bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrared Intensities of Bending Fundamentals in Gaseous HCCCN and DCCCN
Authors: Uyemura Masakatsu , Deguchi Shuji , Nakada Yoshikazu , Onaka Takashi
Published: July 2006

The infrared spectra of three bending fundamentals (ν5, ν6, and ν7) of gaseous cyanoacetylene and cyanoacetylene-d have been measured and their integrated absorption coefficients A(νi) have been determined. The spectral pattern of ν5 fundamental region in HCCCN has been interpreted by assuming the Fermi resonance between v5=1 and v7=3 states. On the basis of the experimental intensity data and the normal coordinate treatment, the dipole-moment derivatives with respect to the internal bending coordinates have been calculated.
Synthesis of Monoaza Crown Ethers from N,N-Di[oligo(oxyalkylene)]amines and Oligoethylene Glycol Di(p-toluenesulfonates) or Corresponding Dichlorides
Authors: Maeda Hirokazu , Furuyoshi Shigeo , Nakatsuji Yohji , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: July 2006

Monoaza crown ethers were prepared in satisfactory yields by the one-step reaction between diethanolamine or N,N-di[oligo(oxyethylene)]amines and oligoethylene glycol di(p-toluenesulfonates) or corresponding dichlorides in t-butyl alcohol/dioxane in the presence of sodium or potassium t-butoxide. The reaction conditions in the preparation of monoaza 15- and 18-crown ethers were studied. Various monoaza crown ethers having substituents were also prepared and their properties were investigated.
Mass Spectra of Butyl Esters and N-Trifluoroacetyl Butyl Esters of Some Iminodicarboxylic Acids upon Electron Impact
Authors: Kawashiro Katsuhiro , Morimoto Shiro , Yoshida Hideyuki
Published: July 2006

Mass spectra (electron impact at 20 eV) of butyl esters and N-trifluoroacetyl (TFA) butyl esters of some iminodicarboxylic acids (IDCAs) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The IDCAs included iminodiacetic acid (1), 2-(carboxymethylamino)propionic acid (2), 3-(carboxymethylamino)propionic acid (3), 2,2′-iminodipropionic acid (4), 2,3′-iminodipropionic acid (5), 3,3′-iminodipropionic acid (6), N-methyliminodiacetic acid (7), and nitrilotriacetic acid (8). The mass spectra of the butyl ester derivatives are simple, exhibiting the corresponding molecular (M+) ions with the exception of 5. The α,α′-IDCAs (1, 2, 4, 7, and 8) are characterized by M+, M −101 (COOC4H9) (base peak), and M −157 (COOC4H9+C4H8) ions. The β,β′-IDCA (6) is characterized by a more complex spectrum with M+, M −73 (OC4H9), M −115 (CH2COOC4H9) (base peak), M −129 (OC4H9+C4H9), and M −171 (CH2COOC4H9+C4H9) ions. The α,β′-IDCAs (3 and 5) in general show spectra in which both ions characteristic of α,α′- and β,β′-IDCAs are observed. The addition of TFA to the imino nitrogens of 1–6 increases complexity of the resulting spectra. In these instances, although M+ ions are usually present, neither M −101 nor M −115 ions are base peaks. The fragmentation pathways of these two volatile derivatives of the IDCAs upon electron impact are discussed.
Photoresponsive Crown Ethers. 12. Photocontrol of Metal Ion Complexation with Thiacrown Ethers
Authors: Shinkai Seiji , Honda Yoshihiro , Ueda Kaori , Manabe Osamu
Published: July 2006

Thiacrown ethers with a photofunctional azolinkage were synthesized to control their binding ability by an on-off light switch: They are the N2S4 crowns capped with 2,2′-azopyridine (1) or azobenzene (2). The cis-trans isomerism occurred reversibly by photoirradiation. The binding ability, evaluated by solvent extraction, showed that (i) the order of the affinity for Hg2+ is N,N′-dibenzoylated N2S4 crown (4)≈photoirradiated 1>trans-1>photoirradiated 2>trans-2, (ii) neither trans-2 nor 4 shows significant affinity toward heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+, (iii) trans-1 has a slight affinity (Ex% 5.9%) for Cu2+,whereas photoisomerized 1 shows the remarkably enhanced affinity (Ex% 93.9%) with Cu2+, and (iv) such light-induced improvement is not seen for 2. The relatively poor binding ability of 2 and 4 is rationalized in terms of the unfavorable inside-out conformation of the N2S4 crown ring. The remarkable affinity change in cis-1 is probably due to the cooperative contribution of the thiacrown and the azopyridine cap constructing a new ligand site. 1 was used as a carrier for Cu2+ transport through a liquid membrane. It was found that the rate is efficiently accelerated by UV-light irradiation.
Dissolution States of Normal Alkane Derivatives with a Polar Group in Water
Authors: Nishino Nobuo , Morimoto Satoshi , Nakamura Masao
Published: July 2006

This paper proposes a method by means of which the heat of solution at an infinite dilution of an organic compound in water, directly measured by means of calorimetry at a given temperature, is extended over a wide range of temperatures by the use of a phase diagram with water. The heat of solution at an infinite dilution in water over a temperature range from 290 to 350 K, which is estimated by this method for some alkanols and alkanoic acids, increases with a rise in the temperature and has a transition temperature from the exothermic region to the endothermic region which is close to the minimum dissolution temperature in the solubility curve in water for each substance. The increase in the heat of solution might be due to the breakdown of the iceberg formed around the alkyl group. The difference between the partial molar heat capacity at an infinite dilution and the molar heat capacity at the pure state, ΔScp\overset\ominus2, has its maximum at a certain temperature. The higher homolog shows a sharper curve with a lower maximum temperature. The curve of ΔScp\overset\ominus2vs. the temperature for 2- or 3-alkanol corresponds to that for the lower 1-alkanol. These facts reveal that a polar group, such as OH and COOH, would preferentially break the weaker structure of the iceberg within its breaking sphere, which structure should break down at a lower temperature.
Immunoassay Using a Metal-complex Compound as a Chemiluminescent Catalyst. IV. The Investigation of a Metal Porphine Complex as a Labeling Reagent
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Toriyama Motohiro , Miyoshi Hisayo , Syogase Shinji
Published: July 2006

Among the metal porphine and phthalocyanine complexes synthesized by the present authors, a iron(III) complex of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine was found to be most sensitive for the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol–H2O2; it was successfully used in the determination of albumin as a protein model, with a detection limit of about 130pg.
Enantiodivergent Total Syntheses of Nanaomycins and Their Enantiomers, Kalafungins
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Akimoto Kohji , Annaka Masahiko , Ohno Yutaka , Kinoshita Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2006

The first, enantiospecific total syntheses of pyranonaphthoquinone antibiotics, nanaomycins D and A, and their enantiomers, kalafungin and 4-deoxykalafunginic acid are described by an “enantiodivergent” strategy from a common optically active intermediate, (1S,3RS,4S)-3,4-dihydro-5,9,10-trimethoxy-1-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-3,4-diol, which has been derived from l-rhamnose via condensation of 4-methoxy-3(phenylsulfonyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone and methyl 3,4,6-trideoxy-α-l-glycero-hex-3-enopyranosid-2-ulose.
Topological Index and Thermodynamic Properties. III. Classification of Various Topological Aspects of Properties of Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Narumi Hideyuki , Hosoya Haruo
Published: July 2006

To elucidate the physical meaning of the structure-activity relationship of alkanes, correlation coefficients between 24 thermodynamic properties of hexane, heptane, octane, and nonane isomers and four different topological indices were calculated. These properties were classified into five different types depending on the signs and magnitudes of their correlation coefficients with the two indices, Z and p3. It is interpreted that Z and p3, respectively, represent the dynamical and static features of the topological properties of molecules. The merit of correlation pattern recognition is demonstrated.
The Theoretical Study of the Solvophobic Interaction
Authors: Ohba Masaharu , Arakawa Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

The relation between a solvophobic interaction (SI) and a solute–solute radial distribution function is discussed. The SI is defined as the difference between the indirect part of the solute–solute potential of the mean force in a solvent and that in a “homomorphic” solvent. It was calculated using the RHNC-like integral equation of RISM-1 for a dilute solution of hard spheres in a solvent composed of polar hard dumb-bells. The existence of a SI was comfirmed in a simple system. The SI in this system proved to have originated from the effect of a dipole–dipole interaction between solvent molecules making the excluded volume of the solute molecules small. It was found that the strength of a SI decreases with increasing temperature. It was also shown that Ben-Nairn’s measure [J. Chem. Phys., 54, 1387 (1971)] gives an incorrect conclusion with respect to the temperature dependence of the SI of this system because it includes an excess factor irrelevant to a SI.
The Preparation and Some Properties of 1,4,7-Trithia[7]- and 1,5,9-Trithia[9]ferrocenophanes and Their Copper(I), Silver(I), Mercury(II), and Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Sato Masaru , Suzuki Kaoru , Akabori Sadatoshi
Published: July 2006

1,5,9-Trithia[9]ferrocenophane was prepared by the reaction of 1,1′-bis(3-chloropropylthio)ferrocene with sodium sulfide. The complexes of 1,5,9-trithia[9]ferrocenophane, along with 1,4,7-trithia[7]ferrocenophane, with copper(I), silver(I), mercury(II), and palladium(II) salts were prepared. Some interaction between the iron atom and the metal atoms coordinated to the thia-crown moiety was suggested from their spectral data in the solution for the complexes of 1,4,7-trithia[7]ferrocenophane with mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts and the complex of 1,5,9-trithia[9]ferrocenophane with silver(I) tetrafluoroborate.
Crystal Structure of the Mixed-Stacked Salt of Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) and Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)
Authors: Mori Takehiko , Inokuchi Hiroo
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of the monoclinic form of (BEDT-TTF)(TCNQ) is determined by X-ray analysis. The donor (BEDT-TTF) and the acceptor (TCNQ) molecules are planar and form alternating stacks.
Temperature Dependence of the Reflectance Spectra of the Single Crystals of Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalenium Salts. α-(BEDT–TTF)3(ReO4)2 and α-(BEDT–TTF)2I3
Authors: Yakushi Kyuya , Kanbara Hirohisa , Tajima Hiroyuki , Kuroda Haruo , Saito Gunzi , Mori Takehiko
Published: July 2006

Polarized reflectance spectra were measured on the single crystals of α-(BEDT–TTF)3(ReO4)2 and α-(BEDT–TTF)2I3. The optical spectra of these materials were interpreted on the basis of a simple semimetallic band model, and the anisotropic character of the intermolecular interaction in these crystals was quantitatively examined by analyzing the observed spectra. The observed temperature dependence of reflectance spectrum reflects the change of the electronic structure accompanying the metal-insulator phase transition, and is consistent with our interpretation of the spectra.
Chemical Chameleons. Organosulfones as Synthetic Building Blocks
Authors: Trost Barry Martin
Published: July 2006

An overview of the duality of function of organosulfones as nucleophiles in basic media and electrophiles in Lewis acidic media, a change of reactivity for which they have been dubbed “chemical chameleons,” is presented. In the first phase, transition metal catalysts activate allyl sulfones towards displacements. Use of palladium, molybdenum, and nickel catalysts allow stabilized anions to effect displacement; copper catalysts allow non-stabilized nucleophiles to be used. The use of the anion stabilizing and leaving group abilities of sulfones created a novel three carbon intercalation and a novel cyclocontraction-spiroannulation in which β-hydroxy sulfones participate in a Lewis acid catalyzed pinacol rearrangement. The lability of allyl and tertiary sulfones towards Lewis acids creates a wide array of electrophilic reactions such as Friedel–Crafts type cyclizations, intermolecular alkylations with organoalanes and enol silyl ethers, and ring expansions. The ability to design novel reagents for synthesis based upon this dual reactivity of organosulfones is illustrated by the use of an alkoxy-bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane as a synthon for a carbonyl 1,1-dipole.
Excimer Formation and Intramolecular Self-Complexation of Double-Armed γ-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Hamada Fumio , Murai Koichi , Ueno Akihiko , Suzuki Iwao , Osa Tetsuo
Published: July 2006

Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies of γ-cyclodextrin bearing two naphthyl moieties (1) suggest that 1 exists as two intramolecular self-complexation forms in water-rich solutions with one or two of the naphthyl moieties included in its cavity. Upon addition of (−)-borneol as a guest, 1 forms a 1 : 1 host–guest complex, exhibiting slightly diminished excimer and circular dichroism bands. Ethylene glycol converts the intramolecular complexes into a relaxed form, in which two naphthyl moieties dangle outside the cavity.

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
A New Type of Two-Dimensional Organic Conductors: Alkylammonium Bis[1,2,5]thiadiazolotetracyanoquinodimethanides
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Kabuto Chizuko , Yamashita Yoshiro , Mukai Toshio , Miyashi Tsutomu , Saito Gunzi
Published: July 2006

Anion radical salts of bis[1,2,5]thiadiazolotetracyanoquinodimethan (BTDA) containing forty kinds of alkylammonium ions were prepared whose molar ratios are unique for each cation and changed from 1:1 (2A–2L) to 2:3 (2M–2Z), 1:2 (2a–2m), and 2:5 (2n) with elongation of the side chains. The electrical conductivities of the salts are largely affected by the molar ratio and the spatial requirement of cations (ρRT 3.1 Ω cm for 2a and 4.2×106 Ω cm for 2L), and some of the salts exhibit high electrical conductivities (ρRT 3.1–8.3 Ω cm for 2a–2e) with small anisotropy (ρ⁄⁄ 1.7 Ω cm, ρ⊥ 21.6 Ω cm for a single crystal of 2g). Three salts (2A, 2M, and 2g) showed semiconducting temperature dependence of electrical conductivity with the activation energies of 0.12–0.20 eV. The X-ray study of three kinds of the salts (2A, 2g, and 2m) revealed that two-dimensional networks are formed by S–N≡C interactions (3.12–3.33 Å) of BTDA anion radicals. The crystals of 2A and 2g showing higher conductivities consist of two-dimensionally expanded “ribbon” networks accompanied with equally spaced columnar stackings while molecules are pairing to form dyads in 2m which exhibits lower conductivity.
The Synthesis of 1,3-Dithiolan-2-ones On the Reaction of Oxiranes with Carbon Disulfide under High Pressure
Authors: Taguchi Yoichi , Yasumoto Masahiko , Shibuya Isao , Suhara Yasuo
Published: July 2006

An equimolar reaction of 2-hexyloxirane with carbon disulfide in hexane was run in the presence of triethylamine under 800 MPa at 100 °C for 20 h, and gave 63% of 4-hexyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-one (3a), 21% of 4-hexyl-1,3-dithiolane-2-thione (1a) and 5% of 5-hexyl-1,3-oxathiolan-2-one (4a). Hexane, benzene, and diisopropyl ether were good solvents for the reaction. The reaction of a variety of oxiranes with carbon disulfide produced 1,3-dithiolan-2-ones as the main products under 500 MPa at 100 °C for 20 h. Upon a reaction of 2-hexyloxirane with carbon disulfide, 5-hexyl-1,3-oxathiolane-2-thione (2a), and 2-hexylthiirane (5a) were produced during the first stage of reaction. The formation of 1a and 4a began immediately, whereas, the formation of 3a required a long induced period. A feasible mechanism for the formation of 3a is proposed to be a rearrangement of 2a in the presence of triethylamine, free from carbon disulfide.
A Convenient Synthesis of 4-(Perfluoroalkyl)pyrimidines and 4-(Perfluoroalkyl)tetrahydropyrimidines
Authors: Uno Hidemitsu , Matsushima Yuji , Tasaka Tadataka , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: July 2006

Vinyl perfluoroalkyl ketones formed in situ from the reactions of perfluoroalkyllithiums with ethyl acrylate can easily be trapped with thiouronium and amidinium salts to give 4-(perfluoroalkyl)tetrahydropyrimidines in moderate to good yields. Similarly, ethynyl perfluoroalkyl ketones generated in situ can be converted to 4-(perfluoroalkyl)pyrimidines, although the yields are low.
Absorption Spectra and Dynamics of the Triplet State in p-Terphenyl Powder Systems: a Diffuse Reflectance Laser Photolysis Study
Authors: Koshioka Masanori , Mizuma Hirokazu , Imagi Keiji , Ikeda Noriaki , Fukumura Hiroshi , Masuhara Hiroshi , Kryschi Carola
Published: July 2006

A microcomputer-controlled nanosecond diffuse reflectance laser photolysis system was developed and applied to p-terphenyl powder systems. The triplet absorption spectrum of microcrystalline powders is broader and red-shifted compared to the molecular triplet state in solution. Possible contributions of an optical artifact and an impurity were rejected by examining powder systems doped with naphthacene and diluted with NaCl as well as poly(methyl methacrylate). p-Terphenyl adsorbed on silica gel and included in β-cyclodextrin gave different triplet spectra, which are interpreted in terms of conformational structure of p-terphenyl. Decay processes and an oxygen effect are also discussed.
Reversible Color Changes of Polydiacetylene Induced by Monomer Solid Phase Transition
Authors: Araya Kotaro
Published: July 2006

Color change associated with solid phase transition is observed in the diacetylene derivatives, partially polymerized 4,6-decadiyne-1,10-bis(propylurethane). Moreover, the temperature of this color change can be altered by mixing with other derivatives.
Probing the structure and function of an archaeal C/D-box methylation guide sRNA
Authors: Omer Arina D. , Zago Maria , Chang Alex , Dennis Patrick P.
Published: July 2006

The genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus contains dozens of small C/D-box sRNAs that use a complementary guide sequence to target 2′-O-ribose methylation to specific locations within ribosomal and transfer RNAs. The sRNAs are ∼50–60 nucleotides in length and contain two RNA structural kink-turn (K-turn) motifs that are required for assembly with ribosomal protein L7Ae, Nop5, and fibrillarin to form an active ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle. The complex catalyzes guide-directed methylation to target RNAs. Earlier work in our laboratory has characterized the assembly pathway and methylation reaction using the model sR1 sRNA from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. This sRNA contains only one antisense region situated adjacent to the D-box, and methylation is directed to position U52 in 16S rRNA. Here we have investigated through RNA mutagenesis, the relationship between the sR1 structure and methylation-guide function. We show that although full activity of the guide requires intact C/D and C′/D′ K-turn motifs, each structure plays a distinct role in the methylation reaction. The C/D motif is directly implicated in the methylation function, whereas the C′/D′ element appears to play an indirect structural role by facilitating the correct folding of the RNA. Our results suggest that L7Ae facilitates the folding of the K-turn motifs (chaperone function) and, in addition, is required for methylation activity in the presence of Nop5 and Fib.
Sight and Sound in the Poetic World of Ernest Dowson
Authors: WEINER STEPHANIE KUDUK
Published: July 2006

This essay argues that Ernest Dowson's poems are organized according to patterns of color, in which bright hues fade to gray, and of sound, in which superfluous, even erroneous,punctuation marks generate syntactic strain and precisely modulate the pauses between words and lines. These patterns are central to Dowson's effort to estrange his literary language from everyday, communicative discourse and its reference to the meanings of the world, to make poetry a "pure" medium of art rather than a representation of life. As such, Dowson's poetry differs from the impressionist and naturalist art of the fin de sicle, with which his work is often incorrectly conflated, and it marks a cleavage between empiricist and anti-empiricist approaches to representation,especially in relation to matters of observation, objectivity, and particularity. Dowson's aestheticism represents an extreme limit of anti-empiricist literary formalism, whose legacy for modernism consists not principally in its successes but in its failures.
Acute and chronic toxicity of nitrate to early life stages of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)
Authors: McGurk Michael D. , Landry François , Tang Armando , Hanks Chris C.
Published: July 2006

The acute and chronic toxicity of the nitrate ion (NO−3) to the embryos, alevins, and swim-up fry of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were tested in laboratory aquaria. The acute (96-h) median lethal concentration (LC50) for swim-up fry was 1,121 mg NO3-N/L for lake trout and 1,903 mg NO3-N/L for lake whitefish. The chronic (˜130–150-d) LC50s for embryos to swim-up fry were 190 and 64 mg NO3-N/L, respectively. Sublethal effects on developmental timing and fry body size were observed at concentrations of 6.25 and 25 mg NO3-N/L, respectively, in the chronic tests. These results confirm that the Canadian nitrate water-quality guideline of 2.9 mg NO3-N/L, which was derived from chronic tests on a temperate-zone amphibian, is applicable to the early life stages of two species of Arctic fish. However, it does not support use of the guideline for acute exposures during early life stages of salmonid fish or for acute or chronic exposures to adult fish, which are relatively insensitive to nitrate.
Functional stability of microbial communities from long-term stressed soils to additional disturbance
Authors: Tobor-Kapłon Maria A. , Bloem Jaap , de Ruiter Peter C.
Published: July 2006

Functional stability, measured in terms of resistance and resilience of soil respiration rate and bacterial growth rate, was studied in soils from field plots that have been exposed to copper contamination and low pH for more than two decades. We tested whether functional stability follows patterns predicted by either the “low stress–high stability” or the “high stress–high stability” theory. Treatments consisting of soils with no or high copper load (0 or 750 kg/ha) and with low or neutral pH (4.0 or 6.1) were used. Stability was examined by applying an additional disturbance by heat (50°C for 18 h) or drying–rewetting cycles. After heating, the respiration rate indicated that the soils without copper were less stable (more affected) than the soils with 750 kg/ha. Bacterial growth rate was more stable (resistant) to heat in the pH 6.1 than in the pH 4.0 soils. Growth rate was stimulated rather than inhibited by heating and was highly resilient in all soils. The respiration rate was less affected by drying–rewetting cycles in the pH 4.0 soils than in the pH 6.1 soils. Bacterial growth rate after drying–rewetting disturbance showed no distinct pattern of stability. We found that the stability of a particular process could vary significantly, depending on the kind of disturbance; therefore, neither of the two theories could adequately predict the response of the microbial community to disturbance.
Estimating the combined toxicity by two-step prediction model on the complicated chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents
Authors: Ra Jin Sung , Lee Byoung Cheun , Chang Nam Ik , Kim Sang Don
Published: July 2006

The toxicities of chemical mixtures containing 10 compounds, detected in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, were investigated using Daphnia magna in a two-step prediction (TSP) model. The 10 chemicals determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in WWTP effluents included three groups: Three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, six narcosis inhibitors, and one seedling root inhibitor. In the first step, a concentration addition (CA) model was used to predict the mixture toxicities for the three component groups with similar modes of action; in the second step, an independent action (IA) model was used for the newly developed concentration–response curves from the three CA predictions. The CA predictions did not show a statistically significant difference from the observed results with respect to the three groups of chemicals, whereas the IA model did not conform to the experimental results. Therefore, the concentration–response curves obtained from the mixture toxicity tests in each group was considered as a single curve and applied in the next step of the mixture toxicity prediction. However, the observed toxicity of the 10-chemical mixture showed large differences from the results of the IA and CA model predictions, whereas the TSP model predicted the toxicity well and with statistical significance (p = 0.0501, n = 17). This suggests that the TSP model would provide a valid prediction for a randomly selected chemical mixture having various modes of action if the concentration–response function for an individual component is obtained.
Tolerance of nitrifying bacteria to copper and nickel
Authors: Fait Gabriella , Broos Kris , Zrna Sharyn , Lombi Enzo , Hamon Rebecca
Published: July 2006

Evidence is mounting that soil microorganisms can become increasingly tolerant to metals on exposure. However, in situ investigations regarding the effects of metals, particularly Cu and Ni, on specific soil functions/communities are still limited in number. Here, we investigated whether preexposure of nitrifying bacteria to Cu or Ni can induce increased tolerance to these metals. We also investigated whether changes in the tolerance of populations exposed to Cu under field conditions (long term) or in a laboratory-spiked soil (short term) occur. The method used was specifically designed to avoid possible confounding factors because of aging of metals in soil. Sterilized soils were enriched with different concentrations of Ni or Cu and were inoculated with the same soil that was either uncontaminated or had been contaminated previously with metals. Nitrification was measured after 28 d. In the laboratory-spiked soil, the exposed nitrifier community showed an increased tolerance to Ni but not to Cu. However, we found an increased tolerance to Cu in the case of a nitrifying community exposed to Cu for nearly 80 years under field conditions. These results indicate that the capacity of nitrifying bacteria to adapt to at least some metals is a widespread phenomenon. However, acquisition of tolerance to Cu may be more difficult, or require more time, compared with tolerance to Ni.
Lysosomal membrane stability in laboratory- and field-exposed terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea)
Authors: Nolde Nataša , Drobne Damjana , Valant Janez , Padovan Ingrid , Horvat Milena
Published: July 2006

Two established methods for assessment of the cytotoxicity of contaminants, the lysosomal latency (LL) assay and the neutral red retention (NRR) assay, were successfully applied to in toto digestive gland tubes (hepatopancreas) of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). In vitro exposure of isolated gland tubes to copper was used as a positive control to determine the performance of the two methods. Lysosomal latency and the NRR assay were then used on in vivo (via food) laboratory-exposed animals and on field populations. Arbitrarily selected criteria for determination of the fitness of P. scaber were set on the basis of lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) as assessed with in toto digestive gland tubes. Decreased LMS was detected in animals from all polluted sites, but cytotoxicity data were not in agreement with concentrations of pollutants. Lysosomal membrane stability in the digestive gland tubes of animals from an environment in Idrija, Slovenia that was highly polluted with mercury (260 μg/g dry wt food and 1,600 μg/g dry wt soil) was less affected than LMS in laboratory animals fed with 5 and 50 μg Hg/g dry weight for 3 d. This probably indicates tolerance of P. scaber to mercury in the mercury-polluted environment and/or lower bioavailability of environmental mercury. In animals from the vicinity of a thermal power plant with environmental mercury concentrations three to four orders of magnitude lower than those in Idrija, LMS was severely affected. In general, the LL assay was more sensitive than the NRR assay. The LMS assay conducted on digestive gland tubes of terrestrial isopods is highly recommended for integrated biomarker studies.
Effect of leaching and aging on the bioavailability of lead to the springtail Folsomia candida
Authors: Lock Koen , Waegeneers Nadia , Smolders Erik , Criel Peggy , Van Eeckhout Hilde , Janssen Colin R.
Published: July 2006

Because it is unclear if leaching can account for differences in metal bioavailability observed between metal-spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils, we simultaneously assessed Pb toxicity to the springtail Folsomia candida in three transects of Pb-contaminated soils and in leached and unleached soils spiked at similar total Pb concentrations. Total Pb concentrations of 3,877 mg/kg dry weight and higher always caused significant effects on F. candida reproduction in the spiked soils. In the transects, only the soil with the highest Pb concentration of 14,436 mg/kg dry weight significantly affected reproduction. When expressed as pore-water concentrations, reproduction was never significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.539 mg/L, whereas reproduction was always significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.678 mg/L and higher, independent of the soil treatment. These results indicate that pore-water Pb concentrations can explain, at least in part, the observed differences in the toxicity data expressed as total Pb concentrations. Leaching after the spiking procedure only caused small differences in Pb toxicity and, therefore, cannot account for toxicity differences between laboratory-spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils.
Multiscale Data Integration With Markov Random Fields and Markov Chain Monte Carlo: A Field Application in the Middle East
Authors: Malallah Adel , Perez Hector , Datta-Gupta Akhil , Alamoudi Waleed
Published: July 2006

Integrating multiresolution data sources into high-resolution reservoir models for accurate performance forecasting is an outstanding challenge in reservoir characterization. Well logs, cores, and seismic and production data scan different length scales of heterogeneity and have different degrees of precision. Current geostatistical techniques for data integration rely on a stationarity assumption that often is not borne out by field data. Geologic processes can vary abruptly and systematically over the domain of interest. In addition, geostatistical methods require modeling and specification of variograms that can often be difficult to obtain in field situations.

In this paper, we present a case study from the Middle East to demonstrate the feasibility of a hierarchical approach to spatial modeling based on Markov random fields (MRFs) and multiresolution algorithms in image analysis. The field is located in Saudi Arabia, south of Riyadh, and produces hydrocarbons from the Unayzah formation, a late Permian siliclastic reservoir. Our proposed approach provides a powerful framework for data integration accounting for the scale and precision of different data types. Unlike their geostatistical counterparts, which simultaneously specify distributions across the entire field, the MRFs are based on a collection of full conditional distributions that rely on the local neighborhood of each element. This critical focus on local specification provides several advantages: (a) MRFs are far more computationally tractable and are ideally suited to simulation-based computation such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, and (b) model extensions to account for nonstationarities, discontinuity, and varying spatial properties at various scales of resolution are accessible in the MRFs.

We construct fine-scale porosity distribution from well and seismic data, explicitly accounting for the varying scale and precision of the data types. First, we derive a relationship between the neutron porosity and the seismic amplitudes. Second, we integrate the seismically derived coarse-scale porosity with fine-scale well data to generate a 3D fieldwide porosity distribution using MRF. The field application demonstrates the feasibility of this emerging technology for practical reservoir characterization.
PVT Properties and Viscosity Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Oils
Authors: Dindoruk Birol , Christman Peter G.
Published: July 2006

New empirical pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) correlations for Gulf of Mexico (GOM) oils have been developed as a function of commonly available field data. Correlations have been developed for the following:

Bubblepoint pressure. Solution gas/oil ratio (GOR) at bubblepoint pressure. Oil formation volume factor (FVF) at bubblepoint pressure. Undersaturated isothermal oil compressibility. Dead-oil viscosity. Saturated-oil viscosity. Undersaturated-oil viscosity.

For the development of correlations, we have covered a wide range of data. More than 100 PVT reports from the GOM have been used in the development of correlations. Two of the published correlations (those of Standing1 and Petrosky and Farshad2) were tested with our GOM data set. Proposed correlations of this study predicted the PVT properties of GOM oils better than the correlations published in the literature, even when the coefficients of the published correlations are tuned. Using the correlations of this study, we have written a simple program that can generate PVT data sets for use in reservoir simulation. Laboratory-measured differential-liberation data for two different oil samples were also compared against our empirically generated differential-liberation data.
Experimental Study of Gas Slippage in Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Li Kewen , Horne Roland N.
Published: July 2006

Gas slippage in single-phase gas flow (the Klinkenberg effect) has been investigated extensively. Few papers, however, have been published on the gas slippage in gas/liquid two-phase flow. The gas relative permeabilities at water saturations close to the residual value have been found to be significantly greater than 1 in both nitrogen/water and steam/water flow through rocks. These values became less than 1 after the calculation was calibrated by taking the two-phase gas slip effect into consideration. The gas relative permeabilities have been measured at different mean pore pressures, and the values of two-phase gas slip factors have been computed at different water saturations. The effects of temperature on both nitrogen and steam slip factors also have been studied and compared. These data have then been used to conduct a calibration to obtain intrinsic gas relative permeabilities that do not vary with the test pressures. It has been found from the present work that neglecting the two-phase gas slip effect may overestimate gas relative permeabilities. It is the intrinsic gas relative permeabilities instead of those measured at low test pressures that should be used in numerical simulation or other reservoir-engineering calculations.
Search for Security: The United States and Central America in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Leonard Thomas M.
Published: July 2006

The fall of Nicaraguan strongman Anastasio Somoza in July 1979 contributed to the publication of an abundance of literature on United States-Central American relations and, like the literature before it, focused largely upon the crisis at hand. Two historical surveys appeared. Walter LaFeber'sInevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central Americarepresented a revisionist approach, charging that United States economic imperialism is responsible for the present crisis. John Finding'sClose Neighbors, Distant Friends: United States-Central American Relationsis a straightforward account describing Washington's response to various crisis. Still an analysis of the literature is absent. In an effort to address that issue, this article examines the literature on United States-Central American relations in the twentieth century and concludes that the United States acted on behalf of its own security interests, whether or not the threat of foreign intervention had been real or imagined. In effect, the United States maintained the status quo and failed to deal with the structural problems responsible for the contemporary crisis.
“The Veracruz Merchant Community in Late Bourbon Mexico: A Preliminary Portrait, 1770-1810”
Authors: Booker Jackie R.
Published: July 2006

More than two decades of scholarship on colonial Mexico has established both the role and character of merchant class communities, especially in Mexico City and Guadalajara. Beginning with David A. Brading's seminal Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810, several additional studies now constitute a significant body of literature on the subject. Collectively, Brading, John E. Kicza, Doris M. Ladd and others have demonstrated how Mexico City merchants consolidated their fortunes by acquiring haciendas (landed estates). Moreover, their studies describe how Mexico City entrepreneurs maintained commercial hegemony by purchasing large quantities of European merchandise and then reselling it at grossly inflated prices. These businessmen monopolized colonial trade through extensive familial ties and trading networks extending back to Spain. Although these and other revelations are important with respect to Mexico City merchants, they neither explain the position nor the significance of entrepreneurs in the principal Spanish colonial port
San Antonio's Old Franciscan Missions: Material Decline and Secular Avarice in the Transition from Hispanic to Mexican Control
Authors: Almaráz Félix D.
Published: July 2006

In the twilight years of the eighteenth century, Spanish authorities of church and state resolved that the original Franciscan missions of Texas had achieved the goal of their early foundation, namely conversion of indigenous cultures to an Hispano-European lifestyle. Cognizant that the mission as a frontier agency had gained souls for the Catholic faith and citizens for the empire, Hispanic officials initiated secularization of the Texas establishments with the longest tenure, beginning with the missions along the upper San Antonio River. Less than a generation later, in the transition from Spanish dominion to Mexican rule in the nineteenth century, the Franciscan institutions, woefully in a condition of material neglect, engendered widespread secular avarice as numerous applicants with political contact in municipal government energetically competed to obtain land grants among the former mission temporalities.
Transition Toward Slavery: Changing Legal Practice Regarding Indians in Seventeenth-Century São Paulo
Authors: Nazzari Muriel
Published: July 2006

A seventeenth-century inhabitant of São Paulo once remarked that Indians were “the most profitable property in this land.” Legally, however, Indians were not property at all, for the crown explicitly prohibited their enslavement. During most of the seventeenth century, the settlers of São Paulo complied with the letter of the law and did not officially give their Indian servants any monetary value, and though they often sold them, the sales were known to be illegal and were not usually recorded in public documents, such as the documents used for this study,inventários, settlements of estates. By the end of the century, however, local judges were openly allowing the monetary appraisal of Indians and their subsequent sale was duly recorded ininventáriosand other court processes.
Latin America and the Inversion of United States Stereotypes in the 1920s and 1930s: The Case of Culture and Nature
Authors: Pike Fredrick B.
Published: July 2006

In this essay I describe some often ignored North American modes of perceiving Latin Americans; and I suggest that a change in these modes contributed to the Good Neighbor era (1933-1945). I do not presume to argue that shifting attitudes and perceptions should be seen as the principal factors in shaping the Good Neighbor policy. Anyone concerned with the primary determinants of that policy must turn to security and economic considerations. Still, an intellectual—and, really, a psychological—phenomenon of shifting perceptions and stereotypes among North Americans accounted for some of the enthusiasm with which they greeted what they took to be a new approach to Latin America.

In its central thrust this essay suggests that in hemispheric relations, seen from the north-of-the-Rio-Grande perspective, the United States stands generally for culture and Latin America for nature. Symbolizing the capitalist culture of the Yankees, shaped by their struggle to subdue wilderness and nature, has been the white male, often portrayed by Uncle Sam. In contrast, Latin America has been symbolized by Indians, blacks, women, children, and also the idle poor: people assumed to lack the capitalist urge constantly to tame, dominate, and uplift nature.
The King's Surprise: The Mission Methodology of Toribio de Mogrovejo
Authors: McGlone Mary M.
Published: July 2006

In 1579 King Philip II selected the presiding inquisitor of Granada as the second archbishop of Los Reyes, or Lima. Countering precedents which favored the episcopal nomination of priests who had spent time in the New World, Philip chose Toribio de Mogrovejo, a man totally lacking in both clerical and missionary experience, to preside over the most important episcopal see in the Southern hemisphere. That curious choice revealed Philip's strategy for the future of the church of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Philip presumably named the young jurist to implement a rigorous organization of the Church in the territory that retiring Viceroy Francisco de Toledo had only recently brought under effective civil governance. This article will demonstrate that, contrary to Philip's expectations, Toribio de Mogrovejo not only failed toinstill a Toledan spirit in the Church, but that he actively developed a mission methodology in accord with that promoted by Bartolomé de Las Casas and his followers in Peru.
A Note on the Younger Bolton
Authors: Rolle Andrew F.
Published: July 2006

There have been numerous well-deserved tributes written recently about the late Professor Herbert Eugene Bolton. There can be no doubt that his work raised the standards and scope of western American historical scholarship to new heights. The development of a broadly viewed concept of the historical unity of the Americas was largely his own contribution. His long life (eighty-two years) and his persistent devotion to studies, both detailed and wide in scope, earned Bolton great prestige. At the University of California he nurtured a veritable “school” of California historians. A former student speaks of his remarkable achievements as those of “the most prolific of western historians both in his own writings and in the students whose work he guided….” Another of his one hundred doctoral fellows calls Bolton’s a career of “matchless enthusiasm and perseverance.”
The Presidency of Nicolas Geffrard of Haiti
Authors: Baur John E.
Published: July 2006

During the early days of 1859, Port-au-Prince was busy with holiday celebrations, dramatic addresses and colorful events. Haitians possess a certain genius for properly observing a great day, and indeed it seemed that halcyon days had at last arrived in the Caribbean. Before the national legislature that April came a new president, a man for all the people. He was a person of medium height, rather slender and very erect and dignified. A mixture of Negro and mulatto elements, the new national hero had a very dark complexion, gray hairs befitting his fifty-three years, and courteous airs. In fact, his decorum was striking, set off as it was with a quiet gentleness, polish and evident idealism that seemed almost out of place in a Haitian warrior who had just dethroned an emperor.

The ownerless imperial crown, symbolic of the recently defunct regime, was brought before the restorer of the old Republic. Fittingly, the chief executive employed allegory to express his adventure into reform. After a long, flowery speech denouncing the exiled Emperor Faustin I, President Nicolas Fabre Geffrard swore fidelity to the popular government, announced some preliminary political changes, and took up a small gavel. With this he struck the crown three times, condemning the magnificent diadem and its regime as he inaugurated the Republic which must not waver. From that day on the crown of Soulouque became a museum piece, but what is symbolized could not be so easily defeated and discarded.
The Positivist Philosophy in Mexican Education, 1867-1873
Authors: Delmez Albert J.
Published: July 2006

Positivism in educational thought in 1867 was the rational expression of a liberating philosophy which had been operating upon the Mexican scene from the turn of the century. Under the aegis of liberalism educational theory had moved slowly forward, but application had lagged far behind. This situation was not an unnatural consequence of the chaotic conditions which obtained after the achievement of independence. Independence had brought political freedom, but the masses, economically and culturally, had gained little.

As early as 1823 educators had clamored for popular education, and although public education was given some consideration during succeeding administrations, hopes of realizing changes in education were lost within the maelstrom of social and political intrigues. The control of education was thus left in the hands of individuals, many of whom were not fit to be teachers, or to the Church, whose attention to education was greatly lessened by the growing Church-State question.
The Confessions of a Wayward Professor
Authors: Bolton Herbert Eugene
Published: July 2006

It is a Great Honor for one who lives in the Wild West to be asked to speak in the cultured capital of our country, for California is remote. In fact, it came into history as “the most outlandish place in the World,” and in some quarters so it is still regarded. A wealthy Italian Duchess, in the seventeenth century, told her Father Confessor that she wished to endow a mission for the heathen. Being asked where she wished it established, she replied, “In the most outlandish place in all the world.” The Jesuits consulted their geography and concluded that the most outlandish place in all the world was California, and there the mission was founded. Father Kino had a long correspondence with the same Duchess, and for their letters the Huntington Library, a few years ago, paid $18,000. Bigger sums have been paid for letters written to a lady, but seldom for letters written to a lady by a Jesuit priest.
Silvio Romero and the Evolution of Literary Criticism in Brazil
Authors: Lima Alceu Amoroso
Published: July 2006

REATION AND CRITICISM, in literature, are two complementary activities. Once I asked a poet what was the meaning of one of his poems, and his answer was this: “I don’t know. Such a task belongs to you, the critics, not to us, the poets.”

Modern aesthetics is dominated by the conception that art is nothing but a question of expression and does not have any reference to communication. This is a consequence of the sway that Hegel’s philosophy continues to exert over the modern world.
Mary of Agreda and the Southwest United States
Authors: Donahue William H.
Published: July 2006

IN 1630 FRAY ALONSO DE BENAVIDES, the former superior of the Franciscan missions in New Mexico, returned to Spain and wrote for Philip IV a report on the activities of the missionaries of his custodia. In this report is found one of the most interesting accounts in the whole history of the missionary Church in America. It is the strange story of the miraculous conversion of the Jumano Indians and of other tribes in the Southwest of the United States by a Spanish nun, Sor María de Jesús de Agreda. In 1622 Fray Alonso de Benavides had come to the missions of New Mexico with a large group of Franciscans. Being their superior, he assigned them to various missions. One of the group, Fray Juan de Salas, he sent to work among the Indians of Isleta near present-day Albuquerque.