bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐Separation: Complete Separation of Organic–Water Mixtures by Structural Property of Metamaterial
Authors: Choi Kyoung Hwan , Hwang Da Young , Park Jeong Eon , Suh Dong Hack
Published: May 2021

The separation of liquid mixtures has been studied for a long time. Separation is based on the difference in physical properties including pore size and electrostatic interaction. Therefore, there are many difficulties in separation of materials having similar physical properties such as ethanol–water and 1,4‐dioxane–water mixtures. While pervaporation based on a difference in transport rates by permeability through a membrane has been suggested, it still has many difficulties such as high energy consumption and huge facilities. Yet there is an existing technical gap to remove trace amounts of organics dissolved in water. Here, a novel separation strategy employing a metamaterial, called meta‐separation using the exotic structural property of metamaterials rather than electrostatic characteristics is reported. The structural properties of metamaterials provide various functions of super‐hydrophobicity based on roughness of surface, the strong capillary effect based on nanopore, and huge void for great absorption of organics. It exhibits a water contact angle of 151.3° and high adhesive property from nanopore. On the other hand, ethanol is immediately absorbed up to 93 wt%. These differences make it possible to quickly and easily eliminate organics dissolved in water. Furthermore, their applications are expected to achieve functions in environmental remediation, biofuel separation process, etc., without large‐scale facilities.
Achieving High Afterglow Brightness in Organic Dopant‐Matrix Systems
Authors: Sun Yan , Wang Guangming , Li Xun , Zhou Bei , Zhang Kaka
Published: May 2021

Afterglow brightness upon ceasing excitation represents an important parameter for afterglow material applications, while purely‐organic room‐temperature afterglow materials with high quantum yields, long emission lifetimes, and strong absorption capability, which are necessary to realize high afterglow brightness, remain rarely reported. Using dopant‐matrix collaboration, thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism, and spiro molecular design, here a highly bright afterglow system is reported, that possesses persistent luminescence quantum yields as high as 30% and emission lifetimes up to 0.6 s at ambient conditions by doping spiro‐shaped difluoroboron β‐diketonate (spiroBF2, ε = 6.5 × 104 M−1cm−1) luminogens into benzophenone (BP) matrices. After being processed into desired shapes and large‐area panels by melt casting, the spiroBF2‐BP material exhibits intense green afterglow that is much brighter than a typical SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ inorganic afterglow material and can last for more than 5 s under room light, which is among the brightest afterglow in purely‐organic systems.
Enhanced Efficiency of Inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx Perovskite Solar Cell via Self‐Regulation of Antisite Defects
Authors: Yao Zhun , Xu Zhuo , Zhao Wangen , Zhang Jingru , Bian Hui , Fang Yuankun , Yang Yan , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: May 2021

Deep defects often act as Shockley–Read–Hall recombination centers in semiconductor materials, degrading the photoelectric performance and long‐term stability of assembled photovoltaic devices. In this report, deep level transient spectroscopy is probed to determine defect concentrations and defect energy levels in all‐inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx perovskite solar cells. Combining that data with the density functional theory calculation, the dominant deep defect states are assigned to antisite defect pairs (PbI and IPb) and interstitial defects (Pbi) in freshly prepared CsPbI3−xBrx films. Astonishingly, all these defects are reduced by approximately one or two orders of magnitude after resting the films overnight, in excellent agreement with the defect‐reduced trends from the fluorescence spectra, transient photovoltage, and space‐charge‐limited current measurements. The reduced defect concentrations are proposed to be connected with their self‐regulation during the storage. To assess the thermodynamics possibilities, two reaction procedures are designed to calculate their formation enthalpies and negative Gibbs energy change revealed their spontaneous processes. Then, strain relief is the direct driving force for ion migration, thus defect‐regulation by tracing the X‐ray diffraction patterns. Furthermore, the power conversion efficiency is improved and the J–V hysteresis is suppressed due to reduced ion migration via relaxed strain.
Genome‐wide association analysis of drought resistance based on seed germination vigor and germination rate at the bud stage in common bean
Authors: Wu Lei , Chang Yujie , Wang Lanfen , Wang Shumin , Wu Jing
Published: May 2021

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume. However, drought influences its entire growth and development process and can cause yield losses. The influence of drought stress is the most severe in the bud stage. The major objective of our study was to identify a series of loci involved in drought stress response in the bud stage using association analysis. In this study, 361 common bean germplasms were used to investigate germination vigor (GV) and germination rate (GR) under distilled water and drought stress conditions. The common bean showed large variations in GV and GR, with GV ranging from 6.67 to 100% and 0 to 73.33% and GR ranging from 66.67 to 100% and 0 to 100% in distilled water and under drought stress, respectively. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 361 accessions was conducted using 3,724,159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and revealed 2 and 11 candidate SNPs associated with relative germination rate (RGR) and relative germination vigor (RGV), respectively. Three loci were collocated with loci previously reported as being related to drought tolerance. A total of 180 candidate genes were identified, many of which were related to ion transport and oxidation‐reduction reactions. A major haplotype for RGV was identified on chromosome 6. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of drought tolerance in common bean at the bud stage and provide candidate SNPs and genes that can be used to accelerate the drought tolerance improvement of common bean.
Corn seedling root growth response to soil physical quality
Authors: Nunes Márcio R. , de Lima Renato P. , Tormena Cassio A. , Karlen Douglas L.
Published: May 2021

Plant available water content or matric potential, particle size (texture), aeration, and penetration resistance are soil physical properties that influence soil structure, bulk density, aggregation, and several metabolic plant processes. Collectively they influence productivity and sustainability of agricultural practices, primarily through their impact on root development and growth. To simplify use of these parameters for assessing soil physical condition, the least limiting water range (LLWR) was developed as an integrated, comprehensive soil physical quality indicator. Our objective was to use the LLWR to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) seedling root growth in soils with clay, sandy clay loam, or sand texture. Overall, root growth was affected by soil water content, aeration, and penetration resistance. Upper and lower LLWR boundaries were defined by a minimum air‐filled porosity and maximum soil penetration resistance for water contents between field capacity and permanent wilting point. Herein, the LLWR was calculated using a range of minimum air‐filled porosity (0.117–0.146 m3 m−3), field capacity (–2.2 to –5.3 kPa), and permanent wilting point or matric potential values (–461 to –6,516 kPa), and a restrictive penetration resistance value of 1.6 MPa as boundaries. The LLWR was sensitive to soil texture, decreasing from fine to coarse soils. The highest and lowest relative root growth measurements fell inside and outside the LLWR boundaries, proving that this index can successfully predict the optimum soil physical conditions for seedlings root growth and can therefore be used as a sensitive soil physical quality.
Female‐directed aggression by adolescent male chimpanzees primarily constitutes dominance striving, not sexual coercion
Authors: Enigk Drew K. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Machanda Zarin P. , Wrangham Richard W. , Muller Martin N.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are notable for exhibiting high levels of male‐to‐female aggression. Much of this aggression from adult males serves sexually coercive functions. Despite being smaller and lower‐ranking than adult males, adolescent males also engage in regular aggression against adult females. Here, we test whether the primary function of this aggression is sexual coercion, as in adult males, or, alternatively, whether adolescent males use aggression to establish social dominance over females.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 1771 copulations and 1812 instances of male‐initiated aggression between adolescent males (aged nine through 14 years) and adult females across 21 years of observation of the Kanyawara chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda.

Results

Our test of the sexual coercion hypothesis revealed that adolescent males did not selectively target cycling females for aggression, nor did aggression against cycling females predict rates of copulation with those females. Our test of the social dominance hypothesis showed that males succeeded in dominating all adult females before, or soon after, dominating their first adult male. Additionally, we found that adolescent males dominated females approximately in the order of the females' own ranks, from the bottom to the top of the female hierarchy.

Discussion

Our data illustrate that the establishment of social dominance was more important than sexual coercion in explaining patterns of adolescent male aggression toward females. In comparison, evidence for sexual coercion was clear and compelling in adult males. These findings highlight that the primary function of male‐to‐female aggression differs between adolescent and adult males.
Preservation of Brain Activity in Unresponsive Patients Identifies MCS Star
Authors: Thibaut Aurore , Panda Rajanikant , Annen Jitka , Sanz Leandro R. D. , Naccache Lionel , Martial Charlotte , Chatelle Camille , Aubinet Charlène , Bonin Estelle A. C. , Barra Alice , Briand Marie‐Michèle , Cecconi Benedetta , Wannez Sarah , Stender Johan , Laureys Steven , Gosseries Olivia
Published: May 2021

Objective

Brain‐injured patients who are unresponsive at the bedside (ie, vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome – VS/UWS) may present brain activity similar to patients in minimally conscious state (MCS). This peculiar condition has been termed “non‐behavioural MCS” or “MCS*”. In the present study we aimed to investigate the proportion and underlying brain characteristics of patients in MCS*.

Methods

Brain 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG‐PET) was acquired on 135 brain‐injured patients diagnosed in prolonged VS/UWS (n = 48) or MCS (n = 87). From an existing database, relative metabolic preservation in the fronto‐parietal network (measured with standardized uptake value) was visually inspected by three experts. Patients with hypometabolism of the fronto‐parietal network were labelled “VS/UWS”, while its (partial) preservation either confirmed the behavioural diagnosis of “MCS” or, in absence of behavioural signs of consciousness, suggested a diagnosis of “MCS*”. Clinical outcome at 1‐year follow‐up, functional connectivity, grey matter atrophy, and regional brain metabolic patterns were investigated in the three groups (VS/UWS, MCS* and MCS).

Results

67% of behavioural VS/UWS presented a partial preservation of brain metabolism (ie, MCS*). Compared to VS/UWS patients, MCS* patients demonstrated a better outcome, global functional connectivity and grey matter preservation more compatible with the diagnosis of MCS. MCS* patients presented lower brain metabolism mostly in the posterior brain regions compared to MCS patients.

Interpretation

MCS* is a frequent phenomenon that is associated with better outcome and better brain preservation than the diagnosis of VS/UWS. Complementary exams should be provided to all unresponsive patients before taking medical decisions. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:89–100
Tricyanidoferrate(−IV) und ‐ruthenate(−IV) mit redox‐aktiven Cyanido‐Liganden
Authors: Jach Franziska , Wagner Frank R. , Amber Zeeshan H. , Rüsing Michael , Hunger Jens , Prots Yurii , Kaiser Martin , Bobnar Matej , Jesche Anton , Eng Lukas M. , Ruck Michael , Höhn Peter
Published: May 2021

Außergewöhnlich elektronenreiche, nahezu trigonal‐planare Tricyanidometallat‐Anionen [Fe(CN)3]7− und [Ru(CN)3]7− wurden in LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] und EA3.5[M(CN)3] (EA=Sr, Ba; M=Fe, Ru) stabilisiert. Es sind die ersten Beispiele für Metalle der Gruppe 8 in der Oxidationsstufe −IV. Mikrokristalline Pulver wurden über festkörperchemische Reaktionen erhalten, Einkristalle aus Alkalimetallschmelzen gezüchtet. Während LiSr3[Fe(CN)3] in P63/m kristallisiert, wird für EA3.5[M(CN)3] die polare Raumgruppe P63 mit dreifach vergrößertem Zellvolumen durch Frequenzverdopplung (SHG) bestätigt. Röntgenbeugung, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie zeigen größere C‐N‐Abstände (124–128 pm) und deutlich geringere Valenzschwingungsfrequenzen (1484–1634 cm−1) als in klassischen Cyanidometallaten. Das Bindungsschema aus schwachen C‐N‐Bindungen in Kombination mit starken M‐C‐π‐Bindungen erinnert an Carbonylmetallate. Abweichend von der rein formalen Notation [Fe−IV(CN−)3]7− führen quantenchemische Rechnungen zu redox‐aktiven, zwischenvalenten CN1.67− Liganden und einer geschlossenschaligen Fe d10‐Konfiguration, also Fe2−.
Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound
Authors: Zhao Pengkun , Huo Shuaidong , Fan Jilin , Chen Junlin , Kiessling Fabian , Boersma Arnold J. , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas
Published: May 2021

The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound‐induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.
Financial time series analysis and forecasting with Hilbert–Huang transform feature generation and machine learning
Authors: Leung Tim , Zhao Theodore
Published: May 2021

We present the method of complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) for analyzing nonstationary financial time series. This noise‐assisted approach decomposes any time series into a number of intrinsic mode functions, along with the corresponding instantaneous amplitudes and instantaneous frequencies. Different combinations of modes allow us to reconstruct the time series using components of different timescales. We then apply Hilbert spectral analysis to define and compute the associated instantaneous energy‐frequency spectrum to illustrate the properties of various timescales embedded in the original time series. Using HHT, we generate a collection of new features and integrate them into machine learning models, such as regression tree ensemble, support vector machine, and long short‐term memory neural network. Using empirical financial data, we compare several HHT‐enhanced machine learning models in terms of forecasting performance.
Exploring Treatment Options for PFAS Removal in Brunswick County, North Carolina
Authors: Dowbiggin Bill , Treadway Jonathan , Nichols John , Walker Glenn
Published: May 2021

Key Takeaways

Brunswick County Public Utilities evaluated several advanced water treatment alternatives to remove per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other emerging contaminants.

A desktop analysis and pilot study confirmed that low pressure reverse osmosis was the most effective technology for removal of PFAS.

Previous expansion plans to meet growing demand were merged with the PFAS project to develop a single design and construction program.
Show Me the Money: WIFIA Success Stories
Authors: Cheng Robert C. , Lindsey Lee , Chamberlain Joni , Sandler Eric , Morales Richard , Kiehl Geoffrey
Published: May 2021

Key Takeaways

Replacing and repairing water infrastructure in the United States is a critical need, but finding a reasonable way to pay for infrastructure projects is a concern for countless utilities.

The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act, a loan program commonly known as WIFIA, was signed into law in 2014 and has become a popular funding solution that continues to evolve and refine its processes.

The profiles of four US utilities demonstrate WIFIA's flexibility in addressing different project financing scenarios.
Isopentenol Utilization Pathway for the Production of Linalool in Escherichia coli Using an Improved Bacterial Linalool/Nerolidol Synthase
Authors: Ferraz Clara A. , Leferink Nicole G. H. , Kosov Iaroslav , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: May 2021

Linalool is a monoterpenoid used as a fragrance ingredient, and is a promising source for alternative fuels. Synthetic biology offers attractive alternative production methods compared to extraction from natural sources and chemical synthesis. Linalool/nerolidol synthase (bLinS) from Streptomyces clavuligerus is a bifunctional enzyme, producing linalool as well as the sesquiterpenoid nerolidol when expressed in engineered Escherichia coli harbouring a precursor terpenoid pathway such as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Here we identified two residues important for substrate selection by bLinS, L72 and V214, where the introduction of bulkier residues results in variants with reduced nerolidol formation. Terpenoid production using canonical precursor pathways is usually limited by numerous and highly regulated enzymatic steps. Here we compared the canonical MVA pathway to the non‐canonical isopentenol utilization (IU) pathway to produce linalool using the optimised bLinS variant. The IU pathway uses isoprenol and prenol to produce linalool in only five steps. Adjusting substrate, plasmid system, inducer concentration, and cell strain directs the flux towards monoterpenoids. Our integrated approach, combining enzyme engineering with flux control using the artificial IU pathway, resulted in high purity production of the commercially attractive monoterpenoid linalool, and will guide future efforts towards efficient optimisation of terpenoid production in engineered microbes.
Progress in Multifunctional Metal–Organic Frameworks/Polymer Hybrid Membranes
Authors: Liang Bin , Li Bin , Li Zhiqiang , Chen Banglin
Published: May 2021

The fabrication of state‐of‐the‐art membranes with customized functions and high efficiency is of great significance, but presents challenges. Emerging metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs)/polymer hybrid membranes have provided bright promise as an innovative platform to target multifunctional hybrid materials and devices; this is thanks to their unique properties, which come from three components that are collaboratively enforced. This minireview provides a brief overview of recent progress in the construction of such hybrid membranes, and highlights some of their very important applications in separation, conduction, and sensing.
TIPS‐Ethynylated Naphthodiquinoline and Naphthodiacridine: Novel Diazabisacenes
Authors: Ahrens Lukas , Maier Steffen , Misselwitz Erik , Oeser Thomas , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: May 2021

The synthesis of two diazabisacenes is reported. A bisboronated naphthalene was Suzuki‐coupled to substituted ethyl nicotinates, then cyclized by intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts acylation. The resulting diketones were alkynylated and reduced to give the title compounds, bis(TIPS‐ethynyl)‐substituted naphtha[1,8‐gh:5,4‐g′h′]diquinoline and naphtho[1,8‐bc:5,4‐b′c′]diacridine. Nitrogen incorporation stabilizes the bisacenes with respect to oxidation compared to their consanguine nonaza analogs.
A case of corticosteroid‐refractory adult‐onset Still's disease successfully controlled with tocilizumab despite transient neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Authors: Iwata Jun‐ichi , Yamamura Hitomi , Takano Aiko , Horiuchi Yoshihito
Published: May 2021

We report a case of a 50‐year‐old woman with adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD). Even after receiving steroid pulse therapy and high‐dose oral corticosteroid medication, the patient's serum ferritin level increased, while the number of neutrophils and platelets decreased. However, fever, erythema, sore throat, and arthralgia ceased. Therefore, we administered intravenous tocilizumab (TCZ). However, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and exacerbation of hyperferritinemia occurred after the first TCZ infusion. After the second TCZ infusion, the values returned to normal, and we discontinued prednisolone successfully without any flare‐ups of AOSD. We reviewed case reports describing adverse events after TCZ administration in AOSD patients.
Keratosis pilaris caused by dupilumab for the treatment of bronchial asthma
Authors: Shibata Yuka , Sano Shigetoshi
Published: May 2021

Here, we present two patients with bronchial asthma, who developed keratosis pilaris (KP) following treatment with dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody to IL‐4 receptor. Both of them reported pruritic papules in their extremities in 1 months after initiation of dupilumab therapy. The lesions newly developed on the day of every administration of dupilumab at 2‐week interval, however, they tended to resolve over time until the next treatment. A diagnosis of KP was made from clinical and histopathologic findings. Dermoscopic examination revealed keratotic plugs with coiled, curly hairs. We suspected that dupilumab might abruptly impact on growth of vellus hair to generate KP.
Synthesis of2H‐benzo[g]furo/thieno/pyrrolo[2,3‐e]indazolesviaIntramolecular Dehydrogenation Photocyclization
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Ping , Zhang Xi , Wang Rui , Wang Tao , Liu Zhicun , Zhang Zunting
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A catalyst‐, acid‐ and base‐free, environmental‐friendly method for synthesis of 2H‐benzo[g]furo[2,3‐e]indazoles, 2H‐benzo[g]thieno[2,3‐e]indazoles and 2H‐benzo[g]pyrrolo[2,3‐e]indazolesviaUV light irradiation of 3‐phenyl‐4‐(2‐heteroaryl)pyrazoles (aryl = furanyl, thiophenyl andN‐methylpyrrolyl) in EtOH/H2O at room temperature under argon atmosphere was described. Irradiation of 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐(2‐heteroaryl)pyrazoles showed a high chemo‐selectivity to obtain dehydrogenation product 2H‐benzo[g]furo/ thieno/pyrrolo[2,3‐e]indazols‐10‐ol. The mechanism of photocyclization was expounded through the process of 6π‐electroncyclization, [1,5]‐hydrogen shift, pyrazole tautomerism, 1,3‐eneamine tautomerism and evolution of H2.
Visible Light‐Mediated Construction of Sulfonated Dibenzazepines
Authors: Qu Chuan‐Hua , Song Gui‐Ting , Ou Jian‐Hua , Tang Dian‐Yong , Xu Zhi‐Gang , Chen Zhong‐Zhu
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A new method to access sulfonated dibenz[b,e]azepines via visible‐light photoredox catalysis is described. Employing inexpensive and commercially available sulfonyl chlorides to form the sulfonyl radicals enables the alkyne addition reaction followed by a 7‐membered radical cyclization step to furnish sulfonated dibenzazepines. In addition, an Ugi‐type multicomponent reaction (MCR) for the synthesis of o‐aminophenylacetylene derivatives can also be used as a rapid substrate synthesis method for the cascade radical cyclization protocol to obtain a series of highly functionalized sulfonylated dibenzazepines, which undoubtedly greatly simplifies the synthetic steps of the dibenzazepine compounds that are important core structures in pharmaceuticals.
Oxidative Photopolymerization of 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) via Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Modular Toolbox for Attaining PEDOT**
Authors: Esen Cansu , Antonietti Markus , Kumru Baris
Published: May 2021

Conductive polymers find key applications ranging from optoelectronics and OLEDs to conductive composite materials. The synthesis of conductive polymers from monomers, such as thiophene derivatives, pyrroles and aniline, mainly relies on oxidative polymerization, and the processing of so‐formed (insoluble) polymers is a major issue that needs to be addressed. In the present work, oxidative photopolymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) by visible light employing the metal‐free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) is presented. Two main reaction pathways based on g‐CN content are described, and the formation of processable oligo‐EDOT is demonstrated.
Transient dynamics during kelp forest recovery from fishing across multiple trophic levels
Authors: Dunn Robert P. , Samhouri Jameal F. , Baskett Marissa L.
Published: May 2021

Outcomes of management efforts to recover or restore populations of harvested species can be highly dependent on environmental and community context. Predator–prey interactions can alter recovery trajectories, and the timing of management actions within multi‐trophic level harvest scenarios may influence the dynamics of recovery and lead to management trade‐offs. Recent work using a generalist predator–prey model suggests that management promoting synchronized recovery of predators and prey leads to faster and less variable recovery trajectories than sequential recovery (predator or prey first). However, more complex communities may require different management actions to minimize recovery time and variability. Here, we use a tri‐trophic level rocky reef community dynamics model with size‐structure and fisheries at multiple trophic levels to investigate the importance of three ecological processes to recovery of fished communities: (1) size‐structured predation, (2) non‐consumptive effects of predators on prey behavior, and (3) varying levels of recruitment. We also test the effects of initiating recovery from community states associated with varying degrees of fishery‐induced degradation and develop a simulation in which the basal resource (kelp) is harvested. In this system, a predator‐first closure generally leads to the least volatile and quickest recovery, whether from a kelp forest, urchin barren, or intermediate community state. The benefits gained by selecting this strategy are magnified when recovering from the degraded community, the urchin barren, because initial conditions in the degraded state lead to lengthy recovery times. However, the shape of the size‐structured predation relationship can strongly affect recovery volatility, where the differences between alternate management strategies are negated with size‐independent predation. External recruitment reduces return times by bolstering the predatory lobster population. These results show that in a tightly linked tri‐trophic level food web with top‐down control, a predator‐first fishery closure can be the most effective strategy to reduce volatility and shorten recovery, particularly when the system is starting from the degraded community state. Given the ubiquity of top predator loss across many ecosystems, we highlight the value of incorporating insights from community ecology into ecosystem management.
Coral monitoring in northwest Australia with environmental DNA metabarcoding using a curated reference database for optimized detection
Authors: Dugal Laurence , Thomas Luke , Wilkinson Shaun P. , Richards Zoe T. , Alexander Jason B. , Adam Arne A.S. , Kennington W. Jason , Jarman Simon , Ryan Nicole M. , Bunce Michael , Gilmour James P.
Published: May 2021

The need for efficient and more accurate ways of monitoring threatened ecosystems is becoming increasingly urgent as climate change intensifies. Coral reefs are an example of an ecosystem in crisis, with widespread declines in coral cover and diversity documented over recent decades. Novel molecular approaches such as biomonitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) from seawater samples show great potential to complement future coral reef monitoring programs, especially when used in combination with conventional methods. However, eDNA metabarcoding studies often rely on public databases (e.g., GenBank) for assigning taxonomy, which generally limits the number of sequences that can be taxonomically identified. The extent to which building reference tissue sequences improves taxonomic resolution has yet to be fully examined. Here, we combined traditional coral reef monitoring data with eDNA assessments derived from seawater collected at the highly diverse Rowley Shoals in Western Australia. Using two ITS2 assays developed to target basal metazoan DNA and a reference database spiked with 70 local coral specimens, we identified 37 genera and 40 species from 56 1 L seawater samples. We identified considerable overlap of taxa with visual survey data and showed that assignment of amplicon sequence variants was significantly improved when “spiking” the taxonomic classifier with curated sequences of locally collected species. Our findings showcase the potential of eDNA metabarcoding for monitoring the biodiversity of reef corals and highlight the importance of custom reference sequence databases for improving taxonomic resolution in metabarcoding studies.
Two‐dimensional halide perovskite quantum‐well emitters: A critical review
Authors: Wang Kang , Park Jee Yung , Akriti  , Dou Letian
Published: May 2021

Two‐dimensional (2D) halide perovskites can be regarded as natural organic‐inorganic hybrid quantum wells, which exhibit very promising light‐emitting applications due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield, narrow emission bandwidth, and large exciton binding energy. However, it remains a grand challenge to achieve reliable devices for both light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers utilizing phase‐pure 2D perovskites. Recently, exciting progresses have been made with respect to molecular design, optoelectronic property, and device fabrication for novel 2D perovskite hybrid quantum‐wells. In this article, we critically review the key challenges of exciton losses, charge injections, and triplet issues associated with the light‐emitting applications of such phase‐pure 2D perovskites after examining their recent breakthroughs in LEDs and lasers. Lastly, we provide a new perspective on molecular engineering strategies to address the above‐mentioned fundamental issues, which may open up a new avenue to the development of highly efficient quantum‐well emitters for solid‐state lighting and display.

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Close‐packed storage of potassium metallic clusters achieved through nanostructure engineering of ultrafine hollow nanoparticles‐based carbon nanoclusters
Authors: Liu Bingqiu , Zhang Qi , Li Lu , Zhang Lingyu , Jin Zhanshuang , Wang Chungang , Su Zhongmin
Published: May 2021

Ultrafine hollow nanoparticles‐based (7 nm) carbon nanoclusters (HNPCNCs) are developed by a facile and novel method. Benefiting from the ultrafine nanostructure, we have achieved close‐packed storage of K metallic clusters and a close‐packed K metallic clusters with a diameter of 7 nm has been observed for the first time through ex TEM. In K‐ion batteries, HNPCNCs anodes deliver an ultrahigh capacity of 269.8 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 200 cycles, outstanding rate performance of 150.5 mA h g−1 after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Moreover, an excellent electrochemical performance has been obtained by HNPCNCs//potassium Prussian blue potassium‐ion full cells, highlighting the practicability of HNPCNCs. The unprecedented electrochemical performance is attributed to the close‐packed K metallic clusters achieved by unique ultrafine hollow nanoparticles in the carbon nanoclusters.

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Bestimmung von Gebirgsspannungen mit dem Überbohrverfahren – Teil 2: Weggebersonden – Neufassung der Empfehlung Nr. 14 des Arbeitskreises „Versuchstechnik Fels“ der DGGT
Authors: Heusermann Stefan , Kiehl Johannes R.
Published: May 2021

Der Arbeitskreis AK 3.3 „Versuchstechnik Fels“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. erarbeitet Empfehlungen für felsmechanische Labor‐ und Feldversuche sowie Messungen im Gebirge und an geotechnischen Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Neufassung der Empfehlung Nr. 14 behandelt Überbohrversuche zur Bestimmung von Gebirgsspannungen und berücksichtigt die Weiterentwicklung der Versuchstechnik seit der Herausgabe der Empfehlung Nr. 14 „Überbohr‐Entlastungsversuche zur Bestimmung von Gebirgsspannungen“ im Jahre 1990 [1]. Es werden die Anforderungen an die Messgeräte sowie die Vorgehensweise für die Durchführung und Auswertung dieser Versuche festgelegt. Ferner wird auf die Empfehlungen der International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), in denen Überbohrversuche behandelt werden, hingewiesen [2, 3]. Die Empfehlung Nr. 14 ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Im Teil 1 werden Überbohrversuche mithilfe von Triaxialmesssonden behandelt. Der vorliegende Teil 2 dieser Empfehlung befasst sich mit Überbohrversuchen mittels Weggebersonden.
A learning portal model of emerging markets multinationals
Authors: Hertenstein Peter , Alon Ilan
Published: May 2021

Research Summary

The purpose of the article is to explain the mechanisms underlying the internationalization springboard strategies of China's emerging multinationals in the automobile industry. Using a unique combination of location bound (country‐specific) and non‐location bound (firm‐specific) advantages, companies in this industry have overcome their latecomer disadvantages by exploring knowledge from mature markets through backward and forward integration of the value chain, and exploiting this knowledge to enhance their competitive position, first at home, then in emerging markets and later in developed countries. We test and refine springboarding theory and propose the learning portal model. The learning portal model can be used as a new theory of emerging markets multinationals beyond China and the automobile industry.

Management Summary

The globalization of Chinese enterprises is upon us. Chinese enterprises have not only successfully internationalized to other emerging markets, but also to advanced economies. To do so, these firms used springboard strategies to leapfrog certain technological development stages and accelerate their catch‐up trajectory with incumbent firms from the advanced economies. This article investigates the catch‐up strategies of China's leading automotive companies. We find that Chinese enterprises establish learning portals in mature markets to acquire knowledge and assets, which they first exploit in their home market, before seeking to expand their market share in other emerging markets and finally advanced economies.
Neural correlates of empathy for babies in postpartum women: A longitudinal study
Authors: Bak Yunjin , Nah Yoonjin , Han Sanghoon , Lee Seung‐Koo , Kim Jiwoong , Shin Na‐Young
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the empathic response of postpartum women to babies in pain and the underlying neural mechanism. Postpartum women responded with more empathy and speed to babies over other stimuli compared to controls. Brain scans taken 3 months after birth showed more elevated activation in the Middle cingulate cortex/middle frontal gyrus (MCC/MFG) than the controls regardless of the task condition. When compared to the adult and neutral conditions, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) region was consistently more activated when postpartum women saw babies than controls. In addition, higher activation levels in the PCC region for the baby condition significantly correlated with faster and more empathic responses to babies. Considering that PCC is a core region for the theory of mind or mentalizing which requires cognitive reasoning to understand others, these results suggest that PCC might be a pivotal neural locus facilitating cognitive efforts to empathize with babies during the postpartum period. In a follow‐up experiment at 12 months after birth, we were still able to observe higher activity in the MCC/MFG of postpartum women. However, previously observed PCC activation patterns disappeared 12 months after birth, despite the women's response patterns to babies still being maintained. These results suggest that the mentalizing process activated to empathize with babies in the early postpartum period becomes less cognitively demanding over time.
Students' basic needs and well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A two‐country study of basic psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic learning motivation, positive emotion and the moderating role of self‐regulated learning
Authors: Holzer Julia , Lüftenegger Marko , Käser Udo , Korlat Selma , Pelikan Elisabeth , Schultze‐Krumbholz Anja , Spiel Christiane , Wachs Sebastian , Schober Barbara
Published: May 2021

COVID‐19 and its containment measures have uniquely challenged adolescent well‐being. Following self‐determination theory (SDT), the present research seeks to identify characteristics that relate to well‐being in terms of positive emotion and intrinsic learning motivation under distance schooling conditions and whether SDT's core postulates hold true in this exceptional situation. Feeling competent and autonomous concerning schoolwork, and socially related to others were hypothesised to relate to positive emotion and intrinsic learning motivation. The role of self‐regulated learning (SRL) as a moderator was considered. Self‐reports were collected from 19,967 secondary school students in Austria (Study 1) and Germany (Study 2). In both studies, structural equation modelling revealed that all basic needs were associated with positive emotion, and that competence and autonomy were associated with intrinsic learning motivation. Moderation effects of SRL were identified in Study 1 only: The association of autonomy and both outcomes and the association of competence and intrinsic learning motivation varied with the level of SRL. The results highlight the relevance of basic psychological need satisfaction and SRL in a situation in which adolescents are confronted with a sudden loss of daily routines.
Greater than 10 cm2 V−1 s−1: A breakthrough of organic semiconductors for field‐effect transistors
Authors: Hu Peng , He Xuexia , Jiang Hui
Published: May 2021

Organic semiconductors have been receiving intensive attention due to the specific advantages of low‐temperature processing ability, low‐fabrication cost, flexibility, and so forth. The charge carrier mobility of higher than 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 for organic semiconductors is of great importance to be studied since it presents a future promising research direction toward commercial microelectronic applications. With the significant progress of the discovery of novel organic molecules and the further improvements of device fabrication technology, some organic molecules can break the limit of our knowledge and show very high mobilities. In this review, organic polymers and small molecules with mobilities above 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 are first introduced to provide the readers with a general understanding of the features and characteristics of high‐performance organic semiconductors. Then, some important parameters, including the molecular structures, the device configurations, and the performance, are discussed in detail. Finally, the clues to obtain high mobility are summarized, and the perspective toward the future possible research directions are also provided.

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Evaluating the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen applications on soil water content and yield quality parameters of pepper using surface and subsurface drip irrigation*
Authors: Demir Zeynep , Özbahçe Aynur
Published: May 2021

This study aimed at determining the effects of different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen (N) doses using surface drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems on yield and quality (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, fruit dry matter, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits), water–yield functions, water productivity (WP) and seasonal evapotranspiration of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Effects of different irrigation systems, different irrigation regimes (full irrigation, FI; deficit irrigations, I75 and I50 receiving respectively 75 and 50% of FI) and four different N doses through fertigation (N0: unfertilized, N70: 70 kg N ha−1, N140: 140 kg N ha−1, N210: 210 kg N ha−1) on yield and quality parameters of pepper were investigated for 2 years (2015 and 2016) in the Ankara province of Turkey. The results show that SDI had greater yields than DI. The greatest WP was obtained from SDI I50 N210 and the lowest in DI FI N0. I75 N140 treatment could be used through fertigation in SDI in the case of no water shortage for higher yields and better quality attributes and I50 N210 could be used in the case of water scarcity, both to have reliable or acceptable yield.
Determining evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of young and mature pomegranate trees under drip irrigation*
Authors: Noory Hamideh , Abbasnejad Mohamad , Ebrahimian Hamed , Azadi Hossein
Published: May 2021

In spite of the importance of increasing water shortages in most pomegranate production regions, there is not sufficient information about the water requirement and crop coefficients (Kc) of pomegranate trees under various conditions (e.g., plant cultivar and age and irrigation system). The aim of this study was to measure evapotranspiration during three growing seasons (2013, 2015, and 2016) and to determine Kc of young and mature pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) trees under drip irrigation in Iran. The soil water balance approach was applied to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using soil water content measured during the growing seasons. The ratio of measured ETc to reference evapotranspiration calculated according to the Penman–Monteith equation provided the Kc values. According to the findings, from bud burst to peak season, daily Kc values for young pomegranate trees ranged from 0.18 to 0.70, 0.22 to 0.89, and 0.23 to 0.95 in 2013, 2015, and 2016, respectively. For mature pomegranate trees, these values varied between 0.26 to 1.15, 0.21 to 1.25, and 0.30 to 1.08 in 2013, 2015, and 2016, respectively. From bud burst to peak season, the total ETc for young pomegranate trees was 711, 905, and 934 mm and for mature pomegranate trees 1,172, 1,086, and 1,138 in 2013, 2015, and 2016, respectively. The results of this study are applicable to accurate water allocation, precision irrigation scheduling, and design of irrigation systems in pomegranate orchards.
Front Cover
Authors: Peyvasteh Motahareh , Popov Alexey , Bykov Alexander , Pierangelo Angelo , Novikova Tatiana , Meglinski Igor
Published: May 2021

The possibilities of using Mueller matrix (MM) imaging polarimetry to assess meat quality have not yet been sufficiently explored. In the current study, the fresh porcine muscles are imaged at room emperature with a wide‐field MM imaging polarimeter over 26 hours to visualize dynamics of tissue optical properties through applying Lu‐Chipman decomposition. The MM images, frequency distribution histograms and statistical analysis of the MM elements show prominent changes over time.

Further details can be found in the article by M. Peyvasteh, A. Popov, A. Bykov, A. Pierangelo, T. Novikova, I. Meglinski (e202000376)

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Inside Front Cover
Authors: Heckl Christian , Lang Alexander , Rühm Adrian , Sroka Ronald , Duffield Thomas , Vogeser Michael , Paal Michael
Published: May 2021

Standard methods inadequately address the presence of methemoglobin and methemalbumin that are indicative of severe intravascular hemolysis with rapid hemoglobin release. Here we present a novel second derivative fitting approach evaluating UV/VIS spectra for simultaneous quantitative analysis of oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, methemalbumin, and bilirubin, providing added diagnostic value when compared to standard spectrophotometric methods that typically underestimate the total free heme pigment content.

Further details can be found in the article by Christian Heckl, Alexander Lang, Adrian Rühm, Ronald Sroka, Thomas Duffield, Michael Vogeser, Michael Paal (e202000461)

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“Don't Close the Door on Them”: Recruiting and retaining vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research
Authors: Powell Terrinieka W. , Willis Kalai , Smith Bianca , Lewis Quiana , Offiong Asari
Published: May 2021

There is a need to understand why some strategies work better than others for engaging vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research, especially those who are affected by parental drug use. The current study sought to fill this gap. Thirty in‐depth interviews were conducted with parents who reported a history of illicit drug use (N = 11), young adults who had a biological parent with a history of illicit drug use (N = 14), and service providers who work with families affected by illicit drug use (N = 5). Nearly all participants were Black and lived or worked in Baltimore, Maryland. Over half of the participants were female (62%). Interviews were recorded and ranged from 30 to 92 minutes in length. Data were analyzed using an inductive, content analysis approach. Four themes emerged (coined STAR): SAFE people and places minimize retraumatization; TEAMING UP with community partners increases acceptability; ADDRESSING a range of needs helps adolescents survive; and RELATABLE facilitators understand and listen to adolescents. Findings build onto and extend previous research that highlights strategies to recruit and retain vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research.
Caspase activity in post mortem muscle and its relation to cattle handling practices
Authors: Fuente‐García Claudia , Aldai Noelia , Sentandreu Enrique , Oliván Mamen , Franco Daniel , García‐Torres Susana , R Barron Luis Javier , Sentandreu Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Animal handling practices are one of the factors majorly affecting animal metabolism prior to slaughter. This phenomenon increases the occurrence of meat quality defects such as dark cutting‐beef, causing high economical losses in the meat industry. Under this framework, the assessment of apoptosis onset in post mortem muscle was proposed as a novel approach to reveal biochemical characteristics in several Spanish bovine breeds (Asturiana de los Valles, Retinta and Rubia Gallega) managed under different production systems (intensive versus semi‐extensive) and transport/lairage conditions (mixing versus not mixing with unfamiliar animals). To do so, the activities of initiator caspase 9 and executioner caspases 3/7 were determined in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle at three early post mortem times (2, 8, and 24 h).

RESULTS

Breed effect and transport/lairage conditions were the most relevant factors that influenced both caspase activities over post mortem time, showing Rubia Gallega breed a completely different behavior compared to Asturiana de los Valles and Retinta breeds. Moreover, it is postulated that apoptosis cascade is initiated via the activation of caspase 9 under hypoxic or metabolic stress followed by the activation of executioner caspases 3/7.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessment of apoptosis on post mortem muscle can be a novel approach to study the influence of animal handling on muscle metabolism and post mortem cell death and its consequences on meat quality traits. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.