bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crack Characteristic and Permeability Change of Compacted Clay Liners with Different Liquid Limits under Dry‐Wet Cycles
Authors: Wan Yong , Xue Qiang , Liu Lei , Wang ShanYong
Published: November 2018

The crack characteristic and permeability change in six compacted clay liners (CCLs) under dry‐wet cycles were studied. Results show that as soil liquid limit (LL) increases, the crack block (CB) number, crack ratio (CR), and crack length (CL) of the CCLs increase under the dry state. The CB sizes of all the six CCLs correspond to normal distribution. A piecewise linear relationship exists between crack parameters and soil LL, and the slope at LL < 50 is larger than the slope at LL > 50. The size of the representative elementary volume (REV) of cracked CCL decreases linearly with the increase in soil LL when LL < 50. The linear fitting result is REV = 90.5 – 1.6 LL, whereas REV change is inconspicuous with a mean value of approximately 10 cm when LL > 50. The sample size of the CCLs for the permeability test must be larger than REV. Before and after three dry‐wet cycles, the permeability ratio (K3/k0) initially increases and eventually decreases as soil LL increases, and LL at the peak value of K3/k0 is 36.1%. However, linear relationships exist between permeability D‐value (K3 − k0) and soil LL in a semilog coordinate system when LL < 50%, whereas the change in the permeability D‐value is inconspicuous with a mean value of approximately 1.67 × 10−8 cm/s when LL > 50%. The volume and mean width of unclosed cracks are two main factors that determine the increase in permeability after dry‐wet cycles. After three dry‐wet cycles, these factors decrease as soil LL increases, thereby reducing the permeability D‐value.
Workload Determines Workplace Stress among Health Professionals Working in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Birhanu Minyichil , Gebrekidan Berhane , Tesefa Getasew , Tareke Minale
Published: November 2018

Background. Workplace stress occurs in all professionals but, in particular, health-care professionals are highly prone to workplace stress. Health-care professionals comprise an important group that can be impacted by workplace stress because of their unique work environment. The study was done to determine the level of workplace stress and its associated factors among health-care professionals in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected health-care professionals in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire by trained data collectors and the supervisor. The collected data were entered into EPI-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression was employed to assess the associations between dependent and explanatory variables. Results. This study revealed that prevalence of workplace stress was 68.2%. Health professionals who work 50 hours and more per week and in night shift on sometimes base were more likely to develop workplace stress. Conclusion. The level of workplace stress among health professionals was found to be high. This was due to long working hours and working in night shift. Identifying the source of workplace stress among health professionals should be a great concern for health service managers and other stakeholders.
Parameter Optimization and Prediction Model of Induction Heating for Large-Diameter Pipe
Authors: Fang Xiurong , Lu Jia , Wang Junfeng , Yang Jinhui
Published: November 2018

The parameters of induction heating of large-diameter pipes have a direct effect on the final processing quality of the elbow, and the complexity of multifield coupling of magnetothermal force in induction heating can make it impossible to quantitatively optimize the design parameters of the induction heating device. In this paper, X80 pipeline steel induction heating is taken as the research object, and a corresponding numerical model is established. The influence of induction heating process parameters on the heating temperature of pipeline steel under the skin effect is determined. First, the influence of process parameters on the heating effect of pipeline steel is quantified by orthogonal test. Then, taking the optimum temperature difference between the inner and outer wall of X80 pipeline steel during the induction heating process as a target, the optimal process parameter set of the pipe induction heating is determined by using neural network genetic algorithm. Finally, comparing the relevant test criteria of the regression equation, the optimum mathematical prediction model of the outer wall temperature of the pipe induction heating process is obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for optimization of the process parameters of the pipe-based induction heating device.
Intra-Amnionic Threonine Administered to Chicken Embryos Reduces Salmonella Enteritidis Cecal Counts and Improves Posthatch Intestinal Development
Authors: Moreira Filho Alexandre L. de B. , Oliveira Celso J. B. , Freitas Neto Oliveiro C. , de Leon Candice M. C. G. , Saraiva Mauro M. S. , Andrade Maria F. S. , White Bryan , Givisiez Patrícia E. N.
Published: November 2018

This study assessed the effect of in ovo threonine supplementation on the response of broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis, considering bacterial counts in cecal contents, intestinal morphology, body weight, and weight gain. Fertilized eggs were inoculated in the amniotic fluid with saline (NT) or 3.5% threonine (T) solution at day 17.5 of incubation. At hatch, chicks were individually weighed and cloacal swabs were screened for Salmonella. At 2 days of age, half of the birds from each in ovo treatment were given either 0.5 mL of nutrient broth (sham-inoculated) or nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SE NalR) in nutrient broth (8.3 × 107 colony forming units (CFU) SE NalR/mL). The birds were distributed using a completely randomized design with four treatments after the Salmonella challenge: no in ovo Thr supplementation and sham-inoculated in the posthatch challenge (NT-SHAM), in ovo Thr supplementation and sham-inoculated (T-SHAM), no in ovo Thr supplementation and SE NalR-challenged (NT-SE), and in ovo Thr supplementation and SE NalR-challenged (T-SE). In ovo threonine supplementation reduced Salmonella Enteritidis colonization 168-hour postinoculation and reduced the negative effects associated with Salmonella infection on intestinal morphology and performance, with results similar to those of the sham-inoculated birds. In ovo Thr supplementation increased the expression of MUC2 at hatch and the expression of MUC2 and IgA at 2 days of age and 168-hour postinoculation. Our results suggest that providing in ovo threonine promotes intestinal health in broilers challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis in the first days of life.
Therapeutic Inhibition of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL Improves Sensitivity to Platinum and Taxane in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Quinn Jeanne M. , Greenwade Molly M. , Palisoul Marguerite L. , Opara Gregory , Massad Katina , Guo Lei , Zhao Peinan , Beck-Noia Hollie , Hagemann Ian S. , Hagemann Andrea R. , McCourt Carolyn K. , Thaker Premal H. , Powell Matthew A. , Mutch David G. , Fuh Katherine C.
Published: November 2018

Ovarian cancer, one of the deadliest malignancies in female cancer patients, is characterized by recurrence and poor response to cytotoxic chemotherapies. Fewer than 30% of patients with resistant disease will respond to additional chemotherapy treatments. This study aims to determine whether and how inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL can restore sensitivity to first-line platinum and taxane therapy in ovarian cancer. AXL staining was quantified in a patient tissue microarray and correlated with chemoresponse of patients. We used small hairpin RNAs to knock down AXL expression and the small-molecule inhibitor BGB324 to inhibit AXL and assessed sensitivity of cell lines and primary patient-derived cells to chemotherapy. We quantified platinum accumulation by inductivity-coupled plasma phase mass spectrometry. Finally, we treated chemoresistant patient-derived xenografts with chemotherapy, BGB324, or chemotherapy plus BGB324 and monitored tumor burden. AXL expression was higher in chemoresistant patient tumors and cell lines than in chemosensitive tumors and cell lines. AXL staining significantly predicted chemoresponse. Knockdown and inhibition of AXL dose-dependently improved response to paclitaxel and carboplatin in both cell lines and primary cells. AXL inhibition increased platinum accumulation by 2-fold (*, P < 0.05). In vivo studies indicated that AXL inhibition enhanced the ability of chemotherapy to prevent tumor growth (****, P < 0.0001). AXL contributes to platinum and taxane resistance in ovarian cancer, and inhibition of AXL improves chemoresponse and accumulation of chemotherapy drugs. This study supports continued investigation into AXL as a clinical target.
Medical History and Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Incident Case-Control Study
Authors: Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Lizarraga Alexis A. , Nedjat Saharnaz , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca
Published: November 2018

Background: Consistent evidence regarding the potential role of medical history in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology is lacking. Objective: The association of medical history variables, that is, head injury and 9 autoimmune diseases with MS onset was investigated. Methods: This was a population-based incident case-control study in Iran with 547 incident cases and 1,057 general population controls (August 7, 2013 – February 17, 2015). Multiple logistic regression models were used for estimating the adjusted ORs. Results: Lifetime history of head trauma was not significantly associated with risk of MS after adjustment for well-known confounders (OR 1.24 [0.93–1.66, p = 0.14]). Similarly, there was no statistically significant association between cumulative numbers of head injury and MS (OR 1.02 [0.90–1.15, p = 0.79]). A history of autoimmune disease did not increase the risk of MS (p > 0.1). Similarly, the cumulative number of autoimmune diseases is not significantly associated with the risk of MS (p > 0.70). Conclusion: Lifetime histories of head trauma as well as 9 investigated autoimmune diseases are not associated with increased risk of MS.
Tumor-Infiltrating Podoplanin+ Fibroblasts Predict Worse Outcome in Solid Tumors
Authors: Hu Guoming , Wang Shimin , Xu Feng , Ding Qiannan , Chen Wei , Zhong Kefang , Huang Liming , Xu Qi 
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims: Tumor-infiltrating fibroblasts are a heterogeneous population, and different subpopulations play differential roles in tumor microenvironment. However, the prognostic role of podoplanin+ fibroblasts in human solid tumors still remains controversial. Therefore, we performed the meta-analysis to better understand the role of this subpopulation in prognosis prediction for patients with solid tumor. Methods: We searched PubMed and EBSCO to identify the studies evaluating the association of intratumoral podoplanin+ fibroblast density detected by immunohistochemical method and overall survival (OS) and/or disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with solid tumor, then computed extracted data into hazard ratios for OS, DFS and clinicopathological features with STATA 12.0. Results: A total of 4883 patients from 29 published studies were incorporated into this meta-analysis. We found that podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration significantly decreased OS and DFS in all types of solid tumors. In stratified analyses, podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration was significantly associated with worse OS in cholangiocarcinoma, breast, lung and pancreatic cancer. And these cells were inversely associated with DFS in breast, lung and pancreatic cancer. In addition, high density of these cells significantly correlated with unfavorable clinicopathological features such as lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, lymphatic and vascular invasion of solid tumor. Conclusion: Podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration leads to worse clinical outcome in solid tumors, implicating that it is a valuable prognostic biomarker and targeting it may have a potential for effective treatment.
Decreased TLR3 in Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue, Blood and Inflamed Adipocytes is Related to Metabolic Inflammation
Authors: Latorre Jèssica , Moreno-Navarrete José M. , Sabater Mónica , Buxo Maria , Rodriguez-Hermosa José I. , Girones Jordi , Fort José M. , Vilallonga Ramón , Ricart Wifredo , Simo Rafael , Fernandez-Real Jose-Manuel , Ortega Francisco J.
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims: Obesity is characterized by the immune activation that eventually dampens insulin sensitivity and changes metabolism. This study explores the impact of different inflammatory/ anti-inflammatory paradigms on the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) found in adipocyte cultures, adipose tissue, and blood. Methods: We evaluated by real time PCR the impact of acute surgery stress in vivo (adipose tissue) and macrophages (MCM) in vitro (adipocytes). Weight loss was chosen as an anti-inflammatory model, so TLR were analyzed in fat samples collected before and after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. Associations with inflammatory and metabolic parameters were analyzed in non-obese and obese subjects, in parallel with gene expression measures taken in blood and isolated adipocytes/ stromal-vascular cells (SVC). Treatments with an agonist of TLR3 were conducted in human adipocyte cultures under normal conditions and upon conditions that simulated the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of obesity. Results: Surgery stress raised TLR1 and TLR8 in subcutaneous (SAT), and TLR2 in SAT and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue, while decreasing VAT TLR3 and TLR4. MCM led to increased TLR2 and diminished TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 expressions in human adipocytes. The anti-inflammatory impact of weight loss was concomitant with decreased TLR1, TLR3, and TLR8 in SAT. Cross-sectional associations confirmed increased V/ SAT TLR1 and TLR8, and decreased TLR3 in obese patients, as compared with non-obese subjects. As expected, TLR were predominant in SVC and adipocyte precursor cells, even though expression of all of them but TLR8 (very low levels) was also found in ex vivo isolated and in vitro differentiated adipocytes. Among SVC, CD14+ macrophages showed increased TLR1, TLR2, and TLR7, but decreased TLR3 mRNA. The opposite patterns shown for TLR2 and TLR3 in V/ SAT, SVC, and inflamed adipocytes were observed in blood as well, being TLR3 more likely linked to lymphocyte instead of neutrophil counts. On the other hand, decreased TLR3 in adipocytes challenged with MCM dampened lipogenesis and the inflammatory response to Poly(I:C). Conclusion: Functional variations in the expression of TLR found in blood and hypertrophied fat depots, namely decreased TLR3 in lymphocytes and inflamed adipocytes, are linked to metabolic inflammation.
Post-inflammatory hyperchromia associated with psoriasis. Case report
Authors: Souza Edsneider Rocha Pires de , Souza Maria Cristina Almeida de , Cortes Júnior João Carlos de Souza , Côrtes Paula Pitta de Resende , Vilagra Sandra Maria Barroso Werneck , Silva Carolina de Paula Orioli
Published: November 2018

Post-inflammatory hyperchromia (IPH), a pigmentation disorder of the skin resulting from the exaggerated production of melanin, is manifested by hyperchromic patches and is an important consequence of psoriasis, an inflammatory dermatosis. The objective of this article is to describe a case of IPH that appeared after psoriasis in a patient attended at a Family Health Strategy Unit (FHU), in the city of Vassouras, in the central region of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Psoriasis is a chronic immune disease that results from the persistent stimulation of T cells by immunogens of epidermal origin, involving innate and acquired immunity. The therapeutic management of IPH consists in prescribing of corticosteroids, despigmentants and photoprotectors. The follow-up of the patient through Psychology of the Family Health Support Center, the FHU and the dermatologist of the medium complexity of the Health Care Network represented a differential and proved to be essential for the integrality of health care.
Synchronic gastric tumors: a case report
Authors: Silva Beatriz Moraghi Dias da , Cunha Larissa Barros Bezerra , Soriano Rachel Bonavita , Ito Diego , Perez Arlem Cesar Damasceno , D’Elia Helena Vecchia , Beraldo Fernando Bray , Gonçalves José Eduardo , Yamaguchi Nagamassa
Published: November 2018

Objective: The aim of this report is to describe a case of a patient with synchronous gastric tumors and demonstrate the importance of identifying this coexistence before surgery, considering that synchronicity is generally detected only after the surgery. Methods: The medical records of patients from Servidor Público Estadual Hospital of São Paulo were analyzed. Results: We identified a case of a 69-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of dyspepsia, weight loss, and asthenia. The patient underwent serum laboratory tests, abdominal computed tomography, and upper digestive endoscopy. Analysis of the results revealed that the symptomatology was related to the association of two different gastric lesions, gastric adenocarcinoma and a nearby gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), although without collision. Conclusion: The patient was submitted to a total gastrectomy with a Y-en-Roux reconstruction. Importance of the problem: Gastric cancer is the major cause of mortality of neoplastic nature, considering its high frequency and presentation of few symptoms. Although gastric adenocarcinoma and GIST are extremely different in their histopathological aspects, they can occur synchronously in the stomach. Preoperative identification of the synchronicity of these tumors is significantly important to improve surgical planning. Comments: Currently, there is a lack of a specific examination for screening GISTs, which explains the difficulty in diagnosing this tumor before the surgical procedure. In the present case, the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was made despite the fact that two distinct gastric lesions were detected in the radiological imaging examination, and the final diagnosis of GIST was made only through anatomopathological analysis.
Entrevista: Yves Cohen
Authors: Fernandes Dmitri Cerboncini , Serra Pedro
Published: November 2018

O professor titular (directeur d’études) de História na École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales de Paris, França, Yves Cohen, é muito mais do que um acadêmico “puro”. Tendo sido um dos personagens ativos de maio de 1968, conheceu tanto a prisão quanto o chão de fábrica de montadoras automotivas francesas por conta de suas atividades políticas. Desde então, vem pesquisando vigorosamente, sem deixar de lado uma marcante pegada sociológica, o que ele denomina uma “História da Ação”. Essa subdisciplina se estende para a tentativa de compreensão de movimentos sociais atuais, tais quais os ocorridos em países árabes há alguns anos, ou os que tiveram início no Brasil em 2013. Autor de diversos livros, dentre os quais figura o Le Siècle des Chefs: una histoire transnationale du commandement et de l’autorité (1890-1940), nesta entrevista Yves Cohen foi convidado a partilhar conosco suas impressões e reflexões sobre as formas de organização dos movimentos sociais atuais, sobretudo os de direita, mas acabou se vertendo também sobre os de esquerda, pois a inteligibilidade de um não se dá sem o outro. O encontro ocorreu em agosto de 2017, nas dependências da Universidade de São Paulo.
Automated Algorithm Selection: Survey and Perspectives
Authors: Kerschke Pascal , Hoos Holger H. , Neumann Frank , Trautmann Heike
Published: November 2018

It has long been observed that for practically any computational problem that has been intensely studied, different instances are best solved using different algorithms. This is particularly pronounced for computationally hard problems, where in most cases, no single algorithm defines the state of the art; instead, there is a set of algorithms with complementary strengths. This performance complementarity can be exploited in various ways, one of which is based on the idea of selecting, from a set of given algorithms, for each problem instance to be solved the one expected to perform best. The task of automatically selecting an algorithm from a given set is known as the per-instance algorithm selection problem and has been intensely studied over the past 15 years, leading to major improvements in the state of the art in solving a growing number of discrete combinatorial problems, including propositional satisfiability and AI planning. Per-instance algorithm selection also shows much promise for boosting performance in solving continuous and mixed discrete/continuous optimisation problems. This survey provides an overview of research in automated algorithm selection, ranging from early and seminal works to recent and promising application areas. Different from earlier work, it covers applications to discrete and continuous problems, and discusses algorithm selection in context with conceptually related approaches, such as algorithm configuration, scheduling, or portfolio selection. Since informative and cheaply computable problem instance features provide the basis for effective per-instance algorithm selection systems, we also provide an overview of such features for discrete and continuous problems. Finally, we provide perspectives on future work in the area and discuss a number of open research challenges.
Comparison of Observed and Simulated Drop Size Distributions from Large-Eddy Simulations with Bin Microphysics
Authors: Witte Mikael K. , Chuang Patrick Y. , Ayala Orlando , Wang Lian-Ping , Feingold Graham
Published: November 2018

Two case studies of marine stratocumulus (one nocturnal and drizzling, the other daytime and nonprecipitating) are simulated by the UCLA large-eddy simulation model with bin microphysics for comparison with aircraft in situ observations. A high-bin-resolution variant of the microphysics is implemented for closer comparison with cloud drop size distribution (DSD) observations and a turbulent collision–coalescence kernel to evaluate the role of turbulence on drizzle formation. Simulations agree well with observational constraints, reproducing observed thermodynamic profiles (i.e., liquid water potential temperature and total moisture mixing ratio) as well as liquid water path. Cloud drop number concentration and liquid water content profiles also agree well insofar as the thermodynamic profiles match observations, but there are significant differences in DSD shape among simulations that cause discrepancies in higher-order moments such as sedimentation flux, especially as a function of bin resolution. Counterintuitively, high-bin-resolution simulations produce broader DSDs than standard resolution for both cases. Examination of several metrics of DSD width and percentile drop sizes shows that various discrepancies of model output with respect to the observations can be attributed to specific microphysical processes: condensation spuriously creates DSDs that are too wide as measured by standard deviation, which leads to collisional production of too many large drops. The turbulent kernel has the greatest impact on the low-bin-resolution simulation of the drizzling case, which exhibits greater surface precipitation accumulation and broader DSDs than the control (quiescent kernel) simulations. Turbulence effects on precipitation formation cannot be definitively evaluated using bin microphysics until the artificial condensation broadening issue has been addressed.
Citizen Attitudes Toward Traditional and State Authorities: Substitutes or Complements?
Authors: van der Windt Peter , Humphreys Macartan , Medina Lily , Timmons Jeffrey F. , Voors Maarten
Published: November 2018

Do citizens view state and traditional authorities as substitutes or complements? Past work has been divided on this question. Some scholars point to competition between attitudes toward these entities, suggesting substitution, whereas others highlight positive correlations, suggesting complementarity. Addressing this question, however, is difficult, as it requires assessing the effects of exogenous changes in the latent valuation of one authority on an individual’s support for another. We show that this quantity—a type of elasticity—cannot be inferred from correlations between support for the two forms of authority. We employ a structural model to estimate this elasticity of substitution using data from 816 villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo and plausibly exogenous rainfall and conflict shocks. Despite prima facie evidence for substitution logics, our model’s outcomes are consistent with complementarity; positive changes in citizen valuation of the chief appear to translate into positive changes in support for the government.
Why do academics oppose the market? A test of Nozick’s hypothesis
Authors: Magni-Berton Raul , Ríos Diego
Published: November 2018

In this article, the authors explore why academics tend to oppose the market. To this intent the article uses normative political theory as an explanatory mechanism, starting with a conjecture originally suggested by Robert Nozick. Academics are over-represented amongst the best students of their cohort. School achievement engenders high expectations about future economic prospects. Yet markets are only contingently sensitive to school achievement. This misalignment between schools and markets is perceived by academics – and arguably by intellectuals in general – as morally unacceptable. To test this explanation, the article uses an online questionnaire with close to 1500 French academic respondents. The data resulting from this investigation lend support to Nozick’s hypothesis.
Gender gaps at the top: Does board composition affect executive compensation?
Authors: Cook Alison , Ingersoll Alicia R , Glass Christy
Published: November 2018

Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests ‘no’ … and ‘yes.’ It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women’s integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S&P 500 from 2009–2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.
The Work of the British Ship Research Association, with Particular Reference to the Design and Construction of Mammoth Tankers, Bulk Carriers, and Fast Container Ships
Authors: Hurst R.
Published: November 2018

The range of sizes and duties of merchant ships is now so wide that applied research has to be directed to solving the particular problems of those ships which make up the majority of those at present on order, and where the technology is developing very rapidly, i.e. the very large wet and dry bulk carriers, and the fast cellular container ships. It is perhaps surprising that rather similar problems have arisen for such dissimilar looking ships; in hydrodynamics, concerning flow around new hull forms, particularly at bow and stern; in vibrations and stresses induced by the waves and by the uneven flow into the propeller; and in refined structural analysis required by the new complex configurations and sizes.

The high capital cost of such ships has led to greater attention being paid to engineering economics and to better integration of the design and production processes, where the computer is already making a significant contribution. The productivity of the shipyards is also being improved by the introduction of flow line production in the steelworking shops, using special numerically controlled machines, semi-automatic welding, and improved inspection. Future work is being focused on the problems of assembly on the berth and building dock, and on fitting out the machinery and services.

The work is challenging, not only because of the tough economic climate in which shipping and shipbuilding operate, both nationally and internationally, but also because the scientific, technological and practical aspects are so much interwoven in all the work, ranging from difficult mathematical theory through model experiments to measurements on full-scale ships.
Development and Application of Medium Speed Gas Burning Engines
Authors: Lowe W. , Brandham P. T.
Published: November 2018

The discovery of North Sea natural gas has provided a test facility not previously available in the United Kingdom which has enabled the development of natural-gas burning engines, also suitable for overseas markets, to proceed at a rapid pace. The development of such a medium speed gaseous fuel engine is described, with details of the methods used to obtain the desired operating characteristics of gas–air mixing and mixture strength, ignition timing and control of changeover from one fuel to the other; some typical applications of this type of engine are given.
Social Implications of Automation
Authors: Sadler P.
Published: November 2018

Using a general model of the relationships between technology and society, the author examines the ways in which automation is likely to bring about changes in social structure and values.
Nasa's Second Decade in Space
Authors: Manganiello E. J.
Published: November 2018

Since its creation in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has fostered new knowledge in virtually every field of science, shared the adventure of exploring the Moon with millions of people, and produced technology of lasting value here on Earth. Many new benefits will be harvested from space in the bold but balanced programme envisioned for the 1970s.

From the vantage point of Earth orbit, satellites will further refine our knowledge of the Earth. Space physics spacecraft will study the atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere, as well as the influence of solar activity, to provide an accurate model of our planet. New generations of weather satellites will move us toward global forecasts two weeks in advance, and eventually weather control. Earth resources technology satellites will provide a new capability for detecting blighted crops and forests, managing our waterways, and discovering new mineral resources. More advanced communications satellites will benefit the world community, including the illiterate of the developing nations.

In this decade, unmanned spacecraft will be sent to the far reaches of the solar system. Probes will provide a first look at Mercury, the Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, and will orbit and softland on Mars to look for life.

Activity in the manned spaceflight programme, while without the dramatic focus of a Moon landing of the last decade, will encompass several exciting new programmes such as Skylab, the first experimental space station; and the Space Shuttle, a re-usable booster and orbiter planned for a variety of uses.
Quantitative Systems for Measuring Knock
Authors: Arrigoni V. , Cornetti G. , Gaetani B. , Ghezzi P.
Published: November 2018

Two methods for measuring quantitatively the knock intensity in spark ignition engines are described. The measurements are based on the detection of either pressure oscillations in the combustion chamber or the engine head vibrations due to knock. Some first results are reported.
Planning a Range of Centrifugal Pumps Based on Cost Analysis and Using Computer Aid
Authors: McAree P.
Published: November 2018

A number of authors, e.g. Peck (1)† and Wood and Marlow (2), have recently presented papers considering, in detail, specific phases in the design of centrifugal pumps. This paper, which is intended to be complementary to those papers, presents an analytical method for planning a range of centrifugal pumps based on a cost analysis of the models in the range. The method, which seeks to determine the number, size and spacing of the models to cover the specified, continuous range of duties, is based on adequate performance of each of the models in the range at minimum production cost for the total number of units to be produced.

To show that meaningful results can be obtained by using this method, a numerical example is presented. The method is applied to the planning of a range of centrifugal pumps in which each model operates at constant rotational speed with constant impeller diameter. The Fortran IV digital computer programme used in the solution of this example is included.
A Look Back: What Kappan readers have learned about learning
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: November 2018

This exploration of Phi Delta Kappan’s archives shows how the magazine has explored education research and science across its 100 volumes. Articles have advocated better research and a stronger connection between research and practice, while celebrating strides that have been made. Kappan has also presented multiple perspectives on the value of neuroscience to education, with some authors recommending a brain-based approach and others expressing skepticism about how the research is being interpreted and applied.
An update on social and emotional learning outcome research
Authors: Mahoney Joseph L. , Durlak Joseph A. , Weissberg Roger P.
Published: November 2018

Joseph Mahoney, Joseph Durlak, and Roger Weissberg compare results from four large-scale meta-analyses of student outcomes related to participation in universal, school-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. Their examination includes 356 research reports with rigorous designs and outcome data at post or follow-up from hundreds of thousands of K-12 students within and outside the U.S. on a range of SEL programs. The reviews indicate that universal school-based SEL programs produce positive benefits for participating students on a range of important behavioral and academic outcomes that are evident immediately following the end of intervention and that persist during various follow-up periods. Therefore, current data indicate that SEL programs are both feasible and effective in a variety of educational contexts in many countries around the world.
Ready for what? Confusion around college and career readiness
Authors: Mokher Christine G. , Rosenbaum James E. , Gable Alexis , Ahearn Caitlin , Jacobson Louis
Published: November 2018

Florida’s College and Career Readiness Initiative (FCCRI) required schools to administer a community college placement test to 11th-grade students and enroll students who did not pass in a college readiness course. Christine Mokher, James Rosenbaum, Alexis Gable, Caitlin Ahearn, and Louis Jacobson surveyed teachers of the course and found that, from their perspective, the initiative overemphasized preparation for college degree programs and provided few options for lower-performing students. The use of the college placement test effectively conflated college and career readiness, leaving work-bound students unmotivated and discouraged. The authors recommend broadening the definition of readiness to include both college and careers and to raise the profile of certificate programs that could lead to well-paid careers without requiring a placement test.
Japan’s innovative approach to professional learning
Authors: Ahn Ruth , Shimojima Yasuko , Mori Hisayoshi , Asanuma Shigeru
Published: November 2018

The high performance of Japanese students, as demonstrated on international tests, is well-known, but the professional learning of Japanese teachers has received less attention. Ruth Ahn, Yasuko Shimojima, Hisayoshi Mori, and Shigeru Asanuma describe the professional development requirements for teachers across their careers. Novice teachers are required to engage in at least 300 hours professional learning, with additional learning requirements at the 10-year mark and again for license renewal every 10 years. These learning programs received mixed reviews from teachers. However, teachers consistently praised the more informal learning that took place in shokuin shitsu, or teachers’ room. This space serves as a home base for teachers throughout the day, and as they move in and out of the space, they are able to seek advice and support for pressing problems. This collegial learning benefited not just beginners but also veteran and midcareer teachers.
Land Taking and Electoral Rule Setting: Evidence from Chinese Rural Democracy
Authors: Su Fubing , Lu Xi , Zhao Xi , Tao Ran
Published: November 2018

This article explains the regional variation in the electoral rules governing village election in China. We argue that China’s fast urbanization and land development have undermined the quality of rural democracy because local government officials faced pressure to ensure “right” cadres elected, and therefore had motivation to manipulate election rules. A panel dataset covering two rounds of elections in 2005 and 2008 is utilized to test the hypothesized relationship. Our findings are robust to various refinements in measurement and model specification. These findings contribute to the general literature on land and democratization as well as the recent debate about competitive elections in authoritarian countries.
The Color of Neoliberal Reform: A Critical Race Policy Analysis of School District Takeovers in Michigan
Authors: Wright James , Whitaker Ronald W. , Khalifa Muhammad , Briscoe Felecia
Published: November 2018

This critical case study analyzes Michigan’s implementation of Public Act 4 (PA4), also known as the emergency management (EM) takeover law. PA4 grants the state control of school districts with dire budgetary problems. As most U.S. school districts are citywide, PA4 gives the state direct control over all the (previously locally controlled) schools in Detroit. We use tenets from critical race theory (CRT) and components from critical policy analysis (CPA) and offer a critical race policy analysis (CRPA) to explore racial power and privilege enacted by PA4, imposed upon Detroit.
An alumina rotary kiln monitoring system based on flame image processing
Authors: Lin Chaoqun , Yi Zhengming , Jiang Zhiwei
Published: November 2018

In order to monitor the combustion condition and improve the product material quality, a digital image acquisition and processing method is adopted in alumina-sintering process. Two digital properties of flame grade and material grade are obtained by image data analyzing and smooth filtering, which provide reliable reference for operational optimization and automatic control of rotary kilns. This image acquisition system improves the operation of kiln effectively and reduces the working intensity and the manufacture cost.
Sine-cosine algorithm-based optimization for automatic voltage regulator system
Authors: Hekimoğlu Baran
Published: November 2018

A novel design method, sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) is presented in this paper to determine optimum proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The proposed approach is a simple yet effective algorithm that has balanced exploration and exploitation capabilities to search the solutions space effectively to find the best result. The simplicity of the algorithm provides fast and high-quality tuning of optimum PID controller parameters. The proposed SCA-PID controller is validated by using a time domain performance index. The proposed method was found efficient and robust in improving the transient response of AVR system compared with the PID controllers based on Ziegler-Nichols (ZN), differential evolution (DE), artificial bee colony (ABC) and bio-geography-based optimization (BBO) tuning methods.
Method of large acceleration change for in-flight alignment of projectiles based on double-vector observations
Authors: Xu Yun , Hong Zhen , Su Yan , Zhu Xin-hua
Published: November 2018

Aiming at the problem that the purposive maneuver of the guided projectile is difficult to be realized during its short flight time, a method based on large acceleration change using double-vector observations for the in-flight alignment was proposed. First, according to the navigation velocity rate equation, double-vector observations were derived, and the Request algorithm was introduced for the initial attitude estimation. Then, error analysis was discussed, which puts forward a large acceleration change for the in-flight alignment. Simulation experiment analyzed and discussed the effectiveness of the proposed large acceleration change for the in-flight alignment. The simulation result indicated that the in-flight alignment can be achieved quickly, and the heading misalignment error is about 0.3°, the pitch and rolling misalignment errors are less than 0.2°.
Cover-Copy-Compare for Multiplication With Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Brief Report
Authors: Schrauben Kristen S. , Dean Andrew J.
Published: November 2018

A multiple-baseline across participants design was used to investigate the effect of the Cover-Copy-Compare (CCC) intervention on multiplication-fact fluency for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Although CCC is a well-researched intervention for mathematics, limited research has been conducted with students with EBD even though these students often struggle academically. Results indicate that a functional relation was established between CCC and an improved number of digits correct per minute for multiplication problems for only one of three elementary-age boys with EBD. Tau-U effect sizes ranged from no effect for one participant to a large effect for another participant. The length of the intervention and the initial level of a student’s skills may be related to the effectiveness of CCC for students with EBD and should be explored in future studies.
Menno ter Braak on Democracy, Populism and Fascism: Ressentiment and its Vicissitudes
Authors: van Krieken Robert
Published: November 2018

The concept of ressentiment is increasingly being drawn upon to analyse current political developments, but in doing so it is important to have a clear understanding of its original meaning in the work of Nietzsche and Scheler, who applied it to the inner logic of democracy, rather than political movements opposed to liberal democracy. This article introduces an important essay written in 1937, ‘National Socialism as a doctrine of rancour’, by the Dutch modernist writer, Menno ter Braak. Despite having been highly influential in Dutch literature and scholarship, he is virtually unknown in the Anglophone world, since none of his work has been translated. This article is an important contribution both as a rare examination of how ressentiment can be used to analyse 1930s National Socialism, and as an analysis of the role of ressentiment as a moral sentiment in democratic politics, especially its populist variants.
Current practice in treating chronic venous disease by Canadian vascular surgeons
Authors: Yang Gary K , Chen Jerry C
Published: November 2018

Objective

To evaluate the practice patterns and interests of vascular surgeons in Canada in the treatment of chronic venous disorder.

Methods

A web-based 19-question survey was sent to 155 active members of the Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery. Questions assessed training background, interest in venous disease, practice site, venous treatments offered, and obstacles to therapy.

Results

A total of 64 responses (41%) were acquired. Respondents were roughly equal from academic (55%) and community (45%) sites with an even distribution of years in practice. Only 43% offered full range of therapy, which includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy, vein surgery, and endovenous ablation. The main challenges hindering venous practice include lack of time due to overwhelming arterial pathologies (67%), equipment cost/office space limitations (53%), and lack of knowledge or skills in contemporary procedures (28%). The majority of surgeons felt that their residency and fellowship did not prepare them for an active venous practice (69%). Fifty-four percent of the respondents perceived barriers in getting venous ultrasound imaging for their patients. Only 19% of the surgeons find venous disease interesting. Characteristics of these interested surgeons were analyzed and found to be very different from surgeons who did not expressed interest. An overwhelming 92% of all respondents believe that vascular surgeons should be leaders in delivering care for venous disease.

Conclusion

The treatment of chronic venous disorder has advanced over the last few decades but significant obstacles exist for Canadian surgeons to deliver venous therapy in accordance with current guidelines.
Bidirectional Relations Between Disordered Eating, Internalization of Beauty Ideals, and Self-Esteem: A Longitudinal Study With Adolescents
Authors: Espinoza Paola , Penelo Eva , Mora Marisol , Francisco Rita , González Marcela L. , Raich Rosa M.
Published: November 2018

Associations between disordered eating, internalization of beauty ideals, and self-esteem have been mainly studied in a unidirectional way. Therefore, this study explored the potential bidirectional associations between these three aspects, in a sample of 303 adolescents aged 12 to 15 (140 females and 163 males), in a 16-month longitudinal prospective study. Participants self-reported disordered eating, internalization of beauty ideals, and self-esteem. Autoregressive cross-lagged analyses showed bidirectional associations between self-esteem and disordered eating and unidirectional links between internalization of beauty ideals and disordered eating and lower self-esteem. All cross-lagged effects were equivalent across genders, except that the effect of internalization of beauty ideals at baseline on disordered eating 4 months later was higher for females. Temporal stability was moderate for all measures. These results contribute toward completing explanatory models of these problems and suggest that interventions based on the critique of esthetic ideals and on strengthening self-esteem should be implemented in early adolescence.
Patterns of Social-Emotional Needs and Trajectories of Aggression and Substance Use Among Middle School Boys
Authors: Tan Kevin , Gorman-Smith Deborah , Schoeny Michael , Choi Yoonsun
Published: November 2018

Co-occurring social-emotional problems are associated with increased risk of aggression and substance use. However, few studies examine their configurational patterns. This study identifies patterns of co-occurring social skills, anxiety, learning, and conduct problems among 2,632 urban boys at entry into sixth grade, and their related aggression and substance use trajectories through eighth grade. Latent class analysis revealed four patterns at school entry: “low-all,” “poor social skills,” “positive social skills,” and “high all.” Findings point to important variation in risk. Problem behaviors increased the least through middle school for the “low-all” pattern. The “positive social skills” pattern had an average increase, while the “poor social skills” pattern had higher levels of problem behaviors in sixth and seventh grade. The “high all” showed the fastest increase in problem behaviors and the highest levels in eighth grade. Discussion focuses on implications for a multi-tiered school-based system of supports for behavioral risk management.