bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caporalismo (1914)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Mired in our mediocrity, which grows ever more intense and widespread, we should remember that individuals and nations acquire their value only through their moral elevation, and that no lofty feeling can germinate in a country resigned to the imposition of force and ruled by the doctrine of accepting conventional ideas. Where Cashibo thugs or African despots rule, there is only room for herds of mind less servants. In Peru today we put up with everything, and everything is sanctioned by virtue of being in effect for a few days: it does n’t take years or months for a Judas reconstituted into a Gil Blas to be transformed into a celebrity.
The Good Revolution
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

We condemn national revolutions because they impoverish us, dishonor us, bleed us, and turn us into savages. If in normal times the only guarantee of safety rests in the will of the satrap hunkered in his palace, during a civil war the law of Lynch prevails, applied to honest people by criminals. In cities like Lima and Callao, where the diplomatic corps keeps close watch on the actions of the government and exercises an ostensibly moderating restraint, there’s some pretense of respect for lives and property. But in the towns and villages of the interior, where they can operate in their own backyards and without fear of bothersome witnesses, no one is respected or treated with human decency.
Prison Before The Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds
Authors: Peters Edward M
Published: October 2023

The prisons of the ancient world have disappeared. Those of late antiquity and medieval Europe have fallen into ruin, have been recycled into other uses, or have been preserved as museums, their varied history usually explained only in terms of modem concepts of penology. Like the buildings that once housed them, the sources for the early history of prisons are also lost, diverse, fragmentary, or otherwise difficult to interpret. The collaborative work of archaeologists, philologists, and historians has been required to illuminate the character of the Babylonian bit asiri and the “Great Prison” of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. For the prisons of ancient Athens, we must tum to the Greek oratorical literature and the writings of Plato. For the prisons of the ancient He brews, we must consult the central Jewish religious text, the Bible. And if we want properly to understand these and other ancient and medieval prisons, we must approach them from a broad cultural perspective.
The Prison on The Continent: Europe, 1865-1965
Authors: Patricia O’Brien
Published: October 2023

The penal institutions of a people should be, like all laws, the expression of its social state.” So spoke the French reformer Leon Faucher, who at mid-nineteenth century was intent on redesigning the French prison system to reflect the progress and achievements of his own society. Prisons were expected to change and develop in accord with democratic and moral principles of equity, fairness, and improvement. As an institution, the modern prison system has always been porous, permeated by political cultural assumptions and social values. The history of prisons in Europe from 1865 to 1965 is, therefore, a story of continual change that parallels the changing cultural, economic, political, and social realities of modern states. Moreover, as earlier chapters have demonstrated, the prison was also the product of pressure to reform existing methods of punishment and to find a more enlightened, humane, and effective answer to punishing crime.
Wayward Sisters: The Prison for Women
Authors: Zedner Lucia
Published: October 2023

Fear not! I do not exact vengeance for evil, but compel you to be good. My hand is stem, but my heart is kind.

Thus read the motto over the entrance to the first prison built for women: the Spinhuis, opened in 1645 in Amsterdam, Holland. The Spinhuis (so called because inmates were employed mainly in spinning for the Dutch textile industry) was a model institution admired far and wide. People traveled to Amsterdam specifically to visit this, “the big gest sight of the city.” At first it held only poor, “disrespectful” women and girls, but within a few years it had established cells for women who could not “be kept to their duties by parents or husbands” and separate dormitories for prisoners, drunks, prostitutes, and “for those whipped in public.”
Mitigating Procurement Hazards in the Context of Innovation
Authors: Figueiredo John M De , Teece David J
Published: October 2023

I have spoken to many audiences about the benefits of AT&T being a vertically integrated business that had both services and equipment There have been many advantages to our current structure. But the dramatic changes in our markets driven by our customers, new technologies like wireless, and public policy decisions, have opened up so many new opportunities that we need to simplify and more sharply focus our businesses to respond swiftly and effectively to those opportunities. It is not a secret that our Network Systems business has been affected by the conflicts that our Communication Services Group has been having with the RBOCs both in the public policy arena and increasingly in the marketplace as we entered the intra-LATA market.
Overview of Evidence for the Importance of Adverse Environmental Conditions in Causing Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P
Published: October 2023

Guze (1989) and Heston (1988), quoted in my introduction to this volume, implied that, in the context of advances in behavioral genetic research, the burden of proof is on those who would provide a similar demonstration of the importance of environmental adversity in the development of psychiatric disorders. Is the evidence, especially the evidence presented in this volume, a basis for a positive response to this challenge? In this chapter, I argue that there are three sets of studies, all of which are represented in preceding chapters, whose results, taken together, provide compelling evidence that environmental adversity and stress are important in the development of major types of psychopathology.
Altered Consciousness
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

People are more vulnerable to social influence when they are made to think, sense, and feel differently than usual, when someone or something disrupts their emotional balance. Such changes in subjective experience (or alterations in consciousness) can undermine the psychological matrix in which our views are rooted, so that we lose track of customary internal signposts. They may also introduce a feeling of mystery, or a sense that forces beyond our control are operating. Thus, they can prime us to accept unaccustomed explanations for our experiences and adopt new attitudes implied in these explanations. In this respect altered consciousness can help shape members’ attitudes in a charismatic group.
Accidental Logics
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

Health care reform has become one of the most prevalent topics in recent policy discourse within and across nations. In the 1990s, common features of the health care arena elevated the importance of bargaining relationships among large, sophisticated entities as the dominant mode of decision-making, fundamentally challenging the traditional dominance of the medical profession, which had been grounded in individualized “agency” relationships between providers and patients. These developments have played out in varying ways around the globe. Carolyn Hughes Tuohy looks at the experiences of the United States, Britain, and Canada, offering an international comparative study of public policy systems, as well as a recent history of the evolution of each national health care system. What drives change in health care systems? Why do certain changes occur in some nations and not in others? Tuohy argues that the answer lies in understanding the “accidents” of history that have shaped national systems at critical moments and in the distinctive “logics” of these systems. Her study carefully delineates both the common logic of the health care arena, deriving from micro-economic characteristics and technological change, and the particular logics of national systems, put in place by specific episodes of policy change. She goes on to explore how in the wake of these episodes, the mixed market in the United States, hierarchical corporatism in Britain, and the single-payer system in Canada determined the subsequent direction and pace of change in all three countries. Finally, Tuohy provides suggestions to guide the strategic judgments that decision-makers must make within the health care system of each country. Accidental Logics uniquely departs from the descriptive literature currently available by presenting an extensive review of the evidence regarding the evolution of the health care arenas in the United States, Britain, and Canada, integrated within an explanatory framework. It is essential up-to-date reading for political scientists working in comparative politics and public policy, health policy analysts, government agency officials, and students in political science, health policy, and administration programs.
From Jim Crow To Civil Rights
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

Do Supreme Court decisions matter? In 1896 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that railroad segregation laws were permissible under the Fourteenth Amendment. In 1954 the Court𠆘s decision in Brown v. the Board of Education held that the same constitutional provision invalidated statutes segregating public schools How great an impact did judicial rulings such as Plessy and Brown have? How much did such Court decisions influence the larger world of race relations? In From Jim Crow to Civil Rights, Michael J. Klarman examines the social and political impact of the Supreme Court’s decisions involving race relations from Plessy, the Progressive Era, and the Interwar Period to World Wars I and II, Brown and the Civil Rights Movement. He explores the wide variety of consequences that Brown may have had--raising the salience of race issues, educating opinion, mobilizing supporters, energizing opponents of racial change. He concludes that Brown was ultimately more important for mobilizing southern white opposition to racial change than for encouraging direct-action protest. The decision created concrete occasions for violent confrontation--court ordered school desegregation and radicalized southern politics, leading to the election of politicians who calculated that violent suppression of civil rights demonstrations would win votes. It was such violence—vividly captured on television—that ultimately transformed northern opinion on race, leading to the enactment of landmark civil rights legislation in the mid 1960s. A fascinating investigation of the Supreme Court’s rulings on race, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights, spells out in exhaustive detail the political and social context against which the Supreme Court Justices operate and the consequences of those decisions on the civil rights movement and beyond.
The Alcoholic Empire
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

The Alcoholic Empire examines the prevalence of alcohol in Russian social, economic, religious, and political life. Herlihy looks at how the state, the church, the military, doctors, lay societies, and the czar all tried to battle the problem of overconsumption of alcohol in the late imperial period. Since vodka produced essential government revenue and was a backbone of the state economy, many who fought for a sober Russia believed that the only way to save the country through Revolutionary change. This book traces temperance activity and politics side by side with the end of the tsarist regime, while showing how the problem of alcohoism continued to pervade Soviet and post-Soviet society. Illustrated by timeless and incisive sayings about the Russian love of vodka and by poster art and paintings, this book will appeal to Russian and European historians and those interested in temperance history.
The Politicization of Islam
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Combining international and internal perspectives, this book analyses the transformation of the Ottoman Empire over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It views privatization of state lands and the increase of domestic and foreign trade as key factors in the rise of a Muslim middle class, which, increasingly aware of its economic interests and communal roots, then attempted to reshape the government to reflect its ideals. These ideals straddled modernist-Islamic and traditionalist cultural outlooks, and the religious and cultural differences between the Muslim and non-Muslim middle classes turned into class differences and ended in separatism. The book attaches special importance to a variety of Muslim revivalist-fundamentalist movements which were contained by the Ottoman government’s own Islamist ideology and whose ideas, most notably the Nukshbandis supplied the ingredients for a new title of nationalist-religious ideology, mainly for the agrarian segment of the middle classes. The book analyses in great detail the British, French, and Russian policies in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and how these relations in turn affected the Ottoman government’s and society’s ideological outlook, including the rise of Islamism and Panislamism. The reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II is studied for the first time in full detail, as a period of intense modernization in education, developments in transportation and communication, cultural-religious adaptation to the changed social structure, and increased cultural, economic, and diplomatic interaction with the West. Based on a wealth of original archival documents, records, memoirs, and published sources, the book is likely to become an indispensable reference for students of Islam, modern Turkey, and the Middle East, as well as for students of modernism and of encounters between civilizations.
The Last Indian War
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The Battle of the Little Big Horn, also known as 'Custer's Last Stand,' is one of the iconic events in American history. Though it was a shocking defeat for Federal troops at the hands of Lakota Indians, it stimulated a renewed effort to conquer tribal resistance, leading to the the defeat of Lakota Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in 1876 and of Chief Joseph's Nez Percé in 1877. In this book for the Pivotal Moments in American History series, Elliott West will place the Little Big Horn and other dramatic events of the Indian Wars in a new context. Instead of looking at the Indian campaigns simply as part of westward expansion, West sees them as part of the national story of Reconstruction. After the Civil War, the federal government expanded the definition of citizenship to include former slaves, via the 13th and 14th amendments. This expanded conception of citizenship would also be extended to Indians as the Indians transitioned from armed resistance to working within the framework of the Constitution. Viewed from this pan-national perspective, the ambitions of Reconstruction become much more ambiguous, with idealism, liberation and expanded opportunities mixed with coercion, suppression and narrowing tolerance. The Last Indian War, like other works in the Pivotal Moments series, will embed its interpretations in a readable and compelling narrative. West's gripping story brings to life many characters from both sides of the conflict, from early Yellowstone tourists caught up in the events, to Chief Joesph, who played a key role in the fighting and its aftermath. After his military defeat, Chief Joesph went on to become one of the most eloquent spokemen for the rule of law, contitutional rights, and a larger idea of liberty and freedom in American history. The book will appeal to readers interested in Western history, but it should also have a strong market among students and historians for its distinctive new angle on the history of both the frontier and Reconstruction.
Bone
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

The human skeleton consists of 212 bones and 100 joints in a continuous living dynamic. Joints are surrounded by bone and cartilage. Bone and cartilage communicate with each other and both change as osteoarthritis develops and progresses. Therefore, an understanding of bone is critical to understanding osteoarthritis. There are two major types of bone in the body. Cortical bone forms the outer envelope of bone around the marrow cavity and makes up 80% of the bone in the body. The other major type is trabecular (cancellous) bone, which is spread throughout the bone marrow. It is made up of many small thin trabecular lattices and within these lattices is bone marrow.
The Many Faces of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Although most people view osteoarthritis as simply “arthritis;’ in reality there are many different types of this misunderstood disorder. As noted in chapter 1, 85-90% of osteoarthritis is known as “generalized” or “primary.” In chapters 11-13, we cover specific forms of generalized, primary osteoarthritis, which have unique or special characteristics when they appear in certain parts of the body. Examples of this adaptation to differing anatomic regions include Hebreden’s nodes in the small joints of the hand, chondromalacia patellae in the kneecap, spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) or herniated discs in the back, and inflammatory or erosive osteoarthritis in the hand. Occasionally, classic osteoarthritis can be accelerated as a consequence of overuse syndromes and “wear and tear;’ as in a baseball pitcher’s shoulder or a basketball player’s knee. Trauma clearly brings on primary-appearing osteoarthritis to the area of injury or overuse earlier than it would appear otherwise. Broken bones during childhood often lead to osteoarthritic joints in later years.
You Can Conquer Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

You’ve been diagnosed with osteoarthritis. It’s clear that it is a chronic condition that won’t simply go away. You know that going to the doctor is important, taking medicine may be advisable, and even surgery might be required. However, there is more you can do to deal with osteoarthritis. The good news is that there are many approaches which enable patients to help themselves. It’s possible to improve arthritis pain, function, and performance without ever going to the doctor. In the next three chapters, some self-help approaches and physical measures will be reviewed. Why Is Osteoarthritis So Special? Osteoarthritis differs from many other disorders. In most patients with the disease, it is present for a third of a lifetime, and pain is its principal bothersome feature. All too often, when the new osteoarthritis sufferer sees a doctor, they are told to learn to live with it. Unfortunately, they are rarely told how to do this. After all, osteoarthritis is disruptive.
Ontogeny of the Cardiac Nervous System
Authors: Gootman Phyllis M
Published: October 2023

This chapter summarizes the major findings from research on maturation of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons regulating the heart. It includes some speculations on the relevance of this research to clinical issues such as prematurity, heart failure associated with congenital heart disease, and the etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The topics chosen for discussion represent highlights in the field of neurocardiology. Thus, the references cited are selective rather than exhaustive. While there are numerous review articles on cardiac development, few are devoted to the ontogeny of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy.
Caffeine
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

It is 7 p.m. Twenty Stanford medical student volunteers are sitting around a conference table, pencil and paper at the ready, intent on a large movie screen on the wall. The film rolls. The screen is blank. Suddenly, in the upper left corner, the number 15662 flashes for a fraction of a second, and the screen goes blank again. The students try to write down all five digits of the number. Unpredictably, a few seconds later, the number 70597 flashes—this time at the center bottom of the screen. After 50 random numbers have been flashed in this way, at random intervals and random positions on the screen, the room lights go up. The subjects have abstained from coffee since breakfast. Now everyone drinks a coded sample of instant coffee, which may or may not contain caffeine. Later, the group gathers around the table again for another test with 50 new numbers. The same subjects go through this procedure on nine nights, each subject receiving sometimes caffeine and sometimes placebo.
Attributing Old Master Drawings
Authors: Annesley Noël
Published: October 2023

The attribution of Old Master drawings is approached from the standpoint of a seasoned cataloguer working in an auction house whose responsibilities include the accurate description of works of art submitted by a third party for evaluation, together with an assessment of their likely range of value if offered at public sale. While I am frequently called upon to express opinions on, and sometimes to prepare catalogue entries for, categories such as Old Master and British pictures, British watercolors and drawings up to the beginning of the twentieth century, and original prints by old and modern masters, it may be more illuminating to concentrate on the process I follow with Old Master drawings of all schools, my first love and my main area of expertise.
Zygomycoses
Authors: Ibrahim Ashraf S , Edwards John E , Filler Scott G
Published: October 2023

Zygomycosis is a group of fungal infections caused by a variety of mould organisms belonging to the class Zygomycetes. This class is further classified into two orders, Mucorales and Entomophthorales. Fungi belonging to the order Mucorales are distributed into six families all of which can cause cutaneous and deep infections in immunocompromised patients (Ribes et al, 2000) (Fig. 15–1). In contrast, the order Entomophthorales contains two families of organisms that cause subcutaneous and mucocutaneous infections primarily in immunocompetent children (Richardson and Shankland, 1999; Sugar, 2000) (Fig. 15–1). For years, infections caused by the Zygomycetes class of fungi were described in the literature under the names phycomycosis or zygomycosis. The term phycomycosis is no longer used because the class Phycomycetes no longer exists. The use of the term zygomycosis is taxonomically correct to describe infections caused by organisms belonging to the order Mucorales or Entomophthorales. However, infections caused by organisms of the order Mucorales differ both clinically and pathologically from infections caused by organisms of the order Entomophthorales. Therefore, zygomycosis is too imprecise and vague to convey useful information to the clinician. We propose to use the term mucormycosis for infections caused by organisms belonging to the order Mucorales and entomophtho-ramycosis for infections caused by organisms of the order Entomophthorales. We discuss each of these types of infections separately. A variety of organisms has been implicated in mucormycosis. However, organisms belonging to the family Mucoraceae are isolated more frequently from patients with mucormycosis patients than any other family. Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus arrhizus) is the most common cause of infection followed by Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis (Richardson and Shankland, 1999; Ribes et al, 2000). Other, less frequently isolated species of the Mucoraceae family that cause a similar spectrum of infections include Absidia corymbifera, Apophysomyces elegans, Mucor species, and Rhizomucor pusillus (Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992; Ribes et al, 2000). Other organisms such as Cunninghamella bertholletiae (in Cunninghamellaceae family) have been increasingly isolated from patients with pulmonary and disseminated mucormycosis (Kwon-Chung et al, 1975; Ventura et al, 1986; Cohen-Abbo et al, 1993; Kontoyianis et al, 1994). Additionally, Saksenaea vasiformis (in Saksenaceae family) has been reported as a cause of cutaneous (Bearer et al, 1994), subcutaneous (Pritchard et al, 1986; Lye et al, 1996), rhinocerebral (Gonis and Starr, 1997), and disseminated infections (Torell et al, 1981; Hay et al, 1983). Rare cases of mucormycosis have been reported due to Cokeromyces recurvatus (Kemna et al, 1994) (in Thamnidiaceae family), Mortierella species (Ribes et al, 2000) (in Mortierellaceae family) and Syncephalastrum species (Kamalam and Thambiah, 1980) (in Syncephalastraceae family).
Types of Practical Reasoning
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

Returning to the issue of “making transportation systems accessible “ to the disabled-how should that be done? As policy problems go, this one is relatively small in scale. It presupposes that we have decided, in some more general way, that the disabled deserve special governmental measures designed to benefit them. In a scheme of statutory provisions that aim to do so, those that regulate access to transportation play but a small part. Such statutes generally also define “disability, “ indicate who is authorized to determine whether someone is disabled, set out remedies against discrimination, lay down requirements on employers and schools, and much more. The question of how to make transportation systems accessible to the disabled arises against this sort of backdrop. It has arisen in many different jurisdictions of all different sizes. In the 1980s, the city of Munich worked out an innovative timetable information system for its public transport with an eye to advising the disabled how to minimize awkward transfers.1 In 1992, Canada mandated that its national transportation system be made accessible to the disabled.2 The Swedish government, which early mandated uniform accessibility standards for common carriers, was apparently one of the first governments to be concerned with how easily the disabled could switch from one mode of transport to another on a long-distance journey.3 The European Union, for its part, has developed hortatory guidelines aimed at promoting “flexibility “ and “seamlessness “ in the travel of the disabled.4 As a relatively small-scale policy question, this one about making transportation systems accessible to the disabled is the sort of issue that is typically handed over to administrators. As a question that is now beginning to be addressed all over the world, it is not one of merely parochial interest. Drawing on an insightful case study by Robert A. Katzmann, I will use the issue to illustrate the importantly different modes of reasoning available to us as we make such policy.5
The Democratic Treatment of Risk
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

To illustrate the power of democratic reasoning that specifies our public ends in a ramifying way, drawing on agency evaluative expertise as it goes, I sketch in this chapter how it would apply to the regulation of risk. To take on this topic is to push the idea of specifying public ends about as far as it can go. Whereas quantitative approaches easily allow multiplying the value of outcomes by the probability of their occurrence, a qualitative, non-instrumental approach to public reasoning such as the one I have been developing does not. Hence it might appear that the kind of approach I have been developing here is inept at dealing with risk regulation. Not so, I shall argue. My aim is not to achieve total hegemony for noninstrumental reasoning. As I have indicated all along, empirical research and narrowly instrumental reasoning are essential contributors to intelligent practical reasoning and important tools of public accounting. Rather, my aim is to show that the qualitative approach developed here does not fall down when it comes to choices involving risk and uncertainty; to the contrary, it offers an attractive alternative to consider alongside the standard decision-theoretic approaches, an alternative that would allow us to frame these issues in a more democratic fashion. Risk Rationalism Standard rational-choice approaches are on their strongest ground in accounting for decision-making involving risk. Indeed, both Frank P. Ramsey’s pathbreaking work on probability in the 1930s and standard methods for generating cardinal utility functions to represent preferences take it that a person’s choices reveal his or her preferences simultaneously with his or her attitudes toward risk.1 Preference-based rational choice theory thus fundamentally treats of individuals’ approaches to situations involving risk.
Campaigning Oniline
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

The Internet is now a part of American democracy. A majority of Americans are online and many of them use the Internet to learn political information and to follow election campaigns. Candidates now invest heavily in Web and e-mail campaign communication tools in order to reach prospective voters, as well as to communicate with journalists, potential donors, and political activists. How are their efforts paying off? Are voters influenced by what they see on the Internet? Do they use online resources to learn about issues and candidates that mainstream media are not covering? Is the Internet empowering the shrinking electorate to return to the polls? Campaigning Online answers these questions with a close-up look at the dynamics of the 2000 election on the Internet. Examining how candidates present themselves online, and how voters respond to their efforts - including measures of whether they learn from candidates’ web sites and whether their opinions are affected by what they see, the authors present the first systematic depiction of the role of campaign web sites in American elections. The authors paint a portrait of the voters’ side and the candidates’ side of campaigning on the Internet that has been unavailable so far. They report on a wealth of new data and evidence drawn from national and state-wide surveys, laboratory experiments, interviews with campaign staff, and analysis of web sites themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Singley Carol J
Published: October 2023

Few Novels of the twentieth century pose the question of women and marriage more directly than Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth. And few characters compel readers’ attention more completely than the beautiful, provocative, and ill-fated Lily Bart. Since the novel was first published in both serial and book form in 1905, readers across the United States have eagerly followed Lily’s misadventures and have engaged in vigorous, often passionate debate about her downfall. The House of Mirth was an immediate best-seller, earning Edith Wharton high praise and profit. It has been popularly and critically acclaimed ever since. A unique blend of romance, realism, and naturalism, The House of Mirth qualifies as a “novel of manners,” but it also transcends this narrow classification. It is both a powerful love story and a searing critique of a society so relentlessly materialistic and self-serving that it casually destroys what is most beautiful and blameless within it.
Dispersion of the Strategic Force
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: October 2023

The reign of Alexander I was certain to bring about an enormous increase in the size of the strategic force. The wars against Napoleon and against Sweden in Finland in order to assert the empire’s hegemony in the western theater, as well as those against the Ottomans and Persians in Bulgaria and Transcaucasia to round out its hegemony in the Heartland, imposed tremendous demands on the empire’s military capabilities. The imperial army of the late 1820s had changed beyond recognition.

At the outset of the reign, in 1801, the infantry consisted of thirteen grenadier, sixty-nine musketeer, and fifteen chasseur regiments; by 1803, there were eight more musketeer and five more chasseur regiments, in addition to the three of Guard infantry, for a total of 113 regiments and 235,122 troops, including 8,099 in the Guard. The cavalry consisted of thirteen cuirassier, fifteen dragoon, and eight hussar regiments, a total of thirty-six raised to thirty-seven in 1803, in addition to four of Guard cavalry. By then, the importance of the cuirassiers so favored by Paul had been downgraded in favor of the dragoons in twenty-two regiments, in accordance with the recommendation of the Military Commission of 1801, which looked on the dragoons as a form of mounted infantry capable of moving easily over long distances to convoy the infantry’s train.
Boston Takes the Lead
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

Perhaps more than most crises in the past, revolutions take on the appearance of inevitable, even natural events. They usually have small beginnings that grow into large confrontations between political bodies and a people. Riots become rebellions, and rebellions, war; at the climax, power shifts—or seems to—as a ruler or class is deposed and the state transformed.
The Homestead Act: A Major Asset-Building Policy in American History
Authors: Shanks Trina Williams
Published: October 2023

Land policy plays an important role in U.S. history. From frontier life, as exemplified by Laura Ingalls Wilder in her Little House on the Prairie books (Wilder, 1935) to key moments, such as the 1889 Land Run in Oklahoma, policy decisions about property shaped how and where people lived in early American society. One of the most enduring pieces of legislation shaped settlement in the western territories from 1863 to 1939. Signed into law on May 20, 1862, by Abraham Lincoln, the Homestead Act was one of the nation’s first major domestic policies. The act is important for several reasons. It represents consensus culminating from a larger dialogue concerning the rights of citizenship, how the nation’s land resources would be managed, and whether an opportunity should be provided for individuals other than the wealthy to own property in the western territories. In addition, it complements other policy and economic changes that were taking place simultaneously during the latter part of the nineteenth century.
American Bioethics
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Bioethics was “born in the USA” and the values American bioethics embrace are based on American law, including liberty and justice. This book crosses the borders between bioethics and law, but moves beyond the domestic law/bioethics struggles for dominance by exploring attempts to articulate universal principles based on international human rights. The isolationism of bioethics in the US is not tenable in the wake of scientific triumphs like decoding the human genome, and civilizational tragedies like international terrorism. Annas argues that by crossing boundaries which have artificially separated bioethics and health law from the international human rights movement, American bioethics can be reborn as a global force for good, instead of serving mainly the purposes of U.S. academics. This thesis is explored in a variety of international contexts such as terrorism and genetic engineering, and in U.S. domestic disputes such as patient rights and market medicine. The citizens of the world have created two universal codes: science has sequenced the human genome and the United Nations has produced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The challenge for American bioethics is to combine these two great codes in imaginative and constructive ways to make the world a better, and healthier, place to live.
The Mental State of Torturers
Authors: Osiel Mark
Published: October 2023

Alfredo Astiz led one of the most effective and notorious death squads during Argentina’s dirty war, during which at least eleven thousand persons were murdered. Like the far better known Adolf Eichmann, he never committed any significant wrong before or after the particular wars in which they committed their evils. Neither man displayed any malicious motives, defects of character (such as uncontrollable rage), or mental instability, whether before, during or after their crimes. It is even impossible to assert that either of these men lacked meaningful attachment to other people, leaving him incapable of empathy for human suffering. What was central to each is the occupation of a role that dictated that commands from superiors were never to be questioned, much less challenged. “I have the soul of a soldier,” says Astiz. “And the first thing they taught me was to obey my superiors.” Eichmann said virtually the same, both on the stand and in his diaries. By temperament and training, both men were careerists and conformists. But colleagues judged neither to be obsequious.
Laying India’s Ailments before Dr. Wilson
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

The growing unrest in Egypt was by no means the only threat facing the British Empire in the crisis year of 1919. In India, the crown jewel of the empire, Wilson’s call of self-determination had also found an audience. A few years later, in a preface to a collection of the president’s wartime addresses published in India, the prominent liberal politician and intellectual V. S. Srinivasa Sastri noted the “unparalleled demonstration” that had met Wilson in Europe and added that he would have met a similar reception in Asia, had he come there.
The Populist Vision
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

In the late nineteenth century, monumental technological innovations like the telegraph and steam power made America and the world a much smaller place. New technologies also made possible large-scale organization and centralization. Corporations grew exponentially and the rich amassed great fortunes. Those on the short end of these wrenching changes responded in the Populist revolt, one of the most effective challenges to corporate power in American history. But what did Populism represent? Half a century ago, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. Since then, the romantic notion of Populism as the resistance movement of tradition-based and pre-modern communities to a modern and commercial society has prevailed. In a broad, innovative reassessment, based on a deep reading of archival sources, The Populist Vision argues that the Populists understood themselves as--and were in fact--modern people, who pursued an alternate vision for modern America. Taking into account both the leaders and the led, The Populist Vision uses a wide lens, focusing on the farmers, both black and white, men and women, while also looking at wager workers and bohemian urbanites. From Texas to the Dakotas, from Georgia to California, farmer Populists strove to use the new innovations for their own ends. They sought scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale cooperative businesses, and pressed for reforms on the model of the nation's most elaborate bureaucracy - the Postal Service. Hundreds of thousands of Populist farm women sought education, employment in schools and offices, and a more modern life. Miners, railroad workers, and other labor Populists joined with farmers to give impetus to the regulatory state. Activists from Chicago, San Francisco, and other new cities provided Populism with a dynamic urban dimension This major reassessment of the Populist experience is essential reading for anyone interested in the politics, society, and culture of modern America.
“Dreadful To Me” Jane Eyre And History
Authors: Glen Heather
Published: October 2023

It has no learning, no research, it discusses no subject of public interest,” wrote Charlotte Brontë shortly after the publication of Jane Eyre. Even the novel’s admirers have been inclined to echo this view. “Of the novels included here,” Kathleen Tillotson announces categorically, in her Novels of the Eighteen-Forties, “Jane Eyre has the least relation to its time.” Such social commentary as it may offer is oblique, limited, incidental. It is both in purpose and effect primarily a novel of the inner life, not of man in his social relations; it maps a private world...a love-story, a Cinderella fable, a Bluebeard mystery, an autobiography from forlorn childhood to happy marriage: this novel makes its appeal first and last to “the unchanging human heart.”2
Divide And Conquer
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

This wide-ranging book is the first to examine one of the most significant and characteristic features of modern medicine—specialization—in historical and comparative context. Based on research in three languages, it traces the origins of modern medical specialization to 1830s Paris and examines its spread to Germany, Britain, and the US, showing how it evolved from an outgrowth of academic teaching and research in the 19th century into the dominant mode of medical practice by the middle of the 20th. Taking account of the parallels and differences in national developments, the book shows the international links among the nations’ medical systems as well as the independent influences of local political and social conditions in the move toward specialization. An epilogue takes the story up to the twenty-first century, where problems of specialization merge into the larger crisis of health care which affects most western nations today.
Division, Unification, and Competition
Authors: Weisz George
Published: October 2023

Specialties associated with women were not alone in coming together and separating during complex processes of professional gestation. In some fields, unfolding patterns were common to all four countries discussed in this book. In others, significant national variations emerged. Specialties focusing on the organs of the head fit into the first of these categories, while venereology provides an example of the second.
The GI Bill
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

On rare occasions in American history, Congress enacts a measure so astute, so far-reaching, so revolutionary, it enters the language as a metaphor. The Marshall Plan comes to mind, as does the Civil Rights Act. But perhaps none resonates in the American imagination like the G.I. Bill. In a brilliant addition to Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments in American History series, historians Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin offer a compelling and often surprising account of the G.I. Bill and its sweeping and decisive impact on American life. Formally known as the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, it was far from an obvious, straightforward piece of legislation, but resulted from tense political maneuvering and complex negotiations. As Altschuler and Blumin show, an unlikely coalition emerged to shape and pass the bill, bringing together both New Deal Democrats and conservatives who had vehemently opposed Roosevelt's social-welfare agenda. For the first time in American history returning soldiers were not only supported, but enabled to pursue success--a revolution in America's policy towards its veterans. Once enacted, the G.I. Bill had far-reaching consequences. By providing job training, unemployment compensation, housing loans, and tuition assistance, it allowed millions of Americans to fulfill long-held dreams of social mobility, reshaping the national landscape. The huge influx of veterans and federal money transformed the modern university and the surge in single home ownership vastly expanded America's suburbs. Perhaps most important, as Peter Drucker noted, the G.I. Bill "signaled the shift to the knowledge society." The authors highlight unusual or unexpected features of the law--its color blindness, the frankly sexist thinking behind it, and its consequent influence on race and gender relations. Not least important, Altschuler and Blumin illuminate its role in individual lives whose stories they weave into this thoughtful account. Written with insight and narrative verve by two leading historians, The G.I. Bill makes a major contribution to the scholarship of postwar America.
Prologue
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

From the southern coast of Turkey, you can see the island of Cyprus. It looks beautiful, and sailors often try to land there, only to run aground on the treacherous reefs. Along the shore are scattered the remains of innumerable boats, ‘some wrecked and half covered by the sand; others showing the poop and another the prow, here a keel and there the ribs’. It seems, Leonardo da Vinci continues, ‘like a day of judgement when there should be a resurrection of dead ships, so great is the number of them’.
Chapter Five
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson
Published: October 2023

The word “campaign” is a military term. It implies leadership, orders, a hierarchical structure, and above all a willingness on the part of the rank and file to place common cause above individual interest. The penalties for disobeying orders in a political campaign are far less stringent than in a military one, and individuals in a political campaign will always have their eyes on their interests as well as those of the candidate or party, yet most successful political campaigns follow as closely as possible the military model. “To manage men,” said a Jacksonian organizer, “is as much a science as to manage armies.” It probably was no coincidence that the first truly national political campaign for the presidency was run on behalf of a military figure.
Chapter Six
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson
Published: October 2023

If there was any competition for an official Jackson campaign song in 1828, “The Hunters of Kentucky” would top the list. Written by Samuel Woodworth soon after the Battle itself, it was in fact less than accurate, given Jackson’s criticism of the Kentuckians at the time. In his view the Kentuckians had arrived at New Orleans late, ill trained, and ill equipped. But no matter. In 1828 the song was published and republished throughout the nation, with great success. (There was no counterpart in the Adams campaign.)
The Making of a Confederate
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

For all the advances of the civil rights movement, and for all the cultural diversity attending economic prosperity, many white southerners have been unable to relinquish the Confederate past and the idea of a heroic, liberty-loving South crushed by power-hungry Yankees. The Making of a Confederate uses the life of one man--Walter Lenoir of North Carolina--to explore the origins of southern white identity and the myriad ambiguities and complexities embedded in that history. Lenoir's case is particularly fascinating in the way it complicates notions about the sources of rabid devotion to the Confederate cause. Although born into a wealthy slaveholding family, Lenoir acknowledged the institution's evils and intended to divest himself of his inherited slaves. Opposed to secession, he planned in 1860 to move to Minnesota in the free North. With the war's outbreak, however, everything changed. Lenoir joined the Confederate army and fervidly supported its cause to the end. His postwar career reveals how one Confederate coped with bereavement and a crushing sense of loss, as he refashioned his memory of what had caused the war and embraced the cult of the Lost Cause. And while some southerners sank into depression, sought accommodation with the victors, or opposed the new order through various means, Lenoir found a fresh purpose by withdrawing to his acreage in the North Carolina mountains to pursue his own vision of the South's future, one that called for greater self-sufficiency and a more efficient use of the land. For Walter Lenoir and many other Confederates, the war never really ended. In tracing this compelling story, William Barney offers new insight into the uses of memory and how individual choices transform abstract historical processes into concrete actions.