bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roof drains and parapets in the southern Aegean
Authors: Shaw Joseph W.
Published: October 2013

Excavations at Akrotiri on Thera, where some house roofs remain intact, have shown that U-shaped terracotta drains, set projecting out beyond the outside walls, drained roof terraces. These terraces were often surrounded by built parapets.

What then of contemporary Neopalatial buildings on Crete, where construction and style are similar but much less is preserved? Evidence for the appearance and use of roofs and parapets there consists of drains that seem to have fallen, as now reported at various recently excavated sites (Kommos, Mochlos, Palaikastro); also staircases that probably led to the roof; and architectural depictions (a model, plaques).
Excavations in Siphnos
Authors: Brock J. K. , Young G. Mackworth
Published: October 2013

The delay in the publication of this report is due to World War II, and therefore requires no apology from us. A few drawings, notes and photographs were lost or mislaid during the evacuation of April 1941, and have not yet been traced. Post-war conditions have made it impossible to revisit Siphnos, where the great majority of the finds were stored. Such a visit, however, might not have availed us much, since, according to an official report received by the Ministry of Education during the occupation, the officer in command of the Italian garrison took all the objects of value into his own custody, on the ground that they were insecurely housed. As this officer appropriated the catalogue also, the persons making the report were unable to say which of the finds had been removed; but it is believed that the two important seventh-century figurines in vase technique (Pls. 6–8) are among those missing.
Helikon in History: A Study in Greek Mountain Topography
Authors: Burn A. R.
Published: October 2013

People who walk in mountains grow accustomed to finding their movements facilitated from time to time by what the mountaineering books call ‘corridors’ or ‘high-level routes,’ in places where one might have expected nothing but large stones. There is a famous one from Zermatt to Arolla. There is a little one between Stye Head and Sea Fell, running from Skew Ghyll to the Ling Mell col above Hollow Stones. There is another—improved but not created by man—along the north face of Pillar Mountain. Of the same nature, and equally unexpected at first, are the ‘rakes’ and ledges which sometimes run right across a rock face, and assist, as one might say, the tactics of the mountaineer, just as the major high-level routes assist him in his strategy. They may even assist the faint-hearted to get off a face altogether. Or, of course, such a ledge may be upside down, and then it is not so good.
An Iron Age Painted Amphora in the Cyprus Museum
Authors: Dikaios P.
Published: October 2013

This unique amphora (Plates 7 and 8) was recently presented to the Cyprus Museum by Wing-Commander O'Brien Hubbard of Kyrenia, who saved it from the hands of illicit diggers and dealers. It is with special pleasure that I am now publishing it in the volume of the Annual of the British School at Athens which appears in honour of Professor J. L. Myres, the founder of Cypriot Archaeology, to whom the Cyprus Museum in particular owes a debt of deep gratitude.
Part IV. The Perseia Area
Authors: Taylour W. D.
Published: October 2013

The following is an account of several excavations that I undertook on behalf of Professor Wace during the seasons of 1952 and 1953 at Mycenae. These were roughly confined to the area between the so-called Tombs of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, but also included an extension to the east of the Perseia Fountain House, excavated in 1952. The excavations are dealt with under four sections which are as follows:

1. Area Z (the extension east of the Perseia Fountain House).

2. The East–West Wall (south of the Perseia Fountain House).

3. The area round the Tomb of Aegisthus.

4. The Great Poros Wall (on the east flank of the Tomb of Clytemnestra).
A Forger of Graffiti
Authors: Corbett P. , Woodhead G.
Published: October 2013

A Recent number of this Annual (BSA XLVIII 191 ff.) included an account of a lengthy graffito, which was tentatively interpreted as a product of the political ferment in Athens in 411 B.C. The graffito was on a fragment of a fish-plate, and round the rim was a second inscription, part of a dedication, the latest possible date for which appeared to be c. 435 B.C.; however, the evidence at present available indicates that plates of this form were not produced before the fourth century. This discrepancy was pointed out, but as the content and execution of the graffito seemed to exclude the likelihood of forgery, the only remaining explanation appeared to be that the evidence for the chronology of Attic pottery had been misinterpreted; more specifically, that fish-plates were in fact already being made in the third quarter of the fifth century, and that the shape remained stable, without any perceptible variations for over forty years. A conclusion of this kind would have far-reaching implications, since the dating of buildings or objects in an excavation often has to be inferred from the pottery discovered with them; accordingly when further material came to light which proved beyond all doubt that the graffito concerned must be rejected as a forgery, it was felt that the subject is of sufficiently general concern to warrant a detailed exposition.
The Courts of Justice in Archaic Chios
Authors: Jeffery L. H.
Published: October 2013

The mutilated inscription generally called the ‘Constitution of Chios’ was first discovered in the village of Tholopotami and published in 1909 by Dr. Jacobsthal and Professor U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. The examination of the stone and the photographs and squeezes were all made under very difficult conditions, and shortly afterwards the stone disappeared from sight and record. It found its way finally into the hands of the local authorities, and, Chios being then under Turkish rule, was sent to the Archaeological Museum at Istanbul, where it remained without attracting the notice of later travellers. The inscription has been included in several collections of Greek epigraphical texts, accompanied by the short commentaries of editors who were relying on the original description and readings. I examined the stone at Istanbul in 1949, and cannot suggest a full restoration of the text, any more than did the first editors in their short but admirably comprehensive account.
Prehistoric Euboea: Contributions Toward a Survey
Authors: Sackett L. H. , Hankey V. , Howell R. J. , Jacobsen T. W. , Popham M. R.
Published: October 2013

The gaps in our knowledge of Bronze Age Euboea are so serious as to amount in some areas to a total blank. This is equally true of the periods immediately preceding and following the Bronze Age and has been commented on by a number of writers concerned with regional surveys. There remains a marked disparity between the state of our information and both the importance suggested by literary tradition and the archaeological potential of so well-placed and fertile an island.
A Late Minoan Tomb at Palaikastro
Authors: Smee M. H.
Published: October 2013

A preliminary report of this tomb, dug by Bosanquet in 1902, appeared in BSA viii. 303–5, where it was termed the ‘Beehive Tomb’. This was a misleading term for what was in fact a rock-cut chamber tomb with a dromos. The contents of the tomb listed in that report were not subsequently published in full, although individual items have since been considered of sufficient importance to merit especial attention by scholars. It seems, therefore, worth while to publish all the surviving items of this interesting tomb group, and to re-examine the L.M. IIIA 2 early date assigned to it by Furumark.
Some Inscriptions of Chios
Authors: Forrest W. G.
Published: October 2013

A tour round the churches of Volissos, made with Mr. J. Boardman in 1961, revealed a number of unpublished inscriptions which I am setting out here together with two known texts which we were able to review. With one exception (no. 6) they are of Roman date; with two exceptions (nos. 4 and 6) repulsive to look at. Some of them are, however, quite substantial texts and the concentration of so many documents of this same period at Volissos may be significant.
Risk factors for cholera transmission in Haiti during inter-peak periods: insights to improve current control strategies from two case-control studies
Authors: GRANDESSO F. , ALLAN M. , JEAN-SIMON P. S. J. , BONCY J. , BLAKE A. , PIERRE R. , ALBERTI K. P. , MUNGER A. , ELDER G. , OLSON D. , PORTEN K. , LUQUERO F. J.
Published: October 2013

Two community-based density case-control studies were performed to assess risk factors for cholera transmission during inter-peak periods of the ongoing epidemic in two Haitian urban settings, Gonaives and Carrefour. The strongest associations were: close contact with cholera patients (sharing latrines, visiting cholera patients, helping someone with diarrhoea), eating food from street vendors and washing dishes with untreated water. Protective factors were: drinking chlorinated water, receiving prevention messages via television, church or training sessions, and high household socioeconomic level. These findings suggest that, in addition to contaminated water, factors related to direct and indirect inter-human contact play an important role in cholera transmission during inter-peak periods. In order to reduce cholera transmission in Haiti intensive preventive measures such as hygiene promotion and awareness campaigns should be implemented during inter-peak lulls, when prevention activities are typically scaled back.
Evaluation des Dialogischen Lesens zur Sprachförderung bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund*
Authors: Ennemoser Marco , Kuhl Jan , Pepouna Soulemanou
Published: October 2013

Das Dialogische Lesen ist ein Ansatz zur Sprachförderung, der ursprünglich im Kontext der Eltern-Kind-Interaktion untersucht wurde und sich in zahlreichen Untersuchungen als wirksam erwiesen hat (vgl. Mol, Bus, de Jong & Smeets, 2008 ). Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Trainingsstudie wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Potenziale des Dialogischen Lesens auch in einem institutionellen Kleingruppensetting zur Förderung von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund nutzbar gemacht werden können. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 45 Vorschulkindern, die aufgrund festgestellter Sprachdefizite an einem Sprachförderkurs teilnahmen. Anhand einer Matching-Prozedur wurde die Hälfte der Kinder der Experimentalgruppe zugewiesen und erhielt anschließend eine Förderung nach den Prinzipien des Dialogischen Lesens. Die andere Hälfte verblieb in ihrem regulären Vorlaufkurs und nahm an den hier üblichen Sprachfördermaßnahmen teil. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass das Dialogische Lesen auch im Sinne eines eigenständigen Förderansatzes zur institutionellen Zweitsprachförderung geeignet ist. In einem standardisierten Sprachtest erzielte die Trainingsgruppe im Untersuchungszeitraum signifikant größere Leistungszuwächse als die Kontrollgruppe.
Optimal Design for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Experiments
Authors: Maus Bärbel , van Breukelen Gerard J. P.
Published: October 2013

This paper provides an overview of optimal design for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. We present the main types of fMRI designs, namely blocked and event-related designs, and common objectives of fMRI experiments, for example, localization of task-related activity in the human brain. Furthermore, we present an introduction into the methodology for analysis and optimization of fMRI experiments, for instance common analysis models and applied optimality criteria. We outline some of the problems encountered when optimizing fMRI experiments, for example, the temporal autocorrelation between measurements in fMRI data. The most important results for optimization of blocked and event-related designs with regard to the different design objectives are presented and explained. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives and challenges for optimization of fMRI experiments.
Upregulated expression of FGF13/FHF2 mediates resistance to platinum drugs in cervical cancer cells
Authors: Okada Tomoko , Murata Kazuhiro , Hirose Ryoma , Matsuda Chie , Komatsu Tsunehiko , Ikekita Masahiko , Nakawatari Miyako , Nakayama Fumiaki , Wakatsuki Masaru , Ohno Tatsuya , Kato Shingo , Imai Takashi , Imamura Toru
Published: October 2013

Cancer cells often develop drug resistance. In cisplatin-resistant HeLa cisR cells, fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13/FHF2) gene and protein expression was strongly upregulated and intracellular platinum concentrations were kept low. When the FGF13 expression was suppressed, both the cells' resistance to platinum drugs and their ability to keep intracellular platinum low were abolished. Overexpression of FGF13 in parent cells led to greater resistance to cisplatin and reductions in the intracellular platinum concentration. These cisplatin-resistant cells also showed increased resistance to copper. In preoperative cervical cancer biopsy samples from poor prognoses patients after cisplatin chemoradiotherapy, FGF13-positive cells were detected more abundantly than in the biopsy samples from patients with good prognoses. These results suggest that FGF13 plays a pivotal role in mediating resistance to platinum drugs, possibly via a mechanism shared by platinum and copper. Our results point to FGF13 as a novel target and useful prognostic guide for cancer therapy.
Communication Modality Sampling for a Toddler With Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Hyppa Martin Jolene , Reichle Joe , Dimian Adele , Chen Mo
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Vocal, gestural, and graphic communication modes were implemented concurrently with a toddler with Angelman syndrome to identify the most efficiently learned communication mode to emphasize in an initial augmentative communication system.

Method

Symbols representing preferred objects were introduced in vocal, gestural, and graphic communication modes using an alternating treatment single-subject experimental design. Conventionally accepted prompting strategies were used to teach symbols in each communication mode. Because the learner did not vocally imitate, vocal mode intervention focused on increasing vocal frequency as an initial step.

Results

When graphic and gestural mode performances were compared, the learner most accurately produced requests in graphic mode (percentage of nonoverlapping data = 96). Given the lack of success in prompting vocal productions, a comparison between vocal and the other two communication modes was not made.

Conclusion

A growing body of evidence suggests that concurrent modality sampling is a promising low-inference, data-driven procedure that can be used to inform selection of a communication mode(s) for initial emphasis with young children. Concurrent modality sampling can guide clinical decisions regarding the allocation of treatment resources to promote success in building an initial communicative repertoire.
Quantum effects in the capture of charged particles by dipolar polarizable symmetric top molecules. II. Interplay between electrostatic and gyroscopic interactions
Authors: Auzinsh M. , Dashevskaya E. I. , Litvin I. , Nikitin E. E. , Troe J.
Published: October 2013

Within the general axially nonadiabatic channel approach described in Paper I of this series [M. Auzinsh, E. I. Dashevskaya, I. Litvin, E. E. Nikitin, and J. Troe, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 084311 (2013)], the present article analyzes the simultaneous manifestation of electrostatic and gyroscopic interactions in the quantum capture of dipolar polarizable symmetric top molecules by ions. As a demonstration, the rate coefficients for capture of CH3D and CD3H by H+, D+, and H3+ are calculated.
Hunt for geometric phase effects in H + HD → HD(v′, j′) + H
Authors: Jankunas Justin , Sneha Mahima , Zare Richard N. , Bouakline Foudhil , Althorpe Stuart C.
Published: October 2013

An attempt has been made to measure the theoretically predicted manifestation of a geometric phase in the differential cross section for the H + HD → HD(v′ = 2, j′ = 5) + H reaction at a center-of-mass collision energy of 1.44 eV (33.2 kcal/mol). Minute oscillatory differences between calculated differential cross sections that take into account and ignore the effect of geometric phase have proven to be beyond our experimental resolution in spite of the collection of more than 44 000 ions.
Ultraviolet Raman spectra of single uncoated and SiO2-coated silicon-on-insulator nanowires: Phonon boundary scattering, wave-vector relaxation and stress
Authors: Poborchii Vladimir , Tada Tetsuya , Morita Yukinori , Kanayama Toshihiko
Published: October 2013

We study Raman spectra of single straight Si-on-insulator (SOI) nanowires (NWs) at the 364 nm excitation wavelength. Uncoated SOI NW Raman band downshift and asymmetric broadening appeared to be smaller than those reported for NW ensembles, where these effects are enhanced due to additional wave-vector relaxation associated with NW imperfections. We observe NW-diameter-inversely proportional symmetric Raman band broadening associated with the phonon boundary scattering (PBS). NW longitudinal optical phonon lifetime and mean free path are determined from the PBS band broadening. SiO2-coated NWs display stress transforming from tensile to compressive with a decrease in the NW width.
Single fiber transport in a confined channel: Microfluidic experiments and numerical study
Authors: Berthet Helene , Fermigier Marc , Lindner Anke
Published: October 2013

We present an experimental and numerical study on the transport of a single fiber confined in a microfluidic Hele-Shaw geometry. The fiber has a square cross-section and a typical aspect ratio of ten. We address the question of the fiber velocity as it is freely transported by the flow, and study in particular its dependence on the fiber orientation and confinement in the channel, defined as the ratio of the fiber height with the channel height. Both experiments and simulations are set so that the fiber suspended in the middle of the channel height does not interact with the lateral flow boundaries. At low confinements, the fiber velocity is independent of the fiber orientation with the flow direction and tends to the maximal velocity of the fluid when the confinement tends to zero. The fiber slows down as the confinement increases. We find that as the confinement reaches approximately 0.5, the orientation affects the fiber velocity: a fiber perpendicular to the flow direction moves faster than a parallel one. Consequently, a confined fiber transported in a microchannel at an angle different from 0° or 90° with the flow direction will drift towards a lateral wall, in the opposite direction found in sedimenting fibers. We also characterize the perturbation caused by the presence of the fiber on the flow field, and find that it drops very quickly as the fiber confinement decreases.
Model vapor-deposited glasses: Growth front and composition effects
Authors: Lyubimov Ivan , Ediger M. D. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: October 2013

A growing body of experimental work indicates that physical vapor deposition provides an effective route for preparation of stable glasses, whose properties correspond in some cases to those expected for glasses that have been aged for thousands of years. In this work, model binary glasses are prepared in a process inspired by physical vapor deposition, in which particles are sequentially added to the free surface of a growing film in molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting glasses are shown to be more stable than those prepared by gradual cooling from the liquid phase. However, it is also shown that the composition of the resulting glass, which is difficult to control in physical vapor deposition simulations of thin films, plays a significant role on the physical characteristics of the material. That composition dependence leads to a re-evaluation of previous results from simulations of thinner films than those considered here, where the equivalent age of the corresponding glasses was overestimated. The simulations presented in this work, which correspond to films that are approximately 38 molecular diameters thick, also enable analysis of the devitrification mechanism by which vapor-deposited glasses transform into the supercooled liquid. Consistent with experiments, it is found that this mechanism consists of a mobility front that propagates from the free interface into the interior of the films. Eliminating surface mobility eliminates this route of transformation into the supercooled liquid.
Dynamics of an electrically charged polymer jet
Authors: Subbotin A. , Stepanyan R. , Chiche A. , Slot J. J. M. , ten Brinke G.
Published: October 2013

Electro-hydrodynamic equations describing the behavior of a charged polymer jet are analyzed by analytical methods and scaling approach. A FENE-P constitutive equation is employed to describe the viscoelastic properties of a conducting polymer liquid. Effects of the electric field, the flow rate, and the material parameters on the jet dynamics are investigated. Four different regimes are examined. In particular, a regime in which the electric current is linearly proportional to the electric field and independent on the flow rate and a regime in which the electric current is linearly proportional to the flow rate and independent on the electric field are identified. An operating window limiting the region of a stable cone-jet mode is also considered.
Raman measurements of uniaxial strain in silicon nanostructures
Authors: Ureña Ferran , Olsen Sarah H. , Raskin Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2013

The strain-shift coefficient used to convert Raman shifts to strain depends on multiple factors including phonon deformation potentials (PDPs). PDPs have been reported for silicon, which differ by 30%. This leads to varying strain-shift-coefficients. Using the wrong strain-shift coefficient affects the strain determined. The discrepancies in the reported PDPs were previously ascribed to surface stress relaxation and the opacity of the material to the laser radiation. This paper shows that surface orientation and scattering geometry are major factors behind the PDPs discrepancies. The work further demonstrates that different PDPs are required to accurately characterize transverse optical and longitudinal optical Raman modes. The effects of sample geometry and stress have also been studied. State of the art devices use nanowires and thin films under large values of uniaxial stress; however, previous experiments to determine PDPs and strain-shift coefficients in silicon have been limited to bulk material and stress only in the range 0–2 GPa. In this work, the strain-shift coefficient of silicon nanostructures is determined for a large range of geometries and applied stress values (0–4.5 GPa). Strain in the samples has been measured using three independent techniques: analytical calculations, finite element simulations, and by direct visual inspection of the samples elongation using scanning electron microscopy. Raman shifts have been measured using 458 nm and 364 nm laser radiations. The combination of these techniques and the large number of samples (up to 85) has allowed the accurate determination of the strain-shift coefficient for the technologically important (100) silicon surface.
Mechanisms and topology determination of complex chemical and biological network systems from first-passage theoretical approach
Authors: Li Xin , Kolomeisky Anatoly B.
Published: October 2013

The majority of chemical and biological processes can be viewed as complex networks of states connected by dynamic transitions. It is fundamentally important to determine the structure of these networks in order to fully understand the mechanisms of underlying processes. A new theoretical method of obtaining topologies and dynamic properties of complex networks, which utilizes a first-passage analysis, is developed. Our approach is based on a hypothesis that full temporal distributions of events between two arbitrary states contain full information on number of intermediate states, pathways, and transitions that lie between initial and final states. Several types of network systems are analyzed analytically and numerically. It is found that the approach is successful in determining structural and dynamic properties, providing a direct way of getting topology and mechanisms of general chemical network systems. The application of the method is illustrated on two examples of experimental studies of motor protein systems.
On self-similar thermal rupture of thin liquid sheets
Authors: Bowen M. , Tilley B. S.
Published: October 2013

We consider the dynamics of a symmetrically heated thin incompressible viscous fluid sheet. We take surface tension to be temperature dependent and consequently the streamwise momentum equation includes the effects of thermocapillarity, inertia, viscous stresses, and capillarity. Energy transport to the surrounding environment is also included. We use a long-wave analysis to derive a single nondimensional system which, with appropriate choices of Reynolds number, recovers two previously studied cases. In both cases, we find conditions under which sufficiently large-amplitude initial temperature profiles induce film rupture in finite time, notably without the inclusion of disjoining pressures from van der Waals effects. When the Reynolds number is large, the similarity solution is governed by a balance of inertia and capillarity near the rupture location, analogous to the isothermal case. When the Reynolds number is small, the thermocapillary transients induce the same similarity solution over intermediate times that is found for the drainage of lamellae in foams. For O(1) Reynolds numbers, the dynamics are governed initially by the large Reynolds number evolution, and then a transition over several orders of magnitude in the sheet thickness needs to take place before the small Reynolds number similarity solution is observed.
Electromagnetic waves in a polydisperse dusty plasma
Authors: Prudskikh V. V. , Shchekinov Yu. A.
Published: October 2013

The properties of low-frequency electromagnetic waves in a polydisperse dusty plasma are studied. The dispersion relation for the waves propagating at an arbitrary angle to the external magnetic field is derived, with the coefficients explicitly determined by the dust-size distribution function. The dependence of wave dispersion on properties of the dust-size distribution function is analysed. It is shown that the cutoff for an oblique propagation in plasma with a wide scatter of dust sizes takes place at a much lower frequency than in a plasma with monosized dust particles. It is found that dispersion properties of a transversal magnetosonic wave mode around dust–cyclotron frequencies considerably differ from those in a plasma with monosized dust. In a plasma with low mass fraction of dust particles, the dispersion is smooth without the cutoff and the resonance intrinsic for a plasma with monosized dust. Increase of the dust fraction results in splitting of the dispersion curve on to two branches. Further increase of the dust fraction leads to emergence of the third branch located between the cutoffs and restricted from the lower and higher frequencies by two resonances. The dependence of the frequencies of cutoffs and resonances on the width of the dust-size distribution, its slope and the dust mass fraction are analysed. It is shown that the transparency frequency windows in a plasma with polydisperse dust are wider for transversal elecromagnetic waves, but narrower for longitudinal or oblique waves.
All-optically tunable Goos-Hänchen shift owing to the microstructure transition of ferrofluid in a symmetrical metal-cladding waveguide
Authors: Wang Xianping , Yin Cheng , Sun Jingjing , Li Honggen , Sang Minghuang , Yuan Wen , Cao Zhuangqi , Huang Meizhen
Published: October 2013

We report on the observation of all-optically tunable Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift in a symmetrical metal-cladding waveguide, whose guiding layer is filled with the water-based ferrofluid. The strong dependence of the GH shift and its switching time on the control beam power is suggested to be arising from the light-induced periodic-like microstructure transitions of ferrofluid in virtue of the competition between the optical trapping effect and the Soret effect. The indirect evidence of our qualitative hypothesis is given. The presented tunability of GH shift may have potential applications in optical switching and sensing.
Workplace aggression prevention and minimisation in Australian clinical medical practice settings – a national study
Authors: Hills Danny J. , Joyce Catherine M. , Humphreys John S.
Published: October 2013

Introduction This report describes the extent to which 12 workplace aggression prevention and minimisation actions have been implemented in Australian clinical medical practice settings. Methods Using a cross-sectional, self-report survey conducted as part of a national longitudinal study of the Australian medical workforce, differences in the proportions of medical clinicians reporting the implementation of 12 aggression prevention and minimisation actions in their main workplace were determined. Results Only one-third of aggression prevention and minimisation actions achieved point-prevalence rates of greater than 60%, including aggression policies and protocols (65.7%) and incident reporting systems (68.2%). Overall, lower point-prevalence rates were detected for general practitioners and specialists compared with hospital non-specialists and specialists in training, largely reflecting those for doctors mainly working in private rooms compared with public hospitals. Key environmental interventions had relatively low point-prevalence overall, including duress alarms and optimised clinician escape in consulting and treatment areas, and after-hours and off-site safety strategies. Conclusions More widespread adoption of aggression prevention and minimisation measures in medical practice settings is required. Specific legislative and accreditation provisions and funding support may provide the necessary impetus for reform. Further studies can enhance the evidence base on the most effective approaches to the prevention and minimisation of workplace aggression in medical practice settings. What is known about the topic? With the exception of a small number of qualitative studies in general practice, there is a lack of research reporting on the implementation of workplace aggression prevention and minimisation interventions across clinical medical practice settings in Australia. What does this paper add? Baseline evidence is provided on the point-prevalence of 12 workplace aggression prevention and minimisation interventions in diverse medical practice settings in Australia, which suggests that key approaches recommended by leading international organisations and researchers are not widely implemented in many clinical medical workplaces. What are the implications for practitioners? More concerted efforts need to be undertaken to achieve the widespread implementation of aggression prevention and minimisation interventions in clinical medical practice settings.
Qualitative exploration of HIV-related sexual behaviours and multiple partnerships among Chinese men who have sex with men living in a rural area of Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Chow Eric P. F. , Gao Liangmin , Koo Fung Kuen , Chen Liang , Fu Xiaoxing , Jing Jun , Wilson David P. , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe HIV epidemic has been spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. The present study explored the pattern of HIV-related high-risk sexual practices among MSM in a rural Chinese setting. Methods: Data were collected by semistructured in-depth interviews conducted among 15 MSM in Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Fifteen respondents were recruited through a local non-governmental organisation via purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was used. Results: Technological changes, risk behaviours, social stigma and high migration rates have played a significant role in the spread of HIV among MSM in rural China. The Internet has become the primary channel for soliciting casual sex partners in the MSM community. Bisexuality and having concurrent and multiple sexual partners were common among rural MSM. A large number of sexual partners and low condom use in all MSM partnership types were noted. Due to Chinese cultural traditions and social stigma, Chinese rural MSM were reluctant to disclose their homosexuality. Rural-to-urban migrant MSM were often engaged in the commercial sex trade. Conclusions: Rural MSM is a distinctive and complex population with multiple identities in China. Concurrent multiple sexual partnerships, high mobility and low disclosure rate are the major challenges for HIV prevention and intervention programs in MSM.
orthAgogue: an agile tool for the rapid prediction of orthology relations
Authors: Ekseth Ole Kristian , Kuiper Martin , Mironov Vladimir
Published: October 2013

Motivation: The comparison of genes and gene products across species depends on high-quality tools to determine the relationships between gene or protein sequences from various species. Although some excellent applications are available and widely used, their performance leaves room for improvement.

Results: We developed orthAgogue: a multithreaded C application for high-speed estimation of homology relations in massive datasets, operated via a flexible and easy command-line interface.

Availability: The orthAgogue software is distributed under the GNU license. The source code and binaries compiled for Linux are available at https://code.google.com/p/orthagogue/.

Contact:  orthagogue-issue-tracker@googlegroups.com
Efficient parameter estimation for models of healthcare-associated pathogen transmission in discrete and continuous time
Authors: Thomas Alun , Redd Andrew , Khader Karim , Leecaster Molly , Greene Tom , Samore Matthew
Published: October 2013

We describe two novel Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches to computing estimates of parameters concerned with healthcare-associated infections. The first approach frames the discrete time, patient level, hospital transmission model as a Bayesian network, and exploits this framework to improve greatly on the computational efficiency of estimation compared with existing programs. The second approach is in continuous time and shares the same computational advantages. Both methods have been implemented in programs that are available from the authors. We use these programs to show that time discretization can lead to statistical bias in the underestimation of the rate of transmission of pathogens. We show that the continuous implementation has similar running time to the discrete implementation, has better Markov chain mixing properties, and eliminates the potential statistical bias. We, therefore, recommend its use when continuous-time data are available.
Truth-telling by Third-party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms: Experimental Evidence from India*
Authors: Duflo Esther , Greenstone Michael , Pande Rohini , Ryan Nicholas
Published: October 2013

In many regulated markets, private, third-party auditors are chosen and paid by the firms that they audit, potentially creating a conflict of interest. This article reports on a two-year field experiment in the Indian state of Gujarat that sought to curb such a conflict by altering the market structure for environmental audits of industrial plants to incentivize accurate reporting. There are three main results. First, the status quo system was largely corrupted, with auditors systematically reporting plant emissions just below the standard, although true emissions were typically higher. Second, the treatment caused auditors to report more truthfully and very significantly lowered the fraction of plants that were falsely reported as compliant with pollution standards. Third, treatment plants, in turn, reduced their pollution emissions. The results suggest reformed incentives for third-party auditors can improve their reporting and make regulation more effective.
Human metapneumovirus inhibits the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in airway epithelium
Authors: Mitzel Dana N. , Jaramillo Richard J. , Stout-Delgado Heather , Senft Albert P. , Harrod Kevin S.
Published: October 2013

The host cytokine IL-6 plays an important role in host defence and prevention of lung injury from various pathogens, making IL-6 an important mediator in the host’s susceptibility to respiratory infections. The cellular response to IL-6 is mediated through a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signal transduction pathway. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important causative agent of viral respiratory infections known to inhibit the IFN-mediated activation of STAT1. However, little is known about the interactions between this virus and other STAT signalling cascades. Herein, we showed that hMPV can attenuate the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in lung epithelial cells. HMPV inhibited a key event in this pathway by impeding the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in A549 cells and in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Further studies established that hMPV interrupted the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT pathway early in the signal transduction pathway by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK2. By antagonizing the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 pathway, hMPV perturbed the expression of IL-6-inducible genes important for apoptosis, cell differentiation and growth. Infection with hMPV also differentially regulated the effects of IL-6 on apoptosis. Thus, hMPV regulation of these genes could usurp the protective roles of IL-6, and these data provide insight into an important element of viral pathogenesis.
Mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel Orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in Missouri, USA
Authors: Cooper Elyse , Anbalagan Srivishnupriya , Klumper Patricia , Scherba Gail , Simonson Randy R. , Hause Ben M.
Published: October 2013

The genus Orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsRNA viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. A novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of EHDV. Using antiserum generated against EHDV, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in Aedes albopictus cell culture. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of predicted ORFs showed that eight of the ten ORFs were most homologous to Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), with amino acid identities of 44.3–73.7 %. The remaining two ORFs, VP3 and VP5, were most similar to Middle Point orbivirus (35.9 %) and Yunnan orbivirus (59.8 %), respectively. Taxonomic classification of orbiviruses is largely based on homology of the major subcore structural protein VP2(T2), encoded by segment 2 for mobuck virus. With only 69.1 % amino acid identity to PHSV, we propose mobuck virus as the prototype of a new species of Orbivirus.
SIN-dependent phosphoinhibition of formin multimerization controls fission yeast cytokinesis
Authors: Bohnert K. Adam , Grzegorzewska Agnieszka P. , Willet Alaina H. , Vander Kooi Craig W. , Kovar David R. , Gould Kathleen L.
Published: October 2013

Many eukaryotes accomplish cell division by building and constricting a medial actomyosin-based cytokinetic ring (CR). In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a Hippo-related signaling pathway termed the septation initiation network (SIN) controls CR formation, maintenance, and constriction. However, how the SIN regulates integral CR components was unknown. Here, we identify the essential cytokinetic formin Cdc12 as a key CR substrate of SIN kinase Sid2. Eliminating Sid2-mediated Cdc12 phosphorylation leads to persistent Cdc12 clustering, which prevents CR assembly in the absence of anillin-like Mid1 and causes CRs to collapse when cytokinesis is delayed. Molecularly, Sid2 phosphorylation of Cdc12 abrogates multimerization of a previously unrecognized Cdc12 domain that confers F-actin bundling activity. Taken together, our findings identify a SIN-triggered oligomeric switch that modulates cytokinetic formin function, revealing a novel mechanism of actin cytoskeleton regulation during cell division.
Multiple anion...π interactions in tris(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)iron(II) bis[1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)propenide] monohydrate
Authors: Setifi Zouaoui , Domasevitch Konstantin V. , Setifi Fatima , Mach Pavel , Ng Seik Weng , Petříček Vaclav , Dušek Michal
Published: October 2013

In the ionic structure of the title compound, [Fe(C12H8N2)3](C9H5N4O2)2·H2O, the octahedral tris-chelate [Fe(phen)3]2+dications [Fe—N = 1.9647 (14)–1.9769 (14) Å; phen is 1,10-phenathroline] afford one-dimensional chains by a series of slipped π–π stacking interactions [centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.792 (3) and 3.939 (3) Å]. The 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)propenide anions, denoted tcnoetOH−, reveal an appreciable delocalization of π-electron density, involving the central propenide [C—C = 1.383 (3)–1.401 (2) Å] fragment and four nitrile groups, and this is also supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B97D/6-311+G(2d,2p) level. Primary noncovalent inter-moiety interactions comprise conventional O—H...O(N) and weak C—H...O(N) hydrogen bonding [O...O(N) = 2.833 (2)–3.289 (5) Å and C...O(N) = 3.132 (2)–3.439 (2) Å]. The double anion...π interaction involving a nitrile group of tcnoetOH−and twocis-positioned pyridine rings (`π-pocket') of [Fe(phen)3]2+[N...centroid = 3.212 (2) and 3.418 (2) Å] suggest the relevance of anion...π stackings for charge-diffuse polycyanoanions and commonM-chelate species.
Building a pseudo-atomic model of the anaphase-promoting complex
Authors: Kulkarni Kiran , Zhang Ziguo , Chang Leifu , Yang Jing , da Fonseca Paula C. A. , Barford David
Published: October 2013

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is a large E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through specific stages of the cell cycle by coordinating the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. Depending on the species, the active form of the APC/C consists of 14–15 different proteins that assemble into a 20-subunit complex with a mass of approximately 1.3 MDa. A hybrid approach of single-particle electron microscopy and protein crystallography of individual APC/C subunits has been applied to generate pseudo-atomic models of various functional states of the complex. Three approaches for assigning regions of the EM-derived APC/C density map to specific APC/C subunits are described. This information was used to dock atomic models of APC/C subunits, determined either by protein crystallography or homology modelling, to specific regions of the APC/C EM map, allowing the generation of a pseudo-atomic model corresponding to 80% of the entire complex.
Advances inRosettastructure prediction for difficult molecular-replacement problems
Authors: DiMaio Frank
Published: October 2013

Recent work has shown the effectiveness of structure-prediction methods in solving difficult molecular-replacement problems. TheRosettaprotein structure modeling suite can aid in the solution of difficult molecular-replacement problems using templates from 15 to 25% sequence identity;Rosettarefinement guided by noisy density has consistently led to solved structures where other methods fail. In this paper, an overview of the use ofRosettafor these difficult molecular-replacement problems is provided and new modeling developments that further improve model quality are described. Several variations to the method are introduced that significantly reduce the time needed to generate a model and the sampling required to improve the starting template. The improvements are benchmarked on a set of nine difficult cases and it is shown that this improved method obtains consistently better models in less running time. Finally, strategies for best usingRosettato solve difficult molecular-replacement problems are presented and future directions for the role of structure-prediction methods in crystallography are discussed.
N′-[(E)-3-Bromobenzylidene]pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Hameed Shahid , Tahir M. Nawaz , Anwar Muhammad , Israr Muhammad
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C12H9BrN4O, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 12.16 (12)°. An intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond closes anS(5) ring. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules intoC(6) chains propagating in [010]. Very weak aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separations = 3.9189 (15) and 3.9357 (15) Å] is also observed.
N-(3-Chloro-1H-indazol-5-yl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
Authors: Chicha Hakima , Rakib El Mostapha , Bouissane Latifa , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C14H12ClN3O3S, the fused five- and six-membered rings are folded slightly along the common edge, forming a dihedral angle of 3.2 (1)°. The mean plane through the indazole system makes a dihedral angle of 30.75 (7)° with the distant benzene ring. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001).
Investigation of tool wear mechanism and tool geometry optimization in drilling of PCB fixture hole
Authors: Zheng Xiaohu , Dong Dapeng , Huang Lixin , Wang Xibin , Chen Ming
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The paper aims to investigate tool wear mechanism and tool geometry optimization of drilling PCB fixture hole.

Design/methodology/approach

– An experimental study was carried out to investigate the chip formation and tool wear mechanism of drilling PCB fixture holes. Two types of drill with different types of chip-split groove were used in this study. The performances of these two types of drill bots were evaluated by tool wear and the shapes of chips.

Findings

– The chips of drilling fixture holes contain aluminum chips from the cover board, copper chips from the copper foil, discontinuous glass fiber and resin from the CFRP. Feed rate and drilling speed have a great influence on the chip morphology. Abrasive wear of the drill lip is the main reason of the fixture drill bit in drilling PCB, and micro-chipping is observed on the tool nose and chisel edge. The influence of distance between the chip-split groove and drill point center on the axial force and torque is not obvious.

Research limitations/implications

– In this paper, hole wall roughness and drilling temperature were not analyzed in the optimization of drilling parameters. The future research work should consider them.

Originality/value

– This paper investigated the mechanism of burr formation and tool wear in drilling of PCB fixture holes. Tool geometry was optimized by adding chip-split grooves.
Learning curve theory and innovation
Authors: Burr William , Pearne Nick
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to look at innovation and the tension which arises between proprietorship and standardization.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents an analysis of the learning curve theory in relation to the printed circuit board industry.

Findings

– The measurable impact of the learning curve will be different depending on a number of factors commonly found in the printed circuit industry – degree of process maturity/automation, run lengths, and presence of customized elements requiring modifications to process flow, materials, or procedures.

Originality/value

– There is no escape from continuing and inexorable downward price pressure from entrenched expectations and trends. A clear understanding of how these work will confer a competitive advantage to the strategist concerned with bringing innovative technologies to the marketplace.