bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science, Philosophy, and Technology in the Greco-Roman World: I
Authors: Lee Desmond
Published: July 2013

Mytitle is an ambitious one, and defines a field which is more suitable for a book than for a single lecture, and which has the added disadvantage that it crosses the boundaries between a number of disciplines: history, science, philosophy, and technology. Anyone who chooses such a theme is in danger of being told by those well-versed in the individual disciplines that his knowledge of each of them is inadequate; which may well be true, and is certainly true of me. But cross-disciplinary exploration is in itself a desirable activity; and if a few explorers perish in the process no great harm is done, and others may follow their example more successfully. I should not, however, in saying this, like it to be thought that I am claiming any great novelty for what I shall say to you today. Little of my material is new; all I can hope to do is to suggest to you a particular interpretation of it.
The Appearance of Aeschylus' Erinyes
Authors: Maxwell-Stuart P. G.
Published: July 2013

In the Choephoroi and the Eumenides Aeschylus has described curious and repellent characters, composite beings who partake of the nature and appearance of old women, dogs, Gorgons, Harpies, and aged children, creatures of a compound well able to fright and amaze the original audience. But if a modern theatrical director were to ask, ‘What did they look like? How shall I dress them and have them masked?’, it might be too easy to allow his wardrobe mistress a gallop into phantasy, whereas it is almost as easy to give a simple, if less exhilaratingly imaginative, answer. Aeschylus describes the Erinyes as follows:

Choephoroi

like Gorgons, 1048; φαιοχ⋯τωνες, 1049; wreathed about with snakes, 1049–50; with blood dripping from their eyes, 1058.
Students in Classics in British Universities: A Statistical and Critical Survey
Authors: Kerferd G. B.
Published: July 2013

Many without direct access to detailed information are by now quite firmly convinced that the numbers of students studying Classics at British Universities have been declining and are continuing to decline. To some this is a matter of regret, to others it is a matter of indifference, and to others again it is something positively to be welcomed. From time to time those with a committed belief in the value of classical studies tend to see hopeful signs of a recovery, while the enemies of Classics can hardly wait for the final demise of an outmoded and irrelevant discipline. But whatever the attitude adopted towards the decline, the fact that there is such a decline is normally not regarded as a matter that can be disputed. Indeed anyone who demurs about the facts tends to be ignored or dismissed, as if he were not only an interested party but a dishonest one as well. The present article is an attempt to consider the actual position in greater detail and it is hoped with greater objectivity than is to be found in many of the statements frequently put forward in the course of discussion.
Aspects of the Greek Novel
Authors: Reardon B. P.
Published: July 2013

When Anthia was imprisoned in the robbers' cave one of her guards, Anchialus, a spirited man and one of the most prominent of the band, fell in love with her. At first he tried to win her with words, hoping that she would be given to him as a present by the leader. But Anthia repelled his every attempt, dismayed by nothing, not the cave, nor her chains, nor the robber's threats. She wanted to keep herself for Habrocomes, even though she thought him dead, and often when no one was there to hear her cried: ‘I want to stay Habrocomes' wife and his alone, even though I die, though I suffer worse than I have suffered yet!’ This cast Anchialus into worse torment, and the daily sight of Anthia inflamed his love. Unable to bear it longer, he laid violent hands on her; one night when the robbers and their leader were away, he threw himself on Anthia and tried to violate her. Anthia, in desperate straits, seized a sword that lay to hand and struck Anchialus a mortal blow, for as he was on the point of embracing and kissing her his whole body loomed over her, and she thrust the sword upward into his breast. He had paid the penalty for his wicked passion.
Latin Love Poets and the Biographical Approach
Authors: Clarke M. L.
Published: July 2013

In 1962 J.P. Sullivan reprinted in Critical Essays on Roman Literature, Elegy and Lyric an essay by H.F. Cherniss with the title ‘me ex versiculis parum pudicum’, which he described as a ‘still too little heeded warning against the biographical fashion in literary criticism’. Fashions seem now to have changed. The biographical approach is out of favour. Recent studies of Latin poetry give the impression that the key to it is to be found not in the writer's personality and experience, but in the Greek, particularly Hellenistic, poetry which he supposedly used and imitated, in the form and structure of the poem, even in its position in relation to others in the same book. ‘The only thing’, writes Georg Luck, ‘that the elegiac poets take seriously is their art’ —as if Propertius was never serious about Cynthia. The refusal to believe that Latin poets meant what they said leads to some strange perversities of interpretation. We had always supposed that after Tibullus gave up, or was given up by, Delia he took a new mistress whom he called Nemesis, and that, as he tells us in 2.6.29–40, she had a sister who died from falling out of a window. Now it appears that Tibullus invented Nemesis to give variety to his poetry, and invented the unfortunate sister to give factitious reality to Nemesis.
Lacrimae Illae Inanes
Authors: Hudson-Williams A.
Published: July 2013

The source of the tears mentioned in the much quoted final line (449) has been the subject of diverse views. That the shedder of the tears is not specifically designated has been felt to create an ambiguity, and critics have been tempted to conjecture his or her identity according to their personal whims or prejudices. The point is of more than passing interest and is of relevance in the assessment of Aeneas' character and the understanding of Book 4. The tears have been variously assigned: to Aeneas (so Servius, Augustine, C.D. 9.4 fin., and a number of modern critics); to Dido and Anna (Heyne-Wagner, Conington-Nettleship), or Dido (Sidgwick, Page); to Aeneas, Dido, and Anna (R. Lesueur, L'Énéide de V. (Toulouse, 1975), p. 404). R. G. Austin (ed. Aen. IV, Oxford, 1955, p. 135) thinks it wrong to probe: ‘Virgil is purposely ambiguous, and why may he not remain so? The line is ruined by a chill analysis … These tears could not be denied to Aeneas: but … few could withhold them for ever from Dido.’ The position is summed up in Servius auctus: ‘quidam … lacrimas inanes uel Aeneae uel Didonis uel Annae uel omnium accipiunt’, to which we may add ‘〈uel totius generis humani〉’: cf. ‘Virgil has not said whose tears; by not specifying he widens the area of sorrow, generalises this particular conflict into the universal conflict of pity with duty’ (R. D. Williams (ed.), Aen. I–VI (London, 1972), p. 373; cf. too W. F. Jackson Knight, Roman Vergil (London, 1944), p. 205). That Virgil should in truth have intended such puzzling obscurity seems hard to credit. It is being assumed that in a detail of his narrative which closely concerns the leading characters and which cannot but excite the reader's interest this master artist is guilty of a vagueness for which another writer would be censured as negligent, if not inept. It appears to me that the evidence presented by the poet himself is nowadays commonly ignored, and, outmoded as the process may seem, a reasoned consideration of the actual Latin text may not be out of place.
Old Comedy and ‘;Character’: Some Comments
Authors: Ussher R. G.
Published: July 2013

Modern Aristophanic scholarship is based on the belief that Aristophanes' plays are funny. Such a belief has not been universal; in antiquity, his characters and their language were regarded, at times, with strong distaste. Aristotle, for one, was not amused: indeed, he would have thought Aristophanophiles scarce gentlemen, since only an ⋯παίδευτος (an uneducated man) could relish the Old Comedy's γέλοια (E.N 1128 17 ff.). The pleasures appropriate to ignorance and learning could be seen (he contended) by comparing the old comedies (whose laughter was raised by α⋯σχρολογία, ‘obscenity’) and the new (which, achieving this same goal by ὑπόνοια, was fitter for gentlemen and scholars). Old Comedy's adherents, in fact, countenance buffoonery, and that is vastly different from wit (E.N. 1128a 15; Rh. 1419b 8).
Bos, Bentley, and Byron
Authors: Huxley H. H.
Published: July 2013

If punctuation there must be, should I place the comma before or after piger? Our Wickham–Garrod Oxford Text has no hesitation in assigning the epithet piger to caballus. Let us turn therefore to E. C. Wickham's note on the passage: ‘piger is best taken (as Bentley) with caballus. There is no point in making the motive the same in both cases.’ ‘Criticism’, wrote Samuel Johnson, ‘is a goddess easy of access and forward of advance, who will meet the slow, and encourage the timorous; the want of meaning she supplies with words, and the want of spirit she recompenses with malignity.’ I am not setting myself up as a criticus criticorum, for The Preacher's warning ‘He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it’ is hard to forget. This little note hopes it will underline the lesson that a poet is often the best judge of poetry. My poet is, as the title implies, Lord Byron, my critic Richard Bentley, whose suggested improvements of Paradise Lost are not apt to be regarded as his monumentum aere perennius.
Tacitus and the Governor's Lady: A Note on Annals iii. 33–4
Authors: Marshall Anthony J.
Published: July 2013

Until the last years of the Republic, Roman governors might officially see their wives present in their provinces only in the form of honorific statues. The chaos of civil war was to bring to a number of senatorial husbands, as they mounted their campaigns in the eastern provinces, the solace of their wives' companionship in the flesh. First in time amongst these refugee wives was Caecilia Metella, who was present with Sulla at Athens in 86 B.c. Later, and in less auspicious circumstances, Cornelia was to travel to Lesbos and then to Egypt to be with the doomed Pompeius in 49–48 B.c. Occasionally, such loyal wives joined their husbands over die latter's objections. They might, it seems, be expected to remain in Italy in order to avoid danger or even proscription, and not least to defend the family interests so far as this was possible.
Thucydides and Athenian Strategy in the Early 450s: A Consensus of mistranslations
Authors: Ryder T. T. B.
Published: July 2013

Now that many students of ancient civilization, whether at school or at university, are necessarily studying the ancient sources in translation, it has become more important than ever that the translations should be accurate. It is true that some errors make little or no difference to the interpretation; for instance, it does not really affect Thucydides' explanation at 3.15 of the reluctance of Sparta's allies to take part in a second invasion of Attica in 428 to bring relief to Mytilene that Warner (Penguin Classics, revised edition 1972, p. 201) translates ἐν καρпο ξυγκομιδσαν as ‘were busy in harvesting their corn’, when the chronology makes it clear than the time is August and well after the corn harvest. It is true also that a good many errors will be noticed by the teacher or tutor who knows Greek (or, as the case may be, Latin) or suspected even by his pupils as a result of reading some modern comment or interpretation (as in the case cited above) or of comparing different translations, although either of these exercises, especially the latter, may merely suggest that there is legitimate doubt and one may have some degree of choice about which version to follow. I should like, however, to offer one case affecting a historical episode which falls within a good many syllabuses, where the translations are in agreement, but seem to me to have got it wrong, where the structure of the Greek has not, as far as I know, been discussed in any commentary and where, I think, it does matter which meaning is taken.
The Polyphemus Myth: its Origin and Interpretation
Authors: Glenn Justin
Published: July 2013

‘The Blinding of the Ogre’, a widespread folktale, has long fascinated and stimulated man's imagination. By far the earliest known version of the story appears in Book 9 of Homer'sOdyssey, but the current scholarly consensus holds that this tale is earlier than Homer, was borrowed by the poet, and has survived independently in oral tradition down to modern times. In attempting to explore its origins, I must emphasize at the outset that I am not concerned here with the physical, geographical origin of the story–a problem which has thus far proved insoluble. Rather, my focus will be on the deeper, less tangible origin of the myth: is it possible to discover the idea, the significance, perhaps some symbolism or psychological appeal which lies at the root of the story and might help to explain its astonishing endurance and popularity in oral traditions spanning three continents and three millennia?
Cicero's Attitude to the Greeks
Authors: Guite Harold
Published: July 2013

Cicero's grandfather is credited with the observation that the better a Roman knew Greek the bigger a scoundrel he was. Nevertheless one of his sons, Lucius, belonged to a circle that knew quite a lot of Greek and another, Marcus, certainly gave his own children a Greek education. Marcus, the father of the orator, seems to have shared the prevailing view that one had either a Greek education or none at all. Indeed, in 92, when Cicero was fourteen years old, the newly established Roman schools of rhetoric were closed down by the censors Crassus and Domitius, Crassus' reason, according to Cicero, being that the Roman schools were a travesty of their Greek exemplars: ‘nam apud Graecos, cuicui modi essent, uidebam tamen esse praeter hanc exercitationem linguae doctrinam aliquam et humanitate dignam scientiam, hos uero nouos magistros nihil intellegebam posse docere, nisi ut auderent.’ Amongst these schools was that of L. Plotius Gallus, who seems before the closure to have attracted a fair number of pupils.
Journey to the Styx: A Broadcast Talk
Authors: Pollard J. R. T.
Published: July 2013

Styx—river of Hell! Why, there is magic in the very name. What memories of our childhood it conjures up! Charon, the grim ferryman, his fearful eyes aglare. Shades of men and heroes thronging the phantom shores. Ghosts and monsters, and yet more ghosts. Aye, and older legends too. Silver-footed Thetis dipping her babe, and the gods themselves swearing dread oaths on its waters. But how many of you, I wonder, when you read those stories at school, realized that the Styx actually existed? Well, it does; and I decided that if ever I had the good fortune to go to Greece, I would endeavour to visit it.
In Praise of Lemprière
Authors: Clarke M. L.
Published: July 2013

In 1948 the Oxford University Press published a new Classical Dictionary, the combined effort of many scholars and embodying the fruits of the latest research. About the same time another publisher issued a new edition of another classical dictionary, that of John Lemprière. This was the work of a young man, begun when he was an undergraduate at Oxford and completed when he was 23, and it was first published over a century and a half ago, in 1788.
Golden Statues in Greek and Latin Literature
Authors: Whitehorne J. E. G.
Published: July 2013

Golden statues, either made of gold or gilded—the distinction is not always made clear —were exceptionally popular among many of the peoples of the ancient world and it is not difficult to see why. Easily worked, perennially bright and practically indestructible, gold surely had something of the divine about it. In Egypt for instance gold's qualities made it the flesh of the sungod; just like the sun itself, the hotter the fire, the purer and brighter the metal glowed. In Greece, too, gold had divine associations and by virtue of its indestructibility acquired a symbolical value far beyond its actual worth; practically anything that is worth having and keeping is ‘golden’ as far as Pindar is concerned. Even for such a hard-headed race as the Romans gold seems to have had an aura of magic about it, at least in early times. The clause in the Twelve Tables mentioned by Cicero, prohibiting the burial of any gold with the dead, except for their false teeth, surely springs as much from an instinct for the metal's mysterious properties as from any parsimonious desire to control funerary expenditure.
Small Latin and the Classics
Authors: Brink C. O.
Published: July 2013

‘O’level Latin is small Latin. It is very small Latin indeed. Why should a classical scholar be exercised by its problems? Why should a schoolmaster be exercised by them if his heart is in sixth-form Classics? Why indeed should anyone be interested?

During the recent controversy on entrance requirements for Oxford and Cambridge a curious but unmistakable reluctance could be observed among classical scholars in the universities. I mean the reluctance to defend or even pay attention to the precarious position of Latin as an entrance requirement. Those teaching Classics at provincial universities felt that this was a matter for the ancient universities since they themselves had no such requirements. And to many in the ancient universities small Latin seemed altogether too small to engage their attention. Hence the feeling, nihil ad nos. In any case, Latin, they argued, was firmly entrenched in the bigger schools, and faculty demands in all universities would do the rest.
Two Years of Latin
Authors: Rowland T. H.
Published: July 2013

It is not easy to give a satisfactory answer to boys and girls who rightly want to know why they should embark on the study of Latin if they are to drop it after two years. The solution seemed to be to make the question unnecessary, and so a break was made at Mirfield Grammar School with the traditional approach to Latin for those pupils who were unable to pursue the normal ‘O’ level course. Previous policy had been to follow a parallel course in the two streams for the first two years. A very real fault in the system was that certain pupils parted with Latin at the end of their second year with no sense of achievement and with considerable relief. The challenge to provide a course to meet their special needs was obvious and needed to be met.
Latin Inquiry
Authors: Melluish T. W.
Published: July 2013

Latin is a wedding-garment no longer de rigueur for those entering Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Utility English jeans will in future be permissible wear. Whether this will herald a uniform change throughout the schools of the country it is early yet to say. The Crowther Committee was sure that Latin was taught in many cases merely as an insurance against possible debarment from the older universities. Whatever the truth of that, Latin will stand or continue to stand in the future by its own merits. Like Justice in the early part of the Republic, stripped of its adventitious rewards it may now lend itself to an impartial reappraisal. This seems to be the occasion for another stocktaking. Hard as it is to love gadflies, we perhaps should be grateful to those who stung us into these agonies of self-examination, so essential a condition of the good life. Stirrings indeed there have been. An impartial observer might comment that if Latin is a dead language, like Virgil's ox it appears to be the centre of a good deal of activity.
Prehistoric Greeks
Authors: Davis S.
Published: July 2013

Thediscovery in 1939, just before the outbreak of war, at Pylos in Messenia, the home of Homer's Nestor, of clay tablets written in a script (Linear B) hitherto found only in the Late Minoan II palace (c.1500–1400b.c.) at Knossos in Minoan Crete, created a stir at the time and brought to the fore an acute problem which had already been taxing the ingenuity of classical scholars for many a year in their attempts at a solution. Unfortunately, though the discovery was seen in its proper perspective by some, all thoughts and energies were soon devoted to the purposes of the war; Greece was occupied by the enemy and excavations were suspended. Thus it is only within the last few years that the Pylos tablets have been found to be decipherable; and with this has come the solution of a problem of outstanding importance not only to classical scholars but to prehistorians generally. It is perhaps as well to state briefly how this problem arose and then to discuss the resultant increase in our knowledge due to its solution.
Relevant or Irrelevant?: Classics in the Curriculum Today
Authors: Thompson William B.
Published: July 2013

How many classical masters and mistresses inwardly wonder about the relevance of what they are teaching in their junior and middle-school Latin lessons? Is what is taught relevant to the claims we make for the place of classical studies in the curriculum?

One of the most permanent of the values of Latin is that it helps to make real to the pupil the continuing heritage of Rome in that part of the civilized world which has drawn its culture largely or in part from Europe. And yet we must admit that the pupils who reach Ordinary level and go no farther hardly taste this. Even though at the moment those who are following advanced studies in Latin are increasing in number, nevertheless the number of those who do not go beyond Ordinary level is likely to remain far greater.
Meaning, Using, Translating, and Editing
Authors: Adkins A. W. H.
Published: July 2013

Thus Horatio on the ghost of Hamlet's father. Good dramatic poetry; but here it must serve a baser turn, as an illustration of my theme. My question is this: when the spirit is being extravagant and erring, just what is it being ? The editors are quite willing to tell us. For example, Dowden, in the Arden Shakespeare, has the following notes: extravagant] wandering out of bounds, vagrant; ‘erring’, straying; and the Variorum Shakespeare takes a similar view. So Hamlet's father's ghost is simply wandering about away from the nether world to which it must return at daybreak.
The Consolatory Tradition and Seneca's Attitude to the Emotions
Authors: Manning C. E.
Published: July 2013

The ancients had no more difficulty than the modern commentator in distinguishing the attitude of the Stoics and the Peripatetics to men's emotions. On the one hand the Peripatetics believed that the emotions were given to man as a necessary part of his being, and though intended to be subordinate to man's reason, they were nevertheless capable of giving him help. The work of reason therefore can be compared to that of the vine-dresser, whose task it is to lop off the wild growth, but to cultivate and dispose the serviceable remainder. On the other hand the Stoics maintained that the passions were ‘συστολὴ ἄλογος’, an irrational mental contraction, and that the wise man would not be subject to any of them.
Ancient and Modern: Catullus li Again
Authors: Wilkinson L. P.
Published: July 2013

Itsometimes happens that the plausibility of an interpretation of a passage in the Classics depends on our estimate of what is likely in human terms in any age. It may be worth while in such cases to adduce modern parallels. Here is an example.

Munro suggested long ago that, from its passionate tone, Catullus li (‘Ille mi par esse deo …’) should be taken as one of his first poems to Clodia, and that this (besides metrical equivalence) would account for his choosing the name of Lesbia as a pseudonym, the poem being a free translation of one addressed by Sappho to a Lesbian girl. Macnaghten and Ramsay develop this idea significantly in their introduction to the poem: ‘Probably the earliest poem to Lesbia, written perhaps in 62B.c.It is a translation of Sappho's song to a Lesbian girl, chosen by Catullus, not because lover's language is in all ages the same, but as the safest way of revealing to Clodia the secret of his love. If she cared for him, she could hardly mistake his meaning; if not, it was only a translation after all.’
Ancient History and the Modern Citizen
Authors: Tanner R. G.
Published: July 2013

In the preface to his third volume of Thucydides, dated January 1835, Thomas Arnold referred to ‘what is miscalled ancient history, the really modern history of Greece and Rome’. The great headmaster went on to express the hope that ‘these volumes may contribute to the conviction that history is to be studied as a whole and according to philosophical divisions, not such as are merely geographical and chronological; that the history of Greece and Rome is not an idle inquiry about remote ages and forgotten institutions, but a living picture of things present, fitted not so much for the curiosity of the scholar, as for the instruction of the statesman and the citizen’. Today, with education so subject to the demands of utility, it is a vital duty for us to stress these claims. If we are to preserve in our schools the study of antiquity we must show how it can help us to face the problems of modern life.
Suggestions for an Adult Beginner's Latin Reader
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: July 2013

Many people wish that they had learned Latin or are sorry to have forgotten it; but, being past school age, they shrink from beginning over again. How can we help or encourage these doubters?—Let us say:

1. Latin is not such a hard language as most people think. The belief in its difficulty has grown up from several causes, (1) In many schools Latin is the first subject that calls for serious effort. The approach to Mathematics is much more gradual nowadays than it was about 1900. The newer methods of teaching modern languages disguise or postpone many of the difficulties. (2) In many schools only three or four schoolhours a week are given to Latin, so that the pupil forgets his grammar in the intervals. (3) Pupils are made to read authors far too advanced for them, e.g. Caesar or Livy in the third year's course. This leads to discouragement. (4) Latin texts are nearly always cramped and awkward to read. The disuse of j and v adds to the beginner's confusion. (5) In many girls' schools Latin is taught as an odd subject by ill-informed teachers. Yet as a language Latin is not much harder than German: only the strangeness of an ancient tongue and the different way of thinking make progress slower.
Versification—Ergon or Parergon?
Authors: Race Charles
Published: July 2013

Man was born metrical, yet everywhere we find him writing free verse. Why this arrogant and lazy assumption that Parnassus can be climbed without feet? Or that the ascent is valueless?

In the eighteenth century versification was a grace and an elegance; in the nineteenth a virtue, perhaps a duty. What is it in the twentieth? A parergon? A morbidity? Versus laudatur et alget? Immo laude caret! Do we regard as an oddity the sixth-former who is prepared to put into practice his belief that language exists to make precise statements in elegant form? We do not; but we are flanked on the right by those who, having denied the utility of Latin in the fourth form, in the sixth know no written English but Latinese; on the left we are flanked by those who have no palate for the waters that inspired A. D. Godley, C. S. Calverley, and Vincent Bourne, preferring, if athirst for the Muse after years in the Waste Land, what Hippocrene is available at the Cocktail Party.
The Composition and Publication of the First Three Books of Propertius
Authors: Barsby John A.
Published: July 2013

One of the many stimulating ideas put forward by Gordon Williams in his book Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (Oxford, 1968) is the suggestion that Propertius planned and wrote his first three books as a single entity and published these simultaneously as a unified collection, the fourth book being a later addition. This is contrary to the usual view that all four books were written separately and published successively at intervals. It is obviously salutary that conventional views should be challenged, especially if they can be shown to rest on unproved assumptions, and two at least of the reviewers of Williams's book regarded his theory with some favour. E. J. Kenney writes of an ‘important discussion of the thesis that the first three books of Propertius were planned as a whole’, and D. Henry begins his discussion of the theory with the words ‘He argues plausibly that…’. The only dissentient voice that I have noted is that of E. Courtney, who in an article on the structure of Propertius' third book refers in passing and without further explanation to the hypothesis of unitary publication as one ‘which is surely to be rejected’.
Critical Appreciations II Virgil, Aeneid xii. 843–86
Authors: Williams R. D. , Carter C. J.
Published: July 2013

The following is the second of a series which began in G & R xx (1973), 38 ff. and 155 ff.
Solute uptake through the walls of a pulsating channel
Authors: WATERS S. L.
Published: July 2013

We investigate the uptake of a passive solute through the walls of a pulsating, fluid-filled
channel into an adjacent medium in which the solute diffuses and is consumed
at a constant rate. One end of the channel is open to well-mixed fluid containing the
solute. The channel walls oscillate periodically in time and this prescribed motion
generates steady streaming within the channel. We determine how this flow enhances
the overall solute consumption (i.e. the flux of solute into the channel), the solute
dispersion along the channel and the quantity of solute in the adjacent medium.
The solute disperses in the channel due to the interaction between advection and
transverse diffusion. The time-mean solute distribution throughout the channel and
the medium is determined for a wide range of parameters. The results are applied to
a new surgical technique used to treat patients with severe coronary artery disease,
in which narrow tubes are created within ischemic heart muscle in an attempt to
reperfuse the area directly with oxygenated blood.
Provision of surgical voice restoration in England: questionnaire survey of speech and language therapists
Authors: Bradley P J , Counter P , Hurren A , Cocks H C
Published: July 2013

Aim:

To conduct a questionnaire survey of speech and language therapists providing and managing surgical voice restoration in England.

Method:

National Health Service Trusts registering more than 10 new laryngeal cancer patients during any one year, from November 2009 to October 2010, were identified, and a list of speech and language therapists compiled. A questionnaire was developed, peer reviewed and revised. The final questionnaire was e-mailed with a covering letter to 82 units.

Results:

Eighty-two questionnaires were distributed and 72 were returned and analysed, giving a response rate of 87.8 per cent. Forty-four per cent (38/59) of the units performed more than 10 laryngectomies per year. An in-hours surgical voice restoration service was provided by speech and language therapists in 45.8 per cent (33/72) and assisted by nurses in 34.7 per cent (25/72). An out of hours service was provided directly by ENT staff in 35.5 per cent (21/59). Eighty-eight per cent (63/72) of units reported less than 10 (emergency) out of hours calls per month.

Conclusion:

Surgical voice restoration service provision varies within and between cancer networks. There is a need for a national management and care protocol, an educational programme for out of hours service providers, and a review of current speech and language therapist staffing levels in England.
Psychological well-being and incident frailty in men and women: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Gale C. R. , Cooper C. , Deary I. J. , Aihie Sayer A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Observations that older people who enjoy life more tend to live longer suggest that psychological well-being may be a potential resource for healthier ageing. We investigated whether psychological well-being was associated with incidence of physical frailty.

Method

We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the prospective relationship between psychological well-being, assessed using the CASP-19, a questionnaire that assesses perceptions of control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure, and incidence of physical frailty or pre-frailty, defined according to the Fried criteria (unintentional weight loss, weakness, self-reported exhaustion, slow walking speed and low physical activity), in 2557 men and women aged 60 to ⩾90 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

Results

Men and women with higher levels of psychological well-being were less likely to become frail over the 4-year follow-up period. For a standard deviation higher score in psychological well-being at baseline, the relative risk ratio (RR) for incident frailty, adjusted for age, sex and baseline frailty status, was 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–0.54]. There was a significant association between psychological well-being and risk of pre-frailty (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63–0.77). Examination of scores for hedonic (pleasure) and eudaimonic (control, autonomy and self-realization) well-being showed that higher scores on both were associated with decreased risk. Associations were partially attenuated by further adjustment for other potential confounding factors but persisted. Incidence of pre-frailty or frailty was associated with a decline in well-being, suggesting that the relationship is bidirectional.

Conclusions

Maintaining a stronger sense of psychological well-being in later life may protect against the development of physical frailty. Future research needs to establish the mechanisms underlying these findings.
History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: data from the Gutenberg Health Study
Authors: Beutel M. E. , Wiltink J. , Kirschner Y. , Sinning C. , Espinola-Klein C. , Wild P. S. , Münzel T. , Blettner M. , Zwiener I. , Lackner K. , Michal M.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To test the vascular depression hypothesis in the general population, we analyzed the association between current depression, medical history of depression, cognitive and somatic depressive symptom dimensions and measures of atherosclerosis [intima–media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques].

Method

We included a representative sample of 5000 participants from the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Depression was assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and IMT and carotid plaques were measured at both common carotid arteries using an edge detection system. Regression analyses were performed separately for participants with and without cardiovascular disease, adjusting for medical history, cardiovascular risk factors and psychotropic medication.

Results

Contrary to hypotheses, we found no increased IMT for somatic symptoms of depression; the same was true for depression and cognitive symptoms in the fully adjusted model. Only a moderate relationship between medical history of depression and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques was maintained after correction.

Conclusions

The relationship between depression and atherosclerosis may be more complex than previously assumed. Although the vascular depression hypothesis was not supported, our results support the hypothesis that lasting depression leads to arteriosclerosis.
A history of the DSM-5 scientific review committee
Authors: Kendler K. S.
Published: July 2013

This article describes the history of the Scientific Review Committee (SRC) for DSM-5 and reviews its background, procedures and deliberative processes, and conceptual/philosophical framework. The results of its work and the most important and contentious issues that arose in its efforts are reviewed. The central role of the SRC was to provide external review for all proposals for diagnostic change in DSM-5, evaluate them on their level of empirical support using objectively structured rules of evidence agreed upon in advance and make appropriate recommendations to the leadership of the American Psychiatric Association. While the creation of the SRC necessitated a great deal of additional work on the part of the SRC, the workgroups and the DSM-5 Task Force, the SRC succeeded in increasing the focus on empirical standards for nosologic change and providing a greater degree of consistency and objectivity in the DSM review process. The article concludes with recommendations, based on lessons learned, for similar efforts that might be included in future iterations of our psychiatric nosology.
A Forced Hand: Natives, Africans, and the Population of Brazil, 1545-1850
Authors: Bucciferro Justin R.
Published: July 2013

The settlement and expansion of the Portuguese colonies in South America were made possible by slave labour; however, the historical size of enslaved Native and African groups is largely unknown. This investigation compiles extant statistics on the population of «Brazil» by race and state for the pre-census period from 1545 to 1850, complementing them with headcount estimates based on sugar, gold, and coffee production; pre-contact indigenous populations; and trans-Atlantic slave voyages. The resulting panel of demographic data illustrates national and regional racial transitions encompassing the colonial era. Brazil's population was of Native descent but became predominantly African in the 18th century; people of European ancestry remained a minority for another 200 years.
Envisioning collaborative composing in music education: learning and negotiation of meaning inoperabyyou.com
Authors: Partti Heidi , Westerlund Heidi
Published: July 2013

This qualitative instrumental case study examines collaborative composing in theoperabyyou.comonline music community from the perspective of learning by utilising the concept of a ‘community of practice’ as a heuristic frame. The article suggests that although informal music practices offer important opportunities for people with varied backgrounds to participate in the production of art works, and may thus represent and illustrate important aspects of the community life of the society, they do not necessarily provide ideal models for the music classroom. Based on the analysis of theoperabyyou.comcommunity, we discuss conditions for collaborative composing when aiming to design educational settings that support the students' construction of identity and ownership of musical meaning.
FREQUENCY OF INPUT AND L2 COLLOCATIONAL PROCESSING
Authors: Wolter Brent , Gyllstad Henrik
Published: July 2013

This study investigated the influence of frequency effects on the processing of congruent (i.e., having an equivalent first language [L1] construction) collocations and incongruent (i.e., not having an equivalent L1 construction) collocations in a second language (L2). An acceptability judgment task was administered to native and advanced nonnative English speakers (L1 Swedish) to assess response times to and error rates for these collocations along with a matched set of unrelated items. The results suggested that advanced learners are highly sensitive to frequency effects for L2 collocations, which seems to support the idea that usage-based models of language acquisition can be fruitfully applied to understanding the processes that underlie L2 collocational acquisition. At the same time, however, the apparent continued influence of the L1 indicates that researchers may also want to draw on other models of language acquisition to gain a fuller understanding of the processes underlying the acquisition of collocations in a L2.
The interaction of gesture, intonation, and eye-gaze in proto-imperatives
Authors: CAMERON-FAULKNER THEA
Published: July 2013

In the present study we investigate the production of gesture, intonation, and eye-gaze within the proto-imperative behaviour of one English child aged 1;0 to 1;7. The study is based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the three behaviours. The results indicate a shift from reaching gestures to points, and from rising terminal pitch contours to non-rising contours. The analysis also highlights changes in eye-gaze to the co-participant over time. In addition we identify a significant relationship between pitch contour and gesture type within the sample, with points being more closely associated with non-rise intonation than reaching gestures. We suggest that the changes in proto-imperative behaviour signal a shift in the underlying representation of the function from a request for help to a demand for a particular object, and that this development paves the way for the subsequent conventional linguistic expression of the imperative function.
Congenital toxoplasmosis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: a neglected infectious disease?
Authors: CARELLOS E. V. M. , CAIAFFA W. T. , ANDRADE G. M. Q. , ABREU M. N. S. , JANUÁRIO J. N.
Published: July 2013

This study aimed to investigate the distribution of congenital toxoplasmosis in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil and describe the demographic and socioeconomic profile of the municipalities associated with the disease. An ecological study was conducted using socioeconomic indicators of a database (MGSSRI) created by Fundação João Pinheiro (a government technical support agency of Minas Gerais), in order to show the development of the municipalities in the state. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was the outcome and the items of the MGSSRI were the explanatory variables. Of 146 307 newborns screened (November 2006 to May 2007), 190 had congenital toxoplasmosis, yielding a prevalence of 1·3/1000, ranging from 0 to 76·9/1000 in the municipalities. The multivariate model indicated a higher occurrence of toxoplasmosis in municipalities with smaller populations and worse indexes of tax performance. Congenital toxoplasmosis appears to be a neglected disease in the state of Minas Gerais, given the high prevalence found and its concentration in municipalities with worse socioeconomic indexes.
Identifying the high-risk areas and associated meteorological factors of dengue transmission in Guangdong Province, China from 2005 to 2011
Authors: FAN J. , LIN H. , WANG C. , BAI L. , YANG S. , CHU C. , YANG W. , LIU Q.
Published: July 2013

We examined the spatial distribution pattern and meteorological drivers of dengue fever (DF) in Guangdong Province, China. Annual incidence of DF was calculated for each county between 2005 and 2011 and the geographical distribution pattern of DF was examined using Moran's I statistic and excess risk maps. A time-stratified case-crossover study was used to investigate the short-term relationship between DF and meteorological factors and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). High-epidemic DF areas were restricted to the Pearl River Delta region and the Han River Delta region, Moran's I of DF distribution was significant from 2005 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2011. Daily vapour pressure, mean and minimum temperatures were associated with increased DF risk. Maximum temperature and SOI were negatively associated with DF transmission. The risk of DF was non-randomly distributed in the counties in Guangdong Province. Meteorological factors could be important predictors of DF transmission.
Desire Satisfactionism and Time
Authors: SARCH ALEXANDER
Published: July 2013

In this article, I aim to clarify how Actual Desire Satisfactionism should accommodate the ways in which desire and time are connected. In particular, I argue thatWeak Concurrentismrepresents the most promising way for the Desire Satisfactionist to capture the temporal nature of desire. I consider the Desire Satisfactionist's other main options, but argue that none succeeds. This leaves Weak Concurrentism looking attractive. However, Weak Concurrentism might also be thought to have some implausible consequences of its own. Nonetheless, I argue that, on closer inspection, these consequences are not implausible at all – at least by the lights of the Desire Satisfactionist. I do not offer a full-blown defence of Weak Concurrentism, but rather aim to defend only a conditional conclusion: in so far as one is committed to Actual Desire Satisfactionism, Weak Concurrentism represents the best way to tackle the problems raised by the temporal nature of desires.
The Appearance Anxiety Inventory: Validation of a Process Measure in the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Veale David , Eshkevari Ertimiss , Kanakam Natalie , Ellison Nell , Costa Ana , Werner Tom
Published: July 2013

Background: At present there are no measures to identify the cognitive processes and behaviours that might mediate the outcome of treatment in people with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Aims: To develop and validate a process measure that can be used to assess the progress of patients throughout therapy and in research for BDD. Method: The psychometric properties of the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) were explored in a clinical group of participants diagnosed with BDD (Study 1) and in a non-clinical community group with high appearance concerns (Study 2). Item characteristics, reliability, and factor structure were analysed. Convergent validity with measures of related symptoms was assessed. Results: The AAI was found to have good test-retest reliability and convergent validity in the measurement of appearance anxiety. It was also sensitive to change during treatment. The scale was found to have a two-factor structure in the clinical group, with one factor characterized by avoidance, and a second factor comprised of threat monitoring. However, in the community sample it appeared to have a one-factor structure. Conclusion: The results suggest that the AAI has the psychometric properties to determine whether changes in cognitive processes and behaviours can mediate the outcome following treatment in patients with BDD. This supports its potential usefulness in clinical and research settings.
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT WHEN CREDIT MARKETS ARE IMPERFECT
Authors: Gall Thomas , Schiffbauer Marc , Kubny Julia
Published: July 2013

This paper argues that foreign direct investment (FDI) may increase the vulnerability to capital flow shocks of economies with credit market imperfections. Because of worse access to financial markets, wages in domestic firms carry higher default risk than wages in foreign ones. This alters the domestic wage composition and the subsequent wealth distribution. When credit markets are imperfect, the wealth distribution typically determines an economy's growth potential in autarky; hence, high exposure to FDI may significantly impede the capability to recover from sudden withdrawals of foreign capital. This appears consistent with a first glance at empirical evidence on durations of output recovery after systemic sudden stops.