bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Simulations on the Tensile Resistance of Bolted End-Plate Connections with Tubular Members
Authors: Couchaux Maël , D’Aniello Mario , Falciano Lucia , Faggiano Beatrice , Hjiaj Mohammed , Landolfo Raffaele
Published: May 2018

Background:

Bolted end-plate connections represent the simplest and cheapest way to connect tubular members. EN1993:1-8 provides the general rules based on component method. However, in the case of splices with tubular members the proper definition of the effective length around corner bolts is not clearly addressed.

Objective:

The objective of the study is to investigate the accuracy and the effectiveness of the existing analytical predictions to estimate the tensile resistance of end-plate connections with tubular members where corner bolts are adopted.

Method:

Parametric finite element analyses were carried out to investigate the tensile strength of connections of both square and rectangular hollow sections.

Results:

The tension resistance is largely influenced by the corner bolts. Indeed, the connections with corner bolts exhibit larger resistance that increases when the bolts are closer to the corner of the tubular member. However, reducing the distance between the bolt and the wall of the tubular section can affect the splice ductility.

Conclusion:

• The method proposed Steige and Weynand to calculate the tension resistance of connections with bolts distributed on all sides of the splice is consistent with EN 1993-1-8.

• The finite element simulations showed that the corner bolts can increase the resistance of the connection. In addition, the bolt layout can be optimised by placing the bolts as close to the hollow section as possible.
Comparative Study on the Clinicopathological Profiles of Breast Cancer Among Iraqi and British Patients
Authors: Alwan Nada A.S. , Kerr David , Al-Okati Dhafir , Pezella Fransesco , Tawfeeq Furat N.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iraq and the United Kingdom. While the disease is frequently diagnosed among middle-aged Iraqi women at advanced stages accounting for the second cause of cancer-related deaths, breast cancer often affects elderly British women yielding the highest survival of all registered malignancies in the UK.

Objective:

To compare the clinical and pathological profiles of breast cancer among Iraqi and British women; correlating age at diagnosis with the tumor characteristics, receptor-defined biomarkers and phenotype patterns.

Methods:

This comparative retrospective study included the clinical and pathological characteristics of (1,940) consecutive female patients who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 2014 to 2016 in Iraq (Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad: 635 cases) and UK (John Radcliffe, Oxford and Queen's, BHR University Hospitals: 1,305 cases). The studied parameters in both groups comprised the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, breast cancer histologic type, grade, tumor size, lymph node status, clinical stage at presentation, Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) and HER2 positive tumor contents and the receptor-defined breast cancer surrogate subtypes.

Results:

The Iraqi patients were significantly younger than their British counterparts and exhibited higher trend to present at advanced stages; reflected by larger size tumors and frequent lymph node involvement compared to the British (p<0.00001). They also had worse receptor-defined breast cancer subtypes manifested by higher rates of hormone receptor (ER/PR) negative, HER2 positive tumor contents, Triple Positive and Triple Negative phenotypes (p<0.00001). Excluding HER2 status, the significant differences in the clinical and tumor characteristics between the two populations persisted after adjusting for age among patients younger than 50 years.

Conclusion:

The remarkable differences in the clinical and tumor characteristics of breast cancer between the Iraqi and British patients suggest heterogeneity in the underlying biology of the tumor which is exacerbated in Iraq by the dilemma of delayed diagnosis. The significant ethnic disparities in breast cancer profiles recommend the prompt strengthening of the national cancer control plan in Iraq as a principal approach to the management of the disease.
Correlation Between the Well-Being of Children and Caregivers
Authors: Lersilp Suchitporn , Putthinoi Supawadee
Published: May 2018

Background:

Well-being relates to the quality of life of people; such as the knowledge and behavior of caregivers regarding the health and care of their children, personal welfare and benefits for the environment, which are indicators of health planning for children and caregivers in the community.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to explore the personal and environmental well-being of children and caregivers and examine the correlation between their well-being in a northern-Thai suburban community.

Methods:

The study comprised of two phases, which developed and examined the content validity and reliability of the questionnaires used on the well-being of children and caregivers, and interviewed participants by using the questionnaires. The participants included thirty Thai children aged 3-6 years and twenty-nine caregivers.

Results:

The results indicated that 8 behavioral items (38.10%) of well-being were presented by the children, and 13 (61.90%) not, while 9 behavioral items (28.13%) of well-being were presented by the caregivers, and 23 (71.87%) not. The Pearson’s coefficient of correlation of well-being and personal well-being between the children and caregivers had a significant relationship (r = 0.423, p = 0.040 and r = 0.383, p = .022, respectively). However, it did not correlate significantly in terms of environmental well-being.

Conclusion:

There was a significant correlation between the well-being of children and their caregivers, particularly in personal well-being. This study provided an understanding that can be used as fundamental information that enables healthcare teams to perceive the well-being of caregivers and their children, which relates to achieving healthy behavior.
Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction with Cardiology Services
Authors: Verulava Tengiz , Jorbenadze Revaz , Karimi Leila , Dangadze Beka , Barkalaia Temur
Published: May 2018

Background:

Patient satisfaction is widely used as an important component in evaluating quality of health care. The current study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction with the quality of healthcare.

Methods:

The study was carried out by a cross-sectional method for evaluation of hospitalized patient satisfaction with provided services. Participants of this research include patients who have been hospitalized during the last 5 years (2012-2016). Research tools were prepared on the basis of specially developed “Medical Outcomes Study, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire” (MOS PSQ-III).

Results:

Most of the patients positively evaluated financial accessibility and quality of health services, even though some aspects of health care need improvement. This may be related to the introduction of the Universal Health Care Program in 2013, which increased population coverage. The international quality accreditation of the Emergency Cardiology Center has also played an important role in raising patient's satisfaction levels and in achieving higher standards in the sectors of patient safety and quality management. However, the study indicated, that there was a moderate level of satisfaction with the accessibility of healthcare services. So the further revisions and actions are needed to expand and refine the Universal Health Care Program. We also found an evidence that gender, age and education act as the socioeconomic determinants of satisfaction with healthcare quality.

Conclusion:

The patient satisfaction study, as one of the most important quality indicators, should be developed throughout the country. It will promote the development of healthy competitive environment among medical organizations and will improve the quality of medical services.
Evaluación de la resistencia de un híbrido F1 de Solanum quitoense Lam. a Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) y Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Polanco Puerta Manuel Francisco , Gómez-Posada Susana , Padilla-Osorio Juan Carlos
Published: May 2018

En este estudio se cruzaron plantas de lulo del cultivar La Selva, híbrido del retrocruzamiento interespecífico de Solanum quitoense Lam. × Solanum hirtum Vahl (Solanaceae), con plantas del cultivar Castilla Larga Vida, con el fin de obtener un material de frutos grandes, no dehiscente, adaptado a la zona cafetera colombiana y con resistencia al pasador del fruto Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) y al nematodo Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). El experimento se realizó en el municipio de Dosquebradas, Risaralda (Colombia), a 1.465 m s. n. m. Al ser inoculadas con el nematodo M. incognita, las plantas F1, obtenidas de los cruzamientos recíprocos, mostraron susceptibilidad en la etapa de almácigo. Sin embargo, al realizar la evaluación seis meses después del trasplante en condiciones de campo, se encontró menos del 1% de infestación del nematodo, lo que hace presumir la tolerancia de los híbridos a este organismo. De igual forma, se evidenció la resistencia de los materiales al ataque de N. elegantalis. Los híbridos resultantes presentaron buenas características agronómicas, como vigor y estructura buenos, alta productividad, buena adaptación a condiciones de libre exposición solar, frutos grandes (similares a los del lulo cv. Castilla), corteza amarilla y pulpa verde, sin rajamiento, y de aroma y sabor agradables. Las plantas presentaron una característica indeseable, que consistió en espinas en tallos y hojas.

s en tallos y hojas.
Adapting Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management for Veterans Affairs Community-Based Outpatient Clinics: Iterative Approach
Authors: Abraham Traci H , Marchant-Miros Kathy , McCarther Michael B , Craske Michelle G , Curran Geoffrey M , Kearney Lisa K , Greene Carolyn , Lindsay Jan A , Cucciare Michael A
Published: May 2018

Background

A national priority at the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is to increase the availability and accessibility of evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) across all VA medical facilities. Yet many veterans, particularly those who use remote outpatient VA clinics, still do not receive much needed evidence-based treatment. Strategies are needed for supporting mental health providers at rural VA community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) as they translate their clinical training to routine practice. The Coordinated Anxiety Learning Management (CALM) program is a computer-delivered program that supports the delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) by providers in outpatient settings to patients with depression and anxiety, including posttraumatic stress disorder.

Objective

The objectives of our study were to (1) adapt an existing computer-based program to rural VA CBOCs through feedback from key stakeholder focus groups; (2) develop a prototype of the adapted program; and (3) determine the adapted program’s acceptability and feasibility. Mental health stakeholders included VA leaders (n=4) in the implementation of EBPs, VA experts (n=4) in CBT, VA CBOC mental health providers (n=8), and veterans (n=8) diagnosed with a mental health condition treated using the CALM program and receiving treatment in a VA CBOC.

Methods

An iterative approach comprising 3 waves of focus group discussions was used to develop a modified prototype of CALM. Following each wave of focus group discussions, template analysis was used to rapidly communicate stakeholder recommendations and feedback to the design team. The original program was first adapted through a process of data collection, design modification, and product development. Next, a prototype was developed. Finally, the redesigned program was tested for acceptability and feasibility through a live demonstration.

Results

Key stakeholders suggested modifications to the original CALM program that altered its modules’ appearance by incorporating veteran-centric content. These modifications likely have no impact on the integrity of the original CALM program, but have altered its content to reflect better the demographic characteristics and experiences of rural veterans. Feedback from stakeholder groups indicates that changes will help VA patients identify with the program content, potentially enhancing their treatment engagement.

Conclusions

The development model was effective for economically gathering actionable recommendations from stakeholders to adapt a computer-based program, and it can result in the development of an acceptable and feasible computer-delivered intervention. Results have implications for developing computer-based programs targeting behavior change more broadly and enhancing engagement in EBP.
A Smart Screening Device for Patients with Mental Health Problems in Primary Health Care: Development and Pilot Study
Authors: van Bebber Jan , Meijer Rob R , Wigman Johana TW , Sytema Sjoerd , Wunderink Lex
Published: May 2018

Background

Adequate recognition of mental health problems is a prerequisite for successful treatment. Although most people tend to consult their general practitioner (GP) when they first experience mental health problems, GPs are not very well equipped to screen for various forms of psychopathology to help them determine clients’ need for treatment.

Objective

In this paper, the development and characteristics of CATja, a computerized adaptive test battery built to facilitate triage in primary care settings, are described, and first results of its implementation are reported.

Methods

CATja was developed in close collaboration with GPs and mental health assistants (MHAs). During implementation, MHAs were requested to appraise clients’ rankings (N=91) on the domains to be tested and to indicate the treatment level they deemed most appropriate for clients before test administration. We compared the agreement between domain score appraisals and domain score computed by CATja and the agreement between initial (before test administration) treatment level advice and final treatment level advice.

Results

Agreements (Cohen kappas) between MHAs’ appraisals of clients’ scores and clients’ scores computed by CATja were mostly between .40 and .50 (Cohen kappas=.10-.20), and the agreement between “initial” treatment levels and the final treatment level advised was .65 (Cohen kappa=.55).

Conclusions

Using CATja, caregivers can efficiently generate summaries of their clients’ mental well-being on which decisions about treatment type and care level may be based. Further validation research is needed.
Scattering into one-dimensional waveguides from a coherently-driven quantum-optical system
Authors: Fischer Kevin A. , Trivedi Rahul , Ramasesh Vinay , Siddiqi Irfan , Vučković Jelena
Published: May 2018

We develop a new computational tool and framework for characterizing the scattering of photons by energy-nonconserving Hamiltonians into unidirectional (chiral) waveguides, for example, with coherent pulsed excitation. The temporal waveguide modes are a natural basis for characterizing scattering in quantum optics, and afford a powerful technique based on a coarse discretization of time. This overcomes limitations imposed by singularities in the waveguide-system coupling. Moreover, the integrated discretized equations can be faithfully converted to a continuous-time result by taking the appropriate limit. This approach provides a complete solution to the scattered photon field in the waveguide, and can also be used to track system-waveguide entanglement during evolution. We further develop a direct connection between quantum measurement theory and evolution of the scattered field, demonstrating the correspondence between quantum trajectories and the scattered photon state. Our method is most applicable when the number of photons scattered is known to be small, i.e. for a single-photon or photon-pair source. We illustrate two examples: analytical solutions for short laser pulses scattering off a two-level system and numerically exact solutions for short laser pulses scattering off a spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) source. Finally, we note that our technique can easily be extended to systems with multiple ground states and generalized scattering problems with both finite photon number input and coherent state drive, potentially enhancing the understanding of, e.g., light-matter entanglement and photon phase gates.
DETERMINAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA REMAJA PUTRI DI SMP NEGERI 22 KOTA JAMBI
Authors: ; Hastono Isati
Published: May 2018

Remaja putri pada masa pubertas cenderung mengalami anemia karena kebiasaan salah, faktorkeluarga dan faktor lain. Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional bertujuan untuk mengetahuihubungan antara faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri di SMPNegeri 22 Kota Jambi tahun 2013. Pengambilan sampel secara total sampling. Berdasarkan hasilpenelitian diketahui sebagian besar remaja putri (78,7%) mengalami anemia. Hasil uji statistikmenunjukkan determinan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia remaja putri, yaitu pekerjaanayah/kepala keluarga (OR=4,79; 95% CI = 2,125-10,790), frekuensi makan (OR= 2,59; 95% CI=1,20-5,58), kebiasaan konsumsi teh/kopi (OR= 2,34; 95% CI = 1,08-5,08), dan kebiasaan konsumsisumber vitamin C (OR= 2,75; 95% CI = 1,34-5,63). Diharapkan untuk meningkatkan kerjasamalintas sektor dalam mencegah anemia remaja putri meningkatkan pengetahuan remaja putrimengenai gizi seimbang.Kata kunci: remaja putri, pubertas, anemia
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN TB PARU DI PUSKESMAS SEMPOR I KEBUMEN
Authors: ; Budi Halim
Published: May 2018

Puskesmas Sempor I adalah salah satu Puskesmas yang terdapat di Kabupaten Kabupaten Kebumen dengan kasusTB paru tertinggi dan telah melakukan penanggulangan panyakit TB Paru melalui strategi DOTS. Tujuanpenelitian ini diketahuinya faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB Paru. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian observasional dengan rancangan case control study. Variabel bebas penelitian kepadatan hunian,ventilasi, kelembaban, intensitas cahaya, sinar matahari masuk ke ruangan, jenis lantai rumah, jenis dindingrumah, kebiasaan membuka jendela, kebiasaan merokok, dan kontak sumber penular TB. Variabel terikat adalahpenderita TB Paru BTA positif. Jumlah sampel 80 orang (40 kasus dan 40 kontrol). Pengumpulan data denganwawancara dan observasi. Terdapat hubungan antara pencahayaan (OR : 3,44, CI : 1,03 – 6,29), cahaya masuk kerumah (OR:3,14, CI : 1,12 – 8,82), kebiasaan buka jendela (OR : 3,27 , CI : 1,12 – 8,84), Riwayat kontak (OR :3,85 – CI : 1,52 – 9,48) dengan kejadian TB Paru. Pada analisis multivariat, pencahayaan (OR: 3,42, CI : 1,23 –9,48) dan kontak dengan penderita TB (OR 3,83, CI : 1,45 – 10,08) merupakan variabel berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru. Adanya pencahayaan yang tidak memenuhi syarat dan riwayat kontak TB merupakan faktorpaling dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit TB Paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sempor IKabupaten Kebumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa untuk mengoptimalisasikan peran bidan desa danpeningkatan kerjasama lintas sektor dalam penanggulangan TB Paru.Kata kunci: TB Paru, Pencahayaan, Faktor resiko ​
Das Três Vertentes: instauração de um tripé metodológico para processos de criação artística
Authors: Ladeira Marcillene
Published: May 2018

O presente artigo, destaca a experiência visual como paradigma no processo de pensamento da história da arte, que confluirá, na contemporaneidade, em uma autoconsciência do próprio artista, em que ele mesmo passará a fazer filosofia a partir de sua obra. Desse viés, propôs-se a criação de um tripé metodológico, denominado Método das três Vertentes, aplicado ao ensino das Poéticas Visuais em meio universitário, sendo consolidado a partir de um design que elucida a relação “objeto-sujeito-meio”. Para esse fim, explorou-se a interação entre teorias que envolvem o fazer artístico, o conceito de conhecimento e a ciência física, no que diz respeito ao entendimento de campo gravitacional e linhas de força.
Epistemologias da formação: o pensamento emergente na docência em artes visuais no eixo Norte-Sul
Authors: Frade Isabela Nascimento , Alvarenga Ana Maria , Aranha Camila
Published: May 2018

Este artigo é parte de uma investigação sobre formação docente em Artes Visuais no Brasil, revelando nuances de um estudo publicado em 2008, resultado de associação acadêmica por extremos entre regiões, em eixo Norte-Sul do país. Observando seu polo setentrional, destacamos seus aspectos emergentes inserindo-os em suas qualidades locais. Situamo-nos na Região Norte, na Amazônia, vasto território que se desdobra ao longo dos cursos dos rios e dos igarapés, cercado pela presença da floresta tropical, onde também se revelam outras paisagens como as do cerrado amazônico. Refletimos com o fim de mergulhar nas águas onde afluem subjetividades que elucidam não somente um modo de viver, mas de pensar a própria arte e a educação. Desenvolvemos esse trabalho a partir de um método cartográfico de pesquisa que pudesse apreender experiências fluidas em suas geografias líquidas. Na elaboração de questões reunindo o eixo N-S, colocamos em foco a processualidade, o “coração da cartografia”: não apenas mapas, gráficos, tabelas ou outros registros cartográficos regulares, mas a extensividade do pensamento esteve como o nosso objeto de atenção primordial.
Discursos verbovisuais: a produção de sentido tecida entre o museu e a escola
Authors: Mattos Ivana De Macedo , Rebouças Moema Martins
Published: May 2018

O artigo apresenta parte de uma pesquisa realizada no Museu de Arte do Espírito Santo (MAES) envolvendo 98 crianças, de quatro turmas de 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola privada localizada na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Como corpus investigativo elege eventos propostos pelo Programa de Ação Educativa do Museu que nortearam a exposição “Meu País Tropical”  e as práticas realizadas pelas crianças na escola. O artigo enfatiza as análises dos discursos verbo-visuais produzidos pelas crianças oriundos de uma destas práticas a partir da fundamentação da semiótica discursiva. As análises dos discursos verbo-visuais evidenciam a importância que as crianças atribuem a esta relação entre o museu e a escola em suas vidas. Conclui que as relações entre o museu, a escola e a Arte podem ser tecidas desde a mais tenra idade, com o intuito de ofertar e contribuir para um ensino de arte que vá além do conhecimento de técnicas, e que invista na educação pelo sensível.
O Ensino na Escola Nacional de Belas Artes – o Prêmio de Viagem à Europa e os alunos da antiga Academia
Authors: Dazzi Camila
Published: May 2018

Após a transformação da Academia das Belas Artes em Escola, com a Reforma de 1890, um novo regulamento foi criado para o concurso de Prêmio de Viagem à Europa. O novo regulamento colocou em prática várias melhorias que vinham sendo requeridas pelo meio artístico ao longo das décadas passadas. Seus formuladores redigiram um documento em plena sintonia com o moderno sistema de ensino de arte adotado pela Escola, sem se esquecerem, no entanto, dos alunos que estavam em processo de formação na antiga Academia, tida como retrógada, quando ocorreu a Reforma de 1890. Embora a formação desses alunos — dentre os quais nomes de destaque, como o de Eliseu Visconti — fosse considerada deficitária, somente eles estavam aptos a concorrer ao Prêmio de Viagem nos primeiros anos de funcionamento da Escola. O texto analisa a relação entre o sistema de ensino adotado pela Escola, o lugar dos alunos da antiga Academia nessa nova estrutura e o regulamento de Prêmio de Viagem à Europa.
Outros objetos, outras leituras: estudo das relações entre as linguagens em zines e publicações alternativas com base na semiótica discursiva
Authors: Lerm Ruth Rejane Perleberg
Published: May 2018

No presente artigo apresentamos parte da Tese de Doutorado em Educação intitulada Leitura de textos sincréticos verbovisuais: relações entre linguagens em (fan)zines brasileiros, concluída no Programa de Pós-Gradução em Educação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) em 2017. A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar as relações entre as linguagens em zines, publicações alternativas de mídia impressa e contou com o aporte teórico e metodológico da Semiótica Discursiva. Dentre os autores consultados, citamos as contribuições de Barros (2003), Fiorin (2004; 2009), Teixeira (2004; 2009), Greimas e Courtés (1991; 2008), Hjelmslev (1978; 2006) e Carmo Jr. (2009). A partir das análises de Acordo mal e Em branco de Hannah Uesugi e Pequeno compêndio dos fantasmas interiores, de Ale Kalko constatamos entre seus componentes relações de interdependência que, por sua vez, foram examinadas quanto a três dimensões: direção, intimidade e objetividade.
Semiótica e ensino de artes visuais
Authors: Ledur Rejane Reckziegel , Lerm Ruth Rejane Perleberg
Published: May 2018

Apresentação da seção temática
Fitotecnologias: situação atual e perspectivas futuras
Authors: Novo Luís António Balreira , Bernardino Cassiano Augusto Rolim , Mahler Claudio Fernando , Silva Eduardo Ferreira
Published: May 2018

A degradação do meio ambiente, o aumento da urbanização, a elevada demanda energética, e as alterações climáticas, são atualmente alguns dos principais desafios do ser humano. Além disso, as atividades antropogênicas têm contribuído para a contaminação dos recursos naturais devido a geração, emissão e deposição de poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. Nesse sentido, um conjunto de técnicas alicerçadas no uso de plantas (fitotecnologias), têm ganhado grande visibilidade pois oferecem soluções ecológicas e sustentáveis para mitigar esses problemas. Esta revisão sumariza a situação atual dos principais tipos de fitotecnologias, das quais se destacam a fitorremediação, a fitomineração, a utilização da biomassa para produção de energia, e as coberturas verdes. Este trabalho apresenta ainda alguns dos desafios futuros das fitotecnologias, como a sua otimização através de técnicas avançadas de edição genética ou a articulação com as nanotecnologias.
A Study on Modern Teaching Methodology of Secondary School for Student
Authors: Singh Tejinder
Published: May 2018

In this paper, it shows concentrate on new showing technique of different student and teachers use for making a more successful line of study. Some other reasons, one of the biggest problem during student course is high failure rate in the various subject knowledge and twice the time student having needed to pass this course. This Phenomenon is reflected mainly to further graduation course during rapidly discourage before conventional classes. In the background as indicated by Federal Council of Engineering, in Brazil, the Engineers shortfall is assessed at 20,000 every year on a few territories of designing. There is finding the actual meaning of e-learning of given various researchers and what type of role e-learning in secondary school education relation with teaching and learning processes. In the current time, everyone is considering development and Educational Improvement. In this exploration paper advancement through E-learning in India is watched mostly in Secondary Schools. On the off chance that it arranged appropriately at that point, appropriate outcomes are influencing emphatically.
Ray Optics: The Classical Rainbow
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the ray optics of the rainbow. Some of the most powerful tools of mathematical physics were developed explicitly to address the problem of the rainbow and closely related problems. Indeed, the rainbow has served as a benchmark for testing theories of optics. The more successful of those theories now make it possible to describe the rainbow in mathematical terms—that is, to predict the distribution of light in the sky. The chapter first provides an overview of the physical features and historical details relating to the rainbow before discussing the ray theory of the rainbow from an elementary mathematics standpoint. In particular, it considers some relevant numerical values, polarization of the rainbow, and the divergence problem. It also explores related topics in meteorological optics, including the glory, coronas (simplified), and Rayleigh scattering.
Introduction to the WKB(J) Approximation: All Things Airy
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the WKB(J) approximation, commonly used in applied mathematics and mathematical physics to find approximate solutions of linear ordinary differential equations (of any order in principle) with spatially varying coefficients. The WKB(J) approximation is closely related to the semiclassical approach in quantum mechanics in which the wavefunction is characterized by a slowly varying amplitude and/or phase. The chapter first introduces an inhomogeneous differential equation, from which the first derivative term is eliminated, before discussing the Liouville transformation and the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. It then presents a physical interpretation of the WKB(J) approximation and its application to a potential well. It also considers the “patching region” in which the Airy function solution (the local turning point) is valid, the relation between Airy functions and Bessel functions, Airy integral and related topics, and related integrals.
Atmospheric Waves
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the underlying mathematics of atmospheric waves. Gravity waves occur between any stable layers of fluids that differ in density. When the fluid boundary is disturbed, buoyancy forces try to restore the equilibrium. The fluid returns to its original shape and overshoots before oscillations finally set in that propagate as waves. Internal gravity or buoyancy waves are often observed in the stable density layering of the upper atmosphere. The chapter first describes the linearized equations governing atmospheric waves before introducing a mathematical model of lee/mountain waves over an isolated mountain ridge, focusing on the basic equations and solutions, trapped lee waves, and billow clouds. It also considers wind shear, Howard's semicircle theorem, and the Taylor–Goldstein equation.
Electromagnetic Scattering: The Mie Solution
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the mathematics underlying the scattering of electromagnetic waves. An electromagnetic wave is comprised of an electric field and a magnetic field, both of which are functions of time and space as the wave propagates. The direction of propagation and the directions of these fields form a mutually orthogonal triad. When an electromagnetic field encounters an electron bound to a molecule, the electron is accelerated by the electric field of the wave. An accelerated electron will also radiate electromagnetic energy in the form of waves in all directions (to some extent)—this is known as scattered radiation. The chapter first considers Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic theory before discussing the vector Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves, the Lorentz-Mie solution and its construction, the Rayleigh scattering limit, and the radiation field generated by a Hertzian dipole.
One-Dimensional Jost Solutions: The S-Matrix Revisited
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the properties of one-dimensional Jost solutions for S-matrix problems. It first considers how the left–right transmission and reflections coefficients can be expressed in terms of the elements of the S-matrix for one-dimensional scattering problems on, focusing on poles of the transmission coefficient. It then uses the radial equation to revisit the problem of the square-well potential from the perspective of the Jost solution, with Jost boundary conditions at r = 0 and as r approaches infinity. It also presents the notations for the Jost functions and the S-matrix before discussing the problem of scattering from a constant spherical inhomogeneity.
Mate Choice
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: May 2018

The popular consensus on mate choice has long been that females select mates likely to pass good genes to offspring. This book overturns much of this conventional wisdom. Providing the first synthesis of the topic in more than three decades, and drawing from a wide range of fields, including animal behavior, evolutionary biology, social psychology, neuroscience, and economics, the book argues that “good genes” play a relatively minor role in shaping mate choice decisions and demonstrates how mate choice is influenced by genetic factors, environmental effects, and social interactions. Looking at diverse organisms, from protozoans to humans, the book explores how factors beyond the hunt for good genes combine to produce an endless array of preferences among species and individuals. The book explains how mating decisions originate from structural constraints on perception and from nonsexual functions, and how single organisms benefit or lose from their choices. Both the origin of species and their fusion through hybridization are strongly influenced by direct selection on preferences in sexual and nonsexual contexts. The book broadens the traditional scope of mate choice research to encompass not just animal behavior and behavioral ecology but also neurobiology, the social sciences, and other areas. Focusing on mate choice mechanisms, rather than the traits they target, the book offers a groundbreaking perspective on the proximate and ultimate forces determining the evolutionary fate of species and populations.
Paradigms Lost
Authors: Kumekawa Ian
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the gradual decline of Pigou's optimism regarding welfare economics, founded as it was on the desire to make things better and built on an optimism that it could actually bring about a happier, more just world. By the end of the 1920s, Pigou could no longer be considered an optimist. In a bitter 1939 presidential address to the Royal Economic Society, Pigou no longer held that economics was meant to help people, to bear fruit, but merely to theorize, to bear light. It was a pursuit that was, if not helpful, “at least not ignoble.” As Britain descended into the Depression, Keynes's theories emerged dominant at Cambridge, and economics redefined its conception of objectivity and its status as a rigorous science, Pigou himself slipped from dominance into pessimism.
To “Really Do a Little Good”
Authors: Kumekawa Ian
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the circumstances of Pigou's retirement. Despite all the vitriol Pigou spewed during the late 1940s and 1950s, he was hardly as despairing or as resentful as he had been over the preceding one and a half decades. Certainly, his softening toward the public and his general change in outlook were naturally concordant with a late-blooming acceptance of his waning position in academic economics. It was not that Pigou retired completely from academic circles. He continued to contribute to organs like The Economic Journal and Economica, and between 1947 and 1954, he published twelve journal articles, several of which were quite technical. But he also began to explore new topics and relaxed his standards on political advocacy in economics journals as he was doing in his submissions to the popular press.
Homesteading and Manufacturing Whiteness
Authors: Frymer Paul
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the incorporation of the territory first acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, particularly the states west of the Mississippi with the exception of the Southwest. It first considers the tensions in early land policy between those who wanted to use the land for profit and those who wanted to settle and cultivate it. These battles originated in Congress, in disputes over preemption and homesteading that engaged the idea that settlers ought to be allowed to have subsidized or free land if they settled and cultivated it in a manner beneficial to the growth of the nation. Once eastern settlements were incorporated as states, federal land policies began to change. The chapter also explores the rising tension between homesteading and slavery before concluding with an analysis of the consequence of the Homestead Act of 1862 for western settlement and for the continued manufacturing of whiteness, especially in Oklahoma.
Twelve Examples
Authors: Wagner Bryan
Published: May 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The Great Formal Machinery Works
Authors: von Plato Jan
Published: May 2018

The information age owes its existence to a little-known but crucial development, the theoretical study of logic and the foundations of mathematics. This book draws on original sources and rare archival materials to trace the history of the theories of deduction and computation that laid the logical foundations for the digital revolution. The book examines the contributions of figures such as Aristotle; the nineteenth-century German polymath Hermann Grassmann; George Boole, whose Boolean logic would prove essential to programming languages and computing; Ernst Schröder, best known for his work on algebraic logic; and Giuseppe Peano, cofounder of mathematical logic. The book shows how the idea of a formal proof in mathematics emerged gradually in the second half of the nineteenth century, hand in hand with the notion of a formal process of computation. A turning point was reached by 1930, when Kurt Gödel conceived his celebrated incompleteness theorems. They were an enormous boost to the study of formal languages and computability, which were brought to perfection by the end of the 1930s with precise theories of formal languages and formal deduction and parallel theories of algorithmic computability. The book describes how the first theoretical ideas of a computer soon emerged in the work of Alan Turing in 1936 and John von Neumann some years later. Shedding new light on this crucial chapter in the history of science, this book is essential reading for students and researchers in logic, mathematics, and computer science.
Trading Barriers
Authors: Peters Margaret E.
Published: May 2018

Why have countries increasingly restricted immigration even when they have opened their markets to foreign competition through trade or allowed their firms to move jobs overseas? This book argues that the increased ability of firms to produce anywhere in the world combined with growing international competition due to lowered trade barriers has led to greater limits on immigration. The book explains that businesses relying on low-skill labor have been the major proponents of greater openness to immigrants. Immigration helps lower costs, making these businesses more competitive at home and abroad. However, increased international competition, due to lower trade barriers and greater economic development in the developing world, has led many businesses in wealthy countries to close or move overseas. Productivity increases have allowed those firms that have chosen to remain behind to do more with fewer workers. Together, these changes in the international economy have sapped the crucial business support necessary for more open immigration policies at home, empowered anti-immigrant groups, and spurred greater controls on migration. Debunking the commonly held belief that domestic social concerns are the deciding factor in determining immigration policy, this book demonstrates the important and influential role played by international trade and capital movements.
Immigration in an Increasingly Globalized World
Authors: Peters Margaret E.
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter examines the implications of the book's argument about immigration policy and globalization for other areas of international relations, including the study of international political economy, migration around the world, and the shape of the international system and foreign policy. It first considers open economy politics (OEP) in relation to how different forms of economic openness affect one another before discussing firm heterogeneity, the race to the bottom argument, and whether low-skill immigration will become as open as it was in the nineteenth century owing to technological developments. It also explores international cooperation on migration, climate change migration, the politics of internal migration, and other international issues such as the integration of the European Union, democratization and the quality of democracy, and immigration externalities and foreign intervention.
Getting Tough
Authors: Kohler-Hausmann Julilly
Published: May 2018

In 1970s America, politicians began “getting tough” on drugs, crime, and welfare. These campaigns helped expand the nation's penal system, discredit welfare programs, and cast blame for the era's social upheaval on racialized deviants that the state was not accountable to serve or represent. This book sheds light on how this unprecedented growth of the penal system and the evisceration of the nation's welfare programs developed hand in hand. The book shows that these historical events were animated by struggles over how to interpret and respond to the inequality and disorder that crested during this period. When social movements and the slowing economy destabilized the U.S. welfare state, politicians reacted by repudiating the commitment to individual rehabilitation that had governed penal and social programs for decades. In its place, they championed strategies of punishment, surveillance, and containment. The architects of these tough strategies insisted they were necessary, given the failure of liberal social programs and the supposed pathological culture within poor African American and Latino communities. This book rejects this explanation and describes how the spectacle of enacting punitive policies convinced many Americans that social investment was counterproductive and the “underclass” could be managed only through coercion and force. Spanning diverse institutions and weaving together the perspectives of opponents, supporters, and targets of punitive policies, the book offers new interpretations of dramatic transformations in the modern American state.
Planet Paralyzed
Authors: Song Priscilla
Published: May 2018

A THREAD EXCERPT FROM CARECURE, an online discussion forum devoted to spinal cord injury:

MORGAN:

Yo, like I dont want to kill nobody’s enthusiasm, but all you people’s putting in your little dippy comments and all, like I thought we was gonna get a blow by blow account of the man over in Beijing and instead alls we get is one after the other insipid little comments from y’all standin on the sidelines and gawkin. Lets not water this thread down and get all like distracted with empty nothings. Gimminy, his experience be more important than everybody’s effin 2 cents. Just my 2 cents. (2003a)...
Megaloprepeia
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

The explosion of finance mathematics, and its implication in the 2008 financial crisis, has had the welcome, but unintended, consequence of establishing a common border between mathematics and morality. This chapter does not aim to assign responsibility for the 2008 crash and certainly not to imply that mathematics professors are specifically to blame. Nor does this chapter aim to change anyone's mind about fundamental questions of economic policy. Its primary purpose is to explain some of the context for a debate that is actually taking place, within and around mathematics, in connection with the growth of mathematical finance. The tensions between the internal and external goods involved in the creation of mathematics are well illustrated by this debate. The secondary purpose of this chapter is to provide a very brief introduction to the mathematical modeling of reality.
Before the Fall
Authors: Sandbu Martin
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the role of Europe's monetary union in creating a crisis that first erupted in US mortgages. Because of their monetary union, European economies racked up greater risks in the 2000s boom than they would have done had they kept their individual currencies. The factors invoked to blame the euro include the destabilising effect of a single interest rate for the entire eurozone; the misalignment of real exchange rates when nominal exchange rates could no longer adjust; the ability to run current account deficits that were too large and lasted too long; and, finally, the fact that debt was accumulated in a currency that could not be printed at will by national central banks. The chapter argues that all these factors have been commonly misunderstood.
Europe’s Real Economic Challenges
Authors: Sandbu Martin
Published: May 2018

This chapter defines the three main economic challenges of the members of the single currency. The first is to deal better with balance-of-payments crises — both finish the job of fixing the financial fragmentation from 2010–11 and safeguard against future ones. This is a financial and monetary task, one of ensuring that capital flows across national borders in an orderly and efficient way. The second challenge is a ‘real economy’ task of ensuring that each economy's resources are fully employed: the classic macroeconomic problem of aggregate demand management. Both of these tasks are largely about undoing self-inflicted errors. Finally, the long-run challenge is to make labour and capital as productive as they can be, which is what sustains long-term improvement in living standards.
Remembering What the Euro Is For
Authors: Sandbu Martin
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter highlights what the euro is good for. European economic prowess and unity of purpose are goals towards which the euro can and should make a contribution, even if its leaders' policy choices have prevented that from happening so far. Monetary union is good for trade, and trade is good for productivity and growth. Moreover, it makes it easier to invest across borders. The euro, can help channel savings from the older, richer parts of Europe to investments in the younger, poorer, and potentially faster-growing, parts. In both these ways, the ‘one market, one money’ slogan got it right: letting both trade and capital work on larger stages lifts the limits that a small scale imposes on productivity. And, finally, the removal of the devaluation ‘quick fix’ encourages both companies and governments to address the sources of low productivity.
Financial Crashes: What, How, Why, and When?
Authors: Sornette Didier
Published: May 2018

This chapter explains what financial crashes are and why, how, and when they occur. More specifically, it examines the mechanisms underlying crashes; whether we can forecast crashes; whether we could control or at least have some influence on crashes; whether crashes indicate a fundamental instability in the world financial structure; and what could be changed to modify or suppress these instabilities. The chapter considers the stock market crash of October 1987 and the main explanations for its occurrence, as well as other financial crashes in history, including the tulip mania, the South Sea bubble, and the great crash of October 1929. It also discusses extreme events in complex systems and concludes with an analysis of a new set of computational methods that can be used in the prediction of large-scale financial crashes.
Financial Crashes are “Outliers”
Authors: Sornette Didier
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides evidence that large financial crashes are “outliers.” It first considers the limitation of standard analyses for characterizing how crashes are special before explaining what abnormal returns are. It then discusses the results of a study of the frequency distribution of drawdowns, or runs of successive losses, and shows that large financial crashes form a class of their own that can be seen from their statistical signatures. It also examines the expected distribution of “normal” drawdowns, along with the drawdown distributions of stock market indices such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq index. The chapter argues that the presence of outliers is a general phenomenon and concludes by describing how large drawdowns and crashes that result from a run of losses over several successive days affect the regulation of stock markets.