bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of hard surface detergency, soil, and surfactant
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: June 2007

In the practical detergency range between the 90% soil removal point (the CC‐1 concentration) and the point at twice the CC‐1 concentration (the CC‐2 point), hard surface (steel) detergency (D) is a linear function of micellar solubilization (S) such that D=K1S+K2, for glyceryl trioleate, oleic acid, and lauryl alcohol soils. Equations of this form were obtained for glyceryl trioleate systems using polyethenoxyethers of nonyl phenol and tridecyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, and sodium oleate.

It was shown that the constants K1 and K2 of the detergency equation possess more than mathematical significance. Analysis of the equations for the 15, 20, and 40 ethylene oxide mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with glyceryl trioleate soil revealed that K1 varied linearily with HLB of the adducts and that the K2‐log interfacial tension function (at the CC‐1 point) was linear. Examination of the equations for the 20, 50, and 100 mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with oleic acid soil indicated also that K1 was a function of HLB and that K2 was a function of interfacial tension (at the CC‐1 point). The detergency equations of a single surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate) and three soils (triolein, lauryl alcohol, and oleic acid) indicated K1 was a function of soil dipole moment, and K2 was a function of soil surface tension.
Preparation of foams from vegetable oil derivatives
Authors: Thierfelder C. M. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Dimer acid was hydroxyethylated at 110舑240C in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Products having ethylene oxide: dimer acid mole ratios of 0.8 to 1.4 were transformed into flexible urethane foams of density 2.0 to 4.4 lb/ft3. Hydrogenated 舠aldehyde oil舡 gave a rigid foam which had a density of 1.2 lb/ft3.
Effect of diet and encephalomalacia on the fatty acid composition of the brain of young and old chickens
Authors: Machlin L. J. , Marco G. J. , Gordon R. S.
Published: June 2007

Encephalomalacia was induced in chickens more than 64 days old by feeding a high linoleic acid diet with an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) for 64 days and then deleting the antioxidant.

The cerebella of young chickens fed linoleic acid contained greater proportions of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and fatty acids with retention times corresponding to C‐22 polyunsaturated fatty acids than chickens fed low linoleic acid diets. The cerebella of chickens with encephalomalacia were higher in linoleic acid and an unknown acid than the cerebella from control chickens fed antioxidant. Other fatty acids were not significantly affected by the disease.

The cerebella of hens fed a high linoleic acid diet for 12 weeks, starting from 500 days old, contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid and C‐20 triene than hens fed a low linoleic acid diet. In contrast to chicks, the % of arachidonic acid or fatty acids with retention times greater than arachidonic were not affected by diet.
Hydrogen solubility in jojoba oil
Authors: Wisniak Jaime , Stein Shoshanah
Published: June 2007

The solubility of hydrogen in jojoba oil has been determined at temperatures of 50–250 C and pressures between 100–800 psig. The system behaves according to Henry's law with a heat of solution of 1240 cal/g mole and entropy of solution of 2.9 cal/K g mole. The partial volume of hydrogen varies between 24.6–62.9 ml/g mole in the temperature range considered.
Relationship of structure to properties of surfactants. 16. Linear decyldiphenylether sulfonates
Authors: Rosen Milton J. , Zhu Zhen Huo , Hua Xi Yuan
Published: June 2007

The properties of some well‐characterized sodium linear decyldiphenylether (C10DPE)sulfonates have been studied. Among the properties investigated are dynamic and equilibrium surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface, wetting time by the Draves technique, foaming by the Ross‐Miles method, solubilization, and hydrotropy. The decyldiphenylether moiety appears to be equivalent to a terminally substituted straight alkyl chain of 16 carbon atoms. The trialkyl‐ and dialkyl‐mono‐sulfonates have solubilities of < 0.01 g/dm3 in water, but are readily soluble in hexane. The didecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate (DADS) has a very low CMC value (1.0 × 10−5 mol dm−3) in aqueous 0.1 N Na+ solution (NaCl), characteristic of surfactants with two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic groups. It also has a much larger area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface than the monodecyldiphenyl‐ether monosulfonate (MAMS) and a much higher surface tension at the CMC. MAMS has a much lower surface tension at a surface age of 1 second (γ1s) than either DADS or the monodecyldiphenylether disulfonate (MADS). In agreement with γ1s and γeq values, wetting times increase in the order: MAMS < DADS < MADS and initial foam heights decrease in the order: MAMS > DADS > MADS. Solubilization for three water‐insoluble surfactants decreases in the order: DADS > MAMS > MADS, while hydrotropy is most pronounced with the disulfonates.
Rheological prediction of the physical stability of concentrated dispersions containing particulates
Authors: Reboa Paul F. , Fryan Michael C.
Published: June 2007

A dynamic rheological technique is presented that can be used for the prediction of physical stability of concentrated dispersions containing particulates, as well as product development and quality control. Typical physical evaluation frequently requires weeks or months before an assessment can be made. By using dynamic rheology, the prediction of physical stability can often be accomplished in less than three (3) hours. The dynamic or oscillatory rheology technique is performed in two parts. First, a strain sweep test (frequency constant, strain variable) defines the linear viscoelastic range (LVR). Second, frequency scans (from 0.01 to 5.0 Hz) are performed at various temperatures, from 5 to 49°C (40–120°F). It is critical that the frequency scans are performed in the LVR. Dynamic rheology measurements yield data on the elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli. Plotting the elastic to viscous moduli ratio as a function of frequency and temperature generates a 3‐D surface which is a “fingerprint” of the dispersion’s colloidal stability. The G′/G″ ratios correlate well with observed physical stability properties. A volume index or a simple mean/variance calculation can be used to assign a value to the graphical 3‐D representations.
Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems
Authors: Ohno Makoto , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: June 2007

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10−7 mol dm−3.

In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow‐OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo‐azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon‐silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow‐OB is solubilized only in the azo‐form in the hydrocarbon‐silicone surfactant system.
Enzymatic preparation of ricinoleic acid esters of long‐chain monohydric alcohols and properties of the esters
Authors: Ghoshray S. , Bhattacharya D. K.
Published: June 2007

Apart from the conventional chemical esterification process, long‐chain alkyl ricinoleates also can be prepared by enzymatic esterification or by enzymatic alcoholysis with high yield and without undesirable side reactions. On sulfonation to the hydroxyl group, the alkyl ricinoleates produce surface‐active compounds. The tetradecyl ricinoleate shows the best surface‐active behavior and seems to be much better than that of sulfonated castor oil commonly known as “Turkey Red Oil”.
Modern processing of rapeseed
Authors: Ohlson Ragnar
Published: June 2007

The various processing steps for rapeseed into finished oil and meal products have been reviewed. Particular attention has been given to recent developments, such as the inclusion of an extruder step in oil extraction, an aqueous enzymatic process to separate flakes into oil, flour and molasses, the TOP total degumming process, and the new Centri‐Ad process to eliminate small quantities of impurities (dissolved or emulsified) from large volumes of liquid by a continuous adsorption‐centrifugation technique.
Effect of feeding soy products with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on growth of shrimp
Authors: Sessa David J. , Lim Chhom
Published: June 2007

Six isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets containing commercially defatted, toasted and lightly toasted soy flours (SF) (diets 1 and 2) and four soy protein concentrates (SPC) (diets 3–6) as replacements for 40% of animal protein were fed to satiation to juvenile shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for 10 weeks. The SPCs used in diets 3 and 5 were chemically modified products with reduced trypsin inhibitor (TI) content. The chemical modification of SF in diet 2, which resulted in an SPC for diet 3, and of SPC in diet 4 consisted of heating at 70°C for 1 hr with 50 mM Na2S2O5, followed by dialysis to remove salt residues. To keep all diets isocaloric, cornstarch was added to replace the oli‐gosaccharides lost during processing to an SPC. The TI contents, in mg TI/g diet, were 0.77, 6.14, 0.64, 1.40, 0.92 and 1.72 for diets 1–6, respectively. Shrimp fed lightly toasted SF had the highest weight gain, which was significantly higher than shrimp fed SPC diets 4, 5 and 6, but not significantly higher than shrimp fed diets 1 and 3. No significant difference was observed in survival rates. Shrimp fed diet 3 (with lowest TI) had the highest body percentages of crude protein, while toasted soy flour diet 1, also with low TI, had the lowest content of this constituent. In general, a high body protein reflects good health of the animal and excellent utilization of the feed. At the replacement levels of soy evaluated, TI content did not affect overall weight gain.
Processing of canola meal for incorporation in trout and salmon diets
Authors: McCurdy S. M. , March B. E.
Published: June 2007

Canola meals (two commercial meals and one low‐heat meal) were processed to reduce fiber content, then washed with selected solvents to reduce the content of antinutritional substances and further concentrate protein. The meals, fiber‐reduced meals, and washed meals were used to provide 40% of total protein (26–38% of feed) in the diets of 6‐g rainbow trout for 3 weeks or 25% of total protein (21–31% of feed) in the diets of 23‐g chinook salmon for 11 weeks. Air‐desolventized (low‐heat) canola meal, as compared to commercial meal, provided no protein quality advantage in trout feeds. Fiber reduction processing of commercial meal increased meal protein content by 11–16% and reduced crude fiber by 23–50%, but did not have any effect on the quality of protein for trout or salmon. Solvent‐washing of fiber‐reduced meal improved fish response to canola meal, probably due to reduced glucosinolate content, but possibly also due to reduced sinapine content and alterations in protein availability. Protein concentration was increased by 25–40% by washing, and glucosinolate concentration was reduced by 40–90%.
Bleaching of alkali‐refined vegetable oils with clay minerals
Authors: Boki Keito , Kubo Moriaki , Wada Tetsuyuki , Tamura Takamichi
Published: June 2007

Bleaching efficiencies of bentonites, montmorillonites and sepiolites for alkali‐refined rapesseed, soybean, wheatgerm, safflower, corn, cottonseed and sunflower oils were investigated by a batch method at 110°C. The sepiolites with more acid sites at −5.6 < Ho ≥ −3.0 were the most effective in bleaching of each alkali‐refined oil. Surface area and acidity at −5.6>Ho ≥ −3.0 were highly significant with bleaching efficiency. The sepiolites (numbers 2 and 3) were more suitable than standard activated clay because they were more effective both in retaining tocopherols and in reducing free fatty acids after bleaching.
Faster and easier methods for quantitative lipid extraction and fractionation from miniature samples of animal tissues
Authors: Elmer‐Frohlich Kathryn , Lachance Paul A.
Published: June 2007

A less time‐consuming dry‐column method for total lipid extraction from tissue samples was scaled down and modified to permit the evaluation of 1‐g samples of liver and muscle tissues from rats and from obese (ob/ob) and lean mice. Lipid yields obtained by the new dry‐column method compared well with those obtained by the widely accepted traditional chloroform/methanol method. For subsequent separation of neutral and polar lipid classes, a solid‐phase fractionation method was developed. Its performance was verified by thin‐layer chromatogrphy. Both column chromatographic methods were found to be especially convenient when running multiple samples simultaneously.
Catalytic conversion ofHevea brasiliensis andVirola sebifera oils to hydrocarbon fuels
Authors: Da Rocha Filho G. N. , Bentes M. H. S. , Brodzki D. , Djéga‐Mariadassou G.
Published: June 2007

Catalytic hydrocracking ofHevea brasiliensis (Seringa) andVirola sebifera (Ucuuba) oils was carried out in the presence of a NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst sulfidizedin situ with elemental sulfur at 360°C. The initial pressure of hydrogen was 140 bars. Conversions of nearly 100% of the vegetable oils were achieved. The compositions of the liquid fuels were studied in detail by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main products were found to be alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics and carboxylic acids.
Isolation and quantitative determination of sterol oxides in plant‐based foods: Soybean oil and wheat flour
Authors: Nourooz‐Zadeh Jaffar , Appelqvist Lars‐Åke
Published: June 2007

Soybean oil and wheat flour were analyzed for the content of sitosterol oxides. The method involved chromatography on a Lipidex‐5000 column and enrichment on a disposable NH2‐column, yielding a sterol fraction and a sterol oxide fraction. Each fraction was separated as trimethylsilyl‐ethers on a methyl silicone capillary column. Analysis of crude and freshly refined soybean oil showed no detectable levels of the isomeric 5,6‐epoxysitosterols, the epimeric 7‐hydroxysitosterols and 5,6‐dihydroxysitosterol at the detection limit of 0.2 ppm. Storage of a refined soybean oil for one year at 4°C caused no significant increase in the level of free sitosterol oxides when compared to the freshly refined soybean oil. Analysis of three wheat flours (at 2, 8 and 36 months) revealed that the samples contained variable levels of 5α,6α‐epoxysitosterol (5.4–55 ppm in the lipids), 5β,6β‐epoxysitosterol (0.2–29 ppm), 7α‐hydroxysitosterol (9.3–118 ppm) and 7β‐hydroxysitosterol (9.7–126 ppm).
Molal volumes of somen‐Fatty acids and their methyl and ethyl esters
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Seng C. E.
Published: June 2007

The densities of some pure methyl and ethyl esters ofn‐fatty acids were determined at temperatures between 10° to 80°C. The molal volumes of these esters and the long‐chain fatty acids were correlated with temperature and chainlength. The reciprocals of the average methylene contribution at long‐chain and the end group contribution to the molal volumes were found to be linear functions of the temperature. With the introduction of a correction term to account for mutual interaction of the end groups, three equations, one for each of the esters and the acids, were developed. These equations were used to calculate the molal values of the acids with carbon numbers up to 30 and up to 20 for the esters at temperatures ranging from 10° to 100°C. Excellent agreements were obtained between the molal volumes calculated by the equations and those obtained from the literature and experimental data.
Kinetics of butterfat crystallization
Authors: Grall D. S. , Hartel R. W.
Published: June 2007

Fractionation of butterfat by melt crystallization is a commercial process in many countries for making butter fractions with varying melting, textural and flavor properties for use as food ingredients. However, the crystallization phenomena in this complex system are poorly understood and difficult to optimize and control. In this study, the crystallization kinetics of anhydrous butterfat were determined by cooling a melted sample to the final crystallization temperature in either a lab‐scale (2 L) batch crystallizer or a pilot‐scale (20 L) crystallization vessel. The butterfat was cooled sequentially from an initial temperature of 60°C to final temperatures of 30, 20 and 15°C at a constant cooling rate. Crystals formed at each temperature were separated by vacuum filtration, with the liquid cooled to the next crystallization temperature. Nucleation rates were determined by counting the number of crystals in a given volume of suspension during the course of crystallization. Crystal growth rates were obtained from image analysis of optical photomicrographs. Changes in viscosity, turbidity and mass of crystals also were determined. Effects of impeller velocity (75, 100 or 125 rpm) on the crystallization kinetics were determined. Nucleation and mass deposition rates increased while crystallization lag times decreased with increasing agitator velocities. Growth rates increased with agitator rpm at 20 and 15°C, but decreased with agitator rpm at 30°C, indicating different growth mechanisms. At 20 and 30°C, aggregation was the primary mechanism of crystal growth, whereas little aggregation was observed at 15°C. Crystallization at the larger scale, 20 L, showed only minor differences.
Enzymatic synthesis of monoglycerides in a membrane bioreactor with an in‐line adsorption column
Authors: van der Padt A. , Keurentjes J. T. F. , Sewalt J. J. W. , van Dam E. M. , van Dorp L. J. , van 't Riet K.
Published: June 2007

The chemical synthesis of monoglycerides requires high temperatures, which may lead to the polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids. The enzymatic synthesis of these esters is performed at moderate temperatures and, hence, polymerization is avoided. However, enzymatic processes often end up with a mixture of the product, by‐product, substrate and enzyme. An alternative process is an immobilized enzyme membrane reactor equipped with an inline adsorption column to adsorb the monoglycerides, preferentially onto the adsorbate. A silica 60 column has shown preferential adsorption of monocaprinate. The adsorption of a mixture of decanoic acid, mono‐ and diglycerides is based on two different mechanisms. The decanoic acid will interact with hydroxyl groups at the silica gel surface, which results in a noncompetitive decanoic acid adsorption onto 25% of the silica gel surface. On the remaining part of the silica gel surface, mono‐ and diglycerides adsorb competitively. When a mild eluant is used, such as 5% ethanol in hexane, only the competitively adsorbed molecules are desorbed. This results in a purification factor of approximately 90% after desorption. The column can be desorbed off‐line in a continuous membrane/repeated batch column process. This results in an estimated production of monoglycerides of 60 mol (15 kg) of monoester per gram enzyme.
Determination of tetrachloroethylene—Results of a collaborative study and the standardized method
Authors: Pocklington W. Dennis
Published: June 2007

The development, by collaborative study, of a standardized method for the determination of tetrachloroethylene in olive oils is described. The results of the study, which was carried out in 1989 under the direction of the International Olive Oil Council (IOOC), are presented and show that tetrachloroethylene can be readily determined, to an acceptable degree of precision, by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. A limited number of results obtained for the determination of trichloroethylene and chloroform by the same method indicate that a similar precision could be obtained with the method when determining these solvents also.
The antioxidant properties of ethoxyquin and of some of its oxidation products in fish oil and meal
Authors: Thorisson Snorri , Gunstone Frank , Hardy Roy
Published: June 2007

Ethoxyquin is an effective antioxidant for both fish oil and fish meal but its antioxidant activity often follows an initial burst of pro‐oxidant activity. Some oxidation products of ethoxyquin are shown to be powerful antioxidants as determined from measurements by the Warburg manometric technique. Of the compounds examined, 2,6‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethyl‐6‐quinone imine and ethoxyquin nitroxide showed marked antioxidant activity.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of egg yolk: Impact of temperature and entrainer on residual protein
Authors: Arntfield S. D. , Bulley N. R. , Crerar W. J.
Published: June 2007

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to monitor changes in protein conformation resulting from supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction of lipids from egg yolk. Extraction temperatures of 65°C and lower had no effect on protein conformation as indicated by similar denaturation temperatures and enthalpies of denaturation (ΔH). An extraction temperature of 75°C resulted in a reduction in the ΔH value for ovalbumin present in the egg yolk. The use of 3% methanol as an entrainer during extraction at 36 MPa and 40°C resulted in a 50% reduction in the ΔH value for ovalbumin. The use of high temperatures and/or entrainers during SC‐CO2 extraction can result in significant protein denaturation.
Separation and purification of pinolenic acid by the iodolactonization method
Authors: Hase Anneli , Ala‐Peijari Maija , Kaltia S. , Matikainen J.
Published: June 2007

The separation of pinolenic acid from distilled tall oil fatty acid by the iodolactonization method was studied. The significance of prefractionation of tall oils and details of the iodolactonization procedure for the pinolenic acid purity achieved is discussed.
Synthesis of (R,S)‐muscone from 10‐undecenoic acid
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Subbarao R.
Published: June 2007

Muscone (3‐methylcyclopentadecanone) is a major macrocyclic ketone found in the solid secretion, commonly known as musk, from the pouch ofMoschus moschiferus. Herein, we report its synthesis from 10‐undecenoic acid, which is the major product of castor oil pyrolysis. Methyl 14‐oxotetradecanoate was prepared by radical addition of methyl 10‐undecenoate to acrolein. The terminal oxo group was protected as an acetal, and the ester group was treated with the anion of dimethyl methylphosphonate (CH3‐(O)P(OMe)2, DMMP) to give 2‐(15‐dimethoxyphosphynil‐14‐oxo‐pentadecane)‐1,3‐dioxolane. The acetal protection was removed and the Emmons‐Horner reaction was carried out in K2CO3‐t‐butanol to give 2‐cyclopenta‐decenone. The addition of MeMgI in the presence of Cu2Cl2 gave muscone.
Rapid ethanolysis procedure for jojoba wax analysis by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Duncan C. C. , Yermanos D. M. , Kumamoto J. , Levesque C. S.
Published: June 2007

A rapid ethanolysis procedure for preparing jojoba wax for gas liquid chromatographic analysis is described. The wax esters are hydrolyzed by refluxing 4 drops of jojoba wax in 5% HCl in anhydrous ethanol in a test tube. The resulting fatty acid ethyl esters and fatty alcohols are separated and quantitated by a single gas liquid chromatographic run. Analysis of duplicate samples by this procedure gives essentially the same results as a procedure which requires 10 times more sample and reagents and considerably more time.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: VI. Ultrastructural morphology of isolated pigment glands
Authors: Yatsu L. Y. , Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J.
Published: June 2007

Cottonseed pigment glands, isolated from the underflow fraction of the liquid cyclone process, were examined with an electron microscope. The glands were circumscribed by a layer of tangentially flattened cells. Subjacent to the flattened cells were partially lysed cells containing recognizable remnants of cell walls. Within the lumens or matrices of the glands were myriads of pigment spherules measuring 0.1–1.5 µ in diameter. These spherules remained within the glands, even though gland walls were ruptured mechanically. Since aggregates of pigment spherules devoid of gland walls were observed in the gland‐rich fraction, it was concluded that maintenance of intact pigment glands was not a requisite for successful separation of gossypol from other cottonseed components with the liquid cyclone process. Avoiding dispersion of aggregated spherules from the glandular matrix was probably just as important as maintaining intact gland walls during mechanical separation of gossypol from other cottonseed components.
Preparation and film properties of oils conjugated by dimsyl salts
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , McManis G. E.
Published: June 2007

A study was made of the conjugation of soybean and linseed oils with dimsylsodium and dimsylpotassium as catalysts. Dimsylpotassium had markedly greater catalytic activity than dimsylsodium. The most effective cosolvent used with dimethyl sulfoxide for the conjugation at room temperature was tetrahydrofuran. Bis(2‐ethoxyethyl) ether was less effective as a cosolvent than tetrahydrofuran at room temperature but was nearly as effective at 50 C. An adduct with maleic anhydride was prepared from the conjugated linseed oil under mild conditions. Drying characteristics of the conjugated linseed oil also were investigated. Baked conjugated linseed oil films were comparable to baked dehydrated castor oil films.
Determination of oil, starch, and protein content of viable intact seeds by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Schaefer Jacob , Stejskal E. O.
Published: June 2007

Dipolar‐decoupled natural abundance13C NMR spectra of some intact seeds have been obtained at 22.6 MHz. The spectra display reasonalby well resolved resonance lines for rigid materials, such as the starch and protein components of the seeds, in addition to well resolved lines for the mobile oil component, and, hence, should be useful in rapid nondestructive analyses of total composition.
Improved method of preparation of α‐substituted fatty acids
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , Barauskas Robert A. , Smith Frank D.
Published: June 2007

The previously published methods for the syntheses of α‐substituted fatty acids, as developed by Pfeffer et al. and Konen et al., were improved by using the dimethylamides instead of the free carboxylic acids and changing the solvent system to eliminate hexamethylphosphoramide, a known carcinogen. The improved method cuts the use of metalating agent in half, drastically reduces refrigeration requirements, and permits the preparation of larger batches. A Grignard reagent can be used in place ofn‐butyllithium as metalating agent but gives substantially poorer yields. The syntheses of α‐hydroxylauric acid and α‐butyllauric acid are described.
Oil from deep water fish species as a substitute for sperm whale and jojoba oils
Authors: Buisson D. H. , Body D. R. , Dougherty G. J. , Eyres L. , Vlieg P.
Published: June 2007

The lipid fraction of the deep water fish species orange roughy (Hoplostetbus atlanticus), black oreo (Allocyttus sp.) and small spined oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus) had wax esters with even carbon numbers over the range C30 to C46 as the major components. The component acids and alcohols of the wax ester fraction were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and compared with those of jojoba and sperm whale oils. Orange roughy oil was refined and deodorized and its chemical, physical and mechanical properties were determined. Hydrogenation of orange roughy oil produced a range of white crystalline waxes with melting points between 34 and 66 C. The characteristics of these waxes were very similar to those of hydrogenated jojoba oil and spermaceti. Lubricant tests performed on sulfurized orange roughy oil indicated it is comparable to sulfurized jojoba and sperm whale oils as an extreme‐pressure additive in lubricants. The results show a sound technical basis on which to consider an industry based on orange roughy oil and the oreo oils as replacements for sperm whale oil and as substitutes for jojoba oil. Applications for the oil could be in the cosmetic and high‐grade lubricant fields, the waxes in the polish, textile, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and the sulfurized derivative of orange roughy oil in the lubricant industry.
Clarity of blends of double‐fractionated palm olein with low‐erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: NorAini I. , Hanirah H. , Sudin N. , Oh Flingoh C. H. , Tang T. S.
Published: June 2007

Double‐fractionated palm olein (DfPOo) fractions with iodine values (IV) of 60 and 65 were each blended with low‐erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil in various proportions. Clarities of the blends at different temperatures were determined. Maximum levels of DfPOo‐IV60 and DfPOo‐IV65 in blends that remained clear at 20°C for at least 120 d were 40 and 80%, respectively. At 15°C, the maximum levels were 10 and 40%, and at 10°C, 10 and 20%, respectively. At 5°C, only a blend of 10% DfPOo‐IV65 in LEAR remained clear for 120 d. Maximum levels of DfPOo‐IV60 and DfPOo‐IV65 in blends that passed the cold test were 30% for both palm oleins. Maximum levels of the palm oleins in blends with LEAR were higher than those of blends with soybean oil. Cloud points were lower in palm olein/LEAR blends than those of palm olein/soybean oil blends, probably because LEAR contains less saturated fatty acids than soybean oil.
Study of neutral lipids ofLupinus mutabilis meal and isolates
Authors: Millan Francisco , Alaiz Manuel , Hernandez‐Pinzon Inmaculada , Sanchez‐Vioque Raul , Bautista Juan
Published: June 2007

Two types of protein isolates have been obtained from defattedLupinus mutabilis meal. The isolates, MA and MB, were obtained by alkaline extraction with 0.2% NaOH and 0.25% sodium bisulfite, respectively, followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point (pH 4.8). Total associated lipids were extracted with 86% ethanol. Neutral lipids were separated in a Florisil column. The lipids in the isolates were similar to those found in the original meal. The following types of compounds were separated, identified, and quantitated: hydrocarbons, waxes, methyl esters, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and free sterols.
Effect of germination on tannin, mineral, and trace element composition of groundnut varieties
Authors: Rao P. Udayasekhara
Published: June 2007

Groundnut varieties were analyzed for their tannin, ionizable iron, soluble zinc, phytate phosphorus, total iron, total phosphorus, total zinc, copper, magnesium, and manganese contents in ungerminated seed and after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of germination. Tannin content varied between 100 and 623 mg/100 g; ionizable iron ranged from 136–2178 µg/100 g; phytate phosphorus ranged from 415–655 mg/100 g; soluble zinc varied between 776 and 951 µg/100 g of kernels. Soaking groundnuts overnight in water resulted in a decrease in content of most of the minerals, trace elements, tannins, and soluble zinc. As the germination period increased from 0 to 24, 48, and 72 h, ionizable iron (50%) and soluble zinc (95%) increased substantially. Ionizable iron as percent of total iron increased from 10% in ungerminated kernels to 23% in 72‐h germinated kernels. Soluble zinc as percent of total zinc also increased from 18% in ungerminated groundnuts to 31% in 72‐h germinated ones. There was a negative correlation between tannin content and ionizable iron content of ungerminated and germinated kernels (r=−0.5203). Germination decreased the antinutritional factors, such as tannin, and increased the bioavailable forms of iron and zinc, namely ionizable iron and soluble zinc contents of groundnut kernels.
High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of peanut phospholipids. I. Injection system for simultaneous concentration and separation of phospholipids
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Stikeleather L. F.
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the details of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous concentration and separation of phospholipids or other trace compounds by direct oil injection using two different solvent systems. The system equilibrates and concentrates phospholipids on a silica column using hexane. At the same time, an analytical column is equilibrating and separating phospholipids using two binary solvent mixtures. This system eliminates a preconcentration step previously accomplished by solid‐phase extraction, open‐column chromatography, and other previously used methodology. Other advantages include: a 40% reduction in analysis time, elimination of a second transfer of labile compounds, decreased solvent use, and a simpler array of solvents to separate phospholipids. The method described has broader applications, such as trace organic compounds in water supplies, and trace metals with appropriate modifications for the particular analysis.
A minor source of vernolic, malvalic, and sterculic acids inPithecollobium dulce (syn.Inga dulcis) seed oil
Authors: Hosamani Kallappa M.
Published: June 2007

Pithecollobium dulce, Benth (syn.Inga dulcis, Willd) seed oil, belonging to the Leguminosae plant family, contains minor amounts of vernolic acid (12,13‐epoxy‐octadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid, 10.0%), malvalic acid [7‐(2‐octacyclopropen‐1‐yl)heptanoic acid, 3.2%], and sterculic acid [8‐(2‐octacyclopropen‐1‐yl)octanoic acid, 2.0%]. The other normal fatty acids are palmitic (12.1%), stearic (4.2%), behenic (10.6%), oleic (34.1%), and linoleic (23.8%). These fatty acids have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared,1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and gas‐liquid chromatography techniques and by chemical degradations.
Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils: II. The activity of the prereduced copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Fragale C. , Gargano M. , Rossi M.
Published: June 2007

The prereduction of copper chromite with hydrogen produces a strong deactivation of catalyst in soybean oil hydrogenation at 200 C and 6 atm. ESCA studies and kinetic data show that the decrement of the activity is correlated to the disappearance of Cu″ and Cu′ species and to the decrement of Cu/Cr ratio on the catalyst surface. The comparison of activity between original and prereduced catalysts allows a better elucidation of the role of Cu′ in promoting the double bond conjugation and of Cu° in catalyzing the conjugated double bond hydrogenation.
Operating variables in the analysis of tall oil acids by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Dorris G. M. , Douek M. , Allen L. H.
Published: June 2007

Factors influencing the analysis of fatty and resin acid methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography have been investigated. Methods to calculate equivalent chain length (ECL) values and their limitations are first discussed. Retention data, expressed as equivalent chain lengths (ECL) were determined on SE‐30, SP‐2100 and Carbowax 20M columns. The medium length (20–30‐m) polysiloxane columns, SE‐30 and SP‐2100, provided overall better resolution and shorter retention times than the more polar Carbowax 20M column of similar length. The temperature dependence of ECL values was investigated for all three columns in the range 180–210 C. Retention times and ECL values were more temperature‐dependent for the Carbowax 20M than for the other two stationary phases. The effects of split ratio and method of injection on the precision and accuracy of the analysis were also examined. Using optimal conditions of analysis established in this paper, the difference between measured and actual weights of an internal standard added to two tall oil samples was determined to be less than 3%.
Supercritical fluid fractionation of fish oil esters using incremental pressure programming and a temperature gradient
Authors: Nilsson William B. , Gauglitz Erich J. , Hudson Joanne K.
Published: June 2007

Incremental pressure programming was demonstrated to be an effective technique for increasing the yield of 90% pure allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) in the fractionation of urea‐crystallized fish oil ethyl esters using supercritical fluid CO2. The fractionations, which also produced high purity allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA), were performed using a column temperature gradient. In initial experiments, the maximum temperature of the superimposed gradient was 80°C, and processing pressures ranged from 1900–2200 psi. By reduction of processing pressures, comparable yields of EPA were obtained from fractionations in which the maximum temperatures in the gradient were 70°C and 60°C.
Derivatization of 5α‐cholestane‐3β,5,6β‐triol into trimethylsilyl ether sterol for GC analysis
Authors: Park Peter S. W. , Addis Paul B.
Published: June 2007

Chemical identity of 5α‐cholestane‐3β,5,6β‐triol (C‐Triol) as a trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivative was studied using gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The derivatization mixture, held at 23°C for 30 and 300 min, showed only a single peak (B) by GC. When the mixture was heated at 70°C for a few hours, another peak (A) emerged ahead of peak (B). GC‐MS analysis revealed that the GC peaks (A) and (B) are C‐Triol astris‐ andbis‐TMS ether derivatives, respectively. NMR analysis suggested that the hydroxyl groups at C3 and C6 of C‐Triol were involved in the formation of thebis‐TMS ether.
The role of the northern regional research center in the development of quality control procedures for fats and oils
Authors: List G. R.
Published: June 2007

The research laboratory has played a major role in the development of quality control procedures for edible fats and oils. Historically, development of these methods can be traced in part to the need for basic information on the composition, processing and flavor stability of edible soybean oil. The Northern Regional Research Center pioneered much of this basic work. This review will address the contributions made by the Northern Center in developing quality control procedures for edible fats and oils.
Analysis of triacylglycerols in leaves of citrus by HPLC
Authors: Nordby Harold E. , Yelenosky George
Published: June 2007

Lipids were extracted from leaves of cold‐hardened and unhardened citrus plants and the crude triacylglycerol (TG) fraction of each sample was separated from other lipid components by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). To determine TG levels and molecular species, the crude TG was subjected to High presure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 12 fractions collected and these fractions quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Levels of TG/g fresh leaf were 139 µg in unhardened sour orange, 2460 µg in cold‐hardened sour orange and 672 µg in cold‐hardened Valencia orange. Twenty‐one molecular species were determined in the 36–46 equivalent carbon number range (ECN). Five of the TG species that contained linoleate accounted for over 60% of total TG in hardened sour orange and Valencia leaves. Hardened sour orange leaves contained 2–5 times more of these major TG species than hardened Valencia leaves. The increase in these TG species may relate to cold tolerance since sour orange seedlings are more cold hardy than Valencia budded on sour orange.
A rapid quantitative method for determination of astaxanthin pigment concentration in oil extracts
Authors: Chen Huei‐Mei , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: June 2007

Power models were developed to demonstrate relationships between absorption maxima (λmax) and specific extinction coefficients (E1cm1%) for the carotenoid astaxanthin and astacene in different oils and organic solvents. An accurate and rapid determination of concentration of astaxanthin‐enriched oil can be achieved by using the predicted E1cm1% value based on absorption maxima in the visible light spectrum. Several vegetable or fish oils have been shown to be comparatively efficient in extracting astaxanthin pigment from crustacean waste in a pilot plant.
Lipid‐lipase interactions. I. Fat splitting with lipase fromCandida rugosa
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , O'Brien Dennis J. , Serota Samuel , Barauskas Robert A.
Published: June 2007

Commercial dry lipase fromCandida rugosa (formerlyC. cylindracea) was used to catalyze hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil at 26–40 C. A methodology was developed to yield results reproducible within ±10% and to achieve essentially complete hydrolysis. From the hydrolysis data, an empirical relationship was developed that shows that the percentage of free fatty acid formed is almost a linear function of the logarithm of reaction time and the logarithm of enzyme concentration. A 95–98% hydrolysis of the 3 substrates was achieved experimentally in 72 hr, requiring 15 units lipase per milliequivalent (U/meq) of coconut oil or tallow and 6 U/meq of olive oil. The kinetics of lipolysis were determined for all 3 substrates and were found to approximate first order. Lipolysis rate was higher for olive oil than for tallow and coconut oil; no significant differences were observed between the latter 2 substrates. No statistically significant change in overall reaction rate was found when the hydrolysis was run at 26 C, 36 C or 46 C. Although the literature cites calcium or sodium ions and albumin as beneficial adjuvants to enzymatic lipolysis, these additives appeared to have no significant beneficial effect on the reaction. On the other hand, hydrocarbon solvents and nonionic surfactants showed an adverse effect.
Canola check sample series
Authors: Blake J. A. , Marianchuk M. N.
Published: June 2007

Four separate check series for canola seed, canola meal, crude and crude degummed canola oil and refined, bleached and deodorized canola oil were started in July 1980. They are devised to help laboratories calibrate analytical procedures to be used on canola products. This paper describes the organization of the program and special features of canola analysis. It indicates and discusses less than reliable analyses and describes the active participation of the program organizers to improve reliability of analyses.
Production of detergent‐grade trisodium citrate
Authors: Shen Chung Y.
Published: June 2007

An efficient process to produce a technical‐grade trisodium citrate suitable for detergent use has been demonstrated. Ammonium citrate is produced as an intermediate by a continuous fermentation approach usingCandiada lipolytica yeast and C10–C20 linear paraffin. After removing yeast cells and residual oil by centrifuge, ammonia is distilled off with addition of sodium hydroxide. Trisodium citrate is recovered by methanol precipitation. Impurities, e.g., isocitrate, coloring materials and odorous substances dissolve in methanol and are removed. The methanol is recovered and recycled. A simple approach to convert the trisodium citrate solution directly to a solid for possible use in detergents failed because of the objectionable color, odor and high hygroscopicity.
Determination of surfactant mixtures in shampoos and detergents by HPLC
Authors: Nakamura K. , Morikawa Y.
Published: June 2007

A technique for separating 4 nonionic, 7 anionic and 4 amphoteric surfactants with n‐dodecyl groups was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the determination of these surfactants in commercial shampoos and household detergents. Conditions used for the separation were: column packing and size, TSK‐LS 410 (5µ) and 6 mm i.d. × 500 mm (2 connected, 250 mm columns); mobile phase, water/methanol (25/75, v/v) containing 0.25 M sodium perchlorate adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid; column temp., 50 C; detector, RI. Surfactants in shampoos and detergents were clearly distinguished from each other and determined without column chromatographic pretreatment, e.g., ion‐exchange chromatography.
High pressure splitting of castor oil
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Subbarao R. , Rama Sastry Y. Sita , Kale V. , Rao T. Chandrasekhara , Gangadhar A.
Published: June 2007

The effects of variations in pressure (20–40 kg/cm2), oil‐to‐water ratio (1:0.4–1:1, w/w) and time (0–8 hr) on the extent of hydrolysis of castor oil were studied. Higher pressure, lower oil‐to‐water ratio and longer duration gave higher percentage splits. At 40 kg/cm2 pressure and an oil‐to‐water ratio of 1:1, ca. 92% split was obtained in 8 hr. When the oil was hydrolyzed in 2 stages at 20 kg/cm2 with an oil‐to‐water ratio of 1:0.4, ca. 96% split was obtained in a total period of 10 hr. Splitting at 20 kg/cm2 gave minimal amounts of dienoic acids because of the decomposition of estolides.
Fatty acid composition of brazilian plants. I.Stizolobium aterrimum piper & tracy andLucuma caimito roem. Seed oils
Authors: Schuch R. , Baruffaldi R. , Gioielli L. A.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid composition of the diethyl ether extract from velvet bean,Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy (familyLeguminosae, subfamilyPapilionacea), and abio,Lucuma caimito Roem. (familySapotaceae), seed oils was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Palmitic, oleic and linoleic were the major fatty acids present in both species.
Arachidonic acid autoxidation in an aqueous media effect of α‐tocopherol, cysteine and nucleic acids
Authors: Bazin Bruno , Cillard Josiane , Koskas Jean‐Pierre , Cillard Pierre
Published: June 2007

The autoxidation of arachidonic acid dispersed in aqueous media was evaluated simultaneously with and without different agents, e.g., α‐tocopherol at different concentrations, cysteine, DNA and RNA. The autoxidation rate of arachidonic acid was evaluated by quantitative gas liquid chromatography (GLC) determination of the unoxidized acid and by spectrophotometric measurement of conjugated dienes. α‐Tocopherol exhibited a prooxidant activity at concentrations of 1.25 × 10−4 M and 1.25 × 10−5 M and a weak antioxidant activity at a concentration of 1.25 × 10−6 M. Cysteine showed antioxidant activity and greatly reduced the prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol. DNA and RNA had no effect in either case. α‐Tocopherol oxidation was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prooxidant effect was accompanied by a rapid oxidation of α‐tocopherol, except in the presence of cysteine, which prevented the oxidation of α‐tocopherol.
Thin layer chromatography/flame ionization analysis of transesterified vegetable oils
Authors: Freedman B. , Pryde E. H. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative method was developed for analyzing mixtures containing fatty esters and tri‐ (TG), di‐ (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) obtained by the transesterification of vegetable oils. Analyses were performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC)/flame ionization detection (FID) with an Iatroscan TH‐10 instrument. Stearyl alcohol served as an internal standard. From plots of area and weight ratios of methyl linoleate and tri‐, di‐ and monolinolein, linear equations were developed from which response factors were calculated. Hydrogen flow rate and developing solvent strongly influenced resolution and baseline stability. Variations in scan speed affected completeness of burning and response factors, but not measured composition. Sample weight also affected response factors but not measured composition. A computerized procedure for data analysis was developed so that 30 samples can be completed in 2–3 hr. Relative standard deviations were 1–2% for major components in the 90–100% range and 6–83% for minor components in the 1–2% range.