bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in molecular targeted therapy for unresectable and metastatic BRAF-mutated melanoma
Authors: Kiniwa Yukiko , Okuyama Ryuhei
Published: December 2020

The clinical outcome of BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma has been improved by both molecular targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Long-term follow-up data reveal durable clinical responses in patients receiving first-line combinations of BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors, particularly those showing a complete response. Clinical outcomes are also associated with the lactate dehydrogenase levels and the number of metastatic organs. Although brain metastasis is frequently difficult to control, systemic therapy is preferred in cases with small and asymptomatic brain metastases associated with progressive extra-cranial disease. Control of intra-cranial disease with BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors is comparable with that of immune checkpoint inhibitors, although immune checkpoint inhibitors are superior to targeted therapies with respect to survival. The BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors regimen is well-tolerated, and toxicities are usually manageable and reversible, but differ according to the specific regimen used. Guidelines in the United States, Europe, and Japan recommend targeted therapy for patients who need early tumor responses. A meta-analysis of retrospective data shows that the baseline lactate dehydrogenase level is significantly higher in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors than in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting that clinicians tend to use BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors for more advanced disease. Since there is insufficient efficacy and safety data on the use of targeted therapies for acral and mucosal melanoma, a retrospective analysis may be useful. The combination of molecular targeted therapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors is expected to elicit further improvement. The results of several trials using combination or sequential therapies will be available in the next few years.
Imagining Justice for Syria
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

This book situates the war in Syria within the actual and imagined system of international criminal justice. It explores the legal impediments and diplomatic challenges that have led to the fatal trinity that is Syria: the massive commission of international crimes that are subject to detailed investigations and documentation but whose perpetrators have enjoyed virtually complete impunity. The book tracks a number of accountability solutions to this tragic state of affairs that are being explored within multilateral gatherings, by states, and by civil society actors, including innovations of institutional design; the reactivation of a range of domestic jurisdictional principles (including universal jurisdiction in Europe); the emergence of creative investigative and documentation techniques, technologies, and organizations; and the rejection of state consent as a precondition for the exercise of jurisdiction. Engaging both law and policy around international justice, the text offers a set of justice blueprints, within and without the International Criminal Court. It also considers the utility, propriety, and practicality of establishing an ad hoc tribunal and pursuing a transitional justice program without a genuine political transition. All told, the book attempts to capture the creative energy radiating from members of the international community intent on advancing the accountability norm in Syria even in the face of geopolitical blockages within the U.N. Security Council. In so doing, it presents the range of juridical measures—both criminal and civil—that are available to the international community to respond to the crisis, if only the political will existed.
The Security Council and International Crimes in Syria
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

Chapter 3 revisits some of the conflict history through the lens of (in)action at the U.N. Security Council, whose discursive practices, pronouncements, operational initiatives, and vetoed resolutions offer a distinctive window into the trajectory of the conflict and the international community’s meager and ineffectual reaction to the atrocities underway. This chapter traces these malfunctions on a number of fronts alongside the few areas of progress. The areas of concern include condemnations of human rights violations and abuses; attempts to impose ceasefires and expand humanitarian access; the use of force and the Responsibility to Protect; inspiring the parties to pursue a political transition; the international community’s preoccupation with counterterrorism and countering violent extremism measures; neutralizing Syria’s chemical weapons; futile efforts to impose U.N. sanctions; and—most relevant to this volume—attempts to promote accountability, including a French-led effort to refer the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court. Along the way, the chapter assembles the vetoes deployed by the P-5 during the Syrian conflict and captures the deteriorating dynamics within the Council chamber. The paralysis in the Council sets the scene for the chapters that follow, which recount efforts to promote accountability elsewhere. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the way in which the Syrian conflict has further stimulated the Security Council reform effort.
Clustering and Stereotyping
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Social clustering and stereotyping are both unavoidable and necessary to navigate and try to make sense of the social world and yet also a source of major moral blind spots. It is part of the necessity to parse to predict, make decisions, and, ultimately, create meanings. This process leads to our natural inclination to cluster and create an information amalgam leading to much illusory correlations and biased attitudes in thinking about Blacks, Whites, Russians, Chinese, women, men, gays, straights, or Europeans as wholes having in common elusive essential characteristics. Social stereotypes have typically a negative connotation, linked to racism and all sorts of prejudices and discrimination toward minorities. However, they can be both negative and/or positive (e.g., Jews tend to be smart; Blacks are prone to be criminals). The ultimate function of social clustering and stereotypes is always to create contrasts that typically uphold one’s own group advantage, ultimately in defense of one’s own group sense of superiority and ascendance. Social stereotypes do not just help us in thinking about the social world; they can also hinder how we perform as individuals and foresee obstacles for oneself.
Beyond Alexandria
Authors: Visscher Marijn S.
Published: December 2020

This book aims to further our understanding of Seleucid literature, covering the period from Seleucus I to Antiochus III. Despite the historical importance of the Seleucid Empire during this time, little attention has been devoted to its literature. The works of authors affiliated with the Seleucid court have tended to be overshadowed by works coming out of Alexandria, emerging from the court of the Ptolemies, the main rivals of the Seleucids. This book makes two key points, both of which challenge the idea that ‘Alexandrian’ literature is coterminous with Hellenistic literature as a whole. First, the book sets out to demonstrate that a distinctly Seleucid strand of writing emerged from the Seleucid court, characterized by shared perspectives and thematic concerns. Second, the book argues that Seleucid literature was significant on the wider Hellenistic stage. Specifically, it aims to show that the works of Seleucid authors influenced and provided counterpoints to writers based in Alexandria, including key figures such as Eratosthenes and Callimachus. For this reason, the literature of the Seleucids is not only interesting in its own right; it also provides an important reference point for further understanding of Hellenistic literature in general. These two points are worked out in four chapters, each focussing on a specific ‘moment’ in Seleucid history and the corresponding literature: the establishment of the Eastern borders under Seleucus I; the consolidation of a symbolic centre at Babylon; the crisis of the Third Syrian War under Seleucus II; and the flourishing literary court of Antiochus III.
The Chinese Way
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

Beijing has geopolitical, economic, and geostrategic ambitions for the Belt and Road. First, it wants to harness the Belt and Road to legitimize China’s developmental model of political authoritarianism and state capitalism worldwide. Africa, and large economies such as Kenya and Ethiopia, represents a key venue for the expansion of China’s model. China also seeks to drive the global expansion of China’s state-owned enterprises and private corporations and to offshore China’s overcapacity in heavy industries on its path to full economic development and modernization. Finally, Beijing aims to harness the Belt and Road to alleviate its geostrategic vulnerabilities. But there are challenges facing the Belt and Road. China’s model will only gain long lasting legitimacy if the initiative produces tangible economic development for foreign countries. In Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Maldives, and across Asia, China’s economic and geostrategic aims face entrenched business and political interests, changing politics, conflict, and varying economic capacities to shoulder new debt.
What Is Best for Europe?
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

Across European and Western liberal market democracies, China’s rise exposes friction between economic interests and political values and challenge common foreign and security policy in the European Union. From positions of economic weakness, Greece, Hungary, and Portugal have blocked or watered down common security, human rights, and economic positions in the regional body. Beijing’s formation of a formal group with Central and Eastern European countries, the so-called 17+1, is similarly seen in Brussels as a “divide and rule” tactic. Yet while European governments receive ample criticism for neglecting their political values in order to advance economic relations with China, the economic importance of China to the EU is rarely scrutinized. For large member states like Germany and France, and smaller ones such as Denmark and Norway, trade and investment with China does not produce a relationship of economic dependency for the EU as commonly perceived, particularly as China’s state capitalist system produces new competition for European companies. Beijing’s infringements on European democratic values and competitive economic pressures are changing the public discourse on China, but without a collective response, economic relations with China will only become more asymmetric than they are today.
Behave Accordingly
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

Some think that China and Japan are destined for war. Japan’s historical wartime aggression and present-day territorial disputes and military tensions over control of a small grouping of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea, known as Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China, pave the way for a modern-day conflict. Beijing has even weaponized its trade with Japan to drive nationalism at home and try to shape Japan’s foreign and defense policy. Others argue China and Japan’s economic relationship will save Asia from a disastrous conflict. For decades the two economies have fed off one another. Economic interdependence forces Beijing to pull back from hard trade restrictions and consumer boycotts. Yet Xi Jinping’s calls for China to become self-sufficient by building its technological capabilities are a threat to Japan’s modern industries. Beijing’s military aggression and economic competitiveness provokes a response from Japan to build up its military and diversify its trade and investment.
Thinking Technocratically
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn
Published: December 2020

Although Polish politics moved to the right after the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, demographic anxieties about Volhynia had already been expressed by academics who supported the Sanacja’s technocratic program in the province. Focusing most particularly on geographical Polesie (which covered the northern part of the province of Volhynia), some scholars fostered the concept of national uncertainty in order to support more aggressive measures of Polonization. By dispensing with the regionalists’ patience for the provincial framework and in line with broader political radicalization across Europe, Polish officials increasingly used scholarly conclusions to advocate for redrawing internal borders and launching internal colonization. By the late 1930s, the army and border guards carried out forced religious conversions (“revindications”) of Orthodox Christian, Ukrainian-speaking populations to Roman Catholicism, based on the idea that these people were descended from Polish Catholics. Their concurrent support for policies of Jewish emigration was based on the opposite assumption—that Jews could never be considered Polish.
The Three Beliefs
Authors: Redstone Ilana
Published: December 2020

Three beliefs shape much of what occurs on campuses. Taken together, these three beliefs make up a worldview that readily compromises certain values (like respect for free speech and viewpoint diversity) when they are viewed as conflicting with the goals of protecting against claims of harm. The first belief is that any action to undermine or replace traditional frameworks is by definition a good thing. The second belief is that, absent the hand of discriminatory actors, all group-level outcomes would be equal. The third belief is in the primacy of identity, which is commonly invoked through race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
Classroom Consequences
Authors: Redstone Ilana
Published: December 2020

Knowledge production happens mainly through research, but a primary mechanism for knowledge dissemination to students occurs in the classroom. The classroom experience plays a central role in one of the key goals of a college education: to teach students how to engage thoughtfully and creatively with complex, nuanced topics. In the current climate, the learning experience for students, particularly in courses that address potentially controversial topics such as race and gender, is constrained. An instructor’s belief that there is open conversation admitting a wide range of perspectives in the classroom does not mean that is occurring. To the contrary, it is possible to have a robust debate within the confines of the three core beliefs we have articulated and to as a result think that the discussion has been truly open, while in reality it may only have been open within a very limited aperture.
Conclusion
Authors: Redstone Ilana
Published: December 2020

We've made the case throughout this book that the academic enterprise is limited by a set of three beliefs. Much of what is of concern in the current academic climate could be ameliorated with a broader recognition of the value of debate, dissent, and consideration of divergent viewpoints. The ability to have engaged, thoughtful conversations on issues where divergence and sometimes strident divergence exists is critical for a functional society. If America's colleges cease to be places of free inquiry, American society will become less open, less innovative, and provide fewer opportunities. If we are going to move towards those answers, colleges need to be places where people are free to think outside the box, question assumptions, and propose new ways of seeing, analyzing, and engaging with some of the most pressing challenges facing society.
“The Thing Not Named”
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: December 2020

In 1919, Edith Lewis began her long career as an advertising copywriter at the J. Walter Thompson Co. This chapter considers the advertising campaigns for Woodbury’s Facial Soap and Jergens Lotion, for which Lewis was the sole copywriter in the 1920s, in relation to Willa Cather’s fiction and aesthetic theories. Lewis’s embrace of advertising as a career and Cather’s rejection of modern consumerism seem to register a conflict within their relationship. However, it could also be productive, even playful, as the two women engaged in an implicit dialogue about the pleasures and perils of modern materialism and the desires it could engender. The chapter also considers how Lewis shaped Cather’s approach to celebrity, focusing on Edward Steichen’s Vanity Fair portrait of Cather in 1927 and contrasting Cather’s approach to celebrity and advertising with that of F. Scott Fitzgerald.
“We Are the Only Wonderful Things”
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: December 2020

After losing their Greenwich Village apartment in 1927, Cather and Lewis had no permanent home in New York City, living together instead at the Grosvenor Hotel when both were in the city. In 1932, they finally leased an apartment on Park Avenue. The first half of this chapter reconstructs their life together in the 1930s and 1940s living on Park Avenue and traveling to Europe and Mt. Desert Island in Maine. The chapter includes their responses to the Great Depression and World War II, the formation of new friendships and maintenance of old ones, the deeper intertwining of their families, and Cather’s declining health. After describing Cather’s death and burial, the second half of the chapter tells the story of Edith Lewis’s mourning for Cather in the years immediately after Cather’s death and her work as Cather’s literary executor.
Weaponizing Victimhood
Authors: Bebout Lee
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes a rhetoric of “weaponized victimhood” and its crucial role in uniting disparate factions of the contemporary American Right. Weaponized victimhood speaks to a felt sense of loss of power and esteem among social groups facing challenges to their traditionally privileged status positions. This expression of grievance takes on a hyperbolic form through assertions that groups such as whites, men, and Christians face great social oppression. These groups are portrayed as victims of such projected threats as a “War on Christmas” and “feminazi” activists. Such victimization narratives circulate across various types of conservative news and right-wing media—from Fox News to alt-right and men’s rights websites. A common rhetoric of victimization cultivates a shared affective sensibility among groups ranging from avowed white supremacists to anti-feminists to others reacting against a perceived challenge to their social power and standing.
NRA Media and Second Amendment Identity Politics
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R.
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the National Rifle Association (NRA) as not merely a lobbying outfit, trade association, or hobbyist group, but as a full-fledged mediasphere. Since the early 2000s, the NRA has aggressively expanded its footprint within the broader right-wing media environment—it publishes four print magazines and a highly integrated array of micro-targeted online print and video content, social media platforms, and original online television programming. Via a content analysis of NRA.org, a site that aggregates and prioritizes content from across the group’s multimedia platforms, this chapter employs critical discourse analysis to illuminate the site’s populist themes and rhetorical styles. It finds that the NRA combines the trappings of news genres and right-wing discourses with populist modes of expression to amplify and reinforce the deep affective ties between gun ownership and conservative political identity.
Neil Black
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Neil Black was an internationally known oboist and a professor at London’s Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Black attended Oxford University and earned a degree in history. Three years after finishing at Oxford, he became principal oboist for the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Later in his career, he became the principal oboist for the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields and the English Chamber Orchestra. In this chapter he discussed his beginnings in music, ideas on tone production, reeds, and technique. He further shared his thoughts on flexibility in musical settings, solo playing, and pedagogy. He also reminisced about his role models and his memorable concerts.
Richard Killmer
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Professor of oboe at the Eastman School of Music, Richard Killmer was principal oboist of the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for eleven years. In this interview, he talks about his early career and observations on the evolution of the oboe world. He discusses his teaching philosophy and shares specifics on breathing, intervallic placement, long tones, and articulation. He shares tips for technical practice and his ideas on vibrato and reeds. Killmer shares stories of his experience in helping to design the Ross gouge, and he talks about his inspirations.
The Ethics of Engagement
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This book discusses the relationship between media, conflict, and democratization in Africa from the perspective of media ethics. Despite the commonly held view that conflict is a destructive political force that can destabilize democracies, the argument in this book is that while many conflicts can indeed become violent and destructive, they can also be managed in a way that can render them productive and communicative to democracy. Drawing on theoretical insights from the fields of journalism studies, political studies, and cultural studies, the book discusses the ethics of conflict coverage and proposes a normative model for covering conflict and democratization. The book argues for an “ethics of listening” that would enable the media to help de-escalate violent conflict and contribute to the deepening of an agonistic democratic culture in contexts of high inequality, ethnic and racial polarization, and uneven access to media. This argument is illustrated by examples drawn from recent events in African democracies such as student protests, community activism, struggles for resources, and social media conflicts. The book also scrutinizes the media’s ethical roles and responsibilities in African societies by considering questions regarding journalistic professionalism, ethical codes, and regulation in the context of rising misinformation. The book provides a critical African perspective on global debates about media, politics, and democracy and the media’s ethical commitments in contexts of conflict.
Between The Imprisoned Self and Free Participation
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

The principle of participation in a democratic self is explored in more detail in this chapter. The psychological case of a client is presented who lacked any form of inner democracy at the beginning of the counseling process. Using this case, the processes of positioning and repositioning are elucidated and the argument is presented that the self can move from one level of inclusiveness to another: from one as an individual to one as a member of a group, to one as a human being, to one as part of the ecological environment and back. The flexible movements between these levels exemplify the workings of inner democracy. In this chapter, two concepts are central that are considered quintessential to developing inner democracy: taking a meta-position that allows us to take a long-term view of our functioning in a democratic society, and developing promoter positions that push the self forward to a largely unknown future.
Stimulating and Impeding Factors For Inner Democracy
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

Some factors that stimulate inner democracy and some that impede it are extensively described in this chapter. Stimulating factors include the following: the flexibility to change from one perspective to another one, tolerance for uncertainty, the capacity to discern inner contradictions, learning to be empathic, and the sensitivity to see the multi-voicedness in other persons. Factors that impede inner democracy include the following: mutually exclusive truth claims, strong negative emotions, the epidemic spread of narcissism, and the temptation to embrace utopias, along with the simultaneous failure to note their apparent shadow sides and even their failures. The chapter also offers a summary of the case made for the workings of inner democracy.
Alice in Wonderland
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen
Published: December 2020

This chapter details the author’s interactions with the wider Chinese society and her efforts to understand what she saw and experienced. She tried to understand Chinese history through Chinese eyes, putting aside her Western view. Authentic Chinese food was new to her and she was impressed by Beijing as an ultramodern city. A visit to a Chinese home gave her a view of Chinese family life. The author learned that “speaking English” has levels and that one can read English without knowing how it sounds. She also came to appreciate the beautiful sound of the erhu, a musical instrument that she hadn’t previously encountered.
Beyond Dependency
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen
Published: December 2020

This chapter details what the Chinese therapists leaned from years of study with us and summarizes some of the papers they wrote for a conference they held about group therapy in China. The newly trained group therapists began to feel confident in their own competence and demonstrated their understanding of the theory and technique of group therapy. Their papers stress their awareness of the cultural differences contained in the permission for greater emotional expressiveness. They wrote about group cohesion and the uses of therapist self-disclosure. Existential factors of taking responsibility for one’s life also figured prominently in their understanding of group therapy.
Income Growth and Its Distribution from Eisenhower to Obama
Authors: Elwell James , Corinth Kevin , Burkhauser Richard V.
Published: December 2020

Creating comparable Current Population Survey (CPS) based income series from 1967 through 2016 coupled with decennial Census data for 1959, this chapter traces the effect of government taxes and transfers in this first survey-based look at income and its distribution from the Eisenhower through the Obama administrations. The dramatic decline in the middle class’s market income (measured as the median American tax unit or the mean value of the middle quintile of American tax units) began in 1969. However, this decline was more than offset by income from government tax and transfer programs—especially in-kind transfers. Conventional measures of median income and income inequality that exclude the market value of in-kind transfers and focus on tax units rather than the household size-adjusted income of all Americans will substantially understate the success of government policies in offsetting the stagnation of median market income growth and the rise in market income inequality since 1969.
Introduction
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Meier Benjamin Mason
Published: December 2020

This introductory chapter seeks to define the relationship between global health and human rights and examine the evolving field of health and human rights. Global health and human rights are complementary approaches to defining and advancing human health and well-being. Where global health prioritizes the improvement of public health and health equity for all people, human rights provide a legal foundation to advance justice in global health—elaborating the rights and freedoms that are necessary for human dignity. The inextricable linkages between global health and human rights have given rise to the development of the interdisciplinary field of “health and human rights.” In providing an academic foundation for the field, it will be necessary to understand the normative development, policy implementation, contemporary application, and new challenges at the intersection of global health and human rights. This critical engagement provides hope in responding to current threats.
The Birth and Development of Human Rights for Health
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Murphy Thérèse , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the historical origins of human rights as a basis for public health. Tracing the idea of rights from philosophical notions of natural rights to human rights under international law, the normative foundations underlying rights have long been seen as central to health and well-being—from the political engagement with underlying determinants of health in 1848 to the international codification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. The modern human rights system that frames public health arose in response to the deprivations and atrocities of World War II. Giving rise to the notion of human rights under international law, the postwar creation of the United Nations (UN) provided the structure for a new legal regime under which individuals were seen as having certain rights by virtue of their humanity, ensuring a foundation for the evolution of rights to advance health.
History Has Begun
Authors: Maçães Bruno
Published: December 2020

Popular consensus says that the US rose over two centuries to Cold War victory and world domination, and is now in slow decline. But is this right? History's great civilizations have always lasted much longer, and for all its colossal power, American culture was overshadowed by Europe until recently. What if this isn't the end? This book offers a compelling vision of America's future, both fascinating and unnerving. From the early American Republic, it takes us to the turbulent present, when, it argues, America is finally forging its own path. We can see the birth pangs of this new civilization in today's debates on guns, religion, foreign policy, and the significance of Trump. Should the coronavirus pandemic be regarded as an opportunity to build a new kind of society? What will its values be, and what will this new America look like? The book traces the long arc of US history to argue that in contrast to those who see the US on the cusp of decline, it may well be simply shifting to a new model, one equally powerful but no longer liberal. Consequently, it is no longer enough to analyze America's current trajectory through the simple prism of decline vs. progress, which assumes a static model—America as liberal leviathan. Rather, the book argues that America may be casting off the liberalism that has defined the country since its founding for a new model, one more appropriate to succeeding in a transformed world.
The Making of a Terrorist, 1792–1794
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

As Danton’s secretary and an activist in Paris, Alexandre Rousselin was baptized in Revolutionary violence during the September Massacres. With the establishment of the Republic, the hopes and fears of militants increasingly saw violence as justified to protect the Revolution. Rousselin emerged as a spokesperson for the popular movement when it demanded the arrest of a political faction known as the Girondins on 31 May 1793. This action helped him become an influential journalist and bureaucrat as an ad hoc system of governmental Terror was created. As part of that process, Rousselin was sent eastward to Champagne by the Committee of Public Safety in the fall of 1793. First in Provins and then in Troyes, Rousselin deployed novel instruments of popular pressure so widespread in Paris against recalcitrant populations that did not feel the same urgency. He became a terrorist for what he thought were the best of reasons.
The Consequences of Terror, 1794–1796
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Returning from his missions, Rousselin found the capital riven by factions divided in part by the proper role of Revolutionary violence. After reining in the popular movement in March, the faction led by Maximilien Robespierre turned on Rousselin’s patrons, Camille Desmoulins and Georges-Jacques Danton, who were guillotined in April 1794. Rousselin sought alternative networks but Robespierre and Georges Couthon turned on him and sent him to the Revolutionary Tribunal because of denunciations from Troyes. Rousselin helped to gather former friends of Danton and pushed ultra-terrorists like Joseph Fouche to act. On 9 Thermidor, Robespierre and his friends were executed in turn. The Terror, however, continued as many of the tactics of the terrorists were turned against them by those they had tormented. Rousselin spent two years in and out of jail until an amnesty was proclaimed in 1796.
Emplotment
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

The sixth chapter of Style in Narrative in part parallels the second chapter, but shifts from the story (what happens) to plot (the representation of what happens—its selection, emphasis, and construal). Specifically, Ozu is notorious for the elliptical quality of his plots, which sometimes entirely skip culminating events. He is also well known for certain sorts of “excess” (e.g., lingering on empty rooms). Hogan argues that these features have not been adequately explained or even adequately described. They can be understood only by relating them to their emotional function—modulating the arousal component of emotion. The chapter also considers what is valid and what is invalid in connecting Ozu’s stylistic practices with Japanese culture and aesthetic tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

The conclusion revisits the characterization of anxiety by each thinker examined: Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Darwin, Freud, Husserl, Heidegger, and Levinas. It proposes a three-part overview of anxiety (1) as the fundamental affect supervening upon, and accompanying, pleasure and displeasure; (2) as a sign or symptom of “the possible” or indeed of a conflict between bodily and cultural forces, and (3) as the affect that poses questions—about the conditions of emergence of a moral subject and, ultimately, about what-is. It examines some recent debates about the meaning and rationality of emotions, their evolutionary status, and concludes that this affect cannot be reduced to a cognitive emotion or what the idealist tradition called a “passion.” Rather than intellectualizing it, anxiety must be grasped in its many senses and abided with, like a site of sojourning.
Yeats’s Singing-School
Authors: Haughton Hugh
Published: December 2020

From the outset Yeats was a poet almost as invested in revision as he was in vision. The manuscripts show that all the early dream-laden works involved concerted labour, and indeed ‘labour’ turns out to be one of their preoccupations. In the later quasi-orientalist ‘Sailing to Byzantium’, Yeats appealed to the notion of a ‘singing-school’ for poetry based on ‘studying monuments of its own magnificence’. Like the later work, Yeats’s early poems are elaborately shaped and aesthetically developed, and the surviving manuscript drafts and revisions give us a privileged glimpse into his own ‘singing-school’ during the years he was labouring to create his voice, his characteristic self-images, and his iconography and style.
Reform and Europe
Authors: Atkinson Lucy , Blick Andrew , Qvortrup Matt
Published: December 2020

No referendums took place between 1979 and 1997. During much of the 1980s the idea of using this device failed to attract the level of interest it had in some earlier periods. But, in the following decade, the referendum began to gain currency once more. After Labour returned to office in 1997, the Tony Blair administration became the most extensive utilizer of the mechanism to date, holding five in total (though none at UK level). Reflecting the establishment of the referendum as a firmer part of the UK constitution, a more consistent framework for this practice was introduced. After 2004, the Labour governments did not use referendums again. However, the device returned from 2011. During the tenure of David Cameron, as Prime Minister in a coalition (2010–2015) and then a Conservative administration (2015–2016), four referendums were held.
Positive Regulation
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the case for viewing regulation positively. It argues that regulation is part of the process for creating economic wealth and social welfare. It proposes that using regulation to tame the corporation is about harnessing corporate capacities and motivations so as to maximize the excess of benefits over costs—taking both economic and social factors into account. The chapter looks at the elements of ‘positive regulation’ and it surveys the economic and social rationales for regulating. In doing so it looks at the reasons why companies and entrepreneurs need regulation in order to create wealth—and hence why fostering business activity looms large among the reasons for regulating. Taming the corporation, it is contended, is as much about the successful aligning of corporate and social objectives as about constraining business activity. The chapter, accordingly, outlines a positive approach to steering corporate power in productive and useful directions.
Can National Regulators Solve Problems?
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

In a host of areas national regulators play only a limited role in dealing with issues, risks, and problems. Issues have to be dealt with in complex networks comprising not only regulators at different levels of government but also non-state bodies. When regulation is conducted by means of such complex networks, special challenges arise in discharging the key tasks of setting objectives, delivering outcomes, and satisfying representative values. This chapter focuses on transnational regimes, which tend to involve more complex networks than domestic systems. However, even when risks and problems are more distinctly located within national boundaries, many of the challenges are echoed when national regulators operate within control regimes that are polycentric and involve networks of bodies that are located at different levels of government (local, regional, national, and supra-national), that have different characteristics (public, private, state, non-state) and exert different kinds of influence (binding, non-binding). The challenges and advantages of ‘networked’ regulation are discussed.
Conclusions from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Becker Ulrich
Published: December 2020

The chapter provides a summary of the findings of the country reports and an analysis of both social protection reforms during the financial crisis and constitutional adjudication from a comparative perspective. It elaborates on different reasons for social protection reforms in different fields of social protection (old-age pensions, health, unemployment and family benefits, social assistance), and it puts emphasis on a differentiation between short-term cuts of, and in, benefits, on the one hand, and long-term structural changes, on the other. It analyses the case law of national courts with a view to the constitutionality of social protection reforms from the angle of subjects as well as of legal bases and results, including its relation to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR.
From Ideas to Action
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies, economies, and the planet. Yet despite clear signals, we are slow to act in a meaningful way, despite the fact that we have the legal, political, and technological tools to transition our economies to net zero carbon. While some businesses are reluctant to take significant steps to reduce their carbon footprint, many companies are well-intentioned but feel somewhat paralysed in the face of overwhelming data that portend a financially and environmentally devastating future. Yet we can still reverse the trajectory of climate change, but it requires bold and informed action to reduce our carbon footprint in a manner that embeds fairness in the transition. This book offers a guide for companies, pension funds, asset managers, and other institutional investors to commence the legal, governance, and financial strategies needed for effective climate mitigation and adaptation, and to help distribute the economic benefits of these actions to their stakeholders. It takes the reader from ideas to action, from first steps to a more meaningful contribution to the move towards a ‘climate positive’ circular economy. It can also serve as a helpful guide to everyone implicated in a corporation’s activities—employees, pensioners, consumers, banks and other lenders, policy-makers, and community members. It offers insights into what we should be expecting, and asking, of these individuals who have taken responsibility for effectively managing our savings, our retirement funds, our investments, and our tax dollars.
Effective Engagement and Current Litigation on Climate Governance
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 7 examines various forms of engagement with companies to press them to decarbonize. It discusses direct engagement with corporate boards, shareholder proposals, and proxy voting. It examines divestment as an option to advance climate goals. It also discusses why it is important to engage with policy-makers as they design and implement policies to transition domestic economies, and looks at some creative ways in which climate democracy is being enhanced. The chapter then turns to the extensive, emerging litigation against companies and their directors for their failure to manage climate risks. There are lawsuits both in the United States and globally against companies and institutional investors. The chapter also canvasses recent judgments denying licenses and other economic activities harmful to climate mitigation and adaptation.
Climate Governance for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 9 explores why management of climate-related risks can be particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises (‘MSME’) to address. MSME comprise about 99 per cent of all businesses globally and they often lack the infrastructure and resources to manage deep shifts in their business activities. This chapter explores how one could build financing and infrastructure to support the MSME sector to advance in their transition to net zero. It discusses how the European Union has taken the lead globally on microfinance for vulnerable groups that want to set up or develop their businesses and microenterprises. It is building the institutional capacity of microcredit providers and supporting development of social enterprises by facilitating access to finance. It also examines climate governance for MSME, offering examples of toolkits being developed for micro and small businesses. The chapter concludes with a discussion of contributions that women entrepreneurs and micro-business owners are making in the transition to net zero.
Between Social Democracy and Council Dictatorship
Authors: Muldoon James
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the underlying democratic and socialist impulses in the German council movements of the early twentieth century. It analyses the emergence of council movements in Russia (from the strikes in February 1917 to the crushing of the Kronstadt uprising in 1921) followed by their spread to Germany (from the heightened revolutionary activity of 1917 to the establishment of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919). It examines the council movements through primary documents such as minutes of council meetings, congress reports, newspaper articles, and socialist journals. The typical Cold War framework for interpreting the council movements has been to view them as a transitional phenomenon leading to either liberal democratic institutions or a single-party dictatorship. Moving away from this binary framework, I show that while a diversity of political views were held by participants in the council movements, there was broad support for the deepening and extension of democratic conditions in major political, economic, and social institutions, including the army, civil service, and workplaces.
The Rise of Secured Credit
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the way in which the shifts in the fields of finance and non-financial corporates discussed in Chapters 3 and 4 have led to changes in US secured transactions law. It examines the way in which these changes have, in turn, shifted bargaining power towards secured creditors when a debtor attempts to reorganize its debt and equity finance. However, the argument is made that this gives rise to different issues from the traditional concern for secured creditor liquidation bias when it is set in the wider organizational and institutional environment which the book has begun to examine. Turning to England, the chapter explores how the English courts have generally supported the allocation of control rights in distress to senior financial creditors. It reveals why this has, once again, made English corporate reorganization law particularly well adapted to the demands of the past decade.
Caribbean Eyes
Authors: Ghosh William
Published: December 2020

Travel writing in English has historically been seen as a genre in which British travellers visit and write about colonized places. This chapter, by contrast, reads a number of works in which Caribbean travellers describe their experiences in Africa. It examines Lamming’s Pleasures of Exile, V.S. Naipaul’s writings on Zaire and the Ivory Coast, Shiva Naipaul’s North of South, and Maryse Condé’s La Vie sans fards in detail. In these works, the writers revisit and revise the British tradition. Travel writing was a genre through which Caribbean writers thought through and articulated the position of the Caribbean within the new postcolonial world.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

Victorian Visions of Suburban Utopia: Abandoning Babylon offers a prehistory of the suburban dream—or, in other words, a history of the nineteenth-century desires that fueled the suburban revolution of the twentieth century. It also offers a history of Victorian criticisms of urban life and an account of nineteenth-century discourse on urban reform. Here in the introduction, the main argument of this “dream before the dream” is outlined, key terms such as “suburbia” and “utopia” are defined, and the relationships between this book and the existing body of scholarship are explained. The literary venues and socio-political nature of Victorian utopian dreaming are also briefly outlined, helping readers to appreciate the gravity of this realm of discourse, and prepare them to analyze how and why utopian science fiction of the nineteenth century achieved sufficient power to shape the world in which we live today.
“God Made the Country, Man Made the Town”
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

Victorian utopian visionaries were deeply indebted to biblical, classical, and Renaissance concepts of ideal life and prophecies for the future. This chapter analyzes the key ideas about urbanism imbedded within venerable and influential texts, such as those by Plato, Thomas More, and Francis Bacon, all while making regular references to Victorian understandings and representations of them. This chapter also accounts for the rise of several habits of mind that proved influential to Victorian utopian visionaries: the development of the theory of scientific and technological progress, and the belief that the rapidly growing city of London was a chaotic Babel and a foul Babylon worthy of scorn. These notions were brought together in the most influential utopian vision of the 1700s, Louis-Sébastien Mercier’s L’An 2440, which offered a prophecy of urban redemption while drawing a vociferous expression of contempt for cities from the mouth of a hypothetical progressive Englishman.