bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some observations on the Illumination of transparent objects
Authors: Rainey George
Published: April 2021

I may observe, that I was rather surprised to see these images on globules of mercury even as large as 1-70th of an inch in diameter, especially as they occupied a part of the globule exactly opposite to that on which the light coming directly from the condenser fell. The illumination of this part of a globule cannot be attributed to radiated light, as none of the rays coining from below can reach it, and a mere image on a reflecting surface cannot be supposed capable of absorbing light, and therefore it cannot radiate it.
On the Manufacture of Large Available Crystals of Sulphate of Iodo-Quinine (Herapathite), for Optical Purposes as Artificial Tourmalines
Authors: Herapath William Bird
Published: April 2021

Having been repeatedly applied to by various parties for the details of my process for the manufacture of these useful crystals, I have been induced to enter into numerous experiments to obtain greater certainty in the results, and to study the conditions necessary for the production of broad foliaceous plates. Permit me to make the formula known to science, together with the precautions necessary for adoption to secure the crystals when obtained, and to mount them so as to be available as polarisers or analysers for the microscope, or even to enable us to perform all the experiments in the polariscope.
Notice of the New Forms and Varieties of Known Forms Occurring in the Diatomaceous Earth of Mull; With Remarks on the Classification of the Diatomaceæ
Authors: Gregory William
Published: April 2021

The two notices which have already appeared in the Journal have made known the occurrences, in this deposit, of about ninety distinct forms, of which two were noted as being new to science. But the continued and diligent examination of it, which I have carried on during my residence abroad last summer, has led to results so much more remarkable, that I have to beg of the readers of the ‘ Journal ‘ to regard those papers as merely introductory to a more satisfactory and complete account of this interesting deposit. This I shall now attempt to give; but the limits of this paper, and of the illustrative plate, will not allow me to complete it at this time, and a large portion of my materials must therefore be reserved for a subsequent number of the ‘ Journal.’
Remarks on the involution theory of the starch granule, and on the probable structure of this body
Authors: Allman Geo James
Published: April 2021

It is now about twenty years since Fritzsche published the results of a series of careful and elaborate observations on the structure of the starch granule, † Fritzsche examined starch obtained from the potato and from several other plants, and concluded that the granule was composed of a series of layers of entirely similar composition, surrounding a minute central body or “nucleus,” whose behaviour under certain circumstances rendered it probable that it differed chemically from the surrounding layers : he maintained that in the formation of the starch granule these layers are deposited one over the other from within outwards, and that the peculiar concentric striæ visible in the granule indicate the surfaces of contact of the layers.
On the Propagation of the oscillariæ
Authors: Itzigsohn Hermann
Published: April 2021

The definite form of the Oscillariœ, and the processes attending their growth, as regards outward appearances, are well known : their tænia-like, jointed structure ; their contents composed of phycochrom ; their motility; the frequently fringed points of the filaments ; the continual subdivision into two of their joints ; their rapid growth ; their spreading, &c. Premising that all this is known, I shall consider this definite form as the starting-point of their developmental processes, and proceed to indicate the relations of the other forms to it.
On the Magnifying Power of Short Spaces, illustrated by the transmission of Light through minute Apertures
Authors: Gorham John
Published: April 2021

In the present communication it is my intention to furnish a few phenomena, illustrative of visual angle, of the magnifying power of short spaces intervening between the eye and the object, and of the inversion and multiplication of images by the simple transmission of light, without refraction, through small apertures in plane surfaces. As these illustrations are somewhat novel, I hope they may prove interesting to the readers of the Microscopic Journal’
On two new Fungi
Authors: Currey Frederick
Published: April 2021

I Have lately met with two minute Fungi, which do not appear to have been hitherto described, and as their microscropic structure is curious and interesting, the following account of them may be acceptable to some of the readers of the ‘Microscopical Journal.’
On the Transformation of Cysticercus Pisiformis into Tænia serrata
Authors: Siebold C. TH. V.
Published: April 2021

In the year 1844 I first drew attention to the similarity between the head-end of Cysticercus fasciolaris of the rat and mouse and Tcenia crassicollis of the cat, and to the mutual relations of these two parasitic forms, on which occasion I broached the assertion that the Cysticercus fasciolaris is an aberrant and degenerated Tœnia, but one still capable of attaining the normal form of a tapeworm, when it is transplanted into the intestinal canal of a suitable animal. In this case the short joints of the C. fasciolaris are completely formed, and the generative organs which are wanting in this Cysticercus as in all the cystic Entozoa arrive at their due development, At the same time I pointed out the way in which this transformation of the asexual C. fasciolaris into a fertile Tœnia crassicollis might be traced, showing that when mice and rats, whose livers are infested with this cyst-worm, are devoured by cats, the latter would digest in their stomachs the livers of the rodents swallowed by them, but not the C. fasciolaris contained in the livers. This entozoon, on the contrary, feeling itself transplanted into a proper soil, throws off the dropsical degenerated joints in the digestive canal of the cat, and acquires the form of T. crassicollis, and arrives at sexual maturity. Allan Thompson, of Glasgow, without, as it seems, his being acquainted with my researches and published observations on this subject, had recognized the correspondence of C. fasciolaris with T. crassicollis. Pursuing the subject farther I finally became convinced that all cystic Entozoa are nothing else than undeveloped or larval tapeworms, which, arrested in their wanderings, have become aberrant and dropsically degenerated. I presented it to the helminthologists as a problem, to determine what completely developed and sexual species of cestoid worms belonged to each degenerated and asexual cystic form, warning them, however, against over hasty conclusions and deceptive appearances, which so readily arise in inquiries of such a difficult nature.*
Die infusionsthiere, auf ibue Entwickelungs-geschichte unteb-sucht
Authors: Stein F.
Published: April 2021

To no one have we been more indebted of late years for our advanced knowledge with respect to the Infusoria than to Dr. Stein. His previous writings in Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1849, on the development of the Infusoria, and on the same subject, together with observations on their more intimate structure in Siebold’s and Kölliker’s Zeits. f. Wiss. Zoologie in 1851, as well as his first Essay on the nature of the Gregarinœ in Müller’s Archiv for 1848, have stamped him as an original observer and thinker, and have not only added very materially to our previous knowledge of those subjects, but have also in so doing aided very efficiently in the dissipation of numerous erroneous views, propounded by Ehrenberg and other early microscopists. It may be as well therefore, briefly to state what points connected with the Infusoria have been made out mainly by the author of the present work, and in what state he leaves the question to which chiefly he has addressed himself, viz., the development and metamorphoses of certain classes of Infusory animalcules.
On the Occurrence among the Infusoria of peculiar Organs resembling Thread-Cells
Authors: Allman George J.
Published: April 2021

In an important monograph by Cohn on the Paramœcium Bursaria* this author maintains that the cilia with which the whole surface of the animalculæ is covered are in reality much longer than their appearance in the living animal would lead one to believe. He founds this opinion on the fact, that when the animal is allowed to dry on the glass object-holder it is seen to bristle with long rigid filaments, which he believes to be the cilia, really unaltered in length, though then for the first time become visible in their entire course; and, in accordance with this view, he figures the Paramecium covered with cilia very much longer than the inspection of the living animal alone would justify.
Snow Crystals in 1855
Authors: Glaisher J.
Published: April 2021

The many snow crystals which fell during the late severe weather, attracted such general attention, that I ventured to announce a paper on the subject for the present evening. Never do I recollect such an infinity of crystals as have lately fallen beneath my observation. Generally speaking, they fall at rare intervals and very sparingly, in cold and calm weather, and frequently at the commencement of a thaw. In the present year they have fallen under all circumstances of wind or calm, with snow, and alone, during the continuance of the late severe weather when the temperature varied from a few degrees above zero to the freezing point, and up to the precise moment of the thaw, with a temperature of from 34° to 37°. The size of these beautiful objects was by no means unappreciable, and might be said to vary from 0·05-inch to 4-10ths of an inch in diameter. Their forms were so varied, that it seemed scarcely possible for continuous observations to exhaust them all. I therefore endeavoured to secure observations of those which might be considered types of their class, trusting to a future opportunity to extend my acquaintance with the separate varieties which each class included. In accordance with the law that water crystallizes at an angle of 60°, the base of every figure was a hexagon of six rays. These rays, in passing through successive stages of crystallization, become encrusted with an endless variety of crystalline formations, some consisting of thin laminæ alone, others of solid but translucent prisms, heaped one upon another, and others gorgeously combining laminæ and prisms in the richest profusion.
An Investigation into the Structure of the Torbanehill Mineral, and of various kinds of Coal
Authors: Bennett John Hughes
Published: April 2021

The investigation, of which I am now about to give an account, was undertaken with the view of determining whether the structure of the Torbanehill mineral was similar to or unlike that of coal. I was aware that the subject would be brought before a court of law, and that many scientific persons of great eminence had already spent much time in the inquiry. With the understanding, therefore, that my evidence, should it be required, was to be limited to the structure of coal and of the mineral in question, I gave directions to Mr. Bryson, the optician, of this city, to make thin sections of attested specimens of various coals and of the mineral, conceiving that a careful examination of them would easily determine the point. It was soon apparent, however, that a far more extended series of researches was necessary than I at first anticipated; but as it was also evident, from the marked structural differences which were observed in the sections, that the investigation would not be destitute of positive results, I determined on pursuing it to a conclusion.
A manual of marine zoology for the british isles: a handbook to the marine aquarium.
Authors: Gosse Philip Henry
Published: April 2021

Although the microscope is more capable of affording amusement than most philosophical instruments, there are few who have used it for any length of time but have discovered that it is an important aid in scientific research. Even those who have purchased their first instrument to wile away a leisure hour have gradually got interested in its structure, and the nature of the objects investigated, so that, although beginning in play, they have ended in work. No one can know that they have observed, for the first time, a fact new in the history of science, without the rising of the feeling that constitutes the discoverer in science—the seeker after truth. It is thus that many great microscopic observers have arisen among classes who have had no previous scientific education that has prepared the world for the result of their labours. The structure of the instrument, involving as it does the greatest mechanical accuracy with the most interesting problems of optical science, has excited the attention of one set of inquirers, whose labours have resulted in the present perfection of the instrument. On the other hand, the habits of minute observation developed by the daily use of the microscope have produced a number of observers, whose contributions to science are known wherever its progress is regarded with interest. To those who are pursuing the latter path, all works on those departments of science to which the microscope is applied are of interest.
On Actiniochrome, a colouring matter of actinias, which gives an absorption spectrum
Authors: Moseley H. N.
Published: April 2021

In the estuary of the Severn, in the neighbourhood of Aust and the New Passage, there are to be found, thriving in the muddy water, large numbers of Actinias, principally of two common species, Actinia mesembryanthemum and Bunodes crassicornis; and farther down the channel, at Weston-super-Mare, Bunodes crassicornis is to be found in great abundance. As might be expected from the nontransparency of the medium in which they live the colours of these anemonies are not by any means so bright as are those of individuals which live in pure sea-water. The red colouring seems to be especially affected. Actinia mesembryanthemum in this muddy water assumes a pale olive, or often a mere dirty-white colour, and Bunodes crassicornis a transparent green tint, which is especially remarkable in Weston specimens. About Aust Cliffs I found in one especial locality, however, some specimens of Bunodes crassicornis, which retained a vivid red colouring, and were almost as bright as marine specimens. The reason appeared to be that they were attached to the bottom of a rocky channel, through which, as the tide fell, there drained off in a continuous stream water with which a large natural rock basin, standing at a slightly higher level, had been filled at high water. The dense charge of mud held in suspension by the Severn water when it is in motion was precipitated rapidly when this water came to rest in the still rock pool. Thus, a short time after the stream had begun to flow from the pool, the water of the stream became perfectly clear and transparent, and the specimens of Crassicornis living in it, by the help of the greater quantity and different quality of the light they received, were able to maintain their red colouring, though their congeners close by were almost colourless or merely greenish. On examining the red colouring matter of one of these red specimens with the spectroscope, I found that that which I scraped off from the general body-walls and tentacles gave no absorption-band, whilst that from the disc surrounding the mouth did give a single well-marked one, nearly coinciding with the less refrangible band of hæmoglobin. I determined the position of the band accurately at the time I was working at the subject, and showed it to my friend Mr. E. R. Lankester, but unfortunately the drawing was mislaid, and in the hurry consequent on preparing for the Circumnavigation expedition, I have been unable to make a re-examination. I think, however, that there is sufficient interest in the observation, though imperfect, to warrant its publication. Mr. Lankester suggested to me the term Actiniochrome for the red colouring matter giving this single absorption-band. I was unable to obtain the matter in solution, though I tried all the ordinary solvents of animal colouring matters.
New Contributions To the Theory Of Fermentations.
Authors: Pasteur L.
Published: April 2021

For a long time past I have been led to regard fermentations, properly so called, as chemical phenomena correlative to physiological actions of a particular kind. Not only have I shown that ferments are not dead albuminoid matter, but living organisms ; I have further produced the fermentation of sugar, of lactic acid, of tartaric acid, of glycerine, and generally of all fermentible substances in media exclusively mineral, an incontestable proof that the decomposition of fermentible matter is correlative to the life of the ferment, and that it is an essential part of its nutrition. For example, under the conditions to which I refer it is impossible that a single atom of the carbon entering into the composition of the ferments which originated could have been derived except from the fermentible matter.
A Résumé of recent Observations on Parasitic Algæ.
Authors: Archer W.
Published: April 2021

That Green Algæ, contrary to what has been generally supposed, can, though no doubt exceptionally, lead a parasitic life, has been recently pointed out by several observers. The subject is one which may not inappropriately be brought before the readers of this Journal connected with the new Schwendenerian theory as to the nature of Lichen-gonidia, upon which it seems possibly to have a certain amount of indirect bearing.
On a Peach-Coloured Bacterium—Bacterium rubescens, n.s.
Authors: Ray Lankester E.
Published: April 2021

With Plates XXII and XXIII.
Imbedding in Elder Pith, for Cutting Sections
Authors: Bird C. H. Golding
Published: April 2021

Some time ago a paper was read before this Society explaining the modus operandi of section cutting after imbedding in wax; and taken as a whole, there is nothing in that process that is objectionable, nor is there anything wanting to allow of its being as perfect a method as possible of attaining the end for which it was designed. It is, therefore, not as a rival that I bring before your notice the process in elder pith—one known, perhaps, to some of you, though not generally adopted in this country; yet it possesses certain advantages over the one in wax, and especially so where it is a question not only of imbedding, but of using a microtome as well. If held simply in the fingers without instrumental aid, pith will yield sections in most cases equal to those obtained by the more complicated wax method, and at a cost of far less time and trouble. In the histological laboratory of Prof. Ranvier, at the Collége de France, Paris, pith is the only imbedding medium employed for all varieties of tissue, and transverse sections of spinal cord obtained through its means I recollect as peculiarly good.
On Apothecia Occurring in some Scytonematous and Sirosiphonaceous Algæ, in Addition to those Previously Known
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

It is now some years since, upon examining some examples of the by no means uncommon plant, long (and by some still) accepted as algal, Stigonema atrovirens, Ag., that I was attracted by the peculiar enlargements of the branches, and was much interested in perceiving that this plant showed, embedded in these swellings, distinctly lichenous fructification—apothecia, as well as the so-called spermogonia. Upon searching out the literature of the subject I found from Borne’s valuable paper1 that my discovery had been previously well known, and that my specimens fully bore out the description he gave, with the exception of the hyphæ subsequently discovered by Schwendener. Bornet, indeed, argued from the fructification which he had proved to belong to this form, that it should no longer be accounted an alga, but relegated to the lichens as Ephebe pubescens.
On the Colouring Matter of Bonellia viridis
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: April 2021

Some months ago my attention was called by Mr. E. Ray Lankester to a green colouring matter which he had obtained when at Naples from the above-named annelid. I immediately saw that it was a substance of great interest, and in order that I might be able to study it carefully Mr. Lankester kindly gave to me a large portion of the material he had collected. He has since furnished me with the notes and drawings which he made at the time, and with the following description of the animal, which it would be well to give before entering into the consideration of the optical characters of the pigment itself.
On Myelitis, being an Experimental Inquiry into the Pathological Appearances of the same
Authors: Hamilton D. J.
Published: April 2021

So much doubt still exists as to what are the characteristic pathological appearances of inflammation of the spinal cord, and so many diverse conditions have been described as such which no doubt owed their origin to entirely different pathological processes, that, as yet, we may be said to possess no literature which can form a guide in telling us whether this or that condition is an inflammatory affection, and which clearly differentiates this from the many other pathological changes to which the spinal cord and all nervous tissues are liable.
A Double Staining with Hæmatoxylin and Aniline
Authors: Poole W. H.
Published: April 2021

When engaged last autumn in the Anatomical Department of the Oxford University Museum in making microscopic preparations of brain, my attention was especially directed to the staining of the sections.
Some Remarks on Spinal Ganglia and Nerve-Fibres
Authors: McCarthy Jeremiah
Published: April 2021

I Have recently, in examining preparations of spinal ganglia, observed some structural details which were new to me, and to which I wished to direct attention. But, on consulting the abundant literature on the subject, I find that nearly all the points have been anticipated by other observers. Still, as the mode of preparation which I have used brings out these structural details very clearly, and as my investigations were made in ignorance of the recent discoveries, my independent corroboration of them may not be uninteresting to readers of this Journal.
Further Observations on a Peach- or Red-coloured Bacterium—Bacterium rubescens
Authors: Ray Lan-kester E.
Published: April 2021

The growth varying in colour from peach-blue to a ruby-red which I described in this Journal in 1873 (vol. xiii, page 408, Plates XXII, XXIII) has been under my observation from time to time during the last two years, and I have ascertained a variety of new facts with regard to it which add very much to its interest.
On the Development of Teeth
Authors: Tomes Charles S.
Published: April 2021

For many years past it had been thought that, in its broad outlines at least, our knowledge of the development of teeth was accurate ; few persons have hence devoted their time to the verification of the current descriptions, and even now, though several years have passed since Kölliker and others first published their results, and proved that inaccuracies of moment existed in the received accounts, the old theories still hold sway in most of our text-books.
On the Evolution of Hæmoglobin
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: April 2021

In a paper read before the Royal Microscopical Society last April, published in the ‘Monthly Microscopical Journal ‘for May,1 I endeavoured to show the very great importance of referring all the measurements of spectra to the wavelengths of each part expressed in millionths of a millimeter ; and in another paper read before the same Society in November, published in the above-named journal for December,2 I described a new form of apparatus by means of which the wave-lengths can easily be measured to a millionth of a millimeter, and the difference in the wavelengths of the centre of the bands in closely related spectra determined with still greater accuracy. In the former paper I also endeavoured to point out the very important conclusions which may be drawn from those small differences in the position of the absorption-bands, which might easily be overlooked, and which in some cases I had myself overlooked until quite recently. Unfortunately the full meaning of some of these differences cannot yet be ascertained with perfect certainty. The physical facts have altogether outstripped chemical knowledge. They clearly point out what kind of investigation is necessary, but at the same time it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain a sufficient quantity of material to decide some of the most important questions. In the present state of the subject the only course open to us is to draw the most probable analytical conclusions that we can by careful induction from facts already determined by synthetical methods.
The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In this handsome volume Dr. Klein gives a full account of his researches into the minute anatomy of the lymphatics of the lung and pleura, a short summary of which had already been communicated by him to the Royal Society.1
The Histology and Histochemistry of Man
Authors: Frey Heinrich , Barker Arthur E. J.
Published: April 2021

No working histologist who is acquainted with the German language needs any introduction to Professor Frey’s manual. Avowedly a compilation, it is yet a very satisfactory and valuable compilation, and, especially for students’ use, is perhaps the most useful text-book on the subject in any language. It is hardly necessary to say that it has gone through several editions, and as each successive issue has had to be brought up to the present day, as the phrase is, some parts present a curious patchwork of conflicting views, or rather, perhaps we should say, of views arranged in successive strata, like a geological formation. Sometimes the successive views are very contradictory, and sometimes the contradiction hardly seems to have been perceived by the author; the latter portion having been tacked on without rewriting the original text. But this is probably unavoidable in a book which has been patched and altered so many times.
On the Formation of Blood-vessels, as observed in the Omentum of Young Rabbits
Authors: Thin G.
Published: April 2021

When new capillary blood-vessels are formed from previously existing vessels in a tissue sufficiently transparent to be examined under the microscope, there is an appearance constantly observed, regarding the cause of which there is much difference of opinion. From the wall of the capillary a conical mass projects into the surrounding non-vascular tissue, and it is frequently continued into a similar mass that meets it from a neighbouring or from another part of the same vessel. Nuclei are visible at various parts of the tract thus indicated, and later a fully formed capillary is found to have been formed in it.
Résumé of Recent Contributions to our Knowledge of “Freshwater Rhizopoda.” Part
Authors: Heliozoa I. , Archer WM.
Published: April 2021

A large number of contributions to our knowledge of “Freshwater Rhizopoda “have recently made their appearance in Germany in the ‘Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie,’ formerly edited by Max Schultze, and as it is not unlikely that a careful and diligent out-look may reward observers in our own country with the discovery from time to time of some of the interesting new forms brought to light in these Memoirs, it has been thought that a résumé containing as complete an account as our space permits will be of interest to the readers of this Journal.
Remarks on the Shell-gland of Cyclas and the Planula of Limnæus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Controversy is one of the most wasteful ways in which a man can employ himself with pen and paper. I do not propose, therefore, to enter into a verbal dispute with the zoologists who have recently expressed opinions at variance with the results which I have published relative to the developmental phenomena of Mollusca ; but I am anxious to take an opportunity of briefly reasserting the chief features of those results; since in late publications, partly by deliberate misrepresentation (Fol), and partly by ignorance (Jherings), they have been made to appear different in point of date, and of actual significance from what they really are.
Some Recent Views as to the Composition of the Fibro-Vascular Bundles of Plants
Authors: Vines Sydney H.
Published: April 2021

In the consideration of this subject the first important point is to distinguish with precision between the elements which make up the fibro-vascular bundles and those which belong to the ground tissue in which the bundles are arranged. In those plants in which completely developed fibro-vascular bundles first occur the limit between the fibro-vascular and the ground tissues is clearly defined by means of one or more layers of cells which form a sheath for the bundle (Kritenchyma or Koleochyma2). In a fern, for instance, such as Pteris aquilina (Fig.l, page 389), we find each fibro-vascular bundle invested by a sheath of two layers of cells, and very frequently it may be observed that the cells of the ground tissue which are adjacent to these sheathing cells are of a brown colour, have thickened walls and an elongated form. To a mass of these thick-walled cells the name Sclerenchyma has been given.
The Termination of the Nerves in the vestibule and Semicircular Canals of Mammals. read before the british association, glasgow, september, 1876
Authors: Pritchard Urban
Published: April 2021

In this paper I propose giving the results of my investigations into the structure of the nerve-epithelium, as it is called, which contains the terminal distribution of the acoustic nerves in the vestibule and semicircular canals.
On some Foraminifera from the Loo Choo Islands
Authors: Brady Henry B.
Published: April 2021

A Pressed and mounted specimen of a small alga, labelled “Laurencia paniculata, Loo Choo Islands,” was recently sent to me by Dr. E. Perceval Wright, with the suggestion that some Foraminifera which had been entangled in its meshes might be worth examination, and that at any rate it would be interesting to know what particular species had lived amongst its miniature branches. As the sea-weed itself was of some value, two or three inches were taken, and the portion as separated yielded examples of the following species of Foraminifera, some of them in sufficient number to supply two or three good mountings.
Schiefferdecker’s Microtome
Authors: Kidd P.
Published: April 2021

The following instrument is a modification of Smith’s microtome, devised by Dr. Schiefferdecker. It has the special advantage that thin sections of large size can be made without having recourse to embedding.
Engelmann on Contractility and Double Refraction
Authors: Kidd P.
Published: April 2021

After referring to Boeck’s original discovery of the phenomenon of double refraction in muscles, and to Brücke’s classical memoir, Engelmann states that in spite of proofs being brought forward of the association of other forms of contractile phenomena with the presence of double refraction, e. g. in the muscles of certain infusoria, the results were almost all negative. In consequence, the opinion prevailed that the presence of anisotropous elements in muscle was a curious rather than an important phenomenon. This point of view was modified when it was shown by Engelmann himself (Pflüger’s ‘Archiv,’ Bd. 7) that contraction is exclusively connected with the double-refracting layers in striped muscle. The supposition then arose that, as a general law, contraction might be dependent on the presence of double-refracting particles, especially as the boundaries between different forms of movement in protoplasm and in muscle formerly assumed to be so sharply defined had broken down.
The Minute Structure of the Gills of Lamellibranch Mollusca
Authors: Peck R. Holman
Published: April 2021

The investigations of which the result is here given were undertaken at the suggestion and under the guidance of Mr. Ray Lankester, and were carried on during the past year in the Histological Laboratory of Exeter College, Oxford. Specimens of Mytilus and of Cardium were kindly procured for Mr. Lankester by Mr. Charles Stewart, the talented curator of the museum of St. Thomas’ Hospital, and their investigation was commenced prior to Christmas, 1875; Anodon and Dreissena are abundant in the neighbourhood of Oxford; Area, Pectunculus, Spondylus, Solen, Mactra, and other genera were obtained by me through the good offices of the staff of Dr. Dohrn’s zoological station at Naples, when I visited that establishment in the winter of 1875—76. My observations and notes have continually been controlled by Mr. Lankester, a few of the drawings in the plates were made by him, and the nomenclature, wherever it is new, is suggested by him.
On Some Points in the Early Development of the Hen’s Egg
Authors: Kidd P.
Published: April 2021

The object of this paper is twofold:
On the Structure of Striped Muscle-Fibres
Authors: Med Cand
Published: April 2021

Wilhelm Biedermann, from the Physiological Institute at Prague (’Vienna Sitzungsberichte d. k. Akad.,’ Juli, 1876). —The interstitial substance between the primitive musclefibrils, discovered by Kôlliker, has by some recent histologists —Sachs, R. Arndt, and especially J. Gerlach—been regarded as intimately connected with the intramuscular nerve-terminations. Arndt regards each individual fibril as continuous with the nerve of its bundle, i. e. the so-called musclecolumn (Kölliker), and J. Gerlach asserts that the isotropous substance of a muscle-fibre is directly connected with the intramuscular nerve. Gerlach arrived at this conclusion from the study of muscle-fibres treated with gold solution. Under this reagent there appear within the muscle-fibre granular or rod-like structures arranged in a more or less distinctly linear manner (Spenkelung) so as to resemble at some places filamentous structures of a varicose appearance quite like primitive nerve-fibrils that had been stained with gold solution.
On the minute structural relations of the red blood-corpuscles.
Authors: Boettcher Arthuit
Published: April 2021

Elsewhere I have communicated the fact that a nucleus can be demonstrated in the red blood-corpuscles of mammalia, by treating them with alcohol and acetic acid (fiêmoires de VAcadémìe Imperials des Sciences de Si. Petersbourg, vii série, t. 22, No. 11). On pursuing these investigations I came upon a method which affords a very clear insight into their structure. I have also sent a short report of this to the above-mentioned Academy (Bulletin of January 11th, 1877). In the treatment with acetic acid a distension of the blood-corpuscles easily occurs, which may spoil what was already gained by the hardening in alcohol. This inconvenience I have now managed to avoid, and I propose to give here an accurate description of the results obtained in regard to the structure of the red blood-corpuscles by means of this new method.
The Development of the Cranial Nerves in the Chick
Authors: Marshall A. Milnes
Published: April 2021

I Have elsewhere shown1 that the mode of development of the nerves, both cranial and spinal, of the chick is in all essential points the same as that first described by Balfour2 in the case of the spinal nerves of Elasmobranchs, and subsequently extended by him so as to include the cranial nerves also.3
Note on Atmospheric Bacteria
Authors: Dowdeswell G. F.
Published: April 2021

It has been observed both by Dr. Burdon Sanderson, in this country, and by Prof. F. Cohn, in Breslau, that when atmospheric air is drawn through a nutrient fluid in wash bottles, no Bacteria are developed. To elucidate the cause of this, a series of experiments has been made, in which the method adopted was to put about 100 c. c. of Cohn’s normal cultivating solution1 in each of several wide-mouthed bottles, previously superheated, then boiling the solutions, covering the bottles with watch glasses, and placing them in the incubator at 35° C. for some days, to ascertain if they were free from organisms, as tested by their contents remaining pellucid; they were then fitted with caoutchouc stoppers, through which glass tubes were inserted, to draw air through the solution, each tube being bent once at a right angle, excepting the egress tube of the last bottle, which was straight, plugged with cotton wool at both ends, and connected with two large water jars by a caoutchouc tube. The wash bottles were then connected by tubing which was previously subjected to prolonged boiling, as were the stoppers; the glass tubing and the cotton wool was heated in an oven to over 100° C.2 for a considerable time. The aspirator formed by the water jars was then set in motion, and upwards of 100 Lts. of air drawn through the wash bottles, at the rate of about 2 Lts. an hour. The aspirator being only worked mornings and evenings, this occupied between two and three days. The experiments were made in an ordinary sittingroom, the temperature of which varied between about 50° F. and 70° F. An uncovered bottle of the solution was placed near the wash bottles for comparison. When the requisite quantity of air had passed through, the bottles were removed, the entrance tube of the first wash bottle was rinsed out into a fresh bottle of the solution by a stream of water from an ordinary wash bottle, previously boiled, and cooled with precautions against contamination ;3 the cotton wool at the bottom of the exit tube of the last wash bottle was pushed into the fluid of its own bottle by a thin rod previously heated. All the bottles were then covered with watch-glasses, and placed in the incubator at 35° C. The result was that in twenty-four hours the fluid in the uncovered bottle was found to be slightly turbid, containing bacterioid growth, the same with the bottle into which the entrance tube of the first wash bottle had been rinsed, while that of the last bottle, into which tlie cotton wool had been dropped, was distinctly more turbid ; but the solution in the first wash bottle remained free from Bacteria, and continued so for several days, as long as observed. A microscopical examination showed that the numbers of Bacteria present in the different bottles corresponded to the macroscopical appearances mentioned above.
On the Morphology and Systematic Position of the Spon-Gida
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

Professor SCHULZE’S1 last memoir on the development of Calcareous Sponges, confirms and enlarges Metschnikoff’s2 earlier observations, and gives us at last a fairly complete history of the development of one form of Calcareous Sponge. The facts which have been thus established have suggested to me a view of the morphology and systematic position of the Spongida, somewhat different to that now usually entertained. In bringing forward this view, I would have it understood that it does not claim to be more than a mere suggestion, which if it serves no other function may, perhaps, be of use in stimulating research.
Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats.1
Authors: Richards Lewis Timothy
Published: April 2021

It will be recollected that it is one of the fundamental tenets of M. Pasteur’s creed that neither microscopic organisms nor their germs are ever found in the blood of an animal in health. Doubtless our conception of what implies good health may differ, and especially so when it is the health of an animal, and not of a person, that may be the subject of debate. If it be maintained that an animal affected with either epiphytes or entophytes, with epizoa or entozoa, is not in the enjoyment of full health, then there can be but few perfectly healthy animals. The organs of some animals are almost never absolutely free from parasites. It would nevertheless be scarcely justifiable to pronounce such animals as diseased in the ordinary sense.
On the Occurrence of Embryonic Fission in Cyclostomatous Polyzoa
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

The results of the present paper have formed the subject of a preliminary communication made to the Cambridge Philosophical Society (16). The case of embryonic fission which I have now to describe in greater detail appears to me, on the assumption that my explanation of the observed facts is the correct one, to be without parallel in the animal kingdom.
Two New Genera and some New Species of Earthworms
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

In this paper I describe a number of new species of earthworms which I have received during the last year or two from friends resident abroad, or from the Royal Gardens at Kew. Some of these were received alive; I was therefore able to preserve them carefully for histological examination.
On a New Organ in the Lycoridea, and on the Nephridium in Nereis diversicolor, O. F. Müll
Authors: Goodrich E. S.
Published: April 2021

About two years ago, while examining some sections of a Nereis (probably N. diversicolor, O. F. Müll.) which I had cut in the Zoological Laboratory at University College, London, I discovered an interesting organ, which appears to have hitherto escaped the notice of those naturalists who have studied the anatomy of the Nereids. Since then I have from time to time continued my observations, both in London and in the Oxford Museum, always hoping to be able to obtain the stages in the development of Nereis, the study of which alone can give a real clue to the homology and functions of these organs. This unfortunately has not been possible, owing chiefly to the fact that I have not been able to go myself to the sea-side to pursue my researches. It has therefore been thought advisable to publish the facts as they stand, and this paper amounts to little more than a mere description of this new organ. Some notes on the minute structure of the nephridium of the Nereids have also been added.
Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Allen Edgar J.
Published: April 2021

The following paper contains the results of researches carried on at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, where, by appointment of the British Association Committee, I occupied a table for six weeks during the summer of last year (1892), my stay being prolonged for an additional month through the kindness of Mr. Robert Bayly, one of the Governors of the Association, who furnished me with an additional nomination.
Peculiarities in the Segmentation of certain Polychætes
Authors: Buchanan Florence
Published: April 2021

In the last volume of the ‘Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.’ (vol. liv, 1892, p. 569) a paper appeared entitled “Ueber Anomalien der Segmentierung bei Anneliden und deren Bedeutung für die Theorie der Metamerie,” by C. J. Cori, dealing chiefly with the intercalation of half-segments, and with cases in which the furrows dividing successive segments externally have become continuous, thus forming a spiral going once, or more than once, round the body of the animal. Cori found seventeen out of about two hundred common earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) abnormal in one of these two ways. He also found one specimen of a Lumbriconereis, one of Halla parthenopeia, one of Diopatra neapolitana, and one of Hermodice carunculata with intercalated parts of segments. He does not mention, however, how many specimens of each of these species he examined, and from his account one is naturally inclined to look Upon such occurrences as rare, and to call them, with him, abnormalities. It may, therefore, be worth while to point out that there is at least one family of Polychætes, judging from over eighty specimens coming from different parts of the world, in which cases of intercalation and of spiral segmentation are so common as to be regarded rather as normal individual variations than as abnormalities. This family, from which Cori gives but one example, is the Amphinomidæ, and the genus in which such variations particularly occur is the genus Amphinome (Blv.), Briig, in its widest sense,—including, therefore, the genera Eurythoe and Hermodice of Kinberg and the genus Lino-pherus of Quatrefages, as well as Amphinome s. str. Knb.
On the Perivisceral Cavity of Ciona
Authors: Newstead A. H. L.
Published: April 2021

The genus Ciona differs from other simple Ascidians in having the alimentary canal (except the rectum) and other organs contained in a definite cavity, which is situated in the region of the body posterior to the pharynx—the so-called “body-cavity” of Ciona. From its position round the viscera this cavity may be called the perivisceral cavity, which implies nothing as to its nature, while the term body-cavity might be taken to assume its cœlomic nature as definitely known.
The Structure of the Pharyngeal Bars of Amphioxus
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

It may be thought that the structure of the pharyngeal bars of Amphioxus is sufficiently known, after the description by Lankester, and more recently by Spengel; but there still remains a certain amount of doubt as to some points in the structure of the tongue or secondary bar, although recent authors are in agreement as to the general structure of the primary bar. It is to the tongue bar, therefore, that I have more particularly directed my attention.
Some Points in the Origin of the Reproductive Elements in Apus and Branchipus
Authors: Moore J. E. S.
Published: April 2021

The mode of generation of the reproductive elements and their relation to the cells of the parental tissues, is a problem which has always made heavy demands on the labours of microscopical investigators, whether zoological or botanical ; and although an immense literature has grown about the subject since Flourens thought embryos were formed “tout d’un coup,” at the moment of the fusion of the sexual elements, it may be safely asserted that not until the last few years has any very definite knowledge been acquired, and only in a limited number of cases has it yet reached any high degree of accuracy.
On the Head Kidney of Myxine
Authors: Kirkaldy J. W.
Published: April 2021

In a former number of this Journal Professor Weldon has given an account of the structure of the pronephros of Bdellostoma (9), but, so far as I know, that of Myxine is undescribed, excepting for some observations made by Professor Wilhelm Müller (8). Professor Weldon has very kindly furnished me with some specimens of Myxine glutinosa, in order that I might examine the head kidney. I should like here to express my thanks to him for this kindness, and also for advice and assistance given me throughout the investigation, which was conducted in his research laboratory in University College, London.
Report on a Collection of Amphioxus made by Professor A. C. Haddon in Torres Straits, 1888-9
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

This collection, comprising some ninety specimens of Amphioxus, was obtained by Professor Haddon between the months of September, 1888, and January, 1889, inclusive, and was placed by him in the hands of Professor Lankester, who kindly entrusted it to me for examination.
On some Bipinnariæ from the English Channel
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: April 2021

The genus Bipinnaria was defined by the elder Sars (3) in the following terms :—” Corpus gelatinosum longum cylindrico-depressum, pinnis duabus, una postice terminali cordiformi, altera triangulari in medio corpore. Os appendiculis seu brachüs lanceolatis circumdatum.” To this genus he referred the single species asterigera, “appendicibus seu brachiis 12 circa os.”