bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Norway's Continental Shelf and the Boundary Question on the Seabed
Authors: Sollie Finn
Published: March 2007

One of the most important problems that should be solved at the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, is that of determining the exact boundary between the continental shelf, where coastal states have exclusive rights of exploration and exploitation of resources, and the deep seabed, which is to be an international area and the common heritage of mankind.

With her long coastline and the generally very broad continental shelf lying off it, Norway is one of the countries which, both relatively and absolutely, have the greatest interest attached to their national seabed territories. However, the Norwegian con tinental shelf differs rather significantly from the 'international norm'. Thus, large parts of the Norwegian shelf lie at greater depths than is normal off other countries. Also, the Norwegian shelf is exceptionally broad, especially in the north, where it has a width of more than 1,000 kilometers from the coast of Finnmark to the edge fronting the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean. Because of these extreme conditions, Norway could be adversely affected if an international agreement for a fixed boundary to the extent of the dominion of the coastal state over the seabed were to be based on global averages. Such an outcome to the negotiations taking place within the framework of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea could be especially disadvantageous on the Norwegian shelf, where a narrowly-drawn boundary could, at worst, lead to a partition of the shelf between Norway and Svalbard (Spitsbergen). With the international agree ment which applies to the Svalbard islands, and the special security policy situation which exists in the northern region, such a partition would be most unfortunate for Norway. The Norwegian 'problem' in the seabed issue arises because Norway nego tiates from a position marked by extreme natural conditions and against the back ground of a security policy situation which makes the country especially dependent on a favorable outcome.
The Challenge of Oil to Norwegian Foreign Policy
Authors: Ausland John C.
Published: March 2007

With the discovery of large petroleum deposits in the North Sea combined with the increase in oil prices, Norway has found herself sailing into uncharted waters. Ex ploitation of her petroleum resources promises to bring about wholesale changes in the society and economy of the country. It has also produced a broad range of foreign policy problems in her relations with her Nordic neighbors, as well as in the North Sea and Barents Sea areas. In addition, there are the problems related to the pace of her oil venture and the prices and profits accruing from it. The final over-all question that arises is the one related to the role Norway will play in the oil drama. Will she seek to be a leader, a middle man, or be content just to set an example? This article is intended to throw light on all of these questions, which together make up 'the challenge of oil to Norwegian foreign policy'.
Danish and Norwegian Alliance Policies 1948-49: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

Petersen, N. Danish and Norwegian Alliance Policies 1948-49: A Comparative Analysis. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 193-210.

In 1949 both Denmark and Norway opted for membership in the Atlantic Pact as a solution to their increasing security problem. However, the decision processes leading up to these choices differed markedly: the Danish government had a fundamental preference for a Scandinavian solution, while the Norwegians had given top-priority to an Atlantic ar rangement. Through a systematic analysis of the factors bearing on policy formulation in the two governments the article aims at explaining their different preference structures. It is concluded that while these differences were to some extent indicated by factors in the decision-makers' operational environment, the salient factors belonged in their psychologi cal environments, i.e. the attitudes and values of decision-makers and their perception of the feasibility of various options.
Selecting Explanatory Level in International Politics: Evaluating a Set of Criteria
Authors: Mouritzen Hans
Published: March 2007

Mouritzen, H. Selecting Explanatory Level in International Politics: Evaluating a Set of Criteria. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 169-182.

A scheme of analysis for mapping and evaluating explanations of international politics and foreign policy is established. It is discussed how selection of explanatory level is - and should be — constrained by certain characteristics of our explanatory object (our explanan dum) : its degree of abstraction, its level, its recurrence (singular/semi-recurrent/recurrent), its extension (spatial and/or temporal) and its changeability (degree of change or state of affairs). The nature and significance of the relationships between each of these attributes of explanandum and explanatory level are discussed one by one. It is argued that the relationships are neither logical, nor necessarily descriptive (i.e. describe how a number of researchers actually frame their explanations). They contain a prescriptive element, based on (1) certain general characteristics of international politics (of an empirical nature), and (2) certain formal relationships. The results are summarized in a typology of 16 explananda within the discipline of international politics. For each type, an empirical illustration is offered, and it is indicated which explanatory levels can probably be excluded (the relationships are not strong enough to give 'positive' indication of a certain explanatory level). In this way, we may be advised where we should not start our search for explanatory factors, given our concrete explanandum at hand.
SALT II: Consequences for Europe and the Nordic Region
Authors: Sjaastad Anders C.
Published: March 2007

Sjaastad, A. C. SALT II: Consequences for Europe and the Nordic Region. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 237-248.

As a countermove to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, President Carter has asked the Senate to shelve the SALT II treaty and postpone its ratification process. Yet there seems to exist an understanding that the signatories will respect the provisions of SALT II, even though the treaty has not formally taken effect. In evaluating the consequences of SALT II, it is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, consequences of the negotiations and treaties and, on the other, developments in the military-strategic field which have come about independently of the SALT process. In this article conceivable political and strategic-military consequences of SALT II for Europe in general, and the Nordic area in particular are analysed in the light of recent developments in the East-West strategic balance. It is concluded that SALT II contributes to the maintenance of a high level of strategic arms, not the least consequence of which is a significant concentration of strategic weapons systems in the immediate vicinity of the Nordic countries.
Prediction on the Basis of Official Doctrines
Authors: Mouritzen Hans
Published: March 2007

Mouritzen, H. Prediction on the Basis of Official Doctrines. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 25-38.

A concrete prediction (and explanation) is offered concerning the degree of value-pro motion in Danish foreign policy in the future (i.e., how moralizing is it likely to be?) The various building-blocks of this prediction are examined and discussed, specifically as regards the respective contributions of synchronic and diachronic theoretical perspectives. One particular diachronic perspective is discussed at some length, that of treating official foreign policy doctrines as a restriction on future foreign policy. The Swedish 'Midsummer Crisis' of 1941 is used as a post-dictive 'test'. The risk of committing doctrine reification when evaluating the perspective is discussed; a risk that springs from the temptation of confusing analytically different perspectives on official doctrines.
The Illusory Nordic Balance: Threat Scenarios in Nordic Security Planning
Authors: Lindberg Steve
Published: March 2007

Lindberg, S. The Illusory Nordic Balance: Threat Scenarios in Nordic Security Planning. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 57-70.

This article outlines a number of threat scenarios which might disturb the stability of the Nordic region and which have not been given sufficient attention in Nordic defense planning. The concept of a Nordic balance is central to security-political planning in the Nordic countries. Recent developments both in the global bipolarity and within the Nordic region may, however, erode the functionality of the existing security-political solutions. The Nordic balance conception, the author argues, may thus become illusory and even dangerous.
Civilian Defence as a Complement
Authors: Bergfeldt Lennart
Published: March 2007

Bergfeldt, L. Civilian Defence as a Complement, Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 279-296.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, civilian defence was much discussed as an alternative form of defence. In the last ten years, the idea has gradually lost momentum among peace activists and researchers. However, it has been taken up and partly accepted by authorities in a few European states, at least for further exploration as a possible complementary form of resistance.

In this article, which argues that there is an actual need for a practical policy of civilian defence, the concept is briefly reviewed and the relevant literature analysed in a concise manner. After that, the arguments for and against the idea of civilian defence as a complement to the existing, militarily dominated, forms of defence are presented. Two 'actually existing' models of a combination are also briefly discussed on the basis of some theoretically possible combinations.

A rapprochement may be on its way between the opposite standpoints 'civilian defence — a full-blown alternative' and 'civilian defence — a perhaps beautiful, but totally useless thought'. The synthesis would, then, be a wider acceptance of the idea of a complement: a future co-existence between military and civilian forms of defence and resistance. Such a development may be the proper way to give new impetus to the idea of civilian defence — e.g. through renewed and intensified research and practical development — and it may even prove to be a step in the direction of improved and more secure policies of defence.
International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob
Published: March 2007

Bercovitch, J. International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 155-168.

This paper analyses the role and relevance of mediation in international disputes. Mediation is placed within the general structure of conflict management and its specific characteristics are discussed. Adopting a systematic approach, the paper looks at the incidence of international mediation and offers a new case-list of 72 international disputes since 1945. Of these, 44 disputes were mediated, some more than once, giving a total of 210 mediation cases. Three basic conditions are found to affect the likelihood of a successful outcome. These are (a) the identity of the parties, (b) the nature of the dispute, and (c) the characteristics of a mediator. These conditions are evaluated, using cross-tabulation and tests of significance, to determine which has the greatest impact on mediation outcomes.
What's Left for the MFA? Foreign Policy and the Management of External Relations in Norway
Authors: Underdal Arild
Published: March 2007

How and to what extent could the participation of "domestic" branches of government in the management of external relations affect the substance of foreign policy? Arguing that in order to answer this question we need to know not only how much but also more precisely what is now being handled by these agencies, the author attempts to map the participation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and "domestic" agencies in the management of Norway's external relations. The events data analysis reported in this article indicates that their roles are different in substantive profile: "Domestic" agencies are more narrowly specialized in terms of the kinds of problems they address, more "parochial" in their heavy concentration on relations to close neighbors, and relatively more preoccupied with issues affecting interests rather than values and some specific domestic subgroup(s) rather than the nation at large. "Sector" agencies seem to differ in several respects from those responsible for public goods or services and general regulation of society. In a concluding section the author argues that this particular pattern of differentiation implies a risk of "vertical disintegration" of foreign policy — threatening, in particular, bold or visionary policies with a perspective beyond immediate self-interest.
Foreign Policy Coordination Among Small European States
Authors: De Vries Michiel S.
Published: March 2007

In this research note an empirical analysis is presented into factors explaining the progress and deterioration of foreign policy coordination among small European states. Nearly 40 percent of the variance in shifts of foreign policy coordination processes could be explained by the theory of structural stability. This is important because only the foreign policies of small states are investigated, and the differences between them do not result in conflicts but at most in indifference. This points at the strength of the theory of structural stability for explaining developments in post-war Europe.
International Negotiations: Mechanisms for the Management of Complex Systems
Authors: Mautner-Markhof Frances
Published: March 2007

Arguing that the process of negotiation is an essential mechanism of cooperation for dealing with risk, instability and change in a complex international system, the author explores how international organizations can contribute to achieving positive negotiation outcomes. The role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in the negotiations of the Conventions on Early Notification and Emergency Assistance in the Event of a Nuclear Accident is examined as a case in point.
Greenland's International Fisheries Relations: A Coastal State in the "North" with Problems of the "South"?
Authors: Fløistad Brit
Published: March 2007

Fløistad, B. Greenland's International Fisheries Relations: A Coastal State in the "North" with Problems of the "South"? Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 35- 48.

Two questions are addressed in this article. One is whether Greenland, a fisheries state of the "North", can be said to have many of the features characterizing coastal states of the "South". The other question relates to whether any sign of "Nordism" can be found in the relationship between Greenland and her Nordic neighbours. Having formally left the European Community, Greenland's need for financial funding from the EC puts her in a situation characteristic of that of coastal states in the Third World, namely of having to sell the resources in the sea today in order to develop her national fishery tomorrow. Any sign of special considerations from Nordic neigh bours — "Nordism" — is found only when it supports, or at least does not come contrary to, these countries' foreign and security policy objectives.
Does Cooperation Inhibit War?
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

The object of the paper is to explicate two opposing intuitions: the belief that peace and security will benefit from international cooperation, and the belief that this is an illusion. The proposition that sustained cooperation inhibits war is taken to rest on two assumptions, one about images and the other about interests. An unfavorable image of the adversary is presumed to promote conflictive action, and cooperation is presumed to make contenders view each other more favorably. At the same time, cooperation is presumed to create values that would be endangered by war and hence to inhibit war by making it more costly. The first part of the paper is devoted to an elaboration of this view. Then, in the second part, several limitations of this theory about the way in which cooperation relates to conflict are identified, including its narrow scope, its limited testability, and its several theoretical weaknesses. The proposition is plausible only with regard to particular contenders and particular circumstances. There is reason to believe domestic-political factors to be important for the link between international cooperation and international conflict.
Cheese Making in France and Italy
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a lecture given by Dr. Frank Kosikowski at the Fourth Annual Mar schall Invitational Italian Cheese Seminar, held in April 1967 at Madison, Wisconsin. Dr. Kosi kowski, an international authority on cheeses and cheese making, is the author of "Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods" ( Edward Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan), published in 1966.
Seven Current Hotel-valuation Techniques
Authors: Rushmore Stephen
Published: March 2007

An examination of seven techniques that can be used in the acquisition and appraisal of hotels
Beyond Homeless Shelters and Soup Lines
Authors: Hales Ann
Published: March 2007

Homeless shelters and community "soup kitchens" can benefit greatly from volunteers offering the most basic hospitality management skills, such as sanitation procedures, food-preparation techniques, and equipment maintenance
Hotel F&B Leases: The View from the Restaurant
Authors: Goldman Keith L. , Eyster James J.
Published: March 2007

This study identifies the key provisions that concern restaurant operators who hold the lease for hotel F&B operations
Women in Probation and Parole, 1974
Authors: Schoonmaker Meyressa H. , Brooks Jennifer S.
Published: March 2007

A 1970 survey of women in probation and parole showed that only 20 states mixed caseloads of parole and probation officers. A survey of state agencies by means of a questionnaire directed. to the director of each state agency in January 1974 showed dramatic changes. The number of states allowing probation and parole officers to supervise clients of the opposite sex jumped to 46, with only four states holding out. The questionnaire results also show, not surprisingly, the low ratio of women employed in probation and parole. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the need for more qualified employees, and the inefficiency of caseload segrega tion have influenced changes in use of personnel. Although the change in practice to integrated caseloads is selective in some states and made with reservations in others, the response of one director of parole operations seems to capture the mood of inevitable change in practice and attitude: Civil Service says that his agency cannot discriminate against women and that a woman can do a "man's job" in all respects.
Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Lundivian Richard J. , McFarlane Paul T. , Scarpitti Frank R.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to solve some of the practical problems associated with describing and assessing efforts at delinquency prevention. Following a search of the professional literature, previous efforts are described and evaluative criteria are sug gested and then applied. The conclusion drawn is that it is unlikely that any of these projects successfully prevented delinquent behavior. Several explanations and possible solu tions are then offered.
The Value of Life
Authors: Lehtinen Marlene W.
Published: March 2007

Criminologists have generally attacked capital punishment and have argued for its abolition. They contend (1) that there is no evidence showing the superior general deterrent effectiveness of the death penalty, (2) that the death penalty has been applied discriminatorily in the past, (3) that innocent persons may be executed, (4) that the public does not want a constitutionally acceptable form of the death penalty, (5) that the death penalty does not allow rehabilitation, and (6) that the application of the death penalty is too costly. A careful examination of these arguments reveals their inherent limitations and weaknesses.

This paper outlines the benefits to be gained from systematic employ ment of the death penalty—greater general deterrence and conformity to law, strengthening of taboos generally, and emphasis on the value of life—and argues for systematic use of the death penalty as a part of rational state policy for the greater protection of society and a net saving of innocent lives.
The Community Corrections Act
Authors: Schoen Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

Minnesota's Community Corrections Act, which became law in 1973, is examined in detail. Its development, fundamental precepts, and initial re sults are included. The act combined existing fragmented policies into a comprehensive strategy and defined the relationship between the state and local levels of government. It is based upon the assumptions that incarceration will continue to be needed for serious offenders, that local communities are in the best position to define community correction needs and programs, and that most offenders can remain in the community without loss of public protection. Thus far, the act has resulted in (1) a reduction in participating counties' adult and juvenile commitments to state institutions, (2) increased use of local correctional program alter natives, and (3) improved total planning for correctional programs. The Minnesota Community Corrections Act represents one solution to the problems confronting a state correctional system.
An Analysis of Team Meetings
Authors: Myers Donald A.
Published: March 2007

This study of five teams suggests that much time is wasted in meetings or spent in areas of limited significance to the education of children. This is because of inadequate implementation by teachers and structural weaknesses in the concept of team teaching, per se. Donald A. Myers is an associate professor in the School of Education, State University of New York, Albany.
Chester Barnard's Concept of Leadership
Authors: Smith Edward Boland
Published: March 2007

Current interest in leadership studies has attracted scholars from many of the social science fields. A plethora of definitions of leader ship exist. In his book, The Functions of the Executive, Chester Barnard provides us with another-one well worth our study. This article, by Dr. Edward Boland Smith, will examine the views of Barnard on leadership and indicate their relevance for us today. Dr. Smith is an Assistant Professor at Boston College and the Director of the M.A.T./M.S.T. Program (Master of Arts/Science in Teaching Program) in the School of Education.
The "Unionization" of College Presidents — Their Response to Faculty Unions
Authors: Kerchner Charles T.
Published: March 2007

The author explores the impact of faculty organizations at eleven Illinois community colleges, seven of which have union contracts. The response of the college presidents to interactions with faculty organiza tions suggests that presidents view the totality of their relationships with faculty as strategic and a potential influence on the union- management relationship. This, in turn, suggests that bargaining is not confined to the negotiating table. Patterns of strategic response found at various colleges are described.

Charles T. Kerchner is Assistant Professor, Education Faculty, Claremont Graduate School. He was formerly Assistant Director for Academic Affairs, Illinois Board of Higher Education.
The Man Who Comes Back through the Door in the Wall: Discovering Truth, Discovering Self, Discovering Organizations
Authors: Greenfield Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Thomas B. Greenfield is Professor of Educational Administration at The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. This article is a response to Jean Hills", "A Critique of Greenfield's 'New Perspective,' "EAQ 16, 1 (Winter 1980):20-44. It is also in part a reaction to Willower's position in the perspective article in this issue.
The Professorship in Educational Administration —A Personal View
Authors: Campbell Roald F.
Published: March 2007

This article was orginally published as the Phi Delta Kappa Meritorious Award Monograph—No. 3 in honor of Dr. Roald F. Campbell, the recipient ofthe 1979 Phi Delta Kappa Award for Meritorious Contributions to Education through Research, Evaluation, and Development. The article was made avaitable for publication in the EAQ through the cooperation of Dr. Campbell and Phi Delta Kappa.
In Consideration of Goal-Free Planning: The Failure of Traditional Planning Systems in Education
Authors: Clark David L.
Published: March 2007

The apparent consensus in education about the efficacy of rational, goal-based, sequential planning models and systems is challenged on experiential and theoretical grounds. Alternative organizational perspec tives are used as a logical structure for the theoretical analysis. The results suggest that in most educational organizationals, most of the time, goal- based models will inhibit the management function ofplanning.
Les 'Cahiers De La Presse' I938—I939
Authors: Kayser Jacques
Published: March 2007

The Institut de Science de la presse de l'Université de Paris was founded July 5, I937. This Institute existed only until the outbreak of the Second World War, September I939. The cause of the free press and free science was served most brilliantly and enthousiastically. During this period the Paris Institute took the place of the formerly important German press institutes which conformed themselves to the requirements of the Nazi officials.

The seven issues of the Gahiers de la presse published by the Institute form a for gotten but still very rich source for modern press research. That's why we publish a complete table of contents of the seven issues. We thank monsieur Jacques Kayser, the eminent researcher of the present Institut français de presse for his intersting introduction.
Terrorism, censorship and the U.S. press corps
Authors: Terell Robert L. , Ross Kristina
Published: March 2007

During recent years, government officials, lawyers, political scientists, law enforcement officials and journalists have participated in an important dialogue about U.S. press coverage of terrorism. The dialogue's influence is contributing to the "voluntary" adoption of guidelines for coverage of terrorism by the U.S. press corps. Many of the proposed guidelines threaten the freedom of the news media to act as objective observers of terrorist episodes. The guidelines also con tribute to the press corps' inability to recognize and differentiate between the various types of terrorist acts. Thus, there is a need for U.S. journalists to develop an understanding of the types of terrorists. Further, in order to report adequately terrorist episodes, the U.S. news media need to provide more and better contextual information about terrorist organizations. Through these means citizens and policy makers can make better decisions regarding terrorists - and the problems that spawn them. In addition to documenting the breadth and character of the volun tary guidelines dialogue, this article presents a set of model guidelines for reporting about terrorists and their activities.
Rethinking the mass propaganda model: evidence from the Chinese regional press
Authors: Chang Tsan-Kuo , Chen Chin-Hsien , Zhang Guo-Qiang
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to call for broader conceptual and more sophistocated methodological approaches to the study of the press in Communist systems, especially after the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Through an empirical analysis of the world view of the Chinese regional press, the assumptions behind the conventional mass propaganda model were called into question and reexamined. Using the data collected from five Chinese regional newspapers before and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, this paper argues that the earlier mass propaganda and persuasion model cannot adequately address the fundamental changes in the structure and processes of the contemporary Chinese press as a result of China's domestic reform movement and its sustained opening to the West. The data also show that the failure to differentiate between two different concepts - foreign news vs. foreign policy news - in early studies could result in misleading interpretation and conclusion.
The 1992 presidential/parliamentary elections in Romania's largest circulation dailies and weeklies
Authors: Coman Mihai , Gross Peter
Published: March 2007

The article examines press coverage of the 1992 presidential and parliamentary elections in Romania, the second free national elections after the December 1989 revolution that toppled the Ceausescu dictatorship. Coverage was quantitatively tilted toward three of the nine political parties that won seats in Romania's parliament. The journalistic discourse found in the news and feature stories lacked journalistic detachment and neutrality, emphasized a literary style, and relied on the same sources in its presentation with little feedback from its readers. Romania's press in 1992 still lacked the professionalism and, therefore, the credibility to be effective re-socialization and education tools in the struggle to democratize the nation.
Telecommunications and new information technologies in India
Authors: Kumar Keval J.
Published: March 2007

India has joined the league of rich industrial nations which have accorded top priority to the promotion of telecommunications (both basic telephone systems and value-added services) as well as the new information technologies. The economic policy of 'liberalization' has resulted in a scramble among multinationals to invest in the Indian technology market. However, in the effort to promote these information technologies and the infrastructure nec essary for their effective functioning, developing countries like India have overlooked the social and cultural consequences, besides the neglect of other priority sectors like education, employment generation, poverty alleviation, health and medical care, etc. The hope is that the new policy will stimulate industrial and economic growth.

This paper takes a hard critical look at Indian government policy on telecommunications and the new information technologies, and the implications of such a policy for the social and cultural life of the nation. The critique takes the stance that information technologies are not a-historical or a-cultural and that they imagine on society in ways that aggravate social conflict, and challenge the cultural values of communities. The focus of the paper is on the pos sible implications of the technologies for employment, privacy, surveillance, human relations, consumerism, and efficiency in administration.
The Chinese press and libel: Political and legal implications
Authors: Hao Xiaoming  , Kewen Zhang
Published: March 2007

1995 marks the 10th anniversary of Shen & Mu v. Du, the first libel case against the press in the history of the People's Republic of China. Through case and statutory analysis, this study identified various factors accounting for the explosion of libel litigation against the Chinese media since then and current problems faced by the Chinese media and judiciary in handling libel suits. In addition, it evaluated the impact of libel litigation on the country's press and legal systems. In conclusion, the authors expressed the belief that although the increase in libel litigation targeted against the media reflects the progress China has made in perfecting its legal system and educating the Chinese people in their civil rights and on legal matters, it has also produced a chilling effect on the media. This is especially dangerous for a society like China which is not yet used to having its problems scrutinized and publicized by the media.
Levels of professionalism and professional efficacy among journalists in Ireland
Authors: Marron Maria B.
Published: March 2007

Ireland's social, cultural, religious and political ethos has restricted the country's press freedom. This ethos, combined with a long history of colonialism, could mean that Irish journalists would have low levels of professionalism and of professional efficacy. This research attempted to determine how Irish journalists rated on professionalism and efficacy. Primary and secondary sources were used. A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of Irish journalists found that they rate high on both levels of professionalism and nonprofessionalism. They also rate high on levels of professional efficacy. However, a halo effect may be manifest as the measures are not flawless.
Press Treatment of Islam: What Kind of Picture Do the Media Paint?
Authors: Sheikh Kashif Z. , Price Vincent , Oshagan Hayg
Published: March 2007

This research investigated portrayals of Muslims in the media, drawing upon an analysis of articles appearing in the Times of London, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times and The Detroit Free Press from 1988 to 1992. The research examined the types of stories that were written about Muslims, how Muslims were characterized, and the overall tone of stories. The study yielded results that partially supported initial expectations. Media coverage of Muslims, as expected, centered mainly on events, groups and individuals from the Middle East, in response to crises, war and conflict. Findings lend some support for the expectation that most press coverage of Muslims would be negative in tone and that stories would fail to distinguish Muslims by nationality or ethnicity, and more importantly by general branch of Islam (e.g., Shiite, Sunni, Nation of Islam etc....). The findings generally do not support strong conclusions of negative media bias in reporting about Muslims. Far from establishing any long-term trend about media coverage of Islam, these findings suggest that particular international events, depending on whether they are viewed positively or negatively, will determine the tone of news stories about Muslims.
Participation for development in radio: An ethnography of the Reporteros populares of Bolivia
Authors: Huesca Robert
Published: March 2007

Reporteros populares (people's reporters) have emerged in a number of Latin Amer ican countries as a fruitful means of incorporating grass-roots participation into media devel opment practices. Scholars have documented and described a number of people's reporters projects, yet few have explained how participation is constructed and enacted in any theoret ically systematic way. This article reviews the limited work on people's reporters from Latin America, proposes a theoretical template for systematically analyzing participatory practice, and applies the template to data collected in the Bolivian highlands in 1993. Data for this study were collected using ethnographic field methods over a five-week period at Radio Pío XII in Bolivia. Recommendations are included for development practitioners interested in incorporating participatory aspects into their media projects.
Access to shops: the views of low-income shoppers
Authors: Robinson Nicola , Caraher Martin , Lang Tim
Published: March 2007

Concern is mounting as the retail stranglehold upon access to food grows. Research on the implications of restructuring retailing and health inequality has failed to involve low-income consumers in this debate. This paper reports on an exercise conducted for the UK Government's, Social Exclusion Unit's Policy Action Team on Access to Shops. The survey provides a useful baseline of the views of low-income groups in England. The choices that people on low income can make were found to be dominated by certain factors such as income and, most importantly, transport. Consumers reported varying levels of satisfaction with retail provision. The findings suggest gaps between what people have, what they want and what the planning process does and does not offer them. Better policy and processes are needed to include and represent the interests of low-income groups.
Food deserts and how to tackle them: a study of one city's approach
Authors: Reisig Vmt , Hobbiss A.
Published: March 2007

A city's response to food deserts was investigated during summer 1998 and reviewed in the light of more recent Health Improvement Plan (HImP) and Health Action Zone (HAZ) initiatives. Key stakeholders were identified and interviewed in depth, and semi-structured questionnaires were sent to locally represented supermarket chains. Tackling food deserts appeared to be on the periphery of key stakeholders' agendas, with work to date being characterised by a piecemeal approach, over-reliance on community development, and underfunding. An inclusive approach, focusing both on aspects of poverty and the food system, and on involving communities, the public and private sectors, is suggested. Recent HAZ and HImP initiatives provide scope to progress in this direction.
A qualitative study investigating the views of primary-age children and parents on physical activity
Authors: Mulvihill Caroline , Rivers Kim , Aggleton Peter
Published: March 2007

A five-month, in-depth qualitative study was conducted in five sites across England to examine factors influencing children's involvement in physical activity. Sixty primary school students aged 5-11 years took part in paired interviews, and 38 parents were interviewed in groups. The study found that Children of this .age led a generally active lifestyle achieved through general play with friends, enjoyment of PE and an interest in participation in organised activities with parents. Involvement in physical activity was influenced by perceived enjoyment and social and cultural aspects, a finding Which can be utilised in future health promotion efforts. Among some of the older girls investigated, interest and engagement in physical activity was less enthusiastic. Special programmes and interventions may be needed with members of this group to ensure that a physically active lifestyle is maintained.
Illness anxiety and somatic health concerns of northern rural Scottish young people
Authors: Reid Marylou , Hendry Leo B
Published: March 2007

Objectives Over 20 per cent of northern Scottish young people from relatively remote areas had indicated health concerns in an earlier survey. This study reports findings of further investigations of concerns related to physical illnesses or somatic symptoms, and bases their understanding within the context of young people's own perspectives.

Design Individual, semi-structured interviews were set up in which participants led a discussion of their personal health concerns, and responded to a list of common health concerns generated by their peers. Data was analysed by two independent coders using a framework including the concern topic, cause of or factors related to each concern, and responses made to each concern.

Setting Five northern Scottish secondary schools different in geography, community size, local economy, and proximity to an urban centre were selected for participation, and a total of 37 young people (mean age 14.5 and 16.5) from two class levels volunteered to be interviewed.

Results Over half of the sample indicated anxiety about physical concerns, symptoms or disease. These included concerns over acquiring serious illness, managing chronic illnesses, managing weight, becoming ill from environmental poisons and coping with common ailments. They were embedded within personal contexts involving other health beliefs, health resources, and social worlds.

Conclusions Parameters of developmental adjustment triggered by health concerns were implicit in these discussions. These included the tasks of acknowledging personal limitations, coping with lack of control, choosing between personal and social choices affecting body image and behaviour related to physical wellbeing. Participants did not feel that adult-generated health education agendas have addressed these concerns nor their impact on development, and several suggestions are made to remedy this deficit.
Smoking cessation programmes in pregnancy: Systematically addressing development, implementation, women's concerns and effectiveness
Authors: Oliver S. , Oakley L. , Lumley J. , Waters E.
Published: March 2007

Objectives To increase a review's relevance to practitioners and service users and identify the implications for systematic review methodology. Methods A systematic review of the effects of smoking cessation programmes implemented during pregnancy integrated process indicators and the views of maternity service users and health promotion specialists. Additional qualitative data were extracted systematically from included randomised control trials (RCTs) to determine whether the design of interventions and conclusions arising from their evaluation related to the views of service users. On completing the review we reflected on the types of observational and qualitative research it drew on, where this research was incorporated into the review, and its added value.

Results Incorporating process indicators into the review revealed: 1) problems with implementation and transplantation of some interventions and 2) studies with more stringent quality criteria and process evaluations demonstrated greater impact (weighted mean difference in smoking). Pregnant smokers were rarely involved in the design or evaluation of the interventions. Prior observational and qualitative studies and small scale consultations influenced the criteria by which the effectiveness of the interventions were judged, and revealed to what extent these criteria are adopted in practice.

Conclusions Systematically abstracting data about the development and delivery of interventions revealed gaps that might be filled by the active involvement of service users.
A pilot study to explore the challenges of changing children's food and health concepts
Authors: Bullen Kathryn , Benton David
Published: March 2007

Objective To investigate the effect of a nutrition education intervention and four hours of related teaching on the nutrition concepts of a sample of 9 year-old children.

Design Prepost test design. Children's food classification concepts were assessed before and after the intervention and nutrition teaching.

Setting Year 4 class of a suburban primary school in South Wales.

Method The children completed a food classification task before and after visiting a health promotion exhibition and receiving lessons emphasising food/health related concepts.

Results Comparison of the results before and after the intervention suggested that there was no significant change in the participant's conceptual understanding of food.

Conclusion Children's food classification concepts remain resistant to change despite enhanced exposure to nutrition information.
What teenage girls write to agony aunts
Authors: Williams Maureen
Published: March 2007

Teenage magazines are viewed by their readers as 'trusted friends' that provide reliable information on sex and relationship issues. Agony aunts and uncles receive approximately half a million letters each year from teenagers in the UK.

Objective To understand the perceptions, pressures and needs of young girls on issues pertaining to their relationships.

Design A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological approach that subscribes to thematic analysis of transcribed letters over a period of four months.

Method Analysis of 254 anonymous letters sent by young people to the Agony Aunt of Mizz, a teenage magazine aimed at girls aged between 11 and 14 years. An inductive approach was used, codes were developed and modified as new themes and sub-themes emerged from the data and, thus, a thematic framework produced.

Results A framework of the four main problem-themes was identified: boyfriends, friends, family and 'others'. Each theme was scrutinised to identify highest sub-themes, aspects unique to each theme and sub- themes shared between themes. The proportion of concerns over 'relationships' was high.

Conclusion Relationship issues are of most concern to the young female writers. This has important implications for sex and relationship education of young teenage girls, where addressing relationship issues to include negotiation, reciprocity and conflict resolution may be most important to them at this stage of their development.
Evidence informed policy making for health communication
Authors: Stewart Ruth , Hargreaves Katrina , Oliver Sandy
Published: March 2007

Background Health care decision-making requires research evidence and good judgement. This applies to policy making, as much as it does to deci sions about an individual's care. We have attempted to employ the principles of patient involvement and evidence-based medicine to the development of policies for communication about newborn blood spot screening.

Methods We identified points of communication along the newborn screening pathway and gathered evidence about these communication events. We asked three questions: what research evidence is available about screening and communication; what are parents' experiences of and preferences for communication about screening; and, to what extent does current parent information match the evidence, and meet parents needs? Drawing together these different forms of evidence, we employed consensus development methods, convening a multi-disciplined working group to guide our decisions in drafting communication resources and procedures. Finally we carried out a consultation to garner feedback on these draft communication policies.

Results Feedback from our consultation was largely positive. We made changes to the format of the parent leaflet, and simplified the content. Where we faced contradictory advice, we followed NICE guidelines, prioritising the views of the majority of parents.

Discussion We have employed a process of developing evidence-informed communication policy that incorporates a wide range of evidence, and incorporates the judgement of patients and health professionals, through the use of consensus development methods.
Promoting physical activity amongst children outside of physical education classes: A systematic review integrating intervention studies and qualitative studies
Authors: Brunton Ginny , Thomas James , Harden Angela , Rees Rebecca , Kavanagh Josephine , Oliver Sandy , Shepherd Jonathan , Oakley Ann
Published: March 2007

Objective To assess what is known about the barriers to, and facilitators of, physical activity outside the physical education (PE) lesson amongst children aged four to ten years.

Design Systematic review of intervention studies assessing impact on health outcomes and studies evaluating the 'views' of children and parents on what helps and hinders children in being physically active.

Mcthods Studies were located by searching multiple sources. Those meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality. Intervention and views studies were analysed separately; then their results were brought together to examine matches, mismatches and gaps between children's and parents' views and intervention strategies.

Results Of 90 identified studies, 26 met the inclusion criteria: 21 intervention studies (of which five were sound) and five 'views' studies. Education and equipment provision for monitoring TV/video/video game use and multi-component interventions are promising approaches. In the views studies, children and parents identified several barriers and facilitators, and made suggestions for improving participation levels. There were important matches and mismatches between what children say influences their physical activity participation and the barriers and facilitators addressed in five soundly evaluated interventions. A major gap was the lack of soundly evaluated interventions addressing the barriers in children's local environments.

Conclusion Children's and parents' clear views on what helps and hinders children's participation in physical activity rarely informed the development of interventions. Few well-evaluated health promotion interventions address physical activity beyond the PE lesson. Gaps between children's views and soundly evaluated interventions were most noticeable in relation to issues of restricted access to opportunities for physical activity.