bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene‐based composite with microwave absorption property prepared by in situ reduction
Authors: Liu Huanrui , Yang Wenbin , He Fangfang , Li Yintao , Yang Xuping , Zhang Kai
Published: October 2013

Binary composite of graphene/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with microwave absorption property is prepared by in situ reduction process. Graphite oxide (GO) is prepared from flake graphite by modified Hummers' method and further dispersed in distilled water to get GO solution. Then, PEO powder is slowly added into GO solution to get GO/PEO solution, and graphene/PEO composites is prepared via a facile and quick reduction process in GO/PEO solution. PEO and graphene/PEO composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, and vector network analyzer. The results show that graphene is uniformly dispersed in PEO matrix because GO and PEO can be uniformly dispersed at molecular level due to their water‐solubility and the agglomeration of graphene can be prevented by PEO macromolecular chains during in situ reduction process. Graphene/PEO composite has better thermal stability than PEO, which can be explained by the graphene restoration of sp2 bonded carbon structure. Meanwhile, graphene/PEO composite shows excellent microwave absorption property at low grapheme content. The minimum reflection loss of graphene/PEO composite is up to −20.0 dB when the content of graphene is only 1 wt%. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:461–467, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improved properties by hydrogen bonding interaction of poly(lactic acid)/palygorskite nanocomposites for agricultural products packaging
Authors: Jiang Yumei , Han Shunyu , Zhang Shenggui , Li Jixin , Huang Gaobao , Bi Yang , Chai Qiang
Published: October 2013

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/palygorskite (PA) nanocomposites were fabricated through melt blending. The significant finding by Fourier transformed infrared spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was that the hydrogen bonding interaction between PA surface and PLA matrix. Due to the hydrogen bonding interaction, the PA particles could be well dispersed and distributed in the PLA matrix, which had been further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results. Therefore, PLA/PA nanocomposites revealed the significant improvements in tensile properties, resulting in the potential application for agricultural products packaging. Due to PA aggregates, the degree of hydrogen bonding decreased with the increasing content of PA in the matrix, and the appropriate PA content is 3% (by weight). POLYM. COMPOS., 35:468–476, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of hygrothermal ageing on the monotonic and cyclic loading of glass fiber reinforced polyamide
Authors: Haddar Nader , Ksouri Imen , Kallel Tasnim , Mnif Nizar
Published: October 2013

The properties of short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic based on polyamide 6 in humid environment are studied. Conditioning was conducted at 90°C. The combined action of water and heat (90°C) affects progressively the mechanical properties. When the injection molded samples were subjected to moisture, decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus was observed whatever in distilled water or in salt solution. However, there is an enhancement of elongation at break with increasing exposure to humidity. After immersion in water, the fatigue life time is drastically reduced. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used in order to examine the fractured samples feature. Results show that water diffuses into the polymer leading to a reduction of the interfacial stress transmissibility. The major contributor of the stiffness loss is the adhesion loss between the fibers and the polymer. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:501–508, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Quality by Design for Herbal Drugs: a Feedforward Control Strategy and an Approach to Define the Acceptable Ranges of Critical Quality Attributes
Authors: Yan Binjun , Li Yao , Guo Zhengtai , Qu Haibin
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The concept of quality by design (QbD) has been widely accepted and applied in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. There are still two key issues to be addressed in the implementation of QbD for herbal drugs. The first issue is the quality variation of herbal raw materials and the second issue is the difficulty in defining the acceptable ranges of critical quality attributes (CQAs).

Objective

To propose a feedforward control strategy and a method for defining the acceptable ranges of CQAs for the two issues.

Methods

In the case study of the ethanol precipitation process of Danshen (Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza) injection, regression models linking input material attributes and process parameters to CQAs were built first and an optimisation model for calculating the best process parameters according to the input materials was established. Then, the feasible material space was defined and the acceptable ranges of CQAs for the previous process were determined.

Results

In the case study, satisfactory regression models were built with cross‐validated regression coefficients (Q2) all above 91 %. The feedforward control strategy was applied successfully to compensate the quality variation of the input materials, which was able to control the CQAs in the 90–110 % ranges of the desired values. In addition, the feasible material space for the ethanol precipitation process was built successfully, which showed the acceptable ranges of the CQAs for the concentration process.

Conclusion

The proposed methodology can help to promote the implementation of QbD for herbal drugs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC Profiling with At‐line Microdilution Assay for the Early Identification of Anti‐fungal Compounds in Plants from French Polynesia
Authors: Bertrand Samuel , Petit Charlotte , Marcourt Laurence , Ho Raimana , Gindro Katia , Monod Michel , Wolfender Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The search for anti‐fungal compounds has maintained a scientific interest notably due to existing difficulties in the treatment of mycoses and their increasing occurrence in hospitals.

Objective

Development of a simple method to rapidly identify anti‐fungal compounds in crude plant extracts based on a HPLC microfractionation approach combined with an at‐line anti‐Candida assay.

Methods

The scale of the semi‐preparative HPLC microfractionation was adapted to fit the sensitivity of the Candida albicans anti‐fungal in a 96‐well microdilution assay. This format is also compatible for MS and NMR dereplication of the active compounds.

Results

Based on the screening of 12 crude extracts of plants from French Polynesia, three plants, which displayed various levels of anti‐fungal activities, were selected to assess the efficiency of the HPLC anti‐fungal profiling and the scale necessary for microfractionation. The same anti‐Candida assay was performed on the HPLC microfractions collected using a generic profiling method. Analysis of active microfractions by MS and NMR issued from the most active extract enabled an efficient dereplication of the compounds responsible for the anti‐fungal activity.

Conclusion

A generic HPLC anti‐fungal profiling method was developed which revealed that only 50 mg of crude extract were sufficient for a rapid identification of compound(s) responsible for the anti‐Candida activity. This approach was illustrated by the study of Alphitonia zizyphoides, a plant traditionally used to treat dermatomycoses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser Microdissection: a Sample Preparation Technique for Plant Micrometabolic Profiling
Authors: Fang Jingjing , Schneider Bernd
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Unlike unicellular organisms, plants have evolved as complex organisms that are defined by their ability to distribute special vital functions to spatially separated organs and tissues. Current phytochemical approaches mostly ignore this fact by analysing samples that consist of different cell types and thus average the information obtained. A comprehensive metabolite analysis with high spatial resolution is essential to fully characterise the state of a certain tissue; hence, the analysis of metabolites occurring in specialised plant cells is of considerable interest in chemical ecology, plant natural product chemistry and other bioscience disciplines. Laser microdissection (LMD), including laser capture microdissection and laser microdissection and pressure catapulting, is a convenient sampling technique to harvest homogeneous cell types for the microanalysis of plant metabolites.

Objective

The objective of this work is to provide an introduction to LMD methodology and a concise review of recent applications of LMD in the high‐resolution analysis of metabolites in different plant materials.

Methods

A step‐by‐step approach to LMD sampling techniques is described. How LMD can be used to sample cells or microscopic tissue pieces from different plant organs, such as leaves, stems, and seeds, is shown in detail. Finally, the future of LMD in plant metabolites analysis is discussed.

Results

This review summarises studies over the past decade not only showing technical details but also indicating the wide application of this method for high‐resolution plant metabolite analysis.

Conclusion

Laser microdissection is a powerful sampling technique for plant micrometabolic profiling and metabolomics research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of dosage‐sensitive genes in fetuses referred with severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Brady P. D. , DeKoninck P. , Fryns J. P. , Devriendt K. , Deprest J. A. , Vermeesch J. R.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a fetal abnormality affecting diaphragm and lung development with a high mortality rate despite advances in fetal and neonatal therapy. CDH may occur either as an isolated defect or in syndromic form for which the prognosis is worse. Although conventional karyotyping and, more recently, chromosomal microarrays support a substantial role for genetic factors, causal genes responsible for isolated CDH remain elusive. We propose that chromosomal microarray analysis will identify copy number variations (CNVs) associated with isolated CDH.

Methods

We perform a prospective genome‐wide screen for CNVs using chromosomal microarrays on 75 fetuses referred with apparently isolated CDH, six of which were later reclassified as non‐isolated CDH.

Results

The results pinpoint haploinsufficiency of NR2F2 as a cause of CDH and cardiovascular malformations. In addition, the 15q25.2 and 16p11.2 recurrent microdeletions are associated with isolated CDH. By using gene prioritisation and network analysis, we provide strong evidence for several novel dosage‐sensitive candidate genes associated with CDH.

Conclusions

Chromosomal microarray analysis detects submicroscopic CNVs associated with isolated CDH or CDH with cardiovascular malformations. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial factors affecting uptake of prenatal genetic testing: a pilot study
Authors: Pivetti Monica , Melotti Giannino , Morselli Davide , Olivieri Mariangela
Published: October 2013

Objective

This study aims to explore the psychosocial factors which influenced the undergoing of prenatal genetic testing (PGT) in a sample of pregnant women.

Method

An online questionnaire was emailed to a convenient sample of 105 pregnant women, recruited from among those attending two antenatal education programmes and via snowball sampling.

Results

A minority of respondents underwent chorionic villous sampling and amniocentesis (12 and 11, respectively). Advanced maternal age was related to undertaking PGT. The path analysis model (χ2 (16, N = 97) = 19.01, ns; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.04; WRMR = 0.64) confirmed that three dimensions, namely having a more supporting attitude towards PGT (β = 0.54, p < 0.001), perceiving PGT as reliable (β = 0.29, p < 0.05) and the request for more scientific information (β = 0.22, p < 0.01), related to test uptaking.

Conclusion

Empirical researches investigating pregnant women's beliefs and attitudes relating to actual test uptake could help genetic counsellors and policy makers to better understand their client's profile in relation to the determining factors affecting the undertaking of PGT. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuously extruded micro‐textured polypropylene films
Authors: Villacorta Byron S. , Hulseman Sarah , Cannon Andrew H. , Hulseman Ralph , Ogale Amod A.
Published: October 2013

The continuous extrusion of micro‐textured isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) film and its tribological properties are reported. As analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, a rectangular‐semicircular micro‐patterned die successfully produced extruded cast‐films with hill‐like micro‐texture. Such films displayed static and kinetic coefficients of friction (COFs and COFk) values of 0.247 ± 0.028 and 0.245 ± 0.003, respectively, for a steel fixture sliding along the micro‐texture of the film. The equivalent COFs and COFk values for non‐textured (NT) films were 0.369 ± 0.036 and 0.340 ± 0.024, respectively, confirming that textured films displayed a reduction in COF of about 30%. For textured and NT films sliding on textured films, the COFk values were even lower at 0.161 ± 0.013 and 0.113 ± 0.004, which represents about 20–40% reduction as compared with that for the NT‐NT counterparts. Films coated with a silicone lubricant displayed COFs and COFk values of 0.334 ± 0.042 and 0.099 ± 0.012, respectively, for NT films sliding over lubricated NT films, and 0.426 ± 0.031 and 0.063 ± 0.006, respectively, for textured films sliding over lubricated textured films. The COFk values for textured/non‐lubricated films approach those of NT/lubricated films, indicating that micro‐textured polypropylene films may be used in environmentally sensitive applications where lubricants and fluorinated additives may not be used for reducing friction. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2147–2154, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Design and synthesis of biodegradable copolyester poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐d,l‐lactide) with four pendent functional groups
Authors: Zhao Xiong‐Yan , Wang Ming‐Zhu , Xing Ai , Xiao Ji‐Jun , Xie Jiang
Published: October 2013

A novel biodegradable copolyester poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐d,l‐lactide) with four pendent functional groups was designed and synthesized. The synthetic route includes the following three steps: (1) synthesis of OH‐terminated PCLA (PCLA‐OH) by the ring‐opening copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone andd,l‐lactide; (2) end‐group functionalization of PCLA‐OH through the esterification with lysine; and (3) synthesis of tetra‐amino‐terminated PCLA (PCLA‐NH2) by removing the protecting groups. The composition, structure, and thermal property of these copolyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Results revealed that the molecular weight and glass transition temperature of PCLA‐NH2can be tailored by the careful selection of synthesis parameters. Moreover, polyester elastomers based on PCLA‐NH2were synthesized and characterized. These polyester elastomers are stabilized in their rubbery state in room temperature and exhibit tunable physiochemical and mechanical properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2170–2176, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nanocomposites of silica reinforced polypropylene: Correlation between morphology and properties
Authors: Bouaziz Amira , Jaziri Mohamed , Dalmas Florent , Massardier Valerie
Published: October 2013

Polypropylene/fumed hydrophilic silica nanocomposites were prepared via melt mixing method using a single‐screw extruder. Comparative study with and without compatibilizing copolymer agent (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene: PP‐g‐AM) was conducted. The obtained results were interpreted in terms of silica nanoparticle–silica nanoparticle and silica nanoparticle‐polymer interactions. These results have shown that the addition of nanofillers improves the properties of the nanocomposites. From transmission electron microscopy, it was found that agglomerations of silica particles into the PP matrix increased in average size with increasing silica contents, except in presence of the copolymer. Storage modulus values of the nanocomposites measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis were sensitive to the microstructure of the nanocomposites. Higher silica contents resulted in higher storage modulus, revealing that the material became stiffer. By adding the compatibilizer, a further increase of storage modulus was observed due to the finer dispersion of the filler in the matrix and the increased interfacial adhesion. Crystallization rates were found to increase with the increase of silica nanoparticles as well as PP‐g‐MA content. In addition, silica nanoparticles and the compatibilizing agent present centers of germination and nucleation of crystallites. Thus, the use of the coupling agent resulted in a further enhancement of mechanical properties of the nanocomposites due to the reduction of silica agglomeration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2187–2196, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Simulation of zinc extraction from aqueous solutions using polymeric hollow‐fibers
Authors: Ghadiri Mehdi , Parvini Mehdi , Darehnaei Mahdiyar Ghasemi
Published: October 2013

Modeling and simulation of zinc extraction from aqueous solutions with di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as extractant was conducted in this research. The simulated device for providing contact between two phases is a microporous hollow‐fiber membrane contactor. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was applied for simulation of zinc extraction in this study. From the simulation results, concentration and pressure distributions were obtained for zinc to analyze the ability of membrane in extraction of zinc. The results of simulation revealed that extraction of Zn2+ from aqueous solutions is dependent on the flow rate of feed solution. It was observed that extraction efficiency of zinc was reduced with increasing feed flow rate. It is also indicated that the pressure drop along the shell side of the membrane extractor is not considerable. The latter is one of the advantages of membrane extractors which assist in reducing the separation costs for zinc recovery. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2222–2227, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical and interfacial properties of phenolic composites reinforced with treated cellulose fibers
Authors: Rojo Ester , Oliet Mercedes , Alonso M. Virginia , Saz‐Orozco Belén Del , Rodriguez Francisco
Published: October 2013

Cellulose fiber‐reinforced phenolic composites were prepared and characterized by mechanical tests and morphological analysis in this study. First, preparation of the phenolic matrix was optimized using an experimental design. The variables studied were curing temperature and time. The responses measured were strength, elongation, modulus, and strain energy density, in tensile and flexural tests. After fixing the optimal curing conditions of the matrix at 75°C and 2.75 h, the effect of a latest drying stage was studied. Strengths in tensile and flexural tests of the matrix after the incorporation of the drying stage were 156 and 189% of the strengths of the undried matrix, and elastic moduli were three‐fold. Finally, cellulose fibers were incorporated as reinforcement. Alkali treatment of the fibers (1 and 5% NaOH), employment of silanes as coupling agents [(3‐aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APS) and 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPS)], and combined treatments alkali‐silane were tested. The AAPS silane treated cellulose fiber‐reinforced phenolic composite was the material with the best mechanical performance and adhesion fiber–matrix. The most significant improvements obtained with the AAPS silane treatment of the fibers were 25, 52, and 110% for tensile strength, elongation, and SED, respectively, in relation to the unreinforced material properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2228–2238, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Perceiving Aggression from Facial Structure: Further Evidence for A Positive Association with Facial Width–To–Height Ratio and Masculinity, but Not for Moderation by Self–Reported Dominance
Authors: Lefevre Carmen E. , Lewis Gary J.
Published: October 2013

Recent work has indicated that individual differences in facial structure are linked to perceptions of aggressiveness. In particular, the relative width of a face [facial width–to–height ratio (fWHR)] has been suggested to be a reliable cue to aggressive behaviour, at least in men. Additionally, facial masculinity has been associated with perceptions of dominance, a close proxy of aggressiveness. In two studies, we assessed the robustness of this link using faces transformed along these vectors in men (Studies 1 and 2) and women (Study 2). Additionally, we examined whether individual differences in self–reported dominance of perceivers moderated this association in order to extend previous work indicating that own dominance affects perception of such behaviour in others. Results indicated that both male and female faces with increased fWHR and increased facial masculinity were perceived as more aggressive. However, we found no systematic evidence for moderating effects of self–reported dominance on the perception of aggression in others. Taken together, these results further support the robustness of fWHR and facial masculinity as cues to aggressiveness but question whether observers’ own dominance moderates their perception of these cues in others. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Using aluminium triflate as a co‐catalyst for the polymerization of o‐phenylenediamine and its derivatives
Authors: Amer Ismael , Young Desmond A , Vosloo Hermanus CM
Published: October 2013

Aromatic diamine monomers, including o‐phenylenediamine (oPD), 4‐methyl‐o‐phenylenediamine (4Me‐oPD), 4,5‐dimethyl‐o‐phenylenediamine (dMe‐oPD) and 4‐(tert‐butyl)‐o‐phenylenediamine (tBu‐oPD), were polymerized by chemical oxidation using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. Aluminium triflate (Al(OTf)3) was also used for the first time as a co‐catalyst under various reaction conditions for the polymerization of oPD derivatives. The polymerization yield was improved when Al(OTf)3 was introduced to the polymerization reaction for most polymers. The solubility of poly(4‐methyl‐o‐phenylenediamine) (P(4Me‐oPD)), poly(4,5‐dimethyl‐o‐phenylenediamine) (P(dMe‐oPD)) and poly(4‐(tert‐butyl)‐o‐phenylenediamine) (P(tBu‐oPD)) polymers was improved compared with the poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (P(oPD)) polymers in most common solvents. The homopolymers obtained were characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, UV−visible spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, DSC and TGA. The results showed that the yield, solubility and structure of the polymers are significantly dependent on the polymerization conditions. DSC measurements indicated that the polymers exhibited melting and crystallization transitions. The polymers also showed good thermal stability and decompose above 400 °C in nitrogen. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
SEXUALITY EDUCATION FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Authors: Tullis Christopher A. , Zangrillo Amanda N.
Published: October 2013

As people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) mature from adolescents into adults, social deficits may become more pronounced and apparent in new areas (e.g., social functioning and sexuality). Like neurotypicals, sexuality may be directly related to quality of life for people with ASD. Current practice for addressing sexuality in the ASD population includes some curricula that may be beneficial for teaching skills related to sexuality, but the scientific support for such curricula is absent. Typically sexuality education is only implemented when a behavior is demonstrated that is considered deviant or problematic. Although reactive education may be a common practice, a strategy that includes proactive sexuality education may be more beneficial for the long‐term quality of life for people with ASD. The current paper will highlight some of the areas for further investigation and program development for adolescents and adults with ASD.
Two‐step OFFGEL approach for effective peptide separation compatible with iTRAQ labeling
Authors: Rideau Alexis , Besson Damien , Boissard Alice , Coqueret Olivier , Guette Catherine
Published: October 2013

Shotgun proteomic analyses are increasingly becoming methods of choice for complex samples. The development of effective methods for fractionating peptides to reduce the complexity of the sample before mass analysis is a key point in this strategy. The OFFGEL technology has recently become a tool of choice in proteomic analysis at peptide level. This OFFGEL electrophoresis (OGE) approach allows the in‐solution separation of peptides from various biological sources by isoelectric focusing in highly resolved 24 fractions. It was also demonstrated that OGE technology is a filtering tool for pI‐based validation of peptide identification. As peptide OGE is compatible with iTRAQ labeling, OGE is finding valuable applications in quantitative proteomics as well. The aim of this study is to explain a new 2D‐OGE approach that improves the proteomic coverage of complex mixtures such as colorectal cell line lysates, and which is compatible with iTRAQ labeling.
Proteomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis strains engineered for improved production of heterologous proteins
Authors: Pohl Susanne , Bhavsar Gaurav , Hulme Joanne , Bloor Alexandra E. , Misirli Goksel , Leckenby Matthew W. , Radford David S. , Smith Wendy , Wipat Anil , Williamson E. Diane , Harwood Colin R. , Cranenburgh Rocky M.
Published: October 2013

The use of bacterial systems for recombinant protein production has advantages of simplicity, time and cost over competing systems. However, widely used bacterial expression systems (e.g. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens) are not able to secrete soluble proteins directly into the culture medium. This limits yields and increases downstream processing time and costs. In contrast, Bacillus spp. secrete native enzymes directly into the culture medium at grams‐per‐litre quantities, although the yields of some recombinant proteins are severely limited. We have engineered the Bacillus subtilis genome to generate novel strains with precise deletions in the genes encoding ten extracytoplasmic proteases that affect recombinant protein secretion, which lack chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes. The deletion sites and presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms were confirmed by sequencing. The strains are stable and were used in industrial‐scale fermenters for the production of the Bacillus anthracis vaccine protein, protective antigen, the productivity of which is extremely low in the unmodified strain. We also show that the deletion of so‐called quality control proteases appears to influence cell‐wall synthesis, resulting in the induction of the cell‐wall stress regulon that encodes another quality control protease.
Global combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) approach with selective MS3 acquisition
Authors: Evans Adam R. , Robinson Renã A. S.
Published: October 2013

Recently, we reported a novel proteomics quantitation scheme termed “combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT)” that allows for the identification and quantitation of nitrated peptides in as many as 12–16 samples in a single experiment. cPILOT offers enhanced multiplexing and posttranslational modification specificity, however excludes global quantitation for all peptides present in a mixture and underestimates reporter ion ratios similar to other isobaric tagging methods due to precursor co‐isolation. Here, we present a novel chemical workflow for cPILOT that can be used for global tagging of all peptides in a mixture. Specifically, through low pH precursor dimethylation of tryptic or LysC peptides followed by high pH tandem mass tags, the same reporter ion can be used twice in a single experiment. Also, to improve triple‐stage mass spectrometry (MS3) data acquisition, a selective MS3 method that focuses on product selection of the y1 fragment of lysine‐terminated peptides is incorporated into the workflow. This novel cPILOT workflow has potential for global peptide quantitation that could lead to enhanced sample multiplexing and increase the number of quantifiable spectra obtained from MS3 acquisition methods.
Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment: a case for screening?
Authors: Price Hannah L , Larner Andrew J
Published: October 2013

There have been many concerns raised regarding whole‐population screening for dementia. Targeting higher risk groups, such as those with type 2 diabetes, may be more clinically meaningful, argue Hannah Price and Andrew Larner.
DSM‐5: rewriting the ‘bible’
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: October 2013

The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) was launched this May to much controversy. Medical writer Mark Greener discusses what the new edition means for psychiatrists and patients.
Is there a role for switching antidepressants in treatment‐resistant depression?
Authors: Montgomery Stuart
Published: October 2013

This extract has been taken from Treatment‐resistant Depression By Siegfried Kasper and Stuart Montgomery (eds)

Wiley‐Blackwell 2013
UV filter 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐methoxycinnamate: a structure, energetic and UV–vis spectral analysis based on density functional theory
Authors: Miranda Margarida S. , Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: October 2013

2‐Ethylhexyl 4‐methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is a very commonly used UVB filter that is known to isomerize from the (E) to the (Z) isomer in the presence of light.

In this study, we have performed high level quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP density functional and extended basis sets to study the gas‐phase molecular structure of EHMC and its energetic stability. Calculations were also performed for related smaller molecules cinnamic acid and 4‐methoxycinnamic acid.

Charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural charges and Wiberg bond indexes within the natural bond orbital analysis and using nucleus independent chemical shifts.

Density functional theory calculations reveal that the (E) isomer of EHMC is more stable than the (Z) by about 20 kJ mol−1 in both the gas and aqueous phases. The enthalpy of formation in the gas phase of (E)‐EHMC was derived from an isodesmic bond separation reaction.

Long‐range corrected DFT calculations in implicit water were made in order to understand the excited state properties of the (E) and (Z) isomers of EHMC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Donor–acceptor copolymers based on phenanthrene as electron‐donating unit: Synthesis and photovoltaic performances
Authors: Chen Zhenhui , Cai Ping , Zhang Lianjie , Zhu Yongxiang , Xu Xiaofeng , Sun Jiangman , Huang Jun , Liu Xuncheng , Chen Junwu , Chen Hongzheng , Cao Yong
Published: October 2013

Using 9,10‐bis(dodecyloxy)phenanthrene as electron‐donating unit and 4,7‐dithienyl‐5,6‐bis(dodecyloxy)benzothiadiazole, 4,7‐dithienyl‐5,6‐bis(octyloxy)benzoxadiazole, 5,8‐dithienyl‐2,3‐bis(para‐octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline, and 5,8‐dithienyl‐2,3‐bis(meta‐octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline as electron‐accepting unit, four D–A copolymers PPA‐DTBT, PPA‐DTBX, PPA‐p‐DTQ, and PPA‐m‐DTQ, respectively, were successfully synthesized as new polymeric donors for photovoltaic cells. All the alternating copolymers can show two absorption bands, both in solutions and thin films. The optical bandgaps of the polymers are quite close, which are between 1.93 and 2.00 eV. The HOMO and LUMO levels of the polymers are also comparable of −5.52 ± 0.03 eV and −3.57 ± 0.03 eV, respectively. Thus, using the dialkoxyphenanthrene as the D unit could afford D–A copolymers with deep‐lying HOMO levels, which would be an important factor to achieve high open‐circuit voltages (Voc) in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells. With the copolymers as the donor and PC71BM as the acceptor, the resulting solar cells could display good Voc between 0.86 and 0.88 V. Among the four copolymers, PPA‐DTBT containing the dialkoxybenzothiadiazole unit showed the best power conversion efficiency of 3.03% because of its relatively higher hole mobility and better phase separation. The results suggest that dialkoxyphenanthrene is a valuable electron‐donating unit in the constructions of D–A copolymers for efficient solar cells with high Voc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4966–4974
Fabrication and characterization of SiO2/PVDF composite nanofiber‐coated PP nonwoven separators for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Yanilmaz Meltem , Chen Chen , Zhang Xiangwu
Published: October 2013

SiO2/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite nanofiber‐coated polypropylene (PP) nonwoven membranes were prepared by electrospinning of SiO2/PVDF dispersions onto both sides of PP nonwovens. The goal of this study was to combine the good mechanical strength of PP nonwoven with the excellent electrochemical properties of SiO2/PVDF composite nanofibers to obtain a new high‐performance separator. It was found that the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles played an important role in improving the overall performance of these nanofiber‐coated nonwoven membranes. Among the membranes with various SiO2 contents, 15% SiO2/PVDF composite nanofiber‐coated PP nonwoven membranes provided the highest ionic conductivity of 2.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 after being immersed in a liquid electrolyte, 1 mol L−1 lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. Compared with pure PVDF nanofiber‐coated PP nonwoven membranes, SiO2/PVDF composite fiber‐coated PP nonwoven membranes had greater liquid electrolyte uptake, higher electrochemical oxidation limit, and lower interfacial resistance with lithium. SiO2/PVDF composite fiber‐coated PP nonwoven membrane separators were assembled into lithium/lithium iron phosphate cells and demonstrated high cell capacities and good cycling performance at room temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1719–1726
Morphological investigation of polydisperse asymmetric block copolymer systems of poly(styrene) and poly(methacrylic acid) in the strong segregation regime
Authors: Asad Ayoubi Mehran , Zhu Kaizheng , Nyström Bo , Olsson Ulf , Almdal Kristoffer , Khokhlov Alexei R. , Piculell Lennart
Published: October 2013

Samples of compositionally (highly) asymmetric diblock copolymers and, also, mixtures of diblock and triblock copolymers (the latter obtained as end‐coupling products of two diblock molecules of the mixture), composed of (a) monodisperse majority block(s) of poly(styrene) (PS) and a polydisperse minority block of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), microphase separate into spherical PMAA microdomains, either in disordered liquid‐like state or body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) arrangement, at various annealing temperaturesT, in the strong segregation regime SSR. We found that (i) the microphase separated state is favored over an anticipated molecularly homogenous state, (ii) the spherical microdomain morphology (with BCC symmetry) is favored over an anticipated hexagonally packed cylindrical morphology, (iii) the extent of the dissolution of short PMAA blocks in the PS material can be quantified, (iv) the spherical microdomains are dilated, and (v) despite molecular‐weight (and architectural) polydispersity, well‐ordered BCC structures can be obtained. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.2013,51, 1657–1671
How do researchers conceive of spousal grief after cancer? A systematic review of models used by researchers to study spousal grief in the cancer context
Authors: Fasse Léonor , Sultan Serge , Flahault Cécile , MacKinnon Christopher J. , Dolbeault Sylvie , Brédart Anne
Published: October 2013

Background

Although spouses bereaved after cancer are considered vulnerable people, there have been few empirical studies to explore grief specifically in this context.

Methods

Using PsycINFO, Medline, and the PRISMA statement, we systematically searched the literature by intersecting ‘cancer’ and ‘grie*’, ‘cancer’ and ‘bereave*’, and ‘cancer’ and ‘mourn*’.

Results

Gathering 76 studies (2000–2013) that met the inclusion criteria for bereavement in adulthood, bereavement of an adult loved one and evidence‐based research, we found the following:

Spousal relationships are not systematically examined in the current dominant models of grief.

Theoretically derived determinants of spousal grief after cancer and empirically derived ones converge toward the necessity to include the caregiving experience as determining grief reactions.

A growing body of literature concerning prolonged grief disorders now provides integrative reflections regarding the characteristics of spousal loss, predictors, and associated therapeutic interventions in the cancer context.

Conclusions

Few empirical studies (20 of 76) target spousal bereavement specifically after cancer. The process of adaptation to loss is usually decontextualized, removing any consideration of the relationship to the deceased or the experience of caregiving and dying. Our findings suggest that this topic warrants more studies that use both prospective and mixed methodologies, as well as explore typical grief needs and experiences of bereaved spouses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of barriers to screening for oral cancer among rural Black Americans
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Howell Jennifer L. , Logan Henrietta
Published: October 2013

Objective

Research documents a disparity between Black and White Americans in mortality for oral cancer that appears to result in part from behaviors such as lower oral cancer screening among Black Americans. We examined barriers to oral cancer screening among Black Americans.

Methods

We surveyed Black Americans (N = 366) living in rural Florida to identify barriers to getting screened for oral cancer.

Results

Low knowledge/social attention, lack of resources, and fear/defensive avoidance predicted screening intentions, with lack of resources emerging as the largest barrier. Participants also reported that a recommendation from their provider was most likely to increase screening intentions, whereas encountering financial barriers was most likely to decrease screening intentions.

Conclusions

Low knowledge/social attention, lack of resources, and fear/defensive avoidance emerged as independent barriers to oral cancer screening, with the latter two barriers accounting for the most variance in intentions to get screened. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimism, social support, and mental health outcomes in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Stein Emma M. , Lord‐Bessen Jennifer , Pessin Hayley , Rosenfeld Barry , Breitbart William
Published: October 2013

Objective

Optimism and social support serve as protective factors against distress in medically ill patients. Very few studies have specifically explored the ways in which these variables interact to impact quality of life (QOL), particularly among patients with advanced cancer. The present study examined the role of optimism as a moderator of the relationship between social support and anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and QOL among patients with advanced cancer.

Methods

Participants (N = 168) completed self‐report assessments of psychosocial, spiritual, and physical well‐being, including social support, optimism, hopelessness, depressive and anxious symptoms, and QOL. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which social support and optimism were associated with depressive and anxious symptomatology, hopelessness and QOL, and the potential role of optimism as a moderator of the relationship between social support and these variables.

Results

Higher levels of optimism were significantly associated with fewer anxious and depressive symptoms, less hopelessness, and better QOL. Higher levels of perceived social support were also significantly associated with better QOL. Additionally, optimism moderated the relationship between social support and anxiety, such that there was a strong negative association between social support and anxiety for participants with low optimism.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of optimism and social support in the QOL of patients with advanced cancer. As such, interventions that attend to patients' expectations for positive experiences and the expansion of social support should be the focus of future clinical and research endeavors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in psychological adjustment over the course of treatment for breast cancer: the predictive role of social sharing and social support
Authors: Boinon Diane , Sultan Serge , Charles Cécile , Stulz Alexandra , Guillemeau Claire , Delaloge Suzette , Dauchy Sarah
Published: October 2013

Background

Although research on social sharing suggests it could be an important factor in subsequent adjustment, it has rarely been examined in combination with the nature of the support received by patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether and to what extent social sharing concerning the disease and perceived social support after breast surgery explain psychological adjustment at the end of the treatment.

Methods

One hundred two participants were recruited consecutively at a large cancer care center (Gustave Roussy, France). After surgery (T1) and at the end of the adjuvant treatment (T2), patients responded to self‐report questionnaires assessing psychological adjustment (depressive symptoms and cancer‐related distress), social sharing concerning the illness, and perceived social support (generic and cancer specific).

Results

When the initial levels of adjustment were controlled for, hierarchical multiple regression models showed that greater instrumental support at T1 accounted for favorable changes in depressive symptoms at T2. In contrast, the perception of aversive attitudes in the environment and the avoidance of social sharing explained an increase in intrusive cancer‐related thoughts.

Conclusion

The results suggest a negative impact of aversive attitudes from the environment on adjustment during treatment. It also confirms the importance of practical aspects of social support after surgery. In line with Lepore theory, sharing about the illness in a supportive environment may be of primary importance in the cognitive processing of cancer and thus may promote adjustment. These results have original implications for the counseling of patients and their relatives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The choice of whether to participate in a phase I clinical trial: increasing the awareness of patients with cancer. An exploratory study
Authors: Catania C. , Radice D. , Spitaleri G. , Adamoli L. , Noberasco C. , Delmonte A. , Vecchio F. , de Braud F. , Toffalorio F. , Goldhirsch A. , De Pas T.
Published: October 2013

Objective

In a previous study, we found that patients who were offered the possibility of participation in a clinical trial had unexpressed concerns and fears that prevented them from making free or fully knowledgeable choices about their trial participation. In a selected population of patients who were offered participation in a phase I trial, we prospectively investigated whether a face‐to‐face discussion about their unexpressed fears might lead to a more conscious decision about whether to accept/refuse participation in the trial.

Methods

After the presentation of the trial, a questionnaire was administered to assess the presence of specific fears. Before the patients decided whether to participate in the trial, they discussed any fears that they had; finally, the impact of the discussion on the patients' choice to participate was evaluated.

Results

The majority (86%) of the patients thought that physicians conduct clinical trials for scientific interest, 13% felt exploited as ‘guinea pigs’ and 20% believed they were offered participation because they had no further hope for improvement. These existing fears were not elicited during the trial interview because the patients were themselves unaware of having them (28%) and because of fear of the doctors (3%). The possibility of discussing these fears was felt as an opportunity and made patients feel more conscious (92%) and freer (97%) when making their choice.

Conclusions

Recognising and discussing misconceptions and fears, often unexpressed, make patients freer and more aware when facing the choice of whether or not \to participate in a phase I clinical trial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Nanocages as Effective Photothermal Transducers in Killing Highly Tumorigenic Cancer Cells
Authors: Rengan Aravind Kumar , Kundu Gopal , Banerjee Rinti , Srivastava Rohit
Published: October 2013

Numerous gold nanostructures have the potential for photothermal therapy in cancers. Here, gold nanocages and gold nanoshells are synthesized, the sizes of which are fine‐tuned for a response at 750 nm wavelength. Their photothermal therapeutic efficiency is compared at gold concentration of 100 lg mL−1 using a near‐infrared laser (750 nm). The biocompatibility for varying concentrations of gold (1 to 100 lg mL−1) is performed in a normal cell line and laser‐mediated cell cytotoxicity for varying time intervals (7.5 and 10 min) is carried out in breast cancer cells. This study shows that when analyzed under similar conditions, the gold nanocages show better biocompatibility and are more efficient in near‐infrared absorption and photothermal conversion in comparison with conventional gold nanoshells. When subjected to photothermal laser ablation of breast cancer cell line for 7.5 min and 10 min, the nanocages are able to induce 62.92 ± 3.25% and 96.41 ± 3.04% reduction in cell viability, respectively, in comparison to nanoshells, in which a 43.35 ± 1.91% and 79.89 ± 4.74% reduction in cell viability is observed. The current study shows that the gold nanocages can outperform gold nanoshells and effectively kill cancer cells without any significant cytotoxic effect on normal cells.
Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles with Ag+‐Sensitive Fluorescence Emission: A New Insight into the Cooperative Recognition Mechanism
Authors: Yang Hui , Duan Chunhui , Wu Yishi , Lv Yi , Liu Heng , Lv Yanlin , Xiao Debao , Huang Fei , Fu Hongbing , Tian Zhiyuan
Published: October 2013

Hybrid fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) were developed on the basis of a series of chemically close polyfluorene‐based conjugated polymers and an amphiphilic polymer. NPs constructed from polyfluorene with 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole units incorporated in the backbone of polymer chains displayed Ag+‐sensitive fluorescence emission features with high selectivity, which was demonstrated to be attributable to Ag+‐induced aggregation and fluorescence quenching. The negatively charged sulfonic acid groups of amphiphilic polymer components located on the surfaces of the hybrid NPs and therefore provided binding sites for metal ions, which was found indispensable for the observed silver ion sensing features of the as‐prepared hybrid NPs. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the benzothiadiazole‐containing conjugated polymer components not only acted as the fluorescence signaling source but also participated in the metal binding/recognition processes. Thus, a mechanism of cooperative recognition‐based aggregation‐induced fluorescence static quenching and Ag+‐triggered fluorescence dynamic quenching responsible for the observed Ag+ sensing results was confirmed.