bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF GARLIC POWDER ADDITION TO GELATIN BIOCOMPOSITE ON ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Kusuma Pramudita Putri , Fadillah Ganjar , Syaima Husna , Saraswati Teguh Endah
Published: April 2016

The addition of garlic powder to gelatin from chicken claw waste was potentially developed as a natural preservative in food, especially for meat. Preparation of gelatin/garlic biocomposite was performed in three stages: synthesis of gelatin from chicken claw, garlic powder preparation as allicin source and preparation of biocomposite gelatin/garlic. The preparation of dry biocomposites was done by weighing the gelatin and garlic powder in weight ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (w/w) in the total mass of 0.75 grams. For wet biocomposite preparation, the mixture of the powder was solved in 5 mL of lactic acid 2 %. Functional groups of gelatin, garlic and biocomposite were analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial activity of biocomposite against Staphylococcus aureus were tested using disc diffusion method. This test was performed on garlic powder, solvent and gelatin/garlic biocomposites powder in the ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 in 2 % lactic acid solvent. The biocomposite with a weight ratio of gelatin : garlic of  1 : 1 had the optimum diameter of inhibition zone. The effectiveness of biocomposite gelatin/garlic as natural preservative applied in meat was also physically studied by organoleptic analysis. Organoleptic analysis through the hedonic test was conducted on the parameters of color, smell, and texture of gelatin/garlic biocomposites-coated meat. The results showed that the addition of garlic can increase the effectiveness of gelatin as a natural preservative of meat for four days stored in closed packaging at room temperature.
STUDY OF SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS MOF-5 AS HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL
Authors: Rahayu Prapti , Lestari Witri Wahyu
Published: April 2016

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous coordination polymer containing bi-or polidentate organic linker coordinated with inorganic part, such as metal oxide cluster or metal cation as node which called as secondary building unit (SBU) to form infinite structure. Due to high porosity and surface area, good thermal stability as well as the availability of unsaturated metal center or the linker influence attracts the interaction with gases, thus MOFs have potential to be applied as hydrogen storage material. One type of MOFs that have been widely studied is [Zn4O(benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate)3], namely, MOF-5.Various synthesis method have been developed to obtain optimum results. Characterization of MOF-5 from various synthesis method such as crystallinity, capacity, stability, and quantum dot behavior of MOF-5 have been summarized in this review.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CHITOSAN NANO-PARTICLES CORROSION INHIBITION ON THE SURFACE OF MILD STEELIN PEAT WATER MEDIA
Authors: Erna Maria , Emriadi Emriadi , Alif Admin , Arief Syukri
Published: April 2016

The thermodynamic properties and characterizations of corrosion inhibition of chitosan nano-particles on the surface of mild steel in peat water media had been studied using weight loss method at temperatures of 30 - 50 oC. Steel surfaces were characterized by FT-IR spectra and SEM-EDS morphology photos. The research found that the value of DGo approaching -40 kJmol-1. The negative value of Gibbs free energy shows that the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the surface of mild steel was achemisorption and it occurred spontaneously. Meanwhile, the values of DHo is also negative confirming that the adsoprtion of inhibitor molecules is an exothermic process. The value of DSo obtained is positive, it indicates hat the inhibitor molecules were adsorbed spontaneously on the mild steel surface. The analysis on mild steel surfaces hows that the nano-particle chitosan was adsorbed on the steel surface to form the complex compounds.
Study of Biochemical Polymorphisms for the Purpose of Germ Plasm Resources Conservation of Native Livestock in Indonesia
Authors: Soelistyowati D. T.
Published: April 2016

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Effects of Temperature and Defoliation Frequency on Dry Matter Production and Nutritive Value of Imperata Cylindrica
Authors: Rusdy Muhammad
Published: April 2016

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Pengaruh Penambahan Chorionic Gonadotrophin pada Medium Maturasi terhadap Kemampuan Maturasi, Fertilisasi, dan Perkembangan Embrio secara In Vitro Kambing Peranakan Ettawa (The Effect of Chorionic Gonadotrophin Addition Into Maturation Medium on The Abili
Authors: Adifa Nurvina Septi , Astuti Pudji , Widayati Diah Tri
Published: April 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of chorionic gonadotrophin addition into maturation medium on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in vitro of Ettawa crossbred. Oocytes were divided into 3 groups, group I: maturation medium without addition of chorionic gonadotrophin (0), group II: 10 μl/10 ml chorionic gonadotrophin was added into maturation medium (1), group III: 20 μl/10 ml chorionic gonadotrophin was added into maturation medium (2). Oocytes were transferred into 50 μl maturation medium, then covered by mineral oil. Oocyte was incubated at 39oC, 5% CO2, 95% humidity for 24 hours for maturation. Matured oocytes were inseminated with frozen semen–thawed concentration 12.5 x 106/ml. Process of fertilization were carried out on incubator 39oC, 5% CO2, 95% humidity for 5 hours. The fertilized oocytes were transferred into 50 μl drop G–1, then incubated at 39oC, 5% CO2, 95% humidity. Embryo development was monitored every 24 hours. Culture medium was changed every 48 hours. G–2 medium used second day after culture. The variables measured involved oocyte maturation, fertilization, and in vitro cleavage rate. The data were analyzed by chi–square, using SPSS 15.0 program. The result showed no significant difference on the percentage of mature oocytes and fertilization rate were 78.0%, 72.8%, 75.0% and 76.6%, 74.5%, 77.8% respectively. But cleavage rate showed significant difference (P≤0.05) with
the values of 40.8%, 11.4%, and 12.2% respectively. Based on the result it could be concluded that chorionic gonadotrophin addition into maturation medium had not increased ettawa crossbred oocytes maturation, fertilization, and in vitro cleavage rate. The best maturation, fertilization, and in vitro cleavage rate were found using maturation medium without any addition of chorionic gonadotrophin.

(Key words: Does oocyte, Chorionic gonadotrophin, In vitro maturation, In vitro fertilization, In vitro embryo development)
Perubahan Anti Nutrisi pada Silase Buah Semu Jambu Mete sebagai Pakan dengan menggunakan Berbagai Aras Tepung Gaplek dan Lama Pemeraman (Change of Antinutritive Value of Chestnut Fruit (Anacardium occidentale) Silage in Combination with Various Level of
Authors: Koten Bernadete Barek
Published: April 2016

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate antinutritive value of chestnut fruit silage in combination with various level of cassava meal addition and time of fermentation. The study was conducted for 8 month at Ratulodong
countryside, district of Tanjung Bunga and at Nutrition and Fodder Laboratory. This experiment was conducted in 2 treatment factors with 3 replication. The first factor was various level of cassava meal e.i. 0, 3, 6, and 9%, and the
second factor was time of fermentation e.i. 20, 40, and 60 days. The result showed that silage technonogy with various cassava meal level and fermentation time significantly (P<0.01) decreased antinutritive value of chestnut fruit. Tannin
content decreased in line with increasing level of cassava meal and time of fermentation. Higher tannin at 0% cassava meal with fermentation time of 20 days (0.35%), and lower at 3% cassava meal with fermentation time of 40 days
(0.06%). The highest phytic acid content at 9% cassava meal with fermentation time of 40 days (5.48%), and the lowest at 6% cassava meal with fermentation time of 20 days (2.38%). Tannin and phytic acid content were decreased during
fermentation process and lower than fresh fruit chestnut. It could be concluded that silage technonogy could be applied at chestnut fruit. This technology increased the benefit of chestnut fruit as feed ingredient because it decreased
antinutritive value. The lowest antinutritive value at 0% cassava meal with fermentation time of 60 days.

(Key words: Silage, Chestnut fruit, Cassava meal, Fermentation time, Tannin, Phytic acid)
Produksi Biogas dari Campuran Feses Sapi dan Ampas Tebu (Bagasse) dengan Rasio C/N yang Berbeda (Biogas Production from Mixture of Dairy Manure and Bagasse with Different C/N Ratio)
Authors: Saputra Trisno , Triatmojo Suharjono , Pertiwiningrum Ambar
Published: April 2016

he experiment was conducted to determine biogas quality produced from mixture of dairy manure and bagasse with different C/N ratio level, and to know the optimal mixture ratio. There were three group treatments based on C/N
ratio level : C/N ratio 22, 30, and 35 with three replications each. Nine units of 20 litre batch-feeding digesters were used during 30 days examination. The main data were BOD, COD, pH and VFA values, total biogas volume, and
methane value. C/N ratio of dairy manure and bagasse was 22, 12, and 198. Dry matter mixture was 7%. BOD value was decreased 54.33%, 27.89%, and 42.86%, COD value was decreased 35.85%, 8.29%, and 27.88% and biogas was
produced as much as 29.42 litre, 68.51 litre, and 114.73 litre by each treatment with methane values of 24.16%, 27.5%, and 23.38%. VFA value were 27.19 ml mol, 27.86 ml mol, and 30.73 ml mol respectively during operation. BOD and
COD value decrease, pH value, biogas temperature, and total biogas volume was different among treatment. The optimal mixture was C/N ratio 30 treatment. The results indicated that bagasse could be used as material mixture in biogas production.

(Key words : Biogas, Dairy manure, Bagasse, C/N ratio, Methane)
MODIFIKASI PENETASAN TELUR BURUNG MALEO GUNUNG (Aepypodius arfakianus) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA TETAS
Authors: Manik Hotlan , Yuwanta Tri , (Kustono) Kustono
Published: April 2016

his research aims to determine the physical characteristics and quality of eggs of mountain Maleo bird (Aepypodius arfakianus) in Papua and to determine hatching rate by using some modified hatching method to improve
the egg’s hatchability. This research used observation method to analyze variable egg hatching, temperature and humidity. There were three experiments of hatching method, which were semi-natural hatching outside of the habitat
(ex-situ), hatching by using soil and serasah as the media, and hatching by using electric shelves as the media. Observation data of natural hatching showed that the temperature inside of the nest was about 30-35oC with humidity
of 70-90%. The variables measured were embryo durability or fertility, hatchability, period of incubation, hatch weight, and embryo mortality. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations for some data required and was presented as mean values and standard deviation (SD). Hatching using electric shelves as the media showed the best result. Length of incubation, egg fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and hatch weight were 40.14±0.69 days,
90.00%, 77.78%, 22.22%, 112.94±7.84 g, respectively; those of ex-situ modification were 47.50±0.71 days, 80%, 25%, 75%, 109.05±2.33 g, respectively; and those of soil and serasah media were 41.33±0.58 days, 90%, 33.33%, 66.67%, 113.33±5.05 g, respectively. Hatching modifications using electric shelves improves the quality of hatching, shorten the
period of incubation, and reduced the mortality.

(Keywords: Mountain Maleo (Aepypodius arfakianus), Hatching modification, Hatchability)
PENGGUNAAN PROTEASE ASPERGILLUS sp. DAN RHIZOPUS sp. DENGAN KONSENTRASI YANG BERBEDA DALAM TAHAPAN UNHAIRING TERHADAP KUALITAS FISIK DAN LIMBAH CAIR PADA PENYAMAKAN KULIT DOMBA
Authors: Syafie Yunus , Triatmojo Suharjo , Pratiwiningrum Ambar
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas proteolitik yang dihasilkan jamur Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. dalam tahapan unhairing (buang rambut) pada proses penyamakan kulit domba serta pengaruh penggunaan dengan konsentrasi berbeda, terhadap kuat tarik, kemuluran, suhu kerut, dan kualitas limbah (pH, BOD, dan COD). Materi yang digunakan yaitu 15 lembar kulit domba awetan garam dibagi 2 bagian sepanjang garis lurus punggung sehingga diperoleh 30 lembar kulit, kulit dibagi secara acak menjadi 10 kelompok. Perlakuan terdiri dari dua belas kombinasi yaitu protease dari Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. serta gabungan antara Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. dengan konsentrasi protease 2% (P1), 2,5% (P2), 3% (P3), dan sebagai kontrol P0. Proses unhairing secara konvensional menggunakan bahan kimia Na2S (3%) dan kapur Ca(OH)2 6% dengan 3 ulangan. Sampel air limbah setelah proses unhairing diambil dan dibawa ke laboratorium untuk uji kualitas. Kulit diproses lebih lanjut menjadi kulit samak glazed. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial 3 x 4, apabila berbeda nyata dilakukan uji banding dengan uji Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil uji aktivitas proteolitik paling tinggi adalah gabungan antara protease dari Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. yaitu sebesar 1.079,17 μM/ml/menit, sedangkan protease Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. masing-masing memiliki aktivitas proteolitik sebesar 542,96 μM/ml/menit dan 392,89 μM/ml/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan protease dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda dapat memberikan efek yang positif terhadap kualitas fisik dan limbah cair proses unhairing kulit domba. Konsentrasi protease 2,5% dan 3% dapat meningkatkan nilai kuat tarik dan suhu kerut kulit domba serta menghasilkan kulit yang bersih tanpa ada rambut yang menempel dan struktur serabut kolagen terbuka. Perlakuan protease sangat potensial karena dapat menekan angka BOD dan COD limbah sebesar 69%. Tidak terjadi interaksi antara konsentrasi protease dan sumber protease dalam penelitian ini.

(Kata kunci: Protease Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp., Unhairing, Konsentrasi, Kualitas fisik kulit, dan Limbah cair)
PENGARUH FREKUENSI PENYIRAMAN AIR MENGGUNAKAN SPRINKLER TERHADAP RESPON FISIOLOGIS DAN PERTUMBUHAN SAPI PERANAKAN SIMMENTAL
Authors: Adhianto Kusuma , (Siswanto) Siswanto , Kesuma Citra Nindya
Published: April 2016

The objective of the research was to measure the effects of watering frequency using sprinkler on the physiological response and production of simmental grade cattle. Experiment was conducted during 45 days starting on December 2014 to January 2015 in Gunung Madu Plantation Cooperative farms, Gunung Batin district, Central Lampung regency. Feed analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The experimental design used in this study was performed by using a Completely Randomized Design with treatment of control (P0), frequency of watering 1 time (P1) and frequency of watering 2 times (P2). Based on the results of research, we concluded that watering frequency treatment significantly (P<0.01) effected on the physiological response of Simmental grade cattle. However, treatment have not significantly effecting on consumption and growth of Simmental grade cattle.

(Key words: Physiological response, Production, Sprinkler)
POTENSI BIOLOGI BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN KINERJA ITIK RAJA
Authors: Rachmatika Rini , Prijono Siti Nuramaliati
Published: April 2016

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of papaya seed in feed on Raja duck’s performance. Experimental animals were 72 birds of 7 days old Raja ducks. Variables observed were feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Experiment was assigned in one way of Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and three replication (six birds each). The treatments diets were T0 = basal diets without papaya seed, T1=0.3%, T2=0.6%, and T3=1.2% papaya seed. Dietary treatment were provided until 45 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS 16.0 and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test for all significant results at 5% level of probability. Result showed that feeding diets with 1.2% papaya seed supplementation reduced feed intake but increased body weight gain, resulted in better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). It might indicate that papaya seed has potency to improve performance of Raja ducks.

(Key words: Duck, Feed conversion ratio, Papaya seed, Performance)
Activity Level and Severity of Dysplasia Predict Age at Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy for Symptomatic Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Matheney Travis , Zaltz Ira , Kim Young-Jo , Schoenecker Perry , Millis Michael , Podeszwa David , Zurakowski David , Beaulé Paul , Clohisy John ,   on behalf of the ANCHOR Study Group
Published: April 2016

Background:

The age when patients present for treatment of symptomatic developmental dysplasia of the hip with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) varies widely. Modifiable factors influencing age at surgery include preexisting activity level and body mass index (BMI). The severity of the hip dysplasia has also been implicated as a factor influencing the age at arthritis onset. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activity level, BMI, and severity of dysplasia are independent predictors of age of presentation for PAO.

Methods:

A retrospective, institutional review board-approved review of prospectively collected data from a multicenter study group identified 708 PAOs performed for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Demographic factors that were considered in the analysis included age at surgery, BMI, history of hip disorder or treatment, and duration of symptoms. The severity of the developmental dysplasia of the hip was assessed by radiographic measurement of the lateral and anterior center-edge angles and acetabular inclination. Activity level was assessed with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score. Spearman correlations and t tests were used for univariable analysis. Multivariable regression analysis using generalized estimating equations was applied to determine independent predictors of age at PAO.

Results:

Univariable analysis indicated that age at presentation for treatment of PAO correlated with the lateral and anterior center-edge angles (p < 0.001), UCLA score (p < 0.001), and BMI (p = 0.04). Since the lateral and anterior center-edge angles were similarly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.61, p < 0.001), the lateral center-edge angle alone was used to classify the severity of the developmental dysplasia of the hip. Multivariable linear regression confirmed that a high UCLA score and severe hip dysplasia were independent predictors of age at PAO (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

A high activity level and severe dysplasia lead to the development of symptoms and presentation for PAO at significantly younger ages. The combination of these two factors has an even greater effect on decreasing the age at presentation for hip-preserving surgery. An increased BMI was not independently associated with a younger age at surgery. Modifying activity level may be beneficial in terms of delaying the onset of symptoms from developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Experience of Using the Foamed Cement Technology for Difficult Lost Circulation Control
Authors: Bikmukhametov A. , Iliasov S. , Okromelidze G. , Garshina O. , Chugaeva O.
Published: April 2016

Experience of using the foamed cement technology for difficult lost circulation control at Perm Krai fields (Russia) was summarized. Properties of foamed cement material and results of its applications were shown. Effectiveness of the foamed cement technology for difficult lost circulation control was estimated. Geological factors, which decrease effectiveness of the foamed cement lost circulation control technology, were investigated. Different techniques of foaming base material were investigated and the optimal conditions for the application of these techniques were identified and described. The effect of applying spacers on the technology efficiency was analyzed. Oil-base mud environments were investigated especially.

The foamed cement material is intended for a lost circulation control: –for rocks of any lithology;–for rocks with fractures and secondary cavities formed along fractures, with effective disclosure to 2 cm;–for the intensity loss of circulation to 100 m3/h;–for the low static level of the drilling fluid;–for BHST from 0 to 40 °C;–for the vertical depth of the lost circulation zone up to 3000 m;

The foamed cement material is not intended for a lost circulation control in the high intensity flow of brine waters.

Effectiveness of the foamed cement technology for lost circulation control is 80%. The density of the foamed cement material can be adjusted within a wide range, but some geological conditions require application of the same material without foaming. The optimal technique for foaming base cement material in the field is the ejecting pressurized air or nitrogen. The most efficiency of application the foamed cement lost circulation control technology is with using certain volumes special spacers before and after main material.

The foamed cement material has several important advantages: adjustable density, energy of pressurized gas and adjustable thixotropy (time of coagulation structure formation).
Field Scale Injection Efficiency Optimization Based On Combined Analysis Of Finite Difference And Streamline Simulation: Case study
Authors: Algdamsi H. A. , Amtereg A. A. , Agnia A.
Published: April 2016

Within the framework of reservoir management streamline simulation finds one of its typical applications as one of the effective tool to improve gasflood and pressure maintance performance. Streamlines provide an instantaneous visualization of flow patterns as a function of reservoir heterogeneity. Additionally they also provide an estimation of the well allocation factors (WAFs) between injection and producing wells. Such information is a default outcome from streamline models but not from finite difference simulation and it is particularly useful in optimizing and balancing well patterns and field scale injection rates. However finite difference simulation has the advantage of implicitly taking into account all the details of an existing simulation model, especially advanced well management strategy. In this paper we demonstrate a straightforward workflow for optimizing injection rate based on a comprehensive analysis of two key parameters: injector efficiency (IE) metric and WAFs. The optimization approach consists of a three step procedure starting with streamline analysis using commercial software which combines the power of finite difference simulators and streamline technology to derive streamlines from the flux field generated by the finite difference simulation that represent a snapshot of the flow pattern within the reservoir, well drainage region information and fluid allocation changes with the flood progression. Second using a simple analytical calculation to compute weighting factors for injection/production rate targets from a derived ranking of the wells (IE). Finally reallocation of injected fluid volumes from low-efficiency to high-efficiency injectors improves volumetric displacement and sweep efficiency in the less swept areas of the reservoir. The application of this workflow is demonstrated with a real-field example of an onshore tight sandstone reservoir where the pattern balancing has led to incremental production of 3.5 % over the 5 year forecast in which the IE average of the field is the benchmark for whether more or less injection volumes were required while obeying facility constraints.
Challenges and Rewards in the Resource Evaluation and Flow Modeling of Transition Zone
Authors: Masoudi Rahim , Altunbay Michael Mehmet , Karkooti Hooman , Hajizadeh Alireza , Makentharan Kokulananda , Salmi Norbashinatun
Published: April 2016

Advances in well and completion design together with higher oil prices and increased depletion trends of maturing assets have been the driving force behind developing marginal fields. The remaining hydrocarbons in marginal accumulations mostly located in the transition zones. There are numerous examples of water-free oil production from zones that are interpreted as transition zones from logs. These observations have caused debates over the concept, definition and potential of capillary-transition-zone (CTZ), especially for Low Resistivity reservoirs with high-clay content, where the distinction between the capillary-driven and apparent transition zone (ATZ) is not clear. Apart from environmental effects on Wireline logs, there may be other artefacts affecting the ATZ characterization such as laboratory procedures, wettability variation and hysteresis effect, water salinity changes, rock type and mineralogy.

The complications in detection of CTZ, resource estimation and modelling flow dynamics in these reservoirs, hugely impact the development potential of these projects. The reliable resource assessment and flow dynamics predictions as well as the understanding of the mobile/immobile oil/water saturation and distributions and avoiding early water-breakthroughs are key components for the success of such developments.

This study elaborates on integrated log interpretation, rock characterization/mineralogy, and digital core analysis for generating and up-scaling relative permeability and capillary pressure data, production tests and SCAL data to identify and characterize the CTZ rather than relying on ATZ from visual observation of logs. Identification of ATZ (with water-free oil production potential) versus CTZ (with two phase flow) is a key question to be answered before the development. The paper demonstrates an extensive elaboration of the transition zone (TZ) concept and the developed workflow and guidelines in the resource/reserve assessment, flow modelling and production predictions in the CTZ intervals.
Going to the Root of Incidents with Structured Approach
Authors: Al Saadi Jamal , Duguay Alexandra , AL Saabri Hassan
Published: April 2016

Learning from incident is a key process to ensure that risk of recurrence is reduced or even eliminated.

At TOTAL ABK, one mean for learning and improve from incident is to perform a Cause Tree Analysis (CTA), ie a structured approach to identifying the factors that resulted in the incident. It helps identify what behaviors, actions/inactions, or conditions that need to be changed to prevent recurrence of similar harmful outcomes. In order words, it is a method used to determine what, how and most importantly why an incident occurred.

It is therefore easily understandable that the outcome of CTA is highly dependent on the performer's expertise, experience and overall management of the investigation process. When reviewing past CTAs, a difference was witnessed depending on who led the CTA and often this difference would foster a bias towards always requesting the same CTA leader.

In an effort to improve and standardize its incident investigation and cause tree analysis, TOTAL ABK assessed various tools available in the market. This review aimed at understanding whether available third-party tools will help to improve both in the effective investigation of incidents and in the determination of true root causes.
Major Accidents and their impact - The EU Directive for Offshore Safety
Authors: Pat-El I. E. , Meijlink L. , Mol P.
Published: April 2016

In the oil and gas industry several major accidents caused an impact that resulted in new legislation for improvement of safety. These are Piper Alpha, BP Texas refinery, Buncefield terminal, BP Macondo. Piper Alpha resulted in the extensive Safety Case regulations as implemented in the North Sea countries with offshore oil & gas activities (Norway, UK, The Netherlands). The Macondo accident led to the European Directive that is in fact a further development of the Safety Case regulations. BP Texas refinery showed the vulnerability of construction workers on site. The accident introduced more stringent codes and standards for safety distances and regulations requiring approval for siting of temporary accommodation on site. The accident also revealed the requirement for additional performance indicators for process safety as these were only developed for occupational safety. The Buncefield fire confirmed the requirement for more structured management (with KPI's) of process safety in the complete life cycle of the plant. In addition the accident showed that explosion effects can be much more severe than was assumed for a normal oil terminal. This paper evaluates the impact of these accidents and indicated by examples how this has influenced the legislation and regulation. After the latest major accident, the BP Macondo Deepwater Horizon accident, the European Parliament and Council approved in June 2013 a new EU Directive on safety of offshore oil and gas operations. The EU countries have 2 years' time to transpose this Directive into national legislation. The impact on the oil and gas industry will be different dependent on the country in which the operations take place. The Directive introduces the requirement of major hazards reports and emergency response plans, not only for accidents with safety but also with environmental impact. Matters such as competence of authorities, licensing, third party independent verifications, and liability are addressed. This paper evaluates the potential impact of the Directive and indicates possible actions oil & gas companies can take to anticipate on these impacts.
Improving ESP Design Through Advanced Measurement and Unsteady Simulation of Internal Flows Within Stages
Authors: Dusting J.. , Dupoiron M.. , Monmont F..
Published: April 2016

As a result of the trend towards more difficult operating environments, there is an increasing demand for improved ESP performance and reliability under a range of flow conditions. This poses significant challenges for pump designers, however stage design can benefit greatly from improved understanding, and consequently modelling, of the internal flow behaviour. To some extent this has been successfully achieved, at least for steady, single-phase conditions, through the use of commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) packages. However, the complexity of the flows in realistic, unsteady conditions means that more advanced CFD and experimental tools are required for accurate flow characterisation. Here, we will demonstrate how laboratory-based, optical measurement techniques such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) provide new insight into flow behaviour under a range of operating conditions. We also present examples of highly resolved, quantitative velocity fields acquired within impeller and diffuser passages. This information provides improved understanding of the fluid mechanics and can be used directly for design purposes or for validation of CFD models. In addition, unsteady flow computations performed using in-house Large Eddy Simulation (LES), adaptive meshing and immersed boundary methods will be presented. Finally, we will summarise the potential benefits of these new methodologies in the context of pump design.
Co-digestion of press liquids of source-sorted municipal organic waste in anaerobic sludge treatment of municipal wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Effenberger Johannes , Jahn Lydia , Kuehn Volker
Published: April 2016

This paper describes a semi-continuous laboratory-scale investigation of a potential co-substrate for mesophilic anaerobic sludge digestion in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A feed liquid produced from source-sorted municipal organic waste by pretreatment with a screw press was subjected to the investigation. Quantities produced in press trials as well as the composition of the feed liquid are presented. Mass balances for N, P and chemical oxygen demand are given in order to verify the methane production of the feed liquid in co-digestion with sewage sludge at mesophilic conditions. Hydraulic retention time of the reactors were 14.7 to 16 d and organic loading rates were 1.5 to 2.7 kg volatile solids (VS) per cubic metre per day. The pretreatment by screw press is compared to the production of feed liquids with pulper-based pretreatment processes. While the addition of the feed liquid increased methane production by about 345 ml CH4/g VSin, total solids of the feed liquid were reduced to about 63%. With respect to co-digestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants, several risks associated with the investigated feed liquid are outlined.
Methods for increasing the rate of anammox attachment in a sidestream deammonification MBBR
Authors: Klaus Stephanie , McLee Patrick , Schuler Andrew J. , Bott Charles
Published: April 2016

Deammonification (partial nitritation-anammox) is a proven process for the treatment of high-nitrogen waste streams, but long startup time is a known drawback of this technology. In a deammonification moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), startup time could potentially be decreased by increasing the attachment rate of anammox bacteria (AMX) on virgin plastic media. Previous studies have shown that bacterial adhesion rates can be increased by surface modification or by the development of a preliminary biofilm. This is the first study on increasing AMX attachment rates in a deammonification MBBR using these methods. Experimental media consisted of three different wet-chemical surface treatments, and also media transferred from a full-scale mainstream fully nitrifying integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. Following startup of a full-scale deammonification reactor, the experimental media were placed in the full-scale reactor and removed for activity rate measurements and biomass testing after 1 and 2 months. The media transferred from the IFAS process exhibited a rapid increase in AMX activity rates (1.1 g/m2/day NH4+ removal and 1.4 g/m2/day NO2− removal) as compared to the control (0.2 g/m2/day NH4+ removal and 0.1 g/m2/day NO2− removal) after 1 month. Two out of three of the surface modifications resulted in significantly higher AMX activity than the control at 1 and 2 months. No nitrite oxidizing bacteria activity was detected in either the surface modified media or IFAS media batch tests. The results indicate that startup time of a deammonification MBBR could potentially be decreased through surface modification of the plastic media or through the transfer of media from a mature IFAS process.
Evaluation of the energetic potential of sewage sludge by characterization of its organic composition
Authors: Schaum C. , Lensch D. , Cornel P.
Published: April 2016

The composition of sewage sludge and, thus, its energetic potential is influenced by wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Higher or lower heating values (HHV or LHV) are decisive factors for the incineration/gasification/pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The HHV is analyzed with a bomb calorimeter and converted to the LHV. It is also possible to calculate the heating value via chemical oxygen demand (COD), total volatile solids (TVS), and elemental composition. Calculating the LHV via the COD provides a suitable method. In contrast, the correlation of the HHV or LHV with the TVS is limited. One prerequisite here is a constant specific energy density; this was given with the types of sewage sludge (primary, surplus/excess, and digested sludge) investigated. If the energy density is not comparable with sewage sludge, for instance with the co-substrate (bio-waste, grease, etc.), the estimation of the heating value using TVS will fail. When calculating the HHV or LHV via the elemental composition, one has to consider the validity of the coefficients of the calculation equation. Depending on the organic composition, it might be necessary to adjust the coefficients, e.g. when adding co-substrates.
Metabolism, Protein Binding, and Renal Clearance of Microbiota–Derived p-Cresol in Patients with CKD
Authors: Poesen Ruben , Evenepoel Pieter , de Loor Henriette , Kuypers Dirk , Augustijns Patrick , Meijers Björn
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives

Colonic microbial metabolism substantially contributes to uremic retention solutes in CKD. p-Cresyl sulfate is the main representative of this group of solutes, relating to adverse outcomes. Other than sulfate conjugation, p-cresol is subjected to endogenous glucuronide conjugation. Whether the balance between sulfate and glucuronide conjugation is relevant in CKD is unexplored.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We prospectively followed 488 patients with CKD stages 1–5 (enrollment between November of 2005 and September of 2006; follow-up until December of 2010). Serum and urine levels of p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total amount of microbial p-cresol was calculated by the sum of serum p–cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide. Outcome analysis was performed for mortality and cardiovascular disease.

Results

Serum p–cresyl sulfate was a median of 193.0-fold (interquartile range, 121.1–296.6) higher than serum p–cresyl glucuronide, with a significant correlation between eGFR and proportion of serum p–cresyl sulfate to glucuronide (rho=0.23; P=0.001). There was also a significant correlation between eGFR and proportion of 24-hour urinary excretion of p-cresyl sulfate to glucuronide (rho=0.32; P<0.001). Higher serum p–cresol and lower proportion of serum p–cresyl sulfate to glucuronide were jointly and significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio per SD higher, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 2.29; P=0.01 and hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.89; P<0.01, respectively) and cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.22; P<0.001 and hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.72; P<0.001, respectively) after adjustment for eGFR, Framingham risk factors, mineral bone metabolism markers, C-reactive protein, and albumin.

Conclusions

p-Cresol shows a preponderance of sulfate conjugation, although a relatively diminished sulfotransferase activity can be suggested in patients with advanced CKD. Along with total p–cresol burden, a relative shift from sulfate to glucuronide conjugation is independently associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease, warranting increased focus to the dynamic interplay between microbial and endogenous metabolism.
In–Center Nutrition Practices of Clinics within a Large Hemodialysis Provider in the United States
Authors: Benner Debbie , Burgess Mary , Stasios Maria , Brosch Becky , Wilund Ken , Shen Sa , Kistler Brandon
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives

Eating during hemodialysis treatment remains a controversial topic. It is perceived that more restrictive practices in the United States contribute to poorer nutritional status and elevated mortality compared with some other parts of the world. However, in–center food practices in the United States have not been previously described.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

In 2011, we conducted a survey of clinic practices and clinician (dietitian, facility administrator, and medical director) opinions related to in–center food consumption within a large dialysis organization. After the initial survey, we provided clinicians with educational materials about eating during treatment. In 2014, we performed a follow-up survey. Differences in practices and opinions were analyzed using chi-squared tests and logistic regression.

Results

In 2011, 343 of 1199 clinics (28.6%) did not allow eating during treatment, 222 clinics (18.2%) did not allow drinking during treatment, and 19 clinics (1.6%) did not allow eating at the facility before or after treatment. In 2014, the proportion of clinics that did not allow eating during treatment had declined to 22.6% (321 of 1422 clinics), a significant shift in practice (P<0.001). Among the 178 (6.8%) clinics that self-reported that eating was “more allowed” in 2014, the main reason for this shift was an increased focus on nutritional status. Among clinicians, a higher percentage encouraged eating during treatment (53.1% versus 37.4%; P<0.05), and facility administrators and medical directors were less concerned about the seven reasons commonly cited for restricting eating during treatment in 2014 compared with 2011 (P<0.05 for all).

Conclusions

We found that 28.6% and 22.6% of hemodialysis clinics within the United States restricted eating during treatment in 2011 and 2014, respectively, a rate more than double that found in an international cohort on which we previously published. However, practices and clinician opinions are shifting toward allowing patients to eat. Additional research is warranted to understand the effect that these practices have on patient outcomes and outline best practices.
Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: Clinical Aspects of Assessment and Management
Authors: Goom Thomas S.H. , Malliaras Peter , Reiman Michael P. , Purdam Craig R.
Published: April 2016

Synopsis

Proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT) typically manifests as deep buttock pain at the hamstring common origin. Both athletic and nonathletic populations are affected by PHT. Pain and dysfunction are often long-standing and limit sporting and daily functions. There is limited evidence regarding diagnosis, assessment, and management; for example, there are no randomized controlled trials investigating rehabilitation of PHT. Some of the principles of management established in, for example, Achilles and patellar tendinopathy would appear to apply to PHT but are not as well documented. This narrative review and commentary will highlight clinical aspects of assessment and management of PHT, drawing on the available evidence and current principles of managing painful tendinopathy. The management outline presented aims to guide clinicians as well as future research. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(6):483–493. Epub 15 Apr 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.5986
Heterogeneous Acidic and Eco-Friendly Reagents for Mild and Convenient Conversion of Epoxides to 1,2-Diacetates
Authors: Gilanizadeh Masumeh , Zeynizadeh Behzad
Published: April 2016

A highly regioselective ring-opening of epoxides with acetic anhydride in the presence of hydrated disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium hydrogen sulfate as efficient and eco-friendly reagents is described. The reactions are clean and lead to 1,2-diacetates in high to excellent yields.
Isolation of mouse internal organs for molecular and histopathological studies
Authors: Bajpai Vivek K. , Rather Irfan A. , Kim Kangmin
Published: April 2016

Since autoimmune diseases dramatically affect function of various tissues and organs in vivo, each integral organ of mouse has significant value in order to analyze the effect of any pharmaceuticals or test drugs to confirm their protective efficacy. Hence, this study reports step-by-step visual demonstration of isolation of various internal tissue organs such as liver, spleen, adipose tissue, muscles, and pancreas from mouse model which have significant contribution to design in-depth molecular level studies along with histomorphological evidences that may assist research to set innovative results at molecular level, thus may help to prove the efficacy of any test sample as a new drug of pharmaceutical importance.

Video Clip

Isolation of organs: 7 min 55 sec
Telecommunication Regulation in Bangladesh: An overview
Authors: Begum Anju Man Ara , Murad Mohammad Hasan , Hoque Kazi Arshadul
Published: April 2016

Technology, as everybody will agree, is increasingly getting involved in language education. In teaching English as an International Language (EIL), as a matter of fact, there is an apparent need for integrating technology into English Language Teaching (ELT) education. This need has eventually brought about a new scope for ELT in the form of a new genre: Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Following a Mixed Method Approach, this study investigates some of the issues relating to the use of CALL in the Department of English Language and Literature (ELL) at International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC). The findings indicate some barriers that seem to impede the integration and the implementation of CALL in the department.IIUC Studies Vol.10 & 11 December 2014: 157-172
Lesse Greeke? Homer in Jonson and Shakespeare
Authors: Miola Robert S.
Published: April 2016

Throughout their careers both Jonson and Shakespeare often encountered Homer, who left a deep impress on their works. Jonson read Homer directly in Greek but Shakespeare did not, or if he did, he left no evidence of that reading in extant works. Both Jonson and Shakespeare encountered Homer indirectly in Latin recollections by Vergil, Horace, Ovid and others, in English translations, in handbooks and mythographies, in derivative poems and plays, in descendant traditions, and in plentiful allusions. Though their appropriations differ significantly, Jonson and Shakespeare both present comedic impersonations of Homeric scenes and figures – the parodic replay of the council of the gods (Iliad 1) in Poetaster (1601) 4.5 and the appearance of “sweet warman” Hector (5.2.659) in the Masque of the Nine Worthies (Love's Labor's Lost, 1588–97). Homer's Vulcan and Venus furnish positive depictions of love and marriage in The Haddington Masque (1608) as do his Hector and Andromache in Julius Caesar (1599), which features other significant recollections. Both Jonson and Shakespeare recall Homer to explore the dark side of honor and fame: Circe and Ate supply the anti-masque in the Masque of Queens (1609), and scenes from Chapman's Iliad supply the comical or tragical satire, Troilus and Cressida (c. 1601). Both poets put Homer to abstract and philosophical uses: Zeus's chain and Venus's ceston (girdle), allegorized, appears throughout Jonson's work and function as central symbols in Hymenaei (1606); Homer's depiction of the tension between fate and free will, between the omnipotent gods and willing humans, though mediated, inflects the language and action of Coriolanus (c. 1608). Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare practice a kind of inventive imitatio which, according to classical and neo-classical precept, re-reads classical texts in order to make them into something new.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Controlling Thermal Cracks in Mass Concrete Foundation by Circulating Water
Authors: Liu Wenchao , Cao Wanlin , Yan Huiqing , Ye Tianxiang , Jia Wang
Published: April 2016

This paper summarizes an engineering experience of solving the problem of thermal cracking in mass concrete by using a large project, Zhongguancun No.1 (Beijing, China), as an example. A new method is presented for controlling temperature cracks in the mass concrete of a foundation. The method involves controlled cycles of water circulating between the surface of mass concrete foundation and the atmospheric environment. The temperature gradient between the surface and the core of the mass concrete is controlled at a relatively stable state. Water collected from the well-points used for dewatering and from rainfall is used as the source for circulating water. Mass concrete of a foundation slab is experimentally investigated through field temperature monitoring. Numerical analyses are performed by developing a finite element model of the foundation with and without water circulation. The calculation parameters are proposed based on the experiment, and finite element analysis software MIDAS/CIVIL is used to calculate the 3D temperature field of the mass concrete during the entire process of heat of hydration. The numerical results are in good agreement with the measured results. The proposed method provides an alternative practical basis for preventing thermal cracks in mass concrete.