bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles in the absorption, distribution and elimination of pharmaceuticals
Authors: Gumbleton Mark , Forbes Benjamin J.
Published: November 2006

The processes by which the body handles drugs and which determine the temporal profile of drug concentrations in the body can be conveniently categorized into: absorption—process of drug transport from the site of release of drug from the delivery system into the systemic blood circulation; distribution—process of reversible transport of drug molecules from the site of absorption to those tissues of the body into which the drug is able to distribute; and elimination—process of irreversible removal of drug molecules from the body. Elimination of drug from the body will occur by metabolism—chemical modification of drug, and/or excretion—physical removal of drug from the body, e.g. renal or biliary excretion. This article first discusses the composition and structure of mammalian cell membranes, as this is fundamental to understanding the relationship between a drug's physicochemical properties and its membrane transport, and as a corollary, the understanding of the processes of drug absorption, distribution and elimination. Mechanisms involved in the absorption, distribution and elimination of pharmaceuticals are then discussed through integration of mammalian physiology, biochemistry and drug physicochemical properties. Further, the effect of changes in the above processes upon drug concentration‐time profiles in the body is considered.
Examination of stability of resistance and cross‐resistance patterns to acylurea insect growth regulators in field populations of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella, from Malaysia
Authors: Furlong Michael J. , Wright Denis J.
Published: November 2006

In teflubenzuron and teflubenzuron/chlorfluazuron laboratory‐selected sub‐populations of a Cameron Highlands (1988) strain ofPlutella xylostellaL., resistance to teflubenzuron reached much greater levels than chlorfluazuron but declined at a correspondingly greater rate to give similar resistance levels after 10–13 generations. There was little evidence of cross‐resistance to flufenoxuron and none to hexaflumuron in these populations. Reselection of a Cameron Highlands population with teflubenzuron after 22 generations resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) increase in resistance after three generations. In two more recently collected strains from lowland Malaysia, Sawi (1991) and Serdang (1992) high levels of resistance to teflubenzuron were found, but only the former showed any apparent resistance to chlorfluazuron. There was also evidence of resistance to diflubenzuron in the Sawi strain (Serdang not examined). Resistance to teflubenzuron appeared to be unstable in unselected sub‐populations of both lowland strains. Selection of the Sawi strain with teflubenzuron did not effect cross‐resistance to chlorfluazuron, while attempted selection with chlorfluazuron had no effect on resistance to either compound. Selection of the Sawi strain with diflubenzuron increased resistance to teflubenzuron but had no effect on resistance to chlorfluazuron. In contrast to the Sawi strain, selection of the Serdang strain with teflubenzuron resulted in cross‐resistance to chlorfluazuron. Synergist experiments with piperonyl butoxide (PB) andS,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) suggested that resistance to teflubenzuron in the lowland strains may involve both microsomal monooxygenases and esterases. The ovicidal activity of teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron was consistently less than their activity against second‐instar larvae, hexaflumuron, followed by teflubenzuron, showing the greatest relative ovicidal activity. Hexaflumuron was markedly more active than teflubenzuron against eggs from acylurea‐selected Cameron Highlands populations and there was some evidence that resistance to teflubenzuron may be expressed at a lower level in eggs than in larvae in one such strain.
A biochemical mechanism of resistance to pirimicarb in two glasshouse clones of Aphis gossypii
Authors: Silver Andrew R. J. , Van Emden Helmut F. , Battersby Martin
Published: November 2006

The susceptibility of three clones of Aphis gossypii Glover to 15 insecticides was established by bioassay. A high level of resistance towards pirimicarb was confirmed for a clone from Holland (Dutch R) and a clone from Japan (Jap R), while the susceptible clone (S) was killed by very low doses of the insecticide. However, only limited cross‐resistance was shown towards other carbamates and organophosphates, and no marked resistance to the pyrethroids tested. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of both resistant clones hydrolysed acetyl‐choline faster than that of susceptible aphids, with greatest enzyme activity shown by the Dutch R clone. Inter‐clone differences in these rates were consistent with differences in catalytic centre activities. Inhibition (I50) of AChE by pirimicarb was approximately 900‐fold higher for the resistant clones than for the S clone. First‐order kinetics revealed that resistance to pirimicarb in Dutch R and Jap R involved a modified AChE which had a reduced (approximately 350‐fold) affinity (Kd) for pirimicarb. The marked change in AChE affinity for pirimicarb was not repeated with the other carbamates tested, ethiofencarb and aldicarb. It was considered that the resistant aphids would not require mechanisms in addition to insensitive AChE in order to show the high level of resistance to pirimicarb shown in the bioassay.
Fungicide sensitivity of populations of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. Tritici) in Central Europe in 1993
Authors: Švec Miroslav , Miklovičová Marta , Sýkora Milan , Krippel Eduard
Published: November 2006

In 1993 we observed the sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia to the fungicides triadimenol, tebuconazole, propiconazole, flutriafol and fenpropimorph. The highest resistance value was shown to triadimenol, which attained a mean resistance factor (MRF) of 29 (expressing how many times the population is more resistant than are standard sensitive isolates) in the mildew population from the Czech Republic. The mildew populations from eastern Slovakia and eastern Hungary, populations geographically isolated from the other populations, showed very high sensitivity to all fungicides tested. There was most sensitivity to fenpropimorph (smallest MRF values) compared with the other fungicides. Cross‐resistance was established among all triazoles used, but not between triazoles and fenpropimorph. Sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations from Central Europe to these fungicides is considered adequate, and the development of resistance has shown a decreasing tendency in recent years.
Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany and future strategies to control Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Pelz Hans‐Joachim , Hänisch Detlef , Lauenstein Gerhard
Published: November 2006

Widespread anticoagulant resistance was discovered in populations of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) in an area of roughly 8000 km2 in north‐west Germany. Resistance testing was performed by feeding tests and/or by measuring blood clotting response after intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal testing solution. A hierarchical resistance system was found with warfarin resistance at the base followed by bromadiolone/coumatetralyl resistance to difenacoum resistance at the top. Warfarin resistance was spread over the whole area with reduced incidence towards the edges. Difenacoum resistance represented the highest level found so far and was restricted to the inner zone of the resistance area where it occurred with a frequency of 6% of all individuals tested.

Breeding experiments with bromadiolone‐resistant rats showed that expression of the bromadiolone resistance gene differed in the two sexes, suggesting additional sex‐linked modifying effects to the resistance gene. Control strategy within the resistance area with respect to prevention of further selection for resistance is discussed.
Influence of different field sites on pesticide movement into subsurface drains
Authors: Traub‐Eberhard Ute , Henschel Klaus‐Peter , Kördel Werner , Klein Werner
Published: November 2006

Pesticide movement to subsurface drains was monitored in two typical crop production areas in Germany. Field trials were conducted on two subsurfacedrained soils, a silt loam and a poorly structured sandy soil, under different climatic conditions. Over a period of one year, the drainflow was measured and the drain water was analysed for all applied herbicides.

Different leaching behaviour was observed at the two field sites. Following autumn application of pendimethalin and isoproturon to the Soester Börde soil, maximum concentrations of about 62 μg litre−1 for isoproturon and 0.7 μg litre−1 for pendimethalin were observed in drainflow from this silt loam. The early occurrence of both herbicides in the drain water only two days after application is consistent with fast flow through macropores. In contrast, on the subsurfacedrained sandy soil in Brandenburg, isoproturon did not reach the drains until two months after autumn application and was found at maximum concentrations of only 1.4 μg litre−1; pendimethalin was not detected in the drain water.

Pesticide movement after spring application seemed to be of minor importance. At both locations, spring application led to low concentrations of pesticides in the drainflow (pendimethalin < 0.01 μ litre−1; metolachlor ⩽ 0.05 μ litre−1; chloridazon ⩽ 0.15 μ litre−1; metamitron ⩽ 0.02 μg litre−1; terbuthylazine ⩽ 1.4 μ litre−1).
Using allele‐specific oligonucleotide probes to characterize benzimidazole resistance in Rhynchosporium secalis
Authors: Wheeler Ian E. , Kendall Sheila J. , Butters Jenny , Hollomon Derek W. , Hall Len
Published: November 2006

Benzimidazole fungicides are important mixture components in strategies to combat fungicide resistance in Rhynchosporium secalis Davis. To monitor the performance of these strategies, a rapid, accurate assay has been developed to detect point mutations in the β‐tubulin gene which confers resistance of benzimidazoles. The β‐tubulin gene of a benzimidazole‐resistant strain of R. secalis has been cloned and sequenced. Except for the difference in the position of one of its six introns, this gene showed a strong homology with other β‐tubulin genes from filamentous fungi. Resistance was related to a point mutation in codon 198 which caused a glutamic acid to glycine change in resistant field strains, but glutamic acid to lysine in a laboratory mutant. A DNA fragment surrounding codon 198 was amplified directly from diseased lesions using a ‘nested’ set of PCR primers. Combining PCR amplificiation of a target DNA sequence with hybridization of Allele‐Specific Oligonucleotide probes (ASOs, 15‐mers) allowed accurate detection of benzimidazole resistance. Only two probes, one sensitive and one resistant, were sufficient to monitor current field populations. Detection was achieved using either 32P‐labelled probe, or non‐radioactively using a biotin‐labelled probe coupled to streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase. This rapid method using ASOS can detect benzimidazole resistance within 48 h compared with 6–8 weeks by conventional assay procedures.
Changes in free amino acid pools can predict the mode of action of herbicides
Authors: Singh Bijay K. , Shaner Dale L.
Published: November 2006

Studies were conducted to determine the short‐term changes in free amino acid levels in the meristematic zone of maize after treatment with various herbicides with different modes of action. These herbicides included inhibitors of various amino acid biosynthetic pathways, photosynthesis, and fatty acids biosynthesis. Inhibitors of various amino acid biosynthetic pathways caused specific reduction in the pools of amino acids being produced by the particular pathway. Inhibitors of other metabolic pathways also caused significant changes in pools of various amino acids. Very similar changes in the pools of amino acids were seen in plants treated with different chemical classes of inhibitors affecting a certain metabolic pathway. However, the changes were quite different between inhibitors of different metabolic processes. The data generated from these studies could be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the mode of action of novel herbicides.
Cytochrome P450 in the house fly: Structure, catalytic activity and regulation of expression of CYP6 A1 in an insecticide‐resistant strain
Authors: Feyereisen René , Andersen John F. , Cariño Flerida A. , Cohen Michael B. , Koener Josette F.
Published: November 2006

The house fly P450 CYP6Al was cloned and sequenced. This gene was mapped to chromosome V of the house fly. Upstream of the transcription start site are sequences (barbie boxes) that may be related to the inducibility of the gene by phenobarbital. The coding sequence of CYP6Al is interrupted at the Glu364 codon by a single intron of 60 bp, as in five related CYP6 genes that are present on the same chromosome. The catalytic activity of CYP6Al was analyzed in a reconstituted system of house fly P450 reductase and CYP6Al. The cDNAs for these two components of the microsomal P450 system were expressed in Escherichia coli. CYP6Al epoxidized the cyclodiene insecticides heptachlor and aldrin at a high rate. The CYP6Al gene was shown to be constitutively overexpressed in several insecticide‐resistant strains, including the multi‐resistant Rutgers strain. This high constitutive expression is not caused by an amplification of the CYP6Al gene. Overexpression of the CYP6Al gene is controlled by an incompletely dominant locus on chromosome II, both in larvae and in adults. This shows that overexpression is the result of a mutation affecting a trans‐acting factor that regulates CYP6Al expression on chromosome V. Metabolic resistance to insecticides (organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, juvenile hormone analogs etc.) has been mapped repeatedly to chromosome II in the house fly by genetic methods, and these results support the hypothesis of Plapp that a major resistance gene on chromosome II is a regulatory gene.
Photodegradation of the carbamate insecticide ethiofencarb
Authors: Kopf Gudrun , Schwack Wolfgang
Published: November 2006

In order to study the photoreactivity and possible photodegradation pathways of ethiofencarb (2‐ethylthiomethylphenyl methylcarbamate) on plant surfaces, model experiments in the presence of cyclohexane, cyclohexene methylcarbamate)onand iso‐propanol were performed. Both artificial light (λ > 280 nm) and natural sunlight were used. Half‐lives of the ethiofencarb photodegradation were in the order cyclohexane < isopropanol < cyclohexene and ranged from 75 min to more than 20 h. Depending on the solvent and the light source chosen, different photo‐products were obtained. When ethiofencarb was irradiated in the presence of cyclohexane, photo‐oxidation to the corresponding sulfoxide was the main degradation pathway, followed by a cyclization reaction. In the case of isopropanol as model solvent, numerous photoproducts were detected as a result of photo‐oxidation, hydrolysis and the addition to ethiofencarb of the solvent molecule.
Quantitative structure—activity studies of some octopaminergic agonists against Periplaneta americana
Authors: Hirashima Akinori , Taniguchi Eiji , Eto Morifusa
Published: November 2006

The quantitative relationship between the structure of 2‐(arylimino) thiazolidines (AITs), arylethanolamines (AEAs) and 2‐(arylalkylamino)‐2‐thi‐azolines (AATs) and their octopamine (OA)‐agonist activities against the ventral nerve cord of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L., was analysed using reported physicochemical parameters and regression analysis. The electronic nature of a substituent was the most important factor for AAT, followed by the hydrophobic effects: the more electron‐donating and the more hydrophobic the substituent, the greater the activity. The hydrophobic nature of a substituent in AEA was the most important factor, followed by the steric effects: the more hydrophobic the substituent, the greater the activity. The more electron‐donating the substituent of AIT, the greater the activity.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of substituted tetrahydronaphthalenes: I
Authors: Parlow John J. , Mahoney Martin D.
Published: November 2006

This paper reports the synthesis and the biological activity of substituted 6‐alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,1‐dimethylnaphthalenes in which the substituents at the 5‐ and/or 7‐position are varied with a multitide of functional groups. These compounds exhibited pre‐emergent herbicidal activity which was a function of the electron‐withdrawing ability and the size of the groups substituted at the 5‐ and/or 7‐position. Nitro and/or nitrile groups at these positions tended to optimize activity.
Evaluation of a broad variety of coumarins, chromones, their furohomologues and thione analogues as phototoxins activated by UVA and visible light
Authors: Borges Marta L. , Matos Olivia C. , Pais Isabel , De Melo J. Seixas , Ricardo Cǎndido P. , MacAnita António , Becker Ralph S.
Published: November 2006

The potential of a new kind of light‐induced pesticide action was evaluated for a broad variety (32) of natural photosensitizers and their thione derivatives. The latter were synthesized to shift the absorption spectra towards the visible region and to increase the triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields.

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of growth inhibition of Fusarium culmorum (F. G. Smith) Sacc. produced by these photosensitizers under UVA and visible light was performed on silica gel plates and in liquid medium. The results show that the phototoxicity per excited molecule of the thione derivatives using UVA light was similar to that of their parent natural compounds. On the other hand, only the thione derivatives were photoactive under visible light irradiation.

These compounds show encouraging levels of phototoxicity against F. culmorum, both in liquid culture and on silica plates, and may have potential for use as photoactive pesticides.
Effect of fenpiclonil on phosphorylation of glucose in Fusarium sulphureum
Authors: Jespers Ad B. K. , De Waard Maarten A.
Published: November 2006

The phenylpyrrole fungicide fenpiclonil inhibited the metabolism of glucose in mycelium of Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht at a concentration which only slightly inhibited mycelial growth (EC15). At the same concentration, fenpiclonil also inhibited accumulation and, to a greater extent, phosphorylation of 2‐deoxy[U‐14C]glucose in starved mycelium loaded with unlabelled 2‐deoxyglucose. Fenpiclonil did not affect cell‐free phosphorylation of 2‐deoxyglucose or the ATP content of mycelium. Therefore, the primary mode of action of the fungicide may be based on inhibition of transport‐associated phosphorylation of glucose. This may cause a cascade of metabolic events which eventually lead to fungal growth inhibition and death. One major event affected by inhibition of transport‐associated phosphorylation is the accumulation of polyols, such as glycerol and mannitol, in mycelium. This was not observed in an osmotically sensitive, fenpiclonil‐resistant laboratory isolate of the fungus.
Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of triazole fungicides against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Stehmann Christiane , De Waard Maarten A.
Published: November 2006

The inhibitory activity of commercial and experimental triazole fungicides on the target enzyme, sterol 14α‐demethylase (P45014DM), was studied in a cell‐free sterol synthesis assay of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. In order to assess structure‐activity relationships, the inhibitory activities of the compounds on radial growth of the fungus were tested as well. The EC50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting radial growth of B. cinerea on PDA by 50%) of all triazoles tested ranged between 10−8 and 10−5 m. IC50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting incorporation of [2‐14C]mevalonate into C4‐desmethyl sterols by 50%) generally ranged between 10−9 and 10−7 M and correlated with inhibition of radial mycelial growth. However, differences in IC50 values did not reflect quantitatively the observed differences in EC50 values, since the ratio between EC50 and IC50 increased with decreasing fungitoxicity. For a limited number of compounds the correlation between intrinsic inhibitory activity and fungitoxicity was low. Both in‐vitro tests were used to investigate structure‐activity relationships for stereoisomers of cyproconazole, SSF‐109 and tebucona‐zole. Fungitoxicity and the potency to inhibit cell‐free C4‐desmethyl sterol synthesis correlated for all stereoisomers tested. Mixtures of isomers of tebucona‐zole or cyproconazole were slightly less active than the most potent isomer. The high activity of several commercial triazoles in both experiments implies that poor field performance of triazole fungicides against B. cinerea is due neither to insensitivity of the P45014DM nor to low in‐vitro sensitivity of the fungus.
Fungicidal activity of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)amino acids and their derivatives
Authors: Smith Paul H. , Chamberlain Keith , Sugars Jane M. , Bromilow Richard H.
Published: November 2006

More than 20 N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)amino acids and derivatives were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity against grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (de Bary) Berl. & de Toni, and rape downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Fr. Two of the compounds containing a free carboxylic acid group, a moiety which has been shown to confer phloem mobility on compounds, showed high activity, especially against P. parasitica, in protectant tests. These results indicate that there is no incompatibility between the acid function and fungicidal activity. A number of the esters showed activity comparable with that of cymoxanil in the protectant tests, and the tert‐butyl esters of the methionine derivative and its sulfone were more than ten times as active as the commercial compound.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXVIII—optimisation of insecticidal activity in 3‐[(alkoxyimino)methyl]‐4‐fluorobenzyl esters
Authors: Beddie David G. , Farnham Andrew W. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

Optimisation of activity in 3‐[(alkoxyimino)methylbenzyl] esters has been investigated by introducing an α‐cyano group and a fluorine atom in position 4 of the benzylic moiety in conjunction with varying the length and nature of the side chain. Of the five side‐chain variations investigated, the 3‐methoxyiminomethyl was more effective than others. Introduction of fluorine in position 4 of the benzylic moiety generally increased activity, particularly against mustard beetles, as in previous instances. Surprisingly, the effect on insecticidal activity of introducing an α‐CN group ranged from positive to negative depending upon the nature of the alkoxyimino substituent, an effect not observed previously. The most effective esters were derived from α‐cyano‐4‐fluoro‐3‐[(methoxyimino)methyl]benzyl alcohol, which was synthesised from 2‐{4‐fluoro‐3‐[(hydroxyimino)methyl]phenyl}‐1,3‐dioxolane.
The toxicity of cyromazine to Chironomus zealandicus (chironomidae) and Deleatidium sp. (leptophlebiidae)
Authors: Robinson Peter W. , Scott Robert R.
Published: November 2006

The toxicity of cyromazine and a commercial formulation, ‘Vetrazin’®, to Chironomus zealandicus (thummi) Hudson and Deleatidium sp. was investigated. Under acute test conditions, the LC50 values for each species were quite comparable. For C. zealandicus, the value varied according to instar, 100–400 mg litre−1 for second‐ and third‐instar to 1000–10000 mg litre−1 for older fourth‐instars. For the one size class of Deleatidium tested (c.10 mm long), the value was 300–400 mg litre−1. High control mortalities of C. zealandicus limit that species' usefulness as an acute bioassay candidate. Under chronic test conditions, cyromazine showed a high toxicity to eggs or early‐instar larvae of C. zealandicus. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for cyromazine against C. zealandicus was approximately 17.5 μg litre−1. The possibility of water contamination at this level is discussed. Whole‐of‐life chronic tests with C. zealandicus indicated that the most susceptible stage was in the egg or soon after larval emergence. These results highlight the dangers of using short‐term acute toxicity results to formulate environmental exposure limits for modern pesticides that do not have dysfunction of the nervous system as their mode of action.
Determination of methyl bromide residues in stored foods using automated headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Norman Kevin N. T. , Scudamore Keith A. , Matthews Wendy A. , Wilson Michael F.
Published: November 2006

An automated gas chromatographic headspace method capable of detecting methyl bromide (MB) down to 0.01 mg kg−1 has been developed and evaluated. The method is suitable for analysing cereals, nuts, seeds and dried fruit. Commodities are extracted with solvent and MB present is derivatised to methyl iodide (MI) which is determined by automated headspace gas chromatography. Results from the method described are compared with those using an established solvent extraction method and show good quantitative agreement. The analytical conditions recommended are likely to be suitable for examination of other commodities for MB residues.
N‐(pyrid‐3‐yl)thioureas and derivatives as acaricides. II. Quantitative structure‐activity relationships and chemodynamic behaviour
Authors: Pascual Alfons , Rindlisbacher Alfred , Schmidli Heinz , Stamm Erich
Published: November 2006

The biological activity of a series of N‐(pyrid‐3‐yl)thioureas and ‐carbodiimides, analogues of the insecticide/acaricide diafenthiuron, towards the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.) and the two‐spotted spider mite (T. urticae Koch) was analysed using QSAR methodology. A canonical correlation analysis allowed for the establishment of a prediction model and the identification of outliers within that model. The chemodynamic behaviour of certain compounds in the two series, including these outliers, determined by using photochemical experiments in the laboratory as well as in the glasshouse, was shown to be responsible for anomalous results obtained in the biological tests. It was found from the above study that the biological activity towards both spider mite species is extremely sensitive to the kinetics of formation of the carbodiimides from the corresponding thioureas and to the photostability of the former. The results obtained with a thiourea which underwent no appreciable photochemical transformation into the corresponding carbodiimide supported the hypothesis that the thioureas are also in‐vivo propesticides of the acaricidal carbodiimides.
Methods for determining the vapour pressure of active ingredients used in crop protection. Part IV. An improved thermogravimetric determination based on evaporation rate
Authors: Gückel Walter , Kästel Roland , Kröhl Thomas , Parg Adolf
Published: November 2006

The vapour pressure of thermally stable substances can be determined easily at ambient pressure using the evaporation rate method. It is possible to measure the evaporation by thermogravimetry in the temperature range from 30°C to 800°C. Vapour pressures as low as 10−10 Pa (10−12 mbar) can be determined with excellent reproducibility.
The spatial distribution of ribwort plantain: A computer‐based learning approach to the poisson distribution
Authors: Bedford Sarah , Redfern Edwin , Davies Neville
Published: November 2006

An approach to self‐paced teaching and learning using a computer module, which is one of a suite produced by a consortium of seven UK universities, is described using the problem of investigating the spatial distribution of ribwort plantain as an example. This provides the focus for learning about randomness, the Poisson distribution and goodness‐of‐fit testing using the chis‐quare distribution.
Dissipation of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes
Authors: Papadopoulou‐Mourkidou Euphemia , Kotopoulou Athena , Papadopoulos George , Hatziphanis Christos
Published: November 2006

The persistence of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes was investigated when both compounds were applied to vines at the locally recommended application frequencies and rates and at double these rates, using commercially available formulations. Residues of cyproconazole applied at recommended and double the recommended rates of application in/on grapes immediately after the last application were 0‐049 (±0.034) and 0.077 (±0.008) mg kg−1, respectively, reduced to 0.011 (±0.003) and 0.018 (±0.010) mg kg−1 respectively seven days after the last application. The corresponding residue levels of quinalphos immediately following the last application were 1.42 (±0.10) and 3.36 (±0.07) mg kg−1, reduced to 0.043 (±0.002) and 0.072 (±0.028) mg kg−1 respectively 21 days after the last application. Cyproconazole, being systemic, is rapidly absorbed by the grape tissues and its residues dissipate with a half‐life of three to four days, while quinalphos, being non‐systemic, dissipates faster with a half‐life of two or three days. The residues of both pesticides were analysed by a GLC‐NPD system.
Control of Phytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees with fosetyl‐aluminium in new plantings
Authors: Utkhede Raj , Smith Emmerson
Published: November 2006

Fosetyl‐aluminium applied as a foliar spray, monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a planting hole treatment, and a combination of MAP and Enterobacter aerogenes (Kruse) Hornaeche & Edwards (B8) were evaluated for eight years for control of Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schroet, crown and root not in newly planted and artificially infected Macspur apple trees on MM.106 rootstock in the Okanagan valley of British Columbia. Fosetyl‐aluminium completely controlled the disease, and increased growth and fruit yield. The combination of planting hole treatment with MAP plus annual drench applications of strain B8 significantly increased trunk cross‐sectional area for the first three years after planting. The application of MAP alone did not have any effect on the disease, growth, or fruit yield of apple trees.
Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate in black bengal lactating goats
Authors: Mandal Tapan K. , Chakraborty Animesh K. , Bhattacharyya Anjan
Published: November 2006

Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate were investigated in lactating black Bengal goats following single dose intravenous administration at 57 and 45 mg kg−1 respectively. The maximum and minimum blood concentrations of cypermethrin were 18.49 (±3.17) and 0.06 (±0.002) μg ml−1, while the corresponding values for fenvalerate were 14.58 (±2.37) and 0.04 (±0.005) μg ml−1 respectively. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate remained present in blood for 36 h. The mean t1/2β) and Vdarea values were 5.56 (±0.28) h and 10.38 (±2.20) litre kg−1 for cypermethrin and 5.66 (±0.35) h and 11.31 (±2.20) litre kg−1 respectively for fenvalerate. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate persisted in goat milk for 36 h. The t1/2β) and AUC values of fenvalerate were 7.37 (±1.84) h and 122.38 (±11.65) μg h ml−1 whilst the corresponding values for cypermethrin were 6.66 (±1.54) h and 99.48 (±7.81) μg h ml−1 in milk respectively.
Impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity versus Aspergillus niger
Authors: Bryant Stephen D.
Published: November 2006

The procedure described utilized a microbial monitoring system (bactometer) to measure impedimetrically the inhibitory activity of known antifungal compounds (2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole [TCMTB], 3‐iodo‐2‐propynylbutyl carbamate [IPBC], chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and copper‐8‐quinolinolate [Cu‐8]) on growth of Aspergillus niger Teigh. in a liquid medium. The MIC values determined were based on the activity of the compounds to inhibit a change in the capacitance of the medium during a 96‐h period after inoculation. The MIC values obtained with the bactometer were compared with MIC values derived from the inhibition of radial growth of A. niger on the same liquid medium solidified with agar. The MIC values for all the compounds tested were substantially lower when determined with the bactometer than on agar. The impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity offers advantages of speed, sensitivity, and data collection.
A gas‐liquid chromatographic method to determine size spectra of droplets of an aerially applied non‐volatile spray mix deposited on kromekote® cards
Authors: Sundaram Alam , Sundaram Kanth M. S.
Published: November 2006

A non‐volatile oil‐based spray mix of a low‐vapour‐pressure insecticide, aminocarb, containing an oil‐soluble red dye was applied at a dosage rate of 70 g AI in 1‐5 litre ha−1, using a fixed wing aircraft equipped with four ‚Micronair’︁® AU3000 atomizers, over a 1000 × 500 m spray block selected in Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada. Spray was applied twice, at an interval of five days, to provide a total dosage rate of 140 g AI in 3.0 litre ha−1. Spray mass recovery was assessed on glass plates and droplets were collected on ‚Kromekote’︁® cards, both at ground level. The stain sizes were grouped into different categories. The area containing the stains was excised, and the aminocarb present was quantified by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The mass of aminocarb per droplet in each stain size category was evaluated. From the mass, the spherical droplet diameter (d), number and volume median diameters (DN.5 and Dv.5 respectively), a new parameter [mass (of aminocarb) median diameter] (DM.5), and the droplet size spectra were calculated. The DM.5 for the first application was 56 μm, which was identical to the Dv.5. whereas the DN.5 was smaller at 45 μm. The corresponding values for the second application were: DM.5 = Dv.5 = 63 μm, but the DN.5 was 53 μm. Because the spray mix was non‐volatile, all the droplet size spectra parameters were identical both at spray release height and at ground level.

The present study has provided, for the first time in the literature, a novel method to determine directly the spherical diameters of the droplets deposited on artificial samplers, without having to go through the tedious procedures of spread factor measurements under laboratory conditions. In fact, the present study has made it possible to calculate spread factors under field conditions, by using the stain diameters measured and the spherical diameters calculated from the aminocarb concentration levels.
Accumulation of tebuconazole by isolates of Botrytis cinerea differing in sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides
Authors: Stehmann Christiane , De Waard Maarten A.
Published: November 2006

Accumulation of tebuconazole by germlings of wild‐type isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. was characterized by a high initial level of intracellular tebuconazole during the first 10 min of incubation and a subsequent gradual release of the fungicide into the surrounding medium. This transient accumulation pattern indicates that the efflux of the fungicide has an inducible character. Accumulation of tebuconazole by laboratory‐generated mutants resistant to sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) was significantly less, suggesting that efflux capacity in these mutants is correlated with resistance. Accumulation of tebuconazole by field isolates with a relatively low sensitivity to DMI fungicides was transient in time and accumulation levels did not differ significantly from those of the wild‐type isolates tested. These results suggest that reduced accumulation of tebuconazole in fungal mycelium may account for resistance in laboratory‐generated mutants but not in field isolates of B. cinerea with a relatively low sensitivity to the fungicide. Various chemicals such as carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone, copper sulfate, fluazinam and BAS 490F enhanced accumulation of tebuconazole by a DMI‐sensitive and a DMI‐resistant isolate. This enhanced accumulation is ascribed to inhibition of the energy‐dependent efflux of the fungicide.
Stability and controlled release properties of carboxymethylcellulose‐encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis
Authors: Cokmus Cumhur , Elçin Y. Murat
Published: November 2006

The mosquito and blackfly pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. var. israelensis (B.t.i.). containing spores and toxin crystal, was successfully encapsulated in an insolubilized carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)‐aluminum matrix creating a controlled‐release bead formulation. The release rate of B.t.i. from this formulation was sufficient to kill Culex sp. larvae during bioassays performed in the laboratory. The CMC concentration significantly affected the release rate of the bacterium. All types of beads tested exhibited a high initial release of B.t.i. in the first week of experiments, followed by a slower rate later. Levels of 10 g kg−1 CMC solution and 0–05 m aluminium sulfate were found to be optimal in the formulation mixture for polysaccharide and gellant, respectively. This type of bead gave the fastest release of the bacterium and caused 100% larval mortality as from the second day of treatment. While acidic pH, high temperature and UV exposure drastically decreased spore viability of B.t.i., the CMC‐encapsulated formulation was more stable to these conditions. Larvicidal activity of encapsulated B.t.i. was more resistant to high temperature (50°C) than the unformulated B.t.i. The high response of Culex larvae to the encapsulated B.t.i. suggests that the formulation could be employed effectively in the field.
Fungicidal activity of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)methionine and its derivatives and analogues
Authors: Smith Paul H. , Chamberlain Keith , Sugars Jane M. , Bromilow Richard H.
Published: November 2006

Thirty compounds comprising derivatives and analogues of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)methionine were synthesised and tested for anti‐fungal activity against grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (de Bary) Berl. & de Toni, and rape downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Fr. The most fungicidal compounds were the tert‐butyl ester of the substituted methionine and its oxidation products, the sulfoxide and sulfone, and the methioninol derivative and its oxidation products. Some of these compounds were up to ten times more active, especially against the grape downy mildew, than the commercial fungicide cymoxanil. The tert‐butyl esters of the methionine derivatives were consistently much more active than isomeric butyl esters, lower alkyl esters, free acids and S‐methylcysteine analogues of the active compounds, and possible reasons for these structure/activity correlations are discussed.
Novel synthesis and insecticidal activity of MTI‐800, desfluoro MTI‐800 and their intermediates
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Geetha , Suresh G. , Anandhi S.
Published: November 2006

A new route to the synthesis of 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(3‐phe‐noxyphenyl)pentane (desfluoro MTI‐800) and 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐phenoxyphenyl)pentane (MTI‐800) and the insecticidal activities of these compounds and some of the synthetic intermediates against the tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (F.) is reported.
The sorption of limonene/ethyl acetate binary vapour mixtures by a biaxially oriented polypropylene film
Authors: Nielsen Tim J. , Giacin Jack R.
Published: November 2006

The sorption of ethyl acetate and limonene as individual sorbates and in binary vapour mixtures by an oriented polypropylene was determined by two independent methods, namely by gravimetric and thermal stripping/thermal desorption procedures. The two methods showed excellent agreement. The solubility coefficients for the two species were found to be independent of sorbate concentration within the ranges studied, indicating that sorption followed Henry's law. Calculated and experimentally obtained sorption profile curves agreed well for both ethyl acetate and limonene at low vapour activities. At a limonene vapour activity of 0.29 there was a lack of agreement between experimental and calculated results. This was attributed to the onset of non‐Fickian relaxation effects occurring within the polymer matrix at this limonene concentration. The results of sorption studies involving binary vapour mixtures indicated that at the concentration levels evaluated, the co‐permeant did not effect the sorption characteristics of the other sorbate.
Solid‐phase microextraction method for carbon isotopic analysis of volatile carboxylic acids in human plasma by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Ferchaud‐Roucher Véronique , Albert Corinne , Champ Martine , Krempf Michel
Published: November 2006

A new analytical method is described for the determination of the physiological concentration and low‐level enrichment of 13C‐short‐chain volatile organic acids (SCVAs) (e.g. 13C‐acetate and 13C‐butyrate) in human plasma. This two‐step method involves solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) without any organic solvents or derivatizing agents. Two SCVA extraction methods were compared using a carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber: headspace sampling (HS) and liquid sampling (LS) SPME. The influences of extraction temperature and time were tested to optimize the adsorption of SCVAs onto the fiber. The comparison of the peak area responses of the acids in the two adsorption methods showed better sensitivity in the human physiological concentration range in the LS mode than in the HS mode.

The accuracy of isotopic enrichment measurement was determined using plasma spiked with 13C‐acetate and 13C‐butyrate solution from 0 to 1 mol percent excess (MPE). The linearity and repeatability (RSD < 5%) were measured in LS mode. Plasma SCVA concentrations were also determined relative to 3‐methylvalerate (internal standard). Linearity and repeatability were observed from 0 to 400 µM for acetate, from 0 to 20 µM for propionate, and from 0 to 10 µM for butyrate. This method was also used to determine plasma acetate production obtained from lactulose (an undigestible disaccharide) fermentation in one healthy volunteer over 3 h. The acetate concentration increased twofold, 2 h after oral lactulose intake. These results are in agreement with the data obtained by GC/MS in healthy volunteers and obese adults following a lactulose intake by using higher amounts of labelled tracers.

SPME coupled with GC/C/IRMS can be used to analyze 13C‐SCVAs at low enrichment (<0.5 MPE) within the physiological concentration measured in human plasma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neues Ingenieurstudium fü Getreideverarbeitung an der Staatlichen Ingenieurschule fü Maschinenwesen Lemgo
Authors: Schriftleitung Die
Published: November 2006

Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Getreideforschung e. V., Detmold, bittet uns, den folgenden Artikel zu veröffentlichen. Diesem Wunsche entsprechen wir gerne im Hinblick darauf, daß durch die Neu‐Einrichtung dieses Studienganges eine immer fühlbarer werdende Lücke in der Ausbildung von Spezial‐Ingenieuren auch für die Stärke‐Industrie geschlossen werden kann. Zahlreiche Anfragen aus dem In‐ und Ausland nach einer geeigneten Ausbildungsstätte haben nicht zuletzt zu den nachstehend dargelegten Plänen geführt. Sie bieten nun die Möglichkeit, zwischen dem Akademiker und den unteren Angestellten liegende Führungskr¨︁fte auszubilden. Hervorzuheben ist, daß im Rahmen einer Vereinbarung zwischen der Ingenieurschule Lemgo und der nahe gelegenen Bundesforschungsanstalt Detmold ein Teil der Ausbildung in Detmold erfolgen wird.

Die bevorstehende Stärke‐ Tagung bietet den Fachkreisen, vermutlich Gelegenheit zur Erörterung der folgenden, Ausführungen.
Yeast Derlin Dfm1 interacts with Cdc48 and functions in ER homeostasis
Authors: Sato Brian K. , Hampton Randolph Y.
Published: November 2006

Recent studies have identified Derlin‐1, a protein that associates with the AAA‐ATPase p97 and is implicated in late steps in ER‐associated protein degradation (ERAD). Derlin‐1 has two Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologues, Der1p and Dfm1p. While Der1p has been studied extensively, little is known about Dfm1p. Accordingly, we investigated the role of Dfm1p in ERAD, ER homeostasis and interactions with the yeast p97 homologue Cdc48p. Dfm1p was not involved in the degradation of a number of Der1‐dependent or ‐independent ERAD substrates, neither was it redundant with either Der1p or Sec61p in ERAD. However, Dfm1p had a role in ER homeostasis, since Dfm1p loss or overexpression could stimulate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, Dfm1p interacted both genetically and physically with Cdc48p, the yeast p97 homologue, and this interaction required an eight amino acid sequence found in the C‐terminus of Dfm1p that we have termed the SHP box. Our genetic studies are consistent with the lack of a role for Dfm1p in ERAD, but indicate it participates in ER‐related Cdc48p actions distinct from retrotranslocation. Finally, sequence analysis indicated that the UPR‐related and Cdc48p interaction functions of Dfm1p could be separated, implying this protein probably has numerous actions in the cell. Thus, the interaction between Derlins and p97 is conserved between yeast and mammals, although its function in ERAD is not. Furthermore, Dfm1p interacts with Cdc48p through its SHP boxes, and so defines a new motif for interaction with this widely‐employed AAA‐ATPase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of translation initiation by the yeast eIF4E binding proteins is required for the pseudohyphal response
Authors: Ibrahimo Salma , Holmes Leah E. A. , Ashe Mark P.
Published: November 2006

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E is responsible for the recognition of the mRNA cap structure and, as such, plays a key role in the selection of mRNAs for translation. The interaction of eIF4E with the ‘multi‐adaptor’ eIF4G (and thus recruitment of ribosomes to mRNA) can be regulated via competitive binding of 4E‐binding proteins (4E‐BPs). 4E‐BPs have broad functions in cell growth, proliferation and development. We have found that disruption of the genes for either of the yeast 4E‐BPs (Eap1p or Caf20p) leads to an inhibition of pseudohyphal growth in the resulting diploid yeast strain following nitrogen limitation. Specific 4E‐binding domain mutations destroy the capacity of each 4E‐BP gene to complement the non‐pseudohyphal phenotype, suggesting that a translational function for the 4E‐BPs is important for pseudohyphal growth. In addition, neither of the 4E‐BP deletion strains is deficient in global or stress‐regulated protein synthesis. However, our evidence reveals that the two 4E‐BPs are functionally distinct with regard to pseudohyphal growth. Therefore, this work supports a model where the yeast 4E‐BPs are acting on specific mRNAs to facilitate a defined proliferative response to environmental stress in yeast. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of Lichtenstein Hernioplasty for Primary and Recurrent Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Beltrán Marcelo A. , Cruces Karina S.
Published: November 2006

Introduction

The Lichtenstein hernioplasty for the repair of primary inguinal hernia in male patients is well established and constitutes the current gold standard. However a gold standard technique for the repair of recurrent inguinal hernia has not been established. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty for the repair of primary inguinal hernia and recurrent inguinal hernia, applying for that purpose the Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement Instrument (QQMI).

Methods

We studied 75 recurrent inguinal hernia patients and 287 primary inguinal hernia patients with a follow‐up period ranging from 60 to 107 months.

Results

The final QQMI score demonstrated that most patients in both groups reached scores between 8 and 11 points, with a significant difference in the maximum score (11 points) favoring primary hernia patients.

Conclusions

All evaluated parameters showed better outcomes in primary hernia patients. Applying the QQMI, we have demonstrated that the outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty are not similar between primary and recurrent inguinal hernia; there is a tendency toward better outcomes for primary inguinal hernia patients, although the Lichtenstein hernioplasty stands as a safe option for repair of recurrent inguinal hernias.