bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple Phase Control System in Bidirectional Ring Laser
Authors: Takahashi Yoshitaka , Li Yong Qian
Published: July 2016

Optical sensors are commonly used and most of them detect the variation of light intensity and then if there is the uctuation of light source intensity or change in propagation loss it causes measurement errors. A ring laser sensor is one of the potential candidates which are insensitive to such uctuation, but it has mainly two problems. One is lock-in effect and the other is insensitiveness to detect the sign (polarity) of the sensing signal. To solve these problems a new phase control system has been proposed. It consists of two polarizers, two quarter-wave plates, and one Faraday rotator. Using this system the phase is controlled by the simultaneous rotation of two quarter-wave plates.
Substituting Die-Cast Products by Injection Molded High Performance Polymers
Authors: Gagliardi Donatella , Quadrini Fabrizio , Santo Loredana
Published: July 2016

High performance polymers (HPP) represent a wide class of materials which is used in all the engineering sectors from automotive to domestic appliances. Thanks to their high mechanical and functional properties HPPs, have substituted metals in many applications with the result of reducing manufacturing time and costs. In such cases, this substitution also results in an improvement of part performances as in the case of tribological applications, despite of the strong sensibility of tribological polymers to manufacturing processes. However, supplying costs of high performance polymers is continuously increasing in the last years and the cheapness of this substitution is always under discussion. In this work, a comparison is made between injection moulding of glass filled polyamide and aluminum die casting in terms of process energy and production cost. The production of a motorcycle lever has been considered as case-study. The plastic lever has been also prototyped by machining to show its correct functionality.
A Comparison among Dry Laser Ablation and Some Different Water-Laser Co-Machining Processes of Single Crystal Silicon Carbide
Authors: Feng Shao Chuan , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang Jun , Zhu Hong Tao , Yao Peng , Wang Liang
Published: July 2016

Single crystal silicon carbide (SiC) is a new semiconductor material that has a great potential to be widely used. However, SiC is a kind of difficult-to-machine material due to its extreme hardness and brittleness. The present study investigated the machinability of single crystal SiC using dry laser and three different water-laser co-machining processes. The results indicate that using the hybrid laser-waterjet micro-machining to micro-groove single crystal SiC can derive the clean and straight edges and thermal damage-free grooves.
Grinding Force of RB-SiC in Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding with Sintered Diamond Grinding Wheel
Authors: Gao Feng , Zheng Fei Fei , Dong Zhi Gang , Kang Ren Ke , Duan Jia Dong
Published: July 2016

Grinding force is an important indicator related to processing efficiency and residual strength in the progress of grinding SiC. With the method of ultrasonic assisted grinding (UAG), this paper studied the influence of four parameters on grinding force based on orthogonal experiment, namely vibration amplitude, depth of grinding, feed rate and spindle speed. A series of results with high efficiency and low grinding force were obtained. A regression empirical model under the condition of UAG was established and verified. It was also proved that ultrasonic vibration was conducive to improve the ground surface quality of workpiece.
Laser-Assisted Waterjet Microgrooving of Silicon Nitride Ceramics with near Damage-Free
Authors: Wang Liang , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang Jun , Zhu Hong Tao , Yao Peng
Published: July 2016

A new processing technology is used in micromachining silicon nitride ceramics for improving the processing efficiency. Laser-assisted waterjet machining technology with near damage-free plays an important role in reducing the heat-affected zone (HAZ). In order to understand the effects of process parameters, such as pulse energy, waterjet offset distance and water pressure, on microgrooving of silicon nitride ceramics and the machining performance, a full-factorial experiment with the comparison experiment has been carried out in this study for analyzing and discussing the groove geometry, the surface quality and HAZ width. It can be concluded that the laser-assisted waterjet processing technology can expel more material removal with near damage-free.
Metabolic assessment of recurrent and first renal calcium oxalate stone formers
Authors: Çakıroğlu Basri , Eyyupoğlu Erkan , Hazar Aydin Ismet , Uyanik Bekir Sami , Nuhoğlu Bariş
Published: July 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the dominant role of metabolic disorders in the formation of calcium oxalate stones in patients with recurrent urolithiasis, as well as in patients experiencing their first episode of urolithiasis. Patients and Methods: The records of the patients who attended our kidney stone outpatient clinics between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed, and the data of 318 calcium oxalate stone patients who had undergone a metabolic assessment were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided in two groups. The first group included the patients who presented with their first episode of urolithiasis (Group 1, n = 170), and the second group included patients with recurrent urolithiasis (Group 2, n = 148); intergroup comparisons of metabolic disorders were performed. Results: A significant difference was found between the two groups in mean urine calcium levels (Group 1, 0.25; Group 2, 0.31; p = 0.001); the mean serum calcium level was found to be significantly higher although at less extent in Group 2 (Group 1, 9.4; Group 2, 9.6); p = 0.04). Significant differences were also found in mean urine citrate (Group 1, 481.9; Group 2, 397.2, p < 0.0001) and oxalate levels (Group 1, 22.1; Group 2, 28.5; p < 0.0001) . Conclusions: This study revealed a metabolic tendency to hypercalciuria in calcium oxalate stone patients, predominantly in those with recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Urinary oxalate excretion was found to be higher in recurrent urolithiasis in comparison to the first episode of calcium oxalate urolithiasis and urinary citrate excretion lower in recurrent urolithiasis.
The role of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients affected by lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: A narrative review
Authors: Damiano Rocco , Cai Tommaso , Fornara Paolo , Franzese Corrado Antonio , Leonardi Rosario , Mirone Vincenzo
Published: July 2016

Objective: Phytotherapeutic compounds are largely used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to low side-effect profiles and costs, high level of acceptance by patients and a low rate of dropout. Here, we aimed to analyze all available evidence on the role of Cucurbita pepo in the treatment of LUTS-BPH. Material and methods: In May 2016 a systematic search was carried out thorough National Library of Medicine Pubmed, Scopus database and the ISI Web of Knowledge official website in order to identify all published studies on Cucurbita pepo and BPH. The following search strings were used: “Cucurbita pepo” OR “pumpkin seed” AND “prostate”; “Cucurbita pepo” AND “antiandrogen” OR “antiproliferative” OR “anti-inflammatory” OR “antioxidant activities”; “cucurbita pepo” OR “pumpkin seed” AND “LUTS” AND “symptoms improvement” OR “quality of life”. We consider for the present analysis only studies related to LUTS-BPH. Results: Among all 670 screened, 16 were related to LUTSBPH and finally analyzed. Among all, ten of them were performed in “in vitro setting” showing anti-inflammatory and antiandrogen effect, and a reduction in prostate growth and detrusor activity, while six were clinical studies. In all studies an improvement in International Prostatic Symptoms Score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters has been reported. In 4 studies, an improvement in quality of life has been reported. Conclusion: On the basis of our narrative review, the use of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients affected by LUTS-BPH seems to be useful for improving symptoms and quality of life. However, future clinical trials are requested to confirm these promising results.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic resection of a huge pelvic tumor: A case report
Authors: Jia Zhuomin , Lyu Xiangjun , Xu Yong , Leonardi Rosario , Zhang Xu
Published: July 2016

The traditional open surgery, for the treatment of huge tumor in the narrow space of pelvic cavity and in close proximity to pelvic organs and neurovascular structures, is very difficult and challenging. We report a case of huge neurilemmoma operated using the robot-assisted laparoscopy. We used interventional pre-operation embolization to control blood supply of tumor because MRI showed the tumor had a sufficient blood supply.
The effect of lake sediment on the hatching success of Daphnia ephippial eggs
Authors: Radzikowski Jacek , Sikora Anna , Ślusarczyk Mirosław
Published: July 2016

A large proportion of lake-Daphnia ephippia which are shed by females in the water column sink to the bottom, where they form an assemblage of dormant stages known as an egg bank. Although the quantity of zooplankton eggs in such assemblages may exceed tens of thousands per square meter, the annual hatch from this bank is usually extremely low (from zero to a few dozens animals per square meter per year). This low-hatching phenomenon may be caused by isolation from hatching stimuli by water or sediment layers, a mechanical barrier formed by sediment that does not allow hatchlings to reach the water, or by a bet-hedging strategy of the resting eggs. The aim of our study was to determine the extent to which coverage by lake sediment may affect the hatching of Daphnia dormant eggs. The ephippia of lake-Daphnia (longispina species complex), covered by sterilized lake sediment of different thicknesses (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 cm; 4 replicates per treatment), were incubated for 8 weeks in lab controlled conditions. The results indicate that even the thinnest tested layer (0.25 cm) may completely inhibit hatching of ephippial eggs. A few Daphnia neonates were observed in two (of five) sediment treatments, while dozens of animals hatched in the control one. In the second experiment we determined that the sediment sterilization process did not affect the hatching proportion of ephippial eggs (when compared to the treatment with unsterilized sediments). We hypothesize that the observed inhibition of Daphnia hatching in the main experiment, which may cause a serious problem for Cladoceran populations in lakes where no sediment mixing occurs, may be caused by low light intensity, anoxic conditions or a physical barrier created by the sediment.
Predictors of mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome and admission to the lung transplantation waiting list
Authors: Callegari G. , D'Armini A.M. , Baiardi P. , Viganò M. , Fracchia C.
Published: July 2016

Background. Patients with Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) have very severe irreversible pulmonary hypertension but the criteria for admitting such patients to a lung transplantation waiting list (LTWL) is not clear. Indeed it has been demonstrated that the natural survival of patients with ES is better than the survival achieved through lung transplantation: it follows that no guidelines are available for these patients’ admission to an LTWL. The aim of our study was to identify possible predictors of mortality in ES patients in order to reserve admission to the LTWL solely for those patients who would otherwise have the lowest probability of survival. Methods. Since 1991, 57 patients with ES from our rehabilitative centre were admitted to the LTWL of the Division of Cardiac Surgery at San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia. At the time of the retrospective analysis, patients were divided into a group of non-transplanted survivors (27 patients - 47% of the total) and a group who had died prior to transplantation (16 patients - 28% of the total). The 14 transplanted patients (25% of the total) were not considered in the statistical analysis, considering transplantation as an “external event”. Unpaired t tests were used to compare the following factors in the survivors and in those who died: sex, “complexity” of the congenital heart disease underlying the ES, previous cardiac surgery, arterial blood gases, pulmonary function and hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, a stepwise discriminant analysis was performed in order to define a possible set of prognostic factors. Results. PaCO2 was higher in those who subsequently died (36.15±7.42 mmHg) compared with those who survived (32.5±5.33 mmHg), although this difference did not reach a statistical significance (p=0.08). Discriminant analysis defined a model in which a) complexity of the congenital heart disease, b) sex (male) and c) cardiac output were predictive of a higher risk of mortality. Conclusions. This new knowledge can be used in the decision of admission to LTWL in ES patients.
Inhalations of 5-ALA in photodynamic diagnosis of bronchial cancer
Authors: Piotrowski W.J. , Marczak J. , Nawrocka A. , Antczak A. , Górski P.
Published: July 2016

Background: Photodynamic bronchoscopy (PDD) allows for early detection of bronchial cancer. Adverse effects and high costs, partly related to general application of photosensitisers, are important limitations of the method. The local application of a photosensitiser could help to minimize these problems. In this study the validity and safety of inhaled 5-ALA have been tested. Methods: We examined 49 patients (age 59±11, cigarette consumption 36±17 pack-years) with present or past respiratory neoplasms and other with increased risk of bronchial cancer by photodynamic bronchoscopy (Storz- D-light) after inhaled 5-ALA. Biopsies were taken from the fluorescence-positive and negative foci (control). Symptoms and pre-/post-inhalation spirometry were analysed. Results: The overall sensitivity was 82%, specificity 62%, positive predicted value (PPV) 45% and negative predictive value (NPV) 90%. Specificity decreased to 53% and PPV to 15% when visible tumours were excluded. PDD, when added to white light bronchoscopy increased sensitivity by 2.1% and NPV by 6%, but decreased specificity by 35.4% and PPV by 53.1%. In a group of actual or past tumours the sensitivity increased by 22% and NPV by 34%, whereas specificity decreased by 26% and PPV by 35%. In 2 cases a drop in FEV1 above 10% of pre-inhalation value was observed but no clinically relevant symptoms were reported. Conclusions: Photodynamic bronchoscopy with inhalation of 5-ALA is a relatively safe diagnostic method. The main disadvantage is high percentage of false positive results. Nevertheless, we believe, that it may be a useful adjunct to conventional diagnostic modes, especially in the detection of early lesions in patients operated due to cancer (stump control and detection of metachronous lesions) and those prepared for operation (synchronous lesions and detection of infiltration margins). However all suspected lesions must be verified by histo-pathological examination.
Il Monaldi Archives: un rinnovato strumento di comunicazione ed informazione della Cardiologia Riabilitativa
Authors: Chieffo Carmine , Vigorito Carlo
Published: July 2016

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The use of â€œLASTâ€ operation in high risk patient
Authors: Ismeno Gennaro , Falco Antonio , Tritto Francesco Paolo , Dâ€™Angelo Antonio , Longobardi Francesco , Damiani Girolamo , Marmo Joseph , Gregorio Rosario , Piazza Luigi
Published: July 2016

Background: The LAST operation, in spite of few drawbacks, represents a good option for single Left Anterior Descending (LAD) revascularization. This procedure does not allow multivessel revascularization, where hybrid procedure have been previous described. We report preliminary experience with the LAST operation performed in high risk patients. Matherial and Methods: From October 2004 to February 2005, 11 male high risk patients (mean age 74Â±8 years) underwent the LAST operation. Mean predicted death with EUROSCORE and Parsonnet score were 29% and 31% respectively. All patients had a proximal LAD lesion either not suitable for PTCA and multivessel coronary artery disease. The mean preoperative Ejection Fraction was 42Â±5% (27- 55%). Four patients (36.4%) had previous surgical myocardial revascularization. An incision of about 6 cm was made in the appropriate intercostal space and the LIMA (Left Internal Mammary Artery) was harvested using a special costal retractor. After heparin administration the LIMA is distally divided to check the adequacy of the blood flow. Following the insertion of a temporary intracoronary shunt, the LIMA was LAD anastomosis was carried out with a continuous 8-0 polypropylene suture. Results: No hospital or late mortality was observed. Uneventful conversion to midline sternotomy was necessary in one patient with low value of mammary flow. All patients were discharged within the first postoperative week. Conclusions: The use of the LAST operation enhances the role of minimally invasive surgery also in high risk patients who need coronary revascularization.
The polycystic ovary syndrome: an example of obesity-related cardiovascular complication affecting young women
Authors: Orio Francesco , Cascella Teresa , Giallauria Francesco , Palomba Stefano , De Lorenzo Anna , Lucci Rosa , Ambrosino Elena , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria , Vigorito Carlo
Published: July 2016

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a good example of obesity-related cardiovascular complication affecting young women. PCOS is not only considered a reproductive problem but rather represents a complex endocrine, multifaceted syndrome with important health implications. Several evidences suggest an increased cardiovascular risk of cardiovascular disease associated with this syndrome, characterized by an impairment of heart structure and function, endothelial dysfunction and lipid abnormalities. All these features, probably linked to insulin-resistance, are often present in obese PCOS patients. Cardiovascular abnormalities represent important long-term sequelae of PCOS that need further investigations.
Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients under 45 years of age
Authors: Pawelczyk K. , Marciniak M. , Kacprzak G. , Kolodziej J.
Published: July 2016

Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics and prognosis of radical surgical treatment in young patients under the age of 45 with lung cancer. Methods. We retrospectively analysed the data of 85 young patients and 211 older patients who underwent anatomical lung resections in Wroclaw Thoracic Surgery Centre. Results. Less lobectomies were performed (p=0.048), the incidence of carcinoid was significantly higher (p<0.0001), stage I of lung cancer was observed less frequently (p=0.023), the frequency of metastasis to subcarinal lymph nodes was higher (p=0.007), a bronchial stump was microscopically infiltrated more frequently, the complete resection was noted rarer (p=0.016) and 3-year survival rate of squamous cell carcinoma patients was worse in younger group (p=0.017). The statistical significance was not observed between the frequency of recurrences and overall survival. Conclusions. Lung cancer in younger patients seems to be more advanced at the time of surgery. It is probable that the group of younger patients with squamous cell carcinoma will require additional treatment after surgery.
Malignant triton tumour of the anterior mediastinum as incidental finding
Authors: Zisis C. , Fragoulis S. , Rontogianni D. , Stratakos G. , Bellenis I.
Published: July 2016

A rare case of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (malignant triton tumour) of the anterior mediastinum in a 30-yearold male is reported. The tumour was an incidental finding during the diagnostic work-up following a motor vehicle accident. The patient underwent median sternotomy with a tumour resection performed. Local relapse was suspected one month later, as per the chest CT-scan, and post-operative chemoradiation was applied, which produced a response. Twelve months later the patient is doing well while radiological findings remain invariable. Localization of a triton tumour in the anterior mediastinum is extremely rare, adjuvant treatment is necessary, recurrence frequently occurs and the prognosis is dismal.
Use of office spirometers in Flemish general practice: results of a telephone survey
Authors: Boffin N. , Van der Stighelen V. , Paulus D. , Van Royen P.
Published: July 2016

Background. While office spirometry is seen as potentially useful and feasible in general practice, little is known about its use in Flemish general practice. Our aim was to describe the use of spirometers by Flemish GPs, characteristics of their spirometry practice, training needs and preferences, and attitudes towards office spirometry. Methods. A telephone survey was set up in a random sample of Flemish GPs. Interviews were carried out by a GP researcher using a structured piloted questionnaire. Results. 197 out of 243 eligible GPs (81%) were interviewed. Most GPs (66%) had never used an office spirometer, 17.3% were using one and 16.7% stopped using one. Time constraints (54%) and insufficient knowledge and skills (27%) were the main reasons for not using an office spirometer (any longer). GPs particularly used their spirometer to diagnose COPD and asthma, and less frequently in follow-up. GPs (67.9%), especially current users (91.2%), considered spirometry as a GP task. Spirometry training should be provided (86%) and spirometry by GPs should be reimbursed (79.5%). More information on spirometry would be very useful (62.3%), with a marked preference for training in small groups (86.8%). Conclusion. Although office spirometry is not widespread in Flemish general practice, GPs show an undoubted interest in it. They need educational and financial support to overcome prevailing barriers in establishing office spirometry on a routine basis.
Why act early in COPD?
Authors: Wesseling G.J. , Van Schayck C.P.
Published: July 2016

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Obesity and respiratory function
Authors: Chiovato L.
Published: July 2016

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Some factors influencing quality of spontaneous or induced sputum for inflammatory cell analysis
Authors: Bartoli M.L. , Bacci E. , Cianchetti S. , Dente F.L. , Di Franco A. , Vagaggini B. , De Santis M. , Masino E. , Paggiaro P.L.
Published: July 2016

predict the quality of the sputum samples obtained in a large group of asthmatic subjects. Methods. We compared the presence of sputum productive cough in the days preceding the test, easiness in expectoration during the test, and sputum macroscopic aspect (presence of visible plugs) with the quality of slides obtained from sputum processing. We also monitored changes in the quality in patients who repeated sputum collection several times, comparing those whose first sample was adequate with those whose first sample was inadequate. We analysed 547 sputum samples obtained from 238 asthmatic patients. Sputum was processed using the whole sample method. Results. Patients with productive cough in the days preceding the test and easy expectoration during the test produced a higher percentage of adequate samples than those without productive cough (86% vs 76%, p=0.01) and with difficulty in expectoration (85% vs 63%, p=0.0001). â€œGoodâ€ macroscopic samples were associated with better quality of slides (91% vs 38%, p=0.0001). Patients with inadequate first sample (n=40) had a higher percentage of inadequate samples (55%) in the subsequent tests than patients (n=115) with adequate first sample (8%). Conclusions. Patients with increased airway secretions in the days preceding the test, easy expectoration and â€œgoodâ€ macroscopic aspect of the sputum are more likely to produce sputum sample adequate for inflammatory cell analysis. If the first sputum sample is adequate, subsequent samples are very likely to be adequate as well. If the first sputum sample is inadequate, the quality of subsequent samples cannot be predicted, since there are similar probabilities of having adequate or inadequate samples.
PIKO-1, an effective, handy device for the patientâ€™s personal PEFR and FEV1 electronic long-term monitoring
Authors: Dal Negro R.W. , Micheletto C. , Tognella S. , Turati C. , Bisato R. , Guerriero M. , Sandri M. , Turco P.
Published: July 2016

Background and Aim. Subjects with airway obstruction are strongly recommended to monitor their lung function, which is particularly variable in asthma. Unlike PEFR, other personal measurements (such as FEV1) are still difficult to perform. PIKO-1 is the first electronic device for both PEFR and FEV1 personal check, but its precision has not yet been assessed. The aim of this study was to compare PEFR and FEV1 values from PIKO-1 and from a conventional spirometer in subjects with airway obstruction. Methods. In total, 352 subjects (217 men; 47.6 Â± 19.0 years; 72.6 Â± 15.0 kg; 168.1 Â± 11.9 cm) performed sequential measurements using a PIKO-1 device and a spirometer. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and sign test were used as statistical tests. Results. Mean FEV1 values from the spirometer and PIKO-1, respectively, were 2.9 L Â± 1.1 and 3.0 L Â± 1.1, and mean PEFR values were 466.1 L/min Â± 164.5 SD and 426.3 L/min Â± 151.6 SD. PIKO-1 proved to overestimate FEV1 values by 4% (p<0.0001) and to underestimate PEFR values by 8% (p<0.000) systematically. Conclusions. The precision of both PIKO-1 measurements (such as FEV1 and PEFR) have been assessed. PEFR and FEV1 measures should be reset by two different constants. Nevertheless, PIKO-1 is a suitable and reliable device for the personal monitoring of obstructive patients in real life.
Assessment and monitoring of ventilatory function and cough efficacy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Chetta A. , Aiello M. , Tzani P. , Olivieri D.
Published: July 2016

Assessing and monitoring respiratory muscle function is crucial in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, since impaired function can lead to either ventilatory failure or respiratory tract infection. Spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung, breathing pattern, sleep study, blood gas analysis and respiratory muscle strength tests, as well as cough peak flow and cough expiratory volume measurements can provide relevant information on ventilatory function and cough efficacy. With regard to respiratory muscle strength testing, the rational approach consists in starting with volitional and non-invasive tests and later using invasive and non-volitional tests. This review focuses on both ventilatory and respiratory muscle strength testing, in order to undertake a timely treatment of respiratory failure and/or impaired cough efficacy. So far, the current literature has not highlighted any gold standard which stipulates when to commence ventilation and cough support in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. A composite set of clinical and functional parameters is required for treatment scheduling to monitor lung involvement and follow-up in these patients.
Cystic dilation of the ventriculus terminalis
Authors: Kawanishi Masahiro , Tanaka Hidekazu , Yokoyama Kunio , Yamada Makoto
Published: July 2016

The ventriculus terminalis (VT) is a virtual cavity of the conus medullaris that appears during embryonic life. We presented a case with the cystic dilation of the ventriculus terminalis (CDVT) in a symptomatic patient. A 66-year-old female suffered from disturbance while walking evolving for the past 2 years. An MR image revealed a cystic dilatation of ventriculus terminalis. The patient experienced marked improvement of lower extremity strength by a fenestration of cyst and cyst-subarachnoid shunt. Treatment for asymptomatic patients seems to be the best conducted conservatively, whereas patients with focal neurological deficits seem to be best handled surgically.
Comparative analysis of pedicle screw versus hybrid instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery
Authors: Rafi Sohail , Munshi Naseem , Abbas Asad , Shaikh Rabia Hassan , Hashmi Imtiaz
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis. A Cobb angle of 50° will progress beyond the age of spinal maturity. Surgery over bracing is advised at a Cobb angle above or equal to 50°. The aim of surgery is to bring the Cobb angle down below 50° to prevent reprogression as well as improve the quality of life. The objective of the study is to analyze the efficacy and significance in lifestyle improvement of pedicle screw-only fixation system versus the more common hybrid instrumentation system used for the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving two groups of patients were included in the study. One group was operated with pedicle screw-only method while the other with hybrid instrumentation system. The pre- and post-operative Cobb’s angles were taken across a follow-up of 4 years. An SRS-30 questionnaire was given in a yearly follow-up to assess the lifestyle improvement of the patient. Results: Pedicle screw-only method was significantly more effective in reducing Cobb’s angle (P = 0.0487). It was showed less loss of correction (P = 0.009) pedicle screw-only surgery was also better at reducing thoracic curves (P = 0.001). There seemed a better recovery time with pedicle screw surgery (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Pedicle screws are more effective and durable than hybrid systems at when treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Should Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Patients with Early Breast Cancer be Abandoned? Not So Fast
Authors: Chu Quyen D. , Peddi Prakash
Published: July 2016

As major advances are made in the management of early breast cancer, the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) has been called into question. However, before abandoning SLNBx, a critical appraisal of its role should be done because we believe that it remains a critical component of care, especially when tailoring patient's adjuvant therapy. This commentary provides cogent arguments in favor of SLNBx in the management of patients with early breast cancer.
El odio a los clásicos (y otras razones para llevarlos a las aulas)
Authors: García Única Juan
Published: July 2016

Este trabajo se centra en el papel de los clásicos en la educación literaria. Entendemos el problema de los clásicos dentro del marco de la crisis actual de la educación humanística. A continuación intentamos de-mostrar cómo la propia definición de lo clásico tal como la entendemos hoy es indisociable del modelo historicista de enseñanza de la literatura que los paradigmas más recientes se proponen superar. Por último, hacemos una crítica a la idea de lectura directa y enumeramos tres razones para continuar leyendo los clásicos en el aula.
Libros de texto digitales de lenguas para el 1x1: recursos y discursos
Authors: Merino Elena , Cassany Daniel
Published: July 2016

En este artículo se exploran y discuten los resultados extraídos del análisis del material didáctico digital de Catalán y Castellano de 1º de ESO de dos editoriales y de las entrevistas etnográficas semiestructuradas realizadas a 8 docentes, dentro del modelo didáctico 1x1 (un portátil por alumno), y siguiendo la tradición de análisis crítico de libros de texto. Los resultados triangulados sugieren que: a) el uso de fotografías, audios y vídeos tiene un carácter limitado; b) los hipervínculos remiten a recursos de autoridad y alta cultura; c) la autocorrección es mecánica y con información parcial, y d) la formación en búsqueda y uso de datos en la red es reducida. En definitiva, los libros digitales en secundaria son una copia enriquecida del formato en papel; incorporan algunos recursos multimodales e interactivos y “registran” la actividad del alumno, pero no constituyen una propuesta útil de aprovechamiento de la Web 2.0.
Optical and microphysical characterization of aerosol layers over South
Africa by means of multi-wavelength depolarization and Raman lidar
measurements
Authors: Giannakaki Elina , van Zyl Pieter G. , Müller Detlef , Balis Dimitris , Komppula Mika
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Optical and microphysical properties of different aerosol types over South Africa measured with a multi-wavelength polarization Raman lidar are presented. This study could assist in bridging existing gaps relating to aerosol properties over South Africa, since limited long-term data of this type are available for this region. The observations were performed under the framework of the EUCAARI campaign in Elandsfontein. The multi-wavelength PollyXT Raman lidar system was used to determine vertical profiles of the aerosol optical properties, i.e. extinction and backscatter coefficients, Ångström exponents, lidar ratio and depolarization ratio. The mean microphysical aerosol properties, i.e. effective radius and single-scattering albedo, were retrieved with an advanced inversion algorithm. Clear differences were observed for the intensive optical properties of atmospheric layers of biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosols. Our results reveal a wide range of optical and microphysical parameters for biomass burning aerosols. This indicates probable mixing of biomass burning aerosols with desert dust particles, as well as the possible continuous influence of urban/industrial aerosol load in the region. The lidar ratio at 355 nm, the lidar ratio at 532 nm, the linear particle depolarization ratio at 355 nm and the extinction-related Ångström exponent from 355 to 532 nm were 52 ± 7 sr, 41 ± 13 sr, 0.9 ± 0.4 % and 2.3 ± 0.5, respectively, for urban/industrial aerosols, while these values were 92 ± 10 sr, 75 ± 14 sr, 3.2 ± 1.3 % and 1.7 ± 0.3, respectively, for biomass burning aerosol layers. Biomass burning particles are larger and slightly less absorbing compared to urban/industrial aerosols. The particle effective radius were found to be 0.10 ± 0.03, 0.17 ± 0.04 and 0.13 ± 0.03 µm for urban/industrial, biomass burning, and mixed aerosols, respectively, while the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm was 0.87 ± 0.06, 0.90 ± 0.06, and 0.88 ± 0.07 (at 532 nm), respectively, for these three types of aerosols. Our results were within the same range of previously reported values.
A top-down approach of surface carbonyl sulfide exchange by a Mediterranean oak forest ecosystem in Southern France
Authors: Belviso S. , Reiter I. M. , Loubet B. , Gros V. , Lathière J. , Montagne D. , Delmotte M. , Ramonet M. , Kalogridis C. , Lebegue B. , Bonnaire N. , Kazan V. , Gauquelin T. , Fernandez C. , Genty B.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The role that soil, foliage and atmospheric dynamics have on surface carbonyl sulfide (OCS) exchange in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem in Southern France (the Oak Observatory at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, O3HP), was investigated in June of 2012 and 2013 with essentially a top-down approach. Atmospheric data demonstrate that the requirements are fulfilled as that OCS uptake can be used as a proxy of gross primary production. Firstly, OCS and carbon dioxide (CO2) diurnal variations and vertical gradients show no net exchange of OCS during the night when the carbon fluxes are dominated by ecosystem respiration. This contrasts with other oak woodland ecosystems of a Mediterranean climate, where nocturnal uptake of OCS by soil and/or vegetation has been observed. Since temperature, the water and organic carbon content of soil at the O3HP should favor the uptake of OCS, the lack of nocturnal net uptake would indicate that its gross consumption in soil is compensated by emission processes that remain to be characterized. Secondly, the uptake of OCS during the photosynthetic period was characterized in two different ways. We measured ozone (O3) deposition velocities and estimated the partitioning of O3 deposition between stomatal and non-stomatal pathways before the start of a joint survey of OCS and O3 surface concentrations. We observed an increasing trend in the relative importance of the stomatal pathway during the morning hours and synchronous steep drops of OCS (60–100 ppt) and O3 (15–30 ppb) after sunrise and before the break-up of the nocturnal boundary layer. The uptake of OCS by plants was characterized from vertical profiles too. However, the time window for calculation of the ecosystem relative uptake (ERU) of OCS, which is a useful tool to partition measured net ecosystem exchange, was limited in June 2012 to few hours after midday. This is due to the disruption of the vertical distribution of OCS by entrainment of OCS rich tropospheric air in the morning, and as the vertical gradient of CO2 reverses when it is still light. Moreover, polluted air masses (up to 700 ppt of OCS) produced dramatic variation in atmospheric OCS-to-CO2 ratios during daytime in June 2013, further reducing the time window for ERU calculation.
Study and mitigation of calibration error sources in a
water vapor Raman lidar
Authors: David Leslie , Bock Olivier , Thom Christian , Bosser Pierre , Pelon Jacques
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A detailed investigation of calibration variation sources in the instrumental part of the detection-fibered, water vapor Raman lidar, Rameau, is presented. This lidar has been developed by the Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN) together with the Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) and aims at calibrating GNSS wet delay signals and thus at improving vertical positioning. Several measurements campaigns enabled to validate the capacity of the instrument to retrieve high accuracy water vapor measurements. However, in order to insure a good stability, regular calibrations were necessary and led us to seek for instability sources in each sub-system of the instrument. The calibration variations are shown to be induced by fiber mode fluctuations and spatial non-uniformity of the photomultiplier photocathodes, and are responsible for significant calibration coefficient drifts. Such drifts are incompatible with both the long term stability required for applications such as climatology and the absolute accuracy needed for wet path delay correction of GNSS signals. We show by means of experimental tests that variation sources can be mitigated by means of an optimization and re-design of the optical detection system, a careful alignment procedure, and the operational monitoring of the system with dedicated measurements. In order to validate the modifications of the system and the new procedure, measurements were repeated over a period of 5 months. The detection subsystem stability was monitored from lidar profiles measured with a unique nitrogen filter used for detecting the signal in the two measurement channels. Compared to the previous campaign (Development of Methodologies for Water Vapor Measurement, Demevap), we observe an improvement in the stability of the system based on the nitrogen measurements which showed a drift of less than 3 % per month and a standard deviation of about 3 % during the campaign. The water vapor calibration coefficients were determined from capacitive humidity sensor measurements and from GPS zenith wet delays measurements. They show a similar small drift of 3 % per month and a standard deviation of ~ 6 %. Thanks to the N2 measurements, the drift can be completely removed. Lower standard deviation can be achieved by increasing the Signal to Noise Ratio and/or spatial and temporal integration window.
April–August temperatures in the Czech Lands, 1499–2015, reconstructed
from grape-harvest dates
Authors: Možný Martin , Brázdil Rudolf , Dobrovolný Petr , Trnka Miroslav
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Viticulture has long been essential to the commercial and social well-being of parts of the Czech Lands (now the Czech Republic), and detailed records have been kept for centuries of the timing and relative success of the grape crop. Using such documentary data from the Bohemian wine-growing region (mainly northwest of the capital, Prague), series of grape-harvest dates (GHDs) were created for the 1499–2015 period. Because the link between harvest dates and temperatures is strong, GHD series, together with instrumental mean temperature series starting in 1801, were used to reconstruct mean April–August temperatures for the region from 1499 to 2015. Linear regression (LR) and variance scaling (VS) methods were used for calibration and compared in terms of explained variance and their ability to capture extreme values. It emerged that LR does not significantly underestimate temperature variability. However, VS shows far greater capacity to capture extremes. GHDs explain 64 % of temperature variability over the full calibration period. The 1986–2015 period was identified as the warmest 30-year period of the past 514 years, an observation consistent with recent global warming. The highest April–August temperatures appeared in a reconstruction for the year 1540, which was warmer than the next two very warm, and far more recent, seasons in 2003 and 2015. The coldest period occurred at the beginning of the 20th century (1900–1929). The series reconstructed for the Czech Lands is in close agreement with other (central) European reconstructions based on other proxies. The series created here makes an important contribution to a better understanding of long-term spatiotemporal temperature variability in central Europe.
Constant wind regimes during the Last Glacial Maximum and early Holocene:
evidence from Little Llangothlin Lagoon, New England Tablelands, eastern
Australia
Authors: Shulmeister James , Kemp Justine , Fitzsimmons Kathryn E. , Gontz Allen
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Here we present the results of a multi-proxy investigation – integrating geomorphology, ground-penetrating radar, and luminescence dating – of a high-elevation lunette and beach berm in northern New South Wales, eastern Australia. The lunette occurs on the eastern shore of Little Llangothlin Lagoon and provides evidence for a lake high stand combined with persistent westerly winds at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM – centring on 21.5 ka) and during the early Holocene (ca. 9 and 6 ka). The reconstructed atmospheric circulation is similar to the present-day conditions, and we infer no significant changes in circulation at those times, as compared to the present day. Our results suggest that the Southern Hemisphere westerlies were minimally displaced in this sector of Australasia during the latter part of the last ice age. Our observations also support evidence for a more positive water balance at the LGM and early Holocene in this part of the Australian sub-tropics.
Paleoclimate in continental northwestern Europe during the Eemian and early
Weichselian (125–97 ka): insights from a Belgian speleothem
Authors: Vansteenberge Stef , Verheyden Sophie , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence , Keppens Eddy , Claeys Philippe
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The last interglacial serves as an excellent time interval for studying climate dynamics during past warm periods. Speleothems have been successfully used for reconstructing the paleoclimate of last interglacial continental Europe. However, all previously investigated speleothems are restricted to southern Europe or the Alps, leaving large parts of northwestern Europe undocumented. To better understand regional climate changes over the past, a larger spatial coverage of European last interglacial continental records is essential, and speleothems, because of their ability to obtain excellent chronologies, can provide a major contribution. Here, we present new, high-resolution data from a stalagmite (Han-9) obtained from the Han-sur-Lesse Cave in Belgium. Han-9 formed between 125.3 and  ∼  97 ka, with interruptions of growth occurring at 117.3–112.9 and 106.6–103.6 ka. The speleothem was investigated for its growth, morphology and stable isotope (δ13C and δ18O) composition. The speleothem started growing relatively late within the last interglacial, at 125.3 ka, as other European continental archives suggest that Eemian optimum conditions were already present during that time. It appears that the initiation of Han-9 growth is caused by an increase in moisture availability, linked to wetter conditions around 125.3 ka. The δ13C and δ18O proxies indicate a period of relatively stable conditions after 125.3 ka; however, at 120 ka the speleothem δ18O registered the first signs of regionally changing climate conditions, being a modification of ocean source δ18O linked to an increase in ice volume towards the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e–5d transition. At 117.5 ka, drastic vegetation changes are recorded by Han-9 δ13C immediately followed by a cessation of speleothem growth at 117.3 ka, suggesting a transition to significantly dryer conditions. The Han-9 record covering the early Weichselian displays larger amplitudes in both isotope proxies and changes in stalagmite morphology, evidencing increased variability compared to the Eemian. Stadials that appear to be analogous to those in Greenland are recognized in Han-9, and the chronology is consistent with other European (speleothem) records. Greenland Stadial 25 is reflected as a cold/dry period within Han-9 stable isotope proxies, and the second interruption in speleothem growth occurs simultaneously with Greenland Stadial 24.
Using ground-penetrating radar, topography and classification of vegetation to model the sediment and active layer thickness in a periglacial lake catchment, Western Greenland
Authors: Petrone Johannes , Sohlenius Gustav , Johansson Emma , Lindborg Tobias , Näslund Jens-Ove , Strömgren Mårten
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The geometries of a catchment constitute the basis for distributed physically based numerical modeling of different geoscientific disciplines. In this paper results from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, in terms of a 3D model of total sediment thickness and active layer thickness in a periglacial catchment in western Greenland, are presented. Using the topography, thickness and distribution of sediments are calculated. Vegetation classification and GPR measurements are used to scale active layer thickness from local measurements to catchment scale models. Annual maximum active layer thickness varies from 0.3 m in wetlands to 2.0 m in barren areas and areas of exposed bedrock. Maximum sediment thickness is estimated to be 12.3 m in the major valleys of the catchment. A method to correlate surface vegetation with active layer thickness is also presented. By using relatively simple methods, such as probing and vegetation classification, it is possible to upscale local point measurements to catchment scale models, in areas where the upper subsurface is relatively homogenous. The resulting spatial model of active layer thickness can be used in combination with the sediment model as a geometrical input to further studies of subsurface mass-transport and hydrological flow paths in the periglacial catchment through numerical modelling. The data set is available for all users via the PANGAEA database, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.845258.