bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexibility of the factorized form of the unitary coupled cluster Ansatz
Authors: Chen Jia , Cheng Hai-Ping , Freericks J. K.
Published: January 2022

The factorized form of the unitary coupled cluster Ansatz is a popular state preparation Ansatz for electronic structure calculations of molecules on quantum computers. It is often viewed as an approximation (based on the Trotter product formula) for the conventional unitary coupled cluster operator. In this work, we show that the factorized form is quite flexible, allowing one to range from a conventional configuration interaction, to conventional unitary coupled cluster, to efficient approximations that lie in between these two. The variational minimization of the energy often allows simpler factorized unitary coupled cluster approximations to achieve high accuracy, even if they do not accurately approximate the Trotter product formula. This is similar to how quantum approximate optimization algorithms can achieve high accuracy with a small number of levels.
Influence of appendages on the wake field of surface combatant based on stereoscopic particle image velocimetry
Authors: Xu Peng , Guo Chun-yu , Han Yang , Bi Xiao-jun , Kuai Yun-fei , Fan Yi-wei
Published: January 2022

As the supporting structure of a ship shafting, the shaft bracket has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic performance of the ship, especially the propulsion. To determine the influence of the shaft bracket and bilge keel on the wake field, we performed a surface combatant wake field experiment. The flow field of the model with/without appendages was measured in three different sections, and the wake field characteristics on the propeller disk with/without appendages were compared. The influence of the shaft bracket was investigated, revealing that the bilge keel exhibited a slight influence on the flow field, the shaft bracket can influence the wake field in the entire installation space, the influence of the outer bracket arm was more significant than the inner bracket arm, and flow separation occurred at the outer bracket arm. The shaft bracket exhibited a more significant influence on the area above the propeller disk, resulting in an uneven flow field. The vortices generated by the shaft bracket were paired in opposite directions, and the vortices generated by the outer support arm were dominant. The shaft bracket improved the turbulent kinetic energy and fluctuation velocity, increasing their local maxima. Simultaneously, the velocity boundary layer gradually thickened from front to back at different cross sections. The installation angle of the shaft bracket is critical for the uniformity of the propeller disk plane flow field. If the angle is excessively large, cavitation readily occurs, which has an adverse influence on the propeller.
Magnetic polarization selective spectroscopy of magnetic thin films probed by wideband crossed microstrip circuit in GHz regime
Authors: Arakawa Tomonori , Shiota Yoichi , Yamada Keisuke , Ono Teruo , Kon Seitaro
Published: January 2022

We have developed a method to obtain wideband magnetic polarization selective spectra of magnetic thin films by using circularly polarized microwaves. The combination of an over-coupled crossed microstrip resonator and a hybrid coupler enables broadband and accurate control of circularly polarized microwaves. The performance of the present method was demonstrated with an yttrium iron garnet thin film, and we detected the magnetic polarization dependence of a Kittel mode and a perpendicular standing spin wave mode in the range of 3–20 GHz. In addition, three types of crossed microstrip resonators were systematically studied with experiments and simulations. As a result, we achieved the polarization efficiency of 80% and found how to optimize the crossed microstrip resonator depending on the desired sensitivity, bandwidth, or sample size.
A symmetry-orientated divide-and-conquer method for crystal structure prediction
Authors: Shao Xuecheng , Lv Jian , Liu Peng , Shao Sen , Gao Pengyue , Liu Hanyu , Wang Yanchao , Ma Yanming
Published: January 2022

Crystal structure prediction has been a subject of topical interest but remains a substantial challenge especially for complex structures as it deals with the global minimization of the extremely rugged high-dimensional potential energy surface. In this paper, a symmetry-orientated divide-and-conquer scheme was proposed to construct a symmetry tree graph, where the entire search space is decomposed into a finite number of symmetry dependent subspaces. An artificial intelligence-based symmetry selection strategy was subsequently devised to select the low-lying subspaces with high symmetries for global exploration and in-depth exploitation. Our approach can significantly simplify the problem of crystal structure prediction by avoiding exploration of the most complex P1 subspace on the entire search space and has the advantage of preserving the crystal symmetry during structure evolution, making it well suitable for predicting the complex crystal structures. The effectiveness of the method has been validated by successful prediction of the candidate structures of binary Lennard-Jones mixtures and the high-pressure phase of ice, containing more than 100 atoms in the simulation cell. The work therefore opens up an opportunity toward achieving the long-sought goal of crystal structure prediction of complex systems.
Multi-functional liquid crystal elastomer composites
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Liu Jiaqi , Yang Shu
Published: January 2022

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), owing to their intrinsic anisotropic property and capability of generating programmable complex morphologies under heat, have been widely used for applications ranging from soft robotics, photonic devices, cell culture, to tissue engineering. To fulfill the applications under various circumstances, high actuation efficiency, high mechanical strength, large heat and electrical conductivity, or responses to multiple stimuli are required. Therefore, design and fabrication of LCE composites are a promising strategy to enhanced physical properties and offer additional stimuli responses to the LCEs such as light, electric, and magnetic fields. In this review, we focus on recent advances in LCE composites, where LCEs are defined as anisotropic elastomeric materials in a broader context. Classic LCE composites with metallic nanoparticles, magnetic particles, liquid metal, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivative, and carbon black, and LCE composites from cellulose nanocrystals within the polymer network where cellulose can provide the unique liquid crystal anisotropy will be discussed. We conclude with the challenges and future research opportunities.
Novel design for a polarizing DUV spectrometer using a Wollaston prism and its application as a diagnostic for measuring Thomson scattering data in the presence of strong self-emission backgrounds
Authors: Swadling G. F. , Katz J.
Published: January 2022

We present a novel design for an optical spectrometer for use in ultraviolet Thomson scattering measurements of plasma parameters in high energy density (HED) inertial confinement fusion experiments on large-scale high-energy laser facilities. In experiments investigating high-Z plasmas, the fidelity of measurements is commonly limited by signal/background ratios approaching or exceeding unity. An alpha barium borate Wollaston prism can provide both spectral dispersion and polarization channel separation, allowing simultaneous measurement of both the Thomson scattering signal and plasma self-emission along a single line of sight and in a single experiment, which should greatly improve data quality and reduce the opportunity cost of taking high quality measurements. We present a basic discussion of the design and a worked example of an instrument designed to take fourth harmonic electron plasma wave measurements in HED experiments at the OMEGA laser facility.
Effect of interfacial damping on high-frequency surface wave resonance on a nanostrip-bonded substrate
Authors: Yuan Wenlou , Nagakubo Akira , Ogi Hirotsugu
Published: January 2022

Since surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are often generated on substrates to which nanostrips are periodically attached, it is very important to consider the effect of an interface between the deposited strip and the substrate surface, which is an unavoidable issue in manufacturing. In this article, we propose a theoretical model that takes into account interface damping and calculate the dispersion relationships both for frequency and for attenuation of SAW resonance. These results show that the interface damping has an insignificant effect on resonance frequency; but, interestingly, attenuation of the SAW can decrease significantly in the high-frequency region as the interface damping increases. Using picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy, we confirm the validity of our theory; the experimental results show similar trends both for resonant frequency and attenuation in the SAW resonance. Furthermore, the resonant behavior of the SAW is simulated using the finite element method, and the intrinsic cause of interface damping on the vibrating system is discussed. These findings strongly indicate the necessity of considering interfacial damping in the design of SAW devices.
Nanobubble capillary force between parallel plates
Authors: Bird Eric , Liang Zhi
Published: January 2022

The aggregation of fine or ultrafine particles in liquid due to the nanobubble (NB) bridging capillary force is a key process for many industrial applications. The magnitude and direction of the NB capillary force (NBCF) are directly affected by the geometry of the NB gas bridge between two adjoining particles. Although the NBCF can be accurately measured using experimental techniques, it is very challenging to monitor the images of a NB capillary bridge in nanoscale spatial resolution in NBCF measuring experiments. As a result, the capillary force model that predicts the dependence of the NBCF on the geometry of the NB bridge has never been explicitly verified using experimental means. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to study the NBCF between two parallel plates. MD simulations can readily measure both the NB bridge geometry and the resulting NBCF, which allows us to explicitly verify the predictions from the capillary force model. Our modeling results show that the capillary force model gives a good prediction of the NBCF for both concave and convex NB capillary bridges. Furthermore, with the assumption of constant contact angle and number of gas atoms inside the capillary bridge, we develop an improved capillary force model, which predicts the variation of the bridge geometry and the NBCF with the separation between two parallel surfaces. The continuum predictions from the improved capillary force model are corroborated by the MD simulation results and are consistent with the existing experimental data on NBCFs between two solid surfaces.
GaN lateral polar junction arrays with 3D control of doping by supersaturation modulated growth: A path toward III-nitride superjunctions
Authors: Szymanski Dennis , Khachariya Dolar , Eldred Tim B. , Bagheri Pegah , Washiyama Shun , Chang Alexander , Pavlidis Spyridon , Kirste Ronny , Reddy Pramod , Kohn Erhard , Lauhon Lincoln , Collazo Ramon , Sitar Zlatko
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate a pathway employing crystal polarity controlled asymmetric impurity incorporation in the wide bandgap nitride material system to enable 3D doping control during the crystal growth process. The pathway involves polarity specific supersaturation modulated growth of lateral polar structures of alternating Ga- and N-polar GaN domains. A STEM technique of integrated differential phase contrast is used to image the atomic structure of the different polar domains and their single atomic plane boundaries. As a demonstration, 1 μm wide alternating Ga- and N-polar GaN domains exhibiting charge balanced and periodic domains for superjunction technology were grown. The challenges in characterizing the resulting 3D doping profile were addressed with atom probe tomography with atomic scale compositional resolution corroborating capacitance measurements and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy analysis.
Sensitivity analysis of chaotic dynamical systems using a physics-constrained data-driven approach
Authors: Karbasian Hamid R. , Vermeire Brian C.
Published: January 2022

This study proposes a new physics-constrained data-driven approach for sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of large-scale chaotic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). Unlike conventional sensitivity analysis, the proposed approach can manipulate the unsteady sensitivity function (i.e., tangent) for PDE-constrained optimizations. In this new approach, high-dimensional governing equations from physical space are transformed into an unphysical space (i.e., Hilbert space) to develop a closure model in the form of a Reduced-Order Model (ROM). This closure model is derived explicitly from the governing equations to set strong constraints on manifolds in Hilbert space. Afterward, a new data sampling method is proposed to build a data-driven approach for this framework. A series of least squares minimizations are set in the form of a novel auto-encoder system to solve this closure model. To compute sensitivities, least-squares shadowing minimization is applied to the ROM. It is shown that the proposed approach can capture sensitivities for large-scale chaotic dynamical systems, where finite difference approximations fail.
A data assimilation model for wall pressure-driven mean flow reconstruction
Authors: Li Sen , He Chuangxin , Liu Yingzheng
Published: January 2022

This study establishes a continuous adjoint data assimilation model (CADA) for the reproduction of global turbulent mean flow from a limited number of wall pressure measurements. The model-form error induced by the Boussinesq assumption is corrected by a body force vector, which reinforces the eddy viscosity-based Reynolds force vector. The Stokes–Helmholtz decomposition is applied to this Reynolds force vector to isolate the crucial information contained with the Reynolds stress, and the primary-adjoint system is solved only for the anisotropic components. The CADA model is theoretically derived to minimize discrepancies between the wall pressure measurements and the numerical predictions of the primary-adjoint system. This minimization reveals the optimal anisotropic contribution of the Reynolds force vector. Four test cases are used for the assessment and validation of our CADA model. First, simulation of the wake in a flow over a cylinder demonstrates the ability of our CADA model to accurately recover the global fields from different regions of local synthetic wall measurements. Second, simulation of the flow over a backward-facing step illustrates that our CADA model can reconstruct a detached flow with a high Reynolds number. Third, simulation of the flow in a converging–diverging channel shows that our CADA model can reconstruct a strong adverse pressure-gradient flow. Fourth, simulation of the periodic hill flow further showcases the ability of our CADA model to predict complex flows. The method demonstrated here opens up possibilities for assimilating realistic observations, serving as a complement to our anisotropic DA scheme for future DA work.
Topological optimization of the stiffness of an irregular structure based on an element size independent filter
Authors: Diao Shijing , Wang Deshi , Wang Xudong
Published: January 2022

Because of the overly averaged element sensitivity in the topological optimization of an irregular structure with a grid independent filter, a topological optimization model was built for the structural domain. The maximization of stiffness was first taken as the goal for the topological optimization of irregular structure stiffness. Subsequently, an element size filter was proposed to address the overly averaged local element sensitivity with the grid independent filter when the designed domain element size varied dramatically. Finally, the element sensitivity of the objective function was derived under the given constraints. A case study was then conducted on a naval gun mount with the maximization of structural flexibility as the objective function and the volume of structural material as a constraint. A stiffness optimization model based on the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization algorithm was adopted for the topological optimization of the gun mount. Structural optimization was conducted for the gun mount with different shooting angles to realize its optimal stiffness and strength under the constraint of consistent material volume. The optimization results proved that the element independent filter proposed in this paper could be effectively applied in the topological optimization of an irregular structure and used to explore the topological optimization of the supporting structure under impact.
A robust three-parameter reference curve for condensed phase materials
Authors: Lozano Eduardo , Aslam Tariq D.
Published: January 2022

Many isothermal equations of state lead to numerical problems under tension conditions due to negative bulk modulus. We summarize the properties of four existing models and devise a continuous non-piecewise reference curve to address this issue. The final functional form contains three fitting parameters that are directly related to the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative at the reference state and at infinite pressures. We also include bounds that guarantee the monotonicity of its pressure derivative in all volume space. To demonstrate the qualitative features of each isotherm, we conduct calibrations against experimental data for cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine, magnesium oxide, gold, and platinum. Pressure residuals and root mean square deviations show that the proposed functional form is capable of adequately fitting the data compared to other three-parameter models.
A prototype thermoelectric module based on p-type colusite together with n-type nanostructured PbTe for power generation
Authors: Chetty Raju , Jood Priyanka , Murata Masayuki , Suekuni Koichiro , Ohta Michihiro
Published: January 2022

Thermoelectric power generation from the prototype π-shaped module composed of p-type colusite (Cu26Cr2Ge6S32) and n-type nanostructured PbTe (Pb0.98Ga0.02Te-3% GeTe) was demonstrated in this study. The thermoelectric figure of merit zT of Cu26Cr2Ge6S32 and Pb0.98Ga0.02Te-3% GeTe was ∼0.8 and ∼1.2 at 665 K, respectively. In PbTe, transmission electron microscopic images and energy-dispersive x-ray elemental maps reveal the insertion of nanoscale precipitates induced by the GeTe alloying. Contact layers based on Au and Co-Fe were used for p- and n-type thermoelectric legs, respectively, which allow the low electrical specific contact resistances of ≤10 × 10−10 Ω m2 at room temperature. Maximum thermoelectric conversion efficiency ηmax of ∼5.5% was obtained for the Cu26Cr2Ge6S32 and Pb0.98Ga0.02Te-3% GeTe-based two-pair module when the hot-side Th and cold-side Tc temperatures were maintained at 673 and 283 K, respectively. A three-dimensional finite-element simulation predicts the ηmax of ∼7.1% for the module at Th and Tc of 673 and 283 K, respectively.
Wetting transitions of polymer solutions: Effects of chain length and chain stiffness
Authors: Midya Jiarul , Egorov Sergei A. , Binder Kurt , Nikoubashman Arash
Published: January 2022

Wetting and drying phenomena are studied for flexible and semiflexible polymer solutions via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. This study is based on the use of Young’s equation for the contact angle, determining all relevant surface tensions from the anisotropy of the pressure tensor. The solvent quality (or effective temperature, equivalently) is varied systematically, while all other interactions remain unaltered. For flexible polymers, the wetting transition temperature Tw increases monotonically with chain length N, while the contact angle at temperatures far below Tw is independent of N. For semiflexible polymer solutions, Tw varies non-monotonically with the persistence length: Initially, Tw increases with increasing chain stiffness and reaches a maximum, but then a sudden drop of Tw is observed, which is associated with the isotropic–nematic transition of the system.
Atomic isotropic hyperfine properties for first row elements (B–F) revisited
Authors: Feller David , Stanton John F. , Davidson Ernest R.
Published: January 2022

Benchmark quality isotropic hyperfine properties have been obtained for first row elements (B–F) using a systematic composite approach consisting of a sequence of core/valence correlation consistent basis sets, up through aug-cc-pCV8Z, along with configuration interaction and coupled cluster theory methods. The best nonrelativistic final values (in MHz) are 10.64 (B), 20.22 (C), 10.59 (N), −31.74 (O), and 318.30 (F) and are in very good agreement with available experimental values for these difficult-to-describe properties. Agreement is especially close in the case of N, which has the most accurate experimental value. The spin densities derived from the best composite level of theory were found to closely follow a simple quadratic scaling with the atomic number, Z. Observed convergence rates in the 1-particle and n-particle expansions obtained here may be useful in judging likely accuracy that can be expected in studies of molecular systems.
Negotiating equitable language teaching practices
Authors: Warren Amber , Ward Natalia
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores preservice teachers’ (PSTs’) forum
discussions in an online language teacher education (OLTE) course to
understand how participants discursively construct and display their stance
toward equity-enriched pedagogies and practices. Framed in a post-cognitive
stance toward epistemics as constructed in interaction, and drawing on
conversation analytic membership categorization analysis, findings
illustrate how participants’ epistemic stance was contingent on the
categories with which they were aligned. While PSTs supported equitable
practices around bilingualism when evoking membership categories of language
user and course participant, PSTs questioned the possibility of equitable
multilingual education when taking up the stance of (future) teacher. This
analysis offers insight into the role of OLTE for supporting
teacher-learners in building equity-enriched orientations essential for
supporting multilingual students.
Gameful teaching
Authors: Vitanova Gergana , Johnson Emily , Sausa Sandra , Giroux Amy , Merritt Don
Published: January 2022

The chapter investigates how the identity and agency of a
language teacher are constructed through the use of a suite of videogames
originally designed for vocabulary practice, called ELLE: the EndLess
LEarner. A unique aspect is that the teacher had the rare opportunity to
contribute to the game development and to be one of its first testers in its
multiple versions. Using reflections, autobiographical interviews, and
journal entries, the chapter illuminates how this teacher’s perceptions and
pedagogical values evolved in relation to the game. Her agency as an
instructor, an expert in her discipline, and an emergent gamer were strongly
intertwined. The findings also show that she employed the game as a
technological tool to achieve socially situated goals.
Fostering (Critical) digital teaching competence through virtual
exchange
Authors: Müller-Hartmann Andreas , Hauck Mirjam
Published: January 2022

This chapter reports on findings in relation to one of the
sub-questions that the Evaluating and Upscaling Telecollaborative Teacher
Education (EVALUATE) project, an Erasmus+ funded European Policy
Experimentation (EPE), set out to address. We explore how online (language)
teacher trainees are best supported in developing critical digital literacy
as framed by Darvin (2017) and Morris
(2017) as well as critical digital teaching competence, which
remains underexplored in Virtual Exchange (VE)-based teacher education. The
insights gained from a close examination of one EVALUATE exchange highlight
how crucial systematic reflective evaluation of the processes the trainees
are involved in is for competence development in VE contexts.
Empirical evidence for subtle gender biases in language
Authors: Esaulova Yulia , von Stockhausen Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents empirical evidence from social psychological and psycholinguistic studies to
provide an insight on mechanisms underlying gender inequality represented and maintained through language. The
reviewed phenomena cover linguistic manifestations of gender and gender stereotypes that range from relatively
superficial word semantics to gender asymmetries ingrained deeply in grammatical language systems, such as the
category of verbs and the case system. The existing studies on biases in language suggest that even linguistic
phenomena seemingly unrelated to gender (e.g. negations or thematic structure) may function as mechanisms supporting
gender stereotypical beliefs. Such biases present a special challenge when it comes to identifying them; however,
revealing their mechanisms has important implications for initiatives aiming at neutralizing their negative social
consequences.
Grammatical gender and article use in beginning learners of German
Authors: Ecke Peter
Published: January 2022

Acquiring nouns’ grammatical gender, corresponding articles, and their morphological variants is
one of the biggest challenges for adult learners of German. In this study, we analyze determiner noun phrases (NPs)
produced orally by Spanish L1/English L2 beginning learners of German L3. We explore the extent to which L3 learners
correctly produce determiner NPs including the appropriately marked grammatical gender, the extent to which they have
become sensitive to nouns’ formal gender cues, and the factors that help them cope with the complexity of the German
article and gender systems. We pay special attention to the possibility of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in L3
learners’ article/gender choices according to predictions made by the Parasitic Model of vocabulary acquisition. The
results suggest that learners reduce the complexity of the article/gender selection task by resorting to CLI, the
adoption of gender from assumed lexical equivalents, and by over-using the most frequent forms
(ein-masc/neu and die-fem) which also are the phonologically
least complex and most similar forms to equivalents in the L1 and/or L2. Formal gender cues only have a limited effect
on article choice for the learners at this early stage of acquisition. Sensitivity to gender cues emerges only for the
most frequent cue types and in association with definite (not indefinite) article use.
The non-default gender category in additional-language French
Authors: Edmonds Amanda , Gudmestad Aarnes , Metzger Thomas
Published: January 2022

Whereas much research has examined the acquisition of grammatical gender in additional-language
French, previous studies have all focused on targetlikeness. In other words, previous research reveals how accurate
learners are in expressing gender and what factors may play a role in accuracy. Such research has found, for example,
that learners of French tend to be less accurate in their expression of gender with feminine (as opposed to masculine)
nouns and when the modifier used is an adjective (vs. a determiner). In the current chapter, we offer a complementary
approach to the study of the acquisition of grammatical gender. We begin by establishing that masculine-marked
modifiers are the default form in the corpus under study. Then, working within variationism, we seek to determine what
factors influence the use of modifiers marked for feminine (the non-default) versus masculine (the default) gender,
without focusing on accuracy. Our analysis is based on 5,992 instances of the expression of grammatical gender on
determiners and modifiers in oral longitudinal data collected from 20 university learners of French. The data were
modeled using a generalized linear mixed-effects model, which identified eight factors that influenced the use of the
non-default gender category in oral additional-language French. The current study provides new insights into what
impacts learners’ choice between modifier forms and, specifically, into what leads to the selection of the non-default
(i.e. feminine) gender forms.
Prediction on the basis of gender and number in Mandarin-Italian bilingual children
Authors: Bosch Jasmijn E. , Chailleux Mathilde , Yee Jia’en , Guasti Maria Teresa , Arosio Fabrizio
Published: January 2022

The present study used a visual world eye-tracking paradigm to investigate online processing of
grammatical gender and number in Mandarin-Italian bilingual children, in comparison to monolingual Italian children.
We examined how children anticipated upcoming nouns on the basis of grammatical gender and number information on the
preceding article. While monolingual speakers are able to employ such predictive mechanisms from a very young age, to
our knowledge, this is the first study that compares gender and number processing in bilingual children. The results
show that, overall, participants made linguistic predictions on the basis of articles, although a post-hoc analysis
focusing on a subset of our bilingual participants did not confirm the prediction effect in Mandarin-Italian bilingual
children. We found a greater difference in the bilingual group than in the monolingual group, in that bilinguals
tended to be slower when processing gender than number. Finally, we found that L2 proficiency had a significant effect
on gender processing in the bilingual group. One interpretation of these findings is that the discrepancy between
gender and number may be due to transfer, since Mandarin does not have grammatical gender while it does have a
conceptual notion of number. Another factor may be L2 proficiency, and especially lexical knowledge, since gender is
an arbitrary property stored in the lexicon, while number is concretely linked to the referential context.
Refining and re-defining secondary determiners in relation to primary determiners
Authors: Davidse Kristin
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to delineate the functional category of English secondary determiners more precisely than in current reference grammars and in my own previous work. To provide a principled basis for a functional typology of secondary determiners, I firstly develop a typology of primary determiner (or ‘grounding’) types within the framework of Cognitive Grammar. Following Langacker, four main types are distinguished, and their referential and discursive properties are characterized: indefinite grounding, relative quantification, possessive grounding, and definite grounding. This typology then forms the starting point for drawing up a typology of the main types of instructions given by secondary determiners, i.e. to retrieve the type specifications of an instance newly introduced by an indefinite NP, to identify the correct antecedent of a definite NP, to relate a referent to another instance of the same type, or to refer to a generalized referent. Thirdly, modifier types that had been confused with secondary determiners in earlier work are distinguished from them on the basis of their semantics and formal behaviour, viz. focus markers, nominal aspectual modifiers, modal and temporal modifiers, and metadesignatives.
Premodification in X-is constructions
Authors: Keizer Evelien
Published: January 2022

Although most studies on the X-is construction (thing-is, fact-is, point-is, etc.) acknowledge that premodification is allowed, very little attention has been paid to this property of the construction. Focusing on instances with the head nouns fact and point, this paper seeks to find out which premodifiers can be found in these constructions, and how the development of the construction from a fully specificational copular sentence with a referential subject NP to a non-specificational semi-fixed focus marker affects the type and range of premodifiers allowed. On the basis of data from the British National Corpus (Davies 2004), a number of tendencies and restrictions are identified in terms of (i) token and type frequencies of the premodifiers, as well as type-token-ratio (TTR), and (ii) the class and function of the premodifiers. It is concluded that, as constructionalization takes place, the premodifier position becomes constrained. In addition, it is shown that non-specificational constructions clearly prefer subjective modifiers, which, due to an increase in scope, come to serve a different function (e.g. attitudinal, intensifying, or downtoning). It is argued that the changes observed follow from the gradual changes taking place in the internal structure of the constructions in question. Finally, the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar is used to capture these changes and to explain the consequences of these changes both for the fact-is and point-is constructions in general and for the classes of premodifiers allowed (or preferred).
From an icy hell of a night to a hell of a fine story
Authors: ten Wolde Elnora
Published: January 2022

English evaluative binominal noun phrases (EBNPs; an icy hell of a night) have been discussed for over 50 years, and a number of different analyses have been presented. This paper argues that one problem shared by previous research is that the of-binominals classified as EBNPs are actually three different constructions: the EBNP and two other of-binominals, evaluative modifiers (EM; one hell of a party) and binominal intensifiers (BI; a hell of a good dog). Using the classification criteria presented in previous studies and corpus data, I argue for distinguishing these two of-binominals from the EBNP. Furthermore, this paper links the development of the EM and the BI to the grammaticalization of premodifiers and other of-binominals.
Time-measurement constructions in English
Authors: Bell Melanie J. , Portero-Muñoz Carmen
Published: January 2022

Time-measurement expressions such as five-year plan, 10 years’ time and 25 years service occur frequently in English. All such expressions consist of a cardinal numeral, followed by a time-noun (N1) then a second noun (N2). The time-noun has one of three orthographic forms: the bare-form, the S-form with apostrophe or the S-form without apostrophe. Using a dataset of 17,591 time-measurement tokens from the British National Corpus and mixed-effects logistic regression modelling, this chapter tests the hypothesis that these three orthographic forms represent three different constructions. Our first model, using only expressions with S-form N1, shows that the presence or absence of an apostrophe is not correlated with any other formal or semantic property that would justify the recognition of two constructions. In contrast, our second model using the whole dataset, shows that bare-form N1 and S-form N1 (with or without apostrophe) are highly correlated with aspects of both form and meaning. In our dataset, 96% of tokens with bare-form N1 have a countable N2 and 87% also follow a determiner. Conversely, 94% of tokens with S-form N1 have an uncountable N2, and 91% also lack a determiner. We conclude that these clusters of properties represent distinct pairings of form and meaning, and are therefore characteristic of two different constructions, which we call the time-measurement compound construction and the time-measurement construction respectively. The time-measurement compound construction (five-year plan) has the distribution of a nominal; semantically, it denotes a kind of bounded entity (N2) with some relation to numeral-N1, usually duration. The time-measurement construction (10 years’ time, 25 years service) has the distribution of a noun phrase; semantically, it denotes a quantity (numeral-N1) of some unbounded entity (N2). The chapter ends with a qualitative exploration of the central and more peripheral representatives of the two constructions, including borderline cases.
Day to day and night after night
Authors: Sommerer Lotte
Published: January 2022

This paper analyzes temporal symmetric NPN constructions in which both nouns are singular, identical, and conjoined by a preposition (e.g. day to day, hour upon hour, night after night). The constructions’ binominal structure, their idiomatic nature, their apparent frozenness, and their syntactic restrictions (e.g. determiners are not permitted) make them an interesting target for linguistic analysis. Although several researchers have analyzed these constructions in different frameworks (e.g. Travis 2001; Matsuyama 2004; Haïk 2009; Jackendoff 2008, 2013; Zwarts 2013; Kim & Sells 2015), there is no study which looks at these constructions quantitatively. Consequently, the paper analyzes data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The constructions’ frequency and productivity, as well as their syntactic function and extension potential is being investigated (e.g. day after day of suffering, hour by precious hour). Additionally, the constructions’ semantics and interesting clustering and multiplication patterns are discussed. In terms of theoretical modeling, the paper takes a Usage-based Cognitive Construction Grammar approach (Goldberg 2003, 2006, 2019; Tomasello 2003; Hilpert 2014; Diessel 2015, 2019; Ellis et al. 2016; Sommerer & Smirnova 2020) and sketches the constructional network of [CNsg,time
i P CNsg,time
i]Cx –constructions.
General introduction
Authors: Grin François , Marácz László , Pokorn Nike K.
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter offers a brief account of the history behind this book, which originates in the MIME project, where ‘MIME’ stands for ‘Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe’. This project, which was funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Innovation and Research as part of the DG’s seventh Framework Programme, presents an exceptional degree of interdisciplinarity. A dozen different disciplines from the social sciences and humanities were involved, with a total of 25 participating teams from 16 different countries. The project’s analytical framework, which federates the inputs from these various disciplines, rests on the concept of trade-off – in this case, between two desirable, but non-converging goals, namely ‘mobility’ and ‘inclusion’. This general introduction shows how the trade-off can be used as a structuring device to approach the ‘multilingual challenge’ confronting Europe and its citizens, before describing the main thrust of each of the subsequent 25 chapters. The findings presented here, which go beyond the results provided in the MIME project outputs, aim to make this interdisciplinary experience available to a wide readership of scholars.
Language and inclusion in a multilingual environment
Authors: Janssens Rudi
Published: January 2022

Since the turn of the century, two important social developments have had a considerable impact on daily life in most western European cities. The first is increasing mobility in a globalised world that transcends the traditional concept of migration and has even led to a paradigm shift in sociological thinking (‘new’ mobilities paradigm). A second related development is at the technological level, where communication patterns have changed significantly and prompted people to expand their networks beyond the local level. Both evolutions are most prominent in cities in which a growing number of citizens engage in different networks and traditional forms of social solidarity are under pressure. In this context, language plays a key role.

In this article, based on the case of Brussels, we investigate the dynamics behind the process of social inclusion in a mobile environment and the role that languages play in this. We set out from the Brussels pacification model and the analysis of the impact of mobility on the local population. Based on the shift in language use and citizens’ attitude towards multilingualism and living in a multicultural environment, we seek a breeding ground for inclusive policies through a bottom-up approach. The conclusions focus on its impact on Brussels and its potential significance for other cities.
The politics of inclusion, citizenship and multilingualism
Authors: Kraus Peter A. , Frank Melanie
Published: January 2022

Our chapter deals with the emergence of new linguistic identities in connection with the dynamics of Europeanisation and transnationalisation. Against this background, we discuss whether and in what way the interplay of old and new patterns of linguistic diversity is affecting the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in multilingual societies. On the basis of a literature review, we first show how macro-historical processes of nation-building have affected modern identity-building by linking particular languages to particular collective (national) identities. In a second step, we focus on how the institutional monolingualism of nation states is challenged by complex diversity. In view of the changing linguistic profiles of European societies, political factors play a key role when it comes to acknowledging multilingualism as part of citizenship status and of the socio-cultural practices related to it. Third, we focus on Riga and Barcelona, which stand for specific types of complex diversity, to empirically illustrate the consequences that different institutional approaches to multilingual realities have in terms of creating more or less open identity frames for citizens. The chapter finally addresses tensions between the human potential to develop multilingual repertoires and the political attribution of unequal status to different languages. Multilingualism entails the possibility of tackling the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in a productive way; ultimately, however, political factors determine if linguistic diversity is regarded as a communicative resource or as a threat to established linguistic identities.
Urban multilingualism
Authors: Mamadouh Virginie D. , El Ayadi Nesrin
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with urban multilingualism from a geographical perspective considering the trade-off between mobility, inclusion, and place-making. Place-making in multilingual cities is influenced by the linguistic diversity among their inhabitants, and the sense of place and sense of belonging fostered at the level of the city as a whole and/or in specific neighbourhoods and public spaces shape the individual’s perceptions of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. The chapter introduces key geographical concepts and approaches before examining the new forms of linguistic diversity in European cities fostered by globalisation, Europeanisation, transnational migration and digitalisation. It presents diverse geographical approaches and methodologies relevant to the study of multilingualism and place-making and focuses on two perspectives. First a humanistic geography of urban multilingualism foregrounds the perceptions and representations of languages in relation to a sense of place and a sense of belonging. One empirical study examines linguistic practices and ideologies in Madrid and Amsterdam among residents with a French or German background, another focused on walks through the linguistic landscape and soundscape of the inner-city of Amsterdam. Second a political geography of urban multilingualism explores local policies and city networks regarding the management of linguistic diversity and the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. It examines in turn local policies focusing on mobility and migration, on social cohesion and on multilingualism. Based on both types of geographical research the chapter underlines the importance of raising awareness of the specificity of the local diversity of linguistic trajectories and repertoires and of the coordination between policies articulated and implemented at different scale levels (European, national, local).
Metalinguistic awareness in education as a tool for enhancing social inclusion
Authors: Iannàccaro Gabriele , Dell’Aquila Vittorio , Stria Ida
Published: January 2022

The gap between individual linguistic repertoires and generally acknowledged societal ones is one of the principal factors that hamper social and linguistic inclusion. The development of a clear metalinguistic awareness – in school as well as in society as a whole – is a sound tool for achieving inclusion, in particular of mobile people into host societies. Building on the data collected for the MIME project, the chapter analyses the correlation between various profiles of mobility and sociolinguistic conditions in the host society to identify points of linguistic friction. The notion of ‘linguistic unease’ (a technical term to depict discomfort in sociolinguistic relations) is pivotal to understanding and tackling the complex linguistic diversity in school as well as in society. Teacher training focused on recognition and careful reduction of this discomfort, through clear understanding of the social and linguistic dynamics in school, can then be a strategy to alleviate friction and therefore foster inclusion of people whose linguistic repertoire is different from that of the majority, in particular mobile people. At the same time, this strategy is beneficial to all parties involved, as it also implies active endorsement by the host society of new kinds of multilingualism brought in by mobile people, enhancing the community’s growth potential.
Educational capacity-building for linguistic inclusion and mobility
Authors: Fettes Mark
Published: January 2022

Schools promote mobility by providing access to national languages and languages of wider communication, to knowledge and skills valued in the national and European economies, and to multicultural or cosmopolitan forms of identity. Ironically, however, mobility now poses unprecedented challenges for national school systems in EU member states, which were not designed to respond to the educational needs of large numbers of minority, migrant and refugee families speaking many different languages. Improving the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in these school systems implies improving access, participation and outcomes for these socially excluded populations. Although national education policies have a role to play in achieving this, it is the meso level of organization – school systems, teacher education programs, local and regional government, community associations and so on – where practical solutions need to be developed and implemented. This chapter addresses three important aspects of this meso level of capacity-building for linguistic inclusion in education: the building of local educational partnerships, the education of teachers, and the recognition, validation and assessment of community skills. Rather than focusing on language issues in isolation, the goal is to rethink and adapt well-established inclusion-oriented policy frameworks or initiatives in each of these areas. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that adapting national school systems to the needs of a mobile, multilingual Europe will depend on creative collaboration on the part of policy- and decision-makers at the meso level, as well as teacher trainers, student teachers, teachers, students and families, and community organisations.