bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
`Habitus and Bureaucratic Routines', Cultural and Structural Factors in the Experience of Informal Care
Authors: Ahmed Nilufar , Rees Jones Ian
Published: December 2007

This article draws on Bourdieu's notion of habitus to address the interaction between cultural and structural factors in influencing the experience of informal care among Bangladeshi women in London. The authors present a secondary analysis of a qualitative study focusing on the accounts of informal care. The data were drawn from a two-year study with Bangladeshi women aged 35—55. Thirty-two out of the 100 women in the original study were providing care, mostly in isolated circumstances and with little or no formal support. The authors analysed the accounts of these 32 women and in the context of high levels of suffering and distress, three key themes emerged: amplification of suffering, dispositions of duty and religion and entitlements and fields of struggle. The gaps in access to formal support faced by these women suggest that strong cultural and structural forces determined their experience of informal care and the meanings they attached to their role as informal carers. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu and others, the authors suggest that where there is a lack of agency and resistance to support services, the explanation needs to move beyond poor information and language issues to a more rounded understanding of relationship between habitus and conflicts over local fields of welfare.
Decision-Making and Ante-Natal Screening for Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Disorders
Authors: Atkin Karl , Ahmed Shenaz , Hewison Jenny , Green Josephine M.
Published: December 2007

When making decisions about prenatal diagnosis, couples not only draw on their understanding of the condition but also broader aspects of their cultural identity. This article looks at how faith and religion mediate attitudes towards screening, prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for sickle cell and thalassaemia disorders. The article specifically reports on a qualitative study, which used focus groups from a variety of faith communities (Muslim, Sikh, Hindu and Christian), at risk of haemoglobin disorders, living in England. Our findings suggest that the decision about whether or not to have diagnostic testing generally related to attitudes towards the termination of pregnancy. The consequences of the condition were as important as religious beliefs to most people. More generally, faith beliefs emerged as negotiable and contingent: realized within a broader moral framework. Religion was felt not to be prescriptive and reproductive decisions were seen as personal. When making decisions, people utilize faith within a broader context of individual, family and social relationships.
Insights from Research on Cross-Cultural Validation of Health-Related Questionnaires
Authors: Hanna Lisa , Hunt Sonja , Bhopal Raj
Published: December 2007

This article discusses the recruitment and training of bilingual project workers and their role in data gathering; the level of comprehension of the interviewees with regard to the nature of the task and its alien nature; the contribution of social customs and expectations; the vagaries of language; the researchers' level of comprehension of data collected across a range of languages; the feelings of loss of control by the researchers over the research process; and issues of communication with bilingual project workers. The authors draw on two studies designed to assess the adequacy of questionnaire translations from English into four ethnic minority languages: Cantonese, Punjabi, Urdu and Sylheti. Bilingual project workers were recruited to carry out interviews and focus groups with the lay communities and to feed back results in English to the researchers. The authors conclude that researchers should be aware of the influence of social and contextual factors when carrying out research with ethnic minority participants mediated by bilingual project workers.
Skin Bleachers’ Representations of Skin Color in Jamaica
Authors: Charles Christopher A. D.
Published: December 2007

This article deals with skin bleachers’ representations of skin color and the reasons that inform their representations. A content analysis was done of the reasons the participants give for bleaching their skin. The participants bleach their skin to remove facial blemishes, to make their faces “cool,” as a result of peer influence, to lighten their complexion, to appear beautiful and to attract a partner, to follow a popular fad, and to have the visual stimulus of the bleached skin because it makes them feel good. In Jamaican society, negative representations of dark skin indicate that dark skin is devalued, whereas light skin is valued. The hegemonic representation that elevates light skin over dark skin and guides the behavior of the skin bleachers has its roots in socializing institutions of the larger cultural milieu. The interaction of the government, the church, the education system, the media, formal culture, and popular culture from the colonial period to the present sends repeated messages that light skin is superior to dark skin.
Characterization of Liquid Moisture Transport Performance of Wool Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Liya Zhou  , Xunwei Feng  , Yanfeng Du  , Yi Li
Published: December 2007

Wool fabric is one of the fabrics normally suitable for autumn—winter garments. With the popularization of air conditioning, however, it is much hotter outdoors than indoors with a large temperature gradient in summer, under which circumstances the wearer finds it easier to sweat out of doors, and feels cold and clammy when entering a room kept at a lower temperature by air conditioning. With the advances in knitting and finishing technology, fine wool knitted fabrics are finding more applications as summer garments. Thus, the design and study of comfortable summer wool knitted fabric is increasing. Wool fiber has a higher vapor moisture absorbency than other natural fibers, such as cotton, linen, and silk, and general synthetic fibers. It also has higher heat releasing and heat absorption properties accompanying moisture absorption and desorption respectively, which strengthens the buffering effect of the clothing between the human body and the surrounding environment. In the present study, different kinds of fabric knitted by wool yarn in a plain structure (W1, W2), and wool yarn matched with polyester yarns (WP1, WP2) or cotton yarns (WC1, WC2) as plating yarn are developed so as to have different liquid water transport properties. Their liquid moisture transport properties are characterized by using the Moisture Management Tester. By fabric design and post-finishing, our aim to create different liquid water transfer and distribution properties in the fabrics was achieved. W2 is poor at spreading liquid in the top and bottom surfaces of the fabric, showing poor liquid transfer properties, and WC1 is the best at spreading liquid in the bottom surface, showing good moisture management properties.
Experimental Study of Wool Fiber on Purification of Indoor Air
Authors: Xiang Huang  , Wang Yu-Juan , Di Yu-Hui
Published: December 2007

One effective way of improving indoor air quality (IAQ) is by filter and adsorption technology. As a kind of natural air filter and adsorption material, wool fiber can filter and adsorb harmful gases. In order to study the potential capability of wool fiber in improving IAQ, an experiment on the adsorption of formaldehyde and the creation of anions was performed. The results indicate that wool is a good adsorber of formaldehyde at low concentrations. The degradation ratios of wool fabric and the fiber are 74% and 69.3% respectively. The emission measure of the anions is over 3000 per cm3. The relevant mechanism is analyzed and verified. Some basic concepts for developing a natural filter and adsorption material that can improve IAQ are established.
Formation Control and Collision Avoidance for Multi-agent Non-holonomic Systems: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Mastellone Silvia , Stipanović Dušan M. , Graunke Christopher R. , Intlekofer Koji A. , Spong Mark W.
Published: December 2007

In this paper we present a theoretical and experimental result on the control of multi-agent non-holonomic systems. We design and implement a novel decentralized control scheme that achieves dynamic formation control and collision avoidance for a group of non-holonomic robots. First, we derive a feedback law using Lyapunov-type analysis that guarantees collision avoidance and tracking of a reference trajectory for a single robot. Then we extend this result to the case of multiple non-holonomic robots, and show how different multi-agent problems, such as formation control and leader—follower control, can be addressed in this framework. Finally, we combine the above results to address the problem of coordinated tracking for a group of agents. We give extensive experimental results that validate the effectiveness of our results in all three cases.
Liberal imperialism and the occupation of Egypt in 1882
Authors: Newsinger John
Published: December 2007

The US occupation of Iraq and the ongoing war throw up a number of parallels with British imperial history. Outstanding in this regard is the Gladstone government's 1882 invasion of Egypt, ostensibly to oust a despotic military government. In fact, the many decades-long occupation saw the country virtually bankrupted, suppressed a modernising Islamic movement for constitutional democracy and, in the fall-out from this, fostered in the Sudan a more fundamentalist Islamic movement. The move to war was led by a charismatic politician who had, in opposition, indicted the war-mongering of the Tories but now termed himself `a labourer in the cause of peace'.
Binding and Consciousness from an Intrinsic Perspective
Authors: van der Velde Frank
Published: December 2007

The problem of visual feature binding and the unity of an object in visual consciousness is discussed in relation to the account of these phenomena presented by interactive hierarchical structuralism. It is argued that the binding problem should be studied and solved from the intrinsic perspective, given by the information that is available within the system (i.e., brain) itself. This kind of information is always local. Therefore, the intrinsic perspective induces a process approach to solving the binding problem which depends on global information processed in different areas within the brain. The interaction between feedforward and feedback activity in the visual cortex is a process that solves the binding problem of visual features. A similar process could underlie visual awareness and the unity of an object in visual consciousness. It results in a sequential form of awareness, in which the awareness of one of the features of an object induces the awareness of its other features.
Old Clothes and an Older Look
Authors: Mielewczyk Frances , Willig Carla
Published: December 2007

Social cognition models (SCMs) have been described by Ingham as old clothes fit only for the jumble, yet their use in investigations of health behaviour performance in recent years has proliferated rather than declined. In a critique of the literature, this paper highlights a range of theoretical, methodological and performance-based limitations of the SCM approach and demonstrates that a ceiling has now been reached whereby more than half the variance in health behaviour performance is routinely unexplained, despite all efforts to improve the models. A major conceptual flaw within the SCM approach is identified and it is argued that `health behaviours', as generally defined, do not exist and that health-related activities only acquire meaning and significance on the basis of their relationship to the broader social prac- tices of which they form a part. A `new look' is proposed for research in this field which takes this alternative conceptualization into account.
Legion Theory
Authors: Manning Mark L. , Manning Rana L.
Published: December 2007

William James and many other early pioneers of psychology and psychiatry endorsed the notion of parallel rational conscious streams in the human mind and suggested that an understanding of multiple personalities, in what is now known as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), was the key to developing an appropriate model of the mind. A new meta-theory of psychology, Legion Theory, developed from an inductive study of the specific characteristics of DID, is presented. Legion Theory proposes the mind to encompass two major sets of mechanisms. The first is a set of parallel conscious streams which form the self. The second is a set of internal mental models representing the physical and other worlds. The interaction of these two sets of processes is shown to provide a model for many psychological phenomena, including abstract logical thinking and intelligence, dreams, implicit and explicit memory, state-dependent memory, psychogenic fugues, and body dysmorphia.
Hermeneutic knowledge: Dialogue between experiences
Authors: Georgii-Hemming Eva
Published: December 2007

This article discusses the need for theoretical analysis in narrative music education research. Stories we hear are not simply accounts of individual experiences. They are also part of cultural narratives, socially and historically located. For the purpose of increased and in-depth understanding in narrative studies there must be an analysis of how a person's life relates to phenomena such as time, culture, society and gender. In order to bring to light unconscious pre-understandings, hidden conventions and ideologies it is necessary to problematize the text on different levels of abstraction.

One way of enriching narrative work is through the incorporation of hermeneutics.i Hermeneutics offers dialogue-based interpretations of meaningful phenomena in the life world. If we understand narrative as a form of knowledge, both narrative and hermeneutics refer to the same fundamental characteristics of our individual and social existence: historicity and interaction, or dialogue, between experiences.
Variability in transcription and the complexities of representation, authority and voice
Authors: Jaffe Alexandra
Published: December 2007

This commentary addresses the complexities of representation in sociolinguistic transcripts, considering the meaning potentials of different representational choices at the level of both ideology and identity. It considers the kinds of authenticity and evidence that are indexed by simplified versus more detailed transcripts, suggesting that a simplified transcript may give more direct access to elements of the original speaker's voice. Second, it discusses the role of transcripts as scholarly texts, and questions their use as sociolinguistic records suitable for reinterpretation by scholars who do not have access to the original recordings. Third, it emphasizes that the use of non-standard orthographies is an unreliable source of data on sociolinguistic variation, because few authors use non-standard forms in consistent and principled ways. Fourth, it proposes that translations may take different forms depending on whether they are efforts to be `faithful' to `authentic' speech in the target versus the source language. Finally, it reflects on the act of transcription as part of professional practice and identity among linguists.
Reply: variability in transcribers
Authors: Bucholtz Mary
Published: December 2007

Variation in transcription is due in large part to variability in transcribers' theoretical and methodological commitments and goals. This reply addresses issues raised in the commentaries on the article `Variation in Transcription' concerning problems of representing different discourse genres in transcripts, the question of how research relationships shape the transcription process, the intellectual and institutional contexts in which transcription occurs and circulates, and the injunction to consider the practices as opposed to the products of transcription.
Construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector Armigeres subalbatus
Authors: Mayhew George F , Bartholomay Lyric C , Kou Hang-Yen , Rocheleau Thomas A , Fuchs Jeremy F , Aliota Matthew T , Tsao I-Yu , Huang Chiung-Yen , Liu Tze-Tze , Hsiao Kwang-Jen , Tsai Shih-Feng , Yang Ueng-Cheng , Perna Nicole T , Cho Wen-Long , Christensen Bruce M , Chen Cheng-Chen
Published: December 2007

Background

The mosquito,Armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematodeBrugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. In order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cDNA libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, naïve mosquitoes. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from each library were produced, annotated, and subjected to comparative analyses.

Results

Six libraries were constructed and used to generate 44,940 expressed sequence tags, of which 38,079 passed quality filters to be included in the annotation project and subsequent analyses. All of these sequences were collapsed into clusters resulting in 8,020 unique sequence clusters or singletons. EST clusters were annotated and curated manually within ASAP (A Systematic Annotation Package for Community Analysis of Genomes) web portal according to BLAST results from comparisons to Genbank, and theAnopheles gambiaeandDrosophila melanogastergenome projects.

Conclusion

The resulting dataset is the first of its kind for this mosquito vector and provides a basis for future studies of mosquito vectors regarding the cascade of events that occurs in response to infection, and thereby providing insight into vector competence and innate immunity.
Sequence analysis of Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b in multiple geographic sites
Authors: Ekala Marie-Thérèse , Khim Nimol , Legrand Eric , Randrianarivelojosia Milijaona , Jambou Ronan , Fandeur Thierry , Menard Didier , Assi Serge-Brice , Henry Marie-Claire , Rogier Christophe , Bouchier Christiane , Mercereau-Puijalon Odile
Published: December 2007

Background

The antimalarial drug atovaquone specifically targets Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b (Pfcytb), a mitochondrial gene with uniparental inheritance. Cases of resistance to atovaquone associated with mutant Pfcytb have been reported, justifying efforts to better document the natural polymorphism of this gene. To this end, a large molecular survey was conducted in several malaria endemic areas where atovaquone was not yet in regular use.

Methods

The polymorphism of the Pfcytb was analysed by direct sequencing of PCR products corresponding to the full length coding region. Sequence was generated for 671 isolates originating from three continents: Africa (Senegal, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic and Madagascar), Asia (Cambodia) and South America (French Guiana).

Results

Overall, 11 polymorphic sites were observed, of which eight were novel mutations. There was a large disparity in the geographic distribution of the mutants. All isolates from Senegal, Central African Republic and Madagascar displayed a Camp/3D7 wild type Pfcytb sequence, as did most samples originating from Cambodia and Ivory Coast. One synonymous (t759a at codon V253V) and two non-synonymous (t553g and a581g at codons F185V and H194R, respectively) singletons were detected in Ivory Coast. Likewise, two synonymous (a126t and c793t at codons -T42T and L265L, respectively) singletons were observed in Cambodia. In contrast, seven mutated sites, affecting seven codons and defining four mutant haplotypes were observed in French Guiana. The wild type allele was observed in only 14% of the French Guiana isolates. The synonymous c688t mutation at position L230L was highly prevalent; the most frequent allele was the c688t single mutant, observed in 84% of the isolates. The other alleles were singletons (a126t/a165c, a4g/a20t/a1024c and a20t/t341c/c688t corresponding to T42T/S55S, N2D/N71I/I342L, N71I/L114S/L230L, respectively" please replace with ' corresponding to T42T/S55S, N2D/N71I/I342L and N71I/L114S/L230L, respectively). The codon 268 polymorphisms associated with atovaquone resistance were not observed in the panel the isolates studied. Overall, the wild type PfCYTb protein isoform was highly predominant in all study areas, including French Guiana, suggesting stringent functional constraints.

Conclusion

These data along with previously identified Pfcytb field polymorphisms indicate a clustering of molecular signatures, suggesting different ancestral types in South America and other continents. The absence of mutations associated with most atovaquone-proguanil clinical failures indicates that the atovaquone-proguanil association is an interesting treatment option in the study areas.
Lung inflammation following a single exposure to swine barn air
Authors: Gamage Lakshman Nihal Angunna , Charavaryamath Chandrashekhar , Swift Trisha Lee , Singh Baljit
Published: December 2007

Background

Exposure to swine barn air is an occupational hazard. Barn workers following an eight-hour work shift develop many signs of lung dysfunction including lung inflammation. However, the in situ cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for lung dysfunction induced following exposure to the barn air remain largely unknown. Specifically, the recruitment and role of pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages (PIMMs), which increase host susceptibility for acute lung inflammation, remain unknown in barn air induced lung inflammation. We hypothesized that barn exposure induces recruitment of PIMMs and increases susceptibility for acute lung inflammation with a secondary challenge.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed either to the barn or ambient air for eight hours and were euthanized at various time intervals to collect blood, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. Subsequently, following an eight hour barn or ambient air exposure, rats were challenged either with Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline and euthanized 6 hours post-LPS or saline treatment. We used ANOVA (P < 0.05 means significant) to compare group differences.

Results

An eight-hour exposure to barn air induced acute lung inflammation with recruitment of granulocytes and PIMMs. Granulocyte and PIMM numbers peaked at one and 48 hour post-exposure, respectively.

Secondary challenge with E. coli LPS at 48 hour following barn exposure resulted in intense lung inflammation, greater numbers of granulocytes, increased number of cells positive for TNF-α and decreased amounts of TGF-β2 in lung tissues. We also localized TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-β2 in PIMMs.

Conclusion

A single exposure to barn air induces lung inflammation with recruitment of PIMMs and granulocytes. Recruited PIMMs may be linked to more robust lung inflammation in barn-exposed rats exposed to LPS. These data may have implications of workers exposed to the barn air who may encounter secondary microbial challenge.
Prediction of posttraumatic stress in fathers of children with chronic diseases or unintentional injuries: a six-months follow-up study
Authors: Ribi Karin , Vollrath Margarete E , Sennhauser Felix H , Gnehm Hanspeter E , Landolt Markus A
Published: December 2007

Background

While fathers were neglected for a long time in research investigating families of pediatric patients, there are now a few studies available on fathers' posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about the course of PTSS and PTSD in fathers of pediatric patients. The present study aimed to compare the prevalence and course of PTSS and PTSD in fathers of children with different chronic and acute conditions and to identify factors that contribute to fathers' PTSS.

Methods

Sixty-nine fathers of children newly diagnosed with either cancer, type I diabetes mellitus, or epilepsy and 70 fathers of children suffering from an unintentional injury completed questionnaires at 4–6 weeks (Time 1) and six months (Time 2) after diagnosis or injury.

Results

Noticeable PTSD rates were found in fathers of children with a chronic disease (26% at Time 1 and 21% at Time 2, respectively). These rates were significantly higher than rates found in fathers of children with unintentional injuries (12% at Time 1 and 6% at Time 2, respectively). Within six months after the child's diagnosis or accident a decrease in severity of PTSS was observed in both groups. Significant predictors of PTSS at Time 2 were the father's initial level of PTSS, the child's medical condition (injuries vs. chronic diseases) and functional status, the father's use of dysfunctional coping strategies, and father's level of neuroticism.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that fathers with initially high PTSS levels are at greater risk to experience PTSS at follow-up, particularly fathers of children with a chronic disease. Sensitizing health care professionals to the identification of PTSS symptoms but also to indicators of neuroticism and the use of specific coping strategies early in the treatment course is essential for the planning and implementation of adequate intervention strategies.
Phenotypic differences between healthy effector CTL and leukemic LGL cells support the notion of antigen-triggered clonal transformation in T-LGL leukemia
Authors: Wlodarski Marcin W , Nearman Zachary , Jankowska Anna , Babel Nina , Powers Jennifer , Leahy Patrick , Volk Hans-Dieter , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P
Published: December 2007

T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL) is a chronic clonal lymphoproliferation of CTL. In many ways, T-LGL clones resemble terminal effector CTL, including down-modulation of CD28 and overexpression of perforin, granzymes, and CD57. We studied the transcriptome of T-LGL clones and compared it with healthy CD8+CD57+ effector cells as well as CD8+CD57– populations. T-LGL clones were sorted based on their TCR variable β-chain restriction, and controls were obtained by pooling cell populations from 14 donors. Here, we focus our analysis on immunological networks, as immune mechanisms play a prominent role in the etiology of bone marrow failure in T-LGL. Informative genes identified by expression arrays were studied further in an independent cohort of patients using Taqman PCR, ELISA assays, and FACS analysis. Despite a strikingly similar gene expression profile between T-LGL clones and their healthy counterparts, important phenotypic differences were identified, including up-modulation of TNFRS9, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1, IFN-γ, and IFN-γ-related genes, and several integrins/adhesion molecules. In addition, T-LGL clones were characterized by an overexpression of chemokines and chemokine receptors that are typically associated with viral infections (CXCL2, Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, IL-18, CCR2). Our studies suggest that immunodominant LGL clones, although phenotypically similar to effector CTL, show significantly altered expression of a number of genes, including those associated with an ongoing viral infection or chronic, antigen-driven immune response.
Prognostic Value of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Data in Predicting Survival in Patients With Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas, From a Phase III EORTC Brain Cancer Group Study
Authors: Mauer Murielle E.L. , Taphoorn Martin J.B. , Bottomley Andrew , Coens Corneel , Efficace Fabio , Sanson Marc , Brandes Alba A. , van der Rijt Carin C.D. , Bernsen Hans J.J.A. , Frénay Marc , Tijssen Cees C. , Lacombe Denis , van den Bent Martin J.
Published: December 2007

Purpose

This is one of a few studies that have explored the value of baseline symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in predicting survival in patients with brain cancer.

Patients and Methods

Baseline HRQOL scores (from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 and the EORTC Brain Cancer Module) were examined in 247 patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas to determine the relationship with overall survival by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Refined techniques as the bootstrap resampling procedure and the computation of C indexes and R2 coefficients were used to explore the stability of the models as well as better assess the potential benefit of using HRQOL to predict survival in clinical practice and research.

Results

Classical analysis controlled for major clinical prognostic factors selected emotional functioning (P = .0016), communication deficit (P = .0261), future uncertainty (P = .0481), and weakness of legs (P = .0001) as statistically significant prognostic factors of survival. However, several issues question the validity of these findings and no single model was found to be preferable over all others. C indexes, which estimate the probability of a model to correctly predict which patient among a randomly chosen pair of patients will survive longer, and R2 coefficients, which measure the proportion of variability explained by the model, did not exhibit major improvement when adding selected or all HRQOL scores to clinical factors.

Conclusion

While classical techniques lead to positive results, more refined analyses suggest that baseline HRQOL scores add relatively little to clinical factors to predict survival. These results may have implications for future use of HRQOL as a prognostic factor for patients with cancer.
Does Bigger Mean Better? British Perspectives on American Cancer Treatment and Research, 1948
Authors: Toon Elizabeth
Published: December 2007

In the summer of 1948, a delegation representing the British Empire Cancer Campaign (BECC) toured North American cancer treatment and research facilities, and reported their observations back to their organization's executive board. This historical article contextualizes the British delegation's observations of US treatment and research, and discusses what the delegation made of the United States' new, “bigger” approaches to cancer surgery and chemotherapeutic research. I argue that the BECC delegation used their observations of US practice to reinforce a positive sense of British distinctiveness, thus reassuring themselves and their colleagues that Britain could still be a leader in the increasingly international field we now call oncology.
Novel Nontoxic and Environment-friendly Inorganic Yellow Pigments
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Masui Toshiyuki , Furukawa Shinya
Published: December 2007

Synthesis and characterization of novel and environment-friendly inorganic yellow pigments were successfully realized. The pigments are composed of CeO2, Bi2O3, and SiO2, which are nontoxic materials with the potential to give brilliant color. These new materials have high thermal and UV stability; thus, they are ideal candidates for use as environment-friendly inorganic yellow pigments.
Knowledge Flows Within Multinational Corporations: Explaining Subsidiary Isolation and Its Performance Implications
Authors: Monteiro L. Felipe , Arvidsson Niklas , Birkinshaw Julian
Published: December 2007

Applying a new theoretical and empirical approach to intrafirm knowledge transfers, this paper provides some initial insight to the little-researched phenomenon of why some subsidiaries are isolated from knowledge-transfer activities within the multinational corporation (MNC). Knowledge transfer is framed as a problemistic search process initiated by the recipient unit. We show that knowledge flows from units that are perceived to be highly capable to units that perceive themselves to be highly capable. Knowledge flows are also associated with existing levels of communication and reciprocity. Taken together, these findings suggest that knowledge transfers in MNCs typically occur between highly capable members of an “in crowd,” and the isolated minority rarely, if ever, engages in knowledge-sharing activities. Finally, we show that the isolated minority underperforms other subsidiaries, suggesting the possibility of a “liability of internal isolation.”
Product Demography of De Novo and De Alio Firms in the Optical Disk Drive Industry, 1983–1999
Authors: Khessina Olga M. , Carroll Glenn R.
Published: December 2007

Little theory and research addresses the ways organizational context affects the demography of products. We examine this question here by focusing on an organization's mode of market entry. Specifically, we explore differences between firms entering a market de novo (start-up) and those entering de alio (diversification from another market). We analyze all products ever shipped in the worldwide optical disk drive (ODD) industry, 1983–1999. We find an almost paradoxical empirical pattern, whereby de novo firms typically introduce products with widely agreed upon “better” (that is, universally more appealing) technological characteristics. Yet these products generally stay on the market for a shorter time than those of de alio firms, whose products generally display less appealing technological features.
An Examination of Criminal Jury Directions in Relation to Eyewitness Identification in Commonwealth Jurisdictions
Authors: Bromby Michael , MacMillan Moira , McKellar Patricia
Published: December 2007

This paper presents an analytical review of judicial directions to guard against wrongful convictions based upon erroneous eyewitness identification evidence. Factors known as the Turnbull Rules, derived from the English case R v Turnbull,1 are of significance within many common law jurisdictions when considering the accuracy of eyewitness identifications and the practice of jury directions or mandatory warnings. The influence of these rules, together with variations in the approach taken by Commonwealth jurisdictions, illustrates that while the factors identified in Turnbull are to be found in the approaches adopted across the various jurisdictions studied, there is diversity in terms of whether or not such directions are mandatory and also as to their form and scope. The frailties of eyewitness evidence are of primary concern to any reliable prosecution and exist irrespective of jurisdiction. Such evidence has been the subject of psychological evaluation and the findings of such studies cross national, ethnic and jurisdictional boundaries. These findings, and the processes employed to test such evidence, can be used to develop the form which directions to a jury may take. The requirement for a jury direction and the scope of such a warning are two matters where there are differences between the approaches taken by individual Commonwealth legal systems. While approaches differ according to jurisdiction, generally either legislation and/or case law will provide guidance to judges in terms of formulating a sufficiently robust warning. It is suggested that this wide variation in practice is incompatible with the universal theory of honest, yet mistaken, eyewitnesses. However, any approach which is adopted must also seek to prevent the balance tipping so far in favour of the accused that a jury discounts the evidence of the honest and accurate eyewitness. This paper will examine the approach to eyewitness identification evidence adopted in several Commonwealth nations and evaluate the influence of the English Turnbull case within these jurisdictions. A universal paradigm will be suggested, which would require directions to be given to juries in all cases which involve eyewitness evidence. Such a direction would incorporate a common framework which the judge would then tailor as required to take account of the circumstances of each particular case.
Evaluating Police Department Policy Decisions Using a Simulation Model of Sworn Officer Deployment
Authors: Place Jerry
Published: December 2007

In this paper we describe a simulation model built to study police manpower planning and scheduling at the strategic level. The model was designed to analyse current officer shift scheduling and to report average response time for different classes of calls and utilisation of patrol officers. Since the model produces officer utilisation, it could be used as a planning tool supporting shift scheduling, budgeting for new officers and supporting community policing efforts. We describe construction, verification and validation and the parameters for the model. We present results from a baseline study and we show how our model could be used to support several policy decisions about officer utilisation and deployment.
Diverse uses of English in Finnish society: Discourse-pragmatic insights into media, educational and business contexts
Authors: Leppänen Sirpa , Nikula Tarja
Published: December 2007

This article describes the role of English in Finland, where English is gaining ground in a variety of domains. While the spread of English has generated debate, little empirical evidence exists on how English is taken up and put to use by Finns, and the functions it serves in its various contexts of use. This article reports on work conducted in a projectEnglish voices in Finnish society: uses and functions of English in the media, education and professional life.Combining insights from sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and pragmatics, the project describes the uses of English in language contact situations across the three key domains covered in the project. The objective of the project is to shed light on the diversity and complexity of language choice, alternation and mixed language uses in contact situations and in texts. The focus is on the linguistic choices made, the forms and patterns used and the social functions they serve, and on how the uses of a language can shape and be shaped by more general social and cultural processes and structures. The article shows how English affects domains in Finnish society in a variety of ways, and how the spread of English in Finland can be conceptualised as a phenomenon which emerges at a local level and flows across domains and contexts.
Tolerância de cultivares de trigo a diferentes níveis de manganês em solução nutritiva
Authors: Camargo Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira , Oliveira Otávio Franco de
Published: December 2007

Foram estudados cinco cultivares de trigo em soluções nutritivas contendo quatro níveis de manganês (0,11; 300; 600 e 1.200mg/litro), mantendo-se constante a temperatura de 25 ± 1°C e o pH das soluções igual a 4,8. A tolerância foi medida pelo comprimento médio da raiz primária central, peso seco total das folhas e das raízes de cinqüenta plantas, após serem cultivadas durante quinze dias em soluções nutritivas contendo diferentes concentrações de manganês. A presença das dosagens elevadas de manganês (300, 600 e 1.200mg/litro) foi prejudicial a todos os cultivares estudados. O 'BH-1146' foi muito sensível a 300mg/litro de manganês, enquanto os cultivares IAC-5, Alondra-S-46, IAC-17 e Siete Cerros mostraram-se tolerantes a essa concentração. O 'Siete Cerros' foi o mais tolerante à dosagem de 600mg/litro de manganês; IAC-5, Alondra-S-46 e IAC-17, moderadamente tolerantes, e BH-1146, muito sensível. Na dose de 1.200mg/litro de manganês, Siete Cerros e Alondra-S-46 foram os que apresentaram maior tolerância. Os teores de Mn em partes por milhão nas folhas aumentaram em todos os cultivares à medida que se elevaram tais teores nas soluções nutritivas, e os teores de Fe nas folhas não foram influenciados negativamente pelas diferentes dosagens de Mn nas soluções, não ocorrendo, portanto, deficiência de ferro nas plantas estudadas. A maior tolerância de 'Alondra-S-46' e 'Siete Cerros', em relação ao 'BH-1146', 'IAC-5' e 'IAC-17', parece ser devida à maior tolerância, no interior das folhas, a uma elevada concentração de manganês, e não a uma menor absorção desse elemento das soluções nutritivas.
Tolerância de cultivares de arroz em estádio de plântula a diferentes níveis de ferro em solução nutritiva
Authors: Camargo Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira
Published: December 2007

Foram estudados sete cultivares de arroz em soluções nutritivas, sem arejamento, contendo quatro níveis de ferro (0,56; 100; 200 e 400mg/litro), mantendo-se constante a temperatura das soluções de 30±1°C, e o pH, 4,0. A tolerância foi medida pelo comprimento médio da raiz primária e pelo peso seco total da parte aérea de vinte plântulas cultivadas durante dez dias em soluções nutritivas contendo diferentes concentrações de ferro. A presença das doses elevadas de ferro (100, 200 e 400mg/litro) foi prejudicial a todos os cultivares estudados, os quais mostraram sintomas típicos de toxicidade de ferro, dependendo em intensidade do grau de tolerância de cada um. Os teores de ferro (ppm) aumentaram na parte aérea de todos os cultivares, em função do aumento das concentrações de ferro nas soluções nutritivas. A maior tolerância do Pérola pareceu ser devida a uma menor absorção de ferro das soluções em comparação com os outros cultivares estudados. A presença de altos teores de ferro na parte aérea dos cultivares, com reações intermediárias e sensíveis a doses crescentes desse elemento nas soluções, indicou que suas respostas seriam devidas a uma maior ou menor tolerância às altas concentrações de ferro no interior das folhas, e não a uma maior ou menor absorção desse elemento das soluções.
Sistemas de preparo do solo para as culturas de soja e trigo
Authors: Silveira Gastão Moraes da , Ferreira Filho Antonio Wilson Penteado , Freitas José Guilherme de , Jorge José Antonio , Nagai Violeta
Published: December 2007

No presente trabalho estudaram-se dois processos de semeadura, a direta e a convencional, para as culturas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) e trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) plantadas num mesmo ano. Ênfase especial foi dada ao problema das máquinas utilizadas nos dois sistemas de semeadura, caracterizando-se os diversos parâmetros envolvidos. Montou-se um ensaio de campo na Fazenda Canadá, município de Assis, no período 1979-82, com três safras para as duas culturas. Para o trigo, os tratamentos foram: preparo convencional (grade pesada e grade niveladora) e semeadura direta. Para a soja: convencional mais escarificação; convencional; aração e gradeação; aração e gradeação mais escarificação e semeadura direta. Os resultados mostraram que a interação entre os tratamentos aplicados numa cultura e os aplicados na cultura seguinte não foi significativa, não havendo também influência de preparo de solo para soja sobre a produção de trigo, exceto no ano agrícola 1981/82, em que as produções de soja sofreram influência do tipo de preparo de solo para a semeadura do trigo. A economia de combustível foi bastante significativa na semeadura direta das duas culturas. As máquinas para semeadura direta devem ser articuladas para que possam acompanhar as irregularidades do terreno.
Caracterização e classificação de cambissolos do arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco
Authors: Marques Flávio Adriano , Ribeiro Mateus Rosas , Bittar Sheila Maria Bretas , Lima Neto José de Almeida , Lima José Fernando Wanderley Fernandes
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho visou caracterizar e classificar Cambissolos de ocorrência comum no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, com o objetivo de testar e contribuir para o desenvolvimento do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). Além disso, uma melhor compreensão desses solos e de sua distribuição na paisagem é de grande importância no planejamento do uso da terra, para nortear ações governamentais visando à exploração sustentável desse complexo turístico-ecológico. Com base no Mapa Detalhado de Solos do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, seis perfis de Cambissolos representativos da área foram selecionados, descritos e coletados, visando à caracterização morfológica, física, química e mineralógica. Os Cambissolos foram adequadamente classificados segundo a nova versão do SiBCS, que incluiu o grande grupo "Ta eutroférrico", sugerido durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Os solos do Arquipélago refletem nas suas propriedades as características marcantes do material de origem vulcânico, do clima tropical com franco domínio oceânico e do relevo. Os Cambissolos Háplicos Ta eutroférricos típicos ocupam as posições mais preservadas do planalto central da ilha principal e possuem os melhores atributos físicos e químicos para utilização agrícola ou geotécnica. Os Cambissolos Háplicos Ta eutróficos lépticos, relacionados com relevos acidentados e geralmente associados com Neossolos Litólicos e afloramentos de rocha, são solos que requerem proteção especial devido à sua alta instabilidade ao processo erosivo. Por sua vez, os Cambissolos Háplicos Sódicos vertissólicos, que ocorrem em áreas ligeiramente rebaixadas do planalto central, apresentam sérios problemas de drenagem e argilas expansivas. Quimicamente, os solos apresentam teores elevados a extremamente elevados de P extraível, de distribuição irregular tanto entre perfis como nos horizontes, o que sugere a influência de fontes distintas deste elemento.
Autodeclaração de cor e/ou raça entre escolares paulistanos(as)
Authors: Rocha Edmar José da , Rosemberg Fúlvia
Published: December 2007

O artigo se propõe a aprofundar o debate sobre classificação e denominação de cor/raça no Brasil contemporâneo, trazendo, também para o debate, a voz de crianças e adolescentes. Para tanto, apóia-se em duas estratégias de investigação: uma extensa revisão de literatura, mostrando pontos de tensão, especialmente no que diz respeito à confusão entre classificação e denominação de cor/raça; a aplicação e análise de um questionário sobre denominação e classificação de cor/raça entre alunos(as) de escolas públicas paulistanas. O questionário foi elaborado nos moldes dos elaborados pelo IBGE para a PNAD 1978 e a PME 1998. O artigo aponta que as respostas dos(as) alunos(as) sugerem um manejo sofisticado de conceitos e terminologia de cor/raça, o que permitiria que eles(as) próprios(as) respondessem ao quesito incluído no Censo Escolar de 2005, diferentemente da estratégia usada pelo MEC/Inep.
História da filosofia, formação e compromisso
Authors: Silva Franklin Leopoldo e
Published: December 2007

A questão que se tenta construir neste texto é a da convergência entre filosofia, história da filosofia e formação. Tal pergunta se desdobra primeiramente na elucidação das relações entre história e historicidade da filosofia, que remonta à constatação óbvia, mas nem sempre lembrada, de que o fundamento da história da filosofia é o caráter histórico da própria filosofia. A idéia de formação está presente em toda filosofia, já que, antes de ser sistema ou concepção cristalizada da realidade, cada filosofia é sempre um exercício de síntese das possibilidades e das circunstâncias da vida humana, inclusive sob o aspecto do trabalho da reflexão. Nesse sentido, o texto remete a algumas idéias de Bergson acerca de formação e processo, e à noção sartriana de práxis como formação e superação contínua dos momentos estruturais do curso da história. Assim compreendida, a relação entre história da filosofia e filosofia contém inevitavelmente o compromisso com a atualidade, isto é, com a formação atual do pensamento.
Detecção de estímulos radiais e espaciais em adultos e idosos
Authors: Santos Natanael Antonio dos , Oliveira Adriana Bastos , Nogueira Renata Maria Toscano Barreto Lyra , Cavalcanti Melyssa Kellyane , Simas Maria Lúcia de Bustamante
Published: December 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar curvas de sensibilidade ao contraste para estímulos radiais (FSCr) e grades senoidais (FSC) de 0,25, 0,5, 1 e 2 cpg em adultos e idosos. Mensuramos limiares de contraste para seis adultos jovens e seis idosos utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada. Todos estavam livres de doenças oculares e tinham acuidade visual normal. Os idosos apresentaram prejuízos na FSC e FSCr se comparados aos adultos jovens. A sensibilidade dos adultos e idosos foi maior para grades senoidais (FSC) do que para estímulos radiais (FSCr). Esses resultados sugerem que esses estímulos podem ser processados por áreas visuais distintas.