bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial effect of an ozone device and its comparison with two dentin‐bonding systems
Authors: Polydorou Olga , Pelz Klaus , Hahn Petra
Published: September 2010

Microorganisms remaining beneath restorations can cause secondary caries and pulp damage. Because of this, antimicrobial treatment could be useful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the HealOzone device on Streptococcus mutans and to compare it with the already proven activity of two dentin‐bonding systems. Thirty‐five human molars were divided into 5 groups. Cavities were then cut into the teeth (n = 28 cavities per group). After sterilization, the teeth were left in broth cultures of 106 colony‐forming units (CFU) ml−1 of S. mutans at 36°C for 48 h. The appropriate treatment followed (group A, control; group B, Clearfil SE Bond; group C, Clearfil Protect Bond; group D, 40 s of treatment with ozone; and group E, 80 s of treatment with ozone), and the cavities were then filled with composite resin. After 72 h, the restorations were removed, dentin chips were collected with an excavator, and the total number of microorganisms was determined. All treatments significantly reduced the number of S. mutans present compared with the control group. The antimicrobial effect of both bonding systems and treatment with 80 s of ozone was significantly higher than the 40 s ozone treatment. In conclusion, HealOzone and the bonding systems show striking antimicrobial effects against S. mutans.
Adsorption of chlorhexidine and black tea onto in vitro salivary pellicles, as studied by ellipsometry
Authors: Joiner Andrew , Elofsson Ulla M. , Arnebrant Thomas
Published: September 2010

The adsorption from 0.2% (w/w) chlorhexidine and black tea solutions onto an in vitro pellicle from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs was studied by ellipsometry. It was found that chlorhexidine adsorbed to the pellicle and caused a modification of the pellicle properties, leading to a subsequent increase in adsorption of salivary and black tea components. There was a distinct order‐of‐addition effect, whereby chlorhexidine followed by black tea gave an overall greater adsorption of components compared with black tea followed by chlorhexidine. This increase in adsorption resulted in a concomitant increase in color or stain, as measured by a reflectance chromameter. The increase in adsorbed amounts and stain was modified, in part, by the adsorption of salivary fractions between the chlorhexidine and black tea treatments. In all cases, the chlorhexidine and black tea‐modified pellicles were not readily removed by either phosphate or sodium dodecyl sulfate rinses. Thus, following exposure to chlorhexidine, the accelerated adsorption of salivary and black tea components can ultimately lead to increased staining of the pellicle.
Effects of phosphoric acid on bovine enamel bleached with carbamide peroxide
Authors: De Medeiros Carmen L. S. G. , González‐López Santiago , Bolaños‐Carmona Maria V. , Sanchez‐Sanchez Purificación , Bolaños‐Carmona Jorge
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to measure the demineralization capacity of 37% phosphoric acid on bovine enamel at different time‐points after bleaching with 30% carbamide peroxide. Five, 4 × 4‐mm sections were obtained from the enamel of 10 bovine incisors. After applying 30% carbamide peroxide (Vivastyle) for 90 min, specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 0, 24, 72 h, or 7 d and then immersed in 37% phosphoric solution. At 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s, 5‐ml aliquots were extracted. A control group of specimens was not bleached. Ca2+ concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A larger amount of Ca2+ was extracted from enamel by phosphoric acid after the application of 30% carbamide peroxide. Twenty‐four hours after bleaching, significantly more Ca2+ was extracted from bleached than from control specimens at all time‐points, and this greater susceptibility to the action of the acid persisted for at least 1 wk after bleaching.
Mouse models of tooth abnormalities
Authors: Fleischmannova Jana , Matalova Eva , Tucker Abigail S. , Sharpe Paul T.
Published: September 2010

Tooth number is abnormal in about 20% of the human population. The most common defect is agenesis of the third molars, followed by loss of the lateral incisors and loss of the second premolars. Tooth loss appears as both a feature of multi‐organ syndromes and as a non‐syndromic isolated character. Apart from tooth number, abnormalities are also observed in tooth size, shape, and structure. Many of the genes that underlie dental defects have been identified, and several mouse models have been created to allow functional studies to understand, in greater detail, the role of particular genes in tooth development. The ability to manipulate the mouse embryo using explant culture and genome targeting provides a wealth of information that ultimately may pave the way for better diagnostics, treatment or even cures for human dental disorders. This review aims to summarize recent knowledge obtained in mouse models, which can be used to gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of human dental abnormalities.
Exploring the association of dental caries with social factors and nutritional status in Brazilian preschool children
Authors: Oliveira Luciana B. , Sheiham Aubrey , Bönecker Marcelo
Published: September 2010

The main objective of this study was to assess whether dental caries status was related to nutritional status in preschool urban Brazilian children aged 12–59 months. Dental and anthropometric examinations were conducted on 1,018 12–59‐month‐old children during the National Day of Children Vaccination. Dental caries prevalence and severity were measured using the decayed, missing or filled surfaces (dmfs) index. The World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards Reference was used to evaluate nutritional status. Results on nutritional status were presented as Z‐scores. The data collected included socio‐economic conditions. Multilevel linear regression was applied to investigate the effect of nutritional, socio‐economic, and demographic factors on the status of children’s dental caries. Caries was present in 23.4% of children. The final hierarchical logistic model showed a significant association between nutritional status and caries experience. Children with low Z‐scores in some indexes had an increased risk of having caries. In addition, children whose mothers had < 8 yr of education and were from lower‐income families had an increased risk of high levels of dental caries. There was an association between nutritional and socio‐economic factors, and dental caries. In conclusion, underweight children and those with adverse socio‐economic conditions were more likely to have caries experience.
Successful talent development in track and field: considering the role of environment
Authors: Henriksen K. , Stambulova N. , Roessler K. K.
Published: September 2010

Track and field includes a number of high‐intensity disciplines with many demanding practices and represents a motivational challenge for talented athletes aiming to make a successful transition to the senior elite level. Based on a holistic ecological approach, this study presents an analysis of a particular athletic talent development environment, the IFK Växjö track and field club, and examines key factors behind its successful history of creating top‐level athletes. The research takes the form of a case study. Data were collected from multiple perspectives (in‐depth interviews with administrators, coaches and athletes), from multiple situations (observation of training, competitions and meetings) and from the analysis of documents. The environment was characterized by a high degree of cohesion, by the organization of athletes and coaches into groups and teams, and by the important role given to elite athletes. A strong organizational culture, characterized by values of open co‐operation, by a focus on performance process and by a whole‐person approach, provided an important basis for the environment's success. The holistic ecological approach encourages practitioners to broaden their focus beyond the individual in their efforts to help talented junior athletes make a successful transition to the elite senior level.
Effects of strength training on endurance capacity in top‐level endurance athletes
Authors: Aagaard P. , Andersen J. L.
Published: September 2010

The effect of concurrent strength (S) and endurance (E) training on adaptive changes in aerobic capacity, endurance performance, maximal muscle strength and muscle morphology is equivocal. Some data suggest an attenuated cardiovascular and musculoskeletal response to combined E and S training, while other data show unimpaired or even superior adaptation compared with either training regime alone. However, the effect of concurrent S and E training only rarely has been examined in top‐level endurance athletes. This review describes the effect of concurrent SE training on short‐term and long‐term endurance performance in endurance‐trained subjects, ranging from moderately trained individuals to elite top‐level athletes. It is concluded that strength training can lead to enhanced long‐term (>30 min) and short‐term (<15 min) endurance capacity both in well‐trained individuals and highly trained top‐level endurance athletes, especially with the use of high‐volume, heavy‐resistance strength training protocols. The enhancement in endurance capacity appears to involve training‐induced increases in the proportion of type IIA muscle fibers as well as gains in maximal muscle strength (MVC) and rapid force characteristics (rate of force development), while likely also involving enhancements in neuromuscular function.
Does removal of the original pulp tissue before autotransplantation influence ingrowth of new tissue in the pulp chamber?
Authors: Laureys Wim G.M. , Dermaut Luc R. , Cuvelier Claude A. , De Pauw Guy A.M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  In an attempt to extend the indication area for autotransplantation of vital teeth, two possibilities can be proposed: (i) The enlargement of the apical foramen, with the aim to facilitate revascularization and ingrowth of new tissue. The ingrowth of tissue will eliminate the need for endodontic treatment when mature teeth are transplanted and (ii) the cryopreservation of teeth in case they cannot be transplanted immediately to the receptor site. Teeth with an ideal stage of root formation can be cryopreserved to perform transplantation later. Although pulpcell cultures survive crypreservation in vitro, the pulp tissue cannot survive the cryopreservation procedures when it is kept inside the pulpchamber. Therefore, the pulp tissue has to be removed before cryopreservation. It has been demonstrated that revascularization and ingrowth of new tissue can occur in an empty pulp chamber (1). The aim of this study was to find out if revascularization and ingrowth of new pulp tissue is influenced by removal of the original pulp tissue before autotransplantation. Twenty nine single‐rooted teeth from three adult beagle dogs were transplanted after resection of the root tip. One group of teeth (n = 14) had the pulp tissue removed before transplantation. The other group (n = 15) had the original pulp left in situ. The transplanted teeth were histologically analysed 90 days post‐transplantation. In the group with the tissue left in situ, 12 teeth (80%) showed a pulp chamber totally filled or at least 1/3 to 2/3 filled with viable tissue. In the group with the pulp tissue removed, 11 teeth (79%) had no or little vital tissue in the pulp chamber. The necrotic masses that develop in the original pulp tissue immediately after transplantation are a possible stimulating factor in the repair process of the pulp. As a conclusion, it can be stated that in case of autotransplantation of teeth, it is advisable to leave the pulp tissue in situ to stimulate the revascularization and ingrowth of new tissue after transplantation.
Dilaceration of maxillary central incisor: a literature review
Authors: Topouzelis Nikolaos , Tsaousoglou Phoebus , Pisoka Vasiliki , Zouloumis Lampros
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  The main purpose of this review is to present the aetiological factors and the mechanism that cause dilaceration of the maxillary central incisors. In early developmental stages, the permanent tooth germ of the maxillary incisor is situated palatally and superiorly to the apex of the primary incisor and gradually changes direction in a labial direction with its crown coming closer to the resorbing primary root. For reasons of this close relationship between the permanent tooth germ and the apex of the primary incisor, it is believed that an acute trauma to the primary predecessor can cause dilaceration of the long axis of the permanent successor. Clinically, dilaceration can be revealed by palpation high in the labial sulcus or in the hard palate, while its radiographic view is characteristic. The therapeutic approach to the dilacerated maxillary central incisors has to be carefully planned and needs the cooperation of several specialities to attain the final objective.
Traumatic dental injuries in an urban adolescent population in Tirana, Albania
Authors: Thelen Dorina Sula , Bårdsen Asgeir
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  Aim: The aim of this study was to gather information about traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in an urban adolescent Albanian population. Material & methods: A cross‐sectional survey was carried out to acquire epidemiological data about TDI in the permanent incisors of Albanian adolescents. Participants (n = 2789) were adolescents of both genders, aged 16–18 years, attending public high schools in Tirana. Results: The occurrence of TDI in the incisors ranged from 8.9% of 16‐year‐olds to 10.5% of 18‐year‐olds. A greater proportion of boys (12.4%) had TDI compared with girls (7.7). The most commonly reported causes were collisions (27.5%) followed by physical leisure activities and sports (mainly cycling and swimming/diving) (14.1%) and falls (13.4%). Of the adolescents affected by TDI, 32% had unmet treatment need because of no or inadequate treatment. Adolescents living in districts with low socio‐economic level had significantly more TDI with unmet treatment need than those living in districts with high socio‐economic level. Conclusion: The occurrence of TDI among Albanian adolescents was moderate. Adolescents who came from low socio‐economic districts had a greater probability of having TDI with unmet treatment need.
An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non‐radiographic study
Authors: Borzabadi‐Farahani Ali , Borzabadi‐Farahani Anahid , Eslamipour Faezeh
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  Objectives: To explore the association between maxillary incisor trauma (MIT) and facial skeletal forms (sagittal and vertical), overjet (OJ), lip coverage, and gender. Subjects and methods: Five hundred and two subjects (253 females and 249 males, aged 11–14 years) were examined. Sagittal (Class I, II or III) and vertical skeletal pattern (average, increased or decreased Frankfort‐Mandibular Plane Angle (FMPA)) were recorded. Samples were categorized into four groups according to OJ severity: OJ ≤ 3.5 mm, 3.5 mm < OJ ≤ 6.0 mm with competent lips, 3.5 mm < OJ ≤ 6.0 mm with incompetent lips and OJ > 6 mm. Samples were also subdivided into two groups: OJ ≤ 3.5 mm and OJ > 3.5 mm. Chi‐square test was performed to determine any gender differences in trauma experience. Logistic regression was performed to test for any differences in risk of MIT in different groups, and to estimate the predictive value of facial skeletal pattern (sagittal), FMPA, gender, OJ, and lip competence for MIT. Results: Nine percent had incisor trauma (8.4% MIT). Boys had greater odds of receiving MIT than girls (OR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.11–4.21). Subjects with Class II skeletal patterns had greater odds of MIT than those with Class I skeletal patterns (OR = 3.98; 95% CI, 1.98–8.00). Subjects with decreased FMPA had greater odds of MIT than subjects with average FMPA (OR = 4.55; 95% CI, 2.28–9.06). Lip competence was not associated with MIT (P > 0.05). Subjects with OJ > 3.5 mm had greater odds of MIT than subjects with OJ ≤ 3.5 mm (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.49–5.37). Conclusion: Compared with children with normal OJ (≤3.5 mm), Class I skeletal pattern (Straight profile) and average FMPA, the odds of MIT increased significantly in children with OJ > 3.5 mm (OR = 2.83), Class II skeletal pattern (OR = 3.98) and decreased FMPA (short face profile) (OR = 4.55), respectively.
The reasons for tooth loss in geriatric patients attending two surgical clinics in Jerusalem, Israel.
Authors: Stabholz Ayala , Babayof Itai , Mersel Alex , Mann Jonathan
Published: September 2010

Objectives Numerous studies around the world have been conducted in order to understand the reasons for tooth extractions in various age groups. Most studies have dealt with the general adult population but little attention has been paid to the elderly population. In Israel, as in most of the western countries, the elderly population is growing rapidly and thus demands for its dental needs are also increasing. In order to meet the dental requirements of the geriatric population, data on the main reasons of tooth mortality have been collected. Design Retrospective analysis of reasons for extraction divided into three categories: caries, periodontal disease and “other”. Subjects The files of 302 consecutive elderly patients aged 65–95 years attending for extraction. The cause for tooth extraction was gathered from the written diagnosis described by the operator us well as from radiographs. Setting. Two surgical clinics in Jerusalem serving low income residents. Results Results indicated that 30% of the extractions were due to caries, 65% were due to periodontal disease and only 6.4% related to “other” reasons. In both, males and females, periodontal disease was the major cause for tooth loss yet, females exhibited more extractions due to caries than males (35% vs 23% respectively). A relatively high incidence of tooth loss was documented for the 85+ age group. Of the teeth that were extracted, incisors and molars were equally the most frequent (29%) followed by premolars (26%) and canines (17%). Premolars were the teeth most frequently extracted out of the teeth removed due to caries (32%) whereas incisors were the most frequently removed within the group of teeth extracted due to periodontal disease (31%). Conclusions The results of this study point to the importance of prevention and treatment of dental diseases, particularly periodontal disease, in adults aged 0 years and above in order to prevent tooth loss in their later years.
Cast titanium overlay denture for a geriatric patient with a reduced vertical dimension
Authors: Guttal Satyabodh , Patil Narendra P.
Published: September 2010

An older patient reporting to the dental surgery for his/her dental treatment is becoming a common occurrence. Improved oral hygiene has meant that teeth are retained for a longer time, along with the potential problems of attrition, decreased vertical dimension, temporomandibular joint discomfort/strain, and poor aesthetics. The case in question is that of a 65‐year‐old male patient who had severe attrition in the lower arch, temporomandibular joint pain and reduced vertical dimension. The maxillary arch had previously been restored with a fixed partial prosthesis. For restoration of the lower teeth, a removable cast titanium overlay denture was fabricated incorporating an increased vertical dimension. Porcelain facings were placed to restore the aesthetics of the anterior teeth. The titanium was cast in a semi‐automatic electric arc, pressure type casting machine. A titanium overlay denture with porcelain facing on the anterior teeth may provide a means of restoring a patient's concerns regarding aesthetics and function.
Patients’ experiences with partial dentures: a qualitative study
Authors: Smith Patricia A. , Entwistle Vikki A. , Nuttall Nigel
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The aim of the study was to gain insight into people's experiences of being given and using partial dentures.

Methods:  In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 23 people of varied age, social background and denture wearing experience in Tayside, Scotland. Participants were encouraged to discuss how they came to have partial dentures, their day‐to‐day denture use and their interactions with dentists. The interview data were systematically coded using key theme headings, and summary charts were constructed to facilitate analysis.

Results:  The initial decision that a partial denture was needed was generally difficult to accept. People perceived the main benefits of partial dentures to be improved appearance and confidence, but experienced a variety of difficulties with their dentures and often coped with these by only wearing them on social occasions. Participants had not always told their dentists about the difficulties they experienced. Barriers to seeking help with denture problems included financial constraints, previous experience of rushed appointments or poor communication from dentists and a perceived lack of entitlement to help when partial dentures were issued free.

Conclusions:  Partial dentures can be difficult to cope with. People experience a range of difficulties in wearing them, not all of which have been discussed with dentists. Informative and supportive communication when partial dentures are first needed, and subsequently, can improve the quality of patients’ experiences and may help promote effective use and appropriate help‐seeking by partial denture wearers.
Effect evaluation of a supervised versus non‐supervised implementation of an oral health care guideline in nursing homes: a cluster randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: De Visschere Luc , Schols Jos , van der Putten Gert‐Jan , de Baat Cees , Vanobbergen Jacques
Published: September 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00418.x
 
Effect evaluation of a supervised versus non‐supervised implementation of an oral health care guideline in nursing homes: a cluster randomised controlled clinical trial

Objective:  To compare a supervised versus a non‐supervised implementation of an oral health care guideline in Flanders (Belgium).

Background:  The key factor in realising good oral health is daily oral hygiene care. In 2007, the Dutch guideline ‘Oral health care in care homes for elderly people’ was developed to improve oral health of institutionalised elderly.

Materials and Methods:  A random sample of 12 nursing homes was randomly allocated to the intervention or the control group. Representative samples of 30 residents in each home were monitored during a 6‐month study period. The intervention included a supervised implementation of the guideline.

Results:  At the 6‐month follow‐up, only a small but statistically significant (p = 0.002) beneficial effect (0.32) of the intervention was observed for denture plaque after adjustment for baseline value and the random effect of the institution. In the linear mixed regression models, including a random institution effect, difference in denture plaque level was no longer statistically significant at the 5% level.

Conclusion:  Only denture hygiene has been improved by the supervised implementation, although with lower benefits than presumed. Factors on institutional level, difficult to assess quantitatively, may play an important role in the final result.
Feminism and Mentoring of Graduate Students*
Authors: Humble Áine M. , Solomon Catherine Richards , Allen Katherine R. , Blaisure Karen R. , Johnson Michael P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A small body of mentoring literature exists, but how mentoring relates to feminist supervision of graduate students has not been explicitly addressed. Because mentoring typically socializes individuals into a preexisting structure that feminist scholars may be challenging, critiquing, and attempting to change, important considerations arise for feminist mentoring. Three established feminist educators’ stories of mentoring are presented. Commonalities and concerns are identified, and implications for graduate pedagogy are presented.
Teaching Family Policy in Undergraduate and Graduate Classrooms: Why It's Important and How to Do It Better*
Authors: Bogenschneider Karen
Published: September 2010

Abstract: As newcomers on college campuses, family policy courses have the potential to benefit policymaking, fill a void in undergraduate and graduate education, strengthen families, and prepare students for lifelong political engagement during a pivotal period in their development. Yet, family policy has proven a challenging course to teach. Family policy is an esoteric concept, which makes courses difficult to distinguish from other policy courses. The content of a family policy course is fluid and inherently value laden. This paper proposes course content and teaching techniques to transform these challenges into learning opportunities. The author discusses similarities and differences in teaching undergraduate and graduate courses and recommends cross‐university dialogue and resource exchange to improve the teaching of family policy in college classrooms.
The Ambiguities of Out‐of‐Home Care: Children With Severe or Profound Disabilities*
Authors: Roper Susanne Olsen , Jackson Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Ambiguous loss and boundary ambiguity experienced by families during the process of placing their child in out‐of‐home care was described by parents in 20 families raising a child with severe or profound developmental disabilities. In retrospective interviews, parents discussed their experiences before and after placing their child and how they experienced ambiguous loss as they raised a child that was psychologically absent but physically present. Parents faced ambiguities related to the nature and diagnosis of the disability, support services, and placement. A second situation of ambiguous loss was created when the child was placed. Parents experienced two forms of boundary ambiguity (role and membership ambiguity) and ambivalence regarding placement decisions. Research and clinical implications for working with families are presented.
Another Kind of Ambiguous Loss: Seventh‐day Adventist Women in Mixed‐Orientation Marriages
Authors: Hernandez Barbara C. , Wilson Colwick M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Narratives of five Seventh‐day Adventist heterosexual women whose mixed‐orientation marriages ended were analyzed through the lens of ambiguous loss. Thematic coding identified a wave‐like process of changing emotional foci that emerged from their experience during marital dissolution. Elements of ambiguous loss included boundary ambiguity, retrospective interpretation and grieving, secrecy, and renegotiation of spiritual beliefs. A process model is introduced and elucidated through participant narratives. Treatment suggestions and implications for further study are provided.
Talking to Youth About Drugs: What Do Late Adolescents Say About Parental Strategies?
Authors: Miller‐Day Michelle
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This research, comprised of 2 studies, extends current knowledge of parent‐child communication about drugs. The first study developed a typology of parental strategies used to deter children’s substance use. The second study examined relationships among the parental strategies identified in the first study, which included family communication environments and self‐reported substance use. Results revealed that parental communication strategies to deter substance use may be employed in different ways by laissez‐faire, pluralistic, consensual, and protective families. Of the 7 identified types of strategies, very few actually impacted substance use in the previous 30 days. The only strategy to have a significant effect on the use of all drug types was a “no tolerance rule.” Prevention efforts and programs may target parents so as to enhance parental communication competence and offer parents an array of strategies to choose from that might best fit with their family communication environment.
Processes of Sibling Influence in Adolescence: Individual and Family Correlates*
Authors: Whiteman Shawn D. , Christiansen Abigail
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This study examined the nature and correlates of adolescents’ perceptions of sibling influence. Participants included 2 siblings (firstborn age M= 17.34; second‐born age M= 14.76 years) from 191 maritally intact families. Adolescents’ perceptions of sibling influence were measured via coded responses to open‐ended questions about whether their sibling had an influence on them. Analyses revealed that older and younger siblings reported different patterns of influence. Differentiation influence and being a role model were more prevalent for firstborns, whereas modeling and modeling plus differentiation were more prevalent for second‐borns. First‐ and second‐borns’ reports of influence were linked differentially to their relational and personal qualities. Discussion focuses on the need to refine the measurement of sibling influence processes.
Debt Change and Marital Satisfaction Change in Recently Married Couples*
Authors: Dew Jeffrey
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Although recently married couples report debt as one of their top concerns, research has not measured how debt changes relate to changes in their marital satisfaction. Further, the mechanisms that link debt and marital satisfaction are unknown. Findings using the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 1,078 couples) demonstrated that consumer debt changes predicted recently married couples’ marital satisfaction changes. Changes in variables associated with couples achieving their marital expectations (e.g., spending time together, arguing about finances) partially explained these findings. Changes in consumer debt negatively predicted couples’ time together and positively predicted arguments over money, which in turn were both associated with declines in marital satisfaction.
Pathways to Relationship Aggression Between Adult Partners*
Authors: Busby Dean M. , Holman Thomas B. , Walker Eric
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In this study, the pathways to adult aggression beginning in the family of origin (FOO) and continuing through adult relationships were investigated. With a sample of 30,600 individuals, a comprehensive model was evaluated that included the unique influences of violent victimization in the family, witnessing parental violence, perpetrating violence as children, the family environment, personality, and situational factors in the couple relationship such as negative communication for self and partner. The results indicated that perpetration of violence in the family was the only background variable that was associated with relationship aggression. However, the other types of violence in the FOO were associated with the overall family environment, which had a moderate association with situational factors within the couple relationship. Perceptions of the partner had a particularly strong association with negative communication and relationship aggression. Gender differences were evident as the association between perpetration of violence in the FOO and adult relationship aggression was stronger for women than men, whereas the association between ratings of their partner’s personality and adult aggression was stronger for men.
An investigation into the effect of potassium ions on the folding of silk fibroin studied by generalized two‐dimensional NMR–NMR correlation and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ruan Qing‐Xia , Zhou Ping , Hu Bing‐Wen , Ji Dan
Published: September 2010

We used generalized two‐dimensional NMR–NMR correlation to examine the effect of potassium ions on the conformation transition in silk fibroin to investigate the possibility that the fairly high K+ ion content found in the distal end of silk‐secreting ducts in the silkworms could have a bearing on natural formation of the silk fiber. This has enabled us to propose a detailed mechanism for the transition process. Our evidence indicates that increasing the [K+] from 0 to 3.7 mg·g−1 in the silk fibroin, as is thought to occur as the silk fibroin moves through the secretory pathway to the spigot, produces a sequence of secondary structural changes: helix and/or random coil→helix‐like→β‐sheet‐like→β‐sheet. The sequence is the same as that produced in silk fibroin films by decreasing the pH of fibroin from 6.8 to 4.8. In addition, we used Raman spectroscopy to study the effect of K+ ions on the Fermi doublet resonance of the tyrosyl phenolic ring at 850 and 830 cm−1. The intensity ratio I850/I830 at these wave numbers indicated that the hydrogen bonding formed by the tyrosyl phenolic‐OH becomes more stable with an increase in the K+ ion concentration as above. Our investigation on the effect of K+ ions on fibroin may help provide a theoretical basis for understanding the natural silk‐spinning process and the conditions required for biomimetic spinning. It may also have relevance to the aggregation of other β‐sheet proteins, including prion proteins, neurofibrillary proteins and amyloid plaques.
Mass spectrometric detection of tyrosine sulfation in human pancreatic trypsinogens, but not in tumor‐associated trypsinogen
Authors: Itkonen Outi , Helin Jari , Saarinen Juhani , Kalkkinen Nisse , Ivanov Konstantin I. , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Valmu Leena
Published: September 2010

Trypsinogen‐1 and ‐2 are well‐characterized enzymes that are expressed in the pancreas and also in several other tissues. Many cancers produce trypsinogen isoenzymes that differ from the pancreatic ones with respect to substrate specificity and isoelectric point. These tumor‐associated trypsinogens play a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis. The differences between these and the pancreatic isoenzymes have been suggested to be caused by post‐translational modification, either sulfation or phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue. We aimed to elucidate the cause of these differences. We isolated trypsinogens from pancreatic juice and conditioned medium from a colon carcinoma cell line. Intact proteins, and tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We also used immunoblotting with antibody against phosphotyrosine and N‐terminal sequencing. The results show that pancreatic trypsinogen‐1 and ‐2 are sulfated at Tyr154, whereas tumor‐associated trypsinogen‐2 is not. Detachment of a labile sulfogroup could be demonstrated by both in‐source dissociation and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation in a tandem mass spectrometer. Tyrosine sulfation is an ubiquitous protein modification occurring in the secretory pathway, but its significance is often underestimated due to difficulties in its analysis. Sulfation is an almost irreversible modification that is thought to regulate protein–protein interactions and the activity of proteolytic enzymes. We conclude that the previously known differences in charge, substrate specificity and inhibitor binding between pancreatic and tumor‐associated trypsinogens are probably caused by sulfation of Tyr154 in pancreatic trypsinogens.
Poly(silicate)‐metabolizing silicatein in siliceous spicules and silicasomes of demosponges comprises dual enzymatic activities (silica polymerase and silica esterase)
Authors: Müller Werner E. G. , Schloßmacher Ute , Wang Xiaohong , Boreiko Alexandra , Brandt David , Wolf Stephan E. , Tremel Wolfgang , Schröder Heinz C.
Published: September 2010

Siliceous sponges can synthesize poly(silicate) for their spicules enzymatically using silicatein. We found that silicatein exists in silica‐filled cell organelles (silicasomes) that transport the enzyme to the spicules. We show for the first time that recombinant silicatein acts as a silica polymerase and also as a silica esterase. The enzymatic polymerization/polycondensation of silicic acid follows a distinct course. In addition, we show that silicatein cleaves the ester‐like bond in bis(p‐aminophenoxy)‐dimethylsilane. Enzymatic parameters for silica esterase activity are given. The reaction is completely blocked by sodium hexafluorosilicate and E‐64. We consider that the dual function of silicatein (silica polymerase and silica esterase) will be useful for the rational synthesis of structured new silica biomaterials.
Simple lightweight disposable continuous positive airways pressure mask to effectively treat acute pulmonary oedema: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Leman Peter , Greene Shaun , Whelan Kim , Legassick Tony
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To compare the novel Boussignac valve continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) delivery mask and a standard closed‐circuit Drager CF800 CPAP system in the management of acute pulmonary oedema (APO) patients.

Methods:  This was a randomized controlled trial whereby patients presenting to the ED with APO and who met the study criteria received either CPAP via the Boussignac valve system or from a standard Drager CF800. Baseline physiological and arterial gas data were recorded and repeated at 30 and 60 min after CPAP commenced. The primary outcome was mean change in pCO2 at 60 min between the two systems.

Results:  There were 39 evaluable patients (19 Boussignac, 20 Drager). The mean change in pCO2 at 60 min compared to baseline was similar in the two groups (Boussignac 0.9 kPa vs. Drager 1.2 kPa, mean difference −0.3; 95% CI −1.0–0.5, P = 0.45). In addition, there were no significant differences at 60 min in regards to respiratory rate decrease, Boussignac 17.3/min versus Drager 19.6/min (mean difference 1.3; 95% CI −3.3–5.8, P = 0.58) or peripheral SaO2 increase, Boussignac 10.7% versus Drager 14.6% (mean difference −3.9; 95% CI −9.9–2.1, P = 0.19). There was no significant difference in disposition from the ED or the complication rate.

Conclusions:  The Boussignac valve system may be an effective lightweight disposable method of delivering CPAP to patients with APO. It appears to perform as effectively as much larger, more expensive and less transportable equipment.
Transthoracic electrical bioimpedance: A means of filling the void?
Authors: Thom Ogilvie , Taylor David
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To examine the published evidence regarding the use of transthoracic electric bioimpedance (TEB) for the non‐invasive monitoring of cardiac output in the ED.

Method:  Databases  of  the  medical  literature,  relevant  textbooks  and  the  Internet  were  searched for articles regarding TEB. Criteria for inclusion were drawn up prior to examination of the articles and included adherence to guidelines for comparing methods of clinical measurement.

Results:  Results are discussed under the following headings: technological capability, diagnostic accuracy, limitations, range of possible uses, therapeutic impact, impact on health care providers, patient outcome and future directions.

Conclusion:  TEB is a technique for the non‐invasive monitoring of cardiac output whose ease of use, continuous data acquisition and versatility suggest it may have a role to play in the care of patients in our EDs.
Acute coronary syndrome mimicked by acute cholecystitis
Authors: Aksay Ersin , Ersel Murat , Kiyan Selahattin , Musalar Ekrem , Gungor Hasan
Published: September 2010

Various aetiologies have been reported that cause severe trauma segment and T‐wave abnormalities that are not related to acute coronary syndromes. However, the reports of transient ECG abnormalities associated with acute cholecystitis are limited in the literature. We describe a 42‐year‐old man presented with abdominal pain and hypertensive episode that developed dynamic ECG changes mimicking acute coronary syndrome and was diagnosed acute cholecystitis eventually. Emergency physicians should keep in mind dynamic T‐wave changes mimicking acute myocardial ischaemia in patients with acute cholecystitis.
Lumbosacral plexopathy due to a rupture of a common Iliac artery aneurysm
Authors: Bushby Nathan , Wickramasinghe Seneviratne Yapage Buddhimth Thavanga , Wickramasinghe Daishini Nayomi Sagarika
Published: September 2010

We report a case of lumbosacral plexopathy caused by the rupture of a common iliac artery aneurysm. The patient presented with sciatic type symptoms of lower back pain radiating to his left leg with associated numbness and weakness in the L4–S1 distribution. He also had reduced anorectal tone. A CT scan showed a large haematoma in the left side of the pelvis from a ruptured 8 cm common iliac artery aneurysm. Sciatica is commonly due to a prolapsed intervertebral disc, although spinal canal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, piriformis syndrome and spinal tumours and other causes need to be considered. This case serves to increase the awareness of the possibility of another uncommon cause, especially when additional atypical neurological symptoms exist.
A New Approach to Comparing Several Equating Methods in the Context of the NEAT Design
Authors: Sinharay Sandip , Holland Paul W.
Published: September 2010

The nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design involves missing data that are missing by design. Three equating methods that can be used with a NEAT design are the frequency estimation equipercentile equating method, the chain equipercentile equating method, and the item‐response‐theory observed‐score‐equating method. We suggest an approach to perform a fair comparison of the three methods. The approach is then applied to compare the three equating methods using three data sets from operational tests. For each data set, we examine how the three equating methods perform when the missing data satisfy the assumptions made by only one of these equating methods. The chain equipercentile equating method is somewhat more satisfactory overall than the other methods.
Hierarchical Logistic Regression: Accounting for Multilevel Data in DIF Detection
Authors: French Brian F. , Finch W. Holmes
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of differential item functioning (DIF) assessment in the presence of a multilevel structure that often underlies data from large‐scale testing programs. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression (LR), a popular, flexible, and effective tool for DIF detection. Data were simulated using a hierarchical framework, such as might be seen when examinees are clustered in schools, for example. Both standard and hierarchical LR (accounting for multilevel data) approaches to DIF detection were employed. Results highlight the differences in DIF detection rates when the analytic strategy matches the data structure. Specifically, when the grouping variable was within clusters, LR and HLR performed similarly in terms of Type I error control and power. However, when the grouping variable was between clusters, LR failed to maintain the nominal Type I error rate of .05. HLR was able to maintain this rate. However, power for HLR tended to be low under many conditions in the between cluster variable case.
Formal Relations and an Empirical Comparison among the Bi‐Factor, the Testlet, and a Second‐Order Multidimensional IRT Model
Authors: Rijmen Frank
Published: September 2010

Testlet effects can be taken into account by incorporating specific dimensions in addition to the general dimension into the item response theory model. Three such multidimensional models are described: the bi‐factor model, the testlet model, and a second‐order model. It is shown how the second‐order model is formally equivalent to the testlet model. In turn, both models are constrained bi‐factor models. Therefore, the efficient full maximum likelihood estimation method that has been established for the bi‐factor model can be modified to estimate the parameters of the two other models. An application on a testlet‐based international English assessment indicated that the bi‐factor model was the preferred model for this particular data set.
The Mansholt Plan Forty Years On Le plan Mansholt quarante ans après Der Mansholt‐Plan vierzig Jahre später
Authors: Stead David R.
Published: September 2010

summary

The Mansholt Plan Forty Years On

Forty years ago, Europe's Agricultural Commissioner Sicco Mansholt headed a unique attempt to transform the rural economy of the then six‐member European Economic Community The Commission published a provocative memorandum proposing broad policies to accelerate structural change in agriculture, including providing financial incentives to encourage about half of the farming population to leave the sector, with five million hectares of land targeted to be removed from production. Unsurprisingly, the‘Mansholt Plan’produced passionate protests, and the three Directives eventually adopted were far less ambitious in scope and financial commitment than the original proposals. The fate of the Mansholt Plan is a classic example of the difficulties faced in overcoming the status quo bias of agricultural policy even with the shock tactics then employed by the Commission. Juxtaposing the plan with today's policy environment highlights the dramatic changes that have occurred in the agricultural sector, and the re‐orientation of the CAP The counterfactual scenario of wholesale implementation of the 1968 memorandum programme would, in hindsight, have almost certainly featured repercussions and recriminations exacerbating the problems of European integration. Hence the case study of the Mansholt Plan also looks like a cautionary tale against introducing‘big bang’policy reform in the future.
Justifications of the Iraq War Examined
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: September 2010

This article examines three arguments according to which the Iraq war has been justified: preemptive or preventive self-defense, law enforcement, and humanitarian rescue. It concludes that for empirical and moral reasons, the Iraq war lacks a just cause. In the course of making that judgment, the article explores moral and practical implications of a preventive war policy. It also examines efforts to invoke one justification—rescue—retrospectively to justify the war. The article claims that such ex post justifications confuse the meaning of intention and, wittingly or unwittingly, allow leaders to authorize a resort to force in bad faith. Retrospective justifications also fail to understand that different burdens are attached to ad bellum rationales. That claim is premised on the idea that self-defensive wars join duty and interest in ways that wars of rescue do not. To assume that arguments can shift from self-defense to rescue, without recognizing that these entail different kinds of sacrifice, is to discount the respect due to those whose sacrifice is required. If altruistic policies are expected to be carried out by soldiers, stronger reasons than self-defensive purposes are necessary to justify the risks, reasons that avoid the allegation of leading in bad faith.
Torture and the “Distributive Justice” Theory of Self-Defense: An Assessment
Authors: Kaufman Whitley
Published: September 2010

The notorious Bybee Memorandum produced by the Bush Administration in 2002 defends the use of coercive interrogation by (among other things) arguing that torturing terrorists in order to prevent future harm could be justified as a form of “self-defense.” This argument relies on a recent and little-known theory of self-defense that I call the “distributive justice” theory. The goal of this essay is to demonstrate that distributive justice is a flawed theory of self-defense and must be rejected, thus undercutting the argument that torture can be justified as self-defense. Harm inflicted on a person who is in custody and no longer able to commit further acts of violence cannot plausibly be considered a form of self-defense.