bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonication protocols and their contributions to the microbiological diagnosis of implant-associated infections: a review of the current scenario
Authors: Silva Natally Dos Santos , De Melo Beatriz Souza Toscano , Oliva Alessandra , de Araújo Paulo Sérgio Ramos
Published: May 2024

Addressing the existing problem in the microbiological diagnosis of infections associated with implants and the current debate about the real power of precision of sonicated fluid culture (SFC), the objective of this review is to describe the methodology and analyze and compare the results obtained in current studies on the subject. Furthermore, the present study also discusses and suggests the best parameters for performing sonication. A search was carried out for recent studies in the literature (2019-2023) that addressed this research topic. As a result, different sonication protocols were adopted in the studies analyzed, as expected, and consequently, there was significant variability between the results obtained regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the technique in relation to the traditional culture method (periprosthetic tissue culture – PTC). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus were identified as the main etiological agents by SFC and PTC, with SFC being important for the identification of pathogens of low virulence that are difficult to detect. Compared to chemical biofilm displacement methods, EDTA and DTT, SFC also produced variable results. In this context, this review provided an overview of the most current scenarios on the topic and theoretical support to improve sonication performance, especially with regard to sensitivity and specificity, by scoring the best parameters from various aspects, including sample collection, storage conditions, cultivation methods, microorganism identification techniques (both phenotypic and molecular) and the cutoff point for colony forming unit (CFU) counts. This study demonstrated the need for standardization of the technique and provided a theoretical basis for a sonication protocol that aims to achieve the highest levels of sensitivity and specificity for the reliable microbiological diagnosis of infections associated with implants and prosthetic devices, such as prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). However, practical application and additional complementary studies are still needed.
XAI Human-Machine collaboration applied to network security
Authors: Moyle Steve , Martin Andrew , Allott Nicholas
Published: May 2024

Cyber attacking is easier than cyber defending—attackers only need to find one breach, while the defenders must successfully repel all attacks. This research demonstrates how cyber defenders can increase their capabilities by joining forces with eXplainable-AI (XAI) utilizing interactive human-machine collaboration. With a global shortfall of cyber defenders there is a need to amplify their skills using AI. Cyber asymmetries make propositional machine learning techniques impractical. Human reasoning and skill is a key ingredient in defense and must be embedded in the AI framework. For Human-Machine collaboration to work requires that the AI is an ultra-strong machine learner and can explain its models. Unlike Deep Learning, Inductive Logic Programming can communicate what it learns to a human. An empirical study was undertaken using six months of eavesdropped network traffic from an organization generating up-to 562K network events daily. Easier-to-defend devices were identified using a form of the Good-Turing Frequency estimator which is a promising form of volatility measure. A behavioral cloning grammar in explicit symbolic form was then produced from a single device's network activity using the compression algorithm SEQUITUR. A novel visualization was generated to allow defenders to identify network sequences they wish to explain. Interactive Inductive Logic Programming (the XAI) is supplied the network traffic meta data, sophisticated pre-existing cyber security background knowledge, and one recurring sequence of events from a single device to explain. A co-inductive process between the human cyber defender and the XAI where the human is able to understand, then refute and shape the XAI's developing model, to produce a model that conforms with the data as well as the original device designers programming. The acceptable model is in a form that can be deployed as an ongoing active cyber defense.
A systematic literature review on the impact of AI models on the security of code generation
Authors: Negri-Ribalta Claudia , Geraud-Stewart Rémi , Sergeeva Anastasia , Lenzini Gabriele
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used as a helper to develop computing programs. While it can boost software development and improve coding proficiency, this practice offers no guarantee of security. On the contrary, recent research shows that some AI models produce software with vulnerabilities. This situation leads to the question: How serious and widespread are the security flaws in code generated using AI models?

Methods

Through a systematic literature review, this work reviews the state of the art on how AI models impact software security. It systematizes the knowledge about the risks of using AI in coding security-critical software.

Results

It reviews what security flaws of well-known vulnerabilities (e.g., the MITRE CWE Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Weaknesses) are commonly hidden in AI-generated code. It also reviews works that discuss how vulnerabilities in AI-generated code can be exploited to compromise security and lists the attempts to improve the security of such AI-generated code.

Discussion

Overall, this work provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the impact of AI in secure coding. This topic has sparked interest and concern within the software security engineering community. It highlights the importance of setting up security measures and processes, such as code verification, and that such practices could be customized for AI-aided code production.
Permeability evolution of fractured coal subject to confining stress and true triaxial stress loading: experiment and mathematical model
Authors: Huang Xiaobo , Lu Yiyu , Xia Binwei , Luo Yafei
Published: May 2024

The accurate elucidation and prediction of coal permeability evolution under stress loading conditions are crucial for coalbed methane production. In this study, flow experiments were conducted on six cylindrical coal samples and four cubic coal samples under both confining and true triaxial stress loading conditions, respectively. The structure and characteristic parameters of the fractures inside each coal sample were obtained using the computed tomography scanning system and image processing technologies. The coal permeability under both types of loading processes was calculated through the transient pulse method. A mathematical model was developed to assess the evolution of coal permeability under true triaxial loading based on the current true triaxial permeability model and fractal theory. The results revealed that during the confining pressure loading, the coal permeability decreased exponentially with effective stress and was effectively described using the SD model. Additionally, the coal permeability initially rapidly decreased, followed by a gradual decrease, and eventually stabilized at a constant value. Particularly, during the first three loading steps, the fracture aperture and corresponding permeability of the six cylindrical coal samples decreased by ∼51.79%–57.83% and ∼38.06%–42.12%, respectively. However, during the final three loading steps, the fracture aperture and corresponding permeability of the six coal samples decreased by ∼18.26%–23.08% and ∼22.15%–26.93%, respectively. Moreover, owing to the various crossing angles of complex fracture networks with each principal stress, the effect of each principal stress on the coal permeability evolution was highly anisotropic during triaxial stress loading. Particularly, the permeability of the ST1 sample decreased by 43.08%, 14.84%, and 42.08% during the loading of each principal stress. Similarly, the permeability of the ST2 sample decreased by ∼65.74%, 14.29%, and 19.97%. The permeability reductions for the ST3 sample were ∼34.03%, 55.85%, and 10.12%, while those for the ST4 sample were ∼35.97%, 46.51%, and 17.52%. The SD model failed to describe these anisotropic effects. Compared with the SD model, the improved model, based on the current true triaxial permeability model and fractal theory, effectively described the anisotropic effect of each principal stress on the permeability of coal samples with complex fracture networks under triaxial stress conditions.
Analyzing the teaching profile and competency-based training in online education: a case study of Ecuadorian professors
Authors: Castro Castillo Graciela , Cárdenas-Cobo Jesennia , Soldevilla Marta Tenutto , Vidal-Silva Cristian
Published: May 2024

In the global landscape of education, the online modality has emerged as indispensable for extending access to academic training. This study delves into the teaching profile and competency-based training in online education within the context of Ecuador, a developing nation in South America. Employing a qualitative and exploratory approach, an exhaustive documentary review was conducted, followed by a comparative analysis of gathered information. The documentary review encompassed a meticulous examination of academic literature, governmental policies, and curricula pertaining to online education in Ecuador, with emphasis on selecting pertinent and representative sources. Through the comparative analysis, discernible patterns, similarities, differences, and trends regarding the teaching profile and competency-based training in Ecuadorian online education were identified. The findings present a comprehensive portrayal of how these dimensions have been addressed within Ecuador, thereby serving as a benchmark for future research endeavors. Moreover, they contribute to the advancement and enhancement of online academic programs not only within Ecuador but also in analogous contexts globally. Furthermore, the results offer valuable retrospective insights into the evolution of online education in Ecuador, shedding light on areas of strength and opportunities for refinement within this educational paradigm.
The association of body mass index variability with cardiovascular disease and mortality: a mediation analysis of pooled cohorts
Authors: Mehran Ladan , Honarvar Mohammadjavad , Masoumi Safdar , Khalili Davood , Azizi Fereidoun , Blaha Michael J. , Amouzegar Atieh
Published: May 2024

Aim

We aimed to investigate the effect of BMI variability on CVD and mortality and to explore the mediation effects of the main cardiovascular risk factors contributing to this association.

Method

Participants aged 40-65 years were pooled from three cohort studies(ARIC [Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities], MESA [Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis], and TLGS [Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study]. We employed root mean squared error of the fractional mixed model to calculate BMI variability in the measurement period. In the event assessment period, the hazard ratios for CVD and mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. In the next step, the mediation and interaction effects of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were determined.

Results

A total of 19073 participants were included in this pooled analysis. During a median of 20.7 years of follow-up, 3900 (20.44%) CVD and 6480 (33.97%) all-cause mortality events were recorded. After adjusting for potential confounders, BMI variability was linked to the 1.3 (1.2-1.4) and 1.7 (1.6-1.8) increased risk of CVD and mortality, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose mediated approximately 24% and 8% of the effect of BMI variability on CVD and mortality, respectively. However, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol did not have mediation effects in this association.

Conclusion

High BMI variability is independently associated with the development of CVD and mortality. This association is partly mediated through fasting plasma glucose. Modern cardiometabolic therapies that lower fasting glucose may reduce the risk of future CVD and mortality in individuals with high BMI variability.
Local factors influence the wild bee functional community at the urban-forest interface
Authors: Edelkind-Vealey Miriam , Ulyshen Michael D. , Braman S. Kristine
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Urban forests provide necessary habitat for many forest-associated bee species amidst development and fragmentation. These forest fragments provide a variety of important floral and non-floral resources for bees that encompass a diversity of functional guilds characterized by size, diet breadth, nesting, sociality, origin, and seasonality. The relative importance of forest edge vs. interior habitats to these organisms is not well understood.

Methods

Here, we compare bee communities between forest edge and interior locations at eight locations in Athens, GA, USA. We also explore the effects of stand structure, tree composition, ground cover type, and the presence of snags and downed wood on these organisms.

Results

We found bee abundance and richness to be higher at the forest edge than interior with distinct community compositions at both locations. Canopy cover, invasive shrub cover, ground cover, and tree diversity influenced the observed community composition. We also determined that the most impactful functional traits influencing bee community structure in urban forest fragments were nesting substrate, origin (native or exotic to North America), sociality, and diet breadth.

Discussion

Our findings will help establish the effects of local forest characteristics on the community composition, diversity, and abundance of wild bees and further our knowledge of the conservation value of urban forests for preserving wild bee communities.
Cell-free DNA in patients with sepsis: long term trajectory and association with 28-day mortality and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
Authors: Dennhardt Sophie , Ceanga Iuliana-Andreea , Baumbach Philipp , Amiratashani Mona , Kröller Sarah , Coldewey Sina M.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Outcome-prediction in patients with sepsis is challenging and currently relies on the serial measurement of many parameters. Standard diagnostic tools, such as serum creatinine (SCr), lack sensitivity and specificity for acute kidney injury (AKI). Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which can be obtained from liquid biopsies, can potentially contribute to the quantification of tissue damage and the prediction of sepsis mortality and sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI).

Methods

We investigated the clinical significance of cfDNA levels as a predictor of 28-day mortality, the occurrence of SA-AKI and the initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with sepsis. Furthermore, we investigated the long-term course of cfDNA levels in sepsis survivors at 6 and 12 months after sepsis onset. Specifically, we measured mitochondrial DNA (mitochondrially encoded NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1, mt-ND1, and mitochondrially encoded cytochrome C oxidase subunit III, mt-CO3) and nuclear DNA (nuclear ribosomal protein S18, n-Rps18) in 81 healthy controls and all available samples of 150 intensive care unit patients with sepsis obtained at 3 ± 1 days, 7 ± 1 days, 6 ± 2 months and 12 ± 2 months after sepsis onset.

Results

Our analysis revealed that, at day 3, patients with sepsis had elevated levels of cfDNA (mt-ND1, and n-Rps18, all p<0.001) which decreased after the acute phase of sepsis. 28-day non-survivors of sepsis (16%) had higher levels of cfDNA (all p<0.05) compared with 28-day survivors (84%). Patients with SA-AKI had higher levels of cfDNA compared to patients without AKI (all p<0.05). Cell-free DNA was also significantly increased in patients requiring RRT (all p<0.05). All parameters improved the AUC for SCr in predicting RRT (AUC=0.88) as well as APACHE II in predicting mortality (AUC=0.86).

Conclusion

In summary, cfDNA could potentially improve risk prediction models for mortality, SA-AKI and RRT in patients with sepsis. The predictive value of cfDNA, even with a single measurement at the onset of sepsis, could offer a significant advantage over conventional diagnostic methods that require repeated measurements or a baseline value for risk assessment. Considering that our data show that cfDNA levels decrease after the first insult, future studies could investigate cfDNA as a “memoryless” marker and thus bring further innovation to the complex field of SA-AKI diagnostics.
The microbiomic signature of hemorrhoids and comparison with associated microbiomes
Authors: Wang Yuquan , Su Wenya , Liu Zhiqiang , Wang Yihua , Li Ling , Xu Hai , Wang Mingyu , Shen Wenlong
Published: May 2024

Hemorrhoids are a common ailment that can cause significant disruptions to one’s daily life. While some researchers have speculated about a potential link between hemorrhoid development and gut microbes, there is currently insufficient evidence to support this claim. In this study, we collected samples from 60 hemorrhoid patients and analyzed the composition and characteristics of microbiomes in hemorrhoids. PCoA results revealed distinct differences between the microbiomes of hemorrhoids, skin-originated microbiomes, and gut microbes, highlighting the complex nature of hemorrhoidal microbiomes. The distribution characteristics of Staphylococcus suggest that the skin microbiome influences the microbiome of hemorrhoids. Additionally, we observed higher levels of Prevotella in two cases of thrombosed hemorrhoids compared to non-thrombosed hemorrhoids. This finding suggests that Prevotella may play a crucial role in the development of thrombosed hemorrhoids.
Expression of a unique M. tuberculosis DNA MTase Rv1509 in M. smegmatis alters the gene expression pattern and enhances virulence
Authors: Manjunath P. , Ahmad Javeed , Samal Jasmine , Rani Anshu , Sheikh Javaid Ahmad , Zarin Sheeba , Ahuja Yashika , Alam Anwar , Hasnain Seyed E. , Ehtesham Nasreen Z.
Published: May 2024

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) genome encompasses 4,173 genes, about a quarter of which remain uncharacterized and hypothetical. Considering the current limitations associated with the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, it is imperative to comprehend the pathomechanism of the disease and host-pathogen interactions to identify new drug targets for intervention strategies. Using in-silico comparative genome analysis, we identified one of the M. tb genes, Rv1509, as a signature protein exclusively present in M. tb. To explore the role of Rv1509, a likely methyl transferase, we constructed a knock-in Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) constitutively expressing Rv1509 (Ms_Rv1509). The Ms_Rv1509 led to differential expression of many transcriptional regulator genes as assessed by RNA-seq analysis. Further, in-vitro and in-vivo studies demonstrated an enhanced survival of Ms_Rv1509 inside the host macrophages. Ms_Rv1509 also promoted phagolysosomal escape inside macrophages to boost bacterial replication and dissemination. In-vivo infection studies revealed that Ms_Rv1509 survives better than BCG and causes pathological manifestations in the pancreas after intraperitoneal infection. Long-time survival of Ms_Rv1509 resulted in lymphocyte migration, increased T regulatory cells, giant cell formation, and likely granuloma formation in the pancreas, pointing toward the role of Rv1509 in M. tb pathogenesis.
Exploiting the roles of nitrogen sources for HEA increment in Cordyceps cicadae
Authors: Zhu Kexin , Ruan Haihua , Wu Tao , Zhang Hongyang , Han Wenying , Shen Qiqing
Published: May 2024

Cordyceps cicadae, as a new food ingredient, is a valuable edible and medicinal fungi. However, its resources are severely depleted due to environmental limitations and excessive harvesting practices. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA), as an important product of Cordyceps cicadae, has the potential to be used in medical industry due to its diverse disease curing potential. However, the disclosure of HEA synthesis still severely limited its application until now. In this study, the kinetic curves for adenosine and HEA under shaker fermentation were explored. The kinetics of HEA and adenosine production exhibited a competitive pattern, implicating a possibility of sharing a same step during their synthesis. Due to HEA as a derivative of nitrogen metabolism, the effect of different nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, diammonium oxalate monohydrate, ammonium citrate dibasic, and ammonium citrate tribasic) on HEA production in Cordyceps cicadae strain AH 10-4 had been explored under different incubation conditions (shaker fermentation, stationary fermentation, and submerged fermentation). Our results indicated that the complex organic nitrogen sources were found to improve the accumulation of HEA content under shaker fermentation. In contrast, the optimal nitrogen source for the accumulation of HEA under stationary fermentation and submerged fermentation was ammonium citrate tribasic. But submerged fermentation obviously shortened the incubation time and had a comparable capacity of HEA accumulation by 2.578 mg/g compared with stationary fermentation of 2.535 mg/g, implicating a possibility of scaled-up production of HEA in industry by submerged fermentation. Based on the dramatic HEA production by ammonium sulfate as nitrogen resources between stationary and shaker fermentations, alanine, aspartate and glutamate as well as arginine metabolic pathway were related to the production of HEA by comparative transcriptome. Further investigation indicated that glutamic acid, which is an analog of Asp, showed an optimum production of HEA in comparison with other amino acids.
Impact of PEDV infection on the biological characteristics of porcine intestinal exosomes
Authors: Wu Junjie , Su Langju , Ma Guangmiao , Wang Yichen , Luo Yuhang , EI-Ashram Saeed , Alajmi Reem Atalla , Li Zhili
Published: May 2024

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious intestinal infection primarily affecting pigs. It is caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PEDV targets the villus tissue cells in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, resulting in shortened intestinal villi and, in extreme cases, causing necrosis of the intestinal lining. Moreover, PEDV infection can disrupt the balance of the intestinal microflora, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria like Escherichia coli. Exosomes, tiny membrane vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in size, contain a complex mixture of RNA and proteins. MicroRNA (miRNA) regulates various cell signaling, development, and disease progression processes. This study extracted exosomes from both groups and performed high-throughput miRNA sequencing and bioinformatics techniques to investigate differences in miRNA expression within exosomes isolated from PEDV-infected porcine small intestine tissue compared to healthy controls. Notably, two miRNA types displayed upregulation in infected exosomes, while 12 exhibited downregulation. These findings unveil abnormal miRNA regulation patterns in PEDV-infected intestinal exosomes, shedding light on the intricate interplay between PEDV and its host. This will enable further exploration of the relationship between these miRNA changes and signaling pathways, enlightening PEDV pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
Transcriptomic and metabolomic correlation analysis: effect of initial SO2 addition on higher alcohol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of key regulatory genes
Authors: Lin Yuan , Zhang Na , Lin Yonghong , Gao Yinhao , Li Hongxing , Zhou Cuixia , Meng Wu , Qin Weishuai
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Higher alcohols are volatile compounds produced during alcoholic fermentation that affect the quality and safety of the final product. This study used a correlation analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to study the impact of the initial addition of SO2 (30, 60, and 90 mg/L) on the synthesis of higher alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118a and to identify key genes and metabolic pathways involved in their metabolism.

Methods

Transcriptomics and metabolomics correlation analyses were performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites were identified. Single-gene knockouts for targeting genes of important pathways were generated to study the roles of key genes involved in the regulation of higher alcohol production.

Results

We found that, as the SO2 concentration increased, the production of total higher alcohols showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Multi-omics correlation analysis revealed that the addition of SO2 affected carbon metabolism (ko01200), pyruvate metabolism (ko00620), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (ko00010), the pentose phosphate pathway (ko00030), and other metabolic pathways, thereby changing the precursor substances. The availability of SO2 indirectly affects the formation of higher alcohols. In addition, excessive SO2 affected the growth of the strain, leading to the emergence of a lag phase. We screened the ten most likely genes and constructed recombinant strains to evaluate the impact of each gene on the formation of higher alcohols. The results showed that ADH4, SER33, and GDH2 are important genes of alcohol metabolism in S. cerevisiae. The isoamyl alcohol content of the EC1118a-ADH4 strain decreased by 21.003%; The isobutanol content of the EC1118a-SER33 strain was reduced by 71.346%; and the 2-phenylethanol content of EC1118a-GDH2 strain was reduced by 25.198%.

Conclusion

This study lays a theoretical foundation for investigating the mechanism of initial addition of SO2 in the synthesis of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae, uncovering DEGs and key metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of higher alcohols, and provides guidance for regulating these mechanisms.
Mid-term safety and efficacy in small intracranial aneurysm coiling: results from TARGET® nano prospective independent core lab adjudicated multicenter registry
Authors: Ashouri Yazan , Paul Alexandra R. , Puri Ajit , Liaw Nicholas , Majjhoo Aniel , Taqi Asif , Rai Ansaar , Badruddin Aamir , Alshekhlee Amer , Naravetla Bharath , Rayes Mahmoud , Lawson Matthew , Al Masaid Batool , Langerford Claire , Shah Qaisar , Beaty Karen , Lin Eugene , Gray-Duvall Tanner , Olvany Jasmine , Slight Hannah , Chaubal Varun , Bushnaq Saif , Tan Benedict , Al Majali Mohammad , Elijovich Lucas , Sunenshine Peter , Zaidat Osama O.
Published: May 2024

Background

The primary objective is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Stryker second generation Target® Nano Coils in the treatment of ruptured and unruptured small (<7 mm) intracranial aneurysms.

Methods

The TARGET Registry is a prospective, two-arm study with independent medical event monitoring and core-lab adjudication. This paper describes the second arm of the TARGET registry. Patients with de novo intracranial aneurysms were embolized with 2nd generation TARGET Nano coils in 12 US centers. The primary efficacy outcome was adequate aneurysm occlusion (RR occlusion grade I-II) on follow-up. Primary safety outcome was treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcomes included aneurysm packing density immediately post-procedure, immediate adequate occlusion, aneurysm re-access rate, retreatment rate and clinical outcomes using modified ranking scale. A secondary analysis investigated the influence of using Nano-predominant coils (≥2/3 of total coil-length) vs. non-Nano-predominant coils (<2/3 of total length).

Results

150 patients with 155 aneurysms met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. (31%) patients with ruptured and (69%) with unruptured aneurysms were treated using TARGET coils. Median age was 58.8 (SD 12.7), 74.7% were females, and 80% were Caucasians. Mean follow-up was 5.23 (SD 2.27) months. Peri-procedural mortality was seen in 2.0% of patients. Good outcome at discharge (mRS 0–2) was seen in 81.3% of the cohort. The median packing density (SD) was 29.4% (14.9). Mid-term complete/near complete occlusion rate was seen in 96% of aneurysms and complete obliteration was seen in 75.2% of aneurysms. Patients treated predominantly with Nano coils had higher PD (32.6% vs. 26.1%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in clinical and angiographic outcomes. The mid-term mRS0-2 was achieved in 106/109 (97.2%) patients. All-cause mortality was 5/115 (4.3%).

Conclusion

In the multicenter TARGET Registry, 75.8% of aneurysms achieved mid-term complete occlusion, and 96% achieved complete/near complete occlusion with excellent independent functional outcome.
Nomogram to predict ventilator-associated pneumonia in large vessel occlusion stroke after endovascular treatment: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhu Huishan , Liang Wenfei , Zhu Jingling , He Xiaohua , Zou Pengjuan , Yang Kangqiang , Li Guoshun , Liao Bin , Deng Huiquan , Liang Zichong , Zhao Jiasheng , Zhao Zhan , Chen Jingyi , He Qiuxing , Ning Weimin
Published: May 2024

Background

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) severely impacts stroke patients’ prognosis after endovascular treatment. Hence, this study created a nomogram to predict the occurrence of VAP after endovascular treatment.

Methods

The individuals with acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO) who received mechanical ventilation and endovascular therapy between July 2020 and August 2023 were included in this retrospective study. The predictive model and nomogram were generated by performing feature selection optimization using the LASSO regression model and multifactor logistic regression analysis and assessed the evaluation, verification and clinical application.

Results

A total of 184 individuals (average age 61.85 ± 13.25 years, 73.37% male) were enrolled, and the rate of VAP occurrence was found to be 57.07%. Factors such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, duration of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), dysphagia, Fazekas scale 2 and admission diastolic blood pressure were found to be associated with the occurrence of VAP in the nomogram that demonstrating a strong discriminatory power with AUC of 0.862 (95% CI, 0.810–0.914), and a favorable clinical net benefit.

Conclusion

This nomogram, comprising GCS score, ICU duration, dysphagia, Fazekas scale 2 and admission diastolic blood pressure, can aid clinicians in predicting the identification of high-risk patients for VAP following endovascular treatment in large vessel occlusion stroke.
Standard rodent diets differentially impact alcohol consumption, preference, and gut microbiome diversity
Authors: Zaparte Aline , Dore Evan , White Selby , Paliarin Franciely , Gabriel Cameron , Copenhaver Katherine , Basavanhalli Samhita , Garcia Emily , Vaddavalli Rishith , Luo Meng , Taylor Christopher M. , Welsh David Allen , Maiya Rajani
Published: May 2024

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex and widespread disease with limited pharmacotherapies. Preclinical animal models of AUD use a variety of voluntary alcohol consumption procedures to recapitulate different phases of AUD, including binge alcohol consumption and dependence. However, voluntary alcohol consumption in mice is widely variable, making it difficult to reproduce results across labs. Accumulating evidence indicates that different brands of commercially available rodent chow can profoundly influence alcohol intake. In this study, we investigated the effects of three commercially available and widely used rodent diet formulations on alcohol consumption and preference in C57BL/6 J mice using the 24 h intermittent access procedure. The three brands of chow tested were LabDiet 5,001 (LD5001), LabDiet 5,053 (LD5053), and Teklad 2019S (TL2019S) from two companies (Research Diets and Envigo, respectively). Mice fed LD5001 and LD5053 displayed higher levels of alcohol consumption and preference compared to mice fed TL2019S. We also found that alcohol consumption and preference could be rapidly switched by changing the diet 48 h prior to alcohol administration. Sucrose, saccharin, and quinine preferences were not altered, suggesting that the diets did not alter sweet and bitter taste perception. We also found that mice fed LD5001 displayed increased quinine-resistant alcohol intake compared to mice fed TL2019S, suggesting that diets could influence the development of compulsive behaviors such as alcohol consumption. We profiled the gut microbiome of water- and alcohol-drinking mice that were maintained on different diets and found significant differences in bacterial alpha- and beta-diversities, which could impact the gut–brain axis signaling and alcohol consumption.
Effect of dietary patterns on mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a machine learning bibliometric and visualization analysis
Authors: Lou Yan , Chen Xueping , Zhao Le , Xuc Nan , Zhang Lijun , Hu Wenyi , Qiu Yongzhen
Published: May 2024

Objective

As a spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions, dementia presents a significant challenge to worldwide health. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is recognized as the intermediate stage between normal cognitive functioning and dementia. Studies highlight the significant impact of dietary patterns on the management of MCI and dementia. Currently, comprehensive research on dietary patterns specific to MCI and dementia is limited, but bibliometric analysis offers a method to pinpoint essential research directions.

Methods

On November 18, 2023, a search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) for publications on diet and MCI/dementia. Tools such as Rstudio, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer were employed to create a knowledge atlas. This atlas analyzed collaborations, reference co-citations, keyword patterns, and emerging trends.

Results

The search yielded 1,493 publications on diet and MCI/dementia, indicating a growing interest despite fluctuations. Contributions came from 70 countries/regions and 410 organizations across 456 journals. The USA and China led in publication numbers, with significant contributions from Columbia University and Harvard Medical School. Top authors include Scarmeas Nikolaos, Morris Martha Clare, and Samieri Cecilia. The Ketogenic, Mediterranean, and MIND diets emerged as key dietary patterns for cognitive decline prevention, highlighting the role of genetic factors, especially ApoE polymorphisms, in cognitive deterioration.

Conclusion

This study provides core countries, institutions, and authors in the field, and points out the development directions in the field. Future research directions in dietary for MCI and dementia will focus on: (1) the potential effects of the KD in alleviating oxidative stress and modulating gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases; (2) how diet influences cognitive health through patterns of ApoE and protein expression; (3) investigating the interactions between gut microbiota and brain function, known as the “gut-brain axis.”
Case report: Multidrug resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: focus on failure of immunotherapy and success of high-dose chemotherapy
Authors: Enuset Anne , Duck Lionel , Petre Claudia , Machiels Jean-Pascal , Goffin Frédéric
Published: May 2024

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is extremely rare, but has a very good prognosis, with a cure rate close to 100%, for low-risk diseases. This article describes the case of a healthy 28-year-old nulliparous patient with GTN resistant to multiple lines of treatment. The era of immunotherapy is revolutionizing oncology, having already proved its worth in the treatment of many cancers. This article will have a specific focus on the emerging role of immunotherapy in the treatment of GTN. Unfortunately, the use of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) failed in our case, emphasizing on the necessity to clearly define the future role of immune therapy in GTN. Finally, given the rapid progression of the disease after hysterectomy, induction with Paclitaxel- Ifosfamide and then intensification with high-dose Carboplatin and Etoposide with peripheral blood stem cell support was given as a rescue therapy with still curative intent.
MRI-based intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics for preoperative prediction of glioma grade: a multicenter study
Authors: Tan Rui , Sui Chunxiao , Wang Chao , Zhu Tao
Published: May 2024

Background

Accurate preoperative prediction of glioma is crucial for developing individualized treatment decisions and assessing prognosis. In this study, we aimed to establish and evaluate the value of integrated models by incorporating the intratumoral and peritumoral features from conventional MRI and clinical characteristics in the prediction of glioma grade.

Methods

A total of 213 glioma patients from two centers were included in the retrospective analysis, among which, 132 patients were classified as the training cohort and internal validation set, and the remaining 81 patients were zoned as the independent external testing cohort. A total of 7728 features were extracted from MRI sequences and various volumes of interest (VOIs). After feature selection, 30 radiomic models depended on five sets of machine learning classifiers, different MRI sequences, and four different combinations of predictive feature sources, including features from the intratumoral region only, features from the peritumoral edema region only, features from the fusion area including intratumoral and peritumoral edema region (VOI-fusion), and features from the intratumoral region with the addition of features from peritumoral edema region (feature-fusion), were established to select the optimal model. A nomogram based on the clinical parameter and optimal radiomic model was constructed for predicting glioma grade in clinical practice.

Results

The intratumoral radiomic models based on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and T2-flair sequences outperformed those based on a single MRI sequence. Moreover, the internal validation and independent external test underscored that the XGBoost machine learning classifier, incorporating features extracted from VOI-fusion, showed superior predictive efficiency in differentiating between low-grade gliomas (LGG) and high-grade gliomas (HGG), with an AUC of 0.805 in the external test. The radiomic models of VOI-fusion yielded higher prediction efficiency than those of feature-fusion. Additionally, the developed nomogram presented an optimal predictive efficacy with an AUC of 0.825 in the testing cohort.

Conclusion

This study systematically investigated the effect of intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics to predict glioma grading with conventional MRI. The optimal model was the XGBoost classifier coupled radiomic model based on VOI-fusion. The radiomic models that depended on VOI-fusion outperformed those that depended on feature-fusion, suggesting that peritumoral features should be rationally utilized in radiomic studies.
Combination of ADAM17 knockdown with eplerenone is more effective than single therapy in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Xie Lin , Zang Dejin , Yang Jianmin , Xue Fei , Sui Wenhai , Zhang Yun
Published: May 2024

Background

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) members, especially Ang II and aldosterone, play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers combined with aldosterone receptor antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) have substantially improved clinical outcomes in patients with DCM. However, the use of the combination has been limited due to its high risk of inducing hyperkalemia.

Methods

Type 1 diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 55 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days. Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of ADAM17 in mice hearts. Eplerenone was administered via gavage at 200 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. Primary cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to high glucose (HG) in vitro for 24 h to examine the cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts transformation (CMT).

Results

Cardiac collagen deposition and CMT increased in diabetic mice, leading to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In addition, ADAM17 expression and activity increased in the hearts of diabetic mice. ADAM17 inhibition and eplerenone treatment both improved diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction, ADAM17 deficiency combined with eplerenone further reduced the effects of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction compared with single therapy in vivo. High-glucose stimulation promotes CMT in vitro and leads to increased ADAM17 expression and activity. ADAM17 knockdown and eplerenone pretreatment can reduce the CMT of fibroblasts that is induced by high glucose levels by inhibiting TGFβ1/Smad3 activation; the combination of the two can further reduce CMT compared with single therapy in vitro.

Conclusion

Our findings indicated that ADAM17 knockout could improve diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and remodeling through the inhibition of RAAS overactivation when combined with eplerenone treatment, which reduced TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway activation-mediated CMT. The combined intervention of ADAM17 deficiency and eplerenone therapy provided additional cardiac protection compared with a single therapy alone without disturbing potassium level. Therefore, the combination of ADAM17 inhibition and eplerenone is a potential therapeutic strategy for human DCM.
Factors affecting the production of sugarcane yield and sucrose accumulation: suggested potential biological solutions
Authors: Mehdi Faisal , Cao Zhengying , Zhang Shuzhen , Gan Yimei , Cai Wenwei , Peng Lishun , Wu Yuanli , Wang Wenzhi , Yang Benpeng
Published: May 2024

Environmental stresses are the main constraints on agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. This issue is worsened by abrupt and severe changes in global climate. The formation of sugarcane yield and the accumulation of sucrose are significantly influenced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding the biochemical, physiological, and environmental phenomena associated with these stresses is essential to increase crop production. This review explores the effect of environmental factors on sucrose content and sugarcane yield and highlights the negative effects of insufficient water supply, temperature fluctuations, insect pests, and diseases. This article also explains the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the role of different metabolites under environmental stresses, and highlights the function of environmental stress-related resistance genes in sugarcane. This review further discusses sugarcane crop improvement approaches, with a focus on endophytic mechanism and consortium endophyte application in sugarcane plants. Endophytes are vital in plant defense; they produce bioactive molecules that act as biocontrol agents to enhance plant immune systems and modify environmental responses through interaction with plants. This review provides an overview of internal mechanisms to enhance sugarcane plant growth and environmental resistance and offers new ideas for improving sugarcane plant fitness and crop productivity.
Drought stress tolerance and metabolomics of Medicago sativa induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DGL1
Authors: Yang Xue , Xie Yongli , Qiao Youming , Chang Feifei , Wang Tian , Li Junxi , Wu Lingling , Li Chen , Gao Ying
Published: May 2024

Introduction

This study used Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DGL1 isolated from the arid sandy land of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau as the research strain and investigated the effects of DGL1 on the biomass, physiology, and metabolites of Medicago sativa under different intensities of drought stress to provide a high-quality bacterial source and a theoretical basis for the research and development of biological fertilizer suitable for arid areas.

Methods

The exopolysaccharides (EPS), 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC), and phosphorus solubilizing capacity of DGL1 were determined. The effects of a DGL1 suspension on alfalfa biomass, physiological indexes, degree of peroxidation of cell membranes, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined after irrigating roots under drought stress. The effects on soil physicochemical properties were also evaluated, and metabolomics analysis was performed to explore the effect of DGL1 on the metabolites of alfalfa under drought stress.

Results

Strain DGL1 produced extracellular polysaccharide EPS and ACC deaminase and was capable of phosphorus solubilization. Treatment with DGL1 increased the biomass of alfalfa under different degrees of drought stress, significantly increased the activities of alfalfa antioxidant enzymes Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), reduced the content of MDA and H2O2, and increased the content of quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in the soil, thus improving soil fertility. Through metabolomics analysis, DGL1 was shown to affect amino acid metabolic pathways, such as arginine, leucine, glutamate, and tyrosine, as well as the levels of energy-providing polysaccharides and lipids, in alfalfa under 15% PEG-6000 drought stress, enhancing alfalfa’s capacity to resist drought stress.

Discussion

Strain DGL1 enhances the drought suitability of alfalfa and has the potential for dryland development as a biological agent.
Predictors of family-focused practices among mental health workers in Quebec
Authors: Piché Geneviève , Villatte Aude , Clément Marie-Ève , Morin Marie-Hélène , Maybery Darryl , Reupert Andrea , Richard-Devantoy Stéphane , Fournier-Marceau Marianne
Published: May 2024

Context

Engaging family members in the ongoing care of individuals with mental illness is a practice known to bolster the client’s recovery journey and enhance the overall wellbeing of both children and families involved. Despite its potential benefits, there remains a dearth of understanding surrounding the implementation of family-focused practices (FFP) by mental health professionals serving adults, as well as the factors that could either promote or hinder such practices. This knowledge gap is particularly pronounced within North American settings.

Goal

The goal of this study was to identify potential hindering and enabling factors of FFP used in adult mental health services.

Methods

A sample of 512 professionals working with adult mental health clients, from all regions of Quebec, Canada, with a variety of disciplinary backgrounds and working in different work settings, completed the Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire (FFMHPQ). Multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of several factors – organizational, professional, and personal – on the degree of family-based practices of mental health workers.

Results and discussion

Findings of this study show that the strongest predictors for the adoption of higher FFP levels among adult mental health professionals in Quebec, are being employed on a full-time basis, perceiving a higher level of skills, knowledge, and confidence toward FFP, and having a supportive workplace environment. Results underscore the need to address both organizational and worker-related aspects to effectively promote better FFP in mental health services.