bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Carbon/g‐C3N4 Nanocomposites as Metal‐Free Photocatalyst with Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Responsive Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Ma Shuaishuai , Xu Peng , Li Xinyao , Ye Zhaolian , Xue Jinjuan
Published: November 2018

The development of highly effective metal‐free photocatalysts in place of traditional photocatalysts is of great significance for environmental remediation by utilization of solar energy. In this work, a new 2D carbon/g‐C3N4 metal‐free photocatalyst was designed and fabricated via one‐step thermal treatment of cyanamide and spent tea leaves (STL). The as‐prepared samples were fully characterized and the results revealed that carbon nanosheets are evenly attached on the surface of g‐C3N4 by chemical bonds rather than simple physical stacking, which is beneficial to the strong interface interaction. The intimate interfacial bonding of carbon materials with g‐C3N4 exhibit enlarged specific surface area, broadened photo‐response range, efficient photo‐induced electron migration as well as high stability. Thus, the carbon/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst showed remarkable enhanced photocatalytic activities in the degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solution and gaseous benzene than that of pristine g‐C3N4 under visible light. Furthermore, a possible photocatalytic mechanism for the improved photocatalytic performance over carbon/g‐C3N4 nanocomposites was proposed. This research work can promote the exploration on facile synthesis of total metal‐free carbon/g‐C3N4 photocatalysts with biomass as the carbon source and its application in environmental pollutants elimination.
Green Synthesis of Novel Naphtho[1,2‐e]/ benzo[e][1,3]thiazine Derivatives via One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction Using Tetra n‐Butyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Saroha Mohit , Khanna Garima , Khurana Jitender M.
Published: November 2018

A simple, convenient and green method catalyzed by tetra‐ n‐butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) has been reported for the synthesis of a series of novel naphtho[1,2‐e]/ benzo[e][1,3]thiazines using a multicomponent reaction of thionaphthol/ thiophenol, aromatic amines and formaldehyde. The advantages of this method are good yields, solvent free condition, and environmentally benign catalyst.
Experimental approach to strength reduction and elongation of self‐tempered reinforcing bars tensioned at a steady and an increasing temperature
Authors: Kowalski Robert , Kisielinski Rafal
Published: November 2018

This paper describes experiments performed on specimens of reinforcing bars 10, 12, and 16 mm in diameter. The bars were made of 500 MPa steel produced with Tempcore technology and were subject to simultaneous action of high temperature and tension. The experiments were performed both at a constant temperature of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600°C and in an increasing temperature and constant load corresponding to 0, 30, 45, 60, or 75% of steel yield strength at a room temperature. The analysis of the obtained results is focused on the reduction of steel strength and on the bar elongation due to high temperature. In the former case, different failure criteria were considered, which corresponded to the elongation of 0.2%, the elongation of 2% or the bar failure. The experimental results were compared with Eurocode 1992‐1‐2 models for the bar elongation below and over 2% and against results of similar test reported in the literature. In the study of bar elongation, different components of total elongation, which can be measured during a constant and an increasing temperature test, are described and compared with each other and Eurocode 1992‐1‐2 model.
Men and alcohol
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: November 2018

In the final editorial of 2018 Roger Kirby, Editor on Trends in Urology and Men's Health, discusses why now is the time to dismiss the myth that moderate alcohol consumption is somehow healthy.
Hysterotomy level at Cesarean section and occurrence of large scar defects: a randomized single‐blind trial
Authors: Vikhareva O. , Rickle G. S. , Lavesson T. , Nedopekina E. , Brandell K. , Salvesen K. Å.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To study the association between the level of Cesarean hysterotomy and the presence of large uterine scar defects 6–9 months after delivery.

Methods

This was a two‐center, randomized, single‐blind trial of a surgical procedure with masked assessment of the principal outcome under study. Women without a history of Cesarean section (CS) who underwent emergency CS at cervical dilatation ≥ 5 cm were randomized to high or low incision. Hysterotomy was performed 2 cm above and 2 cm below the plica vesicouterina in the high and low incision groups, respectively. Women were examined using saline contrast sonohysterography to assess the appearance of the hysterotomy scar 6–9 months after delivery. The main outcome was presence of a large scar defect, defined as the remaining myometrial thickness over the defect being ≤ 2.5 mm. Secondary outcomes were perinatal outcome, operative complications within 8 weeks after delivery and long‐term outcome in a subsequent pregnancy.

Results

Of 122 patients enrolled in the trial, 114 were assessed by ultrasound examination, of whom 55 were randomized to high and 59 to low CS incision. Large scar defects were seen in four (7%) women in the high‐incision group and in 24 (41%) in the low‐incision group (P < 0.001; odds ratio, 8.7 (95% CI, 2.8–27.4)). There were no differences in operative complications and perinatal outcomes between the two groups. The median follow‐up time was 4 years and 7 months, during which 56 (49%) women had a subsequent pregnancy. No significant differences were observed in the rate of complications in subsequent pregnancy and delivery between women who had low and those who had high incision at the index CS.

Conclusion

Low Cesarean hysterotomy level in women in advanced labor is associated with higher incidence of large scar defects detected by transvaginal ultrasound examination 6–9 months after delivery. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Neuroaesthetics and art's diversity and universality
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Chatterjee Anjan
Published: November 2018

There is a duality to art. It is enormously varied and culturally diverse, and yet it is also universal, common to all humans. Art's variability and distinctiveness seem to elude science, better equipped to account for constant or regular phenomena. We believe that art's cultural particularity can be reconciled with its biological universality. The emergence of variability and distinctiveness from common mechanisms is at the core of biological explanation; it is a basic fact of life, and a basic fact of brain function. The individual, cultural, and historical diversity of art, both in its production and its appreciation, owe to basic features of the organization and function of the human brain. Each encounter with an artwork engages flexible neural networks that are modulated by context, expectations, emotional states, goals, and experience. Because these factors change from one occasion to another, each encounter with art has its distinct flavor. Repeated encounters with art over the course of a lifetime lead people develop personal preferences for art, as the network connections become strengthened in unique ways. These flexible and adaptable networks evolved in humans as a consequence of the relaxation of genetic constraints on the development of brain regions involved in orchestrating network dynamics, enabling a greater impact of learning and experience. In sum, art is universal and common because it arises from neural systems that are common to all humans, and it is variable and diverse because those neural systems evolved to be flexible, attuned to momentary contexts and goals, and changing through a lifetime of experiences.

This article is categorized under:

Economics > Individual Decision‐Making

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Neuroscience > Cognition
The structure of tropical Sumatra squalls
Authors: Chan Man Yau , Lo Jeff Chun‐Fung , Orton Thomas
Published: November 2018

Sumatra squalls are commonly occurring, vigorous and deep convective systems that emanate over Sumatra, sweeping eastwards across the strategically important Malacca Strait shipping route and affecting the population of 85 million people who live in the region. Despite their disruptive potential, there is a paucity of literature on the structure and dynamics of Sumatra squalls. In this article, the structure of the 12 July 2016 Sumatra squall was studied using a high‐resolution Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulation (version 3.7.1). After comparing the reflectivity patterns of both the simulated and actual Sumatra squalls, we showed the large‐scale features of the Sumatra squall: the rear‐inflow jet, ascending front‐to‐rear flow, wind shear and cold pool generation. Following that, we took advantage of the high resolution of the simulation to examine the detailed features of this Sumatra squall and the signs that the conventional squall line propagation mechanism is responsible for Sumatra squall propagation.
Income-Related Gaps in Early Child Cognitive Development: Why Are They Larger in the United States Than in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada?
Authors: Bradbury Bruce , Waldfogel Jane , Washbrook Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

Previous research has documented significantly larger income-related gaps in children’s early cognitive development in the United States than in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this is a result of a more unequal income distribution in the United States. We show that although incomes are more unequal in the United States than elsewhere, a given difference in real income is associated with larger gaps in child test scores there than in the three other countries. In particular, high-income families in the United States appear to translate the same amount of financial resources into greater cognitive advantages relative to the middle-income group than those in the other countries studied. We compare inequalities in other kinds of family characteristics and show that higher income levels are disproportionately concentrated among families with advantageous demographic characteristics in the United States. Our results underline the fact that the same degree of income inequality can translate into different disparities in child development, depending on the distribution of other family resources.
Advice for authors from the editors of Perspectives on Medical Education: Getting your research published

Authors: Varpio Lara , Driessen Erik , Maggio Lauren , Lingard Lorelei , Winston Kalman , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Nagler Alisa , Cleland Jennifer , Schönrock-Adema Johanna , Paradis Elise , Mørcke Anne Mette , Hu Wendy , Hay Margaret , Tolsgaard Martin G.
Published: November 2018

None
A systematic review on the relationship between mental health, radicalization and mass violence
Authors: Misiak Błażej , Samochowiec Jerzy , Bhui Kamaldeep , Schouler-Ocak Merryam , Demunter Hella , Kuey Levent , Raballo Andrea , Gorwood Philip , Frydecka Dorota , Dom Geert
Published: November 2018

Radicalization is a process, by which individuals adopt extreme political, social and religious ideation that leads to mass violence acts. It has been hypothesized that mental health characteristics might be associated with a risk of radicalization. However, a qualitative synthesis of studies investigating the relationship between mental health and radicalization has not been performed so far. Therefore, we aimed to perform a systematic review of studies examining the association between mental health characteristics and the risk of radicalization. Two reviewers performed an independent search of online databases from their inception until 8thApril 2018 and 12 publications met eligibility criteria. There were several methodological limitations across the majority of eligible publications, including doubtful sample representativeness, use of diagnostic procedures without personal assessment of mental health status or lack of standardized tools for assessment of mental health. Representative cross-sectional studies revealed that depressive symptoms might be associated with radicalization proneness. However, it remains unknown whether depressive symptoms are associated with resilience or vulnerability to radicalization. Another finding from our systematic review is that several personality traits might predispose to develop extreme ideation. Finally, there is some evidence that lone-actors might represent a specific subgroup of subjects with extreme beliefs which can be characterized by high prevalence of psychotic and/or mood disorders. In conclusion, this systematic review indicates that caution should be taken on how the association between ‘mental health’ and ‘radicalization’ is being claimed, because of limited evidence so far, and a number of methodological limitations of studies addressing this issue.
A parametric morphing method for generating structured meshes for marine free surface flow applications with plane symmetry
Authors: Immonen Eero
Published: November 2018

This article introduces a method for morphing a parametric, rectangular and structured 3D template mesh such that it embodies: (1) a given (half) hull surface properly aligned with a pre-defined air-water interface zone, (2) a high-quality boundary layer region near the hull, and (3) a smooth transition of the mesh to the template mesh structure away from the hull. The performance of the proposed method is successfully validated on three widely studied benchmark cases, namely the parabolic Wigley hull, the Series 60 hull and the DTMB 5415 combatant hull. The proposed automated mesh generation method is useful in shape optimization for computational fluid dynamics, among others.

Highlights A new method for creating structured meshes for marine CFD applications is presented. The proposed method is parametric and thus fully programmable. The method includes an automatic resolution of CAD geometry errors. The resulting meshes are strictly orthogonal near the inter-phase zone and the hull. The main application of the proposed method is in CFD-based shape optimization.
Safety and clinically important events in PCP-initiated STEMI bypass in Ottawa
Authors: Mitchell Simeon , Dionne Richard , Maloney Justin , Austin Mike , Mok Garrick , Sinclair Julie , Cox Catherine , Le May Michel , Vaillancourt Christian
Published: November 2018

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULE

What is known about the topic?

Transport of STEMI patients directly to the cath lab (STEMI bypass) by advanced care paramedics (ACPs) is common practice. The safety of this practice with primary care paramedics (PCPs) is unknown.

What did this study ask?

What is the prevalence and breakdown of events during PCP STEMI bypass?

What did this study find?

Clinically important events are common in STEMI bypass patients. A smaller proportion of events would be addressed differently by ACP compared to PCP protocols.

Why does this study matter to clinicians?

This study adds to the evidence that PCP STEMI bypass is safe.
IDENTIFYING THE TEXTUAL SOURCES OF SHI JI: REVIEWING PAST RESEARCH FOR A MORE ENCOMPASSING METHODOLOGY
Authors: McKay Trever
Published: November 2018

While many aspects of Shi ji authorship are either unknown or speculative, the source texts of Shi ji and Sima Qian's use of them are viable yet underexplored paths to a deeper understanding of this monumental work. From the 1920s to the present, seven scholars from China, Japan, and Taiwan have attempted to ascertain the extent of Sima Qian's textual perusals and adaptations by compiling bibliographies of Shi ji source texts. This article compiles some of their results for comparison and analysis. From this, principles are highlighted for generating a more comprehensive methodology.
Rebel Groups between Adaptation and Ideological Continuity: The Impact of Sustained Political Participation
Authors: Berti Benedetta
Published: November 2018

The question of how involvement in institutional politics and governance affects rebel groups’ behaviour is pertinent when studying violent non-state actors, both during and in the aftermath of conflict. This is especially the case when participation in the political system becomes sustained over time. The interactions between the political and governance practices of a rebel group and its overall ideological orientation and state-building aspirations are not sufficiently analysed in the literature, especially in the context of hybrid armed-political organizations operating in latent, frozen or protracted conflicts. This article aims to begin to fill this gap by examining how involvement in institutional politics has shaped both Hamas’s and Hezbollah’s branding, interpretation and reliance on their own constitutive ideological manifestos, with an emphasis on both organizations’ dynamic processes aimed at reconciling political participation with their previous ideological rejection of the legitimacy of the political system and their constitutive calls to dramatically restructure the political order. Based on these detailed accounts, this article reflects on how the complex relationship between politics, electoral competition, governance and ideological principles can shape an armed group’s political identity.
Effect of a cod protein hydrolysate on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy subjects: a double-blind cross-over trial
Authors: Dale Hanna Fjeldheim , Jensen Caroline , Hausken Trygve , Lied Einar , Hatlebakk Jan Gunnar , Brønstad Ingeborg , Lihaug Hoff Dag Arne , Lied Gülen Arslan
Published: November 2018

The increased prevalence of lifestyle diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), calls for more knowledge on dietary treatments targeting the specific metabolic pathways involved in these conditions. Several studies have shown a protein preload before a meal to be effective in lowering the postprandial glycaemic response in healthy individuals and patients with T2DM. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a marine protein hydrolysate (MPH) from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy, middle-aged to elderly subjects. This double-blind cross-over trial (n 41) included two study days with 4–7 d wash-out in between. The intervention consisted of 20 mg of MPH (or casein as control) per kg body weight given before a breakfast meal. The primary outcome was postprandial response in glucose metabolism, measured by samples of serum glucose, insulin and plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in 20 min intervals for 180 min. In a mixed-model regression analysis, no differences were observed between MPH and control for postprandial glucose concentration (mean difference: −0·04 (95 % CI –0·17, 0·09) mmol/l; P = 0·573) or GLP-1 concentration (mean difference between geometric means: 1·02 (95 % CI 0·99, 1·06) pmol/l; P = 0·250). The postprandial insulin concentration was significantly lower after MPH compared with control (mean difference between geometric means: 1·067 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·13) mIU/l; P = 0·032). Our findings demonstrate that a single dose of MPH before a breakfast meal reduces postprandial insulin secretion, without affecting blood glucose response or GLP-1 levels, in healthy individuals. Further studies with repeated dosing and in target groups with abnormal glucose control are warranted.
A correlation between GALEX FUV magnitude and chromospheric activity among red giant stars
Authors: Smith Graeme H.
Published: November 2018

It is shown that upon combining GALEX far-ultraviolet and Johnson B magnitudes a resultant FUV–B colour can be obtained that for red giant stars of luminosity classes III and II correlates well with chromospheric emission in the cores of the Mg iih and k lines. Giant stars throughout the colour range 0.8 ≤ B – V ≤ 1.6 exhibit such a phenomenon. The main result of this paper is to show that GALEX far-ultraviolet photometry can provide information about the degree of chromospheric activity among red giant stars, and as such may offer a tool for surveying the evolution of chromospheric activity from the main sequence into the red giant phases of stellar evolution.
Jericho and the Chronology of Palestine in the Early Bronze Age: a Radiometric Re-Assessment
Authors: Nigro Lorenzo , Calcagnile Lucio , Yasin Jehad , Gallo Elisabetta , Quarta Gianluca
Published: November 2018

The absolute chronology of Early Bronze Age in the Levant has been the object of a major revision (Regev et al. 2012a), which implied an increase of at least two centuries in respect of traditional chronology. Such a shift back was based upon two sites (Tel Yarmouth, Megiddo) which were the backbone of the “reform,” but actually do not offer complete sequences for the whole EBA. This was the weakest stone of the revision, together with a partial understanding of stratigraphy/contexts from where samples were taken. Tell es-Sultan/Jericho in Palestine was included in this study, as this prominent archaeological site provided well stratified14C dates for EBA. Its stratigraphy, established by Kathleen M. Kenyon in the 1950s, was reappraised by the Sapienza University of Rome–Palestinian MOTA-DACH joint Expedition (1997–2018). Published14C dates were reanalyzed along with new samples from carefully stratified and published archaeological contexts, measured by the CEDAD Laboratory (University of Salento, Lecce, Italy). They provided absolute dates connected with stratigraphy useful to double-check the proposed High Chronology. EBA stratigraphic periodization at Jericho suggests a more cautious approach and keeps a multi-based chronology more consistent with a comprehensive historical reconstruction of the Early Bronze Age in Syria-Palestine and Egypt.
AMENABLE SEMIGROUPS OF NONLINEAR OPERATORS IN UNIFORMLY CONVEX BANACH SPACES
Authors: SALAME KHADIME
Published: November 2018

In 1965, Browder proved the existence of a common fixed point for commuting families of nonexpansive mappings acting on nonempty bounded closed convex subsets of uniformly convex Banach spaces. The purpose of this paper is to extend this result to left amenable semigroups of nonexpansive mappings.
IDEAL CHAINS IN RESIDUALLY FINITE DEDEKIND DOMAINS
Authors: WANG YU-JIE , HU YI-JING , JI CHUN-GANG
Published: November 2018

Let $\mathfrak{D}$ be a residually finite Dedekind domain and let $\mathfrak{n}$ be a nonzero ideal of $\mathfrak{D}$. We consider counting problems for the ideal chains in $\mathfrak{D}/\mathfrak{n}$. By using the Cauchy–Frobenius–Burnside lemma, we also obtain some further extensions of Menon’s identity.
The effect of maternal iron deficiency on zinc and copper levels and on genes of zinc and copper metabolism during pregnancy in the rat
Authors: Cottin Sarah C. , Roussel Guenievre , Gambling Lorraine , Hayes Helen E. , Currie Valerie J. , McArdle Harry J.
Published: November 2018

Fe deficiency is relatively common in pregnancy and has both short- and long-term consequences. However, little is known about the effect on the metabolism of other micronutrients. A total of fifty-four female rats were fed control (50 mg Fe/kg) or Fe-deficient diets (7·5 mg/kg) before and during pregnancy. Maternal liver, placenta and fetal liver were collected at day 21 of pregnancy for Cu and Zn analysis and to measure expression of the major genes of Cu and Zn metabolism. Cu levels increased in the maternal liver (P=0·002) and placenta (P=0·018) of Fe-deficient rats. Zn increased (P<0·0001) and Cu decreased (P=0·006) in the fetal liver. Hepatic expression of the Cu chaperones antioxidant 1 Cu chaperone (P=0·042) and cytochrome c oxidase Cu chaperone (COX17, P=0·020) decreased in the Fe-deficient dams, while the expression of the genes of Zn metabolism was unaltered. In the placenta, Fe deficiency reduced the expression of the chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1, Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase (P=0·030), ceruloplasmin (P=0·042) and Zn transport genes, ZRT/IRT-like protein 4 (ZIP4, P=0·047) and Zn transporter 1 (ZnT1, P=0·012). In fetal liver, Fe deficiency increased COX17 (P=0·020), ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (P=0·036) and ZnT1 (P=0·0003) and decreased ZIP4 (P=0·004). The results demonstrate that Fe deficiency during pregnancy has opposite effects on Cu and Zn levels in the fetal liver. This may, in turn, alter metabolism of these nutrients, with consequences for development in the fetus and the neonate.
NEW LIFE IN THE MODERN CULTURAL HISTORY OF DEATH
Authors: MALONE HANNAH
Published: November 2018

This essay presents a critical overview of recent literature in English on the modern cultural history of death. In order to locate new developments, it charts the evolution of the field from the 1970s until today and distinguishes between French and Anglophone strands in the historiography. A selection of studies published between 2005 and 2015 exemplifies a revival in recent scholarship that hangs on four main innovations: the abandonment of grand narratives of modernization and secularization; an interdisciplinary integration of political, cultural, and intellectual history; greater attention to the individual; and the expansion of the field beyond Europe and North America. Thus, today, the history of death is both local and global, public and private, personal and universal.
Continuity of genetic and environmental influences on clinically assessed major depression from ages 18 to 45
Authors: Torvik Fartein Ask , Gustavson Kristin , Ystrom Eivind , Rosenström Tom H. , Gillespie Nathan , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: November 2018

Background

Studies on the stability of genetic risk for depression have relied on self-reported symptoms rather than diagnoses and/or short follow-up time. Our aim is to determine to what degree genetic and environmental influences on clinically assessed major depressive disorder (MDD) are stable between age 18 and 45.

Methods

A population-based sample of 11 727 twins (6875 women) born between 1967 and 1991 was followed from 2006 to 2015 in health registry data from primary care that included diagnoses provided by treating physicians. Individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (n = 163) were excluded. We modelled genetic and environmental risk factors for MDD in an accelerated longitudinal design.

Results

The best-fitting model indicated that genetic influences on MDD were completely stable from ages 18 to 45 and explained 38% of the variance. At each age, the environmental risk of MDD was determined by the risk at the preceding observation, plus new environmental risk, with an environmental correlation of +0.60 over 2 years. The model indicated no effects of shared environment and no environmental effects stable throughout the observational period. All long-term stability was therefore explained by genetic factors.

Conclusions

Different processes unfolded in the genetic and environmental risk for MDD. The genetic component is stable from later adolescence to middle adulthood and accounted for nearly all long-term stability. Therefore, molecular genetic studies can use age-heterogenous samples when investigating genetic risk variants of MDD. Environmental risk factors were stable over a short span of years with associations rapidly decreasing and no evidence of permanent environmental scarring.
Aeschylus Agamemnon 104–05, Homer and the Epic Tradition: A New Survey
Authors: Rodighiero Andrea
Published: November 2018

This article is a discussion and analysis of Aeschylus Agamemnon 104–05, with special reference to the epic models operating behind the typically Homeric enjambement ἀνδρῶν / ἐκτελέων. The ἄνδρες should be understood as the Argive heroes of the expedition against Troy, and not as the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus. This interpretation is supported by a number of examples taken from Archaic and Hellenistic epic poems.
Adjusting Words to Music: Prolongating Syllables and the Example of ‘Dactylo-Epitrite’
Authors: Hagel Stefan
Published: November 2018

Comparison between an original ancient composition and modern supplements shows that the ancient poetcomposer paid attention to sub-metrical parameters defining the suitability of a metrically long syllable for extended voiced performance. This criterion is explored as a potential guide to overlong syllables, developing a statistical method including thoroughly calculated weighted expectations. The method is then applied to Pindar's dactylo-epitritic Epinicia, where the rhythmical time of ‘missing link syllables’ is shown to have been incorporated within the preceding syllable. The notation and the rhythm of dactylo-epitrites are discussed in detail.
Do Data Support Claims That Brazil Leads the World in Environmental Preservation?
Authors: Vacchiano Marcelo C , Santos Jeater WMC , Angeoletto Fabio , Silva Normandes M
Published: November 2018

Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) is the most important Brazilian agricultural research institute and has recently published a study on the preservation status of forest fragments in more than 5 million rural properties. The authors concluded that no institution, public authority or professional category helps more in preserving Brazilian biomes than farmers (Miranda et al. 2017). The aim of the current paper is to demonstrate that these conclusions are hasty and that the real Brazilian flora preservation status in rural properties remains unknown.
When All Parties Nominate Women: The Role of Political Gender Stereotypes in Voters’ Choices
Authors: Lefkofridi Zoe , Giger Nathalie , Holli Anne Maria
Published: November 2018

Do political gender stereotypes exist in egalitarian settings in which all parties nominate women? Do they matter for candidate selection in systems of proportional representation with multiparty competition and preferential voting? To date, these questions remain unanswered because related research is limited to the U.S. case. Our pioneering study examines political stereotypes in one of the “least likely” cases, Finland—a global forerunner in gender equality. We find, first, that stereotypes persist even in egalitarian paradises. Second, when testing across settings of candidate choice, we find that the effect varies greatly: political gender stereotypes are powerful in hypothetical choices, but they work neither in favor of nor against female candidates when many “real,” viable, experienced, and incumbent female candidates are competing. Although in open-list systems with preferential voting, gender stereotypes can directly affect female candidates’ electoral success, in Finland, their actual impact in real legislative elections appears marginal.
Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States
Authors: Baker Carrie N.
Published: November 2018

This article presents an analysis of how activists, politicians, and the media framed youth involvement in the sex trade during the 1970s, the 1990s, and the 2000s in the United States. Across these periods of public concern about the issue, similar framing has recurred that has drawn upon gendered and racialized notions of victimization and perpetration. This frame has successfully brought attention to this issue by exploiting public anxieties at historical moments when social change was threatening white male dominance. Using intersectional feminist theory, I argue that mainstream rhetoric opposing the youth sex trade worked largely within neoliberal logics, ignoring histories of dispossession and structural violence and reinforcing individualistic notions of personhood and normative ideas about subjectivity and agency. As part of the ongoing project of racial and gender formation in US society, this discourse has shored up neoliberal governance, particularly the build-up of the prison industrial complex, and it has obscured the state's failure to address the myriad social problems that make youth vulnerable to the sex trade.
Staying Tuned: LGBTQIA Politics in the Trump Era
Authors: Burgess Susan R. , Brettschneider Marla , Keating Christine (Cricket)
Published: November 2018

Since Donald Trump took office in 2017, the White House has issued several clear anti-LGBTQIA signals and initiatives. Reflecting on Trump's election as U.S. president, many political scientists have analyzed his rise in the context of the literature on American political development (e.g., Skowronek 2017) and comparative governments (e.g., Levitsky and Ziblatt 2018). Some of this work has received significant media attention and attained a popular readership. The American political development analyses have often focused on the lens of political time and potential party realignment, exploring the possibility of a “disjunctive presidency,” which foretells the demise of the coalition that has enabled the Republican Party to dominate U.S. politics since the Reagan Revolution of the 1980s. Comparative work in the discipline argues that Trump initiatives are threatening to democratic principles, portending a turn toward authoritarianism that parallels the rise of right-wing authoritarian leaders across the globe.
Tagesschläfrigkeit bei Patienten mit Restless-Legs-Syndrom: Risikofaktor für Verkehrsunfälle?
Authors: Hug Mirjam , Lakämper Stefan , Keller Kristina , Wick Regula
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Restless-Legs-Syndrom (RLS) steht für einen Symptomenkomplex aus vorwiegend beinbetonten Parästhesien und einem damit verbundenen erhöhten Bewegungsdrang. Da abendliche Exazerbationen typisch sind, leiden viele Patienten unter Ein- und Durchschlafstörungen, die längerfristig eine verstärkte Tagesmüdigkeit zur Folge haben können. Die vorliegende retrospektive Datenanalyse untersuchte einen möglichen verkehrsmedizinisch relevanten Zusammenhang zwischen RLS und einer erhöhten Inzidenz an Verkehrsunfällen durch Tagesschläfrigkeit im Schweizer Strassenverkehr. Ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen RLS und dem Auftreten von Verkehrsunfällen konnte nicht gefunden werden. Dennoch sollte die Frage nach erhöhter Tagesschläfrigkeit in keinem (verkehrs-)medizinischen Gespräch fehlen.
CME: Paraneoplastische endokrine Syndrome
Authors: Henzen Christoph
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Maligne Tumoren können durch eine paraneoplastische Hormonsekretion endokrine Krankheitsbilder verursachen, die sehr ähnlich sind den eigentlichen endokrinen Tumorerkrankungen. Die Kenntnis der paraneoplastischen endokrinen Syndrome erlaubt eine frühe Diagnose der malignen Grunderkrankung, und die gezielte endokrine Therapie reduziert Morbidität und Mortalität der betroffenen Patienten. Die häufigsten endokrinen Paraneoplasien sind die Hyperkalzämie, humoral bedingt durch die Sekretion von PTHrP durch Tumorzellen (vor allem solide Tumoren wie Bronchus- und Mammakarzinom), und die Hyponatriämie, verursacht durch eine inadäquate ADH-Sekretion (typischerweise durch das kleinzellige Bronchuskarzinom). Beide Tumorsyndrome können sich klinisch manifestieren und müssen differenzialdiagnostisch beim laborchemischen Befund einer Hyperkalzämie bzw. einer Hyponatriämie in Betracht gezogen und je nach Ausmass therapiert werden.
Evidenzbasierte Behandlung nicht-organischer Schlafstörungen
Authors: Pöpel Annkathrin
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Mit diesem Übersichtsartikel soll die gegenwärtige Evidenz zur Diagnostik und Wirksamkeit der Behandlungsmethoden der nicht-organischen Insomnie dargestellt werden. Bei der Diagnostik gilt es vor allem, Differenzialdiagnosen individuell zu prüfen und wenn vorhanden zu behandeln. Bei der eigentlichen Insomniebehandlung ist besonders zu betonen, dass die medikamentöse Behandlung nur einen Wirksamkeitsnachweis erbringt bei der Kurzzeitbehandlung mit einer Dauer von weniger als vier Wochen. Die bestwirksame Behandlung der Insomnie stellt die störungsspezifische kognitiv-behaviorale Psychotherapie (CBT-I) dar. CBT-I sollte daher möglichst jedem Patienten mit Insomnie zugänglich sein.
Katamzi-Joseph Receives 2018 Sunanda and Santimay Basu (International) Early Career Award in Sun–Earth Systems Science
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2018

Zama T. Katamzi-Joseph will receive the 2018 Sunanda and Santimay Basu (International) Early Career Award in Sun–Earth Systems Science at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018, to be held 10–14 December in Washington, D. C. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to research in Sun–Earth systems science that further the understanding of both plasma physical processes and their applications for the benefit of society.”
Differential Fractionation of Rhyolites During the Course of Crustal Extension, Western Afar (Ethiopian Rift)
Authors: Ayalew Dereje , Pik Raphaël , Bellahsen Nicolas , France Lydéric , Yirgu Gezahegn
Published: November 2018

We report field observation, age, chemical (major and trace elements), and isotope (Sr‐Nd‐Pb) data for felsic volcanic rocks from Central Afar and adjacent western margin. Investigated volcanic rocks are dominantly rhyolites with minor trachytes, and they are geochemically similar. Their ages range from ~30 Ma (prerift stage), ~20 Ma (early synrift), ~8–4 Ma (main thinning event) to ~2.5–0.1 Ma (late synrift/continental breakup), representing the entire volcanic‐tectonic events that occurred episodically. Major element variations are consistent with fractionation of gabbroic cumulates. Trace element and isotope data preclude an origin by crustal anatexis; the rhyolites are rather genetically linked to the associated basalts and variously contaminated by the crust during differentiation of magmas. Chemical and isotopic data of the rhyolites support an origin by open system differentiation at deep crustal levels (hot wall rock and high r = rate of assimilation/rate of crystallization) and shallow crustal levels (cold wall rock and low r) with a change in the composition of the assimilated material from lower crustal to upper crustal type. Assimilation appears to decrease in recent times with Quaternary rhyolites, emplaced nearby the active magmatic segments in Afar, which exhibit the isotopic compositions closest to original mantle signature. This is compatible with a crust below the active magmatic segments resulting from important addition of juvenile basic magmas. Such results and interpretations provide actual constrains to suggest that the present‐day stage is probably very close to continental breakup, which will be achieved once the continental crust will be entirely replaced by new magmatic crust.
Promises in Air‐Sea Fully Coupled Data Assimilation for Future Hurricane Prediction
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2018

The recent article by Li and Toumi (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079677) published in Geophysical Research Letters explored the potential for improving tropical cyclone intensity forecasts by assimilating synthetic coastal surface currents from high‐frequency radar observations. Although it is an idealized study using simulated observations, this may signal the beginning of a new frontier in future hurricane prediction through ingesting in situ and remotely sensed observations of oceanic currents into fully coupled systems. Assimilation of oceanic observations can improve not only the state estimation of both oceanic and atmospheric variables but it also has the potential to better estimate uncertain model physics' parameters such as the air‐sea exchange coefficients.
Interhemispheric Synchronization Between the AO and the AAO
Authors: Tachibana Y. , Inoue Y. , Komatsu K. K. , Nakamura T. , Honda M. , Ogata K. , Yamazaki K.
Published: November 2018

Teleconnections between lower and higher latitude regions are widely known in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. To broaden our view of these teleconnections, we searched a reanalysis data set for evidence of a teleconnection between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), two widely separated circumpolar phenomena. Statistical analysis of the Japanese 55‐year reanalysis data set showed significant in‐phase synchronization between the AO and AAO, particularly in October and February, with a vertical structure extending from the troposphere to the stratosphere. This vertical structure may suggest a stratospheric control, and we did not find a significant signature indicating a tropical ocean control. We also observed decadal‐scale modulation of the synchronicity. Observational evidence implies that the stratospheric meridional circulation may be responsible for AO‐AAO synchronization.
On the Interplay Between Convective Aggregation, Surface Temperature Gradients, and Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Coppin David , Bony Sandrine
Published: November 2018

This study explores the extent to which convective aggregation interacts with sea surface temperature (SST) and affects climate sensitivity. For this purpose, radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations are run with a general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer, and several types of perturbations are imposed to the ocean‐atmosphere system. Convective aggregation turns out to be much more sensitive to temperature in coupled experiments than in prescribed SST experiments. But changes in convective aggregation induced by a doubling of the CO2 concentration are always smaller than changes associated with the transition from a non‐aggregated to an aggregated state. If aggregation changes were acting alone, they would exert a strong negative feedback on global mean surface temperature. However, in a coupled framework, aggregation changes interact with the SST and generate SST gradients that strengthen the positive low‐cloud feedback associated with changes in SST pattern. This overcompensates the negative feedback due to aggregation changes and leads to a larger equilibrium climate sensitivity than in the absence of SST gradients. Although this effect might be model specific, interactions between convective aggregation and the spatial distribution of SST appear crucial to assess the impact of convective aggregation on climate sensitivity.
Macroscale fluorescence imaging against autofluorescence under ambient light
Authors: Zhang Ruikang , Chouket Raja , Plamont Marie-Aude , Kelemen Zsolt , Espagne Agathe , Tebo Alison G. , Gautier Arnaud , Gissot Lionel , Faure Jean-Denis , Jullien Ludovic , Croquette Vincent , Le Saux Thomas
Published: November 2018

Macroscale fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to observe biological samples. However, it may suffer from spectral interferences that originate from ambient light or autofluorescence of the sample or its support. In this manuscript, we built a simple and inexpensive fluorescence macroscope, which has been used to evaluate the performance of Speed OPIOM (Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation), which is a reference-free dynamic contrast protocol, to selectively image reversibly photoswitchable fluorophores as labels against detrimental autofluorescence and ambient light. By tuning the intensity and radial frequency of the modulated illumination to the Speed OPIOM resonance and adopting a phase-sensitive detection scheme that ensures noise rejection, we enhanced the sensitivity and the signal-to-noise ratio for fluorescence detection in blot assays by factors of 50 and 10, respectively, over direct fluorescence observation under constant illumination. Then, we overcame the strong autofluorescence of growth media that are currently used in microbiology and realized multiplexed fluorescence observation of colonies of spectrally similar fluorescent bacteria with a unique configuration of excitation and emission wavelengths. Finally, we easily discriminated fluorescent labels from the autofluorescent and reflective background in labeled leaves, even under the interference of incident light at intensities that are comparable to sunlight. The proposed approach is expected to find multiple applications, from biological assays to outdoor observations, in fluorescence macroimaging.
The role of autophagy in colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Authors: Wu Yuhui , Yao Junlin , Xie Jiansheng , Liu Zhen , Zhou Yubin , Pan Hongming , Han Weidong
Published: November 2018

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that eliminates harmful components through lysosomal degradation. In addition to its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy is critical to pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a specific type of colorectal cancer that develops from long-standing colitis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy of microenvironmental cells plays different but vital roles during tumorigenesis and CAC development. Herein, after summarizing the recent advances in understanding the role of autophagy in regulating the tumor microenvironment during different CAC stages, we draw the following conclusions: autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells inhibits colitis and CAC initiation but promotes CAC progression; autophagy in macrophages inhibits colitis, but its function on CAC is currently unclear; autophagy in neutrophils and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes both colitis and CAC; autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells represses both colitis and CAC; autophagy in natural killer cells (NKs) inhibits colitis, but promotes CAC; and autophagy in endothelial cells plays a controversial role in colitis and CAC. Understanding the role of autophagy in specific compartments of the tumor microenvironment during different stages of CAC may provide insight into malignant transformation, tumor progression, and combination therapy strategies for CAC.
Molecular mechanism of a covalent allosteric inhibitor of SUMO E1 activating enzyme
Authors: Lv Zongyang , Yuan Lingmin , Atkison James H. , Williams Katelyn M. , Vega Ramir , Sessions E. Hampton , Divlianska Daniela B. , Davies Christopher , Chen Yuan , Olsen Shaun K.
Published: November 2018

E1 enzymes activate ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls) in the first step of Ub/Ubl conjugation cascades and represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and other life-threatening diseases. Here, we report the crystal structure of the E1 enzyme for the Ubl SUMO in complex with a recently discovered and highly specific covalent allosteric inhibitor (COH000). The structure reveals that COH000 targets a cryptic pocket distinct from the active site that is completely buried in all previous SUMO E1 structures and that COH000 binding to SUMO E1 is accompanied by a network of structural changes that altogether lock the enzyme in a previously unobserved inactive conformation. These structural changes include disassembly of the active site and a 180° rotation of the catalytic cysteine-containing SCCH domain, relative to conformational snapshots of SUMO E1 poised to catalyze adenylation. Altogether, our study provides a molecular basis for the inhibitory mechanism of COH000 and its SUMO E1 specificity, and also establishes a framework for potential development of molecules targeting E1 enzymes for other Ubls at a cryptic allosteric site.
Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients
Authors: Teixidó Nuria , Gambi Maria Cristina , Parravacini Valeriano , Kroeker Kristy , Micheli Fiorenza , Villéger Sebastien , Ballesteros Enric
Published: November 2018

The effects of environmental change on biodiversity are still poorly understood. In particular, the consequences of shifts in species composition for marine ecosystem function are largely unknown. Here we assess the loss of functional diversity, i.e. the range of species biological traits, in benthic marine communities exposed to ocean acidification (OA) by using natural CO2 vent systems. We found that functional richness is greatly reduced with acidification, and that functional loss is more pronounced than the corresponding decrease in taxonomic diversity. In acidified conditions, most organisms accounted for a few functional entities (i.e. unique combination of functional traits), resulting in low functional redundancy. These results suggest that functional richness is not buffered by functional redundancy under OA, even in highly diverse assemblages, such as rocky benthic communities.