bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O turismo é uma dádiva? Uma “etnografia das trocas” e a oferta da experiência “chamada” Turismo de Base Comunitária em Anã/Santarém/Pará
Authors: Assis Giselle Castro , Peixoto Rodrigo Corrêa D.
Published: May 2019

Este artigo objetiva mostrar que a experiência de turismo desenvolvida na comunidade de Anã/Santarém/Pará envolve várias relações de troca e reciprocidade, conforme a concepção de Mauss (1925/2017). Para esse autor, a dádiva é ambivalente, pois é simultaneamente, interessada e desinteressada, voluntária e obrigatória. O caráter ambivalente da dádiva foi compreendido pela noção de interesse postulada por Bourdieu (2011). A pesquisa de campo seguiu os pressupostos da pesquisa etnográfica antropológica, e o caminho metodológico foi construído a partir da concepção de Lanna (2000) sobre a “etnografia da troca”. Os dados foram coletados por observação direta e entrevistas, em dois períodos: agosto de 2016 e janeiro de 2017. Destacamos como principais resultados: a observação de cinco relações de troca entre os agentes internos e externos à comunidade de Anã, que envolvem vários tipos de “prestações”, como define Mauss (1925/2017); a interpretação do turismo como uma dádiva em ambientes sociais que ele promova a troca de bens e de sua espiritualidade de forma ambivalente; a constatação de que a comunidade não possui autonomia sobre a gestão do turismo em seu território. Consideramos que a experiência de turismo em Anã não alcançou, ainda, a condição requerida para ser considerada, de fato, de base comunitária.
The Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar on the Lipid Profile and Electrolytes of Wistar Rats
Authors: Okoye Ngozi Franca , Porolo Sinenye Barikpoa
Published: May 2019

Aim: This study was to investigate the effects of apple cider vinegar with “the mother” on lipid profile and electrolytes of Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: Twelve female albino rats with mean weight of 150±20 were grouped into four groups. The first group was the control. The control was given distilled water and allowed access to normal animal feed ad libitum but was not administered apple cider vinegar. The second group was the group to be sacrificed after the first week of experiment.  The group was given distilled water, allowed access to normal animal feed ad libitum and administered 1ml apple cider vinegar solution twice daily. The third group was the group to be sacrificed after the second week of experiment. The group had same treatment as the second group above. The fourth group was the group to be sacrificed after the third week which was the final week of experiment. The group had same treatment like the second and third groups.

Results: After oral administration of the apple cider vinegar on rats for 7 days up to 21 days, the results revealed that the significant reductions in a time dependent manner with the highest reductions obtained on the last week of experiment (p<0.05). After 21 days, triglycerides reduced from 3.37 ± 0.14 to 2.73 ± 0.13 mmol/l, total cholesterol from 4.04 ± 0.98 to 3.62 ± 0.33, low density lipoprotein cholesterol from 8.24 ± 1.31 to 7.02 ± 0.30, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol from 1.55 ± 0.07 to 1.42 ± 0.04mmol/l in the blood of rats. It also revealed a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in calcium electrolyte concentration from 11.54 ± 0.21 to 7.09 ± 0.20 mmol/l. It also revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in the sodium and elevation in potassium electrolytes concentrations from 153.63 ±0.24 to 120.30 ± 1.31 and 3.61 ± 0.30 to 4.92± 0.46 mmol/l respectively.

Conclusion: The results suggested that the apple cider vinegar reduced triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the blood of Wistar rats. The results also suggested that apple cider vinegar reduced calcium and sodium electrolyte levels in the blood but increased potassium levels in the blood of Wistar rats based on the 1ml administration for 21 days.
Road Network Pre-partitioning Method with Priority for Congestion Control
Authors: She Hao , Xie Xingsheng
Published: May 2019

Urban traffic congestion seriously affects the traffic efficiency, causing travel delays and resources wasted directly. In this paper, a road network pre-partitioning method with priority for congestion control is proposed to reduce traffic congestion. Traffic flow feature is extracted based on CNN, and the estimated accuracy of intersection reach 95.32% through CNN-SVM model. Subarea congestion coefficient and intersection merger coefficient are defined to expand the control area of congestion coordination. The association and similarity of intersections are considered using spectral clustering for non-congested intersection partitioning. The results show that the congestion priority control partition method reduces a congestion intersection compared to directly using spectral clustering for subarea partition, and reduces the road network congestion coefficient by 0.05 after 30 minutes than directly using spectral clustering, which is an effective subarea partition method.
Effectiveness of Forgiveness Skill on Worry and Hopelessness in Women Victims of Sexual Abuse in Childhood
Authors: Ghahari Shahrbanoo , Naeimi Neda , Azemnia Zahra , Mazloumirad Mohammad , Salari Susan , Piraghon Nadia Ghorbanzadeh , Asadollahinia Mahro , Talemi Abouzar Nouri
Published: May 2019

Sexual abuse is a major health problem and trauma if encountered in childhood. This study was conducted about the Effectiveness, Forgiveness skill on worry and hopelessness in Women Victims of sexual abuse in childhood.

This is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest as well as control and test groups. 30 depressed women who reported a sexual abuse by relative and referred to several psychological clinics in Tehran in 2017 were studied. Studied sample consisted of 30 women who were selected randomly (how the author has used random sampling) (the author should have used purposive sampling rather than random) and signed into two 15-member experimental and control groups. Sample members of test group were under intervention individually within 12 sessions with forgiveness approach and control group members were remained in waiting list. Both of groups filled out worry and hopelessness scale   in baseline and after intervention. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis through IBM SPSS 22.0 software.

Results obtained from study indicate difference between worry and hopelessness level of women victims of sexual abuse in control and experimental groups after forgiveness training.

Forgiveness skill is effective in reducing worry and hopelessness in women victims of sexual abuse in childhood.
The effects of a 120-minute nap on sleepiness, fatigue, and performance during 16-hour night shifts: A pilot study
Authors: Oriyama Sanae , Miyakoshi Yukiko , Rahman Md Moshiur
Published: May 2019

Objective

To investigate sleepiness, fatigue, and performance following a 120-minute nap during simulated 16-hour night shifts based on subjective and objective assessments.

Methods

Fourteen females participated in this crossover comparative study. Three experimental nap conditions were used: naps from 22:00 to 00:00 (22-NAP), 00:00 to 02:00 (00-NAP), and 02:00 to 04:00 (02-NAP), respectively. Measurement items were sleep parameters, sublingual temperature, a Visual Analog Scale for sleepiness and fatigue, a single-digit mental arithmetic task (for 10 minutes), and heart rate variability. Participants wore an ActiGraph to estimate their sleep state.

Results

There was no difference in the sleep parameters at the time of naps among the three conditions. Immediately following a 120-minute nap, sleepiness and fatigue increased, and the number of calculations performed in the single-digit mental arithmetic task decreased in any of the conditions. In particular, immediately after the 02-NAP, fatigue and high-frequency power (HF) were higher than after the 22-NAP. In the early morning (from 05:00 to 09:00), in the 22-NAP, sleepiness and fatigue increased, and performance and sublingual temperature decreased more than in the 00-NAP and 02-NAP. Furthermore, the ratio of errors was significantly lower in the 00-NAP than in the 22-NAP in the early morning.

Conclusions

A 120-minute nap taken from 22:00 to 02:00 may cause temporary sleepiness after waking, increase fatigue and reduce performance. Greater attention should be given to naps taken at a later time (ie, 02-NAP). In addition, taking a nap starting at 00:00 might decrease the risks of errors in the morning.
Oxidative folding pathways of bovine milk β‐lactoglobulin with odd cysteine residues
Authors: Iwaoka Michio , Mitsuji Takumi , Shinozaki Reina
Published: May 2019

Bovine β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major whey protein with unique structural characteristics: it possesses a free Cys thiol (SH) and two disulfide (SS) bonds and consists of a β‐barrel core surrounded by one long and several short α helices. Although SS‐intact conformational folding has been studied in depth, the oxidative folding pathways and accompanying SS formation/rearrangement are poorly understood. In this study, we used trans‐3,4‐dihydroxyselenolane oxide, a water‐soluble selenoxide reagent which undergoes rapid and quantitative SS formation, to determine the oxidative folding pathways of BLG variant A (BLGA) at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. This was done by characterizing two key one‐SS intermediates, a particular folding intermediate having a Cys66–Cys160 SS bond (I‐1) and a particular folding intermediate having a Cys106–Cys119 SS bond (I‐2), which have a native Cys66–Cys160 and Cys106–Cys119 SS bond, respectively. In the major folding pathway, the reduced protein (R) with abundant α helices was oxidized to I‐1, which was then transformed to I‐2 through SS rearrangement. The native protein (N) was formed by oxidation of I‐2. The redundant Cys121 thiol facilitates SS rearrangement. N is also generated from an ensemble of folding intermediates having two SS bonds (2SS) intermediates with scrambled SS bonds through SS rearrangement, but this minor pathway is deteriorative due to aggregation or overoxidation of 2SS. During oxidative folding of BLGA, α→β conformational transition occurred as previously observed in SS‐intact folding. These findings are informative not only for elucidating oxidative folding pathways of other members of the β‐lactoglobulin family, but also for understanding the roles of a redundant Cys thiol in the oxidative folding process of a protein with odd Cys residues.
Scaling of adult human bone and skeletal muscle mass to height in the US population
Authors: Heymsfield Steven B. , Hwaung Phoenix , Ferreyro‐Bravo Fernando , Heo Moonseong , Thomas Diana M. , Schuna John M.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The scaling of structural components to body size is well studied in mammals, although comparable human observations in a large and diverse sample are lacking. The current study aimed to fill this gap by examining the scaling relationships between total body (TB) and regional bone and skeletal muscle (SM) mass with body size, as defined by stature, in a nationally representative sample of the US population.

Methods

Subjects were 17,126 non‐Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Mexican American men and women, aged ≥18 years, evaluated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who had TB and regional bone mineral (BMin) and lean soft tissue (LST) mass measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. BMin and appendicular LST served as surrogate bone and SM mass measures, respectively. The allometric model, BMin or LST = α(height)β, in a logarithmic form was used to generate scaling exponents.

Results

The findings were similar across all gender and race groups: body mass scaled to height with powers of ~2.0 (mean β ± SE, 1.94 ± 0.08‐2.29 ± 0.09) while TB and appendicular BMin and appendicular LST scaled to height with consistently larger powers than those for body mass (eg, all P < .05 in NH white men and women); the largest BMin and LST scaling powers to height were observed in the lower extremities.

Conclusions

Bone and SM mass, notably those of the lower extremities, increase as proportions of body mass with greater adult height. Metabolic and biomechanical implications emerge from these observations, the first of their kind in a representative adult US population sample.
Topical therapies for management of chronic rhinosinusitis: steroid implants
Authors: Han Joseph K. , Kern Robert C.
Published: May 2019

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) causes severe symptoms that lead to poor quality of life. When optimal medical therapy does not improve CRS symptoms, then endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) can be used in patients with persistent symptoms and radiographic evidence of CRS to improve patients’ symptoms and quality of life. Despite appropriate and complete sinus surgery, there can be issues after sinus surgery such as synechiae formation and recurrence of polyps in certain CRS patients that can decrease long‐term outcomes. Corticosteroids are used to decrease postoperative scarring and edema as well as prevent recurrence of nasal polyp formation after sinus surgery. However, the use of oral or systemic steroid can lead to serious short‐term and long‐term complications. Therefore, a safer alternative would be the topical delivery of steroid via steroid‐eluting sinus implants.

Methods

A literature review was performed to identify clinical studies evaluating steroid‐eluting implants. Two forms of steroid‐eluting implants were identified, Propel family products and Sinuva. The research findings from clinical studies using various steroid‐eluting sinus implants are reviewed and discussed.

Results

Four prospective randomized clinical studies were identified for the Propel family products. Two prospective randomized clinical studies were identified for Sinuva. The results from the clinical studies showed that the use of the various steroid‐eluting sinus implants can improve postoperative results after ESS as well as treat the recurrence of nasal polyps after sinus surgery without the need for additional sinus surgery.

Conclusion

The novel steroid‐eluting implants appear to be beneficial for CRS patients immediately post‐operatively as well as for nasal polyps patients. Interestingly, these implants could be used as a substitute for the beneficial effect of systemic steroid use for CRS patients.
Preparation of multiresponsive nanogel and its application in noninvasive glucose naked eye detection
Authors: Peng Mengyuan , Yuan Sixiang , Shi Xiaodi , Lu Xihua
Published: May 2019

In this article, multiresponsive P(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐vinylphenylboronic acid) (P(NIPAM‐co‐VPBA)) nanogel was first synthesized by using N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and vinylphenylboronic acid (VPBA) as reaction monomer. Under the optimized condition, the diameter of the as prepared nanogel reached 256.9 nm and possessed excellent monodispersity of 0.023. Besides, it was sensitive to temperature, pH, and glucose concentration. Especially, colloidal structure self‐assembled by the P(NIPAM‐co‐VPBA) nanogel showed obvious color changes to glucose in buffer solution with different concentrations. And the detection line of glucose concentration could be reduced to 1 mM, which was lower than that of the lowest glucose concentration range of diabetes in urine fluid (1.67–2.77 mM) and provided the possibility of noninvasive glucose naked eye monitoring in urine fluid using colloidal solutions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47933.
Thinking about engaging North Korea: A study on the framing of the U.S. human rights public discourse in the Washington Post and New York Times between 2001 and 2017
Authors: Rudolph Rachael M.
Published: May 2019

North Korea said in January 2019 that it was exploring ways to engage the human rights issue. This was a much welcomed announcement because the issue must be addressed in order for the two countries to reach a formal, comprehensive peace agreement and the lifting or easing of unilateral sanctions. This study utilizes framing as an analytical tool to examine how the North Korean human rights discourse is framed in the United States for the purpose of identifying the salient rights‐based issues covered in two traditional media outlets, namely, the Washington Post and New York Times. Next, it reframes the discourse using a coding schema based on the convergence of the human rights, human security, and non‐traditional security discourses. A reframing of the discourse highlights how the universalist–particularist debate in the traditional rights‐based literature masks the underlying issues of the rights problem. A combination of the traditional rights‐based discourse and the masking of the issues contributes to a disconnect in the way in which North Korea has been engaged in the past. Therefore, a reframing of the discourse using the convergence of the human rights, human security, and non‐traditional security discourses could open new pathways for engagement.
Comparing the Superficial Vasculature of the Central Nervous System in Six Laboratory Animals: A Hypothesis About the Role of the “Circle of Willis”
Authors: Kim Yoo Yeon , Chao Janet Ren , Kim Chulho , Jung Harry , Kim Boyoung , Kang Tae‐Cheon , Chang Jiwon , Park Hae Sang , Suh Jun‐Gyo , Lee Jun Ho
Published: May 2019

We provide images of the entire central nervous system vasculature, and compare the anatomical findings in six different laboratory animals. A detailed understanding of the specific anatomy for each is important in the design of experimental modeling and for understanding the specific function of each target organ. Six different types of animals, the Korean wild mouse, C57BL/6J mouse, F344 rat, mongolian gerbil, Syrian hamsters, and guinea pigs, were included. To stain the blood vessels in each of the animals, Alcian blue reagent was used to perfuse each species. The bifurcation and anastomotic patterns of the anterior cerebral arteries differed in each species. The vascular supply to the olfactory nerve was visualized as a single artery supplying both olfactory nerves, and arteries supplying the lateral portion of the olfactory nerves originating from the olfactory bulb area. The posterior communicating arteries of the six animals demonstrated unique morphologies. The shape of the hypophyseal portal system varied by species. Most animals used in this study had a hexagonal Circle of Willis, except for the Korean wild mouse. Using this approach, we successfully mapped the brain vascular system in six different species of animals. This information and the images created can guide other researchers as they design research studies and create experimental models for new surgical procedures and approaches. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:2049–2061, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Motion of Enzyme‐Powered Microshell Motors
Authors: Chen Chengtao , He Zhengqing , Wu Jie , Zhang Xueqing , Xia Qianfeng , Ju Huangxian
Published: May 2019

Microshells are attractive in constructing bubble‐propelled micromotors due to the lower energy consumption for bubbles forming on a concave surface. In this work, enzyme‐powered microshell motors were fabricated on multimetallic (Au/Ag/Au) microshells along with the modification of catalase on its concave surface. The catalase triggered the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas, hence propelling the autonomous motion of microshell motors. A size‐dependent motion behaviour was observed for the microshell motors in the form of slow tremble and fast translation motion for a size smaller and larger than 5 μm, respectively, according to the size, generation efficiency and ejection mechanism of bubbles and the intensity of Brownian motion. In addition, the effect of fuel concentration on the motion speed of microshells was dependent on whether the bubble generation was affected by the limited mass transfer in the microshell space. These findings play an important role for the design of microshell motors.
Identification and CRISPR/Cas9 Inactivation of the C1s Protease Responsible for Proteolysis of Recombinant Proteins Produced in CHO Cells
Authors: Li Sophia W. , Yu Bin , Byrne Gabriel , Wright Meredith , O'Rourke Sara , Mesa Kathryn , Berman Phillip W.
Published: May 2019

Proteolysis associated with recombinant protein expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells has hindered the development of biologics including HIV vaccines. When expressed in CHO cells, the recombinant HIV envelope protein, gp120, undergoes proteolytic clipping by a serine protease at a key epitope recognized by neutralizing antibodies. The problem is particularly acute for envelope proteins from clade B viruses that represent the major genetic subtype circulating in much of the developed world, including the US and Europe. In this paper, we have identified complement Component 1's (C1s), a serine protease from the complement cascade, as the protease responsible for the proteolysis of gp120 in CHO cells. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the C1s protease in a CHO cell line was shown to eliminate the proteolytic activity against the recombinantly expressed gp120. In addition, the C1s−/−MGAT1− CHO cell line, with the C1s protease and the MGAT1 glycosyltransferase knocked out, enabled the production of unclipped gp120 from a clade B isolate (BaL‐rgp120) and enriched for mannose‐5 glycans on gp120 that are required for the binding of multiple broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bN‐mAbs). The availability of this technology will allow for the scale‐up and testing of multiple vaccine concepts in regions of the world where clade B viruses are in circulation. Furthermore, the proteolysis issues caused by the C1s protease suggests a broader need for a C1s‐deficient CHO cell line to express other recombinant proteins that are susceptible to serine protease activity in CHO cells. Similarly, the workflow described here to identify and knockout C1s in a CHO cell line can be applied to remedy the proteolysis of biologics by other CHO proteases.
Maternal stress and adolescent brain structure and function
Authors: Niehaus Claire E. , Chaplin Tara M. , Gonçalves Stefanie F. , Semelsberger Robin , Thompson James C.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Adolescence is a time of heightened sensitivity in biological stress systems and the emergence of stress‐related psychopathology. Thus, understanding environmental factors in adolescence that might be associated with adolescents'’ stress systems is important. Maternal stress levels may be involved. However, the relationship between maternal stress and the adolescent brain is unknown.

Method

The present study examined the association between mothers' self‐reported stress levels and mothers' cortisol stress reactivity and their early adolescents' brain structure and functional activation to stressful negative emotional images. Participants included 66 mothers and their 12‐ to 14‐year old adolescents. Mother's perceived stress and salivary cortisol reactivity to a stressful task were collected. Then, adolescents' brain structure and function were assessed in a magnetic resonance imaging session.

Results

Functional whole‐brain analyses revealed that mothers' higher reported perceived stress, but not cortisol reactivity, predicted adolescents' higher responses in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to stressful negative emotional stimuli. There were no statistically significant associations for structural analyses.

Conclusions

Given the finding of maternal stress reactivity related to adolescent mPFC function—an integral structure related to stress responses—parent stress may play a role in the development of neural stress systems in adolescence, with potential implications for development of psychopathology.
Effects of cholinium‐based ionic liquids on Aspergillus niger lipase: Stabilizers or inhibitors
Authors: Nascimento Paloma A. M. , Picheli Flávio P. , Lopes André M. , Pereira Jorge F. B. , Santos‐Ebinuma Valéria C.
Published: May 2019

Lipases are well‐known biocatalysts used in several industrial processes/applications. Thus, as with other enzymes, changes in their surrounding environment and/or their thermodynamic parameters can induce structural changes that can increase, decrease, or even inhibit their catalytic activity. The use of ionic compounds as solvents or additives is a common approach for adjusting reaction conditions and, consequently, for controlling the biocatalytic activity of enzymes. Herein, to elucidate the effects of ionic compounds on the structure of lipase, the stability and enzymatic activity of lipase from Aspergillus niger in aqueous solutions (at 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 M) of six cholinium‐based ionic liquids (cholinium chloride [Ch]Cl; cholinium acetate ([Ch][Ac]); cholinium propanoate ([Ch][Prop]); cholinium butanoate ([Ch][But]); cholinium pentanoate ([Ch][Pent]); and cholinium hexanoate ([Ch][Hex])) were evaluated over 24 hr. The enzymatic activity of lipase was maintained or enhanced in the lower concentrations of all the [Ch]+‐ILs (below 0.1 M). [Ch][Ac] maintained the biocatalytic behavior of lipase, independent of the IL concentration and incubation time. However, above 0.1 M, [Ch][Pent] and [Ch][Hex] caused complete inhibition of the catalytic activity of the enzyme, demonstrating that the increase in the anionic alkyl chain length strongly affected the conformation of the lipase. The hydrophobicity and concentration of the [Ch]+‐ILs play an important role in the enzyme activity, and these parameters can be controlled by adjusting the anionic alkyl chain length. The inhibitory effects of [Ch][Pent] and [Ch][Hex] may be of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry to induce pharmacological inhibition of gastric and pancreatic lipases.
The demographic and treatment options for patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung
Authors: Gu Jianjun , Gong Daohui , Wang Yuxiu , Chi Beiyuan , Zhang Jun , Hu Suwei , Min Lingfeng
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (L‐LCNEC) is a rare, aggressive tumor, for which the optimal treatment strategies for LCNEC have not yet been established. In order to explore how to improve the outcome of prognosis for patients with LCNEC, this study investigated the effect of different treatments based on the data obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Methods

A total of 2594 LCNEC cases with conditional information were extracted from SEER database. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was conducted to reduce possible bias between groups. One‐way ANOVA was used to test the differences of characteristics between groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were applied to identify prognostic factors.

Results

Clinicopathologic characteristics including gender, age, TNM stage, T stage, N stage, and M stage were all identified as independent prognostic factors. Surgery benefited stage I, II, and III LCNEC patients’ prognoses. The combination treatment that surgery combining with chemotherapy was the optimal treatment for stage I, II, and III LCENC patients. Compared with palliative treatment, stage IV patients obtained better prognoses with the treatment of radiation, chemotherapy, or chemoradiation. When comparing the effect of the three treatments (radiation, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation) in achieving better prognosis for stage IV patients, chemotherapy alone was better than the other treatments.

Conclusion

Surgery combining with chemotherapy was the optimal treatment for stage I, II, and III LCNEC patients; chemotherapy alone achieves more benefit than the other treatments for stage IV patients.
Regional and racial variations in the utilization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography among pancreatic cancer patients in the United States
Authors: Tavakkoli Anna , Singal Amit G. , Waljee Akbar K. , Scheiman James M. , Murphy Caitlin C. , Pruitt Sandi L. , Xuan Lei , Kwon Richard S. , Law Ryan J. , Elta Grace H. , Wright‐Slaughter Phyllis , Valley Thomas S. , Kubiliun Nisa , Nathan Hari , Rubenstein Joel H. , Elmunzer B. Joseph
Published: May 2019

Background

Pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths by 2030. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is recommended as first‐line therapy for biliary decompression in pancreatic cancer. The aim of our study was to characterize geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in ERCP utilization among patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database to identify patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer from 2003‐2013. The primary outcome was receipt of ERCP, with or without stent placement, vs any non‐ERCP biliary intervention.

Results

Of the 36 619 patients with pancreatic cancer, 37.5% (n = 13 719) underwent an ERCP, percutaneous drainage, or surgical biliary bypass. The most common biliary intervention (82.6%) was ERCP. After adjusting for tumor location and stage, Blacks were significantly less likely to receive ERCP than Whites (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72, 0.97) and more likely to receive percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14, 1.66). Patients in the Southeast and the West were more likely to receive ERCP than those in the Northeast (Southeast aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.04, 1.40; West aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.32).

Conclusion

Racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in access to biliary interventions including ERCP exist for patients with pancreatic cancer in the United States. Our results highlight the need for further research and policies to improve access to appropriate biliary intervention for all patients.
Unusual metastasis of papillary renal cell carcinoma to the pyriform sinus: Case report
Authors: Gioia Edoardo , Carta Filippo , Mariani Cinzia , Gerosa Clara , Puxeddu Roberto
Published: May 2019

Renal cell carcinoma is the third most common cause of distant metastasis to the head and neck. Renal cell carcinoma metastasis should be considered in differential diagnosis when patients with a clinical history of renal cell carcinoma show a head and neck mass.
Chiral Salen Complexes for Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis: Recent Examples for Recycling and Cooperativity
Authors: Abd El Sater Mariam , Jaber Nada , Schulz Emmanuelle
Published: May 2019

Chiral salen complexes are privileged and versatile catalysts used in a wide variety of enantioselective transformations. Researches for their use in multicatalysis, including cooperative as well as tandem processes, are more recent, but many reports already highlight the important effect of the salen ligand structure on reaction rates and/or selectivities. This review article thus outlines the literature covering last five years, on the current developments of chiral polymetallic salen complexes used in asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis; their preparation, their efficiency as catalysts in various reactions and their recyclability are highlighted according to the immobilization procedures involved for their heterogenization. These methods include grafting on organic or inorganic supports insuring easy recovery by simple filtration. Polymerization processes are also part of recent research, leading to high densities of catalytic sites to favor their cooperativity. Combination of salen complexes via non covalent interactions or their introduction on MOFs and COFs networks is currently in full expansion, with examples of highly functionalized and enantioenriched products issued from tandem catalysis.
Specific Residues Expand the Substrate Scope and Enhance the Regioselectivity of a Plant O‐Methyltransferase
Authors: Tang Qingyun , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Pavlidis Ioannis V.
Published: May 2019

An isoeugenol 4‐O‐methyltransferase (IeOMT), isolated from the plant Clarkia breweri, can be engineered to a caffeic acid 3‐O‐methyltransferase (CaOMT) by replacing three consecutive residues. Here we further investigated functions of these residues by constructing the triple mutant T133M/A134N/T135Q as well as single mutants of each residue. Phenolics with different chain lengths and different functional groups were investigated. The variant T133M improves the enzymatic activities against all tested substrates by providing beneficial interactions to residues which directly interact with the substrate. Mutant A134N significantly enhanced the regioselectivity. It is meta‐selective or even specific against most of the tested substrates but para‐specific towards 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid. The triple mutant T133M/A134N/T135Q benefits from these two mutations, which not only expand the substrate scope but also enhance the regioselectivity of IeOMT. On the basis of our work, regiospecific methylated phenolics can be produced in high purity by different IeOMT variants.
Cyclization of Terphenyl‐Bisfluorenols: A Mechanistic Study of the Regioselectvity
Authors: Poriel Cyril , Barrière Frédéric , Rault‐Berthelot Joëlle , Thirion Damien
Published: May 2019

The mechanism of the bicyclization reaction of a series of terphenyl‐bisfluorenols into dispiro[fluorene‐9,6′‐indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene‐12′,9′′‐fluorene] and dispiro[fluorene‐9,6′‐indeno[2,1‐a]fluorene‐12′,9′′‐fluorene] is reported. Through a combined experimental and theoretical study, the different parameters that drive the regioselectivity of this cyclization reaction have been studied and are presented.
α‐Branched Ketone Dienolates: Base‐Catalysed Generation and Regio‐ and Enantioselective Addition Reactions
Authors: Urruzuno Iñaki , Mugica Odei , Zanella Giovanna , Vera Silvia , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: May 2019

In this study, the unique capacity of bifunctional Brønsted bases to generate α‐branched ketone dienolates and control both site‐ and stereoselectivity of their addition reactions to representative classes of carbon electrophiles (i.e., vinyl sulfones, nitroolefins, formaldehyde) is documented. We demonstrate that by using selected chiral tertiary amine/squaramide catalysts, the reactions of β,γ‐unsaturated cycloalkanones proceed through the dienolate Cα almost exclusively and provide all‐carbon quaternary cyclic ketone adducts in good yields with very high enantioselectivities. A minor amount (<5 %) of γ‐addition is observed when nitroolefins are used as electrophiles. The parent acyclic ketone dienolates proved to be less reactive under these conditions, and thus still constitute a challenging class of substrates. Quantum chemical calculations correctly predict these differences in reactivity and explain the observed site‐specificity and enantioselectivity.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Tetraphenylethylene‐Based Tetrakis‐NHC Ligands and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Sun Li‐Ying , Feng Ting , Das Rajorshi , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Han Ying‐Feng
Published: May 2019

The development of highly emissive dinuclear AgI or AuI complexes [M2L](PF6)2 (L=2 a, 2 b; M=Ag, Au) derived from tetraphenylethylene (TPE)‐based tetrabenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene ligands is reported. The new complexes exhibit a remarkable fluorescence enhancement compared to their parent benzimidazolium salts. The quantum yield (ΦF) value for salt H4‐2 a(PF6)4 in dilute solution (c=10−5 m) was found to be less than 1 %, whereas its metal complexes show ΦF values up to 55 % at similar solution concentration. This observation can be attributed to the rigidification of the TPE skeleton upon metalation resulting in a restriction of the intramolecular rotation of the phenyl groups. Functionalization of the complexes [M22 b](PF6)2 (M=Ag, Au) with terminal coumarin groups and subsequent photoirradiation yielded the complexes [M23 b](PF6)2 (M=Ag, Au) bearing a new type of ligand with an unaffected TPE moiety.
A Brief History of Chemical Reactor and Reaction Technology
Authors: Kockmann Norbert
Published: May 2019

The term “chemical reactor” appears for the first time in open literature at the end of First World War, while in Germany the term “reaction technology” was coined in the 1950s, although chemical reactions and processes have been known for thousands of years. In the early days, reactors were furnaces and pots, which specialized further over the centuries. With the Industrial Revolution many reactor types were already known, and industrialization brought an enormous innovation thrust in the field of products as well as technologies. The diversity of reactors today is almost uncomprehensive and so efforts to standardize apparatus are understandable.
Cover Picture: Facile Synthesis and in situ TEM Observation of Nanoporous Pd for Enhanced Catalytic Applications (Chin. J. Chem. 6/2019)
Authors: Liu Haiyang , Ke Kai , Li Chang , Chen Xin , Wu Yulian
Published: May 2019

The cover picture shows facile photochemical synthesis, direct in situ TEM characterization, and effective catalytical applications of sponge‐like porous Pd nano particles. In situ liquid cell TEM observation not only confirms the actual existence of the sponge‐like Pd in a liquid solution, but also shows such Pd nanostructure is in a dynamic stable state, which is beneficial for the material exchange and the catalytic performance improvement. The expected catalytic activity improvement is supported by such as the 4‐nitrophenol reduction reactions, which is important both for the environment and the industry. More details are discussed in the article by Chen et al. on page 565–569.

image
Definitive Conditions on Maxwell's Tangential E or H for Solutions to His Equations Inside a Bounded Region
Authors: Cappell Sylvain E. , Miller Edward Y.
Published: May 2019

Let U be a connected, closed, bounded region in ℝ3 with smooth boundary 𝛛U. Consider Maxwell's equations on U for smooth fields and smooth sources, which are time harmonic, i.e., the fields E,B,H,D and the current density J and charge density ρ on U temporally varying as e−iωt. We assume ω ≠ 0; when it is real, ω is the frequency of the pure oscillation; when ω is not real, one has exponentially decreasing or increasing oscillatory fields. We treat very general electric permittivity ɛω and magnetic permeability μω, which may both depend upon ω. Both can be arbitrary, time‐independent, smoothly varying with position and described by complex Hermitian tensors subject only to weak positivity conditions specified below at each point of U.

In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the tangential components, ET or HT on 𝛛U, to be realized by solutions of Maxwell's equations on all of U with these given sources J, ρ in the time‐harmonic realm with ω ≠ 0. Also, all solutions E,H on U with specified ET, HT, respectively, satisfying the necessary finite‐dimensional conditions are derived by an effective natural algorithm.

In the electric ET case, the positivity condition is this: the complex Hermitian matrix μω(p) is to be positive definite while only the real part of ɛω(p), i.e., Re(ɛω(p)), necessarily real symmetric, need be positive definite. In the magnetic‐type HT case, the two roles are reversed. These positivity conditions are more general than those commonly considered. In the final section Maxwell's equations and all the present results are reformulated yet more generally in a context of compact, smooth, Riemannian manifolds with boundary. Sample examples include periodic lattices and wave guides. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Copper Complexes as Redox Couples in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Lennert Annkatrin , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: May 2019

To gather a comprehensive understanding of copper complexes as redox couples in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a series of copper complexes were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Characterization was undertaken using an arsenal of spectroscopic techniques, including steady‐state spectroscopy, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical assays, current‐voltage measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS). Starting from a homoleptic copper complex featuring two bathocuproine ligands and replacing one of them by either another N‐ or a P‐coordinating ligand, a clear relationship between ligand size, on one hand, and charge transport, recombination as well as effective regeneration of the sensitizer, on the other hand, was established. With this information in hand, the future targeted synthesis of copper complexes to achieve maximum device performance may be achieved.
Preferential Orientation of Crystals and its Influence on the Emission Wavelength of Acrylonitrile Derivatives Treated with Polar Solvents
Authors: Percino Maria Judith , Cerón Margarita , Pérez‐Gutiérrez Enrique , Perumal Venkatesan , Siegler Maxime A. , Subbiah Thamotharan , Ceballos Paulina , Gordillo‐Guerra Paola , Bonilla‐Cruz José , Longoria Francisco Enrique , Lara Tania
Published: May 2019

Photoluminescence properties in solid state and its relationship with structural features of prop‐2‐enenitrile derivatives containing any of functional groups 4‐halogenphenyl, phenyl, 4‐dimethylamino, or 4‐diphenylamino are investigated. The compounds show change in color from yellow to orange after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl formamide. Nevertheless, the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction for both, the original yellow and the treated orange crystals, does not display any major structural differences. The optical properties are related to the crystal packing and intermolecular interactions such as edge‐to‐face through the vertices of aromatic rings. The last is supported by the behavior of the presence of functional group. The absorption spectrum in solution for all compounds shows two absorption bands with wavelength of maximum absorption around 390–430 nm and at 290–300 nm. Regardless of the crystal type, the maximum emission in solution was between 450–570 nm. In solid state, yellow crystals exhibit an emission in the 500–530 nm range and in the 580–630 nm range for orange crystals. Results suggest that optical properties are strongly dependent on morphology and habit. Powder X‐ray characterization shows a preferential orientation for orange crystals. All compounds are characterized by common spectroscopy techniques, fluorescence, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction.
Simulation of positronium plasma by the molecular dynamics method
Authors: Kodanova Sandugash K. , Issanova Moldir K. , Ramazanov Tlekkabul S. , Khikmetov Askar K. , Maiorov Sergey A.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the relaxation properties of a fully ionized, hot, ideal plasma have been studied using the molecular dynamics method. As an example, the classical problem of equalization of the electron and ion temperatures for various mass ratios is considered, the relaxation times for temperatures is determined, and the influence of the number of particles and the type of boundary conditions on the simulation results is studied. The simulation results are compared with the available theoretical results.
Dust‐acoustic envelope solitons in super‐thermal plasmas
Authors: Noman A.A. , Chowdhury N.A. , Mannan A. , Mamun A.A.
Published: May 2019

The modulational instability (MI) of the dust‐acoustic waves (DAWs) in an electron‐positron‐ion‐dust plasma (containing super‐thermal electrons, positrons, and ions along with negatively charged adiabatic dust grains) is investigated by the analysis of the non‐linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). To derive the NLSE, the reductive perturbation method was employed. Two different parametric regions for stable and unstable DAWs are observed. The presence of super‐thermal electrons, positrons, and ions significantly modifies both the stable and unstable regions. The critical wave number kc (at which MI sets in) depends on the super‐thermal electron, positron, and ion, and adiabatic dust concentrations.
Primary adrenal gland epithelioid sarcoma: A case report and literature review
Authors: Huang Xiao , Nayar Ritu , Zhou Haijun
Published: May 2019

Epithelioid sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with morphologic and immunophenotypic epithelioid differentiation, which rarely arises in solid organs. We report a case of primary epithelioid sarcoma in the adrenal gland of a 31‐year‐old female. The patient initially presented with nausea and rectal bleeding, and subsequent imaging studies revealed a 4.4 cm left adrenal gland mass and left retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Clinical and radiological studies did not reveal tumor elsewhere in the patient. Histologic features were those of epithelioid sarcoma, proximal type with cohesive clusters of epithelioid tumor cells harboring frequent mitoses, and areas of necrosis. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong, diffuse expression of epithelial markers (pancytokeratin), and CD34 and Fli‐1. Partial and focal positive staining of CK7 was also noted. Nuclear expression of SMARCB1 (INI‐1) protein was lost. ERG was negative in this case. We believe that this is the second‐case report of a primary adrenal gland epithelioid sarcoma. Fli‐1 positivity was seen in our case, and ERG was negative as shown in some recent publications regarding epithelioid sarcomas.
Elimination profile of triamcinolone hexacetonide and its metabolites in human urine and plasma after a single intra‐articular administration
Authors: Coll Sergi , Matabosch Xavier , Llorente‐Onaindia Jone , Carbó Marcel·li , Pérez‐Mañá Clara , Monfort Nuria , Monfort Jordi , Ventura Rosa
Published: May 2019

Triamcinolone hexacetonide (THA) is a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) used by intra‐articular (IA) administration. GCs are prohibited in sports competitions by systemic routes, and they are allowed by other routes considered of local action (IA administration, among others). The aim of the present work was to study the metabolic profile of THA in urine and plasma following IA administration. Eight patients (4 males and 4 females) with knee osteoarthritis received an IA dose of THA (40 mg) in the knee joint. Spot urine and plasma samples were collected before injection and at different time periods up to day 23 and 10 post‐administration, respectively. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Neither THA nor specific THA metabolites were detected in urine. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and 6β‐hydroxy‐triamcinolone acetonide were the main urinary metabolites. Maximum concentrations wereobtained between 24 and 48 h after administration. Using the reporting level of 30 ng/mL to distinguish allowed from forbidden administrations of GCs, a large number of false adverse analytical findings would be reported up to day 4. On the other hand, TA was detected in all plasma samples collected up to day 10 after administration. THA was also detected in plasma but at lower concentrations. The detection of plasma THA would be an unequivocal proof to demonstrate IA use of THA. A reversible decrease was observed in plasma concentrations of cortisol in some of the patients, indicating a systemic effect of the drug.
A Chrnb3‐Cre BAC transgenic mouse line for manipulation of gene expression in retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Drayson Lucy E. , Triplett Jason W.
Published: May 2019

The mechanisms by which retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) make specific connections during development is an intense area of research and have served as a model for understanding the general principles of circuit wiring. As such, genetic tools allowing for specific recombination in RGCs are critical to further our understanding of the cell‐specific roles of different genes during these processes. However, many RGC‐specific Cre lines have drawbacks, due to their broad expression in other cell types and/or retinorecipient regions or lack of expression in broad swaths of the retina. Here, we characterize a Cre BAC transgenic line driven by elements of the cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 3 subunit (Chrnb3). We show that Cre expression is restricted to RGCs in the retina and sparsely expressed in the brain, importantly excluding retinorecipient regions. Furthermore, Chrnb3‐Cre mice label a wide variety of RGCs distributed throughout the retina and Cre activity is detected embryonically, shortly following RGC differentiation. Finally, we find that Chrnb3‐Cre‐labeled RGCs innervate multiple retinorecipient areas that serve both image‐forming and nonimage forming functions. Thus, this genetic tool will be of broad use to investigators studying the RGC‐specific contributions of genes to visual circuit development.