bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CeF3 single crystals for UV‐VIS‐IR optical isolators
Authors: Víllora Encarnación G. , Yuan Dongsheng , Shimamura Kiyoshi
Published: April 2023

Optical isolators (OIs) are needed to protect laser sources from back‐reflections. Driven by the fast‐growing market of laser marking and machinery, and the increasing cost of rare‐earth‐based permanent magnets, single‐crystalline Faraday rotators (FRs) with a large Verdet constant V are highly desired to reduce the cost and size of OIs. Furthermore, the need for finer laser procedures (marking, cutting, welding) is shifting the used laser emissions toward shorter wavelengths: into the visible (VIS), where standard Tb3Ga5O12 (TGG) has a poor transmittance, and even into the ultraviolet (UV), where TGG possesses overlapping Tb 4f‐4f absorption bands. In recent years CeF3 has emerged as a new FR with a unique transmittance and an outstanding V in the UV wavelength region, and a superior figure‐of‐merit in the VIS range compared to TGG. Recently, its small thermal lensing and high damage threshold for high‐power have been demonstrated, exhibiting optical isolation > 30 dB under 600 W @ 1070 nm. This review first summarizes the basic properties and crystal growth of CeF3, then focuses on its Faraday magneto‐optical performance. Last but not the least, the typical crystal defects encountered during the development of CeF3 are discussed.
Effect of femtosecond laser irradiation on structure‐terahertz property relationship in sodium borosilicate glasses
Authors: Tostanoski Nicholas J. , Youngman Randall E. , Sundaram S. K.
Published: April 2023

We report the effect of high‐repetition rate femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation on structure‐terahertz (THz) property relationship for sodium borosilicate glasses. We have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS), and Raman spectroscopy to examine pristine and laser irradiated regions of these glasses to determine and quantify boron speciation, THz refractive index, n(THz), and change (Δn) in n(THz), and spectral, that is, structural, changes due to laser exposure, respectively. Our results suggest that laser irradiation‐induced Δn(THz) values are dependent upon the glass composition, structural units, connectivity, and network, for example, the corresponding K‐ and R‐values of the borosilicate glass. Depolymerized glass networks show no changes in NMR B4 signal, slight changes in Raman spectral changes related to silicate structural units, for example, increase in Q3 tetrahedra with one nonbridging oxygen (nbO) atom, and higher measurable n(THz) and Δn(THz). More polymerized glasses, on the other hand, show changes in NMR B4 signal, varying degrees of Raman spectral changes in the borate subnetwork and structural units, and lower n(THz) and Δn(THz). The THz refractive index is most sensitive to modifier ions in the glasses, which are directly responsible for nbO formation, glass structure, and network polymerization.
Intentional response distortion during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Reichin Sydney L. , Tarantino Danielle M. , Meyer Rustin D.
Published: April 2023

COVID‐19 has abruptly and unexpectedly transformed nearly every aspect of work, including but not limited to increased unemployment rates and uncertainty regarding future job prospects. Response distortion has always been a concern given that many organizations rely on information that is self‐reported by applicants regarding their potential employability (e.g., responses to self‐reported personality instruments, resumes, interview responses). Drawing from the Valence‐Instrumentality‐Expectancy (VIE) theory of motivation, we propose that the uncertainty surrounding jobs may lead to amplified distorted responses on these measures in areas where COVID‐19 was most salient. In a sample of 213 working adults [~50% female, age M = 38.48], the present study shows that increases in response distortion on a measure of conscientiousness were more pronounced as a function of (a) local COVID positivity rates and (b) job type, such that frontline workers distorted their responses the most. Findings are discussed in the context of VIE theory, personality measurement, and challenges with maintaining effective selection procedures.
Nurses' use of pro re nata medication in adult acute mental healthcare settings: An integrative review
Authors: Wong Susanna , Müller Amanda
Published: April 2023

This integrative review explores the current pro re nata (PRN) medication practice in acute adult mental health settings. PRN medication is commonly used in acute mental health settings but there is lack of evidence of effectiveness of this practice. PRN medications have a number of adverse effects and increase the risk of morbidity in patients with a mental illness. Articles were identified from MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science database. The STROBE critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the quality of evidence, and inductive thematic analysis was used to extract main themes. Five themes regarding prescription practices, poor documentation, reasons to administer, medication misuse, and insufficient use of non‐pharmacological interventions emerged among the 12 eligible articles. The study identified PRN medication practice gaps in adult mental health settings included insufficient documentation practice, underuse of therapeutic non‐pharmacological interventions, and significant variability in PRN medication practice across the mental health professionals due to different levels of knowledge and experience.
3D/2D ZnIn2S4/BiFeO3 as S‐scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for boosted visible‐light hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhang Dafeng , Zhang Ruiqi , Liu Junchang , Pu Xipeng , Cai Peiqing
Published: April 2023

Photocatalytic H2 evolution technique has been proved to be one of the promising approaches to overcome the present energy and environmental issues caused by the combustion of fossil fuel. Constructing heterojunction can realize the efficient separation and migration of charges and thus achieve enhanced H2 evolution performance. Herein, we designed and prepared a ZnIn2S4/BiFeO3 heterojunction photocatalyst with a 3D/2D structure via an ultrasonic self‐assembly process. The typical 3D/2D structure with intimate interface was obtained, which not only provided more active sites but also boosted the migration of photogenerated charges. The optimal mass ratio of BiFeO3 in ZnIn2S4/BiFeO3 was determined to be 10%, and a 10.5‐fold increase in H2 evolution rate in comparison with of pure ZnIn2S4 was achieved. Furthermore, the ZnIn2S4/BiFeO3 composite exhibited excellent recyclability and structural stability based on cycling experiment. A S‐scheme heterojunction mechanism was revealed according to the experimental results of photocatalytic H2 evolution and electrochemical tests.
Engineering dislocation‐rich plastic zones in ceramics via room‐temperature scratching
Authors: Fang Xufei , Preuß Oliver , Breckner Patrick , Zhang Jiawen , Lu Wenjun
Published: April 2023

In this communication, we demonstrate a simple but powerful method to engineer dislocations into large plastic zones in various single‐crystal ceramic materials via room‐temperature scratching. By using a Brinell indenter with a diameter of 2.5 mm, we successfully produced plastic zones with a width and depth of ∼150 µm in a single scratch track, while the length of the scratch track can be arbitrarily long depending on the sample size. Increasing the number of repetitive scratching cycles increases the dislocation density up to ∼1013 m−2 without visible crack formation. The outlined experimental procedure is showcased on single‐crystal SrTiO3, MgO, ZnS, and CaF2 to demonstrate the general applicability of this technique. In light of the increasing research interest in dislocation‐tuned functional and mechanical properties in ceramics, our method will serve as a simple, fast, and robust technique to pave the road for scaling up the required large plastic zones for dislocation engineering in ceramics.
Characterization of graphite–chromium carbide composites manufactured by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Piñuela‐Noval Juan , Fernández‐González Daniel , Suárez Marta , Díaz Luis Antonio , Verdeja Luis Felipe , Fernández Adolfo
Published: April 2023

This manuscript contains an investigation about the influence of the chromium content on the properties of novel graphite–chromium composites obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS), with great potential application in heat dissipation. Green compacts of 40 mm in diameter were first obtained by uniaxial pressing at 60 MPa, and then the composite was sintered at 1800°C in SPS under vacuum conditions and a pressure of 30 MPa. These sintering conditions involved local liquid phase, which promoted the densification of the composite up to values close to 90%. Different chromium contents were studied, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10 vol.%, where the best properties (densification, young modulus, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and flexural strength) were obtained in the case of the composite with 7 vol.% Cr: 86.22%, 52.7 GPa, 0.79 MS/m, 264 W/m K, and 38.97 MPa, respectively, measured in the in‐plane direction due to the anisotropic behavior of the composite.
More to legs than meets the eye: Presence and function of pheromone compounds on heliothine moth legs
Authors: Zweerus Naomi L. , Caton Laura J. , de Jeu Lotte , Groot Astrid T.
Published: April 2023

Chemical communication is ubiquitous in nature and chemical signals convey species‐specific messages. Despite their specificity, chemical signals may not be limited to only one function. Identifying alternative functions of chemical signals is key to understanding how chemical communication systems evolve. Here, we explored alternative functions of moth sex pheromone compounds. These chemicals are generally produced in, and emitted from, dedicated sex pheromone glands, but some have recently also been found on the insects' legs. We identified and quantified the chemicals in leg extracts of the three heliothine moth species Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens, Chloridea (Heliothis) subflexa and Helicoverpa armigera, compared their chemical profiles and explored the biological function of pheromone compounds on moth legs. Identical pheromone compounds were present on the legs in both sexes of all three species, with no striking interspecies or intersex differences. Surprisingly, we also found pheromone‐related acetate esters in leg extracts of species that lack acetate esters in their female sex pheromone. When we assessed gene expression levels in the leg tissue, we found known and putative pheromone‐biosynthesis genes expressed, which suggests that moth legs may be additional sites of pheromone production. To determine possible additional roles of the pheromone compounds on legs, we explored whether these may act as oviposition‐deterring signals, which does not seem to be the case. However, when we tested whether these chemicals have antimicrobial properties, we found that two pheromone compounds (16:Ald and 16:OH) reduce bacterial growth. Such an additional function of previously identified pheromone compounds likely coincides with additional selection pressures and, thus, should be considered in scenarios on the evolution of these signals.
Transcriptomic responses of the liver of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) under hypoxic stress
Authors: Ding Weidong , Cao Liping , Cao Zheming , Bing Xuwen
Published: April 2023

Environmental hypoxia is becoming more prevalent in aquatic environments of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) aquaculture because of eutrophication and climate change. Little information is available on the molecular mechanisms of the detrimental effects of hypoxia in this species. In this study, the authors assembled a transcriptome for mandarin fish exposed to lower oxygen conditions at different times (24 and 96 h). The antioxidant enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and malondialdehyde significantly increased at 6 or 12 h but decreased after reaching a climax during 96 h hypoxia stress. The gene ontology study revealed 27,616 transcripts, whereas the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed 25 linked pathways. Significant changes in the expression of certain genes involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, the calcium signalling system and inositol phosphate metabolism were discovered using the KEGG pathway analysis. In the liver, 97 genes were differentially expressed between the control and experimental groups. The expression level of 28 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under different hypoxic stress conditions was detected using real‐time PCR and compared to transcriptome sequencing results. The result showed that some genes in the experimental group associated with hypoxic stress, such as hif, ho‐1a, ho‐1b, igfbp1, hsp90α and hsp90 β, were significantly upregulated compared with those in the control group. The large amount of transcriptome data from this research has enlarged the mandarin fish gene and genome bioinformation. The identified DEGs and pathways are useful in further studies of biological responses to hypoxia.
Examining California nursing home profitability and related factors before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Harrington Charlene A. , Hailer Laurie , Mollot Richard J. , Mukamel Dana B.
Published: April 2023

Background

The financial status of nursing homes (NHs) is a policy concern, especially during a pandemic, because of the higher costs associated with infection prevention and resident care.

Methods

This exploratory study was designed to assess the impact of the federal and state COVID‐19 funding support on California NHs profitability during 2020, the first year of the pandemic, compared with 2019, the last pre‐pandemic year. The study examined the association of Medicare and Medicaid days, related‐party transactions, as well as other facility characteristics on net income profit margins, using cross‐sectional regression analysis of data from state NH cost reports and federal NH provider data for 2019 and 2020.

Results

California skilled NHs had average reported net income profit margins of 2.26% in 2019 and 7.0% in 2020 with wide variations (from a loss of about 48% to a gain of 74% in 2020). Regression analysis found that the number of beds, occupancy rates, high‐quality rating scores, and medium and high proportions of Medicare resident days were positively associated with net income margins in 2019 and 2020. Chains in 2020 (but not 2019), related‐party expenditures in 2019 and 2020, median Medicaid days (in 2019), high Medicaid resident days (71%–73% or higher) in 2019 and 2020, and medium and high managed care resident days were negatively associated with net income margins in both years.

Conclusions

Although NH admissions and occupancy rates declined substantially between 2019 and 2020, some (but not all) California NHs had a substantial increase in profit margins in 2020 over 2019. More studies of nursing home financial patterns and profitability are needed to examine trends over time and variations across states.
Screening for Heat Related Illness in Pregnant People: Sample Case Study for Clinician Education
Authors: Atkin Kathryn , Bernhardt Jean M. , Olayinka Oluwatomisin , Simmonds Katherine
Published: April 2023

Climate change has significant implications for pregnant people. The Heat‐Related Illness Screening Tool was developed by faculty in the nurse‐led Center for Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Health at the MGH Institute of Health Professions. In an effort to integrate content on the health effects of climate change on pregnant people, faculty in the Women's Health/Gender‐Related Nurse Practitioner program in the School of Nursing developed a case study that incorporated heat and environmental exposures in pregnancy into an existing module on preterm birth. The case study aims to increase awareness about the intersections between climate change, social determinants of health, structural racism, and potential adverse pregnancy outcomes. Together this case study and screening tool for heat‐related illness represent innovations for health professions educators and clinicians to detect intensifying risks to already vulnerable people who are pregnant.
Thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae: Quantitative differentiation and associated numeric variation in the vertebral column using skeletal remains
Authors: Poolman Anneli M. , Wessels Quenton , Schoor Albert Van , Keough Natalie
Published: April 2023

Transitional vertebrae at the thoracolumbar region are called thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TLTV) and retain physical features from the thoracic and lumbar regions. Since TLTV were first classified 40 years ago, there has been much discrepancy regarding its features, identification and clinical relevance. Vertebral body levels are used in the medical field as a frame of reference to locate specific organs, vessels, nerves or landmarks. Any numeric variation or deviation in the vertebral column may lead to clinical errors. Previous findings have suggested a high association between numeric variation and the presence of TLTV. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the types of TLTV observed and to identify any possible associated numeric variation in the vertebral column. This study also aimed to validate the established technique to quantitatively differentiate TLTV from T12 and L1 at the thoracolumbar junction using skeletal remains from a South African population group. Skeletal remains (n = 187) remains from the Pretoria bone collection were assessed. Measurements were taken of the angle of the superior zygapophyseal processes of the last thoracic vertebra (T12), the first lumbar (L1), and identified TLTV. The results indicate a TLTV prevalence of 35% (n = 66/187). The results show that each vertebral type (T12, L1, TLTV) fall into independent confidence intervals: T12 is 188° ± 9.22 (CI: 187° < μ < 189.6°), 110° ± 7.52 (CI: 109.2° < μ < 111.3°) in L1, and 135° ± 24.51 (CI: 130.4° < μ < 139.1°) in the TLTV. This study observed that 70% of cases with TLTV was associated with numeric variation in the spine, both homeotic and meristic and that TLTV has a 35% prevalence. The results clearly show that quantitative morphometric analysis can effectively differentiate TLTV from other vertebral types at the thoracolumbar junction in skeletal remains.
Localization of macrophages and dendritic cells in human thoracic lymph nodes: An immunohistochemical study using surgically obtained specimens
Authors: Aoki Masaya , Jin Zhe‐Wu , Ueda Kazuhiro , Kamimura Go , Takeda‐Harada Aya , Murakami Gen , Sato Masami
Published: April 2023

Both dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are bone marrow‐derived cells that perform antigen presentation. The distribution of DCs and CD68‐positive macrophages were immunohistochemically examined in 103 thoracic nodes obtained from 23 lung cancer patients (50–84 years old) without metastasis. Among three antibodies tested initially—CD209/DCsign, fascin, and CD83—DCsign was chosen as the DC marker. For comparison, 137 nodes from 12 patients with cancer metastasis were also examined histologically. In patients without metastasis, DCs were found as (1) clusters along the subcapsular sinus and in a border area between the medullary sinus and cortex (mean sectional area of multiple nodes at one site, 8.4%) and, (2) rosette‐like structures in the cortex (mean number in multiple nodes at one site, 20.5). Notably, DC clusters and rosettes contained no or few macrophages and were surrounded by smooth muscle actin (SMA)‐positive, endothelium‐like cells. The subcapsular linear cluster corresponded to 5%–85% (mean, 34.0%) of the nodal circumferential length and was shorter in older patients (p = 0.009). DC rosettes, solitary, or communicating with a cluster, were usually connected to a paracortical lymph sinus. Few differences were found between nodes with or without metastasis, but DC cluster sometimes contained abundant macrophages in cancer metastasis patients. The subcapsular DC cluster is not known in the rodent model, in which the subcapsular sinus is filled with macrophages. This quite different, even complementary, distribution suggests no, or less, cooperation between DCs and macrophages in humans.
Cultural considerations at end‐of‐life for people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: A critical interpretative synthesis
Authors: Lambert Elizabeth , Strickland Karen , Gibson Jo
Published: April 2023

Purpose/Aim

To establish cultural considerations for people from culturally or linguistically diverse backgrounds at the end‐of‐life in Australia.

Background

Globally, there is a rapidly increasing proportion of the ageing population, and high levels of migration to Australia, the Australian healthcare community must recognise individualised and cultural needs when approaching death and end‐of‐life care. Many people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds do not traditionally practice the palliative care approaches that have been developed and practised in Australia.

Design

A Critical Interpretive Synthesis.

Methods

A review protocol was established using PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the literature searched using CINAHL, PubMed, Psych INFO and Medline from January 2011 to 27th February 2021. This search protocol results in 19 peer‐reviewed results for inclusion in critical analysis.

Results

Included studies were qualitative (14), quantitative (4) and mixed methods (1). Four themes were identified from the literature: (i) communication and health literacy; (ii) access to end‐of‐life care services; (iii) cultural norms, traditions and rituals; and (iv) cultural competence of healthcare workers.

Conclusions

Healthcare workers have an essential role in providing care to people with life‐limiting illnesses. Cultural considerations during end‐of‐life care are imperative for the advancement of nursing practice. To achieve effective care for people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds during end‐of‐life care, healthcare workers need to increase their education and cultural competency. There is inadequate research conducted within specific cultural groups, rural and remote Australian communities and individual cultural competence of healthcare workers.

Implications for Practice

Continuing advancement within nursing practice relies on health professionals adopting a person‐centred and culturally appropriate approach to care. To ensure individualised person‐centred care is provided in a culturally appropriate way, healthcare workers must learn to reflect on their practice and actively advocate for people with culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds during end‐of‐life care.
Aggregate Information and Organizational Structures*
Authors: Celik Gorkem , Shin Dongsoo , Strausz Roland
Published: April 2023

We study information flows in an organization with a top management (principal) and multiple subunits (agents) with private information that determines the organization's overall efficiency. Under centralized communication, eliciting the agents' information may induce the principal to manipulate aggregate information, which obstructs an effective use of information. Under hierarchical communication, the principal concedes more information rent due to loss of control, but is able to use the agents' information more effectively. The trade‐off between the organizational structures depends on the likelihood that the agents are efficient. Centralized communication is optimal when such likelihood is low. Hierarchical communication, by contrast, is optimal when it is high.
How modern working environments shape attendance behaviour: A longitudinal study on weekly flexibilization, boundaryless work and presenteeism
Authors: Poethke Ute , Klasmeier Kai N. , Radaca Elvira , Diestel Stefan
Published: April 2023

In the face of technological advancements, flexibilization and boundaryless work have become integral parts of modern occupational settings. Simultaneously, current research indicates a considerable increase in presenteeism—the behaviour of working while sick. Meta‐analytic findings indicate two main drivers for presenteeism: a high work motivation and an impaired state of health and psychological well‐being. Research on flexibilization and boundaryless work shows that these job conditions enhance employees' work motivation but also impair employees' health. Based on conservation of resources theory and Miraglia and John's (J Occupational Health Psychol, 21, 2016, 261) dual‐path model on antecedents of presenteeism, we investigate how both job conditions affect attendance behaviour (absenteeism and presenteeism) via motivation and well‐being by conducting a weekly diary study over the course of 9 weeks. In total, 284 people provided data on flexibilization, boundaryless work, flow experience, well‐being, absenteeism and presenteeism (N = 2284 week‐level). Multilevel mediational analyses revealed that flexibilization prevents presenteeism, whereas boundaryless work can increase presenteeism. The results further revealed support for the health impairment path at the within‐person and between‐person levels whereas the motivational path was not supported at the within‐person level. Our results offer several theoretical and practical implications for how modern work shape attendance behaviour.
Culture and the way of granting job autonomy: Goal or execution?
Authors: Jiang Feng , Lu Su , Ji Li‐Jun , Wang Hai‐Jiang
Published: April 2023

Researchers have assumed that Westerners exercise higher job autonomy than Easterners. However, recent studies have reported mixed and even contradictory findings. The authors distinguish between two types of job autonomy, namely goal and execution autonomy, to examine the relevant cultural differences. The former denotes participation in setting work goals and making plans for meeting those goals, while the latter denotes the ability to complete tasks flexibly. Four studies with a total sample of 1192 participants working in financial or insurance companies were conducted. Study 1a generated items for a new measure of the two types of job autonomy and explored its factor structure. Studies 1b and 1c verified its construct validity and predictive capacity. Study 2 confirmed the structural and metric equivalence of the measure between samples from the United Kingdom and China. The results of Study 2 suggested that the Chinese workers were likely to have high execution autonomy but low goal autonomy, whereas the British workers tended to have high goal autonomy but low execution autonomy. The theoretical and practical implications of job autonomy in cross‐cultural contexts are discussed.
Cyanoseq: A database of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences with curated taxonomy
Authors: Lefler Forrest W. , Berthold David E. , Laughinghouse H. Dail
Published: April 2023

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that occupy various habitats across the globe, playing critical roles in many of Earth's biogeochemical cycles both in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. Despite their well‐known significance, their taxonomy remains problematic and is the subject of much research. Taxonomic issues of Cyanobacteria have consequently led to inaccurate curation within known reference databases, ultimately leading to problematic taxonomic assignment during diversity studies. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have increased our ability to characterize and understand microbial communities, leading to the generation of thousands of sequences that require taxonomic assignment. We herein propose CyanoSeq (https://zenodo.org/record/7569105), a database of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences with curated taxonomy. The taxonomy of CyanoSeq is based on the current state of cyanobacterial taxonomy, with ranks from the domain to genus level. Files are provided for use with common naive Bayes taxonomic classifiers, such as those included in DADA2 or the QIIME2 platform. Additionally, FASTA files are provided for creation of de novo phylogenetic trees with (near) full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequences to determine the phylogenetic relationship of cyanobacterial strains and/or ASV/OTUs. The database currently consists of 5410 cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences along with 123 Chloroplast, Bacterial, and Vampirovibrionia (formally Melainabacteria) sequences.
BcTaf14 regulates growth and development, virulence, and stress responses in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Han Hongjia , Lv Fangjiao , Liu Zhishan , Chen Tongge , Xue Tianzi , Liang Wenxing , Liu Mengjie
Published: April 2023

TATA box‐binding protein (TBP)‐associated factor 14 (Taf14), a transcription‐associated factor containing a conserved YEATS domain and an extra‐terminal (ET) domain, is a multifunctional protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the role of Taf14 in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, the homologue of ScTaf14 in Botrytis cinerea (named BcTaf14), a destructive phytopathogen causing grey mould, was investigated. The BcTaf14 deletion strain (ΔBcTaf14) showed pleiotropic defects, including slow growth, abnormal colony morphology, reduced conidiation, abnormal conidial morphology, reduced virulence, and altered responses to various stresses. The ΔBcTaf14 strain also exhibited differential expression of numerous genes compared to the wild‐type strain. BcTaf14 could interact with the crotonylated H3K9 peptide, and mutation of two key sites (G80 and W81) in the YEATS domain disrupted this interaction. The mutation of G80 and W81 affected the regulatory effect of BcTaf14 on mycelial growth and virulence but did not affect the production and morphology of conidia. The absence of the ET domain at the C‐terminus rendered BcTaf14 unable to localize to the nucleus, and the defects of ΔBcTaf14 were not recovered to wild‐type levels when BcTaf14 without the ET domain was expressed. Our results provide insight into the regulatory roles of BcTaf14 and its two conserved domains in B. cinerea and will be helpful for understanding the function of the Taf14 protein in plant‐pathogenic fungi.
Effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in children with anisohyperopia
Authors: Beasley Ian G. , Davies Leon N. , Logan Nicola S.
Published: April 2023

Purpose

To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in anisohyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus (RPHD) using multifocal soft contact lenses.

Methods

This study is a prospective, controlled paired‐eye study with anisohyperopic children. Axial growth and refractive error were observed without intervention for the first 6 months of the 3‐year trial with participants wearing single vision spectacles. Then, participants wore a centre‐near, multifocal, soft contact lens (+2.00 D add) in their more hyperopic eye for 2 years, with a single vision contact lens worn in the fellow eye if required. The ‘centre‐near’ portion of the contact lens in the more hyperopic eye corrected distance refractive error while the ‘distance’ portion imposed hyperopic defocus in the peripheral retina. Participants reverted to single vision spectacles for the final 6 months.

Results

Eleven participants, mean age of 10.56 years (SD 1.43; range 8.25–13.42), completed the trial. No increase in axial length (AL) was found during the first 6 months in either eye (p > 0.99). Axial growth across the 2‐year intervention period was 0.11 mm (SEM 0.03; p = 0.06) in the test eye versus 0.15 mm (SEM 0.03; p = 0.003) in the control eye. AL was invariant during the final 6 months in both eyes (p > 0.99). Refractive error was stable during the first 6 months in both eyes (p = 0.71). Refractive error change across the 2‐year intervention period was −0.23 D (SEM 0.14; p = 0.32) in the test eye versus −0.30 D (SEM 0.14; p = 0.61) in the control eye. Neither eye demonstrated a change in refractive error during the final 6 months (p > 0.99).

Conclusions

Imposing RPHD using the centre‐near, multifocal, contact lens specified here did not accelerate axial growth nor reduce refractive error in anisohyperopic children.
Early‐life environment and the risk of eczema at 2 years—Meta‐analyses of six Finnish birth cohorts
Authors: Lukkarinen Minna , Kirjavainen Pirkka V. , Backman Katri , Gonzales‐Inca Carlos , Hickman Brandon , Kallio Sampo , Karlsson Hasse , Karlsson Linnea , Keski‐Nisula Leea , Korhonen Laura S. , Korpela Katri , Kuitunen Mikael , Kukkonen Anna Kaarina , Käyhkö Niina , Lagström Hanna , Lukkarinen Heikki , Peltola Ville , Pentti Jaana , Salonen Anne , Savilahti Erkki , Tuoresmäki Pauli , Täubel Martin , Vahtera Jussi , de Vos Willem M. , Pekkanen Juha , Karvonen Anne M.
Published: April 2023

Background

Urban‐related nature exposures are suggested to contribute to the rising prevalence of allergic diseases despite little supporting evidence. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of 12 land cover classes and two greenness indices around homes at birth on the development of doctor‐diagnosed eczema by the age of 2 years, and the influence of birth season.

Methods

Data from 5085 children were obtained from six Finnish birth cohorts. Exposures were provided by the Coordination of Information on the Environment in three predefined grid sizes. Adjusted logistic regression was run in each cohort, and pooled effects across cohorts were estimated using fixed or random effect meta‐analyses.

Results

In meta‐analyses, neither greenness indices (NDVI or VCDI, 250 m × 250 m grid size) nor residential or industrial/commercial areas were associated with eczema by age of 2 years. Coniferous forest (adjusted odds ratio 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.39 for the middle and 1.16; 0.98–1.28 for the highest vs. lowest tertile) and mixed forest (1.21; 1.02–1.42 middle vs. lowest tertile) were associated with elevated eczema risk. Higher coverage with agricultural areas tended to associate with elevated eczema risk (1.20; 0.98–1.48 vs. none). In contrast, transport infrastructure was inversely associated with eczema (0.77; 0.65–0.91 highest vs. lowest tertile).

Conclusion

Greenness around the home during early childhood does not seem to protect from eczema. In contrast, nearby coniferous and mixed forests may increase eczema risk, as well as being born in spring close to forest or high‐green areas.
On Rooting Religious Studies: The Metaphysical Proposal of René Guénon
Authors: Taj Noah H.
Published: April 2023

The present article problematizes current dominating approaches to method and theory in the study of religion by pointing to their inapplicability to theorists working outside secular worldviews. The first section of this article introduces decolonialist narratives by touching on important topics which are subsumed within larger discussions, such as secularism, positionality, and others. This is done by putting René Guénon (1886–1951) in conversation with other theorists, the foremost of whom is Bruce Lincoln. Section two introduces Guénon using Wael Hallaq's categorisation of him as a subversive author, and sections three and four elaborate on his subversion through touching on two key theories. The first relates to problematizations of the term ‘religion’ itself along with a treatment of Guénon's actual theory of religion. The second is Guénon'smetaphysicalmethod, which, contrasted against the historical, opens new avenues for our study of the past in manners unrestricted to materialism alone, expanding thereby the academic frameworks with which we come to the table in the academic study of religion.
An alternative interpretation for tailing in survival curves for bacteria exposed to germicidal radiation
Authors: Oppezzo Oscar J. , Abrevaya Ximena C. , Giacobone Ana F. F.
Published: April 2023

It has been proposed that transient and reversible phenotypic changes could modify the response of bacteria to germicidal radiation, eventually leading to tailing in the survival curves. If this were the case, changes in susceptibility to radiation would reflect variations in gene expression and should only occur in cells in which gene expression is active. To obtain experimental evidence supporting the involvement of phenotypic changes in the origin of tailing, we studied changes in the susceptibility to radiation of cells able to survive high fluences, using split irradiations. Stationary phase cells of Enterobacter cloacae and Deinococcus radiodurans, in which gene expression is active, and spores of Bacillus subtilis, which are dormant cells without active gene expression, were used as microbial models. While cells of E. cloacae and D. radiodurans became susceptible after surviving exposures to high fluences, tolerant spores exhibited unchanged response to radiation. The results can be interpreted assuming that noise in gene expression modifies bacterial susceptibility to radiation, and tailing is the result of intrinsic phenomena of bacterial physiology rather than a technical artifact. For either theoretical or practical purposes, deviations from simple exponential decay kinetics should be considered in estimations of the effects of germicidal radiation at high fluences.
Creating the executive budget process: What was Congress thinking?
Authors: Douglas James W. , Kravchuk Robert S.
Published: April 2023

The recent centennial of the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act presents an opportunity to reconsider the importance of the federal executive budget to American political development. Of particular interest is the apparent shift in political authority from Congress to the president that is sometimes attributed to the Act. The 1921 Act generally marks the rise of the modern presidency, where the president received a durable grant of authority. We examine the congressional hearings and debates regarding the budget process from 1919 to 1921 to assess Congress's expectations of the new budget system it was creating. We show that Congress expected to benefit from the executive budget process and did not view it as a threat to its budget authority. Congress recognized that the executive branch had influence in the budget process, but it preferred presidential influence to department heads’ influence. The 1921 Act, at least initially, enhanced the budgeting capacities ofboththe president and Congress in mutually beneficial ways.
Vascular characterization and morphogenesis in porcine placenta at day 40 of gestation
Authors: Fiorimanti M. R. , Cristofolini A. L. , Rabaglino M. B. , Moreira‐Espinoza M. J. , Grosso M. C. , Barbeito C. G. , Merkis C. I.
Published: April 2023

In porcine placenta, abnormal development of the placental vasculature leads to placental insufficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression of angiogenic growth factors and to determine the vascular characteristics in placenta at day 40 of pig gestation. Samples were collected from maternal‐chorioallantoic interface (n = 21) for the measurement of mRNA expression of VEGFA, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, FGF2 and its receptors KDR, TEK, FGFR1IIIc, FGFR2IIIb respectively, and for immunohistochemistry analysis of CD31 and VEGFA. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD31 and VEGFA, morphometric measurement of blood vessels, high‐resolution light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Capillary area density, number of blood vessels and capillary area were significantly higher on the maternal side than on the fetal side (p < .05). The ultrastructural finding of blood vessels demonstrates close contact with the trophoblastic epithelium. The relative mRNA expression of VEGFA and its receptor KDR was higher compared with the other angiogenic genes. In conclusion, a high mRNA expression of VEGFA and its receptor KDR added to the immunohistochemical results suggest a potential role of these genes in this pathway associated with an increase in the density of the capillary area on the maternal side and a reduction in the hemotrophic diffusion distance at the interface for nutrient exchange.
Hemodialysis vascular access coordinator: Three‐level model for access management
Authors: Sousa Clemente Neves , Teles Paulo , Sousa Rui , Cabrita Filipa , Ribeiro Olga Maria Pimenta Lopes , Delgado Elisabete , Coutinho Sara , Moura Sandra Cristina Mendo , Delgado Millena Freire , Costa João Filipe , Sá Tiago Gomes , Teixeira Sílvia Mónica Pereira , Mendonça Ana Elza Oliveira , Ozen Nurten
Published: April 2023

Management of vascular access is a challenge for the dialysis team, particularly to keep the arteriovenous access working. The vascular access coordinator can positively contribute to increase the number of arteriovenous fistulas and reduce central venous catheters. In this article, we introduce a new approach to vascular access management centered on (the results of setting up) the role of vascular access coordinator. We described the three‐level model (3Level_M) for vascular access management organized in three levels: vascular access nurse manager, vascular access coordinator, and vascular access consultant. We defined the instrumental skills and training required to be developed by each element and clarify the articulation between the model and all members of the dialysis team related to vascular access.
A new reef classification model with insights into Phanerozoic evolution of reef ecosystems
Authors: Yao Le , Kershaw Stephen , Shen Shuzhong , Wang Xiangdong
Published: April 2023

Organic reefs are largely calcareous build‐ups of sessile organisms, commonly in shallow marine ecosystems, with a long Precambrian to Modern history. Despite a long history of study, the reef classification is still open to development due to reefs encompassing diverse organic and inorganic components with various imprecise and synonymous terms. In this study, a new classification model for organic reefs is expressed in two hierarchical levels.Level 1: Reef outline geometry has two major forms: bioherms (prominent relief and laterally constrained) and biostromes (low relief and large lateral extension interbedded with non‐reef sediments), within which constructional components highly vary.Level 2: Four reef constructor groups form end‐members in a pyramid diagram: macroskeleton (S), microbia (Mi), matrix (Ma) and cement (C). Thus five reef types are recognized depending on the composition and structure of these constructors: (i) S‐supported reef; (ii) Mi‐supported reef (calcimicrobial and agglutinated microbial); (iii) Ma‐supported reef (cluster and carbonate mud mound); (iv) C‐supported reef; and (v) hybrid component‐supported reef (comprising two or more major types of reef components). This arrangement makes a more streamlined and accessible reef classification than prior schemes. Two associated non‐reef habitats that may grade into reefs are relevant: debris biostromes/banks and level‐bottom communities containing taxa found in adjacent reefs. Based on this ‘SMiMaC’ model, the structural evolution of reef ecosystems is demonstrated for the Phanerozoic, characterized by S‐supported and hybrid‐supported, and Mi‐supported and Ma‐supported structures under cooling and intense warming climates, respectively.
What Time is the Visual? Photography and the History of the Future
Authors: Pinney Christopher
Published: April 2023

Part of a broader inquiry that asks, “What time is the visual?” this article uses ethnographic observations and recent theoretical work to suggest that photography is as much future‐oriented as it is a zone for the preservation of the past. I document different temporal orientations of photographs, drawing on historical studio images featuring clocks and photographic paraphernalia and ethnographic research into memorial images in Nepal and central India. I embrace Ariella Azoulay and Karen Strassler's insights and critique the paradigms established by Pierre Bourdieu and John Tagg. The article concludes with an experiment with photography's prophetic and analytic potential to make visible an “anterior future” in relation to the Bhopal Union Carbide disaster of 1984.
Hemophagocytic syndrome in a cat with Mycoplasma haemofelis infection
Authors: Strandberg Natalia J. , Tang Karena M. , dos Santos Andrea P.
Published: April 2023

A six‐year‐old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for a week‐long history of lethargy, acute anorexia, and adipsia. On presentation, the cat was weak with pale mucous membranes, open‐mouth breathing, and mild popliteal lymphadenomegaly. Routine bloodwork revealed bicytopenia due to marked non‐regenerative anemia and moderate thrombocytopenia; erythrocyte clumping was apparent on the blood smear, but no agglutination was noted on a saline dispersion test. Abdominal and thoracic imaging showed marked splenomegaly and multiple mildly enlarged lymph nodes. Aspirates from the bone marrow and spleen contained many erythrophagocytic macrophages and occasional lymphocytes containing engulfed erythrocytes. The macrophages also occasionally contained phagocytosed erythroid precursors, platelets, and leukocytes. A diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome was made based on the presence of bicytopenia and increased numbers of hemophagocytic macrophages in the spleen and bone marrow. Though no organisms were observed, Mycoplasma spp. infection was suspected and confirmed via PCR. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a hemophagocytic syndrome in a cat with Mycoplasma haemofelis. Lymphocyte engulfment of erythrocytes has been previously reported in a cat with M. haemofelis infection. Both hemophagocytic syndrome and engulfment of erythrocytes by lymphocytes should prompt testing for Mycoplasma spp. even with a lack of evident parasitemia.
Fumarate as positive modulator of allosteric transitions in the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel GLIC: requirement of an intact vestibular pocket
Authors: Van Renterghem Catherine , Nemecz Ákos , Delarue‐Cochin Sandrine , Joseph Delphine , Corringer Pierre‐Jean
Published: April 2023

Gloeobacter violaceus ligand‐gated ion channel (GLIC) is a prokaryotic orthologue of brain pentameric neurotransmitter receptors. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology in a host cell line, we show that short‐chain dicarboxylate compounds are positive modulators of pHo 5‐evoked GLIC activity, with a rank order of action fumarate > succinate > malonate > glutarate. Potentiation by fumarate depends on intracellular pH, mainly as a result of a strong decrease of the pHo 5‐evoked current when intracellular pH decreases. The modulating effect of fumarate also depends on extracellular pH, as fumarate is a weak inhibitor at pHo 6 and shows no agonist action at neutral pHo. A mutational analysis of residue dependency for succinate and fumarate effects, based on two carboxylate‐binding pockets previously identified by crystallography (Fourati et al., 2020), shows that positive modulation involves both the inter‐subunit pocket, homologous to the neurotransmitter‐binding orthotopic site, and the intra‐subunit (also called vestibular) pocket. An almost similar pattern of mutational impact is observed for the effect of caffeate, a known negative modulator. We propose, for both dicarboxylate compounds and caffeate, a model where the inter‐subunit pocket is the actual binding site, and the region corresponding to the vestibular pocket is required either for inter‐subunit binding itself, or for binding‐to‐gating coupling during the allosteric transitions involved in pore‐gating modulation.

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Key points

Using a bacterial orthologue of brain pentameric neurotransmitter receptors, we show that the orthotopic/orthosteric agonist site and the adjacent vestibular region are functionally interdependent in mediating compound‐elicited modulation. We propose that the two sites in the extracellular domain are involved ‘in series’, a mechanism which may have relevance for eukaryote receptors.

We show that short‐chain dicarboxylate compounds are positive modulators of the Gloeobacter violaceus ligand‐gated ion channel (GLIC). The most potent compound identified is fumarate, known to occupy the orthotopic/orthosteric site in previously published crystal structures.

We show that intracellular pH modulates GLIC allosteric transitions, as previously known for extracellular pH.

We report a caesium to sodium permeability ratio (PCs/PNa) of 0.54 for GLIC ion pore.