bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Poetry of Genetics: On the Pitfalls of Popularizing Science
Authors: Allen Anita L.
Published: October 2010

The role genetic inheritance plays in the way human beings look and behave is a question about the biology of human sexual reproduction, one that scientists connected with the Human Genome Project dashed to answer before the close of the twentieth century. This is also a question about politics, and, it turns out, poetry, because, as the example of Lucretius shows, poetry is an ancient tool for the popularization of science. “Popularization” is a good word for successful efforts to communicate elite science to non-scientists in non-technical languages and media. According to prominent sociobiologist E. O. Wilson, “sexual dominance is a human universal.” He meant, of course, that men dominate women. Like sociobiology, genetic science is freighted with politics, including gender politics. Scientists have gender perspectives that may color what they “see” in nature. As the late Susan Okin Miller suggested in an unpublished paper tracing the detrimental impact of Aristotle's teleology on Western thought, scientists accustomed to thinking that men naturally dominate women might interpret genetic discoveries accordingly. Biologists have good, scientific reasons to fight the effects of bias. One must be critical of how scientists and popularizers of science, like Genome author Matt Ridley, frame truth and theory. Ridley's “battle of the sexes” metaphor and others have a doubtful place in serious explanations of science.
“A Dream, Dreamed by Reason … Hollow Like All Dreams”: French Existentialism and Its Critique of Abstract Liberalism
Authors: Leeuwen Bart Van , Vintges Karen
Published: October 2010

The recent claiming of Simone de Beauvoir's legacy by French feminists for a policy of assimilation of Muslim women to Western models of self and society reduces the complexity and richness of Beauvoir's views in inacceptable ways. This article explores to what extent a politics of difference that challenges the ideals and political strategies of abstract liberalism can be extracted from and legitimized by the philosophies of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Without assuming their thought is identical, we can read them as elucidating each other and as implicitly exposing weak and strong points in their respective philosophies on ethnocultural relations and social identities.
Institutionalized Intolerance of ADHD: Sources and Consequences
Authors: Hawthorne Susan C. C.
Published: October 2010

Diagnosable individuals, caregivers, and clinicians typically embrace a biological conception of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), finding that medical treatment is beneficial. Scientists study ADHD phenomenology, interventions to ease symptoms, and underlying mechanisms, often with an aim of helping diagnosed people. Yet current understanding of ADHD, jointly influenced by science and society, has an unintended downside. Scientific and social influences have embedded negative values in the ADHD concept, and have simultaneously dichotomized ADHD-diagnosable from non-diagnosable individuals. In social settings insistent on certain types of success, the negative values associated with the diagnostic category are attributed to people in the dichotomized “ADHD” group. Devaluation, institutional restrictions on “success” definitions and endpoints, and limited options for achieving success jointly constitute institutionalized intolerance of ADHD.
CWD Prevalence, Perceived Human Health Risks, and State Influences on Deer Hunting Participation
Authors: Vaske Jerry J. , Lyon Katie M.
Published: October 2010

This study examined factors predicted by previous research to influence hunters’ decisions to stop hunting deer in a state. Data were obtained from mail surveys of resident and nonresident deer hunters in Arizona, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (n = 3,518). Hunters were presented with six scenarios depicting hypothetical CWD prevalence levels and human health risks from the disease (e.g., death), and asked if they would continue or stop hunting deer in the state. Bivariate analyses examined the influence of five predictor variables: (a) CWD prevalence, (b) hypothetical human death from CWD, (c) perceived human health risks from CWD, (d) state, and (e) residency. In the bivariate analyses, prevalence was the strongest predictor of quitting hunting in the state followed by hypothetical human death and perceived risk. The presence of CWD in a state and residency were weak, but statistically significant, predictors. Interactions among these predictors increased the potential for stopping hunting in the state. Multivariate analyses suggested that 64% of our respondents would quit hunting in the worst‐case scenario.
Which solute removal mechanism dominates over others in dialyzers for continuous renal replacement therapy?
Authors: YAMASHITA Akihiro C. , TOMISAWA Narumi
Published: October 2010

Selecting dialyzers is more important for blood purification in critical care because other therapeutic options (especially amount of dialysate) are usually limited. Adsorption is a major mechanism of removing toxic substances from patients in these treatments. Several commercial dialyzers designed for acute blood purification therapy were investigated by performing aqueous ultrafiltration experiments to demonstrate the adsorptive importance of membrane materials. Polymethylmethacrylate showed strong adsorptive characteristics to α‐chymotripsinogen A (MW 25,000) but showed much less adsorptive characteristics to cytochrome C (MW 12,400). On the contrary, polyacrylonitrile showed relatively lower affinity and polysulfone showed essentially no affinity to these proteins. Time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent characteristics of clearance for these solutes were also demonstrated in polymethylmethacrylate. Adsorption found in polymethylmethacrylate may be due to the occlusion of protein molecules into pores of the membrane. Choosing membrane materials is, therefore, important not only in removing inflammatory cytokines but also for accounting for the loss of albumin in acute and chronic treatments.
Death during hospitalization in patients on chronic hemodialysis
Authors: BEHL Muskaan , SUN Yijuan , AGABA Emmanuel I. , MARTINEZ Milagros , SERVILLA Karen S. , RAJ Dominic S. C. , MURATA Glen H. , TZAMALOUKAS Antonios H.
Published: October 2010

Mortality from various causes is higher in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) than in the general population. There is evidence suggesting that some of the deaths in HD patients are preventable. To identify potentially preventable causes of death, we analyzed deaths that occurred in HD patients during hospitalization over a period of 15 years. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 410 patients on HD for at least 6 months between 1995 and 2009 (included), who had all their hospitalizations in the same hospital. The patients were classified into 3 groups: Those who died during hospitalization (group A, n=120), those who died away from the hospital (group B, n=135), and those who were alive at the end of the observation period (group C, n=155). Continuous variables were compared between groups by the Kruskall‐Wallis statistic. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of dying during the observation period and predictors of death in the hospital. For the whole HD group of 410 patients, only 9 (2.2%) were women. 59% of the patients had diabetes mellitus. Age at the onset of HD was 65.8 ± 11.5 years and the duration of HD was 34.4 ± 27.9 months. Group A patients had a higher annual rate and duration of hospitalization and a higher Charlson comorbidity index than either of the other 2 groups, and, in comparison with patients in group C, were older at the end of observation and had a shorter duration of HD. Cardiac disease (19.2%), vascular access complications (18.3%), peripheral vascular disease (16.7%), infections (15.8%), trauma (11.7%), central nervous system disease (7.5%), respiratory failure (4.2%), malignancy (3.3%), and gastrointestinal disease (3.3%) were the causes of the last hospitalization in group A. Compared with the patients who died during hospitalization without discontinuing HD, group A patients who discontinued HD had a longer duration of their last hospitalization (52.7 ± 77.7 vs. 14.3 ± 23.8 days, P<0.001). Discontinuation of HD occurred in 80% of the hospitalizations for respiratory failure, 75% of the hospitalizations for malignancy, 57% of the hospitalizations for trauma, and 56% of the hospitalizations for central nervous system disease. Logistic regression identified a high Charlson index, advanced age, and short duration of HD as predictors of death, and an absence of diabetes, high Charlson index, prolonged annual duration of hospitalization, and short distance of the patient's domicile from the dialysis unit as predictors of death in the hospital. A substantial number of hospitalizations leading to the death of HD patients are caused by potentially preventable conditions, including vascular access complications, peripheral vascular disease, and trauma. Implementation of measures preventing these hospitalizations is a worthwhile undertaking.
Portable and wearable dialysis: where are we now?
Authors: DAVENPORT Andrew , RONCO Claudio , GURA Victor
Published: October 2010

Although dialysis is a life‐saving treatment for patients with acute and chronic kidney disease, mortality remains high, with the survival of patients treated by regular hemodialysis similar to that of some solid organ tumors. Recent reports have suggested that a major increase in the dose of dialysis, delivered by frequent nocturnal dialysis, may improve survival. Unfortunately, only a minority of centers can offer this type of therapy, and only to a minority of their patients. Thus, to improve access to dialysis as well as increase the delivered dose of dialysis, a major change in the current paradigm of dialysis delivery is required. For many years, the “holy grail” of dialysis has been to develop a wearable or portable system, allowing patients to be treated while performing their normal activities of daily living. It is only recently with the advances in technology that such dialysis devices have been possible. Prototype devices for both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis have been studied with favorable results. Typically, these have been short‐term studies, and longer term trials are eagerly awaited, to determine whether the current generation of wearable continuous dialysis devices cannot only remove waste products of metabolism and control volume but also maintain acid‐base and electrolyte homeostasis and actually improve outcomes. In addition, a novel generation of dialysis devices based on nanotechnologies are being developed. Hopefully, these wearable continuous devices will be available as an option for routine clinical practice in the not‐too‐distant future.
Alteration of Expirated Bloodstain Patterns by Calliphora vicina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Through Ingestion and Deposition of Artifacts*,†
Authors: Striman Becca , Fujikawa Amanda , Barksdale Larry , Carter David O.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Bloodstain pattern analysis can provide insight into a sequence of events associated with a violent crime. However, bloodstain pattern analysis can be confounded by the feeding activity of blow flies. We conducted two laboratory experiments to investigate the relationships between Lucilia sericata (green bottle fly) and Calliphora vicina (blue bottle fly), expirated bloodstains, and pooled bloodstains on a range of surfaces (linoleum, wallpaper, textured paint). C. vicina and L. sericata changed bloodstain pattern morphology through feeding and defecation. They also deposited artifacts in rooms where blood was not present originally. Chemical presumptive tests (Hemastix®, phenolphthalein, leucocrystal violet, fluorescein) were not able to differentiate between insect artifacts and bloodstains. Thus, C. vicina and L. sericata can confound bloodstain pattern analysis, crime scene investigation, and reconstruction. Crime scene investigators should be aware of these fundamental behaviors, and the effects that blow flies can have on expirated and pooled bloodstain patterns.
Age‐Related Changes in Pulp Cavity of Incisors as a Determinant for Forensic Age Identification
Authors: Du Changlian , Zhu Youjia , Hong Li
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  To find a simple and convenient method for age identification upon age‐related pulp cavity narrowing, the mesiodistal diameters of the cervical pulp chamber, the middle and terminal parts of the root canal of the pulp cavity of 620 incisors were measured on radiographs taken in situ in 80 Chinese aged from 15 to 80. It was shown that the three mesiodistal diameters significantly decreased in a negative linear relationship with age (−0.4233 ≤ r ≥ −0.8465) in all incisors, but the narrowing velocity of the cervical pulp chamber and the middle part of the root canal in the maxillary incisors (b = −0.02 mm) was faster than that in the mandibular incisors (b = −0.01 mm). Accordingly, a mathematical model describing the ages as a function of any one of the three mesiodistal diameters of the pulp cavity was deduced, which would be useful for age identification in forensic medicine or archaeology.
A Simple Identification Method of Saliva by Detecting Streptococcus salivarius Using Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Nakanishi Hiroaki , Ohmori Takeshi , Hara Masaaki , Takada Aya , Shojo Hideki , Adachi Noboru , Saito Kazuyuki
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  We previously reported that detection of Streptococcus salivarius is feasible for proving the presence of saliva in a forensic sample. Here, a simple and rapid method for the detection of S. salivarius in forensic samples was developed that uses loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The LAMP primer set was designed using S. salivarius‐specific sequences of glucosyltransferase K. To simplify the procedure, the sample was prepared by boiling and mutanolysin treatment only, and the entire analytical process was completed within 2.5 h. The cut‐off value was set at 0.1 absorbance units, measured at 660 nm, upon termination of the reaction. S. salivarius was identified in all saliva samples, but was not detected in other body fluids or on the skin surface. Using this method, S. salivarius was successfully detected in various mock forensic samples. We therefore suggest that this approach is useful for the identification of saliva in forensic practice.
Using ground‐derived data to assess the environmental niche of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini
Authors: Estrada‐Peña Agustín , Nava Santiago , Horak Ivan G. , Guglielmone Alberto A.
Published: October 2010

Four layers of environmental information, namely 1) monthly atmospheric temperature and rainfall, 2) annual ground and underground moisture, evaporation, surface adjacent specific humidity, and temperature, 3) monthly Normalized Derived Vegetation Index (NDVI), and 4) soil physical attributes, were used separately to define the expected geographical distribution and environmental niche of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (Dugès) (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae), an endophilic argasid, in both tropical and neotropical regions. The best predictive values were obtained from ground‐derived climate. Air‐derived features ranked second. The remaining environmental information had poor discriminatory abilities. The most informative variables in the distribution of neotropical populations are ground temperatures, with surface humidity ranking second. In the tropics, surface humidity is the most important factor delineating the distribution of O. megnini. Marginality scores are similar for tick populations in both biogeographical regions, but specialization factors are different, supporting the findings that both populations are regulated by different variables. Similarly, models trained with records of one biogeographical region and projected into the other one, resulted in poorer predictions than when trained with the homologous set of records. Populations of the tick in the tropics experience a different range of temperatures than their neotropical relatives, whereas marginality scores are similar. The conclusion is that each population uses particular portions of the environmental niche, probably because of different climate or competitor constraints on either biogeographical region.
Differential effects of experience on feeding and ovipositing preferences of a polyphagous leafminer
Authors: Videla M. , Valladares G. , Salvo A.
Published: October 2010

Host preferences of phytophagous insects, although generally showing a strong hereditary component, can be modified by experience. Here we aim to elucidate the relative roles of larval and adult experience on host plant selection by Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a widely distributed pest on ornamentals and vegetables. Laboratory and field experiments evaluating feeding and oviposition preferences of L. huidobrensis females with larval, adult, or larva plus adult experience on either Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) or Beta vulgaris var. cicla L. (Chenopodiaceae) were performed. Also, we measured offspring performance of L. huidobrensis on both host plant species. Our results show that L. huidobrensis females strongly preferred V. faba over B. vulgaris var. cicla for feeding and egg laying. Only larval and adult experience acting in concert modified feeding behaviour, whereas oviposition preferences remained unaltered regardless of female previous experience. Offspring performance was higher on the preferred host (V. faba), indicating a preference–performance linkage for this leafminer. Experience on B. vulgaris var. cicla could not overcome oviposition preferences, which appear driven by fitness benefits for offspring.
Effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis–abamectin on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator and its host Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Wanna Ruchuon , Xu Zhihong , Liu Yahui , Yu Haixin , Ren Lijun , He Lihua , Li Jiancheng
Published: October 2010

The effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with abamectin (BtA) on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its cotton bollworm host, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were evaluated in the laboratory. Weight gain in larvae of H. armigera was initially delayed, but larval developmental period increased and pupal weight increased when they were fed on a diet containing BtA. Due to increased longevity of the host larvae, the susceptible period to parasitization of H. armigera by M. mediator increased when the host larvae were reared on diets containing BtA at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μg g−1. The longevity of female and male parasitoids significantly decreased when newly emerged wasps were fed a honey solution containing 200 μg ml−1 BtA in comparison with those fed only a honey solution. Mean longevity was significantly prolonged when parasitoids were fed a honey solution and BtA–honey solution in comparison with those fed BtA–distilled water, distilled water, or nothing. There were no significant differences compared with the control in any biological characteristics for the offspring of female parasitoids fed the honey solutions containing BtA at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg ml−1; characteristics measured include the egg‐larval period, pupal weight, male and female pupal periods, adult fresh weight, and adult longevity. When female parasitoids parasitized host larvae that had been fed the diet containing BtA, their male and female pupal periods were significantly prolonged compared with the control (without BtA).
Species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Jin L. , Hinde K. , Tao L.
Published: October 2010

Background  Mother’s milk is a source of bacteria that influences the development of the infant commensal gut microbiota. To date, the species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of non‐human primates have not been described.

Methods  Milk samples were aseptically obtained from 54 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at peak lactation. Following GM17 and MRS agar plating, single bacterial colonies were isolated based on difference in morphotypes, then grouped based on whole‐cell protein profiles on SDS–PAGE. Bacterial DNA was isolated and the sequence the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed.

Results  A total of 106 strains of 19 distinct bacterial species, belonging to five genera, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus, were identified.

Conclusions  Maternal gut and oral commensal bacteria may be translocated to the mammary gland during lactation and present in milk. This pathway can be an important source of commensal bacteria to the infant gut and oral cavity.
Polymorphism of inhibin βB gene and its relationship with litter size in sheep
Authors: CHU Mingxing , ZHUANG Haibin , ZHANG Yingjie , JIN Mei , LI Xuewei , DI Ran , CAO Guiling , FENG Tao , FANG Li
Published: October 2010

The inhibin βB (INHBB) gene was studied as a candidate gene for the prolificacy of Small Tail Han and Hu sheep. According to the sequence of exon 1 and 2 of bovine INHBB gene, six pairs of primers were designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms of exon 1 and 2 of INHBB gene in both high (Small Tail Han and Hu sheep) and low prolificacy breeds (Dorset, Texel and German Mutton Merino sheep) by polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP). Three pairs of primers (primers 1‐1, 1‐2 and 1‐3) were used to amplify the exon 1, and others (primers 2‐1, 2‐2 and 2‐3) to the exon 2. Only the products amplified by primer 2‐3 displayed polymorphism. For primer 2‐3, three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were detected in Hu sheep and only AA genotype in other breeds. In Hu sheep, frequency of AA, AB and BB genotypes was 0.636, 0.046 and 0.318, respectively. Sequencing revealed 276A > G mutation (based on the amplification region of primer 2‐3) which did not cause any amino acid change because it lay in the 3′ untranslated region. The ewes with genotype BB had 0.58 (P < 0.01) lambs more than those with AA in Hu sheep.
Photoinduced Superoxide Radical Anion and Singlet Oxygen Generation in the Presence of Novel Selenadiazoloquinolones (An EPR Study)
Authors: Barbieriková Zuzana , Bella Maroš , Kučerák Juraj , Milata Viktor , Jantová Soňa , Dvoranová Dana , Veselá Mária , Staško Andrej , Brezová Vlasta
Published: October 2010

Novel 7‐substituted 6‐oxo‐6,9‐dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐h]quinoline (SeQ(1–6)) and 8‐substituted 9‐oxo‐6,9‐dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐f ]quinoline derivatives (SeQN(1–5)) with R7, R8 = H, COOC2H5, COOCH3, COOH, COCH3 or CN were synthesized and their spectral characteristics were obtained by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Ultraviolet A photoexcitation of the selenadiazoloquinolones in dimethylsulfoxide or acetonitrile resulted in the formation of paramagnetic species coupled with molecular oxygen activation generating the superoxide radical anion or singlet oxygen, evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxic/photocytotoxic impact of selenadiazoloquinolones on murine and human cancer cell lines was demonstrated using the derivative SeQ5 (with R7 = COCH3).
Physical Exercise With Weight Reduction Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Abnormal Left Ventricular Relaxation in Pharmacologically Treated Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Cocco Giuseppe , Pandolfi Stefano
Published: October 2010

In spite of appropriate pharmacologic therapy, many hypertensive patients develop an abnormal left ventricular relaxation with preserved systolic function. This cardiac dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. The authors assessed the therapeutic effects of an intervention with exercise training and weight reduction in patients with pharmacologically well‐treated hypertension who had abnormal left ventricular relaxation with normal systolic function. Eighty‐eight (44%) of 202 medically treated hypertensive patients had abnormal ventricular relaxation with normal ejection fraction. These patients were randomized to either a 6‐month intervention program (cycle ergometer training twice a day for 5 days a week and a hypocaloric diet) or a control program (unchanged pharmacologic therapy without exercise and diet. Body weight, blood pressure, New York Heart Association class, glomerular filtration rate, and exercise capacity and workload were measured. Cardiac function was assessed by measuring N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide values, the electrocardiographic QT dispersion interval, and echocardiography (left atrial size, Doppler‐derived E/A ratio, and mitral deceleration time). Physical exercise with weight reduction reduced blood pressure, decreased cardiovascular risks, and improved abnormal left ventricular relaxation. Measuring left atrial size is the best method for assessing changes in left ventricular relaxation with preserved systolic function. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:23–29. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of 20 Years of Land‐Cover Change on the Hydrology of Streams in the Southeastern United States1
Authors: Cruise James F. , Laymon Charles A. , Al‐Hamdan Osama Z.
Published: October 2010

Cruise, James F., Charles A. Laymon, and Osama Z. Al‐Hamdan, 2010. Impact of 20 Years of Land‐Cover Change on the Hydrology of Streams in the Southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1159–1170. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00483.x

Abstract:  Land‐cover changes for portions of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee were estimated for the years 1980, 1990, and 2000 using classified Landsat images, and associated with hydrologic indices for 12 watersheds in the region. Rainfall‐adjusted mean annual streamflow, an ET proxy (precipitation minus runoff), frequency of inundation above thresholds, and duration of inundation were used to characterize the hydrologic response of the test basins over the two‐decade study period. Results indicate that several of the watersheds had undergone significant (>20%) reductions in agricultural land cover with a coincident increase in forested land. Attempts to correlate the hydrologic results with the land‐cover changes were only partially successful. Watersheds with the largest land conversion from agriculture to forest (20% or more) did show significant trends in hydrologic indices indicating decreasing streamflow; however, other basins evidenced ambiguous results. The net conclusions of the study are that land‐cover effects on hydrologic variables may be nuanced and can sometimes be only indirectly evident, and that a rigorous and detailed land‐cover classification effort along with a battery of statistical tests with the same objective may be necessary to uncover these effects.
Sediment Source Assessment in a Lowland Watershed Using Nitrogen Stable Isotopes1
Authors: Fox James F. , Davis Charles M. , Martin Darren K.
Published: October 2010

Fox, James F., Charles M. Davis, and Darren K. Martin, 2010. Sediment Source Assessment in a Lowland Watershed Using Nitrogen Stable Isotopes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1192–1204. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00485.x

Abstract:  Sediment sources and transported sediments were sampled in a lowland watershed with pronounced fine sediment storage in the streambed. Sediments were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content and stable nitrogen isotopic composition. Analysis of the data shows that temporarily stored streambed sediments dominate the sediment load during moderate‐ and low‐flow hydrologic events. Modeling of sediment transport and nitrogen elemental and isotopic mass balance was performed for the watershed for a 12‐month time period using a continuous, conceptual‐based model. The model results show that during moderate‐ and low‐flow hydrologic events, the streambed is slowly downcutting. During very high‐flow hydrologic events, deposition is pronounced in the streambed and sediment is replenished to the bed. Nitrogen model results show that elemental and isotopic nitrogen of streambed sediments vary substantially over the simulation period. In this manner, the streambed in a lowland watershed functions as a temporary storage zone that, in turn, can impact the nitrogen elemental and isotopic signature of sediments. The variation could significantly impact estimates of sediment provenance using nitrogen tracer‐based methods. Future work should consider both hydrologic and biogeochemical control on the nitrogen isotopic signature of sediments in small lowland watersheds and streams where a significant portion of deposited fines are temporarily stored.
Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds1
Authors: Meierdiercks Katherine L. , Smith James A. , Baeck Mary Lynn , Miller Andrew J.
Published: October 2010

Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1221–1237. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00487.x

Abstract:  The changing patterns of streamflow associated with urbanization are examined through analyses of discharge and rainfall records for the study watersheds of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). Analyses utilize a decade (1999‐2008) of observations from a dense U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging network and Hydro‐NEXRAD radar rainfall fields. The principal study watershed of the BES is Gwynns Falls (171 km2). Focus is given to two Gwynns Falls basins with contrasting patterns and histories of development, Dead Run and Upper Gwynns Falls. The sharp contrasts in streamflow properties between the basins reflect the differences in urban development prior to implementation of stormwater management regulations (much of Dead Run) and development for which stormwater management is an integral part of the hydrologic system (Upper Gwynns Falls). The mean annual runoff in Dead Run (558 mm) is 35% larger than that of Upper Gwynns Falls; larger contrasts in runoff properties typify the “warm season” and are linked to storm event hydrologic response. Spatial heterogeneities in storm event response are reflected in seasonal and diurnal properties of streamflow. Analyses of storm event response are presented for June 2006, during which monthly rainfall over the BES region ranged from less than 150 to more than 500 mm. Baisman Run, the BES forest reference watershed, and Moores Run, a highly urbanized watershed in Baltimore City, provide “end‐member” representations of urban impacts on streamflow.
Paediatric Dentistry Avulsion: Case reports
Authors: Rutar J. E.
Published: October 2010

Children may present at a dental surgery for management of oro‐facial injuries. Most general dental practitioners are able to handle straight‐forward cases but referral may be required for complex injuries. Successful healing following tooth avulsion depends on the amount of damage to teeth and supporting structures, emergency treatment, and follow‐up treatment. All of these play a role in the long‐term prognosis of avulsed teeth.
Paediatric Dentistry Discussion Paper and Case Report Management of small carious lesions in primary teeth: Caries removal versus fluoride application and periodic ‘observation’ until exfoliation
Authors: Gotjamanos Theo
Published: October 2010

Differences in treatment rationale exist between dental practitioners with respect to the management of small carious lesions in primary teeth. Some do not consider it necessary to use a conventional restorative approach, preferring to apply topical fluoride and/or ‘monitor’ the lesion(s). This paper advocates the alternative approach which entails complete caries removal by mechanical means, the rationale being to eliminate the pool of cariogenic microorganisms and thereby protect sound teeth from succumbing to carious attack. A case is presented to illustrate the extent to which caries can progress and also involve other teeth if small cavitated lesions are simply treated by ‘spot’ application of fluoride. Clinical treatment of caries must be based on scientific knowledge of the microorganisms involved and an understanding of its transmissible and infectious nature.
Growth factors and their implications for clinicians: A brief review
Authors: McGeachie John , Tennant Marc
Published: October 2010

Growth factors play a vital role in both homeostasis and disease. In recent years considerable research has revealed the importance of growth factors in biology and they are now becoming incorporated in the clinical literature. Growth factors are peptides (protein fractions) that transmit signals within and between cells. They were discovered in the early 1960s as growth stimulants in tissue culture. It is now evident that growth factors play a comprehensive role in the modulation of tissue growth and development. The modes of action of growth factors are discussed with examples pertinent to clinical dentistry.
Trends in dental caries experience of school children in Australia ‐ 1977 to 1993
Authors: Davies M. J. , Spencer A. J. , Slade G. D.
Published: October 2010

Data on the dental health of Australian school children from 1977 to 1985 have previously been reported. Significant features included a secular decline in caries experience as defined by the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth in both the deciduous dentition (dmft index) and permanent dentition (DMFT index), and a change in the distribution of caries experience within the child population in Australia, indicated by increasingly smaller percentages of children accounting for greater proportions of total disease experience. The aim of the present paper was to extend the annual reporting on caries experience in Australia up to and including 1993, and to document the change in the distribution of caries within the child population since 1977. In addition, the data are compared with dental targets for children for the year 2000 in Australia and internationally. Caries data were obtained for the years 1977–1993 for children who were patients at School Dental Services in each State and Territory of Australia. Caries experience was recorded by uncalibrated dentists and dental therapists during routine dental examinations. From 1977‐89 data were weighted by State and Territory estimated resident populations. From 1989, the data were stratified according to age, year, and State, and weighted to reflect proportions in the national estimated resident population for each State/age stratum. Between 1977 and 1993 there has been a decline in caries experience for 6 year old children from a dift‡ of 3.13 to a dmft of 1.90, and an increase in the per cent with dmft=0 from 33.1 per cent to 53.2 per cent with dmft=0 in 1993. Over the same time period the DMFT for 12 year olds reduced from 4.79 to 1.10 and the per cent while DMFT=0 increased from 10.5 per cent to 53.1 per cent. Projection of the decline in DMFT indicates the dental health target for 12 year old children of DMFT=1.0 by the year 2000 should have been achieved by the end of 1995
Integrating infection control into the dental curriculum
Authors: Savage Neil W. , Walsh Laurence J.
Published: October 2010

The dental profession has possessed traditional standards of cross‐infection control but the recent expression of real concerns by both the public and the profession over the transmissibility of infectious diseases in the dental surgery has demanded a formalized and extended approach to teaching cross‐infection control in the dental curriculum. Clear curriculum content must be formulated within contemporary Workplace Health and Safety Guidelines and the Strategic Plan of the Dental School or academic health centre. The full integration demands that the area is taught as a discrete entity but recognized as an intrinsic part of each clinical encounter. This paper discusses the structure and integration of cross‐infection control into the curriculum at the University of Queensland Dental School.
Conservative management of recurrent keratocysts in Basal‐cell naevus syndrome
Authors: McGrath C. J. R. , Myall R. W. T.
Published: October 2010

Basal‐cell naevus syndrome is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts as well as skeletal, ophthalmologic and neurologic features. It is important that the dental practitioner be aware of this syndrome as it has important ramifications for the developing dentition. A case of Basal‐cell naevus syndrome is presented along with a review of the literature regarding the management of this disorder. An argument for conservative surgical management of this syndrome is made.
Opening Up to Precompetitive Collaboration
Authors: Altshuler Jill S. , Balogh Erin , Barker Anna D. , Eck Stephen L. , Friend Stephen H. , Ginsburg Geoffrey S. , Herbst Roy S. , Nass Sharyl J. , Streeter Christopher M. , Wagner John A.
Published: October 2010

The move to increase biomedical R&D efficiency and innovation has stimulated the development of collaborations, among competitors, that span the precompetitive space.
Turning Off the Cancer Switch
Authors: Alumkal Joshi
Published: October 2010

A new drug that blocks BMK1 inhibits tumor growth with minimal toxicity.
PANDERing to the Liver in Glucose Control
Authors: Bentley-Lewis Rhonda
Published: October 2010

A new cytokine-like protein produced by the pancreas regulates glucose production in the liver during fasting.
Making Comparative Effectiveness Research Useful
Authors: Carlson Nichole
Published: October 2010

The value of comparative effectiveness research depends on applying appropriate design and analysis principles.
Bridging the Gap in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Cheng Elaine
Published: October 2010

Valproic acid coaxes transplanted neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons that boost repair of spinal cord injury in mice.
Acupuncture for a Patient with Whiplash-Type Injury
Authors: Rosted Palle , Jørgensen Annette
Published: October 2010

A 69 year-old woman presented in the surgery because of a whiplash-type injury. Because of progressive headache and dizziness since the accident, and because she had developed rhinitis and intermittent flashes of the left visual field, she was admitted to the neurological department on suspicion of subdural haematoma and possible fracture of the skull. Neurological examination and a CT scan were normal and she was discharged. Because of persisting headaches, and dizziness, her own general practitioner decided to use acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture was given at points GB20 GB21 and SI16 bilaterally and directly over the site in the forehead, where she fell. After 6 weeks treatment, the dizziness disappeared, and after two additional treatments the rhinitis and headache disappeared. At follow-up 6 months after cessation of treatment, the patient had only intermittent dizziness, with no headaches, visual disturbances or rhinitis.
Ear Acupoint Detection before and after Hysteroscopy: Is it Possible to Clarify the Representation of the Uterus on the Outer Ear?
Authors: Romoli Marco , Allais Gianni , Bellu Daniela , De Ramundo Biagina , Gabellari Ilaria Castagnoli , Giommi Andrea , Benedetto Chiara
Published: October 2010

Background

In the auricular maps introduced over the past 50 years by the French and Chinese schools, most organs and systems overlap consistently. One exception is the reproductive system, which shows a markedly different somatotopic representation—for example, for the uterus and the ovary.

Objective

To identify the distribution of points with increased tenderness to pressure or with reduced electrical resistance, on the outer ear of a group of women undergoing hysteroscopy.

Methods

For diagnostic purposes the auricles of 78 women were examined before and after hysteroscopy using a pain–pressure test and electrical skin resistance test. The points identified were transcribed onto a graphic system called Sectogram. Spatial cluster analysis was used to identify the statistically significant clusters of sectors with a higher concentration of points appearing after hysteroscopy.

Results

The points identified after hysteroscopy tend to be concentrated in specific areas not previously recognised and which only partially overlap with the French and Chinese representation of the uterus.

Conclusion

When auricular acupuncture is applied to reduce discomfort during hysteroscopy, particular attention must be paid when choosing the points/areas to be stimulated, which are not only those indicated in the Chinese or French maps.
Putative role of TNF-α, interleukin-8 and ICAM-1 as indicators of an early inflammatory reaction after burn: a morphological and immunohistochemical study of lung tissue of fire victims
Authors: Boehm Joachim , Fischer Kai , Bohnert Michael
Published: October 2010

Aims

To investigate incipient inflammatory changes as first steps in the development of a systematic inflammatory response syndrome in the lungs of burn victims.

Methods

At the Institute of Legal Medicine of the University Hospital of Freiburg a collection of 40 forensic autopsy cases of burn victims was established that had died within 1 h after fire exposure. This group was compared with a total of 48 autopsy cases in three control groups (postmortem burns vs deaths from haemorrhagic shock vs railway suicide deaths). In all cases, immunohistochemical studies of lung tissue probes were performed to detect the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators using antibodies against tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).

Results

The lungs of burn victims showed a significantly higher extent of intra-alveolar oedema than the other groups. Immunohistochemically, macrophages in all groups mostly showed a distinct expression of TNF-α, but not of IL-8 or ICAM-1. Interestingly, intravascular erythrocytes often showed a positivity of TNF-α that was strongest in the group of burn victims and differed significantly from all the control groups.

Conclusions

In burn victims with short survival times of ≤1 h after fire exposure, the immunohistochemical expression profiles of TNF-α, IL-8 and ICAM-1 in the lungs were not altered enough to prove an instant inflammatory reaction in these cases. Nevertheless, the positive reaction of TNF-α in erythrocytes of burn victims may indicate the beginning of a non-specific immune response to fire-induced inhalation trauma.
The molecular basis of the chemosensitivity of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy
Authors: Parker Katharine A , Glaysher Sharon , Polak Marta , Gabriel Francis G , Johnson Penny , Knight Louise A , Poole Matthew , Narayanan Ajit , Hurren Jeremy , Cree Ian A
Published: October 2010

Background

Chemotherapy benefits relatively few patients with cutaneous melanoma. The assessment of tumour chemosensitivity by the ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) has shown strong correlation with outcome in cutaneous melanoma, but requires fresh tissue and dedicated laboratory facilities.

Aim

To examine whether the results of the ATP-TCA correlate with the expression of genes known to be involved in resistance to chemotherapy, based on the hypothesis that the molecular basis of chemosensitivity lies within known drug resistance mechanisms.

Method

The chemosensitivity of 47 cutaneous melanomas was assessed using the ATP-TCA and correlated with quantitative expression of 93 resistance genes measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) in a Taqman Array after extraction of total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

Results

Drugs susceptible to particular resistance mechanisms showed good correlation with genes linked to these mechanisms using signatures of up to 17 genes. Comparison of these signatures for DTIC, treosulfan and cisplatin showed several genes in common.HSP70, at least one human epidermal growth factor receptor, genes involved in apoptosis (IAP2,PTEN) and DNA repair (ERCC1,XPA,XRCC1,XRCC6) were present for these agents, as well as genes involved in the regulation of proliferation (Ki67, p21, p27). The combinations tested included genes represented in the single agent signatures.

Conclusions

These data suggest that melanoma chemosensitivity is influenced by known resistance mechanisms, including susceptibility to apoptosis. Use of a candidate gene approach may increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying chemosensitivity to drugs active against melanoma and provide signatures with predictive value.
Strong cytoplasmic expression of COX2 at the invasive fronts of gallbladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis
Authors: Kim Haeryoung , Song Joo-Yeon , Cho Jai Young , Yoon Yoo-Seok , Han Ho-Seong , Lee Hye Seung , Ryu Han Suk , Choe Gheeyoung
Published: October 2010

Aim

The significance of cell cycle proteins, p21 and p53, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) is still controversial in gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Conflicting results exist with regard to the prognostic significance of p21 and p53 expression, and the strong association of gallbladder cancer with chronic inflammation makes it only natural that COX2 negativity is rarely encountered, even in non-neoplastic biliary epithelia.

Methods

The authors explored whether the p21 and p53-labelling indices (LI) and strong cytoplasmic COX2 expression differ in the central parts (TC) and invasive fronts (IF) of gallbladder cancer. Paraffin-embedded whole tissue sections of 67 gallbladder cancers were immunohistochemically analysed for p21, p53 and COX2-LI at the IF and TC, and results were correlated with the clinicopathological features.

Results

Significantly higher LI was seen in IF compared with TC for p21, p53 and COX2. COX2-LI-IF showed significant positive correlations with perineural and lymphatic invasion, higher T and N stages, and non-papillary gross morphology. Gall-bladder cancers with COX2-LI-IF≥30% showed decreased overall and disease-free survival, and COX2-LI-IF≥30% was an independent poor prognostic factor on multivariable analysis. Gall-bladder cancers with high COX2 and p21-LI-IF showed decreased overall and disease-free survival.

Conclusions

The IF of gallbladder cancer is characterised by significantly increased expression of p21, p53 and strong COX2 expression, and strong cytoplasmic COX2 expression at IF is associated with a poorer prognosis. Heterogeneity between TC and IF should be considered in in situ molecular studies, especially during interpretation of immunohistochemical stain results and tissue microarray construction.
Exploring the feasibility of establishing a disease-specific post-mortem tissue bank in the UK: a case study in ME/CFS: Table 1
Authors: Lacerda Eliana M , Nacul Luis , Pheby Derek , Shepherd Charles , Spencer Peter
Published: October 2010

Background

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a condition, the aetiology of which remains controversial, and there is still no consensus on its nature and determination. It has rarely been studied in post-mortem examinations, despite increasing evidence of abnormalities from neuroimaging studies.

Aim

To ascertain the feasibility of developing a national post-mortem ME/CFS tissue bank in the UK, to enhance studies on aetiology and pathogenesis, including cell and tissue abnormalities associated with the condition.

Methods

The case study was carried out combining qualitative methods, ie, key informant interviews, focus group discussions with people with ME/CFS, and a workshop with experts in ME/CFS or in tissue banking.

Results and conclusions

The study results suggest that the establishment of the post-mortem ME/CFS tissue bank is both desirable and feasible, and would be acceptable to the possible tissue donors, provided that some issues were explicitly addressed.