bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-driven UFIR filter for enhanced GNSS/PDR pedestrian localization
Authors: Dou Jie , Hu Fen , Dou Lei
Published: September 2024

Integrating pedestrian dead reckoning with the global navigation satellite system enhances the reliability of pedestrian navigation. However, such an integration is typically based on the Kalman Filter, faces challenges due to noise disturbances and model uncertainties. To address these issues, we have introduced a robust integration framework, which updates the state by leveraging the most recent N measurements within a finite horizon window, using an unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) filter. Additionally, to mitigate disturbances arising from system uncertainties, deep learning techniques are employed instead of conventional model-driven methods to estimate the generalized noise power gain of the UFIR filter. Extensive field experiments, including normal walking, walk-to-run transitions, and scenarios with noise interference, were conducted to validate the efficacy of the approach. The results show that, compared to AKF, FGO, and UFIR, the mean 2D positioning error is reduced by 34.60%, 30.18%, and 25.70%, respectively.
Model of oil pipeline tiny defects detection based on DDPM gated parallel convolutional swin transformer
Authors: Yuan Kaixin , Lang Xianming , Cao Jiangtao , Zhang He
Published: September 2024

To address the challenges of difficult detection of minute magnetic flux leakage (MFL) defects, insufficient inspection data, and low detection accuracy, the denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) gate dilated parallel convolution swin transformer (DGPST) is proposed. First, we introduce a DDPM-based data generation model, successfully generating a large quantity of diverse and rich MFL defect samples. Second, a gated parallel convolution layer is introduced into the backbone network. This strategy uses the characteristics of dilated convolution to broaden the receptive field of the model, thus enhancing the integration ability of global information. The addition of gating mechanism enables the model to adjust the calculation of attention weight based on broader context information in advance, which not only complicates the shortcomings of window self-attention in global dependence understanding, but also effectively suppress irrelevant calculation. Finally, the loss function of H Intersection over Union is introduced to improve the mean average precision. Following these enhancements, DGPST attains a satisfactory outcome in detecting tiny defects within the MFL problem. Experimental data indicates the accuracy of the algorithm reaches 95.6% and the delay is reduced to 7.6 ms.
AEFF-SSC: an attention-enhanced feature fusion for 3D semantic scene completion
Authors: Shen Yehu , Sheng Yangyang , Niu Xuemei , Jiang Quansheng , Zhu Qixin , Li Jingbin
Published: September 2024

Three-dimensional (3D) occupancy perception technology aims to enable autonomous vehicles to observe and understand dense 3D environments. Estimating the complete geometry and semantics of a scene solely from visual images is challenging. However, humans can easily conceive the complete form of objects based on partial key information and their own experience. This ability is crucial for recognizing and interpreting the surrounding environment. To equip 3D occupancy perception systems with a similar capability, a 3D semantic scene completion method called AEFF-SSC is proposed. This method deeply explores boundary and multi-scale information in voxels, aiming to reconstruct 3D geometry more accurately. We have specifically designed an attention-enhanced feature fusion module that effectively fuses image feature information from different scales and focuses on feature boundary information, thereby more efficiently extracting voxel features. Additionally, we introduce a semantic segmentation module driven by a 3D attention-UNet network. This module combines a 3D U-Net network with a 3D attention mechanism. Through feature fusion and feature weighting, it aids in restoring 3D spatial information and significantly improves the accuracy of segmentation results. Experimental verification on the SemanticKITTI dataset demonstrates that AEFF-SSC significantly outperforms other existing methods in terms of both geometry and semantics. Specifically, within a 12.8 m × 12.8 m area ahead, our geometric occupancy accuracy has achieved a significant improvement of 71.58%, and at the same time, the semantic segmentation accuracy has also increased remarkably by 54.20%.
Ultrathin nanocapacitor assembled via atomic layer deposition
Authors: Lopez Medina Javier Alonso , Mejía-Salazar J Ricardo , Carvalho William O F , Lopez Mercado Cesar , Nedev N , Reyes Gómez Faustino , Oliveira Jr Osvaldo N , Farías M H , Tiznado Hugo
Published: September 2024

We fabricated ultrathin metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) nanocapacitors using atomic layer deposition. The capacitors consist of a bilayer of Al2O3 and Y2O3 with a total thickness of ∼10 nm, deposited on silicon substrate. The presence of the two materials, each slab being ∼5 nm thick and uniform over a large area, was confirmed with transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The capacitance in accumulation varied from 1.6 nF (at 1 MHz) to ∼2.8 nF (at 10 kHz), which is one to two orders of magnitude higher than other nanocapacitors. This high capacitance is attributed to the synergy between the dielectric properties of ultrathin Al2O3 and Y2O3 layers. The electrical properties of the nanocapacitor are stable within a wide range of temperatures, from 25 °C to 150 °C, as indicated by capacitance–voltage (C–V). Since the thickness-to-area ratio is negligible, the nanocapacitor could be simulated as a single parallel plate capacitor in COMSOL Multiphysics, with good agreement between experimental and simulation data. As a proof-of-concept we simulated a MOS field effect transistor device with the nanocapacitor gate dielectric, whose drain current is sufficiently high for micro and nanoelectronics integrated circuits, including for applications in sensing.
Auriferous nanozymes: advances in diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Authors: Deshwal Akanksha , Tripathi Ravi Mani , Saxena Kirti , Sheikh Faheem A , Mishra Prashant
Published: September 2024

Nanozymes are a group of nanomaterials that garnered significant attention due to their enzyme-mimicking properties and their catalytic activities comparable to those of natural enzymes. The ability of nanozymes to emulate crucial biological processes which can conquer the drawbacks of natural enzymes, such as their restricted thermostability as well as substrate range. Auriferous (gold) nanozymes possess remarkable enzyme-like properties, such as reductase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, oxidase, and catalase. This characteristic makes them a strong competitor for possible applications in the fields of biomedicine as well as biochemical analysis, especially when compared to natural enzymes, along with their simple manufacturing, adaptable features, biocompatibility, and affordability. This review evaluates the factors that affect the catalytic activity of auriferous nanozymes. We offer a thorough investigation of their diagnostic applications, including detecting cancer, microorganisms, glucose, cysteine, and uric acid. Furthermore, we delve into the applications of gold nanozyme in therapeutics including chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and photothermal therapy. In contrast to previous review, our review highlights various advantages of auriferous nanozymes in diagnostics and therapies and provides novel insights into the diverse applications of gold nanozymes encompassing current research studies.
Influence of UV irradiation on the luminescence properties of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots and CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots/PVDF composite film—for white LED application
Authors: V Kamalarasan , C Venkateswaran
Published: September 2024

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have been widely investigated for their excellent properties such as high color purity in displays, tunable emission wavelength, and high photoluminescence quantum yield. For device applications, improving the stability is an area of interest. In this study, the effects of UV irradiation on the structural and luminescence properties of CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs (CPB QDs) excited at 365 nm were investigated. To overcome the effects of UV irradiation, a CPB QDs/PVDF composite flexible film was prepared. It exhibits high structural and optical stability under UV irradiation and emits a highly intense green color. The emission wavelength and intensity were observed for three years, and the stability of the temperature-dependent emission intensity up to 400 K has been reported. In addition, it is stable in water. A white LED, fabricated by integrating a blue LED with CPB QDs/PVDF composite film and red phosphor, produces bright natural white light [(CIE x, CIE y) = (0.3704, 0.3611), and CCT = 4177 K] with a color gamut area coverage of 86.4% of the standard NTSC (1953) color space.
Investigating deep learning strategies for fast denoising of 5D cardiac photon-counting micro-CT images
Authors: Nadkarni Rohan , Clark Darin P , Allphin Alex J , Badea Cristian T
Published: September 2024

Objective. Photon-counting detectors for CT imaging use energy thresholds to simultaneously acquire projections at multiple energies, making them suitable for spectral imaging and material decomposition. Unfortunately, setting multiple energy thresholds results in noisy analytical reconstructions due to low photon counts in high-energy bins. Iterative reconstruction provides high quality photon-counting CT (PCCT) images but requires enormous computation time for 5D (3D + energy + time) in vivo cardiac imaging. Approach. We recently introduced UnetU, a deep learning (DL) approach that accurately denoises axial slices from 4D (3D + energy) PCCT reconstructions at various acquisition settings. In this study, we explore UnetU configurations for 5D cardiac PCCT denoising, focusing on singular value decomposition (SVD) modifications along the energy and time dimensions and alternate network architectures such as 3D U-net, FastDVDNet, and Swin Transformer UNet. We compare our networks to multi-energy non-local means (ME NLM), an established PCCT denoising algorithm. Main results. Our evaluation, using real mouse data and the digital MOBY phantom, revealed that all DL methods were more than 16 times faster than iterative reconstruction. DL denoising with SVD along the energy dimension was most effective, consistently providing low root mean square error and spatio-temporal reduced reference entropic difference, alongside strong qualitative agreement with iterative reconstruction. This superiority was attributed to lower effective rank along the energy dimension than the time dimension in 5D cardiac PCCT reconstructions. ME NLM sometimes outperformed DL with time SVD or time and energy SVD, but lagged behind iterative reconstruction and DL with energy SVD. Among alternate DL architectures with energy SVD, none consistently outperformed UnetU Energy (2D). Significance. Our study establishes UnetU Energy as an accurate and efficient method for 5D cardiac PCCT denoising, offering a 32-fold speed increase from iterative reconstruction. This advancement sets a new benchmark for DL applications in cardiovascular imaging.
Enhancing timing performance of heterostructures with double-sided readout
Authors: Pagano Fiammetta , Kratochwil Nicolaus , Lowis Carsten , Choong Woon-Seng , Paganoni Marco , Pizzichemi Marco , Cates Joshua W , Auffray Etiennette
Published: September 2024

Objective. Heterostructured scintillators offer a promising solution to balance the sensitivity and timing in TOF-PET detectors. These scintillators utilize alternating layers of materials with complementary properties to optimize performance. However, the layering compromises time resolution due to light transport issues. This study explores double-sided readout—enabling improved light collection and Depth-of-Interaction (DOI) information retrieval—to mitigate this effect and enhance the timing capabilities of heterostructures. Approach. The time resolution and DOI performances of 3 × 3 × 20 mm3 BGO&EJ232 heterostructures were assessed in a single and double-sided readout (SSR and DSR, respectively) configuration using high-frequency electronics. Main results. Selective analysis of photopeak events yielded a DOI resolution of 6.4 ± 0.04 mm. Notably, the Coincidence Time Resolution (CTR) improved from 262 ± 8 ps (SSR) to 174 ± 6 ps (DSR) when measured in coincidence with a fast reference detector. Additionally, symmetrical configuration of two identical heterostructures in coincidence was tested, yielding in DSR a CTR of 254 ± 8 ps for all photopeak events and 107 ± 5 ps for the fastest events. Significance. By using high-frequency double-sided readout, we could measure DOI resolution and improve the time resolution of heterostructures of up to 40%. The DOI information resulted intrinsically captured in the average between the timestamps of the two SiPMs, without requiring any further correction.
A study on GaN-based high-efficiency class E power amplifier circuits at medium-low frequencies
Authors: Liu Chang , Huang Xuegong
Published: September 2024

In this paper, a high-power amplifier is designed to address the challenges of low transmission power and poor efficiency in wireless energy transmission technology at low frequencies. The design is based on a class E power amplifier circuit. The theoretical analysis is conducted to determine transistor selection and the static DC operating point. Load traction technology is employed to match the load impedance of the power amplifier, ensuring highly efficient and unified power additional efficiency, and output power. To enhance system stability and feedback compensation, gate series resistance and parallel capacitors are incorporated. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed power amplifier achieves an output power of 48 dBm with a power additive efficiency (PAE) of 85%. Furthermore, the third-order intermodulation component reaches 70 dBm, indicating concentrated output energy and high linearity in the amplifier system. Experimental results validate the consistency between theoretical analysis and model simulation, confirming the designed power amplifier circuit’s stability and successfully achieving energy-efficient, high-power transmission.
Cosmic topology. Part IVa. Classification of manifolds using machine learning: a case study with small toroidal universes
Authors: Tamosiunas Andrius , Cornet-Gomez Fernando , Akrami Yashar , Anselmi Stefano , Carrón Duque Javier , Copi Craig J. , Eskilt Johannes R. , Güngör Özenç , Jaffe Andrew H. , Kosowsky Arthur , Martin Barandiaran Mikel , Mertens James B. , Mihaylov Deyan P. , Pereira Thiago S. , Saha Samanta , Samandar Amirhossein , Starkman Glenn D. , Taylor Quinn , Vardanyan Valeri ,   The COMPACT collaboration
Published: September 2024

Non-trivial spatial topology of the Universe may give rise to potentially measurable signatures in the cosmic microwave background.
We explore different machine learning approaches to classify harmonic-space realizations of the microwave background in the test case of Euclidean E
1 topology (the 3-torus) with a cubic fundamental domain of a size scale significantly smaller than the diameter of the last scattering surface.
This is the first step toward developing a machine learning approach to classification of cosmic topology and likelihood-free inference of topological parameters.
Different machine learning approaches are capable of classifying the harmonic-space realizations with accuracy greater than 99%
if the topology scale is half of the diameter of the last-scattering surface and orientation of the topology is known.
For distinguishing random rotations of these sky realizations from realizations of the covering space, the extreme gradient boosting classifier algorithm performs best with an accuracy of 88%. Slightly lower accuracies of 83% to 87% are obtained with the random forest classifier along with one- and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks. The techniques presented here can also accurately classify non-rotated cubic E
1 topology realizations with a topology scale slightly larger than the diameter of the last-scattering surface, if enough training data are provided.
While information compressing methods like most machine learning approaches cannot
exceed the statistical power of a likelihood-based approach that captures
all available information, they potentially offer a computationally cheaper alternative.
A principle challenge appears to be accounting for arbitrary orientations of a given
topology, although this is also a significant hurdle for likelihood-based approaches.
Influence of feedback transparency on motor imagery neurofeedback performance: the contribution of agency
Authors: Dussard Claire , Pillette Léa , Dumas Cassandra , Pierrieau Emeline , Hugueville Laurent , Lau Brian , Jeunet-Kelway Camille , George Nathalie
Published: September 2024

Objective. Neurofeedback (NF) is a cognitive training procedure based on real-time feedback (FB) of a participant’s brain activity that they must learn to self-regulate. A classical visual FB delivered in a NF task is a filling gauge reflecting a measure of brain activity. This abstract visual FB is not transparently linked—from the subject’s perspective—to the task performed (e.g., motor imagery (MI)). This may decrease the sense of agency, that is, the participants’ reported control over FB. Here, we assessed the influence of FB transparency on NF performance and the role of agency in this relationship. Approach. Participants performed a NF task using MI to regulate brain activity measured using electroencephalography. In separate blocks, participants experienced three different conditions designed to vary transparency: FB was presented as either (1) a swinging pendulum, (2) a clenching virtual hand, (3) a clenching virtual hand combined with a motor illusion induced by tendon vibration. We measured self-reported agency and user experience after each NF block. Main results. We found that FB transparency influences NF performance. Transparent visual FB provided by the virtual hand resulted in significantly better NF performance than the abstract FB of the pendulum. Surprisingly, adding a motor illusion to the virtual hand significantly decreased performance relative to the virtual hand alone. When introduced in incremental linear mixed effect models, self-reported agency was significantly associated with NF performance and it captured the variance related to the effect of FB transparency on NF performance. Significance. Our results highlight the relevance of transparent FB in relation to the sense of agency. This is likely an important consideration in designing FB to improve NF performance and learning outcomes.
Simultaneous modulation of pulse charge and burst period elicits two differentiable referred sensations
Authors: Benigni T R , Pena A E , Kuntaegowdanahalli S S , Abbas J J , Jung R
Published: September 2024

Objective. To investigate the feasibility of delivering multidimensional feedback using a single channel of peripheral nerve stimulation by complementing intensity percepts with flutter frequency percepts controlled by burst period modulation. Approach. Two dimensions of a distally referred sensation were provided simultaneously: intensity was conveyed by the modulation of the pulse charge rate inside short discrete periods of stimulation referred to as bursts and frequency was conveyed by the modulation of the period between bursts. For this approach to be feasible, intensity percepts must be perceived independently of frequency percepts. Two experiments investigated these interactions. A series of two alternative forced choice tasks (2AFC) were used to investigate burst period modulation’s role in intensity discernibility. Magnitude estimation tasks were used to determine any interactions in the gradation between the frequency and intensity percepts. Main results. The 2AFC revealed that burst periods can be individually differentiated as a gradable frequency percept in peripheral nerve stimulation. Participants could correctly rate a perceptual scale of intensity and frequency regardless of the value of the second, but the dependence of frequency differentiability on charge rate indicates that frequency was harder to detect with weaker intensity percepts. The same was not observed in intensity differentiability as the length of burst periods did not significantly alter intensity differentiation. These results suggest multidimensional encoding is a promising approach for increasing information throughput in sensory feedback systems if intensity ranges are selected properly. Significance. This study offers valuable insights into haptic feedback through the peripheral nervous system and demonstrates an encoding approach for neural stimulation that may offer enhanced information transfer in virtual reality applications and sensory-enabled prosthetic systems. This multidimensional encoding strategy for sensory feedback may open new avenues for enriched control capabilities.
Impact of repetitive ELM transients on ITER divertor tungsten monoblock top surfaces
Authors: Paschalidis K. , Ratynskaia S. , Tolias P. , Pitts R.A.
Published: September 2024

Owing to the high stored energy of ITER plasmas, the heat pulses due to uncontrolled Type I edge localized modes (ELMs) can be sufficient to melt the top surface of several poloidal rows of tungsten monoblocks in the divertor strike point regions. Coupled with the melt motion associated with tungsten in the strong tokamak magnetic fields, the resulting surface damage after even a comparatively small number of such repetitive transients may have a significant impact on long-term stationary power handling capability. The permissible numbers set important boundaries on operation and on the performance required from the plasma control system. Modelling is carried out with the recently updated MEMENTO melt dynamics code, which is tailored to tackle melt motion problems characterized by a vast spatio-temporal scale separation. The crucial role of coupling between surface deformation and shallow angle heat loading in aggravating melt damage is highlighted. As a consequence, the allowable operational space in terms of ELM-induced transient heat loads is history-dependent and once deformation has occurred, weaker heat loads, incapable of melting a pristine surface, can further extend the damage.
Experimental investigation of kinetic instabilities driven by runaway electrons in the EXL-50 spherical torus
Authors: Wang Mingyuan , Tan Mingsheng , Shi Yuejiang , Wang Ziqi , Dong Jiaqi , Liu Adi , Zhuang Ge , Li Songjian , Song Shaodong , Yuan Baoshan , Martin Peng Y-K.
Published: September 2024

In this study, high-frequency instabilities driven by runaway electrons in the EXL-50 spherical torus have been reported using a high-frequency magnetic pickup coil. The frequency of these instabilities is found to be power function dependent on the plasma density, similar to the dispersion relation of the whistler wave. The observed instability seems to exhibit a fluctuating pattern, resembling frequency chirping behavior, which appears to align with the expected outcomes predicted by the Berk-Breizman model. Theoretically, the excitation threshold of the instability driven by runaway electrons is related to the ratio of the runaway electron density to the background plasma density, and the stability criterion is first demonstrated qualitatively in this work. The instability can be stabilized by the spontaneous rise of plasma density, consistent with the wave-particle resonance mechanism. This investigation demonstrates the excitation characteristic of chirping instabilities in a tokamak plasma and reveals new features of these instabilities, thereby advancing the understanding of the mechanisms for controlling and mitigating runaway electrons.
Control and Regulation of Au Hillocks Growth by the Electrical Field and their Metastable Dynamics in Ambient Atmosphere
Authors: Yu Dacheng , Tian Zhongzheng , Ren Liming , Fu Yunyi
Published: September 2024

With the rapid development of electronic engineering and nanotechnology, the electrical field-induced surface migration plays an increasingly important role in the fields of materials science. By comparing the changes in the surface migration behavior of gold nanogap electrodes under different electric field parameters, we reveal the kinetic processes and influencing factors of electric field-induced surface migration. Under the condition of only 1 pA current limit, under the continuous electric field, the hillcok only appears in the anode and gradually evolve into multiple peaks when rises to some extent. By establishing a finite element model of the nanogap, we find the hillock grows under the field strength gradient. Then hillock growth is biregulated by applying a positive or negative voltage to the drain end of the gap device. Located in the normal temperature atmosphere, the morphology will degenerate, and this feature is opposite to the hillock generated by electromigration.
Failure Analysis of Bypass Rupture of Flowmeter in Steam Pipeline
Authors: Yu Ting , Du Bin , Zhong Fengping , Peng Chao , Chao Huiquan
Published: September 2024

A petrochemical company’s pipeline ruptured in the flowmeter bypass of the main steam pipeline during a steam blowdown before commissioning, resulting in material failure and inoperability. The cause of the pipe rupture needed to be detected experimentally. To study the failure in the steam pipeline of a flowmeter of bypass rupture, visual inspection, mechanical properties testing, chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Mechanical property. The experiments confirmed the reason for the bypass rupture of the 15CrMoG steam pipeline: improper heat treatment transforms the material’s structure, and the pearlite spheroidization (PC) leads to the deterioration of the material’s mechanical properties. The main manifestations are as follows: the grains in the superheated zone of the welding exhibit a coarse morphology, and a distinctive superheated Widmanstatten structure is formed due to rapid cooling, resulting in a significant reduction in material plasticity and impact toughness. High-temperature oxidation occurs, accompanied by localized enrichment of Cr-element in certain areas, while other regions experience Cr depletion, resulting in the deterioration of material properties.
Simulation of Exploding Foil Initiator Flyers Driving Detonation
Authors: Hu Heng , Li Mingyu , Zeng Qingxuan
Published: September 2024

Flyers are the key components that determine the detonation ability of Exploding Foil Initiators (EFI). The incident attitude and velocity of the flyer are the decisive factors affecting the initiation of explosives. This work utilizes a new simulation method to simulate the impact detonation process of flyers. Here we simulate the process of flyers being cut and accelerated, impacting explosives and explosives being detonated. It is possible to obtain the orientation and dynamic velocity changes of the flyer during its motion and the propagation process of detonation waves in explosives. The results provide detailed flyer morphology during the operation of the EFI and pressure changes in explosives. The results indicate that during the formation process of 10 μm and 20 μm flyers, the flip will occur. Additionally, 20 μm and 25 μm flyers can detonate HNS-IV, while 10 μm and 30 μm flyers can not detonate HNS-IV.
Research on Quantum State Implementation Based on Topological Insulators
Authors: Yang Hong , Zhang Chi , Zhuo Lan
Published: September 2024

This paper first introduces the mainstream technology route of quantum computing. The analysis provides the role and advantages of topological insulators in quantum computing, such as providing stable quantum bits, enhancing the coherence and non-locality of quantum bits, and enabling the transmission of quantum information and entanglement allocation. This paper then proposes a quantum state implementation scheme based on Bi2Se3, based on the characteristics and advantages of the quantum Hall effect of topological insulators. It includes calculating the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian of topological insulators, obtaining the spatial distribution of wave functions, and generating a quantum bit platform based on topological insulators. A quantum state implementation system based on topological insulator (Bi2Se3) was constructed, and the system framework and reference configuration were provided. The solution presented in this article is an important research achievement in topological quantum computing, providing more possibilities for the implementation of feasible fault-tolerant quantum computer prototypes.
Research on reactive power voltage control strategy of distribution networks containing distributed PV
Authors: Wang Bo , Yan Yang , Xia Zhanpeng , Dai Wei
Published: September 2024

With the large-scale increase in photovoltaic power generation, its integration into the grid will affect the system voltage of the distribution network. This paper presents a reactive voltage control strategy for the distribution network based on deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, the objective function model is established based on the node voltage and network loss of the distribution network. Secondly, each photovoltaic inverter is modeled as an agent of the enhanced learning environment. The collaborative control problem of the photovoltaic inverter is transformed into an observable Markov decision-making process through the distribution network partition. The paper uses a double delay depth deterministic gradient algorithm to solve the problem. Finally, combined with the improvement of 33 nodes for verification, the proposed strategy has the stability of improving voltage, presenting an ability to effectively reduce network loss and verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Nature’s value, philosophies, theories, and concepts: a critical review and suggestions for future indigenous research
Authors: Damoah Elizabeth , Connor Jeffery D , Sangha Kamaljit K , Cooper Bethany , Poelina Anne
Published: September 2024

Numerous publications on natural resource valuations consider contexts where environmental assets at risk are significant to Indigenous Peoples and their estates. In the last two decades alone, many applied studies have aimed at investigating the ‘value’ of socio-environmental outcomes from the perspectives of the general populations including Indigenous Peoples. The term ‘value’ is often invoked in varying contexts ranging from empirical research to natural resource management (NRM) strategies and policies. Underpinning all valuation exercises is a conceptual approach to defining and analysing value, which is contextual given that different philosophies and worldviews consider nature’s ‘value’ differently. Our objective was to understand value philosophies underpinning diverse NRM ‘value’ paradigms and to evaluate compatibility with Indigenous Peoples’ value attribution. We conducted a systematic search for publications on nature studies from multiple databases using a Boolean strategy. The processes for literature identification and selection are presented in a PRISMA flowchart. The study then critically reviewed and synthesized insights from the literature on the interpretations, conceptualizations, and elicitations of value, particularly in contexts where NRM influences Indigenous estates. We found that philosophical perspectives define how ‘value’ is conceptualised and evaluated. Most studies reviewed rested on the economic paradigm grounded in anthropocentric utilitarian value-framing, and limited studies considered a relational value lens that reflects Indigenous Peoples’ value attribution for the natural environment. A relational lens sits outside of the usual ‘instrumental versus intrinsic’ value dichotomy and deems human-nature connections coupled, and worthy in themselves. The paper demonstrates the commonalities and inconsistencies across diverse value conceptualizations and describes emerging pluralistic approaches consistent with Indigenous value attribution. A novel framework for understanding and bridging the different conceptual and analytical valuation lenses, particularly on water, is presented ensuring that multiple, complex, and distinct value dimensions are empirically bridged in studies involving Indigenous Peoples.
Modified norm activation model (NAM) to see the effect of technology on food waste management behaviour
Authors: Nurisusilawati I , Qornaeni L , Jannah A N
Published: September 2024

Food waste management is a way to reduce food waste, but the community, especially the SME food sector, still needs to learn more about this, so only a few food SME owners manage food waste. The use of technological innovation can influence and change the knowledge of SME owners toward sustainable behaviour. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing food waste management behaviour among food SMEs and look at the influence of innovative technology on food waste management behaviour. This study uses a modified Norm Activation Model (NAM) theory to answer the research objectives. The NAM model has four variables, namely Awareness of Consequence (AC), Ascription of Responsibility (AR), Personal Norm (PN), and Behaviour Intention (BI) variables. The behaviour of food waste management (BF) and technological innovation (TI) variables were added to determine the effect of innovation on food waste management behaviour. The method used is SEM-PLS to see the effect between variables. The research results show that the AR positively influences PN with R2 value is 0.168. The TI and PN influence BI with R2 value is 0.352. The BI positively influences SME owners to manage food waste R2 value is 0.638. The intention is the variable that has the most significant effect on the behaviour of managing food waste, and the personal norm is the variable that is most significant in triggering the level of the intention of food SME owners. The results of this research imply that it is necessary to raise knowledge about food waste and its consequences and make technologies that are easy and inexpensive for SME owners so that their intention to manage food waste can increase.
Characteristics of rain tree seed (Samanea saman) biochar at different pyrolysis temperatures
Authors: Rahmat A , Rahman N A , Latuponu H , Sutiharni S , Elfina Y , Lidiyawati A , Asni A , Yusnaini Y , Rosnina A G , Wirda Z , Azmi Y
Published: September 2024

A Rain trees (Samanea saman) yield abundant seeds, averaging 200-250 kg of pods per season from mature trees. This high seed production often results in waste or undesired seedlings. To mitigate this issue, researchers are studying methods to utilize these seeds effectively. One promising approach involves converting rain tree seeds into biochar through pyrolysis, a process that transforms organic resources into valuable products. However, the characteristics of the biochar depend on the pyrolysis temperature. This study aims to examine how different temperatures affect the properties of rain tree seed biochar. The seeds were subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C for four hours. The results show that increasing the pyrolysis temperature will decrease the biochar yield, with the highest yield at 300°C being 50.52%. Conversely, the ash content and fixed carbon increase with rising temperatures. SEM analysis indicates that pores begin to form at 400°C; however, at 600°C, extensive pore cracking is observed. Based on FTIR analysis, functional groups including -OH, C=C, C=O, C-O, and C-H were identified. XRF analysis reveals that the four dominant elements in biochar are K2O (55-59%), CaO (24-28%), P2O5 (11-12%), and MgO (1.5-1.9%). Based on these dominant elements, rain tree seed biochar has potential for soil amendment, containing macronutrients necessary for plant growth.
Biocomposites reinforced with wood flour and eggshell powder: production and properties
Authors: Nathaniel F , Anggono J , Wibawa A
Published: September 2024

Wood plastic composite (WPC) is one example of a biocomposite that has been applied commercially as structural materials either in the building industry and in the automobile interior parts. In this work, WPC was developed based on polypropylene (PP) from used medical mask, polyethylene (PE) from plastic pocket reinforced with wood flour mixed with eggshell powder (ESP). The study aims to target similar properties as commercial WPC with its tensile strength of 14.27 MPa, flexural strength of 37.57 MPa, water absorption 2.61 %, and flammability (burning rate) < 100 mm/min. The composition of the composites investigated was PP (45 wt. %), PE (5 wt. %), wood flour (30 wt. %), ESP (20 wt. %). The effect of calcined and uncalcined ESP on the properties was first studied and the results show no significant differences in their properties. That finding leads to prepare biocomposite samples using hot press with various applied pressures, i.e. 0.55; 0.65; and 0.75 MPa. The tests show that the samples prepared with hot press pressure of 0.55 MPa can meet all the limit target of the above properties.
Comparison of the Naïve Bayes and the Nearest Neighbor method to detect vegetation in some of the New Capital of Indonesia (IKN)
Authors: Nugroho J T , Sari N M , Rahmi K I N , Febrianti N , Arifin S , Sakti A D
Published: September 2024

Human activities or anthropogenic activities can cause land cover changes in an area. IKN as the new capital city of Indonesia has the potential to experience changes in land cover due to massive infrastructure development in the future. Land cover detection using remote sensing and machine learning is growing rapidly because it can monitor environmental conditions in an area. Planet imagery is one of the most recent remote sensing data with sufficient spatial resolution to identify land cover. This research aims to detect vegetation objects and built-up land in the study area. The data used is Planet imagery and the research area is part of the IKN in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The method proposed in this study is the object-based classification (OBIA) Naïve Bayes compared to Nearest Neighbor method. The results show that OBIA using these two machine learnings are able to detect vegetation and built-up land where the overall accuracy with Nearest Neighbor reaches 87.8% and Naïve Bayes obtains a higher accuracy of 98.7%. This research only classifies vegetation and built-up land and in the future research can be developed to see how biodiversity conditions in the IKN area can be detected. These results indicate that the proposed method is effective for detection of built-up land cover and vegetation as a solution for environmental monitoring in IKN. By considering Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats and comparing these two methods, it is concluded that Naïve Bayes is better than Nearest Neighbor to detect vegetation in study area.
Sediment transport model for sustainable dredging of the Barito River in Indonesia
Authors: Riyadi A , Syaefudin  , Garno Y S , Prayogo T , Hidayat N , Kusumastuti E , Rosadi A H Y , Tresnadi H , Zaidan M , Widodo L , Mujianto
Published: September 2024

The Barito River is the largest river in Indonesia with a discharge of 4,160 m3/second. The project objective is to deepen the port area of the Port Expansion to meet the minimum barge draft with a ship width of 28 m, ship draft 6.5 m and ship length 100 m. The estimated volume of dredging for an area 40 ha with an existing riverbed −13 mLWS is 2,500,000 BCM. Geotechnical dredging studies include slope stability analysis, bearing capacity of soil reinforcement and sampling of embankment material types. Bathymetry measurement method using multibeam Echosounder and Sub-Bottom Profiler. Dredging modeling uses DHI Mike Hydrodynamics and Mud Transport Module software. The ship uses a Cutter Suction Dredger type with capacity of 5,000 m3/day and Pelican Barge with capacity of 6,000 m3/day. The model input used is TSS and the percentage of 5 river sediment grain size classes in the Upstream, Middlestream and Downstream project locations. Scenario model dredging was carried out with 12 different scenarios in the installation of 2 silt curtains. With pollutant transport and geotechnical models, landslides and sediment distribution patterns can be mitigated.
Penstock pipe’s hydraulic design for the mini hydropower plant at Besai Kemu, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Plamonia N , Saputra E R A , Said N I , Hernaningsih T , Widayat W , Hanif M , Adi P D , Yohanitas W A , Niode N , Dewa R P , Witama R O
Published: September 2024

Hydropower, as a renewable energy source, holds significant potential for electricity generation. However, optimizing the design of hydropower penstocks to ensure efficient energy conversion remains a complex challenge. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the optimal hydraulic calculations for designing a penstock system in Lampung, Indonesia, thereby contributing to the understanding of micro hydropower engineering. The research adopts an explanatory methodology, utilizing a case study approach in Bukit Kemuning, Lampung, Indonesia. Design data collection at the research site and relevant hydraulic design indicators from literature serve as the foundation for conducting comprehensive hydraulic calculations. The study focuses on key parameters such as penstock dimensions, power generation capacity, and energy loss assessments to inform the design process. The analysis reveals a flow rate of 11 m3/s and a flow velocity of 2.43 m/s, resulting in a targeted power output of 3234 Kilowatts. The findings underscore the critical role of key elevation parameters and design considerations in optimizing the penstock system for efficient electricity generation. Detailed calculations elucidate the determination of penstock dimensions, the evaluation of energy losses, and the consideration of surge pressure velocity to ensure system resilience. To withstand high water pressure, the research advocates for penstock pipes with specific dimensions: two pipes, each 116 m in length, with a diameter of 2.4 m and a cross-sectional area of 4.52 m2 requiring a thickness of 10 mm. The study identifies pressure reduction factors, including head loss due to penstock friction (0.169 m), friction losses (0.1635 m), and water hammer reaching 2 bar with an acceleration of 88.03 m/s2. The net head after turbulent and friction losses is determined to be 30 m. This study highlights the importance of tailored design strategies in effectively harnessing hydropower resources, offering valuable insights for micro hydropower projects globally.
Abundance of microplastics in Cisadane river - Indonesia
Authors: Wahyuni N S , Efadeswarni  , Syuhada  , Liza C , Sudaryanto A , Sulistia S , Wahyono I B , Witama R O , Shiddiq M A , Mardani R , Aditya H R
Published: September 2024

Microplastics have become a serious threat to the aquatic environment, water treatment facilities, and riverside residents because they are persistent. Microplastics generally come from plastic waste produced by human and industrial activities that enter the rivers. In this study, the Cisadane River was studied for microplastic presence. Sampling was conducted at 11 points along the Cisadane River from the upstream (Muria Jaya) to the downstream (Teluk Naga). Samples were taken using a 200-mesh plankton net and then analyzed using a digital microscope for the microplastic’s presence, sizes, and shapes. Furthermore, material identification was conducted using a Raman Spectroscopy Microscope to determine the material type of microplastic in the samples. According to the result, the Cisadane River contains microplastics of various shapes and sizes. The result shows the abundance of microplastics of 0.8-9.6 particles/m3 0.8-26.4 particles/m3 in fibers and fragments, respectively. Microplastics in the form of fragments are the most dominant form. The size of microplastics varies from 65 to 4,932 μm for fibers and 23 to 2,444 μm for fragments. These differences are due to primary and secondary microplastic degradation rates through weathering, abrasion, mechanical disintegration, photolysis, and microbiological activity. The colors of microplastics found were blue, brown, cream, red, black, and transparent, with transparent being the most dominant color. The material types found were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP).
Evaluation of land use and geological effect on groundwater characteristics in Bandung metropolitan using a hydrochemical and statistical approach
Authors: Nugraha D M , Aulia M R , Sururi M R , Rahayudin Y , Utami Z B , Dida E N , Maria R , Mulyono A , Perdananugraha G M , Carrilo-Rivera J J , Rusydi A F
Published: September 2024

Groundwater is often used as clean water since it requires less water treatment. However, the quality will depend on the environmental conditions and human activities. Our research is conducted in Bandung Metropolitan, an urbanized area where groundwater is preferable, but the quality is becoming concerning. The objective of this study is to determine whether natural or human activities have a greater impact on groundwater quality. A total of 113 samples were collected from nine geological conditions spanning three primary land use types. The samples were analyzed for seven major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3
−, SO4
2
−, and Cl−), which occur naturally in natural water but may be elevated due to human activities. Based on the Piper diagram, fifty-three samples are categorized as Ca-HCO3, with the dominant cation being Ca2+ and the dominant anion being HCO3
−. Furthermore, the multivariate statistical analysis reveals that 74% of all ions are related to geological conditions and anthropogenic activities. In detail, high contents of Ca2+, as the dominant cation, are significantly correlated by all land uses and most geological formations. In addition, cation contents were significantly correlated with land uses, but the correlation varied for each type of geological formation. All land uses surely correlate with all major ions, but the geology depends on the type of formation.
Risks of sanitation and water supply in Pontianak City poorer areas settlements
Authors: Halomoan N , Amala Z , Soewondo P , Setiyawan A S , Sarli P W , Awfa D
Published: September 2024

The availability of sufficient and safe drinking water is one of the criteria for a settlement to be declared as a poorer area. Areas declared as poorer areas by the city government have water supply problems that require intervention. The Sanitation Risk Index is calculated using a questionnaire on households regarding sanitation conditions and water supply. This research examines the relationship between the Sanitation Risk Index and its effect on water use, as well as the strategies implemented to reduce sanitation risks in water supply in poorer areas in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. The city of Pontianak is located downstream of Kapuas River. Many settlements grow along riverbanks and require clean water and adequate sanitation facilities. This study began with an assessment of sanitation conditions and clean water supply with a sanitation risk assessment using a questionnaire in poorer areas. The results of the questionnaire led to calculation of the Sanitation Risk Index (IRS). Descriptive and statistical analyses show the relationship between IRS and water supply. In obtaining the water supply strategy carried out here, it was found that more than 50% of the population uses refillable water for drinking; however, rainwater and river water are still used by poorer area settlements for daily activities. The sanitation risk index was 350, indicating the influence of sanitation risk on the quality and supply of water in Pontianak City poorer area settlements. There are urgent problems that must be resolved in the clean water supply sector in the studied poorer areas.