bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VERY HIGH RESOLUTION LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAPPING USING PLEIADES-1 STEREO IMAGERY AND MACHINE LEARNING
Authors: James D. , Collin A. , Mury A. , Costa S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Anthropocene is featured with increasing human population and global changes that strongly affect landscapes at an unprecedented pace. As a flagship, the coastal fringe is subject to an accelerated conversion of natural areas into agricultural ones, in turn, into urban ones, generating hazardous soil artificialization. Very high resolution (VHR) technologies such as airborne LiDAR or UAV imageries are good assets to model the topography and classify the land use/land cover (LULC), helping local management. Even if their spatial resolution suits with the management scale, their extent covers a few km2, making large-scale monitoring complex and time-consuming. VHR spaceborne imagery has a great potential to address this spatial challenge given its regional acquisition. This research proposes to evaluate the capabilities of a Pleiades-1 stereo-satellite multispectral imagery (blue, green, red, BGR, and near-infrared, NIR) to both model the surface topography and classify LULC. Horizontal and vertical accuracies of the photogrammetry-driven digital surface model (DSM) attain 0.53 m and 0.65 m, respectively. Nine LULC generic classes are studied using the maximum likelihood (ML) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. The classification accuracy of the basic BGR (reaching 84.64 % and 76.13 % with ML and SVM, respectively) is improved by the DSM contribution (5.49 % and 2.91 % for ML and SVM, respectively), and the NIR contribution (6.78 % and 3.89 % for ML and SVM, respectively). The gain of the DSM-NIR combination totals 8.91 % and 8.40 % for ML and SVM, respectively, making the ML-based full combination the best performance (93.55 %).
PREFACE: TECHNICAL COMMISSION II
Authors: Remondino F. , Fuse T. , Toschi I.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. ISPRS Technical Commission II focuses, at various scales, on geometric, radiometric and multi-temporal aspects of image- and range-based 3D surveying and modeling. Specifically, Commission II deals with image orientation, point cloud generation and processing, 3D feature extraction, scene understanding, sensor and data fusion, sensor characterization, machine learning for geospatial data analysis and big data techniques for massive data processing. Applications in the fields of mapping, industry, heritage, space, underwater and environment are considered.The Volume related to Commission II contains 182 papers published in the ISPRS Archives and 118 published in the ISPRS Annals. The Archives were accepted on the base of an abstract review from originally submitted 262 abstracts. The Annals comprise reviewed articles accepted from the originally submitted 191 full papers.Considering the aforementioned research issues, challenges and needs, the papers published depict the latest developments in methodological aspects and the most interesting applications in photogrammetry.Great interest was dedicated to machine/deep learning methods used to solve various steps of the photogrammetric pipeline and in particular for the semantic enrichment of images and 3D data. Many papers reported new models and methods to extract features, geometrical primitives and objects from data acquired by airborne and/or terrestrial sensors, including object recognition and 3D object/scene reconstruction.Various contributions referred to the utilization, integration, modeling and performance analyses of imaging and ranging sensors in the industry sector, environment and heritage fields. Cultural Heritage (including Underwater) attracted many submissions with various worldwide applications which depicted how 3D documentation is increasingly used and crucial for conservation, preservation and valorisation needs.We believe these volumes nicely recap the state of the art, current trends and possible applications in photogrammetry, with a nice overlook at the forthcoming years of investigations.On behalf of Technical Commission II, we would like to thank the local organisers of the 2020 ISPRS Congress, the members of the international program committee, all Working Group officers and all reviewers for their hard organizational work and efforts in the paper reviewing process.
SEGMENTATION OF SINGLE STANDING DEAD TREES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION AERIAL IMAGERY WITH GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK-BASED SHAPE PRIORS
Authors: Polewski P. , Shelton J. , Yao W. , Heurich M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The use of multispectral imagery for monitoring biodiversity in ecosystems is becoming widespread. A key parameter of forest ecosystems is the distribution of dead wood. This work addresses the segmentation of individual dead tree crowns in nadir-view aerial infrared imagery. While dead vegetation produces a distinct spectral response in the near infrared band, separating adjacent trees within large swaths of dead stands remains a challenge. We tackle this problem by casting the segmentation task within the active contour framework, a mathematical formulation combining learned models of the object’s shape and appearance as prior information. We explore the use of a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) in the role of the shape model, replacing the original linear mixture-of-eigenshapes formulation. Also, we rely on probabilities obtained from a deep fully convolutional network (FCN) as the appearance prior. Experiments conducted on manually labeled reference polygons show that the DCGAN is able to learn a low-dimensional manifold of tree crown shapes, outperforming the eigenshape model with respect to the similarity of the reproduced and referenced shapes on about 45 % of the test samples. The DCGAN is successful mostly for less convex shapes, whereas the baseline remains superior for more regular tree crown polygons.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND IMAGE PROCESSING FOR THE STUDY OF POROUS SURFACE COURSES
Authors: Cannelle B. , Beltzung F. , Thiémard-Spada M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This article presents an application of photogrammetry and image processing for road sample analysis. The technique makes it possible to measure the void content of a sample and at the same time to analyse this physical characteristic as a function of the depth relative to the pavement surface. In a first part, the device dedicated and data acquired will be presented, then our algorithm (pore extraction and geometry processing) will be described and finally the results will be discussed, both on the quantitative aspect and on the transmission via a dedicated report.
DENSE 3D OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION USING STRUCTURED-LIGHT SCANNER AND DEEP LEARNING
Authors: Kniaz V. V. , Mizginov V. A. , Grodzitkiy L. V. , Fomin N. A. , Knyaz V. A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Structured light scanners are intensively exploited in various applications such as non-destructive quality control at an assembly line, optical metrology, and cultural heritage documentation. While more than 20 companies develop commercially available structured light scanners, structured light technology accuracy has limitations for fast systems. Model surface discrepancies often present if the texture of the object has severe changes in brightness or reflective properties of its texture. The primary source of such discrepancies is errors in the stereo matching caused by complex surface texture. These errors result in ridge-like structures on the surface of the reconstructed 3D model. This paper is focused on the development of a deep neural network LineMatchGAN for error reduction in 3D models produced by a structured light scanner. We use the pix2pix model as a starting point for our research. The aim of our LineMatchGAN is a refinement of the rough optical flow A and generation of an error-free optical flow B̂. We collected a dataset (which we term ZebraScan) consisting of 500 samples to train our LineMatchGAN model. Each sample includes image sequences (Sl, Sr), ground-truth optical flow B and a ground-truth 3D model. We evaluate our LineMatchGAN on a test split of our ZebraScan dataset that includes 50 samples. The evaluation proves that our LineMatchGAN improves the stereo matching accuracy (optical flow end point error, EPE) from 0.05 pixels to 0.01 pixels.
A VERSATILE MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEM FOR 3D ACQUISITION AND MODELING
Authors: Lanz O. , Sottsas F. , Conni M. , Boschetti M. , Nocerino E. , Menna F. , Remondino F.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Image-based 3D models generation typically involves three stages, namely: 2D image acquisition, data processing, and 3D surface generation and editing. The availability of different easy-to-use and low-cost image acquisition solutions, combined with open-source or commercial processing tools, has democratized the 3D reconstruction and digital twin generation. But high geometric and texture fidelity on small- to medium-scale objects as well as integrated commercial system for mass 3D digitization are not available. The paper presents our effort to build such a system, i.e. a market-ready multi-camera solution and a customized reconstruction process for mass 3D digitization of small to medium objects. The system is realized as a joint work between industrial and academic partners, in order to employ the latest technologies for the needs of the market. The proposed versatile image acquisition and processing system pushes to the limits the 3D digitization pipeline combining a rigid capturing system with photogrammetric reconstruction methods.
ACCURACY INVESTIGATIONS OF IMAGE MATCHING TECHNIQUES BY MEANS OF A TEXTURED DUMBBELL ARTEFACT
Authors: Nietiedt S. , Kalinowski P. , Hastedt H. , Luhmann T.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In the last few years, photogrammetric methods for 3D surface reconstruction at close range have increased significantly in importance. On the one hand, this is due to the increased performance of the systems and on the other hand to the improved quality (accuracy, completeness) of the created point clouds. In order to verify the accuracy of various area probing methods, the German VDI guideline 2634 part 2 and 3 is applied. However, the high-precision test reference objects existing so far consist of diffuse textureless surfaces, so that passive methods, like image matching, cannot be compared with active methods (e.g. structured light systems). In order to make this possible, a certified textured dumbbell with an accuracy of better than 10 μm is presented in this paper, with the aim to examine the suitability of the textured dumbbell artefact for close-range photogrammetric 3D surface reconstruction. Furthermore, the accuracy level of a structured light system, Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo Method (MVS) is verified and compared with each other.
A MATCH-MOVING METHOD COMBINING AI AND SFM ALGORITHMS IN HISTORICAL FILM FOOTAGE
Authors: Condorelli F. , Rinaudo F. , Salvadore F. , Tagliaventi S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Searching for suitable material for photogrammetry is a key part in the documentation of Cultural Heritage. Photogrammetry can be used to produce a metrically certified 3D model. Material contained in historical film footage archives is especially useful for documentation when the heritage has been lost. In this research an innovative match-moving method is proposed that aims to exploit Artificial Intelligence and SfM algorithms to identify the frames extracted from a film footage in which the lost monument appears and that are suitable to be processed with photogrammetry for its 3D reconstruction. First of all the identification and tracking of the heritage in the videos was performed training an object detection Neural Network. Then the frames detected were automatically extracted with the coordinates of the bounding boxes that contain the monument. The camera motions were identified by selecting only the shots taken from multiple points of view of the same scene and analysing the evolution of the bounding boxes position over time. A further check of the material was necessary to select only sequences and to eliminate single frames and images from different historic periods. After this process, only the correct frames were automatically selected and processed with photogrammetry and the quality of the obtained 3D model was assessed. The method experimented in this research represents a powerful tool in the field of Cultural Heritage because it makes the selection of suitable material for photogrammetry automatic. Moreover it offers important insights that could be extended to other sectors.
A GNSS-FREE UNMANNED AERIAL LASER SCANNING SYSTEM
Authors: Shahbazi M. , Cortes C. , Ménard P. , Bilodeau J. S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In this paper, the procedure of developing and evaluating a UAV-borne mapping system is described. The system is equipped with both a LiDAR and a camera. The system mounting parameters, as well as the intrinsic parameters of the individual sensors, are calibrated rigorously. Simultaneous calibration of the LiDAR intrinsic parameters and the LiDAR-camera mounting parameters is performed in a self-calibrating bundle adjustment with additional relative orientation constraints. A visual-inertial approach is proposed to georeference the laser scans without using a GNSS receiver. This approach is motivated not only by the interest of users in low-cost systems but also by the fact that the integrity of GNSS signals might be affected under several environmental conditions, e.g., indoors, in urban canyons, under tree canopies. It is shown that a low-cost inertial measurement unit not equipped with a dual-frequency, real-time kinematic GNSS receiver is still useful for georeferencing the laser scanning data with cm-level accuracy. The scans are also textured using the images captured by the camera, which enriches the LiDAR point clouds with spectral information.
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY: POTENTIALITIES AND PROBLEMS RESULTS OF THE BENCHMARK SESSION OF THE 2019 SIFET CONGRESS
Authors: Ballarin M. , Costa E. , Piemonte A. , Piras M. , Teppati Losè L.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Benchmark sessions are an efficient tool for sharing best practices as regards surveying, data processing and presentation of results within a scientific community. The Italian Society of Photogrammetry and Topography (SIFET) introduced this particular type of session in its annual national conference starting in 2016. This article reports some considerations that emerged from the positive experience of the 2019 benchmark sessions held in Venice on the underwater photogrammetry topic. In addition to some interesting results, the advantages of analyzing the results obtained by different and heterogeneous groups, as regards training and software and hardware tools exploited, starting from the same dataset are highlighted.
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF UNSTABLE UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT WITH SFM USING SLAM
Authors: Jeon I. , Lee I.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The underwater environment has substantial properties for underwater research such as marine archaeology, monitoring coral reefs, and shipwrecks. SfM, as a major step of photogrammetry, has been widely used in the field. For a high 3D construction quality, images must have a clear visual sight environment and known orientations of the images. However, underwater images have various types of visual disturbances, but also GPS/INS, commonly used on the ground, are not accepted. Finding more feature points or using more images for SfM are solutions to the problems. However, these methods take high computational costs. An alternative to this problem is to provide the known orientations of the images. For a solution to provide known orientations of images, the presented method in this study uses visual SLAM that processes the localization of a vehicle system and mapping of surroundings. The experiment aims to verify whether SLAM improves the quality of underwater 3D reconstruction and the computation efficiency of SfM. We examine the two aqualoc datasets with the results of the number of cloud points, SfM processing time, and the number of matched images/total images and mean reprojection errors. The outcome shows SLAM-determined orientations improved the quality of 3D reconstruction and the computation efficiency of SfM with results of the increased number of point clouds and the decreased processing time.
3D MODELLING IN TEMPERATE WATERS: BUILDING RIGS AND DATA SCIENCE TO SUPPORT GLASS SPONGE MONITORING EFFORTS IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Lochhead I. , Hedley N.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Structure-from-motion (SfM) has emerged as a popular method of characterizing marine benthos in tropical marine environments and could be of tremendous value to glass sponge monitoring and management efforts in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. However, temperate marine environments present a unique set of challenges to SfM workflows, and the combined impact that cold, dark, and turbid waters have on the veracity of SfM derived data must be critically evaluated in order for SfM to become a meaningful tool for ongoing glass sponge research. This paper discusses the design, development, testing, and deployment of an innovative underwater SfM workflow for generating high-resolution 3D models in temperate marine environments. This multi-phase research project (dry-lab, wet-lab, and field), while possibly seen as unconventional, was designed to innovate in two ways. First to build an operational data capture platform to support low-cost SfM-based seafloor surveys. And second, to enable systematic isolation and evaluation of SfM data capture parameters and their implications for representational veracity and data quality. This paper reports the challenges and outcomes from a series of field surveys conducted in Howe Sound, BC, one of which serves as the first of two data sets in a temporal analysis of 3D morphometric change. This research demonstrates that accurate, high-resolution morphometric characterization, of all benthic species and habitats, is dependent on a range of equipment, procedural, and environmental variables. It is also intended to share our applied problem-solving path to successful 3D capture, backed up by robust data science.
Impact of the current feedback on kinetic energy over the North-East
Atlantic from a coupled ocean/atmospheric boundary layer model
Authors: Brivoal Théo , Samson Guillaume , Giordani Hervé , Bourdallé-Badie Romain , Lemarié Florian , Madec Gurvan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. A one-dimensional Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL1D) is coupled with the NEMO ocean model and implemented over the Iberian–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) area at 1/36° resolution to investigate the retroactions between the surface currents and the atmosphere, namely the Current FeedBack (CFB) in this region of low mesoscale activity. The ABL1D-NEMO coupled model is forced by a large-scale atmospheric reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and integrated over the period 2016–2017. The mechanisms of eddy kinetic energy damping and ocean upper-layers re-energization are realistically simulated, meaning that the CFB is properly represented by the model. In particular, the dynamical coupling coefficients between the curls of surface stress/wind and current are in agreement with the literature. The effects of CFB on the kinetic energy (KE) are then investigated through a KE budget. We show that the KE decrease induced by the CFB is significant down to 1500 m. Near the surface (0–300 m), most of the KE decrease can be explained by a reduction of the surface wind work by 4 %. At depth (300–2000 m), the CFB induce a reduction of the pressure work (i.e: the PE to KE conversion) associated with a reduction of KE which is significant down to 1500 m. We show that this reduction of KE at depth can be explained by CFB-induced Ekman pumping above eddies that weakens the mesoscale activity and this over the whole water column.
The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions
Authors: Cao Bin , Gruber Stephan , Zheng Donghai , Li Xin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. ERA5-Land (ERA5L) is a reanalysis product derived by running the land component of ERA5 at increased resolution. This study evaluates ERA5L soil temperature in permafrost regions based on observations and published permafrost products. We find that ERA5L overestimates soil temperature in northern Canada and Alaska but underestimates it in mid–low latitudes, leading to an average bias of −0.08 ∘C. The warm bias of ERA5L soil is stronger in winter than in other seasons. As calculated from its soil temperature, ERA5L overestimates active-layer thickness and underestimates near-surface (<1.89 m) permafrost area. This is thought to be due in part to the shallow soil column and coarse vertical discretization of the land surface model and to warmer simulated soil. The soil temperature bias in permafrost regions correlates well with the bias in air temperature and with maximum snow height. A review of the ERA5L snow parameterization and a simulation example both point to a low bias in ERA5L snow density as a possible cause for the warm bias in soil temperature. The apparent disagreement of station-based and areal evaluation techniques highlights challenges in our ability to test permafrost simulation models. While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost simulation, we conclude that ERA5L soil data are not well suited for informing permafrost research and decision making directly. To address this, future soil temperature products in reanalyses will require permafrost-specific alterations to their land surface models.
Distribution, identification and range expansion of the common Asellidae in Northern Europe, featuring the first record of Proasellus meridianus in the Nordic countries
Authors: Kemp Joanna Lynn , Ballot Andreas , Nilssen Jens Petter , Spikkeland Ingvar , Eriksen Tor Erik
Published: August 2020

Two out of the three common Asellidae species in Northern Europe are increasing their ranges, aided by humanactivities. Here we report the discovery of Proasellus coxalis (Dollfuss 1892) in new areas in Norway and thediscovery of Proasellus meridianus (Racovitza 1919) for the first time in the Nordic countries, verified withDNA barcoding. A new, detailed photo-identification guide to Asellus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758, P. coxalis andP. meridianus is presented. In addition to head pattern, attention is drawn to the female pleopods as an easy way to differentiate between the two genera. Then detailed examination of male pleopods 1 and 2 can differentiate between P. coxalis and P. meridianus. The origins, competitive relationships and potential dispersal mechanisms of the two introduced species and the native A. aquaticus are explored. By examining the shipping activity at the small, freshwater port where P. meridianus was found, we highlight the great connectivity between many European brackish and freshwater ports and possible pathways for species transfer. The risk of trans-oceanic freshwater to freshwater (not just brackish and saltwater) species transfer through ballast water needs to be better communicated. Proasellus coxalis may have been introduced to the river system of Lake Stokkalandsvatnet together with fish transported in microaquaria used as live bait for fishing.
Flexibilização do licenciamento ambiental de obras de utilidade pública em áreas de preservação permanente no litoral norte da Bahia
Authors: Da Silva Renato Silva , Agra Filho Severino Soares
Published: August 2020

O Licenciamento Ambiental (LA), como um dos instrumentos da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, tem como função primordial regular as atividades potencialmente impactantes. No conjunto de normas regulamentadas para sua operacionalização foi estabelecido condições de excepcionalidade para intervenções classificadas como de utilidade pública, incluindo a possibilidade de suprimir a vegetação de áreas protegidas, como a área de preservação permanente (APP). Os critérios da aplicação dessas excepcionalidades foram normatizados pela resolução do Conama n 369/2006 e o Código Florestal. Diante dessa flexibilização, torna-se relevante analisar as suas considerações e implicações no licenciamento ambiental. Nesse propósito, o procedimento metodológico adotado envolveu a análise de doze processos de LA na região do Litoral Norte da Bahia, utilizando pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e entrevista semiestruturada com os agentes gestores. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar fragilidades e deficiências do processo de LA em APP na região em estudo, destacando-se entre outras um desvirtuamento e consequentemente abuso no uso dessa excepcionalidade, como também o descumprimento das normas vigentes com alterações em áreas sensíveis como restinga, dunas, faixas marginais de rios, riachos e brejos, com consequente perda de importantes funções ambientais.
Evaluation of a Training Program in a Local Hotel in Jordan
Authors: Saadeh Nader
Published: August 2020

The main focus of this paper is on a training program for telephone skills that was conducted at the end of January 2019 in a local hotel in Jordan. Depending on the philosophy of this study, choosing a qualitative investigation is appropriate because it examines the informers' position of behaviours and experiences being studied (Dawson, 2002). The research suggests that a limited amount of training program evaluation has a limited impact on performance improvements. A case-study approach was conducted in this evaluation. Besides, the data used for this study is primary in nature, as it reflects the participants' observations (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2007) and is based on the subjective qualitative research approach (Greener, 2008). The data collected were based on interviews taken from ten employees and the human resources manager (HRM) of the hotel. According to HRM view, it has been found that the telephone skills training program did have an impact of change mainly on the front office employees. Furthermore, it has been found that training has a sustainable effect and was a motivation by itself for the employees. However, learning processes which were addressed in literature were not considered in this program. Therefore, limited impact on performance and culture was identified. This evaluation attempt is an introduction for future research associated with training programs within the local hotel industry in Jordan.
Identification of Contact Stiffness between Brake Disc and Brake Pads Using Modal Frequency Analysis
Authors: Ding Haizhou , Zhu Qiang , Lyu Hongming
Published: August 2020

The contact stiffness between brake disc and brake pads is a vital parameter that affects brake NVH performance through increasing the system stiffness and modal frequencies. In order to establish accurate contact behavior between brake parts for further research on precise modeling of disc brakes, a method of identifying the normal contact stiffness of a floating caliper disc brake was developed in this study based on modal frequency testing and finite element analysis. The results showed that contact stiffness increases with brake pressure due to compression of the friction material and increases with the disc mode order at lower-order modes but almost stays invariant at higher-order ones due to contact area variation.
Challenges and Opportunities for Septage Management in the Urban Areas of Indonesia â Case Study in Bandung City
Authors: Bao Pham Ngoc , Abfertiawan Muhammad Sonny , Kumar Pankaj , Hakim Muhammad Fahmi
Published: August 2020

Because of the burgeoning urban population, there is huge pressure on both natural resources and basic urban infrastructure, especially sewerage systems, with Indonesia as no exception. It is estimated that about 95% of human waste in Indonesia ends up untreated or partially treated in septic tanks before being discharged in the natural environment, contaminating the living environment as well as adversely affecting human health and economic development. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation on septage management in Bandung City, Indonesia, to gain a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities for improved performance of on-site sanitation systems as well as septage management across its sanitation service chain. The results showed that the following issues are the main reasons behind poor sanitation in Bandung city: a) poor design and construction of septic tanks with no or only partial lining, resulting in leaking (>90% of septic tanks are malfunctioning); b) irregular desludging, i.e. about 2/3 of population desludge their septic tanks only once in more than 5 years; c) lack of proper guidelines and awareness about the benefits of regular monitoring and operation of septic tanks; d) lack of good sanitation service providers; and e) lack of funds for building sufficient capacity of septage treatment plants.
Retentions of Indo-Aryan grammatical elements in Norwegian Para-Romani
Authors: Fløgstad Guro
Published: August 2020

The present article sets out to describe the system of personal pronouns in Norwegian Para-Romani.* As we shall see, thepronominal system constitutes one of the few remnants of original Indic elements in the grammatical lexicon of Norwegian Para-Romani. In Norwegian Para-Romani, the original Inda-Aryan grammar, morphology and syntax have, with few exceptions, beenreplaced with Norwegian ones. However, the personal pronouns originate in possessive pronouns in original Romani. This article has three parts. First, I give a brief introduction to the notion of Para-Romani itself and specifically to the Norwegian variety. Secondly, I give a description of the pronominal system. Thirdly, I place the data in a semantic-diachronic frame.
Islamic Education in Qom
Authors: Nome Frida A. , Vogt Kari
Published: August 2020

This article examines contemporary developments within the sector of Islamic education in Qom since the establishment of the Islamic state in 1979. It concludes that the structural changes have been wideranging, encompassing a bureaucratization of the houze (Islamic seminaries) as well as a strengthening of the cooperation and competition between 'traditional' and 'modern' learning institutions. The ancient houze system has been supplemented with a diversified body of new Islamic teaching centres, officially aiming at a modernized education for contemporary Islamic society. The changes have increased the institutional capacity to educate both male and female tollab (students of Islamic theology), and to furnish them with academic degrees. This has contributed to shaping a work force which takes up positions within the media, judiciary, bureaucracy, and the educational institutions of the Islamic state. It has furthermore shaped a generation of preachers and propagators, who work to spread thestate's vision of Islam.
Notes on Some Turkic Vowel Developments
Authors: Rentzsch Julian
Published: August 2020

This contribution deals with four types of vowel developments found in Turkic languages. Two of these, i-umlaut and u-umlaut, areregressive vowel assimilations, the other two – vowel raising and vowel lowering – originate in a reduction in terms of quantity. In order to get a rough idea of the distribution of the phenomena under discussion, modern Standard Uyghur, a language in which these developments are especially common, is taken as a starting point. Lexemes in which one or more of these changes occur are compared with the cognates in other modern and historical Turkic languages. It turns out that while most of the vowel developments considered here have gained a certain dissemination accross the Turkic world in individual lexical items, the instability in the vowel system is especially striking in the Uyghur area.
Veronica Veit (ed.): The Role of Women in the Altaic World. Permanent International Altaistic Conference 44th Meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Asiatische Forschungen Bd. 152.
Authors: Scharlipp Wolfgang-E.
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Kyōko Maezono: Intransitiv-, Transitiv-, Kausativ- und Passivverben im Mandschu und Mongolischen. Tunguso Sibirica 18.
Authors: Knüppel Michael
Published: August 2020

Abstract
New Burushaski etymologies and the origin of the ethnonym Burúśo, Burúśaski, Brugaski and Miśáski
Authors: Čašule Ilija
Published: August 2020

The etymological analysis of fourty-five new lexical correspondences between Burushaski and Indo-European that have come to light since the publication of the Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon in 2017 (with 507 entries and as many derivatives) confirms the earlier stratification of the Burushaski Indo-European vocabulary. Most of the Burushaski correlations are with stems with wider IE representation, but a significant number constitute unique isoglosses with Slavic, South Slavic and the Balkan languages. The etymologies involve words that belong to the core and basic vocabulary that could not be borrowings. It is significant that there are 10 basic independent verbs. The phonematic correspondences are fully consistent with the material in the 2017 dictionary and the semantics is precise and direct. The correlation with 30 unique Phrygian isoglosses and 32 unique Slavic isoglosses and the Balkan material is explained tentatively as the result of a symbiosis between these two groups in deep antiquity in the make up of the likely Balkan ancestor of Burushaski.
Zwei Briefe Philipp Johann von Strahlenbergs an Curt Friedrich aus den Jahren 1723 und 1724
Authors: Knüppel Michael
Published: August 2020

In the article the author gives an edition of two letters of the famous German-Swedish geographer, officer, and one of the founding fathers of Siberian studies Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg (1677-1747) to the officer and pietist Curt Friedrich von Wreech (?-1757) from the years 1723 and 1724. Among other topics, mostly related to Pietist circles in the Russian Empire, the texts deal with the edition of v. Strahlenberg’s map of Northern and Central Eurasia.
The effectiveness of safe surfing, an anti-cyberbullying intervention program in reducing online and offline bullying and improving perceived popularity and self-esteem
Authors: Aizenkot Dana , Kashy-Rosenbaum Gabriela
Published: August 2020

Schools have been fighting cyberbullying through intervention programs, yet few interventions have been empirically evaluated. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Safe Surfing anti-cyberbullying intervention program that is based on the theory of planned behavior in reducing bullying online and offline and improving student-perceived popularity and self-esteem. It was hypothesized that from pre- to post-intervention online and offline bullying rates will decrease; students’ negative perception of popularity will decrease; students’ self-esteem will increase, and; in classrooms where there has been a greater decrease in online and offline bullying following the intervention there will be a greater improvement in students’ negative perception of popularity and self-esteem. Data were collected from 1,550 students (53% males) in 3rd to 11th grades from 69 classes in 19 primary (68%), middle and high (32%) public schools in Israel. The students answered online questionnaires pre- and post-intervention. Results indicated a significant decrease in bullying online and offline post-intervention. Also, a significant improvement in perceived popularity and self-esteem was obtained among primary school students. The decrease in bullying online and offline was significantly associated with an improvement in perceived popularity and self-esteem. The study provides support for the positive role that school-based interventions against cyberbullying can have, and demonstrates that schools can make a difference in the way their students consume social networks. The findings also contribute to the debate about the co-occurrence between traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The findings may encourage school principals to approach peer victimization with a broader view and to develop intervention programs that capture students’ social experiences more holistically.
Impresión y adaptación: la construcción de la identidad del área central de la ciudad de Córdoba
Authors: Debat Mariana
Published: August 2020

Este artículo indaga sobre la construcción del Área Central de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). Frente a la idea ampliamente extendida de que las áreas centrales de las ciudades de fundación hispana en América Latina conforman un grupo homogéneo, defiendo la hipótesis de que cada una ha configurado una imagen única a partir de un mismo modelo de origen y sus variaciones posteriores.
Revalorización de la forma en la planificación de los territorios uruguayos: mensajes de la geografía y de la herencia patrimonial
Authors: Ligrone Pablo Alfredo
Published: August 2020

Hay momentos en la vida de una ciudad o de un territorio que demandan una nueva forma que reoriente su evolución, que fije, que innove, que dé imagen de marca, que relance otro ciclo. Una nueva forma, descubierta o inventada, un motivo de diseño que oriente su transformación física, la de su geografía, su dimensión espacial.

Este trabajo muestra cómo en los últimos 15 años varios documentos de planificación en Uruguay han buscado poner en valor los mensajes de la geografía y de la herencia patrimonial a través de la forma a diferentes escalas territoriales: los arcos costeros, el relieve, las cuencas, los trazados fundacionales, sistemas de componentes patrimoniales, paisajes

caracterizados, sistemas de espacios públicos, espacios de integración y

lugares con su genio propio. Reivindica el valor del proyecto urbano y del proyecto de territorio y de la dimensión formal asociada al paisaje natural y cultural.

There are moments in the life of a city or a territory, which demand the apparition of a new shape to reorient their evolution, to ratify and innovate, to give a brand image, to launch a new cycle. A new discovered or invented shape, a design motif orientating its physical and geographical transformation,

its spatial dimension.

This article illustrates how in the last 15 years several planning documents in

Uruguay have sought to revaluate, through their shape, the messages of geography and patrimonial heritage, at different territorial scales: coastal arches, landform, watersheds, foundational outlines, heritage-component systems, characterized landscapes, public-space systems, spaces for

integration and places with their own genius.

It claims for the value of the urban and territorial project and the shape

associated with the natural and cultural landscape.
Paisajes de la sal en Andalucía
Authors: Román López Emilia
Published: August 2020

Las salinas generan paisajes de características únicas, tanto por sus valores naturales y medioambientales, como por los valores culturales, patrimoniales, históricos, sociales e identitarios. Las energías y circunstancias naturales aprovechadas en ellas, sol, viento,

gravedad y humedad relativa, propician una de las estrategias fundamentales para su

funcionamiento: la evaporación, que hace determinante su posición geográfica en el

territorio y su dependencia de los ciclos climáticos estacionales, del régimen hidrológico, la estructura geológica del subsuelo, la geomorfología y la acción del hombre para potenciar la eficiencia de los procesos productivos.

Actualmente se encuentran, en su mayoría, abandonadas y en estado de ruina, olvidando la importancia cultural, histórica y económica que tuvieron en épocas pasadas. Estos hechos manifiestan la urgencia de la apreciación y el reconocimiento de estos entornos culturales como patrimonio común y de aprovechamiento social inmediato y de que sean objeto de una gestión específica para evitar su desaparición.

Salt works create unique landscapes with both natural and environmental values, due to their cultural, historical and social background, as well as their heritage and identity. The energy and natural circumstances: sun, wind, gravity and relative humidity, facilitate an essential

strategy for their operation: evaporation, which emphasizes as decisive their geographical location in the territory and their dependence on seasonal weather cycles, hydrological regime, geological underground structure, geomorphology and human action to enhance the efficiency of production processes.

Nowadays they are mostly abandoned and in ruins, leaving the cultural, historical and

economic significance, they used to have in the past, forgotten. These facts show the urgent procedure for the appreciation and recognition of these cultural surroundings as a common heritage of immediate social use, so that they become subject to specific management in order to prevent its disappearance.
Palimpsesto de Karukinka. Tras las huellas de la forma urbana en la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina-Chile
Authors: Espindola Gerhardt Lara
Published: August 2020

Las reglas de la forma urbana de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego se han visto condicionadas principalmente por las huellas de su territorio, su paisaje, sus primeros habitantes y por sus colonizadores.

En este contexto, las ciudades actuales de dicha isla tienen una apariencia figurativa compatible a los patrones del modelo clásico español, con un sistema de parcelación y una tipología arquitectónica repetida, con la cuadricula y la manzana regular cuadrada asegurando la racionalidad de la organización, como la característica de la urbanización no solo de esta isla sino de todo un continente.

Este artículo propuso analizar la incidencia del palimpsesto de Karukinka, es decir, ir tras las huellas de la forma urbana en el territorio y el paisaje, y su posible vinculación con los pueblos originarios, los Selk´nam. Y a su vez analizar la continuidad de la retícula colonizadora en el territorio de Karukinka o Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.

Mainly the rules of the urban form of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego have been conditioned by the traces of its territory, its landscape, its first inhabitants and by its colonizers. In this context, the current cities of that island have a figurative appearance compatible to the patterns of the classic Spanish model, with a system of subdivision and a repeated architectural typology, with the grid, the square regular block assuring the rationality of the organization as the characteristic of the urbanization not only of this island but of a whole continent. This article proposed to analyze the incidence of the palimpsest of Karukinka, that is, to follow the traces of the urban form in the territory and landscape, and its possible link with the native peoples, the Selk'nam. And in turn analyze continuity of the colonizing grid in the territory of Karukinka or Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.
La industria de la carne como paisaje. El lugar de los mataderos y mercados de hacienda en la ciudad
Authors: Jacob Nadia
Published: August 2020

El presente trabajo se propone avanzar en el estudio del paisaje ganadero haciendo foco en el lugar del mismo en la escala urbana. Partimos del supuesto de que la industria de la carne tuvo un rol fundamental en los procesos de transformación de las ciudades. Tal es así, que los establecimientos ganaderos pasaron de tener en sus orígenes un lugar marginal en la ciudad, a convertirse en importantes generadores de urbanidad e imaginarios culturales. En orden de confirmar estas presunciones, por un lado, revisamos la construcción conceptual de la industria como paisaje y como proyecto en la disciplina urbanística. Mientras que por otro lado, analizamos el proceso de configuración material y simbólica del paisaje ganadero urbano a partir de un análisis comparativo de un caso de estudio local, los mataderos y mercados de hacienda de la ciudad de Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) con un referente emblemático, La Villette (París, Francia).

The present work proposes to advance in the study of the livestock landscape focusing on the place of it on the urban scale. We assume that the meat industry played a fundamental role in the process of transforming cities. This is so that the cattle establishments went from having in its origins a marginal place in the city, to become important generators of urbanity and cultural imaginary. In order to confirm these assumptions, on the one hand, we review the conceptual construction of the industry as a landscape and as a project in urbanism. While on the other hand, we analyze the process of material and symbolic configuration of the urban livestock landscape from a comparative analysis of a local case study, slaughterhouses and meet markets of the city of Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina), with an emblematic reference case, La Villette (Paris, France).
La valoración patrimonial del paisaje cultural cafetero del Tolima, Colombia. Retos y estrategias para su conservación y apropiación
Authors: Velandia Silva César Augusto
Published: August 2020

El proyecto de investigación “Paisaje Cultural Cafetero del Tolima”, pretende identificar el paisaje cultural como bien de interés cultural de esta región en Colombia. Se propone el desarrollo de una puesta en valor de los atributos del paisaje y de sus enlaces naturaleza-cultura. Primero, debido a su pertinencia para el conocimiento y la apropiación de la cultura regional y segundo, debido a que la investigación científica aplicada a una región de alta calidad productiva agrícola a nivel nacional, es desconocida.

Lo anterior permitirá formular estrategias en atención a las implicaciones del paisaje ante el ordenamiento territorial, la variabilidad climática, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la gestión del riesgo, las actividades turísticas y el relevo generacional de jóvenes que ya no quieren ser caficultores. Asimismo, el paisaje cultural se muestra, como el escenario idóneo para acoger los procesos de cohesión y reconstrucción del tejido social de las comunidades en el marco de la Paz.

The research project "Coffee Cultural Landscape of Tolima", aims to identify the cultural landscape as a cultural asset in the Tolima region, Colombia. It proposes the development of an appraisement project about the attributes of the landscape and its culture-nature linkages. First, because it is relevant to the knowledge and appropriation of the regional culture of Tolima, and second, because scientific research applied to a region of high productive agricultural quality at the national level, is unknown.

This will enable the formulation of strategies attending implications for land use, climate change, environmental sustainability and risk management, also tourism activities and generational change of thousands of youngsters who no longer want be coffee growers. Likewise, the cultural landscape is shown, as the ideal setting to embrace the processes of cohesion and reconstruction of the social linkages of the communities within the framework of Peace.
Teaching Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Linder G. Fletcher , Ames Allison J. , Hawk William J. , Pyle Lori K. , Fulcher Keston H. , Early Christian E. ,   Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
Published: August 2020

This article presents evidence supporting the claim that ethical reasoning is a skill that can be taught and assessed. We propose a working definition of ethical reasoning as 1) the ability to identify, analyze, and weigh moral aspects of a particular situation, and 2) to make decisions that are informed and warranted by the moral investigation. The evidence consists of a description of an ethical reasoning education program—Ethical Reasoning in Action (ERiA)—designed to increase ethical reasoning skills in a variety of situations and areas of life. ERiA is housed at a public, major comprehensive U.S. university—James Madison University—and assessment of the program focuses on interventions delivered prior to and during orientation for incoming first-year students. Findings indicate that the interventions measurably enhance the ability of undergraduate students to reason ethically. ERiA’s competency-targeted program and positive student learning outcomes offers a promising model for higher education ethics programs seeking to connect classroom learning in ethics to decision-making in everyday life.