bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Continuous Reactor for the (Chemo)enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Rac-1-Phenylethanol in Ionic Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Biphasic Systems
Authors: Lozano Pedro , De Diego Teresa , Gmouh Said , Vaultier Michel , Iborra Jose L
Published: November 2007

Enzymatic transformations in ionic liquids (ILs)/supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) biphasic systems, whereby enzyme molecules are ``immobilized" in the IL phase and substrates/products are transported by the scCO2 phase, are described as a way for carrying out clean synthetic chemical processes to produce pure products. As a model system to study, the ionic liquid butyltrimethyl ammonium (bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl imine) ([btma][NTf2]) was assayed for Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed the kinetic resolution of rac-1-phenylethanol. The suitability of this IL was established from both the activity and stability of the enzyme. A continuous dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process in [btma][NTf2])/scCO2 biphasic system was carried out by using simultaneously both immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B in silica gel and silica modified with benzenosulfonic acid groups (SCX) catalysts at 50 ºC and 10 MPa, providing a good yield (78 %) for (R)-1-phenylethyl propionate product with excellent enantioselectivity (ee = 92 %) in continuous operation.
Crystallization of Drugs using Supercritical CO2 as Antisolvent: From Phase Equilibria to Products
Authors: Subra-Paternault Pascale , Roy Christelle , Vega-Gonzalez Arlette , Jestin Patrick
Published: November 2007

The demand for green technologies is continually increasing due to the growing consciousness of alimentary, environmental and toxicity risks. Supercritical technologies have beneficed from that interest and have therefore received increased attention as propitious media for elaboration of materials in general and formation of particles in particular, especially for pharmaceutical applications. This work presents the recrystallization of several drugs from liquid organic solutions, using CO2 as the precipitating agent. Three drugs were specially studied: theophylline, tolbutamide and griseofulvin. To select the suitable process among the several potentialities offered by SCF and to further understand and interpret the crystallization behaviour, selected phase behaviour of binary and ternary systems involving solute-solvent-CO2 were investigated and are presented hereby as background. Drugs were further precipitated by compressed CO2 as antisolvent, and experimental data focused mostly on results obtained in the discontinuous stirred version of the process. There was special emphasis on the influence of stirring and CO2 introduction rates upon the crystals characteristics and the production yields. The main difference between the investigated drug-solvent systems was their sensitivity to the stirring. As a first step, macro- and micro-mixing times were estimated; it was shown that mixing times due to circulation and to molecular diffusion were in the same range, with no significant breakthrough as a function of the solvent. Since the large size of particles produced by batch might be detrimental for therapeutic applications and/or administration routes, several precipitations were performed in the semi-continuous mode. Conditions were varied in order to play with phase behaviour, i.e. by setting the pressure below or above the critical locus of the solvent-CO2 system. Morphology of particles suggested that precipitation was confined within the solvent droplets, originating smaller precipitates than particles produced at monophasic conditions. The results obtained for three systems show that size of precipitates can be manipulated by a proper selection of thermodynamics and time or space scales, although the later has to be more accurately investigated to view the two versions of the antisolvent processes as complementary.
Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Cleaner Production: Application to Aluminium Trifluoride
Authors: Dominguez-Ramos Antonio , Aldaco Ruben , Irabien Angel
Published: November 2007

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool in order to identify sustainable alternatives in process engineering. In this work, the LCA of two fluoride effluent treatment processes in the aluminium trifluoride (AlF3) manufacture has been carried out. Two scenarios have been considered: (i) chemical precipitation for fluoride removal, leading to a water-rich sludge, which has poor dewatering properties and therefore, must be managed in inert waste landfills, and (ii) the recovery of fluoride by crystallization as synthetic fluorite to be reused in the hydrogen fluoride (HF) manufacture. The LCA software SimaPro 7 (PRé Consultants BV) makes it possible to compare in terms of different methodologies like Eco-Indicator 99 and CML 2 Baseline 2000. Environmental metrics developed by IChemE were included in the software. The crystallization process in a Fluidized Bed Reactor allows reductions in the range of 20-40% for most metrics because of the recycled synthetic fluorite to the HF manufacture.
Tracking Trajectories in a Continuous Anaerobic Bioreactor Employing a Nonlinear Proportional Controller
Authors: Neria-Gonzalez M. Isabel , Aguilar-López Ricardo
Published: November 2007

This work is related to the tracking of sulfate concentration trajectories in a continuous anaerobic bioreactor, where Desulfovibrio alaskensis is considered for different operation purposes. A new design of a class of nonlinear proportional control law with an adaptive gain was proposed. The proposed controller was applied to the mathematical bioreactor's model with the kinetics experimentally corroborated; this describes the dynamics of biomass, sulfate and sulfide concentrations. The open-loop stability conditions of the optimum set points and the corresponding closed-loop performances were analyzed. The proposed control law is able to track trajectories, despite sustained disturbances. An Internal Model Control (IMC) Proportional-Integral Controller was implemented for comparison purposes and the corresponding performances were illustrated via numerical experiments.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Supported Platinum-Molybdenum and Platinum-Tungsten Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
Authors: Roquero Pedro , Ordóñez Luis Carlos , Herrera Omar , Ugalde Orlando , Ramírez Jorge
Published: November 2007

A series of carbon-supported bimetallic catalysts with different metallic loadings was synthesized, using platinum as the principal active phase and molybdenum or tungsten as promoting phases. The materials were prepared by organometallic precursor thermolysis and characterized by direct current electrochemical methods, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Electrodes were elaborated with each catalyst and their electrochemical performances were studied by cyclic voltammetry. These results show an increased activity of the catalysts with small amounts of Mo or W, towards oxidation of methanol with respect to the catalyst containing only platinum. XRD results reveal the presence of molybdenum or tungsten bronzes (HxMoO3, HxWO3) that are responsible for the increase in activity. It is believed that the bronzes participate in a spillover effect by promoting the removal of protons from the platinum surface. It was found that the presence of molybdenum in this type of catalyst prevents the platinum phase from sintering during the thermal treatment and allows them to keep platinum particles with mean sizes between 2 and 8 nm. The proposed catalysts are adequate for methanol oxidation in liquid-fuel alcohol fuel cell systems, since it was found that oxidation potentials are lower than those observed with platinum catalysts.
Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of 4-Methoxybenzyl Alcohol to p-Anisaldehyde in Organic-Free Water in a Continuous Annular Fixed Bed Reactor
Authors: Loddo Vittorio , Yurdakal Sedat , Palmisano Giovanni , Imoberdorf Gustavo Eduardo , Irazoqui Horacio Antonio , Alfano Orlando M , Augugliaro Vincenzo , Berber Hüseyin , Palmisano Leonardo
Published: November 2007

Photocatalytic oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol to p-anisaldehyde was performed in water organic-free solutions by using a fixed bed continuous photoreactor containing Pyrex beads on which a TiO2 home prepared photocatalyst was supported. The influence of liquid flow rate, inlet alcohol concentration and catalyst amount on the photoprocess was studied. The highest selectivity to p-anisaldehyde was about 47% being CO2, the other main oxidation product; traces of 4-methoxybenzoic acid were also detected. The radiation field inside the photoreactor has been modelled by applying the Monte Carlo method thus allowing the determination of the local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA). It was found that the radiation intensity profile sharply decreases inside the bed so that an important aliquot of the bed is not active for the photoreaction occurrence. This finding indicates that the reactivity results, obtained by measuring the concentration values of reagents and products at the exit of photoreactor, can not be used jointly with the radiation modelling ones for determining the dependence of reaction kinetics on light intensity. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach has been satisfactorily applied for modelling the photoreactivity results and the values of all the model parameters have been determined.
Kinetics of the Wet Oxidation of Phenol over an Fe/Activated Carbon Catalyst
Authors: Quintanilla A. , Casas J. A. , Rodriguez J. J. , Kreutzer M. T. , Kapteijn Freek , Moulijn J. A.
Published: November 2007

Wet oxidation of phenol over an Fe/activated carbon catalyst has been studied in a trickle-bed reactor in the following operational window: inlet C phenol=0.5 and 1 g/L, T=100-127 °C, PT=3-8 atm, W=0-4.8 g, QL=0.125-2 mL/min and QO2=91.6 NmL/min. The experiments were carried out in the absence of mass transfer limitations. Oxidation and mineralization reactions of phenol are proven to take place on the catalyst surface through a heterogeneous mechanism. Due to the complexity of the phenol oxidation route, simple reaction schemes have been assumed by lumping the intermediate species and generalized kinetic models for phenol and TOC abatement have been proposed. Two kinetic expressions, a power law rate and a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type rate expression, have been considered but only a convergence with statistically reliable parameters was found for the former model. A power law model with first order for phenol and 0.74 for oxygen and apparent activation energy of 74 kJ/mol described the experimental results in the oxidation of phenol well. Mineralization of phenol (TOC abatement) was described by a similar rate expression and takes into account the presence of refractory species such as the low molecular weight acids formed upon phenol oxidation.
Hydrodynamic and Thermal Modelling of Gas-Particle Flow in Fluidized Beds
Authors: S. Abd El Kawi O. , F. Atwan E. , A. Abdelmonem S. , M. Abdalla A. , M. Elshazly K.
Published: November 2007

In this study a mathematical model has been developed to simulate two dimensional fluidized beds with uniform fluidization. The model consists of two sub models for hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of fluidized beds on which a FORTRAN program entitled (NEWFLUIDIZED) is devolved .The program is used to predict the volume fraction of gas and particle phases, the velocity of the two phases, the gas pressure and the temperature distribution for two phases. Also the program calculates the heat transfer coefficient. Besides that, the program predicts the fluidized bed stability and determines the optimum input gas velocity for fluidized beds to achieve the best thermal behavior. The hydrodynamic model is verified by comparing its results with the computational fluid dynamic code MFIX [1]. The thermal model was tested and compared to the available previous experimental correlations. The model results show good agreement with MFIX results and the thermal model of the present work confirms Zenz [2] and Gunn [3] equations.
An Expectation Maximization Approach to Estimate Malaria Haplotype Frequencies in Multiply Infected Children
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Foulkes Andrea S , Yucel Recai M. , Rich Stephen M.
Published: November 2007

Characterizing genetic variability in the human pathogenic Plasmodium species, the group of parasites that cause Malaria, may have broad global health implications. Specifically, discerning the combinations of mutations that lead to viable parasites and the population level frequencies of these clonal sequences will allow for targeted vaccine development and individualized treatment choices. This presents an analytical challenge, however, since haplotypic phase (i.e. the alignment of bases on a single DNA strand) is generally unobservable in multiply infected individuals. This manuscript describes an expectation maximization (EM) approach to maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies in this missing data setting. The approach is applied to a cohort of N=341 malaria infected children in Uganda, Cameroon and Sudan to characterize regional differences. A simulation study is also presented to characterize method performance and assess sensitivity to distributional assumptions.
A Model of Promotion-Free Retail Pricing of Durable Products
Authors: Balachander Subramanian
Published: November 2007

An important decision facing retailers is the level of price promotions or "sales" to have in their retail prices. In this paper, we consider the use of promotion-free (PF) retail pricing by stores selling durable products, where PF pricing means that the retailer does not use or advertise price promotions. Interestingly, we find, contrary to the previous literature, that a store using a PF strategy does not advertise prices, and yet may charge below shoppers' reservation prices. Further, we show that a store can follow a PF pricing strategy in equilibrium, when competing with another store following a PF pricing or a promotional pricing strategy, and we characterize the conditions that support each type of equilibrium. The combination of PF pricing, the lack of advertisement of prices, and pricing below the reservation price may be similar to the pricing strategy followed by EDLP stores selling durable products. Our analysis yields insights on how a store may choose between a PF pricing strategy and a promotional pricing strategy in a competitive setting.
Working with Standardized Patients: A Primer
Authors: Bosek Marcia S , Li Suling , Hicks Frank D
Published: November 2007

This paper presents concepts and strategies for using standardized patients (SP) in teaching and evaluation of nursing students. SP encounters are an alternative to clinical experiences and a standardized criterion for student performance evaluation. Careful development of encounters, selection and training of SPs, support and debriefing of all participants are essential to a positive SP encounter. SP encounters should be developed based on objectives and competency criteria and relate to actual events. Encounter scripts incorporating any "traditional" language often associated with a specific medical condition are beneficial to standardizing the process. SP preparation involves providing background on medical conditions, feedback when practicing the role-play, and validation of performance consistency. Orientation of students and faculty to the SP experience ensures that participants stay in role. SPs can also be utilized to complete written evaluation tools and provide verbal feedback to students. All participants should evaluate the encounter process for future improvement.
Proposal for a New Climate Change Treaty System
Authors: Barrett Scott
Published: November 2007

The existing international agreements on climate change are inadequate, according to Scott Barrett, and a new approach is needed.
Electric Load Management Using Electricity Tariff Algorithm
Authors: Soliman Soliman Abdel-hady , Helal Ibrahim , Youssef A.M.
Published: November 2007

The tariff is the best incentive factor for the industrial customer today to reduce the peak load. This paper describes different methods of pricing electricity. It is important to study the influence of the tariff on the industrial loads and the costs of electricity before ILM can be implemented. This paper is interested in studying the economic aspects of fixed and operating cost, other factors affecting the generation economy, distribution of power, etc. Costs of supplying electricity to consumers are also considered. A utility can influence its customers' load by providing financial incentives through the prices charged for electricity at different times of use. By designing discriminatory time of use tariffs in which the prices of electricity corresponds to the marginal cost of supply, a utility provides appropriate signals to the customer to increase consumption of electricity at off peak periods. The proposed algorithm is implemented to a real system in operation.
A Parametric Unit Commitment Method for Revenue Adequacy Assessment
Authors: Granelli Gianpietro , Montagna Mario , Marannino Paolo , Zanellini Fabio
Published: November 2007

Unit commitment (UC), originally employed to minimize the generating cost of a vertically integrated utility, has become a basic tool for revenue adequacy evaluation by GENeration COmpanies (GENCOs). The strategic role of UC is apparent in those market environments where GENCOs are asked to internalize all costs and the relevant UC decisions within their dayahead market bids. In this paper, a parametric UC method is presented to assess the convenience of making energy bids for marginal or nearly marginal generation units. The convenience is gauged by the basis of revenue adequacy that is on each unit's ability to cover all expenses and generate profits. Beside UC choices, the parametric UC procedure provides a market price behavior that would make it profitable to commit a certain unit for generation. A Monte Carlo simulation program is employed to find the probability that actual market prices will fulfill the revenue adequacy requirements. Market prices are handled as random variables with multivariate normal distribution, taking into account the correlation between prices at successive time periods. The parametric UC procedure and the Monte Carlo simulation are carried out by using reasonable data of generation units available to some Italian GENCOs.
Intelligent Approach for Fault Diagnosis in Power Transmission Systems Using Support Vector Machines
Authors: B. Ravikumar , Dhadbanjan Thukaram , Khincha H. P.
Published: November 2007

This paper presents an approach for identifying the faulted line section and fault location on transmission systems using support vector machines (SVMs) for diagnosis/post-fault analysis purpose. Power system disturbances are often caused by faults on transmission lines. When fault occurs on a transmission system, the protective relay detects the fault and initiates the tripping operation, which isolates the affected part from the rest of the power system. Based on the fault section identified, rapid and corrective restoration procedures can thus be taken to minimize the power interruption and limit the impact of outage on the system. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation. This may help in improving the fault monitoring/diagnosis process, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. In this paper we compare SVMs with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) in data sets corresponding to different faults on a transmission system. Classification and regression accuracy is reported for both strategies. Studies on a practical 24-Bus equivalent EHV transmission system of the Indian Southern region is presented for indicating the improved generalization with the large margin classifiers in enhancing the efficacy of the chosen model.
Iterative Fault Location Scheme for a Transmission Line Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements
Authors: Brahma Sukumar M
Published: November 2007

This paper describes a new iterative method to locate fault on a single transmission line. The method uses synchronized voltage and current measurements from both line terminals. Using the positive sequence components of the pre-fault and the post-fault phasors, positive sequence source impedances at both terminals are first estimated. Using these source impedances and the line data, the positive sequence bus impedance matrix (Zbus) is formed. Using the properties of Zbus, an iterative algorithm is proposed to locate the fault. This algorithm is tested extensively with data obtained from the EMTP simulation of a long transmission line simulated with distributed parameters in the presence of fault resistance and CT saturation. The simulation results show that the method is very accurate and robust.
Moisture Sorption Behavior, and Effect of Moisture Content and Sorbitol on Thermo-Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Pectin Based Edible Films
Authors: Maftoonazad Neda , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S. , Marcotte Michele
Published: November 2007

The moisture sorption behavior of pectin films formulated with different sorbitol content was evaluated and films with different equilibrium moisture contents were obtained. Different models were used to describe the moisture sorption isotherms (MSI) of pectin films, sorbitol and pectin powder. Based on changes observed in MSI, sorbitol was found to strongly interact with pectin polymers. Incorporation of sorbitol in pectin films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at low to intermediate water activities (aw), but much higher moisture contents at aw > 0.53. Estimates of monolayer moisture values (1.53  3.81 g H2O kg-1 solids) were obtained by the application of Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer (GAB) model. A differential mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used for mechanical properties of formulated films while a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for thermal properties and glass transition temperature (Tg). With both DMA and DSC tests, the strong plasticizing action of water and sorbitol was evident. Tg vs. moisture content data were successfully fitted to the Fox empirical model. Multi-frequency DMA measurements provided estimates for the apparent activation energy (Ea) of the second glass transition in the range of 131-184 kJ/mol; the values for Ea decreased with increasing sorbitol concentration. Water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of the films were also analyzed under varying sorbitol and moisture contents. Increasing moisture or addition of sorbitol to pectin films increased the elongation at break, but decreased the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and Tg, and increased WVP of the films.
Sensitivity Analysis of a CFD Modelling System for Airflow and Heat Transfer of Fresh Food Packaging: Inlet Air Flow Velocity and Inside-Package Configurations
Authors: Opara Linus U , Zou Qian
Published: November 2007

Cooling of fresh produce inside ventilated packaging is one of the important postharvest operations to maintain the coolchain of horticultural produce. In two recent articles, we described the development of CFD-based mathematical models for thermodynamic design of ventilated packaging systems and presented the results obtained from model testing based on fresh apples undergoing rapid cooling inside layered cartons, pallets of cartons, and bulk bins. In the current article, we present the results of a sensitivity analysis of the modeling system under refrigerated air cooling of apples inside a carton used in the horticultural industry. Sensitivity tests showed that inaccurate input value of the inlet air velocity within 10% would contribute to inaccuracy of about 0.5 ºK in the model predictions, which is within the measurement error of most temperature measuring devices used in the postharvest industry. Variations in vent areas on both front and back walls of the package within ±20% did not significantly alter the model predictions in the near-inlet region, but had noticeable effects at the package centre and near-outlet regions. Altering the position of vents did alter the heat transfer between air and packaged produce, presumably by changing the airflow distribution among the layers of produce inside the package. Sensitivity of the model to changes in the gap between the trays and package walls highlights the importance of gentle handling of packages to minimize lateral movement of trays and fruit prior to stacking for precooling and long-term cold storage.
Effect of Moisture Content on the Physical Properties of Fibered Flaxseed
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Dong , Wang Li-jun , Huang Zhi-gang , Zhang Lu , Chen Xiao Dong , Mao Zhi-huai
Published: November 2007

The physical properties of fibered flaxseed were investigated within moisture content varying from 6.21 to 16.29%. The length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter increased from 4.20 to 4.44mm, 1.99 to 2.13mm, 0.91 to 0.95mm, and 1.95 to 2.06mm, respectively in the moisture content range. One thousand seed weight increased linearly from 4.22 to 4.62g. The bulk density decreased from 726.783 to 611.872kg/m3, while the true density increased from 1165.265 to 1289.341kg/m3 in the moisture content range. The porosity values of flaxseed increased linearly from 37.67 to 52.54%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface, while the lowest on the stainless steel surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.467 to 0.972, 0.442 to 0.864, 0.492 to 0.927, and 0.490 to 0.845 for plywood, stainless steel, aluminum sheet and galvanized iron, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 25.7° to 33.8° in the moisture content range. The results are necessary for design of equipment to handling, transportation, processing, and the storage of flaxseed.
A Unified Approach for Modeling Three-Way Catalytic Converters and NOx Traps with a Minimum Set of Tunable Parameters
Authors: Konstantas George , Stamatelos Tassos
Published: November 2007

The demanding legislation for vehicle emissions pushes the automotive industry to the commercialization of advanced exhaust systems. The careful design of each aftertreatment device fitted in exhaust line and the interactions with the engine management, makes modelling an important part of systems engineering for these applications. Almost all catalytic converter models that are found in the literature use tunable parameters which typically address the kinetic terms of chemical reactions. A great effort has been given to the definition of complex reaction schemes and mechanistic description of them in-vitro, in order to assist the advanced design of catalytic washcoats and explain their complex chemistry. This paper presents a systematic effort towards the modelling of advanced commercial exhaust treatment systems, using a unified approach for the different devices. The model used in this work describes the catalytic processes with global reactions, using apparent Arrhenius type rate expressions with L-H kinetics. The model is used to predict transient performance of commercial catalytic converters under legislated test conditions. During these tests the existing uncertainties and intrinsic variations of engine and catalyst operation make the robustness and flexibility of the model prominent targets. Comparison of computed and measured second-by-second emissions demonstrate a high level of modelling accuracy, adequate to fit the behavior of advanced commercial applications of three-way catalytic converters and NOx traps, using a minimum set of 3 tunable parameters for each device.
Mathematical Modeling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Fatty Acids from Trout Powder: Correlation of Mass Transfer Parameters
Authors: Zakizadeh Nei Nei Hamzeh , Fatemi Shohreh , Salimi Alireza , Mehrnia Mohammd Reza
Published: November 2007

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) has been introduced as an excellent method especially for food and pharmaceutical industries. Trout powder was selected as a source of high amount of valuable materials such as essential fatty acids (FAs). In this work, a mathematical model is introduced to simulate the transitional behavior of the extraction process. This model is able to explain the variation of FAs concentration profile in the bulk and solid phases versus the time of extraction. Effects of main operational parameters such as pressure (280 to 340 bar) and temperature (310 to 326 K) on the extraction yields were investigated in the supercritical fluid extraction system of laboratory scale and the results were compared with that information obtained from the solution of the model. In order to describe solid-solvent interactions, a linear equilibrium relationship was used in the model. Partial differential mass balance equations for the solid and fluid phases were solved numerically using an implicit method. The effective diffusivity into the particle pores and mass transfer coefficient to the bulk phase were the model parameters and they were correlated at different temperatures and pressures by fitting the results of the model to the experiments. The axial diffusivity and equilibrium coefficient of solid-solvent were kept constant in whole range of the operational conditions and they were estimated as the model constants.
Economic Geography and the Effect of Environmental Pollution on Agglomeration
Authors: Lange Andreas , Quaas Martin F
Published: November 2007

We study how local environmental pollution affects spatial patterns of economic activities when workers can migrate. Based on a New Economic Geography model, we analytically characterize the stability conditions for three different types of equilibria: symmetric spreading, partial and full agglomeration. We show that the extent of agglomeration crucially depends on the damages caused by local pollution. We thereby provide a unified framework for discussing different relationships between the extent of agglomeration and trade freeness that have been found in the literature.
Nature and Nurture in the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Swedish Children and Their Biological and Rearing Parents
Authors: Björklund Anders , Jäntti Markus , Solon Gary
Published: November 2007

This study uses an extraordinary Swedish data set to explore the sources of the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Merging data from administrative sources and censuses, we investigate the association between sons' and daughters' socioeconomic outcomes and those of their biological and rearing parents. Our analysis focuses on children raised in six different family circumstances: raised by both biological parents, raised by the biological mother without a stepfather, raised by the biological mother with a stepfather, raised by the biological father without a stepmother, raised by the biological father with a stepmother, and raised by two adoptive parents. Relative to the existing literature, the most remarkable feature of our data set is that it contains information on the biological parents even when they are not the rearing parents. We specify a simple additive model of pre-birth (including genetic) and post-birth influences and examine the model's ability to provide a unified account of the intergenerational associations in all six family types. Our results suggest substantial roles for both pre-birth and post-birth factors.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Lifetime Earnings: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Dunn Christopher E
Published: November 2007

This paper uses unique household survey data from Brazil and recently developed econometric techniques to estimate the transmission of lifetime earnings in Brazil and to examine effects of earnings measurement on estimates of intergenerational mobility. The level of intergenerational earnings transmission in Brazil is estimated to be among the highest observed for any country. Observations of earnings across the life-cycles of fathers and sons are used to form estimates of the transmission of lifetime earnings and to study life-cycle measurement effects on earnings transmission estimates. The use of earnings of relatively young sons, common in previous studies, is found to underestimate the true level of transmission of lifetime earnings. This paper provides two methods to obtain improved measures of lifetime earnings transmission. This paper also finds that education may be the most significant pathway by which earnings are transmitted intergenerationally.
Pricing Behavior of Multiproduct Retailers
Authors: Hosken Daniel , Reiffen David
Published: November 2007

This paper develops a model of competition among multiproduct retailers that is consistent with observed pricing regularities, such as the facts that virtually all products have large mass points in their price distributions and that most deviations fall below these mass points. The basis of the model is that, when consumers prefer to buy a bundle of goods from the same retailer, a given discount on any one good in the bundle will have a similar effect on consumers' likelihood of visiting that retailer. Consequently, discounts on goods sold by a retailer are substitute instruments for attracting customers, and factors that influence one goods' price will also affect other goods' prices. Hence, if intertemporal price changes are a means of price discriminating (as the literature suggests), then the impact of these changes will be reflected in the prices of many goods - including those for which discrimination is infeasible.
Power, Modernity and Traditional Cultures
Authors: Tuan Yi-Fu
Published: November 2007

A fable and a dream about the intersection of global and local culture.
Colour change in pepper (Capsicum annuum) during storage
Authors: Tepic Aleksandra , Vujicic Biserka
Published: November 2007

Powders of pepper were stored at ambient temperature, exposed to daylight The final quality was evaluated by measuring the extractable colour by the American Spice Trade Association (ASTA). Also, the possibility of using surface colour measurement, as a supplement to extractable colour measurement was investigated. The use of the chromatic attributes L, a and b, suggested by the Commision Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), i.e., of the CIELAB space, made it possible to find the correlation between ASTA and apparent colour of paprika.
Determination of inorganic compounds in drinking water on the basis of house water heater scale, part 1: Determination of heavy metals and uranium
Authors: Rajkovic Milos , Stojanovic Mirjana , Pantelic Gordana , Toskovic Dragan
Published: November 2007

The analysis of scale originated from drinking water on the house water heater, showed that scale is basically calcium carbonate that crystallizes hexagonally in the form of calcite. Scale taken as a sample from different spots in Belgrade ? upper town of Zemun (sample 1) and Pancevo (sample 2) showed different configuration although it came from the same waterworks. That indicates either that the water flowing through waterworks pipes in different parts of the city is not the same or the waterworks net is not the same (age, maintaining, etc). All the elements which are dominant in drinking water (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and which could be found in water by natural processes, are by their content far below the values regulated by law. The analysis also showed the presence of many metals: Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu Li, Sr, Cd, and Cr in the first sample, which are not found in the scale taken near Pancevo. The results obtained by calculating the mass concentration in drinking water on the basis of scale content, showed that both waters belonged to the category of low mineral waters. Contents of inorganic substances in these waters (117.85 mg/dm3 for sample 1 or 80.83 mg/dm3 for sample 2) are twice lower than the values predicted by the legislation. Gammaspectrometric analysis indicates the presence of radioactive elements ? uranium and strontium which can influence human health.
Antibacterial activity of cis- and trans-resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum rhizome
Authors: Kukric Zoran , Topalic-Trivunovic Ljiljana
Published: November 2007

The work is concerned with the antibacterial effect of ethanolic solutions of cis- and trans-resveralrol (cis-.lrans-3,5.4'-trihydroxystilbene) obtained by the extraction (ethanol-water 1:1 v/v) of Polygonum cuspidatum rhizome. Antibacterial activity was tested by disk diffusion method on the following bacteria: Escherichia coli, Sarcina liitea. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcits sp., using extract concentrations of 5 mg/disk. All tests showed significant antimicrobial activity, whereby the extract with trans-resveratrol exhibited more significant effect than the extract of cis-resveratrol.
Zena general - san ili java?
Authors: Milenkovic Biljana
Published: November 2007

nema
Victim support services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Authors: Copic Sanja , Vidakovic Ivana
Published: November 2007

In the paper, authors tried to present activities of one of the oldest European Victim Support Services - Victim Support for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. During 1970s, through practice and research projects, the need for recognizing the physical and psychological status of victims after the crime was committed, as well as the need of providing them with the (informal) assistance and support were noticed. That has resulted in establishing numerous of local victim support services (schemes), which united in the National Association of the Victim Support Services in 1979. Significant support was given to the Service in 1980s through the recommendations of the Council of Europe on the assistance for victims of crime and prevention of victimization through direct support given to the victim immediately after the incident, including protection and safety, medical, mental, social and financial support, as well as providing the victim with information on his/her rights, support during the criminal proceeding, assistance in getting compensation etc. Organization and structure of the service, referral system, code of practice and two main programs: Victim Service and Witness Service are reviewed in the paper.
Kako sam odrastala u devedesetim - od sobne egzilantkinje do aktivne gradjanke
Authors: Gajicki Marija
Published: November 2007

nema
When is enough, enough? And what should the criminologist say?
Authors: Christie Nils
Published: November 2007

In this paper, the author is trying to find the answers to questions when is enough, enough, and what is the role of the criminologists in the process of establishing the balance between the crime control carried out by the state and the civil society and its basic values. Each state can be evaluated by its penal system that reflects the crucial centers of the state control and power, conveying at the same time information about the way we are not supposed to go. Namely, the penalty, which means the infliction of pain against the accused, presents the negation of the basic ethical, moral human, civilized principles. In that way, the penalty becomes a dangerous for the society, as well as the serious obstacle for ideals of the social cohesion and assimilation. He is showing that on the examples of penal systems in several countries, such as Finland, Russia, Byelorussia and Norway, giving a critical overview of the penal system of the USA. The USA penal system is a good example of breaking off the links with the basic societal values, representing at the same time crime against people in the USA, as well as in other (European) countries due to the strong influence which the States have in this domain because of their economy power on the global plan. Bearing that in mind, the author is concluding that the criminologists should begin the analysis from another point of view: not from the offender and the criminal offence, but from the existing penal system in order to find out what kind of pain and what way of its causing would be acceptable in the certain historical, societal, and cultural context; in other words how big the penal system should be, without endangering the basic values at the same time.
Possible changes in the legal concept of parole
Authors: Jovanovic Sladjana
Published: November 2007

The article is based on legal analysis of parole in Serbian Criminal Law emphasizing need for reconsideration of existing provisions and possible changes. The lack of supervision, broadly and not precisely defined legal presumptions for parole are criticized, especially from the aspect of noticeable gap between our and foreign concepts of parole. French parole system, recently modernized, is presented as a good model for prospective changes and improvement of our concept of parole.
Illegal markets, human trade and transnational organised crime
Authors: Nikolic-Ristanovic Vesna
Published: November 2007

In this paper the author explores, focusing largely on the example of the Balkans, the connection between the expansion of neoliberal market economy and war, and related to it the growth of illegal markets and the shadow economy, on one hand, and the victimisation by human trafficking, on the other. By locating human trade within expanding local and global illegal markets, the author is arguing that, without taking into consideration wider social contexts, which create structural incentives for illegal markets and transnational organised crime, we can hardly understand the causes, let alone build effective strategies to combat and prevent it. Consequently, on the basis of the analyses of human trade as a form of both transnational organised crime and illegal markets, some strategies (short-term and long-term) for the prevention and control of human trafficking on both the micro and macro level are suggested.
Homicides in Serbia within the context of social transition and war
Authors: Simeunovic-Patic Biljana
Published: November 2007

Notably deplorable phenomenological changes of homicides in Serbia at the beginning of 1990?s proceeded along with the dismantling of SFRJ, wars and unsuccessful starting of social transition: within the turbulent and almost extreme social context it had been generated an increase of all types of violence as well as crime in general. Restrictive social conditions economic deprivation, social disorganization and deregulation are apprehended as factors of facilitation of risks of violent abreactions in the form of expressive homicides and also of risks of instrumental violence under the high structural pressure toward illegal alternatives and weak formal crime control at the same time. The crises of external and internal security coincided amplifying one another and succeeded by economic declension, deregulation and revived cultural definitions that extended the ?legitimacy? of violence. The plenty of cycles of structural and behavioural violence were initiated during the 1990s in Serbia: a holistic approach to violence as one complex phenomenon that extends from ?invisible? violence to homicides is the strategy which should be considered as perspective one regarding both the exploration and prevention of homicides. Key words homicide, violence, expressive homicides, instrumental homicides, social transition, Serbia.
Mr Mirjana Dokmanovic: New world order - uticaj globalizacije na ekonomska i socijalna prava zena, Zenski centar za demokratiju i ljudska prava, Subotica, 2002
Authors: Kuzmanovic-Djuric Tatjana
Published: November 2007

nema
Elmar G.M. Weitekamp, Hans-Jurgen Kerne,(ur): Restorative justice theoretical foundations (Restorativna pravda - teorijske osnove), Willan publishing, Devon, UK, 2002
Authors: Copic Sanja
Published: November 2007

nema
Veterans in an unnamed war: Hidden abuse, truth-telling, resistance and recovery
Authors: Prescott Laura
Published: November 2007

The author is the president and founder of Sister Witness International Inc a new organization of formerly institutionalized women, girls, and their allies. She is also a recovering addict, psychiatric expatient, and survivor of childhood abuse. The article is an edited version of a keynote address given at the 2nd annual convention of the International Society of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses in Miami, Florida, on April 28, 2000.
Mediation as a method of solving legal disputes
Authors: Petrusic Nevena
Published: November 2007

Disputes in the sphere of law are solved by applying diverse court and non-court methods and techniques. Apart from traditional methods of solving disputes by sentencing, many national legal systems have also developed different alternative mechanisms for the peaceful dispute resolution (so called ADR techniques - Alternative Dispute Resolution), among which the process of mediation has a special significance. The application of mediation exists in Serbian law as well, but this method is not being used regularly. The most important reason for this is that we still haven?t obtained all the necessary organizational, functional and other conditions that would enable a practical verification of mediation?s advantages and potentials. It is not easy to predict the pace and intensity of the future work on the enhancement and affirmation of mediation in Serbian society. However, it is evident that the time of mediation is inevitably coming.
Social identity of young women from countryside: The example of the village Dudovica - case study
Authors: Ivanovic Suzana
Published: November 2007

The paper analyses the status, role and identity of young countryside women and their impact on the family and organization of a social life in a village Dudovica. Findings of the survey carried out during 2003 are presented. Understanding the specific social and private life from an angle of young countryside women was the basic aim of this case study. The results are compared with the findings of the survey conducted earlier by Maja Korac. The survey findings show that traditional identity pattern is not predominant, although it still exists together with traditional values and preferences and is in the process of transformation. Young women are not marginalized in their personal and social life, but have public, private and family life, which is partly a result of their higher educational and economic level and certain independence, which was not the case fifteen years ago.
Positive steps turning into a process
Authors: Bozicevic Goran
Published: November 2007

The conclusion of the research conducted in Croatia for QPSW in 2003 is there is no systematic, accountable and structural confrontation with the past in Croatia, but there is growing concern within the civil society about the problems incurred by the lack of such a confrontation. Two different approaches can be discerned: individual work with particular persons or target groups and advocacy that could influence the alteration of the public opinion and decision-making. Both levels are necessary and they should unfold simultaneously. The systematization and regional cooperation of documentation centers, cooperation between victim organizations and peace initiatives, the inclusion of former warriors into peace building processes the cooperation of artists and activists - represent some of the new and promising steps on the civilian scene in Croatia. The constant strengthening of the independent media and the judiciary, coupled with constant efforts on both levels - the personal and the public - raises hopes that the confrontation with the past in Croatia is a process and not a trend.