bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Performance Simulation of Racing Car Suspension System Based on the Third Spring Structure
Authors:   Chongqing University of Technology, CHINA, Chen Jiahui , Hu Bo , Li Jiaxi
Published: April 2022

Suspension is one of the most important assemblies in modern automobile. The performance of suspension determines the whole vehicle performance, so the design and optimization of suspension system is an important part of automobile overall design. Under the background of the China University formula car race, this paper takes the suspension system of the University formula car designed by the team as the research object, and mainly carries out the following research work: 1, The type of suspension is determined by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the structure; 2. Parameter design of the suspension, including the selection of wheel alignment parameters, suspension geometry drawing, various stiffness calculation, damping coefficient calculation, etc.; 3. According to the results of parameter design, the design and assembly of various parts of the suspension system are carried out; 4. Based on ADAMS / car simulation platform, The kinematics simulation model of the front and rear suspension is established, and the simulation analysis of the model is carried out to find out the variation range of parameters and find out the unreasonable performance parameters, which directly affects the handling stability and ride comfort of the racing car, so the reasonable design of the suspension system is of great significance to improve the performance of the formula racing car. To sum up, in order to improve the driving stability of formula racing car and make it have the appropriate ability of vibration attenuation, this paper designs the suspension system based on the third spring structure. This makes the structure of suspension linear stiffness and roll stiffness decoupled, so as to ease the contradiction between handling stability and ride comfort, so as to achieve the purpose that the third spring and lateral stabilizer bar manage the linear stiffness and roll stiffness respectively. Adams / car is used to simulate the dynamics of formula racing car. The results show that the third spring can increase the vertical stiffness and has little effect on the roll stiffness when the wheel jumps in the same direction. However, the influence on the body roll can be ignored in the process of acceleration and braking, but it can effectively inhibit the acceleration and braking. The simulation results show that the third spring can effectively improve the longitudinal performance of the vehicle. The method and experience can provide inspiration and method for the design of the suspension system of formula racing car.
Ideologías lingüísticas sobre la normalización de los alfabetos de las lenguas originarias del Perú
Authors: Arias Loaiza Geraldine , Lovón Cueva Marco Antonio
Published: April 2022

Los alfabetos son instrumentos para codificar la escritura. Su creación responde en general a las políticas lingüísticas estatales o a los criterios académicos de los profesionales del lenguaje. Los lingüistas son quienes plantean sus propuestas bajo la concepción que tienen sobre la realidad lingüística. Los alfabetos son contemplados bajo una serie de ideologías, es decir, por unas formas determinadas de pensar o razonar. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las ideologías lingüísticas sobre la normalización de los alfabetos en el Perú. Para ello, se estudia una serie de documentos formulados por el Estado, los cuales están respaldados generalmente por la opinión académica. En el análisis, se han identificado cinco ideologías acerca de los alfabetos. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, el trabajo concluye que las ideologías lingüísticas sobre los alfabetos afectan la concepción y la toma de decisiones de la normalización lingüística.
Proceso de adaptación lingüística del migrante peruano en la sociedad española
Authors: Gonzales Cavero Rosario , Saavedra Arroyo Valeria
Published: April 2022

Esta investigación describe la adaptación lingüística por la que atraviesan nueve migrantes peruanos, de los cuales tres han radicado en la ciudad de Madrid, cuatro viven en la actualidad en Madrid y dos, en la ciudad de Guadalajara. El residir por un tiempo extenso, mayor a dos años, ha influido en la incorporación de expresiones propias del español peninsular a su propio idiolecto, lo que conlleva a que el uso del dialecto propio, limeño, sea un referente de la identidad cultural del migrante en ciertos espacios. Para la elaboración de este artículo, se hicieron entrevistas. Gracias a ello, se obtuvieron los testimonios sobre los que se realizó el análisis, en el cual se determina que el migrante peruano ha pasado por un proceso de convergencia, lo cual implica una adaptación lingüística forzosa, en el ambiente social y laboral, debido a la presión de la sociedad.
ANÁLISE DE FRATURA DE ESTRUTURAS CELULARES DE TI-6AL-4V PRODUZIDAS POR MANUFATURA ADITIVA
Authors: ARTHUR LONGHITANO GUILHERME , MACHADO LEONARDO , KERSTNER BALDIN ESTELA KNOPP , B. PEDRO , DE FRAGA MALFATTI CELIA
Published: April 2022

IMPLANTES PERSONALIZADOS E MORFOLOGIAS QUE MIMETIZAM AS ESTRUTURAS BIOLÓGICAS SÃO TENDÊNCIAS NA MEDICINA. NA ORTOPEDIA, UM BIOCOMPATIBILIDADE, BAIXA RIGIDEZ, RESISTÊNCIA MECÂNICA E RESISTÊNCIA À CORROSÃO. A MANUFATURA ADITIVA (MA) POSSIBILITOU A PRODUÇÃO DE IMPLANTES PERSONALIZADOS DA LIGA TI-6AL-4V ELI COM GEOMETRIAS COMPLEXAS, COMO ESTRUTURAS CELULARES POROSAS. ESSAS ESTRUTURAS PROPORCIONAM MELHOR CONFORMIDADE DE RIGIDEZ ENTRE OSSO E IMPLANTE, CONTORNANDO O PROCESSO DE REABSORÇÃO ÓSSEA (STRESS SHIELDING) E PROMOVENDO UMA ADAPTAÇÃO MAIS RÁPIDA E DURADOURA. COMO RESULTADO, PODEM SER OBTIDOS MENORES RISCOS DURANTE A CIRURGIA, RECUPERAÇÃO MAIS RÁPIDA DO PACIENTE, MAIOR DURABILIDADE DO IMPLANTE, MELHORES RESULTADOS ESTÉTICOS E ERGONÔMICOS E, PRINCIPALMENTE, MELHORA NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA DO PACIENTE. ESTE TRABALHO PRODUZIU TRÊS TIPOS DE ESTRUTURAS CELULARES DE TI-6AL-4V ELI VIA SINTERIZAÇÃO DIRETA DE METAIS POR LASER (DMLS), UMA TÉCNICA DE MA COM METAIS. PROCEDIMENTOS DE CARACTERIZAÇÃO GEOMÉTRICA, ENSAIOS MECÂNICOS DE COMPRESSÃO E ANÁLISE DE FRATURA FORAM REALIZADOS. ADEMAIS, ANÁLISE DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS FOI CONDUZIDA PARA ENTENDER A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE TENSÕES DAS ESTRUTURAS DURANTE O CARREGAMENTO. TODAS AS ESTRUTURAS CELULARES APRESENTARAM BOA PRECISÃO GEOMÉTRICA COM AS ARQUITETURAS PROJETADAS. CADA ESTRUTURA APRESENTOU UM TIPO DE MECANISMO DE FRATURA ASSOCIADO A UMA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE TENSÕES. TODAS AS ESTRUTURAS APRESENTARAM RIGIDEZ COMPATÍVEL COM O OSSO HUMANO. OS RESULTADOS CONTRIBUEM PARA A ÁREA DE PROJETOS DE ESTRUTURAS CELULARES E PARA O ENTENDIMENTO DOS MECANISMOS DE FRATURA DE DIFERENTES CÉLULAS UNITÁRIAS, AJUDANDO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO E PRODUÇÃO DE ARQUITETURAS COMPLEXAS PARA IMPLANTES ORTOPÉDICOS COM PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS CONTROLADAS.
AVALIAÇÃO DO EFEITO DE DIFERENTES BIOMATERIAIS NA VIABILIDADE DE CÉLULAS-TRONCO.
Authors: PEDRO MEDEIROS GODOI THALLYSON , SILVA DE OLIVEIRA LUIZA , MAURMANN NATASHA , TREVELIN SOUZA MARINA , PRANKE PATRICIA
Published: April 2022

BIOMATERIAIS S?O PRODUTOS DE ORIGEM NATURAL OU SINT?TICA, COMO LIGAS MET?LICAS, CER?MICAS, POL?MEROS E COMP?SITOS, QUE PODEM SER UTILIZADOS PARA FINS BIOM?DICOS. BIOCER?MICAS S?O BIOMATERIAIS SINT?TICOS QUE INCLUEM BIOVIDROS (45S5), VITRO-CER?MICAS (BIOSILICATO), HIDROXIAPATITA (HAP), ENTRE OUTROS. NESSE ESTUDO, FORAM UTILIZADAS C?LULAS-TRONCO DE DENTES DEC?DUOS HUMANOS. AS C?LULAS FORAM SEMEADAS NA DENSIDADE DE 10.000/PO?O EM UMA PLACA DE CULTIVO (PC) COM 96 PO?OS E TRATADAS COM 3 BIOMATERIAIS DE DIFERENTES ?NDICES DE BIOATIVIDADE (HAP, VITRO-CER?MICA BIOSILICATO E 45S5) NAS CONCENTRA??ES 0 (CONTROLE, PC), 0,25, 0,5, 1 E 2 MG/ML. AP?S 2 DIAS, A VIABILIDADE CELULAR FOI AVALIADA PELO ENSAIO COM BROMETO DE 3-(4,5-DIMETILTIAZOL-2-IL)-2,5-DIFENILTETRAZOLIO (MTT). OS VALORES DE M?DIA E DESVIO PADR?O (DP) FORAM DE 0,26?0,03 PARA CONTROLE NA PC; 0,22?0,05 PARA 0,25 MG/ML DE HAP; 0,23?0,05 PARA 0,5 MG/ML DE HAP; 0,21?0,04 PARA 1 MG/ML DE HAP E 0,27?0,03 PARA 2 MG/ML DE HAP. NO CASO DO BIOSILICATO, A M?DIA E DP FORAM DE 0,24?0,02; 0,24?0,02; 0,23?0,02 E 0,22?0,01, RESPECTIVAMENTE, PARA 0,25 MG/ML, 0,5 MG/ML, 1 MG/ML E 2 MG/ML. PARA O BIOVIDRO 45S5 ESSES VALORES FORAM 0,23?0,01 PARA 0,25 MG/ML; 0,19?0,05 (P menor que 0,01 EM COMPARA??O COM PC) PARA 0,5 MG/ML; 0,20?0,04 PARA 1 MG/ML, E 0,18?0,02 (P menor que 0,01 EM COMPARA??O COM PC) PARA 2 MG/ML. AS PROPRIEDADES ESTRUTURAIS E A COMPOSI??O DAS CER?MICAS AFETAM A CONCENTRA??O DE ?ONS NO MEIO DE CULTURA E, CONSEQUENTEMENTE, PODEM INFLUENCIAR A VIABILIDADE CELULAR. NESSE ESTUDO, SOMENTE O BIOVIDRO 45S5, NAS CONCENTRA??ES DE 0,5 E 2 MG/ML, DIMINUIU A VIABILIDADE DAS C?LULAS-TRONCO.
COMPORTAMENTO REOLÓGICO DE HIDROGÉIS NANOCOMPÓSITOS DE NANOCELULOSE E PECTINA COM FOCO EM IMPRESSÃO TRIDIMENSIONAL
Authors: ABBOUD AZOUBEL RAFAEL , AKIRA D AVILA MARCOS
Published: April 2022

HIDROGÉIS SÃO ESTRUTURAS TRIDIMENSIONAIS FORMADOS POR POLÍMEROS HIDROFÍLICOS, RETICULADOS OU NÃO, E QUE SÃO CAPAZES DE ABSORVER UMA GRANDE QUANTIDADE DE ÁGUA EM SUA ESTRUTURA. A CAPACIDADE DA CELULOSE DE FORMAR HIDROGEL, SUA ALTA DISPONIBILIDADE NA NATUREZA E POSSIBILIDADE DE UTILIZAÇÃO EM MEDICINA REGENERATIVA FIZERAM COM QUE ESSE POLÍMERO RECEBESSE BASTANTE ATENÇÃO NOS ÚLTIMOS ANOS. A PECTINA, QUE JÁ ERA UM POLÍMERO NATURAL MUITO USADO NA INDÚSTRIA ALIMENTÍCIA, SE MOSTROU UMA ÓTIMA ALTERNATIVA PARA USO EM HIDROGÉIS COM FOCO EM MEDICINA REGENERATIVA, JÁ QUE É UM MATERIAL PROVENIENTE DE PLANTAS. NO PRESENTE TRABALHO, HIDROGÉIS NANOCOMPÓSITOS DE CRISTAIS DE NANOCELULOSE (CNC) E PECTINA FORAM FORMULADOS, ESTUDADOS QUANTO SEU COMPORTAMENTO REOLÓGICO E PRINTABILIDADE EM UMA IMPRESSORA TRIDIMENSIONAL VISANDO APLICAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA TECIDUAL E MEDICINA REGENERATIVA. PRIMEIRAMENTE, OS COMPORTAMENTOS REOLÓGICOS DAS SOLUÇÕES SEPARADAS DE PECTINA E CNC FORAM ANALISADOS PARA QUE SE PUDESSE, POSTERIORMENTE, VER AS MUDANÇAS OCORRIDAS PELA COMBINAÇÃO DOS DOIS MATERIAIS COMO UM HIDROGEL. OS HIDROGÉIS DE CNC COM PECTINA FORAM PREPARADOS EM ÁGUA COM DIFERENTES CONCENTRAÇÕES, TANTO DE PECTINA QUANTO DE CNC, CARACTERIZADOS REOLÓGICAMENTE E, APÓS ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO REOLÓGICO, FORAM DEFINIDAS AS TINTAS MAIS PROMISSORAS. ELAS FORAM SUBMETIDAS A TESTES DE IMPRESSÃO TRIDIMENSIONAL PARA DEFINIR A PRINTABILIDADE DE CADA UMA. OS TESTES REOLÓGICOS DAS TINTAS MOSTRARAM COMPORTAMENTO PSEUDOPLÁSTICO (SHEAR THINNING) NA VARREDURA DE VISCOSIDADE E, TAMBÉM, APRESENTARAM COMPORTAMENTO PREDOMINANTEMENTE ELÁSTICO (G^'>G"), COMPORTAMENTO DESEJÁVEL PARA IMPRESSÃO TRIDIMENSIONAL. A CAPACIDADE DA TINTA DE GERAR FILAMENTOS FOI AVALIADA E FOTOS TIRADAS COM A AJUDA DE UM MICROSCÓPIO ACOPLADO À IMPRESSORA. AS TINTAS IDEAIS FORAM TESTADAS A PARTIR DA FORMAÇÃO DE SCAFFOLDS COM 10, 20 E 50 CAMADAS. AO FINAL A TINTA 3:10 WT.% PECTINA/CNC FOI DEFINIDA COMO A TINTA IDEAL, COMPROVANDO OS VALORES NUMÉRICOS OBTIDOS EXPERIMENTALMENTE. APÓS A DEFINIÇÃO DA TINTA IDEAL, A RETICULAÇÃO DO MATERIAL FOI TESTADA QUANTO AO TEMPO DE RETICULAÇÃO E PROPRIEDADES REOLÓGICAS USANDO UMA TINTA NÃO RETICULADA COMO CONTROLE. O TEMPO DE RETICULAÇÃO NÃO MOSTROU INFLUÊNCIA SIGNIFICATIVA NOS TESTES REOLÓGICOS. A ESTRUTURA IMPRESSA DA TINTA IDEAL SE MOSTROU COM BOA RESOLUÇÃO, ATÉ COM 50 CAMADAS, O QUE CONFIRMA A PRINTABILIDADE DA TINTA DE PECTINA/CNC.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE FILTRO DE AR POR IMPRESSÃO 3D ATRAVÉS DE MODELAGEM POR DEPOSIÇÃO DE MATERIAL FUNDIDO (FDM)
Authors: COLOMBARI BOMFIM CAMILA , JOSÉ NASSAR EDUARDO
Published: April 2022

A FABRICA??O DE OBJETOS A PARTIR DE ADI??O DE MATERIAL EM FORMA DE CAMADAS PLANAS E SUCESSIVAS ? EXECUTADA POR TECNOLOGIAS DE MANUFATURA ADITIVA, QUE T?M EM COMUM A POSSIBILIDADE DE CONSTRU??O DE GEOMETRIAS COMPLEXAS, SEM A NECESSIDADE DE UTILIZA??O DE QUALQUER OUTRA FERRAMENTA. CONSIDERANDO A POSSIBILIDADE DE CONSTRUIR FORMAS GEOM?TRICAS COMPLEXAS, OS OBJETIVOS DESTE TRABALHO S?O: MODELAR UM PROT?TIPO DE FILTRO DE AR UTILIZANDO A FERRAMENTA CAD TINKERCAD, PERTENCENTE ? AUTODESK; ESTUDAR POSS?VEIS ESTRUTURAS DE PREENCHIMENTO INTERNO DO FILTRO ATRAV?S DOS PAR?METROS DE DENSIDADE, GEOMETRIA E ENTRELA?AMENTO DAS CAMADAS DE PREENCHIMENTO, UTILIZANDO O SOFTWARE FATIADOR ULTIMAKER CURA, VERS?O 4.8.0; CONSTRUIR O FILTRO ATRAV?S IMPRESS?O 3D FDM, UTILIZANDO UMA IMPRESSORA MODELO ENDER 3 E FILAMENTOS DE ?CIDO POLIL?TICO (PLA HT) COMO MAT?RIA PRIMA; ESTUDAR A INFLU?NCIA DA ESPESSURA DO FILTRO NO FLUXO DE AR. A CONSTRU??O DOS FILTROS INDICA QUE A PASSAGEM DE AR ? POSS?VEL ATRAV?S DOS ORIF?CIOS DO PROT?TIPO. PARA VALIDAR A PASSAGEM DE AR ATRAV?S DO FILTRO, FOI REALIZADO UM TESTE DE FLUXO DE AR, CONFORME SISTEMA DESCRITO PELA NBR 13698. OS PROCEDIMENTOS EXPERIMENTAIS REALIZADOS INDICAM A POSSIBILIDADE DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E CONSTRU??O DE UM FILTRO DE AR UTILIZANDO MANUFATURA ADITIVA, VISTO QUE A SISTEMATIZA??O DAS CONFIGURA??ES POSS?VEIS DE IMPRESS?O 3D DOS FILTROS, ATRAV?S DA SUPERPOSI??O DE CAMADAS DE PREENCHIMENTO INTERNO, CRIAR? AS BARREIRAS F?SICAS PARA AS PART?CULAS.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM MÓDULO DE EXTENSÃO (PLUGIN) PARA O SOFTWARE INVESALIUS VISANDO À INTEGRAÇÃO DE ETAPAS DA BIOIMPRESSÃO 3D
Authors: MARCELLO JULIANO , CAPALDO AMARAL ANDRÉ , ALVARENGA REZENDE RODRIGO
Published: April 2022

O OBJETIVO DA MEDICINA REGENERATIVA E DA ENGENHARIA DE TECIDOS É REGENERAR OU SUBSTITUIR TECIDOS PERDIDOS OU DANIFICADOS, A FIM DE SALVAR OU OFERECER MELHORES CONDIÇÕES DE VIDA AOS PACIENTES. A BIOIMPRESSÃO 3D SURGE COMO UMA TECNOLOGIA PROMISSORA PARA A FABRICAÇÃO DE TECIDOS OU ÓRGÃOS DE FORMA AUTOMATIZADA AMPARADA NA APLICAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS DA INFORMAÇÃO (TI). CADA TECIDO OU ÓRGÃO POSSUI CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECÍFICAS E COMPLEXAS - COM ESTRUTURAS MORFOLÓGICAS, COMPOSIÇÕES CELULARES E MOLECULARES PRÓPRIAS - ALÉM DE FUNCIONALIDADE BEM DEFINIDA. A FIM DE SE REPRODUZIR ESTRUTURAS ANATÔMICAS É FUNDAMENTAL CONHECER AS ESPECIFICIDADES DE CADA UMA DELAS DE MODO A SE PROJETAR E INTEGRAR ADEQUADAMENTE AS ETAPAS DA BIOFABRICAÇÃO, DESDE A CRIAÇÃO DA IMAGEM COMPUTADORIZADA  BLUEPRINT, PASSANDO-SE PELA MATERIALIZAÇÃO POR BIOIMPRESSORAS ATÉ A FASE DE MATURAÇÃO TECIDUAL FEITA POR BIORREATORES. NESSE CONTEXTO, A EXTRAÇÃO DA ARQUITETURA DO TECIDO/ÓRGÃO E A GERAÇÃO DE PROJETOS DE ALTA RESOLUÇÃO SÃO TAREFAS DESAFIADORAS PARA A REGENERAÇÃO DE TECIDOS. A PROPOSTA DESSE TRABALHO É CRIAR UM MÓDULO DE EXTENSÃO (PLUGIN) AO SOFTWARE INVESALIUS, UMA FERRAMENTA QUE GERA O MODELO 3D DIGITAL CONSTRUÍDO A PARTIR DE IMAGENS MÉDICAS OBTIDAS POR EQUIPAMENTOS, COMO POR EXEMPLO, DE TOMOGRAFIA COMPUTADORIZADA OU RESSONÂNCIA MAGNÉTICA, PARA QUE SEJA POSSÍVEL SEGMENTAR O MODELO 3D GERADO E ENVIÁ-LO DIRETAMENTE À BIOIMPRESSORA 3D, EVITANDO-SE EXPORTAR O MODELO PARA OUTROS SOFTWARES DE TRATAMENTO, ANTES DE ENVIAR PARA A BIOIMPRESSORA, ENCURTANDO-SE ASSIM O CAMINHO.
The Relationship between Market Orientation, Innovation and Business Performance of Hotel and Restaurant Businesses in Ho Chi Minh City: The Moderating Role of Business Environment
Authors:   Van Hien University, Vietnam, Giang Luu Hoang
Published: April 2022

The study was conducted to examine the relationship between market orientation, innovation, and business performance through the role of regulation of business environment. By the quantitative research method combined with the qualitative research method, structural equation modelling (SEM) is performed with a sample size of 503 observations, the participants are the leaders of the hotel, restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City. The results show that there is a positive relationship between market orientation, innovation, and business performance of hotel – restaurant businesses. The business environment plays a role in regulating market orientation, innovation, and business outcomes. Through the regulatory role, the business environment factor plays a role in increasing the business performance of hotel – restaurant businesses. The results have brought practical significance to hotel – restaurant businesses. Managers needs to focus on market orientation, and innovation to improve business results. In addition, before the fluctuations of the business environment, restaurant – hotel businesses need to take advantage and grasp to adjust the appropriate market orientation and innovation strategies to contribute to improving business results. Finally, some limitations are also mentioned in this study.
Contract Enforcement, Remittance and Economic Growth in Ghana
Authors:   Accra Technical University, Manu Christiana Afriyie
Published: April 2022

This paper provides evidence that contract enforcement and remittances positively affect economic growth. Secondary data on Ghana was obtained from World Development Indicator spanning from the period 1980 to 2017. The variables used for the study include economic growth as the dependent variable and contract enforcement and remittances as independent variables. Foreign Direct Investment, export and financial development were used as control variables. The study investigates the significant relationship between remittances and economic growth in the presence of contract enforcement. Hence, one will like to examine the effect of contract enforcement to ensure that the remittance received is used. Cointegration, unit root estimations and regression estimations were conducted on time series data in examining the link between remittances and economic growth. The study shows a significant positive relationship between contract enforcement and economic growth in Ghana. The study also shows an important positive link between the interaction of remittances and contract enforcement on Ghana's economic growth in the long run. It was recommended in the study that Ghana should have strong contract enforcement so remittance and other factors can help promote economic growth.
The Dynamism of Trade Balance in Ghana
Authors:   Accra Technical University, Manu Christiana Afriyie
Published: April 2022

Developing economies have frequently employed macroeconomic factors such as the currency rate, inflation, investment, and so on to manage trade flow; yet, there are often chronic deficits in the balance of trade and payments due to a structural imbalance between the amounts of exports and imports. As most rich countries intentionally used the benefits of international trade to improve their trade balance position, many developing countries signed up for numerous unilateral and multilateral trade policy reforms that provided little to no economic benefit. As a result, this study employs cointegration and an error correction model based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework to analyse and estimate the effect of macroeconomic factors on Ghana's trade balance and how Ghana's trade balance has changed from 2000 to 2018. Quarterly time series data covering a period of 19 years, from 2000 to 2019 was collected on all dependent and independent variables such as exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate and GDP per capita. The results indicate that exchange rate and interest rate significantly affect trade balance while GDP per capita and inflation insignificantly affect trade balance. The study recommended that the government should put in more measures to stabilise the currency and local manufacturers should be motivated by giving subsidies and tax exceptions.
Opening up TVET lecturer professional learning and development through work integrated learning in South Africa
Authors: Govender Shanali C , Dhurumraj Thasmai
Published: April 2022

Providing professional learning and development opportunities for lecturers is necessary for enabling ‘open learning’, as promoted by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET). In the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector, there are desperate shortages of suitably qualified and experienced lecturers. This shortage is a multifaceted problem, with some staff lacking formal qualifications, some lacking vocational experience, and others lacking professional educator training for the TVET context. This chapter explores how approaches to professional learning and development, particularly work integrated learning (WIL) opportunities for TVET staff, coordinated by DHET through collaborative linkages with industry, drew on and/or contributed to open learning. The study used a range of secondary sources of information, supplemented with five semi-structured interviews and a structured email-based questionnaire. Open learning has a strong social justice intention. Thus, we adopted Fraser’s three-dimensional conceptualisation of social justice to illuminate the extent to which these interventions sought to create conditions of participatory parity, and in so doing address economic, cultural and political injustices experienced by lecturers. The study identifies a number of instances of injustice, including the direct and indirect costs of WIL, the extent to which misrecognition excludes marginalised individuals from WIL, and the extent to which governance structures entrench inequalities. Furthermore, we suggest how the design of these interventions might take these barriers to parity of participation into consideration in future designs. Critically, we suggest that locating WIL in formal learning opportunities, and reviewing merit awards systems might lead to greater uptake and, in the long run, improved teaching and learning.
The potential for microcredentials as a form of open learning to contribute to a social justice agenda in South African higher education
Authors: Jones Barbara
Published: April 2022

This study explores how microcredentials could be directed towards social justice ends in South African (SA) Higher Education (HE). The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) draft Open Learning Policy Framework (OLPF) is premised on understanding open learning as a social justice imperative, identifying digital badges and microcredentials as strategically significant in open learning. Microcredential activities in SA HE are still nascent, so academic staff from only one SA university, who were actively experimenting with digital badges and microcredentials, were able to be interviewed. Interviews with selected local and international informants involved in researching and/or working with microcredentials in HE were also conducted, to investigate other practices and approaches in this field that could advance social justice in SA HE. The social justice framework of Nancy Fraser, which theorises ‘parity of participation’ in the dimensions of economic, cultural and political injustice, provided the analytical lens with which to interrogate the qualitative data. The findings indicate that microcredentials can remedy systemic inequities for both staff and students in the university studied. More broadly, microcredentials can afford the recognition of alternative epistemologies and cultural practices, and linking microcredentials to qualifications frameworks can allow for increased mobility of workers who can access an ‘ecosystem’ of work and educational opportunities, and potentially improve their lives. However, a coherent, integrated national post-school education and training (PSET) policy environment, explicitly based on social justice principles, is urgently needed to facilitate and guide further microcredential development so that it may help remedy inequities in SA HE.
Blended learning as a means of opening up learning at Northlink TVET College in South Africa
Authors: Raban Mukhtar , Mayisela Tabisa
Published: April 2022

Blended learning has become a critical element in the ensemble of learning and teaching approaches in post-school education and training (PSET) as a means to provide flexible and pedagogically inclusive education. With the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa calling for increased open learning initiatives, many Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges are responding through ICT-mediated adaptations of their learning and teaching approaches, such as blended learning. Northlink TVET College in Cape Town, the top performer in South Africa in the 2018 final National Certificate Vocational (NCV) examination results and well-known for its blended learning initiatives, was chosen to showcase its flexible and inclusive pedagogical approaches. This case study employed a qualitative approach that used in-depth interviews and a focus group with the college’s Education and Training Unit manager, two lecturers, and six students to explore the blended learning initiative and practices at the college. This was to interrogate the ways in which the blended learning initiatives were informed by open learning principles, and the extent to which this mode of learning provision at the college can be deemed to be, using Fraser’s (2005) critical theory for analysis, socially just. Findings indicate that explicit accommodations in the pedagogical design and implementation of blended learning were made by the college to ameliorate certain financial and political injustices often experienced by students and staff. However, significant strides are yet to be taken to address certain cultural injustices. This study holds the potential to inspire teaching and learning practices and blended learning provision at the college and other PSET institutions, in realisation of the open learning agenda. Recommendations for both the college and DHET have been made.
Exploring the possibilities and constraints of online assessment to advance open learning in a South African TVET college
Authors: Huang Cheng-Wen , Mayisela Tabisa
Published: April 2022

South Africa’s Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) has put forward ‘open learning’ as an educational approach to addressing issues of access and success in the post-school education and training sector. This chapter investigates the possibilities and limitations of online assessment to advance DHET’s open learning agenda in the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) sector. Adopting a social justice lens, this chapter explores how online assessment has the potential to encourage as well as constrain ‘parity of participation’ (Fraser,1995) from an economic, cultural and political perspective. A small empirical study involving interviews with four staff members from Tshwane North TVET College’s Open Learning Unit and four students is employed to illuminate the themes of social justice. The findings indicate that online assessment has the potential to aid economic justice by creating the conditions for working individuals to improve their qualifications whilst working, but lack of access to material resources, such as suitable technologies and data, can be a deterrent. Culturally, in relation to pedagogy, the findings illustrate the potential for online assessment to support learning by providing immediate feedback and creating opportunities for self-assessment, although academic integrity surfaces as a major concern. Politically, the findings indicate how a lack of national policy can hinder the successful operationalisation of online assessment at the course and institutional level. The chapter highlights the need to develop policies that correspond with the philosophies and practices of online assessment and open learning. It proposes that principles of open learning, combined with the affordances of online assessment, allows for an opportunity to explore different modes of assessments fromthe fit-for-purpose perspective.
Staff insights on opening up learning to students with disabilities at Motheo TVET College, South Africa
Authors: Van Wyk Gertrude , Hodgkinson-Williams Cheryl Ann
Published: April 2022

The extent to which open learning is being adopted by South African Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in general and, more specifically, to support students with disabilities (SWDs) is not known. The aim of this study is to better understand the ways in which one ‘disability-friendly’ TVET college has opened up learning to students with mobility, visual, hearing, communication, intellectual, emotional and multiple limitations, impairments and/or disabilities. Two senior managers and four staff members were interviewed in this qualitative study undertaken amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Fraser’s (2005) conception of social justice as ‘parity of participation’ is used as a lens to untangle the economic, cultural and/or political injustices faced by SWDs as well as the staff who endeavour to support them. Several national government and institutional structural arrangements, institutional cultural conventions and individual activities have helped to ameliorate some economic and even transform some cultural injustices. However, more synergy and proactive interventions are required between policies and financial provision at national and municipal levels to ensure parity of participation of SWDs. These insights are applicable for implementation at the institution, in the TVET sector more broadly, for consideration by policymakers at the Department of Higher Education and Training, the National Student Financial Aid Scheme and Sector Education and Training Authorities as well as by employers seeking to increase access, progression and success of SWDs.
CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO ÍNDICE TORNOZELO-BRAQUIAL NA ESTRATIFICAÇÃO DO RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Goiás. Faculdade de Medicina – Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular. Goiás, GO, Brasil, Santos Cavalcante Kalley , Kunz Sebba Barroso Weimar ,   Universidade Federal de Goiás. Faculdade de Medicina – Serviço de Cardiologia / Liga de Hipertensão Arterial. Goiás, GO, Brasil
Published: April 2022

A doença arterial periférica (DAP) desponta atualmente como a terceira maior causa de morbidade cardiovascular por doença aterosclerótica no mundo, havendo nítida associação com a doença arterial coronária (DAC) e o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Sendo muitas vezes a primeira manifestação da aterosclerose sistêmica, seu correto diagnóstico pode levar à reestratificação de risco cardiovascular (RCV), principalmente em pacientes assintomáticos do ponto de vista cardiológico. Surge assim o índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico não-invasivo de DAP, como exame complementar de fácil acesso, baixo custo, passível de ser realizado ambulatorialmente e com resultado objetivo e de fácil interpretação, tornando-se um método acessível para avaliação da aterosclerose sistêmica. Diversos estudos amparam seu uso como complementação ao Escore de Risco de Framingham, aumentando a acurácia do mesmo e permitindo a reestratificação de pacientes, auxiliando assim na decisão clínica do tratamento a ser instituído, ou mesmo como fator de RCV isolado.
AÇÃO DOS ISGLT2 NO HIPERTENSO DIABÉTICO, QUANDO INDICAR?
Authors:   Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Professor orientador na pós-gradução - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Tria Bianco Henrique
Published: April 2022

A doença cardiovascular (DCV) representa um fardo individual e social em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). A diabetes é uma doença crônica onerosa do ponto de vista social e econômico. O seu tratamento inclui medidas não farmacológicas, como dieta e exercício físico, bem como a adição de medicamentos em pacientes que não atingem controle glicêmico satisfatório através de medidas comportamentais. Medicamentos da classe inibidores de SGLT2 (iSGLT2), objeto deste manuscrito, têm sido associados com a redução de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade, além de redução da pressão arterial e peso, sem conferir aumento de risco de hipoglicemia.
O ESSENCIAL DO DIAGNÓSTICO AO TRATAMENTO DA HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL
Authors:   Médico/Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Paraná, PR, Brasil, Landal Cavassin Bruno , Lima Júnior Emilton ,   /Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Professor de Adjunto de Cardiologia/Universidade Federal do Paraná. Mestre em Cardiologia/Universidade Federal do Paraná. Doutor em Ciências Médicas/Université de Liège/Bélgica. Chefe do Ambulatório de Hipertensão Resistente e Cardiometabolismo - HC/UFPR. Paraná, PR, Brasil
Published: April 2022

A doença hipertensiva é o principal fator de risco para a mortalidade cardiovascular no mundo. Para tentar melhorar esse cenário, podem-se vislumbrar três ações estratégicas: melhorar o acesso aos cuidados em saúde, aumentar a adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e quebrar os paradigmas da inércia terapêutica. A hipertensão arterial é doença cujo diagnóstico é rápido, de baixo custo e relativamente fácil. Entretanto, apenas uma em cada cinco pessoas hipertensas está com a pressão arterial controlada. Logo, se as metas pressóricas recomendadas não forem atingidas e mantidas, há maior risco de desfechos cardiovasculares ruins. Estratégias de educação em saúde podem acarretar em maior adesão ao tratamento. Para tanto, deve-se incentivar o esclarecimento da população sobre essa doença, fornecendo-lhe informações pertinentes. Além disso, o profissional médico deve estabelecer estratégias para atingir a meta pressórica, para seus pacientes, por meio do tratamento efetivo. As diretrizes médicas se propõem a oferecer as melhores evidências em diagnóstico e tratamento. No entanto, por vezes, podem ser um tanto confusas e até mesmo complexas para serem utilizadas rotineiramente. A fim de tornar mais simples e objetiva a busca de informações, baseadas em evidências científicas atuais, na conduta dos pacientes hipertensos, propõe-se um fluxograma para consulta rápida. Nele, a hipertensão arterial é conduzida desde o diagnóstico até o tratamento.
INFECÇÃO PELO SARS-COV-2 E DISFUNÇÃO AUTONÔMICA – LABILIDADE PRESSÓRICA NA COVID-19
Authors:   Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil, de Oliveira Salazar Gabriela , Nascimento Thiago Augusto ,   Clínica e Hospital São Lucas. Rede D’Or, São Luiz. Aracaju, SE, Brasil, Machado de Souza Roberta ,   Clínica e Hospital São Lucas. Rede D’Or, São Luiz. Aracaju, SE, Brasil, Alves de Oliva Sobrinho Almiro ,   Clínica e Hospital São Lucas. Rede D’Or, São Luiz. Aracaju, SE, Brasil, Soares Barreto-Filho José Augusto ,   Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil,   Clínica e Hospital São Lucas. Rede D’Or, São Luiz. Aracaju, SE, Brasil,   Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil,   Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil, Sobral Sousa Antônio Carlos ,   Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil,   Clínica e Hospital São Lucas. Rede D’Or, São Luiz. Aracaju, SE, Brasil,   Divisão de Cardiologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil,   Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
Published: April 2022

Homem de 53 anos, hipertenso e portador de bronquite, admitido em um serviço de urgência no dia 15 de dezembro de 2020 devido sintomas gripais, febre e cefaleia iniciados há oito dias. Após constatação de acometimento pulmonar importante mediante tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax, sugestivo de infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV2, o paciente foi internado em unidade de terapia intensiva. Foi intubado no décimo dia de internação, e, dois dias após, evoluiu com labilidade pressórica importante, recorrendo ao uso de noradrenalina e nitroprussiato, além de outros anti-hipertensivos, conforme a necessidade. O quadro predominante foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, manifestada principalmente com a mudança de decúbito, sendo o maior valor pressórico registrado de 240x90 mmHg. A disautonomia também se manifestou por ausência de dejeções, sudorese excessiva e espasmos musculares. A frequência cardíaca se manteve estável e dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade. A partir do trigésimo dia de internação, observou-se melhora progressiva do quadro e reestabelecimento da homeostase. Obteve alta após 59 dias de internação, sem sequelas significativas. A explicação mais razoável para o caso é o aumento da resistência vascular periférica, por ação da angiotensina II, associada à supressão do sistema parassimpático, o que explica,também, a incompetência do barorreflexo para compensação pela frequência cardíaca. Adicionalmente, o paciente estava em uso de carvedilol. Este caso enfatiza o desafio diagnóstico precoce da disautonomia em pacientes críticos, devido a carência de ferramentas adequadas para uso na prática cotidiana. A estimulação vagal pode constituir opção terapêutica eficaz, mas carece de mais estudos.
POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF AFRICA’S POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Authors:   Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Cape Town, South Africa, Chikozh Claudious , Nhemachena Charles ,   Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Cape Town, South Africa
Published: April 2022

The advent of political independence allowed most Sub-Saharan countries to determine the appropriate mix of policies and institutions that would enable them to achieve rapid socioeconomic development. But experiences across the continent have so far yielded mixed results, and the search for an effective political economy model in the face of a rapidly globalizing world remains an ongoing challenge for most countries. In this study, we ask why some developing countries seem to be growing much faster and have much better socioeconomic performance than others. Indeed, what macroeconomic policies and institutions should Sub-Saharan countries pursue to enable more sustainable, lasting, and inclusive growth while dealing with the challenges that a rapidly changing political and economic world order present? The study’s main intention was to generate knowledge to enhance the efficacy of Africa’s political economy and development pathways by identifying alternative macroeconomic policy and institutional options that can be deployed to enable deeper socioeconomic transformation.
CURBING ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE BOKO HARAM UPRISING
Authors:   Department of Political Science,  Faculty of Social Sciences, Niger Delta University,  Wilberforce Island Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Johnson Alalibo
Published: April 2022

Ethno-religious conflict has become a major security challenge confronting Nigeria and several African states. This paper examined the factors responsible for the Boko Haram insurgency and its consequences on Nigeria. The paper argued that ethno-religious conflicts can be resolved when the root causes and other socio-economic factors driving the conflict are analysed and addressed by the state and all the stakeholders. Data for the study were sourced from secondary sources, while analysis was done descriptively through the qualitative research method. The paper relied on the basic human needs theory as its theoretical framework. To ensure sustainable peace and progress in the north-east and Nigeria as a whole, the paper recommended for the restructuring of the Nigerian state in order to allow every ethnic group, state and geopolitical zone in the present day Nigeria to develop and progress at its own pace while the powers of the federal government are limited to defence, foreign policy, currency and national security.
BVN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND BANKING SYSTEM STABILITY IN NIGERIA
Authors:   Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos, Adewole Clement , Muna Cynthia ,   Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos, Odumu Victor ,   Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos
Published: April 2022

This study examined the effect of BVN Regulatory Framework on banking system Stability in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design and Primary data for this study were obtained through questionnaires, which were administered to 213 management staff of the ten (10) selected banks. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while spearman rank correlation was used to test the hypotheses. The result indicates that BVN Regulatory Framework have a significant effect on bank capital adequacy, bank liquidity and asset quality in Nigeria. The study concludes that BVN Regulatory Framework have a significant effect on banking system stability in Nigeria. It was recommended that Banks must ensure that Customers Bank Accounts are protected from unauthorized access while implementing BVN regulatory framework so as to avoid running into liquidity problem; In other to maintain a sound capital base, banks must ensure that staff comply strictly to BVN regulatory framework in it operation and Banks should continue to make effective use of BVN regulatory framework in the course of lending and administration so as to maintain high credit portfolio while avoiding cases of non-performing loan.
THIRD WORLD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Deputy Editor of The Economist  The concise Encyclopedia of Economics  Library of Economics and Liberty, New York, Crook Clive
Published: April 2022

The development experiences of Third World countries since the fifties have been staggeringly diverse—and hence very informative. Forty years ago the developing countries looked a lot more like each other than they do today. Take India and South Korea. By any standards, both countries were extremely poor: India's income per capita was about $150 (in 1980 dollars) and South Korea's was about $350. Life expectancy was about forty years and fifty years respectively. In both countries, roughly 70 percent of the people worked on the land, and farming accounted for 40 percent of national income. The two countries were so far behind the industrial world that it seemed nearly inconceivable that either could ever attain reasonable standards of living, let alone catch up. This article examines the experiences of different countries.
OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION
Authors:   Biology Education Department School of Sciences Federal College of Education Technical, Umunze, Obianuju Stella , Onyinye Anazodo ,   Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Published: April 2022

The impact of science education in the daily activities of man and of course the world can never be over emphasized because science education form the basis for the acquisition of the scientific common senses that are applied in the solution of certain problems. The world is changing every day, therefore, science education which is the vehicle for advancement; innovations and national development have to change too. The paper looks into the concept of science education, goals of science education, emerging challenges in science education and way forward. Suggestions were also made on how best to overcome the challenges in science.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT IN THEHOTEL ESTABLISHMENTS IN ABONEMA, AKUKU-TORU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA (LGA) IN RIVERS STATE
Authors:   Department of Hospitality Management and Tourism Faculty of Management Sciences University of Port Harcourt, Ollor Helen , Harry Mercy ,   Department of Hospitality Management and Tourism Faculty of Management Sciences University of Port Harcourt
Published: April 2022

This study investigated Organizational Communication and Employee Commitment in Hotel Establishments in Abonema, Akuku-Toru Local Government Area, Rivers State. The objectives of this study were to ascertain how upward communication relates to work morale in the Hotel Establishments in Abonema; determine the relationship between downward communication and employee dedication in Hotel Establishments in Abonema. A sample size of 100 employee was selected using Taro Yamane Formula. The study adopted cross sectional research design. Face and content validity were employed to assess the relevance of the instrument. The research questions were analysed using descriptive statistics while the Null Hypotheses were statistically tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings showed that there was significant relationship between Upward Communication and Work Morale (r = 0576; p = 0.000; p < 0.05). Meaning, significant relationship exists between Upward Communication and Employee Dedication (r = 0.882; p = 0.000; p < 0.05). Therewas no significant relationship between Downward Communication and Work Morale (r = 0.620; p = 0.000; p < 0.05). Meaning, no significant relationship exists between Downward Communication and Employee Dedication (r = 0.911; p = 0.000; p < 0.05). Based on the findings, it was concluded that: Downward Communication had the greatest effect on Work Morale and Employee Dedication; and so, Management should be clear and objective concerning the quality of communication from their positions to their subordinates. It was therefore, recommended that Top Management should ensureclear messages in their Downward Communication Processes to enhance the level of understanding of the Employees.
Comparación de la efectividad y seguridad de la fijación sacroespinosa unilateral versus bilateral, en el tratamiento del prolapso de la cúpula vaginal
Authors:   Hathor, Clínica Sexológica. Armenia, Quindío, Colombia, Espitia-De La Hoz, Franklin José
Published: April 2022

Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of unilateral fixation of the spinous sacral ligaments against bilateral fixation, for the treatment of post-hysterectomy apical prolapse. Methods: Randomized, controlled, non-masked clinical trial in 96 women with vaginal vault prolapse, divided into two groups: “A”, n=50 underwent unilateral fixation technique to the sacral spinous ligament; “B”, n=46 bilateral fixation technique was used; between 2009 and 2015, in a highly complex clinic (Armenia, Colombia). Results: The average age was 69 ± 4.83 years. The mean time interval for follow-up after surgery was 54 months. Unilateral fixation demands a shorter operation time (42 ± 18 minutes versus 81 ± 24 minutes, p = 0.008), with a lower mean bleeding (117 ± 72 mL versus 261 ± 93 mL, p = 0.009). At 24 months, no differences were found in success rates (82% unilateral fixation vs 89.13% bilateral fixation) (p> 0.05). The mean of point «C» and vaginal length, at 72 months, was -5.75 ± 1.3 and 7.0 ± 1.4, respectively, for unilateral fixation, and -6.86 ± 0,73 and 7.5 ± 1.5, respectively, for bilateral fixation (p> 0.05). Conclusions: Fixation to the spinous sacral ligaments is an effective and safe option for the correction of vaginal vault prolapse; it can be performed unilaterally or bilaterally, with low recurrence and minimal complications, but with greater technical advantages in unilateral fixation.
Etapa fetal de la programación. Estrategias para un buen control preconcepcional y prenatal
Authors:   Universidad de Carabobo., Hernández-Rojas, Pablo E , Caraballo-Mata Alfredo J , Martínez Herdanny
Published: April 2022

Fetal programming assumes that pregnancy is the period of greatest susceptibility to acquire changes in the cell nucleus as an adaptive response to the presence of certain morbid processes, which, if maintained over time, will be expressed as pathologies in the child, adolescent or adult such as obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, anxiety, bipolarity,depression, and other neurological diseases such as autism, epilepsy, Alzheimer, and Parkinson’s disease. The objective was to analyze situations to be considered during the preconception, prenatal and postnatal consultation, in order to have an optimal environment in the first 280 days of the individual’s life. Conclusions: The correct gynecological and obstetric control should be oriented to look for a healthy adult, considering the fetus as a patient. A correct programming of the healthy adult begins in guaranteeing the health of the mother before and during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium.