bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Basis for Eculizumab-Mediated Inhibition of the Complement Terminal Pathway
Authors: Schatz-Jakobsen Janus Asbjørn , Zhang Yuchun , Johnson Krista , Neill Alyssa , Sheridan Douglas , Andersen Gregers Rom
Published: May 2016

Eculizumab is a humanized mAb approved for treatment of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eculizumab binds complement component C5 and prevents its cleavage by C5 convertases, inhibiting release of both the proinflammatory metabolite C5a and formation of the membrane attack complex via C5b. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the complex between C5 and a Fab fragment with the same sequence as eculizumab at a resolution of 4.2 Å. Five CDRs contact the C5 macroglobulin 7 domain, which contains the entire epitope. A complete mutational scan of the 66 CDR residues identified 28 residues as important for the C5–eculizumab interaction, and the structure of the complex offered an explanation for the reduced C5 binding observed for these mutant Abs. Furthermore, the structural observations of the interaction are supported by the reduced ability of a subset of these mutated Abs to inhibit membrane attack complex formation as tested in a hemolysis assay. Our results suggest that eculizumab functions by sterically preventing C5 from binding to convertases and explain the exquisite selectivity of eculizumab for human C5 and how polymorphisms in C5 cause eculizumab-resistance in a small number of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Saharan dust long-range transport across the Atlantic studied by an airborne Doppler lidar and the MACC model
Authors: Chouza F. , Reitebuch O. , Benedetti A. , Weinzierl B.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A huge amount of dust is transported every year from North Africa into the Caribbean region. This paper presents an investigation of this long-range transport process based on measurements conducted during the SALTRACE campaign (June–July 2013), as well as an evaluation of the ability of the MACC global aerosol model to reproduce it and its associated features. First, the horizontal wind speed measurements obtained by the DLR airborne Doppler wind lidar (DWL) during the SALTRACE experiment are validated by means of a comparison with collocated dropsondes. The comparison indicates a systematic speed difference of 0.08 m s−1 and a standard deviation of 0.92 m s−1, while wind direction show a mean difference of 0.5° and a standard deviation between 5° and 10° depending on measurement conditions. Modelled winds in West Africa and Caribbean regions are compared to those measured by the DWL. Although a general good agreement between measurements and model is observed, some differences, particularly in the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) intensity, were noted. The observed differences between modelled and measured wind jet speeds are between 5 and 10 m s−1. The MACC model aerosol vertical distribution is compared with the CALIOP satellite extinction profiles corresponding to the campaign period. While the modelled Saharan dust plume shape shows a good agreement with the measurements, a systematic underestimation of the marine boundary layer extinction is observed. Additionally, three selected case studies covering different aspects of the Saharan dust long-range transport along the West African coast, over the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean are presented. For first time, DWL measurements are used to investigate the Saharan dust long-range transport. Simultaneous wind and backscatter measurements from the DWL are used, in combination with the MACC model, to analyse different features associated with the long-range transport, including an African Easterly Wave trough, the African Easterly Jet and the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
Mars MOURA magnetometer demonstration for high-resolution mapping on terrestrial analogues
Authors: Díaz-Michelena Marina , Kilian Rolf , Sanz Ruy , Rios Francisco , Baeza Oscar
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Satellite-based magnetic measurements of Mars indicate complex and very strong magnetic anomalies, which led to an intensive and long-lasting discussion about their possible origin. To make some progress in the investigation of the origin of these anomalies the MOURA vector magnetometer was developed for in situ measurements on Mars. In this work we propose the utilisation of such an instrument for future planetary on-ground surveys. The proof of its suitability is seen through testing it on various terrestrial analogues characterised by the distinct magnetic anomalies of their basement rocks: (1) a magnetite body of EL Laco (up to +110 000 nT) and its transition to surrounding andesites ( <  +2000 nT) in the northern Andes of Chile showing the highest local magnetic anomalies. The magnetite-bearing ore body has highly variable local anomalies due to its complex formation history where a significant dispersion in palaeo-orientations has been previously reported, while our vector data show relatively uniform and probably induced declinations. (2) A basaltic spatter cone of the Pali Aike volcanic field, in southern Chile, was characterised by very strong magnetic anomalies along the crater rim (up to +12 000 nT), controlled by the amount of single domain magnetites in the ground mass of the basalts. Due to their strong remanent signature, palaeo-declinations of the lavas and reorientations of collapsed blocks could be constrained by the vector data. (3) The Monturaqui meteorite crater (350 m diameter), in northern Chile, shows significant variations of its anomalies (from −2000 to  >  +6000 nT) in restricted areas of several square metres along its crater rim related to unexposed iron-bearing fragments of the impactor while its granitic and ignimbritic target rocks exhibit only very weak anomalies. (4) An area with several amphibolitic dykes, which cross-cut a Cretaceous granitoid in the southernmost Andes, where a decimetre-scale mapping was performed. In this case, pyrrhotite is the only magnetic carrier. It was formed during hydrothermal processes within the dykes. Very low (+40 to +120 nT) positive magnetic anomalies clearly depict the amount of 1–4 vol % pyrrhotite in these dykes, which is important as a mineralogical indicator as well as to detect associated gold and copper enrichment.
Phylogenetic placement of the secotioid fungus Araneosa columellata within Agaricus
Authors: Bates Scott T. , Chapman Robert M. , Islam Melissa B. , Schwabe Anna , Wardenaar Erik C.P. , Evenson Vera S.
Published: May 2016

Recently collected material was used to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the secotioid fungus Araneosa columellata. We amplified the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (ITS1, ITS2, and LSU) and found Ar. columellata to be a member of the genus Agaricus (Agaricaceae,
Agaricales), necessitating its transfer to that genus as Agaricus columellatus comb. nov. A detailed description is provided along with illustrations, and a lectotype is designated.
Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata gen. & sp. nov. from submerged wood from Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Josiane Santana , Conceição Lucas Barbosa , Marques Marcos Fábio Oliveira , Gusmão Luís Fernando Pascholati , Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F.
Published: May 2016

Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata, collected from submerged wood in Brazil, is described and illustrated as a new genus and species. It is distinguished by distinct, erect, septate, subhyaline to very pale brown conidiophores, mono- and polyblastic conidiogenous cells, and fusiform,
elliptical to shortly clavate, brown separating cells. The conidia are dictyoseptate, broad ellipsoidal-fusiform to prolate subglobose, dark brown, usually with 1–3 divergent, narrow cylindrical, hyaline appendages at the apical cell, and sometimes with 1–2(–3), narrow cylindrical,
hyaline appendages arising from the basal cell.
First report of Singerocybe in Thailand
Authors: Kumla Jaturong , Suwannarach Nakarin , Vadthanarat Santhiti , Raspé Olivier , Lumyong Saisamorn
Published: May 2016

Specimens collected in Thailand have been identified as Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis, based on morphology and ITS molecular analysis. A description and illustration are provided. This is the first record of the genus from Thailand.
Aspicilia, Lobothallia, and Rhizocarpon species new for Turkey and Asia
Authors: Yazici Kenan , Aslan Ali
Published: May 2016

Three lichen species, Aspicilia glomerulans , Lobothallia chadefaudiana, and Rhizocarpon furfurosum, were identified as new to Turkey and Asia during a lichenological survey in the Burdur and Muş sedilla regions (Turkey). Descriptions accompany notes on known
distribution, substrates, and chemistry and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa.
New species of neotropical Rhodocollybia
Authors: Mata Juan L. , Ovrebo Clark L. , Baroni Timothy J. , Hughes Karen W.
Published: May 2016

Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomes helped circumscribe two new Rhodocollybia species for neotropical America: R. olivaceogrisea from Costa Rica; and R. tenuipes from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Both species are phylogenetically
related to R. butyracea. Rhodocollybia maculata represents a new report for Dominican Republic.
First record of Russula anthracina and its ectomycorrhiza associated with Himalayan cedar from South Asia
Authors: Jabeen Sana , Niazi Abdul Rehman , Khalid Abdul Nasir
Published: May 2016

Russula anthracina and its ectomycorrhiza are identified on the basis of morphological characters and molecular analysis. The species is characterized by brittle and blackening basidiomata with pinkish lamellae. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes are characterized by monopodial pinnate
ramification and the presence of typical russuloid cystidia on outer mantle surface. Molecular phylogenetic analysis clustered the ITS sequences generated in this study with other R. anthracina sequences. This is the first report of R. anthracina from Pakistan and South
Asia.
Sympodiosynnema, a new genus of dematiaceous hyphomycetes from southern China
Authors: Xia Ji-Wen , Ma Ying-Rui , Gao Jian-Mei , Li Zhuang , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: May 2016

Sympodiosynnema gen. nov. is illustrated and described from dead stems of an unidentified plant in Hainan, southern China. The genus is characterized by solitary dry naviculiform conidia, sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells, and synnematous conidiophores.
New records from Lithuania of fungi alien to Europe
Authors: Motiejūnaitė Jurga , Kutorga Ernestas , Kasparavičius Jonas , Lygis Vaidotas , Norkutė Goda
Published: May 2016

First records from Lithuania of the ascomycete Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and basidiomycetes Clathrus archeri, Leucocoprinus cepistipes, and Stropharia rugosoannulata are presented. All four species are alien to Europe and two, C. archeri and S. rugosoannulata,
have never been recorded in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region before. Also, a reassessment of the status in Lithuania of the alien pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and its close relative, the non-pathogenic H. albidus indigenous to Europe, indicates that only H. fraxineus
occurs in Lithuania. Descriptions of the examined fungi are presented, and remarks on their habitats and distribution are provided.
Some stromatic pyrenomycetous fungi from northern Thailand — 2. Annulohypoxylon and Ustulina
Authors: Vasilyeva Larissa N. , Stephenson Steven L. , Hyde Kevin D.
Published: May 2016

Fourteen species of Annulohypoxylon and one species of Ustulina collected in northern Thailand are discussed. Only three of the species (Annulohypoxylon bahnphadengense, A. bogoriense comb. nov., A. urceolatum) have been reported previously from southeastern
Asia. The other twelve species (A. chiangmaiense , A. derelictum, A. dipterocarpi, A. maesaeense, A. microbovei, A. morisuspectum, A. neglectum, A. paratruncatum, A. planodiscum, A. pseudonitens, A. sordidum,
Ustulina pseudozonata) are proposed as spp. nov., described, and illustrated.
Estrategias de mercadotecnia de la empresa familiar Café el Golfo, Guayabo Central, Siuna, 2013
Authors: Masis Suazo Isabel Del Socorro , Centeno Lagos Thelma Arelis , Gutiérrez Garmendia Francisco
Published: May 2016

El estudio se realizó en la empresa Familiar Café El Golfo, ubicada en la comunidad Guayabo Central a 53 Kilómetros, sureste del Municipio de Siuna, Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte (RACCN). Se orientó al análisis de estrategias de mercadotecnia que utilizan, describe lo que implementa la microempresa, identificó las oportunidades de mercado en este negocio y propone acciones estratégicas con relación a los factores que influyen en este campo. Es de carácter descriptivo con un enfoque cualitativo. Las técnicas que se utilizaron fueron: la entrevista individual a propietarios de la microempresa, comerciantes y consumidores. La observación directa, se realizó en el área de producción y almacenamiento del producto. De acuerdo a la información que se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de los instrumentos en contraste con la teoría, se considera, que la microempresa Familiar Café El Golfo hace uso de estrategias de mercadotecnia, pero no en su totalidad.Las propiedades físicas de este producto, prometen excelente oportunidades de mercado; sin embargo, es necesario que la empresa complemente otras estrategias de mercadotecnia a las que implementan por el negocio. Con respecto a las acciones estratégicas propuestas, estas servirán como una herramienta para el aumento de las ventas en la comercialización de su producto.
Investigating the Relationship between Body Management and Modern Identity among Married Women in Tehran City
Authors: Rafiey Hassan , Mohammadi Mohammad-Ali , Alizadeh Aghdam Mohammad-Bagher , Soltani Bahram Saeed
Published: May 2016

INTRODUCTION: One of the characteristics of the modern age is to pay attention to visual symbols. In recent periods, body had found basic importance because of being the most available instrument to exhibit the identity forms and had been transformed to an identity media.METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey, the relationship between body management and modern identity has been studied on 400 married women in Tehran city. The sampling method used in this research is multistage cluster sampling.RESULTS: In the range of 50 to 87, the mean score of body management was 66.18 that indicates a body management behavior around average among participants. A positive, significant relationship (r=0.32) between modern identity and body management was found. Regression analysis showed that modern identity, monthly family income, educational level, and age can explain 20% of the variance of body management.CONCLUSION: It may be concluded that the higher the level of modern identity, the higher the level of body management will be. Based on Giddens’ theory, it can be stated that in the consumption world, the women according to their tastes and interests are trying to present themselves beautiful and youthful and to make a distinguished personal identity of themselves. Therefore, the body style and statues are some of the mechanisms that the women used to reveal their identity.
Strong Masting Conjecture for Multiple Size Hexagonal Tessellation in GSM Network Design
Authors: K. Amponsah Samuel , Donkoh Elvis K. , A. Ansere James , A. Bonsu Kusi
Published: May 2016

One way to improve cellular network performance is to use efficient handover method and design pattern among other factors. The efficient design pattern has been proven geometrically to be hexagonal (Hales, 2001, pp. 1- 22) due to its maximum tessellable area coverage. But uneven geographical distribution of subscribers requires tessellable hexagons of different radii due to variation of costs of GSM masts. This will call for an overlap difference. The constraint of minimum overlap difference for multiple cell range is a new area that is untapped in cell planning. This paper addresses such multiple size hexagonal tessellation problem using a conjecture. Data from MTN River State-Nigeria, was collected. Multiple Size Hexagonal Tessellation Model (MSHTM) conjecture for masting three (3) different size MTN GSM masts in River State, accounted for least overlap difference with area of 148.3km2 using 36 GSM masts instead of the original 21.48 km2 for 50 GSM masts. Our conjecture generally holds for k-different (k>=2 ) cell range.
Zacht waar het kan, hard waar het moet? Casestudies naar handhaving in de sociale zekerheid
Authors: de Winter Paulien
Published: May 2016

Soft where possible, hard where needed? – Case studies on enforcement of social security

The Dutch social security is mainly conducted by municipalities (social services), the Dutch Employment Insurance Agencies (UWV) and the Social Insurance Bank (SVB). In order to explore to what extent agents adjust their enforcement style, as stated in the responsive regulation approach (Ayres & Braithwaite), five case studies will be conducted; three studies at social services and two studies at Employment Insurance Agencies.

During this field research I will attend every agency for two months. I will be observing the behavior of agents during their contact moments with beneficiaries. At the same time I will ask for comments on events, opinions and feelings regarding various aspects of the work. I will also conduct in-depth interviews with several agents and beneficiaries. Based on a sample I will make a selection of enforcement cases and I will analyze agreements on enforcement, regulation, directives, guidelines and recommendations.
Analiza kognitivnog deficita u subakutnoj fazi insulta: korelacija sa anatomskom lokalizacijom lezije
Authors: Vukadinović Stojanović Sanja , Spasojević Goran
Published: May 2016

Uvod. Prema radovima pojedinih autora 10% bolesnika razvija demencijunakon prvog insulta, a u slučaju ponovljenog insulta 30% bolesnika. Cilj ovograda je da se ispita zavisnost intenziteta kognitivnog deficita i morfo-anatomskelokalizacije lezije kod bolesnika u subakutnom stadijumu insulta.Metode. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 118 osoba oboljelih od cerebrovaskularnoginsulta. Lokalizacija lezije određivana je na nekontrastnim kompjuterizovanimtomografskim (CT) snimcima debljine sloja 5 mm, a površina i obim lezijeprimjenom AutoCAD digitalne planimetrije. Psihometrijsko ispitivanje pomoćuskale za orijentaciju kognitivnog deficita (Mini Mental State Examination -MMSE) izvođeno je metodom slučajnog odabira 11-40 dana nakon insulta.Korelaciona analiza vršena je prostom linearnom/nelinearnom regresijom, iCox-ovim hazardnim regresionim modelom.Rezultati. Prema našim nalazima cerebrovaskularni insult se kod žena, uodnosu na muškarce, javlja u kasnijim dobnim skupinama (p=0,003). Površinanajvećeg poprečnog presjeka cerebrovaskularne lezije kod žena je većau odnosu na muškarce (p=0,046). Učestalost kognitivnog deficita iznosila je51,7%. Cox-ovim regresionim modelom utvrđen je veći rizik osoba ženskogpola (p=0,031), osoba starije dobi (p=0,004) kao i zavisnost kognitivnog deficitaod veće površine najvećeg poprečnog presjeka cerebrovaskularnih lezija(p=0,001). Učestalost i intenzitet kognitivnog deficita nije bila u korelacijisa anatomskom lokalizacijom i lezijama čeonog režnja (čeoni režanj/drugiregioni prosencephalona: p=0,846).Zaključak. Kao faktore rizika za pojavu kognitivnog deficita kod bolesnikasa insultom utvrdili smo: ženski pol, stariju dob i veću površinu najvećegpoprečnog presjeka cerebrovaskularne lezije. Nepostojanje korelacije izmeđuanatomske lokalizacije lezije i pojave kognitivnog deficita govori u priloguticaju nespecifičnih efekata lezije na pojavu kognitivne deteriorijacije tj.narušavanja opšteg somatskog stanja, smanjenja globalne moždane aktivnostii metaboličkih promjena mozga kod pacijenata u subakutnoj fazi insulta.
Faktori rizika za nastanak raka grlića materice
Authors: Gajić Brankica , Šipka Snježana
Published: May 2016

Uvod. Premaligne i maligne promjene grlića materice mogu biti udružene sarazličitim faktorima rizika. Cilj rada je bio da se analiziraju faktori rizika zanastanak raka grlića materice, utvrdi prisutnost humanog papiloma virusa(HPV) kod ispitanica sa patološkim Papanikolau (Papa) nalazom i analizirakorelacija između citoloških, kolposkopskih, patohistoloških i HPV nalaza.Metode. Prospektivnom studijom obuhvaćeno je 108 žena (25–65 godina)pregledanih u specijalističkoj ambulanti DZ Banja Luka od 2008–2010. godine.Ispitanice su odabrane slučajnim izborom, a isključene su trudnice i pacijenticekod kojih je urađena histerektomija. Svim ispitanicama su uzeti podaci pomoćuanketnog upitnika, urađen ginekološki pregled, a u zavisnosti od nalaza iinspekcije grlića materice, citološka analiza metodom Papa. Kod ispitanicasa sumnjivim nalazom pri ginekološkom pregledu, abnormalnim citološkimnalazom ili nalazom koilocita rađena je kolposkopija, a kod posljednjih i testiranjena HPV. Ispitanicama sa ponovnim citološkim i/ili kolposkopskimabnormalnim nalazom urađena je biopsija.Rezultati. Učestalost abnormalnog Papa nalaza nije zavisila od prethodnihinfekcija (χ2=5,40, p=0,369). Abnormalni Papa nalaz bio je značajno češći kodispitanica koje su koristile oralnu hormonalnu kontracepciju (5/5) u odnosuna one koje je nisu koristile (34/88) (χ2=9,61, p=0,022), kod ispitanica sa višepartnera (χ2=14,42 p<0,0001) i kod pušača (16/27) u odnosu na nepušače(25/70) (χ2=6,202, p=0,045). Od 72 ispitanice testirane na HPV pozitivannalaz su imale 33, a 26 od njih je imalo abnormalan Papa nalaz, dok je od 39sa negativnim HPV 6 imalo abnormalan Papa nalaz. Patološki kolposkopskinalaz otkriven je kod 57 od 76 pregledanih ispitanica. Biopsija je urađenakod 50 ispitanica i između abnormalnog Papa i pozitivnog patohistološkognalaza postoji značajna povezanost.Zaključak. Abnormalan Papa nalaz otkriven je značajno češće kod ispitanicakoje su imale HPV infekcije, bile pušaši, koristile oralnu hormonalnu kontracepcijui imale više partnera.
Odnos između intenziteta ispoljavanja depresivnosti i hipohondričnosti sa samoefikasnošću adolescenata
Authors: Jovanović Ivana
Published: May 2016

Uvod. Rad je usmjeren na potpunije sagledavanje strukture patološko konativnihfaktora i njihove međusobne interakcije, kao i interakcije sa kognitivnimaspektom. Cilj istraživanja je ispitivanje odnosa i intenziteta ispoljavanjaodređenih patoloških konativnih faktora (depresivnosti i hipohondričnosti)u zavisnosti od nivoa ispoljavanja samoefikasnosti kod adolescenata.Metode. Korištene metode u istraživanju su: metoda teorijske analize i servejmetoda. Podaci su prikupljeni: objektivnim upitnicima (pseudo-upitnici),skalom patoloških konativnih faktora, skalom opšte samoefikasnosti, upitnikomza ispitivanje socijalno demografskih obilježja (pol, uzrast, školskiuspjeh i vladanje). Uzorak je činilo 140 učenika starosti od 15 do 18 godina.Rezultati. Analizom rezultata utvrđena je najprije distribucija intenzitetaispoljavanja depresivnosti i hipohondričnosti adolescenata, zatim je sagledanapriroda odnosa zavisne i nezavisne varijable, kao i odnos sa socijalno-demografskim obilježjima. Najveći broj adolescenata 48 (34%) ispoljavanizak intenzitet depresivnosti, 51 (36,4%) adolescent ispoljava umjeren nivohipohondričnosti. Statistička značajnost nije potvrđena u odnosu depresivnostii hipohondričnosti sa samoefikasnošću adolescenata. Od socijalno-demografskihobilježja (školski uspjeh, vladanje, pol) statistička značajnost potvrđenaje u odnosu između pola i depresivnosti adolescenata. Učenice su sklonijeispoljavanju depresivnih simptoma u adolescenciji. Razlike u ispoljavanjuhipohondričnosti u zavisnosti od socijalno-demografskih obilježja (školskiuspjeh, vladanje, pol) nisu statistički značajne.Zaključak. Najveći broj adolescenata ispoljava nizak i umjeren intenzitetispoljavanja depresivnosti i hipohondričnosti. Od socijalno-demografskihobilježja (školski uspjeh, školsko vladanje i pol) potvrđena je statističkaznačajnost u odnosu pola i intenziteta ispoljavanja depresivnosti. Ostalasocijalno-demografska obilježja nisu determinante koje značajno utiču naintenzitet ispoljavanja depresivnosti i hipohondričnosti adolescenata.
Relationship between microstructure and electronic properties of energetically deposited zinc tin oxide
Authors: Murdoch Billy James , McCulloch Dougal G. , Partridge James G.
Published: May 2016

Thin films of amorphous n-type zinc tin oxide have been energetically deposited from a filtered cathodic vacuum arc at moderate temperatures. The characteristics of these films span a range suitable for semiconductor devices and transparent conducting oxide interconnects with carrier concentration and mobility dependent on local bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron diffraction have revealed that acceptor-like Sn(II) bonding in the films decreased with increasing growth temperature, resulting in higher n-type carrier concentrations. XPS and in situ Ar plasma treatment showed that downward surface band bending resulted from OH attachment. Persistent photoconductivity was attributed to the photoionization of oxygen vacancies.
Cloning and expression analysis of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes in sorghum
Authors: Li Jieqin , Fan Feifei , Wang Lihua , Zhan Qiuwen , Wu Peijin , Du Junli , Yang Xiaocui , Liu Yanlong
Published: May 2016

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is the first enzyme in the monolignol-specific branch of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. In this research, three sorghum CCR genes includingSbCCR1,SbCCR2-1andSbCCR2-2were cloned and characterized. Analyses of the structure and phylogeny of the three CCR genes showed evolutionary conservation of the functional domains and divergence of function. Transient expression assays inNicotiana benthamianaleaves demonstrated that the three CCR proteins were localized in the cytoplasm. The expression analysis showed that the three CCR genes were induced by drought. But in 48 h, the expression levels ofSbCCR1andSbCCR2-2did not differ between CK and the drought treatment; while the expression level ofSbCCR2-1in the drought treatment was higher than in CK. The expression of theSbCCR1andSbCCR2-1genes was not induced by sorghum aphid [Melanaphis sacchari(Zehntner)] attack, butSbCCR2-2was significantly induced by sorghum aphid attack. It is suggested thatSbCCR2-2is involved in the process of pest defense. Absolute quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the three CCR genes were mainly expressed in lignin deposition organs. The gene copy number ofSbCCR1was significantly higher than those ofSbCCR2-1andSbCCR2-2in the tested tissues, especially in stem. The results provide new insight into the functions of the three CCR genes in sorghum.
The operational definition of competency‐based education
Authors: Gervais J.
Published: May 2016

Background

As education in the United States pushes for accountability, educational programs across the country are attempting to find innovative ways to measure student learning outcomes. Competency‐based education is one model favorable among many academic institutions and accreditation agencies because it links theory to practice (Clark, Competency‐based education for social work: Evaluation and curriculum issues, 1976; Hall & Jones, Competency‐based education: A process for the improvement of education, 1976; Johnstone & Soares, Change, 46, 2014, 12; Pace, Competency education series: Policy brief one, 2013). The research indicates that there is no standard definition of competency‐based education and agreement on the criteria that encompass this model (Book, All hands on deck: Ten lessons from early adopters of competency‐based education, 2014; Le, Wolfe, & Steinberg, The past and the promise: Today's competency education movement, 2014; Riesman, On competence: A critical analysis of competence‐based reforms in higher education, 1979).

Methods

This research reviewed the literature on competency‐based education and interviewed key informants from various disciplines to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.

Results

This research constructs an operational definition of competency‐based education and then applies this definition to build an assessment tool to determine the extent that competency‐based education exists in an academic program.
Biomass Inspired Nitrogen Doped Porous Carbon Anode with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ou Junke , Yang Lin , Xi Xianghui
Published: May 2016

Ginkgo leave, a naturally abundant resource, has been successfully employed as the raw material to prepare nitrogen doped porous carbon (NDPC) materials. The preparation of the porous carbon does not involve assistance of any activation or template technique. The as‐obtained NDPC shows favorable features for electrochemical energy storage, which can not only provide multiple sites for the storage and insertion of Li ions, but also facilitate rapid mass transport of electrons and Li ions. As a result, the NDPC when evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries delivers high reversible capacity (505 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (190 mAh·g−1 at 10 C). These favorable properties suggest that the NDPC can be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
DNA Intercalators for Detection of DNA Hybridisation: SCS(MI)–MP2 Calculations and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Jambrec Daliborka , Haddad Raoudha , Lauks Anna , Gebala Magdalena , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Kokoschka Malte
Published: May 2016

Quantum mechanical SCS(MI)–MP2/cc‐pVTZ calculations predict the strength of proflavine, ellipticine and 1‐pyrenemethylamine intercalation into single‐stranded (ss) and double‐stranded (ds) DNA. The results were compared with experimental results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Similar interaction energies of ellipticine with the guanine–cytosine base pair compared to the individual nucleobases guanine and cytosine suggested non‐specific binding also to ssDNA. Accordingly, EIS identified ellipticine as being non‐selective and therefore unsuitable for the detection of DNA hybridisation. The interaction energy of proflavine is significantly higher than the minimum required energy for a single intercalation site, and substantially lower with respect to the minimum energy needed for binding with ssDNA. In EIS studies, proflavine did not show any change in the charge‐transfer resistance with respect to ssDNA and a decrease with respect to dsDNA. Calculations showed that 1‐pyrenemethylamine has sufficiently high interaction energy to intercalate into dsDNA, however, the interaction energy towards ssDNA is close to the minimum required value, suggesting a weak interaction with ssDNA. EIS measurements support the calculations. A method for the calculation of interaction energies is provided, which can be used to characterise the interaction strength between new intercalators and DNA before being synthesised.
Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases
Authors: Kelley William J. , Safari Hanieh , Lopez‐Cazares Genesis , Eniola‐Adefeso Omolola
Published: May 2016

Vascular‐targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle‐cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular‐targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909–926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Streamwise-varying steady transpiration control in turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Gómez F. , Blackburn H. M. , Rudman M. , Sharma A. S. , McKeon B. J.
Published: May 2016

The effect of streamwise-varying steady transpiration on turbulent pipe flow is examined using direct numerical simulation at fixed friction Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}=314$. The streamwise momentum equation reveals three physical mechanisms caused by transpiration acting in the flow: modification of Reynolds shear stress, steady streaming and generation of non-zero mean streamwise gradients. The influence of these mechanisms has been examined by means of a parameter sweep involving transpiration amplitude and wavelength. The observed trends have permitted identification of wall transpiration configurations able to reduce or increase the overall flow rate $-36.1\,\%$ and $19.3\,\%$, respectively. Energetics associated with these modifications are presented. A novel resolvent formulation has been developed to investigate the dynamics of pipe flows with a constant cross-section but with time-mean spatial periodicity induced by changes in boundary conditions. This formulation, based on a triple decomposition, paves the way for understanding turbulence in such flows using only the mean velocity profile. Resolvent analysis based on the time-mean flow and dynamic mode decomposition based on simulation data snapshots have both been used to obtain a description of the reorganization of the flow structures caused by the transpiration. We show that the pipe flows dynamics are dominated by a critical-layer mechanism and the waviness induced in the flow structures plays a role on the streamwise momentum balance by generating additional terms.
Cereal fibre intake and risk of mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer and inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Hajishafiee Maryam , Saneei Parvane , Benisi-Kohansal Sanaz , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: May 2016

Dietary fibre intake has been associated with a lower risk of mortality; however, findings on the association of different sources of dietary fibre with mortality are conflicting. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prospective cohort studies to assess the relation between cereal fibre intake and cause-specific mortality. Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, ISI web of Science and Google scholar were searched up to April 2015. Eligible prospective cohort studies were included if they provided hazard ratios (HR) or relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95 % CI for the association of cereal fibre intake and mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer and inflammatory diseases. The study-specific HR were pooled by using the random-effects model. In total, fourteen prospective studies that examined the association of cereal fibre intake with mortality from all causes (n 48 052 death), CVD (n 16 882 death), cancer (n 19 489 death) and inflammatory diseases (n 1092 death) were included. The pooled adjusted HR of all-cause mortality for the highest v. the lowest category of cereal fibre intake was 0·81 (95 % CI 0·79, 0·83). Consumption of cereal fibre intake was associated with an 18 % lower risk of CVD mortality (RR 0·82; 95 % CI 0·78, 0·86). Moreover, an inverse significant association was observed between cereal fibre intake and risk of death from cancer (RR 0·85; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·89). However, no significant association was seen between cereal fibre intake and inflammation-related mortality. This meta-analysis provides further evidence that cereal fibre intake was protectively associated with mortality from all causes, CVD and cancer.
No substitute for human touch? Towards a critically posthumanist approach to dementia care
Authors: JENKINS NICHOLAS
Published: May 2016

This paper develops a sociological critique of the pre-eminence of humanism in dementia care policy and practice. Throughout the centuries, humanism has served as something of a double-edged sword in relation to the care and treatment of people living with progressive neurocognitive conditions. On the one hand, humanism has provided an intellectual vehicle for recognising people with dementia as sentient beings with inalienable human rights. On the other hand, humanist approaches have relied upon and re-enforced normative understandings of what it means to be human; understandings that serve to position people with dementia as deficient. Two posthumanist approaches to dementia care policy and practice are explored in this paper:transhumanismandcritical posthumanism. The former seeks, primarily, to use advances in 21st-century technologies toeradicatedementia. The latter seeks to de-centre anthropomorphic interpretations of what it means to be a person (with dementia), so as to create space for more diverse human–non-human relationships to emerge. The paper concludes with some tentative suggestions as to what a critically posthumanist approach to dementia care policy and practice might look like, as we move closer towards the middle of the 21st century.
STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL DYNAMIC CONTROL OF GIm/GIm/1n QUEUES WITH TIME-VARYING WORKLOADS
Authors: Lu Yingdong , Sharma Mayank , Squillante Mark S. , Zhang Bo
Published: May 2016

Motivated by applications in areas such as cloud computing and information technology services, we consider GI/GI/1 queueing systems under workloads (arrival and service processes) that vary according to one discrete time scale and under controls (server capacity) that vary according to another discrete time scale. We take a stochastic optimal control approach and formulate the corresponding optimal dynamic control problem as a stochastic dynamic program. Under general assumptions for the queueing system, we derive structural properties for the optimal dynamic control policy, establishing that the optimal policy can be obtained through a sequence of convex programs. We also derive fluid and diffusion approximations for the problem and propose analytical and computational approaches in these settings. Computational experiments demonstrate the benefits of our theoretical results over standard heuristics.
A time-insensitive colorimetric sensor for the determination of total protein
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram , Shahrivar-kevishahi Arezoo , Shakerizadeh-Shirazi Fatemeh , Rouhani Shohre , Mohamadi-Gharaghani Fereshteh
Published: May 2016

A newly synthesized cyanine dye was used for sensitive colorimetric determination of total protein in biological fluids.
Calculating binding free energies of host–guest systems using the AMOEBA polarizable force field
Authors: Bell David R. , Qi Rui , Jing Zhifeng , Xiang Jin Yu , Mejias Christopher , Schnieders Michael J. , Ponder Jay W. , Ren Pengyu
Published: May 2016

Cucurbit[7]uril host–guest binding free energies are investigated using the AMOEBA polarizable force field.
An efficient Passerini tetrazole reaction (PT-3CR)
Authors: Chandgude Ajay L. , Dömling Alexander
Published: May 2016

A sonication accelerated, catalyst free, simple, high yielding and efficient method for the Passerini-type three-component reaction (PT-3CR) has been developed.
Solvent, coordination and hydrogen-bond effects on the chromic luminescence of the cationic complex [(phen)(H2O)Re(CO)3]+
Authors: Mella Pablo , Cabezas Karina , Cerda Carla , Cepeda-Plaza Marjorie , Günther German , Pizarro Nancy , Vega Andrés
Published: May 2016

The unusual behavior of the solution luminescence emission of [(phen)(H2O)Re(CO)3]+(CF3SO3)− depends on the solvent polarity, and coordinating and hydrogen bonding ability.
A photoactivatable Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
Authors: Song X. , Shang X. , Ju T. , Cerny R. , Niu W. , Guo J.
Published: May 2016

A photoactivatable SH2 domain that can be potentially applied as an optogenetic tool to the photocontrol of phosphotyrosine-associated biological processes.
First-principles investigation of the lattice vibrational properties of inorganic double helical XY (X = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; Y = P, As, Sb)
Authors: Ju Weiwei , Wang Hui , Li Tongwei , Liu Huihui , Han Han
Published: May 2016

The vibrational frequencies of the newly discovered inorganic double helical compounds XY (X = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; Y = P, As, Sb) are sensitive to either cation or anion or both of them.
Crystal structure, thermal crystal form transformation, desolvation process and desolvation kinetics of two novel solvates of ciclesonide
Authors: Zhou Lina , Yin Qiuxiang , Du Shichao , Hao Hongxun , Li Yanfeng , Liu Mingyan , Hou Baohong
Published: May 2016

Two novel solvates of ciclesonide were successfully obtained and characterized by various analytical techniques (XRPD, XRSD, DSC, TGA and HSM). Thermal crystal form transformation and desolvation process of the solvates were also studied.
A quantum chemical approach towards understanding stability and tautomerism of 2-imino-2H-pyran derivatives
Authors: Vodolazhenko Maria A. , Gorobets Nikolay Yu , Zhikol Oleg A. , Desenko Sergey M. , Shishkin Oleg V.
Published: May 2016

The ring-chain tautomerism of 2-imino-2H-pyran derivatives annelated with an aromatic or aliphatic ring and their transformation into corresponding 2-pyridons were studied based on the relative stabilities of two series of model isomers calculated by the DFT method.
Tetraphenylethylene-based microporous organic polymers: insight into structure geometry, porosity, and CO2/CH4 selectivity
Authors: Li Hui , Ding Xuesong , Han Bao-Hang
Published: May 2016

Tetraphenylethylene-based microporous organic polymers with tunable porosities were synthesized and their gas sorption capabilities were investigated.
Experimental determination and model correlation for the solubilities of trialkyl phosphates in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Pitchaiah K. C. , Sivaraman N. , Lamba Neha , Madras Giridhar
Published: May 2016

The solubilities of a series of trialkyl phosphates in supercritical carbon dioxide have been investigated.
Metal-free disproportionation of formic acid mediated by organoboranes
Authors: Chauvier Clément , Thuéry Pierre , Cantat Thibault
Published: May 2016

In the presence of dialkylboranes, formic acid is converted to formaldehyde and methanol derivatives. This is the first example of formate disproportionation under metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies highlight the role of transient borohydrides in the reduction of formates and this is further shown in transfer hydroboration for aldehyde reduction.
“Spontaneous bubble-template” assisted metal–polymeric framework derived N/Co dual-doped hierarchically porous carbon/Fe3O4 nanohybrids: superior electrocatalyst for ORR in biofuel cells
Authors: Cao Chun , Wei Liling , Su Min , Wang Gang , Shen Jianquan
Published: May 2016

A “spontaneous bubble-template” assisted metal–polymeric framework derived porous N/Co–C and Fe3O4 nanohybrid was employed as an efficient ORR electrocatalyst in MFCs.
N-Oxides light up energetic performances: synthesis and characterization of dinitraminobisfuroxans and their salts
Authors: He Chunlin , Tang Yongxing , Mitchell Lauren A. , Parrish Damon A. , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: May 2016

Dinitraminobisfuroxans and their salts were synthesized; their detonation performances were improved with the presence of the N-oxide functionality making them competitive high energy materials.
Investigation of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge using plate-to-plate electrode with asymmetric dielectric arrangement in airflow
Authors: Qi Haicheng , Fan Zhihui , Liu Yidi , Ren Chunsheng
Published: May 2016

Atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma is produced in airflow by applying nanosecond high voltage pulses with peak voltage about 35 kV and rising time about 40 ns on a plate-to-plate electrode arrangement. The effects of airflow rate (0–50 m/s) on the discharge characteristics are investigated under different barrier conditions (the bare anode case and the bare cathode case). For both cases, the breakdown voltage and the time lag increase distinctly and the discharge intensity decreases sharply when the airflow rate increases from 0 to 30 m/s, and then keep almost constant until the airflow rate is further increased to 50 m/s. For the bare anode case (the cathode is covered by dielectric plate), the discharge mode transforms gradually from filamentary to diffuse discharge with the increasing airflow rate. While for the bare cathode case, some micro-discharge channels are still excited, though the discharge becomes more diffuse when the airflow rate is higher than 30 m/s. By acquiring the time-resolved images of the discharge, it is proved that it is the primary discharge which becomes diffuse when airflow is introduced and the following two discharges of the same voltage pulse occur principally at the positions where the primary discharge is more intense. And in both cases, the plasma temperatures are reduced, but the degree is different. All the phenomena can be explained mainly by the variation of the space charge distribution when the airflow is introduced into the discharge gap. And it is indicated that the bare anode case has an advantage in obtaining diffuse discharge.
A feedback loop able to enlarge the brain for 2.4 myr without Darwin’s selective survival
Authors: Calvin William H.
Published: May 2016

The rapid three-fold enlargement of the hominin brain1,2began about 2.3 million years ago (myr) as Africa dried and grass replaced brush, creating great savannas3. Seeking an amplifying feedback loop, I analyzed the lightning-brush-fire ecology for grazing animals in a grassy burn scar4. Discovering the new grass by exploring brush byways could promote a population boom–but only after grass-specialized herbivores evolved from mixed feeders5at 2.4 myr. When the brush returned several decades later, the grazer boom would turn to bust, squeezing numerous descendants back into the core grasslands. Meat-eatingHomospecies would boom and bust when grazers did, enriching the core in whatever alleles were earlier concentrated in the brush fringe catchment zone for that boom. This return migration forHomois what creates the amplifying feedback loop that speeds brain enlargement rate, likely up to the mutation rate limit. It also promotes trait hitchhiking: any brush-relevant allele, not just those for hunting, can experience amplifying feedback merely by hanging out in the catchment zone4. The shade offered by brush would have been the default location for cooperative nurseries, time-consuming food preparation, and toolmaking. Increased behavioral versatility correlates with larger brain size and the more versatile brains of a current generation need only spend more-than-average time in the boom’s catchment zone for this recursive evolutionary process to keep average brain size increasing via assortative mating. This helps account for the time when enlargement began, why it was linear, when it ended, and why it slowed in Neanderthals and in AsianHomo erectus. Without utilizing Darwin’s selective survival, the feedback loop makes advance room for “free” future functionality in the cerebral cortex, likely relevant to the evolutionary emergence of our structured intellectual functions6such as syntax, contingent planning, games, and logic.