bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury; Does a Low Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Correlates with Neurological Status and Predict Early Outcome?
Authors: Alfin Jeneral Dumura , Mahmud Muhammad Raji , Yusuf Ayodeji Salman , Binitie Orighoye Peter , Joseph Shilong Danaan , Bot Gyang Markus , Yiltok Simon J.
Published: December 2021

Background:

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a devastating disease, hence the need to identify clinical and radiological injury features that predict neurological improvement.

Aims:

The aim is to determine the correlations between American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in patients with TSCI and identify predictors of neurological improvement.

Settings and Design:

This is a prospective cohort study.

Subjects and Methods:

Seventy-three patients with TSCI managed over a period of 18 months were studied. Neurological assessment of these patients was done at admission and 3-month post-injury using the AIS score form. The various MRI (0.3 Tesla Machine) features of these injuries were identified and measured using a RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 4.0.3 (64-bit).

Statistical Analysis:

Correlation and regression analysis were done using Spearman's rank correlation, and logistic regression, respectively. A P < 0.05 was used as the level of significance.

Results:

Spinal cord edema (26.0%) and cord contusion (34.2%) were seen in most patients with incomplete injury, while spinal cord hemorrhage and transection were observed in patients with ASIA A injury. A significant correlation exists between maximum canal compromise (MCC) (ρ= −0.39, P < 0.001), maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC) (ρ= −0.44, P < 0.001), and length of spinal cord lesion (ρ= −0.77, P < 0.001) with AIS at admission. The independent predictors of AIS improvement include MSCC, MCC, length of spinal cord signal change, and cord contusion.

Conclusions:

MRI features significantly correlate with the neurological status of TSCI and can be used to predict early neurological improvement in these patients.
The Prevalence, Pattern, and Predictors of Sleep Disorders among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in a Southern Nigerian City
Authors: Asibong Udeme E. , Akpan Ubong Bassey , Chidi Okafor , Ekpenyong Emmanuel , Asibong Inyang , Etuk Saturday
Published: December 2021

Background:

Sleep disorders are a common and often undiagnosed chronic health problem associated with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome and pregnancy complications.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to find out how common sleep disturbances are among pregnant women in Calabar, as well as their patterns and risk factors.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 antenatal attendees in the three major public health facilities in Calabar and 338 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Socio-demographic, medical, and obstetrics information were obtained using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Major international sleep classification tools were used to identify the patterns of sleep disturbance. Their weights and heights as well as their blood pressures (BPs) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. The predicting factors were extracted using a logistic regression model.

Results:

The prevalence of sleep disorder was 44.1%. The most common pattern of sleep disorder was insomnia (34.6%). Nineteen (5.6%) of them reported mixed disorders. On logistic analysis, pregnant women with normal BP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.440, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.230–0.843, P = 0.013), normal body mass index (OR: 0.365, 95% CI: 0.133–1.001, P = 0.050) and maternal age 20–30 years, (OR: 0.169, 95% CI: 0.30–0.969, P = 0.046) were significantly less likely to suffer from sleep disorders. Residing in a single a room apartment with family members was an independent social determinant of sleep deprivation (OR: 2.009, 95% CI: 1.003–4.025, P = 0.049).

Conclusion:

The study suggested that the prevalence of sleep disturbance is high among pregnant women. Counseling on good quality sleep during pregnancy may improve pregnancy outcome by ensuring appropriate weight gain and good BP control.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dry Eye Disease in Adult Patients in National Eye Center, Kaduna Nigeria
Authors: Maidawa Ajuji H , Ndife Thelma I , Muhammad Rilwan Chiroma
Published: December 2021

Background:

The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and factors associated with dry eye disease (DES) in adult patients with a view to improving the diagnosis and management.

Patients, Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and sixty-six (266) adults were enrolled into the study. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores, tear film break up time (TBUT) test, Schirmer's test, and epithelial staining with fluorescein were performed on all the participants. Comprehensive analysis of data using IBM SPSS version 23 was done. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:

Two hundred and sixty-six participants were examined. The sample mean age was 44.75 years ± 14.38 standard deviation Dry eye prevalence in the sample was 45.9% (95% confidence interval: 39%–52%), the prevalence was 62% by the OSDI, 54.1% by TBUT test, 30.5% by Schirmer's test while 70.3% of the participants had abnormal fluorescein corneal staining. Significant risk factors contributing to dry eye prevalence among the participants were age, gender, and educational status.

Conclusion:

DES is common in our environment and efforts should always be made to identify patients with dry eye syndromes and treat appropriately.
Preventing Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting During Cesarean Delivery under Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Okonna FG , Amucheazi AO , Onyekwulu FA
Published: December 2021

Background:

Nausea and vomiting are undesirable intraoperative events among women during cesarean delivery under subarachnoid block. Therefore, prophylaxis is recommended.

Aims:

This study was undertaken to compare the effect of intravenous cyclizine with metoclopramide administered before achieving subarachnoid block.

Patients, Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted among women booked for elective cesarean section using the subarachnoid technique. This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study that compared the effect of single doses of cyclizine, metoclopramide, and placebo in preventing intraoperative nausea and vomiting among the selected patients. We obtained ethical clearance from the Hospital Research and Ethics Committee as well as written informed consent from each patient involved. The inclusion criteria include women aged 18–45 years with term singleton pregnancy scheduled for elective cesarean section, having the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grades 1 and 2, with no known contraindications to spinal anesthesia, allergy to study drugs or local anesthetic agents. Patients were excluded if they declined, have a history of allergy to metoclopramide or cyclizine, have pregnancy-induced hypertension, hyperemesis gravidarium, motion sickness, gastrointestinal disease or glucose intolerance. One hundred and twenty parturients with ASA status I-II were recruited and assigned to three groups. All medications were administered intravenously: normal saline in Group I, metoclopramide in Group II, and cyclizine in Group III. Data were collected with study pro forma produced for the study. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 was used for analysis of the data collected.

Results:

The incidence of nausea was least in Group III. There were similar findings for retching and vomiting.

Conclusion:

We, therefore, concluded that cyclizine is superior to metoclopramide in preventing nausea in women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Нелокальные уравнения баланса с параметром в пространстве знакопеременных мер
Authors: Pogodaev Nikolai Ilich , Staritsyn Maxim Vladimirovich
Published: December 2021

Изучается параметрическое семейство нелокальных уравнений баланса в пространстве знакопеременных мер. В предположениях, охватывающих ряд известных содержательных моделей, доказана теорема о существовании, единственности и непрерывной зависимости решения от параметра и начального распределения. Обсуждаются некоторые следствия данной теоремы, полезные для теории управления, в том числе предел в среднем поле системы обыкновенных дифференицальных уравнений, существование оптимального управления ансамблем траекторий, формула Троттера для произведения полугрупп соответствующих операторов, а также существование решения дифференциального включения в пространстве знакопеременных мер.
Библиография: 33 названия.
Функциональные интегралы и свойства фазовой устойчивости в $O(N)$-модели конденсации векторного поля
Authors: Yan Jun
Published: December 2021

С использованием конденсации вспомогательных бозонных полей на основе метода функционального интегрирования получено эффективное действие $O(N)$-модели бинарного векторного поля на сфере. При различных константах связи проанализированы две такие модели: на сфере $S^3$ и на сфере $S^d$. Для обеих моделей из соотношений для следов свободных пропагаторов получены условия сходимости статистической суммы. Из аналитических решений уравнений седловой точки выведены условия фазовой устойчивости, которые говорят о том, что если плотности конденсата комплексных бозонных полей и полей единичных векторов удовлетворяют определенным ограничениям, то в системе могут образоваться существующие одновременно конденсаты. Кроме того, на основе разложения свободной энергии по $1/N$ на сфере $S^d$ обнаружено, что абсолютное значение свободной энергии уменьшается при увеличении размерности сферы $d$.
L’imitation de la conversation en tant que strategie de connivence dans le discours journalistique sportif
Authors: Cerovšek Mateja
Published: December 2021

Creating and maintaining an imaginary bond between the journalist and readers is a communicational strategy of the written sports news discourse. Since news discourse is monologal, it has specific communicational constraints that it seeks to overcome, and the lack of direct contact between the authors and their readers is a key hurdle to cross. Additionally, sport has a notable cohesive function, and as such produces a sense of a sports community even when taken as a news subject. The imaginary bond is therefore a strategy for overcoming the discursive gap between the journalist and their readers, while at the same time reinforcing the impression of community that the subject of sports draws on. In the sports news discourse this strategy is translated through different linguistic means, such as conversational elements. Based on selected articles from the French written sports news, a qualitative analysis of texts enabled us to observe the linguistic means through which the imitation of conversation contributes to the discursive strategy of bonding. The analysis is focused on informal and interactive conversational features. It shows that such conversationalization is particularly apparent in the informal character of the discourse on the lexical and discursive levels. This adds to the seeming informality of the communicational situation, and therefore to the readers’ sense of an imaginary sports community. On the syntactic level this is reinforced by interactional elements such as rhetorical questions and other interrogatives that address the reader as an interlocutor and echo the dynamics of a dialogue. Both conversational aspects, as used in the French sports news discourse, contribute to a sense of informal atmosphere and community bond among sports enthusiasts.
Le discours médiatique parlé et la norme en français
Authors: Vitez Primož
Published: December 2021

The system of French accentuation is a relevant case of a language change, observable in a relatively short period of time in a stable synchrony. Since the mid-twentieth century, the formation of linguistic norms has largely depended on a specific type of utterance, media discourse, continually available in spoken audio-visual media. The impact of spoken media on the development of linguistic expression in the last few decades is unprecedented in language history. It is based on a communicational model in which speech is produced by a single speaker and instantly perceived by a multitude of receivers who have no possibility of intervening in the communicational process. Thus the receivers are passively exposed to an exclusive speaker and to language strategies conceived by the media and its linguistic authority.
The analysis of two professional spoken interventions, uttered on French television, shows an important modification of the traditional accentual system: conserving the final accent (FA), the speakers systematically introduce an initial accent (IA), a landmark in the evolution of the French language and its normative features. The IA affects the first syllable of a stressed lexeme or the first syllable of an extended accentual unit, regardless of the syntactic function of the stressed morpheme. The FA is operated by the intonational action, while the IA seems to be realized by an accentual augmentation of vocal intensity.
The automatism of lexical stressing is generating a systematic accentuation of the first syllable of the accentual unit. The IA mostly affects lexemes that speakers insist on because of their informative value (numerals, adverbs, proper names), but an important part of IA concerns different proclytics, such as deictic elements, articles and determinants. Accentual limitation of the unit on both sides is a specific feature of the speech in French audio-visual media. In recent decades it has found its echo in the normative speech of French linguistic communities.
L2 Motivation
Authors: Martinović Anna , Burić Irena
Published: December 2021

Globalization has led to the spread of English, which has become the world’s international language. As a result of its importance in social, economic, and political spheres, many countries have introduced English language learning in their school curricula. However, despite its importance many learners still seem to struggle with English second language (L2) motivation, which is an important element of L2 learning success. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between several phases of learners’ motivation, including learners’ attributions of past English L2 learning success, current motivational characteristics, and motivation to learn English in the future. Using the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) as a framework, it was found that past learning experiences did not have a significant effect on current learner motivational dispositions. However, elements of the L2MSS had an effect on learners’ intentions to exert effort into future English language learning. In other words, Croatian university students’ L2 motivation was based on their visions for the future rather than on past learning experiences. Moreover, it appears that the ideal L2 self plays a much stronger role in learners’ motivation compared to the ought-to L2 self, and this motivation is tied to utilitarian motives for learning English. In addition, the results showed that other motivational components, such as interest, as well as L2 anxiety, are important elements of learners’ motivation, suggesting cognitive as well as affective aspects in this motivational profile. The complexity of motivation as shown in this study suggests the need for further investigations in various contexts.
Un son vous manque et tout est dépeuplé
Authors: Oven Jacqueline
Published: December 2021

Cette contribution intitulée Un son vous manque et tout est dépeuplé : les défis de la compréhension orale et de la transcription de documents oraux se propose de répertorier et d'analyser les difficultés et erreurs relevées dans les copies d'étudiants FLE en 2ème année de Licence dans le cadre du cours Français en usage 2 – Compréhension orale (corpus de 300 copies recueillies entre 2016 et 2020), qui prévoit entre autres la transcription de documents oraux. L'analyse permet de dresser un inventaire des erreurs commises en fonction de la phase, au cours de laquelle intervient cette difficulté (décodage, encodage, décodage et encodage).  Les erreurs les plus fréquentes au niveau du décodage sont, d'une part, liées à des lacunes lexicales et, de l'autre, à un découpage défaillant du flux sonore, qui met l'étudiant face à des phénomènes comme l'homophonie et la paraphonie (lexicales et translexicales). L'encodage, lui, a mis en évidence deux types de difficultés : d'une part, des erreurs d'inattention (en cas de décodage réussi) et, d'autre part, des tentatives de restitution textuelle directement à partir du flux sonore (des phonèmes perçus), avec abstraction pure et simple de la phase de décodage, pour pallier la hantise de l'espace blanc. Par ailleurs, on observe au niveau du décodage et de l'encodage les difficultés des étudiants à reconnaître certains phonèmes et à tenir compte de la liaison. Enfin, des pistes, résultant d'occurences repérées dans les copies et reposant sur des considérations contrastives, sont proposées aussi bien aux étudiants qu'aux  enseignants pour une meilleure approche, maîtrise et performance de ce type de savoir-faire, avec une identification des causes et domaines qui sont à la source de ces difficultés et erreurs.
Sinteze de limba română / Synthesis of the Romanian Language
Authors: Šega Agata
Published: December 2021

The study Synthesis of the Romanian Language capitalizes on recent theoretical findings on Romanian grammar and seeks to provide a parallel between traditional grammar and the modern theories expounded in the new Grammar of the Academy (GALR) and the Basic Grammar of the Romanian language (GBLR). Through this work, Silvia Stoian Krieb highlights the main differences in interpretation between the two types of description: the traditional and modern.
Das Leben A1, A2: Deutsch als Fremdsprache: Kurs- und Übungsbuch
Authors: Leskovec Mojca
Published: December 2021

Učno gradivo za nemščino kot tuji jezik Das Leben za ravni A1 in A2 poleg pregledanega učbenika in delovnega zvezka obsega še e-učbenik, na voljo prek spletne strani cornelsen.de in platforme blinklearning, aplikacijo z vsemi dodatnimi gradivi za učence in učenke ter aplikacijo za utrjevanje besedišča,  tiskani in digitalni priročnik za učitelja oz. učiteljico z vsemi dodatnimi gradivi, vadnico s testi in uvrstitvene teste, dvojezične slovarčke ter avdio- in videogradivo na zgoščenkah. Dodatno gradivo k učbeniški seriji ponuja tudi spletna stran cornelsen.de/webcodes.
Aula Internacional Plus 1
Authors: Trenc Andreja
Published: December 2021

Aula Internacional Plus 1 je učbenik za začetno učenje španščine na osnovni ravni A1 po Skupnem evropskem jezikovnem okviru. Namenjen je odraslim, ki španščino usvajajo kot tuji jezik, vsebinsko in metodološko pa se prilagaja tudi mlajšim odraslim, torej srednješolski publiki, za katero je ponudba ciljanih učbenikov španščine na trgu še razmeroma pičla. Avtorji učbenika, ki se dopolnjuje z višjimi stopnjami istoimenske zbirke, zasledujejo sporazumevalni pristop, znotraj tega pa na dejavnosti osredotočen pristop, ki poudarjeno razvija zmožnost sporazumevanja v španščini za dosego konkretnih, najbolj neposrednih sporazumevalnih ciljev ob sočasni skrbi za jezikovno pravilnost in ustreznost.
Vlastiti identitet u tuđim očima
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: December 2021

Znanstvena monografija Vlastiti identitet u tuđim očima Dubravke Dubravec Labaš predstavlja nadaljevanje avtoričine doktorske disertacije in je plod več kot dvajsetletnega raziskovanja italijanskega jezika in kulture. Obširno, skoraj 500 strani obsegajoče delo, je členjeno v tri širša poglavja: Tujec kot drugi v učenju tujega jezika (Stranac kao drugi u učenju stranog jezika), Imagologija in Glotodidaktika in imagologija. Trem obširnejšim delom sledijo še krajša poglavja o lastni identiteti v tujih očeh (Vlastiti identitet u tuđim očima), predstavah o drugem in sebi (Predodžba o drugome in predodžba o sebi), možnostih uporabe rezultatov izvedenih raziskav pri poučevanju italijanščine kot tujega jezika in imagologiji in zelo obširna bibliografija. Monografijo sklenejo priloge: primeri besedil iz učbenikov, anketni vprašalniki, uporabljeni v raziskavah in tabele z rezultati.
L’expression de l’opinion
Authors: Zwitter Vitez Ana
Published: December 2021

Users of forums, social networks and news portals now have the opportunity to publicly express their opinions on current political events, social issues, or their everyday lives. The analysis of opinion expression, which primarily represented a research topic in the field of language learning, has now become an important research challenge in the field of computational linguistics, which provides relevant solutions for various companies and organizations. The aim of this article is to analyse messages by which users of the social network Twitter reacted to an incident in which Emmanuel Macron was slapped in the face by a man as he went out to meet the public. We analysed the tweets that express agreement, disagreement and a neutral attitude towards the action. The analysis includes 80 tweets and refers to the textual, syntactic and lexical levels. The results show that tweets expressing disagreement have a typical declarative or exclamatory form, simple sentence structure and include explicit vocabulary expressing the author’s opinion (shameful, disrespectful). Tweets demonstrating agreement are more likely to have an exclamatory form, simple sentence structure and include an explicit term (well done, deserve a slap). Opinion-neutral tweets, on the other hand, are more likely to be formulated as declarative sentences with complex sentence structure and do not include an explicit term expressing the author’s opinion. The presented method is established on basic grammatical criteria (number of sentences, sentence structure, sentence form, keywords), which can also be applied to computational analysis of large collections of texts. In the future, the presented model could be applied to investigate various political, societal or healthcare challenges (elections, corruption or pandemic issues).
A guide to phylotranscriptomic analysis for phycologists
Authors: Cheon Seongmin , Lee Sung-Gwon , Hong Hyun-Hee , Lee Hyun-Gwan , Kim Kwang Young , Park Chungoo
Published: December 2021

Phylotranscriptomics is the study of phylogenetic relationships among taxa based on their DNA sequences derived from transcriptomes. Because of the relatively low cost of transcriptome sequencing compared with genome sequencing and the fact that phylotranscriptomics is almost as reliable as phylogenomics, the phylotranscriptomic analysis has recently emerged as the preferred method for studying evolutionary biology. However, it is challenging to perform transcriptomic and phylogenetic analyses together without programming expertise. This study presents a protocol for phylotranscriptomic analysis to aid marine biologists unfamiliar with UNIX command-line interface and bioinformatics tools. Here, we used transcriptomes to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny of dinoflagellate protists, a diverse and globally abundant group of marine plankton organisms whose large and complex genomic sequences have impeded conventional phylogenic analysis based on genomic data. We hope that our proposed protocol may serve as practical and helpful information for the training and education of novice phycologists.
International Discussions on Religious Factor in Global Bioethics
Authors: Shok N. P. , Belyakova N. A.
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the cooperation of UN structures with religious non-governmental organizations, as well as with faith-based communities. The authors consider diff erent levels of the infl uence of the religious factor on the UN activity, and also articulate new directions of its development, outlined during the COVID-19 period. The authors focus on the latent semantic and structural confl ict nature of the global agenda, which is formulated by elites who recognize the “benefi ts” of religious institutions and seek to use the possibilities of religious networks, on the one hand. On the other hand, they point to internal disagreements characteristic of national religious communities, which, as a result of their participation in international dialogue, bring additional tension both to global discussions and to the internal processes of their countries. Global health, which has become an important part of international relations, puts on the agenda the search for a new ethic of global dialogue, of which religious values and religious actors are becoming a part. In the COVID-19 pandemic, trends have emerged that have made the role of religion more visible in the current global health and bioethics agenda. First of all, in connection with the threats of a global pandemic, the need to create new forms of global health management and response to epidemic threats, as well as the organization of a system of “assistance” to developing countries in the fi eld of public health.
The Holy See’s Contemporary Foreign Policy: Origins, Methods, Instruments
Authors: Shebalina E. O.
Published: December 2021

In this essay, the author made an attempt to study the origins, functions and vectors of papal diplomacy, focusing on its transformation in the conditions of the modern political system, to analyze the main social principles on which the foreign policy of the Holy See is based; to fi nd out what methods are used by the state to promote Christian moral values in global politics. Besides, studying numerous examples of mediation policy of the Vatican in international aff airs, the author has investigated the methods by which the theocratic monarchy, lacking signifi cant territorial and military resources, plays a signifi cant role in contemporary international relations. Papal diplomacy, as one of the fi rst in the world, has successfully adapted to the processes taking place in world politics. Based on the basic principles stemming from the Code of Canon Law and the Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See participates in most of the international negotiation platforms where topical issues of world politics are raised.
Comparison of Performance from Green Bonds and Conventional Bonds Traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange
Authors: Wiliya Wiliya , Susanti Dwi , Sukono Sukono
Published: December 2021

Bonds are types of securities in the form of a debt acknowledgment letter for loan money from the public in a certain form, but with a minimum tenor of three years and promise of interest rewards in which the amount and payment have been determined in advance. Looking at the current global problems regarding degradation of environmental equality and climate change, bonds were developed where the proceeds of issuance were exclusively applied to finance environmentally friendly projects, is green bonds. However, the issuance of green bonds in Indonesia is slight. This research aims to find out the comparison of individual performance of green bonds and conventional bonds traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used to measure performance is Sharpe Ratio. The result indicates that performance of green bond worse than conventional bond. This research can be used as a consideration for investor in making investment based on performance.
Fibromyalgia syndrome and related factors in hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplant patients: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Çağlıyan Türk Ayla , Özkurt Sultan , Doğan İbrahim , Şahin Füsun
Published: December 2021

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the point prevalence of fibromyalgia in patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and after renal transplantation compared to healthy controls and to evaluate depressive symptoms, anxiety level, and the impact of fibromyalgia on quality of life (QoL).

Patients and methods: Between January 2018 and January 2019, a total of 107 hemodialysis patients (Group 1) (48 males, 59 females; median age: 50 years; range, 42 to 56 years), 51 peritoneal dialysis patients (Group 2) (32 males, 19 females; median age: 49 years; range, 39 to 54 years), 52 renal transplant patients (Group 3) (23 males, 29 females; median age: 45.5 years; range, 37 to 52 years), and 50 healthy controls (Group 4) (23 males, 27 females; median age: 46.5 years; range, 42 to 50 years) were included in the study. Age, sex, amount of time spent on dialysis, and laboratory data were recorded. Impact of fibromyalgia on QoL was evaluated using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), while depressive symptoms and anxiety level were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively.

Results: The point prevalence of fibromyalgia was 14% in Group 1 (n=15), 5.9% in Group 2 (n=3), 9.6% in Group 3 (n=5), and 4% in Group 4. There was a significant difference in the point prevalence of fibromyalgia between the hemodialysis group and healthy controls (p<0.05). The median FIQ scores were significantly higher in all patient groups than Group 4 (p<0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the patient groups (p>0.05). The median BDI scores were significantly higher in Group 1 and Group 2 than Group 4 (p<0.05). The median BAI scores were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 4 (p<0.05). When the patients with and without fibromyalgia were compared, FIQ and BAI in Group 1, BAI in Group 2, and FIQ in Group 3 significantly differed (p<0.05). There was no relationship between fibromyalgia and any of the laboratory data, age, or time spent on dialysis (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Fibromyalgia is significantly more common among hemodialysis patients than healthy individuals with a similar prevalence to the healthy individuals for peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant patients. The presence of fibromyalgia is related to depressive symptoms, anxiety, and higher impact on QoL for patients with chronic kidney disease.
Evaluation of histopathological results of minor salivary gland biopsies in patients with the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Erkılınç Gamze , Doğru Atalay , Arslan Yaşar , Burak Öz Rıza , Karahan Nermin , Şahin Mehmet , Metin Çiriş İbrahim
Published: December 2021

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate which of the histomorphological criteria defined in labial salivary gland biopsy are more valuable in diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and to examine its correlation with clinical and laboratory findings.

Patients and methods: Between January 2005 and January 2019, a total of 927 patients (104 males, 823 females; mean age: 51 years; range, 19 to 85 years) who underwent minor salivary gland biopsies with the suspicion of SS were retrospectively analyzed. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2016 classification criteria were used for the classification of SS. We evaluated salivary gland biopsies histomorphologically for the presence and number of lymphocytic focus, as well as chronicity findings (acinar atrophy, ductal dilatation, fibrosis), the presence of lymphocytic infiltration, distribution, localization, ectopic germinal center, and mast cell count. The presence of accompanying diseases, clinical and laboratory findings including age, sex, the presence of dry eye and mouth, and autoantibodies for discriminating SS were noted. Histomorphologically, salivary gland biopsy which fulfilled the adequacy criteria for glandular tissue were compared with the other criteria used to diagnose SS.

Results: Strong chronicity and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration were significantly higher in the SS group compared to the non-SS group (p<0.001). Lymphocytic focus score >1 was significantly higher in the SS group compared to the non-SS group (p<0.001). Strong chronicity, acinar atrophy, andductal dilatation were significantly higher in the SS group compared to the non-SS group (p<0.001).

Conclusion: More than one lymphocytic focus is the most valuable finding in diagnosing SS. However, it should be kept in mind that, in cases of SS, ductal dilatation, acinar atrophy, and chronicity may be present without lymphocytic infiltration.
The comparison of effects of balneotherapy, water-based and land-based exercises on disease activity, symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life and serum sclerostin level in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A prospective, randomized study
Authors: Bestaş Ersin , Dündar Ümit , Köken Tülay , Koca Buğra , Yeşil Hilal
Published: December 2021

Objectives:This study aims to compare the effects of balneotherapy, water-based exercise (WBE), and land-based exercise (LBE) on disease activity, symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, and serum sclerostin level (SSL) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Patients and methods:Between January 2019 and January 2020, a total of 60 patients (35 males, 25 females; mean age: 40.9±11.2 years; range, 18 to 55 years) who were diagnosed with AS were randomly divided into the balneotherapy (n=20), WBE (n=20), and LBE (n=20) groups (20 sessions of treatment in groups of five to six patients). The patients were evaluated before treatment and at 4 and 12 weeks using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP), Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and SSL were measured.

Results:Statistically significant improvements in the BASDAI, BASFI, MASES, BASMI, ASQoL, FSS, and ASDAS-CRP scores were observed in all groups at 4 and 12 weeks of follow-up (p<0.05). A significant improvement in sleep latency was seen in the balneotherapy and WBE groups. Changes in SSL were not statistically significant in any group (p>0.05).

Conclusion:Balneotherapy, WBE, and LBE are effective in the treatment of AS, and the beneficial effects may last for at least 12 weeks.
Transition readiness in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their parents: Our single-center experience
Authors: Lazarević Dragana , Đorđević Stefan , Novaković Dušica , Zečević Maja , Sušić Gordana
Published: December 2021

Objectives: We aimed to identify characteristics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients associated with good self-management skills in the transition readiness process and to investigate the readiness of JIA patients and their families for the transition into the adult healthcare system.

Patients and methods: Between March 2021 and June 2021, a total of 44 JIA patients (9 males, 35 females; median age: 15.1 years; range, 12.3 to 19.3 years) admitted to the pediatric rheumatology outpatient and inpatient clinics and their parents were included. Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) was cross-culturally adapted. The TRAQ was administered to all JIA patients and their parents at one point. Demographic and clinical data were collected.

Results: Fourteen (31.8%) of 44 JIA patients had a concomitant disease, while 10 (22.7%) of them had uveitis. Eleven (25%) of them had a family history of autoimmune diseases. In total, 21 (47.7%) of JIA patients were receiving biologics. There was a strong correlation between older age and total TRAQ scores among patients (ρ=0.799, p<0.001) and a moderate correlation between older patient age and total TRAQ scores among parents (ρ=0.522, p<0.001). Patient and parent total TRAQ scores were strongly correlated (ρ=0.653, p<0.001). There was no significant association of JIA patient characteristics (JIA disease subtypes, disease duration, gender, concomitant diseases, uveitis, family history of autoimmune diseases, number of hospitalizations, and treatment with biologics) with TRAQ scores and JIA patients' and parents' readiness for transition.

Conclusion: Transition readiness of JIA patients increases with advancing age. There is no significant difference between transition readiness for JIA patients and their parents.
Identification of the Success Factors of the Green Bond Market for Sustainable Development in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Rasoulinezhad Ehsan
Published: December 2021

This paper attempts to identify the most important factors for the success of the green bond market during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using an interactive management approach, we find that the legal framework for green bond operation and the interest rate of green bond are the major factors in determining the success of the green bond market during the COVID-19 pandemic.
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON ASSESSMENT OF “INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT” IN DIFFERENT PRAKRUTHI INDIVIDUALS
Authors: N Arjun. , K. N Rajashekar
Published: December 2021

Prakruthi is the innate constitution of an individual based on Dosha predominance determined at the time of con- ception which cannot be changed from birth till the death. Siblings of the same parents are not identical with each other in their physical strength, intellectual development, behaviour and reaction to various conditions of environ- ment. Intelligence is a property of mind that is related to abilities, such as the capacity to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn.
Keywords: Prakruthi, IQ
A DETAIL STUDY OF RUJAKAR MARMA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INJURIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Waratkar Shubhangini , Choudhari Vinod M.
Published: December 2021

Marma is very important topic of Ayurveda, it is also related with trauma and its effect on body. As mentioned in Sushrut Samhita, excruciating pain is produced when there is any injury at the site of Rujakar Marma. In routine any type of pain affects daily activities which is mostly found in sports. Trauma is important aspect of sport medicine as it could hamper whole carrier of sport person. Ayurveda being a complete science of health care can contribute in this field also. Principles, treatment modalities, diet & drugs of Ayurveda can play very useful & im- portant role in this field. In Football game, very rigorous activities are involved which causes direct effect on joints, ligaments, muscles of their extremities. Physical interaction between players can cause contusion, severe pain etc. which affect the player’s game. So, it is necessary to study the Marma sharir through aspects of sports medicine. Also, there is need to protect the Marma sites from trauma to avoid future problems. In present study we are trying to establish relation between science of Marma especially the RujakarMarma & sports medicine. For this we se- lected football game. In this game, chances of injury on Rujakar Marma are more prone. So, the detailed knowledge of Rujakar Marma is useful in prevention of injury in football players. Study shows the commonest site of injury to be ankle joint with inflammation followed by sprain due to kicking. Also, the highly affected marma is Ru- jakar Marma specially Gulpha Marma along with vedana, shopha, stabhdapadata.
Keywords: Marma, Rujakar Marma, football, Gulpha Marma, sprain
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL LIPSTICK USING BETA VULGURIS EXTRACT
Authors: Patel Mona , Patel Ojash
Published: December 2021

Herbal cosmetics are obtaining acceptance in society because natural products are easy to handle and easy to use. The word “Herbal” refers to symbol of safety which has no adverse effects. The present study was done to formu- late and evaluate herbal lipstick as they reduce the side effects and increase the usage of natural colorants. Herbal lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, waxes, oils, fragrance, preservatives, Antioxidants and col- ours. Lipstick formulation is used to protect and to increase the beauty of lips. It is easy to use and handle by women. Herbal lipsticks have minimum side effects. In herbal lipstick development, there are many natural ingre- dients or nutrients which are safe for lips and keep it healthy. Herbal lipsticks are free from hazardous chemicals. Herbal Lipstick having many advantages it should be protects lips from dryness and cracking. The formulated herbal lipstick was evaluated with several parameters like smoothness, greatness, melting point, breaking point and pH.
Keywords: Herbal cosmetics, Herbal lipstick, side effects, safe, colour.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF GUGGULU- SHIGRU KSHAR SUTRA IN BHAGANDARA (LOW LEVEL FISTULA)
Authors: Shukla Shivam , Sharma Pankaj Kumar , Shukla Devesh , Kumar Rajeev
Published: December 2021

Among all the notorious diseases Bhagandara is one such ano-rectal disease which have callous nature. The pain, inconvenience and constant discomfort hinder the natural routine of an individual and create problems for them. A revolutionary treatment approach to this disease is Kshar Sutra therapy. But it is the need of time to make more efficient Kshar Sutra by doing further research on them. Therefore, a research work was performed in Gurukul Campus of UTTARAKHAND AYURVED UNIVERSITY Haridwar, entitled ‘A clinical study of Guggulu-Shigru Kshar Sutra in the management of Bhagandara (Low level fistula)’. It is a single blind controlled study where 30 patients who fit in the inclusion criteria were randomly selected for the study. The Guggulu-Shigru Kshar Sutra was used to treat their anal fistulas and was changed on 7th day, 14th day, 21st day and so on till the end of the treatment. The present study has shown some very beneficial results in Unit Cutting Time (U.C.T.), pain, discharges, itching and burning sensation.
Keywords Bhagandara, Gurukul Campus, Low level fistula, Guggulu-Shigru Kshar Sutra, U.C.T.,
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE SHODHANA EFFECT OF HARIDRA TAILA AND ROPANA EFFECT OF MADHU IN DUSHTA VRANA
Authors: Garima Rathore , Sachin Gupta , Kumar Rajput Bislesh
Published: December 2021

The presence of Dushta Vrana (non-healing ulcer) worsens the quality of life of the patient with various compli- cations and may prove fatal. Although Vrana is the oldest known ailment and its healing is still a matter of con- cern. When it refuses to heal despite of best efforts or due to improper treatment of Chikitsachatushpada (four parts necessary for treatment) it turns to DushtaVrana. Chronic wounds of mixed aetiologies showed a pooled prevalence of 2.21 per 1000 population. Its high prevalence worldwide, chronicity and expensive treatment is still a matter of concern. Every research done has a cause. The aim of present research work to provide an economical treatment with least side-effects and in comparatively less time. A clinical trial was conducted in this study group of 30 patients diagnosed with Non-Healing Ulcer (DushtaVrana). Patients were selected randomly irrespective of their age, sex, religion, race, occupation etc. Their Vrana were dressed in Hraidra Taila and Madhu daily till the Vrana heals or for three months maximum and monitored at every 15 days interval during the study period. Symptoms like pain and signs likesize, tenderness, discharge, depth of ulcer, granulation tissue floor were used as parameters to assess the effect of the treatment on Dushta Vrana. Analysis of result showed improvement in DushtaVrana (non-healing ulcer). On the basis of clinical observations, it can be concluded that in the presentclinical study result of Shodhana (cleansing) effect of Haridra Taila and Ropana (healing) effect of Madhu is very effective.

Keywords Dushta Vrana, Haridra Taila, Madhu.
STANDARDIZATION OF NASYA DOSE BY BINDU PRAMANA WITH KARPASASTYADI TAILA
Authors: V. S Sreeja. , Kumar Vikram
Published: December 2021

Panchakarma therapy has a very important role in maintaining health of a person and eradication of diseases. The success with Panchakarma therapies can be achieved not only through correct assessment of the patient and the medicines used but also the dose of the medicine. Dose for this therapy is very specific and is explained in the classics on the basis of Bindu Pramana. Dose is a very important factor in any of the Panchakarma procedures to get optimum result of the therapy. Change in dose can change the result and further, it can lead to side effects or no effects. However, standardization of this dose had not been made yet. This paper deals with classical concept of Bindu Pramana, preparation, and standardization of Karpasastyadi Taila in Bindu Pramana Matra. The objective is to standardize the process of measurement of Bindu Pramana Matra of Karpasastyadi Taila. Healthy 60 individuals consisting of staffs and students of Alvas Ayurveda Medical College of either gender aged between 20 years to 60 years were selected and purposively assigned into study group. Results were observed and tabulation of data with a statistical commentary based on percentages of different observations was made. Study shows variation in quantity of Madhyama Bindu Pramana Matra and differs from patient to patient. Bindu Pramana varies from subject to subject. Analysis of the results showed that Bindu is not equivalent to drop.
Keywords: Panchakarma; Nasya Karma; Karpasastyadi Taila; Bindu Pramana
CRITICAL REVIEW ON GARBHAJANYA VIKRITI (BIRTH DEFECTS) DESCRIBED IN AYURVEDA AND ITS MODERN ASPECT
Authors: Srivastava Anubha , Saxena Anjana , Srivastava Vijay Kumar , Yadav Ashutosh Kumar
Published: December 2021

Ayurveda is the most ancient medical science and its fundamentals cover every aspect of human life. Acharya Sushruta has classified the diseases into seven types on the basis of its origin; among them first two are explained for birth defects. Genetic disorders (Adibala pravritta) and Congenital anomaly (Janmabala pravritta) are the two main categories of birth defects (Garbhajanya vikriti) encountered during the early infancy. The genetic disorders are either maternal or paternal and largely responsible for carrying genetic defects in progeny, whereas congenital birth defects are mainly due to faulty diet and lifestyle of mother and due to suppression of mental and physical desire of the pregnant lady. Ayurveda enlisted various desires of pregnant woman and their impact on the health and physical status of the progeny. Similarly, there are so many rituals and regimens are described for pregnant lady to prevent birth defects and to make woman ready for normal delivery. In brief, it can be said that if a preg-nant lady wishes for a healthy baby (Supraja), She should follow the Nine-month regimen (GarbhiniParicharya) mentioned for them in Ayurveda, so the chances of congenital anomaly will be minimal.
Keywords: Congenital anomaly, Birth defect, Garbhajanya vikriti, Supraja, Garbhini paricharya
CONCEPT OF OJAS
Authors: A Abhitha. , Mogasale Prasanna. N. , Kumar Arun , S Nagaraj.
Published: December 2021

Increased awareness about Ayurveda and the need of Ayurveda in present society demands to understand its scope in role of immunity along with its dysfunction. Ojas is the essence present in every tissue starting from Rasa to Shukra and it is the purest substance which is omnipresent in human being. According to Ayurveda Ojas is the Dhaari as it is important in bringing about coordination among all factors responsible for sustaining life. So that its diminution leads to the cessation of life. Ojas is having the synonyms of Prana and Bala which inturn indicate the properties of Para and Apara ojas respectively. Para ojas is responsible for the life and there is no change in the form. Bala implies the physical, mental, immunological and spiritual strength. Various authors have mentioned the concept of Ojas in their own way so that there exists a controversy. In this review article I made an attempt to understand the Ojas in terms of Kriyakala so that it will be helpful in the purpose of treatment and preventive aspects.
Keywords: Ojas, Ayurveda, Kriyakala