bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multitude, in Celebration of David D Caron
Authors: Brower Charles N , Donoghue Joan E , Murphy Cian C , Payne Cymie R , Shirlow Esmé R
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the volume by placing the chapters in the volume into conversation with the work of David Caron. The introduction highlights international dispute resolution, environmental law, and the law of the sea as key fields upon which Caron’s work focused, and considers the values which animated that work. Beginning with lessons from the history of dispute settlement, the introduction explores how Caron’s work—and the chapters in this volume—use the history of international dispute settlement in order to identify cross-cutting themes and lessons for its future. It then canvasses Caron’s work on the institutions and actors relevant to international dispute settlement to explore the role of politics and of various assorted stakeholders—including international courts and tribunals, adjudicators, their secretariats and research assistances, states, the UN General Assembly and Security Council, and the public—in the development and practice of law in this field. The introduction next turns to key issues of procedural and substantive law that animated the work of Caron, including highlighting the connections between legal procedures and substantive rules and principles with the legitimacy and effectiveness of international courts and tribunals and their capacity to achieve their stated goals and functions. The introduction concludes by looking to the future, considering possible future trajectories for international dispute settlement, and highlighting the insights that Caron’s work—and the work of contributors to this volume—may offer to ensure that international law and its institutions remain appropriated adapted to respond flexibly, effectively, and legitimately to as-yet uncontemplated future developments.
By Effective Means
Authors: Webb Philippa
Published: February 2024

Drawing inspiration from David Caron’s Expert Opinion in Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Company v The Republic of Ecuador, this chapter examines “effective means” in terms of the cross-cutting concepts of undue delay and equality of arms in the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies and the International Court of Justice. It compares the consideration of these concepts in the context of “effective means” with their treatment as a component of the right to a fair trial. The Chevron litigation ultimately issued an award in favour of the claimants, finding that Ecuador violated its obligations under international treaties, investment agreements and international law. Since the tribunal found that applying the fair and equitable treatment standard the relevant Treaty was sufficient, it did not have to address in detail the meaning and effect of “effective means”. The tribunal therefore only made passing reference to Caron’s Expert Opinion. The Expert Opinion nonetheless stands as a masterful analysis of “effective means”, illuminated by his discussion of not only arbitral decisions but also the jurisprudence of regional human rights courts.
Cupid and Psyche and the Victorians
Authors: Harrison Stephen , May Regine
Published: February 2024

This chapter looks at William Morris’s extensive treatment (c.2,500 lines) in the quasi-Chaucerian The Earthly Paradise (1868–70), which like other nineteenth-century versions pays due attention to sexual decorum and Christian values, and the long poem Eros and Psyche by Robert Bridges (1885, rev. 1894), influenced by Morris. These significant versions clearly reflect the importance of medievalizing elements in mid-nineteenth-century British culture, closely linked to pre-Raphaelite art. C&P, from the best-known Roman novel, not unnaturally finds an interesting place in the English novel, which developed into the hegemonic literary form by the end of the nineteenth century. Lytton’s The Last Days of Pompeii, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, George Eliot’s Adam Bede, and Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland all allude significantly to C&P; the maritally successful protagonist Psyche is an attractive model for novelistic heroines and female authors of the time.
Cupid and Psyche in English since 1900
Authors: Harrison Stephen , May Regine
Published: February 2024

The chief feature of the reception of Cupid and Psyche since 1900 has been the diversity of genres of adaptation. New technologies have offered new opportunities: there are some traces in cinema though no full adaptation, while Louis MacNeice wrote a radio play Cupid and Psyche in 1944, which shows many interesting elements of adjusting to the medium. Staged versions have still been popular—for example, sections in The Golden Ass, written for the Globe Theatre in London by Peter Oswald in 2002, and Mary Zimmerman’s Metamorphoses of 2002. Digital versions are now many and various, especially providing material for children and young adults. More traditional-style adaptations are found in the long stanzaic poem Perennia (1962) by Francis Warner, student of C. S. Lewis, who had offered his own version of C&P in the novel Till We have Faces (1956), while A. S. Byatt includes subtle allusions to C&P in both Possession (1990) and Morpho Eugenia (1992). Poets using the theme include especially the female writers Kathleen Raine and A .E. Stallings, as well as James Merrill.
Ṛgvedic Conceptions of the World Beyond and the Soul
Authors: Oberlies Thomas
Published: February 2024

As touched on in the previous chapters, dealing with death and the departed is largely conceptualised as a social interaction. Beliefs about an afterlife are scattered and not firmly established across the Ṛgveda, although the conception of the dead living on in a form of underworld (comparable to Hades) seems to prevail, and younger parts of the text present a kind of paradise. For the most part, however, Ṛgvedic conceptions of an afterlife remain intangible. This chapter seeks to explain this lack of coherent beliefs by examining another form of imagined afterlife, namely rebirth within the family. As far as can be deduced from the text, the religion of the Ṛgveda conceived of a type of rebirth that takes place within the individual’s own family, such that one’s great-great-grandfather is reborn in one’s grandson, making the afterlife a family matter. This has a parallel in the Roman religion, which also lacks any distinct opinion about an afterlife and exhibits strong ties between the mortuary cult and the institution of the family.
The Humanists and the Emperors
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: February 2024

The main aim of this chapter is to unpick the complexity of Biondo Flavio’s treatment of Roman emperors and the Roman empire in his Roma triumphans, a key text of the early Renaissance rediscovery of Rome. It focuses on how he navigates between his ancient sources, his historical aims, and the ideological and intellectual currents of his time—a time when the popes were trying to re-establish their authority in Rome and more broadly, through the idea of Rome, while others invoked Rome in the cause of free ‘republics’. Unlike some of his contemporaries, Biondo does not condemn the emperors en bloc for moral or political reasons, though virtue is the main criterion for his highlighting of Titus and Trajan as exemplary figures. He tries to present individual emperors on their merits. Through his enthusiastic endorsement of the success of Rome as an empire-state and his idealization of the Roman institutions underpinning it, he can be read as an anticipator of humanist imperialism.
Justice and Memory after Dictatorship
Authors: Grosescu Raluca
Published: February 2024

This book provides a path-breaking socio-historical account of the global transformation of international criminal law (ICL) through the engagement of justice activists and national courts in Latin America and Central Eastern Europe (CEE). Based on ethnographic observation, analyses of jurisprudence, and interviews with lawyers and judicial officials from Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Estonia, Guatemala, Lithuania, Paraguay, and Romania, it demonstrates how judges, prosecutors, and human rights campaigners constructed novel and counter-hegemonic readings of ICL to fight impunity and realize justice for gross human rights violations after the fall of the military and communist dictatorships at the end of the 1980s. These reinterpretations were fundamentally shaped by the legal education and specific visions about the relationship between law and politics of particular legal actors and organizations, including their quest to establish particular historical narratives about the dictatorial past and question an international order that peripheralized the political violence that had unfolded in Latin America and CEE during the Cold War. Rather than a set of neutrally constructed doctrines, rules, and procedures, this book helps to reveal how the law is enacted, fashioned, and refashioned at the intersection of history, politics, and the subjective attitudes of the legal actors towards the social world.
International Criminal Law from the Semi-Periphery: A Socio-Historical Approach
Authors: Grosescu Raluca
Published: February 2024

Why do national courts often provide new and alternative readings of international criminal law (ICL)? How do judges, prosecutors, and human rights lawyers use this body of law in trials held against authoritarian officials, and how do they contribute to its reformulation and subsequent fragmentation across regions, countries, and jurisdictions? Such questions are important because justice for gross human rights remains a primarily domestic process. This introductory chapter highlights the value of socio-historical approaches to the study of ICL. It also underlines the role of two semi-peripheries of the world system—Latin America and Central Eastern Europe—in challenging the limits of a dominant international system powerless to render justice for atrocity crimes committed by military and communist dictatorships during the Cold War. The chapter outlines the book’s contribution to the research on the fragmentation of ICL. It proposes a new methodological framework of analysing how and why non-hegemonic readings of international norms emerge as a function of specific national historical constellations and the background and political engagement with the dictatorial past of the legal actors involved.
Sovereignty and Interstate Relations
Authors: Schröder Peter
Published: February 2024

This chapter shows how Pufendorf’s elaboration of state interest plays a crucial role to reinforce the observance of natural law by sovereign states. Pufendorf insists that individuals, as much as states, have an interest in observing the laws of nature. States need to strike a constant balance between conflicting interests. The laws of nature and political history provide the best available guidance. The state as a composite moral person is less prone to follow passionate and short-sighted inclinations than individuals in the state of nature. Judgement of the best interest rests with the state and its uniform expression of the sovereign will. Based on mutual recognition, a system of states is the best tool available to facilitate and foster the international observance of the laws of nature and the settling of competing interests of sovereign states.
Epilogue
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

This chapter shows that the proper place of consent is much more modest than often supposed. Sometimes the rights at stake are exceedingly strong and the moral importance of not violating them without consent is likewise. (Consent to sex is like that.) Other times the rights in question morally pale in comparison to other moral values at stake (as when you need to use someone else’s pen without their permission to sign a document saving someone else’s life). Instead of fixating on ‘advance directives’ as a form of ‘conditional consent’ to be followed slavishly, doctors should instead feel much freer simply to do what is ‘in the best interests’ of their patients. Advance medical directives, like bequests, might better be seen merely as ‘expressions of a person’s wishes’ that we ought to abide by purely out of respect for that person.
Constitutional Cultures
Authors: Saunders Cheryl
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the relevance of culture for the establishment and resilience of constitutional democracy. It seeks both to understand the impact of culture on constitutional endurance and to identify responses that may be useful to maximise resilience. Consistently with the concept for the book, the chapter draws, for these purposes, on seven country case studies from Asia and Africa that, between them, offer a range of experiences with democratisation. The analysis begins by exploring the properties of culture that have a bearing on constitutional democracy and identifying the variety of communities with whom aspects of culture might be associated. A necessarily stylised distinction is drawn between three phases in making and maintaining democratic constitutions: the period during which the foundations are laid, implementation of a new or changed constitution, and consolidation over time. The findings of the chapter endorse the relevance of culture. They also point to some critical questions that remain unresolved about how constitutional culture can be adapted within a confined time frame to support extensive constitutional change.
Coup and Decay
Authors: Tonsakulrungruang Khemthong
Published: February 2024

Thailand has suffered from a phenomenon known as abusive constitutionalism, where a constitution does not produce vibrant democracy. On the contrary, an authoritarian leader employs a constitutional change to entrench its rule and undermine democracy. This chapter traces Thailand’s rapid decay from 2014 to 2020, where a military junta ordered the drafting of the 2017 Constitution and conditioned its electoral victory. However, this chapter argues that the junta could not act alone. A network of anti-democratic elites (namely, royalists, the military, the judiciary, and business conglomerates) were responsible. They are bound by the political, economic, and—most importantly—ideological tie of Thai-style democracy, which places nationalism, royalism, and moralism over democratic values such as rights and liberties, a free and fair election, and the supremacy of the Constitution. This chapter explores how the anti-democratic network develops such a concept and discusses the impact of abusive constitutionalism.
A Vision for Arts-Based Social Work Research
Authors: Pinto Rogério M. , Huss Ephrat , Chapman Mimi V.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 6 begins the discourse on arts-based research methodology. Consummate researchers open this powerful discussion, exploring how art expands the research palate, making it accessible to a broader array of social work researchers and scholars. The chapter illustrates how artworks can be situated in distinctive roles, such as those of study subject, research method, or product outcome. A formidable rationale is provided for arts-based social work research, highlighting the use of participatory methods that inform lived realities in ways that the exclusive use of data-based inquiry does not necessarily capture; the arts-based social work directly addresses societal power imbalances. Collectively, they speak of the potency of art to bring forth silenced narratives and surface faces of oppression and raise taboo subjects that both empower participants’ authorship and protect them from undue harm.
“When I Hold the Door for You”
Authors: Williams Maya
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, a collection of poetry and prose that actualizes the intersectional nature of social workers/artists through poetry, practice, and public performance is powerfully shared. The work calls for consideration of the ways in which the social work profession has fallen short of its ethical obligations and, more importantly, its professional promises by de-individualizing the client/worker relationship and erasing their truths. The chapter departs from traditional scholarship: It is blunt, bold, and rich with merging of the personal with the political, a remarkable sharing of writings about complex and controversial topics at the heart of social work and life’s many challenges.
Loyalty and the Reception of Buddhism in China
Authors: Kalmanson Leah
Published: February 2024

This chapter surveys debates connected with issues of loyalty in the reception of Buddhism in East Asia and strategies used to acculturate Buddhism to the Confucian social context. Whereas thinkers in the Buddhist tradition tended to emphasize a universal ethics of compassion, the indigenous Chinese tradition tended to focus on specific loyalties grounded in concrete circumstances. Exchanges between them thus clarify and illuminate many of the issues that arise in connection with loyalty in other philosophical traditions: for instance, questions regarding the value of personal and political attachments and the interplay between such attachments and more general ethical values and principles. Ultimately, Buddhism’s ability to become well-established in East Asia was largely grounded in its strategy of foregrounding its relevance to the kinds of relationships in which the value of loyalty features, both in personal and political contexts.
Making Sense of Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines different views about how we should understand the nature of regret. It argues that regret should be defined as the feeling of self-reproach at making a mistake. In so doing, it distinguishes regret from related, but distinct, emotions, such as guilt, remorse, disappointment, and sadness. Although this differs from how many philosophers understand regret, it is supported by the substantial psychological literature on regret and an argument for value of separating emotions as distinct affective, behavioural states. The chapter then examines Carolyn Price’s claim that regret comes in many “flavours” and, thus, there are several distinct types of regret. It concludes by considering what the rational and intelligible limits of regret, and hence what it is coherent and incoherent to regret.
Reasons, Mistakes, and Justified Decisions
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter explains and defends the book’s main argument, which is that we should only regret the mistakes that we make. It defines a “mistake” as a decision you make that was not justified by the practical reasons that were epistemically to you at the time. Thus, it denies that decisions can be justified retrospectively. It explains what is meant by “practical reasons” and reasons being “epistemically available”. In so doing, it defends a perspective-dependent account of reasons and practical justification. It contrasts this view with Bernard Williams’s influential defence of retrospective justification and Thomas Nagel’s defence of tenseless reasons. It then indicates the relevance of transformative experiences for analysing regret, before concluding with a discussion of akrasia and regret. The result is a comprehensive account of when we should, and should not, experience regret.
The Social Structuring of Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter sets out a cultural politics of regret. It explores the various functions or effects that regret has, as well as some of the ways that experiences of regret are shaped by social discourses. It focuses on the impact that beliefs about gender and motherhood have on women’s experiences of regret. In particular, it shows how pronatalism—which defines women in terms of motherhood and asserts that raising children is women’s primary source of happiness—regulates women’s regrets. Women who have children are precluded from regretting this, and heavily stigmatised if they do, whilst women who choose to forgo motherhood are expected to regret this deeply. Challenging these assumptions, the chapter shows that some women do regret having children, whilst many voluntarily childfree women are happy with forgoing motherhood.
Epistemic Microaggressions
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview and analysis of epistemic microaggressions. In medical contexts, epistemic microaggressions are intentional or unintentional verbal or gestural slights made by healthcare professionals that dismiss, ignore, or otherwise fail to recognize claims that patients make about their bodies. Epistemic microaggressions result in epistemic harm to recipients, namely, harm to them in their capacity as knowers. Drawing on medical cases of patients who are members of marginalized groups, the chapter demonstrates how epistemic microaggressions can lead to a variety of serious short- and long-term harms for patients and therefore ought to be avoided by healthcare professionals. Special attention is paid to the moral significance of epistemic microaggressions in medical contexts.
Emotional Microaggressions
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview and analysis of emotional microaggressions. In medical contexts, emotional microaggressions occur when healthcare professionals or family members fail to take patients’ emotional reactions to and experiences of their diagnoses and illnesses seriously, or when they ignore them altogether. Emotional microaggressions consist of seemingly small indignities directed at patients, frequently motivated by assumptions about what constitutes appropriate emotional responses to medical symptoms and diagnoses and often compounded by stereotypes about emotions as they relate to race, sexuality, and especially to gender. Guided by case studies of patients who are members of one or more marginalized groups, the chapter demonstrates how emotional microaggressions are harmful to patients in emotional and other ways. It also discusses the relationship between emotional microaggressions and gaslighting. Ultimately, it illustrates the severity of emotional microaggressions in medical contexts and calls upon healthcare professionals to find ways to avoid them.
Self-Identity Microaggressions
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview and analysis of self-identity microaggressions. Self-identity microaggressions occur when healthcare professionals (or others) undermine or fail to recognize the marginalized identities of patients and the realities of their lived experiences as people with those identities or who are embodied in nonnormative ways (such as on the basis of being trans or nonbinary, or on the basis of their body size). Though often subtle to the ones committing them, self-identity microaggressions treat patients as less than fully human. As a result, recipients might internalize their marginalized status, which can result in a variety of harms to their health and general well-being. The chapter examines case studies of trans, nonbinary, and fat patients who have had aspects of their identities and embodied realities undermined, dismissed, or erased. As with epistemic and emotional microaggressions, self-identity microaggressions in medical contexts can cause serious short- and long-term harms; therefore, they ought to be understood, recognized, and avoided as much as possible by healthcare professionals.
How to Avoid Committing Microaggressions
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

This chapter serves as a practical guide for current and future healthcare professionals. It considers structural, social, environmental, and institutional factors that contribute to the prevalence of microaggressions in medical contexts and offers tips and strategies to avoid committing them. Specifically, it provides guidance for how healthcare practitioners and institutions can change their practices and policies to ensure that their workplaces are as inclusive, equitable, welcoming, and patient-centered as possible for patients of all identities and experiences. The chapter ends with an invitation to readers to develop strategies of their own for reducing microaggressions in their practices, provides sample rubrics to measure the success of those strategies, and suggests further avenues for continuing to learn about the lived experiences of patients with intersectional marginalized identities.
Truth-Loving Epistemic Consequentialism and Trade-Offs
Authors: Singer Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the main theory of right belief that the book defends, truth-loving epistemic consequentialism, and it begins defending the view from trade-off objections. According to the truth-loving epistemic consequentialist, the right belief is the belief that, among the available options, best promotes having true beliefs and not having false beliefs. The chapter brings out many different kinds of intuitions that favor this view, and it shows why they support this view rather than other views. The second half of the chapter begins the defense of the view from trade-off objections (which is continued in the next chapter). This chapter argues that there are some epistemically permissible trade-offs. That shows against the opponents of epistemic consequentialism who claim that the view is wrong to ever sanction trading-off the goodness of one of our beliefs for the goodness of our entire doxastic state.
Teaching to Live
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: February 2024

Teaching to Live: Black Religion, Activist-Educators, and Radical Social Change interrogates the stories of African American activist-educators whose faith convictions inspired them to educate in radical and transformative ways. At issue is that many of these educators are known only or primarily for their educational theory or their activism, and that their religious convictions were either obscured or ignored. This book counters this trend, exploring the connections between religion, education, and struggles for freedom within African American communities throughout the twentieth century through the stories of particular activist-educators. It begins with the reflections of Anna Julia Cooper, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and Nannie Helen Burroughs, who attempted to transform American society by expanding the involvement of African Americans as contributors to all aspects of American life, including the religious, intellectual, and cultural. It also explores the activist-educators at the center of the mid-twentieth-century civil rights movement, like religious and lay leaders Septima Clark and James Lawson, and the cadre of student leaders and teachers they trained. Finally, it investigates models of religious activist-educators Olivia Pearl Stokes and Albert Cleage Jr., which emerged in last quarter of the twentieth century as new questions about the centrality of the Black Church in the African American community and Black activism began to take shape. The rich and complex narratives of these educators point to several ways that religion, education, and radical social change intersect, and they invite readers to continue exploring how these concepts will evolve for future generations of activist-educators.
Words Whose Origin Has Bothered You for Years
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

Some words are so rare or exotic that their origins invariably cause interest and even amusement. This chapter features five such words. Alairy, whose origin has been explained quite well, is a good example of how some old (here, Middle English) word has survived until today in children’s (girls’) folklore. Aroint, remembered from Macbeth, a word meant to scare away witches, has probably also been explained well, but the explanation lies buried in a note from long ago and had to be excavated. Galoot is, most probably, a borrowing from Dutch and provides another example of an etymology, one guessed at but unknown to dictionary makers. Wayzgoose remains partly obscure. However, the proposed etymologies do throw some light on the origin of this name for a printers’ banquet. Pilgarlic, with its hidden sexual innuendo, seems to have been accounted for rather convincingly. Yet, once again, dictionaries know next to nothing about its etymology. The disparity between what is in principle known about words’ origin and what can be found in the available reference sources is the main motif of this chapter.
It Takes All Sorts to Make the World Go Round
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

The words discussed in this chapter (bigot, bugger, beggar; henchman, scoundrel, bully—along with the verb bullyrag—curmudgeon, catawampus, pettifogger, simpleton, snob, codger ~ cadger, and plug-ugly) refer to the names of rum characters and one rare occupation. Since plug-ugly is probably a loan from Dutch, the idiom to play hookey, also of Dutch provenance, has been added at the end of the last section. The discussion often centers on the questions of religion and heresy (bigot, beggar, bugger), history (henchman), trade (pettifogger) and touches on literary figures (bullyragging, scoundrel, snob) and superstitions (catawampus). Slang, borrowing, language variation, change of meaning, and folk etymology are among the main linguistic topics featured in the chapter.
Crabbed Age Looks Back at Youth and Feels Amused
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

Over the years, numerous words have been coined to ridicule new fashions and individuals who do not look like the rest of the population. Dandy, masher, dude, and nerd are typical designations invented for such people. None of the four words has an ascertainable etymology. Masher is probably the least obscure of them, and nerd is the most opaque (its connection with nut has been proposed in this book). Dandy and dude are based on the repetition of d, and the coincidence may not be fortuitous. All the words featured here surfaced as slang and still belong to this register.
Marital Bliss and a Few Diversions
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

Apart from the fact that kiss, honeymoon, bicker ~ bitch, and harlot belong in some way to a similar semantic field (sex and family relations), they share a feature especially important to the structure and content of this book: each is an etymological puzzle. On the face of it, honeymoon has nothing to do with honey; bitch seems to refer to bitch (but it does not); and harlot is an etymological crux that has invited endless speculation. Discussion of kiss takes us to the origin of rites and ceremonies and the erotic sphere. Bicker appears to have emerged as a dicing term, and the story of harlot meanders through the reign of King William the Conqueror, the history of prostitution, and the niceties of the European military vocabulary (the riddle of the origin of harlot seems to have been solved). The reference to some basic medieval military terms will be picked up in the story of Harlequin (Chapter 8).
Tools, Implements, and Professions
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

This chapter continues the discussion begun in the previous one. The names of some tools are extremely old, because axes and mattocks were used at the dawn of civilization, and the origin of such words is rarely clear. Besides, axes, adzes, and other tools, whose names are featured here, belonged to the common stock of itinerant artisans, and those names sometimes combined elements from several languages, most notably, English and French. Sex toys are also old and ubiquitous. Since they are toys, it does not come as a surprise that dildo is probably a playful word. Tools take researchers to the names of artisans. Hence haberdasher and hatter, both included here. The origin of haberdasher remains disputable, while the main question about hatters is not the fully transparent word hatter but whether they were more prone to madness than any other artisans. The history of awning and tarpaulin illustrates the difficulty of discovering the origin of late nautical terms.
Apollo’s Disciples
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

Following the Phoenicians, Greeks started to settle on the west Mediterranean littoral and the shores of the Black Sea, from where they would embark either into the hinterland or towards the Atlantic. Aristeas of Proconnesus travelled to the Urals and told of strange people in central Asia, among them the Hyperboreans, who were perhaps Chinese. The Greeks were also already familiar with the Amber Road along the Danube. Farther to the west, Greek and Carthaginian mariners sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Atlantic and reached the legendary Tin Isles (Britain?). All these expeditions paved the way for advances in geographical understanding (spherical earth) and encounters with religious movements from outside of the Greek world (for example, shamanic practices).
Beyond the Mediterranean
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

In the sixth century bce, larger political formations take centre stage and put their stamp on world exploration. In the west, the Carthaginian navigator Hanno colonizes the coast of Morocco, sails up the Senegal River in search of gold, and explores the African coastline as far as today’s Cameroon. At the same time, trans-Saharan trade routes connect west Africa with Egypt and Carthage. In the east, the Greek seafarer Scylax explores the Indus region and pioneers a sea route from the mouth of the Indus to the west for the Persian king Darius. His report on India and its peoples profoundly influenced Greek ethnography and anthropology, culminating in the comprehensive accounts of the world composed by Hecataeus and Herodotus.
New Horizons on Land and at Sea
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

The wealth of data on remote lands and people supplied by long-distance travel demanded new models for describing the world. In combination with political and commercial interests, these models accelerated the gains in knowledge made by Greek conquerors and seafarers. Against this backdrop, Pytheas of Massalia sailed to the North Atlantic in the fourth century bce. This was not just an individual ‘scientific’ enterprise but also a commercial venture to secure his hometown access to tin and amber in the North and Baltic Seas. He was probably the first Mediterranean traveller to visit Iceland and Norway. In the meantime, Alexander the Great marched across the Caucasus following his victory over Darius III, leading his army as far as India. One of his aims was to reach the edges of the world and clear up geographical questions that had preoccupied scholars like Aristotle.
The Globalization of Eurasia in the First and Second Centuries ce
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

The flourishing economy of the Roman Empire and the enormous wealth accrued by Roman senators stimulated overseas trade with India. Middlemen bought luxuries, pepper, and aromatics in Indian port cities and sold them at high prices in Alexandria. In around 100 ce, a Greek mariner sailed through the Strait of Malacca into the South China Sea and beat a path to the court of the Han emperors. Traders entered the Chinese Empire via the ‘silk roads’, while Chinese delegations reached the Euphrates asking for the way to the Roman Empire. There emerged a network not only of global commercial and diplomatic contacts, but also of religious ideas and geographical knowledge. The idea of a spherical earth prompted debate on the extent of the Atlantic and on how it might be crossed. But there was no economic or material pressure, and no missionary enthusiasm, to turn these speculations into reality
Pitch-based Structures
Authors: Nakra Teresa M.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 addresses the “vertical” dimension of music, also known as the frequency domain or “tonal pitch space.” It focuses primarily on pitch, starting with creating and naming notes. It also explores how notes are grouped together to form standard units of musical structure such as intervals, scales, and chords. The chapter investigates how to group and scaffold pitches together, learn how groupings function, and create them using code; it then discusses how a sense of tonality defines the complex system of relationships between notes and note groupings, governed ultimately by our notions of consonance and dissonance. Finally, it engages with the concept of musical keys and how they support an overarching system and context within which notes, intervals, scales, and chords derive their meanings and functions.
The Examined Run
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

The Examined Run provides an accessible treatment of what it might look like to use running as a laboratory for virtue development. This book engages many topics in the field of virtue ethics—virtue, vice, exemplarism, emotions, and competition—and places them in conversation with training and racing in endurance sports. The Examined Run explores happiness and success, competition and character. It investigates whether certain definitions of success conflict with being morally good, and whether certain virtues may be performance-enhancing in the world of sport. It asks whether athletes should strive to be “limitless,” and it examines how to take seriously considerations of human nature in competitive sport. This book welcomes readers into a tradition of inquiry about character, flourishing, and suffering, so that they can ask better questions about what it means to live a happy life and how running might fit in.
Pride Ran-eth Me into a Shed
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

The focus of this book is the formation of virtues through distance running. This requires a background in virtue ethics and its connection to running. This chapter provides an overview of virtue ethics, among other moral approaches, and defends the value of placing virtue ethics in conversation with distance running. This chapter offers a framework for addressing the specific questions of virtue, vice, development, happiness, and other considerations of virtue ethics found in later chapters. It also raises big questions, such as how virtues are connected to happiness, what people are for, and why our bodies matter when it comes to moral character.
Applying a Public Health Context to Climate Change
Authors: Patz Jonathan A. , Levy Barry S.
Published: February 2024

Human-caused climate change is creating, both directly and indirectly, profound and widespread environmental and health consequences. Mitigation (primary prevention) policies in the energy, transportation, and agriculture sectors can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while simultaneously providing near-term health co-benefits. Adaptation (secondary prevention) actions can reduce the health consequences of climate change, and some adaptation actions can also mitigate GHG emissions. This chapter includes some strategies, such as communicating the health relevance of climate change, building movements, and promoting climate justice, that can strengthen public and political support to address climate change. This chapter also includes textboxes on disparities and on a brief history of organizational responses to climate change, including the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Heat-Related Disorders Among Community Populations
Authors: Basu Rupa , Wu Xiangmei (May)
Published: February 2024

Average ambient temperatures are increasing and heat waves are becoming more frequent, more intense, and longer in duration. Heat-related disorders and heat-related complications of underlying medical conditions are becoming more frequent. High-risk populations include older people, pregnant people, and young children; those with underlying medical conditions; individuals of low socioeconomic status; and those without access to air conditioning. People living in urban areas are often at greater risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality because of the urban heat island effect. Measures for prevention include developing and implementing heat response plans with heat-warning systems, making cool environments available, and educating the public about the risks of heat-related disorders and measures to lower these risks.
Vectorborne Diseases
Authors: Barker Christopher M. , Reisen William K.
Published: February 2024

Vectorborne diseases result from infections with pathogens that have intricate transmission cycles in which pathogens are transmitted between humans or other vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors. These cycles are strongly affected by climate and other environmental conditions. Climate effects on vectorborne diseases are complex. Warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events have resulted in the emergence or reemergence of many vectors and vectorborne diseases in recent decades. Warming temperatures enable earlier and longer seasons of annual vector activity and have enabled the expansion of important tick and mosquito vectors into temperate latitudes. Effects of climate change have coincided with other major anthropogenic changes, such as urbanization and globalized travel and trade, which increase contact between humans and vectors and enable long-range vector and pathogen movement into new areas. Prevention of vectorborne diseases relies on early detection of emerging threats through surveillance and timely data-sharing.
Waterborne Diseases
Authors: Bratburd Jennifer R. , McLellan Sandra L.
Published: February 2024

A wide variety of host-associated and environmental pathogens can cause waterborne disease. Waterborne disease is being affected by changing climate factors, including extreme weather events, increased rainfall and flooding, decreased rainfall and drought, sea-level rise, and increased ambient temperature. Many countries and communities have inadequate infrastructure for water treatment and supply that is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Prevention of waterborne disease depends on maintaining water infrastructure, ensuring sustainable access to affordable clean drinking water, maintaining sewage and drinking water treatment, supporting prevention based on human behaviors, improving agricultural management, monitoring recreational water, and performing public health surveillance. Because different pathogens are affected differently by climate change, some interventions to prevent waterborne disease need to be adapted to specific pathogens.
Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
Authors: Fanzo Jessica , Schneider Kate R. , Wood Stanley
Published: February 2024

Climate change is placing stress on food production areas, adversely affecting environments for future agriculture and livestock production as well as threatening food security and nutrition. Changes in temperature and rainfall are increasing the potential for insect, pest, and disease threats to food production, food safety, and water quality as well as the risk of malnutrition. Climate change is challenging the ability of production systems in low- and middle-income countries to raise productivity in the face of growing food demand, thereby raising food prices and jeopardizing nutrition. Climate change can exacerbate undernutrition by reducing household food security, environmental health, and access to health services. Specific actions that can increase the resilience of agri-food systems and households to climate change include research and development of stress-tolerant and resilient crop varieties and animal breeds, more efficient food markets, agricultural information services, improved social protection measures, and early-warning systems. The chapter includes a textbox on threats from plant pathogens.
Violence
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: February 2024

The ways in which climate change contributes to violence are generally not recognized. There is increasing evidence that climate change contributes to the occurrence of self-inflicted violence (including suicide), interpersonal violence, and collective violence (including war and other forms of armed conflict). Concerning interpersonal violence, higher temperatures and extreme weather events have been associated with gender-based violence and community violence. There is increasing data showing that climate change, especially warmer temperature and extremes of precipitation, can contribute to causing armed conflict, although climate change is often less of a causative factor than other social and political factors. In addition to mitigation and adaptation, measures can be taken to prevent conflicts from becoming violent, address the underlying causes of violence, and build a stronger infrastructure for peace. The chapter also includes a textbox on migration due to climate change.
Promoting Climate Justice
Authors: Haar Rohini J. , Levy Barry S.
Published: February 2024

Climate justice addresses inequities between those who have been responsible for causing climate change and those who are suffering most from the consequences of climate change. Climate justice asserts that those most responsible for climate change assume primary responsibility for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, adaptation to climate change, and reparations for those who are most severely affected. Climate justice ensures that all people, especially marginalized communities, have a voice in public policy decisions concerning mitigation, adaptation, and reparations. Climate justice ensures that mitigation, adaptation, and reparation measures create co-benefits and do not worsen existing inequities. And climate justice means addressing a wider range of societal inequities. This chapter covers these issues and includes a textbox on climate justice policies for a renewable energy transition.
Political and Religious Leaders
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2 examines the ritual for the dying contained in the manuscript Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 934, associated with the Cathedral of Saint Stephen in Sens (from the late twelfth to thirteenth centuries). Editions and analyses of the ritual’s three notated chants are provided. The chapter argues that this specific deathbed liturgy—documented in Sens for over 300 years—is itself a compilation of diverse traditions. From these differing practices, the ritual’s compilers primarily drew upon texts and chants containing benevolent depictions of the afterlife. For the dying person, the ritual portrayed death as a migration, rather than a judgment. Analyses of the ritual’s chants and psalms—some of which are included in Dante’s depiction of purgatory in the Divine Comedy—reveal the substantial role music played in conveying these reassuring images. The manuscript’s scribal work also indicates that the ritual could have been sung for women and laity.
Final Considerations
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine
Published: February 2024

The book’s conclusion summarizes some of the most important academic gains provided by a study of the music in medieval Europe’s deathbed rituals. The chapter also considers a striking commonality in the rituals’ use of music: song is consistently prescribed to accompany the final breath of life. The reception of the Eucharist, viaticum, formed the central focus of deathbed rituals prior to the Carolingian era. Yet in the liturgical tradition investigated in this book, singing the chant complex Subvenite–Suscipiat most often marked the decisive moment. The chapter considers possible reasons underlying this practice of singing: the Neoplatonic understandings of the Middle Ages and the pragmatic motivations that might have prompted a privileged position for song at the final breath.
The Consequentialism of the Late Ashʿarites
Authors: Saemi Amir
Published: February 2024

Early Ashʿarites (including al-Juwainī) espouse divine command theory. Al-Ghazālī, however, rejects divine command theory and offers a new semantics for moral terms. He advocates a self-centered consequentialist ethical theory. The chapter provides an overview of al-Ghazālī’s ethical theory and his moral epistemology, according to which reason has no power to discover the moral status of actions. Based on al-Ghazālī’s consequentialist ethical theory, the argument for strict adherence is reconstructed to reject the reliability of our independent moral judgments. The argument implies that we have to follow Scriptural injunctions in their literal sense. The argument’s reliance on consequentialism, however, generates some worries for the argument.