bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genesis of Typhoon Chanchu (2006) from a Westerly Wind Burst Associated with the MJO. Part II: Roles of Deep Convection in Tropical Transition
Authors: Hogsett Wallace , Zhang Da-Lin
Published: November 2010

In this study, the life cycles of a series of four major mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during genesis and their roles in transforming a vertically tilted vortex associated with a westerly wind burst (hereafter the WWB vortex) into Typhoon Chanchu (2006) are examined using 11-day cloud-resolving simulations presented in Part I. It is found that the tilted WWB vortex at early stages is characterized by an elevated cold-core layer (about 200 hPa thick) below and a weak warm column above with large vertical wind shear across the layer, which extends over a horizontal distance of about 450 km between the vortex’s 400- and 900-hPa centers. During the final two days of the genesis process, the upper-level warm column increases in depth and intensity as a result of the absorption of convectively generated vortices (CGVs), including a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), causing more rapid amplification of cyclonic vorticity in the middle than the lower troposphere. The commencement of sustained intensification of Chanchu occurs when the upper-level warm column is vertically aligned with the surface-based warm-core vortex.

Results show that four unique MCSs develop in succession on the downtilt-right side of the WWB vortex. The first MCS develops as a squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation and an MCV; subsequent MCSs include a convective cluster whose shape changes from an inverted U to a question mark and finally a spiral rainband as the WWB vortex decreases its vertical tilt. Strong cold pools are favored behind the leading connective lines during the earlier tilted-vortex stages due primarily to dry intrusion by the midlevel sheared flows, whereas few cold downdrafts occur at later stages as the WWB vortex becomes more upright and sufficiently moist. The authors conclude that the roles of the MCSs during genesis are to (a) generate cyclonic vorticity and then store it mostly in the midtroposphere, after merging CGVs within the WWB vortex; (b) moisten the low- and midlevels; (c) enhance the northward displacement of the WWB vortex; and (d) reduce the vertical tilt of the WWB vortex.
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Tropical Convection Characteristics under Conditions of Radiative–Convective Equilibrium
Authors: van den Heever Susan C. , Stephens Graeme L. , Wood Norman B.
Published: November 2010

The impacts of enhanced aerosol concentrations such as those associated with dust intrusions on the trimodal distribution of tropical convection have been investigated through the use of large-domain (10 000 grid points), fine-resolution (1 km), long-duration (100 days), two-dimensional idealized cloud-resolving model simulations conducted under conditions of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE). The focus of this research is on those aerosols that serve primarily as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The results demonstrate that the large-scale organization of convection, the domain-averaged precipitation, and the total cloud fraction show only show a weak response to enhanced aerosol concentrations. However, while the domainwide responses to enhanced aerosol concentrations are weak, aerosol indirect effects on the three tropical cloud modes are found to be quite significant and often opposite in sign, a fact that appears to contribute to the weaker domain response. The results suggest that aerosol indirect effects associated with shallow clouds may offset or compensate for the aerosol indirect effects associated with congestus and deep convection systems and vice versa, thus producing a more moderate domainwide response to aerosol indirect forcing. Finally, when assessing the impacts of aerosol indirect forcing associated with CCN on the characteristics of tropical convection, several aspects need to be considered, including which cloud mode or type is being investigated, the field of interest, and whether localized or systemwide responses are being examined.
Slow Manifolds and Invariant Sets of the Primitive Equations
Authors: Temam R. , Wirosoetisno D.
Published: November 2010

The authors review, in a geophysical setting, several recent mathematical results on the forced–dissipative hydrostatic primitive equations with a linear equation of state in the limit of strong rotation and stratification, starting with existence and regularity (smoothness) results and describing their implications for the long-time behavior of the solution. These results are used to show how the solution of the primitive equations in a periodic box comes close to geostrophic balance as t → ∞. Then a review follows of how geostrophic balance could be extended to higher orders in the Rossby number, and it is shown that the solution of the primitive equations also satisfies a higher-order balance up to an exponentially small error. Finally, the connection between balance dynamics in the primitive equations and its global attractor, which is the only known invariant set (for a sufficiently general forcing), is discussed.
A Regional Modeling Study of Climate Change Impacts on Warm-Season Precipitation in the Central United States*
Authors: Bukovsky Melissa S. , Karoly David J.
Published: November 2010

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is employed as a nested regional climate model to dynamically downscale output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR’s) Community Climate System Model (CCSM) version 3 and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–NCAR global reanalysis (NNRP). The latter is used for verification of late-twentieth-century climate simulations from the WRF.

This analysis finds that the WRF is able to produce precipitation that is more realistic than that from its driving systems (the CCSM and NNRP). It also diagnoses potential issues with and differences between all of the simulations completed. Specifically, the magnitude of heavy 6-h average precipitation events, the frequency distribution, and the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the central United States are greatly improved. Projections from the WRF for late-twenty-first-century precipitation show decreases in average May–August (MJJA) precipitation, but increases in the intensity of both heavy precipitation events and rain in general when it does fall. A decrease in the number of 6-h periods with rainfall accounts for the overall decrease in average precipitation. The WRF also shows an increase in the frequency of very heavy to extreme 6-h average events, but a decrease in the frequency of all events lighter than those over the central United States. Overall, projections from this study suggest an increase in the frequency of both floods and droughts during the warm season in the central United States.
The Role of the Wind–Evaporation–Sea Surface Temperature (WES) Feedback as a Thermodynamic Pathway for the Equatorward Propagation of High-Latitude Sea Ice–Induced Cold Anomalies
Authors: Mahajan Salil , Saravanan R. , Chang Ping
Published: November 2010

The role of the wind–evaporation–sea surface temperature (WES) feedback in the propagation of the high-latitude cooling signal to the tropical oceans using the NCAR atmospheric Community Climate Model (CCM3) coupled thermodynamically to a slab-ocean model (SOM) is studied. Abruptly imposed additional Northern Hemispheric sea ice cover equivalent to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18 kyr BP) in the model causes a Northern Hemisphere–wide cooling, as well as the generation and amplification of an anomalous cross-equatorial meridional SST dipole associated with a southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) stabilizing within a period of 5 yr. In experiments where the WES feedback is switched off explicitly by modifying the sensible and latent heat flux bulk aerodynamic formulations over the oceans in CCM3, imposed Northern Hemispheric sea ice also results in widespread northern cooling at the same rate as the unmodified run, suggesting that the WES feedback is not essential in the propagation of the high-latitude cooling signal to the deep tropics. However, the WES-off experiment generates a weaker cross-equatorial SST dipole with a modest southward movement of the ITCZ, suggesting that the WES feedback is responsible for amplifying SST and atmospheric anomalies in the deep tropics during their transition to the new equilibrium state. The propagation of high-latitude cooling to the deep tropics is proposed to be caused by the decrease of near-surface specific humidity in the northern tropics.
A New Global Set of Downscaled Temperature Scenarios
Authors: Benestad Rasmus E.
Published: November 2010

A new set of empirical–statistical downscaled seasonal mean temperature scenarios is presented for locations spread across all continents. These results are based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) simulations, the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B story line, and arguably represent the largest downscaled multimodel ensemble to date in terms of worldwide distribution, length of time interval, and the number of global climate model simulations. The ensemble size of ∼50 members enables a crude uncertainty analysis for simulated future local temperature, and maps have been constructed for Europe, Africa, and the northwestern part of Russia and Scandinavia of the ensemble mean and 95th percentile for seasonal mean temperatures projected for 2100, as well as simulated probabilities for low or high temperatures. The results are stored as matrices of coefficients describing best-fit fifth-order polynomials, used to approximate the long-term trends in the temperature. These results suggest that the 95th percentile of the summer temperature is expected to increase 3°–5°C by 2100 over most of Europe, and that there will be reduced probabilities of winter temperature lower than 0°C for all European locations, with the greatest reduction of ∼60% in areas where the winter temperature presently is around freezing point. A similar analysis for Africa suggests that the June–August mean temperatures may exceed 35°C in isolated regions by 2100. For the northwestern part of Russia and Scandinavia, the analysis yields a 4.5°–7.5°C increase for the ensemble mean December–February temperature, with the most pronounced warming in the northeast, north, and over Finnmark County in Norway.
Are Anthropogenic Aerosols Responsible for the Northwest Australia Summer Rainfall Increase? A CMIP3 Perspective and Implications
Authors: Cai Wenju , Cowan Tim , Sullivan Arnold , Ribbe Joachim , Shi Ge
Published: November 2010

Severe rainfall deficiencies have plagued southern and eastern Australian regions over the past decades, where the long-term rainfall is projected to decrease. By contrast, there has been an increase over northwest Australia (NWA) in austral summer, which, if it continues, could be an important future water resource. If increasing anthropogenic aerosols contribute to the observed increase in summer rainfall, then, as anthropogenic aerosols are projected to decrease, what will the likely impact over NWA be? This study uses output from 24 climate models submitted to phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) with a total of 75 experiments to provide a multimodel perspective. The authors find that none of the ensemble averages, either with both the direct and indirect anthropogenic aerosol effect (10 models, 32 experiments) or with the direct effect only (14 models, 43 experiments), simulate the observed NWA rainfall increase. Given this, it follows that a projected rainfall reduction is not due to a projected decline in future aerosol concentrations. The authors show that the projected NWA rainfall reduction is associated with an unrealistic and overly strong NWA rainfall teleconnection with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The unrealistic teleconnection is primarily caused by a model equatorial Pacific cold tongue that extends too far into the western Pacific, with the ascending branch of the Walker circulation situated too far west, exerting an influence on rainfall over NWA rather than over northeast Australia. Models with a greater present-day ENSO amplitude produce a greater reduction in the Walker circulation and hence a greater reduction in NWA rainfall in a warming climate. Hence, the cold bias and its impact represent a source of uncertainty for climate projections.
Intermittent Intense Turbulent Mixing under Ice in the Laptev Sea Continental Shelf
Authors: Lenn Yueng-Djern , Rippeth Tom P. , Old Chris P. , Bacon Sheldon , Polyakov Igor , Ivanov Vladimir , Hölemann Jens
Published: November 2010

Vertical mixing in the bottom boundary layer and pycnocline of the Laptev Sea is evaluated from a rapidly sampled 12-h time series of microstructure temperature, conductivity, and shear observations collected under 100% sea ice during October 2008. The bottom boundary turbulent kinetic energy dissipation was observed to be enhanced (ε ∼ 10−4 W m−3) beyond background levels (ε ∼ 10−6 W m−3), extending up to 10 m above the seabed when simulated tidal currents were directed on slope. Upward heat fluxes into the halocline-class waters along the Laptev Sea seabed peaked at ∼4–8 W m−2, averaging out to ∼2 W m−2 over the 12-h sampling period. In the Laptev Sea pycnocline, an isolated 2-h episode of intense dissipation (ε ∼ 10−3 W m−3) and vertical diffusivities was observed that was not due to a localized wind event. Observations from an acoustic Doppler current meter moored in the central Laptev Sea near the M2 critical latitude are consistent with a previous model in which mixing episodes are driven by an enhancement of the pycnocline shear resulting from the alignment of the rotating pycnocline shear vector with the under-ice stress vector. Upward cross-pycnocline heat fluxes from the Arctic halocline peaked at ∼54 W m−2, resulting in a 12-h average of ∼12 W m−2. These results highlight the intermittent nature of Arctic shelf sea mixing processes and how these processes can impact the transformation of Arctic Ocean water masses. The observations also clearly demonstrate that absence or presence of sea ice profoundly affects the availability of near-inertial kinetic energy to drive vertical mixing on the Arctic shelves.
An Estimate of Increases in Storm Surge Risk to Property from Sea Level Rise in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hoffman Ross N. , Dailey Peter , Hopsch Susanna , Ponte Rui M. , Quinn Katherine , Hill Emma M. , Zachry Brian
Published: November 2010

Sea level is rising as the World Ocean warms and ice caps and glaciers melt. Published estimates based on data from satellite altimeters, beginning in late 1992, suggest that the global mean sea level has been rising on the order of 3 mm yr−1. Local processes, including ocean currents and land motions due to a variety of causes, modulate the global signal spatially and temporally. These local signals can be much larger than the global signal, and especially so on annual or shorter time scales.

Even increases on the order of 10 cm in sea level can amplify the already devastating losses that occur when a hurricane-driven storm surge coincides with an astronomical high tide. To quantify the sensitivity of property risk to increasing sea level, changes in expected annual losses to property along the U.S. Gulf and East Coasts are calculated as follows. First, observed trends in sea level rise from tide gauges are extrapolated to the year 2030, and these changes are interpolated to all coastal locations. Then a 10 000-yr catalog of simulated hurricanes is used to define critical wind parameters for each event. These wind parameters then drive a parametric time-evolving storm surge model that accounts for bathymetry, coastal geometry, surface roughness, and the phase of the astronomical tide. The impact of the maximum storm surge height on a comprehensive inventory of commercial and residential property is then calculated, using engineering models that take into account the characteristics of the full range of construction types.

Average annual losses projected to the year 2030 are presented for regions and key states and are normalized by aggregate property value on a zip code by zip code basis. Comparisons to the results of a control run reflecting the risk today quantify the change in risk per dollar of property on a percentage basis. Increases in expected losses due to the effect of sea level rise alone vary by region, with increases of 20% or more being common. Further sensitivity tests quantify the impact on the risk of sea level rise plus additional factors, such as changes in hurricane frequency and intensity as a result of rising sea surface temperatures.
Objectification Theory: Areas of Promise and Refinement
Authors: Moradi Bonnie
Published: November 2010

This article elaborates on three themes related to Szymanski, Moffitt, and Carr’s major contribution aims. First, the article describes the promise of objectification theory as a grounding framework in research and practice, outlining how this theory integrates key aspects of several other important theoretical models. Second, this article suggests areas for theoretical refinement and clarification related to the conceptualization and operationalization of self-objectification, sexually objectifying environments, and the mechanisms linking sexual objectification with substance use. Third, this article offers considerations regarding the state of objectification theory—based intervention recommendations. The article concludes with a discussion of potential roles of counseling psychologists in advancing research, practice, and advocacy informed by objectification theory.
2010 Presidential Address A Tale of Two Gavels
Authors: Westefeld John S.
Published: November 2010

The importance of both work and play is discussed. Additionally, a variety of issues related to suicidology are presented in this Division 17 presidential address.
Underscoring the Need for Social Justice Initiatives Concerning the Sexual Objectification of Women
Authors: Szymanski Dawn M. , Carr Erika R.
Published: November 2010

In this article, we emphasize the need to continually think outside the traditional therapy box in ways that we can intervene (and empower clients to intervene) to more directly address social problems, such as the sexual objectification of women, and to develop our own and our students’ advocacy skills to intervene at the level of organizations, processes, systems, and social policy. In addition, we encourage psychologists to actively take steps to increase the ways in which they turn their social justice agendas into action.
Re-evaluating Difference in Light of Biology’s Intriguing Linguistic Compliance
Authors: Clayton Belinda
Published: November 2010

This article seeks to examine the precarious division between nature and culture in light of what appears to be a linguistic compliance by the human body. Through the work of Michel Foucault, Pierre Macherey and more specifically, Vicki Kirby, this article argues that nature (the body) and culture (discourse) are not inherently oppositional, thus the way we conceptualize the world must be inseparable from the ‘matter’ under investigation. Given this, discourse is not simply a re-presentation of the organic world, but is constitutive of, and inherently ‘writing’ the natural world it describes. Thus, rather than erecting material/ conceptual borders that give integrity to the nature/culture division, this article proposes a way to think difference more generously.
Climate Change: What Role for Sociology?
Authors: Grundmann Reiner , Stehr Nico
Published: November 2010

In a previous issue of this journal, Constance Lever-Tracy called on sociologists to become more involved in the debates about anthropogenic climate change. In this response to her article, the authors support her general argument but query four of her tenets: (1) they see other reasons for the lack of interest in climate change among sociologists; (2) they argue that the true challenge to climate change research is interdisciplinarity (as opposed to multidisciplinarity); (3) they emphasize the virtues of constructivism; and (4), while Lever-Tracy argues that climate change should be at the heart of the discipline, in the authors’ view, unless this is to be mere wishful thinking, there is a need to carefully consider the prospects of such an enterprise.
The language of interests: The contribution of discursive psychology
Authors: Whittle Andrea , Mueller Frank
Published: November 2010

In this article we outline the contribution of the field of Discursive Psychology (DP) for the understanding of interests in organization studies. We discuss the limitations of viewing interests and motives as cognitive states, essential drivers of action and explanatory variables. Following DP, we propose to view interests and motives as a key component of meaningful social practice, making interests and motives a topic for analysis rather than resource for explanation. DP offers a distinct approach to analyzing the accounts that people make about their interests in a particular state of affairs, their stake in a particular situation, or their motive in pursuing a particular course of action. To illustrate our argument, we analyze two data extracts from a qualitative study of a UK public-private partnership. By illustrating the way in which interests are dealt with in different interactional situations, we seek to contribute by outlining a more sophisticated and insightful way of understanding interests within organization studies.
Crossing the Chasm: How to Convert Relevant Research Into Managerially Useful Research
Authors: Markides Constantinos
Published: November 2010

There is growing concern within the Academy of Management that a big and growing gap exists between management research and practice. The persistence of this gap is a mystery! Over the past 20 years, literally hundreds of ideas have been proposed to close it. Yet nothing seems to work and according to some, the gap continues to grow. Why is that? Is it that all the ideas proposed are bad or are we simply guilty of not implementing our own ideas in a manifestation of the “knowledge—doing gap”? In this article, the author proposes that a much more serious issue may be at work. Specifically, the author argues that our research is (sufficiently) relevant but still not what our customers (i.e., the managers) want or need. The gap that exists is not between rigorous and relevant research; it is between relevant and useful knowledge. For our (relevant) research to become managerially useful, it still needs to go through a transformation. Unfortunately, academics are not good at this transformation process. This has a serious implication on what we actually need to do to make our research more managerially useful.
From Peasants to Farmers: Peasant Differentiation, Labor Regimes, and Land-Rights Institutions in China’s Agrarian Transition
Authors: Forrest Zhang Q. , Donaldson John A.
Published: November 2010

The development of factor markets has opened Chinese agriculture for the penetration of capitalism. This new round of rural transformation—China’s agrarian transition— raises the agrarian question in the Chinese context. This study investigates how capitalist forms and relations of production transform agricultural production and the peasantry class in rural China. The authors identify six forms of nonpeasant agricultural production, compare the labor regimes and direct producers’ socioeconomic statuses across these forms, and evaluate the role of China’s land-rights institution in shaping these forms. The empirical investigation presents three main findings: (1) Peasant differentiation : capitalist forms of agricultural production differentiate peasants into a variety of new class positions. (2) Market-based stratification: producers in capitalist agriculture are primarily stratified by their positions in labor and land markets; their socioeconomic statuses are linked with their varying degrees of proletarianization. (3) Institutional mediation: rural China’s dual-track land system plays a crucial role in shaping the diverse and unique forms of capitalist production.
Examining the Role of Emotional and Functional Values in Festival Evaluation
Authors: Lee Jin-Soo , Lee Choong-Ki , Choi Youngjoon
Published: November 2010

This study aimed to identify the antecedents of emotional and functional values of festival participation. At the same time, it investigated the relative contribution of emotional and functional values to satisfaction levels and behavioral intentions. Structural equation modeling suggested that festival programs and convenient facilities positively influenced both functional and emotional values, whereas a natural environment positively affected only emotional value. The festival program contributed more to emotional value than to functional value, whereas a convenient facility was more associated with functional value. Emotional value contributed more strongly to both festival satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The findings are expected to aid in our understanding of visitors’ perceptions of festivals, so that they can be better managed and designed in the future.
Why Security Forces Do Not Deliver Security
Authors: Mehler Andreas
Published: November 2010

Little attention has been paid to the factual contribution of the state’s security forces to the physical security of African citizens. Reports about security forces adding to a widespread insecurity are frequent: the protectors become violators, and their appearance causes fear, not security. In many African crisis countries the realization of better security forces appears to be an elusive goal, either because violent conflicts are not definitively settled and therefore do not allow for decent reform or because a lack of capacity as a result of material constraints is not easy to remedy. Above all, the political will of governments to reform their security forces, including their composition and structure, is often limited. This contribution compares the security provision by official forces in Liberia and the Central African Republic, two extreme cases of strong and weak international involvement, respectively, in postconflict security-sector reform. Blueprint models for such reforms that do not take into account local expectations and experiences are bound to fail.
I Am Against Us? Unpacking Cultural Differences in Ingroup Favoritism via Dialecticism
Authors: Ma-Kellams Christine , Spencer-Rodgers Julie , Peng Kaiping
Published: November 2010

The authors proposed a novel explanation for cultural differences in ingroup favoritism (dialecticism) and tested this hypothesis across cultures/ethnicities, domains, and levels of analysis (explicit vs. implicit, cognitive vs. affective). Dialecticism refers to the cognitive tendency to tolerate contradiction and is more frequently found among East Asian than North American cultures. In Study 1, Chinese were significantly less positive, compared to European Americans, in their explicit judgments of family members. Study 2 investigated ingroup attitudes among Chinese, Latinos, and European Americans. Only Chinese participants showed significant in-group derogation, relative to the other groups, and dialecticism (Dialectical Self Scale) was associated with participants’ in group attitudes. Study 3 manipulated dialectical versus linear lay beliefs; participants primed with dialecticism showed more negative, explicit ingroup attitudes. Although ingroup disfavoring tendencies were more prevalent among Chinese across studies, they may be a reflection of one’s culturally based lay beliefs rather than deep-rooted negative feelings toward one’s ingroup.
Bridging the Guideline–Practice Gap in Critical Care Nutrition
Authors: Cahill Naomi E. , Heyland Daren K.
Published: November 2010

Several clinical practice guidelines focusing on nutrition therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients are available to assist busy critical care practitioners in making decisions regarding feeding their patients. However, large gaps have been observed between guideline recommendations and actual practice. To be effective in optimizing nutrition practice, guideline development must be followed by systematic guideline implementation strategies. Systematic reviews of studies evaluating guideline implementation interventions outside the critical care setting found that these strategies, such as reminders, educational outreach, and audit and feedback, produce modest to moderate improvements in processes of care, with considerable variation observed both within and across studies. Unfortunately, the optimal strategies to implement guidelines in the intensive care unit are poorly understood, with scarce data available to guide our decisions on which strategies to use. The authors identified 3 cluster randomized trials evaluating the implementation of nutrition guidelines in the critical care setting. These studies demonstrated small improvements in nutrition practice, but no significant effect on patient outcomes. There are some data to suggest that tailoring guideline implementation strategies to overcome identified barriers to change might be a more effective approach than the multifaceted “one size fits all” strategy used in previous studies. Adopting this tailored approach to guideline implementation in future studies may help bridge the current guideline‐practice gap and lead to significant improvements in nutrition practices and patient outcomes.
Lost in (Knowledge) Translation!
Authors: Heyland Daren K. , Cahill Naomi E. , Dhaliwal Rupinder
Published: November 2010

Critical care nutrition guidelines have been developed to help busy practitioners decide how to feed their critically ill patients. However, despite the publication of guidelines and efforts to disseminate and implement them, there are large gaps between what the recommendations say and what is happening at the bedside. Consequently, the nutrition therapy received by many patients remains suboptimal. Knowledge translation is a term increasingly used in healthcare to describe the process of moving evidence learned from clinical research and summarized in clinical practice guidelines to incorporation into clinical and policy decision making. In this article, knowledge about the implementation of critical care nutrition guidelines is applied to Graham et al's knowledge‐to‐action model to illuminate the issues pertinent to knowledge translation in critical care nutrition. This model has 2 components: knowledge creation and action. The action component consists of 8 phases of the action cycle that represent activities needed to move knowledge into practice and are derived from planned‐action theory. Components of this model are illustrated via empirically derived research, commentaries, and published studies from the field of critical care nutrition. It is hoped that this article and related articles in this issue of JPEN will help critical care nutrition practitioners to better understand the often complex and convoluted road of translating knowledge into practice so that as a community we are no longer “lost” but have direction that can bring about positive changes in nutrition practice.
Environmental Concerns, Values and Meanings in the Beijing and Detroit Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Mohai Paul , Simões Solange , Brechin Steven R.
Published: November 2010

Given increasing evidence from international surveys that concern for the environment appears to be a worldwide phenomenon, the authors of this article were interested in conducting an in-depth analysis of environmental concerns, values and behavior in the Beijing and Detroit metropolitan areas. Because of the attention that has been given to the influences of dominant social values and neighborhood environmental context on environmental attitudes cross-nationally, the authors were especially interested in examining what impact these have. In so doing, they attempted to introduce several important innovations in their comparative study, including new measures of commitment to the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) and indicators of neighborhood environmental quality. Using face-to-face interviews with probability samples surveys of residents in the Beijing and Detroit metropolitan areas, the study also determined, from openended questions, people’s understandings of ‘the environment’ and ‘economic growth’ and the priority trade-offs between them that are often implied and debated. The analyses found striking similarities as well as differences in the two metropolitan areas.
Translating Global Values into National Contexts
Authors: Kern Thomas
Published: November 2010

Since the 1970s, the global rise of environmentalism has attracted growing attention from the social sciences. Although most studies acknowledge the lack of a direct link between environmental activism and environmental policy changes, grassroots activists, social movements and NGOs are widely considered to have made a significant contribution to the global spread of environmentalism. Recently, this standard account has been strongly challenged by neoinstitutionalist approaches. In lieu of elevating the role of local activists, they explain the global rise of environmentalism as a top-down process by stressing the importance of the so-called ‘world environmental regime’. In an attempt to bridge this conceptual divide, the present article examines the interaction between local/national activists and the world environmental regime in the case of South Korea. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of statements, network data and surveys, this study describes the social mechanism driving the rise of environmentalism and demonstrates that its accession was equally shaped by the expansion of the world environmental regime, national configurations of power and the cultural creativity of environmental activists.
Effect of Shoulder Stabilization on Career Length in National Football League Athletes
Authors: Brophy Robert H. , Gill Corey S. , Lyman Stephen , Barnes Ronnie P. , Rodeo Scott A. , Warren Russell F.
Published: November 2010

Background: Shoulder instability and surgical stabilization are common in college football athletes. The effect of shoulder stabilization during college on the length of an athlete’s career in the National Football League (NFL) has not been well examined.

Hypothesis: Athletes with a history of shoulder stabilization before the NFL combine have a shorter career than do matched controls.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: A database containing the injury history and career NFL statistics of athletes from 1987 to 2000 was used to match athletes with a history of shoulder stabilization and no other surgery or significant injury to controls without a history of any previous surgery or significant injury. Athletes were matched by position, year drafted, round drafted, and additional minor injury history.

Results: Forty-two athletes with a history of shoulder stabilization were identified and matched with controls. A history of shoulder stabilization significantly reduced the length of career in terms of years (5.2 ± 3.9 vs 6.9 ± 3.6 years; P = .01) and games played (56 ± 53 vs 77 ± 50, P = .03) as compared with controls. By position, linemen and linebackers (20 athletes) with a history of shoulder stabilization had a significantly shorter career in years (4.7 ± 3.8 vs 6.7 ± 3.4 years; P = .049) and games played (51 ± 58 vs 81 ± 48; P = .046) than did controls. Among the other positions (22 athletes), the difference was not statistically significant in this small cohort.

Conclusion: A history of shoulder stabilization shortens the expected career of a professional football player, particularly for linemen and linebackers. Further research is warranted to better understand how these injuries and surgeries affect an athlete’s career and what can be done to improve the long-term outcome after treatment.
Cohabiting, Family and Community Stressors, Selection, and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Kierkus Christopher A. , Johnson Brian R. , Hewitt John D.
Published: November 2010

Prior research has established that children from traditional, two-parent nuclear families experience a lower risk of delinquency than children raised in alternative family structures. However, many studies have ignored the effect of parental cohabiting on delinquent development. A growing body of research suggests that cohabiting (even among biological parents) may be harmful to children. This study tests the hypothesis that cohabiting is associated with four different types of delinquent behavior. It examines two theoretical models, a family stress model and a community stress/selection model, as possible explanations of ‘‘the cohabiting effect.’’ The analysis reveals that cohabiting is generally associated with increased risk of misbehavior (although the effects do vary somewhat by type of delinquency). Although the theoretical models could not completely explain ‘‘the cohabiting effect,’’ substantial evidence of both mediation and moderation is found. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Criminal Justice Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 2009 Term
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Bell Valerie , Stoddard Cody
Published: November 2010

During its 2009 term, the U.S. Supreme Court decided 26 cases dealing with a criminal justice— related issue. While a number of these decisions will have only a slight impact on the daily administration of justice, there were several significant cases involving criminal justice—related topics such as search and seizure, interrogations, and sentencing. We present in this article a summary and analysis of the most significant decisions involving criminal justice.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rapeseed Waste-filled LLDPE Composites
Authors: Zabihzadeh S.M. , Omidvar A. , Marandi M.A.B. , Mirmehdi S.M. , Dastoorian F.
Published: November 2010

Flat-pressed composites using linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and rapeseed waste were made by hot pressing. This study investigated the effects of filler loading on the flexural and physical properties of rapeseed-filled thermoplastic polymer composite panels. The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength were mainly influenced by the filler content. The flexural strength was shown to decrease significantly with an increase in the filler content, while the flexural modulus increased insignificantly. With the increase of the filler content, the water absorption and the thickness swelling were increased significantly due to the strong hydrophilicity of lignocellulosic filler. Water absorption was proved to follow the kinetics of a Fickian diffusion process. The swelling model presented by Shi and Gardner [(2006). Hygroscopic Thickness Swelling Rate of Compression Molded Wood Fiberboard and Wood Fiber/polymer Composites, Composite Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37(9): 1276—1285] provided a very good prediction of the hygroscopic swelling process of rapeseed/LLDPE composite panels.
Illicit and Nonmedical Drug Use Among Older Adults: A Review
Authors: Wu Li-Tzy , Blazer Dan G.
Published: November 2010

Objective: Substance abuse among older adults is a looming public health concern. The number of Americans aged 50+ years with a substance use disorder is projected to double from 2.8 million in 2002-2006 to 5.7 million in 2020. The authors provide a review of epidemiological findings for this understudied area of research by focusing on illicit drug use disorders and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among adults aged 50+ years. Method: MEDLINE and PsychInfo were searched using keywords drug use, drug abuse, drug misuse, substance use disorder, and prescription drug abuse. Using the related-articles link, additional articles were screened for inclusion. This review included articles published between 1990 and 2010. Result: Results from multiple sources indicated a much higher rate of illicit drug use and nonmedical use of prescription drugs and drug-related treatment admissions for persons 50 to 64 years of age compared with adults 65+ years of age. Rates of treatment admissions involving primary use of illicit and misuse of prescription drugs have increased, while rates involving primary use of alcohol only have decreased. Alcohol, opioids/heroin, and cocaine were more likely than other substances to be associated with treatment use. Limited research data suggested the effectiveness of treatments, especially for women. Furthermore, older adults appeared to be less likely than younger adults to perceive substance use as problematic or to use treatment services. Discussion: There is robust evidence showing that an increased number of older adults will need substance abuse care in the coming decades. Increasing demands on the substance abuse treatment system will require expansion of treatment facilities and development of effective service programs to address emerging needs of the aging drug-using population.
Post-mortem toxicological urine screening in cause of death determination
Authors: Ceelen Manon , Dorn Tina , Buster Marcel , Stomp Joris , Zweipfenning Peter , Das Kees
Published: November 2010

This study evaluated standard toxicology screening by forensic physicians during external post-mortem examination. Collected urine samples of decedents were screened on-site for the presence of 10 commonly used drugs by means of a rapid multidrug test. Urine samples of 53% of the cases appeared to be positive for one or more compounds. Importantly, several cases were revealed which were positive for toxicology screening without indications for use of these drugs at the scene of death or from medical history. Based on these (preliminary) results, further action to incorporate routine post-mortem toxicology as a tool in forensic death investigation is recommended.
Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol derivatives from the roots of Vitis thunbergii var. sinuate against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells
Authors: Chung Ill-Min , Yeo Min-A , Kim Sun-Jin , Moon Hyung-In
Published: November 2010

We observed that an aqueous extract of this medicinal plant exhibited significant neuroprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells from methanol extracts of the roots of Vitis thunbergii var. sinuate (Vitaceae). To further clarify the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms of this observed effect, we isolated and identified various active fractions and components. By using such fractionation procedures, five resveratrol derivatives − vitisinols A (1), B (2), C (3), (+)-vitisin A (4), and (+)-vitisin C (5) − were isolated from the methanol extracts from the roots of V. thunbergii var. sinuate. Among these five resveratrol derivatives, 3 exhibited most significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, as indicated by a cell viability of approximately 75%−85%, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 μM. These findings indicate that the neuroprotective effects of V. thunbergii var. sinuate might be due to the inhibition of glutamate-induced toxicity by resveratrol derivatives present in the plant.
Poverty, Inequality and the Challenges of Pro-Poor Governance in Bangladesh
Authors: Afsar Rita
Published: November 2010

Weak governance as a result of clientelist practice is often considered as the single-most important factor behind the growing inequality and persistent poverty in Bangladesh. Using a rights-based approach (RBA), this article examines regional disparity, central–local relations and the scope for peoples’ participation under the existing rules and practices. It also sheds light on the cultural aspects of governance constituted of trust, social solidarity and institutional connectivity using an empirical data set generated from a census of six villages in Bangladesh backed by a triangulation of the qualitative and quantitative research tools. It has demonstrated that the rising inter- and intra-regional inequality is an outcome of inequitable distribution of public goods and services confirming the clientelist syndrome of the government. Further, excessive control by the national government impedes innovation and efficient delivery of services by the local bodies, which ultimately hampers pro-poor growth. One of the most important findings of this study is the emergence of the school as the most trusted institution in the village. On the basis of the study, it can also be argued that social capital does not always lead to a positive-sum outcome, rather it can be turned to a zero-sum game depending on the socio-cultural contexts and other factors such as the overall level of literacy of the villagers, strong networks both within and outside the village among other factors.
Planning to Play Cricket
Authors: Fewkes Jacqueline H.
Published: November 2010

This article presents the data of an ethnographic case study of a non-governmental organisation’s development project in northern India, the creation of Children’s Committees for Village Development (CCVDs). Through this case study, we can examine how children are crafted into a child public that is constituted by global development ideologies and moulded by local social structures. CCVD tasks can be recognised as a form of ‘work’, with specific activities related to citizenship practices. A focus on the tasks in which the children are engaged illustrates the specific practices through which transnational development organisations contribute to expectations about national citizenship in India. While these practices are informed by transnational ideologies, local social relations shape the children’s implementation and adult reception of these ideologies. Understanding citizenship activities as work practices, highlights the role that the ascription of value to children’s work plays in this development process.
Literary Representations of the ‘New Indian Woman’
Authors: Lau Lisa
Published: November 2010

This article discusses the levels of autonomy and self-definition of the ‘new Indian woman’ in the contemporary literature written in English by Indian women writers. The article will analyse the role, position and influence of the natal family in this delicate and highly experimental identity negotiation by contemporary middle class, single, urban Indian women. The focus of this article is on young, single women who have careers or waged employment, and who thus function in both private and public spheres. Caplan (1985) contended that for Indian women, the family alone represented their economic and psychological source of security. The article explores how the contemporary literature portrays changes in this setup and how aspiring new Indian women at the turn of the century perform cultural balancing acts to defend ever greater levels of personal autonomy, while maintaining (even, in some instances, consolidating) their place within their families. The article finds that despite the burgeoning of the middle class in urban India, which sees a radical economic shift towards increasing numbers of single women working outside their homes, as yet there has not been any equally radical shift in the social, cultural or familial situation subsequently; neither has there been a radical change in women’s roles nor societal expectations of them. However, emerging narratives of the last decade show that some small but significant shifts are occurring at this most fundamental level of identity negotiation, and that the identities of women may be more fluid than they had previously been permitted to be.