bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los recursos tecnológicos y su apropiación en la asignatura de Artes (Música) en Secundaria
Authors: Sánchez González Israel , Gómez Zermeño Marcela Georgina , Pintor Chávez María Manuela
Published: October 2015

En México, el plan de estudios de secundaria contempla en sus principios pedagógicos la utilización de recursos audiovisuales y multimedia, así como el uso del Internet para fortalecer la enseñanza y el conocimiento de sus estudiantes. La existencia de actividades musicales en secundaria considera valorar la vinculación de la música en la vida diaria de los adolescentes, ampliar sus conocimientos artísticos, así como establecer una relación con la tecnología y su utilización en el aspecto profesional de la disciplina artística musical. Este estudio presenta una investigación cualitativa con el objetivo de analizar la aplicación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación como herramientas didácticas que contribuyan a lograr los objetivos y aprendizajes planteados en la asignatura de Artes del nivel secundaria en México, y desarrollar el pensamiento crítico por medio de competencias de apreciación musical. Los participantes fueron los alumnos de primer grado de una escuela secundaria, quienes desarrollaron diversas actividades mediante el uso de herramientas tecnológicas para analizar su influencia en el aprendizaje y desarrollo de competencias como el pensamiento crítico y la apreciación musical. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos pueden aprender de manera independiente al utilizar la reflexión y siguiendo un método, además practicaron la percepción, memoria auditiva y el trabajo colaborativo. Las recomendaciones finales indican que es necesario incorporar más actividades con el uso de la tecnología en demás grados, pues su uso promovió en el estudiante altos niveles de interés y atención.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.6.4167
El sonido de las palabras escritas del hombre sabio
Authors: Huerta Ramon Ricard
Published: October 2015

Reseña del libro de Benedetto Vertecchi "Itinerarios de investigación educativa. Los editoriales de Cadmo"
Medical and Economic Impact of a Free Student-Run Podiatric Medical Clinic
Authors: Hua Natalie T. , Shih Chia-Ding , Tran David
Published: October 2015

Background

Data from the free student-run podiatric medical clinic at Clínica Tepati at the University of California, Davis, were used to analyze medical and economic impacts on health-care delivery and to extrapolate the economic impact to the national level. Clínica Tepati also provides an excellent teaching environment and services to the uninsured Hispanic population in the Greater Sacramento area.

Methods

In this analysis, we retrospectively reviewed patient medical records for podiatric medical encounters during 15 clinic days between November 2010 and February 2012. The economic impact was evaluated by matching diagnoses and treatments with Medicare reimbursement rates using International Classification of Diseases codes, Current Procedural Terminology codes, and the prevailing Medicare reimbursement rates.

Results

Sixty-three podiatric medical patients made 101 visits during this period. Twenty patients returned to the clinic for at least one follow-up visit or for a new medical concern. Thirty-nine different diagnoses were identified, and treatments were provided for all 101 patient encounters/visits. Treatments were limited to those within the clinic's resources. This analysis estimates that $17,332.13 worth of services were rendered during this period.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the free student-run podiatric medical clinic at Clínica Tepati had a significant medical and economic impact on the delivery of health care at the regional level, and when extrapolated, nationally as well. These student-run clinics also play an important role in medical education settings.
Reduction in Size and Number of Plantar Verrucae in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Individuals After the Implementation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Afesllari Endri , Miller Timothy J. , Huchital Michael J. , King Christy M. , Johnston James S. , Barbosa Peter
Published: October 2015

Background

Implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly increased the life expectancy of those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Except for prevalence, scientific reports regarding clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae in the post-HAART era are lacking. The objective of this study was to compare clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae between HIV-infected and noninfected individuals and then to compare these findings with those observed before the implementation of HAART.

Methods

Nineteen patients with plantar verrucae (ten with HIV and nine without HIV) were examined to determine the size, number, and clinical type of verrucae present. The two groups were first compared with each other and then with previously collected data from a similar analysis conducted in 1995, before the implementation of HAART. Statistical significance was determined using the Fisher exact test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results

No significant differences were observed in the size, number, or clinical type of verrucae between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients. Compared with the 1995 data, there was a significant decrease in the number of verrucae lesions per individual and a nonsignificant decrease in the average size of verrucae in HIV-positive patients.

Conclusions

Study results indicate that the implementation of HAART has impacted the clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae in HIV-positive individuals. Further analyses with a larger number of patients are required to confirm and substantiate these findings.
Perceived Stress and Coffee and Energy Drink Consumption Predict Poor Sleep Quality in Podiatric Medical Students
Authors: Sawah Mohomad Al , Ruffin Naeemah , Rimawi Mohammad , Concerto Carmen , Aguglia Eugenio , Chusid Eileen , Infortuna Carmenrita , Battaglia Fortunato
Published: October 2015

Background

A cross-sectional survey administered to first- and second-year podiatric medical students aimed to investigate the effect of coffee intake, energy drink consumption, and perceived stress on sleep quality in medical students during their preclinical studies.

Methods

Ninety-eight of 183 students contacted (53.6%) completed a questionnaire comprising standard instruments measuring sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness scale), and perceived stress (ten-item Perceived Stress Scale). Furthermore, we investigated coffee and energy drink consumption. Logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with poor sleep quality and the relation between sleep quality and academic performance (grade point average).

Results

High prevalences of poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and perceived stress were reported. In addition, higher odds of developing poor sleep quality were associated with coffee and energy drink intake, perceived stress, and excessive daytime sleepiness. The total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was inversely correlated with grade point average.

Conclusions

First- and second-year podiatric medical students have poor sleep quality. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies to reduce stress and decrease coffee and energy drink intake to minimize their negative effect on sleep quality and academic performance in podiatric medical students.
Evidence-Based Approach to Advanced Wound Care Products
Authors: Robbins Jeffrey M. , Dillon Jeremiah
Published: October 2015

There is increasing pressure from industry to use advanced wound care products and technologies. Many are very expensive but promise to reduce overall costs associated with wound care. Compelling anecdotal evidence is provided that inevitably shows wounds that failed all other treatments but responded positively to the subject product. Evidence-based medicine is the standard by which physician-scientists must make their clinical care decisions. In an attempt to provide policy makers with the most current evidence on advanced wound care products, the Department of Veteran Affairs conducted an Evidence-based Synthesis Program review of advanced wound care products. This paper suggests how to take this information and apply it to policy to drive evidence-based care to improve outcomes and fiduciary responsibility.
O FACEBOOK COMO FERRAMENTA DE COMUNICAÇÃO INTERNA NO HOSPITAL SÃO VICENTE DE PAULO, DE CRUZ ALTA
Authors: Dias Claudiane Veber , Depexe Sandra
Published: October 2015

Pensar na comunicação interna dentro das organizações é uma realidade cada vez mais presente. Nessa perspectiva, aliada à utilização das tecnologias digitais, objetivamos neste estudo, refletir sobre o público interno, a partir da utilização da rede social Facebook pelos colaboradores do Hospital São Vicente de Paulo de Cruz Alta, com vistas a encontrar alternativas para otimizar a ferramenta em prol da efetividade da comunicação interna aliada aos objetivos da Instituição. Propomos um estudo de caso, a partir da criação de um grupo secreto no Facebook para os colaboradores da Instituição e através da observação participante e do monitoramento do grupo, utilizando o software Nvivo para coleta dos dados. Avançamos nas análises descritivas e reflexivas que contribuem para o entendimento acerca do engajamento dos colaboradores inseridos na rede social.
ÁGUA, AÇÚCAR E CO²: A MISTURA POÉTICA DA COCA-COLA
Authors: Santos Luiz Cezar
Published: October 2015

O presente trabalho buscar discutir a inter-relação entre publicidade e literatura, como formas intrínsecas de comunicação e arte, ao discutir as semelhanças e as diferenças do fazer criativo-artístico da publicidade e do fazer artístico-criativo da literatura tomando por objeto de estudo a Coca-Cola. E assim, questionar conceitualmente como que um produto industrializado (Refrigerante) se transforma em um signo possuidor de um corpus imagético e sonoro com uma infinidade de significados e significantes, características presentes tanto na criação do texto publicitário como na criação do texto literário.
DESIGN DA NOTÍCIA: IMPACTOS DO JORNALISMO ONLINE NA APRESENTAÇÃO DO TEXTO
Authors: Bertolini Jeferson
Published: October 2015

Este artigo aborda o aspecto visual dos títulos das notícias publicadas na internet. O objetivo é mostrar que determinadas características do jornalismo online, como a atualização contínua, impactam na apresentação dos títulos. O texto apresenta princípios do design gráfico, como simetria e regularidade, e recorre à teoria da evolução das espécies para dizer que a beleza é fundamental tanto para o consumo da notícia quanto para a preservação da vida.
Abrupt termination of Marine Isotope Stage 16 (Termination VII) at 631.5 ka in Santa Barbara Basin, California
Authors: Dean Walter E. , Kennett James P. , Behl Richard J. , Nicholson Craig , Sorlien Christopher C.
Published: October 2015

The Marine Isotope Stage 16–15 boundary (Termination VII) is the first deglacial warming step of the late Quaternary following the mid‐Pleistocene transition (MPT), when 41 kyr climatic cycles shifted to strong 100 kyr cycles. The detailed structure of this important climatic event has remained unknown until now. Core MV0508‐19JPC from Santa Barbara Basin, California, contains a decadal‐scale climatic and geochemical sediment record of 4000 years duration that includes the early part of this deglacial episode. This record reveals that the climatic shift during the early deglacial occurred rapidly (<700 years), in a progression of three abrupt warming steps. The onset of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15 was remarkably abrupt with 4–5°C sea surface warming in ~50 years. The deglacial sequence contains the well‐dated Lava Creek tephra (631.3 ± 4 ka) from Yellowstone Caldera used to date the onset of Termination VII at 631.5 ka. The late MIS 16 and early MIS 15 interval exhibits multiple decadal‐scale negative excursions in δ13C of planktic foraminifera, likely the result of repeated discharges of methane from methane hydrates associated with both ocean warming and low sea level. A warm interstadial that interrupts late MIS 16 is marked by elevated concentrations of redox‐sensitive elements indicating sulfidic, oxygen‐deficient bottom and pore‐waters, and elevated concentrations of total organic carbon and Cd, reflecting increased surface productivity. Unlike younger sediments on the California margin, these indicators of increased productivity and low dissolved oxygen do not consistently correspond with each other or with preserved laminations, possibly reflecting instability of a still evolving ocean‐atmosphere system following the MPT.
Evaluation of simplified evaporation duct refractivity models for inversion problems
Authors: Saeger J. T. , Grimes N. G. , Rickard H. E. , Hackett E. E.
Published: October 2015

To assess a radar system's instantaneous performance on any given day, detailed knowledge of the meteorological conditions is required due to the dependency of atmospheric refractivity on thermodynamic properties such as temperature, water vapor, and pressure. Because of the significant challenges involved in obtaining these data, recent efforts have focused on development of methods to obtain the refractivity structure inversely using radar measurements and radar wave propagation models. Such inversion techniques generally use simplified refractivity models in order to reduce the parameter space of the solution. Here the accuracy of three simple refractivity models is examined for the case of an evaporation duct. The models utilize the basic log linear shape classically associated with evaporation ducts, but each model depends on various parameters that affect different aspects of the profile, such as its shape and duct height. The model parameters are optimized using radiosonde data, and their performance is compared to these atmospheric measurements. The optimized models and data are also used to predict propagation using a parabolic equation code with the refractivity prescribed by the models and measured data, and the resulting propagation patterns are compared. The results of this study suggest that the best log linear model formulation for an inversion problem would be a two‐layer model that contains at least three parameters: duct height, duct curvature, and mixed layer slope. This functional form permits a reasonably accurate fit to atmospheric measurements as well as embodies key features of the profile required for correct propagation prediction with as few parameters as possible.
Leaky nitrogen cycle in pristine African montane rainforest soil
Authors: Rütting Tobias , Cizungu Ntaboba Landry , Roobroeck Dries , Bauters Marijn , Huygens Dries , Boeckx Pascal
Published: October 2015

Many pristine humid tropical forests show simultaneously high nitrogen (N) richness and sustained loss of bioavailable N forms. To better understand this apparent upregulation of the N cycle in tropical forests, process‐based understanding of soil N transformations, in geographically diverse locations, remains paramount. Field‐based evidence is limited and entirely lacking for humid tropical forests on the African continent. This study aimed at filling both knowledge gaps by monitoring N losses and by conducting an in situ15N labeling experiment in the Nyungwe tropical montane forest in Rwanda. Here we show that this tropical forest shows high nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses, confirming findings from other parts of the world. Gross N transformation rates point to an open soil N cycle with mineralized N nitrified rather than retained via immobilization; gross immobilization of NH4+and NO3−combined accounted for 37% of gross mineralization, and plant N uptake is dominated by ammonium (NH4+). This study provided new process understanding of soil N cycling in humid tropical forests and added geographically independent evidence that humid tropical forests are characterized by soil N dynamics and N inputs sustaining bioavailable N loss.
North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variations from GRACE ocean bottom pressure anomalies
Authors: Landerer Felix W. , Wiese David N. , Bentel Katrin , Boening Carmen , Watkins Michael M.
Published: October 2015

Concerns about North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (NAMOC) changes imply the need for a continuous, large‐scale observation capability to detect changes on interannual to decadal time scales. Here we present the first measurements of Lower North Atlantic Deep Water (LNADW) transport changes using only time‐variable gravity observations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites from 2003 until now. Improved monthly gravity field retrievals allow the detection of North Atlantic interannual bottom pressure anomalies and LNADW transport estimates that are in good agreement with those from the Rapid Climate Change‐Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID/MOCHA). Concurrent with the observed AMOC transport anomalies from late 2009 through early 2010, GRACE measured ocean bottom pressures changes in the 3000–5000 m deep western North Atlantic on the order of 20 mm‐H2O (200 Pa), implying a southward volume transport anomaly in that layer of approximately −5.5 sverdrup. Our results highlight the efficacy of space gravimetry for observing AMOC variations to evaluate latitudinal coherency and long‐term variability.
Effects of long‐term fluid injection on induced seismicity parameters and maximum magnitude in northwestern part of The Geysers geothermal field
Authors: Kwiatek Grzegorz , Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Dresen Georg , Bohnhoff Marco , Sone Hiroki , Hartline Craig
Published: October 2015

The long‐term temporal and spatial changes in statistical, source, and stress characteristics of one cluster of induced seismicity recorded at The Geysers geothermal field (U.S.) are analyzed in relation to the field operations, fluid migration, and constraints on the maximum likely magnitude. Two injection wells, Prati‐9 and Prati‐29, located in the northwestern part of the field and their associated seismicity composed of 1776 events recorded throughout a 7 year period were analyzed. The seismicity catalog was relocated, and the source characteristics including focal mechanisms and static source parameters were refined using first‐motion polarity, spectral fitting, and mesh spectral ratio analysis techniques. The source characteristics together with statistical parameters (b value) and cluster dynamics were used to investigate and understand the details of fluid migration scheme in the vicinity of injection wells. The observed temporal, spatial, and source characteristics were clearly attributed to fluid injection and fluid migration toward greater depths, involving increasing pore pressure in the reservoir. The seasonal changes of injection rates were found to directly impact the shape and spatial extent of the seismic cloud. A tendency of larger seismic events to occur closer to injection wells and a correlation between the spatial extent of the seismic cloud and source sizes of the largest events was observed suggesting geometrical constraints on the maximum likely magnitude and its correlation to the average injection rate and volume of fluids present in the reservoir.
Russian anthropogenic black carbon: Emission reconstruction and Arctic black carbon simulation
Authors: Huang Kan , Fu Joshua S. , Prikhodko Vitaly Y. , Storey John M. , Romanov Alexander , Hodson Elke L. , Cresko Joe , Morozova Irina , Ignatieva Yulia , Cabaniss John
Published: October 2015

Development of reliable source emission inventories is particularly needed to advance the understanding of the origin of Arctic haze using chemical transport modeling. This study develops a regional anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emission inventory for the Russian Federation, the largest country by land area in the Arctic Council. Activity data from combination of local Russia information and international resources, emission factors based on either Russian documents or adjusted values for local conditions, and other emission source data are used to approximate the BC emissions. Emissions are gridded at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° and developed into a monthly temporal profile. Total anthropogenic BC emission of Russia in 2010 is estimated to be around 224 Gg. Gas flaring, a commonly ignored black carbon source, contributes a significant fraction of 36.2% to Russia's total anthropogenic BC emissions. Other sectors, i.e., residential, transportation, industry, and power plants, contribute 25.0%, 20.3%, 13.1%, and 5.4%, respectively. Three major BC hot spot regions are identified: the European part of Russia, the southern central part of Russia where human population densities are relatively high, and the Urals Federal District where Russia's major oil and gas fields are located but with sparse human population. BC simulations are conducted using the hemispheric version of Community Multi‐scale Air Quality Model with emission inputs from a global emission database EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research)‐HTAPv2 (Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) and EDGAR‐HTAPv2 with its Russian part replaced by the newly developed Russian BC emissions, respectively. The simulation using the new Russian BC emission inventory could improve 30–65% of absorption aerosol optical depth measured at the AERONET sites in Russia throughout the whole year as compared to that using the default HTAPv2 emissions. At the four ground monitoring sites (Zeppelin, Barrow, Alert, and Tiksi) in the Arctic Circle, surface BC simulations are improved the most during the Arctic haze periods (October–March). The poor performance of Arctic BC simulations in previous studies may be partly ascribed to the Russian BC emissions built on out‐of‐date and/or missing information, which could result in biases to both emission rates and the spatial distribution of emissions. This study highlights that the impact of Russian emissions on the Arctic haze has likely been underestimated, and its role in the Arctic climate system needs to be reassessed. The Russian black carbon emission source data generated in this study can be obtained via http://abci.ornl.gov/download.shtml or http://acs.engr.utk.edu/Data.php.
Optimized coral reconstructions of the Indian Ocean Dipole: An assessment of location and length considerations
Authors: Abram Nerilie J. , Dixon Bronwyn C. , Rosevear Madelaine G. , Plunkett Benjamin , Gagan Michael K. , Hantoro Wahyoe S. , Phipps Steven J.
Published: October 2015

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD; or Indian Ocean Zonal Mode) is a coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate oscillation that has profound impacts on rainfall distribution across the Indian Ocean region. Instrumental records provide a reliable representation of IOD behavior since 1958, while coral reconstructions currently extend the IOD history back to 1846. Large fluctuations in the number and intensity of positive IOD events over time are evident in these records, but it is unclear to what extent this represents multidecadal modulation of the IOD or an anthropogenically forced change in IOD behavior. In this study we explore the suitability of coral records from single‐site locations in the equatorial Indian Ocean for capturing information about the occurrence and magnitude of positive IOD (pIOD) events. We find that the optimum location for coral reconstructions of the IOD occurs in the southeastern equatorial Indian Ocean, along the coast of Java and Sumatra between ~3 and 7°S. Here the strong ocean cooling and atmospheric drying during pIOD events are unambiguously recorded in coral oxygen isotope records, which capture up to 50% of IOD variance. Unforced experiments with coupled climate models suggest that potential biases in coral estimates of pIOD frequency are skewed toward overestimating pIOD recurrence intervals and become larger with shorter reconstruction windows and longer pIOD recurrence times. Model output also supports the assumption of stationarity in sea surface temperature relationships in the optimum IOD location that is necessary for paleoclimate reconstructions. This study provides a targeted framework for the future generation of paleoclimate records, including optimized coral reconstructions of past IOD variability.
Experimental Research Design
Authors: Mitchell Ojmarrh
Published: October 2015

Experimental research design is centrally concerned with constructing research that is high in causal (internal) validity. Randomized experimental designs provide the highest levels of causal validity. Quasi‐experimental designs have a number of potential threats to their causal validity. Yet, new quasi‐experimental designs adopted from fields outside of criminology offer levels of causal validity that rival experimental designs.
Couples Counseling and Domestic Violence
Authors: Tomsich Elizabeth A. , Tunstall Ashley M. , Gover Angela R.
Published: October 2015

Victim advocates have long opposed the use of couples counseling in court‐ordered offender treatment programs for domestic violence offenders and their partners. Presently, some researchers and practitioners have proposed reconsidering couples counseling as a component of offender treatment programs under certain conditions. This entry examines the extant literature on the use of court‐ordered couples counseling for domestic violence offenders. Minimal data on couples counseling for court‐ordered offenders and research revealing unreliable therapeutic screening for partner violence indicates practitioners should postpone implementation until researchers conduct further assessment of its effectiveness.
Privatization of Prison
Authors: Khey David N.
Published: October 2015

Experimentations with prison privatization have occurred historically, but only since the 1980s have they become an integral part of the correctional systems in a growing number of countries. Along with the implementation of harsher penalties and longer sentences, prison overcrowding became a precursor to the popularity of private correctional facilities. Prison privatization is the process by which the government of any given country gives the authority to incarcerate inmates to a private corporation through the formation of a contract, which specifies the guidelines and standards that the private prison needs to fulfill. The private corporation is usually given a certain amount of money every day for each inmate it imprisons. In this way, private prisons are able to act as a supplement to public prisons by alleviating overcrowding. Privatized prisons are publicized as being less expensive, more efficient, constructed faster, and more rehabilitative. However, hidden costs, accountability problems, lower‐quality staff, and corruption are factors that hinder the progression and reputation of private correctional facilities, and are causing some countries to reevaluate the allocation of inmates to private prisons.
Crime and Punishment in the
U
nited
K
ingdom
Authors: Theodorakis Nikolaos , Ttofi Maria M. , Farrington David P.
Published: October 2015

The present entry deals with crime, punishment, the prison system, and the social and legal norms in place in the United Kingdom from the middle ages until today. It defines the socioeconomic and legal contexts of crime and punishment through the centuries and traces the vast developments in societal perception and regulatory practice. The entry sheds light on the interplay between crime, punishment, and crime prevention in the contemporary criminal justice system. It concludes by discussing the way forward in the matter of reducing crime through a variety of educational and technological undertakings that are based on emerging trends and current criminal statistics in the United Kingdom.
Police: Administration and Organization
Authors: Higgins George E.
Published: October 2015

The police are a common organization in
US
culture, and they have been an important feature in
US
culture for more than a century. Police officers perform a number of functions: patrolling streets, fighting crime, and serving their communities in multiple ways. This has not always been the case. Police, historically, have roots in the
US
political system as tools of the elites, where they did not treat everyone equally. The purpose of this entry is to provide a brief review of the history of policing, the modern era of policing, and issues in policing, and assess the future of policing.
Criminal Courts
Authors: Donner Christopher M.
Published: October 2015

This entry provides an overview of the
US
criminal court system. Specifically, it presents an overview of the courts' structure and function, discusses the various stages of the court process, and details the primary actors within the court system.
Theoretical Design and Experimental Realization of Quasi Single Electron Enhancement in Plasmonic Catalysis
Authors: Wang Jiale , Alves Tiago V. , Trindade Fabiane J. , de Aquino Caroline B. , Pieretti Joana C. , Domingues Sergio H. , Ando Romulo A. , Ornellas Fernando R. , Camargo Pedro H. C.
Published: October 2015

By a combination of theoretical and experimental design, we probed the effect of a quasi‐single electron on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐mediated catalytic activities of Ag nanoparticles. Specifically, we started by theoretically investigating how the E‐field distribution around the surface of a Ag nanosphere was influenced by static electric field induced by one, two, or three extra fixed electrons embedded in graphene oxide (GO) next to the Ag nanosphere. We found that the presence of the extra electron(s) changed the E‐field distributions and led to higher electric field intensities. Then, we experimentally observed that a quasi‐single electron trapped at the interface between GO and Ag NPs in Ag NPs supported on graphene oxide (GO‐Ag NPs) led to higher catalytic activities as compared to Ag and GO‐Ag NPs without electrons trapped at the interface, representing the first observation of catalytic enhancement promoted by a quasi‐single electron.
Effects of Maternal Exposure to Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) on Behavioral Development in F1‐Generation Mice
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Inomata Akiko
Published: October 2015

Female mice were exposed maternally to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) through diet to provide dietary levels of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.09% during gestation and lactation periods, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in the F1 generation. There was no adverse effect of PBO on litter size, litter weight, or sex ratio at birth. The average body weights of male offspring decreased significantly in dose‐related manners on postnatal days (PNDs) 0, 4, 7, and 14 (p = 0.0019, 0.0096, 0.033, and 0.038, respectively) during the lactation period. In female offspring, the average body weights decreased in dose‐related manners on PNDs 0, 4, 7, and 14 (p = 0.0027, 0.0104, 0.0193, and 0.0062, respectively). The survival of dams slightly decreased (p = 0.0209) in the high‐dose group during the lactation period. With respect to behavioral developmental parameters, surface righting on PND 7 of male and female offspring was delayed significantly in a dose‐related manner (p < 0.001 in each). Swimming direction on PND 7 of male offspring was delayed significantly in a dose‐related manner (p < 0.01), and for female offspring it was delayed significantly in the high‐dose group (p < 0.05). Swimming head angle on PND 7 of male offspring was delayed significantly in a dose‐related manner (p < 0.05). Spontaneous behavior examination in males indicated that rearing increased in the high‐dose group in the F1 generation. The dose levels of PBO in the present study produced some adverse effects in neurobehavioral parameters in mice
Fatty acid hydration activity of a recombinant Escherichia coli‐based biocatalyst is improved through targeting the oleate hydratase into the periplasm
Authors: Jung Sang‐Min , Seo Joo‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Hoo , Park Jin‐Byung , Seo Jin‐Ho
Published: October 2015

Whole‐cell biotransformation of fatty acids can be influenced by the activities of catalytic enzymes and by the efficiency of substrate transport into host cells. Here, we improved fatty acid hydration activity of the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing an oleate hydratase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by targeting the catalytic enzyme into the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm. Recombinant E. coli producing OhyA in the periplasm under guidance of the PelB signal sequence (E. coli OhyA_PP) exhibited significantly greater hydration activity with oleic acid and linoleic acid compared to a recombinant E. coli producing OhyA in the cytoplasm (E. coli OhyA_CS). For example, the oleate double bond hydration rate of E. coli OhyA_PP was >400 μmol/g dry cells/min (400 U/g dry cells), which is >10‐fold higher than that of E. coli OhyA_CS. As the specific activities of the enzymes targeted into the cytoplasm and periplasm were comparable, we assumed that targeting OhyA into the periplasm could accelerate fatty acid transport to the catalytic enzymes by skipping the major mass transport barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane. Our results will contribute to the development of whole‐cell biocatalysts for fatty acid biotransformation.
Spatially Resolved Chemical Characterization with Scanning Photoemission Spectromicroscopy: Towards Near‐Ambient‐Pressure Experiments
Authors: Sezen Hikmet , Alemán Belén , Amati Matteo , Dalmiglio Matteo , Gregoratti Luca
Published: October 2015

The major experimental challenges in investigations of heterogeneous catalysis are the morphologically complex and dynamic micro‐ and nanosystems and the exploration of events that occur at the catalyst surface, which determine the catalyst activity and selectivity. Modern‐day investigations of catalytic reactions require a multitechnique experimental and computational approach, in which each tool provides specific and complementary information. The unique combination of surface and chemical sensitivity has ranked X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as one of the most important experimental methods for the characterization of catalytic systems. After its invention, more than half a century ago, a revolutionary step in XPS development was the addition of sub‐micrometer lateral resolution intermediate between light microscopy and electron microscopy. XPS microscopes have responded to the increasing demands on nanotechnology to have access to the local chemical composition, electronic and magnetic structure, and reorganization processes at morphologically complex surfaces and interfaces. The high spatial resolution in XPS microscopes is achieved by two different approaches, magnification of the image of the irradiated surface area (X‐ray photoemission electron microscopy) or demagnification of the incident photon beam by using X‐ray focusing optics (scanning photoemission microscopy; SPEM). In the present article, using selected examples, we demonstrate the capabilities of SPEM for studies relevant to catalysis, and we will discuss the next steps in the ongoing development. In the first part, we present the successful characterization of the oxidation of (i) polycrystalline PtRh particles and (ii) Pd thin films that decorate carbon nanotubes. In the second part, we describe two new setups, developed at Elettra, to overcome the “pressure gap” for photoemission spectromicroscopy experiments, which is the major limitation in the exploration of “real world” catalytic reactions. The first measurements of core‐level photoemission spectroscopy and imaging obtained with spatial resolution of the order of 100 nm at near‐ambient pressure are presented.
Co2+@Mesoporous Silica Monoliths: Tailor‐Made Nanoreactors for Confined Soft Chemistry
Authors: Delahaye Emilie , Moulin Robinson , Aouadi Merwen , Trannoy Virgile , Beaunier Patricia , Fornasieri Giulia , Bleuzen Anne
Published: October 2015

Mesoporous silica monoliths with various ordered nanostructures containing transition metal M2+ cations in variable amounts were elaborated and studied. A phase diagram depicting the different phases as a function of the M2+ salt/tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and surfactant P123/TMOS ratios was established. Thermal treatment resulted in mesoporous monoliths containing isolated, accessible M2+ species or condensed metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts, depending on the strength of the interactions between the metal species and the ethylene oxide units of P123. The ordered mesoporosity of the monoliths containing accessible M2+ ions was used as a nanoreactor for the elaboration of various transition metal compounds (Prussian blue analogues, Hofmann compounds, metal–organic frameworks), and this opens the way to the elaboration of a large range of nanoparticles of multifunctional materials.
User‐Friendly Platinum Catalysts for the Highly Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Alkynes and Alkenes
Authors: Dierick Steve , Vercruysse Emilie , Berthon‐Gelloz Guillaume , Markó István E.
Published: October 2015

With a view to addressing the shortcomings of traditional catalysts, a new generation of outstanding N‐ heterocyclic carbene platinum(0) complexes for the hydrosilylation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds is reported. Their discovery and application to the stereoselective addition of various silanes to silylated alkynes, terminal acetylenes, and olefins is presented. Insights into the catalytic cycle and the origin of the stereoselectivity are also discussed.
Proposal of a new staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Analysis of surgical patients from a nationwide survey of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Kokudo Norihiro , Matsuyama Yutaka , Sakamoto Michiie , Izumi Namiki , Kadoya Masumi , Kaneko Shuichi , Ku Yonson , Kudo Masatoshi , Takayama Tadatoshi , Nakashima Osamu ,   on behalf of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

In the current American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer staging system (seventh edition) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), tumor size was excluded, and periductal invasion was added as a new tumor classification‐defining factor. The objective of the current report was to propose a new staging system for ICC that would be better for stratifying the survival of patients based on data from the nationwide Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan database.

METHODS

Of 756 patients who underwent surgical resection for ICC between 2000 and 2005, multivariate analyses of the clinicopathologic factors of 419 patients who had complete data sets were performed to elucidate relevant factors for inclusion in a new tumor classification and staging system.

RESULTS

Overall survival data were best stratified using a cutoff value of 2 cm using a minimal P value approach to discriminate patient survival. The 5‐year survival rate of 15 patients who had ICC measuring ≤2 cm in greatest dimension without lymph node metastasis or vascular invasion was 100%, and this cohort was defined as T1. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for 267 patients with lymph node‐negative and metastasis‐negative (N0M0) disease indicated that the number of tumors, the presence arterial invasion, and the presence major biliary invasion were independent and significant prognostic factors. The proposed new system, which included tumor number, tumor size, arterial invasion, and major biliary invasion for tumor classification, provided good stratification of overall patient survival according to disease stage. Macroscopic periductal invasion was associated with major biliary invasion and an inferior prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed new staging system, which includes a tumor cutoff size of 2 cm and major biliary invasion, may be useful for assigning patients to surgery. Cancer 2016;122:61–70. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Endoscopic ultrasound–guided FNA and ProCore biopsy in sampling pancreatic and intra‐abdominal masses
Authors: Dwyer Jessica , Pantanowitz Liron , Ohori N. Paul , Pai Reetesh K. , Vrbin Colleen , Brand Randall E. , Monaco Sara E.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

ProCore fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) was introduced to improve the diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) sampling. The aim of this study was to evaluate EUS‐guided sampling of intra‐abdominal masses and compare the diagnostic utility of conventional EUS‐FNA and ProCore FNB.

METHODS

EUS‐guided biopsy samples (FNA and/or EchoTip ProCore FNB) were retrospectively retrieved over the course of 23 months. Clinical findings, pathology reports, and available histological materials were reviewed. All cell blocks were reviewed, and their cellularity was scored (range, 0‐3).

RESULTS

Fifty‐six masses from 58 cases were acquired, and they included 40 pancreatic sites and 16 other intra‐abdominal sites. Among the 31 FNB‐only cases, 71% were satisfactory, 65% were positive for malignancy at the time of final diagnosis, and their cell blocks were moderately cellular. For the cases with both FNB and FNA performed, more FNB samples than FNA samples were satisfactory (83% vs 76%) and were positive for malignancy (65% vs 48%) at final diagnosis, and the former had more cellular cell blocks (mean score, 1.58 vs 1.29); however, the differences were not statistically significant. Significantly more FNB samples were used for immunostains (48% vs 10%; P = .005).

CONCLUSIONS

These data show that a wide variety of intra‐abdominal masses were amenable to sampling by ProCore FNB. In this subset of cases with prior/concurrent indeterminate FNAs, FNB showed slightly better diagnostic yield, and had more cellular tissue samples and more material for ancillary studies than matched FNAs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:110–121. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Constructing a three‐dimensional electrical model of a living cochlear implant user's cochlea
Authors: Malherbe T. K. , Hanekom T. , Hanekom J. J.
Published: October 2015

Background

Hearing performance varies greatly among users of cochlear implants. Current three‐dimensional cochlear models that predict the electrical fields inside a stimulated cochlea and their effect on neural excitation are generally based on a generic human or guinea pig cochlear shape that does not take inter‐user morphological variations into account. This precludes prediction of user‐specific performance.

Aims

The aim of this study is to develop a model of the implanted cochlea of a specific living human individual and to assess if the inclusion of morphological variations in cochlear models affects predicted outcomes significantly.

Methods

Five three‐dimensional electric volume conduction models of the implanted cochleae of individual living users were constructed from standard CT scan data. These models were embedded in head models that include monopolar return electrodes in accurate anatomic positions. Potential distributions and neural excitation patterns were predicted for each of the models.

Results

Modeled potential distributions and neural excitation profiles (threshold amplitudes, center frequencies, and bandwidths) are affected by user‐specific cochlear morphology and electrode placement within the cochlea.

Conclusions

This work suggests that the use of user‐specific models is indicated when more detailed analysis is required than what is available from generic models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significantly Enhanced Separation using ZIF‐8 Membranes by Partial Conversion of Calcined Layered Double Hydroxide Precursors
Authors: Liu Yi , Peng Yuan , Wang Nanyi , Li Yanshuo , Pan Jia Hong , Yang Weishen , Caro Jürgen
Published: October 2015

Significantly enhanced H2/CH4 (ca. 80) selectivity was realized by effective suppression of the framework flexibility of a prepared ZIF‐8 membrane. Initially a ZnO buffer layer consisting of 20 nm‐sized ZnO‐nanoparticle aggregates was fabricated by controlled calcination of a ZnAl‐NO3 layered double hydroxide membrane. Owing to its high chemical reactivity, the ZnO buffer layer was partially converted into a well‐intergrown ZIF‐8 membrane with a certain penetration depth upon solvothermal treatment with ligands. Our method may represent a new concept for the design of advanced MOF membranes with high selectivity.
Efficient Synthesis of β‐Alkynylcorroles
Authors: Stefanelli Manuela , Naitana Mario L. , Chiarini Marco , Nardis Sara , Ricci Antonella , Fronczek Frank R. , Lo Sterzo Claudio , Smith Kevin M. , Paolesse Roberto
Published: October 2015

The introduction of alkynyl groups at the β‐pyrrolic positions of dibrominated corrole derivatives was attempted by using both Sonogashira and Stille coupling methodologies. An efficient bromination protocol was developed by using a silver corrolate, which enabled the regioselective preparation of the 3,17‐Br2 isomer in high yield. Whereas unsatisfactory results were obtained by applying Sonogashira reaction conditions, the Stille methodology produced, for the first time, novel 3,17‐diphenylethynylcorrole derivatives in good to excellent yields. A mild demetalation protocol of the silver complex led to the corresponding corrole free base, opening the way for the preparation of different metal complexes and further elaboration of the corrole platform by using alkyne chemistry.
Identification of mechano‐sensitive C fibre sensitization and contribution to nerve injury‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia
Authors: Hulse R. P.
Published: October 2015

Background

C fibre hyperexcitability is fundamental to chronic pain development in humans and rodents; therefore, peripheral sensory neuronal sensitization plays a role in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. However, the axonal properties and underlying mechanisms that are associated to these chronic pain states still require investigation.

Methods

Teased fibre electrophysiology of the saphenous nerve was used to identify C fibres in naïve and nerve‐injured rats. C fibres were identified using electrical stimulation which further provided conduction velocity slowing profiles. From these nerve filaments evoked responses to mechanical stimuli were recorded. Vehicle or galanin were applied directly to the saphenous nerve trunk prior to stimulation.

Results

Increased levels of mechanically evoked activity in mechano‐sensitive C fibres was associated to reduced conduction failure, enhanced conduction velocity latency recovery and reduced conduction velocity slowing. Mechanical hyperalgesia developed in nerve‐injured animals in which mechano‐sensitive C fibres demonstrated increased mechanically evoked responses and reduced rate of adaptation. Mechano‐sensitive C fibres in nerve‐injured animals had reduced levels of conduction velocity slowing, enhanced rate of conduction velocity recovery and reduced firing frequency failure versus naïve animals; all hallmarks of enhanced sensory neuronal excitability. Directly applying the antinociceptive agent galanin to the saphenous nerve trunk in naive animals led to increased conduction failure, reduced latency recovery rate and increased levels of conduction velocity slowing.

Discussion

Nerve injury‐induced enhanced neural responses to mechanical stimulation are associated to defined parameters setout by conduction velocity slowing, mediated via axonal processing. Application of galanin inhibits axonal excitability.
Furcht und Furchtgedächtnis
Authors: Pape Hans‐Christian
Published: October 2015

Besorgniserregend: Schon jeder Fünfte durchleidet im Laufe seines Lebens eine Angststörung. Umso wichtiger ist es, die zellulären Grundlagen und molekularen Mechanismen dieser Emotionen zu verstehen. Die neurophysiologische Forschung gibt wegweisende Antworten.
Ein öffentlicher Intellektueller
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: October 2015

Seine Thesen zur Beschleunigungsmoderne haben Hartmut Rosa zum gefragten Medienexperten gemacht — doch ein „Ratgeberonkel”︁ will der Jenaer Soziologe nicht sein / Eine Begegnung
Intelligent, sicher, respektvoll
Authors: Kolb Andreas , Köhler Christian
Published: October 2015

Sprengstoffe aufspüren, beim Autofahren helfen, Menschen aus Notlagen befreien — die Sensortechnik findet immer mehr Anwendungsgebiete. Forscher arbeiten nun an automatisierten Systemen, die ihre Nutzer unterstützen, ohne dabei die Privatsphäre zu verletzen.