bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications and Next Steps in Japan’s Security Renaissance
Authors: Oros Andrew L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers likely next steps in Japan's evolving security policies and implications for Japan, the United States, and the Asian region.
Sip and Saliva
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

When taking the first sip, the key questions for neuroenology are, first, how does the wine stimulate the taste and mouth-feel systems in the mouth, and second, how does it give rise to volatiles that dominate the wine taste through retronasal smell. The mechanics of the sip and functions of the saliva are described.
Orthonasal Smell
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

Smell is the greatest sensory characteristic of wine, but the most difficult to measure and describe. Different terms are used in describing wine aromas. Instruments aid in identifying the molecular composition of wine. We describe examples of the diverse structures of wine aroma molecules, and how they activate smell receptors. We claim that human smell is actually much better than we think.
Neoliberal Life Narrative
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2019

Chapter three examines the historicized women’s life narrative as it migrates into the 21st century, via Oprah Winfrey’s Book Club and television show, to the genres of self-help and redemption --analyzes how the memoir scandals of the late 1990s were invoked to discredit Rigoberta Menchú’s testimonio, but also focused additional vitriol at women who wrote about incest and sexual violence within families. The chapter goes on to offer an alternative history of the memoir boom to the conventional association of memoir and confessional culture by dating its beginning to self-representational writing by radical women of color, queer activists, and literary innovators in the 1980s, and uses the response to Kathryn Harrison’s memoir, The Kiss, to demonstrate how judgments about women’s credibility operate across legal and cultural courts of public opinion. The chapter further claims Harrison as pivotal episode in the memoir boom that solidified the power of the backlash and made it a formal part of the boom, and identifies further lack of credibility and social authority as James’ Frey’s memoir, A Million Little Pieces, was attacked. The chapter concludes by examining how Elizabeth Gilbert and Cheryl Strayed revived and redefined memoir to feature a traumatized heroine who may evade critique is she is resilient and sexually well-adjusted
Tainted Witness in Law and Literature
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2019

Chapter five examines two examples of unsympathetic women witnesses and the transits of their testimony across an assemblage of legal and literary modes of judgment: 1) the rape case brought by Nafissatou Diallo against former head of the International Monetary Fund and former French presidential hopeful Dominique Strauss-Kahn as Diallo and her testimony travelled from criminal court, through the court of public opinion, to civil court in search of an adequate witness and 2) the autobiographical fiction of Jamaica Kincaid, who offers a literary witness in contrast to the sympathetic, pure, young victims featured in humanitarian campaigns. The chapter argues that the dynamics of witness tainting previously analyzed make it imperative that we adopt an ethical response that is not primarily grounded in identification or compassion. The chapter concludes by arguing that sympathy fails to provide an adequate ground for ethical witnessing and that we must learn to engage with the unsympathetic woman witness.
Introduction
Authors: Autry Robyn
Published: January 2019

It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards.

— Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass

AT THE entrance of the Apartheid Museum located just outside of Johannesburg, South Africa, visitors face a dilemma: they must choose between two passageways marked in Afrikaans and English as “Blankes/Whites Only” or “Nie-Blankes/Non-Whites.” Generally, this causes a commotion, especially on days when large groups of schoolchildren and tourists descend, as visitors uncomfortably consider their options. On many occasions, people sort themselves and file into the separate entrances even if it means splintering groups that arrived together. This powerful moment speaks to the complacency still ingrained in us when it comes to the use of racial classification as a sorting mechanism as much as it does to our willingness to obey rules, whether those of the museum or society at large. Visitors are quickly reunited as the passageways join, but the initial entrance is unsettling and immediately places the visitor in a simulated space that feels more real and personal than most museum experiences....
Census
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses four general censuses of Egypt (1882, 1897, 1907, and 1917) as well as a variety of comprehensive surveys of subcommunities within Alexandria to focus on questions of socio-legal categorization. Although census reports aimed for comprehensive and logical description of the population, sharp category changes from census to census show that categories were anything but certain. This is particularly true of census categories of nationality, which proliferated over this period. This chapter builds on the previous chapter to offer a comprehensive account of the protocols of identification used in Alexandria's multiple legal contexts.
Escaping Death
Authors: Williams Terry
Published: January 2019

Gita, a bi-racial girl struggling to find herself after a rape and descent into strip club life; and like other teens Gita who complain of feeling worthless and alone began drinking and using drugs heavily and make the risk of suicide more likely. Girls are more likely than boys to have suicidal thought, create a suicide plan, and attempt suicide, while boys more often succeed at committing the act.
Pretend Intelligence
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 shows how the IQ test – the basis of nearly all that is said about genes, brains and intelligence – is far removed from an objective measure. There is no agreed theory of intelligence against which to validate the tests. Test constructors have preconceptions about who is more or less “intelligent” and then built the test around them. The ideological bases of the test are described; and the many claims made about its utility are examined and shown to be spurious or exaggerated
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: January 2019

Chapter 12 is a summary of the main points in each chapter. It suggests how we can dispel the fatalism, pessimism, and sheer “bad science”, engendered by genetic and brain reductionist approaches; and how the vast majority of humans will be constitutionally “good enough” for participation in all spheres of social existence, dependent upon developmental opportunities.
Introduction
Authors: Knee Jonathan A.
Published: January 2019

Billions of dollars have been lost in recent decades by some of the smartest investors of our generation who decided to invest in the education sector. The simple idea of this book is that by highlighting where these otherwise accomplished individuals went demonstrably wrong, we can identify a number of common errors and explore what it means about them, education and the business of education. The overarching framework of analysis is introduced as are key lessons of the book.
Melancholy Images
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: January 2019

The third chapter analyzes left-wing melancholy in contemporary cinema, focusing on significant movies of the last decades (Ken Loach, Chris Marker, Carmen Castillo, Gillo Pontecorvo among other film-makers). Most of these movies transform the experience of revolution into a “realm of memory” (according to Pierre Nora’s concept of lieux de mémoire).
E Pluribus Unum
Authors: Severs Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Where Infinite Jest had allowed Wallace to go continually inside the calculating minds of addicts and consumers to find evidence of diminishing returns and enslavement, he turned to taxes in order to place in the background of his next novel innumerable arcane terms of valuation, transaction, and reconciling, the million acts of book-balancing that go on constantly at the IRS. Oblivion’s wariness about the saving power of work receives new accents in this examination of ascetics, and by elaborating anew my central terms of work, value, and political rhetoric, I add nuance to readings that have already characterized the novel as a history of the rise of neoliberalism. In more specific terms, the chapter takes up three main threads: first, a re-energized role for ritual, a trope taken from DeLillo, as Wallace depicts his priestly accountants at sacred work. Second, a re-reading of forms of paper value in a neoliberal society, centered on contracts (a concern I unpack in previous chapters as well) and the values inscribed on currency, here elaborated in the novel’s many scenes that encode a Freudian intermingling of money and waste. Third, Wallace’s final rendition of axiology in passages about human attention’s comparative valuing of details, as explored through competing models of relevance and what the author-persona calls “the exact size and shape of every blade of grass in my front lawn” – one last image of the ground fiction forms.
Representing Reason
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 examines events of the early 1990s, focusing in particular on the deliberations of the National Institutions of Health Human Embryo Research Panel (HERP). The National Institutes of Health established the HERP after congress passed legislation that ended a de facto moratorium on federal funding for human embryo research. The chapter demonstrates how the Panel drew on John Rawls’ theory of public reason to construct an account of public reason that privileged scientific authority, and examines the political and policy reactions to the Panel’s recommendations.
Introduction
Authors: Buckley David T.
Published: January 2019

On September 30, 2010, a prayer service at Manila Cathedral broke with formal rites. With the mayor of Manila and Catholic bishops present, local tour guide and activist Carlos Celdran interrupted an ecumenical service to denounce the role of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines in debates on a reproductive health bill. Celdran won himself a place on the news and a spot in jail for violation of Philippine laws protecting religious worship....
Secular Evolution in the Philippines
Authors: Buckley David T.
Published: January 2019

How has the Philippines’ benevolent secularism withstood challenges brought on by authoritarian rule and religious pluralization over the past quarter century? This chapter documents the role of religious-secular and interfaith partnerships in steering institutional change in Philippines in two periods: the “People Power” Revolution against the Marcos dictatorship and more recent contention over reproductive health legislation. Religious-secular and interfaith alliances helped topple the Marcos regime, and more recently have alleviated some tensions related to reproductive health legislation. The chapter traces elite alliances through field interviews and records of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, and then documents similar consensus in public opinion data.
Death
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

IN A FAMOUS SEQUENCE FROM PIER PAOLO PASOLINI’S FILM Mamma Roma (1962), in which Anna Magnani plays a fierce prostitute who tries to start a new life with her teenage son, Ettore, she buys him a new motor-bike to celebrate his first day of work as a waiter. Excited about the gift, Ettore takes his mother on a fast ride through the Roman outskirts. Mamma Roma—the eponymous nickname of Magnani’s character—holds tightly to his waist and voices her dreams about their future, which Ettore’s untimely death will eventually shatter (...
Voice
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

Chapter six discusses the effects produced by Pasolini’s vocal performance in his films. Pasolini’s voice changes according to the function attributed to his authorial presence. It is his real voice when he presents himself as the author, as in film experiments such as Appunti per un’Orestiade Africana (Notes Toward an African Orestes, 1970) and Comizi d’amore (Love Meetings, 1963). However, when he plays a character in a fictional narrative, as in the case of The Trilogy of Life, his voice is dubbed. In this chapter I examine the difference between these two kinds of voice, showing that also dubbing and voiceover are elements of the performance of Pasolini’s authorship. I focus particularly on dubbing in Edipo re (Oedipus Rex, 1967), where Pasolini played the apparently marginal role of the High Priest. Pasolini’s use of his actual voice, as in the case of the voiceover in La sequenza del fiore di carta (The Sequence of the Paper Flower, 1969) and La Ricotta shows the author’s epistemic authority and control over the interpretation of his work. He particularly emphasizes the importance of his vocal performance in Love Meetings, a cinéma vérité experiment in which he interviews Italian people of all kind on issues concerning sexuality. However, when the questions turn to homosexuality, Pasolini silences his own voice (and authority), in order to reveal the homophobic violence of 1960s Italian society, unfiltered. Pasolini’s silence thus produces a subtle and subversive homopolitical intervention, which anticipates the more militant and strategic use of homosexual desire in The Trilogy of Life.
What Is Fair Pay for Executives?
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Venkat
Published: January 2019

We compare our theory’s prediction regarding executive compensation. The theory’s predictions are in line with what Peter Drucker, J. P. Morgan, and Warren Buffet have argued as a fair CEO compensation with respect to an average employee, or what it used to be in 1950s-60s in the U.S. We offer guidelines for designing a more reasonable and fair pay distribution in large corporations.
Modern POW Treatment in the United States
Authors: Arsenault Elizabeth Grimm
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the history of U.S. compliance with the Geneva Conventions, and later the UN Convention Against Torture, from Vietnam through September 10, 2001. The norm of humane POW treatment was solidified by U.S. experience in Vietnam as well as U.S. POW activities during the 1980s and 1990s. Military practice and doctrine from Grenada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf War indicate a strong commitment to upholding the Geneva Conventions and the CAT. By integrating Army lawyers into operational planning and crafting a policy of widely extending POW status, the improvement in detainee treatment that occurred during these conflicts strongly reflects the redress for U.S. lapses in Vietnam.
Climate Change—“The Greatest External Effect in Human History”
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

Scientists have been aware that certain gases trap heat since the early nineteenth century, and had reasonably precise estimates of their possible impact for over a century. Climate change has been described as the greatest external effect in history: it is an external cost imposed on everyone on earth by users of fossil fuels and certain other groups. Climate change is already having a wide range of profoundly harmful consequences for humans and for the natural world, causing droughts, floods, heat waves and food shortages and damaging ecosystems and threatening the vitality of many species.
Everyone’s Property is No One’s Property
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

Much natural capital is common property – owned by no one. Important examples are water and fish. Such property is generally greatly overused – the lamentable histories of the American bison and the passenger pigeon illustrate the power of this tendency. Commercially valuable fish are today going through the same process. But there are ways of avoiding this, by establishing property rights or in other ways limiting access and usage. Such mechanisms have worked well for some fisheries and some aquifers, but fishing on the high seas is still out of control.
Democratic Sovereignty and Transnational Law
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: January 2019

Critics of legal cosmopolitanism and global constitutionalism have often pointed to an alleged zero-sum conflict between democratic sovereignty and a particular class of international legal norms: those pertaining to human rights. It is undeniable that there exist tensions between the application of, and compliance with, human rights norms in domestic contexts, on the one hand, and international treaties and covenants, on the other. Benhabib develops a conceptual and empirical model for understanding these tensions not as a zero-sum game, but rather as a process of dialectical norm-enhancement and interpretation. Her thesis is that compliance with international human rights norms does not come at the cost of, but rather reinforces, democratic sovereignty.
Behind Marx’s Hidden Abode: For an Expanded Conception of Capitalism
Authors: Fraser Nancy
Published: January 2019

After decades in which the term ‘capitalism’ could scarcely be found outside the writings of Marxian thinkers, commentators of varying stripes now worry openly about its sustainability, scholars from every school scramble to systematize criticisms of it, and activists throughout the world mobilize in opposition to its practices. Nevertheless, the current boom in ‘capitalism’ talk remains largely rhetorical—more a symptom of the desire for systematic critique than a substantive contribution to it. Traditional Marxist conceptions of capitalism and its crisis are of no help here, since they fail systematically to incorporate the insights of feminism, postcolonialism and ecological thought. As a result, we lack conceptions of capitalism and capitalist crisis that are adequate to our time. In this chapter, Fraser suggests a way in which the Marxian conceptions of capitalism and capitalist crisis might be rethought in order to remedy this lacuna.
A Wide Concept of Economy
Authors: Jaeggi Rahel
Published: January 2019

Prominent strands of contemporary critical theory treat the economic formation of capitalist societies as a black box. From this perspective it is not only impossible but also unnecessary to subject capitalism itself to critique. Instead, only its external relations to other social formations—such as democratic political institutions—become the subject of critique. In this chapter, Jaeggi develops a conception of capitalism as a form of life that allows us to open the black box. By bring into view the internal state and constitution of economic practices and institutions that shape our lives, this conception allows us to subject the economy itself to critique.
Nephron progenitor commitment is a stochastic process influenced by cell migration
Authors: Lawlor Kynan T , Zappia Luke , Lefevre James , Park Joo-Seop , Hamilton Nicholas A , Oshlack Alicia , Little Melissa H , Combes Alexander N
Published: January 2019

Progenitor self-renewal and differentiation is often regulated by spatially restricted cues within a tissue microenvironment. Here, we examine how progenitor cell migration impacts regionally induced commitment within the nephrogenic niche in mice. We identify a subset of cells that express Wnt4, an early marker of nephron commitment, but migrate back into the progenitor population where they accumulate over time. Single cell RNA-seq and computational modelling of returning cells reveals that nephron progenitors can traverse the transcriptional hierarchy between self-renewal and commitment in either direction. This plasticity may enable robust regulation of nephrogenesis as niches remodel and grow during organogenesis.
Entanglements
Authors: Klooster Wim , Oostindie Gert
Published: January 2019

In contrast with the expansive goals and trajectory of Dutch colonialism before 1680, the Second Dutch Atlantic was devoid of conquests and offensive wars. The reorganized Dutch Atlantic empire was predicated on a multiplicity of inter-imperial commercial relationships, and as such played a crucial role in the development in the wider Atlantic world. Luso-Dutch trade prospered on the west coast, Suriname was connected to Anglo-America from the very start of Dutch colonization, and inter-imperial trade was the raison d’être for the entrepôts of Statia and Curaçao. Foreign invasions halted such ties temporarily, although they did not sever them.
A Strategic Vision Interrupted
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter briefly introduces the key themes of the book: Kennan’s little-known involvement with and impact on US policy towards East Asia, his formulation of a strategic vision for the region, the ultimate failure of that vision, and the strengths and weaknesses of his approach. It summarizes the post-World War II security environment that Kennan confronted in East Asia. It also emphasizes that his influence was largely attributable to his appointment as director of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff by Secretary of State George Marshall.
Aftermath of Korea
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how the impact of the Korean War undermined and ultimately destroyed Kennan’s strategic vision for US policy in East Asia. It led to the US militarization of Japan; US security commitments in Korea, Taiwan, Indochina, and the Philippines; and a hardening of US policy toward Communist China—all of which he had opposed. The net result was the application in East Asia of a version of Kennan’s own containment doctrine that he did not support. The final tragic casualty was Davies himself: the chapter describes how McCarthyism and charges of Communist sympathies led unjustly to Davies’s dismissal from the State Department, and the impact this had on Kennan.
Why Neighbors Kill Neighbors
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S. , Wittenberg Jason
Published: January 2019

What explains the anti-Jewish pogroms of summer 1941 that broke out in the eastern borderlands of Soviet-occupied Poland in the wake of the Nazi invasion? This chapter introduces the competing theories and approaches to the problem. Most scholars highlight either revenge for the Soviet occupation, antisemitic hatred, avarice, or the German extermination effort itself. The authors offer an alternative hypothesis rooted primarily in the logic of competing nationalisms. Where Jews sought national equality with their Polish and Ukrainian neighbors, they were more likely to fall victim to pogrom violence.
Ukrainian Galicia and Volhynia
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S. , Wittenberg Jason
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the summer 1941 pogroms in western Ukraine, in what had been the voivodships of Volhynia, Stanisławów, Lwów, and Tarnopol in pre-1939 Poland. Ukrainians constituted a majority of all inhabitants in the four voivodships, but were politically mobilized differently in Volhynia and the remaining Galician provinces. Similar to chapter 4, a robust predictor of pogroms in Galicia is strong support for Jewish national rights in Poland, except in Galicia the perpetrators were typically Ukrainian rather than Polish. We also find evidence that pogroms were likely to occur in small market towns, where economic inequalities between Jews and non-Jews would have been more apparent. For Volhynia we find that pogroms were rare where there was popular support for communism.
Pogroms outside the Eastern Borderlands
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S. , Wittenberg Jason
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the extent to which our explanation for pogrom violence against Jews in eastern Poland during the summer of 1941 can account for other instances of popular anti-Jewish violence and inter-communal violence not involving Jews in other times and places. The chapter begins with similar cases: wartime Lithuania, Romania, and Greece. It then addresses post-emancipation anti-Jewish pogroms in Germany and Russia. Finally, we examine intercommunal violence that does not involve Jews: anti-Muslim pogroms in post-independence India and the lynching of blacks in the post-Civil War American South. Political threat does not constitute the only explanation for popular violence against minorities, but its importance has not been appreciated.
Intimate Violence and Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S. , Wittenberg Jason
Published: January 2019

This book concludes with a discussion of the argument’s broader implications, in particular for the relationship between ethnic diversity and violence and how to prevent pogroms. The 1941 pogroms in Poland cannot be reduced to non-Jewish reaction to Jewish cultural difference because they did not occur where visible differences between non-Jews and Jews were greatest. Our recommendations for preventing pogroms focus less on institutional solutions, which can exacerbate rather than diminish such violence, than on increasing solidarity between groups. Potential strategies include multi-ethnic political parties and, in the longer term, redefining the boundaries of “the people” in ways that better incorporate minority groups.
Introduction
Authors: Wang Di
Published: January 2019

The Introduction gives an overall picture of Chengdu--the capital of Sichuan province and one of the major cultural, economic, and political centers in West China, its history, and teahouses. It defines the terms of “public life,” “public space,” and “political culture.” It generalizes the major approaches of studying Chinese urban society under the socialist state. It also evaluates sources produced under communist control such as archival materials and newspapers and discusses the methodologies of field investigation.
Conclusion
Authors: Wang Di
Published: January 2019

The Conclusion weaves together the broader themes of cultural continuity and discontinuity, of conflicts between national and local cultures, and public life and public sphere. Teahouses, a thoroughly old-fashioned Chinese phenomenon, had never before experienced vicissitudes like those in the second half of the 20th century. But the fact that they survived and then flourished, aiding urban public life in the process, underscores the vitality of local culture and rise of public sphere.
Holy Vessels, Brides of Christ: Ambiguous Ninth-Century Realities
Authors: Vanderputten Steven
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at what the primary evidence from the period between the reforms of the early ninth century and the 920s/30s tells us about the adequacy of the common narrative of women religious' disempowerment and descent into social and spiritual redundancy. Its aim is to take recent arguments about the risks of working with normative texts and the biased accounts of later commentators one step further, and probe, as much as is possible, realities of female religious life as they were experienced in the ninth and very early tenth centuries. It speculates on two phenomena. First, that monastic realities continued to be ‘ambiguous’ throughout the ninth century. And second, that women religious responded to growing limitations on their interactions with the outside world by reorganizing monastic space, cults of saints, and liturgical routines to underscore their community’s hstorical identity and continued relevance to society.
Conclusion
Authors: Vanderputten Steven
Published: January 2019

The conclusions summarize the contents of the preceding chapters, and provide an outlook on the implications for future research.
Brothers Together
Authors: Honeck Mischa
Published: January 2019

This chapter lays the contextual groundwork for all succeeding chapters. It revisits the social, political, and cultural catalysts that led to the transnational flowering of organized youth after 1900. Unlike the default narrative, which emphasizes the British roots of the Boy Scouts, this chapter locates the movement’s inception in uncertainties about the future of youth and manhood that haunted imperial societies on both sides of the Atlantic. In crafting a young imperial masculinity that pivoted on physical exercise and hygiene, sexual abstinence, strict gender segregation, and a heroic understanding of white Anglo-Saxon history, the U.S. architects of Boy Scouting walked a fine line between drawing on foreign precedents and framing their remasculinization scheme as thoroughly American.
A Junior League of Nations
Authors: Honeck Mischa
Published: January 2019

Internationalism provided another momentous frontier for U.S. Scouts eager to inscribe themselves in debates about America’s global role in the interwar period. Focusing on the first two decades of the world jamboree movement, chapter 3 details how BSA delegates, both old and young, participated in the cultural reconstruction of nations and empires through world Scouting. Although the world jamborees thrived on a rhetoric of demobilization, identifying peace as a worthwhile pursuit for young men, the colorful parades of Boy Scouts from across the globe, whose performances of universal brotherhood were curtailed by national loyalties and imperial rivalries, rejuvenated old ideas of civilizational difference. Economic disparities, colonial hierarchies, and a persistent Anglocentrism made the world jamborees an uneven affair, with serious implications for how U.S. Scouts learned to balance global aspirations and duty to the nation.
International Recognition, Compliance Costs, and the Formalities of War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter develops the main arguments of the book, focusing on how belligerents in interstate and civil war have reacted to the development of the laws of war detailed in Chapter 2. States involved in interstate war are perversely incentivized to evade the laws of war as these laws have proliferated. Thus, they are decreasingly likely to engage the formalities of war, specifically declarations of war and peace treaties. Secessionist rebel groups fighting civil wars aim to please the international community, and therefore are decreasingly likely to declare independence formally, generally likely to avoid targeting civilians, and increasingly likely to conclude peace treaties.
Declarations of War in Interstate War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter asks: why have states stopped issuing formal declarations of war in interstate war? The chapter begins with an historical overview of the use of declarations of war, then moves to an empirical analysis based on original quantitative data and primary qualitative data. The main hypothesis of the chapter, which is supported by the data, is that states avoid declaring war because they want to avoid the legal liability of complying with the laws of war as those laws have proliferated over time.
Evasion, Engagement, and the Laws of War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter provides a brief summary of the book, but focuses on three policy issues facing international humanitarian lawmakers today. First, drawing on evidence provided in Chapter 2, this chapter asks whether military personnel have been participating in ongoing debates over the laws of war regarding cyber warfare and lethal autonomous weapons systems. Second, the chapter draws out “the secessionists’ dilemma,” wherein secessionists are told by the international community to behave a certain way, but are rarely rewarded for good behaviour. And third, the chapter delves into the book’s contrasting findings regarding the declining use of peace treaties in interstate war and their increasing use in civil war. The chapter concludes by arguing that the development of international humanitarian law, while generating some perverse incentives, is likely a net good, but that future caution is warranted.
Introduction: Space, Mobility, Borders, and Trading Frictions
Authors: Leshkowich Ann Marie , Endres Kirsten W.
Published: January 2019

This introduction provides a theoretical overview of the main mechanisms through which a market economy emerges. The chapters in this volume offer rich ethnographic exploration of daily interactions among traders, suppliers, customers, family members, neighbors, and officials within Vietnam and across its borders. These quotidian encounters occur within contested spaces, through expanding and contracting circuits of mobility, and across physical and conceptual boundaries that are fixed, yet porous. Taken together, the diverse contributions to this collection demonstrate that markets form and transform through uneven interplay among global processes, state regulatory regimes, and local trajectories of economic and social development. Rather than impede market function, these trading frictions shape the necessary ground on which new forms of political economy emerge.
“Run and Hide When You See the Police”: Livelihood Diversification and the Politics of the Street Economy in Vietnam’s Northern Uplands
Authors: Turner Sarah
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the everyday negotiations required for ethnic minority street vendors working in Sapa, a tourist town in upland northern Vietnam, to eke out a livelihood in an especially prescribed environment. These individuals, mostly women, face a local political environment where access and institutional requirements shift on a near-daily basis due to the impulses of state officials, and where ethnicity is key to determining who gets to vend, where, and how. A focus on the micro-geographies and everyday politics of itinerant trade in this rapidly growing tourist site reveals specific relationships and negotiations regarding resource access, ethnicity, state authority, and livelihood strategies.
Grand Designs? State Agendas and the Lived Realities of Market Redevelopment in Upland Northern Vietnam
Authors: Bonnin Christine
Published: January 2019

As part of its ambition to accelerate market integration in the northern uplands, the Vietnamese government has embarked on a scheme to expand and modernize marketplace infrastructure based on standard, state-approved models. Yet, the lived realities of these schemes reveal a clear disconnect whereby the kinds of markets being imagined and promoted by the state often poorly reflect the livelihood needs of the diverse groups of upland traders in this multi-ethnic space. This chapter explores the complex gradations of traders’ contentions to marketplace redevelopment and the reasons behind why so many of these expensive new markets have not taken off. It is suggested that these grand designs as a symbol of state officials’ progress overrides their on-the-ground failure as development projects.
Money, Risk Taking, and Playing: Shifting Masculinity in a Waste-Trading Community in the Red River Delta
Authors: Nguyen Minh T. N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the practices of masculinity by male migrant waste traders from a Red River delta district as underscored by the shifting ways in which they conduct their migrant trading activities and live their lives between youth and adulthood. It demonstrates that their practices push the boundaries of normative manhood, and over time help to redefine it, at the same time that they reproduce its symbolic parameters. As such, gender ideas and practices interact with each other to concurrently produce changes to and sustain social structures. The chapter indicates the relational and hybrid nature of masculinity, as well as the ways in which gender identity shapes and is shaped by the men’s participation in the marketplace.
“Strive to Make a Living” in the Era of Urbanization and Modernization: The Story of Petty Traders in a Hanoi Peri-urban Community
Authors: Bình Nguyễn Thị Thanh
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the dynamics of petty trade in a Hanoi peri-urban community under the impact of an assemblage of recent urbanization and modernization policies. Drawing on material from fieldwork in both the village and marketplaces in Hanoi in 2014, it examines the continuity of petty trade in the livelihoods of peri-urban villagers during the process of urbanization and the new patterns they have adopted to strive for a living. The chapter argues that the recent pattern of rapid urbanization through the top-down urban integration of Hanoi city had the unintended effect of pushing people into the informal economy, while the modernization of the city has pushed their informal status to become even more vulnerable.
Fuel Trade: People, Places, and Transformations along the Coal Briquetting Chain
Authors: Derks Annuska
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on those who produce, distribute and use an everyday, but increasingly shunned cooking fuel, the beehive coal briquette. It looks in particular at the inter-linkages between people, things and places along the briquetting chain. By tracing the journey of the coal briquette backwards, from the stove to the trolley in which it is transported and to the production site in which it is made, the chapter illustrates how the changing uses and meanings of place and space impact dynamics and networks of small-scale commercial activities in urban Vietnam.
Arbitrage over the Beilun/Kalong River: Chinese Adjustments to Border Trade Practices in Vietnam
Authors: Grillot Caroline
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the case of Móng Cái, a Vietnamese city dedicated to border trade with China. Here, Chinese entrepreneurs face restricting local policies and challenging Vietnamese negotiators. To establish sustainable partnerships, Chinese traders must compromise with diverse business ethics and strategies in a context of diplomatic frictions and economic crisis. Border trade practices regarding capital transactions, goods transport, and people’s circulation are all framed in both legal and illicit ways. Their unreliability contributes to conflicting relationships between economic agents and threatens collaborative commercial projects in Vietnam. By looking at transportation logistics, this chapter sheds light on how conflicting approaches of cross-border trade impede the implementation of a regional economic agenda focused on commercial cooperation.
Pretty Things, Ugly Histories
Authors: Giustino Cathleen M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes how four successive regimes in Czechoslovakia made use of stolen things to reinforce their power between 1938 and 1958. Each regime used this property to legitimate their rule, reward loyalty, and construct new historical and national narratives. Chateaux that had been the residences of Czech nobles were appropriated first for Nazi use, then reclaimed immediately after World War II and transformed from enemy property into a form of national patrimony that symbolized the cleansing of Germans from “Czech” space. Each of these redeployments of the buildings required reallocation of their contents and a reconceptualization of whether those household furnishings' purpose in life was to be used in the present or preserved for the future.
Introduction
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the two families at the heart of the book, the Bembo and Coppo. It positions them within the social world of the Venetian patriciate and its intellectual culture. It suggests that these families experienced unusual possibilities of social mobility, which would condition their later experiences both as scholars and as imperial governors. Finally, the Introduction sets out the three primary themes of the book: humanism, empire, and family, and sketches the historiographical coordinates of each; and the limitations of studying these in isolation.
Venetian Families
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

This chapter begins in the natal family households of Bembo and Coppo. We consider their relationships to their fathers, uncles, cousins, and mothers, as well as the wider social distinctions between patrician social status in Venice. Through the eyes of Bembo and Coppo, the chapter examines their educational progression, from learning Latin in the household, to the lecture hall, to the printing houses of Venice. The emotional dimensions of humanist education have not been well understood. At the heart of this chapter is a consideration of the bonds of family: the family these men were born into, and the families they made for themselves amongst their classmates and teachers.
Gender and Identity between Venice and the Mediterranean
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on Cyurω‎, Giovanni Bembo’s Corfiote wife. It traces her experiences and encounters, in Venice and in the Mediterranean world. Cyurω‎’s social and cultural identities and sources of belonging were constantly in flux, as she moved between Venice and the Mediterranean, encountered Venetian aristocrats and Greek scholars and subjects, was subject and ruler. Tracing these changing ways of belonging shows that categories of identity could be wafer-thin, permeating the boundaries between governor and governed, between wife and servant, between exalted mother of aristocratic children and scorned outsider who threatened the integrity of the nobility.
Becoming Istrian
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Pietro Coppo’s new life in Isola, Istria, where he married a local noble woman, Colotta, had five sons, amassed property, and crafted a successful career on the Istrian municipal council. It follows the Coppo family through the rich notarial records of municipal Istria, showing how successful Coppo and Colotta were in establishing their political and economic fortunes in the town. The chapter examines the ‘portability’ of imperial sovereignty between Venice and its colonies, tracing the way in which imperial power is translated between metropolitan and colonial contexts; and shows how this was refracted through gendered family relationships.
Colonial Governance and Mythology on Skiathos
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 studies a number of interrelated texts produced or read by Bembo while he was governor of the islands of Skiathos and Skopelos in the northern Aegean, suggesting that his humanist education had important consequences for how he perceived his governance there. It explores the sexual scandal which rocked his brief tenure as governor, and argues that problems surrounding sexuality, ethnicity, and reproduction were crucial concerns on the edges of the Venetian empire. It suggests that we look critically at the ways in which family matters - those concerning marriage, childbirth, and the raising of children - rippled outwards to influence governance and imperial political culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Maglaque Erin
Published: January 2019

The Conclusion explores some of the implications of the book, arguing in particular for a wider definition of humanistic writing; and for further study of ‘secondary’ humanism in Italy, and its relationship to political culture. It also argues that we need to know much more about the histories of women and families in the Mediterranean. In the final section, the Conclusion suggests that the desires and fears of these families were often irreconcilable with the social and political institutions of their imperial metropole. In a discussion of fantasy in this final section, I consider the wider implications of this intimate, subjective approach for the main political narrative which has structured Venetian historiography: the myth of Venice.
Association of TIMP4 gene variants with steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the population of northern China
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , An Feimeng , Cao Yuju , Gao Hongyan , Sun Mingqi , Ma Chao , Wu Hao , Zhang Baoxin , Liu Wanlin , Wang Jianzhong
Published: January 2019

Background

In clinical treatment, the use of steroid hormones is an important etiological factor of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) risk. As an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the extracellular matrix, the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease-4 (TIMP4) plays an essential role in cartilage and bone tissue damage and remodeling, vasculitis formation, intravascular thrombosis, and lipid metabolism.

Methods

This study aimed to detect the association between TIMP4 polymorphism and steroid-induced ONFH. We genotyped seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TIMP4 genes and analyzed the association with steroid-induced ONFH from 286 steroid-induced ONFH patients and 309 normal individuals.

Results

We performed allelic model analysis and found that the minor alleles of five SNPs (rs99365,rs308952,rs3817004,rs2279750, andrs3755724) were associated with decreased steroid-induced ONFH (p = 0.02,p = 0.03,p = 0.04,p = 0.01,p = 0.04, respectively).rs2279750showed a significant association with decreased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in the Dominant and Log-additive models (p = 0.042,p = 0.028, respectively), andrs9935,rs30892, andrs3817004were associated with decreased risk in the Log-additive model (p = 0.038,p = 0.044,p = 0.042, respectively). In further stratification analysis, TIMP4 gene variants showed a significant association with steroid-induced ONFH in gender under the genotypes. Haplotype analysis also revealed that “TCAGAC” and “CCGGAA” sequences have protective effect on steroid-induced ONFH.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that five TIMP4 SNPs (rs99365,rs308952,rs3817004rs2279750, andrs3755724) are significantly associated with decreased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in the population of northern China.
Prioritizing bona fide bacterial small RNAs with machine learning classifiers
Authors: Eppenhof Erik J.J. , Peña-Castillo Lourdes
Published: January 2019

Bacterial small (sRNAs) are involved in the control of several cellular processes. Hundreds of putative sRNAs have been identified in many bacterial species through RNA sequencing. The existence of putative sRNAs is usually validated by Northern blot analysis. However, the large amount of novel putative sRNAs reported in the literature makes it impractical to validate each of them in the wet lab. In this work, we applied five machine learning approaches to construct twenty models to discriminate bona fide sRNAs from random genomic sequences in five bacterial species. Sequences were represented using seven features including free energy of their predicted secondary structure, their distances to the closest predicted promoter site and Rho-independent terminator, and their distance to the closest open reading frames (ORFs). To automatically calculate these features, we developed an sRNA Characterization Pipeline (sRNACharP). All seven features used in the classification task contributed positively to the performance of the predictive models. The best performing model obtained a median precision of 100% at 10% recall and of 64% at 40% recall across all five bacterial species, and it outperformed previous published approaches on two benchmark datasets in terms of precision and recall. Our results indicate that even though there is limited sRNA sequence conservation across different bacterial species, there are intrinsic features in the genomic context of sRNAs that are conserved across taxa. We show that these features are utilized by machine learning approaches to learn a species-independent model to prioritize bona fide bacterial sRNAs.