rd mouse passages respectively. By the methods employed the three were indistinguishable. A fourth preparation that had been adapted recently to monkeys could not be studied in mice because of the low infectious titer of the virus pool. It was studied, nevertheless, and the findings (10) are that it too is indistinguishable antigenically from the other three.
Experimental Hypersensitivity in the Rabbit
Authors: Gitlin David , Latta Harrison , Batchelor William H. , Janeway Charles A. , Cushman Margaret , Marx Katherine
Published: January 2023

The half-lives of human and bovine serum albumins in the rabbit after intravenous injections are each approximately 5 days. Bovine serum γ-globulin has a half-life of approximately 2 days. Preparations of radio-iodinated bovine serum albumin and serum γ-globulin were shown to have half-lives similar to the native proteins from which they were derived, whether measured by an immunochemical method or by radioactivity. However, the half-lives of several azoproteins, derivatives of human serum albumin, were found to be between 1.5 and 2 days, whether measured by an immunochemical method or by the intensity of color imparted to the serum. The difficulties inherent in the use of labelled protein preparations for studying the behavior of antigens in vivo are demonstrated by our results and their implications are discussed. These difficulties seem to relate to the heterogeneity of most labelled antigen preparations.
The Tuberculin Reaction in Relation to the Local Reaction to Bcg Vaccine in Initially Vaccinated and in Previously Vaccinated Persons
Authors: Aronson Joseph D. , McGettigan Marie
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The local reaction to the simultaneous but separate intracutaneous injection of 0.1 mg old tuberculin and 0.1 mg BCG vaccine was studied 48 hours after injection in a total of 3,510 unvaccinated persons, and in 99 persons previously vaccinated with BCG vaccine. Among those not previously vaccinated who failed to react to 0.1 mg old tuberculin only a small per cent showed an exaggerated local inflammatory reaction to BCG vaccine (Koch phenomenon). A high per cent of those previously vaccinated who gave a doubtful or positive reaction to 0.1 mg old tuberculin showed an exaggerated local inflammatory reaction. Of the 99 persons vaccinated one year previously, who gave a slightly positive, doubtful, or negative reaction to 0.1 mg old tuberculin, a higher per cent showed an exaggerated or accelerated reaction to the BCG vaccine after revaccination than was noted among those not previously vaccinated. A higher per cent of previously vaccinated persons reacted to reinoculation of BCG vaccine than to 1.0 mg old tuberculin. The intracutaneous injection of BCG vaccine is suggested as a test in apparent instances of anergy in suspected tuberculous infection. Such a test could be used to determine the occurrence of hypersensitivity to the bacillary bodies in the absence of appreciable tuberculin hypersensitivity. We have not observed any untoward reactions using this procedure.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila
Published: January 2023

Purification, in vivo, of the kidney-localizing antibody from radioiodinated anti-mouse-kidney serum has been accomplished by injecting the antiserum into mice, eluting the localized radioantibody from the perfused kidneys of these animals with alkali, and injecting the solution of recovered radioantibody into recipient animals. About 8 per cent of the radioactivity thus injected localized in the kidneys, whereas only ½ to 1% localizes from radioantiserum not specifically purified. Localization was rapid; and the ratio of radioactivity in tissue to that in blood was about 4 within three hours.

The possible application of this procedure to the investigation of active glomerulonephritis is discussed.
Purification and Concentration of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus by Hemagglutination
Authors: Lahelle O. , Ward Thomas G.
Published: January 2023

Hemagglutination of human red blood cells by GDVII mouse encephalomyelitis virus may be used as a method for affecting partial purification and concentration of the virus.

The hemagglutinin titer of the virus is a rough index of its ability to infect and kill inoculated mice. Further, this titer is markedly affected by the electrolyte concentration in the in vitro system.
The Antigenic Composition of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Authors: Evans E. Edward , Kessel John F.
Published: January 2023

Procedures for the isolation and purification of the capsular polysaccharide(S) of Cryptococcus neoformans were described.

The antigenic relationships among capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans, Types A, B, and C were studied by means of the precipitin test. Results of typing by this method are analogous to those obtained earlier with the agglutination and capsular reactions.

Absorption of antiserum with S of homologous type removed antibodies producing the “capsular reaction” with intact cells. Cross-reacting antibodies were removed from antiserum by absorption with heterologous S.
Metabolic Studies of Rickettsiae
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Hahn Fred E. , Ley Anita C. , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of purified suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri in a metabolically active state has been described. A rough correlation was found to obtain between total nitrogen content of the suspensions and (a) rate of glutamate oxidation, (b) amount of complement-fixing antigen, and (c) toxin titer. An attempt has been made to estimate the relative amount of certain host cell contaminants in the rickettsial suspensions by assay of an enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, which is associated with specific particulate fractions of the yolk sac material. These particles are concentrated by differential centrifugation along with the rickettsiae and are reduced in amount by subsequent procedures. The residual cytochrome oxidase measured is probably not a constituent part of the rickettsiae. Catalase and adenosinetriphosphatase are present in both rickettsial and control preparations. The former is reduced in amount during the purification process at roughly the same rate as cytochrome oxidase, whereas the latter appears in both normal and infected preparations in amounts greater than would be anticipated were it entirely associated with the same particulate matter as cytochrome oxidase. Studies in the analytical centrifuge have demonstrated the presence of a particulate contaminant in the final rickettsial suspensions. Optimal concentrations of substrate, PO≡4, Mg++ and Mn++ as well as optimal hydrogen ion concentration have been determined for the oxidation of glutamate by these suspensions. The gross effects on glutamate oxidation of a number of antimicrobial agents and of certain enzyme inhibitors have been studied. The antibiotic substances with marked therapeutic value in rickettsial diseases do not affect appreciably this metabolic function. On the other hand, certain common enzyme inhibitors, such as, arsenite, malonate, cyanide, fluoride and selenite, produced variable degrees of inhibition.
Antigen Elimination from the Blood as an Early Manifestation of the Immune Response
Authors: Talmage D. W. , Dixon F. J. , Bukantz S. C. , Dammin G. J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The elimination from the blood of I131 labelled bovine gamma globulin has been followed in 75 rabbits under nine different experimental conditions, and the rate of elimination of this antigen has been found to be an early and sensitive manifestation of the immune response.
A Study of Cold Hemagglutinins for Normal and Trypsinized Red Blood Cells in the Serum of Normal Individuals and of Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: Bouroncle Bertha A. , Dodd Matthew C. , Wright Claude-Starr , Bunner Alvinza E.
Published: January 2023

Classical cold agglutinins in low titer demonstrable in saline dilutions of serum were found in all of the 30 normal individuals studied. Incomplete cold agglutinins demonstrable by trypsinized red blood cells or by albumin diluted serum were also present in all these normal persons. No abnormal increase in cold agglutinins occurred in 11 patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Increase above normal in the titer of saline cold agglutinin occurred in only 22 per cent of 18 cases of acquired hemolytic anemia. In each case, this was accompanied by increases in the titers of incomplete antibodies in the cold. On the contrary, incomplete antibody was demonstrable by the trypsinized red blood cell or albumin tests at 37 C in all 18 cases of acquired hemolytic anemia, in 78 per cent of which no abnormal increase of titer appeared at 4 C. It was suggested that the immunologic phase of certain hematologic diseases is characterized by antibody usually demonstrable at 37 C, which may be accompanied by abnormal cold agglutinins in a small percentage of cases of acquired hemolytic anemia. It was further suggested that this antibody is a hemagglutinin which sensitized normal cells and agglutinated trypsinized red blood cells over a temperature range from 4 C-37 C; was better absorbed at 4 C, and acted as an “auto” agglutinin in vivo as well as in vitro. By analogy with data presented on the course of immunization with Rh antigen, it was postulated that the “cold” aspects of the serology of acquired hemolytic anemia occurred only with maximal quantitative and/or qualitative immunization.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Hamre Dorothy , Brownlee K. A. , Donovick Richard
Published: January 2023

A series of thiosemicarbazones were studied for antivaccinial activity in chick embryos and in mice. Of those studied, benzaldehyde, 3-thiosemicarbazone, its p-acetamido, p-amino, p-methoxy, p-propoxy and p-ethylsulfonyl analogs were the most effective against vaccinia in chick embryos.

In mice infected intranasally with vaccinia, benzaldehyde, 3-thiosemicarbazone, its p-acetamido analog and the N4 isobutyl derivatives of these two compounds were the most effective, but only at doses near the maximal tolerated dose administered in the diet two days prior to infection and for ten days after infection.
High Intensity Electrons As a Tool for Preparation of Vaccines
Authors: Traub Frederick B. , Friedemann Ulrich , Brasch Arno , Huber Wolfgang , Kaplan Helen
Published: January 2023

A high degree of antigenicity is retained in rabies virus inactivated by high energy electrons. The vaccines thus prepared are bacteriologically sterile, superior to phenolized vaccines and compare well with vaccines prepared by ultraviolet inactivation. A fourfold increase in the irradiation dose does not lower the potency of the vaccine appreciably. The advantages of high energy electrons for the preparation of viral vaccines are discussed.
Pig Complement and Its Fractionation for the Production of Reagents Containing Third Component
Authors: Jonsen Jon , Manski Wladyslaw , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

Methods are given for the fractionation of pig serum so that fractions rich in the activity of the third component of complement might be obtained. One useful fraction contains nearly all of the first component and about one-half of the third component, another shows only third component activity. Complete purification has not yet been achieved.

Values are reported for the uptake of nitrogen and the fixation of components in the action of specific precipitates on pig serum.
Mouse-Egg Neutralization
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: January 2023

A new procedure is described for the measurement of the concentration of neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses which have not been adapted to the mouse. The method is dependent on the demonstration, by subinoculation of eggs, of un-neutralized virus in the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally with virus-serum dilution mixtures. The appearance of hemagglutinating virus in eggs thus inoculated constitutes the serum titration endpoint. The mouse-egg neutralization method obviates the adaptation of influenza viruses to mice, and permits the precise measurement of neutralizing antibody responses in patients against their own virus strains unaltered by murine passage.