bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LmIntegrinβ‐PS is required for wing morphogenesis and development in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Ming , Niu Niu , Yang Jia‐Peng , Liu Wei‐Min , Zhang Jian‐Zhen
Published: May 2020

Wings are an important flight organ of insects and their morphogenesis depends on a series of cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐extracellular matrix interactions. Integrin as a transmembrane protein receptor mediates cell‐to‐cell adhesion, cell‐to‐extracellular matrix interactions and signal transduction. In the present study, we characterized an integrin gene that encodes integrinβ‐PS protein in Locusta migratoria. LmIntegrinβ‐PS is highly expressed in the wing pads and the middle stages of 5th instar nymphs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the LmIntegrinβ‐PS protein was localized at the cell base of the two layers of wings. After suppression of LmIntegrinβ‐PS by RNA interference, the wing pads or wings were unable to form normally, with a blister wing appearance during nymph to nymph transition and nymph to adult transition. We further found that the dorsal and ventral epidermis of the wings after dsLmIntegrinβ‐PS injection were improperly connected and formed huge cavities revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, the morphology and structure of the wing cuticle was significantly disturbed which affected the stable arrangement and attachments of the wing epidermis. Moreover, the expression of related cell adhesion genes was significantly decreased in LmIntegrinβ‐PS‐suppressed L. migratoria, suggesting that LmIntegrinβ‐PS is required for the morphogenesis and development of wings during molting by stabilizing cell adhesion and maintaining the cytoskeleton of these cells.
Collective Responsibility for Severe Poverty
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: May 2020

Thomas Pogge has argued powerfully for the view that states which are responsible for severe poverty collectively share this responsibility. I claim that this rough equality of collective responsibility is not compelling. Relevant states may share collective responsibility for severe poverty, but some states possess much more responsibility than others. It may prove difficulty determining precisely how much more or less responsible some states are than others. Nonetheless, Pogge's account should be revised to recognize more clearly the inequality of contribution that relevant states have towards collective responsibility for severe poverty.
Can a PCR assay of aphids caught in‐crop on yellow sticky traps inform field level barley yellow dwarf virus risk assessment?
Authors: Bates Lucy J. , Pope Tom W. , Holland John M.
Published: May 2020

Infection with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), caused by strains of virus belonging to the family Luteovirideae including BYDV‐PAV, can result in significant yield losses in autumn sown cereals following transmission by aphid vectors such as Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Spatial and temporal variance in the infectivity of alate populations influences risk to crops from the disease, which is greatest on infection at early crop growth stages. A decision support system (DSS) to guide optimised integration of crop protection strategies through risk assessment would help avoid unnecessary application of synthetic insecticides. This study contributes to the development of a DSS by exploring the viability and relevance of a methodology to detect virus levels in individual aphids trapped in‐crop using yellow sticky traps. Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, the detectability of virus from a BYDV‐PAV‐positive control colony was found not to be reduced by the process of trapping, extraction and cold storage, but did drop significantly after between 3 and 7 days of exposure on trap. This method has potential to contribute to localised risk assessment and guide optimisation of crop protection strategies.
Glutathione peroxidase‐1 overexpression reduces oxidative stress, and improves pathology and proteome remodeling in the kidneys of old mice
Authors: Chu Yi , Lan Renny S. , Huang Rui , Feng Hao , Kumar Rahul , Dayal Sanjana , Chan Kung‐Sik , Dai Dao‐Fu
Published: May 2020

This study investigated the direct roles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in kidney aging using transgenic mice overexpressing glutathione peroxidase‐1 (GPX1 TG). We demonstrated that kidneys in old mice recapitulated kidneys in elderly humans and were characterized by glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of cortical mass. Scavenging H2O2 by GPX1 TG significantly reduced mitochondrial and total cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigated oxidative damage, thus improving these pathologies. The potential mechanisms by which ROS are increased in the aged kidney include a decreased abundance of an anti‐aging hormone, Klotho, in kidney tissue, and decreased expression of nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of the stress response. Decreased Klotho or Nrf2 was not improved in the kidneys of old GPX1 TG mice, even though mitochondrial morphology was better preserved. Using laser capture microdissection followed by label‐free shotgun proteomics analysis, we show that the glomerular proteome in old mice was characterized by decreased abundance of cytoskeletal proteins (critical for maintaining normal glomerular function) and heat shock proteins, leading to increased accumulation of apolipoprotein E and inflammatory molecules. Targeted proteomic analysis of kidney tubules from old mice showed decreased abundance of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and antioxidant proteins, as well as increased abundance of glycolytic enzymes and molecular chaperones. GPX1 TG partially attenuated the remodeling of glomerular and tubule proteomes in aged kidneys. In summary, mitochondria from GPX1 TG mice are protected and kidney aging is ameliorated via its antioxidant activities, independent and downstream of Nrf2 or Klotho signaling.
Can a probiotic supplement in pregnancy result in transfer to the neonatal gut: A systematic review
Authors: Moore Rebecca L. , Geraghty Aisling A. , Feehily Conor , Saldova Radka , Murphy Eileen F. , Van Sinderen Douwe , Cotter Paul D. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The establishment of the neonatal gut microbiome is a crucial step that may have lifelong health implications. We aimed to systematically review evidence on maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and vertical transfer of the corresponding strain to the infant gut.

Material and methods

Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and OVID were searched from inception to September 2018. Studies of maternal probiotic supplementation for a minimum duration of 2 weeks and analyses of neonatal stool samples were included. The primary outcome was presence of the specific probiotic strain in the infant stool. Electronic databases were searched for relevant studies and references were cross‐checked. Risk of bias among included studies was assessed and data were extracted independently by two authors.

Results

Three studies were included in the review. Only one study was identified involving prenatal maternal probiotic supplementation alone. Neonatal colonization with the maternally administered probiotic was not demonstrated but supplementation with the probiotic influenced levels of a bacterial strain other than that found in the probiotic product. The other two studies identified included both prenatal and postnatal supplementation of either mother or infant. All three studies reported employing strain‐specific isolation methodology to isolate the supplemented bacterial strain in infant stool but none used whole metagenome shotgun sequencing.

Conclusions

Few studies investigating transfer of a specific probiotic bacterial strain from mother to infant were identified, showing inconclusive evidence of vertical transfer.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis found that intranasal dexmedetomidine was a safe and effective sedative drug during paediatric procedural sedation
Authors: Tervonen Miikka , Pokka Tytti , Kallio Merja , Peltoniemi Outi
Published: May 2020

Aim

This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine as a sole sedative during paediatric procedural sedation outside the operating room.

Methods

Relevant literature identified by PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library up to 31 December 2019 was systematically reviewed. Randomised controlled trials that compared intranasal dexmedetomidine with another sedative or placebo during paediatric procedural sedation were included. Trials that studied intranasal dexmedetomidine as a premedication before anaesthesia were excluded. The primary outcome was the success of the planned procedure.

Results

We analysed seven randomised controlled trials of 730 patients: four trials with 570 patients compared dexmedetomidine with chloral hydrate and three trials with 160 patients compared dexmedetomidine with midazolam. The incidence of successfully completing the procedure did not differ between dexmedetomidine and chloral hydrate, but dexmedetomidine had a higher success rate than midazolam. The incidence of hypotension, bradycardia or respiratory complications did not differ between the sedatives used. Nausea and vomiting were more common in children treated with chloral hydrate than in those treated with other sedatives.

Conclusion

Intranasal dexmedetomidine was a safe and effective sedative for minor paediatric procedures.
Findings in cattle consigned to Victorian knackeries between 2009 and 2018
Authors: Gibney JG , Pefanis SM , Jeffers MJ , Suter RJ , Hunnam JC
Published: May 2020

Objective

To describe the causes of death or culling in cattle in Victoria, Australia, through surveillance at knackeries.

Methods

Data were collected from 2797 adult cattle consigned to four Victorian knackeries over a 10‐year period (2009‐2018, inclusive). Cattle were sampled either at the point of collection or at a knackery. A single best‐fit diagnosis was assigned to each case to describe the cause of loss.

Results

Sampled cattle were predominantly female dairy cattle originating from the three main dairying regions in Victoria. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were calving paralysis (6.8%), followed by mastitis (6.4%), hypocalcaemia (6.4%) and dystocia (5.9%). “Unknown” accounted for 24.2% of the cattle examined.

Conclusion

This study provides a unique insight into the causes of death and culling in cattle consigned to Victorian knackeries. The periparturient period was identified as a high risk period for knackery consignment in adult female cattle.
Nobody Is a Prophet in their Own Land? Evaluations of Pope Francis in Latin America
Authors: Bohigues Asbel , Rivas José Manuel
Published: May 2020

Using data drawn from surveys of Latin American elites and citizens, this article aims to analyse the determinants of evaluations of Pope Francis, with a special focus on ideology and religious denomination, religiosity, and trustworthiness of the Catholic Church. Results show that the Pope remains linked to opinions on the Church, but not to religiosity, and that differences in personal religious affiliations (or lack thereof) among respondents are sharper among citizens than among elites. Furthermore, Pope Francis is found to be not closely associated to the left–right axis in Latin America, except in the case of Argentine MPs, where the right‐leaning members express lower opinions of the
Pope.
The incidence of income taxes on high earners in Canada
Authors: Gordon Stephen
Published: May 2020

This article explores the “brain drain” explanation for the concentration of incomes in Canada during the past 30 years, namely, that high‐skilled Canadians make use of high salaries on offer in the United States to extract higher salaries at home. If this is the case, then for a given level of US salaries, the threat to accept outside offers should be more credible when the Canadian dollar is depreciating against the US dollar, and weaker when the Canadian dollar is appreciating. The data are broadly consistent with this claim: income concentration worsened during the depreciations of the 1980s and 1990s, and eased when the Canadian dollar began to appreciate in value. The article develops a simple two‐parameter model based on the propositions that high earners in Canada can use US salaries to bargain for higher salaries, and that Canadian high earners can shelter part of their income from personal income taxes. It also offers some preliminary evidence about the parameter values consistent with available data. The results suggest that higher top marginal personal income tax rates may potentially accentuate top‐end after‐tax income inequality. If high earners are able to use their bargaining power to extract pay increases to offset higher tax rates, then the burden of increased personal income taxes will be deflected elsewhere, and may even have the perverse effect of making the after‐tax income distribution more unequal than it was before.
Alternatives to immediate release tacrolimus in solid organ transplant recipients: When the gold standard is in short supply
Authors: Jorgenson Margaret R. , Descourouez Jillian L. , Brady Bethany L. , Bowman Lyndsey , Hammad Sara , Kaiser Tiffany E. , Laub Melissa R. , Melaragno Jennifer I. , Park Jeong M. , Chandran Mary M.
Published: May 2020

Given the current climate of drug shortages in the United States, this review summarizes available comparative literature on the use of alternative immunosuppressive agents in adult solid organ transplant recipients including kidney, pancreas, liver, lung, and heart, when immediate‐release tacrolimus (IR‐TAC) is not available. Alternative options explored include extended‐release tacrolimus (ER‐TAC) formulations, cyclosporine, belatacept, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and novel uses of induction therapy for maintenance immunosuppression. Of available alternatives, only ER‐TAC formulations are of non‐inferior efficacy compared to IR‐TAC when used de novo or after conversion in stable kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). All other alternatives were associated with higher rates of biopsy‐proven rejection, but improved tolerance from classic adverse effects of IR‐TAC including nephrotoxicity and development of diabetes. While most alternative therapies are approved in KTRs, access via third‐party payors is an obstacle in non‐KTRs. In the setting of IR‐TAC shortage, alternate therapeutic options may be plausible depending on the organ population and individual patient situation to ensure appropriate, effective immunosuppression for each patient.
Polygenic risk score of non‐melanoma skin cancer predicts post‐transplant skin cancer across multiple organ types
Authors: Stapleton Caragh P. , Chang Bao‐Li , Keating Brendan J. , Conlon Peter J. , Cavalleri Gianpiero L.
Published: May 2020

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) calculated from genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in a general, non‐transplant setting have recently been shown to predict risk of and time to post‐renal transplant skin cancer. In this study, we set out to test these findings in a cohort of heart, lung, and liver transplant patients to see whether these scores could be applied across different organ transplant types. Using the PRS from Stapleton et al (2018), PRS was calculated for each sample across a European ancestry heart, lung, and liver transplant cohorts (n = 523) and tested as predictor of time to NMSC post‐transplant. The top PRS, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) pT1 x 10−5, (n SNPs = 1953), SCC pT1 x 10−6, and SCC pT1 x 10−6 (n SNPs = 1061) were significantly predictive in the time to NMSC, SCC, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) analysis across organ (P = .006, .02, and .02, respectively). We observed here a similar direction of effect and effect size [NMSC HR = 1.31(1.08‐1.59)] to that in the original discovery study with increased polygenic burden leading to a faster time to developing NMSC. In summary, we found that PRS of NMSC calculated from GWAS of NMSC in non‐transplant populations independently replicated in this cohort of heart, lung, and liver transplant.
Phenotypic plasticity related to temperature induces song variation in the field cricket Gryllus rubens
Authors: Beckers Oliver M.
Published: May 2020

Mating songs and preferences for these songs have to match for communication to function. Since this match restricts variation, understanding how phenotypic variation is introduced in communication systems is essential for understanding their evolution. The environment, through phenotypic plasticity or parental effects, is an important catalyst for phenotypic variation. In Kentucky, the cricket Gryllus rubens has one reproductive generation in the spring and one in the fall and the mating songs differ substantially between generations. I tested whether these differences in songs are the result of intergenerational (i.e., parental effects) or intragenerational phenotypic plasticity. To test for the role of parental effects on songs, I reared offspring of field‐collected spring and fall females in a common garden environment and recorded their songs. None of the analyzed song characters differed between the sons of fall and spring parents, suggesting that parental effects do not play a role in song development. To test for the effect of phenotypic plasticity on songs, I reared juvenile and adult males in two separate sets of experiments at two different levels of temperature and daylength. Rearing temperature affected every analyzed song character: The higher adult rearing temperature (32°C) induced significantly faster pulse rates, shorter pulse durations, and higher dominant frequency compared with the lower rearing temperature (24°C). The higher juvenile temperature induced significantly shorter pulse durations, longer interval durations, and lower pulse duty cycles than the lower rearing temperature. Rearing photoperiod did not affect male song development. The changes induced by the temperature treatments paralleled those observed in the wild, suggesting that the seasonally different songs in Kentucky are primarily the result of seasonal temperatures. Possible evolutionary consequences of the temperature‐related phenotypic plasticity are discussed.
Forecasting the combined effects of anticipated climate change and agricultural conservation practices on fish recruitment dynamics in Lake Erie
Authors: Dippold David A. , Aloysius Noel R. , Keitzer Steven Conor , Yen Haw , Arnold Jeffrey G. , Daggupati Prasad , Fraker Michael E. , Martin Jay F. , Robertson Dale M. , Sowa Scott P. , Johnson Mari‐Vaughn V. , White Mike J. , Ludsin Stuart A.
Published: May 2020

Many aquatic ecosystems are experiencing multiple anthropogenic stressors that threaten their ability to support ecologically and economically important fish species. Two of the most ubiquitous stressors are climate change and non‐point source nutrient pollution.

Agricultural conservation practices (ACPs, i.e. farming practices that reduce runoff, prevent erosion, and curb excessive nutrient loading) offer a potential means to mitigate the negative effects of non‐point source pollution on fish populations. However, our understanding of how ACP implementation amidst a changing climate will affect fish production in large ecosystems that receive substantial upstream sediment and nutrient inputs remains incomplete.

Towards this end, we explored how anticipated climate change and the implementation of realistic ACPs might alter the recruitment dynamics of three fish populations (native walleye Sander vitreus and yellow perch Perca flavescens and invasive white perch Morone americana) in the highly productive, dynamic west basin of Lake Erie. We projected future (2020–2065) recruitment under different combinations of anticipated climate change (n = 2 levels) and ACP implementation (n = 4 levels) in the western Lake Erie catchment using predictive biological models driven by forecasted winter severity, spring warming rate, and Maumee River total phosphorus loads that were generated from linked climate, catchment‐hydrology, and agricultural‐practice‐simulation models.

In general, our models projected reduced walleye and yellow perch recruitment whereas invasive white perch recruitment was projected to remain stable or increase relative to the recent past. Our modelling also suggests the potential for trade‐offs, as ACP implementation was projected to reduce yellow perch recruitment with anticipated climate change.

Overall, our study presents a useful modelling framework to forecast fish recruitment in Lake Erie and elsewhere, as well as offering projections and new avenues of research that could help resource management agencies and policy‐makers develop adaptive and resilient management strategies in the face of anticipated climate and land‐management change.
Voiding time as a predictor for urinary tract function and health status
Authors: Matsumoto Seiji , Kasamo Sachiko , Horie Shigeo
Published: May 2020

Aim

In this study, we investigated self‐measured voiding time in the Japanese population.

Methods

A survey questionnaire was used to determine self‐measured voiding time in Japanese participants aged ≥20 years. In addition to demographic data such as age and sex, relevant medical conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal impairment and other disorders, were also recorded. Voiding time was measured whenever the participant had the urge to void.

Results

In total, 2493 healthy individuals (1347 men, mean ± SD, age 60.50 ± 12.16 years, and 1146 women, 51.16 ± 12.97 years) participated in the survey. Self‐measured voiding time was 27.71 ± 20.25 s for men, and 17.49 ± 11.87 s for women. Additionally, 1227 participants with certain diseases were included (1026 men, aged 67.12 ± 9.93 years, and 201 women, 60.26 ± 11.02 years). In this group, self‐measured voiding time was significantly longer at P < 0.01 (30.71 ± 20.98 s in men, 21.28 ± 15.56 s in women). In men whose international prostate symptom score (IPSS) was >7, voiding time was significantly longer (healthy men: IPSS ≤7 n = 868, 23.9 ± 14.88 s, IPSS ≥8 n = 479, 34.6 ± 26.05 s, P < 0.05, men with comorbidities: IPSS ≤7: n = 504, 25.64 ± 15.63 s, IPSS ≥8: n = 522, 35.6 ± 24.11 s, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This self‐reported internet survey revealed that self‐measured voiding time was longer in men than women regardless of age, and was significantly prolonged with age regardless of sex. Furthermore, self‐measured voiding time could be a good screening tool to predict urinary function and health status. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••–•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••–••.
Pilot feasibility study examining the effects of a comprehensive volume reduction protocol on hydration status and blood pressure in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Perez Luis M. , Burrows Brett T. , Chan Lauren E. , Fang Hsin‐Yu , Barnes Jennifer L. , Wilund Kenneth R.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Chronic volume overload is a persistent problem in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of comprehensive volume reduction protocol on HD patient's hydration status and blood pressure (BP).

Methods

Twenty‐three HD patients (age = 55.7 ± 13.3 years) completed a 6‐month comprehensive volume control protocol consisting of: reducing postdialysis weight; reducing BP medication prescriptions; and weekly intradialytic counseling to reduce dietary sodium intake and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). The primary outcome was volume overload (VO) measured by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Secondary outcomes included: IDWG, postdialysis weight, estimated dry weight (EDW), dietary sodium intake, BP and BP medication prescriptions.

Findings

From baseline (0M) to 6 months (6M), significant improvements were noted in: VO (0M 3.9 ± 3.9 L vs. 6M 2.6 ± 3.4 L, P = 0.003), postdialysis weight (0M 89.4 ± 23.1 kg vs. 6M 87.6 ± 22.2 kg; P = 0.012), and EDW (0M 89.0 ± 23.2 vs. 6M 86.7 ± 22.5 kg., P = 0.009). There was also a trend for a reduction in monthly averaged IDWG (P = 0.053), and sodium intake (0M 2.9 ± 1.6 vs. 6M 2.3 ± 1.1 g/d, P = 0.125). Neither systolic BP (0M 162 ± 27 vs. 6M 157 ± 23 mmHg, P = 0.405) nor diastolic BP (0M 82 ± 21 vs. 6M 82 ± 19 mmHg, P = 0.960) changed, though there was a significant reduction in the total number of BP medications prescribed (0M 3.0 ± 1.0 vs. 6M 1.5 ± 1.0 BP meds; P = 0.004).

Discussion

Our volume reduction protocol significantly improved HD patient's hydration status. While BP did not change, the reduction in prescribed BP medication number suggests improved BP control. Despite these overall positive findings, the magnitude of change in most variables was modest. Comprehensive changes in HD clinics may be necessary to realize more clinically significant results.
Dynamic prediction model to identify young children at high risk of future overweight: Development and internal validation in a cohort study
Authors: Welten Marieke , Wijga Alet H. , Hamoen Marleen , Gehring Ulrike , Koppelman Gerard H. , Twisk Jos W.R. , Raat Hein , Heymans Martijn W. , de Kroon Marlou L.A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Primary prevention of overweight is to be preferred above secondary prevention, which has shown moderate effectiveness.

Objective

To develop and internally validate a dynamic prediction model to identify young children in the general population, applicable at every age between birth and age 6, at high risk of future overweight (age 8).

Methods

Data were used from the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort, born in 1996 to 1997, in the Netherlands. Participants for whom data on the outcome overweight at age 8 and at least three body mass index SD scores (BMI SDS) at the age of ≥3 months and ≤6 years were available, were included (N = 2265). The outcome of the prediction model is overweight (yes/no) at age 8 (range 7.4‐10.5 years), defined according to the sex‐ and age‐specific BMI cut‐offs of the International Obesity Task Force.

Results

After backward selection in a Generalized Estimating Equations analysis, the prediction model included the baseline predictors maternal BMI, paternal BMI, paternal education, birthweight, sex, ethnicity and indoor smoke exposure; and the longitudinal predictors BMI SDS, and the linear and quadratic terms of the growth curve describing a child's BMI SDS development over time, as well as the longitudinal predictors' interactions with age. The area under the curve of the model after internal validation was 0.845 and Nagelkerke R2 was 0.351.

Conclusions

A dynamic prediction model for overweight was developed with a good predictive ability using easily obtainable predictor information. External validation is needed to confirm that the model has potential for use in practice.
Melting temperature measurement of refractory oxide ceramics as a function of oxygen fugacity using containerless methods
Authors: Agca Can , Neuefeind Jörg C. , McMurray Jake W. , Weber Richard , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: May 2020

An aerodynamic conical nozzle levitator (CNL) has been used to measure the melting temperatures of refractory ceramics. The well‐established method of cooling traces has been adapted to allow measurements for air‐sensitive samples using a controlled atmosphere, where the oxygen partial pressure can be adjusted and monitored in real time. In this study, we explain the details of a system that we developed for use at the Spallation Neutron Source (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). Measurements of the melting behavior of (Fe,Cr,Al)3O4 spinels were made between log (PO2 (atm)) of −0.7 and −5. The melting temperature of hercynite is found to be oxygen potential dependent, ranging between 1692 and 1767°C at log (PO2) values from −4.42 to −0.70.
Data integration using the building technique in mixed‐methods instrument development: Methodological discussion
Authors: Younas Ahtisham , Rasheed Subia Parveen , Zeb Hussan , Inayat Shahzad
Published: May 2020

Aims

To discuss and illustrate how meaningful integration can be achieved in instrument development design.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data Sources

A mixed‐methods study about challenges of nurse educators in Pakistan. The building technique was implemented when the findings of the qualitative phase were integrated to develop an instrument to determine educators’ challenges while teaching nursing students in academic and clinical settings.

Implications for Nursing

Nurses are required to use cultural‐ and population‐specific instruments for data collection. The six‐step building approach can enable nurses to develop such instruments using rigorous and robust mixed‐methods design.

Conclusion

Building and merging techniques are used in instrument development design during and after the completion of the study, respectively. However, building technique is essential for using the qualitative findings to develop the instrument. The proposed building approach starts with a robust qualitative data analysis and is strengthened with the selection of key themes and subthemes, linking them to the participants' quotes and then the conversion of the quotes into meaningful and pertinent items. Using the proposed building integration technique can enable researchers to meaningfully and efficiently use qualitative findings for developing instruments using mixed‐methods designs.

Impact

Mixed methods are valuable for the development of data collection instruments that are tailored to the study context and relevant for the study participants. There is limited guidance about how meaningful integration can be achieved when developing research instruments using mixed methods. We proposed a practical building technique that allows researchers to meaningfully use qualitative findings from one phase to develop an instrument for the subsequent phase. The proposed approach is useful for researchers aiming to develop data collection instruments using mixed methods.
Towards an Evidence‐Based and Integrated Policy Cycle in the EU: A Review of the Debate on the Better Regulation Agenda
Authors: Listorti Giulia , Basyte‐Ferrari Egle , Acs Szvetlana , Smits Paul
Published: May 2020

Our aim is to provide an overview of the debate on the Better Regulation (BR) Agenda presented in 2015 by the European Commission. In addition to academic literature, we also consider studies and reports from Think Tanks, international organizations, and EU internal scrutinizing bodies. After presenting the main aspects of the debate on some overarching elements of the BR Agenda, we focus in particular on two highlights: evidence‐based policymaking and the integrated policy cycle. We structure the discussion around main achievements, remaining critical aspects and suggestions about what could be further improved. Findings show that although the Commission remains a front‐runner when it comes to Better Regulation, more efforts are needed to go the last mile when it comes to evidence‐based policymaking and closing the policy cycle. We find that the great majority of arrticles welcome the ambition of the BR Agenda reform. At the same time, they also make clear that to effectively improve regulation, further methodological guidance and concrete efforts in implementation are needed. Another interesting finding is that the debate on the BR Agenda is extremely varied, covering normative as well as very technical aspects. It appears, though, to be confined within certain academic fields (namely political science, public administration, and law), while other fields that can be, in practice, also deeply linked to BR related activities are less represented.
Unique longitudinal relationships between symptoms of psychopathology in youth: A cross‐lagged panel network analysis in the ABCD study
Authors: Funkhouser Carter J. , Chacko Anjali A. , Correa Kelly A. , Kaiser Ariela J. E. , Shankman Stewart A.
Published: May 2020

Background

The network theory suggests that psychopathology may reflect causal relationships between individual symptoms. Several studies have examined cross‐sectional relationships between individual symptoms in youth. However, these studies cannot address the directionality of the temporal relationships hypothesized by the network theory. Therefore, we estimated the longitudinal relationships between individual internalizing, externalizing, and attention symptoms in youth.

Methods

Data from 4,093 youth participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were used. Symptoms were assessed using the Brief Problem Monitor, which was administered at three time points spaced six months apart. Unique longitudinal relationships between symptoms at T1 and T2 were estimated using cross‐lagged panel network modeling. Network replicability was assessed by comparing this network to an identically estimated replication network of symptoms at T2 predicting symptoms at T3.

Results

After controlling for all other symptoms and demographic covariates, depressed mood, inattention, and worry at T1 were most predictive of other symptoms at T2. In contrast, threats of violence and destructiveness at T2 were most prospectively predicted by other symptoms at T1. The reciprocal associations between depressed mood and worthlessness were among the strongest bivariate relationships in the network. Comparisons between the original network and the replication network (correlation between edge lists = .61; individual edge replicability = 64%–84%) suggested moderate replicability.

Conclusions

Although causal inferences are precluded by the observational design and methodological considerations, these findings demonstrate the directionality of relationships between individual symptoms in youth and highlight depressed mood, inattention, and worry as potential influencers of other symptoms.
Growth and derived life‐history characteristics of the Brazilian electric ray Narcine brasiliensis
Authors: Rolim Fernanda A. , Siders Zachary A. , Caltabellotta Fabio P. , Rotundo Matheus M. , Vaske‐Júnior Teodoro
Published: May 2020

The majority of batoids are listed as Threatened (20.4%) or Data Deficient (41%) by the IUCN Red List. A key challenge to assessing Data‐Deficient species is obtaining estimates of key life‐history characteristics. Here, a Bayesian approach was used to estimate derived life‐history characteristics from a growth model applied to the Data‐Deficient Brazilian electric ray Narcine brasiliensis. The age of 170 specimens (107 females, 63 males) was estimated from vertebral centra, and total length, disc width, total weight and birth size were used in a joint estimation of sex‐specific length‐weight models and two‐dimensional von Bertalanffy growth models. Estimates of age at length zero, age at maturity, longevity and mortality at age were derived simultaneously. The Bayesian joint modelling approach was robust to small sample sizes by adding a likelihood to constrain L0 and sharing parameters, such as Brody growth coefficient between length measurements. The median growth parameter estimates were a shared L0 = 38.8 mm, female L∞ = 515 mm, 𝑘 = 0.125 and male L∞ = 387 mm, 𝑘 = 0.194. Age at maturity was estimated to be 7.40–7.49 years for females and 4.45–4.47 years for males, whereas longevity was 22.5–22.6 years for females and 14.2 years for males depending on length measurement. Age‐1 natural mortality was estimated to be 0.199–0.207 for females and 0.211–0.213 for males. The derived life‐history characteristics indicate N. brasiliensis is earlier maturing, but slower growing relative to other Torpediniformes. These characteristics along with the species’ endemism to southern Brazil and high by‐catch rates indicate that one of the IUCN Red List threatened categories may be more appropriate for the currently Data‐Deficient status. The Bayesian approach used for N. brasiliensis can prove useful for utilizing limited age‐growth data in other Data‐Deficient batoid species to inform necessary life characteristics for conservation and management.
Impacts of hybrid (convective‐infrared‐rotary drum) drying on the quality attributes of green pea
Authors: Kaveh Mohammad , Abbaspour‐Gilandeh Yousef
Published: May 2020

A hybrid convective‐infrared‐rotary drum (CIRD) dryer was designed and fabricated to examine the drying behavior of the green pea under different experimental conditions. In this study, the effect of temperature was evaluated at three levels (40, 55, and 70°C); while the infrared (IR) power and drum rotation speed were also varied in three levels: 250, 500, and 750 W and 5, 10, and 15 rpm, respectively. The effect of these three variables was assessed on the drying, durability extension and quality of the green peas. Drying of green pea with CIRD method by the following conditions: air temperature, IR power and drum rotation speed enhanced the drying rate, the variations in the effective moisture diffusion coefficient, rehydration ratio, total phenol content, and antioxidant capacity. In addition, increasing temperature, IR power, and rotary speed reduce the color changes and specific energy consumption. The highest effective moisture diffusion coefficient, rehydration ratio, total phenol content, and antioxidant capacity were 1.58 × 10−11 m2/s, 2.19 ± 0.13, 12.99 ± 0.35 mg GAE/g dry sample, and 75.73 ± 0.82%, respectively. Moreover, the lowest specific energy consumption, color variation, and pH were 107.49 ± 0.88 MJ/kg, 44.40 ± 0.51, and 4.98 ± 0.11, respectively. The highest qualitative and nutritional preservation belonged to the highest air temperature, maximum IR power, and highest drum speed.

Practical applications

Today, drying is not only a way to store foodstuffs, but it is also known as a way to increase the value added to food products. Extracting water from a product under controlled conditions reduces the moisture of foods to a certain level and prevents microbial growth that causes foods to spoil. One of the main goals of modern food technology is to maximize nutrient protection during the process and storage. In addition, antioxidant compounds reduce the risk of developing a variety of cancers and cardiovascular disease by eliminating free radicals and active oxygen.
Effect of preoperative in‐bed exercises and mobilization training on postoperative anxiety and mobilization level
Authors: Iskender Mahinur Durmus , Bektas Ozgur , Eren Handan
Published: May 2020

Aim

This study examines the effect of preoperative training on postoperative mobility and anxiety levels in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled study. The sample of this study consisted of 60 (30 experimental group, 30 control group) total knee arthroplasty patients who were admitted to a public hospital's orthopedic department between January 2019 and May 2019. To collect data, a demographic information form, patient mobility scale, observer mobility scale, and state–trait anxiety inventory were used. The patients in the intervention group practiced bed exercise and mobilization training before total knee arthroplasty surgery. The control group had no intervention.

Results

It was determined that the patient mobility scale (2.0 ± 0.83) and observer mobility scale scores (6.93 ± 1.61) of the patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than the patients in the control group (respectively: 4.16 ± 1.31, 11.0 ± 1.74; p < .05). In the postoperative period, the mean scores of the state (38.86 ± 6.11) and trait anxiety scores (38.26 ± 3.85) of the patients in the experimental group were found to be significantly lower than the patients in the control group (respectively: 59.03 ± 9.10, 43.80 ± 4.38; p < .05).

Conclusion

Preoperative training reduced the postoperative anxiety and increased the level of patient mobility after total knee arthroplasty in this study.
Plasmons in MoS2 studied via experimental and theoretical correlation of energy loss spectra
Authors: MOYNIHAN EOIN , ROST STEFAN , O'CONNELL EOGHAN , RAMASSE QUENTIN , FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH , BANGERT URSEL
Published: May 2020

This paper takes a fundamental view of the electron energy loss spectra of monolayer and few layer MoS2. The dielectric function of monolayer MoS2 is compared to the experimental spectra to give clear criteria for the nature of different signals. Kramers–Krönig analysis allows a direct extraction of the dielectric function from the experimental data. However this analysis is sensitive to slight changes in the normalisation step of the data pretreatment. Density functional theory provides simulations of the dielectric function for comparison and validation of experimental findings. Simulated and experimental spectra are compared to isolate the π and π + σ surface plasmon modes in monolayer MoS2. Single‐particle excitations obscure the plasmons in the monolayer spectrum and momentum resolved measurements give indication of indirect interband transitions that are excited due to the large convergence and collection angles used in the experiment.

Lay Description

Two‐dimensional materials offer a path forward for smaller and more efficient devices. Their optical and electronic properties give way to beat the limits set in place by Moore's Law. Plasmon are the collective oscillations of electrons and can confine light to dimensions much smaller than its wavelength. In this work we explore the plasmonic properties of MoS2, a representational candidate from a family of 2D materials known as transition metal dichalcogenides.

High resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy provide insights in the plasmonic properties of MoS2 down to an atomic scale. Experimental results show the relationship between plasmons and interband transitions in the electron energy loss spectrum. Density functional theory provides a theoretical support for the experimental findings and provides commentary on the fundamental underlying physics.
The socially parasitic ant Polyergus mexicanus has host‐associated genetic population structure and related neighbouring colonies
Authors: Sapp Joseph R. , Yost Jenn , Lyon Bruce E.
Published: May 2020

The genetic structure of populations can be both a cause and a consequence of ecological interactions. For parasites, genetic structure may be a consequence of preferences for host species or of mating behaviour. Conversely, genetic structure can influence where conspecific interactions among parasites lay on a spectrum from cooperation to conflict. We used microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure of a population of the socially parasitic dulotic (aka “slave‐making”) ant (Polyergus mexicanus), which is known for its host‐specificity and conspecific aggression. First, we assessed whether the pattern of host species use by the parasite has influenced parasite population structure. We found that host species use was correlated with subpopulation structure, but this correlation was imperfect: some subpopulations used one host species nearly exclusively, while others used several. Second, we examined the viscosity of the parasite population by measuring the relatedness of pairs of neighbouring parasitic ant colonies at varying distances from each other. Although natural history observations of local dispersal by queens suggested the potential for viscosity, there was no strong correlation between relatedness and distance between colonies. However, 35% of colonies had a closely related neighbouring colony, indicating that kinship could potentially affect the nature of some interactions between colonies of this social parasite. Our findings confirm that ecological forces like host species selection can shape the genetic structure of parasite populations, and that such genetic structure has the potential to influence parasite‐parasite interactions in social parasites via inclusive fitness.
Interactive effects of elevated CO2, warming, reduced rainfall, and nitrogen on leaf gas exchange in five perennial grassland species
Authors: Pastore Melissa A. , Lee Tali D. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Reich Peter B.
Published: May 2020

Global changes can interact to affect photosynthesis and thus ecosystem carbon capture, yet few multi‐factor field studies exist to examine such interactions. Here, we evaluate leaf gas exchange responses of five perennial grassland species from four functional groups to individual and interactive global changes in an open‐air experiment in Minnesota, USA, including elevated CO2 (eCO2), warming, reduced rainfall and increased soil nitrogen supply. All four factors influenced leaf net photosynthesis and/or stomatal conductance, but almost all effects were context‐dependent, i.e. they differed among species, varied with levels of other treatments and/or depended on environmental conditions. Firstly, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 depended on species and nitrogen, became more positive as vapour pressure deficit increased and, for a C4 grass and a legume, was more positive under reduced rainfall. Secondly, reduced rainfall increased photosynthesis in three functionally distinct species, potentially via acclimation to low soil moisture. Thirdly, warming had positive, neutral or negative effects on photosynthesis depending on species and rainfall. Overall, our results show that interactions among global changes and environmental conditions may complicate predictions based on simple theoretical expectations of main effects, and that the factors and interactions influencing photosynthesis vary among herbaceous species.
Nurses’ required end‐of‐life care competence in health centres inpatient ward – a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Haavisto Elina , Soikkeli‐Jalonen Anu , Tonteri Mia , Hupli Maija
Published: May 2020

Background

Studies of nurses’ required competence in EOL care in health centres are rare. It is important to produce information about experienced nurses’ perceptions of the competence they consider important in their practical work.

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ required competence in EOL care in health centre inpatient wards as experienced by nurses.

Method

A descriptive qualitative study using four semi‐structured group interviews (20 nurses) and inductive descriptive content analysis.

Results

Five categories describing nurses’ required competence in EOL care in a health centre inpatient ward were identified: (1) ethics and courage in action, (2) support for the patient, (3) support for the family, (4) care planning and (5) physical care. Factors promoting nurses’ competence in EOL care comprised two categories: (1) professional development in EOL care and (2) an organisation that supports EOL care.

Conclusions

End‐of‐life care in health centre inpatient wards requires wide and complex competence from nurses. Nurses’ experiences of required competence are associated with holistic care of the patient, encountering the family and multiprofessional cooperation. Nurses’ competence in EOL care could be enhanced with postgraduate education, and educational planning should be given more attention in the future.
Implementation of individual placement and support in a first‐episode psychosis unit: A new way of working
Authors: Hillborg Helene , Bergmark Magnus , Bejerholm Ulrika
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study is to explore the IPS implementation process in a first‐episode psychosis (FEP) mental health service team in Sweden. More specifically, the study explores how integration processes and critical situations are perceived over time by team members who originated from two diverse welfare organizations. A serial interview design was used (initially, at 6 and 12 months) to describe experiences of 16 team members. Material was analyzed using a constant comparison grounded theory approach. Team members dealt with the ambivalence of sharing mental health information, and whether the new way of working was a risk or benefit for users. They gradually learned new perspectives and knowledge, built trust and shared common views. After a year, the team workload perceived reduced and became person‐centred. Some members described remaining unclear roles and requested further support. Negotiated goals for integration and early knowledge transfer are critical. Organizational change and trusting team relationships have to be facilitated. Anticipated gains of integration should be clearly described and discussed early on, and continuous support for sustainability should be considered. This study confirmed the importance and potential of integrating IPS into FEP teams.