bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of multivariate statistical methods for estimating expected consequences for low‐probability and high‐consequence incidents
Authors: Desai S. , Lim G. J. , Karson M.
Published: August 2010

The catastrophic incidents involving hazardous materials (hazmats) have often been termed as low probability and high consequence (LPHC). The purpose of this article is to address some fundamental questions with regard to hazmats incidents: What is the expected consequence of a hazmats incident? How should the consequences of incidents involving hazmats be predicted? An exhaustive statistical analysis is performed on the hazmat incident data available from the U.S. Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System (HMIRS). We present a sequence of logically deduced, linear statistical models to estimate the two major areas of impact of an incident: (1) population affected and (2) cost incurred due to an incident based on the outcomes of the incident. Our initial experiments indicated that linear models are not sufficient for predicting the consequences. Subsequently, we extended our work to evaluate the effectiveness of three multivariate statistical methods, namely (1) partial least squares, (2) spline regression, and (3) Box‐Cox transformations. Based on our experiments, Box‐Cox transformation showed significant improvement in estimating the consequences. Last, we summarize our findings and provide some general guidelines to entities interested in estimating events categorized as LPHC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed Ca/Zn thermal stabilizers for weatherable rigid PVC
Authors: Mur G. , Madgwick R.
Published: August 2010

Rigid PVC profiles for window frames are required to follow quality standards (usage properties and aging resistance). Our concern is to describe the role of additives and mainly thermal stabilizers on the required properties. Until recently, PVC stabilization was based on heavy metal soaps in the European PVC building industry. Though their resulting efficiency was not questioned, problems of toxicity were raised. Regarding the ecological pressure increase, numerous investigations on co‐stabilizers have been carried out in order to improve the performances of mixed Ca/Zn systems. Our results show the properties of rigid profiles stabilized with Ca/Zn systems. First, the extruded profiles properties such as optical (color) and mechanical properties (impact resistance…) are shown. The aging resistance of toxic heavy metal free vinyl formulations is also studied in comparison with typical Pb/Ba/Cd. The performances achieved indicate that an opportunity to move from toxic heavy metallic stabilizers to mixed Ca/Zn systems, resulting, perhaps, in wider development of Ca/Zn stabilizing systems for food packaging and medical plastics.
Typical flame retardant/additive chemicals for commercial FR‐HIPS and FR‐ABS resins
Authors: Song Jim H.
Published: August 2010

This paper makes an overall review on performance, cost, compoundability, and environmental compatibility of flame retardant chemicals used for commercial flame retardant impact polystyrene (FR‐HIPS) and flame retardant acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (FR‐ABS) resins. Commercially available, key bromine and chlorine chemicals along with antimony oxide are discussed with the typical formulations focusing on the overall advantage(s) and weakness(es) of each chemical.
Volatiles from thermal degradation of PVC compounds
Authors: Bautista Paul A.
Published: August 2010

Several methods were developed to measure and identify the volatile species generated when PVC is heated to decomposition temperatures. PVC film compound containing various organotin stabilizers was processed under a range of typical conditions. The film samples were subjected to degradation temperatures of 210 to 230°C in both enclosed sampling systems (for optimum collection efficiency) and open systems that were designed to mimic working conditions. The collected samples were analyzed for amounts of hydrogen chloride, organotin compounds and organics in general. Variables such as type of stabilizer, degradation time and temperature, and sample thickness and fusion time were studied.
Rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride) / epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: The effect of processing variables
Authors: Ishiaku U. S. , Nasir M. , Ishak Z. A. Mohd
Published: August 2010

The effect of processing variables on the rheological properties of PVC/ENR blends was investigated. The role of crosslinking in determining the flow behavior of blends was also examined by means of dynamically cured blends. It was found that PVC/ENR blends yield melts that are power law fluids. The flow of the melts improves with an increase in temperature and shear rate. However, the introduction of crosslinks reverses this trend, although under more rigorous conditions, the influence of crosslinks is superseded, and subsequently, flow becomes shear rate and temperature dependent. PVC/ENR systems also manifested elastic phenomena. The dependence of the elastic phenomena such as die swell and melt fracture on L/D ratio of the die was demonstrated.
Analysis of rigid PVC‐styrenic copolymer blend systems
Authors: D'Souza Nandika Anne , Letton Alan , Asay R. Elliott
Published: August 2010

In an effort to improve the utility and processing of PVC, additives like heat distortion modifiers and plasticizers are often added. While the economics of using PVC are highly favorable, they are limited in their dimensional stability at high temperatures. Blending with a component having better dimensional stability at higher temperatures is therefore investigated. In this paper, use of a styrenic copolymer, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), and a substituted styrenic copolymer, alpha methyl styrene acrylonitrile (αMSAN), is studied. The glass transition‐composition behavior is studied through dynamic mechanical measurements. Heat distortion test results of the blend in compositions of 0–100 in 10% increments indicate enhanced DTUL above certain compositions. Rheological characterization is done both in the low strain steady shear and dynamic mode. High shear rate testing was done. In general it was found that while the styrenic copolymer exhibits a plasticization of the PVC glass transition, the substituted styrene, by maximizing the repulsive interaction effects, pushes the system to a limited partial miscibility.
The performance of sulfonate salt‐containing polycarbonate products in flammability testing
Authors: Morgan Sarah , Davis Gary , Gijzen Erwin , Lemmen T.
Published: August 2010

Sulfonate salts are commonly employed together with other standard flame retardant (FR) additives to improve FR performance in polycarbonate resins. The structure and loading level of the salt and the synergistic FR additives determine the level of FR performance. The salts show varying levels of FR effetiveness as measured by different flammability test methods. In this paper, two common sulfonate salt additives in Lexan polycarbonate resins are discussed. FR effectiveness measured by UL94, OSU and cone calorimeter flammability testing, physical and mechanical properties, and processability of the thermoplastic products are compared. TGA‐IR studies and the ability to predict FR performance are also discussed.
Modeling of single‐screw extruders with mixing pins: The case of PVC
Authors: Thibault F. , Tanguy P. A. , Blouin D. , Hurez P.
Published: August 2010

A computer model is proposed to simulate the flow of molten polymer in the melt conveying zone of extruders provided with mixing pins. This model is based on the calculation of down‐channel velocities within cross sections perpendicular to the flow. A Lagrangian reference frame (i.e. that of the barrel sliding on top of the channel) is used to describe the flow in a convenient manner, the mixing pins being represented as a set of virtual boundary conditions (geometric constraints). The proposed method is compared to a full 3D finite element flow simulation with Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids showing a good agreement in term of the pressure drop calculation. Numerical tests are also carried out in the case of a rigid PVC compound used for window profile extrusion. The adequacy found between the predictions and experimental measurements obtained on an industrial extruder confirms the performance of the proposed model.
Rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part I: Composition dependence and the effect of compounding conditions
Authors: Ishiaku U. S. , Nasir M. , Ishak Z. A. Mohd
Published: August 2010

Epoxidized natural rubber is a recently commercialized modified form of natural rubber. This paper is part of our continuing effort to study the responses of this new material to melt mixing and other shaping processes. The Shimadzu capillary rheometer was used to evaluate the composition dependence of miscibility of polyvinyl chloride/epoxidized natural rubber blends (PVC/ENR blends). The rheometer was also used to evaluate the effect of compounding parameters on the rheological properties of the blends. The results confirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems that show a synergism in apparent shear viscosity highlighted by the positive deviation from the logarithmic additivity rule. These results based on capillary rheometry are also in very good agreement with our earlier attempt to predict optimum mixing from torque rheometry by using the Brabender Plastogram as an indicator.
Smoke reduction for flexible PVC‐high surface area: Alumina trihydrate vs. magnesium hydroxide
Authors: Molesky Frank , Schultz Robert , Midgett Sam , Green Don
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews three flexible PVC formulations using various types of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]. Smoke values are compared. In two of the formulations, Mg(OH)2 has better smoke values than ATH; in a third formulation, ATH has better smoke values than Mg(OH)2. However, the third formulation uses an ATH with a very high surface area, which may indicate that smoke suppression may be a function of not only the type of flame retardants used but also surface area.
Evaluation of the lubricant properties of candelilla wax in unplasticized PVC/wax systems
Authors: Angulo‐Sanchez J. L. , Valverde‐Herrera V.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the evaluation of a natural product, candelilla wax, as a possible lubricant for unplasticized PVC formulations stabilized with lead or barium/cadmium chemicals. The lubricant effect of two types of wax (commercial grade and purified by solvent extraction) was evaluated by torque and extrusion rheometry and by differential scanning calorimetry. Commercial lubricants (Loxiol) were used for comparison. The results show that candelilla wax may be used as a lubricant (mainly of the external type) for unplasticized PVC; however, care must be taken when designing formulations to avoid over‐lubrication, specially when lead‐based thermal stabilizers are used.
UV‐cured pultrusion processing of glass‐reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth C. , Kusy Robert P.
Published: August 2010

A novel process was developed to adapt the pultrusion process to utilize radiation polymerization instead of thermal curing. Using UV‐light and a methacrylate‐based, 3‐D‐network copolymer matrix, 0.5 mm diameter round quartz‐fiber‐reinforced‐composite profiles were formed at a rate of 1.25 mm per second. Faster rates resulted in partial curing. Materials were produced with various amounts of reinforcement, and evaluated in tension and in three‐point bending. Mechanical properties varied linearly with fiber content, approaching the rule of mixtures.
Structure‐property relationships of short fiber reinforced polypropylene‐polyamide blends
Authors: Silberman A. , Weiner F. , Kenig S.
Published: August 2010

Short fiber composites based on polypropylene (PP)‐polyamide (PA) blends were studied using compatibilizers comprising maleic anhydride modified polypropylene. Results have shown that the structure and morphology developed and the resultant mechanical properties of the blend composites strongly depend on the number of acid functional groups in the compatibilizers. The impact strength and tensile modulus of the PP‐PA blend composite more than doubled compared with PA and PP short fiber composites, respectively. Furthermore, analytical methods characterizing nonisothermal crystallization were used to investigate the crystallization of fiber containing blends in constrained matrix nucleation mode. Results have shown that interphase interactions are the dominant ones with respect to morphology development. Synergistic effects were obtained that were due to the effect of fibers.
Synthesis of aminated PVCs using an aprotic solvent: DMSO
Authors: Kusy Robert P. , Whitley John Q. , Lee Sungyol
Published: August 2010

Poly(vinyl chloride) was post‐polymerization copolymerized with a highly basic amine, piperazine, using an aprotic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide. By using this highly dipolar solvent, a more dilute nucleophile concentration and a lower reaction temperature were possible than in methanol‐moderated reactions. The linear substitutional reaction dominated over both the crosslinked substitutional reaction and the elimination reaction. From the nitrogen assays, pH response curves, and colorimetric results, the evidence suggests that this route may be more promising for fabricating electrode membranes or other components in which an ionically conductive film is desirable.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N‐Isopropyl Acryl Amide)‐g‐Poly(Linoleic Acid)/Poly(Linolenic Acid) Graft Copolymers
Authors: Alli Abdulkadir , Hazer Baki
Published: August 2010

To diversify edible oil thermoresponsive polymer composites, polymeric linoleic acid peroxide (PLina) and polymeric linolenic acid peroxide (PLinl) were obtained by the autoxidation of linoleic acid (Lina) and linolenic acid (Linl), respectively. The autoxidation of Lina and Linl under air at room temperature rendered waxy soluble polymeric peroxide, having a soluble fraction in chloroform of more than 91 wt% and containing up to 1.0 wt% of peroxide. The soluble polymeric oil macro‐peroxide was used to initiate the free radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide, NIPAM, resulting in PLina‐g‐PNIPAM and PLinl‐g‐PNIPAM graft copolymers, respectively. The PNIPAM content of the graft copolymers was calculated using the elemental nitrogen analysis of graft copolymers. Thermal analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, and SEM techniques were used in the characterization of the products. The hydrophobic effect of the fatty acid macro peroxides on the thermal response rate of the graft copolymers was investigated by means of swelling‐deswelling behaviors in response to temperature change. They have a thermoresponsive character and exhibit a volume phase transition at approximately 27–30 °C, which is 1–4 °C lower than that of pure PNIPAM. A plastizer effect of PLina and PLinl in graft copolymers was observed, indicating a lower glass transition temperature than that of pure PNIPAM.
The impact of a firm's make, pseudo‐make, or buy strategy on product performance
Authors: Park Jin‐Kyu , Ro Young K.
Published: August 2010

The bulk of the product architecture and make‐buy choice literature deals with product architecture changes from integral to modular form. This development is often associated with a firm's tendency to change from a make to a buy strategy. However, a few studies investigate the change of product architecture in the reverse direction – from modular to integral form – and the subsequent change in the firm sourcing decision from a buy to a make strategy. These studies hold to the presumption that a firm following a make strategy will outperform firms following a buy strategy in dealing with integral product architectures. Based on the knowledge‐based view, we argue for the viability of a sourcing strategy between the pure make and buy strategies – a pseudo‐make strategy. We also argue that as product architecture changes from a modular to integral form, firms adopting this pseudo‐make strategy are likely to show better product performance than firms following a pure make or buy strategy due to the relative knowledge advantages of the pseudo‐make strategy in dealing with the integral product architecture. We examine the impact of the make/pseudo‐make/buy strategies on product performance in the U.S. bicycle derailleur and freewheel market from 1980 to 1992 and provide theoretical and managerial implications of our results. Our findings highlight an important distinction between the pseudo‐make and make‐buy strategies that has not previously been fully appreciated in the extant literature, and as a result increases our understanding of why some firms do not switch strategies from a buy to a make strategy when product architecture changes from modular to integral form as previously expected.
The Naturalist on the River Amazon
Authors: Bates Henry Walter
Published: August 2010

First published in 1863, this is a first-hand account of Henry Walter Bates' eleven-year expedition to the river Amazon in 1848, during which he discovered some eight thousand species unknown to the natural sciences. Written in the first person, it records the astonishing range of natural life in the regions traversed by the Amazon and its tributaries. Describing his adventures south of the equator, Bates takes the reader through Pará, Tocantins, Cametá, Marajó, Caripí, Obydos, Manos, Santarem, Tapajos, and Ega, descriptively cataloguing the rich vegetation, aboriginal population, and wondrous birds, animals and insects of these regions. More than just a scientist's log, the work that took Bates three years to complete was considered by Darwin to be 'the best work of natural history travels ever published in England.' This third edition of the book (1873) also contains numerous illustrations by the noted zoologist Joseph Wolf.
A Theory of Harmony
Authors: Stainer John
Published: August 2010

The British composer John Stainer (1840–1901) was organist at St Paul's Cathedral from 1872 to 1888, and in 1889 became Professor of Music at Oxford. In this third edition of A Theory of Harmony he ceased to call it a theory founded on the tempered scale, as he had previously. He wrote in the Preface that he now believed the theory to be perfectly applicable to the system of just intonation. A further reason, in his view, was that the attitude of scientific men toward modern chromatic music had recently improved, as they could see that their system would never be adopted as long as it threatened the existence of a single masterpiece of musical literature. However, the system would be accepted when it rendered such works capable of more perfect performance. This influential Victorian textbook is now reissued for the benefit of those interested in nineteenth-century composition and analysis.
Unreformed Cambridge
Authors: Winstanley Denys Arthur
Published: August 2010

This vintage book by the distinguished historian D.A. Winstanley describes Cambridge University in the eighteenth century, a period supposedly characterised by lazy, drunken students, academics preoccupied with their own advancement, and institutionalised resistance to reform. Winstanley's objective was to discover how such a state of affairs came about, and was able to continue for so long. His book is a gold-mine of facts, anecdotes and contemporary descriptions of life at Cambridge. The author explains how Fellows and Professors were elected, how students chose their colleges, and how teaching was organised. Fellows were not permitted to marry, and graduation involved assenting to Anglicanism. There are accounts of bribery, blackmail and brawls. However, amid the morass of 'torpidity', energetic and right-thinking individuals emerged to challenge the status quo and promote educational and institutional reforms.
The Power of Movement in Plants
Authors: Darwin Charles , Darwin Francis
Published: August 2010

Written in collaboration with his son Francis, a notable botanist, this 1880 book builds on Darwin's earlier investigations into climbing plants, orchids, insectivorous plants, flower variety, and the processes of fertilisation. This detailed study of many species from seed to mature plant further develops Darwin's work on adaptation and evolution, with the aim of collating the results of individual studies into common factors applicable to plants in general. Particular emphasis is given to analysis and investigation of the process here termed circumnutation, the movement of the stem of the plant in order to direct the head in certain directions. This is seen as of paramount importance, with the conclusion that it is modification of this feature that has enabled plants to adapt and evolve so diversely. The authors also note similarities between plants and animals, such as sensitivity to touch and habit of action at certain times.
The History of Music (Art and Science)
Authors: Chappell William
Published: August 2010

This 1874 account of the music of ancient Greece, Egypt and Rome was the only volume of the author's proposed history of music to be published. William Chappell, eldest son of the founder of Chappell's the music publishers, was noted for his interest in ancient and traditional music and was the founder of the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1840. Best remembered for his Popular Music of the Olden Time, Chappell justifies the need for his study of ancient music in a long introduction to the volume which criticises the approaches of Charles Burney and Sir John Hawkins and attacks the validity of Helmholtz's work on acoustics. The work explores theory, practice, science, philosophy and the instruments of the time through analysis of ancient sources such as Aristotle, Pythagoras, Boethius and Vetruvius and of iconographical materials. A comprehensive glossary-cum-index is included together with topic summaries for each chapter.
A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Bird Isabella L.
Published: August 2010

After the success of The Englishwoman in America (also reissued in this series), the indefatigable Isabella Bird (1831–1904) continued her travels – first to Scotland, then to Australia and Hawaii – before returning to the United States and taking up residence in what was then the newest state, Colorado. Her adventures here – recorded as letters to her sister which she artlessly tells the reader were never intended for publication – included riding alone across the prairie, trying to help a family dying of cholera in the face of indifference from the local inhabitants, a sight of the invalids who were coming to Denver in huge numbers to be cured by the mountain air, and an encounter (if it was nothing more) with that western archetype, the one-eyed, romantic, courteous, poetry-declaiming outlaw, who by the following year was 'in a dishonoured grave, with a rifle bullet in his brain'.
Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development
Authors: Atkinson Henry George , Martineau Harriet
Published: August 2010

Henry George Atkinson (c.1812–c.1890), a free thinker and supporter of naturalism, published extensively on phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism. He became acquainted with the professional writer, political activist and radical philosopher Harriet Martineau (1802–76) in the 1840s, when she attributed her recovery from a long illness to mesmerism. Their correspondence was published in 1851, and promotes a radical form of atheistic naturalism, more extreme than that found in George Combe's best-selling Constitution of Man (also published in this series). It ranges widely over topics including the brain and the nervous system, matter and causation, superstition, theology and science. The book promotes the purity of natural law as superior to social customs and institutions, and reflects many concerns of the intelligentsia of the time, amongst whom it stirred up much controversy.
On the Relation Between Science and Religion
Authors: Combe George
Published: August 2010

George Combe (1788-1858) rose from humble origins to tour widely in Europe and the United States lecturing on phrenology, the popular Victorian belief that character traits were determined by the configuration of the skull. His most famous book, The Constitution of Man, published in 1828, put forward a naturalist agenda and sold approximately 350,000 copies. In 1857, Combe published On the Relation between Science and Religion. He denounces dogmatism and sectarianism, and argues insistently that religious leaders should encourage the study of science as revealing God's governance. He proposes that phrenology sheds light on the divine purpose and moral laws through an improved understanding of the human mind, and criticises both scientists and religious leaders who maintain that higher thought has nothing to do with the brain. His book ranges widely across the concerns of Victorian educated classes, and addresses questions many of which still resonate today.
Dynamics
Authors: Lamb Horace
Published: August 2010

Sir Horace Lamb (1849–1934) the British mathematician, wrote a number of influential works in classical physics. A pupil of Stokes and Clerk Maxwell, he taught for ten years as the first professor of mathematics at the University of Adelaide before returning to Britain to take up the post of professor of physics at the Victoria University of Manchester (where he had first studied mathematics at Owens College). As a teacher and writer his stated aim was clarity: 'somehow to make these dry bones live'. His Dynamics was first published in 1914 and the second edition, offered here, in 1923: it remained in print until the 1960s. It was intended as a sequel to his Statics (also reissued in this series), and like its predecessor is a textbook with examples.
The Mysterious Universe
Authors: Jeans James
Published: August 2010

Originating from the Rede Lecture delivered at the University of Cambridge in November 1930, this book is based upon the conviction that the teachings and findings of astronomy and physical science are destined to produce an immense change on our outlook on the universe as a whole, and on views about the significance of human life. The author contends that the questions at issue are ultimately one for philosophical discussion, but that before philosophers can speak, science should present ascertained facts and provisional hypotheses. The book is therefore written with these thoughts in mind while broadly presenting the fundamental physical ideas and findings relevant for a wider philosophical inquiry.
Historical Account of the Substances Which Have Been Used to Describe Events, and to Convey Ideas, from the Earliest Date, to the Invention of Paper
Authors: Koops Matthias
Published: August 2010

Matthias Koops was a pioneer of mechanical paper-making. He invented new processes for making paper from wood pulp rather than from rags, and for recycling paper itself to a condition in which it could be used for printing. The second edition (1801) of his book was printed partly on a type of straw paper and partly on recycled paper; the Appendix was 'printed on paper made from wood alone, the produce of this country'. Koops's aim was to overcome the problem of the scarcity of rags for paper-making, which he believed was a restraint on the development of commerce and of science, by producing paper from natural sources which were almost inexhaustible. However, the factory which he established went bankrupt after only one year, and it was to be nearly two centuries before printing books on recycled paper became a practical possibility for the industry.
History of the New World
Authors: Benzoni Girolamo
Published: August 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, published in 1857, contains Girolamo Benzoni's History of the New World, originally published in Venice in 1565. The book is not only a history of the New World since Columbus' discovery but an account of what Benzoni himself saw, when 'being like many others anxious to see the world, and hearing of those countries of the Indians, recently found, called by everybody the New World, I determined to go there'. It includes severe criticism of the Spanish colonists' treatment of the indigenous inhabitants.
Evolution and Dogma
Authors: Zahm John Augustine
Published: August 2010

This 1896 volume by Reverend J. A. Zahm, a professor of physics at the University of Notre Dame, considers the Catholic theological tradition as it relates to evolution. The author discusses Darwin's theory of evolution in detail, and traces the debate between theologians and scientists back to the early days of evolutionary theory. He compares late nineteenth-century evolutionary theory and the beliefs of the Catholic church, carefully evaluating the arguments and probing errors and misconceptions in theory and terminology. He also attempts to shed light on the little-understood relations between evolutionism and Christianity as a whole, and discusses whether a person of any Christian denomination can be an evolutionist. Zahm's thoughtful work is considered to be one of the most important volumes on evolution ever written by a Catholic.
The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society
Authors: Markham Clements R.
Published: August 2010

In 1880, the Royal Geographical Society commissioned Sir Clements R. Markham, a noted British geographer and the Society's secretary, to write a history of its formation, and of the many expeditions it had supported since 1830, to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. Published in 1881, The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society consists of twelve chapters. The first five are a condensed history of the original group of geographers who called themselves the Raleigh Club, and the events leading up to the Society's official formation. Chapters 6 and 7 recount the activities of past presidents, secretaries and leading members of the Society, with the rest of the book detailing the fascinating scientific expeditions the Society sponsored financially from the Arctic to Antarctica, the explorers who took part in them, and the various publications the Society published to advance natural science and exploration.
The Destiny of Man
Authors: Fiske John
Published: August 2010

In 1884, American historian and philosopher John Fiske published The Destiny of Man, which discussed humanity's origin, destiny and place in the universe. A leading populariser of Darwin's theory in the United States and influenced by Herbert Spencer, Fiske considers views of human progress via evolutionary social change and the harmony between science and religion. The Destiny of Man is composed of sixteen chapters that anticipate philosophical questions from a typical non-scientific audience: the origins of atheism, the shifting hierarchal positions of humanity through history as proposed by Copernicus and later by Darwin, human brain size, and the 'dawning of consciousness' as a result of the growth and development of moral sentiment and inventiveness through natural selection. Interestingly, at the end of the book, Fiske discusses the historical power relationships of ruling governments and predicts that as humans evolve and become more civilised, war will eventually end.
A History of Greece
Authors: Grote George
Published: August 2010

Widely acknowledged as the most authoritative study of ancient Greece, George Grote's twelve-volume work, begun in 1846, established the shape of Greek history which still prevails in textbooks and popular accounts of the ancient world today. Grote employs direct and clear language to take the reader from the earliest times of legendary Greece to the death of Alexander and his generation, drawing upon epic poetry and legend, and examining the growth and decline of the Athenian democracy. The work provides explanations of Greek political constitutions and philosophy, and interwoven throughout are the important but outlying adventures of the Sicilian and Italian Greeks. Volume 4 continues the review of Greek contacts in the wider Mediterranean world, and also covers political developments, especially in Athens, from the rise of the Peisistratids to the battle of Marathon.
The Origin of the English Nation
Authors: Chadwick H. Munro
Published: August 2010

In this 1907 work, H. Munro Chadwick (1870–1947) re-examines the early history of the English nation from a new perspective. By training a philologist, he uses the tools of ethnology, history, tradition, language, customs, religion and archaeology, to understand how the various Germanic tribes established themselves in Britain, founding new kingdoms. Despite an almost total lack of English historical documents from the period, Chadwick uses a range of historical and literary sources, from both sides of the English Channel, which relied on oral traditions. By close linguistic analysis he shows how the Saxon and other invaders retained close cultural ties with their continental kinsmen. He shows that although the Dark Ages may be obscure due to lack of contemporary sources, careful scholarly analysis of later texts can reveal a great deal about the history, culture and society of the earlier period.
The Faithful Mohawks
Authors: Lydekker John Wolfe
Published: August 2010

The Mohawks were the largest group in the Iroquois confederacy of Native American tribes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Living in what is now upstate New York and along the Canadian border, they held political control over north-eastern America before the colonial period, and were one of the first native American groups to have contact with European explorers. First published in 1938, this work contains a history of the Mohawks and the Iroquois confederacy from the period 1704 to 1807 taken from the archives of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, founded in 1704 and at first active mainly in North America. J. W. Lydekker provides a detailed history of the Mohawks' co-operation and alliance with the British colonists during the wars of the mid-eighteenth century and during the Revolutionary War, seen from the perspective of the missionaries from the Society.
Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger
Authors: Schiltberger Johannes
Published: August 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume contains an English translation of the extraordinary story of Johann Schiltberger (1381–?1440), who was captured in battle as a teenager and enslaved by Bayezid I. On the latter's defeat by Timur (Tamburlane) in 1402, Schiltberger fell into the hands of the legendary Scourge of God, and in his service and that of his sons, he travelled to Armenia, Georgia and other Caucasian territories, down the river Volga, to Siberia and to the Crimea, eventually escaping and returning to his home in 1427.
De Nugis Curialium
Authors: Map Walter
Published: August 2010

Walter Map was a twelfth-century courtier and royal servant. He was a prolific writer, but De Nugis Curialium ('Courtiers' Trifles') is the only surviving work confidently attributed to him. The book is a collection of short stories and anecdotes about the court, religion and history. Map's references demonstrate that he read widely, not only biblical and theological works, but also classical authors such as Horace, Virgil, Ovid and Juvenal. The only surviving manuscript of the work is a fourteenth-century copy once belonging to the monk John Wells of Ramsey Abbey. The Cambridge bibliographer M. R. James would have been attracted to the breadth of Map's referencing, and the author's light-hearted writing style which was intended to entertain. James' 1914 Oxford publication corrected the earlier work of Thomas Wright who published an edition for the Camden Society in 1850.
Modern Ideas of Evolution as Related to Revelation and Science
Authors: Dawson John William
Published: August 2010

Darwin's theory of evolution generated a storm of controversy within the scientific community in the later nineteenth century, and Sir J. William Dawson, a renowned geologist of his time, was one of those who vehemently opposed it. In Modern Ideas of Evolution as related to Revelation and Science, first published in 1890, Dawson maintains that it is religion alone that forms a stable base for all new ideas. He dismisses the theory of evolution as a crude and heretical hypothesis, inconsistent with religion and undeserving of acceptance. If adopted as proven truth, he argues, it would lead to unscientific and unspiritual degeneration of the mind. More than a century later, evolution is generally accepted but still not 'proven', and the debates continue. Dawson's energetic polemic remains a key document for historians of science concerned with the Victorian reception of Darwinism and the rise of evolutionary theory.
The Henry Irving Shakespeare
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

Henry Irving, the influential and controversial Victorian actor, was closely involved in the publication of this distinctive Shakespeare edition. As an actor, his concern was largely with the intellectual project of seeing each play as a unified work, rather than with producing strong emotional effects in the audience. In the words of his obituary in The Times, he appealed to scholars 'by his reverent and often acute treatment of the text', and accustomed playgoers to look for 'more than empty amusement'. To the edition, he brought a sense of the plays in performance which has never been equalled before or since. Addressing a general readership, he both included notes on cuts used by professional companies and suggested others that would facilitate amateur performances. Gordon Browne's illustrations, which suggest the contemporary styles of stage costume, are another attractive feature of this edition, which will appeal to Shakespearians and theatre historians alike.
By-Ways of Cambridge History
Authors: Keynes Florence Ada
Published: August 2010

As an early student at Newnham College and subsequently as the wife of John Neville Keynes, Florence Ada Keynes (née Brown), (1861–1958) spent her entire adult life living in Cambridge. A prominent public figure, active in charity work and public service, she became the first female councillor of the city and served as its Mayor in 1932. This charming little book was published when she was 86 years old. It displays her wide knowledge and love of the city of Cambridge, with engaging essays on Barnwell Priory, the history of the old Market Cross and Conduit and of town planning and social housing in Cambridge. Keynes tells of famous personalities from the city's past, such as the seventeenth-century philosopher Damaris Cudworth and the composer Orlando Gibbons, and recounts more personal memories of the changes her generation lived through, making this a valuable record of her own life.
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: August 2010

This book, the third of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.
A Memoir of Jane Austen
Authors: Leigh Austen
Published: August 2010

In the mid-nineteenth century, as Jane Austen's fame grew, her family was under increasing pressure to provide details about her life and work. Her nephew James Edward Austen-Leigh, who had known her personally, collected a series of reminiscences, letters and family documents and put them together in this very first full-length biography of Jane Austen, published in 1870. Concentrating on his aunt Jane's life in rural southern England, he made public for the first time the domestic and social context which nurtured her and within which she wrote her famous novels. He also gave previously unknown details about her efforts to publish her work, including some of her correspondence. At the same time he created a partial portrait of a modest, unassuming and devout woman, living 'in entire seclusion from the literary world', which has influenced Austen scholarship ever since.
Seneca and Elizabethan Tragedy
Authors: Lucas Frank Laurence
Published: August 2010

Seneca's plays, which include Hercules Furens, Phaedra, Medea and Oedipus, were widely read during the Elizabethan era, and had an important influence on the dramatists of the time, including Shakespeare, Kyd, Marlowe and Marston. This study, first published in 1922, examines Seneca's Greek predecessors, his character, life and times, and the nature and extent of his influence and legacy. Divided into five sections, the book addresses in turn: the rise of Greek drama before Seneca; Seneca's character and temperament; Seneca's tragedies; the different dramatic forms in the centuries after Seneca; and the important influence of Seneca on Elizabethan dramatists. Lucas provides close readings of a wide range of plays, including Macbeth and The Spanish Tragedy, and places the works in their historical context – Greek, Roman and Elizabethan.
Music on the Shakespearian Stage
Authors: Cowling George Herbert
Published: August 2010

George H. Cowling (1881–1946), Lecturer in English at the University of Leeds and subsequently Professor of English at Melbourne, wrote this study as his dissertation, inspired by his own love of music. He shows what kinds of music were used on the Elizabethan stage, and explains where in the theatre, at which point during the plays and with which instruments and personnel the music was performed. He also assesses what both songs and incidental music contributed to the meaning and the performance of Shakespeare, going back to examine the roots of dramatic music in the use of religious music in the medieval Mystery plays. He offers a lively and approachable introduction to the
subject that provides a way into the field of early modern music in the theatre, and a foundation for more detailed critical work.
A Chapter in the Early Life of Shakespeare
Authors: Gray Arthur
Published: August 2010

In this charming and thought-provoking 1926 volume, Arthur Gray, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge from 1912 to 1940, explored the possibility that William Shakespeare spent his formative years at Polesworth Hall in the Forest of Arden, perhaps serving as a page boy. The Forest of Arden once stretched from just north of Stratford-upon-Avon to Tamworth, and covered what is now Birmingham; Polesworth, near Tamworth, was the home of Sir Henry Goodere and the centre of the famed 'Polesworth Circle'. This splendid focus of creative and cultural activity would have offered the young William exposure to the finest minds, a wonderful education and valuable introductions. Sir Henry, who evidently knew John Shakespeare in Stratford, was certainly patron of many young writers and musicians, including the eminent Elizabethan poet, Michael Drayton. If Gray is correct, Drayton would have been a contemporary of Shakespeare's at Polesworth.
Macbeth
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Principien der Sprachgeschichte
Authors: Paul Hermann
Published: August 2010

Principien der Sprachgeschichte (1880) is Hermann Paul's best-known work. In this book, the German literary scholar and linguist argues that although language is a product of human culture and the study of language is therefore best categorised as history, language can most effectively be analysed with methods taken from the natural sciences. Paul develops a system of principles that draws heavily on cognitive and psychological elements in order to account for how language has developed. In 14 chapters he sets out a detailed account of the history of language that includes general observations on the development of language, the consequences of sound change, semantic shift and the divergence of etymologically connected words, and aspects of syntax. He also compares written and spoken language varieties, and the origins of dialects and standard languages.
Prolegomena to St Paul's Epistles to the Romans and the Ephesians
Authors: Hort Fenton John Anthony
Published: August 2010

This posthumous volume, published in 1895, contains two lectures delivered in the 1880s by the biblical scholar F. J. A. Hort, Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. In these lectures, Hort addresses the question of the dating of Romans and Ephesians, their purpose, and their original readership. He examines their context in the relationship of Judaism to Christianity in the Apostolic period and the difference between Gentile, Judaistic and Roman Christianity. By treating the Epistles as historical as well as religious artefacts and analysing their language and grammar as well as content, Hort argues for the authenticity of both texts and therefore for a first-century dating. The dating of the New Testament was a central concern of Hort toward the end of his career, and he argued against F. C. Baur and the Tübingen school, who placed it in the second century. These lectures present evidence to support his argument.