bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weak discrete maximum principle of finite element methods in convex polyhedra
Authors: Leykekhman Dmitriy , Li Buyang
Published: May 2020

We prove that the Galerkin finite element solution

u
h

u_h

of the Laplace equation in a convex polyhedron

Ω
\varOmega

, with a quasi-uniform tetrahedral partition of the domain and with finite elements of polynomial degree

r
⩾
1

r\geqslant 1

, satisfies the following weak maximum principle:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout 1st Row double-vertical-bar u Subscript h Baseline double-vertical-bar Subscript upper L Sub Superscript normal infinity Subscript left-parenthesis upper Omega right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-slanted-equals upper C double-vertical-bar u Subscript h Baseline double-vertical-bar Subscript upper L Sub Superscript normal infinity Subscript left-parenthesis partial-differential upper Omega right-parenthesis Baseline comma EndLayout">

‖

u

h

‖

L

∞

(
Ω
)

⩽
C

‖

u

h

‖

L

∞

(
∂
Ω
)

,

\begin{align*} \left \|u_{h}\right \|_{L^{\infty }(\varOmega )} \leqslant C\left \|u_{h}\right \|_{L^{\infty }(\partial \varOmega )} , \end{align*}

with a constant

C
C

independent of the mesh size

h
h

. By using this result, we show that the Ritz projection operator

R
h

R_h

is stable in

L
∞

L^\infty

norm uniformly in

h
h

for

r
≥
2

r\geq 2

, i.e.,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout 1st Row double-vertical-bar upper R Subscript h Baseline u double-vertical-bar Subscript upper L Sub Superscript normal infinity Subscript left-parenthesis upper Omega right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-slanted-equals upper C double-vertical-bar u double-vertical-bar Subscript upper L Sub Superscript normal infinity Subscript left-parenthesis upper Omega right-parenthesis Baseline period EndLayout">

‖

R
h

u

‖

L

∞

(
Ω
)

⩽
C
‖
u

‖

L

∞

(
Ω
)

.

\begin{align*} \|R_hu\|_{L^{\infty }(\varOmega )} \leqslant C\|u\|_{L^{\infty }(\varOmega )} . \end{align*}

Thus we remove a logarithmic factor appearing in the previous results for convex polyhedral domains.
Dynamics of the iteration operator on the space of continuous self-maps
Authors: Veerapazham Murugan , Gopalakrishna Chaitanya , Zhang Weinian
Published: May 2020

The semi-dynamical system of a continuous self-map is generated by iteration of the map, however, the iteration itself, being an operator on the space of continuous self-maps, may generate interesting dynamical behaviors. In this paper we prove that the iteration operator is continuous on the space of all continuous self-maps of a compact metric space and therefore induces a semi-dynamical system on the space. Furthermore, we characterize its fixed points and periodic points in the case that the compact metric space is a compact interval by discussing the Babbage equation. We prove that all orbits of the iteration operator are bounded but most fixed points are not stable. On the other hand, we prove that the iteration operator is not chaotic.
Prostaglandins regulate invasive, collective border cell migration
Authors: Fox Emily F. , Lamb Maureen C. , Mellentine Samuel Q. , Tootle Tina L.
Published: May 2020

Prostaglandins regulate the actin bundler Fascin to promote both on-time border cell migration and cluster cohesion. The latter involves regulating integrin-based adhesions.
Attracting, recruiting and retaining nurses and care workers working in care homes: the need for a nuanced understanding informed by evidence and theory
Authors: Devi Reena , Goodman Claire , Dalkin Sonia , Bate Angela , Wright Judy , Jones Liz , Spilsbury Karen
Published: May 2020

The care home sector relies on nurses and care workers to deliver care to residents living with frailty and complex needs. However, attracting, recruiting and retaining staff is one of the biggest challenges facing this sector. There is evidence available that describes factors that influence staff decisions to join and/or remain in the care home workforce, for example, individual rewards (such as feeling valued at work or training opportunities), relationships with colleagues and residents, supportive management or working arrangements (including flexible hours). However, it is less clear how different strategies are informed by evidence to improve recruitment and retention. Care homes are heterogeneous in terms of their size, staffing levels and mix, staff age groups, geographical location and working conditions. What matters to different members of the care home workforce will vary across nurses and care workers of different ages and levels of qualification or experience. Recognising this diversity is key: understanding how to attract, recruit and retain staff needs to discriminate and offer solutions that address this diversity. This important area of practice does not lend itself to a ‘one-approach-fits-all’ solution. This commentary provides a brief overview of known workforce challenges for the care home sector and argues for studies that use empirical evidence to test different theories of what might work for different staff, how and why, and in different circumstances.
Colony dynamics and Plant Community Associations of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex salinus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sagebrush-Steppe Habitat
Authors: Robertson Ian C , Robertson Wilma G
Published: May 2020

We present the results of a 5-yr field study on colony dynamics and plant community associations of Owyhee harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex salinus (Olsen), in sagebrush-steppe habitat in southwestern Idaho. Over a 5-yr period, the total number of ant colonies across 16 sites increased from 843 to 878 (4.15%) as a result of 315 colony deaths and 350 colony initiations. Up to 7.1% of colony initiations may have been instances of nest relocation. Colonies had a higher rate of failure in their first year than in subsequent years (12.4 vs 4.6–8.4% over the next 3 yr). Of the 11 sites analyzed for colony dispersion, one was significantly clumped and the others did not differ from random. Population density in the final year of study ranged from 0.1 to 62.9 colonies/ha and was best described by an inverse relationship with sagebrush cover and positive relationship with coverage of non-Bromus (non-cheatgrass) understory vegetation. We interpret these results both in terms of 1) food resources—harvester ants avoid cheatgrass seeds in their diet, preferring instead small-seeded grasses and forbs, and 2) habitat structure—harvester ants prefer nesting in open areas where the ground is exposed to sun and they can clear vegetation from the vicinity of their nests. Given the habitat associations we report, the transition from sagebrush-dominated habitat to open grasslands that is occurring rapidly throughout much of the western United States may prove costly to native plant species whose seeds are readily consumed by harvester ants.
Learning Spillovers in Conditional Welfare Programmes: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Brollo Fernanda , Maria Kaufmann Katja , La Ferrara Eliana
Published: May 2020

We study spillovers in learning about the enforcement of Bolsa Familia, a programme conditioning benefits on children’s school attendance. Using original administrative data, we find that individuals’ compliance responds to penalties incurred by their classmates and by siblings’ classmates (in other grades/schools). As the severity of penalties increases with repeated noncompliance, the response is larger when peers are punished for ‘higher stages' than the family’s, consistent with learning. Individuals also respond to penalties experienced by neighbours who are exogenously scheduled to receive notices on the same day. Our results point to social multiplier effects of enforcement via learning.
Can People form Links to Efficiently Access Information?
Authors: Caria A Stefano , Fafchamps Marcel
Published: May 2020

We investigate how individuals form social connections to access information. In our link formation game of one-way flows, the myopic best response is to link to the node with the highest informational reach, which depends on indirect links. This strategy leads to the efficient circle network. We find that myopic best response predicts the links that subjects form. However, some subjects target high-degree nodes instead, neglecting indirect connections. This reduces network efficiency. We obtain similar findings when subjects link to transfer information to others. Using a minimal group treatment, we also find evidence of in-group homophily in link formation.
Early and mid-term outcomes of total repair of tetralogy of Fallot through a right subaxillary thoracotomy
Authors: An Guoying , Yang Weiwei , Zheng Shanguang , Wang Weixin , Huang Jian , Zhang Hongyu , Cheng Qianjin
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the safety, feasibility and early and mid-term outcomes of total repair of elective tetralogy of Fallot through a right subaxillary thoracotomy.

METHODS

Between May 2010 and September 2015, a retrospective review of patients with elective tetralogy of Fallot undergoing primary repair through a right subaxillary thoracotomy was performed. This study included 47 patients [27 males, 20 females; the mean age of 1.7 ± 1.5 years (ranging from 3 to 106 months); body weight of 9.7 ± 2.8 kg (ranging from 5 to 16 kg); McGoon ratio ≥1.5]. The ventricular septal defects were approached through a right atriotomy in 30 patients, a right ventriculotomy in 8 patients and the combination of a right atriotomy and ventriculotomy in 9 patients. Transannular and non-transannular patches were used in 20 and 27 patients, respectively.

RESULTS

There was 1 operative death (2.1%), and the others recovered uneventfully. The median cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping times was 79 ± 20.8 (45–136) and 50 ± 15.7 (25–94) min, respectively. The mechanical ventilation time, length of intensive care unit and postoperative hospital stay were 0.9 ± 0.6, 2.6 ± 1.1 and 10.7 ± 2.7 days, respectively. The main complications involved low cardiac output syndrome in 5 patients, arrhythmia in 6 patients, pulmonary infection in 4 patients, small residual shunt in 2 patients, mild residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in 2 patients, mild tricuspid regurgitation in 3 patients and atelectasis in 1 patient. The mean follow-up time was 82 ± 22.0 months, and no late deaths occurred during the follow-up. One (2.1%) patient received reintervention for residual significant pulmonary artery stenosis. That was in addition to 2 (4.3%) patients having mild residual right ventricular outflow tract, 1 (2.1%) patient with moderate tricuspid regurgitation and 3 (6.4%) patients with moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation to be followed up.

CONCLUSIONS

The right subaxillary thoracotomy, providing a safe and feasible alternative, can be performed with a low mortality rate and satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes for total repair of elective tetralogy of Fallot.
Silent rain: does the atmosphere-mediated connectivity between microbiomes influence bacterial evolutionary rates?
Authors: Jalasvuori Matti
Published: May 2020

Air carries a vast number of bacteria and viruses over great distances all the time. This leads to continuous introduction of foreign genetic material to local, established microbial communities. In this perspective, I ask whether this silent rain may have a slowing effect on the overall evolutionary rates in the microbial biosphere. Arguably, the greater the genetic divergence between gene ‘donors’ and ‘recipients’, the greater the chance that the gene product has a deleterious epistatic interaction with other gene products in its genetic environment. This is due to the long-term absence of check for mutual compatibility. As such, if an organism is extensively different from other bacteria, genetic innovations are less probable to fit to the genome. Here, genetic innovation would be anything that elevates the fitness of the gene vehicle (e.g. bacterium) over its contemporaries. Adopted innovations increase the fitness of the compatible genome over incompatible ones, thus possibly tempering the pace at which mutations accumulate in existing genomes over generations. I further discuss the transfer of bacteriophages through atmosphere and potential effects that this may have on local dynamics and perhaps phage survival.
Effect of Temperature on the Survival and Developmental Rate of Immature Ooencyrtus mirus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Power Nancy A , Ganjisaffar Fatemeh , Perring Thomas M
Published: May 2020

Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) is an invasive pest of cole crops in the southwestern United States. To find potential biocontrol agents of B. hilaris, three egg parasitoids were imported from Pakistan, including Ooencyrtus mirus, a recently described uniparental species. We investigated the effect of temperature on survival and developmental rate in O. mirus from egg to adult. At 14 and 16°C, no adults emerged unless the immatures were transferred later to a warmer temperature. At constant 18°C, a low percentage emerged, but again more emerged if the immatures were transferred to a warmer temperature. Survival ranged from 80 to 96% at 20–37°C and did not differ significantly among these temperatures. No adults emerged at 38°C. Regardless of the amount of time the parasitized eggs were held at 14 and 16°C, the developmental times after returning the eggs to 26°C were similar, suggesting a quiescence process rather than simply slow development. At higher temperatures, the developmental rate increased linearly from 18 to 36°C and then declined at 37°C. The Wang model provided the best fit of the data and estimated a lower developmental threshold at 13.0°C, an optimal temperature at 35.6°C, and an upper developmental threshold of 38.3°C. The thermal constant for total immature development is 168.4 degree-days. The results show 36°C to be the best temperature for rearing O. mirus, and that O. mirus-parasitized eggs can be stored at 14°C for months without losing viability. These are crucial data to consider when mass rearing this biological control agent.
Identifying and Assessing the Implementation of Human Rights Decisions
Authors: Donald Alice , Long Debra , Speck Anne-Katrin
Published: May 2020

Assessing the extent to which states have implemented the decisions of supranational human rights bodies is a challenging task. It requires supranational bodies—be they judicial, quasi-judicial or political—to create an evidence-based public record of the status quo of implementation at any point in time and determine whether the measures taken do, in fact, satisfy the requirements of the decision. This, in turn, relies upon states engaging in good faith, victims having a voice, and civil society organizations seizing the opportunity to influence the follow-up process. Using empirical data from interviews in selected states in the African, Inter-American and European regions, and within regional and United Nations bodies, this article argues that in no human rights ‘system’ are all these expectations met, in part because follow-up work is inadequately resourced. It argues that supranational bodies should proactively seek out diverse sources of information and adopt more transparent and responsive working methods so as to enable ‘real time’ participation by all interested parties. The article concludes with recommendations for supranational bodies, and state and non-state actors.
Navigating Social Spaces: Armed Mobilization and Circular Return in Eastern DR Congo
Authors: Vlassenroot Koen , Mudinga Emery , Musamba Josaphat
Published: May 2020

This article discusses the social mobility of combatants and introduces the notion of circular return to explain their pendular state of movement between civilian and combatant life. This phenomenon is widely observed in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where Congolese youth have been going in and out of armed groups for several decades now. While the notion of circular return has its origins in migration and refugee studies, we show that it also serves as a useful lens to understand the navigation capacity between different social spaces of combatants and to describe and understand processes of incessant armed mobilization and demobilization. In conceptualizing these processes as forms of circular return, we want to move beyond the remobilization discourse, which is too often connected to an assumed failure of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration processes. We argue that this discourse tends to ignore combatants’ agency and larger processes of socialization and social rupture as part of armed mobilization.
Overexpression of maize transcription factor mEmBP-1 increases photosynthesis, biomass, and yield in rice
Authors: Perveen Shahnaz , Qu Mingnan , Chen Faming , Essemine Jemaa , Khan Naveed , Lyu Ming-Ju Amy , Chang Tiangen , Song Qingfeng , Chen Gen-Yun , Zhu Xin-Guang
Published: May 2020

Identifying new options to improve photosynthetic capacity is a major approach to improve crop yield potential. Here we report that overexpression of the gene encoding the transcription factor mEmBP-1 led to simultaneously increased expression of many genes in photosynthesis, including genes encoding Chl a,b-binding proteins (Lhca and Lhcb), PSII (PsbR3 and PsbW) and PSI reaction center subunits (PsaK and PsaN), chloroplast ATP synthase subunit, electron transport reaction components (Fd1 and PC), and also major genes in the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, including those encoding Rubisco, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, transketolase, and phosphoribulokinase. These increased expression of photosynthesis genes resulted in increased leaf chlorophyll pigment, photosynthetic rate, biomass growth, and grain yield both in the greenhouse and in the field. Using EMSA experiments, we showed that mEmBP-1a protein can directly bind to the promoter region of photosynthesis genes, suggesting that the direct binding of mEmBP-1a to the G-box domain of photosynthetic genes up-regulates expression of these genes. Altogether, our results show that mEmBP-1a is a major regulator of photosynthesis, which can be used to increase rice photosynthesis and yield in the field.
Transfacet Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion With an Expandable Interbody Device—Part II: Consecutive Case Series
Authors: Khalifeh Jawad M , Dibble Christopher F , Stecher Priscilla , Dorward Ian , Hawasli Ammar H , Ray Wilson Z
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Advances in operative techniques and instrumentation technology have evolved to maximize patient outcomes following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). The transfacet MIS-TLIF is a modified approach to the standard MIS-TLIF that leverages a bony working corridor to access the disc space for discectomy and interbody device placement.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate clinical and radiographic results following transfacet MIS-TLIF using an expandable interbody device.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent transfacet MIS-TLIF for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Patient-reported outcome measures for pain and disability were assessed. Sagittal lumbar segmental parameters and regional lumbopelvic parameters were assessed on upright lateral radiographs obtained preoperatively and during follow-up.

RESULTS

A total of 68 patients (61.8% male) underwent transfacet MIS-TLIF at 74 levels. The mean age was 63.4 yr and the mean follow-up 15.2 mo. Patients experienced significant short- and long-term postoperative improvements on the numeric rating scale for low back pain (–2.3/10) and Oswestry Disability Index (−12.0/50). Transfacet MIS-TLIF was associated with an immediate and sustained reduction of spondylolisthesis, and an increase in index-level disc height (+0.71 cm), foraminal height (+0.28 cm), and segmental lordosis (+6.83°). Patients with preoperative hypolordosis (<40°) experienced significant increases in segmental (+9.10°) and overall lumbar lordosis (+8.65°). Pelvic parameters were not significantly changed, regardless of preoperative alignment. Device subsidence was observed in 6/74 (8.1%) levels, and fusion in 50/53 (94.3%) levels after 12 mo.

CONCLUSION

Transfacet MIS-TLIF was associated with clinical improvements and restoration of radiographic sagittal segmental parameters. Regional alignment correction was observed among patients with hypolordosis at baseline.
The formation of young massive clusters triggered by cloud–cloud collisions in the Antennae galaxies NGC 4038/NGC 4039
Authors: Tsuge Kisetsu , Fukui Yasuo , Tachihara Kengo , Sano Hidetoshi , Tokuda Kazuki , Ueda Junko , Iono Daisuke , Finn Molly K
Published: May 2020

The formation mechanism of super star clusters (SSCs), present-day analogs of the ancient globulars, still remains elusive. The major merger that is the Antennae galaxies is forming SSCs and is one of the primary targets to test the cluster formation mechanism. We reanalyzed the archival ALMA CO data of the Antennae and found three typical observational signatures of a cloud–cloud collision toward SSC B1 and other SSCs in the overlap region: (i) two velocity components with ∼100 km s−1 velocity separation, (ii) bridge features connecting the two components, and (iii) a complementary spatial distribution between them, lending support to collisions of the two components as a cluster formation mechanism. We present a scenario that two clouds with 100 km s−1 velocity separation collided, and SSCs having ∼106–107 M⊙ were formed rapidly during that time scale. We compared the present results with the recent studies of star-forming regions in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud, where the SSCs having ∼104–105 M⊙ are located. As a result, we found that there is a positive correlation between the compressed gas pressure generated by collisions and the total stellar mass of an SSC, suggesting that the pressure may be a key parameter in SSC formation.
Policing Social Distancing: Gaining and Maintaining Compliance in the Age of Coronavirus
Authors: Grace Sara
Published: May 2020

Drawing on motivational posturing theory (MPT) and procedural justice theory (PJT), this article makes recommendations for how best to secure compliance with social distancing regulations. Applying those theories to—mostly observational—data from a study on the use and impact of penalty notices for disorder, the influences on cooperation during police–citizen encounters are explored. Whilst focusing on the English data/regulations, as both MPT and PJT have been tested internationally, the conclusions have relevance beyond these shores. The article proposes a sixth posture—compulsion, a form of resistant compliance—to the five set out by MPT. Focusing attention not just on whether compliance is achieved but how recognizes the risk to future legitimacy posed by only achieving compliance through coercion or the threat thereof. Lessons from the research are applied to policing social distancing, with regards to: securing compliance during interactions, self-regulation and enforcement action, and how to preserve police legitimacy.
Cardiac protection of germinated brown rice extract in rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction
Authors: Petchdee Soontaree , Laosripaiboon Wanpen , Jarussophon Nongpanga
Published: May 2020

Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of mortality in the world. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups receiving: 1) regular rabbit food; 2) regular rabbit food plus vehicle; and 3) regular rabbit food plus GBR for 120 d. The left circumflex coronary artery was ligated to induce myocardial ischemia 60 d after starting the experiment (baseline). Heart functions were monitored by electrocardiography and echocardiography at 0, 30, and 60 d after coronary artery ligation. The incidences of heart rate (HR) and ventricular arrhythmias have been compared between groups. GBR showed the effects to prevent life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in a model of arrhythmias. GBR consumption group exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and reduced the HR, along with reduced mean arterial pressure and plasma glucose level. The results demonstrated that GBR exerts cardioprotective effects against chronic myocardial injury in rabbits. These biological actions of GBR may explain the benefits gained from the use of GBR products as a possible prophylactic lifestyle intervention.
Breast cancer survivors’ preferences for social support features in technology-supported physical activity interventions: findings from a mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Lloyd Gillian R , Hoffman Sara A , Welch Whitney A , Blanch-Hartigan Danielle , Gavin Kara L , Cottrell Alison , Cadmus-Bertram Lisa , Spring Bonnie , Penedo Frank , Courneya Kerry S , Phillips Siobhan M
Published: May 2020

Incorporating peer and professional social support features into remotely delivered, technology-supported physical activity interventions may increase their effectiveness. However, very little is known about survivors’ preferences for potential social features. This study explored breast cancer survivors’ preferences for both traditional (e.g., coaching calls and peer support) and innovative (i.e., message boards and competitions) social support features within remotely delivered, technology-supported physical activity interventions. Survivors [N = 96; Mage = 55.8 (SD = 10.2)] self-reported demographic and disease characteristics and physical activity. A subset (n = 28) completed semistructured phone interviews. Transcribed interviews were evaluated using a thematic content analysis approach and consensus review. Following interviews, the full sample self-reported preferences for social features for remotely delivered physical activity interventions via online questionnaires. Questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Four themes emerged from interview data: (a) technology increases social connectedness; (b) interest in professional involvement/support; (c) connecting with similar survivors; and (d) apprehension regarding competitive social features. Quantitative data indicated that most survivors were interested in social features including a coach (77.1 per cent), team (66.7 per cent), and exercise buddy (57.3 per cent). Survivors endorsed sharing their activity data with their team (80.0 per cent) and buddy (76.6 per cent), but opinions were mixed regarding a progress board ranking their activity in relation to other participants’ progress. Survivors were interested in using a message board to share strategies to increase activity (74.5 per cent) and motivational comments (73.4 per cent). Social features are of overall interest to breast cancer survivors, yet preferences for specific social support features varied. Engaging survivors in developing and implementing remotely delivered, technology-supported social features may enhance their effectiveness.
Associations of VDR gene polymorphisms with risk of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in Chinese Han population
Authors: Yang Xi , Qin Meiting , Cui Shanshan , Zhang Qi
Published: May 2020

Some studies showed that the polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene were associated with pulmonary diseases. However, the relationship between the VDR variations and susceptibility to coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) remains unclear. The study aimed to determine the associations between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to CWP in Chinese Han population. The study involved 340 CWP patients and 312 healthy controls. The VDR polymorphisms were determined by DNA sequencing, and serum 25(OH)2D levels were detected by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The results showed that the VDR gene ApaI T allele increased the risk of CWP (OR = 1.486, 95% CI = 1.125–1.963, P = 0.006) and ApaI GT genotype as well as TT genotype increased the risk of CWP (GT vs. GG, OR = 1.461, 95% CI = 1.048–2.038, P = 0.025; TT vs. GG, OR = 2.673, 95% CI = 1.017–7.025, P = 0.039). Five haplotypes were identified and we found that the TGGT haplotype was associated with a lower risk of CWP (OR = 0.755, 95% CI = 0.603–0.946, P = 0.014). Meanwhile, multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed that the interaction between ApaI and exposure was the strongest, followed by TaqI and then BsmI. The study also found that the serum 25(OH)2D mean levels of the case group were significantly lower than that of the control group, and the serum 25(OH)2D mean levels of ApaI homozygous mutant and heterozygous mutant subjects were lower than that of the wild homozygosity, respectively (P < 0.001). The results suggested that ApaI T allele and GT or TT genotype and lower 25(OH)2D levels were increased the risk of CWP in Chinese Han population.
Clinical Findings and Disease Severity in Hospitalized Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Savasi Valeria M. , Parisi Francesca , Patanè Luisa , Ferrazzi Enrico , Frigerio Luigi , Pellegrino Antonio , Spinillo Arsenio , Tateo Saverio , Ottoboni Mariacristina , Veronese Paola , Petraglia Felice , Vergani Patrizia , Facchinetti Fabio , Spazzini Donata , Cetin Irene
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the clinical evolution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized pregnant women and potential factors associated with severe maternal outcomes.

METHODS:

We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study of pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who were admitted to 12 Italian maternity hospitals between February 23 and March 28, 2020. Clinical records, laboratory and radiologic examinations, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. A subgroup of patients with severe disease was identified based on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, delivery for respiratory compromise, or both.

RESULTS:

Seventy-seven patients were included, 14 of whom had severe disease (18%). Two thirds of the patients in the cohort were admitted during the third trimester, and 84% were symptomatic on admission. Eleven patients underwent urgent delivery for respiratory compromise (16%), and six were admitted to the ICU (8%). One woman received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; no deaths occurred. Preterm delivery occurred in 12% of patients, and nine newborns were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Patients in the severe subgroup had significantly higher pregestational body mass indexes (BMIs) and heart and respiratory rates and a greater frequency of fever or dyspnea on admission compared with women with a nonsevere disease evolution.

CONCLUSION:

In our cohort, one in five women hospitalized with COVID-19 infection delivered urgently for respiratory compromise or were admitted to the ICU. None, however, died. Increased pregestational BMI and abnormal heart and respiratory rates on admission were associated with severe disease.
Lesser Toes Deformities: A Percutaneous Approach
Authors: Vernois Joel , Redfern David
Published: May 2020

Not all toe deformities are identical, and yet our classic procedures offer very few options. The typical open bone procedures result in the creation of a stiff joint where it was previously mobile. The main advantage of percutaneous surgical techniques is to afford the surgeon an expanded variety of treatment options to correct both rigid and flexible deformities. Percutaneous techniques increase our armamentarium for better adaption to the individual deformity of each patient.
Frequency of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Use Early in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Baduashvili Amiran , Oberle Lauren P. , Devitt Jessica
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

A subset of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 develop renal failure and require continuous renal replacement therapy. We reviewed the available literature to understand the frequency of continuous renal replacement therapy use among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who required intensive care.

Data Sources:

The authors reviewed PubMed and Google Scholar for published studies and MedRxiv.com for unpublished studies.

Study Selection:

Observational and randomized studies that report the frequency of continuous renal replacement therapy use in adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Data Extraction:

Data from the eligible studies were extracted independently by two authors into Microsoft Excel.

Data Synthesis:

We identified 12 eligible studies (eight published, four unpublished). We found that up to 20% of patients admitted to ICUs may require continuous renal replacement therapy.

Conclusions:

Given the high utilization of continuous renal replacement therapy by critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019, there may be an urgent need to mobilize inpatient dialysis resources to cope with the anticipated increase in the demand.
Are anti-inflammatory foods associated with a protective effect for cutaneous melanoma?
Authors: Fortes Cristina
Published: May 2020

The aim of this systematic narrative review is to answer the following research question: are anti-inflammatory foods or food components associated with a protective effect for melanoma development? Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline, a systematic review was conducted. All cohort studies (n = 18) so far on diet and cutaneous melanoma were reviewed. Out of the 18 cohort studies, seven investigated the role of coffee on melanoma and six studies found a protective effect. Food components considered as anti-inflammatory, such as vitamin D, vitamin A, folic acid, niacin, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene), were not associated with a protective effect for melanoma. Other anti-inflammatory food items, such as tea, fruits, and vegetables, except for citrus fruits that were borderline associated with an increased risk, were not associated with cutaneous melanoma. In conclusion, the only anti-inflammatory food item that was consistently associated with a protective effect for cutaneous was coffee in particular caffeinated coffee.
Continuous Lactate Measurement Devices and Implications for Critical Care
Authors: Chavez Jose , Glaser Sara , Krom Zachary
Published: May 2020

The aim of this article is to review the literature on lactate measurements in critical care and the current devices used to measure noninvasively and invasively. Lactate measurements are currently being used as a way to measure the severity of sepsis. Intravascular and subcutaneous devices are some of the ways that these measurements can be continuously gathered as well as point-of-care blood tests. New devices that are being currently used with athletes can measure lactate noninvasively. As the advance of technology continues to move at a fast speed, an evaluation of literature is needed to assess the continued support of lactate and the ability to move to noninvasive devices in critical care. A literature search was conducted in February 2020, using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases. There remains support for the use of lactate and continuous lactate monitoring; however, currently, noninvasive devices are not available for the critical care environment. There are invasive techniques that are being used to measure lactate continuously in critical care and are beneficial for the cardiac surgery population. The review of the literature on continuous lactate measurements produced evidence that supports prediction of morbidity and mortality. There are no current noninvasive lactate measurement devices that can be used in critical care, but they are being currently used in the athletic community. Invasive continuous lactate measurement devices are currently being used and beneficial.
Energy Expenditure and Shivering Severity During Targeted Temperature Management at 36°C After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Cordoza Makayla , Chan Lingtak-Neander , Bridges Elizabeth , Carlbom David J. , Thompson Hilaire
Published: May 2020

Patients undergoing targeted temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest are at risk for shivering, which increases energy expenditure (EE) and may attenuate TTM benefits. This article reports patterns of EE for patients with and without shivering who received TTM at 36°C after cardiac arrest. Based on 96 case assessments, there were 14 occasions when more than one 15-minute interval period was required to appropriately modify the Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale (BSAS) score. Investigators noted that although higher EE was related to higher BSAS scores, there may be opportunities for earlier detection of shivering.
Analysis of Delirium From the Dynamic Symptoms Model
Authors: Gómez Tovar Luz Omaira , Henao Castaño Angela Maria
Published: May 2020

Delirium is a manifestation of brain injury or acute and generalized dysfunction of the upper cerebral cortical processes. In this way, it is important to analyze delirium more broadly as a symptom to understand and intervene taking into account that it is manifesting the presence of brain lesions whose consequences are deleterious to the neurological performance of patients. This article is intended to present a comprehensive approach of delirium analyzed from a symptom perspective and from theoretical and conceptual structure, such as the Dynamic Symptoms Model, specific to the nursing practice. A literature review related to delirium and components of Dynamic Symptoms Model was carried out. We searched the MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Scopus databases using the terms Delirium, Intensive Care Units, Nursing, and Risk Factor. The existing literature provides evidence of the antecedents, experience, interventions, interactions, and consequences of delirium, which are components of the Model. Thus, the analysis from the Dynamic Symptoms Model perspective bears relevance and contributes to the understanding and approach of delirium.
Efficacy of Guanfacine Extended Release in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Huss Michael , Connor Daniel F. , Hervás Amaia , Werner-Kiechle Tamara , Robertson Brigitte
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of the non-stimulant guanfacine extended release (GXR) on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children and adolescents, with and without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Methods:

Data were derived from 4 phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of dose-optimized GXR monotherapy, in which at least 10% of participants had a diagnosis of comorbid ODD. SPD503-312 and SPD503-316 were 10- to 13-week studies of GXR (1–7 mg/d). SPD503-314 and SPD503-307 were 8-week studies of GXR (1–4 mg/d). Efficacy was assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) total scores.

Results:

In total, 1,084 participants were included (SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, n = 537; SPD503-314, n = 333; and SPD503-307, n = 214). GXR was associated with significant improvements in ADHD core symptoms at endpoint in participants with and without ODD (p < 0.01 in all studies). Placebo-adjusted least-squares mean (95% confidence interval) changes from baseline to endpoint in the ADHD-RS-IV total scores in participants with and without ODD were −8.6 (−14.4, −2.8) and −7.3 (−9.5, −5.0) in the pooled data from SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, −12.6 (−19.6, −5.7) and −8.7 (−11.8, −5.5) in SPD503-314, and −12.7 (−17.3, −8.1) and −11.8 (−19.3, −4.4) in SPD503-307, respectively. The corresponding effect sizes were 0.688 and 0.598 in SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, 0.876 and 0.729 in SPD503-314, and 0.962 and 0.842 in SPD503-307.

Conclusion:

The findings demonstrate the efficacy of GXR for treating ADHD in children and adolescents with comorbid ODD.
Necrotizing Granulomatous Dacryoadenitis With Non-Necrotizing Granulomatous Scar Hypertrophy: Two Histological Variants of Sarcoidosis in the Same Patient
Authors: Godbout Erin E. , Subik M. Kristina , Rubinstein Tal J.
Published: May 2020

Orbital involvement with histologic necrosis is a rare manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis. The authors present a case of necrotizing dacryoadenitis in addition to non-necrotizing granulomas in a hypertrophic scar that is consistent with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. A 60-year-old female presented with 2 months of painless right upper eyelid fullness and ptosis. CT imaging demonstrated right greater than left lacrimal gland enlargement. A biopsy demonstrated necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the lacrimal gland. Additional workup was negative for infectious or lymphoproliferative disease. On further investigation, the patient noted thickening of a longstanding abdominal scar, and a subsequent punch biopsy of the scar demonstrated non-necrotizing granulomas suggestive of scar sarcoidosis. CT chest identified mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis was determined. The authors thereby present an unusual case of 2 histologic variants of sarcoidosis presenting with necrotizing granulomatous dacryoadenitis and non-necrotizing scar granulomas.
Utilizing 3D-Printed Orbital Floor Stamps to Create Patient-Specific Implants for Orbital Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Prabhu Shamit S. , Chung Scotty A. , Brown Philip J. , Runyan Christopher M.
Published: May 2020

Purpose:

This study seeks to test a novel technique of custom-printed midface contour models with orbital floor “stamps” to guide reconstruction of orbital floor blowout fractures, with or without concomitant zygomaticomaxillary complex injury.

Methods:

A series of 4 consecutive patients with orbital floor blowout fractures (including 3 with zygomatic maxillary complex fractures) were retrospectively examined for outcomes associated with orbital floor reconstruction using 3-dimensional–printed stamps and midface models. Data collected included demographics, pre- and postoperative visual globe malposition, motility, and visual field disturbances. Three-dimensional printing methodology is reported, as well as associated costs and time required to generate the models and stamps.

Results:

The cost of producing a midface-contour model and orbital floor stamps was $131, inclusive of labor and materials. Cases averaged 170 minutes to segment, design, and print. Patients with preoperative diplopia and motility restrictions had resolution of their symptoms. Two patients had resolution of their enophthalmos, while one patient with a concomitant zygomaticomaxillary fracture had persistent mild enophthalmos.

Conclusions:

Midface contour models and orbital floor stamps may be produced in a timely and cost-effective manner. Use of these “homemade” stamps allows for patient-specific custom-contoured orbital floor reconstruction. Further studies are warranted to examine long-term visual and esthetic outcomes for these patients.
Neonatal hospice care utilization in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan before and after the legalization of life-sustaining treatment withdrawal
Authors: Chen Szu-Jung , Lee Yu-Sheng , Tsao Pei-Chen , Wang Chi , Chou Chia-Sui , Jeng Mei-Jy
Published: May 2020

Background:

The advancements in neonatal critical care have not only improved the outcomes of extreme prematurity but also prolonged the process of death in terminally ill neonates. This study analyzed the characteristics of neonates who died at a single tertiary center in Taiwan. The utilization of neonatal hospice care before and after the legalization of life-sustaining treatment (LST) withdrawal in Taiwan in 2013 was also compared.

Methods:

This study enrolled the neonatal mortality cases in the Taipei Veterans General Hospital during January 2008 to December 2017 through chart review. Data on birth history, primary diagnosis, complications, and death circumstances were recorded and analyzed.

Results:

In total, 105 neonatal deaths were analyzed. The circumstances of death were as follows: 22 (21%) cases of full LST and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed until death; 63 (60%) cases of LST initiated but no more CPR after do-not-resuscitate (DNR) consents signed; 8 (7.6%) cases of LST withdrawn; 4 (3.8%) cases of DNR signed without LST initiation; 3 (2.9%) cases of CPR not performed, although no DNR signed; and 5 (4.8%) cases of discharge against medical advice under critical condition. The incidence of written DNR consents (57.9% in 2008-2009 vs 93.8% in 2016-2017; p = 0.02) showed an increasing trend. Regarding the incidence of comorbidities, renal failure rate was higher in the DNR group than in the non-DNR group (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

There was an increasing trend for written DNR consent and the utilization of neonatal hospice care. Renal failure, as a comorbidity, was significantly associated with the written DNR consent in the neonates. Further studies to evaluate the factors associated with neonatal hospice care utilization are suggested.
The pharmacological development of direct acting agents for emerging needed therapy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
Authors: Wang Sheng-Fan , Chen Kuan-Hsuan , Wang Szu-Yu , Yarmishyn Aliaksandr A. , Lai Wei-Yi , Lin Yi-Ying , Wang Mong-Lien , Chou Shih-Jie , Yang Yi-Ping , Chang Yuh-Lih
Published: May 2020

Recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was quickly identified as the causal pathogen leading to the outbreak of SARS-like illness all over the world. As the SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic proceeds, many efforts are being dedicated to the development of diverse treatment strategies. Increasing evidence showed potential therapeutic agents directly acting against SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as interferon, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral entry blockers, neuraminidase inhibitor, vaccine, antibody agent targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome, natural killer cells, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibitor. To date, several direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents have demonstrated promising in vitro and clinical efficacy. This article reviews the current and future development of direct acting agents against SARS-CoV-2.
Judicious use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes on coronavirus-19 pandemic
Authors: Chen Chun-Fan , Chen Yung-Tai , Chen Tz-Heng , Chen Fan-Yu , Yang Yi-Ping , Wang Mong-Lien , Huo Teh-Ia , Chang Yuh-Lih , Charis Tan Ann , Lin Chih-Ching
Published: May 2020

Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a novel antidiabetic drug blocks the reabsorption of glucose in proximal tubules of kidney, are demonstrated to have cardiovascular and renal benefits for people with diabetes. The benefits are associated with the significant increase of intrarenal angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) expression and blood volume contraction. However, the increased ACE2 may be detrimental to patients infected with the coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19), which is found to invade cells via the entry receptor of ACE2. Besides, an SGLT2i-induced natriuretic effect may also increase the risk of acute kidney injury and affect the hemodynamic stability during systemic infection disease. In this article, we explain the mechanisms why the use of SGLT2i in people with diabetes may lead to worse outcomes and suggest clinician to judiciously use it during COVID-19 pandemic.