bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Controlling for what?" Folk economics, legal consciousness and the gender wage gap in the United States
Authors: Hirschman Daniel
Published: November 2021

Studies of the political power of economic knowledge have tended to foreground the role of causal claims in the form of grand theories or more narrow findings produced by experimental methods. In contrast, scholars have paid relatively little attention to the role of economic experts' descriptions. This article highlights one category of influential, quantitative descriptive claim: stylized facts. Stylized facts are simple empirical regularities in need of explanation. Focusing on the example of the gender wage gap in the United States, this article showcases how stylized facts travel into political debates, and how the choices made in characterizing an aspect of economic life (such as controlling for full-time work, but little else) interact with social movement activism, and folk understandings of economic life shaped by legal consciousness. The gender wage gap was first calculated in the 1950s, but did not take on special importance until the 1960s-1970s when feminists rallied around the statistic as a useful aggregate measure of women's economic disempowerment. Academics soon followed, and sociologists and economists began to publish studies documenting trends in the gap and trying to account for its sources. The comparable worth movement of the 1980s explicitly argued that the wage gap resulted from occupational segregation and the devaluation of women's work. As that movement faltered in the late 1980s, the gender wage gap became increasingly understood through the lens of women's choices and tradeoffs between work and family, and occupational segregation dropped out of the narrative, even as academics documented the persistent importance of segregation in explaining the remaining gap. Throughout this period, the gap was frequently misunderstood or misrepresented as reflecting the narrow sort of same-job, different-pay discrimination made illegal by the 1963 Equal Pay Act, adding confusion to the public debate over women's economic position. These dynamics showcase how technical choices made in the identification of stylized facts, such as statistical controls, are simultaneously deeply political choices.
Giving reasons as a means to enhance compliance with legal norms
Authors: Lewinsohn-Zamir Daphna , Zamir Eyal , Katz Ori
Published: November 2021

The threat of sanctions is often insufficient to ensure compliance with legal norms. Recently, much attention has been given to nudges – choice-preserving measures that take advantage of people’s automatic System 1 thinking – as a means of influencing behaviour without sanctions, but nudges are often ineffective and controversial. This article explores the provision of information about the reasons underlying legal norms, as a means to enhance compliance, primarily through deliberative System 2 thinking. While the idea that legal norms should be accompanied by explanatory preambles – to complement the law’s threat of sanctions with persuasion – goes back to Plato, this technique is not commonly used nowadays, and scholars have failed to systematically consider this possibility. The article argues that reason giving can enhance compliance and reduce the need for costly enforcement mechanisms. The theoretical part of the article comprises three parts. It first describes the mechanisms through which reasons may influence people’s behaviour. It then distinguishes between reason giving as a means to enhance compliance and as a means to attain other goals and between reason giving and related means to enhance compliance. Finally, it discusses various policy and pragmatic considerations that bear on the use of reason giving. Following the theoretical discussion, the empirical part of the article uses vignette studies to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the reason-giving technique. The results of these new studies show that providing good reasons for legal norms enhances people’s inclination to comply with them, in comparison to not providing the reasons underlying the norms. However, whereas persuasive reasons may promote compliance, questionable reasons might reduce it. We call on scholars and policy makers to pay more attention to this readily available measure of enhancing compliance with norms.
The Immuno-Pathology of the Human Placenta
Authors: Gupta P D , Gupta Alpana
Published: November 2021

The human placenta once was thrown after the delivery, found to be a very useful organ though it has very short life. With more and new research the old concept about placenta has changed. Now it is well established that health of growing embryo depends on the health of the placenta. To begin with immunology of neonate also depends on transplacental transport. It is well established that the health of the growing embryo depends on the health of the transplacental transport. Normally, IgG can be transported through placenta however, in Covid-19 infected pregnant woman even IgM, which is much bigger molecule than IgG, can also be transported and are found in the embryo.
Cesarean Audit for fetal distress- A indispensable tool to reduce Obstetrician Distress
Authors: Singh Anuradha
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives: Overuse of cesarean section and its implications are of growing concern. Suspected fetal distress has been the commonest indication for cesarean in last few decades heart rate changes shown by fetus without being adversely affected and CTG has been criticized to create unnecessary higher rate of operative deliveries. There is need to know which fetal heart rate abnormality is important and leading to two adverse neonatal outcome to decrease unnecessary operative deliveries. Therefore Caesarean Audit was planned. Material and methods: A total of hundred women were included who underwent emergency cesarean section for suspected fetal distress in labour or without labour detected by cardiotocography or intermittent auscultation were included for analysis. Details were noted in pre designated proforma. Results: During the audit period, total number of caesarean done due to fetal distress analysed during the period were 100.The most common fetal heart rate abnormality was nonspecific in form of single or transient deceleration seen in 63% of cases where records were also incomplete, it was followed by persistent deceleration on cardiotocography which was present in 16% of the cases. In 57 women who were primigravida 14 (24%) patients had nonspecific fetal heart rate patterns and intra operative findings were normal in this group. These were avoidable cesareans. Various Intraoperative findings, observed ,maximum no. of cases had meconium stained liquor seen in 63% of the cases followed by abruption in 9 cases followed by other findings like loop of cord around the neck of foetus, thin scar or scar dehiscence . Maternal resuscitation was carried out only in 53% of cases. Detection delivery interval of less than 30 minutes was present in 4% of cases. In fetal outcomes 16% of babies diagnosed with fetal distress, had poor outcome where Apgar score < 7 and 12 babies had asphyxia related NICU admission. 82% of babies had absolutely normal fetal outcome among which majority (78%) did not require any form resuscitation. which were thus avoidable cases. Conclusions: Correct Knowledge about Standardized fetal heart rate interpretations on CTG and there standardized management protocols like Maternal resuscitative measures ,follow up to ensure fast detection delivery interval should be practiced strictly in all cases of non reassuring Fetal Heart rate patterns. There should be consistent efforts in reducing the rate of cesarean sections particularly primary cesarean deliveries and in order to understand the degree to which cesarean delivery is preventable it is important to know no why cesareans are being performed. Therefore caesarean audit is need of the hour
Call for Alleviating Sexual Issues among Cervical Cancer Survivors' Women in Northern Upper Egypt
Authors: Elzeblawy Hassan Hanan , Mohammed Ragaa Ali , Salam Ramadan Soad Abd El , kamal masaud Hagar
Published: November 2021

Background: Cervical cancer affects all aspects of a patient’s life, including sexual functioning, body image, and intimacy. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a protocol of nursing intervention on sexual dysfunction and body image among cervical cancer survivors' women. Methods; Design: Α quаsi-experimentаl research design was conducted. Setting: out-patient clinic in the oncology unit at Ɓeni-Suef University Hospital. Subjects: A purposive sample of 70 women. Tools: Data was collected through а structured interviewing questionnаire sheet, femаle sexuаl function index, femаle sexuаl distress scаle, and body image scаle. Results: The results of the study reveаled that there was а high statistically significаnt difference in the women's totаl score of knowledge аbout cervical cancer, total scores of female sexuаl function index, female sexual distress scаle, аnd body image scale at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (р<0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that educational protocol, which provided to cervical cancer survivors' women, have a positive effect on their own knowledge, body image, and sexual function. Recommendations: disseminate the multidisciplinary collaboration approach for addressing sexual problems related to cervical cancer, and preparing health classes for cervical cancer women regarding sexual dysfunction with cervical cancer.
Obstetric Versus Traumatic Vulvar Hematoma: Two Case Report and Review
Authors: Badillo-Bercebal Carmen E. , De-Miguel-Manso Sonia , Pascual-Escudero Victoria , Álvarez-Colomo Cristina , Viruega-Cuaresma Dakota , García-García Elena
Published: November 2021

Background: Vulvar hematomas are more frequent in the obstetric population generally as a consequence of episiotomies, precipitated or instrumental deliveries. The most common causes in the general population are accidental trauma or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels. Management in both etiologies depends on size, involvement of adjacent organs, hemodynamic compromise, and the existence of fractures or lacerations that need to be repaired. Edema is a common complication usually resolved with conservative management. Clinical presentation: We present two cases. A traumatic vulvar hematoma in a 22-year-old patient and an obstetric vulvar hematoma in a 30-year-old primigravida which already presented pitting edema prior to delivery. Both cases required surgical drainage due to clinical evolution and poor pain control. Conclusions: The approach can be conservative or surgical depending on several factors but the use of intravenous analgesia is essential for pain management. Although hematomas related with traumatic causes are less frequent than puerperal ones, they can be very dangerous if they are associated with arterial bleeding that leads to hemodynamic instability.
Varicella Infection During Pregnancy- Maternal and Fetal Outcome; Case Series and Analysis in a Tertiary Centre in South India!
Authors: Navakumar Nina , Sambangi Madhuri , Ranganayaki Vidyalekshmy
Published: November 2021

Background: This is a retrospective study undertaken to analyse the maternal and fetal outcome of varicella infection during pregnancy. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study done in Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum, a tertiary care hospital in South India. Sixty nine women infected with chickenpox during pregnancy from January 2009 to February 2018 (9 years) were taken for the study. Results: The incidence of chickenpox during pregnancy in our study was 33.7 in 10000 pregnancies. There were no spontaneous miscarriages. The incidence of congenital anomalies was 7.2% and when compared to the overall obstetric population of the nine year study period in which the incidence was 6.5 %, there was no statistical significance (p- 0.99). The incidence of preterm labour was 4.7% and when compared to the overall obstetric population in which the incidence was 15 %, there was a statistically significant less incidence (p- 0.035). The incidence of polyhydramnios was 4.7% and when compared to the overall obstetric population in which the incidence was 1%, there was a statistically significant increased incidence (p - 0.018). The incidence of fetal growth restriction was 13% and when compared to the overall obstetric population in which the incidence was 12.4%, there was no statistically significant difference (p- 0.963) Conclusions: The maternal and fetal complications with chickenpox infection during pregnancy were more when infected in the first trimester. Early treatment, screening and followup will reduce the maternal and fetal morbidity
Acupuncture Application in Seconder amenorrhea Obese female Patient
Authors: Alp Hayriye
Published: November 2021

Obesity is a disease caused by excessive fat storage in the body. It is an energy balance problem. Obesity can prepare the ground for many diseases. Secondary amenorrhea is the condition of not having menstruation for 6 months. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is thought to be caused by Qi and blood deficiency. The 43-year-old nurse applied due to obesity, inability to have menstruation, edema and nodules in goiter. TSH was 4.25, T3 2.87, T4 1.07mU/L. The 78.6 kg 150cm tall TA was 100/70 mmHg.Ten sessions of acupuncture were performed. Yin-tan, DU-20,21, LU-9, H-7, PC-6, SI-3, ST-24,25, REN-7,9, KID-3-6, SP -6.9 uterus, zero, jerome, shen-men hunger, kidney, points were pinned with disposable acupuncture needles. The patient, whose edema was resolved in the second session, started to have menstruation in the third session and lost 9kg in total. The patient had regular periods during the 1-year follow-up. TSH fell to 3.18mU/L.
Covid 19 Impact on “Maternal Health Care Quality” in Rural India
Authors: Bangal Vidyadhar
Published: November 2021

Covid -19 pandemic has adversely affected the maternal health in multiple ways. Pregnant women are facing multiple problems and delays in seeking routine care during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE THROMBOSIS ARTERIES OF INFRAPOPLITEAL SEGMENT
Authors: Hupalo Y. , Nabolotnyi O. , Kulikovskyi B. , Shved O. , Shaprynskyi V. , Shamrai-Sas A. , Holiachenko O. , Makivchuk D. , Gurianov V.
Published: November 2021

Aim of the study. Aim of the study was to analyze the outcomes of surgical treatment of acute thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment arteries with various etiological factors of its occurrence.

The analysis of the surgical treatment of 40 patients with acute thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment arteries was carried out for the period from 2014 to 2020. Depending on the pathogenesis of acute thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment arteries, the patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 – 17 (42.5%) patients with acute arterial thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment caused by embolism or thrombosis in the background of stenotic-occlusive diseases of the lower extremitiesvessels; Group 2 – 15 (37.5%) patients with acute arterial thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment in the background of thromboangiitisobliterans of the lower extremities (Buerger's disease); Group 3 – 8 (20%) patients with acute arterial thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment in the background of popliteal artery aneurysm. During the follow-up period of 2 months, the incidence of rethrombosis and amputation of the lower limb in the patients of Group A was 5.9% and 5.9%, respectively. In Group B, the incidence of rethrombosis and amputation of the lower limb was 73.3% and 40.0%, respectively. In group C, the incidence of rethrombosis and amputation of the lower limb was 12.5% and 12.5%, respectively.

Conclusions. In patients with acute arterial thrombosis of the popliteal-tibial segment in the background of embolism or stenotic-occlusive diseases, combined endovascular or hybrid surgical interventions showed better results compared to open thrombectomy, in which rethrombosis was diagnosed in 14.3% of cases. In patients with thromboangiitis obliterans of the lower extremities, regional catheter-directed thrombolysis showed better (p=0,04) results compared to open thrombectomy and endovascular interventions, in which rethrombosis was diagnosed in 90% and 100% of cases, respectively. In patients with popliteal artery aneurysm, open surgical interventions or regional catheter-directed thrombolysis showed better results compared to endovascular interventions, in which rethrombosis was diagnosed in 50% of cases.
HYBRID SURGERY IN MULTI-FLOOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC INFLAMMATION OF THE MAIN ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
Authors: Smorzhevsky V.Y. , Pizhovskyi I.S. , Gindich P.A.
Published: November 2021

Cardiovascular diseases occupy one of the main groups in the structure of morbidity in most countries. A significant part of this group is affected by the main arteries of the lower extremities. Atherosclerotic diseases of the terminal aorta are combined with stenotic-occlusive lesions of the iliac-femoral, femoral-popliteal and popliteal-tibial arterial segments. Timely diagnosis and choice of treatment to maintain a full life remains one of the most pressing medical problems today. Comprehensive drug therapy used in the treatment of this pathology is ineffective and leads to limb loss, which leads to limited mobility, ability to self-care, contributes to social maladaptation and requires the involvement of the working population to care for the patient. All of the above has led to an expansion of readings to restorative operations aimed at preserving the limbs. However, reconstructive surgery of stenotic-occlusive diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities today is a complex and far from unresolved problem, which contributes to the development of new research to select the optimal method of surgical treatment. The article presents data on hybrid surgical interventions (open surgery and stenting) in 59 patients with chronic ischemia of the lower extremities. The early postoperative period in 4 (6.8%) patients was complicated by hematoma and in 5 patients (8.5%) by postoperative wound lymphorrhea. Hybrid surgeries, in chronic lower extremity ischemia in patients with multilevel lesions of the main arteries, are effective and minimally invasive, especially in patients at high risk of complications. Such technologies allow to save the limb and life of the patient with the minimum trauma, to reduce duration of stay in a hospital.
THERMAL AND NON-THERMAL METHODS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY VARICOSЕ DISEASES OF THE LOWER LIMBS OF STAGE C2
Authors: Shaprynskyy V.O. , Shaprynskyi V.V. , Semenenko N.V.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Treatment results of primary varicose disorders has been shown. The experience of using of thermal (endovenous laser ablation) and non-thermal methods (endovenous mechanochemical ablation, echo-controlled introduction of bioglue) in treatment of stage C2 chronic venous is shown. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of endovenous ablation techniques. The treatment of 58 patients was analyzed. In the group of patients who underwent endovenous laser obliteration, reflux was not detected. In the group of patients with mechanochemical obliteration, reflux was determined in 3 patients (27.2%) at follow-up after 3 months required supplementation with foam sclerobliteration. In the group of patients with the introduction of bio glue, reflux was determined in 1 patient (20%) at the examination after 3 months. The received results lead to conclusion, that endovenous laser coagulation of affected veins is a reliable method of threatment, the gold standard. The advantage of non-thermal methods is the absence of thermal effects on the paravenous structures, respectively, patients have no pain during the procedure, increases comfort, and there is no risk of damage to the paravenous nerves. Another advantage of non-thermal techniques is no need to use of tumescent anesthesia, since only one puncture is required for the operation, which is comfortable for patients. The use of adhesive vein obliteration is justified in patients with signs of a short reflux duration and has an advantage for the patient due to the absence of the need for compression in the postoperative period. Non-thermal methods require further research and widespread implementation in practice.
Normalizing Activism and Marginalizing Radical Youth in Spain’s Post-15M Social Movements
Authors: Ballesté Eduard
Published: November 2021

In this article I compare the different forms of participation of young anti-capitalists in two post-15M Spanish social movements in Lleida: White Tide and Platform of those Affected by Mortgages. The objective of the article is to analyze how biopolitical normalization processes work within social movements themselves. The article explains the normalization processes that adult activists exercise against young anti-capitalists, and the ways in which young people resist and seek to break with these processes in post-15M movements. All this allows us to understand how this normalization affects current social movements, establishing what is seen to be the ‘correct’ way to be an activist and creating processes of marginalization and censorship of those activists who occupy non-hegemonic social positions and who use other political forms.
Role of Headteachers as an Instructional Leader
Authors: Tahira Muneeba , Yousuf M. Imran , Saboor Abdul
Published: November 2021

To create a better grasp of the important concepts, topics, and difficulties in the area, this paper evaluates the current theoretical and empirical literature on the headteacher as an instructional leader. We investigated the role of the "headteacher as an instructional leader" in this study. We provided a working definition of instructional leaders, discussed the various roles played by headteachers in educational institutions, identified challenges faced by headteachers, identified gaps in current knowledge in the field, and analysed data collected from workshop participants from across Pakistan. A 19-item questionnaire was utilised as a data-gathering instrument. Analyses were carried out to understand more about the job of the headteacher and the obstacles that he or she faces. The paper concluded with recommendations to address the problems that headteachers encounter in order to improve their efficiency and effectiveness as instructional leaders.
Institutional Violence and Madness in Bond's Subversive Comedy The Sea
Authors: Azim Muhammad Umer , Saleem Muhammad , Saleem Nargis
Published: November 2021

This paper analyses Edward Bond's play The Sea as a subversive comedy. The existing sociopolitical hegemonies in the British culture are ridiculed. Bond foregrounds the unjust automatized social structures that produce multiple types of madness that leads to violence. Gradually, the social beings become habitual of their madness-based identity. They develop an equation to cope with the existing coercive social system. The victim of these social hierarchies are brutalized, alienated and dehumanized, ultimately. Bond, through dialectical modes, self-reflexive text, creative images, comic strategies, symbolic configurations and various behavioral absurdities awakes his reader/audience to diagnose the dreadful situation in which they are and to practically do something to replace the irrational life by the sanity-oriented social existence. Elisabeth Wright's theory of found in her book Postmodern Brecht: A Re-Presentation (1989) informed this study as a theoretical paradigm.
Effect of Reciprocal Teaching on the Reading Motivation: Experimental Evidence from a Classroom Intervention
Authors: Khan Sadia , Ch. Abid Hussain
Published: November 2021

The objective of this research exercise is to examine how reciprocal teaching affects 7th-grade students reading motivation in the subject of English. To meet the desired objective, the study employed a quasi-experimental design. The intact classes were randomly allocated to the experimental and control group. The experimental group was instructed with reciprocal teaching strategies, while the control group was taught with the traditional method. The Motivations for Reading Questionnaire (MRQ) was administered before and after the intervention. The study employed Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design for data collection. The data was analyzed using the independent sample and paired sample t-test. The results of the study revealed that the motivation level of students who were taught with reciprocal teaching is significantly higher than those students who were taught with the traditional method. These results suggest that reciprocal teaching should be incorporated in teacher education programs as appropriate instructional practice for reading.
Safety of pediatric cerebral angiography
Authors: Lauzier David C. , Osbun Joshua W. , Chatterjee Arindam R. , Moran Christopher J. , Kansagra Akash P.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE

Catheter-based cerebral angiography is commonly used for neurovascular diagnosis in children. In this work, the authors aimed to quantify the complication rate of cerebral angiography in children, characterize these complications, and identify risk factors for complications.

METHODS

Relevant clinical data were retrospectively obtained for 587 consecutive cerebral angiography procedures performed in 390 children from March 2002 to March 2020. Complications were categorized as neurological or nonneurological, and severity was graded using a standard schema. Incidences of complications were reported as point estimates. Associations between risk factors and complications were characterized in univariate analysis using the two-tailed Fisher exact test and in multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression with bidirectional elimination based on the Akaike information criterion. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, statistical significance was corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method.

RESULTS

Complications occurred in 6.5% of procedures, including neurological complications in 1.9% and nonneurological complications in 4.8%. Permanent deficits occurred in only 0.2% of cases. Overall, 0.5% of procedures resulted in major complications, while 6.0% resulted in minor complications. Female sex and a history of hypertension or ischemic stroke were associated with an increased risk of complications, while femoral artery access was associated with a decreased risk of complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric cerebral angiography was shown to have a low rate of major or permanent complications. Children who were female and those with a history of hypertension or ischemic stroke were shown to be at higher risk of complications, while the use of femoral access carried a lower risk of complications.
Learning Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan by Using Blended Learning in the New Normal at MTs Muhammadiyah Lubuk Jambi
Authors: Tarsupon Tarsupon
Published: November 2021

The implementation of learning in the new normal is not much different from learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, therefore it takes teacher creativity for successful learning implementation. The creativity of Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan teachers at MTs Muhammadiyah Lubuk Jambi is to use blended learning, therefore this research aims to reveal how the implementation of blended learning in AIK learning in the new normal. The study uses a qualitative approach, the data source consists of key informants and additional informants. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation studies. Data is analyzed using interactive techniques. The application of blended learning model in MTs Muhammadiyah Lubuk Jambi is done by combining online and offline.  The obstacles faced by using blended learning are from the aspect of teachers, learners and facilities. Research recommendations require comprehensive training to realize teachers who have information technology capabilities.
METODE REWARD DAN PUNISHMENT DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS BUKHARI DAN MUSLIM
Authors: Rinjani Cintia
Published: November 2021

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui secara komprehensif Metode Reward dan Punishment dalam Pendidikan Islam Perspektif Hadis Bukhari dan Muslim. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research), yang data-datanya bersumber dari bahan-bahan tertulis seperti buku, jurnal dan sebagainya. Dalam mengumpulkan data penulis menggunakan data-data yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi yang diambil dari hadis Bukhari dan hadis Muslim, buku-buku dan Syarah hadis Bukhari dan Muslim, buku pendidikan Islam dan buku penunjang lainnya.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa metode reward dan punishment dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif hadis Bukhari dan Muslim, metode reward dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif hadist Bukhari yaitu berupa pujian, sebagaimana yang dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah ketika memberikan pujian kepada Abu Hurairah yang bersemangat dalam bertanya dan mengumpulkan hadis dari Rasulullah. Dalam dunia pendidikan Islam guru bisa menerapkan reward berupa pujian ketika guru melihat ada tanda-tanda baik dan terpuji yang dilakukan oleh peserta didik maka guru bisa memberikan pujian kepada peserta didik sehingga ketika diberikan pujian peserta didik dapat lebih termotivasi dan bersemangat. Metode punishment dalam pendidikan Islam pesrpektif hadis Muslim yaitu, berupa teguran, Rasulullah pernah menegur sahabat yang melakukan kesalahan di depan Rasulullah dan para sahabat lainnya dengan cara yang lemah lembut sehingga sahabat tidak merasa tersinggung dan merasa malu, dalam pendidikan Islam guru bisa menerapkan hukuman verbal berupa teguran kepada peserta didik yang melakukan pelanggaran atau kesalahan seperti yang dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah, sehingga peserta didik sadar dan tidak mengulangi kesalahannya.
Acid-base balance in the regulation of tumor growth: value for the clinicians
Authors: Bogdanov A.A. , Bogdanov An.A.
Published: November 2021

Tumor acidosis affects every stage of cancer development, from dysplasia to full-blown metastatic disease. Survival strategies of malignant cells in an acidic microenvironment and pH gradient inversion promote resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, and suppress the antitumor immune response. It is necessary to consider the low pH of the microenvironment both when diagnosing and when choosing the most optimal treatment regimen. The development of methods for non-invasive measurement of tumor pH, methods for direct and indirect correction of acidosis, new pH-activated and pH-targeted drugs is required. In this work, we consider some aspects related to the altered acid-base state of the tumor, which may be significant for the clinician.
Objektive Richtigkeit, Rat und Evidenz. Kommentar zu From Value to Rightness
Authors: Bleisch Dorothee , Weber Konstantin
Published: November 2021

Mit From Value to Rightness liefert Vuko Andrić einen innovativen, scharfsinnigen und erfreulich klaren Beitrag zur Frage nach der Perspektivabhängigkeit moralischer Pflichten im Allgemeinen und dem angemessenen Verständnis des Konsequentialismus im Besonderen.
Andrićs ideenreiches Buch geht der zentralen Frage, ob und in welchem Sinne konsequentialistische Theorien handlungsleitend sein sollten, dabei entlang dreier Argumentationsstränge nach. In diesem Kommentar konzentrieren wir uns auf den zweiten Argumentationsstrang, der die Vereinbarkeit
von objektivem und subjektivem Konsequentialismus mit “ Sollen impliziert Können " behandelt. Wir möchten einerseits auf Schwachstellen an Andrićs Kritik am objektiven Konsequentialismus und andererseits auf Probleme, die sich aus Andrićs Evidenzbegriff
ergeben, hinweisen.
Developing an Image-Based Deep Learning Framework for Automatic Scoring of the Pentagon Drawing Test
Authors: Li Yike , Guo Jiajie , Yang Peikai
Published: November 2021

Background: The Pentagon Drawing Test (PDT) is a common assessment for visuospatial function. Evaluating the PDT by artificial intelligence can improve efficiency and reliability in the big data era. This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) framework for automatic scoring of the PDT based on image data. Methods: A total of 823 PDT photos were retrospectively collected and preprocessed into black-and-white, square-shape images. Stratified fivefold cross-validation was applied for training and testing. Two strategies based on convolutional neural networks were compared. The first strategy was to perform an image classification task using supervised transfer learning. The second strategy was designed with an object detection model for recognizing the geometric shapes in the figure, followed by a predetermined algorithm to score based on their classes and positions. Results: On average, the first framework demonstrated 62%accuracy, 62%recall, 65%precision, 63%specificity, and 0.72 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. This performance was substantially outperformed by the second framework, with averages of 94%, 95%, 93%, 93%, and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion: An image-based DL framework based on the object detection approach may be clinically applicable for automatic scoring of the PDT with high efficiency and reliability. With a limited sample size, transfer learning should be used with caution if the new images are distinct from the previous training data. Partitioning the problem-solving workflow into multiple simple tasks should facilitate model selection, improve performance, and allow comprehensible logic of the DL framework.
Torque ripple optimization for synchronous reluctance motors based on a virtual permanent magnet harmonic machine model
Authors: Xu Yixiang , Di Chong , Bao Xiaohua , Xu Dongying
Published: November 2021

The torque ripple is affected by both the stator and the rotor magnetic field harmonics. In synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM), there are only rotor permeance harmonics existing on the rotor side for the absence of the rotor windings. Since the asymmetric rotor flux barriers are widely applied in the SynRM rotor, it is difficult to calculate the rotor permeance accurately by the analytical method. In this article, the effects of the rotor permeance harmonics on the air-gap magnetic field are studied by a virtual permanent magnet harmonic machine (VPMHM), which is a finite-element (FE) based magnetostatic analysis model. The air-gap flux density harmonics produced by the SynRM rotor are extracted from the VPMHM model and used as the intermediate variables for the torque ripple optimization. The proposed method does not need to solve the transient process of motor motion. Hence, the time of the optimization process can be significantly shortened. Finally, a full electric cycle is simulated by dynamic FE simulation, and the torque ripple is proved to be effectively reduced.
Multiple relationships between cognition-motor impairment and activity-based clinical outcome measures in 218 hemiplegic stroke patients1
Authors: Jeong Seon Ah , Park Chanhee , Oh Seung Jun , You Joshua (Sung) H.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has developed the International Classification of Functions, Disabilities, and Health (ICF) model providing a theoretical basis for physical therapy diagnosis and interventions related to health conditions. However, the multiple relationship between body structure/function and activity domain variables is unknown on the cognition, spasticity, trunk and lower extremity recovery of the sensorimotor function and activity. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to determine the relationship between body structure/functions and body activity domain variables in adults with stroke. METHODS: A total of 218 hemiplegic survivors (102 females, mean age 64.98±13.53) were recruited from the Chungdam Hospital Center for our retrospective study. We used Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower extremity (FMA-LE), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) as clinical outcome measures. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the multiple relationships among the variables at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The correlations between body structure/function domain (MMSE, FMA-LE, MAS) and activity domain variables (BBS, MBI, and TIS) were significant, rending from pre -intervention r = –0.216 to 0.766 and post-intervention r = –0.213 to 0.776, P < 0.05, except for MMSE and MAS. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing a significant difference between body structure/functions and activity domain variables in our research implies important multiple relationships between cognitive function, lower extremity function, lower extremity spasticity, and balance, and performance of ADL and trunk control coordination after stroke.
Patterns of balance loss with systematic perturbations in Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Allen Diane D. , Gadayan Jessica , Hughes Rebecca , Magdalin Christine , Jang Catherine , Schultz Amy , Scott Kathryn , Vivero Leah , Lazaro Rolando L. , Widener Gail L.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) may affect balance differently. However, no studies have compared loss of balance (LOB) patterns following multi-directional perturbations. OBJECTIVE: 1) determine reliability of LOB ratings following standardized manual perturbations; 2) compare LOB ratings in MS, PD, and healthy control (HC) groups following perturbations at upper/lower torso, in anterior/posterior, right/left, and rotational directions. METHODS: 1) reviewers rated videotaped LOB following perturbations applied by 4 clinicians in 6–10 HCs. 2) three groups (64 MS, 42 PD and 32 HC) received perturbations. LOB ratings following perturbations were analyzed using two-factor mixed ANOVAs for magnitude and prevalence. RESULTS: 1) LOB ratings showed moderate to good ICC and good to excellent agreement. 2) MS group showed greater magnitude and prevalence of LOB than PD or HC groups (p < .001). All groups showed greater LOB from right/left versus anterior/posterior perturbations (p < .01). PD showed greater LOB from perturbations at upper versus lower torso; MS and HC showed greater LOB from posterior versus anterior perturbations. CONCLUSIONS: Our reliable rating scale showed differences in patterns of LOB following manual perturbations in MS, PD, and HC. Clinically accessible and reliable assessment of LOB could facilitate targeted perturbation-based interventions and reduce falls in vulnerable populations.
Comparative effects of community-based family-child-centered care and conventional pediatric rehabilitation for cerebral palsy
Authors: Kim Mikyoung , Park Chanhee , Jeon Hyeseon , Choi Woochol Joseph , You Sung (Joshua) Hyun
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: While the transdisciplinary-based rehabilitation provided ample evidence on improving impairment (body structure and functions) levels, the therapeutic effects on the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF) domains are unknown in cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the community-based family-child-centered care (CFC) and conventional pediatric rehabilitation (CPR) on the physical, cognitive, sensory, and social integration domains in children and adolescents with CP. METHODS: Twenty-six participants with CP (mean age = 9.37±5.24, 14 females) were assigned into either CPR or CFC groups. Clinical outcomes included gross motor function measure (GMFM-66), Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), fine motor area of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) cognition area, Short Sensory Profile (sSP), COPM, Pediatrics Quality of Life (PedsQL) questionnaire, Short Falls Efficacy Scale (sFES), and Dynamic Postural Instability (DPI). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted at P < 0.05. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed the superior effects of CFC in GMFM-66, PBS, BOT-2, FIM, and PedsQL compared to CPR (P < 0.05). ANCOVA showed the superior effects of CFC in Z-axis of DPI than CPR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel, promising clinical evidence that CFC was more effective than CPR at improving impairment, activity, as well as participation levels in participants with CP.
PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE BALANCE OF RIGHTS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE SOCIETYABOUT THE USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE HISTORY OF LEGAL STUDIES
Authors: Nadvodniuk A.O. , Ponomareva V.V.
Published: November 2021

The article is dedicated to the problem of defining the boundaries of fair use of the composition. By the end of the 18th century compositions became unique and original. Authorship wasn't evaluated from the standpoint of traditionalism. It was connected with genius of the author, originality of creativity. Philosophers, for example I. Kant, J. G. Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, started considering the concepts of author, ideas, and forms of the composition. The article explains what the idea and form is, comparison of these concepts, and why forms of the composition should be protected by law while the idea can be spread easily. Also the article explains the factors and legal grounds of non-classical concept's appearance due to the increasing complexity of public relations.
THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY
Authors: Volovnikova V.A. , Kotrova A.D. , Ivanova K.A. , Ermolenko E.I. , Shishkin A.N.
Published: November 2021

Obesity is a global epidemic of modern times and has serious health consequences, as it is a major risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and its complications. The study of risk factors, pathogenetic mechanisms, as well as the search for new methods of treatment and prevention of this pathology is an important task of modern medicine. Today it is known that the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota play a certain role in the development of obesity and a number of metabolic disorders. One of the areas of prevention of early onset and development of these diseases may be the maintenance of a normal composition and correction of disorders of the intestinal ecosystem. In this review, the currently known interrelationships of changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and obesity are reviewed, and studies have been analyzed to assess the composition of the adult intestinal microbiota in obesity. The presently available data on the correction of overweight and obesity by exposing the composition of the intestinal microbiota are presented.
WAYS OF INCREASING INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY
Authors: Belov V.I. , Prokofev N.M.
Published: November 2021

The article investigates the problem of investment attractiveness of the modern economy of the Russian Federation, which is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources. Currently, Russia has sufficient scientific, technical and production potential to improve the efficiency of its economy. However, despite the positive factors, our country has some problems, some of which are related to the investment attractiveness of the country for both domestic and foreign investors. In this regard, there is a certain set of different subjective and objective approaches and means that directly affect the increase of investment attractiveness of socio-economic systems, and which could be used in relation to Russia.
SOIL MONITORING IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF ASPHALT-CONCRETE PLANT
Authors: Shakirova A.D. , Islamova A.A.
Published: November 2021

This article deals with the contamination of soils by oil products, chloride ions and heavy metals in the territory of the asphalt plant. The analysis of soil samples for the content of heavy metals was carried out by gravimetric and fluorometric methods. The soil is able to absorb technogenic impurities and also accumulate contaminants, including heavy metals, which, if excess, exhibit toxic properties, slowly breaking down under natural conditions and entering the cycle of trophic chains. The analysis of the selected soil sample was carried out in the laboratory of environmental monitoring of physico-chemical pollution of the environment in Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan. Research shows there is an excess in majority of the investigated parameters are observed in the territory of the asphalt plant. The totality of the results of the soil state study in the area adjacent to the asphalt plant revealed a considerable level of soil contamination corresponding to significant degree of technogenic depletion. In its turn it speaks of the operation of technological equipment and a long working life.
THE ACTIONS OF THE SOVIET AVIATION TO DISRUPT THE MARITIME TRAFFIC OF THE ENEMY DURING THE RETREAT OF THE GERMAN-ROMANIAN TROOPS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN CRIMEA (APRIL 1944)
Authors: Tkachenko S.N.
Published: November 2021

On the basis of archival sources and Chronicles of hostilities in the Black sea, data on the actions of assault and fighter aircraft of the black sea fleet air force and the 4th air army on sea targets, ports of the South-Eastern Crimea and their infrastructure when trying to evacuate the retreating German-Romanian troops in the second decade of April 1944, at the beginning of the Crimean strategic offensive.
ADVERTISING AS AN ELEMENT OF CLIP CULTURE OF INFORMATION SOCIETY
Authors: Kuzmin V.V. , Obidina Yu. S.
Published: November 2021

The article discusses the modern phenomenon of the information society - clip culture. Aim - to analyze the impact of advertising on modern society as an element of clip culture. The approaches to the definition of the “clip-like” phenomenon in foreign and domestic studies are identified. The genesis of clip culture in the context of the development of audiovisual advertising is considered. It is concluded that advertising in clip culture directly contributes to the decomposition of the linear logical structure of society, forming a new kind of person with fragmented, emotionally-imaginative thinking - Homo Figuralis (from the Latin. "Shaped man").
TEORETICAL CONTROVERSY OF ECONOMISTS AND SOCIOLOGIST HOW TO PROCEED FROM MUTUAL ACCUSATIONS TO A DIALOGUE?
Authors: Kondratyev V. Yu. , Klyuev A.A.
Published: November 2021

The author`s approach to the theme of the artificle is focused on the research of the dialogical relationship between scientific practice and its philosophical and methodological awareness, which is subordinated to the main requirement of clear awareness of the prerequisites of the philosophical and methodological solution and constructions. The object of the research: the phenomena of scientific practice of economists and sociologists who make the intellectual environment extremely unfriendly in their mutual relations of economic science and sociology for interdisciplinary research and who receive in their discussions the term “economic imperialism” and “sociological imperialism”. The object-fild of premise is distinguished in the areas of economic and sociological knowledge. The purpose of the research: explication of the metaphors “economic imperialism” and “sociological imperialism”, which would allow to identify inefficient attitudes that oppose the dialogue of sociologists. Setting five tasks and determining the sequence in solving them help to achieve the goal. From the author`s point of view, the confrontational metaphors of “economic imperialism” and “sociological imperialism” have to replaced by the productive metaphor of inseparable and non-existent coexistence of economics and sociology, which is explicated to realistic methodological recommendations that can be used in the practice of scientific interdisciplinary social research.