bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health websites on COVID-19: are they readable and credible enough to help public self-care?
Authors: Valizadeh-Haghi Saeideh , Khazaal Yasser , Rahmatizadeh Shahabedin
Published: January 2021

Objective: There are concerns about nonscientific and/or unclear information on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is available on the Internet. Furthermore, people’s ability to understand health information varies and depends on their skills in reading and interpreting information. This study aims to evaluate the readability and creditability of websites with COVID-19-related information.Methods: The search terms “coronavirus,” “COVID,” and “COVID-19” were input into Google. The websites of the first thirty results for each search term were evaluated in terms of their credibility and readability using the Health On the Net Foundation code of conduct (HONcode) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Gunning Fog, and Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRE) scales, respectively.Results: The readability of COVID-19-related health information on websites was suitable for high school graduates or college students and, thus, was far above the recommended readability level. Most websites that were examined (87.2%) had not been officially certified by HONcode. There was no significant difference in the readability scores of websites with and without HONcode certification.Conclusion: These results suggest that organizations should improve the readability of their websites and provide information that more people can understand. This could lead to greater health literacy, less health anxiety, and the provision of better preventive information about the disease.
Mapping Information Landscapes: New Methods for Exploring the Development and Teaching of Information Literacy
Authors: Natal Gerald
Published: January 2021

In Mapping Information Landscapes: New Methods for Exploring the Development and Teaching of Information Literacy, Whitworth discusses information literacy in relationship to practice theory and discusses mapping as a practice with objectives similar to those of information literacy: namely, finding, selecting, organizing, and communicating information.
Modelling of glacially-induced stress changes in Latvia, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad District of Russia
Authors: Steffen Holger , Steffen Rebekka , Tarasov Lev
Published: January 2021

We model the change of Coulomb Failure Stress (δCFS) during the Weichselian glaciation up until today at 12 locations in Latvia, Lithuania and Russia that are characterised by soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). If interpreted as seismites, these SSDS may point to glacially-induced fault reactivation. The δCFS suggests a high potential of such reactivation when it reaches the instability zone. We show that δCFS at all 12 locations reached this zone several times in the last 120,000 years. Most notably, all locations exhibit the possibility of reactivation after ca. 15 ka BP until today. Another time of possible activity likely happened after the Saalian glaciation until ca. 96 ka BP. In addition, some models suggest unstable states after 96 ka BP until ca. 28 ka BP at selected locations but with much lower positive δCFS values than during the other two periods. For the Valmiera and Rakuti seismites in Latvia, we can suggest a glacially-induced origin, whereas we cannot exactly match the timing at Rakuti. Given the (preliminary) dating of SSDS at some locations, at Dyburiai and Ryadino our modelling supports the interpretation of glacially-induced fault reactivation, while at Slinkis, Kumečiai and Liciškėnai they likely exclude such a source. Overall, the mutual benefit of geological and modelling investigations is demonstrated. This helps in identifying glacially-induced fault reactivation at the south-eastern edge of the Weichselian glaciation and in improving models of glacial isostatic adjustment.
La grande casquería lusitana. Nuevos y olvidados epígrafes de Augustobriga
Authors: Gómez-Pantoja Joaquín L. , González Cordero Antonio
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo, además del homenaje a la bonhomía y la erudición de Pepo Madruga, describe y analiza una docena de epígrafes procedentes de Augustobriga Vettonum, modernamente conocido como Talavera la Vieja y que desapareció bajo las aguas del río Tajo tras el cierre del pantano de Valdecañas. En contra de lo que podría pensarse, esta circunstancia ha permitido el hallazgo de nuevas inscripciones y la localización de otras que se daban por perdidas.
CIL VI 509 en un manuscrito de Rafael de Floranes conservado en la Biblioteca Nacional de España
Authors: Madrid Medrano Sonia
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo presenta y analiza una inscripción bilingüe grecolatina de época romana que, a su vez, se registra en un manuscrito inédito de la Biblioteca Nacional de España (signatura Ms. 11364). El autor, Rafael de Floranes, aborda esta inscripción, de cuya localización en España, concretamente en Valladolid, no se había dado testimonio hasta ahora, a pesar de ser conocida y gozar de gran tradición
Stewardship and Response
Authors: Van Buskirk Gregory P.
Published: January 2021

This article reframes John Wesley's economics as a species of his moral theology of stewardship and response. After beginning with Wesley's unwavering economics of stewardship as predicated upon the dynamics of the divine economy, it briefly considers the nature and activity of grace in Wesley's theology. The discussion then turns to Wesley's affective-responsive moral psychology of habituation in Christian practices and virtues. Indeed, this combination—an economics of stewardship, an affective-responsive moral psychology, and the Christological content of perfection—fundamentally characterizes the entirety of Wesley's moral theology, not just his economics. The moral-theological heart of Wesley's economics is therefore a hermeneutical cycle of stewardship and response that accounts for our cooperation with God's grace throughout the entirety of creation, including our ecological stewardship.
La Evaluación Institucional: ¿Qué tiene la Escuela? ¿Qué entrega la Escuela?
Authors: Cañete Escalona Félix
Published: January 2021

La gestión educativa está experimentando cambios importantes. La búsqueda de recursos en el propio nivel de la unidad escolar, la acción competitiva que involucra a la 'empresa educativa', nos presentan situaciones que han hecho cambiar el esquema tradicional que estábamos acostumbrados a observar. Se aumentan las exigencias, los requisitos y el manejo tecnológico es absolutamente necesario. La comunidad se preocupa por la escuela, pero también la enjuicia y presiona. La unidad educativa está siendo vigilada con ojos de eficiencia y de sentido ético. La evaluación institucional aplicada al área de la educación se va a definir como una actividad de investigación y análisis para llegar a verificar logros y deficiencias. Esta evaluación se va a nutrir en fuentes de tipo empírico y científico y como producto de ello, se le valorará para los fines del mejoramiento de la educación. En este trabajo se presentan algunas apreciaciones sobre las características generales que tiene la evaluación institucional de la unidad educativa, junto con la presentación de aspectos metodológicos iniciales.
La Evaluación de Instituciones Educativas: El Análisis de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología de la Universidad de Granada
Authors: Menke Theis Luis
Published: January 2021

Antonio Trinidad Requena. Universidad de Granada. España. 1995. 295 páginas.

El interés por la calidad de la educación y el funcionamiento de los organismos educacionales no es

nuevo, es más bien un interés asociado al establecimiento, en el siglo pasado el XIX naturalmente, de Sistemas Formales de Educación. Sin embargo la preocupación por la calidad ha revestido, en la actualidad, una nueva modalidad como si fuera un producto de mercado señala el autor, demandando verificaciones empíricas. Este concepto que, en los últimos años ha impregnado a toda la sociedad, aparece vinculado a la planificación y ejecución de planes de desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de la educación generando un creciente interés por los procedimientos de evaluación.
La memoria reconstruida
Authors: Avendaño Ruz Claudio
Published: January 2021

Comentario en torno al libro Teorías de la Comunicación, autor Edison Otero Bello, Editorial Universitaria, Colección Textos Universitarios, Colección Textos Universitarios, 1998, 260 pág.
El Concepto de Estado Subsidiario y la Educación como Bien de Mercado: Un Bosquejo de Análisis Político
Authors: Nef Novella Jorge
Published: January 2021

El presente ensayo es un intento de bosquejar de una manera general los cambios del modelo de educación y de las políticas educacionales en Chile en las últimas décadas. Como tal el trabajo es eminentemente exploratorio e interpretativo, privilegiando una perspectiva macro analítica y de carácter sistémico. Esto es, las estructuras y procesos educativos, están condicionados por un entorno específico, que, a su vez, es afectado por las decisiones, indecisiones, acciones e inacciones dentro del ámbito socio-económico, cultural y político más amplio. Este contexto posee dimensiones domésticas y exógenas, estructurales e históricas. Analíticamente esta constituido por un conjunto de circunstancias que se entrelazan en una matriz compleja, cuyas transformaciones afectan las formas y contenidos del proceso de creación y distribución de valores cognitivos.
La Educación y los Desafíos del Futuro
Authors: Vera Lamperein Hernán
Published: January 2021

La presente reflexión responde a una propuesta testimonial de lo ocurrido en la educación durante este siglo.
El asesoramiento curricular a los establecimientos educacionales
Authors: Bolivar Botía Antonio
Published: January 2021

Los servicios de apoyo interno y externo a los establecimientos educacionales se han convertido, a partir de los años setenta, en un dispositivo necesario para asistir al profesorado, en orden a promover la innovación educativa. En paralelo a las nuevas perspectivas de comprender los establecimientos educacionales como organizaciones y lugares de trabajo, y de las lecciones aprendidas sobre cómo llevar a cabo el cambio en educación, han surgido nuevos enfoques teóricos y prácticas de entender el asesoramiento, que –en una relación de colaboración con el profesorado– contribuye a un desarrollo innovador del currículum y a dinamizar el desarrollo organizativo del establecimiento. Acorde con estos planteamientos, la asesoría aspira –por una parte– a posibilitar el desarrollo organizativo del establecimiento escolar como tarea compartida y colegiada; por otra, a ejercer la función de dinamizador de la vida del centro, facilitando una autorrevisión de la propia realidad y la búsqueda y compromiso común en la resolución de los problemas. Como agente mediador entre el conocimiento pedagógico disponible y las prácticas docentes, proporciona también aquellos conocimientos y recursos que puedan contribuir a cambiar los modos de pensar y hacer.
El discurso de los adolescentes escolares
Authors: Llaña Mena Mónica , Romeo Cardone Julia , Bocchieri Ahumada M. Angela , Zúñiga Cádiz María Angélica , Riquelme Flores Alicia
Published: January 2021

La educación en valores es una experiencia de la escuela de hoy; no hay acción educativa sin que exista -de algún modo- desarrollo de valores. En ese contexto, en una primera etapa, la investigación de Discursos de los Adolescentes Escolares interpreta las ideas de libertad que sostienen los jóvenes, buscando la aproximación a su cosmovisión. Para ello se conformaron grupos de discusión, constituidos por alumnos y alumnas de seis establecimientos distintos, todos confesionales, según criterios de homologación y heterogeneidad en su constitución. A través del análisis de los discursos producidos se pudo constatar la existencia de variados polos de tensión, entre éstos, una crítica a la Escuela, por considerarla agencia que no respondería a las interrogantes existenciales de ese grupo etáreo.
Química, medio ambiente y educación
Authors: Gamboa de Bernardi Consuelo , Copaja Castillo Sylvia
Published: January 2021

Nota: Reflexiones de los autores acerca de las relaciones entre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias naturales, especialmente química y el medioambiente, basadas en su experiencia académico docente.
De la eficacia a la eficiencia de las escuelas básicas de Chile
Authors: Redondo Rojo Jesús María , Descouviéres Castillo Carlos
Published: January 2021

Recientemente, julio de 2000, se ha producido un fuerte debate social y mediático a raíz de los resultados de SIMCE-1999 (de 4° Básico). En dicho debate se ha señalado el presunto estancamiento de la educación pública en mejorar la "calidad" de lo aprendizajes, específicamente en la primera generación del proceso de Reforma Educativa. En este contexto resulta de interés reflexionar sobre lo que arrojan los datos SIMCE básico (4° y 8°) en su análisis longitudinal (1990-1997), en una perspectiva; de lo que se ha venido en llamar estudios de valor agregado y que nosotros hemos significado como estudio de la eficiencia de los establecimientos educativos. La eficiencia de los centros educativos la establecemos como una variable diferenciaba de la eficacia (o logro académico de los alumnos de los mismos) considerada como la puntuación media en matemática y lenguaje en las pruebas SIMCE. La eficacia se ha convertido en un elemento de clasificación y jerarquización de los establecimientos educacionales pretendiendo hacerla sinómina de calidad educacional.
Aprendiendo a ser niño y niña en una comunidad rural
Authors: Villarroel Rosende Gladys , Sánchez Segura Ximena , Fernández Mateo Francisco
Published: January 2021

Los estudios sobre roles de género han mostrado que las distintas culturas establecen pautas de conducta consideradas apropiadas según los sexos, observándose una diferenciación más rígida entre hombre y mujer en las sociedades tradicionales que en las modernas.

La internalización de los roles de género ocurre principalmente durante la socialización primaria en la familia y en la escuela, agentes de la socialización en los cuales aún están arraigados muchos de los patrones culturales de la sociedad tradicional. Los datos de la investigación que aquí se presentan, correspondientes a un estudio descriptivo, realizado en una comunidad rural pobre de la región de Valparaíso, permiten confirmar los antecedentes teóricos anteriormente señalados. Los resultados de éste estudio , si bien desde la perspectiva general, no muestran diferencias porcentuales con respecto al comportamiento de la variable modos de socialización, en términos de socialización participativa y represiva, sí muestran divergencias cuando al interior de esta variable se analiza la dimensión estructura de roles. En este caso se observan diferencias en la forma de cómo las madres rurales socializan a los niños ya las niñas.

La reforma educativa enfatiza la necesidad de disminuir, entre otras, las desigualdades de género. Sin embargo el presente estudio permite señalar que la reproducción cultural ejercida por la familia mantiene una socialización diferencial por género. Al respecto es recomendable estudiar y considerar estrategias y acciones coordinadas con las familias con el propósito de disminuir las diferencias lo que constituye un claro desafío para la reforma educacional en nuestro país.
La escritura como instrumento de aprendizaje
Authors: Martínez Jiménez Luis
Published: January 2021

El propósito del presente trabajo es discutir la problemática del rol de la escritura en relación con el aprendizaje. Para ello , se desarrolla la idea del estudio contextualizado o situado de la escritura y finalmente se comentan las proyecciones del tema para la educación, particularmente en el ámbito del currículo.
Configuración del estilo universitario Latinoamericano y el desarrollo de conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos
Authors: Arnold Cathalifaud Marcelo , Urzúa Llanos Tatiana
Published: January 2021

Esta presentación tiene por propósitos reflexionar, desde una mirada sistémica, el desarrollo de la ciencia y tecnología y colocar en juego conjeturas que puedan guiar escrutinios empíricos rigurosos. Desde esa posición se reconoció la unidad de las organizaciones universitarias latinoamericanas en su función de formadora de profesionales e intelectuales, sus capacidades para dinamizar las estructuras sociales, sus aportes al pensamiento democrático y crítico y sus contribuciones al desenvolvimiento y consolidación de nuestras identidades nacionales. Sin embargo, este estilo no favorece el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología y nos expone a las nuevas formas de exclusión que empiezan a predominar en este siglo. Sus escasos logros, en ese campo, pueden ser perfectamente entendidos reconociendo una cultura organizacional orientada por el refuerzo de sus éxitos en otros ámbitos. Pero, tales constataciones no implican someterse a las tendencias, recientes dinámicas ofrecen puntos de apoyo para sostener que en sus estructuras organizacionales están ocurriendo importantes cambios. El punto crítico consiste en reconocer sus variables estratégicas y los efectos que surgen de sus relaciones, pero también surge la duda sí existen, entre sus miembros, observadores y líderes visionarios que puedan guiar favorablemente sus destinos.
La Educación ciudadana
Authors: Prieto Parra Marcia
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo da cuenta de una experiencia en la que profesores de la universidad y alumnos de dos escuelas desarrollan una investigación acción para conocer las compresiones acerca de la democracia. Los resultados llevan concluir que, no obstante el bajo nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes respecto de la democracia y la ciudadanía, demuestran sagacidad para identificar asuntos que les preocupan y respecto de los cuales muestran desaliento, confusión y desconfianza. Lo anterior demuestra que las escuelas no pueden operar bajo el supuesto de que los valores se desarrollan automáticamente. Por el contrario deben tomar conciencia respecto de la responsabilidad pública que tienen en el desarrollo de estos valores implementando disposiciones estatutarias y un curriculum escolar que reconstruya los contenidos, cambie sus prácticas formativas y reposicione a los estudiantes en el epicentro de sus procesos formativos. Lo anterior habilitaría a los estudiantes para incorporarse activamente a la sociedad actuando como ciudadanos responsa¬bles y comprometidos
Pauta de identificación de métodos de enseñanza
Authors: Quaas Fermandois Cecilia , De Cea Garcés Verónica , González Arévalo Santiago
Published: January 2021

En el marco de Proyecto Fóndecyt 1010319/2001 "El desarrollo del conocimiento metacomprensivo y la mediación social en el aula ”, se elaboró como material de apoyo una pauta de observación (lista de cotejo) que permitiera identificar el método que utiliza el docente en el desarrollo de su actividad educativa. Es así como en este trabajo se presenta en primer término, una reseña de las teorías de base y de los principios fundamentales, luego una operacionalización de los antecedentes que permiten caracterizar a los métodos de enseñanza y finalmente el producto de esta operacionalización - la pauta de identificación de métodos de enseñanza.
Voice disorders in children starting school education
Authors: Szkiełkowska Agata , Miaśkiewicz Beata , Gos Elżbieta , Skarżyński Piotr Henryk , Świerniak Weronika
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Voice disorders in children especially in the school-age period comprise a major and challenging medical, social and educational issue. There is a lack of epidemiological data regarding children’s voice in Poland which limits the development of preventive and medical pediatric procedures in our country.
Objective: The aim of study was to determine the prevalence of voice disorders in children starting school education in Mazovia.
Material and method: The study was a retrospective analysis of survey data from parents of children attending the first grade of primary school. The survey consists of five questions describing the voice. A statistical analysis of 7891 questionnaires was carried out.
Results: Analysis of the survey showed a prevalence of dysphonia in 12.8% children aged 7 starting primary school. In this study, voice disorders were observed more often in boys (14.6%) than girls (10.8%). The authors presented the correlation between voice disorders and the expression of emotions.
Conclusions: Studies have shown that the percentage of children with voice disorders is significant in our country. The survey regarding voice in school children in Mazovia shows preliminary results of voice disorders in the pediatric population in Poland.
Protection of tenants of Warsaw real properties in the light of amendment of the Actof 17 September 2020 on amending the Act about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties, issued in violation of law, the Act on Commercialisation and Some Powers of Employees, as well as the Property Management Act (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1709)
Authors: Dalkowska Anna
Published: January 2021

On 17 September 2020, there was adopted the amendment to the Act of 9 March 2017 about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties issued in violation of law3, and the Property Management Act that entered into force
as of 20 October 2020. It has fundamentally changed a complicated legal situation of tenants of the Warsaw real properties4 –in many aspects, mainly at two levels. Firstly, it gives greater indemnification guarantee with regard to damage and injuries resulting from the reprivatisation
of Warsaw real properties repugnant to the law through the introduction of statutory universal succession of the Treasury in lieu of the capital city of Warsaw as an addressee of liability for damages. Secondly, it significantly extends the catalogue of prerequisites for a refusal to grant decree applications, e.g. through preclusion of reprivatisation of real property, if it is inhabited by a tenant within the meaning of Article 2 section 1 item 1 of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of tenants’ rights, municipal housing reserves and on the amendment to the Civil Code5. Moreover, the Act introduces a series of significant changes organising previous provisions of the Commission Act in order to increase its effectiveness, maximise the assurance of protection of rights of real property residents, and minimise reprivatisation-related ailments.
Modern diagnostics of early glottic cancer
Authors: Rzepakowska Anna
Published: January 2021

This article is a review of literature and a summary of the current guidelines in the diagnosis of hypertrophic vocal folds
suspected of malignancy. It gives a detailed overview both of initial diagnosis, as well as the methods of in-depth intraoperative diagnostics and proposals for careful evaluation during post-treatment follow-up examinations.
LAW REGULATION OF CALCULATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL DEBT RATIO OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
Authors: Dmowski Artur
Published: January 2021

The aim of the considerations is focused on the analysis of the law regulation of calculation of the individual debt ratio of local government unit. The new rules governing debt limits were introduced in 2014 (Articles 242-244 of the Act on Public Finance, hereinafter referred to as APF) and immediately became a major difficulty in planning and managing local finances in territorial self-government units. The next four years proved many defects and inconveniences in implementing new norms, while “creativity” of the financial sector of local authority units demonstrated that they were quite easy to evade. The structure of the maximum ratio limiting obligations due to titles specified by the lawmaker, due in a particular year, is closely related to the provisions of APF. For the first time it was used in evaluating the budgets passed for 2014. The essence of this legal regulation consists in comparing two ratios, presented in form of an equation (formula). In order to pass the budget local authorities need to obtain a relation in which the left side of the formula (annual debt repayment ratio) is lower than or equal to the right side (maximum debt repayment ratio) (Act of Public Ginance).
BIAŁY WYWIAD JAKO ŹRÓDŁO INFORMACJI
Authors: Chodak Paweł
Published: January 2021

Artykuł poświęcony jest jednej z dyscyplin wywiadowczych jaką jest „Biały wywiad” w procesie analizy i przetwarzania informacji. Otwarte źródła informacji, które charakteryzują „białowywiadowcze” działania informacyjne, są najczęściej stosowaną metodą pozyskiwania informacji. Są powszechne, łatwe w dostępie, nie generują wysokich kosztów w trakcie procesu zdobywania danych i ich późniejszej analizy. Otwarte źródła wywiadowcze, mogą korzystać w zasadzie z nieograniczonej liczby zbiorów danych – i to zarówno w wersji pierwotnej jaki też i z różnych kombinacji. Informacja pozyskana w taki sposób, stanowi cenny i jedyny materiał, jakim w konkretnym zadaniu dysponuje analityk przetwarzający dane. Szacuje się, iż około 95 % wszystkich informacji wywiadowczych stanowią informacje z otwartych źródeł.
Resenha: livro Inside Terrorism de Bruce Hoffman
Authors: Cavalcante Marina
Published: January 2021

Inside Terrorism fornece uma visão ampla e completa sobre como as organizações terroristas se constituem e atuam, além de explicar como elas tem se modificado com tempo e quais as previsões futuras. Busca preencher um vazio dentro da literatura e ser algo que possa ser entendido de forma ampla.
Italy: an aspiring Mediterranean middle power wavering between bilateralism and multilateralism
Authors: Takács Lili , Molnár Anna
Published: January 2021

Italy managed to be an important actor in European affairs, its status as major power was several times called into question. Italy’s domestic political instability, the frequent government crises, severe economic and financial problems hinder the country’s goal to become a recognized middle power, especially in the Mediterranean region. Bilateral and multilateral tools are used alternately by government coalitions to carry out foreign policy which has been dominated by migration. Due to the afore-mentioned internal problems security and defence policy is not capable of supporting foreign policy to the necessary extent.
International development cooperation as one of the triggers for the process of public policy transfer
Authors: Osorio-Gonnet Cecilia , Oliveira Maria Clara , Vergara José Miguel
Published: January 2021

On the one hand, transfer is a process by which governments intentionally use ideas about how policies in other countries work to design or redesign their own public policies (Dussauge, 2012). On the other hand, cooperation is a process that recognizes the existence of an interdependence between states and the international arena. This article aims to discuss and clarify the relation between international cooperation and policy transfer. Drawing on the analysis of development cooperation in Brazil and Chile, we discuss how technical cooperation agreements between these countries and third parties, encourage the transfer of public policies, in particular of those considered as models in the area of social policy, namely Bolsa Família and Chile Solidario. This article demonstrates that international development cooperation facilitates the existence of processes that allow for the transfer of specific components of social policies to other context. The analysis is based on a literature review and on information gathered through interviews conducted with relevant actors.
Nuevas acentos en la cooperación entre China y América Latina - Una oportunidad para América Latina salir de la “trampa de desarrollo”?
Authors: Bodemer Klaus
Published: January 2021

Partiendo del nuevo contexto internacional y el posicionamiento de América Latina en el, el  artículo se concentra en una primera parte en el auge espectacular de China desde el aislamiento en la era Mao Tsetung hasta el “opening up”, diferenciando entre varios etapas. En la segunda parte se analiza el cambio de rumbo de la estrategia de desarrollo bajo la presidencia de Xi Jinping y sus reflejos en las relaciones con América Latina, documentados en la estrategia “Nueva Normalidad, el nuevo Libro Blanco y la “Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta” en un contexto hemisférico, caracterizado por un creciente desinterés del gobierno norteamericano en la región. Finalmente evaluamos las consecuencias de la oferta china para América Latina y su inserción internacional bajo el objetivo de un desarrollo sustentable e inclusivo. Desde el punto de vista teórico utilizamos planteamientos del inter-regionalismo institucional, del neo-realismo, de la perspectiva neo-institucionalista  y del social-constructivismo. Para comprender la relación entre factores internos y externos, los conceptos del two level game  y de intermestic policics son dos aportes analíticos adicionales que nos permiten  comprender mejor el objeto de nuestro estudio.
Roboti. Už po nás jdou
Authors: Krob Josef
Published: January 2021

An essay in which the author notes an increasing concern about the possible onset of artifi cial intelligence and its expected consequences. He points out that this is not a completely new situation. In fact, several similar violations of the human comfort zone have occurred in human history. Based on such historical examples, the author outlines possible variants of further development of man and society.
Kritérium rozumovosti pri hodnotení optimistických technologických projektov ľudstva a prírody
Authors: Lesňák Slavomír
Published: January 2021

Th e paper presents the analysis of partial rationality („rossum“)—far -sighted rationality in the artistic and philosophical projects about technology and about future of the humanity. Th e results of the analysis are used as a criterium for rethinking of moral questions of technological approaches to solving the environmental crisis and the other global problems. Th e article makes recommendations in the fi eld of environmental ethics and bioethics—defi ning rationality as an unreasonable vision of progress against life.
Apologizing to the Postmodernist
Authors: Garcia Robert K. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Postmodemism's censure of metanarratives expresses a moral claim and moral concern about those who have spawned injustice in the name of Truth. Ironically, while this censure is an indictment against the historic failures of the Christian church, it is also a corroboration of Christian theology. On postmodernism, a moral claim must be understood either instrumentally (emotivism or prescriptivism) or ideally (subjectivism or intersubjectivism), and neither is adequate. Rather, the moral claim requires moral realism. Moral realism, however, is best explained by theism. While sharing many of postmodemism's moral concerns, theism—especially Christian theism—can best enable and satisfy these concerns, whereas postmodernism can only frustrate them. Thus, theism uniquely enables moral accountability, communication, and tolerance. Moreover, Christian theism, in virtue of the incarnation, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus, uniquely redeems moral concerns from futility and offers hope to those concerned for justice.
From Joy to Joy
Authors: Thomas Jesse J. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

C. S. Lewis acknowledged Rudolf Otto's influence in his use of the term numinous to describe the uniqueness of religious experience, the experience of awe and with it the reality of absolutes, in contrast to prevailing naturalistic, materialistic, and subjectivist interpretations of morality and religion. Otto hints at and Lewis develops in more detail the idea of the numinous in human relationships. In Lewis' personal life, he does this in his relationship to his wife, Joy Davidman Lewis, In his writings, he does this in Till We Have Faces and other works. In each case, Lewis provides apt illustrations of how the numinous is at the heart of what by almost any staruiards are meaningful and satisfying relationships. Intense personal relationships become ideal environments for the experience of the numinous, even in situations of tragedy and loss. This is a message that a postmodern, secularized world needs to hear.
Soviet and American Civil Religion: A Comparison
Authors: Lowe Brian M. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

The United States and the former Soviet Union offer pertinent case studies for an application of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's conception of "civil religion." This essay demonstrates that in both societies phenomena akin to Rousseau's civil religion emerged, which included the generation of myths about the history and destiny of the nation, the celebration of historical dates and persons, the production of sacred writings, and the presence of civil Religious "virtuosos," Civil religion emerged in historically and culturally diverse contexts via two major dynamics: spontaneously by the population; and more consciously, promoted by various elites. The major difference between the Soviet and American models in this respect is that in the United States civil religion emerged with little input from the state. Despite important differences, Rousseau's conception of civil religion is helpful in that it enables us to recognize how modern states evolve forms of civil religion which serve to create some degree of social unity.
Immanuel Kant, Free Market Capitalist
Authors: Jones Harold B. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

This essay armies that Kant's philosophy provides a justification for free markets. The myths about Kant are that he was a recluse, knew nothing about business, and that his epistemology divorced reason from reality, while his primary interest was metaphysics. Yet Kant's categorical imperative demands obedience even in the face of uncertainty about the external world. Adam Smith described this principle as the inward testimony of an impartial observer. Smith and Kant put individual decisions at the center of morality, but agreed that people have a tendency to make morally inferior choices. Those who propose to regulate the economy are as troubled by this tendency as those they regulate. The self-sacrifice prescription is economically, psychologically, and morally unstable. In recommending market competition. Smith was unconsciously applying a Kantian formula. Market decisions are individual decisions. Individuals prefer to do business with those they trust: this is an incentive to honesty. A morality that depends upon incentives is imperfect but superior to a morality imposed by force.
Property, Commerce, and Living God's Will
Authors: Small Garrick R. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Market capitalism requires absolute private property, and both institutions appeared at about the same time in history. The morality of the market rests on the morality of property, which may be argued both from Scripture and secular perspectives. Both approaches yield a theory of property that supports private ownership conditional on obligations to the community. Apparent contradictions in Scripture regarding property are resolved by this approach. Property ownership confers economic power on its holder. Modernity assumes that this power must be controlled by external forces-either by the market, or the state-but both limit freedom. True moral action must be free. The moral opportunity of the market is to avoid using economic power to exploit others, especially the weak and needy. Christian thought supplies the outline principles for moral guidance for ethical market action that revolve about self-restraint.
Mathematical science and the manpower problem
Authors: Seeger Raymond J.
Published: January 2021

A scientist asserts that “… the problem of teaching mathematical science is primarily a problem of understanding mathematical science.”
Formulas can be fun
Authors: Kingston J. Maurice
Published: January 2021

Learning is the act of structuring experiences. Teaching is the act of aiding others to structure experiences. This paper is rich in suggestions for helping junior high-school children to structure experiences involving area.
Modern emphases the teaching of geometry
Authors: Rosskopf Myron F. , Exner Robert M.
Published: January 2021

To introduce a more modern mathematics in the high school, it will be necessary to examine carefully some of its fundamental ideas. Strategies of proof and axiomatic structures are among these key mathematical ideas.
Points and Viewpoints: Is research in mathematics education really necessary?
Authors: Kinsella John J.
Published: January 2021

Some readers may wonder why the question stated in the title of this piece is “really necessary.” One answer was given by a reviewer of research in mathematics education to 1953. His conclusion was that there is “no decisive proof that any particular method of teaching (inductive, deductive, individual, group) or any particular philosophy of teaching will guarantee better results than any other method or philosophy, so far as achievement is concerned.”
Tips for Beginners: Teaching the concept of perimeter through the use of manipulative aids
Authors: Jenkins Jen
Published: January 2021

Such terminology as “perimeter” should not be introduced until the pupils have had many meaningful experiences finding by measurement the distance around the outside of various figures. These distances might at first he called “outside measures.” Tops of desks, frames of pictures, backs of books, surfaces of blackboards in the classroom, and other such surfaces should be measured to determine their outside measures.
The ABC's of geometry
Authors: Wiseman John D.
Published: January 2021

Here is a statement of some difficult learning spots in geometry and suggested means of overcoming some of these difficulties.
Tips for Beginners: Fun with graphs
Authors: Jorgensen Paul S.
Published: January 2021

Here is a way to brighten up your practice exercises or your tests on graphing. The object is to plan a series of graphing exercises which will result in a picture. The first set of exercises below gives practice in plotting points and interpreting the slope of a line, as well as graphing linear equations, inequalities, and circles.
Trigonometric values that are algebraic numbers
Authors: Wegner Kenneth W.
Published: January 2021

Here is a neat tie-up between trigonometry and the theory of equations.
Cross-number puzzles: A teaching aid for classes of general mathematics
Authors: Brandes Louis Grant
Published: January 2021

A good idea for enrichment and motivation.
Opportunities for careers in the mathematical sciences
Authors: Burington Richard S.
Published: January 2021

Do your students know how varied arc the opportunities for a career in mathematics?
A new look at medians
Authors: Koral Israel
Published: January 2021

Mathematics teachers always like new proofs for old theorems.
The impact of the computer
Authors: Rees Mina
Published: January 2021

Today, computers are used to solve problems which were “out of reach” just a few years ago. Students in your high school classes may have a role to play in the future development of these “brains” if they have a sound mathematical background.
The student stockholders
Authors: Fremont Herbert I.
Published: January 2021

A group of New Hyde Park, New York students learn about slocks and stock markets through the actual purchase of one share of stock.
The teaching of mathematical infinity
Authors: Perel W. M.
Published: January 2021

Infinity is a tricky word often misused in mathematics classes. It might be well to postpone its use until the students are old enough to comprehend how it is used in mathematics.
“Applications” in freshman courses: an example
Authors: Davis Robert L.
Published: January 2021

An application of some modern mathematical concepts to a simple situation in decision-making.
The limit
Authors: Karst Otto J.
Published: January 2021

“So you've got to the end of our race-course?” said the Tortoise. “ Even though it does consist of an infinite series of distances? I thought some wiseacre or other had proved that the thing couldn't he done?”—Lewis Carroll.
A note concerning the construction of √n
Authors: Oesterle Robert A.
Published: January 2021

Irrational numbers deserve more attention than they usually get in high school. You may wish to try the methods suggested in this article.
“Old tyme” fractions
Authors: Lay L. Clark
Published: January 2021

We should teach our students to search for patterns. This article describes how to conduct such a search in an interesting historical context.
Tips for Beginners: Teaching digit problems in algebra
Authors: Fish Dorothy
Published: January 2021

One of the important concepts in arithmetic is place value in our number system. Many students reach high school without a complete understanding of this basic characteristic of our system of numeration. That their understanding of place value is incomplete is shown when pupils have unusual difficulty with digit problems in algebra. To understand digit problems and their solution, the student must have a clear understanding of place value.
New Ideas for the Classroom: Christmas in The Mathematics Classroom
Authors: Johnson Donovan A.
Published: January 2021

For several years I have kept a folder in my file labeled “Christmas.” It is now filled with materials that have been used for pre-Christmas activities in many mathematics classes. Appropriate activities during the week before Christmas and especially the last period before vacation can leave both the teacher and the pupil with a better attitude toward mathematics. And your students will return to work when vacation days are over with an expression that is like y = x2 rather than y = −x2!
A method for finding the extent of y=f(x)/g(x)n
Authors: Pennisi Louis L.
Published: January 2021

An interesting technique for determining the range of a function. It can be used in advanced high school classes.
Historically Speaking,— Reuter, Gauss, and Gottingen
Authors: Guggenbuhl Laura
Published: January 2021

At the end it took just a few dots and dashes and a whisper to prove that it could be done. The dots and dashes spelled out a singularly uninspired and unimaginative sentence, but it was enough to prove that a message could be sent over a wire.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Mathematical contributions to the needs of youth
Authors: Scott Chester
Published: January 2021

In examining the organized efforts to bring the junior high school mathematics curriculum into focus with its proper functions, two movements become apparent: the administrative reorganization which created the junior high school, and the attempts to redirect the objectives of junior high mathematics.
Notes from the Washington Office: National Science Foundation announces thirty-two Academic-Year Institutes for high school teachers of science and mathematics
Authors: Ahrendt M. H.
Published: January 2021

The National Science Foundation announced today the award of grants totaling over $8,600,000 to 32 colleges and universities in support of Academic-Year Institutes designed to help high school science and mathematics teachers improve their subject-matter knowledge.
Historically Speaking,—: The history of mathematics and the geometry teacher
Authors: Christman Laura E.
Published: January 2021

The history of mathematics has many valuable suggestions for mathematics teachers as well as for students. This follows naturally since we are endeavoring to teach mathematics to young people whose development largely repeats the cultural evolution of the race. So we ask, “How did the race acquire mastery of this or that concept which we would pass on to our pupils?”
Historically Speaking,—: Benjamin Banneker, pioneer Negro mathematician
Authors: Mulcrone T. F.
Published: January 2021

In almost every history of the Negro in the United States one can find an account of the incidental contributions of Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) to the social history of his race. But no chronicle is readily available of the scientific life of Banneker as a student of mathematics, almanac compiler, surveyor, and astronomer.
The development of a concept: a demonstration lesson
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: January 2021

“Are you willing then,” asked Socrates, “that we should make a delta on this side, and an alpha on that?”
A chain of circles
Authors: Hood Rodney T.
Published: January 2021

“If we are asked a question in Russian, we may need an interpreter to turn it into English. If we can then answer the question in English, we can give our reply to the interpreter, who can turn it back into Russian.”
Interval graphing
Authors: Rio Sheldon T. , Sanders Walter J.
Published: January 2021

Interval graphing provides fresh opportunities at all levels of secondary mathematics.
Word problems or problems with words
Authors: Manheim Jerome
Published: January 2021

This writer states, “With the current emphasis on logical analysis and the study of structure the role of the ‘word problem’ should be re-evaluated.”
The high-ability students’ institute at Flagstaff
Authors: Butchart J. H.
Published: January 2021

Beginning in 1957, Arizona State College at Flagstaff has sponsored summer institutes for high school teachers, financed by the National Science Foundation, but, until the fall of 1959, we were unaware that the N.S.F. was also interested in offering extra study opportunities to high school students.
The astonishing prediction in Gulliver's Travels
Authors: Eves Howard
Published: January 2021

In A Voyage to Laputa, Dean Swift has Gulliver report on some of the remarkable astronomical achievements of the Laputians. Gulliver says, in part, “(The Laputian astronomers) spend the greatest part of their time in observing the celestial bodies, which they do by the assistance of glasses far excelling ours in goodness….
Quantification in the social sciences
Authors: Runkel Philip J.
Published: January 2021

The mathematics so useful in the physical sciences is sometimes hopelessly inappropriate when applied to the social sciences.
Tests in algebra
Authors: Sampson Tom
Published: January 2021

If on a test your students were told to “Izpildit darbibas,” what would they do?
Finite planes for the high school
Authors: Albert A. A.
Published: January 2021

Teachers should attempt to teach something of the nature of mathematical research.
Perfect numbers in the binary system
Authors: Rosenthal Evelyn B.
Published: January 2021

It is easy to see why a number of the form 2n–1(2n — 1), with n prime, written in binary notation is perfect.
Symbolic logic and the structure of elementary mathematics
Authors: Kattsoff Louis O.
Published: January 2021

How much emphasis should be given to symbolic logic in secondary-school mathematics classes?
Albert the Great—new mathematician of the middle ages?
Authors: Stephen Marie
Published: January 2021

There is an Alfred the Great, tenth-century scholar and king of England, and an Albert the Great, thirteenth-century scientist and Dominican friar. It is interesting to note that both are giving historians of medieval mathematics and science a rough time deciding whether or not they were authors of commentaries on Euclid.
Teaching machines or what?
Authors: Matchett Margaret S.
Published: January 2021

The widespread concern with the teaching of mathematics is coupled, as perhaps such concern is bound to be, with criticisms of present practices from numerous points of view. It is variously held that the wrong mathematics is being taught in the wrong way by the wrong teachers to classes of the wrong sort. Proposals for altering this state of affairs are as diverse as the criticisms. Among those who would radically change the traditional patterns of mathematics teaching are the advocates of some form of programmed learning.
Historically Speaking,—: I. Arthur Cayley—founder of matrix theory
Authors: Feldmann Richard W.
Published: January 2021

Although the term “matrix” was introduced into mathematical literature by James Joseph Sylvester [1]** in 1850, the credit for founding the theory of matrices must be given to Arthur Cayley, since he published the first expository articles on the subject.