bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SWOT Research on the Development of Rural Tourism E-Commerce System under the Background of Big Data Era
Authors: Zhao Minglong , Zhou Jing , Mu Jin
Published: November 2021

Economic development has gradually made tourism one of the most common options for people’s leisure and entertainment. The fast-paced life and heavy pressure in the city have made the relaxed and comfortable rural tourism sought after by many people. In our country, many villages have rich tourist attractions and unique cultural heritage, but they have not been fully developed due to information obstruction. Now, the advancement of Internet technology has made e-commerce, an emerging trade method, more closely related to rural tourism. Based on the background of big data, this paper has launched a research on the SWOT analysis of the development of rural tourism e-commerce system. Starting from the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats of the tourism e-commerce system, this paper discusses the necessity of combining rural tourism and e-commerce platforms in the Internet era, combining various internal and external conditions. From the perspective of the e-commerce system, all kinds of special features in the countryside can be transformed into product selling points on the platform to attract tourists, and the promotion of tourism revenue through the platform can further promote the continuous improvement of the rural tourism industry and form a virtuous circle. According to our data from the China Tourism Administration and related tourism statistics, the number of rural tourists in my country has increased from 630 million in 2011 to 3.13 billion in 2019, and the increase in rural tourism revenue has also reached 4.3 times. In order to prevent the rural backward marketing strategy from hindering the development of rural tourism, the introduction of a tourism e-commerce platform is a very necessary choice.
Oversampling Imbalanced Data Based on Convergent WGAN for Network Threat Detection
Authors: Xu Yanping , Zhang Xiaoyu , Qiu Zhenliang , Zhang Xia , Qiu Jian , Zhang Hua
Published: November 2021

Class imbalance is a common problem in network threat detection. Oversampling the minority class is regarded as a popular countermeasure by generating enough new minority samples. Generative adversarial network (GAN) is a typical generative model that can generate any number of artificial minority samples, which are close to the real data. However, it is difficult to train GAN, and the Nash equilibrium is almost impossible to achieve. Therefore, in order to improve the training stability of GAN for oversampling to detect the network threat, a convergent WGAN-based oversampling model called convergent WGAN (CWGAN) is proposed in this paper. The training process of CWGAN contains multiple iterations. In each iteration, the training epochs of the discriminator are dynamic, which is determined by the convergence of discriminator loss function in the last two iterations. When the discriminator is trained to convergence, the generator will then be trained to generate new minority samples. The experiment results show that CWGAN not only improve the training stability of WGAN on the loss smoother and closer to 0 but also improve the performance of the minority class through oversampling, which means that CWGAN can improve the performance of network threat detection.
Associations between Upper Extremity Motor Function and Aphasia after Stroke: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Xu Shuo , Yan Zhijie , Pan Yongquan , Yang Qing , Liu Zhilan , Gao Jiajia , Yang Yanhui , Wu Yufen , Zhang Yanan , Wang Jianhui , Zhuang Ren , Li Chong , Zhang Yongli , Jia Jie
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose. Poststroke aphasia (PSA) often coexists with upper extremity (UE) motor dysfunction. However, whether the presence of PSA affects UE motor performance, and if language function associates with UE motor performance, are unclear. This study is aimed at (1) comparing the motor status of UE between patients with PSA and without PSA and (2) investigating the association between language function and UE motor status in patients with PSA. Methods. Patients with stroke were compared and correlated from overall and three periods (1-3 months, 4-6 months, and >6 months). Fugl-Meyer assessment for the upper extremity (FMA-UE) and action research and arm test (ARAT) were used to compare the UE motor status between patients with PSA and without PSA through a cross-sectional study among 435 patients. Then, the correlations between the evaluation scale scores of UE motor status and language function of patients with PSA were analyzed in various dimensions, and the language subfunction most closely related to UE motor function was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results. We found that the scores of FMA-UE and ARAT in patients with PSA were 14 points ((CI) 10 to 18,

p
<
0.001

) and 11 points lower ((CI) 8 to 13,

p
<
0.001

), respectively, than those without PSA. Their FMA-UE (

r
=
0.70

,

p
<
0.001

) and ARAT (

r
=
0.62

,

p
<
0.001

) scores were positively correlated with language function. Regression analysis demonstrated that spontaneous speech ability may account for UE motor function (

R

2

=
0.51

,

p
<
0.001

;

R

2

=
0.42

,

p
<
0.001

). Consistent results were also obtained from the analyses within the three time subgroups. Conclusion. Stroke patients with PSA have worse UE motor performance. UE motor status and language function showed positive correlations, in which spontaneous speech ability significantly accounts for the associations.
Micro-Embolic Signals and Dissection: Association or Causation for Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sudheer Pachipala , Vibha Deepti
Published: November 2021

Background and Objective: Although the mechanism of stroke in cervical artery dissection (CAD) has been hypothesized to be embolization rather than hemodynamic compromise, there are a limited number of studies supporting this hypothesis. Detection of micro-embolic signals (MESs) using transcranial Doppler (TCD) helps in understanding the mechanism in these patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to estimate the prevalence of MES and its association with stroke outcomes in patients with acute stroke/TIA secondary to dissection. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies before January 26, 2021, in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Studies were identified that used TCD to detect MES in stroke/TIA patients secondary to CAD. Pooled prevalence was calculated. Entire statistical analysis was conducted in R version 3.6.2. Results: Eleven studies involving 112 patients (50 MES+, 62 MES−) were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of MES among acute stroke/TIA patients secondary to dissection was 46.0% (95% CI 26.0–67.0%). The presence of MES was associated with an increased risk of early ischemic recurrence in patients with CAD. We could not estimate the functional outcome and mortality associated with the presence of MES due to the scarcity of data. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis showed 46% prevalence of MES in the studies which looked at acute stroke/TIA secondary to CAD using TCD. This finding supports the assumption that embolism may be a major cause of stroke in patients with dissection although this could be determined only in a small population.
The 41st Annual Meeting of the J.B. Johnston Club for Evolutionary Neuroscience
and the 33rd Annual Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience
Authors: Spocter Muhammad
Published: November 2021

The 2021 meetings of the J.B. Johnston Club for Evolutionary Neuroscience and Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience is typically held immediately before the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. This year the Karger Workshop will be held on Thursday, November 11. The regular JBJC meeting will be held on Friday, November 12. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both meetings will be held virtually.
This year’s Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience, made possible by the continuing support of Karger Publishers, is organized by Loreta Medina and Ester Desfilis. It is titled “Conservation, divergence and convergence in amygdala evolution”. The Workshop will examine new findings about some controversial issues of this complex brain structure that in mammals is known to be critical for regulating emotions, social behavior and cognition, but whose identification in non-mammals and the evolution thereof have been highly a matter of vivid discussion. The workshop participants treat the subject from various perspectives that introduce the expression of the amygdala in different species of vertebrates and consider distinct developmental and evolutionary mechanisms. On the following day, the program for the annual JBJC meeting will consist of 24 talks submitted by JBJC members and selected by the JBJC Program Committee (Werner Graf, Alice Powers, Andrew Iwaniuk). Additional information and the final schedule of talks will be mailed to JBJC members before the meeting and posted on the JBJC web site (www.jbjclub.org).
Increased Intake of Fast-Acting Carbohydrates in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Schaeffer Eva , Schermann Alina , Zirbs Florian , Berg Daniela
Published: November 2021

Background: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) regularly report an increased desire for food or beverages with high sugar content. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis of an increased intake of fast-acting carbohydrates in PD patients. Methods: This study investigated the consumption of high-sugar content food products in 221 PD patients compared with 184 healthy controls using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Male PD patients reported a significantly more often high consumption of chocolate (p = 0.005) and other sweets (p < 0.001) than healthy controls. Moreover, PD patients with a high intake of these products showed a significantly longer disease duration (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Our study confirmed changes in intake of fast-acting carbohydrates derived from sweets in PD. Future studies should address the observed association with disease progression to understand underlying pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this behavioral change.
Rescue Partial ALPPS for Left Hemihepatectomy with Reconstruction of the Middle Hepatic Vein
Authors: Kogure Masaharu , Arai Takaaki , Momose Hirokazu , Matsuki Ryota , Suzuki Yutaka , Sakamoto Yoshihiro
Published: November 2021

Major hepatectomy in patients with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) volume and impaired liver functional reserve has considerable risks for posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). The patient was a male in his 70s with an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in left hemiliver, involving the middle hepatic vein (MHV). Although FLR volume after left hemihepatectomy was estimated to be 64.4% of the total liver volume, an indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICG-R15) value was 24.2%, thus the patient underwent left portal vein embolization. The FLR volume increased to 71.3%; however, the noncongestive FLR volume was re-estimated as 45.8% after resection of the MHV, the ICG-R15 value was 29.0%, and ICG-Krem was calculated as 0.037. We performed partial rescue Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein occlusion for Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) for left hemihepatectomy with the MHV reconstruction. On the first stage, partial liver partition was done along Rex-Cantlie’s line, preserving the MHV and sacrificing the remaining branches to segment 8. The FLR volume increased to 77.4% on day 14. The ICG-R15 value was 29.6%, but ICG-Krem after MHV reconstruction was estimated to be 0.059. The second-stage operation on day 21 was left hemihepatectomy with the MHV reconstruction using the left superficial femoral vein graft. The usage of rescue partial ALPPS may contribute to preventing PHLF by introducing occlusion of the portal and/or venous branches in the left hemiliver before curative hepatectomy.
An Italian Model for the Management of Cancer Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Regional Center for Oncological Orientation (COrO) of Taranto (ROP)
Authors: Pisconti Salvatore , Modoni Gabriella , Cafiero Concetta , Simeone Giuseppe , Surico Giammarco , Gorgoni Giovanni
Published: November 2021

Objective: The recent outbreak of COVID-19 limited the resources of the National Health System necessitating the formulation of novel practice recommendations for oncological care. To date, management guidelines for cancer patients in case of pandemic are not available. Each center tried to manage its own needs and requests independently, often reducing access to treatment and diagnostic exams to patients. Here, we have described the management of cancer patients during COVID-19 infection with suggestions of some practical approaches applied by our Regional Center for Oncological Orientation (COrO) in S.G. Moscati Hospital (Taranto, Italy). Subjects and Methods: Our strategy was to minimize any interruption of cancer treatment through the extension of Taranto’s Health Regional (COrO). The extension of the oncological network, assisted by the General Management of Taranto ASL through agreements with private structures in Taranto’s area, allowed cancer patients to receive up to 11 different types of services, according to their needs (first investigation or follow-up), and represents an exclusive organization on the entire Italian territory. Results: Thanks to the organization of the COrO in 2020, 1,406 first oncological visits and 566 preparatory treatments were carried out, 372 of exemption for oncological pathology (free health care) were activated, and 1,742 instrumental investigations and 7 cases of civil invalidity were performed (certificate of disability). Conclusions: We have overcome barriers to care of oncology patients leading to a reduction of waiting lists representing a practical application model that can be extended to other healthcare settings.
As intervenções artísticas: as possíveis frestas das ruas
Authors: Gasperi Marcelo Eduardo Rocco de
Published: November 2021

O presente texto pretende contribuir conceitualmente para os estudos acerca das intervenções urbanas, vistas como propostas de enfrentamento às demarcações territoriais excludentes. As noções de interferências artísticas são discutidas aqui como fontes problematizadoras que se contrapõem aos discursos hegemônicos. Tais discursos organizam a cidade evidenciando os diferentes espaços urbanos, rotulados de acordo com propósitos distintos. Neste contexto, pode-se dizer que as intervenções urbanas agem sobre um cenário prévio da cidade, criando outras formas de se ver a paisagem urbana e de interagir com a mesma, traçando novos desenhos.
Blood Pressure and Safety Events With Vericiguat in the VICTORIA Trial
Authors: Lam Carolyn S. P. , Mulder Hillary , Lopatin Yuri , Vazquez‐Tanus Jose B. , Siu David , Ezekowitz Justin , Pieske Burkert , O’Connor Christopher M. , Roessig Lothar , Patel Mahesh J. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Armstrong Paul W. ,   the VICTORIA Study Group
Published: November 2021

Background

Although safety and tolerability of vericiguat were established in the VICTORIA (Vericiguat Global Study in Subjects With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, some subgroups may be more susceptible to symptomatic hypotension, such as older patients, those with lower baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP), or those concurrently taking angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors. We described the SBP trajectories over time and compared the occurrence of symptomatic hypotension or syncope by treatment arm in potentially vulnerable subgroups in VICTORIA. We also evaluated the relation between the efficacy of vericiguat and baseline SBP.

Methods and Results

Among patients receiving at least 1 dose of the study drug (n=5034), potentially vulnerable subgroups were those >75 years old (n=1395), those with baseline SBP 100–110 mm Hg (n=1344), and those taking angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (n=730). SBP trajectory was plotted as mean change from baseline over time. The treatment effect on time to symptomatic hypotension or syncope was evaluated overall and by subgroup, and the primary efficacy composite outcome (heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death) across baseline SBP was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. SBP trajectories showed a small initial decline in SBP with vericiguat in those >75 years old (versus younger patients), as well as those receiving angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (versus none), with SBP returning to baseline thereafter. Patients with SBP <110 mm Hg at baseline showed a trend to increasing SBP over time, which was similar in both treatment arms. Safety event rates were generally low and similar between treatment arms within each subgroup. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, there were similar numbers of safety events with vericiguat versus placebo (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99–1.39;
P
=0.059).

No difference existed between treatment arms in landmark analysis beginning after the titration phase (ie, post 4 weeks) (adjusted HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.93–1.38;
P
=0.20). The benefit of vericiguat compared with placebo on the primary composite efficacy outcome was similar across the spectrum of baseline SBP (
P
for interaction=0.32).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate the safety of vericiguat in a broad population of patients with worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, even among those predisposed to hypotension. Vericiguat’s efficacy persisted regardless of baseline SBP.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02861534.
Pathways by Which Food Insecurity Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Palakshappa Deepak , Ip Edward H. , Berkowitz Seth A. , Bertoni Alain G. , Foley Kristie L. , Miller David P. , Vitolins Mara Z. , Rosenthal Gary E.
Published: November 2021

Background

Food insecurity (FI) has been associated with an increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk; however, the pathways by which FI leads to worse cardiovascular health are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that FI is associated with ASCVD risk through nutritional/anthropometric (eg, worse diet quality and increased weight), psychological/mental health (eg, increased depressive symptoms and risk of substance abuse), and access to care pathways.

Methods and Results

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of adults (aged 40–79 years) using the 2007 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Our primary exposure was household FI, and our outcome was 10‐year ASCVD risk categorized as low (<5%), borderline (≥5% –<7.5%), intermediate (≥7.5%–<20%), and high risk (≥20%). We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the pathways and multiple mediation analysis to determine direct and indirect effects. Of the 12 429 participants, 2231 (18.0%) reported living in a food‐insecure household; 5326 (42.9%) had a low ASCVD risk score, 1402 (11.3%) borderline, 3606 (29.0%) intermediate, and 2095 (16.9%) had a high‐risk score. In structural models, we found significant path coefficients between FI and the nutrition/anthropometric (β, 0.130; SE, 0.027;
P
<0.001), psychological/mental health (β, 0.612; SE, 0.043;
P
<0.001), and access to care (β, 0.110; SE, 0.036;
P
=0.002) pathways. We did not find a significant direct effect of FI on ASCVD risk, and the nutrition, psychological, and access to care pathways accounted for 31.6%, 43.9%, and 15.8% of the association, respectively.

Conclusions

We found that the association between FI and ASCVD risk category was mediated through the nutrition/anthropometric, psychological/mental health, and access to care pathways. Interventions that address all 3 pathways may be needed to mitigate the negative impact of FI on cardiovascular disease.
Loss of Endothelial Hypoxia Inducible Factor‐Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
Authors: Dai Zhiyu , Cheng Jianding , Liu Bin , Yi Dan , Feng Anlin , Wang Ting , An Lingling , Gao Chen , Wang Yibin , Zhu Maggie M. , Zhang Xianming , Zhao You‐Yang
Published: November 2021

Background

Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are common adaptive responses to injury and stress, eventually leading to heart failure. Hypoxia signaling is important to the (patho)physiological process of cardiac remodeling. However, the role of endothelial PHD2 (prolyl‐4 hydroxylase 2)/hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure remains elusive.

Methods and Results

Mice with

Egln1
Tie2Cre

(
Tie2
‐Cre‐mediated deletion of
Egln1
[encoding PHD2]) exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy evident by increased thickness of anterior and posterior wall and left ventricular mass, as well as cardiac fibrosis. Tamoxifen‐induced endothelial
Egln1
deletion in adult mice also induced left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Additionally, we observed a marked decrease of PHD2 expression in heart tissues and cardiovascular endothelial cells from patients with cardiomyopathy. Moreover, genetic ablation of
Hif2a
but not
Hif1a
in

Egln1
Tie2Cre

mice normalized cardiac size and function. RNA sequencing analysis also demonstrated HIF‐2α as a critical mediator of signaling related to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF‐2α attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in

Egln1
Tie2Cre

mice.

Conclusions

The present study defines for the first time an unexpected role of endothelial PHD2 deficiency in inducing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in an HIF‐2α–dependent manner. PHD2 was markedly decreased in cardiovascular endothelial cells in patients with cardiomyopathy. Thus, targeting PHD2/HIF‐2α signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
Transesophageal Echocardiography in Ischemic Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Tanaka Kanta , Koga Masatoshi , Lee Keon‐Joo , Kim Beom Joon , Mizoguchi Tadataka , Park Eun Lyeong , Lee Juneyoung , Yoshimura Sohei , Cha Jae‐Kwan , Lee Byung‐Chul , Koge Junpei , Bae Hee‐Joon , Toyoda Kazunori ,   for the CRCS‐K Investigators, the SAMURAI Study Investigators
Published: November 2021

Background

To clarify differences in clinical significance of intracardiac thrombi in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation‐associated stroke as identified by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).

Methods and Results

Using patient data on nonvalvular atrial fibrillation‐associated ischemic stroke between 2011 and 2014 from 15 South Korean stroke centers (n=4841) and 18 Japanese centers (n=1192), implementation rates of TEE/TTE, and detection rates of intracardiac thrombi at each center were correlated. The primary outcome was recurrent ischemic stroke at 1 year after the onset. A total of 5648 patients (median age, 75 years; 2650 women) were analyzed. Intracardiac thrombi were detected in 75 patients (1.3%) overall. Thrombi were detected in 7.8% of patients with TEE (either TEE alone or TEE+TTE: n=679) and in 0.6% of those with TTE alone (n=3572). Thrombus detection rates varied between 0% and 14.3% among centers. As TEE implementation rates at each center increased from 0% to 56.7%, thrombus detection rates increased linearly (detection rate [%]=0.11×TEE rate [%]+1.09 [linear regression],
P
<0.01). TTE implementation rates (32.3%–100%) were not associated with thrombus detection rates (
P
=0.53). Intracardiac thrombi were associated with risk of recurrent ischemic stroke overall (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.35, 95% CI, 1.07–5.16). Thrombus‐associated ischemic stroke risk was high in patients with TEE (aHR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.17–8.35), but not in those with TTE alone (aHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.12–6.51).

Conclusions

Our data suggest clinical relevance of TEE for accurate detection and risk stratification of intracardiac thrombi in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation‐associated stroke.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01581502.
Comparative Analysis of Blood‐Derived Endothelial Cells for Designing Next‐Generation Personalized Organ‐on‐Chips
Authors: Mathur Tanmay , Tronolone James J. , Jain Abhishek
Published: November 2021

Background

Organ‐on‐chip technology has accelerated in vitro preclinical research of the vascular system, and a key strength of this platform is its promise to impact personalized medicine by providing a primary human cell–culture environment where endothelial cells are directly biopsied from individual tissue or differentiated through stem cell biotechniques. However, these methods are difficult to adopt in laboratories, and often result in impurity and heterogeneity of cells. This limits the power of organ‐chips in making accurate physiological predictions. In this study, we report the use of blood‐derived endothelial cells as alternatives to primary and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells.

Methods and Results

Here, the genotype, phenotype, and organ‐chip functional characteristics of blood‐derived outgrowth endothelial cells were compared against commercially available and most used primary endothelial cells and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells. The methods include RNA‐sequencing, as well as criterion standard assays of cell marker expression, growth kinetics, migration potential, and vasculogenesis. Finally, thromboinflammatory responses under shear using vessel‐chips engineered with blood‐derived endothelial cells were assessed. Blood‐derived endothelial cells exhibit the criterion standard hallmarks of typical endothelial cells. There are differences in gene expression profiles between different sources of endothelial cells, but blood‐derived cells are relatively closer to primary cells than induced pluripotent stem cell–derived. Furthermore, blood‐derived endothelial cells are much easier to obtain from individuals and yet, they serve as an equally effective cell source for functional studies and organ‐chips compared with primary cells or induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cells.

Conclusions

Blood‐derived endothelial cells may be used in preclinical research for developing more robust and personalized next‐generation disease models using organ‐on‐chips.
Causes of Death in People With Cardiovascular Disease: A UK Biobank Cohort Study
Authors: Drozd Michael , Pujades‐Rodriguez Mar , Sun Fei , Franks Kevin N. , Lillie Patrick J. , Witte Klaus K. , Kearney Mark T. , Cubbon Richard M.
Published: November 2021

Background

Therapeutic advances have reduced cardiovascular death rates in people with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We aimed to define the rates of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death in people with specified CVDs or accruing cardiovascular multimorbidity.

Methods and Results

We studied 493 280 UK residents enrolled in the UK Biobank cohort study. The proportion of deaths attributed to cardiovascular, cancer, infection, or other causes were calculated in groups defined by 9 distinct self‐reported CVDs at baseline, or by the number of these CVDs at baseline. Poisson regression analyses were then used to define adjusted incidence rate ratios for these causes of death, accounting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidity. Of 27 729 deaths, 20.4% were primarily attributed to CVD, 53.6% to cancer, 5.0% to infection, and 21.0% to other causes. As cardiovascular multimorbidity increased, the proportion of cardiovascular and infection‐related deaths was greater, contrasting with cancer and other deaths. Compared with people without CVD, those with 3 or more CVDs experienced adjusted incidence rate ratios of 7.0 (6.2–7.8) for cardiovascular death, 4.4 (3.4–5.6) for infection death, 1.5 (1.4–1.7) for cancer death, and 2.0 (1.7–2.4) for other causes of death. There was substantial heterogeneity in causes of death, both in terms of crude proportions and adjusted incidence rate ratios, among the 9 studied baseline CVDs.

Conclusions

Noncardiovascular death is common in people with CVD, although its contribution varies widely between people with different CVDs. Holistic and personalized care are likely to be important tools for continuing to improve outcomes in people with CVD.
Effect of cultivation media and temperature on metabolite profiles of three nematicidal Bacillus species
Authors: Horak Ilzé , Jansen van Rensburg Peet J. , Claassens Sarina
Published: November 2021

Globally, root-knot nematode (RKN) infestations cause great financial losses. Although agrochemicals are used to manage these pests, there is increased interest in using biocontrol agents based on natural antagonistic microorganisms, such as Bacillus. These nematicidal bacteria demonstrate antagonism towards RKN through different modes of action, including specialised metabolite production. The aim of this study was to compare metabolite profiles of nematicidal Bacillus species and assess the influence of cultivation conditions on these profiles. Two hyphenated metabolomics platforms, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), were employed to profile and compare metabolite features produced during the cultivation of three nematicidal Bacillus species (Bacillus firmus, B. cereus and B. soli) in complex Luria-Bertani broth (LB) and a simpler minimal broth (MB), at three different temperatures (25, 30 and 37°C). Cultivation in complex LB as opposed to simpler MB resulted in the production of more statistically significant metabolite features. Selected temperatures in this study did not have a significant influence on metabolite profiles. Moreover, media-specific influences outweighed temperature-specific influences on metabolite profiles. Results from this study are a valuable first step in establishing suitable cultivation conditions for the production of Bacillus metabolites of interest.
Capitalism and the Ecological Crisis: The Spirituality of Voluntary Sacrifice
Authors: Sihombing Hesron
Published: November 2021

This article seeks to consider the market fundamentalism inherent in global capitalism as the main cause and continual perpetuator of the climate crisis. Functioning in the market fundamentalism is the philosophical and theological grounds prevalent in the capitalistic system, such as desire, disconnectedness, anthropocentrism, individualism, and unilateral grace. This article analyzes some churches’ responses on climate change, especially the theological content concerning the economic system and its philosophy concerning the climate crisis. The call is made for the church to articulate a public theology that addresses the vexed relationship between the economic system and the climate crisis; there is an urgent need to embody the spirituality of voluntary sacrifice in order to challenge and provide an alternative to the underlying philosophical attitudes of the capitalist system for the planet’s sake.
Pour une histoire intellectuelle des organisations internationales : éléments de biographie collective
Authors: Dhermy-Mairal Marine
Published: November 2021

Cet article propose d’étudier les organisations internationales à travers le prisme de l’histoire intellectuelle, afin de saisir leur contribution à la transformation des savoirs économiques et sociaux. Le Bureau international du travail entre les années 1920 et 1939 est pris ici comme objet d’investigation. Après avoir montré que cet organisme international pouvait être considéré comme relevant d’un laboratoire de recherche scientifique, l’article décrit la diversité des trajectoires intellectuelles de l’ensemble des fonctionnaires de l’organisation et de la section statistique en particulier, et interroge la nature de leurs savoirs économiques. Il réduit ensuite la focale pour comparer deux articles rédigés par des économistes du bureau autour de la mesure du risque social, et montre l’existence manifeste de deux styles cognitifs distincts.
Prendre en compte des comptes : Scribes, tablettes cunéiformes et historiens du Proche-Orient ancien
Authors: Chambon Grégory
Published: November 2021

Bien que la documentation cunéiforme du Proche-Orient ancien soit composée essentiellement de textes administratifs, rédigés par les palais, les temples ou des particuliers, les pratiques de comptes en tant que telles ne suscitent en général pas l’intérêt des assyriologues. Ces derniers préfèrent traditionnellement subordonner leur étude à l’histoire quantitative ou bien à l’analyse archivistique. Pourtant, le programme d’histoire concrète de l’abstraction proposé par Jean-Claude Perrot invite à enquêter sur cet objet historique dans la perspective d’une histoire totale, où l’économique pourrait expliquer le social et le politique. Il s’agit de mener de front, d’une part, une démarche réflexive sur la conception de la comptabilité par les historiens mais également par les professionnels des sciences de gestion, et d’autre part, une approche émique qui prendrait en considération les modes d’intellection, le rapport à la matérialité et les motivations d’ordre social et politique des Anciens.
Horses and Habitations: Iron Age Rock Art from Fortified Hilltop Settlements in the Wadi Draa, Morocco
Authors: Bokbot Youssef , Fenwick Corisande , Mattingly David J. , Sheldrick Nichole , Sterry Martin
Published: November 2021

The article presents important results from the Middle Draa Project (MDP) in southern Morocco related to two mid-1st millennium CE hilltop settlements (hillforts) that were associated with significant rock art assemblages. The combination of detailed survey and radiocarbon dating of these remarkable sites provides a unique window on the Saharan world in which the pecked engravings, predominantly of horses, were produced. As the horse imagery featured on the walls of buildings within the settlement, the radiocarbon dating around the mid-1st millennium CE can also be applied in this instance to the rock art. The rarity of rock art of this period within habitation sites is also discussed and it is argued that its occurrence at both these locations indicates that they had some special social or sacred significance for their occupants. While it is commonplace for rock art of this era, featuring horses and camels, to be attributed by modern scholars to mobile pastoralists, a further argument of the paper is that the desert societies were in a period of transformation at this time, with the development of oases. The association of the rock art imagery with sedentary settlements, where grain was certainly being processed and stored, is thus an additional new element of contextual information for the widespread Saharan images of horses and horse and riders.
Does Productive Mean Active? The Behavior of Occasional and Serial Academic Inventors in Patenting Processes
Authors: Lewensohn Danielle , Sjögren Ebba , Sundberg Carl Johan
Published: November 2021

Previous literature has attributed differences in individuals’ inventive productivity to a range of environmental, organizational and individual traits. However, the behavior of individuals with different inventive productivity has not been empirically explored in detail. Based on interviews with twenty Swedish academic inventors of diverse patenting experience, this paper analyses how serial and occasional inventors acted in patent initiation, patent application and subsequent patent management for specific inventions. Two modes of behavior are identified: passive and active. Individuals’ inventive productivity was not aligned with behavioral mode, with both modes of behavior exhibited by occasional as well as serial academic inventors. Individual academic inventors also varied in mode of behavior across different patent processes. These findings suggest that commonly used volume-based classifications of academic inventors obscure potentially relevant behavioral differences. This insight has implications for contemporary policy and organizational practice. It also highlights the need for further investigation of when academic inventors assume an active or passive mode of behavior in processes of academic commercialization.
The Twenty-Four Egyptian Days in Yiddish
Authors: Isserles Justine
Published: November 2021

The object of this study is a list of twenty-four Egyptian days in Yiddish discovered at the end of a Hebrew miscellany from medieval Ashkenaz, preserved in the Basel Universitätsbibliothek. Egyptian days are inauspicious days for bloodletting; these are listed according to the Julian calendar and sometimes identified by saint names and feast days. The list is edited and translated into English. Dates and variants of these Egyptian days are then compared with those of the only other known list of its kind, found in the earliest dated astro-medical fragment in Old Western Yiddish, from 1396–1397. A tabular comparison and descriptive commentary of the names and dates in both lists follows. Preceding this analysis, the status and knowledge of Jewish physicians in medieval Ashkenaz is addressed, as well as a brief description of Ms R IV 2, revealing its rich content and some of its codicological and paleographical characteristics.
The comparative study of Alkanna and Huynhia (Boraginaceae, Lithospermeae), with description of a new species in Iran
Authors: KHALVATI SINA , RANJBAR MASSOUD
Published: November 2021

A new blue to light violet-flowered species from SW Iran is described as Alkanna semiromica. The new species is morphologically close to A. frigida and Huynhia pulchra. Floral characters suggested the affinity of the new species to Huynhia, especially the stamens inserted at different heights in the corolla tube and also the plant trichomes while the pollen characters supported its place within the genus Alkanna. A comparison with the new species and the most similar genera is presented here based on new and old morphological data, to understand the differences among the species. In addition, the diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustrations, and taxonomic comments are presented.
Conflicting effects of haemolysis on plasma sodium and chloride are due to different haemolysis study protocols: A case for standardisation
Authors: Kalaria Tejas , Gill Henry , Sharrod-Cole Hayley , Ford Clare , Gama Rousseau
Published: November 2021

Background

Haemolysis has been reported as having a positive, negative or no effect on plasma sodium (PNa) and chloride (PCl). We investigated the haemoltytic effect of different haemolysis protocols on PNa and PCl using modelling and laboratory experiments.

Methods

In a modelling experiment, percentage change and recovery due to dilution in routinely ( in vitro) haemolysed samples were compared against shear stress haemolysis and samples spiked with haemolysate from whole blood freeze–thaw, packed cells freeze–thaw and osmotic shock protocols. The results were compared against a control base pool. Additionally, for the osmotic shock method, results were compared against saline- and deionised water (DIW)-spiked controls. In a laboratory experiment, percentage change and recovery were similarly compared using haemolysate from whole blood freeze–thaw and osmotic shock protocols. PNa, PCl and H-index were measured on the Abbott Architect and haemoglobin on the Sysmex XN-9000.

Results

In the modelling experiment, the percentage decrease in PNa and PCl was similar in in vitro haemolysis, shear stress haemolysis, whole blood freeze–thaw haemolysis and packed cells freeze–thaw haemolysis and this was lower compared to the osmotic shock method. In the laboratory experiment, the change in PNa compared to the base pool was less ( p < 0.001) per unit increase in H-index in the freeze–thaw method (−0.33 mmol, 95% CI −0.35 to −0.31) compared to the osmotic shock method (−0.65 mmol, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.64). PCl did not change with haemolysis in the freeze–thaw method and changed by −0.21 ± 0.01 mmol per unit increase in the H-index in the osmotic shock method. Recovery of PNa and PCl increased with increasing H-index in both methods.

Conclusion

The osmotic shock protocol is inappropriate for haemolysis studies because of dilution with DIW used for cell lysis. Recovery calculations may incorrectly compensate for genuine dilution caused by haemolysis.
What is religious fundamentalism? A literature review
Authors: Phillips Russell Earl , Kitchens Michael
Published: November 2021

Religious fundamentalism (RF) is a relevant topic in the world today. Over the past two decades there is an increase in definitions, theories, and measures of RF in the social sciences. The present publication reviews and integrates this information into an overarching definition and provides suggestions for future research.
Openness to experience and overexcitabilities in a sample of highly gifted middle school students
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh
Published: November 2021

A sample of 108 highly gifted middle school students participated in a study of the relationships between Big Five factors and overexcitabilities. Students completed the NEO-FFI and Overexcitabilities Questionnaire-II (OEQ-II). A cutoff score applied to the OEQ-II created a threshold for overexcitability, ensuring only extreme responses. Analysis groups were based on the number of OEs students possessed based on the cutoff score. An analysis of variance assessed differences in students’ NEO-FFI scores according to the number of OEs they reported. Students with three or more overexcitabilities had significantly higher scores on NEO-FFI openness to experience than students with fewer overexcitabilities. Gifted females had significantly higher scores on NEO-FFI neuroticism scale than gifted males. The results hold implications for understanding the academic and social-emotional needs of highly gifted students and justify use of the Big Five model and overexcitabilities together to further understand the relationship between intelligence, personality, and giftedness.
Giftedness in the Finnish educational culture
Authors: Tirri Kirsi
Published: November 2021

Giftedness in the Finnish educational culture is seen as taboo, and it is easier to talk about talent development. We need to widen the concept in the ways that would address both excellence and ethics. The definition of transformational giftedness includes a beyond-the-self orientation and implies that the purpose of giftedness is to help to make the world a better place. This kind of definition might be the key in using the term “giftedness” in egalitarian and inclusive cultures like Finland.
Exploring students’ perceptions of leadership skills in higher education: An impact study of the leadership training program
Authors: Muammar Omar
Published: November 2021

Leadership skills are a prerequisite in the 21st-century workplace in all fields. However, graduates often leave universities with a wealth of knowledge but less mastery and confidence in leadership skills. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the impact of a 20-hour leadership training program (LTP), on learning. A quasi-experimental method with non-equivalent groups, namely, an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG), were used to assess the impact of the LTP on students’ learning perceptions. The convenience sample consisted of 96 students (49 males and 47 females), and 55 students in the EG. Pre- and post-assessments were performed. In the series of t-tests, the value of the difference between the pre- and post-assessments showed a significant overall effect on the ratings, favoring the EG. The results showed that the LTP was highly effective at developing students’ leadership skills. Implications and recommendations for future research are also included.
Looking for the authentic other: Cosmopolitan ethos and orientalism in French migrants’ experiences in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Cosquer Claire
Published: November 2021

French migrants in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates – UAE) are often portrayed as money-driven and greedy, notably by their compatriots. Common representations of the Gulf area as extraordinarily affluent reinforce these suspicions and prompt migrants to justify their expatriation. This moral effort takes on the form of a cosmopolitan ethos. French residents in Abu Dhabi generally express a strong desire to get out of the ‘expatriate bubble’, to meet the ‘locals’, and to experience ‘difference’ and ‘diversity’. They perform migration as an opportunity for cultural enrichment and continuously search for otherness. Abu Dhabi’s unusual demographics and singular coloniality generate complex tensions around these cosmopolitan desires. French delineations of (valuable) otherness conflate ‘local’ and ‘national’, largely replicating orientalist structures of perception. These perceptive schemes homogenize the UAE and erase its ‘diversity’ within the cosmopolitan rationale. French delineations of localness also draw on national narratives constructing the country as ‘Arab’, while casting the foreign resident population (89% of the total UAE population) as non-local and temporary. Drawing on ethnographic field research, the article analyses expatriate cosmopolitan desires for difference as the encounter of Western orientalism and Emirati national narratives of Arabness.
Like a puppet on a string … exploring Headteachers’ perceived demise of Local Governing Bodies within an English Multi-Academy Trust
Authors: Vinall Caroline
Published: November 2021

Multi-Academy Trusts (MAT) have developed organically in England since 2010. As a result, there appears to be a lack of consistency in the interpretation of delegated responsibilities of Local Governing Bodies (LGB). In a small-scale study of Headteacher (HT) accountability within one English MAT, governance was revealed as a major cause for concern. Accountability links between HT performance management, LGBs, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Trust Board were unclear. There was a perception of a lack of upward communication and an increase in local ‘rubber-stamping’ of MAT strategy. It is argued that, whilst LGBs are used as a form of ‘chain of command’ to monitor individual schools, their actual purpose may be operational; governed and limited by the Trust Board. LGBs appear to have lost their strategic influence in the conversion from maintained school to academy. I suggest that the term ‘Local Governing Body’ is potentially erroneous in its nomenclature, as some LGBs merely provide a middle level of ‘educational responsibility’ – puppets on a string.
Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers?
Authors: Paek Eunjeong
Published: November 2021

This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood earnings penalty in the context of the United States. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–2014) to model the annual earnings penalty mothers incur per child in the United States. The results support that working long hours (50+ hours per week) reduces the negative effect of motherhood on earnings for white women. Once we control for human capital and labour supply, however, there is no difference in the effect of children on earnings between full-time workers and overworkers. For Black full-time workers and overworkers, having an additional child has little effect on earnings. The findings suggest that although overwork appears to attenuate the earnings penalty for white mothers, white mothers who work long hours exhibit a smaller penalty because they already have high levels of human capital and supply a great amount of labour.