bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Design and Simulation of a Turbo Expander for Small Rated Power Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
Authors: Capata Roberto , Hernandez Gustavo
Published: November 2014

Nowadays, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, which operates with organic fluids, is one of the leading technologies for “waste energy recovery”. It works as a conventional Rankine Cycle but, as mentioned, instead of steam/water, an organic fluid is used. This change allows it to convert low temperature heat into electric energy where required. Large numbers of studies have been carried out to identify the most suitable fluids, system parameters and the various configurations. In the present market, most ORC systems are designed and manufactured for the recovery of thermal energy from various sources operating at “large power rating” (exhaust gas turbines, internal combustion engines, geothermal sources, large melting furnaces, biomass, solar, etc.); from which it is possible to produce a large amount of electric energy (30 kW ÷ 300 kW). Such applications for small nominal power sources, as well as the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (car sedan or town, ships, etc.) or small heat exchangers, are very limited. The few systems that have been designed and built for small scale applications, have, on the other hand, different types of expander (screw, scroll, etc.). These devices are not adapted for placement in small and restricted places like the interior of a conventional car. The aim of this work is to perform the preliminary design of a turbo-expander that meets diverse system requirements such as low pressure, small size and low mass flow rates. The expander must be adaptable to a small ORC system utilizing gas of a diesel engine or small gas turbine as thermal source to produce 2–10 kW of electricity. The temperature and pressure of the exhaust gases, in this case study (400–600 °C and a pressure of 2 bar), imposes a limit on the use of an organic fluid and on the net power that can be produced. In addition to water, fluids such as CO2, R134a and R245fa have been considered. Once the operating fluids has been chosen, the turbine characteristics (dimensions, input and output temperature, pressure ratio, etc.) have been calculated and an attempt to find the “nearly-optimal” combination has been carried out. The detailed design of a radial expander is presented and discussed. A thermo-mechanical performance study was carry out to verify structural tension and possible displacement. On the other hand, preliminary CFD analyses have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the design procedure.
Overweight and Obesity in Portuguese Children: Prevalence and Correlates
Authors: Gomes Thayse , Katzmarzyk Peter , Dos Santos Fernanda , Souza Michele , Pereira Sara , Maia José
Published: November 2014

There are widespread differences in overweight/obesity prevalence in children, and understanding the reasons for this is very important. The present study aims: (I) to conduct a meta-analysis on overweight/obesity prevalence in Portuguese children; (II) to identify differences in biological and behavioural characteristics between normal-weight and overweight/obese children; and (III) to investigate the importance of individual- and school-level correlates of variation in children’s BMI using multilevel modelling. A search was done for all published papers including Portuguese children during the last decade; further, 686 Portuguese children (9–11 years old) were sampled and their BMI, family income, maturity offset, nutritional habits, physical activity, sedentariness, sleep time, and school environment information were collected. Results showed a stabilization of overweight/obesity during the last decade, 30.6% (95%CI: 0.287–0.34) for boys, 28.4% (95%CI: 0.23–0.35) for girls, and 30.3% (95%CI: 0.27–0.34) for boys and girls together. Differences between weight groups were only found in individual-level biological traits. The multilevel analysis did not identify significant contributions of school-level variables to children’s BMI variation. In conclusion, no increase was found in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among Portuguese children since 2000. Normal-weight and overweight/obese children only differ in individual-level characteristics, and school context variables were not related to variation in BMI.
Validation of Bmi1 as a Therapeutic Target of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice
Authors: Qi Shibo , Li Bin , Yang Tan , Liu Yong , Cao Shanshan , He Xingxing , Zhang Peng , Li Lei , Xu Chuanrui
Published: November 2014

Bmi1 is a member of the polycomb group family of proteins, and it drives the carcinogenesis of various cancers and governs the self-renewal of multiple types of stem cells. Our previous studies have revealed that Bmi1 acts as an oncogene in hepatic carcinogenesis in an INK4a/ARF locus independent manner. However, whether Bmi1 can be used as a potential target for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment has not been fully confirmed yet. Here, we show that perturbation of Bmi1 expression by using short hairpin RNA can inhibit the tumorigenicity and tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, Bmi1 knockdown can block the tumor growth, both in the initiating stages and the fast growing stages. Cellular biology analysis revealed that Bmi1 knockdown induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our findings verify Bmi1 as a qualified treatment target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and support Bmi1 targeting treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.
A Target Model Construction Algorithm for Robust Real-Time Mean-Shift Tracking
Authors: Choi Yoo-Joo , Kim Yong-Goo
Published: November 2014

Mean-shift tracking has gained more interests, nowadays, aided by its feasibility of real-time and reliable tracker implementation. In order to reduce background clutter interference to mean-shift object tracking, this paper proposes a novel indicator function generation method. The proposed method takes advantage of two ‘a priori’ knowledge elements, which are inherent to a kernel support for initializing a target model. Based on the assured background labels, a gradient-based label propagation is performed, resulting in a number of objects differentiated from the background. Then the proposed region growing scheme picks up one largest target object near the center of the kernel support. The grown object region constitutes the proposed indicator function and this allows an exact target model construction for robust mean-shift tracking. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed exact target model could significantly enhance the robustness as well as the accuracy of mean-shift object tracking.
An integrated photocatalytic/enzymatic system for the reduction of CO2 to methanol in bioglycerol–water
Authors: Aresta Michele , Dibenedetto Angela , Baran Tomasz , Angelini Antonella , Łabuz Przemysław , Macyk Wojciech
Published: November 2014

A hybrid enzymatic/photocatalytic approach for the conversion of CO2 into methanol is described. For the approach discussed here, the production of one mol of CH3OH from CO2 requires three enzymes and the consumption of three mol of NADH. Regeneration of the cofactor NADH from NAD+ was achieved by using visible-light-active, heterogeneous, TiO2-based photocatalysts. The efficiency of the regeneration process is enhanced by using a Rh(III)-complex for facilitating the electron and hydride transfer from the H-donor (water or a water–glycerol solution) to NAD+. This resulted in the production of 100 to 1000 mol of CH3OH from one mol of NADH, providing the possibility for practical application.
Care of Patients With Ebola Virus Disease
Authors: Feistritzer Nancye R. , Hill Carolyn , Vanairsdale Sharon , Gentry Janice
Published: November 2014

Caring for patients with Ebola virus disease requires strict biosafety protocols to eliminate exposure and ensure containment. Training and competency verification were critical to creation of a safe environment for nursing staff involved in the direct care of two patients with Ebola virus disease at Emory University Hospital.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2014;45(11):479–481.
The Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security and Management in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ramakrishna Akkinapally , Bang Sergie
Published: November 2014

Papua New Guinea is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change since it encompasses 17,000 km of coastline, 600 low-lying islands, and 2,000 coastal villages. It is vulnerable to sea-level rise and other manifestations of climate change. Climate change provides new and unprecedented challenges that demand equally new and urgent efforts to meet them. Research and development efforts are taking rapid strides forward in understanding what is going to happen to farming, fishery, and forest systems as the climate changes. The interactions that will occur with other global changes within this complex and dynamic situation, as well as the trade-offs between food security, livelihoods, and environmental security are also being studied. PNG is engaging new strategies, forging new partnerships and truly integrating approaches. Climate change risks are effectively mainstreamed in development planning at all levels to build in adaptation and mitigation measures. This chapter looks at these new strategies.
International Distance Education in the Asia Pacific
Authors: Mycak Sonia , Nishizawa Yasuo
Published: November 2014

This chapter outlines the history and development of an international distance learning relationship, which was established between an Australian and Japanese university. In 2002, the University of Sydney, Australia and Gifu University in Japan established a lecture exchange program whereby live lectures would be transmitted through Web-based video conferencing. Further development of the relationship resulted in an additional three-year program whereby an entire course, consisting of weekly live lectures transmitted from Australia, was offered not only to local university students but citizens of Gifu city. An empirical account outlines the origin and purpose of this course, analyzes its success, discusses pedagogical and cultural issues and challenges that arose, and makes recommendations for further development. The final section of the chapter suggests possible future directions, including a theoretical model for worldwide international distance education.
Community College Perceptions of Online Education
Authors: Taylor III Robert Lee
Published: November 2014

When a college's faculty, staff, or students perceive distance learning negatively, the implementation of distance learning can be adversely affected. This chapter addresses the perceptions of community college educators regarding the increased frequency of distance learning at their institution. It explores the current literature on distance education. Key components such as instructor skepticism, ethics, faculty development, and evaluation methods are the crux of the information. Research has been conducted in many different areas and about many different perceptions and points which are examined.
PIR
Authors: Huang Xiaobing , Zhao Tian , Cao Yu
Published: November 2014

Multimedia Information Retrieval (MIR) is a problem domain that includes programming tasks such as salient feature extraction, machine learning, indexing, and retrieval. There are a variety of implementations and algorithms for these tasks in different languages and frameworks, which are difficult to compose and reuse due to the interface and language incompatibility. Due to this low reusability, researchers often have to implement their experiments from scratch and the resulting programs cannot be easily adapted to parallel and distributed executions, which is important for handling large data sets. In this paper, we present Pipeline Information Retrieval (PIR), a Domain Specific Language (DSL) for multi-modal feature manipulation. The goal of PIR is to unify the MIR programming tasks by hiding the programming details under a flexible layer of domain specific interface. PIR optimizes the MIR tasks by compiling the DSL programs into pipeline graphs, which can be executed using a variety of strategies (e.g. sequential, parallel, or distributed execution). The authors evaluated the performance of PIR applications on single machine with multiple cores, local cluster, and Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) platform. The result shows that the PIR programs can greatly help MIR researchers and developers perform fast prototyping on single machine environment and achieve nice scalability on distributed platforms.
SLIPTA e-Tool improves laboratory audit process in Vietnam and Cambodia
Authors: Nguyen Thuong T. , McKinney Barbara , Pierson Antoine , Luong Khue N. , Hoang Quynh T. , Meharwal Sandeep , Carvalho Humberto M. , Nguyen Cuong Q. , Nguyen Kim T. , Bond Kyle B.
Published: November 2014

Background: The Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) checklist is used worldwide to drive quality improvement in laboratories in developing countries and to assess the effectiveness of interventions such as the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme. However, the paperbased format of the checklist makes administration cumbersome and limits timely analysis and communication of results.Development of e-Tool: In early 2012, the SLMTA team in Vietnam developed an electronic SLIPTA checklist tool. The e-Tool was pilot tested in Vietnam in mid-2012 and revised. It was used during SLMTA implementation in Vietnam and Cambodia in 2012 and 2013 and further revised based on auditors’ feedback about usability.Outcomes: The SLIPTA e-Tool enabled rapid turn-around of audit results, reduced workload and language barriers and facilitated analysis of national results. Benefits of the e-Tool will be magnified with in-country scale-up of laboratory quality improvement efforts and potential expansion to other countries.
Laboratory system strengthening and quality improvement in Ethiopia
Authors: Hiwotu Tilahun M. , Ayana Gonfa , Mulugeta Achamyeleh , Kassa Getachew B. , Kebede Yenew , Fonjungo Peter F. , Tibesso Gudeta , Desale Adino , Kebede Adisu , Kassa Wondwossen , Mekonnen Tesfaye , Yao Katy , Luman Elizabeth T. , Kebede Amha , Linde Mary K.
Published: November 2014

Background: In 2010, a National Laboratory Strategic Plan was set forth in Ethiopia to strengthen laboratory quality systems and set the stage for laboratory accreditation. As a result, the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme was initiated in 45 Ethiopian laboratories.Objectives: This article discusses the implementation of the programme, the findings from the evaluation process and key challenges.Methods: The 45 laboratories were divided into two consecutive cohorts and staff from each laboratory participated in SLMTA training and improvement projects. The average amount of supportive supervision conducted in the laboratories was 68 hours for cohort I and two hoursfor cohort II. Baseline and exit audits were conducted in 44 of the laboratories and percent compliance was determined using a checklist with scores divided into zero- to five-star ratinglevels.Results: Improvements, ranging from < 1 to 51 percentage points, were noted in 42 laboratories, whilst decreases were recorded in two. The average scores at the baseline and exit audits were 40% and 58% for cohort I (p < 0.01); and 42% and 53% for cohort II (p < 0.01),respectively. The p-value for difference between cohorts was 0.07. At the exit audit, 61% ofthe first and 48% of the second cohort laboratories achieved an increase in star rating. Poor awareness, lack of harmonisation with other facility activities and the absence of a quality manual were challenges identified.Conclusion: Improvements resulting from SLMTA implementation are encouraging. Continuous advocacy at all levels of the health system is needed to ensure involvement of stakeholders and integration with other improvement initiatives and routine activities.
Imaging in lung transplants: Checklist for the radiologist
Authors: Madan Rachna , Chansakul Thanissara , Goldberg Hilary J
Published: November 2014

Post lung transplant complications can have overlapping clinical and imaging features, and hence, the time point at which they occur is a key distinguisher. Complications of lung transplantation may occur along a continuum in the immediate or longer postoperative period, including surgical and mechanical problems due to size mismatch and vascular as well as airway anastomotic complication, injuries from ischemia and reperfusion, acute and chronic rejection, pulmonary infections, and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Life expectancy after lung transplantation has been limited primarily by chronic rejection and infection. Multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) is critical for evaluation and early diagnosis of complications to enable selection of effective therapy and decrease morbidity and mortality among lung transplant recipients.
MDCT evaluation of potential living renal donor, prior to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: What the transplant surgeon wants to know?
Authors: Ghonge Nitin P , Gadanayak Satyabrat , Rajakumari Vijaya
Published: November 2014

As Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy (LDN) offers several advantages for the donor such as lesser post-operative pain, fewer cosmetic concerns and faster recovery time, there is growing global trend towards LDN as compared to open nephrectomy. Comprehensive pre-LDN donor evaluation includes assessment of renal morphology including pelvi-calyceal and vascular system. Apart from donor selection, evaluation of the regional anatomy allows precise surgical planning. Due to limited visualization during laparoscopic renal harvesting, detailed pre-transplant evaluation of regional anatomy, including the renal venous anatomy is of utmost importance. MDCT is the modality of choice for pre-LDN evaluation of potential renal donors. Apart from appropriate scan protocol and post-processing methods, detailed understanding of surgical techniques is essential for the Radiologist for accurate image interpretation during pre-LDN MDCT evaluation of potential renal donors. This review article describes MDCT evaluation of potential living renal donor, prior to LDN with emphasis on scan protocol, post-processing methods and image interpretation. The article laid special emphasis on surgical perspectives of pre-LDN MDCT evaluation and addresses important points which transplant surgeons want to know.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma in the carotid space: Expanding the differential diagnosis
Authors: Deshpande Sneha Satish , Kane Shubhada , Arya Supreeta
Published: November 2014

Plasma cell neoplasms have been classified into various types, with a range of clinical and radiological presentations. Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a subset of plasma cell neoplasms which presents as an isolated non-osseous soft tissue mass. Though carotid space neoplasms are commonly encountered, EMP in the carotid space is rare and seldom considered in the initial differential diagnosis of a carotid space mass. These tumors can be treated by surgery or radiotherapy. On the other hand, the commonly encountered tumors in the carotid space are treated surgically. Also, it is mandatory to exclude multiple myeloma in the patients presenting with EMP. Hence, accurate and early diagnosis has therapeutic and prognostic implications. We report a rare case of EMP of the carotid space, describing the imaging features and the differential diagnoses with clues pointing to this rare entity.
La tomodensitométrie chez le lapin de compagnie : réalisation pratique et indications
Authors: Boussarie Didier
Published: November 2014

Cet article décrit la réalisation pratique de l’examen tomodensitométrique chez le lapin de compagnie. Les principales indications sont représentées par les affections buccodentaires, les rhinites récurrentes, le syndrome vestibulaire, les lésions vertébrales et les lésions intra thoraciques qui représentent les affections les plus souvent rencontrées dans cette espèce. Cet examen présente l’avantage d’être non invasif et de fournir des images en désuperpostion, très précieuses notamment dans les affections buccodentaires. La lourdeur de l’investissement et le coût de l’examen représentent cependant les principaux facteurs limitants.
L’innovation en cancérologie, un modèle pour les politiques de santé
Authors: Lenoir Gilbert
Published: November 2014

La lutte contre le cancer, comme l'avait été avant elle la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses, est maintenant devenue un modèle pour les politiques de santé. Comme pour elle, la découverte des causes, associée à l'innovation technologique, permet une prise en charge innovante et efficace.
La directive 2010/63/UE: l’explicite et l’implicite
Authors: Combrisson Hélène
Published: November 2014

Directive 2010/63/UE : the explicit and the implicit

On september 2010, a new European Directive for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental purposes was signed. It replaces the previous 1986 Directive and represents a significative change in increasing substantially the protection of experimental animals. The changes concern mainly the domain of application, the structure and the management of the animal facilities either breeding colonies or research laboratories. The whole staff should acquire qualifications more finely tuned to their duties. The authorization of projects based on their ethical value is now under control of an administrative process. These modifications impact on ways of functioning in all the establishments with for objective a better consideration of 3R (Reduction, Refinement Replacement) to the advantage of animals. However, their implementation is not always easy to do ; it is essential to find the good compromises to increase the standards of animal protection while protecting the possibility of pursuing a high quality expérimental research in Europe.
A propos d’un nouveau type de toxine botulique
Authors: Popoff Michel-Robert
Published: November 2014

About a novel type of botulinum toxin

A novel type (type H) of botulinum toxin has been identified, which represents a novel pathology and also novel potential threat for human. The non disclosure of scientific information and non distribution of the novel strain to other expert laboratories raise the question of confidentiality of new sensitive data and security strategy to be developed in the diagnosis and research laboratories regarding the handling of new potentially very virulent pathogens
Problématiques de la nutrition en ophtalmologie – application à la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge
Authors: Brétillon Lionel , Thierry Magalie , Simon Émilie , Acar Niyazi , Bron Alain , Creuzot-Garcher Catherine
Published: November 2014

Nutrition in ophthalmology – clinical application to age-related macular degeneration

«Let food be your medicine.» This contribution from Hippocrates is still timely addressed, especially in the field of ophthalmology. Observational epidemiology reports close associations between food habits and the risk or prevention of several ocular pathologies such as cataract or Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Anti-oxidant vitamins, minerals and lipids are the nutrients that have been the most widely studied. Interventional epidemiology and experimental works partially corroborated these findings. Unexpectedly, the benefit of long chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of late AMD was not firmly established in Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). Nevertheless, one should not omit to refer to well established data in this field. Still, further works are needed and warranted, especially for better delineating the role of, not only nutrients but also dietary habits, and gene-nutrients interactions.
1914-1918. Réflexions sur la perte de 1.140.000 équidés par les armées françaises
Authors: Milhaud Claude
Published: November 2014

Pendant la première guerre mondiale l’armée française incorpora 1.880.000 chevaux et mulets et en perdit 1.140.000. Les causes immédiates de ces pertes sont succinctement rappelées : pathologie contagieuse, interne et externe du cheval de guerre. La recherche de causes plus profondes conduit à s''interroger sur le respect des règles fondamentales de l’hippologie ou de la bientraitance des animaux ainsi que sur la qualité des soins vétérinaires. Chevaux intrinsèquement inaptes ou peu aptes au service de guerre, alimentation et protection contre les intempéries insuffisantes, abus d’emploi ou évacuations tardives aggravent l’état de santé des animaux et compromettent l’action des 2.794 vétérinaires présents dans les armées françaises. Dirigé par le service des remontes le soutien vétérinaire se révèle défaillant pendant une grande partie de la guerre. Il est amélioré en 1917, pour n’être optimisé qu’en novembre 1918. Le concept de guerre courte, l’intérêt tardif du commandement pour le potentiel équin des armées, et la tenue à l’écart de la hiérarchie technique vétérinaire sont proposés comme causes fondamentales à cette hécatombe.
Burcar, Lilijana: AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ITS SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTEXT. Ljubljana, Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 2014
Authors: Vičar Branislava
Published: November 2014

American literature and its socio-political context avtorice Lilijane Burcar je primer družbeno angažiranega akademskega pisanja s temeljnim namenom razvijanja kritične (literarne) pismenosti kot podstati sistemske ozaveščenosti. Že z izbiro naslova avtorica nakaže, da je za ustrezno analizo literarnih del nujno razumevanje družbenopolitičnih kontekstov, "iz katerih literatura izhaja in ki določajo in definirajo njene pomene". Delo je napisano kot literarni učbenik, ki je v prvi vrsti namenjen študentom anglistično-amerikanističnih študij, a s transdisciplinarnim pristopom, politično kontekstualnostjo in poantnimi nalogami, ki beroče vodijo do interdisciplinarnih povezav in jih usmerjajo k poglobljenim sistemskim analizam, presega tako meje tradicionalnega literarnokritiškega diskurza kot mainstreamovskega učbeniškega pisanja.
Older men learning through religious and political affiliations: case studies from Malta
Authors: Formosa Marvin , Galea Roberta Chetcuti , Bonello Rosette Farrugia
Published: November 2014

This article examines two case studies from Malta that focus on older men learning through informal channels. The first case study investigated the role of a community-based organisation - namely, a religious confraternity dedicated to 'Our Lady of Immaculate Conception' of the village of Mqabba - as an avenue for informal learning activities for older men. The second case study investigated the connection between affiliation in the Labour Party Veterans' branch of the Labour Party (Malta) and informal learning. The case studies were carried out by employing a qualitative-methodological framework whereby data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The intent was to reveal the perceived interests and expectations regarding what would be considered a satisfying lifestyle in the context of membership of older men in both organisations. Findings reveal the benefits that older men enjoy through participation in such organisations, including increased levels of independence, improved social participation, and positive effects on participants' self-esteem and personal confidence. Informants report that membership also contributed to their mental and physical health and to increased activity. Many underlined how participation aided them in escaping boredom and keeping in touch with the outside world. Findings also reveal that only a few informants were simultaneously involved in organisations and activities not related to their religious and political affiliations, which highlights the importance of both informal learning channels in helping older men lead successful and active lives.
Increase in elemental carbon values between 1970 and 2004 observed in a 300-year ice core from Holtedahlfonna (Svalbard)
Authors: Ruppel M. M. , Isaksson E. , Ström J. , Beaudon E. , Svensson J. , Pedersen C. A. , Korhola A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a light-absorbing particle that warms the atmosphere–Earth system. The climate effects of BC are amplified in the Arctic, where its deposition on light surfaces decreases the albedo and causes earlier melt of snow and ice. Despite its suggested significant role in Arctic climate warming, there is little information on BC concentrations and deposition in the past. Here we present results on BC (here operationally defined as elemental carbon (EC)) concentrations and deposition on a Svalbard glacier between 1700 and 2004. The inner part of a 125 m deep ice core from Holtedahlfonna glacier (79°8' N, 13°16' E, 1150 m a.s.l.) was melted, filtered through a quartz fibre filter and analysed for EC using a thermal–optical method. The EC values started to increase after 1850 and peaked around 1910, similar to ice core records from Greenland. Strikingly, the EC values again increase rapidly between 1970 and 2004 after a temporary low point around 1970, reaching unprecedented values in the 1990s. This rise is not seen in Greenland ice cores, and it seems to contradict atmospheric BC measurements indicating generally decreasing atmospheric BC concentrations since 1989 in the Arctic. For example, changes in scavenging efficiencies, post-depositional processes and differences in the vertical distribution of BC in the atmosphere are discussed for the differences between the Svalbard and Greenland ice core records, as well as the ice core and atmospheric measurements in Svalbard. In addition, the divergent BC trends between Greenland and Svalbard ice cores may be caused by differences in the analytical methods used, including the operational definitions of quantified particles, and detection efficiencies of different-sized BC particles. Regardless of the cause of the increasing EC values between 1970 and 2004, the results have significant implications for the past radiative energy balance at the coring site.
Linking baseflow separation and groundwater storage dynamics in an alpine basin (Dammagletscher, Switzerland)
Authors: Kobierska F. , Jonas T. , Kirchner J. , Bernasconi S. M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This study aims at understanding interactions between stream and aquifer in a glacierized alpine catchment. We specifically focused on a glacier forefield, for which continuous measurements of stream water electrical conductivity, discharge and depth to the water table were available over four consecutive years. Based on this dataset, we developed a two-component mixing model in which the groundwater component was modelled using measured groundwater levels. The aquifer actively contributing to stream flow was assumed to be a superposition of two linear storage units. Calibrating the model against measured total discharge yielded reliable sub-hourly estimates of discharge and insights into groundwater storage properties. We found that a near-surface aquifer with high hydraulic conductivity overlies a larger reservoir with longer response time. Analyzing the mass balance of infiltration into the groundwater reservoir against exfiltration into the stream provided results that were in line with previous findings at this catchment.
Perfil espacial das interações Universidade-Empresa e papel da localidade do grupo de pesquisa.
Authors: Garcia Renato , Araujo Veneziano De Castro , Mascarini Suelene , Santos Emerson Gomes , Costa Ariana
Published: November 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar como alguns fatores locais afetam as interações universidade-empresa no Brasil. Por um lado, busca avaliar como características locais e alguns fatores internos dos grupos acadêmicos de pesquisa influenciam o número de interações que eles realizam com empresas. Por outro, examina os fatores que influenciam a distância geográfica das interações universidade-empresa, com especial atenção para a qualidade da pesquisa acadêmica, além de outros fatores como os esforços locais de P&D e as características da estrutura produtiva da região da empresa. Para isso, foram formulados dois modelos empíricos que utilizam os dados das interações dos grupos de pesquisa acadêmicos do Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa da base Lattes do CNPq.
Aspectos da produção e zoneamento agroecológico da cana-de-açúcar no Centro-Oeste
Authors: Cardoso Bárbara Françoise , Shikida Pery Francisco Assis
Published: November 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo contextualizar a importância da expansão canavieira para o Centro-Oeste frente ao zoneamento agroecológico da cana-de-açúcar. Dentre os estados brasileiros produtores, os que compõem a região Centro-Oeste foram os que apresentaram maiores taxas geométricas de crescimento entre as safras canavieiras de 1980/1981 e 2012/2013. Com 15,16% de crescimento entre as safras supra, Goiás foi o que mostrou maior crescimento, seguido por Mato Grosso (13,42%) e Mato Grosso do Sul (8,97%). O zoneamento agroecológico mostra que esses estados possuem áreas aptas à expansão do cultivo da cana, que representam cerca de 3.000% das áreas atualmente utilizadas com cana nos mesmos.
Een terughoudende praktijk
Authors: Spithoven Remco
Published: November 2014

A practice of restraint. About the practical challenges of fighting back the fear of crime

Despite the international scientific inconclusiveness about the nature of the fear of crime, the strategic layer of the Dutch government aims to reduce the fear of crime in general by 2017. But their policy-goals were not accompanied with a plan how to realize them. Meanwhile, local practitioners claim to be in search of practical tools and substantive support how to fight back the public’s fear of crime. This study was aimed to feed the discussion with a constructive and realistic input from both the practitioners and the scientific view. The research question was: ‘What do local practitioners do against the public’s fear of crime and how can these activities be improved?’ 36 local practitioners from Dutch local municipalities, the police force and the public prosecutor were interviewed. Schön’s idea of the ‘reflective practitioner’ (1983) was the underlying argument to make practical knowledge about reducing the fear of crime explicit. The respondents from both institutional layers of local ‘policy advise’ and ‘policy implementation’ were quite reluctant about fighting back the public’s fear of crime. They aim to reduce the fear of crime in a doubtful and indirect way. Because many sources of the public’s fear of crime were unknown to them or were not in the reach of their professional activities. In this way, the interviewed local practitioners approach strongly aligned with the advice of international scientists to be reluctant and realistic about fighting back the public’s fear of crime. We advised an approach of ‘local fear of and worry about crime’ in dialog between international science and the interviewed local Dutch practitioners. The results of it will probably not contribute to quantitative policy goals at the national level, but rather to custom fit, qualitative improvements on the local level. This will probably be the most effective way to fight back the few tractable elements that make up the fear of crime.
Palette of Problems
Authors: Amidon Joel , Roscoe Matt
Published: November 2014

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Enhancing Students' Written Mathematical Arguments
Authors: Lepak Jerilynn
Published: November 2014

Writing in mathematics is complex. To swim in the deep end of mathematical understanding, a peer-review activity helps students support a claim and communicate it clearly while keeping the audience in mind.
Rethinking Factors
Authors: Feldman Ziv
Published: November 2014

Help students develop an entirely new way of thinking about factors.
Genèse d’une demande de reconnaissance en patrimoine immatériel. La désignation de la pratique du canot à glace sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent
Authors: Genest Bernard
Published: November 2014

Le 9 février 2014, la pratique du canot à glace sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent était proclamée élément du patrimoine immatériel en vertu de la Loi sur le patrimoine culturel. Dans son article, Bernard Genest rappelle les différentes étapes du processus (mission en Belgique, étude, production d’un rapport synthèse et publication des résultats) qui ont conduit la Société québécoise d’ethnologie à déposer en 2013 une demande de désignation auprès du ministère de la Culture et des Communications. Un long parcours qui a finalement amené le Ministère à inscrire cette pratique emblématique et populaire au registre du patrimoine culturel du gouvernement du Québec, reconnaissant de ce fait que la connaissance, la sauvegarde, la transmission ou la mise en valeur de la manifestation présente un intérêt public. Genest conclut en précisant que la désignation de cette tradition fortement identitaire, bien qu’essentielle et incontournable, ne constitue pas pour autant une fin en soi, l’objectif ultime étant d’obtenir sa reconnaissance sur le plan international.
Geneviève Massignon et les contes oubliés du Madawaska : un patrimoine à redécouvrir
Authors: Labelle Ronald
Published: November 2014

Après avoir parcouru les régions acadiennes des provinces Maritimes en 1946-1947 afin de réaliser une thèse doctorale sur les parlers français d’Acadie, Geneviève Massignon y est revenue en 1961, attirée cette fois-ci par les conteurs et chanteurs traditionnels qu’elle avait découverts. Florent Gervais, conteur vivant dans le Madawaska américain, avait particulièrement attiré son intérêt. Massignon a présenté des contes du Madawaska lors du congrès de l’Isfnr à Athènes en 1964, mais elle est décédée deux ans plus tard et son grand projet d’édition de contes n’a jamais été réalisé. Massignon considérait que les contes du Madawaska méritaient d’être connus à travers le monde, mais son travail est tombé dans l’oubli. L’auteur s’interroge donc sur les tendances qu’ont les chercheurs de développer sans cesse de nouveaux chantiers de recherche, alors que des travaux importants demeurés inachevés mériteraient d’être repris. Selon lui, les contes traditionnels demeurent un domaine d’étude pertinent à l’heure où la pratique du contage connaît partout un renouveau.
Lieux dits hantés. L’implication des insectes dans la production de phénomènes inexpliqués
Authors: Thibault Mireille
Published: November 2014

Dans les lieux réputés hantés se produisent principalement des bruits et divers déplacements d’objets qui résulteraient de l’action d’une force méconnue. L’hypothèse d’un rôle joué par les insectes dans la production de tels phénomènes est à considérer. Leur implication ne se résumerait pas simplement aux bruits et aux divers effets que peut provoquer leur présence, mais également à la possibilité qu’origine d’eux, de manière involontaire, une force apte à provoquer certains phénomènes physiques. Il s’agit de la force du son, modifiée et amplifiée par la conformation ou les matériaux des lieux mêmes où ce genre de phénomènes dits inexpliqués se produit. Dans un tel cas, il faut envisager la présence à l’état naturel de ce qui est appelé un saser, soit un dispositif utilisant la force du son. La présence des insectes rejoindrait également plusieurs éléments reliés aux croyances véhiculées concernant les lieux dits hantés.
Juliette Jourdain-Dumont. Métier : infirmière de colonie
Authors: Simard Jean
Published: November 2014

Dans les années 1930, le gouvernement du Québec ouvre des territoires à la colonisation pour favoriser l’établissement de familles touchées par la grande crise économique. Pour accompagner ces familles, le gouvernement crée des dispensaires qu’il confie à des « infirmières de colonie » pour faire les accouchements et fournir un service médical de première ligne, comme la vaccination et même de petites chirurgies. 174 postes furent ainsi créés dans la plupart des régions du Québec. Juliette Jourdain-Dumont fut l’une de ces infirmières qui exerça le métier à la dure dans le village de Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire, près d’Amos, en Abitibi. De 1949 à 1952, elle y a fait 295 accouchements, sans en rater aucun. Elle raconte ici sa vie qui fut, à l’entendre et à la lire, une suite de joies que les inévitables difficultés aidaient simplement à préparer.
Gradation et régulation de Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) avec Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki dans les subéraies du centre et de l’est algérien
Authors: Zamoum Mohamed , Khemici Mohamed , Bahmane Rachid
Published: November 2014

Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) est l’un des insectes les plus redoutables pour les subéraies algériennes. Le recensement des superficies infestées entre 1968 et 2013 a mis en évidence trois principaux pics de culmination en 1977, 1987 et 1996 qui ont conduit à la défoliation de 13 445, 28 157 et 20 793 ha de forêts, respectivement. Les forêts littorales de l’est algérien semblent les plus vulnérables. Pour la première fois en Algérie, un essai à l’aide de deux produits à base de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (Btk) de sérotype 3a-3b à la concentration de 16 000 unités internationales par milligramme (UI/mg) a été réalisé sur les premiers stades larvaires de l’insecte dans trois foyers infestés afin de déterminer les conditions optimales d’utilisation de bio-insecticides en subéraie. Les relevés effectués 20 j après la pulvérisation par hélicoptère ont montré que la mortalité du premier au troisième stade larvaire a atteint au moins 90 % dans les zones traitées. L’élevage des chenilles et des chrysalides survivantes au traitement a permis de constater une mortalité différée entre 16,0 % et 38,8 % dans les foyers traités. La mortalité nymphale était principalement causée par les hyménoptères, les diptères et les microorganismes pathogènes.
CD4+ cell count recovery in naïve patients initiating cART, who achieved and maintained plasma HIV‐RNA suppression
Authors: Costagliola Dominique , Lacombe Jean‐Marc , Ghosn Jade , Delaugerre Constance , Pialoux Gilles , Cuzin Lise , Launay Odile , Ménard Amélie , de Truchis Pierre , Mary‐Krause Murielle , Weiss Laurence , Delfraissy Jean‐François
Published: November 2014

Introduction

A key objective of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is to reach and maintain high CD4 cell counts to provide long‐term protection against AIDS‐defining opportunistic infections and malignancies, as well as other comorbidities. However, a high proportion of patients present late for care. Our objective was to assess CD4 cell count recovery up to seven years in naïve patients initiating cART with at least three drugs in usual clinical care.

Methods

From the French Hospital Database on HIV, we selected naïve individuals initiating cART from 2000 with at least two years of follow‐up. Participants were further required to have achieved viral load suppression by six months after initiating cART and were censored in case of virological failure. We calculated the proportion of patients (Kaplan‐Meier estimates) who achieved CD4 recovery to >500/mm3 according to baseline CD4 cell count.

Results

A total of 15,025 patients were analyzed with a median follow‐up on ART of 65.5 months (IQR: 42.3–96.0). At cART initiation, the median age was 38.6 years (IQR: 32.2–46.0), 9734 (64.8%) were men, median CD4 cell count was 239 (IQR: 130–336) and 2668 (17.8%) had a prior AIDS event. Results are presented in the Table 1.

KM estimates of achieving a CD4 cell count >500/mm3 over time according to baseline CD4 cell count at cART initiation

Baseline CD4+cell count, Median (IQR)
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7

CD4<200 (n=5909), 100 [39–156]
8% (7–9)
21% (20–22)
33% (31–34)
43% (42–45)
52% (50–54)
60% (58–61)
61% (59–62)

200≤CD4<350 (n=5751), 269 [235–305]
40% (39–42)
61% (60–62)
73% (72–74)
81% (580–82)
85% (84–86)
88% (87–89)
90% (89–91)

350≤CD4<500 (n=2252), 404 [374–443]
74% (72–76)
87% (85–88)
91% (90–92)
94% (93–95)
95% (93–96)
96% (95–98)
97% (95–98)

Conclusions

This study shows that CD4 cell counts continue to increase seven years after cART initiation, whatever the baseline CD4 cell count. Failing to achieve CD4 recovery with continuous viral load suppression is rare for naïve patients initiating cART in routine clinical practice, but takes substantially longer in patients who initiate antiretroviral therapy at low CD4 cell counts.
Socio‐economic factors and virological suppression among people diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom: results from the ASTRA study
Authors: Burch Lisa , Smith Colette , Anderson Jane , Sherr Lorraine , Rodger Alison , O'Connell Rebecca , Gilson Richard , Elford Jonathan , Phillips Andrew , Speakman Andrew , Johnson Margaret , Lampe Fiona
Published: November 2014

Introduction

In the United Kingdom, rates of virological suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are very high, but there remain a small but significant number of people on ART with detectable viraemia. The impact of socio‐economic factors on virological suppression has been little studied.

Materials and Methods

We used data from ASTRA, a cross‐sectional, questionnaire study of >3000 individuals from 8 clinics in the United Kingdom in 2011–2012, linked to clinical records to address this question. Included participants had received ART for >6 months with a recorded current viral load (VL) (latest at the time of questionnaire). Participants provided data on demographic factors: gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity and age; and socio‐economic factors: UK birth/English reading ability, employment, housing, education and financial hardship. To assess non‐adherence, participants were asked if in the past 3 months, they had missed ART for ≥2 days at a time. Virological suppression was defined as VL≤50 cps/mL. For each socio‐economic factor, we calculated prevalence ratios using modified Poisson regression, first adjusting for demographic factors, then also for non‐adherence.

Results

A total of 2445 people fulfilled the inclusion criteria (80% male, 69% MSM, median age: 46 years, median CD4 count: 556 cells/mm3); 10% (234/2445) had VL>50 cps/mL. After adjusting for demographic factors, non‐fluent English, not being employed, not home owning, education below university level and increasing financial hardship were each associated with higher prevalence of VL>50 cps/mL. Additional adjustment for non‐adherence largely attenuated each association, but did not fully explain them (see Table 1). After adjustment for non‐adherence and demographic factors, younger age was also associated with VL>50 cps/mL: for each additional 10 years an individual was 0.80 (95% CI 0.70–0.92) times as likely to have VL>50 cps/mL (p=0.0019). Adjusted prevalence ratios for VL>50cps/mL were 0.91 (0.62–1.34) for women and 1.25 (0.85–1.84) for non‐MSM men versus MSM, and 1.29 (0.92–1.80) for white versus non‐white people.

Conclusions

Among people on ART in the United Kingdom, the proportion with detectable VL is low. Poorer socio‐economic status is associated with increased probability of virological non‐suppression. It is likely that much of this association is mediated through difficulties in taking ART. Emphasis should be put on aiding the adherence of people in these higher risk groups.