bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Solvent Selection Considerations in Absorption Systems
Authors: Ubong I. , Harry-Ngei N. , Ede P. N.
Published: February 2022

This review paper focuses on the description, uses and emission removal functions of a solvent with respect to air pollution control of the flue gases in a combustion chamber exhaust waste stream. The physical characteristics of the solvent required for improved and optimal performance of the absorption system where discussed. The factors affecting performance of the solvent with reference to parametric changes in operations as well as cost consideration schemes required to select the most appropriate solvent for increased performance were also ex-rayed. The choice of a solvent that is cost effective and readily available was recommended in the study.
Power System Market Planning
Authors: Qamber Isa Salman , Al-Hamad Mohamed Y
Published: February 2022

The loss of load expectation (LOLE) considered an acceptable security standard across most of the national electricity systems. In the present study, the LOLE is calculated. This means that the LOLE needs developing a model. The developed model serving to assesses the security of supply risks associated with the different electricity capacity margin levels, where the capacity margin is the level by which available electricity generation capacity exceeds the maximum expected level of demand. Then, the developed model updated on an annual basis. The annual update is helping to fulfill the Electricity Authority for planning, operation and control. The developed model will assess the system by calculating the capacity margin probability by combining both the generation and load models. The calculation of LOLE is an internationally accepted criterion in capacity adequacy.  The results for the model of each region vary due to several factors, such as generation resource, load forecast, and forced outage rates (FOR). The estimation of the risk is economically optimal reserve margin to a number of case studies assumptions considered in the present study. The results help in future planning for the electric system operation and control. Furthermore, the study is helping to evaluate the implications of the obtained results for the electricity policy market to determine the best model for market design in the future.
Voice activated Home System for the Movement Impaired Aged Persons
Authors: Okorafor Godfrey Nwaji , Opara Felix Kelechi , Chukwuchekwa Nkwachukwu , Ononiwu Chigozie Gordon
Published: February 2022

Smarthome system is one of the major growing industries that change the way people live, and most of these smarthome systems target abled young persons` seeking luxury and sophisticated smarthome platforms; but this design targets the disabled aged. This smarthome system allows the aged to wirelessly control home appliances from a centralized control unit. The developed system is integrated as a single portable unit that allows the user to wirelessly control lights, fans, electronic doors, electronic windows and robotic wheelchair. The system is portable and constructed in a way that it is easy to install, configure, run, and maintain. Here, voice being the primary interface between the aged user and the smarthome, a voice controlled smarthome system is designed, so that the users can perform their domestic tasks by just the use of their voices to speak their command words.
Kinematic Modelling of a Robot in Form-shaping Milling Complex Surfaces
Authors: Hai Ha Thanh
Published: February 2022

This paper presents kinematic modelling of a robot in form-shaping milling complex surfaces, illustrated applying in form-shaping milling a molding prototype. The robot have 6 degrees of freedom, with a cutter attaching to the end of the end-effector. The workpiece is fixed on the clamping table. Using robot in form-shaping machining parts enables increasing the flexibility of selecting machining observation area, increasing capability of selecting engineering manipulation, increasing quality and machining efficiency. In machining process, because of the cutter moving along the machining trajectory in multidimensional space, computing and planning trajectory is more complex. In order to planning the trajectory, it need to derive the kinematic equations of the robot, and deal with the kinematic problems. The kinematics problems are solved with the constraints that the position, orientation, velocity of the tool frame must be coincided with the ones of the workpiece frame. After computing, the results are validated by simulation of robot motion.
System Analytical Model to Estimate and Optimize Oil Well Performance
Authors: Okologume Wilfred Chinedu , Omars-Ofugara Silver
Published: February 2022

The use of separated flow models to specify the vertical lift performance of an oil well is usually somewhat complex- due to the many equations and correlations involved in the determination of the required variables. Consequently, coding these models in the computer presents an extent of difficulty. In this study however, with the view of developing a computer model (DOBB) to perform nodal analysis for oil wells, an efficient algorithm was established to facilitate the determination of the operating pressure and liquid flow rate of oil wells (which is the point of intersection between the VLP and IPR curve). More so, Hagedorn Brown model was incorporated into the computer model to account for liquid hold ups and various flow regimes (excluding bubble flow regime) in the tubing string. The computer model developed in this study is equipped with the ability to determine fanning friction factor of the tubing string provided that the roughness of the pipe is known.  Also, when the developed computer model was tested with some ranges of data points, nodal analysis plots were obtained from the different data points. Nonetheless, DOBB (a production engineering toolkit developed in this study) was proven to be efficient on the part of performing nodal analysis for oil wells.
Advances in Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement using Micro/Nano Structured Surfaces
Authors: Agarwal Shreya , Kumar Ranjan
Published: February 2022

In this article we present an inclusive review of research carried out in the field of phase change heat transfer enhancement. First, we discuss about different kinds of conventional heat transfer enhancement techniques performed in convection heat transfer related heat exchangers. Next, we present the advantages of implementing phase change heat transfer and report a brief introduction to the physics behind the phase change (boiling) heat transfer phenomenon. We present a well explained data about different kinds of enhancement techniques using micro and nano scale structures on heat transfer surface/device to increase the limit of boiling heat transfer. The entire review article is broadly divided into two categories: first the investigation related to fluid flow or transport mechanism over the micro/nano structured surface which is of crucial importance, second is the actual computational and experimental methods to achieve higher heat transfer capability in terms of critical heat flux (CHF) for a given surface/device. From the ongoing work, we are able to conclude and put forward three major stages of doing research in CHF enhancement using micro/nano structures/devices viz.: (i) selection and construction of micro/nano structures, (ii) perceiving the fluid transport through capillary over the micro/nano structured surface and (iii) actual experiment/computation to compare CHF of modified device with the base device.
African-Stevia Leaves Herbal Tea as a Low Calorie Antioxidant Source
Authors: Lee Rallentendo Eva , Rini Elisabeth Ayudya , Astuti Siswi , Setyawan Eko Yohanes
Published: February 2022

This paper discusses how to produce herbal teabags as a source of low-calorie antioxidants made from African leaves and stevia leaves. This study aims to determine the antioxidant content of herbal teabags mixed with African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) and Stevia leaves (Stevia Rebaudiana) by drying and varying drying time by 90 minutes, 110 minutes, 130 minutes, 150 minutes, 170 minutes and composition of 60:40, 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, 80:20 then the product is analyzed for antioxidants, calories, Fe, organoleptic, microbes, pH, and minerals contained in the mixture. In general, when compared with the SNI 3753: 2014 quality standard regarding teabag, the results of this study are better than the standard as it produces teabags with the highest antioxidant content characteristics at the time of drying 110 minutes with a composition of 65:35. In that condition, tea with the largest antioxidant content was 93.1005%/mg, after being brewed with water at a temperature of 700 ºC the antioxidant content dropped to 51.1345%, pH neutral 7, the organoleptic test that consumers liked was a composition of 65:35, Fe content obtained 12.07 mg/100gram. The group of diabetics who consume Sumatran tea has decreased blood sugar levels which tend to be normal. The results of calorie analysis of brewing tea are 0.2289 kcal/100 grams of sample. Sumatran tea contains minerals Na, Mg, K, Ca and has a durability of 3 months.
Absorber Sizing and Costing Required to Control SO2 Emission from A Combustion System
Authors: Harry-Ngei N. , Ujile A. A. , Ede P. N.
Published: February 2022

This work was predicated on the design and costing of a packed column absorber required to remove SO2 from an air/SO2 mixture. The absorber is intended to be developed into an already existing combustion system as a retrofit. The gas flow rate basis of the computation was 40,000Kg/h. The Onda Method was used to estimate the column height as 9m and the column diameter as 2.5m while the column wall thickness as well as the domed head thickness was found to be 9mm using the BS 5500 Standard Method. In order to limit expenses, H2O was utilized as the absorber solvent and a flow rate of 29.5Kg/s to limit solvent usage. A pressure drop of 20mmH2O/m was assumed in the design with metal pall rings of diameter 51mm and surface area of 102m2/m3 chosen as the packing material. The study estimated a profound $306,559.87 as the cost of the absorber required to remove 95% SO2 content from the combustion waste stream.
Review on Parameters Affecting the Choice of Alternative (Non-Chemical) Weed Control Methods
Authors: Sahin Hasan
Published: February 2022

Chemical using as a weed control method is the most preferred method in weed control because they are easily accessible, easily applicable and inexpensive. But, with the new environment-friendly regulations, the importance of non-chemical methods has increased all over the world. In addition, organic farm and non-chemical agricultural methods are gaining importance with increasing social environment and health awareness. Non-chemical methods, called, "alternative methods” have been one of the most popular research subjects in recent years. The physical removal or killing of weeds is usually done by hand or by means designed tools for this task, which varies from country to country. The most known modern non-chemical weed control methods are; electric current,  microwave heating, superheated steam, infrared using, pneumatic system, freeze-drying, laser cutting, and fresnel lens systems. The most popular of these methods are; electric current method and microwave heating. In electric current and microwave heating methods, there are no chemical residues in soil and plants after application. It has been shown in the studies that, the microwave weed control method can destroy weeds and seeds when appropriate frequency, sufficient time and required power level are selected. Therefore, in the selection of non-chemical weed control methods, some important parameters of plant and soil should be known. The electrical and dielectric properties of plants and soil such as, electrical resistance (R), impedance (Z), dielectric constant (?’), loss factor (?’’), the permittivity (permeability ( and conductivity (?) should be known especially in microwave and electric current methods. The other parameters like the age, height and density of the plant is an issue to be considered in all control methods. But, the moisture content of soil and plant may not be taken into consideration in hot water and steam applications. For the freeze-drying method, the moisture and water content of the plant and soil must also be taken into account.
Proposed an Algorithm for Preventing IP Spoofing DoS Attack on Neighbor Discovery Protocol of IPv6 in Link Local Network
Authors: Rahman Md. Mustafejur , Rahman Md. Mustafizur , Reza Saif Ibne , Sarker Sumonto , Islam Md. Mehedi
Published: February 2022

Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) is one of the most interesting features in IPv6. It allows nodes to connect to a network by generating a unique IP address. It works on two Neighbor Discovery (ND) messages, namely, Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA). To verify the uniqueness of generating IP, it sends that IP address via NS message to existing hosts. Any malicious node can receive NS message and can send a spoof reply, thereby initiates a DoS attack and prevents auto configuration process. In this manner, DAD is vulnerable to such DoS attack. This study aims to prevent those malicious nodes from sending spoof reply by securing both NS and NA messages. The proposed Advanced Bits Security (ABS) technique is based on Blake2 algorithm and introducing a creative option called ABS field that holds the hash value of tentative IP address and attached to both NA and NS message. We expect the ABS technique can prevent spoof reply during DAD procedure in link local network and can prevent DoS attack
Application of Cardinal Points Symmetry Landmarks Distribution Model to B-Mode Ultrasound Images of Transverse Cross-section of Thin-walled Phantom Carotid Arteries
Authors: Udekwe Charles Nnamdi , Ponnle Akinlolu Adeniran
Published: February 2022

We had earlier developed a technique based on cardinal point symmetry landmark distribution model (CPS-LDM) to completely characterize the Region of Interest (ROI) of the geometric shape of thick-walled simulated B-mode ultrasound images of carotid artery imaged in the transverse plane. In this paper, this developed technique was applied to completely characterize the region of interest of the geometric shape of B-mode ultrasound images of thin-walled phantom carotid artery imaged in the transverse plane. The developed model employs a combination of fixed landmarks (FLs) and movable landmarks (MLs) to obtain the total landmarks (TLs) that can sufficiently segment the shape of the ROI of the carotid artery. For the phantom carotid arteries, three FLs are fixed on each of the four ROIs determined by the cardinal points North (N), South (S), East (E) and West (W) drawn on the ROIs of the phantom carotid artery. The MLs are determined by the inter-cardinal directions such as North-East (NE), North-West (NW) and so on. The obtained CPS-LDM equation developed allows graphical visualization the optimum number of points that can sufficiently segment the ROIs. ImageJ2 software was used to generate the Cartesian coordinates for each landmark which were then used to generate the Shape Space Pattern (SSP) of the phantom carotid artery ready for further statistical analysis. The results showed that the CPS-LD model is generic and adaptable to a variety of transverse cross-sectional B-mode ultrasound images of thin-walled phantom carotid artery
Optimization of the Synthesis of Magnetic Devices of Control Information Systems
Authors: Ismibayli Reshad E.
Published: February 2022

In synthesis of magnetic elements and devices using the directed graph. The solution of the optimization problem on the basis of an optimal topological model of magnetic elements. For solve optimization problems use by the dynamical programming model.
Use of Calcined Waste Glass Powder As a Pozzolanic Material
Authors: TrustGod John Ayibatunimibofa , Stevyn Akosubo Iwekumo , Manfred Ann Diri
Published: February 2022

The amounts of waste glass in the Bayelsa State metropolis have been growing noticeably without being reutilized increasing the danger to public well-being because of the shortage of land area. This rising challenge of waste glass in the Bayelsa State metropolis can be improved if new dumping possibilities other than landfill can be discovered. This study is geared toward the better use of waste glass material as admixture in concrete as a means to improve the concrete compressive strength. To achieve research objectives, the broken waste glasses were obtained from aluminum fabrication workshop in Amassoma. Bayelsa state Nigeria, the glasses were then milled to a fine powder smaller than 0.075mm and burnt at a controlled temperature of 200, 400, and 6000C respectively. A total of 156 concrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were produced employing different contents of calcined or burnt waste glass powder as admixture. The quantity of calcined waste glass powder used as admixture was varied from 0-20% at step of 5% for three different temperatures, 2000C, 4000C and 6000C. The samples were cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28days and tested in the laboratory for compressive strength. Results obtained from the study showed that the best addition dosage of calcined waste glass powder at 2000C, 4000C and 6000C are 20%, 5% and 5%. A 20% addition of Calcined waste glass powder at 2000C exhibited about 23% increase in compressive strength than the control. Base on the findings, it is recommended that the use of calcined waste glass powder as pozzolanic material should be embraced for production of concrete and can be utilized in concrete production as admixture with 5% - 20% for 2000C 4000Cand 4000C respectively.
Versatile Imaging System
Authors: Ekpar Frank Edughom
Published: February 2022

This paper introduces a versatile imaging system that encompasses a wide variety of methods, devices and systems. The versatile imaging system or device introduced in this paper is designed to facilitate the synthesis of representations of stimuli covering substantially all directions or only a subset of directions around a given reference or view point, comprises at least one grid of one or more focusing elements disposed on an N-dimensional and arbitrarily shaped surface, at least one grid of one or more sensor elements disposed on an N-dimensional and arbitrarily shaped surface, and optionally, at least one grid of one or more stimulus guide elements disposed on an N- dimensional and arbitrarily shaped surface, where N can be chosen to be 1, 2, 3, or any other suitable quantity. A sampling of contemporary imaging systems that fall within the scope of the system is described. Pointers to architectures that take greater advantage of the features of the system are presented.
Waste and Cost Reduction for a Water Bottling Process Using Lean Six Sigma
Authors: Wofuru-Nyenke Ovundah King , Nkoi Barinyima , Oparadike Felix Ezekiel
Published: February 2022

In this paper, Lean Six Sigma tools and techniques were utilized to determine the root causes of waste in a water bottling process and proffer solutions to remove these sources of waste in order to produce only standard quality items with minimal to zero waste generated, and also to attain a reduction in production cost. The Value Stream Map (VSM) tool was used to highlight the sources of waste in the current state of operations at the plant, as well as to proffer an improved future state of the production processes at the plant. Also, the Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control (DMAIC) framework of Lean Six Sigma methodology was employed to statistically analyze the root causes of waste in the plant. The analysis showed that the major sources of waste which constitute approximately 80 per cent of waste in the plant are water volume variation, alignment error in the shrink wrapping machine and manual inspection. After implementation of the proposed solutions, manufacturing lead time and cycle time are expected to reduce by approximately 42.1 per cent and 22.2 per cent respectively, with a reduction of 2 quality inspectors in the bottling process, leading to a drop in labour cost.
Impact of Noise in Open Work-areas on Faculty Members' work in Tertiary Educational Buildings
Authors: Elantary Asmaa Ramadan
Published: February 2022

Acoustic is an important part of any working environment. Particularly educational buildings where the level of concentration is required to be very high. Noise is probably the most common problem that arises in many places. Several studies have examined the effect of noise level either as an individual parameter or a combination of one or more environmental parameters. In this research, the aim is to analyze the acoustical satisfaction in faculty work-areas in five academic departments. A total of 63 respondents out of 84 users were included in the analysis. Occupants in private offices are significantly more satisfied with the acoustical quality than occupants in cubicles within the open work-area. the most prevalent problems are: “Faculty talking to students”, “Faculty overhearing private conversations” and “Students talking in surrounding areas”. Over 70% of cubicle occupants think acoustics level interferes with their ability to get their job done and show either very dissatisfaction or dissatisfaction with the noise level in their offices. These responses reveal the importance of the treatments needed to have a better acoustics level within the working zone which lead to more productivity and user satisfaction with the working environment.
Vibration Analysis in Turbomachines Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Pinheiro Allan Alves , Brandao Iago Modesto , Da Costa Cesar
Published: February 2022

This study proposes a method for diagnosing faults in turbomachines using machine learning techniques. In this study, a support vector machine-SVM algorithm is proposed for fault diagnosis of rotor rotation imbalance. Recently, support vector machines (SVMs) have become one of the most popular classification methods in vibration analysis technology. Axis unbalance defect is classified using support vector machines. The experimental data is derived from the turbomachine model of the rigid-shaft rotor and the flexible bearings, and the experimental setup for vibration analysis. Several situations of unbalance defects have been successfully detected.
Meteorological Comfort Indices to Assess Extreme Warmness in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Aluko Tolulope Olaide , Nymphas E. F. , Bolaji O. A. , Odubanjo O. F.
Published: February 2022

2015, 2016 and 2017 have been confirmed the three warmest years on record and the degree of warming during these three years has been exceptional. Extremes of heat and cold environmental conditions have been known to be very detrimental to the health and comfort of humans. The severity of these adverse effects is often local and varies from one place to another though they are happening on a global scale therefore Temperature variation, Heat Index (HI) temperature and Dew Point Temperature (DPT) ( Meteorological comfort indices) were used to assess the effect of this condition in southwest, Nigeria. Air temperature and Humidity data were collected from meteorological stations situated in the southwestern states selected for study and was processed using the rule of Thumb for DPT calculations and Steadman (1979) formula simplified by Rothfusz’ model (1990) for HI temperature. The data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel Package and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the following results were obtained: Elevation may affect temperature yet during extreme warmness other factors can have a greater influence on temperature and meteorological comfort indices used to assess extreme warmness in southwest Nigeria from this study showed greater impacts thus: Heat Index Temperature has highest values in Lagos State, while Dew Point Temperature have highest values in Ogun state. None of these extreme warmness measuring variables seem to be solely in favour of state Location in terms of coordinates and elevation; this suggests more anthropogenic influence forming the characteristics of the states to geographic locations of the states however, between the start year of extreme warmness (2015) and 2017, HI temperature showed a significant increase while average DPT did not really change during the period of extreme warmness.
Research on Fabrication of TRIP Steel with High Durability
Authors: Nguyen Phuoc Quy Phong
Published: February 2022

Many weapons and mechanical parts such as bullet shells, jet engine covers, bulletproof armor shells operated in harsh conditions require durability when used and good flexibility when forming. Many countries have used steel with phase transition effects due to plastic deformation - TRIP effect (Transformation Induced Plasticity) to replace low carbon steel, high-strength low-alloy steel fabricating them. The paper presents research on the technology of metallurgy of a CMnSiAl steel grade from sponge iron materials and application of mechanical-thermal technology to create small particles and organize three phases: Ferrite, Bainite, residual Austenite to stabilize and increase plasticity. The results show that the impurity content is low, S% is less than 0.025%; magnitude of small ferrite particles below 20?m, ratio of residual austenitic f? = 6.39%. Mechanical properties: durable limit ?b on 590 MPa, yield limit ?c over 390 MPa, ratio ?b/?c> 1.5 and relative elongation ?50 over 28%. Research results for the prospect of applying this steel grade in the manufacture of some defense products, instead imported materials.
Instruction Level Energy Consumption Estimation of Embedded Processor
Authors: Kulkarni V. A. , Udupi G. R.
Published: February 2022

Embedded systems are portable battery powered devices that have limited power resource. Hence, most of embedded systems need to meet energy constraint. Performance and energy consumption are the most important metrics for embedded system design. Estimation of performance, energy utilization and its validation are essential for embedded system design. Attempt has been made to precisely measure software energy consumption by three methods on ARM Cortex M4 processor. The results are validated with five benchmark programs. Tedious calculation of inter instruction cost has been minimized by taking it as certain percent of total energy. Percentage error between actual and estimated energy is found to be less than 5%.
Enhancement of Some Mechanical Properties of White Cement Mortar by Adding Nanoparticles of Zirconium Oxide
Authors: Al-kamal Ahmed K. , Marhoon Ismail Ibrahim , Salman Ali A. , Muhammad Ahmed K.
Published: February 2022

This paper will study mortar compressive strength (fc) and flexural strength (fr) by cement replacement which is partial with the particles of Nano-Zr2O3. Zr2O3nanoparticles are used as well as using average diameter of 35 nm with four various contents by weight of cement (0.25%, 0.75%, 1.25% and 1.75%). The (fc) and (fr) tests were performed after the process of curing at the 28-days which is the standard age. The preparation of mortar of Nano-cement was done by using the ratio of cement-sand by weight which is 1:3 with the ratio of water-binder materials (w/b ratio) as 0.5. The results demonstrated that the (fc) and (fr) of the mortars of cement with Zr2O3were registered higher than cement mortar that is pure. The ultimate Nano-cement mortar strength was obtained at 1.25% of the replacement of cement. The improvement in (fc) and (fr) were 15.6 % and 18.4% in a respective way at 28 days.
Structural and Optical Changes of Undoped GaN Layers Grown via Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering Obtained from GaN Powders
Authors: Gastellóu Erick , Morales Crisoforo , García Godofredo , García Rafael , Hirata Gustavo Alonso , Herrera Ana María , Galeazzi Reina , Rosendo Enrique , Díaz Tomas , Romano Roman , Coyopol Antonio
Published: February 2022

Undoped GaN layers were grown via radio-frequency magnetron sputtering, using a target manufactured with undoped GaN powders. Where the GaN powders were sintetized by nitridation of metallic gallium at 1000 °C in ammonia flow for two hours. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that there are not a significant difference between the diffraction angles of the GaN powders and the GaN layers. The x-ray diffraction patterns for the GaN powders showed narrow peaks with a crystal size of 41 nm, while the GaN layers showed broad peaks with a crystal size of 7.7 nm. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs demonstrated the formation of crystals of irregular size with an average length of 1.56 ?m for the GaN powders, while a homogeneous surface morphology with a thickness of 6.6 ?m for the GaN layers was observed. Photoluminescence spectra showed a high emission at 3.49 eV (355.13 nm) for the GaN powders and an emission band energy located at 3.42 eV (361.54 nm) for the GaN layers, both emission bands were related to the band-to-band transition for the GaN. Raman spectra for the GaN powders showed the A1(TO), E1(TO), and E2(High) classical vibration modes. The GaN layers only showed the A1(TO) mode.
Fabrication and Characterization of Shielding Properties of Heavy Mineral Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials for Radiation Protection
Authors: Haque M. M. , Shamsuzzaman M. , Uddin Muhammad Borhan , Salahuddin Abu Zafor Mohammad , Khan Ruhul A.
Published: February 2022

Heavy mineral and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) based composite blocks were prepared for potential shielding of ionizing radiations. Locally available heavy minerals with Ilmenite, Magnetite, Garnet, Rutile, Zirconium contents were used to fabricate the composite blocks for the gamma photons with energies 0.662 MeV - 1.25 MeV. The shielding capacity was evaluated in terms of Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), Sixteenth Value Layer (SVL), Linear attenuation coefficient, Mass attenuation coefficient, and reduced % of radiation intensity. The Ilmenite composite exhibits relatively good attenuation performance in the case of 0.662 MeV photons of Cs-137. On the other hand, Zirconium composite demonstrates relatively good attenuation capacity in the case of 1.25 MeV photons of Co-60 in comparison to the ordinary concrete block. The goal of this work is to explore some novel materials to be effectively used as gamma shielding options in radiation facilities at minimal cost.
Performance Assessment of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers in an Ammonia Plant
Authors: Isah Ahmed , Sodiki John I. , Barinyima Nkoi
Published: February 2022

The main objective of this work is to assess the performance of two heat exchanger units (Stripper/Gas Overhead Condenser and Methanator Effluent Cooler) operating under steady state conditions in two stages. Two different methods are employed in monitoring the heat exchanger fouling, namely dirt factor trend method and a statistical control technique where a Cumulative Sum (CuSum) chart is used to check the stability of the process. Data were obtained through steady state monitoring and direct measurements from the plant. The data were analyzed using various energy equations and a computer program to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat duty, capacity ratio, corrected log-mean-temperature difference, fouling factor, temperature range of both fluids and effectiveness. The result shows that for the Stripper/Gas Overhead Condenser, the overall heat transfer coefficient was 63.13% less than the design value in stage1 and 12.59% less in stage2. For the Methanator Effluent Cooler the value of heat duty and the overall heat transfer coefficient were 51.76% and 59.62% less respectively than the design value in stage1 and 30.72% and 30.16% less respectively in stage2. This was traceable to increase in heat transfer rate as a result of injecting the tubes of the exchangers with NALCO fluid. In order to detect small changes in the heat exchanger operation and to know the actual time fouling starts to build up, a Cusum chart is used. This work made use of QI Macros software to check the stability of the heat exchanger units and to know if processes are on-target.
Profile of Physico-Chemical Properties of Spilled Crude Oil in Marine Sediments in Niger Delta
Authors: Wordu Animia Ajor , Mmecha C. A. , Puyate Y. T. , Akpa J. G.
Published: February 2022

This paper presents profile of the physico-chemical properties of study areas of the research. Most frequently, in the Niger Delta zone spilled oil in the marine sediments is prevalent. The research paper therefore focused at first instance to evolve the parametric control properties which have direct interactions with the spilled oil. Samples sediments A, B, C, and D were collected from the designated study areas of Southern Ijaw, Ekeremor, Ogbia, Brass and Nembe local government areas hosting the major oil producing companies along the coastal regions of Niger Delta-Nigeria. The samples were subjected to instrumental analysis for determination of pH 5.2 (acidic); electrical conductivity 169 µS/cm; redox potential -134 mv; temperature 25.7 centigrade; bulk density 3.3; particle density 2.75; porosity 41.6; organic matter 8.60; clay 28.70; silt 56.80;  sand 14.5; total hydrocarbon content 83.33; and the metallic components of the samples (mg/kg) stood as follows- Zinc (Zn) 1.47; Lead (Pb) 0.070; copper (Cu) 2.06; cadmium (0.51); Nickel (Ni) 0.82; manganese (Mn) 4.75; iron (Fe) 7.60; and chromium (Cr) 0.98. Table II showed sample Sediment A gave appreciable values on all the parameters for good judgment on the rest samples Sediment B, Sediment C and Sediment D results. The possible reasons being there are much physico-chemical interactions down the samples which bring concomitant effects on animals, fishes, humans’ health and regions degradation tendencies and perennial consequences of social agitations for remediation and compensations.
Dynamic Model of Induction Machine
Authors: Motto Frederic Biya , Tchuidjan Roger , Ndzana Benoît , Tchinda Colince Tatsa
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study the construction, the equations and parameters of induction electrical machines, and also particularities of dynamic properties.
Developing an Expert System for Diagnosing Liver Diseases
Authors: Mirmozaffari Mirpouya
Published: February 2022

The liver plays an important role in regulating the body's internal interactions as the largest and the most complex organs in the body. Such interactions are essential in preserving life and proper body function. The eaten foods are not consumed in the same way in the body. In fact, it should pass through the liver and after absorption and entering the blood, and the liver plays an important role in the storage of eaten substances. Accordingly, the speed of diagnosing and treating liver diseases are highly effective in improving patients' health; however, there is always a lack of immediate access to specialized physicians. The present study aims to provide an expert system using the VP-Expert shell for diagnosing liver disease. Also, block and Mockler charts have been used to provide the necessary knowledge in the expert system. In this regard, the factors affecting the diagnosis of the disease were firstly categorized into three groups of blood tests, clinical symptoms of illness and disease time on the block diagram for disease diagnose, and in the next step, the Mockler chart was designed according to the three groups of factors on the block chart. The three categories of disease diagnostic factors, questions corresponding sub-sections, and the response range are determined on Mockler chart, and finally, the tables are designed to express the system inference according to the user's answers to the questions.
Predicting the Individuals’ job satisfaction and determining the factors affecting it using the CHAID Decision Tree Data Mining Algorithm Case Study: the National Opinion Research Center of the United States
Authors: Sheybani Farhad
Published: February 2022

As the general attitude of the individual about what he does, job satisfaction is the result of individual perceptions from the workplace and the factors and conditions in it; it is also influenced by his personality traits. Meanwhile, investigating job satisfaction is of great importance in advanced societies. The present study aimed to assess job satisfaction in the United States and evaluate the hypothesis of the existence of job dissatisfaction and the factors affecting it in the studied sample. The various social data, related to job satisfaction and collected by the National Opinion Research Center of the United States, are used in this study. The sample consists of different people including male and female samples from nine different states in the United States. For the purpose of this study, the patterns of data were discovered, and factors affecting job satisfaction were identified using the CHAID decision tree data mining method. Finally, it was found that a small percentage of people are dissatisfied with their job.
Design of Blood Supply Chain and Application to Marmara Region in Turkey
Authors: Mohamed Liban Ali , Yazicioglu Osman , Borat Oguz
Published: February 2022

Blood transfusion is needed due to operations, diseases or accidents. Millions of people's health depends on the success of their blood transfusion. Planning and management is required to supply blood, test against diseases, produce blood products, store t hem and transport them to hospitals. A blood supply chain network design such as Blood Donation Centers (CBM), Regional Blood Centers (RBC), Destruction Centers (DM), and hospitals are addressed. To formulate the problem, the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software was applied to the Mixed Integer Model. When the number of RBC in Marmara region decreased from 3 to 2, opening and transportation costs increased to $5.37 million. When the number of RBCs increased from 3 to 4, opening and transportation costs decreased to $3.94 million.
Main Characteristics of Stationary Functioning Regime for an Induction Electromotor
Authors: Motto Frederic Biya , Tchuidjan Roger , Ndzana Benoît , Tchinda Colince Tatsa
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study the properties of induction squirrel-cage electromotor, with stationary electromagnetic processes and electromagnetic torque.
Design of an Automatic Irrigation System
Authors: Nwazor Nkolika O. , Odiushovwi Peter E. , Onalaja Lukman
Published: February 2022

Over the years, a lot of irrigation systems have been developed to aid crop farming but most of them are manually operated. The few automatic irrigation systems available in the country are very expensive and therefore not easily available to the peasant farmers. The need for improved non-seasonal crop farming gave rise to this research work on a low cost irrigation system made from locally sourced components. The system designed in this work makes use of a locally made soil humidity sensor to check the water level in the soil. If the water level is below the required level, the irrigation system is turned on by sending a signal to the relay connected to the pump which opens the valve to let water out.  Once the required humidity is obtained, it is turned off through a similar mechanism. The control also has six buttons for time-based control of irrigation for crops that demand irrigation at specific times of the day. With a system like this, non-seasonal farming is ensured thus increasing food supply and reducing hunger.
Modelling Cow-Dung and Grass- Clippings Isothermal Continuous Stirred Co-digester for Biogas Production using Modified Gompertz Rate Equation
Authors: Abowei Millionaire Freeborn Nestor , Akinwande A. C. , Akpa J. G.
Published: February 2022

The continuous search in renewable energy sources for industrial and domestic utilization is very imperative and motivated this study. The study of Cow- dung and grass clippings Co-digestion are important due to the fact that successful outcome of the studies will provide a basis for waste minimization and enhance renewable energy production for global consumption. This work therefore is focused by exploiting the modified Gompertz kinetic equation in developing design models for the simulation of continuous stirred  co-digester(CSC) at isothermal condition. Co-digester functional dimensions such as volume, length, space time, space velocity and heat generation per unit volume were developed for Continuous Stirred Co-digester type..The developed models were simulated using Matlab codes programming technique using design basis of 50,000 metric tons of biogas per annum at 37oC isothermal condition. The developed performance models were solved numerically using MATLAB version 7.1 within the operational limit of conversion degree, XA = 0.1 to 0.9.The results obtained showed that increase in fractional dimensions of Co-digester volume VR, length LR and Space time SV­ increases with increase in fractional conversion at constant radius.  Results of space velocity (SV­) and heat generation/per unit volume (q) showed inverse characteristic behavior as increase in fractional conversion decreases space velocity and heat generation per unit volumes.. Further careful examination of the results, demonstrated that at optimal yield of 0.9 degree of conversion, Co-digester volume value of 10.0m3 at constant radius was feasible. The results as obtained in this work proved dependable relationship with fractional conversion.
Electrical Energy Large-Scale Storage, A Possible Application in the Russian Federation
Authors: Savard Christophe , Nikulina Anni , Mecemmene Céline
Published: February 2022

There are many solutions for storing energy, they can be either mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrochemical or electrical. In a context of smart-grid and micro-grid development, it is necessary to be able to store electrical energy at various points in the network: at the source for intermittent resources, in the network itself to have reserves to ensure exploitation and in consumption areas. Each solution is more or less relevant depending on the storage needs in terms of both power and energy. The evolution of electricity demand in the Russian Federation is a good example to illustrate this issue, especially since it is now planned that all new construction will have an energy storage system, so as to contribute to a better overall exploitation of the network. For intermediate storage, on the network, there is definite potential thanks to the old mines, in particular, that can be developed to store energy in the form of compressed air. In high consumption sites, it is also possible to use storage in the form of large energy banks made up of batteries.
How 'Hydrophilic Sites' Work in Water Adsorption/Desorption by Natural Clinoptilolite
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco
Published: February 2022

The kinetic mechanism of water adsorption/desorption on samples of natural clinoptilolite-K has been investigated by using an electrical method based on measurements of variation of AC current intensity during the time. In particular, a high-frequency sinusoidal voltage (5kHz) was applied to the sample (high frequency was required to avoid sample/electrode interface polarization phenomena) and the resulting AC micro-current intensity was monitored during the time. The sample was hydrated by exposition to a 75% humidity atmosphere, while dehydration was achieved by exposing the sample to activated silica gel in a close container or simply taking it in air. The hydration reaction followed a pseudo-zero-order kinetics, while the dehydration reaction followed a first-order kinetics both in air or dry atmosphere. The observed kinetic behaviors can be explained on the basis of a 'catalytic effect' of cations in both water adsorption and desorption from the 3D-framework walls.
Economic Analysis of the South-North Bali Connection Railway Plan in The Acceleration of Economic Equality Development in Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Sudarsana Dewa Ketut
Published: February 2022

At present the economic development in the province of Bali between South and North Bali is very significant. This condition is presumed to be the transportation infrastructure for the connecting road of South Bali - the existing aiIDRort is not optimal. The alternative transportation infrastructure studied is the plan to build a railway line across South-North Bali. Mengwitani-Singaraja link road is required to be capable to provide more optimal accessibility so that there is an even distribution of economic growth.he indicators used in the feasibility analysis of economic aspects are net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and economic internal rate of ruturn (EIRR) The price component is used by the shadowprice method. Costs calculated according to the life cycle cost of the project development. Benefits calculated include direct benefits in the form of passenger ticket income and indirect costs in the form of cost savings for existing road users, a multiplier effect, an increase in tourist visits to northern Bali. Economic analysis indicates that the planned North-North Bali railway line is worth proceeding, this is shown by the NPV indicator of IDR 860 billion, BCR of 1.11 and EIRR of 13.11% greater than the 12% price reduction rate. Although it shows that there is feasibility of economic studies, a strategy is needed to produce financial feasibility so that it can be offered in cooperation between government and business entities (PPP) in order to accelerate its developmen
Application of Neuro-Fuzzy for Improving Volume Control in Water Canning Industry
Authors: Egoigwe Sochima Vincent , Chukwudozie Chukwudi , Ohama Chikezie Anthony , Echezona Nnamdi Chukwukadibia , Arize Chukwuemeka Igwe , Araoye Timothy Oluwaseun
Published: February 2022

The computation minimization which is associated with neurofuzzy models and controllers may be installed in industrial programmable Logic controllers (PLC). The implementation of thermal sterilization is both model and control in order to validate the pilot plant of water canned industry. Volume control in beverage manufacturing companies requires that a certain measured volume be filled into specific container sizes to conform to already predetermined standard to ensure competitiveness in the industry. However, most industry does not have accurate and reliable monitoring mechanism capable of sensing when the canned bottles are not properly filled. This operational failure can be overcome by designing a model that will monitor and control the filling process thereby improving volume control in water canning industry using feedback Neuro-fuzzy control. MATLAB Software was used to carry out simulations to develop volume control in water canning industry with aims of improving operational mechanism of industry. The result of the research revealed the empirical data collected in Rancor Nig. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria and feedback Neurofuzzy. This ANN model can then be trained with values generated from an already existing mathematical model to be able to monitor and control the filling of the cans. The result showed that volume control in water canning industry with and without feedback Neuro-fuzzy were 63cl and 50cl respectively. The volume increased by 13cl. With these results, it shows that using feedback Neuro-fuzzy gives a better result in terms of filling to the required volume of the bottle than when feedback Neuro-fuzzy is not used.