bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of butter content and baking condition on characteristics of the gluten‐free dough and bread
Authors: Srikanlaya Chonnikarn , Therdthai Nantawan , Ritthiruangdej Pitiporn , Zhou Weibiao
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to investigate effect of butter content (0–30 g/100 g flour) and baking conditions hot air baking (HA), microwave baking (MW) and hot air‐microwave baking (HA‐MW) on quality of the rice flour dough and bread. The increased butter (up to 15 g butter/100 g flour) enhanced elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) of dough and specific volume of bread. Additionally, the increased butter improved crust colour and reduced hardness of the bread. The HA‐MW and MW conditions were useful for the gluten‐free bread by reducing baking time and predicted glycemic index (GI), regardless of butter content. However, enthalpy of retrogradation and crystallinity in the HA‐MW and MW bread stored at 4 °C for 7 days were increased and higher than those of the HA bread, indicating a faster staling. The predicted GI of both MW and HA‐MW bread remained at a medium level during storage.
Optimised condition for preparing sea cucumber ovum hydrolysate–calcium complex and its structural analysis
Authors: Cui Pengbo , Sun Na , Jiang Pengfei , Wang Di , Lin Songyi
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to determine optimum preparation conditions of sea cucumber ovum hydrolysates–calcium (SCOHs–Ca) complexes by Box–Behnken design and further elucidate their microstructure characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The predicted calcium‐chelating capacity under the optimum conditions of the process variables was very close to the experimental value (53.45 ± 0.29 mg g−1) determined in the batch experiment. Results demonstrated that the calcium bind to the SCOHs to form the SCOHs–Ca complexes primarily via interactions with carboxyl oxygen and amino nitrogen atoms. The prepared SCOHs–Ca complexes formed compact nanoparticles and exhibited a fold and porous network structure. These changes could be attributed to the interaction between peptides and calcium ions. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new calcium preparations as well as the high‐value utilisation of sea cucumber by‐products.
Selection of reference genes for quantitative real‐time PCR in postharvest tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) treated by continuous low‐voltage direct current electricity to increase secondary metabolites
Authors: Leelatanawit Rungnapa , Saetung Thunyarat , Phuengwas Sudtida , Karoonuthaisiri Nitsara , Devahastin Sakamon
Published: May 2017

Quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR) is often used for gene expression analysis to reveal molecular mechanism of how stresses can enhance the secondary metabolites production. For RT‐qPCR to be valid, robust reference genes are required. This study validated nine candidate genes as reference genes using BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm methods in RT‐qPCR analysis of postharvest tomatoes subjected to electricity‐induced stress. The most stable genes as indicated by each method were EF‐1α by BestKeeper; CAC by NormFinder; and PP2Acs/TIP41 by geNorm. Due to the inconsistency in the ranking of the candidate genes by the three methods, the pairwise variation from geNorm analysis was used to calculate the minimum numbers of reference genes for an accurate normalisation and revealed that a combination of PP2Acs and TIP41 was an optimum. This reference gene combination was further validated for their stability in RT‐qPCR analysis of four carotenoid‐related genes, and more reliable expression levels were obtained.
Cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis: artefacts associated with laboratory diagnosis and need for renal biopsy
Authors: Radhamma Ajish , Anjelo Jobert , Elias Tony J.
Published: May 2017

Cryoglobulinemia as a cause of renal impairment is uncommon but needs to be considered in viral hepatitis and haematological malignancies. Often detection and estimation of cryoglobulins are confounded by collection and processing errors. This report highlights the need for stringent processing measures if the clinical suspicion is high.
Community football teams for people with intellectual disabilities in secure settings: “They take you off the ward, it was like a nice day, and then you get like medals at the end”
Authors: Hudson Nicholas Andrew , Mrozik Jennifer Hella , White Rose , Northend Kristian , Moore Steve , Lister Katherine , Rayner Kelly
Published: May 2017

Background

People with learning disabilities (LD) are particularly vulnerable to mental health and behavioural difficulties, and it has been shown that regular exercise can improve psychosocial well‐being as well as physical fitness. This research aims to explore the experiences of men with LD detained in secure settings who have engaged in community football training programmes and identify the benefits of such provision.

Method

Interviews were conducted with eight patients in a forensic LD service, discussing their experiences of participating in community football. Template analysis was undertaken on the transcripts.

Results

Two master themes were identified: physical fitness and psychosocial benefits. As the analysis progressed, new emerging themes were identified around role identity and achievement, as well as extending and refining some of the themes from the original template including fun and belonging. Some anticipated themes were removed from the template entirely.

Conclusion

The psychosocial benefits of organised community sports programmes far outweigh the physical health benefits. Careful consideration must be given to where on a treatment and rehabilitation pathway non‐traditional therapeutic interventions such as sports programmes are offered as an adjunct to specific risk reduction interventions for people with LD in secure settings.
Dysregulation of the MEK/ERK/MNK1 signalling cascade by middle T antigen of the trichoydsplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
Authors: Wu J.H. , Narayanan D. , Simonette R.A. , Rady P.L. , Tyring S.K.
Published: May 2017

Background

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a disfiguring folliculocentric cutaneous disease caused by infection with the trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV). The TSPyV genome contains splice variants encoding the middle tumour (mT) antigen, although the potential role for TSPyV mT antigen in disease development remains unknown.

Objective

The current study was designed to investigate the mechanistic properties of TSPyV mT antigen, which may further our understanding of TS pathogenesis and provide insight into potential therapies.

Methods

A lentiviral packaging system was used to create an inducible cell line expressing TSPyV mT antigen. Proteins were extracted, separated by SDS‐PAGE and subjected to Western blot analysis. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments and mutational analyses were also performed to evaluate protein–protein interactions of mT antigen.

Results

We describe a novel mechanism of action for mT antigen that involves hyperactivation of MEK, ERK and MNK1. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of these key signalling molecules depends upon TSPyV mT antigen interaction with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) via intact Zn binding motifs.

Conclusion

Given that PP2A interaction and MEK/ERK/MNK1 phosphorylation are associated with high levels of cell proliferation and inflammation, our findings provide new evidence that TSPyV mT antigen may contribute to the pro‐proliferative conditions that lead to TS development.
Continuous Material Flow Analysis Approach for Bulk Nonmetallic Mineral Building Materials Applied to the German Building Sector
Authors: Schiller Georg , Gruhler Karin , Ortlepp Regine
Published: May 2017

Material flow analysis (MFA) is a helpful tool to understand and develop the circular economy. There exist a number of MFA models to depict inflows and outflows of bulk nonmetallic mineral building materials, which are, in fact, the largest flows in terms of tonnes. However, until now such models have not attempted to directly link inflows and outflows. In order to achieve such closed loops, it is necessary to consider the qualitative aspects of inflows and outflows as well as quantities. The technical possibilities of recycling are, in fact, determined by both the quality and quantity of materials. This requires the integration of knowledge on process engineering, the technology of waste management, and indeed the structure of buildings. The article integrates these aspects within a continuous MFA approach (C‐MFA), which is able to analyze and quantify the entire material cycle of bulk nonmetallic mineral building materials by considering the use of recycled aggregates in concrete building elements. This is achieved by methodological expansions that take into account qualitative aspects with regard to outflows and inflows. The approach is applied to questions of high‐quality recycling within the German building stock. The continuity of construction and demolition waste output and secondary material input is realized by integrating the process steps required to capture high‐quality waste in the course of building demolition, material processing of the material to produce recycled aggregates, and admixing of the aggregates to produce new concrete used in buildings. This can be extended by considering the inflows and outflows of other sectors, for example, the infrastructure sector. The main outcome is an extended C‐MFA approach that enables quantification of sectoral as well as, in principle, intersectoral material loops of bulk nonmetallic mineral building materials while uncovering potentials to save natural resources as well to better exploit anthropogenic resources.
The effect of autologous activated platelet‐rich plasma injection on female pattern hair loss: A randomized placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Tawfik Abeer Attia , Osman Mai Abdel Raouf
Published: May 2017

Background

Hair is an essential part of a woman's appearance and attractiveness. This is reflected in the predominantly psychological morbidity that can be associated with female pattern hair loss. Platelet‐rich plasma(PRP) has been used in numerous fields of medicine. Recently, PRP has received growing attention as a potential therapeutic tool for hair loss.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of autologous platelet‐rich plasma in the treatment of female pattern hair loss.

Materials and methods

Thirty female patients with female pattern hair loss were randomly assigned to receive autologous PRP injection into a selected area, and another area was injected with normal saline as a placebo. Sessions were performed weekly for a maximum total of four sessions. Patients were followed up 6 months after the end of last session. The outcome was assessed both subjectively and objectively.

Results

There was a statistical significant difference between PRP and placebo areas (P<.005) regarding both hair density and hair thickness as measured by a folliscope. The hair pull test became negative in PRP‐injected areas in 25 patients (83%) with average number of three hairs. Global pictures showed a significant improvement in hair volume and quality together with a high overall patient satisfaction in PRP‐injected sites, and these results were maintained during the 6‐month follow‐ up.

Conclusion

Platelet‐rich plasma injections can be regarded as an alternative for the treatment of female pattern hair loss with minimal morbidity and a low cost‐to‐benefit ratio.
The Front Men of Wall Street: The Role of CDO Collateral Managers in the CDO Boom and Bust
Authors: CHERNENKO SERGEY
Published: May 2017

I study the incentives of the collateral managers who selected securities for ABS CDOs—securitizations that figured prominently in the financial crisis. Specialized managers without other businesses that could suffer negative reputational consequences invested in low‐quality securities underwritten by the CDO's arranger. These securities performed significantly worse than observationally similar securities. Managers investing in these securities were rewarded with additional collateral management assignments. Diversified managers who did assemble CDOs suffered negative reputational consequences during the crisis: institutional investors withdrew from their mutual funds. Overall, the results are consistent with a quid pro quo between collateral managers and CDO underwriters.
Consumer Default, Credit Reporting, and Borrowing Constraints
Authors: GARMAISE MARK J. , NATIVIDAD GABRIEL
Published: May 2017

Why do negative credit events lead to long‐term borrowing constraints? Exploiting banking regulations in Peru and utilizing currency movements, we show that consumers who face a credit rating downgrade due to bad luck experience a three‐year reduction in financing. Consumers respond to the shock by paying down their most troubled loans, but nonetheless end up more likely to exit the credit market. For a set of borrowers who experience severe delinquency, we find that the associated credit reporting downgrade itself accounts for 25% to 65% of their observed decline in borrowing at various horizons over the following several years.
Effect of the injectable contraceptive depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate on coagulation parameters in new users
Authors: Melhado‐Kimura Vaneska , Bizzacchi Joyce Maria Annichino , Quaino Susan Kelly Picoli , Montalvao Silmara , Bahamondes Luis , Fernandes Arlete
Published: May 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the injectable depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraceptive on selected blood coagulation parameters in young, healthy new users.

Methods

The prospective study included 39 healthy women aged 20–39 years, with a body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) < 30, who were never users of DMPA, and who opted to use DMPA (21 women) or a copper intrauterine device (IUD; 18 women). The women in the two groups were matched for age (±1 year) and BMI (±1). Blood samples were obtained from all participants at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Activated partial thromboplastin time, D‐dimer, protein C, antithrombin, protein S, and thrombin generation test (lag time, endogenous thrombin potential, time to peak, and velocity index of thrombin generation) were analyzed. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance was used to compare the groups.

Results

There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline with respect to any of the parameters evaluated; however, in the DMPA group, D‐dimer levels were lower and the time to peak thrombin generation was longer than in the IUD group at 12 months of evaluation.

Conclusion

Lower D‐dimer and longer time to peak thrombin generation in new users of DMPA suggest a positive profile against hypercoagulability.
Normal amniotic fluid volume across gestation: Comparison of statistical approaches in 1190 normal amniotic fluid volumes
Authors: Ounpraseuth Songthip T. , Magann Everett F. , Spencer Horace J. , Rabie Nader Z. , Sandlin Adam T.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Ultrasound estimation and evaluation of amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is an important component of pregnancy surveillance and fetal well‐being. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast four statistical methods used to construct gestational age‐specific reference intervals for the assessment of AFV.

Methods

A total of 1095 normal AFV derived from four studies that measured AFV using dye‐dilution or direct measurement at the time of hysterotomy were used to construct reference intervals using polynomial regression, quantile regression, Royston and Wright mean and SD, and Cole's lambda mu sigma (LMS) methods. The 2.5th, 5th, 50th, 95th, and 97.5th centiles were derived for each statistical method.

Results

AFV increased curvilinearly from 15 gestational weeks and onward. Based on the 50th centile, the maximum value occurred at 30 weeks’ gestation for the polynomial regression and mean and SD methods while the maximum was achieved at week 31 for the quantile regression and LMS methods. When data were sparse, the quantile regression method produced dramatically different estimates at the higher centile.

Conclusion

The four statistical methods produced similar results at gestational ages in which AFV was high. The quantile regression approach, however, produces results that are more reflective of the data when the data are sparse. Given the flexibility and robustness of the quantile regression method, we recommend its use in constructing reference intervals when the interest lies in the tails of the reference distribution.
Steatosis caused by experimental periodontitis is reversible after removal of ligature in rats
Authors: dos Santos Carvalho J. , Cardoso Guimarães Vasconcelos A. C. , Herlany Pereira Alves E. , dos Santos Carvalho A. , da Silva F. R. P. , de Carvalho França L. F. , de Pádua Rocha Nóbrega Neto A. , Di Lenardo D. , de Souza L. K. M. , Barbosa A. L. dos R. , Medeiros J.‐V. R. , de Oliveira J. S. , Vasconcelos D. F. P.
Published: May 2017

Background and Objective

Periodontitis may promote harmful systemic effects such as changes in hepatic tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the steatosis and oxidative stress caused by experimental periodontitis are reversible in the liver.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four rats were divided into three groups: control, periodontitis and P20‐20 (20 days with experimental periodontitis and 20 days without experimental periodontitis, to verify the reversibility of hepatic injuries). The following parameters were assessed: gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, myeloperoxidase activity, alveolar bone loss for periodontal tissues; liver weights, histopathological scores for steatosis, inflammation and necrosis in liver; glutathione, malondialdehyde, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in hepatic tissues; and blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, gamma‐glutaryl transferase, total cholesterol and random glucose.

Results

Gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, myeloperoxidase and alveolar bone loss parameters demonstrated the development of periodontitis. There was a significant reduction in the steatosis score of animals from the P20‐20 group when compared with the periodontitis group. P20‐20 group presented significantly higher glutathione (11 times) and lower malondialdehyde (nearly 23%), total cholesterol (both in blood and hepatic tissue) and triglyceride concentrations compared with the periodontitis group. For levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, gamma‐glutaryl transferase and random glucose, a significant difference between the groups was not observed.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the microvesicular steatosis caused by periodontitis in rats is reversible after removal of the ligature, which is associated with the increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the liver.
The risk of early occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C‐infected patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals with and without pegylated interferon: A Belgian experience
Authors: Bielen R. , Moreno C. , Van Vlierberghe H. , Bourgeois S. , Mulkay J.‐P. , Vanwolleghem T. , Verlinden W. , Brixco C. , Decaestecker J. , de Galocsy C. , Janssens F. , Van Overbeke L. , Van Steenkiste C. , D'Heygere F. , Cool M. , Wuyckens K. , Nevens F. , Robaeys G.
Published: May 2017

Recently, concerns were raised of high rates of HCC recurrence in patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) for hepatitis C infection. We investigated the HCC occurrence and recurrence rates within 6 months after treatment with DAA with or without pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) in real life. This is a retrospective, multicenter cohort trial, executed in 15 hospitals distributed across Belgium. Populations were matched based on fibrosis score (Metavir F3‐F4). Patients with a Child‐Pugh score ≥ B were excluded. In total, 567 patients were included, of whom 77 were treated with PEG‐IFN+DAA between 2008 and 2013 and 490 with DAA without PEG‐IFN between 2013 and 2015. Patients treated with PEG‐IFN+DAA (53±9y) were younger than patients treated with DAA without PEG‐IFN (59±12y) (P=.001). 47% of patients treated with PEG‐IFN+DAA were in the F4 stage vs 67% of patients treated with DAA without PEG‐IFN (P=.001). Screening was inadequate in 20% of both patient groups (P=.664). The early occurrence rate of HCC was 1.7% and 1.1% in patients treated with DAA with and without PEG‐IFN, respectively (P=.540). The early recurrence rate was 0% in patients treated with PEG‐IFN+DAA and 15.0% in patients treated with DAA without PEG‐IFN (P=.857). There is no difference in early occurrence of new HCC between patients treated with DAA with and without PEG‐IFN. We did observe a high early recurrence rate of HCC in patients treated with DAA without PEG‐IFN. However, these patients were at baseline more at risk for HCC. Finally, in 20%, screening for HCC was inadequate.
Disposition of levetiracetam in healthy adult horses
Authors: Cesar F. B. , Stewart A. J. , Boothe D. M. , Ravis W. R. , Duran S. H. , Wooldridge A. A.
Published: May 2017

Nine horses received 20 mg/kg of intravenous (LEVIV); 30 mg/kg of intragastric, crushed immediate release (LEVCIR); and 30 mg/kg of intragastric, crushed extended release (LEVCER) levetiracetam, in a three‐way randomized crossover design. Crushed tablets were dissolved in water and administered by nasogastric tube. Serum samples were collected over 48 hr, and levetiracetam concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Mean ± SD peak concentrations for LEVCIR and LEVCER were 50.72 ± 10.60 and 53.58 ± 15.94 μg/ml, respectively. The y‐intercept for IV administration was 64.54 ± 24.99 μg/ml. The terminal half‐life was 6.38 ± 1.97, 7.07 ± 1.93 and 6.22 ± 1.35 hr for LEVCIR, LEVCER, and LEVIV, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady‐state was 630 ± 73.4 ml/kg. Total body clearance after IV administration was 74.40 ± 19.20 ml kg−1 hr−1. Bioavailability was 96 ± 10, and 98 ± 13% for LEVCIR and LEVCER, respectively. A single dose of Levetiracetam (LEV) was well tolerated. Based on this study, a recommended dosing regimen of intravenous or oral LEV of 32 mg/kg every 12 hr is likely to achieve and maintain plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range suggested for humans, with optimal kinetics throughout the dosing interval in healthy adult horses. Repeated dosing and pharmacodynamic studies are warranted.
An upward elevation shift of native and non‐native vascular plants over 40 years on the island of Hawai'i
Authors: Koide Dai , Yoshida Keiichiro , Daehler Curtis C. , Mueller‐Dombois Dieter
Published: May 2017

Questions

Have vascular plants shifted in elevation along a tropical mountain gradient on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i over the past 40 yr? If so, do native and non‐native species differ in their shifts of mean elevation range, upper elevation limit or lower elevation limit?

Location

Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, southeast slope of Mauna Loa, Hawai'i.

Methods

We resurveyed an elevation belt transect of vegetation plots that was first surveyed in the early 1970s. Differences between 1970 and 2010 were calculated for 69 plant species’ mean elevation, upper elevation limit, lower elevation limit and elevation range. Statistical significance of differences was assessed by Monte Carlo permutation tests.

Results

Averaging across all 69 species, a statistically significant upward shift of 65.2 m was detected in mean elevation. Both upper and lower elevation limits shifted significantly upward by 31.6 and 90.5 m, respectively. Elevation range did not change significantly. For the 49 native species, the upper elevation limit did not change, but the lower elevation limit shifted significantly upward by 94.1 m. In contrast, the 20 non‐native species displayed a different pattern of a significant upward shift in both their upper and lower elevation limits, by 126.4 and 81.6 m, respectively. Native species seemed to display a contracting elevation range of 101.2 m, but this was not significant (P = 0.053), while non‐native species maintained a stable elevation range (P = 0.365).

Conclusions

Vascular plants have shifted upward in elevation on the tropical island of Hawai'i, but the shifting trend differs between native and non‐native species. Non‐native species, which were often found at lower elevations, are in an upward niche expansion phase. Native species show trends toward range contraction due to lack of expansion in upper elevation limit, probably due to drought stress correlating with a trade‐wind inversion (TWI) that severely limits rainfall at higher elevations. As more non‐native species reach theTWIelevation, their upward expansion may also become more limited.
Don't Sweat the Details! Enhancing Congressional Committee Expertise Through the Use of Detailees
Authors: Mills Russell W. , Selin Jennifer L.
Published: May 2017

In contrast to the dramatic growth in the size and influence of the executive branch over the past 40 years, congressional committee staffing levels are at an all‐time low. Faced with growing demands to produce legislation and to conduct oversight of executive branch policymaking, Congress can and does supplement its existing staff by borrowing personnel, known as detailees, from federal agencies. Using an original dataset of detailees from 1997 to 2015, we analyze the degree to which congressional committees rely on detailees to increase legislative capacity. We find that committees in the House and Senate use detailees in different ways to further both legislative and oversight initiatives.
The ERN1 transcription factor gene is a target of the CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex and controls rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Cerri Marion R. , Wang Quanhui , Stolz Paul , Folgmann Jessica , Frances Lisa , Katzer Katja , Li Xiaolin , Heckmann Anne B. , Wang Trevor L. , Downie J. Allan , Klingl Andreas , de Carvalho‐Niebel Fernanda , Xie Fang , Parniske Martin
Published: May 2017

Bacterial accommodation inside living plant cells is restricted to the nitrogen‐fixing root nodule symbiosis. In many legumes, bacterial uptake is mediated via tubular structures called infection threads (ITs).

To identify plant genes required for successful symbiotic infection, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenized population of Lotus japonicus for mutants defective in IT formation and cloned the responsible gene, ERN1, encoding an AP2/ERF transcription factor. We performed phenotypic analysis of two independent L. japonicus mutant alleles and investigated the regulation of ERN1 via transactivation and DNA–protein interaction assays.

In ern1 mutant roots, nodule primordia formed, but most remained uninfected and bacterial entry via ITs into the root epidermis was abolished. Infected cortical nodule cells contained bacteroids, but transcellular ITs were rarely observed. A subset exhibited localized cell wall degradation and loss of cell integrity associated with bacteroid spread into neighbouring cells and the apoplast.

Functional promoter studies revealed that CYCLOPS binds in a sequence‐specific manner to a motif within the ERN1 promoter and in combination with CCaMK positively regulates ERN1 transcription. We conclude that the activation of ERN1 by CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex is an important step controlling IT‐mediated bacterial progression into plant cells.
Claudin peptidomimetics modulate tissue barriers for enhanced drug delivery
Authors: Dithmer Sophie , Staat Christian , Müller Carolin , Ku Min‐Chi , Pohlmann Andreas , Niendorf Thoralf , Gehne Nora , Fallier‐Becker Petra , Kittel Ágnes , Walter Fruzsina R. , Veszelka Szilvia , Deli Maria A. , Blasig Rosel , Haseloff Reiner F. , Blasig Ingolf E. , Winkler Lars
Published: May 2017

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) formed by the microvascular endothelium limits cerebral drug delivery. The paraendothelial cleft is sealed by tight junctions (TJs) with a major contribution from claudin‐5, which we selected as a target to modulate BBB permeability. For this purpose, drug‐enhancer peptides were designed based on the first extracellular loop (ECL) of claudin‐5 to allow transient BBB permeabilization. Peptidomimetics (C5C2 and derivatives, nanomolar affinity to claudin‐5) size‐selectively (≤40 kDa) and reversibly (12–48 h) increased the permeability of brain endothelial and claudin‐5–transfected epithelial cell monolayers. Upon peptide uptake, the number of TJ strand particles diminished, claudin‐5 was downregulated and redistributed from cell–cell contacts to the cytosol, and the cell shape was altered. Cellular permeability of doxorubicin (cytostatic drug, 580 Da) was enhanced after peptide administration. Mouse studies (3.5 μmol/kg i.v.) confirmed that, for both C5C2 and a d‐amino acid derivative, brain uptake of Gd–diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid (547 Da) was enhanced within 4 h of treatment. On the basis of our functional data, circular dichroism measurements, molecular modeling, and docking experiments, we suggest an association model between β‐sheets flanked by α‐helices, formed by claudin‐5 ECLs, and the peptides. In conclusion, we identified claudin‐5 peptidomimetics that improve drug delivery through endothelial and epithelial barriers expressing claudin‐5.
Do social meanings matter? How and how much social meanings influence everyday transport practices?
Authors: Fitt Helen
Published: May 2017

We live among a throng of social meanings. In a transport context, cars are described as symbols of status, bicycles as the toys of Middle Aged Men in Lycra, and buses as ‘loser cruisers’. This study asks ‘Do these social meanings matter?’ Do they influence people's transport practices, and if so, how and how much? The participants in this research reported that social meanings had widespread influences, particularly on their transport mode choices, vehicle choices, and travel performances. This research has implications for the ways that social meanings are incorporated into transport policy and future transport research.
Conducting robust ecological analyses with climate data
Authors: Suggitt Andrew J. , Platts Philip J. , Barata Izabela M. , Bennie Jonathan J. , Burgess Malcolm D. , Bystriakova Nadia , Duffield Simon , Ewing Steven R. , Gillingham Phillipa K. , Harper Anna B. , Hartley Andrew J. , Hemming Deborah L. , Maclean Ilya M. D. , Maltby Katherine , Marshall Harry H. , Morecroft Mike D. , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Pearce‐Kelly Paul , Phillimore Albert B. , Price Jeff T. , Pyke Ayesha , Stewart James E. , Warren Rachel , Hill Jane K.
Published: May 2017

Although the number of studies discerning the impact of climate change on ecological systems continues to increase, there has been relatively little sharing of the lessons learnt when accumulating this evidence. At a recent workshop entitled ‘Using climate data in ecological research’ held at the UK Met Office, ecologists and climate scientists came together to discuss the robust analysis of climate data in ecology. The discussions identified three common pitfalls encountered by ecologists: 1) selection of inappropriate spatial resolutions for analysis; 2) improper use of publically available data or code; and 3) insufficient representation of the uncertainties behind the adopted approach. Here, we discuss how these pitfalls can be avoided, before suggesting ways that both ecology and climate science can move forward. Our main recommendation is that ecologists and climate scientists collaborate more closely, on grant proposals and scientific publications, and informally through online media and workshops. More sharing of data and code (e.g. via online repositories), lessons and guidance would help to reconcile differing approaches to the robust handling of data. We call on ecologists to think critically about which aspects of the climate are relevant to their study system, and to acknowledge and actively explore uncertainty in all types of climate data. And we call on climate scientists to make simple estimates of uncertainty available to the wider research community. Through steps such as these, we will improve our ability to robustly attribute observed ecological changes to climate or other factors, while providing the sort of influential, comprehensive analyses that efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change so urgently require.
Climate and sea‐level changes across a shallow marine Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary succession in Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Vellekoop Johan , Holwerda Femke , Prámparo Mercedes B. , Willmott Veronica , Schouten Stefan , Cúneo Nestor R. , Scasso Roberto A. , Brinkhuis Henk
Published: May 2017

Upper Maastrichtian to lower Paleocene, coarse‐grained deposits of the Lefipán Formation in Chubut Province, (Patagonia, Argentina) provide an opportunity to study environmental changes across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary in a shallow marine depositional environment. Marine palynological and organic geochemical analyses were performed on the K–Pg boundary interval of the Lefipán Formation at the San Ramón section. The palynological and organic geochemical records from the San Ramón K–Pg boundary section are characteristic of a highly dynamic, nearshore setting. High abundances of terrestrial palynomorphs, high BIT‐index values and the occasional presence of plant fossils are indicative of a large input of terrestrial organic material. The organic‐walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblage is generally dominated by Senegalinium and other peridinioid dinocyst taxa, indicative of high‐nutrient conditions and decreased salinities, probably associated with a large fluvial input. The reconstructed sea surface temperatures range from 25°C to 27°C, in accordance with the tropical climate inferred by palynological and megafloral studies. As in the Bajada del Jagüel section, ~500 km north‐north‐east of San Ramón, peaks of Senegalinium spp. were recorded below and above the K–Pg boundary, possibly related to enhanced runoff resulting from more humid climatic conditions. The lithological, palynological and organic geochemical records suggest the occurrence of a sea‐level regression across the K–Pg boundary, resulting in a hiatus directly at the boundary in both sections, followed by a transgression in the Danian.
Hemodynamic responses and plasma phenylephrine concentrations associated with intranasal phenylephrine in children
Authors: Christensen Lisa K. , Armstead Valerie E. , Bilyeu David P. , Johnson Kenneth E. , Friesen Robert H.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Intranasal phenylephrine, an alpha‐1 adrenergic agonist, causes vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa and is used to reduce bleeding associated with nasotracheal intubation or endoscopic sinus surgery. The purpose of this study was to describe the hemodynamic effects associated with plasma phenylephrine concentrations following topical intranasal administration of 0.25% and 0.5% phenylephrine in children.

Methods

After Institutional Review Board and parental approval, 77 children between the ages of 2 and 12 years were studied in a prospective, double‐blind manner and randomized into three groups. Group 1 received intranasal saline, while groups 2 and 3 received 0.1 mL/kg of 0.25% or 0.5% phenylephrine, respectively. All received the same anesthetic of halothane, N2O, O2, and vecuronium. After inhalation induction, endtidal halothane and PaCO2 were maintained at 1.5% and 35 mm Hg, respectively. Heart rate and rhythm, systolic, diastolic, and mean, noninvasive arterial blood pressures were recorded and venous blood was obtained for measurement of plasma phenylephrine concentration by high‐performance liquid chromatography at baseline and at 2, 5, 10, and 20 minutes following intranasal spray application of the study drug. Nasotracheal intubation was performed immediately following the 5‐minute measurements, and the presence of bleeding was assessed. Hemodynamic data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures. Bleeding and arrhythmia incidence among groups were analyzed using chi‐squared tests. Phenylephrine levels were correlated with hemodynamic values via regression analysis.

Results

Fifty‐two patients received intranasal phenylephrine. Increases in blood pressure correlated with increasing plasma phenylephrine concentration. Systolic blood pressure increased 8%, and mean blood pressure increased 14%, which were statistically significant but clinically insignificant. Heart rate did not change, and the incidence of arrhythmia was low and similar among groups. Bleeding following nasotracheal intubation was less frequent in Group 3 (11/27 subjects) than in Group 1 (17/25). Peak plasma phenylephrine concentrations were observed by 14±7 minutes following intranasal administration, and were highly variable among individuals (37.8±39.7 and 49.6±93.9 ng/mL [mean±SD] in Groups 2 and 3).

Discussion

Administration of intranasal phenylephrine, 0.25% and 0.50%, results in rapid but highly variable systemic absorption that is associated with mild increases of blood pressure that are clinically insignificant. Bleeding associated with nasotracheal intubation was less following administration of 0.5% intranasal phenylephrine than following intranasal saline.
Preoperative colonization in pediatric cardiac surgery and its impact on postoperative infections
Authors: Silvetti Simona , Ranucci Marco , Isgrò Giuseppe , Villa Valentina , Costa Elena
Published: May 2017

Background

Patients with congenital heart defects are frequently hospitalized before surgery. This exposes them to a high risk for pathogen colonization. There are limited data on colonization prevalence in the pediatric cardiac population, and limited data concerning its potential role in the risk of developing infections after cardiac surgery.

Aim

This study aimed to verify the impact of preoperative colonization on postoperative infections in a population of pediatric cardiac surgery patients coming from Italy and developing countries.

Methods

This was a retrospective study conducted in all the patients aged ≤18 years who underwent pediatric open‐heart surgery in the year 2015. Clinical data were retrieved from the institutional database for cardiac surgery patients. Data on swab cultures were retrieved from the laboratory database. Swab colonization was tested for association with infection and other outcomes.

Results

Among 169 children who performed the screening for pathogen colonization, 50% had at least one positive swab. Italian patients were (P=.001) less likely to be colonized with respect to foreign patients (relative risk 0.17, 95% CI 0.09‐0.35). Postoperative infections in colonized patients occurred at a similar rate as in noncolonized patients (relative risk 1.24, 95% CI 0.64‐2.39; P=.532). Colonized patients had a preoperative stay (P=.021) longer than noncolonized patients (mean difference 2 days, 95% CI 0.3‐3.8 days).

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that the impact of preoperative colonization on outcome and postoperative infections may be negligible; larger series are required to clearly define this issue.
Sudden death in a pediatric heart transplant recipient with peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic myocardial infiltrates
Authors: McEachern William , Godown Justin , Dodd Debra A. , Dipchand Anne I. , Conway Jennifer L. , Wilson Gregory J. , Hoffman Robert D.
Published: May 2017

Eosinophilia has been rarely reported in pediatric heart transplant recipients and has been suggested to play a role in graft rejection. We report a case of a young female patient with peripheral blood eosinophilia who died suddenly 2 years following ABO‐incompatible heart transplantation. She was found at autopsy to have myocardial infiltration of not only T‐lymphocytes and macrophages expected in acute cellular rejection but also of eosinophils, B‐lymphocytes, and plasma cells indicating myocarditis.
A Simple Preparation Method for Phytochromobilin
Authors: Lu Lu , Zhao Bao‐Qing , Miao Dan , Ding Wen‐Long , Zhou Ming , Scheer Hugo , Zhao Kai‐Hong
Published: May 2017

Phytochromobilin (PΦB), the chromophore of plant phytochromes, is difficult to isolate because phytochromes occur at very low concentrations in plants. It is, therefore, frequently replaced in plant phytochrome studies by phycocyanobilin, which is abundant in cyanobacteria. PΦB is also an attractive chromophore for far‐red emitting chromoproteins. In this work, we design and optimize a simple method to efficiently isolate useful quantities of PΦB: The chromophore is generated in Escherichia coli and transiently bound to a tailored chromophore‐binding domain of ApcE2, the apo‐protein of a core‐membrane linker, from which it can subsequently be released. The ease and effectiveness of this method hinges not only on the enhanced biosynthesis of PΦB in the presence of the ApcE2 construct from Synechococcus sp. PCC7335, but also on the noncovalent binding of the pigment to its apo‐protein. The isolated PΦB was successfully incorporated into phytochrome‐related assemblies, and furthermore, the noncovalently bound PΦB could be transferred directly from the ApcE2 construct to the apo‐proteins of phytochromes, cyanobacteriochromes and phycobiliproteins, without loss of relevant biological activity.
Photochemical Properties of the Red‐shifted Channelrhodopsin Chrimson
Authors: Urmann David , Lorenz Charlotte , Linker Stephanie M. , Braun Markus , Wachtveitl Josef , Bamann Christian
Published: May 2017

Color‐tuned variants of channelrhodopsins allow for selective optogenetic manipulation of different host cell populations. Chrimson is the channelrhodopsin with the longest wavelength absorbance maximum. We characterize its photochemical properties at different pH values corresponding to two protonation states of the counterion for the protonated Schiff base. Both states will lead to a functional channel opening, but the route is different as reflected in the photochemical states observed spectroscopically. The light‐induced isomerization kinetics change with the local electrostatic environment, becoming faster with the presence of an anionic counterion. The spectral effect is stronger on the ground‐state energy surface. From the excited state, a bifurcated pathway leads to the electronic ground state resulting in a pronounced excitation wavelength dependence. The subsequent steps in the photocycles at pH 6 and pH 9.5 differ in the accumulation of states with a protonated and deprotonated Schiff base, respectively, that can be correlated with the open channel. Therefore, different protonation states are preserved in the open and the initial states. Chrimson's photocycle at alkaline pH shows features observed in other rhodopsins without an internal proton donor to the Schiff base, but it accumulates an intermediate with an even longer lifetime reflecting slow recovery of the initial state.
A Topical Zinc Ionophore Blocks Tumorigenic Progression in UV‐exposed SKH‐1 High‐risk Mouse Skin
Authors: Justiniano Rebecca , Perer Jessica , Hua Anh , Fazel Mohammad , Krajisnik Andrea , Cabello Christopher M. , Wondrak Georg T.
Published: May 2017

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in the United States representing a considerable public health burden. Pharmacological suppression of skin photocarcinogenesis has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, but more efficacious photochemopreventive agents are needed. Here, we tested feasibility of harnessing pharmacological disruption of intracellular zinc homeostasis for photochemoprevention in vitro and in vivo. Employing the zinc ionophore and FDA‐approved microbicidal agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), used worldwide in over‐the‐counter (OTC) topical consumer products, we first demonstrated feasibility of achieving ZnPT‐based intracellular Zn2+ overload in cultured malignant keratinocytes (HaCaT‐ras II‐4; SCC‐25) employing membrane‐permeable fluorescent probes. Zinc overload was accompanied by induction of intracellular oxidative stress, associated with mitochondrial superoxide release as substantiated by MitoSOX Red™ fluorescence microscopy. ZnPT‐induced cell death observable in malignant keratinocytes was preceded by induction of metal (MT2A), proteotoxic (HSPA6, HSPA1A, DDIT3, HMOX1) and genotoxic stress response (GADD45A, XRCC2) gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Comet analysis revealed introduction of formamidopyrimidine‐DNA glycosylase (Fpg)‐sensitive oxidative DNA lesions. In a photocarcinogenesis model (UV‐exposed SKH‐1 high‐risk mouse skin), topical ZnPT administration post‐UV caused epidermal zinc overload and stress response gene expression with pronounced blockade of tumorigenesis. Taken together, these data suggest feasibility of repurposing a topical OTC drug for zinc‐directed photochemoprevention of solar UV‐induced NMSC.
Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in filarial infections
Authors: Bonne‐Année S. , Nutman T. B.
Published: May 2017

Filarial infections are characteristically chronic and can cause debilitating diseases governed by parasite‐induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Filarial parasites traverse or establish niches in the skin (migrating infective larvae), in nonmucosal tissues (adult parasite niche) and in the blood or skin (circulating microfilariae) where they intersect with the host immune response. While several studies have demonstrated that filarial parasites and their antigens can modulate myeloid cells (monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell subsets), T‐ and B‐lymphocytes and skin resident cell populations, the role of innate lymphoid cells during filarial infections has only recently emerged. Despite the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in murine helminth infections, little is actually known about the role of human ILCs during parasitic infections. The focus of this review will be to highlight the composition of ILCs in the skin, lymphatics and blood; where the host‐parasite interaction is well‐defined and to examine the role of ILCs during filarial infections.
Pollination and breeding system of the enigmatic South African parasitic plant Mystropetalon thomii (Mystropetalaceae): rodents welcome, but not needed
Authors: Hobbhahn N. , Steenhuisen S.‐L. , Olsen T. , Midgley J. J. , Johnson S. D.
Published: May 2017

Unrelated plants adapted to particular pollinator types tend to exhibit convergent evolution in floral traits. However, inferences about likely pollinators from ‘pollination syndromes’ can be problematic due to trait overlap among some syndromes and unusual floral architecture in some lineages. An example is the rare South African parasitic plant Mystropetalon thomii (Mystropetalaceae), which has highly unusual brush‐like inflorescences that exhibit features of both bird and rodent pollination syndromes.

We used camera traps to record flower visitors, quantified floral spectral reflectance and nectar and scent production, experimentally determined self‐compatibility and breeding system, and studied pollen dispersal using fluorescent dyes.

The dark‐red inflorescences are usually monoecious, with female flowers maturing before male flowers, but some inflorescences are purely female (gynoecious). Inflorescences were visited intensively by several rodent species that carried large pollen loads, while visits by birds were extremely rare. Rodents prefer male‐ over female‐phase inflorescences, likely because of the male flowers’ higher nectar and scent production. The floral scent contains several compounds known to attract rodents. Despite the obvious pollen transfer by rodents, we found that flowers on both monoecious and gynoecious inflorescences readily set seed in the absence of rodents and even when all flower visitors are excluded.

Our findings suggest that seed production occurs at least partially through apomixis and that M. thomii is not ecologically dependent on its rodent pollinators. Our study adds another species and family to the growing list of rodent‐pollinated plants, thus contributing to our understanding of the floral traits associated with pollination by non‐flying mammals.