bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Framework for the Description of Convection in Meso-scale Synoptic System
Authors: Zhao Nan , Takahashi Masaaki
Published: February 2016

Abstract. By introducing an appropriately-defined imbalanced vortical flow as the basic state, our previous study has extended conventional instability theories of balanced flows for meso-scale convection. It considered not only the apparent instability of the imbalanced basic state but also the two-way interaction between convection/IGWs and this imbalance. This paper reports our new progresses of such framework. A regular perturbation method on the nonlinear case is performed to have an insight into the triggering mechanism of convection. It seems convection can be triggered in resonance either with imbalance forcing or with nonlinear interaction among different modes. Even if all these cannot happen, an imbalance forcing with strong enough magnitude may eventually trigger convection. These are essentially different from the concept of Liyapunov instability, in which an initial disturbance is necessary. In some simplified but relatively general setting, all modes that may contribute to the structures of meso-scale convection are investigated, including free modes of convection and forced modes of convection/IGWs by imbalance. Particularly, the influences of arbitrary distribution of stratification on qualitative properties of free and forced convection/IGW modes are discussed. Also, approximate forms of forced convection/IGW modes suitable for application are given for horizontally uniform stratification. Finally, to demonstrate the potential application of our theory, the concept of imbalance forcing and balanced flow adjustment is shown to be useful in the understanding of key issues in typhoon study, such as its possible role in typhoon's self-organization, Fujiwhara effect and the relationship between typhoon’s asymmetric structure and its track recurvature.
Why Do Saudi EFL Readers Exhibit Poor Reading Abilities?
Authors: AL-Qahtani Abdulaziz Ali
Published: February 2016

The aim of the current study was to investigate the reasons behind Saudi learners’ poor reading skills. To this end, the objectives were to identify the reading habits of Saudi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) middle school learners, to understand the extent to which Saudi EFL middle school learners use reading comprehension skills and to explore the perceptions of learners, teachers and supervisors regarding Saudi EFL learners’ reading abilities. The study sample consisted of 90 Saudi EFL middle school students, eight EFL teachers and six supervisors. The students were surveyed and interviewed about their reading habits and use of reading skills, while the teachers and supervisors were interviewed to explore their perceptions about reading instruction in the Saudi context. The results revealed that most Saudi EFL students lack the necessary reading habits in L1 and L2. In addition, they rarely make use of important reading skills when they read English texts. This study identified “lack of exposure to target language”, “poor teaching skills and teacher training programs”, “little attention to comprehension and more attention to reading aloud”, “students’ lack of motivation”, “little emphasis on reading skills in textbooks”, “unfamiliar and unsuitable reading topics”, “lack of reading skills training for students”, “students’ limited vocabulary” and “lack of parental involvement” as the most important factors behind Saudi students’ poor reading abilities. The study concluded with important recommendations and suggestions for future research.
Multidimensional Interpretation of Speech Indirectness
Authors: Ma Maoxiang , Li Yingxia
Published: February 2016

Indirect speech is a universal phenomenon of human language communication. Out of courtesy or some other social conventions, people convey their intentions not always in a straightforward manner, but often by implication, expressing subtle implication politely. Thus, the proper interpretation and understanding of indirect speech is vital to our success of communication. This paper reviews the predecessors’ interpretation from the Anglo-American tradition of pragmatic theory, relevance theory, adaptation theory to other linguistic perspectives with a brief comment on those dimensions, and at the same time, it tries to explore a comprehensive interpretation approach to indirect speech, in order to enrich the mechanism of indirect speech interpretation, and help with successful communication.
A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Cognitive Group Therapy and Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Depression among the Students
Authors: Sadeghi Khirollah , Ahmadi Seyed Majid , Ahmadi Seyed Mojtaba , Rezaei Mansour , Miri Javad , Abdi Alireza , Khamoshi Firoozeh , Salehi Mahin , Jamshidi Khadijeh
Published: February 2016

Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Finding effective treatments for such a disorder with higher efficiency lower side effects and affordability is an active area of research in psychiatry. This study aimed to comparatively analyze the effects of the cognitive group therapy and aerobic exercises on depression, automatic negative thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes of students at Kermanshah University of Medical Science.

Methods: In this clinical trial, 46 associate and undergraduate students at Kermanshah University of Medical Science were randomly divided into three groups: cognitive therapy, aerobic exercise, and control. The data was gathered both before and 8 weeks after the intervention. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), automatic negative thoughts (ATQ), and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used as the data collection instruments. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 15 using paired T-test groups, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: Cognitive therapy caused a significant decrease in depression, belief in automatic negative thoughts, and dysfunctional attitudes in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Although aerobics compared to the control group causes more reductions in the variables, however, It was only meaningful for the depression variable (p=0.049). Cognitive therapy also reduced the variables more than the aerobic exercise, but the decrease was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: Cognitive group therapy and aerobic exercise are effective in treating depression. For treating depression, aerobic exercise can be used as a therapy itself or along with cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy.
Early Maladaptive Schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Yoosefi Afsaneh , RajeziEsfahani Sepideh , Pourshahbaz Abbas , Dolatshahee Behrooz , Assadi Abbasali , Maleki Fahime , Momeni Sara
Published: February 2016

Background: Purpose of this study is comparing early maladaptive schemas which are active in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders together, considering recent DSM-5 changes through which OCD has been placed in a separate and new diagnostic level.

Methodology: This research is a causal-comparative study. 151 persons were categorized in three groups of people suffering from OCD (50), suffering from anxiety disorders (50), and control group (51). Early diagnosis of disorders in two clinical groups were verified based on structured clinical interview for DSM )SCID-I) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). General health questionnaire (GHQ-28), the short versions of the Young schemas questionnaire (YSQ), and Padua inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) were also implemented.

Findings: Findings revealed that mean scores of all schemas of those suffering from anxiety disorders, except for Self-Sacrifice, Unrelenting-Standards/Hypercriticalness, Entitlement/Grandiosity schemas, and mean scores of all early maladaptive schemas of those suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder are significantly higher than those of control group. OCD group had significantly higher scores in Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, and Defectiveness/Shame schemas than anxiety disorders group. Defectiveness/Shame and Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schemas can explain 38 percent of variance of obsessive compulsive symptoms.

Conclusion: The dominant and specific early maladaptive schemas of OCD are Defectiveness/Shame, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation Schemas. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas, suggests that interventions based on specific schemas can be useful methods in treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders.
Azithromycin versus Cephalexin for Simple Traumatic Wounds in the Emergency Department: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Ghafouri Hamed Basir , Zare Morteza , Bazrafshan Azam , Edalatkhah Abbas , Abazarian Niloofar
Published: February 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate efficacy of azithromycin versus cephalexin for infection prophylaxisis in patients with simple traumatic wounds managed at emergency department.

Method: This randomized controlled trial compared short-course therapy of once-daily azithromycin (500 mg before the wound repair followed by 250 mg/day for 5 days) with cephalexin (1000 mg before wound repair followed by 250 mg every 6 hours for 5 days) in the treatment of patients with simple traumatic wounds. A total of 366 patients were randomly selected for the study and 303 were evaluated for the final analysis.

Results: On completion of therapy, the rate of observed infection was 9.6% in the cephalexin group (15 patients, odds ratio=0.77, 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 1.06) and 5.4% in the azithromycin group (8 patients, odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.80 to 2.52). Both treatment indicated similar prophylactic efficacy during the study (P=0.197).

Conclusion: Our study showed that Azithromycin as infection prophylaxis in simple traumatic wounds had the same effect as cephalexin but azithromycin is easier to use and more cost-effective compared to cephalexin.
The Effective Factors for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adults: A Need Assessment Study Based on Trans-Theoretical Model
Authors: Hazavehei Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Shahabadi Sara , Karami Manoochehr , Saidi Mohammad Reza , Bashiriyan Saeed , Akhgar Masoome , Hashemi Seyedeh Zeinab
Published: February 2016

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommended consuming at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables (FV) per day in order to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The purpose of this study is to determine the influential factors related to intake of FV among adults in Kermanshah city based on Transtheoritical Model.

Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which is conducted in Kermanshah city. Participants (n=1230) are selected by multi stage sampling; 30-50 year olds people covered by health centers. In order to collect data, we used a TTM-based questionnaire. The results are analyzed using SPSS-16 and Lisrel 8, with P< 0.05 as statistically significant level.

Results: The mean age of the participants is 37.75 and 65% of them are women .The mean score of knowledge is 2.4; that is, 80% of men and 78% of women in this study are in poor knowledge about FV consumption. In case of fruit and vegetable consumption behavior, 50% and 61% of participants are in pre-contemplation/contemplation stage, respectively. The average number of fruit servings is 1.42 and the average number of vegetable servings is 0.99 per day. Also, ANOVA test results showed a significant correlation between constructs of TTM and stages of change so that individuals' progress through stages of change from pre-contemplation to maintenance added on the scores of self-efficiency, processes of change, and decisional balance.

Conclusion: This study indicated that, TTM constructs such as self-efficacy, processes of change, and decisional balance are good predictors for FV consumption. 
Reliability and Validity of the Korean-Parental Self-Efficacy with Eczema Care Index
Authors: Lee Hyejung , Son Hae Kyoung , Kim Ji Su , Han Man Yong , Noh Geunwoong
Published: February 2016

Background: Atopic dermatitis is a global problem affecting children, and its prevalence in Korea is steadily increasing. Since it is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease, caregiver management of young children's atopic dermatitis is crucial for positive treatment outcomes. A factor that contributes to adherence to recommended prescriptions is parents’ self-efficacy. However, accurate measurements of parental self-efficacy in relation to disease-specific task management are scarce.

Objectives: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean language version of the Parental Self-Efficacy with Eczema Care Index (K-PASECI).

Methods: One hundred twenty five mothers of children younger than 13 years old who had atopic dermatitis were recruited from three tertiary hospitals across Korea. The K-PASECI was developed in accordance with the published guidelines. Psychometric testing included factor analysis, internal consistency testing, and concurrent validity analysis by comparing K-PASECI domains with parenting self-efficacy subscales.

Results: Factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure that explained 69.4% of the variance. The four factors were as follows; managing a child’s symptoms and behaviour, communicating with medical staff, managing medication, and using moisturizer as part of routine management. The findings showed acceptable internal consistency (α=.94) and a moderate positive correlation with parenting self-efficacy (r=.48, p<.001).

Conclusion: The K-PASECI, a reliable and valid scale for measuring self-efficacy in parents caring for children with atopic dermatitis, may be used in clinical and research settings to measure parents’ self-efficacy in Korea, as well as in other English-speaking countries. 
Modeling the Clustering Volatility of India’s Wholesale Price Index and the Factors Affecting It
Authors: Azimi Mohammad Naim
Published: February 2016

This paper proposes to examine the clustering volatility of India’s Wholesale Price Index throughout the period 1960 to 2014 by applying the ARCH (1) and GARCH (1) model. The pre-conditional requirement for the computation of ARCH (1, 1) required us to perform several other tests i.e. Dickey Fuller, Ordinary Least Squared Regression and post OLS tests for investigating the ARCH effect in the first difference of WPI. The statistical analysis reveals a p-value of 0.569 for the GARCH mean model which is not significant at ∂ 0.05 to explain that the previous period’s volatility can influence the WPI. The coefficient of WPI at first difference exhibits a value of less than 1 which is nice in magnitude with a p-value of 0.005 for ARCH at ∂ 0.05 which is significant to explain the volatility of the WPI. The diagnostic test of autocorrelation in the residuals reveals that the residuals are white noise by exhibiting a corresponding probability value of 0.3757. Since, the overarching objective of this paper is to examine the clustering volatility of the aforementioned variable with regards to the internal shocks, there might have been other factors of external shocks on WPI that have deliberately been overlooked in this paper.
Rate of recovery of lichen-dominated tundra vegetation after overgrazing at the Yamal Peninsula ( Short Communication )
Authors: Ektova Svetlana N. , Morozova Ludmila M.
Published: February 2016

Lichens are the most sensitive part of vegetation cover to reindeer grazing. In this study we analyse success of restoration rate of lichen-rich tundra vegetation after ceasing the grazing stress at the Yamal Peninsula. On experimental plots we compare the main parameters of lichen mat (species diversity, total cover, thalii height, biomass, recovery rate) on grazed pastures and fanced sites after 13 years after of its isolation. Our results demonstrate that after intensive overgrazing the lichen species diversity and synusiases structure change very slowly. The rate of the biomass increase of lichens for this period has made 3.8 g m-2 year-1 that makes 3.6% from mass in the year. But this rate is two times lowers than in highly productive lichen communities.
Basic epidemiological data on metazoan parasites of noto-thenioid fish off James Ross Island (Prince Gustav Channel, Weddell Sea), Antarctica
Authors: Nezhybová Veronika , Mašová Šárka
Published: February 2016

During the Czech Antarctic expedition 2014, 102 fish of six species (Trematomus hansoni, T.bernacchii, T. newnesi, Notothenia coriiceps, Parachaenichthys charcoti, Pagothenia borchgrevinki) were examined for parasites. The fish were caught in the Prince Gustav Channel (depth about 5–25 m) off the Johann Gregor Mendel Station on the James Ross Island. Altogether 7,925 metazoan parasites were found, which were identified to individual groups (usually classes). The most abundant were nematode larvae (prevalence 97.0 %, mean abundance 32.7 larvae/per fish), followed by acanthocephalans, especially larvae of species of Corynosoma (76.5%, 14.9) and monogeneans (77.5%, 13.0). Cestodes (Diphyllobothriidea, Tetraphyllidea) were represented by larval stages whereas trematodes only by adults. Our preliminary data may help in future studies on fish parasites in Antarctica because they indicate the most abundant groups of parasites occurring in notothenioid fish.
Production of UV-B screens and changes in photosynthetic efficiency in Antarctic Nostoc commune colonies and a lichen Xanthoria elegans depend on a dose and duration of UV-B stress
Authors: Monteiro Estvāo Diogo Miguel
Published: February 2016

The survival of non-vascular autotrophs in the extreme polar conditions and the principles of their high tolerance to extreme physical factors have been intriguing scientists in last decades. Therefore, this study focuses on the capacity of production of UV-B screening pigments in two model Antarctic species, one algal lichen, and colony of a cyanobacterium. Dose-dependent activation of protective mechanisms of Antarctic cyanobacterium (Nostoc commune) and algal lichen (Xanthoria elegans), synthesis of UV-B screening compounds in particular, were studied together with the changes in photosynthetic efficiency induced by a background photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) supplemented with UV-B radiation. The samples were exposed to different doses of UV-B (280–320 nm), low (0.7 W m-2), medium (1.5 W m-2) and high (3.0 W m-2) for 5 days. Untreated samples (control) were shielded from UV-B radiation during experiment. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and secondary UV-B protective metabolites were analysed in the intervals of 24 h, 48 h and 120 h. Amount of UV-B screening pigments was measured spectrophotometrically using several specific wavelengths in UV-B absorption range. Results showed that if exposed to a low dose of UV-B radiation or a short-term treatment, both species exhibited an increase in UV-B screening pigments to protect the lichen photobiont against UV-B damage. However, if exposed to a high dose of UV-B radiation or a long-term treatment, a decrease of UV-B screening compounds occured. This implies that Antarctic lichen and cyanobacterium can protect themselves against an increase of stress factors ranging within physiological limits, like e.g. increased synthesis of UV-B screening compounds thanks to a thinning of the ozone layer and consequent increase in UV radiation doses incident on Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, the likely increased UV-B radiation due to more intense depletion of stratospheric ozone layer may lead to alterations in UV-B tolerance in Antarctic lichens in future.
A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several ‘orphaned’ species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Authors: Enghoff Henrik
Published: February 2016

The new genus Geotypodon gen. nov. is described. It includes two species from the Udzungwa Mountains: G. millemanus gen. et sp. nov. (type species) and G. submontanus gen. et sp. nov., one species from nearby Iringa: G. iringensis gen. et sp. nov., and 18 previously described species hitherto incorrectly assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841.
Making the Most of Teacher Self-Captured Video
Authors: van Es Elizabeth A. , Stockero Shari L. , Sherin Miriam G. , Van Zoest Laura R. , Dyer Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Recent advances in technology have resulted in an array of new digital tools for capturing classroom video, making it much easier for teachers to collect video from their own classrooms and share it with colleagues, both near and far. We view teacher selfcaptured video as a promising tool for improving mathematics teacher education. In this article, we discuss three issues that are essential for making the most of selfcaptured video: camera position, how much video to capture, and when to specify tasks for capturing, selecting, and using video. We propose that the act of deliberately participating in the self-capture process, as well as viewing and analyzing one's own video with colleagues, offers worthwhile opportunities for mathematics teacher learning.
Двум смертям не бывать, а одной не миновать: Sovijaus sakmė ir jos paralelės rytų slavų folklore
Authors: Lemeškin Ilja
Published: February 2016

Straipsnis yra skirtas Sovijaus sakmei – kūriniui, dėl kurio kilmės – sakytinės arba verstinės-rašytinės – iki šiol diskutuojama (Tatjana Vilkul, I. Lemeškin, Sergejus Temčinas, Dainius Razauskas, Artūras Dubonis). Siužeto paralelės, tirtinos rytų slavų folklore bei senojoje istoriografijoje, pagrindžia tautosakinį sakmės pobūdį.
Naturlige goder? Forarbejdning af råvarer i globale tider
Authors: Natural Goods Redaktionen
Published: February 2016

Forord til temanummeret Naturlige goder?
Transcriptional activator TAp63 is upregulated in muscular atrophy during ALS and induces the pro-atrophic ubiquitin ligase Trim63
Authors: von Grabowiecki Yannick , Abreu Paula , Blanchard Orphee , Palamiuc Lavinia , Benosman Samir , Mériaux Sophie , Devignot Véronique , Gross Isabelle , Mellitzer Georg , Gonzalez de Aguilar José L , Gaiddon Christian
Published: February 2016

Mechanisms of muscle atrophy are complex and their understanding might help finding therapeutic solutions for pathologies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We meta-analyzed transcriptomic experiments of muscles of ALS patients and mouse models, uncovering a p53 deregulation as common denominator. We then characterized the induction of several p53 family members (p53, p63, p73) and a correlation between the levels of p53 family target genes and the severity of muscle atrophy in ALS patients and mice. In particular, we observed increased p63 protein levels in the fibers of atrophic muscles via denervation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. At a functional level, we demonstrated that TAp63 and p53 transactivate the promoter and increased the expression of Trim63 (MuRF1), an effector of muscle atrophy. Altogether, these results suggest a novel function for p63 as a contributor to muscular atrophic processes via the regulation of multiple genes, including the muscle atrophy gene Trim63.
Low Total Cholesterol Levels and Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Gendle Mathew H. , Flashburg Alyssa G. , Higgins Kristi L. , Oristian Kristianne M.
Published: February 2016

Very low levels of systemic total cholesterol (TC) may have adverse neurological consequences, and there is a lack of research investigating how TC levels are related to specific aspects of behavior and cognition. This study examined the relationship between low TC levels and performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a standardized measure of decision making. Fasting plasma TC levels were measured in 61 healthy female university undergraduates, various demographic and health measures were obtained, and each participant completed the IGT. Individuals with TC < 140 mg/dL performed significantly more poorly on the IGT than those with TC ≥ 140 mg/dL (p  = 0.01). On the IGT, participants with TC levels < 140 mg/dL persisted in preferentially responding to task stimuli with large and immediate monetary gains, despite the fact that these gains were yoked to increasing and unpredictable losses over time. This difference cannot be attributed to dissimilarities in BMI or general health between the groups. These findings indicate that TC levels < 140 mg/dL are associated with significant impairments in decision making and heightened behavioral impulsivity. Negative cognitive and behavioral outcomes with “real-world” relevance may be associated with very low TC levels.
Study of the Blood Supply Fraction of the Ascending Aorta and Its Effect in Diagnosing Early Ascending Aortic Atherosclerosis
Authors: Wang Kun , Cao Tiesheng , Zhao Lianbi , Yang Yong , Feng Yang , Duan Yunyou , Yuan Lijun , Xing Changyang , Ren Huari
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To investigate the capacity of blood storage of certain large arteries during diastole, we first studied the ascending aorta by echocardiography. The concept of the blood supply fraction of the ascending aorta was then introduced to evaluate elastic retraction of the ascending aortic wall and determine its role in diagnosing early atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta.

Methods

First, we enrolled 120 healthy volunteers and divided them into 3 groups according to age: 20 to 35 years (B1 group), 36 to 50 years (B2 group), and 51 to 65 years (B3 group); there were 40 volunteers in each group. We used echocardiography to measure the blood supply fraction in each volunteer and compared the results for each group. Then we enrolled 40 patients (51–65 years) with early atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, measured the blood supply fraction of each, and compared the results with the B3 group.

Results

The mean blood supply fractions ± SD in the B1, B2, and B3 groups were 21.75% ± 1.53%, 20.76% ± 1.62%, and 18.44% ± 1.19%, respectively. The fraction in the B3 group was significantly lower than those in the B1 and B2 groups (P < .01). The fraction in the patients with early atherosclerosis was 14.92% ± 1.01%, which was obviously lower than that in the B3 group (P < .01).

Conclusions

The blood supply fraction of the ascending aorta decreases with age, and it could be used as a parameter for diagnosis of early atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta.
Sonography of Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: Sanchez Thomas Ray , Corwin Michael T. , Davoodian Andrew , Stein-Wexler Rebecca
Published: February 2016

Abdominal pain is very common in the pediatric population (<18 years of age). Sonography is a safe modality that can often differentiate the frequently encountered causes of abdominal pain in children. This pictorial essay will discuss the sonographic findings of acute appendicitis, including the imaging appearance of a perforated appendicitis. It will also present the sonographic features of the relatively common mimics of appendicitis, such as mesenteric adenitis/gastroenteritis, intussusception, Meckel diverticulum, and ovarian torsion.
Ex Vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model for Analysis of Fetal Circulation in the Chorionic Plate
Authors: Gordon Zoya , Glaubach Lilia , Elad David , Zaretsky Uri , Jaffa Ariel J.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to develop an ex vivo placental perfusion model to assess changes in the umbilical artery systolic‐to‐diastolic (S/D) ratio due to progressive occlusion of the placental arterial system.

Methods

Ex vivo human placentas were connected to a computerized pulse duplicator mimicking pulsatile flow from the fetal heart. Doppler sonographic measurements were conducted on the umbilical and chorionic arteries of 25 mature placentas. Simulation of placental occlusion was performed by progressive ligature of the chorionic arteries, including one umbilical artery. The correlation between the umbilical artery S/D ratio and the severity of simulated placental occlusion was analyzed.

Results

The normal mean S/D ratio ± SD decreased gradually along the chorionic plate from 2.66 ± 0.47 at the cord insertion to 1.90 ± 0.59 in generation IV of the chorionic vessels. The Doppler index initially increased slowly with simulated placental occlusion. Only when all 4 generations were occluded was the umbilical artery S/D ratio elevated. Complete occlusion of one umbilical artery resulted in a 39% increase in the umbilical artery S/D ratio.

Conclusions

This unique model combining Doppler sonography with perfusion of an ex vivo placenta can be used for a better understudying of pathologic placental blood flow circulation.
Guidelines for Performing Dermatologic Ultrasound Examinations by the DERMUS Group
Authors: Wortsman Ximena , Alfageme Fernando , Roustan Gaston , Arias-Santiago Salvador , Martorell Antonio , Catalano Orlando , Scotto di Santolo Maria , Zarchi Kian , Bouer Marcio , Gonzalez Claudia , Bard Robert , Mandava Anitha , Gaitini Diana
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To support standardization for performing dermatologic ultrasound examinations.

Methods

An international working group, called DERMUS (Dermatologic Ultrasound), was formed, composed of physicians who have been working on a regular basis and publishing in peer‐reviewed articles on dermatologic ultrasound. A questionnaire on 5 critical issues about performance of the examinations was prepared and distributed by e‐mail. The areas of discussion included technical aspects, main areas of application, minimum number of examinations per year required for assessing competence, qualifications of the personnel in charge of the examination, and organization of courses. Final recommendations were approved on the basis of the agreement of more than 50% of the members.

Results

The minimum frequency recommended for performing dermatologic examinations was 15 MHz. Routine use of color Doppler ultrasound and the performance of spectral curve analysis for assessing the main vascularity of lesions were suggested. Three‐dimensional reconstructions were considered optional. The main dermatologic applications were benign tumors, skin cancer, vascular anomalies, cosmetic field, nail disorders, and inflammatory diseases. The minimum number of examinations per year suggested by the group for assessing competence was 300. A physician and not a sonographer was recommended to be the person in charge of performing the examination. On course organization, a minimum of 2 levels of complexity (basic and advanced) was suggested.

Conclusions

There is a need to standardize the performance and quality of dermatologic ultrasound examinations. The present guidelines written by an international group of specialists in the field may support this objective.
Rapidly restoring biological soil crusts and ecosystem functions in a severely disturbed desert ecosystem
Authors: Chiquoine Lindsay P. , Abella Scott R. , Bowker Matthew A.
Published: February 2016

Restoring biological soil crusts (biocrusts) in degraded drylands can contribute to recovery of ecosystem functions that have global implications, including erosion resistance and nutrient cycling. To examine techniques for restoring biocrusts, we conducted a replicated, factorial experiment on recently abandoned road surfaces by applying biocrust inoculation (salvaged and stored dry for two years), salvaged topsoil, an abiotic soil amendment (wood shavings), and planting of a dominant perennial shrub (Ambrosia dumosa). Eighteen months after treatments, we measured biocrust abundance and species composition, soil chlorophyll a content and fertility, and soil resistance to erosion. Biocrust addition significantly accelerated biocrust recovery on disturbed soils, including increasing lichen and moss cover and cyanobacteria colonization. Compared to undisturbed controls, inoculated plots had similar lichen and moss composition, recovered 43% of total cyanobacteria density, had similar soil chlorophyll content, and exhibited recovery of soil fertility and soil stability. Inoculation was the only treatment that generated lichen and moss cover. Topsoil application resulted in partial recovery of the cyanobacteria community and soil properties. Compared to untreated disturbed plots, topsoil application without inoculum increased cyanobacteria density by 186% and moderately improved soil chlorophyll and ammonium content and soil stability. Topsoil application produced 22% and 51% of the cyanobacteria density g−1 soil compared to undisturbed and inoculated plots, respectively. Plots not treated with either topsoil or inoculum had significantly lower cyanobacteria density, soil chlorophyll and ammonium concentrations, and significantly higher soil nitrate concentration. Wood shavings and Ambrosia had no influence on biocrust lichen and moss species recovery but did affect cyanobacteria composition and soil fertility. Inoculation of severely disturbed soil with native biocrusts rapidly restored biocrust communities and soil stability such that restored areas were similar to undisturbed desert within three years. Using salvaged biocrust as inoculum can be an effective tool in ecological restoration because of its efficacy and simple implementation. Although salvaging biocrust material can be technically difficult and potentially costly, utilizing opportunities to salvage material in planned future disturbance can provide additional land management tools.
Forest restoration treatments have subtle long‐term effects on soil C and N cycling in mixed conifer forests
Authors: Ganzlin Peter W. , Gundale Michael J. , Becknell Rachel E. , Cleveland Cory C.
Published: February 2016

Decades of fire suppression following extensive timber harvesting have left much of the forest in the intermountain western United States exceedingly dense, and forest restoration techniques (i.e., thinning and prescribed fire) are increasingly being used in an attempt to mitigate the effects of severe wildfire, to enhance tree growth and regeneration, and to stimulate soil nutrient cycling. While many of the short‐term effects of forest restoration have been established, the long‐term effects on soil biogeochemical and ecosystem processes are largely unknown. We assessed the effects of commonly used forest restoration treatments (thinning, burning, and thinning + burning) on nutrient cycling and other ecosystem processes 11 yr after restoration treatments were implemented in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosavar.scopulorum)/Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesiivar.glauca) forest at the Lubrecht Fire and Fire Surrogates Study (FFS) site in western Montana, USA. Despite short‐term (<3 yr) increases in soil inorganic nitrogen (N) pools and N cycling rates following prescribed fire, long‐term soil N pools and N mineralization rates showed only subtle differences from untreated control plots. Similarly, despite a persistent positive correlation between fuels consumed in prescribed burns and several metrics of N cycling, variability in inorganic N pools decreased significantly since treatments were implemented, indicating a decline in N spatial heterogeneity through time. However, rates of net nitrification remain significantly higher in a thin + burn treatment relative to other treatments. Short‐term declines in forest floor carbon (C) pools have persisted in the thin + burn treatment, but there were no significant long‐term differences among treatments in extractable soil phosphorus (P). Finally, despite some short‐term differences, long‐term foliar nutrient concentrations, litter decomposition rates, and rates of free‐living N fixation in the experimental plots were not different from control plots, suggesting nutrient cycles and ecosystem processes in temperate coniferous forests are resilient to disturbance following long periods of fire suppression. Overall, this study provides forest managers and policymakers valuable information showing that the effects of these commonly used restoration prescriptions on soil nutrient cycling are ephemeral and that use of repeated treatments (i.e., frequent fire) will be necessary to ensure continued restoration success.
Structural insights into the difference in substrate recognition of two mannoside phosphorylases from two GH130 subfamilies
Authors: Ye Yuxin , Saburi Wataru , Odaka Rei , Kato Koji , Sakurai Naofumi , Komoda Keisuke , Nishimoto Mamoru , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Mori Haruhide , Yao Min
Published: February 2016

In Ruminococcus albus, 4‐O‐β‐d‐mannosyl‐d‐glucose phosphorylase (RaMP1) and β‐(1,4)‐mannooligosaccharide phosphorylase (RaMP2) belong to two subfamilies of glycoside hydrolase family 130. The two enzymes phosphorolyze β‐mannosidic linkages at the nonreducing ends of their substrates, and have substantially diverse substrate specificity. The differences in their mechanism of substrate binding have not yet been fully clarified. In the present study, we report the crystal structures of RaMP1 with/without 4‐O‐β‐d‐mannosyl‐d‐glucose and RaMP2 with/without β‐(1→4)‐mannobiose. The structures of the two enzymes differ at the +1 subsite of the substrate‐binding pocket. Three loops are proposed to determine the different substrate specificities. One of these loops is contributed from the adjacent molecule of the oligomer structure. In RaMP1, His245 of loop 3 forms a hydrogen‐bond network with the substrate through a water molecule, and is indispensible for substrate binding.
Constraining dolomitization by Mg isotopes: A case study from partially dolomitized limestones of the middle Cambrian Xuzhuang Formation, North China
Authors: Peng Yang , Shen Bing , Lang Xian‐Guo , Huang Kang‐Jun , Chen Ji‐Tao , Yan Zhen , Tang Wen‐bo , Ke Shan , Ma Hao‐Ran , Li Fang‐Bing
Published: February 2016

The “dolomite problem” refers to the rare dolomite formation in modern oceans that is in sharp contrast to the widespread ancient dolostone in rock record, as well as failure of laboratory inorganic dolomite precipitation at near Earth‐surface temperature. Novel Mg isotope systematics provides a promising tool in resolving the “dolomite problem”. Here, we develop a protocol to place constraints on the dolomitization process by using Mg isotopes. In this study, we measured Mg isotopic compositions (
) of two batches of partially dolomitized limestone samples from the middle Cambrian Xuzhuang Formation in North China.
varies between −0.55‰ and −3.18‰, and shows a negative linear correlation with
, suggesting that
can be described by a binary mixing between the calcite and dolomite components. Mg isotopic composition of the dolomite component (
) for the lower sample set that is collected from a 4 m stratigraphic interval containing three high‐frequency ribbon rock‐packstone cycles is −1.6‰, while
for the upper sample set (from a thick sequence of ribbon rock) is significantly higher (−0.3‰). However, neither mineralogical and elemental compositions, carbon and oxygen isotopes, nor crystal morphologies of dolomite provides diagnostic criteria to differentiate these two batches of samples.
of the Xuzhuang limestone is simulated by the Advective Flow (AF) and the Diffusion‐Advection‐Reaction (DAR) models. The AF model assumes that Mg is transported by advective fluid flows, while the DAR model simulates a contemporaneous seawater dolomitization process, in which Mg is delivered by diffusion. The AF modeling result indicates that
of the dolomitization fluid is +0.4‰ and +1.7‰ for the lower and upper sample sets, respectively. These values are significantly higher than modern and Cenozoic seawater Mg isotopic composition, suggesting that the dolomitization fluid is not contemporaneous seawater. The AF model also predicts spatially heterogeneous
with progressive enrichment in 26Mg along the fluid flow pathway. In the DAR model, both dolomite content and
of the lower sample set can be simulated by using seawater Mg isotopic composition of −0.75‰, thus contemporaneous seawater dolomitization may explain
of the Xuzhuang limestone. Furthermore, the DAR model demonstrates spatially homogeneous
. To differentiate the AF and DAR models, samples from multiple sections are required. Nevertheless, this study implies that Mg isotope might be a useful tool in the study of dolomitization.
Solar wind drivers of energetic electron precipitation
Authors: Asikainen T. , Ruopsa M.
Published: February 2016

Disturbances of near‐Earth space are predominantly driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) mostly originating from sunspots and high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) emanating from coronal holes. Here we study the relative importance of CMEs and HSSs as well as slow solar wind in producing energetic electron precipitation. We use the recently corrected energetic electron measurements from the Medium Energy Proton Electron Detector instrument on board low‐altitude NOAA/Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites from 1979 to 2013. Using solar wind observations categorized into three different flow types, we study the contributions of these flows to annual electron precipitation and their efficiencies in producing precipitation. We find that HSS contribution nearly always dominates over the other flows and peaks strongly in the declining solar cycle phase. CME contribution mostly follows the sunspot cycle but is enhanced also in the declining phase. The efficiency of both HSS and CME peaks in the declining phase. We also study the dependence of electron precipitation on solar wind southward magnetic field component, speed, and density and find that the solar wind speed is the dominant factor affecting the precipitation. Since HSSs enhance the average solar wind speed in the declining phase, they also enhance the efficiency of CMEs during these times and thus have a double effect in enhancing energetic electron precipitation.
Replacement of multiyear sea ice and changes in the open water season duration in the Beaufort Sea since 2004
Authors: Galley R. J. , Babb D. , Ogi M. , Else B. G. T. , Geilfus N.‐X. , Crabeck O. , Barber D. G. , Rysgaard S.
Published: February 2016

The last decade has witnessed the nine lowest Arctic September sea ice extents in the observational record. It also forms the most recent third of the long‐term trend in that record, which reached −13.4% decade−1 in 2015. While hemispheric analyses paint a compelling picture of sea ice loss across the Arctic, the situation with multiyear ice in the Beaufort Sea is particularly dire. This study was undertaken in light of substantial changes that have occurred in the extent of summer multiyear sea ice in the Arctic inferred from the passive microwave record. To better elucidate these changes at a sub‐regional scale, we use data from the Canadian Ice Service archive, the most direct observations of sea ice stage‐of‐development available. We also build upon the only previous sea ice climatological analysis for Canada's western Arctic region by sea ice stage‐of‐development that ended in 2004. The annual evolution of sea ice by stage of development in Canada's western Arctic changed dramatically between 1983 and 2014. The rate of these changes and their spatial prevalence were most prominent in the last decade. In summer, total sea ice loss occurred via reductions in old and first‐year sea ice over increasingly large areas and over more months per year. Resultant delay of thermodynamic freeze up has increased the annual open water duration in the study region. The winter sea ice cover was increasingly composed of first‐year sea ice at the expense of old ice. Breakup timing has not significantly changed in the region.
The vulnerability and resilience of a city's water footprint: The case of Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
Authors: Rushforth Richard R. , Ruddell Benjamin L.
Published: February 2016

Research has yet to operationalize water footprint information for urban water policy and planning to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to water scarcity. Using a county‐level database of the U.S. hydro‐economy, NWED, we spatially mapped and analyzed the Water Footprint of Flagstaff, Arizona, a small city. Virtual water inflow and outflow networks were developed using the flow of commodities into and out of the city. The power law distribution of virtual water trade volume between Flagstaff and its county trading partners broke at a spatial distance of roughly 2000 km. Most large trading partners are within this geographical distance, and this distance is an objective definition for Flagstaff's zone of indirect hydro‐economic influence—that is, its water resource hinterland. Metrics were developed to measure Flagstaff's reliance on virtual water resources, versus direct use of local physical water resources. Flagstaff's reliance on external water supplies via virtual water trade increases both its hydro‐economic resilience and vulnerability to water scarcity. These methods empower city managers to operationalize the city's Water Footprint information to reduce vulnerability, increase resilience, and optimally balance the allocation of local physical water supplies with the outsourcing of some water uses via the virtual water supply chain.
Unexpected high 35S concentration revealing strong downward transport of stratospheric air during the monsoon transitional period in East Asia
Authors: Lin Mang , Zhang Zhisheng , Su Lin , Su Binbin , Liu Lanzhong , Tao Jun , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Thiemens Mark H.
Published: February 2016

October is the monsoon transitional period in East Asia (EA) involving a series of synoptic activities that may enhance the downward transport of stratospheric air to the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Here we use cosmogenic 35S in sulfate aerosols (35SO42−) as a tracer for air masses originating from the stratosphere and transported downward to quantify these mixing processes. From 1 year 35SO42− measurements (March 2014 to February 2015) at a background station in EA we find remarkably enhanced 35SO42− concentration (3150 atoms m−3) in October, the highest value ever reported for natural sulfate aerosols. A four‐box 1‐D model and meteorological analysis reveal that strong downward transport from the free troposphere is a vital process entraining aged stratospheric air masses to the PBL. The aged stratospheric masses are accumulated in the PBL, accelerating the SO2 transformation to SO42−. Implications for the tropospheric O3 budget and the CO2 biogeochemical cycle are discussed.
High‐throughput sequencing of immune repertoires in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lossius Andreas , Johansen Jorunn N. , Vartdal Frode , Holmøy Trygve
Published: February 2016

T cells and B cells are crucial in the initiation and maintenance of multiple sclerosis (MS), and the activation of these cells is believed to be mediated through specific recognition of antigens by the T‐ and B‐cell receptors. The antigen receptors are highly polymorphic due to recombination (T‐ and B‐cell receptors) and mutation (B‐cell receptors) of the encoding genes, which can therefore be used as fingerprints to track individual T‐ and B‐cell clones. Such studies can shed light on mechanisms driving the immune responses and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Here, we summarize studies that have explored the T‐ and B‐cell receptor repertoires using earlier methodological approaches, and we focus on how high‐throughput sequencing has provided new knowledge by surveying the immune repertoires in MS in even greater detail and with unprecedented depth.