bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Due nuove specie di elateridi neotropicali: Conoderus v-carinatus n. sp. e Anaissus (Anaissus) costaricanus n. sp. (Coleoptera Elateridae)
Authors: Riese Sergio
Published: July 2013

Riassunto - Vengono descritte due nuove specie di Elateridae neotropicali: Conoderus v-carinatus n. sp. (Brasile, Para), caratterizzato dalla presenza di una carena a V presso la base del pronoto, e Anaissus (Anaissus) costaricanus n. sp. (mf, loc. typ: Costa Rica, prov. Alajuela, N. P. Volcán Tenorio, Mirador), affine ad A. tarsalis, ma distinto per il colore, la lunghezza delle antenne ed i caratteri edeagici.Abstract - Two new Neotropical Elateridae species: Conoderus v-carinatus n. sp. and Anaissus (Anaissus) costaricanus n. sp. (Coleoptera Elateridae). Two new neotropical Elateridae species are described. Conoderus v-carinatus n. sp. (mf, from Brazil, Para), belonging to the fourth Candéze’s (1859) section, differs from the other species of the same section by the presence of a V-shaped carina on the pronotal base. Anaissus (Anaissus) costaricanus n. sp. (mf, loc. typ: Costa Rica, prov. Alajuela, N. P. Volcán Tenorio, Mirador) differs from A. tarsalis in colour, longer antennae and shape of aedeagus, which is longer and slender than in A. tarsalis.
A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome complicated with bilateral central retinal artery occlusion
Authors: Uchibori Ken , Shinohara Emi , Furusawa Haruhiko , Tominaga Shinichiro , Natsume Ichiro , Ohkouchi Minoru
Published: July 2013

A 56-year-old Japanese woman treated for bronchial asthma came to our hospital because of sudden vision loss of the left eye and plantar numbness of the right foot. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) was diagnosed. Vision loss of the right eye also appeared, and the numbness of the right foot worsened. She was diagnosed with Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) due to bronchial asthma, eosinophilia, and vasculitis (CRAO and numbness). Her symptoms were unresponsive to systemic corticosteroid therapy, but improved when cyclophosphamide pulse was added. Vision disorders are uncommon manifestations of CSS. Close co-ordination with ophthalmologists is important for diagnosis and treatment.
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Zhou Li , Saksena Nitin K.
Published: July 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is associated with the development of neurocognitive disorders in many infected individuals, including a broad spectrum of motor impairments and cognitive deficits. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is still not clear. This review provides a comprehensive view of HAND, including HIV neuroinvasion, HAND diagnosis and different level of disturbances, influence of highly-active antiretroviral therapy to HIV-associated dementia (HAD), possible pathogenesis of HAD, etc. Together, this review will give a thorough and clear understanding of HAND, especially HAD, which will be vital for future research, diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of nanoparticles suspension on the growth of mung (Vigna radiata) seedlings by foliar spray method
Authors: Dhoke Shailesh K , Mahajan Pramod , Kamble Rajashri , Khanna Anand
Published: July 2013

The present experimental investigation demonstrates the effect of nano-ZnO, nano-FeO and nano-ZnCuFe-oxide particles on the growth of mung (Vigna radiata) seedling. The study was carried out by spraying optimum concentrations of nanoparticles in suspension form on hydroponically grown test units and examining the effect on the shoot growth of seedlings. Based on biomass assay, it was found that the seedlings displayed good growth over control, demonstrating a positive effect of the nanoparticle treatment. The best performance was observed for nano-ZnCuFe-Oxide followed by nano-FeO and nano-ZnO. Absorption of nanoparticles by plant leaves was also detected by inductive coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy.
The association between sex hormone-binding globulin and type 2 diabetes in Nigerian men
Authors: Abbiyesuku Fayefori M. , Agbakwuru Augustine N. , Olawale Olatunbosun O.
Published: July 2013

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) has a role in glucose homeostasis in both men and women. However, a prospective study on Japanese-American subjects concluded that SHBG was not a significant risk factor in either men or women, suggesting ethnic differences. We were not aware of any evaluation of SHBG in subjects of African ancestry.Objectives: We investigated the association between SHBG and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic diabetic men in a hospital in Nigeria.Method: Forty-eight male subjects with type 2 diabetes and 20 non-diabetic male subjects were recruited in this cross-sectional hospital-based study by the convenient sampling method.Height and circumferences around the waist and hip were measured to the nearest 0.5 cm and the waist–hip ratio was calculated from this measurement. Weight was measured and body mass index was calculated. Fasting plasma glucose concentration was measured by the glucose oxidase method with a between-run coefficient of variation of 3%. Insulin and SHBG were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: There was a statistically-significant difference between test results for the diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The mean SHBG concentration was higher in the non-diabetic group (42.2 nmol/L) than the diabetic group (30.5 nmol/L). A significant inverse association between insulin resistance and SHBG was observed (r = 0.353, p < 0.015).Conclusion: This study supported earlier observations that a significant inverse correlation exists between SHBG and insulin resistance and provides evidence that the relationship may extend to type 2 diabetic men of African ancestry in Nigeria.
Pedoseksualiteit as manifestasie van afwykende seksualiteit: ’n Kerklike en pastorale uitdaging
Authors: Potgieter Stella D. , Lotter George A.
Published: July 2013

Die fokus van hierdie artikel is om aan te toon dat pedoseksualiteit en pedofilie ’n uitdaging aan die pastoraat en die kerk stel. Nie net in Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook internasionaal is pedoseksuele gedrag ’n wydverspreide probleem. Navorsing op hierdie gebied is ’n pastorale uitdaging. Volgens baie mense is seksueel-afwykende gedrag nie iets wat in die Christengemeenskap voorkom nie. Dit is egter ver van die waarheid af. Pedoseksualiteit en pedofilie kom voor in alle beroepe, op alle sosio-ekonomiese vlakke, in alle ouderdomme, kulture en seksuele oriëntasies en in alle gelowe. Pedofilie word in twee hoofgroepe verdeel, naamlik die situasionele kindermolesteerder en die voorkeur-kindermolesteerder. Die wortels van pedofilie lê normaalweg in die kinderjare terwyl die seksuele wanorde gedurende adolessensie ontwikkel. Drie tipes lewenservaring op ’n vroeë ouderdom word aangedui as aanleidend tot pedoseksualiteit, naamlik seksuele kontak vóór die ouderdom van 16 jaar met ’n aansienlik ouer persoon; seksuele kontak voor die ouderdom van 13 jaar met lede van die eie portuurgroep; en nie-seksuele geweld wat hoofsaaklik deur ouers teenoor kinders gepleeg is. Aangesien daar geen rehabiliteringsprogramme in Suid-Afrika bestaan vir persone met seksueel-afwykende gedrag nie en seksuele waardes vinnig in die breë samelewing afgeneem het, behoort die kerk op die voorgrond te tree op hierdie gebied.The focus of this article is to show that paedosexuality and paedophilia poses a challenge to both the pastorate and the church. Not only in South Africa, but also internationally, has paedosexual behaviour become a widespread problem. Research in this field poses a pastoral challenge. According to the opinion of most people sexually deviant behaviour is not something that occurs in the Christian community. This assumption, however, is not the truth. Paedosexuality and paedophilia are present in all occupations, on every socio-economic level, in all age groups, all cultures, in all sexual orientations and religions. Paedophilia can be divided into two main groupings, namely the situational and the preference child molester. The roots of paedophilia can usually be traced back to childhood and the dishevelment developed during adolescence. Three types of life experiences are indicated as causal factors in paedosexuality, namely sexual contact before the age of 16 with someone much older; sexual contact before the age of 13 with members of their peer group; and non-sexual violence committed against them – usually by a parent. The church must take the lead on this matter, as there are no existing rehabilitation programs in South Africa for persons with sexual deviant behaviour while sexual values are waning among the general population.
Evaluation of Temporal Bone Cholesteatoma and the Correlation between High Resolution Computed Tomography and Surgical Finding
Authors: Gomaa Mohammed A. , Karim Abdel Rahim A. Abdel , Ghany Hosny S. Abdel , Elhiny Ahmed A. , Sadek Ahmed A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Acquired cholesteatomas are commonly seen in patients less than 30 years. There is a typical history of recurrent middle ear infections with tympanic membrane perforation. The diagnosis of cholesteatoma is usually made on otologic examination.

Objective

The aim of the work was to study the role of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in detecting, evaluating, and diagnosing middle ear cholesteatoma.

Patients and methods

This was a prospective study that included 56 consecutive patients with chronic suppurative otitis media, unsafe type cholesteatomas. Each patient was subjected to full clinical evaluation, and HRCT examination. Intravenous contrast media was used in some patients with suspected intracranial complication. Preoperative radiological data were correlated with data related to surgical findings.

Results

The study showed that a high incidence of cholesteatoma in the third decade of life. The scutum and lateral attic wall were the most common bony erosions in the middle ear bony wall (64.3%), and the incus was the most eroded ossicle in the middle ear (88.2%). Sclerosing of mastoid air cells were encountered in 60.7% of patients and the lateral semicircular canal was affected in 9%, while facial canal erosion was found in 21.4%. Temporal bone complications are more common than intracranial complications. HRCT findings were compared with operative features; the comparative study included the accuracy and sensitivity of HRCT in detecting cholesteatoma (92.8%), its location and extension (96.4%), ossicular chain erosion (98%), labyrinthine fistula and intracranial complications (100%).

Conclusion

The important role of HRCT scannig lies on the early detection of cholesteatoma, and more conservative surgical procedures can be used to eradicate the disease.
Global mapping of maximum emission heights and resulting vertical profiles of wildfire emissions
Authors: Sofiev M. , Vankevich R. , Ermakova T. , Hakkarainen J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The problem of characteristic vertical profile of smoke released from wildland fires is considered. A methodology for bottom-up evaluation of this profile is suggested and a corresponding global dataset is calculated. The profile estimation is based on: (i) a semi-empirical formula for plume-top height recently suggested by the authors, (ii) satellite observations of active wildland fires, and (iii) meteorological conditions evaluated for each fire using output of the numerical weather prediction model. Injection profiles of the plumes from all fires recorded globally from March 2000 till November 2012 are estimated with a time step of 1 h. The resulting 4-dimensional dataset is split into daytime and nighttime subsets. The subsets are projected onto a global grid with a resolution of 1° × 1° × 500 m, aggregated to a monthly level, and normalised by total emissions in each vertical column. Evaluation of the obtained dataset was performed in several ways. Firstly, the quality of the semi-empirical formula for plume-top computations was evaluated using updated MISR fire Plume Height Project data. Secondly, the upper percentiles of the profiles are compared with an independent dataset of space lidar CALIOP. Thirdly, the results are compared with the distribution suggested for AEROCOM modelling community. Finally, the inter-annual variations of the calculated profiles are estimated.
Retrieval of methane source strengths in Europe using a simple modeling approach to assess the potential of space-borne lidar observations
Authors: Weaver C. , Kiemle C. , Kawa S. R. , Aalto T. , Necki J. , Steinbacher M. , Arduini J. , Apadula F. , Berkhout H. , Hatakka J. , O'Doherty S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We investigate the sensitivity of future space-borne lidar measurements to changes in surface methane emissions. We use surface methane observations from nine European ground stations, and a Lagrangian transport model to obtain surface methane emissions for 2010. Our inversion shows the strongest emissions from the Netherlands, the coalmines in Upper Silesia Poland, and wetlands in southern Finland. Our simulated methane surface concentration captures at least half of the daily variability in the observations, suggesting that the transport model is correctly simulating the regional transport pathways over Europe. With this tool we can perturb the surface fluxes and see the resulting changes in the simulated column methane measurements. For example, we show that future lidar instruments can detect a 50% reduction in methane emissions from the Netherlands and Germany, but only after averaging measurements on a monthly time scale.
NaCl Effects on In Vitro Germination and Growth of Some Senegalese Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Cultivars
Authors: Thiam Mahamadou , Champion Antony , Diouf Diaga , Ourèye SY Mame
Published: July 2013

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most important grain legumes in sub-Saharian regions. It contributes to man food security by providing a protein-rich diet. However, its production is limited by abiotic stresses such as salinity. This study aims to evaluate the salt tolerance of 15 cowpea cultivars, at germination stage. The seed germination process consisted of sowing them in agarified water (8 g·L−1) supplemented with 6 different concentrations of NaCl (0, 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM). Results highlighted that high salt concentrations drastically reduced germination and significantly delayed the process for all varieties. A cowpea varietal effect towards the salt tolerance was noticed. Genotypes Diongoma, 58-78, and 58-191 were more salt-tolerant cultivars while Mougne and Yacine were more salt-sensitive ones as confirmed in the three groups of the dendrogram. NaCl effects on the early vegetative growth of seedlings were assessed with a tolerant (58-191) and a susceptible (Yacine) cultivar. Morphological (length and dry biomass) and physiological (chlorophyll and proline contents) parameter measurements revealed a negative effect of high (NaCl). However, 58-191 was much more salt tolerant, and the chlorophyll and proline contents were higher than those of Yacine genotype at increasing salt concentrations.
Los factores de la ecuación del voto: un análisis empírico
Authors: Mata López Teresa
Published: July 2013

La literatura sobre el fenómeno abstencionista ha demostrado que existendeterminados factores individuales y coyunturales que condicionan laparticipación, pero los trabajos empíricos llevados a cabo desde el campode la elección racional han prescindido de estas aportaciones. Centradosen intentar conocer los factores que debería incluir la ecuación del voto,algunos han concluido que la gente vota porque sobrestima el valor de suvoto. Pero ¿es esta sobrestimación aleatoria?, ¿de qué depende? A partirde los datos de la encuesta postelectoral del 2008 del Centro deInvestigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), el objetivo de este trabajo es convertiren variables dependientes los factores tradicionales de la ecuación delvotante instrumental para conocer algunos de sus determinantes. Losresultados muestran que la distribución de estos factores no es aleatoria, yque tampoco coincide siempre con lo predicho.
Klang River–Level Forecasting Using ARIMA and ANFIS Models
Authors: Galavi Hadi , Mirzaei Majid , Shul Lee Teang , Valizadeh Nariman
Published: July 2013

Selection of the right modeling technique is always a challenging issue because every model can produce only an approximation of the reality it is attempting to illustrate. As a result, model performance in a specific situation is the only criterion that confirms the model's applicability in that particular situation. This study investigated the applicability of the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models in water‐level modeling. Results showed a definite preference for the ANFIS model against the simple‐ARIMA model, but an updated‐ARIMA model outperformed ANFIS. A mean absolute error of < 1% in each model confirmed the applicability of these models in predicting the water level in the Klang River in Malaysia. On the basis of the obtained prediction accuracy level, the updated‐ARIMA and ANFIS models are introduced as reliable and accurate models for prompt decision‐making, planning, and urgent managing of water resources in crisis.
Cellulolysis in the fermentation chambers in Svalbard reindeer
Authors: Sørmo W. , Haga Ø. E. , Mathiesen S. D.
Published: July 2013

Cellulolysis in the fermentation chambers in Svalbard reindeer
Symposium Abstracts: Alphabetical by Author L-P
Authors: Editor IJADR
Published: July 2013

Global Footprints of Travelling Cultural Image - The 38th Annual Symposium of KBS, Stavanger, Norway, 4-8 June 2012doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v1i2.139
Oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum, cat eye, and distal 22q11 microdeletion syndromes: A unique double rearrangement
Authors: Torti Erin E. , Braddock Stephen R. , Bernreuter Kristen , Batanian Jacqueline R.
Published: July 2013

An array‐CGH on 19‐year‐old male showed a proximal 1.11 Mb duplication and a distal 1.7 Mb deletion of 22q11.2 regions flanking the Velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome region that remained intact. FISH analyses revealed both abnormalities to be on the same homolog 22. This double rearrangement lead to the co‐existence of two syndromes: Cat eye and distal 22q11.2 microdeletion syndromes with a rare associated phenotype of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS). A review of the literature indicates that this is the second report of a proximal duplication and the fifth report of a distal deletion and OAVS suggestive of a possible OAVS candidate gene in this region. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flüssigkristalline Ordnung als Konzept in den Materialwissenschaften: von Halbleitern zu funktionalen Bauteilen
Authors: Fleischmann Eva‐Kristina , Zentel Rudolf
Published: July 2013

Die einzigartigen optischen Eigenschaften von flüssigkristallinen Phasen (LCs) werden schon seit langem in Flachbildschirmen genutzt. Durch die Besonderheiten dieser Mesophase im Zwischenbereich zwischen dem Kristall (Ordnung) und der isotropen Schmelze (Beweglichkeit) eignen sich flüssigkristalline Materialien aber auch zu einer Vielzahl von weiteren Anwendungen. Der hohe Grad an molekularer Ordnung, die Möglichkeit zur großflächigen Orientierung und das Strukturmotiv aromatischer Einheiten machen Flüssigkristalle zu interessanten Materialien für organische Halbleiter, die in Lösungsmitteln verarbeitet und leicht auf Substraten abgeschieden werden können. Die Anisotropie der Flüssigkristalle kann weiterhin zu einer stimuliresponsiven makroskopischen Formänderung von Polymernetzwerken führen, die als reversibel kontrahierende künstliche Muskeln fungieren. Nach Vorstellung des Konzepts der flüssigkristallinen Ordnung beschäftigt sich dieser Aufsatz schwerpunktmäßig mit Strategien zur Synthese neuer Klassen von LC‐Materialien sowie dem Design und der Herstellung aktiver Bauelemente.
Kohlenstoffnanoröhren: ein Beispiel für eine Multiskalen‐Entwicklung – mechanistische Betrachtung vom Subnanometer‐ bis zum Metermaßstab
Authors: Mleczko Leslaw , Lolli Giulio
Published: July 2013

Der vorliegende Kurzaufsatz soll das derzeitige Wissen über die katalytische Synthese mehrwandiger Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (MWCNTs) zusammenfassen. Es wird der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zum Reaktionsmechanismus dargestellt, wobei insbesondere die Entwicklung von Katalysatoren für den CCVD‐Prozess analysiert wird. Weiterhin werden die Kinetik und Reaktionstechnik der CNT‐Synthese diskutiert, und schließlich werden auch die Auswirkungen der Reaktion und des Reaktorbetriebs auf die Produkteigenschaften erörtert. Alle diese Fragen werden aus der Perspektive der industriellen Synthese und der Implikationen für den Einsatz von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren analysiert. Der technische Einsatz von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren ist ein perfektes Beispiel für eine Multiskalen‐Entwicklung und deckt Aufgaben vom Nanometer‐ bis zum Metermaßstab ab. Im Folgenden sollen Probleme, Methoden und Lösungen herausgestellt werden, die für unterschiedliche Maßstäbe charakteristisch sind. Als Referenz dient dabei der Co/Mn‐Katalysator, der in einer der ersten kommerziellen Techniken zur Produktion mehrwandiger Kohlenstoffnanoröhren eingesetzt wird.
Liquid‐Crystalline Ordering as a Concept in Materials Science: From Semiconductors to Stimuli‐Responsive Devices
Authors: Fleischmann Eva‐Kristina , Zentel Rudolf
Published: July 2013

While the unique optical properties of liquid crystals (LCs) are already well exploited for flat‐panel displays, their intrinsic ability to self‐organize into ordered mesophases, which are intermediate states between crystal and liquid, gives rise to a broad variety of additional applications. The high degree of molecular order, the possibility for large scale orientation, and the structural motif of the aromatic subunits recommend liquid‐crystalline materials as organic semiconductors, which are solvent‐processable and can easily be deposited on a substrate. The anisotropy of liquid crystals can further cause a stimuli‐responsive macroscopic shape change of cross‐linked polymer networks, which act as reversibly contracting artificial muscles. After illustrating the concept of liquid‐crystalline order in this Review, emphasis will be placed on synthetic strategies for novel classes of LC materials, and the design and fabrication of active devices.
Polyurethanes: Versatile Materials and Sustainable Problem Solvers for Today’s Challenges
Authors: Engels Hans‐Wilhelm , Pirkl Hans‐Georg , Albers Reinhard , Albach Rolf W. , Krause Jens , Hoffmann Andreas , Casselmann Holger , Dormish Jeff
Published: July 2013

Polyurethanes are the only class of polymers that display thermoplastic, elastomeric, and thermoset behavior depending on their chemical and morphological makeup. In addition to compact polyurethanes, foamed variations in particular are very widespread, and they achieve their targeted properties at very low weights. The simple production of sandwich structures and material composites in a single processing step is a key advantage of polyurethane technology. The requirement of energy and resource efficiency increasingly demands lightweight structures. Polyurethanes can serve this requirement by acting as matrix materials or as flexible adhesives for composites. Polyurethanes are indispensable when it comes to high‐quality decorative coatings or maintaining the value of numerous objects. They are extremely adaptable and sustainable problem solvers for today’s challenges facing our society, all of which impose special demands on materials.
Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene inside dense networks of carbon nanofillers
Authors: Chen Jing‐Bin , Xu Jia‐Zhuang , Pang Huan , Zhong Gan‐Ji , Xu Ling , Tang Hu , Tang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: July 2013

In this study, we performed the crystallization of carbon nanotube (CNT)/isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and graphene nanosheet (GNS)/iPP composites with very high nanofiller loadings; these are frequently used in polymer composites for electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity. Rheology testing indicated that both the high‐loading CNTs and GNSs formed dense networks in the iPP matrix, and transmission electron microscopy showed that their connection types were completely different: the CNTs contacted one another in a dot‐to‐dot manner, whereas the GNSs linked reciprocally in a plane‐to‐plane manner. The carbon nanofiller networks brought about two opposite effects on iPP crystallization: a nucleation effect and a confinement effect. The CNT network showed a stronger nucleation effect; however, the CNT network also revealed a more powerful confinement effect because the CNT network was denser than the GNS network. With increasing content of the carbon nanofillers, the crystallization rates of both the CNT and GNS composites first increased, then decreased, and showed a very high saturation concentration at 50 wt %; this resulted from the competitive relationship between the nucleation effect and confinement effect. The crystallization was facilitated when the carbon nanofiller concentration was below saturation, where the nucleation effect invariably played a dominant role. Although the crystallization was depressed when the carbon nanofiller concentration was above saturation, the nucleation effect was subdued, and the confinement effect was extensive. Compared to the GNS/iPP composites, the CNT/iPP composites showed a more depressed crystallization. The suppression mechanism is discussed with consideration of the local topological structure constructed by those two carbon nanofillers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39505.
Morphology, polymorphism, and metal ion adsorption studies of electrospun nanofibers based on PVDF and organically modified layered double hydroxide
Authors: Birajdar Mallinath S. , Wanjale Santosh D. , Lonkar Sunil P.
Published: July 2013

Nonwoven nanofiber mats of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with modified layered double hydroxide (MLDH) were prepared by electrospinning. The fiber morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy. X‐ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the polymorphism in electrospun mats. Fibers of diameter in the range 80–800 nm with beads of about 2–3 µm size were observed for pure PVDF, while in case of PVDF/MLDH nanocomposites the number and size of beads were found to be significantly reduced. Uniform and fine nanofibers were obtained at lower content of MLDH, but slightly rough surface was seen for higher content. FTIR and X‐ray diffraction patterns signify various crystalline forms of electrospun PVDF. The content of polar β‐crystalline phase of PVDF, which exhibit piezo and ferroelectric properties was found to be enhanced significantly due to reinforcement of MLDH. Use of these nanofiber mats for heavy metal Cu (II) removal was explored. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4508–4515, 2013
Pathways for biomass‐derived lignin to hydrocarbon fuels
Authors: Laskar Dhrubojyoti D. , Yang Bin , Wang Huamin , Lee John
Published: July 2013

Production of hydrocarbon fuel from biomass‐derived lignin sources with current vision of biorefinery infrastructure would significantly improve the total carbon use in biomass and make biomass conversion more economically viable. Thus, developing specialty and commodity products from biomass derived‐lignin has been an important industrial and scientific endeavor for several decades. However, deconstruction of lignin's complex polymeric framework into low molecular weight reactive moieties amenable for deoxygenation and subsequent processing into hydrocarbons has proven challenging. This review offers a comprehensive outlook on the existing body of work that has been devoted to catalytic processing of lignin derivatives into hydrocarbon fuels, focusing on: (i) the intrinsic complexity and characteristic structural features of biomass‐derived lignin; (ii) existing processing technologies for the isolation and depolymerization of bulk lignin (including detailed mechanistic considerations); (iii) approaches aimed at significantly improving the yields of depolymerized lignin species amenable to catalytic upgrading; and (iv) catalytic upgrading, using aqueous phase processes for transforming depolymerized lignin to hydrocarbon derivatives. Technical barriers and challenges to the valorization of lignin are highlighted throughout. The central goal of this review is to present an array of strategies that have been reported to obtain lignin, deconstruct it to reactive intermediates, and reduce its substantial oxygen content to yield hydrocarbon liquids. In this regard, reaction networks with reference to studies of lignin model compounds are exclusively surveyed. Special attention is paid to catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogenolyis, and hydrogenation. Finally, this review addresses important features of lignin that are vital to economic success of hydrocarbon production. Published in 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Rural African renewable fuels and fridges: cassava waste for bioethanol, with stillage mixed with manure for biogas digestion for application with dual‐fuel absorption refrigeration
Authors: McHenry Mark P. , Doepel David , de Boer Karne
Published: July 2013

The growth and processing of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Africa produces a range of waste streams which are proving problematic due to their current mismanagement. Although a range of technical solutions exists to convert these waste streams into valuable products, there has been very little progress made in applying these solutions. This review provides a broad picture of the cassava waste issue in the context of African agriculture and bioprocessing. As an outcome of the review process the authors propose a simple and scalable two‐step process that biologically converts the waste streams into valuable products. The first step in the process is fermentation and distillation of the cassava waste to produce ethanol. The second step is the anaerobic digestion of the fermentation byproducts with other waste streams, including animal manure and human excrement, to produce biogas and biological fertilizers. Despite the scalability of this system, the focus of this review is the development of a conceptual system for rural smallholders to achieve multiple beneficial outcomes including treatment of multiple troublesome waste streams, production of a liquid biofuel, the provision of refrigeration through biogas powered absorption chillers, and the co‐production of organic fertilizers. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
True Context‐dependent Preferences? The Causes of Market‐dependent Valuations
Authors: Mazar Nina , Koszegi Botond , Ariely Dan
Published: July 2013

A central assumption of neoclassical economics is that reservation prices for familiar products express people's true preferences for these products; that is, they represent the total benefit that a good confers to the consumers and are, thus, independent of actual prices in the market. Nevertheless, a vast amount of research has shown that valuations can be sensitive to other salient prices, particularly when individuals are explicitly anchored on them. In this paper, the authors extend previous research on single‐price anchoring and study the sensitivity of valuations to the distribution of prices found for a product in the market. In addition, they examine its possible causes. They find that market‐dependent valuations cannot be fully explained by rational inferences consumers draw about a product's value and are unlikely to be fully explained by true market‐dependent preferences. Rather, the market dependence of valuations likely reflects consumers' focus on something other than the total benefit that the product confers to them. Furthermore, this paper shows that market‐dependent valuations persist when – as in many real‐life settings – individuals make repeated purchase decisions over time and infer the distribution of the product's prices from their market experience. Finally, the authors consider the implications of their findings for marketers and consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental programming: How can we improve study design to discern the molecular mechanisms?
Authors: Lecomte Virginie , Youngson Neil A. , Maloney Christopher A. , Morris Margaret J.
Published: July 2013

The contribution of inherited non‐genetic factors to complex diseases is of great current interest. The ways in which mothers and fathers can affect their offspring's health clearly differ as a result of the intimate interactions between mother and offspring during pre‐ and postnatal life. There is, however, potential for some overlap in mechanisms, particularly epigenetic mechanisms. A small number of epidemiological studies and animal models have investigated the non‐genetic contribution of the parents to offspring health. Discovering new mechanisms of disease inheritance is technically difficult, especially in genetically, socially and environmentally heterogeneous human populations. Therefore, rigorous experimental design, appropriate sample numbers and the use of high‐throughput technologies are necessary to provide convincing evidence. Based on recent examples from the literature, here we propose several ways to improve human studies that aim to identify the underlying mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease.
Evaluation of anger management groups in a high‐security hospital
Authors: Wilson Claire , Gandolfi Stacy , Dudley Alison , Thomas Brian , Tapp James , Moore Estelle
Published: July 2013

Background

Anger management programmes for offenders typically aim to improve the management of emotion associated with aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Such programmes have been quite extensively evaluated in prison and probation settings, but there is less published research in forensic mental health settings.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate anger management groups in a high‐security hospital.

Method

Eighty‐six patients were referred for a 20‐session anger management intervention. Outcomes were self‐reported experiences of anger and changes in institutionally documented incidents of aggression. Incident rates were retrospectively reviewed for all group graduates, where data were available, including a comparison group of graduates who acted as their own controls.

Results

Group graduates reported sustained reductions in feelings of anger and positive changes in their use of aggression in reaction to provocation. Some reduction in incidents of physical aggression was noted when group completers were compared with non‐completers. Incidents of verbal aggression were observed to increase for graduates. There was also a trend towards improvement when treated men were compared with men on the waiting list.

Conclusions

Our findings contribute to the growing evidence for anger management groups for aggressive men, although the low‐base rate of incidents, typical of such a containing and therapeutic hospital setting, rendered the analysis of behavioural outcomes difficult.

Implications for practice and research

Anger management sessions for male forensic psychiatric patients can be effective in reducing incidents of physical aggression in response to provocation. Evaluation of treatments for anger is particularly difficult in secure and protective settings, where the aim is to keep incidents of actual physical aggression to a minimum. Further research of this kind is needed to test the value of self‐reported reduction in angry feelings as an indicator of clinically useful progress. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Glutaric Acid Cocrystal Formation via Cogrinding and Solution Crystallization
Authors: Bian L. , Zhao H. , Hao H. , Yin Q. , Wu S. , Gong J. , Dong W.
Published: July 2013

An efficient and reliable approach to discover new pharmaceutical cocrystals in the early development stage is proposed and used to develop cocrystals of piracetam with some aliphatic diacids. A 1:1 cocrystal of piracetam and glutaric acid was screened by a mechanochemical method and identified by powder X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Followed by solution crystallization, this cocrystal was reproduced. To better understand the mechanism of cocrystal formation in solution crystallization, process analytical technologies including focused beam reflectance measurement, attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared, and particle vision measurement were applied to investigate the cocrystallization process of piracetam with glutaric acid. The mechanism of cocrystal formation during solution‐mediated phase transformation is discussed in detail.
Self‐Fluidization in an Indirectly Heated Calciner
Authors: Hoeftberger D. , Karl J.
Published: July 2013

A promising way to reduce CO2 emissions of fossil‐fired power plants is the carbonate looping process with the reversible carbonation‐calcination reaction of limestone. The focus is on the gas release in an indirectly heat pipe‐heated calciner. Experiments in an electrically heated lab‐scale batch calciner demonstrated that transition from a fixed bed to a bubbling fluidized bed is possible without an external fluidization agent only by heating up limestone. Several indirectly heated calciner concepts are presented.
Single‐Particle Spectroscopy on Large SAPO‐34 Crystals at Work: Methanol‐to‐Olefin versus Ethanol‐to‐Olefin Processes
Authors: Qian Qingyun , Ruiz‐Martínez Javier , Mokhtar Mohamed , Asiri Abdullah M. , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Basahel Suliman N. , van der Bij Hendrik E. , Kornatowski Jan , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: July 2013

The formation of hydrocarbon pool (HCP) species during methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) and ethanol‐to‐olefin (ETO) processes have been studied on individual micron‐sized SAPO‐34 crystals with a combination of in situ UV/Vis, confocal fluorescence, and synchrotron‐based IR microspectroscopic techniques. With in situ UV/Vis microspectroscopy, the intensity changes of the λ=400 nm absorption band, ascribed to polyalkylated benzene (PAB) carbocations, have been monitored and fitted with a first‐order kinetics at low reaction temperatures. The calculated activation energy (Ea) for MTO, approximately 98 kJ mol−1, shows a strong correlation with the theoretical values for the methylation of aromatics. This provides evidence that methylation reactions are the rate‐determining steps for the formation of PAB. In contrast for ETO, the Ea value is approximately 60 kJ mol−1, which is comparable to the Ea values for the condensation of light olefins into aromatics. Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that during MTO the formation of the initial HCP species are concentrated in the outer rim of the SAPO‐34 crystal when the reaction temperature is at 600 K or lower, whereas larger HCP species are gradually formed inwards the crystal at higher temperatures. In the case of ETO, the observed egg‐white distribution of HCP at 509 K suggests that the ETO process is kinetically controlled, whereas the square‐shaped HCP distribution at 650 K is indicative of a diffusion‐controlled process. Finally, synchrotron‐based IR microspectroscopy revealed a higher degree of alkylation for aromatics for MTO as compared to ETO, whereas high reaction temperatures favor dealkylation processes for both the MTO and ETO processes.
Validity of Inorganic Nanosheets as an Efficient Planar Substituent To Enhance the Enantioselectivity of Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Zhao Li‐Wei , Shi Hui‐Min , An Zhe , Wang Jiu‐Zhao , He Jing
Published: July 2013

Effectively enhancing the enantioselectivity is a persistent challenge in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. Here, the validity of a layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheet as an efficient planar substituent to enhance the enantioselectivity has been investigated theoretically; first in vanadium‐catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols, and then in zinc‐catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol addition. The computational predication is further confirmed experimentally in zinc‐catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol addition by controlling the location of catalytic sites.
Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Tubular Polypyrrole for Energy‐Storage Applications
Authors: Xu Guiyin , Ding Bing , Nie Ping , Shen Laifa , Wang Jie , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: July 2013

Porous nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (PNCNTs) with a high specific surface area (1765 m2 g−1) and a large pore volume (1.28 cm3 g−1) have been synthesized from a tubular polypyrrole (T‐PPY). The inner diameter and wall thickness of the PNCNTs are about 55 nm and 22 nm, respectively. This material shows extremely promising properties for both supercapacitors and for encapsulating sulfur as a superior cathode material for high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, PNCNT presents a high specific capacitance of 210 F g−1, as well as excellent cycling stability at a current density of 2 A g−1. When the S/PNCNT composite was tested as the cathode material for Li‐S batteries, the initial discharge capacity was 1341 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 1 C and, even after 50 cycles at the same rate, the high reversible capacity was retained at 933 mAh g−1. The promising electrochemical energy‐storage performance of the PNCNTs can be attributed to their excellent conductivity, large surface area, nitrogen doping, and unique pore‐size distribution.
Molecular and Electronic‐Structure Basis of the Ambipolar Behavior of Naphthalimide–Terthiophene Derivatives: Implementation in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Ponce Ortiz Rocío , Herrera Helena , Mancheño María J. , Seoane Carlos , Segura José L. , Mayorga Burrezo Paula , Casado Juan , López Navarrete J. Teodomiro , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J.
Published: July 2013

A new family of naphthalimide‐fused thienopyrazine derivatives for ambipolar charge transport in organic field‐effect transistors is presented. Their electronic and molecular structures were elucidated through optical and vibrational spectroscopy aided by DFT calculations. The results indicate that these compounds have completely planar molecular skeletons which promote good film crystallinity and low reorganization energies for both electron and hole transport. Their performance in organic field‐effect transistors is compared with twisted and planar naphthaleneamidine monoimide‐fused terthiophenes in order to understand the origin of ambipolarity in this new series of molecular semiconductors.
Chemoselectivity Control: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 6,7‐Dihydrobenzofuran‐4(5H)‐ones and Benzofurans from 1‐(Alkynyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan‐2‐ones
Authors: Wang Tao , Shi Shuai , Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Zhang Tuo , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: July 2013

New and chemoselective gold(I)‐catalyzed transformations of 1‐(arylethynyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]‐ heptan‐2‐ones were developed. Two completely different products—6,7‐dihydrobenzofuran‐4(5H)‐ones and benzofurans—could be obtained from the same starting material. The selectivity is determined by the ligand of the gold catalyst: triphenylphosphine delivers 6,7‐dihydrobenzofuran‐4(5H)‐ones, and 1,3‐bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene leads to benzofurans. Eleven examples of each case are provided. The mechanistic suggestions for the pathways to both product types are supported by isotope labeling experiments.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost‐Effectiveness of a Pocket‐Sized Transthoracic Echocardiographic Imaging Device
Authors: Kitada Ryoko , Fukuda Shota , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Oe Hiroki , Abe Yukio , Yoshiyama Minoru , Song Jong‐Min , Sitges Marta , Shiota Takahiro , Ito Hiroshi , Yoshikawa Junichi
Published: July 2013

Background

The recently introduced pocket‐sized portable transthoracic echocardiography (pTTE) is accurate for measurement of cardiac chamber size and function as well as for assessment of valvular regurgitation. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the pocket‐sized pTTE with the standard TTE (sTTE) and assess its cost‐effectiveness.

Hypothesis

The use of pocket‐sized pTTE, as an initial screening tool, may be feasible, accurate and cost‐effective in the diagnostic strategy of cardiac abnormalities.

Methods

The study subjects were 200 patients scheduled for sTTE and an electrocardiogram (ECG). Each patient underwent pTTE examination with the Vscan (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) immediately after sTTE. The findings of pTTE and the ECG were compared with the results of sTTE. Cost‐effectiveness was calculated.

Results

There was a strong agreement in the detection of abnormal findings between pTTE and sTTE (agreement = 90%), whereas the agreement between the ECG and sTTE was 65%. When pTTE or the ECG was used as an initial screening tool prior to sTTE, similar cost reduction was obtained (approximately 30%) by reducing the number of referrals for sTTE. However, the negative predictive value of a diagnostic strategy with pTTE (92%) was superior to that with an ECG (67%).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the pocket‐sized pTTE provides accurate detection of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities beyond the ECG. In addition, the use of pTTE as an initial screening tool prior to sTTE is cost‐effective, suggesting that the pocket‐sized pTTE is poised to alter the current diagnostic strategy in clinical practice.
Use of prostate‐specific antigen testing as a disease surveillance tool following radical prostatectomy
Authors: Trantham Laurel Clayton , Nielsen Matthew E. , Mobley Lee R. , Wheeler Stephanie B. , Carpenter William R. , Biddle Andrea K.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing is recommended every 6 to 12 months for the first 5 years following radical prostatectomy as a means to detect potential disease recurrence. Despite substantial research on factors affecting treatment decisions, recurrence, and mortality, little is known about whether men receive guideline‐concordant surveillance testing or whether receipt varies by year of diagnosis, time since treatment, or other individual characteristics.

METHODS

Surveillance testing following radical prostatectomy among elderly men was examined using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data linked to Medicare claims. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of demographic, tumor, and county‐level characteristics on the odds of receiving surveillance testing within a given 1‐year period following treatment.

RESULTS

Overall, receipt of surveillance testing was high, with 96% of men receiving at least one test the first year after treatment and approximately 80% receiving at least one test in the fifth year after treatment. Odds of not receiving a test declined with time since treatment. Nonmarried men, men with less‐advanced disease, and non‐Hispanic blacks and Hispanics had higher odds of not receiving a surveillance test. Year of diagnosis did not affect the receipt of surveillance tests.

CONCLUSIONS

Most men receive guideline‐concordant surveillance PSA testing after prostatectomy, although evidence of a racial disparity between non‐Hispanic whites and some minority groups exists. The decline in surveillance over time suggests the need for well‐designed long‐term surveillance plans following radical prostatectomy. Cancer 2013;119:3523–3530.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.