bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of evolutionary trajectories shared across human betacoronaviruses
Authors: Escalera-Zamudio Marina , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , de la Viña Natalia Martínez , Gutiérrez Bernardo , Inward Rhys P. D. , Thézé Julien , van Dorp Lucy , Castelán-Sánchez Hugo G. , Bowden Thomas A. , Pybus Oliver G. , Hulswit Ruben J.G.
Published: May 2021

Comparing the evolution of distantly related viruses can provide insights into common adaptive processes related to shared ecological niches. Phylogenetic approaches, coupled with other molecular evolution tools, can help identify mutations informative on adaptation, whilst the structural contextualization of these to functional sites of proteins may help gain insight into their biological properties. Two zoonotic betacoronaviruses capable of sustained human-to-human transmission have caused pandemics in recent times (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), whilst a third virus (MERS-CoV) is responsible for sporadic outbreaks linked to animal infections. Moreover, two other betacoronaviruses have circulated endemically in humans for decades (HKU1 and OC43). To search for evidence of adaptive convergence between established and emerging betacoronaviruses capable of sustained human-to-human transmission (HKU1, OC43, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), we developed a methodological pipeline to classify shared non-synonymous mutations as putatively denoting homoplasy (repeated mutations that do not share direct common ancestry) or stepwise evolution (sequential mutations leading towards a novel genotype). In parallel, we look for evidence of positive selection, and draw upon protein structure data to identify potential biological implications. We find 30 mutations, with four of these [codon sites 18121 (nsp14/residue 28), 21623 (spike/21), 21635 (spike/25) and 23948 (spike/796); SARS-CoV-2 genome numbering] displaying evolution under positive selection and proximity to functional protein regions. Our findings shed light on potential mechanisms underlying betacoronavirus adaptation to the human host and pinpoint common mutational pathways that may occur during establishment of human endemicity.
Species-specific deployment of Runx2 isoforms and differential regulation of target genes during avian jaw development and evolution
Authors: Smith Spenser S. , Chu Daniel B. , Qu Tiange , Huang Tiffany , Lucena Austen J. , Krish Goutam , Schneider Richard A.
Published: May 2021

Developmental regulation of bone formation in the jaw skeleton is essential to species-specific adaptation. The jaws are derived from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), a progenitor population that directs skeletal patterning by exerting temporal and spatial control over molecular and cellular programs for osteogenesis. One important NCM-mediated gene isRunx2, which is a transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 protein binds many target genes involved in the deposition and resorption of bone. To determine the extent to which changes inRunx2structure, function, and expression underlie the evolution of the jaw skeleton, we compareRunx2across vertebrates and within birds.Runx2contains two alternative promoters, tandem repeats of glutamine and alanine with variable lengths in different species, a conserved DNA-binding domain, an exon that is alternatively spliced, as well as two possible C-termini. Such alternative splicing produces eight potential isoforms that show distinct stage- and species-specific patterns in the jaw primordia of chick, quail and duck embryos. We also find that certain isoforms are strongly induced by TGFβ signaling whereas others are not. OverexpressingRunx2isoforms in NCM reveals that some are transcriptionally activating, while others are repressive. But context appears to be relevant since species-specific polymorphisms in the promoter of target genes likeMmp13, can modulate the effects of different isoforms. Overall, our study indicates that the structure and species-specific deployment ofRunx2isoforms affect the transcriptional activity of target genes in ways that may have played a generative and regulatory role in the evolution of the avian jaw skeleton.
Rhizobiales commensal bacteria promoteArabidopsis thalianaroot growth via host sulfated peptide pathway
Authors: Hucklenbroich Jana , Gigolashvili Tamara , Koprivova Anna , Spohr Philipp , Chegini Mahnaz Nezamivand , Klau Gunnar W. , Kopriva Stanislav , Nakano Ryohei Thomas
Published: May 2021

Root-associated commensal bacteria that belong to the order Rhizobiales, which also contains symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria, promote primary root growth ofArabidopsis thaliana.However, the molecular mechanism underlying this root growth promotion (RGP) activity remained unclear. Here, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis ofA. thalianaroots inoculated with root-associated commensal bacteria of Rhizobiales and sister lineages and revealed common and strain/lineage-specific transcriptional response, possibly mediated by WRKY and ANAC family of transcription factors. We showed that the observed common response was also partly triggered by a wide range of non-pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and a multikingdom synthetic community (SynCom). This response was characterized by a down-regulation of genes related to intracellular redox regulation, suggesting distinctive redox status between pathogenic and non-pathogenic interactions. By integrating with developmental and cell biological experiments, we identified a crucial role of TYROSYLPROTEIN SULFOTRANSFERASE (TPST) in Rhizobiales RGP. Conversely, none of the known TPST-dependent sulfated peptide pathways appeared to be required for this activity, suggesting an unidentified component in the protein sulfation pathway targeted by Rhizobiales RGP. Finally, we show that TPST is needed for RGP exerted by Rhizobiales but not Pseudomonadales isolates, delineating lineage-specific mechanisms to manipulate host root development.
Impact of glycosylation on a broad-spectrum vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Huang Han-Yi , Liao Hsin-Yu , Chen Xiaorui , Wang Szu-Wen , Cheng Cheng-Wei , Shahed-Al-Mahmud Md. , Chen Ting-Hua , Lo Jennifer M. , Liu Yo-Min , Wu Yi-Min , Ma Hsiu-Hua , Chang Yi-Hsuan , Tsai Ho-Yang , Chou Yu-Chi , Hsueh Yi-Ping , Tsai Ching-Yen , Huang Pau-Yi , Chang Sui-Yuan , Chao Tai-Ling , Kao Han-Chieh , Tsai Ya-Min , Chen Yen-Hui , Wu Chung-Yi , Jan Jia-Tsrong , Cheng Ting-Jen Rachel , Lin Kuo-I , Ma Che , Wong Chi-Huey
Published: May 2021

A major challenge to end the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is to develop a broadly protective vaccine. As the key immunogen, the spike protein is frequently mutated with conserved epitopes shielded by glycans. Here, we reveal that spike glycosylation has site-differential effects on viral infectivity and lung epithelial cells generate spike with more infective glycoforms. Compared to the fully glycosylated spike, immunization of spike protein with N-glycans trimmed to the monoglycosylated state (Smg) elicits stronger immune responses and better protection for hACE2 transgenic mice against variants of concern. In addition, a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody was identified from the Smg immunized mice, demonstrating that removal of glycan shields to better expose the conserved sequences is an effective and simple approach to broad-spectrum vaccine development.

One-Sentence Summary

Removing glycan shields to expose conserved epitopes is an effective approach to develop a broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
The RIFF: an automated environment for studying the neural basis of auditory-guided complex behavior
Authors: Jankowski Maciej M. , Polterovich Ana , Kazakov Alex , Niediek Johannes , Nelken Israel
Published: May 2021

Behavior consists of the interaction between an organism and its environment, and is controlled by the brain. Brain activity varies at sub-second time scales, but behavioral measures are usually coarse (often consisting of only binary trial outcomes). To overcome this mismatch, we developed the RIFF: a programmable interactive arena for freely-moving rats with multiple feeding areas, multiple sound sources, high-resolution behavioral tracking, and simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. We describe two complex tasks implemented in the RIFF. Rats quickly learned these tasks and developed anticipatory behavior. Neurons in auditory cortex and posterior insula showed sensitivity to non-auditory parameters such as location and pose. Our combination of wireless electrophysiology and detailed behavioral documentation in a controlled environment produces insights into the cognitive capabilities and learning mechanisms of rats and opens the way to a better understanding of how brains control behavior.
Diffusion and interaction dynamics of the cytosolic peroxisomal import receptor PEX5
Authors: Galiani S , Reglinski K , Carravilla P , Barbotin A , Urbančič I , Ott J , Sehr J , Sezgin E , Schneider F , Waithe D , Hublitz P , Schliebs W , Erdmann R , Eggeling C
Published: May 2021

Measuring diffusion dynamics in living cells is essential for the understanding of molecular interactions. While various techniques have been used to explore such characteristics in the plasma membrane, this is less developed for measurements inside the cytosol. An example of cytosolic action is the import of proteins into peroxisomes, via the peroxisomal import receptor PEX5. Here, we combined advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and super-resolution STED microscopy to present a detailed characterization of the diffusion and interaction dynamics of PEX5. Among other features, we disclose a slow diffusion of PEX5, independent of aggregation or target binding, but associated with cytosolic interaction partners via its N-terminal domain. This sheds new light on the functionality of the receptor in the cytosol. Besides specific insights, our study highlights the potential of using complementary microscopy tools to decipher molecular interactions in the cytosol via studying their diffusion dynamics.

The peroxisomal import receptor PEX5 transports newly synthesized proteins from the cytosol to the peroxisomal matrix. Here the cytosolic diffusion and interaction dynamics of PEX5 are characterized by advanced microscopic spectroscopy methods, revealing a so far unknown interaction partner.
Expansion of the prime editing modality with Cas9 from Francisella novicida
Authors: Oh Yeounsun , Lee Wi-jae , Kim Hanseop , Gwon Lee Wha , Kim Young-Hyun , Park Young-Ho , Kim Chan Hyoung , Lim Kyung-Seob , Song Bong-Seok , Huh Jae-Won , Kim Sun-Uk , Jun Bong-Hyun , Jung Cheulhee , Lee Seung Hwan
Published: May 2021

Prime editing can induce a desired base substitution, insertion, or deletion in a target gene using reverse transcriptase (RT) after nick formation by CRISPR nickase. In this study, we developed a technology that can be used to insert or replace external bases in the target DNA sequence by linking reverse transcriptase to the Francisella novicida Cas 9 [FnCas9(H969A)] nickase module, which is a CRISPR-Cas9 ortholog. Using FnCas9(H969A) nickase, the targeting limitation of existing Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nickase [SpCas9(H840A)]-based prime editing was dramatically extended, and accurate prime editing was induced specifically for the target genes.
Plasticity of olfactory bulb inputs mediated by dendritic NMDA-spikes in piriform cortex
Authors: Kumar Amit , Barkai Edi , Schiller Jackie
Published: May 2021

The piriform cortex (PCx) is essential for learning of odor information. The current view postulates odor learning in the PCx is mainly due to plasticity in intracortical (IC) synapses, while odor information from the olfactory bulb carried via the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) is “hardwired”. Here we revisit this notion by studying location and pathway dependent plasticity rules. We find that in contrast to the prevailing view, synaptic and optogenetically activated LOT synapses undergo strong and robust long-term potentiation (LTP) mediated by only few local NMDA-spikes delivered at theta frequency, while global spike timing dependent plasticity protocols (STDP) failed to induce LTP in these distal synapses. An inverse result was observed for more proximal apical IC synapses; they undergo plasticity with STDP but are refractive to local NMDA-spike protocols. These results are consistent with a self-potentiating mechanism of odor information via NMDA-spikes which can form branch-specific memory traces of odors.
Force and stepwise movements of gliding motility in human pathogenic bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Mizutani Masaki , Sasajima Yuya , Miyata Makoto
Published: May 2021

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a human pathogenic bacterium, binds to sialylated oligosaccharides and glides on host cell surfaces via a unique mechanism. Gliding motility is essential for initiating the infectious process. In the present study, we measured the stall force of an M. pneumoniae cell carrying a bead that was manipulated using optical tweezers on two strains. The stall forces of M129 and FH strains were averaged to be 23.7 and 19.7 pN, respectively, much weaker than those of other bacterial surface motilities. The binding activity and gliding speed of the M129 strain on sialylated oligosaccharides were eight and two times higher than those of the FH strain, respectively, showing that binding activity is not linked to gliding force. Gliding speed decreased when cell binding was reduced by addition of free sialylated oligosaccharides, indicating the existence of a drag force during gliding. We detected stepwise movements, likely caused by a single leg under 0.2–0.3 mM free sialylated oligosaccharides. A step size of 14–19 nm showed that 25–35 propulsion steps per second are required to achieve the usual gliding speed. The step size was reduced to less than half with the load applied using optical tweezers, showing that a 2.5 pN force from a cell is exerted on a leg. The work performed in this step was 16%–30% of the free energy of the hydrolysis of ATP molecules, suggesting that this step is linked to the elementary process of M. pneumoniae gliding.

IMPORTANCE

Human mycoplasma pneumonia is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This tiny bacterium, shaped like a missile, binds to human epithelial surfaces and spreads using a unique gliding mechanism to establish infection. Here, we analyzed the movements and force of this motility using a special setup: optical tweezers. We then obtained detailed mechanical data to understand this mechanism. Furthermore, we succeeded in detecting small steps of nanometers in its gliding, which is likely linked to the elementary process of the core reaction: chemical to mechanical energy conversion. These data provide critical information to both control this human pathogen and explore new ideas for artificial molecular machines.
Loss of Resf1 reduces the efficiency of embryonic stem cell self-renewal and germline entry
Authors: Vojtek Matúš , Chambers Ian
Published: May 2021

Retroelement silencing factor 1 (RESF1) interacts with the key regulators of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) OCT4 and NANOG, and its absence results in sterility of mice. However, the function of RESF1 in ESCs and germ line specification is poorly understood. In this study, we used Resf1 knockout cell lines to determine the requirements of RESF1 for ESCs self-renewal and for in vitro specification of ESCs into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs). We found that deletion of Resf1 in ESCs cultured in serum and LIF reduces self-renewal potential whereas episomal expression of RESF1 has a modest positive effect on ESC self-renewal. In addition, RESF1 is not required for the capacity of NANOG and its downstream target ESRRB to drive self-renewal in the absence of LIF. However, Resf1 deletion reduces efficiency of PGCLC differentiation in vitro. These results identify Resf1 as a novel player in the regulation of pluripotent stem cells and germ cell specification.
spatzie: An R package for identifying significant transcription factor motif co-enrichment from enhancer-promoter interactions
Authors: Hammelman Jennifer , Krismer Konstantin , Gifford David K.
Published: May 2021

Genomic interactions provide important context to our understanding of the state of the genome. One question is whether specific transcription factor interactions give rise to genome organization. We introduce spatzie, an R package and a website that implements statistical tests for significant transcription factor motif cooperativity between enhancer-promoter interactions. We conducted controlled experiments under realistic simulated data from ChIP-seq to confirm spatzie is capable of discovering co-enriched motif interactions even in noisy conditions. We then use spatzie to investigate cell type specific transcription factor cooperativity within recent human ChIA-PET enhancer-promoter interaction data. The method is available online at https://spatzie.mit.edu.
A photo-switchable yeast isocitrate dehydrogenase to control metabolic flux through the citric acid cycle
Authors: Chen Haoqi , Mulder Lianne , Wijma Hein J. , Wabeke Ronja , Losa Jose Pedro Vila Cha , Rovetta Mattia , de Leeuw Tijn Caspar , Millias-Argeitis Andreas , Heinemann Matthias
Published: May 2021

For various research questions in metabolism, it is highly desirable to have means available, with which the flux through specific pathways can be perturbed dynamically, in a reversible manner, and at a timescale that is consistent with the fast turnover rates of metabolism. Optogenetics, in principle, offers such possibility. Here, we developed an initial version of a photo-switchable isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) aimed at controlling the metabolic flux through the citric acid cycle in budding yeast. By inserting a protein-based light switch (LOV2) into computationally identified active/regulatory-coupled sites of IDH and by using in vivo screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we obtained a number of IDH enzymes whose activity can be switched by light. Subsequent in-vivo characterization and optimization resulted in an initial version of photo-switchable (PS) IDH. While further improvements of the enzyme are necessary, our study demonstrates the efficacy of the overall approach from computational design, via in vivo screening and characterization. It also represents one of the first few examples, where optogenetics were used to control the activity of a metabolic enzyme.
Conformational Changes of RORγ During Response Element Recognition and Coregulator Engagement
Authors: Strutzenberg Timothy S. , Novick Scott J. , Garcia-Ordonez Ruben D. , Doebelin Christelle , He Yuanjun , Chang Mi Ra , Kamenecka Theodore M. , Griffin Patrick R.
Published: May 2021

The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the nuclear receptor super family that underpins metabolic activity, immune function, and cancer progression. Despite being a valuable drug target in health and disease, our understanding of the ligand-dependent activities of RORγ is far from complete. Like most nuclear receptors, RORγ must recruit coregulatory protein to enact the RORγ target gene program. To date, a majority of structural studies have been focused exclusively on the RORγ ligand-binding domain and the ligand-dependent recruitment of small peptide segments of coregulators. Herein, we examine the ligand-dependent assembly of full length RORγ:coregulator complexes on cognate DNA response elements using structural proteomics and small angle x-ray scattering. The results from our studies suggest that RORγ becomes elongated upon DNA recognition, preventing long range interdomain crosstalk. We also determined that the DNA binding domain adopts a sequence-specific conformation, and that coregulatory proteins may be able to ‘sense’ the ligand- and DNA-bound status of RORγ. We propose a model where ligand-dependent coregulator recruitment may be influenced by the sequence of the DNA to which RORγ is bound. Overall, the efforts described herein will illuminate important aspects of full length RORγ and monomeric orphan nuclear receptor target gene regulation through DNA-dependent conformational changes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent synthesis of PtdIns(3,4)P2 by a phosphotransferase
Authors: Walpole Glenn F. W. , Pacheco Jonathan , Chauhan Neha , Abbas Yazan M. , Montaño-Rendón Fernando , Liu Zetao , Zhu Hongxian , Brumell John H. , Deiters Alexander , Hammond Gerald R.V. , Grinstein Sergio , Fairn Gregory D.
Published: May 2021

Despite their comparatively low abundance, phosphoinositides play a central role in membrane traffic and signalling. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are uniquely important, as they promote cell growth, survival, and migration. Pathogenic organisms have developed means to subvert phosphoinositide metabolism to promote successful infection and their survival within host organisms. We demonstrate that PtdIns(3,4)P2 is generated in host cells by effectors of the enteropathogenic bacteria Salmonella and Shigella. Pharmacological, gene silencing and heterologous expression experiments revealed that, remarkably, the biosynthesis of PtdIns(3,4)P2 occurs independently of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Instead, we found that the Salmonella effector SopB, heretofore believed to be a phosphatase, generates PtdIns(3,4)P2de novo via a phosphotransferase/phosphoisomerase mechanism. Recombinant SopB is capable of generating PtdIns(3,4)P2 from PtdIns(4,5)P2 in a cell-free system. Through a remarkable instance of convergent evolution, bacterial effectors acquired the ability to synthesize 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides by an ATP- and kinase-independent mechanism, thereby subverting host signaling to gain entry and even provoke oncogenic transformation.
Distinct allosteric mechanisms of first-generation MsbA inhibitors
Authors: Thélot François A. , Zhang Wenyi , Song KangKang , Xu Chen , Huang Jing , Liao Maofu
Published: May 2021

Present in all kingdoms of life, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple ATP hydrolysis to mechanical force and facilitate trafficking of diverse substrates across biological membranes. Although many ABC transporters are promising drug targets, their mechanisms of regulation by small molecule inhibitors remain largely unknown. Herein, we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flippase MsbA, a prototypical ABC exporter, as a model system to probe mechanisms of allosteric modulation by compounds binding to the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Recent chemical screens have identified intriguing LPS transport inhibitors targeting MsbA: the ATPase stimulator TBT1 and the ATPase inhibitor G247. Despite preliminary biochemical and structural data, it is unclear how TBT1 and G247 bind to the MsbA TMDs yet induce opposite allosteric effect in the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Through single-particle EM, mutagenesis and activity assay, we show that TBT1 and G247 bind adjacent yet separate locations in the TMDs, inducing drastic changes in TMD conformation and NBD positioning. Two TBT1 molecules asymmetrically occupy the LPS binding site to break the symmetry of MsbA, resulting in disordered transmembrane helices and decreased NBD distance. In this novel inhibited ABC transporter state, decreased distance between the NBDs causes stimulation of ATP hydrolysis yet LPS transport blockage. In contrast, G247 acts as a TMDs wedge, symmetrically increasing NBD separation and preventing conformational transition of MsbA. Our study uncovers the distinct mechanisms of the first-generation MsbA-specific inhibitors and demonstrates that rational design of substrate-mimicking compounds can be exploited to develop useful ABC transporter modulators.
Novel Ba2+ and Pb2+ metal–organic frameworks based on a semi-rigid tetracarboxylic acid: syntheses, structures, topologies and luminescence properties
Authors: Sun Yanwen , Chen Zhen , Wang Xiaozhong , Wang Lei , Yang Xue , Liang Xiaoting , Fan Shuangshuang , Zhang Peiran
Published: May 2021

Multidentate carboxylate ligands have been widely used in the construction of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) owing to the rich variety of their coordination modes, which can lead to crystalline products with interesting structures and properties. Two new main-group MOFs, namely, poly[[di-μ-aqua-diaqua(dimethylformamide)[μ7-5,5′-methylenebis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylato)]dibarium(II)] trihydrate], {[Ba2(C23H20O8)(C3H7NO)(H2O)4]·3H2O}
n
or {[Ba2(BTMIPA)(DMF)(H2O)4]·3H2O}
n
(1), and poly[[diaqua[μ6-5,5′-methylenebis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylato)]dilead(II)] 2.5-hydrate], {[Pb2(C23H20O8)(H2O)2]·2.5H2O}
n
or {[Pb2(BTMIPA)(H2O)2]·2.5H2O}
n
(2), were prepared by the self-assembly of metal salts with the semi-rigid tetracarboxylic acid ligand 5,5′-methylenebis(2,4,6-trimethylisophthalic acid) (H4BTMIPA). Both structures were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Complex 1 reveals a three-dimensional (3D)
flu
network formed via bridging tetranuclear secondary building units (SBUs) and complex 2 displays a 3D framework with an
sqp
topology based on one-dimensional metal chains. The BTMIPA4− ligands adopt a rare coordination mode in 2, although the ligands in both 1 and 2 are X-shaped. The luminescence properties of both complexes were investigated in the solid state.
Applying sentiment analytics to examine social media crises: a case study of United Airline's crisis in 2017
Authors: Tian Xin , He Wu , Wang Feng-Kwei
Published: May 2021

Purpose

In recent years, social media crises occurred more and more often, which negatively affect the reputations of individuals, businesses and communities. During each crisis, numerous users either participated in online discussion or widely spread crisis-related information to their friends and followers on social media. By applying sentiment analysis to study a social media crisis of airline carriers, the purpose of this research is to help companies take measure against social media crises.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used sentiment analytics to examine a social media crisis related to airline carriers. The arousal, valence, negative, positive and eight emotional sentiments were applied to analyze social media data collected from Twitter.

Findings

This research study found that social media sentiment analysis is useful to monitor public reaction after a social media crisis arises. The sentiment results are able to reflect the development of social media crises quite well. Proper and timely response strategies to a crisis can mitigate the crisis through effective communication with the customers and the public.

Originality/value

This study used the Affective Norms of English Words (ANEW) dictionary to classify the words in social media data and assigned the words with two elements to measure the emotions: valence and arousal. The intensity of the sentiment determines the public reaction to a social media crisis. An opinion-oriented information system is proposed as a solution for resolving a social media crisis in the paper.
Leadership on the run: time management among deputy ministers in Canada
Authors: Dutil Patrice , Migone Andrea Riccardo
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The authors examine the time allocation and management of deputy ministers (DMs) in Canada.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors analyze the results from a 2020 survey of DMs.

Findings

The authors observe that, like private sector leaders, DMs work very long hours and tend to allocate their time fairly consistently across functions. Nevertheless, important differences exist particularly depending on the size of their department.

Research limitations/implications

While a substantial percentage of answers were returned, these skew toward provincial rather than federal public servants and not all jurisdictions are equally represented.

Practical implications

The distribution of areas of focus for DMs and their time allocation differences speak to potentially important discussions to be had in time management practice.

Originality/value

This is the first and only analysis of time management for senior public service executives based on a survey instrument.
What citizens experience and how omni-channel could help–insights from a building permit case
Authors: Schenk Birgit , Dolata Mateusz , Schwabe Christiane , Schwabe Gerhard
Published: May 2021

Purpose

By increasing the digitalization of commercial services citizens' expect more from public services. First of all, this study will strive to identify which problems citizens encounter when they use a complex public service: preparation of an application for a building permit. In the light of the popularity of omnichannel approaches, the study then explores how omni-channel could help to address the problems which have been identified.

Design/methodology/approach

We implement the first phases of an action design science research project. We collect data both from citizens and public agencies and frame them as transparency problems. These abstract problems are then addressed by an omnichannel service provision as an abstract solution. The abstract solution is then instantiated in a design in the form of a user scenario developed in collaboration with current and future public officials.

Findings

The analysis uncovers multiple transparency issues: it distinguishes between process, case, language, cross-channel and cost transparency. One root cause of the transparency issues observed is the lack of service transparency which defines the purpose and scope of a ser-vice. We therefore recommend defining a service-strategy before informational and technical aspects of an omnichannel approach can be implemented. Following this strategy, omnichannel offers public administrations unique opportunities to excel in citizens' service provision.

Originality/value

The study provides insights into how citizens view complex public services. For researchers, this study offers the conceptualization as transparency issues. Practitioners from the public administrations can also benefit from the concept and vision of omnichannel public services.
The effect of social media use on empathy and welling: a personality perspective in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albashrawi Mousa , Asiri Yousef , Binsawad Muhammad , Alqahtani Latifah
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of social media use on both empathy and well-being through using a five-factor model (FFM) of personality in the context of Saudi Arabia.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from the 13 regions in Saudi Arabia. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure the reliability and validity of the study’s constructs and a structural equation modeling technique was applied to test the study hypotheses.

Findings

With a sample of 450 users, the regression results indicate a less significant relationship between personality and social media use, as well as between personality and affective empathy, while a more significant relationship between personality and cognitive empathy. Also, individuals’ well-being are influenced directly by the heavy use of social media.

Research limitations/implications

The cross-sectional design used in this research may not be able to provide the true essence of the hypothesized relationships compared to the cause-effect design. This study furthers the understanding of the role of personality on empathy and well-being in social media among Saudis from one side and provides insights to professionals for better improvement of social media and so better individuals’ well-being from the other side.

Originality/value

This paper fills an untapped gap in a developing country context by exploring the relationship between the usage of social media and the two dimensions of empathy, which, in turn, influence well-being under the theoretical lens of an FFM personality.
Intention to leave public accounting profession in Tunisia: a qualitative study
Authors: Akrout Onsa , Damak Ayadi Salma
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The present work aimed to enhance the understanding of professional turnover intentions of accounting professionals by exploring their attitudes towards this phenomenon in an emerging economy (Tunisia).

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory research was conducted using a narrative approach (episodic interviewing) after having interviewed accounting professionals. Data were analysed with the thematic coding method using NVivo software based on the push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework. Based on this analysis, four types of professionals were identified.

Findings

The interconnections among PPM factors, which are different from one type of professionals to another, play a vital role in whether a professional intends to leave the accounting profession or not. All four types of professionals perceived unpleasant facets of the public practice environment (push factors) and manifested a tendency to switch to available job opportunities (pull factors). Nevertheless, the latitude for profession change, for the third and the fourth types who perceived the professional experience differently, is restricted by mooring factors. That is not the case for the first type of professionals who have already left public accounting and the second type who intend to quit the profession, as we did not find any mooring factors.

Research limitations/implications

This study explored the attitudes of accounting professionals towards professional turnover intention. A deeper insight into the views of the academics and theOrdre des Experts Comptables de Tunisie(OECT) might help understand this phenomenon.

Practical implications

Understanding the relative impact of push, pull and mooring allows the accounting professionals to determine their attitudes towards the intention to leave the profession. This enables firms to develop more effective programmes to retain valued accounting human resources. The findings highlight that the professional associations should promote the values the profession brings to the community through nationwide public awareness campaigns and enhance career opportunities by providing more branches of activity within the profession.

Originality/value

The paper responds to calls for further examination of factors behind professional turnover intention at a time when high rates of turnover were observed among accounting professionals. Also, the cultural context of Tunisia helps explain our findings.
Effects of a mobile health diabetes self-management program on HbA1C, self-management and patient satisfaction in adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Riangkam Chontira , Sriyuktasuth Aurawamon , Pongthavornkamol Kanaungnit , Kusakunniran Worapan , Sriwijitkamol Apiradee
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to examine the effects of a three-month mobile health diabetes self-management program (MHDSMP) on glycemic control, diabetes self-management (DSM) behaviors and patient satisfaction in adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Thailand.

Design/methodology/approach

This was a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial among 129 adults with uncontrolled T2DM who attended the medical outpatient department in a medical center. The participants were randomly assigned to the three study groups (n = 43 per group), including MHDSMP, telephone follow-up (TF) and usual care (UC). MHDSMP encompassed four components, including DSM engagement, DSM mobile application, motivational text messages and telephone coaching. Outcomes were evaluated at three-month end-of-study by using HbA1C and response to the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) and the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

Findings

The findings revealed that at the end-of-study, HbA1C decreased from 7.80 to 7.17% (p < 0.001) in MHDSMP group, from 7.72 to 7.65% (p = 0.468) in TF group, and from 7.89 to 7.72% (p = 0.074) in UC group. Significantly higher SDSCA and CSQ-8 scores were also observed in MHDSMP compared to TF and UC groups (F = 12.283, F = 19.541, F = 8.552, p < 0.001, respectively).

Originality/value

This study demonstrated that MHDSMP adjunct with usual care is beneficial for patient outcomes in adults with uncontrolled T2DM in Thailand, compared to TF and UC groups.
Investment treaties and national sovereignty: latest developments
Authors: Karas Martin , Brocková Katarína
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it identifies the latest trends in investment treaty making and determines the degree to which these trends affect the regulatory space of nation states. Second, it situates the conflict between investment protection and national sovereignty on the level of investment treaties within the wider theoretical framework of the debate between neoliberalism and neorealism in the field of international relations.

Design/methodology/approach

This research paper uses qualitative content analysis of international investment treaties with the aim of comparing a sample of new investment treaties with a sample of treaties from a previous generation.

Findings

The findings of the paper indicate that the language of investment treaties signed recently tends to promote greater regulatory space for the nation states compared to previous generation of treaties. However, the analysis also suggests that the changes still offer significant leeway to investment tribunals in interpreting the new treaty language, which could mean that the move towards greater national sovereignty in international investment law will not be as significant as many suggest.

Originality/value

Originality of the paper consists mainly in explicit connection it makes between international investment law and the debate between neorealism and neoliberalism in international relations theory.
Nature engagement for human and nature’s well-being during the Corona pandemic
Authors: Richardson Miles , Hamlin Iain
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To explore the associations between noticing nature, nature connectedness, time in nature and human and nature’s well-being during the corona pandemic restrictions.

Design/methodology/approach

Natural England’s people and nature survey (PANS) data (n = 4,206) from the UK was used to assess a number of well-being outcomes (loneliness, life satisfaction, worthwhile life and happiness) and pro-nature behaviours as a function of longer-term physical time in nature and psychological connectedness to nature and shorter-term visits and noticing of nature.

Findings

Longer-term factors of nature connectedness and time in nature were both consistent significant predictors of well-being measures (apart from loneliness) and pro-nature conservation behaviours. Considered alone short-term visits and noticing were again consistent and significant predictors of three well-being measures, but recent visits to nature were not associated with pro-nature conservation behaviours. A combined regression highlighted the importance of a longer-term relationship with nature in all outcomes apart from loneliness but also revealed that even when considered in concert with longer-term factors, currently noticing nature had a role in feeling one’s life was worthwhile, pro-nature behaviours and loneliness.

Originality/value

The closeness of the human-nature relationship and noticing nature have rarely been examined in concert with nature visits. Further, the reciprocal benefits of pro-nature behaviours are often overlooked.
The influence of foreign direct investment on the urban–rural income gap: evidence from China
Authors: Song Ying , Zhang Yi , Wang Yafei , Zhang Bowen , Su Jiafu
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Taking 30 provincial samples from 2001 to 2017 in mainland China as the research objects, this paper aims to evaluate the impact and effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the urban–rural income gap and reveals heterogeneity across regions.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, the Theil index is used to measure the income gap between 30 provinces in mainland China from 2001 to 2017, then the spatial econometric model is used to empirically test the impact of foreign direct investment on China’s urban–rural income gap and its heterogeneity across regions. Finally, a robustness test is performed.

Findings

The results show that there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between FDI and the urban–rural income gap in China. That is, FDI expands the urban–rural income gap in the short term and helps to converge it in the long term. In the eastern region, FDI has a convergence effect on the urban–rural income gap in the short term, which increases the long term. However, in the central and western regions, the relationship between FDI and urban–rural income gap has a weak inverted U shape.

Originality/value

By assessing the impact of FDI on the urban–rural income gap, this work provides decision-making support for China and other developing countries to improve investment policies and income distribution policies.
The effect of calorie restricted diet on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: Sazali Muhammad Fakhruddin Irfan , Abdullah Hilmy Maleeka , Shari Norshafarina , Herawati Lilik , Nordin Nurul Izza , Othman Zulhabri
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Calorie restricted diets are known to improve health and promote healthy aging. This happens because of controlled inflammation and metabolism in the body. This study aims to evaluate the differences in anthropometric and biochemical parameters in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats because of consumption of a calorie restricted diet.

Design/methodology/approach

The study divided SD rats (n = 15) into 3 groups consuming high calorie intake (HCI), medium calorie intake and low calorie intake (LCI). Anthropometric parameters were determined through measurement of abdominal circumference (AC), thoracic circumference (TC), body length and body weight (BW). Biochemical parameters analyzed in this study were fasting blood glucose level and full blood lipid profile. Nutritional status was obtained based on food consumption, energy intake (EI) and food efficiency rate. Measurements were taken for a period of four weeks.

Findings

Analysis on anthropometric parameters indicates a significant difference in mean BW between HCI (230.44 ± 1.47 g) and LCI (188.54 ± 1.50 g). There is a significant difference in abdominal TC ratio (p < 0.001; F = 13.599) in the LCI group (1.01 ± 0.00714) compared to the HCI group (1.04 ± 0.00858). Post hoc for nutrition parameters indicates a significant difference in mean EI between HCI (9.71 ± 0.006 kJ) and LCI (3.21 ± 0.001 kJ). There is a significant effect (p < 0.0001; F = 3042872.02) of EI on rats in all three groups. HDL levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001; F = 1536.89) in the LCI group (68.60 ± 0.55 mg/dL) compared to the HCI group (49.40 ± 0.55 mg/dL). The Pearson’s correlation results show a strong positive correlation in EI with BW (p < 0.01; r = 0.988), AC (p < 0.01; r = 0.970) and body mass index (p < 0.01; r = 0.972).

Originality/value

Low calorie diet has been proven to affect anthropometric development and has shown improvements in biochemical parameters of the rats. This may result in healthy aging which could prevent later-life diseases.
Comprehensive nutritional assessment of frail older adults and a tailored protein-enhanced diet as a way to improve the nutritional status
Authors: Jaroch Alina , Kozakiewicz Mariusz , Kowalkowska Alicja , Główczewska-Siedlecka Emilia , Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome which can be reversible or less severe through appropriate nutritional interventions. In the present study, to test the efficiency of individualized nutritional intervention was conducted a comprehensive assessment of the nutritional status of frail older adults and evaluation of the effect of nutritional intervention on the nutritional status of pre-frail older patients.

Design/methodology/approach

Frail older adults (n = 43; mean age 84.6 ± 6.4 years old; 81.4% women) had nutritional status assessed using nutritional anthropometry, body composition, and food frequency questionnaire. Pre-frail patients (n = 16; mean age 68.4 ± 5.5 years old; 81.3% women) for eight weeks were consuming 1.0 g protein/kg BW/day. Robust older adults formed a control group (n = 29; mean age 69.3 ± 5.3 years old; 82.8% women).

Findings

Frail older adults had weight and muscle mass loss, and their diet variety was sufficient. After the intervention, pre-frail patients increased their protein consumption by 25.8% (P = 0.002). An increase in lean body mass (+1.0 kg), skeletal muscle mass (+0.3 kg) and improvement in physical performance was also observed.

Originality/value

An individual diet for pre-frail older adults can reverse weight loss and increase lean body mass, furthermore preventing or delaying the development of frailty syndrome. Moreover, increased protein consumption improves physical performance of pre-frail older adults.
Smart city dynamics and multi-level management accounting: unfolding a case of sustainable enterprise resource planning
Authors: Alsaid Loai Ali Zeenalabden Ali
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aims to explore the complex, multi-level institutional dynamics of smart city reforms and projects and their potential sustainability pressures on the implementation of a management accounting system in an Egyptian state-owned enterprise (SOE), which has a politically sensitive institutional character.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adds to institutional management accounting research using a multi-level perspective of institutional dynamics in the smart city context. Data were collected from an interpretive case study of an Egyptian SOE that was under socio-political sustainability pressures to implement a smart electricity network project in New Minya city.

Findings

Smart city projects have formed social and political sustainability pressures, which introduced the enterprise resource planning (ERP) network as a new management accounting system. A new (complex and multi-level) management accounting system was invented to reinvent the sustainable city as an “accounting city” (which appeared rhetorically as a “smart city”). “Smart” being the visibility and measurability of the sustainability performance of the collective body, which calls the city and its connectivity to different institutional levels brought out in a city network project for the ERP-enabled electricity distribution.

Research limitations/implications

This study examines a single case study from a single smart city and identifies the accounting community’s need for multiple and comparative case studies to further analyse the potential impact of smart city reforms and projects on the sustainable implementation of management accounting systems.

Practical implications

City policymakers and managers may benefit from the practical findings of this interpretive field-based case study in planning, implementing and monitoring smart city projects and objectives.

Social implications

Individual and collective well-being may be enhanced through new management accounting forms of multi-level local governance and increased political, field and organisational sustainability.

Originality/value

This study provides important insights into the sustainability dynamics of management accounting in achieving smart city reforms. The achievement of sustainability management accounting systems has connected to multiple ERP roles at different institutional levels, which resulted in accommodating the socio-political objectives of smart city projects.