bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific Substantiation of Vastu Shastra
Authors: Patel Piyush D. , Patel Piyushkumar J.
Published: July 2024

Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian science, intricately weaves together the art of construction and the orchestration of harmonious living spaces in consonance with natural laws and cosmic energies. It’s based on the belief that the laws of nature and the universe can profoundly influence the well-being, fortune and prosperity of individuals who live or work in a building. The principles of Vastu Shastra revolve around the five basic components of nature (water, earth, fire, air, and space) and the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west, and center). While this belief has been fervently embraced by some, others remain skeptical due to the dearth of empirical substantiation. This paper delves into Vastu Shastra’s essence, unfurling it under scientific scrutiny. By melding empirically validated proof, it compellingly supports Vastu Shastra’s core principles. Navigating architecture, cosmology, and well-being, it confirms how our surroundings intertwine with our lives. This scientific exposition not only illuminates the principles of Vastu Shastra but also offers pragmatic insights for aligning our homes with cosmic harmony. By merging ancient wisdom and modern empiricism, our living spaces will resonate with the universe, nurturing abundance and serenity.
Feature Importance in Machine Learning with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Rainfall Prediction
Authors: Patel Mehul , Shah Ankit
Published: July 2024

Precipitation expectation is a pivotal subject for the administration of water assets and counteraction of hydrological calamities. To make a precipitation forecast and find the essential elements influencing precipitation, this study presents a logical profound learning approach in two sections. The initial segment with a consideration system which could foresee precipitation, while second part the clarification figures attribution values for the information weather conditions elements to evaluate their significance. A contextual investigation is led on hourly precipitation information for India’s population wise top eight urban cities. The outcomes predominantly demonstrate that the main elements for precipitation whose component esteem is adversely/decidedly corresponded with its attribution esteem. The review’s importance lies in upgrading the giving interpretability through recognizable proof of persuasive variables, which works with long haul arranging of water assets and more profound comprehension of mind-boggling climate frameworks.
Predicting Landslide Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Patel Mehul , Chavda Mittal , Patel Rajesh , Goswami Ankur , Mevada Jayesh
Published: July 2024

In mountainous areas prone to landslides, it’s crucial to map out where these hazardous events are likely to occur to mitigate risks effectively. This study focuses employing an integrated approach to assess landslide susceptibility using Random Forest (RF), Stacking, Vote, AdaBoostM1, and Bagging. 13 factors influencing landslide occurrence are identified for modeling purposes. To evaluate and compare the models’ performance, multiple statistical methods are employed. The analysis highlights the effectiveness of employing machine learning models, Random Forest (RF), Stacking, Bagging, and Vote methods. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the models in accurately predicting landslide susceptibility. The study suggests that similar hybrid models can be effectively utilized in other sensitive regions with comparable geo-environmental conditions for landslide susceptibility studies. By integrating various techniques and leveraging ensemble algorithms, these models offer improved accuracy and reliability in assessing landslide hazards. This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights for disaster management and risk reduction efforts in landslideprone areas worldwide.
Investigation on Optical Properties of Silar-Grown Highly Oriented Lead Sulphide (PbS) Thin Films
Authors: Gamit Chandrashekhar L. , Bhavsar Vikas Kumar , Patel Trupti
Published: July 2024

Using lead nitrate, thiourea, as well as sodium hydroxide as chemical precursors, the lead sulphide powder was formed at room temperatures and (PbS), at a given room temperature thin film were deposited on a glass substrate using the (SILAR) method at varying numbers of cycles. The optical studies for powder form and thin films were performed by UV-VI diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer-3600 SHIMADZU and UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometry. It was discovered that the PbS powder form as well as thin films produced under ideal deposition circumstances were polycrystalline with a face-centered cubic structure. Optical studies for powder form and thin films were carried out using a UV-VI spectrometer and it revealed the existence of direct bandgap for powder form is 1.69 eV and for thin films values in the ranges of (1.45-2.32) eV.
Accompagnement nutritionnel
de la dysplasie coxo-fémorale
Authors: Blanchard Géraldine
Published: July 2024

La dysplasie coxo-fémorale n’a pas de cause nutritionnelle directe, mais la nutrition peut accompagner et soulager, en luttant contre le surpoids et par l’ajout de nutriment luttant contre l’inflammation.

L’évaluation de l’état corporel est une priorité. S’il n’est pas optimal, il faut revoir l’alimentation. Cela nécessite l’adhésion du propriétaire et doit être expliqué comme faisant partie intégrante du traitement. Dans tous les cas, il est souhaitable de vérifier que l’aliment est équilibré et le besoin protéique couvert.

De manière à soulager la douleur liée à l’inflammation qui peut s’installer avec l’arthrose, l’ajout de source d’acides gras omega 3 à chaine longue, EPA et DHA, à dose suffisante et en routine, est à recommander sous forme de capsules, dont le contenu est ajouté à un petit repas.
Pharmacocinétique et efficacité clinique du tramadol
chez le chien
Authors: Ferran Aude , Boullier Séverine , Bietrix Jacques , Millemann Yves
Published: July 2024

Le tramadol à usage vétérinaire est arrivé récemment sur le marché en France en tant que générique d’un médicament ayant obtenu une AMM en Italie en 2005. Les demandeurs d’AMM de médicaments génériques ne sont pas tenus de réaliser des essais d’efficacité clinique dès lors qu’ils démontrent la bioéquivalence avec le produit de référence. Pour les médicaments contenant du tramadol, l’évaluation au niveau national a donc porté sur la pertinence des informations délivrées dans les RCP et sur le rapport bénéfice/risque.

Une analyse des données pharmacocinétiques disponibles pour le tramadol chez le chien met en évidence une biodisponibilité extrêmement variable après administration par voie orale. Par ailleurs, le métabolite qui a le plus d’affinité pour les récepteurs aux opioïdes et qui est le principal responsable des effets analgésiques du tramadol chez l’homme est peu formé chez le chien quelle que soit la voie d’administration. Il en résulte que les effets analgésiques du tramadol chez le chien sont incertains.

Les essais cliniques publiés reflètent la variabilité des effets du tramadol, certains démontrant un effet analgésique quand d’autres ne mettent pas en évidence de différence avec le placebo.

Le risque associé à l’utilisation de tramadol étant faible, le rapport bénéfice/risque de son utilisation chez le chien reste néanmoins favorable dans la gestion de la douleur légère. L’efficacité du tramadol doit néanmoins être évaluée de façon régulière pendant le traitement.
Mut zum Sport – Physiotherapie und Training mit rheumaerkrankten Kindern
Authors: Gizik Josephine
Published: July 2024

Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht können Kinder mit Rheuma im inaktiven Erkrankungsstadium mit Sportberatung genauso aktiv sein wie gesunde Kinder. Allerdings sind viele von ihnen körperlich eher inaktiv – mit erheblichen Langzeitfolgen. Medizinier*innen, Sportwissenschaftler*innen und Physiotherapeut*innen wollen die Kinder und Jugendlichen nun zu mehr Bewegung animieren. Durch physiotherapeutische Anleitung kann man ihnen die Angst vor Schmerzen nehmen und sie zu mehr aktiver Teilhabe und Lebensqualität bewegen.
Wennʼs eng wird – Diagnostik und Therapie der lumbalen spinalen Stenose
Authors: Garlich Christian , Reich Sonja
Published: July 2024

Eine lumbale spinale Stenose kann sich mit verschiedenen Symptomen zeigen. Entsprechend umfangreich ist die Diagnostik. Neben Anamnese, klinischer Untersuchung und bildgebenden Verfahren empfehlen sich ein Laufbandtest sowie modifizierte neurologische Tests. Aufgrund der guten Prognose nimmt die Physiotherapie einen wichtigen Stellenwert bei der Behandlung ein. Sie birgt weniger Risiken als eine Operation und kann bei leichter bis moderater Symptomatik deutliche Verbesserungen erzielen.
Entwicklung der Ärzt*innenzahlen und Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in
Bayern – Trends in den Ärzt*innenstatistiken der Bayerischen Landesärztekammer
und der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigung Bayerns
Authors: Gigou Sophie , Corazza Laura , Fett Sandra , Tauscher Martin , Gerlach Roman , Donnachie Ewan , Schneider Antonius
Published: July 2024

Hintergrund Obwohl die Zahl der Medizinstudienplätze und Ärzt*innen in
Deutschland in den letzten 25 Jahren zugenommen hat, droht ein Ärzt*innenmangel.
Anhand der Ärztestatistiken der Bayerischen Landesärztekammer (BLÄK) sowie der
Kassenärztlichen Vereinigung Bayerns (KVB) soll eine fachgebietsübergreifende
Analyse der bayerischen Arztzahlen über einen längeren Zeitraum vorgenommen
werden, um aktuelle Entwicklungen im zeitlichen Verlauf einordnen zu können
sowie Ansatzpunkte für die Gestaltung der medizinischen Versorgung zu gewinnen.
Die Kennzahlen wurden hinsichtlich der Verteilung der Ärzt*innen nach ambulantem
und stationärem Sektor sowie hinsichtlich der Entwicklung der
Angestelltenzahlen, des Beschäftigungsumfangs und der Geschlechterverteilung im
ambulanten Sektor analysiert.

Methoden Als Datengrundlage dienten die jährlich veröffentlichten und
zusammengeführten Ärztestatistiken der BLÄK von 2000 bis 2022 sowie die
ambulanten GKV-Abrechnungsdaten der niedergelassenen und angestellten Ärzt*innen
in Bayern von 2010 bis 2022, aufbereitet durch die KVB. Es wurden deskriptive
Analysen durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Seit 2000 ist die Zahl der Ärzt*innen in Bayern im stationären
Setting um 83%, im ambulanten Setting um 35% angestiegen. In der Konsequenz sind
seit 2010 mehr Ärzt*innen im Krankenhaus als in der ambulanten Versorgung tätig
(2022: 28976 ambulant und 34243 stationär tätige Ärzt*innen). In der ambulanten
Versorgung geht der Trend in allen Fachgebieten weg von der Niederlassung und
Vollzeittätigkeit hin zur Anstellung und Teilzeittätigkeit. Angestellte
Ärzt*innen weisen einen durchschnittlich geringeren Beschäftigungsumfang auf als
selbstständige Ärzt*innen. Der Frauenanteil in der Ärzt*innenschaft ist
kontinuierlich gestiegen, wobei Ärztinnen im Vergleich zu Ärzten eher angestellt
und in Teilzeit tätig sind. Dennoch ist auch bei Ärzten heute in einigen
Fachgebieten eine Teilzeittätigkeit prominent vertreten.

Schlussfolgerungen Der fachgebietsübergreifende Trend hin zur Ausübung der
ärztlichen Tätigkeit in Anstellung und Teilzeit ist ungebrochen, sodass mehr
Personen nötig sind, um die Anzahl der aktuell verfügbaren Arztstunden über die
Zeit aufrechtzuerhalten. Neben Niederlassungsanreizen muss diesem Trend bei der
Planung der Versorgung Rechnung getragen werden. Gleichzeitig ist fraglich, ob
eine Steigerung von Medizinstudienplätzen ohne bedarfsgerechte Steuerung eine
geeignete Maßnahme gegen den Ärzt*innenmangel ist, wenn ein immer größerer
Anteil der Ärzt*innen langfristig in Kliniken tätig wird.
Comparison between extraperitoneal and transperitoneal cesarean
section: Retrospective case-control study
Authors: Bačić Boris , Hrgović Zlatko , Cerovac Anis , Barčot Ognjen , Sabljić Jelena , Markoski Blagoja , Leskur Mateo
Published: July 2024

Introduction  The main advantage of extraperitoneal cesarean section
(EXPCS) is not only less pain, faster recovery, and less potential for infection
but also a possible lack of intraperitoneal adhesions.

Methods  In a 3-year period from 2019 to 2022, 88 EXPCSs were performed. A
comparison was made with 90 patients who underwent a standard transperitoneal
cesarean section (TPCS). For both groups, the inclusion criterion was uterine
inertia and prolonged labor as an indication for cesarean section. Only pregnant
women from 37 to 42 weeks were included. After this, 51 patients remained in the
EXPCS arm, and 49 remained in the TPCS arm.

Results  No statistical difference was found in gestational weeks, newborn
weight, Apgar score, erythrocyte (Er), hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Htc)
values and duration of operative time between the EXPCS and TPCS groups.
Leukocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP) with fever higher than >38°C on the
third postoperative day were found statistically significantly (p=0.005) higher
in the TPCS group. The usage of tramadol + metamizole at 3, 6, and 9 hours after
delivery and diclofenac at 6, 12, and 18 hours after surgery was statistically
significantly (p<0.05) higher in the TPCS group. On the visual analog scale
(VAS) 24 hours after surgery, a statistically significant difference was found
(p = 0.001) between the two groups. In the small group of patients who underwent
a TPCS section after an EXPCS, intraperitoneal adhesions were not found; in
another group of patients who underwent a TPCS twice, adhesions were found in 12
patients; Fisher's exact test (p=0.04).

Conclusion  The protective effect of EXPCS for infection could be proven
in prolonged delivery. EXPCS could be a good solution in the fight against
adhesions and infection in women who undergo second, third, or even fourth
cesarean sections.
Design and Efficient Synthesis of New 4-Amino-Substituted 2-(4-Bromobenzyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines of Anticancer Interest and Their In Silico Study
Authors: Kumar Raj , Arora Sahil , Thakur Shikha , Kaki Venkata Rao
Published: July 2024

Thienopyrimidines are an emerging class of fused pyrimidines due to their broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, anticancer, etc. The anticancer activity of these compounds has been mechanistically proven via the inhibition of validated drug targets, such as EGFR, VEGFR-2, PI3K, and c-kit. In this research article, we designed and synthesized new 4-amino-substituted 2-(4-bromobenzyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines to explore their anticancer potential. These heterocycles were designed based on pharmacophoric features of the core heterocycle, varying its C4 substitution with a variety of amines and considering cancer protein-ligand interactions with the aim to obtain potent lead molecules. The target compound-protein interaction complexes were analyzed, and lead compounds were identified based on their better binding affinity in molecular docking studies.
Ring-Closing Metathesis as Methodology for the Synthesis of 2- and 3-Arylbenzo[b]furans
Authors: Bezuidenhoudt Barend C. B. , Visser Melanie , Twigge Linette , Marais Charlene
Published: July 2024

Olefin metathesis, which is well established in the petrochemical industry, is also emerging as a green technology in the manufacture of pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals. Arylbenzofurans are of interest for potential medicinal applications. In this paper we report on the synthesis of various 2-aryl- and 3-arylbenzo[b]furans with natural substitution patterns from readily available starting materials in a strategy that applies ring-closing metathesis with the Grubbs second generation catalyst as key step.
Ni–H-Catalyzed Chemo- and Regioselective Hydroarylation of Vinylsilanes
Authors: Oestreich Martin , Brösamlen Daniel
Published: July 2024

A chemo- and regioselective hydroarylation of vinylsilanes with (hetero)aryl iodides under Ni–H catalysis is reported. This mild and straightforward protocol furnishes the anti-Markovnikov products in good yields as single regioisomers. This study demonstrates excellent control over the chemoselectivity and complements existing methods for the construction of homobenzylic silanes.
Hydrazide–Hydrazones as Potential Antitubercular Agents: An Overview of the Literature (1999–2023)
Authors: Mali Suraj N. , Pandey Anima , Shah Umang , Jawarkar Rahul D , Somani Rakesh
Published: July 2024

Hydrazide–hydrazone derivatives are prevalent in numerous bioactive compounds, showcasing a diverse array of biological effects including antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties. Consequently, numerous medicinal chemists have undertaken the synthesis of various hydrazide–hydrazones, subjecting them to evaluation for their biological activities. Among these, antituberculosis activity stands out as a recurring focus in the scientific literature. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of research spanning the last 24 years (1999–2023), concentrating on the antituberculosis properties of hydrazide–hydrazone derivatives. The insights presented herein could serve as a valuable roadmap for the development of novel hydrazide–hydrazones with potential antimicrobial efficacy.
Simple Access to 3-(Hetero)arylated Derivatives of 2-Furoic Acid via Ru(II)-Catalyzed C3-H Arylation of 2-Furoylimidazole
Authors: Chernyshev Victor M. , Ananikov Valentine P. , Shepelenko Konstantin E. , Gnatiuk Irina G. , Lavrentev Igor V. , Minyaev Mikhail E.
Published: July 2024

A new approach for the preparation of a variety of 3-arylated 2-furoic acid derivatives has been developed. The approach involves selective Ru-catalyzed C3-H arylation of the furan moiety of readily available 2-furoyl-1-methylimidazole (using imidazole as a removable N-donor directing group), subsequent N-methylation, and nucleophilic substitution of the imidazole moiety with N, O, S, and C nucleophiles.
Evaluation of Physical Properties in Carboxymethyl Chitosan Modified Glass Ionomer Cements and the Effect for Dentin Remineralization: SEM/EDX, Compressive Strength, and Ca/P Ratio
Authors: Putranto Aditya Wisnu , Meidyawati Ratna , Dwiseptyoga Senyan , Zikrullah Dicky Yudha Andhika
Published: July 2024

Objective The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of modifying glass ionomer cement (GIC) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on surface morphology and remineralization outcomes by examining dentin morphology and calcium ion composition changes.

Materials and Methods Thirty holes in a cylindrical acrylic mold were filled with three groups of restorative materials: GIC, GIC modified with CMC (GIC-CMC) 5%, and GIC-CMC10%. The surface morphology of each group's materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength measurement was performed using a universal testing machine. The dentin remineralization process was performed by applying GIC, GIC-CMC5%, and GIC-CMC10% materials for 14 days on demineralized dentin cavities treated with 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 7 days. A morphological evaluation was conducted using SEM. The calcium ion composition and calcium-to-phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio were examined using an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX).

Statistical Analysis The one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used to evaluate the compressive strength within the three groups (p < 0.05). The Kruskal–Wallis and subsequent Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted to compare the four groups of calcium ions (p < 0.05).

Results The modification of GIC with CMC affected the morphological changes in the materials in the form of reduced porosity and increased fractures. A significant difference was found in compressive strength between the GIC-CMC modification materials of GIC-CMC5% and GIC-CMC10% and the GIC control group. The dentin tubule morphology and surface changes were observed after applying GIC, GIC-CMC5%, and GIC-CMC10% materials for 14 days, as evaluated by SEM. The EDX examination showed an increase in calcium ion content and hydroxyapatite formation (Ca/P ratio) after applying the GIC-CMC10% material.

Conclusion The surface porosity of the GIC modification material with the addition of CMC tended to decrease. However, an increase in cracked surfaces that widened, along with the rise in CMC percentage, was found. This modification also reduced the compressive strength of the materials, with the lowest average yield at 10% CMC addition. Therefore, the modification of GIC with CMC affects changes in morphology, calcium ion composition, and Ca/P ratio in demineralized dentin.
From MilkingBots to RoboDolphins: How AI changes human-animal relations and enables alienation towards animals
Authors: Bossert Leonie N. , Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: July 2024

Technologies, especially disruptive technologies, have a great potential to change and reshape human-human as well as human-technology relations. This creates various ethical challenges that need to be addressed. However, technologies also have great potential to change human-animal relations. Since this aspect is underexplored in the academic debate on technologies’ impact on relations, we believe that it is important to (1), descriptively, study how new and emerging technologies impact human-animal relations, and (2), normatively, to enrich the debate with a non-anthropocentric perspective that recognizes that human-animal relations also have moral significance. Therefore, in this paper we investigate how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and robotics impact human-animal relations, and we discuss the moral significance of these changes. AI technologies change human-animal relations due to, first, automation, and second, replacement processes. Automation processes mainly take place in the animal agriculture sector, and the replacement of biological animals with artificial AI-driven animals mainly in the context of zoos, companion animals and laboratories. We address both processes (automation and replacement), thereby providing an overview of how the use of AI technologies will—or can—change human-animal relations, at both the individual and societal levels. While doing so, we highlight the morally significant aspects that come along with such changes and provide first thoughts on which uses of AI are welcomed from a perspective of human-animal relations.
Is the glassy dynamics same in 2D as in 3D? The Adam Gibbs relation test
Authors: Nath Santu , Sengupta Shiladitya
Published: July 2024

It has been recognized of late that even amorphous, glass-forming materials in two dimensions (2D) are affected by Mermin–Wagner-type long wavelength thermal fluctuation, which is inconsequential in three dimensions (3D). We consider the question of whether the effect of spatial dimension on dynamics is only limited to such fluctuations or if the nature of glassy dynamics is intrinsically different in 2D. To address it, we study the relationship between dynamics and thermodynamics using the Adam–Gibbs (AG) relation and the random first order transition (RFOT) theory. Using two model glass-forming liquids, we find that even after removing the effect of long wavelength fluctuations, the AG relation breaks down in two dimensions. Next, we consider the effect of anharmonicity of vibrational entropy—a second factor that affects the thermodynamics but not dynamics. Using the potential energy landscape formalism, we explicitly compute the configurational entropy, both with and without the anharmonic correction. We show that even with both the corrections, the AG relation still breaks down in 2D. The extent of deviation from the AG relation crucially depends on the attractive vs repulsive nature of interparticle interactions, choice of representative timescale (diffusion coefficient vs α-relaxation time), and implies that the RFOT scaling exponents also depend on these factors. Thus, our results suggest that some differences in the nature of glassy dynamics between 2D and 3D remain that are not explained by long wavelength fluctuations.
Wavelength modulation laser-induced fluorescence for plasma characterization
Authors: Romadanov I. , Raitses Y. , Smolyakov A.
Published: July 2024

Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is an essential tool for probing ion and atom velocity distribution functions (VDFs) in complex plasmas. VDFs carry information about the kinetic properties of species that is critical for plasma characterization. Accurate interpretation of these functions is challenging due to factors such as multicomponent distributions, broadening effects, and background emissions. Our research investigates the use of Wavelength Modulation (WM) LIF to enhance the sensitivity of VDF measurements. Unlike standard Amplitude Modulation (AM) methods, WM–LIF measures the derivative of the LIF signal. This approach makes variations in VDF shape more pronounced. VDF measurements with WM–LIF were investigated with both numerical modeling and experimental measurements. The developed model enables the generation of both WM and AM signals, facilitating comparative analysis of fitting outcomes. Experiments were conducted in a weakly collisional argon plasma with magnetized electrons and non-magnetized ions. Measurements of the argon ion VDFs employed a narrow-band tunable diode laser, which scanned the 4p4D7/2–3d4F9/2 transition centered at 664.553 nm in vacuum. A lock-in amplifier detected the second harmonic WM signal, which was generated by modulating the laser wavelength with an externally controlled piezo-driven mirror of the diode laser. Our findings indicate that the WM–LIF signal is more sensitive to fitting parameters, allowing for better identification of VDF parameters such as the number of distribution components, their temperatures, and velocities. In addition, WM–LIF can serve as an independent method to verify AM measurements and is particularly beneficial in environments with substantial light noise or background emissions, such as those involving thermionic cathodes and reflective surfaces.
Optimized SnO2 preparation and coherent interlayers for enhanced charge dynamics and efficient perovskite photovoltaics
Authors: Liu Xiangyang , Gu Qinglei , Liu Xinsheng , Li Fumin , Tian Xingyuan , Qin Chaoran , Wang Chaofan
Published: July 2024

The dense, uniform and conformal electron transport layers (ETLs) will largely promote charge separation and extraction. Here, the mixed acid (hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) was used to regulate preparation process and enhance utilization of materials, and the colloids of tin oxide (SnO2) nanocrystals were prepared through hydrothermal process. The complete dissolution of Sn source can increase purity, produce homogeneous precursor, reduce grain sizes and improve film-coverage. As confirmed, a coherent interlayer at the SnO2 ETLs/perovskite interfaces will be achieved by coupling a Cl-bonded SnO2 film with a Cl-containing perovskite precursor. This thin coherent interlayer will largely reduce interface traps, enhance rapid carrier extraction, and impede charge recombination. The uniform polymer phase of (PEO)120-(PPO)30 will be used to passivate traps at the grain boundaries of perovskite films and further improve the photovoltaic performance. The maximum energy conversion efficiency (23.17%, a VOC of 1.153 V, a JSC of 24.75 mA cm−2 and a FF of 0.812) of perovskite solar cells was achieved. The charge separation, extraction, and recombination kinetics (charge dynamic process) was determined by the related characterization techniques. The functionalized SnO2-ETLs and formed coherent interlayer will provide a simple strategy to effectively decrease interface traps, enhance charge extraction, and facilitate development of perovskite solar cells.
Hysteresis between gas breakdown and plasma discharge
Authors: Yamashita Yusuke , Hara Kentaro , Sriraman Saravanapriyan
Published: July 2024

In direct-current (DC) discharge, it is well known that hysteresis is observed between the Townsend (gas breakdown) and glow regimes. Forward and backward voltage sweep is performed using a one-dimensional particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) model considering a ballast resistor. When increasing the applied voltage after reaching the breakdown voltage (Vb), transition from Townsend to glow discharges is observed. When decreasing the applied voltage from the glow regime, the discharge voltage (Vd) between the anode–cathode gap can be smaller than the breakdown voltage, resulting in a hysteresis, which is consistent with experimental observations. Next, the PIC-MCC model is used to investigate the self-sustaining voltage (Vs) in the presence of finite initial plasma densities between the anode and cathode gap. It is observed that the self-sustaining voltage coincides with the discharge voltage obtained from the backward voltage sweep. In addition, the self-sustaining voltage decreases with increased initial plasma density and saturates above a certain initial plasma density, which indicates a change in plasma resistivity. The decrease in self-sustaining voltage is associated with the electron heat loss at the anode for the low pd (rarefied) regime. In the high pd (collisional) regime, the ion energy loss toward the cathode due to the cathode fall and the inelastic collision loss of electrons in the bulk discharge balance out. Finally, it is demonstrated that the self-sustaining voltage collapses to a singular value, despite the presence of a initial plasma, for microgaps when field emission is dominant, which is also consistent with experimental observations.
Early internal detection of magnetic tearing and implications for tokamak magnetohydrodynamic stability
Authors: Pandya M. D. , Chapman B. E. , McCollam K. J. , Myers R. A. , Sarff J. S. , Victor B. S. , Brennan D. P. , Brower D. L. , Chen J. , Ding W. X. , Holcomb C. T. , Logan N. C. , Strait E. J.
Published: July 2024

Internal fluctuation measurements with Faraday-effect polarimetry in the DIII-D tokamak reveal the onset of a tearing mode with toroidal mode number n = 3 well before it is detected by the sensing coils external to the plasma. This mode appears before the n = 2, 1 modes and is first detected with internal measurements at a lower value of the ideal-wall kink beta limit than is indicated at the time of first detection by the sensing coils. When the mode is first detected, the linear resistive stability parameter, Δ′, indicates marginal stability and continues to do so until later when the mode amplitude begins increasing linearly with time—together suggesting a neoclassical origin for this mode.
Performance analysis and configuration method optimization of AA-CAES-based air storage tanks
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Zhang Yufei , Li Xiangdong , Li Ruixiong , Wang Huanran , Jin Peng , Du Junyu , Song Yaoguang
Published: July 2024

To improve the performance of the compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, flow and heat transfer in different air storage tank (AST) configurations are investigated using numerical simulations after the numerical model has been experimentally validated. System performance for different AST placement methods is analyzed through numerical simulations integrated with the thermodynamic model of advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES). An in-depth study examines the impact of key system parameters on system performance with different AST configurations. Based on these analyses, the AA-CAES system with a constant volume of AST is optimized. The results indicate that horizontal placement of the AST improves heat transfer capability within the same working pressure range but results in slightly lower energy storage efficiency, achieving 64.61% compared to 65.50% for vertical placement. However, horizontal placement offers higher energy storage density, achieving 3.54 kW h/m3 under specific conditions, compared to 3.14 kW h/m3 for vertical placement. As the energy storage flow rate increases, exceeding the critical flow rate significantly improves heat transfer in vertically placed ASTs, thus narrowing the energy storage density gap between configurations. Increased turbine efficiency, additional external heat sources, and further utilization of compression heat provide more significant performance improvements for the AA-CAES with the AST placed horizontally compared to vertically. Compared to the AA-CAES with vertically placed ASTs, the configuration of the ASTs is optimized to enhance the electrical output of the AA-CAES by 76.4 MW h and reduce the input by 78.9 MW h at a storage flow rate of 0.5 kg/s.
Cross-correlation image analysis for real-time single particle tracking
Authors: Werneck L. R. , Jessup C. , Brandenberger A. , Knowles T. , Lewandowski C. W. , Nolan M. , Sible K. , Etienne Z. B. , D’Urso B.
Published: July 2024

Accurately measuring the translations of objects between images is essential in many fields, including biology, medicine, chemistry, and physics. One important application is tracking one or more particles by measuring their apparent displacements in a series of images. Popular methods, such as the center of mass, often require idealized scenarios to reach the shot noise limit of particle tracking and, therefore, are not generally applicable to multiple image types. More general methods, such as maximum likelihood estimation, reliably approach the shot noise limit, but are too computationally intense for use in real-time applications. These limitations are significant, as real-time, shot-noise-limited particle tracking is of paramount importance for feedback control systems. To fill this gap, we introduce a new cross-correlation-based algorithm that approaches shot-noise-limited displacement detection and a graphics processing unit-based implementation for real-time image analysis of a single particle.
Thermal Weibel instability induced magnetic fields co-exist with linear wakes in laser-ionized plasmas
Authors: Wu Yipeng , Farrell Audrey , Sinclair Mitchell , Zhang Chaojie , Petrushina Irina , Vafaei-Najafabadi Navid , Babzien Marcus , Li William , Pogorelsky Igor , Polyanskiy Mikhail , Fedurin Mikhail , Kusche Karl , Palmer Mark , Marsh Kenneth A. , Joshi Chan
Published: July 2024

When a moderately intense, few-picosecond-long laser pulse ionizes gas to produce an underdense plasma column, a linear relativistic plasma wave or wake can be excited by the self-modulation instability that may prove useful for multi-bunch acceleration of externally injected electrons or positrons to high energies in a short distance. At the same time, due to the anisotropic temperature distributions of the ionized plasma electrons, the Weibel instability can self-generate magnetic fields throughout such a plasma on a few picoseconds timescale that can persist even longer than the lifetime of the wake. In the present paper, we first show using simulations that both these effects do indeed co-exist in space and time in the plasma. Using our simulations, we make preliminary estimates of the contribution to the transverse emittance growth of an externally injected beam due to the Weibel magnetic fields in a few-millimeter-long plasma. We then present the results of an experiment that has allowed us to measure the spatiotemporal evolution of the magnetic fields using an ultrashort relativistic electron probe beam. Both the topology and the lifetime of the Weibel instability induced magnetic fields in the experiment are in reasonable agreement with the fields induced by the Weibel instability in the simulations.
Evaluation of seedless wavelet-based optical flow velocimetry for schlieren images
Authors: Chen Mingjia , Zhao Zhixin , Hou Yuchen , Zhu Jiajian , Sun Mingbo , Zhou Bo
Published: July 2024

In harsh flow environments, traditional particle-based velocimetry methods face challenges. This study explores the use of seedless schlieren images for velocimetry through a novel algorithm, namely, wavelet-based optical flow velocimetry (wOFV). Various data term constraints for wOFV were examined. It is found that the data term derived from the integrated continuity equation (ICE) outperformed the conventional displaced frame difference constraint and the schlieren-tailored constraints (SE and SSE). Evaluation based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and turbulence energy spectrum (TES) reveals that the choice of wavelet becomes insignificant for the optimal estimated velocity field when the wavelet support length is sufficiently long. In addition, the implementation of a proper truncation in wOFV shows little dependence of the RMSE on the weighting coefficient, therefore alleviating the uncertainty associated with selecting an appropriate weighting coefficient. It is found that the retrieved flow field from schlieren images approximates a down-sampled result based on available structural scales in images. Considering the prevalence of under-resolved velocity field in practical applications, schlieren-based wOFV offers a reasonable alternative to particle-based velocimetry, particularly in harsh flow environments.
The first experimental results from W divertor utilizing x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on KSTAR
Authors: Lee S. G. , Kim M. K. , Kim Y. S.
Published: July 2024

The x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research is applied to measure multiple atomic states, such as Ar16+, Ar17+, W43+, and W44+, with keeping the same spectrometer configuration because all spectra are well separated within the detector boundary. The first experimental results from the recently installed full W tiles in the lower divertor utilizing the XICS are discussed.
Understanding dynamics in coarse-grained models. IV. Connection of fine-grained and coarse-grained dynamics with the Stokes–Einstein and Stokes–Einstein–Debye relations
Authors: Jin Jaehyeok , Voth Gregory A.
Published: July 2024

Applying an excess entropy scaling formalism to the coarse-grained (CG) dynamics of liquids, we discovered that missing rotational motions during the CG process are responsible for artificially accelerated CG dynamics. In the context of the dynamic representability between the fine-grained (FG) and CG dynamics, this work introduces the well-known Stokes–Einstein and Stokes–Einstein–Debye relations to unravel the rotational dynamics underlying FG trajectories, thereby allowing for an indirect evaluation of the effective rotations based only on the translational information at the reduced CG resolution. Since the representability issue in CG modeling limits a direct evaluation of the shear stress appearing in the Stokes–Einstein and Stokes–Einstein–Debye relations, we introduce a translational relaxation time as a proxy to employ these relations, and we demonstrate that these relations hold for the ambient conditions studied in our series of work. Additional theoretical links to our previous work are also established. First, we demonstrate that the effective hard sphere radius determined by the classical perturbation theory can approximate the complex hydrodynamic radius value reasonably well. Furthermore, we present a simple derivation of an excess entropy scaling relationship for viscosity by estimating the elliptical integral of molecules. In turn, since the translational and rotational motions at the FG level are correlated to each other, we conclude that the “entropy-free” CG diffusion only depends on the shape of the reference molecule. Our results and analyses impart an alternative way of recovering the FG diffusion from the CG description by coupling the translational and rotational motions at the hydrodynamic level.
Study on the vortex-induced vibration and flow control of ribbed circular cylinder
Authors: Huang Dongmei , Yang Shuguang , Wang Yue , Yang Lufeng , Wu Shuang , Liang Haobo
Published: July 2024

This work investigates the vortex suppression performance and mechanism of ribs on high-quality ratio cylinders. Through wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations, the surface wind pressure distribution characteristics and flow separation phenomena of different ribbed cylinders are explored, and the spanwise correlation and nonlinear vibration characteristics of vortex-induced vibrations of ribbed cylinder models are analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: ribs change the position of the boundary layer separation point, and the difference in size of left and right separated vortices causes a pressure jump phenomenon, altering the wind pressure distribution of the segment model and reducing the wind pressure, resulting in an increase in the locked wind speed of the ribbed cylinder. Complex separated vortices form behind the ribs, affecting the size of the wake vortex and reducing the stability of the segment model at locked wind speeds. Cylinders with four ribs exhibit good vortex-induced vibration suppression performance at 0° and 45° positioning angles. In addition, the cylinder with four installed ribs cylinders exhibits two locked wind speed regions, each showing different motion states: at the primary locked wind speed, they mainly demonstrate quasi-periodic vibrations and degraded quasi-periodic vibrations, while at the secondary locked wind speed, primarily in a chaotic state dominated by high-frequency harmonic components. These research findings have significant implications for future studies and practical engineering applications.
Regulation of chiral structure and spin polarization by circularly polarized light and electric field in copolymers
Authors: Hu Renjie , Lu Xiangqian , Qin Wei
Published: July 2024

Combining chirality with ferromagnetism is challenging in organic materials and may bring potential application for the cross-integration of multiple disciplines. In this work, we achieved the intrinsic coexistence of chirality and spontaneous spin polarization in the diblock copolymers, where left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized lights present tunability on both the circular dichroism and spin polarization. Without electron dependence of transport in chiral copolymer, chirality is still coupled with spin. The phenomenon observed here is not the traditional chirality induced spin selectivity effect. Moreover, the electric field could also effectively tune the chirality dependence of circular dichroism to further affect the magnitude of spin polarization. Thus, a strong relationship between the chirality and spin polarization is formed in chiral copolymers. In addition, because of the different molecular packing for chiral enantiomers, electron–phonon coupling strengths are different to lead to a difference in spin polarization. Overall, the properties of chirality, spontaneous spin polarization, and photon-chirality-spin coupling are developed and studied, which effectively promotes the ability of potential applications of chiral copolymers.
Pathwise synchronization of global coupled system with linear multiplicative rough noise
Authors: Wei Wei , Gao Hongjun , Cao Qiyong
Published: July 2024

This paper focuses on achieving pathwise synchronization in stochastic differential equations with linear multiplicative rough noises, which are fractional Brownian rough paths with Hurst parameter H∈(13,12). Using rough paths theory, a useful transformation is introduced to convert the equations into random differential equations. Stability and dynamical behavior of the solutions to the equations are discussed, and pathwise synchronization of the solutions to the coupled system is proven. Also we have verified the synchronization results in Hölder space. And at the end, two alternative forms of noises are considered, and synchronization results are presented. Moreover, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the results.
Efficient extreme ultraviolet emission by multiple laser pulses
Authors: Sugiura Tsukasa , Yazawa Hayato , Morita Hiroki , Sakaue Kazuyuki , Nakamura Daisuke , Takahashi Eiji J. , Sunahara Atsushi , O'Sullivan Gerry , Namba Shinichi , Higashiguchi Takeshi
Published: July 2024

We demonstrated an efficient extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source at a wavelength of 13.5 nm using spatially separated multiple solid-state-laser pulse irradiation. The maximum conversion efficiency (CE) achieved was 3.8% for ±30° oblique laser pulse injection, which was about twice as high as that for single laser pulse irradiation of 1.7%, with an EUV source size of about 100 μm for two spatially separated laser pulses with a total laser energy of 500 mJ at a laser intensity of 2×1011 W/cm2. In addition, we achieved an EUV CE of 4.7% for ±60° oblique laser pulse injection, which was one of the highest values ever reported, in the case of a 1-μm solid-state laser-produced planar Sn target plasma by multiple laser pulse irradiation. This result suggests that multiple laser-pulse irradiation at high repetition rate operation could credibly provide the next technology for future high-power EUV sources and exposure tools toward future EUV technology nodes.
Analysis of interfacial effect and boundary layer for forced convection on the macroscopic hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surface: A large eddy simulation
Authors: Cong Haotian , Bai Minli , Lv Xuecheng , Li Yubai , Song Yongchen
Published: July 2024

Hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces are developed to solve the flow and heat transfer performance contradiction. However, hybrid surfaces often have micro- or nano-scale featured sizes and are used in phase change heat transfer because hydrophilic regions contribute to droplet nucleation, and hydrophobic regions contribute to bubble nucleation. In this study, large eddy simulation is used to investigate the forced convection on macroscopic hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces where only the surface local wettability is changed. Three hybrid surfaces with different hydrophilic-hydrophobic ratios and two homogeneous wettability surfaces are designed, and representative flow Reynolds numbers of 4000, 6000, 10 000, and 40 000 are explored to achieve different turbulent styles. The transient parameters of kinematics, vorticity, and boundary layer are analyzed to clarify the mechanism of turbulence change and eddy generation and explain the causes of variations in flow and heat transfer performances. It proves that macroscopic hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces are suitable for forced convection due to the drag reduction on hydrophobic regions, backflows at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces, and eddies at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces, which can enhance the internal disturbance and harmonize the flow and heat transfer performances. The mechanism has a profound significance in broadening the application of hydrophilic-hydrophobic hybrid surfaces and designing the arrangement of hydrophobic regions.
Direct numerical simulations of pure and partially cracked ammonia/air turbulent premixed jet flames
Authors: Tian Tingquan , Wang Haiou , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren
Published: July 2024

Ammonia has been identified as a promising fuel to diminish greenhouse gas emission. However, ammonia combustion presents certain challenges including low reactivity and high NO emission. In the present study, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of ammonia/air premixed slot jet flames with varying Karlovitz numbers (Ka) and cracking ratios were performed. Three cases were considered, including two pure ammonia/air flames with different turbulence intensities and one partially cracked ammonia/air flame with high turbulence intensity. The effects of turbulence intensity and partial ammonia cracking on turbulence–flame interactions and NO emission characteristics of the flames were investigated. It was shown that the turbulent flame speed is higher for the flames with high turbulence intensity. In general, the flame displacement speed is negatively correlated with curvature in negative curvature regions, while the correlation is weak in the positive curvature regions for highly turbulent flames. Most flame area is consumed in negatively curved regions and produced in positively curved regions. It was found that the NO mass fraction is higher in the flame with partial ammonia cracking compared to the pure ammonia/air flames. The NO pathway analysis shows that the NH → NO pathway is enhanced, while the NO consumption pathway is suppressed in the partially cracked ammonia/air flame. The NO mass fraction is higher in regions of negative curvature than positive curvature. Interestingly, the NO mass fraction is found to be negatively correlated with the local equivalence ratio, which is consistent in both the DNS and the corresponding laminar premixed flames.