bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narragonia und Schlaraffia
Authors: Weidenfeld Christiane
Published: June 2014

The meaning of ›folly‹ in Sebastian Brant’s ›Ship of Fools‹ has been keenly and prominently debated by scholarship. Undoubtedly, Brant’s conception of folly integrates various semantic layers. Yet one, the Cockaigne layer, has been largely neglected. In his depiction of the fictional space of Narragonia, Brant draws on various Cockaigne motives, which emanate from a centuries-old, predominantly oral literary tradition. Developing these motives in his own poetic manner, Brant initiates the German Cockaigne literature of the 16th and 17th century. An analysis of the Cockaigne layer sheds new light on Brant’s conception of folly and reveals the partial synonymy of Narragonia and Cockaigne.
Effects of Bath Depth and Eccentricity on Mixing Phenomena in Shaking Ladle
Authors: Ni Shanqiang , Wang Haijuan , Zhang Jun , Chu Shaojun
Published: June 2014

Water modeling experiments were carried out to investigate the mixing time and fluid flow phenomena in a shaking ladle, which is widely used in production of low and medium carbon ferromanganese and ferrochrome and also other metallurgical processes. Mixing time was determined by electrical conductivity probe method. A new concept of CSS-MT (critical shaking speed based on mixing time) was defined, which was different from the previous CSS-WH (critical shaking speed based on wave height). And the influences of bath depth and eccentricity on the CSS-MT were studied. The results showed that the mixing behaviors in shaking ladle can be categorized into shallow water type and deep water type, and the mixing efficiency of the former is poor and should be avoided in the industry practice. For the deep water type, the CSS-MT increases with increasing of bath depth and is approximately 15 rpm greater than the CSS-WH obtained from Ishii’s empirical formula. A larger eccentricity is helpful to decrease the critical shaking speed within certain limitations which is 30 mm; however, it is useless for increasing the eccentricity when it is above the limitation.
Emergence of Organic Farming under Imperfect Competition: Economic Conditions and Policy Instruments
Authors: Jaeck Mélanie , Lifran Robert , Stahn Hubert
Published: June 2014

This paper explores the economic conditions for the viability of organic farming in a context of imperfect competition. While most research dealing with this issue has adopted an empirical approach, we propose a theoretical approach. Farmers have a choice between two technologies, the conventional one using two complementary inputs, chemicals and seeds, and the organic one only requiring organic seeds. The upstream markets are oligopolistic and the firms adopt Cournot behavior. The game is solved backward. The equilibrium distribution of the farmers between both sectors is obtained by a free-entry condition. Since multiple equilibria could exist, including the non-emergence of organic farming, we spell out viability conditions for organic farming. Then, using an “infant industry” argument, we propose several public policy instruments able to support the development of organic farming and assess their relative efficiency. Results could be useful to assess the conditions of emergence and viability of agricultural innovations in analogous contexts.
Zeithistoriker in den Archiven der Sozialwissenschaften
Authors: Pleinen Jenny , Raphael Lutz
Published: June 2014

Vorspann

Die Debatte, die Rüdiger Graf und Kim Christian Priemel 2011 in den Vierteljahrsheften eröffnet haben, geht in eine neue Runde: Wie soll die Zeitgeschichte mit den Daten und Deutungsangeboten der Sozialwissenschaften umgehen, so lautet die zentrale Frage. Jenny Pleinen und Lutz Raphael plädieren dafür, die Historisierung sozialwissenschaftlicher Analysen mit einer methodisch reflektierten Nutzung der ihnen zugrunde liegenden Daten zu kombinieren und zeigen in ihrer äußerst aspektreichen Studie an mehreren Beispielen, was sie genau damit meinen. Mit bloßer Rückbesinnung auf das historische Kerngeschäft ist es in ihren Augen nicht getan. An eigener Begriffs- und Theoriebildung führt kein Weg vorbei. Eine wichtige Herausforderung - keine Frage.
Ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique With Finite Source Element for Focused Transducers
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsiung , Chang Young-Fo , Shih Ruey-Chyuan , Shung K. Kirk
Published: June 2014

A spherically focused transducer (SFT) can concentrate the ultrasounds to a focal zone that yields a better lateral resolution at a certain axial range. Unfortunately, this result is always accompanied by a loss of resolution outside the focal zone. The synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is a type of digital signal processing technique that is commonly based on the point-source wavefront backpropagation (WFBP) theory to improve the axial resolution of the image. However, the ultrasound is refracted when it propagates through the couplant–specimen interface to detect the flaws in specimens; thus, the capability of a virtual point-source SAFT in refocusing ultrasonic energy is deteriorated caused by the phase aberration by an SFT. Therefore, in this study, the finite source element (FSE) refraction corrected WFBP SAFT imaging method will be introduced to reduce the phase aberration effect when refocusing a defocused ultrasonic image. Study results show that the axial resolution of the image is largely improved by this technique, but improvement is not yet attained in the lateral resolution. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is enhanced. Therefore, for cases with a strong phase aberration, the proposed method is recommended for obtaining better image resolution.
Enttäuschung als Politikressource
Authors: Gotto Bernhard
Published: June 2014

Deutsche Einleitung

Die westdeutsche Friedensbewegung erzielte anfangs beeindruckende Mobilisierungserfolge, musste dann aber zahlreiche Rückschläge einstecken. Enttäuschung machte sich breit, ihr Sturz in die Bedeutungslosigkeit ließ aber auf sich warten. Bernhard Gotto, Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte und Koordinator der Leibniz Graduate School „Enttäuschung im 20. Jahrhundert. Utopieverlust - Verweigerung - Neuverhandlung“, analysiert die Ursachen dieser erstaunlichen Selbstbehauptung und verweist dabei vor allem auf das raffinierte Gefühlsmanagement, das die Friedensbewegung im Umgang mit Rückschlägen und Misserfolgen entwickelt hatte. Es immunisierte gegen Frustration und Resignation, ihm war es sogar zu verdanken, dass aus Enttäuschungen Lerneffekte resultierten, die zur Vitalisierung der Demokratie als Lebensform führten.
Argument by Comparison
Authors: McCormick Samuel
Published: June 2014

Although much has been written about ancient rhetorical theories of example, few scholars have examined the subtypes of example contained in these ancient rhetorical theories. As a corrective to this scholarly blind spot, this article explores the lesser-known conceptual history of “comparison,” which Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian all theorize as a subtype of example. Taken together, their rhetorical theories suggest that arguments by comparison are hypothetical, contentious, indirect, interrogative, and frequently deceptive. Moreover, Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian all theorize comparison by calling attention to the persuasive artistry of Socrates, notably his use of arguments by comparison to provoke interlocutors without challenging them directly. Understanding and explaining these rhetorical theories of comparison is the primary task of this article.
Teaching Dance in the 21st Century: A Literature Review
Authors: Sööt Anu , Viskus Ele
Published: June 2014

This article reports findings from a literature review study that aimed to describe the general development trends and challenges of contemporary dance pedagogy and point out currently the essential aims and teaching methods in dance pedagogy. Based on the literature review, we identified seven main themes that are further discussed in this article: holistic dance teacher; self- regulation and reflection; the somatic in dance; the relation of dance pedagogy with dance as an art form; new media, technology and other art forms in dance education; multicultural in dance education; issues of gender and sexuality.
Improving Culture Of Testing Among Teachers
Authors: Freddano Michela , Siri Anna
Published: June 2014

The present article describes a teacher training course promoted by the University of Genova among teachers from primary and middle schools of Genova (Italy) to empower their skills of school self-evaluation. That course focused on empowering teachers’ skills and abilities to realize tests to measure student learning in a standardized way, with the aim to compare students’ performances by using objective criteria. An action-research was developed among 74 teachers from two local networks of schools. The experimental activities of testing involved 708 students at different grades of school system (kindergarten, primary and middle schools). The main results are the positive feedbacks from teachers in front of the usefulness of testing to evaluate student achievement, the increase of teachers’ sensitivity towards the culture of school self-evaluation and teachers’ awareness towards results from international and national surveys based on testing students’ performances.
What Do the Disabled Students Need? A Study on the Needs of the Special Educational Needs (SEN) Learners in Malaysian Public Universities
Authors: Alias Roslinda , Alias Nor Aziah , Ibrahim Abu Bakar , Attan Halimaton , Kadir Azman L.
Published: June 2014

Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 highlighted that SEN learners in Malaysia are given equal opportunity in access to education from pre-school to higher education. Nevertheless, when they enter the university, their welfare and needs are solely under the individual university. This study aims to explore and investigate the needs of the SEN learners in Malaysian public universities. Sixty-eight SEN learners who are currently pursuing their study at eight public universities in Malaysia made up the participants of this study. Three major themes emerged from the open-ended questionnaires responses namely; accessibility needs, psychosocial support needs and special facilities and services for SEN learners. Despite the small number of SEN learners as compared to mainstream learners, their inclusion into the learning environment particularly in higher education is critical. It is recommended that the administration of SEN learners in universities should be centralized under the Ministry of Higher Education so that their needs and welfare are preserved.
Forum Demokrasi (Democratic Forum): An Intellectuals’ Responses to the State and Political Islam
Authors: SRS. Herdi
Published: June 2014

Indonesian political life are colored appearance of intellectual religious organizations. Listed first is the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI), which was established in 1990. Following years formed the Indonesian Hindu Intellectuals Forum (FCHI) and the Indonesian Buddhist Scholars Family (KCBI). While the Association of Indonesian Christian Intelligentsia (PIKI) and the Indonesian Catholic Scholars Association (ISKA), each of which stands in 1963 and 1958, re-grown, along with the others.Among these organizations, ICMI is a religious organization-the most prominent scholars. Most of his followers and their role in political life is crucial. A large number of its members supported the fact that the majority of Indonesian Muslims. While the success of ICMI more possible role of elite countries that provide full support. The bureaucrats, ranging from ministerial level to local officials, many who take charge of ICMI. Even the chairman of ICMI itself is B.J. Habibie, who was then serving as Minister of Research and Technology.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i4.825
God and Spiritual Beings in the Cirebon- Javanese Belief System: A Reluctant Contribution against the Syncretic Argument
Authors: AG. Muhaimin
Published: June 2014

The study of Javanese Islam has given rise to a controversy between those who deny the strong influence of Islam on the local culture, and they are looking the other way. The first group of many arguments based on deterministic mindset historical-psychological situation of the engineering community as well as Java. This mindset has weakened in line with studies done on Javanese Islam more deeply and critically by both groups. The findings showed that both groups of Islamic turns out to have a strong influence in the cultural roots of the local community.System-Cirebon Javanese belief, for example, no indication of syncretism. They do not have a concept of God that is different from Islam. The terms are not derived from the traditions of Islam, such as prayer or prince, it can be found; but is not a key element in building their confidence. Instead, the entire contents of the trust and the local community has its roots in line with Islamic tradition orthopraxy. Almost everything has a grounding and validation that comes from the grip of Islam: the Qur'an, the Hadith and the interpretations of scholars.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v3i2.806
Шляхи вдосконалення окремих методик фізіотерапії, що використовуються під час медичної реабілітації
Authors: Alsibay E. V. , Polushkin P. M. , Bessonova I. E. , Shevchenko I. I.
Published: June 2014

General issues arised up in physiotherapy application for medical rehabilitation and prevention is under consideration. The efficiency of traditional and innovative physiotherapy methods used for health improvement in patients with neurological, osteoarticular, bronchopulmonary, cardiovascular, gastroenteric, ENT or nephrological pathology was analysed. It is ascertained the general effectiveness of separate physiotherapy methods. Clinical positiveness of the medical rehabilitation is estimated. The rank places of the use of different physiotherapy methods for medical rehabilitation are determined.
Radiation sterilization of new drug delivery systems
Authors: Abuhanoğlu Gürhan , Özer A. Yekta
Published: June 2014

Radiation sterilization has now become a commonly used method for sterilization of several active ingredients in drugs or drug delivery systems containing these substances. In this context, many applications have been performed on the human products that are required to be sterile, as well as on pharmaceutical products prepared to be developed. The new drug delivery systems designed to deliver the medication to the target tissue or organ, such as microspheres, nanospheres, microemulsion, and liposomal systems, have been sterilized by gamma (γ) and beta (β) rays, and more recently, by e-beam sterilization. In this review, the sterilization of new drug delivery systems was discussed other than conventional drug delivery systems by γ irradiation.
Current practice and perspective of hands-free defibrillation in Hungary — Investigating the obstacles of implementation
Authors: Diószeghy Csaba , Molnár Noémi
Published: June 2014

Defibrillation with self-adhesive pads is the gold standard method during resuscitation as it allows minimal interruptions of chest compressions. Unfortunately, the implementation of the new recommendations often requires the purchase of new equipment. We have conducted a nationwide survey by telephone interviews with senior clinicians in order to investigate the current position of the implementation and to identify possible obstacles. We have audited 56 hospitals and 92 departments across the country and interviewed the senior consultants of the intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency departments (EDs). Only 6.5% of all responders were using hands-free defibrillation routinely at the time of the survey. According to 67.4% of respondents, purchasing of new equipment was not likely within 2 years. The major obstacle was the perceived higher costs (59.8%); however, the majority of clinicians (92.4%) were aware of the potential benefits of hands-free defibrillation. Our results suggest that the implementation of the new guidelines is slower than expected due to the unavailability of hands-free defibrillators. The major obstacle is the perceived cost-efficiency concerns. The need for an interim recommendation for safe delivery of defibrillation using hard paddles might be considered to enhance the chance of survival for a large number of patients.
Enhanced response in InAs quantum dots in an InGaAs quantum well solar cells by anti-reflection coatings
Authors: Makableh Y. F. , Vasan R. , Sarker J. C. , Lee S. , Khan M. A. , Manasreh M. O.
Published: June 2014

A study on light absorption enhancement of an InAs quantum dots embedded into InxGa1-xAs quantum well with GaAs as a barrier solar cells was carried out. Solar cell devices were fabricated from different structures, which were grown by using molecular beam epitaxy, with the In mole fraction (x) varied between 0 – 25 %. Poly-L-Lysine ligands and ZnO sol-gel was used to modify the surface of the solar cells and act as anti-reflection coatings. The anti-reflection characteristic of the ligands and the sol-gel were investigated by measuring the solar cell characteristics before and after the solar cells surface modifications. The current-voltage characteristics were measured of the fabricated solar cells before and after Poly-L-Lysine and ZnO coatings. A significant enhancement on the order of 40 % of the solar cells performance was observed. This type of enhancement was observed in the power conversion efficiency, spectral response measurements, and external quantum efficiency.
Nano Carbon 1D and 2D Nanomechanical Resonators
Authors: Lee Jaesung , Feng Philip X.-L. , Kaul Anupama B.
Published: June 2014

We demonstrate one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) derived from nano carbon materials, where the resonance frequency and the quality (Q) factor of the devices are measured experimentally using ultrasensitive optical interferometry. The 1D nano carbon resonators are formed using carbon nanofibers (CNFs) which are synthesized using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, while the 2D nanocarbon resonators are based on CVD grown graphene. The CNFs are prototyped into few-μm-long cantilever-shaped 1D resonators, where the resonance frequency and Qs are extracted from measurements of the undriven thermomechanical noise spectrum. The thermomechanical noise measurements yield resonances in the ∼3–15 MHz range, with Q of ∼200–800. Significant changes in resonance characteristics are observed due to electron beam induced amorphous carbon deposition on the CNFs, which suggests that 1D CNF resonators have strong prospects for ultrasensitive mass detection. We also present NEMS resonators based on 2D graphene nanomembranes, which exhibit robust undriven thermomechanical resonances for the extraction of ultrasmall strain levels.
Investigation of Band Tailing in Sputtered ZnO:Al Thin Films Regarding Structural Properties and Impurities
Authors: Schönau Steffi , Ruske Florian , Neubert Sebastian , Rech Bernd
Published: June 2014

Thin films of pure aluminum doped ZnO and with addition of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen have been prepared by magnetron sputtering. The spectral absorption coefficient close to the band gap energy has been determined by spectrophotometry and analyzed regarding band tailing and creation of defect bands. We found, that an improvement of Raman crystallinity under O2- rich growth conditions is not accompanied by a suppression of band tailing as expected. An additional absorption feature evolves for layers grown in N2 containing atmosphere. Doping with hydrogen attenuates sub-band gap absorption.
Silicon-on-lnsulator Technology
Authors: Colinge Jean-Pierre , Bower Robert W.
Published: June 2014

Silicon-on-lnsulator (SOI) technology has been around since the 1960s when so-called silicon on sapphire (SOS) was first introduced. Silicon on sapphire has been used for many years for the fabrication of spaceborne and high-speed integrated circuits. It is still used in the fabrication of radio-frequency circuits.

More recent SOI materials involve only silicon and silicon dioxide—the two most common materials used in the fabrication of integrated circuits—as opposed to SOS, which requires the use of an alumina substrate.

Silicon-on-insulator technology has been used for a long time in niche applications such as spacecraft electronics and devices operating in a hightemperature or radiative environment. Recently however much attention has been paid to SOI technology because it is extremely suitable for the fabrication of low-voltage integrated circuits. Such circuits are in high demand for all kinds of portable systems, ranging from cellular phones to laptop computers. In August of 1998, IBM, Sharp, and other semiconductor manufacturers announced the development of SOI chips for high-speed computing and telecommunication con-sumer electronics. Most major semiconductor companies are putting considerable effort into SOI-circuit development for mainstream low-power applications.
Silicon-on-lnsulator Technology: Past Achievements and Future Prospects
Authors: Colinge Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2014

In silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, devices are dielectrically insulated from one another—usually by silicon dioxide. Unlike in conventional silicon devices, there is no direct contact between a transistor and the silicon substrate. The advantages of this type of isolation are many: reduced parasitic capacitances and reduced crosstalk between devices, improved current drive, subthreshold characteristics, and current gain. Silicon-on-insulator devices have been and are being used in several niche-market applications such as hightemperature and radiation-hard integrated circuits. However most importantly, SOI technology seems perfectly adapted to the needs of low-voltage, low-power (LVLP) electronic circuits. Because of the growing market for portable systems, LVLP technology is bound to soon become one of the drivers of the microelectronics industry, and SOI is likely to be part of it. Moreover major companies such as IBM, Sharp, Motorola, and Peregrine have announced upcoming lowpower and high-frequency lines of SOI products. The goal of this article is to introduce the reader to the basics of SOI device physics and the integrated-circuit applications of SOI.
Compaction Science and Technology
Authors: Ewsuk Kevin G.
Published: June 2014

Particle packing and compaction are important in many aspects of materials science and technology, including the flow and storage of slurries and of granular agricultural and fertilizer products; the forming of ceramic components, powder metallurgy (P/M) parts, and pharmaceutical tablets; road and dam construction; landfill and waste-remediation-site design and development; shoreline and earthquake stabilization; predicting and controlling mud slides, rock slides, and avalanches; and mine and oil-well positioning and stability. On the less technical side but perhaps of more practical interest are how packing and compaction produce the “apparently” half-empty packages of cereal and potato chips, and how to make better sand and snow castles. There is a great need for engineers and scientists to understand and control particle packing and powder compaction.
Ceramic Powder Compaction
Authors: Glass S. Jill , Ewsuk Kevin G.
Published: June 2014

Powder pressing, either uniaxially or isostatically, is the most common method used for high-volume production of ceramic components. The object of a pressing process is to form a net-shaped, homogeneously dense powder compact that is nominally free of defects. A typical pressing operation has three basic steps: (1) filling the mold or die with powder, (2) compacting the powder to a specific size and shape, and (3) ejecting the compact from the die. To optimize a pressing operation, experienced press operators generally understand and control parameters such as die-fill density, die-wall friction, packing density, and expansion on ejection.

Die filling/uniformity influences compaction density, which ultimately determines the size, shape, microstructure, and properties of the final sintered product. To optimize die filling and packing uniformity, free-flowing granulated powders are generally used. Spherical granules (i.e., agglomerates or clusters of finer particles) range in size from ~44 to 400 μm with the average size being ~100–200 μm. They are typically produced from 0.5 to 10-μm median particle-size powders by spray drying a ceramic powder slurry. To produce processable powders, various organic additives are typically added to the slurry prior to spray drying. These include binder(s) for strength, plasticizers that produce deformable granules, and lubricants that mitigate frictional effects. Consistent batching and dispersion of the granulated feed are critical for reproducible and uniform die filling. Granule densities that are 45–55% of the theoretical density (TD), and bulk-powder and die-fill densities of 25–35% TD are typical for ceramic powders.
Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Wayman C.M.
Published: June 2014

Numerous metallic alloys are now known to exhibit a shape memory effect through which an article deformed at a lower temperature will regain its original undeformed shape when heated to a higher temperature. This behavior is basically a consequence of a martensitic phase transformation. When compared, the various shape memory materials are found to have common characteristics such as atomic ordering, a thermoelastic martensitic transformation that is crystallographically reversible, and a martensite phase that forms in a self-accommodating manner. The explanation of the shape memory phenomenon is now universal and well in hand. In addition to the familiar “one-way” memory, shape memory alloys also exhibit a “two-way” memory as well and a “mechanical” shape memory resulting from the formation and reversal of stressinduced martensite.

Fundamental to the shape memory effect (SME) is the occurrence of a martensitic phase transformation and its subsequent reversal Basically, a shape memory alloy (SMA) is deformed in the martensitic condition (martensite), and the shape recovery occurs during heating when the specimen undergoes a reverse transformation of the martensite to its parent phase. This is the essence of the shape memory effect. Materials that exhibit shape memory behavior also show a two-way shape memory, as well as a phenomenon called superelasticity. These are also discussed.

The shape memory response after deformation and thermal stimulation constitutes “smart” behavior, i.e., Stimulated Martensite-Austenite Reverse Transformation.
Agronomic performance and stability of andean common bean lines with white grains in Brazil
Authors: Pereira Helton Santos , Bueno Luíce Gomes , Del Peloso Maria José , Abreu Angela de Fatima Barbosa , Moreira José Aloísio Alves , Martins Maurício , Wendland Adriane , Faria Luís Cláudio de , Souza Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de , Melo Leonardo Cunha
Published: June 2014

This work evaluated the effect of genotype by environment interaction in Andean common bean lines with white grains, in Central Southern Brazil, to identify lines with high agronomic performance, stability and adaptability, aiming to meet domestic demand and to increase the Brazilian participation in the foreign market of common bean. Nineteen trials with twelve Andean lines were conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2009, in Central Southern Brazil. Grain yield and other agronomic traits were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and of adaptability/stability using Annicchiarico and modified AMMI methods. Significant differences were found between lines for all traits evaluated. Genotype by environment interaction was important for lines with Andean origin and white seed. The utilization of weighted mean of absolute scores and yield with the AMMI results enabled the identification of the most stable and adapted lines. Lines Poroto Alubia, CNFB 16211, Ouro Branco and WAF 160 were stable and adapted, using both methods. CNFB 16211 line presented high agronomic performance, stability and adaptability and therefore this line may be a new cultivar. USWA 70 and WAF 75 lines presented grain size similar to that required by the foreign market and superior to the Brazilian cultivars, besides favorable agronomic traits, and thus these lines may be indicated as new cultivars.
Aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em adolescentes
Authors: Peres Karen Glazer , Cascaes Andreia Morales , Leão Anna Thereza Thomé , Côrtes Maria Ilma de Souza , Vettore Mario Vianna
Published: June 2014

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores sociodemográficos e parâmetros bucais associados ao impacto negativo da condição bucal na qualidade de vida de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de 5.445 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos que participaram do inquérito nacional de saúde bucal (SBBrasil 2010), considerando a complexidade do desenho amostral. O desfecho foi a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal, avaliada por meio do questionário Oral Impacts on Daily Performance e analisada de forma discreta. As variáveis de exposição foram sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, renda familiar, idade, cárie não tratada, perda dentária, dor de dente, oclusopatias, sangramento gengival, cálculo dentário e bolsa periodontal. Foram conduzidas análises de regressão de Poisson e apresentadas as razões de médias (RM), com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Dos pesquisados, 39,4% relataram pelo menos um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. Após o ajuste, a média do impacto negativo foi de 1,52 (IC95%1,16;2,00) vez maior no sexo feminino e 1,42 (IC95% 1,01;1,99), 2,66 (IC95% 1,40;5,07) e 3,32 (IC95% 1,68;6,56) vezes maior nos pardos, amarelos e indígenas, respectivamente, em relação aos brancos. Quanto menor a escolaridade, maior a média de impacto negativo (RM 2,11, IC95% 1,30;3,41), assim como em indivíduos com renda familiar até R$ 500,00 (RM 1,84, IC95% 1,06;3,17) comparados aos de maior renda. Encontrou-se maior impacto na qualidade de vida entre adolescentes com quatro ou mais lesões de cáries não tratadas (RM 1,53, IC95% 1,12;2,10), uma ou mais perdas dentárias (RM 1,44, IC95%1,16;1,80), com dor de dente (RM 3,62, IC95% 2,93;4,46) e com oclusopatia grave (RM 1,52, IC95% 1,04;2,23) e muito grave (RM 1,32, IC95% 1,01;1,72). CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes brasileiros relataram alto impacto negativo da saúde bucal na sua qualidade de vida. A iniquidade em sua distribuição deve ser considerada ao planejar medidas de prevenção, monitoramento e tratamento dos agravos bucais nos grupos com maior impacto na qualidade de vida.
Pier collision protection at Tay Road Bridge, Scotland
Authors: Redpath John , MacKay David , Angus Bill , Scanlan Emmet
Published: June 2014

Tay Road Bridge is a 42-span, 2ṡ25 km-long twin box viaduct carrying the A92 over the Tay Estuary between Dundee and Fife. Two navigation spans are located on either side of pier 32. Cargo vessels of up to 3500 DWT regularly transit the bridge inbound or outbound from Perth 33 km to the west passing under the bridge 2 h before or after high tide to complete the trips in one uninterrupted movement. The 4 kn tidal flow and the vessels' need to maintain a ‘through the water’ speed of 8 kn for steering combine to necessitate an unusually high ‘over ground’ speed of over 12 kn. Consequently, while relatively small, transitting vessels possess high kinetic energy, and in the event of collision it is this energy that has to be absorbed by the pier protection system. Assessment revealed that the consequence of ship collision would be severe, affecting structural equilibrium. The structures provided are reinforced concrete fender beams. For the most severe collision events, the tubular steel supporting piles are designed to deflect beyond the point at which the end moments cause section yielding, and it is the work done in the rotation of these plastic hinges that absorbs the majority of the collision energy. This paper describes the development and design of the protection structures, early contractor involvement, contract form and construction.
Climate impacts on landlocked sea lamprey: Implications for host‐parasite interactions and invasive species management
Authors: Cline Timothy J. , Kitchell James F. , Bennington Val , McKinley Galen A. , Moody Eric K. , Weidel Brian C.
Published: June 2014

Altered thermal regimes under climate change may influence host‐parasite interactions and invasive species, both potentially impacting valuable ecosystem services. There is considerable interest in how parasite life cycle rates, growth, and impacts on hosts will change under altered environmental temperatures. Likewise, transformed thermal regimes may reduce natural resistance and barriers preventing establishment of invasive species or alter the range and impacts of established exotic species. The Laurentian Great Lakes are some of the most invaded ecosystems and have been profoundly shaped by exotic species. Invasion by the parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) contributed to major declines in many Great Lakes fish populations. In Lake Superior, substantial progress has been made towards controlling invasive sea lamprey and rehabilitating native fish populations. Surface water temperatures in Lake Superior have been increasing rapidly since 1980 presenting a new challenge for management. Here we test how thermal changes in Lake Superior have impacted the feeding and growth of the parasitic sea lamprey. Sea lamprey have increased in size corresponding with longer durations of thermal habitat (i.e., longer growing seasons) for their preferred hosts. To compare regional differences in sea lamprey feeding and growth rates, we used a bioenergetics model with temperature estimates from a lake‐wide hydrodynamic model hindcast from 1979–2006. Spatial differences in patterns of warming across the lake result in regionally different predictions for increases in sea lamprey feeding rates and size. These predictions were matched by data from adult sea lamprey spawning in streams draining into these different thermal regions. Larger sea lampreys will be more fecund and have increased feeding rates, thus increasing mortality among host fishes. Resource management should consider these climate driven regional impacts when allocating resources to sea lamprey control efforts. Under new and evolving thermal regimes, successful management systems may need to be restructured for changing phenology, growth, and shifts in host‐parasite systems towards greater impacts on host populations.
An assessment of reservoir filling policies for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
Authors: King Andrew , Block Paul
Published: June 2014

Africa's largest hydropower facility is currently under construction on the main stem of the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is poised to facilitate regional development with a 63 billion cubic meter reservoir and 6,000 MW of power generating capacity. To date, however, no reservoir filling rate policy has been established. This policy will have clear implications on the GERD's ability to generate hydropower in the near-term and coincidentally impact people and livelihoods in Sudan and Egypt through reduced streamflow availability. Implications of climate variability and emerging climate change within Ethiopia cast further uncertainty on potential filling policies and system operations. To address this challenge, numerous filling policies are evaluated through a climate-sensitivity approach to estimate impacts on reservoir filling time, hydropower production, and downstream flows. This provides viable and timely points of comparison for regional water managers and politicians negotiating system operations in the midst of ongoing project construction.
Optimal sampling network for monitoring the representative water quality of an entire reservoir on the basis of information theory
Authors: Lee Changhyoun , Paik Kyungrock , Lee Yosang
Published: June 2014

This study presents a method for optimal selection of sampling stations for representative and effective water quality monitoring of a reservoir on the basis of information theory. We adopt an objective function used for the design of other hydrological monitoring networks such as rain gauge networks. Unlike rain gauges, in which only a single variable of rainfall is of interest, water quality monitoring stations measure multiple water quality variables. To consider this nature, a new concept of multi-variate weighted total information is proposed. This allows us to consider the relative importance between multiple water quality variables in the design of water quality monitoring networks. The proposed methodology is applied to Lake Yongdam, South Korea, where water quality has been extensively observed at several points. The optimal combination of sampling sites selected with the proposed method is found to show little redundancy in comparison with a previous independent study that presents statistical analysis of the same dataset. Further, the water quality data averaged over all stations are very close to those averaged over the selected sites only, implying that the optimal combination of sampling sites is representative of all sites.
Evaluation of the causes of inundation in a repeatedly flooded zone in the city of Cheongju, Korea, using a 1D/2D model
Authors: Park In-Hyeok , Lee Jeong-Yong , Lee Ji-Heon , Ha Sung-Ryong
Published: June 2014

Currently, unprecedented levels of damage arising from major weather events have been experienced in a number of major cities worldwide. Furthermore, the frequency and the scale of these disasters appear to be increasing and this is viewed by some as tangible proof of climate change. In the urbanized areas sewer overflows and resulting inundation are attributed to the conversion of previous surfaces into impervious surfaces, resulting in increased volumes of runoff which exceed the capacity of sewer systems and in particular combined sewer systems. In this study, the characteristics of sewer overflows and inundation have been analyzed in a repeatedly flooded zone in the city of Cheongju in Korea. This included an assessment of inundation in a 50-year storm event with total rainfall of 165 mm. A detailed XP-SWMM 2D model was assembled and run to simulate the interaction of the sewerage system overflows and surface inundation to determine if inundation is due to hydraulic capacity limitations in the sewers or limitations in surface inlet capacities or a combination of both. Calibration was undertaken using observation at three locations (PT #1, PT #2, PT #3) within the study area. In the case of the subsurface flow calibration, R2 value of 0.91 and 0.78 respectively were achieved at PT #1 and PT #2. Extremely good agreement between observed and predicted surface flow depths was achieved also at PT #1 and PT #2. However, at PT #3 the predicted flow depth was 4 cm lower than the observed depth, which was attributed to the impact of buildings on the local flow distribution. Areas subject to flooding were classified as either Type A (due to insufficient hydraulic capacity of a sewer), Type B (which is an area without flooding notwithstanding insufficient hydraulic capacity of a sewer) or Type C (due to inlet limitations, i.e. there is hydraulic capacity in a sewer which is not utilized). In the total flooded zone, 24% was classified as Type A (10.2 ha) and 25% was classified as Type C (2.61 ha). It was concluded that greater attention should be paid to the area classified as Type B, which covers 50.5% (5.15 ha) of the total flooded zone.
Biomass properties and permeability in an immersed hollow fibre membrane bioreactor at high sludge concentrations
Authors: Wang Z. Z. , Zsirai T. , Connery K. , Fabiyi M. , Larrea A. , Li J. , Judd S. J.
Published: June 2014

This study aimed to investigate the influence of biomass properties and high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations on membrane permeability in a pilot-scale hollow fibre membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater. Auxiliary molasses solution was added to maintain system operation at constant food-to-microorganisms ratio (F/M = 0.13). Various physicochemical and biological biomass parameters were measured throughout the trial, comprising pre-thickening, thickening and post-thickening periods with reference to the sludge concentration and with aerobic biotreatment continuing throughout. Correlations between dynamic changes in biomass characteristics and membrane permeability decline as well as permeability recovery were further assessed by statistical analyses. Results showed the MLSS concentration to exert the greatest influence on sustainable membrane permeability, with a weaker correlation with particle size distribution. The strong dependence of absolute recovered permeability on wet accumulated solids (WACS) concentration, or clogging propensity, revealed clogging to deleteriously affect membrane permeability decline and recovery (from mechanical declogging and chemical cleaning), with WACS levels increasing with increasing MLSS. Evidence from the study indicated clogging may permanently reduce membrane permeability post declogging and chemical cleaning, corroborating previously reported findings.
Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Kim M. , Guerra P. , Shah A. , Parsa M. , Alaee M. , Smyth S. A.
Published: June 2014

Ninety-nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in influent, final effluent, and biosolids samples from a wastewater treatment plant employing a membrane bioreactor (MBR). High concentrations in influent were found for acetaminophen, caffeine, metformin, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, paraxanthine, ibuprofen, and naproxen (104–105 ng/L). Final effluents contained clarithromycin, metformin, atenolol, carbamazepine, and trimethoprim (>500 ng/L) at the highest concentrations, while triclosan, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, triclocarban, metformin, caffeine, ofloxacin, and paraxanthine were found at high concentrations in biosolids (>103 ng/g dry weight). PPCP removals varied from −34% to >99% and 23 PPCPs had ≥90% removal. Of the studied PPCPs, 26 compounds have been rarely or never studied in previous membrane bioreactor (MBR) investigations. The removal pathway showed that acetaminophen, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, codeine, metformin, enalapril, atorvastatin, caffeine, paraxanthine, and cotinine exhibited high degradation/transformation. PPCPs showing strong sorption to solids included triclocarban, triclosan, miconazole, tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, paroxetine, and ofloxacin. Trimethoprim, oxycodone, clarithromycin, thiabendazole, hydrochlorothiazide, erythromycin-H2O, carbamazepine, meprobamate, and propranolol were not removed during treatment, and clarithromycin was even formed during treatment. This investigation extended our understanding of the occurrence and fate of PPCPs in an MBR process through the analysis of the largest number of compounds in an MBR study to date.
Performance of a half-saturated vertical flow wetland packed with volcanic gravel in stormwater treatment
Authors: Chen Yaoping , Park Kisoo , Niu Siping , Kim Youngchul
Published: June 2014

A half-saturated pilot-scale wetland planted with Acorus calamus was built to treat urban stormwater. The design comprises a sedimentation tank for pretreatment, and a vertical flow volcanic gravel wetland bed equipped with a recirculation device. Eighteen rainfall events were monitored in 2012. The treatment system achieved total removal efficiencies of 99.4, 81, 50, and 86% for suspended solids, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, and 29, 68, and 25% for copper, zinc, and lead, respectively, at a 3-day hydraulic residence time. In the wetland bed, the removal of ammonia, total nitrogen, and zinc were improved by recirculation. Plant uptake provided 18% of nitrogen removal and 39% of phosphorus removal. During the experimental stage, only 1.4% of the pore volume in substrate was reduced due to clogging, implying that the wetland can operate without clogging for a relatively long period.
Public reason and perfectionism: Comments on Quong’s liberalism without perfection
Authors: Lister Andrew
Published: June 2014

Liberalism Without Perfection elaborates a generally Rawlsian conception of
public justification in order to defend antiperfectionist liberalism. This
critical response raises questions about the link between the two parts of
the project. On the hand, it is possible to reject that demand that reasons
for political decisions pass a qualified acceptability requirement even if
one is strictly opposed to paternalism. On the other hand, the commitment to
public justifiability does not rule out all perfectionism, if there are some
claims about the good that are not reasonably rejectable.
Defending perfectionism: Some comments on Quong’s liberalism without perfection
Authors: Kulenovic Enes
Published: June 2014

The article offers a defense of liberal perfectionism in the light of
criticism of perfectionist politics stated in Jonathan Quong?s book
Liberalism without Perfection. It argues against Quong?s claims that
perfectionism is incompatible with demands of individual autonomy and
non-paternalism as requirements of liberal commitment of treating all persons
as free and equal.
Public reason. The consensus and the convergence view
Authors: Baccarini Elvio
Published: June 2014

Jonathan Quong proposes and defends the consensus, shared reasons, view of
public reason. The proposal is opposed to the convergence view, defended,
among others, by Gerald Gaus. The strong argument that Quong puts forward in
opposition to the convergence view is represented by the sincerity argument.
The present paper offers an argument that embraces a form of convergence and,
at the same time, is engaged in respecting the requirement of sincerity.
Exposition of two forms of semantic skepticism: Wittgenstein’s paradox of rule following and Kripke’s semantic paradox
Authors: Shigeta Ken
Published: June 2014

Despite persistent attempts to defend Kripke?s argument (Kripke 1982),
analyses of this argument seem to be reaching a consensus that it is
characterized by fatal flaws in both its interpretation of Wittgenstein and
its argument of meaning independent of interpretation. Most scholars who do
not agree with Kripke?s view have directly contrasted his understanding of
Wittgenstein (KW) with Wittgenstein?s own perspective (LW) in or after
Philosophical Investigations (PI). However, I believe that those who have
closely read both PI and Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language without
any preconceptions have a different impression from the one that is generally
accepted: that KW does not directly oppose LW. Indeed, KW seems to present
one aspect of LW with precision, although the impression that KW deviates
from LW in some respects remains unavoidable. In this paper, I will attempt
to elucidate the underpinnings of this impression by formulating the
paradoxes presented by Wittgenstein and Kripke and revealing the complicated
relation between the two forms of semantic paradoxes. I will then not only
propose a new interpretation of the argument about meaning contained in PI
but also suggest a schema or condition for semantics that I think holds by
itself, independent from exegetical matters.
The autonomy of grammar and semantic internalism
Authors: Dobler Tamara
Published: June 2014

In his post-Tractatus work on natural language use, Wittgenstein defended the
notion of what he dubbed the autonomy of grammar. According to this thought,
grammar - or semantics, in a more recent idiom - is essentially autonomous
from metaphysical considerations, and is not answerable to the nature of
things. The argument has several related incarnations in Wittgenstein?s
post-Tractatus writings, and has given rise to a number of important
insights, both critical and constructive. In this paper I will argue for a
potential connection between Wittgenstein?s autonomy argument and some more
recent internalist arguments for the autonomy of semantics. My main
motivation for establishing this connection comes from the fact that the
later Wittgenstein?s comments on grammar and meaning stand in opposition to
some of the core assumptions of semantic externalism.