bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case study on effects of the mandatory validation on bus commercial speed
Authors: Pronello Cristina , Gaborieau Jean-Baptiste , Rappazzo Valentina , Operti Valerio
Published: October 2023

The paper aims to define the new operational requirements and procedures to allow the Gruppo Torinese Trasporti (Torino public transport company) to implement mandatory validation without negative impacts on both the company and the users. To this end, a four-step methodology has been put forward: a) choice of the reference route; b) sampling plan and data collection; c) data analysis design and model specification and d) definition and analysis of future scenarios.
Attained results show an increase of commercial speed from 1.5% to 14.5%, and an increase of the proportion of total dwell time on total trip time from 1 to 13 points. The most unfavourable situation for the company would be banning people from boarding the bus/tram through any door (the case today). Indeed, it would require an increase of trips in the morning peak hour in order to maintain the same time interval at bus stops. However, the impact on passengers’ travel time is non negligible since total vehicle trip time shows a rise of up to 10 minutes during weekends shifts (from 62 minutes in the current situation to 72 minutes for the worst case scenario). Thus, the present system limits the outcomes negatively for the users in terms of waiting time. However, a change could lead to such positive consequences as fuller passenger cooperation to validate tickets/passes and a more ordered boarding, thus reducing fraud and improving the image of the company.
Editorial Board EJTIR
Authors: _ _
Published: October 2023

Eidtorial Board EJTIR
Multichannel queueing behaviour in urban bicycle traffic
Authors: Kucharski Rafał , Drabicki Arkadiusz , Żyłka Klaudia , Szarata Andrzej
Published: October 2023

The objective of this paper is to propose a method to analyse and describe cyclists’ behaviour at signalized intersections with specific focus on the multichannel (multi-lane) queue phenomenon. As we observed, cyclists form queues without a fixed-lane and FIFO discipline, for which the classical, car-oriented analytical approach becomes insufficient. Cyclists’ multichannel queueing behaviour is common and characterized by substantial degree of variability, especially in case of shorter queues which emerge regularly at cycle crossings. Although cyclist behaviour has been widely studied by transportation research community, their queueing behaviour picture is still incomplete. Namely, there is no method addressed to analyse the full scope of these phenomena and to quantify their impact on the cyclist queue performance.
To bridge this gap, we introduce the technique to observe multichannel queues and report relevant observations, which we then complement with a methodological framework to analyse obtained results and provide a complete multichannel queue description. We video-record cyclists as they enqueue to one of multiple channels, form the queue and smoothly merge into a single lane again as the queue discharges. We apply the method to analyse results from a pilot study of 160 cyclists forming 50 queues in the city of Krakow, Poland. The proposed method allows us to analyse and quantify the observed queue performance and its characteristics: the number of channels, their emergence process, channel and queue lengths, discharge process with FIFO violations, starting and discharging times. Findings from pilot study reveal that both queue length and discharge times strongly depend on queue formation process.
The contribution of this paper is the method to describe multichannel cyclist queueing behaviour, enriching current picture of bicycle flow and cyclists’ behaviour. Since the method has been developed on relatively short queues (up to 10 cyclists), findings included in this paper primarily refer to such queue sizes. Nonetheless, the method is formulated in a generic way, applicable also for longer bicycle queues. Possible practical implications are new estimates for queue lengths and discharge times - useful for bicycle infrastructure design and traffic engineering purposes.
Modelling risky driving behaviour
Authors: Albert Gila , Bekhor Shlomo
Published: October 2023

This paper aims to demonstrate that advanced technique of modelling may provide insights and improve our understanding of driver behavior in risky decision-making situations. The paper introduces a Hybrid choice model in order to explain the overtaking decision on two-lane highways, which is well known as a risky decision in the safety literature. This model integrates a latent variable model and an overtaking choice model by combining their measurement and structural equations. Specifically, the paper investigates the role of four personality latent variables: Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Boredom Susceptibility, Geographic Ability, and Driving Anger. Respondents to a web-based survey ranked their likelihood to overtake on two-lane highways; two scenarios were captured via short videos: the first presenting a straight section of a road with good visibility, and the second approaching a curve with reduced visibility. Several indicators were collected via self-reported questionnaire. Results indicate that, two out of the four personality latent variables investigated, Thrill and Adventure Seeking and Geographic Ability provide significant explanation for overtaking decision. Both of them are positively correlated with higher risky overtaking behavior. The Hybrid model, by considering latent variables alongside observable variables and attributes of the decision, enhances the comprehension of overtaking behaviour, and therefore may be deployed for explaining other decisions related to risky driving behaviour.
Optimization of route choice, speeds and stops in time varying networks for fuel effic ient truck journeys
Authors: Watling David , Connors Richard , Milne David , Chen Haibo
Published: October 2023

A method is presented for the real-time optimal control of the journey of a truck, travelling between a pair of pick-up/drop-off locations in a time-varying traffic network, in order to reduce fuel consumption. The method, when applied during the journey, encapsulates the choice of route, choice of speeds on the links, and choice of stop locations/durations; when applied pre-trip, it additionally incorporates choice of departure time. The problem is formulated by using a modified form of space-time extended network, in such a way that a shortest path in this network corresponds to an optimal choice of not only route, stops and (when relevant) departure time, but also of speeds. A series of simple illustrative examples are presented to illustrate the formulation. Finally, the method is applied to a realistic-size case study.
On track towards improved regional development? – Impacts of the Svealand rail line on labour earnings in the Mälaren region
Authors: Merkel Axel , Holmgren Johan
Published: October 2023

This paper studies the impacts on productivity following an investment in regional high-speed rail in the Mälaren region in Sweden. It uses wage earnings as a measure of productivity and proposes to capture agglomeration effects by measuring changes in effective labour force density induced by the transport improvement across municipalities in the region. This change in effective labour force density is then used as a continuous measure of treatment, in order to estimate the effect of the Svealand line introduction on labour earnings. While the transport improvement had a large impact on the connectivity and commuting patterns in affected municipalities, we find estimates of wage elasticities with respect to agglomeration that are in line with or smaller than average values from previous literature. The productivity effects, estimated over a ten-year time period, are shown to be rather modest and concentrated to the regions whose connectivity to the greater Stockholm area was directly affected. We also find that the main results do not materialize when a much shorter time period is used for analysis, indicating that a rather long adjustment time needs to occur before any effects can be seen.
Reefer logistics and cool chain transport
Authors: Fan Yun , Behdani Behzad , Bloemhof-Ruwaard Jacqueline M
Published: October 2023

Reefer logistics is an important part of the cool chain in which reefer containers are involved as the packaging for transporting perishable goods. Reefer logistics is challenging, as it deals with cost and time constraints as well as the product quality and sustainability requirements. In many situations, there is a trade-off between these factors (e.g., between transportation time and the quality of fresh products). Furthermore, considering the high value of reefers, the efficient logistics of is as important as the efficient cargo flows. This causes technical complications and the conflict of interests between actors, especially, between cargo owners (or shippers) and the asset owners (or transport/terminal operators). Improving the efficiency of reefer logistics calls for a thorough understanding of the trade-offs and complexities. This paper aims to help develop such an understanding using a systematic literature review and a socio-technical system analysis. The results can be used to provide managerial insights for actors involved in a cool chain to design tailored solutions for reefer.
Public transport accessibility and the prices of nearby properties: the case of the first metro line in Warsaw
Authors: Torzewski Marcin
Published: October 2023

This paper identifies the relation between metro proximity and the prices of residential properties in Warsaw. The analysis is based on 2006-2013 AMRON-SARFiN data. The results show that metro has a positive impact on property prices if it is located at most 1.5 km from the property. The greatest increase in price of 8-13 per cent is observed when metro is located 400-800 meters from the property. The results indicate that when the metro transportation is poor, it causes a large increase in property prices, which is not comparable to the impact of other transports, such as bus or tram.
The effect of low water on loading capacity of inland ships
Authors: Dorsser Cornelis van , Vinke Frederik , Hekkenberg Robert , Koningsveld Mark van
Published: October 2023

Temporary low water levels can have a major impact on the loading capacity of inland ships, and as a consequence on the transport capacity of the overall waterborne supply chain. Insight in the capacity reducing effect of temporarily lowered water levels is important for the design and operation of robust transport chains on the one hand, and for the optimisation of fairway maintenance and long-term infrastructure development on the other. Knowledge on the effects of low water is clearly available at the level of individual ship owners, who adapt their transport operations to changing environmental circumstances, but less accessible at an aggregated level to assess the effects on the overall transport capacity of an inland waterway network. Based on a range of field observations and information collected from individual ships, this article introduces a general model to define the effect of low water constraints on the deadweight capacity and payload of inland ships, for which only the type, length, and beam of the vessel serve as input.
Cold Chain Strategies for Seaports
Authors: Castelein Bob , Geerlings Harry , Van Duin Ron
Published: October 2023

The refrigerated (‘reefer’) container market and cold logistics chains creates opportunities as well as challenges for seaports. This high-value market grows rapidly, but places stringent demands on seaports’ logistics processes, infrastructure, and energy provision. This study addresses the question how port authorities address the challenges and in this dynamic market environment. While previous research has outlined developments in port governance paradigms and the strategic scope of port authorities, the academic literature still lacks a comprehensive understanding of the policy options available to port authorities to respond to arising challenges and opportunities. To provide this missing understanding, this study presents a new dataset of policies, implemented by world’s 50 largest container ports, addressing reefer transportation and cold chain logistics. Policy measures are classified according to content, goals and scope. The findings from this worldwide comparative analysis illustrate that port authorities often pursue policies extending far beyond their traditional ‘landlord’ responsibility. Most commonly still, the scope of port policy is limited to the port cluster, where ports (co)-invest in or aim for cluster formation around cold stores. When a port extends its strategic scope towards its foreland or hinterland, this is usually aligned with policy goals formulated at higher levels of governance, such as modal shift goals or the development of domestic post-harvest distribution systems. There is however little evidence of coherent and comprehensive cold chain strategies, addressing the logistics, marketing, technology, and sustainability dimensions. The paper outlines the general tenets such a strategy should contain as a consideration for policymakers.
Linking experienced barriers during daily travel and transport poverty in peripheral rural areas: the case of Zeeland, the Netherlands
Authors: Pot Felix Johan , Koster Sierdjan , Tillema Taede , Jorritsma Peter
Published: October 2023

People living in peripheral rural areas are often considered to be prone to transport poverty and inaccessibility to activities. Previous identifications of transport poverty have mainly relied on accessibility measures based on land-use and transport data. However, such measures may be very different from how people themselves perceive accessibility. Therefore, explicitly considering perceptions of accessibility may be valuable in evaluating the nature of accessibility issues such as transport poverty. By conducting semi-structured focus group discussions in Zeeland, a rural area of the Netherlands, this paper shows that the mechanisms behind transport poverty are mediated by individual perceptions of accessibility. Local social norms related to accessibility appear to be important in shaping these perceptions. In peripheral rural areas, norms reflecting the dominance of the private car add to the negative appropriation of other transport options and shape expectations with respect to accessibility. Therefore, taking account of perceptions of accessibility, and the ways these are shaped, adds to the understanding of the nature of accessibility issues and is considered vital in designing responsive policies.
The double-bind of competitive funding: Exploring the consequences of state-funded bidding processes in a locally managed cycling infrastructure project
Authors: White Chris , Bloyce Daniel , Thurston Miranda
Published: October 2023

In an era of sustained budget cuts, England’s local authorities are increasingly forced to ‘apply’ for infrastructure funding via competitive bidding processes. However, we currently know little about how this method of funding impacts implementation. Accordingly, we consider the consequences of competitive funding by exploring the constraints associated with implementing infrastructure under the state-funded Cycling Demonstration Towns programme. This was achieved via a case study in Chester, a city that was unable to deliver the ambitions of their bid. This study was informed by figurational sociology in order to focus on relational processes. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel involved in the planning and implementation of the project. The key findings were: (1) participants considered the bidding process to be akin to a ‘beauty contest’ where authorities were consciously making fantasy-laden promises in order to ‘impress’ the awards panel; (2) those involved in the bid did not consult key delivery parties, many of whom held car-centric predispositions, until funding was secured, and this led to complications in the delivery process; (3) during project implementation as the chains of interdependency of those involved widened, several unintended outcomes emerged which contributed to the two ‘flagship’ infrastructure proposals being halted; (4) this led to an intervention package that was heavily weighted towards promotional, or ‘soft’, interventions. Theoretical insight from this study suggests that competitive funding is likely to encourage authorities to present bids that are largely detached from the realities of implementing infrastructure, thus leading to difficulties once funding has been awarded.
Attribute non-attendance in choosing the bike as a transport mode in Belgium
Authors: Jandari Abolghassem , Meulders Michel , Desplenter Saskia , Vandebroek Martina
Published: October 2023

Cycling is an important pillar of the global endeavor to have a more sustainable transportation system. Many papers have studied how trip and person characteristics affect selecting the bike as a transport mode but unlike other researchers, we model the probability of cycling using a binary item response model where the choice is modelled as a trade-off between the individuals' tendency to cycle and the threshold related to each cycling situation.
We distinguish between frequent and occasional cyclists. The results show that occasional cyclists are more affected by adverse weather situations, darkness, and uphill slopes. Contrary to the previous studies, a separate bike path turned out a stronger motivator for the group of frequent cyclists.
The model fit can substantially be improved by accounting for attribute non-attendance. The results show that weather and wind speed have the highest probability to be taken into account, and the bike path had the lowest probability of being considered by the respondents.
Employing the attribute non-attendance model made it possible to make accurate and trustworthy conclusions about the attributes by focusing on the people who take into account the attributes. More specifically, it was found that the presence of a separate bike path and a 100% asphalt route can increase the average probability of taking the bike by up to 55 and 40 percentage points, respectively.
structural equations approach for modeling the endogeneity of lane-mean speeds considering the downstream speeds
Authors: Lu Qing-Long
Published: October 2023

Like other transportation data, lane-mean speeds are also best modeled by a system of structural equations. Several studies omit the interrelation between adjacent lane speeds, which may produce biased and inconsistent results if models are solved by ordinary least squares. The uncorrelatedness of regressors and disturbances assumption of ordinary least squares is violated since one or more independent variables are endogenous in the system. This study attempts to propose a structural equations approach to model the lane-mean speeds in multi-lane traffic, in which the endogeneity of adjacent lane speeds and the downstream speeds are being considered. Additionally, the equations system can serve as a prediction model for lane-mean speeds. Several empirical analyses using the data collected from multi-lane freeways with different lengths and different numbers of lanes are conducted to observe the performance of the equations system in different conditions.  The study further compares the prediction accuracy between the underlying approach and the model established by Shankar and Mannering (1998) for assessing the impact of introducing downstream speeds within the model. The findings show that more precise results are obtained generally after downstream speeds are included, emphasizing the improvements and superiority of this approach.
Can regional railway become emission-free with recently announced vehicles? - A case study of Bavaria
Authors: Mueller Florian , Guerster Markus , Obrenović Nikola , Bierlaire Michel
Published: October 2023

Significant shares of regional passenger railway still rely on pollutive diesel vehicles. Alstom, Bombardier, Siemens, and Stadler have reacted and recently announced Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (BEVs and FCEVs). In this paper, we analyze to what extent these new vehicles can replace diesel technology on a large variety of regional railway lines in Bavaria, Germany. Our approach is based on two databases that we build: One for the announced emission-free vehicles and one for existing lines. We compare the lines and vehicles in terms of range, axle load, velocity, and specific power. The study reveals that 72 out of the 73 lines can be operated with an emission-free vehicle. The main driver for BEVs is their range and maximum velocity. Depending on these characteristics, they can operate between 53% and 82% of all lines. The main driver for FCEVs is their specific power and maximum velocity. One vehicle, the Alstom iLint, can only operate 18% of all lines due to its limited performance. The Siemens Mireo Plus H series has higher performance and can operate 97% of the lines.
A better tomorrow: towards human-oriented, sustainable transportation systems
Authors: Antoniou Constantinos , Chaniotakis Emmanouil , Katrakazas Christos , Tirachini Alejandro
Published: October 2023

In a rapidly changing world, transportation is a big determinant of quality of life, financial growth and progress. New challenges (such as the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic) and opportunities (such as the three revolutions of shared, electric and automated mobility) are expected to drastically change the future mobility landscape. Researchers, policy makers and practitioners are working hard to prepare for and shape the future of mobility that will maximize benefits.  Adopting a human perspective as a guiding principle in this endeavor is expected to help prioritize the “right” needs as requirements. In this special issue, eight research papers outline ways in which transportation research can contribute to a better tomorrow. In this editorial, we position the research within the state-of-the-art, identify the needs for future research, and then outline how the included contributions fit in this puzzle. Naturally, the problem of sustainable future transportation systems is way too complicated to be covered with a single special issue. We thus conclude this editorial with a discussion about open questions and future research topics.
Network vulnerability analysis based on the overall and inequity impacts of the distribution of the added travel time to the network users
Authors: Tahmasbi Behnam , Haghshenas Hossein , Birzhandi Salehe
Published: October 2023

Vulnerability has been a major concern in the performance evaluation of transportation networks. In the concept of vulnerability, the key step is to identify the critical link, which are the ones susceptible to severe operational degradation caused by any type of failure. Several studies have been devoted to this issue by introducing indicators that illustrate the network's operational degradation's overall impact. However, the impact of the interrupted network on users can be further evaluated using the inequity perspective. Here, we present a method to assess network vulnerability to operational degradation based on spatial inequity impacts. The importance of a link is determined by calculating the Gini-coefficient of the distribution of added travel time to the users when the link is disabled. Furthermore, the overall impact of link failure is calculated based on the total extra travel time. The final link's importance is determined by the non-dominated sorting method based on the Pareto optimality concept considering both overall and inequity objectives. Measures quantifying overall and inequity impacts of link failure allow planners to determine how this influences the disadvantaged distribution and help them make decisions associated with maintenance plans that consider link failure's equity impact.
Optimum Stop Spacing for Accessibility
Authors: Wu Hao , Levinson David
Published: October 2023

The cumulative opportunities measure accessibility is defined as the number of opportunities reachable under a given time threshold. The spacing between transit stations is fundamental for accessibility by transit, yet the stations cannot be easily relocated in built-up areas. This paper examines the relation between transit stop spacing and person-weighted accessibility for an urban train route through an analytical model, and identifies that for each type of transit (e.g., given some combination of vehicle acceleration, deceleration, top speed, dwell time, platform type), an optimal stop spacing exists that maximizes accessibility; neither short nor excessive stop spacing are efficient in providing accessibility. Rail is used as example, though the model and findings are applicable to bus services as well. This paper brings attention to the importance of stop spacing in accessibility, and provides guidelines for transit planning for the operational improvement of transit accessibility.
How to ensure control of cooperative vehicle and truck platoons using Meaningful Human Control
Authors: Calvert Simeon , Mecacci Giulio , Heikoop Daniel D. , Janssen Robbert
Published: October 2023

Vehicle cooperation, not vehicle automation, will yield the greatest benefits on road traffic. However, satisfactory human control over platoons of cooperative vehicles still has a large number of uncertainties and issues to be addressed. This paper aims to address these broader issues of control over a cooperative vehicle platoon by focussing on a truck platooning system as a case example, and taking the perspective of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) as control concept. MHC goes further than mere operational control as it addresses issues that exist in current system designs, and proposes improvements based on a novel and more encompassing set of conditions for control. These issues are addressed in regard to the vehicles and their Operational Design Domains (ODD), the role and ability of the drivers (both leading and following) and how these exist in regard to their road environment. We conclude that current advances are making progress, but that from a MHC perspective, issues still remain for the operational and tactical implementation of truck platoons and cooperative driving that need to be addressed in regard to ODDs and drivers. Furthermore, consideration of responsibility and liability aspects is required that stretches beyond nominal appointment thereof, as this does not satisfy important ethical and societal standards. This is demonstrated in the paper through two hypothetical cases focussing on issues on a system level and one further analysis which is focussed on the role of the driver in the platooning system.
What is really uncovered by mixing different model structures: contrasts between latent class and model averaging
Authors: Hancock Thomas O , Hess Stephane
Published: October 2023

Latent class models have long been a tool for capturing heterogeneity across decisionmakers in the sensitivities to individual attributes. More recently, there has been increased interest in using these models to capture heterogeneity in actual behavioural processes, such as information/attribute processing and decision rules. This often leads to substantial improvement in model fit and the apparent finding of large clusters of individuals making choices in ways that are substantially different from those used by others. Such findings have however not been without criticism given the potential risk of confounding with other more modelspecific heterogeneity. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach for exploring the issue by contrasting the findings obtained with model averaging, which combines the results from a number of separately (rather than simultaneously) estimated models. We demonstrate that model averaging can accurately recover the different data generation processes used to create a number of simulated datasets and thus beused to infer likely sources of heterogeneity. We then use this new diagnostic tool on two stated choice case studies. For the first, we find that the use of model averaging leads to significant reductions in the amount of heterogeneity of the type analysts have sought to uncover with latent class structures of late. For the second, results from model averaging show clear evidence of the existence of both taste and decision rule heterogeneity. Overall, however, our results suggest that heterogeneity in the sensitivities to individual attributes rather than the behavioural process per se could be the key factor behind the improvements gained through the adoption of latent class models for heterogeneity in behavioural processes.
On the cost elasticity of inter-regional distribution structures: a case study for the Netherlands
Authors: Davydenko Igor Y. , Tavasszy Lorant A. , Quak Hans J.
Published: October 2023

Several studies show that logistics facilities have spread spatially from relatively concentrated clusters in the 1970s to geographically more decentralized patterns away from urban areas. The literature indicates that logistics costs are one of the major influences on changes in distribution structures, or locations and usage of logistics facilities. Quantitative modelling studies that aim to describe or predict these phenomena in relation to logistics costs are lacking, however. This is relevant to design more effective policies concerning spatial development, transport and infrastructure investments as well as for understanding environmental consequences of freight transport. The objective of this paper is to gain an understanding of the responsiveness of spatial logistics patterns to changes in these costs, using a quantitative model that links production and consumption points via distribution centers. The model is estimated to reproduce observed use of logistics facilities as well as related transport flows, for the case of the Netherlands. We apply the model to estimate the impacts of a number of scenarios on the spatial spreading of regional distribution activity, interregional vehicle movements and commodity flows. We estimate new cost elasticities, of the demand for trade and transport together, as well as specifically for the demand for the distribution facility services. The relatively low cost elasticity of transport services and high cost elasticity for the distribution services provide new insights for policy makers, relevant to understand the possible impacts of their policies on land use and freight flows.
Multi-objective railway timetabling including energy-efficient train trajectory optimization
Authors: Scheepmaker Gerben , Goverde Rob
Published: October 2023

Energy-efficient train driving is an important topic to railway undertakings (RUs) for sustainability and cost reduction. The timetable affects the possibilities for energy-efficient train driving by the amount of running time supplements, which is the topic of energy-efficient train timetabling (EETT). The scientific literature on EETT focuses mainly on the balance between total running time and energy consumption. However, in practice RUs consider a trade-off between the total running time, the infrastructure occupation and the timetable robustness, while energy efficiency is not considered. In this paper we consider a multiple-objective timetabling problem at a microscopic infrastructure level that adds energy consumption to the other three objectives. We approach the multiple-objective problem by a brute force search algorithm, where we use two different methods to compute the optimal solution: a weighted sum method and a distance metric method. We apply the method to a Dutch case study on the corridor between the stations Arnhem Central and Nijmegen with alternating Intercity and Sprinter trains, without intermediate overtaking possibilities. The results indicate that there is a balancing relationship between the total running time and energy consumption, without influencing the infrastructure occupation and robustness. The results of the 10 Pareto-optimal solutions show a variation of 5% for the total running time, 18% for the energy consumption, 0.3% for the extended cycle time, and 0.8% for the buffer time. The shortest running time leads to 18% more energy consumption than the longest running time with 5% more running time supplement. In both cases the extended cycle time and buffer time are almost constant. On the other hand, reducing the infrastructure occupation leads to homogenization of the timetable. Therefore, including energy consumption in the multiple-objective can be used to balance the trade-off between total running time and capacity consumption.
The acceptance of conditionally automated cars from the perspective of different road user groups
Authors: Schrauth Bernhard , Funk Walter , Maier Sarah , Kraetsch Clemens
Published: October 2023

The foreseeable advent of conditionally automated cars (CACs) at SAE Level 3 opens a range of opportunities along with numerous questions that must be addressed to safely adopt this new vehicle technology. While public acceptance and the acceptance of potential users have already been intensively researched, this study investigates the acceptance of CACs from the point of view of different road user groups, such as pedestrians, cyclists and riders of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) as so-called vulnerable road users (VRUs), as well as the drivers of conventional cars. The study measures a priori road user acceptance of CACs using an international population survey that was conducted within the framework of the EU-funded project ‘BRidging gaps for the adoption of Automated Vehicles’ (BRAVE) in the participating countries France, Germany, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden as well as in Australia and the USA. Including 5,827 respondents, the study findings disclose a rather positive acceptance of CACs from the perspective of different road user groups. However, concerns are also apparent. Results from multivariate analyses indicate that the acceptance of CACs differs between road user groups in that VRUs demonstrated lower acceptance than non-automated car drivers. The role of trust in the new vehicle technology also appears to be remarkable. Consequently, future developments of CACs should also focus on communication between automated cars and bystanders (e.g. via external human-machine interfaces) to reduce uncertainties and promote trust.
Passenger Flows at Escalators – Arriving at Count Interval for Design Flow Estimation
Authors: Kahali Dharitri , Rastogi Rajat
Published: October 2023

Selection of a count interval to extract flow data on pedestrian facilities seems to be governed by the operational environment of the facility and context of the study. Based on the flow condition, which may be intermittent, uniform, or periodic, the count interval has been found varying between 1 minute and 5 minutes. For instantaneous peaks, it is reduced to even 10s. The selection of a count interval will impact the flow values and subsequently the design requirements and operational efficiency. Present study, in this light, focusses on escalators located at metro rail stations. The study region is Delhi, India. Based on the analysis, the count interval for data extraction is recommended as 24 seconds, which is expected to result in a flow that does not cause unnecessary increase in facility size and keep it usable for most of the time. The absolute design flow value may be considered between 140–148 ped/m/min, which is the 5th highest rank order peak flow. The results are expected to optimize the resources, both for data collection and size of a facility.
Identification of road links with the gravest network impacts when blocked concurrently
Authors: Vodák Rostislav , Křivánková Zuzana , Bíl Michal
Published: October 2023

The identification of a combination of links which can cause the gravest impact on network performance, when interrupted simultaneously, is of great practical importance. The links can be spatially dispersed due to an event such as an earthquake or due to a combination of accidents and disasters. This task is, thus, extremely computationally demanding when applied to real-world networks. We focused on approaches which are both capable of accomplishing this task and where the computational time is acceptable for application in practice. We tested three algorithms based on known heuristic methods: Simulated Annealing (SA), Guided Local Search (GLS) and Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS). The algorithms were modified in the sense of adjusting the searching neighborhood. All the algorithms were subsequently applied to four actual road networks in order to evaluate the impacts of complete simultaneous blockage of four and ten links. The results suggest that the modified SA algorithm identified scenarios with worse consequences than the algorithms based on GLS and VNS. The SA results, for the setting with four interrupted links, were even comparable with those obtained from a deterministic algorithm (which evaluates the entire state space). The algorithm based on SA was also performing best for situations with ten concurrently blocked links. The approach based on SA is thus suitable when modeling the potential impacts of events where a large number of concurrently blocked links is expected. Network managers will thus be able to monitor the immediate state of the network and potential risks related to network disintegration.
Using location based social media data to explain COVID-19 spread in Italy
Authors: Shtele Evgeniia , Beria Paolo , Lunkar Vardhman
Published: October 2023

During crisis, social network data is valuable information for authorities and researchers. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, a significant amount of data, including mobility-related data, has been released from various agencies to support studies. This paper aims to check the suitability of mobility-related datasets in describing and predicting new cases, about the spatial dimension during the initial phase of the outbreak. We focus on rich anonymized datasets through Facebook – Data for Good program: colocation matrices, movement matrices and stay-at-home data. However, we also compare their usability with a traditional Origin-Destination matrix. Our test case is Italy, the second country hit after China, where the infection spread irregularly from a few northern provinces to rest of Italy and abroad. Our regression models explain the number of actual new cases at the provincial level (corresponding to NUTS-3) by three groups of variables: active cases proxying local infections, interprovincial mobility proxying the arrival of cases from outside, and the degree of people staying at home proxying infections from cohabitants. The variants among the models consist of different measures of interprovincial mobility, thus allowing us to confront them. The result is the inclusion of time-dependent mobility data improving the significance of model and is effective in explaining irregular rise of cases in different parts of the country. Moreover, colocation results as the best measure. From a policy perspective, results show that mobility restrictions help reduce the geographical spread of infection at the very beginning, but once the outbreak, the interprovincial mobility becomes less relevant.
Modeling the impact of the River Information Services Directive on the Performance of inland navigation in the ARA Rhine Region
Authors: Verberght Edwin , Rashed Yasmine , Van Hassel Edwin , Vanelslander Thierry
Published: October 2023

River Information Services (RIS) are harmonized digital services that support safety, transport and traffic management in the inland navigation. RIS refer mainly to four key technologies such as Vessel Tracking and Tracing (VTT) with onboard Inland Automatic Identification System transponders (Inland AIS), Electronic Reporting International (ERI), Notices to Skipper (NtS) and Inland Electronic Chart Display and Information System (Inland ECDIS). These key technologies were developed during the nineties and received in Europe a regulatory framework through the Directive EC/2005/44 (the RIS-Directive). In 2009, most EU Member States had implemented the Directive. One of the claimed benefits of the implementation of RIS relates to a growing performance of inland navigation. In this paper, the impact of RIS on the performance of inland navigation is analyzed via a structural break cointegration approach, followed by an Error Correction Model (ECM) estimation. The empirical analysis shows that the performance of the dry bulk market is highly dynamic, while the liquid bulk market is moderately responsive to shocks. The structural break analysis could not capture any effect of the Directive on the performance of both markets, which can be attributed to several factors, such as the difficulty to isolate the policy impact, other drivers of variation, interferences of other policies and changes at the demand side.
Active Travel Oriented Development: Assessing the suitability of sites for new homes
Authors: Talbot Joseph , Lucas-Smith Martin , Speakman Andrew , Streb Megan , Nuttall Simon , Carlino Dustin , Johansson Patrick , Sheehan Nathanael , Groot Nikée , Lovelace Robin
Published: October 2023

The location of new housing developments, and the provision of safe space for walking and cycling to key destinations around them, have major and long lasting impacts on travel behaviour, health, and environmental outcomes. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a well-recognised concept in urban planning, but systematic evidence is often lacking on the likely ‘active travel performance’ of new developments, making it hard for the planning process to support sustainable transport objectives. This paper articulates the concept of ‘Active Travel Oriented Development’ (ATOD) and describes methods for operationalising it. We demonstrate the use of a set of simple metrics to assess the active travel performance of new and proposed development sites. ATOD has the benefits of building on the established concept of TOD and being easy to assess. We conclude that ATOD, and tools for measuring it, are needed to ensure that transport and development policies work in harmony.
BIVEC 2021 Special Issue Editorial Note
Authors: Van Wee Bert
Published: October 2023

This Special Issue has its basis in the BIVEC-GIBET Transport Research Days 2021. The three papers reflect the broad scope of the BIVEC-GIBET, including several disciplines, all transport modes, and many research methods. What the research of BIVEC-GIBET has in common, is a focus on societally and policy relevant research.
Modification and Validation of the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale for Turkish Adult Vaccination
Authors: Çelik Hakan , Özer Mustafa , Zincir Handan
Published: October 2023

Background and Purpose:For public health, it is important to investigate vaccine hesitancy, determine populations reluctant for vaccines, and investigate barriers and facilitators for vaccination in these groups. This study aims to modify and validate the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale specific to adults in Turkish society.Methods:The study, which was designed as a methodological and survey type, was conducted using a Google questionnaire with 720 participants who met the inclusion criteria with a convenient sampling method.Results:After factor and reliability analysis, a 2-factor, 10-item scale with an acceptable and perfect range of fit index values emerged. It has been observed that individuals who are young, single, do not have children, have vaccine allergy, and do not believe that the vaccine will protect the society are adversely affected by the environment, and those who do not have COVID-19 and flu have a high level of hesitancy to vaccine.Conclusions:The Vaccine Hesitancy Scale is a valid and reliable tool to detect vaccine hesitation in adults in Turkish society.
Beliefs Supporting Cyber Intimate Partner Violence: Scale Development and Preliminary Psychometrics
Authors: Gonzales Jose M. , Mehari Krista R.
Published: October 2023

There is limited research on risk and protective factors for cyber intimate partner violence (IPV), such as normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The initial item pool was developed from information gathered from focus groups, a thematic analysis of existing measures, and an expert review. The item pool was then administered to a sample of 259 emerging adults (Mage = 22 years;SD= 2.19, range = 18–25; 51% female) recruited via a Qualtrics panel. Based on an exploratory factor analysis, Horn’s Parallel Analysis, and goodness-of-fit indices, a single-factor structure was identified. Items related to monitoring cyber activity following a partner’s infidelity did not load well onto the model. A confirmatory factor analysis found strong support for a one-factor model. The Beliefs Supporting Cyber IPV scale was positively correlated with cyber IPV perpetration, in-person IPV perpetration, and beliefs supporting in-person IPV. Findings suggest that beliefs supporting cyber IPV is a distinct construct that can concurrently predict cyber IPV behaviors.
The Link Between Victimization and Misconduct in Prison Inmates: The Influence of Importation, Deprivation, and Low Self-Control Factors
Authors: Kuo Shih-Ya , Chang Kuang-Ming , Li Yi , Chang Yuan-Song
Published: October 2023

There has been limited study of the link between victimization and the criminal offense in the correctional context, despite the extensive literature supporting the overlap of victims and offenders in the general population. In this study, 2,880 inmates in 12 institutional correction facilities in Taiwan were examined to explore the common factors of the victim–offender overlap, guided by the importation, deprivation, and low self-control theories. The results of bivariate probit regression analysis revealed the presence of the victim–offender phenomenon in Taiwanese inmates. Specifically, the inmates who had experienced violent victimization in childhood and those who held negative perceptions of corrections staff and management tended to be both victims and offenders as measured by various types of prison misconduct and victimization. The results also showed that importation and deprivation factors have similar explanatory power for both misconduct and victimization, and low self-control has greater explanatory power for misconduct than for victimization.
La gestión de la cadena logística en la exportación de arilos de granada con subpartida nacional 0810.90.90.00 desde la Región Lima hacia Estados Unidos periodo 2017-2021
Authors:   , Rosales Alva Roxana , Alfaro Sanchez Rita Zoraida
Published: October 2023

En la presente investigación se tuvo el objetivo de comprender la gestión de la cadena logística en la exportación de arilos de granadas con subpartida nacional 0810.90.90.00 desde la región Lima con destino a Estados Unidos, durante el periodo 2017 – 2021. Los objetivos del estudio se desarrollaron en función de los aportes teóricos y metodológicos del estudio de Remondino y Zanin (2022) y los de Borate (2020). La investigación se desarrolló bajo el enfoque cualitativo y la teoría fundamentada, identificándose como población un total de 61 empresas agroexportadoras de arilos de granada registradas al 2021, en la ciudad de Lima. Los resultados mostraron que la gestión de la cadena logística ha tenido un aporte significativo en la exportación del mencionado producto, toda vez que las características productivas del sector agroalimentario del que se deriva la producción de arilos de granada sí han incidido de manera positiva, de la misma forma que las estrategias de optimización de la cadena de suministros, aunque no se observa una percepción igual de mayoritaria en términos de la modernización de la cadena logística.