bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten years of walk the line
Authors: Forest Jerry
Published: July 2024

While the process safety principles conduct of operations, operational discipline, and operational readiness, have been a part of risk‐based process safety since the inception, recognizing the need for a formal management system connecting them and optimizing their value is a more recent concept introduced around 2010 with Walk the Line. Conduct of operations is concerned with how work is done in a manufacturing unit to produce consistent results. The philosophy behind Walk the Line is that to successfully produce consistent results, there are elements of leadership identifying the right tools, operators executing tasks correctly, and technical people monitoring results and changing the tools for continuous improvement. Each of these disciplines, management, operational, and engineering should be in place to ensure consistent performance and repeatable results. This paper reflects on the last 10 years of Walk the Line and highlights features of the conduct of operations model that supports a sustainable management system, continuous improvement, and reduction of process safety incidents.
Designing Corrugated Board Properties to Mitigate Puncturing Impacts Occurring in E‐Commerce or Other Demanding Parcel Handling Distribution Chains
Authors: Holmvall Martin , Holmgren Mats , Rosdahl Matilda
Published: July 2024

The growth of e‐commerce trade has led to more parcel shipments, causing an increase in corrugated board box packaging. Individually shipped boxes often sustain more damage, like crushing or puncturing, compared to pallet‐transported boxes. In contrast to the known relationships between containerboard properties and box compressive strength, there is no standard method for designing corrugated board against puncturing, which can result in damages, customer dissatisfaction and costly returns. A hole is typically seen as a severe compromise to package integrity, whereas some crushed boxes can be acceptable for nonfragile items. Addressing this, this research has focused on developing design equations linking containerboard and corrugated board properties to resistance against puncturing. These equations give the energy loss of an impacting object that would cause a hole and define the energy absorbance limit of the material. The equations enable material design aimed at minimizing puncturing risks based on specific distribution chain conditions, like fall heights and velocities.
Effect of Chitosan Concentration, Glycerol and Cashew Peel Extract on the Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch‐Based Films
Authors: Lima Andréa Trigueiro , Silva Hanndson Araujo , Rodrigues Thais Jaciane Araujo , Santos Newton Carlos , Rocha Ana Paula Trindade , de Araújo Gilmar Trindade
Published: July 2024

The present study aimed to optimize the formulation of starch‐based films, exploring the synergy between chitosan (1%, 2% and 3%), glycerol (2.5%, 3% and 3.5%) and concentrated cashew peel extract (1%, 2% and 3%), through a central composite design (23). Evaluating their influence on physical, mechanical and morphological properties. All films produced were flexible and did not present cracks when removed from the plates. Water vapour permeability (WVP) (3.03–7.71 gH2O.mm/m2.h.mmHg) and solubility (1.94%–5.31%) were reduced with the combination of higher levels of extract and chitosan, which also influenced the colour of the films (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cashew peel extract increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the films. Morphologically, films with lower levels of cashew peel extract exhibited a uniform and less rough surface. Therefore, our results identified an optimized formulation using the combination of 2% extract, 3% chitosan and 3.5% glycerol. This study expanded the development of starch‐based packaging materials with chitosan, glycerol and the addition of plant extract, which can be used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables.
The working conditions of Icelandic upper secondary school teachers during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic: A gender inequality against all odds
Authors: Gestsdóttir Súsanna Margrét , Ragnarsdóttir Guðrún , Björnsdóttir Amalía , Eiríksdóttir Elsa
Published: July 2024

In Iceland, and around the world, the working environment in upper secondary schools changed dramatically with the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In our research, we aimed to illuminate the ever‐changing working conditions of teachers in Icelandic upper secondary schools during the first year of the pandemic, especially in the context of gender and family composition. Data came from interviews with 12 teachers and surveys administered to upper secondary school teachers in 33 out of 37 upper‐secondary schools in Iceland with participation from approximately one‐third of the teacher population. The results show that teachers felt increasingly stressed throughout the pandemic and that gender played a significant role. Women, who often also served as primary caregivers at home, found it more strenuous to fulfil their teaching duties than men. The results raise important questions about teachers' working conditions and gender's role therein, especially in a country considered an emblem of success when it comes to gender equality.
Ecological and biogeomorphological modelling of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.): Hints for improvements
Authors: Padoan Francesca , Calvani Giulio , De Cesare Giovanni , Brodersen Jakob , Robinson Christopher T. , Perona Paolo
Published: July 2024

The loss of biodiversity in freshwater environments is becoming an increasing problem globally. As a result, many tools have been developed and improved to reduce this decline. However, there is still a need for the identification and evaluation of precise restoration measures to improve habitats and preserve sentinel freshwater species, such as brown trout. This paper provides an up‐to‐date viewpoint about the life history, habitat characteristics, suitability conditions, and metapopulation dynamic modelling of brown trout, aiming to identify and discuss gaps and propose possible improvements based on collating and reinterpreting literature data. Results suggest that habitat suitability curves for environmental and hydraulic variables possess some degree of universality, for spawning habitat, fry, juvenile and adult trout. Further, an improved method to estimate the amount of suitable area by including the role of stream obstacles (i.e., macro‐roughness with characteristic size in the order of the mean water depth) is proposed and discussed. This approach can be integrated into advanced metapopulation models and will allow experts to evaluate the best measures towards restoring and preserving freshwater riverine environments.
The application of the analysis framework for compound extreme event dependencies in China
Authors: Wei Haokun , Gao Xichao , Feng Jie , Yang Zhiyong
Published: July 2024

The escalation of compound extreme events has resulted in noteworthy economic and property losses. Recognizing the intricate interconnections among these events has become imperative. To tackle this challenge, we have formulated a comprehensive framework for the systematic analysis of their dependencies. This framework consists of three steps. (1) Define extreme events using Mahalanobis distance thresholds. (2) Represent dependencies among multiple extreme events through a point process‐based method. (3) Verify dependencies with residual tail coefficients, determining the final dependency structure. Applying this framework to assess the extreme dependence of precipitation on wind speed and temperature in China, revealed four distinct dependency structures. In northern, Jianghuai, and southern China, precipitation heavily relies on wind speed, while temperatures maintain relative independence. In northeastern and northwestern China, precipitation exhibits relative independence, yet a notable dependence exists between temperatures and wind speed. In southwestern China, precipitation strongly depends on temperature, while wind speed remains relatively independent. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau region displays a significant dependence relationship among precipitation, wind speed, and temperature, with weaker dependence between extreme wind speed and temperature. This framework is instrumental for analyzing dependencies among extreme values in compound events.
6‐1: Pragmatic low‐temperature polycrystalline thin‐film transistor technologies for high‐brightness and high‐temperature environments in AMOLED displays
Authors: Kim Keunwoo , Thanh Tien Nguyen , Sung Bummo , Shin Jiyeong , Lee Dokyeong , Jang Keunho , Lee Changhee
Published: July 2024

This paper presents experimental and theoretical analysis of electrical characteristics for recent process‐based low‐temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) in AMOED displays, focusing on high‐temperature and high‐luminance device characteristics. All off‐state current (Ioff) components in such conditions, which include gate‐induced drain leakage (GIDL), thermal generation, photo generation currents, are in detail analyzed. Exploring the effects of process technologies and device design in small‐size TFTs, in conjunction of reduced defect density‐of‐state (DOS) in the polycrystalline and its interface of gate oxide, we investigate optimal device and process design for reliable polycrystalline thin‐film transistor technologies in high‐brightness and high‐temperature situations. Numerical device simulations, supplemented by physics‐based analysis, confirm experimental results for our optimized device/process and gain diligent process/ design co‐optimization insights.
7‐1: Developing new Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal for LCOS
Authors: Ando Tomohiro , Kanamori Yuta , Nakamura Manabu , Livingston Michelle , Gabriel Christopher , Scott Hathcock R.
Published: July 2024

Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) have two attractive
characteristics: very fast switching speeds and stable alignment
against electrical fringe fields from neighboring pixels.
However, care needs to be taken because FLC panels can be
prone to alignment defects caused by Chevron structures. At this
time, we have succeeded in developing a new FLC which has an
improved temperature range, with a wider SmC phase, and
which is more stable, thus making it less likely to have
alignment defects. We look forward to demonstrating this to
you with LCOS panels containing this new FLC.
8‐1: Riemannian Color Difference Metric
Authors: Candry Patrick , De Visschere Patrick , Neyts Kristiaan
Published: July 2024

We developed a new Riemannian color difference metric based on Friele's line element and the results of psychophysical color discrimination experiments. Visual adaptation effects are incorporated into the model. This new color difference metric was validated against various data sets available in the literature. We found adequate agreement with experimentally determined threshold ellipsoids/ellipses and a better threshold predictability compared with other color difference metrics. The new Riemannian color difference metric was applied for the calculation of the color gamut volume and the maximum number of mutually discernible colors.
9‐1: Invited/Distinguished Paper: Flexible TFT Backplane Development for Extremely Small Bending Radius with Organic ILD and Island TFT Structure
Authors: Kim Taewoong , Seol Younggug , Lee Sunhee , Choi Jinhwan , Lee Jinwoo , Kim Jintaek , Lee Pilsuk , Park Juchan , Park Boik , Nguyen Thanh Tien , Kim Kihyun , Kim Yongjo , Lee Changhee
Published: July 2024

A new flexible low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors (LTPS TFTs) backplane on PI substrate with organic dielectric layer and low‐stress structure of island TFT is proposed. This new extremely low stress backplane is able to withstand 20,000 inward bending cycles at a bending radius of 1mm without any noticeable TFT degradation. After 200,000 bending inward cycles at bending radius of 1 mm, the stability test results show that the change of on‐current is 10.07% for hot carrier instability (HCI) test, the change of threshold voltage ‐0.31V for negative bias thermal instability (NBTI) test, the change of threshold voltage ‐0.24V for hysteresis test, and the breakdown voltage of gate insulator 7.73MV/cm, respectively. The AMOLED display panel manufacured with organic ILD does not show any visible degradation of panel image just after 200K rolling at rolling radius of 4mm or 200K folding at folding radius of 1mm.
10‐4: Late‐News Paper: Precise Compensation of Device Variability in IGZO‐based Ferroelectric Thin‐Film Transistors for Enhanced Transparent Display Performance
Authors: Joch Daniel , Lehninger David , Sunil Athira , Sanctis Shawn , Lang Thomas , Zeltner Johannes , Wartenberg Philipp , Seidel Konrad , Jank Michael P. M.
Published: July 2024

We demonstrate the compensation of device‐to‐device variation in threshold voltage using programmable ferroelectric indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide thin‐film transistors. Furthermore, degradationinduced threshold voltage shift can be mitigated by programming, setting the characteristics back to their pristine state. This can be a promising alternative for the replacement of complex VT compensation circuits in display applications.
12‐3: Materialization of Mid‐Resolution Quantum Dot Color Converters on G2.5 TFT‐LCD Production Line for Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Chena Chih-Jung , Chenb Kuan-An , Chianga Ray-Kuang
Published: July 2024

This study proposes a mass production solution for quantum dot color converter (QDCC) of mid‐resolution micro‐LED displays. Therefore, a gray bank materials and QD photoresist (PR) with high optical density (OD) and low film thickness were developed. The gray bank materials can achieve OD = 1.08 and a reflectivity of over 25% at a thickness of 4 μm. The red QDPR has OD = 1.93 at 3 μm, and the green QDPR has OD = 1.58 at 3.3 μm. Finally, a 125 PPI and 7‐inch QDCC were fabricated using a G2.5 TFT‐LCD production line, and the optimal material formula and process conditions were determined. Optical analysis shows color point uniformity with STD < 1.3%, indicating that this solution can provide excellent in‐plane uniformity.
13‐1: Invited Paper: New Frontier in Display Technology: OPD Sensor in OLEDs for Healthcare Application
Authors: Kim Sunghan , Yoon Seokgyu , Jung Jinsoo , Choi Min‐Soo , Kim Chul
Published: July 2024

People's interest in health care has increased these days. As various health care platforms are emerging, the corresponding market is also expanding. In order to monitor health conditions in everyday life, no physical damage should be made. One of the non‐invasive method, using light for sensing, is preferred due to this effect. In general, as the wavelength increases, light can penetrate deeper into the skin, leading to different bio‐signals. For example, All‐in‐One Sensor Display, which was announced by Samsung Display at SID 2023, used green light to selectively sense fingerprints on the skin surface by reducing the depth of skin penetration. To apply this progress to health care, red light can also be used for OPDs in the All‐in‐One Sensor Display. In this case, red light from red pixel is used as the light source. The light can reach blood vessels under the epidermis because the skin penetration depth is deeper than green light. The light reaching the blood vessel becomes a signal to gather biometric information. This biometric information is then collected at OPD as the signal reaches the OPD in the panel again. For these series of processes, an OPD capable of effective detecting of light in the 625 nm region emitted by red pixels is required. In this study, OPD was fabricated using RD‐01, a high absorption donor material suitable for red light absorption, and RA‐01, a non‐fullerene acceptor for mass production, to respond to red light near 625 nm. The EQE of the OPD was 25% at wavelength of 625 nm. In addition, absorption spectrum of the OPD covers the Red emission effectively. Our results represent that OLED panel can be used for not only fingerprint recognition but also health care platform.
13‐2: Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Display Constituted Side‐by‐Side OLED and Organic Photodiode Pixels Integrated in the Same Plane by Adopting MML (Metal Mask‐Less Lithography) Technology
Authors: Sugimoto Kazuya , Hatsumi Ryo , Nakazawa Yasutaka , Idojiri Satoru , Kamada Taisuke , Kubota Daisuke , Okazaki Kenichi , Yamagata Sachiko , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2024

This study presents the fabrication of a 513‐ppi organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display featuring an integrated organic photodiode (OPD) within each pixel, eliminating the need for a fine metal mask. The fabrication process involves photolithography for the side‐by‐side patterning of OLED and OPD subpixels, leading to a four‐subpixel configuration. This configuration incorporates an OPD subpixel into each pixel while preserving the high resolution of OLED subpixels. The outcome is the successful development of an active panel capable of both high‐resolution display and imaging, boasting a high aperture ratio.
14‐2: Development of High Mobility and Reliability Metal Oxide TFT for 13.2 inch AMOLED Display
Authors: Yan Guowen , Wang Dejian , Ding Lidong , Xu Lin , Sun Xiaoqi , Chen Fa-Hsyang , Xing Rubo , Li Junfeng
Published: July 2024

The 13.2 inch AMOLED panel with 262 ppi has been fabricated with the high mobility metal oxide TFTs (thin film transistors). The high mobility oxide TFTs have high mobility ~34cm2 /Vs. On Gen. 6 glass, a small Vth variation with channel length 3.5um has been obtained. Moreover, the high mobility oxide TFT shows small Vth shift under positive/negative bias temperature stress (PBTS/NBTS).
14‐3: Late‐News Paper: Channel Etched Coplanar TFTs for Applying a‐IGZO to High‐resolution and IT Applications
Authors: Lee Heung Jo , Yun Pil Sang , Bae Jong Uk , Park Yoo Seok , Shin Woo Sup , Lee Hyeon Woo
Published: July 2024

Self‐aligned a‐IGZO coplanar TFTs have high mobility, excellent large‐area uniformity, and are structurally free of parasitic caps. Accordingly, it is being adopted and mass‐produced as the backplane of OLED TV. Currently, the scope of application of OLED displays using oxide TFT backplanes is expanding to high‐resolution monitors for gaming. With this expansion, not only the size of the TFT but also its storage capacity has become an important factor in terms of aperture ratio. Instead of using a thick Passivation (PAS) Layer for storage capacity, we developed a structure that maximizes the aperture ratio by using a thin gate insulator (GI). However, GI capacitance must be used as the gate electrode and active layer electrode, but in self‐aligned coplanar structure, the active layer overlapping the gate metal is not conductive. To solve this problem, we succeeded in developing a 27‐inch QHD OLED monitor product for gaming by applying a self‐aligned coplanar structure/process that allows the active layer to simultaneously configure channels and wiring, and controlling degradation of channel characteristics.
15‐1: Invited Paper: Intuitive Understanding of the Limitation of Pancharatnam‐Berry Optical Beam Deflectors
Authors: Xi Fenglin , Cheng Hsienhui , Feng Xiayu , Lu Lu , Bos Philip
Published: July 2024

An approximate beam propagation method is proposed as an intuitive simulation of the optics of the Pancharatnam–Berry phase (PPD). Using this method, the limitation of PPD in diffraction efficiency for large diffraction angle is made clear.
15‐2: Invited Paper: Development of Novel Liquid Crystal on Silicon Microdisplays and Future Application
Authors: Isomae Yoshitomo , Sugawara Nariyasu , Watanabe Yasuhiro , Sakairi Takashi , Honda Tomoaki , Amari Koichi , Maeda Keiichi , Okazaki Tsuyoshi , Toriyama Akiko , Nagasawa Koichi
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the development of liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) technology aimed at enhancing the image quality and reliability of projectors. Additionally, we introduce an 8K LCOS panel with a pixel pitch of 2.6 μm. Furthermore, we discuss the application prospects of the developed phase‐only spatial light modulator.
15‐4: WUXGA LTPS Pad with Only 1‐IC‐Chip and 8‐Photo‐Mask Processes
Authors: Jing Wu , Lan Xuexin , Lin Chunrong , Liu Bingping , Deng Chao , Wu Xiaoxiao , Yang Xianyan
Published: July 2024

In order to enhance the competitiveness with a‐Si and IGZO products, LTPS tablet product with comprehensive advantages in performance and cost have been developed. In this article, innovative technologies including 8‐Photo‐Mask process and only 1‐IC‐Chip solution are applied, and the performances such as low frame rate, active pens and narrow borders can meet the request of customer.
18‐1: A Super‐fast and Precise Moiré Pattern Simulation Algorithm for Improving Antenna‐on‐Display Moiré Effect
Authors: Jia Yiming , Zhou Xiaokang , Li Junshu , Ying Wentao
Published: July 2024

This study introduces a super‐fast and precise simulation algorithm capable of generating human‐visible moiré patterns, taking into account real structures with diverse patterns. The simulation of entire area of a mobile phone screen can be completed in less than 10 minutes, demonstrating a remarkable efficiency improvement of approximately 1200‐fold compared to traditional ray tracing method. The improvement comes from that we use a simplified method of calculating geometric areas instead of the first‐principles approach used in ray tracing. Based on the proposed algorithm, the moiré patterns ofAoD are optimized and the display quality is guaranteed.
19‐3: Distinguished Paper: High‐Luminance, Large‐Size 4K OLED Microdisplays for VR/MR Applications
Authors: Jo Jang , Joung Seung-Ryong , Baik SeungMin , Lee Cheolhwan , Kim Ho-Jin , Kwak Bong-Choon , Lee Kwak JungII , Yang Joon-Young , Yoon Sooyoung
Published: July 2024

1.3″ 4K full‐color OLED microdisplay, which is able to realize peak brightness more than 10,000 nits together with appropriate operational lifetime of OLED devices, is introduced by addressing key technologies and challenges to develop advanced OLED microdisplay panels expecting application to the high‐quality AR/VR/MR head‐mounted displays
20‐1: Invited Paper: Development of Photolithgraphic Patterning of Quantum Dots for Electroluminescent Applications
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Lu Shaoyong , Li Zhuo , Li Dong , Li Yanzhao , Li Xinguo , Xu Xiaoguang
Published: July 2024

In this paper the photolithgraphic patterning approaches of quantum dots in electroluminescent devices and demoes were summerized. Photolithograpy process meets the requirements for QLED mass production, including high pixel density, large‐area process and low cost. We summerized three approaches of quantum dot photolithographic procrsses, including direct photolithography, photolithography with lift‐off process and sacrificial layer assisted patterning (SLAP).
20‐3: Invited Paper: Characteristics of Cadmium‐free Blue NanoLEDs with Protection Technology Applied to Quantum Dots
Authors: Fukunari Yuki , Naka Takayuki , Ishida Takeshi , Iwata Noboru , Izumi Makoto , DaRos Jeffrey , Kan Shihai , Ippen Christian
Published: July 2024

The nanoLED, an electroluminescent device utilizing quantum dots (QDs), is expected to be a promising candidate for the next‐generation display. This paper presents a newly developed QD protection technology for cadmium‐free nanoLEDs that enables simultaneous achievement of high‐efficiency electroluminescence (EL) and long lifetime. The device which was prototyped by applying ZnSeTe blue QDs to an emissive layer demonstrated a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.0% and a luminance half‐lifetime (LT50) of 128,000 hours at 100 nits. These results indicate that cadmium‐free nanoLEDs can meet the requirements for display application in terms of both EL efficiency and reliability.
22‐4: Invited Paper: Fiber‐Like Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors for Large‐Area Smart Textile Systems
Authors: Barquinha Pedro , Figueiredo Cátia , Igreja Rui , Pinto Joana , Martins Rodrigo , Momentè Roberto , Jovancic Petar , Lee Sanghyo , Choi Hyung Woo , Occhipinti Luigi , Kim Jong Min
Published: July 2024

This work demonstrates flexible and textile electronic concepts bridged to create innovative and free form factor textile electronic systems. In particular, it focuses on oxide thin‐film transistor development on fiber‐like polymeric substrates to assure compatibility with weaving processes and interconnectivity with other fiber‐based electronic components. By process tuning and device engineering, similar performance to oxide TFTs on glass was achieved, even under a low thermal budget (sub‐200 °C). Integration capability is demonstrated through a rollable 46” smart textile lighting system, able to display variable information provided by an external stimuli detection through fiber‐based devices.
24‐2: Invited Paper: Interaction between Duty Ratio and Eye Movement for Motion Artifacts
Authors: Han Chang-Yeong , Choe Seonggyu , Kim Hyosun , Kwon Oh-Sang
Published: July 2024

Previous research compared the motion artifacts under tracking and fixating conditions with moving stimulus and suggested that shorter duty ratios resulted in enhanced display quality by minimize motion blur in tracking condition (Hoffman et al, 2014). However, in real‐world, interactions between eye movements and stimulus motion are more intricate than their experimental setups. We investigated the interaction further by employing various eye movement and stimulus motion combinations: A. Smooth Pursuit + Moving stimulus, B. Smooth Pursuit + Stationary stimulus, C. Fixation + Moving stimulus, D. Saccade + Stationary stimulus, and E. Saccade + Moving stimulus. Participants compared short duty ratio (10%) and a long duty ratio (90%) stimuli at 60 Hz to a reference stimulus of a 100% duty ratio at 1440 Hz. Participants perceived the short duty ratio stimulus as more closely resembling the reference stimulus in condition A as in the previous study. Interestingly, in conditions B and E, participants reported the long‐duty ratio stimulus is more similar to the reference stimulus. There was no significant difference between short and long duty ratios in conditions C and D. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that less motion blur (associated with short duty ratio) is inherently more natural and suggest that even strong motion blur (associated with long duty ratio) can be perceived as more natural under specific conditions. This study underscores the importance of considering the complex interactions between eye movements, duty ratio, and stimulus motion when evaluating display image quality.
24‐4: Visual Optical Simulation System and Quantitative Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Shi Bo , Fu Jianji , Tan Yuanhao , Tan Cuicui , Yu Chi , Su Yang , Li Qinke , Wu Jianpeng , Gukhwan Song , Huangfu Lujiang , Xie Taofeng , Zheng Hai , Hu Ming , Qiu Haijun
Published: July 2024

The image graininess of displays is a subjective indicator and is very difficult to be evaluated quantitatively. In this paper, we will introduce a visual optical simulation system and the quantitative evaluation criteria for graininess.
25‐4: Electrochromic Display Devices with Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Higuchi Masayoshi
Published: July 2024

Metallo‐supramolecular polymers (MSPs) show reversible electrochromic (EC) properties by electrochemical redox of metal ions included in the polymers. This presentation introduces recent three research achievements on EC devices (ECDs) using MSPs: (1) fabrication of highly durable ECDs with cycle stability more than 100,000 times, (2) a new electro‐polymerization method of a thin MSP layer on an ITO‐coated glass or PET‐film, and (3) rewritable multicolor EC paper using MSPs.
28‐1: Invited Paper: Analyzing Charge Dynamics in Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes via Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Ma Jingrui , Xu Zhonghua , Qu Xiangwei , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: July 2024

The carrier dynamics in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) significantly deviate from that in traditional organic and inorganic light‐emitting diodes. This study elucidates the charge injection and recombination processes in QLEDs using impedance spectroscopy. Parameters derived from the equivalent circuit model, in conjunction with the applied device voltage, elucidate the nuanced changes in carrier behavior during operation. This methodology serves as a potent tool and novel approach for comprehending and analyzing the physics of QLED devices.
35‐1: Invited Paper: Smart Pixelated Dimmer for High Ambient Contrast AR Displays
Authors: Chen Hung-Shan , Chang Chia-Ming , Chen Chien-Chung , Chen Sung-Nan
Published: July 2024

In augmented reality (AR) headset devices, virtual image visibility and power consumption are major challenges. In this paper, we presented smart pixelated dimmer that locally enhance the ambient contrast ratio. The dimmer is integrated with image sensor and low‐power edge AI processor to control the dimming automatically. Adopting smart pixelated dimmer provides AR devices the possibility to operate in high brightness environment.
37‐4: Degradation Analysis on Li‐doped Organic Charge Generation Layer
Authors: Kim Ki Ju , Yoo Dohyeon , Kim Taekyung
Published: July 2024

Understanding degradation of charge generation layer (CGL) is uprising issue for efficient and stable tandem devices. Here, we explored how the electrical characteristics of Li‐doped CGL device change according to different stress conditions comprehensively and found out thermal stress affects more severely than electrical stress via capacitance‐voltage and temperature‐dependent current density‐voltage measurements. The exponential trap distribution model analysis and Poisson and drift‐diffusion simulation informed that the degradation of electrical properties is attributed to Li diffusion and actual thermal diffusion of Li was experimentally observed by XPS depth
38‐3: Invited Paper: Integration Challenges for MicroLED on CMOS for AR
Authors: Steudel Soeren , Vertommen Johan , Buscemi Giuseppe , Janssens Tom , Bach Lars
Published: July 2024

Hitting the performance, cost and yield targets for microLED displays that can be used in augmented reality headsets poses formidable challenges. Here we discuss some of those issues and report on the progress of MICLEDI 300mm manufacturing platform.
39‐4: An Innovative Decoder‐type GOA for Intelligent Split‐Screen and External Compensation Technology
Authors: Yuan Zhidong , Han Ying , Meng Song , Gu Xin , Liu Xiuting , Li Yongqian , Xu Pan , Yuan Can , Cheng Xuelian , Yan Guang , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: July 2024

In this paper, an innovative decoder‐type gate driver on array (GOA) model employing IGZO TFTs is proposed, which is suitable for intelligent split‐screen (ISS) and external compensation technology. At the same time, we explored a new multi‐frequency driving method through this model, and through the verification of panel actual measurement, this new multi‐frequency driving almost eliminates the Mura caused by different frequencies in split‐screen. Finally, we successfully used this model to light up a 5‐inch AMOLED display with 170PPI bottom emission, and achieved a border of only 5mm.
40‐3: Waveform Analysis System for GAN‐Based Anomaly Detection of Coater Pressure in Photolithography
Authors: Lim Junkyun , Jang Bongik , Choi Hongyul , Ham Jongwoo , Lee Jinhee
Published: July 2024

With the advancement of manufacturing equipment and the development of sensing technology, the measurement cycle of data is becoming very short, and the characteristics of data observed at the same time are also diversifying. A Fault Detection and Classification (FDC) system is in operation to collect and analyze measurement data in real time in the display manufacturing factory. However, the anomaly detection function provided by the FDC system is based on a threshold comparison method for data in seconds, so there is a limit to accuracy in processing measurement data in milliseconds. In particular, if the process for one panel is divided into several steps and each of them shows various characteristics, it is difficult to manage because it takes a lot of airlift to set search conditions and thresholds for anomaly detection. To overcome this, a waveform analysis system is implemented to assist the FDC system. This system extracts waveforms from milliseconds of measurement data during the processing time of one panel in the equipment, and diagnoses whether the equipment processing is normal through GAN‐based waveform pattern analysis. Generative models are used in the anomaly detection process in consideration of the manufacturing environment in which the normal data is overwhelmingly larger than the abnormal data. The DCGAN‐based model that is excellent in image processing and the TadGAN‐based model that combines Auto encoder and GAN were implemented and used. In this paper, the anomaly detection performance of models is compared and evaluated for the display photo process Coater Pressure sensor using the waveform analysis system implemented in this way.
44‐5: Late‐News Paper: Investigating Thymine, a DNA Base, as the Hole Transport Layer for Enhanced Performance in Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Su-Hyeon , Yoo Jae-In , Kim Hyo-Bin , Jang Jincheol , Song Jang-Kun
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the potential of NucleoBases (NBs) materials, with a specific focus on Thymine, as HTL for QD‐LEDs. NBs materials offer cost‐effectiveness compared to traditional organic optoelectronic materials, as they can be extracted from renewable sources. When Thymine was inserted at a thickness of 5nm, a stepwise structure was implemented, resulting in increased hole injection into the EML and consequently enhancing the overall performance of the device.
45‐1: Invited Paper: Design Strategies for NIR Emitting Materials
Authors: Park Jeong Yong , Lee Gyeong Seok , Kim Yun-Hi
Published: July 2024

The development of OLED materials by molecular design is important for high performance organic light emitting diode because tailoring the molecular structures can dramatically tune the properties such as efficiency, color, stability of device. Near‐infrared organic light‐emitting diodes (NIR OLEDs) with heavy metals or TADF materials are regularly reported due to the advantages of their various applications in healthcare services, veil authentication, and night vision displays. In this paper, we are summarized the collection of innovative organic near‐infrared (NIR) emitters which is crucial factor to design specific NIR emitter for NIR OLEDs
45‐2: Invited Paper: Emitter Based on Europium as Alternative for Stable, Deep Blue OLED‐emission
Authors: Rothe Carsten , Imbrasas Paulius , Senkovskyy Volodymyr , Blochwitz-Nimoth Jan
Published: July 2024

Efficient and stable blue is the holy grail of OLED. beeOLED pioneers intra‐metallic Europium emitter that offer a unique combination of deep blue single peak emission spectrum, open shell electronic configuration for 100% efficiency, and potential of high operational stability as no organic bonds are weakened during light generation.
45‐5: Green Phosphor Sensitized Multiple Resonance OLEDs with Current Efficiency of More Than 250 cd/A
Authors: Xiao LIANG , Xudong CAO , Dongdong ZHANG , Lian DUAN , Chong LI
Published: July 2024

An advanced organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) architecture featuring a green phosphorescent emitter with multiple resonance sensitization achieves a notable current efficiency exceeding 250 cd/A at a density of 10 mA/cm2. This design integrates phosphor‐sensitized fluorescent technology, resulting in significant longevity enhancement, superior color accuracy and reduced sensitivity to doping concentrations.
48‐3: Invited Paper: Research on Pad Bending Technology for the Extremely Narrow Bezel of Flexible OLED Screens
Authors: Guo Hongwei , Luo Yun , Qiu Haitao , Zeng Li , Wang Jing , He Wei , Sun Minghui
Published: July 2024

The bending radius of the flexible OLED down border was reduced to 0.15mm from 0.25mm by an improved bending model for the extremely narrow bezel mobile. The stability of the optimized bending model was demonstrated by simulation, and the preliminary production and environmental reliability were assessed too.
49‐1: Invited Paper: Novel Brightness Enhancement Technology for Reflective LCDs
Authors: Saigusa Ryosuke , Usukura Naru , Sakai Akira , Kawahira Yuichi , Oyama Takeshi , Minoura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2024

Reflective LCDs have a great advantage of low power consumption, but the brightness is not consistently sufficient because ambient light is used as a light source. To increase light efficiency, we combined reflective LCDs and the Pancharatnam‐Berry deflector (PBD), a diffractive optical element that controls the propagation of incident light. We confirmed that on‐axis brightness is increased by 2.2 times against the incident collimated light from a polar angle of 30° when compared to a reflective LCD without PBD.
49‐2: Invited Paper: High Performance Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Technology Development
Authors: Tseng HengYi , Tien KunCheng , Tseng YiHan , Ke YiJyun , Liao ChienHuang , Su JennJia
Published: July 2024

Cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) is a reflective display technology that utilizes ambient light sources to display images, eliminating the need for a backlight. With its bistable characteristics, ChLC displays only require voltage supply during screen updates, resulting in significant energy savings. To cater to various application scenarios, we have developed ChLC reflective displays with different functionalities and sizes. The 7.9‐ inch passive matrix ChLC reflective display offers features such as full‐color capability, wide viewing angles, and fast refreshing rate, making it suitable for electronic book applications. The 24.5‐ inch and 13.3‐inch displays are respectively the largest passive matrix ChLC reflective display and active matrix ChLC reflective display in the world. They incorporate wide temperature range materials and high contrast ratio driving methods, making them highly suitable for outdoor public information display applications.
49‐3: Invited Paper: High‐Resolution Color‐Reflective Bistable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Technology for Signage Applications
Authors: Yao I-An , Lee Wei-Cheng , Chen Po-Yang , Yao Ping-Chun , Lin Jiunn-Shyong , Wu Yung-Hsun , Yang Chiu-Lien
Published: July 2024

An optimized color‐reflective LCD with high optical performances and cost‐effective structure has been proposed by association with cholesteric liquid crystal technology. By way of a color dithering algorithm, the cholesteric liquid crystal display (Ch‐LCD) can visualize a 24‐bit RGB color pixel and display over 16 million colors. Moreover, the waveform module (WF) is applied to emulate the display timing controller, which is a lowcost and more accessible way to drive the Ch‐LCD. In this paper, we demonstrated a 13.3‐inch passive matrix (PM) driven Ch‐LCD with a high resolution of 202 PPI, high reflectance of 30%, and high color gamut of 20%, which is suitable for electronic signage applications.
55‐2: De‐halo and Adaptive Ratio Local Dimming Algorithm Based on Display Data Compensation
Authors: Wang Yu , Liu Jianlong , Sun Zhihua , Lv Hongliang , Hu Jia , Shi Meng , Liu JinDong
Published: July 2024

At present, using mini‐LED as the backlight with Local Dimming control algorithm is mainstream HDR program in LCD products. Currently Local Dimming still exists halo effect and other issues, this paper designs a Local Dimming algorithm, and uses FPGA to verify the algorithm, optimize halo, flicker and other issues. After halo effect test verification, halo effect is excellent.
59‐2: Invited Paper: Deep Learning‐enhanced Self‐interference Incoherent Digital Holography
Authors: Min Sung-Wook , Kim Youngrok , Son Wonseok
Published: July 2024

We propose deep learning‐enhanced self‐interference incoherent digital holography. Self‐interference incoherent digital holography is a hologram acquisition technique under the incoherent light condition, which can capture the real‐world complex hologram. To overcome unwanted optical defects of the self‐interference, we suggest a data‐driven approach for reducing the additional noise and enhancing the image quality.
61‐2: Invited Paper: Light Emitting Diodes Based on Metal Halide Perovskites and Beyond
Authors: Ma Biwu
Published: July 2024

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have wide applications from fullcolor displays to solid‐state lighting. Numerous types of luminescent materials have been explored for LEDs, ranging from inorganic semiconductors to metal complexes and quantum dots. Despite the rapid pace of development, LEDs have not achieved their full potentials in terms of performance and cost efficiency. Identifying new eco‐friendly materials for LEDs is of great interest. Recently, metal halide perovskites and perovskite‐related hybrid materials have emerged as new generation luminescent materials with unique optoelectronic properties. Here, some of our recent development of LEDs based on metal halide perovskites and perovskite‐related materials will be discussed.
63‐2: Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors‐Based Pixel Circuit with Progressive Emission Using Pulse Width Modulation for Micro Light‐Emitting Diode Displays
Authors: Jung Eun Kyo , Im Hwarim , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: July 2024

We proposed a metal oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT‐based μLED pixel circuit. Pulse width modulation (PWM) and progressive emission were applied to the circuit. The threshold voltage (VTH) compensation and data addressing were operated using a series capacitor structure connected through switching TFTs. We proved stable operations for the proposed circuit.
64‐3: Laser Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon via Spot Beam Annealing Method
Authors: Han Won Hee , Jang Jin Nyoung , Baek Gi Hyeon , Park Jayoung , Im James , Moon Kook chul , Jung Kiro , Kim Chiwoo
Published: July 2024

In spot beam laser annealing, fiber laser and the polygon scanner‐based optical system play a key role by precisely controlling the laser spot position and linear velocities. Key parameters of the laser crystallization are laser power, spot overlap and line overlap. AFM, Raman, and SEM analyzes are used to evaluate polysilicon crystallization state, optimize process parameters, and understand spot beam annealing mechanism. This paper presents the spot beam annealing system configuration and experimental results for low‐temperature poly‐silicon fabrication.
64‐5: Virtual ESD Failure Detection Methodology for Oxide TFT Based OLED Panels
Authors: Park Hyun Sung , Na Hyeseok , Seo Dongjin , Park Sooyoung , Park Hyeondo , Kang Young-gu , Choi Yujin , Kim Minji , Seo Yudeok , Jo Sung-Chan
Published: July 2024

As the screen size and pixel resolution increase, electrostatic discharging (ESD) problems have become the most detrimental issue for the next‐level OLED devices such as IT‐OLED, and QD‐OLED. Electrostatic discharging (ESD) is a well‐known phenomenon in the semiconductor and display industry. For its catastrophic failure, lots of effort has been made over the last three decades to predict ESD failures systematically in display panels, but proper methodologies for ESD hotspot prediction have not developed due to its complicated physical behaviors. Especially for the oxide TFT‐based OLED devices, the Bottom Metal Layer (BML) is introduced to shield the electric field from the external light‐induced charging and enhance the output characteristics of oxide TFT. However, this large area of the BML layer can cause serious electrostatic charging (ESD) issues during the fabrication process. In this work, we analyzed five different types of temporal charging injection mechanisms and three types of failure phenomena. To simulate the multi‐scale time‐dependent full panel ESD models, we developed simplified OLED panel design verification models by using advanced numerical techniques such as perfect boundary approximation and thin sheet metal approximation. Based on the newly developed simulation methodology, robust OLED panel designs are suggested and experimentally verified..
65‐2: Switchable Privacy Backlight for Automotive LCD Utilizing an Advanced Light‐guide with a Multi‐prism Array (ALMA)
Authors: Masuda Junichi , Yagi Shugo , Kanbayashi Yuichi , Tsubooka Satoshi , Miura Takafumi
Published: July 2024

Co‐driver display is becoming a trend of in‐vehicle display as an entertainment purpose for passengers. In order to ensure the safety driving, privacy mode is required not to distract driver in conjunction with a switchable function to public (sharing) mode. This paper presents a switchable privacy LCD utilizing an efficient edge‐lit system which allows high privacy performance, high homogeneity of front‐of‐screen (FOS) and low power consumption.
65‐5: Light Control Polarizer for Automotive as an Alternative to Light Control Films
Authors: Xu Jianeng , Sakai Akira , Kawahira Yuichi , Saigusa Ryosuke , Masahiro Hasegawa , Minoura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2024

We have developed a new polarizer system named “Light Control Polarizer (LCP)” that has a shading effect comparable to that of light control films (LCF) while significantly improving on‐axis luminance loss. The LCP exhibits a louver effect of 1.4% at a 60° polar angle and 1.1% at a ‐60° polar angle in vertical direction, with a 20% increase in on‐axis luminance over LCF and a 12% increase in contrast ratio (CR). These characteristics allow the LCP to work as an alternative to LCF providing with effective light shielding in the vertical direction without sacrificing display luminance.
73‐2: Ultrasensitive Image Sensor Based on Amorphous Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes (a‐Si APD) Used for Optical Fingerprint Identification and Flat‐panel X‐ray Detector
Authors: Zhou Lin , Cui Song , Kong DeXi , Yu Zhiqiang , Chen Zixiao , Wu Xiaojuan , Li Cheng , Che Chuncheng
Published: July 2024

The amorphous avalanche photodiodes (a‐Si APD) have been first introduced into flat‐panel detector. The sensor with a‐Si APD indicate much higher sensitivity than normal PIN PD devices. The ultrasensitive image sensor with a‐Si APD can realize optical fingerprint identification under COE OLED screen with very low transmittance. And the flat‐panel X‐ray detector (FPXD) with a‐Si APD can reduce radiation dose significantly because of its much higher sensitivity compared to traditional FPXD products.
75‐1: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal Polarization Hologram for Eye Tracking Application
Authors: Cheng Hsien-Hui , Lee Yun-Han , Wang Junren , Huang Esther , Amirsolaimani Babak , Ding Yimin , El-Haddad Mohamed , Zurauskas Mantas , Geng Melissa , Lu Lu , Silverstein Barry
Published: July 2024

Eye‐tracking is vital in AR/VR/MR systems for display correction, rendering, accommodation, and more. However, existing eye‐tracking solutions fall short in accuracy, efficiency, form factor, and population coverage. Using Liquid crystal polarization hologram (LCPH) for eye‐tracking purposes offers a compact form‐factor with excellent performance.
75‐3: Achromatic Liquid‐Crystal Lens for Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: Luo Zhenyi , Li Yannanqi , Semmen John , Rao Yi , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: July 2024

Liquid‐crystal optics is a promising optical element for near‐eye display as it provides an ultrathin formfactor and lightweight. However, its severe chromatic aberrations impose a big challenge for full‐color display applications. In this study, we demonstrate an achromatic diffractive liquid‐crystal device to overcome this longstanding chromatic aberration issue.
80‐1: Analysis of Side‐By‐Side RGB OLED Notebook Module Costs Patterned by Photolithography Compared to Conventional Fine Metal Mask Fabrication
Authors: Annis Charles A.
Published: July 2024

This study compares the capital and operating costs of RGB OLED notebook panels patterned by conventional FMM to an alternative photolithographic approach. The results are used to analyze the benefits and challenges of each technology and how those may influence the rapidly growing OLED IT panel market.