bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of the European Atlantic
Authors: Fernández-Armesto Felipe
Published: April 2010

After a lecture I once gave in Boston on Spaniards' treatment of the indigenous peoples of their empire, the mayor rose from the audience to ask me whether I thought English behaviour towards the Irish was not worse. The strength of the Irish legacy in Boston is one of the many signs that make you feel, wherever you go in New England, that you are on the shore of a pond and that the same cultures that you left behind on one side of it have spread to the other with remarkably little change, and remarkably little loss of identity, along the way. In Providence, Rhode Island, the only resident foreign consul is Portuguese; you can buy sweet bread for breakfast orpasteis de Tentúgaltortea. A parking lot a few blocks from Brown University is marked with the sign, ‘Do Not Park Here Unless You Are Portuguese’. Ancestral homes, ancestral grievances are easily recalled. There are similar patches of Irishness and Portuguese identity dotted here and there all along this coast, mirroring home and looking back across the ocean. They are surrounded with other peoples’ transatlantic reminiscences and continuities. New England is a seaboard civilization, a narrow, sea-soaked coast with a culture shaped by maritime outreach; but, more than that, it is part of a civilization of two seaboards which face each other.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Britain and the Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: Sutton Paul
Published: April 2010

There are two views of British policy toward the Commonwealth Caribbean. One, held most firmly by those with responsibility for British policy, is that Britain is fully engaged with the region and that it remains committed to its welfare. It is exemplified by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's website which contains a section entitled ‘Britain's Special Relationship with the Caribbean’. The other, encountered in the Caribbean and by its diplomatic representatives in Britain, as well as by some of those in Britain who have close contact with the region, is that Britain has diluted its commitments and is in a long process of withdrawal from the region. It is exemplified in observations made from time to time by Caribbean High Commissioners in the UK, and none more so than Sir Ron Sanders, the former and current High Commissioner for Antigua and Barbuda who has written on Britain's lack of commitment to the Caribbean.
The Difficulty of Getting it Right: Dutch Policy in the Caribbeans
Authors: Hoefte Rosemarijn
Published: April 2010

Dutch colonialism has traditionally focused on the East Indies, rather than the West Indies. Thus when Queen Wilhelmina, while in exile in London, declared in 1942 that the colonies should become autonomous with the words ‘relying on one's own strength, with the will to support each other,’ she was thinking of the East and not so much about Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Yet as it turned out, all constitutional plans, culminating into theStatuutor Charter of the Kingdom of 1954, even though conceived and drafted with the East in mind, was ultimately only applied to the West. The Netherlands East Indies, occupied by Japan during World War II, opted for independence after the War. The Hague did not accept this step and waged both hot and cold wars to fight against Indonesia's independence. This, for the Netherlands traumatic, experience left its traces in Dutch policy regarding its Caribbean territories.
VII. Foreign Investment in India and Indonesia, 1920–1960
Authors: Tomlinson B.R.
Published: April 2010

Discussing the issue of foreign investment in colonial economies, such as those of India and Indonesia, in the first half of the twentieth century gives rise to a number of problems. In addition to the obvious difficulties of data collection there are also complex conceptual and definitional issues. The aim of this paper is to set out what we know about the quantities and performance of foreign investment in the two economies, and to use this information to draw more general conclusions about the economic history of the two areas. In analysing the material only those lines which seem to offer a genuinem comparative perspective will be followed. We are interested in those aspects of the history of foreign investment in India which can tell us something about the history of foreign investment in Indonesia, and vice versa. It is convenient to split the subject into two time periods, 1920-38 and 1945-60.
IX. The Indonesian Muslim Middle Class in Search of Identity, 1900–1950
Authors: Kuntowidjojo
Published: April 2010

The dawn of the twentieth century witnessed a significant development in Indonesian social history in that urban centers replaced the role of rural communities as the loci of change. As much as the colonial demand of land and labour in the nineteenth century had changed the structure of the countryside, the development of commerce and industry inthe twentieth century resulted in the reconstruction of the social life in the centers of those activities Urban population, especially in the large cities of over 100,000, increased rapidly. Basing himself on the 1930 census data, Wertheim noted that in 1930 8 51 percent of the population of Java and Madura lived in 102 urban centers. In the course of a decade from 1920 to 1930 urban population percentage to the total population had increased 1 percent Only in East Java was the development less impressive. There the cities of 25,000 to 50,000 were stagnating, and there was sharp relative and absolute regression in the cities with a 10,000 to 25,000 population. What is more important, according to Wertheim, is the ‘mental climate’ of the urban centers that signified a new era in history
Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: The Christian Paravas: A ‘Client Community’ in Seventeenth-Century Southeast India
Authors: Vink Markus P.M.
Published: April 2010

[T] he Paravas [are] a maritime people, seated on this Pearle Coast, whose greatest livelihood is Natures bounty, which she in that kind annually bestowes and which art qualifies them in like manner to receive… This nation about one hundred and thirty yeares agoe was a limb of heathenisme, out of which roughquarry it was hewen by papall industry and so became a Jewell of the Triple Crown. The Jesuites, who at first converted them, for a long time after govern'd them in a way both ecclestiasticall andcivill. This latter yoake weares of and delivers up civill concernments into the hands of the civill power, the corruption of one kindof government being the generation of the other. In this state matters rested when, about five yeares agoe (the Portugall greatnesse being then far declin'd from its zenith) the Dutch possesse[d] themselves of this coast, which ever since, they have govern'd by way of judicature and awed by their power. This gave occasion for the persons above mentioned [certaine persons of quality, natives of Tutticorrim and heads of their nation] to recede [into the interior]… This [loss of Cochin in early 1663] involves them in fresh cares, and those send them in great quest of other props to stay themselves upon… Their desires therefore are that themselves, together with their adherents, may be taken into the protection of the English; that they with their padre (who is the hinge whereon they turne) may have their dwellings at Cale Velha [Palaiyakkayal], the seate of our factorie, free from violence; and their boates, by virtue of our passeports, to navigate the seas void of all disturbances.
The Atlantic Coast of German Trade: German Rural Industry and Trade in the Atlantic, 1680–1840
Authors: Weber Klaus
Published: April 2010

Throughout the last decade a number of rather detailed studies on eighteenth-century Atlantic merchants and merchant colonies in Atlantic port cities has been published. The works ofJacob Price, David Hancock, Jonathan Israel, Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, and Manuel Bustos Rodríguez demonstrate the growing historical interest in maritime trade and Atlantic studies. All of these works carry on the investigative traditions of the authors respective countries, represented, for example, by Bernard Bailyn's works on the New England merchants, Pierre and Huguette Chaunu's and Paul Butel's studies on the economies of the Spanish and French Atlantic, and the investigations of Antonio García-Baquero González on the topic of Spanish Atlantic trade. As a pervasive pattern within this field of research it can be observed that, since the foundations had been laid with these classical studies, the focus of historical inquiry has shifted from quantitative investigations (that is, those on the currents of ships, goods, and precious metals) and from studies on the legal frameworks regulating the Atlantic trades to detailed studies of the individuals responsible for this trade. Arising from their countries colonial pasts, it is not surprising that most of these author's works concentrate on the colonial trade of the Western European sea powers, thus neglecting the central and eastern interiors of the continent. In the 1960s and 70s, some German historians, notably Hermann Kellenbenz and Hans Pohl, published studies in this area, but it has lain fallow ever since. The aim of this article is to shed some light on the perspectives that might open up by reconsidering the influence of Atlantic trade on Central Europe in the Early Modern period.
Decay, Defeat, or Renascent Empire?
Authors: Van Veen Ernst
Published: April 2010

In his review of my doctoral thesis on the Portuguese decline in Asia Timothy J. Coates expresses amazement that so little time was spent in the archives or on the old historiography on Portuguese Asia and that I largely relied on the work of modern authors who did. My explanation for this well considered omission is quite simple: after the uncovering of so many new data by excellent historians it was about time to take a step back to see whether the many existing intersections through the archives, that had the Portuguese-Spanish-Dutch triangle as a subject, could be interrelated. I think the final conclusions were worth the effort.
IV. Conditions and Systems of Exploitation: Some Preliminary Remarks on Colonial Exploitation Systems inJava and India in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Suroyo A. M. Djuliati
Published: April 2010

To write a comparative study on so broad a scale as colonial exploitation systems in two such very different countries as Java and India would be an enormous task. A more practical approach would be to select a single aspect of the Dutch system on Java for study, and compare this same feature in the context of the British colony. And, conversely, to isolate a particular facet of British practice in India and compare it to Dutch usage on Java, asking.how the systems worked or did not work as they did over a given span of time.
V. Problems of Comparison: Colonial India and Indonesia in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Johnson G.
Published: April 2010

On the face of it, there ought to be many similarities between the heyday of imperialism in South and Southeast Asia. Both areas, it can be said, experienced a long period of colonial rule, and in both cases the European regimes grew out of the enterprise of small trading companies who had ventured to the Indian Ocean area in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in search of exotic items for trade. In both cases the subsequent history proves something of a surprise, for who could have foretold that a quest for the odd shipload of spices or of cotton cloth would lead, quite unexpectedly, to very small North European nations establishing dominion over very large and populous areas of Asia. In both cases, the English and the Dutch only gradually became involved in the acquisition of territory in Asia, and their involvement owed less to an aggressive assertion of superior European economic and technological might than to an insidious and creeping entanglement with the indigenous governments they found established. However, in retrospect, as the traditional historiography has it, the English in India and the Dutch in Indonesia became more and more involved in local politics and moved implacably from trade to rule. With the shift in emphasis came new imperial politics. The emphasis which had once been limited to securing tropical products and commodities for resale in Europe, switched t o broader concerns of economic development. Imperial governments were always expected to cover their own costs, and what underlay their activities were attempts to integrate colonial and home economies and to make them complementary to each other.
VII. Native States in India and Indonesia: the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Houben V. J. H.
Published: April 2010

Beneath the surface of apparent unity of the colonial empires of Britain and Holland in India and Indonesia, there existed a wide variety of relations between the Western power on the one hand and indigenous political structures on the other. A colonial power could control its territorial possessions in several ways, usually classified in terms of either direct or indirect rule. Furnivall, in his famous comparative study of British Burma and the Netherlands East Indies, saw Burma as a ‘typical example’ of direct rule and Java as exemplary of fhe system of indirect rule. In the same work the author, however, acknowledged that in general there was no clear distinction between the two systems of government and that colonial practice was determined more by, what he calls, ‘economic environment’ rather than philosophies of empire. Indeed, the terms direct and indirect rule can be seen as extreme opposites. in the realm of ideas, while in reality colonial rule was always something in between. This explains partly the confusion about the form of government in nineteenth century Java, which, in view of its dualistic features, was classified by some authors under the system of indirect rule while others (with an eye upon less solidly controlled areas within Indonesia) thought it more in tune with theories of direct rule.
X. Problems of Javanese Labour: Continuity and Change in the Nineteenth Century (Servitude and Mobility)
Authors: Tichelman F.
Published: April 2010

Western expansion and the large-scale cultivation of tropical crops for the world market gave rise to a strong demand for labour — plantation labour in particular. The commercial production of sugar(-cane) and other tropical produce more often than not was concentrated in areas that could not provide themselves adequate supplies of suitable labour: the Caribbean zone can serve as a model in this respect. Distance and the unattractive character of work on the fields and plantation life as such militated against the recruitment of voluntary workers on any scale. So the massive mobilization of bonded labour from more populous areas imposed itself on the planters. The extent and form of bonded migrant labour are determined both by the character of unequal power relations and significant differences in the quality of demand and supply. This subject, that is the successive stages of the recruitment and transport of non-voluntary labour (from Africa, Europe and India) to the Caribbean plantation world (including the adjacent continental zones) has been thoroughly studied. The export of Indian labour, bonded or ‘free’, in the post-slavery period has been dealt with by Tinker in a competent way. Modern scholarship only recently started to show an interest in the mobilization of labour, bonded or free,withinthe great Asian colonies of which two became important suppliers of overseas labour: India and Java. In the Caribbean zone, in Mauritius and similar plantation colonies, the West was in a position to create by forceful means, new plantation societies, fitted to its needs. In Asia one was confronted with states long established, ancient civilizations and relatively large populations.
XII. Chinese Financiers and Chetti Bankers in Southern Waters: Asian Mobile Credit during the Anglo-Dutch Competition for the Trade of the Eastern Archipelago in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ray Rajat Kanta
Published: April 2010

Certain European notions of the nature of the Asian economies — especially the peddling character of Asian trade and its contrast with the rational capitalist business organization which was supposed to be a purely European enclave superimposed by conquest on the peddling, precapitalist basis of Asian production and exchange — were formulated most clearly of all by Dutch sociologists and economists from their experience of Netherlands India of the nineteenth century and of the Eastern Archipelago in the age of Portuguese and Dutch voyages. They were not unaware of the existence of Chinese and Indian business groups in Southeast Asia with some of the features of early modern capitalism, but these were regarded as the bastard offspring of developed European capitalism. Such immigrant Asian groups were supposed to have sprung from the need of the Europeans for intermediaries to deal with the economically innocent natives and were thought to be completely dependent on servicing the European enclave with no autonomous business concerns of their own. This essay focusses on the Chinese financiers and Chetti bankers operating long distance credit networks in the Southern Ocean (Nanyang) before and after the opening of the Suez Canal (1869). The aim is to show that these immigrant business groups derived from a sophisticated financial and mercantile background in their home countries and that they conducted autonomous operations in the Eastern Archipelago with their own capital and business techniques: a large volume of such operations were conducted within a purely inter-Asian framework quite apart from the colonial trade with Europe, and in their dealings with the Dutch and the English banks and corporations, thesetowkaysandnagaratharsshowed a strength and resilience which made ‘dependence’ and ‘collaboration’ a mutual process.
XIII. Field Systems, Property Reform and Indigenous Irrigation
Authors: Sengupta Nirmal
Published: April 2010

Some methodological remarks at the outset should help in the appreciation of the study. Indigenous systems have been presented in simplistic manner, not merely in terms of their differences with Western societal systems but in terms of their internal structures, too. Our use of certain terms like ‘community’, or the topic itself, may evoke popular images like homogeneity or Asiatic mode. But it should be remembered, that such images were often built upon skeletal knowledge about indigenous societies and are, in effect, deterrant to further development of substantive understanding. A second precaution needed is about concepts of development and evolution. The development theories including the Marxist one, have been accused of West-centricity. It will now be rather easily accepted, that the Western experience of development may not be the universal course of development, even though there may exist some fundamental similarities. We shall be concerned here with environment-specific development possibilities. Undoubtedly, they differ from region to region2 and to that extent at least, developmental alternatives available to different regions are different.
From Cooperation to Confrontation? Reflections on the Russian-American Encounter on the Pacific
Authors: van der Oye David Schimmelpenninck
Published: April 2010

Towards the end of his lengthy study of the United States, De la démocratic en Amérique, the early nineteenth-century French liberal Alexis de Tocque-ville wrote:

Il y a aujourd'hui sur la terre deux grands peuples qui […] semblent s'avancer vers le même but: ce sont les Russes et les Anglo-Américains. Leur point de départ est différent, leurs voies sont diverses; néamoins, chacun d'eux semble appelé pas un dessein secret de la Providence à tenir un jour dans ses mains les destinées de la moitié du monde.
America Takes Over Vietnam: The French View
Authors: Tertrais Hugues
Published: April 2010

The analysis of the French view on the American first commitment in Vietnam depends on the point of view from which the study is made. The bilateral relations background has created different sensitivities on this issue. On the one hand, the United States was an ally of the French government, even if an ambiguous one; on the other hand, a large part of the French opinion, headed by the French communist party, was very suspicious of ‘American imperialism’, in Southeast Asia as well as in Europe. This paper will focus on the official government position, as it emerges from the French archives, especially the financial archives. Indeed, a core issue in this conflict was a financial one.
The Forever War
Authors: Young Marilyn
Published: April 2010

Before discussing Vietnam, I would like to begin in a more general mode by citing a recent instance of remembering and retelling which, as is always the case, also involves as much forgetting and silencing. Last year, the history of the Khmer Rouge occupied television news and newspapers on the occasion of the unmourned death of Pol Pot. With only one exception that I have seen – the British journalist John Pilger's report for the Nation magazine, every press account of Pol Pot's death referred to the support the Khmer Rouge received from Thailand and China.
Father Frank Lynch and the Shaping of Philippine Social Science
Authors: May Glenn Anthony
Published: April 2010

Although the United States granted the Philippines formal independence in 1946, American influence in the former colony did not disappear overnight. In the decades following independence, American policymakers continued to play key roles in Philippine politics; American businessmen, presidents, legislators, and bureaucrats and US-based international money lending agencies continued to have a considerable impact on the Philippine economy; and American popular culture continued to penetrate Philippine society and culture (as it did elsewhere). But perhaps no sector of Philippine society was as profoundly influenced by Americans as the academic one, and no subdivision of the Philippine academy bore the American imprint as visibly as Philippine social science. This paper examines the academic career, writings, institution-building efforts, and scholarly agenda of the US-born scholar who arguably had the greatest impact on post-war Philip- pine social science: Father Frank Lynch, a Jesuit professor of anthropology and sociology at Ateneo de Manila University.
Colombo: The Historian at Work
Authors: Rogers John D.
Published: April 2010

The National Archives of Sri Lanka hold a vast number of hitherto little used documents which provide an excellent basis for the study of Sri Lanka under Dutch and British administration. This article is a result of my visit to the Archives to carry out research on crime in Sri Lanka in the second half of the nineteenth century. It seeks to describe some of the opportunities - and difficulties - in using this rich resource.
Archives and Research Centres: investigating Cuban History
Authors: Oostindië Gert
Published: April 2010

It is a well known fact that informational exchange between Cuba and the Western world is poor and, to the extent that it exists, highly polemic. This characterization of non-communication unfortunately, also applies to the field of historical research. In Western Europe, at least, there is not much scholarly interest in pre-Revolutionary Cuban history. There is no framework for historical contact either. I would say that this neglect of Cuban history is regrettable not only from an academic point of view, but also because we cannot possibly understand the Cuban Revolution without a more thorough understanding of its historical roots. Apart from being regrettable, this is also unnecessary, as I found out in the course of my particular investigation, entitled The Cuban railways, 1830–1868. Infrastructure and economic decision-making in a Caribbean plantation-economy.
Comparative History and the Colonial Encounter: the Great War and the Crisis of the British Empire
Authors: Adas Michael
Published: April 2010

In his recent work on the Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Paul Kennedy stresses the importance of Great Britain's colonial empire in establishing its credentials as the most imposing ofthe great powers in the decades before the First World War. Britain not only possessed ‘the greatest empire the world had ever seen’, but its status as the great global power appeared to be enhanced by the fact that in the last three decades of the nineteenth century ‘it had added 4.25 million miles and 66 million people to the empire’. Other key ‘indicators of British strength’ marshalled by Kennedy include overseas fleets, naval bases and cable stations, which were inextricably bound up with its farflung colonial enterprises. Though empire is essential to Britain's great power status, in Kennedy's argument it has almost nothing to do with the steady decline in British power in the period before the Great War and, at an accelerating pace, throughout the twentieth century. He alludes in places to imperial crises and commitments as key contributors to Britain's perilously overextended position both before and after the war. He also concedes that resistance by colonized peoples, whether in the form of ‘tribal unrest’ or ‘western-educated lawyers and intellectuals seeking to create mass parties’ was somewhat troublesome, but ‘less threatening’ than developments within Europe itself. In Kennedy's view, Britain's retreat from imperial and global power (and, for that matter, that of France as well) can best be understood by charting the decline, relative to that of the other great powers, of its economic base, both industrial and commercial, and its incapacity, due to that decline, to meet the ever-expanding and more costly military commitments that its leaders viewed as essential to the maintenance of its positions as a great power.
Using the Computer in Expansion History
Authors: Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: April 2010

Time is catching up with today's student of the history of European overseas expansion in the sense that he has to add yet another facet to his already diverse array of skills. In order to fully explore and exploit the potentials of his field, he needs at least a working command of how to apply computer technology in research, thereby reaching beyond the art of word processing. Without turning into a full-fledged programmer, he will have to master some basic tools of processing and also to gain an insight into the options available. Perhaps even more importantly, he will have to know when and when not to apply the computer. This article aims at providing some guidelines for facilitating the computerization of European expansion history.
Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain, and the Asia Trade, 1695–c. 1750
Authors: Mackillop Andrew
Published: April 2010

The close, reciprocal relationship between overseas expansion and domestic state formation in early modern Western Europe has long been understood. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Portugal, the Netherlands, and England used the resources arising from their Atlantic colonies and Asia trades to defend themselves against their respective Spanish and French enemies. Creating and sustaining a territorial or trading empire, therefore, enabled polities not only to survive but also to enhance their standing with-i n the hierarchy of European states. The proposition that success overseas facilitated state development at home points however to the opposite logic, that where kingdoms failed as colonial powers they might well suffer from inhibited state formation. Indeed, if the example of England demonstrated how empire augmented a kingdom's power, then the experience of its neigh-bour, Scotland, seemed to reveal one possible outcome for a country unable to access colonial expansion. In 1707 Scotland negotiated away its political sovereignty and entered into an incorporating union with England. The new British framework enabled the Scots to access English markets (both domestic and colonial) previously closed to them. This does not mean that the 1707 union was simply an exchange of Scottish sovereignty for involvement in England's economy. Pressing political concerns, not least the Hanoverian succession played an equal if not more important role in the making of the British union. The question of political causation notwithstanding, the prevailing historiography of 1707 still places Scotland in a dichotomous framework of declining continental markets on the one hand and the lure of more expansive trade with England' domestic and overseas outlets on the other.
Hugo Grotius' Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation: Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609)
Authors: Borschberg Peter
Published: April 2010

The setting is 25 February 1603. At dawn the three ships under the supreme command of Jakob van Heemskerk spot a Portuguese carrack in anchor off the Eastern shores of Singapore Island. She was richly laden with wares from China and Japan. The battle for the carrack lasted for most hours of daylight, and as night was about to fall, the Portuguese captain, crew, soldiers and passengers surrendered. They forfeited ship and cargo for having their lives spared.
Indentured Labour and Khoikhoi ‘Equality’ before the Law in Cape Colonial Society, South Africa: The Case of Jan Paerl, c. 1796
Authors: Viljoen Russel
Published: April 2010

In July 1796, Johannes Albertyn, a well-respected burgher of Stellenbosch, requested permission from Ryno van der Riet, landdrost of Stellenbosch, the chief administrative and legal officer of the district, to indenture four Khoikhoi children. He claimed that their mother, Catryn Paerl, had died recently and that before her demise, she had requested him in the presence of witnesses to raise her children and deny their biological father Jan Paerl any future role in their lives. Faced with the prospect of losing custody of his four children and having exhausted all possible avenues in seeking legal redress, including a visit to landdrost Van der Riet, the seemingly incomparable Jan Paerl hit the road and walked several kilometres from Stellenbosch to Cape Town. His destination: the Castle, in particular the office of the fiscal, otherwise known as the public prosecutor. In Cape Town, he urged the fiscal to intervene in the dispute and deny Albertyn the right to indenture his children. As their father, Paerl insisted that he, and not Albertyn, be granted sole custody of his offspring. By Paerl's demanding legal intervention at the highest level, the following encounter between Paerl, Albertyn and the Cape authorities exemplifies not only a classic struggle between master and servant, but highlights simultaneously the significance of ‘equality’ before the law in Cape society, at a time when burghers increasingly feared the possibility of gelykstelling at the end of the eighteenth century.
From Japan to Manila and Back to Europe: The Abortive English Trade with Tonkin in the 1670s
Authors: Tuan Hoang Anh
Published: April 2010

It is a well-known fact that the reconstitution of the English East India Company in the 1660s caused a significant revolution in its Asia trade. Coincidently with this improvement, the Company also attempted to expand its trade to East Asian countries, using its Bantam Agent, its only base in Southeast Asia, as a springboard for launching this strategy. Around 1668 the Court of Committees in London was looking for an appropriate opportunity to re-open relations with Japan through the channel of Cambodia. The plan of re-entering the Japan trade – in this the directors in London might have been influenced by their officials in Bantam or they themselves had overestimated its prospects – was then put into practice at the end of 1671. Forthe Company itself, trading with Japan would obviously be profitable, as it had observed at first hand the considerable success of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) over the last decades. The English in the East also grew convinced that the regional trade between Japan and other areas would reap extra profits for the Company. Among the selected targets was Tonkin, present-day northern Vietnam. At that time, its silks and other textiles were highly valued and could fetch good prices in Japan. Traders who took Tonkinese silks to Nagasaki were then able to purchase Japanese silver and copper. These precious metals would be brought back to invest in local merchandize at other factories to keep up the flow of the Japan trade and to supply marketable goods for Europe. The ultimate aim of the English in tradingwith Tonkin was, therefore, to create the so-called Tonkinese silk-for-Japanese silver trade, like that successfully undertaken by the Dutch since 1637. Besides, the search for new markets for English manufactured goods was another reason that spurred the Company on to carry out this plan.
South African Historiography and the Cape Archives
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: April 2010

In the last decade and a half, the historiography - though not the society - of South Africa has been transformed. In 1970, there was not the same vitality that then characterised much of the historical work north of the Zambesi. In 1984, Southern African historical studies are by far the most lively anywhere in the continent. Indeed, even if with their typical parochialism those who survey modern trends in historiography have not noticed it, many facets of the so-called “new” social history are peculiarly well represented in the South African literature. The spectacularly fast urbanisation of South Africa since the mineral revolution at the end of the last century and the concomittant intensification of capitalist agriculture have naturally provided subjects enough, and they have been worked out with an exemplary attention to detail and texture. Perhaps the driving force behind this work has been a concentration on the ways in which Africans, both in town and in the countryside, were able to make and remake their worlds, in conflict with and in the interstices provided by the racist white society and government.
The Cape Archives: An Archivist's view
Authors: Wengrowe Judith
Published: April 2010

The Cape Archives Depot is one of the largest research institutions in Cape Town. It is housed in the original building of the University of the Cape of Good Hope which was designed by Hawke and McKinlay and completed in 1910.
Working in the Cape Archives; A letter from the field
Authors: van Duin Pieter
Published: April 2010

After spending two and a half months in the city-jungle of Johannesburg, I was finally able to go to Cape Town. The Cape Archives was one of the most important places for my research into the urban labour and race relations and the history of the Trade Union Movement in the Western Cape.
When The Twain Met…. An Analysis of a 17th Century Chinese Christian Book: “A Mirror to encourage self-improvement” (Lixiu Yijian)
Authors: Boin Michèle
Published: April 2010

In his article “Research on the 17th century Mission in China and the Chinese Reaction”, Prof. Eric Zürcher referred to Chinese documents owned by the Sinological Institute of Leiden University, including “some very interesting texts that show us “late Ming Christianity in action”, such as devotional texts, stories about miraculous happenings”; (p. 113 b). One of these was the Lixiu yijian, A Mirror to Encourage (self-)Improvement. In this paper, I intend to analyse this document in order to show the interaction between mission Catholicism and Chinese popular religion, to demonstrate one facet of the meeting of East and West.
Hispanic American Historical Studies in Spain: Trends and Prospects
Authors: del Castillo Guillermo Céspedes
Published: April 2010

After several attempts and failures, the Asociación Española de Americanistas was, at last, formally established in 1983. The association is now in the process of being affiliated to the European Council of Social Research on Latin America. In this way, Spain's americanistas are trying -with not much success, I would say - to organize themselves as a professional body, and also to create an institutional frame for coordination of their research, publications, library resources and representation of their common interests. There is no hope of the Asociación ever reaching the effectiveness of, for instance, the German Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutsche Latinamerika–Forschung in the early 1970s, but at least we start to think - if not to move - in the right direction, namely, of solidarity and cooperation on a national scale.
The Cambrige-Delhi-Leiden-Yogyakarta Project on the Comparative Study of India and Indonesia
Authors: Blussé L. , Wesseling H. L.
Published: April 2010

In 1980–81 the School of Social Science of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (N.J.) selected as its special research topic “The Comparative Study of Colonialism”. On the invitation of Professors Albert Hirschman and Clifford Geertz a number of scholars from various countries came together representing the disciplines of anthropology, economy, political science and history. Although each scholar was of course mainly occupied with his or her own research, a number of seminars and discussions were also organised where different ideas and approaches were exchanged. One of the conclusions was that further elaboration of this subject was not only interesting historically but was also relevant to the present day situation. Another conclusion was that especially the comparative study of India and Indonesia would be a most promising possibility within this field. The reasons for selecting this particular topic were both political and scientific. India and Indonesia are two of the most important countries in Asia, both politically and economically; they used to be the two most important colonies in Asia. The colonial impact was of long duration in both countries and both experienced the transformation from commercial capitalist exploitation to full colonialism. Even in pre-colonial times the histories of these two nations are in many ways comparable,

As a result of these considerations Prof. Dharma Kumar (Delhi School of Economics) and Prof. H.L. Wesseling (Leiden University) decided to study the feasibility of a long term research project on the comparative study of India and Indonesia and implicating Indian, Indonesian, British and Dutch scholars.
Jammaboos and Mecanical Apples: Religion and Daily Life in Olof Eriksson Willman's Travel Diary from Japan 1651–1652
Authors: Blomberg Catharina
Published: April 2010

‘Then Mr Johannes Bouchelioen said to me: “Willman, You have wished to travel this far, but here we must now turn back, for no Dutchman, Spaniard, Portuguese or Englishman has ever come any further”. I was fully satisfied with this, and wrote my Name at the top of the Wall in the Cottage, where some Names of Christians were already written. Jedo in Japan lies about 4,800 Miles from Stockholm.’ These words concluded Willman's report of his stay in Edo, but already in the opening sentence of the account of his travels the author had stated that his journey to the Far East was undertaken because of ‘an exceptional Longing and Desire to view foreign Parts by Means of Travel, for which I also had Permission from my Parents.’
The Caryatids of Batavia: reproduction, religion and acculturation under the V.O.C.
Authors: Blussé Leonard
Published: April 2010

It is often claimed that the absence, or bias, of sources makes the writing of a balanced history of women impossible. This kind of reasoning is not new. The same has been propounded about the writing of the history of the proletariat, colonized peoples and other downtrodden groups. When invited to contribute a paper on the women of ancient regime Batavia I was initially strongly reminded of this complaint1. Travel accounts that have come down to us in printed sources yield quite a substantial amount of information, as generations of visitors to early Batavia witnessed and described with astonishment the behaviour of the dark-skinned Portuguesespeaking consorts that made up the female side of Dutch colonial society in Batavia. Without exception their verdict was harsh. Chewing betel nuts, associating with their slavegirls and devoid of any intelligent conversation, not to speak of acceptable table manners, the Batavian daughters formed a laughing stock to European writers. Nothing would be easier than to present an anthology of these, often quite entertaining anecdotes. The dilemma of course that such an account would be one-sided and coloured if it were merely based on descriptions and explanations by males, outsiders who obviously did not belong to the world of women that we intend to study.
Dutch Protestant Mission Activity: A Survey
Authors: van den End T.
Published: April 2010

In this article a survey will be presented of the protestant mission activity of Dutch men and women, and of foreigners in the service of Dutch societies. It will concentrate on the missionaries themselves, not on the life of the Christian communities that have come into being through their work.
Some Problems in Redefining European Expansion as a Historical Discipline: Taking Stock
Authors: Mimler Manfred
Published: April 2010

If historians nowadays still talk of “colonial history” they do so because they are at a loss for an adequate term which would express the new quality this discipline has assumed in the course of decolonization. Rudolf von Albertini has edited a volume which presents a number of articles relevant to this problem. In his introduction he emphasizes the departure from the traditional view of overseas empire-building in which only the creative genius of European colonial powers was considered of historical interest — amidst a comparatively static scenery of exotic opacity. He draws attention to the ever growing shift towards a history of the peoples of the Third World which — whether of national or more regional orientation — shows an increasing concern for questions of social and economic history and draws on the latest findings of social and cultural anthropology, thus limiting Europe's role overseas in a decisive way. European worlddominance, once an epoch—making phenomenon, is reduced to a short—term period of alien rule over the majority of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Albertini takes account of this change, not only in the selection of the contributions to his volume, but its title reflects this change as well: it is a “new colonial history” that he presents, and Albertini gives us to understand that by this he is not concerned with the periodization of colonial history, but rather with the new approaches in this field since the end of the Second World War.
The Massacre of 1603 Chinese Perception of the Spanish in the Philippines
Authors: Borao José Eugenic
Published: April 2010

From a historiographical point of view, the incident of 1603 has acquired a special significance in the long and tragic history of Chinese massacres on the Philippines. For, when compared to all the rest of the massacres, this is the best chronicled, not only in Spanish, but also in Chinese sources. Moreover, chronicles in both languages include the same facts and are alike in the ordering of events.
The Dutch Diaspora Boers, Apartheid and Passion
Authors: Ribeiro Fernando Rosa
Published: April 2010

In the introduction to her work on ‘colonial practice’ in the Ne Indies, the Dutch-American historian Frances Gouda quotes from sation in Harvard between Christopher Hitchens and Simon Schama the latter a renowned historian of the Dutch past. Hitchens posed a to Schama: how was it possible that Dutch culture, though reprc a ‘model of highly evolved religious tolerance and political plurali rently gave birth to a diaspora (he has Indonesia, Surinam and So1 in mind) that is ‘so disfigured by violence and bigotry’? Schama pointed out that Dutch political and religious tolerance was actually predicated on the need to foster profitable trade: it was a practical consideration rather than an idealism. We could add here that so much is almostcommon-sense in the Netherlands. However, Schama pointed out a tendencyof Dutch ‘self-invention’ that first expressed itself in the rise of the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century and then in the rise of Afrikanerdom Africa. As Gouda rightly points out, following Schama's own work, the Dutch Republic rose from a ‘Protean feat of self-creation’ out ofan ‘amorphous assemblage of towns and villages’, in an act resembling parthenogenesis. She then adds that this ‘unique Dutch habit of self-invention may have also taken place elsewhere in the world.
Take Florida Or the Unattended Project of a Dutch Sephardi Phantast
Authors: Teensma B.N.
Published: April 2010

El que se aventurare a echar el dado con la Fortuna, quando se pierda a sý mismo dará la culpa. Esto acustumbravan los antigos como de poca experiencia y que se ariesgavan mucho a ganar o perder, como vemos la poca considerasion que tuvo Alexiandre Magno en cortar el nudo de la cuerda que estava pronosticado que quien le desatasse, sería Señor de la mayor parte del mundo; y él, como no le pudiesse desatar, sacó la espada y cortóle. Susediole tan bien como sy le ubiera desatado. El contrario acontesio a el Rey de Portugal que quiso tan ynpensadamente yr a conquis-tar las Yndias Orientales, bisonho en reynar en el mundo, y más moderno Rey que avia entonces. Pues fue Conde de Lorayna que por su buen servicio le dio el Rey d'Espanha, Affonso, su hija Doña Tarresa y en casamiento a Portugal el año 1100. Y como su sususor Don Juan el Primero comensó a tomar la ynpresa de la Yndia Oriental, donde mandó lo mejor de la tierra, veniendo Cristóval Colombo el año 1490 a su susesor el Rey Don Manoel, mostrándole lo que eran las Yndias Osidentales, la Nueva Amériqua, como él estava enpennado con tanta fuerça en la Yndia Oriental, no pudo acudir a tanto.
Shāh ‘Abbās, the English East India Company and the Cannoneers of Fārs
Authors: Mitchell Colin Paul
Published: April 2010

To nineteenth and early twentieth-century scholarship, the early modern expansion of powers like Spain, Portugal, England and Holland, was a necessary preliminary step towards Europe's ultimate domination of the Asian and African continents. Moreover, the relative ease with which colonial powers manhandled regions like North Africa and the Indo-Pak subcontinent suggested that their early modern ‘pioneering’ counterparts must have shared similar experiences. While some historians highlighted superior business concepts (joint-stock companies, profit-sharing) or superior shipbuilding and navigation techniques as the means with which trading powers like the Estado da India and the English East India Company penetrated and overwhelmed Indian Ocean commerce, other scholars boiled it down to the European affinity for using ‘men-of-war, gun, and shot’. The critical underlying assumption of any of these teleological explanations s i that ‘encountered’ cultures were unable to adequately respond to European technology, of course hinting at some deeper and more profound deficiency. Scholarship in recent decades has shorn such confidence and begun to scrutinise this seedling period of interaction between Europe and non-Europe, suggesting that the initial playing ground between ‘encounterer’ and ‘encountered’ was perhaps more level than previously portrayed.
Between ‘Savage Man’ and ‘Most Faithful Englishman’ Manteo and the Early Anglo-Indian Exchange, 1584–1590
Authors: Oberg Michael Leroy
Published: April 2010

In August of 1587 Manteo, an Indian from Croatoan Island, joined a group of English settlers in an attack on the native village of Dasemunkepeuc, located on the coast of present-day North Carolina. These colonists, amongst whom Manteo lived, had landed on Roanoke Island less than a month before, dumped there by a pilot more interested in hunting Spanish prize ships than in carrying colonists to their intended place of settlement along the Chesapeake Bay. The colonists had hoped to re-establish peaceful relations with area natives, and for that reason they relied upon Manteo to act as an interpreter, broker, and intercultural diplomat. The legacy of Anglo-Indian bitterness remaining from Ralph Lane's military settlement, however, which had hastily abandoned the island one year before, was too great for Manteo to overcome. The settlers found themselves that summer in the midst of hostile Indians.