bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE ACTIVE COMPOUND OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF TAMOENJU (Hibiscus surattensis L.) LEAVES AGAINST α-GLUCOSIDASE AND DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 ENZYMES
Authors: Yuliet  , EY Sukandar  , Krisyanti Budipramana
Published: April 2022

The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of tamoenju (Hibiscus surattensis L.) leaves, used as a traditional antidiabetic agent in Central Sulawesi, has high inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The aim of this study was to isolate the active compound of EAF that was carried out by step gradient polarity extraction, then separated and purified by chromatography. The structure was identified and characterized using NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS. α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated using the in vitro standard α-glucosidase inhibition test, while DPP-4 activity was evaluated by ex vivo DPP-4 inhibitor test using rat blood serum as the enzyme source. IC50 values were determined by nonlinear regression curve and fit using GraphPad Prism 8 and were expressed as mean ± SEM. In this research, we obtained the isolated compound was identified as kaempferol, which was isolated for the first time from this plant. The isolate exhibited potent α-glucosidase and DPP-4 inhibition with IC50 values of 27.78 ± 0.86 and 7.37 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Acarbose and sitagliptin as positive control hadIC50 values of 17.80 ± 0.27 and 25.56 ± 0.43 μg/mL, respectively. The isolate level by LC-MS was estimated to be 182.23 mg/g isolate. Therefore, tamoenju leaves have great potential as functional foods and in the development of antidiabetic drugs.
Que faire devant une malformation du mamelon ?
Authors: Dr Jean MASSON  , Dr Francine PERRET
Published: April 2022

Les malformations du mamelon, de présentationsanatomiques variées, sont fréquemment d’origineembryologique.Certaines sont isolées, d’autres s’inscrivent dans dessyndromes poly-malformatifs.Le mécanisme des anomalies acquises est tout différent.Il s’agit essentiellement de rétractions du mamelonqui nécessitent un bilan complet pour ne pas laisserévoluer un carcinome sous-jacent (surtout lobulaire).Une prise en charge médicale et psychologique estsouvent nécessaire pour les jeunes filles qui souffrent des ces anomalies.Un soutien actif pendant l’allaitement est requis pourles jeunes mères dont le mamelon est rétracté.Des alternatives thérapeutiques à la chirurgie existent.La correction chirurgicale, si elle est souhaitée pardes femmes qui ne pourront plus ensuite allaiter,doit être faite par un chirurgien expérimenté.
Les grandes études épidémiologiques sont-elles crédibles ?
Authors: Hervé DEGRELLE
Published: April 2022

Les études épidémiologiques ont été largement utilisées pour dépister les effets secondaires du THS.Cependant, elles ne peuvent que rarement prouverune véritable relation de cause à effet. L’évaluationde ces études doit prendre en compte leur construction et leur exécution.
Que reste t-il du THM ? Actualités et perspectives
Authors: R. CABRY-GOUBET  , O. GAGNEUR  , I. HENRY  , P. MERVIEL  , J. GONDRY
Published: April 2022

Des études récemment publiées permettent de préciser les risques carcinologiques et thrombo-emboliques veineux en cas d’utilisation de traitementshormonaux de la ménopause. Ces risques apparaissent variables en fonction des schémas de traitement appliqués et des types d’estrogènes et deprogestatifs utilisés.
Faibles doses ou ultra faibles doses d’estrogènes : le contre
Authors: Christian QUÉREUX  , Clémence ROCHE  , Carine CLÉMENT
Published: April 2022

Dénigrer l’intérêt des faibles doses serait unegageure dans un monde scientifique et médiatiquequi ne pense plus que faibles doses ; mais n’y a-t-ilpas quelques arguments contre ?L’ultra faible dose est susceptible d’améliorer latolérance d’un THS avec une efficacité avérée surles troubles climatériques et une meilleure observance clinique, mais ne montre pas dans la littérature d’amélioration sur les fonctions cognitives etsur la qualité de vie, ni de modification de la forcephysique. Une légère amélioration de la sécheressevaginale est décrite sans amélioration sur la fréquence des rapports sexuels, le désir, les orgasmes.L’impact sur le risque bénéfique de survenue d’uncancer du sein, de l’endomètre ou du colon, ainsique de la survenue d’une complication cardiovasculaire, n’est pas actuellement démontré avec lesfaibles doses.La protection de l’os est le principal argument ducontre. L’effet d’ultra faibles doses de 17β estradiolsur la densité osseuse est certain mais le gain sur laDMO vertébrale est significativement plus faibledans les groupes recevant les plus faibles doses d'estrogène. Qu’en est-il à plus long terme sur le risquefracturaire en particulier ? Les faibles doses n’ontfait aucune démonstration.Halte à la psychose sur les doses : la règle d’utiliserles plus faibles doses efficaces n’est pas contestable,ce qui n’interdit pas de personnaliser la dose enfonction du problème rencontré, bouffées de chaleur ou risque d’ostéoporose ; l’âge et l’état généralpeuvent aussi nous rendre plus permissifs sur lesdoses administrées.
Pathologies hypertensives et grossesses issues de don d’ovocytes.
Authors: Dr Hélène LETUR
Published: April 2022

La Fécondation In Vitro avec don d’ovocytes estune technique d’Assistance Médicale à laProcréation de plus en plus répandue pour la priseen charge de couples dont la femme présente unealtération pathologique voire physiologique de sonfonctionnement ovarien ou une affection génétiquesusceptible d’être transmise sur un mode particulièrement grave à leur enfant. Selon la revue de la littérature, les grossesses qui en sont issues sont associées à une augmentation significative de certainespathologies, notamment les hypertensions artérielles gravidiques de tous types mais potentiellement graves comme la prééclampsie, et ce indépendamment de l’âge de la femme, du rang de la grossesse et du nombre de fœtus. L’hypothèse la plusvraisemblable pour expliquer ces hypertensionsinduites est l’altération des processus immunologiques de tolérance à un embryon dont le génomeentier est allogénique à celui de sa mère. Dans l’attente de résultats d’études à plus large effectif, il estaujourd’hui indispensable de considérer toute grossesse issue de don d’ovocytes comme étant à risquevasculaire pour une surveillance attentive de sondéroulement.
Particularités de la contraception des adolescentes
Authors: MAUD BIDET1
Published: April 2022

Le cahier des charges de prescription d’une contraception chez l’adolescente est important : prescrireune contraception mais aussi informer et répondreaux questions de l’adolescente sur sa santé sexuelle,réaliser la prévention des maladies sexuellement transmissibles (MST) : promotion du préservatif, dépistagedes MST dont le chlamydiae, vaccination contre lepapillomavirus. A priori aucune contraception n’estcontre indiquée dans cette tranche d’âge. Si ellesdoivent être recherchées méthodiquement, les contreindications à une contraception oestro-progestativesont rares. Les adolescentes doivent être informéesdes différentes méthodes de contraception de leurefficacité, de leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients.La pilule oestro-progestative est la plus prescrite danscette tranche d’âge. Elle est facile d’emploi et a denombreux avantages non contraceptifs. Cependant,ce n’est pas la contraception la plus efficace. Lescontraceptions réversibles à longue durée d’action(dispositif intra-utérin et Implants) sont plus efficaces.L’adolescente doit ainsi choisir sa contraception audécours d’une consultation structurée et bienveillante
Contraception après 40 ans : que dire ? que proposer ?
Authors: DOCTEUR MARIE LAMBERT
Published: April 2022

La prescription d’une contraception après 40 ans sedoit d’être discutée avec chaque patiente car la fertilitén’est pas nulle et les risques d’une grossesse non négligeables. Le choix du contraceptif est parfois complexeen raison des facteurs de risque qui s’accumulent avecl’âge et une évaluation de la balance bénéfices-risquesdevra être régulièrement réalisée. Aucun moyen decontraception n’est contre-indiqué sur la seule basede l’âge. Cependant, avec la majoration des facteursde risque vasculaires et métaboliques avec l’âge, lacontraception estroprogestative et le DMPA ne doiventpas être une contraception de première intention. Lescontraceptions de longue durée d’action, progestatives et définitives sont à privilégier en raison de leurefficacité et du très faible taux de complications. Unecontraception non hormonale pourra être arrêtée après50 ans si une période d’au moins 1 an d’aménorrhéeest constatée. Toute contraception estroprogestativedoit être stoppée à 50 ans. Les dosages hormonauxlors de l’utilisation d’une contraception hormonale nesont pas indiqués. En cas de souhait d’arrêt avant 55ans, une fenêtre thérapeutique peut être proposée enmaintenant une contraception par méthode barrière. Siune activité ovarienne persiste, une contraception nonhormonale ou progestative (hors DMPA) sera reprise.
Political Orientation of Women Legislative Candidates in the 2019 Election: A Case Study of Elected Women Legislative Members of Padang City
Authors: Farmila Riri Izzatul , Putri Indah Adi , Jendrius
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the political orientation of 6 female legislative candidates who were elected in the 2019 election in Padang City using the political orientation theory by Almond & Verba which consists of cognitive political orientation, affective orientation, and evaluative orientation. This research is a qualitative research with data collection through direct interviews with female legislators in the city of Padang. Cognitive political orientation in which female legislators of the city of Padang conveyed the importance of the political parties that nominate, this was proven by several female legislators of the city of Padang. The number of female legislative members of the City is 6 people, in political orientation there are several ways that the female legislators of the City of Padang have. Affective political orientation is a feeling towards the political system, its roles, actors and appearances that make a person accept or reject a political system. The political orientation of the female legislators of the City of Padang is how to believe in the community that we are able to convey the aspirations of the community and can solve the problems that the community complains about. Evaluative political orientation Decisions and opinions about political objects that typically involve a combination of value standards and criteria with information and feelings. Affective orientation talks about women's feelings towards political aspects. While the evaluative component talks about the assessment of the political system and its parts. From the results of interviews with researchers, in general, the 6 female legislative members of Padang City who were elected had 3 political orientations, namely cognitive, affective, and evaluative. The tendency of affective orientation is reflected in statements of liking or disliking that say or show women's political parties based on the fulfillment of only 30% quotas. The tendency of evaluative orientation is the ability to evaluate the process that is being implemented, namely the election process and the process as a member of the legislature.
Factors Related to the Event of Premature Rupture of Membrane in Muna Regency Hospitals
Authors: Utami Wahyu , Tasnim Tasnim , Akbar Toruntju Sultan
Published: April 2022

Introduction : One of the maternal health programs is to accelerate the decline in numbers. Maternal mortality and maternal mordibity. One ofe the causes of maternal death is infection that can be caused by premature rupture of membranes.

Method : This research was quantitative with a cross sectional study design. Study has been carried out in September 2021. The research sample is 164 people obtained by simple random sampling. Processed data using the chi square test.

Result : The result showed that the frequency of ANC visit had a phi value of 0,538, parity phi 0,454, anemia phi= 0,438, history of prom phi = 0,720, CPD phi =0,410, trauma in pregnancy phi = 0,573.

Conclusion : The conclusion is that there is a relationship between the frequency of ANC visit, Parity, Anemia, History of prom, Cephalopelvik disproportion and trauma during pregnancy with the incidence of premature rupture of membranes in the distric hospital Muna.
Detection by angle-domain subspace with horizontal array in uncertain shallow-water environment
Authors: Wang Xuan , Sun Chao , Li Ming-Yang , Zhang Shao-Dong ,   School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China,   Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi’an 710072, China,   College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Published: April 2022

The uncertainties of environmental parameters affect the robustness of detection method in complex shallow water. We define and estimate the angle-domain subspaces of horizontal linear array in a proper way under an uncertain environment. According to the angle-domain subspaces, we propose an angle-domain subspace detector and its robust form. Angle-domain subspaces contain an uncertain information by using the observation matrices in different environmental parameters. The relationship between the horizontal wave number of propagating modes and the sound speed of the bottom and sediment in hard seabed is used to estimate the angle-domain subspaces. The proposed angle-domain subspace detector is robust in an uncertain environment, but its detection performance fluctuates with target bearings. The angle domain subspace is transformed into a constant dimension subspace, robust form of the angular domain subspace detector, whose detection performance is consistent in all source bearings. The simulation results in the uncertain shallow-water environment show that the robust angle domain subspace detector has a similar robustness to the energy detector, and better detection capability.
Three‐dimensional shoulder kinematics: Upright four‐dimensional computed tomography in comparison with an optical three‐dimensional motion capture system
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Matsumura Noboru , Miyamoto Azusa , Oki Satoshi , Yokoyama Yoichi , Yamada Minoru , Yamada Yoshitake , Nakamura Masaya , Nagura Takeo , Jinzaki Masahiro
Published: April 2022

Although shoulder kinematics have been analyzed by various methods, dynamic shoulder motion is difficult to track. This study aimed to validate the shoulder kinematic analysis using upright four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) and to compare the results with optical three‐dimensional motion capture. During active elevation, bilateral shoulders of 10 healthy volunteers were tracked using 4DCT and motion capture. The scapulothoracic and glenohumeral rotations and the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) at each position were calculated, and the differences between 4DCT and motion capture were compared. During 10−140° of humerothoracic elevation, the scapulothoracic joint showed upward rotation, internal rotation, and posterior tilting, and the glenohumeral joint showed elevation, external rotation, and anterior plane of elevation in both analyses. In scapulothoracic rotations, the mean differences between the two analyses were −2.6° in upward rotation, 13.9° in internal rotation, and 6.4° in posterior tilting, and became significant with humerothoracic elevation ≥110° in upward rotation, ≥50° in internal rotation, and ≥100° in posterior tilting. In glenohumeral rotations, the mean differences were 3.7° in elevation, 9.1° in internal rotation, and −8.8° in anterior plane of elevation, and became significant with humerothoracic elevation ≥110° in elevation, ≥90° in internal rotation, and ≥100° in anterior plane of elevation. The mean overall SHRs were 1.8 in 4DCT and 2.4 in motion capture, and the differences became significant with humerothoracic elevation ≥100°. The 4DCT analysis of in vivo shoulder kinematics using upright computed tomography scanner is feasible, but the values were different from those by skin‐based analysis at the elevated arm positions.
The C‐terminal extension of VgrG4 from Klebsiella pneumoniae remodels host cell microfilaments
Authors: do Nascimento Soares Talyta , Silva Valadares Verônica , Cardoso Amorim Gisele , de Mattos Lacerda de Carvalho Mayara , Berrêdo‐Pinho Marcia , Ceneviva Lacerda Almeida Fábio , Mascarello Bisch Paulo , Batista Paulo Ricardo , Miranda Santos Lery Letícia
Published: April 2022

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, which concerns public health systems worldwide, as multiple antibiotic‐resistant strains are frequent. One of its pathogenicity factors is the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), a macromolecular complex assembled through the bacterial membranes. T6SS injects effector proteins inside target cells. Such effectors confer competitive advantages or modulate the target cell signaling and metabolism to favor bacterial infection. The VgrG protein is a T6SS core component. It may present a variable C‐terminal domain carrying an additional effector function. Kp52.145 genome encodes three VgrG proteins, one of them with a C‐terminal extension (VgrG4‐CTD). VgrG4‐CTD is 138 amino acids long, does not contain domains of known function, but is conserved in some Klebsiella, and non‐Klebsiella species. To get insights into its function, recombinant VgrG4‐CTD was used in pulldown experiments to capture ligands from macrophages and lung epithelial cells. A total of 254 proteins were identified: most of them are ribosomal proteins. Cytoskeleton‐associated and proteins involved in the phagosome maturation pathway were also identified. We further showed that VgrG4‐CTD binds actin and induces actin remodeling in macrophages. This study presents novel clues on the role of K. pneumoniae T6SS in pathogenesis.
Outcomes Following Percutaneous Cholecystostomy Tube Placement for Acalculous Versus Calculous Cholecystitis
Authors: Chen Stephanie Y. , Huang Raymond , Kallini Joseph , Wachsman Ashley M. , Van Allan Richard J. , Margulies Daniel R. , Phillips Edward H. , Barmparas Galinos
Published: April 2022

Background

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is often diagnosed in critically ill patients. Percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) placement facilitates less invasive gallbladder decompression in patients who are poor surgical candidates. Specific guidelines for optimal management of AAC patients following PCT placement remain to be defined. We hypothesize that AAC patients are at lower risk of recurrent cholecystitis than acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) patients and do not require cholecystectomy after PCT placement.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent PCT placement for AAC or ACC between 6/1/2007 and 5/31/2019 was performed. Primary outcome was recurrent cholecystitis and interval cholecystectomy for patients surviving 30 days after PCT placement. Secondary outcome was 30 day mortality. A cox regression model calculated the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for the outcomes.

Results

Eighty‐four AAC and 85 ACC patients underwent PCT placement. Compared to ACC patients, more AAC patients were male (72.6 vs. 48.2%; p < 0.01), younger (median age 62 vs. 73 years; p < 0.01), and required intensive care (69.0 vs. 52.9%; p = 0.04), with lower median Charlson Comorbidity Index (4.0 vs. 6.0; p < 0.01). 30 day mortality was higher among AAC patients than ACC patients (45.2 vs. 21.2%; p < 0.01). 2/24 (8.3%) AAC patients and 5/31 (16.1%) ACC patients developed recurrent cholecystitis at a median 208.0 days (IQR:64.0–417.0) after PCT placement and 115.0 days (IQR:7.0–403.0) following PCT removal. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that AAC patients had lower likelihood of interval cholecystectomy compared to ACC patients (AHR 2.35; 95% CI:1.11,4.96).

Conclusion

Recurrent cholecystitis is rare in patients surviving 30 days following PCT placement. When compared with ACC patients, fewer AAC patients require cholecystectomy.
Meta-proteomic analysis of two mammoth’s trunks by EVA technology and high-resolution mass spectrometry for an indirect picture of their habitat and the characterization of the collagen type I, alpha-1 and alpha-2 sequence
Authors: Cucina Annamaria , Di Francesco Antonella , Saletti Rosaria , Pittalà Maria Gaetana Giovanna , Zilberstein Gleb , Zilberstein Svetlana , Tikhonov Alexei , Bublichenko Andrey G. , Righetti Pier Giorgio , Foti Salvatore , Cunsolo Vincenzo
Published: April 2022

The recent paleoproteomic studies, including paleo-metaproteomic analyses, improved our understanding of the dietary of ancient populations, the characterization of past human diseases, the reconstruction of the habitat of ancient species, but also provided new insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species. In this respect, the present work reports the results of the metaproteomic analysis performed on the middle part of a trunk, and on the portion of a trunk tip tissue of two different woolly mammoths some 30,000 years old. In particular, proteins were extracted by applying EVA (Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate studded with hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins) films to the surface of these tissues belonging to two Mammuthus primigenus specimens, discovered in two regions located in the Russian Far East, and then investigated via a shotgun MS-based approach. This approach allowed to obtain two interesting results: (i) an indirect description of the habitat of these two mammoths, and (ii) an improved characterization of the collagen type I, alpha-1 and alpha-2 chains (col1a1 and col1a2). Sequence characterization of the col1a1 and col1a2 highlighted some differences between M. primigenius and other Proboscidea together with the identification of three (two for col1a1, and one for col1a2) potentially diagnostic amino acidic mutations that could be used to reliably distinguish the Mammuthus primigenius with respect to the other two genera of elephantids (i.e., Elephas and Loxodonta), and the extinct American mastodon (i.e., Mammut americanum). The results were validated through the level of deamidation and other diagenetic chemical modifications of the sample peptides, which were used to discriminate the “original” endogenous peptides from contaminant ones. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier < PXD029558 > .
Language test activism
Authors: Carlsen Cecilie Hamnes , Rocca Lorenzo
Published: April 2022

During the past decades, migration policies in Western societies have grown stricter by the day. As part of this retrenchment, migrants are required to pass language tests to gain access to human and democratic rights such as residency, family reunification, and citizenship, as well as to enter the labour market or higher education. The use of language tests to control migration and integration is not value neutral. The question discussed in this paper is whether those who develop language tests should strive to remain neutral, or, on the contrary, whether they have a moral and professional responsibility to take action when their tests are misused. In this paper, a case is made for the latter: arguing along the lines of critical language testing, we encourage professional language testers to take on a more active role in order to prevent harmful consequences of their tests. The paper introduces the concept language test activism (LTA) to underscore the importance of scholars taking a more active role for social justice, following the pathway of proponents of intellectual activism in related fields like sociology and linguistics. We argue that language testers have a special responsibility for justice and consequences, as these are integrated in the very concept of validity upon which modern language testing is based. A model of language test activism is presented and illustrated by real-life examples of language test activism in Norway and Italy showing that language test activism may need to take on different forms to be successful, depending on the context in which it takes place.
Optical properties and far field radiation of periodic nanostructures fed by an optical waveguide for applications in fluorescence and Raman scattering
Authors: Alam Badrul , Ferraro Antonio , Caputo Roberto , Asquini Rita
Published: April 2022

Various systems based on nanostructures built on optical waveguides have recently appeared in literature, since this configuration guarantees an efficient optical feeding to nano-elements and/or the possibility to manipulate guided signals. In this work, we present the analysis of the optical scattering properties of such type of structures, more specifically a periodic array of Au nano-cylinders or nano-domes fabricated upon an ion-exchanged waveguide, an integrated system considered for fluoroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Absorption, scattering and extinction were calculated by means of Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations and Scattering Theory. We took advantage of some particular adaptations to apply the classical scattering theory to this context, and used it to extract the far-field radiation pattern. We show that the rectangular periodicity allows to obtain highly collimated beams and negligible irradiation in a wide angle range, which enables the possibility to steer away the undesirable excitation signals from the detectors, avoiding a mixing with emitted photons from molecules. Our analysis suggests that, in the context of this setup and applications, the modeling of the nanostructures, which aims at the tuning of the plasmonic enhancement of the emission, can be relatively separated from the definition of spatial filtering through the periodic array. Our results add new considerations to the list of potentialities of this configuration for the development of efficient integrated surface enhanced spectroscopic setups.
Computational efficient model predictive current control for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drives
Authors: Hassan Mannan , Ge Xinglai , Atif Rao , Woldegiorgis Abebe Teklu , Mastoi Muhammad Shahid , Shahid Muhammad Bilal
Published: April 2022

The standard model predictive control (MPC) of three‐phase motors requires heavy calculation efforts for evaluating all voltage vectors (VV) in addition to the variable switching frequency, large current harmonics, and torque ripples. To deal with these problems, a computational efficient model predictive current control (MPCC) is proposed for a three‐phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). Initially, to avoid the protracted enumeration process, the reference voltage vector (RVV) is directly calculated by using the reference current generated by the maximum torque per ampere technique (MTPA), which is an additional control objective. The position of the RVV is utilized to define three candidate voltage vectors to be examined using the cost function, which determines the optimal vector. Secondly, an optimal duty cycle (ODC) is designed to minimize the error between the optimal vector and the reference vector reducing the current ripples. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is compared with the conventional MPCC techniques using MATLAB simulation and hardware in loop (HIL) with TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP) experiments. A comprehensive analysis of the results for different operating conditions shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Mineral snowflakes on exoplanets and brown dwarfs
Authors: Samra D. , Helling Ch. , Birnstiel T.
Published: April 2022

Context. Brown dwarfs and exoplanets provide unique atmospheric regimes that hold information about their formation routes and evolutionary states. Cloud particles form through nucleation, condensation, evaporation, and collisions, which affect the distribution of cloud particles in size and throughout these atmospheres. Cloud modelling plays a decisive role in understanding these regimes.

Aims. Modelling mineral cloud particle formation in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs and exoplanets is a key element in preparing for missions and instruments like CRIRES+, JWST, and ARIEL, as well as possible polarimetry missions like PolStar. The aim is to support the increasingly detailed observations that demand greater understanding of the microphysical cloud processes.

Methods. We extend our kinetic cloud formation model that treats nucleation, condensation, evaporation, and settling of mixed material cloud particles to consistently model cloud particle-particle collisions. The new hybrid code Hybrid moments (Ls) and Size (HyLandS) is then applied to a grid of Drift-Phoenix (Tgas, pgas) profiles. Effective medium theory and Mie theory are used to investigate the optical properties.

Results. Turbulence proves to be the main driving process of particle-particle collisions, with collisions becoming the dominant process in the lower atmosphere (p > 10−4 bar) at the cloud base. Particle-particle collisions produce one of three outcomes for brown dwarf and gas-giant atmospheres: fragmenting atmospheres (log10(g[cms−2])=3.0) coagulating atmospheres (log10(g)=5.0), Teff ≤1800K) or condensational growth dominated atmospheres (log10(g) = 5.0, Teff > 1800 K). Cloud particle opacity slope at optical wavelengths (Hubble) is increased with fragmentation, as are the silicate features at JWST NIRSpec, JWST MIRI, and ARIEL AIRS wavelengths.

Conclusions. The hybrid moment-bin method HyLandS demonstrates the feasibility of combining a moment and a bin method for cloud modelling, whilst assuring element conservation. It provides a powerful and fast tool for capturing general trends of particle collisions, consistently with other microphysical growth processes. Collisions are an important process in exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres, but cannot be assumed to be hit-and-stick only. The spectral effects of cloud particle collisions in both optical and mid-infrared wavelengths complicate inferences of cloud particle size and material composition from observational data.
Whiteflies at the Intersection of Polyphagy and Insecticide Resistance
Authors: Perier Jermaine D , Cremonez Paulo S G , Champagne Donald E , Simmons Alvin M , Riley David G
Published: April 2022

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most damaging, polyphagous insect pests of agricultural cropping systems around the world. Insecticide control is one of the main tactics used to mitigate damage and crop injury caused by the species. Similarly, plant chemical defenses are primary natural mechanisms that reduce attacks from whiteflies. Like all Sternorrhyncha insects, whiteflies have piercing/sucking mouthparts and feed on phloem sap from vascular plants through a stylet. Therefore, if this insect can overcome the physical barriers of the plant and pierce the vascular bundle, the main remaining barriers to nutrition uptake and utilization are phytochemicals that might exhibit some degree of toxicity toward the insect. Bemisia tabaci has been reported to feed on over 1,000 plant species representing an enormous range of phytochemicals to which whiteflies are potentially exposed. Recently, whiteflies were shown to have acquired a gene from plants to detoxify the plant’s phenolic glycosides that are usually toxic. Additionally, host plants have been shown to alter the response of a single whitefly population to insecticides. Herein, we review possible interactions between the highly polyphagous B. tabaci, the potential phytochemicals associated with its extensive plant host range, and the main chemical insecticides used to control this pest. This review aims to provide a conceptual framework for studying possible biological interactions between the insect, host plant, and insecticidal toxins used to control this pest at the mechanistic and population selection levels.
Type A aortic dissection repair with a dissection stent in presence of aberrant subclavian artery
Authors: Salem Razan , Holubec Tomas , Walther Thomas , Van Linden Arnaud
Published: April 2022

Aberrant right subclavian artery is a rare congenital aortic arch anomaly. We report on a case of type A aortic dissection and aberrant right subclavian artery. The 65-year-old female patient received a replacement of the ascending aorta and arch repair using an uncovered AMDS (Ascyrus Medical Dissection Stent; CryoLife Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA) with debranching of both common carotid arteries. Postoperative computed tomography scan revealed regular aortic blood flow with the unrestricted carotid artery and aberrant right subclavian artery perfusion.
Prior Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is a Risk Factor for Asymptomatic Cryptococcal Antigenemia in a Cohort of Adults With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease
Authors: Wake Rachel M , Ismail Nazir A , Omar Shaheed V , Ismail Farzana , Tiemessen Caroline T , Harrison Thomas S , Jarvis Joseph N , Govender Nelesh P
Published: April 2022

The greater mortality risk among people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease and cryptococcal antigenemia, despite treatment, indicates an increased susceptibility to other infections. We found that prior tuberculosis was an independent risk factor for cryptococcal antigenemia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–6.52; P = .03) among patients with CD4 counts <100 cells/µL.
Vaccine effectiveness of CanSino (Adv5-nCoV) COVID-19 vaccine among childcare workers – Mexico, March–December 2021
Authors: Richardson Vesta L. , Camacho Franco Martín Alejandro , Márquez Aurora Bautista , Valdez Libny Martínez , Castro Ceronio Luis Enrique , Cruz Vicente Cruz , Gharpure Radhika , Lafond Kathryn E. , Yau Tat S. , Azziz-Baumgartner Eduardo , Hernández Ávila Mauricio
Published: April 2022

Background

Beginning in March 2021, Mexico vaccinated childcare workers with a single-dose CanSino Biologics (Adv5-nCoV) COVID-19 vaccine. Although CanSino is currently approved for use in 10 Latin American, Asian, and European countries, little information is available about its vaccine effectiveness (VE).

Methods

We evaluated CanSino VE within a childcare worker cohort that included 1,408 childcare facilities. Participants were followed during March–December 2021 and tested through SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR or rapid antigen test if they developed any symptom compatible with COVID-19. Vaccination status was obtained through worker registries. VE was calculated as 100% × (1−hazard ratio for SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants), using an Andersen-Gill model adjusted for age, sex, state, and local viral circulation.

Results

The cohort included 43,925 persons who were mostly (96%) female with a median age of 32 years; 37,646 (86%) were vaccinated with CanSino. During March–December 2021, 2,250 (5%) participants had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, of whom 25 were hospitalized and 6 died. Adjusted VE was 20% (95% CI = 10–29%) against illness, 76% (42–90%) against hospitalization, and 94% (66–99%) against death. VE against illness declined from 48% (95% CI = 33–61) after 14–60 days following full vaccination to 20% (95% CI = 9–31) after 61–120 days.

Conclusions

CanSino vaccine was effective at preventing COVID-19 illness and highly effective at preventing hospitalization and death. It will be useful to further evaluate duration of protection and assess the value of booster doses to prevent COVID-19 and severe outcomes.

We evaluated CanSino (Adv5-nCoV) COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during March–December 2021 using a childcare worker cohort that included 43,925 participants across Mexico. Vaccination decreased the risk of COVID-19 illness by 20%, hospitalization by 76%, and death by 94%.
Dynamic mode structure of active turbulence
Authors: Henshaw Richard J. , Martin Olivia G. , Guasto Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2022

Dense suspensions of swimming bacteria exhibit chaotic flow patterns that promote the mixing and transport of resources and signalling chemicals within cell colonies. While the importance of active turbulence is widely recognized, the structure and dynamics of the resulting collective flows are the subject of intense investigation. Here, we combine microfluidic experiments with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis to quantify the dynamical flow structure of this model active matter system under a variety of conditions. In isotropic bulk turbulence, the modal representation shows that the most energetic flow structures dictate the spatio-temporal dynamics across a range of suspension activity levels. In confined geometries, POD analysis illustrates the role of boundary interactions for the transition to bacterial turbulence, and it quantifies the evolution of coherent active structures in externally applied flows. Beyond establishing the physical flow structures under-pinning the complex dynamics of bacterial turbulence, the low-dimensional representation afforded by this modal analysis offers a potential path toward data-driven modelling of active turbulence.
Global shark species richness is more constrained by energy than evolutionary history
Authors: Sheahan Emmaline R. , Naylor Gavin J.P. , McGlinn Daniel J.
Published: April 2022

Aim

To examine the support of two ecological diversity theories- The Ecological Limits Hypothesis (ELH) and the Niche Conservatism Hypothesis (NCH) - in explaining patterns of global shark diversity.

Location

Global scale and two ecological realms: the Tropical Atlantic and the Central Indo-Pacific.

Time Period

Past 100 years

Major Taxa Studied

We examined 534 species of sharks and chimaeras, and we performed two subclade analyses on 272 species of ground sharks and 15 species of mackerel sharks.

Methods

We compared the species richness, mean root distance (MRD), and tree imbalance patterns to those simulated under the ELH and NCH with temperate and tropical centers of origin. We used sea temperature as a proxy for energy availability. We examined the importance of biogeographic history by comparing the model fits between two taxonomic groups, ground and mackerel sharks, and two geographic regions, the Tropical Atlantic realm and Central Indo-Pacific realm.

Results

The ELH, temperate-origin model had the best fit to the global dataset and the sub-analyses on ground sharks, mackerel sharks, and the Tropical Atlantic. The NCH temperate-origin model provided the best fit for the Central Indo-Pacific. The β metric of tree symmetry showed the best potential for differentiating between the ELH and NCH models, and the correlation coefficient for temperature vs MRD performed the best at differentiating between temperate and tropical origin of ancestors.

Main Conclusions

The global and subclade analyses indicate the ELH provides the best explanation for global scale shark diversity gradients even in clades with varying ecology. However, at the realm scale, biogeographic history has an impact on richness patterns. Comparing multiple metrics in relation to a simulation model provides a more rigorous comparison of these models than simple regression fits.
Consequences of forgoing prescription drug subsidies among low‐income Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes
Authors: Glynn Alexandra , Hernandez Inmaculada , Roberts Eric T.
Published: April 2022

Objective

The objective is to estimate the take‐up of the Medicare Part D Low‐Income Subsidy (LIS) among Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and examine differences in out‐of‐pocket costs and prescription drug use between LIS enrollees and LIS‐eligible non‐enrollees. The LIS reduces out‐of‐pocket drug costs for low‐income beneficiaries; however, not all LIS‐eligible individuals are enrolled. Take‐up of the LIS, and consequences of forgoing this benefit among beneficiaries with diabetes, remains unknown.

Data Sources

Health and Retirement Study linked to Medicare administrative data from 2008 to 2016.

Study Design

We conducted two analyses among beneficiaries with diabetes. First, we estimated LIS take‐up stratified by income (≤100% of the Federal Poverty Level [FPL] and >100% to ≤150% of FPL). Second, to assess the consequences of forgoing the LIS among near‐poor beneficiaries (incomes >100% to ≤150% of FPL), we conducted propensity score‐weighted regression analyses to compare out‐of‐pocket costs, the prescription drug use, and cost‐related medication non‐adherence among LIS enrollees and LIS‐eligible non‐enrollees.

Data Collection/Data Extraction

N/A.

Principal Findings

Among Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, 68.1% of those with incomes >100% to ≤150% of FPL received the LIS, while 90.3% with incomes ≤100% of FPL received the LIS. Among near‐poor beneficiaries, LIS‐eligible non‐enrollees incurred higher annual out‐of‐pocket drug spending ($518; 95 [in USD]% CI: $370 [in USD], $667 [in USD]; p < 0.001), filled 7.3 fewer prescriptions for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia drugs (95% CI: −11.1, −3.5; p < 0.001), and were 8.9 percentage points more likely to report skipping drugs due to cost (95% CI: 0.3, 18.0; p = 0.04), all compared to LIS enrollees.

Conclusions

Despite providing substantial financial assistance with prescription drug costs, the LIS is under‐utilized among beneficiaries with chronic conditions requiring routine medication use. As policy makers discuss Part D reforms to address rising out‐of‐pocket drug costs, they should consider strategies to increase participation in existing programs that alleviate cost burdens among low‐income Medicare beneficiaries.
Portable Raman spectroscopy applied to the study of drugs of abuse
Authors: Santos Layla P. , Nascimento Marcia H. C. , Barros Iago H. A. S. , Santos Nayara A. , Lacerda Valdemar , Filgueiras Paulo R. , Romão Wanderson
Published: April 2022

The use of drugs of abuse has grown significantly in recent decades. In forensic chemistry, methods of identifying and characterizing illicit drugs contribute to the interests of researchers, experts, and public security authorities. Among existing methods, portable Raman spectroscopy is notable for performing rapid, non‐destructive, and highly selective analysis in the laboratory or on‐site. When the resulting spectral data are paired with chemometric tools, methods of exploratory analysis and multivariate calibration can be developed. Thus, this work describes the application of Raman spectroscopy associated with principal component analysis (PCA) and interval principal component analysis (iPCA) to assessing trends in samples of cocaine (n = 40), crack (n = 33), and their main adulterants (n = 5) and diluents (n = 5), tablets of ecstasy (n = 14), designer drugs papers (n = 27), and alcoholic solutions adulterated with benzodiazepines (alprazolam and diazepam). In addition, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression (CARSPLS) was used to quantify adulterants (benzocaine, lidocaine, and procaine) in binary mixtures with crack (n = 21) and solutions of cachaça adulterated with bromazepam (n = 11).
Global burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Li Jiamei , Jin Xuting , Ren Jiajia , Li Ruohan , Du Linyun , Gao Ya , Zhang Jingjing , Liu Xiu , Wang Xiaochuang , Wang Gang
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim

Gallbladder and biliary diseases (GBDs) are one of the most prevalent medical issues in the digestive system. This study was designed to describe the characteristics of prevalence, death, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of GBDs during 1990–2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019.

Methods

Prevalence, death, and DALYs for GBDs in different locations, years, sex, and age groups were estimated using DisMod‐MR 2.1 and a generic Cause of Death Ensemble Modeling approach. Countries and territories were categorized according to socio‐demographic index (SDI) quintiles.

Results

The prevalence cases (127 345 732 to 193 493 378), death cases (82 430 to 124 941), and DALYs (4 604 821 to 6 352 738) of GBDs increased from 1990 to 2019. However, the age‐standardized rates of indicators decreased over the 30‐year period (prevalence, 2851.84 to 2350.78 per 100 000 population; death, 2.40 to 1.65 per 100 000 population; DALYs, 106.76 to 78.25 per 100 000 population). In 2019, the high and middle–high SDI regions had higher age‐standardized prevalence rates, the low SDI region had the highest age‐standardized death rate, and the middle SDI region had the highest DALYs and age‐standardized DALYs rate of GBDs. Being female, older age, and high body mass index were important risk factors for the burden of GBDs.

Conclusions

Globally, there were improvements in overall health with regard to GBDs over the 30 years. However, the prevention of GBDs should be promoted in middle, middle–high, and high SDI regions, while more medical resources should be provided to improve treatment levels in low SDI region.
Characterization of the correlated background for a sterile neutrino search using the first dataset of the JSNS$$^2$$ experiment
Authors: Hino Y. , Ajimura S. , Cheoun M. K. , Choi J. H. , Dodo T. , Furuta H. , Goh J. , Haga K. , Harada M. , Hasegawa S. , Hiraiwa T. , Hwang W. , Jang H. I. , Jang J. S. , Jeon H. , Jeon S. , Joo K. K. , Jordan J. R. , Jung D. E. , Kang S. K. , Kasugai Y. , Kawasaki T. , Kim E. J. , Kim J. Y. , Kim S. B. , Kim W. , Kinoshita H. , Konno T. , Lee C. Y. , Lee D. H. , Lee S. , Lim I. T. , Little C. , Marzec E. , Maruyama T. , Masuda S. , Meigo S. , Monjushiro S. , Moon D. H. , Nakano T. , Niiyama M. , Nishikawa K. , Nomachi M. , Pac M. Y. , Park J. S. , Park R. G. , Peeters S. J. M. , Ray H. , Rott C. , Sakai K. , Sakamoto S. , Shima T. , Shin C. D. , Spitz J. , Suekane F. , Sugaya Y. , Suzuya K. , Taira M. , Ujiie R. , Yamaguchi Y. , Yeh M. , Yeo I. S. , Yoo C. , Yu I.
Published: April 2022

JSNS$$^2$$

2

 (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that is searching for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $${\bar{\nu }}_{\mu } \rightarrow {\bar{\nu }}_{e}$$

ν

¯

μ

→

ν

¯

e

 appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. Before dedicated data taking in the first-half of 2021, we performed a commissioning run for 10 days in June 2020. Using the data obtained in this commissioning run, in this paper, we present an estimate of the correlated background which imitates the $${\bar{\nu }}_{e}$$

ν

¯

e

 signal in a sterile neutrino search. In addition, in order to demonstrate future prospects of the JSNS$$^2$$

2

 experiment, possible pulse shape discrimination improvements towards reducing cosmic ray induced fast neutron background are described.
Joint Estimation of Multi-Scale Structural Responses and Unknown Loadings Based on Modal Kalman Filter Without Using Collocated Acceleration Observations
Authors: He Jia , Deng Baichuan , Hua Xugang , Zhang Xiaoxiong , Yang Ou
Published: April 2022

It has been proved that the usage of multi-type observations including global and local information for structural health monitoring (SHM) outperforms that of solo-type measurement. Kalman filter (KF) is a simple but powerful tool for the online state estimation. However, external force is required for the classic KF. Moreover, direct implementation of KF in time domain may be time consuming especially for large structures with many degrees-of-freedoms (DOFs) involved. From these points of view, the idea of modal Kalman filter (MKF) is introduced. An MKF-based approach is then proposed for joint estimation of multi-scale responses and unknown loadings with data fusion of multi-type observations. By using a projection matrix and the selected several modes, a modified observation equation in modal domain is derived. Limited multi-type measurements are fused together for online estimating multi-scale responses of structure at its critical locations. The unknown excitation is simultaneously identified by least squares estimation (LSE). The drift problem of the real time estimation of structural responses and unknown loads is avoided. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is numerically demonstrated via several examples. Results show that the proposed approach is capable of satisfactorily estimating the unmeasured multi-scale responses and identifying the unknown loadings.