bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free-Form Discriminatory Verbal Responses to Polygon Patterns
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Free-form sentences, produced by Ss in response to eight-sided polygons, were tabulated in Associative, Orientative, Area, Jaggedness, Part, and “Blank” categories. Intercorrelations with feature measures of polygons and latency and primacy (ease of learning) from previous experiments indicated several significant relationships, e.g., forms with a high frequency of Area and Jaggedness responses had consistently lower discrimination latency.
Apparatus Note: A System for Detecting and Recording Movements of the Head
Authors: Beschle Richard G. , Cirillo Leonard , Wapner Seymour
Published: September 2011

A system is described which measures continuously changes in the orientation of the head in 3 planes. Three synchro transmitters mounted on a lightweight headband, with gravity as a reference for 2 planes of movement and a magnetic field as reference for the third, provide output voltages which, when properly rectified, filtered, and amplified, are each a linear function of angular movement of the head in one plane over a range of 40°.
The Ponzo Illusion from Induced Double Image of a Single Test Line
Authors: Spitz Herman H.
Published: September 2011

It was demonstrated that, by induced diplopia of a single line appropriately perceived within the background of a 60° angle, a Ponzo illusion can be obtained.
Replication versus Tests of Equivalence
Authors: Barker Harry R. , Gurman Ernest B.
Published: September 2011

The important concept of “replication” is critically examined within the context of current research procedure and is viewed as an unattainable ideal. The degree of success of an attempted replication may be judged in terms of equivalence; such judgments will of course differ with respect to comprehensiveness and specificity. Examination of the traditional law of the independent variable identifies two broad classes of variables; independent and controlled variables and dependent variables. It is useful then to consider attempts to replicate either or both sets. Provision is thus made for virtually all experiments in the behavioral sciences. The test of range of invariance is discussed and following Stevens, proposed as a worthy objective of behavioral research. In any experiment which tests the range of invariance, it is desirable to attempt replication of a reference experiment and to provide graduated differences on the methods variables and/or outcome variables in order to ascertain at what point invariance fails.
Synthetic Work: Methodology for Assessment of Human Performance
Authors: Morgan Ben B. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

The synthetic-work approach has provided one of the most important methodologies for the assessment of human performance. The basis of this approach is a laboratory work situation in which Ss work for 8 hr. per day over periods of 12 to 15 days at a job consisting of 6 tasks which have been embedded in a multiple-task performance battery (MTPB). Descriptions of each of the 6 tasks, the integration of the tasks into a job or synthetic-work situation, and the use of the methodology in assessing human performance are presented along with a summary of research conducted with this methodology.
Visual Attention and Distraction in Aphasic and Non-Aphasic Children
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Austin Paul W.
Published: September 2011

The ability to sustain visual attention was compared in 13 aphasic and 13 non-aphasic children. The aphasic children gave significantly more errors on the visual vigilance task than their controls. The difference remained under visual distraction but no significant performance reductions resulted. It was concluded that several of the aphasic children showed significant attentional deficits. The data support a need for systemaric clinical evaluation of attention in children with central language disorders.
Surface Colouration, Lettering and Referential Dimension of Traffic Marker Perception
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Ladan Carol J.
Published: September 2011

5 experimental traffic markers differentiated with respect to colouration and lettering were each presented at 7 angles of orientation randomly repeated 5 times. 5 groups comprising 15 drivers per group gave judgments of shape and slant. It was found that signalling aspects of the marker (form, colouration and lettering) produced significant differences upon apparent shape. Differences in slant perception were not dependent upon the three signalling characteristics. Consistent with prior research, the reference aspect of the marker (angle of orientation) produced large errors of underestimation particularly at the most acute angles. The perceptual functions suggest that systematic differences separate physical and psychological spaces.
Perceptual-Motor Abilities of Disadvantaged and Advantaged Kindergarten Children
Authors: Lietz Enno S.
Published: September 2011

On individually administered perceptual-motor tests, 50 advantaged kindergarten children performed significantly better than 50 disadvantaged kindergarten children. Also, boys performed as well as girls and the white and black disadvantaged children performed equally well except on perceptual-motor match.
Some Factors in the Recognition of Tachistoscopically Presented Alphabetical Arrays
Authors: Fudin Robert , Kenny John T.
Published: September 2011

Six-letter nonsense arrays, constructed from a 12-letter population which was not made known to 20 Ss, were tachistoscopically shown successively in the right visual field (RVF) and left visual field (LVF) at three displacements from a central fixation point. Recognition scores were higher for stimuli in the RVF at each displacement. In each case RVF superiority was limited to letters in the first array-half (letters 1, 2, 3). These results agree with prior findings obtained with targets made up of six letters known to S (Fudin, 1969). Reportability of a tachistoscopically exposed letter, in part, is a function of the relationship between its retinal location and the delay before it is scanned. Location determines the amount of information a letter contains before it starts to fade-out (the more acute the area, the greater the information), delay determines the period of information dissipation prior to scanning. These ideas were used to explain the contrast between high error scores for middle-array letters in the bow-shaped error curves found in this experiment and the low values often reported for these letters when targets are shown across fixation, and the finding that the difference between error scores for letters in the first and second array-halves was greater for targets at each displacement in the right than the left visual field.
Effect of Neutral Conditioning on Racial Attitudes of Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Fleetwood Robert S. , Lentz Kingsley J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing negative evaluative responses, i.e., attitudes, toward pictures of Afro-American people. Ss were 73 Euro-American kindergarten children who received either 0, 1, 4, or 8 conditioning sessions of 36 pairings of the color black with neutral words. Two racial attitude scales were employed to measure amount of change in Ss' racial attitudes after exposure to the conditioning procedures. Parish's (1972) Revised PRAM II did not detect any change, but Williams' (1971) PRAM II demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Afro-American attitudes for those Ss who received 8 conditioning sessions.
Effects of Density of Noise Field and Delay on Information-Processing of Patterned Inputs
Authors: Levine David M. , Mayzner Mark S.
Published: September 2011

The present paper extends current research on pattern recognition to investigate the effects of density of noise field and delay (off) times. The results indicate major effects due to density of the noise field, on time and off time. Recognition initially declined as the density of the interference increased, then subsequently leveled off at higher interference levels. The effect of density of noise field on recognition was not consistent across all levels of either on time or off time. There was a wide range of processing-ability among Ss. Some subjects were capable of high levels of performance for very fast input rates. There was a high degree of consistency among Ss in the relative difficulty of the letters.
Further Report on Validation of the Personal Attribute Inventory
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Bryant William T. , Shirazi Annmarie
Published: September 2011

College students' attitudes toward smoking and changes in attitudes were assessed with the Personal Attribute Inventory, which is composed of 50 negative and 50 positive adjectives from Gough's Adjective Check List. Common sense quality of the data, including the change in attitude after passage of a law against smoking in elevators suggests the usefulness of the inventory.
Effect of Warm-up Passages in Measuring Reading Rate
Authors: Hanna Gerald S. , Schell Leo M.
Published: September 2011

Will one or more warm-up exercises prior to a 1-min. measure of reading rate improve reliability? Students in Grades 4, 6, and 8 read four 1-min. passages. One-fourth of each sample took the passages in each of four orders. Interpassage correlations were significantly greater for later pairs of consecutive passages than for the first-administered pairs in Grades 4 and 8 but not in Grade 6. The findings offered some support to the claim that a warm-up exercise enhances consecutive-passage reliability of rate scores but inconsistencies among the samples prevented definitive conclusions.
Reaction Time in Simultaneous Motions
Authors: Taniguchi R. , Nakamura R. , Oshima Y.
Published: September 2011

EMG-RTs of biceps and triceps brachii muscles were measured in 3 different tasks: isolated motions, flexion or extension of either forearm; bilateral symmetrical motions, flexion or extension of both forearms; bilateral opposite motions, flexion of a forearm and extension of the other. EMG-RTs of opposite motions were slower than those of isolated and symmetrical motions, EMG-RTs of symmetrical motions were nearly equivalent to those of isolated motions. Simplicity and complexity of simultaneous motions are discussed.
Performance on Objective and Essay Tests by Individualized Study, Lecture, and Group Discussions in Educational Psychology
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M.
Published: September 2011

Six groups (182 students) approached the study of a course unit by individualized study, lecture, or group discussions (two groups by each approach) and responded to an objective or essay test. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the two types of tests or among the three approaches of study but the interaction was significant. Fisher's t tests showed that the group exposed to lectures and taking an objective test scored significantly higher than the group studying by individualized approach talcing an objective test and groups exposed to lectures and discussions taking an essay test.
Components of Asymmetrical Visual Encoding of Geometrically Transformed Scripts
Authors: Cohen Amos S.
Published: September 2011

Austrian and Israeli subjects were presented tachistoscopically with geometrically transformed numbers, nonsense syllables in Latin letters and Hebrew words (only the Israeli). Opposite reading and writing habits and different hand dominance were used as experimental variables. Criteria for evaluating the data were scanning pattern (voluntary preferred reading direction) and reading performance. A difference in reading pattern was found between Austrian right- and left-handed subjects but no difference in their reading performance. Also between Austrian and Israeli right-handed subjects a difference in the reading pattern appeared as well as in reading performance. Furthermore, the scanning pattern used by Austrian right-handed subjects in reading geometrically transformed numbers was different from their pattern in reading syllables. Distinguished were two sources of asymmetries, an intrinsic in visual mechanisms and a structural one in the stimulus itself.
Measuring Beginning Teachers' Satisfaction with Their Pre-Professional Training
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Flowers John D.
Published: September 2011

By deleting items loading on 2 or more factors, a 36-item Teacher Education Program Evaluation scale was reduced to 25 items with loadings on single factors. Factor analysis of the responses of 161 beginning elementary teachers revealed five factors accounting for 66.5% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis of responses from 178 beginning secondary teachers resulted in a similar five-factor solution accounting for 65.4% of the variance. Coefficients of congruence for the two samples ranged from .83 to .97. Reliability estimates for the subscales ranged from .79 to .91 for elementary teachers and from .67 to .93 for secondary teachers. The Personal Development factor discriminated 1969 graduates from 1974 graduates of a competency-based program featuring human relations training, more field experiences, and a team approach.
Time Estimation by Hyperactive and Normal Children
Authors: Cappella Betty , Gentile J. Ronald , Juliano Daniel B.
Published: September 2011

In two studies [a pilot (12 7- to 10-yr.-olds) and a main study (100 8- to 12-yr.-olds)] hyperactive and normal children were compared on the ability to estimate time intervals ranging from 7 to 60 sec. The differences between estimated and elapsed time were larger for hyperactives than for normals, with the differences between the groups increasing with the length of the interval to be estimated.
A Personal Construct Approach to Perception of Disclosure Targets
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: September 2011

Investigating the perception of targets for self-disclosure from the perspective of the psychology of personal constructs, it was predicted that respondents from a mixed-nationality group would (a) characterize friends more than acquaintances in terms of ‘superordinate,’ personality-descriptive dimensions, (b) ‘differentiate’ friends more than acquaintances by extensive application of constructs to them, and (c) ‘polarize’ targets for high disclosure by construing them sharply and meaningfully in terms of personally significant dimensions of meaning. All predictions received significant support for 34 college students ( Mdnage 22 yr.) who responded in writing to a questionnaire. The results suggest the fruitfulness of further examining self-disclosure and friendship formation from a vantage point which emphasizes the perceptual and interpretive framework of an adult person.
Effect of Acquaintanceship on Accuracy of Person Perception
Authors: Cloyd Louisa
Published: September 2011

Accuracy, assumed similarity, and actual similarity were assessed for an acquaintance and a stranger target selected by the subject. Four standardized questionnaires were used to obtain separate estimates of each variable, Cattell's 16 PF test, Gough's Adjective Check List, the Abilities and Characteristics Scale of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and Bernreuter's Personality Inventory. All measures showed significant differences in the predicted direction for accuracy and no significant between-target differences for assumed similarity or actual similarity. The Adjective Check List proved to be very susceptible to social desirability response set and produced accuracy scores that were strongly associated with assumed similarity. On the other measures, accuracy scores were relatively independent of assumed similarity, suggesting that these instruments are suitable for studies of person perception.
Field Articulation and Predictive Judgments: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Knestrick James L. , Hoffman Elizabeth Hanson
Published: September 2011

The relationship of differences in accuracy between men and women in interpersonal predictive judgments to those reported in field articulation research was explored. Field-dependent ( ns = 14, 12) and field-independent ( ns = 21, 12) men and women ( ns = 35, 24) were tested for accuracy of predictive judgments. No statistically significant differences were found between these undergraduate field-dependent and field-independent judges; however, under the field-independent condition, a cell-by-cell examination suggests greater accuracy. There were no significant differences in accuracy of prediction between male and female judges, but statistically significant differences in accuracy scores were found when the person whose behavior was being predicted was female as opposed to male.
Cross-National Comparisons of Projected Social Distances from Mental Patient-Related Stimuli
Authors: Graubert Jean G. , Adler Leonore Loeb
Published: September 2011

A figure-placement procedure was used to assess attitudes toward mental patients and related items by measuring projected social distances which students from Australia, Great Britain, South Africa, and the U.S.A. perceived between themselves and several pertinent stimuli. While all male students responded similarly to all items, the responses of the female students were only similar on the neutral items and showed significant differences on the mental patient-related items. However, for all students the items “Mental Hospital,” “Male,” and “Female Mental Patient” were always most distant. The power of attraction to the opposite sex for most male students was interesting; despite differences between groups, none reflected such attraction for the “Female Mental Patient.”
The Hard and the Soft in Interdependence: Locating Game Behavior in Semantic Space
Authors: Schwanenberg Enno , Huth Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

A (non-zero-sum) chicken game served as base for exploring the semantic nature of social interdependence. Behavioral subgroups of cooperators vs competitors, and of preemptors vs victims rated impressions of Self, Other, and Experimenter on a standardized semantic differential (Ertel). Results supported (1) the basic stability and generality of the instrument when applied to social interaction phenomena, (2) its grasp of patterns of interdependence projected into semantic space, (3) the theoretical usefulness of the concept of an “affective reaction system” (Osgood) that also operates in social interdependence, transcending the rational premises of classical game theory, and (4) the methodological usefulness of extending the rating procedure to the experimenter in further illuminating the social psychology of laboratory experimentation.
Motor Development of Autistic Monozygotic Twins: A Case Study
Authors: Geddes Dolores
Published: September 2011

A pair of autistic monozygotic twins were assessed on relevant portions of the Geddes Psychomotor Inventory. Over-all motor development of the 3-yr., 6-mo. old twins was similar and considered a partial consequence of the same genotype and comparable environmental experiences from birth. The twins exhibited poor or unsuccessful performance on tasks requiring abilities in language, communication, and appropriate relationships to objects; superior performance on specific fine manual motor skills, walking balance board, and climbing; at-age performance on tasks which were considered measures of patterned gross movement, balance, postural maintenance, and spatial orientation; and few typical autistic motor characteristics.
Stimulus Intensity Effects upon Recall and Retention
Authors: Swezey Robert W.
Published: September 2011

A discussion of stimulus-surround brightness contrast effects upon the recall and retention of alphanumeric material is presented. Data from three studies are reviewed and the possibility that an inverted-U-shaped function relates these variables is suggested.
New Metrics for the Primate Equilibrium Platform
Authors: Yochmowitz Michael , Patrick Rayford , Jaeger Robert , Barnes Donald
Published: September 2011

4 rhesus monkeys were trained to operate a primate equilibrium platform. Multiple baselines were collected for each subject to ensure that performance was stable. Previous research determined time within shock limits as a measure of subject's performance. It is shown here that this measure does not necessarily define how well the subject performs the task. New metrics (RMS, adjusted RMS, Static, and Prime 5) are shown to be more sensitive in detecting differences between subjects during both baseline and treatment (radiation) runs.
Baseline Running on a Straight Platform by Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Levy Joel K. , Igarashi Makoto
Published: September 2011

An improved task of locomotor balance for use by squirrel monkeys, employing a shuttle-avoidance paradigm, consisted of a straight alley runway with pressure sensors on the floor to detect footsteps. Training and pre-experimental baseline performance for animals used later in vestibular end organ deafferentation experiments, etc. were described. Subjects learned the task within a few days ( Mdn = 5.81 days to first criterion session) as indicated by the skewed distribution of trial sessions to criterion. This test is an improvement over a perviously described measure of locomotor balance in that it eliminates the requirement of physical fitness inherent in the other task.
Sex, Status, and Liking of Tutor and Learner as Predictors of Tutorial Outcomes
Authors: Ehly Stewart W. , Larsen Stephen C.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the effects of 24 tutors' and 24 learners' characteristics on tutorial outcomes in a spelling program was conducted. Data analysis indicates that only the learner's pretutorial spelling score was a predictor of the amount of learning.
Social Roles and Sex Differences in Gilding
Authors: Gitter A. George , Black Harvey , Goldman Rhea
Published: September 2011

The results indicated that gilding or communicative behavior intended by the communicator to falsify what he actually believes to be “true” was perceived in all phases of everyday life. These results suggest the ubiquity of gilding which emerged from the findings that the incumbents of all of the 20 roles were perceived as distorting what they believe to be “true.”
The Participant-Observer: A Source of Invalidity in Measuring Motor Skills?
Authors: Safrit Margaret J. , Korell Diane M. , McDonald E. Dawn , Yeates Marilyn E.
Published: September 2011

Test validity can be defined as the accuracy of a test score. Artifacts, sources of error that affect validity, have been studied in both research design and written test frameworks but have received little attention in the context of tests of motor behavior in an educational setting. One potential source of invalidity in motor skill testing is the presence of participant-observers. The participant-observer effect is defined as the influence of the presence of other subjects who are waiting to be tested or who have already been tested on subjects who are being tested. This study was designed to measure the test performances of 175 college women with participant-observers present and with participant-observers absent. The test was an overarm throw for speed measured by an incident light velocimeter. The data were analyzed using 2 × 4 fixed-effects analysis of variance. The presence of other participant-observers did not elicit performance scores that were different from those of subjects tested alone. Thus testing subjects in groups where one member of the group is tested while the others observe did not adversely affect performance on the overarm throw compared with that of subjects tested alone.
Physiognomic Perception and Empathy
Authors: Olesker Wendy
Published: September 2011

96 college students who were rated as high and low in terms of physiognomic perception were administered an empathy measure. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals with higher physiognomic perception would show more empathy than those with a lower degree of physiognomic perception. Results were interpreted as adding evidence to the existence of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.
The Golden Section and Structure of Self-Concepts
Authors: Adams-Webber J.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that, when subjects form impressions of a person whom they have just met for the first time, the mean proportion of perceived differences between self and other will be approximately 0.368. Undergraduates, 15 women and 15 men, were asked to categorize a new acquaintance, following a brief conversation with him, on 22 bipolar dimensions elicited from themselves. They also categorized themselves on the same dimensions. The mean proportion of judgments of unlike-self. of the new acquaintance was 0.364, which is quite close to the predicted value and consistent with the results of related experiments. Perhaps differences between self and others define the contours of the self as “figure” against a diffuse background of similarities.
Test Expectancy and Encoding of Pictures and Words
Authors: Peeck J. , Van Dam G. , De Jong J.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduates were shown pictures or corresponding labels and then were tested for recognition either in the same mode or in a cross-over mode. Significantly more items were recognized in the picture-picture condition than in the picture-word and word-picture conditions. Informing subjects in advance of the change in modality significantly improved picture-word performance.
Relationships among Measures of Preferred Tempo and Motor Rhythm
Authors: Smoll Frank L. , Schutz Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Male and female subjects ( Ns = 100) performed an accuracy task involving consecutive arm swings at a self-paced tempo. Following this, the subjects performed a motor rhythm task keeping in cadence with audio-visual stimuli presented at their preferred tempo. Previous findings regarding the magnitude of individual differences in preferred tempo and within-individual variability were replicated, as was the absence of sex differences for these attributes. With regard to motor rhythm, the findings indicated that (a) constant and variable error, and not absolute error, were the appropriate measures of performance, (b) there were no sex differences either in spatial or temporal accuracy or in trial-to-trial consistency of performance, (c) substantial individual differences were present in rhythmic accuracy, as were moderate individual differences in variability, (d) neither rhythmic accuracy nor variability was appreciably related to preferred tempo, and (e) spatial and temporal accuracy are relatively independent components of rhythmic accuracy.
Reply to Ronald A. Berk: On Bartko's Intraclass Correlations of Interrater Reliability
Authors: Bartko John J.
Published: September 2011

Selected evidence from published literature on actual cases of bias, rater-bias, inter-observer bias or systematic differences illustrates the position previously taken against the use of the product-moment correlation as a measure of reliability.
Visual and Verbal Elaboration in Children's Free Recall
Authors: Carroll Wayne R. , Bencomo Armando A. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

60 sixth-grade children were shown unrelated objects presented as an integrated scene, in a horizontal row or serially. Half of the children were presented a relational verbal prompt which was omitted for the remaining children. Measures of clustering and recall indicated that free recall and clustering increased with degree of organization of the objects. Presentation of the verbal prompt produced better recall and higher clustering than its absence. The lack of an interaction between verbal prompting and type of object display was interpreted as indicating the relative independence of verbal/auditory and visual processing.
Memory for Pictures and Words, and the Negative Recency Effect
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated performance in a final, cumulative test of a subject's ability to recall a series of lists. No negative recency effect was found with either pictures of objects or their names. This supports the suggestion of earlier research that the negative recency effect stems from failure to employ mental imagery as a mnemonic code on terminal serial positions and that visual presentation promotes the use of imagery throughout a list.
Two Teaching Styles, Problem Solving, and Guided Discovery in Motor Performance and Learning
Authors: Moxley S. E. , Covey F. P.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 25 matched subjects (aged 10 to 12 yr.) took part in this study. In the practice condition one group performed the solution of the Tinkertoy Motorcycle Model in a problem-solving manner, while the other two groups performed in a guided manner. One guided group performed the same number of trials as the problem-solving group, while the other group had the same total time performing each trial as the problem-solving group. Their relative effectiveness was compared on the six initial practice trials and on six trials after a period of no practice. The problem-solving group received no direct assistance. The guided groups saw two demonstrations of the assembling procedure along with verbal feedback as to the selection and placement of pieces on the figure. The guided groups performed the task significantly faster than the problem-solving group on all practice trials. When measured for retention there were no significant differences among groups. The two guided groups however did maintain a slight advantage over the problem-solving group. It was concluded the practice of the perceptual motor task was facilitated by a guided discovery, while retention was not significantly different. The results are discussed in relation to learning strategies and type of task.
Dimensions of Privacy
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A factor analytic study proceeded in two phases to determine types of privacy. In Phase I 96 items were collected, administered to 166 people, and factor analyzed. For Phase II items were retained, revised, added, or deleted to form a condensed pool of 30 items of greater factorial purity. This revised questionnaire was given to 188 subjects and then factor analyzed. Six independent factors of privacy were obtained, and factor scales to measure them were developed consisting of five factor pure items per factor. The privacy factors identified were: Reserve, Isolation, Solitary, Intimacy with Family, Intimacy with Friends, and Anonymity.
A New Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST): II. Cross-Cultural Comparison between England and Japan
Authors: Iwawaki S. , Eysenck H. J. , Götz K. O.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of the scores of 171 Japanese boys and 156 Japanese girls, and of 204 English boys and 165 English girls, on the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test. Also compared were 145 male and 163 female Japanese students, with 38 male and 73 female English students. Japanese children had scores significantly higher than English children, while Japanese students had scores significantly lower than English students. There was little evidence of age increments in score for either group of children. Difficulty levels of the 42 item-pairs were very similar in the two cultures, as were internal (split-half) reliabilities. It is concluded that cultural differences between the two countries, as far as visual aesthetic appreciation is concerned, seem at best minimal.
Lateral Eye-Movements, Hypnotic Susceptibility and Imaginal Ability in Right-Handers
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Pawlak Anne E. , Mah Christopher D. , D'Eon Joyce L.
Published: September 2011

A total of 46 male and 36 female right-handers were assessed on three measures of left-moving, as well as on hypnotic susceptibility, and several measures of imaginal ability. The three left-moving indices intercorrelated significantly. However, none of these indices correlated significantly with hypnotic susceptibility or imaginal ability variables in either sex.
Factor Analysis of Perceptual and Cognitive Abilities Tested by Different Methods
Authors: Kinney Jo Ann S. , Luria S. M.
Published: September 2011

A battery of visual, perceptual, and cognitive tests, believed to be important for operation of visual sonar displays, was administered to 100 sonar technicians. The measures varied from standard paper-and-pencil tests to computer-administered perceptual tasks. The results of 33 different measures on these men were compiled and subjected to a factor analysis. The factors extracted represent cohesive and reasonable groups which cut, to some extent, across testing techniques. However, all of the paper-and-pencil, perceptual-cognitive tests had high loadings on the same common factor, a result with general implications for occupational testing.
Effects of Aircraft Motion on Passengers' Comfort Ratings and Response Times
Authors: Rinalducci Edward J.
Published: September 2011

Comfort ratings and response times for changes in the experienced level of comfort were examined in 20 subjects using the NASA Flight Research Center's Jetstar aircraft modified to carry the GPAS system (General Purpose Airborne Simulator). Data were obtained for each of the subjects during two runs of 10 1-min. flight segments. In general, as the magnitude of aircraft motion increased in either the vertical or transverse (lateral) directions, there was an increase in feelings of discomfort and a decrease in response times to those changes. These results suggest parallels between the large body of laboratory data on human reaction time and that collected in this field study on response times to changes in ride comfort.
Experience of Duration as a Function of Number of Responses, Task Difficulty, and Sex
Authors: Martin Glen A. , Shumate Michael , Frauenfelder Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Subjects (40 men and 54 women) judged the duration of a 250-sec. interval during which they engaged in one of four free-association tasks. The tasks were to give one common response, two common responses, one original response, or two original responses to each of 25 stimulus words presented at 10-sec. intervals. Contrary to previous research, the easy tasks (giving common responses) resulted in shorter estimates of duration than the hard tasks (giving original responses). Subjects giving one response to each stimulus word did not give longer estimates than subjects giving two responses per stimulus word. Males gave shorter estimates of duration than females in the low-response tasks; the sexes did not differ in the high-response tasks.
Perceptual-Motor Learning with Moderately Retarded Persons
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

A visual-motor learning study was undertaken with 12 cultural-familial and 12 organic institutionalized retarded individuals to determine if organic signs on the Bender-Gestalt visual-motor test could be reversed. Statistically significant improvement was obtained with each group after 30 hr. of training. The results were discussed in relation to perceptual-motor regression and its potential for reversibility. Incorporating perceptual-motor regression exercises into the regular school program was suggested as an adjunct to current social and communication goals.
Concurrent Validity for an Activity Vector Analysis Index of Anxiety
Authors: Plante Thomas G.
Published: September 2011

This study determined the concurrent validity between the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) index of anxiety (AVA pattern shape PS 5519, Vector 4 divided by Vector 3) and scores on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. Utilizing 182 subjects including 59 Brown University undergraduates, 74 suicide prevention volunteers, 34 emergency medical technicians, and 15 Rhode Island College students, results suggest that strong concurrent validity exists between the AVA anxiety index and the IPAT Anxiety Scale. In the four groups tested, the correlation between the AVA measure of anxiety and the IPAT ranged from .39 to .56. The IPAT and the AVA index of anxiety seem essentially to measure the same construct of basic anxiety.
Lateralization, Physiognomic Perception, and Flexibility of Cognitive Control
Authors: Lombardi Karen L.
Published: September 2011

32 left-handed and 34 right-handed college educated women were administered a hemispheric lateralization task and measures of physiognomic perception and cognitive flexibility. Results supported the hypothesis that differing hemispheric lateralization patterns would be reflected in differing degrees of physiognomic perception and flexibility of cognitive control. The demonstrated relationships suggest possible structural parallels between hemispheric lateralization patterns and cognitive style. Results further suggest that ambilateralization, rather than reducing hemispheric efficiency, may be a more advantageous psychological organization for certain cognitive tasks.
Comparison of Learning Disabled Children's Performance on Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test and Beery's Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration
Authors: Skeen Judith A. , Strong Victoria Norton , Book Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of the performance of 30 learning-disabled students on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test and the Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration. A significant correlation of —.72 was obtained. No significant difference was found in estimations of age equivalents. The tests share substantial common (52%) variance.
Task Demands Determine Rt Retinal Location Function
Authors: Iwasaki Syoichi
Published: September 2011

With 3 types of tasks RTs at 7 retinal locations were measured. These tasks were called CRT in which the subjects responded with one of the two keys according to whether the presented digits were odd or even, simple-but-watch condition in which they tried to see clearly the presented digit and then respond in the simple RT manner, and simple-and-quick condition in which they simply responded to the onset of the stimuli. As may be expected, in the latter condition the subjects produced retinal-location function curve which showed only a little degradation at the peripheral positions, while in the CRT condition they responded to the peripheral stimuli much more slowly than to the central ones. The RTs of the simple-but-watch condition fell in between; most subjects showed the responses much like the ones in the simple-and-quick condition, but some of them produced a retinal location function identical in shape (although reduced by approximately 250 msec.) to the one obtained in the CRT condition. This was interpreted to be a failure (for most of the subjects) to direct attention to those parts of the stimulus properties that conveyed information on pattern. These findings gave warning as to the uncritical adoption of a simple-RT paradigm to measure iconic duration.
Auditory and Visual Differences in Time Perception
Authors: Sebel Aliza J. , Wilsoncroft William E.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment assessed intersensory differences in temporal judgments, that is, auditory stimuli are perceived as longer than physically equivalent visual stimuli. The results confirmed the intersensory difference. Auditorially defined intervals were experienced as longer than visually defined intervals. Auditory boundaries were perceived as longer than visual ones. An interaction of boundary modality and interval modality was obtained which suggested that auditorially defined intervals provided more temporal information about events occurring in close temporal proximity than visually defined intervals. It was hypothesized that cognitive factors, specifically stimulus complexity, would affect the auditory and visual systems differentially. This hypothesis was not substantiated, although highly complex stimuli were experienced as longer than those of low complexity.
Aftereffect of Induced Rotation: Number of Radial Lines in Inducing Stimulus
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

Duration of aftereffect of induced rotation was shown to increase with the number of uniformly-spaced radial lines in an inducing stimulus. Possible explanations could be based on (a) the amount of shearing between radial lines in the inducing and static stimuli during adaptation, or (b) the angular displacement required for the inducing stimulus to assume again its initial form. Results for 5 women and 3 men from an inducing stimulus with non-uniformly spaced radial lines suggested that (a) was more important.
Techniques for Inducing and Manipulating Lucid Dreams
Authors: Tholey Paul
Published: September 2011

In research conducted over several years and with over 200 subjects we have developed various techniques for inducing and manipulating lucid dreams. Lucidity can be achieved in the following ways: by practice in developing a critical-reflective frame of mind concerning one's state of consciousness, by intention and autosuggestion, and by methods involving apparatus. It is also possible to employ a variety of methods to retain lucidity while falling asleep and then to induce hypnagogic lucid dreams. In these methods one concentrates on visual phenomena, one's body, or one's own thinking ego. Intentional and suggestive acts while falling asleep not only help in inducing lucid dreams but also in manipulating their content. Various techniques of manipulation enable a lucid dreamer to influence while dreaming the events of the dream (within certain limits). The dreamer's desires, emotional state, looks, verbal utterances, and certain actions are all of importance. In addition, the dreamer can call upon the aid of other dream figures in manipulating lucid dreams.
Modality Effect on Text Processing as a Function of Ability to Comprehend
Authors: Sannomiya Machiko
Published: September 2011

The present study had two purposes. One was to examine the prediction that the modality effect on processing text is influenced by subjects' comprehension. The other was to confirm the assumption that this effect arises not only in the processing of each word in texts but also in the processing of the relations between words (comprehension). The same text was presented to 28 good and 28 poor comprehenders at a fixed pace, auditorily or visually. After presentation of the text, subjects answered two kinds of tests, Memory Test and Comprehension Test. The performance on both tests showed superiority of auditory over visual presentation. These results were discussed in terms of a visual disadvantage: visually presented texts are translated into an auditory form and this extra process leads to insufficient processing of a text when the text is difficult for a processor.
Hormonal Influences on Psychomotor Reminiscence
Authors: Brown Idalyn S. , Forand Angela Quante , Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Psychomotor reminiscence was measured in contraceptively medicated and non-medicated subjects on Days 2, 8, and 14 of their menstrual cycles. As previously reported, mean reminiscence in non-medicated subjects was relatively low on Days 2 and 8, but significantly higher on Day 14. By contrast, reminiscence means in medicated subjects were relatively low and essentially alike across all testing days. These results are discussed within the context of reactive inhibition theory, wherein the adrenergic properties of midcycle concentrations of estrogenic hormones are thought responsible for more vigorous responding, hence more reactive inhibition and higher reminiscence. Such concentrations were, of course, precluded by contraceptive medication.
Time Perception and Affective Disorders
Authors: Tysk Lennart
Published: September 2011

The estimation of short-time intervals by 60 control subjects and 56 patients with affective disorders was investigated using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation (production). The patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria. A group with major depression with melancholia (9), and another group with bipolar depression (8), tended to under-estimate time to about the same extent. A group with manic or hypomanic disorders (11) tended to over-estimate. Patients with major depression without melancholia (9), bipolar disorders in remission (9), and dysthymic disorders (10), had no decided tendencies to under- or over-estimate short time intervals. The estimation of longer intervals (5–10 min.) was not significantly altered in the patient groups. The results are discussed in the context of earlier investigations, which mainly have yielded no changes in ability to estimate time intervals despite a subjective feeling that time is passing slowly or quickly in affective disorders.
Effect of Diazepam on Visuomotor Reaction Time
Authors: Barbee James G. , Black Iryna Lawriw
Published: September 2011

20 male and 10 female adult, normal, healthy subjects, whose mean age was 26.34 yr., participated in a double-blind study of the effect of a single dose (0.2 mg./kg. of body weight) of diazepam on visuomotor reaction time. Reaction time was measured before drug administration, and 60 min., and 120 min. after administration. Separate reaction times for the dominant and nondominant hand were recorded. There were no significant differences between the diazepam and placebo group at each of the three time intervals. Diazepam in the single dose employed does not appear to affect adversely visuomotor reaction time of relatively young, normal, healthy adults. For both groups the difference in visuomotor reaction time between the dominant hand and the nondominant hand was statistically significant as expected.
Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness: Ratings of Photographs of Whites by Cruzans and Americans
Authors: Maret Stephen M. , Harling Craig A.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the attractiveness ratings of photographs of whites by 31 male and female Cruzan (indigenous residents of St. Croix, USVI) and American subjects, all residing on St. Croix. Over-all, the 15 women rated photographs significantly higher than the 16 men did and male photographs were rated significantly lower than female photographs. All interactions and the variable of race/culture were nonsignificant. Results are discussed as they relate to Cruzan culture.
Developmental Changes in Recall and Recognition of Complex Material
Authors: Lohaus Arnold , Kebeck Gänther
Published: September 2011

The present paper focusses on the comparison of the development of free recall and recognition. A videotape depicting a quarrel between a teacher and pupil was shown to 201 boys aged 11 to 18 yr. Memory was tested immediately after presentation of the film and again two weeks later. Free recall showed an improvement with age but recognition decreased with age. Item difficulty had a significant effect on recognition.
Color-Mediated Ganzfeld and Computer-Assisted Feedback in PSI Testing
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Cain Catherine , Broome Gail
Published: September 2011

Ganzfeld visual stimulation of varying hues and four levels of computer-assisted feedback were presented to 80 undergraduate students taking courses in general and experimental psychology. A 4 × 4 factorial design with repeated measures for studying psi hitting gave no significant differences in GESP scoring attributable to the independent variables or to interactions between them. Probability matching was suggested as a plausible description of psi-related phenomena with ‘synchronicity’ as their likely explanation.