bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virgil's Dido and Seneca's Tragic Heroines
Authors: Fantham Elaine
Published: July 2013

Thelarge harvest of editions and monographs devoted to Seneca'sPhaedrain recent years have done full justice to the influence on Seneca's play of the Greek tragic precedents, even exploiting the Latin play as a quarry for their recovery and restoration; at the level of individual motifs of dialogue, Seneca's debt to Ovid's fourth letter of theHeroideshas been confirmed and detailed. But concern with the adaptation of the myth, and the obvious verbal resemblances to Ovid, have combined to distract students from the influence of another Latin work—the fourth book of Virgil'sAeneid. The theme of Virgil's book, the quality of Virgil's portrayal of Dido and her passion, with its truly dramatic greatness (of which a distinguished editor has written ‘if Virgil had written nothing else … it would have established his right to stand beside the greatest of the Greek tragedians’), the acknowledged supremacy of Virgil's reputation as a poet in Seneca's generation, and Seneca's own fondness for quoting theAeneid, are all strong arguments for expecting some reminiscence of Virgil's great queen in Seneca's delineation of Phaedra and her doomed passion for Hippolytus. Before Virgil only Catullus' Ariadne had approached the insight and sympathetic analysis which was achieved in Dido. After Virgil the lovesick heroines of Ovid'sHeroidesare rhetorically versatile but without the moral stature to give value to their sufferings, while their static portraits cannot offer the development of either action or emotion which is essential to drama. Unfortunately, because Ovid both inHeroidesandMetamorphosesborrowed so much detail and imagery from Virgil, his dependence on the greater poet complicates and often frustrates attempts to distinguish the relationship of Senecan poetry to that of the two predecessors whom he admired.
The Penguinification of Plato
Authors: Saunders Trevor J.
Published: July 2013

‘Translations (like wives) are seldom faithful if they are in the least attractive.’ In an age of translations (I say nothing of unfaithful wives), Roy Campbell's mot is a salutary reminder that attractiveness in a version may conceal gross infidelity to the content and meaning of the original; and that even if by some miracle a translator should succeed in reconciling the demands of readability and accuracy, his work is necessarily ‘at best an echo’ of the ancient text, or—to use Platonic language—a copy reproducing its model only imperfectly.
‘Julians and Claudians’
Authors: Levick B.
Published: July 2013

Optimates and Populares, Roundheads and Cavaliers, Whigs and Tories, Cowboys and Indians: the neat antitheses polarize views and enlist sympathies. Nor are they all misleading. What of ‘Julians and Claudians’? These labels were invented to distinguish ‘factions’ or ‘parties’ within the family of Augustus; the issue between them was the succession and the struggle continued until the end of the principate of Augustus' heir Tiberius. Thus comprehensible order is brought to the confused mass of information and opinion that the sources offer us. Moreover, the labels have a respectable pedigree in modern writing. They are constantly employed by F. B. Marsh in his authoritative work and survive as valid and useful in articles more recently published; where historians have trodden so boldly literary critics have not hesitated to follow. My purpose, at the cost of destroying neat and treasured theory, is to show that these terms are inapplicable to the two groups to which they have been applied, and therefore misleading. They are an impediment to serious inquiry into. complex and changing situations.
A Fresh Approach to Pliny's Letters
Authors: Radice Betty
Published: July 2013

The Pliny who is known to us from his letters has too often been dismissed as a conscientious but timid administrator, a pedant aspiring to literary fame, and a generous patron whose uncritical support of promising young men ends by becoming a bore. The answer would be that the Roman conception of friendship was one of mutual aid and reciprocal obligations on the part of cliens and patronus; that desire for gloria is marked in almost every Roman we know about and is closely associated with the hope non omnis moriar; and that when Pliny was sent out as an administrator with special powers as legatus Augusti propraetore consulari potestate to inquire into the financial and administrative confusion in the affairs of Bithynia and Pontus, he had considerable legal experience from his work in the Chancery court of Rome as well as expert knowledge of Bithynia from his handling of the defence in the cases brought by the province against the senatorial governors Iulius Bassus and Rufus Varenus.
Acting and Nero's Conception of the Principate
Authors: Manning C. E.
Published: July 2013

Suetonius tells us that Nero's dying words were ‘Qualis artifex pereo’, and amongst English-speaking peoples he is generally known as ‘the man who fiddled while Rome burned’. Even if the ‘famous last words’ are legendary, there is a basis for the second story in Suetonius' account that during the fire of 64 Nero sang ‘the destruction of Troy’ in his stage costume. Yet despite the picture of Nero the performer which emerges from all our ancient sources, it is only in comparatively recent times that historians have given serious consideration to Nero's artistic pretensions. History it would seem is the propaganda of the victors, and that most hurtful remark of Vindex, that he was a bad lyre-player, has often been regarded as the appropriate verdict upon Nero.
Reading the Classics—Aloud
Authors: Thompson William B.
Published: July 2013

‘Reading’ is one of those unfortunate words whose meaning is not immediately clear. In order to specify what I mean on this particular occasion I have to add the word ‘aloud’, because what I want to write about is not the silent reading of Greek and Latin, but the reading of Greek and Latin so as to be heard—as indeed they were intended to be read.
The Fig-Tree
Authors: Pym Dora
Published: July 2013

In recent discussions among classical teachers about the advisability of alterations in the ‘O’ level Latin syllabus the deepest division of opinion seemed to be on the comparative value of set books and unseen translation. Many are reluctant to abandon set books, declaring that, even for those pupils who make a poor examination showing, the careful attempt to master some portion of Latin literature has been of value. On the other hand, it is said that set books may lead to parrot-like memorizing of inferior translations and that the direct experience of Latin literature which they give is generally very limited. It is possible to exaggerate the danger from poor translations. It can be assumed nowadays that boys and girls approaching an examination will use some translation or other; time might usefully be spent in the classroom comparing their accuracy and quality. Versions of a passage of Virgil by Conington, Day Lewis, Jackson Knight, and the modern equivalent of Kelly'sKeymight at any rate set a standard.
Cicero, Clodia, and the Pro Caelio
Authors: Dorey T. A.
Published: July 2013

In his description of Cicero's eloquence Quintilian says that he had the power of carrying a jury with him against its better judgement without the jury's realizing what was happening. This magical power of Cicero's is exercised not only on Roman jurors, but also on most modern readers and even on some editors. This process is particularly apparent in many interpretations of the Pro Caelio. For example, Professor R. G. Austin, in his great edition of that speech, says, ‘Whatever the secret history, it is clear that the actual indictment was formal, and that Clodia was the real driving force behind it; society reasons prompted the case, and the issue was the social disappearance of either Clodia or Caelius.’ Yet an impartial weighing of the evidence with a mind unclouded by Cicero's brilliant oratory will point to the conclusion that the part played by Clodia in the case, though an important part, was only a subsidiary one.
Two Implications of the Trojan Legend
Authors: Gossage A. J.
Published: July 2013

The second implication of the Trojan legend may be stated briefly by saying that the Romans were descended from the vanquished, and not the victors, in the Trojan war. Most writers completely ignored this implication. Some rode majestically above it and pointed to the contemporary greatness of Rome, which they regarded as Troy's final triumph. Other writers, meditating, as was frequent in the ancient world, on the rise and fall of great cities, contrasted the rise of Trojan Rome with the fall of Greece, as though the balance disturbed by the sack of Troy had been restored by a consequent reversal of fortunes. In certain cases one feels that the author is simply reflecting as a philosopher, and citing Greece and Troy as examples of the fulfilment of a natural law; but usually the tone is not disinterested, and one has the impression that Roman writers are primarily concerned in extolling Rome, while Greeks lament the wretchedness of Greece. Typical of the latter are the poems of the Greek Anthology which speak of the deserted place where Mycenae once stood. Alpheios of Mytilene, for example, writes thus:

Ἄργος, Ὁμηρικὲ μῦθε, καὶ Ἑλλάδος ἱερὸν οὖδας,

καὶ χρυσέη τὸ πάλαι Περσέος ἀκρόπολι,

ἔσβεσαθ' ἡρώων κείνων κλέος οἵ ποτε Τροίης

ἤρειψαν κατὰ γῆς θειόδομον στέφανον.

ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν κρείσσων ἐστὶν πόλις' αἱ δὲ πεσοῦσαι

δείκνυσθ' εὐμύκων αὔλια βουκολίων.
Classics in the Open University
Authors: Ferguson J.
Published: July 2013

The Open University received its charter in July 1969, offered its first courses in January 1971, and produced its first graduates (with some ‘credit exemptions’) by the end of 1972. Those who originally planned it saw that many people who for various reasons missed their opportunity of university education at the usual stage of their lives could profit from it, provided that what was offered was home-based study in spare time. They saw too that radio and television offered an excellent opportunity for helping such study to be direct and personal. Students then are admitted with no entry qualification except the age of 21. We have built a few parameters into our selection procedure; we can control the proportion admitted to any one foundation course or from any one region of the country for example; but basically it is ‘First come, first served’. Typical students are the boy who has been to a poor school, has never been turned on, has left at the age of 15 and gone into industry, and in his twenties has suddenly become excited by what he is doing and at the same time has revealed a keen mind; the girl who with decent A levels has got married at 18, sees her family growing up, is aware that she has time for some study while they are at school, and will be able to take a full-time job in three or four years; the long-term prisoner needing a constructive occupation in prison and qualification for when he comes out; the working-class lad who has entered the police force and, by ability and application, has worked his way up from the beat; the retired industrial worker or bank manager who wants a positive purpose in his retirement; the teacher who has no degree, perhaps because the family could not afford more than a two-year course, and seeks more knowledge in his subject, as well as the increment applicable to a degree; the person well settled in one profession who would like to qualify for a second career before giving up the first; the taxi-driver who is interested in people and ideas, and wants to know what it is all about. We have them all, and many others.
Subsistence Farming in Italy during the Roman Period: A Preliminary Discussion of the Evidence
Authors: Frayn Joan M.
Published: July 2013

Most modern studies of Roman agriculture have concentrated on the methods used for farming on a large-scale and on a commercial basis. This is not surprising since the classical writers on agriculture in Latin, Cato, Varro, and to a lesser extent Columella and Palladius, are mainly concerned with this aspect. And naturally so, since only the gentleman farmer could read them and profit by their advice. There is, as has been remarked by K. D. White, a serious lack of evidence about the life and work of the peasant farmer. This was, however, considered to be of great importance by the Romans themselves:

hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini,

hanc Remus et frater, sic fortis Etruria crevit,

scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma.
Icarus's Astral Navigation
Authors: Smith J. E. Sharwood
Published: July 2013

TheMetamorphoses version has been culled for several anthologies. At line 206 editors comment that the Great Bear defines the north and Orion the south, leaving their readers to take Daedalus' instructions at their face value. Professor William S. Anderson, in his lovely new edition of Books vi–x, repeats the formula, observing by the way that Orion is visible in the northern hemisphere during two winter months only. Stop, please! I have a difficulty. A squadron commander who began a briefing for a daylight operation by telling his crews to leave their star charts behind, since they were going to fly all the way in formation, would be considered overdue for a long spell of leave before his oddities took a more dangerous turn. Why am I to suppose that Daedalus intends a night flight ? Aerial interception is not a risk. Cretan archery may be never so renowned, but any theory that Daedalus has decided to take off from the ‘monte minor collis’ (Ars Am.) under cover of darkness, as a precaution against ground fire, finds no support in the text of Ovid; nor does there seem to be any reason to suppose that the flight is to take place during those two months of winter when Orion is visible. Everything points to the contrary. From the moment both are airborne Daedalus is watching and criticizing his son's performance, and their progress is observed by fishermen, shepherds, and ploughmen, who are not usually night-workers with infra-red vision.
Lubrication in Antiquity
Authors: Harris H. A.
Published: July 2013

A generation brought up with bicycles and cars takes for granted the necessity of lubrication. Yet consultation of the Encyclopaedia Britannica reveals that the earliest book devoted to a theoretical examination of the subject appeared in 1883; before that date, lubrication was based solely on rule of thumb and traditional experience. It is natural to enquire how far the Greeks and Romans advanced in acquiring this empirical knowledge.
Sleepless Poets: Catullus and Keats
Authors: Woodman A. J.
Published: July 2013

It is well known that many poets, from Callimachus (Anth. Pal. ix. 507) down to those mentioned by Rosamund Harding on pp. 38—9 of her book An Anatomy of Inspiration (Cambridge, 1942), have preferred to compose their works by night. It is perhaps less well known that some poems are or claim to be the result of involuntary insomnia. One example is Catullus 1. Catullus had spent a day composing poetry in the company of his friend, the brilliant young ‘new’ poet Licinius Calvus (lines 1–16):

Hesterno, Licini, die otiosi

multum lusimus in meis tabellis,

ut convenerat esse delicatos:

scribens versiculos uterque nostrum

ludebat numero modo hoc modo illoc,

reddens mutua per iocum atque vinum.
The Stones of Athens
Authors: Wycherley R. E.
Published: July 2013

‘Attica has a plentiful supply of stone,’ says Xenophon (Poroi i. 4),‘from which are made the fairest temples and altars, and the most beautiful statues for the gods.’ Athens was indeed blessed in its building stones, as in its fine clay. The immensely complicated geophysical processes which created the exquisite landscape of Attica produced a variety of useful and often beautiful materials, nicely distributed about the land. The stones are mostly limestones of different sorts. Marble itself is a limestone miraculously metamorphosed by titanic heat and pressure into its characteristic crystalline structure, thus forming in the body of the earth what M. Aurelius (ix. 36) aptly calls poroi, calluses or nodules. This has happened in many places, but in most the result consists of comparatively small lumps or thin veins; much rarer are the massive beds from which can be extracted the great blocks needed for the major architectural members of temples and other large buildings. In this too Attica is exceptionally favoured. More than one huge layer runs through the fabric of both Pentelikon and Hymettos; and other extensive beds lie near the southern tip of Attica.
A Note on the Adelphi of Terence
Authors: Dorey T. A.
Published: July 2013

TheAdelphi is Terence's best-known, though not necessarily his best, play. It tells how a timid young man, Ctesiphon, son of a strict and parsimonious father, Demea, falls in love with a slave-girl, Bacchis. His brother, Aeschinus, who has been adopted and brought up by his easygoing uncle Micio, abducts the girl on Ctesiphon's behalf, thereby causing much distress both to Pamphila, to whom Aeschinus is secretly betrothed, and to Micio himself, who is afraid that his indulgent attitude towards his adopted son's youthful escapades has encouraged him to go too far. However, the whole misunderstanding is sorted out: Micio gives his consent to the marriage of Aeschinus and Pamphila, and Aeschinus swears to Micio eternal gratitude, while Demea is persuaded to put aside his anger at the behaviour of the two young men and come in to the marriage feast. In the next scene Demea comes out and declares that he is going to change his attitude to life and do his best to win popularity by affability and generosity. He proceeds to put this idea into practice by a display of friendliness towards Syrus, Micio's steward, who had taken a leading part in the intrigue, to Geta, the loyal slave of Pamphila, and to Aeschinus himself, whom he encourages to break down the wall between Micio's house and Pamphila's to enable him to bring home his bride more easily; he then persuades the staunch bachelor, Micio, to marry Sostrata, Pamphila's mother, and to give a farm to Sostrata's old family friend, Hegio, in these two instances being stoutly supported by Aeschinus.
On Grammatical Terminology and Aspect in Particular
Authors: Masterman K. C.
Published: July 2013

It is over fifty years now since the formation of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology, and the presentation of its Report and it seems to be high time that teachers of languages considered, first, how successful they have been in carrying out its recommendations, and secondly, what modifications are called for in the light of more recent knowledge. The Committee was a strong one, with E. A. Sonnenschein in the chair and R. S. Conway as the original secretary, both representing the Classical Association; the Modern Language Association, the English Association, and various educational bodies sent equally distinguished representatives. Their recommendations, apart from a few reservations by individuals on comparatively minor points, were unanimous, and have on the whole won fairly general neglect, not as a rule through disagreement with them, but simply because it was less trouble to go on using whatever terms one had been in the habit of using before, however inconvenient, confusing, or inexact they might be. Before discussing the recommendations it seems desirable to glance at the history of the ‘old’ terminology in order to see what was unsatisfactory about it and why it needed to be changed.
Carthage
Authors: Scullard H. H.
Published: July 2013

Few cities, perhaps, have enjoyed two periods of prosperous existence, each lasting some seven hundred years but separated by the gulf of a century when the city lay in utter ruin and desolation. Yet such was the history of Carthage: Punic Carthage which had dominated the western Mediterranean for centuries was wiped off the map by Rome in 146 B.c., only to be revived a century later as a Roman creation and to become one of the most flourishing cities of the Empire, surviving until its destruction by the Arabs at the end of the seventh century A.d. A centenary of the end of Punic Carthage, as of independent Corinth, falls this year and thus calls for a brief remembrance. This the Romans would doubtless have welcomed, not only as recalling their elimination of a secular, though weakened, enemy, but also because they liked celebrating anniversaries. It has indeed recently been suggested (by M. Grant, Roman Anniversary Issues, pp. 4, 120) that Julius Caesar deliberately planned the colonization of Carthage in 46 B.c., just one hundred years after its destruction, while Septimius Severus, himself an African, records on his coinage his favour to the city (INDVLGENTIA AVGG. IN CARTH.) in the quarter-millennary of the foundation plan. Whether or not such precise dating can be established, it is certain that the Romans enjoyed celebrating anniversaries and that the anniversary of the fall of Carthage marks an event of far-reaching significance: if Carthage had in fact succeeded in conquering Rome, the history of Western Europe would certainly have taken a very different turn.
The Spartan Earthquake
Authors: French A.
Published: July 2013

The information available to us of events in Greece during the fifteen years which followed the battle of Plataea is limited enough. Any analysis of the relations between Athens and Sparta during this period must of necessity be a hazardous business. To explain the breakdown in the relations of the two states there is one cause so clear to us that it tends to fill the horizon, making us less sensitive to the circumstances which preceded and accompanied the rupture. The aggrandizement of Athens by her mastery of the Delian league was a factor which profoundly influenced the balance of power on the Greek mainland; but it did not, at first, bedevil Athenian–Spartan relations. There are signs of co-operation, if not of cordiality, in these relations for fifteen years; from then on there are the clearest signs of planned hostility. There is no doubt that relations deteriorated sharply at the time of the Thasian revolt, the Spartan earthquake, and the Helot revolt, and that hostility came into the open with the dismissal of the Athenian contingent at Ithome by the Spartan authorities. This action was the beginning of many misfortunes to both states: it drew aside abruptly the veil, which diplomacy had industriously maintained, from dark suspicions and sinister designs. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the probable reasons why the break came just when it did.
The Status of Women in Athens
Authors: Seltman Charles
Published: July 2013

It is essential for us to question our own views and those of our predecessors on the status of women in ancient Athens. With few exceptions these views display a kernel of prejudice and a pulp of misunderstanding, skinned over with the bloom of evasiveness. It is, indeed, odd to observe how inquirers into the social framework of Greek society have been misled, and how few classical scholars have attempted to give the lie to the extravagances spread abroad concerning the alleged attitude of Athenians to their womenfolk. Temptation to write up a violent contrast between the daily lives of Spartan and Athenian women was great, and in the last century other half-conscious feelings helped a false presentation. Again and again it has been said or implied that Athenian married women lived in an almost oriental seclusion, and that they were looked on with indifference approaching sometimes to contempt. Quite recently it was alleged in a broadcast that the Athenian social system relegated women to the condition of squaws, the matron being little more than a domestic servant. ‘As wives and mothers’, said the speaker, ‘Athenian women were despised.’ Literary passages have in the past been torn from their context as evidence for this, and the inferior legal status of women has been stressed. There are, however, important exceptions among scholars, of especial value being an essay by Professor A. W. Gomme, and a long section in The Greeks by Professor H. D. F. Kitto, whose remarks on truncated quotations from Aristophanes and Xenophon are very illuminating. Anyone interested in the question is advised to read again pages 219–36 in that little volume, as most of what follows simply strengthens what Kitto has written. In a variety of religious festivals women took conspicuous parts, and with the festivals we may put the theatre, because Athenian women formed a part of the audience, as is admitted in the last edition of Haigh's great work.
The Ides of March: Some New Problems
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: July 2013

The question of what actually happened on the Ides of March, 44 B.c. is merely incidental to most ancient historians, concerned as they are with Caesar's intentions and the assassins' motives. On the Ides more varied and abundant information survives, I believe, than on any other day in Roman or Greek history. But this evidence is full of obscurities and inconsistencies, largely unexplored; nor has it been examined specifically for the light it sheds on the public life of the late Republic. The outline of the day's events is easily discovered; in this paper I shall examine some of the details, with the aim of showing, above all, why the conspirators settled on the Ides of March and the Curia Pompei as the time and place for their deed.
Dynamics of scalar dissipation in isotropic turbulence: a numerical and modelling study
Authors: VEDULA PRAKASH , YEUNG P. K. , FOX R. O.
Published: July 2013

The physical mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the dissipation of passive scalar
fluctuations with a uniform mean gradient in stationary isotropic turbulence are
studied using data from direct numerical simulations (DNS), at grid resolutions up
to 5123. The ensemble-averaged Taylor-scale Reynolds number is up to about 240
and the Schmidt number is from ⅛ to 1. Special attention is given to statistics
conditioned upon the energy dissipation rate because of their important role in
the Lagrangian spectral relaxation (LSR) model of turbulent mixing. In general,
the dominant physical processes are those of nonlinear amplification by strain rate
fluctuations, and destruction by molecular diffusivity. Scalar dissipation tends to form
elongated structures in space, with only a limited overlap with zones of intense energy
dissipation. Scalar gradient fluctuations are preferentially aligned with the direction
of most compressive strain rate, especially in regions of high energy dissipation.
Both the nature of this alignment and the timescale of the resulting scalar gradient
amplification appear to be nearly universal in regard to Reynolds and Schmidt
numbers. Most of the terms appearing in the budget equation for conditional scalar
dissipation show neutral behaviour at low energy dissipation but increased magnitudes
at high energy dissipation. Although homogeneity requires that transport terms
have a zero unconditional average, conditional molecular transport is found to be
significant, especially at lower Reynolds or Schmidt numbers within the simulation
data range. The physical insights obtained from DNS are used for a priori testing
and development of the LSR model. In particular, based on the DNS data, improved
functional forms are introduced for several model coefficients which were previously
taken as constants. Similar improvements including new closure schemes for specific
terms are also achieved for the modelling of conditional scalar variance.
Flow structure and optical beam propagation in high-Reynolds-number gas-phase shear layers and jets
Authors: DIMOTAKIS P. E. , CATRAKIS H. J. , FOURGUETTE D. C.
Published: July 2013

We report on the structure of the scalar index-of-refraction field generated by turbulent,
gas-phase, incompressible and compressible shear layers and incompressible
jets, and on associated beam-propagation aero-optical phenomena. Using simultaneous
imaging of the optical-beam distortion and the turbulent-flow index-of-refraction field,
wavefront-phase functions were computed for optical beams emerging
from the turbulent region in these free-shear flows, in an aero-optical regime producing
weak wavefront distortions. Spatial wavefront-phase behaviour is found to be
dominated by the large-scale structure of these flows. A simple level-set representation
of the index-of-refraction field in high-Reynolds-number, incompressible shear layers
is found to provide a good representation of observed wavefront-phase behaviour,
indicating that the structure of the unsteady outer boundaries of the turbulent region
provides the dominant contributions.
Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near elastic boundaries: influence of the elastic modulus
Authors: BRUJAN EMIL-ALEXANDRU , NAHEN KESTER , SCHMIDT PETER , VOGEL ALFRED
Published: July 2013

The interaction of a laser-induced cavitation bubble with an elastic boundary is
investigated experimentally by high-speed photography and acoustic measurements.
The elastic material consists of a polyacrylamide (PAA) gel whose elastic properties
can be controlled by modifying the water content of the sample. The elastic
modulus, E, is varied between 0.017 MPa and 2.03 MPa, and the dimensionless
bubble–boundary distance, γ, is for each value of E varied between γ = 0 and γ = 2.2.
In this parameter space, jetting behaviour, jet velocity, bubble migration and bubble
oscillation time are determined. The jetting behaviour varies between liquid jet
formation towards or away from the elastic boundary, and formation of an annular
jet which results in bubble splitting and the subsequent formation of two very fast
axial liquid jets flowing in opposite directions. The liquid jet directed away from the
boundary reaches a maximum velocity between 300 ms−1 and 600 ms−1 (depending
on the elastic modulus of the sample) while the peak velocity of the jet directed towards the boundary ranges between
400 ms−1 and 800 ms−1 (velocity values averaged over 1 μs). Penetration of the
elastic boundary by the liquid jet is observed for PAA samples with an intermediate
elastic modulus between 0.12 and 0.4 MPa.
In this same range of elastic moduli and for small γ-values, PAA material is ejected
into the surrounding liquid due to the elastic rebound of the sample surface that
was deformed during bubble expansion and forms a PAA jet upon rebound. For
stiffer boundaries, the bubble behaviour is mainly characterized by the formation
of an axial liquid jet and bubble migration directed towards the boundary, as if
the bubble were adjacent to a rigid wall. For softer samples, the bubble behaviour
becomes similar to that in a liquid with infinite extent. During bubble collapse, however,
material is torn off the PAA sample when bubbles are produced close to the
boundary. We conclude that liquid jet penetration into the boundary, jet-like ejection
of boundary material, and tensile-stress-induced deformations of the boundary
during bubble collapse are the major mechanisms responsible for cavitation erosion
and for cavitation-enhanced ablation of elastic materials as, for example, biological
tissues.
Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near an elastic boundary
Authors: BRUJAN EMIL-ALEXANDRU , NAHEN KESTER , SCHMIDT PETER , VOGEL ALFRED
Published: July 2013

The interaction of a laser-induced cavitation bubble with an elastic boundary and
its dependence on the distance between bubble and boundary are investigated experimentally.
The elastic boundary consists of a transparent polyacrylamide (PAA)
gel with 80% water concentration with elastic modulus E = 0.25 MPa. At this E-value,
the deformation and rebound of the boundary is very pronounced providing
particularly interesting features of bubble dynamics. It is shown by means of high-speed photography with up to 5 million frames s−1 that bubble splitting, formation
of liquid jets away from and towards the boundary, and jet-like ejection of the
boundary material into the liquid are the main features of this interaction. The maximum
liquid jet velocity measured was 960 m s−1. Such high-velocity jets penetrate
the elastic boundary even through a water layer of 0.35 mm thickness. The jetting
behaviour arises from the interaction between the counteracting forces induced by
the rebound of the elastic boundary and the Bjerknes attraction force towards the
boundary. General principles of the formation of annular and axial jets are discussed
which allow the interpretation of the complex dynamics. The concept of the Kelvin
impulse is examined with regard to bubble migration and jet formation. The results
are discussed with respect to cavitation erosion, collateral damage in laser surgery,
and cavitation-mediated enhancement of pulsed laser ablation of tissue.
Particle–wall collisions in a viscous fluid
Authors: JOSEPH G. G. , ZENIT R. , HUNT M. L. , ROSENWINKEL A. M.
Published: July 2013

This paper presents experimental measurements of the approach and rebound of a
particle colliding with a wall in a viscous fluid. The particle's trajectory was controlled
by setting the initial inclination angle of a pendulum immersed in a fluid. The
resulting collisions were monitored using a high-speed video camera. The diameters
of the particles ranged from 3 to 12 mm, and the ratio of the particle density to fluid
density varied from 1.2 to 7.8. The experiments were performed using a thick glass
or Lucite wall with different mixtures of glycerol and water. With these parameters,
the Reynolds number defined using the velocity just prior to impact ranged from 10
to approximately 3000. A coefficient of restitution was defined from the ratio of the
velocity just prior to and after impact.

The experiments clearly demonstrate that the rebound velocity depends on the
impact Stokes number (defined from the Reynolds number and the density ratio)
and weakly on the elastic properties of the material. Below a Stokes number of
approximately 10, no rebound of the particle occurred. For impact Stokes number
above 500 the coefficient of restitution appears to asymptote to the values for dry
collisions. The coefficients of restitution were also compared with previous experimental
studies. In addition, the approach of the particle to the wall indicated that the
particle slowed prior to impacting the surface. The distance at which the particle's
trajectory varied due to the presence of the wall was dependent on the impact Stokes
number. The particle surface roughness was found to affect the repeatability of some
measurements, especially for low impact velocities.
Dynamics of pancake-like vortices in a stratified fluid: experiments, model and numerical simulations
Authors: BECKERS M. , VERZICCO R. , CLERCX H. J. H. , VAN HEIJST G. J. F.
Published: July 2013

The dynamics and the three-dimensional structure of vortices in a linearly stratified,
non-rotating fluid are investigated by means of laboratory experiments, an analytical
model and through numerical simulations. The laboratory experiments show that such
vortices have a thin pancake-like appearance. Due to vertical diffusion of momentum
the strength of these vortices decreases rapidly and their thickness increases in time.
Also it is found that inside a vortex the linear ambient density profile becomes
perturbed, resulting in a local steepening of the density gradient. Based on the
assumption of a quasi-two-dimensional axisymmetric flow (i.e. with zero vertical
velocity) a model is derived from the Boussinesq equations that illustrates that the
velocity field of the vortex decays due to diffusion and that the vortex is in so-called cyclostrophic balance. This means that the centrifugal force inside the vortex
is balanced by a pressure gradient force that is provided by a perturbation of the
density profile in a way that is observed in the experiments. Numerical simulations
are performed, using a finite difference method in a cylindrical coordinate system. As
an initial condition the three-dimensional vorticity and density structure of the vortex,
found with the diffusion model, are used. The influence of the Froude number, Schmidt
number and Reynolds number, as well as the initial thickness of the vortex, on the
evolution of the flow are investigated. For a specific combination of flow parameters
it is found that during the decay of the vortex the relaxation of the isopycnals back to
their undisturbed positions can result in a stretching of the vortex. Potential energy of
the perturbed isopycnals is then converted into kinetic energy of the vortex. However,
when the stratification is strong enough (i.e. for small Froude numbers), the evolution
of the vortex can be described almost perfectly by the diffusion model alone.
Segregation patterns in gas-fluidized systems
Authors: GILBERTSON M. A. , EAMES I.
Published: July 2013

The formation of segregation patterns in initially homogeneous, fluidized, binary
mixtures of particles has been studied. The adjustment of the bed depends on the
proportions of fine and coarse particles in the mixture and the gas flow rate relative to
the minimum fluidization velocities of the two components. The particles are immobile
until the gas flow rate is sufficiently large to fluidize the mixture of particles. When the
gas flow rate exceeds this critical value, alternating vertical bands of coarse and fine
particles form. At a second critical gas velocity this pattern breaks down and the more
familiar pattern of a mixed horizontal band on top of a layer of coarse particles forms.
A phase diagram, constructed from experimental observations, shows the conditions
for which each of these regimes exists. Its structure is explained in terms of the
fluidization and consequent mobility of the mixture components. When horizontal
bands are present, the thickness of the lower layer of coarse particles decreases with
increasing gas flow rate depending on the proportion of fine particles in the bed.
This, and its development, can be understood by analogy with the sedimentation
of particles through a turbulent fluid. The experiments imply that the efficiency of
mixing by the bubbles in the fluidized bed is very much less than that expected from
gas bubbles in a liquid.
Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression
Authors: Figueiredo B. , Canário C. , Field T.
Published: July 2013

Background

This prospective cohort study explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum depression on breastfeeding and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression.

Method

The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to 145 women at the first, second and third trimester, and at the neonatal period and 3 months postpartum. Self-report exclusive breastfeeding since birth was collected at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Data analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and logistic and multiple linear regressions.

Results

Depression scores at the third trimester, but not at 3 months postpartum, were the best predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration (β = −0.30,t = −2.08,p < 0.05). A significant decrease in depression scores was seen from childbirth to 3 months postpartum in women who maintained exclusive breastfeeding for ⩾3 months (F1,65 = 3.73,p < 0.10,ηp2 = 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that screening for depression symptoms during pregnancy can help to identify women at risk for early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and that exclusive breastfeeding may help to reduce symptoms of depression from childbirth to 3 months postpartum.
Vessel Track Recovery With Incomplete AIS Data Using Tensor CANDECOM/PARAFAC Decomposition
Authors: Liu Changqing , Chen Xiaoqian
Published: July 2013

Global analysis of vessel motion patterns has become possible using satellite-based Automatic Identification System (AIS). The concept of space-based AIS needs several satellites to provide complete coverage and high detection probability. However, in early development stages, often only one satellite is launched and due to its limitation of orbit and footprint, received AIS messages are discontinuous. In this paper, we have analysed real AIS data obtained by satellite to form a global maritime surveillance picture. Furthermore, we propose to take advantage of the tensor CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition to analyse three mode characteristics of the data, which are location, vessel and time. For incomplete data, we exploit the link prediction technique based on tensor factorisation to recover vessel tracks in a specified area. A variant of temporal link prediction based on CP is presented. We illustrate the usefulness of exploiting the three-mode structure of AIS data by simulation, and demonstrate that the track recovery result has acceptable precision.
Aggregation and the Separateness of Persons
Authors: HIROSE IWAO
Published: July 2013

Many critics of utilitarianism claim that we should reject interpersonal aggregationbecauseaggregative principles do not take the separateness of persons seriously. In this article, I will reject this claim. I will first elucidate the theoretical structure of aggregation. I will then consider various interpretations of the notion of the separateness of persons and clarify what exactly those critics are trying to reject by appealing to the notion of the separateness of persons. I will argue that none of these interpretations can serve as the ground for rejecting aggregation.
ESTIMATED THRESHOLDS IN THE RESPONSE OF OUTPUT TO MONETARY POLICY: ARE LARGE POLICY CHANGES LESS EFFECTIVE?
Authors: Donayre Luiggi
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the potential sources of the mixed evidence found in the empirical literature studying asymmetries in the response of output to monetary policy shocks of different magnitudes. Further, it argues that such mixed evidence is a consequence of the exogenous imposition of the threshold that classifies monetary shocks as small or large. To address this issue, I propose an unobserved-components model of output, augmented by a monetary policy variable, which allows the threshold to be endogenously estimated. The results show strong statistical evidence that the effect of monetary policy on output varies disproportionately with the size of the monetary shock once the threshold is estimated. Meanwhile, the estimates of the model are consistent with a key implication of menu-cost models: smaller monetary shocks trigger a larger response on output.
Internal Self-Determination in International Law: A Critical Third-World Perspective
Authors: SENARATNE Kalana
Published: July 2013

Internal self-determination is a popular dimension of self-determination in international law. Often regarded as a right to democratic governance, its early promoters were largely Western states and international lawyers. A central observation made by such promoters was that the West favoured internal self-determination while the Third World did not. The present article will argue why this is a misconception and an outdated observation today. However, having argued so, the article proceeds to develop a Third World-oriented constructive critique of internal self-determination, suggesting why the Third World should nevertheless be more critically cautious and vigilant about the promotion of internal self-determination by Western actors as a distinct and concrete right in international law.
Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktionen von Kindern mit Minderleistungen in der Schriftsprache
Authors: Brandenburg Janin , Klesczewski Julia , Fischbach Anne , Büttner Gerhard , Grube Dietmar , Mähler Claudia , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: July 2013

Epidemiologische Studien aus dem deutschen Sprachraum zeigen, dass Lernstörungen im Lesen und im Rechtschreiben häufig nicht nur in Kombination, sondern auch isoliert voneinander vorkommen. Während bereits viele Befunde über die kognitiven Besonderheiten des kombinierten Lese- und Rechtschreibdefizits vorliegen, gilt dies nicht für isoliert auftretende Schriftsprachstörungen. Unklar ist etwa, inwieweit das Vorliegen einer IQ-Leistungs-Diskrepanz, wie sie von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation in der ICD-10 ( WHO, 2011 ) zur Diagnose einer Lernstörung gefordert wird, tatsächlich mit kognitiven Unterschieden im Vergleich zu schriftsprachbeeinträchtigten Kindern ohne Lernstörungsdiagnose einhergeht. Daher wurden in der vorliegenden Studie die Arbeitsgedächtnisleistungen von 142 Drittklässlern mit isoliertem Lesedefizit, isoliertem Rechtschreibdefizit oder einem kombinierten Lese-und Rechtschreibdefizit jeweils mit den Leistungen einer lernunauffälligen Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Über einen Vergleich von schriftsprachbeeinträchtigten Kindern mit und ohne Lernstörungsdiagnose wurde in einem weiteren Analyseschritt die Relevanz des IQ-Diskrepanzkriteriums überprüft. Die Befunde der Studie zeigen, dass Minderleistungen im Lesen und/oder im Rechtschreiben jeweils mit unterschiedlichen Dysfunktionen im Arbeitsgedächtnis einhergehen. Demgegenüber konnten keine umfassenden Unterschiede in den Arbeitsgedächtnisprofilen von schriftsprachbeeinträchtigten Kindern mit und ohne Lernstörungsdiagnose nachgewiesen werden. Die Befunde liefern somit keine Argumente für die Angemessenheit des IQ-Diskrepanzkriteriums, wohl aber für die Notwendigkeit, künftig stärker zwischen isolierten und kombinierten Minderleistungen im Lesen und Rechtschreiben zu unterscheiden. Diskutiert werden resultierende Implikationen für die Diagnostik von Lernstörungen der Schriftsprache.
Moving to Solution
Authors: Werner K. , Raab M.
Published: July 2013

Embodied cognition theories suggest a link between bodily movements and cognitive functions. Given such a link, it is assumed that movement influences the two main stages of problem solving: creating a problem space and creating solutions. This study explores how specific the link between bodily movements and the problem-solving process is. Seventy-two participants were tested with variations of the two-string problem (Experiment 1) and the water-jar problem (Experiment 2), allowing for two possible solutions. In Experiment 1 participants were primed with arm-swing movements (swing group) and step movements on a chair (step group). In Experiment 2 participants sat in front of three jars with glass marbles and had to sort these marbles from the outer jars to the middle one (plus group) or vice versa (minus group). Results showed more swing-like solutions in the swing group and more step-like solutions in the step group, and more addition solutions in the plus group and more subtraction solutions in the minus group. This specificity of the connection between movement and problem-solving task will allow further experiments to investigate how bodily movements influence the stages of problem solving.
Mechanisms Underlying Transfer of Task-Defined Rules Across Feature Dimensions
Authors: Baroni Giulia , Yamaguchi Motonori , Chen Jing , Proctor Robert W.
Published: July 2013

The Simon effect can be reversed, favoring spatially noncorresponding responses, when people respond to stimulus colors (e.g., green) by pressing a key labeled with the alternative color (i.e., red). This Hedge and Marsh reversal is most often attributed to transfer of logical recoding rules from the color dimension to the location dimension. A recent study showed that this transfer of logical recoding rules can occur not only within a single task but also across two separate tasks that are intermixed. The present study investigated the conditions that determine the transfer of logical recoding rules across tasks. Experiment 1 examined whether it occurs in a transfer paradigm, that is when the two tasks are performed separately, but provided little support for this possibility. Experiment 2 investigated the role of task-set readiness, using a mixed-task paradigm with a predictable trials sequence, which indicated that there is no transfer of task-defined rules across tasks even when they are highly active during the Simon task. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 used a mixed-task paradigm, where trials of the two tasks were mixed randomly and unpredictably, and manipulated the amount of feature overlap between tasks. Results indicated that task similarity is a determining factor for transfer of task-defined rules to occur. Overall, the study provides evidence that transfer of logical recoding rules tends to occur across two tasks when tasks are unpredictably intermixed and use stimuli that are highly similar and confusable.