bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Problems beyond Heritage, Patrimony, and Representation: Reflections on Twenty Years of Community Archaeology in the Southwestern Maya Lowlands
Authors: Woodfill Brent K.S. , Rivas Alexander E.
Published: June 2020

Collaborative or community archaeology as a methodological approach has a long history and is becoming increasingly common in the Maya world. This article draws from the authors’ experiences on three distinct archaeological projects to discuss the benefits and obstacles we confronted while conducting collaborative research with contemporary Maya communities as well as lessons we learned that can increase the odds of a mutually beneficial partnership. After summarizing the history of the research projects and the expectations for and contributions of the scientific and community stakeholders, we propose several characteristics that were particularly helpful. These include the need for all parties to engage in sincere and sustained dialogue, to be flexible, and to take others in account when making any plans that affect them. Most importantly, we urge archaeologists to collaborate with community endeavors beyond those that are directly related to their research, offering a few examples of how archaeological skills, equipment, and social capital can be used to address a wide range of local concerns beyond patrimony and heritage.
Impact of Psychotherapy on Psychosocial Functioning in Borderline Personality Disorder Patients
Authors: Zahediabghari Soheil , Boursiquot Philippe , Links Paul
Published: June 2020

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) significantly impairs functioning. Fortunately, effective treatments are available for borderline symptoms but their effect on functioning should be assessed. The objective of this meta-analysis is to assess the effect of specifically-designed versus non-specifically designed psychotherapies on function in adult patients with BPD. The reference list of Cristea et al. 2017 was used to identify the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the BPD-specifically-designed psychotherapy versus non-specific psychotherapies in adult BPD patients. Among those, RCTs assessing post-treatment functioning using the Global Assessment of Functioning, Social Adjustment Scale–Self-Report and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems were included. Ten trials (880 participants) were included. Summary effect size was calculated using the measured Hedge’s g. The results indicate the BPD patients in the intervention group had a significantly higher (g = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.09–0.73) level of psychosocial functioning after receiving the specifically-designed psychotherapies in comparison with BPD patients in control groups after receiving non-specific psychotherapies. Specifically-designed psychotherapies can improve psychosocial functioning although improvement in measurement of function (i.e., more objective and universal tools) and improvement in psychotherapies (i.e., more focused on general functioning) will be helpful.
An Evaluation Model of Level of Detail Consistency of Geographical Features on Digital Maps
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Xiao Jia
Published: June 2020

This paper proposes a method to evaluate the level of detail (LoD) of geographic features on digital maps and assess their LoD consistency. First, the contour of the geometry of the geographic feature is sketched and the hierarchy of its graphical units is constructed. Using the quartile measurement method of statistical analysis, outliers of graphical units are eliminated and the average value of the graphical units below the bottom quartile is used as the statistical LoD parameter for a given data sample. By comparing the LoDs of homogeneous and heterogeneous features, we analyze the differences between the nominal scale and actual scale to evaluate the LoD consistency of features on a digital map. The validation of this method is demonstrated by experiments conducted on contour lines at a 1:5K scale and artificial building polygon data at scales of 1:2K and 1:5K. The results show that our proposed method can extract the scale of features on maps and evaluate their LoD consistency.
User Experience in Using Graphical User Interfaces of Web Maps
Authors: Cybulski Paweł , Horbiński Tymoteusz
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to show the differences in users’ experience when performing an interactive task with GUI buttons arrangement based on Google Maps and OpenStreetMap in a simulation environment. The graphical user interface is part of an interactive multimedia map, and the interaction experience depends mainly on it. For this reason, we performed an eye-tracking experiment with users to examine how people experience interaction through the GUI. Based on the results related to eye movement, we presented several valuable recommendations for the design of interactive multimedia maps. For better GUI efficiency, it is suitable to group buttons with similar functions in screen corners. Users first analyze corners and only then search for the desired button. The frequency of using a given web map does not translate into generally better performance while using any GUI. Users perform more efficiently if they work with the preferred GUI.
Applications of GIScience for Land Administration
Authors: Navratil Gerhard
Published: June 2020

Land administration is an essential part of public administration. Geographic Information Science (GIScience) deals with the concepts, principles, and models of geographic information. Land administration has always adopted new technological and scientific developments and thus it is reasonable to check, which results from GIScience can be used to improve land administration systems. This editorial paper introduces the key research areas for land administration. After that, 12 original papers are presented, which provide a general picture of recent trends in land administration research. This Special Issue shows that land administration as a scientific field is still evolving and adopting to the changing societal needs.
A Review on the Environmental Fate Models for Predicting the Distribution of Engineered Nanomaterials in Surface Waters
Authors: Suhendra Edward , Chang Chih-Hua , Hou Wen-Che , Hsieh Yi-Chin
Published: June 2020

Exposure assessment is a key component in the risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). While direct and quantitative measurements of ENMs in complex environmental matrices remain challenging, environmental fate models (EFMs) can be used alternatively for estimating ENMs’ distributions in the environment. This review describes and assesses the development and capability of EFMs, focusing on surface waters. Our review finds that current engineered nanomaterial (ENM) exposure models can be largely classified into three types: material flow analysis models (MFAMs), multimedia compartmental models (MCMs), and spatial river/watershed models (SRWMs). MFAMs, which is already used to derive predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), can be used to estimate the releases of ENMs as inputs to EFMs. Both MCMs and SRWMs belong to EFMs. MCMs are spatially and/or temporally averaged models, which describe ENM fate processes as intermedia transfer of well-mixed environmental compartments. SRWMs are spatiotemporally resolved models, which consider the variability in watershed and/or stream hydrology, morphology, and sediment transport of river networks. As the foundation of EFMs, we also review the existing and emerging ENM fate processes and their inclusion in recent EFMs. We find that while ENM fate processes, such as heteroaggregation and dissolution, are commonly included in current EFMs, few models consider photoreaction and sulfidation, evaluation of the relative importance of fate processes, and the fate of weathered/transformed ENMs. We conclude the review by identifying the opportunities and challenges in using EFMs for ENMs.
Chitosan-Based Coacervate Polymers for Propolis Encapsulation: Release and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Sato Tabata , Mello Daphne , Vasconcellos Luana , Valente Artur , Borges Alexandre
Published: June 2020

Chitosan-DNA (CS-DNA) and Chitosan-Pectin (CS-P) hydrogels were formulated as a sustained drug delivery carrier for drug delivery. For this, hydrogels were prepared by emulsion technique: mixing aqueous phase of the CS and DNA or P solution with benzyl alcohol using a high-performance dispersing instrument. Green Propolis (GP) was incorporated by imbibition: hydrogels were placed in GP aqueous solution (70 µg/mL) for 2 h. The specimens were freeze-dried and then characterized using different techniques. In vitro cell viability and morphology were also performed using the MG63 cell line. The presence of P was evidenced by the occurrence of a strong band at 1745 cm−1, also occurring in the blend. DNA and CS-DNA showed a strong band at 1650 cm−1, slightly shifted from the chitosan band. The sorption of GP induced a significant modification of the gel surface morphology and some phase separation occurs between chitosan and DNA. Drug release kinetics in water and in saliva follow a two-step mechanism. Significant biocompatibility revealed that these hydrogels were non-toxic and provided acceptable support for cell survival. Thus, the hydrogel complexation of chitosan with DNA and with Pectin provides favorable micro-environment for cell growth and is a viable alternative drug delivery system for Green Propolis.
RIP1 Is a Novel Component of γ-ionizing Radiation-Induced Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Kang A-Ram , Cho Jeong Hyun , Lee Na-Gyeong , Song Jie-Young , Hwang Sang-Gu , Lee Dae-Hee , Um Hong-Duck , Park Jong Kuk
Published: June 2020

Previously, we demonstrated that γ-ionizing radiation (IR) triggers the invasion/migration of A549 cells via activation of an EGFR–p38/ERK–STAT3/CREB-1–EMT pathway. Here, we have demonstrated the involvement of a novel intracellular signaling mechanism in γ-ionizing radiation (IR)-induced migration/invasion. Expression of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 was initially increased upon exposure of A549, a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, to IR. IR-induced RIP1 is located downstream of EGFR and involved in the expression/activity of matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and vimentin, suggesting a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our experiments showed that IR-induced RIP1 sequentially induces Src-STAT3-EMT to promote invasion/migration. Inhibition of RIP1 kinase activity and expression blocked induction of EMT by IR and suppressed the levels and activities of MMP-2, MMP-9 and vimentin. IR-induced RIP1 activation was additionally associated with stimulation of the transcriptional factor NF-κB. Specifically, exposure to IR triggered NF-κB activation and inhibition of NF-κB suppressed IR-induced RIP1 expression, followed by a decrease in invasion/migration as well as EMT. Based on the collective results, we propose that IR concomitantly activates EGFR and NF-κB and subsequently triggers the RIP1–Src/STAT3–EMT pathway, ultimately promoting metastasis.
Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Schiff Bases Derived from 2-Hydroxy-5-Methylisophthalaldehyde and Histamine or 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine and Their Application as Magnetic and Fluorescent Materials in Thin Film Deposition
Authors: Barwiolek Magdalena , Kaczmarek-Kędziera Anna , Muziol Tadeusz M. , Jankowska Dominika , Jezierska Julia , Bieńko Alina
Published: June 2020

Two Cu(II) complexes, 1 and 2, with tridentate Schiff bases derived from 2-hydroxy-5-methylisophthalaldehyde and histamine HL1 or 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine HL2, respectively, were obtained and characterized by X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic (UV-vis, fluorescence, IR, and EPR), magnetic, and thermal methods. Despite the fact that the chelate formed by the NNO ligand donors (C26-C25H2-C24H2-N23=C23H-C22-C19Ph(O1)-C2(Ph)-C3H=N3-C4H2-C5H2-C6 fragment) are identical, as well as the synthesis of Cu(II) complexes (Cu:L = 2:1 molar ratio) was performed in the same manner, the structures of the complexes differ significantly. The complex 1, {[Cu2(L1)Cl2]2[CuCl4]}·2MeCN·2H2O, consists of [Cu2(L1)Cl2]+ units in which Cu(II) ions are bridged by the HL1 ligand oxygen and each of these Cu(II) ions is connected with Cu(II) ions of the next dimeric unit via two bridging Cl− ions to form a chain structure. In the dinuclear [Cu2(L2)Cl3]⋅0.5MeCN complex 2, each Cu(II) is asymmetrically bridged by the ligand oxygen and chloride anions, whereas the remaining chloride anions are apically bound to Cu(II) cations. In contrast to the complex 1, the square-pyramidal geometry of the both Cu(II) centers is strongly distorted. The magnetic study revealed that antiferromagnetic interactions in the complex 2 are much stronger than in the complex 1, which was corresponded with magneto-structural examination. Thin layers of the studied Cu(II) complexes were deposited on Si(111) by the spin coating method and studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The Cu(II) complexes and their thin layers exhibited fluorescence between 489–509 nm and 460–464 nm for the compounds and the layers, respectively. Additionally, DFT calculations were performed to explain the structures and electronic spectral properties of the ligands.
Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus, Linnaeus, 1758): A Case Study from Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Copat Chiara , Ferrante Margherita , Hernout Béatrice V. , Giunta Flavia , Grasso Alfina , Messina Andrea , Grasso Rosario , Spena Maria Teresa
Published: June 2020

The study aimed to highlight the degree of trace element contamination along three sites of Sicily: the Magnisi peninsula (MP), located in proximity to the Augusta–Priolo–Melilli petrochemical plant; the Ragusa agro-ecosystem (RA), characterized by a rural landscape; and the Gela plain (GP), characterized by intensive agriculture and a disused petrochemical plant. We collected biological samples (abraded back feathers and blood) of the Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758) as well as soil samples to determine the trace elements concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Se and V using ICP-MS analysis. The results found for the three sites show different trends of accumulation, which depend on the different management and geological characteristics of the areas. The Gela plain and Magnisi peninsula showed a higher degree of contamination (As, Co, Cu, Mn and Se for the Gela plain; Pb and Hg for the Magnisi peninsula). Nevertheless, no critical values were found for either the environment—if the results are compared with the legal limits fixed by the Legislative Decree No. 152/2006, approving the Code on the Environment—or for living organisms—if the results are compared with the toxicological thresholds for birds, especially if the short-term exposure results from the blood values are considered. Only the Se levels in animal blood from the RA and GP were found slightly higher than the minimum level required in bird diets. The positive scenario can be attributed on the one hand to the interruptions of emissions of the Gela refinery around 5 years ago, and on the other hand to the more intense and strict controls that are implemented in the area surrounding the petrochemical pole of Augusta–Priolo–Melilli.
Abscisic Acid—Enemy or Savior in the Response of Cereals to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses?
Authors: Gietler Marta , Fidler Justyna , Labudda Mateusz , Nykiel Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

Abscisic acid (ABA) is well-known phytohormone involved in the control of plant natural developmental processes, as well as the stress response. Although in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its role in mechanism of the tolerance to most common abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures seems to be fairly well recognized, not many authors considered that changes in ABA content may also influence the sensitivity of cereals to adverse environmental factors, e.g., by accelerating senescence, lowering pollen fertility, and inducing seed dormancy. Moreover, recently, ABA has also been regarded as an element of the biotic stress response; however, its role is still highly unclear. Many studies connect the susceptibility to various diseases with increased concentration of this phytohormone. Therefore, in contrast to the original assumptions, the role of ABA in response to biotic and abiotic stress does not always have to be associated with survival mechanisms; on the contrary, in some cases, abscisic acid can be one of the factors that increases the susceptibility of plants to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 Modulated Bowel Movement and Gut Microbiota Associated with Dopamine and Serotonin Pathways in Stressed Adults
Authors: Liu Guoxia , Chong Hui-Xian , Chung Fiona Yi-Li , Li Yin , Liong Min-Tze
Published: June 2020

We have previously reported that the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 for 12 weeks reduced stress and anxiety in stressed adults as compared to the placebo group, in association with changes along the brain neurotransmitters pathways of serotonin and dopamine-norepinephrine. We now aim to evaluate the effects of DR7 on gut functions, gut microbiota compositional changes, and determine the correlations between microbiota changes and the pathways of brain neurotransmitters. The administration of DR7 prevented an increase of defecation frequency over 12 weeks as compared to the placebo (p = 0.044), modulating the increase of stress-induced bowel movement. Over 12 weeks, alpha diversity of gut microbiota was higher in DR7 than the placebo group across class (p = 0.005) and order (p = 0.018) levels, while beta diversity differed between groups at class and order levels (p < 0.001). Differences in specific bacterial groups were identified, showing consistency at different taxonomic levels that survived multiplicity correction, along the phyla of Bacteroides and Firmicutes and along the classes of Deltaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidales which were reduced in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with gene expression of dopamine beta hydrolase (DBH, dopamine pathway; p < 0.001), while Bacteroidia and Bacteroidales showed correlation with tryptophan hydroxylase-II (TPH2, serotonin pathway; p = 0.001). A correlation was observed between DBH and Firmicutes (p = 0.002), Clostridia (p < 0.001), Clostridiales (p = 0.001), Blautia (p < 0.001), and Romboutsia (p < 0.001), which were increased in abundance in the placebo group. Blautia was also associated with TDO (p = 0.001), whereas Romboutsia had an opposing correlation with TPH2 (p < 0.001). Deltaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionales which were decreased in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with DBH (p = 0.001), whereas Bilophila was associated with TPH2 (p = 0.001). Our present data showed that physiological changes induced by L. plantarum DR7 could be associated with changes in specific taxa of the gut microbiota along the serotonin and dopamine pathways.
Transcriptional Regulators and Human-Specific/Primate-Specific Genes in Neocortical Neurogenesis
Authors: Vaid Samir , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: June 2020

During development, starting from a pool of pluripotent stem cells, tissue-specific genetic programs help to shape and develop functional organs. To understand the development of an organ and its disorders, it is important to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of the gene expression profiles that occur during its development. Modifications in existing genes, the de-novo appearance of new genes, or, occasionally, even the loss of genes, can greatly affect the gene expression profile of any given tissue and contribute to the evolution of organs or of parts of organs. The neocortex is evolutionarily the most recent part of the brain, it is unique to mammals, and is the seat of our higher cognitive abilities. Progenitors that give rise to this tissue undergo sequential waves of differentiation to produce the complete sets of neurons and glial cells that make up a functional neocortex. We will review herein our understanding of the transcriptional regulators that control the neural precursor cells (NPCs) during the generation of the most abundant class of neocortical neurons, the glutametergic neurons. In addition, we will discuss the roles of recently-identified human- and primate-specific genes in promoting neurogenesis, leading to neocortical expansion.
Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cheng Xingyi , Song Chaochun , Du Yanjiao , Gaur Uma , Yang Mingyao
Published: June 2020

Aging is an ineluctable law of life. During the process of aging, the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders is prevalent in the elderly population and the predominant type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The clinical symptoms of AD include progressive memory loss and impairment of cognitive functions that interfere with daily life activities. The predominant neuropathological features in AD are extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of hyperphosphorylated Tau. Because of its complex pathobiology, some tangible treatment can only ameliorate the symptoms, but not prevent the disease altogether. Numerous drugs during pre-clinical or clinical studies have shown no positive effect on the disease outcome. Therefore, understanding the basic pathophysiological mechanism of AD is imperative for the rational design of drugs that can be used to prevent this disease. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a highly efficient model system to explore the pathogenesis and treatment of AD. In this review we have summarized recent advancements in the pharmacological research on AD using Drosophila as a model species, discussed feasible treatment strategies and provided further reference for the mechanistic study and treatment of age-related AD.
The Factors that Influence Human Resources on Affordable Housing Delivery within Restraint of Budget
Authors: Akinyede Imisioluseyi , Fapohunda Julius , Haldenwang Rainer
Published: June 2020

The study aims to establish the factors influencing human resources on cost, since the construction cost of housing delivery is often above budgeted cost. The challenges occurred due to unsustainable practices in the use of human resources, design-related issues, matching resources availability with cost and time frame problems. The methodology used is a sequential mixed method to achieve the aim and objective of the study, for this purpose, construction managers and stakeholders were considered as research respondents. Data collected was analysed on SPSS software version 25, with the application of a descriptive statistics analysis technique. Findings deduced are involvement of all team members in the planning and implementation process will enhance mutual relationships, less conflict and fewer controversies on design, while documenting delivery roles and responsibilities among construction team members will increase the satisfaction of interest and efficient resources utilisation. This study establishes “factors regulating human resources management on construction cost and “strong component factors influencing human resources on cost”. The study then assembles the factors to develop an operational framework that will control construction resources management on cost, as a guide to improve competency and sustainable techniques for affordable housing delivery within the income limit of the poor people in South Africa.
TiO2@lipophilic Porphyrin Composites: New Insights into Tuning the Photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in Aqueous Phase
Authors: Pennetta Antonio , Di Masi Sabrina , Piras Federica , Lü Xiangfei , Li Jun , De Benedetto Giuseppe Edigio De , Mele Giuseppe
Published: June 2020

Metal-free and Cu(II)-lipophilic porphyrins [H2Pp and Cu(II)Pp] loaded on titanium dioxide in the anatase phase (TiO2) were prepared and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in aqueous suspensions under UV–Vis light irradiation. TiO2 impregnated with copper(II) porphyrin [TiO2@Cu(II)Pp] was the most effective in photocatalyst reduction of toxic chromate Cr(VI) to non-toxic chromium Cr(III). We further evaluated an experimental design with the scope of fast optimization of the process conditions related to the use of TiO2 or TiO2-porphyrin based photocatalysts. A full factorial design as a chemometric tool was successfully employed for screening the affecting factors involved in photoconversion catalysis, with the modification of TiO2 both with porphyrin H2Pp and Cu(II)Pp. The studied experimental factors were the catalyst amount, the concentration of Cr(VI) ions, and the pH of the medium. The performed multivariate approach was successfully used for fast fitting and better evaluation of significant factors affecting the experimental responses, with the advantage of reducing the number of available experiments. Thus, the stability of the optimized TiO2 embedded Cu(II)Pp was investigated, confirming the high reproducibility and suitability for environmental purposes.
Spectral Processing for Denoising and Compression of 3D Meshes Using Dynamic Orthogonal Iterations
Authors: Arvanitis Gerasimos , Lalos Aris S. , Moustakas Konstantinos
Published: June 2020

Recently, spectral methods have been extensively used in the processing of 3D meshes. They usually take advantage of some unique properties that the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the decomposed Laplacian matrix have. However, despite their superior behavior and performance, they suffer from computational complexity, especially while the number of vertices of the model increases. In this work, we suggest the use of a fast and efficient spectral processing approach applied to dense static and dynamic 3D meshes, which can be ideally suited for real-time denoising and compression applications. To increase the computational efficiency of the method, we exploit potential spectral coherence between adjacent parts of a mesh and then we apply an orthogonal iteration approach for the tracking of the graph Laplacian eigenspaces. Additionally, we present a dynamic version that automatically identifies the optimal subspace size that satisfies a given reconstruction quality threshold. In this way, we overcome the problem of the perceptual distortions, due to the fixed number of subspace sizes that is used for all the separated parts individually. Extensive simulations carried out using different 3D models in different use cases (i.e., compression and denoising), showed that the proposed approach is very fast, especially in comparison with the SVD based spectral processing approaches, while at the same time the quality of the reconstructed models is of similar or even better reconstruction quality. The experimental analysis also showed that the proposed approach could also be used by other denoising methods as a preprocessing step, in order to optimize the reconstruction quality of their results and decrease their computational complexity since they need fewer iterations to converge.
Measuring Thickness-Dependent Relative Light Yield and Detection Efficiency of Scintillator Screens
Authors: Chuirazzi William C. , Craft Aaron E.
Published: June 2020

Digital camera-based neutron imaging systems consisting of a neutron scintillator screen optically coupled to a digital camera are the most common digital neutron imaging system used in the neutron imaging community and are available at any state-of-the-art imaging facility world-wide. Neutron scintillator screens are the integral component of these imaging system that directly interacts with the neutron beam and dictates the neutron capture efficiency and image quality limitations of the imaging system. This work describes a novel approach for testing neutron scintillators that provides a simple and efficient way to measure relative light yield and detection efficiency over a range of scintillator thicknesses using a single scintillator screen and only a few radiographs. Additionally, two methods for correlating the screen thickness to the measured data were implemented and compared. An example 6LiF:ZnS scintillator screen with nominal thicknesses ranging from 0–300 μm was used to demonstrate this approach. The multi-thickness screen and image and data processing methods are not exclusive to neutron scintillator screens but could be applied to X-ray imaging as well. This approach has the potential to benefit the entire radiographic imaging community by offering an efficient path forward for manufacturers to develop higher-performance scintillators and for imaging facilities and service providers to determine the optimal screen parameters for their particular beam and imaging system.
Accurate Analysis and Design of Integrated Single Input Schmitt Trigger Circuits
Authors: Elmezayen Mohamed R. , Hu Wei , Maghraby Amr M. , Abougindia Islam T. , Ay Suat U.
Published: June 2020

Schmitt trigger (ST) circuits are widely used integrated circuit (IC) blocks with hysteretic input/output (I/O) characteristics. Like the I/O characteristics of a living neuron, STs reject noise and provide stability to systems that they are deployed in. Indeed, single-input/single-output (SISO) STs are likely candidates to be the core unit element in artificial neural networks (ANNs) due not only to their similar I/O characteristics but also to their low power consumption and small silicon footprints. This paper presents an accurate and detailed analysis and design of six widely used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) SISO ST circuits. The hysteresis characteristics of these ST circuits were derived for hand calculations and compared to original design equations and simulation results. Simulations were carried out in a well-established, 0.35 μm/3.3 V, analog/mixed-signal CMOS process. Additionally, simulations were performed using a wide range of supplies and process variations, but only 3.3 V supply results are presented. Most of the new design equations provide better accuracy and insights, as broad assumptions of original derivations were avoided.
A Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Model Experiments on Parametric Roll in Irregular Seas
Authors: Kapsenberg Geert , Wandji Clève , Duz Bulent , Kim Sungeun (Peter)
Published: June 2020

The recently finalised Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria (SGISC), produced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), contain a level 3 assessment, the so-called Direct Stability Assessment (DSA). This assessment can be carried out using either model experiments or simulations. The fact that such a choice is given implies that the methods are equivalent in accuracy. This assumption has been verified, for one case, by the Cooperative Research Ships (CRS) community. The verification was based on new model experiments and calculated results, using four different programs owned by different CRS members. Results of the verification of the parametric roll failure mode in regular waves were published before, but this study concerns results in irregular seas. The experimental and numerical results are compared in both probabilistic and deterministic manners. The probabilistic comparison showed that the simulation programs considered are sometimes conservative and sometimes non-conservative in the prediction of the probability of an extreme value. The deterministic comparison in head seas showed that parametric roll events were predicted in the simulations in a wave train that showed no sign of important roll events in the measurement. The deterministic comparison in the following seas, on the other hand, showed an accurate fit of experimental and numerical results. It is suggested that predictions could possibly be improved by adding non-linear diffraction forces to the numerical model.
Hydrodynamic Performance of Autonomous Underwater Gliders with Active Twin Undulatory Wings of Different Aspect Ratios
Authors: Li Yongcheng , Hu Jianxin , Zhao Qiuzhuo , Pan Ziying , Ma Zheng
Published: June 2020

The propulsive performance of a bio-inspired autonomous underwater glider (AUG) with active twin undulatory wings undergoing undulatory motion was investigated by numerically solving the viscous incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, coupled with the immersed boundary method. The aspect ratio (AR) effects of the undulatory wings were studied. The simulation results showed that with the increase of AR, the thrust force generated by the active twin undulatory wings showed a linear growth, while the propulsion efficiency of the AUG increased to the peak and then decreased. The optimum magnitude of AR around 2 was obtained in the current study. The vortex structures in the wake of the active twin wings are also presented and discussed. The conclusions acquired here could provide guidance for the new conceptual design of bio-inspired AUGs.
Comprehensive Natural Environment and Landscape Signs in Coastal Settlement Hazard Assessment: Case of East Taiwan between the Coastal Mountain and the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Lin Shyang-Woei , Yen Chia-Feng , Chang Chih-Hsin , Wang Li-Jin , Shih Hung-Ju
Published: June 2020

In East Taiwan, coastal settlements are scattered and narrowly confined between the Coastal Mountain and the Pacific Ocean. These settlements are currently at risk as there is no room for retreat. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive and continuous hazard assessment in these coastal residential areas. In order to avoid biased towards the natural environment, the factors that cannot easily be built within the geographic information system (GIS) database are distinguished by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to conduct a vulnerability assessment of threats to coastal zones. The method: we used the east coast of Taiwan as an example, through GIS and statistical analysis in land-use status, vulnerable population groups and UAV landscape signs of indicators of erosion and accumulation. Through the main output of an intuition scatter map, the erosion landscape susceptibility, economical land-use exposure, and special population groups’ ratio allowed for the easy comparison of the vulnerability, risk level and resilience between different coastal settlements. These diverse observation aspects of risk assessment results can provide prevention and control strategies that meet the different needs of coastal risk management in restricting and strengthening the land-use development of communities.
Hydrodynamics of Biomimetic Marine Propulsion and Trends in Computational Simulations
Authors: Lamas M. I. , Rodriguez C. G.
Published: June 2020

The aim of the present paper is to provide the state of the works in the field of hydrodynamics and computational simulations to analyze biomimetic marine propulsors. Over the last years, many researchers postulated that some fish movements are more efficient and maneuverable than traditional rotary propellers, and the most relevant marine propulsors which mimic fishes are shown in the present work. Taking into account the complexity and cost of some experimental setups, numerical models offer an efficient, cheap, and fast alternative tool to analyze biomimetic marine propulsors. Besides, numerical models provide information that cannot be obtained using experimental techniques. Since the literature about trends in computational simulations is still scarce, this paper also recalls the hydrodynamics of the swimming modes occurring in fish and summarizes the more relevant lines of investigation of computational models.
Mucorales Species and Macrophages
Authors: Nicolás Francisco E. , Murcia Laura , Navarro Eusebio , Navarro-Mendoza María Isabel , Pérez-Arques Carlos , Garre Victoriano
Published: June 2020

Mucormycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by Mucorales with an unacceptable high mortality rate. Mucorales is a complex fungal group, including eleven different genera that can infect humans. This heterogeneity is associated with species-specific invasion pathways and responses to the host defense mechanisms. The host innate immune system plays a major role in preventing Mucorales growth and host invasion. In this system, macrophages are the main immune effector cells in controlling these fungi by rapid and efficient phagocytosis of the spores. However, Mucorales have evolved mechanisms to block phagosomal maturation and species-specific mechanisms to either survive as dormant spores inside the macrophage, as Rhizopus species, or geminate and escape, as Mucor species. Classical fungal models of mucormycosis, mostly Rhizopus, have made important contributions to elucidate key aspects of the interaction between Mucorales and macrophages, but they lack robust tools for genetic manipulation. The recent introduction of the genetically tractable Mucor circinelloides as a model of mucormycosis offers the possibility to analyze gene function. This has allowed the identification of regulatory pathways that control the fungal response to phagocytosis, including a non-canonical RNAi pathway (NCRIP) that regulates the expression of most genes regulated by phagocytosis.
Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in Switzerland According to a Survey of Dermatophytes Isolated in Lausanne between 2001 and 2018
Authors: Bontems Olympia , Fratti Marina , Salamin Karine , Guenova Emmanuella , Monod Michel
Published: June 2020

Dermatophytes are the most common pathogenic agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Knowledge of their epidemiology can facilitate the prevention of dermatophytosis and improve prophylactic measures. We sought to determine the incidence of the different dermatophyte species diagnosed in Lausanne (Switzerland) from 2001 to 2018. In total, 10,958 dermatophytes were isolated from patients and 459 from pets. Overall, 99% of tinea unguium and tinea pedis were caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale with a prevalence ratio of 3:1. Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense were mainly found in tinea capitis in patients of African and Mediterranean origin. Interestingly, while Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton verrucosum were prevalent 50 years ago in an epidemiological analysis carried out in the same laboratory from 1967 to 1970, these two species were rarely detected from 2001 to 2018. Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton benhamiae and Microsporum canis were the prevalent zoophilic pathogenic species in children and young adults. Our investigation of animal samples revealed the main reservoirs of these zoophilic species to be cats and dogs for T. mentagrophytes and M. canis, and Guinea pigs for T. benhamiae. This study provides an epidemiological overview of dermatophytoses in Switzerland to improve their surveillance.
A Discussion on Different Approaches for Prescribing Physical Interventions – Four Roads Lead to Rome, but Which One Should We Choose?
Authors: Herold Fabian , Törpel Alexander , Hamacher Dennis , Budde Henning , Gronwald Thomas
Published: June 2020

It is well recognized that regular physical exercise has positive effects on physical and mental health. To use the beneficial health effects of physical exercise, there are worldwide movements encouraging health care providers to include physical exercise in their care and treatments strategies. However, a crucial point in administering the “exercise polypill” is the dosing and, in turn, the prescription of the physical intervention (PI). In this perspective article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to prescribe PI. In this context, we also highlight outstanding questions and potential areas of opportunity for further investigations.
Comparative Analysis of Risk Factors in Declined Kidneys from Donation after Brain Death and Circulatory Death
Authors: Zwaini Zinah , Patel Meeta , Stover Cordula , Dormer John , Nicholson Michael L. , Hosgood Sarah A. , Yang Bin
Published: June 2020

Background and objectives: Kidneys from donation after circulatory death (DCD) are more likely to be declined for transplantation compared with kidneys from donation after brain death (DBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics in the biopsies of human DCD and DBD kidneys that were declined for transplantation in order to rescue more DCD kidneys. Materials and Methods: Sixty kidney donors (DCD = 36, DBD = 24) were recruited into the study and assessed using donor demographics. Kidney biopsies taken post cold storage were also evaluated for histological damage, inflammation (myeloperoxidase, MPO), von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression, complement 4d (C4d) deposition and complement 3 (C3) activation using H&E and immunohistochemistry staining, and Western blotting. Results: More DBD donors (16/24) had a history of hypertension compared with DCDs (8/36, p = 0.001). The mean warm ischemic time in the DCD kidneys was 12.9 ± 3.9 min. The mean cold ischemic time was not significantly different between the two groups of kidney donors (DBD 33.3 ± 16.7 vs. DCD 28.6 ± 14.1 h, p > 0.05). The score of histological damage and MPO, as well as the reactivity of vWF, C4d and C3, varied between kidneys, but there was no significant difference between the two donor types (p > 0.05). However, vWF reactivity might be an early indicator for loss of tissue integrity, while C4d deposition and activated C3 might be better predictors for histological damage. Conclusions: Similar characteristics of DCD were shown in comparison with DBD kidneys. Importantly, the additional warm ischemic time in DCD appeared to have no further detectable adverse effects on tissue injury, inflammation and complement activation. vWF, C4d and C3 might be potential biomarkers facilitating the evaluation of donor kidneys.
Application of Multistage Concentration (MSC) Electrodialysis to Concentrate Lithium from Lithium-Containing Waste Solution
Authors: Cho Yeonchul , Kim Kihun , Ahn Jaewoo , Lee Jaeheon
Published: June 2020

In order to manufacture lithium carbonate to be used as a raw material for a secondary lithium battery, lithium sulfate solution is used as a precursor, and the concentration of lithium is required to be 10 g/L or more. Electrodialysis (ED) was used as a method of concentrating lithium in a low-concentration lithium sulfate solution, and multistage concentration (MSC) electrodialysis was used to increase the concentration ratio (%). When MSC was performed using a raw material solution containing a large amount of sodium sulfate, the process lead time was increased by 60 min. And the concentration ratio (%) of lithium decreased as the number of concentration stages increased. In order to remove sodium sulfate, methanol was added to the raw material solution to precipitate sodium sulfate, and when it was added in a volume ratio of 0.4, lithium was not lost. Using a solution in which sodium sulfate was partially removed, fourth-stage concentration ED was performed to obtain a lithium sulfate solution with a lithium concentration of 10 g/L.
Microdefects of Biocorroded Pipe Steel Surfaces and Safety Assessment of Localized Stress Concentrators
Authors: Maruschak Pavlo , Dzyura Volodymyr , Prentkovskis Olegas , Lytvynenko Iaroslav , Polutrenko Myroslava
Published: June 2020

The effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on the corrosion of steel 20 was investigated. Results demonstrated that the chemical composition of corrosion products, the corrosion rate, and corrosion type were altered due to the adherence of SRB and the subsequent formation of biofilm on the steel 20 surface. The micromechanisms of biocorrosion damage of specimens from pipe steel 20 were quantified on the basis of the microgeometry of the degraded surface and the localization parameters of corrosive stress microconcentrators. Stress concentrators in the vicinity of the micro-cuts, which are the depths of the profilograms, make it possible to evaluate safe (allowable) microcorrosion damage. The proposed approach complements the well-known methods for monitoring biodeterioration of pipe steels. With its help, it was found that a decrease in the corrosion rate of specimens with the addition of an inhibitor does not always clearly indicate its effectiveness. The case where the introduction of an inhibitor led to the destruction of the SRB biofilm on the surface of specimens from steel 20, but caused the activation of local corrosion processes and the formation of a more developed microrelief, is considered. The hollows of such microrelief are potential places of origin of defects, which require additional control.
The Structural and Phase State of the TiAl System Alloyed with Rare-Earth Metals of the Controlled Composition Synthesized by the “Hydride Technology”
Authors: Belgibayeva Akbayan , Abzaev Yuri , Karakchieva Natalia , Erkasov Rakhmetulla , Sachkov Victor , Kurzina Irina
Published: June 2020

The structural state and the quantitative phase analysis of the TiAl system, alloyed with rare-earth metals synthesized using hydride technology, were studied in this work. Using the Rietveld method, the content of the major phases in the initial system Ti(50 at.%)–Al(50 at.%), as well as Ti(49 at.%)–Al(49 at.%), with alloying additions Ta, Y and Dy having a high accuracy was determined. The methods of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope and X-ray spectral microanalysis of the local areas of the structure for studying the distribution of alloying elements were used. The energies of lattices of separate phases were also determined after the full-profile specification. All the lattices of the identified structures (about 30) turned out to be stable. It was established that in the Ti(49 at.%)–Al(49 at.%) systems under study with alloying additions of metals Ta, Y and Dy, there were intermetallides composed of AlTi3, TiAl in the hexagonal, tetragonal and triclinic units. It is known that after microalloying alloys by Y and Dy metals, the mass fraction of TiAl phases increases significantly (>70%).
Platinum Based Catalysts in the Water Gas Shift Reaction: Recent Advances
Authors: Palma Vincenzo , Ruocco Concetta , Cortese Marta , Renda Simona , Meloni Eugenio , Festa Giovanni , Martino Marco
Published: June 2020

The water gas shift (WGS) is an equilibrium exothermic reaction, whose corresponding industrial process is normally carried out in two adiabatic stages, to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. The high temperature stage makes use of iron/chromium-based catalysts, while the low temperature stage employs copper/zinc-based catalysts. Nevertheless, both these systems have several problems, mainly dealing with safety issues and process efficiency. Accordingly, in the last decade abundant researches have been focused on the study of alternative catalytic systems. The best performances have been obtained with noble metal-based catalysts, among which, platinum-based formulations showed a good compromise between performance and ease of preparation. These catalytic systems are extremely attractive, as they have numerous advantages, including the feasibility of intermediate temperature (250–400 °C) applications, the absence of pyrophoricity, and the high activity even at low loadings. The particle size plays a crucial role in determining their catalytic activity, enhancing the performance of the nanometric catalytic systems: the best activity and stability was reported for particle sizes < 1.7 nm. Moreover the optimal Pt loading seems to be located near 1 wt%, as well as the optimal Pt coverage was identified in 0.25 ML. Kinetics and mechanisms studies highlighted the low energy activation of Pt/Mo2C-based catalytic systems (Ea of 38 kJ·mol−1), the associative mechanism is the most encountered on the investigated studies. This review focuses on a selection of recent published articles, related to the preparation and use of unstructured platinum-based catalysts in water gas shift reaction, and is organized in five main sections: comparative studies, kinetics, reaction mechanisms, sour WGS and electrochemical promotion. Each section is divided in paragraphs, at the end of the section a summary and a summary table are provided.