bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Cómo afecta al consumidor la publicidad presentada en los videojuegos en dispositivos móviles?
Authors: Flores Álvarez Katherine Alexandra , Aranda Morgado Macarena Nicole , López Manuela
Published: April 2018

Advertising in mobile games has increased its importance in the digital era. Advertising investment is being carried over from traditional to digital media. Videogames are part of this digital media in which advertising saturation and rejection of advertising are less pronounced compared to other media. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the different types of advertising in games in mobile devices on consumers. Results show that advergame has a similar direct effect on consumers than in-game advertising. This effect of advergame is higher than the effect of banner and rich-media advertising. In addition, advergame impacts on consumers’ attitude toward the ad, the product and the brand and on purchase intention through attention to advertising. Therefore, the effect of advergame on consumers is higher than the in-game one because consumers pay more attention to advergame than to in-game advertising.
Fluindione and cefixime induced cutaneous bleeding manifestations –A case report and review of literature
Authors: Anandabaskar Nishanthi , Jayabalan Nalinidevi , Jayaraman Mohanasundaram , Rajamohammad Meher Ali
Published: April 2018

Fluindione an oral vitamin K antagonist is associated with various hemorrhagic and immunoallergic effects. This drug is also prone to produce various drug interactions, which if not taken into consideration while prescribing, might lead to increased incidence of adverse drug reactions for the patients. We report a case of drug interaction between fluindione and cefixime leading to cutaneous bleeding manifestations and raised PT-INR. Our patient was a 59 year old lady, a known case of rheumatic heart disease and mitral valve replacement, on tablet fluindione 20 mg for past 11 years. She was prescribed tablet cefixime 200 mg two times a day for three days for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, following which she developed cutaneous bleeding manifestations like ecchymosis and purpura in left upper and lower limbs. She also had a rise in PT-INR level to 4.2, predisposing the patient to life threatening bleeding manifestations. Hence, caution is warranted while prescribing antibiotics to patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Antibiotics that do not cause drug interaction with the anticoagulants must be selected in these patients. Also, periodic monitoring of PT INR in patients on anticoagulants especially when a new drug is co-prescribed is essential to curb the hazards of potential adverse drug interaction.
Sensory evaluation of complementary food based on cooking banana (musa spp.)and African yam bean (sphenostylis stenrcarpa)
Authors: Chisom Adeoye-Agomoh Queen , Ezenwa Happiness Chidinma
Published: April 2018

This study evaluated the sensory qualities of infant complementary food based on cooking banana (CB) (Musa sapientum) and African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). These raw materials were purchased from Nkwoegwu local market in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State. The legumes were picked and washed, boiled for 25 minutes and dehulled while cooking banana was washed, peeled, washed with warm water and sliced to 2mm thickness. The samples were separated, dried, milled and sifted into fine flour with muslin cloth. The flour was blended to composites in various proportions (80:20 (CAA), 60:40 (CAB)and 40:60 (CAC). Porridges were produced based on the composites. The organoleptic attributes of this food was assessed using 20 mothers, from a mother and child health clinic of Umuahia North Local Government, Abia State. The sensory assessment showed that the formulated porridges had moderate acceptability. This could be because the judges were not familiar with these porridges.  The result was compared with “Nutrend” (a complementary food in the market produced by Nestlé Foods Nigeria) and pap (maize traditional complementary food).
X‐Ray Technology
Authors: Tsuji Kouichi
Published: April 2018

AnalyticalX‐ray instruments are used to characterize materials in several ways. There are analytical instruments that can produce images of the internal structure of objects that are opaque to visible light. There are instruments used to determine chemical composition of an object, the crystalline phases of solids, and the complete atomic and molecular structure of a single crystal. The determination of particle size, structural information for fibers and polymers, and the study of stress, texture, and thin films are applications that are growing in importance and can be examined withX‐ray instruments. This article gives information on the characterization, generation, and properties ofX‐rays, and principles ofX‐ray diffraction. Small molecule and macromolecule single‐crystal structure determinations are discussed. These techniques are compared with powder diffraction. X‐ray reflectometers, position sensitive detectors, and area detectors are some of the special instruments designed to measure properties of the new and exotic materials being manufactured. Details on X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry andX‐ray radiography are also given.
Geomagnetic Index Kp Forecasting With LSTM
Authors: Tan Yao , Hu Qinghua , Wang Zhen , Zhong Qiuzhen
Published: April 2018

Through making full use of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data accumulated by ACE satellites we improve the prediction accuracy of the Kp geomagnetic index and accurately predict the occurrence of geomagnetic storms (Kp ≥ 5). Specially, we use long short‐term memory to train the Kp forecast model described in this study. Based on the large‐scale data, we build the Kp forecasting model with solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and the historical Kp value as input. In this study, we first analyze the distribution of Kp and the effect of the data imbalance on the prediction of geomagnetic storms. Second, we analyze the correlation between the different input parameters and Kp. Thus, the input parameters of the model are selected by the results of the correlation. We consider two types of forecasting: one is the overall Kp forecasting and the other is the geomagnetic storm (Kp ≥ 5) forecasting. Hence, we design an integrated model which is then compared with other models. Some evaluation parameters are introduced: the root‐mean‐square error, the mean‐absolute error, and the correlation coefficient, as well as the measurement of geomagnetic storms (Kp ≥ 5) F1. The root‐mean‐square error and mean‐absolute error of our model are 0.4765 and 0.6382, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model with long short‐term memory improve the Kp forecasting.
Phagocytosis: Techniques
Authors: Ninkovic Jana , Roy Sabita
Published: April 2018

Phagocytosis is a complex cellular process in which particulate material is engulfed and eliminated. Cells involved in this process are called phagocytes, and their phagocytic abilities are essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. Many techniques have been developed to quantify phagocytic process and the subsequent microbicidal processes.

Key Concepts

Phagocytic process.

Methods for quantification of phagocytosis.

Bactericidal mechanisms.

Methods for quantification of bactericidal mechanisms.
Two‐Hybrid Systems to Measure Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Finley Russell L , Mairiang Dumrong
Published: April 2018

To understand how proteins function to control cellular processes, their interactions with other proteins must be identified and characterised. The yeast two‐hybrid system is a simple and efficient assay for protein interactions. In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, the two proteins to be tested are expressed in a yeast nucleus with each protein fused to one‐half of a transcription activator. If the two‐hybrid proteins interact, the transcription activator is reconstituted and turns on reporter genes that can be easily detected. This assay has been used to identify tens of thousands of protein interactions, to map protein interaction domains and to characterise mutant variants of proteins. A variety of related assays have been developed, all based on the ability of two interacting hybrid proteins to activate a reporter system. These assays along with the original yeast two‐hybrid assay contribute to the characterisation of the protein interactions – or protein interactome – for humans and a wide range of other organisms.

Key Concepts

The function of most proteins involves interacting with one or more other proteins.

A binary interaction is a direct physical interaction between two proteins.

Understanding a protein's function requires charting its binary interactions.

The interactome is all of the protein interactions for a particular cell or an entire organism.

Two‐hybrid assays detect binary protein interactions by expressing the two test proteins in cells as hybrids fused to protein moieties that when brought into proximity via the protein interaction produce a detectable signal.

In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, the two proteins to be tested for interaction are fused to the two halves of a transcription factor in yeast.

Two‐hybrid assays, like all protein interaction assays, can produce false positives, which are interactions that are detected in the assay even though they do not occur under normal conditions
in vivo
.

Two‐hybrid and other protein interaction assays can also result in missed interactions or false negatives.

Use of multiple different protein interaction assays can reduce the number of false negatives and provide cross‐validation to rule out false positives.
Molecular Genetics of Vascular Malformations
Authors: Queisser Angela , Boon Laurence M , Vikkula Miikka
Published: April 2018

Vascular anomalies are separated into vascular tumours and vascular malformations. Vascular malformations are named according to the affected type of vessels, that is venous, capillary, arteriovenous or lymphatic malformations. Up to now, sclerotherapy, embolisation and/or surgery are the treatments of choice, yet they do not often offer a curative treatment. Thus, there is an important need to develop novel disease‐specific therapeutic approaches.

Inherited forms of vascular malformations led to the identification of several genes that are mutated encoding dysfunctional proteins. Demonstration that tissular second hits are commonly involved in inherited forms to explain development of lesions led to study somatic mutations in sporadically occurring forms. Since the primary discovery demonstrating that venous malformations are due to somatic mutations in TIE2/TEK, most types of vascular anomalies now have a known genetic cause. Thereby, the signalling pathways involved have been unravelled, leading to a better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of vascular anomalies. As – like in cancers – the RAS/MAPK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling are enhanced in most vascular anomalies, treatment with cancer drugs interfering with these pathways could represent novel treatment options.

Key Concepts

Vascular anomalies are classified into tumours and malformations. The latter are further divided according to the affected vessels to capillary, venous, arterial, lymphatic and combined malformations.

Treatment options are mostly restricted to sclerotherapy, embolisation and/or surgery.

Most vascular anomalies are caused by genetic mutations, either germ line or somatic.

Altered signalling involves RAS/MAPK/ERK, BMP9/10/ALK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and VEGF/VEGFR3 pathways.

Same pathways are also involved in cancers. Making repurposing of cancer drugs that interfere with these pathways, such as the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, of interest for the treatment of vascular anomalies.
Cornification Diseases (Skin Cell Death)
Authors: Candi Eleonora , McLean William Henry Irwin , Didona Biagio , Terrinoni Alessandro , Smirnov Artem , Melino Gerry
Published: April 2018

The outermost layer of the skin is formed by the cornified envelope (CE), which is the end product of the process of keratinisation. This forms a barrier that is essential to protect the internal homeostasis of the organism from the external environment. The process of keratinisation proceeds according to a complex and elaborately controlled differentiation programme with the coordinated expression of genes encoding specialised components, enzymes and regulatory molecules. The CE is a specialised structure that replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes and consists of proteins cross‐linked by covalent bonds and lipids to form a scaffold. Understanding of the pathologies associated with defects in CE components will help clarify the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of keratinisation.

Key Concepts

The outermost layer of the skin is formed by the cornified envelope (CE).

The CE is a specialised structure that replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes. It consists of proteins cross‐linked by covalent bonds and lipids to form a scaffold.

The CE is essential to provide the barrier function of the epidermis.

The transglutaminase enzymes play a major role in the formation of the CE by catalysing the formation of cross‐links between specific proteins.

Mutations in keratin genes cause a wide variety of epidermal and other epithelial disorders.

CE lipids contribute in a significant way to the establishment of barrier function of the epidermis by impermeabilising the cornified cell and participating in the organisation of the intercellular lipid lamellae.

Defects in proteases result in barrier function abnormalities or skin diseases.

The transcription factor p63 is crucial in epidermis formation, maintaining the progenitor‐cell populations that are necessary to sustain epithelial development and morphogenesis.
EBSD Study of Microstructural Evolution in a Nickel‐Base Superalloy during Two‐Pass Hot Compressive Deformation
Authors: He Dao‐Guang , Lin Y. C. , Huang Jian , Tang Yi
Published: April 2018

Generally, the high‐temperature deformation characteristics and microstructural evolution of alloys are studied by isothermal compressive experiments at stable strain rates. But, the strain rate is variant during the practice industrial production of components. In this work, isothermal two‐pass hot compression experiments with stepped strain rates are performed to analyze the microstructural evolution of a nickel‐base superalloy with δ phase. Results reveal that the mean grain size decreases, but the percentage of undissolved δ phases increases, as the strain rate of the first pass (SROFP) is increased. However, the mean grain size and the percentage of undissolved δ phases decreases with the increase of inter‐pass time (IPT) or the true strain of the first pass (TSOFP). Meanwhile, the increased deformation temperature easily enlarges the mean grain size, but obviously decreases the percentage of undissolved δ phases. In addition, the evolution of Σ3n boundaries not only results from the “new twinning mechanism”, but also “Σ3n regeneration mechanism”. “Σ3n regeneration mechanism” becomes predominant with decreasing SROFP or increasing IPT/TSOFP. Besides, “new twinning mechanism” plays a major role on Σ3n boundaries evolution as the temperature is increased from 950 to 980 °C, and then become weaken with further increasing the deformation temperature.
Challenges associated with parenting youth with neurofibromatosis: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Pierre‐Louis Catherine , Heinhuis Tessa , Riklin Eric , Vranceanu Ana‐Maria
Published: April 2018

Parents of children with the neurofibromatoses (NF; neurofibromatosis 1, neurofibromatosis 2, and schwannomatosis) are at an increased risk for emotional and physical health problems. This study aimed to determine parents' perceptions of stressors associated with parenting a child with NF in order to inform the development of a resiliency intervention. We conducted three live video semi structured focus groups with parents of youth with NF (N = 30), which were subsequently transcribed and coded using qualitative content analysis. Parents reported heightened stress associated with the child's educational, medical, and social needs, as well as concerns about their child's physical and mental health. They also reported stress associated with managing finances, multiple medical appointments, role challenges (i.e., being a parent or partner), and managing the uncertainty/unpredictability of their child's NF diagnosis. These stressors reportedly affected employment status (i.e., work scale backs), relationships (i.e., social, familial, with partner, other children), and the parents' physical and mental health. All participants expressed interest in a mind body program aimed at improving resiliency by teaching coping skills (e.g., mindfulness, adaptive thinking, positive psychology skills) and enhancing social support. Results show parents' enthusiasm for a resiliency intervention targeting stress associated with parenting a child with NF, and provide valuable information for the content of the intervention and its delivery modality.
Elucidating the diagnostic odyssey of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Palmer Lisa D. , Butcher Nancy J. , Boot Erik , Hodgkinson Kathleen A. , Heung Tracy , Chow Eva W. C. , Guna Alina , Crowley T. Blaine , Zackai Elaine , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Bassett Anne S.
Published: April 2018

Clinical molecular testing has been available for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) for over two decades yet under‐recognition and diagnostic delays are common. To characterize the “diagnostic odyssey” in 22q11.2DS we studied 202 well‐characterized unrelated adults, none ascertained through an affected relative. We used a regression model to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with length of time to molecular diagnosis. Kaplan–Meier analysis compared time to diagnosis for the molecular testing era (since 1994) and earlier birth cohorts. The results showed that the median time to molecular diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion was 4.7 (range 0–20.7) years. Palatal and cardiac anomalies, but not developmental delay/intellectual disability, were associated with a shorter time to molecular diagnosis. Non‐European ethnicity was associated with longer time to diagnosis. Inclusion of a cohort from another 22q11.2DS center increased power to observe a significantly earlier diagnosis for patients born in the molecular testing era. Nonetheless, only a minority were diagnosed in the first year of life. On average, patients were seen in seven (range 2–15) different clinical specialty areas prior to molecular diagnosis. The findings indicate that even for those born in the molecular testing era, individuals with 22q11.2DS and their families face a diagnostic odyssey that is often prolonged, particularly in the absence of typical physical congenital features or for those of non‐European ancestry. The results support educational efforts to improve clinical recognition and testing, and ultimately newborn screening as a means of maximizing early detection that would provide the best opportunity to optimize outcomes.
Novel RSPO1 mutation causing 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development with palmoplantar keratoderma: A review of literature and expansion of clinical phenotype
Authors: Tallapaka Karthik , Venugopal Vineeth , Dalal Ashwin , Aggarwal Shagun
Published: April 2018

Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with squamous cell carcinoma of skin and sex reversal (MIM # 610644) is a clinically distinctive form of SRY‐negative 46,XX disorder of sex development. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused due to biallelic loss of function mutations in RSPO1 gene. RSPO1 acts by activating the canonical β‐catenin pathway and is one of the most important genes controlling female gonadal differentiation. RSPO1‐associated disorders of sex development have been described only in three instances in the past. We report fourth such case with additional findings and perform a comparative review of previous phenotypic descriptions, thereby expanding the clinical phenotype of this syndrome.
Perioperative Care of the Breastfeeding Patient
Authors: Simon Jennifer A. , Carabetta Melissa , Rieth Elizabeth F. , Barnett Kara M.
Published: April 2018

Nurses providing surgical care in nonobstetrical ambulatory surgery centers or specialty hospitals without traditional lactation resources may need to care for patients who are breastfeeding. Nurses in these settings play an important role in supporting and protecting the breastfeeding relationship for nursing mothers separated from their infants during illness or surgical procedures. It is important for care providers to understand how hospitalization and the medications administered before, during, and after a surgical procedure affect mothers who are breastfeeding their infants. This article examines the effects of hospitalization on breastfeeding and focuses on preoperative and postoperative care considerations, including medication use, radiology imaging, interrupting and resuming breastfeeding, breast assessment, and milk storage.
Two‐Dimensional Co@N‐Carbon Nanocomposites Facilely Derived from Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysis
Authors: Cong Jingkun , Xu Hui , Lu Mengting , Wu Yuhang , Li Yuwen , He Panpan , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming , Xu Shiqing
Published: April 2018

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐derived nanomaterials have recently attracted great interest as highly efficient, non‐noble‐metal catalysts. In particular, two‐dimensional MOF nanosheet materials possess the advantages of both 2D layered nanomaterials and MOFs and are considered to be promising nanomaterials. Herein, we report a facile and scalable in situ hydrothermal synthesis of Co–hypoxanthine (HPA) MOF nanosheets, which were then directly carbonized to prepare uniform Co@N‐Carbon nanosheets for efficient bifunctional electrocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen‐evolution reactions (OERs). The Co embedded in N‐doped carbon shows excellent and stable catalytic performance for bifunctional electrocatalytic OERs and HERs. For OERs, the overpotential of Co@N‐Carbon at 10 mA cm−2 was 400 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). The current density of Co@N‐Carbon reached 100 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 560 mV, which showed much better performance than RuO2; the largest current density of RuO2 that could be reached was only 44 mA cm−2. The Tafel slope of Co@N‐Carbon was 61 mV dec−1, which is comparable to that of commercial RuO2 (58 mV dec−1). The excellent electrocatalytic properties can be attributed to the nanosheet structure and well‐dispersed carbon‐encapsulated Co, CoN nanoparticles, and N‐dopant sites, which provided high conductivity and a large number of accessible active sites. The results highlight the great potential of utilizing MOF nanosheet materials as promising templates for the preparation of 2D Co@N‐Carbon materials for electrocatalysis and will pave the way to the development of more efficient 2D nanomaterials for various catalytic applications.
Optimal blending management of biomass resources used for biochemical conversion
Authors: Roni Mohammad S. , Thompson David , Hartley Damon , Searcy Erin , Nguyen Quang
Published: April 2018

This research develops an optimization model to describe the tradeoff among blend components in the least‐cost biomass blend, based on resource availability, quality requirements, and logistics cost for a biochemical conversion. A mixed‐integer linear programming model is developed to determine the least‐cost blend from a set of candidate feedstocks. A case study – based on a biorefinery located in western Kansas that uses three‐pass corn stover, two‐pass corn stover, switchgrass, miscanthus, and municipal solid waste fractions to meet biochemical conversion specifications and feedstock demand – shows that the delivered cost of an optimal blend that meets carbohydrate and ash specifications is 12.12% higher than the delivered cost of optimal blend that meets a carbohydrate specification only. The results indicate that a least‐cost blend that meets both carbohydrate and ash specifications consists of miscanthus (48.2%) and switchgrass (29.4%) whereas the least‐cost blend meeting carbohydrate specification only comprises three‐pass corn stover (55.4%) and two‐pass corn stover (20.4%). An optimal blend uses a low‐cost municipal solid waste fraction in all cases, implying that blending could be a potential strategy to reduce delivered feedstock cost. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
New Acetophenone Derivatives from Acronychia oligophlebia and Their Anti‐inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Chen Neng‐Hua , Li Wen , Zhong Yuan‐Lin , Niu Qian‐Wen , Li Ying‐Ying , Zhang Yu‐Bo , Li Man‐Mei , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Guo‐Cai
Published: April 2018

Seven new acetophenone derivatives (acroliones A – G, 1 – 7) and three known ones (8 – 10) were isolated from the leaves of Acronychia oligophlebia. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR), X‐ray diffraction and comparison with literature data. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities of all isolates were evaluated.
Mn−Co Mixed Oxide Nanosheets Vertically Anchored on H2Ti3O7 Nanowires: Full Exposure of Active Components Results in Significantly Enhanced Catalytic Performance
Authors: Shi Jian‐Wen , Fan Zhaoyang , Gao Chen , Gao Ge , Wang Baorui , Wang Yao , He Chi , Niu Chunming
Published: April 2018

The full exposure of active ingredients plays an important role in the enhancement of catalytic performance. In this work, a series of novel catalysts, Mn−Co mixed oxide nanosheets with ultrathin thickness (about 3.5 nm) and different Mn/Co ratios (0.52, 0.69, and 1.52) vertically anchored on a support (H2Ti3O7 nanowires), are rationally developed. This unique structure not only fully exposes the active ingredients of the Mn−Co mixed oxides, but also is very favorable for the diffusion and transfer of gas molecules through the space between these standing nanosheets. As expected, the developed catalysts (MnOx‐CoOy/H2Ti3O7, MnCoTi), especially MnCoTi‐2 with the Mn/Co molar ratio of 0.69, present excellent low‐temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance, high N2 selectivity, superior water tolerance and stability. The relative turnover frequency (TOF) value over MnCoTi‐2 at 100 °C is as high as 9.25×10−4 s−1 under the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 200 000 h−1, which is rarely reported among Mn‐Ti, Mn−Co, and Mn−Co‐Ti mixed oxide catalysts. The results of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy suggest that the coordinated NH3, NH4+ ions, adsorbed NO2, and bidentate nitrate are the reactive species and the Eley–Rideal and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms can be simultaneously involved on the surface of the MnCoTi‐2 at a relatively low temperature (90 °C).
Nickel‐Borate/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid: A Robust and Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline and Near Neutral Media
Authors: Cao Xueying , Cui Liang , Wang Xiaoxia , Yang Wenrong , Liu Jingquan
Published: April 2018

Designing highly active electrocatalysts with cost‐effective transition metals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of vital significance for multifarious energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a facile in situ co‐reduction method was applied for the preparation of nickel‐borate nanoparticle on reduced graphene oxide (Ni−Bi/RGO) with high surface active sites exposure yield and reinforced electron transfer ability. Such Ni−Bi/RGO nanohybrid shows high catalytic activity with overpotential of 329 mV to drive a geometrical current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slop of 79 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH. Moreover, this Ni−Bi/RGO nanohybrid also displays excellent performance under near neutral condition, with a low onset potential of 352 mV and Tafel slop of 176 mV dec−1 in 0.1 m potassium borate (KBi, pH 9.2), better than most of Ni‐based OER catalysts. Our research has paved a facile path for the development of highly active electrocatalysts.
Water Injection as an Unused Method for Emission Reduction in Diesel Engines
Authors: Simon Christof , Strey Reinhard
Published: April 2018

Diesel/Wasser‐Mikroemulsionen als alternativer Kraftstoff in Dieselmotoren zeigen bei weitgehend verbrauchsneutralem bis verbrauchssenkendem Motorbetrieb eine deutliche Abnahme sowohl der Stickoxid‐ als auch der Rußbeladung, d. h. der sehr problematische Ruß‐NOx‐Trade Off wird durchbrochen. Für eine Anpassung der optimalen Wassermenge wird die Emulsionserzeugung unmittelbar vor dem Injektor (on‐injector‐blending) vorgeschlagen, so dass bei einem Lastwechsel die neue Diesel/Wasser‐Mischung sofort zur Verfügung steht, wobei das Wasser aus dem Abgas gewonnen werden kann. Diese bisher nicht genutzte Wassereinspritzung wäre relativ leicht nachrüstbar und würde bei Serieneinsatz zu einer deutlichen Entlastung der Umwelt beitragen.
Nanoceria Supported Gold Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Jin Zhao , Song Yang‐Yang , Fu Xin‐Pu , Song Qi‐Sheng , Jia Chun‐Jiang
Published: April 2018

Two types of CeO2 nanocubes (average size of 5 and 20 nm, respectively) prepared via the hydrothermal process were selected to load gold species via a deposition‐precipitation (DP) method. Various measurements, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS), and temperature‐programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2‐TPR), were applied to characterize the catalysts. It is found that the sample with ceria size of 20 nm (Au/CeO2‐20) was covered by well dispersed both Au3+ and Auδ+ (0 < δ < 1). For the other sample with ceria size of 5 nm (Au/CeO2‐5), Au3+ is the dominant gold species. Au/CeO2‐20 performed better catalytic activity for CO oxidation because of the strong CO adsorption of Auδ+ in the catalysts. The catalytic activity of Au/CeO2‐5 was improved due to the transformation of Au3+ to Auδ+. Based on the CO oxidation and in situ DRIFTS results, Auδ+ is likely to play a more important role in catalyzing CO oxidation reaction.
The Management of Testicular Seminomas, 1979
Authors: CALDWELL WILLIAM L. , KADEMIAN MICHAEL T. , FRIAS ZENAIDA , DAVIS THOMAS E.
Published: April 2018

The reported results from throughout the world of modern treatment of testicular seminoma are reviewed for the various clinical stages of disease. The three‐year survival rate for 1,346 patients with Stage 1 and 2 disease is 91%. Since the review reveals considerable differences in staging methods, a clinically useful staging system is proposed. Treatment methods are described and discussed. Recommendations are made assuming that patients so treated are clinically evaluated for extent of disease before treatment with currently available techniques, including lymphangiography, CT scanning, perhaps ultrasonography, and serum marker determinations. Although the role of cytoreductive surgery in patients with seminoma, even bulky seminoma, now is limited, occasionally when laparotomy is done, debulking may also be helpful. Effective combination chemotherapy regimens have not been identified. The 28% three‐year survival rate of patients with Stage 3 disease establishes the real need to identify such therapy. Finally, anaplastic seminoma is considered; a recent review by Percarpio indicates that this subtype perhaps is not unlike classical seminoma as far as stage distribution and prognosis is concerned.
Testicular Cancer: Risk Factors and the Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: JACOBS EDWIN M. , MUGGIA FRANCO M.
Published: April 2018

Advances in therapeutic results due to chemotherapy in metastatic non‐seminomatous germinal cell tumors of the testes are stimulating investigations that assess the role of chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery and/or radiotherapy in early stages of disease. In current series, complete responses are obtained in 70–80% of patients with metastatic disease; the relapse rate is 15–20%. Toxicity is significant but acceptable. The current literature reveals that surgery and/or radiation to the periaortic lymph nodes for clinical Stage I disease results in a 2+ year disease‐free survival rate of about 90%. For clinical Stage II disease, the rate is about 50%. Patients with non‐seminomatous testicular carcinoma Stage II are at significant risk to develop distant metastases and are candidates for an intergroup protocol that randomizes patients to receive either adjuvant combination chemotherapy or combination chemotherapy at first recurrence. All patients with testicular cancer should be considered curable. This requires careful assessment and monitoring, and can best be approached in controlled clinical trials.
Staging and Treatment of Neuroblastoma
Authors: EVANS AUDREY E.
Published: April 2018

Advances in the treatment of neuroblastoma have been sparse in the past decade. This common tumor of childhood has not participated in the success seen in other pediatric solid tumors.

Patients with local resectable tumors probably do not require irradiation (RT) or adjuvant chemotherapy. Gross residual disease (usually Stage III) does benefit from RT, and the value of chemotherapy has yet to be determined. Stage IV patients may not require resection of the primary; chemotherapy assumes a major role. Combinations, which include cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and imidazole carboxamide have induced responses in more than 50% of patients. Survival though has improved little in spite of good response rates.
The Pathology of Human Bladder Cancer
Authors: FRIEDELL GILBERT H. , PARIJA GOPAL C. , NAGY GEORGE K. , SOTO ENRIQUE A.
Published: April 2018

The pathologist plays a key role in the detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer, as well as in the development of strategies for the clinical management of this disease by the urologist. In order to make appropriate decisions, the urologist needs help from the pathologist in determining: 1) whether or not a bladder tumor is present; 2) if present, its histologic type, grade, depth of invasion and evidence of lymphatic or blood vessel invasion; 3) whether or not there are associated neoplastic lesions elsewhere in the bladder —or elsewhere in the lower urinary tract; and 4) if some therapeutic modality has been directed toward the neoplastic tissue, the completeness of tumor removal or destruction. It is recommended that the WHO classification of bladder tumors be used by pathologists in their reports to facilitate communication among pathologists, urologists, radiation therapists, medical oncologists, and others involved in the management of bladder cancer patients. In addition, the pathologist should make a definite statement regarding the presence or absence of muscle tissue in every bladder biopsy specimen containing tumor. After one or more superficial tumors are identified by the urologist and treated by transurethral means, management of the patient will depend not only on the microscopic evaluation of the resected tumor but also on an accurate assessment of the neoplastic potential of the remaining epithelium. The cytopathologic examination of urine samples or bladder washings aids this assessment.
Hormonal Therapy of Prostatic Cancer
Authors: SCOTT WILLIAM W. , MENON MANI , WALSH PATRICK C.
Published: April 2018

The principle goal of hormonal therapy in the treatment of prostatic cancer, as Huggins suggested in 1941, is the suppression of androgenic stimuli. Consequently, the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer has consisted of orchiectomy, estrogen administration, antiandrogen therapy, adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy, or a combination of some of these. Although the three VACURG studies are subject to several valid criticisms, they provide the best available information to date. In summary, these studies report 1) patients with low stage disease who are treated with estrogen (diethylstilbestrol 5 mg/day) have a higher death rate, mainly cardiovascular, than men not receiving estrogen and 2) in patients with high stage disease, delayed hormonal therapy is as effective as early hormonal therapy. Castration appears to be as effective as treatment with estrogens or a combination of the two and does not evoke the untoward side‐effects of estrogen administration. Although subjective improvement has been observed following adrenal or pituitary ablation, the duration of response is usually short, and consequently these procedures are used infrequently now. Experience with the use of antiandrogens is even more limited. Efforts must continue to develop means of predicting hormonal responsiveness. If receptor measurements prove to be an accurate means for predicting the hormonal responsiveness of prostatic cancer, as they have in breast cancer, then our current plan of treatment will need modification. In those men who are unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy, early chemotherapy should be instituted.
Psychological Impact of Urologic Cancer
Authors: MOUNT BALFOUR M.
Published: April 2018

All involved in the therapeutic alliance feel stress: the patient, the family, and the care giver. Uncertainty breeds anxiety. Distress is minimized when all concerned have a shared, clear understanding of therapeutic goals and when emphasis is focused on what can be done. Openness concerning diagnosis and prognosis demands sustained and supportive follow‐up. A shifting balance between denial and integration of reality usually exists. Irrespective of outcome, the patient and family cope with loss and uncertainty. In the presence of progressive illness, repeated losses compound the adjustment problem. Anticipated disfigurement due to radical surgery, alterations in body image particularly where sexual function is concerned, the necessity of urinary or fecal diversion, and side effects of therapy all require careful psychological preparation. Staff burnout may be minimized by attention to staff selection, training, supervision, support and communication. The bereaved constitute a high‐risk population. Even a simple follow‐up program may help them to adjust to their loss.
Harnessing the Coordination Chemistry of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane for Biomimicry and Radiopharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Joshi Tanmaya , Kubeil Manja , Nsubuga Anne , Singh Garima , Gasser Gilles , Stephan Holger
Published: April 2018

1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane (TACN)‐based mono‐ and poly‐nuclear metal complexes have found extensive use as biological mimics for understanding the structural and operational aspects of complex natural systems. Their coordination flexibility has also provided researchers access to a vast library of radiometal‐binding motifs that display excellent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness upon metal complexation. Synthetic modification of the TACN backbone has yielded ligands that can form metal complexes with coordination geometries well suited for these applications. In particular, Leone Spiccia's research has played a significant role in accelerating the progress in these two fields. With a focus on his contributions to the topics of biomimicry and radiopharmaceuticals, this Minireview uses relevant examples to put in perspective the utility of macrocyclic coordination chemistry for biological inorganic chemistry applications.
Three Decades of Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins: From Organelle to Organ Physiology
Authors: Gururaja Rao Shubha , Ponnalagu Devasena , Patel Neel J. , Singh Harpreet
Published: April 2018

Intracellular organelles are membranous structures central for maintaining cellular physiology and the overall health of the cell. To maintain cellular function, intracellular organelles are required to tightly regulate their ionic homeostasis. Any imbalance in ionic concentrations can disrupt energy production (mitochondria), protein degradation (lysosomes), DNA replication (nucleus), or cellular signaling (endoplasmic reticulum). Ionic homeostasis is also important for volume regulation of intracellular organelles and is maintained by cation and anion channels as well as transporters. One of the major classes of ion channels predominantly localized to intracellular membranes is chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs). They are non‐canonical ion channels with six homologs in mammals, existing as either soluble or integral membrane protein forms, with dual functions as enzymes and channels. Provided in this overview is a brief introduction to CLICs, and a summary of recent information on their localization, biophysical properties, and physiological roles. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficiently Exploring Adsorption Space to Identify Privileged Adsorbents for Chemical Separations of a Diverse Set of Molecules
Authors: Tang Dai , Wu Ying , Verploegh Ross J. , Sholl David S.
Published: April 2018

Although computational models have been used to predict adsorption of molecules in large libraries of porous adsorbents, previous work of this kind has focused on a small number of molecules as potential adsorbates. In this study, molecular simulations were used to consider the adsorption of a diverse range of molecules in a large collection of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials. Specifically, 11 304 isotherms were obtained from molecular simulations of 24 different adsorbates in 471 MOFs. This information provides insight into several interesting questions that could not be addressed with previously available data. Highly computationally efficient methods are introduced that can predict isotherms for a wide range of adsorbing molecules with far less computation than traditional molecular simulations. By characterizing the 276 binary mixtures defined by the molecules considered, “privileged” adsorbents are shown to exist, which are effective for separating many different molecular mixtures. Finally, correlations that were developed previously to predict molecular solubility in polymers are found to be surprisingly effective in predicting the average properties of molecules adsorbing in MOFs.
Power Consumption Prediction Method for Train‐Health Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kawamura Tomoki , Ryuo Satoko , Iwasawa Nagateru
Published: April 2018

In recent years, much research has been conducted on the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for monitoring the conditions of railway vehicles. In WSNs for vehicle condition monitoring, the changes in the network configuration caused by both the coupling and decoupling of vehicles and communication environment changes resulting from vehicular motion make the power consumption of the sensor node unpredictable based on the existing approaches. In this paper, we propose a method of predicting the sensor node power consumption for WSNs used for vehicle condition monitoring based on the time‐series Monte Carlo method.
Reflections on the Journey of One Aspiring Culturally Responsive Evaluator—Thus Far
Authors: Hood Stafford
Published: April 2018

Stafford Hood acknowledges that he evaluates informally and formally based on his particular culture, personal background, family experiences, and responsibility he feels to serve others from throughout his life who put him in a position to do so. See the interview document here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ev.20311/suppinfo. Read only. This should not be used in any form without explicit permission from the author.
Genetic Mixture Analysis Supports Recalibration of the Fishery Regulation Assessment Model
Authors: Moran Paul , Dazey Joe , LaVoy Larrie , Young Sewall
Published: April 2018

Management of the commercially important Washington coastal Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha troll fishery depends on the Chinook Salmon Fishery Regulation Assessment Model (FRAM). The Chinook Salmon FRAM uses historical and contemporary coded wire tag recoveries to estimate abundance and exploitation rates for particular indicator stocks. Those estimates are used to set limits on overall harvest and protect sensitive stocks. Current efforts are underway to implement a newer “base period” (time period on which exploitation rates are based). Our collaboration of science, management, and industry used genetic mixture modeling to provide independent stock composition estimates supporting FRAM recalibration. Genetic modeling suggested that total catch includes a much smaller proportion of a limiting Columbia River stock, a larger fraction of Canadian stocks, and an abundant Oregon coastal stock not previously included in the FRAM. Our results focus attention on particular stocks that will benefit from refinements in the Chinook Salmon FRAM.
Financial Conflicts of Interest at FDA Drug Advisory Committee Meetings
Authors: Hayes Michael J. , Prasad Vinay
Published: April 2018

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's drug advisory committees provide expert assessments of the safety and efficacy of new therapies considered for approval. A committee hears from a variety of speakers, from six groups, including voting members of the committee, FDA staff members, employees of the pharmaceutical company seeking approval of a therapy, patient and consumer representatives, expert speakers invited by the company, and public participants. The committees convene at the request of the FDA when the risks and harms of novel products are not immediately clear, and their final decisions carry significant weight, as most therapies that receive advisory committee approval are subsequently approved by the FDA. In recent years, across a series of diverse publications, the financial conflicts of interest of each category of participants in the meetings have been investigated. Here, we summarize these findings and their ethical implications, focusing on the FDA Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee, and we suggest ways to move toward more transparent and impartial advisory committee meetings.
The Path from Flint
Authors: Lafrance David B.
Published: April 2018

The tragedy in this michigan city demonstrates the need for vigilance in protecting families from lead in drinking water. There will be no better moment to develop workable solutions for getting the heavy metal out, protecting public health, and renewing faith in this basic resource.