bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A meshless numerical wave tank for simulation of nonlinear irregular waves in shallow water
Authors: Xiao Long‐Fei , Yang Jian‐Min , Peng Tao , Li Jun
Published: November 2008

Time domain simulation of the interaction between offshore structures and irregular waves in shallow water becomes a focus due to significant increase of liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. To obtain the time series of irregular waves in shallow water, a numerical wave tank is developed by using the meshless method for simulation of 2D nonlinear irregular waves propagating from deep water to shallow water. Using the fundamental solution of Laplace equation as the radial basis function (RBF) and locating the source points outside the computational domain, the problem of water wave propagation is solved by collocation of boundary points. In order to improve the computation stability, both the incident wave elevation and velocity potential are applied to the wave generation. A sponge damping layer combined with the Sommerfeld radiation condition is used on the radiation boundary. The present model is applied to simulate the propagation of regular and irregular waves. The numerical results are validated by analytical solutions and experimental data and good agreements are observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Cretaceous exhumation of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks of the Sistan Suture Zone, eastern Iran
Authors: Rad G. R. Fotoohi , Droop G. T. R. , Burgess R.
Published: November 2008

The Sistan Suture Zone (SSZ) of eastern Iran is part of the Neo‐Tethyan orogenic system and formed by convergence of the Central Iranian and Afghan microcontinents. ArAr ages of ca. 125 Ma have been obtained from white micas and amphibole from variably overprinted high‐pressure metabasites within the Ratuk Complex of the SSZ. The metabasites, which occur as fault‐bounded lenses within a subduction mélange, document peak‐metamorphic conditions in eclogite or blueschist facies followed by near‐isothermal decompression resulting in an epidote–amphibolite‐facies overprint.

40Ar/39Ar step heating experiments were performed on a phengite + paragonite mixture from an eclogite, phengites from two amphibolites, and paragonite from a blueschist; ‘best‐fit’ ages from these micas are, respectively, 122.8 ± 2.2, 124 ± 13, 116 ± 19 and 139 ± 19 Ma (2σ error). Barroisite from an amphibolite yielded an age of 124 ± 10 Ma. The ages are interpreted as cooling ages that record the post‐epidote–amphibolite stage in the exhumation of the rocks.

Our results imply that both the high‐pressure metamorphism and the epidote–amphibolite‐facies overprint occurred prior to 125 Ma. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the eastern margin of the Sistan Ocean had therefore begun by Barremian (Early Cretaceous) times. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective cohort study of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer survival
Authors: Friedenreich Christine M. , Gregory Jacqueline , Kopciuk Karen A. , Mackey John R. , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: November 2008

Few studies have examined the association between physical activity and disease outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Here, we report the association between lifetime total physical activity performed prior to diagnosis and disease outcomes in a population‐based sample of breast cancer survivors. A cohort of 1,231 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1995 and 1997 was followed for a minimum of 8.3 years for any cancer progressions, recurrences and new primaries; and a minimum of 10.3 years for deaths. All treatment and follow‐up care received was abstracted from medical records. Data on physical activity including type (occupational, household, recreational) and dose (frequency, intensity and duration) performed during the entire lifetime until diagnosis were examined in Cox proportional hazards models as well as with cumulative incidence curves. An average of 126 MET‐hr/week were reported for total physical activity (of which 13.9, 46.9 and 65.3 MET‐hr/week were, respectively, for recreational, occupational and household activity). A decreased risk of breast cancer death and all deaths was observed among women in the highest versus the lowest quartiles of recreational activity (MET‐hr/week/year) (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.36–0.79). Both moderate (0.56, 95% CI = 0.38–0.82) and vigorous intensity recreational activity (0.74, 95% CI = 0.56–0.98) decreased the risk of breast cancer death. Moderate intensity recreational activity decreased the risk of a recurrence, progression or new primary cancer (0.66, 95% CI = 0.48–0.91). No other association with breast cancer survival was observed for other types of physical activity. Prediagnosis recreational activity conferred a benefit for survival after breast cancer. Moderate intensity recreational activity was particularly protective. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent release of admixed antimicrobials and salicylic acid from salicylate‐based poly(anhydride‐esters)
Authors: Johnson Michelle L. , Uhrich Kathryn E.
Published: November 2008

A polymer blend consisting of antimicrobials (chlorhexidine, clindamycin, and minocycline) physically admixed at 10% by weight into a salicylic acid‐based poly (anhydride‐ester) (SA‐based PAE) was developed as an adjunct treatment for periodontal disease. The SA‐based PAE/antimicrobial blends were characterized by multiple methods, including contact angle measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. Static contact angle measurements showed no significant differences in hydrophobicity between the polymer and antimicrobial matrix surfaces. Notable decreases in the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg) and the antimicrobials' melting points (Tm) were observed indicating that the antimicrobials act as plasticizers within the polymer matrix. In vitro drug release of salicylic acid from the polymer matrix and for each physically admixed antimicrobial was concurrently monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography during the course of polymer degradation and erosion. Although the polymer/antimicrobial blends were immiscible, the initial 24 h of drug release correlated to the erosion profiles. The SA‐based PAE/antimicrobial blends are being investigated as an improvement on current localized drug therapies used to treat periodontal disease. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
FIAT inhibition increases osteoblast activity by modulating Atf4‐dependent functions
Authors: Yu Vionnie W.C. , El‐Hoss Jad , St‐Arnaud René
Published: November 2008

The ATF4 transcription factor is a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation that controls osteocalcin gene transcription and type I collagen protein synthesis. We have characterized factor‐inhibiting ATF4‐mediated transcription (FIAT), a leucine zipper protein that dimerizes with ATF4 to form inactive dimers that cannot bind DNA. Overexpression of FIAT in osteoblasts of transgenic mice inhibited osteocalcin gene transcription and reduced osteoblastic activity, leading to osteopenia (Yu et al. [2005] J Cell Biol 169:591–601). We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of FIAT would enhance ATF4 activity, leading to increased osteocalcin transcription, type I collagen synthesis, and mineralization. We used small interfering RNAs (siRNA) to knockdown FIAT in pools of MC3T3‐E1 cells stably transfected with 1.3 kb of the mouse osteocalcin gene promoter driving expression of luciferase. Stable expression of the FIAT siRNA sequence inhibited FIAT expression without significantly affecting the level of total or Ribosomal S6 Kinase‐2‐phosphorylated ATF4 protein. Occupancy of the osteocalcin proximal promoter by ATF4 was increased and transcription of the osteocalcin‐promoter‐dependent luciferase reporter showed earlier onset and increased levels. Similarly, endogenous osteocalcin gene expression was enhanced in primary osteoblasts transfected with the FIAT siRNA. FIAT knockdown cells also displayed higher expression of bone sialoprotein, increased type I collagen protein synthesis, and enhanced mineralization. These data suggest that inhibition of FIAT expression increases ATF4 activity and confirm the important role of FIAT in osteoblast function. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 186–192, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of multiphase hydrogenation in a catalyst‐trap microreactor
Authors: McGovern S. , Harish G. , Pai C.S. , Mansfield W. , Taylor J.A. , Pau S. , Besser R.S.
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Multiphase hydrogenation plays a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry. A significant portion of the reaction steps in a typical fine chemical synthesis are catalytic hydrogenations, generally limited by resistances to mass and heat transport. To this end, the small‐scale and large surface‐to‐volume ratios of microreactor technology would greatly benefit chemical processing in the pharmaceutical and other industries. A silicon microreactor has been developed to investigate mass transfer in a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. The reactor design is such that solid catalyst is suspended in the reaction channel by an arrangement of catalyst traps. The design supports the use of commercial catalyst and allows control of pressure drop across the bed by engineering the packing density.

RESULTS: This paper discusses the design and operation of the reactor in the context of the liquid‐phase hydrogenation of o‐nitroanisole to o‐anisidine. A two‐phase ‘flow map’ is generated across a range of conditions depicting three flow regimes, termed gas‐dominated, liquid‐dominated, and transitional, all with distinctly different mass transfer behavior. Conversion is measured across the flow map and then reconciled against the mass transfer characteristics of the prevailing flow regime. The highest conversion is achieved in the transitional flow regime, where competition between phases induces the most favorable gas–liquid mass transfer.

CONCLUSION: The results are used to associate a mass transfer coefficient with each flow regime to quantify differences in performance. This reactor architecture may be useful for catalyst evaluation through rapid screening, or in large numbers as an alternative to macro‐scale production reactors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
An investigation of the 125I‐radioiodination of colchicine for medical purposes
Authors: El‐Azony K. M. , El‐Mohty A. A. , Killa H. M. , Seddik U. , Khater S. I.
Published: November 2008

A procedure for radioiodination of colchicine with iodine‐125 is carried out via an electrophilic substitution reaction. The reaction parameters studied were colchicine concentration, pH of the reaction mixture, reaction time, temperature, different oxidizing agents and different organic media to optimize the conditions for the labeling of colchicine and to obtain a high radiochemical yield of the 125I‐colchicine (125I‐Col). Using 3.7 MBq of Na125I, 1.25 mM of colchicine as substrate, 1.1 mM of chloramine‐T (CAT) as oxidizing agent in ethanol at 60°C for 5 min, a maximum radiochemical yield of 125I‐Col (60%) was obtained. The specific activity of 125I‐Col obtained was 44.4 MBq/0.5 mmol, and the labeled compound was not completely separated and purified from Col by means of high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), so the uncertainty in the purity may affect the distribution and clearance routes due to the expected competition between 125I‐Col and Col. The biological distribution in normal mice indicates the suitability of radioiodinated colchicine for imaging of muscles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MMICs time‐domain electrical physical simulator adapted to the parallel computation
Authors: El Moussati A. , De Jaeger J.‐C. , Dalle C.
Published: November 2008

The programming method used to adapt an existing time‐domain electrical circuit simulator to the parallel computation is presented. The originality of the simulator results in the semiconductor device numerical physical modeling. Thus, the organization of the existing software, initially developed to be run on a monoprocessor sequential Unix workstation, is firstly detailed. Accounting for specifications at once regarding the effort necessary to modify the software, the wished simulator application field and the constraints resulting from the available computer, two levels of parallelization have been pointed out and implemented by means of the message passing interface parallel programming tool. As an illustration, some results concerning the simulation of a microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC), especially a 2–40 GHz HEMT transistor cascode stage distributed amplifier, are presented. Circuits of increasing complexity have been considered. The evaluation of the sequential/parallel computation ratio demonstrates that significant gains can be expected from the parallel computation opening the way to analysis of the operation of MMICs of mean complexity by means of a numerical physical approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal mesothelioma: The Australian experience
Authors: Chua Terence C. , Yan Tristan D. , Morris David L.
Published: November 2008

Aims

Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rapidly progressing malignancy with a median survival of 6–12 months. Palliative surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are futile and have not shown to improve survival. This paper reports the outcomes of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of this disease.

Patients and Methods

An observational study of 20 patients with peritoneal mesothelioma treated with CRS and HIPEC at the St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and comparison using the Log Rank test.

Results

There were six females. The mean age was 55.7 (9.0) years. The median survival was 29.5 (0.46–87.2) months with 1‐ and 3‐year survival of 78.2% and 46.3%, respectively. Survival was found to be influenced by completeness of cytoreduction (P = 0.02) and histological subtype (P = 0.01). Patients with epitheloid peritoneal mesothelioma who had a CC0 had a median survival of 87.2 months.

Conclusion

CRS and HIPEC is a treatment option for peritoneal mesothelioma. Patients with epithelioid tumor who undergo complete cytoreduction may potentially benefit from this procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99: 109–113. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum many‐body phenomena in coupled cavity arrays
Authors: Hartmann M.J. , Brandão F.G.S.L. , Plenio M.B.
Published: November 2008

The increasing level of experimental control over atomic and optical systems gained in recent years has paved the way for the exploration of new physical regimes in quantum optics and atomic physics, characterised by the appearance of quantum many‐body phenomena, originally encountered only in condensed‐matter physics, and the possibility of experimentally accessing them in a more controlled manner. In this review article we survey recent theoretical studies concerning the use of cavity quantum electrodynamics to create quantum many‐body systems. Based on recent experimental progress in the fabrication of arrays of interacting micro‐cavities and on their coupling to atomic‐like structures in several different physical architectures, we review proposals on the realisation of paradigmatic many‐body models in such systems, such as the Bose‐Hubbard and the anisotropic Heisenberg models. Such arrays of coupled cavities offer interesting properties as simulators of quantum many‐body physics, including the full addressability of individual sites and the accessibility of inhomogeneous models.
Cardiac and noncardiac fibrotic reactions caused by ergot‐and nonergot‐derived dopamine agonists
Authors: Andersohn Frank , Garbe Edeltraut
Published: November 2008

There is growing evidence that the ergot‐derived dopamine agonists cabergoline and pergolide can cause fibrotic cardiac valvulopathy. Data on other fibrotic reactions and nonergot‐derived dopamine agonists are sparse. Aim of this study was to investigate whether there are signals that dopamine agonists are related to cardiac and other fibrotic reactions. We identified all reports of fibrotic reactions at the heart, lung, and retroperitoneal space associated with dopamine agonists within the US Adverse Event Reporting System database. Disproportionality analyses were used to calculate adjusted reporting odds ratios (RORs). For ergot‐derived dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide), the RORs of all reactions under study were increased, whereas no such increases were observed for nonergot‐derived drugs (apomorphine, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine). Fibrotic reactions due to ergot‐derived dopamine agonists may not be limited to heart valves. For nonergot‐derived dopamine agonists, no drug safety signals were evident. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of multifunctional aromatic urethane acrylates containing tertiary amine group
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Pu , Shi Suqing , Nie Jun
Published: November 2008

Two multifunctional aromatic urethane acrylates, based on 2, 4‐toluene diisocyanate (2, 4‐TDI), β‐hydroxyethyl arcylate (HEA), and synthetic multifunctional hydroxyl compounds, were synthesized by classical condensation reaction. FTIR was used to monitor the process of the reaction. The photopolymerization kinetics of the urethane acrylates with different photoinitiators was studied by Real‐Time Infrared Spectroscopy. The results indicated that different from the commercial urethane acrylate CN 975, the synthetic multifunctional urethane acrylates could be efficiently initiated by BP without the addition of any co‐initiators as they have tertiary amine structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvements of physical and mechanical properties of electron beam irradiation—crosslinked EVA foams
Authors: Rezaeian Iraj , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Zahedi Payam , Ghaffari Mehdi , Afradian Shirin
Published: November 2008

In this work, ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer foams were prepared and crosslinked by using high‐energy electron beam (e‐beam) radiation (10 MeV). The effect of parameters such as irradiation dose, the contents of foaming agent, radiation activator, and radiation sensitizer on improvement of physical and mechanical properties of the EVA foamed samples were investigated. The foams were obtained through a four‐step process of melt mixing, forming, crosslinking, and foaming. During the melt mixing process EVA was compounded with different amounts of azodicarbonamide (ADCA) as a blowing agent, zinc oxide (ZnO) as a radiation activator, and trimethylol propane‐trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) as a radiation sensitizer. The samples were compression molded into flat sheets at low temperature (110°C) and were then radiation‐crosslinked by 20–80 kGy e‐beam. Finally, the crosslinked samples were converted to foams by a high temperature (210°C) compression molding process. The foamed samples were analyzed in terms of gel content, density, compression molding set, tensile properties, and micro‐structural features. It was found that an increase in absorbed radiation dosage increases crosslink density, elasticity, percentage recovery, tensile strength, and compression properties of the EVA foams. Due to the increased recovery the percentage of compression set was reduced. Similarly increasing the TMPTMA content in the formulation increased the crosslink density and the resulting mechanical properties. Contrary to these findings, addition of ADCA led to the formation of extra gases which in turn reduced the crosslink density, and resulted in the deterioration of the mechanical properties and hence an increase in the compression set. However, addition of ZnO and TMPTMA led to the formation of smaller and more uniform cell size with improved mechanical properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenoviral‐mediated pHyde Gene Transfer and Cisplatin Additively Inhibit Human Prostate Cancer Growth by Enhancing Apoptosis
Authors: Lu Yi , Zhang Xiongwen , Beheshti Ben , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND

A novel gene, rat pHyde, has been cloned by us recently. The rat pHyde was shown by the same group to have growth inhibitory effects on human prostate cancer through the induction of apoptosis.

METHODS

In this report, a human homologue, hpHyde of the rat pHyde, was cloned by cDNA libraries screening. The database search and in situ hybridization were used to map the genomic loci of hpHyde in human chromosome. The anti‐prostate cancer effects of pHyde in conjunction with chemotherapy agent were analyzed by in vitro and in vivo assays using adenoviral vector expressing pHyde (AdRSVpHyde) in combination with DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, and docetaxel, respectively.

RESULTS

Database search and FISH analysis consistently indicated that hpHyde gene localizes at human chromosome 2q14. Protein sequence analysis suggests that hpHyde may be a plasma membrane protein. hpHyde is differentially expressed in various normal human tissues and organs, suggesting that hpHyde may play roles in development and differentiation. Growth suppression and induction of apoptosis were additively greater in DU145 human prostate cancer cells treated with AdRSVpHyde and cisplatin than either agent alone both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, AdRSVpHyde and docetaxel also have a similar additively inhibitory effect on DU145 cell growth.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel gene hpHyde, the human homologue of rat pHyde, has been cloned and its genomic location in the human chromosome has been identified. Our results support the potential use of pHyde for prostate cancer gene therapy coupled with chemotherapy to improve therapeutic index. Prostate 69:234–248, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystalline Intermediates during Polycondensation Reactions in the C–N–Cl System – The Paddle‐Wheel Molecule N(C6N7Cl2)3
Authors: Tragl Sonja , Gibson Katharina , Glaser Jochen , Heydenrych Greta , Frenking Gernot , Duppel Viola , Simon Arndt , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: November 2008

Solid state metathesis reactions between cyanuric chloride and C–N–H or alkali metal–(B–)C–N compounds, respectively, were carried out in the temperature range between 150 °C to 500 °C, studying intermediate stages of reactions and targeting the formation of carbon nitride materials by elimination of HCl or alkali metal chlorides. Although cyanuric chloride was reacted with quite a number of different reaction partners such as melamine, cyanamide, lithium nitride, lithium or sodium carbodiimide, lithium nitridoborate or sodium dicyandiamide, always the same intermediate compounds appeared in the reactions mixtures. Colorless, needle‐shaped crystals of the tertiary amine N(C3N3Cl2)3 (1) were obtained at temperatures around 200–250 °C. Temperatures as high as 400 °C yielded yellow, plate‐like crystals of the heptazine compound C6N7Cl3 (2). At even higher temperatures, the reaction products were of poorer crystallinity, but evidence of the formation of another crystalline intermediate was given by X‐ray powder diffraction and electron diffraction experiments. This third intermediate is assumed to be a tertiary amine, quite similar to 1, however, having heptazine ligands instead of triazine ligands and is assigned with the formula N(C6N7Cl2)3 (3). Theoretical calculations were performed for the structures and the vibrational spectra of 1 and 3. Theoretical calculations and a structure refinement based of X‐ray powder diffraction data yielded a plausible structural model for compound 3.
On the Volume Chemistry of Solid Compounds: the Legacy of Wilhelm Biltz
Authors: Baranov Alexey , Kohout Miroslav , Wagner Frank R. , Grin Yuri , Kniep Rüdiger , Bronger Welf
Published: November 2008

For the calculation of the atomic or ionic volumes the Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules method was applied. The regions (basins) around the nuclei confined by the zero‐flux surfaces in the electron density gradient are called QTAIM atoms. They are non‐overlapping and completely fill the space. The volume of the basins gives volumes of atoms or ions. The integration of the electron density within the volumina yields effective charges, defining neutral or ionic character of the given QTAIM species. Present investigations refer to metal hydrides, metal nitrides and to intermetallic compounds of the system Al‐Pt. A linear relation between the ionic volumina of hydrogen or nitrogen established according to QTAIM and after Biltz has been found with (homodesmic) binary metal hydrides and binary metal nitrides, but has been observed merely as a trend with stronger deviations for heterodesmic compounds, such as ternary hydrido‐ and nitridometallates Aa[MmXx] (A – alkali or alkaline earth metal, M – transition metal and X – H or N). The deviation from linearity for heterodesmic compounds is caused by the different kinds of chemical bonds being present within the [MmXx] anions on the one hand and between the anions and the cations on the other hand reflected by the calculated volumes and the QTAIM charges of M and X components. Concerning the intermetallic compounds of the system Al‐Pt, the quantum chemical calculations reveal negative charges for the platinum atoms and positive ones for the aluminium atoms in accordance with their electronegativities. Introducing the variation of the atomic volume with the composition extends the Vegard's approach and gives a non‐linear slope for the concentration dependence of mean atomic volume which explains qualitatively the experimental results.
Dr. habil. Werner Hanke – 40 Jahre Gestaltung und Bewahrung einer gesamtdeutschen Zeitschrift
Authors: Dehnicke Kurt , Jansen Martin , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: November 2008

Die Herausgeber, Kollegen, Freunde und der Verlag Wiley‐VCH blicken aus Anlaß der Beendigung der Tätigkeit Werner Hankes als Mitarbeiter und Herausgeber der Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie am 31. Dezember 2008 in Dankbarkeit und Anerkennung auf seine 40 Jahre währende Leistung für die Wissenschaft und seinen unermüdlichen Einsatz zurück.
L'édit de nantes et l'indifférence hollandaise
Authors: Secretan Catherine
Published: November 2008

La promulgation de l'édit de Nantes, en 1598, a-t-elle connu aux PaysBas un écho comparable à celui provoqué par la Révocation de ce même édit, un siècle plus tard? Une première enquête menée à partir de documents directement liés aux événements de l'époque (correspondances d'hommes politiques, pamphlets, actes de synodes, etc.) ne livre aucun témoignage révélateur d'un intérêt néerlandais pour le règlement français du biconfessionnalisme. Les hypothèses avancées dans cet article pour expliquer ce silence se fondent sur les déplacements des enjeux politiques et théologiques de la tolérance entre la France et les Pays-Bas dans la période considérée.
La tolérance et la crainte
Authors: Waterlot Ghislain
Published: November 2008

La tolérance, telle que l'entend l'édit de Nantes, est un pis-aller. Les partis catholiques et réformés s'accordent sur l'idée que la tolérance est provisoire, car la restauration de l'unité religieuse doit demeurer la visée. Mais les réformés, minoritaires, sont en position défensive. Beaucoup parmi eux pensent que la tolérance ne tiendra que s'ils continuent de se faire craindre des catholiques. D'où la promotion, par Agrippa d'Aubigné, de l'esprit de résistance. Mais les forces armées protestantes sont réduites en 1629. En fonction de ce nouveau contexte, Moyse Amyraut, tout en professant un parfait loyalisme à l'égard du monarque catholique, sera amené à formuler les linéaments d'une nouvelle théorie de la tolérance, selon laquelle la tolérance n'est plus une grâce temporaire, mais un droit.
Ordre des décrets divins, hiérarchie des droits humains
Authors: Laplanche François
Published: November 2008

Jusqu'au XVIe siècle, l'emploi de la force publique au service de l'unité religieuse semble être une conséquence du zèle pour le salut d'autrui. Pour parvenir à la concorde civile, dans les nations où s'affrontaient des confessions différentes, il a fallu trouver un fondement théologique à la reconnaissance juridique de la liberté de conscience et de culte. Les théologiens protestants de l'académie de Saumur fondée par Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, négociateur de l'édit de Nantes, ont cherché ce fondement du côté d'une théologie de la création. Dieu a créé l'homme pour vivre paisiblement en compagnie de ses semblables et le drame de la chute originelle, bien qu'il ait entraîné pour sa réparation une révélation de Dieu protégée par l'Église, n'a pas détruit cet ordre tout à fait primitif. « Nous sommes hommes, écrit Amyraut, avant que d'être chrétiens. »
Des porte-parole protestants au chevet de l'édit de nantes moribond
Authors: Bost Hubert
Published: November 2008

L'article montre comment l'édit de Nantes (1598), qui avait été critiqué par les protestants français au moment où il fut promulgué, devint peu à peu pour eux le symbole de leur appartenance à la communauté nationale française et de la reconnaissance de leur spécificité religieuse. Mais c'est en définitive après sa révocation (1685) que cet édit prend, aux yeux des porte-parole huguenots, toute sa valeur. Réfléchissant d'un point de vue théologique, mais aussi historique, juridique et philosophique, ils y voient le symbole de la liberté religieuse. Cependant, c'est en faisant le deuil de leur statut perdu depuis la révocation de l'édit de Nantes qu'ils parviennent à développer une pensée originale à propos des rapports entre l'État et l'individu. Ils doivent pour cela distinguer le sujet ou Je citoyen d'une part, et Je croyant d'autre part. Or cette distinction impose de renoncer à la nostalgie d'un corps protestant, reconnu comme tel, au sein du royaume de France.
Diversité des réactions réformées à la révocation
Authors: Piqué Nicolas
Published: November 2008

À partir de l'analyse de la diversité des réactions réformées à l'édit de Fontainebleau, cet article se propose de suivre l'avènement de deux des concepts fondateurs de la modernité politique, la distinction des sphères religieuse et politique d'une part, la souveraineté populaire d'autre part. Toutefois, l'analyse généalogique soulignera l'émergence distincte de ces deux notions, en fonction de logiques croisées et apparemment paradoxales dont il faudra chercher la cohérence dans les positions anthropologiques qui les sous-tendent. L'étude des débats théologiques modernes dessine de la sorte l'une des voies par laquelle les concepts politiques modernes ont été formés.
Information et espace public
Authors: Haffemayer Stéphane
Published: November 2008

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, les spécialistes de la littérature du xvme siècle ont accordé une attention croissante à l'étude de la presse d' Ancien Régime et mis en évidence la montée en puissance et le rôle révolutionnaire de l'imprimé auprès de l'opinion. À l'opposé de ce séduisant contexte culturel, la création de la presse au début du xvne siècle ne bénéficie pas d'un tel engouement. Discréditée pour sa servilité, l'information de la Gazette n'avait encore jamais fait l'objet d'une étude systématique et exhaustive. Pourtant, elle rencontra immédiatement un succès important, au point qu'elle suscita aussitôt des contrefaçons. À Grenoble, entre 1647 et 1663, les registres du libraire Nicolas dressent la liste de 171 abonnés fidèles à la lecture de sa réimpression lyonnaise. Cette passion du public pour la Gazette met en évidence le goût d'une nouvelle culture profane et nationale, ainsi qu'une conscience du politique que la lecture du périodique développe et enrichit. L'information place les actes du pouvoir sous le regard attentif des hommes et leur dévoile une certaine mécanique de la politique; ce faisant, en concédant ce premier partage de l'information, elle ouvre un champ de réflexion et de critique qui finira par lui être fatal.
In Memoriam: Martin Allgöwer (1917–2007), Professor Dr med, Dres med hc mult, FACS (Hon), FRCS (Hon), ASA (Hon)
Authors: Liebermann‐Meffert Dorothea
Published: November 2008

Martin Allgöwer had a prolific career as a skilled clinical surgeon, researcher, and organizer. He made a number of valuable contributions to surgical innovations and techniques, science, and literature. Early, he was recognized as a leader in surgery worldwide. The biography of Martin Allgöwer begins on May 5, 1917 in St. Gallen, Switzerland. He passed away on October 27, 2007, a Saturday morning, in Chur, Switzerland.
Toward An Optimum Return From Crop Plants
Authors: Song Xian-Jun , Ashikari Motoyuki
Published: November 2008

The increasing world population and global climate change have made optimizing crop plant return both crucial and urgent. Furthermore, improved understanding of crop yield potential as well as the implementation of related crop management strategies might be important components of a new green revolution. Notably, grain size (weight) and grain number are both essential components of crop yield potential; great progress has recently been made in understanding the genetic and molecular regulation of these traits. This knowledge would be helpful for improving crop yields using traditional and marker-assisted selective breeding strategies combined with genetic modification of local elite varieties.
The future of social security systems and demographic change
Authors: Stauner Gabriele
Published: November 2008

Based on the draft report of the author to the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, on the future of social security systems and pensions: their financing and the trend towards individualisation. This article focuses on the demographic challenge and highlights its impact on social, financial and economic development. The labour market, pensions and healthcare development will also be emphasised.
The utility of the Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI‐FS) in a pain clinic population
Authors: Poole Helen , Bramwell Ros , Murphy Peter
Published: November 2008

This study compared the BDI‐FS to the BDI‐II in a sample of patients with chronic pain. The objectives were to: look at agreement between measures, determine BDI‐FS cut‐off scores, develop a conversion formula, consider the usefulness of the suicide ideation item and compare ability to detect clinical change. Phase I: Archival data from 1227 patients assessed for a pain management programme was analysed. The BDI‐FS displayed good internal consistency (α=.839). ROC curve analysis showed good agreement between the BDI‐II and FS and suggested a BDI‐FS cut‐off of four corresponded to the 19 cut‐off recommended in the BDI‐II manual. We recommend a cut‐off of five to correspond to a BDI‐II cut‐off of 22 for pain clinic patients recommended by previous research. Regression suggested BDI‐II score=(2.77×BDI‐FS score)+9.14. Our data support the clinical usefulness of the suicide ideation item in this population. Phase II: Archival data from 584 patients collected at baseline, following a 16 day pain management programme and at 6 months follow‐up, was analysed. Effect sizes indicated equivalent sensitivity to clinical change. The BDI‐FS showed good psychometric properties, strong agreement with the BDI‐II and equal ability to detect clinical change in a pain clinic population. The BDI‐FS has the practical advantages of faster administration and reduced patient burden.
Thiamin‐dependent transactivation activity of PDC2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nosaka Kazuto , Onozuka Mari , Konno Hiroyuki , Akaji Kenichi
Published: November 2008

MINT‐6797334, MINT‐6797355:

THI3 (uniprotkb:Q07471) physically interacts (MI:0218) with PDC2 (uniprotkb:P32896) by two hybrid (MI:0018)

MINT‐6797316:

THI3 (uniprotkb:Q07471) physically interacts (MI:0218) with THI2 (uniprotkb:P38141) by two hybrid (MI:0018)

MINT‐6797373:

THI3 (uniprotkb:Q07471) binds (MI:0407) to PDC2 (uniprotkb:P32896) by pull down (MI:0096)
Activation of a Nodal‐independent signaling pathway by Cripto‐1 mutants with impaired activation of a Nodal‐dependent signaling pathway
Authors: Bianco Caterina , Mysliwiec Margaret , Watanabe Kazuhide , Mancino Mario , Nagaoka Tadahiro , Gonzales Monica , Salomon David S.
Published: November 2008

MINT‐6797299:

Glypican 1 (uniprotkb:P35052) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Cr 1 (uniprotkb:P13385) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
HBx genotype D represses GSTP1 expression and increases the oxidative level and apoptosis in HepG2 cells
Authors: Niu Dandan , Zhang Jianhua , Ren Yudan , Feng Huixing , Chen Wei Ning
Published: November 2008

Epigenetics has been implicated in human cancer development. Epigenetic factors include HBx protein, which is able to induce hypermethylation and suppresses tumor suppressor genes. One of such tumor suppressor genes, GSTP1, shows reduced expression in many human cancers. Hypermethylation of GSTP1 is the most studied mechanism of its silence. In the present study, we reported that GSTP1 expression was completely depleted in HBV integrated HepG2.2.15 cells due to the hypermethylation in its promoter region. And it was HBx, especially HBx genotype D, that played the key role in repressing GSTP1 expression. Further functional studies like ROS assay and apoptosis detection were also used to confirm this repression. Our findings should facilitate the understanding of HBV and their influences on the epigenetic modulations for epigenetic tumorigenesis during HBV‐mediated hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
Demanding Information: Think Tanks and the US Congress
Authors: Bertelli Anthony M. , Wenger Jeffrey B.
Published: November 2008

The recent growth in the formation of think tanks in the United States raises questions about their role in the democratic process. A theory of think-tank formation is pre here, which posits that committee debate creates incentives for legislators to seek research-based, policy-analytic information supporting competing policy positions. As political entrepreneurs recognize this demand, they supply think tanks, just as scholars have suggested they supply interest groups. An important macro-level implication of this theory is that as legislators’ ideological polarization increases, the demand for policy analysis increases, as does the number of think tanks supplied. Empirical support for this proposition in the United States from 1903 to 2003 is shown, while controlling for market factors measuring the opportunity cost of investing in think tanks.
Faunal composition within algal mats and adjacent habitats on Likuri Island, Fiji Islands
Authors: Alfaro Andrea C. , Zemke-White W. Lindsey , Nainoca Winifereti
Published: November 2008

The faunal composition within three mono-specific algal habitats was investigated at Likuri Island, southern Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. Gracilaria maramae was the dominant alga within algal drift mat, seagrass bed, and rocky substrate habitats at the study site. This algal species exhibits two distinctive morphologies depending on whether it is attached or loose-lying. When attached to seagrass blades or rocky substrates, this alga has long straight branches stemming from a single holdfast, while detached individuals develop curled tendrils that re-attach to adjacent substrates. Re-attachment behaviour and high growth rates result in a dense mat of drift algae, which provides a suitable micro-habitat for macro-invertebrates. The sources of algal fragments that contribute to the algal mat appear to be nearby seagrass beds and rocky substrates, where this species may settle directly from spores. Storm events may detach these algae, although pulling experiments showed that the attachment to rocky substrates is 5 times stronger than the attachment to seagrass blades. Results from the macro-faunal samples indicate that the loose-lying algal mat habitat had the highest abundance and biodiversity of organisms, followed by the seagrass bed, and then the rocky substrate habitat. The ability of loose G. maramae fragments to re-attach, along with their high growth rate, may provide a unique micro-habitat for highly abundant and diverse faunal assemblages, which in turn may sustain adjacent near-shore communities. This study highlights the ecological importance of floating algal mats to coastal ecosystems, which should be considered in future management strategies throughout the Fiji Islands.
Distribution of plankton and hydrography in relation to Great Sole, Cockburn and Little Sole Banks
Authors: Barnes M.K. , Coombs S.H. , Halliday N.C. , Pingree R.D.
Published: November 2008

Sampling was carried out in the Celtic Sea in May 1987 over Great Sole and Cockburn Banks, and in June 1991 over Little Sole Bank, to study relationships between bank topography, hydrography and plankton distribution.

Over Great Sole and Cockburn Banks, there were various patterns in the hydrography and plankton which could be related to the banks, although there were no significant correlations with water depth. Away from the shelf-edge, stratification was lower over the banks. Higher water temperatures (at 5 m and 100 m depth) and increased concentrations of copepod nauplii and adults occurred on either side of Cockburn Bank. Abundance of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) eggs and larvae increased towards the shelf-edge, with lower numbers over Cockburn Bank.

Over Little Sole Bank, water column stratification was negatively correlated with water depth. However, this was strongly influenced by shelf-edge mixing, which was reflected in reduced stratification towards the shelf-edge. Background levels of chlorophyll-a also increased from on-shelf towards the shelf-edge. Copepod adults and nauplii, as well as mackerel eggs and larvae were more abundant with distance onto the shelf.

There was partial retention of four Argos tracked drift buoys on the south-east flank of Little Sole Bank. The mean displacement rate of the buoys was 1.35 km day−1 over 10 days, with a mean dispersion of 1.2 km day−1. A simple one-dimensional coupled physical–biological model showed the potential influence of banks resulting in earlier stratification and resultant spring bloom. Considerations of the delay in transfer of production from primary to secondary production and the effects of drift and diffusion, suggested it was unlikely that any influence of the banks on production would be directly related to bank topography, but there might be some regional enhancement of production.
Oocyte development, fecundity and spawning strategy of large sized jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Oegopsida: Ommastrephinae)
Authors: Nigmatullin Chingis M. , Markaida Unai
Published: November 2008

Ovaries of 39 large jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (415–875 mm mantle length (ML)) of different stages of maturity from the Gulf of California and Nicaragua were analysed. Oocyte development is asynchronous during female ontogenesis, with predominance (>85–90%) of small protoplasmic oocytes 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter for all stages of female maturity. Potential fecundity (PF) is determined at late immature stage II with average values around 18–21 million oocytes. The maximum PF estimated, 32 million oocytes, is so far the largest recorded for any cephalopod. PF is closely related to female size. Nicaraguan females, of smaller size (415–720 mm ML), show lower fecundity (5–15 million oocytes). Eggs were analysed in oviducts of mature females (540–875 mm ML), 7 from the Gulf of California and three females from Nicaragua. Eggs measured 0.9 × 1.1 mm in diameter and weighed 0.45 mg on average. The oviducts of the largest female (875 mm ML) held 1.2 million eggs, representing 4.6% of PF and no more than 14% of all vitelline oocyte stock of that squid. Variability in oviduct filling is very high and unrelated to ovary weight. However, a strong correlation was found between oviduct fullness and nidamental glands development. These observations suggest that spawning is extended and intermittent. A female spawns no less than half of the initial PF, and the minimal number of spawning activity events (egg batches) is roughly estimated at 8–12. During this terminal spawning stage females continue actively feeding and grow between egg-mass laying periods.
Exploiting dietary supplementation trials to assess the impact of the prenatal environment on CVD risk
Authors: Hawkesworth Sophie
Published: November 2008

Animal studies have demonstrated that altering the maternal diet during pregnancy affects offspring disease risk. Data from human subjects on the early-life determinants of disease have been derived primarily from birth-weight associations; studies of the impact of the maternal diet are scarce and inconsistent. Investigating CVD risk factors in the offspring of women who have participated in maternal supplementation trials provides a useful resource in this research field, by virtue of employing an experimental design (as compared with observational studies). To date, follow-up studies have been published only for a small number of trials; these trials include the impact of maternal protein–energy, multiple-micronutrient and Ca supplementation on offspring disease risk. In Nepal maternal micronutrient supplementation has been shown to be associated with lower offspring systolic blood pressure at 2 years of age. Data from Guatemala on a pre- and postnatal protein–energy community intervention have suggested long-term improvements in fasting glucose and body composition but not in blood pressure. In The Gambia no association has been found between prenatal protein–energy supplementation and markers of CVD risk including body composition, blood pressure and fasting glucose and insulin in childhood and adolescence. Little evidence of an effect of maternal Ca supplementation on offspring blood pressure has been demonstrated in four trials, although the risk of high systolic blood pressure was found to be reduced in one trial. The present paper reviews the current evidence relating maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy to offspring CVD risk and explores the potential explanations for the lack of association.
Symposium on ‘Performance, exercise and health’ Practical aspects of nutrition in performance
Authors: Gilbert Nicky
Published: November 2008

The importance of nutrition in sport has been recognised since the ancient Olympians, and its role in improving both health and sports performance has widespread acceptance. However, in sporting circles nutritional knowledge, beliefs and practices are extremely varied. Within any sporting organisation the sports dietitian or nutritionist must be able to work with athletes, their family, coaches and other support staff to develop and monitor realistic and practical strategies that work best for each performer, contributing to a positive and sustained outcome on performance. The present review examines the practical application of current key issues in performance nutrition, highlighting the advantages of early intervention in youth development and comprehensive and integrated nutrition services.
Early pop song writers and their backgrounds
Authors: Tôyô Nakamura
Published: November 2008

What was the first Japanese pop hit? The answer will vary according to definition, but undoubtedly come from one of the following five songs:

(1) ‘Kachûsha no Uta’ (Kachusha's Song): first sung on stage by Matsui Sumako in March 1914; words by Shimamura Hôgetsu and Sôma Gyofû, music by Nakayama Shimpei; recorded by Matsui for Orient Records under the title of ‘Fukkatsu Shôka.

(2) ‘Sendô Kouta’ (A Boatman's Ditty): released in sheet music form in March 1921; words by Noguchi Ujō, music by Nakayama Shimpei.

(3) ‘Habu no Minato’ (The Harbour of Habu): written in 1923; words by Noguchi Ujô, music by Nakayama Shimpei; originally recorded by Satô Chiyako for Victor Records in April 1928.

(4) ‘Kimi Koishi’ (You, Sweetheart): written in 1928; words by Shiguré Otowa, music by Sasa Kôka; originally recorded by Futamura Tei'ichi for Victor Records in December 1928.

(5) ‘Tokyo Kôshin-kyoku’ (Tokyo March): written in 1929; words by Saijô Yaso, music by Nakayama Shimpei; originally sung by Satô Chiyako for Victor Records in June 1929.

By looking at how these five songs were put together and became hits, we may be able to understand the origins of the professional song writer in Japan and the early growth of the domestic recording industry.