bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Nonhuman Primate Model for Urinary Bladder Regeneration Using Autologous Sources of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Sharma Arun K. , Bury Matthew I. , Marks Andrew J. , Fuller Natalie J. , Meisner Jay W. , Tapaskar Natalie , Halliday Lisa C. , Matoka Derek J. , Cheng Earl Y.
Published: November 2010

Animal models that have been used to examine the regenerative capacity of cell-seeded scaffolds in a urinary bladder augmentation model have ultimately translated poorly in the clinical setting. This may be due to a number of factors including cell types used for regeneration and anatomical/physiological differences between lower primate species and their human counterparts. We postulated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could provide a cell source for partial bladder regeneration in a newly described nonhuman primate bladder (baboon) augmentation model. Cell-sorted CD105+/CD73+/CD34−/CD45− baboon MSCs transduced with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were seeded onto small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffolds. Baboons underwent an approximate 40%–50% cystectomy followed by augmentation cystoplasty with the aforementioned scaffolds or controls and finally enveloped with omentum. Bladders from sham, unseeded SIS, and MSC/SIS scaffolds were subjected to trichrome, H&E, and immunofluorescent staining 10 weeks postaugmentation. Immunofluorescence staining for muscle markers combined with an anti-GFP antibody revealed that >90% of the cells were GFP+/muscle marker+ and >70% were GFP+/Ki-67+ demonstrating grafted cells were present and actively proliferating within the grafted region. Trichrome staining of MSC/SIS-augmented bladders exhibited typical bladder architecture and quantitative morphometry analyses revealed an approximate 32% and 52% muscle to collagen ratio in unseeded versus seeded animals, respectively. H&E staining revealed a lack of infiltration of inflammatory cells in grafted animals and in corresponding kidneys and ureters. Simple cystometry indicated recovery between 28% and 40% of native bladder capacity. Data demonstrate MSC/SIS composites support regeneration of bladder tissue and validate this new bladder augmentation model.
Enrichment of Human ESC-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Capable to Protect Against Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Sánchez Laura , Gutierrez-Aranda Iván , Ligero Gertrudis , Rubio Ruth , Muñoz-López Martín , García-Pérez José L. , Ramos Verónica , Real Pedro. J. , Bueno Clara , Rodríguez René , Delgado Mario , Menendez Pablo
Published: November 2010

Human ESCs provide access to the earliest stages of human development and may serve as an unlimited source of functional cells for future cell therapies. The optimization of methods directing the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into tissue-specific precursors becomes crucial. We report an efficient enrichment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from hESCs through specific inhibition of SMAD-2/3 signaling. Human ESC-derived MSCs (hESC-MSCs) emerged as a population of fibroblastoid cells expressing a MSC phenotype: CD73+ CD90+ CD105+ CD44+ CD166+ CD45− CD34− CD14− CD19− human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR)−. After 28 days of SMAD-2/3 inhibition, hESC cultures were enriched (>42%) in multipotent MSCs. CD73+CD90+ hESC-MSCs were fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolated and long-term cultures were established and maintained for many passages displaying a faster growth than somatic tissue-derived MSCs while maintaining MSC morphology and phenotype. They displayed osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrocytic differentiation potential and exhibited potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo, where hESC-MSCs were capable of protecting against an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, the efficient enrichment of hESCs into MSCs through inhibition of SMAD-2/3 signaling was not reproducible with distinct induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the differentiation of hESCs into immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory multipotent MSCs with potential future clinical applications.
The effect of nano‐ZnO on corona aging and photo aging in low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Chen Shaoqing , Peng Zongren , Wang Xia , Cheng Xia
Published: November 2010

In this paper, space charge distributions as well as dielectric properties, such as volume resistivity and AC breakdown strength, were studied in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and its composite obtained by adding nano‐ZnO nanofiller, before and after photo‐oxidation or corona aging for several days. It was found that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles could effectively improve both the photostabilization and corona stabilization of the LDPE matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the specimens were investigated to reveal the change of the microstructures. The results showed that a weaker carbonyl absorption peak appeared in LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite than in LDPE. A proper explanation is given according to the photodegradation and corona degradation theory of polyethylene. The results also showed that there was a certain similarity between photo aging and corona aging. IEEJ Trans 2010 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20600
Analysis of the peculiarity of the japanese software development style in offshore software development
Authors: Yoshii Asa , Higa Kunihiko
Published: November 2010

Offshore software development (OSD) is now becoming a global trend. While western companies are using OSD effectively, Japanese companies have not yet used it effectively. Several studies have concluded that this is due to the peculiarity of the Japanese software development style in OSD and have pointed out the problems of Japanese OSD. However, the peculiarity of the Japanese software development style has not been identified yet. Therefore, this paper attempts to identify it. Most previous studies have described the problems of Japanese OSD without considering the software development method. We have focused on agile methods and attempted to analyze the problems pointed out previous studies in accordance with the features of agile methods. It was found that the Japanese software development style is agile‐like. In addition, a survey was conducted to find out what kind of software development method is being used in Japanese OSD projects. It was found that the waterfall method is mainly used. It is concluded that the peculiarity of the Japanese software development style and problems come from the conflict between the software development methods used and their actual implementations. IEEJ Trans 2010 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20605
Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of defect length in esophageal atresia using direct and indirect (tracheal print) signs
Authors: Quarello E. , Saada J. , Desbriere R. , Rousseau V. , Lagausie P. De , Benachi A.
Published: November 2010

The prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia is challenging. The length of the defect of the esophageal atretic portion is one of the parameters affecting outcome and prenatal evaluation of this length has not, to our knowledge, been described previously. We report on seven fetuses assessed prospectively which were suspected to have esophageal atresia. Targeted ultrasound examination of both fetal cervical and thoracic structures was performed in each case in order to assess prenatally the atretic portion. The length of the defect was assessed both directly, by visualizing the interruption of the hyperechoic lines representing the walls of the esophagus in a mid‐sagittal view (n = 4), and indirectly, by means of the ‘tracheal print’ (n = 5). Both methods were used in three cases. Prenatal results were compared with postnatal or postmortem findings. The prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia was made correctly in six of the seven cases and in all of these there was concordance between prenatal and postnatal estimates of the esophageal defect lengths. Direct or indirect sonographic assessment of the esophagus in cases of suspected prenatal esophageal atresia improves the specificity of its diagnosis and aids prenatal evaluation. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of stomach position as a simple prognostic factor in fetal left congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicenter survey in Japan
Authors: Kitano Y. , Okuyama H. , Saito M. , Usui N. , Morikawa N. , Masumoto K. , Takayasu H. , Nakamura T. , Ishikawa H. , Kawataki M. , Hayashi S. , Inamura N. , Nose K. , Sago H.
Published: November 2010

Objectives

To document outcome and to explore prognostic factors in fetal left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods

This was a multicenter retrospective study of 109 patients with prenatally diagnosed isolated left CDH born between 2002 and 2007. The primary outcome was intact discharge, defined as discharge from hospital without major morbidities, such as a need for respiratory support including oxygen supplementation, tube feeding, parenteral nutrition or vasodilators. All patients were managed at perinatal centers with immediate resuscitation, gentle ventilation (mostly with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation) and surgery after stabilization. Prenatal data collected included liver and stomach position, lung‐to‐head ratio, gestational age at diagnosis and presence or absence of polyhydramnios. Stomach position was classified into four grades: Grade 0, abdominal; Grade 1, left thoracic; Grade 2, less than half of the stomach herniated into the right chest; and Grade 3, more than half of the stomach herniated into the right chest.

Results

Overall intact discharge and 90‐day survival rates were 65.1% and 79.8%, respectively. Stomach herniation was classified as Grade 0 in 19.3% of cases, Grade 1 in 45.9%, Grade 2 in 13.8% and Grade 3 in 21.1%. Multivariate analysis revealed that liver position was the strongest prognostic variable for intact discharge, followed by stomach position. Based on our results, we divided patients into three groups according to liver (up vs. down) and stomach (Grade 0–2 vs. Grade 3) position. Intact discharge rates declined significantly from liver‐down (Group I), to liver‐up with stomach Grade 0–2 (Group II), to liver‐up with stomach Grade 3 (Group III) (87.0%, 47.4% and 9.5% of cases, respectively).

Conclusion

Current status and outcomes of prenatally diagnosed left CDH in Japan were surveyed. Stomach herniation into the right chest was not uncommon and its grade correlated with outcome. The combination of liver and stomach positions was useful to stratify patients into three groups (Group I–III) with different prognoses. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate standard‐based quantification of X‐ray fluorescence data using metal‐contaminated plant tissue
Authors: Camarillo‐Ravelo Dante , Kaftandjian Valérie , Duvauchelle Philippe
Published: November 2010

Quantitative X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements have been conducted on naturally lead‐contaminated samples. The calibration procedure using the ratio of fluorescence to Compton scattered radiation was investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. Experimental results with low‐energy photons (14 keV) and simulations show a very good linearity of the fluorescence to Compton ratio as a function of metal concentration. Lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are measured in samples of Phaseolus vulgaris (bean seeds) that have been grown using a nutritive solution with different Pb dopings. Naturally contaminated samples are thus obtained. The calibration must be done for fixed conditions of X‐ray energy and scattering angle, while X‐ray beam intensity and detector to sample distance can change from one sample to another. Simulation allows to evaluate the matrix effect on the calibration curve, and shows that linearity is preserved even in the presence of other heavy elements in the fluorescence spectrum. However, calibration must be done using samples with similar matrix as it affects the slope of the curve. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living Donor Right Liver Lobe Transplantation With or Without Inclusion of the Middle Hepatic Vein: Analysis of Complications
Authors: Mancero Jorge Marcelo Padilla , Gonzalez Adriano Miziara , Ribeiro Marcelo Augusto Fontenelle , Peron Gilberto , Wahle Raul Carlos , Dazzi Francisco Leôncio , de Oliveira e Silva Adávio , D’Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro
Published: November 2010

Background

For living‐related liver transplantation, harvesting a right hepatic graft that includes the middle hepatic vein (MHV) has been recommended to improve venous drainage of the graft. However, it may result in congestion of the donor’s remaining segment IV, increasing the potential risk to the donor. This study aimed to compare safety levels for liver donors during procedures with or without removal of the MHV.

Methods

A total of 68 living donor liver transplantations were performed from March 2001 to May 2007. In 39 procedures, the MHV was not included in the graft (group A), and in 29 the MHV was included in the graft (group B). The analyzed data included surgical time, use of blood derivatives, length of hospital stay, laboratory analyses, weight of the graft, and clinical complications.

Results

No differences were observed regarding the need for blood derivatives or laboratory parameters. The frequency of postoperative complications was similar in the two groups, with 10 cases (25.6%) in group A and 7 cases (24.1%) in group B (P = 0.887). No deaths were seen. The rate of observed complications was 25% among living donors, most of them being managed without surgical intervention.

Conclusions

The inclusion of the MHV does not add morbidity in living donors in selected cases.
Seasonal difference in the effects of fragmentation on seed dispersal by birds in Japanese temperate forests
Authors: Naoe Shoji , Sakai Shoko , Sawa Ayako , Masaki Takashi
Published: November 2010

Many studies have demonstrated that forest fragmentation reduces populations of animal species and causes local extinction, triggering many cascading effects. The effect of fragmentation on animals can be exerted through various processes, but such effects have been understudied. In this study, we posed the possibility of differences in the seasonal effects of fragmentation on frugivorous birds and their dispersal of seeds belonging to five tree species. We hypothesized that these effects may be caused by birds and their habitat selection for suitable breeding forests. We compared the abundance and species richness of frugivorous birds and the number of bird‐removed fruits between a well‐preserved and a fragmented temperate forest for two consecutive years. The abundance of birds was lower in the fragmented compared to the well‐preserved forest during the breeding season, although no clear differences in species richness were observed. In contrast, similar decreases in bird abundance were not observed during the migratory season. After controlling for variation in crop size, the number of bird‐removed fruits was lower in the fragmented forest compared to the well‐preserved forest during the breeding season, but there was no such tendency during the migratory season. These results indicate that evaluations regarding the effects of fragmentation on seed dispersal that do not consider seasonal factors may lead to erroneous conclusions. This study suggests that the effects of fragmentation can be exerted though various processes, many of which remain poorly studied and warrant further examination.
Association between hMLH1 hypermethylation and JC virus (JCV) infection in human colorectal cancer (CRC)
Authors: Vilkin Alex , Niv Yaron
Published: November 2010

Incorporation of viral DNA may interfere with the normal sequence of human DNA bases on the genetic level or cause secondary epigenetic changes such as gene promoter methylation or histone acetylation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA. Chromosomal instability (CIN) was established as the key mechanism in cancer development. Later, it was found that CRC results not only from the progressive accumulation of genetic alterations but also from epigenetic changes. JC virus (JCV) is a candidate etiologic factor in sporadic CRC. It may act by stabilizing β-catenin, facilitating its entrance to the cell nucleus, initialing proliferation and cancer development. Diploid CRC cell lines transfected with JCV-containing plasmids developed CIN. This result provides direct experimental evidence for the ability of JCV T-Ag to induce CIN in the genome of colonic epithelial cells. The association of CRC hMLH1 methylation and tumor positivity for JCV was recently documented. JC virus T-Ag DNA sequences were found in 77% of CRCs and are associated with promoter methylation of multiple genes. hMLH1 was methylated in 25 out of 80 CRC patients positive for T-Ag (31%) in comparison with only one out of 11 T-Ag negative cases (9%). Thus, JCV can mediate both CIN and aberrant methylation in CRC. Like other viruses, chronic infection with JCV may induce CRC by different mechanisms which should be further investigated. Thus, gene promoter methylation induced by JCV may be an important process in CRC and the polyp-carcinoma sequence.
Mechanisms of dynamic mechanical allodynia and dysesthesia in patients with peripheral and central neuropathic pain
Authors: Landerholml Åsa H. , Hansson Per T.
Published: November 2010

Eighteen patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (PNeP) and seven patients with central post‐stroke pain (CPSP) all suffering from dynamic mechanical allodynia (DMA) in a limb were studied. From recent research it is reasonable to suggest that A‐beta fibres constitute the peripheral substrate for DMA in patients with PNeP. The pathophysiological basis for DMA in patients with CPSP is unknown. It is clinically observed that some patients with neuropathic pain report variable intensity of DMA and volunteer that the phenomenon at times is only an unpleasant, i.e., dysesthetic sensation. The pathophysiological basis for dynamic mechanical dysesthesia (DMD) has never been addressed. Based on the aforementioned clinical observations we aimed at investigating if DMA is the hyperbole of DMD both mediated by A‐beta fibres in the periphery. A compression/ischemia‐induced (differential) nerve block in conjunction with repeated quantitative sensory testing of A‐delta and C‐fibre function using cold and warm stimuli was used to assess which nerve fibre population that contributes to DMA and DMD, respectively. During the nerve block there was a transition of DMA to DMD in all patients with PNeP and in 3/7 patients with CPSP. The rest of the patients lost DMA without transition to DMD. The transition or loss of DMA without transition occurred early and concurrently in time during the block and was paralleled by a continuous impairment of mainly A‐beta fibre function. We therefore suggest DMA to be the hyperbole of DMD, the difference being the number of mechanoreceptive fibres having access to the nociceptive system.
Interactions between vitamins C and E in human subjects
Authors: Hamilton Iona M. J. , Gilmore William S. , Benzie Iris F. F. , Mulholland Clive W. , Strain J. J.
Published: November 2010

Despite convincingin vitroevidence, a vitamin C–E interaction has not been confirmedin vivo. This study was designed to examine the effects of supplementation with either vitamin C or E on their respective plasma concentrations, other antioxidants, lipids and some haemostatic variables. Fasting blood was collected before and after intervention from thirty healthy adults in a double-blinded crossover study. Baselines for measured variables were established after 2 weeks of placebo supplementation, followed by daily supplementation with 73·5 mgRRR-α-tocopherol acetate or 500 mg ascorbic acid, and placebo, for 6 weeks. A 2 month washout preceded supplement crossover. Mean values showed that plasma lipid standardised α-tocopherol increased with ascorbic acid supplementation: from 4·09 (SEM 0·51) TO 4·53 (sem 0·66) μmol/mmol total cholesterol plus triacylglycerol (P< 0·05), and plasma ascorbic acid increased from 62·8 (sem 14·9) to 101·3 (sem 22·2) μmol/l (P< 0·005). Supplementation with (RRR)-α-tocopherol acetate increased plasma α-tocopherol from 26·8 (sem 3·9) to 32·2 (sem 3·8) μmol/l (P< 0·05), and lipid-standardised α-tocopherol from 4·12 (sem 0·48) to 5·38 (sem 0·52) μmol/mmol (P< 0·001). Mean plasma ascorbic acid also increased with vitamin E supplementation, from 64·4 (sem 13·3) to 76·4 (sem 18·4) μmol/l (P< 0·05). Plasma ferric reducing (antioxidant) power and glutathione peroxidase (U/g haemoglobin) increased in both groups, while urate, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels decreased (P< 0·05 throughout). Results are supportive of anin vivointeraction between vitamins C and E.
Modulation of rat hepatic and kidney phase II enzymes by cabbage juices: comparison with the effects of indole-3-carbinol and phenethyl isothiocyanate
Authors: Krajka-Kuźniak Violetta , Szaefer Hanna , Bartoszek Agnieszka , Baer-Dubowska Wanda
Published: November 2010

The effect of raw cabbage and sauerkraut juices on the expression and activity of phase II enzymes, glutathioneS-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), in the rat liver and kidney was compared with that of two commercially available products of glucosinolate degradation: indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Male Wistar rats were treated by oral administration with cabbage juices, I3C or PEITC for 4, 10 and 30 d. The results showed that juices, particularly sauerkraut juice as with I3C and PEITC, significantly increased GST and NQO1 activities in the rat liver. The only exception was the 30 d time point of feeding with raw cabbage juice. Cabbage juices, I3C and PEITC affected the hepatic GST μ to the greatest extent and GST α to a lesser extent. The results of the present study also showed that the treatment of rats with juices and compounds tested caused the translocation of the NF-E2-related transcription factor (Nrf2) active subunit from the cytosol to the nucleus, providing an argument for the involvement of this transcription factor in the induction of GST and NQO1. In contrast to the liver, cabbage juices affected only the renal GST θ, while treatment with I3C and PEITC significantly increased the activity of NQO1. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that induction of the key detoxifying enzymes by cabbage juices, particularly sauerkraut, may be responsible for their chemopreventive activity demonstrated by epidemiological studies and in animal models. However, the final effects might be organ or tissue dependent.
Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920–2004
Authors: Peic Goran , Reiter Dan
Published: November 2010

This article proposes that foreign-imposed regime changes (FIRCs) make civil war onset more likely when they damage state infrastructural power, as in the context of interstate war, and when they change the target’s political institutions as well as leadership. Using rare events logit to analyse civil war onset from 1920 to 2004, it is found that interstate war and institutional change are virtually necessary (though not sufficient) conditions for an FIRC to cause a civil war. Many control variables are included. The results are robust to different research design specifications; nevertheless, they cannot confirm that occupation troops make an FIRC more likely to spark civil war.
Post-Conference Thoughts
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: November 2010

The Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society certainly did things properly: not only did it organize to perfection the conference for seven hundred participants; it spared no effort to create an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship. Incidentally, the Teheran conference centre is the equal of the official bodies of the international institutions; its staff is courteous, its hostesses efficient and charming, and the work is done smoothly and with a good grace.
The Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service
Authors: Gluns Richard H.
Published: November 2010

This year the Canadian Red Cross Society commemorates the twentieth anniversary of the birth of its national blood transfusion service.

It was in February, 1947 when the first Red Cross Depot was opened in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was the prototype of 16 similar depots that would be established throughout Canada in the next 15 years. The Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service became truly national in scope with the opening of a depot in Quebec City in 1961.
The International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Durand André
Published: November 2010

In this issue International Review of the Red Cross commences the publication of a recent work, entitled “The International Committee of the Red Cross”, by André Durand, former ICRC delegate-general and author of a history of the ICRC.

The original version, in French, was first published by the Centre de Recherches européennes, attached to Lausanne University, under the direction of Professor Henri Rieben.

The full version of the book will be printed in the International Review and we extend our warmest thanks to the author and the director of the Centre de Recherches européennes for having kindly given permission to reproduce the book in the Review.

In the English and Spanish editions of International Review the text has been translated by the staff of the ICRC translation service.
Red Cross Solidarity
Authors: Beer Henrik
Published: November 2010

It comes natural these days to associate the concept of solidarity with the universality of the work of the Red Cross. Serving the same ideal, respecting the same principles, carrying out similar activities, Red Cross Societies are linked to each other and belong, as it were, to a single body, the International Red Cross.

The solidarity, born of the very structure of the Red Cross movement, is also a powerful incentive, for it manifests itself in the active co-operation of all Red Cross members for the benefit of the whole. The urge which Red Cross men and Societies have to help each other beyond national boundaries has become so strong over the years that it is not too presumptuous to adopt it as a Red Cross principle. By giving the concept of charity a universal dimension for the benefit of suffering mankind, solidarity is akin to the principles of humanity and universality of which it is both the emanation and the moving force.
J. Henry Dunant and the events leading to the award of the first Nobel Peace Prize
Authors: Heudtlass Willy
Published: November 2010

The celebration of the Centenary of the Red Cross brought to the fore not only new aspects of the Red Cross ideal and action on the threshold to the second centenary of its existence, but also the men who played a decisive role in its history. Moreover, appropriate tribute was paid to those who are today in charge of the future of the Red Cross and who, in these troubled times, each day assume new and heavy responsibilities.
The Central Tracing Agency of the ICRC
Authors: Katz Monique
Published: November 2010

The Central Tracing Agency is a permanent and integral part of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Yet it retains an autonomous character during conflicts, as laid down in the four Geneva Conventions.

It is the duty of the Central Tracing Agency to carry out the mandate entrusted in time of war to the two central information agencies mentioned in Article 123 of the Third Convention and Article 140 of the Fourth Convention, namely: the central information agency for prisoners of war, and the central information agency for civilian internees and other protected persons. The Geneva Conventions contain about twenty–five articles relating to the role of these agencies, their relations with the Detaining Power, with the “Power of origin”, with the captives and with their families.
The International Committee of the Red Cross at Work
Authors: Freymond Jacques
Published: November 2010

In 1919 Bela Kun, the Hungarian revolutionary who, for a few months, was the head of the Soviet Republic of Hungary, declared to the delegate of the ICRC that he fully understood the position and the role of that institution. That private association of Swiss citizens, who, free from any governmental ties, were giving aid and comfort to the victims of war, wherever these might be found and without any distinction of nationality, religion or ideology, appeared to him to be truly representative of the Swiss people. In his view, the ICRC, because it was independent, because it was addressing itself direct to governments, reminding them of their moral duties towards prisoners, towards the soldiers of the other side, belonged to the revolutionary camp.
Protocol I and neutral States
Authors: Kussbach Erich
Published: November 2010

The Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) contains several articles which relate expressly to neutral States–not only to the permanently neutral States but also to those which remain neutral in a particular conflict (temporary neutrality).
The protection of water in times of armed conflict
Authors: Zemmali Ameur
Published: November 2010

Water, life-giving and bounteous, the symbol of fertility and purity, is also a source of fear, risk and danger, of covetousness and conflict. Serving many purposes, all equally necessary, it constitutes a vital resource of which man has always tried to regulate the use and management. But unlike peacetime legislation, reflected in the customs and practices of the most ancient societies as well as in the domestic and international legal instruments of modern times, the law of armed conflicts has devoted only few of its provisions expressly — and belatedly — to water. This is not so much a criticism as an observation and may be explained by the fact that water is indispensable in all circumstances. Apart from the consequences of natural disasters, when water may be either threatening or threatened, some human activities can harm the environment and impair the population's means of survival, of which water is the most essential. The effects of pollution or armed conflict are a case in point. The experience of modern warfare has shown, alas, that the civilian population and civilian objects are exposed to military operations and that in some cases thirst can prove to be more deadly than weapons. The only remedy lies in respect for the universally recognized rules, and in the following article attention will be drawn to the provisions of humanitarian law which apply to the protection of water in wartime (I).
Legal Protection of Aero-Medical Evacuation in War-Time
Authors: Evrard E.
Published: November 2010

The International Committee of the Red Cross is aware that international law gives inadequate protection to aircraft used for medical evacuation. It considers that the subject is one which calls for further study and therefore takes pleasure in reproducing in the following pages a translation of important extracts of a recent article on legal protection for aircraft used as air-ambulances in time of war. This article is of particular interest, coming from Dr. Evrard who, being a flyer, can look at the problem from a practical as well as a legal point of view.
The Duty of Giving Assistance and the Right to Relief
Authors: Maystre J.
Published: November 2010

In December 1965 there took place in Liège a “Study period on international medical law” which consisted of a discussion by representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross, of the International Committee of Military Medicine and Pharmacy and of the World Medical Association: the World Health Organization and the League of Red Cross Societies were represented by observers. This was followed by a general meeting of the Medico–legal Commission of the International Law Association and of the International Medical Law Study Centre of Liège.
From the end of the Second World War to the dawn of the third millennium — The activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross during the Cold War and its aftermath: 1945–1995
Authors: Bugnion François
Published: November 2010

8 May 1945: Victory Day! An exhausted Europe emerged with relief from six years of oppression and carnage.
Cooperation between the International Committee of the Red Cross and National Societies in Bosnia-Herzegovina: broadening the Red Cross response
Authors: Krähenbühl Pierre
Published: November 2010

The break-up of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina represented the first major conflict on European soil since the end of the Second World War. It confronted politicians, military planners, journalists and aid workers alike with daunting challenges that often posed acute dilemmas. In many ways, the war threw into question the international community's ability to respond to the issues at hand and meet the needs encountered. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement was not spared this challenge.
The impact of humanitarian aid on conflict development
Authors: Perrin Pierre
Published: November 2010

The proliferation of crises around the world has led to a sharp increase in the scale of humanitarian aid required to meet the vital needs of the people affected by them for food, water, medical care and shelter. Humanitarian organizations can either meet those needs directly or support local services engaged in the same work. In most cases, both approaches are used.
Security in ICRC field operations
Authors: Dind Philippe
Published: November 2010

In any discussion about security, the primary consideration must be the need to preserve the neutrality, independence and impartiality of humanitarian action. This is the essential precondition for the ICRC's ability to protect and assist the victims of conflict. Sooner or later, any humanitarian activity which runs counter to these fundamental principles either incurs the mistrust of the people it intends to assist or becomes completely paralysed.
Foreword by Daniel Thürer
Authors: Thürer Daniel
Published: November 2010

Fifty years ago … on 10 December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations solemnly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This event was a turning point in the development of international law. The individual human being, whose rights had been established over the long evolution of constitutional history, was now recognized as a central point of reference within the international legal system.
The relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law: A brief history of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1949 Geneva Conventions
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: November 2010

Today there can no longer be any doubt: international humanitarian law and international human rights law are near relations. This oft-repeated observation must now be accepted by all. Many believe that the close relationship between these two areas existed and was perceived “from the outset”. That is not at all the case. Formerly assigned to separate legal categories, it was only under the persistent scrutiny of modern analysts that they revealed the common attributes which would seem to promise many fruitful exchanges in the future. Let us try to clarify the situation.
Spotlight on violations of international humanitarian law: The role of the media
Authors: Gutman Roy W.
Published: November 2010

Fifty years after the United Nations proclaimed its ambitious Universal Declaration of Human Rights, skeptics will have no trouble demonstrating that the international community's commitment to the document is shallow at best. The pretense was laid bare by the UN's inadequacy to stop genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda, compounded by the institution's failure to conduct a thoroughgoing self-examination to determine the lessons of the debacle in Bosnia.
A few thoughts on the relationship between humanitarian agencies and the media
Authors: Boegli Urs
Published: November 2010

Modern conflict often takes place in a communication vacuum, and it is time that something were done to fill it.

Those engaged in war today appear to have ever less desire to make their voices heard, in most cases for good reason. In this post-Cold War era, the belligerents do not care as much as they once did about what the rest of the world thinks. They no longer live in fear of annoying or embarrassing their sponsors; indeed in most cases they no longer have sponsors at all, nor do they need them. It is no longer their dream to make speeches at the United Nations in New York, as it was for so many national liberation movements a few decades ago. Many simply care nothing about their international image, or about the outside world.
Is there a ‘droit d'ingérence’ in the sphere of information? The right to information from the standpoint of international humanitarian law
Authors: Sandoz Yves
Published: November 2010

International humanitarian law does not deal directly with the right to information, but it is useful to highlight some of the law's features in considering people's right to information in wartime.

The right to indispensable items

International law stipulates that civilians have a right to items indispensable to their survival. This entails an obligation for the parties to the conflict, both in enemy territory occupied by them and in their own territory, to allow international action to provide these items if they themselves are unable to do so.
The new International Criminal Court: A preliminary assessment
Authors: Roberge Marie-Claude
Published: November 2010

After years of relentless effort and five weeks of intense and difficult negotiations, the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted and opened for signature in Rome on 17 July 1998. This historic event represents a major step forward in the battle against impunity and towards better respect for international humanitarian law. For too long it has been possible to commit atrocities with total impunity, a situation which has given perpetrators carte blanche to continue such practices. The system of repression established by international law clearly has its shortcomings, and the time has come to adopt new rules and set up new institutions to ensure the effective prosecution of international crimes. A criminal court, whether at the national or international level, does not put a stop to crime, but it may serve as a deterrent and, consequently, may help reduce the number of victims. The results achieved in Rome should thus be welcomed, in the hope that the new Court will be able to discharge its mandate to the full.
Effects of carotenoids on human immune function
Authors: Hughes David A.
Published: November 2010

Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between diets rich in carotenoids and a reduced incidence of many forms of cancer, and it has been suggested that the antioxidant properties of these compounds are a causative factor. Attention has focused on the potential role of one specific carotenoid, β-carotene, in preventing cancer, and numerous publications have described in vitro experiments and animal studies which suggest that not only can this carotenoid protect against the development of cancer, but also several other chronic diseases. Since the immune system plays a major role in cancer prevention, it has been suggested that β-carotene may enhance immune cell function. Several human trials, using dietary β-carotene supplementation with a wide range of intakes, have been undertaken to address this hypothesis. The general conclusion of these studies is that this compound can enhance cell-mediated immune responses, particularly in the elderly. The present article will review some of these human studies and, hopefully, complement the reviews of other authors associated with the present symposium, some of whom will also describe work in this area. Potential mechanisms for the effects of carotenoids on immune function will also be reviewed. Finally, possible reasons for the failure of three major prospective studies to demonstrate a beneficial effect of β-carotene supplementation on lung cancer risk will be discussed.
Diffeomorphisms with infinitely many irrational invariant curves
Authors: MORA LEONARDO , RUIZ BLADISMIR
Published: November 2010

For a surface diffeomorphism f∈Diff l(M), with l≥8, we prove that if f exhibits a non-transversal heteroclinic cycle composed of two fixed saddle points Q1 and Q2, one dissipative and the other expansive, then there exists an open set 𝒱⊂Diff l(M) such that $ f \in \overline {\mathcal {V}}$ and there exists a dense set 𝒟⊂𝒱 such that for all g∈𝒟, g exhibits infinitely many invariant periodic curves with irrational rotation numbers. Moreover, these curves are C1 conjugated to an irrational rotation on 𝕊1.
FMRI correlates of the WAIS–III Symbol Search subtest
Authors: SWEET LAWRENCE H. , PASKAVITZ JAMES F. , O'CONNOR MATTHEW J. , BROWNDYKE JEFFREY N. , WELLEN JEREMY W. , COHEN RONALD A.
Published: November 2010

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments frequently administer substantially adapted cognitive tests. This study was designed to identify FMRI correlates of a well-standardized clinical measure presented with minor adaptations. We administered the WAIS–III Symbol Search (SS) and a visuospatial control task to fifteen adults during FMRI. SS-related brain activity was identified, followed by analyses of activity related to performance level. Compared to the control task, SS was associated with greater activity in bilateral medial occipital, occipitoparietal, occipitotemporal, parietal, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC). Across both tasks, slower processing speed was also related to greater activity in these areas, except right DLPFC. Greater activity inleftDLPFC was specifically related to slower processing speed during SS. Performance was consistent with education levels. Findings suggest that SS performance involves regions associated with executive and visual processing. Furthermore, slower SS performance was related to greater recruitment of left hemisphere regions associated with executive function in other studies. (JINS, 2005,11, 471–476.)
DIRECT SUMS OF INFINITELY MANY KERNELS
Authors: ECEVIT ŞULE , FACCHINI ALBERTO , TAMER KOŞAN M.
Published: November 2010

Let 𝒦 be the class of all rightR-modules that are kernels of nonzero homomorphisms φ:E1→E2for some pair of indecomposable injective rightR-modulesE1,E2. In a previous paper, we completely characterized when two direct sumsA1⊕⋯⊕AnandB1⊕⋯⊕Bmof finitely many modulesAiand Bjin 𝒦 are isomorphic. Here we consider the case in which there are arbitrarily, possibly infinitely, manyAiandBjin 𝒦. In both the finite and the infinite case, the behaviour is very similar to that which occurs if we substitute the class 𝒦 with the class 𝒰 of all uniserial rightR-modules (a module is uniserial when its lattice of submodules is linearly ordered).
A review on radiotherapy hypofractionation schedules for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Armpilia Christina , Antypas Christos , Zygogianni Anna , Balafouta Myrsini , Sandilos Panagiotis , Kouvaris John
Published: November 2010

Radiation therapy is an integral part of management in breast carcinoma treatment. Standard curative schedules of radiotherapy to the breast deliver 25 fractions of 2.0 Gy per day over 5–6 weeks. Considerable recent literature suggests that hypo-fractionation may be advisory in breast cancer. The use of fewer fractions of more than 2 Gy per day (hypo-fractionation) is based on data suggesting that breast carcinoma is more sensitive to fraction size than squamous carcinomas and therefore could have similar fractionation sensitivity to the dose-limiting healthy tissues, including skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and ribs. In this article, a review of published studies and currently ongoing trials, which may provide evidence for the use of hypo-fractionated radiotherapy in breast cancer patients, is presented. Also, for all these different hypo-fractionation regimens found in literature, biologically effective dose (BED) values are calculated and compared. Data from studies and randomised trials seem to support the concept that modest hypo-fractionation can be used to treat the whole breast after breast-conserving surgery with similar rates of local control and radiation morbidity as seen with conventional fractionation.
Abducting both arms improves stability during breast radiotherapy: The Bi Arm study in radiotherapy
Authors: Goldsworthy SG Simon , Sinclair NS Noreen , Tremlett JT Jean , Chalmers AC Anthony , Francis MF Michael , Simcock RS Richard
Published: November 2010

Background: A randomised study to investigate whether bilateral arm abduction is superior to unilateral abduction with respect to stability using shifts on treatment as the main outcome measure.

Material and Methods: 50 consecutive female patients were randomised to ipsilateral or bilateral arm abduction. Central lung depth (CLD) and cranial caudal depth (CCD) on the simulator image was compared with that featured on three Electronic Portal Images (EPI) captured during treatment for each patient. Systematic and random errors were analysed with respect to the average translational displacement and standard deviation per patient and per population between the planning image and the EPI.

Results: The CLD average translational displacement in the test group was −1.7 mm (95% CI = −5 to 1.6 mm) Σ pop = 2.3 mm, σ pop = 1.6 mm, and in the control group −1.9 mm (95% CI = −6 to 3 mm) Σ pop = 4 mm, σ pop = 2.1 mm. The average translational displacement of CCD in test group was 0 mm (95% CI = − 5.3 to 5.1 mm) Σ pop = 2.2 mm, σ pop = 2.6 mm. CCD translational displacement was greater in the unilateral arm abduction group at − 1.6 mm (95% CI = −6.7 to 3.4 mm) Σ pop = 3.6 mm, σ pop = 2.4mm.

Conclusion: The reduction in systematic error and inter-patient variability observed in the test group is evidence that bilateral arm abduction is a more stable and reproducible position than unilateral arm abduction. The CCD translational data indicates that patients treated with unilateral arm abduction were moving inferiorly on the breast board. These results support the adoption of bilateral arm abduction as a standard technique.
Minimum funding ratios for defined-benefit pension funds
Authors: SIEGMANN ARJEN
Published: November 2010

We compute minimum nominal funding ratios for defined-benefit (DB) plans based on the expected utility that can be achieved in a defined-contribution (DC) pension scheme. Using Monte Carlo simulation, expected utility is computed for three different specifications of utility: power utility, mean-shortfall, and mean-downside deviation. Depending on risk aversion and the level of sophistication assumed for the DC scheme, minimum acceptable funding ratios are between 0.87 and 1.20 in nominal terms. For relative risk aversion of 5 and a DC scheme with a fixed-contribution setup, the minimum nominal funding ratio is between 0.87 and 0.98. The attractiveness of the DB plan increases with the expected equity premium and the fraction invested in stocks. We conclude that the expected value of intergenerational solidarity, providing time-diversification to its participants, can be large. Minimum funding ratios in real (inflation-adjusted) terms lie between 0.56 and 0.79. Given a DB pension fund with a funding ratio of 1.30, a participant in a DC plan has to pay a 2.7 to 6.1% point higher contribution on average to achieve equal expected utility.