bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feature extraction by autoregressive spectral analysis using maximum likelihood estimation: internal carotid arterial Doppler signals
Authors: Übeyli Elif Derya
Published: August 2008

Abstract: In this study, Doppler signals recorded from the internal carotid artery (ICA) of 97 subjects were processed by personal computer using classical and model‐based methods. Fast Fourier transform (classical method) and autoregressive (model‐based method) methods were selected for processing the ICA Doppler signals. The parameters in the autoregressive method were found by using maximum likelihood estimation. The Doppler power spectra of the ICA Doppler signals were obtained by using these spectral analysis techniques. The variations in the shape of the Doppler spectra as a function of time were presented in the form of sonograms in order to obtain medical information. These Doppler spectra and sonograms were then used to compare the applied methods in terms of their frequency resolution and the effects in determination of stenosis and occlusion in the ICA. Reliable information on haemodynamic alterations in the ICA can be obtained by evaluation of these sonograms.
Financial decision support using neural networks and support vector machines
Authors: Tsai Chih‐Fong
Published: August 2008

Abstract:Bankruptcy prediction and credit scoring are the two important problems facing financial decision support. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) network has shown its applicability to these problems and its performance is usually superior to those of other traditional statistical models. Support vector machines (SVMs) are the core machine learning techniques and have been used to compare with MLP as the benchmark. However, the performance of SVMs is not fully understood in the literature because an insufficient number of data sets is considered and different kernel functions are used to train the SVMs. In this paper, four public data sets are used. In particular, three different sizes of training and testing data in each of the four data sets are considered (i.e. 3:7, 1:1 and 7:3) in order to examine and fully understand the performance of SVMs. For SVM model construction, the linear, radial basis function and polynomial kernel functions are used to construct the SVMs. Using MLP as the benchmark, the SVM classifier only performs better in one of the four data sets. On the other hand, the prediction results of the MLP and SVM classifiers are not significantly different for the three different sizes of training and testing data.
Differential evolution and sparse neural networks
Authors: Morgan Peter H.
Published: August 2008

Abstract:The aim of this work is to avoid overfitting by seeking parsimonious neural network models and hence to provide better out‐of‐sample predictions. The resulting sparse networks are easier to interpret as simple rules which, in turn, could give greater insight into the structure of the data. Fully connected feedforward neural networks are pruned through optimization of an estimated Schwartz model selection criterion using differential evolution to produce a sparse network. A quantity,α, which indicates how close a parameter is to zero is used to estimate the number of model parameters which are being pruned out. The value ofαis incorporated into a function of the Schwartz information criterion to form an objective function whose maxima, asαtends to zero, define parsimonious neural network models for a given data set. Since there is a multiplicity of maxima, differential evolution, with its greater capacity for global optimization, is used to optimize this objective function. The value ofαis progressively reduced during the evolution of the population of models in the manner of a sequential unconstrained optimization technique. The method is illustrated by results on four sets of data.
The development of an assessment tool for the bereavement needs of people with learning disabilities
Authors: Blackman Noelle
Published: August 2008

Accessible summary

Many people with learning disabilities are not well supported when someone close to them dies.

This can make it an even more difficult time than it needs to be.

This is about how staff can help people with learning disabilities when somebody close to them dies. It has some questions for them to think about.

It is well documented that the death of a family member can trigger a need for crisis intervention and cause symptoms of complicated grief for people with learning disabilities (Bonell‐Pascual et al. 1999; Dodd et al. 2005; Emerson 1997; Kloeppel & Hollins 1989;MacHale & Carey 2002) This is in part because of the fact that there are often many hidden losses which company the death of a parent or close relative. When these go unrecognised the original grief is compounded and the person is more likely to have difficulties connected to their grief (Blackman 2003). The bereavement needs assessment tool (BNAT) has been developed to help professionals supporting a bereaved person with learning disabilities to make a comprehensive assessment at the point of bereavement (or even pre‐bereavement) in order that concurrent losses are discovered and plans can be put into place as to how to attend to these. An assessment tool has been developed based on experience collected over a number of years of having supported grieving people with mild to moderate learning disabilities. A mixture of learning disability professionals (two psychologists and four learning disability nurses) working in three community teams have tried out the assessment tool and their comments will be used to further refine this tool. The aim of the assessment tool is to clarify the specific bereavement needs of an individual, enabling these to be met. The assessment tool consists of 10 main questions with sub questions. There is a focus on three areas of support: Practical issues – e.g. has this person’s ability to communicate with others been affected by this loss? Social issues – e.g. what impact has this death had on the person’s familial network? Emotional issues – e.g. does this person recognise their emotions and can they express them?
Living with the diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia in a child with Down’s syndrome: a mother’s reflection
Authors: Self Donna
Published: August 2008

Accessible summary

A few years ago my two year old son developed cancer.

He had treatment in hospital for a long time.

In this article I describe how we coped, as a family, with his illness and treatment.

In this article I will discuss the impact of my 2‐year‐old son’s diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia. I will outline the background to being told he had leukaemia before describing the family dynamics that emerged during this time for me, my husband and our other child. My story will focus on managing the practicalities of a long stay in hospital with another child at home, the different roles taken on as a mother and father and the impact on our marital relationship. I’ll then discuss the emotional journey including reflections on feelings of helplessness taking care of a vulnerable child and the wider impact on the family, e.g. guilt regarding my other child and my role in managing the emotions of the extended family. I will conclude the article by the transition to normality for my son and the rest of the family.
Breast cancer screening in women with learning disabilities: current knowledge and considerations
Authors: Willis Diane S , Kennedy Catriona M , Kilbride Lynn
Published: August 2008

Accessible summary

This paper looks at what has been written about breast screening in women with learning disabilities. Breast screening checks for lumps in your breast that might be cancer. Breast screening is done in a special clinic and machines are used to take a picture (like an X‐ray) of the breast.

The researchers read all the work they could find that had been written on breast screening in women with learning disabilities. They found that:

Fewer women with learning disabilities have breast cancer than other women;

Women with learning disabilities do not go for breast screening as often as other women;

Doctors and other health professionals need to know women with learning disabilities can get breast cancer.

As people with learning disabilities now live longer, they will experience the same age‐related illnesses as the general population and cancer is a prime example of this. In women, cancer screening is used to detect early on‐set of cancer of the breast and abnormalities of the cervix which might, if left untreated, develop into cancer. Disappointingly, the literature on cancer screening in women with learning disabilities consistently reports that cancer screening up‐take is lower in this population compared to women in the general population. This paper presents a review of 35 articles relating to breast cancer, breast cancer screening and breast awareness in women with learning disabilities. Relevant papers and book chapters were located by searching a number of databases and undertaking hand searches, and includes publications from 1997 to 2007. The studies located ranged from localised health initiatives to improve breast awareness and breast screening up‐take, to population studies. Although more is being published on cancer in people with learning disabilities there is still a paucity of literature on breast screening amongst women with learning disabilities. This review therefore, up‐dates current knowledge on breast cancer incidence and breast awareness whilst critically reviewing studies specifically focusing on breast screening in women with learning disabilities.
How Legitimate is the Open Method of Co‐ordination?*
Authors: BÜCHS MILENA
Published: August 2008

This article argues that the OMC's legitimacy can be improved only by strengthening parliamentary channels of input‐legitimacy since output‐legitimacy alone is inappropriate and cannot be achieved without input‐legitimacy. In addition, concepts and practices of direct ‘stakeholder’ participation currently applied within the OMC are insufficient in strengthening input‐legitimacy.
ASSESSING WHAT LIES BENEATH THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: THE USE OF GIS AND SPATIAL CORRELATIONS AT EL MIRÓN CAVE (SPAIN)*
Authors: ARROYO A. B. MARÍN
Published: August 2008

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are being incorporated into archaeology as a technique to improve the understanding of spatial organization and the relationships among finds within specific areas. Although their use as a basic tool in predicting the location of archaeological sites or in assessing the extent of their catchment areas is relatively common, in general, they have less often been applied to the study of the spatial distribution of archaeological remains within individual deposits, and in particular to faunal assemblages. Despite this, they can prove essential to understanding dispersion and grouping patterns within deposits fully, and, together with various correlation analytical techniques, they provide valuable information about the economic organization of settlements and inhabitant lifeways. To demonstrate the potential of this methodology, a zooarchaeological GIS has been prepared for the Middle and Late Magdalenian and Azilian layers in El Mirón Cave (eastern Cantabria, Spain), and the spatial distribution patterns of various attributes of the archaeological record have been analysed. Significant conclusions in terms of type and duration of human occupation have been drawn.
Covenants not to Compete, Labor Mobility, and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Franco April M. , Mitchell Matthew F.
Published: August 2008

Conventional wisdom among legal scholars is that contractual restrictions on employee mobility affect turnover and led to the overtaking of Massachusetts' Route 128 by Silicon Valley. We study a model of employee mobility in the spirit of Pakes and Nitzan to see when this can be the case. We show that, in fact, with certain frictions taken into account, a model of employee mobility can not only replicate the overtaking by Silicon Valley, but it can also help to explain Route 128s early dominance. Further, the model explains the relative success of firms that start as, or generate, spin‐outs.
In Defense of Boards
Authors: Dominguez‐Martinez Silvia , Swank Otto H. , Visser Bauke
Published: August 2008

It is often assumed that bad corporate performance means a bad CEO. The task of a board of directors is then simple: dismiss the executive. If it fails to do so, the board is said to be indolent. We take a kinder approach to observed board behavior and point to the problems even well‐intended boards would encounter. They face the twin task of disciplining and screening executives. We analyze the nature of the retention contract a board uses to discipline and screen executives. Consistent with empirical observation, we find that executives may become overly active to show their credentials, and that the link between bad performance and dismissal is weak.
Finitely Loyal Customers, Switchers, and Equilibrium Price Promotion
Authors: Jing Bing , Wen Zhong
Published: August 2008

This present paper aims to provide some new perspectives on how firms' price promotional decisions may depend on different levels of brand loyalty and switcher population. We present a duopoly model with a segment of price‐sensitive switchers and a segment of customers who are loyal to one of the two brands but have limited brand loyalty. Our unique equilibrium splits into three types, depending upon configurations of brand strength and switcher population. The type of equilibrium for high brand loyalty corresponds to the one in Narasimhan. The remaining two types for intermediate and low brand loyalty demonstrate strikingly different properties. First, the strong brand has a higher price range and a higher regular price. Second, the strong brand has a higher (lower) average promotional depth than the weak brand when the switcher population is small (large). Third, both brands promote equally frequently when brand loyalty is relatively low.
Strategic R&D Location by Multinational Firms: Spillovers, Technology Sourcing, and Competition
Authors: Belderbos René , Lykogianni Elissavet , Veugelers Reinhilde
Published: August 2008

This paper develops a model of strategic interaction in R&D internationalization decisions between two multinational firms, competing both abroad and in their home markets. It examines different incentives for foreign R&D faced by a technology leader and a technology laggard. The model takes into account the impact of local inter firm R&D spillovers, (noncostless) international intra firm transfer of knowledge, and the notion that internal R&D increases the effectiveness of incoming spillovers. Analytical results suggest that greater efficiency of intra firm transfers and greater R&D spillovers increase the attractiveness of domestic R&D for the technology leader if the technology gap with the laggard is large. The lagging firm, in contrast, increases the share of foreign R&D as foreign technology sourcing becomes more effective. Competition encourages the leading firm to engage in foreign R&D to capture a larger share of profits on the foreign market, whereas the laggard concentrates more R&D at home to defend its home market position.
A Citation‐Based Ranking of Strategic Management Journals
Authors: Azar Ofer H. , Brock David M.
Published: August 2008

Rankings of strategy journals are important for authors, readers, and promotion and tenure committees. We present several rankings, based either on the number of articles that cited the journal or the per article impact. Our analyses cover various periods between 1991 and 2006, for most of which the Strategic Management Journal was in first place and Journal of Economics & Management Strategy (JEMS) second, although JEMS ranked first in certain instances. Long Range Planning and Technology Analysis & Strategic Management also achieve a top position. Strategic Organization makes an impressive entry and achieves a top position in 2003–2006.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUTO CHOICE REFORM ACT OF 1997
Authors: Maroncy Patrick , Eastman Kevin , Butler Ann
Published: August 2008

Abstract: The authors examine the nuances involved in no‐fault coverage. They focus their examination on the concept of “choice,” providing a perspective on both coverage and constitutional questions.
WHAT IS “INSURANCE”? LESSONS FROM THE CAPTIVE INSURANCE TAX CONTROVERSY
Authors: Porat M. Moshe , Powers Michael R.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Over the past 30 years, the tax treatment of insurance premiums paid to captive (i.e., subsidiary) insurance companies has generated considerable controversy and litigation. In this article, we propose a new definition of insurance that is motivated by a careful analysis of the issues raised in the captive insurance tax controversy. Emphasizing the fundamental roles played by market forces and the efficiency of risk transfers, this new definition both broadens and refines traditional definitions of insurance.
PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY A RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE: POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Power Mark L. , Hira Tahira K. , Murphy Roger P.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to extend the risk management paradigm to include the decision by individuals to use the Federal Bankruptcy Act to manage personal financial risks. Broadening risk management to include personal bankruptcy is consistent with the view that risk management is no longer an interdisciplinary discipline that has a singular focus on managing corporate pure risks.
EMPLOYMENT‐RELATED LEGAL OBLIGATIONS: A RISK MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE OF FEDERAL ANTI‐DISCRIMINATION LAWS
Authors: Hames David S. , Aalberts Robert J. , Hardigree Donald W.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: The authors examine the statutes, protected classes and damages under federal antidiscrimination laws. Because of the limitations of insurance as a loss financing tool, the authors contend that loss control is a more prudent course of action for employers than loss financing.
The Radial Approach: Is This the Route to Take?
Authors: RATHORE SUDHIR , MORRIS JOHN L
Published: August 2008

The benefits of the transradial approach have clearly been demonstrated over the years in various studies. The reduced incidence of access site complications and early mobilization are some of the benefits making this technique popular with interventional cardiologists worldwide. With increasing experience and availability of dedicated equipment this technique is now been increasingly used for complex catheter interventions. However, there still remain some potential problems and complications with the transradial approach and it needs further research. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits, complications, and potential problems with the transradial approach.
Transradial Intervention of Iliac and Superficial Femoral Artery Disease is Feasible
Authors: SANGHVI KINTUR , KURIAN DAMIAN , COPPOLA JOHN
Published: August 2008

Background: Percutaneous intervention of iliac artery (IA) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease is often performed via ipsilateral or contralateral femoral access. However, this approach may be difficult in patients with severe iliac or common femoral artery atherosclerosis, morbid obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged bed rest. Percutaneous transradial coronary intervention has gained popularity due to the low frequency of access site complications, early ambulation, and perhaps cost savings with early discharge. Transradial intervention (TRI) of IA and SFA disease has been previously described only in anecdotal case reports.

Methods: Out of 159 patients who underwent IA and SFA intervention, 15 had their intervention attempted via the radial artery. TRI was attempted at the operator's discretion for one of the following reasons: absent femoral pulses, severe bilateral IA disease, obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged supine rest. Clinical and procedural characteristics were collected retrospectively.

Results: Fourteen patients (93%) had successful intervention completed through the transradial approach. One patient needing an intervention of the distal SFA was converted to contralateral femoral approach because of the inadequate stent shaft length. Eighteen IA lesions and six SFA lesions were treated successfully with a good final angiographic result via a 6 FR radial access system. The ankle brachial index improved from a mean of 0.66 to 0.93. None of the patients had any procedural or access site–related complications.

Conclusions: TRI is a feasible and safe alternative for percutaneous treatment of IA and SFA disease in carefully selected patients.
Major Adverse Noncardiac Events after PCI as Predictors of Long‐Term Mortality
Authors: HARJAI KISHORE , SHENOY CHETAN , RAIZADA AMOL , ESWARAN MANIVEL , ACHARJI SUBASIT , SATTUR SUDHAKAR , ORSHAW PAMELA , DEVARAKONDA SRINIVAS
Published: August 2008

Background: Studies of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) routinely report major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), but not major adverse noncardiac events (MANE) after PCI. MANE, such as post‐PCI bleeding and contrast nephropathy, adversely influence survival, but are not recognized as a standard composite of complications. We assessed the feasibility and prognostic utility of deriving a composite of MANE.

Methods: In 985 consecutive patients who underwent PCI, we estimated the incidence and prognostic impact of in‐hospital MACE (myocardial infarction [MI] target vessel revascularization, or stroke) and MANE (defined as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI], bleeding [major or minor], or contrast nephropathy) and their impact on long‐term survival.

Results: The incidence of MANE was >6‐fold greater than MACE (9.5% vs 1.5%). Independent correlates of MANE included age, female gender, peripheral vascular disease, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and use of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) during PCI. Of 973 patients who survived the index hospitalization, death occurred in 169
(17%) at a median follow‐up of 4.0 years. MANE (but not MACE) showed a significant relation with survival; 34 of 85 patients with MANE compared to 135 of 888 patients without MANE died during follow‐up (40% vs 15%, log‐rank P < 0.0001). After adjustment for several baseline clinical features, the occurrence of MANE was independently associated with a significant increase in long‐term mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [HR]= 1.72, CI = 1.05–2.83) and myocardial infarction (adjusted HR = 3.43, CI = 1.55–7.58).

Conclusions: After PCI, MANE are common and carry grave long‐term prognostic significance. Our findings emphasize the need to monitor and report MANE, in addition to MACE, in PCI‐related trials.
High‐density lipoprotein exerts vasculoprotection via endothelial progenitor cells
Authors: Petoumenos Vasileios , Nickenig Georg , Werner Nikos
Published: August 2008

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) enhance endothelial cell repair, improve endothelial dysfunction and are a predictor for cardiovascular mortality. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels inversely correlate with cardiovascular events and have vasculoprotective effects. Here we postulate that HDL influences EPC biology. HDL and EPC were isolated according to standard procedures. Differentiation of mononuclear cells into DiLDL/lectin positive cells was enhanced after HDL treatment compared to vehicle. HDL was able to inhibit apoptosis (TUNEL assay, annexin V staining) while proliferation (BrdU incorporation) of early outgrowth colonies after extended cell cultivation (14 days) was increased. Flow chamber experiments revealed an improved adhesion of HDL pre‐incubated EPC on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) compared to vehicle while HDL treatment of HCAEC prevented adhesion of inflammatory cells. Flow cytometry demonstrated an up‐regulation of β2‐ and α4‐integrins on HDL pre‐incubated EPC. Blocking experiments revealed a unique role of β2‐integrin in EPC adhesion. Treatment of wild‐type mice with recombinant HDL after endothelial denudation resulted in enhanced re‐endothelialization compared to vehicle. Finally, in patients with coronary artery disease a correlation between circulating EPC and HDL concentrations was demonstrated. We provide evidence that HDL mediates important vasculoprotective action via the improvement of function of circulating EPC.
Fracture force of tooth–tooth‐ and implant–tooth‐supported all‐ceramic fixed partial dentures using titanium vs. customised zirconia implant abutments
Authors: Kolbeck Carola , Behr Michael , Rosentritt Martin , Handel Gerhard
Published: August 2008

Objectives: Tooth‐coloured customised implant abutments and full ceramic supraconstructions thereon can be made of zirconia by computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM). The aim of this study was to examine the potential limits of zirconia three‐unit fixed partial dentures made on customised zirconia implant abutments in implant‐tooth supported cases.

Material and methods: Rigidly mounted implants (XiVE‐S diameter 3.8 mm; length 11 mm; Friadent, Germany) were placed in PMMA‐moulds pairwise with human molars at a distance of 10 mm in groups #1 and #2. Control group #3 consisted of two molars without implant involvement. Beforehand all molar roots were covered with polyether (Impregum: 3 M Espe, Germany) to simulate periodontal mobility. The abutments in #1 were individually fabricated from CerconBase and luted on experimental titanium bases (both: DeguDent, Germany). In #2, industrially prefabricated titanium abutments (Friadent) were used. All molar teeth were provided with a circumferential chamfer preparation. Three‐unit fixed partial dentures were fabricated from CerconBase/CerconKiss in a CAM‐process (Material/devices: DeguDent) for all test groups (n=8/group). All fixed partial dentures were cemented with RelyXUnicem (3 M Espe), thermomechanically loaded (TCML=1.2 × 106× 50 N; 6000 × 5°/55°) and fracture tested in a Universal Test Machine (UTM 1446: Zwick, Germany).

Results: None of the dentures failed during TCML, and the Cercon abutments showed no damage either to the bonding surface to titanium or to the ceramic itself. Two fixation screws in group #1 broke towards the end of TCML. Fracture test result (Median and 25‐/75‐Percentiles) were: #1 1190 (1046/2008), #2 991 (832/1402), #3 1331 (1224/1428).

Conclusions: All restoration alternatives showed sufficient fracture resistance for posterior regions.
Bone healing in critical‐size defects treated with platelet‐rich plasma activated by two different methods. A histologic and histometric study in rat calvaria
Authors: Messora M. R. , Nagata M. J. H. , Dornelles R. C. M. , Bomfim S. R. M. , Furlaneto F. A. C. , De Melo L. G. N. , Deliberador T. M. , Bosco A. F. , Garcia V. G. , Fucini S. E.
Published: August 2008

Background and Objective:  The purpose of this study was to analyze histologically the influence of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) coagulated with two different activators on bone healing in surgically created critical‐size defects (CSD) in rat calvaria.

Material and Methods:  Forty‐eight rats were divided into three groups: C, PRP‐C and PRP‐T. An 8 mm diameter CSD was created in the calvarium of each animal. In group C, the defect was filled by a blood clot only. In groups PRP‐C and PRP‐T, the defect was filled with PRP activated with either calcium chloride or thromboplastin solution, respectively. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 8 per subgroup) and killed at either 4 or 12 weeks postoperatively. Histologic and histometric analyses were performed. The amount of new bone formed was calculated as a percentage of the total area of the original defect. Percentage data were transformed into arccosine for statistical analysis (analysis of variance, Tukey’s post hoc test, p < 0.05).

Results:  No defect completely regenerated with bone. Group PRP‐C had a statistically greater amount of bone formation than groups C and PRP‐T at both time points of analysis. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups C and PRP‐T.

Conclusion:  It can be concluded that the type of activator used to initiate PRP clot formation influences its biological effect on bone healing in CSD in rat calvaria.
Evaluation of potential pro‐survival pathways regulated by melatonin in a murine senescence model
Authors: Gutierrez‐Cuesta Javier , Tajes Marta , Jiménez Andrés , Coto‐Montes Ana , Camins Antoni , Pallàs Mercè
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  We examined the effect of melatonin on pro‐survival processes in three groups of mice. Untreated senescence‐accelerated mice (SAMP8), melatonin‐treated SAMP8 and untreated senescence‐accelerated resistant mice (SAMR1) of 10 months old were studied. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (ethanol at 0.066%) was supplied in the drinking water from the end of the first month until the end of the ninth month of life. Differences in the Akt/Erk1‐2 pathway and downstream targets were examined and no significant changes were observed, except for β‐catenin. However, sirtuin 1 expression was significantly lower in SAMP8 than in SAMR1. In addition, acetylated p53 and NFκB expression were lower in SAMP8 than in SAMR1. These changes were prevented by melatonin. Moreover, the concentration/expression of α‐secretase was lower and that of amyloid β aggregates (Aβ) was higher in untreated SAMP8 than in SAMR1. Likewise, the levels of Bid were higher, whereas Bcl‐2XL levels were lower in SAMP8 than in SAMR1. Melatonin reduced all these changes. We conclude that melatonin improves pro‐survival signals and reduces pro‐death signals in age‐related impairments of neural processes.
Endocytosis and Cancer: an ‘Insider’ Network with Dangerous Liaisons
Authors: Lanzetti Letizia , Di Fiore Pier Paolo
Published: August 2008

From the signaling point of view, endocytosis has long been regarded as a major mechanism of attenuation, through the degradation of signaling receptors and, in some cases, of their ligands. This outlook has changed, over the past decade, as it has become clear that signaling persists in the endocytic route, and that intracellular endocytic stations (the ‘signaling endosomes’) actually contribute to the sorting of signals in space and time. Endocytosis‐mediated recycling of receptors and of signaling molecules to specific regions of the plasma membrane is also coming into focus as a major mechanism in the execution of spatially restricted functions, such as cell motility. In addition, emerging evidence connects endocytosis as a whole, or individual endocytic proteins, to complex cellular programs, such as the control of the cell cycle, mitosis, apoptosis and cell fate determination. Thus, endocytosis seems to be deeply ingrained into the cell regulation blueprint and its subversion is predicted to play an important role in human diseases: first and foremost, cancer.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Increase in Metallothionein and Ectopic Decidual Immunoreactivity with Respect to the Progression of Labor at Term and the Lack of Analogical Changes in Placental Abruption
Authors: Galazka Krystyna , Pitynski Kazimierz , Skret‐Magierlo Joanna , Mach Pawel , Knafel Anna , Sikora Jerzy , Niemiec Tomasz , Dobrogowski Jan , Basta Anotni , Wicherek Lukasz
Published: August 2008

Problem The coexistence of immune and decidual cells is related to the development of a resistance to immune‐mediated apoptosis in both ectopic and eutopic decidua. This unique feature of endometrial cells seems to be linked with the expression of metallothionein (MT), an inhibitor of apoptosis.

Method of study The MT immunoreactivity level was assessed in 82 eutopic (CC) and ectopic (cesarean scar deciduosis – CSD) decidual tissue samples obtained from patients during cesarean sections at term and from patients on whom cesarean sections were performed on account of placental abruption (PA).

Result Statistically, significantly higher levels of MT immunoreactivity were found in eutopic and ectopic decidua sampled during cesarean sections performed on patients with advanced labor when compared to the levels found in tissues sampled during cesarean sections on patients without labor. No differences were observed in the MT immunoreactivity levels in decidual tissue samples derived from patients who had undergone cesarean sections on account of PA with respect to the progression of labor at the time of the surgical procedure. Statistically, the decidual MT immunoreactivity levels were significantly higher in the PA than the CC subgroups and in the PA than the CSD subgroups correlating with the stage of labor.

Conclusion MT in decidual cells seems to be responsible for the proper coexistence between decidual cells and activated immune cells that infiltrate both eutopic and ectopic decidua during cesarean section and PA.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Single‐Shot GnRH Immunocontraceptive Vaccine (GonaCon™) in White‐Tailed Deer: Comparison of Several GnRH Preparations
Authors: Miller Lowell A. , Gionfriddo James P. , Fagerstone Kathleen A. , Rhyan Jack C. , Killian Gary J.
Published: August 2008

Problem  An effective, single‐injection, multi‐year, GnRH contraceptive agent is needed to control reproduction in overabundant white‐tailed deer populations.

Method of study  Two GnRH conjugates, GonaCon™ (GnRH–KLH) and GonaCon‐B™ (GnRH–blue protein), were prepared in emulsion form as one‐injection and two‐injection immunocontraceptive vaccine formulations. In addition, the GnRH–KLH protein conjugate was lyophilized and suspended in AdjuVac™ adjuvant to produce a fifth vaccine formulation. Each formulation was administered to a group of five captive adult female white‐tailed deer. Reproductive performance of treated female deer was monitored for 5 years to determine the comparative efficacy of the various treatments.

Results  The longevity of the contraceptive response (2–5 years) was strongly influenced by the design of the conjugate antigen, the adjuvant used, and the delivery form of the vaccine.

Conclusion  One‐injection and two‐injection formulations of GonaCon™ and GonaCon‐B™ produced multi‐year contraception in adult female white‐tailed deer. GonaCon‐B™ provided a longer lasting contraceptive effect.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Duration of Intralipid’s Suppressive Effect on NK Cell’s Functional Activity
Authors: Roussev Roumen G. , Acacio Brian , Ng Siu C. , Coulam Carolyn B.
Published: August 2008

Background  In vitro investigations have revealed the ability of intralipids to suppress natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity. Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that intralipid administered intravenously may enhance implantation and maintenance of pregnancy when the patient has an abnormal NK cell level or function.

Problem  The aim of this study was to establish the duration and efficacy of Intralipids suppressive effect on NK cell functional activity.

Method of study  Fifty patients with abnormal NK activity results (NKa) received intralipid 20% i.v. (9 mg/mL total blood volume ‐corresponds to 2 mL of intralipid 20% diluted in 250 mL saline; or 18 mg/mL – corresponds to 4 mL of intralipid 20% diluted in 250 mL saline) infusions and their NKa were tested periodically. The determination of NK cell function was performed by flow cytometry using K562 cells as targets.

Results  Fifty women with abnormal NKa‐testing received intralipid infusions. 39 (78%) showed NKa suppression within the normal range the first week after infusion, 11 (22%), showed suppression, but still above the normal threshold. They received second infusion 2–3 weeks later. In 10, the Nka activity was normalized the following week. Four patients had three intralipid infusions in 2‐week periods in between and after the third infusion, and all showed NKa normal activity. In 47 patients the suppressive effect of the Intralipid after the normalization of NKa lasted between 6 and 9 weeks, in two patients this benefit lasted 5 weeks, and in one patient the effect was 4 weeks.

Conclusion  Intralipid is effective in suppressing in vivo abnormal NK‐cell functional activity. The results suggest that Intralipid can be used successfully as a therapeutic option to modulate abnormal NK activity in women with reproductive failure.
The occurrence of porosity in reline acrylic resins. Effect of microwave disinfection
Authors: Novais Polyanna Maria Rocha , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha , Vergani Carlos Eduardo , Machado Ana Lúcia , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Jorge Janaina Habib
Published: August 2008

Background:  Microwave energy has proved to be an effective method for disinfecting acrylic dentures. However, the effect of microwave heating on the porosity of autopolymerising denture reline resins has not been investigated.

Objective:  The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of microwave disinfection on the porosity of autopolymerised denture reline materials (Kooliner‐K, New Truliner‐NT, Tokuso Rebase Fast‐TR and Ufi Gel Hard‐UGH) and a conventional heat‐polymerised denture base resin (Lucitone 550‐L).

Material and methods:  Specimens (10 mm × 20 mm × 1 mm) were obtained from the impression surface of the palatal mucosa in a single person and divided into four groups (n = 5). The porosity was evaluated after polymerisation (C1), after two cycles of microwave disinfection (MW2), after seven cycles of microwave disinfection (MW7) and after 7 days storage in water at 37°C (C2). Specimens from group MW7 were exposed to microwave disinfection daily being stored in water at 37°C between exposures. All the replicas were sputter coated with gold and micrographs/digital images were taken of each replica using scanning electron microscopy at magnification × 100. The SEM micrographs were then examined using an image analyser to determine the number of pores. Comparison between materials and groups were made using Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results:  MW7 resulted in a significant increase in the number from the pores of material K, but decreased in number in reline material TR and UGH reline resin. The number of pores in materials NT and L remained unaffected following microwave disinfection.

Conclusion:  Differences in the porosity amongst the materials and for different experimental conditions were observed following microwave disinfection.
Halothane‐Anaesthetized, Closed‐Chest, Guinea‐Pig Model for Assessment of Drug‐Induced QT‐Interval Prolongation
Authors: Sakaguchi Yasue , Takahara Akira , Nakamura Yuji , Akie Yasuki , Sugiyama Atsushi
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  For the halothane‐anaesthetized, closed‐chest, guinea‐pig model, corrected QT interval (QTc) has been empirically used to estimate the extent of drug‐induced QT‐interval prolongation. In the present study, we employed an atrial pacing method to clarify a net effect of a drug on the QT interval in this model. The atrial pacing catheter was inserted via the jugular vein with a minimal surgical invasion, and the effects of d‐sotalol (0.3 and 3 mg/kg, intravenously) and verapamil (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg, intravenously) on electrocardiogram parameters were assessed under the sinus rhythm and during the atrial pacing of 200 and 240 beats/min. d‐Sotalol significantly prolonged the QT interval in a reverse use‐dependent manner and decreased the heart rate, while verapamil prolonged the PR interval without affecting the heart rate or QT interval, indicating the sensitivity and specificity of this model in assessing the pharmacodynamics of the drug‐induced QT‐interval prolongation. Using the QT/RR relationship under the sinus rhythm, we obtained the following two types of QT‐interval correcting formulae; namely, QTc = QT – 0.207(RR – 300) by a linear regression method; and QTc = QT/(RR/300)0.332 by a non‐linear regression method, the latter of which is equal to 0.67 times of Fridericia's formula, providing rationale for the use of mathematical correction in this model. Thus, the halothane‐anaesthetized, closed‐chest, guinea‐pig model may be highly useful for assessing the drug‐induced QT‐interval prolongation, which may become an alternative to current models for the in vivo QT assay.
Impact of anthropogenic activities on the Densu River in Ghana
Authors: Fianko J. R. , Osae S. , Achel D.
Published: August 2008

A detailed study has been carried out on the Densu River and its tributaries to identify the chemical characteristics of the water, examine the hydrological connections among the land cover types and evaluate the relative contributions of anthropogenic activities to the river's pollution. The results indicate that sites closer to the most urbanized, industrialized and agricultural areas are severely impaired. The river water was found to vary considerably in terms of chemical and physical properties. The water was slightly alkaline, brackish to fresh and of mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3 types. Nutrient and organic matter were found to be the most frequent cause of pollution of the river. Pollution has reached such a proportion that it has destroyed the aquatic ecosystem in most exposed sections of the river.
Microsatellite markers for the endangered fir Abies guatemalensis (Pinaceae)
Authors: RASMUSSEN K. K. , ANDERSEN U. STRANDBY , FRAUENFELDER N. , KOLLMANN J.
Published: August 2008

Eight newly developed polymorphic microsatellite markers are presented for Abies guatemalensis Rehder, an endangered tree endemic to Mexico and Central America. These microsatellite markers are useful for evaluating the population genetics of the species which is threatened by greenery poaching in natural populations. Novel conservation plans are needed to secure a more sustainable use strategy and to preserve the genetic diversity of the species.
Microsatellite markers isolated from a polyploid saltbush, Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: BYRNE MARGARET , HANKINSON MARGARET , SAMPSON JANE F. , STANKOWSKI SEAN
Published: August 2008

Atriplex nummularia is a polyploid Australian saltbush which has been identified as a suitable species for use in the rehabilitation of agricultural land affected by salinity. We isolated 12 polymorphic loci for a preliminary assessment of genetic variability and structure within the species as a basis for a breeding programme. Preliminary screening of loci in 40 individuals from two populations revealed multibanded genotypes consisting of up to seven alleles in a single individual, with up to 29 alleles observed at a single locus. The multibanded patterns are consistent with the polyploid status of this species.
Intrinsic vasomotricity and adrenergic effects in a model of isolated rabbit eye
Authors: Delgado Esmeralda , Marques‐Neves Carlos , Rocha Isabel , Sales‐Luís José , Silva‐Carvalho Luis
Published: August 2008

Purpose:  We aimed to investigate the responsiveness of the ocular arteries to adrenergic drugs in a model of perfused isolated rabbit eye.

Methods:  Rabbit external ophthalmic arteries (n = 15) in a head‐mounted preparation were cannulated and the retinal and uveal vasculature perfused at a constant flow with warmed tyrode. The three‐way polypropylene catheter was further connected to a pressure transducer and intraluminal pressure was taken as a measure of vascular resistance. Effects of intra‐arterial injections of phenylephrine (group A, n = 5), prazosin (group B, n = 5) and phentolamine (group C, n = 5) on the recorded pressure were obtained. Student’s paired‐t test and one‐way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).

Results:  Intrinsic vasomotricity was observed in all preparations prior to any drug administration. Phenylephrine produced an increase in total vascular resistance. Intrinsic vasomotricity became more evident, showing a lower frequency but higher amplitude of oscillations. Evoked vasomotor responses with phenylephrine (250 μg/ml) were inhibited by intra‐arterial administration of the selective α1‐adrenergic antagonist, prazosin (0.5 mg/ml), as well as the non‐selective α‐adrenergic antagonist phentolamine (6 mg/ml).

Conclusions:  Rabbit external ophthalmic arteries showed spontaneous contractions under constant perfusion. Phenylephrine elicited a vasoconstrictor response that was inhibited by adrenergic antagonists. In addition, the intrinsic vasomotricity was enhanced by phenylephrine and blocked by adrenergic antagonists. These results show that under in vitro perfusion the territory presents similar responses to adrenergic drugs to those observed in in vivo models and also provides evidence of myogenic autoregulatory properties in the rabbit ophthalmic artery and/or choroid.
A Large‐Scale Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella britovi in Turkey
Authors: Akkoc N. , Kuruuzum Z. , Akar S. , Yuce A. , Onen F. , Yapar N. , Ozgenc O. , Turk M. , Ozdemir D. , Avci M. , Guruz Y. , Oral A. M. , Pozio E. ,   Izmir Trichinellosis Outbreak Study Group
Published: August 2008

An outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Izmir, Turkey, between January and March 2004. The outbreak was caused by the consumption of raw meat balls made of beef deceptively mixed with pork infected with Trichinella britovi. A total of 1098 people who had consumed this food either in 14 restaurants or from the street vendors located in three different neighbourhoods, consulted six different healthcare centres with a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms. Of them, 418 (38.1%) patients fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of acute trichinellosis. The most commonly observed signs and symptoms were myalgia (89.2%), arthralgia (69.9%) and eyelid (67%) and facial oedema (65.8%). High levels of creatinine kinase (69.3%) and lactate dehydrogenase (93.8%) with leucocytosis (>10 000/mm3, 58.9%) and eosinophilia (>1000/mm3, 60.5%) were the most prominent laboratory findings. All, but 13 of these patients were treated with mebendazole or albendazole. Based on the physicians’ assessments of disease severity, 78 (19%) patients were additionally given prednisolone in whom a significantly more rapid recovery of clinical signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, myalgia, facial and eyelid oedema) was observed, with a rapid improvement in leucocytosis, eosinophilia and muscle enzymes, compared with those, who had not received corticosteroids (P < 0.05). Beef illegally mixed with pork of unknown origin, by a wholesale butcher who had sold this product to restaurants and street vendors at a lower price than the prevailing market price of beef, was the cause of this large‐scale outbreak in a country with a predominantly Muslim population.
Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Diaz Robert J. , Rosenberg Rutger
Published: August 2008

Dead zones in the coastal oceans have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have serious consequences for ecosystem functioning. The formation of dead zones has been exacerbated by the increase in primary production and consequent worldwide coastal eutrophication fueled by riverine runoff of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production results in an accumulation of particulate organic matter, which encourages microbial activity and the consumption of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.
Comment on "100% Accuracy in Automatic Face Recognition"
Authors: Deng Weihong , Guo Jun , Hu Jiani , Zhang Honggang
Published: August 2008

Jenkins and Burton (Brevia, 25 January 2008, p. 435) reported that image averaging increased the accuracy of the automatic face recognition to 100% and thus could be applied to photo-identification documents. We argue that the feasibility of image averaging on identification documents is not fully supported by the presented evidence.
Response to Comment on "100% Accuracy in Automatic Face Recognition"
Authors: Jenkins R. , Burton A. M.
Published: August 2008

Contrary to the suggestion of Deng
et al
., image registration reduced face-recognition accuracy when divorced from the averaging procedure. Average-to-photo mapping generalizes beyond specific photographs, and averaging either gallery images or probe images can improve the match. The alternative protocol suggested by the authors is unsuitable because it evaluates face-matching algorithms, not face representations, and relies on standard image sets.