bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hull fouling marine invasive species pose a very low, but plausible, risk of introduction to East Antarctica in climate change scenarios
Authors: Holland Oakes , Shaw Justine , Stark Jonathan S. , Wilson Kerrie A.
Published: February 2021

Aims

To identify potential hull fouling marine invasive species that could survive in East Antarctica presently and in the future.

Location

Australia's Antarctic continental stations: Davis, Mawson and Casey, East Antarctica; and subantarctic islands: Macquarie Island and Heard and McDonald Islands.

Methods

Our study uses a novel machine‐learning algorithm to predict which currently known hull fouling MIS could survive in shallow benthic ecosystems adjacent to Australian Antarctic research stations and subantarctic islands, where ship traffic is present. We used gradient boosted machine learning (XGBoost) with four important environmental variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, nitrate and pH) to develop models of suitable environments for each potentially invasive species. We then used these models to determine if any of Australia's three Antarctic research stations and two subantarctic islands could be environmentally suitable for MIS now and under two future climate scenarios.

Results

Most of the species were predicted to be unable to survive at any location between now and the end of this century; however, four species were identified as potential current threats and five as threats under future climate change. Asterias amurensis was identified as a potential threat to all locations.

Main conclusions

This study suggests that the risks are very low, but plausible, that known hull fouling species could survive in the shallow benthic habitats near Australia's East Antarctica locations and suggest a precautionary approach is needed by way of surveillance and monitoring in this region, particularly if propagule pressure increases. While some species could survive as adults in the region, their ability to reach these locations and undergo successful reproduction is considered unlikely based on current knowledge.
Pulmonary valve assessment by three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Taskesen Tuncay , Gill Edward A.
Published: February 2021

The pulmonary valve (PV) has historically been ignored by imaging studies. Disorders of the PV encountered in adult cardiac patients are increasingly encountered due to advanced care of patients with congenital heart disease and associated PV diseases. Despite advances in PV imaging, multiple challenges remain when it comes to obtaining high quality PV images. While 2D TTE is the usual initial imaging tool for PV, excellent views of the PV annulus and its one or two leaflets are obtained in less than half of patients. The 3D echocardiography en face view allows all three leaflets to be evaluated concurrently, as well as assessments of the RV outflow tract and main pulmonary artery, which has improved quantitative assessment of PV diseases. Increasing image quality and experience with live/real time 3D TEE amplifies its utility in accurate evaluation and helps guide and monitor successful percutaneous PV interventions. 2D TTE remains the first line diagnostic tool; however, 3D TTE and 3D TEE provide better image quality which increases diagnostic accuracy and guidance to therapy. In this review article, we stress improvement in 3D echocardiography and its role in diagnostic and therapeutic options for PV diseases.
Treatment decision‐making needs among emerging adults with early psychosis
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth C. , Suarez John , Lucksted Alicia , Siminoff Laura , Hurford Irene , Dixon Lisa , O'Connell Maria , Salzer Mark
Published: February 2021

Aim

Many emerging adults disengage from early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services prematurely. Service disengagement may be in part due to having unresolved treatment decision‐making needs about use of mental health services. A basic understanding of the decision‐making needs of this population is lacking. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the range of treatment decisions that emerging adults face during their initial engagement in an EIP program and elucidate barriers and facilitators to decision‐making.

Methods

Twenty emerging adults with early psychosis were administered semistructured interviews to capture treatment decision‐making experiences during the first six months after enrolment in an EIP program. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Responses were independently coded by two authors using an integrated thematic analysis approach; differences in coding were discussed to consensus. Data analysis was facilitated using NVivo 12 Plus.

Results

Emerging adults identified numerous decisions faced after EIP enrolment. Decisions pertaining to life and treatment goals and to starting and continuing psychiatric medication were commonly selected as the most difficult/complicated. Decision‐making barriers included not having the right amount or type of information/knowledge, social factors (e.g., lacking social support, opposition/pressure), lacking internal resources (e.g., cognitive and communication skills, self‐efficacy, motivation) and unappealing options. Obtaining information/knowledge, social supports (e.g., connection/trust, learning from others' experiences, encouragement), considering personal values, and time were decision‐making facilitators.

Conclusions

This study informs development and optimization of interventions to support decision‐making among emerging adults with early psychosis, which may promote service engagement.
Brokers of international student mobility: The roles and processes of education agents in China
Authors: Feng Siyuan , Horta Hugo
Published: February 2021

The study on which this article reports explored the role of education agents in international student mobility, developing a better understanding of how they operate, behave and think when dealing with the admissions processes of universities overseas. The behaviours and reasoning, the modus operandi, and positioning of education agents are analysed using agency theory; specifically, the information‐asymmetric relations that they have with the principals they serve. The context analysed was characterised by two types of admissions practices: (a) direct admissions to the university without the need for any preparatory courses and (b) dual admissions involving enrolment in the host universities' preparatory language centres before university enrolment proper. Students and their families are principals in both types of admissions processes, whereas universities overseas serve as a principal in the dual admissions process. The findings demonstrate a mix of transparent practices and those that border to unethical practices in international university admissions services, as well as student dependence on service providing agents who operate free from accountability. Agents are identified as a cog in the machine of international higher education, which increasingly works as a mechanism of socioeconomic reproduction.
Single‐trial regression of spatial exploration behavior indicates posterior EEG alpha modulation to reflect egocentric coding
Authors: Gehrke Lukas , Gramann Klaus
Published: February 2021

Learning to navigate uncharted terrain is a key cognitive ability that emerges as a deeply embodied process, with eye movements and locomotion proving most useful to sample the environment. We studied healthy human participants during active spatial learning of room‐scale virtual reality (VR) mazes. In the invisible maze task, participants wearing a wireless electroencephalography (EEG) headset were free to explore their surroundings, only given the objective to build and foster a mental spatial representation of their environment. Spatial uncertainty was resolved by touching otherwise invisible walls that were briefly rendered visible inside VR, similar to finding your way in the dark. We showcase the capabilities of mobile brain/body imaging using VR, demonstrating several analysis approaches based on general linear models (GLMs) to reveal behavior‐dependent brain dynamics. Confirming spatial learning via drawn sketch maps, we employed motion capture to image spatial exploration behavior describing a shift from initial exploration to subsequent exploitation of the mental representation. Using independent component analysis, the current work specifically targeted oscillations in response to wall touches reflecting isolated spatial learning events arising in deep posterior EEG sources located in the retrosplenial complex. Single‐trial regression identified significant modulation of alpha oscillations by the immediate, egocentric, exploration behavior. When encountering novel walls, as well as with increasing walking distance between subsequent touches when encountering novel walls, alpha power decreased. We conclude that these oscillations play a prominent role during egocentric evidencing of allocentric spatial hypotheses.
Knowing who we teach: Tracking attitudes and expectations of first‐year postsecondary language learners
Authors: Knouse Stephanie M. , Bessy Marianne , Longest Kyle C.
Published: February 2021

Given waning second language (L2) enrollments in K‐16 contexts, L2 programs must strive to understand their learners, as changes in their sociocultural environment can impact students' attitudes and, subsequently, their desire and ability to learn an L2. Thus, the authors conducted a two‐wave analysis of 68 first‐year L2 students' attitudes, dispositions, and expectations of L2 learning. Findings show that, as a group, first‐year students entered the postsecondary arena with positive dispositions. Analyzing students' traits and prior L2 experiences was a more illustrative way of predicting how their opinions evolved. Specifically, female gender, lack of pre‐high school L2 instruction, lack of travel experience in a country where the L2 is spoken, and enrollment in a 100‐level course were all found to negatively shape these attitudes over time. The authors contend that L2 programs should regularly analyze learners' dispositions along with their traits to better engage and retain first‐year postsecondary L2 students.
Aquatic exercise in patients with haemophilia: Electromyographic and functional results from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Feldberg Glenda , Ricciardi Janaína B. S. , Zorzi Alessandro R. , Colella Marina P. , Ozelo Margareth C.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Recurrent joint bleeds in haemophilia patients often cause musculoskeletal changes leading to functional capacity impairment.

Aim

In this study, we assessed the effects of aquatic activities performed to improve functional capacity in these patients.

Methods

The interventional protocol consisted of 24 hydrotherapy sessions during three months, in comparison with 24 swimming sessions. The pre‐ and post‐intervention assessment consisted of Functional Independence Score, haemophilia joint health score (HJHS), Pediatric Haemophilia Activities List (PedHAL), surface electromyography (SEMG) of thigh muscles to assess muscle electric activity, and load cell on extensor and flexor thigh muscles to evaluate muscular strength.

Results

Forty‐seven haemophilia patients were enrolled in this study, and 32 (23 severe haemophilia A, one moderate haemophilia A and 8 severe haemophilia B), median age 12y (6 to 40y), concluded the aquatic intervention. We observed a statistically significant increase with substantial improvement in functional capacity in the pre‐ and post‐intervention evaluation of hydrotherapy in comparison with the swimming protocol, with HJHS (p = .006 and p = .001 respectively), PedHAL (Sum score) (p = .022 and p = .001) and score FISH (p = .021). The swimming group revealed significant improvements in muscular strength, in all muscles tested (p = .005 and p = .001). SEMG signal amplitude reached significantly higher levels in all muscles evaluated after both interventions except for the vastus medialis (right) in the hydrotherapy group.

Conclusion

Our results concluded that both swimming and hydrotherapy were associated with physical improvement in haemophilia patients; however, only hydrotherapy lead to a more significant improvement in functional capacity.
Evidence of a disability paradox in patient‐reported outcomes in haemophilia
Authors: O’Hara Jamie , Martin Antony P. , Nugent Diane , Witkop Michelle , Buckner Tyler W. , Skinner Mark W. , O’Mahony Brian , Mulhern Brendan , Morgan George , Li Nanxin , Sawyer Eileen K.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

People with inherited and long‐term conditions such as haemophilia have been shown to adapt to their levels of disability, often reporting better quality of life (QoL) than expected from the general population (the disability paradox).

Aim

To investigate the disability paradox in people with haemophilia in the United States by examining preference differences in health state valuations versus the general population.

Methods

We conducted a discrete choice experiment including duration to capture valuations of health states based on patient‐reported preferences. Participants indicated their preferences for hypothetical health states using the EQ‐5D‐5L, where each participant completed 15 of the 120 choice tasks. Response inconsistencies were evaluated with dominated and repeated scenarios. Conditional‐logit regressions with random sampling of the general population responses were used to match the sample of patients with haemophilia. We compared model estimates and derived preferences associated with EQ‐5D‐5L health states.

Results

After removing respondents with response inconsistencies, 1327/2138 (62%) participants remained (177/283 haemophilia; 1150/1900 general population). Patients with haemophilia indicated higher preference value for 99% of EQ‐5D‐5L health states compared to the general population (when matched on age and gender). The mean health state valuation difference of 0.17 indicated a meaningful difference compared to a minimal clinically important difference threshold of 0.07. Results were consistent by haemophilia type and severity.

Conclusion

Our findings indicated the presence of a disability paradox among patients with haemophilia, who reported higher health states than the general population, suggesting the impact of haemophilia may be underestimated if general population value sets are used.
Isokinetic knee strength deficit in patients with moderate haemophilia
Authors: Fouasson‐Chailloux Alban , Maugars Yves , Trossaert Marc , Rannou François , Menu Pierre , Vinatier Claire , Guicheux Jérôme , Dauty Marc
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Knee joint bleedings are responsible for quadriceps atrophy and strength deficit in patients with severe haemophilia. Little is known about patients with moderate haemophilia (PWMH).

Aim

To evaluate isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings strength in PWMH and to assess correlation with radiological and clinical parameter.

Methods

18 PWMH aged 37.1 ± 11.4 and 18 healthy age‐, weight‐ and height‐matched controls performed a knee isokinetic test at 180°/s to assess quadriceps and hamstrings strength. In the PWMH group, knee Pettersson's score was pursued and Haemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 (HJHS) was performed to determine unaffected knees (knee HJHS = 0) and affected ones (knee HJHS >0).

Results

Affected knees had a decrease of quadriceps strength compared to controls, 1.26 ± 0.47 vs 1.64 ± 0.27 Nm/kg and a decrease of hamstring strength, 0.60 ± 0.29 vs 1.03 ± 0.21 Nm/kg, (P < 0.001). Unaffected knees also had a decrease of quadriceps strength compared to controls, 1.36 ± 0.31 vs 1.64 ± 0.27 Nm/kg and a decrease of hamstring strength, 0.69 ± 0.18 vs 1.03 ± 0.21 Nm/kg, (P < 0.001). The conventional hamstring‐to‐quadriceps ratio was significantly decreased in affected knees compared to controls, 0.46 ± 0.15 vs 0.64 ± 0.13 (P < 0.001) but also in unaffected knees, 0.53 ± 0.16 vs 0.64 ± 0.13 (P = 0.02).No correlation was found between strength and HJHS or Pettersson's score.

Conclusion

PWMH have a significant knee strength deficit, both on the quadriceps and the hamstrings, which is responsible for an important muscle imbalance.
Erenumab patient characteristics, medication adherence, and treatment patterns in the United States
Authors: Hines Dionne M. , Shah Shweta , Multani Jasjit K. , Wade Rolin L. , Buse Dawn C. , Bensink Mark
Published: February 2021

Objective

To describe patient characteristics, adherence, and treatment patterns, among adult migraine patients in the United States prescribed erenumab.

Background

Migraine is a highly prevalent and debilitating disease characterized by recurrent attacks of moderate to severe headache accompanied by non‐headache symptoms. Erenumab is a first‐in‐class calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor (CGRP‐R) antagonist indicated for migraine prophylaxis in adults.

Methods

This retrospective longitudinal cohort study used IQVIA’s open‐source longitudinal pharmacy (LRx) and medical (Dx) claims databases to identify adult migraine patients with an initial claim (index date) for erenumab between May 1, 2018 and April 30, 2019. Patients were required to have ≥180 days of follow‐up. Erenumab dosing patterns, persistence, and adherence (using medication possession ratio [MPR] and proportion of days covered [PDC]), and discontinuation of other commonly prescribed acute and prophylactic anti‐migraine therapies were assessed. Dose changes in acute therapies after initiation of erenumab were assessed in a subset of patients with an adequate trial of erenumab (≥2 additional erenumab claims within the 80 days following the index claim).

Results

A total of 64,174 patients met the study criteria. Mean (SD) age was 48 (13) years and 85.2% (n = 54,656) were female. The initial erenumab dose was 70 mg for the majority of patients (65.1%; n = 41,790); most (81.4%; n = 34,019) maintained their index dose during follow‐up. Overall, 30.8% (n = 19,797) of patients had a PDC ≥ 0.80 and 41.7% (n = 26,769) had a MPR ≥ 0.80. Discontinuation rates of acute and other prophylactic migraine therapies after initiation of erenumab (among users of the respective therapies) were 48.7% (22,965/47,190) and 36.1% (16,602/46,006), respectively. Dose decreases among triptan, ergot compound, opioid, and barbiturate users were observed after initiation of erenumab.

Conclusions

Almost all patients had prior use of acute or preventive therapy. Adherence to erenumab was higher than traditional oral prophylactic migraine therapies; however, overall adherence was still suboptimal. The decrease in use of acute and preventive prescription medications following initiation of erenumab suggests effectiveness in the real‐world setting.
Preliminary single‐center experience of Helicobacter pylori eradication among the liver transplant recipients
Authors: Xie Man , Li Qing , Zhang Bei , Zhang Qun , Tian Qiu‐Ju , Liu Hong , Zang Yun‐jin , Rao Wei
Published: February 2021

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among orthotopic liver transplant (LT) recipients and explore the efficacy and safety of H. pylori eradication therapy.

Methods

Liver transplant recipients receiving regular follow‐up in our center were assessed by 13C‐urea breath test between February 2018 and July 2020. A group of healthy tested patients were selected as control group at a rate of 1:3. All LT recipients with H. pylori were recommended to receive eradication therapy with bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (BQT), which included esomeprazole 20 mg + clarithromycin 500 mg + amoxicillin 1 g + bismuth 220 mg, twice daily for 14 days.

Results

The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the LT recipients was 19.6% (30/153), which was significantly lower than the control group (30/153 [19.6%] vs. 200/459 [43.6%], p < 0.001). In LT recipients who received transplantation at <1 year, 1–3 years, and >3 years, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 10.6% (5/47), 17.5% (10/57), and 30.6% (15/49), respectively, which increased with the time after transplantation (p = 0.04). With BQT, the eradication rate of H. pylori was 91.3% (21/23). During the process of eradication, the blood trough concentration of immunosuppressants increased from 1.7 to 3.6 times, and reducing the dose of the drugs to one‐third of what they were before the eradication therapy could avoid excessively elevated concentration of immunosuppressants. Adverse effects occurred in 55.2% (11/23), of the LT recipients and 21.0% (42/200) of the control group (p < 0.01), which was probably caused by the increased blood concentration of immunosuppressants. Normal liver function was observed, while transient abnormal kidney function was occurred in one recipient.

Conclusion

The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 19.6% among the LT recipients, which increased with the postoperative time. With BQT, H. pylori eradication was safe and effective in LT recipients.
A scoping Review of tools used to assess patient Complexity in rheumatic disease
Authors: Hawker Kara , Barnabe Cheryl , Barber Claire E.H.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Patients with rheumatic diseases often have multiple comorbidities which may impact well‐being leading to high psychosocial complexity. This scoping review was undertaken to identify complexity measures/tools used in rheumatology that could help in planning and coordinating care.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched from database inception to 14 December 2019 using keywords and Medical Subject Headings for “care coordination”, “complexity” and selected rheumatic diseases and known complexity measures/tools. Articles describing the development or use of complexity measures/tools in patients with adult rheumatologic diagnoses were included regardless of study design. Included articles were evaluated for risk of bias where applicable.

Results

The search yielded 407 articles, 37 underwent full‐text review and 2 were identified during a hand search with 9 included articles. Only 2 complexity tools used in populations of adult patients with rheumatic disease were identified: the SLENQ and the INTERMED. The SLENQ is a 97‐item patient needs questionnaire developed for patients with systemic lupus (n = 1 study describing tool development) and applied in 5 cross‐sectional studies. Three studies (a practice article, trial and a cross‐sectional study) applied the INTERMED, a clinical interview to ascertain complexity and support coordinated care, in patients with rheumatologic diagnoses.

Conclusions

There is limited information on the use of patient complexity measures/tools in rheumatology. Such tools could be applied to coordinate multidisciplinary care and improve patient experience and outcomes.

Patient contribution

This scoping review will be presented to patient research partners involved in co‐designing a future study on patient complexity in rheumatic disease.
Organic winter cereals benefit bumblebee colonies in agricultural landscapes with mass‐flowering crops
Authors: Gayer Christoph , Biermann Alina , Dieterich Martin , Reidl Konrad , Batáry Péter
Published: February 2021

Scant floral resources are a major cause of declining pollinator populations in farmland. Measures to increase floral resources on arable land include agronomically non‐productive approaches, like flowering fields (seed mixture of flowering forbs sown on fallows) and production‐integrated approaches like organically farmed crops sustaining flowering arable wild plants. However, little is known about their relative efficacy for bumblebee conservation.

We observed weight gain, foraging activity, worker body size, queen brood cell number and analysed stored pollen types of Bombus terrestris colonies experimentally sited adjacent to arable fields farmed under four crop‐use types: (i) cereal mono‐crops (winter wheat) under conventional farming, (ii) non‐productive conventional flowering fields, (iii) organic cereal mono‐crops (winter spelt) and (iv) organic legume mixed‐crops (lentil mixed‐crop). Additionally, we analysed the effects of flower cover in the surrounding landscape.

Colonies located adjacent to organic winter spelt fields had higher foraging activity and larger body sizes, whereas other colony performance measures were unaffected by local crop‐use type. Phacelia tanacetifolia, which was only cultivated in flowering fields, accounted for about 50% of the total pollen amount irrespective of crop‐use type. This indicated a landscape‐wide attraction for B. terrestris to flowering fields. Flower cover in the surrounding landscape did not affect colony development, but negatively affected pollen diversity.

We conclude that although the pollen supply of flowering fields in the surrounding landscape strongly attracts bumblebees, local bumblebee populations could still benefit from less intensive farming practices increasing flowering wild plant diversity, such as with flower‐rich organic winter cereals.
Information environment and stock price synchronicity: Evidence from auditor characteristics
Authors: Cahan Steven , Lam Brian M. , Li Lina Z. , Rahman Md Jahidur
Published: February 2021

The interpretation of stock price synchronicity in relation to price informativeness is controversial in the literature. We examine how firm‐specific variation relates to the quality of a firm's information environment by considering two auditor characteristics—audit firm size and audit firm tenure. Using a sample of U.S. listed firms from 2000 to 2018, we find that Big N audits and longer audit firm tenure are associated with higher stock price synchronicity and lower idiosyncratic risk. Our findings suggest that firm‐specific variation captures noise rather than firm‐specific news, supporting the emerging view that stock price synchronicity is a direct measure of price informativeness.
A qualitative study exploring the patients’ perspective from the ‘Reserved Therapeutic Space’ nursing intervention in acute mental health units
Authors: Moreno‐Poyato Antonio R. , El Abidi Khadija , Rodríguez‐Nogueira Óscar , Lluch‐Canut Teresa , Puig‐Llobet Montserrat
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to explore the perspective of people who had experienced treatment as patients at acute mental health units, regarding an intervention model to improve therapeutic relationships in the units, which had been previously designed by the nurses. The study participants were people linked to collectives for social activism in mental health. Six focus groups were held. The results were classified into three themes: (a) the meaning of a space to enable the establishment of a therapeutic relationship, (b) the procedures to implement the space, and (c) the difficulties to overcome to establish the space. For the participants, the Reserved Therapeutic Space intervention was perceived as a space where they could share expectations and needs with the nurses, considering it as both valid and useful to improve the therapeutic relationship in acute units. For the participants, the intervention should be structured in three stages: orientation, follow‐up, and discharge. The content of the intervention should be proposed by the patients based on their needs and concerns. The barriers identified for carrying out the intervention were the lack of relational competence, the violation of rights, and the lack of accessibility of nurses. The facilitating elements were the availability of nurses, active listening, and empathy. The resulting intervention model includes realities of both groups, providing insights for nurses to initiate a space with patients and improve their therapeutic relationship. This intervention model could be used by managers to test its effectiveness.
‘til Dissolution Do Us Part: (Re)Assessing the First Contract and Trial Marriage Goals of First Contract Arbitration in Ontario
Authors: Weinberg Bradley R.
Published: February 2021

Using a series of labor law reforms in the Canadian province of Ontario between 1991 and1998, this article seeks to (re)assess and compare the effectiveness of two forms of first contract arbitration (FCA) in satisfying the primary policy goals of aiding in the achievement of a first contract and in establishing lasting bargaining relationships. In contrast to previous research findings using this setting, the analysis fails to identify any statistically significant difference in the achievement of first contracts across the automatic and no‐fault forms of FCA. Further, estimates do not appear to identify a statistically significant difference in the establishment of lasting bargaining relationships, defined as the settlement of three of more collective agreements, across the two forms of FCA. These findings indicate that differences observed during this period in the first contract success rate and the establishment of bargaining relationships may be confounded with other factors than the changes to first contract arbitration.
Coarse‐grained β‐Si3N4 powders prepared by combustion synthesis
Authors: Cui Wei , Li Fei , Tian Zhaobo , Zhang Jie , Du Songmo , Chen Zhanglin , Chen Kexin , Liu Guanghua
Published: February 2021

Coarse‐grained β‐Si3 N4 powders were prepared by combustion synthesis under N2 pressure of 6 MPa, with a low diluent content of not more than 10 wt.% and high reaction temperature of >1900°C. β‐Si3 N4 was obtained as the major phase in the products, except for a small amount of residual Si. The addition of carbon black was effective to reduce the residual Si, but resulted in the formation of β‐SiC when too much carbon black was used. The coarse‐grained β‐Si3 N4 powders consisted of β‐Si3 N4 crystals with an average thickness of more than 10 µm, and some crystals were thicker than 20 µm. The growth mechanism of the coarse β‐Si3 N4 crystals was discussed, associated with the particular reaction conditions in combustion synthesis.
A systematic review of the educational experiences and needs of children with cancer returning to school
Authors: Martinez‐Santos Alba‐Elena , Fernandez‐De‐La‐Iglesia Josefa del Carmen , Sheaf Greg , Coyne Imelda
Published: February 2021

Aims

To critically review and synthesize empirical studies on childhood cancer survivors' experiences and needs on returning to school after treatment.

Design

A mixed‐method systematic review.

Data Sources

A search of CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ERIC and Web of Science was conducted for studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese languages between January 2010 and May 2020.

Review Methods

Twenty‐one studies were eligible for inclusion (13 qualitative studies, 6 quantitative and 2 mixed‐method studies). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings were synthesized using data‐based convergent synthesis design.

Results

Findings were synthesized under four themes: academic continuity and school re‐entry; physical and psychological well‐being; school life and participation and stakeholders' responses to childhood cancer. Findings indicated that prolonged/recurring absences, physical and mental changes, personal/health factors impacted children's social participation, peer relationships and school re‐integration. Factors which contributed to a more positive experience included maintaining contact with peers and teachers throughout treatment, peer relationships, understanding and support from school community. Sharing information about cancer was an ongoing challenging issue for children, that needed to be handled sensitively.

Conclusion

It is evident that re‐entry to school was very challenging for most children due to treatment side effects, prolonged absences, disrupted peer relationships, lack of preparation and lack of communication between schools, families and healthcare professionals.

Impact

Despite the growing number of childhood cancer survivors worldwide, there is a deficit of studies about children's re‐entry experiences and educational needs. This review illustrates the considerable challenges that children face on school re‐entry and the critical importance of better care, support and collaboration from healthcare professionals, parents and school personnel. Nurses could help by raising awareness and leading on preparation for school re‐entry.
Can a pandemic make people more socially conservative? Political ideology, gender roles, and the case of COVID‐19
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel L. , Tomiyama A. Janet
Published: February 2021

The first months of 2020 rapidly threw people into a period of societal turmoil and pathogen threat with the COVID‐19 pandemic. By promoting epistemic and existential motivational processes and activating people's behavioral immune systems, this pandemic may have changed social and political attitudes. The current research specifically asked the following question: As COVID‐19 became pronounced in the United States during the pandemic's emergence, did people living there become more socially conservative? We present a repeated‐measures study (N = 695) that assessed political ideology, gender role conformity, and gender stereotypes among U.S. adults before (January 25–26, 2020) versus during (March 19–April 2, 2020) the pandemic. During the pandemic, participants reported conforming more strongly to traditional gender roles and believing more strongly in traditional gender stereotypes than they did before the pandemic. Political ideology remained constant over time. These findings suggest that a pandemic may promote the preference for traditional gender roles.
The impact of risk and protective factors on online teaching experience in high school Italian teachers during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Truzoli Roberto , Pirola Veronica , Conte Stella
Published: February 2021

The lockdown due to COVID‐19 in Italy resulted in the sudden closure of schools, with a shift from traditional teaching to the online one. Through an online questionnaire, this survey explores teachers' experience of online teaching, the level of risk factors (e.g., stress) and protective factors (e.g., locus of control) and their impact on satisfaction levels during the social distancing. One hundred seven high school teachers from Lombardy, an Italian region very affected by the COVID‐19 outbreak, participated. Results show that depression and stress are the main predictors of satisfaction levels for online teaching. In addition, coping, locus of control and self‐efficacy emerge as important protective factors. Finally, although there is great satisfaction with the online teaching experience, critical elements emerged. This study is relevant because it describes the critical elements of the online teaching experience, and identifies some protective factors and the main risk factors in teachers operating in an area strongly marked by social restrictions imposed by the pandemic. High school teachers emerge as a sub‐group of the general population with specific psychological reactions. Considering the results, it is possible to suggest providing high‐quality educational support and crisis‐psychological oriented services to teachers, and help to maintain the psychological well‐being.
Cell‐specific network analysis of human folliculogenesis reveals network rewiring in antral stage oocytes
Authors: Wang Shengran , Gong Yun , Wang Zun , Greenbaum Jonathan , Xiao Hong‐Mei , Deng Hong‐Wen
Published: February 2021

Although previous studies have explored the gene expression profiles of human oocytes and granulosa cells by single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq), the dynamic regulatory network at a single‐cell resolution during folliculogenesis remains largely unknown. We identified 10 functional modules by WGCNA, four of which were significantly correlated with primary/antral oocyte and antral/pre‐ovulatory granulosa cells. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the brown module, which was correlated with antral oocyte, was enriched in oocyte differentiation, and two core subnetworks identified by MCODE were involved in cell cycle (blue subnetwork) and oogenesis (red subnetwork). The cell‐specific network (CSN) analysis demonstrated a distinct gene network structure associated with the antral follicular stage, which was notably different from other developmental stages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore gene functions during folliculogenesis at single‐cell network level. We uncovered two potential gene subnetworks, which may play an important role in oocyte function beginning at the antral stage, and further established their rewiring process at intra‐network/whole transcriptome level. The findings provide crucial insights from a novel network perspective to be further explored in functional mechanistic studies.
Cyclic stretching boosts microRNA‐499 to regulate Bcl‐2 via microRNA‐208a in atrial fibroblasts
Authors: Chua Su‐Kiat , Wang Bao‐Wei , Yu Ying‐Ju , Fang Wei‐Jen , Lin Chiu‐Mei , Shyu Kou‐Gi
Published: February 2021

MicroRNAs that modulate transcription can regulate other microRNAs and are also up‐regulated under pathological stress. MicroRNA‐499 (miR‐499), microRNA‐208a (miR‐208a) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) play roles in cardiovascular diseases, such as direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblast into cardiomyocyte and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Whether miR208a, miR499 and Bcl‐2 were critical regulators in cardiac fibroblast apoptosis under mechanical stretching conditions in human cardiac fibroblasts‐adult atrial (HCF‐aa) was investigated. Using negative pressure, HCF‐aa grown on a flexible membrane base were cyclically stretched to 20% of their maximum elongation. In adult rats, an aortocaval shunt was used to create an in vivo model of volume overload. MiR208a was up‐regulated early by stretching and returned to normal levels with longer stretching cycles, whereas the expression of miR499 and Bcl‐2 was up‐regulated by longer stretching times. Pre‐treatment with antagomir‐499 reversed the miR‐208a down‐regulation, whereas Bcl‐2 expression could be suppressed by miR‐208a overexpression. In the HCF‐aa under stretching for 1 h, miR‐499 overexpression decreased pri‐miR‐208a luciferase activity; this inhibition of pri‐miR‐208a luciferase activity with stretching was reversed when the miR‐499‐5p binding site in pri‐miR‐208a was mutated. The addition of antagomir‐208a reversed the Bcl‐2‐3′UTR suppression from stretching for 1 h. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that pre‐treatment with miR‐499 or antagomir‐208a inhibited cellular apoptosis in stretched HCF‐aa. In hearts with volume overload, miR‐499 overexpression inhibited myocardial miR‐208a expression, whereas Bcl‐2 expression could be suppressed by the addition of miR‐208a. In conclusion, miR‐208a mediated the regulation of miR‐499 on Bcl‐2 expression in stretched HCF‐aa and hearts with volume overload.
Power over pain – An interprofessional approach to chronic pain: Program feedback from a medically underserved community
Authors: Bryl Karolina , Wenger Sarah , Banz David , Terry Glenn , Ballester Daritza , Bailey Corrie , Bradt Joke
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The management of chronic pain is challenging. Biopsychosocial models recommend interprofessional approaches to treatment, but there is sparse information about participants' experiences of these programs, especially in medically underserved populations coping with the intersectionality of racial bias, low socioeconomic status, and psychosocial stressors. This study explored the perspectives and experiences of black participants with low socioeconomic status and concomitant psychosocial stressors in an outpatient interprofessional pain management program, Power over Pain. The program incorporates cognitive‐behavioural techniques, creative arts therapies, pain education, and psychoeducation about stress management, self‐care, exercise, and medication.

Method

This study employed thematic analysis as the qualitative research method. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with nine program participants. Interview questions focused on the impact of the program on participants' overall health and wellbeing and ability to manage chronic pain.

Results

Thematic analysis revealed the following treatment benefits as perceived by the participants: (a) moving from feeling stuck to feeling empowered, (b) enhanced understanding of chronic pain resulting in cognitive reframing and debunking certain myths and stigmas, (c) learning new pain management strategies, and (d) social support.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the Power over Pain program may be an effective way to improve self‐management and empower medically underserved people who have chronic pain.
Smile projection‐a new concept in smile design
Authors: Sarver David
Published: February 2021

Vertical positioning of the maxillary incisors is critical in smile design, and orthodontists also have the capability of working in the anterior‐posterior plane of space. As a result, the anterior posterior positioning of the maxillary incisors becomes equally important for smile aesthetics. This manuscript presents the concept of smile projection for incorporation into the current concepts of smile design
Oral mucosal and skin lesions observed in the first 48 hr in newborns
Authors: Aktaş Hamza , Alp Erdal Semahat
Published: February 2021

Background

Newborn period is a definition used for the first 4 weeks of life and it has some different characteristics compared with adult skin.

Aims

In this study, we tried to define the pathological and physiological skin manifestations and demographic data observed in newborns

Patients/Methods

In this study, newborns born between 2018 and 2019 were evaluated prospectively. Along with demographic findings, temporary neonatal skin manifestations, congenital spots, benign neonatal pustulosis, congenital anomalies and other lesions were statistically evaluated.

Results

A total of 2109 newborns, consisting of 1157 (54.9%) boys and 952 (45.1%) girls, were enrolled in the study. 94% of the newborns evaluated had at least one skin lesion. The most common skin manifestations in the study were Epstein pearls at a rate of 49.4%. This was followed by salmon patch (38.4%), Mongolian spot (20.1%), edema in the eyelids (15.5%), lanugo (15.4%), and erythema toxicum neonatarum (11.6%), respectively.

Conclusion

Several studies on dermatological findings observed in newborns have been conducted in many different countries around the world. In this study, we tried to identify many temporary and pathological skin manifestations and congenital anomalies observed in the first 48 h in newborns.
Diagnosis and management of overactive bladder: A review
Authors: Nitti Victor W. , Patel Anand , Karram Mickey
Published: February 2021

Aim

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common and troublesome condition that can significantly impair quality of life. This review aims to educate providers of obstetrics and gynecology services about available therapies for OAB and what to expect following treatment.

Methods

Here, we review published data from studies that have evaluated available treatments for OAB. Relevant articles published over the past 2 decades, including large multicenter trials, were identified through a literature search using PubMed.gov, and the references in those articles were also manually searched to find additional articles. Treatment guidelines and product labels were also reviewed.

Results

Behavioral therapy is recommended as a first choice for OAB management; pharmacologic treatment (anticholinergics, β3‐adrenoceptor agonists) as second‐line treatment; and onabotulinumtoxinA, peripheral tibial nerve stimulation, and sacral nerve stimulation as third‐line therapy for patients refractory or intolerant to first‐ and second‐line treatments. A stepwise approach to treatment through first‐, second‐, and third‐line therapies is recommended, recognizing this may not be appropriate for all patients.

Conclusions

To optimize symptom control and set realistic expectations, patients should be carefully monitored and counseled appropriately on available treatment options.
Structure, Temporality, and Theories of Revolution. Reading Alberto Melucci in Revolutionary Saint Domingue, 1791–1804
Authors: Wilén Carl
Published: February 2021

This article addresses the debate on structure, agency, and process in contemporary revolution theory, drawing on social movement theory and using the Haitian Revolution as an illustrative case. The article seeks to make three main contributions. Firstly, while accepting the critique against the failure of structuralist revolution theory to explain why revolutions can occur under difficult circumstances, the article proposes a structuralist solution instead of the focus on intentions and processes in contemporary revolution theory. Secondly, it brings a new angle to the emerging dialogue between the different fields that theorize social movements and revolutions, by combining Alberto Melucci's early and later approaches to social movements and temporality. Thirdly, the Meluccian approach is utilized in a case study that explores how independence from France can be understood in the Haitian Revolution, which serves to illustrate the strengths of the theoretical approach and to criticize the major accounts of independence in existing studies of the Haitian Revolution.
Trends in School Attendance for Low‐Income Children with Chronic Health Conditions: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Martin Molly A. , Caskey Rachel , Glassgow Anne Elizabeth , Pappalardo Andrea A. , Hsu Lewis L. , Jang Jiyeong , Basu Sanjib , Minier Mark , Fox Kenneth , Voorhees Benjamin Van
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

In this study, we aimed to determine how school attendance changed over time for children on Medicaid with chronic health conditions enrolled in a comprehensive care coordination program called Coordinated HEalthcare for Complex Kids (CHECK).

METHODS

Medicaid beneficiaries from one managed care organization were randomized into 2 arms: CHECK program services or usual care. The final sample was 1322.

RESULTS

The mean age was 10.9 (SD = 3.7) years old and children were mostly non‐Hispanic Black (62.6%) or Hispanic (34.9%). The median school attendance at baseline was 94.9% (IQR 88.9, 97.9); over one‐fourth of children (28.4%) were chronically absent. School attendance was not associated with race/ethnicity, risk level, and health condition. In a model including a significant time/grade interaction, school attendance increased over time for children in pre‐kindergarten (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.68; p < .001) and kindergarten to 5th grade (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.26; p < .001), and decreased for children in 6th to 8th grade (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.83; p < .001). No differences were seen in school attendance or chronic absenteeism associated with enrollment in the CHECK program.

CONCLUSIONS

School attendance improved for most of the low‐income children with chronic health conditions in our cohort, except for children in middle school.
Current Asthma Management Practices by Primary School Teaching Staff: A Systematic Review
Authors: Caruana Maria , West Lorna M. , Cordina Maria
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

The likelihood of children with asthma experiencing an exacerbation at school is significantly high when considering that they spend a substantial part of their day at school. This study, therefore, aimed to systematically review the literature to determine current asthma management practices by primary school teaching staff and any existing supporting legislation/policies/guidelines.

METHODS

Search terms were adapted to search literature across databases: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Education Database—ProQuest, IPA, MEDLINE, SCI. Primary research studies, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses in English about primary school teaching staff dated between 2007 and 2017 were included. Primary outcomes comprised teaching staff' practices regarding asthma management and supporting guidelines, policies, or legislation.

RESULTS

Analysis of the 13 papers eligible for full review identified that: teachers were unable to deal with an asthma exacerbation; they lacked knowledge regarding exercise‐induced asthma and that there was poor communication between schools and parents of children with asthma. The only documented relevant asthma legislation found pertained to New York schools.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited evidence regarding asthma management practices and inadequate asthma management knowledge amongst teaching staff highlight the need for supporting teaching staff with asthma policies and guidelines to minimize risks associated with inappropriate asthma management.