bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neotropical birds show a humped distribution of within‐population genetic diversity along a latitudinal transect
Authors: Miller Matthew J. , Bermingham Eldredge , Klicka John , Escalante Patricia , Winker Kevin
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 576–586

The latitudinal gradient in species richness is a nearly universal ecological phenomenon. Similarly, conspecific genetic diversity often increases towards the equator – usually explained as the consequence of post‐glacial range expansion or due to the shared response of genetic diversity to processes that promote species richness. However, no study has yet examined the relationship between latitude and within‐population genetic diversity in exclusively tropical species. We surveyed genetic variation in nine resident bird species co‐occurring in tropical lowlands between southern Mexico and western Ecuador, where avian species richness increases with decreasing latitude. Within‐population genetic variation was always highest at mid‐range latitudes, and not in the most equatorial populations. Differences in demography and gene flow across species’ ranges may explain some of our observations; however, much of the pattern may be due simply to geometric constraints. Our findings have implications for conservation planning and for understanding how biodiversity scales from genes to communities.
Counter‐terrorism and the Politics of Aid: Civil Society Responses in Kenya
Authors: Lind Jeremy , Howell Jude
Published: April 2010

Against the backdrop of terrorist attacks in 1998 and 2002, Kenya has come under pressure from aid donors and diplomatic circles to co‐operate in achieving the political and military objectives of the War on Terror. The Kenyan government has received legal, technical and financial support to implement new counter‐terrorism structures. However, while these have raised concerns around human rights and the ability of people to come together and organize on shared interests, the response of civil society in Kenya has been muted. It is mainly human rights campaigners, lawyers, Muslim organizations and leaders, and some politicians that have opposed proposed anti‐terrorism legislation. Even fewer groups have spoken out against the government's participation in a regional rendition programme in the Horn of Africa supported by the United States. This weak response reflects the significant ethnic and regional fragmentation that prevails in the country. This article critically examines the impacts of counter‐terrorism in Kenya and civil society responses to these in a shifting political landscape.
Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on vaccine‐induced humoral immunity in HIV‐infected adults
Authors: González R , Castro P , García F , Plana M , Bayas JM , Lafuente S , Serrano B , Mora B , Argelich R , Gatell JM , Vilella A
Published: April 2010

Objectives

The acquisition of adequate vaccine‐induced humoral immunity is especially important in HIV‐infected individuals, who are at increased risk of infections. The aim of the study was to assess the safety of administering a complete vaccination programme to successfully treated HIV‐infected adults and to evaluate specific humoral responses and the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) interruption on these responses.

Methods

A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial was designed and 26 HIV‐infected adults enrolled. Study participants were randomized to receive either a complete immunization schedule with commercial vaccines or placebo for 12 months. HAART was then discontinued for 6 months. Specific humoral responses were evaluated at baseline, at month 12 and after HAART interruption and compared between groups.

Results

There were neither local nor systemic secondary effects related to vaccination. Specific humoral responses to vaccines were adequate, but a loss of immunoglobulin G titres was observed after HAART interruption in 12 study participants.

Conclusions

HAART interruption may cause impairment of previously acquired vaccine‐induced immunity in HIV‐infected adults.
Regulatory Reform: Integrating Paradigms*
Authors: De La Torre Augusto , Ize Alain
Published: April 2010

What were the market and regulatory issues that led to the subprime crisis? How should prudential regulation be fixed? The answers depend on the interpretive lenses – or ‘paradigms’– through which one sees finance. The agency paradigm, which has dominated recent regulatory policy and provides the most popular interpretation of the crisis, seems to be influencing much of the emerging reform agenda. But collective welfare failures (particularly externalities) and collective cognition failures (particularly mood swings) were as important, if not more so, in driving the crisis. These three paradigms should therefore be integrated into a more balanced policy agenda. But doing so will be difficult because they often have inconsistent policy implications.
Is the European Union legitimate? To what extent?
Authors: Haller Max
Published: April 2010

The European Union (EU) at present is characterised by considerable democratic deficit. It is argued, however, that this produces no fundamental problem of legitimation because the EU possesses high output legitimacy, that is, it creates additional growth and welfare for the citizens of its member states. In this contribution, this argument is contested both from an empirical and a theoretical‐normative point of view. Based on data for all EU‐member countries for the period 1995 to 2008 it is shown that, when compared to the USA and Japan, the achievements of the EU were rather modest, particularly in terms of growth and employment. Citizens' negative attitudes to these outputs, captured by Eurobarometer data, is used to demonstrate that, contrary to the opinions of supporters of integration, citizens do not recognise the achievements of the EU. However, important differences exist in attitudes between member countries and social groups that profited from integration and those who can be considered the losers of integration. Finally, it is argued that the separation of output from input legitimation is problematic from the normative and practical point of view since the ability of citizens to participate efficiently in political decisions and processes (input legitimacy) is often necessary to provide output efficiency and legitimacy.
Role of the polybasic sequence in the Doc2α C2B domain in dense‐core vesicle exocytosis in PC12 cells
Authors: Sato Mai , Mori Yasunori , Matsui Takahide , Aoki Ryo , Oya Manami , Yanagihara Yu , Fukuda Mitsunori , Tsuboi Takashi
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 171–181.

The double C2 (Doc2) family is characterized by an N‐terminal Munc13‐1‐interacting domain and C‐terminal tandem C2 domains, and it comprises three isoforms, Doc2α, Doc2β, and Doc2γ, in humans and mice. Doc2α, the best‐characterized, brain‐specific isoform, exhibits Ca2+‐dependent phospholipid‐binding activity through its C2A domain, and the Ca2+‐binding activity is thought to be important for the regulation of Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis. In contrast to the C2A domain, however, nothing is known about the physiological functions of the C2B domain in regulated exocytosis. In this study, we demonstrated by a mutation analysis that the polybasic sequence in the C2B domain of Doc2α (306 KKSKHKTCVKKK 317) is required for binding of syntaxin‐1a/synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) heterodimer. We also investigated the effect of Lys‐to‐Gln (named KQ) mutations in the polybasic sequence of the C2B domain on vesicle dynamics by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in PC12 cells. A Doc2α(KQ) mutant, which lacks binding activity toward syntaxin‐1a/SNAP‐25 heterodimer, significantly decreased the number of plasma membrane‐docked vesicles before stimulation and strongly inhibited high‐KCl‐induced exocytosis from the plasma membrane‐docked vesicles. These results indicate that the polybasic sequence in the C2B domain functions as a binding site for syntaxin‐1a/SNAP‐25 heterodimer and controls the number of ‘readily releasable’ vesicles in neuroendocrine cells.
Nature and cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington’s disease: focusing on huntingtin and the striatum
Authors: Oliveira Jorge M. A.
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1–12.

Polyglutamine expansion mutation in huntingtin causes Huntington’s disease (HD). How mutant huntingtin (mHtt) preferentially kills striatal neurons remains unknown. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and HD pathogenesis stemmed from postmortem brain data and mitochondrial toxin models. Current evidence from genetic models, containing mHtt, supports mitochondrial dysfunction with yet uncertain nature and cause. Because mitochondria composition and function varies across tissues and cell‐types, mitochondrial dysfunction in HD vulnerable striatal neurons may have distinctive features. This review focuses on mHtt and the striatum, integrating experimental evidence from patients, mice, primary cultures and striatal cell‐lines. I address the nature (specific deficits) and cause (mechanisms linked to mHtt) of HD mitochondrial dysfunction, considering limitations of isolated vs. in situ mitochondria approaches, and the complications introduced by glia and glycolysis in brain and cell‐culture studies. Current evidence relegates respiratory chain impairment to a late secondary event. Upstream events include defective mitochondrial calcium handling, ATP production and trafficking. Also, transcription abnormalities affecting mitochondria composition, reduced mitochondria trafficking to synapses, and direct interference with mitochondrial structures enriched in striatal neurons, are possible mechanisms by which mHtt amplifies striatal vulnerability. Insights from common neurodegenerative disorders with selective vulnerability and mitochondrial dysfunction (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) are also addressed.
Signaling pathways controlling the phosphorylation state of WAVE1, a regulator of actin polymerization
Authors: Ceglia Ilaria , Kim Yong , Nairn Angus C. , Greengard Paul
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 182–190.

The Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)‐family verprolin homologous protein 1 (WAVE1) is a key regulator of Arp (actin‐related protein) 2/3 complex‐mediated actin polymerization. We have established previously that the state of phosphorylation of WAVE1 at three distinct residues controls its ability to regulate actin polymerization and spine morphology. Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 phosphorylates WAVE1 at Ser310, Ser397 and Ser441 to a high basal stoichiometry, resulting in inhibition of WAVE1 activity. Our previous and current studies show that WAVE1 can be dephosphorylated at all three sites and thereby activated upon stimulation of the D1 subclass of dopamine receptors and of the NMDA subclass of glutamate receptors, acting through cAMP and Ca2+ signaling pathways, respectively. Specifically, we have identified protein phosphatase‐2A and protein phosphatase‐2B as the effectors for these second messengers. These phosphatases act on different sites to mediate receptor‐induced signaling pathways, which would lead to activation of WAVE1.
β‐Chemokine production by neural and glial progenitor cells is enhanced by HIV‐1 Tat: effects on microglial migration
Authors: Hahn Yun Kyung , Vo Phu , Fitting Sylvia , Block Michelle L. , Hauser Kurt F. , Knapp Pamela E.
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 97–109.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 neuropathology results from collective effects of viral proteins and inflammatory mediators on several cell types. Significant damage is mediated indirectly through inflammatory conditions promulgated by glial cells, including microglia that are productively infected by HIV‐1, and astroglia. Neural and glial progenitors exist in both developing and adult brains. To determine whether progenitors are targets of HIV‐1, a multi‐plex assay was performed to assess chemokine/cytokine expression after treatment with viral proteins transactivator of transcription (Tat) or glycoprotein 120 (gp120). In the initial screen, ten analytes were basally released by murine striatal progenitors. The beta‐chemokines CCL5/regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, and CCL4/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β were increased by 12‐h exposure to HIV‐1 Tat. Secreted factors from Tat‐treated progenitors were chemoattractive towards microglia, an effect blocked by 2D7 anti‐CCR5 antibody pre‐treatment. Tat and opiates have interactive effects on astroglial chemokine secretion, but this interaction did not occur in progenitors. gp120 did not affect chemokine/cytokine release, although both CCR5 and CXCR4, which serve as gp120 co‐receptors, were detected in progenitors. We postulate that chemokine production by progenitors may be a normal, adaptive process that encourages immune inspection of newly generated cells. Pathogens such as HIV might usurp this function to create a maladaptive state, especially during development or regeneration, when progenitors are numerous.
Reduced blockade by extracellular Mg2+ is permissive to NMDA receptor activation in cerebellar granule neurons that model a migratory phenotype
Authors: Gerber Adam M. , Beaman‐Hall Carol M. , Mathur Anjili , Vallano Mary Lou
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 191–202.

NMDA receptors (NMDAR) contribute to neuronal development throughout the CNS. However, their mode(s) of activation preceding synaptic maturation is unclear, as they are not co‐localized with alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate receptors (AMPARs) which normally provide sufficient depolarization to relieve voltage‐dependent blockade by Mg2+. We used cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) cultured at a near‐physiological KCl concentration to examine maturation‐dependent changes in NMDAR responses. In contrast, most studies use KCl‐supplemented medium to promote survival. At 2–4 days in vitro CGNs: (i) express developmental markers resembling the in vivo migratory phenotype; (ii) maintain a basal amount of calcium responsive element‐binding protein phosphorylation that requires NMDARs and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinases, but not AMPARs; (iii) exhibit NMDA‐mediated Ca2+ influx not effectively blocked by ambient Mg2+ (0.75 mM) or AMPARs; (iv) maintain a more depolarized resting membrane potential and increased resistance compared to synaptically‐connected CGNs. Moreover, migrating CGNs in explant cultures demonstrate NMDA‐mediated Ca2+ influx not effectively blocked by 0.75 mM Mg2+, and NMDAR but not AMPAR antagonists slow migration. These data suggest the biophysical properties of immature CGNs render NMDARs less sensitive to Mg2+ blockade, enhancing the likelihood of activation in the absence of AMPAR depolarization.
Inhibition of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 provides neuroprotection in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: relationship with the nuclear factor‐κB‐regulated anti‐apoptotic mechanisms
Authors: Lu Kang , Liang Cheng‐Loong , Liliang Po‐Chou , Yang Chih‐Hui , Cho Chung‐Lung , Weng Hui‐Ching , Tsai Yu‐Duan , Wang Kuo‐Wei , Chen Han‐Jung
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 237–246.

Previously we demonstrated benefits of inhibiting the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To further identify the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the impact of ERK inhibition on apoptosis and cellular protective mechanisms against cell death. Spinal cord I/R injury induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, followed by neuronal loss through caspase 3‐mediated apoptosis. Pre‐treatment with U0126, a specific inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinases 1/2 (MEK1/2), inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and significantly attenuated apoptosis and increased neuronal survival. MEK/ERK inhibition also induced I‐κB phosphorylation and enhanced nuclear factor (NF)‐κB/DNA binding activity, leading to expression of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis protein 2 (c‐IAP2), a known nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)‐regulated endogenous anti‐apoptotic molecule. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an NF‐κB inhibitor, by blocking I‐κB phosphorylation, NF‐κB activation, and c‐IAP2 synthesis, abolished the protective effects of U0126. The MEK/ERK pathway appears to mediate cellular death following I/R injury. The U0126 neuroprotection appears related to NF‐κB‐regulated transcriptional control of c‐IAP2. MEK/ERK inhibition at the initial stage of I/R injury may cause changes in c‐IAP2 gene expression or c‐IAP2/caspase 3 interactions, resulting in long lasting therapeutic effects. Future research should focus on the possible cross‐talk between the MEK/ERK pathway and the NF‐κB transcriptional cascade.
Eating disorders and psychoeducation – patients’ experiences of healing processes
Authors: Pettersen Gunn , Rosenvinge Jan H. , Wynn Rolf
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 12–18
 
Eating disorders and psychoeducation – patients’ experiences of healing processes

In the treatment of eating disorders, little is known about the role and impact of psychoeducative programmes and whether patients experience such programmes as helpful in their healing processes. Examining these questions is the purpose of this study, using an explorative and descriptive design based on content analysis. Thirteen female patients participated in qualitative interviews. The analysis of healing processes experienced during the programme participation resulted in six main categories, i.e. ‘Self‐awareness’, ‘Setting boundaries’, ‘Feelings and self‐mobilization’, ‘Self‐regulation’, ‘Self‐reflexivity’ and ‘Motivation and Self‐improvement’. Our study clearly indicates that according to the patients’ experiences, a psychoeducative programme may facilitate healing processes. The study also supports a possible indirect impact on healing processes in terms of more readiness to seek treatment. There is a need for more knowledge about how to bring about an effective interplay between treatment and psychoeducative programmes.
Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents’ perception, a school survey
Authors: Haraldstad Kristin , Sørum Ragnhild , Eide Hilde , Natvig Gerd Karin , Helseth Sølvi
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 27–36
 
Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents’ perception, a school survey

Background:  Pain problems in children and adolescents have increased during the last 20 years and have been identified as an important public health problem.

Aims:  The specific aims of the study were to study the prevalence of pain, its association with age, gender, and socio‐demographics, its frequency, duration, and type. A further aim is to describe the impact of pain on daily living, perceived triggers of pain, and correspondence between parents’ and children’s perceptions of pain.

Design:  A cross‐sectional study, with a descriptive, exploratory design.

Settings and participants:  A cluster sample of children and adolescents (age 8–18 years N = 1238,) and parents (n = 828), from 20 randomly selected schools in a region of Norway.

Methods:  Data were collected using a structured self‐report questionnaire, the Lübeck Pain‐Screening Questionnaire (LPQ). The children filled in the questionnaires at school, while the parents completed the questionnaires at home.

Results:  Sixty per cent of the children and adolescents reported pain within the previous 3 months. Pain increased with age, where girls aged 16–18 years reported the most pain. Total prevalence of chronic pain was 21%. Children reported impact on social life; inability to pursue hobbies, disturbed sleep, absence from school, and inability to meet friends because of pain. The girls reported significantly more frequently disturbed sleep, loss of appetite, and use of medication, compared to the boys. There was little agreement between parents and children regarding pain.

Conclusions:  Pain is a common problem and influences the daily lives of children and adolescents. Many parents are unaware of the pain experienced by their children. There is a need for preventive programmes that also involve parents, school nurses, and teachers.
A case for incorporating phylogeography and landscape genetics into species distribution modelling approaches to improve climate adaptation and conservation planning
Authors: Scoble Jolene , Lowe Andrew John
Published: April 2010

Aim  We seek to demonstrate that whilst information derived from phylogeographic and landscape genetic approaches has been used broadly to further ecological and evolutionary hypothesis testing, it can also be used to further species modelling approaches, particularly where bioclimatic and demographic methodologies are to be combined to tackle climate change adaptation and conservation planning.

Location  General application.

Methods  We start with a review of species distribution modelling studies that have used data derived from molecular marker studies, and identify which parameters can realistically be derived from molecular marker studies for inclusion in species and ecosystem distribution prediction and conservation planning.

Results  We find that the uptake of phylogeographic and landscape genetic methods to inform species distribution modelling studies has to date been limited (particularly the latter approaches), despite offering clear potential to improve species modelling approaches that aim to combine climatic envelope and demographic parameters. Using a series of cases studies, we demonstrate that phylogeographic approaches can be particularly useful for identifying biogeographic barriers and refugia, testing alternative demographic models, identifying concordant demographic patterns between species within a single ecosystem and testing temporal niche conservatism. We also find that landscape genetic approaches are particularly useful for quantifying landscape permeability and source/sink dynamics of meta‐populations and identifying adaptive variation in the landscape. A summary of parameters that are derivable from such studies for modelling and conservation applications is provided.

Main conclusions  Molecular marker methods have much to offer species distribution modelling, particularly in the field of climate adaptation. Molecular information can inform on species historical dynamics and contemporary demography necessary to advance species modelling paradigms that seek to integrate climatic and demographic drivers. Furthermore, recognizing diversity below species level and incorporating this information into modelling frameworks will enable conservation managers to plan for the capture of areas of evolutionary potential.
Diabetic Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Passadakis Ploumis S. , Oreopoulos Dimitrios G.
Published: April 2010

During the past two decades, a number of studies have tried to evaluate the clinical status of dialyzed diabetic patients and the factors that may affect their outcomes. However, only a small number of diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been followed for over 5 years, which is largely because of the presence of various comorbid conditions at the start of dialysis, the coexisting, far‐advanced, target‐organ damage that may gradually progress during the course of dialysis and limit the long‐term survival on PD. On the contrary, among renal replacement therapies, survival of diabetic patients undergoing either PD or hemodialysis (HD) is probably similar, while diabetic patients on PD and HD have a lower actuarial survival than nondiabetic counterparts. This paper reviews our experience and the literature concerning the long‐term outcome of diabetic patients on PD.
Numerical Simulation of Thrombus Aspiration in Two Realistic Models of Catheter Tips
Authors: Pennati Giancarlo , Balossino Rossella , Dubini Gabriele , Migliavacca Francesco
Published: April 2010

Thrombus aspiration catheters are devices used to remove a blood clot from a vessel, usually prior to angioplasty or stent implantation. However, in vitro results showed that the use of different commercial devices could produce very different thrombus removals, suggesting a primary dependence on the distal tip configuration of the catheter. A computational methodology based on realistic catheter tip modeling was developed to investigate the factors affecting the thrombus suction. Two different designs were considered, either with a single central lumen or a combination of central and side holes. First, steady‐state aspiration of distilled water from a reservoir was simulated and compared with experimental tests. Subsequently, the aspiration of a totally occlusive thrombus, modeled as a high viscous fluid, was simulated solving a complex two‐phase (blood and thrombus) problem. In particular, the benefit of additional openings was investigated. Good matching between the steady‐state experimental and numerically simulated hydraulic behaviors allowed a validation of the numerical models. Numerical results of thrombus aspiration showed that the catheter with central and side holes had a worse performance if compared with the single central lumen catheter. Indeed, the inlets in contact with both blood and thrombus preferentially aspirate blood due to its much lower viscosity. This effect hindered the aspiration of thrombus. The amount of aspirated thrombus highly depends on the complex, two‐phase fluid dynamics occurring across the catheter tips. Results suggested that location of additional holes is crucial in the catheter aspiration performance.
Natural and Prosthetic Heart Valve Calcification: Morphology and Chemical Composition Characterization
Authors: Weska Raquel F. , Aimoli Cassiano G. , Nogueira Grínia M. , Leirner Adolfo A. , Maizato Marina J.S. , Higa Olga Z. , Polakievicz Bronislaw , Pitombo Ronaldo N.M. , Beppu Marisa M.
Published: April 2010

Calcification is the most common cause of damage and subsequent failure of heart valves. Although it is a common phenomenon, little is known about it, and less about the inorganic phase obtained from this type of calcification. This article describes the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and Ca K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) characterization performed in natural and bioprosthetic heart valves calcified in vivo (in comparison to in vitro‐calcified valves). SEM micrographs indicated the presence of deposits of similar morphology, and XANES results indicate, at a molecular level, that the calcification mechanism of both types of valves are probably similar, resulting in formation of poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite deposits, with Ca/P ratios that increase with time, depending on the maturation state. These findings may contribute to the search for long‐term efficient anticalcification treatments.
Geostatistical Analysis of Rainfall. 降雨量的地统计分析
Authors: Grimes David I. F. , Pardo‐Igúzquiza Eulogio
Published: April 2010

Rainfall can be modeled as a spatially correlated random field superimposed on a background mean value; therefore, geostatistical methods are appropriate for the analysis of rain gauge data. Nevertheless, there are certain typical features of these data that must be taken into account to produce useful results, including the generally non‐Gaussian mixed distribution, the inhomogeneity and low density of observations, and the temporal and spatial variability of spatial correlation patterns. Many studies show that rigorous geostatistical analysis performs better than other available interpolation techniques for rain gauge data. Important elements are the use of climatological variograms and the appropriate treatment of rainy and nonrainy areas. Benefits of geostatistical analysis for rainfall include ease of estimating areal averages, estimation of uncertainties, and the possibility of using secondary information (e.g., topography). Geostatistical analysis also facilitates the generation of ensembles of rainfall fields that are consistent with a given set of observations, allowing for a more realistic exploration of errors and their propagation in downstream models, such as those used for agricultural or hydrological forecasting. This article provides a review of geostatistical methods used for kriging, exemplified where appropriate by daily rain gauge data from Ethiopia.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: AIDS and optic neuritis in a rhesus monkey infected with the R5 clade C SHIV‐1157ipd3N4
Authors: García Anapatricia , Siddappa Nagadenahalli B. , Li Qingsheng , Haase Ashley T. , Paul Katherine , Stroud Fawn , Zhang Xiaodong , Fountain Jack A. , Villinger François , Novembre Francis J. , Else James G , Evan Secor W. , Ruprecht Ruth M.
Published: April 2010

A Chinese rhesus macaque infected with the pathogenic CCR5‐tropic clade C simian‐human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV‐1157ipd3N4, had persistent viremia, depletion of CD4+ T cells to <200 cells/μl, opportunistic infections, coagulopathy, and gradual development of bilateral blindness. MRI revealed marked thickening of both optic nerves. Histopathological evaluation showed diffuse cellular infiltration at necropsy and a focus of SHIV‐infected cells. This is the first report of CNS pathology following chronic infection with an obligate R5 SHIV.
The burden of comorbidity and the C‐reactive protein levels in nonthyroidal illness syndrome with metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis‐related cardiovascular complications
Authors: Martocchia Antonio , Cola Silvia , Frugoni Patrizia , Indiano Ilaria , D’Urso Rosaria , Falaschi Paolo
Published: April 2010

Thyroid hormones undergo significant modifications during severe illnesses, and the low T3 levels are the hallmark of nonthyoidal illness syndrome (NTIS), due to a reduced extrathyroidal conversion from T4. We examined 41 patients with NTIS by a modified cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) and the measurement of FT3, FT4, TSH, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. Fifty‐seven control subjects were enrolled. We observed reduced FT3 and increased FT4 levels in NTIS patients (P < 0.05). The CIRS scores (severity and comordity index) were inversely related to FT3 and positively related to FT4 levels (P < 0.05). The CRP and the FT4 concentrations were positively associated (P < 0.01). Our study showed that the reduced FT3 and increased FT4 levels were significantly related to the comorbidity and severity of systemic illnesses, probably as a result of impairment in the peripheral hormonal conversion. The CIRS scale and the CRP are useful tools for a better evaluation of these patients.
Rheumatic diseases and Klinefelter's syndrome
Authors: Rovenský J. , Imrich R. , Lazúrová I. , Payer J.
Published: April 2010

The article summarizes reports on the concurrence of Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, mixed connective tissue disease, the antiphospholipid syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis. These include two case reports of patients with KS concurrently associated with RA or antisynthetase syndrome, respectively, previously reported by the author and his coworkers. Attention is paid to the pathogenesis and the course of the disease in patients with KS. The importance of early diagnosis of the syndrome, when occurring simultaneously with other diseases of connective tissue, is emphasized.
Pathophysiology of fibromyalgia
Authors: Iannuccelli C. , Di Franco M. , Alessandri C. , Guzzo M.P. , Croia C. , Di Sabato F. , Foti M. , Valesini G.
Published: April 2010

Fibromyalgia (FM) is thought to occur because of the combination of interactions among neurotransmitters, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), stressors, hormones, cytokines, and both the immune and sympathetic nervous systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum concentrations of cytokines, antipolymer antibodies (APA), and NPY in 51 patients with FM, 25 with tension‐type headache (TTH), and 15 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of eight different cytokines, APA and NPY, were measured. Interleukin (IL)‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha were higher in serum of FM patients compared with TTH patients and a significant correlation between IL‐10 and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score was observed. There was a significant difference between FM and TTH versus controls in NPY levels, but not in APA levels. Cytokines and NPY take part in pain modulation and even if they are altered in FM they cannot be considered as measurable biomarkers of disease.
Anti‐TNF therapy restores the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis
Authors: Atzeni Fabiola , Straub Rainer H. , Cutolo Maurizio , Sarzi‐Puttini Piercarlo
Published: April 2010

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are associated with greater improvements in the symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, more importantly, a lower risk of joint damage. TNF is an important mediator of the alterations in neuroendocrine axes characterizing RA. Long‐term therapy with anti‐TNF agents sensitizes the pituitary gland and improves adrenal androgen secretion, thus stimulating an alternative form of anti‐inflammatory action.
Early disease control by low‐dose prednisone comedication may affect the quality of remission in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Todoerti Monica , Scirè Carlo Alberto , Boffini Nicola , Bugatti Serena , Montecucco Carlomaurizio , Caporali Roberto
Published: April 2010

In order to identify rate and stability of remission induced by low‐dose prednisone comedication in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we evaluated patients with early RA (<1 year) who were randomized to receive (P) or not (non‐P) low‐dose prednisone in association with step‐up disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug therapy over 2 years. Prevalence and duration of clinical remission were evaluated in the first and second year. Each treatment group included 105 patients; no significant differences were found at baseline. During the first year, P patients achieved higher rates of clinical remission with a time‐averaged odds ratio (OR) of 1.965 (CI 95% 1.214–3.182, P= 0.006). Moreover, they showed a higher probability of sustained remission during the second year (OR 4.480, CI 95% 1.354–14.817, P= 0.014). In conclusion, we found as in early RA low‐dose prednisone comedication is associated with higher rate of clinical remission, earlier disease activity control and more stable remission over time.
The immunomodulatory effects of estrogens
Authors: Cutolo Maurizio , Brizzolara Renata , Atzeni Fabiola , Capellino Silvia , Straub Rainer H. , Puttini Pier Carlo Sarzi
Published: April 2010

Immunological, epidemiological, and clinical evidence suggest that female sex hormones play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of chronic immune/inflammatory diseases. Several significant factors generate confusion and opposite conclusions in evaluating the role of estrogens in these diseases, including relatively superficial translational studies from animals to the human condition, the different effects of estrogens on their different receptors or on different target cells, the different estrogen concentrations employed, and opposite effects (especially on cell proliferation) exerted by different peripheral estrogen metabolites. A preponderance of 16α‐hydroxylated estrogens, as observed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids, is an unfavorable sign in synovial inflammation. Since 17β‐estradiol administered during hormone replacement therapy will rapidly increase estrone sulfate after conversion in adipose tissue by aromatases, hormone replacement therapy can have proinflammatory effects by providing estrone sulfate to the inflamed synovial tissue. In addition, it appears that the use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with an increased risk of at least systemic lupus erythematosus. In conclusion, estrogens are generally considered as enhancers of cell proliferation and humoral immune response.
THE PAST AND THE FUTURE OF COMPETITION LAW
Authors: Fels Allan
Published: April 2010

This paper reviews the evolution and significance of the Trade Practices Act for the development of competition policy in Australia. The paper also discusses the role of the ACCC in the enforcement of competition law and speculates on future challenges facing the ACCC in this role.
THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON REGULATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Banks Gary
Published: April 2010

The paper examines the existing scope and role of regulations in Australia. While there are many benefits from regulation, there is also a myriad of, often underplayed, costs associated with regulations. While compliance costs are large, probably the most significant costs arise from behavioural responses to regulations that reduce efficiency or compromise social goals. These adverse effects are often unanticipated and arise from complex interactions between regulations. The main reasons for regulatory failure are excessive ambition (underestimating the deficiencies of the regulatory ‘solution’), capture of regulatory agencies, and poor regulatory processes and institutions. The paper offers some guidelines for producing better regulation.
THE SLOW ROAD FROM RHETORIC TO REFORM: AN ANALYSIS OF ROAD PRICING POLICY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Denniss Richard , Hamilton Clive
Published: April 2010

This paper examines existing taxes, charges and related incentives that encourage either environmental protection or degradation in the road transport sector. Recent road transport policy initiatives are also analysed to determine their likely impact on overall car use and passenger car emissions. The paper concludes that economic theory has not influenced changes in transport policy in Australia in recent years.
IS INJURY COMPENSATION EXCESSIVE?
Authors: Abelson Peter
Published: April 2010

In Australia, excessive awards in personal damage cases are widely perceived to have created a public liability crisis and cuts in valued services. This paper analyses whether awards for damages are excessive. The paper starts by setting out a normative basis for awards based on welfare economic principles and amounts that individuals are willing to pay to avoid injuries. It then provides estimates of appropriate compensation sums for 27 typical injuries ranging from broken arms to quadriplegia and severe brain damage. There follows an analysis of 192 court awards for injuries greater than $250 000 in New South Wales between 1991 and 2002, including awards for 101 traffic accidents, 64 workers compensation cases, and 27 personal injury cases. The paper concludes that these court awards are broadly consistent with economic estimates for damages and that the awards are generally not excessive.
UNCERTAINTY OF OUTCOME, PLAYER QUALITY AND ATTENDANCE AT NATIONAL PROVINCIAL CHAMPIONSHIP RUGBY UNION MATCHES: AN EVALUATION IN LIGHT OF THE COMPETITIONS REVIEW
Authors: Owen P. Dorian , Weatherston Clayton R.
Published: April 2010

This article investigates the determinants of attendance at New Zealand matches in the First Division of the National Provincial Championship (NPC) in 2000 to 2003. Emphasis is placed on testing the effects on demand of (within‐season and match) uncertainty of outcome and player quality. A general‐to‐specific testing procedure is used to select a set of factors that have a statistically significant effect on attendance, including previous attendance, traditional rivalries, team success and Ranfurly Shield matches. A specific result of interest in light of the Competitions Review's proposal to exclude All Blacks from the NPC is the positive effect on attendance of the presence of All Blacks.
THE ECONOMICS OF ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN THE AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE, 1897–2004
Authors: Booth Ross
Published: April 2010

This paper summarises some key aspects of a theoretical and empirical analysis of whether various labour market devices and revenue‐sharing rules used in the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL) since its inception in 1897 have increased competitive balance by reducing the inequality in the distribution of player talent between clubs. The history of labour market intervention and revenue sharing in the VFL/AFL is discussed, with six different periods between 1897 and 2004 identified for analysis. Fort and Quirk's (1995) model of US professional team sports leagues is used to analyse the effectiveness of the various devices that have been used in the VFL/AFL, but only after adapting the model to allow for VFL/AFL clubs being win maximisers (subject to a budget constraint) rather than profit maximisers. The various devices used by the VFL/AFL are assessed in terms of their likely impact on competitive balance, with some significantly different theoretical predictions than under profit maximisation. It is found that free agency results in a less equal distribution of player talent under win maximisation, whilst both gate sharing and increases in shared league‐revenue tend to equalise playing strengths (which is not the case under profit maximisation). Moreover, the invariance principle, that the effect of a player draft will be undermined by the sale (and/or trade) of player talent, is found not necessarily to hold under win maximisation and can be reduced or eliminated with a team salary cap. Whether the trade of players and draft choices can undermine a player draft is also considered. The conclusion reached is that a player draft, a team salary cap, and revenue sharing is the combination most likely to succeed in achieving higher levels of competitive balance. The evidence of competitive balance in the VFL/AFL is consistent with these predictions.
THE VALUE OF DON BRADMAN: ADDITIONAL REVENUE IN AUSTRALIAN ASHES TESTS
Authors: Blackham Julian , Chapman Bruce
Published: April 2010

One way to understand the value of sporting ‘superstars’ is to examine the effect they have on match attendances and revenue. Arguably, the most famous sports star in Australia was Sir Donald Bradman, whose batting average has far exceeded that of any cricket player. This paper examines the value of Don Bradman by estimating an empirical model of the effect of Bradman on cricket match attendances for Ashes Test matches in Australia. The attendance effect‐of over 7,000 additional people each day on which he batted‐is then used to derive an estimate of the effect on revenue. We find that Bradman generated considerable additional revenue, though the range of the estimates is very large. The Australian Cricket Board, as the monopoly supplier of cricket, was able to obtain all the extra proceeds.
REFORM OF THE PERSONAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Pope Jeff
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the case for reform of Australia's Personal Income Tax (PIT), argues that it is outdated, and demonstrates a growing consensus for reform. The importance of tax avoidance, particularly the use of trusts, in the Australian PIT system, and arguably its abrogation of modern‐day criteria of what constitutes a ‘good tax’, is emphasised. Three possible ‘reform’ options are identified: the ‘tinkering and tokenism’ approach of current Government policy; moderate reform and a proposed ‘significant reform option’ costing around $22 billion. Essentially this comprises company and top PIT rate equalisation and a doubling of the tax‐free threshold. But funding this is problematical. Two key arguments of the paper are that: (real) simplification i.e. lower compliance costs, is an important yet usually down‐played objective in reform proposals; savings from reform denying PIT deductions such as work expenses are insufficient to achieve significant PIT reform. An increase in the rate of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) from 10% to 15% (with a compensation package) is therefore advocated in a revenue‐neutral analysis ignoring current Government budget surpluses. The overall outcome would be a simplified, more equitable and incentive‐driven PIT system that would move Australia closer to the PIT and GST policies of other OECD countries. But the political difficulties of reform mean that the Government's ‘tinkering’ approach is likely to continue.
NEW ZEALAND LESSONS FOR AUSTRALIAN WORKPLACE REFORM: A CRITIQUE OF 151 ACADEMICS
Authors: PERRY L. J.
Published: April 2010

The Australian Government's newly‐introduced Work Choices Act represents one of the most far‐reaching changes to Australian workplace legislation since Federation. A major detailed critique of the Act—or Bill as it was at that stage—was that which was endorsed by 151 Academics (2005). This influential document, which was a submission to a Senate Enquiry into the Bill, raised many concerns about the then‐proposed legislation. One of the concerns was related to New Zealand. It suggested that New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act 1991—a precursor and template for Australia's Work Choices Act—produced income inequality, a lower full‐time participation rate, lower real wages, flatter productivity and a “diaspora of a quarter of its population”. It will be shown that these claims are, in the main, not supported by the available evidence. Moreover, additional evidence in relation to inflation, real GDP growth, the unemployment rate and employment growth paint a much more positive, or at least nuanced, picture of New Zealand's experience in relation to the Employment Contracts Act.
EVALUATING COST PERFORMANCE OF BANKS IN THE ASIA PACIFIC
Authors: BROWN KYM , SKULLY MICHAEL
Published: April 2010

This paper aims to evaluate the cost efficiency of banks in the Asia‐Pacific region and test whether the operating performance of banks in poorer economies improves with the inclusion of environmental proxies. Our basic cost efficiency model finds that Australia and Singapore are the most cost efficient banking economies. With the inclusion of environmental factors into our model, the relative cost performance of banks from poorer economies does not improve, perhaps suggesting that their weaker operating environment is not the cause of the banks' lower results.
IS CREDIT GROWTH SUSTAINABLE?
Authors: BRADDICK PAUL
Published: April 2010

This paper examines recent trends in credit growth in Australia and the potential risks implied. Even though household debt to income ratios are high, it is argued that changing employment trends, such as the growth of dual income households, reduce the resulting risks.
BANK INDUSTRY RISK ANALYSIS: AUSTRALIA
Authors: JAIN SHARAD , BENNETT CRAIG
Published: April 2010

This paper identifies major strengths and weaknesses of the Australian Banking Sector with a focus on risk characteristics. It notes that: the major banks are among the most profitable globally; robust industry regulation is supported by transparent accounting policies and practices; and adequate capitalization is supported by good‐quality residential mortgages which form a high proportion of the major banks' balance sheets. Weaknesses include: intense competition, in both the loans and deposits segments, resulting in compressed net interest margins; and the risk of a modest rise in non‐performing assets due to softening of economic conditions, particularly as household debt remains high and continues to rise.
BANKING REGULATION: HAS THE PENDULUM SWUNG FAR ENOUGH?
Authors: COYNE T. J.
Published: April 2010

The growth of banking regulation over recent years is examined and the impact this has had on bank management are considered. Regulatory risk and compliance issues have been identified as major factors often distracting bank management from more strategic issues.
TURNING ISOLATION TO ADVANTAGE IN REGIONAL COST—BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Authors: DOBES LEO
Published: April 2010

Projects in small regional communities are rarely subjected to cost–benefit analysis, partly because of the perceived difficulty and cost of doing so. However, the very isolation of such communities means that well‐established analytical techniques used for transport projects can be used to estimate the costs and benefits of government provision of goods and services.