bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realism
Authors: Carrigan Mark
Published: December 2017

Realism in a generic sense is usually understood in terms of the mind‐independence of the world or particular entities within it. This entry introduces realism and considers the multiple forms it takes within the social sciences: the critical realism which originated with the British philosopher Roy Bhaskar and has subsequently been developed by a range of thinkers across the social sciences; the Italian school of relational sociology developed by Pierpaolo Donati with its concern to stress the reality of social relations; and finally, the recent turn toward realism within Continental philosophy is considered, with a particular focus on the work of Manuel De Landa.
S
aussure,
F
erdinand de
Authors: Susen Simon
Published: December 2017

This entry provides an introduction to the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, who is widely regarded as one of the founding figures of modern linguistics, notably of structural linguistics, and whose work has had – and continues to have – a significant impact upon the development of the humanities and social sciences, especially in relation to the field of study known as semiology or semiotics. The entry is divided into four main parts: (1) a short
biography
, summarizing key aspects and stages of
Saussure's life and career
and offering a synoptic view of
Saussure's main intellectual contributions
; (2) an explanation of key
Saussurean concepts
(general linguistics; language system; semiology/semiotics; “sign,” “signifier,” and “signified”; arbitrariness; relationality; and changeability); (3) an elucidation of key
Saussurean dualities
: (structural/processual; synchronic/diachronic; relational/substantial; auditory/conceptual; abstract/concrete; arbitrary/motivated; and natural/formal); and (4) a reflection on
Saussure's legacy
.
Subcultures
Authors: Crawford Garry
Published: December 2017

The term “subculture” is often used to refer to any loosely identifiable, most often youth, group that appears to share some kind of common culture, such as music or pop culture tastes or fashion choices, which is in some way different to what would commonly be deemed “mainstream” culture. However, its meaning in academic theory has much more specific origins and meanings, which most commonly see subcultures as a working‐class (and most commonly youth) reaction to their disempowerment. This is a concept that in recent years many theorists have attempted to move beyond, arguing that this no longer adequately describes the more fluid nature of contemporary social groupings. However, equally, some have argued that certain contemporary cultural groupings still demonstrate the relative stability and “substance” of subcultures, and that therefore this remains a useful and valid concept.
Uncertainty
Authors: Martini Carlo
Published: December 2017

The concept of uncertainty refers to the lack of perfect knowledge over facts, measurements, or predictions. In the public sphere, uncertainty has a different meaning from the one it has in science. In public understanding, uncertainty is typically an expression of subjective doubt or ignorance, and is typically expressed in verbal, nonnumerical form. Uncertainty, however, is also related to the theory and measurement of error. After evaluating all of the known factors in the measurement of model or statistical error there is typically still uncertainty about how close the results from our model are to the true value that we are trying to measure. The correct way of expressing this additional source of doubt in scientific and policy‐oriented discourse is the subject of much recent methodological research as well as a subject of controversy when it comes to communicating science to nonscientific audiences.
Postmodernism
Authors: Gane Mike
Published: December 2017

Postmodernism was an important intellectual movement in the period 1975–2000 that was noted for its attempt to replace the grand narratives of linear progressivism with a cultural re‐enchantment that welcomed ideas of chaos theory and deconstruction. There is an important difference, however, between postmodernity as a social formation, and postmodernism identified as a specific kind of stylistic invention involving a new ethic of tolerance of diversity, multiplicity, complexity, and heterogeneity.
Social Influence
Authors: Barrett Daniel W.
Published: December 2017

Social influence, sometimes called interpersonal influence, refers to internal or external changes in a person caused by real or imagined pressure from others. The changes occur via either normative or informational influence. The category of social influence subsumes compliance, or behavior change following a request; obedience, or behavior change after a perceived authority makes the request and conformity, which refers to external or behavioral change that may not include private acceptance.
J
uche (Self‐Reliance) in
N
orth
K
orea
Authors: Kim Sung Kyung
Published: December 2017

Juche
, commonly translated as self‐reliance, is the official state ideology of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) initiated by the Great Leader, Kim Il Sung, and later developed by the Dear Leader, Kim Jong Il. It includes the four principles of juche ideology: the self‐reliance of ideology (
juche
in ideology), political independence (
chaju
in politics), economic independence from foreign influences (
charip
in the economy), and military independence from imperialists (
chawi
in the military). The principle of self‐reliance in ideology, politics, the economy, and the military has widely operated throughout North Korean society, and it has caused its overwhelmingly exclusive social system. From the time of the Arduous March or great famine (1995–2000), juche ideology gradually diminished in its status as the only North Korean ideology, but juche as rules for everyday life and social philosophy remains to some extent.
Liquid Modernity
Authors: Sadowski Emily
Published: December 2017

Liquid modernity describes the fluid – or liquid – conditions of late modern society, including the experience of perpetual change initiated by mechanisms such as privatization, individualization, and deregulation, when compared with the relative stability of modernity. Between freedom and uncertainty on the one hand, and the desire for order and rationality on the other, liquid modern life practice is characterized by the effort to exterminate the insecurity of the ambivalence brought by liquid modern conditions.
Civilizations
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: December 2017

The concept of civilization is highly contested, more so than most other basic concepts of the social sciences, and there is an enduring tension between its singular and plural meanings. The former tends to refer to a uniform and universal process, the latter to different cultural worlds. Both these interpretations were developed in classical sociology, and that legacy remains important for contemporary debates. More recent revivals of civilizational approaches draw on the works of Norbert Elias and Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, whose writings have highlighted the contrast between civilization in the singular and civilizations in the plural, but also opened up new perspectives of synthesis.
Global Modernity
Authors: Dirlik Arif
Published: December 2017

“Global modernity” refers to the contemporary condition of modernity. It is best understood as a “singular modernity” that produces contradictory claims on modernity. It is intended as a concept to overcome a teleological bias in the term “globalization” which suggests progress toward global unity and homogeneity. It recognizes as equally fundamental tendencies to fragmentation and contradiction. Globalization promises neither a global village nor fulfillment of imperial global hegemony. It induces proliferation of boundaries, adding new boundaries to already existing ones even as capitalist modernity goes global.
Confucian Modernity
Authors: Kim Sang‐Jun
Published: December 2017

The notion of Confucian modernity has appeared in the arguments on Confucian capitalism, Confucian democracy, and “the resurgence of East Asia.” This concept can be understood in two ways. One is to understand it as a creative adaptation of Western modernity. The other is to interpret it as internalized in its history and intertwined later with the other modernities. The notion of Confucian modernity has undergone great changes following three distinctive stages. Until the 1960s, it was considered an oxymoron. From the 1970s, with the economic success of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, some parts of Confucian legacies came to be considered conducive to modern capitalist development. From the 1990s, with the rise of China as a culmination of “the resurgence of East Asia,” originality and authenticity of Confucian modernity have been stressed.
F
ei
X
iaotong
Authors: Wang Mingming
Published: December 2017

Fei Xiaotong (1910–2005), one of the most important intellectuals and reformers in twentieth‐century China, studied Chinese society by adapting ethnographic methods to the study of peasant communities. In his
Peasant Life in China
(1939) and
Earthbound China
(1948), he inquired into the impacts of modern “industrial power” upon rural villages. In several related works, he offered a general social theory from Chinese perspectives, especially those of the “order of stratified closeness” (Chaxu geju) and the peasantry–gentry–emperor continuum. In his works on ethnicity, Fei rendered an inspiring perspective of the multinational state. Fei also published extensively on Western cultures. In the last 10 years of his life, Fei engaged all the perspectives in a new theory of “self‐awareness of culture.” Fei, a pioneer in non‐Western social theoretical studies, contributed to the world's social sciences a Chinese theory of society, a comparative sociology of modernities, a politic of the intelligentsia, an ethnohistory of a civilization, and an Eastern anthropology of the West.
Extended Mind
Authors: Theiner Georg
Published: December 2017

The “extended mind” (EM) thesis asserts that cognitive processes are not bound by the skull or even skin of biological individuals, but actively incorporate environmental structures such as symbols, tools, artifacts, media, cultural practices, norms, groups, or institutions. By distributing cognition across space, time, and people in canny ways, we circumvent or overcome the biological limitations of our brains. Human beings are creative, albeit opportunistic experts in cognitive “self‐transcendence.” This entry surveys discussions of EM in philosophy of mind and cognitive science which point to this overarching theme.
Social Theory and Theorizing
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: December 2017

While there exist a huge literature on theory, much less has been written on theorizing or the process that precedes the final formulation of a theory. There also exists very little material on how you teach theorizing, something that is worrisome especially given the difficulty that many students have when they try to use theory in their empirical research. Some suggestions for how to teach theorizing, both at the graduate and the undergraduate level, can be found in this entry. So can suggestions for the different steps that need to be taken when you theorize. The following steps are useful to follow when the student is a beginner: you observe (Step 1); you name the phenomenon you are interested in (Step 2); you use and/or develop concepts (Step 3); you push further toward an explanation by using, for example, metaphors, analogies, classifications and/or typologies (Step 4); and you try to come up with an explanation for the phenomenon you are researching (Step 5).
W
ilson,
B
ryan
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: December 2017

Bryan Ronald Wilson (1926–2004) was a British sociologist who is credited with creating the sociology of religion in Britain in the postwar period. He made a major contribution to the study of sectarianism in for example
Sects and Society
(1961). He is also regarded as the author of the so‐called “secularization thesis” in
Religion in Secular Society
(1966), arguing that religious belief, practice, and social influence have declined with the modernization of society. In that regard, his approach to the sociology of religion in
Religion in Sociological Perspective
(1982) was influenced by Max Weber. As a fellow of All Souls College Oxford, he had a significant impact on the development of postgraduate research in Britain, but he was also influential internationally as the president of the International Society for the Study of Religion and the European editor of the
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
.
P
olanyi,
K
arl
Authors: Scerri Andy
Published: December 2017

Karl Polanyi (1886–1964) was a Hungarian‐Canadian political‐economic historian and theorist most famous for his argument that “free” markets do not arise spontaneously but are the products of state intervention and are, as such, politically contestable.
Sociology
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: December 2017

Sociology is in simple terms the scientific study of society. The word is derived from the Latinsociusor companion, while the Greeklogosmeans “the study of.” Historically, thesociiwere the autonomous tribes and city‐states of the Italian peninsular in alliance with the Roman Republic. The term was first used in its contemporary meaning in 1824 in the correspondence of Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Sociology became established as a university discipline with professional associations and journals in the twentieth century. Although sociology is now well established, various controversies continue to rage about appropriate research methods and theories.
Kondratieff Waves
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: December 2017

Kondratieff waves is a term – after a Soviet economist from the 1920s – used by economists and sociologists describing a specific type of economic cycle such as long‐term fluctuations or oscillations in the economy.
Nothing, the Globalization of
Authors: Kravchenko Sergey A.
Published: December 2017

Globalization involving increasing dispersion of the social is the greatest transplanetary change in the history of humanity. Prior to the current epoch of globalization, the essence of people as well as the things, places, and services that surrounded them had a distinctive substantive content, representing “something” – a social form that was indigenously produced and had rather stable features over time as commodities tended to be used in the place of their origin. Globalization established a “borderless world” of realities with the domination of “nothing” referring to a social form that is mainly produced on a global level by transnational network enterprises. As a result, the social is losing its distinctive nature. At the same time, glocalization that is more tied to something opposes globalization, so in real life people deal with the something–nothing continuum consisting of four major subtypes: place–nonplace; thing–nonthing; people–nonpeople; and service–nonservice.
Bell, Daniel (1919–2011)
Authors: Nieli Russell
Published: December 2017

Daniel Bell was one of the most influential American sociologists and social theorists in the middle years of the twentieth century. This entry describes three “big ideas” that Bell developed in his work that helped contribute to his widespread influence and reputation: (1) that the promises of the various political ideologies derived from Marx and other utopian thinkers had proven in time to be illusory and would never command the respect they once did among thinking people; (2) that the advertising and marketing power of modern capitalism had joined forces with the cultural modernism propagated by artists and literary figure to produce a hedonistic culture of consumerism and self‐expressive individualism that was thoroughly antibourgeois in its orientation; and (3) that these trends in late capitalism produced a spiritual crisis that would most likely be followed by some kind of religious renewal, one which would take a conservative or traditionalist direction.
Tongzhi
Authors: Chao Antonia
Published: December 2017

The term “tongzhi” was coined in 1989 by the Hong Kong‐based cultural critic Lin Yihua. It was taken from the last words of Dr. Sun Yat‐sen and conveyed the notion that LGBTQ “comrades” shall keep fighting for their rights. Very soon the term propagated to all Chinese societies in Asia, including Taiwan and China. This suggests a transnational pattern of sexual cultural products, which can only be made possible with the advance of modern communication technology. Since its inception it has functioned as a widely used umbrella term for alternative sexual subjects in contemporary Chinese society.
Westermarck Effect
Authors: Shor Eran
Published: December 2017

The Westermarck effect (also known as the Westermarck hypothesis) is the proposition that early close childhood association leads to sexual aversion, which is in turn the reason for incest avoidance. This proposition has received ample support from ethological research, as well as from a few natural experiments, most notably on “minor” marriage practices in Taiwan and on child socialization in the Israeli kibbutzim. However, several sociologists have questioned both the empirical evidence and the conclusions offered in support of the hypothesis. Some have also conducted studies that directly challenge the validity of the Westermarck effect and highlight the role of sociocultural and social psychological elements (such as group cohesion, social pressures, and habituation) in inbreeding avoidance.
Migration: International
Authors: Kritz Mary M.
Published: December 2017

International migration is generally defined as the change of a person's usual place of residence from one country to another. The United Nations recommends that a time element of at least one year be added to this definition in order to differentiate international migrants from international visitors. Tourists are people who visit another country “for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment, or religious pilgrimage” and are not considered international migrants. Because international migration is a dyadic process, it includes the movement of both citizens and foreigners into and out of countries. Citizenship determines the type of international migration that occurs.
“Trade‐Off” Hidden in Condensed State Solvation: Multiradiative Channels Design for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Purely Organic Electroluminescence at High Brightness
Authors: Cai Xinyi , Chen Dongjun , Gao Kuo , Gan Lin , Yin Qingwu , Qiao Zhenyang , Chen Zijun , Jiang Xiaofang , Su Shi‐Jian
Published: December 2017

Actualizing highly efficient solution‐processed thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) at high brightness becomes significant to the popularization of purely organic electroluminescence. Herein, a highly soluble emitter benzene‐1,3,5‐triyltris((4‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)phenyl)methanone was developed, yielding high delayed fluorescence rate (kTADF > 105 s−1) ascribed to the multitransition channels and tiny singlet–triplet splitting energy (ΔEST ≈ 32.7 meV). The triplet locally excited state is 0.38 eV above the lowest triplet charge‐transfer state, assuring a solely thermal equilibrium route for reverse intersystem crossing. Condensed state solvation effect unveils a hidden “trade‐off”: the reverse upconversion and triplet concentration quenching processes can be promoted but with a reduced radiative rate from the increased dopant concentration and the more polarized surroundings. Striking a delicate balance, corresponding vacuum‐evaporated and solution‐processed TADF‐OLEDs realized maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of ≈26% and ≈22% with extremely suppressed efficiency roll‐off. Notably, the wet‐processed one achieves to date the highest EQEs of 20.7%, 18.5%, 17.1%, and 13.6%, among its counterparts at the luminance of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively.
Yolk–Shell Structured Assembly of Bamboo‐Like Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Embedded with Co Nanocrystals and Their Application as Cathode Material for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Park Seung‐Keun , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan
Published: December 2017

Despite their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g−1), the practical application of Li–S batteries remains limited because the capacity rapidly degrades through severe dissolution of lithium polysulfide and the rate capability is low because of the low electronic conductivity of sulfur. This paper describes novel hierarchical yolk–shell microspheres comprising 1D bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulating Co nanoparticles (Co@BNCNTs YS microspheres) as efficient cathode hosts for Li–S batteries. The microspheres are produced via a two‐step process that involves generation of the microsphere followed by N‐doped CNTs growth. The hierarchical yolk–shell structure enables efficient sulfur loading and mitigates the dissolution of lithium polysulfides, and metallic Co and N doping improves the chemical affinity of the microspheres with sulfur species. Accordingly, a Co@BNCNTs YS microsphere‐based cathode containing 64 wt% sulfur exhibits a high discharge capacity of 700.2 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles at a current density of 1 C (based on the mass of sulfur); this corresponds to a good capacity retention of 76% and capacity fading rate of 0.06% per cycle with an excellent rate performance (752 mA h g−1 at 2.0 C) when applied as cathode hosts for Li–S batteries.
Homoepitaxial Growth of Large‐Scale Highly Organized Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Patterns
Authors: Chen Jianyi , Zhao Xiaoxu , Grinblat Gustavo , Chen Zhongxin , Tan Sherman J. R. , Fu Wei , Ding Zijing , Abdelwahab Ibrahim , Li Yi , Geng Dechao , Liu Yanpeng , Leng Kai , Liu Bo , Liu Wei , Tang Wei , Maier Stefan A. , Pennycook Stephen John , Loh Kian Ping
Published: December 2017

Controllable growth of highly crystalline transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) patterns with regular morphology and unique edge structure is highly desired and important for fundamental research and potential applications. Here, single‐crystalline MoS2 flakes are reported with regular trigonal symmetric patterns that can be homoepitaxially grown on MoS2 monolayer via chemical vapor deposition. The highly organized MoS2 patterns are rhombohedral (3R)‐stacked with the underlying MoS2 monolayer, and their boundaries are predominantly terminated by zigzag Mo edge structure. The epitaxial MoS2 crystals can be tailored from compact triangles to fractal flakes, and the pattern formation can be explained by the anisotropic growth rates of the S and Mo edges under low sulfur chemical potential. The 3R‐stacked MoS2 pattern demonstrates strong second and third‐harmonic‐generation signals, which exceed those reported for monolayer MoS2 by a factor of 6 and 4, correspondingly. This homoepitaxial growth approach for making highly organized TMD patterns is also demonstrated for WS2.
A High‐Performing Direct Carbon Fuel Cell with a 3D Architectured Anode Operated Below 600 °C
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Yunya , Ding Dong , He Ting
Published: December 2017

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are highly efficient power generators fueled by abundant and cheap solid carbons. However, the limited triple‐phase boundaries (TPBs) in the fuel electrode, due to the lack of direct contact among carbon, electrode, and electrolyte, inhibit the performance and result in poor fuel utilization. To address the challenges of low carbon oxidation activity and low carbon utilization, a highly efficient, 3D solid‐state architected anode is developed to enhance the performance of DCFCs below 600 °C. The cell with the 3D textile anode framework, Gd:CeO2–Li/Na2CO3 composite electrolyte, and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 cathode demonstrates excellent performance with maximum power densities of 143, 196, and 325 mW cm−2 at 500, 550, and 600 °C, respectively. At 500 °C, the cells can be operated steadily with a rated power density of ≈0.13 W cm−2 at a constant current density of 0.15 A cm−2 with a carbon utilization over 85.5%. These results, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of directly electrochemical oxidation of solid carbon at 500–600 °C, representing a promising strategy in developing high‐performing fuel cells and other electrochemical systems via the integration of 3D architected electrodes.
Environmentally Friendly Solvent‐Processed Organic Solar Cells that are Highly Efficient and Adaptable for the Blade‐Coating Method
Authors: Zhao Wenchao , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhang Yun , Li Sunsun , Liu Xiaoyu , He Chang , Zheng Zhong , Hou Jianhui
Published: December 2017

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs) have increased to over 13%. However, the most commonly used solvents for making the solutions of photoactive materials and the coating methods used in laboratories are not adaptable for future practical production. Therefore, taking a solution‐coating method with environmentally friendly processing solvents into consideration is critical for the practical utilization of OSC technology. In this study, a highly efficient PBTA‐TF:IT‐M‐based device processed with environmentally friendly solvents, tetrahydrofuran/isopropyl alcohol (THF/IPA) and o‐xylene/1‐phenylnaphthalene, is fabricated; a high PCE of 13.1% can be achieved by adopting the spin‐coating method, which is the top result for OSCs. More importantly, a blade‐coated non‐fullerene OSC processed with THF/IPA is demonstrated for the first time to obtain a promising PCE of 11.7%; even for the THF/IPA‐processed large‐area device (1.0 cm2) made by blade‐coating, a PCE of 10.6% can still be maintained. These results are critical for the large‐scale production of highly efficient OSCs in future studies.
Textile Inspired Lithium–Oxygen Battery Cathode with Decoupled Oxygen and Electrolyte Pathways
Authors: Xu Shaomao , Yao Yonggang , Guo Yuanyuan , Zeng Xiaoqiao , Lacey Steven D. , Song Huiyu , Chen Chaoji , Li Yiju , Dai Jiaqi , Wang Yanbin , Chen Yanan , Liu Boyang , Fu Kun , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun , Hu Liangbing
Published: December 2017

The lithium–air (Li–O2) battery has been deemed one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to its ultrahigh energy density. However, in conventional porous carbon–air cathodes, the oxygen gas and electrolyte often compete for transport pathways, which limit battery performance. Here, a novel textile‐based air cathode is developed with a triple‐phase structure to improve overall battery performance. The hierarchical structure of the conductive textile network leads to decoupled pathways for oxygen gas and electrolyte: oxygen flows through the woven mesh while the electrolyte diffuses along the textile fibers. Due to noncompetitive transport, the textile‐based Li–O2 cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 8.6 mAh cm−2, a low overpotential of 1.15 V, and stable operation exceeding 50 cycles. The textile‐based structure can be applied to a range of applications (fuel cells, water splitting, and redox flow batteries) that involve multiple phase reactions. The reported decoupled transport pathway design also spurs potential toward flexible/wearable Li–O2 batteries.
Band‐like Charge Photogeneration at a Crystalline Organic Donor/Acceptor Interface
Authors: Fusella Michael A. , Brigeman Alyssa N. , Welborn Matthew , Purdum Geoffrey E. , Yan Yixin , Schaller Richard D. , Lin YunHui L. , Loo Yueh‐Lin , Voorhis Troy Van , Giebink Noel C. , Rand Barry P.
Published: December 2017

Organic photovoltaic cells possess desirable practical characteristics, such as the potential for low‐cost fabrication on flexible substrates, but they lag behind their inorganic counterparts in performance due in part to fundamental energy loss mechanisms, such as overcoming the charge transfer (CT) state binding energy when photogenerated charge is transferred across the donor/acceptor interface. However, recent work has suggested that crystalline interfaces can reduce this binding energy due to enhanced CT state delocalization. Solar cells based on rubrene and C60 are investigated as an archetypal system because it allows the degree of crystallinity to be moldulated from a highly disordered to highly ordered system. Using a postdeposition annealing method to transform as‐deposited amorphous rubrene thin films into ones that are highly crystalline, it is shown that the CT state of a highly crystalline rubrene/C60 heterojunction undergoes extreme delocalization parallel to the interface leading to a band‐like state that exhibits a linear Stark effect. This state parallels the direct charge formation of inorganic solar cells and reduces energetic losses by 220 meV compared with 12 other archetypal heterojunctions reported in the literature.
Holey 2D Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Peng Lele , Fang Zhiwei , Zhu Yue , Yan Chunshuang , Yu Guihua
Published: December 2017

2D nanomaterials provide numerous fascinating properties, such as abundant active surfaces and open ion diffusion channels, which enable fast transport and storage of lithium ions and beyond. However, decreased active surfaces, prolonged ion transport pathway, and sluggish ion transport kinetics caused by self‐restacking of 2D nanomaterials during electrode assembly remain a major challenge to build high‐performance energy storage devices with simultaneously maximized energy and power density as well as long cycle life. To address the above challenge, porosity (or hole) engineering in 2D nanomaterials has become a promising strategy to enable porous 2D nanomaterials with synergetic features combining both 2D nanomaterials and porous architectures. Herein, recent important progress on porous/holey 2D nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage is reviewed, starting with the introduction of synthetic strategies of porous/holey 2D nanomaterials, followed by critical discussion of design rule and their advantageous features. Thereafter, representative work on porous/holey 2D nanomaterials for electrochemical capacitors, lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries, and other emerging battery technologies (lithium‐sulfur and metal‐air batteries) are presented. The article concludes with perspectives on the future directions for porous/holey 2D nanomaterial in energy storage and conversion applications.
Clinical experience with the BCL2‐inhibitor venetoclax in combination therapy for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia and related myeloid malignancies
Authors: DiNardo Courtney D. , Rausch Caitlin R. , Benton Christopher , Kadia Tapan , Jain Nitin , Pemmaraju Naveen , Daver Naval , Covert Wendy , Marx Kayleigh R. , Mace Morgan , Jabbour Elias , Cortes Jorge , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Ravandi Farhad , Bhalla Kapil N. , Kantarjian Hagop , Konopleva Marina
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Venetoclax (VEN), a selective BCL2 inhibitor, has single‐agent activity in relapsed and refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and efficacy in lower intensity combinations for treatment‐naïve elderly AML patients. VEN treatment combinations in R/R AML have not been previously reported.

Methods

All R/R myeloid patients (including AML, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)) treated with VEN combinations in the salvage setting were reviewed.

Results

Forty‐three patients with median age 68 (range, 25–83) were treated for AML (91%), MDS (5%), or BPDCN (5%). Most (n = 36, 84%) were ≥ salvage‐2 treatment status, including prior hypomethylating agent (HMA) in 77%. In combination with VEN, most patients received HMA therapy (n = 31, 72%); eight (19%) received low‐dose cytarabine (LDAC). Patients received a median of 2 treatment cycles (range, 1–4). Objective response was observed in 9 (21%) patients, including 2 complete responses (CR), 3 CRi, and 4 morphologic leukemia‐free state (MLFS). Median survival was 3.0 months (range, 0.5–8.0), and estimated 6‐month survival was 24%. Responses were observed in five (24%) of 21 patients with intermediate‐risk cytogenetics, 3 (27%) of 11 IDH1/2‐mutant, and 4 (50%) of 8 RUNX1‐mutated patients. Two (20%) of 10 TP53‐mutated patients responded; both had concurrent RUNX1 mutations. Of the 3 (15%) responding patients with adverse cytogenetics, all had concurrent RUNX1 mutations.

Conclusion

Low‐intensity chemotherapy, including HMAs or LDAC, in combination with VEN is a viable salvage option, even in multiply relapsed/refractory patients with AML, MDS, and BPDCN. Notable responses were identified in patients with diploid/intermediate cytogenetics, RUNX1, and/or IDH1/2 mutations.
Einzelzell‐Massenspektrometrie zur Untersuchung zellulärer Heterogenität
Authors: Zhang Linwen , Vertes Akos
Published: December 2017

Die Diversität der Zusammensetzung ist eine fundamentale Eigenschaft von Zellpopulationen. Neue Einblicke in diese zelluläre Heterogenität auf Genom‐, Transkriptom‐, Proteom‐ und Metabolomniveau verspricht die Einzelzellanalyse. Die Massenspektrometrie (MS) ist ein markierungsfreies Verfahren, das die Multiplex‐Analyse von Proteinen, Peptiden, Lipiden und Metaboliten in Einzelzellen ermöglicht. Die Häufigkeiten dieser Verbindungsklassen werden mit den physiologischen Zuständen und den Reaktionen der Zellen auf Umgebungsänderungen korreliert. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt neue Fortschritte bei den Einzelzell‐MS‐Techniken mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Entnahme‐ und Ionisationsmethoden, die für volumenbegrenzte Proben entwickelt wurden. Bei Einzelzellen erfordern die Strategien zur Probenbehandlung, die Trennmethoden und die Datenanalyse besondere Überlegungen. Aktuelle analytische Herausforderungen betreffen unter anderem die subzelluläre Heterogenität, nicht normale statistische Verteilungen von Zelleigenschaften sowie die Notwendigkeit von Hochdurchsatzanwendungen, einem breiten Molekülspektrum und minimaler Störung.
Reversing Conventional Reactivity of Mixed Oxo/Alkyl Rare‐Earth Complexes: Non‐Redox Oxygen Atom Transfer
Authors: Hong Jianquan , Tian Haiwen , Zhang Lixin , Zhou Xigeng , del Rosal Iker , Weng Linhong , Maron Laurent
Published: December 2017

The preferential substitution of oxo ligands over alkyl ones of rare‐earth complexes is commonly considered as “impossible” due to the high oxophilicity of metal centers. Now, it has been shown that simply assembling mixed methyl/oxo rare‐earth complexes to a rigid trinuclear cluster framework cannot only enhance the activity of the Ln‐oxo bond, but also protect the highly reactive Ln‐alkyl bond, thus providing a previously unrecognized opportunity to selectively manipulate the oxo ligand in the presence of numerous reactive functionalities. Such trimetallic cluster has proved to be a suitable platform for developing the unprecedented non‐redox rare‐earth‐mediated oxygen atom transfer from ketones to CS2 and PhNCS. Controlled experiments and computational studies shed light on the driving force for these reactions, emphasizing the importance of the sterical accessibility and multimetallic effect of the cluster framework in promoting reversal of reactivity of rare‐earth oxo complexes.
Photokatalytische aerobe Phosphatierung von Alkenen
Authors: Depken Christian , Krätzschmar Felix , Rieger Rene , Rode Katharina , Breder Alexander
Published: December 2017

Es wurde ein katalytisches Verfahren für die direkte Phosphatierung einfacher unpolarisierter Alkene entwickelt, das erstmals die Nutzung von gewöhnlichen unaktivierten Phosphorsäurediestern als Phosphatquelle und O2 als terminales Oxidationmittel ermöglicht. Die Methode erlaubt einen direkten und höchst ökonomischen Aufbau von verschiedenen Allylphosphatestern. Im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Phosphorsäureestern ist die aerobe Phosphatierung vollständig komplementär, da erstere zum Großteil auf der Verwendung von vorfunktionalisierten oder voraktivierten Reagenzien wie Alkoholen oder Phosphorylhalogeniden beruhen. Ermöglicht wird die Reaktion durch das katalytische Zusammenwirken eines Photokatalysators und einer Selen‐π‐Säure über eine Abfolge von Ein‐Elektronen‐Transferprozessen.
The Common Intermediates of Oxygen Evolution and Dissolution Reactions during Water Electrolysis on Iridium
Authors: Kasian Olga , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Geiger Simon , Cherevko Serhiy , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: December 2017

Understanding the pathways of catalyst degradation during the oxygen evolution reaction is a cornerstone in the development of efficient and stable electrolyzers, since even for the most promising Ir based anodes the harsh reaction conditions are detrimental. The dissolution mechanism is complex and the correlation to the oxygen evolution reaction itself is still poorly understood. Here, by coupling a scanning flow cell with inductively coupled plasma and online electrochemical mass spectrometers, we monitor the oxygen evolution and degradation products of Ir and Ir oxides in situ. It is shown that at high anodic potentials several dissolution routes become possible, including formation of gaseous IrO3. On the basis of experimental data, possible pathways are proposed for the oxygen‐evolution‐triggered dissolution of Ir and the role of common intermediates for these reactions is discussed.
Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Explore Cellular Heterogeneity
Authors: Zhang Linwen , Vertes Akos
Published: December 2017

Compositional diversity is a fundamental property in cell populations. Single‐cell analysis promises new insight into this cellular heterogeneity on the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a label‐free technique that enables the multiplexed analysis of proteins, peptides, lipids, and metabolites in individual cells. The abundances of these molecular classes are correlated with the physiological states and environmental responses of the cells. In this Minireview, we discuss recent advances in single‐cell MS techniques with an emphasis on sampling and ionization methods developed for volume‐limited samples. Strategies for sample treatment, separation methods, and data analysis require special considerations for single cells. Ongoing analytical challenges include subcellular heterogeneity, non‐normal statistical distributions of cellular properties, and the need for high‐throughput, high molecular coverage and minimal perturbation.
Catalysis of Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction on Nanosheets: Fundamentals and Challenges
Authors: Sun Zhenyu , Talreja Neetu , Tao Hengcong , Texter John , Muhler Martin , Strunk Jennifer , Chen Jianfeng
Published: December 2017

The transformation of CO2 into fuels and chemicals by photocatalysis is a promising strategy to provide a long‐term solution to mitigating global warming and energy‐supply problems. Achievements in photocatalysis during the last decade have sparked increased interest in using sunlight to reduce CO2. Traditional semiconductors used in photocatalysis (e.g. TiO2) are not suitable for use in natural sunlight and their performance is not sufficient even under UV irradiation. Some two‐dimensional (2D) materials have recently been designed for the catalytic reduction of CO2. These materials still require significant modification, which is a challenge when designing a photocatalytic process. An overarching aim of this Review is to summarize the literature on the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 by various 2D materials in the liquid phase, with special attention given to the development of novel 2D photocatalyst materials to provide a basis for improved materials.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Trost–Oppolzer‐Type Alder–Ene Reaction of Dienyl Acetates to Cyclopentadienes
Authors: Bankar Siddheshwar K. , Singh Bara , Tung Pinku , Ramasastry S. S. V.
Published: December 2017

A new approach to the synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentadienes, indenes, and cyclopentene‐fused heteroarenes by means of the Pd‐catalyzed Trost–Oppolzer‐type intramolecular Alder–ene reaction of 2,4‐pentadienyl acetates is described. This unprecedented transformation combines the electrophilic features of the Tsuji–Trost reaction with the nucleophilic features of the Alder–ene reaction. The overall outcome can be perceived as a hitherto unknown “acid‐free” iso‐Nazarov‐type cyclization. The versatility of this strategy was further demonstrated by the formal synthesis of paucifloral F, a resveratrol‐based natural product.
Antibacterial, DFT and molecular docking studies of Rh(III) complexes of Coumarinyl‐Thiosemicarbazone nuclei based ligands
Authors: Hassan Safaa S.
Published: December 2017

Coumarinyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives (1E)‐1‐(1‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (OCET), (1E)‐1‐(1‐(6‐bromo‐2‐ oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (BOCET) and 1‐(1‐(3‐oxo‐3H‐benzo[f]chromen‐2‐yl)ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (NOCET) and their Rh(III) complexes were synthesized, the characterization was carried out by elemental analysis, IR, UV–Visible, mass, magnetic measurement and molar conductance techniques. Data interpretation of the Rh(III) complexes indicates that the ligands of coumarinyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives were formed in stoichiometric ratios as 1:2 (metal: ligand). The studied ligands act as a bidentate ligand by using both azomethine nitrogen and thiol sulphur as monoanion center of donation. The theoretical conformational structure analyses were performed using density functional theory for ligands and complexes at B3LYP functional with 6‐31G(++)d,p basis set for ligands and LANL2DZ basis set for complexes. The charge distribution within the ligands and its Rh(III) complexes was calculated using Mulliken population analysis of (MPA) and natural population analysis (NPA). The antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds was tested against some types of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Molecular docking investigation proved that, the ligands and complexes had interesting interactions with active site amino acids of ribosyltransferase (code: 3GEY).
Simultaneous decision analysis on the structural and mechanical properties of polymeric microcellular nanocomposites foamed using CO2
Authors: Daryadel Mahsa , Azdast Taher , Hasanzadeh Rezgar , Molani Siamak
Published: December 2017

In this study, the effects of nano Fe2O3 content and foaming temperature and time are investigated on the various structural and mechanical properties of polypropylene in a batch foaming process with CO2 using Taguchi approach. Cell size, relative density, and specific impact strength and hardness are considered as different criteria. The results indicated that the cell sizes are below 10 μm and a 20% improvement is observed in the microcellular nanocomposite samples containing 4 wt % nano Fe2O3. A 20% improvement is observed in specific impact strength by increasing 4 wt % of nano Fe2O3. Also, a simultaneous decision analysis is performed and the best sample with respect to considered structural and mechanical properties is selected using multi‐criteria decision making methods. The results demonstrated that the microcellular nanocomposite foams containing 4 wt % of nano Fe2O3 are the best samples. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46098.
Upstream recolonization by freshwater mussels (Unionoida: Hyriidae) following installation of a fishway
Authors: Benson Justin Aaron , Close Paul Graeme , Stewart Barbara Ann , Lymbery Alan
Published: December 2017

Freshwater mussels provide important benefits to aquatic ecosystems by filtering water, bioturbating sediments, and cycling and transforming nutrients. The global decline in mussel diversity, distribution and abundance has led to concerns that ecological functioning in freshwater systems will be diminished.

Mussels from the order Unionoida have an obligate larval stage that parasitizes a fish host, developing into a juvenile while being dispersed throughout the ecosystem. Barriers that obstruct fish movement can lead to localized extinctions of fish and mussels. In many cases, fishways have successfully restored habitat connectivity for fish; however, mussel recolonization is rarely assessed.

This paper provides evidence for recolonization by Carter's freshwater mussel (Westralunio carteri, Iredale 1934) in habitats upstream of a weir following fishway installation. Mussels were present at all sites both above and below the weir, although they were far more abundant downstream. A lack of larger size classes upstream highlights the historical lack of recruitment in that area. Recent recruitment post‐fishway installation suggests that the population will eventually recover above the weir.

The return of mussels above the weir is likely to benefit the ecosystem owing to the key role mussels play in aquatic habitats. Fishways may therefore be an important tool for the restoration of mussels, and broader ecological functioning.
A gene‐driven recovery mechanism: Drosophila larvae increase feeding activity for post‐stress weight recovery
Authors: Ryuda Masasuke , Tabuchi Miku , Matsumoto Hitoshi , Matsumura Takashi , Ochiai Masanori , Hayakawa Yoichi
Published: December 2017

Recovery from weight loss after stress is important for all organisms, although the recovery mechanisms are not fully understood. We are working to clarify these mechanisms. Here, we recorded enhanced feeding activity of Drosophila melanogaster larvae from 2 to 4 h after heat stress at 35°C for 1 h. During the post‐stress period, expression levels of sweet taste gustatory receptor genes (Grs), Gr5a, Gr43a, Gr64a, and Gr64f, were elevated, whereas bitter taste Grs, Gr66a, and Gr33a, were decreased in expression and expression of a non‐typical taste receptor Gr, Gr68a, was unchanged. Similar upregulation of Gr5a and downregulation of Gr66a was recorded after cold stress at 4°C. Expression levels of tropomyosin and ATP synthase ß subunit were significantly increased in larval mouth parts around 3 to 5 h after the heat stress. We infer that up‐regulation of post‐stress larval feeding activity, and weight recovery, is mediated by increasing capacity for mouth part muscular movements and changes in taste sensing physiology. We propose that Drosophila larvae, and likely insects generally, express an efficient mechanism to recover from weight loss during post‐stress periods.
Embedded, added, cocreated: Revisiting the value of information in an age of data
Authors: Foster Jonathan , Clough Paul
Published: December 2017

This article proposes that the value of information is a topic worth revisiting in the contemporary era. Although the topic has been of perennial interest to information professionals and others, since at the least the early 1980s, we believe that it is timely to revisit this question in the context of a more connected and networked environment of data, information, and knowledge. The principal argument is that existing models of information exchange and use do not sufficiently take account of the multiplicity of networked users as a source of value, for example, their implicit and explicit interactions with other users, and with the information system. We briefly review existing kinds of value that have been theorized, operationalized, and measured in the information science literature. Principally, these are the notions of information as embedded value; and information and information systems as adding value. To these notions we add the further notion of connected or cocreated value. We conclude our opinion article with a set of questions intended to orient future research into the question of the value of information in the contemporary era.