bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
11. The Politician and the Political Scientist
Authors: Mitchell William C.
Published: March 2007

Though the political scientist may learn much from the politician, the reverse is not the case. Lawyers, economists, and others are more useful to politicians; traditional political science lends experts on detail sometimes. But behaviorism promises to inform the politician and help him control his en vironment, leading to the conviction that behaviorism is the path to an instrumentally potent political science.
The World Intelligentsia and UNESCO
Authors: De Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

UNESCO, seen by some as the instrument of an intelligentsia in the management of the new world, has come to be a highly official, bureaucratized body, encumbered by its complicated organization and a lack of defined purposes. The roles of the Com munists, the new countries, and the Western countries are described, along with major trends. Several radical reforms of attitude and structure are suggested. The author is Professor of Government at New York University and a member of the Delegation of the United States to the Eleventh General Conference of UNESCO, November-Decem ber 1960.
Knowledge, Science, and Policy
Authors: Ostrom Vincent
Published: March 2007

Professor Ostrom of the University of California at Los Angeles suggests answers to the questions: Why law, why decisions? To introduce order and predictability into groups, to pursue goals. Expanding social science enhances the range of instrumental choices for the decision-maker but naturally introduces an ever-greater dependence upon administrative science. Science and "politics" thus tend to grow closer together.
Developing the Idea of a New Social Science Encyclopedia
Authors: Sutton Francis X.
Published: March 2007

A Ford Foundation exectitive., who participated in the events leading to the new work, recounts the his tory of personalities, meetings, and decisions that culminated in its successful launching.
New Orders and Old: Historians, Educationists, and the Dynamics of Academic Imperialism
Authors: Friedman Norman L.
Published: March 2007

How historians began to take over the history of education as carried on by professors of education is analyzed as an instance of academic imperialism by a Professor of the Sociology of Education at the University of Southern California. He sees here a social movement going through stages of unrest, popularization, formalization, and institutionali zation. The Old Order, initially responding defensively, may turn toward self-revitalization by accepting some of the ideas of the New Order.
"Society as a Factory"
Authors: Gupta Krishna Prakash
Published: March 2007

Social Sciences in modern China are transformed from purely academic disciplines into strategic studies of manipulated change. In this transformation, social scientists are no longer professionally trained elites but voluntary workers engaged in the 'sacred' task of implementing Maoist policies and programmes. The process of change involves substantive restructuring of curricula, research methodology and goals of social science education. In its totality, it is neither a Marxist-Leninist experiment nor a Soviet-type socialistic reform. The Maoist approach has to be understood strictly in terms of its Chinese context. It reveals dilemmas of continuity and change, relative to the higher-order structure of Chinese values. These dilemmas persist in the current 'revolutionary reforms" of social sciences.

This paper is part of a larger research project on Higher Education in China.
On the Social Basis of the Lin Piao Anti-Party Clique
Authors: Yao Wen-Yuan
Published: March 2007

[ About a month after the long-awaited Fourth NPC met in January, Mao Tse-tung is reported to have launched a new campaign, this one for the study of Lenin's works, particularly his theory of dictatorship of the proletariat. Politburo member Yao Wen-yuan published a long article in the March issue of RED FLAG which seems to set the guidlines of the campaign. Then in the April issue of the same journal Deputy Premier Chang Chun-chiao published an article which seems to question the whole campaign. Below we reproduce both these articles.—Editor]
Family Tragedy of Mao Zedong
Authors: Zhihui Chen
Published: March 2007

This article is taken from ZHENG MING (Contending) journal, Hong Kong, April 1979, no. 18, pp. 44-47 and translated by ADITI JHA, final year student of M.A. Chinese language, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.— EDITOR
Lu Xun's Foreign Inspirations
Authors: Thakur Ravni
Published: March 2007

Thought is subversive and revolutionary, destructive and terrible; thought is merciless to privilege, establishment, institutions and comfortable habit. Thought looks into the pit of hell and is not afraid. Thought is great and swift and free, the light of the world and the chief glory of man.—Bertrand Russell
Dog, Wolf and Hyena: Reflections on 'A Madman's Diary'
Authors: Uberoi Patricia
Published: March 2007

Art should show us all our bad national qualities and attributes in such a way that each of us will search out traces of them in ourself and think how to cast from ourself everything which obscures the nobility of our nature. Only then, and acting in this way, will art fulfil its designated purpose and bring order and harmony into society.—Nikolai Gogol
Danish Security Policy in the Seventies
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

The author aims at defining the parameters of Danish security policy in the seventies, both in its external aspects (alliance policy, etc.) and in its internal aspects (defence policy). The study is based upon the public debate and - in particular - recent official reports on security policy which are presented in some detail. After analysing the historical background, the study sets out to present official Danish views of the international environment, both at the global, regional and sub-regional levels, and in more detail, of its implications for Danish national security. The study then goes on to analyse trends in Denmark's external security policy, and it concludes that there is not much prospect of significant departures from present policy. Finally, the current debate on defence policy is presented with special attention to the analysis of the new Defence Act of 1973 and its formulation.
Finland's Security Policy in the I970's
Authors: Pajunen Aimo
Published: March 2007

The author traces the development of Finland's security policy through the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's.

Finland's foreign policy activity has inreased beginning with membership in the United Nations Security Council. The preparations for the European Security Con ference have given Finland the opportunity of working positively for European security. The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union was renewed in 1970 for a further twenty years.

Trade policy has created certain problems for Finland. A free trade agreement with the EEC has been initialled but not yet signed. The Parliamentary Defence Committee presented its conclusions in 1971, and defence policy has become the subject of greater interest for all political parties.
Sweden's Security Policy
Authors: Andrén Nils
Published: March 2007

Since the beginning of the Cold War, Sweden's security policy has been based on the principle of non-alignment between great power blocs in order to remain neutral in case of war. This basic principle is of major importance to Sweden's behaviour on the three major arenas of her foreign policy — global, European, and Nordic. In this paper the development of Sweden's present foreign policy is outlined, and the signifi cance of a viable national defence as a corollary to non-alignment and neutrality is analysed together with the problems arising out of the inherent tension between an isolated security policy and an outward-oriented, extremely open economic policy.
The Nordic Countries in Nordic and More Encompassing International Organizations
Authors: Skjelsbæk Kjell
Published: March 2007

The Nordic countries, with the partial exception of Iceland, are very active in both intergovernmental and international nongovernmental organizations. In addition, they tend to be members of the same international organizations, only a fraction of which are exclusively Nordic. All the Nordic countries cooperate mostly with Western Euro pean countries outside the Nordic region. In 1970, there were only four intergovern mental and forty-five international nongovernmental organizations with exclusively Nordic membership. Iceland was a full member of twenty-six of these INGOs. The growth rate of the Nordic organizational network is slow, but one must allow for the possibility that Nordic cooperation frequently takes an uninstitutionalized form which does not meet the strict criteria of the Yearbook of International Organizations from which the present data are collected.
The New Development in the Polar Regions
Authors: Sollie Finn
Published: March 2007

Due to factors connected with modern technological developments and with the in creasing global demand for new sources of raw materials, there is today a growing in terest in the possibilities for economic exploitation of the polar regions. This makes for a new development in these regions; a development comprising and affecting such fields as science and technology as well as economy, transportation, military strategy and ecology. The present paper discusses this new development and its implications in an international perspective. Special attention is paid to the significance - in the physical/ geographical sense and otherwise - of the polar regions in the global context. A special section deals, on a general level, with 'the problem of the new territories', and the polar regions are discussed as new territories. Pointing out the risks and dangers in herent in the present and emerging developments, the author emphasizes the need for action, especially international cooperation, to meet and solve such problems. Coopera tion may be facilitated through regular consultations between the states concerned, as is the case under the Antarctic Treaty. For the Arctic in particular, the author suggests a distinction between three basic zones (viz. the 'Central' the 'Intermediate' and the 'National' Arctic) as a possible point of departure for future discussion of measures of international cooperation.
Notes on the Power Structure of the International System
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to clarify what we know and do not know about the international system's power structure by first analysing some key concepts in power analysis and then summarizing some traditional ideas about international power. In Part I of the article concepts like 'the exercise of power', 'the possession of power', 'power structure', and 'power base' are discussed; it is concluded that the key difficulty in analysing international power is our scanty knowledge about power bases. Part II departs from the notion that when mapping the international power structure we should first and foremost identify the 'Great Powers', analyse the relations between these Powers, and examine the 'spheres of interest' surrounding them; it is argued that this is traditionally done in a simplistic way but that more realistic accounts of international power may become complex enough to call into question whether there really exists something that deserves to be called an international power structure.
National Interests and Foreign Policy: On the National Pursuit of Material Interests
Authors: Knudsen Olav
Published: March 2007

Knudsen, O. National Interests and Foreign Policy: On the National Pursuit of Material Interests. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 11-19.

The classical concept of 'the national interest' is not at issue here. Rather, an attempt is made to systematize some quite simple and familiar ideas about 'what is to the material advantage' of a state in given situations of choice. The basic argument is that most current explanations of foreign-policy activity stress bureaucratic/administrative factors and overlook the possible significance of the material benefits at stake. 'National interests', in this usage, are the prospective national gains or losses in a concrete decisional situation. The article sets out the outline of a procedure by which objective estimates (i.e. based on the analyst's systematic criteria rather than the participant's own evaluations) of material advantage may be made. Examples of such studies are given. The last part of the article raises the question of what can and cannot be explained by this approach, and compares it with reasoning based on interest groups and decision-making factors. The conclusion emphasizes that our knowledge of the true significance of interest groups and decision-making factors is very limited as long as such models are not tested against the predictions of a 'national-interest model'.
The Nordic Countries and the New International Economic Order: Consensus and Disagreement within the Nordic Group
Authors: Huldt BO
Published: March 2007

Huldt, B. The Nordic Countries and the New International Economic Order: Consensus and Disagreement within the Nordic Group. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 149-157.

The unity among the Nordic countries in the UN, as measured quantitatively by voting agreement rates, has been demonstrated in several studies. The Cold War conflict has been regarded as the major constraint upon Nordic unity, Finland being the country most often deviating from the group. Through the relative lack of great power conflict involved, the NIEO issues would appear to offer ideal ground for Nordic unity. The present paper discusses voting positions and official declarations made by the various Nordic UN delegations 1974- 77. The analysis suggests that there is apparent disagreement, Denmark now being the deviating group member. Membership of the European Community seems a decisive factor. In the future, however, other (national, perhaps, rather than international) factors may also become increasingly important. Growing difficulties in maintaining Nordic unity could also imply added urgency to demonstrate such unity - when and where it might be found. The ambiguity of such projections should be considered when trying a realistic approach to the concept of like-mindedness.
Kazan and Manchu: Cultural Roots of Soviet Foreign Relations
Authors: Gerner Kristian
Published: March 2007

Proceeding from the assumption that there is a living past influencing decision-makers' images of their country and the world, this article discusses probable conscious and subconscious perceptions of the nature of Russia's foreign relations among the present Soviet leadership. The article argues that Soviet leaders have been used to looking upon the foreign relations of their state as one of dominance and surveillance of weak neighbors- the precedence being the incorporation of the Kazan Khanate into Russia in 1552 - and of isolationist peaceful coexistence with strong empires - the precedence being relations with Manchu China in the 18th century. The article maintains that Soviet foreign policy can be interpreted as having attempted to pursue the Kazan-dominance and the Manchu-coexis tence line simultaneously. Relations developed with Finland and Yugoslavia from 1940 are seen as the result of aborted Kazanization. It is concluded that the reaction of the Manchu partner USA to the Soviet Kazan-like treatment of Afghanistan in 1979-80 indicates that the two models interfere with each other and are thus difficult to uphold.
Foreign Investment and Multinational Corporations in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Knudsen Olav
Published: March 2007

Knudsen, O. Foreign Investment and Multinational Corporations in the Nordic Countries. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 209-215.

The main question here is: How exposed are the Nordic countries to the political influence of multinational corporations? The article briefly surveys and compares the Nordic regulatory systems for foreign business. Concerning the nature of the political influence of MNCs, it is argued that geographical dispersion is a key variable, assuming centralized corporations: The more geographically extended a company's commitments, the greater its bargaining power vis-à-vis host countries. To answer the initial question therefore requires a differentiation of data pertaining to geographically dispersed, from those pertaining to geographically concentrated, corporations. The article presents such data for the Nordic countries, and shows significant differences between them.
The Reformist Approach to the New International Economic Order: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

After exploring the ideological underpinnings of various approaches to the New Interna tional Economic Order, this article focuses on one of these approaches, viz. the Social Democratic or reformist attitude towards the NIEO. The speeches and reports given in various meetings and congresses of the Socialist International are analysed. A distinct Social Democratic ideology on the NIEO does emerge, although it is to a certain extent divided between diverging orientations. The main distinction between these orientations is the importance attributed to the national emancipation and self-reliance beyond the international redistribution and meeting of the basic needs of the population on which all of these orientations seem to agree. The established Social Democratic view, though by no means fully united, stresses the importance of the balanced development of the interna tional system, while some of the Third World forces regard the internal struggle as more important.
The Further Shores of Finlandization
Authors: Maude George
Published: March 2007

Maude, G. The Further Shores of Finlandization. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 3-16.

This article first traces the origin of the controversial term 'Finlandization'. It is noted that the most vociferous proponents of Finlandization theory have been people with little first-hand knowledge of Finland. Rather, the fundamental problem that seems to worry them is the effect of detente, which they have seen as Soviet advancement by other means. One essential feature of the Finlandization theory is that Finnish experience is torn out of its context and thrown into a world of generalized experience. Yet certain factors make Finland sui generis, especially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. No other Western or Northern European parliamentary democracy has a treaty of this kind nor is likely to have one. Moreover, many of the phenomena in Finland that are often compre hended as being directly due to the impact of the Soviet Union on Finland are in fact the result of other causes, relating to deep problems of Finnish society and national character. At its deepest level the theory of Finlandization, imprecise and overloaded as it is, nevertheless ought to lead us to consider one basic moral problem: the trust a democracy is expected to exhibit towards the foreign and security policy made in its name by the decision-makers.
Sweden's Defence Doctrines and Changing Threat Perceptions
Authors: Andrén Nils
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Sweden's Defence Doctrines and Changing Threat Perceptions. Coop eration and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 29-39.

Sweden has for a long time consistently adhered to defence doctrines emphasizing the need for a large, conventional anti-invasion defence in which army and air strength is neatly balanced and supplemented with a relatively weaker navy. Nuclear arms have been rejected and the nuclear threat, in the official defence doctrines, attributed only little probability. The fact that a stranded, obsolete, Soviet submarine trespassing on Swedish territorial waters is likely to have carried nuclear arms has released strong emotions but hardly changed this evaluation. Recent experiences have indicated the existence of a very different threat, based on the vulnerability of the modern industrial society, against not only various forms of destruction but also major international disturbances without direct bearing on the Swedish society. Much in the contemporary debate deals with these issues, and much in the political conflict concerns different evaluations of security and defence, of old threats and new threats.
Patterns of Norwegian Foreign Policy Behavior: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Knudsen Olav Fagelund , Underdal Arild
Published: March 2007

Knudsen, O.F. and Underdal, A. Patterns of Norwegian Foreign Policy Behavior: An Exploratory Analysis. Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 229-251.

In this article the authors use events data for a 7-month period in 1978-9 to explore the following question: Who (in Norway's governmental apparatus) does what to whom (meaning to other states, societies, or inter- and trans-national organizations)? The findings reported indicate support for some of the 'conventional wisdom' propositions on small state behavior, such as a leaning towards cautiousness and instruments of international law and order, but Norway emerges as more of a concerned, perhaps officious, 'citizen' of the world community than 'small state realism' would suggest. The patterns of behavior revealed by this 'snapshot' clearly reflect a relationship of complex interdependence to neighbors in northwestern Europe, expressed in inter alia, a high level of attention, a concentration on matters of 'economic wealth', and a prominent role for 'domestic' sectors of government. By contrast, despite receiving a fair amount of attention, the Third World countries appear essentially as 'faraway strangers', left to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Norway's relationship to the USSR seems to be rather heavily loaded with issues concerning inter-state norms, rights, and duties, and is also characterized by a significantly higher proportion of conflict behavior than is interaction with the West.
Peaceful Settlement of Disputes by the United Nations and Other Intergovernmental Bodies
Authors: Skjelsbæk Kjell
Published: March 2007

Skjelsbæk, K. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes by the United Nations and other Intergovernmental Bodies. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 139-154.

The resolution of dangerous conflicts is among the most important tasks entrusted to the UN and other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Arguably, their per formance in this field is declining. Nevertheless, these organizations have at their disposal a range of instruments for peaceful settlement of disputes: Public appeals, channels of communication, mediators, fact-finding commissions, peacekeeping forces, humanitarian aid programs, and international courts. The effect of each of these instruments, or combinations of them, is often, but not always, disappointing. There are cases where public appeals are heeded to; fact-finding commissions often succeed in dispelling fear based on rumors, and peacekeeping forces by and large accomplish their mission. The success of the UN and other IGOs hinges on a number of factors, including the size of their membership, the political divisions among their members, and the economic resources available. Conflicts between major members tend to paralyze all IGOs, while it is easier to cope with conflicts between smaller states. Neither the UN nor regional IGOs are supposed to intervene in domestic conflict. This rule limits their effectiveness in those interstate conflicts where domestic strife is an important element.
Peace and Security in Europe: The Context for Denmark's Choices
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: March 2007

Sørensen, G. Peace and Security in Europe: The Context for Denmark's Choices. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 219-240.

The article first explores the conceptual problems of peace and security. It proceeds to discuss four issues relevant for Denmark's security situation: the military balance in Europe; the shift in the hierarchy of powers in the West and its implications for stability; the dynamics of the Soviet Union and its European allies; and finally, the prospects for increased cooperation in Europe. It then turns to the national context, looking at the constraints on Danish security strategies from this angle, including a brief discussion on possible directions of change in the prevailing security policy. The conclusion stresses the following points: (1) The security issue is extremely complex, because it involves a vast number of threats to the individual and to the nation-state, and because the international system poses severe constraints on the possibility of coping with security challenges. (2) The threat of less stable and peaceful conditions in Europe is not only, or even primarily, related to the build-up of armaments. Increased tension on the military front has non-military roots. (3) The present Danish debate on security is rather narrow, focused on military and strategic issues. There is urgent need for a more comprehensive approach.
Cognition and International Negotiation: The Historical Recovery of Discursive Space
Authors: Bonham G. Matthew , Jönsson Christer , Persson Stefan , Shapiro Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Bonham, G. M., Jönsson, C., Persson, S., Shapiro, M. J. Cognition and International Negotiation: The Historical Recovery of Discursive Space. Cooperation and Conflict XXII, 1987, 1-19.

The research reported in this article represents a continuation of work begun earlier on developing a cognitive mapping approach to collective decision-making. It is based on two shifts in the structure of previous theoretical thinking. First, the emphasis is on discursive rather than psychological imagery. Second, the idea chain or "path" is privileged over the person or the "actor". The cognitive map is thus conceived less as a psychological template than as a discursive space. Rather than conceiving of persons having positions which they bring to decisions and then hold to them or alter them in confrontation with other positions, we conceive of positions as having persons. As a process of negotiations unfolds, its degree of success, within our conception, is to be related to the degree to which the parties can construct a shared discursive space, which amounts to their building of a shared "reality". The new model is situated with respect to extant game-theoretical, "manipulative", and "cybernetic" conceptions of bargaining. By way of illustration, applications of cognitive mapping to the negotiations on the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905 and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference are analyzed.
Nordic-SADCC Cooperation
Authors: Kiljunen Kimmo
Published: March 2007

The Nordic-SADCC cooperation initiative is potentially an innovative attempt to generate new forms of economic interaction between a well defined group of developed and developing countries. The partners concerned are internationally almost extreme cases as regards their level of socio-economic development. The extended cooperation framework between the two groups of countries is, however, well justified. Both groups are geographically concentrated and have a tradition of mutual development cooperation. Their policies as a whole have a similar emphasis on poverty alleviation and development as well as the consistent condemnation of the South African apartheid regime. Issues related to international politics rather than vested economic interests have offered the driving force in the emergence of this cooperation attempt. Never theless, the initiative is at this stage based on already existing measures and institutions and has not yet introduced qualitatively new patterns of mutual interaction.
Economy in Flux — Security Suspended. Foreign Economic Relations and Security Policy for Nordic NATO
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik
Published: March 2007

Despite the spectacular economic changes in the international system and in Denmark, Norway and Iceland since 1945, the security policies of these countries have been remarkably constant. On the basis of a juxtapositioning of the conflicting trends of development in the international economic and political system, it is predicted that security policy in these three NATO countries to the North is up for change in the future. Three scenarios, based on present economic tendencies, are outlined: 1. International integration through renewed US dominance; 2. Split up into economic- political regions; 3. Collapse of the international economic system. The resulting changes in the security policy of each of these three states are indicated and discussed.
Image Research and Image Politics in International Relations — Transformation of Power Politics in the Television Age
Authors: Rusi Alpo
Published: March 2007

This article comprises two parts. In the first one, a traditional psychological approach to the study of international relations is discussed. One way of looking at international politics is to focus attention on individuals, primarily the decision-makers. Concepts such as "Belief systems", "Images", "Perceptions" and "Deceptions" thus constitute the clues to the theoretical framework of this approach. In the second part, the increasing influence of mass communication in international relations and in image- making is dealt with. The physics of power is declining and consequently the psychology of power is rising. Power politics is under a process of transformation. A small and neutral country like Finland is especially sensitive to image policy problems, because image policy is more crucial for a state whose international position is not a historically institutionalized part of the system. It is time to take a more conscious attitude to the innately interdisciplinary nature of the study of international relations.
The Situational Imperative: A Predictive Model of Foreign Policy Behavior
Authors: Hudson Valerie M. , Hermann Charles F. , Singer Eric
Published: March 2007

Hudson, V. M., Hermann, C. F., Singer, E. The Situational Imperative: A Predictive Model of Foreign Policy Behavior. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 117-139.

Foreign policy behaviors, defined in terms of the intensity of affect and commitment an actor conveys to external recipients using various instruments of statecraft, are explained in terms of a situational model. The model represents an externally-defined predisposition that will influence any group of policy-makers to act in a certain way once they recognize a specific foreign problem. In addition to different types of situations, the model includes as its variables the configuration of roles assumed in a situation by other international entities. It also includes a set of relationships, each capable of assuming different values, that exist between the actor and other role occupants. For each type of situation a decision logic is developed and expressed in a decision tree. Each branch of the decision tree constitutes a hypothesis about the configuration of behavior properties that will likely result. The model is illustrated by reference to two cases of foreign policy decision-making — the Zambian government's response to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white regime in Rhodesia in 1965 and the response of the United States government to the impending war between Britain and Argentina over the Falklands in 1982.
Sørensen, G. A Revised Paradigm for International Relations: The "Old" Images and the Postmodernist Challenge. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 85-116
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: March 2007

Many of the meta-theoretical issues raised by current postmodernist contributions to IR theory were on the agenda much earlier in the European IR debate. Even if postmodernist thinking has brought a fresh burst of inspiration to IR, its meta-theoretical reflection is not well suited for the construction of better analytical tools in the discipline. This is demonstrated in the assessment of two recent contributions by Ferguson & Mansbach and Biersteker. It is argued that Neo-Marxist and NeoRealist thinking provides a better basis for the construction of a revised paradigm. Basing itself in particular on contributions by Ougaard and Buzan, the article attempts to construct such a revised paradigm for international relations. The paradigm contains three main elements: (a) a concept of state and social formation; (b) a concept of the global system, and (c) a comprehensive concept of security. It is argued that the scope of the paradigm covers Globalist, Realist and Pluralist areas of study, and even claims relevance for several of the issues raised in postmodernist contributions.
Brochmann, G. "Fortress Europe" and the Moral Debt Burden: Immigration from the "South" to the European Economic Community. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 185-195
Authors: Brochmann Grete
Published: March 2007

From 1 January 1993 the frontiers between national labour markets in the European Community (EC) (and probably EFTA) will be removed. This fact will have implications for the formulation of a common immigration policy at European level. This article discusses the prospects in Europe concerning immigration from third countries in relation to the internal market, the border control issue and the general policies towards non-EC nationals living within the community. The paper will concentrate on immigration from the "South", discussing the preconditions for various forms of influx from poor countries in the Third World to the European Community. Attention will also be paid to the conception of the problem in the West, and to the prevailing policy proposals at national and European level. It is contended that development aid will not be a sufficient medicine to curb the immigration pressure in the future.
Decade Ahead in Aseptic Canning
Authors: Johnson Fred M.
Published: March 2007

The art of canning is not new, although the past decade has seen an increasing use of high- temperature short-time preservation of foods. 1 Recently developed processing systems permit operating H.T.S.T., and with the use of aseptic canning systems full advantage of high-tempera ture short-time sterilization is possible.

By aseptic canning we refer to a method whereby the product and the package are sterilized independently and assembled under aseptic conditions. This is in contrast with con ventional canning and terminal sterilization where the product is sealed into the package and then the entire assembly is heated for a suffi ciently long time to sterilize both the container and the product.

In this paper we will use canning in its broad est terms, not limiting to the round metallic con tainer but to all forms of cans, bottles, jars, bags or boxes which may be used to store a pre served food product and permit and provide for an hermetic seal.-F. M. J.
Purchasing Food, Supplies, and Equipment
Authors: Bloch Jules W.
Published: March 2007

Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, lo cated in Bronx, New York, is a private, non-pro fit general hospital with 800 beds. The patients are about 2% private, 72% semi-private, and 26% service. The average length of stay is around 15 days. Food service is basically conventional, and is prepared on the premises from raw products.

Mr. Bloch writes: "Payroll is approximately double the cost of raw foods. It is larger than in some other hospitals because of the physical layout of the Montefiore Medical Center (pa tients are housed in six buildings connected by tunnels) and because of the hospital's extensive teaching, research, and diet therapy programs. There are 23 floor dietitians.

"In many hospitals, trays are served to patients by nursing personnel and between-meal nourish ments by volunteeers. At Montefiore, all of these services are provided by dietary personnel. There are 17 employees involved in cooking; 65 in other kitchen duties; and 73 full-time and 49 part-time employees involved in patients' ser vice — tray assembly, delivery of food carts and tray service to patients, collecting trays after meals and returning the carts to the dishroom.

"Our food service people, as well as most other personnel of the hospital, have been unionized since 1959. The union contract determines exact ly the number of hours worked per week and the fringe benefits such as vacations, sick leave, holidays, and so on. There are job descriptions for all dietary personnel which have been agreed upon by the hospital and the union."

Jacques W. Bloch is the Assistant to the Admin istrator of Montefiore Hospital and Medical Cen ter and has been in complete charge of food operations for the past 18 years. Previously he served as food production manager at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. A graduate of the College Technique Hotelier, Strasbourg, France, Mr. Bloch has lectured at Columbia and Cornell universities and is a past president of the American Society of Hospital Food Ser vice Administrators. He is food service con sultant to the American Hospital Association.
Grab Hold of the Grapevine
Authors: Brownell Judi
Published: March 2007

The grapevine. Faster than a speeding memo. More powerful than a posted notice. Able to span entire buildings in a single day. Here's how you can use your operation's grapevine as a fast, favorable communication line direct to your employees
Public-Policy Exception to Employment at Will
Authors: Sherry John E.H.
Published: March 2007

If an employee is terminated for exercising a protected right, the concept of "employmentat will" may not apply
Children at Resorts
Authors: Makens James C.
Published: March 2007

Many successful resorts have discovered that developing programs for children is a natural service extension and makes great business sense
Operational Problem Solving
Authors: Kreck Lothar A.
Published: March 2007

"Real-life " operational problems as training tools are a step beyond the traditional case method
The Small Business Institute
Authors: Rainsford Peter
Published: March 2007

Students and small-business operators benefit when students act as "consultants" for the businesses
Mentors: Lighting the Path for Growth and Success
Authors: Lefever Michael M.
Published: March 2007

Here's a personal account of good and bad experiences with mentors, and some thoughts about the importance of being an effective mentor for today's students and inexperienced faculty members
Value-Chain Assessment of the Travel Experience
Authors: Brathwaite Ron
Published: March 2007

The value-chain framework shows how to evaluate service-oriented technology on the basis of its effect on the quality of guests' experiences
Unmarried Cohabitation
Authors: Schwartz Mary C. , Zeisel Laura
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a nation-wide survey of parole policies on unmarried cohabitation by parolees. The survey found that approximately half of the parole depart ments generally forbid cohabitation by the unmarried parolee. The results are analyzed in detail. The ramifications of parole policies are examined from the perspective of two major pur poses of parole—rehabilitation and the protection of the com munity—and are also considered from the point of view of the parolee's "significant others."
The Grand Jury-Its Use and Misuse
Authors: Cobden Lynn
Published: March 2007

Although the grand jury is an important component of the court system, the general public has little knowledge of its origin, its function, and its mode of operation. This study argues in favor of reforming it.

A brief account of its history is followed by a description of make-up, function, and proceedings. Cases are then related to show how the grand jury has been used politically during the last decade, pointing out how the inherent weaknesses of the present grand jury system have permitted it to be misused in various ways. Finally, the study marshals various informed suggestions for reform and stresses the urgency of reform to return the grand jury to its rightful role: investigator of sus pected crime and protector of individual liberty.
On Defining "Organized Crime"
Authors: Maltz Michael D.
Published: March 2007

"Organized crime" means different things to different people: as a result, views of its seriousness vary. This paper discusses some of the problems in defining "organized crime. " It offers a general rather than a single specific defini tion and develops a typology of different forms of organized crimes, permitting one to distinguish among the many dis parate activities now lumped together and to eliminate the vagueness and contradictions surrounding use of the term "organized crime."
Economic Implications of Standards Affecting Correctional Programs
Authors: Singer Neil M.
Published: March 2007

Many of the specific recommendations of the Corrections Task Force of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals have impacts that cut across traditional administrative or program designations. Two broad sets of such standards are examined here: parole programs and procedures, and proposals for changes in institutional work experiences. In both cases the Task Force standards might be expensive to implement by themselves, but individual proposals generate a cost saving in other activities that partially or even completely offsets the budgetary impact of the standard.

The Task Force's recommendations on parole procedures include intensive supervision, financial support and job placement for parolees, and expansion of parolee rights in grant and revocation hearings. Standards in each of these matters could add as much as $700 per case to current parole costs. But all of the recommendations are designed to increase the likelihood of parolee success and thus to reduce institutional populations. The average cost per inmate in major institutions is approximately $5,000. Some of the Task Force standards can be expected to reduce institutional populations by more than enough to offset the additional costs of parole, while in other cases the Task Force proposals would probably impose net-but small-budgetary costs on correctional systems.

The Corrections report's proposals for changes in prison work experiences and pay imply basic restructuring of institutional work programs. Upgrading prison industries would impose enormous costs on either correctional systems or private employers who might be invited to operate establishments in prisons. In return, either correctional systems or private employers would generate enormous increases in output and sales, which would more than repay the costs of new capital equipment and higher inmate wages as long as the goods could be sold in markets that historically have been closed by law and custom. The Corrections standard for prevailing wages for maintenance workers, in contrast, would generate cost offsets only if some maintenance workers could be reassigned to profitable prison industries. On balance, the net cost of implementing all the standards dealing with institutional work and pay is likely to be very close to zero.
Economic Analysis of the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Monzingo John E.
Published: March 2007

Economic analysis of problems of the criminal justice system following the model developed by Gary Becker is based on assumptions about what motivates criminal activity. According to this model, criminals are motivated by the expected net gain from the use of available resources in criminal activity compared with the expected net gain from the use of the same resources in legitimate activity. When the expected gain from crime is higher than the gain from legitimate activity, individuals can be expected to engage in criminal activity. Based on this assumption, policies may be adopted which increase the cost of crime to those who engage in it, reducing the expected net gain and therefore the amount of crime engaged in.

Because increasing the cost of criminal activity to criminals may be very costly, the total loss to a community from crime will have to include not only the direct costs of crime but the indirect costs associated with the suppression of crime. It is assumed that policy will be designed to minimize the total loss from crime. Two possible standards are proposed, "efficiency" and a Pareto test.

While most of those who adopt this model concentrate on the deterrent effect of pu nish ment, raising the cost of engaging in crime, other less punitive policies for increasing legitimate opportunities and equalizing the distribution of wealth are equally consistent with the assumptions of this model.
The Effects of a Redistribution of Wealth on Property Crime
Authors: Chester C. Ronald
Published: March 2007

The theory that perceived relative deprivation (PRD) is a leading cause of property crime was proposed by the author in the January 1976 issue of Crime & Delinquency. A subsequent article in another journal examined the possibility of reducing unequal economic opportunity (and thus PRD) by greatly stiffening inheritance taxes and by enacting a triennial net worth tax. The present article attacks the wasteful expenditure of public funds on present criminal justice programs and suggests instead the provision of substantial base income grants to individuals, to be financed in part by the wealth taxation mentioned above. The possible effects of the combined wealth tax and base income program are then examined. Finally, it is postulated that a social system rendered more just by increasingly equal economic opportunity will exhibit far lower levels of PRD and thus of property crime.
A Critique of Diversionary Juvenile Justice
Authors: Bullington Bruce , Sprowls James , Katkin Daniel , Phillips Mark
Published: March 2007

The increasingly zealous support today for diversion of youth from the juvenile justice system is a consequence of several widely held notions: ( 1) Traditional strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders have not worked; ( 2) informal diversion is used both widely and effectively now; and ( 3) the most humane treatment of troubled youth is based upon the parens patriae philosophy of justice. Yet, the authors contend, diversion may be seen as potentially dangerous and harmful, and they present several arguments against expansion of diversionary services: (1) The concept's ambiguity allows many to promote expansion of the juvenile justice system in the form of diversion "to" other programs, while true diversion "from" the system is nonexistent; ( 2) the goals of diversionary programs-such as elimination of stigmatizing labels and formal duplica tion of existing informal processes-are unattainable; ( 3) formal diversion is incompatible with due process ideals. Until these difficulties have been resolved, diversionary options should be viewed with caution.
The Perils of Bigness: The Case Against Large School Districts
Authors: Coleman Peter
Published: March 2007

In this article the author contends that existing empirical research on the question of optimal size of school districts does not yet provide educational decision-makers with clear guidelines as to how such values as economy of operation, citizen participation, diversity of programs, and institutional flexibility can be maximized. Peter Coleman is Director of Educational Services for the Manitoba Association of School Trustees.
On Accountability in Education
Authors: Hills Jean
Published: March 2007

Like many other educational reformers, advocates of account ability possess little understanding of the system they wish to re form. Consequently, they fail to see that the reforms they propose would very likely have effects that reach far beyond the limited objectives they wish to attain. (Jean Hills is Professor of Educa tion in the University of British Columbia Faculty of Education. He is currently on leave, serving as an elementary school principal in Riverton, Wyoming)
School Consolidation in Sparsely Populated Rural Areas : A Case Study
Authors: Holland David , Baritelle John , White Greg
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between internal schooling economies and transportation diseconomies with regard to consolidation of rural schools. The consolidation question was conceptualized as a programming problem in which the objective was to minimize the sum of schooling and transportation costs. Both linear and separable programming models were used. Model solutions indicated that some consolidation of schools in the study area would minimize costs, but total cost savings were relatively small.