bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of IL‐6‐JAK/Stat3 signaling in castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells enhances the NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity via alteration of PD‐L1/NKG2D ligand levels
Authors: Xu LiJun , Chen XiaoDong , Shen MingJing , Yang Dong‐Rong , Fang Laifu , Weng Guobin , Tsai Ying , Keng Peter C. , Chen Yuhchyau , Lee Soo Ok
Published: September 2017

To investigate whether IL‐6 signaling affects the susceptibility of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells to cytotoxic action of natural killer (NK) cells, CRPC cell lines (having different IL‐6 levels) were developed by lentiviral transduction. While observing no secreted IL‐6 level in parental C4‐2 and CWR22Rv1 cells, we found the IL‐6 expression/secretion in these cells was induced after the transduction process and the IL‐6 level difference in C4‐2siIL‐6/sc and CWR22siIL‐6/sc cell CRPC cell sets could be detected. We then found that IL‐6‐knockdown cells were more susceptible to NK cell cytotoxicity than control cells due to lowered programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and increased NK group 2D (NKG2D) ligand levels. In animal studies, to concur with the in vitro results, we found that IL‐6‐expressing cell‐derived tumors were more resistant to NK cell action than the tumors of IL‐6‐knockdown cells. Further, we discovered that JAK‐Stat3 is the most critical IL‐6 downstream signaling that modulates PD‐L1/NKG2D ligand levels in CRPC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of the JAK or Stat3 signaling effectively increased the susceptibility of C4‐2sc and CWRsc cells to NK cell cytotoxicity. We observed the most effective cytotoxicity when the PD‐L1 Ab and JAK inhibitor (or Stat 3 inhibitor) were used together. These results suggest that the strategy of targeting IL‐6 signaling (or its downstream signaling) may enhance the NK cell‐mediated immune action to CRPC tumors, thus yielding clinical implications in developing future immunotherapeutics of exploiting this strategy to treat patients with CRPC.
Periodic Emission Within Jupiter's Main Auroral Oval
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Yeoman T. K. , Bunce E. J. , Chowdhury M. N. , Cowley S. W. H. , Robinson T. R.
Published: September 2017

We have discovered pulsating emission within Jupiter's main auroral oval, providing evidence of the auroral signature of Jovian ULF wave processes. The form comprises a 1° × 2° spot located directly on the main emission, whose intensity oscillates with a period of ∼10 min throughout the 45 min observation. The feature appears on the duskward edge of the discontinuity, maps to ∼13–14 h LT and ∼20–50 RJ, and rotates at around a half of rigid corotation. We show that the period of the oscillation is similar to the expected Alfvén travel time between the ionosphere and the upper edge of the equatorial plasma sheet in the middle magnetosphere, and we thus suggest that the pulsating aurora is driven by a mode confined to the low‐density region outside the plasma sheet. This significant new observation shows that Jupiter's auroras present an important remote sensing window on Jovian magnetospheric wave processes.
Long‐Term Interactions Between Intermediate Depth and Shallow Seismicity in North Chile Subduction Zone
Authors: Jara Jorge , Socquet Anne , Marsan David , Bouchon Michel
Published: September 2017

We document interactions between intermediate depth and interplate seismicity in the North Chile subduction zone, over a 25 year period (1990–2015). We show that the 2005 Mw 7.8 Tarapaca slab‐pull earthquake was followed by 9 years of enhanced deep and shallow seismicity, together with the decrease of eastward average GPS velocities and associated interplate coupling, eventually leading to the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique megathrust earthquake. In contrast, megathrust ruptures (e.g., Mw 8.0 Antofagasta in 1995, or Mw 8.1 Iquique in 2014) initiate several years of silent background seismicity in the studied area, both at shallow and intermediate depths. The plunge of a rigid slab into a viscous asthenospheric mantle could explain the observed synchronization between deep and shallow seismicity and their long‐term interactions.
Fuel Performance Specifications, Mid‐Infrared Analysis of
Authors: Stach Robert , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: September 2017

To improve greenhouse gas emissions, the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments (1990) and the EU Fuel Directive (2000) introduced reformulated gasoline legislation, which regulates the composition of fuels to improve greenhouse gas emissions. By the introduction of nonfuel oxygenates into fuel including various alcohols such as methanol or ethanol and ethers such as methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE), a reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon emissions is envisaged. Furthermore, a reduction of sulfuric and especially aromatic compounds is demanded providing a decreased release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hence, the refining industry and their petrochemical laboratories have been forced to control accurately and to monitor continuously their gasoline blending processes. Besides conventional separation‐based techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), the mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy gained significant importance. Owing to molecule‐specific absorption patterns of oxygenates and aromatics, the distinct determination of fuel additives and subsequent derivation of general fuel parameters are enabled. The performance of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) – and most recent, quantum cascade laser (QCL)‐based techniques – will be reviewed and compared to other spectroscopic approaches. Furthermore, data evaluation procedures and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) approval of these novel methods will be highlighted.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Menard Kevin P. , Menard Noah
Published: September 2017

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is the technique of applying a stress or strain to a sample at controlled frequencies and analyzing the response to obtain phase angle and deformation data. This data allows the calculation of the damping or tan delta (δ) as well as complex modulus and viscosity data. Two approaches are used: (i) forced frequency, where the signal is applied at a set frequency and (ii) free resonance, where the material is perturbed and allowed to exhibit free resonance decay. Most DMAs are of the former type, while the torsional braid analyzer (TBA) is of the latter type. In both the approaches, the technical is very sensitive to the motions of the polymer chains, and it is a powerful tool for measuring transitions in polymers. More specialized techniques such as the use of ultrasonics and laser pulses do exist in specialized markets. It is estimated to be 100 times more sensitive to the glass transition than differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and it resolves other more localized transitions such as side chain movements that are not detected in the DSC. In addition, the technique allows the rapid scanning of a material's modulus and viscosity as a function of temperature, strain, or frequency. DMA may also be referred to as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), or dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA).
Cultural Norms and Definitions of Violence
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Lansford Jennifer E.
Published: September 2017

Cultural norms play a key role in establishing and maintaining patterns of violent and aggressive behavior in many distinct contexts. Norms influence social–cognitive and behavioral attributes that can decrease or increase the likelihood of violent behavior, depending on the content and strength of those norms and how deeply they are internalized by the individual. Many of these norms are embedded in the broader culture as well as the proximal community of each developing individual. Information about cultural norms is conveyed through learning processes during human social interaction in families (e.g., harsh parenting and domestic violence between partners and siblings) and in neighborhood settings (e.g., school, workplace).
Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression
Authors: Copping Lee
Published: September 2017

Perhaps the most ubiquitous finding across multiple research disciplines regarding aggression and violence is that of consistent gender differences, with the male of the species exhibiting greater levels of these behaviors than the female. In this chapter, evidence relating to gender differences in violence and aggression within our own species is reviewed. Similarities displayed between men and women in terms of their age profile and underlying etiology are briefly outlined before documenting recent research highlighting gender differences across multiple measures and types of aggression. Two of the most comprehensively documented perspectives purporting to explain these differences (sexual selection theory and social role theory) are then compared. Finally, gender differences in aggression and violence are explored in relation to potential psychological mediators such as risk taking and fear in order to explain why males and females may differ in relation to this species‐universal behavior.
Cross‐Cultural Differences in Aggression
Authors: Fry Douglas P.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers a range of ethnographic examples. The cross‐cultural variation along a peacefulness‐to‐aggressiveness continuum reflects the strong impact of cultural environments on the expression of human aggressive behavior. Societies at the peaceful end of the spectrum adopt values and create norms, institutions, and mechanisms for dealing with conflicts that are primarily nonviolent. Societies are not static and can become either more aggressive or more peaceful over time. The causes of aggression are multifaceted—including influences from such sources as learned values, socialization, social organization, economics and ecology, gender, and natural and sexual selection. Two themes that span societies as cross‐cultural patterns are sex differences in aggression and tendencies toward the use of restraint. Given the importance of cultural influences on human aggression, humans can take various measures to prevent and reduce the expression of physical aggression within and among their societies.
Psychopathy, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Reidy Dennis E. , Kearns Megan C.
Published: September 2017

Psychopathy is a personality pathology of adults that comprises interpersonal, affective, and behavioral dysfunctions. Among youth, this construct is commonly referred to as callous–unemotional traits. Although good epidemiological data are lacking, estimates of the prevalence of psychopathy suggest that it ranges between 0.5% and 2% in the general population, with rates higher among males than females. While this pathology appears to affect a small proportion of the population, these individuals contribute a disproportionate burden to population levels of violence. In particular, psychopathic persons appear to be prone to perpetrating some of the most severe and chronic acts of violence. In this chapter, we discuss the association of psychopathy and violence, some potential developmental pathways, and potential implications for violence prevention.
The Evolution of Human Violence and Aggression: The Contribution of Peace Ethology
Authors: Verbeek Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a peace ethology perspective on the evolution of violence and aggression. Peace ethology is a comparative discipline that focuses on the proximate causation, development, function, and evolution of aggressive and peaceful behavior in humans and other animals. The chapter discusses the distinction between violence and aggression and presents operational definitions of both. Peace ethology distinguishes between species‐typical and species‐atypical aggression and examples are given to illustrate this distinction. The chapter concludes with specific questions for future research on violence and aggression using the peace ethology method.
Psychophysiology of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Waldron Jonathan C. , Scarpa Angela
Published: September 2017

This chapter highlights studies that examine cardiac, electrodermal, and neurobiological correlates of violence and aggression. Several terms and theories related to aggression are explained, including psychophysiology, social push theory, theories of low arousal, and psychopathy. The chapter then explores several research findings related to psychophysiological correlates of violence and aggression. Finally, the chapter concludes with some considerations for researchers and policy makers.
The Role of Neurotransmitters in Violence and Aggression
Authors: Miczek Klaus A. , DeBold Joseph F. , Gobrogge Kyle , Newman Emily L. , de Almeida Rosa M. M.
Published: September 2017

Like all behaviors, aggression and violence have their roots in neurobiology. In this chapter, we review research that explores the roles of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in aggressive behavior. We highlight how maladaptive aggression is determined by neural activity in specific pathways and receptors in the serotonin system, which in turn are modulated by catecholamines, GABA, and glutamate. In addition, these neurotransmitter systems are modulated by several neuropeptides, prominently by vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin‐releasing factor, and the endogenous opioid peptides. These modulatory systems of serotonergic microcircuits form networks with several nodes for diagnostic measures and therapeutic intervention in veterinary and human medicine.
Testosterone and Human Aggression
Authors: Carré Justin M. , Ruddick Erika L. , Moreau Benjamin J. P. , Bird Brian M.
Published: September 2017

One of the most widely studied biological correlates of aggressive behavior is the steroid hormone testosterone. Although traditional wisdom might suggest that individuals with more testosterone are more likely to be aggressive, research over the past several decades has identified important contextual, individual difference, and methodological variables that are key moderators of any such effect. In this chapter, we review literature examining how aggression is linked with baseline levels of testosterone, how testosterone fluctuates rapidly within the context of human competitive behavior, and how such competition‐induced hormonal fluctuations serve to potentiate ongoing and/or future aggressive behavior. The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying such complex social behavior are discussed from research conducted within humans as well as nonhuman species, providing comparative clues as to the adaptive nature of such intricate systems.
Animal Models of Aggression and Violence
Authors: de Boer Sietse F. , Koolhaas Jaap M.
Published: September 2017

The human capacity for uncontrolled aggressiveness and violence inflicts a costly burden on society. Unfortunately, the current intervention strategies and treatment options for curbing these problematic behavioral expressions are largely inadequate. Hence, more fundamental knowledge about the social and neurobiological determinants of aggression is urgently needed. There is a particular need to unravel the interaction between environmental factors and the neurochemical substrates that causally underlie the shift toward escalated and maladaptive forms of aggressive behavior (e.g., violence). Novel experimental laboratory models of violent‐like aggression in rodents combined with newly emerging technologies for mapping and manipulating neuronal activity with anatomical, genetic, and temporal precision are indispensable to obtaining this goal. This chapter presents some of the most significant developments made since the early 2000s in this understudied preclinical animal research field; these developments promise to significantly advance our understanding of the etiology, brain mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions of excessive aggressive behaviors in humans.
Masculinities, Aggression, and Violence
Authors: DeKeseredy Walter S.
Published: September 2017

Why are most perpetrators of interpersonal violence men? It has little to do with their biological makeup or with factors identified by evolutionary psychologists. One of the best answers is provided by masculinities studies and research on how masculinities conducive to violence are shaped by male peer or subcultural dynamics. For many men, the violent behaviors examined in this chapter are, under certain conditions, the only perceived available techniques for expressing and validating masculinity, and male peer support strongly encourages and legitimates certain forms of violence, such as woman abuse in intimate heterosexual relationships.
Protective Factors Against Crime and Violence in Adolesence
Authors: Lösel Friedrich , Bender Doris
Published: September 2017

Research on risk factors of criminal and violent behavior is well established, but much less is known about the more complicated field of protective factors and mechanisms against the onset, persistence, or aggravation of antisocial behavior in young people. This chapter contains a brief overview of concepts and research designs in this field. Then empirical findings are reviewed that show various candidates for a promotive or buffering protective effect: individual variables (cognitive abilities, information processing, temperament, and biological characteristics), family variables (emotional bonding, appropriate parenting behavior, parental interest in education, and socioeconomic status); school factors (good achievement, bonding to school, and a positive educational climate), peer‐group factors (affiliation with nondeviant friends, some social isolation), and community factors (a not‐deprived but cohesive neighborhood). More long‐term research on protective factors and mechanisms is needed. This should include a stronger link to research on experimental prevention and on intraindividual changes.
Does Alcohol Cause Violence and Aggression?
Authors: Brown Whitney , Leonard Kenneth E.
Published: September 2017

There is an extensive research literature that has studied the relationship between excessive alcohol use, alcoholism, and violence. This review examines the evidence that alcohol use meets criteria as a causal influence on violence, contributing to the likelihood and severity of violence. Several theories that explain the processes underlying this causal influence are reviewed, including alcohol expectancies, alcohol‐related cues as cognitive primes of aggressive behavior, and psychopharmacological or “alcohol myopia” effects. This review emphasizes that, in addition to being contributory, the nature of the causal relationship is also conditional. That is, alcohol causes violence for certain persons under certain circumstances. The current challenges for alcohol–violence researchers are to predict under what circumstances and for whom excessive drinking plays a significant role in violent behavior and to intervene to reduce the frequency and severity of alcohol‐related violence.
Do Drugs Cause Violence?
Authors: Radliff Kisha M. , Zeanah Kathryn L. , Wheaton Joe E.
Published: September 2017

It is our nature to look for causal relationships, which potentially influences our interpretation of correlational research findings, both as researchers and as consumers. Finding a relationship does not mean that one event causes another: Correlation is not causation. Several criteria have been identified that increase the likelihood that an observed relationship demonstrates a causal relationship. To address the question of whether drugs cause violence, we need to acknowledge that “drugs” and “violence” are very broad terms and that there are multiple relationships between drugs and violence. Research has demonstrated strong support for the correlation between drugs and violence, with some relationships stronger than others. While the evidence is inadequate to make causal claims, this is encouraging because correlations are important in determining causation. Establishing causation is challenging, but it is possible and research should continue to pursue the question: Do drugs cause violence?
Does Poverty Cause Violence?
Authors: Ceccato Vania
Published: September 2017

Violence is often caused by a combination of determinants or “triggers.” Poverty—one of several “triggers” of violence—is discussed in detail in this chapter. The objective of the chapter is to summarize evidence on whether the poverty–violence link exists, what might be the theoretical mechanisms linking poverty to violence, and associated factors within and across populations. The chapter ends with reflections based on the discussed body of literature and highlights some of the most urgent research challenges.
Is the Link Between Games and Aggression More About the Player, Less About the Game?
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J. , Bowman Nicholas David , Kowert Rachel
Published: September 2017

Most prior research has examined whether not violent content in games could be linked to aggressive behavior. Despite several decades of research, clear links between violent content and player aggression have not been established, with much debate remaining. This chapter argues that research would be more fruitful focusing its attention away from content issues and instead on players themselves. Increasing evidence suggests that player motivations, frustration, and the social context of play are more crucial to understanding the media experience than are morally salient concerns with violence or other objectionable content. It is concluded that players have considerable agency in regard to selecting, interpreting, and shaping their media experience.
On Automatic As Well As Controlled Psychological Processes in Aggression, From the Cognitive Neoassociation Perspective
Authors: Berkowitz Leonard
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the elements and historical development of the cognitive neoassociationist model of aggression. Two key features of this model are that much of aggression is a thoughtless response to automatic processes and that these automatic processes can be controlled or restrained when a person is aware of their inclinations and violence is out of keeping with their personal standards. This chapter reviews experimental and other evidence in support of the cognitive neoassociationist model of aggression.
Frustration–Aggression Theory
Authors: Breuer Johannes , Elson Malte
Published: September 2017

Frustration–aggression theory, also known as the frustration–aggression hypothesis, is one of the most seminal theories in aggression research. Since it was first formulated in the late 1930s, it has been applied and studied in many fields, including psychology, ethnology, sociology, and criminology. While there have been several reformulations, additions, and changes, the basic assumption of the frustration–aggression hypothesis is still that frustration, typically understood as an event instead of an emotion, increases the tendency to act or react aggressively. A substantial proportion of the research has dealt with the identification of boundary conditions or moderators and mediators of the causal path from frustration to aggression. Irrespective of these refinements and modifications, there is ample empirical evidence for the existence of this effect and, despite a decline in the overall number of publications that refer to it, frustration–aggression theory has recently found novel applications in particular areas, such as media psychology.
Social–Psychological Explanations of Aggression and Violence
Authors: Krahé Barbara
Published: September 2017

Aggression, defined as a behavior intended to inflict harm on another person, causes misery and suffering to people and incurs high costs for societies. Hence, understanding what makes individuals and groups engage in aggressive behavior is crucial not only for explaining aggressive behavior but also for preventing it. This chapter presents the major social–psychological theories seeking to explain aggressive behavior. These explanations focus on the cognitive and affective processes that lead to aggressive behavior and consider differences in aggressive behavior as a function of the person and the situation. In terms of person variables, differences in aggressive behavior in relation to gender and personality traits are discussed. Situational factors precipitating aggression include alcohol, exposure to media violence, and heat.
Violence and Aggression in Socially Disorganized Neighborhoods
Authors: Zahnow Renee , Wickes Rebecca
Published: September 2017

Social disorganization theory suggests that violence and aggression cluster in neighborhoods characterized by poverty, residential instability, and racial or ethnic diversity. These neighborhood factors create opportunities for violence by disrupting neighborhood networks necessary for the informal regulation of crime. In this chapter, we chart the development of social disorganization theory from early explanations of the spatial concentration of delinquency in 20th‐century Chicago to the development of the systemic model of community regulation and collective efficacy theory. We also consider the influence of social disorganization theory on community crime prevention initiatives. We conclude by discussing the changing nature of communities and the associated challenges for promoting community engagement and the development of informal social control at the local level.
Forgetting Everything We Think We Know: High Self‐Esteem and Violence
Authors: Boden Joseph M.
Published: September 2017

There has been considerable interest in both the lay and psychological literatures concerning possible causal links between self‐esteem and violence. In particular, it has long been thought that low self‐esteem is a key component of violent and aggressive behavior. However, since the 1990s, a considerable research effort has been undertaken to examine this proposition carefully. The results of this line of research suggest that, while low self‐esteem may be a risk marker for violent behavior, there is no evidence to suggest that low self‐esteem plays a causal role in violence and aggression. Self‐esteem variability and narcissism are concepts that provide much stronger explanatory power in terms of human aggression.
Psychopathy and Violence
Authors: Lillard Colleen M. , Johnson Jennifer C. , Vitacco Michael J.
Published: September 2017

The relationship between psychopathy and violence has produced a wealth of research evidencing strong associations with violence across multiple samples. From that research came numerous strongly supported measures providing structured and validated ways of assessing violence risk and psychopathy, the foremost of which are the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and its progeny. Meta‐analytic studies have found that high psychopathy scores are significantly predictive of institutional violence as well as general, violent, and sexual recidivism. This chapter provides a foundational understanding of the relationship between psychopathy and violence, including discussion of the investigations of psychopathy and violence in men and women; primary and secondary psychopathy and their relationship with instrumental violence; and conflicting views of how psychopathic traits are indicative of potential for violence and aggression in juveniles.
Evidence‐Based Practice and Adults: What Works? What Works Best?
Authors: McGuire James
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a broad overview of the present state of knowledge concerning the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce aggression or violence among adults. The main focus of the chapter is the synthesis of findings from a series of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of evaluation research in this area, updating a previous overview published in 2008. A literature search located a set of 27 such review articles published since 2007 that fell into three main areas: (1) skills training, self‐control, and related programs; (2) interventions for intimate partner violence; and (3) treatment of offenders with mental disorders. While the quality of the studies included in the reviews was highly variable, there was evidence of significant treatment effects from a number of sources, demonstrating the possibility of securing practically meaningful reductions in rates or levels of violent conduct among adjudicated offenders and other groups. The chapter concludes with some observations on the need for improved research rigor and on the relationships between separate researchers and between research and its practical application.
Third Wave Therapies and the Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Zarling Amie , Taylor Ashley
Published: September 2017

Since the early 1990s, a number of behavior therapies have been developed under the umbrella of the “third wave.” These therapies include acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, contextual anger regulation therapy, and mode deactivation therapy. These four therapies have differing levels of application and empirical support with regard to the treatment to violence and aggression. This chapter reviews these third wave therapies in the treatment of violence and aggression. We describe each therapy and the existing evidence for its efficacy, evaluate the current research as a whole, and give suggestions for future research in this area.
Training Staff to Manage Violence and Aggression
Authors: Whittington Richard , Price Owen
Published: September 2017

People employed in a very wide range of occupations around the world can be exposed to violence in the course of their work. This chapter examines the issue of violence occurring in relation to the workplace and considers training as one element of a multidimensional approach to tackling the problem. It examines the concept of training and the diverse ways in which training programs tailored to specific occupations and settings have been developed. It then focuses on healthcare services, in particular where violence prevention and management training has been developed and tested to the greatest degree. It concludes with a discussion of relevant techniques for delivering training and some suggestions for best practice in this area.
Psychodynamic Treatment of Violence and Aggression: Empirical Evidence and New Approaches
Authors: Taubner Svenja , Fonagy Peter , Bateman Anthony , Rabung Sven
Published: September 2017

The chapter deals with psychodynamic therapeutic approaches to treating patients with problems in violence and aggression. Within psychodynamic therapies, two approaches can be differentiated: One is the more classic insight‐oriented approach and the other aims more to enhance personality functioning. After a description of the common principles of psychodynamic treatment, recommendations for adaptation when treating violent patients are discussed. A systematic review shows promising results for psychodynamic individual and group therapies as well as integrated therapeutic approaches.
Multisystemic Therapy for Violent and Aggressive Youths
Authors: Borduin Charles M. , Dopp Alex R. , Quetsch Lauren B. , Johnides Benjamin D.
Published: September 2017

Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is a family‐based treatment that has demonstrated significant effects on the serious and violent criminal activity of juvenile offenders. MST was developed to address major limitations of existing mental health services for juvenile offenders by (1) addressing key social–ecological factors associated with serious youth antisocial behavior and (2) delivering services in home and other community (e.g., school) settings. This chapter describes how MST interventions address violent and aggressive behaviors of serious juvenile offenders. Specifically, we provide a discussion of the empirical, theoretical, and clinical foundations of MST; a review of findings from clinical trials that demonstrate the clinical and economic benefits of MST; and a description of ongoing efforts to disseminate MST into community settings.
Interventions Targeting Alcohol, Violence, and
HIV
: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Scott‐Sheldon Lori A. J. , Senn Theresa E. , Kaiser Tyler S.
Published: September 2017

Alcohol, violence, and risky sex frequently co‐occur and are associated with the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Interventions that address all three behaviors may demonstrate synergistic effects, leading to a reduced incidence of HIV. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of interventions targeting alcohol, violence, and sexual risk reduction. We reviewed 2,542 records with relevant keywords that were obtained from a systematic search; 21 manuscripts (23 interventions) met inclusion criteria. Current evidence shows that interventions targeting all three syndemic behaviors can reduce alcohol, violence, and risky sex, as well as HIV/STIs. Recommendations for future interventions are provided.
Intervention for Violence and Aggression in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Winstead Barbara A. , Lewis Robin J. , Kelley Michelle L. , Mason Tyler B. , Fitzgerald Holly N. , Calhoun Denise
Published: September 2017

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and common problem in the relationships of gay men and lesbians, yet interventions to address same‐sex IPV have not been developed and evaluated. This chapter reviews the empirical literature regarding sexual‐minority‐specific and general risk factors for same‐sex IPV and barriers to seeking treatment. Interventions for IPV in heterosexual couples and research on effectiveness of these interventions are also reviewed. Drawing on these reviews, recommendations for culturally tailored interventions to address same‐sex IPV are presented.
Anger in People Who Have Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Beail Nigel
Published: September 2017

Anger has received a significant amount of attention in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Unfortunately, the life experiences of people with IDDs can be conducive to the activation of angry feelings, and their cognitive deficits impair the use of coping strategies. There is now a body of research on anger in people who have IDDs. This chapter reviews this body of research. First, theories of anger are examined in relation to people who have IDDs, and this is followed by approaches to help reduce anger and research on their effectiveness. The relationship between anger and offending in people who have IDDs is then examined, and this is followed by a section on approaches to assessment of anger in people who have IDDs.
Beyond Aggression Replacement Training: Cognitive–Behavioral Programs for (Sexually) Violent Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients in the
N
etherlands
Authors: Hornsveld Ruud H. J. , Kraaimaat Floris W. , Zwets Almar J. , Kanters Thijs
Published: September 2017

We present a program for violent forensic psychiatric inpatients and a program for sexually violent forensic psychiatric inpatients (child abusers and rapists) with Cluster B personality disorder as their primary diagnosis. Based on their dynamic criminogenic needs, heuristic behavioral models were formulated for violent and sexually violent behavior. With Goldstein, Glick, and Gibbs's Aggression Replacement Training as a starting point, two cognitive–behavioral programs were developed, one for violent and one for sexually violent inpatients. Assessment instruments and the first results of the two programs are described, followed by recommendations for further development and evaluation.
Forensic Case Formulation for Violence and Aggression
Authors: Logan Caroline
Published: September 2017

An understanding of an individual's risk potential should underpin the action taken to manage it because this will ensure that interventions have the best chance of being sensitive to the needs that violence and aggression may otherwise be used to meet. Formulation is the name given to this process of understanding risk, and it is increasingly recognized as the critical central element of the risk assessment and management task, as well as the essential precursor to treatment and intervention. This chapter examines the task of formulation and how it applies to clinical practice with violent and aggressive clients.
Youth in Forensic Services: Evidence‐Based Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Elliott Delbert S.
Published: September 2017

The identification of evidence‐based programs and practices for treating youth involved in violence and aggression begins with a discussion of the accepted scientific standard of evidence required for certifying treatments as having demonstrated their effectiveness. Treatment programs and practices meeting this evidentiary standard are then identified and described with respect to their logic model, targeted population, risk and protective factors addressed, and delivery setting. A distinction is made between effective and promising treatments, with effective treatments having stronger evidence of their effectiveness when implemented with fidelity. Issues associated with the dissemination and implementation of these programs and practices are then discussed.
Treatment of Violence and Aggression in Offenders with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Langdon Peter E. , Murphy Glynis H.
Published: September 2017

Historically, assumptions were made about a relationship between developmental disabilities and criminal offending behaviors. While some people with developmental disabilities, including people with intellectual disabilities, may commit crimes, there is no clear relationship between crime and developmental disabilities. For people with developmental disabilities who require interventions, there has been a marked increase in the development and use of psychological therapies to treat violence and aggression that would be considered criminal behavior; the evidence to support the use of many of these interventions remains weak, with the exception of anger management training. Further work is needed to develop robust, empirically validated interventions for both violence and aggression among people with developmental disabilities.
Family Violence
Authors: O'Leary K. Daniel , Salis Katie Lee , Bannon Sarah
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we explore individual and comorbid risk factors for child physical abuse and partner physical abuse, which include demographic factors (e.g., low income, young age, race, and unemployment), family factors (violence in the family of origin), and individual factors (e.g., alcohol abuse and anger problems). We present prevalence rates for the perpetration and victimization of both partner violence and child physical abuse. Our review leads to several summary observations about victimization and perpetration rates: (1) intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization rates are similar between men and women, but women are more likely to experience severe violence and injury, (2) a large discrepancy exists between parent and retrospective reports of child victimization and official reports of abuse, and (3) co‐occurring IPV and child abuse are common and estimated to be present in approximately 25–60% of families with one form present, with larger rates seen in shelter than community samples.
Promoting Resilience in Members of Violent Families
Authors: Howell Kathryn H. , Schwartz Laura E. , Barnes Sarah E.
Published: September 2017

Family violence takes many forms, including child maltreatment, sibling abuse, intimate partner violence, parent abuse, and elder abuse. The magnitude of these experiences has made family violence a worldwide public health concern, with negative short‐ and long‐term consequences. There are, however, multiple interventions that aim to combat these deleterious effects and bolster resilience in families exposed to violence. Future research on interventions for violence‐exposed families should examine short‐term, affordable services that include multiple family members, consider key developmental stages, and emphasize empowerment.
Promoting Positive Youth Development and Preventing Violence and Aggression: Connecting Individual and Ecological Developmental Assets
Authors: Champine Robey B.
Published: September 2017

Contemporary developmental models emphasize the synthesis of prevention and promotion perspectives in order to reduce young people's likelihood of engaging in violent, aggressive, and other problematic behaviors and maximize their potential for positive development. In light of their holistic and integrated approach, models that are derived from the relational developmental systems (RDS) metamodel (e.g., the positive youth development perspective) represent ideal frames through which to enrich understanding of how to align individual and ecological developmental assets in order to promote thriving among diverse youth. I discuss how the key ideas reflected in the RDS metamodel may inform effective approaches for preventing youth violence and problematic functioning (more broadly) and promoting thriving (namely, in the form of resilience). I explore these ideas within the context of empirical work suggesting the roles of individual and ecological developmental assets in prevention and promotion, and discuss important considerations for future research and practice.
Prevention of Violence, Aggression, and Bullying in Schools
Authors: Pitner Ronald O. , Moore Hadass , Capp Gordon , Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami
Published: September 2017

This chapter highlights best practices in predicting, preventing, and coping with school violence and provides detailed guidance for forming alliances between students, parents, and school staff and for influencing a nonviolent school environment and culture. We present information on common types of evidence‐based interventions and ways that school professionals can adopt an “entire school” approach through systematic monitoring. Finally, we discuss the basic assumptions of systematic school monitoring, providing detailed examples of its application and its utility for system‐wide school safety.
School‐Wide Interventions for Bullying: What Works?
Authors: Smith Peter K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the history of interventions against school bullying since the 1980s. It considers several major programs in detail. It then reviews meta‐analyses of program effectiveness. Issues considered are effectiveness at different ages, components of interventions, work with peers, disciplinary methods and restorative approaches, challenges of cyberbullying, the role of parents, the role of teachers and teacher training, set menu versus à la carte approaches, sustainability, and societal context.
Cyberbullying in Schools
Authors: Kowalski Robin M. , Morgan Megan E.
Published: September 2017

Technology has revolutionized not only the ways in which people communicate with one another but also the forms that bullying may take. Whereas formerly most bullying occurred at school during the school day, with the advent of cyberbullying, bullying may occur anytime, using the Internet or cellphone. After discussing the wired culture in which youth today are growing up, this chapter examines this relatively new form of bullying. The chapter looks first at how cyberbullying is typically defined and then examines prevalence rates and consequences of cyberbullying. The chapter concludes with an examination of prevention and intervention programs that schools can use to most effectively decrease the incidence of cyberbullying.
Strategies for Preventing Gang Violence: A Century of Evolving Programming and Research
Authors: Henderson Samantha M. , Ozer M. Murat
Published: September 2017

Gang crime has been a major concern in the United States since the beginning of the 20th century, when it began steadily spreading across the country. Of particular concern to law enforcement is gang‐perpetrated violence, which makes up the majority of violent crime in the nation. Numerous programs have been implemented over the past century in an attempt to curb this violence. In this chapter, we chronicle the evolution of gang violence intervention programming, beginning with early neighborhood mobilization, youth outreach, and social service programs and ending with more recent suppression and comprehensive programs. We discuss the empirical evidence related to each and argue that comprehensive programs, particularly those involving “pulling levers” focused deterrence strategies, are the most effective. Thereafter, we discuss the difficulties encountered when implementing comprehensive programs and argue that future comprehensive strategies would benefit from the incorporation of social network analysis and predictive analytics.
Youth Activism as Violence Prevention
Authors: Aspholm Roberto R. , Mattaini Mark A.
Published: September 2017

Interpersonal violence remains a serious social issue, particularly among street gangs and other groups of armed young people in marginalized urban communities. Much of this violence and gang membership can be understood functionally as responses of resistance—however self‐destructive—to experiences of marginalization and oppression. Given this analysis, one potential approach to violence prevention that has received little attention from researchers and practitioners lies in engaging alienated youth involved in violence in progressive activism and organizing initiatives. Young people have historically played a central role in social movements, and the power of these movements has often drawn in gang members and other street youth and redirected their energies in prosocial directions. This chapter offers an overview of youth activism as a promising approach to violence prevention, drawing on behavioral science, historical examples, current research with gang members in Chicago, and an appraisal of the contemporary Black Lives Matter movement.
Physical Abuse of People with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities in Residential Care
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Sabey Christian V. , Thomas Katie B. , Bouchard Lauren M.
Published: September 2017

Abuse of individuals with disabilities is a major issue. This is especially true in institutional and residential settings, where patients may be heavily dependent on caregivers for assistance with daily life activities. Individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities may be at particularly high risk for abuse due to difficulties communicating or recognizing abuse. Both psychoeducational and behavioral interventions show promise for increasing abuse awareness and teaching safety skills in this populations. Additionally, aggressive behavior toward treatment staff and other patients by patients with intellectual disabilities is a common concern, especially in high‐risk populations. Behavioral interventions and cognitive–behavioral psychotherapy both show promise for reducing aggressive behavior in these patients. Antipsychotic medications should be used with great caution due to the potential for severe side effects and poor evidence of their effectiveness in reducing aggressive behavior.
Violence in Football (Soccer): Overview, Prevalence, and Risk Factors
Authors: Rookwood Joel , Spaaij Ramón
Published: September 2017

Football (soccer) has been associated with several forms of violence. Various instances have been recorded implicating players, but such forms of disorder have been more prevalent involving supporters, particularly against fellow fans and the police. “Football hooliganism” has often been employed as a label for violent fan disorder. The phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the “English disease” although it has proved a serious social problem across various countries. Violent football groups or “firms” have developed particular labels and practices, and hooliganism has resulted in injuries and fatalities as well as damage to property. There have been extensive football‐specific legislative and police responses, particularly following tragedies and high‐profile incidents of violence at football megaevents. This chapter examines the nature and development of football violence in modern professional football across various countries, exploring multiple definitional, legal, and theoretical positions and the prevalence, risk, and impact of football hooliganism.