bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow Dynamics and Analyte Transfer in a Microfluidic Device for Spatial Two-Dimensional Separations
Authors: Abdulhussain Noor , Fix Raoul , Nawada Suhas , Adamopoulou Theodora , Schoenmakers Peter
Published: October 2022

In the last decade, chip-based separations have become a major area of interest in the field of separation science, especially for the development of “spatial” two-dimensional liquid chromatography (xLC × xLC). In xLC × xLC, the analytes are first separated by migration to different positions in a first-dimension (1D) channel and subsequently transferred with the aid of a flow distributor in a perpendicular direction to undergo a second-dimension (2D) separation. In this study, several designs for 2D separations are explored with the aid of computational fluid dynamics simulations. There were several aims of this work, viz. (1) to investigate the possible anomalies arising from the location of analyte bands in the first-dimension channel before transfer to the second dimension induced by the flow distributor, (2) to study the distribution ratio of the analytes across the different outlets of the 1D channel, and (3) to study the flow behaviour confinement in the flow distributor. In all designs, the simulated absolute flow velocity was not equal in all regions of the 1D channel. The extreme segments showed higher velocities compared to the central zones. This will eventually influence the migration times (first moments) and the variances (second moments), as confirmed by CFD results. The study has contributed to the understanding of the effects of the peak locations and, ultimately, to progress in spatial 2D-LC separations.
From LTL to rLTL monitoring: improved monitorability through robust semantics
Authors: Mascle Corto , Neider Daniel , Schwenger Maximilian , Tabuada Paulo , Weinert Alexander , Zimmermann Martin
Published: October 2022

Runtime monitoring is commonly used to detect the violation of desired properties in safety critical cyber-physical systems by observing its executions. Bauer et al. introduced an influential framework for monitoring Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) properties based on a three-valued semantics for a finite execution: the formula is already satisfied by the given execution, it is already violated, or it is still undetermined, i.e., it can still be satisfied and violated by appropriate extensions of the given execution. However, a wide range of formulas are not monitorable under this approach, meaning that there are executions for which satisfaction and violation will always remain undetermined no matter how it is extended. In particular, Bauer et al. report that 44% of the formulas they consider in their experiments fall into this category. Recently, a robust semantics for LTL was introduced to capture different degrees by which a property can be violated. In this paper we introduce a robust semantics for finite strings and show its potential in monitoring: every formula considered by Bauer et al. is monitorable under our approach. Furthermore, we discuss which properties that come naturally in LTL monitoring—such as the realizability of all truth values—can be transferred to the robust setting. We show that LTL formulas with robust semantics can be monitored by deterministic automata, and provide tight bounds on the size of the constructed automaton. Lastly, we report on a prototype implementation and compare it to the LTL monitor of Bauer et al. on a sample of examples.
Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 infection increases glucosylated N-glycans in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Beihammer Gernot , Romero-Pérez Andrea , Maresch Daniel , Figl Rudolf , Mócsai Réka , Grünwald-Gruber Clemens , Altmann Friedrich , Van Damme Els J. M. , Strasser Richard
Published: October 2022

Studying the interaction between the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Arabidopsis thaliana has shed light onto the various forms of mechanisms plants use to defend themselves against pathogen attack. While a lot of emphasis has been put on investigating changes in protein expression in infected plants, only little information is available on the effect infection plays on the plants N-glycan composition. To close this gap in knowledge, total N-glycans were enriched from P. syringae DC3000-infected and mock treated Arabidopsis seedlings and analyzed via MALDI-TOF–MS. Additionally, fluorescently labelled N-glycans were quantified via HPLC-FLD. N-glycans from infected plants were overall less processed and displayed increased amounts of oligomannosidic N-glycans. As multiple peaks for certain oligomannosidic glycoforms were detected upon separation via liquid chromatography, a porous graphitic carbon (PGC)-analysis was conducted to separate individual N-glycan isomers. Indeed, multiple different N-glycan isomers with masses of two N-acetylhexosamine residues plus 8, 9 or 10 hexoses were detected in the infected plants which were absent in the mock controls. Treatment with jack bean α-mannosidase resulted in incomplete removal of hexoses from these N-glycans, indicating the presence of glucose residues. This hints at the accumulation of misfolded glycoproteins in the infected plants, likely because of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, poly-hexose structures susceptible to α-amylase treatment were found in the DC3000-infected plants, indicating alterations in starch metabolism due to the infection process.
Deep Learning Channel Estimation for OFDM 5G Systems with Different Channel Models
Authors: Mohammed Aliaa Said Mousa , Taman Abdelkarim Ibrahim Abdelkarim , Hassan Ayman M. , Zekry Abdelhalim
Published: October 2022

At cellular wireless communication systems, channel estimation (CE) is one of the key techniques that are used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing modulation (OFDM). The most common methods are Decision‐Directed Channel Estimation, Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation (PACE) and blind channel estimation. Among them, PACE is commonly used and has a steadier performance. Applying deep learning (DL) methods in CE is getting increasing interest of researchers during the past 3 years. The main objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of DL-based CE compared to the conventional PACE techniques, such as least-square (LS) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimators. A simulation environment to evaluate OFDM performance at different channel models has been used. A DL process that estimates the channel from training data is also employed to get the estimated impulse response of the channel. Two channel models have been used in the comparison: Tapped Delay Line and Clustered Delay Line channel models. The performance is evaluated under different parameters including number of pilots (64 pilots or 8 pilots), number of subcarriers (64), the length of cyclic prefix (16 or 0 samples) and carrier frequency (4 GHz) through computer simulation using MATLAB. From the simulation results, the trained DL estimator provides better results in estimating the channel and detecting the transmitted symbols compared to LS and MMSE estimators although, the complexity of the proposed LSTM estimator exceeds the equivalent LS estimator. Furthermore, the DL estimator also demonstrates its effectiveness with various pilot densities and with different cyclic prefix periods.
Behinderung klassifizieren. Zur Kontingenz und Normativität von Körperbewertungen in der International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: Bennani Hannah
Published: October 2022

Der Beitrag adressiert Körperbewertungen am Beispiel der Klassifizierung von „Behinderung“. In seinem Zentrum steht dieInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health(ICF), die die Weltgesundheitsorganisation 2001 veröffentlichte. Eine Besonderheit der Klassifikation besteht darin, dass sie von einem bio-psycho-sozialen Modell von Behinderung ausgeht. Dieses verortet Behinderung nicht nur in körperlichen Schädigungen, sondern auch in deren Interaktion mit gesellschaftlichen Barrieren.

Während die Klassifikation meist aus anwendungsbezogener Perspektive adressiert wird, interpretiere ich die ICF als Artefakt, das „Behinderung“ nicht nur messbar macht, sondern als soziales Phänomen (mit)hervorbringt: Die Klassifikation etabliert eine kontingente Bewertungsordnung, über die Bewertungskriterien differenziert, Bewertungsobjekte konstituiert und Bewertungsregeln definiert werden. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert diese Bewertungsordnung auf der Grundlage von inhalts- und sequenzanalytischen Verfahren in zwei Schritten. In einem ersten Schritt fokussiert er die kategoriale Ordnung der ICF. Mithilfe der Detailanalyse ausgewählter Kategorien und Komponenten legt er die Kontingenz und Normativität der kategorialen Ordnung offen. Er zeigt, wie über Auswahl, Anordnung und Definition „Körper“ als unterscheidbare Bewertungsobjekte konstituiert und Erwartungen an „Körper“, „Gesellschaftsmitglieder“ und „Gesellschaften“ transportiert werden. In einem zweiten Schritt arbeitet der Beitrag am Beispiel einer ICF-basierten, standardisierten Dokumentationshilfe heraus, wie über Bewertungsoperationen verkörperte Un/Fähigkeiten als soziale Tatsachen hergestellt werden. Der Beitrag kombiniert Klassifikations- und Bewertungssoziologie mitdisability studiesund gibt Einblicke in soziale Praktiken der Klassifikation von Behinderung.
Understanding Cancer Cachexia and Its Implications in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Brown Leo R. , Laird Barry J. A. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Skipworth Richard J. E.
Published: October 2022

Opinion statement

Considerable advances in the investigation and management of oesophagogastric cancer have occurred over the last few decades. While the historically dismal prognosis associated with these diseases has improved, outcomes remain very poor. Cancer cachexia is an often neglected, yet critical, factor for this patient group. There is a persuasive argument that a lack of assessment and treatment of cachexia has limited progress in oesophagogastric cancer care. In the curative setting, the stage of the host (based on factors such as body composition, function, and inflammatory status), alongside tumour stage, has the potential to influence treatment efficacy. Phenotypical features of cachexia may decrease the survival benefit of (peri-operative) chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy, or surgical resection in patients with potentially curative malignancy. Most patients with oesophagogastric cancer unfortunately present with disease which is not amenable, or is unlikely to respond, to these treatments. In the palliative setting, host factors can similarly impair results from systemic anti-cancer therapies, cause adverse symptoms, and reduce quality of life. To optimise treatment pathways and enhance patient outcomes, we must utilise this information during clinical decision-making. As our understanding of the genesis of cancer cachexia improves and more therapeutic options, ranging from basic (e.g. exercise and nutrition) to targeted (e.g. anti-IL1 α and anti-GDF-15), become available, there can be grounds for optimism. Cachexia can change from a hitherto neglected condition to an integral part of the oesophagogastric cancer treatment pathway.
Hyphaene thebaica (Areceaeae) as a Promising Functional Food: Extraction, Analytical Techniques, Bioactivity, Food, and Industrial Applications
Authors: Saber Fatema R. , Aly Shaza H. , Khallaf Moustafa Ali , El-Nashar Heba A. S. , Fahmy Nouran M. , El-Shazly Mohamed , Radha Radha , Prakash Suraj , Kumar Manoj , Taha Doaue , Bouyahya Abdelhakim , Sharifi-Rad Javad
Published: October 2022

Hyphaene thebaica, also known as doum, is a wild plant growing in Egypt, Sudan, and other African countries. It is usually used to prepare nutritive diets, tasty beverages, and other food products. This review aimed to highlight the phytochemical composition of the doum plant using NMR, GC–MS, HPLC, and UPLC/Qtof/MS. The reported active constituents are also described, with flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins being the most dominant components. Extraction methods, both conventional and non-conventional, and their existing parameters were summarized. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the extracts and active constituents were also reported. We focused on different applications of doum in functional food products, animal feeding systems, and pharmaceutical applications. Doum is considered a promising dietary and therapeutic candidate to be applied on a wider scale. Proteomic analysis of doum and clinical assessment are still lacking and warrant further investigations in the future.
Two new species of Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae) and a new record from Peru
Authors: Villanueva-Espinoza Rosa , Wood John R. I.
Published: October 2022

Two new species of Stenostephanus, S. borarum and S. brevistamineus, are described and illustrated. Distribution maps and notes on their conservation status are provided. Razisea ericae is transferred to Stenostephanus as S. ericae, now that Razisea is subsumed in Stenostephanus.
Endometrial cancer: news from ASCO
Authors: Petru Edgar
Published: October 2022

At ASCO 2022 important abstracts were presented. The programmed death1 (PD1) inhibitor dostarlimab was investigated in the phase III GARNET study in advanced or metastatic endometrial cancer after failure of previous platinum-based combination chemotherapy. In the first group of patients with tumors with dMMR (mismatch repair-deficiency) or MSI‑H (microsatellite-high; group A), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly higher than in the group with pMMR (mismatch repair-proficiency) or those with MSS (microsatellite-stable) tumors (group B), i.e., 6.0 months in group A and 2.7 months in group B. Overall survival was > 50 months and 17 months, respectively. Immunotherapy-related adverse events were seen in 23% of patients, including grade 3 or 4 events in 8% of women. In all, 9% of patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Another important regimen is the combination of lenvatinib and pembrolizumab. In a randomized study of lenvatinib + pembrolizumab versus monotherapy with doxorubicin or paclitaxel in the second-line therapy of metastatic endometrial cancer, the chemotherapy-free regimen was superior. PFS2 was significantly higher in patients in the pMMR group and the all comer group if they received lenvatinib and pembrolizumab, compared to those receiving standard chemotherapy (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, checkpoint inhibitors ± lenvatinib are now established in the second-line treatment of advanced endometrial cancer. Overall, the inclusion of PD1 or PDL1 inhibitors in systemic treatment regimens offers a significant opportunity for patients whose treatment options in the past only included conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormonal therapy.
Isotopic signature in isolated south-western populations of European brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Authors: García-Vázquez Ana , Crampton Denise A. , Lamb Angela L. , Wolff George A. , Kiriakoulakis Kostas , Guidarelli Giulia , Loy Anna , Ciucci Paolo , Groff Claudio , Pinto-Llona Ana C. , Grandal-d’Anglade Aurora , Meloro Carlo
Published: October 2022

Stable isotope analysis of animal tissue samples is increasingly used to study the trophic ecology of target species. The isotopic signatures respond to the type of diet, but also to the environmental conditions of their habitat. In the case of omnivorous, seasonal or opportunistic feeding species, the interpretation of isotopic values is more complex, as it is largely determined by food selection, either due to individual choice or because of availability. We analysed C and N isotopes in brown bear (Ursus arctos) hair from four isolated populations of south-western Europe (Cantabrian, Pyrenees, Central Apennines and Alpine) accounting for the geographical and climatic differences among the four areas. We found inter-population differences in isotopic signatures that cannot be attributed to climatic differences alone, indicating that at least some bears from relatively higher altitude populations experiencing higher precipitation (Pyrenees) show a greater consumption of animal foods than those from lower altitudes (Cantabrian and Apennines). The quantification of isotopic niche space using Layman’s metrics identified significant similarities between the Cantabrian and Central Apennine samples that markedly differ from the Pyrenean and Alpine. Our study provides a baseline to allow further comparisons in isotopic niche spaces in a broad ranged omnivorous mammal, whose European distribution requires further conservation attention especially for southern isolated populations.
Comparative analysis of charter party clauses versus marine insurance contractual terms: present legal status and future trends
Authors: Boviatsis M.
Published: October 2022

This paper aims to classify and assess the impact of charter party clauses against the contractual terms of marine insurance contracts. Initially, a contractual term may be classified as a condition, a warranty, or an innominate term when the nature of a clause is not yet classified. Based on this classification, the effectiveness of those terms and the available remedies vary significantly upon a contractual dispute or termination. Specifically, the classification of a term as a condition has similar effects in charter parties and insurance contracts, namely, the termination of the contract and/or claim for damages. Nevertheless, the marine insurance conditions also rely on the claim’s seriousness to effectively provide the election of contractual termination, thus rendering them rather weakened compared to charter parties. At the same time, classifying a term as a warranty always had a different impact. The classification of a term as a warranty in a charter party may only offer as a remedy compensation for damages, but not the option to terminate the contract. In insurance contracts, the classification of a term as a warranty provides the same options to the affected party as a term classified as a condition, namely, the termination of the contract and/or claim for damages. With the introduction of MIA 2015, the affected party, when triggering a warranty, has a third option, namely, to be able to amend the contractual relationship in case reasons of termination emerge, protecting at the same time the other party, rendering it irresponsible of any damages or claims until the contractual relationship is reinstated.
The ubiquitin ligase RNF2 stabilizes ERα and modulates breast cancer progression
Authors: Yuan Lei , Li Xin , Yang Huijie , Li Huixiang
Published: October 2022

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is the most common clinical marker used for breast cancer prognosis and the classification of breast cancer subtypes. Clinically, patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer can receive endocrine therapy. However, resistance to endocrine therapy has become an urgent clinical problem. A large number of previous studies have proven that posttranslational modification of the estrogen receptor is significantly related to endocrine therapy resistance. RNF2 is a member of the RING finger protein family that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Several studies have clarified that RNF2 is a critical regulator of ERα transcriptional regulation. In our current study, we identified RNF2 as an important posttranslational modification regulator of the estrogen receptor. RNF2 depletion inhibited breast cancer cell progression and ERα signaling activity. TCGA data analysis indicated that RNF2 was elevated in breast malignancies, while RNF2 depletion could drastically inhibit estrogen response gene expression on a whole-genome scale. TCGA data analysis revealed that RNF2 was positively correlated with ERα target gene expression. Further mechanistic studies showed that RNF2 was mainly localized in the nucleus and associated with ERα. The association increased ERα stability by inhibiting ERα K48-linked polyubiquitination. In conclusion, our study implicates nongenomic regulation by RNF2 on ERα protein stability and suggests that targeting RNF2 could be a promising strategy for breast cancer treatments.
Heat Health Risk and Adaptability Assessments at the Subdistrict Scale in Metropolitan Beijing
Authors: Su Xiaokang , Wang Fang , Zhou Demin , Zhang Hongwen
Published: October 2022

Against the background of global climate change, the increasing heat health risk from the combined effect of changes in high temperature, exposure, vulnerability, and other factors has become a growing concern. Yet the low number of temperature observation stations is insufficient to represent the complex changes in urban heatwaves, and subdistrict-scale (town, township, neighborhood committee, and equivalent) heat health risk and adaptability assessments are still limited. In this study, we built daytime and nighttime high-temperature interpolation models supported by data from 225 meteorological stations in Beijing. The models performed well at interpolating the cumulative hours of high temperature and the interpolation quality at night was better than that during the day. We further established a methodological framework for heat health risk and adaptability assessments based on heat hazard, population exposure, social vulnerability, and adaptability at the subdistrict scale in Beijing. Our results show that the heat health risk hotspots were mainly located in the central urban area, with 81 hotspots during the day and 76 at night. The average value of the heat health risk index of urban areas was 5.60 times higher than that of suburban areas in the daytime, and 6.70 times higher than that of suburban areas in the night. Greater population density and higher intensity of heat hazards were the main reasons for the high risk in most heat health risk hotspots. Combined with a heat-adaptive-capacity evaluation for hotspot areas, this study suggests that 11 high-risk and low-adaptation subdistricts are priority areas for government action to reduce heat health risk in policy formulation and urban development.
Recent Progress on Flexible Room-Temperature Gas Sensors Based on Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Authors: Ou Lang-Xi , Liu Meng-Yang , Zhu Li-Yuan , Zhang David Wei , Lu Hong-Liang
Published: October 2022

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, there is a great demand for portable gas sensors. Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) are one of the most traditional and well-studied gas sensing materials and have been widely used to prepare various commercial gas sensors. However, it is limited by high operating temperature. The current research works are directed towards fabricating high-performance flexible room-temperature (FRT) gas sensors, which are effective in simplifying the structure of MOS-based sensors, reducing power consumption, and expanding the application of portable devices. This article presents the recent research progress of MOS-based FRT gas sensors in terms of sensing mechanism, performance, flexibility characteristics, and applications. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses five types of MOS-based FRT gas sensors, including pristine MOS, noble metal nanoparticles modified MOS, organic polymers modified MOS, carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives) modified MOS, and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials modified MOS. The effect of light-illuminated to improve gas sensing performance is further discussed. Furthermore, the applications and future perspectives of FRT gas sensors are also discussed.
Evaluation of Transmission Losses of Various Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: Hengst Johannes , Werra Matthias , Küçükay Ferit
Published: October 2022

Transmission losses in battery electric vehicles have compared to internal combustion engine powertrains a larger share in the total energy consumption and play therefore a major role. Furthermore, the power flows not only during propulsion through the transmissions, but also during recuperation, whereby efficiency improvements have a double effect. The investigation of transmission losses of electric vehicles thus plays a major role. In this paper, three simulation models of the Institute of Automotive Engineering (the lossmap-based simulation model, the modular simulation model, and the 3D simulation model) are presented. The lossmap-based simulation model calculates transmission losses for electric and hybrid transmissions, where three spur gear transmission concepts for battery electric vehicles are investigated. The transmission concepts include a single-speed transmission as a reference and two two-speed transmissions. Then, the transmission lossmaps are integrated into the modular simulation model (backward simulation) and in the 3D simulation model (forward simulation), which improves the simulation results. The modular simulation model calculates the optimal operation of the transmission concepts and the 3D simulation model represents the more realistic behavior of the transmission concepts. The different transmission concepts are investigated in Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle and evaluated in terms of transmission losses as well as the total energy demand. The map-based simulation model allows the transmission losses to be broken down into the individual component losses, thus allowing transmission concepts to be examined and evaluated in terms of their efficiency in the early development stage to develop optimum powertrains for electric axle drives. By considering transmission losses in detail with a high degree of accuracy, less efficient concepts can be eliminated at an early development stage. As a result, only relevant concepts are built as prototypes, which reduces development costs.
Long-Lasting Stretching Induces Muscle Hypertrophy: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies
Authors: Warneke Konstantin , Freund Philipp Alexander , Schiemann Stephan
Published: October 2022

Muscular hypertrophy depends on metabolic exhaustion as well as mechanical load on the muscle. Mechanical tension seems to be the crucial factor to stimulate protein synthesis. The present meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether stretching can generate adequate mechanical tension to induce muscle hypertrophy. We used PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to search for literature examining the effects of long-term stretching on muscle mass, muscle cross-sectional area, fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber number. Since there was no sufficient number of studies investigating long-lasting stretching in humans, we only included original animal studies in the current meta-analysis. Precisely, we identified 16 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (e. g. stretching of at least 15 min per day). The 16 studies yielded 39 data points for muscle mass, 11 data points for muscle cross-sectional area, 20 data points for fiber cross-sectional area, and 10 data points for fiber number. Across all designs and categories, statistically significant increases were found for muscle mass (d = 8.51; 95% CI 7.11–9.91), muscle cross-sectional area (d = 7.91; 95% CI 5.75–10.08), fiber cross-sectional area (d = 5.81; 95% CI 4.32–7.31), and fiber number (d = 4.62; 95% CI 2.54–6.71). The findings show an (almost) continuous positive effect of long-term stretching on the listed parameters, so that it can be assumed that stretch training with adequate intensity and duration leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia, at least in animal studies. A general transferability to humans—certainly with limited effectiveness—can be hypothesized but requires further research and training studies.
Three-day ceftriaxone versus longer durations of therapy for inpatient treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Authors: Elajouz Balsam , Dumkow Lisa E. , Worden Lacy J. , VanLangen Kali M. , Jameson Andrew P.
Published: October 2022

Current guidelines do not address a recommended duration of parenteral therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) treatment in the inpatient setting. We compared a 3-day course of ceftriaxone with longer antibiotic durations for inpatients with a uUTI. Our findings indicate that a 3-day course of ceftriaxone was as efficacious as longer antibiotic courses.
The effect of particle anisotropy on the modulation of turbulent flows
Authors: Olivieri Stefano , Cannon Ianto , Rosti Marco E.
Published: October 2022

We investigate the modulation of turbulence caused by the presence of finite-size dispersed particles. Bluff (isotropic) spheres versus slender (anisotropic) fibres are considered to understand the influence of the shape of the objects on altering the carrier flow. While at a fixed mass fraction – but different Stokes number – both objects provide a similar bulk effect characterized by a large-scale energy depletion, a scale-by-scale analysis of the energy transfer reveals that the alteration of the whole spectrum is intrinsically different. For bluff objects, the classical energy cascade shrinks in its extension but is unaltered in the energy content and its typical features, while for slender ones we find an alternative energy flux which is essentially mediated by the fluid–solid coupling.
Advocacy, Misdirection, Protest, and Exit: Strategies of Aspiration and Anxiety amid Crime and Conflict in Putumayo
Authors: Arias Enrique Desmond , Duica-Amaya Liliana
Published: October 2022

This essay examines how the inhabitants of Putumayo, a department of Colombia both divided and held together by licit and illicit authority structures and markets, engage with varied political orders as they advance individual and collective economic and political projects. Putumayo’s inhabitants adopt four basic strategies to maintain their often illicit livelihoods amid state repression. The first is intellectual resistance, wherein they develop explanations for their involvement in illicit markets that they can use to alter local and national state behavior. The second is protest, through which groups of peasants mobilize to support their illicit but socially normalized economic endeavors. A third is evasion or malicia, in which peasants seek to strategically adhere to state policy to misdirect the state as they continue to grow coca. Fourth, some peasants pursue a strategy of exit, going deeper into the jungle in search of land where they can peacefully grow coca.
The human-powered helicopter
Authors: Filippone A.
Published: October 2022

This paper reviews the requirements of the AHS human-powered helicopter (HPH) competition and discusses the feasibility of such a helicopter. Analysis is carried out with modified forms of the axial momentum theory to take into account the ground effect. Descent in autorotation is also considered. The main conclusions are: human-powered hover out of ground effect is not possible; the power loading decreases with the number of pedaling crew members; hover in ground effect significantly increases the rotor thrust at given power; the HPH operates in the vortex ring state; in principle, either altitude or endurance records can be reached for the AHS contest, but not both, due to insufficient power.
Spectral/hp element technology for global flow instability and control
Authors: Theofilis V. , Barkley D. , Sherwin S.
Published: October 2022

The objective of our paper is to demonstrate the use of spectral/hp element technology in unravelling global flow instability mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is central to devising flow control approaches based on theoretically-founded physical principles. Global instability theory is concerned with prediction and control of linear and nonlinear disturbances developing in flows that are inhomogeneous in more than one spatial direction. As such, this theory encompasses the classic analysis of Tollmien which is valid for simple geometries of academic interest (e.g. a flat-plate) and therefore broadens the scope of this well-established but simplified methodology to include realistic problems encountered in aeronautical engineering. Compared with a direct numerical simulation approach, global instability theory can be used to explore efficiently far wider parameters ranges and deliver physical information to be used as handle for effective flow control.
The NRL micro tactical expendable (MITE) air vehicle
Authors: Kellogg J. , Bovais C. , Foch R. , McFarlane H. , Sullivan C. , Dahlburg J. , Gardner J. , Ramamurti R. , Gordon-Spears D. , Hartley R. , Kamgar-Parsi B. , Pipitone F. , Spears W. , Sciambi A. , Srull D.
Published: October 2022

The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing technologies that will enable Navy-relevant missions with the smallest practical Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). The NRL Micro Tactical Expendable (MITE) air vehicle is a result of this research. MITE is a hand-launched, dual-propeller, fixed-wing air vehicle, with a 25cm chord and a wingspan of 25–47cm, depending on payload weight. Vehicle gross weight is 130–350g. Miniature autopilot systems, based on visual imaging techniques, are being developed for MITE. These will be used in conjunction with conventional autopilot sensors to allow the MITE to fly autonomously. This paper provides an overview of the MITE development, including aerodynamic design considerations, electric propulsion, and vision-based autopilot research. Also presented is a rationale for the development of control laws that can direct the behavior of large groups of MAVs or other vehicle agents. Dubbed ‘physicomimetics,’ this process can bring about the self-assembly of complex MAV formations, though individual MAVs have minimal onboard processing power and limited local sensing capabilities.
The use of pulse responses and system reduction for 2D unsteady flows using the Euler equations
Authors: Gaitonde A. L. , Jones D. P.
Published: October 2022

This paper describes the application of the theory of pulse responses to a linearised Euler scheme on a moving grid. The impulse responses of such a linear system are memory functions or temporal representations of the manner in which, and the time over which a perturbation remains active in the response of the system. The exact response of the linear system to an arbitrary input can then be predicted via convolution. The linearised Euler scheme is derived from a full nonlinear Euler method based on Jameson’s cell-centred scheme which has been modified to make it time-accurate and has the necessary terms to account for grid motion. The discrete form of the full Euler equations are linearised about the corresponding nonlinear steady mean flow assuming the unsteadiness in the flow and grid are small. The resulting set of differential equations for the flow perturbations are solved at each time step using a dual-time scheme. These equations can be easily solved to obtain pulse responses, which capture the entire frequency content of the linear system. These pulse responses then provide a simple and efficient method for calculating the system response to many different inputs via convolution. A further use of the pulse responses is their potential to allow a reduced-order linear model to be constructed, which preserves some of the accuracyof the original system. Preliminary work carried out in this area is presented. Results of calculations for heave, pitch and ramp test cases are presented.
Normal shock wave-turbulent boundary-layer interactions in the presence of streamwise slots and grooves
Authors: Smith A. N. , Babinsky H. , Fulker J. L. , Ashill P. R.
Published: October 2022

The effect of streamwise slots and grooves on a normal shock wave-turbulent boundary-layer interaction has been investigated experimentally at a Mach number of 1.3. The surface pressure distribution for the controlled interaction in the presence of slots featured a distinct plateau. This was due to a change in shock structure from a typical unseparated normal shock wave-boundary-layer interaction to a large bifurcated lambda type shock pattern. Velocity measurements downstream of the slots revealed a strong spanwise variation of boundary-layer properties, whereas the modified shock structure was found to be relatively two-dimensional. Cross flow measurements indicate that slots introduce streamwise vortices into the flow. When applied to an aerofoil, streamwise slots have the potential to reduce wave drag while incurring only small viscous penalties. In the presence of grooves the interaction was initially found to be significantly different. A bifurcated shock structure was observed but the trailing leg appeared stronger and featured a second lambda foot. Oil flow visualisation also revealed differences in the interactions, with the region of suction and blowing being limited to a smaller extent of the grooved control surface. The amount of crossflow present was reduced compared to the slotted control surface. By varying the internal geometry of the grooves it was found that the interaction could be modified to be similar to that in the presence of slots indicating that a more practical control device can be designed.
Frequency and distribution of dietary energy, vegetable, fruit and discretionary food intakes in 18-month-old Australian children
Authors: Chui Jie Min , Lacy Kathleen E. , Zheng Miaobing Jazzmin , Leech Rebecca M. , McNaughton Sarah A. , Spence Alison C.
Published: October 2022

Dietary behaviours in early childhood are understudied despite links with later health. Assessing the distribution of key food groups across the day could identify opportunities for improvements. This study aimed to describe the 24-hourly distribution of dietary intakes and frequency of eating occasions for weekdays and weekend days among children aged 18 months and assess associations of eating frequency with vegetable, fruit and discretionary intakes and zBMI. Using two parent-reported 24-h recalls of child dietary intakes from the Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) Program, mean frequency of daily eating occasions and hourly intake distributions were calculated for vegetables, fruits, discretionary foods, and total foods and energy-containing beverages on weekdays (n 428) and weekend days (n 376). Multivariable regression analyses assessed associations between frequency of eating occasions, total intake of food groups and zBMI. Overall, children had 7·8 ± 1·8 (mean ± sd) eating occasions/d on weekdays, where 1·5 ± 0·8 contained vegetables, 2·2 ± 1·1 contained fruit and 2·5 ± 1·5 contained discretionary foods. Weekend day intakes were similar. Energy intakes were highest at dinner time. Intakes of total foods, fruits and discretionary foods were spread across the day (06.00–22.00). Vegetable consumption was mainly about 18.00 with minimal intake at other times. Eating frequency was associated with amount of food consumed but not consistently with zBMI. These 18-month-old children ate frequently throughout the day, with little distinction between weekdays and weekend days. Most eating occasions lacked vegetables, and frequency of discretionary foods was higher than of vegetables. Promoting vegetable consumption at occasions other than dinner could improve vegetable intake.
Associations between visceral adipose tissue estimates produced by near-infrared spectroscopy, mobile anthropometrics, and traditional body composition assessments and estimates derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Graybeal Austin J. , Brandner Caleb F. , Tinsley Grant M. , Haynes Hunter , Stavres Jon
Published: October 2022

Assessments of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are critical in preventing metabolic disorders; however, there are limited measurement methods that are accurate and accessible for VAT. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between VAT estimates from consumer-grade devices and traditional anthropometrics and VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were collected from 182 participants (female = 114; White = 127; Black/African-American (BAA) = 48) which included anthropometrics and indices of VAT produced by near-infrared reactance spectroscopy (NIRS), visual body composition (VBC) and multifrequency BIA (MFBIA). VAT and SAT were collected using DXA. Bivariate and partial correlations were calculated between DXAVAT and DXASAT and other VAT estimates. All VAT indices had positive moderate–strong correlations with VAT (all P < 0·001) and SAT (all P < 0·001). Only waist:hip (r = 0·69), VATVBC (r = 0·84), and VATMFBIA (r = 0·86) had stronger associations with VAT than SAT (P < 0·001). Partial associations between VATVBC and VATMFBIA were only stronger for VAT than SAT in White participants (r = 0·67, P < 0·001) but not female, male, or BAA participants individually. Partial correlations for waist:hip were stronger for VAT than SAT, but only for male (r = 0·40, P < 0·010) or White participants (r = 0·48, P < 0·001). NIRS was amongst the weakest predictors of VAT which was highest in male participants (r = 0·39, P < 0·010) but non-existent in BAA participants (r = –0·02, P > 0·050) after adjusting for SAT. Both anthropometric and consumer-grade VAT indices are consistently better predictors of SAT than VAT. These data highlight the need for a standardised, but convenient, VAT estimation protocol that can account for the relationship between SAT and VAT that differs by sex/race.
Effects of diets containing proteins from fish muscles or fish by-products on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: O’Keeffe Maria , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita
Published: October 2022

A high circulating cholesterol concentration is considered an important risk factor for the development of CVD. Since lean fish intake and fish protein supplementation have been associated with lower cholesterol concentration in some but not all clinical studies, the main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing proteins from fish muscles and fish by-products on the serum/plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentration in rodents. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (rodents), intervention (type of fish and fraction, protein dose and duration), comparator (casein) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE’s tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5·4·1 (the Cochrane Collaboration) to determine the effectiveness of proteins from fish on the circulating TC concentration. Thirty-nine articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, with data from 935 rodents. The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE’s tool were addressed. Consumption of proteins from fish resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration when compared with control groups (mean difference −0·24 mmol/l, 95 % CI − 0·34, −0·15, P < 0·00001), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 71 %). To conclude, proteins from fish muscles and by-products show promise as a functional dietary ingredient or supplement by preventing high cholesterol concentration in rodents, thus reducing one of the most important risk factors for developing CVD.
Do Anti-immigration Voters Care More? Documenting the Issue Importance Asymmetry of Immigration Attitudes
Authors: Kustov Alexander
Published: October 2022

Why do politicians and policymakers not prioritize pro-immigration reforms, even when public opinion on the issue is positive? This research note examines one previously overlooked explanation related to the systematically greater importance of immigration as a political issue among those who oppose it relative to those who support it. To provide a comprehensive empirical assessment of how personal immigration issue importance is related to policy preferences, I use the best available cross-national and longitudinal surveys from multiple immigrant-receiving contexts. I find that compared to pro-immigration voters, anti-immigration voters feel stronger about the issue and are more likely to consider it as both personally and nationally important. This finding holds across virtually all observed countries, years, and alternative survey measures of immigration preferences and their importance. Overall, these results suggest that public attitudes toward immigration exhibit a substantial issue importance asymmetry that systematically advantages anti-immigration causes when the issue is more contextually salient.
Using General Messages to Persuade on a Politicized Scientific Issue
Authors: Green Jon , Druckman James N. , Baum Matthew A. , Lazer David , Ognyanova Katherine , Simonson Matthew D. , Lin Jennifer , Santillana Mauricio , Perlis Roy H.
Published: October 2022

Politics and science have become increasingly intertwined. Salient scientific issues, such as climate change, evolution, and stem-cell research, become politicized, pitting partisans against one another. This creates a challenge of how to effectively communicate on such issues. Recent work emphasizes the need for tailored messages to specific groups. Here, we focus on whether generalized messages also can matter. We do so in the context of a highly polarized issue: extreme COVID-19 vaccine resistance. The results show that science-based, moral frame, and social norm messages move behavioral intentions, and do so by the same amount across the population (that is, homogeneous effects). Counter to common portrayals, the politicization of science does not preclude using broad messages that resonate with the entire population.
No Taxation without Efficiency? Elite Perceptions of Redistribution and Progressivity in Chile
Authors: Atria Jorge
Published: October 2022

Even though a vast literature has addressed perceptions and beliefs on taxes, progressivity and redistribution, few studies have specifically studied the perceptions of economic elites in this regard. This group is relevant for its affluence and influence, and therefore elites’ ideas and preferences have a major impact on tax-policy configuration. This study analyses the perceptions of the economic elite on redistribution and progressivity in Chile. Based on in-depth interviews and historical documents, such notions are examined by mixing concrete evaluations of income tax and value-added tax (VAT) and more general attitudes towards the role of the tax system in economic development. Results show that redistribution is negatively evaluated, which coexists with a strong willingness to contribute to poverty relief through social initiatives outside the state. Additionally, progressivity is sidelined while highlighting growth, tax neutrality, and incentives to entrepreneurship as the main priorities of tax design. The historical analysis shows that although the Chilean tax regime has always been based on indirect taxes and levies on natural resources, neoliberal reforms and ideological renovation during the Pinochet dictatorship narrowed the general framework of tax ideas among business and political sectors and reversed progressive advances in inequality reduction and direct taxation that had been made during the previous decades.
Converting between the Cartesian tensor and spherical harmonic expansion of solutions to the Boltzmann equation
Authors: Schween Nils W. , Reville Brian
Published: October 2022

The Vlasov–Fokker–Planck (VFP) equation, a variant of the Boltzmann equation, is frequently used to model the dynamics of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. A common approach in solving the VFP equation in numerical and analytic studies is to expand the momentum part of the distribution function

$f$

(i.e. the particle density in phase-space) in terms of known functions. The Cartesian tensor and spherical harmonic expansion have been widely used, leading to the question of how to convert between the different coefficients of the two expansions. This problem is also familiar in multipole expansions of an electrostatic (or gravitational) potential. The coefficients of the Cartesian tensor expansion of the potential are called (Cartesian) multipole moments and the ones of the spherical harmonic expansion are called spherical multipole moments. In this paper, we investigate the relation between the two kinds of multipole moments and provide a general formalism to convert between them. We subsequently apply this formalism to the coefficients of the expansions of the distribution function

$f$

. A free, open-source command-line tool which implements this formalism is provided.