bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Eukaryotic Small RNA Pathways in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis
Authors: Hicks Julie , Liu Hsiao-Ching
Published: October 2013

Post-transcriptional gene regulation by small RNAs is now established as an important branch of the gene regulatory system. Many different classes of small RNAs have been discovered; among these are short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs). Though differences in the processing and function of small RNAs exist between plants and animals, both groups utilize small RNA-mediated gene regulation in response to pathogens. Host encoded miRNAs and siRNAs are generated from viral RNA function in host defense and pathogenic resistance in plants. In animals, miRNAs are key regulators in both immune system development and in immune function. Pathogens, in particular viruses, have evolved mechanisms to usurp the host’s small RNA-mediated regulatory system. Overall, small RNAs are a major component of host defense and immunity in eukaryotes. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the involvement of eukaryotic small RNA pathways in host defense and viral pathogenesis.
TWO-MASS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH A FUZZY REGULATOR / DVIMASĖ ELEKTROMECHANINĖ SISTEMA SU NERAIŠKIOSIOS LOGIKOS REGULIATORIUMI
Authors: Kriaučiūnas Jonas , Juraitis Sigitas
Published: October 2013

The paper presents a two-mass system with a finite stiffness and fuzzy logic controller with feedback signals proportional to speed error and its derivative. Solutions to improve the dynamics of the two-mass system were considered. The paper deals with some essential benefits of a fuzzy logic controller to control the drive speed of the induction motor of the two-mass system. A computer model of the two-mass system with Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy type controller is presented. The simulation model and results of the controlled two-mass system are discussed. The transients of the system with different reference speed are introduced.

Santrauka

Nagrinėjama dvimasė elektromechaninė sistema, kurioje yra galinčių deformuotis grandžių. Dalys, turinčios standumo, sukelia nepageidaujamus virpesius ir švytavimus, todėl būtina ieškoti sprendimų, kaip sumažinti jų įtaką sistemai. Sudarytas uždarosios dvimasės sistemos su neraiškiosios logikos reguliatoriumi Simulink modelis. Variklio modelis sudarytas sinchroniniu greičiu besisukančioje koordinačių sistemoje. Atliktas dvimasės elektromechaninės sistemos imitavimas esant skirtingoms greičio nuostatoms. Pateikti sistemos paleidimo proceso imitacijos rezultatai rodo, kad neraiškiosios logikos reguliatorius sumažina tiek variklio, tiek antrosios masės greičio švytavimus.
ROBOT GAIT SELECTION ACCORDING TO THE AVERAGE STANDARD DEVIATION OF FEET COORDINATES / ROBOTO EISENOS PARINKIMAS PAGAL PĖDŲ KOORDINAČIŲ VIDUTINĘ STANDARTINĘ NUOKRYPĄ
Authors: Luneckas Tomas
Published: October 2013

The article analyzes a possibility of selecting robot gait according to the average standard deviation of z coordinate of its feet. First, terrain irregularity is categorized and linked to robot leg dimensions. Height limits are determined for none, low/average, high, very high and impassable terrain roughness. Average standard deviation limits are experimentally determined for categorized terrain roughness. Also, rules for gait selection are established. The key disadvantages of such gait selection are named and a probable solution to the problem is given.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama galimybė parinkti roboto eiseną pagal pėdų z koordinačių vidutinę standartinę nuokrypą. Pirmiausia apibrėžiamas paviršiaus netolygumas, kuris susiejamas su roboto kojų matmenimis. Apibrėžiamos aukščių ribos esant nuliniam, mažam / vidutiniam, dideliam, labai dideliam ir neįveikiamam paviršiaus netolygumui. Eksperimentiškai nustatomos vidutinės standartinės nuokrypos ribos esant apibrėžtiems paviršiaus netolygumams. Taip pat sudaromos pirminės taisyklės eisenai keisti. Įvardijami pagrindiniai tokio eisenos parinkimo būdo trūkumai ir pateikiamas galimas problemos sprendimo būdas.
HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATOR OF SUB-MICROSECOND DURATION / MIKROSEKUNDINĖS TRUKMĖS MAGNETINIŲ IMPULSŲ GENERATORIUS
Authors: Grainys Audrius
Published: October 2013

The article describes the possibility of generating a micro and sub-microsecond magnetic impulse reaching 1–10 T, investigates various configurations of microcoils and discusses the principal circuit of a magnetic field impulse generator of microsecond duration. The transient processes of current, temperature and magnetic field are calculated applying the finite element method.

Santrauka

Nagrinėjamas mikrosekundinės ir submikrosekundinės trukmės magnetinių impulsų, siekiančių 1–10 T, generavimas. Pateikta mikrosekundės trukmės magnetinių impulsų generatoriaus, kuris susideda iš mikroritės, mažą parazitinį induktyvumą turinčio kondensatoriaus ir greitų didelės galios MOSFET raktų principinė valdymo schema. Pereinamiesiems srovės, įtampos, elektromagnetinio lauko ir termodinaminiams vyksmams gauti taikomi analizinis ir baigtinių elementų skaičiavimo metodai. Straipsnyje pateikti elektromagnetinio lauko pasiskirstymo skaičiavimo rezultatai.
Performances des firmes publiques algériennes : une question de privatisation ou de gouvernance des firmes ?
Authors: Labaronne Daniel
Published: October 2013

La privatisation algérienne est-elle un facteur d’amélioration des performances des firmes du pays ? La privatisation est-elle une solution pour la sortie de crise de l’entreprise publique algérienne ? Pour répondre à ces questions nous mobilisons les apports théoriques et empiriques des études qui ont testé, notamment dans le cas des firmes d’Europe de l’Est, les liens entre la performance des firmes et leur forme (publique versus privée), leur structure (outsiders versus insiders) ou leur statut (managérial versus individuel). Les résultats souvent contradictoires et quelquefois contraires aux attentes théoriques de ces études nous incitent à être prudents quant aux effets attendus de la privatisation sur l’amélioration des performances des firmes algériennes. Nous défendons l’idée que c’est davantage le renforcement des institutions de marché, notamment celles qui encadrent les mécanismes de micro-gouvernance : contrainte budgétaire dure et pressions concurrentielles, qui peut jouer un rôle décisif dans l’amélioration des performances du système productif algérien.
Environnements institutionnels et internationalisation des réseaux de franchise : le cas contrasté des pays du Maghreb
Authors: Chanut Odile , Gharbi Nadjoua , Bonet Fernandez Dominique
Published: October 2013

La franchise commerciale qui s’est imposée comme un modèle dominant pour la distribution dans les économies occidentales, concerne désormais aussi les pays émergents, avec l’internationalisation des franchiseurs. Cet article cherche à expliquer le différentiel important du développement de la franchise entre le Maroc, l’Algérie et la Tunisie. Les explications peuvent être trouvées dans l’environnement institutionnel général de ces pays (risque pays, contrôle des flux de capitaux vers l’étranger), mais aussi dans la volonté des pouvoirs publics de moderniser les structures de distribution ainsi que dans l’environnement institutionnel spécifique de la franchise : le droit de la franchise, le développement de fédérations qui agissent pour la légitimation de la franchise auprès de partenaires fournisseurs des ressources, les banques et les candidats à la franchise. Le cadre théorique mobilisé est celui des théories institutionnelles (DiMaggio et Powell, 1983) et des théories néo-institutionnelles. A partir d’une analyse documentaire des principales bases de données publiques dans les trois pays, complétée par une recherche sur le terrain, nous proposons une grille d’analyse de l’environnement institutionnel spécifique à la franchise.
La confiance et les différences interculturelles dans l'externalisation des systèmes d'information
Authors: Mlaiki Alya , Kefi Hajer
Published: October 2013

Dans cette recherche, nous nous proposons d’étudier le rôle joué par la confiance dans l’externalisation des systèmes d’information. Nous explorons également l’impact des différences culturelles qui interfèrent dans ces relations inter-firmes. Nous considérons que la confiance est un mécanisme de coordination. Une étude de cas a été menée au sein d’une Société de Services en Ingénierie Informatique (SSII), sa filiale tunisienne et quelques clients européens. Nos résultats indiquent que la confiance est perçue comme un facteur déterminant et structurant quand il est situé au niveau inter-organisationnel et non au niveau interpersonnel. Le rôle de la culture n’a pas été perçu de la même manière par les deux partenaires. Bien que les différences culturelles soient identifiées comme un facteur permettant l’élaboration et l’amélioration de la relation inter-organisationnelle par des individus appartenant à l’unité offshore (culture tunisienne), elles ont été considérées comme un élément contraignant par le vendeur mondial et ses clients (la culture européenne).
Les hôpitaux face aux contraintes de la démographie des anesthésistes-réanimateurs
Authors: Coriat Pierre , Pontone Silvia
Published: October 2013

Les contraintes démographiques auraient dû être un moteur de la modernisation de l’offre de soins et favoriser les restructurations hospitalières pour une meilleure efficience du circuit patient, garant de la qualité des soins. Mais face à ces contraintes, les hôpitaux publics ont gardé une organisation centrée sur le système de soins et sa régulation et maintenu leurs activités médicochirurgicales malgré un manque évident de médecins compétents. Les contraintes démographiques ont paradoxalement renforcé la gestion « notariale » des structures hospitalières et les « patriotismes de sites », avec pour seul but de maintenir une offre de soins chirurgicale dans le plus grand nombre d’établissements de santé possible. Cette démarche a conduit à augmenter le recours aux médecins hors UE dans le cadre de la nouvelle procédure d’autorisation d’exercice, à développer l‘activité des médecins anesthésistes-réanimateurs sur plusieurs sites, et surtout à recourir massivement à l’intérim, avec pour conséquence une diminution de la qualité des soins et une dépense qui n’est plus maîtrisée.
Les modes de rémunération des médecins des pays de l'OCDE
Authors: Paris Valérie , Devaux Marion
Published: October 2013

Cet article décrit les principaux modes de rémunération des médecins généralistes et spécialistes dans les pays de l’OCDE. Ceux-ci sont liés aux modes d’organisation des soins, qui eux-mêmes dépendent du système de soins (système national versus assurance obligatoire). Depuis le début des années 2000, de nombreux pays ont complété les modes traditionnels de rémunération (salaire, capitation et paiement à l’acte) par des paiements additionnels visant à accroître la qualité des soins et l’efficience du système.
Le paiement à la performance : contraire à l'éthique ou au service de la santé publique ?
Authors: Dormont Brigitte
Published: October 2013

Mis en place en 2012 sous la forme d’une « rémunération sur objectifs de santé publique », le paiement à la performance a conduit en France au versement d’une rémunération moyenne de 4 752 euros aux omnipraticiens. À l’origine ce type de paiement avait soulevé l’opposition du Conseil de l’ordre et de nombreuses critiques émanant de médecins et de chercheurs en sciences sociales. Face à ces oppositions de principe, l’état des lieux montre une variabilité considérable des pratiques en médecine ambulatoire et une prise en charge des maladies chroniques insuffisante chez la majorité des médecins. C’est pourquoi il est conforme à l’éthique de chercher à modifier les comportements afin d’encourager les actes préventifs et d’améliorer l’accès de tous à des soins de qualité. Cependant, comme toute incitation financière, le paiement à la performance peut avoir des effets contraires aux objectifs recherchés. Il est donc important qu’il ne constitue qu’une partie limitée de la rémunération du médecin et qu’une évaluation rigoureuse de ses effets soit systématiquement réalisée.
Building on What They Bring
Authors: Bright Anita , Connor Michael Ames
Published: October 2013

As each child arrives in school with a series of family-provided and possibly previous-schooling-provided memories and experiences to draw from, culturally responsive teachers probe, learn about, and build upon these opportunities. With a focus on ways to best tailor instruction to capitalize upon the strengths each child brings to the classroom, this chapter explores some of the ways cultural norms around mathematics may shape a young child’s early mathematical experiences in a U.S.-based school setting. Additionally, this chapter includes a focus on the key role of families and ways culturally mediated beliefs about the role of the teacher and learner influence mathematics instruction. Further, this chapter touches upon several specific mathematical examples that differ around the world.
Preparing Teachers to be Effective in Cross-Cultural Learning Environments
Authors: Onchwari Grace
Published: October 2013

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only 18.9 percent of elementary and middle school teachers are from diverse backgrounds. Only 15 percent of preschool and kindergarten teachers are minority (“Household Data Annual Averages,” 2008). The current teacher workforce remains predominantly white, middle class (Hughes & Kwok, 2007), and female (Kearney, 2008; Weinstein, Tomlinson-Clark & Curran, 2004; Garmon, 2005; Thomas & Kearney, 2008). Another problem that affects teacher workforce is that half of new teachers leave their jobs within their first five years of teaching (Kearney, 2008). Because of high burn out due to improper working conditions and lack of support, teachers are leaving schools with a high minority rate (Horng, 2009). Therefore, this chapter is intended to stimulate reflections on strategies to deal with the increasing diversity in the national teacher educator workforce. Further, since diversity is a complex issue, issues that teachers of all ethnicities (including white) come across in working with culturally diverse learners are also examined.
The Role of Textual Graph Patterns in Discovering Event Causality
Authors: Rink Bryan , Bejan Cosmin Adrian , Harabagiu Sanda
Published: October 2013

We present a novel method for discovering causal relations between events encoded in text. In order to determine if two events from the same sentence are in a causal relation or not, we first build a graph representation of the sentence that encodes lexical, syntactic, and semantic information. From such graph representations we automatically extract multiple graph patterns (or subgraphs). The patterns are sorted according to their contribution to the expression of intra-sentential causality between events. To decide whether a pair of events is in a causal relation, we employ a binary classifier that uses the graph patterns. Our experimental results indicate that capturing causal event relations using graph patterns outperforms existing methods.
Play-by-Play Learning for Textual User Interfaces
Authors: Blaylock Nate , de Beaumont William , Galescu Lucian , Jung Hyuckchul , Allen James , Ferguson George , Swift Mary
Published: October 2013

This chapter describes a dialog system for task learning and its application to textual user interfaces. Our system, PLOW, uses observation of user demonstration, together with the user’s play-by-play description of that demonstration, to learn complex tasks. We describe some preliminary experiments which show that this technique may make it possible for users without any programming experience to create tasks via natural language.
Using LIWC and Coh-Metrix to Investigate Gender Differences in Linguistic Styles
Authors: Bell Courtney M. , McCarthy Philip M. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: October 2013

We use computational linguistic tools to investigate gender differences in language use within the context of marital conflict. Using the Language Inquiry and Word Count tool (LIWC), differences between genders were significant for the use of self references, but not for the use of social words and positive and negative emotion words. Using Coh-Metrix, differences were significant for the use of syntactic complexity, global argument overlap, and density of logical connectors but not for the use of word frequency, frequency of causal verbs and particles, global Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), local argument overlap, and local LSA. These results confirmed some expectations but failed to confirm the majority of the expectations based on the biological theory of gender, which defines gender in terms of biological sex resulting in polarized and static language differences based on the speaker’s gender.
Remobilisation of uranium from contaminated freshwater sediments by bioturbation
Authors: Lagauzère S. , Motelica-Heino M. , Viollier E. , Stora G. , Bonzom J. M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated that benthic macro-invertebrate bioturbation can influence the remobilization of uranium initially associated with freshwater sediments resulting in a high release of this pollutant through the overlying water column. Giving the potential negative effects on aquatic biocenosis and the global ecological risk, it appeared crucial to improve our current knowledge concerning the uranium biogeochemical behaviour in sediments. The present study aimed to assess the biogeochemical modifications induced by Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae) bioturbation within the sediment permitting to explain such a release of uranium. To reach this goal, uranium distribution between solid and solute phases of a reconstructed benthic system (i.e. in mesocosms) inhabited or not by T. tubifex worms was assessed in a 12 day laboratory experiment. Thanks notably to fine resolution (mm-scale) measurements (e.g. DET gels probes for porewater, bioaccumulation in worms) of uranium and main chemical species (iron, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite), this work permitted (i) to confirm that the removal of bottom sediment particles to the surface through the digestive tract of worms greatly favours the oxidative loss of uranium in the water column, and (ii) to demonstrate that both uranium contamination and bioturbation of T. tubifex substantially influence major microbial-driven biogeochemical reactions in sediments (e.g. stimulation of denitrification, sulfate-reduction and iron dissolutive reduction). This study provides the first demonstration of biogeochemical modifications induced by bioturbation in freshwater uranium-contaminated sediments.
Thermal shock and splash effects on burned gypseous soils from the Ebro Basin
Authors: León J. , Seeger M. , Badía D. , Peters P. , Echeverría M. T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Fire is a natural factor of landscape evolution in Mediterranean ecosystems. Middle Ebro Valley has extreme aridity, which determines a low plant cover and high soil erodibility of the soils, especially on gypseous substrates. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of a moderate heating, on physical and chemical soil properties, mineralogical composition and susceptibility to splash erosion. Topsoil samples (15 cm soil depth) were taken in the Remolinos mountain slopes (Ebro Valley, NE-Spain) from two soil types: Leptic Gypsisol (LP) in a convex slope and Haplic Gypsisol (GY) in a concave slope. To assess the heating effects on the mineralogy we burned the soils at 105 °C and 205 °C in an oven and to assess the splash effects we used a rainfall simulator under laboratory conditions using undisturbed topsoil subsamples (0–5 cm soil depth of Ah horizon). LP soil has lower SOM and SAS and higher gypsum content than GY soil. Gypsum and dolomite are the main minerals (>80%) in the LP soil, while gypsum, dolomite, calcite and quartz have similar proportions in GY soil. Clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) are scarce in both soils. Heating at 105 °C has no effect on soil mineralogy. However heating to 205 °C transforms gypsum to bassanite, increases significantly EC in both soil units (LP and GY) and decreases pH only in GY soil. Despite differences in the content of organic matter and structural stability, both soils show no significant differences (P < 0.01) in the splash erosion rates. The size of pores is reduced by heating treatment or fire effect, as derived from variations in pF.
Aumento de la conducta operante tras la presentación de estímulos condicionados asociados al efecto del etanol
Authors: Alarcón Acuña Daniel , Miguez Cavieres Gonzalo , Betancourt Mainhard Ronald
Published: October 2013

Estudios previos señalan que estímulos externos asociados a drogas adquieren propiedades motivacionales que llegan a controlar la respuesta operante de búsqueda/consumo de droga y otro tipo de recompensas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar que los ECs asociados al efecto del etanol adquieren propiedades motivacionales modificando la tasa de respuesta operante para la obtención de comida. Para ello se realizó un experimento de transferencia de control con ratas albinas. Al grupo experimental se le hicieron presentaciones contingentes del EC (tono) y el estímulo incondicionado (EI) (i.e., efecto del etanol). Los sujetos del grupo control tuvieron exposiciones aleatorias EC/EI. Posteriormente se comparó la tasa de respuesta operante para la búsqueda de comida frente al EC al etanol en el grupo experimental y control. Los resultados indican que los ECs asociados al efecto del etanol aumentan la respuesta operante frente a reforzadores naturales.
La práctica de la investigación educativa desde la psicología: Intereses implícitos y finalidad social
Authors: Carrasco Aguilar Claudia
Published: October 2013

El presente artículo busca desarrollar la tesis de que la Psicología y la Educación pueden vincularse en el ámbito de la Investigación Educativa, por medio de una relación que no ubique a ninguna de estas disciplinas en una posición de dominación sobre la otra. Tradicionalmente la Psicología se ha colocado al servicio de los intereses de reproducción social de la Educación, colaborando con su mantención por medio de estrategias de validación derivadas de las formas de investigación científica. Sin embargo, actualmente nos encontramos en un escenario en el cual las innovaciones y cuestionamientos éticos y políticos a estas formas de aproximarse al fenómeno educativo están comenzando a evidenciarse con mayor fuerza, demostrando que existen experiencias prácticas desde metodologías como la Sistematización de Experiencias y la Investigación-Acción, que colaboran con el cuestionamiento de la función social de la Investigación Educativa desde la intervención psicológica, con una finalidad última de emancipación social.
Aproximaciones al estudio de la Transmisión Transgeneracional del Trauma Psicosocial
Authors: Faúndez Ximena , Cornejo Marcela
Published: October 2013

El presente artículo hace una revisión de los principales estudios que se han realizado en torno al fenómeno de la tortura tras la dictadura militar chilena y analiza cómo estos estudios han abordado las consecuencias transgeneracionales de la tortura a nivel familiar. Se examinan brevemente los conceptos de tortura, trauma y transmisión transgeneracional, haciendo hincapié en la concepción de tortura como trauma psicosocial. Bajo los criterios de mecanismos y contenidos, se presentan desarrollos teóricos y los principales hallazgos de trabajos empíricos realizados en Chile y en diversas partes del mundo sobre la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial a segundas y terceras generaciones. Finalmente, lo presentado se discute, señalando algunas consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas para futuros estudios a nivel nacional.
Resiliencia Familiar: un enfoque de investigación e intervención con familias multiproblemáticas
Authors: Gómez Esteban , Kotliarenco María Angélica
Published: October 2013

En este artículo se presenta el concepto resiliencia familiar, revisando sus antecedentes históricos, desarrollos actuales y posibles aplicaciones en el campo de la intervención clínica, psicosocial y de salud con familias altamente vulnerables. Este enfoque permite articular los aportes teóricos y empíricos de campos hasta ahora inconexos, como las ciencias del desarrollo, la terapia familiar y la intervención biopsicosocial con familias y niños vulnerables. Se distingue entre el riesgo crónico, la crisis significativa o la tensión familiar, en cuya presencia se activan procesos de resiliencia diferentes. La resiliencia familiar se define como el conjunto de procesos de reorganización de significados y comportamientos que activa una familia sometida a estrés para recuperar y mantener niveles óptimos de funcionamiento y bienestar, equilibrando sus recursos y necesidades familiares. Quedan numerosos aspectos metodológicos que resolver, como evaluar familias integralmente, la necesidad de estudios longitudinales y de investigación especialmente diseñada a partir de este enfoque.
Constitución de subjetividades en el contexto terapéutico: Los discursos de la adicción en acción
Authors: Muñoz Sandoval Elda Alejandra
Published: October 2013

Nos proponemos reflexionar acerca del proceso de constituciónde subjetividades en el contexto del tratamiento de adicciones,proceso comprendido como producto de la articulación que el sujetoen tratamiento realiza entre los discursos oficiales y sus propios discursos sobre drogas.Desde el paradigma socioconstruccionista, específicamente la perspectiva discursiva, se analiza el efecto de discursos oficiales sobre drogas en el proceso de constitución del sujeto "paciente" durante la interacción terapéutica. El análisis demuestra que algunos discursos tienen el efecto de constituir sujetos dependientes y sin capacidad de decisión. Sin embargo, el sujeto no es un receptor pasivo de discursos, sino un agente activo que da sentido a su accionar, articulando discursos para justificar su consumo o para defender una identidad "positiva".
Hermanos de víctimas de agresiones sexuales: una aproximación a las víctimas indirectas
Authors: Espinoza Angelcos Yanitza , Förster Merkel Carla , Capella Sepúlveda Claudia
Published: October 2013

La presente investigación, de carácter cualitativo, tuvo por objetivo explorar las vivencias de hermanos/as de víctimas de agresiones sexuales en torno a la ocurrencia de la agresión sexual y sus consecuencias. Para esto se realizaron entrevistas a ocho adolescentes hermanos/as de víctimas y a sus adultos a cargo. Los resultados permiten concluir que, los hermanos/as de víctimas de agresiones sexuales pueden ser considerados como víctimas indirectas, en la medida que sufren un malestar subjetivo que es consecuencia de la develación de la situación de agresión sexual. Las características y la profundidad de los efectos negativos sufridos por estos sujetos dependen de factores tales como: la relación con el agresor, el funcionamiento familiar, la relación fraterna y los rasgos del individuo.
El riesgo como dispositivo de gobierno: neoprudencialismo y subjetivación
Authors: Sepúlveda Galeas Mauricio
Published: October 2013

En el presente artículo se analizan las prácticas discursivas sobre el riesgo en el contexto de los procesos de gubernamentalización neoliberal, entendiendo (problematizando) el riesgo como un dispositivo de gobierno, a través del cual se articulan procesos de objetivación y subjetivación característicos del capitalismo contemporáneo. En efecto, lo que se demanda hoy son almas capacitadas o, dicho de otro modo, subjetividades equipadas con las cualidades volátiles más cotizadas de la sociedad del riesgo, -responsabilidad, aguante, etc.- todas ellas plasmadas o encarnadas de forma ideal en el empresario de sí, y en particular, en el homo prudens; todas cualidades que "casualmente", directa o indirectamente, se hallan integradas en la parrilla de objetivos de los programas de prevención propios del ámbito "Psi".
Establishment of the red gum psyllid parasitoid
Authors: Huerta A. , Jaramillo J. , Araya J.E.
Published: October 2013

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was detected in Eucalyptus sp. foliage in Santiago, Chile, in 2002. The successful biological control results obtained in the US and México using Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) prompted its use in Chile. After its introduction during 2003, it became established in two years. To assess its effectiveness on G. brimblecombei, the level of parasitism by P. bliteus was determined in four sampling sites in Santiago, where random samples of 50 lerps (carbohydrates and protein shelters) were collected per site on trees infested with the psyllid every other week, during a 4 month period in the spring-summer of 2008-2009. Also, natural enemies were sampled with sticky traps on ten trees at two sites, which were evaluated every 15 days. Results were compared with a previous evaluation. The density of nymphs of the psyllid was ostensibly reduced by the action of P. bliteus throughout the season. The biological control program of G. brimblecombei with P. bliteus is developing well when comparing results with the previous evaluation in 2005 in Santiago, with a significant increase in the rate of parasitism. Generalist predators had also interacting with P. bliteus and G. brimblecombei. These results indicate a promising use of this parasitoid to strengthen the integrated management of the red gum lerp psyllid in the central zone of Chile.
Segmentação de Consumidores de Produtos e Serviços Bancários: um Estudo Exploratório
Authors: Bueno Regiane , Akemi Ikeda Ana
Published: October 2013

O estudo em questo, caracterizado como exploratrio-descritivo, procura investigar qual o efeito das variveis demogrficas e comportamentais nas decises dos consumidores voltadas aquisio de cada um dos principais produtos e servios oferecidos pelas instituies financeiras. Para tanto, nfase dada aos bancos, os quais constituem os principais responsveis pela movimentao dos fluxos financeiros entre tomadores e ofertadores de recursos na Economia Global. A partir dessa investigao, objetivou-se agrupar tais indivduos em categorias criadas atravs da constatao de diferentes caractersticas, escolhas e comportamentos. Foi realizada uma Anlise de Cluster, onde foram definidos agrupamentos dos respondentes com base em semelhanas apresentadas a partir de uma amostra de 414 respondentes com idades de 18 a 81 anos. Em seguida, foi feita a anlise discriminante para segmentar os mesmos respondentes com base em caractersticas pr-definidas, comparando-se os resultados obtidos com a adoo de ambas as tcnicas e chegando concluso de que a anlise dos agrupamentos a ferramenta cujos resultados melhor definem a segmentao e a caracterizao de cada grupo de clientes bancrios. Por fim, ambos os modelos so validados, alm de serem apresentadas as principais limitaes e direcionadores futuros da presente pesquisa.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i2.2333
Subcultura Cosplay: a Extensão do Self em um Grupo de Consumo
Authors: Barboza Renata Andreoni , Da Silva Rogério Ramalho
Published: October 2013

Este artigo busca explorar uma subcultura jovem e nica, a subcultura Cosplay, e tem como objetivo compreender quais os fatores que desencadeiam e iniciam o processo de extenso de si no Cosplayer, e como ele se relaciona com o seu grupo de consumo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratria e descritiva, inspirada no mtodo netnogrfico, com 19 Cosplayers brasileiros. Observou-se que ser Cosplayer, parte de um dos constructos do self deste indivduo, mas no possvel extender o self utilizando-se do Cosplay, sem fazer parte desta comunidade.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i2.2355
A Heurística do Afeto e o Conceito de “Avaliabilidade”: Experimentos no Contexto Brasileiro
Authors: Avila Marcos Gonçalves , Farias Paula Fogacci de
Published: October 2013

Na literatura recente, encontramos a denominada affect heuristic: respostas afetivas que ocorreriam rpida e automaticamente, servindo de atalho mental nos processos de deciso (Slovic et al, 2002). Bateman et al. (2007) examinaram o papel do afeto in determinar julgamentos e decises e apresentaram resultados experimentais demonstrando que a introduo de uma pequena perda como um componente de um jogo pode aumentar a atratividade do jogo. Neste estudo, ns replicamos os experimentos de Bateman et al. (2007), com resultados similares e discutimos o conceito de avaliabilidade (Hsee, 1996, 1998, Slovic et al, 2002 e Bateman et al, 2007), para explicar esses resultados. No geral, os resultados demonstram a importncia de fatores contextuais na determinao das impresses afetivas e oferecem suporte para a proposio que destaca a importncia da heurstica do afeto em processos de julgamento e tomada de deciso.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i2.2487
O Que os Outros Pensam sobre Marketing? A Contribuição da Disciplina para as Ciências Sociais
Authors: Silveira Cleo Schmitt , Esteves Priscila Silva , Rossi Carlos Alberto Vargas
Published: October 2013

Desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa exploratria, com pesquisadores de reas relacionadas a Marketing, buscando analisar a utilizao e interesse pelos conceitos tericos de Marketing por outras disciplinas. Observou-se uma viso limitada sobre sua atuao, falta de consenso sobre seu status cientfico e baixo interesse das outras reas. Diante disso, estimula-se a discusso sobre uma possvel reviso de seu escopo, que poderia aprofundar seu conhecimento sobre Marketing Social, aproximar-se mais da Economia e explicar o Comportamento do Consumidor. Nos dois casos, precisa desenvolver mais sua teoria prpria, contribuindo para alterar seu status cientfico e para a to necessria interdisciplinaridade entre as Cincias Sociais.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i2.2496
Decreased Expressions of Toll-Like Receptor 9 and Its Signaling Molecules in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus–Infected Patients
Authors: Sajadi Seyyed Mohammad Ali , Mirzaei Vahid , Hassanshahi Gholamhossein , Khorramdelazad Hossein , Daredor Hassan Yousefi , Hosseini Seyyed Mohammad Hossein , Moogooi Mojgan , Ravary Ali , Arababadi Mohammad Kazemi , Kennedy Derek
Published: October 2013

Context.—Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in immune responses, especially innate immunity, against viral infections. Toll-like receptor 9 recognizes intracellular viral double-strand DNA, which leads to the activation of nuclear factor B (NF-κB) through the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) pathway. Defects in the expression of TLR9 and its signaling molecules may cause attenuated immune responses against hepatitis B virus.

Objective.—To determine expression levels of TLR9 messenger RNA along with MYD88, interleukin 1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and NF-κB in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB)–infected patients.

Design.—In this study, 60 CHB patients and 60 healthy controls were recruited and the expression of TLR9 and its downstream signaling molecules was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques using β-actin as a housekeeping gene.

Results.—Our results showed that expression of TLR9, MYD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CHB patients was significantly decreased in comparison with healthy controls.

Conclusions.—According to our results, it appears that CHB patients are unable to appropriately express genes in the TLR9 pathway, which may impede immune responses against hepatitis B virus infection. These results suggest a mechanism that may partially explain the fact that immune responses are disrupted in CHB patients.
Immunostaining for Rapid Diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with the Tetramethylrhodamine-5-Isothiocyanate–Conjugated Anti–Promyelocytic Leukemia Monoclonal Antibody PG-M3
Authors: Alayed Khaled M. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Phan Danh , Ojiaku Chinemerem , Patel Jyoti , Yap Jan Paul V. , McCord Yen , Woods Janaya S. , Konoplev Sergej , Bueso-Ramos Carlos E. , Reyes Steven R.
Published: October 2013

Context.—Anti–promyelocytic leukemia (PML) immunofluorescence staining is a known diagnostic tool for rapid diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

Objective.—We describe our methods using the recently developed, commercially available, tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate–labeled PG-M3 anti-PML antibody for APL testing.

Design.—Immunofluorescence staining with the tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate–labeled PG-M3 antibody was used to detect PML-RARA in bone marrow aspirate and/or peripheral blood smears from 30 patients with acute leukemia. The results were compared with those of concurrent testing with our in-house polyclonal anti-PML antibody and with established tests.

Results.—All APL cases showed a positive (fine/microgranular) immunofluorescence staining pattern, whereas non-APL cases showed a negative (chunky/macrogranular) pattern. These results, which were available within 2 hours, were validated by testing with the polyclonal anti-PML antibody and with established cytogenetic and molecular testing methods.

Conclusions.—We validated the utility of the tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate–labeled anti-PML antibody PG-M3 for the diagnosis of APL. Our results indicate that immunofluorescence staining with this antibody is a rapid and reliable method for the diagnosis of APL.
The Utility of the BIOMED-2 Primers in the Detection of 2 Clonal, B-Lymphoproliferative Disorders Simultaneously Involving the Same Site
Authors: Ly Brenda , Cotta Claudiu V.
Published: October 2013

Context.—Molecular tests for clonality performed on atypical lymphoid lesions may yield abnormal results because of the coexistence of monoclonal B lymphocytosis or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in the sample investigated.

Objective.—To investigate the ability of the BIOMED-2 sets of primers to identify 2 clonal populations in the same formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sample.

Design.—Ten cases with 2 B-lymphoproliferative disorders at the same site were analyzed using 5 BIOMED-2 primer sets (IGH FR1, FR2, FR3, IGK VJ, and IGK VKde).

Results.—All 10 cases (100%) showed at least 1 clone; 8 of 10 cases (80%) had 2 clones with at least 1 primer set, and the 2 clones were shown by 4 or 5 primer sets in none of the cases (0%), by 3 sets in 1 of 10 cases (10%), by 2 sets in 4 of 10 cases (40%), and by 1 set in 3 of 10 cases (30%). The most effective set was IGH FR2, detecting 4 of 10 biclonal cases (40%). The IGK VJ and IGK VKde each showed 2 clones in 3 of 10 cases (30% each). The least effective sets were IGH FR1 and FR3, with 2 of 10 cases (20%) each, with IGH FR1 being the least useful.

Conclusions.—The BIOMED-2 primers are effective in the detection of 2 clonal populations in the same sample.
Review of Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2/neu Immunohistochemistry Impacts on Treatment for a Small Subset of Breast Cancer Patients Transferring Care to Another Institution
Authors: Jorns Julie M. , Healy Patrick , Zhao Lili
Published: October 2013

Context.—Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu studies are variably submitted for pathology review but are influential in treatment choices for breast cancer patients seeking second opinion or transferring care.

Objective.—To determine the frequency of interinstitutional discordance for the interpretation of ER/PR and HER-2/neu immunohistochemical slides and assess the resulting clinical significance.

Design.—One thousand one hundred thirty-nine ER, 1111 PR, and 663 HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry stains from 1139 cases were reviewed at contributing and referral centers and compared for concordance and clinical impact of discordance.

Results.—Interinstitutional concordance for individual stains was excellent (ER: κ = 0.93; PR: κ = 0.90; HER-2/neu: κ = 0.93). One hundred four (9.1%) had interinstitutional discordance in 1 or more stains; however, the majority of the discordance was clinically insignificant. Seven patients (0.6%) had a clinically significant change in treatment recommendation based on review and 2 (0.2%) had interpretation changes that would likely have resulted in treatment change had they not already completed therapy. Two patients (0.2%) had change in treatment despite concordant interpretations.

Conclusions.—Overall, there was excellent interinstitutional concordance for pathology review of ER, PR, and HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry stains. However, a small but significant number of patients (0.8%) received potential benefit from review, justifying inclusion of these slides along with other pathology slides to be reviewed for all breast cancer patients being seen at another institution who have not yet completed hormonal and/or chemotherapy.
Rupture model of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake from teleseismic and regional waveforms
Authors: Hartzell Stephen , Mendoza Carlos , Zeng Yuehua
Published: October 2013

We independently invert teleseismic P waveforms and regional crustal phases to examine the finite fault slip model for the 2011 Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake. Theoretical and empirical Green's functions are used for the teleseismic and regional models, respectively. Both solutions show two distinct sources each about 2 km across and separated by 2.5 km. The source at the hypocenter is more localized in the regional model leading to a higher peak slip of 130 cm and higher average stress drop of 250 bars compared with 86 cm and 150 bars for the same source in the teleseismic model. Both sources are centered at approximately 8 km depth in the regional model, largely below the aftershock distribution. In the teleseismic model, the sources extend updip to approximately 6 km depth, into the depth range of the aftershocks. The rupture velocity is not well resolved but appears to be near 2.7 km/s.
Suomi‐NPP VIIRS aerosol algorithms and data products
Authors: Jackson John M. , Liu Hongqing , Laszlo Istvan , Kondragunta Shobha , Remer Lorraine A. , Huang Jingfeng , Huang Ho‐Chun
Published: October 2013

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument on board the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) spacecraft was launched in October 2011. The instrument has 22 spectral channels with band centers from 412 nm to 12,050 nm. The VIIRS aerosol data products are derived primarily from the radiometric channels covering the visible through the short‐wave infrared spectral regions (412 nm to 2250 nm). The major components of the VIIRS aerosol retrieval process are data screening, land inversion, ocean inversion, suspended matter typing, and aggregation. The primary data product produced is the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) environmental data record. A higher resolution AOT intermediate product is also produced. These AOT products and their corresponding retrieval algorithms are described in detail, including theoretical basis, retrieval limitations, and data quality flagging. Preliminary evaluation of the data products has been undertaken by the VIIRS aerosol calibration/validation team using Aerosol Robotic Network ground‐based observations to show that the performance of AOT retrievals meets the requirements specified in the Joint Polar Satellite System Level 1 requirements.
Improved assessment of gross and net primary productivity of Canada's landmass
Authors: Gonsamo Alemu , Chen Jing M. , Price David T. , Kurz Werner A. , Liu Jane , Boisvenue Céline , Hember Robbie A. , Wu Chaoyang , Chang Kuo‐Hsien
Published: October 2013

We assess Canada's gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) using boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS) at 250 m spatial resolution with improved input parameter and driver fields and phenology and nutrient release parameterization schemes. BEPS is a process‐based two‐leaf enzyme kinetic terrestrial ecosystem model designed to simulate energy, water, and carbon (C) fluxes using spatial data sets of meteorology, remotely sensed land surface variables, soil properties, and photosynthesis and respiration rate parameters. Two improved key land surface variables, leaf area index (LAI) and land cover type, are derived at 250 m from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor. For diagnostic error assessment, we use nine forest flux tower sites where all measured C flux, meteorology, and ancillary data sets are available. The errors due to input drivers and parameters are then independently corrected for Canada‐wide GPP and NPP simulations. The optimized LAI use, for example, reduced the absolute bias in GPP from 20.7% to 1.1% for hourly BEPS simulations. Following the error diagnostics and corrections, daily GPP and NPP are simulated over Canada at 250 m spatial resolution, the highest resolution simulation yet for the country or any other comparable region. Total NPP (GPP) for Canada's land area was 1.27 (2.68) Pg C for 2008, with forests contributing 1.02 (2.2) Pg C. The annual comparisons between measured and simulated GPP show that the mean differences are not statistically significant (p > 0.05, paired t test). The main BEPS simulation error sources are from the driver fields.
Modular‐based adaptive control of uncertain nonlinear time‐varying systems with piecewise jumping parameters
Authors: Zhu Yang , Wen Changyun , Su Hongye , Liu Xiangbin
Published: October 2013

Nonlinear time‐varying systems exist widely in practice. Therefore, it is of great theoretical importance and practical value to investigate the problem of controlling such systems. However, the results available in developing adaptive control to address such a problem are still limited. Especially a majority of them are restricted to be slowly time‐varying linear systems. This paper presents a modular‐based adaptive control scheme for parametric strict feedback nonlinear time‐varying systems. The parameters considered include both continuous and piecewise time‐varying parameters, and they are not necessarily restricted to be slowly time‐varying or infrequent jumping. The technique of adaptive backstepping with nonlinear damping is employed in the control design module, while the parameter projection algorithm is performed on the parameter estimation module. It is proved that the uniform boundedness of all closed‐loop system signals can be guaranteed with the proposed control scheme. The performance of the tracking error in the mean square sense with respect to the parameter variation rate is also established. Furthermore, perfect asymptotically tracking can be achieved when the varying rates of unknown parameters are in the space. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocomposite‐Strengthened Dissolving Microneedles for Improved Transdermal Delivery to Human Skin
Authors: Yan Li , Raphael Anthony P. , Zhu Xiaoyue , Wang Beilei , Chen Wei , Tang Tao , Deng Yan , Sant Himanshu J. , Zhu Guangyu , Choy Kwong Wai , Gale Bruce K. , Prow Tarl W. , Chen Xianfeng
Published: October 2013

Delivery of drugs and biomolecules into skin has significant advantages. To achieve this, herein, a nanomaterial‐strengthened dissolving microneedle patch for transdermal delivery is reported. The patch comprises thousands of microneedles, which are composed of dissolving polymers, nanomaterials, and drug/biomolecules in their interior. With the addition of nanomaterials, the mechanical property of generally weak dissolving polymers can be dramatically improved without sacrificing dissolution rate within skin. In this experiments, layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanoparticles are incorporated into sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to form a nanocomposite. The results show that, by adding 5 wt% of LDH nanoparticles into CMC, the mechanical strength significantly increased. Small and densely packed CMC–LDH microneedles penetrate human and pig skin more reliably than pure CMC ones and attractively the nanocomposite‐strengthened microneedles dissolve in skin and release payload within only 1 min. Finally, the application of using the nanocomposite‐strengthened microneedle arrays is tested for in vivo vaccine delivery and the results show that significantly stronger antibody response could be induced when compared with subcutaneous injection. These data suggest that nanomaterials could be useful for fabricating densely packed and small polymer microneedles that have robust mechanical properties and rapid dissolution rates and therefore potential use in clinical applications.