The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere using global observations through 202
Authors: Tarasova Oksana , Vermeulen Alex , Sawa Yousuke , Houweling Sander , Dlugokencky Ed 
Published: February 2023

This paper highlights the main findings of the eighteenth annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=22149) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The results are based on research and observations performed by laboratories contributing to the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme (https://community.wmo.int/activity-areas/gaw).The Bulletin presents global analyses of observational data collected according to GAW recommended practices and submitted to the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Bulletins are prepared by the WMO/GAW Scientific Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases in collaboration with WDCGG.Observations used for the global analysis are from more than 100 marine and terrestrial sites worldwide for CO2 and CH4 and at a smaller number of sites for other greenhouse gases. The globally averaged surface mole fractions calculated from this in situ network reached new highs in 2021, with CO2 at 415.7 &#177; 0.2 ppm, CH4 at 1908 &#177; 2 ppb and N2O at 334.0 &#177; 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 149%, 262% and 124% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The increase in CO2 from 2020 to 2021 was equal to that observed from 2019 to 2020 and larger than the average annual growth rate over the last decade. For CH4, the increase from 2020 to 2021 was higher than that observed from 2019 to 2020 and considerably higher than the average annual growth rate over the last decade. For N2O, the increase from 2020 to 2021 was slightly higher than that observed from 2019 to 2020 and also higher than the average annual growth rate over the last decade.The Bulletin highlights the exceptional growth of CH4 in 2020 and 2021. The causes of these exceptional increases are still being investigated though analyses of measurements of atmospheric CH4 abundance and its stable carbon isotope ratio 13C/12C indicate that the increase in CH4 since 2007 is associated mostly with biogenic processes, but the relative contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources to this increase are unclear.The Bulletin further highlights that the accuracy of emissions estimates from atmospheric measurements depends on the geometry of the surface network, pointing to the large observational gaps in tropical regions and the interior of the Asian continent. The tropics accommodate not only highly uncertain emissions from natural wetlands, but also the atmospheric hydroxyl radical sink of CH4, which is largest there. Surface measurements provide limited information to distinguish between increasing surface emissions and decreasing atmospheric sinks, which could both explain the increasing atmospheric CH4 abundance.WMO is working with the broader greenhouse gas community to develop a framework for sustained, internationally coordinated global greenhouse gas monitoring. These efforts are envisaged to result in an internationally coordinated approach to observing network design and acquisition, international exchange and use of the observations. It is foreseen that this will result in the expansion of the in-situ network, especially in currently undersampled regions and lead to reduced uncertainties in the quantification of the net atmospheric balance of CH4 and other greenhouse gases.