bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sir Busick Harwood: A reappraisal
Authors: Williamson Raymond
Published: November 2012

Sir Busick Harwood was Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge from 1785 to 1814 and simultaneously Downing Professor of Medicine from 1800 to 1814. Some historical accounts suggest that he was not highly regarded either as a scientist or a teacher, and this note attempts to restore his academic reputation and show how his achievements helped to initiate improvements in medical education at that time.
WH-TOPICALIZATION AT THE SYNTAX-DISCOURSE INTERFACE IN ENGLISH SPEAKERS’ L2 CHINESE GRAMMARS
Authors: Yuan Boping , Dugarova Esuna
Published: November 2012

Althoughwh-words generally stay in situ in Chinesewh-questions, they can be topicalized. However, thewh-topicalization is determined at the syntax-discourse interface and has to be governed by discourse conditions; only discourse-linked (D-linked)wh-words can be topicalized, but non-D-linked ones cannot. This article reports on an empirical study that investigated English speakers’ second language (L2) acquisition of Chinesewh-topicalization. The results of an acceptability judgment test indicate that advanced English speakers are sensitive to the discourse condition that governs the syntactic derivation ofwh-topicalization in Chinese, as they were found to be able to make the distinction in their L2 Chinese by allowing D-linked, but not non-D-linked,wh-elements to topicalize. However, these results also indicate thatwh-determiner phrases (DPs) andwh-noun phrases (NPs) differ in their sensitivity to presupposition background information in L2 Chinesewh-topicalization, and it is argued that the availability of the deictic feature in thewh-element involved is a variable affecting the D-linking properties ofwh-elements in the development of L2 Chinesewh-topicalization, and this seems more likely to be a representational deficit than a processing problem.
PEER INTERACTION AND CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK FOR ACCURACY AND FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sato Masatoshi , Lyster Roy
Published: November 2012

This quasi-experimental study is aimed at (a) teaching learners how to provide corrective feedback (CF) during peer interaction and (b) assessing the effects of peer interaction and CF on second language (L2) development. Four university-level English classes in Japan participated (N= 167), each assigned to one of four treatment conditions. Of the two CF groups, one was taught to provide prompts and the other to provide recasts. A third group participated in only peer-interaction activities, and a fourth served as the control group. After one semester of intervention, the two CF groups improved in both overall accuracy and fluency, measured as unpruned and pruned speech rates, whereas the peer-interaction-only group outperformed the control group only on fluency measures. This study draws on monitoring in speech-production theory and the declarative-procedural model of skill-acquisition theory to interpret these results, thus contributing a new theoretical approach to CF research in the context of peer interaction in which learners can be providers of CF. It is concluded that whereas peer interaction offered opportunities for repeated production practice, facilitating proceduralization, CF sharpened learners’ ability to monitor both their own language production and that of their interlocutors.
Expert Versus Proxy Rating of Verbal Communicative Ability of People with Aphasia after Stroke
Authors: de Jong-Hagelstein Marjolein , Kros Lieke , Lingsma Hester F. , Dippel Diederik W.J. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Visch-Brink Evy G.
Published: November 2012

In randomized clinical trials of aphasia treatment, a functional outcome measure like the Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (ANELT), administered by speech-language therapists, is often used. However, the agreement between this expert rating and the judgment of the proxy about the quality of the daily life communication of the person with aphasia is largely unknown. We examined the association between ANELT scores by speech-language therapists and proxy judgments on the Partner Communication Questionnaire both at 3 and 6 months in 39 people with aphasia after stroke. We also determined which factors affected the level of agreement between expert and proxy judgment of the communicative ability at 6 months in 53 people with aphasia. We found moderate agreement (at 3 months r = .662; p = < .0001 and at 6 months r = .565; p = .0001), with proxies rating slightly higher than experts. Less severe aphasia, measured with the Aphasia Severity Rating Scale, was associated with better agreement. In conclusion, although proxies were slightly more positive than experts, we found moderate agreement between expert and proxy rating of verbal communicative ability of people with aphasia after stroke, especially in milder cases. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1064–1070)
Neuropsychological Features of Asymptomatic c.709-1G>A Progranulin Mutation Carriers
Authors: Barandiaran Myriam , Estanga Ainara , Moreno Fermín , Indakoetxea Begoña , Alzualde Ainhoa , Balluerka Nekane , Martí Massó José Félix , de Munain Adolfo López
Published: November 2012

Mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene have been identified as a cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, little is known about the neuropsychological abilities of asymptomatic carriers of these mutations. The aim of the study was to assess cognitive functioning in asymptomatic c.709-1G>A PGRN mutation carriers. We hypothesized that poorer neuropsychological performance could be present before the development of clinically significant FTD symptoms. Thirty-two asymptomatic first-degree relatives of FTD patients carrying the c.709-1G>A mutation served as study participants, including 13 PGRN mutation carriers (A-PGRN+) and 19 non-carriers (PGRN-). A neuropsychological battery was administered. We found that the A-PGRN+ participants obtained significantly poorer scores than PGRN- individuals on tests of attention (Trail-Making Test Part A), mental flexibility (Trail-Making Test Part B), and language (Boston Naming Test). Poorer performance on these tests in asymptomatic PGRN mutation carriers may reflect a prodromal phase preceding the onset of clinically significant symptoms of FTD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1086–1090)
Superior Memory and Higher Cortical Volumes in Unusually Successful Cognitive Aging
Authors: Harrison Theresa M. , Weintraub Sandra , Mesulam M.-Marsel , Rogalski Emily
Published: November 2012

It is “normal” for old age to be associated with gradual decline in memory and brain mass. However, there are anecdotal reports of individuals who seem immune to age-related memory impairment, but these individuals have not been studied systematically. This study sought to establish that such cognitive SuperAgers exist and to determine if they were also resistant to age-related loss of cortical brain volume. SuperAgers were defined as individuals over age 80 with episodic memory performance at least as good as normative values for 50- to 65-year-olds. Cortical morphometry of the SuperAgers was compared to two cognitively normal cohorts: age-matched elderly and 50- to 65-year-olds. The SuperAgers’ cerebral cortex was significantly thicker than their healthy age-matched peers and displayed no atrophy compared to the 50- to 65-year-old healthy group. Unexpectedly, a region of left anterior cingulate cortex was significantly thicker in the SuperAgers than in both elderly and middle-aged controls. Our findings identify cognitive and neuroanatomical features of a cohort that appears to resist average age-related changes of memory capacity and cortical volume. A better understanding of the underlying factors promoting this potential trajectory of unusually successful aging may provide insight for preventing age-related cognitive impairments or the more severe changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–5)
Sensitivity to Fairness and Intentions of Others in the Ultimatum Game in Patients with Ventromedial Prefontal Lesions
Authors: Shamay-Tsoory Simone G. , Suleiman Ramzi , Aharon-Peretz Judith , Gohary Ravit , Hirschberger Gilad
Published: November 2012

This study aimed to examine the relationship between perspective-taking and impaired decision-making in patients with ventromedial prefrontal (VM) lesions, using the Ultimatum Game (UG). In the UG, two players split a sum of money and one player proposes a division while the other can accept or reject this. Eight patients with VM damage and 18 healthy controls participated as responders in a modified version of the UG, in which identical offers can generate different rejection rates depending on the other offers available to the proposer. Participants had to either accept or reject offers of 2:8 NIS (2NIS for them and 8 NIS for the proposer), which were paired with one of four different possible offers (5:5, 4:6, 2:8, 8:2). Results indicate that the controls more often rejected offers of 2:8 when the alternative was 4:6 (a greedy alternative) than when the alternative was 5:5 (fair alternative), whereas the VM patients showed the opposite pattern of decision-making. Additionally, the overall rejection rates were higher in patients as compared to controls. Furthermore, scores on a perspective-taking scale were negatively correlated with rejection rates in the patient group, suggesting that perspective-taking deficits may account for impaired decision-making in VM patients. (JINS, 2012, 18, 952–961)
Limited institutional change in an international organization: the EU's shift away from ‘federal blindness’
Authors: Tatham Michaël
Published: November 2012

The European Union (EU) has been through many institutional transformations since the start of the integration project in the 1950s. While much of the literature has focussed on the more dramatic changes, less attention has been paid to instances of more limited institutional change. This article maps out and then accounts for the limitedness of the EU's departure from its original ‘federal blindness’vis-à-visregional actors. Theories of institutional change would lead one to expect that, as integration and regionalization heightened, endogenous pressures for change would trigger greater reform than that observed. Using a novel formula to estimate the EU's aggregate regionalization levels over time, the article demonstrates that it peaked between 1986 and 2003 but has since dropped to a level below that of the 1950s. Such a finding not only corrects a widespread assumption about regionalization levels in the European polity, but also provides an explanation for the pace and scope of the observed change as well as predictions about its future sources.
The partisanship of systemic retrenchment: tax policy and welfare reform in Denmark 1975–2008
Authors: Klitgaard Michael B. , Elmelund-Præstekær Christian
Published: November 2012

We hypothesize that decisions to constrain government revenue may constitute an attractive strategy, especially to right-wing governments, when pursuing a preference for welfare state retrenchment. Whereas programmatic retrenchment in social policy programs imposes concentrated losses in return for diffuse gains, the distributive profile of systemic retrenchment via tax cuts might entail concentrated benefits for specified groups financed by diffuse losses for larger groups in a distant future. Consequently, the electorate may accept or even desire tax cuts and associated initiatives to curb government income relative to retrenchment measures of services and benefits. Our empirical analysis supports such theoretical propositions. In an extensive comparative analysis of all tax laws adopted by four Danish governments, we find clear partisan differences. In an in-depth study of the tax policy of the latest right-wing government, we moreover empirically support the causality of the argument as the government did in fact try to curb specific taxes in order to constrain the spending side of the welfare state in an indirect manner.
The Genetics of Sexuality and Aggression (GSA) Twin Samples in Finland
Authors: Johansson Ada , Jern Patrick , Santtila Pekka , von der Pahlen Bettina , Eriksson Elias , Westberg Lars , Nyman Henrik , Pensar Johan , Corander Jukka , Sandnabba N. Kenneth
Published: November 2012

The Genetics of Sexuality and Aggression (GSA) project was launched at the Abo Akademi University in Turku, Finland in 2005 and has so far undertaken two major population-based data collections involving twins and siblings of twins. To date, it consists of about 14,000 individuals (including 1,147 informative monozygotic twin pairs, 1,042 informative same-sex dizygotic twin pairs, 741 informative opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs). Participants have been recruited through the Central Population Registry of Finland and were 18–49 years of age at the time of the data collections. Saliva samples for DNA genotyping (n = 4,278) and testosterone analyses (n = 1,168) were collected in 2006. The primary focus of the data collections has been on sexuality (both sexual functioning and sexual behavior) and aggressive behavior. This paper provides an overview of the data collections as well as an outline of the phenotypes and biological data assembled within the project. A detailed overview of publications can be found at the project's Web site: http://www.cebg.fi/.
Basin scale survey of marine humic fluorescence in the Atlantic: Relationship to iron solubility and H2O2
Authors: Heller M. I. , Gaiero D. M. , Croot P. L.
Published: November 2012

Iron (Fe) is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton productivity in many different oceanic regions. A critical aspect underlying iron limitation is its low solubility in seawater as this controls the distribution and transport of iron through the ocean. Processes which enhance the solubility of iron in seawater, either through redox reactions or organic complexation, are central to understanding the biogeochemical cycling of iron. In this work we combined iron solubility measurements with parallel factor (PARAFAC) data analysis of Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) fluorescence along a meridional transect through the Atlantic (PS ANT XXVI‐4) to examine the hypothesis that marine humic fluorescence is a potential proxy for iron solubility in the surface ocean. PARAFAC analysis revealed 4 components (C1‐4), two humic like substances (C2&4) and two protein‐like (C1&3). Overall none of the 4 components were significantly correlated with iron solubility, though humic‐like components were weakly correlated with iron solubility in iron replete waters. Our analysis suggests that the ligands responsible for maintaining iron in solution in the euphotic zone are sourced from both remineralisation processes and specific ligands produced in response to iron stress and are not easily related to bulk CDOM properties. The humic fluorescence signal was sharply attenuated in surface waters presumably most likely due to photo bleaching, though there was only a weak correlation with the transient photo product H2O2, suggesting longer lifetimes in the photic zone for the fluorescent components identified here.
Effects of subducted seamounts on megathrust earthquake nucleation and rupture propagation
Authors: Yang Hongfeng , Liu Yajing , Lin Jian
Published: November 2012

Subducted seamounts have been linked to interplate earthquakes, but their specific effects on earthquake mechanism remain controversial. A key question is under what conditions a subducted seamount will generate or stop megathrust earthquakes. Here we show results from numerical experiments in the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law in which a seamount is characterized as a patch of elevated effective normal stress on the thrust interface. We find that whether subducted seamounts generate or impede megathrust earthquakes depends critically on their relative locations to the earthquake nucleation zone defined by depth‐variable friction parameters. A seamount may act as a rupture barrier and such barrier effect is most prominent when the seamount sits at an intermediate range of the seamount‐to‐trench distances (20–100% of the nucleation‐zone‐to‐trench distance). Moreover, we observe that seamount‐induced barriers can turn into asperities on which megathrust earthquakes can nucleate at shallow depths and rupture the entire seismogenic zone. These results suggest that a strong barrier patch may not necessarily reduce the maximum size of earthquakes. Instead, the barrier could experience large coseismic slip when it is ruptured.
Equilibration timescale of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol partitioning
Authors: Shiraiwa Manabu , Seinfeld John H.
Published: November 2012

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from partitioning of oxidation products of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accounts for a substantial portion of atmospheric particulate matter. In describing SOA formation, it is generally assumed that VOC oxidation products rapidly adopt gas‐aerosol equilibrium. Here we estimate the equilibration timescale,τeq, of SOA gas‐particle partitioning using a state‐of‐the‐art kinetic flux model.τeqis found to be of order seconds to minutes for partitioning of relatively high volatility organic compounds into liquid particles, thereby adhering to equilibrium gas‐particle partitioning. However,τeqincreases to hours or days for organic aerosol associated with semi‐solid particles, low volatility, large particle size, and low mass loadings. Instantaneous equilibrium partitioning may lead to substantial overestimation of particle mass concentration and underestimation of gas‐phase concentration.
Quantifying uncertainty in future Southern Hemisphere circulation trends
Authors: Watson Peter A. G. , Karoly David J. , Allen Myles R. , Faull Nicholas , Lee David S.
Published: November 2012

The Antarctic polar night jet has intensified during spring in recent decades due to stratospheric ozone depletion and rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations and this has had substantial effects on the region's climate. GHG concentrations will rise over the 21st century whereas stratospheric ozone is expected to recover and there is uncertainty in future southern hemisphere (SH) circulation trends. We examine sensitivity to the physics parameterisation of the 21st century SH circulation projection of a coupled atmosphere‐ocean General Circulation Model and the sensitivity of the contribution from stratospheric ozone recovery. Different model parameterizations give a greater range of future trends in the position of the tropospheric jet than has been found in previous multi‐model comparisons. Ozone recovery causes a weakening and northward shift of the DJF tropospheric jet. Varying the physics parameterization affects the zonal wind response to ozone recovery of the SON stratosphere by ∼10% and that of the DJF troposphere by ∼25%. The projected future SAM index changes with and without ozone recovery and the SAM index response to ozone recovery alone are found to be strongly positively correlated with projected 21st century global warming.
On the statistical significance of surface air temperature trends in the Eurasian Arctic region
Authors: Franzke C.
Published: November 2012

This study investigates the statistical significance of the trends of station temperature time series from the European Climate Assessment & Data archive poleward of 60°N. The trends are identified by different methods and their significance is assessed by three different null models of climate noise. All stations show a warming trend but only 17 out of the 109 considered stations have trends which cannot be explained as arising from intrinsic climate fluctuations when tested against any of the three null models. Out of those 17, only one station exhibits a warming trend which is significant against all three null models. The stations with significant warming trends are located mainly in Scandinavia and Iceland.
Changes in the variability of the North Pacific sea surface temperature caused by direct sulfate aerosol forcing in China in a coupled general circulation model
Authors: Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kim Won‐Mo , Kim Young Ho , Moon Byung‐Kwon , Park Rokjin J. , Song Chang‐Keun
Published: November 2012

We examine the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol from China on the sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Pacific, especially focusing on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) using a coupled general circulation model (CGCM). We conduct two long‐term simulations, i.e., the Exp_Asia and the Exp_Asia_2x. Anthropogenic sulfate aerosols are prescribed in China only in the Exp_Asia. The conditions for the Exp_Asia_2x simulation are the same as in the Exp_Asia simulation, except the concentration of the anthropogenic sulfate aerosols in China is two times higher than that of the Exp_Asia simulation. It is found that the spatial structure of the PDO changes slightly despite an increase in the anthropogenic sulfate aerosol in China. In contrast, the temporal structure of the PDO is significantly altered between the two simulations. The variance in the PDO index in the boreal winter (December‐January‐February) and spring (March‐April‐May) is enhanced for the Exp_Asia_2x on low‐frequency timescales (>10 years) compared to that of the Exp_Asia simulation. Upon further analysis, the results of our study indicate that the change in the PDO index from the Exp_Asia to the Exp_Asia_2x is associated with the change in the mean SST in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension (KOE) region through the modification of atmospheric circulation. The change in SST in the KOE region is primarily associated with a wave‐like temperature structure forced by the diabatic cooling in the low‐level atmosphere in China through the modification of atmospheric circulation, which is caused by an increase in the anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Therefore, it is possible for the temporal structure of the North Pacific SST variability (i.e., PDO) to be altered through the mean SST change in the North Pacific Ocean caused by an increase in regional sulfate aerosols in China.
Mineralogy and morphology of geologic units at Libya Montes, Mars: Ancient aqueously derived outcrops, mafic flows, fluvial features, and impacts
Authors: Bishop Janice L. , Tirsch Daniela , Tornabene Livio L. , Jaumann Ralf , McEwen Alfred S. , McGuire Patrick C. , Ody Anouck , Poulet Francois , Clark Roger N. , Parente Mario , McKeown Nancy K. , Mustard John F. , Murchie Scott L. , Voigt Joana , Aydin Zeynep , Bamberg Marlene , Petau Andreas , Michael Gregory , Seelos Frank P. , Hash Christopher D. , Swayze Gregg A. , Neukum Gerhard
Published: November 2012

There is ample evidence of both ancient and long‐lasting fluvial activity and chemical alteration in the Libya Montes region south of Isidis Basin. The region hosts Noachian to Amazonian aged surface rocks with extensive outcrops of olivine‐ and pyroxene‐bearing material. Libya Montes also features surface outcrops and/or deposits hosting Fe/Mg‐smectite, Fe/Mg‐smectite mixed with carbonate and/or other Fe/Mg‐rich phyllosilicates, and Al‐smectite. These units likely formed through chemical alteration connected with hydrothermal activity resulting from the formation of the Isidis Basin and/or the pervasive fluvial activity throughout this region. The morphology and stratigraphy of the aqueous and mafic minerals are described using High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment and High Resolution Stereo Camera derived digital terrain models. Analyses of the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars spectra show variations in the chemistry of the Fe/Mg‐smectite from nontronite‐like exposures with spectral features near 2.29 and 2.4 µm more consistent with Fe3+2OH groups in the mineral structure, and saponite‐like outcrops with spectral features near 2.31 and 2.38 µm characteristic of Mg2+3OH groups. These Fe/Mg‐smectite bearing materials also have bands near 1.9 µm due to H2O and near 2.5 µm that could be due to the smectite, other phyllosilicates, and carbonates. All regions exhibiting carbonate features near 3.4–3.5 µm also have features consistent with the presence of olivine and Fe/Mg‐smectite, indicating that the carbonate signatures occur in rocks likely containing a mixture of these minerals. The Al‐smectite‐bearing rocks have bands near 1.41, 1.91, and 2.19 µm that are more consistent with beidellite than other Al‐phyllosilicates, indicating a higher‐temperature or diagenetically processed origin for this material. Our interpretation of the geologic history of this region is that ancient Noachian basaltic crustal materials experienced extensive aqueous alteration at the time of the Isidis impact, during which the montes were also formed, followed by emplacement of a rough olivine‐rich lava or melt, and finally the smooth pyroxene‐bearing caprock unit.
Ecogeomorphic coevolution of semiarid hillslopes: Emergence of banded and striped vegetation patterns through interaction of biotic and abiotic processes
Authors: Saco Patricia M. , Moreno‐de las Heras Mariano
Published: November 2012

Key Points

Vegetation patterns strongly depend on feedbacks with coevolving landforms

Patterns prescribed by relative rates of fluvial and diffusive erosion processes

Vegetation feedbacks alter sediment redistribution and emergent microtopography
Active interactions between turbulence and bed load: Conceptual picture and experimental evidence
Authors: Radice Alessio , Nikora Vladimir , Campagnol Jenny , Ballio Francesco
Published: November 2012

Key Points

Experiments measuring motion of two phases with consistent support scales

Analysis of a triggering mechanism for a range of transport intensities

Conceptual interpretation bridging literature results from different authors
Demonstration of a geostatistical approach to physically consistent downscaling of climate modeling simulations
Authors: Jha Sanjeev Kumar , Mariethoz Gregoire , Evans Jason P. , McCabe Matthew F.
Published: November 2012

Key Points

Downscaling of climate model data by the Direct Sampling method was demonstrated

Downscaled temperature, soil moisture and latent heat show excellent results

Error analysis of the downscaled variables and their correlations are presented
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase maintains active zone structure by stabilizing Bruchpilot
Authors: Zang Shaoyun , Ali Yousuf O , Ruan Kai , Zhai R Grace
Published: November 2012

Active zones are specialized presynaptic structures critical for neurotransmission. We show that a neuronal maintenance factor, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), is required for maintaining active zone structural integrity in Drosophila by interacting with the active zone protein, Bruchpilot (BRP), and shielding it from activity‐induced ubiquitin–proteasome‐mediated degradation. NMNAT localizes to the peri‐active zone and interacts biochemically with BRP in an activity‐dependent manner. Loss of NMNAT results in ubiquitination, mislocalization and aggregation of BRP, and subsequent active zone degeneration. We propose that, as a neuronal maintenance factor, NMNAT specifically maintains active zone structure by direct protein–protein interaction.
Production of phosphatidylinositol 5‐phosphate via PIKfyve and MTMR3 regulates cell migration
Authors: Oppelt Angela , Lobert Viola H , Haglund Kaisa , Mackey Ashley M , Rameh Lucia E , Liestøl Knut , Oliver Schink Kay , Marie Pedersen Nina , Wenzel Eva M , Haugsten Ellen M , Brech Andreas , Erik Rusten Tor , Stenmark Harald , Wesche Jørgen
Published: November 2012

Although phosphatidylinositol 5‐phosphate (PtdIns5P) is present in many cell types and its biogenesis is increased by diverse stimuli, its precise cellular function remains elusive. Here we show that PtdIns5P levels increase when cells are stimulated to move and we find PtdIns5P to promote cell migration in tissue culture and in a Drosophila in vivo model. First, class III phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, which produces PtdIns3P, was shown to be involved in migration of fibroblasts. In a cell migration screen for proteins containing PtdIns3P‐binding motifs, we identified the phosphoinositide 5‐kinase PIKfyve and the phosphoinositide 3‐phosphatase MTMR3, which together constitute a phosphoinositide loop that produces PtdIns5P via PtdIns(3,5)P2. The ability of PtdIns5P to stimulate cell migration was demonstrated directly with exogenous PtdIns5P and a PtdIns5P‐producing bacterial enzyme. Thus, the identified phosphoinositide loop defines a new role for PtdIns5P in cell migration.
Inferring Adult Status and Trends from Juvenile Density Data for Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Bowlby Heather D. , F. Gibson A. Jamie
Published: November 2012

Typically, juvenile survey data are not used explicitly to determine status, trends, or abundance designations for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, even though they can be the only source of information for many populations. To determine whether juvenile data can be informative about adult abundance and status in Atlantic salmon, we evaluated the similarities in trends among age-classes for two data-rich populations using a nested log-linear model. We found relatively consistent and significant trends for the age-0, adult and egg time series, but the trends in juvenile density data for older age-classes were less consistent with adult abundance trends. A threshold-based analysis demonstrated that relatively low misclassification rates for adult status relative to a set reference level could be obtained from juvenile density estimates. Together, these results suggest that juvenile density data can be an informative proxy for adult abundance and may be useful as an indicator for large changes in population status relative to reference points. This would make data collection via electrofishing an appropriate monitoring method for fisheries management or conservation programs. However, the validity of the idea that dramatic changes in adult abundance will be mirrored in juvenile data partially depends on the specific age-classes monitored, the survey design, and the timing of density dependence in the population. Using juvenile data as an index would necessitate some prior knowledge of the underlying population dynamics before the method could be applied more generally.

Received May 9, 2012; accepted August 8, 2012
Eye movements in reading: Some theoretical context
Authors: Radach Ralph , Kennedy Alan
Published: November 2012

The study of eye movements has proven to be one of the most successful approaches in research on reading. In this overview, it is argued that a major reason for this success is that eye movement measurement is not just a methodology—the control of eye movements is actually part and parcel of the dynamics of information processing within the task of reading itself. Some major developments over the last decade are discussed with a focus on the issue of spatially distributed word processing and its relation to the development of reading models. The survey ends with a description of two newly emerging trends in the field: the study of continuous reading in non-Roman writing systems and the broadening of the scope of research to encompass individual differences and developmental issues.
Atomic structure analysis of stacking faults and misfit dislocations at 3C-SiC/Si(0 0 1) interfaces by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Yamasaki J , Inamoto S , Nomura Y , Tamaki H , Tanaka N
Published: November 2012

The interfacial atomic structures of 3C-SiC/Si(0 0 1) and the dislocation core structures related to generation and annihilation of stacking faults are clarified by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy combined with image processing called the ‘image subtraction and improved deconvolution (ISD)’ method. Details of the intrinsic interfacial structure are explained in terms of a two-dimensional network of partial edge dislocations and Lomer dislocations. Around the junction of the interface and a {1 1 1} stacking fault, a seven-membered ring of Si and C atom columns and interfacial steps are observed. On the other hand, a six-membered ring is observed at the intersection of two {1 1 1} stacking faults. Based on the results, the formation mechanism of the intrinsic interfacial structure and stacking faults during the growth process is discussed.
A new F-actin structure in fungi: actin ring formation around the cell nucleus of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Kopecká Marie , Kawamoto Susumu , Yamaguchi Masashi
Published: November 2012

The F-actin cytoskeleton of Cryptococcus neoformans is known to comprise actin cables, cortical patches and cytokinetic ring. Here, we describe a new F-actin structure in fungi, a perinuclear F-actin collar ring around the cell nucleus, by fluorescent microscopic imaging of rhodamine phalloidin-stained F-actin. Perinuclear F-actin rings form in Cryptococcus neoformans treated with the microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole or with the drug solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or grown in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) medium, but they are absent in cells treated with Latrunculin A. Perinuclear F-actin rings may function as ‘funicular cabin’ for the cell nucleus, and actin cables as intracellular ‘funicular’ suspending nucleus in the central position in the cell and moving nucleus along the polarity axis along actin cables.
The EoR sensitivity of the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: Beardsley A. P. , Hazelton B. J. , Morales M. F. , Arcus W. , Barnes D. , Bernardi G. , Bowman J. D. , Briggs F. H. , Bunton J. D. , Cappallo R. J. , Corey B. E. , Deshpande A. , deSouza L. , Emrich D. , Gaensler B. M. , Goeke R. , Greenhill L. J. , Herne D. , Hewitt J. N. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Kaplan D. L. , Kasper J. C. , Kincaid B. B. , Koenig R. , Kratzenberg E. , Lonsdale C. J. , Lynch M. J. , McWhirter S. R. , Mitchell D. A. , Morgan E. , Oberoi D. , Ord S. M. , Pathikulangara J. , Prabu T. , Remillard R. A. , Rogers A. E. E. , Roshi A. , Salah J. E. , Sault R. J. , Udaya Shankar N. , Srivani K. S. , Stevens J. , Subrahmanyan R. , Tingay S. J. , Wayth R. B. , Waterson M. , Webster R. L. , Whitney A. R. , Williams A. , Williams C. L. , Wyithe J. S. B.
Published: November 2012

Using the final 128 antenna locations of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), we calculate its sensitivity to the epoch of reionization (EoR) power spectrum of redshifted 21 cm emission for a fiducial model and provide the tools to calculate the sensitivity for any model. Our calculation takes into account synthesis rotation, chromatic and asymmetrical baseline effects, and excludes modes that will be contaminated by foreground subtraction. For the fiducial model, the MWA will be capable of a 14σ detection of the EoR signal with one full season of observation on two fields (900 and 700 h).
Age-dependent deficits in fear learning in heterozygous BDNF knock-out mice
Authors: Endres Thomas , Lessmann Volkmar
Published: November 2012

Beyond its trophic function, the neurotrophin BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is well known to crucially mediate synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Whereas recent studies suggested that acute BDNF/TrkB signaling regulates amygdala-dependent fear learning, no impairments of cued fear learning were reported in heterozygous BDNF knock-out mice (BDNF+/−). Since brain BDNF levels are known to decline with aging, we hypothesized that BDNF+/− mice might show reduced fear learning at older ages. Indeed, BDNF+/− animals revealed an age-dependent deficit in fear learning 3 mo after birth and beyond. Since there were no alterations between the two genotypes during the conditioning training and when testing short-term memory, this learning deficit most likely reflects a deficit in memory consolidation. Importantly, there were no differences in spontaneous motor behavior and baseline anxiety in BDNF+/− animals at any age tested. Following behavioral testing quantification of BDNF levels in the basolateral amygdala with a sensitive BDNF ELISA revealed a positive correlation between the levels of BDNF in the amygdala and the individual learning performance. However, the age-dependent decline in the efficiency of fear conditioning in BDNF+/− mice was not accompanied by reduced BDNF expression in the amygdala. Thus, while reduced BDNF levels in general correlate with less efficient fear learning, this lack of BDNF can be compensated in young but not in older animals, suggesting that the cellular mechanisms responsible for fear learning consolidation become BDNF-dependent 3 mo after birth.
Regulation of miR399f Transcription by AtMYB2 Affects Phosphate Starvation Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Baek Dongwon , Kim Min Chul , Chun Hyun Jin , Kang Songhwa , Park Hyeong Cheol , Shin Gilok , Park Jiyoung , Shen Mingzhe , Hong Hyewon , Kim Woe-Yeon , Kim Doh Hoon , Lee Sang Yeol , Bressan Ray A. , Bohnert Hans J. , Yun Dae-Jin
Published: November 2012

Although a role for microRNA399 (miR399) in plant responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation has been indicated, the regulatory mechanism underlying miR399 gene expression is not clear. Here, we report that AtMYB2 functions as a direct transcriptional activator for miR399 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Pi starvation signaling. Compared with untransformed control plants, transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing AtMYB2 showed increased miR399f expression and tissue Pi contents under high Pi growth and exhibited elevated expression of a subset of Pi starvation-induced genes. Pi starvation-induced root architectural changes were more exaggerated in AtMYB2-overexpressing transgenic plants compared with the wild type. AtMYB2 directly binds to a MYB-binding site in the miR399f promoter in vitro, as well as in vivo, and stimulates miR399f promoter activity in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Transcription of AtMYB2 itself is induced in response to Pi deficiency, and the tissue expression patterns of miR399f and AtMYB2 are similar. Both genes are expressed mainly in vascular tissues of cotyledons and in roots. Our results suggest that AtMYB2 regulates plant responses to Pi starvation by regulating the expression of the miR399 gene.
The first report of the crystal structure of non-solvated μ-oxo boron subphthalocyanine and the crystal structures of two solvated forms
Authors: Fulford Mabel V. , Lough Alan John , Bender Timothy P.
Published: November 2012

The first instance of the solvent-free X-ray determined single-crystal structure of the oxygen-bridged boron subphthalocyanine dimer [μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2, C48H24B2N12O] is reported. Single crystals obtained by train sublimation were found to have μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 organized into a C2/c space group. The crystal structure obtained by sublimation is of particular interest as it is highly symmetric and also of notably high density when compared with other BsubPc crystals. The acquisition of this crystal structure came about from the direct chemical synthesis of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 followed by a work-up which culminated in obtaining the single crystals by sublimation. Several methods for the direct chemical synthesis of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 were also investigated each using dichlorobenzene as the solvent. On standing, these reaction mixtures produced a crystal of the dichlorobenzene (DCB) solvate of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 [μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2·2DCB]. It is also reported that the conversion of bromo-boron subphthalocyanine (Br-BsubPc) to μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 happens on train sublimation which resulted in the acquisition of a partially hydrated crystal [μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2·0.25H2O].
Comparative structural study of decagonal quasicrystals in the systems Al–Cu–Me (Me = Co, Rh, Ir)
Authors: Kuczera Pawel , Wolny Janusz , Steurer Walter
Published: November 2012

A comparative single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis of the family of Al–Cu–Me (Me = Co, Rh and Ir) decagonal quasicrystals is presented. In contrast to decagonal Al–Cu–Co, the other two decagonal phases do not show any structured disorder diffuse scattering indicating a higher degree of order. Furthermore, the atomic sites of Rh and Ir can be clearly identified, while Cu and Co cannot be distinguished because of their too similar atomic scattering factors. The structure models, derived from charge-flipping/low-density elimination results, were refined within the tiling-decoration method but also discussed in the five-dimensional embedding approach. The basic structural building units of the closely related structures are decagonal clusters with 33 Å diameter, which are consistent with the available electron-microscopic images. The refined structure models agree very well with the experimental data.
Experimental and database-transferred electron-density analysis and evaluation of electrostatic forces in coumarin-102 dye
Authors: Bibila Mayaya Bisseyou Yvon , Bouhmaida Nouhza , Guillot Benoit , Lecomte Claude , Lugan Noel , Ghermani Noureddine , Jelsch Christian
Published: November 2012

The electron-density distribution of a new crystal form of coumarin-102, a laser dye, has been investigated using the Hansen–Coppens multipolar atom model. The charge density was refinedversushigh-resolution X-ray diffraction data collected at 100 K and was also constructed by transferring the charge density from the Experimental Library of Multipolar Atom Model (ELMAM2). The topology of the refined charge density has been analysed within the Bader `Atoms In Molecules' theory framework. Deformation electron-density peak heights and topological features indicate that the chromen-2-one ring system has a delocalized π-electron cloud in resonance with the N (amino) atom. The molecular electrostatic potential was estimated from both experimental and transferred multipolar models; it reveals an asymmetric character of the charge distribution across the molecule. This polarization effect is due to a substantial charge delocalization within the molecule. The molecular dipole moments derived from the experimental and transferred multipolar models are also compared with the liquid and gas-phase dipole moments. The substantial molecular dipole moment enhancements observed in the crystal environment originate from the crystal field and from intermolecular charge transfer induced and controlled by C—H...O and C—H...N intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The atomic forces were integrated over the atomic basins and compared for the two electron-density models.
Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of novel bis(6-carboxypyridine-2-carboxylato-κ3
O
2,N,O
6)nickel(II) trihydrate, Ni(Hpydc)2·3H2O
Authors: Sanotra Sumit , Gupta Rimpy , Sheikh Haq Nawaz , Kalsotra Bansi Lal , Gupta Vivek K. , Rajnikant
Published: November 2012

The synthesis and crystal structure of the compound bis(6-carboxypyridine-2-carboxylato-κ3
O
2,N,O
6)nickel(II) trihydrate, Ni(Hpydc)2·3H2O, with a supramolecular network is reported (H2pydc is pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid). The compound has been prepared by hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure has been solved by direct methods using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at 293 K and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R value of 0.0323 for 2779 observed reflections. The compound has distorted octahedral geometry around the metal centre. The complex contains two identical singly ionized ligand molecules. The nickel(II) is bonded to four O atoms and two N atoms from the tridentate ligand molecules, which are nearly perpendicular to each other. Hydrogen-bonded interactions create a three-dimensional supramolecular porous network. The supramolecular structure accounts for the porous structure of the compound as is evident from the Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (BET) surface area of 80 m2 g−1. Thermal degradation of the compound shows that lattice water molecules give stability to the crystal structure.
Detection and differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus and V. sinaloensis in water and oysters of a Gulf of Mexico estuary
Authors: Staley Christopher , Chase Eva , Harwood Valerie J.
Published: November 2012

Vibrio vulnificus is a potentially lethal human pathogen that occurs naturally in estuarine waters and shellfish. Vibrio vulnificus was quantified in water and oysters from Florida's Gulf Coast by plating on mCPC agar, enrichment and plating, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Vibrio vulnificus was detected in 19%, 29%, and 97% of samples respectively by direct plating, qPCR, and enrichment. Only 8% of typical colonies from direct plating were confirmed by PCR for vvhA; others yielded no or atypically sized amplicons. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA of 16 vvhA‐negative isolates with colony morphology typical of V. vulnificus identified 75% as V. sinaloensis. In vitro growth curves showed that V. sinaloensis grew more rapidly than V. vulnificus in seawater at temperatures ≤ 30°C. In contrast, the growth rate of V. vulnificus in alkaline peptone water was greater than that of V. sinaloensis, suggesting that these species can outcompete one another under conditions that are relevant to environmental parameters or regulatory monitoring regimes respectively. The virulence potential and ecology of V. sinaloensis are poorly understood; however, its phenotypic resemblance to V. vulnificus and the possibility that it could outcompete the pathogen in warm, estuarine waters argue for the need for a better understanding of this newly described Vibrio species.
The versatile in situ gene expression of an Epsilonproteobacteria‐dominated biofilm from a hydrothermal chimney
Authors: Dahle Håkon , Roalkvam Irene , Thorseth Ingunn H. , Pedersen Rolf B. , Steen Ida H.
Published: November 2012

The Epsilonproteobacteria, including members of the genus Sulfurovum, are regarded as important primary producers in hydrothermal systems. However, their in situ gene expression in this habitat has so far not been investigated. We report a metatranscriptomic analysis of a Sulfurovum‐dominated biofilm from one of the chimneys at the Loki's Castle hydrothermal system, located at the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge. Transcripts involved in hydrogen oxidation, oxidation of sulfur species, aerobic respiration and denitrification were abundant and mostly assigned to Sulfurovum, indicating that members of this genus utilize multiple chemical energy sources simultaneously for primary production. Sulfurovum also seemed to have a diverse expression of transposases, potentially involved in horizontal gene transfer. Other transcripts were involved in CO2 fixation by the reverse TCA cycle, the CRISPR‐Cas system, heavy metal resistance, and sensing and responding to changing environmental conditions. Through pyrosequencing of PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes, the Sulfurovum‐dominated biofilm was compared with another biofilm from the same chimney, revealing a large shift in the community structure of Epsilonproteobacteria‐dominated biofilms over a few metres.
Feeding preferences of the red‐billed oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus: a parasitic mutualist?
Authors: Plantan Tiffany , Howitt Mark , Kotzé Antoinette , Gaines Michael
Published: November 2012

The oxpecker–ungulate association of sub‐Saharan Africa is an example of a complicated interspecific association subject to variation in outcome. Oxpeckers (Buphagus spp.) are unusual birds because they not only glean ticks from an array of African ungulates, but they are one of the few avian species known to wound‐feed from their living hosts. The conditions under which oxpeckers wound‐feed and the mechanisms generating variation in this association are unclear. We took a unique approach to studying the relationship by conducting a series of feeding preference experiments on twelve captive red‐billed oxpeckers (B. erythrorhynchus). We assessed how oxpecker feeding behaviour is influenced by changes in tick abundance and tick type. In cafeteria‐style experiments, oxpeckers fed equally on ticks and liquid bovine blood. In experiments using donkeys as the host animal, oxpeckers spent more time wound‐feeding when a less‐preferred tick type was available and when tick abundance was low compared to when a preferred tick type was available and when tick abundance was high. However, oxpeckers still wound‐fed even when offered a large number of the ticks they prefer. Additional experiments incorporating tick species of different stages and multiple ungulate species are necessary to fully reveal the dynamics of this association.