bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disrupting Rites and Profaning the Sacred
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter evaluates various moments when detailed historical narratives survive for particular Rogation celebrations—such as for the Rogationtide of Paris in 580, a Rogationtide near Rheims in 743, and the Rogationtide of the Milanese Patarenes in 1066. These events have much in common. In all, popular holy men split off their followers from the rest of the congregation, church hierarchies condemned these holy men as heretics, Judaizers, or magicians, and competing processions emphasized factionalism, rather than solidarity. Because the march embodied the local community, the Rogation Days were a period of danger. The procession’s formal unity clashed with actual divisions on the ground. This incongruity guaranteed that the ritual could upset the local order if performed improperly just as easily as the rite could reinforce order.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a brief analytical summary of the various interpretative options proposed in the book. The reception of herem texts within the OT and the NT, as well as in the earliest Christian period, was largely uncritical. Pagan writers, too, rarely criticized these texts. Beginning with Marcion, readers whose moral compass was shaped by the accounts of Jesus and the writings of Paul began to raise moral concerns about OT warfare texts. The response of ecclesial authors was largely twofold: either to focus on a figurative reading of these texts in light of the NT or to resort to divine command theory to reframe the ethical assessment of the texts. A third, relatively rare reception of herem texts was one that justified massacres and other real-world violence. This chapter analyses the respective strengths and weaknesses of each approach and briefly presents the hermeneutical options available to readers today.
Tyneside Shipbuilders
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on the interviews and ethnographic observation conducted by a group of sociologists with Tyneside shipbuilders in 1968–71. Re-examining the interviews suggests several conclusions: class was important to many of the men, but its significance varied depending on context and was closely linked to gender identity. Many closely associated class with snobbishness and hierarchy, and these were things the shipbuilders generally condemned. Instead, they emphasized ordinariness, authenticity, and individuality, all values with deep roots in male, working-class culture. In their attitudes to politics, the effects of the decline of deference were visible: a significant minority of men voiced sceptical or hostile comments about the Labour Party, politics, and/or trade union hierarchies. Individual self-interest was the basis of trade union solidarity for many, and the decline of deference therefore drove greater unofficial strike activity, restless militancy, and even outright insubordination.
New Labour, Class, and Social Change
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how ideas about class, community, and individualism figured in the modernization of the Labour Party in the 1980s and 1990s. It examines the development, under Kinnock and Blair, of a new imagined constituency for Labour—a ‘new working class’ or, as Blair put it, ‘new middle class’. The sources of this vision lay partly in academic theorizing, but also in the backgrounds of key modernizers, and in new polling and focus group techniques for researching social attitudes. Modernizers understood the new majoritarian constituency in society as united by aspirations, and reoriented socialism to emphasize the use of community action—through the state—to secure a wide distribution of opportunity and security throughout society, in order to enable individuals to achieve those aspirations. The chapter concludes by examining the impact of these beliefs on policy relating to poverty, inequality, trade unionism, and community.
Gender, Race, and the Cycle of Violence of Female Asylum Seekers from Honduras
Authors: Rivera Lirio Gutiérrez
Published: March 2018

How does race, gender, and class intersect the forced migration of Central Americans? This chapter addresses this question focusing on the case of female migrants from Honduras. It argues that women are caught in a cycle of violence connected to global migration, crime policies, and the asymmetrical relationship between the United States and Central America. Through the examination of declarations of female asylum seekers in the United States and conversations with attorneys who work on asylum cases, this chapter shows the racial and gender inequalities behind the cycle of violence as well as the subordination and oppression of Honduran women both in their home country and abroad.
Racialization through Enforcement
Authors: Chacón Jennifer M. , Coutin Susan Bibler
Published: March 2018

Immigration law and enforcement choices have enhanced the salience of Latino racial identity in the United States. Yet, to date, courts and administrative agencies have proven remarkably reluctant to confront head on the role of race in immigration enforcement practices. Courts improperly conflate legal nationality and ‘national origin’, thereby cloaking in legality impermissible profiling based on national origin. Courts also maintain the primacy of purported security concerns over the equal protection concerns raised by racial profiling in routine immigration enforcement activities. This, in turn, promotes racially motivated policing practices, reifying both racial distinctions and racial discrimination. Drawing on textual analysis of judicial decisions as well as on interviews with immigrants and immigrant justice organization staff in California, this chapter illustrates how courts contribute to racialized immigration enforcement practices, and explores how those practices affect individual immigrants’ articulation of racial identity and their perceptions of race and racial hierarchy in their communities.
Raced and Gendered Logics of Immigration Law Enforcement in the United States
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers how biased policing practices, combined with institutional cooperation between immigration and criminal law enforcement agents, influences broader trends in deportation. Deportation laws in the United States are race- and gender-blind, but their implementation is not. Ninety-four per cent of interior removals involve men, even though women account for 47 per cent of unauthorized immigrants in the United States. And, 88 per cent of interior removals involve people from just four countries: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, even though nationals from these countries only make up 66.3 per cent of unauthorized migrants. An analysis of how deportations happen that puts together on-the-ground practices of policing with immigration law enforcement cooperation helps us to understand these gendered and racialized patterns of deportation. This chapter draws from interviews with 117 deportees in the Dominican, Republic, Jamaica, and Guatemala in 2009 and 2010.
Constructing Thermal Equilibrium (1866–1871)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This chapter is the first subset of a set of critical summaries Boltzmann’s writings on kinetic-molecular theory. It covers a first period in which he tried to construct the laws of thermal equilibrium, including the existence of the entropy function and the Maxwell–Boltzmann law, by various means including the principle of least action, Maxwell’s collision formula, the ergodic hypothesis, and a procedure of adiabatic variation. This is an immensely fertile period in which Boltzmann introduced several of the basic concepts, problems, and difficulties of modern statistical mechanics.
The Boltzmann Equation and the H Theorem (1872–1875)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This chapter covers Boltzmann’s writings about the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in the period 1872–1875, through which he succeeded in deriving the irreversible evolution of the distribution of molecular velocities in a dilute gas toward Maxwell’s distribution. Boltzmann also used his equation to improve on Maxwell’s theory of transport phenomena (viscosity, diffusion, and heat conduction). The bulky memoir of 1872 and the eponymous equation probably are Boltzmann’s most famous achievements. Despite the now often obsolete ways of demonstration, despite the lengthiness of the arguments, and despite hidden difficulties in the foundations, Boltzmann there displayed his constructive skills at their best.
The Probabilistic Turn (1876–1884)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with writings in which Boltzmann expressed the statistical nature of the entropy law and temporarily made the relation between entropy and combinatorial probability a basic constructive tool of his theory. In 1881, he discovered that this relation derived from what we now call the microcanonical distribution, and he approved Maxwell’s recent foundation of the equilibrium problem on the microcanonical ensemble. Boltzmann also kept working on problems he had tackled in earlier years. He proposed a new solution to the problem of specific heats, and he performed enormous calculations for the viscosity and diffusion coefficients in the hard-ball model. In a lighter genre, he conceived a new way of determining molecular sizes, and he speculated on a gas model in which the molecular forces would be entirely attractive.
Consolidation (1887–1895)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This chapter covers a period in which Boltzmann returned to the collision-based approach and consolidated it in answer to criticism and suggestions by William Thomson, Hendrik Lorentz, George Bryan, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Max Planck. He corrected errors in alleged counterexamples of equipartition by William Burnside and William Thomson; and in 1887, when the Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz detected an error in his earlier derivation of the H theorem for polyatomic gases, he devised a highly ingenious alternative. In 1894, he offered a new, simplified derivation of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution based on an idea by the British mathematician George Bryan. Together with Bryan, he also provided a kinetic-molecular model for the equalization of the temperatures of two contiguous gases. He denounced what he believed to be an error in Gustav Kirchhoff’s derivation of Maxwell’s distribution, and he strengthened Max Planck’s alternative derivation based on time reversal.
The Critical Turn (1895–1899)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

In the writings of this period, we see Boltzmann responding to criticism by British kinetic theorists and by the German mathematician Ernst Zermelo regarding the equipartition of energy and the H theorem. Boltzmann also acted as a critic of other authors. He ridiculed Joseph Bertrand’s attack on Maxwell’s kinetic-molecular reasoning and, after much pounding on Max Planck’s early radiation theory, he managed to convince Planck to alter his approach to irreversibility. Boltzmann also gave a last critical review of the problem of specific heats. During the same period, he was working on his Gastheorie and this prompted him to discuss Johannes Diderik van der Waals’s theory in the light of the Maxwell–Boltzmann theory, with similar reasoning adapted to the problem of chemical dissociation.
The Politics of the Fancy in Dryden’s Early Literary Criticism
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the fancy in Dryden’s theorization of heroic drama from 1664 to 1677. In his early essays on the literary imagination, Dryden describes a symbiotic relationship between the fancy and the judgement. From around 1668 onwards, however, he begins to prioritize the fancy as a faculty that creates images of things from outside nature. The fancy facilitates a theory of representation in Dryden’s work that sought to go beyond the accurate portrayal of nature and to depict supernatural objects and provoke extreme emotion. This lends itself to his interest in the sublime, which the chapter reads in relation to Milton’s late poetry. At the same time, Anglican polemicists used the fancy as a term with which to attack fantastical beliefs in spiritual inspiration they believed were professed by religious dissenters. The chapter explores Dryden’s literary thought alongside the rhetoric of religious intolerance and arguments about toleration.
Introduction
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The introduction puts forward the case that the Roman de la rose’s deliberate deceptions serve a discursive strategy by which its philosophical statements can never be taken at face value. It considers textual deceptions carried out by both authors of the Rose that show their words to be fundamentally unreliable. Accordingly, it asks what kinds of epistemologies are made possible by the Rose’s opaque utterances, ones that are not possible in more transparent philosophical discourse. After offering a brief introduction to the philosophical context, more textual than institutional, against which the Rose should be read, and the importance of its poetic difficulty, it summarizes the chapters to follow.
Some Initial Definitions
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces some basic concepts and definitions, starting with the definition of a product, and distinguishes between goods and services; discusses product characteristics (distinguishing functional from soft or aesthetic); addresses the different markets for different products; and talks and exemplifies product and market classifications. Product innovations are considered as global, local, or new to firm; new and original products are defined; and horizontal innovations are differentiated from vertical innovations according to whether they are preferred only by some buyers or by all. The significance of an innovation is addressed via a discussion of alternative approaches based upon either changes in the characteristics of the product or its market impact.
Early Modern English Literature and the Poetics of Cartographic Anxiety
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

Though the Renaissance map—made newly accurate and newly ubiquitous by the Cartographic Revolution—delighted, inspired, and fascinated, it also unsettled, upset, and disturbed sixteenth- and seventeenth-century readers. Early Modern English Literature and the Poetics of Cartographic Anxiety is the first monograph to demonstrate how early modern anxieties about maps and map logics accompanied an early modern poetics of representational crisis. The book first considers the manifold ways that the cartographic provoked suspicion, unease, and even hostility in early modern Britain, and it highlights literature’s sensitivity to the map’s representational deceptions and politically menacing implications. Second, it explores how Renaissance English literature, and specifically epic poetry, mounted a sustained critique of cartographic materials, of their strategies of representation, and of their often realpolitik, strategically distortive uses. In considering the ways epic poetry channels anxieties about cartographic technologies into a critique of early modern literature’s own protocols of representation, the bookpursues an early modern poetics of anxiety, one that productively complicates concepts of allegory, description, personification, bibliographic materiality, narrative, temporality, analogy and other elements of literary representation. Early Modern English Literature and the Poetics of Cartographic Anxiety reads three major poems of the period—Spenser’s The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596), Drayton’s Poly-Olbion (1612, 1622), and Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667, 1674)—in terms of their vexed and vexing relationships with cartographic materials, and shows how the productive protest staged by these texts inflects early modern and contemporary accounts of representation itself.
Time River Body
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

Relying on sustained, relentless personification, Drayton’s chorographical epic Poly-Olbion retains the ethical work of The Faerie Queene’s allegory in restoring to the national narrative the embodied immanence of the people within it; but Drayton’s poem takes personification as its dominant representation mode. The poem explores and exploits the paradoxical nature of personification, a device that is simultaneously evocative and anti-mimetic. The case of personification demonstrates the ways description distances itself from its subject, and Poly-Olbion uses its personified topography to interrogate the very possibility of representing space—in cartographic image or topographical text—by troubling the temporal assumptions underlying the cartographic and problematizing the relationship between description and detail. In doing so, the poem generates a mode of descriptive writing reliant on the generative distortion of its subject, ultimately positing an anti-mimetic program—one that lays bare the limitations and fictions of the cartographic—for the representation of space.
The Politics of Efficient Compromise in the Adoption of EU Legal Acts
Authors: Leino Päivi
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the interplay between the formal and informal rules relating to the adoption of legislative acts, and the effects that this interplay has on participation and transparency in EU law-making. It discusses the relationship between the claimed objectivity of the choices relating to legal basis and their institutional implications through the Court jurisprudence, with a focus on inter-institutional power relations. The current emphasis on efficiency, guaranteed through the flexibility built into the informal rules of law-making, brings to the fore many fundamental questions relating to participation, transparency, and power in the adoption of EU legal acts. In short, efficiency comes at a cost to many other objectives that the Treaty of Lisbon was believed to strengthen. The relevant political question is whether the balance created by today’s informal law-making framework is the right one.
The First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The years between 1900 and 1945 were very difficult for humanity. In this period, not only were there two world wars to survive but also some of the worst parts of the social, economic, and environmental challenges of sustainable development all began to make themselves felt. The one area in which progress was made was in the social context, in which the rights of workers and the welfare state expanded. The idea of ‘development’, especially for the developing world, also evolved in this period. In the economic arena, the world went up, and then crashed in the Great Depression, producing negative results that were unprecedented. In environmental terms, positive templates were created for some habitat management, some wildlife law, and parts of freshwater conservation. Where there was not so much success was with regard to air and chemical pollution.
Bringing Gender into the Emerging Adulthood Literature
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins with an overview of the thematic trends that emerged across chapters in these analyses including the relationship between gendered identities and sexuality and the subjective negativity most respondents feel toward their bodies. The analyses are summarized to help understand contemporary meanings attached to masculinities and femininities, as well as to the powerful role of culture to frame understandings about the self, even the materiality of the body. This chapter ends by returning to a discussion of gender as a social structure at this historical moment and how the Millennials wrestle with it as they emerge into adulthood. Conceptualizing gender as a social structure helps us better understand the complex reality of these young people’s lives.
Comic Relief
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on Bob Fosse’s work on the musicals How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying and Little Me. Though now established as a director-choreographer, Fosse still harbored ambitions as a performer. He played the title role in Pal Joey at New York’s City Center, a role he had first played a decade earlier. In How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying, Fosse’s musical staging satirized 1960s corporate and sexual politics and was a key ingredient in its long-running success. He choreographed and co-directed (with Cy Feuer) Little Me, a revue-style vehicle for Sid Caesar, and his dances, featuring vaudeville and burlesque pastiches, captured the breezy exuberance of television variety show production numbers of the period. These two shows were emblematic of Kennedy-era confidence and high spirits, demonstrating Fosse’s mastery of comic musical staging.
Keep It Hot
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses two back-to-back projects in different media that share similarities. Lenny was Fosse’s film biography of comedian Lenny Bruce, whose disgust at sexual taboos and political and religious hypocrisies pushed his routines into the area of social satire. Chicago, Fosse’s “musical vaudeville,” unfolded as a series of numbers that conjured popular entertainment acts of the 1920s. Its story of jazz era killers who seek show business celebrity through murder and manipulation of the media was clearly meant to echo the present. Fosse shared co-librettist credit with Fred Ebb, but the critical response focused on Fosse’s staging concepts as the dominant production element. Chicago was a hit, but not a smash. It would take two decades for audiences to embrace its cynicism and relate it to contemporary American life. More than forty years after its original production, it is recognized as the quintessential Fosse show.
Dance of Death
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter looks at Bob Fosse’s most ambitious film, the autobiographical All That Jazz. All That Jazz follows Joe Gideon, a director and choreographer very much like Fosse who is at a personal and professional crossroads as he prepares to direct a Broadway musical much like Chicago while simultaneously editing a film that looks a lot like Lenny. Following graphic footage of open-heart surgery and a series of metaphoric musical comedy turns by the women in his life, All That Jazz concludes with Gideon presiding over a combined funeral and wake for himself: a glamorous, high-energy floor show to end all floor shows. Here Fosse took the movie musical further than anyone had dared—not only in subject matter, but also in structure and pacing. Fosse tells this “putting on a show” musical in nonlinear fashion, with surprising juxtapositions, fragments, and time leaps.
Hinduisms and Histories in Nepal
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 introduces Nepal’s popular Svasthānī tradition: the goddess Svasthānī, the Svasthānīvratakathā text that Nepali Hindus recite annually, and the Svasthānī vrat (ritual vow) that is described in the text and performed annually to honor the goddess. Both Nepal’s Newar Hindus and high-caste (Brahman and Chetri) hill Hindus, Parbatiyās, participate in these devotional practices, and have influenced in different ways the many stories that the Svasthānīvratakathā contains within its pages. The chapter also enumerates the theoretical concerns that fuel the book, such as the tensions between local (Newar) and translocal (Brahmanical Hindu) influences, and the methodology that underpins it. Finally, the chapter maps out in very broad strokes a general political history of Nepal that subsequent chapters in this book reinvigorate with a focused discussion of concurrent religious, sociocultural, literary, and linguistic developments that round out Nepal’s often one-dimensional master political narrative.
The Goddess of Place, Place of the Goddess
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 investigates the goddess Svasthānī herself. Svasthānī, “the Goddess of One’s Own Place,” serves as a relatively recent and tangible case study for understanding the birth and transformation of a goddess. In this case, a popular, but elusive, goddess transformed from a relatively invisible, unembodied, private, fluid goddess into a visible, embodied, public, fixed, local protector of place and, significantly, the embodiment of a place to be protected. Her striking transformation is evidenced by changes in her iconography and growing physical presence in Nepal, and reflects the ongoing interaction between Tantric and Brahmanical influences in this local goddess tradition. Her personal transformation further mirrors the trajectory of the Svasthānīvratakathā narrative tradition more broadly.
Narratives of Place
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

This chapter opens with a reflection on the ways in which the goddess Svasthānī and her textual-ritual tradition continue to loom large in the Nepali imaginaire today. It then demonstrates the ways in which the Svasthānī tradition has preserved a myriad of narratives of place that illuminate historical developments and inform contemporary discussions of religious, cultural, linguistic, literary, and political identity in Nepal that have heretofore received little scholarly attention. It offers a final argument for the role of the Svasthānīvratakathā as a unique portal to understand Nepal’s past and present and, more broadly, the making and study of Hinduism on the periphery.
The Goals of Physicians
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an overview of how physicians think about sickness. Since the era of the Hippocratic Corpus, there have been two distinctive intellectual approaches to understanding the manifestations of sickness presented by patients: empiricism and rationalism. These two terms are defined. Because empiricism is often viewed in a negative light, the differences between “empiricism” and “empiric” are also discussed. It is argued that a physicianship-based curriculum will require a shift away from rationalism toward an intellectual empiricism. The ethos of medicine as well as the curricula of schools of medicine arise from the requirement that physicians, as a collectivity, are devoted to the treatment of sick persons. This chapter goes into more detail regarding how the profession responds to related tasks and responsibilities.
Medical EducationHighlights of the Past Two Centuries
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a historical overview of medical education in the Western world. It begins with a brief description of the “French school” that emerged out of the French Revolution. This model, with an emphasis on clinicopathologic correlation, has also been labeled “hospital medicine.” The discussion then moves to outline the contributions made by Abraham Flexner’s seminal 1910 report. Flexner is generally considered to be largely responsible for the traditional organizational framework of medical school curricula, one with two phases: preclinical and clinical. The perceived shortcomings of this pedagogical approach, sometimes called “university medicine” or the “2-plus-2” model are noted. The two major corrective strategies, systems-based or case-based teaching (originating in the 1950s) and problem-based learning (adapted to medical education in the 1970s), are then discussed.
The Rise and Fall of Clinical Teaching
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

An operational definition of clinical teaching is proposed. “Bedside teaching,” a characteristic feature of academic medicine since the end of the nineteenth century, has almost disappeared. Common-sense aspects of teaching the clinical method, such as proximity to the patient, physical presence at the bedside, and continuity of contact between patients and learners and learners and teachers, are discussed. The challenges faced by clinicians in contemporary clinical settings are explored. There is a brief review of recent attempts at improving medical students’ clerkship experience through the use of longitudinally organized clinical assignments. The principles that should guide the organization of clinical teaching in a physicianship-based curriculum are discussed.
Theory
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The conceptual framework for the Physicianship Curriculum is described in this chapter. The crucial participants are depicted in an “educational triangle,” a diagrammatic representation illustrating the roles and functional relationships of these participants. The chapter introduces the concept of the attending teacher, who is at once a clinician, teacher, and role model. We draw an explicit parallel between clinical care and medical education; it leads us to consider student-centered education as the pedagogical analogue to person-centered care. The text addresses the nature of medical judgment and the significant feature of uncertainty that is part of the experiences of all the relevant actors. The second half of the chapter explicates the constructs of epistēme, techné, and phronēsis, originating from Aristotle, whose framework underpins the philosophic armature of the Physicianship Curriculum.
“We Need Not See the Church with the Eyes”
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Corpus Christi parades brought different groups together in medieval cities to venerate the eucharistic wafer, representing social order and membership in the body of Christ. When cities and trade recovered in the generations after the Black Death of the 1340s, the Eucharist became a source of contention, with reformers demanding that priests, cities, and merchant elites be held more accountable to Pauline ideals. Protest erupted in Florence as Medici bankers exploited Pauline ideals to manipulate kings, popes, and city government. Amsterdam’s ascendance as a hub of commerce in the sixteenth century depended on organizations of mutual trust rooted in Pauline ideals. London began its climb to overtake Amsterdam in commercial clout through the development of a nationwide system of law and taxation that coincided with new efforts to join commerce and Christianity.
Sanctifying Contracts and Persons
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

The new governments of the United States rested on contract law, and state-chartered corporations protected by contract law, to an unprecedented extent. Established churches lost their legal standing, and symmetry between religion and commerce developed in this legal context. As commercial organizations advanced industry in ways that transformed society, religious organizations operated in the forefront of developments in print media, interregional organization, and idealism about personhood. While some Americans defended slaveholding Christianity as a legitimate version of Pauline community, others called for the emancipation of slaves and for the abolition of contract law that allowed persons to be owned as property.
Between Faith and Delusion
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Abetted by new religious media, will-power psychology supported the “financialization” of the American economy and its faith-based mentality. Disparities in wealth increased as new strategies developed to generate capital, leverage debt, and incentivize executives. While corporations attended more to the interests of shareholders and less to those of workers and consumers, popular forms of religion encouraged Americans to view willpower as the spiritual source of well-being and material success. Challengers emerged to counter these trends. Sustainability developed into a principle of accountability endorsed by reform-minded business people and as a corollary of Pauline charity promoted by the head of the world’s oldest and most enduring religious corporation.
Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

Descriptive statistics allow researchers to use numbers to begin to tell the stories that exist in their data. This chapter presents an overview of the basic statistical tools researchers can use to summarize, display, and interpret data. The chapter presents guidelines for interpreting data and examples of typical sorts of data that music education researchers may gather. Statistical analyses suitable for identifying how data are distributed, determining typical values of a distribution, and describing how individuals differ on measured variables of interest are described. Approaches for graphing data that are appropriate for variables of different measurement scales are also described.
Design and Analysis of Experimental Research I
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter builds on the previous chapter by elaborating from theories of causal knowledge presented earlier to practical considerations for the design, execution, and analysis of randomized experiments and randomized controlled trials in music education research. The straightforward statistical analysis of the two-group experimental designs is explained through the t test. The analysis of variance technique is explained for the analysis of experimental and quasi-experimental data involving more than two groups. The chapter closes with a discussion of the analysis of data arising from experiments where additional data, beyond group membership and the score on an outcome measure, is known about the participants (i.e., analysis of covariance).
Analyses of Data from Complex Survey Sampling
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the specialized techniques necessary for analyzing data that have been gathered in a complex or multistage survey sample. The chapter details the methods most commonly used to collect complex survey data and then explains the specific statistical tools that must be employed to correctly analyze complex survey data. First, an overview of the various types of sampling methods is presented, beginning with simple random sampling and moving through other methods to finally discuss the commonly employed research techniques of cluster sampling. The chapter continues with a discussion of survey weights—what they mean and how they are derived. The chapter concludes with software-based suggestions on the proper analysis of survey data.
Multilevel Models
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces a statistical approach for analyzing nested data structures that both accounts for the dependence of observations due to hierarchical arrangements and allows for testing hypotheses at multiple levels. The most common application of multilevel models is for analyses of objects (e.g., people) nested within groups or clusters of some sort. Multilevel models can also be applied to longitudinal data analyses such that the “levels” do not refer to objects nested within groups but instead refer to multiple measurements (e.g., measures made at different occasions/time points) nested within individuals. The chapter illustrates some of the major considerations and basic steps for performing multilevel analyses so that the reader can begin to imagine how to apply this technique to the reader’s own research questions.
Advances in Quasi-experimental Methods
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

Although the primacy of the randomized experiment is often thought of as sacrosanct, in education research—and in music education research in particular—random assignment is often unachievable, unethical, or undesirable for one or more of many potential reasons. Methodologists have developed quasi-experimental research methods that attempt to achieve results that approximate the highly trustworthy results obtained from a randomized experiment. This chapter details two newer methods for quasi-experimental research that have become quite common in the broader field of education but have not yet become frequently employed within the field of music education research. These two methods are regression discontinuity designs and the use of propensity scores for the equating of nonequivalent groups.
Introduction
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Master Tara Singh became a subject of study in his lifetime. A wide range of historical writing on Master Tara Singh has been produced in Punjabi and English in the past three quarters of a century, both by his admirers and his critics. However, this historiography has been based on a small part of the total evidence now available on Master Tara Singh, including archival sources and his own works. The range of evidence used in the present study is much larger. Furthermore, ample space has been given not only to Master Tara Singh but also to his opponents. Consequently, the image of Master Tara Singh that emerges from this comprehensive study is likely to be more authentic and refreshing.
The Colonial Context
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

The British evolved an elaborate administrative structure to ensure peace and order for exploiting the material and human resources of the Punjab. The new means of communication and transportation based on western technology served their economic, political, and administrative purposes. A new system of education was introduced chiefly to produce personnel for the middle and lower rungs of administration. The Christian missionaries were closely aligned with the administrators in this project, primarily for gaining converts to Christianity. The socio-economic change brought about by the colonial rule led to a number of movements for socio-religious reform, followed by a new kind of political awakening in the Punjab as in the rest of British India. The political aspirations of Indians were met only partially by the Government of India Act, 1919.
New Political Orientations
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

In 1942–3, the ‘Azad Punjab’ scheme was promoted by Master Tara Singh and other Akali leaders. However, it had no attraction for the bureaucracy, the Muslim League, and the Congress. Even Kharak Singh and Sant Singh were opposed to it. The talks of Rajagopalachari with Jinnah impelled Master Tara Singh to put forth the idea of a Sikh state in view of the impression left by the talks that Rajagopalachari and Mahatma Gandhi were willing to concede Pakistan in accordance with a modified procedure for demarcating the boundaries. In case Pakistan was conceded, the Sikh memorandum to the Sapru Committee asked for creation of a separate Sikh state with a substantial proportion of the Sikh population, their historic gurdwaras, and provision of transfer of population and property.
At the Simla Conference and in the General Elections
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

On Lord Wavell’s initiative, the Simla Conference was held to discuss the proposal of a new executive council and a new constitution for India after the war. Master Tara Singh represented the Sikh community at the Simla Conference. The Conference failed due to Jinnah’s insistence that the Muslim League alone had the right to nominate Muslim representatives on the Executive Council. The failure of the Conference made the general elections of 1945–6 all the more important. The general elections resulted in a large degree of polarization between the Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. The Muslim League got Muslim mandate in favour of Pakistan. The Congress got a mandate of Hindus and a considerable proportion of the Sikhs for independence without partition. The Akalis got support of the large majority of the Sikhs for an independent political entity of the Sikhs. This polarization was of crucial importance for the future.
‘Divide and Quit’
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

The British Prime Minister’s statement of 20 February 1947 carried the implication of partition with independence by June 1948. Nehru welcomed the statement as ‘wise and courageous’ and the Congress Working Committee welcomed the declaration, adding that Sikh interests would be safeguarded. Master Tara Singh declared that there could be no settlement if the Muslims wanted to rule over the Punjab. Lord Mountbatten was prepared to work out a settlement on the basis of partition. In his meeting with the Governor General and the representatives of the Congress and the Muslim League on 2 June, Baldev Singh accepted partition in principle, suggesting exchange of population and property as the terms of reference for the Boundary Commission. Mountbatten made it clear at a press conference later that the Labour Government would never subscribe to partition on the basis of landed property. Thus, population became virtually the sole criterion for partition.
Bangladeshi Migrants in India
Authors: Shamshad Rizwana
Published: March 2018

In January 2011, Felani Khatun was shot dead while attempting to cross the border from India to Bangladesh. Her body remained hung on the fence as a warning to those who illegally crossed an international border. Migration to India from the current geographical and political entity called Bangladesh is more than a century old and had begun long before the nation states were created in South Asia. Often termed as ‘foreigners’ and ‘infiltrators’, Bangladeshi migrants such as Felani find their way into India for the promise of a better future. Post 1971, there has been a steady movement of people from Bangladesh into India, both as refugees and for economic need, making this migration a complex area of inquiry. This book focuses on the contemporary issue of undocumented Bangladeshi migration to the three Indian states of Assam, West Bengal, and Delhi, and how the migrants are perceived in light of the ongoing discourses on the various nationalisms in India. Each state has a unique history and has taken different measures to respond to Bangladeshi migrants present in the state. Based on extensive fieldwork and insightful interviews with influential members from key political parties, civil society organizations, and Hindu and ethnic nationalist bodies in these states, the book explores the place and role of Bangladeshi migrants in relation to the inherent tension of Indian nationalism.
The Foreigners of Assam
Authors: Shamshad Rizwana
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the current nationalist thought in Assam and discourse on Bangladeshi migrants in the state. Assam which is known as a miniature of India, due to its ethnic diversity, has ongoing conflicts between the Bengali Muslims and various other ethnic groups. The formation of the All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF), the Bengali Muslims’ party in Assam has increased the tension between Bengali Muslims, ethnic communities, and the Hindu nationalists in Assam. This chapter examines the consequences of these recent developments. The interviews with the AIUDF senior leader, representative from the Bengali Muslim community and Assam’s separatist group ULFA, the Hindu and ethnic nationalists, Congress MLA and the civil society members reveal the complex nature of migration from Bangladesh into Assam.
Swaraj and Swadeshi as Political Dharma
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on Gandhi’s political philosophy. Swaraj (self-governance) and swadeshi are central concepts here. Gandhi practised the politics of non-violence. He showed us how to link politics with morality. Rejecting the notion that we need violence to run the political process, Gandhi has shown in practice and through the various political struggles he spearheaded that non-violence generates its own power to cause effective social action, which is morally superior and relatively more lasting with fewer adverse consequences.
Conclusion
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

The final chapter focuses on how we may move forward to get closer to Gandhi’s vision for the nation and the world. While the Mahatma’s principles remain constant, his practices are contextual. Consequently, Gandhi’s ideas are not rigid or unalterably cast in concrete; they are experimental explorations needing constant evaluation, revision, and further development. In the storm of globalization that threatens to uproot face-to-face interactions and wipe out individual identities with the rising tides of global corporations, the Gandhian ideas of localization and grass-roots empowerment may be the support structures we need to restore the lost individual, to hold our identities together, and yet work for the common good. In the midst of the insatiable appetite to consume and the consequent destruction of our natural environment, the simplicity and grandeur of Gandhi’s life is the beacon of light that shows us how we may conserve and not consume and how we may be happy without exploiting others.
Dalit Memories and Water Rights
Authors: Sharma Mukul
Published: March 2018

Water is a deeply contentious issue, intersecting with caste, class, and gender in India in multifaceted ways, and producing complex cultural meanings and social hierarchies. Culturally, politically and economically, it has been a source of power. It has been controlled by the powerful, and used as a means to exert control over others. It has been a traditional medium for exclusion of Dalits in overt and covert ways: denying Dalits the right over, and access to, water; asserting monopoly of upper-castes over water bodies, including rivers, wells, tanks and taps; constructing casteist water texts in cultural and religious domains; obscuring Dalit narratives and knowledge of water; and rendering thinking and speaking about caste, water and Dalits together as peripheral to discourses on water. The chapter takes up two case studies from two different regions of Bihar, where Dalits have used water to represent their own ecological vision in a collective manner, drawing from a rich repertoire of their religious, cultural, and social resources. Cultural symbols and myths of Deena-Bhadri and Ekalavya are assembled by Dalits as a community tool-box, to demand river and fishing rights, and to attach themselves to pasts, places, and resources.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank
Published: March 2018

This chapter serves as a very brief overview of the physics of the LHC era and the basic elements of the accelerator and experiments. It also provides a user’s guide to the book and succinct summaries of the later chapters.
Epilogue
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: March 2018

Bringing together the arguments advanced in the previous chapters, this Epilogue offers a concise overview of humanist conceptions of Empire between the death of Frederick II and the failure of Rupert of the Palatinate’s Italian expedition. It then goes on to examine some of the implications that this study has for wider scholarly perceptions of humanist political thought. Contrary to what has sometimes been suggested, it argues that the humanists did not perceive communal government, signorie, and Empire to be monolithic or mutually exclusive bodies of constitutional thought; that their thought developed in dialogue with—rather than in isolation from—other fields of intellectual endeavour; and that they cannot be said to have departed radically from earlier ‘medieval’ attitudes. Finally, it raises provocative questions about the influence that the collapse of the imperial ideal may have had on the humanists’ later perception of the nature and sources of political authority.