bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial and ethnic differences in patterns of use and discontinuation of long-acting injectable antipsychotics using Medicaid claims data
Authors: Caballero Joshua , Xu Jianing , Hall Daniel B. , Chen Xianyan , Young Henry N.
Published: August 2023

Introduction

In general, racial and ethnic differences exist in antipsychotic prescription practices. However, little is known about such differences between individual long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic formulations, specifically. This study's primary objective was to determine racial and ethnic differences among LAI antipsychotic use. Secondary objectives were to identify if discontinuation rates differed between agents and by race or ethnicity.

Methods

International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) codes were used to identify patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (18-64 years) who received an LAI antipsychotic between 2016 and 2020 using Merative Multi-State Medicaid databases. Using National Drug Code numbers for LAI antipsychotics, pharmacy claims were identified and data analyzed. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests and odds ratio estimators were used to investigate conditional association between race or ethnicity and medication, while controlling for age, sex, health plan, and prescription year. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were examined, and stratified log-rank tests were conducted to compare the time until discontinuation distributions by race or ethnicity.

Results

The analysis included 37 712 patients. Blacks received an LAI first-generation antipsychotic more often than Whites (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: [1.56, 1.73], Hispanics (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: [1.21, 1.75]) and others (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: [1.20, 1.73]). Aside from fluphenazine decanoate showing earlier discontinuation rates for Whites over Blacks (P = .02), no significant differences in discontinuation across race or ethnicity were identified.

Discussion

Despite no significant differences in second-generation antipsychotic LAI discontinuation rates between Blacks and other racial or ethnic groups, Blacks received second-generation antipsychotic LAIs significantly less often than other groups. Further studies are needed to determine why differences may be occurring.
“Minimum Necessary Rigor” in empirically evaluating human–AI work systems
Authors: Klein Gary , Hoffman Robert R. , Clancey William J. , Mueller Shane T. , Jentsch Florian , Jalaeian Mohammadreza
Published: August 2023

The development of AI systems represents a significant investment of funds and time. Assessment is necessary in order to determine whether that investment has paid off. Empirical evaluation of systems in which humans and AI systems act interdependently to accomplish tasks must provide convincing empirical evidence that the work system is learnable and that the technology is usable and useful. We argue that the assessment of human–AI (HAI) systems must be effective but must also be efficient. Bench testing of a prototype of an HAI system cannot require extensive series of large‐scale experiments with complex designs. Some of the constraints that are imposed in traditional laboratory research just are not appropriate for the empirical evaluation of HAI systems. We present requirements for avoiding “unnecessary rigor.” They cover study design, research methods, statistical analyses, and online experimentation. These should be applicable to all research intended to evaluate the effectiveness of HAI systems.
Biomimetic Nanophotosensitizer Amplifies Immunogenic Pyroptosis and Triggers Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Qian , Qin Weiji , Qiao Lei , Gao Min , Zhou Man , Zhang Huiru , Sun Qiuting , Yao Wanqing , Yang Tianhao , Ren Xiaohe , Sun Gengyun , He Xiaoyan
Published: August 2023

Immunotherapy is considered to be an effective treatment for cancer and has drawn extensive interest. Nevertheless, the insufficient antigenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment often cause unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a photo‐activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplifying system (defined as “M‐Cu‐T”) is developed to induce antitumor immune response by triggering a tumor‐specific immunogenic pyroptosis. In M‐Cu‐T, M1 macrophage membrane‐based vesicles are used for drug loading and tumor targeting, photosensitizers (meso‐tetra(4‐aminophenyl) porphyrin, TAPP) are used as a pyroptosis inducer, copper ions (Cu2+) can enhance ROS‐induced pyroptosis by consuming antioxidant systems in cells. As expected, the prepared M‐Cu‐T targets enrichment into tumor cells and cascades the generation of ROS, which further induces pyroptosis through caspase 3‐mediated gasdermin E (GSDME) cleavage under laser activation. The pyroptotic cancer cells accompanying secrete related pattern molecules, induce immunogenic cell death, and activate antitumor immunity for immunotherapy. An effective tumor ablation is observed in LLC and CT26 cancer mouse models. This study provides inspiration for boosting the immunogenicity and achieving satisfactory therapeutic effects in cancer therapy.
Self‐Oxidation Resistance of the Curved Surface of Achromatic Copper
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , Kim Seong‐Gon , Lee Seunghun , Cheon Miyeon , Kim Su Jae , Nam Kideuk , Lamichhane Bipin , Park Sung Heum , Jung Min‐Hyoung , Kim Ji‐Soo , Seo Yu‐Seong , Ha Taewoo , Hwang Jungseek , Jeong Hu Young , Lee Yusil , Lee Young Hee , Kim Young‐Min , Jeong Se‐Young
Published: August 2023

Copper surfaces that exhibit a wide range of achromatic colors while still metallic have not been studied, despite advancements in antireflection coatings. A series of achromatic copper films grown with [111] preferred orientation by depositing 3D porous nanostructures is introduced via coherent/incoherent atomic sputtering epitaxy. The porous copper nanostructures self‐regulate the giant oxidation resistance by constructing a curved surface that generates a series of monoatomic steps, followed by shrinkage of the lattice spacing of one or two surface layers. First‐principles calculations confirm that these structural components cooperatively increase the energy barrier against oxygen penetration. The achromaticity of the single‐crystalline porous copper films is systematically tuned by geometrical parameters such as pore size distribution and 3D linkage. The optimized achromatic copper films with high oxidation resistance show an unusual switching effect between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. The tailored 3D porous nanostructures can be a candidate material for numerous applications, such as antireflection coatings, microfluidic devices, droplet tweezers, and reversible wettability switches.
Plasma‐Etched Nanograss Surface without Lithographic Patterning to Immobilize Water Droplet for Highly Sensitive Raman Sensing
Authors: Ho Hsiuan Ling , Yang Jung Yen , Lin Chun Hung , Shieh Jiann , Fang Huang Yu , Ho Yi Hong , Ko Tsung Shine , Hsu Chiung Chih , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: August 2023

The development of reliable, cost‐effective molecular detection at the attomolar level on analyte‐immobilizing surfaces fabricated without lithographic patterning remains a major challenge in chemical sensing technology. This issue is addressed using custom‐designed adhesive superhydrophobic silicon nanograss surfaces produced via plasma etching. When applied to ultrasensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, the nanograss surface enables effective immobilization of water droplets containing Ag nanoparticles and R6G target molecules. Upon water evaporation, the R6G analytes are confined at the edge of the self‐organized coffee‐ring‐like stains with the plasmonic hot spots of the Ag nanoparticles, thus providing a reliable Raman scattering platform for detecting trace analytes. Even at an ultralow concentration of 10−16 m, the corresponding relative standard deviation is 17.57%. A novel plasma‐enabled approach for precise interface nanostructuring, potentially leading to unprecedented capabilities in molecular‐level sensing technologies, is presented.
eIF3f Mediates SGOC Pathway Reprogramming by Enhancing Deubiquitinating Activity in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Pan Qihao , Yu Fenghai , Jin Huilin , Zhang Peng , Huang Xiaoling , Peng Jingxuan , Xie Xiaoshan , Li Xiangli , Ma Ning , Wei Yue , Wen Weijie , Zhang Jieping , Zhang Boyu , Yu Hongyan , Xiao Yuanxun , Liu Ran‐yi , Liu Qingxin , Meng Xiangqi , Lee Mong‐Hong
Published: August 2023

Numerous studies have demonstrated that individual proteins can moonlight. Eukaryotic Initiation translation factor 3, f subunit (eIF3f) is involved in critical biological functions; however, its role independent of protein translation in regulating colorectal cancer (CRC) is not characterized. Here, it is demonstrated that eIF3f is upregulated in CRC tumor tissues and that both Wnt and EGF signaling pathways are participating in eIF3f's oncogenic impact on targeting phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) during CRC development. Mechanistically, EGF blocks FBXW7β‐mediated PHGDH ubiquitination through GSK3β deactivation, and eIF3f antagonizes FBXW7β‐mediated PHGDH ubiquitination through its deubiquitinating activity. Additionally, Wnt signals transcriptionally activate the expression of eIF3f, which also exerts its deubiquitinating activity toward MYC, thereby increasing MYC‐mediated PHGDH transcription. Thereby, both impacts allow eIF3f to elevate the expression of PHGDH, enhancing Serine–Glycine–One–Carbon (SGOC) signaling pathway to facilitate CRC development. In summary, the study uncovers the intrinsic role and underlying molecular mechanism of eIF3f in SGOC signaling, providing novel insight into the strategies to target eIF3f‐PHGDH axis in CRC.
Force Generation in the Coiling Tendrils of Passiflora caerulea
Authors: Klimm Frederike , Speck Thomas , Thielen Marc
Published: August 2023

Tendrils of climbing plants coil along their length, thus forming a striking helical spring and generating tensional forces. It is found that, for tendrils of the passion flower Passiflora caerulea, the generated force lies in the range of 6–140 mN, which is sufficient to lash the plant tightly to its substrate. Further, it is revealed that the generated force strongly correlates with the water status of the plant. Based on a combination of in situ force measurements with anatomical investigations and dehydration‐rehydration experiments on both entire tendril segments and isolated lignified tissues, a two‐phasic mechanism for spring formation is proposed. First, during the free coiling phase, the center of the tendril begins to lignify unilaterally. At this stage, both the generated tension and the stability of the form of the spring still depend on turgor pressure. The unilateral contraction of a bilayer as being the possible driving force for the tendril coiling motion is discussed. Second, in a stabilization phase, the entire center of the coiled tendril lignifies, stiffening the spring and securing its function irrespective of its hydration status.
IFI27 Integrates Succinate and Fatty Acid Oxidation to Promote Adipocyte Thermogenic Adaption
Authors: Cui Xuan , Liu Haojie , Shi Ting , Zhao Qingwen , Li Feiyan , Lv Wenjing , Yu Chao , Huang Haiyan , Tang Qi‐Qun , Pan Dongning
Published: August 2023

Mitochondria are the pivot organelles to control metabolism and energy homeostasis. The capacity of mitochondrial metabolic adaptions to cold stress is essential for adipocyte thermogenesis. How brown adipocytes keep mitochondrial fitness upon a challenge of cold‐induced oxidative stress has not been well characterized. This manuscript shows that IFI27 plays an important role in cristae morphogenesis, keeping intact succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) function and active fatty acid oxidation to sustain thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. IFI27 protein interaction map identifies SDHB and HADHA as its binding partners. IFI27 physically links SDHB to chaperone TNF receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1), which shields SDHB from oxidative damage‐triggered degradation. Moreover, IFI27 increases hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA) catalytic activity in β‐oxidation pathway. The reduced SDH level and fatty acid oxidation in Ifi27‐knockout brown fat results in impaired oxygen consumption and defective thermogenesis. Thus, IFI27 is a novel regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and thermogenesis.
Dual‐Pronged Attack: pH‐Driven Membrane‐Anchored NIR Dual‐Type Nano‐Photosensitizer Excites Immunogenic Pyroptosis and Sequester Immune Checkpoint for Enhanced Prostate Cancer Photo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang He , He Zhangxin , Gao Yijian , Feng Dexiang , Wei Xuedong , Huang Yuhua , Hou Jianquan , Li Shengliang , Zhang Weijie
Published: August 2023

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a frustrating immunogenic “cold” tumor and generally receives unsatisfied immunotherapy outcomes in the clinic. Pyroptosis is an excellent immunogenic cell death form that can effectively activate the antitumor immune response, promote cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte infiltration, and convert tumors from “cold” to “hot.” However, the in vivo application of pyroptosis drugs is seriously limited, and the upregulation of tumor PD‐L1 caused by photo‐immunotherapy further promotes immune escape. Herein, a new nano‐photosensitizer (YBS‐BMS NPs‐RKC) with pH‐response integrating immunogenic pyroptosis induction and immune checkpoint blockade is developed. The pH‐responsive polymer equipped with the cell membrane anchoring peptide RKC is used as the carrier and further encapsulated with the near‐infrared‐activated semiconductor polymer photosensitizer YBS and a PD‐1/PD‐L1 complex small molecule inhibitor BMS‐202. The pH‐driven membrane‐anchoring and pyroptosis activation of YBS‐BMS NPs‐RKC is clearly demonstrated. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this dual‐pronged therapy stimulates a powerful antitumor immune response to suppress primary tumor progression and evokes long‐term immune memory to inhibit tumor relapse and metastasis. This work provides an effective self‐synergistic platform for PCa immunotherapy and a new idea for developing more biocompatible photo‐controlled pyroptosis inducers.
Tailoring the Swelling‐Shrinkable Behavior of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Feng Wenjun , Wang Zhengke
Published: August 2023

Hydrogels with tailor‐made swelling‐shrinkable properties have aroused considerable interest in numerous biomedical domains. For example, as swelling is a key issue for blood and wound extrudates absorption, the transference of nutrients and metabolites, as well as drug diffusion and release, hydrogels with high swelling capacity have been widely applicated in full‐thickness skin wound healing and tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Nevertheless, in the fields of tissue adhesives and internal soft‐tissue wound healing, and bioelectronics, non‐swelling hydrogels play very important functions owing to their stable macroscopic dimension and physical performance in physiological environment. Moreover, the negative swelling behavior (i.e., shrinkage) of hydrogels can be exploited to drive noninvasive wound closure, and achieve resolution enhancement of hydrogel scaffolds. In addition, it can help push out the entrapped drugs, thus promote drug release. However, there still has not been a general review of the constructions and biomedical applications of hydrogels from the viewpoint of swelling‐shrinkable properties. Therefore, this review summarizes the tactics employed so far in tailoring the swelling‐shrinkable properties of hydrogels and their biomedical applications. And a relatively comprehensive understanding of the current progress and future challenge of the hydrogels with different swelling‐shrinkable features is provided for potential clinical translations.
Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) control with boron and iron in Kentucky bluegrass turf
Authors: Amgain Naba R. , Beck Leslie L. , Patton Aaron J.
Published: August 2023

Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) is a perennial broadleaf weed in the mint family (Lamiaceae) that is commonly found in turf in the temperate climates of the United States. Cultural practices that maintain dense turf are the best way to reduce weeds; however, cultural control methods alone cannot provide complete weed control. Herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in the turfgrass industry, but interest in alternative control methods is increasing. Applications of iron‐based products are an alternative chemical weed control option in turfgrass systems, but other micronutrients, such as boron, may also be a viable option. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a chelated iron product as well as different boron‐based products for ground ivy control and also determine if these products injure Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The products evaluated included borax, boric acid, Solubor (disodium octaborate tetrahydrate), and Fiesta (FeHEDTA) with a low and high rate tested for each. Ground ivy cover was reduced 77% or more from a single October application of all boron sources at the high rates and the high rate of Fiesta when evaluated 9 months later. The high rate of all boron‐containing products caused unacceptable turfgrass injury (<7) and reduced turf quality below acceptable levels (<6). No turfgrass injury or reduction in turf quality was observed in the Fiesta‐treated plots. These results indicate that applications of the micronutrient boron can be used to control ground ivy, but not without causing injury to Kentucky bluegrass.
Trends in long‐term outcomes of patients with HCV‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: A comparison before and after introduction of direct‐acting antivirus therapy
Authors: Munekage Fumiaki , Yoh Tomoaki , Ogiso Satoshi , Kato Takuya , Nam Nguyen Hai , Nagai Kazuyuki , Uchida Yoichiro , Ito Takashi , Ishii Takamichi , Hatano Etsuro
Published: August 2023

Backgrounds

The success of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy provides a cure for patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); however, outcomes after hepatectomy for HCV‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before and after DAA introduction remain poorly studied.

Methods

Patients who underwent R0/R1 hepatectomy for HCV‐associated HCC were retrospectively analyzed. Two time periods were defined: Pre‐DAA (2007–2011, December 2013 was defined as the end of follow‐up) and Post‐DAA groups (2014–2018, December 2020 was defined as the end of follow‐up). Propensity score matching (PSM) analyses were performed to highlight the effect of DAA therapy.

Results

A total of 155 patients with HCV‐associated HCC were included in this study (Pre‐DAA group, n = 103 and post‐DAA group, n = 52). In the Post‐DAA group, DAA therapy was performed in 26 patients (50.0%), and all of these patients achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) (preoperative SVR, n = 7; postoperative SVR, n = 19). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding surgical settings and tumor pathology. There was no significant difference in the 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate (61.1% and 64.8%, pre‐ and post‐DAA group, respectively, p = 0.441); meanwhile, the 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rate in the post‐DAA group was better than the pre‐DAA group (21.1% and 40.2%, p = 0.073) with a trend toward significance. After PSM except for the postoperative SVR status, there were no significant differences in OS (p = 0.586) and RFS (p = 0.888).

Conclusions

This study showed that survival outcomes were not changed in hepatectomized cases of HCV‐associated HCC before and after the introduction of DAA therapy.
Synergistic Effect of Allium‐like Ni9S8 & Cu7S4 Electrodeposited on Nickel Foam for Enhanced Water Splitting Activity
Authors: Mottakin M. , Selvanathan Vidhya , Ariful Islam Md. , Almohamadi Hamad , Alharthi Nabeel H. , Yoshimura Satoru , Akhtaruzzaman Md.
Published: August 2023

This study explores a water‐splitting activity using a biphasic electrodeposited electrode on nickel foam (NF). The *Ni9S8/Cu7S4/NF electrode with citric acid reduction exhibits superior OER (oxygen evolution reaction) and HER (hydrogen evolution reaction) performance with reduced overpotential and a steeper Tafel slope. The *Ni9S8/Cu7S4/NF electrode displays the ultra‐low overpotential value of 212 mV for OER and 109 mV for HER at the current density of 10 mA cm−2. The Tafel slope of 25.4 mV dec−1 for OER and 108 mV dec−1 for HER was found from that electrode. The maximum electrochemical surface area (ECSA), lowest series resistance and lowest charge transfer resistance are found in citric acid reduced electrode, showing increased electrical conductivity and quick charge transfer kinetics. Remarkably, the *Ni9S8/Cu7S4/NF electrode demonstrated excellent stability for 80 hours in pure water splitting and 20 hours in seawater splitting. The synergistic effect of using bimetallic (Cu&Ni) sulfide and enhanced electrical conductivity of the electrode are caused by reduction of metal sulfide into metallic species resulting in improved water splitting performance.
Facile and Cost‐effective Synthesis of CoP@N‐doped Carbon with High Catalytic Performance for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Xinran , Shu Yasuhiro , Takada Ryuji , Taniguchi Yurika , Miyake Koji , Uchida Yoshiaki , Nishiyama Norikazu
Published: August 2023

The manufacture of efficient and low‐cost hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts is regarded as a critical solution to achieve carbon neutrality. Herein, we developed an economical method to synthesize a CoP‐anchored N‐doped carbon catalyst via one‐step pyrolysis using inexpensive starting materials (cobalt ion salt, phytic acid, and glycine). The size of the CoP nanoparticles was controlled by adjusting the Co/P ratio of the catalysts. Nanoscale CoP particles with adequate exposure to active sites were uniformly anchored on the surface of the conductive nitrogen‐doped carbon substrate, ensuring the rapid transfer of electrons and species. When Co/P=0.89, the as‐made catalyst exhibited outstanding HER activity, with an extraordinarily low overpotential of 202 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and long‐term stability.
Reaction of 4‐Bpin‐o‐Carborane with Ketones: Sequential Carbon Vertex Alkylation and B−B Bond Activation
Authors: Nie Zhen , Cheng Ruofei , Qiu Zaozao , Xie Zuowei
Published: August 2023

Diboron compounds are important reagents in a series of transition metal catalyzed or metal‐free borylation reactions. We describe herein a unique reactivity of 4‐Bpin‐o‐carborane with ketones under basic conditions, leading to sequential cage carbon alkylation, B−B bond activation and unexpected O‐migration. The reaction was compatible with a good substrate scope including dialkyl or alkyl aryl ketones. The reaction mechanism is also proposed, involving cage CH deprotonation, nucleophilic attack of ketone, and O‐migration along with B−B bond cleavage.
Guillain–Barre syndrome complicating knee infectious arthritis
Authors: Khalayli Naram , Haj Ali Diaa , Kudsi Maysoun
Published: August 2023

Key Clinical Message

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare immune status, which affects the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and tingling, and, in some cases, paralysis. Our case showed that GBS may happen after knee infectious arthritis.
Vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant with neurological and hematological findings: A case report
Authors: Sharma Niraj Kumar , Bhattarai Madhur , Baral Kushal , Poudel Susmita , Hassan Nusaiba Farouk , Dhakal Tulsi Ram , Baral Rituraj
Published: August 2023

Key Clinical Message

It is important for pregnant and breastfeeding women who adhere to a strict vegetarian diet to take appropriate steps to avoid vitamin B12 deficiency in their infants.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is rare during infancy. The initial symptoms of this deficiency are subtle and may include irritability, failure to thrive with a decline in growth rate, apathy, anorexia, refusal of solid foods, megaloblastic anemia, and developmental regression. The case presented here involves an 8‐month‐old male infant who showed neurological symptoms such as decreased activity, increased drowsiness, and reduced interaction with parents, which were ultimately linked to a deficiency of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Early recognition of this condition is critical because it is reversible. Therefore, pregnant and lactating women who follow a strict vegetarian diet should take necessary measures to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency in infants.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular Michael Addition by In Situ Generated Aminoisobenzofulvenes: Construction of Spiro Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters
Authors: Midya Abhisek , Khalse Laxman Devidas , Ghorai Prasanta
Published: August 2023

An unprecedented enantioselective organocatalytic spirocyclization strategy is presented by in situ generation of aminoisobezofulvenes. The reaction sequence involves a reductive Michael/aldol‐condensation/Michael addition cascade by iminium‐enamine catalysis. The key success of this spirocyclization was the formation of intermediatory nucleophilic aminoisobenzofuvenes accountable for intramolecular Michael addition. Benzospirononanes featuring an all carbon qauternary spirocenter were obtained using proline‐derived amino‐organocatalyst in moderate to good yields and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >20 : 1 dr, and 99 % ee). Post‐methodological manipulation of benzospirononanes was also demonstrated.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Polycyclic 4,5‐Dihydropyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones by Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) Reactions from Alkenes
Authors: Koçak Ramazan , Güney Murat
Published: August 2023

In the classical Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions between alkenes and tetrazines, 4,5‐dihydropyridazines are formed. 4,5‐Dihydropyridazines are rapidly converted to the more energetically stable 1,4‐dihydropyridazines by 1,3‐prototropic isomerization. In this study, instead of 1,4‐dihydropyridazines, 4,5‐dihydropyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones were obtained as a result of IEDDA reactions between tetrazines with leaving groups at the 3,6‐positions, and norbornene and barrelene‐derived polycyclic alkenes in the presence of moisture in air or solvent. To show that this new method works not only on strained polycyclic alkenes but also on monocyclic and linear alkenes, the corresponding 4,5‐dihydropyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones were obtained in high yields from the reactions performed with styrene and cyclopentene as well. The chemical structures of the polycyclic 4,5‐dihydropyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones were determined by NMR and HRMS analyses. In addition, the exact structures of the polycyclic 4,5‐dihydropyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones were also experimentally proven by converting them to pyridazine‐3(2H)‐ones known in the literature.
The Effect of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds on the Rotational Barriers of the Biaryl C−C Axis
Authors: Dong Zheng , Ma Xiaoqiang , Yu Yueyang , Gu Xubin , Zhao Depeng
Published: August 2023

Axially chiral compounds are attracting more attention recently. Although hydrogen bonds are reported as a vital weak force that influences the properties of compounds, the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on the atropisomerization of the Caryl−Caryl single bonds has not yet been well quantitatively investigated. Here, a series of axially chiral biaryl compounds were synthesized to study the effect of hydrogen bonds on the rotational barriers of the biaryl C−C axis. Experimental studies demonstrated that the rotational barrier of hydrogen bonding biaryl 9 was significantly lower (46.7 kJ mol−1) than biaryl 10 without hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, theoretical studies revealed that the intramolecular hydrogen bond stabilized the transition state (TS) of tri‐ortho‐substituted biaryl 9, relieving the steric repulsion in the TS. We believe that this study will provide chemists with a deeper understanding of the atropisomerization process of axially chiral biaryl compounds.
Optimization of trommel screen performance in municipal solid waste landfill mining and legacy waste characterization
Authors: Saravanan Gurusamy , Dhinagaran Govindan
Published: August 2023

The disposal of solid waste in dumpsites is getting increased in developing countries due to rapid urbanization. Biomining is an innovative idea to recover valuable resources from legacy waste and usable land from old dumpsites. Various mechanical equipments are employed in the biomining process, out of which the trommel screen plays a major role in sieving the legacy waste into different fractions. Optimization of trommel screen performance in the biomining process is carried out in this project. Feasible operating parameters such as the feed rate of the trommel screen 1 (100 mm) and trommel screen 2 (4 mm) and moisture content of legacy waste were optimized in the Rajapalayam biomining site, Tamil Nadu, India. The characteristics of legacy waste in three different biomining sites, namely, Rajapalayam, Srivilliputhur, and Sivakasi, were analyzed. Results indicate that 9 and 2 m3 h–1 feed rates show more separation efficiency for trommel 1 and 2, respectively. Changing the feed rates to the optimized values is also suggested to get better separating efficiency without compromising the purity and recovery of fractions. The recovery of the underflow fraction is maximum at a moisture content of 1.5% and 5.3% for trommel 1 and trommel 2, respectively. The trommel screen gets clogged for higher and lower values of moisture content so that the recovery of the underflow fraction gets affected. The refuse‐derived fuel (RDF) characteristics meet the standard for reuse in cement kilns, and the bioearth characteristics are not suitable to be used as a soil amendment in its original form due to the unavailability of nutrients such as NPK and elevated C/N ratio.
Pharmacokinetics and Food Effect Between a 100‐mg Sustained‐Release Tablet and a 50‐mg Immediate‐Release Tablet of Vildagliptin in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Yoo Hyounggyoon , Shin Wonsuk , Lee BackHwan , Park JinSoo , Lee Yilseob , Kim Anhye
Published: August 2023

Vildagliptin is one of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors. This study aimed to compare vildagliptin exposure between 50‐mg immediate‐release (IR) and 100‐mg new sustained‐release (SR) tablets, and evaluate the food effect on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of vildagliptin. A randomized, open‐label, 3‐period, 3‐treatment, 6‐sequence crossover study was conducted on healthy subjects. During each period, subjects received the SR tablet either in the fasted (T1) or high‐fat fed (T2) state once a day, or IR tablets administered twice a day in the fasted state (R). Blood samples for PK analysis were obtained serially up to 24 hours after dosing. Thirty‐four subjects completed the study. The geometric mean ratios for the Cmax and AUC0‐24h of T1 to R were 1.15 and 0.89, respectively. The corresponding values of T2 to T1 were 0.94 and 1.07, respectively. Vildagliptin exposure over 24 hours was similar between the SR and IR tablets. In addition, the PK profiles of the SR tablets were not altered by food. The SR tablets can be administered without a food effect and be an alternative option to IR tablets.
A novel bridgeless flying capacitor multilevel rectifier
Authors: Li Yaopu , Cheng Hong , Wang Cong , Zhao Zhihao , Yuan Wei , Wang Jun
Published: August 2023

A novel transformerless three‐phase unidirectional bridgeless flying capacitor (UBFC) rectifier for medium‐voltage and high‐voltage applications is presented in this paper. The rectifier consists of three single‐phase rectifiers in wye connection; the DC outputs of the three single‐phase rectifiers are connected in parallel to provide a high common DC‐link bus, which makes it convenient to connect with neutral point clamped (NPC) or flying capacitor (FC) multilevel inverters. To avoid phase‐to‐phase current circulation, an additional inductor and diode are added to each single‐phase rectifier. Compared with conventional bidirectional multilevel converters, only half IGBTs are used, the voltage stress is lower, and the line‐frequency transformers are no longer required, which makes the proposed rectifier has a series of advantages such as reduced cost, simplified control complexity, increased reliability and improved overall efficiency. The basic operating principle of the proposed rectifier in continuous conduction mode is discussed; an improved carrier‐based level‐shifted pulse‐width modulation (PWM) method integrated with voltage balancing and the double closed‐loop control strategy are proposed to achieve more voltage levels and keep the flying capacitors in balance. The feasibility of the proposed rectifier is verified by the simulation and experimental results.
Nuclear circRNA: Impairing genome stability via circR loops
Authors: Jiao Jiao , Zhang Zhijun
Published: August 2023

Conn et al. have recently reported circRNA: DNA hybrids (circR loops) to promote oncogenic gene translocations and impair genome stability which drive leukemia. Herein, we will summarize potential molecular mechanisms and discuss clinical significance of uncovering circR loops as endogenous RNA carcinogens.
Challenges and priorities for researching the gut microbiota in individuals living with anorexia nervosa
Authors: West Madeline L. , Hart Susan , Loughman Amy , Jacka Felice N. , Staudacher Heidi M. , Abbaspour Afrouz , Phillipou Andrea , Ruusunen Anu , Rocks Tetyana
Published: August 2023

Objective

The gut microbiota is implicated in several symptoms and biological pathways relevant to anorexia nervosa (AN). Investigations into the role of the gut microbiota in AN are growing, with a specific interest in the changes that occur in response to treatment. Findings suggest that microbial species may be associated with some of the symptoms common in AN, such as depression and gastrointestinal disturbances (GID). Therefore, researchers believe the gut microbiota may have therapeutic relevance. Whilst research in this field is rapidly expanding, the unique considerations relevant to conducting gut microbiota research in individuals with AN must be addressed.

Method

We provide an overview of the published literature investigating the relationship between the gut microbiota and symptoms and behaviors present in AN, discuss important challenges in gut microbiota research, and offer recommendations for addressing these. We conclude by summarizing research design priorities for the field to move forward.

Results

Several ways exist to reduce participant burden and accommodate challenges when researching the gut microbiota in individuals with AN.

Discussion

Recommendations from this article are foreseen to encourage scientific rigor and thoughtful protocol planning for microbiota research in AN, including ways to reduce participant burden. Employing such methods will contribute to a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in AN pathophysiology and treatment.

Public Significance

The field of gut microbiota research is rapidly expanding, including the role of the gut microbiota in anorexia nervosa. Thoughtful planning of future research will ensure appropriate data collection for meaningful interpretation while providing a positive experience for the participant. We present current challenges, recommendations for research design and priorities to facilitate the advancement of research in this field.
Crystalline Rhodium‐Tin Complexes with Radical Trianion and Tetraanion Phthalocyanine Ligands: Observation of Nimine(Pc)−Rh Coordination Bond
Authors: Faraonov Maxim A. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Yakushev Ilya A. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Konarev Dmitri V.
Published: August 2023

Crystalline {Cryptand(Na+)}[(COD)RhICl⋅SnII(Pc3−)]−⋅2C6H4Cl2 (1) and {Cryptand(Cs+)}[(COD)RhI⋅SnII(Pc4−)]−⋅C6H5CH3 (2) complexes were obtained via the interaction of [SnII(Pc3−)]− and [SnII(Pc4−)]2−, respectively, with organometallic {(COD)RhCl}2 dimer (COD is 1,5‐cyclooctadiene). Dissociation of {(COD)RhCl}2 followed by the Rh−Sn binding is observed at the formation of 1. Elimination of the chlorine atom at the rhodium atom is observed in 2, and rhodium is additionally coordinated to the imine nitrogen atom of Pc4−. The complexes contain mono‐ Pc⋅3− and doubly reduced Pc4− species, respectively, that is supported by the data of XRD analysis as well as optical and magnetic properties of 1 and 2. There is an alternation of C‐Nimine bonds in the macrocycles, which gradually increases with increasing negative charge on the macrocycle. The difference between shorter and longer bonds increases from 0.051 Å in Pc3− to 0.075 Å in Pc4−. The formation of 1 is accompanied by an essential blue shift of the Q‐band of starting SnPc and the appearance of a new intense band at 1031 nm. The even stronger shift of the Q‐band is observed in the spectrum of 2, but the band in the near‐IR range becomes weaker. The value of effective magnetic moment of 1 is 1.76 μB at 300 K corresponding the contribution of the Pc3− radical trianions (S=1/2). Only weak magnetic coupling with the Weise temperature of −3 K is observed in 1 due to weak π–π interaction between the macrocycles in the chains. Paramagnetic Pc3− species additionally monitored by EPR spectroscopy show a strong temperature dependence of g‐factor and linewidth of the EPR signal. Complex 2 is diamagnetic and EPR silent.
Anti‐obesity effects exerted by Dioscorea opposita Thunb. polysaccharides in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Li Sheng‐Nan , Zhang Dian‐Long , Wang Zhen‐Hui , Song Wen‐Ting , Chen Wen‐Bo , Hu Ge‐Li , Han Lu‐Ying , Zhou Jing‐Chun
Published: August 2023

Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Dioscorea opposita Thunb. is a traditional food and medicine homolog from China. In the present study, polysaccharides isolated from a water extract of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. (DOTPs) were prepared. We showed that DOTPs reduced body weight, accumulation of fat tissues, insulin resistance, and inflammation in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Further experiments showed that DOTPs could regulate the composition of the gut microbiota in HFD mice. DOTPs supplementation in HFD‐fed mice resulted in the reduction of the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio. We further demonstrated that DOTPs supplementation enhanced bacterial levels of Akkermansia and reduced levels of Ruminiclostridium_9. A significant reduction of glycolysis metabolism related to obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis was also observed upon administration of DOTPs. Our results suggest that DOTPs can produce significant anti‐obesity effects, by inhibiting systematic inflammation and ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis in diet‐induced obese mice.
Relationship among Chinese herb polysaccharide (CHP), gut microbiota, and chronic diarrhea and impact of CHP on chronic diarrhea
Authors: Xue Hong , Mei Chun‐Feng , Wang Feng‐Yun , Tang Xu‐Dong
Published: August 2023

Chronic diarrhea, including diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS‐D), osmotic diarrhea, bile acid diarrhea, and antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, is a common problem which is highly associated with disorders of the gut microbiota composition such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and so on. A growing number of studies have supported the view that Chinese herbal formula alleviates the symptoms of diarrhea by modulating the fecal microbiota. Chinese herbal polysaccharides (CHPs) are natural polymers composed of monosaccharides that are widely found in Chinese herbs and function as important active ingredients. Commensal gut microbiota has an extensive capacity to utilize CHPs and play a vital role in degrading polysaccharides into short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Many CHPs, as prebiotics, have an antidiarrheal role to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. This review systematically summarizes the relationship among gut microbiota, chronic diarrhea, and CHPs as well as recent progress on the impacts of CHPs on the gut microbiota and recent advances on the possible role of CHPs in chronic diarrhea.
Changes in flavor substances during the processing of boneless cold‐eating rabbit meat
Authors: Yuan Xianling , Peng Xianjie , Zheng Yidan , Luo Yi , Lin Hongbin , Zhang Zhouyou
Published: August 2023

Cold‐eating rabbit is a traditional Chinese delicacy made by the process of pickling and frying. To explore the relationship between the flavor of cold‐eating rabbit and the production process, this study investigated the changes of nucleotides, free amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile flavor substances in diced, marinated for 10 min, marinated for 20 min, fried for 5 min, re‐fried for 10 min, re‐fried for 15 min, re‐fried for 20 min, seasoned and fried, and in the finished product, and analyzed the changes of flavor substances in deboned rabbit at different processing stages. Results showed that the content of 5′‐inosine monophosphate (IMP) increased significantly (p < .05), indicating that the degradation pathway mainly involved IMP. In total, 17 free amino acids were detected, the contents of which increased significantly (p < .05). In addition, 27 medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acids were detected. The total concentration of free fatty acids decreased in the fresh rabbit meat‐marinated 20 min stage (p < .05), then increased in the fried 5 min–fried 20 min stage (p < .05), and finally decreased in the fried with spices–finished stage (p < .05). Seventy‐seven volatile flavor substances were detected, and the 15‐minute frying stage was key in producing the volatile flavor substances.
The Moral Difference between Faces & FaceTime
Authors: Karches Kyle E.
Published: August 2023

Although the technology for telemedicine existed before the Covid‐19 pandemic, the need to provide medical services while minimizing the risk of contagion has encouraged its more widespread use. I argue that, although telemedicine can be useful in certain situations, physicians should not consider it an adequate substitute for the office visit. I first provide a narrative account of the experience of telemedicine. I then draw on philosophical critiques of technology to examine how telemedicine has epistemic and ethical effects that make some of the goods of medicine unavailable. Telemedicine rules out an embodied encounter between physician and patient, in which the sense of touch has special importance. The individualized attention facilitated by the in‐person visit may better sustain a caring physician‐patient relationship. Physicians should criticize attempts by administrators, insurers, or other parties to incentivize the wholesale replacement of traditional office visits with telemedicine.
Applying Research Domain Criteria to the study of emotion dysregulation in infancy and early childhood
Authors: Brown Mindy A. , Crowell Sheila E. , Conradt Elisabeth
Published: August 2023

Emotion regulation is a principal task of early development. The failure to develop effective emotion regulation skills is associated with behavioural, academic, psychological and socioemotional difficulties. Although researchers have studied emotion regulation for decades, work on emotion dysregulation—defined as the inability to maintain emotional control, engage with the environment or recover from distress in a developmentally appropriate manner—is rare and there are discrepancies in its conceptualisation among very young samples. While some scientists refer to emotion dysregulation as if it were a discrete concept, it may be more accurately depicted as a multidimensional system of developmental processes. The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is a framework that allows researchers to track dysfunction across multiple areas of analysis and may be an ideal system for exploring the multidimensional nature of infant emotion dysregulation. In this paper, we draw on empirical studies to describe how the RDoC framework can be used to support studies of emotion dysregulation in infancy. This proposed model can also serve as a roadmap for future researchers to follow to generate the evidence base for a multidimensional conceptualisation of infant emotion dysregulation and its underlying mechanisms.
The association between indications for cesarean delivery and surgery time
Authors: Gabbai Daniel , Lavie Anat , Yogev Yariv , Attali Emmanuel
Published: August 2023

Objective

We aimed to determine risk factors for prolonged surgery time of cesarean delivery (CD).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary university–affiliated medical center (2011–2022). The study group consisted of all women who underwent CD that lasted >90 min (representing the 95th percentile of CD length in our cohort). Data were compared with CDs with an operation time of <90 min. Demographic, obstetric, and surgical characteristics, as well as indications for surgery and urgency (in labor vs. elective surgery), were compared.

Results

Overall, during the study period, 31 660 CDs were performed in our center. Of them, 1397 (4.4%) lasted >90 min.

After applying a multivariate analysis, abnormal placentation (relative risk [RR] 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3–1.8]), previous uterine scar (RR, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.5–3.0]), general anesthesia (RR, 3.5 [95% CI, 2.9–4.4]) and preterm delivery (RR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.78–2.4]) were found to be associated with prolonged surgical time. CD due to malpresentation (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.46–0.7]), multiple gestations (RR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.6–0.9]), and patient request (RR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.38–0.84]) were found to be protective factors.

Conclusion

The main risk factors associated with additional surgery time in CD are general anesthesia, abnormal placentation, previous uterine scar, and preterm delivery.
Dependence of ghost on the incident light angle into dichroic mirror
Authors: Wang Shuo , Hu Min , Sun Beini , Pang Tian , Zhuang Zhengfei , Chen Tongsheng
Published: August 2023

The dichroic mirror (DM) is a key component in microscope. We found a ghost in the reflection channel of a dual‐channel fluorescence microscope and studied the relationship between the ghost and the incidence angle into the DM. The DM emission surface reflection generated ghost if the is not . We analyzed the distance and intensity relationship between the ghost and the primary image, which is ‐dependent and was demonstrated by imaging live cells and a stage micrometer. The ghost can be eliminated by placing the DM between objective and tube lens, but not between tube lens and detector, ensuring that the incident light into the DM is approximately parallel. Furthermore, the transmitted light of the DM is shifted towards a longer wavelength with increasing . Collectively, microscopists must carefully optimize the when designing a microscope to avoid the ghost.
Firms’ exposure to political risk and financial reporting quality
Authors: Timbate Lukas , Asrat Dereje Ferede
Published: August 2023

We examine the effects of political risk at the firm level on the integrity of financial reports between 2009 and 2019 using a data from U.S. firms. We provide evidence that, as evaluated by quarterly earnings conference call transcripts of companies with analysts that focus on political risk or uncertainty, political risk at the firm level is inversely related to the quality of accounting information. This effect is more likely to happen to firms with a higher agency problem, faster growth, and greater reliance on outside finance. The results persist after controlling macroeconomic variables. Our findings are also robust to alternative financial reporting quality criteria and endogeneity tests, and are economically significant.