bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideology as Narrative
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 considers what happens at the sharp turn in the road when a narrative does not just lend meaning and organization to the group but isolates it from healthy public discourse; an adversarial turn that occurs when the group’s narrative becomes a closed and rigid ideology. The chapter outlines the telltale signs of the ideological transition and describes some key features that can be uncovered through narrative analysis. It goes on to discuss how the closedness of a narrative is closely related to the insularity of the group. Finally, text from climate skeptical blogs and op-eds are examined and the narrative approach to analyzing ideology is illustrated.
When Skepticism Became Public
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 traces the emergence and evolution of the climate skeptical narrative in the United States, showing how it has become more ideological over time, in tandem with sociopolitical events and movements. It examines the development and shifts in the narrative from the early twenty-first century to the present through narrative and critical discourse analyses of summary plots of articles and accompanying comments in conservative media outlets over five successive periods of time, providing textual evidence of how the narrative grew increasingly ideological in each period. The following textual analyses illustrate how skeptics have constructed an alternative ideological narrative through invariance, repetition, alternative data, binary frames (us vs. them), attributing sinister motives to and demonizing the other side, and reinforcing positions by sharing the narrative with like-minded people. In so doing, they created their own narrative-network by denaturalizing the dominance of anthropogenic climate change, framing it as unsettled science, and linking it to politics and fundamental American values of freedom.
Skeptics without Borders
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 employs a comparative lens to show how the climate skeptical norm transformed to fit the social-economic conditions, cultures, and institutional settings of each context as it diffused from place to place. It highlights how in the United Kingdom people may dispute climate change science while remaining open to the possibility that mean global temperatures are rising, while elsewhere climate skepticism seems to merge with a broader sentiment of mistrust. Using narrative analysis, this chapter underscores the point that climate skeptical narratives are not homogeneous. The focus is not a historical examination of the narrative but a cross-sectional, or synchronic, one—commonalities and contrasts among climate skeptical narratives as popularly espoused in different countries occurring simultaneously. The chapter examines how differences in climate skeptical narratives from country to country can provide insights into how and why climate skepticism has resonated among the public in each place.
Intertheoretic Comparisons of Choice-Worthiness
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby
Published: October 2020

In this chapter we consider the extent to which different theories are unit-comparable, and what makes them comparable when they are. We consider three arguments for the conclusion that intertheoretic comparisons are always impossible: the appeal to cases argument, the swamping argument, and the arbitrary unit arguments. We argue against all three arguments. We distinguish between structural and non-structural accounts of intertheoretic comparisons. We argue in favour of non-structural accounts: we argue that intertheoretic comparisons are grounded in substantive facts about the theories themselves (rather than merely statistical properties of their choice worthiness function). We discuss a number of possible accounts of intertheoretic comparisons, ultimately arguing in favour of a ‘universal scale’ account.
Practical Ethics Given Moral Uncertainty
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby
Published: October 2020

Some philosophers have argued that moral uncertainty has striking implications for issues in practical ethics such as abortion and vegetarianism. In this chapter, we show that the prima facie implications of moral uncertainty for issues in practical ethics are far more wide-ranging than has been noted in the literature so far. We argue for this on two grounds: first, because of interaction effects between moral issues; and, second, because of the variety of different possible intertheoretic comparisons that one can reasonably endorse. Before drawing conclusions from moral uncertainty-based arguments, one first has to do the difficult job of figuring out what one’s credences in different moral viewpoints are or ought to be.
Moral Information
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, we show how the theory we’ve given can shed light on the question of how to value gaining new moral information. We explain how we should assess the expected utility of new empirical information, and how we could use an analogous framework to work out the expected choice worthiness of new moral information. We apply this framework to two examples: the choice of how a large foundation should spend its resources, and the choice of career for an individual. Finally, we consider to what extent the lessons from this framework change when we consider ‘imperfect’ information.
Dispersal patterns shape areal typology
Authors: Nichols Johanna
Published: October 2020

The sociolinguistics of language contact is known to effect levels of phonological and grammatical complexity of the languages involved, and linguistic features are known to have different levels of stability and different propensities of borrowing and diffusion. This chapter lays out basic taxonomies of demographic and geographical histories of areas, stability or instability or linguistic variables, and ages of areas, and raises hypotheses about correlations among them. Pilot studies of ten areas worldwide support the expected correlations.
The Bantu Expansion
Authors: Bostoen Koen
Published: October 2020

The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain ‘factoids’ bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal.
Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates
Authors: Epps Patience
Published: October 2020

Lowland South America’s striking linguistic diversity presents a major puzzle to scholars of language and human prehistory. This chapter proposes that sociocultural practices provide important clues to a solution, and that linguistic differentiation across Amazonian groups is not so much a factor of isolation, but rather of interaction. Evidence includes the recurrence of regional ‘systems’ across the Amazon basin, characterized by similarly essentializing views linking language and identity, and accompanied by restrained lexical borrowing and code-switching on the one hand, but convergence in grammar and discourse on the other. These phenomena may be grounded in the widespread view that social identity depends on the active maintenance of contrasts, including those relating to language.
Competition Law and Antitrust
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: October 2020

The more than 100 competition/antitrust laws around the world play major roles both at home and in other countries. They influence each other in ways that affect decisions everywhere. The book is a new kind of guide that makes this world accessible to anyone, anywhere. It provides a new set of tools to organize the vast amount of data about competition laws in ways that reveal what is happening and what is driving decisions. Using a global perspective, it defines competition law in a way that is applicable to all competition law systems and then examines competition law goals, methods, and institutions and the forces that drive them. It devotes an entire chapter each to US antitrust law and European competition law as well as sections for East Asian, Latin American, and developing country competition law patterns. It shows how competition law regimes relate to each other as parts of a global system with its own patterns and dynamics. Transnational public and private institutions, including law firms, management and economic consultancy firms, accounting firms, and others are part of this system. By combining clear analysis of the elements of individual regimes with the transborder forces that influence them, it gives lawyers, students, officials, and scholars the tools they need to understand and operate in this complex and often misunderstood world.
On the Ethical Dimension of Heraclitus’ Thought
Authors: Johnstone Mark A.
Published: October 2020

“On the Ethical Dimension of Heraclitus’ Thought” argues that Heraclitus was deeply and centrally interested in ethical questions, understood broadly as questions about how human beings should live. In particular, the chapter argues that Heraclitus held that wisdom is essential for living well, and that most people lack the kind of fundamental insight into the nature of reality in which wisdom consists. Topics covered include Heraclitus’ views on: the good and bad condition of the soul, the nature and sources of wisdom, the reasons why most people remain oblivious to the world in which they live, and the connections between acquiring genuine insight into reality and becoming like god.
Ethical and Political Thought in Antiphon’s Truth and Concord
Authors: Bonazzi Mauro
Published: October 2020

“Ethical and Political Thoughts in Antiphon’s Truth and Concord” argues for a unitarian reading of Antiphon’s treatises Truth and Concord. Three concepts are significant to the discussion: nature (physis), law (nomos), and intelligence (gnōmē, nous). Antiphon’s point of departure is physis, which he does not regard as source of social, that is, interpersonal, or civic normativity. In the face of the absence of nature as a guide to social or civic life, Truth and Concord each entertain two distinct responses to the problem. In Truth Antiphon suggests, in contrast to the convictions of many contemporaries, that nomos is not capable of solving the problems of physis. In Concord, gnomē is presented as providing a criterion for engendering good character and conducting a successful life. Even leaving aside the problem of the identity of the sophist and the oligarchic rhetor, this defense of intelligence, when combined with the attack on nomos, implies an antidemocratic polemic.
Prodicus on the Choice of Heracles, Language, and Religion
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: October 2020

“Prodicus on the Choice of Heracles, Language, and Religion” begins with an examination of Plato’s portrait of Prodicus in his Protagoras, and a few biographical details. It then addresses three main points for which Prodicus is generally known: 1) he told a story about Heracles’ choice between Virtue and Vice; 2) he paid much attention to fine distinctions among terms that most people would regard as synonymous; and 3) he offered explanations of the origins of religious belief that resulted in his being labeled an atheist. On the first, the story is read (as Xenophon, our source, read it) as an argument in favor of virtue, and in some ways as a forerunner of Aristotle’s approach to ethics. On the second, it is argued that ethical terminology was an important dimension of his linguistic interests. By contrast, the third does not appear to have been seen by Prodicus himself as having ethical significance.
Work and Technological Change
Authors: Barley Stephen R.
Published: October 2020

The four chapters of this book summarize the results of thirty-five years dedicated to studying how technologies change work and organizations. The first chapter places current developments in artificial intelligence into the historical context of previous technological revolutions by drawing on William Faunce’s argument that the history of technology is one of progressive automation of the four components of any production system: energy, transformation, and transfer and control technologies. The second chapter lays out a role-based theory of how technologies occasion changes in organizations. The third chapter tackles the issue of how to conceptualize a more thorough approach to assessing how intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence, can shape work and employment. The fourth chapter discusses what has been learned over the years about the fears that arise when one sets out to study technical work and technical workers and methods for controlling those fears.
On the Conceptual Mismatch Argument
Authors: Díaz-León E.
Published: October 2020

According to ‘conceptual mismatch’ arguments, if there is a conceptual mismatch between the descriptions associated with an ordinary concept and some features of the alleged referent, then that entity cannot be the referent. This idea has been used in the metaphysics of race in order to develop arguments against realist theories of race. In particular, K. Anthony Appiah and Joshua Glasgow, among others, have argued that there are no real properties in the vicinity of our talk about race that can satisfy the descriptions that we associate with the term ‘race’, and therefore the most plausible candidates, such as certain biological properties or certain socially constructed properties, cannot be the referent of ‘race’, so we must conclude that the term ‘race’ is empty. This chapter examines the structure and prospects of conceptual mismatch arguments of this sort. It opines that these arguments point to some crucial methodological questions, such as how much divergence between our descriptions and the nature of the referent can be allowed, and suggests a new answer to this question, in terms of an appeal to normative considerations, which can be very helpful and even indispensable in order to settle matters of reference.
How Not to Change the Subject
Authors: Haslanger Sally
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers several ways, within a Stalnakerian externalist semantics, we might understand the project of improving our concepts to promote greater justice. The tools that culture provides us—language, concepts, inferential patterns—provide frames for coordination and shape our interaction. There are multiple ways these tools can fail us, e.g. by the limited structure of possibilities and options they make intelligible. However, we can sometimes reconfigure the resources so that our practical orientations are more responsive to what is good and coordinate in ways that are just. This chapter argues that, in some cases, the necessary amelioration is epistemic, but in other cases it is properly semantic. Such reconfiguration often happens in law; it also occurs in social movements, counter-publics, subaltern communities, and in fascist propaganda. Contestation over meaning is not ‘mere semantics’ for—together with political and material change—it can shape our agency and our lives together.
Institutional Configurations and Linkage Formation
Authors: Thorlakson Lori
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines how the party, party system, and voter behaviour components of party competition combine with each other and with the federal institutional structure to lead to integrated or independent politics. It uses configurational analysis using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods to identify various pathways to linkage. It then draws on case studies of Spain, Canada, and Germany in order to probe the causal mechanisms and relationships between elements of linkage. Germany and Canada represent cases that institutionally are most likely and least likely to support the development of integrated politics, while Spain offers an asymmetric multi-level system.
Towards a Theory of Political Development in Multi-Level Systems
Authors: Thorlakson Lori
Published: October 2020

Integrated and independent politics are useful concepts for understanding the forms of competitive linkages among subnational jurisdictions and between the subnational and federal levels. The forms of linkage that generate integrated politics are varied, with some forms of linkage rooted in the structures of party systems or the organizational structures of parties. Other forms are more fluid, and reflected in attitudes and behaviours of parties and voters or shifts in electoral support. The stronger role for federal institutional influences in these more fluid linkage outcomes helps us to develop a more nuanced theory that can refine the impact of federal institutions. While social cleavages and the electoral system are strong drivers of party system structures and nationalization, federal institutions shape the more fluid aspects of integration. Fiscal centralization, while important, is not a necessary condition of integrated politics. Administrative interdependence can generate integrated politics even alongside decentralization.
Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean
Authors: Thompson John D.
Published: October 2020

Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
The Risk-Based Approach to Data Protection
Authors: Gellert Raphaël
Published: October 2020

The main goal of this book is to provide an understanding of what is commonly referred to as “the risk-based approach to data protection”. An expression that came to the fore during the overhaul process of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—even though it can also be found in other statutes under different acceptations. At its core it consists in endowing the regulated organisation that process personal data with increased responsibility for complying with data protection mandates. Such increased compliance duties are performed through risk management tools. It addresses this topic from various perspectives. In framing the risk-based approach as the latest model of a series of regulation models, the book provides an analysis of data protection law from the perspective of regulation theory as well as risk and risk management literatures, and their mutual interlinkages. Further, it provides an overview of the policy developments that led to the adoption of such an approach, which it discusses in the light of regulation theory. It also includes various discussions pertaining to the risk-based approach’s scope and meaning, to the way it has been uptaken in statutes including key provisions such as accountability and data protection impact assessments, or to its potential and limitations. Finally, it analyses how the risk-based approach can be implemented in practice by providing technical analyses of various data protection risk management methodologies.
The legal framework for resource management in the deep sea
Authors: Jaeckel Aline , Gjerde Kristina , Currie Duncan
Published: October 2020

The deep oceans and their protection, management, research, and resources are governed by a range of legal instruments. This chapter sets out the relevant legal framework for the deep oceans and discusses the role of scientists in ocean governance. The chapter introduces the law’s spatial zoning approach to marine governance and considers the role of coastal states in managing marine spaces and resources through domestic law. The chapter then offers a discussion of the international legal framework for deep-sea fishing, marine pollution, deep-sea mining, and marine scientific research, before analysing current gaps in the law relating to marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, as well as ocean fertilisation.
Paris, America, and PhD
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: October 2020

The chapter treats Dieter Grimm’s postgraduate study in Paris and Harvard, the special impact of Harvard University and his teachers there, the differences between German and American legal education, his work in an American law firm after graduation and his dissertation in Frankfurt, his practical training (Referendariat) with various legal institutions like courts, agencies of public administration, law offices, etc. and his examination after the traineeship (which qualifies for any legal profession).
Fundamental Rights Doctrine and the Culture of Deliberation
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: October 2020

The chapter treats some doctrinal questions, especially the principle of proportionality, the way it is applied by the Court, its advantages and risks, furthermore the role of facts and precedents in comparison between German and Anglo-Saxon legal traditions, the role of doctrine in constitutional adjudication and the internal proceedings of the Court, especially the style of deliberation.
Human Perfection in Byzantine Theology
Authors: Torrance Alexis
Published: October 2020

Christian theology has from its inception posited a powerful vision of humanity’s ultimate and eternal fulfilment through the person and work of Jesus Christ. That said, how precisely to understand and approach the human perfection to which the Christian is summoned is a question that has vexed the minds of many and diverse theologians. Orthodox Christian theology is notable for its consistent interest in this question, and over the last century has offered to the West a wealth of theological insight on the matter, drawn from both the resources of its Byzantine theological heritage as well as its living interaction with Western theological and philosophical currents. In this regard, the important themes of personhood, deification, epektasis, apophaticism, and divine energies have been elaborated with much success by Orthodox theologians; but not without controversy. This work addresses the question of human perfection in Orthodox theology via a retrieval of the sources, examining in turn the thought of leading representatives of the Byzantine theological tradition: St Maximus the Confessor, St Theodore the Studite, St Symeon the New Theologian, and St Gregory Palamas. The overarching argument of this study is that in order to present an Orthodox Christian understanding of human perfection which remains true to its Byzantine inheritance, supreme emphasis must be placed on the doctrine of Christ, especially on the significance and import of Christ’s humanity. The intention of this work is thus to keep the creative approach to human destiny in Orthodox theology firmly moored to its theological past.
The energy of deification and the person of Jesus Christ in St Gregory Palamas
Authors: Torrance Alexis
Published: October 2020

Gregory Palamas’s defence of human perfection and deification through the dogmatic distinction between divine essence and divine energy sparked a theological controversy that continues into the present day. One of the charges laid against Palamas is that he introduces divine energies as another mediator between humanity and God, effectively replacing the mediation of Christ in the process. This chapter argues that such a charge is fundamentally flawed and reflects a deep misunderstanding of Palamas’s theology. Through a close reading of his seminal Triads and other texts, it is shown that Palamas’s approach to human knowledge and experience of God (which culminates in deification), far from sidelining the person of Christ, places him at its heart; without the Incarnate Christ, no access to human perfection is conceivable for Palamas.
Parts of Pictures
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: October 2020

Along with the semantic frame presented in Chapter 2, this chapter offers an account of pictures’ meaningful parts. Pictures have many features, and each is responsible for playing a different semantic role in pictorial interpretation. For this reason, it makes sense to identify picture parts with aspects of pictures, or features that they have, which are nevertheless not the most determinate features they have. Collectively, all of these features determine a picture’s content, but taken by themselves they can also be understood as representing some sub-part of the scene that the whole represents. This helps with understanding some communicative uses of pictures. In fact, all of the semantic operations discussed in other chapters can apply to parts of pictures, while other parts are treated differently. This greatly expands the range of meanings pictures can communicate.
Direct Reference in Pictures and Maps
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: October 2020

Maps are not pictures, but they are closely related kinds of representation, which can teach us something about the uses of pictures. Maps say, of locations, that they are thus and so. They do this, according to most theories, by connecting their locations with locations at some other place. So, bare locations, which are parts of pictures and maps in the sense described in Chapter 3, can act like directly referring terms. In maps, this is standard, but it also happens in many pictures, like photographs, security camera footage, and the like. These pictures say, of a place, that it is thus and so. And they do this because different parts—their locations and the features at those locations—play different semantic roles. As a result, such pictures can be said to express propositions.
Distinguishing Kinds by Parts
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 claims that pictures have syntactic parts in a manner distinct from how linguistic expressions have them. Chapter 7 shows that maps and related representations have parts in much the same way. This chapter closes the book by suggesting that the most fundamental distinction between kinds of representation is found in how they have parts. Pictures and maps have inseparable syntactic parts, while linguistic representations only have separable syntactic parts. This provides a new understanding of how compositionality is relevant to pictures and maps, and it also offers a new perspective on what makes pictures non-propositional representations, even though they can be used to express propositions.
Marketing English Books, 1476-1550
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

This book sets out to show how new markets were cultivated by printers in the period 1476–1550. It argues that while print and manuscript reading continued alongside each other, developments in the marketing of printed texts began to change what readers read, the ways they read and the place of reading in their lives on a larger scale and at a faster pace than had occurred before. Rather than attempting to offer a superficial survey of how the marketing of every kind of book developed, it focuses on three broad (but not wholly discreet) categories: religious reading, secular reading, and practical reading. Within those categories, the chapters focus in detail on the development of types of book that either emerged for the first time during this period (evangelical books, news pamphlets) or underwent considerable changes in presentation (devotional texts, romances, travel guides, household works). The chapters examine the presentation of early printed editions, paying particular attention to paratexts, with the aim of illuminating the range of techniques that printers used to convince potential buyers to part with their money. The printers of these works were predominantly based in London, but this book places their efforts within a wider European context. It demonstrates that, just as English manuscripts were moulded by foreign influences, English printers responded to their European counterparts’ experiments in the marketing of books.
Sweet Consolation
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 considers how printers persuaded readers to buy religious books other than primers, which might well have seemed non-essential. Focusing on the period up to 1525, it considers the sale of books that supported the laity in understanding the most basic aspects of their faith and those that guided them beyond the rote prayers of the Pater noster and Ave Maria into deeper practices of meditation and contemplation. It argues that de Worde recognized the spiritual ambitions of his contemporaries and the desire for a deeper knowledge of God amongst the laity. While the 1520s would see that channelled into demand for scriptural translation, in the first quarter of the century de Worde offered readers a richer relationship with God through contemplative practices.
A Taste for Trifles
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on how printers began to develop readers’ taste for cheap, entertaining pamphlets that frequently featured scurrilous humour or sensational episodes of a violent or sexual nature. It begins with Caxton’s prose romances and the way in which Caxton justified their reading by underlining their exemplarity. It then goes on to consider how, after Caxton’s death, the intervention of a Dutch printer, Gheraert Leeu, resulted in an increasing emphasis on the recreational pleasure to be had from reading romances rather than their moral function. It explores how de Worde built on this by first printing verse romances and then gests, but suggests it was another Antwerp printer, Jan van Doesborch, who exploited readers’ interest in the sensational to the utmost. The chapter ends by considering why a flourishing market in romances, jests, and bawdy fiction—for what were sometimes termed ‘nouelles’ and ‘tryfellys’—disappeared in the mid-1530s.
A Hunger for News
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 explores how English printers developed a domestic market for a different kind of novel material: news itself, ranging from accounts of natural marvels through to polemical exchanges about current events. In doing so, they followed the example of their continental counterparts. Accounts of state affairs emulated Parisian publications, while news about calamitous events was frequently translated from best-selling European pamphlets. The chapter argues that printers persuaded readers to pay for what had traditionally been received free, by word of mouth, by emphasizing the reliability and veracity of the news they published rather than—as is often assumed—appealing to a taste for sensation or moralization. Concluding the chapter with a discussion of the news pamphlets and broadsides surrounding the Western Rebellion in 1549, it suggests that by the mid-sixteenth century printed news had gained sufficient status that its circulation could influence events, giving printers a potential power and responsibility they had not anticipated.
Gender Inequalities in Japan
Authors: Honjo Kaori
Published: October 2020

Striking gender inequalities in Japanese society are rooted in beliefs about gender division of labour. Gender-based social norms have driven employment and working practices such as long working hours. The male breadwinner model has only recently started to give way to more diverse role identities. Despite persistent gender inequalities, Japanese women have the longest life expectancy in the world. This paradoxical relationship can be explained by 1) overall women’s positive health behaviours, 2) Japan’s post-war social security programmes, protecting the vast majority of full-time homemakers, and 3) women’s roles in the household and the relation with their psychological wellbeing. The rigidity in current social programmes has failed to meet the needs of increasingly diverse Japanese society, which has contributed to rising female poverty and associated health problems.
Dementia and Healthy Ageing in Older People
Authors: Kondo Katsunori
Published: October 2020

As a front runner of population ageing, Japan faces a future that the human species has never experienced. While we rejoice in longevity, it can bring financial and social challenges resulting from loss of independence. Frailty and dementia are important in this context. To meet those challenges, the Japanese government has been making efforts to reform public health and social care systems, and to develop a trans-sectoral social policy programme for dementia. Culturally, the Japanese value seniority and family traditions of caregiving. Drastic demographic change, and the subsequent decrease in household capacity for informal caregiving, requires a cultural and normative reform in society. An ongoing dialogue between social determinants of health and policy responses in Japan can provide valuable lessons for other countries with a growing ageing population, including the UK.
Conclusion
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

This chapter sets out contemporary and past conceptions of the political way. It shows how the political way conveys both positive and negative value. The negative evaluation of politics has generated projects to displace it, and to replace it with benevolent dictatorship, or with violent authority, or with economic freedom of exchange. But these and other projects can never be free of strategy, of questions about authority, or of the claims of publicity and accountability; so politics always returns. The chapter considers the analogies between theatre and politics, and the difficulty of equating political power with sovereignty.
Mechanisms of Symbolic Support for Deliberation
Authors: Tanasoca Ana
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 introduces the concept of ritual deliberation: discursive interactions that procedurally resemble genuine democratic deliberation while substantively failing to be. Participants in genuine democratic deliberation are open-minded and exhibit deliberative states of mind (a sincere intention and reasonable expectation to persuade and be persuaded by others), while participants in ritual deliberations either lack a sincere intention or a reasonable expectation to do so. Ritual deliberations can be found in various arenas, from legislatures to international organizations. While they are not genuinely deliberative in themselves, those ritual deliberations serve a latent deliberative function in supporting genuine democratic deliberation elsewhere.
Conclusion
Authors: Tanasoca Ana
Published: October 2020

This book defends a naturalized conception of deliberative democracy that has informal networked deliberation at its core. Some think that the only way in which citizens can properly deliberate is through carefully engineered group deliberations. This chapter concludes by defending informal networked deliberation as the main platform of a real existing deliberative democracy. It warns that the challenges democratic deliberation faces today have less to do with informal networked deliberation’s structural limitations or citizens’ poor deliberative skills, and more to do with the weaknesses of political institutions, politicians’ extreme partisanship, and misinformation campaigns supported by an increasingly partisan press. Those problems are external to networked deliberation and must be tackled separately.
Extended Action and Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 presents the general structure of a theory of instrumental rationality, as well as laying down some of the main ideas and motivations for the extended theory of instrumental rationality (ETR) developed in the book. It characterizes the content of a theory of instrumental rationality in terms of its given attitudes (the “inputs” for a theory of instrumental rationality), its principles of coherence, its principles of derivation, and what counts as the conclusion of practical reasoning or the exercise of our rational powers (the “outputs”) of instrumental rationality. On ETR, intentional actions are both the given attitudes and the exercises of our instrumental, rational powers.
Extended Theory of Rationality
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 presents the main tenets of the extended theory of rationality (ETR). According to ETR, both the given attitudes (“inputs”) and the conclusion of practical reasoning (“outputs”) are actions (more particularly, the intentional pursuit of ends). The principle of instrumental reasoning, which tells us (roughly) to adopt means to our ends, is the only principle of derivation, and a principle (roughly) requiring agents not to pursue incompatible ends is the only principle of coherence. The chapter also presents one of the main theses of ETR; namely that the rationality of an agent through an interval t1-tn does not supervene on the rationality of the agent at each moment t1-tn (what I call the “non-supervenience thesis”). In other words, someone may be irrational over a period of time without there being any moment during that time at which they were irrational.
Pursuing Ends as the Fundamental Given Attitude
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: October 2020

The extended theory of instrumental rationality (ETR) takes the intentional pursuit of ends to be the only relevant attitude for the theory of instrumental rationality, and takes the principle of instrumental reasoning, a non-comparative principle, to be the only principle of derivation. However, it seems that if the agent has more than one end, we’ll need to introduce comparative or graded attitudes, such as the preference orderings in orthodox decision theory, in order to explain the rationality of choices among competing ends. In fact, ETR can provide a significantly better account of how a rational agent pursues multiple indeterminate ends through time than theories that make use of comparative and graded attitudes. ETR proposes that in the pursuit of such ends a rational agent must inevitably “satisfice” rather than maximize. At the same time, the chapter explains how some comparative attitudes, such as preferences, can be incorporated into ETR.
Indeterminate Ends and the Puzzle of the Self-Torturer
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 looks at Quinn’s puzzle of the rational self-torturer. The puzzle presents, in a clear way, a structure that pervades our pursuit of ends through time. The chapter argues that a proper solution for the puzzle, and thus a proper account of instrumental rationality that applies to extended action, must accept the non-supervenience thesis. We also need to understand how the agent’s extended perspective (the perspective of the pursuit of long-term ends) and the agent’s punctate perspective (the perspective of the pursuit of momentary actions) interact in realizing the agent’s indeterminate ends. This chapter presents ETR’s account of this interaction. Since extant theories of instrumental rationality cannot do justice to the non-supervenience thesis, and a fortiori, to the structure of agency illustrated in the puzzle of the rational self-torturer, this account represents an important argument in favour of ETR.
Practical Judgment and Its Corresponding Vices
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: October 2020

Chapter 8 concludes the discussion of instrumental virtues started in the previous chapter. It argues that ETR gives us the tools to account for an overlooked instrumental virtue, which I call “practical judgment”. An agent exhibits the virtue of practical judgment insofar as she can pursue long-term ends without relying too much on restrictive implementation policies; this virtue turns out to be essential to our understanding of a rational agent who pursues indeterminate ends over time. The account also allows us to understand ordinary phenomena such as procrastination as manifestations of practical judgment’s corresponding vices, such as procrastination.
Debating the A Priori
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

The book records a series of philosophical exchanges between its authors, amounting to a debate extended over more than fifteen years. Its subject matter is the nature and scope of reason. A central case at issue is basic logical knowledge, and the justification for basic deductive inferences, but the arguments range far more widely, at stake the distinctions between analytic and synthetic, and between a priori and a posteriori. The discussion naturally involves problems about the conditions for linguistic understanding and competence, and what it might be to grasp a concept or to have an intuition. Since reason is central to philosophical method, there are associated implications for how philosophy itself works, or should work. In particular, the discussion raises fundamental concerns about how to approach epistemology.
Blind Reasoning
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

The essay asks under what conditions deductive reasoning transmits justification from its premises to its conclusion. It argues that both standard externalist and standard internalist accounts of this phenomenon fail. The nature of this failure is taken to indicate the way forward: basic forms of deductive reasoning must justify by being instances of ‘blind but blameless’ reasoning. The essay then explores the suggestion that an inferentialist account of the logical constants, according to which an understanding of the constants constitutively involves a disposition to infer according to their characteristic inferential rules, can help explain how such reasoning is possible. Some salient objections are considered and rebutted.
Inferentialism and the Epistemology of Logic
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This essay attempts to clarify the project of explaining the possibility of ‘blind reasoning’—namely, of basic logical inferences to which we are entitled without our having an explicit justification for them. The role played by inferentialism in this project is examined and objections made to inferentialism by Paolo Casalegno and Timothy Williamson are answered. Casalegno proposes a recipe for formulating a counterexample to any proposed constitutive inferential role by imaging a subject who understands the logical constant in question but fails to have the capacity to make the inference in question; Williamson’s recipe turns on imagining an expert who continues to understand the constant in question while having developed sophisticated considerations for refusing to make it. It’s argued that neither recipe succeeds.
Boghossian and Casalegno on Understanding and Inference1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

In response to Boghossian’s objections in Chapter 6, this chapter defends counterexamples offered by Paolo Casalegno and the author to an inferentialist account of what it is to understand a logical constant, on which Boghossian relied in his explanation of our entitlement to reason according to basic logical principles. The importance for understanding is stressed of non-inferential aspects of the use of logical constants, for example in the description of a perceived scene. Boghossian’s criteria for individuating concepts are also queried, as is the viability of hybrid accounts which mix inferential accounts of the use of some terms with non-inferential accounts of other terms.
How Deep is the Distinction between A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge?1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues that although a distinction can be drawn between a priori and a posteriori ways of knowing or forms of justification, by contrasting paradigm cases on each side, the result is epistemologically shallow: it does not cut at the joints, because some clear cases of the a priori differ from some clear cases of the a posteriori only in epistemologically superficial ways. By contrast, attempts to draw the distinction in more theoretical terms, for instance by distinguishing evidential from enabling roles for experience in knowledge, end up by classifying paradigm cases on unwanted sides of the line. Although the role of the imagination in the chapter’s key examples may seem abnormal, it is argued that it generalizes much more widely than one might expect to logical and mathematical knowledge.
Reply to Boghossian on the Distinction between the A Priori and the A Posteriori1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This chapter replies to Boghossian’s defence of the epistemological depth of the a priori–a posteriori distinction in Chapter 9 against the author’s critique in Chapter 8. It shows that nothing essential to the argument depends on the distinction between inner and outer experience. It then explains how Boghossian provides no workable alternative to the account in Chapter 8 of the role of imagination in generating knowledge in the key examples, and why the absence of such an alternative leaves Boghossian in danger of drifting into very extensive scepticism about mathematical knowledge. It is also noted that epistemological externalism does not figure as a premise in the key arguments of Chapter 8, although they may offer support for such externalism.
Intuition, Understanding, and the A Priori1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This essay distinguishes between Constitutive and Basis versions of understanding-based accounts of a priori justification and argues, contra Williamson, that the phenomenon of expert competent dissent doesn’t undermine either one. The argument involves revisiting Williamson’s famous expert-based recipe for generating counterexamples to any constitutive understanding–assent link. Notwithstanding, it is further argued that the theory of the a priori cannot avoid appeal to a notion of intuition or rational insight primarily because there are propositions, such as normative principles, that are synthetic a priori. It answers Williamson’s stated skepticism about the existence of intuitions and makes a start at explaining how intuitions might be able to contribute to a priori justification.