bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La nappe aquifère superficielle des Bas-Champs de Cayeux
Authors: Beun N.
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Le bilan de la nappe superficielle des Bas-Champs a montré que les apports en provenance de la nappe de la craie et du domaine marin étaient faibles. En vue d'un assainissement possible de cette région, il devenait indispensable de localiser et de chiffrer ces apports afin de pouvoir les diminuer ou d'en favoriser l'écoulement. L'emploi des isotopes d'hydrogène (tritium) et d'oxygène (oxygène 18) a permis cette double démarche.
Les légumes de plein-champ en Picardie
Authors: Fiette André
Published: May 2014

Abstract. - About fifteen years ago Picardy became one of the main areas for vegetable-canning industry producing two fifths of the peas and French beans.

Indeed, factories coming from Paris, French Brittany and the North, settled in Picardy and large scale farming showed its technical interest.

After them, coopérative stores started smaller affairs, but they were stopped by competition and the difficulties of the new situation.

The map shows the vegetable-growing areas (Santerre, Soissonnais, Valois, North-East of Oise) where extensive farming was a traditional activity, that are now spreading to the west on the smaller table lands of Picardy.
Les résidences secondaires en Picardie
Authors: Flament Émile
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - La Picardie compte 52 608 R.S. en 1975. Elles sont surtout abondantes sur le littoral et dans les régions rurales méridionales (Vexin, Thelle, Bray, Brie, Tardenois). Cependant l'évolution récente montre leur développement rapide dans d'autres régions (Plateau picard, Santerre, Thiérache). Dans le Sud, la croissance se heurte souvent au dynamisme démographique et à l'urbanisation.
Satellites, planètes, Terre : géomorphologie comparée
Authors: Cailleux A.
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Sur Mercure, la Lune et Phobos, domine le système morphogénétique à cratères d'impact, sans transport dirigé, ni chaîne plissée, ni H2O, ni zonalité. Mars, planète du périglaciaire aride, présente en plus des cratères, une atmosphère, deux calottes glaciaires polaires, du nivéo-éolien, du thermokarst, des ergs, une zonalité, des volcans en bouclier ; pas d'eau aujourd'hui, mais il y en a eu un peu autrefois. La géomorphologie d'un corps planétaire est commandée avant tout par la distance au soleil (dont dépend en partie la température), la présence ou l'absence d'une atmosphère, celle d'H2O, l'état de celle-ci et les changements d'état de CO2, H2O et des magmas.
Un atoll à morphologie énigmatique : Farquhar (Seychelles)
Authors: Battistini René
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Situé dans le sud de l'archipel des Seychelles, l'atoll Farquhar a une structure curieuse. Son lagon contient une vingtaine d'alignements de pâtés sablo-coralliens et quatre grandes levées submersibles, longues de 3 à 6 kilomètres, que l'on peut interpréter comme d'anciens cordons littoraux sableux. Cette même structure se retrouve dans les parties sud et nord-ouest de la couronne, qui contiennent de nombreux lagons enclavés à l'emplacement des anciens sillons entre les cordons. On ignore tout du socle corallien préflandrien de l'atoll, qui ne vient pas en affleurement (les calcaires coralliens les plus anciens de la couronne, découpés en grands lapiés, ont donné un âge de 3640 ± 100 B.P.). Sur ce socle est apparue une grande caye de sable complexe. C'est en s'appuyant sur certains éléments de cordons de cette caye que la construction corallienne a bâti, au Flandrien, la structure annulaire actuelle de l'atoll. Différent de la plupart des grands atolls par son lagon peu profond, l'atoll Farquhar le serait aussi par son origine, et par sa structure hybride.
Niveaux de base actuels dans les trois principaux canyons du Languedoc oriental : l'Ardèche, la Cèze, le Gard
Authors: Fabre Guilhem
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Dans un massif karstique traversé par un canyon dans lequel coule une rivière allogène, il y a plusieurs niveaux de base ; surtout si les calcaires se développent largement sous le talweg. La complexité qu'il y a de les caractériser avec précision est unanimement reconnue et se retrouve dans les définitions classiquement proposées. A partir de l'exemple des trois principaux canyons du Languedoc oriental on constate actuellement que :

a) Lorsqu'un cours d'eau épigé allogène est pérenne et sans perte notable, il y a correspondance globale entre le niveau de base fluviatile s.l. et le niveau de base karstique majeur matérialisé par les plus bas conduits noyés du karst. C'est-à-dire ceux qui se trouvent dans la tranche calcaire comprise entre le mur atteint par la corrosion et les plus basses et importantes sources pérennes drainant le karst.

b) Lorsqu'un cours d'eau épigé allogène temporaire ne coule pas par suite de prélèvements karstiques, il n'y a pas correspondance entre les différents niveaux de base. Le niveau de base fluviatile s.l. est temporairement actif. Quant au niveau de base karstique majeur pérenne il se place dans la zone noyée comprise entre le mur atteint par la corrosion et le toit des écoulements karstiques pérennes situés sous le talweg sec ; c'est-à-dire principalement au niveau des plus basses et importantes sources pérennes drainant le karst.
Le milieu et l'occupation humaine dans le delta de l'Orénoque
Authors: Collin Delavaud Claude
Published: May 2014

Human settlements in the Orinocco delta are strictly connected with the drainage of water. Upstream, islands are surrounded by dry and well cultivated banks, whereas their heart consists of seasonnary wet pastures. In the middle part of the delta, the enclosing banks are but summer flooded ones, so that shifting agriculture is only possible. Downstream we find also burned fields on dry peat or mangrove, but, in permanent marshes, the Guarao Indians subsist merely from fish and « moriche » palm tree.
Documents d'urbanisme et différenciation de l'espace urbain
Authors: Josse Raymond
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Toute une législation et une réglementation se sont mises peu à peu en place pour tenter de maîtriser et d'organiser la croissance urbaine. Mais elles semblent impuissantes à enrayer deux des symptômes les plus marquants de la crise urbaine : la spéculation et la ségrégation. Quelle que soit l'échelle de leur intervention, les documents d'urbanisme ne parviennent à transformer réellement ni les structures urbaines des grandes agglomérations, ni les tissus urbains dans le détail. L'urbanisme opérationnel (Z.U.P., Z.A.C.) contredit fréquemment les intentions exprimées par l'urbanisme réglementaire (P.O.S., S.D.A.U.). La différenciation de l'espace urbain dépend davantage de facteurs géographiques et de la répartition des prix des terrains et des logements que d'une planification qui laisse encore trop de place à des intérêts particuliers au détriment de l'intérêt général.
Clivages sociaux au sein des espaces urbanisés en Allemagne fédérale (Federal Germany examples)
Authors: Riquet P.
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - La statistique allemande propose des régions urbaines, Stadtregion, divisées en zones d'urbanisation décroissante, à disposition généralement concentrique. En retenant les dix plus grandes régions urbaines et en donnant la base 100 aux valeurs observées dans la ville centrale, on peut graphiquement mettre en évidence le gradient introduit dans la structure sociale par le passage aux proches et lointaines banlieues. De 1961 à 1970 une évolution s'est produite, surtout dans les quatre plus grandes régions urbaines, valorisant la périphérie. Mais la diversité des profils suggère celle des secteurs d'agglomération. Les clivages réels s'établissent entre les quartiers ou les localités suburbaines.
L'occupation sociale de l'espace urbain à Douala, Cameroun : l'exemple des « beaux quartiers » (Douala examples)
Authors: Mainet Guy
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Les Camerounais titulaires de nouveaux lotissements ont fait évoluer leur quartier de façons souvent bien différentes. A Ngodi les Akwa habitent personnellement leur zone qui, de ce fait, prend une allure de village. A New Bell au contraire les Bell concèdent l'usage de leur terrain selon des contrats compliqués mais fructueux, de telle sorte que le quartier est devenu le secteur cossu de Douala.
Sur le comportement des leucogranites (ex. « granulites ») en milieu littoral (Leucogranites in coastal conditions)
Authors: Rondeau André
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Alors qu'en régions continentales le granite à biotite et/ou muscovite est une roche résistante, il fait figure de roche moins résistante en conditions littorales (Bretagne, Irlande).
Premières reconnaissances sur un grand karst d'altitude des Zagros : le plateau de Ravansar (Province de Kermanshah/ Louristan/ Iran) (The zagros karst)
Authors: Maire R.
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Au Nord du Louristan, la haute chaîne des Zagros échappe à l'aridité de l'Arabie et des « Kévirs » iraniens. Le vaste plateau synclinal de Ravansar forme une unité karstique d'altitude (2 300 à 2 700 m) dont l'évolution morphologique a déterminé un immense bassin fermé de près de 120 km2. L'ampleur de la morphologie dépressionnaire en cirques-dolines et méga-dolines est la résultante d'un puissant soutirage localisé de préférence dans les secteurs structuralement déprimés et se développant par coalescence de dolines-puits géantes. L'absence de glaciers au cours des périodes froides du Quaternaire a favorisé une certaine continuité dans la karstification sans créer de processus antagonistes de sorte qu'il s'agit d'un karst nival évoluant sous climat subtropical montagnard à hiver neigeux et à forte sécheresse estivale. - Le karst profond est peu accessible à cause de l'obstruction fréquente des méga-pots par éboulements et dépôts de terra-rossa. La plupart des gouffres pénétrables sont de vieux réseaux décapités révélant d'anciens puits souterrains en cloche aux parois très concrétionnées. On est finalement en présence d'une karstogenèse à caractère méditerranéen fort dégradé que l'on pourrait qualifier de type « Zagros » en raison de son aspect exemplaire.
La dureté de l'eau potable et la mortalité cérébrale vasculaire dans l'Est du Québec
Authors: Thouez Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - L'analyse invariée et multivariée indique que la mortalité cérébro-vasculaire est plus élevée dans les municipalités où l'eau est insuffisamment dure. La teneur en magnésium et en fer est indifférente. Les facteurs socio-économiques (densité de population, logement, revenus) sont difficiles à apprécier.
Villes et cancers des voies respiratoires en France (French towns and respiratory system cancers)
Authors: Picheral Henri
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - L'analyse de la mortalité par cancer de l'appareil respiratoire dans les 95 plus grandes agglomérations françaises révèle de grandes différences selon la situation géographique, les fonctions urbaines et la période du décès (avant ou après 65 ans). Les ports s'individualisent par leur surmortalité, les villes industrielles et minières semblent particulièrement exposées. On note toutefois des décalages entre les industries, avec une mortalité précoce, durant la vie active, ou tardive, après la retraite, suivant les types d'activités industrielles (extraction, chimie, métallurgie, mécanique...). Par contre, les villes « tertiaires » jouissent d'une réelle sous-mortalité. Si bien que se dessine une géographie urbaine de ces tumeurs, avec de très fortes disparités de part et d'autre d'une ligne Le Havre-Marseille.
L'économétrie des données expérimentales : défis et opportunités
Authors: Montmarquette Claude
Published: May 2014

Experimental economics produce rich and valid data sets that enable the researchers to evaluate and understand the behaviour of individuals in many decisional contexts. Experiments conduct in a laboratory setting permit to compare different environments and institutions without suffering from the private and the social costs if you implement them in the real life. The goal of this paper is to answer the following questions relatively to the econometrics of experimental data : What is the current state of the arts and which challenges are facing us to better benefit from the experimental data ? We conclude that the experimental approach in economics will continue to play a major role in the progression of the economic science and of the econometric methodology. The experimental approach producing empirical data is a huge asset for all the economists interested to transfer their knowledge to all sectors of the society. In general, the economic and political leaders are always better convinced by facts and data than by theory.
Demande active sur les marchés électriques : une analyse expérimentale de l'efficacité du mécanisme de retrait de capacités demandées
Authors: Winn Abel , Rassenti Stephen , Jullien Céline
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effects of a demand-response mechanism on the efficiency of competitive wholesale electric-power markets. Under most electricity deregulation , attention has initially and exclusively been placed on the supply side of the industry. Demand has been assumed to be largely inelastic and therefore not calling for specific incentive mechanisms. As a consequence, many power markets turned out to be organized using one-sided auctions – with diverse and sometimes embarrassing market performances a decade after the first deregulation. This suggests that the foundations of power-market designs should be re-examined. Many regulators are now integrating the demand side of the industry into their power markets , searching for efficient demand-response mechanisms. Earlier experimental studies have shown the significance of demand-side bidding in electric-power markets. Our article presents a series of experiments designed to test a simple demand-response mechanism in the form of demand withdrawals, as proposed by the Australian authorities. The results show that although the mechanism leads to significant reductions in market prices in peak-demand periods, it fosters gaming strategies that suggest it might perform poorly in the field.
Que vaut la flexibilité des choix individuels de transport ? Une étude de cas expérimental
Authors: Hammiche Sabrina , Denant-Boèmont Laurent
Published: May 2014

Cette recherche est une étude expérimentale de choix de transport en avenir risqué. Il s’agit de tester un modèle de choix dynamique appliqué à un cas pratique de concurrence modale entre un système de transport existant (l’autoroute) supposé flexible et un système innovant (l’autoroute ferroviaire) supposé irréversible. Le modèle théorique est construit sur les données disponibles en France en matière de coût généralisé de transport. Il est ensuite testé par le biais d’un jeu expérimental. Ce travail montre que les joueurs valorisent la flexibilité quel que soit le niveau de prix ou d’information. Par contre, un test d’une hypothèse de surréaction à l’information montre que les joueurs ont tendance à sous-réagir au signal prix et modifient moins leurs choix que ne le prédit le modèle.
Méthodes de simulation des modèles stochastiques d'équilibre général
Authors: Ocaktan Tarik , Juillard Michel
Published: May 2014

Ce chapitre introduit les méthodes de simulation utilisées aujourd’hui pour résoudre les modèles d’équilibre général. Après la présentation d’un modèle canonique d’optimisation dynamique qui est au coeur de cette problématique, nous passons en revue les méthodes d’itération sur la fonction valeur, de projection, de paramétrisation des anticipations (PEA) et la méthode des perturbations. La linéarisation, très populaire dans cette littérature, est présentée comme un cas particulier de la méthode des perturbations.
Les tarifications au coût marginal versus coût moyen face à des chocs climatiques au Sénégal : un modèle dynamique d’équilibre général calculable appliqué à l’eau
Authors: Briand Anne
Published: May 2014

Le modèle simule sur un horizon de vingt ans, une première phase d’accroissement de la disponibilité de la ressource en eau et une seconde phase marquée par l’apparition de déficits hydriques au regard de l’évolution de la demande (croissance démographique). Les résultats obtenus montrent que la mise en place d’une tarification au coût marginal, couplée à une subvention de l'État assurant la survie du secteur de production d’eau, permet à long terme d’amortir le choc de pénurie de la ressource puisque le PIB, l’investissement et le bien-être s’accroissent, le chômage baisse, et les secteurs du riz pluvial, du maraîchage et de la distribution d’eau potable se développent malgré tout. Tandis qu’en maintenant sa politique actuelle de tarification au coût moyen (visant l’équilibre budgétaire du secteur) l’économie de long terme tombe en récession avec un fort recul de la production agricole, une forte dégradation du bien-être et une hausse du chômage.
Evaluación de barandillas de seguridad de obras apoyadas en puntales
Authors: Lan A. , Daigle R.
Published: May 2014

Para la protección contra el peligro de caída en altura durante la ejecución de la estructura de un edificio, los trabajadores utilizan puntales acodalados a dos forjados y situados a 1 metro del borde de forjado como apoyo de las barandillas de seguridad. Inspectores de la Quebec Workers Compensation Board (Commision de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST)) han expresado su preocupación por la seguridad y el cumplimiento de estos sistemas de protección en la construcción conforme al Código de Seguridad de Quebec para la industria de la construcción (S-2.1, R.6). Así mismo algunos trabajadores han mostrado su inquietud sobre la utilización de los puntales como sistemas para limitar el desplazamiento. El presente estudio describe un método de evaluación y un procedimiento de ensayo que se han utilizado para verificar si las barandillas de seguridad apoyadas en puntales acodalados son seguras y cumplen con los requisitos de S-2.1, R.6; y si el puntal acodalado puede ser utilizado como punto de anclaje del sistema para limitar los desplazamientos. Los resultados del estudio muestran 1) las barandillas de seguridad apoyadas en puntales acodalados son seguras y cumplen con S-2.1, R.6 y 2) los puntales acodalados utilizados como apoyo de las barandillas de seguridad no deben ser usados como apoyos para sistemas con desplazamientos limitados.
Diseño de un modelo de Gestión del Conocimiento para mejorar el desarrollo de equipos de proyectos informáticos
Authors: Linares Pons Naryana , Piñero Pérez Yadenis , Rodríguez Stiven Elizabeth , Pérez Quintero Liset
Published: May 2014

Elevar la actividad de gestión del conocimiento e integrarla a la gestión de proyectos para mejorar el desarrollo de equipos de proyectos informáticos es hoy una verdadera necesidad. Es necesidad también retener el conocimiento de los profesionales, capturar y compartir buenas prácticas, facilitar la formación y el aprendizaje organizacional. El trabajo que se pone a disposición tiene como objetivo presentar un Modelo de Gestión del Conocimiento para mejorar el desarrollo de equipos de proyectos informáticos expresado fundamentalmente a partir de los resultados científicos del equipo. En él se realizó un estudio acerca de tendencias presentadas por los principales autores e instituciones existentes para la gestión de proyectos y con experiencias en el uso de gestión del conocimiento, en aras de lograr una propuesta con resultados sustentados en fundamentos teóricos de actualidad.
Impacto científico en los artículos sobre aplicaciones terapéuticas de las prácticas orientales cuerpo-mente (2006-2010)
Authors: Torres-Casadó Guillermo , Villamón Miguel , Bolaños-Pizarro Máxima , Aleixandre-Benavent Rafael
Published: May 2014

Se analiza la investigación mundial sobre terapias cuerpo-mente, a través de los artículos publicados en revistas científicas sobre tres disciplinas orientales: yoga, tai chi y qi gong, y tres prácticas o procedimientos: la meditación, los ejercicios respiratorios y la relajación. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en la base de datos Scopus y se limitó a las áreas biomédicas y al periodo 2006-2010. Se examinaron 2.363 artículos de 959 revistas diferentes, publicados por 6.583 autores pertenecientes a 2.162 instituciones de 65 países. Se calcularon los indicadores de productividad e impacto científico de las instituciones, países y áreas temáticas, así como la colaboración entre autores e instituciones. Se observa un aumento progresivo de las publicaciones, especialmente sobre el yoga y la meditación, sobre todo de las universidades de los EE.UU., India y China con una marcada concentración en las áreas de medicina interna, salud mental y oncología.
Análisis documental de noticias de prensa en sistemas de información factual
Authors: García Gutiérrez Antonio
Published: May 2014

Los archivos digitales de noticias proporcionan a sus usuarios una gran cantidad de información en forma de texto completo o referencias hemerográficas que habitualmente hacen necesaria una gran inversión de tiempo adicional dedicado a la búsqueda de datos factuales: sujetos, consecuencias, fechas, lugares, causas... En esta investigación se propone un procedimiento pragmatista de análisis y recuperación que se centra en las empíricamente reconocibles “noticias de prensa” y en los modos de formulación pronominal de los usuarios finales y con claras extrapolaciones a otros géneros periodísticos informativos, como entrevistas o reportajes, que han de ser estudiados separada y específicamente. El estudio parte de la base de la construcción de macroproposiciones sobre un corpus de noticias, siguiendo reglas prácticas y sencillas de reproducir, para obtener un modo de lectura estandarizado y automático en los archivos de prensa y hemerotecas.
Diferencias entre áreas científicas en las prácticas de divulgación de la investigación: un estudio empírico en el CSIC
Authors: Olmos-Peñuela Julia , Castro-Martínez Elena , Fernández-Esquinas Manuel
Published: May 2014

En las últimas décadas se han comenzado a desarrollar políticas gubernamentales e institucionales para la promoción de la divulgación del conocimiento científico. Este artículo explora la implicación de los investigadores en diversos tipos de actividades de divulgación, para identificar si se producen diferencias entre las diferentes áreas científicas. El estudio analiza una muestra amplia de investigadores pertenecientes a las ocho áreas científicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), a los que se ha realizado una encuesta sobre su participación en distintas actividades de divulgación. Mediante un análisis factorial se han construido dos indicadores que agrupan, respectivamente, las actividades de divulgación de carácter individual e institucional. Un contraste ANOVA permite identificar diferencias entre investigadores de ciencias humanas y sociales e investigadores de las ciencias experimentales, pero no muy acusadas. Los resultados pueden ser de interés para el enfoque futuro de las acciones de fomento de la divulgación de la ciencia.
Soft Computing-Based Information Security
Authors: Volna Eva , Sochor Tomas , Meli Clyde , Oplatkova Zuzana Kominkova
Published: May 2014

This chapter deals with using soft computing methods in information security. It is engaged in two big areas: (1) information security and spam detection and (2) cryptography. The latter field is covered by a proposal of an artificial neural network application, which represents a way of further development in this area. Such a neural network can be practically used in the area of cryptography. It is a new approach, which presents a development of automatic neural networks design. The approach is based on evolutionary algorithms, which allow evolution of architecture and weights simultaneously. A spam filter is an automated tool to recognize spam so as to prevent its delivery. The chapter contains a survey of current and proposed spam filtering techniques with particular emphasis on how well they work. The primary focus is spam filtering in email, but the role of the spam filter is only one component of a large and complex information universe. The chapter also includes experimental demonstrations.
An Area-Efficient Composite Field Inverter for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems
Authors: Wong M. M. , Wong M. L. D.
Published: May 2014

This chapter presents a new area-efficient composite field inverter of the form GF(q1) with q=2n.m suitable for the hardware realization of an elliptic curve (EC) cryptosystem. Considering both the security aspect and the hardware cost required, the authors propose the utilization of the composite field GF(((22)2)41) for EC cryptosystem. For efficient implementation, they have derived a compact inversion circuit over GF(2164)=GF(((22)2)41) to achieve an optimal saving in the hardware cost required. Furthermore, the authors have also developed a composite field digit serial Sunar-Koc multiplier for the multiplication in the extension field. All of the arithmetic operations in the subfield GF(24) are performed in its isomorphic composite field, GF((22)2), leading to a full combinatorial implementation without resorting to the conventional look-up table approach. To summarize the work, the final hardware implementation and the complexity analysis of the inversion is reported towards the end of this chapter.
RSA-Public Key Cryptosystems Based on Quadratic Equations in Finite Field
Authors: Sadkhan Al Maliky Sattar B. , Al-Siwidi Luay H.
Published: May 2014

The importance of Public Key Cryptosystems (PKCs) in the cryptography field is well known. They represent a great revolution in this field. The PKCs depend mainly on mathematical problems, like factorization problem, and a trapdoor one-way function problem. Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA) PKC systems are based on factorization mathematical problems. There are many types of RSA cryptosystems. Rabin's Cryptosystem is considered one example of this type, which is based on using the square order (quadratic equation) in encryption function. Many cryptosystems (since 1978) were implemented under such a mathematical approach. This chapter provides an illustration of the variants of RSA-Public Key Cryptosystems based on quadratic equations in Finite Field, describing their key generation, encryption, and decryption processes. In addition, the chapter illustrates a proposed general formula for the equation describing these different types and a proposed generalization for the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
Influence of the Intra-Modal Facial Information for an Identification Approach
Authors: Travieso Carlos M. , del Pozo-Baños Marcos , Ticay-Rivas Jaime R. , Alonso Jesús B.
Published: May 2014

This chapter presents a comprehensive study on the influence of the intra-modal facial information for an identification approach. It was developed and implemented a biometric identification system by merging different intra-multimodal facial features: mouth, eyes, and nose. The Principal Component Analysis, Independent Component Analysis, and Discrete Cosine Transform were used as feature extractors. Support Vector Machines were implemented as classifier systems. The recognition rates obtained by multimodal fusion of three facial features has reached values above 97% in each of the databases used, confirming that the system is adaptive to images from different sources, sizes, lighting conditions, etc. Even though a good response has been shown when the three facial traits were merged, an acceptable performance has been shown when merging only two facial features. Therefore, the system is robust against problems in one isolate sensor or occlusion in any biometric trait. In this case, the success rate achieved was over 92%.
Routing Based on Security
Authors: Almerhag I. A.
Published: May 2014

Even though it is an essential requirement of any computer system, there is not yet a standard method to measure data security, especially when sending information over a network. However, the most common technique used to achieve the three goals of security is encryption. Three security metrics are derived from important issues of network security in this chapter. Each metric demonstrates the level of achievement in preserving one of the security goals. Routing algorithms based on these metrics are implemented to test the proposed solution. Computational effort and blocking probability are used to assess the behavior and the performance of these routing algorithms. Results show that the algorithms are able to find feasible paths between communicating parties and make reasonable savings in the computational effort needed to find an acceptable path. Consequently, higher blocking probabilities are encountered, which is the price to be paid for such savings.
Forensic Analysis, Cryptosystem Implementation, and Cryptology
Authors: Balogh Štefan
Published: May 2014

The increasing portability of computing devices combined with frequent reports of privacy breaches and identity theft has thrust data encryption into the public attention. While encryption can help mitigate the threat of unintentional data exposure, it is equally capable of hiding evidence of criminal malfeasance. The increasing accessibility and usability of strong encryption solutions present new challenges for digital forensic investigators. Understanding forensic analysis as a multidisciplinary field that searches evidence of crime, the authors focus their topic on particularity of cross-disciplinary issues arising in this area: Forensic analysis uses cryptology, information technology and mathematics in extracting encryption keys from memory. The chapter highlights the virtues of volatile memory analysis by demonstrating how key material and passphrases can be extracted from memory and reconstructed to facilitate the analysis of encrypted data. The authors show current methods for identifying encryption keys in memory and discuss possible defeating techniques and cryptosystem implementation strategies that could be used to avoid the key extraction.
Towards Smarter Cities and Roads
Authors: Tal Irina , Muntean Gabriel-Miro
Published: May 2014

This chapter highlights the importance of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of smarter cities and roads, a topic that currently attracts significant academic, industrial, and governmental planning, research, and development efforts. In order for VANETs to become reality, a very promising avenue is to bring together multiple wireless technologies in the architectural design. Clustering can be employed in designing such a VANET architecture that successfully uses different technologies. Moreover, as clustering addresses some of VANETs' major challenges, such as scalability and stability, it seems clustering will have an important role in the desired vehicular connectivity in the cities and roads of the future. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of clustering schemes in the VANET research area, covering aspects that have never been addressed before in a structured manner. The survey presented in this chapter provides a general classification of the clustering algorithms, presents some of the most advanced and latest algorithms in VANETs, and in addition, constitutes the only work in the literature to the best of authors' knowledge that also reviews the performance assessment of clustering algorithms.
Resource Management of Multicast Services Over LTE
Authors: Araniti Giuseppe , Condoluci Massimo , Molinaro Antonella
Published: May 2014

In recent years, mobile operators are observing a growing demand of multicast services over radio cellular networks. In this scenario, multicasting is the technology exploited to serve a group of users which simultaneously request the same data content. Since multicast applications are expected to be massively exchanged over Fourth Generation (4G) systems, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) standard. MBMS allows supporting multicast services over Long Term Evolution (LTE), the 4G wireless technology able to provide high quality services in mobile environments. Nevertheless, several issues related to the management of MBMS services are still open. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the challenges in supporting multicast services over LTE with particular attention to resource management, considered the key aspect for an effective provisioning of MBMS services over cellular networks.
The Combined Role of Galactose-Deficient IgA1 and Streptococcal IgA–Binding M Protein in Inducing IL-6 and C3 Secretion from Human Mesangial Cells: Implications for IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Schmitt Roland , Ståhl Anne-lie , Olin Anders I. , Kristoffersson Ann-Charlotte , Rebetz Johan , Novak Jan , Lindahl Gunnar , Karpman Diana
Published: May 2014

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion associated with immune deposits consisting of galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 and C3. We have previously shown that IgA-binding regions of streptococcal M proteins colocalize with IgA in mesangial immune deposits in patients with IgAN. In the present study, the IgA-binding M4 protein from group A Streptococcus was found to bind to galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 with higher affinity than to other forms of IgA1, as shown by surface plasmon resonance and solid-phase immunoassay. The M4 protein was demonstrated to bind to mesangial cells not via the IgA-binding region but rather via the C-terminal region, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. IgA1 enhanced binding of M4 to mesangial cells, but not vice versa. Costimulation of human mesangial cells with M4 and galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 resulted in a significant increase in IL-6 secretion compared with each stimulant alone. Galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 alone, but not M4, induced C3 secretion from the cells, and costimulation enhanced this effect. Additionally, costimulation enhanced mesangial cell proliferation compared with each stimulant alone. These results indicate that IgA-binding M4 protein binds preferentially to galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1 and that these proteins together induce excessive proinflammatory responses and proliferation of human mesangial cells. Thus, tissue deposition of streptococcal IgA-binding M proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of IgAN.
Rapid Proliferation and Differentiation Impairs the Development of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Early Life
Authors: Smith Norah L. , Wissink Erin , Wang Jocelyn , Pinello Jennifer F. , Davenport Miles P. , Grimson Andrew , Rudd Brian D.
Published: May 2014

Neonates often generate incomplete immunity against intracellular pathogens, although the mechanism of this defect is poorly understood. An important question is whether the impaired development of memory CD8+ T cells in neonates is due to an immature priming environment or lymphocyte-intrinsic defects. In this article, we show that neonatal and adult CD8+ T cells adopted different fates when responding to equal amounts of stimulation in the same host. Whereas adult CD8+ T cells differentiated into a heterogeneous pool of effector and memory cells, neonatal CD8+ T cells preferentially gave rise to short-lived effector cells and exhibited a distinct gene expression profile. Surprisingly, impaired neonatal memory formation was not due to a lack of responsiveness, but instead because neonatal CD8+ T cells expanded more rapidly than adult cells and quickly became terminally differentiated. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that neonatal CD8+ T cells exhibit an imbalance in effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation, which impairs the formation of memory CD8+ T cells in early life.
Calvinism, atheism and freedom of religion: A South African perspective
Authors: Van Wyk J.H.
Published: May 2014

In this article the author investigates the approaches of Calvinism and atheism regarding the freedom of religion. The different views on God, man and science according to these worldviews function as a background for the explanation of freedom of religion. Special attention is been paid to the South African Constitution of 1996 and the stipulations of this constitution regarding freedom of religion for churches and schools. The article ends with a few concluding remarks and suggestions for further investigation. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die benaderings van Calvinisme en ateïsme ten opsigte van godsdiensvryheid. Die verskillende sienings oor God, mens en wetenskap funksioneer as agtergrond vir ’n uiteensetting van godsdiensvryheid. Besondere aandag word aan die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet van 1996 geskenk, asook die bepalings van hierdie grondwet vir kerke en skole. Die artikel sluit af met ’n paar slotopmerkings en voorstelle vir verdere ondersoek.
On the relationship between responses in cloud water and precipitation to changes in aerosol
Authors: Lebo Z. J. , Feingold G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Climate models continue to exhibit strong sensitivity to the representation of aerosol effects on cloud reflectance and cloud amount. This paper evaluates proposed efforts to constrain modeled cloud liquid water path (LWP) adjustments in response to changes in aerosol concentration Na using observations of precipitation susceptibility. Recent climate modeling has suggested a linear relationship between relative LWP responses to relative changes in Na (i.e., d ln LWP/d ln Na) and the precipitation frequency susceptibility Spop, defined as the relative change in the probability of precipitation for a relative change in Na. A satellite-based measurement of Spop combined with this model–based relationship provide a constraint on d ln LWP/d ln Na. Through a review of the existing literature and a suite of large eddy simulations of stratocumulus and trade-wind cumulus clouds, we show that the climate model–based relationship is not unique and sometimes even has an opposite slope to those from fine-scale studies. Therefore, we propose a more careful examination of the scale and regime dependence of this relationship.
A modelling study of moisture redistribution by thin cirrus clouds
Authors: Dinh T. , Fueglistaler S. , Durran D. , Ackerman T.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A high resolution 2-dimensional numerical model is used to study the moisture redistribution following homogeneous ice nucleation induced by Kelvin waves in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We compare results for dry/moist initial conditions, and three levels of complexity for the representation of cloud processes: full bin microphysics and radiative effects of the ice, ditto but without radiative effects, and instantaneous removal of moisture in excess of saturation upon nucleation. Cloud evolution and the profiles of moisture redistribution are found to be sensitive to initial conditions and cloud processes. Ice sedimentation leads to a downward flux of water. On the other hand, the cloud radiative heating induces upward advection of the cloudy air. This results in an upward flux of water vapour if the cloudy air is moister (or drier) than the environment, which is typically when the environment is subsaturated (or supersaturated). The numerical results show that only a small fraction (less than 25%) of the cloud experiences nucleation. Sedimentation and reevaporation are important, and hydrated layers in observation may be as good an indicator as dehydrated layers for the occurrence of thin cirrus clouds. The calculation with instantaneous removal of condensates misses the hydration by construction, but also underestimates dehydration due to lack of moisture removal from sedimenting particles below the nucleation level, and due to nucleation before reaching the minimum saturation mixing ratio. The sensitivity to initial conditions and cloud processes suggests that it is difficult to reach generic, quantitative conclusions regarding the role of thin cirrus clouds for the moisture distribution in the TTL and stratosphere.
Application of GPS radio occultation to the assessment of temperature profile retrievals from microwave and infrared sounders
Authors: Feltz M. , Knuteson R. , Ackerman S. , Revercomb H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Comparisons of satellite temperature profile products from GPS radio occultation (RO) and hyperspectral infrared (IR)/microwave (MW) sounders are made using a previously developed matchup technique. The profile matchup technique matches GPS RO and IR/MW sounder profiles temporally, within 1 h, and spatially, taking into account the unique RO profile geometry and theoretical spatial resolution by calculating a ray-path averaged sounder profile. The comparisons use the GPS RO dry temperature product. Sounder minus GPS RO differences are computed and used to calculate bias and RMS profile statistics, which are created for global and 30° latitude zones for selected time periods. These statistics are created from various combinations of temperature profile data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate (COSMIC) network, Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS) instrument, and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)/AMSU, and Crosstrack Infrared Sounder (CrIS)/Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) sounding systems. By overlaying combinations of these matchup statistics for similar time and space domains, comparisons of different sounders' products, sounder product versions, and GPS RO products can be made. The COSMIC GPS RO network has the spatial coverage, time continuity, and stability to provide a common reference for comparison of the sounder profile products. The results of this study demonstrate that GPS RO has potential to act as a common temperature reference and can help facilitate inter-comparison of sounding retrieval methods and also highlight differences among sensor product versions.
A Fabry–Perot interferometer based camera for two-dimensional mapping of SO2 distributions
Authors: Kuhn J. , Bobrowski N. , Lübcke P. , Vogel L. , Platt U.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. We examine a new imaging method for the remote sensing of volcanic gases, which relies on the regularly spaced narrow-band absorption structures in the UV-VIS of many molecules. A Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) is used to compare the scattered sunlight radiance at wavelengths corresponding to absorption bands with the radiance at wavelengths in between the bands, thereby identifying and quantifying the gas. In this first theoretical study, we present sample calculations for the detection of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Optimum values for the FPI set-up parameters are proposed. Further, the performance of the FPI method is compared to SO2 cameras. We show that camera systems using a FPI are far less influenced by changes in atmospheric radiative transfer (e.g. due to aerosol) and have a great potential as a future technique to examine emissions of SO2 (or other gases) from volcanic sources and other point sources.
Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene vegetation history of northeastern Russian Arctic inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record
Authors: Andreev A. A. , Tarasov P. E. , Wennrich V. , Raschke E. , Herzschuh U. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Brigham-Grette J. , Melles M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The 318 m thick lacustrine sediment record from Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russian Arctic cored by the international El'gygytgyn Drilling Project provides unique opportunities for the time-continuous reconstruction of the regional paleoenvironmental history for the past 3.6 Myr. Pollen studies of the lower 216 m of the lacustrine sediments demonstrate their value as an excellent archive of vegetation and climate changes during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. About 3.5–3.35 Myr BP, the vegetation at Lake El'gygytgyn, now an area of tundra was dominated by spruce-larch-fir-hemlock forests. After ca. 3.35 Myr BP dark coniferous taxa gradually disappeared. A very pronounced environmental change took place ca. 3.31–3.28 Myr BP, corresponding to the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2, when treeless tundra- and steppe-like habitats became dominant in the regional vegetation. Climate conditions were similar to those of Late Pleistocene cold intervals. Numerous coprophilous fungi spores identified in the pollen samples suggest the presence of grazing animals around the lake. Following the MIS M2 event, larch-pine forests with some spruce mostly dominated the area until ca. 2.6 Myr BP, interrupted by colder and drier intervals ca. 3.043–3.025, 2.935–2.912, and 2.719–2.698 Myr BP. At the beginning of the Pleistocene, ca. 2.6 Myr BP, noticeable climatic deterioration occurred. Forested habitats changed to predominantly treeless and shrubby environments, which reflect a relatively cold and dry climate. Peaks in observed green algae colonies (Botryococcus) around 2.53, 2.45, 2.32–2.305, 2.20 and 2.16–2.15 Myr BP suggest a spread of shallow water environments. A few intervals (i.e., 2.55–2.53, ca. 2.37, and 2.35–2.32 Myr BP) with a higher presence of coniferous taxa (mostly pine and larch) document some relatively short-term climate ameliorations during Early Pleistocene glacial periods.
Randomly distributed unit sources to enhance optimization in tsunami waveform inversion
Authors: Mulia I. E. , Asano T.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Determination of sea surface deformation generated by earthquakes is crucial to the success of tsunami modeling. Using waveforms recorded at measurement stations and assuming that the rupture velocity is much faster than the tsunami wave celerity, sea surface deformation caused by a tsunamigenic earthquake can be inferred through an inversion operation using the Green's function technique. However, this inversion method for tsunami waveforms possesses a limitation, in that the inverse matrix does not always exist because of the non-uniqueness of the solution. In addition to the large number of unknown parameters, which might produce many local optima on the misfit function measure, the search towards optimality is confined by the uniform distance of unit sources used in the regular Green's function. This study proposes a new method to both optimize the determination of the unknown parameters and introduce a global optimization method for tsunami waveform inversion. The method has been tested using an artificial tsunami source with real bathymetry data. A significant improvement is achieved by stochastically searching for an optimal distribution of unit source locations prior to the inversion.
Climate change implications for the glaciers of the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan region
Authors: Wiltshire A. J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya (HKH) region has a negative average glacial mass balance for the present day despite anomalous possible gains in the Karakoram. However, changes in climate over the 21st century may influence the mass balance across the HKH. This study uses regional climate modelling to analyse the implications of unmitigated climate change on precipitation, snowfall, air temperature and accumulated positive degree days for the Hindu Kush (HK), Karakoram (KK), Jammu–Kashmir (JK), Himachal Pradesh and West Nepal regions (HP), and East Nepal and Bhutan (NB). The analysis focuses on the climate drivers of change rather than the glaciological response. Presented is a complex regional pattern of climate change, with a possible increase in snowfall over the western HKH and decreases in the east. Accumulated degree days are less spatially variable than precipitation and show an increase in potential ablation in all regions combined with increases in the length of the seasonal melt period. From the projected change in regional climate the possible implications for future glacier mass balance are inferred. Overall, within the modelling framework used here the eastern Himalayan glaciers (Nepal–Bhutan) are the most vulnerable to climate change due to the decreased snowfall and increased ablation associated with warming. The eastern glaciers are therefore projected to decline over the 21st Century despite increasing precipitation. The western glaciers (Hindu Kush, Karakoram) are expected to decline at a slower rate over the 21st century in response to unmitigated climate compared to the glaciers of the east. Importantly, regional climate change is highly uncertain, especially in important cryospheric drivers such as snowfall timing and amounts, which are poorly constrained by observations. Data are available from the author on request.