bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH OF MULTI-TASK LEARNING BASED ON EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE
Authors: MAO WENTAO , XU JIUCHENG , ZHAO SHENGJIE , TIAN MEI
Published: November 2013

Recently, extreme learning machines (ELMs) have been a promising tool in solving a wide range of regression and classification applications. However, when modeling multiple related tasks in which only limited training data per task are available and the dimension is low, ELMs are generally hard to get impressive performance due to little help from the informative domain knowledge across tasks. To solve this problem, this paper extends ELM to the scenario of multi-task learning (MTL). First, based on the assumption that model parameters of related tasks are close to each other, a new regularization-based MTL algorithm for ELM is proposed to learn related tasks jointly via simple matrix inversion. For improving the learning performance, the algorithm proposed above is further formulated as a mixed integer programming in order to identify the grouping structure in which parameters are closer than others, and finally an alternating minimization method is presented to solve this optimization. Experiments conducted on a toy problem as well as real-life data set demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MTL algorithm compared to the classical ELM and the standard MTL algorithm.
STATE-ACTION VALUE FUNCTION MODELED BY ELM IN REINFORCEMENT LEARNING FOR HOSE CONTROL PROBLEMS
Authors: LOPEZ-GUEDE JOSE MANUEL , FERNANDEZ-GAUNA BORJA , GRAÑA MANUEL
Published: November 2013

This paper addresses the problem of efficiency in reinforcement learning of Single Robot Hose Transport (SRHT) by training an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) from the state-action value Q-table, obtaining large reduction in data space requirements because the number of ELM parameters is much less than the Q-table's size. Moreover, ELM implements a continuous map which can produce compact representations of the Q-table, and generalizations to increased space resolution and unknown situations. In this paper we evaluate empirically three strategies to formulate ELM learning to provide approximations to the Q-table, namely as classification, multi-variate regression and several independent regression problems.
TESTING FOR NEGLECTED NONLINEARITY USING EXTREME LEARNING MACHINES
Authors: SHIN KYULEE , CHO JIN SEO
Published: November 2013

We introduce a statistic testing for neglected nonlinearity using extreme learning machines and call it ELMNN test. The ELMNN test is very convenient and can be widely applied because it is obtained as a by-product of estimating linear models. For the proposed test statistic, we provide a set of regularity conditions under which it asymptotically follows a chi-squared distribution under the null. We conduct Monte Carlo experiments and examine how it behaves when the sample size is finite. Our experiment shows that the test exhibits the properties desired by our theory.
EVOLVING EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE PARADIGM WITH ADAPTIVE OPERATOR SELECTION AND PARAMETER CONTROL
Authors: LI KE , WANG RAN , KWONG SAM , CAO JINGJING
Published: November 2013

Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is an emergent technique for training Single-hidden Layer Feedforward Networks (SLFNs). It attracts significant interest during the recent years, but the randomly assigned network parameters might cause high learning risks. This fact motivates our idea in this paper to propose an evolving ELM paradigm for classification problems. In this paradigm, a Differential Evolution (DE) variant, which can online select the appropriate operator for offspring generation and adaptively adjust the corresponding control parameters, is proposed for optimizing the network. In addition, a 5-fold cross validation is adopted in the fitness assignment procedure, for improving the generalization capability. Empirical studies on several real-world classification data sets have demonstrated that the evolving ELM paradigm can generally outperform the original ELM as well as several recent classification algorithms.
Silicon phthalocyanine-azobenzene-[60]fullerene light harvesting pentad: synthesis, characterization and electron transfer reaction studied by laser flash photolysis
Authors: El-Khouly Mohamed E. , Kim Jong-Hyung , Kay Kwang-Yol , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: November 2013

Electron-transfer reaction of the newly synthesized light harvesting pentad composed of silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) that is connected with two fullerene C60and two azobenzene units to form SiPc -(azobenzene)2-( C60)2pentad has been studied by laser flash photolysis and other complementary techniques. This combination between SiPc , azobenzene and C60in the examined SiPc -(azobenzene)2-( C60)2pentad leads to strong light absorption over the whole visible spectrum. Photoexcitation of the pentad results in rapid formation of the charge-separated state by photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet-excited state of the SiPc moiety to the C60moiety. The charge-separated state has a lifetime of 2.50 ns in benzonitrile.
Risk, Uncertainty, and the Perceived Threat of Terrorist Attacks: Evidence of Flight-to-Quality
Authors: Pagano Michael S. , Strother T. Shawn
Published: November 2013

Information provided by the US Department of Homeland Security regarding potential terrorist attacks significantly affects US Treasury securities markets. When the government announces heightened terror alert levels, investors' perceptions of risk increase and investors purchase 1-month and 1-year Treasury bills and 3-year, 5-year, 7-year, and 10-year US Treasuries in a "flight-to-quality" episode. Partial anticipation of increased threat level announcements is stronger than the anticipation of announcements regarding the federal funds rate during the 10 days prior to an announcement.
Emphysema and Mechanical Stress-Induced Lung Remodeling
Authors: Suki Béla , Sato Susumu , Parameswaran Harikrishnan , Szabari Margit V. , Takahashi Ayuko , Bartolák-Suki Erzsébet
Published: November 2013

Transpulmonary pressure and the mechanical stresses of breathing modulate many essential cell functions in the lung via mechanotransduction. We review how mechanical factors could influence the pathogenesis of emphysema. Although the progression of emphysema has been linked to mechanical rupture, little is known about how these stresses alter lung remodeling. We present possible new directions and an integrated multiscale view that may prove useful in finding solutions for this disease.
Trends and Advances in Separation and Detection of SSRIs and SNRIs in Biological Matrices
Authors: Das Ruchita , Agrawal Y. K.
Published: November 2013

Nowadays antidepressant drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) represent the first choice in the treatment of moderate to severe depressive illness, various phobias, and personality disorders. In spite of the therapeutic aspects, they often produce very severe and toxic effects in deliberate and accidental cases of poisoning. These are also considered as date-rape drugs used for drugged victims for raping or robbing. Therefore, in recent years, their analyses in different biological matrices for clinical and toxicological analysis purposes has been a target worthy of interest. Thus, the review focuses on recent advancements of various separation techniques like chromatography and electrophoresis that are concernd with the determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs and their metabolites in various biological matrices. In addition to this, a critical discussion on analytical approaches has also been incorporated, suggesting their applicability and limitations for further implementations. Thus, this paper will definitely help in the selection and development of proper analytical methodologies to achieve satisfactory results, better scientific understanding, and test interpretation.
Behaviour of Plate Anchorage in Plate‐Reinforced Composite Coupling Beams
Authors: Lam W. Y. , Li Lingzhi , Su R. K. L. , Pam H. J.
Published: November 2013

As a new alternative design, plate‐reinforced composite (PRC) coupling beam achieves enhanced strength and ductility by embedding a vertical steel plate into a conventionally reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beam. Based on a nonlinear finite element model developed in the authors’ previous study, a parametric study presented in this paper has been carried out to investigate the influence of several key parameters on the overall performance of PRC coupling beams. The effects of steel plate geometry, span‐to‐depth ratio of beams, and steel reinforcement ratios at beam spans and in wall regions are quantified. It is found that the anchorage length of the steel plate is primarily controlled by the span‐to‐depth ratio of the beam. Based on the numerical results, a design curve is proposed for determining the anchorage length of the steel plate. The load‐carrying capacity of short PRC coupling beams with high steel ratio is found to be controlled by the steel ratio of wall piers. The maximum shear stress of PRC coupling beams should be limited to 15 MPa.
Evidence on the Efficient Market Hypothesis from 44 Global Financial Market Indexes
Authors: Dong Huijian , Bowers Helen M. , Latham William R.
Published: November 2013

This paper employs Granger causality tests to identify the impacts of historical information from global financial markets on their current levels in 30-day windows. The dataset consists primarily of the daily index levels of the (1) open, (2) closed, (3) intraday high, (4) intraday low, and (5) trading volume series for the world’s 37 most influential equity market indexes, two crude oil prices, a gold price, and four major money market prices in the United States are used as control groups. Our results indicate a persistent impact of historical information from global markets on their current levels, and this impact duplicates itself in a cyclical pattern consistently over decades. Such persistence in the patterns causes some market indexes to be upgraded to global or regional market leaders. These findings can be interpreted as constituting violations of the weak-form efficient market hypothesis. The results also reveal recursive impacts of information in these markets and the existence of an information digestion effect.
A Regularity Criterion for Compressible Nematic Liquid Crystal Flows
Authors: Fan Jishan , Ozawa Tohru
Published: November 2013

We prove a blow-up criterion for local strong solutions to a simplified hydrodynamic flow modeling the compressible, nematic liquid crystal materials in a bounded domain.
Citrus Flavanones Affect Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in Rats by Acting as Prooxidant Agents
Authors: Constantin Rodrigo Polimeni , Nascimento Gilson Soares do , Constantin Renato Polimeni , Salgueiro Clairce Luzia , Bracht Adelar , Ishii-Iwamoto Emy Luiza , Yamamoto Nair Seiko , Constantin Jorgete
Published: November 2013

Citrus flavonoids have a wide range of biological activities and positive health effects on mammalian cells because of their antioxidant properties. However, they also act as prooxidants and thus may interfere with metabolic pathways. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of three citrus flavanones, hesperidin, hesperetin, and naringenin, on several parameters linked to fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and perfused livers of rats. When exogenous octanoate was used as substrate, hesperetin and naringenin reduced the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ratio and stimulated the citric acid cycle without significant changes on oxygen uptake or ketogenesis. When fatty acid oxidation from endogenous sources was evaluated, hesperetin and naringenin strongly reduced the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ratio. They also inhibited both oxygen uptake and ketogenesis and stimulated the citric acid cycle. Hesperidin, on the other hand, had little to no effect on these parameters. These results confirm the hypothesis that citrus flavanones are able to induce a more oxidised state in liver cells, altering parameters related to hepatic fatty acid oxidation. The prooxidant effect is most likely a consequence of the ability of these substances to oxidise NADH upon production of phenoxyl radicals in the presence of peroxidases and hydrogen peroxide.
Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Currents Using a Directly Coupled Voltage-Source Inverter
Authors: Ekström Rickard , Apelfröjd Senad , Leijon Mats
Published: November 2013

The connection of a power transformer to the grid is associated with magnetizing inrush currents that may result in power quality issues as well as faulty relay tripping. In distributed generation, the transformer may instead be premagnetized from the source to avoid this. In this paper, a VSI is directly coupled to a transformer. Three different strategies of premagnetization are implemented into the control system, and the inrush currents are measured for various values of the remanent flux in the core. The results show good reduction in the peak magnetizing inrush currents without using any external circuitry.
Robust Multisensor Image Matching Using Bayesian Estimated Mutual Information
Authors: Shen Lurong , Huang Xinsheng , Yan Yuzhuang , Zheng Yongbin , Xu Wanying
Published: November 2013

Mutual information (MI) has been widely used in multisensor image matching, but it may lead to mismatch among images with messy background. However, additional prior information can be of great help in improving the matching performance. In this paper, a robust Bayesian estimated mutual information, named as BMI, for multisensor image matching is proposed. This method has been implemented by utilizing the gradient prior information, in which the prior is estimated by the kernel density estimate (KDE) method, and the likelihood is modeled according to the distance of orientations. To further improve the robustness, we restrict the matching within the regions where the corresponding pixels of template image are salient enough. Experiments on several groups of multisensor images show that the proposed method outperforms the standard MI in robustness and accuracy and is similar with Pluim’s method. However, our computation is far more cost saving.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of CO2 Molecules in ZIF‐11 Using Refined AMBER Force Field
Authors: Wongsinlatam W. , Remsungnen T.
Published: November 2013

Nonbonding parameters of AMBER force field have been refined based on ab initio binding energies of CO2–[C7H5N2]− complexes. The energy and geometry scaling factors are obtained to be 1.2 and 0.9 for ε and σ parameters, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations of CO2 molecules in rigid framework ZIF‐11, have then been performed using original AMBER parameters (SIM I) and refined parameters (SIM II), respectively. The site‐site radial distribution functions and the molecular distribution plots simulations indicate that all hydrogen atoms are favored binding site of CO2 molecules. One slight but notable difference is that CO2 molecules are mostly located around and closer to hydrogen atom of imidazolate ring in SIM II than those found in SIM I. The Zn‐Zn and Zn‐N RDFs in free flexible framework simulation (SIM III) show validity of adapting AMBER bonding parameters. Due to the limitations of computing resources and times in this study, the results of flexible framework simulation using refined nonbonding AMBER parameters (SIM IV) are not much different from those obtained in SIM II.
A Characterization of the Compound Multiparameter Hermite Gamma Distribution via Gauss’s Principle
Authors: Hürlimann Werner
Published: November 2013

We consider the class of those distributions that satisfy Gauss′s principle (the maximum likelihood estimator of the mean is the sample mean) and have a parameter orthogonal to the mean. It is shown that this so‐called “mean orthogonal class” is closed under convolution. A previous characterization of the compound gamma characterization of random sums is revisited and clarified. A new characterization of the compound distribution with multiparameter Hermite count distribution and gamma severity distribution is obtained.
Interleukin-16Polymorphism Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Liu Xiao-li , Du Jian-zong , Zhou Yu-miao , Shu Qin-fen , Li Ya-guo
Published: November 2013

Clinical and experimental data have demonstrated that inflammation plays fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is identified as a proinflammatory cytokine that is a key element in the ischemic cascade after cerebral ischemia. We aimed to examine the relationship between theIL-16polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population. A total of 198 patients with ischemic stroke and 236 controls were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing method. We found that the rs11556218TG genotype and G allele ofIL-16were associated with significantly increased risks of ischemic stroke (TG versus TT, adjusted OR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.15–3.07; G versus T, adjusted OR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05–2.27, resp.). However, there were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies ofIL-16rs4778889 T/C and rs4072111 C/T polymorphisms between the two groups, even after stratification analyses by age, gender, and the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. These findings indicate that theIL-16polymorphism may be related to the etiology of ischemic stroke in the Chinese population.
Augmented Reality to Support On-Field Post-Impact Maintenance Operations on Thin Structures
Authors: De Marchi Luca , Ceruti Alessandro , Marzani Alessandro , Liverani Alfredo
Published: November 2013

This paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) strategy in which a Lamb waves based impact detection methodology dynamically interacts with a head portable visualization device allowing the inspector to see the estimated impact position (with its uncertainty) and impact energy directly on the plate-like structure. The impact detection methodology uses a network of piezosensors bonded on the structure to be monitored and a signal processing algorithm (the Warped Frequency Transform) able to compensate for dispersion the acquired waveforms. The compensated waveforms yield to a robust estimation of Lamb waves difference in distance of propagation (DDOP), used to feed hyperbolic algorithms for impact location determination, and allow an estimation of the uncertainty of the impact positioning as well as of the impact energy. The outputs of the impact methodology are passed to a visualization technology that yielding their representation in Augmented Reality (AR) is meant to support the inspector during the on-field inspection/diagnosis as well as the maintenance operations. The inspector, in fact, can see interactively in real time the impact data directly on the surface of the structure. To validate the proposed approach, tests on an aluminum plate are presented. Results confirm the feasibility of the method and its exploitability in maintenance practice.
A SAP-DoA Method for the Localization of Two Buried Objects
Authors: Meschino Simone , Pajewski Lara , Schettini Giuseppe
Published: November 2013

A localization technique for buried metallic and dielectric objects is proposed and tested. An array of isotropic antennas investigates a scenario with cylindrical targets buried in a dielectric soil. The targets are in the near field of the array, and a Sub-Array Processing (SAP) approach is adopted: the array is partitioned into subarrays, and Direction of Arrival (DoA) algorithms are used to process the electromagnetic field received by each subarray and estimate the dominant arrival direction of the signal. By triangulating all the estimated DoAs, a crossing pattern is obtained. It is filtered by a Poisson-based procedure and subsequently elaborated by the -means clustering method in order to distinguish between targets and background, estimate the number of targets, and find their position. Several simulations have been performed to compare different DoA algorithms and to test the localization method in the presence of two buried cylinders. Different values of the permittivity of the involved dielectric materials have been considered; the target positions and size have also been varied. The proposed procedure can be useful for ground-penetrating radar applications, near-surface probing, and for the detection and localization of defects in a hosting medium.
Weighted Hardy-Type Inequalities in Variable Exponent Morrey-Type Spaces
Authors: Lukkassen Dag , Persson Lars-Erik , Samko Stefan , Wall Peter
Published: November 2013

We study thep·→q·boundedness of weighted multidimensional Hardy-type operatorsHwα·andℋwα·of variable orderαx, with radial weightwx, from a variable exponent locally generalized Morrey spaceℒp·,φ·ℝn,wto anotherℒq·,ψ·ℝn,w. The exponents are assumed to satisfy the decay condition at the origin and infinity. We construct certain functions, defined byp,α, andφ, the belongness of which to the resulting spaceℒq·,ψ·ℝn,wis sufficient for such a boundedness. Under additional assumptions onφ/w, this condition is also necessary. We also give the boundedness conditions in terms of Zygmund-type integral inequalities for the functionsφandφ/w.
An Investigation of Vocal Tract Characteristics for Acoustic Discrimination of Pathological Voices
Authors: Lee Jung-Won , Kang Hong-Goo , Choi Jeung-Yoon , Son Young-Ik
Published: November 2013

This paper investigates the effectiveness of measures related to vocal tract characteristics in classifying normal and pathological speech. Unlike conventional approaches that mainly focus on features related to the vocal source, vocal tract characteristics are examined to determine if interaction effects between vocal folds and the vocal tract can be used to detect pathological speech. Especially, this paper examines features related to formant frequencies to see if vocal tract characteristics are affected by the nature of the vocal fold-related pathology. To test this hypothesis, stationary fragments of vowel /aa/ produced by 223 normal subjects, 472 vocal fold polyp subjects, and 195 unilateral vocal cord paralysis subjects are analyzed. Based on the acoustic-articulatory relationships, phonation for pathological subjects is found to be associated with measures correlated with a raised tongue body or an advanced tongue root. Vocal tract-related features are also found to be statistically significant from the Kruskal-Wallis test in distinguishing normal and pathological speech. Classification results demonstrate that combining the formant measurements with vocal fold-related features results in improved performance in differentiating vocal pathologies including vocal polyps and unilateral vocal cord paralysis, which suggests that measures related to vocal tract characteristics may provide additional information in diagnosing vocal disorders.
A Jacobi Collocation Method for Solving Nonlinear Burgers-Type Equations
Authors: Doha E. H. , Baleanu D. , Bhrawy A. H. , Abdelkawy M. A.
Published: November 2013

We solve three versions of nonlinear time-dependent Burgers-type equations. The Jacobi-Gauss-Lobatto points are used as collocation nodes for spatial derivatives. This approach has the advantage of obtaining the solution in terms of the Jacobi parametersαandβ. In addition, the problem is reduced to the solution of the system of ordinary differential equations (SODEs) in time. This system may be solved by any standard numerical techniques. Numerical solutions obtained by this method when compared with the exact solutions reveal that the obtained solutions produce high-accurate results. Numerical results show that the proposed method is of high accuracy and is efficient to solve the Burgers-type equation. Also the results demonstrate that the proposed method is a powerful algorithm to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations.
Kidney and Urinary Tract Involvement in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Watanabe Toru
Published: November 2013

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis and can develop multiple organ injuries including kidney and urinary tract involvement. These disorders include pyuria, prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI), renal AKI caused by tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and immune-complex mediated nephropathy, renal AKI associated with either Kawasaki disease shock syndrome or unknown causes, acute nephritic syndrome (ANS), nephrotic syndrome (NS), renal tubular abnormalities, renal abnormalities in imaging studies, and renal artery lesions (aneurysms and stenosis). Pyuria is common in KD and originates from the urethra and/or the kidney. TIN with AKI and renal tubular abnormalities probably result from renal parenchymal inflammation caused by T-cell activation. HUS and renal artery lesions are caused by vascular endothelial injuries resulting from vasculitis. Some patients with ANS have immunological abnormalities associated with immune-complex formation. Nephromegaly and renal parenchymal inflammatory foci are detected frequently in patients with KD by renal ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy, respectively. Although the precise pathogenesis of KD is not completely understood, renal vasculitis, immune-complex mediated kidney injuries, or T-cell immune-regulatory abnormalities have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the development of kidney and urinary tract injuries.
Breast Cancer Subtypes and Previously Established Genetic Risk Factors: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: O'Brien Katie M. , Cole Stephen R. , Engel Lawrence S. , Bensen Jeannette T. , Poole Charles , Herring Amy H. , Millikan Robert C.
Published: November 2013

Background: Gene expression analyses indicate that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with at least five immunohistologic subtypes. Despite growing evidence that these subtypes are etiologically and prognostically distinct, few studies have investigated whether they have divergent genetic risk factors. To help fill in this gap in our understanding, we examined associations between breast cancer subtypes and previously established susceptibility loci among white and African-American women in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.

Methods: We used Bayesian polytomous logistic regression to estimate ORs and 95% posterior intervals for the association between each of 78 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and five breast cancer subtypes. Subtypes were defined using five immunohistochemical markers: estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (HER1/2), and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6.

Results: Several SNPs in TNRC9/TOX3 were associated with luminal A (ER/PR+, HER2−) or basal-like breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−, HER1, or CK 5/6+), and one SNP (rs3104746) was associated with both. SNPs in FGFR2 were associated with luminal A, luminal B (ER/PR+, HER2+), or HER2+/ER− disease, but none were associated with basal-like disease. We also observed subtype differences in the effects of SNPs in 2q35, 4p, TLR1, MAP3K1, ESR1, CDKN2A/B, ANKRD16, and ZM1Z1.

Conclusion and Impact: We found evidence that genetic risk factors for breast cancer vary by subtype and further clarified the role of several key susceptibility genes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 84–97. ©2013 AACR.
Antitumoral Activity of Lenalidomide in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Involves the Destabilization of Cyclin D1/p27KIP1 Complexes
Authors: Moros Alexandra , Bustany Sophie , Cahu Julie , Saborit-Villarroya Ifigènia , Martínez Antonio , Colomer Dolors , Sola Brigitte , Roué Gaël
Published: November 2013

Purpose: Clinical responses to the immmunomodulatory drug lenalidomide have been observed in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), although its mechanism of action remains partially unknown. We investigated whether the expression and subcellular localization of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator overexpressed in MCL, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1, could identify MCL cases sensitive to lenalidomide, and whether the compound could modulate cyclin D1/p27KIP1 complexes in MCL cells.

Experimental Design: MCL primary samples and cell lines were analyzed for subcellular levels of cyclin D1/p27KIP1 complexes by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. Activity of lenalidomide in vitro and its effect on cyclin D1/p27KIP1 complexes were evaluated by real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. In vivo validation was carried out in a mouse xenograft model of human MCL.

Results: We found cyclin D1 and p27KIP1 to be coordinately expressed in all the MCL samples tested. Immunoprecipitation analyses and siRNA assays suggested a direct role of cyclin D1 in the regulation of p27KIP1 levels. The nuclear accumulation of both proteins correlated with MCL cell tumorigenicity in vivo, and sensitivity to lenalidomide activity in vitro and in vivo. Lenalidomide mechanism of action relied on cyclin D1 downregulation and disruption of cyclin D1/p27KIP1 complexes, followed by cytosolic accumulation of p27KIP1, cell proliferation arrest, apoptosis, and angiogenesis inhibition.

Conclusions: These results highlight a mechanism of action of lenalidomide in MCL cases with increased tumorigenicity in vivo, which is mediated by the dissociation of cyclin D1/p27KIP1 complexes, and subsequent proliferation blockade and apoptosis induction. Clin Cancer Res; 20(2); 393–403. ©2013 AACR.
Harnessing the Potential of Radiation-Induced Immune Modulation for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ahmed Mansoor M. , Hodge James W. , Guha Chandan , Bernhard Eric J. , Vikram Bhadrasain , Coleman C. Norman
Published: November 2013

The conventional use of radiotherapy is for local tumor control. Radiotherapy of the primary tumor can prevent the development of distant metastases, but this modality is generally not effective for treating preexisting systemic disease. However, radiation-induced tumor destruction may be considered a novel strategy for in situ cancer vaccination, in which tumor antigens released from dying tumor cells may be presented in an immunostimulatory context. Moreover, radiation has been demonstrated to induce immunogenic modulation in various tumor types by altering the biology of surviving cells to render them more susceptible to T cell–mediated killing. Finally, radiotherapy typically has a favorable toxicity profile and is associated with the absence of systemic immunosuppression. Together, these properties suggest that radiotherapy may serve as an important component of combinatorial immunotherapies aimed at augmenting systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we provide an overview of the radiation-induced modulations of the immune system that may be harnessed for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(5); 280–4. ©2013 AACR.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Brain Differences in Healthy Women
Authors: Ota Miho , Hori Hiroaki , Sato Noriko , Sasayama Daimei , Hattori Kotaro , Teraishi Toshiya , Obu Satoko , Nakata Yasuhiro , Kunugi Hiroshi
Published: November 2013

Background: Previous studies have suggested that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to brain changes. However, few studies have examined the whole brain configuration for an association with HPA axis activity. We examined the relationship between HPA axis activity and the whole brain configuration. Methods: The subjects in this study were 34 healthy female volunteers. HPA axis activity was assessed by the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test. Structural volumes of the brain and diffusion tensor images were obtained, and correlations were evaluated voxel-wise. Results: There was a significantly negative correlation between fractional anisotropy value and cortisol levels at 16:00 h (CL-2) in the anterior cingulum, left parahippocampus and right occipital region. There were significantly positive correlations between mean diffusivity value and CL-2 in the left hippocampus and bilateral parahippocampal regions. Conclusions: Our data suggest that reduced feedback of the HPA axis is associated with reduced neural connectivity throughout the brain, and such an association may be strong in the anterior cingulate, the hippocampus and the parahippocampal regions.
A Lethal Case of Influenza and Type 5 Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Larsen Timothy R. , Kinni Vijay , Zaks Jeffery , David Shukri , McCullough Peter A.
Published: November 2013

Interactions between the heart and kidneys have been labeled as the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Type-5 CRS describes a disease that simultaneously damages both organs. With severe infection, systemic inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β) cause wide-spread endothelial dysfunction, cellular apoptosis, and depressed organ function. Impaired myocardial function promotes worsening renal function and vice versa, leading to a dangerous positive feedback loop. Influenza viruses cause both myocardial and kidney injury, presumably through an immune-mediated mechanism. Herein we present a lethal case of influenza, resulting in acute type V cardiorenal syndrome.
‘Suspicious for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma' before and after The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: Impact of Standardized Terminology
Authors: Olson Matthew T. , Boonyaarunnate Thiraphon , Atlinboga Aysegul Aksoy , Ali Syed Z.
Published: November 2013

Background: The high-risk ‘suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma' (SPTC) is a clinically relevant diagnosis in the cytological interpretation of thyroid aspirates. While The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has provided invaluable terminology standardization, a performance comparison for this diagnostic category has not been performed. Therefore, this study evaluates the SPTC diagnosis before and after the introduction of TBSRTC in a large meta-analysis and at a single institution. Materials and Methods: The meta-analysis analyzed publications of SPTC or similar diagnoses before and after the introduction of TBSRTC. Similarly our own institutional experience was analyzed for the 8 years surrounding the introduction of TBSRTC. A correlation of the cytopathology and surgical pathology diagnoses was performed. Results: The introduction of TBSRTC coincided with a significant decrease in the fraction of cases called SPTC in the meta-analysis (4.5-3.1%, p < 0.00001) and in the institutional review (1.7-0.9%, p = 0.005). Meanwhile, the malignancy risk for those cases increased significantly in the meta-analysis from 62.5 to 80.5% (p < 0.00001) and trended upwards in the institutional review from 69 to 79% (p = 0.4). The follow-up rate was similar in both time periods in the meta-analysis and the institutional review. Conclusions: The introduction of TBSRTC coincided with a decrease in the fraction of cases called SPTC and an increase in the malignancy risk associated with that diagnosis.
Critical Role of the HP1-Histone Methyltransferase Pathways in Cancer Epigenetics
Authors: Velez Gabriel , Urrutia Raul , Lomberk Gwen
Published: November 2013

Posttranslational modifications to histone tails (histone marks) serve as the underlying basis for epigenetic signaling in the activation and repression of gene activity. The specific temporal and special context of these modifications is interpreted by nonhistone chromatin proteins called histone mark readers. The best-known example of reader proteins, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), recognizes epigenetic marks generated by histone methyltransferases (HMTs), SUV39H1 and G9a/GLP. Changes in the levels of HP1 and its associated HMTs have been associated with the development of several cancers. Here, we review the role of the HP1-HMT pathways in cancer-associated processes as well as the pharmacological targeting of this important epigenetic player for the therapy of malignant diseases.
Fern distributional records in Christensenia (Marattiaceae), Dipteris (Dipteridaceae), and Rheopteris (Pteridaceae) from the upper Sepik of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Takeuchi Wayne
Published: November 2013

Christensenia (Marattiaceae) is recorded for the island of New Guinea, removing a puzzling disjunction in its documented distribution. The rarely seen Rheopteris cheesmaniae (Pteridaceae), previously represented by three specimens, is rediscovered in Sepik habitats far inland from the historical north-coastal localities. Population updates are also provided for Dipteris lobbiana (Dipteridaceae), a species found throughout Malesia but otherwise known in New Guinea only from the upper Sepik. All three ferns are surprisingly common at their new sites of occurrence.
Type specimen of Oreomyrrhis borneensis Merr. (Apiaceae) unearthed in Herbarium of National Museum of Philippines (PNH)
Authors: Chung Kuo-fang
Published: November 2013

During his post as a botanist with Bureau of Science, Manila, E. D. Merrill described Oreomyrrhis borneensis Merrill (1918: 514) based on specimens collected in a joint expedition by Joseph and Mary Strong Clemens (Clemens 10622) and D. Le Roy Topping (Topping 1687) to Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Merrill (1918) designated Clemens 10622 as type [‘Mrs. Clemens 10622 (type)’] but without stating the institution where the type was preserved. Merrill also cited Topping 1687, but not as a type, thus it was a paratype (McNeill et al. 2012: Art. 9.6). In revising Oreomyrrhis Endlicher (1839: 787), Mathias & Constance (1955) designated the collection of Clemens 10622 at UC as ‘UC-type’ without any comment. This treatment was followed by Beaman et al. (2001; ‘holotype UC n.v.’) and the subsequent study by Chung (2007) where Oreomyrrhis was further synonymized under Chaerophyllum Linnaeus (1753: 258–259) because the former taxon was shown derived from within the latter in phylogenetic analyses (Chung et al. 2005, Chung 2007). The UC-type (http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/uc214731), however, is tagged as ‘unspecified type’ in the website of The University and Jepson Herbaria (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/gtt.pl?gtt=UC214731).
Smilax jiankunii, a new synonym in Chinese Smilax (Liliales: Smilacaceae)
Authors: Qi Zhechen , Li Pan , Du Yujuan , Fu Chengxin
Published: November 2013

Smilax Linnaeus (1753: 1028), the only genus of Smilacaceae, consists of over 200 species (with ca. 90 in China), and is widely distributed from tropical to temperate areas (Qi et al. 2012). Li (1992: 21) published Smilax jiankunii H.Li, based on specimens collected in the Dulongjiang Valley, Gongshan County, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Smilax jiankunii was characterized by having a smooth stem, abaxially glaucous leaves, slender peduncles 9 to 10 cm long, densely flowered umbels (with 60–100 flowers), and the whole plant becoming blackish when dried (Li 1992), a feature shared with Smilax pottingeri Prain (1900: 174). Since Wang & Tang (1978) transferred S. pottingeri to the genus Heterosmilax Kunth (1850: 270) as H. pottingeri (Prain) Wang & Tang (1978: 245), based on the leaf shape and flattened peduncles, it is understandable that Li failed to compare her new species with it at that time. However, the name Smilax pottingeri was more recently accepted under Smilax again, due to more collections and knowledge of this plant becoming available (Chen & Koyama 2000), and the genus Heterosmilax having been merged with Smilax based on morphological and molecular studies (Judd 1998, Cameron & Fu 2006, Qi et al. 2012, 2013). After comparing the descriptions of both, we recognized that Smilax pottingeri appears to be similar to S. jiankunii, which has smooth stems, abaxially glaucous leaves, a slender peduncle 3 to 6 cm long and densely flowered umbels (with 40–70 flowers), but a more southern distribution in eastern Myanmar, southeastern Yunnan, Vietnam, northern Laos and northern Thailand (Koyama 1975, Chen & Koyama 2000, Nguyên 2007).
Southeastern U.S. Rainfall Prediction in the North American Multi-Model Ensemble
Authors: Infanti Johnna M. , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: November 2013

The present study investigates the predictive skill of the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) system for intraseasonal-to-interannual (ISI) prediction with focus on southeastern U.S. precipitation. The southeastern United States is of particular interest because of the typically short-lived nature of above- and below-normal extended rainfall events allowing for focus on seasonal prediction, as well as the tendency for more predictability in the winter months. Included in this study is analysis of the forecast quality of the NMME system when predicting above- and below-normal rainfall and individual rainfall events, with particular emphasis on results from the 2007 dry period. Both deterministic and probabilistic measures of skill are utilized in order to gain a more complete understanding of how accurately the system predicts precipitation at both short and long lead times and to investigate the multimodel aspect of the system as compared to using an individual predictive model. The NMME system consistently shows low systematic error and relatively high skill in predicting precipitation, particularly in winter months as compared to individual model results.
Stability Analysis of the Labrador Current
Authors: Thomsen Sören , Eden Carsten , Czeschel Lars
Published: November 2013

Mooring observations and model simulations point to an instability of the Labrador Current (LC) during winter, with enhanced eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at periods between 2 and 5 days and much less EKE during other seasons. Linear stability analysis using vertical shear and stratification from the model reveals three dominant modes of instability in the LC: 1) a balanced interior mode with along-flow wavelengths of about 30–45 km, phase velocities of 0.3 m s−1, maximal growth rates of 1 day−1, and surface-intensified but deep-reaching amplitudes; 2) a balanced shallow mode with along-flow wavelengths of about 0.3–1.5 km, phase velocities of 0.55 m s−1, about 3 times larger growth rates, but amplitudes confined to the mixed layer (ML); and 3) an unbalanced symmetric mode with the largest growth rates, vanishing phase speeds, and along-flow structure, and very small cross-flow wavelengths, also confined to the ML. Both balanced modes are akin to baroclinic instability but operate at moderate-to-small Richardson numbers Ri with much larger growth rates as for the quasigeostrophic limit of Ri ≫ 1. The interior mode is found to be responsible for the instability of the LC during winter. Weak stratification and enhanced vertical shear due to local buoyancy loss and the advection of convective water masses from the interior result in small Ri within the LC and up to 3 times larger growth rates of the interior mode in March compared to summer and fall conditions. Both the shallow and the symmetric modes are not resolved by the model, but it is suggested that they might also play an important role for the instability in the LC and for lateral mixing.
Domiciliary Care: The Formal and Informal Labour Process
Authors: Bolton Sharon C , Wibberley Gemma
Published: November 2013

Domiciliary carers are paid care workers who travel to the homes of older people to assist with personal routines. Increasingly, over the past 20 years, the delivery of domiciliary care has been organised according to market principles and portrayed as the ideal type of formal care; offering cost savings to local authorities and independence for older people. Crucially, the work of the former ‘home help’ is transformed as domiciliary carers are now subject to the imperative of private, competitive accumulation which necessitates a constant search for increases in labour productivity. Drawing on qualitative data from domiciliary carers, managers and stakeholders, this article highlights the commodification of caring labour and reveals the constraints, contradictions and challenges of paid care work. Labour Process Theory offers a means of understanding the political economy of care work and important distinctions in terms of the formal and informal domiciliary care labour process.
Do You Want the Good News or the Bad News First? The Nature and Consequences of News Order Preferences
Authors: Legg Angela M. , Sweeny Kate
Published: November 2013

Information often comes as a mix of good and bad news, prompting the question, “Do you want the good news or the bad news first?” In such cases, news-givers and news-recipients differ in their concerns and considerations, thus creating an obstacle to ideal communication. In three studies, we examined order preferences of news-givers and news-recipients and the consequences of these preferences. Study 1 confirmed that news-givers and news-recipients differ in their news order preferences. Study 2 tested two solutions to close the preference gap between news-givers and recipients and found that both perspective-taking and priming emotion-protection goals shift news-givers’ delivery patterns to the preferred order of news-recipients. Study 3 provided evidence that news order has consequences for recipients, such that opening with bad news (as recipients prefer) reduces worry, but this emotional benefit undermines motivation to change behavior.
Federal Law Against Age and Disability Discrimination Meets the Dignity of the States
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: November 2013

Building on Norma Riccucci’s Review of Public Personnel Administration article on “The U.S. Supreme Court’s New Federalism and Its Impact on Antidiscrimination Legislation,” the present study proceeds by (a) outlining public employees’ federal statutory rights to equal employment opportunity; (b) analyzing state sovereign immunity doctrine; (c) explaining how, when coupled with Fourteenth Amendment equal protection analysis, state sovereign immunity frustrates Congress’ effort to protect state employees from age and disability discrimination; and (d) considering whether jurisprudential concern for the role of the federal courts in the constitutional separation of powers contributes to the Supreme Court’s unwillingness to authorize state employees to litigate their federal statutorily based age and disability claims in federal and state courts. The article concludes that, when combined, the Supreme Court’s state sovereign immunity doctrine and equal protection analysis negate state employees’ federal statutory rights against age and disability discrimination as well as Congress’ Fourteenth Amendment authority to protect these public servants from such disparate treatment.
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Consensus Malnutrition Characteristics
Authors: Malone Ainsley , Hamilton Cynthia
Published: November 2013

Malnutrition in adult hospitalized patients has been a significant issue for almost 40 years. Changes in 2007 to the diagnosis related groups reimbursement methodology, as outlined by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, provided an impetus to improve the diagnosis and documentation of malnutrition in adult patients. Being able to accurately assess, diagnose, and document malnutrition has been challenged by the lack of a standard malnutrition definition. In 2012 a workgroup of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition published a consensus paper outlining characteristics for the diagnosis of adult hospital malnutrition. Using the etiology approach for defining malnutrition as outlined by Jensen and colleagues, 6 general characteristics are outlined with specific thresholds to delineate severe and nonsevere malnutrition. The purpose of this article is to provide practical strategies for criteria implementation and to describe one institution's experience in implementing a broad‐based “malnutrition program” within its healthcare system.