bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Anoxic / Anaerobic / Aerobic Process to Treat Rural Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Chang Sha , Zhu Jing Ping
Published: October 2011

The anoxic, anaerobic and aerobic reactors were used to treat rural domestic wastewater, single-stage reactor inoculated with different sludge was optimized, and the removal efficiencies of CODCr and TP were discussed. The results indicated that the anoxic and anaerobic reactors inoculated with anaerobic sludge could be selected as the effective unit for the anoxic/anaerobic /aerobic process. The removal efficiency of CODCr could reach 95.1%, the effluent CODCr was 25.7mg/L~97.2mg/L, the removal efficiency of TP could reach 97.1%, the effluent TP was 0.24mg/L~0.96mg/L.
BSCCO 2212 Defective Tellurium Ions on Bi-Site
Authors: Sekkina Morsy M.A. , El-Hofy M. , Elsabawy Khaled M. , Bediwy M.
Published: October 2011

BSCCO 2212 superconducting samples, doped Tellurium, with the chemical formula Bi2-xTexSr2CaCu2O8, were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction technique. The prepared samples were studied utilizing XRD, DC-electrical conductivity and SEM. XRD spectra indicated that 2212 with tetragonal structure is the major phase, whereas Bi-2201 and CaTeO4 are minor phases. At higher Te-additions x, traces from some other semi conducting phases were detected. The critical transition temperature Tcoffset was found to decrease non-linearly with x, which attributed to the hole filling caused by the liberated electrons of Te4+ ions. For x–values in the range 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4, the steepness of (ρ vs T) relationship increases abruptly around 150 K; this was attributed to change in the oxygen vacancy feature (phase-like transition). SEM photographs revealed that as Te-content increases the compactness of the surface and the connectivity of the grains decreases, while pores and voids increase as a result of decreasing the amount of Bi and presence of multiple-phases in the sample.
A Review of Wear Mechanisms of Ceramic-Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite: Case Study of Nano Silica Reinforced Iron
Authors: Amir Adibah , Mamat Othman
Published: October 2011

Available information on the composition and methods of production for particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs) for wear resistant applications is reviewed. In general, PRMMCs exhibit better wear resistance compared to its unreinforced counterparts. Nevertheless, under specified conditions, the wear performance of PRMMCs is similar to or lower than its respective alloy. Conflicting results were found among investigators with regards to different tribological parameters used in their investigations. A general framework was developed by identifying three parameters that affect the effectiveness of wear mechanisms model; fabrication method, types and characteristics of reinforcement and wear testing apparatus.
Characterization and Properties of Copper-Silica Sand Nanoparticle Composites
Authors: Ahmad Tahir , Mamat Othman
Published: October 2011

Copper-based microcomposites fabricated by powder metallurgy with subsequent plastic deformation have received increasing attention over recent years. These microcomposites possess good electrical conductivity in combination with high mechanical properties. The present study aims to explore potential technical merits in developing a prealloyed powder metallurgy copper based composites with silica sand nanoparticles reinforcement. Relevant mechanical properties and electrical conductivity improvements are the main targets. A copper based composite with 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% of silica sand nanoparticles were developed through the powder metallurgy process. It was observed that by addition of silica sand nanoparticles with 20% increased the hardness up to 143HV. Optimum electrical conductivity of the composites was achieved in the 15 wt.% silica sand nanoparticles. Advanced particle rearrangement mechanism due to homogeneous and fine distribution of silica sand nanoparticles into pore sites of the composites was also observed. The silica sand nanoparticles composites properties that are much more surface-related seen to be improved convincingly compared with the bulk controlled.
An Investigation on Wear of Shallow Cryogenic Treated Wire in Wedm
Authors: Kapoor Jatinder , Khamba Jaimal Singh , Singh Sehijpal
Published: October 2011

The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is widely used for machining workpieces having complex geometries. A wire electrode of diameter 0.25 mm is moved coaxially between two guides and electrical energy in the form of electrical pulses is applied to remove material from the workpiece. In this study, the effect of key process parameters on wire wear of shallow cryogenic treated brass wire electrode used in WEDM was investigated experimentally. Five process parameters, namely Type of wire, Pulse width, Time between two pulses, Wire tension and Servo reference voltage have been considered. Taguchi experimental design has been applied to investigate the optimal parameters for minimum wire wear ratio (WWR). The experimental results indicate that Type of wire; Pulse width and Time between two pulses have a significant effect on WWR. The analysis of variance of mean and analysis of variance of S/N ratio on data was performed to identify the significant factors in order to establish the relative significance of parameters for WWR. It is found experimentally that shallow cryogenic treatment decreases the WWR. Increasing pulse width increases the WWR, where as increasing Time between two pulses decreases WWR. The results have been validated by three confirmation runs for optimum WWR.
Supersoft X-ray sources
Authors: Odendaal Alida
Published: October 2011

Supersoft X-ray sources constitute a fascinating class of X-ray systems. Some of these sources consist of a compact object accreting material from a binary companion. The analysis of X-ray and optical spectra discloses valuable information on the exact nature and temporal variation of the extremely powerful physical processes involved.
Substituent effects in phosphine ligands
Authors: Renison C. Alicia , Williams D. Bradley G. , Muller Alfred J.
Published: October 2011

The study illustrates the use of the P-atom to evaluate steric and electronic effects in P-containing organic compounds. The work involves the synthesis of substituted triarylphosphines and their corresponding Rh Vaska complexes. High resolution X-ray crystallography, molecular modelling, 31P NMR spectroscopy and IR will be used to quantify substituent effects.
The Characterization of the Repertoire of Wheat Antigens and Peptides Involved in the Humoral Immune Responses in Patients with Gluten Sensitivity and Crohn's Disease
Authors: Vojdani Aristo
Published: October 2011

Intestinal T cells from gluten sensitivity/celiac disease patients respond to a heterogeneous array of peptides. Our study extended this heterogeneity to humoral immune response to various wheat proteins and peptides in patients with gluten sensitivity or Crohn’s disease. IgG and IgA antibodies in sera from those patients and healthy control subjects were measured against an array of wheat antigens and peptides. In gluten-sensitive patients, IgG reacted most against transglutaminase, prodynorphin, wheat extract, and -, -, and -gliadin; IgA reacted most against wheat then transglutaminase, glutenin, and other peptides. In the sera of Crohn’s disease patients, IgG reacted most against wheat and wheat germ agglutinin then transglutaminase, prodynorphin, -, and -gliadin; IgA reacted foremost against prodynorphin then transglutaminase and -gliadin. These results showed a substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of IgG and IgA response against various wheat antigens and peptides. Measurements of IgG and IgA antibodies against such an array of wheat peptides and antigens can enhance the sensitivity and specificity of serological assays for gluten sensitivity and celiac disease and may also detect silent celiac disease or its overlap with inflammatory bowel disease.
Finite element analysis of endodontically treated tooth restored with different posts under thermal and mechanical loading
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Ozkan , YİĞİT ÖZER Senem , BAHŞİ Emrullah , YAVUZ İzzet
Published: October 2011

Aim: This study compared the stress distributions of endodontically treated tooth restored with carbon and titanium post under thermal and mechanical loading conditions.
Methodology: A 3-dimensional finite element model was created to represent in a labiolingual cross-sectional view of an endodontically treated maxillary central incisor tooth with its supporting structures. It was modified according to two post systems with different physical properties consisting titanium, and carbon fiber. Stress distribution and stress values were then calculated by considering the three dimensional von Mises stress criteria.
Results: A 100-N static vertical occlusal load was applied on the node at the center of occlusal surface of the tooth. The von Mises stress values for carbon post model was on the coronal third and the cervical area of the root in the range of 436,16 and 3,59 MPa,  for titanium post model was 590,55 and 3,05 MPa. Thermal stress values for carbon post model showed that maximum stress concentrations were noted on the coronal third and the top of the post area of the root in the range of 509,94 and 6,38 MPa. Titanium post model showed that maximum stress concentrations were noted on the coronal third and top of the post area of the root in the range of 1165,06 and 3,06 MPa.
Conclusion: This study shows that the titanium post yields larger stresses than the carbon post under thermal conditions. 
How to cite this article: Adıgüzel Ö, Yiğit Özer S, Bahşi E, Yavuz İ. Finite element analysis of endodontically treated tooth restored with different posts under thermal and mechanical loading. Int Dent Res 2011;3:75-80.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing Failures: What Have We Learned?: Observations From the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Ducatman Barbara S. , Bentz Joel S. , Fatheree Lisa A. , Souers Rhona , Ostrowski Saula , Moriarty Ann T. , Henry Michael , Laucirica Rodolfo , Booth Christine N. , Wilbur David C. ,   for the Cytopathology Resource Committee, College of American Pathologists
Published: October 2011

Context.—In 2006, the first gynecologic cytology proficiency tests were offered by the College of American Pathologists. Four years of data are now available using field-validated slides, including conventional and liquid-based Papanicolaou tests.

Objective.—To characterize the pattern of error types that resulted in initial proficiency-test failure for cytotechnologists, primary screening pathologists, and secondary pathologists (those whose slides are prescreened by cytotechnologists).

Design.—The results of 37 029 initial College of American Pathologists Papanicolaou proficiency tests were reviewed from 4 slide-set modules: conventional, ThinPrep, SurePath, or a module containing all 3 slide types.

Results.—During this 4-year period, cytotechnologists were least likely to fail the initial test (3.4%; 614 of 18 264), followed by secondary pathologists (ie, those reviewing slides already screened by a cytotechnologist) with a failure rate of 4.2% (728 of 17 346), and primary pathologists (ie, those screening their own slides) having the highest level of failure (13.7%; 194 of 1419). Failure rates have fallen for all 3 groups over time. Pathologists are graded more stringently on proficiency tests, and more primary pathologists would have passed if they had been graded as cytotechnologists. There were no significant differences among performances using different types of slide sets. False-positive errors were common for both primary (63.9%; 124 of 194 errors) and secondary (55.6%; 405 of 728 errors) pathologists, whereas automatic failures were most common for cytotechnologists (75.7%; 465 of 614 errors).

Conclusions.—The failure rate is decreasing for all participants. The failures for primary pathologist screeners are due to false-positive responses. Primary screening cytotechnologists and secondary pathologists have automatic failures more often than do primary screening pathologists.
Voice Recognition Technology Implementation in Surgical Pathology: Advantages and Limitations
Authors: Singh Meenakshi , Pal Timothy R.
Published: October 2011

Context.—Voice recognition technology (VRT) has been in use for medical transcription outside of laboratories for many years, and in recent years it has evolved to a level where it merits consideration by surgical pathologists.

Objective.—To determine the feasibility and impact of making a transition from a transcriptionist-based service to VRT in surgical pathology.

Design.—We have evaluated VRT in a phased manner for sign out of general and subspecialty surgical pathology cases after conducting a pilot study. We evaluated the effect on turnaround time, workflow, staffing, typographical error rates, and the overall ability of VRT to be adapted for use in surgical pathology.

Results.—The stepwise implementation of VRT has resulted in real-time sign out of cases and improvement in average turnaround time from 4 to 3 days. The percentage of cases signed out in 1 day improved from 22% to 37%. Amendment rates for typographical errors have decreased. Use of templates and synoptic reports has been facilitated. The transcription staff has been reassigned to other duties and is successfully assisting in other areas. Resident involvement and exposure to complete case sign out has been achieved resulting in a positive impact on resident education.

Conclusions.—Voice recognition technology allows for a seamless workflow in surgical pathology, with improvements in turnaround time and a positive impact on competency-based resident education. Individual practices may assess the value of VRT and decide to implement it, potentially with gains in many aspects of their practice.
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen as a Potential Novel Vascular Target for Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Wernicke A Gabriella , Edgar Mark A. , Lavi Ehud , Liu He , Salerno Pamela , Bander Neil H. , Gutin Philip H.
Published: October 2011

Context.—Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in endothelium of vessels in malignant solid tumors but not in normal vessels.

Objective.—To examine whether neovasculature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) expresses PSMA.

Design.—After institutional review board approval at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 32 patients who underwent a maximally safe neurologic resection during 2004 to 2005 for GBM (World Health Organization criteria) was obtained. We performed immunohistochemical staining on the vessels of the GBM specimens for PSMA expression in tumor endothelium. The tissue samples were also stained for CD31 to verify that the PSMA was staining tumor vessels. The PSMA percent staining was scored: less than 5%, 6% to 25%, 26% to 50%, 51% to 75%, and 76% to 100%. Staining intensity was ranked as follows: 0 (none), 1+ (faint), 2+ (moderately-intense), and 3+ (maximum-intensity).

Results.—Immunohistochemical staining on the vessels of 32 paraffin-embedded GBM specimens revealed that all 32 (100%) specimens exhibited staining for PSMA to a variable extent. Of these, 22 of 32 specimens (69%) had more than 51% vascular staining for PSMA. The intensity of staining was 2+ to 3+ in most of the specimens (29 of 32; 91%).

Conclusions.—Prostate-specific membrane antigen is expressed in the vasculature of GBM vessels, thus rendering a potential novel therapeutic vascular target. A clinical trial with a cytotoxin-conjugated antibody to PSMA is planned.
Seán MacBride
Authors: Nic Dháibhéid Caoimhe
Published: October 2011

This book critically examines the republican career of one of Irelands more controversial political figures, Seán MacBride (1904-1988), focusing on his subversive activities prior to his reinvention as a constitutional politician. MacBride, a Nobel and Lenin prize-winning humanitarian, was a youthful participant in the Irish Revolution of 1916-1923. He was an active member of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence, and found himself on the losing side of the 1922-23 Civil War. Rising through the ranks of the depleted and demoralised post-revolutionary republican movement, MacBride occupied a leadership position in the Irish Republican Army for fifteen years, bridging the difficult formative years of the Irish Free State to the ascent of de Valera and Fianna Fáil. Leaving behind an active part in the republican movement in 1938, MacBride moved into legal circles, carving out a successful career at the Irish Bar through the years of the Emergency, while maintaining links with both the IRA the German legation in Dublin. As well as providing the first scholarly assessment of MacBrides political career within the Irish republican movement, this book offers wider reflections on the transition from violent republicanism to constitutional politics. The book also analyses internal tensions and strategic shifts within the Irish republican community in the post-revolutionary period, in particular the oscillations between politics and militarism, and considers the political, ideological and moral challenges that the Second World War presented to Irish political culture.
Writing Galicia into the World
Authors: Hooper Kirsty
Published: October 2011

Writing Galicia explores a part of Europes cultural and social landscape that has until now remained largely unmapped: the exciting body of creative work emerging since the 1970s from contact between the small Atlantic country of Galicia, in the far north-west of the Iberian peninsula, and the Anglophone world. Unlike the millions who participated in the mass migrations to Latin America during the 19th century, those who left Galicia for Northern Europe in their hundreds of thousands during the 1960s and 1970s have remained mostly invisible both in Galicia and in their host countries. This study traces the innovative mappings of Galician cultural history found in literary works by and about Galicians in the Anglophone world, paying particular attention to the community of London Galicians and their descendants, in works by artists (Isaac Díaz Pardo), novelists (Carlos Durán, Manuel Rivas, Xesús Fraga, Xelís de Toro, Almudena Solana) and poets (Ramiro Fonte, Xavier Queipo, Erin Moure). The central argument of Writing Galicia is that the imperative to rethink Galician discourse on emigration cannot be separated from the equally urgent project to re-examine the foundations of Galician cultural nationalism, and that both projects are key to Galicias ability to participate effectively in a 21st-century world. Its key theoretical contribution is to model a relational approach to Galician cultural history, which allows us to reframe this small Atlantic culture, so often dismissed as peripheral or minor, as an active participant in a network of relation that connects the local, national and global.
Byron in Geneva
Authors: Ellis David
Published: October 2011

In 1816, following the scandalous collapse of his marriage, Lord Byron left England forever. His first destination was the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva where he stayed together with Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Godwin, Claire Clairmont and John Polidori. Byron in Geneva focuses sharply on the poets life in the summer of that year, a famous time for meteorologists (for whom 1816 is the year without a summer), but also that crucial moment in the development of his writing when, urged on by Shelley, Byron tried to transform himself into a Romantic poet of the Wordsworthian variety. The book gives a vivid impression of what Byron thought and felt in these few months after the breakdown of his marriage, but also explores the different aspects of his nature that emerge in contact with a remarkable cast of supporting characters, which also included Madame de Staël, who presided over a famous salon in Coppet, across the lake from Geneva, and Matthew Lewis, author of the splendidly erotic `Gothic best-seller, The Monk. David Ellis sets out to challenge recent damning studies of Byron and through his meticulous exploration of the private and public life of the poet at this pivotal moment, he reasserts the value of Byrons wit, warm-heartedness, and hatred of cant.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative CH Functionalizations: Trends and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Wendlandt Alison E. , Suess Alison M. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: October 2011

The selective oxidation of CH bonds and the use of O2 as a stoichiometric oxidant represent two prominent challenges in organic chemistry. Copper(II) is a versatile oxidant, capable of promoting a wide range of oxidative coupling reactions initiated by single‐electron transfer (SET) from electron‐rich organic molecules. Many of these reactions can be rendered catalytic in Cu by employing molecular oxygen as a stoichiometric oxidant to regenerate the active copper(II) catalyst. Meanwhile, numerous other recently reported Cu‐catalyzed CH oxidation reactions feature substrates that are electron‐deficient or appear unlikely to undergo single‐electron transfer to copper(II). In some of these cases, evidence has been obtained for the involvement of organocopper(III) intermediates in the reaction mechanism. Organometallic CH oxidation reactions of this type represent important new opportunities for the field of Cu‐catalyzed aerobic oxidations.
RESPONSE REPETITION AS AN ERROR‐CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR ACQUISITION OF MATH FACTS AND MATH COMPUTATION
Authors: Rapp John T. , Marvin Kendra L. , Nystedt Aaron , Swanson Greg J. , Paananen Lisa , Tabatt James
Published: October 2011

We used nonconcurrent and concurrent multiple baseline designs to evaluate the extent to which error correction with response repetition (RR) produced acquisition of math facts and correct math computation for four individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities. The results show that RR increased correct responding on (i) targeted math problems for three of four participants and (ii) math problems presented in alternative formats for two of two participants. The results are consistent with prior studies that used RR to increase correct sight‐word reading for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The findings are discussed in terms of how RR might be implemented in typical classroom settings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and economic chiral‐HPLC method of nebivolol enantiomers resolution in dosage formulation
Authors: Al‐Othman Zeid A. , Ali Imran
Published: October 2011

A fast, economic, reproducible, accurate, effective, rugged and selective chiral‐HPLC method was developed and validated for the enantiomeric resolution of nebivolol enantiomers [(+)‐RRRS and (−)‐SSSR)] in dosage formulation. The method was rapid as chiral separation occurred within only 12 min. The mobile phase used was n‐heptane–ethanol–DEA (85:15:0.1, v/v) at 3.0 mL/min flow‐rate with 225 nm detection. The column used was an amylase‐based 3‐AmyCoat (150 × 46 mm) [tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate)]. The capacity factors of (+)‐RRRS and (−)‐SSSR enantiomers were 7.85 and 10.90 while the separation and resolution factors were 1.39 and 1.83, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation for (+)‐RRRS enantiomer were 4.5 and 10.00 µg/mL, while these values for (−)‐SSSR enantiomer were 4.1 and 8.2 µg/mL, respectively. The linearity was observed in the concentrations range of 0.10–1.0 mg/mL for both enantiomers. The π–π interactions, hydrogen bonds, dipole–dipole interactions and steric effects control the chiral resolution of nebivolol enantiomers on the reported chiral column. The reported method can be used for the quality control of nebivolol in pharmaceutical preparations with good economy. In addition, this method can also be used for the analysis of (+)‐RRRS and (−)‐SSSR) enantiomers in biological and environmental samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid Phase Adsorption of Phenol and Chloroform by Activated Charcoal
Authors: Alwary L. , Gafar M. , Rumie A.
Published: October 2011

The adsorption equilibria of phenol and chloroform from aqueous solutions on four different particle sizes of activated charcoal were examined at different initial concentrations of the adsorbates. The experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Both models fit the adsorption data for phenol. The Freundlich model more accurately fits the adsorption data for chloroform than the Langmuir model. The sorption kinetics for phenol was studied using pseudo‐first‐order and second‐order kinetic models. The adsorption data better fit the second‐order model. The results of the study show that activated charcoal can be used as potential adsorbent for phenol and chloroform in drinking water.
Dimensionless Formulation of Convective Heat Transfer in Fry‐Drying of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Romdhana M. H. , Lecomte D. , Ladevie B.
Published: October 2011

Fry‐drying is an alternative for heat and mass transfer intensification. The process reuses waste oil as a heating medium for drying by contact with the wet sludge. At the end of the process, a stable derived fuel is obtained, a granular solid composed of the dried indigenous sewage solid and the impregnated oil. The fry‐dried sludge is storable and transportable without any pathogen elements. Knowledge about heat and mass transfer rates during the frying process is essential in order to assess the quality of the final product such as calorific value, oil uptake, porosity changes, etc. The heat transfer properties including transfer by free convection between the solid and the frying oil are fundamental for the process design and manufacturing of the fry‐dried product. The convective heat coefficient by temperature measurement and overall energy balance calculation is determined. The heat flux is calculated from the fry‐drying kinetics including moisture loss and oil intake kinetics. Various hydrodynamic regimes for convective heat transfer during the frying process are discussed (non‐boiling, boiling, and low‐boiling regime). A dimensionless formulation for estimating the convective transfer is proposed.
Noncatalytic Biodiesel Fuel Production from Croton megalocarpus Oil
Authors: Kafuku G. , Tan K. T. , Lee K. T. , Mbarawa M.
Published: October 2011

Biodiesel is currently considered as the most promising substitute for diesel fuel because of its similar properties to diesel. This study presents the use of the supercritical methanol method in the production of biodiesel from Croton megalocarpus oil. The reaction parameters such as methanol‐to‐oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were varied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions by design of experiment, specifically, response surface methodology based on three‐variable central composite design with α = 2. It has been shown that it is possible to achieve methyl ester yields as high as 74.91 % with reaction conditions such as 50:1 methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, 330 °C reaction temperature and a reaction period of 20 min. However, Croton‐based biodiesel did not sustain higher temperatures due to decomposition of polyunsaturated methyl linoleate, which is dominant in biodiesel. Lower yields were observed when higher temperatures were used during the optimization process. The supercritical methanol method showed competitive biodiesel yields when compared with catalytic methods.
Elucidation of the Chemical and Morphological Structure of Double‐Network (DN) Hydrogels by High‐Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Shestakova Pavletta , Willem Rudolph , Vassileva Elena
Published: October 2011

1H HRMAS NMR spectroscopy is applied to gain insight into the chemical and morphological structure of double‐network (DN) hydrogels, prepared from poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and poly(acrylamide) (PAAm). The method enables one to obtain detailed information at the molecular level about the formation of covalent bonds between the two polymer networks through non‐reacted double bonds of the cross‐linker N,N′‐methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBAA). Evidence to the existence of strong hydrogen‐bond interactions based on the NH group of the PAMPS as a hydrogen‐bond donor and the CO group of the PAAm as a hydrogen‐bond acceptor is also provided. These findings clarify the origin of the toughening mechanism and the exceptionally strong mechanical properties of DN gels, further supported by microhardness data.
XPS analysis of sorption of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) to mackinawite (FeS)
Authors: Han Dong Suk , Batchelor Bill , Abdel‐Wahab Ahmed
Published: October 2011

The Se 3d XPS spectra showed evidence of reduction of Se(IV) by contact with the mackinawite surface when certain assumptions were made, but there was no clear evidence for reduction of Se(VI). A continuous oxidation of surface Fe(II) was observed for FeS in contact with Se(IV), as indicated by a decrease of intensities of Fe(II)‐S XPS peaks. S 2p spectra showed some evidence of oxidation of surface S(‐II) associated with Se reduction that resulted in formation of polysulfides. However, the apparent change in S 2p spectra could be the result of overlap between S 2p and Se 3p peaks. FeS particles became red and attached to the wall of reaction vessels within 3–4 days after contact with Se(IV), suggesting that a new solid‐phase, possibly Se(0), may have been produced. The low signal‐to‐noise of the S 2p peaks observed after 15 and 30 days contact with Se indicates increased amounts of sulfur in solution. This supports the existence of a reaction of Se with FeS in which discrete precipitates are formed and sulfide is released to solution. These observations support the conclusion that Se(IV) sorbs onto the surface of FeS and oxidizes surface species of iron and sulfur. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 84–93, 2013.
Identification of a novel, recurrent HEY1‐NCOA2 fusion in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma based on a genome‐wide screen of exon‐level expression data
Authors: Wang Lu , Motoi Toru , Khanin Raya , Olshen Adam , Mertens Fredrik , Bridge Julia , Cin Paola Dal , Antonescu Cristina R. , Singer Samuel , Hameed Meera , Bovee Judith V.M.G. , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W. , Socci Nicholas , Ladanyi Marc
Published: October 2011

Cancer gene fusions that encode a chimeric protein are often characterized by an intragenic discontinuity in the RNA\expression levels of the exons that are 5′ or 3′ to the fusion point in one or both of the fusion partners due to differences in the levels of activation of their respective promoters. Based on this, we developed an unbiased, genome‐wide bioinformatic screen for gene fusions using Affymetrix Exon array expression data. Using a training set of 46 samples with different known gene fusions, we developed a data analysis pipeline, the “Fusion Score (FS) model”, to score and rank genes for intragenic changes in expression. In a separate discovery set of 41 tumor samples with possible unknown gene fusions, the FS model generated a list of 552 candidate genes. The transcription factor gene NCOA2 was one of the candidates identified in a mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. A novel HEY1‐NCOA2 fusion was identified by 5′ RACE, representing an in‐frame fusion of HEY1 exon 4 to NCOA2 exon 13. RT‐PCR or FISH evidence of this HEY1‐NCOA2 fusion was present in all additional mesenchymal chondrosarcomas tested with a definitive histologic diagnosis and adequate material for analysis (n = 9) but was absent in 15 samples of other subtypes of chondrosarcomas. We also identified a NUP107‐LGR5 fusion in a dedifferentiated liposarcoma but analysis of 17 additional samples did not confirm it as a recurrent event in this sarcoma type. The novel HEY1‐NCOA2 fusion appears to be the defining and diagnostic gene fusion in mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary management of lymph node metastases from an unknown primary to the neck: I. A review of diagnostic approaches
Authors: Strojan Primož , Ferlito Alfio , Medina Jesus E. , Woolgar Julia A. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Robbins K. Thomas , Fagan Johannes J. , Mendenhall William M. , Paleri Vinidh , Silver Carl E. , Olsen Kerry D. , Corry June , Suárez Carlos , Rodrigo Juan P. , Langendijk Johannes A. , Devaney Kenneth O. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Hartl Dana M. , Haigentz Missak , Werner Jochen A. , Pellitteri Phillip K. , de Bree Remco , Wolf Gregory T. , Takes Robert P. , Genden Eric M. , Hinni Michael L. , Mondin Vanni , Shaha Ashok R. , Barnes Leon
Published: October 2011

In an era of advanced diagnostics, metastasis to cervical lymph nodes from an occult primary tumor is a rare clinical entity and accounts for approximately 3% of head and neck malignancies. Histologically, two thirds of cases are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), with other tissue types less common in the neck. With modern imaging and tissue examinations, a primary tumor initially undetected on physical examination is revealed in >50% of patients and the site of the index primary can be predicted with a high level of probability. In the present review, the range and limitations of diagnostic procedures are summarized and the optimal diagnostic workup is proposed. Initial preferred diagnostic procedures are a fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and imaging. This allows directed surgical biopsy (such as tonsillectomy), based on the preliminary findings, and prevents misinterpretation of postsurgical images. When no primary lesion is suggested after imaging and panendoscopy, and for patients without a history of smoking and alcohol abuse, molecular profiling of an FNAB sample for human papillomavirus (HPV) and/or Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is important. Head Neck, 2013
The coming monetary crisis
Authors: Tackett James A. , Wolf Fran
Published: October 2011

What's ahead for the US economy, and what cash and treasury strategies will best help your business survive and prosper despite hard times? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excess corporate cash: Liquidity, insurance, or value destroyer?
Authors: Le Guyader Louis P.
Published: October 2011

Despite the recession–or perhaps because of it–US companies have excess cash. But does this provide liquidity and insurance, or does it destroy value instead? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investing in Italian photovoltaics
Authors: Lanzavecchia Alberto , Szpitalak Anton
Published: October 2011

The European Union as a whole is on track to exceed its self‐imposed target of deriving at least 20 percent of its energy consumption from renewable sources by the year 2020. Ten EU member states expect to exceed their targets. But Italy is lagging behind.

However, Italy is the only country falling short of its goal that intends to make up the deficit by joint projects with other countries. This makes Italy a good target for foreign firms who want to invest in Italian photovoltaic technology, according to the authors of this article. And they offer a step‐by‐step guide for foreign investors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonographic appearance of intrathoracic kidney in a fetus with left diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Hidaka Nobuhiro , Fujita Yasuyuki , Satoh Yuka , Fukushima Kotaro , Wake Norio
Published: October 2011

Although prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not a rare event, detection of intrathoracic kidney in association is extremely rare. We present the sonographic findings in such a case. The postnatal outcome after successful respiratory management and surgical repair was good. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Preparation and evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective recognition of testosterone—application to molecularly imprinted sorbent assays
Authors: Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Haupt Karsten
Published: October 2011

Biomimetic testosterone receptors were synthesized via molecular imprinting for use as antibody mimics in immunoassays. As evaluated by radioligand binding assays, imprinted polymers prepared in acetonitrile were very specific for testosterone because the nonimprinted control polymers bound virtually no radiolabeled testosterone. The polymers present an appreciable affinity, with association constants of Ka = 3.3 x 107M− 1 (high‐affinity binding sites). The binding characteristics of the polymers were also evaluated in aqueous environment to study their viabilities as alternatives to antibodies in molecularly imprinted sorbent assays. Compared with the testosterone‐specific antibodies present in commercial kits, our molecularly imprinted polymers are somewhat less sensitive but show a high selectivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman classification of glass beads excavated on Mapungubwe hill and K2, two archaeological sites in South Africa
Authors: Tournié Aurélie , Prinsloo Linda C , Colomban Philippe
Published: October 2011

About 200 coloured glass beads (red, yellow, green, blue, white, black, pink, plum) excavated on Mapungubwe hill and at K2, archaeological sites in the Limpopo valley South Africa, were studied with Raman scattering. This is also the most southern site in Africa where evidence for glass reworking has been found. The glass matrix of the beads was classified according to its Raman signature into three main subgroups and corroded glass could also be identified. At least seven different chromophores or pigments (lazurite, lead tin yellow type II, Ca/Pb arsenate, chromate, calcium antimonate, Fe–S ‘amber’ and a spinel) were identified. Many of the pigments were manufactured after the 13th century, confirming the presence of modern beads in the archaeological record. This calls for further research to find a way to reconcile the carbon dating of the hill, which currently gives the last occupation date on the hill as 1290 AD with the physical evidence of the modern beads excavated on the hill. The results are discussed in terms of the glass production origin of the beads (Europe, Mediterranean area, India, China). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A behavioral approach to strategy—what's the alternative?
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A.
Published: October 2011

The strategy field has generally been viewed as somewhat fragmented with the primary ‘fault line’ stemming from the divide between economic and behavioral approaches. It is argued here that this is a false divide as any but the most trivial problems require a behavioral act of representation prior to invoking a deductive, ‘rational’ approach. In this sense, all approaches are behavioral. Once we recognize rationality as a process, then the pragmatic question becomes which among the imperfect mechanisms to guide choice and behavior may be more or less preferred. Such a viewpoint not only serves to help span the chasm of behavioral and economic approaches, but it may also connect the applied normative frameworks and approaches within the field to more theoretically grounded approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities: reflexion and reflection in strategic management
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Healey Mark P.
Published: October 2011

In recent years, there has been a move to identify the behavioral foundations underpinning the evolutionary and economic fitness of the enterprise. Indeed, the dynamic capabilities project now occupies center stage in the field of strategic management. Yet the accounts developed thus far—like much of the field's theory and research more generally—are predicated upon a cold cognition logic that downplays the significance of emotional/affective and nonconscious cognitive processes for strategic adaptation. In this article, we rectify this imbalance by drawing upon contemporary advances in social cognitive neuroscience and neuroeconomics to develop a series of countervailing insights and new prescriptions for the development of dynamic capabilities. Using Teece's (2007) influential framework to organize and illustrate our arguments, we demonstrate how the fundamental capabilities of sensing, seizing, and transforming each require firms to harness the cognitive and emotional capacities of individuals and groups to blend effortful forms of analysis with the skilled utilization of less deliberative, intuitive processes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral strategy
Authors: Powell Thomas C. , Lovallo Dan , Fox Craig R.
Published: October 2011

Behavioral strategy merges cognitive and social psychology with strategic management theory and practice. Despite much progress, the aims and boundaries of behavioral strategy remain unclear. In this paper we define behavioral strategy and identify the main unsolved problems. We propose a unifying conceptual framework for behavioral strategy and conclude by introducing the papers of the Special Issue on the Psychological Foundations of Strategic Management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurostrategy
Authors: Powell Thomas C.
Published: October 2011

Brain research has contributed to economics, marketing, law, and other fields. Does strategic management need neuroscience? This paper examines the potential contributions of brain research to strategic management research and practice. The paper discusses the aims and methods of neuroscience, its strengths and limitations in social and economic research, and its potential contributions to strategy. The paper identifies specific research questions at the intersection of strategy and neuroscience and appraises the prospects for substantive collaborations between neuroscientists and scholars in strategic management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflecting the choice and usage of communication tools in global software development projects with media synchronicity theory
Authors: Niinimäki Tuomas , Piri Arttu , Lassenius Casper , Paasivaara Maria
Published: October 2011

Global software development (GSD) projects use a variety of communication tools, such as teleconferences, email, and instant messaging to overcome the challenges caused by distribution. The use of different tools implies different communication needs and practices within the project. Media synchronicity theory (MST) breaks communication down into two processes — conveyance of information and convergence of understanding — and communication media capabilities into five: immediacy of feedback, parallelism, symbol variety, rehearsability, and reprocessability. According to MST, media capabilities differ in support for conveyance and convergence, and for good performance, there should be match between media capabilities and communication process needed in a given task. In this paper, we present our qualitative study on communication in GSD. We interviewed 79 individuals from 12 GSD projects. We discuss which communication tools were used and how. We analyze the tool use and articulated rationale for choosing the tools for various tasks in distributed software development based on the two communicative processes and five media properties suggested by MST. We found evidence supporting the applicability of MST as an aid in selecting communication tools for GSD projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine suppresses the rewarding and discriminative stimulus effects induced by morphine
Authors: Torigoe Kazuhiro , Mori Tomohisa , Shibasaki Masahiro , Yoshizawa Kazumi , Narita Minoru , Suzuki Tsutomu
Published: October 2011

Atypical antipsychotic medications are effective for treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that blocks dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, histaminergic, and muscarinic receptors. In this study, we used rodents to investigate whether olanzapine could suppress the hyperlocomotion, rewarding effect, and discriminative stimulus effect induced by the prototypic μ‐opioid morphine, which are all considered to reflect the abuse potential or psychoactive effects of μ‐opioids. Olanzapine at doses that failed to induce motor coordination produced a dose‐dependent reduction in hyperlocomotion induced by morphine in mice. Olanzapine at a dose that did not produce motor dysfunction also inhibited the significant place preference induced by morphine in mice. Furthermore, the discriminative stimulus effect induced by morphine in rats was dose‐dependently and significantly attenuated by olanzapine at the dose that did not induce the motor dysfunction. These results suggest that treatment with both μ‐opioids and olanzapine at a dose lower than that at which it induces motor dysfunction could be very useful for preventing the abuse potential and/or psychoactive effects of μ‐opioids. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between domestic violence and postnatal depression among pregnant Chinese women
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zou Shaohong , Cao Yuping , Zhang Yalin
Published: October 2011

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy and postnatal depression, and to explore the relationship between domestic violence and postnatal depression among Chinese women.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional survey, 846 pregnant women were screened with the Abuse Assessment Screen; 215 women completed the postnatal follow‐up. All participants underwent psychosocial assessment, with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale being used for the evaluation of postnatal depression.

Results

The overall prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy was 11.3%, and the most common form of domestic violence was psychologic abuse. The follow‐up interviews showed a higher prevalence of postnatal depression among women who had been abused during pregnancy (25.1%) than among those who had not (6.0%). Psychologic abuse during pregnancy, an unexpected pregnancy, an attitude of acceptance toward violence, and concern over the newborn's health were related with postnatal depression.

Conclusion

Domestic violence during pregnancy and related factors contributed to postnatal depression in a population of Chinese women. The findings emphasize the importance of intervention among vulnerable populations in low‐income countries.