bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A New Copper Oxide Superconductor Containing Carbon.
Authors: KINOSHITA K. , YAMADA T.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Benchrotrenic Carbanions. Formation, Stabilization and Synthetical Applications
Authors: SENECHAL‐TOCQUER M. C. , SENECHAL D. , LE BIHAN J. Y. , GENTRIC D. , CARO B.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Penta‐Alkoxy‐ and Penta‐Aryloxy Silicates Directly from SiO2
Authors: BLOHOWIAK K. A. Y. , LAINE R. M. , ROBINSON T. R. , HOPPE M. L. , KAMPF J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: COOMBES R. G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Elimination Reactions
Authors: THIBBLIN A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Color Chemistry as Reflected in Helvetica Chimica Acta
Authors: ZOLLINGER H.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Resolution of Optical Isomers. Influence of Mobile and α‐Donor Chiral Stationary Phases.
Authors: DHANESAR S. C.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Ions and Ion Pairs
Authors: KOCHI J. K. , BOCKMAN T. M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Ceramic Materials from Aluminum Nitride
Authors: DOBRYNIN A. V.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Resolution Proton‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Oligosaccharide‐Alditols Released from Mucin‐Type O‐Glycoproteins.
Authors: KAMERLING J. P. , VLIEGENTHART J. F. G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Commercially Available Brush‐Type Chiral Selectors for the Direct Resolution of Enantiomers
Authors: PERRIN S. R. , PIRKLE W. H.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of N‐(α‐Alkoxyalkyl)benzotriazoles Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquid at Room Temperature
Authors: Wang Hong‐Xia , Ji Shun‐Jun , Gu Da‐Gong
Published: July 2007

N‐(α‐Alkoxyalkyl)benzotriazoles were synthesized via the condensation of benzotriazole with various aldehydes and alcohols catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid [hmim]HSO4 at room temperature. The yield was up to 99%. This novel method was effective when triethoxymethane was utilized instead of alcohols. Moreover, acidic ionic liquid could be reused easily with no significant degradation of its catalytic activity.
1,3‐Di(2‐p‐tolylvinyl)‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene: X‐ray Crystallographic Analysis, Thermal Decomposition and DFT Calculations
Authors: Wang Li‐Qiong , Liu Yan‐Hong , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Yang Li , Qiao Xiao‐Jing , Hu Xiao‐Chun , Guo Jin‐Yu
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the synthesis, crystal culturing and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography of 1,3‐di(2‐p‐tolylvingl)‐ 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (DTTB) were reported. FT‐IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize this compound. The results show that this single crystal belongs to triclinic system with space group P‐1. Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP was employed to optimize structure and calculate frequencies of the title compound. The calculated geometrical parameters were close to the corresponding experiment ones. The thermal decomposition of DTTB was investigated by DSC and TG‐DTG methods at the heating rate of 10 °C/min. It was observed that the initial decomposing temperature of DTTB was higher than that of TNTM, although its melting point was lower than that of TNTM, indicating that DTTB has higher heat resistant ability.
Direct marketing in the quest for competitive advantage
Authors: Dwyer F. Robert
Published: July 2007

The acceleration of interest in direct marketing in the 1980s is largely due to its legitimization via increased use by the world's leading marketers. This article outlines the fundamental aim of marketing strategy as the development and maintenance of long-range competitive advantage. To this end, key missions for direct marketing include: (1) selling efficiency and control, (2) market access, and (3) relationship management by exchange parties. Specific direct marketing activities are brought into focus by the strategic framework.
Consumers’ perceptions of direct marketing techniques
Authors: Brezen Tamara S. , Block Martin P. , Schultz Don E.
Published: July 2007

Direct marketing has become a highly popular and successful component of marketing. Today direct marketing-originated sales are growing at more than twice the rate of all general merchandise sales. This growth signifies an important shift in the marketing efforts of many companies to more selectively and directly target their customers with less waste and more timely response.

Despite this growth, the research literature on direct marketing is lacking in both its breadth of coverage across the various techniques available and in its depth of investigation in any one area. For instance, most studies have narrowly focused on through-the-mail techniques such as direct mail or catalog shopping. One obvious reason for this emphasis is the ability on the part of the researcher to control for message exposure and contain research costs. Direct marketing generally encompasses much more, however, such as direct response advertising scheduled in the customary mass media channels — radio, television, newspaper, and magazine — as well as telemarketing and door-to-door selling. The available research has also been developed primarily to define the demographic and psychographic characteristics of the direct marketing consumer, or to quantify the sales/inquiry response of alternative executions controlled experimentally in the field. Virtually no published research has addressed how the consumer, rather than the researcher or practitioner, perceives direct marketing; yet, insight into the way the consumer views direct marketing in its various forms, and how the consumer sees him/herself in relation to these techniques, is vitally important to the direct marketer.
The process of developing and assessing a collegiate direct marketing course
Authors: Sherman Elaine
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this article is to offer a benchmark case history detailing the development of a direct marketing course. Particular attention is given to describing the conceptual model that guided the development of the course, and the results of a “before/after” study of students’ interests in selected direct marketing topics. The results of the study provide support for the practice of treating students as “consumers,” and for the monitoring of their interest in and responses to specific topics of a direct marketing course.
Some consumer product marketing dilemmas
Authors: Rosenfield James R.
Published: July 2007

This article examines key factors in certain shifting trends from the predominating mass marketing traditions to the growing refinement and sophistication of direct marketing techniques. It explores the crucial roles-of sales promotion, database development and use, changing brand-name concepts, and other aspects of the field's rapid development. Anticipations for the future include an evolutionary, emerging pattern of what works best, suggesting further erosion of the mass market and increasingly conscious streamlining of direct methods.
Why recipients of direct mail do and don't respond
Authors: Gould James S.
Published: July 2007

Annually, billions of dollars are spent on direct mailings. Of these monies spent, an estimated 60 to 90 percent is wasted because recipients either did not read the mailing or did not respond to the offer. From the recipients’ perspective, much of the direct mail received is unwelcomed and referred to as “junk mail”.

This study examines recipient perceptions of direct mailings received and differentiates between the wanted, unwanted, responded to and not responded to categories.

Marketers using direct mail in their advertising-promotion mix will discover the findings to be helpful for developing mailings which are preferred by recipients and more likely to obtain responses. The initial study may also inspire researchers to further extend these avenues of exploration.
A profile of direct marketing television shoppers
Authors: Lincoln James E. , Cunningham Isabella C.M.
Published: July 2007

The researchers used a national mail survey to gather data on the motivational, attitudinal, psychographic, and socioenvironmental characteristics of consumers. Stepwise discriminant analyses of 886 usable responses revealed that significant differences between direct marketing television shoppers and non-shoppers could be attributed to ten variables. The two groups differed in their need for affiliation, need for convenience, and attitude toward risk. Other significant discriminators were: sex, race, age, the absence of children in the home, late night television viewing, and social isolation. The latter two variables helped provide support for two hitherto untested industry notions — the “theory of sales resistance,” and the “isolation hypothesis”.

Identifiable differences were used to help the researchers develop a profile of direct marketing television shoppers.
Selecting a mix of magazines for delivering targeted sales promotion
Authors: Bruvold Norman T. , Camm Jeffrey D. , Dwyer F. Robert , Evans James R.
Published: July 2007

Magazines are often used to deliver product samples and coupons directly to a target audience. This paper introduces and demonstrates a vehicle selection heuristic which accommodates managerial estimates of direct marketing program effectiveness in the target group, and program “waste” on nontarget groups (e.g., nonusers of the category and current brand loyal users). The approach, pivoting on widely available data and using a microcomputer, reduces the direct marketer's dependence on management science and data processing personnel, and efficiently allows the evaluation of various “what if” situations.
Increasing response rates using an inducement question in mail surveys
Authors: Geurts Michael , O‘Neill Michael F. , Albaum Gerald , Lawrence Kenneth
Published: July 2007

The authors report on a technique that has been used successfully to increase response rates. The technique is to include in the questionnaire an initial question, called an inducement question, whose intent is to arouse the respondents’ thoughts and feelings.

This paper explores the problems associated with using an inducement question and reports two studies in which the technique substantially increased the response rate. The initial idea for an inducement question occurred in response to a marketing researcher from Green Mountain Power of Vermont asking one of the authors if there were ways that the nonresponse to a survey of stockholders could be reduced.

The response rate in previous surveys of stockholders had generally been quite low. It appeared that the stockholders were indifferent and apathetic about past surveys. It was suggested to the researcher that if the initial question of the survey was: “Management at Green Mountain has recently decided to abandon the payment of dividends. Do you favor this policy?,” the response rate would increase substantially.
An evaluation of the characteristics of direct mail promotions to physicians
Authors: Brunner James A. , Lim Jeen-Su , Zallocco Ron
Published: July 2007

This research has attempted to determine attributes and features of direct mail promotions that can be directed more effectively to physicians. The study also tried to test the generalizability of the interest development findings of Ferber to direct mail promotions. Survey results showed that illustration, physicians’ familiarity with the product, and information value were the major determinants of interest on medical direct mail promotions. The value of this research is in its ability to improve the likelihood of a direct mail promotion gaining access to its intended audience, the physician.
Compliance strategies in direct response advertising
Authors: LeBourveau Carol A. , Robert Dwyer F. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: July 2007

Rising personal selling costs, market demassification, and pressures for advertising accountability are often-mentioned forces accounting for the recent surge of interest in direct marketing. Dollar-wise, direct marketing is credited with billions in media expenditures and over a hundred billion in sales. Meanwhile, the state of theory concerning buyer or seller behaviors in this field is a notch above folklore. This study develops a working definition of direct marketing, which supports a benchmark measurement of its prevalence in magazine advertising.

Cialdini's taxonomy of communication strategies is used to content analyze a sample of magazine advertisements. Results indicate that while both conventional display ads and direct response ads rely mostly on friendship/liking strategies, direct response ads use a scarcity theme significantly more than do conventional ads. Moreover, direct response ads support their principal themes with implicit reciprocation in approximately 33 percent of the cases.
Echo award entries: 1987
Authors: Caldwell Peter , Sachs William S.
Published: July 2007

Entries for Echo Awards, sponsored by the Direct Marketing Association, form the largest existing database representing the best efforts of direct marketing practitioners. This article examines the characteristics of these offers, in the hope of providing insights into both current practices and attributes of excellence. The key components in the analysis of offers cover 1) markets, 2) products, and 3) operational strategies and tactics.
Improved statistical techniques for response modeling
Authors: Magidson Jay
Published: July 2007

The multivariable techniques most prevalent in direct marketing research today for modeling response to a mailing (responders versus non-responders) are multiple regression, discriminant analysis, and AID (abbreviations are explained in the Introduction). This article shows why these traditional approaches may provide erroneous and misleading results for direct marketing use, which tend to be corrected by newer, more statistically appropriate methods, known as CHAID, logit, and log-linear models. We conclude with an application of the CHAID technique that resulted in a substantial lift in response for an Amoco Oil Company promotion to its credit card file.
How many names should we test?
Authors: Croy Calvin D.
Published: July 2007

This article illustrates how to determine the number of names to test mail in order to infer whether the rollout response rate will likely exceed some desired level. Also shown is how to predict the likely response rate of a full panel after a test mailing. The article is aimed at direct marketers with little statistical background.

Two example calculations are provided in detail: one for determining sample size and one for determining confidence intervals. Throughout the text, emphasis is placed on presenting, in a readable fashion, the statistical rationales that underlie all formulae. The sensitivity of the sample size formula is also explored.
The statisticians
Authors: Shepard David
Published: July 2007

This article is written solely for the use of the hundreds of direct marketers who have no formal training in statistics, but who may have been inadvertently exposed to, and perhaps permanently frightened by, the equations in the Allenby Blattberg article “A New Theory Of Direct Market Testing” (in JDM 1;4) or by the Don Morrison and Richard Colombo article in this issue on the same subject. This article is an attempt to let “the rest of us” in on what the academics are saying about us and our business. Absolutely no prior statistical knowledge is required and professional statisticians are urged not to peek—or nit pick the liberties taken by the author. The author wishes to thank all of the consultants within David Shepard Associates who contributed to this article, in particular Andrew Deutch, Barry Mark, and George Orme. Our own statistician, Bruce Ratner, prefers to side with the statisticians, and shares no responsibility for this work.
Reactions to creative variations of a direct response Ad
Authors: Motes William H. , Hilton Chadwick B. , Fielden John S.
Published: July 2007

For print advertising in general and direct marketing in particular, the role of communication style (i.e., how we say something) and organization (i.e., the sequential positioning of requests) as vehicles for effective understanding, retention of information, and persuasion, has long been assumed important. Style, perhaps even more than organization, has a strong intuitive appeal; more personal, forceful, or colorful ad messages are believed to have a greater impact on reader reactions than their counterparts. Yet, such were not the findings of this study. With few exceptions across a variety of print ad presentations, style and organization, both individually and in combination, were found to have very little effect upon how readers reacted to those ads. Results of this nature “run contrary” to what many copywriters believe and, therefore, bring into further question the assumed role that these factors play in the communication process.
The potential impact of emerging communications technologies on distribution channels
Authors: Sauer Paul , Young Murray , Wayne Talarzyk W.
Published: July 2007

Emerging communications technologies, especially those which allow manufacturers to deal directly with ultimate consumers, are likely to have a major impact on traditional distribution channels. Given that there are certain functions which must be performed in the marketing process, the emerging communications technologies may encourage the shifting of some functions back to manufacturers and others forward to consumers. Such shifts may lead to less need for certain middlemen and an expansion of direct marketing activities by some manufacturers. Recommendations are proposed for ways in which channel members might respond to such changes.
Use of computers in direct marketing courses
Authors: Carlson David C.
Published: July 2007

Computers may be a good tool to help direct marketing educators better prepare students for the “real world.” Are they readily available and being used for this purpose? A survey of professors who have taught direct marketing shows that most have personal computers (and/or terminals) in their offices and that their students have good access to computers. Yet, the majority (82 percent) have not used computer exercises or demonstrations in their direct marketing classes. Those who have used computers with these courses have used them in a broad spectrum of topic areas and rate the educational value quite highly.
Direct mail retailing: How effective are videologs?
Authors: Smart Denise T. , Zemanek James E. , Conant Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2007

A new direct mail marketing tool, the videolog, is examined in this exploratory study. Perceptions of product attributes, the sponsoring company, price information, and intentions to purchase were assessed and compared for three groups of participants—those exposed to the videolog only, both the videolog and catalog, or the catalog only. Results indicate that respondents had more positive perceptions of the clothing after exposure to the videolog and that further investigation of its effectiveness is warranted.
Videotex: Pandora's box for retailers
Authors: English Wilke D.
Published: July 2007

It is easy to see the benefits which an affordable videotex system would provide for consumers. It is much more difficult, however, to see even a single benefit which might accrue to the retailers who are spending so much money and effort to develop these systems. Already buffeted by over-capacity, declining profit margins and excessive emphasis upon discount promotions, the videotex systems promise to only exacerbate these problems. Still worse, the technology of electronic retailing may create the antecedent conditions necessary for pure competition, which would have an even more devastating effect upon profit margins.
Logistic versus decaying exponential equations for describing mail survey response curves: A conceptual rationale and reanalysis
Authors: Bauer Connie L.
Published: July 2007

Both the logistic and decaying exponential equations have been used to describe the accumulated growth curve of mail survey returns. While empirical fits have been presented for both curves, a conceptual rationale for either curve is lacking in the mail survey research literature. This paper thus presents a conceptual reason, in addition to empirical fits, for using the decaying exponential equation rather than the logistic equation in describing the accumulated mail survey response curve. It also shows that past comparisons of the logistic and decaying exponential equations have been inappropriate because of the use of different asymptotes. Based on an examination of two decaying exponential equation forms, a strategy for future research is suggested.
The effect of sample size and proportion of buyers in the sample on the performance of list segmentation equations generated by regression analysis
Authors: Berger Paul , Magliozzi Thomas
Published: July 2007

List segmentation refers to the set of techniques employed by direct mail marketers to attempt to predict those specific individuals who are more likely than others on a list to respond to a specific direct mail solicitation. Regression analysis is a commonly used list Segmentation technique which yields managerially useful results. However, the commonly accepted criteria for evaluating the “goodness” of regression equations (such as adjusted or unadjusted R2) are inappropriate in the list segmentation context. The authors describe a superior evaluation criterion—the Pareto Prediction Criterion—and report on a study in which a series of A/B (scoring equation generation sample/holdout evaluation sample) experiments are conducted, with both the sample size and proportion of buyers of each sample (A and B) varying. The results of our study indicate that when the response rate is held constant, the sample size does have a significant impact on the segmentation's performance. Moreover. “salting the data” (artificially inflating the response rate in the sample, resulting in a data set to be analyzed with higher proportion of buyers than in actuality) has a positive effect on segmentation performance when applied to “A,” the data set from which the scoring equation is generated, but has no effect on segmentation performance when applied to “B,” the holdout sample.
An exploratory assessment of catalog shopping orientations
Authors: Gehrt Kenneth C. , Carter Kent
Published: July 2007

Catalog patronage research has frequently attempted to explain patronage proclivities by utilizing demographic predictor variables. Selection of demographic variables has been implicitly based on the premise that nonstore shoppers are convenience-oriented. A comparison of studies reveals that their findings often conflict An issue that has not been thoroughly examined is whether a multiplicity of orientations toward catalog shopping exists The existence of multiple orientations toward store shopping has been recognized for some time This article empirically assesses catalog shopping orientations, borrowing theoretical and methodological frameworks that have been used to examine store shopping orientations. Analysis reveals two primary shopping orientations that are related to catalog shopping: a convenience as well as a recreational orientation. The findings indicate that the catalog shopping orientations differ substantially and suggest that retail strategies and tactics which target individuals associated with each of the orientations must also differ. The study also demonstrates a methodology that may prove useful for future research.
TV viewer characteristics and “Results beyond response”
Authors: Nowak Glen J.
Published: July 2007

Increased consumer acceptance of direct marketing, inflation in advertising costs, and demands for advertising accountability have combined to make television one of the fastest growing and changing direct response media. Even with these recent developments, relatively little is know about how viewers respond to direct response TV advertising. This article addresses this research void by examining the relationships between TV viewers’ characteristics and their subsequent reactions to direct response TV commercials. The findings suggested: 1) that consumer characteristics are related to viewer reactions to direct response TV ads; 2) that specific viewer characteristics, rather than broad segmentation categories, have the strongest relationship to viewer responses; and 3) that the strongest relationships are found between viewer characteristics and attitude and intention responses.
The use of need-based segmentation for developing segment-specific direct marketing strategies
Authors: Peltier James W. , Schribrowsky John A.
Published: July 2007

Increasing costs, competition, and consumer skepticism present serious challenges to the growth of direct marketing. The future success of direct marketing firms rests with their ability to exploit their inherent competitive advantages. One critical advantage is their ability to target very specific groups of customers with individualized marketing programs. This article supports a segmentation approach to targeting customer groups based on both the needs underlying a purchase and descriptive buyer data. The steps for performing a need-based segmentation analysis are discussed. This is followed by a section pertaining to the implementation of direct marketing programs based on the results of the benefit/buyer motive segmentation analysis.
Architectures for marketing computer systems
Authors: Sargent George , Miglautsch John , Munro David
Published: July 2007

This article identified three combinations of hardware and database software for multiuser applications: mainframe or minicomputer-based, microcomputer network with first generation LAN database, and microcomputer network with a client-server database. It compares their desirability on five “: decision variables”: power, cost effectiveness, number of users, comfort, and control. Main-frame computers scored lower than network computing. Both networks combinations offer power, cost effectiveness, comfort and control, but the client-server LAN database architecture is emerging as the one of choice, particularly as the number of users increases. They offer a combination of computing power, ease of use, and new functionality which promises to release marketing from the confines of the mainframe world.
Experimental design in direct mail and the application of Taguchi methods
Authors: Berger Paul D. , Magliozzi Thomas L.
Published: July 2007

This article considers the use of an experimental design for studying the impact of various factors on response rate in a direct mail application. First we show why factorial designs are superior to “traditional” experimentation in which factors are studied “one-at-a-time.” We then describe 2-level fractional factorial designs. We next introduce Taguchi methods for designing fractional factorial experiments. These methods have been applied primarily in the operations and design engineering areas, but hold great promise for many other settings, including the direct marketing arena. The methods are easy to use and do not require the user to have extensive statistical training.
The targeted marketing of consumer durables
Authors: Bayus Barry L.
Published: July 2007

In this article, an approach for identifying prime prospects and developing targeted marketing strategies for durables is presented and empirically illustrated using a set of major home appliances. The proposed approach combines probability models for identifying segments (as a function of household characteristics) and determining replacement potentials (as a function of the age of a current unit). Importantly, these models use data that are generally available to manufacturers and retailers of durable products (e.g., syndicated survey data, warranty card information, data overlays from commercial firms).
Generalized marketplace influencers’ (market mavens’) attitudes toward direct mail as a source of information
Authors: Schneider Kenneth C. , Rodgers William C.
Published: July 2007

Feick and Price (1) have identified a new type of interpersonal influencer, the “market maven,” whose influence derives not from experience or expertise in any particular product category, but rather from experience and expertise concerning the marketplace in general. According to Feick and Price, mavens can be thought of as consumers whose knowledge transcends many different product categories, types of distribution outlets, local marketplace developments, and so on, and who actively share this information with others. The purpose of this study was to examine how market mavens’ attitudes toward direct mail (and, implicitly, other forms of direct marketing) differ from those of other consumers. Using results from a sample of nearly 300 adult women, we concluded that market mavens have more favorable attitudes toward direct mail as a source of information than do nonmavens.
Trends and challenges of expanding internationally via direct marketing
Authors: Topol Martin T. , Sherman Elaine
Published: July 2007

This article explores the perceptions and attitudes of direct marketing practitioners regarding entry and expansion into international markets. Obstacles to successful entry into foreign markets via direct marketing are identified and discussed as well as other strategic issues. This study, based on the responses of 233 direct marketing executives, reflects their experiences and attitudes. Comparisons are drawn between those firms currently engaged in international direct marketing and those firms not currently involved in this area. In particular, this research explores why some firms are less reluctant than others to enter international markets. Finally, this research examines the feasibility of employing a “global” versus a “local” strategy.
A segmentation study of consumers’ attitudes toward direct mail
Authors: Milne George R. , Gordon Mary Ellen
Published: July 2007

The growing perception that direct marketing results in the invasion of consumer privacy has resulted in proposals to limit marketing practices. Restrictions on practices could be avoided if direct marketers segment their markets based on consumer attitudes toward direct marketing practices. This study reports the results of a segmentation study that clusters individuals based on their attitudes toward direct mail. The results suggest there is substantial heterogeneity across groups of consumers and that paying attention to consumers’ attitudes toward direct mail could reduce the possibility of governmental intervention in direct mail practices and improve the efficiency of direct marketing.
Sales tax effects on mail order customer purchasing decisions
Authors: Klassen Michael L. , Glynn Karen , Porter Kathleen
Published: July 2007

The results of a national survey of mail order customers are shared. The findings suggest that consumers are aware of the tax benefit associated with mail order and that this benefit plays a more significant role in purchase decisions than popularly believed. The results are a “red flag” for the mail order industry about the potential deleterious impact on sales if sales tax is mandated.
Retail Shopping Safety and the Direct Marketing Alternative: Exploring Student Perceptions
Authors: Claxton Reid P.
Published: July 2007

Issues of customer safety in the retail store environment are becoming increasingly serious. However, little empirical research has tested the idea that consumers’ shopping safety concerns represent opportunities for direct marketers. The study sample included 152 undergraduate marketing students, ranging from 19 to 47 years of age: 65 women and 87 men participated; six hypotheses were tested. Women were significantly more concerned about shopping safety than men ( p = .0004). Shopping safety concern scores were significantly related to the perception that shopping by direct mail offers greater personal safety than store shopping ( p = .0455). Safety concern scores were related to more often considering shopping direct ( p = .0000). Marital status and shopping safety concern were significantly related ( p = .0104). Whether a respondent had been a crime victim, or knew someone who had, was partially significant ( p = .0821). Age and shopping safety concern were not significantly related ( p = .1559). Implications for direct marketers are discussed.
The state of telemarketing regulation in the states
Authors: Marie Cain Rita
Published: July 2007

This article explains the results of a survey of state regulators regarding enforcement of telemarketing laws in their jurisdictions. The article particularly examines the validity and efficacy of state registration requirements for telemarketers. The article also critiques the exemption for charitable solicitors found in most laws.
A design consideration of deflection‐modulated EBS amplifier diodes
Authors: Makishima Hideo , Mitomi Osamu , Ishitsuka Fuminori
Published: July 2007

It is expected that the deflection‐modulated EBS amplifier can be used in the microwave band up to quasi‐millimeter wave band as a power amplifier, in which the diode is an important integral part. This paper will present a diode design method suitable for high frequency. First, the electron pair profile, generated in the diode by electron beam illumination, will be found using the Monte Carlo method, and its distribution will be obtained as a function of metal thickness and material, as well as the p+ layer thickness. The amplitude response of the output current due to carrier transittime in the depletion layer can then be found from the profile. This permits us to propose an amplifier design method, by which the diode design parameters for maximum diode efficiency can be found. Based on the design concept presented in this paper, we design a 10‐GHz Si‐pn diode and GaAs Schottky diode. The design parameter effects on characteristics are given, and Si or GaAs EBS diode performance and limitations are clarified.
Radiation characteristics of ring antennas for electron plasma waves
Authors: Egashira Shigeru , Morita Yuzuru , Yoshida Yoshinori
Published: July 2007

A theoretical analysis and experiments on one‐ and two‐element ring antennas in an isotropic compressible plasma are repeated. First, a two‐element ring antenna connected to the inner and outer conductors of a coaxial feeder is analyzed by decomposing the system into a zero phase type and a positive phase type. The analysis uses Fourier series expansion. Numerical results reveal that in both one‐ and two‐element systems the current is approximated by a triangular distribution, i.e., a charge with a uniform distribution, if the ring diameter is much smaller than the free space wavelength. In the case of two‐element systems, the charge distributions of elements #1 and #2 are out of phase. The input impedance of the two‐element ring is much smaller than that of the one‐element system. The measured and calculated radiation patterns of a one‐element ring for the electron plasma wave agree well except near θ = 90°. The side‐lobe level of the two‐element ring is much lower than that of the one‐element ring and the radiation characteristics are much improved. It is theoretically and experimentally confirmed that the radiation efficiency of the two‐element ring is much better than that of the one‐element ring for electron plasma waves.
Passive realization of nonlinear networks. Existence of C1 internal energy functions
Authors: Takahashi Haruhisa , Kumagai Sadatoshi , Kodama Shinzo
Published: July 2007

The problem of determining the class of passive nonlinear networks with the C1 internal energy function proposed by Wyatt, Chua et al., is closely related to the passive realization of nonlinear networks. This paper considers the positive‐real lemma which plays a fundamental role in the passive realization of linear networks. Here, the lemma is extended to general nonlinear networks using the property of solution in the optimal control problem. the results obtained provide an answer to the problem proposed by Wyatt, Chua et al. the positive‐real lemma for the linear case can easily be derived as a special case of the general nonlinear case. the realization problem for the nonlinear n‐port is formulated, and a fundamental property for the passive realization is shown as an extension of the linear case.
A method of coding for narrow‐band CPFSK
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Harashima Hiroshi , Miyakawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Although the continuous phase FSK (CPFSK) scheme has been used for narrow‐band data transmission, its error rate performance is rather poor. This paper describes a coding method for improving the error rate performance of the narrow‐band CPFSK scheme with modulation indices of 1/3 and 1/4. the proposed method examines the structure of the signal space for the given modulation scheme and avoids using the signal metric of small value in the coding. Hence, the objective of this method is not error correction, but maximization of the minimum signal metric. the application of this method in narrow‐band CPFSK system yields better performance than the MSK scheme in terms of both bandwidth and error rate.
Modified three‐dimensional self‐complementary array antenna over a finite ground plane
Authors: Kasahara Takeshi , Sawaya Kunio , Mushiake Yasuto
Published: July 2007

A balanced wideband antenna based on the self‐complementary principle is known as a log‐periodic antenna. Another type of self‐complementary antenna, the unbalanced type, has not been extensively studied, even though it is useful in many areas, including mobile communication. This paper describes an unbalanced wideband antenna with an extremely simple structure based on the principle of the three‐dimensional self‐complementary antenna. A method for deriving a unidirectional and constant‐impedance antenna from a three‐dimensional self‐complementary antenna having several symmetrical radiation lobes is proposed, and a theoretical and experimental analysis of the radiation characteristics of a monopole‐slot pair with a finite ground plane is given. It is shown that the radiation characteristics remain almost unchanged when the ground plane is larger than one wavelength in four directions from the center of the antenna pair. It is also shown that the gain in the maximum radiation direction of an element pair is much higher on a semi‐infinite ground plane than on an infinite ground plane. A wide‐band antenna consisting of element‐pairs spaced at equal intervals and with a length taper is described. the antenna exhibits a substantial array effect on the gain. the gain is higher than that of a monopole‐notch array antenna with a ground plane.
A proposal of time division switching network using variable time slot multi/demultiplexing circuit
Authors: Yasui Tadahiko , Takahashi Tatsuro
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a time division switching network in which only functionally expanded multiplexing switches are connected in cascades. It has been designated Variable Multi‐demultiplexing Time Division Switching Network (VTDS). Input multiplicity is commonly one in the conventional multiplexing switch (switching circuit element); however, the one proposed herein accommodates lines whose multiplicity is more than one. All VTDS holding memories, which store the correspondence between input timeslots and output timeslots, can be realized with the same economical low‐speed memories. Moreover, the switching network structure is optimized assuming that gate cost is proportional to gate speed. the optimum VTDS switch size gradually decreases towards the center stage. an outstanding VTDS feature is that multiplexing switching gate speed can be utilized most effectively because VTDS needs no time memory and speech path network construction is freed from random access memory speed limit. Other VTDS features: (1) input multiplicity is one; (2) channel graph is serial‐parallel type; and (3) it eliminates highway (space) switches.
Graph theoretical approach to a highly reliable network
Authors: Imase Makoto , Okada Keiji , Ichikawa Haruhisa
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a method of constructing a highly reliable and efficient communication network using two types of directed graphs called “extended complete graph (ECG)” and “quasi‐ECG.” They are nearly minimum in diameter and nearly maximum in connectivity for any number of nodes. These graphs are evaluated for diameter, connectivity and “vulnerability” which is defined to represent the throughput deterioration caused by network constituent failure. A network constructed using (quasi‐) ECGs is also shown to be comparative to the commercial network in the mean value of transit switching stages per call.
Analysis of microwave amplifier or frequency multiplier tube with a multipactor electron gun
Authors: Yokoo Kuniyoshi , Ono Shoichi , Tai Don Zhe
Published: July 2007

The electron beam emitted from a so‐called multipactor cathode operated on the basis of the multipactor effect forms narrow pulses repeated at an RF frequency identical to that of the signal driving the cathode. By accelerating the beam, one can create a high‐efficiency microwave tube for amplification and multiplication having a simple construction without the velocity modulation required of a dc electron beam in such a tube as a multicavity klystron. This paper describes a simulation study of a multipactor cathode and the acceleration region of the electron beam. the study provides a guideline for an expected dynamic operation. the conversion efficiencies from the dc input power to the fundamental wave and the second and third harmonics are expected to be as high as 86%, 56% and 31%.
Effects of desired signal arrival angle errors on the steady‐state performance of a howells‐applebaum adaptive array
Authors: Ohmiya Manabu , Ogawa Yasutaka , Itoh Kiyohiko
Published: July 2007

When a Howells‐Applebaum adaptive array is used in a communication system, the receiving side must know the frequency and arrival angle of the desired signal. However, it is often impractical to assume that the arrival angle is accurately known. It is of importance to determine the degradation of output characteristics due to the angular error in arrival angle of the desired signal. This paper first presents a theoretical analysis of the steady‐state performance of the array when only the desired signal exists and angular error is contained in it. A condition is found under which the desired SNR is obtainable from the angle error profile. A formula is derived by which the upper limit of the amplifier gain or the allowable upper limit in the angle error is obtained. These limits are important criteria in the array design. Some numerical calculations are conducted for angle error characteristics in the presence of interference and the effectiveness of the derived design criteria. It is found that these criteria are sufficiently useful if the amplifier gain g normalized by the thermal noise power is larger than unity or if for a small g the interference power is reasonably large. This is because the angle error characteristics are better than those in the absence of interference.
The number of dichotomies and the separating capacity of a set of parallel hyperplanes–The information processing capability of the multithreshold threshold elements
Authors: Takiyama Ryuzo
Published: July 2007

To represent the intrinsic information processing capability of the learning machine or the pattern classification system, Cover [1] has defined the separating capacity, and calculated it for the linear machine and the so‐called ψ machine. In this paper the separating capacity of a pattern classification system by a multi‐threshold threshold element is obtained. It is shown that the capacity of a multithreshold threshold element with k thresholds in n dimensional space is 2(n + k). A linear machine is a special case of such a threshold element with k = 1; therefore, its capacity becomes 2(m + 1). Although it is intuitively apparent that the larger the number of thresholds, the more powerful the k‐threshold element is in information processing, this is interpreted to mean that the capacity of the k‐threshold element increases linearly with respect to the number k.
On a preprocess to facsimile transmission code for rejection of isolated background noise and notches in images
Authors: Hosaka Kenichi , Tominaga Hideyoshi
Published: July 2007

Most digital facsimile scanners scan the input documents and generate black and white pixels by thresholding. This process often creates isolated background noise and notches on the edges of contour lines. In addition to the degradation in image quality, the noise and notches tend to decrease the efficiency of the encoding scheme. This paper utilizes the notion of rectangular points on a C‐dot pattern to remove isolated background noise and notches. the relationship between the rectangular points and the original image is investigated. Experiments are conducted which show a reduction of about 10% in the number of bits needed to represent the raster‐scanned image.