bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology Weekly Chest Cases Website
Authors: Jeong Yeon Joo , Kim Tae Sung , Seo Joon Beom , Kim Yun-Hyeon , Lee Hyun Ju , Jung Jung Im , Lee Chang Hyun , Yong Hwan Seok , Kim Young Jin , Chae Eun Jin , Song Jae-Woo
Published: May 2017

Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology (KSTR) launched a web-based learning program called the “KSTR Weekly Chest Cases” in November 1997 (http://kstr.radiology.or.kr/weekly/). This program aimed to provide easily accessible, high-quality thoracic radiology education through a case-based approach to a worldwide audience. The website contains over 1000 cases with high-quality images, including cases from KSTR imaging conferences. Currently, the “KSTR Weekly Chest Cases” website has over 2700 members from 90 countries. KSTR members and website editors continue to facilitate communication and provide educationally relevant thoracic imaging worldwide through the “KSTR Weekly Chest Cases,” now also available as an app.
Emergency Nurse Practitioner Core Educational Content
Authors: Wilbeck Jennifer , Roberts Eric , Rudy Susanna
Published: May 2017

Increasing numbers of patients are presenting to national emergency departments (EDs). This is occurring simultaneously with reductions in providers along with ED closures, creating a significant gap in emergency care. According to the advanced practice registered nurse consensus model, specialty-specific knowledge and practice build upon generalist nurse practitioner (NP) population foci. Although the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties provides guidelines for educational programs at the NP population level, determination of core specialty knowledge lies with specialty organizations. Emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs) require additional specialty-specific education to manage patients spanning age and acuity continuums. Although certification mechanisms are now in place to recognize NP specialty knowledge, a nationally standardized curriculum remains to be proposed. This article proposes core educational content for ENP specialty education; the utility of this content may serve as the foundation for the development of standardized ENP academic and postgraduate fellowship programs.
‘Not to escape the world but to join it’: responding to climate change with imagination not fantasy
Authors: Davison Andrew
Published: May 2017

The work of climate scientists, demonstrating human-driven climate change, has not provoked the widespread and far-reaching changes to human behaviour necessary to avert potentially catastrophic environmental trajectories. This work has not yet sufficiently been able to engage the individual and collective imagination. Drawing on Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) and Iris Murdoch (1919–1999), we can distinguish two modes under which the human imagination can operate: in Murdoch's terms, these are ‘imagination’ and ‘fantasy’. To relate imaginatively is to be willing to allow one's internal image of the world to be changed by what one encounters, while an outlook characterized by fantasy relates to the world as one would wish it were, rather than how it actually is. Fantasy, therefore, operates not only among those who deny climate change, but also among those who entertain the promise of a technological solution too optimistically. An imaginative outlook, by contrast, evaluates actions and patterns of behaviour in terms of their relation to a wider whole. This is necessary for providing the degree of agency required to step out of a cycle of ever accelerating production, which is explored in terms of an analogy to a discussion of revenge and forgiveness from Hannah Arendt (1906–1975). Ultimately, the need to engage the imagination is an opportunity as well as a challenge. To live imaginatively is fulfilling, and that is precisely what the challenges of climate change require.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
Towards environmentally sustainable human behaviour: targeting non-conscious and conscious processes for effective and acceptable policies
Authors: Marteau Theresa M.
Published: May 2017

Meeting climate change targets to limit global warming to 2°C requires rapid and large reductions in demand for products that most contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These include production of bulk materials (e.g. steel and cement), energy supply (e.g. fossil fuels) and animal source foods (particularly ruminants and their products). Effective strategies to meet these targets require transformative changes in supply as well as demand, involving changes in economic, political and legal systems at local, national and international levels, building on evidence from many disciplines. This paper outlines contributions from behavioural science in reducing demand. Grounded in dual-process models of human behaviour (involving non-conscious and conscious processes) this paper considers first why interventions aimed at changing population values towards the environment are usually insufficient or unnecessary for reducing demand although they may be important in increasing public acceptability of policies that could reduce demand. It then outlines two sets of evidence from behavioural science towards effective systems-based strategies, to identify interventions likely to be effective at: (i) reducing demand for products that contribute most to GHG emissions, mainly targeting non-conscious processes and (ii) increasing public acceptability for policy changes to enable these interventions, targeting conscious processes.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
Demanding stories: television coverage of sustainability, climate change and material demand
Authors: Smith Joe
Published: May 2017

This paper explores the past, present and future role of broadcasting, above all via the medium of television, in shaping how societies talk, think about and act on climate change and sustainability issues. The paper explores these broad themes via a focus on the important but relatively neglected issue of material demand and opportunities for its reduction. It takes the outputs and decision-making of one of the world's most influential broadcasters, the BBC, as its primary focus. The paper considers these themes in terms of stories, touching on some of the broader societal frames of understanding into which they can be grouped. Media decision-makers and producers from a range of genres frequently return to the centrality of ‘story’ in the development, commissioning and production of an idea. With reference to specific examples of programming, and drawing on interviews with media practitioners, the paper considers the challenges of generating broadcast stories that can inspire engagement in issues around climate change, and specifically material demand. The concluding section proposes actions and approaches that might help to establish material demand reduction as a prominent way of thinking about climate change and environmental issues more widely.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
A conserved hexanucleotide motif is important in UV-inducible promoters in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Authors: Le Thuong Ngoc , Wagner Alexander , Albers Sonja-Verena
Published: May 2017

Upon DNA damage, Sulfolobales exhibit a global gene regulatory response resulting in the expression of DNA transfer and repair proteins and the repression of the cell division machinery. Because the archaeal DNA damage response is still poorly understood, we investigated the promoters of the highly induced ups operon. Ups pili are involved in cellular aggregation and DNA exchange between cells. With LacS reporter gene assays we identified a conserved, non-palindromic hexanucleotide motif upstream of the ups core promoter elements to be essential for promoter activity. Substitution of this cis regulatory motif in the ups promoters resulted in abolishment of cellular aggregation and reduced DNA transfer. By screening the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius genome we identified a total of 214 genes harbouring the hexanucleotide motif in their respective promoter regions. Many of these genes were previously found to be regulated upon UV light treatment. Given the fact that the identified motif is conserved among S. acidocaldarius and Sulfolobus tokodaii promoters, we speculate that a common regulatory mechanism is present in these two species in response to DNA-damaging conditions.
Widespread Inter-Chromosomal Epistasis Regulates Glucose Homeostasis and Gene Expression
Authors: Chen Anlu , Liu Yang , Williams Scott M. , Morris Nathan , Buchner David A.
Published: May 2017

The relative contributions of additive versus non-additive interactions in the regulation of complex traits remains controversial. This may be in part because large-scale epistasis has traditionally been difficult to detect in complex, multi-cellular organisms. We hypothesized that it would be easier to detect interactions using mouse chromosome substitution strains that simultaneously incorporate allelic variation in many genes on a controlled genetic background. Analyzing metabolic traits and gene expression levels in the offspring of a series of crosses between mouse chromosome substitution strains demonstrated that inter-chromosomal epistasis was a dominant feature of these complex traits. Epistasis typically accounted for a larger proportion of the heritable effects than those due solely to additive effects. These epistatic interactions typically resulted in trait values returning to the levels of the parental CSS host strain. Due to the large epistatic effects, analyses that did not account for interactions consistently underestimated the true effect sizes due to allelic variation or failed to detect the loci controlling trait variation. These studies demonstrate that epistatic interactions are a common feature of complex traits and thus identifying these interactions is key to understanding their genetic regulation.
High-density super-resolution microscopy with an incoherent light source and a conventional epifluorescence microscope setup
Authors: Prakash Kirti
Published: May 2017

We report that single-molecule superresolution microscopy can be achieved with a conventional epifluorescence microscope setup and a Mercury arc lamp. The configuration termed as Omnipresent Localisation Microscope (OLM), is an extension of Single Molecule Localisation Microscopy (SMLM) techniques and allows single molecules to be switched on and off (’blinking’), detected and localised. The use of a short burst of deep blue excitation can be further used to reactivate the blinking, once the blinking process has slowed or stopped. A resolution of 90 nm is achieved on test specimens (mouse and amphibian meiotic chromosomes). Finally, for the first time, we demonstrate that STED and OLM can be performed on the same biological sample using a simple imaging buffer. It is hoped that such a correlative imaging will provide a basis for a further enhanced resolution.

Scope of the findings

Despite ten years of development, superresolution microscopy is still limited to relatively few microscopy and optics groups. This is mainly due to the significant cost of the superresolution microscopes which require high-quality lasers, high NA objective lens, a very sensitive camera, a highly precise microscope stage, and a complex post-acquisition data reconstruction and analysis. We present results that demonstrate the possibility to obtain nanoscale resolution images using a conventional microscope and an incoherent light source. We show an easyto-follow protocol that every biologist can implement in the laboratory. We hope that this finding will help any scientist to generate high-density super-resolution images even with limited budget. Lastly, the new photophysical observations reported here will pave the way for more in-depth investigations on excitation, photobleaching and photoactivation of a fluorophore.
Distance is not everything in imaging genomics of functional networks: reply to a commentary onCorrelated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks
Authors: Richiardi Jonas , Altmann Andre , Greicius Michael
Published: May 2017

Our 2015 paper (Richiardi et al., 2015), showed that transcriptional similarity of gene expression level is higher than expected by chance within functional brain networks (defined by functional magnetic resonance imaging), a relationship that is driven by around 140 genes. These results were replicated in vivo in adolescents, where we showed that SNPs of these genes where associated above chance with in-vivo fMRI connectivity, and in the mouse, where mouse orthologs of our genes showed above-chance association with meso-scale axonal connectivity. This paper has received a commentary on biorXiv (Pantazatos and Li, 2016), making several claims about our results and methods, mainly pointing out that Euclidean distance explains our results (“…high within-network SF is entirely attributable to proximity and is unrelated to functional brain networks…”). Here we address these claims and their weaknesses, and show that our original results stand, contrary to the claims made in the commentary.
Disparity, Diversity, and Duplications in the Caryophyllales
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Brown Joseph W. , Yang Ya , Bruenn Riva , Drummond Chloe P. , Brockington Samuel F. , Walker Joseph F. , Last Noah , Douglas Norman A. , Moore Michael J.
Published: May 2017

The role whole genome duplication (WGD) plays in the history of lineages is actively debated. WGDs have been associated with advantages including superior colonization, various adaptations, and increased effective population size. However, the lack of a comprehensive mapping of WGDs within a major plant clade has led to uncertainty regarding the potential association of WGDs and higher diversification rates.

Using seven chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal genes, we constructed a phylogeny of 5,036 species of Caryophyllales, representing nearly half of the extant species. We phylogenetically mapped putative WGDs as identified from analyses on transcriptomic and genomic data and analyzed these in conjunction with shifts in climatic niche and lineage diversification rate.

Thirteen putative WGDs and twenty-seven diversification shifts could be mapped onto the phylogeny. Of these, four WGDs were concurrent with diversification shifts, with other diversification shifts occurring at more recent nodes than WGDs. Five WGDs were associated with shifts to colder climatic niches.

While we find that many diversification shifts occur after WGDs it is difficult to consider diversification and duplication to be tightly correlated. Our findings suggest that duplications may often occur along with shifts in either diversification rate, climatic niche, or rate of evolution.
A Migratory Divide in the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris)
Authors: Battey C.J. , Linck Ethan B. , Epperly Kevin L. , French Cooper , Slager David L. , Sykes Paul W. , Klicka John
Published: May 2017

Divergence in migratory behavior is a potential mechanism of lineage divergence in sympatric populations and a key life history trait used in the identification of demographically independent units for conservation purposes. In the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), a North American songbird, populations on the Atlantic coast and interior southern United States are known to be allopatric during the breeding season, but efforts to map connectivity with wintering ranges in Mexico, Florida, and the Caribbean have been largely inconclusive. Using genomic and morphological data from natural history specimens and banded birds, we found evidence of three genetically differentiated populations with distinct wintering ranges and molt-migration phenologies. In addition to confirming that the Atlantic coast population remains allopatric throughout the annual cycle, we identified an unexpected migratory divide within the interior breeding range. Populations breeding in the Lower Mississippi River Valley winter on the Yucatán Peninsula, and are parapatric with other interior populations that winter in mainland Mexico and Central America. Across the interior breeding range, genetic ancestry is also associated with variation in wing length; suggesting that selective pressures may be promoting morphological divergence in populations with different migration strategies.
Long-lasting contribution of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, but not dorsal lateral striatum, to sign-tracking
Authors: Fraser Kurt M. , Janak Patricia H.
Published: May 2017

The attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues is dependent on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core. These dopamine signals conform to traditional reward-prediction error signals and have been shown to diminish with time. Here we examined if the diminishing dopamine signal in the nucleus accumbens core has functional implications for the expression of sign-tracking, a Pavlovian conditioned response indicative of the attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues. Food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a Pavlovian paradigm in which an insertable lever predicted delivery of food reward in a nearby food cup. After 7 or 14 training sessions, rats received infusions of saline, the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol (100 mM), or the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol (0.5 mM baclofen/0.05 mM muscimol) into the nucleus accumbens core or the dorsal lateral striatum. Dopamine antagonism within the nucleus accumbens core attenuated sign-tracking, whereas reversible inactivation did not affect sign-tracking but increased non-specific food cup checking behaviors. Neither drug in the dorsal lateral striatum affected sign-tracking behavior. Critically, extended training did not alter these effects. Though extended experience with an incentive stimulus may reduce cue-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, this does not alter the function of dopamine in this region to promote Pavlovian cue approach nor result in the recruitment of dorsal lateral striatal systems for this behavior. These data support the notion that dopamine within the mesoaccumbal system, but not the nigrostriatal system, contributes critically to incentive motivational processes independent of the length of training.

Abbreviations

DLS

dorsal lateral striatum

GT

goal-tracker

IN

intermediate responder

NAcC

nucleus accumbens core

ST

sign-tracker
Contribution of genetic variation and developmental stage to methylome dynamics in myeloid differentiation
Authors: Chen Xiang , Fan Yiping , Cheng Jinjun , Xu Beisi , Wang Yong-Dong , Yergeau Donald , Easton John , Downing James R. , Zhang Jinghui
Published: May 2017

DNA methylation is important to establish a cell’s developmental identity. It also modulates cellular responses to endogenous developmental stimuli or environmental changes. We designed anin vitromyeloid differentiation model to analyze the genetic and developmental contribution to methylome dynamics using whole-genome bisulfide sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Using a recursive partitioning approach, we identified 34,502 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with genetic background and/or developmental stimuli. Specifically, 23,792 DMRs (69%) were significantly associated with inter-individual variations, of which 82% were associated with genetic polymorphisms incis. Notably, inter-individual variations further modified 57 of 212 (26%) developmental DMRs with transcriptomic responses. Our study presents a novel analytical approach to determine the bona fide genetic contribution embedded in outlier patterns of CpG-SNPs in individual methylomes. This approach can be used to study genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying differential responses to developmental stimuli, environmental changes, and inter-individual differences in drug responses.
Teens as impulsive buyers: what is the role of price?
Authors: Muratore Isabelle
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Considering that retailers view impulse buying as an important component of their business (around 75 per cent of the purchases are unplanned) and considering also that teens often do some shopping in autonomy and represent an important financial power, the purpose of this paper is to fill the lack of studies concerning adolescent consumers impulse shopping behaviours. This paper investigates the relationships between the positive (prestige sensitivity, price quality schema) and the negative (price consciousness, value consciousness, price mavenism, sales proneness) role of price in teens’ impulse buyings.

Design/methodology/approach

The test of the hypotheses has been achieved on a sample of 325 French teens (age between 14 and 18) using MANOVA. Previously, respondents were split in two groups which are impulsive buyers and non-impulsive buyers.

Findings

Findings show clearly differences between teens’ impulsive buyings and teens’ non-impulsive buyings. Teens’ as impulsive buyers possess more prestige sensitivity, price-quality schema, price mavenism, sale proneness and less price consciousness and value consciousness than non-impulsive buyers. Moreover, females adolescents are more inclined to be impulsive buyers than males adolescents.

Originality/value

Not only it is one of the rare studies that investigates on teens’ impulsive buying but above all, it is the only study that takes into consideration the role of price perception, while a price has to be paid in order to buy.
A resource dependency framework for innovation and internationalization of family businesses
Authors: Singh Ramanjeet , Kota Hima Bindu
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To compete and to survive in this era of globalization, organizations, including family businesses, need to have competitive advantage, and innovation and internationalization are some of the ways to achieve this. This paper aims to analyze whether family businesses innovate and internationalize more than non-family businesses and further analyses the type of family businesses “age-wise” and “size-wise” that innovate and internationalize more.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is empirical in nature. The period of study is 11 years, from 2005 to 2015 (both years inclusive). The sample is chosen from Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 500 index, a broad-based index in India, covering about 20 industries of the economy. The present study uses multiple regression models to find the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. The dependent variables are R&D (proxy for innovativeness) and FXINC (proxy for internationalization). The independent variables are FB (variable that defines whether a business is family business or non-family business); FBAGE (variable that defines the age of the family business); and FBSIZE (variable that defines the size of the family business). The other control variables used in in the study are TA (total assets), REV (revenue), CR (current ratio), QR (quick ratio), DER (debt-equity ratio) and RONW (return on net worth). Fixed effects model was used to understand the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. Both industry and year fixed effects were used. SPSS 20.0 version is used for the analysis. All results are heteroscedastic consistent using Breusch–Pagan test.

Findings

It is found that family businesses are more innovative and internationalized when compared to non-family businesses. The results are consistent with the resource-based theory where it is found that family businesses are entrepreneurial in nature (Salvato, 2004; Zahraet al., 2004; Kellermanns and Eddleston, 2006) which makes them more innovative. It was also found that within the family businesses, younger firms were more innovative and internationalized than older firms. This can be explained by the theory of “learning advantages of newness”, according to which younger firms are more flexible, eager to learn, have less internal resistance and are able to adapt to the changing environment much faster.

Originality/value

During the studies, the authors have found that there is no conclusive evidence on the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. Further, there are apparently negligible studies that analyze what type of family businesses, age wise (younger or older firms) and size wise (smaller or larger firms) use the strategy of innovation and internationalization to grow. The present study analyses the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses when compared to non-family businesses and also studies the type of family businesses (age wise and size wise) that are more innovative and internationalized.
Differences between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector in terms of growth
Authors: Abdallah Gorah Kassim
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Small businesses growth has become an important area of study in the field of entrepreneurship. This paper aims to extend the inquiry by investigating whether there is a significant difference in growth between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector in the least developing countries (LDCs), particularly Tanzania.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey strategy as well as non-probability sampling are used. The sampling included 50 formal and 61 informal small businesses from the furniture industry. Data collected were evaluated using chi square and compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) techniques.

Findings

The results indicate that firms from the formal sector do not grow faster than firms from the informal sector. on the contrary, our tests reveal that firms from the informal sector predominantly grow faster than firms from the formal sector.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in Tanzania which is just one of the 48 LDCs in the world. Second, the literature that is used predominantly applies to developed countries. Third, the field work dependent on the respondent’s perception. Finally, change of measurement scale from five to three is ought to have contributed to mixed findings.

Practical implications

The overall implications are that external factors like inadequate regulatory tax systems may affect growth of formal small businesses and thus influence market opportunities for informal small businesses. Further, internal factors like inefficiencies of workers from formal enterprises may affect growth and therefore create more opportunities for informal enterprises.

Originality/value

Exploring differences between firms from the formal sector and the informal sector, and the way five scales were aggregated into three scales in the methodology.
Strategic interventions to improve women entrepreneurship in GCC countries
Authors: Faisal Mohd. Nishat , Jabeen Fauzia , I. Katsioloudes Marios
Published: May 2017

Purpose

In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, entrepreneurship is not a very popular option among women. The low rate of entrepreneurship as a career choice among females is attributed to factors that are specific to females in GCC region. The purpose of this paper is to understand these variables and their interrelationships that lead to low rate of adoption of entrepreneurship as a career choice among females in GCC region.

Design/methodology/approach

The research followed a two-stage process; first, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify barriers to female entrepreneurship in GCC region. In the second stage, the identified barriers were modeled using fuzzy interpretive structural modeling technique to construct a hierarchical structure and the impact matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification approach to analyze the control power and dependence among these barriers.

Findings

The research shows that there exists a group of barriers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance, while another group consists of those variables that have high dependence and are the resultant actions.

Practical implications

This research will help policy makers to focus on variables that are most important and requires immediate attention for the development and empowerment of female entrepreneurship in the GCC region. The paper suggests future course of action to provide an impetus to efforts aimed at improving female entrepreneurship in the GCC region.

Originality/value

The policy makers in the GCC region have accorded high priority to entrepreneurship to reduce the dependence of population on government jobs. This research is one of the few studies on female entrepreneurship conducted in GCC region to understand the impediments that limit the adoption of entrepreneurship as a career choice by women.
Towards an entrepreneurial theory of practice; emerging ideas for emerging economies
Authors: Anderson Alistair , Ronteau Sébastien
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the explanatory power of existing theories of entrepreneurship. The authors find gaps and fragmentation and offer propose a different approach – a theory of entrepreneuring – a theory of practice.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper, but the authors draw heavily on the literature. They also offer examples of what the theory can offer.

Findings

Existing theory is good at explaining aspects of entrepreneurship. However, most theories are discipline bound and operate in silos. A theory of entrepreneurship practice can connect and bridge disciplines.

Originality/value

A theory of entrepreneurship as practice will not replace current theories. It will however complement them and thus be well suited to emerging economies.
Contrasting the nature and effects of environmentally specific and general transformational leadership
Authors: Robertson Jennifer L. , Barling Julian
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report findings from two studies that compare the nature (construct validity) and relative effects (incremental predictive validity) of environmentally specific transformational leadership (ETFL) to general transformational leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

The nature of ETFL was investigated in an empirical study based on a sample of 185 employees. The relative effects of ETFL were examined in an experimental study based on a sample of 155 university students.

Findings

A confirmatory factor analysis showed that environmentally specific and general transformational leadership are empirically distinct but related. Findings from the experimental study revealed that compared to general transformational leadership and a control condition, participants exposed to ETFL he confederate leader’s environmental values and priorities more highly and engaged in higher levels of pro-environmental behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

Questions concerning ecological and external validity arise out of the experimental study. Future research should contrast the relative effects of environmentally specific and general transformational leadership across various organizational and cultural conditions. Limitations associated with demand characteristics are also of concern in the experimental study. Future research should include an environmental focus in the control condition to exclude any possible threats related to demand characteristics.

Practical implications

Results from these two studies provide useful information regarding within-organization environmental leadership training by suggesting that maximal individual and organizational environmental change may best be achieved by training leaders to be as specific as possible regarding their values, priorities and goals.

Social implications

This research suggests that leaders should engage in ETFL behaviors to have the greatest positive impact on corporate environmental sustainability, and by extension, climate change.

Originality/value

In two separate studies, the construct and incremental predictive validity of ETFL were assessed.
Politicising dark tourism sites: evidence from Cyprus
Authors: Farmaki Anna , Antoniou Katerina
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to extend understanding on how the tourist experience at dark heritage sites is directed and consequently influences the narratives of cultural heritage. By discussing the way dark heritage sites are projected by suppliers, the paper anticipates to advance knowledge on the nexus between dark tourism and heritage and to offer insights into the management of dissonant heritage sites.

Design/methodology/approach

The cases of two opposing national museums in the divided island of Cyprus are presented and discussed in an attempt to illustrate how dissonant heritage interpretation in a post-conflict context is often the product of political direction, commemorating the past and to a great extent influencing the future of a society.

Findings

National struggle museums represent dark heritage sites, which evoke emotions pertinent to ethnic identity reinforcement. Evidently, the management of such sites is in opposition to peace-building efforts taking place in a post-conflict context. The paper concludes that visitation to dark heritage sites is culturally driven rather than death-related and suggests that efforts consolidate to target specific segments of visitors, if the reconciliation potential of dark tourism is to be unleashed.

Originality/value

Insofar, minimal attention has been paid on the conditions of the supply of dark heritage sites and the role of suppliers in influencing culture-based issues including collective memory and national identity. This paper addresses this gap in literature and advances understanding on the developmental elements defining dark heritage tourism, by identifying and discussing trajectories between dark tourism and politics.
Dark tourism sites: visualization, evidence and visitation
Authors: Lennon J. John
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to consider dark tourism sites and their pivotal role as evidence of atrocity and evil. How they are interpreted and the role of visual imagery, most particularly photography, are considered from the perspective of the locations as heritage and learning sites. The complex arguments in relation to conservation and maintenance are juxtaposed with the behaviour of visitors in recording and uploading imagery of such material. This phenomenon allows us to consider the enormity of witnessing such events and viewing such sites as part of contemporary tourist behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach utilizes contemporary literature from tourism, sociology and film studies and uses secondary sources to highlight key sites that illustrate discursive elements of the paper.

Findings

This appeal and appetite for photographic and filmic record by visitors to such dark sites illustrates not only an inherent fascination but also a series of dark and recurring themes. However, it is also notable that in some locations, ideological selectivity in development is present and evidence, record and history are challenged. The cases of Cambodia and Russia and elements of their tragic pasts are used to illustrate why key heritage sites are developed as attractions or are ignored as evidential sites. For these reasons, this area still merits evaluation and discussion in tourism.

Originality/value

The area of dark tourism has been the focus of researchers for over a decade. However, the areas of selectivity in development, ideological impact on content and the issues related to visualization have not as yet been fully explored. This paper begins to explore issues related to visualization and evidence and how it related to these dark tourism sites.
Directions, disconnect and critique: round table discussion
Authors: Lennon J. John , Seaton Tony V. , Wight Craig
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to review developments in dark tourism research over a 20-year period from its inception in 1996. This paper also considers the reasons why people visit dark tourism sites and the different perspectives of site operators, tourists and academics.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a round table discussion with three participants – all researchers who played a significant role in developing the early concept of dark tourism. The paper also explores a number of questions about past, current and future research interests and developments.

Findings

It was observed that dark tourism site operators and visitors tend to view the act of remembrance as a significant reason for visiting a site associated with past atrocities. This perspective is rather different from the original concept of dark tourism – viewed by many as a form of pilgrimage tourism.

Practical implications

The review reveals a gap between aspects of the literature on dark tourism and the reasons why these sites remain popular with tourists. Site operators and visitors say that motives for visiting are more commonly associated with an act of remembrance and a sense of pilgrimage than a desire to view a site associated with pain and death.

Originality/value

This viewpoint provides a 20-year perspective on research in dark tourism based on a conversation between three of the most eminent researchers in the field.
Conclusion: dark tourism in a digital post-truth society
Authors: Lennon J. John
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to review the dark tourism concept as it applies to visitation, understanding and education to determine whether a gap exists between academic research and literature, the operation of dark tourism sites and the motivations of visitors.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper development of the dark tourism concept over a 20-year period and draws on the papers and debate among contributors to this theme issue to determine the role played by dark tourism in contemporary society.

Findings

It was concluded that the concept of dark tourism remains relevant and that what is interpreted, merits educational focus and what is ignored is a function of the complex interaction of commercial potential, political will and social acceptability.

Practical implications

This paper incorporates the reflections of senior practitioners and academics in a comprehensive review of the dark tourism concept.

Originality/value

The paper provides a blend of academic and practitioner insight on a facet of tourism that is often misunderstood and even misinterpreted. It was observed that dark tourism is an important way of remembering the past and that for many visitors, it offers a form of pilgrimage.
Exploratory analysis of Symbiodinium transcriptomes reveals potential latent infection by large dsDNA viruses
Authors: Lawrence Scott A. , Floge Sheri A. , Davy Joanne E. , Davy Simon K. , Wilson William H.
Published: May 2017

Coral reefs are in decline worldwide. Much of this decline is attributable to mass coral bleaching events and disease outbreaks, both of which are linked to anthropogenic climate change. Despite increased research effort, much remains unknown about these phenomena, especially the causative agents of many coral diseases. In particular, coral‐associated viruses have received little attention, and their potential roles in coral diseases are largely unknown. Previous microscopy studies have produced evidence of viral infections in Symbiodinium, the endosymbiotic algae critical for coral survival, and more recently molecular evidence of Symbiodinium‐infecting viruses has emerged from metagenomic studies of corals. Here, we took an exploratory whole‐transcriptome approach to virus gene discovery in three different Symbiodinium cultures. An array of virus‐like genes was found in each of the transcriptomes, with the majority apparently belonging to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Upregulation of virus‐like gene expression following stress experiments indicated that Symbiodinium cells may host latent or persistent viral infections that are induced via stress. This was supported by analysis of host gene expression, which showed changes consistent with viral infection after exposure to stress. If these results can be replicated in Symbiodinium cells in hospite, they could help to explain the breakdown of the coral‐Symbiodinium symbiosis, and possibly some of the numerous coral diseases that have yet to be assigned a causative agent.
Friends Farm: Australia’s First Quaker Commune
Authors: Metcalf William J.
Published: May 2017

Australia has a long and rich history of religious groups trying to establish some sort of utopia by removing themselves from urban centres to rural idylls. The first of these was
H

errnhut, in western Victoria (1853–1889), and today there are many such as
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anthonia
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ruderhof and
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ew
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ovardhana, in NSW,
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henrezig, in Queensland and
R

ocky
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ape
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utterites in Tasmania. While Quakers in the UK and USA have a tradition of forming rural communes starting from the seventeenth century, the first, and most important of such in Australia was
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arm, established in 1869 on what is now Queensland’s Sunshine Coast. This group was led by the charismatic Alfred Allen, a radical Quaker from Sydney. He believed that he had been reborn, held Christ within him, and had achieved sin‐free perfection. He was disowned, twice, by Sydney Quakers after when he led his small band of would‐be communards to the “wilderness” of Queensland where they sought to create a perfect society. Not surprisingly, it did not quite work out that way.
Is ethnic prejudice declining inBritain?Change in social distance attitudes among ethnic majority and minorityBritons
Authors: Storm Ingrid , Sobolewska Maria , Ford Robert
Published: May 2017

Most literature on racial prejudice deals with the racial attitudes of the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities separately. This paper breaks this tradition. We examine the social distance attitudes of white and non‐white British residents to test if these attitudes follow the same trends over time, whether they are driven by the same social processes and whether they are inter‐related. We have three main findings. Firstly, social distance from other ethnic groups has declined over time for both white and ethnic minority Britons. For the white majority there are both period and cohort elements to this decline. Secondly, we see some evidence that social distance between the majority and minority groups is reciprocal. Specifically, minorities who experience rejection by the white British feel a greater sense of distance from them. Thirdly, we find that all groups share the perception of the same ethnic hierarchy. We see evidence of particularly widespread hostility towards Muslim Britons from all ethnic groups suggesting that Muslims are singled out for negative attention from many British residents of all other backgrounds, including a large number who do not express hostility to other groups.
Skeletal Indicators of Shark Feeding on Human Remains: Evidence from Florida Forensic Anthropology Cases
Authors: Stock Michala K. , Winburn Allysha P. , Burgess George H.
Published: May 2017

This research examines a series of six Florida forensic anthropology cases that exhibit taphonomic evidence of marine deposition and shark‐feeding activities. In each case, we analyzed patterns of trauma/damage on the skeletal remains (e.g., sharp‐force bone gouges and punctures) and possible mechanisms by which they were inflicted during shark predation/scavenging. In some cases, shark teeth were embedded in the remains; in the absence of this evidence, we measured interdental distance from defects in the bone to estimate shark body length, as well as to draw inferences about the potential species responsible. We discuss similarities and differences among the cases and make comparisons to literature documenting diagnostic shark‐inflicted damage to human remains from nearby regions. We find that the majority of cases potentially involve bull or tiger sharks scavenging the remains of previously deceased, adult male individuals. This scavenging results in a distinctive taphonomic signature including incised gouges in cortical bone.
A Comprehensive Study of the Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation,
Authors: Turner Dee A. , Williams Mary , Sigman Michael A. , Goodpaster John V.
Published: May 2017

The differing effects of weathering and microbial degradation are described here in a comprehensive study that involved 50 different ignitable liquids from the Ignitable Liquids Database and Reference Collection. Examples of ignitable liquid residues from each of the main classes established by the American Society of Testing and Materials are presented. Weathering was accomplished via evaporation, whereas microbial degradation was carried out on soil at room temperature for periods of up to 21 days. Major trends included the rapid degradation of long n‐alkanes and monosubstituted alkyl benzenes (e.g., toluene, ethylbenzene, and propylbenzene). Surprisingly, some longer branched alkanes (e.g., trimethyloctanes) were also susceptible to microbial attack. Although all ignitable liquids examined suffered at least to some extent from microbial degradation, gasoline, petroleum distillates, and oxygenates were the most susceptible. Isoparaffinic and naphthenic–paraffinic products were the most resistant to microbial degradation.
The Cane Sword
Authors: Wysozan Timothy R. , Prahlow Joseph A.
Published: May 2017

This report provides an overview of the injuries caused by a unique blade‐type weapon known as a cane sword. The cane sword usually consists of a blade that is stored in a cylindrical “cane” that can be released at the handle to reveal the hidden blade within. The victim of the case was found to have a stab wound in the left mid‐back that caused perforation of both the lower and upper lobes of the left lung, resulting in a left hemothorax. Upon autopsy, it was concluded that the patient died from injuries caused by the stab wound to the back. Given the shape of the wound and the fact that the weapon itself was found at the site of the homicide, the weapon that caused the injury was believed to be a cane sword. This case will inform forensic pathologists, law‐enforcement officers, emergency medical personnel, and physicians about rare weapon, the cane sword.
Fatality During Servicing of Fire Extinguisher
Authors: Tumram Nilesh Keshav , Ambade Vipul Namdeorao , Dixit Pradeep Gangadhar
Published: May 2017

Fire extinguisher is an integral part of emergency responses to small fires. Different types of fire extinguisher exists; cartridge‐based fire extinguisher is commonly used. Despite their intended use for safety, such devices can become dangerous if not properly handled or maintained. This case report describes the death of a soldier from the explosion of a cartridge‐based fire extinguisher during routine servicing. The case is the first reported in the medical literature. A safety device like fire extinguisher can become dangerous if not handled with care and due steps should be taken for the maintenance of such devices before being operated in the public domain.
Correspondence of coral holobiont metabolome with symbiotic bacteria, archaea and Symbiodinium communities
Authors: Sogin Emilia M. , Putnam Hollie M. , Nelson Craig E. , Anderson Paul , Gates Ruth D.
Published: May 2017

Microbial symbiotic partners, such as those associated with Scleractinian corals, mediate biochemical transformations that influence host performance and survival. While evidence suggests microbial community composition partly accounts for differences in coral physiology, how these symbionts affect metabolic pathways remains underexplored. We aimed to assess functional implications of variation among coral‐associated microbial partners in hospite. To this end, we characterized and compared metabolomic profiles and microbial community composition from nine reef‐building coral species. These data demonstrate metabolite profiles and microbial communities are species‐specific and are correlated to one another. Using Porites spp. as a case study, we present evidence that the relative abundance of different sub‐clades of Symbiodinium and bacterial/archaeal families are linked to positive and negative metabolomic signatures. Our data suggest that while some microbial partners benefit the union, others are more opportunistic with potential detriment to the host. Consequently, coral partner choice likely influences cellular metabolic activities and, therefore, holobiont nutrition.