bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Transfer Reaction Accompanied by a Structural Change. In the Case of Reaction with [Ru(NH3)5(butyl sulfoxide)]2+ and cis-[Ru(NH3)4(pyridine-4-carboxamide)2]3+
Authors: Sano Mitsuru , Sago Hiromitsu , Tomita Atsuko
Published: June 2006

The oxidation of [Ru(NH3)5(butyl sulfoxide)]2+ by cis-[Ru(NH3)4(pyridine-4-carboxamide)2]3+ has been studied as a case of an electron transfer reaction accompanied by a structural change. Even in an excess of one of the reaction partners, the reaction shows complex kinetic behavior. Treatment of the experimental data points to a mechanism in which the first step is an up-hill electron transfer between the complexes and in which the second step involves isomerization of the unstable sulfoxide complex produced in the first step.
The Architecture of Participation: Does Code Architecture Mitigate Free Riding in the Open Source Development Model?
Authors: Baldwin Carliss Y. , Clark Kim B.
Published: June 2006

This paper argues that the architecture of a codebase is a critical factor that lies at the heart of the open source development process. We define two observable properties of an architecture: (1) modularity and (2) option value. Developers can often make informed judgments about modularity and option value from early, partially implemented code releases. We show that codebases that are more modular or have more option value (1) increase developers’ incentives to join and remain involved in an open source development effort and (2) decrease the amount of free riding in equilibrium. These effects occur because modularity and option value create opportunities for the exchange of valuable work among developers, opportunities that do not exist in codebases that are not modular or have no option value.
Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry
Authors: Bonaccorsi Andrea , Giannangeli Silvia , Rossi Cristina
Published: June 2006

The paper analyzes the strategies of software firms that have entered the open source (OS) field. The notion of the OS business model is discussed in the light of a substantial body of theoretical literature concerning strategic management and the economics of innovation, as well as specialized literature on OS. Empirical evidence based on a survey of 146 Italian software firms shows that firms have adapted to an environment dominated by incumbent standards by combining the offering of proprietary and OS software under different licensing schemes, thus choosing a hybrid business model. The paper examines the determinants of the degree of openness toward OS and discusses the stability of hybrid models in the evolution of the industry.
Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development
Authors: Shah Sonali K.
Published: June 2006

Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures.

In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remains involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: They take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect this evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing hybrid strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.
Fondaparinux for Thromboembolic Treatment and Prophylaxis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Efird Leigh E , Kockler Denise R
Published: June 2006

Objective:

TO review literature evaluating the use of fondaparinux for thromboembolic treatment and prophylaxis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) was conducted using the search terms fondaparinux, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and thrombocytopenia to identify English-language articles. Additional sources were identified from bibliographies of select articles and the manufacturer.

Data Synthesis:

Fondaparinux, a pentasaccharide that selectively inhibits factor Xa, has been reported to have negligible or no cross-reactivity in vitro with HIT antibodies. Thromboembolic treatment and prophylaxis with fondaparinux in patients with HIT has been described. Three cases reported patients who were successfully treated for thromboembolic events with fondaparinux after developing HIT during therapy with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Another report showed positive outcomes using fondaparinux for prophylaxis in a patient who had previously developed HIT after receiving UFH. Moreover, 2 case series, one using fondaparinux for prophylaxis in patients with a previous diagnosis of HIT and the other using fondaparinux for treatment in patients who developed HIT while receiving UFH or LMWH, reported normal platelet counts during fondaparinux treatment. Finally, results of a retrospective review demonstrated that fondaparinux prevented thromboembolic events or recurrent thrombocytopenia in patients with a prior HIT diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Limited data support the use of fondaparinux for thromboembolic treatment or prophylaxis in patients with antibody assay–confirmed HIT who do not have a contraindication for fondaparinux use. Randomized controlled trials have not been published; therefore, questions remain regarding efficacy, safety, optimal doses, treatment duration, and incidence of thromboembolic events when fondaparinux is used in this setting. Prospective trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in this patient population need to be conducted to answer these questions.
The Japanese Pension Reform of 2004: A New Mode of Legislative Process
Authors: Yoshida Kenzo , Guo Yung-Hsing , Cheng Li-Hsuan
Published: June 2006

This article distinguishes between traditional problems in Japanese pension reform associated with level adjustment and new problems caused by structural changes in Japan's society and economy. It is suggested that the combination of these new problems with an emerging bipartisan competition led to a steamrolling mode of legislation seldom seen in past pension reforms.
Functional Representation in Hong Kong's Legislature: Voting Patterns and Political Implications
Authors: Kwok Rowena Y. F.
Published: June 2006

Functional representation was introduced to Hong Kong's legislature in 1985. Voting records show that functional representatives have a proclivity to veto motions that advocate democratic and accountable governance and a fairer socioeconomic order. This essentially blocks the articulation of public aspirations and renders democratization, as well as the stability and harmony of Hong Kong society, ever more uncertain.
The Effects of Repeated Exposure on Liking and Judgments of Musical Unity of Intact and Patchwork Compositions
Authors: Tan Siu-Lan , Spackman Matthew P. , Peaslee Christy L.
Published: June 2006

This study examined the effects of repeated hearings on 74 participants’ responses to two types of musical compositions. Intact compositions consisted of short classical piano solos. Patchwork compositions were created by combining excerpts from three different musical works. The findings showed that listeners’ ratings of unity and liking for intact compositions were initially higher than those for patchwork compositions. With repeated hearings, however, ratings of patchwork compositions increased linearly while ratings of intact compositions showed a general downward trend. After four repeated hearings, ratings of patchwork compositions even exceeded those of the intact compositions. These trends across repeated hearings were contrary to what would be predicted if listeners were focusing on thematic relationships. Implications for Berlyne’s two-factor arousal theory and competing theories are discussed.
Implied Polyphony in the Solo String Works of J. S. Bach: A Case for the Perceptual Relevance of Structural Expression
Authors: Davis Stacey
Published: June 2006

Bach created a sense of counterpoint in his unaccompanied string works by outlining multiple voices within a single instrumental line. In order to better understand the construction and function of this implied polyphony, an analytical system was developed that provides guidelines for determining where transitions between implied voices occur. Two experiments then investigated how implied polyphony affects the perceived aesthetic quality of these pieces. The hypothesis was that Bach used implied polyphony to create “structural expression,” something that would enhance the melody’s appeal without the aid of performer expressivity. Statistical analysis of the results confirmed that passages containing implied polyphony are indeed considered more engaging than those that were recomposed to diminish the sense of counterpoint. Results also suggest, however, that all instances of implied polyphony do not have the same perceptual effect. Listener’s judgments of engagingness were significantly affected when the implied polyphony created simultaneous, linear streams, but not when it created a sense of successive grouping structure.
The Evolution of Mobile DNAs: When Will Transposons Create Phylogenies That Look As If There Is a Master Gene?
Authors: Brookfield John F Y , Johnson Louise J
Published: June 2006

Some families of mammalian interspersed repetitive DNA, such as the Alu SINE sequence, appear to have evolved by the serial replacement of one active sequence with another, consistent with there being a single source of transposition: the “master gene.” Alternative models, in which multiple source sequences are simultaneously active, have been called “transposon models.” Transposon models differ in the proportion of elements that are active and in whether inactivation occurs at the moment of transposition or later. Here we examine the predictions of various types of transposon model regarding the patterns of sequence variation expected at an equilibrium between transposition, inactivation, and deletion. Under the master gene model, all bifurcations in the true tree of elements occur in a single lineage. We show that this property will also hold approximately for transposon models in which most elements are inactive and where at least some of the inactivation events occur after transposition. Such tree shapes are therefore not conclusive evidence for a single source of transposition.
Help‐Seeking in the Norwegian Police Service
Authors: Berg Anne Marie , Hem Erlend , Lau Bj⊘rn , Ekeberg Øivind
Published: June 2006

Help‐Seeking in the Norwegian Police Service: Anne Marie Berg, et al. Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway—A traditional view is that police officers possess negative attitudes toward seeking professional help. However, few empirical studies have investigated help‐seeking behaviour in police services. This study aimed to investigate help‐seeking behaviour, gender differences, and the relationship to self‐reported physical and mental health problems in the Norwegian police service. Comparisons were made with a sample of the general Norwegian population. A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3,272 Norwegian police officers at all hierarchical levels was conducted; measurements included help‐seeking, Subjective Health Complaint questionnaire (SHC), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population, alcohol and medication to cope, self reported health, and sick leave. Female police officers contacted nearly all health professionals more than their male counterparts . Helpseeking was largely unaffected by age. Less than 10% of those reporting anxiety or depressive symptoms or serious suicidal ideation had contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist. A chiropractor had been contacted by 14.5% of the sample during the past year, compared with 7% in the general Norwegian population. Anxiety symptoms were associated with seeking a chiropractor (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7). The strongest association with contacting a psychologist or psychiatrist was medication used to cope (OR 5.8, 95% CI 3.0–11.1). The first nationwide study on help‐seeking behaviour showed that police officers sought help among specialists in private practice, physiotherapists and chiropractors relatively often. However, they contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist rarely, even when reporting serious suicidal ideation.
Health Status of Workers in Small and Medium‐Sized Companies as Compared to Large Companies in Japan
Authors: Yamataki Hajime , Suwazono Yasushi , Okubo Yasushi , Miyamoto Toshiaki , Uetani Mirei , Kobayashi Etsuko , Nogawa Koji
Published: June 2006

Health Status of Workers in Small and Medium‐Sized Companies as Compared to Large Companies in Japan: Hajime Yamataki, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University—The health status of workers in small companies has been noted to be relatively poor, but no actual comparisons of groups of variously sized companies within the same region based on the same methodology have ever been conducted. We undertook this study to clarify differences in health status according to company size. The subjects comprised workers of a Japanese steel company and various subcontractors who received health checkups in 2003. We obtained answers from 83 companies employing 11,844 workers and analyzed the data for 6,480 men aged 40 yr or more, comparing results of the health checkups, health management practices, and number of occupational health personnel according to company size (number of employees). Mean worker age in the various groups ranged from 49.7 to 54.0 yr. Drinking and smoking habits did not differ between them. There was a significant trend to higher prevalences of diabetes and hypertension, and lower prevalences of renal disease and hypercholesterolemia in smaller companies. Mean body mass index and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in companies with 1,000–2,999 workers. Health management practices satisfied the legal requirements of the respective company size. Occupational physicians devoted more time per worker in companies with 1,000–2,999 and 50–299 workers. No consistent differences were apparent between small and large companies in worker health status. Inter‐company activities for occupational safety and health were undertaken and labor regulations almost equally adhered to. Endeavors to maintain a certain level of hygiene and health management play an important role in maintaining worker health in small companies.
Work and Family Life of Childrearing Women Workers in Japan: Comparison of Non‐Regular Employees with Short Working Hours, Non‐Regular Employees with Long Working Hours, and Regular Employees
Authors: Seto Masako , Morimoto Kanehisa , Maruyama Soichiro
Published: June 2006

Work and Family Life of Childrearing Women Workers in Japan: Comparison of Non‐Regular Employees with Short Working Hours, Non‐Regular Employees with Long Working Hours, and Regular Employees: Masako Seto, et al. Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine— This study assessed the working and family life characteristics, and the degree of domestic and work strain of female workers with different employment statuses and weekly working hours who are rearing children. Participants were the mothers of preschoolers in a large Japanese city. We classified the women into three groups according to the hours they worked and their employment conditions. The three groups were: non‐regular employees working less than 30 h a week (n=136); non‐regular employees working 30 h or more per week (n=141); and regular employees working 30 h or more a week (n=184). We compared among the groups the subjective values of work, financial difficulties, childcare and housework burdens, psychological effects, and strains such as work and family strain, work‐family conflict, and work dissatisfaction. Regular employees were more likely to report job pressures and inflexible work schedules and to experience more strain related to work and family than non‐regular employees. Non‐regular employees were more likely to be facing financial difficulties. In particular, non‐regular employees working longer hours tended to encounter socioeconomic difficulties and often lacked support from family and friends. Female workers with children may have different social backgrounds and different stressors according to their working hours and work status.
Plasma Catecholamine Levels and Neurobehavioral Problems in Indian Firefighters
Authors: Ray Manas R. , Basu Chandreyi , Roychoudhury Sanghita , Banik Sampa , Lahiri Twisha
Published: June 2006

Plasma Catecholamine Levels and Neurobehavioral Problems in Indian Firefighters: Manas R. Ray, et al. Experimental Hematology Unit, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, India— Firefighting is a stressful and hazardous job. Persons engaged in firefighting are highly exposed to workrelated stress as well as to smoke containing a host of chemicals potentially harmful to human health. In order to elucidate whether firefighting affects neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of firefighters, plasma catecholamine (CA) levels and the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms in 62 firefighters (all males, mean age 43 yr) and 52 control subjects matched for age and sex were examined in this study. Self‐reported neurobehavioral symptoms data were obtained from a questionnaire survey and personal interview. Concentrations of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in plasma were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Compared with matched controls, the firefighters showed higher prevalence (p<0.05) of neurobehavioral symptoms such as burning sensation in the extremities, tingling and numbness, transient loss of memory, and depression, but no significant difference was recorded in the prevalences of anxiety, vertigo and dizziness. The firefighters demonstrated a more than two‐fold (p<0.05) rise in plasma levels of E and NE, but the plasma DA level was relatively unchanged. Controlling age and smoking as possible confounders, firefighting was found to be associated with raised E (OR=2.15; 95% CI, 0.98– 4.52), and NE levels (OR=2.24 95% CI, 1.22–3.61). In conclusion, the job of firefighting appears to be associated with stimulation of sympathetic activity and a rise in the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms.
Factors Related to the Prevalence of Respiratory Symptoms in Workers in a Petrochemical Complex
Authors: Park Jong , Lee Chul‐Gab , Ryu So‐Yeon
Published: June 2006

Factors Related to the Prevalence of Respiratory Symptoms in Workers in a Petrochemical Complex: Jong Park, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Korea—This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in workers in a petrochemical complex and to elucidate the relationship between the prevalence and work‐related factors. A questionnaire was distributed to 5,983 male workers working in a petrochemical complex. As for the respiratory symptoms, cough was present in 2.4%, phlegm in 8.1%, wheezing in 2.8% and shortness of breath in 4.7% of the workers. The factors significantly related to respiratory symptoms were smoking history, wearing of protective devices, handling of substances toxic to the respiratory system, and history of atopy or respiratory disease (p<0.05). The substances toxic to the respiratory system were divided into 4 types, ie., dusts, solvents, metals, and vapors. When the analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of exposure to substance type on respiratory symptoms, the odds ratio of cough was 1.96 times higher in those workers exposed to dusts compared with those not exposed, 2.28 times for exposure to metals, 1.52 times for solvents, and 1.55 times for vapors, all showing significant differences (p<0.05). For phlegm, the odds ratio was 1.08 times higher in those workers exposed to dusts compared with those not exposed, 1.94 times for exposure to metals, 1.70 times for organic solvents, and 1.85 for vapors (p<0.05). For wheezing, the odds ratio was 2.38 times for exposure to dusts; for shortness of breath, it was 2.42 times for exposure to dusts, 2.89 times for metals, 2.10 times for organic solvents, and 2.14 times for vapors, all showing significant differences (p<0.05). In conclusion, work‐related factors significantly affected the respiratory symptoms in workers working in the petrochemical complex. Especially, these respiratory symptoms were significantly related to exposure to toxic substances and the wearing of protective devices. Thus, safety education and management are needed for these workers.
Environmental Controls of UV‐B Radiation in Forested Streams of Northern Michigan
Authors: Frost Paul C. , Mack Alyson , Larson James H. , Bridgham Scott D. , Lamberti Gary A.
Published: June 2006

We examined UV‐B radiation flux and its environmental control within and among streams of northern Michigan. UV‐B flux was estimated in streams by plastic dosimetry strips, which allow for the simultaneous and repeated in situ measurement of solar radiation. During the summer of 2004, UV‐B flux was measured across depth gradients and along longitudinal transects in seven streams, which were chosen to encompass a range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and canopy cover. Attenuation coefficients of UV‐B (Kd UV‐B) were estimated using plastic dosimeters placed along a depth gradient. Kd UV‐B were positively correlated with DOC concentration and similar to values obtained with laboratory and in situ spectrometry. Along 100 m longitudinal transects, UV‐B flux varied along all streams regardless of their canopy cover and DOC concentration. Within‐stream fluxes of UV‐B were correlated to canopy cover in the only two streams that both had relatively low DOC concentration and variable canopy cover. Large differences were found among streams in the average UV‐B flux (corrected for incident solar flux) reaching the dosimeters at 5 cm depth. These among‐stream differences were largely accounted for by the stream width, canopy cover, and DOC concentration. Our results illustrate an inherent variability in UV‐B flux within and among streams of northern Michigan that is strongly tied to the interactions of DOC concentration, stream size and riparian vegetation.
Light‐driven Hydrogen Production by a Hybrid Complex of a [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase and the Cyanobacterial Photosystem I
Authors: Ihara Masaki , Nishihara Hirofumi , Yoon Ki‐Seok , Lenz Oliver , Friedrich Bärbel , Nakamoto Hitoshi , Kojima Kouji , Honma Daisuke , Kamachi Toshiaki , Okura Ichiro
Published: June 2006

In order to generate renewable and clean fuels, increasing efforts are focused on the exploitation of photosynthetic microorganisms for the production of molecular hydrogen from water and light. In this study we engineered a ‘hard‐wired’ protein complex consisting of a hydrogenase and photosystem I (hydrogenase‐PSI complex) as a direct light‐to‐hydrogen conversion system. The key component was an artificial fusion protein composed of the membrane‐bound [NiFe] hydrogenase from the β‐proteobacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 and the peripheral PSI subunit PsaE of the cyanobacterium Thermosy‐nechococcus elongatus. The resulting hydrogenase‐PsaE fusion protein associated with PsaE‐free PSI spontaneously, thereby forming a hydrogenase‐PSI complex as confirmed by sucrosegradient ultracentrifuge and immunoblot analysis. The hydrogenase‐PSI complex displayed light‐driven hydrogen production at a rate of 0.58 μmol H2· mg chlorophyll−1· h−1. The complex maintained its accessibility to the native electron acceptor ferredoxin. This study provides the first example of a light‐driven enzymatic reaction by an artificial complex between a redox enzyme and photosystem I and represents an important step on the way to design a photosynthetic organism that efficiently converts solar energy and water into hydrogen.
The value of human papillomavirus testing
Authors: Kitchener Henry C
Published: June 2006

Exfoliative cervical cytology has endured for 50 years and has been proven to reduce deaths from cervical cancer. Despite this, it lacks sensitivity and is also labour intensive. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to be a more sensitive test for detection of underlying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Because HPV is a necessary event in cervical carcinogenesis HPV testing has a very high negative predictive value, which is a valuable attribute in a diagnostic test. Three settings have been investigated: triage for low‐grade cervical cytology, follow‐up after treatment of CIN and primary cervical screening. The evidence for HPV testing is presented and an assessment of how it may develop in the UK.
Nonsurgical diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Sau Ashis , Hamilton‐Fairley Diana
Published: June 2006

Laparoscopy is not mandatory for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, which can be diagnosed by the use of transvaginal scan together with colour Doppler and estimation of quantitative β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG). The role of expectant management in ectopic pregnancy is limited. Spontaneous resolution occurs only in selected groups of women typically with an unruptured ectopic pregnancy and an initial β‐hCG of <1o00 miu/ml, which is declining. Measurement of serum progesterone levels may be helpful in identifying this group. Systemic methotrexate administration is a promising treatment in patients with early and unruptured ectopic pregnancy. It preserves fertility with no morbidity of surgery.
Life without menstruation
Authors: Blanchard Kelly
Published: June 2006

Eliminating menstruation could improve the quality of life for many women. Menstruation may be accompanied by debilitating pain and is costly to women and society. Contraceptives, including the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC), can be used to avoid menstruation if a woman so wishes. Research on extended COC regimens resulting in only three periods annually is underway and the US FDA is reviewing a dedicated extended regimen product. Eliminating menstruation may have important health benefits and health care providers should give their female patients information about the potential for eliminating menstruation. Monthly periods should be a woman's choice, not her ‘curse’.
Human parvovirus B19 infection and pregnancy
Authors: Ismail Khaled MK , Kilby Mark D
Published: June 2006

It is estimated that human parvovirus B19 infection affects 1600‐2200 pregnant mothers each year in England and Wales. Vertical (transplacental) transmission occurs in approximately one‐third of these maternal infections. In contrast to the relatively mild clinical effects of human parvovirus B19 in the mother, fetal infection via haematogenous transplacental spread can be severe and sometimes fatal. The infection causes a wide range of clinical syndromes. These varying clinical presentations are described, with the aim of increasing the diagnostic awareness of readers of possible exposures to human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and providing an up‐to‐date management protocol.
Vaginoplasty
Authors: Minto Catherine L , Creighton Sarah M
Published: June 2006

Surgery to create a vagina has been performed for several hundred years and many techniques are currently in use including the nonsurgical method of dilatation. New laparoscopic techniques may soon replace the more traditional surgery, however none has been fully evaluated in terms of anatomical, sexual or psychological outcomes or risk of complications. This review describes the conditions where vaginoplasty is indicated and the current techniques used for vaginal enlargement including vaginal dilatation. Brief summaries of the literature on outcomes and discussion of the current controversies over vaginoplasty indications and timing are included.
Familial screening for gynaecological and breast cancer
Authors: Eccles Diana M
Published: June 2006

This article covers basic principles of cancer genetics including carcinogenesis and genetic susceptibility and taking and interpreting a family history of cancer. The main emphasis is on common situations where a family history of ovarian, breast or endometrial cancer has practical implications for patients and several illustrative examples of family pedigrees are used to help clarify key points. Genes that are known to confer a high risk of certain types of cancer are discussed.
Taxonomy of Tepary Bean and Wild Relatives as Determined by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers
Authors: Muñoz L. Carmenza , Duque Myriam C. , Debouck Daniel G. , Blair Matthew W.
Published: June 2006

Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifoliusA. Gray), a low‐rainfall crop from the Sonoran desert, is thought to have low diversity; however, its relationship to its wild relatives is poorly understood. In this study, a total of 147 accessions were evaluated by means of AFLP markers to (i) establish the taxonomic relationships within and between theAcutifoliiand other sections and (ii) to understand tepary bean domestication. The structure among the 10 species analyzed corresponded to currently recognized sections:Phaseolus glabelusandPhaseolus lunatusL. were equally distant from thephaseoliandcoccineisections and therugosisection includedPhaseolus angustissimus,Phaseolus carteriandPhaseolus filiformisWe also compared the gene pool differences for common (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and lima bean (P. lunatus) with differences observed within theAcutifoliisection. The wild relative,Phaseolus parvifoliuspersistently separated from the bulk of both cultivated and wild tepary, validating its status as a separate species; while within the wild accessions, there was no obvious grouping along the foliar variants. On the basis of our results, one of two Mexican states, Sinaloa or Jalisco, could have been the domestication center, although the hypothesis of multiple domestication events cannot be discarded. Furthermore, domesticated tepary bean was most likely derived from wild genotypes of var.acutifoliusrather than genotypes of var.tenuifolius
Allelopathic Potential of Winter Cereal Cover Crop Mulches on Grass Weed Suppression and Sugarbeet Development
Authors: Dhima K. V. , Vasilakoglou I. B. , Eleftherohorinos I. G. , Lithourgidis A. S.
Published: June 2006

Winter cereals are increasingly adopted for their use as cover crops in several cropping systems. This study was conducted to measure the effect of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and six triticale (×Triticosecale) cultivars and three rye (Secale cereale L.) populations, used as cover crops, on the emergence and growth of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) P. Beauv.], bristly foxtail [Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). Also, bioassay studies were conducted to assess allelopathic potential of the winter cereal extracts on large crabgrass and sugarbeet. Large crabgrass and sugarbeet growth were reduced more by rye extracts than by triticale or barley. In the field, barnyardgrass, bristly foxtail, and large crabgrass emergence in mulched plots was 39 to 69%, 0 to 34%, and 0 to 78% lower, respectively, as compared with that in mulch‐free plots. Sugarbeet yield in no‐herbicide and herbicide subplots mulched with barley or rye was greater than that of triticale or mulch‐free subplots. In particular, sugar yield in no‐herbicide subplots mulched with ‘Athinaida’ barley or rye from Albania were about 7 and 26% less, respectively, than those obtained in the respective herbicide‐treated subplots. These results suggest that Athinaida barley and the rye from Albania could be used as cover crops for annual grass weed suppression in sugarbeet.
Microsatellite Markers Associated with a Secondary Stem Solidness Locus in Wheat
Authors: Lanning S. P. , Fox P. , Elser J. , Martin J. M. , Blake N. K. , Talbert L. E.
Published: June 2006

Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., genotypes with pith‐filled, or solid, stems impede the development of the wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus N., and thus provide a measure of control. A high degree of solidness confers the greatest level of resistance to the sawfly. A previous study allowed identification of a major gene on chromosome 3B of wheat that controlled 75% of the variation for solidness in a hollow‐stemmed by solid‐stemmed cross. Stems of lines containing the allele for solidness often were of an intermediate solidness that would not confer sufficient resistance to the sawfly. To identify secondary genes, we conducted a cross between a solid‐stemmed line and a line with intermediate solidness. A set of 94 recombinant inbred lines were analyzed for stem solidness and agronomic traits in four environments. Bulk segregant analysis was used to screen 149 polymorphic microsatellite markers. A locus on chromosome 3D, designated Qss.msub‐3DL, was identified that controlled 31% of the variation for solidness in this cross. No negative correlation was observed with yield in any environment. Selection for the solid stem alleles on chromosomes 3B and 3D using marker‐assisted selection will be useful for rapid development of new solid‐stemmed genotypes.
A Selection Index Method Based on Eigenanalysis
Authors: Cerón‐Rojas J. Jesús , Crossa José , Sahagún‐Castellanos Jaime , Castillo‐González Fernando , Santacruz‐Varela Amalio
Published: June 2006

In plant breeding, selection indices (SI) help select the best individuals for the next breeding cycle on the basis of observed phenotypic values for several traits of each candidate individual. Selection indices, as originally defined by Smith (1936), assign subjective economic weights to each trait and are relatively simple to analyze. Their disadvantages are that they require large amounts of information; economic weights are difficult to assign; sampling error can be large; and the statistical sampling properties of SI of the selection response are unknown except in the case of two traits. The objective of this study is to propose and use an SI based on the eigenanalysis method (ESIM), in which the first eigenvector is used as the SI criterion and its elements determine the proportion of the trait that contributes to the SI and are used in the selection response. ESIM does not require assigning economic weights or estimates of the genotypic covariance matrix. Statistical properties of the estimators of ESIM and its response to selection are described. It is shown how ESIM estimates selection gains between selection cycles. A predictive function of the ESIM selection response in future selection cycles is proposed. Three data sets are used to show the properties of ESIM.
QTL Mapping for Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination Resistance in Two Maize Populations
Authors: Robertson‐Hoyt Leilani A. , Jines Michael P. , Balint‐Kurti Peter J. , Kleinschmidt Craig E. , White Don G. , Payne Gary A. , Maragos Chris M. , Molnár Terence L. , Holland James B.
Published: June 2006

Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis) and F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: G. intermedia) are fungal pathogens of maize (Zea mays L.) that cause ear rot and contaminate grain with fumonisins, mycotoxins that can harm animals and humans. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination in two maize populations, comprised of 213 BC1F1:2 families from the first backcross of GE440 to FR1064 (GEFR) and 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross of NC300 to B104 (NCB). QTL mapping was used to study the genetic relationships between resistances to ear rot and fumonisin contamination and to investigate consistency of QTL across populations. In the GEFR population, seven QTL explained 47% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and nine QTL with one epistatic interaction explained 67% of the variation for mean fumonisin concentration. In the NCB population, five QTL explained 31% of the phenotypic variation for mean ear rot resistance and six QTL and three epistatic interactions explained 81% of the phenotypic variation for mean fumonisin concentration. Eight QTL in the GEFR population and five QTL in the NCB population affected both disease traits. At least three ear rot and two fumonisin contamination resistance QTL mapped to similar positions in the two populations. Two QTL, localized to chromosomes four and five, appeared to be consistent for both traits across both populations.
Lack of Emotional Support from Parents Early in Life and Alcohol Abuse Later in Life
Authors: Shaw Benjamin A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between lacking emotional support from parents early in life and adult alcohol abuse. A series of logistic regression models were run with data collected from a nationally representative sample of over 2,500 adults ages 25–74. The findings reveal a linear relationship between level of deficiency in early maternal support and odds of alcohol abuse during adulthood, with even moderate deficiencies being associated with elevated risk. Further examination suggests that this association persists throughout adulthood. This association does not appear to be explained by the early initiation of alcohol use, but poor psychological well-being during adulthood does account for a large portion of this association. These findings expand our understanding of the risks associated with poor parental support during childhood, and underscore the importance of adopting a life course perspective in studying the social determinants of alcohol problems among adults.
Effects of Social Support and Coping of Family Caregivers of Older Adults with Dementia in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chiung-Yu , Musil Carol M. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Wykle May L.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of demographic characteristics, contextual factors, social support, and coping on health outcomes of family caregivers of older adults with dementia in Taiwan. This study also examined caregiving stress and whether support moderated the effects of caregiver stress on health. Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) Stress model guided this study. The descriptive cross-sectional study included subjects who were primary family caregivers of older adults with dementia from two settings in southern Taiwan. A convenience sample of 148 participants was interviewed. Data analysis consisted of Pearson's correlations, and simple and multiple regression analysis. Findings indicated that younger caregivers, those with paid assistants, and those with longer duration of caregiving had better health. Females with lower income and without assistants had more depressive symptoms. In addition, moderating effects of social support were supported. The results from this study provided a basis for developing interventions to minimize negative impacts on caregivers.
Rhythmic Movement and Public School Music Education: Conservative and Progressive Views of the Formative Years
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: June 2006

The infusion of rhythmic movement into elementary music programs was a gradual process extending from the late 19th century through the third decade of the 20th century, Changing educational philosophies caused the shift from traditional curricular goals focused on singing and note-reading to the more progressive view of rhythmic movement as an avenue for the total development of the physical, social, cultural, and expressive needs of the child, A growing awareness of the eurhythmies techniques of faques-Dalcroze as well as the acceptance of John Dewey's child-centered curriculum persuaded music educators of the progressive New School (a group of philosophers whose aim was the achievement of educational aims through social activism) to develop practices for a comprehensive elementary curriculum of free and creative rhythmic expression. While conservative thinkers, including T. P. Giddings, Will Earhart, Carl E. Seashore, and Jacob Kwalwasser, upheld rhythm as a inherited trait, unalterable through training Charles H, Farnsworth, Karl K. Gehrkens, Mabelle Glenn, and James L. Mursell promoted its cause and tailored curricular materials for its eventual inclusion as a key component in the elementary music curriculum.
Design and Trial of a Computer-Assisted Lesson in Rhythm
Authors: Placek Robert W.
Published: June 2006

For this study, a computer-assisted lesson for teaching selected behaviors that are related to the area of rhythm perception was designed and programed for students majoring in elementary education. The lesson's effects on students were then determined by testing the lesson with subjects from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The investigator used the computer-based Education Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois to design and program the lesson, set it into operational form, and test it. The TUTOR language and PLATO III system were used, consisting of a keyset, cathode-ray tube, and random-access slide selector. Also used was a random-access audio device designed for the PLATO IV.

Two program objectives were stated for the CAI lesson, called RHYTHM: (1) The student can demonstrate a knowledge of the function of basic rhythmic notation, and (2) the student can demonstrate a knowledge of the relation of rhythmic notation to aural rhythmic patterns. During the two-week experimental program, data were collected by the computer and printed out, then analyzed and reported. The data included: (1) total time spent and amount of program covered, (2) amount of time on each main routine, (3) number of tries and OK or NO responses from the computer, and (4) special keys pressed within an exercise problem. At the end of each lesson session, the investigator interviewed individual students to find out their opinions of the enjoyable and frustrating aspects of the CAI lesson. Participating students generally felt that the lesson was enjoyable and valuable. They especially valued PLATO'S ability to feedback and to define a task, demand input, and quickly judge input. As a whole, students felt they had learned the basic behaviors related to notation encountered in the lesson. Most students felt that certain messages of the audio output were transmitted poorly.
Predicting Success in Beginning Instrumental Music Through Use of Selected Tests
Authors: Hufstader Ronald A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using several different variables as predictors of success in beginning instrumental music. The variables were: tests of musical aptitude, academic achievement, intelligence, and psychomotor skills measured by a tapping board, a tachistoscope, a visual choice reaction timer, and a rotary pursuit apparatus. A discriminant function analysis was used to analyze the data. All variables were found to make a unique contribution to the prediction of success in beginning instrumental music.
Increased Difficulty of Pitch Identification and Electroencephalographic Desynchronization
Authors: Wang Cecilia Chu , Marple Hugo D. , Carlson Richard H.
Published: June 2006

EEG waves were recorded while subjects were to remember a given reference tone and later identify it as a part of a series of neighboring pitches. Each of the four reference tones was surrounded by pitches of increasingly smaller intervallic range. The results indicated a slightly greater amount of alpha desynchronization during discrimination of pitches at the two more difficult levels.
Effect of Melodic Rhythm on Elementary Students' and College Undergraduates' Perceptions of Relative Tempo
Authors: Duke Robert A.
Published: June 2006

The present study examined the effect of melodic rhythm on the perception of tempo in music. Three hundred fourth graders ( n = 100), fifth graders ( n = 100), and undergraduate nonmusic majors ( n = 100) heard 36 pairs of brief musical examples and indicated whether the second example in each pair was “faster,” “slower,” or “neither faster nor slower” than the first example in the pair. Musical excerpts were four variations of a chaconne theme in which the upper voices moved in quarter-note, eighth-note, eighth-note triplet, or sixteenth-note values. Each variation was scored in four voices and presented via microcomputer at two different tempi: MM = 100 and MM = 112. The perception of relative tempo was significantly affected by melodic rhythm ( p < .001), which indicates that subjects responded to the melodic rhythm as well as the beat when making tempo judgments. The results seem important in relation to perception, performance, and the teaching of music to young children.
Institutional Factors and Job Turnover Among Music Administrators at the College Level
Authors: Cornelius Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to discover relationships that may exist between institutional factors and the job turnover rate of chief music administrators. Data were gathered by means of a questionnaire that was distributed to all full-member schools of NASM. The data were subjected to chi-square analysis by computer through use of SPSS. Significant results were revealed in three instances: administrator turnover and the presence of reorganization of the music unit, administrator length of service and. the presence of reorganization of the music unit, and administrator length of service and the presence of reduction of nonacademic music staff. Analysis also revealed that 77.0% of the respondents were serving in their first positions as chief music administrator and that only 13.5% of those surveyed had served previously in that role during the period of the study, thereby raising questions regarding the existence of a career path in college-level music administration.
Sequential Patterns of Instruction in Music
Authors: Yarbrough Cornelia , Price Harry E.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine extant research in effective teaching and to determine the extent to which results were being applied in music teaching. Rehearsals ( N = 79) were analyzed to determine time spent in and correct sequencing of presentation of task, student responses, and reinforcement. Results demonstrated that (a) time spent in presenting musical information and appropriate reinforcement was about one-fourth of total rehearsal time, (b) an almost equal amount of time was spent giving directions as compared to musical information, (c) almost half the rehearsal time was devoted to performance, and (d) experienced teachers were highly disapproving of student responses, whereas preparatory teachers were highly approving.
Effects of Tape-Recorded Aural Models on Sight-Reading and Performance Skills
Authors: Anderson James N.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using tape-recorded aural models for home practice on selected sight-reading and performance skills of sixth-grade clarinet students. The experimental design was a pretest-posttest control-group design with an additional posttest measure. It was predicted that students in the experimental group would do significantly better than students in the control group with regard to pitch reading, rhythm reading, tempo accuracy, and intonation accuracy as measured by the sight-reading and performance tests. It was also projected that students in the experimental group would complete more music exercises during the study than students in the control group. The statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between the experimental and control groups with regard to either the skills measured or the number of music exercises completed during the study. These results appear to indicate that tape-recorded aural models used in this study had no observed effect on the selected music skills.