bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Blood and Ashes
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the relationship between inscribed Greek curse tablets and oral binding incantations. It suggests that hexameter binding incantations came to influence some ancient curse-writers, whose inscribed texts accordingly preserve traces of older, performative speech. This is evident in curse tablets containing dactylic hexameter, epic diction, deictic language, and a binding expression that turned upon (1) δέω as curse verb, (2) δεσμῶι or δεσμοῖς as cognate instrumental datives, and (3) a powerful adjective such as ἀργαλέος or κρατερός to describe the bonds. Considered alongside older hexameter verse, curse tablets can be used to reconstruct a “binding language” exploited by several early hexameter genres—an ancient, widespread tradition of incantations known to poets, oracles, and curse-writers alike. From Athens to Cyrene, curse tablets illuminate the role of binding spells and incantations in popular culture as common forms of cultural knowledge, utilized fluidly across genres and media for many centuries.
Epilogue
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter places the Jefferson–Short relationship within the context of Jefferson’s legacy. It discusses the wider significance of Short’s disinclination to identify himself in any meaningful sense as a Jeffersonian. It analyzes the hopes Jefferson invested in rising generations of younger American men and uses the example of Short to suggest why these hopes were only partially fulfilled. This Epilogue discusses a disillusionment with the political culture of participatory democracy that Jefferson glancingly shared but struggled, unsuccessfully, to surmount. It suggests that the years both men spent in France had set them apart from conventional understandings of the American Revolution.
Chalcedonian Repression and the Eastern Axis (518–531)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter details the Chalcedonian repression and the eastern axis. It starts when Anastasius died without appointing an heir so the Senate and people approved of Justin to take his place due to his decent military record. Justin attempted to purge the previous regime but reinstated some of them back to their previous positions. Moreover, Justin set in motion the largest-scale persecution of dissident bishops in the empire’s history. The chapter explains how Justin and Justinian militarized the eastern frontier and established an axis of alliances to prepare for war against Kavad. It mentions how Khusrow I, the successor of Kavad, negotiated with Justinian to transform their respective empires.
Commanders of the Faithful (632–644)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This apter tackles the origins of Islam and the Arab empire found in Hijaz. The society of the Hijaz was structured around clan and tribal affiliations, and its wealth came from pastoralism and trade supplemented by raiding. The chapter discusses the reign of Abu Bakr and the emergence of Muhammad, who preached strict loyalty to Allah and obedience to a new set of religious structures. Compared to Muslims who did not proclaim their faith to their subjects, speakers of Arabic were treated differently by the conquerors as they were expected to convert and be targeted for proselytization. The chapter notes that Romanness eventually went extinct in Near East as Christians of the east continue to identify primarily with their Churches and languages.
An Empire of Outposts (685–717)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains that the Roman empire's territory consist of discontinuous series of outposts, bunkers, islands, fortified coastal cities, imperiled territories, loosely affiliated client tribes, and polities across the Mediterranean. It acknowledges Asia Minor as the core of Romania and details the fall of Romans' major commands: North Africa and Italy. Meanwhile, the Romans held no territorial outposts within the caliphate, but they did possess cultural affinities with many of its subjects. The chapter covers the reign of Justinian II, which reflected an era of political instability. It also considers the defeat at Constantinople as a major blow to the finances and prestige of the Umayyad caliphate, which coincides with the loss of the fleet that ended Arab naval hegemony.
Good John and the Sun King (1118–1180)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into Ioannes II Komnenos taking over the reign of Alexios I Komnenos. Ioannes’ focus was overwhelmingly on central Asia Minor to restore populations enslaved by Persians and liberate Roman cities from barbaric slavery. However, the empire was increasingly vulnerable to seaborn attack while the Komnenian curse of infighting struck again. The chapter elaborates on the structure of the Komenian economy and administration and the foundation of Komnenian literature. It then notes the assets and challenges of the regime of Manuel II Komnenos that coincided with the Second Crusade and an attack by Sicily. After the failure in Italy, Manuel aims to achieve recognition of his status through dazzling public performances of hierarchy.
“A New France”: Colonial Occupation
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the French conquest that resulted in the colonial occupation of Rome. The Latin emperors were fatally weakened in particular by their failure to secure Anatolia. Medieval historians' reluctance on elaborating on the phase of European colonialism stems from the notion to define the crusade in narrowly pietistic terms even though there is no rupture in the history of expansion and exploitation or religious justification. Moreover, Venetian acquisitions fit a colonial model as they operate as overseas territories for the direct benefit of the metropole. The chapter also notes how the Latin conquest changed the ecclesiastical profile of occupied lands by restricting the local Church hierarchy.
The Cusp of a New World (1402–1461)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the siege and fall of Constantinople. It elaborates on the Ottoman civil war after Timur shattered the Ottoman empire. Constantinople had been on the cusp of surrender to Bayezid, but Ioannes VII suddenly found himself in a position of strength vis-à-vis the sultan’s heirs. Moreover, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople paradoxically restored the City’s centrality as an imperial capital. Meanwhile, Ioannes VIII Palaiologos was preoccupied with a push for Union with Rome in the hope that it would result in a crusade against the Turks, but such crusades only achieved minimal success. The chapter tackles the reign of Konstantinos Palaiologos, Manuel Kantakouzenos, and Theodoros I Palaiologos.
Introduction
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This introduction explores reasons why musicians who consider themselves performers first and foremost should learn to teach. Via scenarios and discussion, the reader is asked to consider why teaching is important skill to learn. Those who distinguish themselves as skilled teachers have added career and income opportunities, The introduction further discusses how teaching is a worthy profession that can have a positive impact on the future of music. Even when emerging performers seek a great performer to learn from, the process that allows such invaluable performance expertise to be passed from musician to musician is the art of teaching. Readers will take a fast ten-minute inventory of everything thoughtful teachers offer their students—skills, concepts, repertoire, and experiences—in order for them to continue as successful musicians after high school. Teachers are encouraged to make the most of the surprisingly limited time teachers actually have with their students.
Musicality
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter guides readers to consider what they are hearing when they recognize musical performing, and how they create musical performances themselves. Readers consider whether they believe musicality can be learned, provides expressive approaches that can help nurture the musicality of students. The relationship between technique and musicality is examined. Musical exploration opens two pathways to musical expression: by helping a performer become more aware of the connection between written music and personal expression, and by revealing the possibility of many ways to play musically. The chapter further discusses the different categories of knowledge and expression that influence musicality, such as the ability to perform with a variety of dynamics, articulations, and tone colors; a well-developed sense of timing, pacing, and tempo; the ability to connect a group of notes into a single, unified shape that completes a musical idea; and the ability to respond to changes in harmonies and other compositional elements in a meaningful way.
Network methods
Authors: Moody James , Osgood D. Wayne
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides methodological background for aspects of the empirical research presented in this volume that may not be familiar to many of its readers. Beginning with the elements that define a social network, the nature and structure of social network data and the special methodological challenges they present are explained. Shown is how the network data structure provides the basis for measures of position and structure at multiple levels of analysis, from the individual to the entire network. Also described is Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis (SIENA), the dynamic network analytic approach that is the basis for much of the authors’ research on selection and influence processes. Finally, the chapter includes a section on the use of multilevel modeling, which plays a prominent role in this volume due to PROSPER’s longitudinal, multiple-community research design.
Dating, sexuality, and adolescent friendship networks
Authors: Ramirez Nayan G. , Wesche Rose , Kreager Derek A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the interplay between adolescent friendships, romantic relationships, sexuality, and health behaviors. The longitudinal social network and romantic partner data from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers project permit the exploration of long-standing research questions related to adolescent social and sexual development. How do friendships influence the formation of romantic and sexual relationships and vice versa? What consequences do romantic relationships have for adolescent health, including substance use and sexual health? Do the friendship networks of sexual minority youth differ from their heterosexual peers? These questions are explored with both previously published and original PROSPER research. For the original research, sexual orientation survey questions were asked of participants in young adulthood to retrospectively identify sexual minority adolescents. It was found that sexual minority boys and girls have significantly fewer school-based friendships and overall lower levels of social integration compared with their heterosexual peers. These and previously published findings offer insights for improving adolescents’ social development, school integration, and health outcomes.
Social capital and adolescent development
Authors: Feinberg Mark E.
Published: August 2023

This chapter concludes the volume with a focus on how findings from the PROSPER project inform an understanding of social capital during adolescent development. It explains that the PROSPER project aims to prevent substance use through community-school-university partnerships. Since social relationships and goals facilitate and channel action, adolescent friendships and networks serve as social capital in channeling the development and spread of both risk behaviors and positive attitudes and behaviors that influence long-term social, academic, and occupational trajectories. The chapter highlights how improving social-emotional competencies and relationships from early childhood can provide considerable support for youth during the critical years of adolescence. Examining social capital processes in adolescent peer networks suggests a new way forward in research and intervention around healthy development and overcoming social and economic disparities.
Indonesian Islam as Model for the World?
Authors: Hoesterey James B.
Published: August 2023

Indonesia, after the fall of its three-decade dictatorship, has emerged as a successful Muslim-majority democracy where “moderate Islam” flourishes. This, however, comes as a shock to many Western diplomats, journalists, and political pundits who fretted about the imminent “Balkanization” of an Indonesia without a strongman ruler. To understand this surprising rebrand of a democratic Indonesia, one must attend to the rise of soft-power diplomacy that championed Indonesia as the home of “moderate Islam” and proof that Islam and democracy can coexist. This chapter provides a brief historical and political context for the Islamic turn in Indonesian foreign policy. It then examines public diplomacy initiatives that have brought together state and civil society religious leaders eager to define and defend the idea of “moderate Islam.” The chapter concludes by exploring Indonesia’s attempted export of an “Islam of the Archipelago” to the rest of the Muslim world.
Introduction
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

Religion and politics are human universals. As such, they naturally mix in the minds of many, if not most, humans. The twentieth century’s push to separate religion and politics convinced many that historical events had tamed the impulse to mix religion and politics. The twenty-first century has shown a reversed course through both new movements and intellectuals. Liberal political thought has created the false impression of secularization, while provoking the backlash that is this book’s subject matter. The Introduction covers these points, and introduces religious anti-liberalisms and Catholic integralism. It then outlines the book’s central argument.
Justice
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides the third and final argument against Catholic integralism—the justice argument. The integralist adopts two seemingly conflicting norms of justice: (a) coercion into the faith is always unjust, but (b) coercion to keep the faith is just. But if religious coercion is wrong at the start of the Christian life, why is it permitted after that? The integralist answer is baptism. Baptism serves as a moral transformer: it transforms religious coercion from unjust to just. The chapter claims that baptism fails as a normative transformer. It critiques Thomas Aquinas’s approach to this question and then adapts gratitude, associative, and natural duty theories of political obligation to repair his argument. These strategies fail. The chapter then ends by constructing a framework for analyzing other anti-liberal religious doctrines.
Parenting and the Goods of Childhood
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

What gives someone a moral right to parent? What role should the liberal state play in the creation of families? Are prospective parents allowed to create a child in a world facing a changing climate and full of parentless children? This book defends a new theory of the moral right to parent by focusing on the special role of parents in creating the conditions for the flourishing of their children irrespective of whether there is a biological connection between them. It also argues that although procreative and adoptive parenting enjoy equal moral standing, justice toward children requires that the liberal state makes adoption more desirable and feasible for its citizens. Finally, the book provides a partial theory of child-rearing which focuses on the goods of childhood that parents are primarily responsible for fostering: carefreeness, enjoyment-driven or curiosity-driven achievement, and friendship.
Introduction
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This introductory chapter lays out the key questions of the first half of the book. It explains the background assumptions at play, and the key philosophical commitments supporting the different arguments in the book. This chapter also highlights how the first three chapters come together to support a partial theory of childrearing that takes the interest of parents and children seriously.
The Right to Parent and Moral Commitment
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a new theory of moral parenthood that has the resources to explain why both procreative and adoptive parents can take on the role of moral parents. It also has the resources to explain what is valuable about the parent-child relationship throughout its entire history. It argues that a moral commitment to adequately advance the good of a child via permissible means best explains what is so special about the parent-child relationship. It shows why this account is superior to causal accounts, which focus on the alleged compensatory-based obligation to the child that arises from procreation, and voluntarist accounts that focus merely on the fact of consent.
The Opportunity to Parent and Adoption
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the question of what the liberal state owes its citizens when it comes to the question of family formation. It defends the claim that the state should be primarily concerned with arrangements that serve the interests of children. In the case of procreation, this requires the state to closely regulate the fertility industry so as to discourage negligent procreative-parenting on the part of citizens. In the case of adoption, this requires taking seriously the fact that parentless children have a moral right to be loved, which grounds a duty on the part of the state to make adoption more desirable and feasible for prospective parents.
Introduction
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This second introductory chapter lays out the key questions of the second half of the book. It revisits some of the core arguments of Part I and explains the background assumptions at play in Part II, including assumptions about who counts as a child. This chapter also highlights the key philosophical commitments supporting the different arguments about the nature and value of three key childhood goods: the goods of carefreeness, achievement, and friendship. Finally, this chapter helps to explain why it is important to think of these goods in childhood instead of merely thinking of them in more general terms across a human life.
Carefreeness
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates the relationship between carefreeness and the valuable goods that constitute a good childhood, including play. It argues that carefreeness is necessary for children to develop positive affective responses to worthwhile projects and relationships, and so that it is necessary for children to endorse the valuable goods in their lives. One upshot of this discussion is that a child who is allowed to play, who receives an adequate education, and who has loving parents and family members, but lacks the psychological disposition of carefreeness, leads an impoverished life, even if she might lead a good life in adulthood.
The Gospel of Church
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

The Social Gospel movement is often seen as an altruistic effort of ministers to alleviate poverty among industrial workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yet there were also other reasons church leaders were drawn to labor conflict. Socialists, particularly Christian Socialists, rivaled denominational churches for moral and spiritual leadership over the working classes. This book argues that white Protestant ministers’ mission to assert their own authority over industrial affairs undermined the public authority of the labor movement. By 1920, white Protestant members of the clergy used their national public authority, born of the Great War and their relationships with conservative labor leaders, to claim that they knew better than most rank and file workers about how to effect justice for the working classes. Protestant clergy’s mission to render the nation more Christian through the multiplicity of church plants directly undermined the labor movement’s mission to render the nation more Christian through significant changes to the social and economic system.
Introduction
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

We need to begin the story of the Social Gospel with the Gilded Age crisis of denominational authority. In the generation after the Civil War, the poor Americans who moved north and west to populate factory and mining towns had little association with well-resourced, denominational churches. Clergy affiliated with the largest Protestant denominations observed this demographic shift away from their tutelage as an assault on the future of Protestant clerical authority over the nation. The Social Gospel movement, that cross-denominational movement of clergy affiliated with the Federal Council of Churches, was a response to the very real possibility that the socialist and labor movements, which were growing in popularity among the ranks of the working classes, would inaugurate a secular, modern welfare state that made little room for churches.
Planting the Church of Social Democracy
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

In the aftermath of the defeat of William Jennings Bryan, the Populist and union leader Eugene Debs tried a different strategy for building a successful farmer-labor alliance. Debs embraced a vision of the Cooperative Commonwealth grounded in Christian theologies of land, cooperation, and the possibility of human perfection. In his efforts to mount a third-party movement, Debs joined hands with competing initiatives for social redemption and redefined American socialism not as a class struggle but as an effort to create a new kind of Christian nation. In using ministers as organizers and moving the Christian Socialist Fellowship to party headquarters, Debsian socialists soon rivaled the Catholic and Protestant churches for the prized place in society as the moral compass of the nation. Socialists cultivated an authority on Christian justice that rivaled that of both Catholic and Protestant denominational traditions.
Introduction
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces Policing Empires by raising the puzzle of police militarization. The police in Britain and the United States adopted the model of the “civil police” in the nineteenth century, but militarization betrays that ideal. The chapter discusses some theoretical frameworks for making sense of this puzzle and introduces its own framework that accounts for how racialization and imperialism relate to police militarization. The chapter introduces the concept of the “boomerang effect” and explicates the logic of racialization that undergirds it. The chapter also discusses the method of “postcolonial historical sociology” that the book adopts, showing that postcolonial historical sociology reveals the entanglements of colonialism and modernity and explains their impact.
Police “Reform” and the Colonial Boomerang in the United States, 1890s–1930s
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the so-called reform or professionalization movement in policing in the Progressive-era United States. This movement, led by August Vollmer, was a form of militarization that drew upon America’s colonial operations in overseas territories like the Philippines. Veterans of the colonial theater, like Vollmer, returned home to become police chiefs and instituted new policies and policing tactics, like pin mapping and mounted patrols, that drew upon their overseas experience. This new round of militarization, like previous ones, was triggered by the racialization of crime and disorder, itself a response to the arrival of new urban migrants, from the Chinese in California to European immigrants and African Americans in the East and South.
Tactical Imperialism in the United States, 1950s–1970s
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 examines developments in American policing as the US empire transmuted from the strategy of colonial control overseas to the more informal modality of “tactical” imperialism. The chapter shows how the migration of racialized minorities to cities in the late 1950s generated a new series of racialized panics about urban crime and violence. If “white flight” to the suburbs was one product of those panics, another was police militarization, resulting in new policing units like New York’s Tactical Police Force, whose bellicosity in turn had lasting effects. One effect was to trigger urban revolts that summoned the imperial boomerang yet again, with new tactics and tools from Vietnam and the British Empire domesticated for use on America’s streets.
Cycles of Policing and Insurgency in Britain, 1960s–1980s
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This chapter shows that in Britain, a new round of militarization began in the early 1970s in London, when the London Special Patrol Group was repurposed from a seemingly benign crime-fighting unit into a heavily militarized force devoted to countering subversion and insurgency. The transformation, which can be named counterinsurgenization, occurred through the importation of recent counterinsurgency theories, tools, and techniques that had been developing in Britain’s imperial peripheries, from Malaya and Kenya to Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. The original impetus was racialized threat, and in the 1980s the counterinsurgenization of British policing did not stop insurgency but provoked it. This perpetuated a larger cycle of militarized policing, insurgency, and militarization that continued into the early 2000s.
Breathing
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 8 includes a brief discussion of breathing in the context of playing the saxophone.
AIR-ticulation
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 9 discusses the importance of air to the technique of articulation on the saxophone.
Voicing and Overtones for Low Notes
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Voicing, which was introduced in Chapter 7, is expanded upon in Chapter 15. Overtones, which are a key exercise used to explore and master voicing, are also introduced.
New Notes: Low C♯, Low D♯, and G♯
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 19 introduces three new notes: low C♯, low D♯, and G♯.
Voicing and Overtones: The First Overtone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

This in-depth section on voicing/overtones focuses on the “first overtone.” This will benefit any student who has learned to produce a correct embouchure and has basic fluency on the saxophone. It includes a review of voicing concepts covered briefly earlier in the book.
Voicing and Overtones: The Second Overtone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 31 expands upon the concepts and exercises in Chapter 30 and focuses on the “second overtone.”
Overtone Practice Routine: ROVR
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 32 outlines a prescribed practice routine geared toward the mastery of overtones, the Repetitive Overtone Voicing Routine (ROVR).
Developing Musicality
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents insights and exercises to help students transcend the technical aspects of the instrument and move toward realizing its potential for musical expression.
Suggested Practice Routine and Warm-ups
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 47 includes a routine to guide students toward becoming their own best teacher.
Introduction
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

After stimulating exposure to the megadiverse ecosystems and fauna of Mexico, the author studied psychology and evolutionary biology in the United States and then spent 40 years studying the family conflict of a marine bird whose exceptionally observable behavior provides a model for understanding the evolution of human family conflict. By camping for 5 months of every year on a tropical island and banding 23,000 boobies, he and his students analyzed the conflict and conditional tolerance of infant siblings, and the passionate attachments, infidelities, and countermeasures of adults. Like humans, boobies are long-lived and reproduce in monogamous pairs that share the duties of caring for highly dependent and often contemporaneous offspring, so it is instructive to compare our evolved behavioral tendencies with the more automatic evolved behavior of a species that faces similar challenges but lacks intentionality, comprehension, or morality. That comparison is the subject of the last chapter.
Bullying and Lifelong Scars
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

Junior blue-foot and human siblings contradict the conventional expectation that stressful early environments do lasting developmental damage. Although junior blue-foots suffer violent subordination, partial starvation, slow growth, and high levels of stress hormone due to abuse by elder siblings, important developmental impacts never materialize. During adulthood, juniors show no deficits in defense of territory, annual survival, cellular immunity, age and date of first breeding, or the number of fledglings produced through age 16 years. Similarly, although one-third of junior human siblings suffer physical, psychological, or relational aggression from siblings on a weekly basis, affecting self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety, interpersonal stress, and depression, rigorous studies found no effects on the major personality traits in adulthood: emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and imagination. Both species may have evolved developmental resilience to the stresses of sibling conflict, a predictable challenge of infancy, and similar resilience has been observed in other wild birds.
Happy Marriages with Blue Feet
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

To create and raise a brood of one to three chicks, monogamous pairs of blue-footed boobies bond and cooperate for 6 months. Both sexes actively choose quality partners based on courtship displays and foot color, which reveal age, nutritional and immunological condition, recent reproductive experience, and chick-raising ability. Before laying, a female or male sometimes switches from one partner to another. Half of all breeders bond with the same partner in the next season, allowing them to nest earlier and hatch more eggs. Female and male choose their nest sites collaboratively, signaling their preferences and resolving differences by satisfying their partner’s concerns, similar to humans. Both sexes participate similarly in incubation and brood care, but females, being larger, provide more and better-quality food to chicks, and males, oddly, defend more aggressively against intruders. Although both sexes could benefit by inducing their partner to carry more parental workload, their collaboration is impressive.
Cheating, Infanticide, and Egg-Dumping
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

Infidelity is rife in monogamous pairs of blue-footed boobies. Before egg-laying, paired female and male blue-footed boobies court extra partners, and half of them copulate with extra partners, both sexes preferring to do so when their own partners are absent, especially females. Eleven percent of broods include a chick not sired by the resident male, and such chicks are more common in nests where the habitat structure and social environment of the colony facilitate liaisons. Male infidelity is rewarded by additional low-cost offspring and facilitates males’ partner-switching. The mixed evidence suggests that female infidelity may have evolved to enable partner-switching, facilitate parasitic egg-dumping in the extra male’s nest, secure better genes for the female’s offspring, assure fertilization when her partner is infertile, or earn concessions to offspring from extra males. Males defend against infidelity by guarding their partners, disrupting copulations, and destroying eggs they may not have sired.
Are Humans Similar?
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

Similarities between humans and boobies suggest independent evolution in their respective lineages of functionally equivalent family conflict. Babies and toddlers show anxiety and aggression when newborns arrive and when mothers pay attention to them. Reluctance to share with siblings is normal, as is aggression over property and space, which peaks at 3–4 years and fades during adolescence. Sibling power imbalance exists in all cultures examined, and some sibships in the West exhibit pathological dominance-subordination. Humans pair-bond through courtship, involving displays of age, beauty, wealth, intelligence, and personality. A minority of both sexes court and copulate secretly with extra partners, and 2–17 percent of births are sired by extra males. Male infidelity wins additional offspring; female infidelity may facilitate partner-switching, assure fertilization, secure better genes, and earn concessions to offspring from extra males. Males’ defenses include displaying wealth, guarding or confining partners, aggression to partners and rivals, and reducing investment in dubious offspring.
Founders
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

This chapter complements the last by moving from the practices of history-making in early cities to the agents. Did early Italian urban societies identify and venerate particular figures as “founders” of their respective cities? The practice is well known from the Greek world, including some examples from Magna Grecia in Italy. This chapter argues that parallel, if distinct, practices also existed in Italy before its contact with Greek colonists, although we can usually only reconstruct such practices from the archaeological record. Focus is on a series of cases in which the location of pre-urban burials of individuals singled out in some way was respected within the fabric of early cities. Notable examples considered include Paestum, Tarquinia, Rome, and Veii, where the extraordinary recent discoveries of Piazza d’Armi are discussed at length. The chapter identifies a bundle of practices that resembled Greek founder cult in some ways, but not in others, suggesting a stratum of very early and natively Italian historical practices surrounding the “founding figures” of their cities.
Introduction
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the genesis of the book’s foundational questions. Why do Black women run for office? How do they win? These decisions are shaped by Black women’s political socialization, their gendered and racial identity, and their community networks. The socialization process shapes their opinions of themselves, their identity, and sense of agency, and it provides mechanisms to navigate the world first as a Black girl and later as a Black woman. Battling both racism and sexism, they experience the world differently from those who are not Black and female. Black women use their enormous community social capital and access to resources via social, civic, and community organizations to fundraise, mobilize voters, and gain access to potential voters.
The Radical Imagination of Black Women’s Ambition
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

Historically, Black women have viewed political participation as a means to achieve full equality and improve the status of the group and of themselves and to this end have long engaged in politics through activism, voting, mobilization, and seeking office. Introducing the theoretical framework ambition on the margins, this chapter explores how Black women develop a radical imagination that propels them in the face of adversity and marginalization to move their vision of justice, equality, access, and freedom into social action. The framework also incorporates analysis of the socialization process of Black women that contributes to them creating and joining networks and organizations that provide resources for future political success. Also included in the framework is the dynamic of marginalization which is grounded in centuries old stereotypes and political and public resistance to support Black women.
What Do Black Women Need from Black Women Elected Officials?
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

This chapter offers an exploration of how Black women voters view policies and Black women as political leaders. Central to the theoretical argument of the book is that Black women elected officials are invested in their communities. Therefore, it is important to understand the expectations community members have for Black women politicians. Knowing what those possible expectations are can help one understand how Black women present themselves as candidates and elected officials. Analyzing focus groups that represent different generations of Black women, the chapter explores how Black women understand and expect substantive representation from Black women politicians.
Radegund
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

Radegund: The Trials and Triumphs of a Merovingian Queen is a biography of a sixth-century princess, war captive, queen, deaconess, nun, and saint. This book examines her life, times, and legacy, illuminating the society in which she lived and narrating her personal history in an accessible way, written to appeal to a general audience, yet without compromising its merit as a work of scholarship that offers important new insights for experts in the field. Radegund succeeded in establishing a place for herself within this difficult and dangerous world, despite the trials she faced, and thus distinguished herself as a figure worthy of detailed biographical study. Unique among her peers, Radegund achieved a position of prominence as a woman in a foreign land, without resorting to the violence, intrigue, and murder that characterized the lives of other prominent women during this period, like Brunhild or Fredegund. Departing from the portrait of an idealized saint offered by her early medieval hagiographers, and from the traditional narrative established in more recent academic works, this book presents a new interpretation of this remarkable woman with many insights about the history of a crucial period in the transition from Roman to medieval epochs.
Introduction
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

After some remarks about the legend of the Grand’goule in Poitiers and after providing an overview of Radegund’s life, this introductory section of the book discusses the three principal sources of material for her life—the works of Baudonivia, Fortunatus, and Gregory of Tours—together with the one letter that Radegund is known to have written herself. The context of sixth-century Gaul is described alongside a discussion about the problems and possibilities that each author presents to the historian. The Introduction concludes with a few notes about the book itself, and authorial choices that were made in regard to the translation of technical terms and the difficulties posed by Merovingian naming conventions.
What Can Man Do unto Me?
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter opens with Radegund’s flight from her marriage, explaining how she convinced Bishop Médard to consecrate her as a deaconess and to confirm her adoption of religious vows. The chapter details the different forms of female monastic practice that existed at this early stage, including less formal forms practised within domestic contexts. This serves as the framework for understanding Radegund’s early efforts in a small village, prior to her better-known exploits in Poitiers. The chapter then discusses Baudonivia’s report that Chlothar attempted, on two occasions, to retrieve Radegund and restore her to his side as his wife, which provides an opportunity to understand her psychological state during these difficult moments, the fear that menaced her even when she faced no immediate threat, and the connection that such anxiety may have had to her more extreme ascetic practices. The chapter turns to Radegund’s foundation of her convent in Poitiers, the examples she followed (highlighting various influences beyond just the better-known example of St John’s convent in Arles), and her use of the Rule of Caesarius. The chapter finishes with the death of Chlothar.
Like Eve Driven from Paradise
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter narrates the scandalous uprising of nuns that occurred not long after Radegund’s death. The precise sequence of events that led the rebellious nuns and their leaders, Chlothild and Basina, to leave Holy Cross is reconstructed in detail. The motivations of the two nuns are carefully examined. They were not necessarily intending to abandon the monastic life, but to acquire control over Holy Cross and to run the institution in a manner not unlike Radegund herself (with themselves as her heirs). They may have even seen themselves as monastic reformers, even though the unintended result of their uprising was the near destruction of the convent itself. The chapter carefully works through the information presented by Gregory of Tours and the judgement of bishops issued shortly after the uprising was suppressed. Although Chlothild and Basina failed in their objectives, they escaped serious punishment because of their status as relatives of the reigning kings.
Amen
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter concludes the book by discussing Radegund’s legacy and the later history of her convent in Poitiers. The hagiography of Fortunatus is dated to the immediate aftermath of the uprising of Chlothild and Basina and interpreted as an attempt to rescue Radegund’s reputation by distinguishing her from her famous foundation. The chapter recounts the cycle of destruction and reconstruction that occurred in the convent and, in particular, in Radegund’s funerary church, as well as the later history of objects associated with her: the reliquary of the True Cross, her tomb, and other objects. The chapter describes the extensive efforts to revive Radegund’s cult in the eleventh century. The chapter then evaluates Radegund’s life and reflects upon the choices that she made.
“No Neutral Men”
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyzes the nonworking lives of Soviet international civil servants in the “colony” revolving around the Soviet embassy in Paris, illustrating how the USSR struggled to maintain the ideological discipline of these employees, who worked in the heart of the West as white-collar bureaucrats during the Cold War. Because these Soviet UNESCO employees resided in apartments scattered across Paris and worked alone in the organization’s secretariat, the maintenance of their discipline was of central importance to Soviet embassy officials. These officials therefore sought to monopolize their private, leisure time by including them in the colony’s mix of political-educational, cultural, social, athletic, and tourism activities. While these activities were intended to insulate Soviet citizens from the foreign world around them by reproducing a microcosmic version of Soviet society in the French capital, in reality Soviet international civil servants enjoyed an unprecedented freedom to live and work autonomously in the West.
Phonograph
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the inventors who helped to create the first “talking machines” and the innovations that made them easier to use and inexpensive to manufacture, including the mass production of copies of recordings. It explains how the devices worked and why discs became the recording format of choice over cylinders. It lays out the creation of distribution channels and marketing approaches that could persuade millions of consumers to purchase these new products. It covers how the instruments and repertoire to record were influenced by limitations of the technology and the emergence of the first worldwide recording stars and the genres that proved most successful. Finally, it explains how copyright law had to evolve to protect performers and rightsholders.
Tapes
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers magnetic tape as a format for distributing recorded music. It discusses the development of magnetic tape recording in Nazi Germany and its export to the United States after World War II; the invention of tape cartridge formats as a more consumer-friendly tape products; the introduction of 8-tracks for music on demand in cars; the technological breakthroughs that enabled high-quality audio reproduction on cassettes; and the innovative consumer devices that made cassettes into sources for personal portable on-demand music. The chapter describes the music industry’s various attempts to curtail home taping of commercial recordings through legal means when the industry slumped in the late 1970s, and the electronics industry’s legal victory in the landmark Supreme Court Betamax case. It also discusses the cassette’s crucial role in the development of hip-hop in the 1980s.
Television
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the history of distributing music tied to images that began with talking pictures and “Soundies,” which ultimately led to cable technology enabling a channel devoted solely to music videos. It explains how the founders persuaded the music labels to hand over their content and the cable providers to carry the channel, and the role that fans played by loudly proclaiming “I want my MTV.” In addition, it explains how these videos evolved from recordings of live performances to creative works that have stood the test of time and allowed artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna to achieve even greater popularity. Finally, it covers the role that synchronization rights play for music videos.
Compact Discs
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains how the Compact Disc (CD) became the centerpiece of the most profitable era in the history of the music. It details how Phillips and Sony learned the lessons from the failure of the video LaserDisc (LD) and integrated a variety of technologies to craft a far more successful music format. The chapter recounts the various explanations for the decision on the play time of the CD and how record labels and retailers were persuaded to adopt the new format. It describes why the product’s appeal was so great that fans bought their music collections all over again, driving revenues and profits to unprecedented levels while at the same time encouraging the labels to adopt policies to keep prices high, which became the subject of legal actions. Finally, the chapter covers how the digitization of music and the decisions to downplay singles to drive more CD sales set the stage for the calamitous Napster era.
Downloads
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the invention of the technologies that enabled music to be sent efficiently over networks. This innovation, combined with faster connectivity, improvements in computer processing, less expensive storage, and peer-to-peer (p2p) technology, set the stage for the launch of Napster and rapid declines in music-industry revenues. It describes how the industry pursued a variety of legal remedies while attempting to offer authorized alternatives, and how the profitability of the CD held them back from offering a solution that could compete with free. The chapter recounts the creation of the seamless Apple experience, which combined the iTunes store and the iPod that sold billions of files, although it could not replace the financial losses as CDs continued to decline.