bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Ego Defense Mechanisms, and Empathy among Urban Paramedics
Authors: Grevin Francine
Published: August 2011

Although numerous studies have indicated that paramedics experience high occupational stress, there has been a lack of research addressing the mental health implications of this elevated stress on these emergency workers. Related constructs such as the coping mechanisms and personality characteristics of paramedics have also been neglected. Groups of experienced paramedics ( n = 120) and paramedic students ( n = 105) were, therefore, assessed for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the extent and mode of ego defense utilization, and empathy. Analyses indicated that 20% of the experienced paramedics and 22% of the paramedic students appear to be suffering from trauma as measured by the MMPI-2 PK Scale. Denial and Repression scores were significantly high compared to normative samples for both groups, while Regression and Reaction Formation scores were significantly low. Both the paramedics and paramedic students had significantly low scores on Empathy. It is suggested that paramedics may be predisposed to these personality traits and that high denial and low empathy serve as functionally adaptive mechanisms in a chronically stressful work environment.
High Schoolers' Masturbatory Practices: Their Relationship to Sexual Intercourse and Personal Characteristics
Authors: Smith Anthony M. A. , Rosenthal Doreen A. , Reichler Heidi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the self-reported masturbatory experiences of high schoolers and the relationships between masturbation and sexual intercourse and personal characteristics of these young people. A total of 436 suburban Australian adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age participated. Boys were more likely to report ever having masturbated (58.5% versus 42.7%) and to have done so more frequently than girls (38.2% versus 8.7% reporting masturbating three or more times a week). While there was no significant sex difference in the age of initiation of masturbation, there was some evidence that girls began masturbation earlier than boys. Whether sexual intercourse replaced or supplemented masturbation as a sexual practice could not be resolved, but there was evidence that masturbation was positively correlated with sexual self-esteem. Young people whose parents provided a more open environment for the discussion of sexuality were more likely to report having masturbated, although the environment had a complex relationship with masturbatory practices as did young people's self-rated physical maturity compared to their peers. A range of social and contextual factors must be explored to understand more fully this important component of young people's sexual experience.
Self-Monitoring as a Personality Correlate of Materialism: An Investigation of Related Cognitive Orientation
Authors: Chatterjee Anindya , Hunt James M.
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 170 undergraduate students, scores on Snyder's Self-monitoring scale were correlated .85 with scores on Richins and Dawson's Materialism scale. This suggests that the constructs reflect a similar externally focused cognitive orientation. In addition, stepwise regression indicated that variance in Self-monitoring scores is explained largely by the success and centrality components of Materialism. Since these components entail a characteristic use of external contextual cues, their predictive efficacy lends further support to an explanation of construct relationship grounded in individuals' cognitive orientation.
Intuition: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Shirley Debbie A. , Langan-Fox Janice
Published: August 2011

This paper is a review of the available literature on intuition and related concepts, including tacit knowledge, insight, and creativity. Definitions of intuition are discussed, and attempts have been made to distinguish among intuition, insight, and creativity. Relationships between intuition and tacit knowledge, and intuition and creativity are explored. Types of intuition as proposed by Vaughan in 1979 and Goldberg in 1989 are described, as are hypotheses about how intuition works. Available empirical research is presented, along with a number of possible avenues for other research.
Reliability Estimates of the Internal Control Index among UK Samples
Authors: Maltby John , Cope Clare Diane
Published: August 2011

To facilitate the use of the Internal Control Index among UK adults estimates of reliability were calculated among Northern Irish and English samples ( N = 160, N = 108, N = 92). Support was found for the over-all reliability of the scale (a ranging from .86 to .87 for all 3 samples); however, consistent with previous research in the USA, Items 12 and 17 of the scale perform inadequately. Researchers may continue to examine the relationship between these two items and the rest of the Internal Control Index when using the scale in the future to establish the unidimensionality of this measure of locus of control.
Effect of Infants on Adult Social Relations in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri Sciureus)
Authors: Aruguete Mara S. , Mason William A.
Published: August 2011

7 groups of squirrel monkeys were observed to assess the effect of infants on social interactions and interanimal distances among adult members of their natal groups. Each group contained one or two infants, 5 to 7 months of age at the start of the study. Infants initiated affiliative and playful interactions with all adults, whereas adults directed few, mostly antagonistic, interactions toward infants. Following the removal of infants from groups, distances between adults decreased and adult affiliative interactions increased more than 100%. The results indicate that infants within the age-range examined can have a pervasive, primarily inhibitory, influence on adult social relationships.
Concurrent Validity of the Wisc-Iii and Stanford-Binet Iv
Authors: Rust James O. , Lindstrom Alan
Published: August 2011

WISC-III and Stanford-Binet IV IQs were correlated for 57 volunteers (27 boys and 30 girls of ages 6 to 17 years) who were tested by 37 graduate students. Order of testing was not counterbalanced. Full Scale IQs on the WISC-III correlated .81 with the Test Composite Standard Age Scores of the Stanford-Binet IV. The average difference between the two tests was less than 2 IQ points. Although the average difference between the two tests was not significant, for some children it was large. Caution is urged when using these assessment instruments as if they provide similar scores.
Personality Deviance Scales: Primary Scale Norms for Older Adults of the General Population
Authors: Bedford Alan , Fowkes F. G. R.
Published: August 2011

Consequent to finding that the primary but not the secondary scales of the Personality Deviance Scales were retrieved in a factor analysis of a general population of older adults (774 men and 740 women), normative data are provided for the first time for the primary scales.
Which Train Might Pass the Tunnel First? Testing a Learning Context Suitable for Children
Authors: Mühlherr Anke , Siemann Martina
Published: August 2011

This article describes a nonverbal learning setting, using a miniature railway game, suitable for learning experiments with younger children. To test the setting a brief study on transitive responding was carried out. Children aged between 3 and 6 years were trained with pairs of different coloured trains A + B−, B + C−, C + D−, and D + E− conveying an hierarchical 5-term series A←B←C←D←E (where an arrow represents the relation: ‘A’ may pass the tunnel before ‘B’). Afterwards they were tested for transitivity with the novel test pair BD. The children learned the task quickly. On the average, they showed transitive decisions when confronted with test pair BD. However, among those children who reached the learning criterion, the 3- to 4-yr.-olds showed weaker transitivity than the 5- to 6-yr.-old children. The setting proved to be highly acceptable to the children. It can be potentially varied for operant conditioning tasks with younger children.
Juvenile Male Sex Offenders: Mean Scores on the Basc Self-Report of Personality
Authors: Dalton John E.
Published: August 2011

A battery of psychological tests was administered to a sample of 21 boys, ages 8 through 11, who were alleged to have committed an act of sexual aggression The group profile on the BASC Self-report of Personality was very close to the mean scores provided in the manual for normal children.
Self-Esteem: Moderator or Mediator between Perceived Stress and Expectancy of Success?
Authors: Abel Millicent H.
Published: August 2011

Relationships between perceived stress, self-esteem, and expectancy of success were examined, and the moderating and mediating effects of self-esteem between perceived stress and expectancy of success were explored. Participants (48 women, 27 men) completed self-rating scales measuring perceived stress, self-esteem, and expectancy of success. Negative relationships were obtained between perceived stress and self-esteem and between perceived stress and expectancy of success Self-esteem and expectancy of success were positively associated. Moderated multiple regression analysis yielded no moderating effect of self-esteem between perceived stress and expectancy of success; however, a mediating effect of self-esteem was obtained using regression techniques.
Types of Criminal Acts Women are Likely to Commit
Authors: Simon Rita J.
Published: August 2011

In their article, Trice and Lamb misrepresented my 1975 work on women and crime by suggesting that I predicted that there would be a big increase in violent crime among young women as they become more “masculinized.” In fact, what was predicted was that, as more women entered the labor force, there would be a significant increase in property offenses, mostly white collar and financial crimes on the part of women.
Australian Norms on Eysenck's Short Personality Test
Authors: Henningham J. P.
Published: August 2011

Eysenck's 1958 12-item test of Neuroticism and Extraversion was applied to a random sample of 262 Australian adults in a telephone survey. Items clustered in the predicted dimensions, with the scales showing a Cronbach alpha of .64 for Neuroticism and .53 for Extraversion. No significant sex difference was found on either dimension; Australians' scores were significantly higher than those of English subjects on Extraversion, but lower on Neuroticism. The test is considered useful in field situations or market research where a quick indicator of two dimensions of personality is sought
Domestic Protests and Rates of Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The number of protests in West Germany from 1965 to 1989 was not associated with suicide or homicide rates, which failed to replicate results previously reported for Canada.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/Conversion Disorder
Authors: Anderson Rebecca Cogwell , Matloub Hani , Dzwierzynski William W.
Published: August 2011

Both reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and conversion disorder are difficult to diagnose and treat. The following article depicts a situation in which diagnosis presents a particular challenge and suggests ways of applying both medicine and psychology in the treatment of this complex problem.
Intrafamilial Assaults, Disturbed Eating Behaviors, and Further Victimization
Authors: Baldo Tracy D. Bostwick , Baldo Anthony J.
Published: August 2011

For 390 university women, greater incidence of sexual assaults was correlated .23 with classification as showing more severely disturbed eating behaviors, and incidence of intrafamilial assaults was correlated .21 with greater frequencies of sexual assaults by both family and nonfamily members.
Gender Awareness Education in Organizations
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , MacDermid Graeme
Published: August 2011

North American organizations have become increasingly interested in removing barriers to women in career advancement. One common initiative in this regard is the promotion to men and women of education on gender awareness. The limited writing on this topic provides rationales as well as descriptions of typical course content but almost no evaluations of these initiatives. We conclude that education on gender awareness is unlikely to change men's attitudes successfully and is best envisioned as an introduction to more wide ranging efforts to level the organizational playing field.
Long-Term Outcomes of Early Victimization by Peers among Japanese Male University Students: Model of a Vicious Cycle
Authors: Matsui Tamao , Tsuzuki Yukie , Kakuyama Takashi , Onglatco Mary-Lou
Published: August 2011

For Japanese male university students ( N = 134) as subjects, self-reported victimization by peers during junior high school was correlated with current scores on self-esteem and depression only for subjects who reported low self-esteem and high depression prior to victimization.
Relative Importance of College Life for Japanese Students
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki
Published: August 2011

Analyses of responses to a questionnaire given to 1074 college students in Japan indicated that most frequently men and women were present-oriented across all the school years. The percentage of senior men who were present-oriented was lower than in prior years, and the percentages of past- and the future-oriented senior men were higher than in prior years.
Technology for Sex Selection: Current Status and Utilization
Authors: Steinbacher Roberta , Gilroy Faith D.
Published: August 2011

Research focusing on potential users of technology for sex selection and their preference for firstborn sons is reviewed in light of technological advances. Further study of personality characteristics of users is proposed as well as identification of interpersonal dynamics occurring within a couple having divergent preferences for sex of offspring.
The Quest for a Perfect Spouse: Spousal Ratings and Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Kosek Robert B.
Published: August 2011

The present paper examined the relationship between spousal ratings of personality and self-reports of marital satisfaction. 107 heterosexual couples were administered the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised to appraise the five domains of personality and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test to evaluate marital satisfaction. The analysis indicated scores for all the personality domains were significant predictors of scores on marital satisfaction for both men and women, with Agreeableness being the most robust.
College Students' Attitudes toward Finding a Mate to Escape Depression: Sex Differences
Authors: McNeill Kevin F. , Rienzi Beth M. , Butler Melanie A. , Doty Meisha L.
Published: August 2011

College student respondents ( n = 128) were compared on their consideration of finding a mate or significant other as a strategy for a hypothetical teacher (“Terry”) displaying symptoms of dysthymic disorder (DSM-IV criteria). The sex of “Terry” was manipulated by descriptive pronoun (he or she) only. Analysis indicated differences based on sex of Terry and sex of respondent. Respondents favored finding a mate for the hypothetical male more than the female. Men, more than women, supported finding a mate or significant other for the teacher.
Problems of Conditioning Xenopus Laevis Tadpoles with Standard Avoidance-Response Learning Paradigms
Authors: Uretsky Michael E. , Rahwan Ralf G.
Published: August 2011

The amphibian Xenopus laevis embryo (tadpole) provides a satisfactory alternative to mammalian screening for structural teratogens. Testing was undertaken to extend the usefulness of this species for behavioral teratogenicity testing. One simple and eight operant conditioning paradigms were examined: none elicited learning in Xenopus embryos. Adaptation to the conditioning stimulus (light) and freezing in response to the unconditioned stimulus (shock) were responses incompatible with conditioned learning.
Emotional Control, Depression and Suicidality
Authors: Diggs Karen Ann , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Emotional expressiveness was negatively associated with depression scores of 30 female nurses and 29 male college students, but positively for 31 female college students.
Affiliation, Urban Size, Urgency, and Cost of Responses to Lost Letters
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Coady Neil P.
Published: August 2011

A study using 420 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypothesis that returned responses would be larger from small towns than from suburbs or cities unless the addressee was affiliated with a nonpolitical group. Percent returns to control, Pesticide Action Network, Immigration Law Enforcement Monitoring Project, Network for the Enforcement of Humane Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and the KlanWatch affiliates were 60.7%, 59.5%, 56.0%, 44.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. Responses from the city were generally fewer than those from suburbs except for Pesticide or Immigration Law affiliations. Urban responses were always fewer than those from small towns. Urgency and cost did not influence returns. The lost letter technique seems suitable as a research tool for inferring public opinion toward nonpolitical, emotionally subtle social issues.
Acquisition of High-Risk Behavior by African-American, Latino, and Caucasian Middle-School Students
Authors: Westhoff Wayne W. , McDermott Robert J. , Harokopos Voula
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure the stages of acquisition of selected high-risk health behaviors in 768 randomly selected 7th- and 8th-graders in a Florida school district. Specific high-risk health behaviors included use of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, fighting and weapon carrying, and suicide ideation. Analysis indicated few behaviors that were significantly different when African-American and Lad-no students were compared with Caucasian students. The most weapon carrying was reported by Latinos. Fewer Caucasian students than their minority peers used inhalants. Knowledge of stages of acquisition among small diverse samples may assist school personnel to intervene during tine inculcation process with appropriate responsive programs.
Response Bias in Self-Reported History of Plaintiffs Compared with Nonlitigating Patients
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R. , Williams Christopher W. , English Lue T.
Published: August 2011

Response bias refers to systematic error in the data produced by patients or research subjects, e.g., due to erroneous recall or reporting. In forensic settings, response bias appears to be associated with the nature of the proceedings. The present study tested whether patients in litigation exhibit different response patterns than nonlitigating patients when asked about their preinjury problems. 34 litigants and 80 nonlitigants rated various areas of cognitive and emotional functioning as problematic in the past and currently. The primary finding was that plaintiffs reported preinjury functioning superior to that of controls. These findings suggest the need for caution in inferences that litigants are either reliable or deceitful because response biases may affect self-reports in a misleading fashion.
MMPI Performance of Central American Refugees and Mexican Immigrants
Authors: Clark Shelia , Lichtszajn Jose , Callahan Wendell J. , Velasquez Roberto J.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the MMPI scores of Central American refugees from Guatemala and El Salvador to those of Mexican immigrants. It was expected that subjects from Guatemala and El Salvador would obtain higher scores on the F, D, Pa, and Sc scales because these subjects came from “war-torn” countries. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded no significant differences between the three groups on any of the validity and clinical scales including F, D, Pa, and Sc. Recommendations for cross-national research ace noted especially in light of the new version, or MMPI-2.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Participative Decision-Making Scale for Student Nurses
Authors: Wilson Alexander , Pike Eileen , Pauley Chris , Chalykoff Geraldine , Gilbert Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The Participative Decision-making Scale for Nurses was administered before and after a six-week interval to 30 nursing students in the final semester of their programme. Reliability coefficients for the four subscales, with the exception of the clinical subscale, were of reasonable magnitude (range .42 to .62).
Autonomy of Classroom Belief Items in Rotter's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Anazonwu Charles O.
Published: August 2011

The independence of three paired classroom belief items (Nos. 5, 10, and 23) inRotter's I-E Scale as a possible subclass was identified in a study in which 129 men and 131 women undergraduate students ( M age = 24.3 yr.) were subjects and illustrated here by applying the ratio of internal scores per item with the total 23 I-E items.
Students Tend to Overestimate Their Course Performance
Authors: Wesp Richard , Montgomery Kathleen , Jacobson Charles
Published: August 2011

Students in 84 courses estimated their grades as part of a confidential evaluation at the end of the course. Class average predictions were compared with average grades for those classes. A high portion of classes overestimate their actual performance.
Studies in the History of Psychology: CVI. An Appreciation of Fred S. Keller, 1899–1996
Authors: Dinsmoor James A.
Published: August 2011

To casual acquaintances, Fred S. Keller may have been known chiefly for his excessive humility, his deadpan wit, his winning way with words, and his propensity for noting and reinforcing the best of the behavior of everyone with whom he came into contact. But to those familiar with the history of the experimental analysis of behavior he was also known as an innovative figure who introduced the use of nonverbal organisms as the laboratory material for the first course in psychology, as coauthor with W. N. Schoenfeld of the classic textbook in the analysis of behavior, as an academic progenitor of something like half of the first generation of behavior analysts, as the founder of scientific psychology in Brazil, and as the principal author of a teaching procedure known as the Personalized System of Instruction.
The Family Environment of Students Self-Appraised as Effective and Ineffective Problem Solvers
Authors: Pretorius T. Brian
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in the family environment of students who appraised themselves as either effective or ineffective problem solvers. Subjects ( n = 423) were undergraduate students at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Of these, 128 subjects who scored either 1 standard deviation above the mean on the Problem Solving Inventory (effective problem solvers) or 1 standard deviation below the mean (ineffective problem solvers) were compared in terms of the dimensions of the Family Environment Scale. Hotelling T and univariate t tests indicated a significant difference between the two groups. The Effective problem-solving group was characterised by higher scores on Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, Moral-Religious Emphasis, and Organization as well as lower scores on Conflict. These results appear consistent with the importance attached to family environment as an important influence in personality development.
Social Stress, Homicide, and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A social stress index for American states in 1980 did not add to the predictability of state suicide rates over that obtained from previously identified factors of social characteristics but did so for homicide rates.
Clock Drawing in Schizophrenia
Authors: Tracy Joseph I. , de Leon Jose , Doonan Robert , Musciente John , Ballas Timothy , Josiassen Richard C.
Published: August 2011

The Clock Drawing Test, a task sensitive to cognitive decline in neurological groups, was administered to 27 patients with schizophrenia. Clock drawings were scored for over-all global performance and the frequency of specific qualitative errors. Mean global performance scores indicated a small proportion of the sample was below the threshold typically used to identify dementia, and the patients displayed qualitative Clock Drawing deficits not fully represented in the global performance measure. Qualitative analyses indicated that size errors, graphic difficulty, and spatial planning problems were most common. Lastly, duration of illness was not related to global performance, suggesting that the latter might not reflect deterioration but the stable trajectory of impairment that may be constant through the schizophrenia illness.
Sources Used by Education Students to Conceptualize Learning Disabilities
Authors: Flynn Mark , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

An earlier investigation indicated that the education students in this sample gave estimates of the prevalence of learning disabilities that were 4 times greater than those given by experts. In the present study, we identified the sources of information these students used to conceptualize and estimate the prevalence of these disabilities. These 140 first-year education students cited direct contact with persons identified as learning disabled as the primary individual source and personal experience as the primary type of source they used to form conceptions of learning disabilities. These findings raise questions about the effects exposure to possible stereotypes of learning disabilities and their resolution may have on the practices of educators. Faculty must present research to students so stereotypical views of pupils who have difficulty learning in school and the solutions to their problems are questioned.
Relational Dimensions of Dog Ownership
Authors: Walton John R. , McConocha Diane M.
Published: August 2011

The objective was to identify the perceptual dimensions which underlie the relationship between a dog and its owner. Perceptions of 248 dog owners concerning their dogs' skills and activities were assessed. A principal factor analysis yielded dimensions of freedom and privileges of a family member, advanced skills, and basic skills. Their interrelations are discussed and some consequences explored.
Inequality of Income and Rates of Violence in Caucasian and Black Groups
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1947 to 1972 in the United States of America, inequality of income was associated with lower Caucasian homicide rates and lower black suicide rates.
Influence of Ego Strength on Associations of Alexithymia and Depression
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Miguchi Masahiro , Nishihara Yukako
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of scores for ego strength with the scores on a measure of alexithymia and with depressive symptoms in two samples of 260 college students and 92 psychiatric outpatients. In both samples, scores on alexithymia were significantly correlated with those for depressive symptoms; however, correlations became nonsignificant when scores for ego strength were controlled for. The results suggest that the association between alexithymia scores and depressive symptoms is decreased by lower scores for ego strength.
Response of Cooperators and Competitors in a Simulated Arms Race
Authors: Stone Brenda , Jones Cindy , Betz Brian
Published: August 2011

40 subjects classified by social value orientation as cooperators or competitors played a six-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game in which a simulated participant employed a strategy of Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction. Cooperators and competitors did not differ in cooperation, and both groups responded cooperatively to the strategy.
The Civilization of Violence
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In France from 1853 to 1908, suicide rates were associated with lower birth rates and a higher percentage of illegitimate births, throwing doubt on the hypothesis of Gillis that suicide increases as nations become more “civilized.”
Factor Structure of the WAIS-R Italian Version Compared with American and British Solutions
Authors: Laicardi Caterina , Frustaci Antonio , Lauriola Marco
Published: August 2011

The WAIS-R was administered to a sample of 180 young Italian adults (aged 19 to 35 years). A principal components analysis was conducted on the 11 subtests to investigate the factor structure. According to the criteria of extraction, one- and three-factor solutions are discussed. The oblique rotation provided evidence for three correlated factors, 1: Verbal, 2: Perceptual Organization, and 3: Freedom from Distractibility. However, to compare Italian results with those obtained in the USA and UK, an orthogonal rotation was performed. High coefficients of congruence point to similarity of factor loading matrices in all three countries.
Breast Feeding and Children's Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Dale L. , Swank Paul R. , Howie Virgil M. , Baldwin Constance D. , Owen Mary
Published: August 2011

Breast feeding was reported in 1992 by Lucas, et al. to provide advantages for the development of intelligence in children of low birth weight, possibly through nutrients or other biological factors found in human breast milk but not cow's milk. Research on breast feeding and intelligence in children of normal birth weight has yielded mixed results, probably because measurement of environmental influences has not been thorough and the range of intelligence components measured has been limited. Our research with 204 3-year-old children of normal birth weight included control measures for the environment and maternal intelligence (Hollings-head socioeconomic status, Home Observation for the Measured Environment, Shipley) and two measures of childhood intelligence (Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised). Controlling for environmental variables and maternal intelligence, initiation of breast feeding predicted scores on intelligence tests at age three. Breast feeding was associated with 4.6-point higher mean in children's intelligence.
A Short Measure of Perceived Empathy
Authors: Plank Richard E. , Minton Ann P. , Reid David A.
Published: August 2011

This paper concerns the development of a short measure of perceived empathy. Developed in the context of research on sales performance, the scale provided indicators for perceived empathy as both a cognitive as well as an affective construct. While not being able to differentiate cleanly between affective and cognitive empathy, the resulting single-factor scale demonstrates good internal consistency and validity, being predictive of successful versus unsuccessful sales encounters.
Emotional States and Perceived Family Functioning of Caregivers of Chronically Ill Children
Authors: Labbé Elise E.
Published: August 2011

Emotional status and perception of family functioning of 32 primary caregivers of children with Battens disease was compared to 11 primary caregivers of children with chronic and less severe medical illnesses. The former caregivers were significantly more depressed, anxious, perceived their families as less cohesive and reported greater negative effects on their schedule and health than the latter group.
Reliability of the Weak Opiate Withdrawal Scale for Inner-City Opiate Users
Authors: Juni Samuel , Hanson Meredith , Ottomanelli Gennaro
Published: August 2011

The reliability (Kuder-Richardson 20) of the 84-item Weak Opiate Withdrawal Scale was estimated for a sample of 70 inner-city men who used opiates and had passed through the acute withdrawal stage. Analysis suggested modification of the scale to exclude negatively worded as well as cognitively sophisticated items which elicit unreliable and paradoxical responses from this population.
Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, and Stress
Authors: de Brabander B. , Hellemans J. , Boone C. , Gerits P.
Published: August 2011

We explored the relations among locus of control, sensation seeking, and stress ( N = 68 students). Corroborating evidence was found that subjects with an external locus of control are more vulnerable to stress. Subjects scoring higher on the thrill and adventure seeking-dimension of sensation seeking reported less severe physical and psychological complaints thought to be associated with stress. These results suggest that high sensation seeking is associated with protective mechanisms against life-stress. Some possible intervening mechanisms are further discussed.
Concurrent Validity of the Work Addiction Risk Test as a Measure of Workaholism
Authors: Robinson Bryan E.
Published: August 2011

The Work Addiction Risk Test was administered, with a measure of anxiety and two measures of Type A behavior, to 363 undergraduates at a major southern institution to test for concurrent validity. Correlations of scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test with other scores support the scale as a valid measure of workaholism.
Risk Perceptions in Australia
Authors: Finucane Melissa L. , Maybery Murray T.
Published: August 2011

Research on perceptions of risk in Australia began only recently. Typically, data from other countries were used to determine what hazards might be considered most and least risky by the Australian public. Relying on overseas data is problematic, however, because cultural contexts may influence risk perceptions. To address the paucity of data on risk perceptions in Australia, we obtained relative risk ratings for 30 hazardous technologies and activities from 40 Australian undergraduate students. The results suggested that, while there are some similarities with other countries, there are also some unique features in Australian risk perceptions. Researchers should investigate the reasons underlying similarities and differences in risk perceptions across cultures.
The Modal Study on Premenstrual Syndrome or Tension: A Content Analysis of 315 Recent Abstracts along Global Dimensions
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

From 315 abstracts from Psychological Abstracts (January 1990-February 1996), the modal current study dealing with premenstrual syndrome or tension has a within-subjects design and includes 20 to 80 nonpathological subjects. Conclusions based on prospective self-reports are that negative psychological and somatic ratings increase premenstrually or menstrually and that changes are more pronounced (and scores higher) for groups who are identified with symptoms.
Co-Sleeping: Gender Differences in College Students' Retrospective Reports of Sleeping with Parents during Childhood
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Zentall Shannon
Published: August 2011

161 women and 111 men, Caucasian college students, provided retrospective information about their patterns of sleeping during childhood. The practice of co-sleeping was common, with 33.7% reporting that they co-slept in their parents' room during their first week after birth, 29.4% during the first month after birth, and 27.5% during their second month after birth. In addition, 6.3% of women and 11.9% of men reported that they co-slept during the entire first year after birth. Finally, a sex-specific pattern of co-sleeping was found with more women reporting that they co-slept with their parents during their first week and first month after birth, but a greater percentage of men than women reported that they co-slept with their parents at older ages. It appears that girls are removed from the parents' room at a younger age and more frequently than are boys.
Effects of Teacher Assistance Teams on Special Education Referrals in Elementary Schools
Authors: Short Rick Jay , Talley Ronda C.
Published: August 2011

School-based problem-solving teams recently have received much attention as a possible support for children who are at risk for school failure and for over-referral to special education. However, no controlled studies of the effects of such teams on numbers of referrals for special education or for proportion of appropriate referrals for special education have been conducted. The lack of adequate research concerning school-based problem-solving teams, coupled with the widespread promotion of their use, suggests that further study of such teams is important. In this study, we investigated the effect of one team model, Teacher Assistance Teams, on special education referrals in elementary schools of a large urban district. To address limitations of previous research, schools with such teams were compared with those without across several years of implementation. Analysis yielded a significant decrease in referrals in both groups of schools but no significant differences between groups. These findings may be explained by the context in which both groups of schools functioned.
Academic Performance in Creative Students
Authors: Fontao María Del Pilar González
Published: August 2011

We analyzed the importance of creativity in academic performance testing a sample of 1125 compulsory secondary education students (Autonomous Community of Galicia). Scores on creativity were not associated with students' academic performance in different subject matters or total performance.
Update on the Battle for Psychological Testing Rights, 1997
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: August 2011

A vital issue of great concern to professionals who engage in psychological assessment in the conduct of their private practices has recently arisen on a national scale. The issue involves the qualifications of test users. In a number of states Boards of Examiners in Psychology have been challenging mental health professionals who are not psychologists in an effort to restrain them from using certain psychological tests. This article discusses the controversies that have erupted since 1994 on the issue of who is qualified to use psychological tests.
Religion and Psychological Well-Being in Later Life
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Bolger Julia
Published: August 2011

A sample of 50 retired civil servants completed the Bradburn Balanced Affect Scale together with measures of personal prayer and public church attendance. No significant association emerged between psychological well-being and religion.
Comparison of WISC-R and WISC-III Scores of Urban Exceptional Students
Authors: Carlton Martha , Sapp Gary L.
Published: August 2011

WISC-R IQs and WISC-III IQs of 65 urban, exceptional students who underwent a 3-yr. reevaluation were compared. Primary questions concerned (a) mean differences in scores between respective WISC-R and WISC-III scales and subtests and (b) the relationships among scores on WISC-R and WISC-III scales and subtests. Analysis indicated that mean scores on the WISC-III scales were significantly lower than those on the WISC-R scales. Among the subtests, WISC-III IQs were significantly lower than WISC-R IQs on Similarities, Comprehension, and Coding. Intercorrelations computed between all Wechsler scales' IQs indicated substantial conceptual overlap (Full Scale IQ = .88, Verbal IQ = .86, Performance IQ = .82). The utility of the WISC-III in the placement process was supported; however, the changes on the WISC-III scales and subtests are such that caution must be exercised in the reclassification of exceptional students.
Is Alexithymia a Culture-Bound Construct? Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Versions of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Nakagawa Takayuki , Nakamura Hiroshi , Kikuchi Michiko , Takubo Mariko
Published: August 2011

The possibility remains that alexithymia is a culture-bound construct. The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire, testing two samples of 473 college students and 149 psychiatric outpatients. The face validity and internal consistencies were suggested by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, relatively high test-retest correlations, and high specificity and sensitivity. The Japanese versions of these two alexithymia scales therefore seem suitable for use among college students and psychiatric outpatients. However, there were several problematic points which may be associated with cultural differences.
Satisfaction with the Social Work Profession: A Ten-Year Analysis of Undergraduate Students' Perceptions
Authors: Hanson James G. , McCullagh James G.
Published: August 2011

A 10-yr. study of 746 social work undergraduates' perceived satisfaction with seven factors related to their career choice suggested high satisfaction with social work as a career; with the purposes and functions of social work, and the students' initial volunteer experience. There were no significant changes in satisfaction over the 10-yr. period, which findings parallel those of other studies in which similar methods have been used with practicing social workers.
Personality Disorders in Psoriasis
Authors: Berger Douglas , Fukunishi Isao
Published: August 2011

Rubino and Zanna (5) have responded to our comments (1) on their report (4) on the association of personality disorders with psoriasis and have presented data comparing the personality characteristics of psoriasis patients with those in urticaria patients. The problems that remain with their methodology are that dental controls may not be equivalent to dermatologic conditions, and in the urticaria study, no data on premorbid functioning were provided to differentiate state vs trait phenomena, and they did not control for duration of illness.
Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory with a Homeless Sample
Authors: Frohlich Katherine L. , Fournier Louise
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory with a sample of homeless men who were first-time shelter users. The measure, based on social exchange theory and equity theory, has two subscales, one for support and the other for conflict. As yet, few measurements have been developed to assess conflict from within social networks. As part of a larger longitudinal study a sample of 166 first-time shelter users was administered the inventory. A student sample also filled out the inventory for comparison purposes. Internal consistency for both subscales was good, .90 for Support and .83 for Conflict. Weak interitem correlations were prevalent among many items in the Conflict subscale. A nearly zero correlation was found between scores on the Support and Conflict subscales, suggesting independence. An exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation confirmed a dual factor structure. Analyses of variance and Scheffé contrast tests detected no statistically significant differences between age groups on either the Support or the Conflict subscales. A multiple regression analysis indicated that, when controlling for age, scores on the Support scale discriminated the homeless and student samples, while scores on the Conflict subscale do not. The Support subscale indicates excellent psychometric qualities, while the Conflict subscale should be refined.
Satisfaction and Trust in Intimate Relationships: Do Lesbians and Heterosexual Women Differ?
Authors: Zak Ann , McDonald Crystal
Published: August 2011

Although satisfaction and trust have received considerable attention in the literature on heterosexual relationships, little is known about lesbian relationships. Because females are socialized differently and acquire a different sexual script than males do, we predicted that lesbians would have similar goals regarding their relationships and, therefore, score higher on satisfaction and trust than heterosexual women. 50 lesbians and 50 heterosexual women were approached during lesbian and heterosexual social activities held at four colleges in the northeast and asked to complete a demographic survey and measures of satisfaction and trust. Findings partially supported our predictions.
The Academic Elite in Sociology, 1982–1995
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The 11 most highly rated doctoral programs in sociology in 1982 maintained their highly rated positions in 1995. These “elite” programs showed little or no change in their hiring faculty members from among their own and one another's graduates, which might account in part for the stability of their reputations.
Parental Divorce and Intimate Relationships of Young Adults
Authors: Westervelt Karen , Vandenberg Brian
Published: August 2011

This study examined associations among parental divorce, family conflict, sex, and young men's and women's achievement of intimacy. Analyses indicated that family conflict and sex, but not divorce, were significantly related to intimacy. Examination of those within the divorced group suggest that time of divorce, along with family conflict, were related to intimacy.
Effects of Sex of Caller, Implied Sexual Orientation of Caller, and Urgency on Altruistic Response Using the Wrong Number Technique
Authors: Gore Kim Y. , Tobiasen Michael A. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

This study using the wrong number technique focussed on the effects of sex of caller, sexual orientation of caller, and urgency on the altruistic response of making a call. In a 2 (sex)×2 (heterosexual or homosexual)×2 (“last quarter” or “no more change”) factorial design the dependent variable was the number of seconds taken for a return telephone call. A woman or man asking for a boyfriend or girlfriend were helped faster than homosexual ones. Further research exploring the ways people of different sexual orientations are responded to is recommended.
Making Attributions to the Physician following Closing Arguments of a Simulated Medical Malpractice Suit: Jurors' Sex, Health Locus of Control, and Locus of Authority
Authors: Worthington Debra L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined jurors' health locus of control, locus of authority, sex, and attribution assigned to the physician in a simulated trial by subject-jurors. Subjects viewed videotaped closing arguments of a fictionalized medical malpractice case and assigned fault to each party in the case. The primary finding was that women tended to assign greater responsibility (57.00%) to the physician than did men (37.92%).
Social Correlates of Suicide Rates in Portugal
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Regional suicide rates in Portugal in 1980 were predicted by cirrhosis mortality rates, birth rates, and the male/female population ratios, but in the USA the associations were different.
Sense of Coherence, Negative Affectivity, and General Health in Farm Supervisors
Authors: Strümpfer D. J. W.
Published: August 2011

Interview schedules were administered, 9 mo. apart, to 79 male first-line supervisors. The first included the 13-item Sense of Coherence scale (Antonovsky) and the PANAS, from which the Negative Affectivity scale was used; the second included two graphic rating scales for general health. Scores on Sense of Coherence and Negative Affectivity correlated −.30, indicating that the relationship is not always strong enough to assume that the former scale measures the inverse of the latter. Scores on Sense of Coherence and health ratings correlated .26, reducing to .25 with Negative Affectivity partialled out. This supports the validity of the Sense of Coherence scale as a measure of Antonovsky's “salutogenesis” construct.
Psychosocial Beliefs of Medical Students Planning to Specialize in Family Medicine
Authors: Markham Fred W. , Diamond James J.
Published: August 2011

The psychosocial orientation of fourth-year medical students planning careers in family medicine was compared to those selecting other specialities using the Physician Belief Scale. This scale has shown that practicing family physicians have a greater psychosocial orientation than those in other specialities such as internal medicine. The current study was done to see whether students choosing family medicine already have this greater orientation before they begin training as residents. 664 fourth-year medical students received surveys during their senior year and 378 (57%) returned completed surveys. Female students had a significantly greater psychosocial orientation than their male peers, but there were no significant differences between students planning residencies in family medicine and those selecting other residencies. The greater orientation of family doctors would appear to be a product of further training and experience either during residency or later during the actual practice of family medicine.