bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TREATING FACTOR INTERPRETATIONS AS HYPOTHESES
Authors: Tracy Lane
Published: May 2006

Factor analysis is used extensively in the construction of psychometric scales. It may appear to be a mathematically precise and objective technique, but it involves many subjective choices and its results require subjective interpretation. Factor interpretations are hypotheses that
should be tested, yet often are accepted simply on the basis of post hoc expert judgment. Untested judgments about the meaning of factors sometimes result in mislabeling of published scales and misinterpretation of research findings. This article cites several such cases to illustrate the
need for testing factor-interpretation hypotheses and the difficulty of doing so without bias. Techniques for generating and testing such hypotheses are then reviewed.
LOCUS OF COPING IN A SAMPLE OF CHINESE WORKING PARENTS: RELIANCE ON SELF OR SEEKING HELP FROM OTHERS
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Cheung Chau-Kiu
Published: May 2006

The Chinese Coping Scale (CCS) was constructed to assess the coping responses of Chinese people to stress in the marital, familial, interpersonal and occupational domains. This scale was administered to 1000 Chinese adults to examine the psychometric properties of the CCS and to test
the hypothesis that coping responses of Chinese people could be categorized into two types: reliance on self (i.e., internal locus of coping) and seeking help from others (i.e., external locus of coping). The reliability results indicated that the CCS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency
as a scale in different domains. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis endorsed the adequacy of the two-factor model for coping responses within and across the four domains. Favorable evidence arising from the cross-validation procedure was also found. The implications
of the present data on the conceptualization and measurement of coping are discussed.
CLIPPING THE WINGS OFF THE ENNEAGRAM; A STUDY IN PEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS OF A NINEFOLD PERSONALITY TYPOLOGY
Authors: Edwards Anthony C.
Published: May 2006

The Enneagram is a personality typology stating that there are nine basic types of personality, each represented by a different number from one to nine. According to Riso (1987), in addition to being one basic type, people also have a wing of (i.e. possess traits of) one of the two types represented by a number adjacent to that representing the basic type. If Riso's argument is correct, people presented with brief descriptions of the nine types should perceive maximal similarity between types which are represented by adjacent numbers. This hypothesis was examined in the present study, but was not supported.
ATTENTIONAL PERFORMANCE, GENDER AND AN INDEX OF EXCITABILITY
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Buckalew N. M. , Bowling Weldon J.
Published: May 2006

Introversion-extraversion and gender effects on attention were investigated. Eysenck's theory, based on excitability, underlying the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire suggests introverts performing better than extraverts on tasks of time to first identification and number identified
in an attentional task (discerning differences between two similar cartoons). Based on 45 college students, gender-specific analysis showed increasing extraversion in men tended to relate to poorer performance in number identified and longer times in first identification while opposite relationships
were found for women. Findings suggest gender differences on the EPQ and differential gender effects of EPQ-defined extraversion on attentional tasks. Eysenck's theory appeared upheld for men but not women. Extraversion defined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (based on Jungian theory)
was related to fewer numbers identified and longer times for first identification. Further research is needed to better identify underpinnings of this personality dimension and conditions for its effects.
PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH AIDS: GERMAN - U.S. COMPARISONS
Authors: Murphy-Berman Virginia A. , Berman John J.
Published: May 2006

Negative attitudes towards people with AIDS are still prevalent. While previous research has investigated how these negative attitudes are related to various demographic variables, this research examined how they might differ cross-culturally, and how they are related to general beliefs
about a just world, one's preference to distribute resources on the basis of merit or need, and one's health locus of control. Undergraduates from the U.S. (N=145) and West Germany (N=108) responded to a questionnaire which measured these dimensions. The most negative attitudes towards
people with AIDS were found among males who were external in health locus of control, had more negative attitudes towards allocating resources on the basis of need, and had positive attitudes towards allocating on the basis of merit. As compared to U.S. respondents, German respondents indicated
less of a just world view, less preference for merit, more preference for need as an allocation strategy, and more external health locus of control beliefs. Although t-tests showed cultural differences in attitudes towards people with AIDS, the effect disappeared in the regression analyses,
indicating that it was coming from culture's covariation with the above mentioned dimensions.
DR ROGERS, MEET MR ROGERS: THE THEORETICAL AND CLINICAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CARL AND FRED ROGERS
Authors: Palmer Edward L. , Carr Kendra
Published: May 2006

The article examines the striking conceptual similarities between the personality-theory approach of Dr Carl Rogers and the television-programming approach of Mr. Fred Rogers. Their similarities in background and early training, their basic concern for children, and their focusing on
concepts of acceptance, feelings, sensitivity and growth-experience are examined and discussed.
CLERGY RESPONSE RATES TO WORK-RELATED QUESTIONNAIRES: A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE, WORK LOAD AND BURNOUT?
Authors: Rees Robin L.D. , Francis Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

While previous research has suggested that older clergy are less inclined to respond to work-related questionnaires, the present study among 158 clergy finds that this is the case only among those in multiparish benefices. This finding is discussed against the background of ministry
burnout theory and the suggestion that older clergy find multi-parish benefices especially stressful.
DEPRESSION AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR UNEXPECTED STRESSFUL EVENTS
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Blankstein Kirk R. , Kleinfeldt Sandi
Published: May 2006

Although there is general evidence of an association between attribution and depression, research examining causal attributions for life events has provided little consistent evidence for the attributional model of depression. The present study tested whether the controllability and
expectedness of the event moderate the association between attribution dimensions and depression. A sample of 242 students completed measures of depression and rated a recent stressful life event in terms of its perceived causality (i.e., locus, stability, and globality) as well as its controllability
and expectedness. Correlational analyses confirmed past indications that there is little association between depression and causal attributions. However, there were significant correlations between depression and globality. Subsequent regression analyses found that the perceived controllability
of the event did not moderate the association between attribution and depression. In contrast, regression analyses involving the expectedness variable showed that the locus attribution dimension interacted with expectedness to predict depression. An internal attribution for an unexpected event
was associated with increased depression. Overall, the findings suggest that the attribution model may be applicable to attributions for unexpected life problems. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining aspects of actual life events that may moderate the association
between attributions and depression.
EDUCATING THE BLACK MALE: RENEWED IMPERATIVES FOR TEACHER EDUCATION
Authors: Barker Narviar Cathcart
Published: May 2006

Learning theories have been used consistently as guiding principles in educational programs for normal and atypical students. Often these theories have lacked relevance for blacks and other minorities because of their failure to address culture, language, and diversity in learning styles
found in our changing world. The impact of these theories and their implications for black males cannot be ignored. The problems of black males are multidimensional, and cannot be divorced from the roots of the black community and mainstream America. Solutions to these problems are prime responsibilities
of black and white communities. In this article, the author analyzes the learning processes – cognitive, affective, and behavioral attributes with respect to their impact on the black male.
LEADERSHIP TRAINING – THE KEY TO AN EFFECTIVE PROGRAM
Authors: Twehous Jeanne , Groves David L. , Lengfelder Julie R.
Published: May 2006

Leadership training is an important element to the development of an effective organization. Only through the standardization of training can the quality of programs be improved. The purpose of this study was to investigate competencies involved in leadership training. There were three
types o/skills identified: soft, hard, and operational.
ON THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL VERSUS UNIDIMENSIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF SELF-ESTEEM: A TEST USING THE GROUP-COMPARISON APPROACH
Authors: Vallerand Robert J. , Pelletier Luc G. , Gagné Françoys
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present studies was to test the unidimensional versus the multidimensional perspectives of self-esteem using a group-comparison approach. In the first study, male and female talented and regular students completed the Perceived Competence Scale (Harter, 1982). This
scale assesses self-esteem in three life domains: cognitive (school), physical (sports and physical activity), and social, as well as general self-esteem. Results showed that talented students had higher self-esteem than regular students only in the cognitive domain. In Study 2, we sought
to replicate and extend these findings to the context of sports. Male and female talented and regular swimmers completed the PCS as well as a swimming self-esteem subscale. Results showed that talented swimmers had significantly higher levels of swimming self-esteem than regular swimmers.
Talented swimmers also reported higher levels of physical self-esteem although to a lesser extent. In addition, male students reported higher levels of self-esteem than females in the physical domain (Studies 1 and 2), as well as in swimming (Study 2). These findings were interpreted as providing
strong support for the multidimensional view of self-esteem.
RELATIONS BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND NONRELIGIOUS JEWS IN ISRAEL
Authors: Tabory Ephraim
Published: May 2006

This study investigates the cognitions, attitudes and behavioral intentions concerning interpersonal contact between nonreligious and religious Jews in Israel. The hypothesis examined is that distance from Jewish tradition is related to a negative orientation regarding questions of state and religion, tolerance for demands on the part of observant Jews to further religious goals on the state level, and the social distance between religious and nonreligious Jews. The data for this study are based on closed ended questionnaires completed by 671 Jewish male and female Israeli university students. The findings indicate that those who identify themselves as more religious observe more ritual, have a more positive orientation toward an intertwining of religion and state on a macro level and to the specific demands for the observance of religious life in the public sector, and prefer contact with religious persons over contact with nonreligious persons. At the same time, the social contacts between the religious and nonreligious are characterized by more informal than formal isolation. These findings are discussed with regard to the question of social integration among Jews in Israeli society.
IMPRESSION FORMATION AND CONSTRUCT SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
Authors: Klion R. E. , Leitner L. M.
Published: May 2006

Research into the changes in construing associated with impression formation has focussed on the content of the cognitive dimensions used. Such an approach has ignored the structural organization of such cognitive dimensions. This study used the repertory grid to explore the structural
correlates o/the impression formation process. Forty nine first year university students completed repertory grids based upon well known and newly met acquaintances. Consistent with theoretical expectation, newly met acquaintances were construed with more construct independence, less construct
integration, and less meaningfulness than persons who had been known for a longer period of time. Upon retesting 10 weeks later, newly met acquaintances were seen in a more meaningful and integrated manner. Additionally, it was found that subjects had difficulties in applying constructs elicited
around well known persons to newly met acquaintances. The implications of these findings for the study of impression formation and repertory grid methodology are discussed.
A FRENCH-CANADIAN VERSION OF THE AUTONOMY-CONTROL SCALE FOR USE WITH ADOLESCENTS
Authors: de Man A. F. , Labreche-Gauthier L. , Leduc C. P.
Published: May 2006

One-hundred-and -ten French-Canadian adolescents (60 boys, 50 girls) participated in an analysis of the French version of the Autonomy-Control Scale. Correlations with selected personality variables were obtained. Associations were found between parental control and measures of self-esteem,
multi-dimensional locus of control, anomie, life stress, and depression. The scale's correlational characteristics were in line with findings reported in the literature.
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS ON PERCEIVED SUPPORT FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS
Authors: Devitt Martin , Mckelvie Stuart J.
Published: May 2006

Twenty male and 20 female undergraduates viewed photographs of 30 graduating women, 15 of whom had been rated as more and 15 as less physically attractive. The subjects answered a questionnaire in part of which they rated the likelihood that 10 statements concerning women's rights
applied to the posers. Consistent with previous research, the likelihood ratings did not differ significantly between the more and less attractive women.
A FOURTH-ORDER ANALYSIS OF THE EYSENCK PERSONALITY INVENTORY: SOME PREDICTABLE RESULTS FROM AN UNUSUAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Green Dianne E. , Walkey Frank H.
Published: May 2006

Responses of 392 New Zealand subjects to the Eysenck Personality Inventory were subjected to second, third and fourth-order principal components analysis. Subsequently, the results obtained from two and three-factor, fourth-order varimax rotations were compared with each other when
appropriate with equivalent first-order solutions obtained from the same previously published data. It is concluded that the nature of the solutions found is more a function of the number of factors rotated than of the level at which rotation takes place, even in the virtually untrodden realms
of fourth-order analysis.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE INTEGRATION OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES IN ACHIEVEMENT SITUATIONS
Authors: Midkiff Robert M. , Burke Joy Patricia
Published: May 2006

Using path analysis, the present investigation sought to clarify possible operational linkages among constructs from social learning and attribution theories within the context of a self-esteem system. Subjects were 300 undergraduate university students who completed a measure of self-esteem
and indicated expectancies for success and minimal goal levels for an experimental task. After completing the task and receiving feedback about their performance, subjects completed causal attribution and self-esteem questionnaires. Results revealed gender differences in the degree and strength
of the proposed relations, but not in the mean levels of the variables studied. Results suggested that the integration of social learning and attribution theories within a single conceptual model provides a better understanding of students' behaviors and self-esteem in achievement situations.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO URINALYSIS IN THE DETECTION OF DRUGS
Authors: Gibson Gail S. , Manley Shelah
Published: May 2006

Detecting drugs in the workplace by means of urinalysis has been subject to a great deal of controversy as its acceptance by employees, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), state legislatures and unions varies considerably. A multitude of technical and practical reasons continue to support the belief that there is no viable substitute for urinalysis. Because of the susceptibility of urine testing alternatives methods of drug detection need to be explored. This paper examines physical alternatives as well as psychological tests that may be useful alternatives.
THE EVALUATION OF SELF-MONITORING ATTRIBUTES
Authors: Jiujias Arts , Horvath Peter
Published: May 2006

Eighty-six Canadian female undergraduates attributed self-monitoring traits to a target presented on videotape, and evaluated her in terms of liking. Attributed self-monitoring was negatively correlated with attraction to the target and was the only predictor of attraction in a multiple
regression analysis. Multiple regression analyses with subscales of attributed self-monitoring as predictors suggested that the evaluations may be the result of the attributed unpredictability of the high self-monitoring prototype.
THE DUAL NATURE OF THE EPQ LIE SCALE? A STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ISRAEL
Authors: Katz Yaacov J. , Francis Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

A series of earlier studies, conducted in England, Australia and the USA has suggested that the EPQ lie scale contains two empirically distinct components, one functioning partly as an index of socially conforming behavior and the other functioning as a purer index of lying or dissimulation
less contaminated by social conformity. The present study among a sample of 190 Hebrew speaking Israeli students fails to confirm these earlier findings. The conclusion is drawn that the lie scale may function somewhat differently in different cultural contexts.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CONSUMPTION ASPIRATIONS: A CROSS-CULTURAL APPRAISAL
Authors: Bryce Wendy , Olney T. T.
Published: May 2006

This study explores the possibility of gender and cultural differences in consumption aspirations using two different approaches. The first approach is designed to elicit stereotypes with regard to consumption dreams or the “good life”: “What do you believe most Americans
(New Zealanders) wish for or want to achieve in their lives?”. The second approach probes for individuals' actual aspirations: “Three years after graduation, how do you want your life to be in terms of …”. Specific consumption categories examined in both
approaches allow an assessment of individuals' relative emphasis on Having, Doing and Being (Sartre, 1956). Priority rankings of these categories provide information regarding the relative importance of each class of possessions/experiences. In addition, materialism and life satisfaction
measures are included to assess the relationship between these two constructs and consumption aspirations and dream stereotypes. Content analysis of the data indicates that (1) significant gender differences in consumption aspirations and dream stereotypes do exist, although the form of these
differences varies as a function of culture, and (2) culture has a more significant effect on aspirations and dreams than does gender. Findings are discussed in terms of gender theory and cultural differences between the two countries.
MEASURING ATTITUDES TOWARDS LOCAL ECUMENISM IN ENGLAND
Authors: Francis Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

This study describes the development of a 24-item Likert scale of attitude towards local ecumenism among 496 secretaries of Local Councils of Churches in England. Variations in scale scores owe more to the geographical location of the councils than to the personal characteristics of
the secretaries. Recommendations are made for replication to monitor changes in the climate of local ecumenism.
DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME AND FAVORITE TV PERSONALITIES
Authors: Furno-Lamude Diane
Published: May 2006

This study investigated 286 television viewers' psychological time orientations for congruence to the psychological orientation portrayed by their favorite characters. Significant relationships were found for future and past oriented personality types and selection of favorite
TV personalities. However, no significant relationship was found for “presents”. Viewers' preferences of TV characters according to choice of dimension orientation revealed demographic differences among each group.
MATERNAL ATTITUDES OF INDIAN WOMEN: A STUDY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Authors: Singh Satvir , Man Anton De
Published: May 2006

Using the Hindi version of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, this study compared the factorial structure of maternal attitudes of 320 mothers of boys and 320 mothers of girls residing in an urban setting in India. Principal component analyses with Varimax rotation revealed
three factors for each group that were comparable, except for differences in the relative importance of factors.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SOURCE EXPERTISE, TRUSTWORTHINESS, AND LIKEABILITY
Authors: O'hara Bradley S. , Netemeyer Richard G. , Burton Scot
Published: May 2006

The discriminant validity among expertise, trustworthiness and likeability was assessed, and the relationship of these three variables with constructs from the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) was examined. The discriminant validity between these three source characteristics
was supported. In addition, general support was found for hypotheses regarding their relationships to variables in the theory of reasoned action.
EXPLANATORY STYLE AND HELPLESSNESS
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Colvin Dawn , Lin Emily H.
Published: May 2006

Explanatory style refers to our habitual ways of explaining bad events. According to the reformulation of the learned helplessness model, stability and globality of explanatory style influence the extent of helplessness following bad events. However, most research involving explanatory
style looks not at helpless behavior per se but rather at more distant consequences (like depression) ostensibly involving helplessness. In the present research, we explicitly investigated helplessness and its relationship to explanatory style. Study One found that students (n = 40)
who explained bad events with stable and global causes were less likely than their more optimistic counterparts to take active steps to improve their course performance following a poor grade. In contrast, internality of explanatory style was positively correlated with active coping attempts.
Study Two found that young adults (n = 72) who explained bad events with stable and global causes were less likely to take active steps to feel better when they experienced symptoms of illness. Internality of explanatory style was not significantly correlated with attempts to feel better.
DOES GENDER MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? COMMON-SENSE CONCEPTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Räty Hannu , Snellman Leila
Published: May 2006

This study examined the gender dependence of conceptions of intelligence: what kinds of gender stereotypes would emerge in identifications and descriptions of target persons, adults and pupils, whom the subjects knew personally and considered to be intelligent. Characteristics of an
intelligent adult were rated by a sample of the general population (N = 152) and characteristics of an intelligent pupil by a group of parents (N = 69). It was found that the image of the intelligent person, whether adult or pupil, consists of many qualities. However, it was
the cognitive one (i.e. problem-solving skills) that is seen as the essence of adult intelligence, whereas school success was regarded as the essential element of pupils intelligence. Traditional gender stereotypes appeared in the images of pupils' intelligence as cognitive skill differences
favoring boys, and in the images of adult intelligence as social skill differences favoring women.
THE HIDING OF AN ASSESSMENT REPORT: IRREGULARITIES IN A PRISON SETTING
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: May 2006

The author assessed an 18-year old prisoner who was a potential murderer and rapist. His supervisor objected to the report, perhaps because the supervisor wanted the youth transferred out of the treatment program. However the report indicated too much pathology to justify transfer.
After ordering a re-write and not being satisfied with it, the supervisor it would seem made the report “disappear”, and the Youthful Offender Parole Board did not have it when they considered and granted transfer. The conflict between the supervisor and the author is explained
via the differing perceptions of a manager vs. a professional psychologist. Legal issues are also discussed.
VIDEOGAMES, AGGRESSION, AND SELF-ESTEEM: A SURVEY
Authors: Fling S. , Smith L. , Rodriguez T. , Thornton D. , Atkins E. , Nixon K.
Published: May 2006

A survey was administered to 153 sixth through twelfth graders. It included items on videogame play plus self-esteem and aggression scales. Teachers also rated the children on self-esteem and aggression. Amount of videogame play correlated with aggression and not with self-esteem. About
4796 of the sample said some videogames might foster anger or aggression. Among other results was evidence that boys play videogames more than girls and are more aggressive than girls. Self-esteem and aggression were positively correlated on teacher ratings but negatively on self-ratings.
EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON MATCHED AND MISMATCHED ARGUMENTS AND ATTITUDES
Authors: Millar Murray G.
Published: May 2006

The present paper examined how amount of experience with an attitude object affects the persuasiveness of informational and emotional arguments. It was hypothesized that persons with more experience would agree more with messages that did not match the way in which they were thinking
about the attitude object, i.e., an experienced person, with an affect focus will be more persuaded by an informational message than an emotional message. Alternatively, persons with less experience would agree more with messages that matched the way in which they were thinking about the attitude
object, i.e., an inexperienced person, with an affect focus will be more persuaded by an emotional message than an informational message. To test this hypothesis participants were given the opportunity to play either five times or one time with a group of puzzles under affectively focused
conditions. Following this either informational or emotional messages promoting the puzzles were presented. Results supported the hypothesis.
CROWDING AND BEHAVIOR IN JAPANESE PUBLIC SPACES: SOME OBSERVATIONS AND SPECULATIONS
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

First, the connotations in Japan of crowded situations were discussed. In the second section, some personal characteristics of those who might experience crowding, and of partners who might share a space with the former, were discussed as determinants of individual differences in the
experience of crowding. In the third section, it was suggested that high collectivism, a non-contact culture, and high population density combined with a high crime rate might encourage the experience of crowding in public or semi-public spaces. In the last section, various structural or physical
devices widely observed in Japan, which were assumed to be effective in inhibiting the experience of crowding or reducing crowding stress by maintaining isolation, were discussed.
CONCATENATION DIAGRAMS IN PERSONALITY TYPOLOGY: EXAMINING ENNEAGRAMS
Authors: Wolf K. H.
Published: May 2006

Enneagrams used in personality typological studies are only one of numerous types of diagrams that model actual and potential interrelationships based on nine factors, parameters or variables (=FPVs). However, the psychological-sociological discipline – like any field of investigation
(whether non scientific or scientific) – has to deal with so many FPVs that the over-simplistic enneagrams and similar conceptual figures do not reveal all possible interconnections. When all known FPVs are integrated, many hundreds of additional complexities become obvious. Several
linkage or concatenation diagrams useful in handling more than just nine (=ennea-), or multiple of nine, FPVs are offered here; psychological-sociological “systems” are as complex as any of the earth science-based complexes, like the world wide ecological systems (e.g. Gaia-type)
which are controlled by “innumerable” FPVs. Investigations should go far beyond the simplistic enneagrams.
BI-MODAL PERSONALITY: DEVELOPING AN UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Hackett Paul M. W.
Published: May 2006

There is an increasing body of literature concerned with what has come to be known as Bi-modal, or Bi-modality, (personality) theory. This article contains a brief resume of Bi-modality Theory and its two behavior modes of Agonic and Hedonic. The development of a questionnaire to assess
personal preference for operating within each modality is reported. The theory is brought to the reader's attention, and a direction in which the theory may be extended in the future is outlined. References are provided to guide those interested in further reading.
SCHIZOTYPAL THINKING AMONG MEMBERS OF OCCULT SECTS
Authors: Rust John
Published: May 2006

Schizotypal thinking among members of occult groups was investigated using the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC). It was found that the members of almost all sects have atypical scores. However, a discriminant functions analysis of the RISC items among the sects indicated that there were two significant functions which differentiated sect members from normals and from each other. This suggested a classification of occult groups into two types with respect to cognitive style. Type I cults are characterized by devotion to a divine authority and obedience to its designs, as interpreted by the sect leader. Type II cults are characterized by a shared investigation of magical or paranormal phenomena, usually associated with an idiosyncratic or illogical spiritual philosophy.
THE FAMILY SATISFACTION SCALE
Authors: Carver Margaret D. , Jones Warren H.
Published: May 2006

The development of the Family Satisfaction Scale is described. Respondents (total N = 843) completed the Family Satisfaction Scale either (1) for the purposes of assessing item-operating characteristics, factor structure and reliability of Family Satisfaction Scale scores; or
(2) their predictability of both alternative measures of family attitudes and feelings, and current interpersonal functioning. Results indicated a single factor underlying responses to Family Satisfaction Scale items and a revised 20-item version of the scale yielded acceptable estimates of
internal and temporal stability. Subsequent analyses indicated that Family Satisfaction Scale scores were related to various measures of family attitudes (e.g., cohesion, task acceptance, etc.) as well as current interpersonal functioning and attitudes (e.g., loneliness, social support, and
marital satisfaction). These results are interpreted as supporting the validity of Family Satisfaction Scale.
COMPONENTS OF PERFECTIONISM AND PROCRASTINATION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Blankstein Kirk R. , Hewitt Paul L. , Koledin Spomenka
Published: May 2006

The present research examined the relations between individual differences in perfectionism and procrastinatory behavior in college students. A sample of 131 students (56 males, 75 females) completed measures of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism, as
well as measures of academic procrastination and general procrastination. Subjects also completed ratings of factors related to procrastination (i.e., fear of failure, task aversiveness). Correlational analyses revealed it was the socially prescribed perfectionism dimension that was most closely
correlated with both generalized procrastination and academic procrastination, especially among males. There were few significant correlations involving self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism. However, the fear of failure component of procrastination was associated broadly with all
the perfectionism dimensions. Overall, the results suggest that procrastination stems, in part, from the anticipation of social disapproval from individuals with perfectionistic standards for others.
CHILDHOOD INJURIES AND ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
Authors: Ginsburg Harvey J.
Published: May 2006

Childhood injury epidemiologists and injury control researchers commonly use a forty-year-old epidemiologic agent-host-environment model to explain injuries and have not considered the value of placing childhood injuries in the context of general theories of human development. The psychosocial stages elucidated by Erik H. Erikson may be a useful heuristic approach for childhood injury investigators to consider. Examples of common childhood injuries during the first four psychosocial stages, trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs inferiority are presented to illustrate how Erikson's theory may be of value in understanding and controlling the prevalence of childhood injuries in the United States.
THE UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
Authors: Hackett Paul M. W.
Published: May 2006

Social science literature which has addressed concern for the quality of the natural environment is reviewed. The development of multidimensional models is identified as a contemporary theme in this and environmental psychology research. The results of research by Hackett, 1987, 1989,
1992a&b, in press, and Hackett & Florence, 1991, are reviewed and a multivariate model of environmental concern is developed. Commonality of structure is found to exist in environmental concern attitudes/values within this model. However, environmental conservation action and/or
issue specific variables are found to be important in structuring evaluations.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF OLFACTORY CUES ON IMPRESSIONS OF PERSONALITY
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie
Published: May 2006

Ninety female undergraduates participated in an experiment investigating whether composition of three fragrances (perfumes) influenced impressions of personality traits of people who would wear each fragrance. Analysis of covariance with the variance due to liking of the fragrance (a
covariate) removed, revealed that fragrance composition influenced impressions of personality. Impressions made of affiliated fragrances (oriental and chypre) were more closely aligned than impression of the dissimilar (floral) fragrance for the multi-item Uninhibited and Traditional
Male factors and single item traits such as aggressive, confident, and assertive according to Tukey's tests. The floral fragrance produced significantly (p<.05) lower ratings in these instances. The findings suggest that compositional components of fragrances (olfactory cues) were
used in formation of impressions. This has implications for research of the role of olfactory cues in social and professional interactions.
A FIVE-FACTOR NUCLEAR MODEL OF SOCIALLY DESIRABLE RESPONDING
Authors: Becker Gilbert , Cherny Stacey S.
Published: May 2006

We postulate a minimum of five group factors, each representing a specific content area or domain in which deception can be practised. Each group factor is determined by a general deception factor (delta) and a factor specific unto itself. The general factor favors greater sensitivity
in females while a given specific factor may favor one gender, the other, or neither. The distinction between contents in general (alpha/gamma) and style (attribution/denial) is blurred in that a given group factor may underlie any mixture of items varying across the four combinations
possible. We discuss the nature of delta in terms of genetic and environmental influences during early and later development.
SUICIDE WITH THE MOTIVE “TO DIE” OR “NOT TO DIE” AND ITS SOCIOANAMNESTIC CORRELATES
Authors: Velamoor V. R. , Cernovsky Z. Z.
Published: May 2006

Ninety-six British patients retrospectively rated the intent underlying their recent suicide attempt: 36.5% indicated the intent was “to die”, 17.7% “not to die”, and 45.8% “did not mind”. These three groups did not differ with
respect to a variety of socioanamnestic variables except the following: those wishing “to die” more frequently left a suicide letter than those who “did not mind”. The ratings of the patient's suicide intent (along the same 3 categories) by significant others were
also unrelated to the socioanamnestic variables except history of psychiatric treatment: those with a psychiatric history were more frequently perceived as intending “to die” than “not to die”.
THE PATTERN OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Authors: Prud'homme Lyne , Barron Pierre
Published: May 2006

In light of Rational-Emotive Theory, this study was undertaken to determine the pattern of irrational beliefs underlying Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A total of 126 subjects (50 males, 76 females) volunteered to participate. Patients clinically diagnosed with MDD (unipolar type)
and a control group of non-depressed patients were solicited from the inpatient and outpatient facilities of several Ottawa and Montreal hospitals; the normal control group comprised students and civil servants. The subjects completed questionnaires to measure irrational belief endorsement
(IBT, RBI) and symptom severity (STAI, BDI) and to verify the depression diganosis (IDD). Multivariate statistics were used to determine the pattern of beliefs which best discriminates between the MDD group, the psychiatric control group, and the normal controls. Discriminant analysis of the
IBT revealed a pattern of four irrational beliefs generally known as demand for approval, frustration reactivity, anxious overconcern, and helplessness over past. The implications of such findings for RET theory are discussed.
IQ DISCREPANCIES AMONG IMPULSIVE AND NON-IMPULSIVE INMATES
Authors: Myers Shirley N. , Ellis Jon B.
Published: May 2006

The intention of this study was to examine the relationship between the right and left hemispheres of the brain and criminal behaviour. It was predicted that prisoners scoring higher on the Verbal scale than the Performance scale of the WAIS-R would tend to commit more analytical thought-out
crimes. Those scoring higher on the Performance scale may be more impulsive type criminals and tend to commit crimes less thought out. A total of 51 inmates were tested with the WAIS-R. Inmates who scored lower on the Verbal scale than the Performance scale tended to be more impulsive. Due
to the overlap in crimes committed by both types of criminals, it was recommended that future research in this area may include a third category of both impulsive-non-impulsive along with the separation of the two categories.
ON PENALTIES IN SPORT AS MEASURES OF AGGRESSION
Authors: Vokey John R. , Russell Gordon W.
Published: May 2006

A principal components analysis of the intercorrelation matrix of minutes assessed for 19 aggressive penalties awarded in all games played in the 1983–84 season (N= 505) of the Western Hockey League is reported as an attempted replication of a similar analysis for the 1978–79
season reported by Russell & Russell (1984). Beyond superficial similarities between the two solutions, only the component of fighting was found to be in common.
FACILITATORS OF ROMANTIC ATTRACTION AND THEIR RELATION TO LOVESTYLE
Authors: Jacobs John R.
Published: May 2006

A questionnaire was developed based on findings in experimental studies and from clinical speculation that various internal states and/or external conditions facilitate romantic attraction. 305 subjects responded to thirty items which were submitted to a principal components factor
analysis and four factors emerged accounting for 50.5% of the variance. The four facilitators are distress, identity enhancement, aging and social pressures, and sexual desire. The internal consistency of the four scales were .82, .78, .80 and .86 respectively. As predicted, experience
of intensification of any of the facilitators was found to be significantly related to lovestyle. Subjects experiencing an intensification of distress report more agapic interactions, those experiencing an intensification of identity enhancement report more mania, those experiencing an intensification
of aging fears and social expectations report a more pragmatic lovestyle and subjects experiencing an intensification of sexual desire report less friendship interactions and more erotic lovestyle than those not experiencing an intensification on the respective facilitator. Future research
might employ the facilitators of romantic relationships to account for partner choice and satisfaction.
THE DECISION TO ABORT: NO SEX-ROLE BIAS, AND LITTLE ENTHUSIASM
Authors: Curtis Melanie , Standing Lionel
Published: May 2006

The hypothetical decision to abort a genetically defective fetus was studied as a function of the subject's gender, the gender of the fetus, and the nature of the fetal impairment (physical versus mental defect). A questionnaire technique was employed, with a sample of students
(N = 181) who were asked to imagine that they faced this decision themselves. No evidence was found for sex-role bias with regard to the gender of the fetus, or its interaction with type of defect. The only significant factor found was that females were more opposed to aborting than males.
Both males and females expressed a wide range of attitudes, but showed anti-abortion views overall.
THE MYTH OF NORMALITY: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ABNORMALITY AND HEALTH
Authors: Buck Lucien A.
Published: May 2006

Normality, as conceptualized within the field of psychology, represents an inappropriate model for the standardization of diagnostic systems. Normality continues to be confused with health. All human beings represent a composite of strengths and weaknesses. As a result, it should not
be anticipated that normal people will be more effective than individuals diagnosed as abnormal in regard to all human characteristics. Creativity is examined as an example of the confusion resulting from ignoring the strengths of abnormal people and the limitations of normal adjustment.
REPRESSORS, SENSITIZERS, SOURCE EXPERTISE, AND PERSUASION
Authors: Debono Kenneth G , Snyder Alison
Published: May 2006

Repressors and sensitizers read a counter-attitudinal message from either an expert or non-expert source who used either relatively strong or relatively weak arguments. Repressors tended to be influenced by the expertise of the source regardless of the quality of the arguments used
and sensitizers tended to be influenced by the strength of the arguments regardless of the expertise of the source. Cognitive response data suggested that repressors may have been using the source as an indication of the validity of the message whereas sensitizers were focusing more on the
cogency of the persuasive arguments.
THE EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND EXPECTANCIES FOR SUCCESS ON AFFECTIVE REACTIONS TO ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Midkiff Robert M. , Griffin Felicia A.
Published: May 2006

Affective reactions to academic performance appear to be influenced by performance outcome, self-esteem, and causal attributions. We investigated whether expectancies for success and the confirmation or disconfirmation of epectancies also influenced students' affective reactions
and causal attributions in achievement settings. Subjects were 132 university students. Causal attributions and affective reactions to an achievement-related situation were assessed and related to students' self-esteem, expectancies for success, and confirmation or disconfirmation of
expectancies. Results indicated that causal attributions were related to confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies for success and to self-esteem. Affective reactions were related to the interaction of self-esteem, expectancies for success, and confirmation or disconfirmation of expectancies.
Further analysis suggested that students' affective reactions to performance may serve to maintain existing levels of self-esteem. The role of self-referent and other-referent emotions in self-esteem maintenance was also discussed.
STEREOTYPES AND REALITY IN THE DIVISION OF HOUSEHOLD LABOR
Authors: Beckwith J. B.
Published: May 2006

The division of labor in mixed-gender households is discussed on the basis of stereotypical expectations, as well as time-use diary data. The stereotypes as generated by 210 adults, of average age 25 years, were consistent with reality, as depicted by the diary data from an independent
study. In both data sets, the image of the double shift emerged. Women were seen as doing most of the unpaid work, and tasks were gender-segregated. Expectations of women, reinforced by values and power differences, appear unchanged by women's increasing participation in paid labor. Social
policies which address women's experience of paid labor therefore need to address the division of unpaid labor. Equalising unpaid labor means mobilising men to become involved in essential, but unrewarded, tasks.
ATTITUDES OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS, PSYCHIATRISTS, AND ONCOLOGISTS TOWARD SUICIDE
Authors: Hammond Linda K. , Deluty Robert H.
Published: May 2006

Randomly selected clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and oncologists were mailed a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward suicide and the personal, professional, and societal values which underlie these attitudes. Suicides in the face of physical illness were judged to be significantly
more acceptable than suicides committed in response to chronic psychiatric illness. Psychologists were most accepting, and oncologists least accepting, of suicide in response to chronic pain. There were no significant differences in the acceptability of suicide between those professionals
who had experienced suicidal ideation themselves and those who had not.
BODY CONSCIOUSNESS, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, AND WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD CLOTHING PRACTICES
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the relationships between self-consciousness and body consciousness, and examined the effects of these on women's attitudes toward clothing practices. The statistical analyses of the data collected from 172 working women and 172 college females revealed
that body consciousness is closely related to public self-consciousness and social anxiety, but not to private self-consciousness. The multivariate and univariate analyses testing the effects of body consciousness on women's attitudes toward clothing practices revealed no statistical
significance. Public self-consciousness played the most important role in determining women's attitudes toward clothing practices.
THE FAMILY-OF-ORIGIN SCALE WITH ADOLESCENTS: PRELIMINARY NORMS
Authors: Manley Christopher M. , Searight H. Russell , Skitka Linda J. , Russo J. Robert
Published: May 2006

The Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS) is a 40 item, ten-subscale, Likert instrument founded upon psychodynamic models of family functioning. The FOS is based upon two subordinate constructs - Autonomy and Intimacy - associated with positive individual adjustment. The original FOS was designed
to assess adults' retrospective views of their family. The scale has been recently modified to assess adolescents' perceptions of current family functioning. The present study involved administering the FOS to 664 adolescents. No significant differences were obtained between the
adolescents and the published adult FOS norms. The FOS appears to be appropriate for adolescents.