bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Procurement In The Eu
Authors: Trepte Peter
Published: November 2023

This is a commentary on the two new EC Directives on public procurement, which are due to be implemented and in force by January 2006, together with practical guidance upon their application and implementation in national law. The author offers a clear and precise explanation of the meaning and significance of the rules and identifies and discusses the problem areas in understandable terms. A new feature of the second edition is that it covers all procurement rules relating to the institutions of the EC itself, for example rules relating to procurement by the EC Commission or European Development Fund. The author is a recognized expert in this field, bringing to bear experience both in private practice and as an adviser to governments and public bodies to provide an essential reference guide for all who operate in this field. The book is based on the provisions of the Directives themselves and, as such, sets out the minimum requirements that must be followed by each member state in the process of transposition. Whilst it considers the EU objectives of procurement regulation and the interpretations provided by the European Court, its primary purpose is to explain the effects of the EC rules in the context of real world procurement practices and procedures. The book takes into account the latest amendments brought about by the EC Directives of 2004, including: the consolidation of the Directives to introduce a more sequenced logic; the significant improvements and amendments brought about by both Directives: the introduction of new procedures; the introduction of electronic procurement (including specific provisions relating to dynamic purchasing systems and electronic auctions); the permissibility of the application of social and environmental policies and the applicable conditions as well as the amendments to the utilities sector Directive in respect of its scope (coverage of telecommunications removed and postal services added); the new general escape mechanisms for competitive markets and the significant changes to the affiliated undertakings. The book also covers the other EC procurement rules which apply to funded contracts and contracts benefiting third countries.
Introduction
Authors: Trepte Peter
Published: November 2023

The first edition of this book did not contain an introduction in the belief that it was not necessary for practitioners to be given a lengthy discourse on the history or indeed the objectives of the relevant legislation. As a set of mandatory rules, they need to be respected in any event. However, this may have been mistaken because the context of European procurement regulation is perhaps unique and demands further explanation; not because this will necessarily explain better the scope of the Directives but rather because it will demonstrate the limitations of the European regime.
Contracting Entities In The Utilities Sector
Authors: Trepte Peter
Published: November 2023

The Public Sector Directive, consistently with the previous three Public Sector Directives, specifically excludes from its scope of application all public contracts which, under the Utilities Directive, are awarded by contracting authorities exercising one or more of the defined activities in the utilities sector (in the field of water, energy, transport and postal services) and are awarded for the pursuit of those activities. It also makes clear that contracts which are excluded from the Utilities Directive do not, at the same time, re-enter the scope of application of the Public Sector Directive. Thus, public authorities carrying out relevant activities in the utilities sector are covered by the Utilities Directive, not the Public Sector Directive.
Savages Within The Empire
Authors: Bickham Troy O
Published: November 2023

In 1720s London, a well-known band of young ruffians gave themselves crescent tattoos and adorned turbans in honour of their so-called 'mohamattan [Muslim]' Indian namesakes, the Mohawk. Few Britons noticed the gang's mistaken muddling of North American and Indian subcontinent geographies and cultures. Even fewer cared in an age in which 'Indian' was a catch-all term applied to theatre characters, philosophies, and objects whose only common characteristic often was that they were not European. Yet just thirty years later, when the North American empire had entered centre stage, Londoners bought Iroquois tomahawks at auctions; provincial newspapers debated Cherokee politics; women shopkeepers read aloud newspaper accounts of frontier battles as their husbands counted the takings; church congregations listened to the sermons of American Indian converts; families toured museum exhibits of American Indian artefacts; and Oxford dons wagered their bottles of port on the outcome of American wars. Focusing on the question, 'How did the British who remained in Britain perceive American Indians, and how did these perceptions reflect and affect British culture?', Savages within the Empire explores both how Britons engaged with the peripheries of their Atlantic empire without leaving home, and, equally important, how their forged understanding significantly affected the British and their rapidly expanding world. It draws from a wide range of evidence to consider an array of eighteenth-century contexts, including material culture, print culture, imperial government policy, the Church of England's missionary endeavours, the Scottish Enlightenment, and the public outcry over the use of American Indians as allies during the American War of Independence. By chronicling and exploring discussions and representations of American Indians in these contexts, Troy Bickham reveals the proliferation of empire-related subjects in eighteenth-century British culture as well as the prevailing pragmatism with which Britons approached them.
Introduction
Authors: Bickham Troy O
Published: November 2023

There is not perhaps a nation in the world where the people so eagerly calculate events beforehand, or so vehemently debate the issue of public operations, as we do on this island. All arts and sciences are to be acquired by a regular method of study, or learnt by serving apprenticeships; but in the art of government, every Englishman is skilled by nature. One would think that there was something in the air of this island, which has the property of infusing political presumption. It possesses men of all ranks, professions and degrees. The Divine, instead of explaining the text of scripture, often preaches a comment upon treaties... the physician neglects his patients at home, to calculate the number of sick and wounded abroad; and the tradesmen forgets the business of his own shop, while he is adjusting the operations in Germany.
American Indians and Britain’s American War of Independence
Authors: Bickham Troy O
Published: November 2023

When news of the outbreak of hostilities in Massachusetts reached Britain in May 1775, an anxious nation feverishly speculated about the style and consequences of another war in North America. Not surprisingly, past experiences factored heavily into British expectations, causing most Britons to draw two broad conclusions regarding the combat aspects of the upcoming conflict. The first was that the British military would crush the rebellion by Christmas. The second expectation was that, should the fighting last longer, the American Indians would play a decisive role in its outcome, just as they had in previous wars.
Corporate Attorneys as Gatekeepers: The Short History of a Developing Concept
Authors: Coffee John C
Published: November 2023

Law is an old profession, but the idea of the attorney as a gatekeeper for parties other than the attorney’s direct client is far more recent. Indeed, the concept has never truly been accepted by the organized bar, which prefers to view the attorney as an advocate, whose sole duty is the zealous representation of the client.
Kinds of Third-Party Effects On Trust
Authors: Burt Ronald S , Knez Marc
Published: November 2023

Trust plays an ambiguous role in contemporary images of organization. Trust is essential to the loose coupling that makes network organizations more adaptive to changing environments. However, the dense relations argued to sustain trust also produce the tight-coupling rigidity for which trust and loose coupling are the cure. Much of the ambiguity about organizing to produce trust is resolved by focusing on the simplest social conditions for trust, then studying how trust changes as the simple conditions aggregate into social structures. The simplest context for trust is an isolated dyad, two people disconnected from others. Their relationship is the cumulative result of their exchanges, or interaction games, with one another. Their games are private—their behavior displayed only to one another.
Secrecy, Trust, and Dangerous Leisure: Generating Group Cohesion in Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Fine Gary Alan , Holyfield Lori
Published: November 2023

As communitarians assert, participation in a voluntary organization encourages—perhaps demands—a sense of belonging (Bellah et al. 1992; Wolfe 1989, 1991). Within small-group research this ‘belongingness’ or ‘we-ness’ is labeled group cohesion. Although cohesion has numerous definitions, the standard views suggest that cohesion constitutes those forces which cause members to remain within a group (Festinger, Schachter, and Back 1950:164: Piper et al. 1983) and/or to resist centrifugal forces (Brawley, Carron and Widmeyer 1988; Gross and Martin 1952:553). Cohesion is a variable intervening between characteristics of group life and outcome variables, notably the success of the group (e.g., survival of the group or stability of membership). Cohesion is a property of social systems rather than individuals (Frank 1957), even though it is individuals who experience feelings of commitment on which this solidarity is based (Evans and Jarvis 1980; Kanter 1972: 72–73).
Organizations and Their Environments
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

This chapter is symbolized by Jonah trying to swallow the whale. Several weeks of preparatory reading demonstrated how extensive and heterogeneous is the literature on organization–environment relations. Not only has there been no comprehensive summary of relevant knowledge, but some of the most interesting and relevant studies have appeared in journals that organization theorists ordinarily ignore. Therefore, a thorough review and synthesis would bring genuine benefits. Moreover, the literature includes many intriguing and potentially fruitful, but partially developed, notions that cry out for elaboration and theoretical cultivation, and more than a few conceptual vestibules open onto whole vistas of unexplored research terrain. It was not difficult to outline a chapter that promised to be socially useful without boring anyone.
To Avoid Organizational Crises, Unlearn
Authors: Nystrom Paul C
Published: November 2023

Organizations learn. Then they encase their learning in programs and standard operating procedures that members execute routinely. These programs and procedures generate inertia, and the inertia increases when organizations socialize new members and reward conformity to prescribed roles. As their successes accumulate, organizations emphasize efficiency, grow complacent, and learn too little. To survive, organizations must also unlearn. Top managers ‘ ideas dominate organizational learning, but they also prevent unlearning. Encased learning produces blindness and rigidity that may breed full-blown crises. Our studies of organizations facing crises show that past learning inhibits new learning: Before organizations will try new ideas, they must unlearn old ones by discovering their inadequacies and then discarding them. Organizations in serious crises often remove their top managers as a way to erase the dominating ideas, to disconfirm past programs, to become receptive to new ideas, and to symbolize change.
How Organizations Channel Creativity
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

The following story shows how contrasting value systems and different skills interacted to produce two important inventions (Hounshell and Smith 1988). In December 1926, Charles Stine, the Director of Du Pont ‘s Chemical Department, wrote a memorandum advocating that his company should undertake ‘pure science work ‘. He listed four reasons, the last and least important of which was practical applications. Three months later, after Stine had relabeled his proposal ‘fundamental research ‘, Du Pont ‘s Executive Committee gave him money for a new building and a budget for twenty-five scientists. By the beginning of 1928, Stine had hired only nine scientists, including just one organic chemist.
Displacing Remedies from Environmental to Planning Law: The Enforcement of Contaminated Land Legislation in Britain
Authors: Pontin Ben , Willmore Chris
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines issues relating to the enforcement of Part IIA, Environmental Protection Act 1990, which represents one of a number of regulatory regimes established in Europe and North America since the 1980s, aimed at protecting health and the environment from land pollution. Much of the extensive literature relating to the British regime contained in Part IIA has focused on the regime’s ‘strict and retroactive’ rules for apportioning liability among ‘appropriate persons’. Liability within this framework is clearly of considerable interest in theory, yet it is dependent in practice on effective administration by local environmental health authorities (the principal enforcing agents), who are responsible for inspecting land in their area, identifying land falling within Part IIA and issuing remediation documentation by which liability for remedying contaminated land is apportioned. As the regime enters its fifth year in force, it is timely to reflect on how these pivotal aspects of what is a public law approach to environmental remedies are being enforced in practice. The historical emphasis placed by the British Legislature on controlling pollution to air and water has bequeathed a substantial legacy of land contamination in need of attention today. Part IIA tackles this legacy through the obligations that are imposed on local authorities to identify and secure the remediation of the sites which present the most immediate and pressing risks to health and the environment. Reports emerging from the environmental consultancy sector suggest that this legacy is being addressed on a potentially major scale. What is in need of closer analysis, however, is the contribution to this clean-up effort that is being made by regulatory law and Part IIA in particular. Is land being remediated in spite of, rather than because of, the enactment of a specialist regime?
Biotechnology
Authors: Etty Thijs
Published: November 2023

Following the epic year 2003, which brought an imposing wave of legislation and policy breakthroughs in the area of biotechnology regulation, one might have expected but small ripples during 2004. However, though perhaps not as eventful as its preceding annum, this survey year once again saw vital developments in this still emerging area of European Community (EC) law. In the face of mounting international pressure—or perhaps most importantly, the prospect of multi-billion Euro trade damage retaliation measures—the Commission finally managed to lift the EC’s oft-discussed de facto moratorium on approvals of new genetically modified organisms (GMOs). By way of the recently adopted new regulatory procedures for GMO authorizations, the Commission was able to push through its longstanding affirmative stance on the products of ‘green’ biotechnology, in spite of continued deadlock among the Member States. Whilst it remains to be seen whether the ‘floodgates’ of Europe have now been opened to a stream of new genetically modified (GM) import commodities from the world’s leading GMO producers, the United States of America (US), Canada, and Argentina, a vital precedent has been set. Adding to this, in a related move, the Commission made the debut inscriptions in the European Union (EU) Common Catalogue of Agricultural Plant Species, enabling the cultivation of 17 varieties of US-made GM maize lines on European farming fields. Two (closely related) major outstanding dossiers are the EC’s policy for coexistence of GM, conventional, and organic agriculture, and the pending rules for purity of conventional seeds, and labelling thresholds for adventitious admixture of those seeds with GM varieties.
Waste
Authors: Van Calster Geert , Vandenberghe Wim
Published: November 2023

The one noteworthy development in the survey year 2004 was the publication of Directive 2004/12/EC amending Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste. The Directive amends the minimum and maximum targets which Member States have to achieve for reuse generally, and for recycling of packaging waste in particular. It furthermore clarifies the definition of ‘waste’ and ‘packaging’, and includes provisions for current and future Member States which are allowed to achieve less ambitious targets for a limited period. The current targets have to be reviewed by the end of 2007. The European Commission (Commission) has adopted an amended Proposal concerning transboundary shipments of waste. The amended Proposal rejects the most controversial parts of the proposed amendments adopted by the European Parliament (EP). The Commission, for instance, rejects the suggestion to apply the principles of self-sufficiency and proximity to shipments destined for recovery, as well as the suggestion of the EP that Member States be allowed to object to export and import of waste on the basis of national waste management plans. The Commission calls this latter suggestion incompatible with the EC Treaty. The Council of Ministers (Council) has already examined the amended Proposal. The reader will be familiar with the fact that the Commission already made its initial Proposal in 2003. The Commission’s Proposal is intented to, on the one hand, adapt the European rules to international Treaties, in particular in the framework of the OECD and the Basel Convention. The Commission wishes, on the other hand, to achieve a more extensive codification in the administrative practices of the Member States, which after all increasingly apply the exception clauses.
Water
Authors: Stallworthy Mark
Published: November 2023

The survey year 2004 was one of limited legislative change. Nonetheless, interesting preparatory developments were taking place with respect to, inter alia, the protection of bathing water and marine conservation generally. Considerable European Commission (Commission) efforts during 2004 were directed towards securing improved implementation and enforcement. This was notable especially in the context of, once again, Directive 91/271/EEC concerning Urban Waste-Water Treatment (Urban Waste-Water Directive) and now also Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). On a policy level, the Commision focused its energy on the issues of flood control and coastal erosion, both of which constitute important parts of the Community’s overarching strategy on climate change. In the area of water pollution, legislative activity in 2004 primarily took place at the national, rather than the European level. The end of 2004 marked the expiry of one of the early deadlines under the Framework Directive. By this time, the Member States are required to have completed summary characterization reports, to detail pressures and impacts on waters in light of environmental objectives. As will be discussed further in section D, non-compliance with the initial transposition deadline (end 2003) has already led to a rush of enforcement activity on the part of the Commission.
Horizontal Instruments
Authors: Richardson Benjamin J
Published: November 2023

Horizontal instruments are policy mechanisms that can be applied across a wide range of economic sectors and ecological problems. They are generic policy instruments that can be adapted to numerous contexts, ranging from nature conservation, pollution control, natural resource management, and so on. Up to now, the four main horizontal instruments used in European Community (EC) environmental law were environmental impact assessment, public participation in environmental decision-making, eco-management and auditing systems, and environmental labelling. In recent years, there have been significant reforms to expand the use of these mechanisms in EC environmental law. Most importantly however, 2004 marks the adoption of a seminal new horizontal instrument, the long-awaited EC Directive on environmental liability, which is the focus of the following section. The prevention and remedying of environmental damage are among the most pressing environmental policy issues confronting industrial societies. Environmental liability is a foundational horizontal policy tool that enables responsibility for environmental damage to be assigned in a variety of contexts including water pollution, contamination of soil, and damage to wildlife. Environmental liability standards serve to specify the conduct or situations that incur responsibility and the means of remedying that damage. Thereby, liability standards may also deter future environmentally risk activities.
Introduction: From Tangled Knots To Virtuous Circles
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

This is a book about how governments think and act. Governments can be brutal and stupid. But the best have helped their citizens to live longer, safer, richer, and freer lives. They have achieved their successes by being strategic—knowing where they want to go and how to get there.

Being strategic is neither natural nor easy for governments. Most opt for mediocrity and the lines of least resistance. Some trust in intuition (with all the virtues and vices it’s known to bring). Some—like Indira Gandhi and Ronald Reagan—rely on astrologers. And more than a few just use ideology to guide them.
What Is Public Strategy?
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

Let’s start with definitions. Public strategy is the systematic use of public resources and powers, by public agencies, to achieve public goals. The word ‘public’ means concerning the people as well as referring to the formal authority of states. Strategy comes from the Greek ‘strategos’, a general, a word which brought together ‘stratos’, the idea of something which is spread out (an army or multitude), with ‘agos’ the idea of leadership. So what we’re concerned with here is how the sprawling mass of public agencies, laws, services, embassies, armies, and laboratories that make up a modern state can be led in the same direction and serve a public interest that lies well beyond the state.
Public Action: The Dynamics of Supply and Demand
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

The ultimate purpose of strategy in a democracy is to meet public wants and needs, refracted through politicians’ more immediate need to win elections. All governments have to navigate the relationship between their limited ability to provide or act, and the demands of their citizens. Their best policy may be to do less and cut taxes (like Estonia’s Mart Laar who introduced a 26 per cent flat tax for both income and business).
Locating Strategy: Structures, Processes, and Cultures
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

Strategy can be run from prime ministers’ offices, from Cabinet Offices, or distributed across departments. It can be delegated to arm’s length bodies charged with thinking about the long term or controlled by tight, but informal, circles around a strong leader. There is no one right place to run strategy in a government: much depends on the balance of roles between politicians and officials, and the balance of power between different politicians.
Negative Risks: Strategies for Resilience
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 2007 David Walker, the head of the US Government’s Accountability Office, warned of a future that could include ‘dramatic’ tax rises, an explosion of debt, slashed government services, and the large-scale dumping by foreign governments of holdings of US debt. He talked of ‘declining moral values and political civility at home, an over-confident and over-extended military in foreign lands and fiscal irresponsibility by the central government’. He claimed to have warned about these in the past but now wanted to ‘turn up the volume’ on problems, some of which were too sensitive for others in government to ‘have their name associated with’.
Changing Minds and Behaviour
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

Much of government is about changing people’s minds. Even more of it is about changing their behaviour—cutting water use or drink driving, or cultivating a sense of national identity. The UK health regulator NICE determines which treatments are cost effective and measures them in terms of costs per QALY (‘quality adjusted life year’). The available research shows that smoking cessation programmes cost around £500–1,000 per QALY, compared to over £20,000 for Tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention and anything up to £800,000 for beta interferon for multiple sclerosis.
Winning (and Losing) Public Trust
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

A recent survey put it starkly: ‘except for the Netherlands . . . from the 1970s until the mid-1990s all of the other advanced industrialized democracies recorded a decline in the level of trust their respective governments have enjoyed.’ The USA is typical: trust in government peaked in the 1960s, and since then, although it’s bounced up repeatedly (in the mid- 1980s and again in the early 2000s after 9/II), on each occasion it rose to a lower level, and then fell further than before.
Metrics: Measuring Social and Public Value
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

All public strategies aim to turn the public’s hard-earned money and freedoms into something more valuable: for example, security, better health, or more education. Over the last decade much work has gone into trying to make sense of this value, with metrics and targets that have shifted attention onto outcomes rather than outputs or activities. Until the 1990s international accounting conventions assumed that public sector productivity never improved.
Persistent Leadership
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

In one of the Monty Python films King Arthur addresses a group of peasants as their king. But it turns out that they are members of an anarcho-syndicalist commune. One says: ‘I didn’t vote for you.’ Another complains that ‘strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government.’ In the end the angry Arthur has to leave.

Ruling depends on complicity. Leaders can only lead if followers are willing to follow and strategies can only become real if people are willing to abide by them.
Patterns of Open Innovation in Open Source Software
Authors: Gallagher Joel West,Scott
Published: November 2023

Models of Open Innovation offer the promise that firms can achieve a greater return on their innovative activities and their resulting intellectual property (IP). Open Innovation models stress the importance of using a broad range of sources for a firm ‘s innovation and invention activities, including customers, rivals, academics, and firms in unrelated industries while simultaneously using creative methods to exploit a firm ‘s resulting IP (Chesbrough 2003a). While the use of external sources of innovation is nothing new, recently some of the most successful high-tech firms have been those that utilized Open Innovation rather than more traditional ‘vertically integrated ‘ innovation approaches.
Scepticism and Scandinavian Legal Realists
Authors: Bjarup* Jes
Published: November 2023

It was my good fortune to get a British Council Fellowship to study jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh. During my stay in Edinburgh, from 1978 to 1980, I also had the good fortune to meet Jim Harris and we became friends, sharing a common interest in jurisprudential questions as well as smoking a pipe and sipping a whisky whilst exchanging views on life in general. It was with great sorrow that I heard of his illness, followed by his premature death. Sadly, Jim is no longer among us, but he is still present in his book, Legal Philosophies.
Judges’ Use of Moral Arguments in Interpreting Statutes
Authors: Horder* Jeremy
Published: November 2023

My focus in this Chapter will be the judicial use of merit-based and, in particular, moral argument to determine the legal scope or effect of a statute. Can such argument appropriately be used to this end, even if substantially unsupported by argument that is (as we shall see) more properly called ‘legal’? If merit-based and, in particular, moral argument can be so deployed, what restrictions, if any, are there on the way in which it ought to be deployed? My argument will be that it can be legitimate for judges to rely on moral arguments to determine the legal scope or effect of statutes.
The Limits of Comparative Politics: International Relations in the European Union
Authors: Menon Anand
Published: November 2023

As political scientists have become aware of the potential gains involved in comparing the EU with other political systems, more of them have come to use approaches employed to study domestic politics to examine its workings. Recent years have witnessed a particularly marked increase in the application of approaches utilized in the study of American politics to the Union. In part at least, this is explicable at an empirical level, a function both of the many similarities between the two systems, and (as is argued) largely misplaced assumptions concerning the similarity of their developmental trajectories.
Financial Change and European Employment Relations
Authors: Grahl John
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the changing consequences of flnancialization in liberal market economies, the effects of its gradual penetration into cooperative market economies, and the possibilities for new forms of institutional hybridity. In doing so, it suggests, flrst, that the flnancial changes taking place in many countries have been widely misunderstood and, second, that the consequences of these changes for employment relations, although often adverse, are not necessarily so. What is sometimes referred to as the ‘flnancialization’ (for one analysis see Froud, Johal, and Williams 2002) of socioeconomic systems involves a number of phenomena. Three economic aspects of flnancial change are frequently referred to; it is important to distinguish between them. (There are also important cultural and linguistic aspects—such as the widespread perception that flnancial institutions and flnancial markets are central locations in society today.)
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Matson Eric , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

The claim that we live and work in a ‘knowledge economy’ or ‘knowledge society’ has been made so frequently in recent years that it almost seems a cliche. Repetition has not made it less true. How-ever, or guaranteed that the implications of those phrases are fully understood. Not so many years ago, we talked more about the ‘post-industrial’ or ‘information’ society, but over the past decade knowledge and learning (or variations on those terms) have emerged as the hallmarks of the twenty first century society and economy as the keys to economic success and perhaps social health, and as a focus of thinking about organizational effectiveness and innovation.
Knowledge-in-the-Making: The ‘Construction’ of Fiat’s Melfi Factory
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter, the first part of a double length case study, is to analyse the action-based processes of knowing and organizing surrounding the coming into existence of one of the most advanced car manufacturing plants in the world: Fiat’s Melfi assembly plant. This new ‘green field’ factory features a lean production organization, work flow based on assembly lines and teams, advanced applications of IT (Information Technology) to production management and control, and extensive reliance on total quality management (Ciborra, Patriotta, and Erlicher 1996). Beyond technical specifications, how ever, the most interesting feature of the plant is that it has been built with the active involvement of the workforce.
Organizational Memory
Authors: Argote Linda
Published: November 2023

What do organizations learn as they gain experience in production? Where is this knowledge embedded within organizations? What are the consequences of where knowledge is embedded for organizational performance? This chapter begins with a discussion of what is learned as groups and organizations gain experience in production. A more general discussion of organizational memory and various ‘retention bins’ or ‘repositories’ of organizational knowledge follows. Examples of knowledge embedded in various repositories drawn from our studies of manufacturing and service industries are provided. Empirical evidence on the extent to which organizational knowledge is embedded in these various repositories is described.
Balancing Act: How to Capture Knowledge without Killing It
Authors: Brown John Seely , Duguid Paul
Published: November 2023

History will pity the managers of the 1990s. The Internet touched down in their midst like a tornado, tearing up the old game book, disrupting every aspect of business, and compelling them to manage for a new economy. When managers sought help, they found the experts were offering two radically different theories about what such management should look like. The first approach-re-engineering-focused on process. Organizations that re-engineered their business processes would gain sustainable competitive advantage, according to an army of highly paid consultants.
Getting It Right the Second Time
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel , Winter Sidney
Published: November 2023

Once a business is doing a good job performing a complex activity-managing a branch bank, say, or selling a new product--the parent organization naturally wants to replicate that initial success. Indeed, one of the main reasons for being a big company rather than a small one is to capture on a grand scale the gains that come with applying smart processes and routines. Yet getting it right the second time is surprisingly difficult. Whole industries are trying to replicate best practices and manage organizational knowledge but even so, the overwhelming majority of attempts to replicate excellence fail. A slew of studies has confirmed this uncomfortable fact. One found that only 12 percent of senior executives are happy with how their organizations share knowledge internally.
Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier
Authors: Wenger Etienne C , Snyder William M
Published: November 2023

Today’s economy runs on knowledge, and most companies work assiduously to capitalize on that fact. They use cross-functional teams, customer-or product-focused business units, and work groups-to name just a few organizational forms-to capture and spread ideas and know-how. In many cases, these ways of organizing are very effective, and no one would argue for their demise. But a new organizational form is emerging that promises to complement existing structures and radically galvanize knowledge sharing, learning, and change. It’s called the community of practice. What are communities of practice? In brief, they are groups of people informally bound together by shared expertise and passion for a joint enterprise engineers engaged in deep-water drilling, for example, consu1tants who specialize in strategic marketing, or frontline managers in charge of check processing at a large commercial bank.
Transforming Strategy
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

How did British Airways go from ‘Bloody Awful’ in the 1970s, to ‘Bloody Awesome’ and ‘the world’s favourite airline’ in the 1980s, then back into the doldrums by the turn of the millennium? Why is Marks & Spencer, historically one of Britain’s most successful and admired companies, now regularly held up as a model of corporate failure? How has easyJet been so successful in the late 1990s and early 2000s? The answer lies in the management of corporate and business strategy. In the first two chapters, we looked at the need for UK companies to move up the value chain and, within that context, at the challenge for managers in ‘making a difference’ strategically.
Innovating Beyond the Steady State
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

A central component of the shift towards higher-value-added activities is innovation. Innovations take many forms, from new products and processes to new lines of business, and they vary enormously in how radical they are vis-a`-vis existing offerings. A recurring theme in the book is that organizations will face challenges that require radical or transformational change. In this chapter we focus our attention on discontinuous innovation—that is, the radical end of the innovation spectrum. The reason for doing this is that incremental or ‘steady-state innovation’ practices are by now relatively well understood in UK firms. The real test for companies that aspire to leading-edge practice, and to stake a place at the forefront of world competition, is to master the much harder challenge of radical innovation.
Learning in Organizations
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

The capacity of exceptional managers to learn rapidly is crucial to their ability to deal with the many challenges we have considered in this book. Yet, while individual learning is indeed a key building block of organizational effectiveness, it is not sufficient. Over the last fifty years, we have built a deeper understanding of how the dynamics of groups and the structures of organizations can create a context in which learning may flourish, or indeed where it may decline. In this chapter we take a closer look at what we know about these contexts for learning, and at how organizations succeed or fail to use learning and knowledge as key resources for innovation, productivity, and ultimately competitiveness.
Making Intelligent Decisions
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book we have argued that exceptional managers need both self-awareness and the capacity to reflect. They need intuition and insight about their values and experiences, and the capacity to work with the complex information with which they are daily presented. In this chapter, we focus on rational decision-making models and their potential value to the exceptional manager. We show how they may promote clear thinking and intelligent decision-making on the basis of systematically acquired and ordered information—what we call cognitive competence. We explore this topic by considering the way in which individuals and groups make sense of their world, the mental processes used to process information and acquire knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Baycroft Timothy , Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2023

A nation is therefore the expression of a great solidarity, constituted by a feeling for the common sacrifices that have been made and for those one is prepared to make again. It presupposes a past; however, it is epitomised in the present by a tangible fact: consent, the clearly expressed desire that the common life should continue. The existence of a nation is (excuse the metaphor) a daily plebiscite, just as the existence of the individual is a perpetual affirmation of life In the order of ideas I am placing before you, a nation has no more right than a king to say to a province: ‘You belong to me, therefore I am taking you.’ A province, for us, is its inhabitants, and if anyone has the right to be consulted in this matter, it is the inhabitant.
Switzerland
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: November 2023

Scholars of nationalism, partly because there was little empirical evidence that suggested otherwise, often agreed that ethno-cultural homogeneity was a significant factor for the long-term survival of modern nation-states. Thus Switzerland, according to this logic, constitutes an anomaly. If Switzerland has repeatedly attracted the curiosity rather than the systematic attention of scholars of nationalism, this is indeed because its very existence seems to defy the nationalist doctrine that nations are essentially language communities.
How cystic fibrosis affects the lungs
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

The lung consists of airways and air spaces. The major airway is called the trachea and this then divides into airways (the bronchi) to the right and to the left lung. The airways then continue to divide, getting smaller and smaller as they get towards the periphery of the lung. Each tiny airway, now called a bronchiole, leads into a collection of air sacs called alveoli (Figure 2.1). The air sacs are surrounded by blood vessels and, as we breathe, oxygen passes from the air sacs into the bloodstream and hence is delivered to the body tissues. The waste product carbon dioxide (CO) passes back from the bloodstream into the air sacs and is breathed out.
Growing up with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Transition to adult care should occur gradually at a pace governed by the young person with CF, Cystic fibrosis has no effect on sexual function but it does affect fertility, The results of lung transplantation are improving: 75 per cent of adults survive more than 2 years and 50 per cent more than 5 years after transplantation
Future therapies
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

There is very active research on new therapies for CF, Approaches include trying to correct the basic defect by adjusting the CFTR protein; carrying normal CFTR into cells (gene therapy); and restoring the transfer of salts across the cell membrane (ion transport), Improving current treatments and making them work better is also likely to have real benefits in the near future
Local Arrangements For Civil Protection: Part I of The Act
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

An overview will be given here of the planning duties in Part I of the Act, their effect on different public and private bodies, their fit with other legal provisions about planning and emergencies, and their meaning within a wider theoretical and critical context. The essence of Part I is to plan for ‘emergency’ (as defined in Chapter 3) by requiring preparations and protections to be undertaken and advice to be given (ss 2 and 4). The ‘Category 1’ responders form the core contingency workforce, and so they have specified responsibilities ‘based on key themes—risk management, emergency planning, business continuity of the responder itself, and warning and informing the public.’
Comparisons and Final Conclusions
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

Having explored the legal and organizational reforms heralded by the Act, this chapter will compare the UK legislation with structures and approaches developed in two comparable jurisdictions. The purpose is not to give a full survey of alternatives but to highlight possible developments and shortcomings in the domestic legislation. Some final conclusions will then be offered.

Though the Cabinet Office dismissed the value of comparative research in preparation of the Bill, there is a profusion of pertinent overseas experience. The two jurisdictions below are selected as amongst the most comparable (in the case of New Zealand) and instructive (in the case of the United States).
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

The following part of the book is concerned with subrogation to extinguished rights, where a claimant’s money has been used to pay off a defendant’s obligation to a creditor. In principle, a claimant in this situation could enter an agreement under which he acquired new rights replicating the creditor’s extinguished rights by a process of subrogation. In practice, however, a claimant would never contract on these terms if he wished to improve his position vis-à-vis the defendant by acquiring the creditor’s rights, eg where the creditor’s rights were secured.
Enrichment
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

A claimant who seeks a restitutionary remedy on the ground of unjust enrichment must first establish that the defendant has been enriched. Where the restitutionary remedy sought is the remedy of subrogation to a creditor’s extinguished rights against the defendant, the relevant enrichment is of a very particular kind. By its nature, the remedy is only available where the claimant has been responsible for discharging another party’s obligation to his creditor. The enrichment reversed is the enrichment accruing as a result of that discharge.
At The Expense Of The Claimant
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

There must have been a subtraction of value from the claimant. This basic requirement is uncontroversial. However, it is less clear whether there must have been a precise correspondence between the claimant’s loss and the defendant’s gain. If this is required, then in cases where the defendant’s enrichment is greater than the claimant’s loss, the claimant’s right to restitution will be capped at the lower amount of the claimant’s loss.
Bars To Subrogation
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

Although the English courts have expanded the grounds for recovery in the law of unjust enrichment over the past decade, they have also sought to avoid restitutionary overkill by maintaining and developing a robust set of defences and bars to recovery. Consistently with this, there are a wide range of bars to subrogation claims, including general bars to the assertion of legal rights, bars which are specific to equitable claims, and bars which are specific to claims in unjust enrichment. This chapter will examine the most important of these.
Insurers’ Subrogation Rights
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

It often happens that an insured suffers a loss in respect of which he has two claims: one against an indemnity insurer and one against a third party. In these circumstances he is generally free to choose which claim to pursue first.1 If he decides to claim against the insurer, then the insurer must pay him to the full extent of its liability, and cannot resist the claim on the ground that the insured should first have exhausted his rights against the third party.
The Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

In Re Harrington Motor Co Ltd 1 the claimant was knocked down by a car belonging to an insured company. He sued the company and won damages and costs, but before he could enforce judgment, the company was wound up. The liquidator made a claim against the company’s liability insurer for the amount of the judgment sum, and the insurer paid this over, after deducting the amount of unpaid premiums. The question then arose, whether this money was earmarked for the claimant, or formed part of the assets of the company for distribution to the whole body of creditors?
Methods in Phonology
Authors: Ohala John J
Published: November 2023

With the advent of the new millennium it would be an appropriate time to examine the methodological achievements of phonology. This volume does that. The focus on methodology, rather than exclusively on particular theories or questions is motivated by the all-important role that methodology has in determining the scientific rigor and maturity of a discipline. Furthermore, it may be argued that one of the newest and potentially revolutionary aspects of phonology as it has developed in the past few decades is its new methodology. This work should be a valuable resource for linguists and stimulus to promote further attention to methodological matters in phonology.