bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The General Practitioner in the Netherlands
Authors: Kapteijn J. C. Oeberius , Bruins C. P. , Dokter H. J. , Phaff J. M. L.
Published: May 2005

The evolution of health care in the Netherlands and the various methods of social insurance are discussed briefly. A description of medical care is followed by a section on the Cross Societies, school health services, industrial medicine, and the role of the state health authorities. In the context of primary medical care, the role of the general practitioner, his freedom to choose his place of work, his preference for rural districts, the reasons for the increasing lack of general practitioners in big cities, and the financial position of Dutch general practitioners are discussed and analyzed. The tasks of the general practitioner are categorized as diagnostic, curative, delegating, and registering and coordinating functions, as well as that of social critic. Methods of practice and cooperation with both medical and nonmedical health personnel are described. Finally, an account on the professional organizations and the Netherlands Institute of General Practice is followed by a review on the recent development of specific vocational training for general practice.
Psychiatric Disorders following Closed Head Injury: An Overview of Biopsychosocial Factors in their Etiology and Management
Authors: Slagle Dodge A.
Published: May 2005

Head trauma in our society is a common occurrence, resulting in significant expenditure of societal resources. Psychiatric consequences following the injury may be the cause of significant disability during the recovery process. While nearly any psychiatric symptom or disorder may occur following head injury, there are a few common complications which are reviewed in this article. Biopsychosocial factors reported to play a role in the etiology of post-traumatic psychiatric dysfunction are reviewed, diagnostic issues are discussed, and new findings regarding treatment are reviewed.
Precursors, Mediators and Problem Drinking: Path Analytic Models for Men and Women
Authors: Woldt Bradley D. , Bradley John R.
Published: May 2005

Direct and mediating effects of mechanisms hypothesized to account for the association between parental problem drinking and later problem drinking by offspring were investigated. Specifically, a “negative affect” submodel was proposed in which family environment, self-esteem, alienation, likelihood of attaining valued goals, psychopathology, and drinking motives would all mediate the parental-problem-drinking to offspring-problem-drinking relationship. Subjects were 350 female and 300 male, eighteen to twenty-three year-old undergraduates. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed differences in a majority of study variables between subjects with and without a family history of parental problem drinking. Structural equation modeling identified associations separately for paternal and maternal problem drinking and offspring alcohol use. Direct and mediating effects were tested with path analysis separately for male and female respondents. Both parents' drinking affected later problematic alcohol use by offspring. The opposite-sexed parents' drinking had a more negative influence on subjects' self-perception. For both men and women, parental problem drinking reduced adaptive family functioning, which was subsequently linked to problem personality characteristics, more personal drinking motives, and greater alcohol involvement. Specific mediating mechanisms varied between models for each sex. Implications regarding these models are discussed.
The Effect of Input Mode on Vocabulary Identification Performance at Low Intensity
Authors: Heller James H. , Sturner Raymond A. , Funk Sandra G. , Feezor Michael D.
Published: May 2005

The effect of input device (touchscreen vs. number keyboard) on preschoolers' vocabulary identification performance at low intensity was examined. Both methods of input were easily learned by preschool children as young as three and one-half years of age. Vocabulary identification performance at a comfortable listening level was equivalent for both groups [keyboard (95%); touchscreen (97%)]. However, as signal intensity increased, the touchscreen group identified the target words at a lower intensity level than the keyboard group. The results indicate that operating a number keyboard can interfere with a preschooler's ability to perform at his/her highest level on computer software, especially when the attention/cognitive demands of the software are high. Thus, when using the computer as a teaching or assessment tool for preschool children or children with cognitive handicaps, a touchscreen or similar direct selection device should be the input mode of choice.
The Computer and the Right Side of the Brain
Authors: MCWhinnie Harold J.
Published: May 2005

This article presents a more theoretical discussion of the use of the microcomputer, selective computer graphics programs, as basic experiences which relate as much to right as to the left side of the brain. It reviews some selected research literature in art education which shows the importance of the right brain in various areas of creative behavior and drawing skills, and argues that while the computer has been shown as the sine qua non of left brain activity, conceptual and analytical thought processes, one can also approach it from a right brain perspective. This article details a personal experience of the use of computer with the right brain approach in computer graphics and computer assisted design.
Ethical Components in the Definition of Health
Authors: Susser Mervyn
Published: May 2005

This paper argues that definitions of health contain ethical components that rest on value systems, and that these definitions have consequences as well as causes. The components of the definition of health are considered first in the vertical dimension of levels of organization, namely, organic, functional, and social. There is no one-to-one correspondence between definitions at these levels of organization. The great part of the discrepancies between levels arises from variability in the social component, particularly the component of values and ethics, in the definition of social roles defined by health status. The components of the definition of health are considered next in the horizontal dimension of breadth. These components relate to areas in which the health professions have claimed or rejected concern and competence. Changes in these components through time and with social circumstance are illustrated by three main examples: the relation of organized obstetrics to family planning and abortion, the relation of psychiatry with the law, and the historical evolution of the responsibilities of public health.
Development and Evaluation of a Self-Instructional Curriculum for Physicians' Assistants
Authors: Jaffe Arnold , Brown Edward , Messier Lucille
Published: May 2005

A self-instructional mental health curriculum for physicians' assistants is currently being developed at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Described are the three basic components that entered into the development process: needs assessment, design and development, and field testing and evaluation. As a result of a needs assessment survey of practicing physicians' assistants and educators, psychiatrists and other practitioners, a design for fourteen self-instructional modules was set. The development effort utilized an instructional developer, evaluator and content expert. Each module is information-mapped, with objectives, activities and tests. Also described in the article are evaluation procedures used during the developmental stage and plans for the field testing of the curriculum and future activities.
Illegal Abortion: An Attempt to Assess its Cost to the Health Services and its Incidence in the Community
Authors: Figà-Talamanca Irene , Sinnathuray T. A. , Yusof Khairuddin , Fong Chee Kin , Palan V. T. , Adeeb Nafisah , Nylander Percy , Onifade Ayodele , Akin Ayse , Bertan Münevver , Gaslonde Santiago , Edström Karin , Ayeni Olusola , Belsey Mark A. , Hoick S. E.
Published: May 2005

This article describes a study designed to test a method for assessing the cost to the health services of illegally induced abortion and the feasibility of estimating the incidence of induced abortion by a field interviewing approach. The participating centers included three hospitals in Ankara, Turkey; three hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria; one hospital in Caracas and one in Valencia, Venezuela; and two hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Hospitalized abortion cases were classified as induced or spontaneous or as “probably induced,” “possibly induced,” or “unknown” according to a classification scheme comprising certain medical criteria. The sociodemographic characteristics of induced and spontaneous abortion cases were subjected to discriminant function analysis and the discriminating variables best characterizing the induced versus the spontaneous abortion groups were identified for each center. On the basis of this analysis, the “probably” and “possibly” induced and “unknown” categories were further classified as induced or spontaneous abortion, with stated probabilities. Thus an overall estimate is made of the proportion of all hospitalized abortions that can be considered illegally induced outside the hospital. Selected results on costs of induced and spontaneous abortion are shown.

The method further tested the feasibility of obtaining valid survey data on abortion from the communities studied by re-interviewing the women hospitalized for induced and spontaneous abortion six months later in their homes. This exercise showed a degree of under-reporting of abortion that varied widely among centers, even among women who had admitted illegal induction at the time of hospitalization. The feasibility of estimating the incidence of illegal abortion by field studies is discussed in the light of these findings.
Historical Development of Computer Assisted Instruction
Authors: Blaisdell F. J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this paper is to trace in general outlines the historical events which influenced the development of the present state-of-the-art of computer assisted instruction (CAI).

The scope of this historical overview includes the salient contributions from the several scientific and engineering disciplines which made CAI possible during the late 1950s.
Individual Differences in Physiological Responses to Fearful, Racially Noxious, and Neutral Imagery
Authors: Sutherland Marcia E. , Harrell Jules P.
Published: May 2005

Mental imagery has recently emerged as an alternative to traditional laboratory stressors in psychophysiological studies. The present study assessed physiological responsivity to fearful, neutral, and racially noxious image scenes in sixty-two black women. In addition, the utility of several personality variables for predicting physiological changes in response to the scenes was assessed. Thirty-one vivid and thirty-one non-vivid imagers participated in a preliminary session during which they were given progressive relaxation training and were instructed to image an event on cue. On a separate occasion physiological responses to the scenes were assessed. Findings indicated that the fearful and racially noxious scenes elicited comparable increases in corrugator and heart rate activity. The neutral scene had a less pronounced effect on heart rate and corrugator activity than the other scenes. Results of multiple regression analyses in which personality variables served as predictors of physiological activity revealed that certain dimensions of the Type A coronary prone behavior pattern and trait anxiety were significant predictors of physiological reactivity. These predictors were most effective where a conceptual link between the content of the scenes and the specific dimensions was identifiable. The results suggest that the imagery paradigm is useful for studying the effects of complex social stressful situations akin to those growing out of racism. They also underscore the potentially facilitory role personality assessment may have in pinpointing sources of variability in response to this form of laboratory stress.
An Exploration of the Impact of Marketing Mix Variables on Museum Attendance
Authors: Cooper-Martin Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Like their for-profit counterparts, many museums have adopted marketing strategy and tactics. Four variables are critical to enacting marketing strategy: product, price, place, and promotion. This article tests the relationship between these variables, known as the “marketing mix,” and a museum's performance in terms of attracting visitors. Each of these variables is shown to affect museum attendance.
Patient Education Reimbursement: An Experiment in Maine
Authors: Mullane Michael C. , Duby Lynn , Reynolds Richard , Gold Robert S.
Published: May 2005

With increasing emphasis being placed on controlling health care costs the Maine Department of Human Services decided in 1977 to undertake a three year experimental effort designed to demonstrate the potential of patient education for reducing medical care costs. Focusing on rural ambulatory care the program established formal patient education in health centers across the state. This article will cover the scope and sequence of events during the first two years with particular emphasis on the problems encountered in program planning and implementation. It will discuss some problems of rural development and includes recommendations for the reimbursement of patient education for third party programs.
Population Control I: Birth of an Ideology
Authors: Hartmann Betsy
Published: May 2005

Population control, as a major international development strategy, is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, its origins reach back to social currents in the 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in an organized birth control movement in Europe and the United States. The conflicts and contradictions in that movement's history presage many of today's debates over population policy and women's rights. Eugenics had a deep influence on the U.S. birth control movement in the first half of the 20th century. After World War II private agencies and foundations played an important role in legitimizing population control as a way to secure Western control over Third World resources and stem political instability. In the late 1960s the U.S. government became a major funder of population control programs overseas and built multilateral support through establishment of the U.N. Fund for Population Activities. At the 1974 World Population Conference, Third World governments challenged the primacy of population control. While their critique led population agencies to change their strategies, population control remained a central component of international development and national security policies in the United States.
Self-Schemata in Anorexia and Obesity
Authors: Woods Wendy P. , Heretick Donna M. L.
Published: May 2005

A study was conducted to evaluate both generalized and task-specific sense of personal ineffectiveness, self-control, and evaluative distortion among thirty females with self-reported anorectic, obese, or normal weight and eating patterns. As predicted, obese and anorectics showed generally high sense of ineffectiveness relative to normals. However, obese differed from anorectics and normals by showing lower self-control. Anorectics provided clear evidence of cognitive processes which distort and devalue personal outcomes and probably reinforce sense of ineffectiveness. The psychological processes under study appear not to be limited to eating-related areas of functioning.
The English and Swedish Health Care Reforms
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Matsaganis Manos
Published: May 2005

England and Sweden have two of the most advanced systems of universal access to health care in the world. Both have begun major reforms based on similar principles. Universal access and finance from taxation are retained, but a measure of competition between providers of health care is introduced. The reforms therefore show a movement toward the kind of approach advocated by some in the United States. This article traces the origins and early results of the two countries' reform efforts.
Individualistic versus Paired/Cooperative Computer-Assisted Instruction: Matching Instructional Method with Cognitive Style
Authors: Whyte Michael M. , Knirk Frederick G. , Casey Robert J. , Willard Marsha L.
Published: May 2005

This study showed that pairing students for computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is efficient and cost-effective. The interactive effects of individual cognitive style on paired/cooperative CAI were also examined. Three different student pairings were analyzed—field independent with field independent, field dependent with field independent, and field dependent with field dependent. A three-group, posttest-only design was utilized. No significant difference existed between the mean posttest scores of participants who worked individually and those who worked in pairs. The manner in which individuals were paired by individual cognitive style also made a significant difference. Groups made up of either two field independent students or a mixed group of one field dependent student and one field independent student significantly outperformed groups made up of two field dependents.
A Survey of Considerations for Inducing Conscious Awareness of Dreaming While Dreaming
Authors: Gackenbach Jayne I.
Published: May 2005

This article reviews several considerations to be taken by the potential lucid dream researcher or lucid dreamer when attempting to increase the frequency of dreaming lucidly (i.e., consciousness awareness of dreaming while the dream is ongoing). Attempts to induce lucidity have been made both prior to falling asleep and while sleeping. Methods showing promise include, the administration of external cues, presleep reflection and asking the critical question (i.e., “Is this a dream?”) during sleep. Individual proclivities, such as field independence, and situational events, such as waking stress, have also been shown to predict lucidity and should be pertinent to subject or client selection.
Computers and Learning: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Krendl Kathy A. , Lieberman Debra A.
Published: May 2005

This literature review examines recent research on computers and learning. It covers investigations of the computer in relation to: 1) effects on learning, 2) development of cognitive skills, 3) academic motivation, 4) learning environments, and 5) methodological issues. It notes three emerging trends; though these trends do not characterize the field as a whole, they set new and rigorous standards for research in the field. They include the integration of educational and psychological theory into research, precision in concept specification, and improvements in research design. The review notes the predominance of quantitative methods for hypothesis testing, with new interest emerging in the application of qualitative approaches for hypothesis formation. In addition, several new directions for research are proposed.
Job Insecurity and Health
Authors: McDonough Peggy
Published: May 2005

As employers respond to new competitive pressures of global capitalism through layoffs and the casualization of labor, job insecurity affects a growing number of workers. It appears to harm mental health, but less is known about its effects on physical health and health behaviors and the mechanisms through which it may act. The prevailing individual-centered conceptualization of job insecurity as the perception of a threat to job continuity precludes systematic investigation of the social patterning of its health effects. Analysis of data from a 1994 Canadian national probability sample of adults determined that high levels of job insecurity lowered self-rated health and increased distress and the use of medications, but had no impact on heavy drinking. The findings support one possible mechanism of action whereby job insecurity reduces feelings of control over one's environment and opportunities for positive self-evaluation; these psychological experiences, in turn, have deleterious health consequences. There is little evidence of social patterning of this relationship by gender, education, household income, age, marital status, and social support at work.
Bereavement from Suicide as Compared to other Forms of Bereavement
Authors: Silverman Eden , Range Lillian , Overholser James
Published: May 2005

Bereavement from suicide results in a difficult and complex adjustment for the surviving friends and family members. As compared to other forms of bereavement, suicide survivors are likely to experience more intense grief reactions and may suffer from social rejection and alienation. The present study was designed to compare bereavement from suicide with other forms of bereavement on standardized measures of grief, stress, and social supports. College students who were bereaved during the past five years were classified into five groups based on the cause of death: suicide, homicide, accidental death, natural anticipated death, and natural unanticipated death. All participants provided information about their perceived availability of social support, subjective distress reactions, and grief reactions. Bereavement from suicide was associated with more intense grief reactions than the other four groups. However, the five bereavement groups were similar on most measures of social support and subjective distress reactions. The present results suggest that bereavement from suicide poses added difficulties not seen in other forms of bereavement.
Socio-Demographic Features and Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus among Diabetic Patients in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Bustan Mahmoud , Majeed Sobia , Bitar Milad S. , Al-Asousi Adnan
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To determine the socio-demographic profile and assess knowledge about the nature, symptoms, complications, and treatment of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in Kuwait.

Methods and Results:

A cross-sectional sample survey of 788 patients attending specialized diabetic clinics was conducted in 1995. Kuwaitis were significantly more represented in this sample than in the general population (52.5% versus 37%). Female to male ratio among Kuwait population was 1.07 and among non-Kuwaitis it was 0.28. Age at diagnosis ranged between sixteen to eighty years with a mean of 48 ± 10.8 years. Overall knowledge was assessed by percentage of correct responses for individual knowledge questions. There was no significant difference in knowledge of diabetes seen among Kuwaitis (66%) and non-Kuwaitis (64%). No sex difference in knowledge was seen. Knowledge about diabetes was highest among diabetic patients with increasing educational achievement but lowest with advancing age.

Conclusion:

Most patients lack a lot of information that could have a significant impact on their motivation and ability to remain healthy. To overcome this growing problem, instructing a standard diabetes education system was found to be one way of improving in morbidity due to diabetes and reduced hospital admission.
Criteria for Evaluating Microcomputer Software for Reading Development: Observations Based on Three British Case Studies
Authors: Harrison Colin
Published: May 2005

Differences in sets of criteria for evaluating microcomputer software are discussed. They are set against the results of three studies in which UK teachers evaluated five programs which were used in reading or English lessons. A comparison of the checklist criteria with the case study data was made using Stake's matrix of evaluation concerns [1]. This suggested a heavy emphasis on antecedents in the checklists and on transactions in the case studies. In general, neither checklists nor case studies devoted great attention to empirically measured outcomes. A possible interpretation of the results is that while the checklists focused on intrinsic evaluation, the case studies themselves focused on practical classroom issues, notably attention and motivation.
The Loneliness of the Dying Person: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Dubrey Rita Jean , Terrill Laura Amy
Published: May 2005

Fifty terminal ill cancer patients were interviewed to learn of their possible feelings of loneliness, the nature of important and sustaining relationships, and the effect of illness upon their lives. Most of the patients did not report loneliness as such; among those who did, the night time was most frequently the occasion for sense of loneliness. The nurse was not viewed as a reliever of loneliness; instead, patients tended to seek sleep as refuge. Most of the patients' interpersonal support came from the family, and most of their own concerns centered around the family and the possibility of going home again. The findings suggest that the experience of being seriously ill leads many patients to view life differently, that maintenance of hope remains very important to the terminally ill, that increasing dependency on others is a cause of much concern, and that religious faith often takes on a new dimension under these circumstances.
Learning with Computers in Small Groups: Cognitive and Affective Outcomes
Authors: Mevarech Zemira R. , Silber Ora , Fine Devorah
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of Cooperative and Individualistic Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) programs on cognitive and affective variables in mathematics. Participants were 149 sixth grade students who studied in five classrooms. Within each classroom, pupils were stratified by previous achievement into triplets and then randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: using CAI in pairs ( N = 90), or individually ( N = 59). Results showed that students who used CAI for drill and practice in pairs performed better than students who used the same program individually. In addition, the study showed that the individualistic and cooperative CAI methods equally affected students' mathematical self-concept, but the C-CAI treatment alleviated math anxiety of low ability students more than did the I-CAI treatment.
The Cumulative Influence of Depth and Flatness Information on the Perception of Size in Pictorial Representations
Authors: Miller R. J.
Published: May 2005

It long has been recognized that depth and flatness information influence the perception of size in pictures. However, never has their combined influence been factorially examined and quantified. Using the Ponzo illusion as a model, three experiments, using young adult observers, explored this combined influence. Results showed that the salience of depth information and the salience of flatness information had a cumulative impact on size perception such that, for example, the combined effects of higher depth salience and lower flatness salience produced responses more closely approaching size constancy than did other combinations of depth and flatness salience. Furthermore, females' size perception more closely approached size constancy than did that of males, although this difference disappeared in conditions where depth salience was particularly low. The three experiments are discussed in terms of the interaction between depth and flatness and its implications for perceiving size in pictures, and possible implications of this interaction with gender, including the possibility that females may process depth information in a manner different from males.
Alcohol Dependence in Adult Children of Alcoholics: Longitudinal Evidence of Early Risk
Authors: Jennison Karen M. , Johnson Kenneth A.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates familial alcoholism effects and the comparative probability of risk for alcohol dependence in adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) with a control group of non-ACAs. A cohort of 12,686 young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is examined over a five-year period and conventional and lineal intergenerational models of alcoholism transmission are assessed. The results of multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that the risk is relatively greater for male ACAs; sons of alcoholics drink significantly more heavily, experience problems earlier, and develop alcohol dependence more extensively than female ACAs or non-ACAs of either gender. The extent of dependence found in subjects with a lineal history of alcoholism on the father's side of the family, as well as heavy drinking, cigarette smoking and drinking onset in adolescence should be considered as critical predisposing factors of high risk for dependence at later ages. These observations corroborate clinical studies and support a growing body of biopsychosocial research literature.
Principles and Uses of Academic Detailing to Improve the Management of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Soumerai Stephen B.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The purpose of this article is to discuss the principles of academic detailing, or educational outreach, in primary care and review the evidence of its effectiveness in, and potential for improving, mental health care.

Methods:

The general educational research literature on improving physician performance was reviewed along with studies that were designed to test academic detailing. Four rigorous studies have tested this approach specifically on mental health care. These studies are reviewed in detail.

Results:

Measuring pre-intervention performance to target those with increased educational needs and identifying barriers to change are associated with substantially improved program effectiveness. To change strongly held beliefs or to overcome patient demands, person-to-person contact with credible experts who provide structured alternatives is necessary. Brief reinforcement visits increase success rates and targeting programs to physicians at greatest need improves the cost effectiveness of educational interventions.

Conclusions:

Academic detailing is one of the few educational interventions that has consistently demonstrated improved physician performance. Educational outreach methods to improve mental health practices in primary care are in need of much additional research. Improving the detection of mental disorders and underuse of mental health treatment may prove to be more difficult than reducing the overuse of unnecessary medications.
Working the Markets: Purchaser/Provider Separation in English Health Care
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: May 2005

In 1991 the U.K. health system embarked upon a series of apparently radical changes in its organization, centering upon the notion of “purchaser/provider separation.” After summarizing these changes, and their ostensible rationale, this article reports early experiences of the new system and outlines the alternative proposals of the main opposition Labour Party. Early experience suggests that the new system is unlikely to function as ostensibly intended. The Labour alternative, however, fails to address crucial organizational issues.
‘Doctors by Fax’ or Cleaner Production: The Problem of Prevention in Post-Communist Hungary
Authors: Lampek Kinga , Fuzesi Zsuzsanna , Slatin Craig , Levenstein Charles , Dunn Mary Lee
Published: May 2005

In 1989, approximately half of the medical visits in Hungary were to factory doctors. Two thousand physicians in the National Health Service were assigned to factories and all medical students served in factories as part of their training. There were certainly problems in the system, but workers preferred the factory doctors to other physicians based in communities or districts; and factory physicians knew about workplace hazards, knew what production processes looked like, and were mandated to deal with work environment problems as well as provide other kinds of patient care.

With the reform of the National Health Service, the role of factory physician was eliminated, although companies could institute their own medical services (and sometimes employed the previous medical staff). Later legislation required companies to have access to occupational medical services, but critics have called the new system “Doctors by Fax.”

We discuss the adequacy of the new legislative requirements (including mandatory health and safety committees) and report on new issues in worker health and safety that have emerged post “reform.” Finally, the possibility of linking the prevention of occupational disease and injury prevention to “cleaner production” in Hungary is discussed.
Emerging ISD Models for Distance Training Programs
Authors: Schoenfeld Janet , Berge Zane L.
Published: May 2005

Corporate training has undergone dramatic changes over the last two decades. The rapid advancement of technology and the resulting growth of the Internet are ultimately the driving forces, but the manner in which they impact corporate training comes from many directions. Corporate training environments now have many different ways to deliver training and interact with the learner. Training solutions are in high demand with little lead-time available to design and develop solutions. The reach and availability of the Internet has now raised the expectations of businesses to be competing 24/7. Training departments are being asked to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of their programs, as they are no longer treated as part of company overhead. All of these changes justify that existing models for designing instruction be analyzed for their appropriateness in this new environment. This article will analyze the complaints of using traditional instructional design models for distance training, and explore and analyze emerging models.
Reframing and Wisdom within Proverbs
Authors: Tracy Robert J. , Greco Nicholas , Felix Erika , Kilburg Donald F.
Published: May 2005

Many proverbs seem to convey wisdom because they help people to reframe life's predicaments. Positive reframes, such as Every cloud has a silver lining, often draw positive implications from adverse circumstances (cf. “positive reappraisals,” “gain frames”). In contrast, negative reframes, such as All that glitters is not gold, provide helpful warnings about difficult situations, and therefore encourage proactive coping (cf. “problem-focused coping”). This study examined the validity of the distinction between positive and negative reframes and whether the distinction applies to proverbs. Six judges categorized 199 proverbs as positive or negative reframes. Results showed that the positive reframes were rated by college students as more pleasant, conceptually simpler, and more familiar than the negative reframes. Further, proverbs that were composed by students were of higher quality when they were positive rather than negative reframes. On the other hand, positive and negative reframes occurred similarly often among the 199 proverbs, and did not differ consistently in rated truth, rated imagery arousal, or reading grade level. We concluded that many proverbs can be regarded as positive or negative reframes, which constitute basic thinking strategies that help people cope with life's challenges.
Social Support, Stress, and Self-Efficacy: Effects on Students' Satisfaction
Authors: Coffman Donna L. , Gilligan Tammy D.
Published: May 2005

Many variables impact a student's adjustment to college and ultimate academic and social success. This study investigated the relationships between social support, perceived stress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among 94 first-year college students. Students who reported higher levels of social support and self-efficacy and lower levels of perceived stress also reported higher levels of life satisfaction. Social support and stress together accounted for 41 percent of the variance in life satisfaction ratings, with social support providing the largest contribution. The findings have implications for prevention and interventions with students experiencing difficulty in adjusting to college.
Psychiatric Services in a Rural General Hospital
Authors: Werner Arnold , Knarr Frederick A. , Stack Jack M.
Published: May 2005

Rural areas face severe problems related to the inadequate distribution of psychiatrists. This paper describes a model of inpatient psychiatric care in a rural general hospital which has successfully overcome many of the constraints of the rural setting using a four member psychiatric consultation team. Using the medical community and its resources as the basis for care, a strong emphasis is also placed on continuing education for care providers. Important factors in the system include allowing all physicians to admit and care for psychiatric patients and the use of the emergency room physicians as interim admitting doctors when patients have no family physician. Other factors in the program are discussed. Problem areas have included continuity of care and treatment of certain types of patients. The results of the project have been an increase in the number of psychiatric patients admitted (140 to 268 per year) and a decrease in the number of patients sent to the state institution. Consultations requested on non-psychiatric patients, including children, have increased from thirty-five to sixty-seven per year. Most patients now remain in the care of their own physicians throughout a mental illness episode. Cooperation between community practitioners and the center staff has improved. With increased skill, center staff and community physicians have shown greater self sufficiency in working with hospitalized patients and their families.
Factors Intrinsic to the Communication Process
Authors: Shrimpton Rose Schilling
Published: May 2005

Without detailing the volumes of biological data that have been generated about the cerebrating organism known as man, the author attempts to identify some of the factors that may be germane to the communication process.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross as a Religious Leader
Authors: Klass Dennis , Hutch Richard A.
Published: May 2005

Previously it has been argued that Elisabeth Kubler-Ross' concept “acceptance” should be understood as a symbol of the private sphere which arose as a feminine cultural response to early capitalism. In this article, Kubler-Ross is considered as a charismatic religious leader. The feminine quality of her message and leadership style is examined. Kubler-Ross' career is examined in the light of recent studies of feminine versus masculine psychological development. It is concluded that Kubler-Ross' content and style conform to the femine developmental patterns, patterns that transform infantile narcissism into the creative source of her promise to true believers. The prospects for an enduring cultural jnnovation based on Kubler-Ross' work are then examined in the light of the process of institutionalizing charismatic vision as that process has historically occurred for some women charismatic leaders, but not for others. The form taken by such a process in the case of Kubler-Ross aligns her with ancient practitioners of Greco-Roman and Near Eastern mystery religions. It is concluded that Kubler-Ross' leadership, at this time, does not conform to the conditions necessary for institutionalization of her charismatic vision.
The FAA Approach to Air Traffic Controller Training
Authors: Richardson Howard R.
Published: May 2005

In January 1976, the FAA implemented a revised nationally standardized system oriented training program for enroute and terminal controllers. One of the prime elements of this program is mandatory participation by all air traffic controller trainees. Everyone hired as a trainee air traffic controller must satisfactorily progress through the entire training program and be certified as a full performance level controller. Trainees who fail any phase of training are immediately removed from the Air Traffic Control career field or reassigned as appropriate. There is classroom and laboratory training throughout the course of study which is constantly assessed. The assessment instruments are validated and are reliable indicators and predictors to the trainees' ability to perform at the full performance level. This paper describes our approach to training a newly hired developmental controller from entry on duty with the FAA until he/she attains the status of full performance level.
Toward A Model of Parental Grief
Authors: Klass Dennis , Marwit Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

Literature relating to naturalistic and laboratory studies of primates, human bonding, family systems theory, psychoanalytic notions of multiple inner representations, and pathological parenting in child abuse and neglect is reviewed in an attempt to understand the uniqueness of parent/child attachments and the unique grief experienced at the death of a child. A model accounting for phenomenon within parental grief is proposed.
Somatization among Chinese Depressives in General Practice
Authors: Cheung Fanny M. , Lau Bernard W. K. , Waldmann Edith
Published: May 2005

Depressive illness was a common clinical syndrome found in general practice in Hong Kong. The phenomenon of somatization among Chinese depressives in general practice was investigated. Patients clinically identified as depressed were compared with organic patients in terms of their presenting complaints and responses to a symptom checklist. Sleep disturbances, general malaise, pains and aches, dizziness, and menopausal symptoms were the most frequent disturbances that prompted Chinese depressives to seek help in general practice. When directly asked, these patients admitted having various psychological features including dysphoric mood, self-reproach, loss of interest in social activities and in sex. Subgroup comparisons showed little sex difference in initial complaints and admitted symptomatology among the depressives. Some age differences were observed in the presenting complaints. The discrepancy between the pattern of presenting complaints and admitted symptoms suggested that patients were aware of their emotional disturbance even though they tended to express these disturbances in somatic terms in their help-seeking processes. Distinction between the expression mode and the recognition mode of somatization was discussed.
Vegetative and Psychological Symptoms Associated with Depressed Mood over the First Two Years after Stroke
Authors: Paradiso Sergio , Ohkubo Tatsunobu , Robinson Robert G.
Published: May 2005

Introduction:

In patients with acute physical illness, symptoms used in the diagnosis of major depression such as sleep or appetite disturbance may be nonspecific for depression. This study was undertaken to examine the association of depressed mood with other depressive symptoms to determine which symptoms were most useful in the accurate diagnosis of major depression after stroke.

Methods:

Using a structured mental status examination, 142 patients with acute stroke were followed at three, six, twelve, and twenty-four months.

Results:

The median number of vegetative and psychological symptoms among patients with depressed mood was more than three times the respective rates among nondepressed patients at all time points over two years. Autonomic anxiety, morning depression, subjective anergia, worrying, brooding, loss of interest, hopelessness, and lack of self-confidence were significantly more frequent among depressed patients than nondepressed patients throughout the entire two-year period. Some symptoms such as anxious foreboding and loss of libido, as well as self-depreciation, feelings of guilt, and irritability were no longer significantly more common among depressed compared with nondepressed patients after six months. Standard DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and modified DSM-IV diagnostic criteria which included only specific symptoms of depression (i.e., symptoms which were significantly more frequent among depressed than nondepressed mood patients) yielded similar frequencies of major depression diagnosis. There were only a few patients (i.e., 2% to 3%) with depressive symptoms without a depressed mood (perhaps “masked” depressions).

Conclusions:

Vegetative and psychological depressive symptoms are significantly more common in depressed patients over the first two years after stroke and DSM-IV criteria do not overdiagnose major depression even in this population with chronic physical illness. The symptoms which characterize major depression appear to change between the subacute and chronic post-stroke periods.
Operational Guidelines for Authors, Communicators, and Managers
Authors: Post Louis A.
Published: May 2005

This article presents guidelines for improving coordination among authors, communicators and managers through 1) communication of technical information via the written word and visual aids, and 2) solutions to economic problems in technical communication for the benefit of research and development management.
Population Planning in India: National and Foreign Priorities
Authors: Banerji D.
Published: May 2005

India depends heavily on foreign experts to formulate its population policy because those domestic political leaders involved in policy making are alienated from the masses—they hold to Western values, lack competence in technical skills, are reluctant to come to grips with urgent social problems, and have given way to pressure from powerful vested interests. National and foreign priorities are closely identified. Policy formulators have sidetracked the fight against the basic social and economic problems of the country and have identified population planning with a birth control that masquerades under the name of family planning. This has been a fundamental and almost fatal mistake. Because of this approach, all attempts at family planning have failed to bring their intended results, and it has not been possible to make a significant dent in India's population problem. A threshold level of social and economic development must be attained before any family planning program can begin to bring about a sustained drop in the birth rate. Family planning should be part of a broadly based integrated plan of social and economic development. This will require changes at the political, administrative, social and economic levels to allow development of suitable plans to effectively and expeditiously implement the social and economic development programs.
The Use of Groups in the Rehabilitation of Amputees
Authors: Rogers J. , Bride A. Mac , Whylie B. , Freeman S. J. J.
Published: May 2005

There is a complex interplay between physical and emotional factors in the rehabilitative process after amputation of a limb. Although this is recognized by those working in the field of rehabilitation medicine, an overview of the literature indicates that there is comparatively little psychosocial research, education, and innovative programming. The authors have initiated such a program and have incorporated it into the routine of an inpatient amputee unit. The approach involves the utilization of basic techniques of supportive group therapy in the discussion of recurrent themes which have emerged as major concerns among amputees. Experienced amputees help new patients to anticipate potentially stressful situations, thus encouraging increased reliance. Having professionals present allows for the clarifying of medical and/or technical issues and the group setting provides a relaxed atmosphere conducive to educative discussion of physical and psychosocial concerns.
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Fears of Death among Saudi Arabians
Authors: Long Dennis D.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the factor structure of an eight-dimensional fear of death scale (Hoelter's multidimensional fear of death scale), which was translated into Arabic and administered to a sample of Saudi Arabian students temporarily living in the United States. The factor structure obtained in the present study only partially supports the factor structure first obtained by Hoelter (1979) for a United States sample, which was later replicated by Walkey (1982) for a New Zealand sample. The usefulness of Hoelter's eight fears of death and dying subscales in relation to Arabic populations is discussed.