bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obestatin signalling counteracts glucocorticoid‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy via NEDD4/KLF15 axis
Authors: Cid‐Díaz Tania , Leal‐López Saúl , Fernández‐Barreiro Fátima , González‐Sánchez Jessica , Santos‐Zas Icía , Andrade‐Bulos Luis J. , Rodríguez‐Fuentes Manuel E. , Mosteiro Carlos S. , Mouly Vincent , Casabiell Xesús , Relova Jose Luis , Pazos Yolanda , Camiña Jesus P.
Published: March 2021

Background

A therapeutic approach for the treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy should be based on the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms determining the unbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes and how to re‐establish this balance. Here, we investigated whether the obestatin/GPR39 system, an autocrine signalling system acting on myogenesis and with anabolic effects on the skeletal muscle, could protect against chronic glucocorticoid‐induced muscle atrophy.

Methods

In this study, we used an in vivo model of muscle atrophy induced by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to examine the liaison molecules that define the interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and the obestatin/GPR39 systems. The findings were extended to in vitro effects on human atrophy using human KM155C25 myotubes.

Results

KLF15 and FoxO transcription factors were identified as direct targets of obestatin signalling in the control of proteostasis in skeletal muscle. The KLF15‐triggered gene expression program, including atrogenes and FoxOs, was regulated via KLF15 ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. Additionally, a specific pattern of FoxO post‐translational modification, including FoxO4 phosphorylation by Akt pathway, was critical in the regulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system. The functional cooperativity between Akt and NEDD4 in the regulation of FoxO and KLF15 provides integrated cues to counteract muscle proteostasis and re‐establish protein synthesis.

Conclusions

The effective control of FoxO activity in response to glucocorticoid is critical to counteract muscle‐related pathologies. These results highlight the potential of the obestatin/GPR39 system to fine‐tune the effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal muscle wasting.
Metastatic Diffusion Volume Based on Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Prognostic Factor in Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Shimpei , Yoshida Soichiro , Ishii Chikako , Takahara Taro , Arita Yuki , Fukushima Hiroshi , Tanaka Hajime , Yokoyama Minato , Matsuoka Yoh , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Whole‐body diffusion‐weighted MRI (WB‐DWI) is useful for assessing disease activity in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). MET‐RADS‐P is a subjective assessment‐based reporting system proposed to standardize the interpretation of WB‐DWI. However, a quantitative evaluation of WB‐DWI has not been fully investigated.

PURPOSE

To investigate the validity, and analyze the prognostic value, of quantitative evaluation of WB‐DWI based on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for CRPC.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective.

POPULATION

Sixty‐six patients with CRPC. The median age was 75 years. During the median follow‐up period of 25.2 months, 23 of 66 patients (34.8%) died of prostate cancer.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

A 1.5 T WB‐DWI was used with two b‐values (0 s/mm2–1000 s/mm2). A single‐shot echo‐planar imaging sequence was used.

ASSESSMENT

WB‐DWI were evaluated by three readers according to MET‐RADS‐P scoring system. Using imaging software, Attractive BDScore, tumor diffusion volume (mDV) and ADC value of metastatic lesion (mADC) was calculated by two readers. The mDV was calculated with ADC values (×10−3 mm2/sec) of 0.4–0.9 (mDV0.4–0.9), 0.9–1.4 (mDV0.9–1.4), and 1.4–1.8 (mDV1.4–1.8), respectively.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation. The relationships between the variables with cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

mDVs showed a strong positive correlation with MET‐RADS‐P scores (r = 0.90/0.87, P < 0.05 for both). mDV showed a statistically significant association with CSS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.01, P < 0.05). When the mDVs calculated based on the ADC values were included, mDV0.4–0.9 (HR: 1.02, P < 0.05) and the number of therapeutic lines (HR: 1.35, P < 0.05) were significant independent indicators of CSS shortening.

CONCLUSION

Assessment of metastatic tumor volume based on ADC values can be used in the prognostic evaluation of patients with CRPC. WB‐DWI might be a potential prognostic imaging biomarker for CRPC.

Evidence Level

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
A meta‐analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and types among Iranian women with normal cervical cytology, premalignant lesions, and cervical cancer
Authors: Salavatiha Zahra , Farahmand Mohammad , Shoja Zabihollah , Jalilvand Somayeh
Published: March 2021

In this study, all data from Iran on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and types among women with normal cervical cytology, premalignant lesions, and cervical cancer were obtained and pooled. The overall HPV prevalence was found to be 9% in women with a normal cervix, 55% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or atypia cases, 58% and 69% in women with low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, respectively, and 81% among women with invasive cervical cancer. In all of the studied groups, HPV 16 was the most common HPV type, followed by HPV 18. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis revealed that it will be beneficial if current HPV vaccines are integrated into the national vaccination programs of Iran.
An improved method for calculating the freezing/thawing index using monthly and annual temperature data
Authors: Liu Chang , Feng Song , Huang Wei
Published: March 2021

Changes in soil thermal regimes in cold climates have widespread impacts on hydrology, ecology, and the carbon cycle. The annual freezing and thawing index, which is generally calculated using daily temperature, has been widely used to estimate the freezing depth, active layer thickness, and the distribution of permafrost. However, continuous and reliable daily temperature data are scarce in cold climates, while monthly and annual temperature data are more readily available. If daily temperature data are unavailable, these indices can be estimated based on monthly or annual temperature data. In this study, we developed a resampling method for estimating the annual freezing and thawing index and compared the results with those produced by the existing methods. Daily temperature data with a 0.5° resolution over the Northern Hemisphere during 1901–2012 were used to calculate the freezing/thawing index, and then the monthly and annual temperature were calculated and three different approaches were used to estimate the daily temperature and the freezing/thawing index. When the monthly data were used, the resampling method produced the smallest relative error (RE) and mean bias error (MBE), and the largest correlation in estimating the two indices, compared to the two other methods. Although the annual temperature data usually underestimate the freezing/thawing index, the RE is still <5% over most of the high‐latitude regions. The results suggest that if the daily temperature can be reliably estimated using the resampling method, the thermal regimes of permafrost can be reliably estimated using modelled monthly temperature and/or reconstructed past monthly/annual temperature. These estimations can also be used to validate modelled paleo‐permafrost and its variations. Additionally, our results indicate that after the 1970s the annual freezing index (DDF) increased substantially, while the frost index (FI) decreased substantially.
Efficacy of an Er:YAG laser in the decontamination of dental implant surfaces: An in vitro study
Authors: AlMoharib Hani S. , Steffensen Bjorn , Zoukhri Driss , Finkelman Matthew , Gyurko Robert
Published: March 2021

Background

Emergence of peri‐implant diseases led to the development of various methods for implant surface decontamination. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of biofilm removal from implant‐like titanium surfaces by an erbium‐doped yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser, titanium brush, and carbon fiber curet.

Methods

Eight study subjects were recruited. A custom mouth appliance that held eight sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium discs was fabricated for each subject. Subjects were asked to wear this appliance for 72 hours to allow for biofilm development. After retrieval, discs were removed and randomized to one of four treatment groups. The discs were stained with a two‐component nucleic acid dye kit, and the residual biofilm was visualized under fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of residual biofilm was performed using an image analysis software and expressed as the percentage surface area.

Results

Fifty‐nine titanium discs were randomized to the four treatment groups. The percentage of titanium disc area covered by residual biofilm was 74.0% ± 21.6%, 32.8% ± 24.0%, 11.8% ± 10.3%, and 20.1% ± 19.2% in the control, Er:YAG, titanium brush and carbon fiber curet groups, respectively (mean ± SD). The biofilm‐covered area significantly decreased in each of the three treatment groups compared with control (P < 0.008). Comparisons between treatment groups did not reveal statistical significance.

Conclusions

Er:YAG laser treatment is an effective method for reducing the bacterial biofilm on titanium discs. However, on a threadless titanium surface, Er:YAG laser does not exhibit a significantly greater efficacy in biofilm removal than commonly used titanium brushes or carbon fiber curets.
Creating learning health systems and the emerging role of biomedical informatics
Authors: Kohn Martin S. , Topaloglu Umit , Kirkendall Eric S. , Dharod Ajay , Wells Brian J. , Gurcan Metin
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The nature of information used in medicine has changed. In the past, we were limited to routine clinical data and published clinical trials. Today, we deal with massive, multiple data streams and easy access to new tests, ideas, and capabilities to process them. Whereas in the past getting information for decision‐making was a challenge, now, it is how to analyze, evaluate and prioritize all that is readily available through the multitude of data‐collecting devices. Clinicians must become adept with the tools needed to deal with the era of big data, requiring a major change in how we learn to make decisions. Major change is often met with resistance and questions about value. A Learning Health System is an enabler to encourage the development of such tools and demonstrate value in improved decision‐making.

Methods

We describe how we are developing a Biomedical Informatics program to help our medical institution's evolution as an academic Learning Health System, including strategy, training for house staff and examples of the role of informatics from operations to research.

Results

We described an array of learning health system implementations and educational programs to improve healthcare and prepare a cadre of physicians with basic information technology skills. The programs have been well accepted with, for example, increasing interest and enrollment in the educational programs.

Conclusions

We are now in an era when large volumes of a wide variety of data are readily available. The challenge is not so much in the acquisition of data, but in assessing the quality, relevance and value of the data. The data we can get may not be the data we need. In the past, sources of data were limited, and trial results published in journals were the major source of evidence for decision making. The advent of powerful analytics systems has changed the concept of evidence. Clinicians will have to develop the skills necessary to work in the era of big data. It is not reasonable to expect that all clinicians will also be data scientists. However, understanding the role of AI and predictive analytics, and how to apply them, will become progressively more important. Programs such as the one being implemented at Wake Forest fill that need.
Effect of impurities in dissimilar metal welds on their corrosion behavior
Authors: Bystrianský Václav , Bystrianský Jaroslav , Dumská Karolina , Macák Jan , Návoj Aleš
Published: March 2021

Dissimilar metal welds are commonly used constructional solutions in most light‐water reactors. Unfortunately, it may also be a source of operational problems due to the combination of two or more metals with different corrosion resistance. For welds of carbon and austenitic steel, it is possible to observe damage in the austenitic steel, which is the material with better corrosion resistance. This self‐contradictory phenomenon is presumed to be caused by the segregation of impurities (S, P, C) from carbon steel on austenitic grain boundaries. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the effect of these impurities on the corrosion behavior of Fe–Cr–Ni alloys with different Cr and Ni content by using electrochemical methods.
Factors Associated with Health‐Related Quality of Life in Late‐Stage Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Rosqvist Kristina , Odin Per , Lorenzl Stefan , Meissner Wassilios G. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Dodel Richard , Schrag Anette ,   the Care of Late Stage Parkinsonism (CLaSP) Consortium
Published: March 2021

Background

There is limited knowledge on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in late‐stage Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objective

To assess factors associated with HRQoL in patients with late‐stage PD, with a focus on health care provision.

Methods

The Care of Late Stage Parkinsonism (CLaSP) project is the largest study on late‐stage PD to date. The current study analyzed data of 401 patients from 6 European countries in whom HRQoL was assessed with the 8‐item PD Questionnaire in patients without dementia. Factors potentially associated with HRQoL were assessed and examined in linear regression analyses.

Results

Better HRQoL was associated with living at home, greater independence in activities of daily living (Schwab and England Scale), less severe disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage), better motor function (Unified PD Rating Scale Part III), and lower non‐motor symptoms burden (Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale [NMSS]) across all NMSS domains. Having a PDspecialist as physician for PD, contact with a PDnurse, and no hospital admission during the past 3 months were associated with better HRQoL, but having seen a physiotherapist or occupational therapist was associated with worse HRQoL.

Conclusions

The results emphasize the importance of optimizing treatment for motor and multiple non‐motor symptoms to improve HRQoL in patients with late‐stage PD. PD‐specific health care resources, particularly PDnurses, are likely important in addressing issues to improve HRQoL in this population. Worse HRQoL in those who had recently seen a physiotherapist or occupational therapist may reflect referral based on factors not measured in this study.
Childbearing intention and its associated factors: A systematic review
Authors: Hashemzadeh Mozhgan , Shariati Mohammad , Mohammad Nazari Ali , Keramat Afsaneh
Published: March 2021

Aim

This study aimed to provide comprehensive information about the core determinants of fertility intentions.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Ovid, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched for the relevant articles published from 1946–December 2017. We updated our records by searching three computerized databases (Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS and WOS) from 2018–January 2021.

Results

53 studies included in the qualitative synthesis. The results of some studies indicated the impact of demographic factors, physical and psychological health, happiness and child desire. The most frequent variables in a couple's mesosystem were marital status, parity, partnership satisfaction and gender role attitude. The mesosystem of childbearing intention also included family and peers network. The EXEO system of the ECSM includes certain variables, such as job characteristics, urban residence, housing condition. The macrosystem comprises cultural and societal principles with broader influences on the couple's system.
Internationalization–Industrialoutput nexus: Evidence from 15late‐industrializedeconomies
Authors: Adeleye Bosede Ngozi , Sankaran Arumugam , Jamal Abdul , K Arjun
Published: March 2021

The paper empirically examines the internationalization‐output nexus in 15 late‐industrialized countries from 1976 to 2018 using fixed and random effects techniques. The findings reveal that trade openness negatively impacts the industrial output, while the labor force shows a positive and statistically significant impact. Domestic investment and education show negligible and insignificant positive and negative impacts on output, respectively. Investment is supposedly incurring zero marginal productivity of capital as it is high in excess of labor. In a nutshell, it is capital bias. Furthermore, bias in terms of complex skill requirements in production prevents the entry of less‐skilled labor force. Given these outcomes, we conclude that the incremental capital‐output ratio (ICOR) needs to be tested to find out additional intricate issues involved in investment. Besides, the comparative advantage in less skilled labor is underutilized. To overcome this, the policymakers should ensure absorption of such semi‐skilled human capital. This requires removing skill bias and capital bias to a reasonable extent without damaging output generation. Hence, the study suggested that the late‐industrialized nations may use the potential labor force and capital to speed‐up long‐term industrial development by enhancing human capital through training, technical know‐how, etc., to attain sustainable industrial development.
Composite electrode material of MoO3‐MC‐SiO2‐PANI: Aqueous supercapacitor cell with high energy density, 1 V and 250,000 CD cycles
Authors: Gottam Ramesh , Srinivasan Palaniappan
Published: March 2021

A synthesis of electrode material with higher‐energy density and more extended stability is very significant for replacing the present‐day supercapacitor demand. Toward this objective, in this work, a composite containing three primary materials meant for supercapacitor application is synthesized. They are conducting polymer, metal oxide, and carbon materials. A unique quaternary composite is prepared via the chemical method using mesoporous carbon (MC), polyaniline (PANI), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) materials. This composite is used as an electroactive material in symmetric electrode configuration in aqueous electrolyte supercapacitor. As synthesized MoO3‐MC‐SiO2‐PANI sample is subjected to 250,000 CD cycles at a higher discharge current density of 16.6 A/g with 57% retention of the initial capacitance of 45 F/g with low and constant equivalent series resistance (ESR) value (3–3.8 Ω). This composite showed an energy density (ED) as 31 Wh/Kg at a power density of 155 W/Kg. The excellent stability of the electrode material was established by evaluating the electrode material after the subjection of 250,000 CD cycles by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (CD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
Presentation acuity, induction mortality, and resource utilization in infants with acute leukemia
Authors: Ibrahimova Azada , Winestone Lena E. , Miller Tamara P. , Kettler Kyle , Seif Alix E. , Huang Yuan‐Shung , Elgarten Caitlin W. , Myers Regina M. , Fisher Brian T. , Aplenc Richard , Getz Kelly D.
Published: March 2021

Background

Treatment of infants with acute leukemia remains challenging, especially for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Infants have shown markedly higher rates of induction mortality compared with noninfants. There are limited data on presentation acuity and supportive care utilization in this age group.

Methods

In retrospective analyses of patients treated for new onset ALL or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at pediatric hospitals contributing to the Pediatric Health Information System, we compared presentation acuity, induction mortality, and resource utilization in infants relative to noninfants less than 10 years at diagnosis.

Results

Analyses included 10 359 children with ALL (405 infants, 9954 noninfants) and 871 AML (189 infants, 682 noninfants). Infants were more likely to present with multisystem organ failure compared to noninfants for both ALL (12% and 1%, PR = 10.8, 95% CI: 7.4, 15.7) and AML (6% vs. 3%; PR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.7). Infants with ALL had higher induction mortality compared to noninfants, even after accounting for differences in anthracycline exposure and presentation acuity (2.7% vs. 0.5%, HR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.8). Conversely, infants and noninfants with AML had similar rates of induction mortality (3.2% vs. 2.1%, HR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.3, 3.9), which were comparable to rates among infants with ALL. Infants with ALL and AML had greater requirements for blood products, diuretics, supplemental oxygen, and ventilation during induction relative to noninfants.

Conclusions

Infants with leukemia present with higher acuity compared with noninfants. Induction mortality and supportive care requirements for infants with ALL were similar to all children with AML, and significantly higher than those for noninfants with ALL.
Parallel esterification of bio‐based dicarboxylic acids in small scale film reactors: A high‐throughput study
Authors: Hevus Ivan , Webster Dean C. , McNamara John , Ricapito Nicole G. , Tymoshenko Stepan
Published: March 2021

The applicability of polyesters across a wide range of fields creates a demand for novel polyester structures that can offer advanced product performance. Two critical factors to the development of unique polymer architectures are the speed at which new polymeric systems can be synthesized and the available selection of monomers from which polymers are designed. Herein, we successfully demonstrate the applicability of a high‐throughput (HT) approach to polyesterification reaction between dicarboxylic acids and diols in reaction conditions similar to those used in industry. Furthermore, we apply our HT design to a series of bio‐based monomers whose unique structures offer potential for enhanced properties in polyester‐based systems. Using a custom‐built array of small‐scale film reactors, we conducted a parallel screening of 13 bio‐based dicarboxylic acids as potential monomers in the synthesis of polyester polyols through copolymerization with 1,6‐hexanediol. The polyester polyols were characterized for their molecular weight and thermal properties. Carrying out polyesterification reactions in small‐scale film reactors is seen as a quick and powerful tool for screening the effectiveness of a series of potential monomers, as this method offers highly controllable and reproducible reaction conditions in every reactor coupled with the ability to use a minimum amount of reagents.
Are energy‐poor households also poor? Evidence from Ghana
Authors: Adusah‐Poku Frank , Adjei‐Mantey Kwame , Kwakwa Paul A.
Published: March 2021

Poverty and energy poverty are parts of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The former has been extensively covered in the literature, whereas the latter has not been given the necessary attention until the last decade. In this paper, we use multidimensional measures of energy poverty and poverty to ascertain whether energy‐poor households are also poor, and vice versa. In addition, the study seeks to examine the factors responsible for poverty and energy poverty. This paper uses data sets constructed from the two most recent nationwide household surveys in Ghana (GLSS VI and GLSS VII samples). We find substantial differences in the incidence and index of multidimensional energy poverty and multidimensional poverty by subgroup demographic characteristics. Further, we find that households belong to different categories of poverty and energy poverty status. Our multinomial regression results reveal that household size, marital status, educational background, residential area, age, employment, and gender significantly predict the household's multidimensional poverty and energy poverty status. We recommend massive investment in renewable energy, to make cleaner energy readily available for Ghanaians. In addition, the Ghanaian government should pursue sustainable employment and job creation avenues, directed toward an improved standard of living for the population.
Rat prostaglandin EP3 receptor is highly promiscuous and is the sole prostanoid receptor family member that regulates INS‐1 (832/3) cell glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion
Authors: Sandhu Harpreet K. , Neuman Joshua C. , Schaid Michael D. , Davis Sarah E. , Connors Kelsey M. , Challa Romith , Guthery Erin , Fenske Rachel J. , Patibandla Chinmai , Breyer Richard M. , Kimple Michelle E.
Published: March 2021

Chronic elevations in fatty acid metabolites termed prostaglandins can be found in circulation and in pancreatic islets from mice or humans with diabetes and have been suggested as contributing to the β‐cell dysfunction of the disease. Two‐series prostaglandins bind to a family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors, each with different biochemical and pharmacological properties. Prostaglandin E receptor (EP) subfamily agonists and antagonists have been shown to influence β‐cell insulin secretion, replication, and/or survival. Here, we define EP3 as the sole prostanoid receptor family member expressed in a rat β‐cell‐derived line that regulates glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. Several other agonists classically understood as selective for other prostanoid receptor family members also reduce glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, but these effects are only observed at relatively high concentrations, and, using a well‐characterized EP3‐specific antagonist, are mediated solely by cross‐reactivity with rat EP3. Our findings confirm the critical role of EP3 in regulating β‐cell function, but are also of general interest, as many agonists supposedly selective for other prostanoid receptor family members are also full and efficacious agonists of EP3. Therefore, care must be taken when interpreting experimental results from cells or cell lines that also express EP3.
Casticin protected against neuronal injury and inhibited the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Huang Dan , Zhou Jiafan , Li Wenning , Zhang Li , Wang Xiaomeng , Liu Qiang
Published: March 2021

Although stroke is a major human neurological disease, there is a paucity of effective neuroprotectants that can improve its treatment. Casticin is a natural monomer drug with many biological effects such as anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor actions. However, it is not clear whether it has a neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of casticin in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was investigated. Results showed that casticin reduced the volume of the cerebral infarction, mNSS scores, swimming distance, time to find the submerged platform, and serum concentrations of TNF‐α, TGF‐β, IL‐6 in MCAO rats. Moreover, casticin also decreased the expression of TLR4, NF‐κB p65, and NF‐κB p50 proteins and reversed the reduced expression of IκB protein in the brain tissue of MCAO rats. The in vitro study revealed that casticin decreased apoptosis of OGD/R‐PC12 cells, reduced the expression of TLR4, NF‐κB p65, and NF‐κB p50, while increased IκB protein expression. In conclusion, casticin improved the neurological functions of MCAO rats via inhibiting the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway and might have the potential to be developed into a neuroprotective agent for stroke patients.
Tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of CoZrxNb1−xFeSi alloys for spintronic and thermoelectric applications
Authors: Tariq Saad , Mubarak Ahmad A. , Hamioud Farida
Published: March 2021

This ab‐initio investigation presents the effect of substitution of Zr by Nb atom on the structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of the quaternary Heusler CoZrFeSi alloy. The ab‐initio calculations were performed using the exchange‐correlation of the modified Becke‐Johnson potential. Our results predict that the crystalline phase for each of CoZrFeSi and CoNbFeSi alloys is classified as Type‐I. The calculated formation energy value of the Nb‐doped alloys indicates the thermodynamic stability of the alloys and their possible creation. The bulk modulus value predicts that the rigidity increases with increasing the concentration of the Nb substitute atoms in the alloy. The electronic band structure and the density of states indicate a half metallicity of the alloys with metallic and semiconducting behaviors in the spin up and down, respectively. The studied alloys have shown ferromagnetic character with a high magnetic moment value when increasing the Nb content up to 75%. The calculated Seebeck coefficient and the charge carrier concentration as a function of temperature predict that the present alloys prefer the n‐type doping with the ability to switch between hole and electron for transporting the charges through the Fermi level of CoZr1−xNbxFeSi (x = 0, 0.25, 0.75, and 1) alloys. However, CoZr0.5Nb0.5FeSi alloy prefers electrons as a charge carrier. Due to their determined properties, beneficial applications are predicted for the present alloys, such as magnetic tunnel junctions and spintronic applications.
Finite‐time integral input‐to‐state stability for switched nonlinear time‐delay systems with asynchronous switching
Authors: Wang Zhichuang , Sun Jian , Chen Jie
Published: March 2021

This article is concerned with the stability of switched nonlinear time‐delay systems with asynchronous switching. We start by extending the well‐known concept of integral input‐to‐state stability (iISS) to finite‐time integral input‐to‐state stability (FTiISS). It is clear to find that the new concept of FTiISS plays an important role in many branches of engineering and science. Leveraging the Razumikhin‐type theorem along with the average dwell time (ADT) and mode‐dependent ADT methods, sufficient ISS, iISS, finite‐time ISS, and FTiISS criteria for switched nonlinear time‐delay systems under asynchronous switching are presented. Our proposed results improve upon the existing results by removing some restrictive conditions, and subsume some existing ones as special cases. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of our results.
Generalized mixed‐effects random forest: A flexible approach to predict university student dropout
Authors: Pellagatti Massimo , Masci Chiara , Ieva Francesca , Paganoni Anna M.
Published: March 2021

We propose a new statistical method, called generalized mixed‐effects random forest (GMERF), that extends the use of random forest to the analysis of hierarchical data, for any type of response variable in the exponential family. The method maintains the flexibility and the ability of modeling complex patterns within the data, typical of tree‐based ensemble methods, and it can handle both continuous and discrete covariates. At the same time, GMERF takes into account the nested structure of hierarchical data, modeling the dependence structure that exists at the highest level of the hierarchy and allowing statistical inference on this structure. In the case study, we apply GMERF to Higher Education data to analyze the university student dropout phenomenon. We predict engineering student dropout probability by means of student‐level information and considering the degree program students are enrolled in as grouping factor.
Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso‐Scale Aggregates
Authors: Rupprechter Günther
Published: March 2021

Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area‐averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially‐resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length‐scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso‐scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration‐modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
Facile and Efficient Fabrication of Branched Si@C Anode with Superior Electrochemical Performance in LIBs
Authors: Cao Li , Huang Ting , Cui Mengya , Xu Jiejie , Xiao Rongshi
Published: March 2021

One‐dimensional Si nanostructures with carbon coating (1D Si@C) show great potential in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to small volume expansion and efficient electron transport. However, 1D Si@C anode with large area capacity still suffers from limited cycling stability. Herein, a novel branched Si architecture is fabricated through laser processing and dealloying. The branched Si, composed of both primary and interspaced secondary dendrites with diameters under 100 nm, leads to improved area capacity and cycling stability. By coating a carbon layer, the branched Si@C anode shows gravimetric capacity of 3059 mAh g−1 (1.14 mAh cm−2). At a higher rate of 3 C, the capacity is 813 mAh g−1, which retained 759 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 C. The area capacity is further improved to 1.93 mAh cm−2 and remained over 92% after 100 cycles with a mass loading of 0.78 mg cm−2. Furthermore, the full‐cell configuration exhibits energy density of 405 Wh kg−1 and capacity retention of 91% after 200 cycles. The present study demonstrates that laser‐produced dendritic microstructure plays a critical role in the fabrication of the branched Si and the proposed method provides new insights into the fabrication of Si nanostructures with facility and efficiency.
Evolution of Metastasis Study Models toward Metastasis‐On‐A‐Chip: The Ultimate Model?
Authors: Ruiz‐Espigares Jesús , Nieto Daniel , Moroni Lorenzo , Jiménez Gema , Marchal Juan Antonio
Published: March 2021

For decades, several attempts have been made to obtain a mimetic model for the study of metastasis, the reason of most of deaths caused by cancer, in order to solve the unknown phenomena surrounding this disease. To better understand this cellular dissemination process, more realistic models are needed that are capable of faithfully recreating the entire and essential tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, new tools known as tumor‐on‐a‐chip and metastasis‐on‐a‐chip have been recently proposed. These tools incorporate microfluidic systems and small culture chambers where TME can be faithfully modeled thanks to 3D bioprinting. In this work, a literature review has been developed about the different phases of metastasis, the remaining unknowns and the use of new models to study this disease. The aim is to provide a global vision of the current panorama and the great potential that these systems have for in vitro translational research on the molecular basis of the pathology. In addition, these models will allow progress toward a personalized medicine, generating chips from patient samples that mimic the original tumor and the metastatic process to perform a precise pharmacological screening by establishing the most appropriate treatment protocol.
Polymorphic Effects on Electrochemical Performance of Conversion‐Based MnO2 Anode Materials for Next‐Generation Li Batteries
Authors: Kim Hyunwoo , Choi Woosung , Yoon Jaesang , Lee Eunkang , Yoon Won‐Sub
Published: March 2021

In this study, four different MnO2 polymorphs are synthesized with a controlled morphology of hollow porous structures to systematically investigate the influences of polymorphs in conversion‐based material. As the structure of these materials transforms into nanosized metal and maintains an extremely low‐crystalline phase during cell operation, the effects of polymorphs are overlooked as compared to the case of insertion‐based materials. Thus, differences in the ion storage behaviors among various MnO2 polymorphs are not well identified. Herein, the structural changes, charge storage reaction, and electrochemical performance of the different MnO2 polymorphs are investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that the charge storage reactions, as part of which spinel‐phased MnO2 formation is observed after lithiation and delithiation instead of recovery of the original phases, are similar for all the samples. However, the electrochemical performance varies depending on the initial crystal structure. Among the four polymorphs, the spinel‐type λ‐MnO2 delivers the highest reversible capacity of ≈1270 mAh g−1. The structural similarity between the cycled and pristine states of λ‐MnO2 induces faster kinetics, resulting in the better electrochemical performance. These findings suggest that polymorphs are another important factor to consider when designing high‐performance materials for next‐generation rechargeable batteries.
Biomimetic, Stiff, and Adhesive Periosteum with Osteogenic–Angiogenic Coupling Effect for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yang Yuhe , Xu Tianpeng , Zhang Qiang , Piao Yun , Bei Ho Pan , Zhao Xin
Published: March 2021

Current periosteal grafts have limitations related to low mechanical strength, tissue adhesiveness, and poor osteogenesis and angiogenesis potential. Here, a periosteum mimicking bone aid (PMBA) with similar structure and function to natural periosteum is developed by electrospinning photocrosslinkable methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), l‐arginine‐based unsaturated poly(ester amide) (Arg‐UPEA), and methacrylated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAMA). Such combination of materials enhances the material mechanical strength, favors the tissue adhesion, and guarantees the sustained activation of nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO–cGMP) signaling pathway, with well‐coordinated osteogenic–angiogenic coupling effect for accelerated bone regeneration. This work presents a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of thoroughly considering the progression of implant biomaterials: that is, the initial material components (i.e., GelMA, Arg‐UPEA, and nHAMA) equip the scaffold with suitable structure and function, while its degradation products (i.e., Ca2+ and l‐arginine) are involved in long‐term mediation of physiological activities. It is envisioned that the strategy will inspire the design of high‐performance bioscaffolds toward bone and periosteum tissue engineering.
Spatially Separating Redox Centers and Photothermal Effect Synergistically Boosting the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of ZnIn2S4 Nanosheets
Authors: Wang Man , Zhang Gongxin , Guan Zhongjie , Yang Jianjun , Li Qiuye
Published: March 2021

Spatially separated loading of reductive and oxidative cocatalysts is a useful strategy for expediting charge separation and surface reaction kinetics, which are two key factors for determining the photocatalytic efficiency. However, loading the spatial separation of dual cocatalysts on a 2D photocatalyst is still a great challenge. Herein, decorating the spatial separation of oxidative and reductive cocatalysts on ZnIn2S4 nanosheets is realized by designing a ternary Co9S8@ZnIn2S4@PdS (CS@ZIS@PS) hollow tubular core‐shell structure. Particularly, Co9S8 and PdS functionally serve as the reduction and oxidation cocatalysts, respectively. Experimental results confirm that the spatial separation of Co9S8 and PdS cocatalysts not only efficiently improve charge separation and accelerate surface reduction–oxidation kinetics, but also generate a photothermal effect to further enhance charge transfer and surface reaction kinetics. As a result, the optimized CS@ZIS@PS yields a remarkable H2 evolution rate of 11407 µmol g−1 h−1, and the apparent quantum efficiency reaches 71.2% at 420 nm, which is one of the highest values among ZnIn2S4 so far. The synergistic effect of spatially separated dual cocatalysts and photothermal effect may be applied to other 2D materials for efficient solar energy conversion.
Polarization‐ and Electrode‐Optimized Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films for Harsh Environmental Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Applications
Authors: Jin Da Woon , Ko Young Joon , Ahn Chang Won , Hur Sunghoon , Lee Tae Kwon , Jeong Dong Geun , Lee Minbaek , Kang Chong‐Yun , Jung Jong Hoon
Published: March 2021

While piezoelectric nanogenerators have demonstrated the effective conversion of tiny mechanical vibrations to electricity, their performances are rarely examined under harsh environmental conditions. Here, a multilayered polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film‐based piezoelectric nanogenerator (ML‐PENG) is demonstrated to generate considerable and stable power outputs even at extremely low temperatures and pressures, and under strong UV. Up‐/down‐polarized PVDF films are alternately stacked, and Ag electrodes are intercalated between the two adjacent films. At −266 °C and 10−5 Torr, the ML‐PENG generates an open‐circuit voltage of 1.1 V, a short‐circuit current density of 8 nA cm−2, and a power density of 4.4 nW cm−2. The piezoelectric outputs are quite stable against prolonged illumination of UV, large temperature‐ and pressure‐variations, and excessive mechanical vibrations. The piezoelectric power density is greatly enhanced above the freezing and glass transition temperatures of PVDF and recorded to be 10, 105, and 282 nW cm−2 at −73, 0, and 77 °C, respectively. The ML‐PENG generates sufficient power to operate five light‐emitting diodes by harvesting biomechanical energy under simulated Martian conditions. This work suggests that polarization‐ and electrode‐optimized ML‐PENG can serve as a reliable and economic power source in harsh and inaccessible environments like polar areas of Earth and extraterrestrial Mars.
The efficiency of HFMI treatment and TIG remelting for extending the fatigue life of existing welded structures
Authors: Al‐Karawi Hassan , Al‐Emrani Mohammad
Published: March 2021

Different post‐weld treatment methods have been developed to enhance the fatigue strength of welded steel structures and extend the service lives of their components. High‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment and tungsten inert gas (TIG) remelting are two methods that have attracted considerable interest in recent decades. This paper presents the results of a study of fatigue life extension for pre‐fatigued welded steel details which can be achieved using HFMI treatment and TIG remelting. More than 250 fatigue test results were collected – including different details such as butt welds, longitudinal attachments, transverse attachments and cover plate attachments. HFMI treatment was found to extend the life considerably when the specimens treated were free from cracks or when existing cracks were < 2.25 mm deep. TIG remelting could extend fatigue lives even with cracks > 4 mm deep. In comparison to TIG remelting, HFMI treatment results in a longer fatigue life extension for pre‐fatigued details, provided existing cracks are < 2.25 mm deep. Regarding TIG remelting, the depth of possible remaining cracks was found to be a substantial parameter when assessing the degree of life extension.
Myers' paradox
Authors: Priest Graham ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

This note is an analysis of the paradox given by Myers (2019). It is shown, assuming that the resources available in paraconsistent logic may be applied, how the conclusion of the paradox may be perfectly acceptable, but that the argument is, nonetheless, invalid. This provides a dialethic solution to the paradox.
Sustainable management practices and innovation capacity in family agribusinesses
Authors: Damke Luana Inês , Gomes Clandia Maffini , Kneipp Jordana Marques , Godoy Tais Pentiado , Motke Francies Diego
Published: March 2021

Sustainability and innovation have gained increasing importance in the competitive landscape of organizations. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationships between the adoption of sustainable management practices and innovation capacity in family agribusinesses certified by the Family Agribusiness Program. To this end, a quantitative study using a survey design was carried out with 128 certified Brazilian family agribusinesses. Sustainable management practices were assessed based on the models proposed by Global Reporting Initiative and Callado. Regarding innovation capacity, the study by Valladares was used as a basis.Homalsanalysis (homogeneity analysis) was used for data analysis. The results showed that the family agribusinesses analyzed that have a high adoption of environmental practices consisting of transformative leaderships that inspire, encourage, and develop people and promote the involvement and cooperation of their employees, high organicity of the organizational structure that allows quick decision‐making and open and transparent communication, and a management for people that allows adequate working conditions, training, and professional recognition.
Evaluation of access to different legume pastures on performance and welfare of broiler chickens during dry season under tropical environment
Authors: Oke Oyegunle Emmanuel , Akande Janet O. , Sodipo Ibukunoluwa D. , Ekunseitan Deji A. , Rahman Samson A. , Smith Olusiji F. , Onagbesan Okanlawon M.
Published: March 2021

There have been a plethora of studies on the effects of access to runs on chickens’ welfare and behavioural repertoire with a paucity of information on the comparative advantage of various legume pasture and deep litter system. A total of 200‐day‐old unsexed Marshall Broiler chicks were weighed and assigned randomly into five experimental groups, viz. deep litter without access to run (DL), deep litter with access to Stylosanthes hamata (SH), Stylosanthes guanensis (SG), Mucuna pruriens (MP) and free run (FR) during dry season. Each treatment had 4 replicates of 10 birds. Data were collected on growth performance, behaviour, tonic immobility (TI), gait score and blood parameters. The data obtained were subjected to One‐Way Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Results showed that the final body weight of birds in SH was significantly higher (p ˂ .05) than those of SH, MP, FR and DL which were comparable. The feed intake of the birds of DL, SH and FR was higher than those of the other treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds on legume pastures was lower than those without access to pasture. The birds of SH, SG and MP spent higher (p ˂ .05) time drinking, preening, dust‐bathing, spot pecking and walking standing behaviours while those in DL and FR spent more (p ˂ .05) time feeding. Generally, the gait score of the birds on the different legume pastures was similar but better than those without access to pasture. Tonic immobility of the DL birds was longer than that of FR whose duration was longer than those of the birds on the pastures. The study concluded that access to different legume pastures, particularly Stylosanthes hamata, improved the welfare of broiler chickens without adverse effect on the performance of the birds.