bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focused ion beam implantation of Ga in InP studied by SIMS and dynamic computer simulations
Authors: Gnaser Hubert
Published: May 2010

Focused ion beam implantation of 30 keV Ga+ ions in single‐crystalline InP was investigated by SIMS, using Cs+ primary ions for sputtering. Nine different implantation fluences ranging from 1 × 1013 to 1 × 1017 Ga+ ions/cm2 were used, with implanted areas of 50 × 50 µm2. The Ga concentration distributions of these implants were determined by SIMS depth profiling. Such 30 keV Ga implantations were also simulated by a dynamic Monte Carlo simulation code that takes into account the gradual change of the near‐surface composition due to the Ga incorporation. In both approaches, an essentially linear increase of the Ga content with fluence is found up to ∼1 × 1016 cm−2; for higher fluences, the Ga peak concentration approaches a saturation level which is reached at about (0.5–1) × 1017 cm−2 and amounts to ∼10%. The measured and simulated concentrations of the Ga distributions are in good agreement. The most probable range of the Ga+ ions in InP obtained from the SIMS experiments is ∼23 nm and matches closely with the value from the simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and quantification of biological micropatterns using cluster SIMS
Authors: Chen Li‐Jung , Shah Sunny S. , Verkhoturov Stanislav V. , Revzin Alexander , Schweikert Emile A.
Published: May 2010

Micropatterning is used widely in biosensor development, tissue engineering and basic biology. Creation of biological micropatterns typically involves multiple sequential steps which may lead to cross‐contamination and contribute to suboptimal performance of the surface. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel strategies for characterizing location‐specific chemical composition of biological micropatterns. In this paper, C60+ time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) operating in the event‐by‐event bombardment/detection mode was used for spatially resolved chemical analysis of micropatterned indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces. Fabrication of the micropatterns involved multiple steps including self‐assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)‐silane (PEG‐silane), patterning of photoresist, treatment with oxygen plasma and adsorption of collagen (I). The ITO surfaces were analyzed with 26‐keV C60+ SIMS run in the event‐by‐event bombardment/detection mode at different steps of the modification process. We were able to evaluate the extent of cross‐contamination between different steps and quantify coverage of the immobilized species. The methodology described here provides a novel means for characterizing the composition of biological micropatterns in a quantitative and spatially resolved manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time localization of single C60 impacts with correlated secondary ion detection
Authors: Eller M. J. , Verkhoturov S. V. , Della‐Negra S. , Rickman R. D. , Schweikert E. A.
Published: May 2010

We assembled hardware and software for the synchronized detection of electrons and ions emitted under the impacts of the individual C60+ and C602+ ions. A projectile impact is localized via the ejected electron(s) with an emission electron microscope (EEM). The (x,y) coordinates of each impact combined with the corresponding record of detected secondary ions (Sis), allow the construction of mass‐selected surface maps.

The setup comprises a custom‐built ToF‐SIMS with a C601, 2+ source, an EEM with an electron imaging detector consisting of dual microchannel plates (MCPs), phosphor screen and a 1.3 megapixel CMOS camera. The electron pulse on the aluminized phosphor screen triggers the camera resulting in a frame with the electron image. It also triggers the ToF electronics resulting in a suite of SI time records corresponding to each individual impact event. The data processing and management are handled by custom software including combination of the positional and the mass spectrometric information from each impact.

The present study demonstrates the feasibility of mapping a surface by localizing the SI emission from single C602+ impacts. A spatial resolution of 1.3 µm has been obtained. Interestingly, maps of coemitted SIs from a given localization display chemically resolved information from an emission area of ∼102 nm2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the polar angle of incidence on secondary ion formation in self‐sputtering of silver
Authors: Weidtmann B. , Hanke S. , Duvenbeck A. , Wucher A.
Published: May 2010

The influence of the projectile impact angle on secondary ion formation was studied using a computer simulation model applied to the bombardment of an amorphous silver crystal by 5‐keV Ag atoms. The model employs a molecular dynamics (MD) scheme for the description of particle dynamics within the atomic collision cascade. The electronic degree of freedom is treated within the framework of a free electron gas model incorporating kinetic excitation by electronic friction and electron promotion. Transport of the excitation energy away from the spot of generation is treated by a diffusive approach. In combination with a rate equation model for electronic charge transfer an individual ionization probability α+ is assigned to each sputtered particle. The results reveal that the average ionization probability of sputtered atoms increases upon the transition from normal to oblique incidence. The dependence of α+ on the emission velocity of ejected atoms is traced back to the temporal structure of the excitation profile induced after projectile impact. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth profiling analysis of barrier‐type anodic aluminium oxide films formed on substrates of controlled roughness
Authors: Trigoulet N. , Tuccitto N. , Delfanti I. , Licciardello A. , Molchan I. S. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. , Tempez A. , Chapon P.
Published: May 2010

The depth resolutions achieved by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD‐OES) are comparable for the analysis of relatively flat specimens. However, the precision of sputtering‐induced depth profiling techniques has been shown to be dramatically influenced by the initial roughness of specimen surface. The effect of the specimen roughness on the depth resolution achieved by both techniques has been examined here using textured aluminium substrates supporting anodic oxide films. As a result of dissimilarities in the sputtering processes, TOF‐SIMS and GD‐OES show significantly different elemental depth profiles for electrolyte‐derived species incorporated into anodic oxide films formed on superpure aluminium substrates of controlled texture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular dynamics study of metal‐organic samples bombarded by kiloelectronvolt projectiles
Authors: Restrepo Oscar A. , Delcorte Arnaud
Published: May 2010

In recent experiments involving metal‐assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry (MetA‐SIMS), either an increase or a decrease of the sputtered organic ion yield was demonstrated depending whether the incoming projectile was atomic (Ga, In) or polyatomic (Bi3, C60). Theoretically, the electronic and molecular processes governing the yield variation are still poorly understood for metal‐organic surfaces. To unravel the physics of sputtering, molecular dynamics simulations involving metal‐organic samples have been implemented. Two targets mimicking, respectively, a gold/organic vertical interface and a molecular sample covered by gold nanoparticles were designed and bombarded with several projectiles, including Ga and C60. The results emphasize the differences of emission and molecular mechanisms induced by these projectiles and explain some of the effects observed in MetA‐SIMS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using C60+ sputtering to improve detection limit of nitrogen in zinc oxide
Authors: Zhu Zihua , Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Nachimuthu Ponnusamy
Published: May 2010

C60+ sputtering was firstly used to determine depth profile of nitrogen in zinc oxide materials by time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS. Compared to traditional Cs+ sputtering depth profiling, the C60+ sputtering provides increase in signal intensity by a factor of over 200 and improves the detection limit by a factor of about 10. In addition, our XPS results show that sputtering zinc oxide materials by 10 keV C60+ leads to very little carbon deposition at the bottom of the sputter crater. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual beam depth profiling of organic materials: Variations of analysis and sputter beam conditions
Authors: Rading D. , Moellers R. , Kollmer F. , Paul W. , Niehuis E.
Published: May 2010

The dual beam mode of depth profiling has been used to investigate the influence of sputter beam energy, angle and sample rotation on the quality of organic depth profiles in a TOF‐SIMS instrument. The sample under investigation was a multilayer sample consisting of Irganox 3114 embedded in a Irganox 1010 matrix provided by NPL. C60 sputter beam energies between 10 and 30 keV, and angles of 45° and 75° were used. The results are discussed with respect to depth resolution, constancy of the sputter rate and quantification possibilities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the relation between the secondary yield enhancement and the structure of the metallic overlayer in metal‐assisted SIMS
Authors: Nittler L. , Delcorte A. , Bertrand P. , Migeon H.‐N.
Published: May 2010

Pristine and Au‐covered molecular films have been analyzed by ToF‐SIMS for different amounts of evaporated gold. In contrast to other MetA‐SIMS studies, the metallization of the high‐mass polymers (polycarbonate and polystyrene) was carried out in situ. The evaporation flux was monitored with a quartz‐crystal microbalance, and the exact quantity of deposited gold was determined by XPS. It was found that the sticking coefficient of gold on these polymers is less than one. The evolution of the secondary ion yield using Argon ion bombardment is studied as a function of the total amount of deposited metal. Furthermore, the SIMS results are accompanied by a detailed characterization of the sample surfaces morphology, in order to check any possible relation between the structure of the deposited metallic film and the yield enhancement of S‐SIMS signals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analyis of trace metal contaminants on silicon surface by VPD‐ToF‐SIMS and VPD‐SIMS: towards 1E6‐1E7at/cm2 detection limits
Authors: Juhel Marc , Trouiller Chantal , Guiheux Denis , Arsac Cyril , Drogue Nathalie , Couvrat Stephanie , Grosjean Catherine
Published: May 2010

VPD‐SIMS and VPD‐TOFSIMS are used to detect ultra low level of metallic contaminants on silicon wafer surface. The combination of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) high sensitivity and Vapor Phase Decomposition (VPD) is capable to provide quantitative detection of metals with sub‐107 at/cm2 detection limits on 200 mm and 300 mm silicon wafers surface. The quantification is validated by a correlation with Total X Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) measurements. This study sets down the quantification problematic and describes the protocol that was developed for the analysis and quantification. This complementary technique to VPD‐TXRF improves the detection of metallic contamination on silicon surface for the most advanced semiconductor technology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and microstructure of waxy plant surfaces: triterpenoids and fatty acid derivatives on leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana
Authors: Jetter Reinhard , Sodhi Rana
Published: May 2010

The vast surfaces of plant leaves are protected by a coating of cuticular waxes. While the bulk composition of wax mixtures from various plant species has been reported, chemical information on the outermost leaf surface is lacking to date. The goal of the present study was to explore the use of ToF‐SIMS for surface analyses of plant leaves of the species Kalanchoe daigremontiana. It was found that the two major wax triterpenoids, glutinol and friedelin, were both present at the lower leaf surface in high concentrations. In contrast, the predominant wax alkane, tritriacontane, was not detectable by ToF‐SIMS. Three other unidentified compounds that had not been detected in the bulk wax mixture were present at the surface, further demonstrating that the outermost layer of molecules differed drastically in composition from the underlying wax mixture. Mapping experiments showed that all compounds were distributed fairly homogenously across the lower leaf surface, exhibiting no apparent gradients across epidermal cells and within the surface area of individual cells Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FIB‐SIMS analysis of an aluminum alloy/SiC metal matrix composite
Authors: Silk Jonathan R. , Dashwood Richard J. , Chater Richard J.
Published: May 2010

Polished surfaces of a fine‐grained aluminum, silicon carbide metal matrix composite (MMC) were imaged using the ion‐induced secondary electron emission in a FIB ion microscope. In these images a dispersion of particles with a distinct bright contrast are seen to be mainly located at the matrix aluminum grain/subgrain boundaries, and at the matrix/reinforcement interface. The particles range in size from 20 to 200 nm. FIB‐SIMS was used to identify the composition of these particles as magnesium and oxygen‐rich, and so, to corroborate SEM/EDS analyses. Analysis of the FIB images of the polished section showed that the areal density of the particles with distinct bright contrast was consistent with a composition of MgAl2O4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of zirconium incorporation on the stabilization of TiO2 mesoporous structure
Authors: Gnatyuk Yu. , Smirnova N. , Korduban O. , Eremenko A.
Published: May 2010

The effect of incorporating zirconium dioxide in TiO2 mesoporous films was investigated. Improved stability of the mesoporous structure of the synthesized TiO2/ZrO2 nanocomposites could be related to the suppression of titania crystallites growth and the formation of Ti1−xZrxO2 solid solution, as was inferred by the results of optical properties, AFM, XRD and XPS investigations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms and bodily pain: the role of physical disability and social stress
Authors: Gayman Mathew D. , Brown Robyn Lewis , Cui Ming
Published: May 2010

This study evaluates the bi‐directional association between depressive symptoms and bodily pain, and examines the role of physical disability and perceived social stress in the depression–pain relationship. Data are employed from a two‐wave panel study of Miami‐Dade county residents (n = 1459) that includes a substantial over‐sampling of individuals who identify as physically‐disabled. Findings indicate that the bi‐directional relationship between depression and pain is similar for those with and without a physical disability. Results also demonstrate that stress exposure, specifically recent life events and daily discrimination, partially mediated the relationship between prior levels of depression and changes in pain. Directions for future research and the need for a more comprehensive model of health incorporating physical, psychological, and social factors are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining a strategy for development of systems capability in the workforce
Authors: Davidz Heidi L. , Martin James N.
Published: May 2010

As systems increase in complexity, many organizations face an increasing need to improve the systems capability of their workforce. Systems engineering, systems integration, and system architecting skills are needed, yet many organizations struggle with designing an effective strategy for developing these organizational capabilities. This paper discusses how an organization might define a strategy to more efficiently develop systems capability in its workforce. In addition to listing considerations in defining a development strategy, existing methods used for developing systems capability are compared. With a more thorough understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of various systems capability development methods, organizations can customize a better development strategy for their unique systems capability needs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 141–153, 2011
Aberrant right subclavian artery at 16 to 23 + 6 weeks of gestation: a marker for chromosomal abnormality
Authors: Borenstein M. , Minekawa R. , Zidere V. , Nicolaides K. H. , Allan L. D.
Published: May 2010

Objectives

This study was carried out to determine the feasibility of defining the position of the right subclavian artery (RSA) by fetal echocardiography between 16 and 23 weeks of gestation, and the association between an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) and chromosomal and cardiac defects.

Methods

We examined the position of the RSA in all patients who attended our unit for a fetal cardiac scan. The assessment was carried out using a transverse view of the fetal chest sweeping up from the level of the aortic arch, using color flow mapping. An ARSA was diagnosed when this vessel was not seen in the normal position and an arterial vessel was seen crossing behind the trachea towards the right arm, arising as a fourth branch of the aortic arch, at a lower level than normal.

Results

The course of the RSA could be identified in more than 95% of the 2799 fetuses examined between 16 and 23 + 6 weeks of gestation. An ARSA was found in 43 fetuses. The incidence was 1.5% in normal fetuses, 28.6% in fetuses with trisomy 21, 18.2% in fetuses with trisomy 18 and 8% in fetuses with other chromosomal defects. There was an association between an ARSA and cardiac defects in seven of the 43 fetuses (16%), and three of these seven fetuses had a normal karyotype.

Conclusions

Assessment of the RSA by a fetal cardiologist is possible in almost all cases. The finding of an ARSA is much more common in fetuses with chromosomal defects, in particular trisomy 21 (where the prevalence of an ARSA was 29%), compared with euploid fetuses. Moreover, the presence of an ARSA may be associated with an increased incidence of intracardiac malformations. Examination of the position of the RSA is likely to become a routine ultrasound marker for chromosomal abnormalities in the second trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portal hemodynamics and clinical outcomes of patients with gastric varices after balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration
Authors: Kasuga Akiyoshi , Mizumoto Hideaki , Matsutani Shoichi , Kobayashi Akitoshi , Endo Tsunehiro , Ando Takeshi , Yukisawa Seigo , Maruyama Hitoshi , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: May 2010

Background

Long‐term hemodynamic effects and clinical outcomes after balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B‐RTO) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long‐term clinical results and effects on portal hemodynamics after B‐RTO for the treatment of gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt.

Methods

A total of 21 patients with cirrhosis and gastric varices treated by B‐RTO were evaluated. The cumulative survival rate was calculated, portal blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasonography, and liver function was estimated on the basis of Child‐Pugh classification before and 1 year after B‐RTO.

Results

Gastric varices disappeared or decreased markedly in size in all patients. Overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 90.48, 71.11 and 53.71%, respectively. Portal blood flow increased significantly from 681.9 ± 294.9 to 837.0 ± 279.1 ml/min (p = 0.0125) after B‐RTO. Child‐Pugh score was not significantly changed (p = 0.755) after obliteration, but serum albumin was elevated significantly from 3.49 ± 0.49 to 3.75 ± 0.53 g/dl (p = 0.0459). The ascites score was significantly increased (p = 0.0455) after B‐RTO, but all cases of ascites could be controlled with medication.

Conclusions

Balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration is a safe and effective treatment for gastric varices with gastrorenal shunt. Portal blood flow and serum albumin parameters are increased, and liver function is unchanged after B‐RTO.
A Bayesian Multi-Level Factor Analytic Model of Consumer Price Sensitivities Across Categories
Authors: Duvvuri Sri Devi , Gruca Thomas S.
Published: May 2010

Identifying price sensitive consumers is an important problem in marketing. We develop a Bayesian multi-level factor analytic model of the covariation among household-level price sensitivities across product categories that are substitutes. Based on a multivariate probit model of category incidence, this framework also allows the researcher to model overall price sensitivity (i.e., indicated by higher-order factor scores) as a function of household-level covariates. All model parameters are estimated simultaneously to circumvent the downward bias resulting from two-stage estimation. The modeling framework is illustrated using scanner panel data from multiple categories of instant coffee.
Influence of Simvastatin on apoB‐100 Secretion in Non‐Obese Subjects with Mild Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Berthold Heiner K. , Mertens Jessica , Birnbaum Julia , Brämswig Susanne , Sudhop Thomas , Barrett P. Hugh R. , von Bergmann Klaus , Gouni‐Berthold Ioanna
Published: May 2010

Statins decrease apoB‐100‐containing lipoproteins by increasing their fractional catabolic rates through LDL receptor‐mediated uptake. Their influence on hepatic secretion of these lipoproteins is controversial. The objective of the study was to examine the influence of simvastatin on the secretion of apoB‐100‐containing lipoproteins in fasting non‐obese subjects. Turnover of apoB‐100‐containing lipoproteins was investigated using stable isotope‐labeled tracers. Multicompartmental modeling was used to derive kinetic parameters. Eight male subjects (BMI 25 ± 3 kg/m2) with mild hypercholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol 135 ± 30 mg/dL) and normal triglycerides (111 ± 44 mg/dL) were examined under no treatment (A), under chronic treatment with simvastatin 40 mg/day (B) and after an acute‐on‐chronic dosage of 80 mg simvastatin under chronic simvastatin treatment (C). Lipoprotein concentrations changed as expected under 40 mg/day simvastatin. Fractional catabolic rates increased in IDL and LDL but not in VLDL fractions versus control [VLDL +35% in B (n.s.) and +21% in C (n.s.); IDL +169% in B (P = 0.08) and +187% in C (P = 0.032); LDL +87% in B (P = 0.025) and +133% in C (P = 0.025)]. Chronic (B) and acute‐on‐chronic simvastatin treatment (C) did not affect lipoprotein production rates [VLDL −8 and −13%, IDL +47 and +38%, and LDL +19 and +30% in B and C, respectively (all comparisons n.s.)]. The data indicate that simvastatin does not influence the secretion of apoB‐100‐containing lipoproteins in non‐obese subjects with near‐normal LDL cholesterol concentrations.
Emergency department right atrial pressure and intravascular volume estimation using right ventricular tissue Doppler bedside ultrasonography
Authors: Riley David C. , Gerson Samuel , Arbo John
Published: May 2010

A 41 year old woman with a history of colon cancer metastatic to her lung and liver, presented to the emergency department severely dehydrated. Bedside ultrasonography revealed a tumor mass in her proximal inferior vena cava at the junction of the right atrium obstructing the ability to assess her volume status with inferior vena cava inspiratory collapse. Bedside emergency department cardiac tissue Doppler ultrasonography of the lateral right ventricle and pulse Doppler ultrasonography of the tricuspid valve was used to estimate her right atrial pressure and intravascular volume status.
The effects of dating violence, substance use and risky sexual behavior among a diverse sample of Illinois youth
Authors: Alleyne Binta , Coleman‐Cowger Victoria H. , Crown Laurel , Gibbons Maya A. , Vines Linda Nicole
Published: May 2010

This study examines the relationship between dating violence, forced sexual intercourse (FSI), and four measures of sexual risk taking (i.e., age at first sex, number of recent (within the last three months) sex partners, alcohol/drug use at last sex, and condom use at last sex) among a sample of 1124 ethnically diverse sexually active adolescents in Illinois. Given conflicting reports regarding the role of gender in dating violence, and the dearth of research examining the role of gender in relations between dating violence, sexual violence, and sexual risk taking, we also examine whether gender moderates the relation between these constructs. The findings indicate significant relationships among dating violence and FSI and age at first sex, number of sexual partners, and condom use across various ethnic groups. Findings also show that when controlling for gender, dating violence and FSI are related to number of sexual partners and age at first intercourse regardless of ethnic group identification.
Development of fetal cerebral cortex: assessment of the folding conditions with post‐mortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Zhang Zhonghe , Liu Shuwei , Lin Xiangtao , Sun Bo , Yu Taifei , Geng Hequn
Published: May 2010

Quantitative data of fetal cortical folding and its developmental changes supply important information in the estimation of fetal age and assessment of brain maturation, so the increasing tendencies of cortical growth and its folding conditions at the beginning of the second and third trimesters with post‐mortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were analyzed. 131 fetal specimens of 14–40 weeks gestational age (GA) were selected and scanned with 3.0 T MR. Then the length of folded cortical margin (LFCM) and length of unfolded cortical margin (LUCM) were measured by Photoshop and ZoomMagic software. Degrees of cortical folding (DCF) were calculated by means of (LFCM − LUCM)/LFCM. Growth curves were obtained between the 3 above values and GA, and significant differences in age stages, hemispheres and genders were analyzed. The relationship between LFCM in centimeters, DCF and GA in weeks was described by two exponential growth curves [LFCM = 5.325 exp(0.079GA); DCF = 11.890 exp(0.043GA)]. The curves increased rapidly after 26 weeks GA, which could be recognized as a cut‐off point of fetal cortical and sulcal development. LUCM and GA were described by a logarithmic growth curve which slowed down after 26 weeks GA [LUCM = 30.580 Ln(GA) − 72.490]. Significant differences of the 3 values before and after 26 weeks GA (p < 0.01), but not any in hemispheres and genders were noticed. These results, which may be valuable in assessing normal brain development and can serve as a model in clinical settings, indicate that the cerebral volume first increases and is then followed by increases of the surface area.
Determination of optimal sampling times for a two blood sample clearance method using 51Cr-EDTA in cats
Authors: Vandermeulen Eva , De Sadeleer Carlos , Piepsz Amy , Ham Hamphrey R. , Dobbeleir André A. , Vermeire Simon T. , Van Hoek Ingrid M. , Daminet Sylvie , Slegers Guido , Peremans Kathelijne Y.
Published: May 2010

Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a useful tool in the evaluation of kidney function in feline medicine. GFR can be determined by measuring the rate of tracer disappearance from the blood, and although these measurements are generally performed by multi-sampling techniques, simplified methods are more convenient in clinical practice. The optimal times for a simplified sampling strategy with two blood samples (2BS) for GFR measurement in cats using plasma 51chromium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) clearance were investigated. After intravenous administration of 51Cr-EDTA, seven blood samples were obtained in 46 cats (19 euthyroid and 27 hyperthyroid cats, none with previously diagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD)). The plasma clearance was then calculated from the seven point blood kinetics (7BS) and used for comparison to define the optimal sampling strategy by correlating different pairs of time points to the reference method. Mean GFR estimation for the reference method was 3.7±2.5 ml/min/kg (mean±standard deviation (SD)). Several pairs of sampling times were highly correlated with this reference method ( r2≥0.980), with the best results when the first sample was taken 30 min after tracer injection and the second sample between 198 and 222 min after injection; or with the first sample at 36 min and the second at 234 or 240 min ( r2 for both combinations=0.984). Because of the similarity of GFR values obtained with the 2BS method in comparison to the values obtained with the 7BS reference method, the simplified method may offer an alternative for GFR estimation. Although a wide range of GFR values was found in the included group of cats, the applicability should be confirmed in cats suspected of renal disease and with confirmed CKD. Furthermore, although no indications of age-related effect were found in this study, a possible influence of age should be included in future studies.
The impact of internal integration and relationship commitment on external integration⋆
Authors: Zhao Xiande , Huo Baofeng , Selen Willem , Yeung Jeff Hoi Yan
Published: May 2010

Supply chain integration (SCI) among internal functions within a company, and external trading partners within a supply chain, has received increasing attention from academicians and practitioners in recent years. SCI consists of internal integration of different functions within a company and external integration with trading partners. While both supply chain internal and external integration have been studied extensively, our understanding of what influences SCI and the relationship between internal and external integration is still very limited. This paper argues that external integration with customers and suppliers is simultaneously influenced by internal integration and relationship commitment to customers and suppliers. Internal integration enables external integration because organizations must first develop internal integration capabilities through system‐, data‐, and process‐integration, before they can engage in meaningful external integration. At the same time, before external integration can be successfully implemented, organizations must have a willingness to integrate with external supply chain partners, which is demonstrated by their relationship commitment.

We propose and test a model that specifies the relationship between internal integration, relationship commitment, and external integration, using data collected from manufacturing firms in China. The results show that internal integration and relationship commitment improve external integration independently, and their interactive effect on external integration is not significant. However, internal integration has a much greater impact on external integration than relationship commitment.

We also examine the model for companies with different ownerships, and the results indicate that for Chinese controlled companies where there is a strong collectivism culture and more reliance on “Guanxi” (relationship), relationship commitment has a significant impact on external integration with suppliers and customers. This is in stark contrast to foreign controlled companies, characterized by a more individualistic culture and more reliance on technological capabilities, where no significant relationship between relationship commitment and external integration could be found. The model is also tested across different industries and different regions in China, providing useful insights for Chinese companies in particular. This study makes significant contributions to the SCI literature by simultaneously studying the effects of internal integration and relationship commitment on external integration, and providing several future research directions.
History as a propaganda tool in Putin’s Russia
Authors: Liñán Miguel Vázquez
Published: May 2010

This paper analyzes the propaganda campaign orchestrated by the Russian authorities with the aim of promoting a version of the country’s history for political purposes. This version puts the accent on the exceptionality of Russian historical development, and is Geared to endowing the figure of Vladimir Putin – seen as the person who has succeeded in carrying out a number of national projects that have been frequently abandoned throughout Russian history. The analysis presented here centres on two channels used in the campaign: school textbooks and the film industry.
Flourishing retail in the post-soviet sphere? Potentials and constraints of small-scale retail activities in rural Kyrgyzstan
Authors: von der Dunk Andreas , Schmidt Matthias
Published: May 2010

The demise of the USSR led to the collapse of its centrally organised retail system. With this collapse the supply of consumer goods dried up, especially in the remote parts of the former USSR. At the same time the advent of capitalism offered a new institutional framework for independent retail activities. In the Kyrgyz Republic, where the economic liberalisation followed strictly the Washington Consensus, a large number of small shops emerged in both urban and rural areas. This study analyses the reasons for this boom in retail start-ups as well as the constraints the mainly inexperienced merchants encounter. As will be shown, any success in retail activities depends greatly on the performance of other economic sectors. The main goal of starting a retail business is to minimize risks within the overall livelihood strategies of households in rural Kyrgyzstan.
Migrant Remittances and Exchange Rate Regimes in the Developing World
Authors: SINGER DAVID ANDREW
Published: May 2010

This article argues that the international financial consequences of immigration exert a substantial influence on the choice of exchange rate regimes in the developing world. Over the past two decades, migrant remittances have emerged as a significant source of external finance for developing countries, often exceeding conventional sources of capital such as foreign direct investment and bank lending. Remittances are unlike nearly all other capital flows in that they are stable and move countercyclically relative to the recipient country's economy. As a result, they mitigate the costs of forgone domestic monetary policy autonomy and also serve as an international risk-sharing mechanism for developing countries. The observable implication of these arguments is that remittances increase the likelihood that policy makers adopt fixed exchange rates. An analysis of data onde factoexchange rate regimes and a newly available data set on remittances for up to 74 developing countries from 1982 to 2006 provides strong support for these arguments. The results are robust to instrumental variable analysis and the inclusion of multiple economic and political variables.
Maternal serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-1 before and during pregnancy in relation to maternal body weight and composition and infant birth weight
Authors: Olausson Hanna , Löf Marie , Brismar Kerstin , Forsum Elisabet , Sohlström Annica
Published: May 2010

Maternal nutritional status, e.g. body weight and composition, is associated with fetal growth. It has been suggested that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system may be a mediator of this relationship. In twenty-three healthy Swedish women, we studied (1) the relationships before and during pregnancy between maternal serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and maternal body weight and composition; (2) interactions between serum concentrations of IGF-I (before and in early pregnancy) and maternal nutritional status in relation to infant birth weight. We found that serum IGF-I during pregnancy was positively correlated with maternal body weight (r 0·47–0·56) and fat-free body weight (r 0·61–0·65), whereas serum IGFBP-1 was negatively correlated with maternal body weight (r − 0·44 to − 0·69) and body fat (r − 0·64 to − 0·76) before and during pregnancy. Women with a lower body fat content (%) before pregnancy had greater increases in serum IGFBP-1 during pregnancy than women with a higher prepregnant body fat content (%). In addition, significant fractions of the variation in corrected infant birth weight were explained by variables related to the maternal nutritional status when these were combined with serum concentrations of IGF-I in gestational week 14 (adjusted r2 0·25–0·44, P = 0·001–0·021), but not when they were combined with such concentrations before pregnancy (adjusted r2 0·11–0·12, P = 0·105–0·121). These results suggest mechanisms by which the IGF system may be a mediator between maternal nutritional status and fetal growth.
The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men
Authors: Pal Sebely , Ellis Vanessa
Published: May 2010

Different dietary proteins vary in their ability to influence satiety and reduce food intake. The present study compared the effects of four protein meals, whey, tuna, turkey and egg albumin, on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations as well as on appetite measures and energy intake in twenty-two lean, healthy men. This was a randomised, cross-over design study where participants consumed four liquid test meals on separate occasions followed by the collection of regular blood samples (fasting, +30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min). They were then offered a buffet meal 4 h later. The blood glucose response after the consumption of the test meal, as an incremental area under the curve (AUC), was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the turkey (P < 0·023) and egg (P < 0·001) meals, but it was not lower than with the tuna meal (P < 0·34). The AUC blood insulin after the consumption of the test meal was significantly higher with the whey meal than with the tuna, turkey and egg meals (all P < 0·001). The AUC rating of hunger was significantly lower with the whey meal than with the tuna (P < 0·033), turkey (P < 0·001) and egg (P < 0·001) meals. Mean energy intake at the ad libitum meal was significantly lower (P < 0·001) with the whey meal than with the tuna, egg and turkey meals. There was a strong relationship between self-rated appetite, postprandial insulin response and energy intake at lunch. Whey protein meal produced a greater insulin response, reduced appetite and decreased ad libitum energy intake at a subsequent meal compared with the other protein meals, indicating a potential for appetite suppression and weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.
Industrial Efficiency and Biased Technical Change in American and British Manufacturing: The Case of Textiles in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Asher Ephraim
Published: May 2010

The major purpose of this article is to measure factor-saving biases in technical change within the American and British textile sectors during the nineteenth century. This empirical attempt will be made within the context of the historical debate concerning the causes for the superiority of American industrial efficiency as compared with the British.
Some Economic Issues Relating to Railroad Subsidies and the Evaluation of Land Grants
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: May 2010

The federal policy of granting land in aid of railroad construction in the mid-nineteenth century has been the focus of many heated discussions. Both praised and attacked by contemporaries, it has remained a lively issue in the pages of history books and in journal articles. Several “land-grant legends” have developed, referring to different problems in the evaluation of these measures. At issue have been the question of the justification for land grants, the value of the benefits provided the railroads, and the determination of whether the government aid did provide net benefits to society as a whole. While the “land-grant legend” has been frequently buried, it has invariably been resurrected in one guise or another. In large measure this state of affairs has been due to the failure to specify fully the problems under discussion, and to approach systematically their resolution.
The Real-Balance Effect in the Great Depression
Authors: Gramm William P.
Published: May 2010

The initiating forces and contributing factors in the contraction of economic activity during the Great Depression have received a good deal of attention from students of economic history. The occurrence of concomitant falls in the price level and income level during the 1929–1934 depression period has often been cited as evidence of the real-balance effect's lack of empirical significance. In light of the recent developments in monetary theory regarding the contribution of demand deposit creation to net wealth, some reappraisal of the role of monetary wealth as a stabilizing influence in the depression period seems in order. The purpose of this article is to examine the endogenous determinants of the deposit ratios during a severe economic downturn and their relation to cyclical changes in the price level by which changes in business activity affect the stock of demand deposits, bank reserves, and thus the stock of bonds held by banks.
The Coastal Trade of the British North American Colonies, 1768–1772
Authors: Shepherd James F. , Williamson Samuel H.
Published: May 2010

The coastal trade of the British North American colonies, as well as the coastal trade among the American states and the remaining British colonies after the American Revolution and well into the nineteenth century, remains one of those areas in North American economic history about which we know very little. The broad outlines and patterns of this coastal trade, or various segments of it, have been described by others, but as Arthur L. Jensen has put it: “Trade among the continental colonies has been treated as something of a poor relation in many studies of colonial commerce.” The most serious inadequacy is the lack of any overall view of the specific patterns and magnitudes of the coastal trade and its relationship both to the overseas trades and to overall economic activity. Various and strikingly contrasting views have been expressed. One historian of transportation states: “Prior to the Revolution intercolonial commerce was inconsiderable, and intercolonial trade-routes, where they existed, were entirely inadequate.” On the other hand, Innis, in referring to the trade between Newfoundland and New England, states that in 1765 exports from New England to Newfoundland probably exceeded £200,000 sterling (including smuggling), and that by 1774 they had reached £.300,000 or £400,000.
Investment Constraints and New York City Mutual Savings Bank Financing of Antebellum Development
Authors: Olmstead Alan L.
Published: May 2010

In studying the history of capitalism, one rarely encounters business enterprises without a capital stock or a profit account, founded and managed by men who expressed no desire for monetary rewards, and lacking owner-entrepreneurs. This paper deals with just such institutions—mutual savings banks. It has been recognized for some time that during the antebellum period mutual savings banks were relatively large and influential institutions. In 1860, when mutuals held a total of $150,000,000 in assets, the next most important type of non-bank financial intermediary, life insurance companies, held assets of only $24,000,000. More impressive was the size of some of the individual mutuals, for in 1860 several mutuals ranked among the ten largest business organizations in the country. Throughout most of the antebellum period the nation's largest mutual was the Bank for Savings in the City of New York. In 1825 this one bank held 56 percent of the nation's savings bank deposits; and ten years later, in 1835, it still accounted for over 34 percent of the country's deposits and 42 percent of its customers. Another New York institution—the Bowery Savings Bank—surpassed the Bank for Savings as the nation's largest mutual in 1860. At that time each of these banks commanded deposits in excess of $10,000,000 and a third New York mutual, the Seamen's Bank for Savings, was approaching that mark. In all, nineteen mutual savings banks were founded in New York City between 1819 and 1860. Table 1 shows the date that each bank opened for business, and the amount on deposit on January 1, 1861.
The Bank of Stephen Girard, 1812–1831
Authors: Adams Donald R.
Published: May 2010

The literature of economic history abounds with studies of nineteenth century banking. Unfortunately, most of these studies have drawbacks which make them of limited use to the modern student of economic history. The most serious drawback is their almost unanimously institutional character, punctuated here and there with biographical sketches of past bank presidents and directors. Those studies which do offer solid quantitative evidence on banking practice and performance are often based on aggregate statistics compiled by state or national banking commissions and thus preclude the study of individual institutions or small groups of institutions which may have played a key role in the development of early banking practices. This article represents a detailed investigation of the largest non-chartered bank of the early nineteenth century, the Bank of Stephen Girard.
The Portuguese Slave Trade From Angola in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Klein Herbert S.
Published: May 2010

Recently the Atlantic slave trade has received scholarly attention through the work of European and American historians. Account books of European merchants engaged in the slave trade, studies of the exports of given continental ports, and analyses of special trade routes have all led to a greater understanding of the dynamics of the trade. Also, the important work of Philip Curtin on the volume and direction of the entire Atlantic slave trade has finally provided us with the rough parameters of the trade in terms of total numbers.
Kondratieff, Schumpeter, and Kuznets: Trend Periods Revisited
Authors: Rostow W. W.
Published: May 2010

The analysis of fluctuations longer than the nine-year business cycle has been somewhat confused by a failure to distinguish sharply and to relate three distinct phenomena: the forces set in motion by a leading sector in growth, stemming from the introduction and progressive diffusion of a new technology, and its deceleration; the forces set in motion by changes in the profitability of producing foodstuffs and raw materials, whether from the side of prices or technology, including their effects on investment in new territories and mines, on capital movements, interest rates, terms of trade, and domestic and international income distribution; and the forces set in motion (notably, in housing and urban infrastructure) by large waves of international or domestic migration or other forces changing the rate of family formation, housing demand, and the size of the working force. As the world economy unfolded after 1783, these three phenomena operated concurrently and related to each other in complex ways not easy to disentangle. Nevertheless, the substantial literature on long waves can be usefully clarified by distinguishing these phenomena more sharply than is sometimes done and then relating them to each other at particular times and places. The exercise of doing so has, I believe, some general implications for economic theory, for they are all aspects of the process of adjustment towards a moving equilibrium, never attained—a process for which we lack an adequate dynamic theory.
Residential Construction Industry in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Adams Donald R.
Published: May 2010

The contract construction industry today represents one of the most important sectors of the American economy. Total new construction in recent decades has accounted for nearly one-half of the Gross Private Domestic Investment, while non-farm residential building alone accounts for nearly one-quarter of GPDI.
In the Beginning …
Authors: Aitken Hugh G. J.
Published: May 2010

On the whole we don't treat old people well in this country, but old scholars probably fare better than most. We let them use our libraries and come to our annual meetings. Occasionally we have them chair a session on some not-too-current topic. We refer to them in footnotes and we thank them in prefaces. We donét, in other words, completely depersonalize them, cut them off from our lives and banish them from our ceremonies, as happens too often with other people of advanced age.