bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relating Complex Fluid Composition and Thermophysical Properties with the Advanced Distillation Curve Approach
Authors: Bruno T. J. , Ott L. S. , Lovestead T. M. , Huber M. L.
Published: February 2010

Complex fluids have long posed a significant challenge in our ability to characterize and model fluid properties. Here, we consider complex fluids to be mixtures with many components that can differ significantly in polarity and polarizability. The penultimate complex fluid is crude oil, although many other fluids such as finished fuels are also highly complex. We have recently introduced a measurement strategy that can simplify these efforts and provides the added potential of linking chemical composition (i.e. analytical) information with physical property information. In addition to chemical characterization, the approach provides the ability to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for such complex heterogeneous streams. The technique is based on the advanced distillation curve (ADC) metrology, which separates a complex fluid by distillation into fractions that are sampled, and for which thermodynamically consistent temperatures are measured at atmospheric pressure. The collected sample fractions can be analyzed by any method that is appropriate. Analytical methods we have applied include gas chromatography (with flame ionization, mass spectrometric and sulfur chemiluminescence detection), thin‐layer chromatography, FTIR, Karl Fischer coulombic titrimetry, refractometry, corrosivity analysis, neutron activation analysis and cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. We have applied this method on product streams such as finished fuels (gasoline, diesel fuels, aviation fuels, rocket propellants), crude oils (including a crude oil made from swine manure) and waste oil streams (used automotive and transformer oils). In this review, we describe the essential features of the ADC metrology with illustrative examples.
Electronic Structure and Reactivity of a [1],[1]Disilamolybdenocenophane
Authors: Arnold Thomas , Braunschweig Holger , Gross Manuela , Kaupp Martin , Müller Robert , Radacki Krzysztof
Published: February 2010

The electronic structure of the two‐fold bridged [1],[1]disilamolybdenocenophane has been analyzed by means of density functional theory. As predicted, the relatively high charge at the metal center and, in particular, the highly strained geometry determine a noticeable reactivity towards unsaturated organic substrates. Thus, treatment with the nonpolar reagents 2‐butyne and azobenzene leads to side‐on coordination of the substrate to the metal center, whereas the reaction with polartert‐butylisonitrile gives a highly unusual structural motif in the form of anansa‐carbene.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Activation of Cyclobutanols: Formation of Cyclohexane Derivatives with Quaternary Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Seiser Tobias , Cramer Nicolai
Published: February 2010

The activation of carbon–carbon σ bonds is a complementary method to access uncommon and difficult‐to‐prepare organometallic species. Herein, we describe the activation of tert‐cyclobutanols through an enantioselective insertion of a chiral rhodium(I) complex into the CC σ bond of the cyclobutane, forming a quaternary stereogenic center and an alkyl‐rhodium functionality that initiates ring‐closure reactions. This technology provides access to a variety of substituted cyclohexane derivatives with quaternary stereogenic centers. The formation of different product families can be controlled by the employed set of reaction conditions and additives. In general, high yields and excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee are obtained.
Untersuchungen zur Zytotoxizität von photokatalytisch aktiven Titandioxid‐Nanopartikeln
Authors: Kasper C. , Bloh J. Z. , Wagner S. , Bahnemann D. W. , Scheper T.
Published: February 2010

Nanopartikel aus Titandioxid können unter Absorption von UV‐Strahlung reaktive Radikale bilden, die in der Lage sind, viele organische Substanzen abzubauen. Diese Eigenschaft bietet zahlreiche industrielle Anwendungen, birgt aber auch das Risiko schädlicher Auswirkungen auf lebende Organismen. Untersucht wurde die Zytotoxizität von fünf unterschiedlichen Titandioxid‐Nanopartikeln auf vier verschiedene Säugerzelllinien. Außerdem wurden die Zellen während der Untersuchungen mit UV‐Strahlung behandelt, um den Einfluss der photokatalytischen Aktivität auf die Zytotoxizität zu untersuchen.
Untersuchung zum Ausströmverhalten aus geschlitzten Rohren
Authors: Urbaneck T. , Held A. , Platzer B.
Published: February 2010

Für zahlreiche Aufgaben in der Chemie‐ und Verfahrenstechnik ist es notwendig, Behälter oder Speicher mit Fluiden zu beladen. Dabei erfordern verschiedene Prozesse, dass die Beladung räumlich gleichmäßig abläuft. Eine Möglichkeit, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, besteht darin, Rohrsysteme zur Beladung einzusetzen, die eine definierte Anzahl an äquidistanten Ausströmöffnungen besitzen, über die das Fluid in den Behälter strömt. Für die konstruktive Gestaltung solcher Systeme stellt sich die Frage, unter welchen Geometrie‐ und Betriebseigenschaften das Ausströmen aus den Öffnungen entlang des Rohres gleichmäßig erfolgt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt anhand eines Beispiels aus der thermischen Energiespeichertechnik, wie das Ausströmverhalten aus geschlitzten Rohren mit Widerstandsbeiwerten berechnet (einfacher Ansatz mit analytischen Gleichungen) und mit numerischer Strömungssimulation (aufwendiger Ansatz) simuliert werden kann. Weiterhin erfolgen die Darstellung und der Vergleich der Ergebnisse beider Ansätze für verschiedene Geometrie‐ und Betriebsparameter.
Fallstudie zur Vorausberechnung Henryscher Koeffizienten
Authors: Franke R. , Jung S. , Hannebauer B.
Published: February 2010

Gaslöslichkeiten gehören zu den Stoffdaten, die grundlegend für eine Vielzahl chemisch‐technischer Einsatzfelder sind. Sie stellen beispielsweise die Stoffdatenbasis für Absorptionsprozesse dar und sind wichtig bei der Auslegung von Gas/Flüssig‐Reaktoren. In dieser Arbeit werden Henrysche Koeffizienten als Maß für die Gaslöslichkeit mit einer Reihe von in der industriellen Praxis eingesetzten Rechenansätzen bestimmt und mit experimentell ermittelten Zahlenwerten verglichen. Untersuchungsgegenstand sind temperaturvariierte Werte für Kohlenwasserstoff/Alkohol‐Systeme. Von den eingesetzten Methoden zeigen Predictive Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong (PSRK), Universal Quasichemical Functional Group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC(Do)) und Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO‐RS) die höchste Vorhersagegüte.
Untersuchung verschiedener Stromführungen zur Nitrierung von Benzol im Kapillarreaktor
Authors: Ufer A. , Janßen‐Weetz S. , Agar D. W. , Rodermund K.
Published: February 2010

Anhand der Nitrierung von Benzol wird die Steigerung von Umsatz und Selektivität in mehreren Mikroreaktorstufen mit unterschiedlicher Konzentrationsführung untersucht. Im Gegenstrom wird im Vergleich zum Gleichstrom ein höherer Umsatz des Benzols bei stöchiometrischem Verhältnis erzielt. Durch Verschaltung der Nitriersäure im Kreuzstrom wird eine erhebliche Verminderung der Dinitrobenzole beobachtet.
Multiscale agent‐based consumer market modeling
Authors: North Michael J. , Macal Charles M. , Aubin James St. , Thimmapuram Prakash , Bragen Mark , Hahn June , Karr James , Brigham Nancy , Lacy Mark E. , Hampton Delaine
Published: February 2010

Consumer markets have been studied in great depth, and many techniques have been used to represent them. These have included regression‐based models, logit models, and theoretical market‐level models, such as the NBD‐Dirichlet approach. Although many important contributions and insights have resulted from studies that relied on these models, there is still a need for a model that could more holistically represent the interdependencies of the decisions made by consumers, retailers, and manufacturers. When the need is for a model that could be used repeatedly over time to support decisions in an industrial setting, it is particularly critical. Although some existing methods can, in principle, represent such complex interdependencies, their capabilities might be outstripped if they had to be used for industrial applications, because of the details this type of modeling requires. However, a complementary method—agent‐based modeling—shows promise for addressing these issues. Agent‐based models use business‐driven rules for individuals (e.g., individual consumer rules for buying items, individual retailer rules for stocking items, or individual firm rules for advertizing items) to determine holistic, system‐level outcomes (e.g., to determine if brand X's market share is increasing). We applied agent‐based modeling to develop a multi‐scale consumer market model. We then conducted calibration, verification, and validation tests of this model. The model was successfully applied by Procter & Gamble to several challenging business problems. In these situations, it directly influenced managerial decision making and produced substantial cost savings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Language networks: Their structure, function, and evolution
Authors: Solé Ricard V. , Corominas‐Murtra Bernat , Valverde Sergi , Steels Luc
Published: February 2010

Human language is the key evolutionary innovation that makes humans different from other species. And yet, the fabric of language is tangled and all levels of description (from semantics to syntax) involve multiple layers of complexity. Recent work indicates that the global traits displayed by such levels can be analyzed in terms of networks of connected words. Here, we review the state of the art on language webs and their potential relevance to cognitive science. The emergence of syntax through language acquisition is used as a case study to illustrate how the approach can shed light into relevant questions concerning language organization and its evolution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Study of the Socratic method during cognitive restructuring
Authors: Froján‐Parga María Xesús , Calero‐Elvira Ana , Montaño‐Fidalgo Montserrat
Published: February 2010

Cognitive restructuring, in particular in the form of the Socratic method, is widely used by clinicians. However, little research has been published with respect to underlying processes, which has hindered well‐accepted explanations of its effectiveness. The aim of this study is to present a new method of analysis of the Socratic method during cognitive restructuring based on the observation of the therapist's verbal behaviour. Using recordings from clinical sessions, 18 sequences were selected in which the Socratic method was applied by six cognitive–behavioural therapists working at a private clinical centre in Madrid. The recordings involved eight patients requiring therapy for various psychological problems. Observations were coded using a category system designed by the authors and that classifies the therapist's verbal behaviour into seven hypothesized functions based on basic behavioural operations. We used the Observer XT software to code the observed sequences. The results are summarized through a preliminary model which considers three different phases of the Socratic method and some functions of the therapist's verbal behaviour in each of these phases: discriminative and reinforcement functions in the starting phase, informative and motivational functions in the course of the debate, and instructional and reinforcement functions in the final phase. We discuss the long‐term potential clinical benefits of the current proposal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• This article highlights the relevance for clinicians to reflect on the mechanisms that explain the patient's change during therapy, to improve their professional practice.

• It also highlights the importance of not using circular explanations to account for change.

• This article proposes an alternative to the traditional explanation about the mechanisms that would explain change when the Socratic method is applied.

• Additionally, it presents a preliminary descriptive model of the application of this therapeutic procedure emphasizing the hypothesized functions of therapist's verbal behaviour in each phase.

• Finally, this work helps the clinician to understand cognitive change through change in the patient's verbalizations.
Contamination and harm relevant UCS‐expectancy bias in spider phobic individuals: influence of treatment
Authors: van Overveld Mark , de Jong Peter J. , Huijding Jorg , Peters Madelon L.
Published: February 2010

Phobic individuals expect aversive UCS's following encounters with phobic stimuli. Previous research using a thought‐experiment procedure showed that contamination rather than harm‐related outcome expectancies differentiated best between high and low spider fearful undergraduates. This study investigated the alleged role of these UCS‐expectancy biases in the maintenance of phobic complaints. First, this study sought to replicate these earlier findings in a community sample of high spider fearful individuals who applied for treatment (n = 60) and a sample of low spider fear controls (n = 30). Second, the present study tested if UCS‐expectancies disappear following successful treatment and whether there were any differences between harm and contamination‐related UCS expectancies in this respect. If contamination‐ and/or harm‐related UCS‐expectancy biases play a critical role in the maintenance of spider fear, these biases should be substantially reduced after successful treatment. The results showed that spider fearful individuals associated spiders relatively strongly with both harm‐ and contamination‐related outcomes. Consistent with the alleged reciprocal relationship between phobic fear and UCS expectancy bias, both types of biased expectancies were effectively reduced following treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• It will be studied whether disgust and fear are both important factors in spider phobia.

• It is investigated whether a contamination‐related UCS‐expectancy bias is specific to spiders or to disgusting objects in general.

• It is examined whether contamination‐related UCS‐expectancies can be effectively diminished using the treatment of choice in specific phobias, exposure in vivo.
Patients' and providers' perspectives on bibliotherapy in primary care
Authors: McKenna Grainne , Hevey David , Martin Elaine
Published: February 2010

Bibliotherapy is a form of self‐administered treatment in which structured materials provide a means to alleviate distress. Although the treatment has evidence of effectiveness, evaluations of bibliotherapy have typically focused on outcomes, and the perspectives of both the client and the service provider have been understudied. In the present study, eleven users of a bibliotherapy scheme were interviewed regarding their experiences of bibliotherapy. In addition, five referring practitioners to the scheme were also interviewed. Thematic analyses revealed three super‐ordinate themes in the transcripts: participants' personal experiences of the bibliotherapy scheme factors that facilitate change and the influence of the professionals involved. The implications of these findings for bibliotherapy schemes are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• In primary care, bibliotherapy can be useful for early intervention with people experiencing mild to moderate psychological problems.

• Referring practitioners actively involved in bibliotherapy can benefit from the feedback obtained from recipients in terms of monitoring progress.

• There is a relatively high level of patient acceptability for participation in bibliotherapy schemes.

• The role of allied professionals in bibliotherapy delivery requires consideration as it impacts on client engagement with the scheme.
Reasoning, delusion proneness and stress: an experimental investigation
Authors: Keefe Kristy M. , Warman Debbie M.
Published: February 2010

Previous studies have been inconsistent in demonstrating a relationship between delusion proneness and induced stress on reasoning biases. The present study was an experimental investigation of the role of stress in the form of feeling rushed, which has previously been shown to be related to the jumping‐to‐conclusions reasoning bias for delusion‐prone individuals, on the reasoning of delusion‐prone individuals. University students (n = 133) completed a measure of delusion proneness and were randomly assigned to either receive or not receive a stress induction in the form of a speeded subtraction task. All participants engaged in four trials of a probabilistic reasoning task. Delusion‐prone and not delusion‐prone participants performed similarly when there was no stress induction, but delusion‐prone individuals demonstrated reasoning biases relative to not delusion‐prone individuals when stress was induced. The reasoning of delusion‐prone individuals may be particularly vulnerable when they feel rushed and in stressful conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Individuals who are delusion prone will likely report heightened confidence in their ideas when they are in stressful conditions or feel they are being rushed.

• Individuals who are delusion prone may benefit from cognitive strategies that focus on understanding the jumping‐to‐conclusions reasoning bias.

• Individuals who are delusion prone may benefit from learning the impact stressful conditions have on their ability to reason effectively.
Morphologic features of prostatic adenocarcinoma on ThinPrep® urinary cytology
Authors: Tyler Kevin L. , Selvaggi Suzanne M.
Published: February 2010

Malignant cells of prostatic adenocarcinoma are rarely identified in urine. In most cases, this finding is associated with high stage tumor. Numerous descriptions of the morphology of prostatic adenocarcinoma have been reported using cytocentrifugated specimens. However, no specific morphologic description of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine using liquid‐based cytology has been previously described. Four cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine using ThinPrep® liquid‐based preparations were identified between 2002 and 2009 at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Three patients had either high stage tumor or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, while the remaining patient had low stage tumor. The morphology of each case was evaluated with specific attention to cell size, nuclear characteristics, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and cytoplasmic characteristics. The resulting key features for prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine are clustering, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli. Though typically the presence of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine implies high stage tumor, cells of lower stage tumors may be seen in urine as well. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:101–104. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic study of structure of diphenhydramine drug and its products obtained via reactions with tetracynoethylene and iodine reagents and applications
Authors: Zayed M. A. , El‐Habeeb Abeer A.
Published: February 2010

The reactions between diphrenhydramine drug (diphen) in the base form and the iodine amphoteric reagent (n‐donor and/or σ‐acceptor) and tetracyanoethylene as a π‐acceptor reagent (TCNE) have been spectrophotometrically studied at different conditions of reactant concentrations, time intervals, temperatures, solvents, and different wavelengths aiming to shed light on the nature of these reactions. Consequently, it is possible to select the proper conditions for spectrophotometric determination of this biologically active drug in its formulations. The reaction mechanism between iodine and diphen involves the formation of diphen‐I2 outer‐and inner‐sphere complexes, whereas diphen‐TCNE reaction involves the formation of charge transfer (CT) complex. The analytical parameters of the suggested spectrphometric procedures have been calculated. The values of the Sandell sensitivity, standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery % refer to the high sensitivity of these procedures applied in analysis of diphen in its formulations. This research also presents a new diphen‐I2 promising drug derivative that can be used for the same purpose as its parent. Both diphen‐drug and diphen‐I2 separated solid product are critically investigated by elemental analyses, FT‐IR, 1HNMR, electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI‐MS) and thermal analyses (TA). Practical investigation (TA and MS) data of diphen‐drug and its reaction product are confirmed by MO calculations. This research gives a clear idea about the possible metabolites and metabolic pathways of diphen and its derivative in vitro system that may occur in vivo system. The importance of this drug stems from its use as an antihistamine with anticholinergic (drying) and sedative side effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous separation and confirmation of amphetamine and related drugs in equine plasma by non‐aqueous capillary‐electrophoresis‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li X. Q. , Uboh C. E. , Soma L. R. , Guan F. Y. , You Y. W. , Kahler M. C. , Judy J. A. , Liu Y. , Chen J. W.
Published: February 2010

A non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (NACE‐MS) method was developed for simultaneous separation and identification of 12 amphetamine and related compounds in equine plasma. Analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid‐liquid extraction using methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). A bare fused‐silica capillary was used for separation of the analytes. Addition of sheath liquid to the capillary effluent allowed the detection of the analytes by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using full scan data acquisition. The limit of detection (LOD) for the target analytes was 10–200 ng/mL and that of confirmation (LOC) was 50–1000 ng/mL in equine plasma. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters were optimized for full CE separation and MS detection of the analytes. Separation buffer comprised 25 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/methanol (20: 80, v/v) plus 1 M formic acid. Sheath liquid was isopropanol‐water‐formic acid (50:50:0.5, v/v/v). Samples were hydrodynamically injected and separated at 25 kV. Analytes were electrokinectically separated and mass spectrometrically identified and confirmed. This simple, fast, inexpensive and reproducible method was successfully applied to post race equine plasma and research samples in screening for amphetamine and related drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothesis testing for the validation of the kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the determination of lansoprazole in bulk and drug formulations via Fe(iii) and Zn(ii) chelates
Authors: Rahman Nafisur , Kashif Mohammad
Published: February 2010

Point and interval hypothesis tests performed to validate two simple and economical, kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the assay of lansoprazole are described. The methods are based on the formation of chelate complex of the drug with Fe(III) and Zn(II). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of change of absorbance of coloured chelates of the drug with Fe(III) and Zn(II) at 445 and 510 nm, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of lansoprazole to Fe(III) and Zn(II) complexes were found to be 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. The initial‐rate and fixed‐time methods are adopted for determination of drug concentrations. The calibration graphs are linear in the range 50–200 µg ml−1 (initial‐rate method), 20–180 µg ml−1 (fixed‐time method) for lansoprazole‐Fe(III) complex and 120–300 (initial‐rate method), and 90–210 µg ml−1 (fixed‐time method) for lansoprazole‐Zn(II) complex. The inter‐day and intra‐day precision data showed good accuracy and precision of the proposed procedure for analysis of lansoprazole. The point and interval hypothesis tests indicate that the proposed procedures are not biased. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy for identification and characterization of small quantities of drug degradation products using LC and LC‐MS: Application to valsartan, a model drug
Authors: Mehta Surbhi , Shah Ravi P. , Singh Saranjit
Published: February 2010

The present study demonstrates the applicability of a strategy involving use of liquid chromatography (LC) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) techniques for the identification and characterization of minute quantities of degradation products, without their isolation from the reaction matrix in pure form. Valsartan was used as a model drug. It was subjected to forced degradation studies under the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) prescribed conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), photolysis, oxidation and thermal stress. The drug showed labiality under acid/neutral hydrolytic and photolytic conditions, while it was stable to base hydrolytic, oxidative and thermal stress. Three small degradation products were formed, which were separated on a C‐18 column using a gradient method. The same were characterized with the help of their fragmentation pattern and accurate masses obtained upon LC‐MS/TOF analyses and online H/D exchange studies. The structures were supported by appropriate mechanistic explanation. The strategy involving use of LC and LC‐MS for the identification and characterization of minute quantities of degradation products was applied on a model drug, valsartan. Three degradation products were successfully characterised without their isolation from the reaction matrix in pure form. The structures were supported by appropriate mechanistic explanation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for operation of a residential fuel cell system with super capacitor storage and its application to an energy network
Authors: Doi Yusuke , Ishida Masayoshi , Aki Hirohisa
Published: February 2010

We propose electric double‐layer capacitor storage, which has quick response in the output or input of electricity but has a smaller capacity than normal secondary batteries, by application to a residential fuel cell cogeneration system to reduce spike‐shaped electric power consumption. The method is expected to enhance the system utilization rate and to moderate the burdens on a power grid connected to fuel cells or other distributed generators. A low‐pass filter method was introduced for balancing the power supply and demand, and leveling the power input from the grid. According to simulations performed using practically measured load patterns, the appropriate storage capacity is about 500 Wh for a household, and the fuel cell utilization rate or the grid burden improvement is increased by around 40% in comparison with the case of a system without storage capacity. It has been shown that, in an energy network method of five or more households, the storage capacity can be reduced to approximately 40% with extreme burden improvement of less than 90% of the stand‐alone condition. We have also verified the practical operation and the performance of the method by using an experimental system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 16–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20913
Numerical simulation of critical current performance in Nb3Sn strand subjected to periodic bending deformation
Authors: Murakami Haruyuki , Ueda Hiroshi , Ishiyama Atsushi , Koizumi Norikiyo , Okuno Kiyoshi
Published: February 2010

In the ITER Engineering Design Activity (EDA), four NB3Sn model coils were developed and successfully tested. However, it was revealed that the critical current of the conductor degraded with the increase of electromagnetic force. One of the explanations of this phenomenon is a strand bending caused by enormous electromagnetic force. The authors therefore developed a simulation code using the distributed circuit model to investigate dependency of the critical current performance on the periodic bending deformation. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experiments. The dependence of the critical current on the periodic transverse load, temperature, periodic load pitch, thickness of Ta barrier which prevents Cu stabilizer from being contaminated by Sn, twist pitch of the strand, and RRR of the bronze matrix was investigated using the developed code. The results showed that the critical current degraded less with decreasing the pitch of the transverse load and increasing the Ta barrier thickness. It suggests that the shorter cabling pitch and the larger bending stiffness prevent the critical current degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 7–15, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20923
Long‐span seek control system for hard disk drive without mode‐switching
Authors: Takakura Shinji
Published: February 2010

In hard disk drives (HDD) there are two control modes: the head positioning control mode and the other is the seek control mode. In the head positioning control mode, a feedback controller is optimally designed to suppress disturbances. In the long‐span seek mode, a velocity feedback control system is applied in order to move the heads fast. Thus, an HDD has multiple control systems, and the head is moved to the target position while changing from one control system to the other. However, changing the control system causes a discontinuous control signal, which activates the resonant mode of an actuator. Past methods can only decrease discontinuous control, and therefore a single control system that can be used for both a seek control mode and a head positioning control mode is necessary for a narrow track pitch. In the proposed method, the feedback controller is decomposed into an integrator and a phase compensator. The VCM model is updated by the output of the phase compensator, and the integrator and the output of the velocity feedback controller control the VCM. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by numerical and experimental results using a miniature 2.5‐inch hard disk drive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 51–60, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20935
Measurement of polarization plane rotation of propagating light in a partially ionized atmosphere under discharge conditions
Authors: Shiina Tatsuo , Honda Toshio , Fukuchi Tetsuo
Published: February 2010

The rotation angle of the polarization of plane of a propagating beam was experimentally measured using a polarization‐controlled laser beam, a repeating square mirror, and a discharge apparatus. A rotation angle of 0.29° was obtained for a discharge gap of 5 cm and a charge voltage of 50 kV. This result was in good agreement with a simulation of the experimental model. The waveform of the rotation angle showed a similar time dependence to the discharge current, with a correlation coefficient of >0.94. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 1–6, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20954
A Selective Chromium Catalyst System for the Trimerization of Ethene and Its Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Peitz Stephan , Peulecke Normen , Aluri Bhaskar R. , Hansen Sven , Müller Bernd H. , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe , Al‐Hazmi Mohammed H. , Mosa Fuad M. , Wöhl Anina , Müller Wolfgang
Published: February 2010

In this paper a novel ligand of the type [PNPNH] is presented for the application in a new homogeneous highly selective ethene trimerization system for the formation of 1‐hexene, which consists of the chromium source CrCl3(thf)3, the ligand Ph2PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)H (1), and Et3Al as an activator in toluene. The excellent characteristics of this new system, e.g. very high selectivity to C6 with highest purity of the C6 fraction (>99 % 1‐hexene), activity on a constant level on a long timescale, use of small amounts of Et3Al as a cheap activator, and only very low production of PE, make it to a hot candidate for industrial application. Its organometallic background gives an indication of the nature of the active catalyst species.
A quest for sustainable materials for building elements in Sri Lanka: Foundations
Authors: Yasantha Abeysundara U.G. , Babel Sandhya
Published: February 2010

Selection of environmentally benign, economical and socially favorable materials for construction is helpful in sustainable development. This article presents a method to select such materials (i.e., sustainable materials) for foundations of buildings (elements) in Sri Lanka taking into consideration environmental, economic and social assessments of materials in a life cycle perspective. Rubble and burnt clay bricks elements which are widely used for the masonry buildings in Sri Lanka were selected for this study. Major materials used for these elements are rubble, burnt clay bricks, cement, sand, concrete aggregates and steel (reinforcements). Environmental burdens associated with these materials were analyzed in terms of embodied energy, global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment. Economic analysis was based on market prices and affordability of materials. Social factors that were taken into account were ability to construct rapidly, strength, reusability and durability. It was found that the rubble element was superior to the brick element in all environmental scores (embodied energy, global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment). The embodied energy of the rubble element was found as 6.7 GJ and that of the brick element was 444.7 GJ. However, on economic score the brick element was slightly better and on social score also, this element was better. The social score of the brick element was 104.7 and that of the rubble element was 94.6. These scores are presented in a matrix which will help to select sustainable materials for these elements. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Sulfanes: A new solution for sulphur disposal
Authors: de Angelis Alberto , Flego Cristina , Parker Wallace O' Neil , Pollesel Paolo
Published: February 2010

Huge quantities of sulphur are yielded as by‐products in the oil and gas industry. Disposal raises a relevant environmental issue. Sulfanes, H2Sn (n > 2), could be the ideal molecular form for sulphur disposal. They are up to 99% wt. made of sulphur and being liquid can be pumped into geological structures, even at room temperature. Since sulfanes can be synthesized only at low yield (<1%) by direct reaction between H2S and sulphur, we investigated a new amine‐catalyzed synthesis. Using aliphatic long‐chained amines as catalysts, it is possible to obtain sulfanes by direct H2S and sulphur reaction in almost quantitative yield. Structures of the sulfanes formed during this new reaction were studied by GC‐MS, LC‐MS and 1H NMR, to investigate the nature of the complexes formed between amine and sulfane. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Near‐source seismic demand and pulse‐like records: A discussion for L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Chioccarelli Eugenio , Iervolino Iunio
Published: February 2010

Rupture directivity effects in ground motion are known since many years to both seismologists and earthquake engineers, i.e. in sites that are in a particular geometrical configuration with respect to the rupture, the velocity fault‐normal signals may show a large pulse which occurs at the beginning of the record and contains the most of energy. The results are waveforms different from ordinary ground motions recorded in the far field or in geometrical conditions not favorable with respect to directivity. Current attenuation laws are not able to capture such effect well, if at all, and current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is not able to predict the resulting peculiar spectral shape. Moreover, it is believed that structures with dynamic behavior in a range of periods related to the pulse period may be subjected to underestimated seismic demand. In the paper this is investigated and increments in both elastic and inelastic seismic actions are quantified using a large dataset of records, from the next generation attenuation project (NGA), in which a fraction is comprised of velocity pulses identified in other studies. These analyses employ recently developed tools and procedures to assess directivity effects and to quantify the associated threat in terms of seismic action on structures. Subsequently, the same tools are used in one of the first attempts to identify near‐source effects in the data recorded during a normal faulting earthquake, the mainshock of the recent Abruzzo (central Italy) sequence, leading to conclude that pulse‐like effects are likely to have occurred in the event, that is (1) observation of pulse‐like records in some near‐source stations is in fair agreement with existing predictive models, (2) the increment in seismic demand shown by pulse‐like ground motion components complies with the results of the analysis of the NGA data, and (3) seismic demand in non‐impulsive recordings is generally similar to what expected for ordinary records. The results may be useful as a benchmark for inclusion of near‐source effect in design values of seismic action and structural risk analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐iterative equivalent linearization of inelastic SDOF systems for earthquakes in Japan and California
Authors: Goda Katsuichiro , Atkinson Gail M.
Published: February 2010

The seismic performance of existing structures can be assessed based on nonlinear static procedures, such as the Capacity Spectrum Method. This method essentially approximates peak responses of an inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system using peak responses of an equivalent linear SDOF model. In this study, the equivalent linear models of inelastic SDOF systems are developed based on the constant strength approach, which does not require iteration for assessing the seismic performance of existing structures. To investigate the effects of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear models, four ground‐motion data sets—Japanese crustal/interface/inslab records and California crustal records—are compiled and used for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The analysis results indicate that: (1) the optimal equivalent linear model parameters (i.e. equivalent vibration period ratio and damping ratio) decrease with the natural vibration period, whereas they increase with the strength reduction factor; (2) the impacts of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear model parameters are not significant except for short vibration periods; and (3) the degradation and pinching effects affect the equivalent linear model parameters. We develop prediction equations for the optimal equivalent linear model parameters based on nonlinear least‐squares fitting, which improve and extend the current nonlinear static procedure for existing structures with degradation and pinching behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioaccumulation of tetrachlorobiphenyl and hexachlorobiphenyl congeners byYoldia limatulaandNephtys incisafrom bedded sediments: Effects of sediment- and animal-related parameters
Authors: Means Jay C , McElroy Anne E
Published: February 2010

Sediments from Narragansett Bay (RI, USA) were fortified with two chlorobiphenyl congeners, 2,4,2′,4′-tetrachloro-biphenyl (IUPAC 47) and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC 153), and equilibrated for various times up to 30 d to assess the bioaccumulation potential of sediment-sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls by the benthic invertebrates Yoldia limatula and Nephtys incisa. Bioaccumulation was investigated at steady state and using a single-compartment kinetic model over exposure periods of up to 60 d for Nephtys and 30 d for Yoldia. Normalization of exposure and tissue accumulation data to hydrophobic reservoirs yielded accumulation factors (AFs) that fell within model prediction ranges. However, persistent, statistically different values of AFs were obtained from sediments with varying organic carbon contents. Growth of the organisms, feeding strategies, and lipid content were all significant variables in interpreting wet weight steady-state accumulation. Kinetically determined AF values were not statistically different from those measured at steady state. A role of interstitial water colloidal organic matter in mediating bioaccumulation was strongly suggested by the results.
Degradation pathway of quinolines in a biofilm system under denitrifying conditions
Authors: Johansen Sys Stybe , Arvin Erik , Mosbæk Hans , Hansen Asger B
Published: February 2010

This article reports for the first time the degradation pathways of quinoline, isoquinoline, and methylquinolines by a mixed culture in a biofilm under nitrate-reducing conditions. A simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using ultraviolet detection at 223 nm for determination of seven quinoline analogues and 15 metabolites was developed, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography analyses were used for identification. The inhibition of nitrification by the parent compounds and their degradation products was assessed by a nitrification toxicity test called MINNTOX. Quinoline and 3-, 4-, 6-, and 8-methylquinoline were all transformed by hydroxylation into their 2-hydroxyquinoline analogues (2-quinolinones), and isoquinoline was transformed into 1-hydroxyisoquinoline. 2-Methylquinoline was not transformed by this microcosm, likely due to the blockage at position 2 by the methyl group. The hydroxylated metabolites of isoquinoline and quinolines methylated at the heterocyclic ring were not transformed further, whereas metabolites of quinoline and quinolines methylated at the homocyclic ring were hydrogenated at position 3 and 4, and the resulting 3,4-dihydro-2-quinolinone analogues accumulated. Of these metabolites, only 3,4-dihydro-2-quinolinone from the degradation of quinoline was further transformed into unidentified products. All quinolines and their metabolites had inhibiting effects on the nitrifying bacteria at the same level (ppm) in the applied bioassay, indicating that the inhibition of the compounds was not influenced by the initial transformation reactions.
Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: Part I. Low-level exposure during incubation causes malformations, genetic damage, and mortality in larval pacific herring (Clupea pallasi)
Authors: Carls Mark G , Rice Stanley D , Hose Jo Ellen
Published: February 2010

Pacific herring eggs were exposed for 16 d to weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil. Exposure to an initial aqueous concentration of 0.7 parts per billion (ppb) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) caused malformations, genetic damage, mortality, and decreased size and inhibited swimming. Total aqueous PAH concentrations as low as 0.4 ppb caused sublethal responses such as yolk sac edema and immaturity consistent with premature hatching. Responses to less weathered oil, which had relatively lower proportions of high molecular weight PAH, generally paralleled those of more weathered oil, but lowest observed effective concentrations (LOECs) were higher (9.1 ppb), demonstrating the importance of composition. The LOEC for more weathered oil (0.4 ppb) was similar to that observed in pink salmon (1.0 ppb), a species with a very different development rate; by inference, other species may be similarly sensitive to weathered oil. Our methods simulated conditions observed in Prince William Sound (PWS) following the Exxon Valdez oil (EVO) spill. Biological effects were identical to those observed in embryolarval herring from PWS in 1989 and support the conclusion that EVO caused significant damage to herring in PWS. Previous demonstration by our laboratory that most malformed or precocious larvae die corroborates the decreased larval production measured after the spill.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 6. Bioindicators of fish population health
Authors: Adams S Marshall , Bevelhimer Mark S , Greeley Mark Stephen , Levine Daniel A , Teh Swee J
Published: February 2010

Spatial distribution of contaminants in the sediments and biota of a large reservoir ecosystem were related to a variety of biological responses in fish populations and communities to determine possible relationships between contaminant loading in the environment and fish health. Much of the contaminant inventory in the Clinch River/Watts Bar Reservoir (CR/WBR) system has originated from three U.S. Department of Energy facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation, which borders this system in its upper reaches. Fish sampled from areas of the CR/WBR system with the highest levels of contaminants in the sediments and biota, primarily mercury and PCBs, had the most dramatic bioindicator responses. The major changes observed were induction of detoxification enzymes, organ dysfunction, increased frequency of histopathological lesions, impaired reproduction, and reduced fish community integrity. Mercury, the dominant contaminant, displayed a decreasing concentration gradient from the upper reaches of Poplar Creek to the lower Clinch River, which was consistent with a downstream gradient in several of the biological responses. A multivariate analysis using all of the individual fish health responses at each site in a discriminant analysis procedure also revealed a downstream gradient in integrated fish health. In Poplar Creek where contaminant concentrations were the highest, statistical correlations were observed between individual bioindicator responses such as contaminant exposure indicators, organ dysfunction, histopathological damage, and reproductive impairment. Relationships between contaminant loading and fish community indices such as species richness and relative abundance, however, were more difficult to establish in Poplar Creek because of the possible dominating influence of food and habitat availability on fish community dynamics. Using a suite of bioindicators that encompass a range of levels of biological organization and response-sensitivity scales improves the probability of identifying cause (contaminant) and effect (biological response) and helps in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources of stress in aquatic ecosystems.
A life-history approach to predicting the recovery of aquatic invertebrate populations after exposure to xenobiotic chemicals
Authors: Sherratt Thomas N , Roberts Gilbert , Williams Penny , Whitfield Mercia , Biggs Jeremy , Shillabeer Nigel , Maund Stephen J
Published: February 2010

A combined empirical and theoretical study was conducted to evaluate the degree to which an understanding of the life histories of different freshwater invertebrate taxa could improve our ability to predict their relative rates of recovery after a toxic perturbation. Two chemicals, cypermethrin and 3,4-dichloroaniline, were introduced separately into large freshwater tanks (mesocosms, 1.25 m diameter, 1.25 m depth) containing established freshwater invertebrate communities. Immigration was simulated in selected mesocosms by introducing particular taxa at predetermined intervals. For both chemical treatments, laboratory rank toxicity data successfully predicted the observed relative short-term mortalities of species, whereas the relative times taken for taxa to recover from cypermethrin exposure also correlated with their relative susceptibilities to this compound. Crucially, a significant component of residual variance in rank recovery to cypermethrin was explained by variation in overall rates of reproduction among taxa. A simulation model was therefore developed to allow us to integrate the disparate information on invertebrate life histories into a predictive model. This model was broadly supported, particularly for the cypermethrin exposure data, where observed and predicted rank recovery times were highly correlated. Overall, this study broadly confirms the importance of life-history characters in governing recovery and the validity of simple modeling approaches for predicting recovery.