bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Immunogenicity of Antigen-Antibody Precipitates
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs immunized with dinitrophenylated human γG globulin (DNP-HGG) formed precipitating antibody which reacted with the immunizing protein, with DNP coupled to heterologous carriers, and, in many cases, with the carrier (HGG) molecule itself. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were directed almost exclusively against the DNP-HGG complex. When animals were immunized with the same quantities of DNP-HGG bound in antibody excess immune precipitates to either anti-DNP or anti-carrier (anti-Fc) the humoral responses to both the DNP and the carrier determinants were markedly reduced. On the other hand such precipitates were effective in initiating cell-mediated responses; delayed hypersensitivity skin testing revealed that these animals were indistinguishable in this respect from animals sensitized with “free” DNP-HGG.

Animals rendered unresponsive to either the carrier (HGG) or the hapten molecules, by intravenous administration of either HGG or dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin, produced minimal responses to simultaneous administration of DNP-HGG in complete Freund's adjuvant. In these animals both delayed hypersensitivity reactions and circulating antibody formation were markedly reduced.

The results suggest that the “processing” of antigen to initiate cell mediated and humoral responses proceeds, at a very early stage, along different pathways.
Ontogeny of Cell Populations Required for Immunocompetence
Authors: Brody Thomas , Papermaster Ben W.
Published: December 2022

Differentiation from cellular progenitors of two cell populations required for the immune response to sheep erythrocyte antigens was studied. The receptor-bearing population differentiates from bone marrow progenitors much more rapidly than the peripheral thymic population. The differentiation from bone marrow progenitors of the cells with receptors for antigen is completely independent of thymus, while the differentiation of the peripheral thymic population is dependent upon thymus function. Peyer's patches may not be considered solely as primary lymphoid organs. Peyer's patches in adults have all the cell populations required for immunocompetence. In addition, Peyer's patches cannot be considered the initial source in the neonatal period of the cells with receptors for antigen, because these cells are present in the prenatal period in fetal liver.
Genetic Control of the Specificity of Anti-DNP Antibodies
Authors: Paul William E. , Yoshida Takeshi , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: December 2022

Differences in the fine specificity of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies produced by different inbred mouse strains were demonstrated. These differences are expressed in terms of the relative capacity of a given nitrophenyl ligand to inhibit the binding of 3H-DNP-∈-aminocaproic acid (3H-DNP-EACA) by anti-DNP antibodies. The most prominent differences concerned the relative affinity of AKR and of BALB/c anti-DNP antibodies for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitroaniline and the relative affinity of AL/N and C57BL/6 anti-DNP antibodies for picryl-ε-aminocaproic acid. These strain-specific fine specificity patterns could not be explained by systematic differences in average association constant for 3H-DNP-EACA. The specificity patterns of anti-DNP keyhole limpet hemocycanin and anti-DNP bovine γ globulin antibodies produced by a given strain were generally similar. The differences in fine specificity pattern between AKR and BALB/c anti-DNP antibodies were noted in antisera collected at various times in the course of the immune response. Strain-determined variation in the fine specificity of anti-DNP antibodies may present a model system for studying the genetic control of antibody specificity.
Presence of Allotypic Specificities of Three Loci, a, b and f, on Individual Molecules of Rabbit Colostral γA Immunoglobulin
Authors: Lichter Edward A. , Conway Thomas P. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Dray Sheldon
Published: December 2022

Colostral γA isolated from 12 rabbits of different genotypes were analyzed individually by quantitative radioprecipitation for the number of molecules bearing allotypic specificities of the a, b and f loci. In these experiments, the minimum percentage of molecules bearing allotypic specificities of all three loci ranged from 38% to 78% with the median sample at 69% as calculated from the percentage of molecules precipitable by each antiserum.
A Specific Method for Purification of the Second Component of Guinea Pig Complement and a Chemical Evaluation of the One-Hit Theory
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Miller Jimmie A. , Shin Hyun S.
Published: December 2022

The second component of guinea pig complement (C2) may be isolated in good yield and in highly purified form by a specific method involving adsorption on EAC4 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit anti-Forssman and guinea pig C4) at ionic strength 0.0686, pH 8.5 and 25° to 30°C, in the presence of 0.002 M MgCl2, 0.0003 M CaCl2 and 0.1% gelatin, followed by elution at ionic strength 0.147, pH 6.5 and 0°C, in the presence of 0.05% gelatin. The product is stable and does not contain guinea pig serum proteins other than C2, but there is heavy contamination with sheep erythrocyte proteins, mostly hemoglobin, which may be removed by two successive electrophoretic fractionations on polyacrylamide gel. The number of C2 molecules required for lysis of one cell was 1.1.
The Effects of a Blockading Agent on the Primary Immune Response
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Murray Caroline
Published: December 2022

The effects of the blockading agent Thorotrast on the uptake of Escherichia coli O127:B8 by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the mouse and on the immune response to the bacterial antigen were investigated. It was found that Thorotrast given both intraperitoneally and intravenously suppressed the immune response to the bacterial antigen. Reduction in the immune response was not directly related to blockade of the RES. Thorotrast in addition to blocking selectively phagocytic cells of certain organs of RES was found to affect lymphoid cells involved in the process of antibody formation.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Phair John P. , Kantor Fred S.
Published: December 2022

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to hapten-protein antigens are largely conjugate specific. Concurrent elicitation of related or unrelated immediate reactions at challenge sites, however, resulted in hapten-specific 24-hr reactions in passively and actively immunized guinea pigs. Challenge with a 10-fold increase in the concentration of antigen also resulted in hapten-specific 24-hr transfer reactions. Hapten-specific reactions were elicited at sites prepared by injection of normal guinea pig serum. Increased antigen concentration and nonspecific infiltration of mononuclear cells at prepared skin sites are possible mechanisms underlying these hapten-specific delayed reactions.
Changes in IgA and IgG Concentrations in Nasal Secretions Prior to the Appearance of Antibody during Viral Respiratory Infection in Man
Authors: Butler William T. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Rossen Roger D. , Douglas R. Gordon , Couch Robert B.
Published: December 2022

To investigate the mechanisms of appearance of locally synthesized and plasmaderived proteins at the nasal membrane surface during upper respiratory viral infection, nasal secretions and sera from six volunteers experimentally infected with coxsackievirus A type 21 or rhinovirus type 15 were analyzed for their content of viral neutralizing antibodies, immunoglobulin and albumin. Nasal IgA increased significantly 24 hr after viral inoculation and before transudation started. In coxsackievirus infection, nasal secretion IgA concentrations continued to rise for 2 weeks to nearly twice baseline levels, whereas in rhinovirus infection a sustained rise in IgA began only after illness had subsided. Significant amounts of specific antibody did not appear in the nasal secretions during the same period. Marked transudation of albumin and IgG from plasma occurred during respiratory illness. Before illness half of the IgG in nasal secretions was synthesized locally; the remainder came from plasma as indicated by the quantity of isotopically labeled IgG which entered nasal secretions from the circulation. Viral infection inhibited local IgG synthesis; therefore, after illness subsided, nearly all IgG in nasal secretions came from the plasma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that immunoglobulins are delivered to the nasal membrane surfaces by three different mechanisms: release of pre-formed secretory IgA during the incubation period of viral infection, transudation from the plasma before and after illness but particularly during the rhinorrhea phase of illness, and local synthesis of IgA and IgG. After illness subsides, local IgG synthesis is inhibited, but there is a marked stimulation of IgA synthesis, which, after a further period, develops specificity for the infecting virus.
Patterns of Serologic Specificity of Human γG Erythrocyte Autoantibodies
Authors: Leddy John P. , Peterson Phyllis , Yeaw Marilyn A. , Bakemeier Richard F.
Published: December 2022

The serologic specificity of warm-reacting γG autoantibodies eluted from the red blood cells (RBC) of 46 patients with acquired immune hemolytic anemia was systematically studied with a panel of rare human RBC including Rhnull, -D-/-D-, LW-negative, and K°K° cells as well as with several monkey RBC. Based on the patterns obtained, a tentative classification of autoantibody specificities into four major groups is proposed as a framework for further research. Autoantibody populations with anti-LW specificity or with specificity in the Kell blood group system could not be demonstrated in this series. These observations also provided evidence that autoantibody specificity is an important factor governing the presence or absence of complement fixation to RBC in vivo, as determined by direct antiglobulin (Coombs') tests with specific anti-complement (anti-C3) serum. Sixteen of 20 autoantibody eluates derived from patients whose RBC were coated with both γG globulin and complement exhibited strong reactions with Rhnull RBC. Conversely, 12 eluates displaying essentially no reactivity with Rhnull RBC, and strongly suspected to have specificities related to the Rh system, were from patients with only γG globulin detectable on their RBC.
Studies on the Mechanism of Heat Aggregation of Human γG
Authors: Augener Wiprecht , Grey Howard M.
Published: December 2022

The intact proteins and Fab and Fc fragments of normal γG and myeloma proteins of the four γG subclasses were studied for their susceptibility to heat aggregation. It was found that in the case of normal γG and myeloma proteins of the two major subclasses, γG1 and γG2, aggregation of the intact protein correlated with aggregation of the Fab fragment, whereas the Fc fragments of these proteins did not aggregate appreciably. In the case of the two minor subclasses, γG3 and γG4, the Fc fragment was also a contributing factor in the formation of heat aggregates. Aggregation could be partially reversed (54% to 73%) by treatment with 8 M urea, indicating that both disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions were responsible for the formation of the aggregates. It was also found that heat aggregation of γG1 protein leads to a conformational change in the Fab which renders it extremely susceptible to proteolysis. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism by which aggregation results in the enhanced biologic activity of the Fc fragment is discussed.
Natural and Antibody-Induced Adherence of Guinea Pig Phagocytic Cells to Autologous and Heterologous Thymocytes
Authors: Siegel Israel
Published: December 2022

Adherence of macrophages and thymocytes occurs in cell mixtures containing untreated guinea pig macrophages and autologous or homologous thymocytes. Morphologically the reaction resembles the adherence of guinea pig macrophages to heterologous lymphocytes which has been induced by moderate concentrations of antilymphocyte serum. There is relatively little natural adherence of guinea pig macrophages to rat, mouse, and rabbit thymocytes or to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes. Adherence of autologous or homologous guinea pig macrophages and thymocytes occurs in the absence of serum but is augmented when guinea pig serum or gelatin is present. At high serum concentrations the adherence is often followed by phagocytosis of autologous thymocytes by the macrophages. When serum is incubated at 57°C for 30 min its ability to induce phagocytosis is abolished but its ability to enhance adherence is not. Dialysis of serum against salt solution does not affect its ability to enhance adherence or phagocytosis. Treatment of macrophages with trypsin completely abolishes the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes. The degree of adherence of guinea pig neutrophils and eosinophils to autologous and homologous thymocytes exceeds their adherence to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes or heterologous thymocytes but is less than the adherence of guinea pig macrophages. Comparative studies have indicated that the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes does not occur through any of the known opsonic actions of circulating antibodies. It is postulated that adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes may participate in mechanisms which limit the number and circulation of thymocytes.
Immunologic Responses of Pacific Hagfish
Authors: Linthicum D. Scott , Hildemann W. H.
Published: December 2022

Hagfish serum contains naturally-occurring agglutinins which react to different degrees with heterogenetic, but non-Forssman antigens on the erythrocytes of various vertebrates. These antibodies of generally low activity were found to reside in the macroglobulin (IgM) fraction, but became undetectable after heating serum at 56°C for 30 min. Specific production of antibodies against sheep erythrocytes was regularly inducible, given suitable tactics of immunization. Hagfish which received weight-adjusted dosages every 14 days over a 70-day period at 18° showed 23- to 25-fold rises in specific hemagglutination titers. Induced antibodies were heat stable and displayed a high degree of specificity for sheep cell antigens. Chromatographic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses showed the naturally-occurring and induced antibody activity to be limited to a major macroglobulin fraction similar to but distinguishable from the IgM of higher vertebrates. Hagfish, despite their ‘most primitive vertebrate” status, are capable of vigorous production of antibodies to at least certain cellular and soluble antigens. The extent of their immunogenetic library and immunologic memory invites further investigation.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Canine Macroglobulin
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: December 2022

A monoclonal γM immunoglobulin was isolated from the serum of a dog with a disease that resembled Waldenström's macroglobulinemia clinically and pathologically. The protein was characterized by physical, chemical and immunologic analysis. The molecular weight was 880,000, thewas 17.6, and it contained 6.80% carbohydrate. The amino acid content was similar to that of rabbit γM and quite different from human γM, but the amino acid content of the canine light chains was very similar to the composition of human λ chains. Antisera prepared against human λM proteins reacted in gel diffusion studies with the canine immunoglobulin and some antisera prepared against the canine λM reacted with certain human λM preparations.
Cellular Recognition by Mouse Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Adler W. H. , Takiguchi T. , Marsh B. , Smith R. T.
Published: December 2022

The in vitro stimulation of mouse spleen cells by foreign histocompatibility antigens is described. Spleen cells from mice less than 3 weeks of age could not be stimulated in mixed lymphocyte cultures. They were also deficient in their ability to stimulate adult allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The ability of the cells to be stimulated by histocompatibility antigens was correlated in time with their ability to stimulate allogeneic cells. Stimulation of mouse spleen cells was accomplished by allogeneic spleen cells with differences at the H-2 locus or at the H-3, H-13 loci, and with soluble H-2 antigen. F1 hybrid spleen cells were stimulated by parental strain spleen cells or by parental strain red blood cell stroma. Immunization with allogeneic spleen cells was found to transiently affect the degree of stimulation obtained in mixed lymphocyte cultures of spleen cells from the immunized mice mixed with mitomycin-treated cells of the strain used for immunization. The cells from immunized animals also showed an increased degree of stimulation when reacted in MLC with allogeneic cells sharing some of the H-2 antigens of the strain used for the immunization. Immunization did not affect the degree of stimulation obtained in MLC of cells from strains with weak histocompatibility differences. The possible explanations of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by histocompatibility antigens of allogeneic or semi-allogeneic cells are discussed.
Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rat IgE
Authors: Koopman William J. , Orange Robert P. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

The antigen-induced release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) in rats prepared with IgE antibody is markedly influenced by agents which act to increase or decrease the levels of cellular cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic-AMP). Three lines of evidence indicate that the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-AMP suppresses SRS-A release: β-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol or epinephrine is inhibitory; methylxanthine derivatives inhibit in a dose-response fashion; and synergism is observed when isoproterenol and aminophylline are used together. Conversely, depletion of cellular cyclic-AMP through direct α-adrenergic stimulation with norepinephrine enhances IgE-mediated SRS-A release. Agents known to be specific α- or β-adrenergic antagonists were employed to establish the specificity of the effects observed with the catecholamines. The β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prevents the inhibition observed with isoproterenol but has no effect on that observed with aminophylline. The α-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine prevents the enhancement of SRS-A release achieved with norepinephrine and enhances the inhibition produced with epinephrine. The implication that the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-AMP inhibits the IgE-mediated release of SRS-A is further supported by the observation that exogenous administration of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP inhibits SRS-A release in a dose-response fashion.
Apparent False-Positive Reactions in a Serologic Test for Syphilis and Presence of Antinuclear Factor in Hybrids of NZB and A/J Mice
Authors: Norins Leslie C. , Logan Leslie C. , Lantz Marjorie A.
Published: December 2022

NZB mice and their hybrids develop many features resembling human autoimmune disease. Apparent false-positive reactions in a routine cardiolipin-antigen serologic test for syphilis (rapid plasma reagin (18-mm circle) card test) were found in 32.3% of male and 2.0% of female (A/J × NZB)F1 mice, and also in a small percentage of NZB mice and F2 hybrids. Antinuclear factor was also found in the serum of a significant percentage of the animals. The (A/J × NZB)F1 hybrids may be useful as models for the study of the false-positive serologic tests for syphilis which occur in autoimmune disease.
Protein a Reactivity with Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Grey Howard M. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: December 2022

Reactivity with staphyloccal protein A in normal mouse serum was localized to the electrophoretic γ region. After absorption of normal mouse serum with a protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus strain, Cowan I, the γ globulin line could not be detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Similar absorption of a mixture of Fab and Fc fragments from mouse γG localized the activity in the Fc piece. To define this protein A reactivity further, M-components isolated from various mouse plasma cell tumor lines were studied. All six γ2a, γ2b and γ3 mouse myeloma globulins tested reacted with protein A, whereas four M-components of the γ1, γA and γM mouse immunoglobulin classes did not react. One human IgD and one IgE myeloma globulin were also tested. Neither reacted with protein A. Protein A reactivity thus seems to be a characteristic of mouse γ2a, γ2b, γ3 globulins as well as human IgG-1, -2 and -4 globulins.
Antigenic Properties of Chemically Modified Collagen
Authors: Timpl R. , Wolff I. , Meigel W. , Pontz B. , Steffen C. , Kühn K.
Published: December 2022

Acid-soluble calf collagen was modified by succinylation, methylation or deamination. These modified collagens showed no loss of serologic activity when investigated with antibodies detecting three distinct groups of antigenic determinants on unmodified collagen. A single antiserum exhibiting a very rare specificity did not, however, react with methylated collagen. Treatment of collagen with strong alkali which results in a complete deamidation and probably also in a removal of terminal peptide sequences caused the destruction of the protease-labile antigenic determinants but had no effect on the other. In rabbit antisera to methylated or succinylated collagen mainly antibodies specific for the modified collagen were detectable. These antibodies are adapted to haptenic structures since they could be effectively inhibited by γ-methyl glutamic acid and succinylated ε-amino caproic acid, respectively. In antisera to deamidated collagen, antibodies of this kind could not be demonstrated.
Hydrocortisone Resistance of Graft vs Host Activity in Mouse Thymus, Spleen and Bone Marrow
Authors: Cohen J. John , Fischbach Michael , Claman Henry N.
Published: December 2022

The effects of corticosteroids on the graft vs host activity of thymus, spleen and bone marrow were studied. Adult BALB/c mice were given 2.5 mg of hydrocortisone intraperitoneally 2 days before killing. The number of nucleated cells in their spleens was 21% of control values; in bone marrow, 79%; and in thymus, only 6%. When equal numbers of thymus cells from hydrocortisone-treated and control animals were administered to neonatal CAF1 recipients, the hydrocortisone-thymus was by far the more active at initiating the graft vs host (GvH) reaction, as measured by splenomegaly. Similarly, when equal numbers of spleen or bone marrow cells from hydrocortisone-treated or normal mice were transferred to normal adult CAF1 recipients, the hydrocortisone-spleen and hydrocortisone-bone marrow were significantly more active at initiating GvH. It is suggested that a population of cells which is not involved in GvH is preferentially destroyed by hydrocortisone in each of these organs. The corticosteroid-resistant thymus cells, which have previously been shown to exist in the medulla, thus have characteristics of peripheral lymphoid cells.
Characterization of Surface Antigen on Cells Infected by Fibroma Virus
Authors: Tompkins Wayne A. F. , Crouch Norman A. , Tevethia S. S. , Rawls William E.
Published: December 2022

Cells infected with fibroma virus developed a surface antigen which could be detected by immunofluorescence. Sera from rabbits with regressed fibroma-induced tumors reacted with the surface of viable fibroma-infected cells, but not with cells infected with vaccinia virus or herpesvirus. Serum prepared against vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, SV40 virus and rabbit papilloma virus failed to react with fibroma-infected cells. The surface antigen appeared to be a late antigen and was dependent upon viral DNA synthesis. The antibody reaction was not to intact virions attached to the cell surface. The antigen persisted in association with the cell membrane long after infectious virus had decreased to low levels. A temporal relationship existed between the surface antigen measured by the fluorescent antibody technique and the antigen measured by the macrophage migration-inhibition test. Antibody reactive against the surface antigen developed in rabbits with growing fibromas and the antibody titer increased as the tumors regressed. The possible role of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against this membrane-associated antigen in tumor regression is discussed.
Antibody Responses to Two Synthetic Polypeptides: The Role of the Thymic Epithelial Reticulum
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , McDevitt Hugh O.
Published: December 2022

Thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice that normally respond well to the synthetic polypeptide (T, G)-A—L but poorly to (H,G)-A—L were protected with liver cells and a thymus graft from fetal mice of a strain that responds to these antigens in the opposite manner. All chimeras failed to respond to (T,G)-A—L, but 24 of 27 responded well to (H,G)-A—L. Moreover, when thymectomized mice that respond well to (H,G)-A—L but poorly to (T,G)-A—L were lethally irradiated, protected with syngeneic fetal liver cells, and grafted with thymus from newborn mice of a strain that normally responds well to both antigens, the resultant chimeras responded to (H,G)-A—L only. These data indicate that the control of the antibody response to these two antigens is expressed through a cell type(s) present in the liver during embryonic life. while it is apparent that the presence of the thymus was essential for a detectable response to these synthetic polypeptides, the phenotypic expression of the response was independent of the genotype of the thymic epithelial reticulum.
A Type-Specific Immunodiffusion Technique for the California Encephalitis Virus Group
Authors: Wellings F. M. , Sather G. E. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: December 2022

The development and evaluation of a California encephalitis virus (CEV) typespecific immunodiffusion (ID) technique is described. Agreement between this typing method and the more conventional complement-fixation test ranged from 96.2% to 100%. To date, type-specific rabbit antisera used in the system have been prepared against Keystone, trivittatus, BFS 283, snowshoe hare, LaCrosse and Jamestown Canyon antigens. A type-specific reaction was obtained with rabbit anti-San Angelo serum following absorption with BFS 283 antigens. However similar absorption of rabbit anti-Tahyna, anti-Lumbo and anti-Jerry Slough sera failed to produce a type-specific response. By screening isolates initially in the ID test using a CEV grouping serum, reacting isolates can quickly be identified by the typespecific antisera in the ID test. The technique is relatively inexpensive and can be performed readily by a technically competent technician in a modicum of time.
Studies on Equine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Helms Charles M. , Allen Peter Z.
Published: December 2022

A comparative antigenic analysis of horse IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component was carried out by immunodiffusion. In addition to sharing antigenic determinants in common with the L chain and Fab fragment of IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component each share a similar set of antigenic determinants in common with the Fc fragment of horse IgG. γ1-Component can be further shown, however, to share an additional set of antigenic determinants in common with the Fc fragment of IgG-globulin which is absent from IgG(T). Based on the immunologic data, schematic models for the antigenic structures of horse IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component are proposed.
Biological and Chemical Properties of Natural Antibodies in the Nurse Shark
Authors: Rudikoff Stuart , Voss Edward W. , Sigel M. Michael
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulin was purified from serum of the nurse shark by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified immunoglobulin was used in a mixed agglutination assay by sensitizing chicken or pigeon erythrocytes and reacting the sensitized cells with unsensitized erythrocytes from other species. Strong positive reactions were obtained with erythrocytes from several species.

Further studies revealed the presence of a natural antibody to DNP. The antibody activity was associated primarily with 19S immunoglobulin and was characterized by low affinity. Although it did not bind to a DNP immunoadsorbent, it could be adsorbed following precipitation with DNP-BSA (bovine serum albumin). Enzymatic digestion yielded 5S subunits which showed the same DNP-binding activity as the intact molecule. Antibody purified by precipitation with DNP-BSA was found to agglutinate red blood cells and bind guanosine monophosphate.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Colten Harvey R.
Published: December 2022

Evidence is presented that EAC4 (one of the intermediate products of immune hemolysis: E, sheep erythrocytes; A, hemolytic antibody; C4, the fourth component of complement) carry at least five types of SAC4 (S, a single site of initiation of C fixation) on their surface. Four of these SAC4 can be distinguished from one another by their activity with C1 (the activated first component of complement), C2 (the second component of complement) and the late acting components. The four types are: SAC4 hemolytically competent with guinea pig and with rat C-EDTA serum diluted with Na-ethylenediaminetetraacetate); SAC4 competent with rat C-EDTA only; SAC4 capable of utilizing C2 but not leading to a lytic site; and SAC4 capable of leading to lysis only in the presence of IgM hemolysin. The fifth type of site can be detected by the uptake of radiolabeled C4 and is probably not hemolytically active.
Production of Interferon in Primary Chick Embryonic Cells Infected with Rickettsia Mooseri
Authors: Kohno Seiya , Kohase Masayoshi , Sakata Hiroko , Shimizu Yukiko , Hikita Michiko , Shishido Akira
Published: December 2022

Rickettsia mooseri was found to stimulate the production of a viral inhibitory factor in primary chick embryonic cells. This factor possesses the major properties of interferon. Avian leukosis-free chick cells and chick cells carrying RAV-1 are equally potent producers of rickettsial interferon, suggesting that the interferon production is not mediated by viral factors persisting in the cells. The molecular weight of rickettsial and viral interferon was approximately 35,000.
Evidence for the Existence of Two Functionally Distinct Types of Cells Which Regulate the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Prescott Benjamin , Barth Rolf F.
Published: December 2022

The administration of various types of syngeneic lymphoid cells to mice immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and treated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) revealed that at least two functionally distinct types of presumably thymic-derived cells (a suppressor cell and an amplifier cell) act in an opposing manner to regulate the antibody response to SSS-III. The ability of ALS to increase the magnitude of the antibody response to SSS-III is apparently the result of the inactivation of a cell type that normally suppresses the antibody response produced following immunization with SSS-III.
Immunochemistry of Capsular Glucans Isolated from Streptococcus Bovis
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa W. W.
Published: December 2022

Dextran-like capsular materials were isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptococcus bovis strains C3, C36, C48, C106, and S19 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.

Quantitative precipitin analysis revealed a marked immunologic relationship among the capsular glucans of S. bovis. Inhibition studies, employing diglucose inhibitors, indicated that isomaltose was the most effective inhibitor of the reaction between the glucans and antiserum. Isomaltose, for example, inhibited 90% of the reaction between C36 glucan and its homologous antiserum. On the other hand, maltose at a concentration of 8 µmol/mg was almost as effective as isomaltose in inhibiting the reaction between C106 glucan and its homologous antiserum. These results indicate that isomaltose is a common feature of the capsular glucans isolated from a few selected strains of S. bovis. Further, the immunologic relationship which exists among the various glucans is, in part, dependent upon the proportion of the α 1–6 linkages as well as α 1–4 linkages in the carbohydrate chains. Evidence has been presented which indicates a chemical analogy between S. bovis glucans and clinical dextran.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Rickettsioses
Authors: Donald Coonrod J. , Shepard Charles C.
Published: December 2022

Lymphocyte transformation was studied with leukocytes from persons who had received rickettsial vaccines or had been infected with rickettsiae. The antigens were prepared from normal yolk sacs or yolk sacs infected with Rickettsia prowazeki (ET), Rickettsia mooseri (MT), Rickettsia akari (RP), or Rickettsia rickettsii (SF). When the antigens were diluted 1:100 and the cultures incubated 5 days, the reactions to normal yolk sac were minimal and the reactions to rickettsial antigens were satisfactory. With persons infected with MT and with those vaccinated with ET vaccine, the reactions to ET and MT antigens were about the same. With persons infected with SF or vaccinated with SF vaccine, the reactions to RP and SF were also about the same. There was some cross-reaction between antigens of the typhus and spotted fever group. Five normal persons were followed during primary immunization with ET vaccine; two gained responsiveness to ET and MT antigens. Incubation in immune serum did not cause normal cells to gain responsiveness. For all donors, there was a rough correlation between complement-fixing antibody titer and lymphocyte transformation. Several persons with antibody titers less than 1:8 had elevated lymphocyte transformation.
Role of the Basophilic Leukocyte in Allograft Rejection
Authors: Dvorak Harold F.
Published: December 2022

The histopathology of skin allograft rejection has been studied at both the light and electron microscopic levels in several species including man (1–4). Most authors are agreed that rejection of “first set” grafts is characterized by perivascular accumulations of mononuclear cells which subsequently extend throughout the substance of the graft. The mechanism of graft destruction by these infiltrating cells is uncertain and may involve vessel damage with consequent stasis of blood flow and ischemia (2–4) or direct cytotoxic action on graft parenchymal cells (2, 5). Because of the characteristic histology, and for other reasons, graft rejection has been considered an example of delayed hypersensitivity (5), although it is recognized that circulating antibody may destroy grafts in certain instances (3).

We have recently investigated several lesions which have been generally regarded as delayed hypersensitivity, using refined light and electron microscopic methods (6–8).
γA Half Molecules: Defective Heavy Chain Mutants in Mouse Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Frederic Mushinski J.
Published: December 2022

There is a molecular weight difference of about 8000 between the heavy chains of two γA myeloma proteins, 6A and 6C, which are produced by two mouse plasma cell tumor lines, Adj.PC 6A and Adj.PC 6C, derived from the same primary plasmacytoma. The heavy chain isolated from the 6A protein (a polymeric γA molecule) has a molecular weight of about 54,000, while the molecular weight of the heavy chain from the 6C protein (a two-chain γA molecule) is about 46,000. Radioactive labeling studies show that the plasma cells in Adj.PC 6C do not form immunoglobulin molecules larger than this two-chain size, and therefore these are not breakdown products of larger molecular forms. The heavy chain of 6A and the heavy chains from other polymeric γA molecules have five tryptic peptides not seen in peptide maps of the heavy chains from any of the two-chain proteins. These peptides are associated with the Fc fragment of the 6A heavy chain. The probable location of the molecular weight defect in the 6C protein and the relation of this defect to heavy chain disease in man is discussed.
Synthesis of the Second Component of Guinea Pig Complement In Vitro
Authors: Rubin Daniel J. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Colten Harvey R.
Published: December 2022

Synthesis of hemolytically active C2 was detected in short-term tissue cultures of guinea pig spleen and to a lesser extent in cultures of lung, lymph nodes and cells obtained from bone marrow and peritoneal exudates. The in vitro production of C2 by these tissues was highly temperature-dependent and was reversibly inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. Fragments of spleen incorporated 14C-amino acids into a molecule that was immunochemically and functionally identical with C2. In vitro production of C2 was not detected in short-term cultures of kidney, skin, muscle, intestinal tract and liver.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Opferkuch W. , Rapp H. J. , Colten H. R. , Borsos T.
Published: December 2022

On the cell intermediate EAC142, made with limited C1, excess C4 and excess C2, more than one (up to six) hemolytically effective complexes may be present at a single SAC1, i.e., complexes cluster at a singl hemolytice site. These cells lyse more rapidly, utilize C-EDTA more efficiently and have more C3 convertase activity per hemolytic site than EAC142 made with excess C1 and C4 and limited C2, although both cell types lyse to the same extent with excess C-EDTA. Multiple complexes per hemolytic site were generated with guinea pig and with human C1, C4 and C2.
The Fifth Component of the Guinea Pig Complement System
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Pickering Richard J. , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: December 2022

Formation of from and C5 involves physical uptake of the C5 molecule or, more likely, the C5b fragment by non-covalent forces. The fixed C5b tends to dissociate at high ionic strength or elevated temperature by one, or both, of two mechanisms. The first of these involves dissociation of C5b as a consequence of decay-release of cell-bound C2 at elevated temperature. The second mechanism entails release of C5b independently of the decay-release of C2. for a very brief period of time following release, the C5b fragment retains its hemolytic activity in the sense that it can reassociate with the complex and function in the subsequent steps of the reaction sequence leading to hemolysis. However, if it does not have the opportunity to reassociate with , the C5b fragment quickly loses hemolytic activity. The fleeting existence of hemolytically active C5b in the fluid phase can be demonstrated by transfer experiments in which donor cells, , are placed in close proximity to recipient cells, , so that the recombination can take place before reactivity is lost.
Agglutinating Activities of Pepsin Fragments and Subunits of IgM Antibodies
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Onoue Kaoru
Published: December 2022

The agglutinating activities of the peptic dimer fragment and reduced and alkylated subunits of rabbit IgM antibodies were demonstrated. By digestion with pepsin of purified rabbit IgM antibody, two kinds of fragments analogous to F(ab′)2(IgM) and Fab pep(IgM) of human IgM were obtained. The dimeric fragment, F(ab′)2(IgM), of the purified anti-azonaphthalenesulfonate (anti-azo-NS) IgM antibody agglutinated azo-NS-conjugated red cells. The agglutinating efficiency of F(ab′)2(IgM) was much lower than that of native IgM antibody, but it was of the same order as that of IgG antibody or its peptic dimer fragment, F(ab′)2. It was carefully excluded that the activity was due to the presence of a small amount of native IgM or aggregated fragments. The reduced and alkylated subunit of rabbit anti-Salmonella IgM antibody also had agglutinating activity and its agglutinating efficiency was of the same order as that of IgG antibody. These results suggested that the dimer fragment or subunits of IgM antibody could combine with two red cells simultaneously.
Studies of Opsonic Activity in Univalent 6.5S Rabbit Antibacterial Antibody
Authors: Kazmierowski John A. , Nisonoff Alfred , Quie Paul G. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: December 2022

Further definition of the structural γG requirements for effective opsonic function was sought using rabbit univalent antibacterial hybrid γG antibody to several strains of Escherichia coli. Hybrids of immune and normal γG made at ratios of 1:4 and 1:10 showed complete loss of opsonic function while retaining their capacity to combine with bacteria as shown by Coombs'-type facilitation of bacterial agglutination reactions. Self-recombinants of immune γG retained some degree of opsonic activity. When hyperimmune rabbit antibody was reduced and alkylated alone with 0.02 M concentrations of mercaptoethanol, there was considerable loss of opsonic activity. These experiments further emphasize the structural integrity necessary in the Fc portion of γG for complete expression of opsonic function.
Serologic Surveillance for Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus Antibody in Military Recruits
Authors: Rosenbaum M. J. , Edwards E. A. , Pierce W. E. , Peckinpaugh R. O. , Parks W. P. , Melnick J. L.
Published: December 2022

A retrospective serologic survey for antibodies to adeno-associated satellite viruses was conducted on serum specimens collected from military recruits over a 7-year period. The results showed that 14% to 23% of the subjects possessed antibody titers of 16 or greater to any of the four satellite serotypes. Monotypic and heterotypic type 4 antibody seroconversions, which have been seldom seen in human but often in simian sera, occurred more frequently in men who received respiratory virus vaccines prepared in monkey kidney tissue cultures. It is speculated that such responses may have occurred from infections due to activation of latent defective viruses in these preparations or to antigenic components in the vaccines themselves. No definite relationship between these satellite viruses and disease was observed although there was a suggestion of an association between seroconversion to type 1 satellite virus in patients with the diagnosis of pneumonia. Sera from rubella patients showed significantly higher preexisting antibody titer to satellite virus types 1, 2 and 3 than did those of subjects with other illnesses. Only a few of the rubella cases showed seroconversion to the type 1 satellite virus.
Failure of Immunocytoadherence to Demonstrate Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Roberts C. Ian , Brandriss Michael W. , Vaughan John H.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs were immunized with dinitrophenylated keyhold limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The immunized animals developed delayed skin reactivity to DNP-KLH and to the KLH carrier itself but not to dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA). They produced antibody reacting with both the homologous DNP-KLH conjugate and a heterologous DNP-HSA conjugate, but no antibody to KLH was detected. Accompanying this, rosette-forming cells (RFC) for erythrocytes coated with either DNP-conjugate appeared. RFC for erythrocytes coated with KLH were not detected despite the presence of marked delayed type skin reactivity to KLH. Thus, with this antigen system the immunocytoadherence technique fails to demonstrate the cells involved in mediating the delayed hypersensitivity response, although it does demonstrate cells containing humoral antibody specificities on their surfaces.
Immune Response to Hemocyanin in Normal, Thymusdeprived and Reconstituted Mice
Authors: Krüger Jürgen , Gershon Richard K.
Published: December 2022

The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied. The changes of lymph node weight, lymph node histology, antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity produced by antigenic stimulation were studied in normal and thymus-deprived mice. Some of the deprived mice were reconstituted with thymocytes. The ability of KLH to stimulate mitosis of thymus-derived lymphocytes was also studied by use of the T6 chromosome marker. KLH was shown to be a potent stimulator of thymus-derived lymphocytes and to be dependent on the action of these cells for the elicitation of normal immune responses. The possibility that some part of the antibody response could occur in the absence of thymus-derived cells was evaluated and no firm conclusion was reached.
Influenza Virus Encephalitis in Squirrel Monkeys Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Miyoshi Koho , Gamboa Eugenia T. , Harter Donald H. , Wolf Abner , Hsu Konrad C.
Published: December 2022

Influenza virus has been implicated as the cause of acute human encephalitis (1), and may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of certain chronic neurologic disorders (2). However, experiments concerning the effects of the virus on the nervous system have been limited largely to rodents, and influenza virus encephalitis in primates has not yet been described. We now report the production of encephalitis following intracerebral challenge of immunosuppressed monkeys with influenza virus.

Materials and Methods. Young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) weighing approximately 500 g were inoculated with neurotropic strains (NWS and WSN) of influenza A virus. The NWS strain was kindly supplied by Dr. E. Kilbourne and was passaged once in mouse brain. The WSN strain, which previously had been passaged five times in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells (3), was the gift of Dr. P. Choppin. Stock NWS and WSN strains contained 5.0 × 105 and 1.9 × 108.0 PFU (plaque-forming units)/ml, respectively.
Protective Function of C6 in Rabbits Treated with Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Johnson Kent J. , Ward Peter A.
Published: December 2022

The injection of bacterial endotoxin into rabbits genetically deficient in the sixth component of complement (C6) resulted in a high death rate, whereas rabbits with a partial (heterozygous) deficiency of C6, as well as rabbits with normal levels of C6, survived. These observations correlate with the finding that C6 is required for the detoxification of endotoxin by serum.
Peyer's Patches: Lack of Specific Antibody-Containing Cells after Oral and Parenteral Immunization
Authors: Bienenstock John , Dolezel Josef
Published: December 2022

Hamster Peyer's patches did not possess antibody-containing cells to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at any time from 1 to 35 days following immunization with oral or parenteral BSA. Antibody-containing cells were found in large numbers in the intestinal lamina propria. Antigen was not found in Peyer's patches despite its presence in macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria after both oral and parenteral immunization. Injection of antigen directly into the patches stimulated local germinal center formation.
Immunologic Studies of Human Group I Pepsinogens
Authors: Samloff I. Michael
Published: December 2022

The antigenic relationships of the human group I pepsinogens (Pg 1 through Pg 5) to each other, to the group II pepsinogens (Pg 6 and Pg 7) and to the slow moving protease (SMP) were examined. Rabbit antiserum to a preparation containing Pg 2, Pg 3 and Pg 4 formed precipitin arcs of identity against Pg 1 through Pg 5, but did not react against Pg 6, Pg 7 or SMP. The specificity of the antibodies for the group I pepsinogens was confirmed by immunoabsorption. The results indicate that the group I pepsinogens, although electrophoretically heterogeneous, are antigenically similar, and that the group I pepsinogens are immunologically unrelated to the group II pepsinogens and to the SMP.