bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UG secondary development of path generation of straight profile toroidal worm finishing tool
Authors: Ye Lin , Ling He , Xu Zhengmao , Zhou Jinbo
Published: August 2024

Due to the complexity of the right and left tooth surfaces of the straight profile toroidal worm, it is difficult in 3D modeling and NC programming. Based on the equal residual height algorithm, this paper deduces the calculation formula of the cutter contact and cutter point of the tooth surface of the straight profile toroidal worm by using the round nose milling cutter, calculates the cutter point coordinates and rotation angles of each point of the tooth surface of the straight profile toroidal worm through the UG secondary development interface and Visual Studio software, and generates the numerical control code on this basis. The machining simulation and experiment show that the machining efficiency and error of the straight profile torus worm machined by the tool path prepared by the equal residual height method are better than that of the isoparametric method.
Effect of contact materials on the transient characteristics of vacuum arc plasma and anode erosion
Authors: YANG 杨 Ze 泽 , CAI 蔡 Dongsheng 东升 , HUANG 黄 Qi 琦 , WANG 王 Lijun 立军
Published: August 2024

In this study, the mechanisms of the anode phenomena and anode erosion with various contact materials were investigated. Arc parameters were calculated, and the anode temperature was predicted with a transient self-consistent model. The simulation results predicted a constricted arc column and obvious anode phenomena in Cu–Cr alloy contacts than in W–Cu alloy contacts. This observation could be the reason for the concentrated anode erosion in Cu–Cr alloys. For the contacts made by pure tungsten (W) and W–Cu alloy, the anode temperature increased rapidly because of the low specific heat of W. However, the maximum energy flux from the arc column to the anode surface was lower than in other cases. The simulation results were compared with experimental results.
Pyrometallurgical processing of manganese ore
Authors: Behera A , Patel P , Ghosh A , Tripathy A , Sahoo S K
Published: August 2024

Manganese ore contains valuable oxides, such as manganese oxide (MnO2/Mn2O3/Mn3O4), iron oxide (Fe2O3) and silica (SiO2). In the present study, an attempt has been made to separate these oxides through pyrometallurgical processing routes for the extraction of ferromanganese and silicomanganese. Lean manganese ores were subjected to ball milling followed by carbothermic reduction at a temperature of 1200 °C for 2 h. The reduced ores were then subjected to wet magnetic separation to obtain the magnetic constituents in the reduced ores. It was observed that it is not possible to remove the silica content from the ore. It appeared that the reduced sample had oxides of iron, silicon and manganese after its wet magnetic separation. The magnetic constituents were subjected to metallothermic reduction through pure aluminium powders to recover valuable metals/alloys.
Adaptive super-twisted sliding mode trajectory tracking control for quadrotor UAV with prescribed performance based on finite-time disturbance observer
Authors: Liang Hongji , Li Junli , Zhang Yuanyao
Published: August 2024

This study proposes a finite-time disturbed observer-based prescribed performance adaptive super-twisted sliding mode trajectory tracking control scheme for quadrotor UAV. Based on the super-twisted sliding mode algorithm, adaptive control, finite-time theory, and prescribed performance control, this scheme aims to achieve stable tracking of a quadrotor UAV along a defined trajectory. This is achieved even when faced with challenges such as modeling uncertainty, external uncertainty, and complex interference environments. Firstly, the coupling between the channels and the disturbance effects are unified as the aggregate disturbance. To address the issue of the adverse impact of aggregate disturbance on system performance, a new finite-time disturbance observer is developed to estimate the overall disturbance. The observer can effectively eliminate the negative effects of the aggregate disturbance without considering the disturbed boundary conditions during the design process. Secondly, the disturbance estimation information and the adaptive super-twisted algorithm are used to construct the adaptive super-twisted sliding mode controllers for the position and attitude loops, respectively. Then, a prescribed performance control is designed to predefined the time for the position loop to effectively suppress the deleterious effects of interference. This ensures that the position system can quickly meet the prescribed tracking requirements. Finally, the stability of the designed trajectory tracking control system is demonstrated using the Lyapunov theorem. Numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller.
Conclusions
Authors: Kerr Nicholas
Published: August 2024

Chapter 8 reviews the book’s theoretical framework on the informational role of electoral commissions in Africa and summarizes the empirical implications for political elites and citizens based on evidence from cross-national analyses of sub-Saharan Africa and a case study of Nigeria. Then the chapter explores the relevance of the book’s findings for scholarly debates in the literatures on electoral administration, political institutions, and democratization and further indicates potential areas for future research. The chapter concludes by outlining several policy initiatives that governments, civil society groups, the donor community, and electoral commissions can pursue to enhance the performance of electoral commissions and other institutions of electoral governance in Africa and other developing contexts.
The Naming of Parts
Authors: Atherton Ian
Published: August 2024

Naming a battle is not an automatic process determined simply by location, but a deliberate and often contested act. This chapter examines the naming process from the fourteenth to the twenty-first centuries, arguing that there are five types of battlefield name: topographic; toponymic; iconic; prophetic; and chronological. Naming is the first stage of memory. Classifying some fighting as a battle and then giving it a particular and usually unique name was not only to make claims about the importance of that event, it was to shape a particular set of memories about the incident. Naming a battle inserts it into history so that it may stand alongside the catalogue of all the other named battles. Naming allows a memory to be preserved; naming turns a battle into history.
Loving Justice
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: August 2024

This chapter completes the argument that justice is loving justice. Earlier it was argued that at the core of virtue is practical wisdom for which emotional excellence is necessary and at the core of emotional excellence lie the Grundstimmungen of lovingness. Since this is a property of all virtues the Grundstimmungen of lovingness are part of practical wisdom in the case of justice. The chapter defends the view that justice as a personal virtue is loving by arguing the following: Conceptions of justice which have no place for love are in effect vices related to justice, what I call ‘vices of justice’. Justice is compatible with emotions such as (properly focused) contempt and anger notwithstanding the existence of views that contempt and anger are incompatible with love and even respect, and are thus incompatible with justice as loving justice. Justice is compatible with virtues of love such as grace which might appear to be unjust.
The lucidity in dementia experience: perspectives from family and professional caregivers
Authors: Ramirez Mildred , Teresi Jeanne A , Silver Stephanie , Gonzalez-Lopez Paloma , van Meer Irena , Ghaemmaghamfarahani Ida , Boratgis Gabriel , Devenand Davangere , Luchsinger Jose A
Published: August 2024

Background

Family and professional caregivers of individuals with dementia often witness care-receiver’s lucidity events.

Objective

A qualitative data analysis was performed of documented family and professional caregivers’ experiences and their respective appraisals of lucidity events.

Research Design and Methods

Using a reduction method of selection, data from 10 in-home family caregivers and 20 professional caregivers to long-term care residents was content-coded and analysed. Framed by a priori research questions, a summative approach to qualitative content analysis guided the interpretation of findings.

Results

Eight of 10 family- and 15 of 20 staff caregivers gave an example of what they believed was a witnessed lucid event; 88% of family- and 40% of staff caregivers’ provided examples that appeared to fit the conceptual definition of lucidity. The emotional impact that the events had on both sets of caregivers was reported. Family caregivers’ characterization of lucidity events reflected appraisals of a puzzling occurrence while staff caregivers depicted elements associated with dementia, and lucidity descriptors. The enhanced verbal communication followed by the brief, unexpected quality of lucidity, were the main elements highlighted by both sets of caregivers in their description of lucidity to others. The variability and complexity of the lucidity phenomenon and the potential challenges it poses for both sets of caregivers were characterized. Commonalities and divergences across responses were highlighted.

Discussion

Findings validated previous studies’ results. The notions introduced by both types of caregivers were thought-provoking and borne practical, clinical, ethical, and assessment (measurement) applicability.
Forum: The Russia–Ukraine War and Reactions from the Global South
Authors: Nadkarni Vidya , D’Anieri Paul , Kerr Sydney , Sharafutdinova Gulnaz , Pu Xiaoyu , Ollapally Deepa M , Velasco Junior Paulo , Moore Candice , Divsallar Abdolrasool
Published: August 2024

The war between Russia and Ukraine has been a topic of interest for scholars and policymakers worldwide. Western countries have condemned and imposed sanctions on Russia, while countries in the Global South have taken varying positions. In this Forum, we will analyse the origins of the war and the responses to it of key countries in the Global South, including China, India, Brazil, South Africa, and Iran. The war has multiple causes, and identifying them has implications for understanding what is necessary to regain peace. However, reaching a consensus on its causes will not be easy. Great and middle powers in the Global South have refused to condemn Russia’s aggression, at the same time claiming to uphold the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity. Their positions are shaped by different perspectives and trade-offs between instrumental calculations and normative considerations. The war in Ukraine has brought the issue of global order to the forefront of world politics. It raises the questions of whether the structure of the international system is shifting towards a post-Western order or whether the conflict has strengthened Western domination. Furthermore, countries in the Global South question the legitimacy of certain aspects of the Western-dominated order. By examining the perspectives of the Global South, this Forum may contribute to discussions on the Russia–Ukraine war and the role of the Global South in the shifting global order.
Sex differences in prevalence and characteristics of imaging-detected atherosclerosis: a population-based study
Authors: Swahn Eva , Sederholm Lawesson Sofia , Alfredsson Joakim , Fredrikson Mats , Angerås Oskar , Duvernoy Olov , Engström Gunnar , Eriksson Maria J , Fagman Erika , Johansson Bengt , Johnson Linda , Johnston Nina , Ljungberg Johan , Mannila Maria , Nordendahl Maria , Oldgren Jonas , Omerovic Elmir , Ostenfeld Ellen , Persson Margaretha , Rosengren Annika , Skoglund Larsson Linn , Sundström Johan , Söderberg Mia , Östgren Carl Johan , Leander Karin , Jernberg Tomas
Published: August 2024

Aims

Men are more likely to suffer a myocardial infarction than women, but population-based studies on sex differences in imaging-detected atherosclerosis are lacking. The aims were to assess sex differences in the prevalence of imaging-detected coronary and carotid atherosclerosis, as well as multivariable adjusted associations between sex and atherosclerosis.

Methods and results

Participants aged 50–65, recruited from the general population to the Swedish Cardiopulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), were included in this population-based cross-sectional study. Comprehensive diagnostics, including coronary computed tomography angiography and carotid ultrasound, were performed. The image findings were any coronary atherosclerosis, coronary stenosis ≥ 50%, segment involvement score (SIS) ≥ 4, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) > 100, and any ultrasound-detected carotid plaque. In 25 580 participants (50% women), men had more hypertension (20.3% vs. 17.0%), hyperlipidaemia (9.0% vs. 5.5%), and diabetes (8.5% vs. 4.7%). The prevalence was 56.2% vs. 29.5% for any coronary atherosclerosis (P < 0.01), 9.0% vs. 2.3% for coronary stenosis ≥ 50% (P < 0.01), 20.2% vs. 5.3% for SIS ≥ 4 (P < 0.01), 18.2% vs. 5.6% for CACS > 100 (P < 0.01), and 60.9% vs. 48.7% for carotid plaque (P < 0.01), in men vs. women, respectively. Multivariable adjustment only marginally changed these associations: odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval): 2.75 (2.53–2.99) for coronary atherosclerosis, 2.88 (2.40–3.45) for coronary stenosis ≥ 50%, 3.99 (3.50–4.55) for SIS ≥ 4, 3.29 (2.88–3.75) for CACS > 100, and 1.57 (1.45–1.70) for carotid plaque.

Conclusion

Men had higher prevalence of imaging-detected carotid and coronary atherosclerosis with prevalence in women aged 65 corresponding to men 11–13 years younger. The associations remained after extensive multivariable adjustment.
Severe hypotension requiring resuscitation in tumour-related carotid sinus syndrome: a case report
Authors: Klingenberg Martijn G , Sinkeler Steef J , Koopmans Niels , Plaat Robin E
Published: August 2024

Background

An uncommon cause of reflex syncope is carotid sinus syndrome (CSS). In rare cases, this can be caused by compression of the carotid sinus by a progressive or invasive tumour.

Case summary

A 57-year-old female was presented at the emergency department with recurrent syncope in the morning. After initial observation, no heart rhythm abnormalities or syncope were observed. The day after discharge, she was presented again with a syncope. Hypotension and bradycardia were observed this time. Furthermore, a mass in the neck area was found near the carotid artery. She was admitted to the cardiology department with suspected carotid sinus syndrome for telemetric observation. Diagnostics by biopsy and PET-CT showed a metastasized squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Initial treatment of dexamethasone was started after which the recurrence of the syncope decreased. However, during admission, an in-hospital cardiac arrest occurred due to persistent vagal stimulation. As a result, the patient was started on neoadjuvant chemotherapy and midodrine, after which she experienced multiple complications and died.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report that shows an IHCA due to severe hypotension related to a carotid sinus syndrome.
A novel case report of isolated cardiac myxedematosus
Authors: Murphy Brittany Saldivar , Liu Angela , Dendy Jeffrey M , Johnson Joyce E , Zalawadiya Sandip K
Published: August 2024

Background

Cardiac mucinous deposits are a rare entity only previously described in the setting of scleromyxedema, a disorder characterized by cutaneous and systemic mucin deposits, fibroblastic proliferation, and monoclonal gammopathies.

Case summary

A 41-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital after a month-long hospitalization with worsening cardiogenic shock requiring ionotropic support. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 23%, prior right coronary artery infarct, full-thickness late gadolinium enhancement in the left ventricle basilar wall, global abnormal parametric mapping parameters of both native T1, T2, and extracellular volume, and severe biventricular dysfunction concerning for infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Endomyocardial biopsy demonstrated heavy deposits of interstitial mucin, confirmed by electron microscopy; a Congo red stain was negative for amyloid. She was treated with an aggressive decongestive strategy, oral guideline-directed medical therapy, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); she was discharged home off inotropic support. Subsequently, she had three additional hospitalizations for heart failure exacerbation in a span of 6 months, and her overall prognosis remains guarded.

Discussion

We report a first known case of isolated cardiac myxedematosus associated with a severe systolic and diastolic cardiomyopathy. Our patient did not have any clinical evidence of systemic scleromyxedema or paraproteinemia, both of which have been reported in association with cardiac mucin deposits. Mucinosus has been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematous; however, cardiac deposits have not been reported. While IVIg has been used as a treatment in previously reported cases of cardiac scleromyxedema, its clinical benefit remains unclear in isolated cardiac myxedematosus.
Deep learning algorithm for predicting left ventricular systolic dysfunction in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response
Authors: Jeong Joo Hee , Kang Sora , Lee Hak Seung , Lee Min Sung , Son Jeong Min , Kwon Joon-myung , Lee Hyoung Seok , Choi Yun Young , Kim So Ree , Cho Dong-Hyuk , Kim Yun Gi , Kim Mi-Na , Shim Jaemin , Park Seong-Mi , Kim Young-Hoon , Choi Jong-Il
Published: August 2024

Aims

Although evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is crucial for deciding the rate control strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), real-time assessment of LVEF is limited in outpatient settings. We aimed to investigate the performance of artificial intelligence–based algorithms in predicting LV systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients with AF and rapid ventricular response (RVR).

Methods and results

This study is an external validation of a pre-existing deep learning algorithm based on residual neural network architecture. Data were obtained from a prospective cohort of AF with RVR at a single centre between 2018 and 2023. Primary outcome was the detection of LVSD, defined as a LVEF ≤ 40%, assessed using 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG). Secondary outcome involved predicting LVSD using 1-lead ECG (Lead I). Among 423 patients, 241 with available echocardiography data within 2 months were evaluated, of whom 54 (22.4%) were confirmed to have LVSD. Deep learning algorithm demonstrated fair performance in predicting LVSD [area under the curve (AUC) 0.78]. Negative predictive value for excluding LVSD was 0.88. Deep learning algorithm resulted competent performance in predicting LVSD compared with N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (AUC 0.78 vs. 0.70, P = 0.12). Predictive performance of the deep learning algorithm was lower in Lead I (AUC 0.68); however, negative predictive value remained consistent (0.88).

Conclusion

Deep learning algorithm demonstrated competent performance in predicting LVSD in patients with AF and RVR. In outpatient setting, use of artificial intelligence–based algorithm may facilitate prediction of LVSD and earlier choice of drug, enabling better symptom control in AF patients with RVR.
Corticosteroid rhythms in hypoparathyroid patients
Authors: Astor Marianne C , Løvås Kristian , Methlie Paal , Simunkova Katerina , Assmus Jörg , Husebye Eystein S
Published: August 2024

Objective

Previous studies indicate a possible bidirectional stimulatory relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and adrenocortical hormones, but the pattern of adrenocortical secretion in hypoparathyroidism is unknown. We aimed to characterize the adrenocortical secretion in patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, and whether continuous subcutaneous PTH (1-34) infusion alters secretion patterns.

Design

Crossover interventional study.

Methods

We recruited 10 patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism with very low PTH levels on stable treatment with active vitamin D and calcium. Cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone levels were measured in microdialysate from subcutaneous tissue over 24 h, before and during continuous subcutaneous PTH (1-34) infusion. Cortisol was also assayed in serum, saliva, and urine, and aldosterone and ACTH in serum and plasma, respectively. Ten patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and 10 healthy volunteers matched for sex and age served as controls.

Results

Hypoparathyroid patients displayed both ultradian and circadian rhythmicity for tissue cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone. Tissue aldosterone and cortisone levels were significantly lower in hypoparathyroid patients than in healthy controls, with no difference in tissue cortisol, but a higher cortisol to cortisone ratio. Treatment with PTH (1-34) increased tissue levels of aldosterone, cortisol, and cortisone and reduced the ratio of cortisol to cortisone.

Conclusion

Adrenocortical hormone levels are reduced in postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, and partly restored by short-term continuous subcutaneous PTH (1-34) therapy.

Clinical trial registration number

NCT02986607
Commemorating the monkey bars, catalyst of debate at the intersection of human evolutionary biology and public health
Authors: Fannin Luke D , Thayer Zaneta M , Dominy Nathaniel J
Published: August 2024

Play is an essential part of childhood, and growing attention has focused on the potential health benefits of ‘risky’ or ‘thrill-seeking’ play. Such play behavior is readily observed on any playground, where it can sometimes lead to injuries––most often from fall impacts––that require medical attention. Monkey bars account for ~7% of childhood arm fractures in the USA, an alarming statistic that raises difficult questions over its costs and benefits. Many authors view monkey bars as a public health hazard, but it is plausible that our childhood impulse toward thrill-seeking play is a result of selective pressures throughout our primate evolutionary history. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that the developmental benefits of thrill-seeking play extend into adulthood, outweighing the occasional costs of injury. Disparate and consequential, these dueling perspectives have fueled debate among health professionals and policymakers, but with little attention to the work of biological anthropologists. Here we call attention to the hominin fossil record and play behaviors of non-human primates, providing a novel perspective that bolsters arguments for the adaptive significance of thrill-seeking play. The moment for such a review is timely, for it commemorates the centennial anniversaries of two playground icons: the jungle gym and monkey bars.
Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine: clinical applications
Authors: Lüscher Thomas F , Wenzl Florian A , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , Friedman Paul A , Antoniades Charalambos
Published: August 2024

Clinical medicine requires the integration of various forms of patient data including demographics, symptom characteristics, electrocardiogram findings, laboratory values, biomarker levels, and imaging studies. Decision-making on the optimal management should be based on a high probability that the envisaged treatment is appropriate, provides benefit, and bears no or little potential harm. To that end, personalized risk–benefit considerations should guide the management of individual patients to achieve optimal results. These basic clinical tasks have become more and more challenging with the massively growing data now available; artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) can provide assistance for clinicians by obtaining and comprehensively preparing the history of patients, analysing face and voice and other clinical features, by integrating laboratory results, biomarkers, and imaging. Furthermore, AI/ML can provide a comprehensive risk assessment as a basis of optimal acute and chronic care. The clinical usefulness of AI/ML algorithms should be carefully assessed, validated with confirmation datasets before clinical use, and repeatedly re-evaluated as patient phenotypes change. This review provides an overview of the current data revolution that has changed and will continue to change the face of clinical medicine radically, if properly used, to the benefit of physicians and patients alike.
The aculeate wasp family Sierolomorphidae (Hymenoptera) in the Early Cretaceous
Authors: Álvarez-Parra Sergio , Engel Michael S , Peñalver Enrique , Azar Dany
Published: August 2024

The aculeate wasp family Sierolomorphidae is a small and enigmatic group including 14 species in 2 extant genera distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Nothing is known about their biology, although ectoparasitoidism on insects has been speculated. Only 1 fossil genus from Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) amber was tentatively assigned to this family. The family Sierolomorphidae is recorded from the Early Cretaceous for the first time, representing the earliest occurrence of the family. Orisolemorpha dyscheres Álvarez-Parra and Engel gen. et sp. n. is described and figured from a male in upper Albian amber of San Just in Spain and is distinguished from all other genera in the family. The genus Loreisomorpha is here assigned to a new subfamily, Loreisomorphinae Álvarez-Parra and Engel subfam. n., based on its significant differences in wing venation relative to the remainder of the family. Taxonomic placement of the new genus is discussed, including a key for the fossil sierolomorphid genera. The ecology and biogeography of the family are reviewed. A checklist is provided of all living and fossil Sierolomorphidae.
Insights into macrolide resistance in Arcobacter butzleri: potential resistance mechanisms and impact on bacterial fitness and virulence
Authors: Couto Francisca , Martins Inês , Vale Filipa , Domingues Fernanda , Oleastro Mónica , Ferreira Susana
Published: August 2024

Background

Macrolides are recommended for treating the emerging enteropathogen Arcobacter butzleri; nonetheless, this bacterium often exhibits highly variable resistance rates, and the mechanisms behind this resistance phenotype remain largely unexplored.

Objectives

To understand the phenotypic and genotypic consequences associated with the acquisition of erythromycin resistance in A. butzleri, as well as the effects on the fitness of this species.

Methods

Resistant strains resulting from spontaneous mutations and adaptive laboratory evolution under increasing erythromycin concentrations were examined regarding their cross-resistance and collateral susceptibility profiles. Genetic causes of phenotypic antibiotic resistance were analysed by sequencing and bioinformatics, with functional correlation through ethidium bromide accumulation assays. Growth profiles in the presence and absence of erythromycin, motility and biofilm formation abilities were assessed to detect potential changes in fitness and virulence.

Results

Clones from spontaneous mutation rate evolution demonstrated decreased susceptibility to erythromycin and other classes of antibiotics, associated with mutations in the transcriptional repressor areR, causing overexpression of the AreABC efflux pump. In turn, WGS analysis of the evolved strain showed additional mutations in the ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 and in the areR gene. Furthermore, the acquisition of macrolide resistance altered A. butzleri virulence and entailed a high biological cost.

Conclusions

The findings of this study have proved that efflux activity contributes synergistically with mutations in the ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 to A. butzleri’s high-level macrolide resistance. The results further suggest an impact on the bacterial physiology and virulence, with the increased fitness cost justifying the low worldwide prevalence of high-level resistant circulating strains.
Reduction of particle size of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) increases net energy and digestibility of starch when fed to growing pigs, but there is no difference in nutritional value between peas from the United States and peas from Canada
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Rodriguez Diego A , Nyachoti C Martin , Stein Hans H
Published: August 2024

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that particle size of field peas and location where peas are grown do not affect apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and gross energy, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, or standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). In both experiments, 3 sources of field peas were used. One source was obtained from the United States and 2 sources were obtained from Canada (i.e., Canada 1 and Canada 2). The U.S. field peas were ground to 678, 457, or 265 µm, whereas the 2 sources of Canadian peas were ground to 411 and 415 µm, respectively. Therefore, 5 batches of field peas were used in both experiments. A basal diet contained corn and soybean meal as the only source of energy, starch, and AA, and 5 diets containing corn and soybean meal and 50% of each source of field peas were also formulated. The ratio between corn and soybean meal was 1.92:1 in all diets. In experiment 1, an N-free diet was also used to calculate basal endogenous losses of AA and CP, but in experiment 2, no N-free diet was used. In experiment 1, 7 barrows (initial body weight = 60.6 ± 2.1 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 diets and 7 periods. In experiment 2, 24 pigs (initial body weight = 30.8 ± 1.0 kg) were housed in 6 calorimeter chambers with 4 pigs per chamber. The 6 chambers were allotted to one of the 6 diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 consecutive periods of 15 d. Results of experiment 1 demonstrated that the SID of CP and AA was not influenced by the origin of the peas or by the particle size, but the AID of starch increased (linear, P < 0.001) as particle size was reduced from 678 to 457 or 265 µm. Results of experiment 2 indicated that growing location did not affect concentrations of DE, ME, or NE of field peas, but concentrations of DE, ME, and NE increased (linear, P < 0.05) when particle size was reduced from 678 to 457 or 265 µm. In conclusion, field peas grown in Canada or the United States have the same nutritional value, but starch digestibility and NE increase if the particle size of field peas is reduced.
The effect of aroma lymphatic tressage on taxane-induced lower-extremity edema in breast cancer patients
Authors: Ha Yang Sun , Kim Ju Won , Lee Ji Yoon , You Ji Young , Jung Seung Pil , Hahm Suk Chan , Park Kyong Hwa
Published: August 2024

Background

Taxanes are effective chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer care, but adverse effects pose a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Taxane-induced fluid retention and lower-extremity edema are two of the important dose-limiting toxicity and result in decreased quality of life (QoL). However, there is no standard of care to alleviate the symptoms. We conducted a clinical study to assess the efficacy of short-term aroma lymphatic tressage therapy (ALTT) in reducing taxane-induced edema in breast cancer patients.

Methods

In this phase 2 clinical trial, patients with edema of CTCAE grade 2 or higher were enrolled and conducted 8 sessions of ALTT. The primary endpoint was to determine the proportion of patients with a reduction in lower extremity circumference of 3% or more before and 6 weeks after starting ALTT. The change in QoL was assessed as the secondary endpoint using QoL questionnaires.

Results

A total of 37 breast cancer patients completed the protocol and were analyzed. The median sum of the 3-point circumference (thigh, calf, and ankle) was 230.8 cm (IQR 218–243) in the baseline and 220.2 cm (IQR 212–236) at the end of the study. The average decrease of circumference was 3.8%. About, 23 patients (62%) experienced a circumference decrease of 3% or more. An improvement in every scale of FACT-TAXANE and EORTC-QLQ-C30 was observed when comparing questionnaire results before and at the end of the intervention (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Eight sessions of ALTT over 4 weeks were effective in reducing lower-extremity edema and resulted in improvement of QoL in patients with breast cancer.
Habitat-induced changes in forage quality and implications for fitness in Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae)
Authors: Chen Huiqing , Shang Guozhen , Zhang Lu , Dong Xin , Wu Xueqin , Wu Yan , Bian Jianghui
Published: August 2024

Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) play a keystone role in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). For decades, QTP grasslands have become degraded to some degree, largely as a result of heavy livestock grazing. Concomitantly, the abundance of plateau pikas has increased dramatically as grassland degradation has altered the vegetation community structure and dominant species, shifting the plant nutrient contents toward higher protein conditions that favor them. Considerable research supports the hypothesis that the quantity and quality of food limit herbivore populations. Here, we examined the relationship between the availability of essential amino acids in the diets of plateau pikas and the degree of meadow degradation associated with livestock grazing intensity through a field survey, as well as the fitness of individuals by laboratory feeding experiments with 2 pelleted chows containing 0.26% and 0.45% methionine. Sulfur-containing methionine and cystine were the most limiting amino acids in the diets of pikas. During the pika breeding season, the concentrations of most essential acids, particularly methionine and cystine, were higher in heavily degraded meadows than in lightly and moderately degraded meadows. Individuals fed 0.45% methionine exhibited enhanced cell-mediated immunity, reduced intensity of coccidian infection, and increased concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone compared to those fed 0.26% methionine. These results showed that heavily degraded meadows provided relatively high-quality food that improved individual fitness, suggesting that the high-methionine food in the heavily degraded meadows may be a key factor in the generation and maintenance of high-density populations of plateau pikas.
Abundance, distribution, and dynamics of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iowa, United States
Authors: Lee Christopher H , Leonard Mark , Smith Ryan C
Published: August 2024

Malaria was once endemic in the United States prior to its elimination in 1951. However, due to consistent introductions of travel-associated malaria cases and the presence of several native Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) that are competent vectors of malaria, the potential for local (autochthonous) malaria transmission remains a persistent threat in the United States. While several intermittent cases of local malaria transmission have occurred in the United States in the decades since elimination, the emergence of autochthonous transmission in 4 states in 2023 demonstrates the continued risk for future outbreaks. Moreover, these recent examples also highlight significant gaps in current mosquito surveillance efforts that have predominantly focused on threats of arboviral disease, such that our understanding of Anopheles distributions relies only on historical records and offers limited insight into the ecological factors that influence their abundance. Herein, we summarize mosquito surveillance data collected over the last 20 years (2004–2023) across 59 Iowa counties to provide essential information into the spatial distribution, temporal abundance, and trap preferences of Anopheles species in the state. Further analyses of the 2 most abundant species, Anopheles punctipennis Say and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, reveal the additional influence of precipitation and forested habitats in defining An. punctipennis abundance. Together, we believe these results provide an increased understanding of previously neglected Anopheles species that have the potential for autochthonous malaria transmission in Iowa and that can be extended to other regions of the United States to enhance preparedness for future malaria outbreaks.
Joint modelling of survival and backwards recurrence outcomes: an analysis of factors associated with fertility treatment in the U.S.
Authors: Guo Siyuan , Zhang Jiajia , McLain Alexander C
Published: August 2024

The motivation for this paper is to determine factors associated with time-to-fertility treatment (TTFT) among women currently attempting pregnancy in a cross-sectional sample. Challenges arise due to dependence between time-to-pregnancy (TTP) and TTFT. We propose appending a marginal accelerated failure time model to identify risk factors of TTFT with a model for TTP where fertility treatment is included as a time-varying treatment to account for their dependence. The latter requires extending backwards recurrence survival methods to incorporate time-varying covariates with time-varying coefficients. Since backwards recurrence survival methods are a function of mean survival, computational difficulties arise in formulating mean survival when fertility treatment is unobserved, i.e. when TTFT is censored. We address these challenges by developing computationally friendly forms for the double expectation of TTP and TTFT. The performance is validated via comprehensive simulation studies. We apply our approach to the National Survey of Family Growth and explore factors related to prolonged TTFT in the U.S.
Small Area Estimation of Household Economic Indicators under Unit-Level Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape
Authors: Mori Lorenzo , Ferrante Maria Rosaria
Published: August 2024

We propose a small area estimation model based on Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (SAE-GAMLSS) for the estimation of household economic indicators. SAE-GAMLSS relax the exponential family distributional assumption and allow each distributional parameter to depend on covariates. A bootstrap approach to estimate the MSE is proposed. The SAE-GAMLSS estimator shows a largely better performance than the well-known Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) under various simulated scenarios. Per-capita consumption of Italian and foreign households in Italian regions, in urban and rural areas, is estimated using SAE-GAMLSS. Results show that the well-known Italian North–South divide does not hold for foreigners.
Stomatal patterning is differently regulated in adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jalakas Pirko , Tulva Ingmar , Bērziņa Nele Malvīne , Hõrak Hanna
Published: August 2024

Stomatal pores in leaves mediate CO2 uptake into the plant and water loss via transpiration. Most plants are hypostomatous with stomata present only in the lower leaf surface (abaxial epidermis). Many herbs, including the model plant Arabidopsis, have substantial numbers of stomata also on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface. Studies of stomatal development have mostly focused on abaxial stomata and very little is known of adaxial stomatal formation. We analysed the role of leaf number in determining stomatal density and stomatal ratio, and studied adaxial and abaxial stomatal patterns in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in known abaxial stomatal development regulators. We found that stomatal density in some genetic backgrounds varies between different fully expanded leaves, and thus we recommend using defined leaves for analyses of stomatal patterning. Our results indicate that stomatal development is at least partly independently regulated in adaxial and abaxial epidermis, as (i) plants deficient in ABA biosynthesis and perception have increased stomatal ratios, (ii) the epf1epf2, tmm, and sdd1 mutants have reduced stomatal ratios, (iii) erl2 mutants have increased adaxial but not abaxial stomatal index, and (iv) stomatal precursors preferentially occur in abaxial epidermis. Further studies of adaxial stomata can reveal new insights into stomatal form and function.
Extra cut-off value of aldosterone-to-renin ratio for screening primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chen Dubo , Li Yuzhe , Wu Jiayin , Lin Wenbin , Zhong Liangying , Feng Pinning , Gan Wenjia
Published: August 2024

Primary aldosteronism (PA) and diabetes mellitus (DM) may coexist. We previously found that DM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) may decrease the efficiency of the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) for screening PA. Thus, we wanted to determine appropriate ARR cut-off values for screening PA in patients with hypertension with DM and IGT. Data from 736 patients with hypertension were collected. They were divided into PA (77 cases), PA with DM (27 cases), PA with IGT (44 cases), hypertension without PA (353 cases), hypertension with DM (without PA, 127 cases), and hypertension with IGT (without PA, 108 cases). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the appropriate ARR cut-off values in different conditions. Screening efficiencies of these cut-off values were evaluated across different groups. ARR cut-off values for screening PA in hypertensive patients without DM and IGT, with DM, and with IGT were 29.65, 23.15, and 26.9, respectively. All cut-off values demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity: 92.2% and 88.7%, 92.6% and 79.5%, and 88.6% and 85.2%, respectively, and areas under the ROC curves were 0.941, 0.904, and 0.909, respectively. Our results suggest that extra ARR cut-off values may be necessary for effective screening PA in hypertensive patients with DM and IGT, particularly in those with DM.
Placental site nodules and reproductive outcomes: a clinicopathologic case series
Authors: Jain Meaghan , Peterson Andrea , Sapna Fnu , Hebert Tiffany , Lieman Harry
Published: August 2024

Background

Placental site nodules (PSNs) are benign tumor-like growths that develop from chorionic-type intermediate trophoblastic cells. Their clinical significance is unknown. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with PSNs, with focus on possible reproductive impact.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case series of all patients with a pathology diagnosis of PSN in a large urban hospital system from 2018 to 2022. We collected clinical variables such as pathology diagnosis/description, presenting symptoms, method of prior delivery, and prior history of infertility, pregnancy loss, and uterine instrumentation.

Results

A total of 32 patients were included in this case series. The most common presenting symptom was abnormal uterine bleeding (40.6%, 13/32). Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) (15.6%, 5/32) and infertility (15.6%, 5/32) were common presenting symptoms as well. 62.5% (20/32) patients had a history of prior uterine instrumentation. Coexisting chronic endometritis was identified in 9.4% (3/32) of cases. Of the 5 RPL/infertility patients who underwent hysteroscopic resection of a PSN, 1 achieved a live birth.

Conclusion

PSNs may be associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility, history of prior uterine instrumentation, and chronic endometritis. Although a rare diagnosis, the presence of a PSN should be considered in patients presenting for infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss workup.
The Nature of Non-discrimination Obligations Contained in International Investment Treaties
Authors: Risvas Michail
Published: August 2024

This chapter focuses on the nature of non-discrimination obligations within international investment treaties. It outlines the paradigms of discrimination in the US, EU, and human rights anti-discrimination law: disparate treatment and disparate impact discrimination. In domestic and international courts, circumstantial evidence and adverse inferences play a vital role in proving disparate treatment or direct discrimination amidst cases. The chapter explains that all non-discrimination obligations contained in investment treaties fall within the disparate treatment discrimination paradigm and explains the implications. It then explores the relationship between the different non-discrimination obligations in international investment treaty arbitration, which includes the key concepts of fair and equitable treatment (FET), discrimination, expropriation, National Treatment and most favoured nations (MFN).
Psychological Risk Factors for Delayed Recovery Among Active Duty Service Members Seeking Treatment for Musculoskeletal Complaints at a Navy Shore-Based Military Medical Treatment Facility
Authors: Mowery Hope C , Campello Marco , Ziemke Gregg , Oh Cheongeun , Hope Timothy , Jansen Brittany , Weiser Sherri
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) are a leading cause of separation from the U.S. Navy. Data have shown that several psychological responses to MSI are associated with treatment outcomes. Yellow flags are maladaptive psychological responses to injury and predict delayed recovery, whereas pink flags indicate resilience after MSI and are associated with good treatment outcomes. Identifying these factors in patients with MSI would permit early targeted care to address factors that may delay their readiness for deployment and enhance factors that support recovery.

Materials and Methods

Active duty service members with MSI who reported to physical therapy outpatient services at a naval hospital were recruited for the study. Yellow flags were assessed at baseline as part of a larger study. Participants completed the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (with two subscales, physical activity and work), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Clinically relevant cut-off scores were used to indicate risk factors of delayed recovery. Pink flags were assessed with the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and a measure of positive outcome expectations for recovery.

Results

Two hundred and ninety participants responded to some or all of the questionnaires. Of these, 82% exceeded the cut-off scores on the physical activity subscale of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and 39% did so on the work subscale. Pain catastrophizing exceeded the cut-off in only 4.9% of the sample. Forty-three percent of these exceeded the cut-off for the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; 27% exceeded the cut-off on the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additionally, 54% endorsed scores greater than 40 on the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and 53% endorsed a high score on the positive outcome expectations.

Conclusions

A substantial portion of the sample endorsed elevated scores on one or more indicators of delayed recovery from MSI. Most participants showed a fear of physical activity, and approximately half reported pain-related distress (anxiety and depression). In addition, feelings of self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations of treatment were endorsed by only about half of the participants, indicating that the remaining half did not report adaptive responses to MSI. Early identification of these risk factors will allow for targeted treatment approaches that incorporate these yellow flags into treatment and support a psychologically informed approach to physical therapy. This approach is likely to reduce delayed recovery and improve deployment readiness.