bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
rs5848 Variant of Progranulin Gene Is a Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in the Taiwanese Population
Authors: Lee Ming-Jen , Chen Ta-Fu , Cheng Ting-Wen , Chiu Ming-Jang
Published: January 2011

Progranulin is the precursor of granulins, and its downregulation may lead to neurodegeneration. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5848 increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We explored the association between alleles of rs5848 and the risk of AD in the Taiwanese population. The frequency of the homozygous TT genotype (16.4 vs. 10.0%) increased in AD subjects by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.87 (p = 0.03) corrected for APOE Ε4, age and gender. Interaction between age and homozygous TT genotype accentuated the risk of AD (OR 4.44, p < 0.001). The homozygous TT genotype of rs5848 may play a role in the genetic risk of AD development, especially in the elderly.
Conventional Enhancement CT: A Valuable Tool for Evaluating Pial Collateral Flow in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Choi Jun Young , Kim Eun Jin , Hong Ji Man , Lee Sung Eun , Lee Jin Soo , Lim Yong Cheol , Kim Ho Sung
Published: January 2011

Background: To establish an easy and rapid method for evaluating pial collateral flow, we compared the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) on nonenhanced CT (NECT), conventional contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), and CT angiography source images (CTA-SI) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: We reviewed 55 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke involving the anterior circulation who underwent thrombolysis within 6 h of referral to the stroke center. We evaluated axial images using NECT, CECT and CTA-SI. Pial collateral formation was graded as fair (1–2 points) or bad (3–5 points) based on 4-vessel angiography. The outcomes were dichotomized into good (modified Rankin Scale, mRS 0–2) or poor (mRS 3–6) using a 90-day mRS. Results: Demographics (age, sex, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, time to CT acquisition and stroke subtypes) did not significantly differ between patients with fair or bad collateral formation. ASPECTS on CECT (r = –0.788, p < 0.0001) was more inversely correlated with pial collateral formation than ASPECTS on NECT (r = –0.557, p < 0.0001) or ASPECTS on CTA-SI (r = –0.662, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, ASPECTS on CECT demonstrated a high discriminative capability, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.885 for fair collateral circulation, compared to 0.790 for ASPECTS on NECT and 0.794 for ASPECTS on CTA-SI. Multiple regression analysis revealed that ASPECTS on CECT (≧8) was an independent predictor for fair collateral circulation (odds ratio = 23.00, p < 0.001) and a good prognosis (odds ratio = 17.81, p < 0.001). Conclusion: ASPECTS on CECT is a feasible method for predicting pial collateral flow and overall outcomes in acute ischemic stroke.
Establishment of a Chronic Rejection Model for Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in the Rat
Authors: Wu Y.B. , Huang Q.M. , Liu J.F.
Published: January 2011

Background: This study aims to establish a stable chronic rejection model for orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat and to describe the pathological features of this model. Methods: The livers from different strains of rats were transplanted in various allogeneic donor-recipient combinations with appropriate syngeneic grafts used as controls. The rats were untreated after surgery (acute rejection model) or treated with cyclosporin A (1 mg/kg) and hydrocortisone (0.75 mg/kg) to establish chronic rejection as determined by rejection activity index scores from pathological examination of liver specimens. Results: Acute rejection occurred in all of the untreated recipients of allogeneic orthotopic liver transplants, and all died within 30 days. Among the treated recipients, the combinations of Lewis with brown Norway and dark agouti with Lewis rats developed acute rejection, and no changes characteristic of chronic rejection were observed in the few rats that survived beyond 30 days. In contrast, the treated Lewis recipients of livers from Sprague-Dawley rats exhibited chronic rejection in the liver specimens. Conclusion: We have established an animal model for chronic rejection after transplantation of livers from Sprague-Dawley to Lewis rats under short-term immunosuppression induced by small doses of cyclosporin A and hydrocortisone.
Mild Campomelic Dysplasia: Report on a Case and Review
Authors: Corbani S. , Chouery E. , Eid B. , Jalkh N. , Abou Ghoch J. , Mégarbané A.
Published: January 2011

We report on a 10.5-year-old girl with a mild form of campomelic dysplasia. She presented with short stature of prenatal onset, dysmorphic facial features, limitation of supination and pronation of the forearms, dysplastic nails, and bone abnormalities consisting especially of cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanx of the 2nd fingers, brachydactyly and clinodactyly of the middle phalanx of both 5th fingers, short 4th metacarpals, radial and femoral head subluxation, hypoplastic scapulae, humeral and ulnar epiphyseal abnormalities, unossified symphysis pubis, and a significant delay in bone age. Molecular analysis of the SOX9 gene revealed the presence of a de novo missense mutation: p.P170L (c.509C>T). Mild and surviving cases of campomelic dysplasia are reviewed.
An Open-Label, Multicenter Observational Study for Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Treated with Memantine in the Clinical Practice
Authors: Stamouli S.S. , Tzanakaki M. , Giatas S. , Georgiadis G. , Papalexi E. , Parashos I.A.
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: In this post-marketing observational study, the safety and effectiveness of memantine were evaluated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: In a 6-month, observational, open-label study at 202 specialist sites in Greece, the effectiveness of memantine was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months. Discontinuation rates and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were also recorded to evaluate the safety profile of memantine. Results: 2,570 patients participated in the study. Three and 6 months after baseline, MMSE and IADL scores were significantly improved compared to baseline. At the end of the study, 67% of the patients had improved their MMSE score; 7.1% of the patients reported ≧1 ADRs, and treatment was discontinued due to ADR in 0.7%. Conclusion: Memantine was well tolerated and had a positive effect on the patient’s cognitive and functional ability in real-life clinical practice, in agreement with randomized, controlled trials.
Humanized Mouse Model of Thrombosis Is Predictive of the Clinical Efficacy of Antiplatelet Agents
Authors: Magallon Jorge , Chen Jianchun , Rabbani Leroy , Dangas George , Yang Jing , Bussel James , Diacovo Thomas
Published: January 2011

Background—

In vivo testing of novel antiplatelet agents requires informative biomarkers. By genetically modifying mouse von Willebrand factor (VWF
R1326H
), we have developed a small animal model that supports human but not mouse platelet-mediated thrombosis. Here, we evaluate the use of this biological platform as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for antithrombotic therapies.

Methods and Results—

The antithrombotic effects of several αIIbβ3 inhibitors were determined in VWF
R1326H
mutant mice infused with human platelets. Administration of abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban at doses recommended for percutaneous coronary intervention (per 1 kg of body weight) significantly reduced human platelet-mediated thrombus formation in laser-injured arterioles by >75% (
P
<0.001). In contrast, clot size in wild-type control animals remained essentially unchanged (
P
>0.05), results consistent with observed species differences in IC
50
values obtained by aggregometry. To further demonstrate that our biological platform is unique among standard mouse models, we evaluated the thrombogenic potential of platelets from healthy volunteers before and after clopidogrel therapy. Consistent with the antithrombotic effect of this agent, platelets postdrug administration formed smaller thrombi than cells before therapy and were less responsive to ADP-induced aggregation (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

The ability of αIIbβ3 and P2Y
12
inhibitors to limit human platelet clot formation at doses recommended by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association suggests that VWF
R1326H
mutant mice can serve as both a pharmacodynamic and a functional response biomarker, attributes essential for not only expediting drug development but also designing clinical studies.
Intrarenal Ghrelin Infusion Stimulates Distal Nephron-Dependent Sodium Reabsorption in Normal Rats
Authors: Kemp Brandon A. , Howell Nancy L. , Gray Jasmine T. , Keller Susanna R. , Nass Ralf M. , Padia Shetal H.
Published: January 2011

Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone that exerts powerful orexigenic effects. Ghrelin receptor expression has been reported in the kidney, but the role of ghrelin in the kidney is unknown. The present studies confirmed ghrelin receptor mRNA expression in the kidneys of normal Sprague Dawley rats (n=6) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the 588-bp PCR product. To test intrarenal ghrelin action, uninephrectomized rats received 3 cumulative 1-hour renal interstitial (RI) infusions of 5% dextrose in water (vehicle, n=21), ghrelin (n=10), ghrelin plus specific ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 (n=24), or [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 alone (n=32). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), urine sodium excretion rate (U
Na
V), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional excretion of sodium (FE
Na
), and fractional excretion of lithium (FE
Li
) were calculated for each period. RI ghrelin infusion significantly decreased U
Na
V to 86±4.9% (
P
<0.05), 74±6.5% (
P
<0.01), and 62±10% (
P
<0.01) of baseline during periods 1 to 3, respectively. Ghrelin also significantly decreased FE
Na
to 68±11% (
P
<0.05), 57±8.6% (
P
<0.001), and 59±12% (
P
<0.01) of baseline, without changing GFR or FE
Li
. Identical ghrelin infusions in the presence of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 failed to permit reductions in U
Na
V or FE
Na
. Following [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 infusion alone, U
Na
V increased from 0.06±0.01 to 0.18±0.03 μmol/min (
P
<0.0001). Concomitant increases in FE
Na
were also observed (0.23±0.03% to 0.51±0.06% [
P
<0.001]), without changes in MAP, GFR, or FE
Li
. Together, these data introduce a novel intrarenal ghrelin-ghrelin receptor system, which, on activation, significantly increases Na
+
reabsorption at the level of the distal nephron.
Object-Based Analysis and Verification of WRF Model Precipitation in the Low- and Midlatitude Pacific Ocean
Authors: Skok Gregor , Tribbia Joe , Rakovec Jože
Published: January 2011

An extended version of the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) was used to perform a verification of precipitation provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model Tropical Channel Simulation (performed by NCAR). Model 3-hourly precipitation accumulations were compared to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 satellite-derived precipitation in the low- and midlatitude Pacific Ocean during 1998–2000. Overall, the spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation (i.e., the clear shape of the ITCZ with two maxima—one located in the east and one in the west) was reproduced well by the WRF model; however, there was considerably more precipitation in the WRF simulation than in the TRMM dataset. Object-based analysis identified more precipitation objects with life spans less than 30 h and fewer objects with life spans longer than 60 h in the TRMM dataset compared to the WRF simulation. Objects with the longest life span (>90 h) tended to occur in similar regions in both the modeled and satellite-derived datasets. Two of these regions were in the western part of the domain and one was in the eastern portion of the ITCZ, although these regions did not necessarily coincide with the regions of maximum precipitation accumulations. Both datasets had mostly eastward movement in the midlatitudes. The datasets, however, diverged around the central part of the ITCZ where the TRMM dataset displayed both eastward and westward movement, while westward movement was dominant in the WRF simulation. The analysis also showed that precipitation object trajectories were smoother in the model than in the TRMM dataset.
Effects of the near-field on shallow seismic studies
Authors: Mangriotis Maria-Daphne , Rector James W. , Herkenhoff E. Frederick
Published: January 2011

Seismic studies in the near surface typically involve path lengths that are on the order of a wavelength. However, most investigators extrapolate seismic imaging and parameter extraction techniques to the near surface without incorporating the near-field in their processing approach. For such short path lengths, we find that the near-field is strongly present in the recorded waveforms, which consequently biases seismic parameter estimation, such as [Formula: see text] measurement. To suppress the near-field effects, we examined the challenges of near-field removal and the issues involving the accurate modeling of the near-field. Using the mathematical expression for a source monopole, which describes an elastic impact source typically used in shallow seismic studies, we modeled the near- and far-field terms of the waveform with distance in a homogeneous elastic medium. For thiscase, we found that the near-field can be suppressed through frequen-cy-domain or polarization filtering. However, in heterogeneous media, the near-field cannot be removed through filtering due to interference of scattered P- and S-converted waves. Hence, in realistic media it is necessary to compensate for the near-field bias in [Formula: see text] measurement via appropriate numerical modeling in 3D. To assess the near-field bias in real data, a vertical seismic profiling study was conducted at a site in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and it was found that the apparent attenuation due to the near-field is of order comparable to the combined effects of scattering and intrinsic attenuation. These results raise caution for the interpretation of extracted [Formula: see text] values in the near surface if they do not account for the near-field presence and point to the necessity of incorporating a near-field term in standard seismic processing techniques when applied to the near surface.
Front-Line and Salvage Therapies With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Other Treatments in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Cortes Jorge , Hochhaus Andreas , Hughes Timothy , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: January 2011

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been a model disease in the development of targeted therapies. After nearly 40 years of the recognition of the chromosomal abnormality that defines CML, specific therapy was developed, initially with imatinib mesylate, which has transformed our treatment algorithms and has changed the natural history of the disease. Today, most patients have the expectation of a favorable outcome when treated with standard-dose imatinib. However, a significant proportion of patients do not achieve the optimal desirable outcome. Effective salvage therapy followed the recognition of some of the most common mechanisms of resistance. More recently, the focus has turned to new areas of research and medical need, such as improving the front-line therapy to minimize the risk of resistance, to fight the most resistant mutant forms of BCR-ABL, and to eliminate minimal residual disease with the goal of achieving total elimination of the disease and treatment discontinuation. In this review, we analyze the current status of therapy of CML, and we discuss some of the most relevant clinical questions that we face today.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wellisz Stanislaw
Published: January 2011

The World Bank: Its First Half Century. Volume 1: History. Volume 2, Perspecitves. Edited by Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 1997. Pp. xviii, 1275, vol. 1; xviii, 766, vol. 2. $79.95, vol. 1; ‘.95, vol. 2. ISBN 0–8157–5236–9, vol. 1; 0–8157–5234–2, vol. 2.

JEL 98–0690

JEL 98–0691
Book Reviews
Authors: Furubotn Eirik G
Published: January 2011

Neoclassical Microeconomic Theory: The Founding Austrian Version. By A. M. Endres. Foundations of the Market Economy series. London and New York: Routledge. 1997. Pp. xiii, 271. £45.00. ISBN 0–415–15209–7.

JEL 97–0800
The Imageries of Menstruation in Sanitary Napkin Ads: Representation and the Practice of Discourse as a Marketing Strategy
Authors: Sultana Umme Busra Fateha
Published: January 2011

Menstruation—a biological event in women’s lives—has both positive and negative meanings, as well as specific socio-cultural connotations. The socio-cultural discourses about menstruation often point toward negative meanings of menstruation and dictate women’s behavior. Questions may arise when menstruation appears in the media—which aspects get emphasized? This paper derives from qualitative and explorative research based on primary and secondary data. It makes an audiovisual analysis of sanitary napkin advertisements that appeared on TV as well as in press media during a particular time period. Drawing understanding of the existing socio-cultural perceptions of menstruation from feminist ethnographic literature, this paper tries to unpack their underlying connections with media representations of menstruation. Within the framework of feminist cultural studies, the paper engages in two levels of analysis; firstly, through the application of specific, technical, analytical tools, it unpacks the strategic meanings of the ads, and secondly, following Stuart Hall’s way of looking at the politics of representation, it explores how socio-cultural discourses of menstruation are attached to the representation of menstruation in these ads. Though some ads attempt to question negative norms and offer alternative representations, the majority of the ads still use the negative discourses surrounding menstruation as a product promotion strategy.
An Odor of Racism: Vaginal Deodorants in African-American Beauty Culture and Advertising
Authors: Ferranti Michelle
Published: January 2011

The use of vaginal deodorants such as douches and feminine sprays is a troubling phenomenon due to its association with many adverse health consequences. Complicating this issue is the fact that African-American women are four times as likely to use these products as Caucasian women. This essay seeks to explain this practice as an element of African-American beauty culture. By reframing the use of vaginal deodorants as an aesthetic rather than hygienic practice, the historical racist underpinnings of vaginal deodorization are made evident. Moreover, an examination of advertisements for douches and related products provides significant insight into the historical and contemporary meanings of vaginal deodorization practices in African-American women’s lives.

The essay begins by examining how pervasive olfactory discrimination against African Americans established personal deodorization as a key to social and legal acceptance in White society. The supposed malodor of African-American women was also linked to damaging sexual stereotypes that made Black women highly vulnerable to predation and violence. The essay continues by showing how manufacturers of vaginal deodorants attempted to exploit racist notions by appealing to African-American consumers’ insecurities about personal odors. This appeal is still evident in targeted marketing strategies today. Finally, the essay concludes that aggressive advertising is no longer necessary to maintain the practice of vaginal deodorization among African-American women. The habit has been institutionalized as a cultural norm and is now perpetuated outside the market. Nonetheless marketers have embraced the image of cosmetics for the vagina and are using it to stimulate sales without regard for women’s health.
Companions in Preaching and Suffering: Itinerant Female Quakers in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World
Authors: Herbert Amanda E.
Published: January 2011

This article explores the 'sufferings' of itinerant Quaker women in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Quakers who were Public Friends — who traveled and preached as a testimony of faith — were a formative and highly visible part of the early Colonial British American landscape. Itinerant Quaker women faced the perils and discomforts of frequent transatlantic travel, and they were ostracized as well as physically abused on their journeys. But believing that the most genuine followers of Christ suffered in his name, Quakers felt that writing about and experiencing bodily torments and spiritual tribulations identified them as true religious adherents. Many itinerant women wrote about their journeys in printed testimonials, and these writings were celebrated by Quakers and circulated widely throughout Britain and its early colonies. For women Friends, the practices of writing and of suffering also became a testimony of their gender; traveling Quaker women refigured seventeenth- and eighteenth-century constructions of the female body, femininity, and female sociability. Relying upon female companions who accompanied them on their journeys, itinerant Quakers sought solidarity with and solace from other women during their travels, and they expected female companions to sustain and succor them during difficult missions. This spiritual society both heightened and reinforced the spiritual, bodily and emotional experiences of early Quaker women.
A Revolutionary Dinner: U.S. Diplomacy toward Saint Domingue, 1798–1801
Authors: Johnson Ronald Angelo
Published: January 2011

At a secret dinner in eighteenth-century Philadelphia, U.S. government officials moved beyond trading with the revolutionary French colony Saint-Domingue. They began to treat with the island's black leadership to secure American commerce in a hostile Atlantic world. President John Adams offered to Toussaint Louverture economic support and political encouragement. The administration, led by Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, forged the United States' first diplomatic relationship with a black-led government from a foundation of confidence and bilateral cooperation. Adams's foreign policy toward Saint-Domingue advanced U.S. trade interests without forfeiting the Declaration of Independence's pledge of natural rights. From 1798 to 1801, the United States and Saint-Domingue shared a similar moment within Atlantic world history: that of emerging republics striving to escape domination and finding their own way. At the cessation of Dominguan-American relations, following Adams's electoral defeat, the revolutionary colony stood upon the threshold of nationhood. For its part, the United States moved a step closer toward its aspirations to reshape the Atlantic world.
Falling for the Lord: Shame, Revivalism, and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening
Authors: Meyer Neil
Published: January 2011

This article addresses the central role of shame in accounts from revivals in the southern United States at the beginning of the nineteenth-century, with particular focus on Cane Ridge, Kentucky. Using the work of Eve Sedgwick and Silvan Tomkins on shame as affect, this article argues that participants at these revivals understood their enthusiastic physical responses as a manifestation of shame, worked through within the public space of the camp meeting. In particular, those who "fell as if dead" at these meetings understood themselves as being overwhelmed by a sense of shame, but that in embodying that shame, they came to take part more fully in evangelical community. This public, embodied performance of shame then creates a particular understanding of the affective possibilities of revivalism, as well as the challenges of distributing such revival accounts within evangelical print culture.
The Romance of America: Trauma, National Identity, and the Leather-Stocking Tales
Authors: May Chad T.
Published: January 2011

As part of the continuous dialogue surrounding native and American history in the nineteenth century, we should read Cooper's Leather-Stocking tales not as a simple assertion of a progressive history, nor as a mythical retreat from the concerns and responsibilities of history, but rather as a searching after a literary form, in this case romance, that might be able to encompass a trauma that places all narratives of American progress in doubt. Ultimately, it is in the failure of the Leather-Stocking series, its inability to explain this national trauma and its inability to simply consign it to a place of national forgetting, that we can locate its greatest success. The five books that make up the Leather-stocking Tales represent a repeated invoking of a traumatic past, a continuous attempt to mitigate this trauma, and Cooper's awareness that such attempts must always fail because no explanation or justification can ever be fully adequate.
Entering the Lists: The Politics of Ephemera in Eastern Massachusetts, 1774
Authors: Howell William Huntting
Published: January 2011

"Entering the Lists" traces the relationship between printing and coercion that underlies the consolidation and maintenance of Revolutionary-era "patriotism." Focused on a set of related ephemeral texts produced in eastern Massachusetts in the spring and summer of 1774, the essay models an approach to the world of printed material that does not assign it automatically to the Habermasian categories of "abstraction," "impersonality" or dispassionate critique. In so doing, it provides a counterpoint to long-held narratives of the natural flowering of American liberalism and the remarkable spontaneity of the American Revolution.
Siblings for Keeps in Early America
Authors: Hemphill C. Dallett
Published: January 2011

A norm of strong relations between adult brothers and sisters persisted for a long time in early America. Two particular features of this relationship lasted from the seventeenth through the early nineteenth century. One was a shared ethic of "kin-keeping" (maintaining family ties) among Euro-American adult brothers and sisters; the other was a related practice of extensive sibling socializing. But these features did not last forever. In hindsight, the enormous importance of adult siblings in each others' lives seems part of a world many Americans have lost.
Spider and Fly: Novel Excerpt August 1735, Northampton, Massachusetts
Authors: Stinson Susan
Published: January 2011

Jonathan Edwards is widely considered America's most brilliant theologian. Spider In a Tree fuses the historic and the imaginative in telling the story of his years as a preacher in eighteenth century Northampton, Massachusetts, a town Edwards made famous for piety before its people dismissed him as their minister. The novel covers the years from 1731 to 1750, and is told from multiple points of view. Spider and Fly, which is chapter four in the novel, takes place in August 1735, three months after Edwards wrote his account of the 1734-35 revivals which became A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton. At the end of this account, Edwards appended a postscript about the troubling suicide of Joseph Hawley, a respected townsperson married to Edwards's aunt. The elder Joseph Hawley had two sons—the younger named Elisha, and the elder also named Joseph—both of whom appear in this chapter; as does Sarah, wife of Jonathan; and Leah and Saul, who are enslaved in the household.
Benign and Benevolent Conquest?: The Ideology of Elizabethan Atlantic Expansion Revisited
Authors: MacMillan Ken
Published: January 2011

This essay revisits the language of conquest in metropolitan writings advocating Elizabethan Atlantic expansion. It argues that contrary to the belligerent connotations scholars usually attach to the word conquest, in Elizabethan England it was a term used in a benign and benevolent manner that fit within humanist goals for a noble, peaceful, and long-term relationship with both the people and land of America. By the early seventeenth century, however, this idea of benign conquest was overshadowed by factors such as the example of Spanish conquest in the New World, which tainted the English benign usage, and the transition from theory in the Elizabethan age to practice under the early Stuarts, which showed that the American natives were not willing to accept English presence on the benevolent terms anticipated by English humanists. Another factor that led to the decline in the language of benign conquest was the formulation of the "conquest doctrine" in the law of nations, which gave the term an exclusively belligerent connotation. Owing to these various factors, by the time the permanent English empire in America was established, the idea of benign conquest no longer had a place in domestic, colonial, or supranational discourse.
A Memorial Tribute to Robert L. McNeil Jr. (1915–2010): Benefactor of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies
Authors: Dunn Richard S. , Richter Daniel K.
Published: January 2011

A Memorial Tribute to Robert L. McNeil Jr. (1915-2010): Benefactor of the McNeil Center for Early American Stuides
The Experiences of UAE Women Leaders in Developing Leadership Early in Life
Authors: Madsen Susan R.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore the influences that current Arab women leaders believe were most important in assisting them throughout their lives to prepare for their present leadership roles and responsibilities within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In-depth, qualitative interviews using the phenomenological methodology were conducted. This article focuses on the themes related to family and childhood/youth influences. The results indicate that a wide variety of influences (for example, parents, siblings, influential individuals, schooling activities and experiences, and struggles/difficulties) during the early phases of their lives provided unique experiences that enhanced their leadership skills and abilities. This is the first scholarly study conducted and published on the life development of women UAE leaders. It provides insights for educators, scholars, and practitioners to assist them in more effectively designing successful leadership programs for Arab women in educational and non-educational settings. This study also provides some clear themes that can serve as the basis for continued research in the area of women and leadership in the UAE.
Muslim Women's Organizing in France and Italy: Political Culture, Activism, and Performativity in the Public Sphere
Authors: Pojmann Wendy
Published: January 2011

This article examines the activism and performativity of Muslim women's associations in France and Italy. It argues that decolonization, immigration, and secularity must be taken into consideration to understand the different approaches Muslim women have used in the public sphere in these countries. The recent popularity of the French women's organization Ni Putes Ni Soumises must be understood within the context of the broader phenomenon of public favor for ethnic minority women who promote republican values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In Italy, no ethnic minority or Muslim's women's association has entered the national spotlight. Associations such as Trama di Terre in Imola include Muslim women among their leaders and members, but they have resisted assimilation and used difference as a starting point. Even as they engage in initiatives to provide educational and professional opportunities for women and to end discrimination and violence, Muslim women in both Italy and France are consistently called upon by the public to represent the Muslim viewpoint and comment on a range of "Muslim" issues, from headscarves to polygamy and terrorism, even when these are not central to their agendas and the work of their associations.
Unregistered Women Workers in the Globalized Economy: A Qualitative Study in Turkey
Authors: Kümbetoğlu Belkıs , User İnci , Akpınar Aylin
Published: January 2011

In recent years, economic stagnation and the global economic crisis have subjected Turkish women workers to conditions that are more difficult than ever. The existent lack of proper controls and regulations has become even more pervasive during this period. Effective de-unionization is another reason sustaining these negative circumstances under which women workers are denied their legal rights. In this article, preliminary findings of field research undertaken in five relatively industrialized provinces in northwestern Turkey are presented. These findings reveal a variety of problems that unregistered women workers face: Child labor; high rates of worker turnover; wages that are below the official minimum and that are paid irregularly; harsh and unhealthy working conditions, including extended work time and unpaid, compulsory night shifts; and ill treatment and sexual harrassment by employers and foremen. The work histories of the 213 participants of the study, most of whom had started working at ages 12-15, indicate that a slave-like system has been operating for a relatively long time. Saying that this hidden labor is merely a case of women workers not being registered greatly oversimplifies a complicated structure that is in place and fails to represent its reality.
Palestinian Women: Caught in the Cross Fire Between Occupation and Patriarchy
Authors: Rought-Brooks Hannah , Duaibis Salwa , Hussein Soraida
Published: January 2011

Palestinian women face violence and humiliation from the Israeli occupation, as well as violence and discrimination in their own society. Both the male perpetrators of violence and sexual violence against women in Palestinian society and the Israeli perpetrators of violence and human rights violations are able to act with impunity, escaping investigation and punishment. The women's movement in Palestine faces the difficult challenge of working to improve the status of women in the context of a decades-long military occupation. Existing laws in the occupied Palestinian territory are often discriminatory and do not offer sufficient protection for women. Progress toward reform is held back by classic patriarchy, and also by the fractured and limited autonomy of the Palestinian Authority caused in large part by the occupation. Palestinian women are also subjected to violence and humiliations from Israeli soldiers and settlers and to other human rights violations caused by military incursions, the route of the separation wall, the steady expansion of the illegal settlements, house demolitions, and the closure regime and associated controls. Only an end to the occupation will bring an end to these violations, and on the domestic front, meaningful progress will be an uphill struggle for the women's movement without self-determination and a viable Palestinian state. International law has, as yet, provided no forum for accountability and redress.
Feminist Attitudes and Praxis Among Palestinian Women Activists
Authors: Nasser Randa , Barghouti Fidaa , Mousa Janan
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate the nature, patterns, and determinants of feminist attitudes and praxis among Palestinian women who are politically active in national and/or women's movements. The novelty of the study lies in its use of multidimensional operational definitions of feminist attitudes and praxis. Previous research is limited to qualitative research performed on small samples with limited conceptual and operational definitions for the term "feminism." Results of the survey on 205 women activists indicate that the feminism of women varies according to the domain of feminism. The majority of women (over 60 percent) support gender equality in access to health care, nutrition, education, employment, wages, inheritance, protection from domestic violence, and autonomy over sexuality and reproductive issues. However, fewer women (less than 50 percent) support gender equality in domestic roles and freedom of movement for women. Women have also achieved more rights vis-à-vis access to health care, nutrition, education, employment, inheritance, protection from domestic violence, and certain forms of autonomy in sexual and reproductive matters than they have in domestic roles, wages, and actual freedom of movement. In addition, we observed that the determinants of feminism vary with its various dimensions and indicators. The issues that require major changes to gender structures and relations are not readily accepted by society; a woman's willingness to support such changes necessitates higher socioeconomic positioning. Actual levels of education, employment, and income are not significant vis-à-vis attitudes toward gender equality in employment opportunities; however, these variables have a significant effect on attitudes toward gender equality in freedom of movement.
"Not Easily Put-Downable": Magazine Representations and Muslim Women's Identities in Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Zubair Shirin
Published: January 2011

This research is an attempt to provide useful insights regarding Muslim women's identities through a study conducted on the readership and reception processes of popular women's magazines in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. One of the objectives of this research is to challenge the oriental "othering" of Muslim women as a monolith. The research showcases diversity across the board within a Muslim country like Pakistan by highlighting the cultural conflicts and ambivalence inherent in the ideologies discursively constructed through the genre of women's magazines. The research draws upon Lazar's (2005) model of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) and Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) theory of social semiotic to highlight the ambivalence inherent within the juxtaposition of images of women's bodies and accompanying religious codes. Read in conjunction, they articulate a certain ideology regarding the construction of Pakistani women's socioreligious identity(ies) that serve the interests of patriarchy and the Muslim clergy. More importantly, the research presents a detailed analytical study of the relationship between magazine representations and how these affect women's multiple and complex identities. The findings suggest that the magazine representations are a powerful resource Muslim women draw upon in constructing their identities, as women read these magazines not only as a source of pleasure, but also in quest of their identity(ies).
Wading through Treacle: Female Commercial School Graduates (CSGs) in Egypt's Informal Economy
Authors: Elgeziri Moushira
Published: January 2011

This article examines the work experiences of female graduates of commercial schools in Egypt's informal economy after the downsizing of the public sector, historically the main employer of university and technical school graduates. It is about the struggle of these women to find a place in the labor market that is appropriate to their status as educated individuals on the periphery of the middle class. I argue that the jobs that commercial school graduates (CSGs) are able to access are dead-end ones that offer no opportunities for growth. They also serve as constant reminders of Egyptian women's low socioeconomic standing. Despite the uniqueness of each experience, female CSGs face structural constraints that impact their work experiences as a group. Class and gender play a central role in shaping these collective experiences. I demonstrate how these two structures interact and reinforce each other in the process of female CSGs entering the labor market, as well as in determining the types of work they are able to access. Most significantly, instead of allowing them to cross the manual-/nonmanual-labor divide, which is important for women from this educational and social background, their jobs further blur the boundaries between manual and clerical work. Although the jobs that are available to these CSGs have not been conducive to occupational advancement, nonetheless they serve as catalysts that challenge their understanding of gender roles, social standing, and relations with lower and upper classes.
Singing at the Digital Well: Blogs as Cyberfeminist Sites of Resistance
Authors: Pierce Tess
Published: January 2011

There is a Pushtun proverb that says that women rebel with suicide or song. Proverbs like this serve to reinforce a male-defined value system. While suicide is a tragic choice for women, poetry or song are positive strategies women employ to resist the control of their bodies and to connect with other women. In this research, I analyzed an English-language blog produced by a woman living in Iraq during the Second Gulf War (2003-present). Relying on Rosi Braidotti's (1994) concept of the nomadic subject, I discuss the ways in which this blogger subverted traditional poetry and song to rebel against unequal value systems of the fundamentalist Muslim culture in Iraq. Using variations of the soulful musical poetry of the classic Iraqi sihr halal, or "lawful magic," this blogger sings songs of resistance to disrupt the patriarchal power structures that control her life. Using themes that center around private life though addressed to a public audience, blogs, like this one, act as the new meeting place, or well, with women guarding the information, passing on culture, and creating a new version of the magical words.
Progressive or Neo-Traditional?: Policewomen in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries
Authors: Strobl Staci
Published: January 2011

Theoretical models of how policewomen have emerged in modern nation-states—from segregated policewomen's units to full integration—were built without theoretical or empirical contributions derived from the experiences of policewomen in Arab/ Muslim countries. Meaningful analytics for how societies allow for female police, and whether these officers serve in integrated units with policemen, cannot be divorced from a description of cultural process. In particular, the emergence of modern policewomen in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries has important cultural and social meaning that challenges the dominant notions of women and policing in academic discourse. Using postcolonial and comparative feminist theory, this article challenges dominant theories within the discourse on policewomen, taking a critical approach to the identity politics that fuels the gender-related rhetoric of "us vs. them."Any new, culturally specific model should not necessarily exhibit a zero-sum game of either segregation or integration; both can be operating simultaneously in the same historical moment as legitimate and coherent policy given particular social, political, and cultural contexts, as the GCC example suggests.
Gender-Relevant Legal Change in Lebanon
Authors: Shehadeh Lamia Rustum
Published: January 2011

Law is the vehicle through which society defines not only its regulations, but also its actual values and behavioral patterns, as well as what is considered to be natural or unnatural. As such, the laws described in this article become symbols of what Lebanese society considers natural or not and hence assume far more implications than their strictly legal context would admit. Consequently, the law, as the symbol of authority, exercises its power through its simultaneous claim to pragmatic common sense. This is attested to by the difficulties encountered by Lebanese women and human rights organizations in their endeavors to repeal or amend discriminatory laws, or to introduce new laws that would guarantee the welfare of women and protect their rights. Due to the efforts of these women and human rights organizations, several Lebanese discriminatory laws were repealed or amended, from 1953 to the present. Yet, a summary study of the personal status codes (family law) and the civil and secular laws (everything else) clearly demonstrates that the position of a married woman in Lebanon is still that of a femme couverte , since upon marriage, she loses most of her civil rights, becomes the ward of her husband, and assumes a subordinate legal position, one that is incorporated into that of the husband.
New Perspectives on the History of American Sign Language
Authors: Shaw Emily , Delaporte Yves
Published: January 2011

Examinations of the etymology of American Sign Language have typically involved superficial analyses of signs as they exist over a short period of time. While it is widely known that ASL is related to French Sign Language, there has yet to be a comprehensive study of this historic relationship between their lexicons. This article presents preliminary results of an exhaustive study of historic documents in French Sign Language and American Sign Language, as well as fieldwork in regions in France and the United States that will ultimately culminate in a historic dictionary of American Sign Language. We present evidence of relationships in six categories and conclude that a thorough account of the history of ASL requires a systematic examination of contemporary and historic documents in both languages.
Toward a Phonetic Representation of Signs: Sequentiality and Contrast
Authors: Johnson Robert E , Liddell Scott K
Published: January 2011

In this paper we examine the theory of the structure of signs that grew from Stokoe’s (1965) proposals. We begin by examining argument for the structural simultaneity of signs by examining claims about how signs contrast and how cheremes function. Historically, such discussions have involved three claims: (1) that signs are composed of a single handshape, a single location, and a sequence of movements, and (2) that these structural aspects account for contrast between signs in the same way that phonemes account for contrast in spoken languages, and (3) that this is evidence of dual patterning.

Using a number of different examples, we evaluate these claims from the perspective of the standard definitions of contrast and duality of pattern, showing that discussions drawn from this reasoning are not consistent with standard notions of the phoneme or of double articulation and duality of pattern. We suggest that, if signed languages in fact are structured in the way Stokoe proposed—an approach maintained even in recent work (Meir et al. 2007, 537–39)—then the phoneme and notions of duality of pattern must be redefined for signed languages.

We demonstrate, however, that the putative simultaneity proposed by this model does not adequately represent actual observations about the structure of signing and conclude that a model with inherent sequentiality of segments provides a more precise description of signs. We evaluate several such models, finding each to be inadequate, and end with the claim that an adequate descriptive system for signed languages will employ sequential segments. Such a system would be consistent with notions of contrast and duality of pattern developed for other languages.
Basic Color Terms in Estonian Sign Language
Authors: Hollman Liivi , Sutrop Urmas
Published: January 2011

The article is written in the tradition of Brent Berlin and Paul Kay’s theory of basic color terms. According to this theory there is a universal inventory of eleven basic color categories from which the basic color terms of any given language are always drawn. The number of basic color terms varies from 2 to 11 and in a language having a fully developed color system there are eleven basic color terms: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange and gray . The studies about basic color terms in sign languages show that lexicalization of basic color terms in sign languages follows the same pattern found in spoken languages. The current study is the first close study on the color terminology in Estonian Sign Language. The survey was carried out in summer 2005 and consisted of three tasks, following Davies and Corbett’s field method: the list task, the City University color vision test and the color-naming task. Fifty ESL users from different parts of Estonia were interviewed for the study. The collected data shows that the BCT hierarchy is clearly displayed in Estonian Sign Language and it may be concluded that Estonian Sign Language is a Stage VII language and has nine basic color terms: black , white , red , yellow , green , blue , gray , brown and pink / purple .