bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skirting the Issues
Authors: Bigelow Lyda , Lundmark Leif , McLean Parks Judi , Wuebker Robert
Published: April 2012

Given the increasing number of women executives in the top management teams of initial public offering (IPO) firms, the lack of female-led IPO firms is a curious fact, especially since women-owned private businesses represent almost half of the new businesses formed in the United States, with patterns of founding similar to those of male-owned businesses. This lack of female-led IPOs suggests a potentially larger problem—a gender-based capital gap for new ventures. Given the empirical evidence suggesting a positive association between the presence of female executives and firm performance, the authors test whether investor perceptions are aligned with these empirical patterns. Using a sample of MBA students, the authors construct a simulated IPO, manipulating the gender demographics of the top management team. Their results suggest that female CEOs may be disproportionately disadvantaged in their ability to attract growth capital, when all other factors are controlled. Despite identical personal qualifications and firm financials, female founders/CEOs were perceived as less capable than their male counterparts, and IPOs led by female founders/CEOs were considered less attractive investments.
When Leaders Fail to “Walk the Talk”
Authors: Greenbaum Rebecca L. , Mawritz Mary Bardes , Piccolo Ronald F.
Published: April 2012

This research examines a condition under which supervisor undermining is related to perceptions of leader hypocrisy that then lead to employee turnover intentions. Drawing on behavioral integrity theory and arguments from the social cognition literature, the authors argue that subordinates compare supervisor undermining to an interpersonal justice expectation, as a salient social cue, to draw conclusions regarding leader hypocrisy. In turn, the cognitive conclusion that the leader is indeed a hypocrite generates uncertainty that subordinates are motivated to manage by increasing turnover intentions. The authors examine perceptions of leader hypocrisy as the mediator of their proposed theoretical model while controlling for psychological contract breach and trust in supervisor. Results from a scenario-based experiment ( N = 202) and a survey-based study ( N = 312) provide general support for the authors’ hypotheses.
The “New Normal” for Local Government
Authors: Martin Lawrence L. , Levey Richard , Cawley Jenna
Published: April 2012

This article argues that the bursting of the housing bubble, the banking crisis and the resulting great recession of 2008 have altered the landscape for local governments. The authors contend that the economic recession has created a “new normal” for local government finances, employment, and services. This “new normal” perspective holds that the great recession of 2008 represents a break point for local governments, with implications likely to last long after the economy recovers. The authors suggest that the “new normal” for local governments will consist of fewer resources, smaller workforces, and new ways of delivering services.
Critical citizens, democratic support and satisfaction in African democracies
Authors: Doorenspleet Renske
Published: April 2012

Worldwide, there is substantial popular support for the ideal of democracy but, on the other hand, there is considerable dissatisfaction with democracy within democracies. Democracies are inhabited by many so-called ‘dissatisfied democrats’: citizens who are strong supporters of the democratic ideal, but are unhappy with the way democracy is working in their country. It is not clear how to explain this phenomenon, but based on a review of the existing literature, two different approaches can be distinguished: an optimistic and a pessimistic one. Subsequently, this article investigates why some people are dissatisfied democrats while others are not in eight African democracies – Benin, Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Namibia, Senegal and South Africa. The empirical evidence seems to support the complex mix of both the optimistic and pessimistic approaches: to be sure, dissatisfied democrats are critical citizens compared with dissatisfied non-democrats, but they are not more politically active than the rest of the population. Future studies need to find out whether dissatisfied democrats can be seen either as a democratic danger or as a democratic defence, but the first findings in this article suggest that a growing group of dissatisfied democrats are a sign of democracy in decline.
Outpatient Parathyroid Surgery Data from the University Health System Consortium
Authors: Stack Brendan C. , Spencer Horace , Moore Evan , Medvedev Sofia , Bodenner Donald
Published: April 2012

Objective

To determine demographics and cost for outpatients undergoing parathyroid surgery at hospitals belonging to the University Health System Consortium (UHC).

Study Design

UHC data were accessed in 2011 and reflected data collected from 2005 through 2010 (24 quarters). Searching strategy was based on diagnoses of parathyroid disease and patients undergoing parathyroidectomy across all UHC member facilities. Complications evaluated in this analysis included: hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, aspiration pneumonia, hematoma, wound infection, stroke, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (PE), and death.

Setting

The University Health System Consortium, Oak Brook, Illinois, was formed in 1984 and consists of 112 academic medical centers and 250 of their affiliated hospitals. This represents 90% of the nonprofit academic medical centers in the United States (www.uhc.edu).

Subjects and Methods

Patients enrolled in the UHC database were studied retrospectively. Data were compiled from discharge summaries into a secure, interactive, Web‐based database. The outpatient data collection set has been a recent addition to the originally established UHC inpatient discharge database.

Results

There were 21,057 patients who had outpatient parathyroid surgery. The average age was 59.0 (0.8‐96.2) yrs. Seventy‐six percent of patients were female. Outpatient parathyroidectomy had lower charges than inpatient surgery ($12,738 and $14,657, respectively; P = 0.004, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Complications were low but were likely underreported.

Conclusion

Parathyroid surgery is increasingly being done in the outpatient setting in the United States. By virtue of omitting inpatient hospitalization, the outpatient approach becomes a more economical way to manage parathyroid disease. This is the largest known series reporting experience with outpatient parathyroid surgery.
Survival Comparison of Allograft and Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at the United States Military Academy
Authors: Pallis Mark , Svoboda Steven J. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Owens Brett D.
Published: April 2012

Background: There is recent evidence that use of allograft tendons for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in young patients may result in increased failure rates compared with autologous grafts.

Hypothesis: Allograft ACL reconstruction will result in higher failure rates in young athletes compared with autograft reconstruction.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of cadets at the United States Military Academy (USMA) was performed to assess performance of ACL reconstructions performed before entrance to service. Members of the classes of 2007 through 2013 who had undergone prior ACL reconstruction were identified through the Department of Defense Medical Evaluation Review Board reporting and waiver process and evaluated on the first day of matriculation. These participants were followed during their tenure at the academy with revision ACL reconstruction as the primary outcome measure of interest. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for all graft types using STATA with significance set as P < .05.

Results: A total of 120 cadets underwent 122 ACL reconstructions (2 bilateral) before matriculation and compose the prospective cohort. This cohort included 30 female and 90 male cadets. Of these 122 knees with prior ACL reconstructions, the grafts used were 61 bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTB), 45 hamstring, and 16 allograft. A total of 20 failures occurred among this cohort at an average of 545 days from matriculation. Of the failures requiring revision, 7 were BTB (11% of all BTB), 7 were allograft (44% of all allograft), and 6 were hamstring (13% of all hamstring). There was no significant difference in the graft failure between the BTB and hamstring autograft groups. In contrast, those who entered the USMA with an allograft were 7.7 times more likely to experience a subsequent graft failure during the follow-up period when compared with the BTB autograft group (hazard ratio = 7.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.67-22.38; P < .001). When allografts were compared with all autografts combined, a similar increase failure was noted in the allograft group (hazard ratio = 6.71; 95% CI, 2.64-17.06; P < .001).

Conclusion: In this young active cohort, individuals having undergone an allograft ACL reconstruction were significantly more likely to experience clinical failure requiring revision reconstruction compared with those who underwent autologous graft reconstruction. The authors recommend the use of autograft in ACL reconstruction in young athletes.
Synthesis and properties of high performance polyimides derived from a novel diamine containing a N-octylcarbazole unit and two 3,5-diarylimidazole groups
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Alizadeh Raouf , Nasr Farzaneh Hashemi , Akbari Jafar
Published: April 2012

A novel heterocyclic diamine based on carbazole and imidazole rings, 5,5′-(9-octyl-carbazole-3,6-diyl)bis[4-phenyl-2-(4-amino-phenyl)-1H-imidazole], was synthesized from readily available compounds through a multi-step procedure in high yield. The obtained diamine was fully characterized and its polycondensation reaction with different aromatic dianhydrides via the conventional two-step method, ring-opening polycondensation and chemical imidization, led to preparation of novel photoactive and heat resistant polyimides with improved solubility. The effects of the heteroaromatic rings into the main chain of the prepared polyimides were evaluated through the study of their solubility, thermal and optical properties. The inherent viscosities of the resulting polyimides were in the range of 0.39–0.51 dL g−1, and all of  them were soluble in common polar aprotic solvents. Meanwhile, they had good thermal stability with glass transition temperature ( Tg) values of 312–330 °C, the temperature at 10% weight loss of 475–495 °C, and the residue at 700 °C of 61–65% in nitrogen. These polymers exhibited strong UV-vis absorption, and their photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed maxima at 413–426 nm in solution and at 429–438 nm in the solid state. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that these polyimides were predominantly amorphous.
Sufficient conditions of optimal control based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle for use in hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Kim Namwook , Rousseau Aymeric
Published: April 2012

Over 10 years ago, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy was introduced as an effective approach, using the concept of equivalent fuel consumption for electricity use, to solve a control problem for hybrid electric vehicles. Although numerous studies have documented outstanding results as a consequence of applying the concept and have shown that the equivalent consumption minimization strategy could be explained on the basis of an optimal control concept such as Pontryagin’s minimum principle, few studies have proven, mathematically, its optimal performance when solving the control problem of hybrid electric vehicles. The present research builds upon previous research studies that proved that the control based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle can be a global optimal solution for hybrid electric vehicles under the assumption that the battery efficiency is not a function of the state of charge. In this paper, we expand upon the original concept, deriving the optimality within more generalized cases than previously reported. In conclusion, if the battery efficiency is a concave function of the state of charge, which is possibly a natural characteristic of the battery, the optimal control based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle enables optimal performance to be achieved. We can therefore apply this control concept to hybrid electric vehicles which use a wide range of states of charge, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Model predictive regenerative braking control for lightweight electric vehicles with in-wheel motors
Authors: Huang Xiaoyu , Wang Junmin
Published: April 2012

This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive controller for regenerative braking control of lightweight electric vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors. In-wheel-motors-driven electric vehicles possess significant advantages such as actuation flexibilities, torque control precision, and energy recovery improvement by direct regenerative braking control. The proposed controller not only improves the regenerative braking energy recovery by determining the front and rear braking torques independently but also prevents wheel locks during deceleration when the tire–road friction coefficient is low. The energy-saving objective is accomplished by including in the cost function the additional penalty term on the motor-to-battery regenerative braking power, while the safety objective is formulated as hard constraints on the longitudinal slip ratios of the wheels. Since the problem is based on a nonlinear vehicle longitudinal model, the global minimum within each time step is searched for by gridding the initial torque plane. Simulation results, based on a vehicle model in CarSim®, show that the proposed nonlinear model predictive controller is capable of restoring considerably more regenerative braking energy than a conventional proportional–integral controller supplemented with a feedforward control effort and another nonlinear model predictive controller with no consideration of the energy recovery and of maintaining a good vehicle-speed-tracking performance.
Systems optimisation of an active thermal management system during engine warm-up
Authors: Burke Richard D , Lewis Andy J , Akehurst Sam , Brace Chris J , Pegg Ian , Stark Roland
Published: April 2012

Active thermal management systems offer a potential for small improvements in fuel consumption that will contribute to upcoming legislation on carbon dioxide emissions. These systems offer new degrees of freedom for engine calibration; however, their full potential will only be exploited if a systems approach to their calibration is adopted, in conjunction with other engine controls. In this work, a design-of-experiments approach is extended to allow its application to transient drive cycles performed on a dynamic test stand. Experimental precision is of crucial importance in this technique since even small errors would obscure the effects of interest. The dynamic behaviour of the engine was represented mathematically in a manner that enabled conventional steady state modelling approaches to be employed in order to predict the thermal state of critical parts of the engine as a function of the actuator settings. A 17-point test matrix was undertaken, and subsequent modelling and optimisation procedures indicated potential 2–3% fuel consumption benefits under iso-nitrogen oxide conditions. Reductions in the thermal inertia appeared to be the most effective approach for reducing the engine warm-up time, which translated approximately to a 1.3% reduction in the fuel consumption per kilogram of coolant. A novel oil-cooled exhaust gas recirculation system showed the significant benefits of cooling the exhaust gases, thereby reducing the inlet gas temperature by 5 °C and subsequently the nitrogen oxide emissions by 6%, in addition to increasing the warm-up rate of the oil. This suggested that optimising the thermal management system for cooling the gases in the exhaust gas recirculation system can offer significant improvements. For the first time this paper presents a technique that allows simple predictive models of the thermal state of the engine to be integrated into the calibration process in order to deliver the optimum benefit. In particular, it is shown how the effect of the thermal management system on the nitrogen oxides can be traded off, by advancing the injection timing, to give significant improvements in the fuel consumption.
Assessing the Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Revenue Efficiency: Evidence from Malaysian Banking Sector
Authors: Sufian Fadzlan , Muhamad Junaina , Bany-Ariffin A.N. , Yahya M.H. , Kamarudin Fakarudin
Published: April 2012

The article attempts to examine the effect of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on Malaysian banks’ revenue efficiency. The data gathered in this study are divided into two event windows: the pre-merger (1995–1996) and post-merger (2002–2009) periods. The sample selected for this study comprised 34 commercial banks, including the control group of banks. We employ the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method to measure the efficiency of Malaysian banks during both the pre- and post-merger periods. The results indicate that the Malaysian banks’ revenue efficiency has not significantly improved during the post-merger compared to the pre-merger period.
Are Diabetic Physicians at a Lower Risk of Hospitalization for Coronary Heart Disease? A Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Yen-Chun , Liu Chih-Ching , Hwang Shiow-Li , Li Chung-Yi , Chou Li-Ping , Liu Chi-Chu
Published: April 2012

It is not uncommon for physicians to work through illness and to be reluctant to seek health care from their colleagues, which is detrimental for quality of care. This study sought to assess the risk of admission for coronary artery diseases (CADs) in diabetic physicians. A cohort of 995 diabetic physicians and 9950 age- and sex-matched controls with diabetes were identified in 2000 and were followed to the end of 2008. Over an 8-year period, 200 (20.1%) diabetic physicians and 2255 (22.7%) controls were admitted for CAD. After controlling for potential confounders, diabetic physicians experienced a reduced, but insignificantly, adjusted odds ratio (OR) of CAD admission (OR = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.75-1.06). Diabetic physicians in Taiwan were not at a significantly reduced risk of CAD admission. Future studies are needed to further explore the barriers that impede diabetic physicians from appropriately managing their disease.
Joint Impact of Physical Activity and Family History on the Development of Diabetes Among Urban Adults in Mainland China
Authors: Xu Fei , Wang Youfa , Ware Robert S. , Tse Lap Ah , Wang Zhiyong , Hong Xin , Dunstan David W. , Owen Neville
Published: April 2012

To examine the joint influences of physical activity (PA) and family history (FH) of diabetes on subsequent type 2 diabetes (T2D), the authors pooled and analyzed data from 2 community-based urban adult prospective cohort studies in 2011 in Nanjing, China. Among 4550 urban participants, the 3-year cumulative incidence of T2D was 5.1%. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with those with FH+ and insufficient PA, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of developing T2D was 0.42 (0.18, 0.98) for participants with sufficient PA and FH+, 0.32 (0.22, 0.46) for participants with insufficient PA and FH−, and 0.15 (0.08, 0.28) for participants with sufficient PA and FH−. Such significant graduated associations between PA/FH and risk of developing T2D were also identified in either men or women, separately. Sufficient PA and FH− may jointly reduce the risk of developing T2D in urban Chinese adults.
Unequal Geographic Distribution of Life Expectancy in Seoul
Authors: Kim Sangmi , Yi Seonju , Kim Meekyung , Kim Bokyung , Lee Hwayoung , Jeon Taekryeon , Cho Youngtae
Published: April 2012

This study examined life expectancies in 25 gus, administrative districts of Seoul, the capital of Korea, by gender in 1995, 2002, and 2008 to explore trends in mortality inequality among areas. The authors constructed single-decrement life tables and employed between-group variance, the Theil index, and mean log deviation to measure absolute and relative disparities in life expectancy among areas during the periods 1995-2002 and 2002-2008. It was found that life expectancy gaps between gus have widened in absolute and relative terms in both genders over the decade, and that this pattern was particularly dramatic in females after 2002. This increasing gap could be attributable to the more negative health impact on females since the late 1990s stemming from the economic crisis, eventually reflected in their places of residence. Thus, a social buffer system to narrow the health gap between geographic areas and social classes must be established.
Planning for the Future
Authors: Mueller Tracy Gershwin , Bassett Diane S. , Brewer Robin D.
Published: April 2012

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates the implementation of a behavior intervention plan based on a functional behavioral assessment when a student’s behavior necessitates disciplinary actions. However, IDEA does not provide any clear guidelines as to what the plans should contain nor how they can address behaviors that may affect a student’s transition to postsecondary life. This article blends research in the areas of transition-focused planning and behavior into a framework that can be used for the development of transition-focused behavior intervention plans. Case study application strategies are presented, along with guidelines for practitioner implementation.
Transition Assessment
Authors: Lowenthal Alison B. , Bassett Diane S.
Published: April 2012

Over the past decade, there has been an increased emphasis on transition planning for students with exceptional needs. This is in part the result of the mandates contained in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. This increased emphasis has revealed a number of shortcomings with how transition planning is done day-to-day. Transition planning can be improved, however, if assessment data serve as the foundation to the IEP process—including the determination of effective transition services. This article illustrates how to use a multitiered process, including screening, progress monitoring, and diagnostic assessment, to enhance students’ transition plans and positively affect the outcomes for persons with disabilities.
Fostering Self-Determination Through Building Productive Relationships in the Classroom
Authors: Field Sharon L. , Hoffman Abigail S.
Published: April 2012

Self-determination is essential to promoting successful transitions for students with and without disabilities. Numerous studies have found that positive relationships are central to the ability to be self-determined, thus making relationship building a key area to address to promote successful transitions. This article provides information on strategies, classroom modifications, and curricula that can be used to help students improve their ability to build an increased sense of belonging through positive relationships with others. Strategies are discussed within the context of self-determination to demonstrate how students can increase their ability to establish and maintain positive relationships and their self-determination concurrently.
Criminal, Crime Victim, or John Smith? Constructions of Victimhood and Perpetratorship Among Swedish Probationers
Authors: Heber Anita
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on criminals who are also victims of crime, that is, the victim–offender overlap. The study includes men who have become victims of violent crimes, but who are also perpetrators of such crimes. Sixteen Swedish probationers have been interviewed in depth and asked to describe their victimization and their offences. The interviewees clearly distance themselves from ideas of victimhood and describe the victimhood of others as something shameful. Their own victimization, and their own violence against others, is described in a pared-down and unemotional manner. Victimhood emerges in the study as something so negative that it can be described as shaming in the same way as if the individual is labeled as a criminal. Victimhood and the role of the victim do not constitute alternatives for the interviewees. The role of the criminal, by contrast, is prominent. The interviewees describe how they can switch between two roles: the role of the criminal and that of a “John Smith,” or in Swedish, a “Svensson,” who is a normal, law-abiding individual with an orderly life. Receiving a positive label as a “Svensson” from their environment may contribute to the interviewees acting in line with such a law-abiding role.
Understanding the Relationships Between Commitment and Voice
Authors: Beatty Sharon E. , Reynolds Kristy E. , Noble Stephanie M. , Harrison Mary P.
Published: April 2012

This study aims to explicate why customers stay in service relationships, while additionally examining how different forms of commitment to these relationships affect customers' voice, both within and outside of the relationship. Based on qualitative interviews and an extensive literature review, we provide and test a framework linking staying reasons to commitment to voice utilizing a survey of 685 online panelists in committed service relationships. Our results illustrate the differential effects of staying reasons on commitment and commitment on voice. Social balance theory, social influence theory, and escalation of commitment provide important theoretical bases for why individuals stay. We examine a number of unexamined or underexplored gaps in the literature, finding seven notable links relative to staying reasons and commitment (relational benefits and resistance to change to calculative commitment; subjective norms and sunk costs to affective commitment; procedural switching costs, avoidance of conflict, and resistance to change to normative commitment). Additionally, a number of less explored, as well as previously studied, findings between commitments and voice are noted, including the strong negative impacts of calculative commitment and silent endurance on voice. This suggests the importance of the service provider not locking the customer in too tightly.
‘Doing Gender’ in the Imagined Futures of Young New Zealanders
Authors: Patterson Lesley , Forbes Katherine
Published: April 2012

This article analyzes how 100 young New Zealanders (aged 16 to 18 years) imagined their futures, and particularly their future family life. In their written accounts imagining themselves aged 25 to 40 years, the participants drew upon dominant parenting norms in which contemporary gender beliefs positioning men and women as separate and discrete categories of people were implicit. Parenting was typically positioned as concrete and compulsory by young women and as abstract and complementary by young men. Conversely, paid work as abstract, contingent and amenable to interruption was imagined by young women; and as continuous and compulsory by young men. Given these findings we argue young New Zealanders ‘do gender’ in the social relational contexts of future family life and paid work. These findings are situated by the historical antecedents of New Zealand’s current modernized male-breadwinner family ideal, and recent ‘family-friendly’ policies designed to encourage mothers into paid work.
The Cosmopolitanization of Childhood: Eco-Knowledge in Children’s Eco-Edutainment Books
Authors: Larsson Bengt
Published: April 2012

This article discusses one particular aspect of the cosmopolitanization of childhood by analyzing children’s ‘eco-edutainment’ books, giving advice on how to save the world from environmental catastrophe. Its purpose is to analyze how such books articulate and spread ‘eco-knowledge’, encouraging children to become environmentally aware world citizens. The analysis shows that these books urge children and pre-teens not only to become self-disciplined and caring, ethical ‘ecological selves’, but also to partake in producing local eco-knowledge and monitoring eco-discipline in their families, schools and local communities. The interconnection of problems, blame, possibilities, responsibilities, commitment and tactics and techniques made in these books articulates a persuasive and potentially mobilizing discourse. By simultaneously empowering the children, stimulating their cosmopolitical commitment and suggesting certain techniques and tactics for improving their families’ and schools’ environmental performances, these books encourage children to identify with a duty of becoming cosmopolitical problem solvers.
Walking to learn: Rethinking reflection for management learning
Authors: Zundel Mike
Published: April 2012

This article investigates possibilities for reflection when understood from within a world that is practically experienced rather than theoretically contemplated. Based on an analysis of space and time in Descartes, it suggests that prominent conceptions of reflection in management learning remain static and lifeless. Drawing on the work of Heidegger it introduces the metaphor of ‘walking around’ to suggest an alternative understanding of reflection which is sensitive to the worldly immersion and finitude of being and begins to outline implications for management learning.
Symmetrical twins: On the relationship between Actor-Network theory and the sociology of critical capacities
Authors: Guggenheim Michael , Potthast Jörg
Published: April 2012

This article explores the elective affinities between Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and the sociology of critical capacities. It argues that these two research programmes can be understood as symmetrical twins. We show the extent to which the exchange between Bruno Latour and Luc Boltanski has influenced their respective theoretical developments. Three strong encounters between the twin research programmes may be distinguished. The first encounter concerns explanations for social change. The second encounter focuses on the status of objects and their relationship to places. The third encounter is about the concept of critique. Drawing on their long-term mutual readings, we gain insight into how pleas for symmetrical analysis raised in response to Bourdieu’s theory of fields have evolved within both ANT and the sociology of critical capacity. We conclude by relating the development of the respective research programmes to the issue of disciplinary boundaries.
Critical social philosophy, Honneth and the role of primary intersubjectivity
Authors: Varga Somogy , Gallagher Shaun
Published: April 2012

Gesellschaftskritik, or social philosophy that aims to provide firm criticism of pathological social practices, requires normatively grounded evaluative principles. In this article, we assess different possibilities for such principles with focus on a model that takes specific patterns of intersubjective interaction as its point of reference. We argue that in order to understand the full significance of this ‘intersubjective turn’ for social philosophy, and to strengthen the normative foundation of social philosophy, we need to distinguish several levels of intersubjectivity and, in particular, focus on the somewhat neglected level of primary intersubjectivity. The article will discuss the account of primary intersubjectivity in Honneth’s work. We show that Honneth’s account runs into difficulties, and drawing on recent findings in developmental psychology, we suggest a rethinking of elementary recognition in terms of ‘affective proximity’. This both renders the account less susceptible to criticism and provides a normative perspective that can effortlessly enter into interdisciplinary collaboration.
What is to be thought? What is to be done?
Authors: Karagiannis Nathalie , Wagner Peter
Published: April 2012

Kostas Axelos and Cornelius Castoriadis are among the most inspiring thinkers of the second half of the 20th century. They each combine comprehensive philosophy with social and political theory, and a broad view on human history with a critical diagnosis of the present, with nuanced observations on our current condition—characteristics, rare during this period, that this article describes as polyscopic thought. Castoriadis is widely known as the philosopher of ‘autonomy’, of the human capacity to give oneself one’s own law; his diagnosis of the present focused on the weakening of this capacity in contemporary capitalism and democracy. Axelos, in turn, is a thinker of the ‘planetary age’ in which the human pretence to master the world and one’s own fate withers away in the face of the predominance of ‘technique’. This essay connects and contrasts the work of the two thinkers trying to understand the differences and to uncover underlying commonalities. Significantly, it suggests that both scholars saw a need to rethink key concerns in philosophy and the social sciences with a view to better grasp what awaits human beings in the current world and what can be done about it.
The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of a low carbon steel (0.1%) for offshore structural application
Authors: Kang Sung S , Bolouri Amir , Kang Chung-Gil
Published: April 2012

In this study, a low carbon cast steel (0.1% C) alloy designed for offshore structures, and the mechanical properties of the alloy under different heat treatment cycles have been evaluated. The effect of austenitizing time on the austenite grain size was studied. Subsequently, the quenched samples with minimum austenite grain size subjected to tempering experiments at different tempering temperatures (450 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C) and cooling rates (0.23, 36, and 50 °C/s) from the temperature. The results showed that by increasing the austenitizing time, the austenite grain size initially decreased and reached the minimum value with ASTM number of 6.35 and then followed by an increase. When the tempering temperature increased, yield and tensile strengths decreased, whereas the ductility properties improved. In addition, yield and tensile strengths were not affected by cooling rate from tempering temperature, whereas the ductility properties were slightly affected. The increase in tempering temperature significantly led to improvement in the toughness to fracture of the alloy. The effect of cooling rate on impact energy for the samples tempered at 450 °C and 550 °C was negligible. By the contrast, impact energy for the samples tempered at 650 °C was markedly affected by cooling rate, in which the highest value was achieved for a cooling rate of 50 °C/s.
Gene Expression Profiling in Acute Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection
Authors: Wang Lixin , Yao Lei , Guo Daqiao , Wang Chunsheng , Wan Bo , Ji Guoqing , Yang Cheng , Zhang Jing , Sheng Zaozhuo , Fu Weiguo , Wang Yuqi
Published: April 2012

Objective: To compare the gene expression profiles of the aorta specimens between patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection (AD) and controls. Materials and Methods: Samples of descending aorta were collected from patients with type B AD (n = 12) and from multiorgan donors as controls (n = 12). Phalanx whole genome microarray was used to analyze differential gene expression. Results: Of the 6375 probes validated, 623 genes were found to be differentially expressed between patients with type B AD and controls (fold change ≥2). Gene ontology analysis identified significantly enriched gene groups pertaining to cell–cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, cell–matrix adhesion, cytoskeleton, immune and inflammatory response, and apoptosis. Conclusion: Genes encoding components related to integrity and strength of the aortic wall were downregulated, whereas those related to inflammatory response were upregulated in type B AD. The altered patterns of gene expression indicate preexisting structural defects that are probably a consequence of insufficient remodeling of the aortic wall.
Cognitive Readiness and the Challenge of Institutionalizing the “New” Versus “News”
Authors: Fautua David T. , Schatz Sae
Published: April 2012

As the military begins to formalize training and standards for cognitive readiness, it is fitting to mark potential barriers to its implementation. This article outlines three general challenges associated with the institutionalization of cognitive readiness: (a) that the training and education community must recognize that higher-order cognitive skills development (at least for lower echelons) is fundamentally new—not merely a slight deviation from the status quo; (b) that commonly discussed cognitive competencies can (and must) be better operationalized for instruction and measurement purposes; and (c) that achieving widespread cognitive readiness will be possible only if senior leaders recognize the importance of sustained support for these competencies. The critical thesis of this article is this: Military leadership tends to view cognitive readiness as an additive aspect (“news”) to what is already known and accepted, instead of as a foundational competency (“new”) that requires widespread transformation. Until the institutionalization of cognitive readiness is recognized as a fundamentally novel, leap-ahead innovation, the military community will struggle to accomplish it.
Supporting the 7th-Year Undergraduate
Authors: Espinoza Penelope P. , Espinoza Crystal C.
Published: April 2012

Administrators at 4-year, public institutions of higher education commonly negotiate a balance between the oft-competing goals of access and excellence. This is heightened within minority–majority campuses, such as Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs), serving substantial numbers of first-generation degree seekers and low-income students. Administrators are obliged to support the needs of a “non-traditional” student body, while they are simultaneously and increasingly called to innovate and support efforts to leverage institutional prestige and ranking. This article describes the case of an associate dean who attempts to advise a 7th-year undergraduate. Drawing from the insights of the student’s tumultuous baccalaureate pathway, the contributions of a colleague advising students with similar challenges, as well as the demonstrated best practices of other HSIs, the administrator prepares recommendations for the institution’s strategic planning committee.
Leading Change With Slogans
Authors: Gonzales Leslie D. , Pacheco Arturo
Published: April 2012

In this study, the authors problematize the use of slogans when it comes to leading major organizational change. Specifically, they outline the slogans that Border University leaders used to explain and justify the university’s transition from a regional, primarily teaching-focused university to an aspiring nationally recognized, Tier One research university. They argue that Border leaders used slogans built out of dominant and attractive logics, which led to the silencing of important questions and critiques that faculty members had about the change, but failed to voice aloud. Educational leaders who are interested in administering a democratic and discursive organization will find the insights in this study useful.
Leading Into the Millennium
Authors: Méndez Zulma Y. , Rincones Rodolfo
Published: April 2012

This special issue describes and explores the complexities surrounding efforts to lead in and build educational organizations that serve the socially and culturally diverse students attending schools on the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Examining and reflecting on the realities that educational leaders encounter as they strive to provide educational opportunities to the unique population they serve is critical–especially now, as increasingly student populations across the K-16 spectrum appear to not fit the so-called traditional mold and they are no longer predominantly White and English speaking. The cases portrayed -of regional importance and national significance-should allow educators to identify, reflect on, and ponder the complexities, challenges, and opportunities that educators may expect to encounter as they practice and lead in the ever-changing landscape of these United States.
Problematizing ‘Risk’ and the Principalship: The Risky Business of Managing Risk in Schools
Authors: Starr Karen
Published: April 2012

Over the past two decades, risk in education has stimulated increasing attention and prominence, with principals bearing responsibility and liability for ‘managing’ risk in schools. As a consequence, compulsory risk compliance régimes have become increasingly complex, technical and time-consuming. This article focuses on the responses of principals to issues surrounding ‘risk’ and suggests that some risk processes themselves may be inherently risky. Principals fear that risk management régimes can incur professional and personal danger while ignoring some commonly known, politically sensitive, ‘risky’ areas. The article considers the scope of risk in schools before turning to ‘undiscussables’: how risk management puts principals at risk, and issues surrounding leaders as risk. Principals’ concerns about marginalization from systemic risk decision-making, the individuation of risk management responsibility and suggestions for action are discussed, along with areas for future research.
Instructional Leadership in Lebanese Public Schools
Authors: Mattar Dorine
Published: April 2012

This research aimed to find out the extent to which the instructional leadership style had been adopted by the principals in some Lebanese intermediate public schools. A small-scale survey approach was used where a cross-sectional study design was assumed. By sampling extreme cases (five high-performing schools and five low-performing ones), the researcher was able to reveal the differences that existed in the principals’ leadership styles in the two sets of schools selected. To achieve her objective, the researcher analysed the quantitative data collected from questionnaires administered to 203 teachers, in addition to the qualitative data collected from interviews conducted with principals using a semi-structured interview schedule. Principals in the schools investigated were found to assume climate-related functions more than the technological ones under the instructional leadership style. Both sets of functions were significantly performed better by the principals in the high-achieving schools in comparison with the principals in the low-achieving schools. The researcher ended up by recommending short-term and long-term remedies to enhance the way leadership is exercised and thus enhancing the teaching’s quality in Lebanon.
DUEXIS® (ibuprofen 800 mg, famotidine 26.6 mg): a new approach to gastroprotection for patients with chronic pain and inflammation who require treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Authors: Bello Alfonso E.
Published: April 2012

Chronic pain conditions affect at least 116 million US adults and more than one-third of adults worldwide. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used extensively for the treatment of chronic pain due to their efficacy as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Gastrointestinal toxicity is the most well known adverse effect of NSAID therapy and it may manifest as dyspepsia, ulcers, or bleeding. Current guidelines for the management of patients who require NSAIDs for chronic pain and inflammation recognize the potential toxicity associated with these drugs and the need for gastroprotection. DUEXIS® (ibuprofen 800 mg, famotidine 26.6 mg) is a proprietary combination, immediate release tablet containing 800 mg of ibuprofen and 26.6 mg of famotidine. The efficacy of DUEXIS® taken three times daily has been demonstrated in two large-scale controlled clinical trials (Registration Endoscopic Studies to Determine Ulcer Formation of HZT-501 Compared with Ibuprofen: Efficacy and Safety Studies (REDUCE) and REDUCE-2) which showed that this new formulation significantly reduced the risk of endoscopic upper gastrointestinal ulcers compared with ibuprofen alone (REDUCE-1, p < 0.0001, REDUCE-2, p <0.05). DUEXIS® was also superior to ibuprofen in decreasing the risk for gastric ulcers (REDUCE-1, p < 0.001, REDUCE-2, p < 0.05) as well as duodenal ulcers (REDUCE-1, p < 0.05, REDUCE-2, p < 0.05). Safety results from these two studies indicated that treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 55% of patients treated with DUEXIS® versus 58.7% for ibuprofen, and serious adverse events were recorded for 3.2% of patients treated with DUEXIS® versus 3.3% of those on ibuprofen. Adverse events leading to discontinuation occurred in 6.7% of patients treated with DUEXIS® and 7.6% for ibuprofen. The combination of ibuprofen and famotidine in a single tablet has the potential to improve adherence to gastroprotective therapy in patients who require NSAID treatment and the use of a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist rather than a proton-pump inhibitor may decrease the risk for clinically significant drug interactions and adverse events (e.g. interaction with clopidogrel, fracture, pneumonia, Clostridium difficile infection).
Rowing Injuries
Authors: Hosea Timothy M. , Hannafin Jo A.
Published: April 2012

Context: Rowing is one of the original modern Olympic sports and was one of the most popular spectator sports in the United States. Its popularity has been increasing since the enactment of Title IX. The injury patterns in this sport are unique because of the stress applied during the rowing stroke.

Evidence Acquisition: This review summarizes the existing literature describing the biomechanics of the rowing stroke and rowing-related injury patterns. Data were obtained from previously published peer-reviewed literature through a search of the entire PubMed database (up to December, 2011) as well as from textbook chapters and rowing coaching manuals.

Results: Rowing injuries are primarily overuse related. The knee, lumbar spine, and ribs are most commonly affected. The injury incidence is directly related to the volume of training and technique.

Conclusion: Familiarity of the injury patterns and the biomechanical forces affecting the rowing athlete will aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
Graft-versus-host disease disrupts intestinal microbial ecology by inhibiting Paneth cell production of α-defensins
Authors: Eriguchi Yoshihiro , Takashima Shuichiro , Oka Hideyo , Shimoji Sonoko , Nakamura Kiminori , Uryu Hidetaka , Shimoda Shinji , Iwasaki Hiromi , Shimono Nobuyuki , Ayabe Tokiyoshi , Akashi Koichi , Teshima Takanori
Published: April 2012

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a curative therapy for various hematologic disorders. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections are the major complications of SCT, and their close relationship has been suggested. In this study, we evaluated a link between 2 complications in mouse models. The intestinal microbial communities are actively regulated by Paneth cells through their secretion of antimicrobial peptides, α-defensins. We discovered that Paneth cells are targeted by GVHD, resulting in marked reduction in the expression of α-defensins, which selectively kill noncommensals, while preserving commensals. Molecular profiling of intestinal microbial communities showed loss of physiologic diversity among the microflora and the overwhelming expansion of otherwise rare bacteria Escherichia coli, which caused septicemia. These changes occurred only in mice with GVHD, independently on conditioning-induced intestinal injury, and there was a significant correlation between alteration in the intestinal microbiota and GVHD severity. Oral administration of polymyxin B inhibited outgrowth of E coli and ameliorated GVHD. These results reveal the novel mechanism responsible for shift in the gut flora from commensals toward the widespread prevalence of pathogens and the previously unrecognized association between GVHD and infection after allogeneic SCT.