bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: July 2015

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 8 contains The Idler, the 103 essays originally published by Johnson in the Universal Chronicle between 1758 and 1760, and published in one volume in 1761. These were more relaxed and rambling in style than those published in The Rambler, and were very popular. A common thread is the follies of the literary world - Johnson defines criticism as 'a study by which men grow important and formidable at very small expense'. Others touch on marriage, scholarship, and travelling.
Hildegard of Bingen and Musical Reception
Authors: Bain Jennifer
Published: July 2015

Since her death in 1179, Hildegard of Bingen has commanded attention in every century. In this book Jennifer Bain traces the historical reception of Hildegard, focusing particularly on the moment in the modern era when she began to be considered as a composer. Bain examines how the activities of clergy in nineteenth-century Eibingen resulted in increased veneration of Hildegard, an authentication of her relics, and a rediscovery of her music. The book goes on to situate the emergence of Hildegard's music both within the French chant restoration movement driven by Solesmes and the German chant revival supported by Cecilianism, the German movement to reform Church music more generally. Engaging with the complex political and religious environment in German speaking areas, Bain places the more recent Anglophone revival of Hildegard's music in a broader historical perspective and reveals the important intersections amongst local devotion, popular culture, and intellectual activities.
Training the Party
Authors: Lee Charlotte P.
Published: July 2015

Charlotte P. Lee considers organizational changes taking place within the contemporary Chinese Communist Party (CCP), examining the party's renewed emphasis on an understudied but core set of organizations: party-managed training academies or 'party schools'. This national network of organizations enables party authorities to exert political control over the knowledge, skills, and careers of officials. Drawing on in-depth field research and novel datasets, Lee finds that the party school system has not been immune to broader market-based reforms but instead has incorporated many of the same strategies as actors in China's hybrid, state-led private sector. In the search for revenue and status, schools have updated training content and become more entrepreneurial as they compete and collaborate with domestic and international actors. This book draws attention to surprising dynamism located within the party, in political organizations thought immune to change, and the transformative effect of the market on China's political system.
Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi , van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , van Stratum Bart J. H. , van den Dries Kees
Published: July 2015

Based on more than twenty years of research and lecturing, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano and his team's textbook provides an excellent introduction to the interactions between the atmosphere and the land for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and a reference text for researchers in atmospheric physics and chemistry, hydrology, and plant physiology. The combination of the book, which provides the essential theoretical concepts, and the associated interactive Chemistry Land-surface Atmosphere Soil Slab (CLASS) software, which provides hands-on practical exercises and allows students to design their own numerical experiments, will prove invaluable for learning about many aspects of the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. This book has a modular and flexible structure, allowing instructors to accommodate it to their own learning-outcome needs.
Magna Carta
Authors: Holt J. C. , Garnett George , Hudson John
Published: July 2015

A revised edition of J. C. Holt's classic study of Magna Carta, the Great Charter, offering the most authoritative analysis of England's most famous constitutional text. The book sets the events of 1215 and the Charter itself in the context of the law, politics and administration of England and Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Additionally, a lengthy new introduction by two of Holt's former pupils, George Garnett and John Hudson, examines a range of issues raised by scholarship since publication of the second edition in 1992. These include the possible role of Archbishop Stephen Langton; the degree of influence of Roman and Canon Law upon those who drafted the Charter; other aspects of the intellectual setting of the Charter, in particular political thinking in London; the Continental context of the events of 1212–15; and the legal and jurisdictional issues that affected the Charter's clauses on justice.
The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant
Authors: Doran Robert
Published: July 2015

In this book, Robert Doran offers the first in-depth treatment of the major theories of the sublime, from the ancient Greek treatise On the Sublime (attributed to 'Longinus') and its reception in early modern literary theory to the philosophical accounts of Burke and Kant. Doran explains how and why the sublime became a key concept of modern thought and shows how the various theories of sublimity are united by a common structure - the paradoxical experience of being at once overwhelmed and exalted - and a common concern: the preservation of a notion of transcendence in the face of the secularization of modern culture. Combining intellectual history with literary theory and philosophical analysis, his book provides a new, searching and multilayered account of a concept that continues to stimulate thought about our responses to art, nature and human events.
Social Sequence Analysis
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin
Published: July 2015

Social sequence analysis includes a diverse and rapidly growing body of methods that social scientists have developed to help study complex ordered social processes, including chains of transitions, trajectories and other ordered phenomena. Social sequence analysis is not limited by content or time scale and can be used in many different fields, including sociology, communication, information science and psychology. Social Sequence Analysis aims to bring together both foundational and recent theoretical and methodological work on social sequences from the last thirty years. A unique reference book for a new generation of social scientists, this book will aid demographers who study life-course trajectories and family histories, sociologists who study career paths or work/family schedules, communication scholars and micro-sociologists who study conversation, interaction structures and small-group dynamics, as well as social epidemiologists.
A Digest of WTO Jurisprudence on Public International Law Concepts and Principles
Authors: Cook Graham
Published: July 2015

In its first twenty years, the WTO dispute settlement system generated over 350 decisions totalling more than 60,000 pages. These decisions contain many statements by WTO adjudicators regarding the law of treaties, state responsibility, international dispute settlement, and other topics of general public international law. This book is a collection of nearly one thousand statements by WTO adjudicators relating to admissibility and jurisdiction; attribution of conduct to a State; breach of an obligation; conflicts between treaties; countermeasures; due process; evidence before international tribunals; good faith; judicial economy; municipal law; non-retroactivity; reasonableness; sources of international law; sovereignty; treaty interpretation; and words and phrases commonly used in treaties and other international legal instruments. This comprehensive digest presents summaries and extracts organized systematically under issue-specific sub-headings, making this jurisprudence easily accessible to students and practitioners working in any field of international law.
Iraq and the Crimes of Aggressive War
Authors: Hagan John , Kaiser Joshua , Hanson Anna
Published: July 2015

From the torture of detainees at Abu Ghraib to unnecessary military attacks on civilians, this book is an account of the violations of international criminal law committed during the United States invasion of Iraq. Taking stock of the entire war, it uniquely documents the overestimation of the successes and underestimation of the failings of the Surge and Awakening policies. The authors show how an initial cynical framing of the American war led to the creation of a new Shia-dominated Iraq state, which in turn provoked powerful feelings of legal cynicism among Iraqis, especially the Sunni. The predictable result was a resilient Sunni insurgency that re-emerged in the violent aftermath of the 2011 withdrawal. Examining more than a decade of evidence, this book makes a powerful case that the American war in Iraq constituted a criminal war of aggression.
The Relational Subject
Authors: Donati Pierpaolo , Archer Margaret S.
Published: July 2015

Many social theorists now call themselves 'relational sociologists', but mean entirely different things by it. The majority endorse a 'flat ontology', dealing exclusively with dyadic relations. Consequently, they cannot explain the context in which relationships occur or their consequences, except as resultants of endless 'transactions'. This book adopts a different approach which regards 'the relation' itself as an emergent property, with internal causal effects upon its participants and external ones on others. The authors argue that most 'relationists' seem unaware that analytical philosophers, such as Searle, Gilbert and Tuomela, have spent years trying to conceptualize the 'We' as dependent upon shared intentionality. Donati and Archer change the focus away from 'We thinking' and argue that 'We-ness' derives from subjects' reflexive orientations towards the emergent relational 'goods' and 'evils' they themselves generate. Their approach could be called 'relational realism', though they suggest that realists, too, have failed to explore the 'relational subject'.
Lyric in the Renaissance
Authors: Langer Ullrich
Published: July 2015

Moving from a definition of the lyric to the innovations introduced by Petrarch's poetic language, this study goes on to propose a new reading of several French poets (Charles d'Orléans, Ronsard, and Du Bellay), and a re-evaluation of Montaigne's understanding of the most striking poetry and its relation to his own prose. Instead of relying on conventional notions of Renaissance subjectivity, it locates recurring features of this poetic language that express a turn to the singular and that herald lyric poetry's modern emphasis on the utterly particular. By combining close textual analysis with more modern ethical concerns this study establishes clear distinctions between what poets do and what rhetoric and poetics say they do. It shows how the tradition of rhetorical commentary is insufficient in accounting for this startling effectiveness of lyric poetry, manifest in Petrarch's Rime Sparse and the collections of the best poets writing after him.
A breakdown in communication? Understanding the effects of aging on the human small intestine epithelium
Authors: Mabbott Neil A.
Published: July 2015

In the intestine, a single layer of epithelial cells sealed together at their apical surfaces by tight junctions helps to prevent the luminal commensal and pathogenic micro-organisms and their toxins from entering host tissues. The intestinal epithelium also helps to maintain homoeostasis in the mucosal immune system by expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines in the steady state and inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogens. Although the function of the mucosal immune system is impaired in elderly humans, the molecular mechanisms which cause this dramatic functional decline are poorly understood. Our current understanding of the effects of aging on the physical and immunological properties of the intestinal epithelial barrier is also very limited. In this issue of Clinical Science, Man et al. provide further insight into the effects of aging on small intestinal barrier function in humans and the influence that gut luminal micro-organisms may have on it. Using human terminal ileal biopsy tissues they show that intestinal permeability to solutes, but not macromolecules, was significantly increased in the intestines of elderly humans. This was accompanied by elevated expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 which appeared to modulate claudin-2 expression and solute permeability in the epithelium. Conversely, IL-8 synthesis in response to flagellin stimulation was reduced in intestines of the elderly subjects, but was not associated with effects on Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) expression. These data provide an important advance in our understanding on the effects of aging on intestinal permeability and innate mucosal immune responsiveness in elderly humans.
PSIKO2: a fast and versatile tool to infer population stratification on various levels in GWAS
Authors: Popescu Andrei-Alin , Huber Katharina T.
Published: July 2015

Summary: Genome-wide association studies are an invaluable tool for identifying genotypic loci linked with agriculturally important traits or certain diseases. The signal on which such studies rely upon can, however, be obscured by population stratification making it necessary to account for it in some way. Population stratification is dependent on when admixture happened and thus can occur at various levels. To aid in its inference at the genome level, we recently introduced psiko, and comparison with leading methods indicates that it has attractive properties. However, until now, it could not be used for local ancestry inference which is preferable in cases of recent admixture as the genome level tends to be too coarse to properly account for processes acting on small segments of a genome. To also bring the powerful ideas underpinning psiko to bear in such studies, we extended it to psiko2, which we introduce here.

Availability and implementation: Source code, binaries and user manual are freely available at https://www.uea.ac.uk/computing/psiko.

Contact:  Andrei-Alin.Popescu@uea.ac.uk or Katharina.Huber@cmp.uea.ac.uk

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Arab Legion and the 1948 War: The Conduct of ‘Collusion’?
Authors: Jevon Graham
Published: July 2015

The partition of Palestine and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War proved to be one of the defining moments of the twentieth century and its continued contemporary resonance has helped maintain a lively historiography. One of the key contentions remains the question of ‘collusion’ between the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan and the Zionists, with the approval of Britain, to partition Palestine in contravention of the UN partition plan. Based on unprecedented access to the unofficial archive of the strongest of the Arab armies—Transjordan’s Arab Legion—this article seeks to further the debate by examining the conduct of the Arab Legion, during the first half of 1948. This new material has enabled a more thorough assessment of the Arab Legion’s aims and actions than ever before. In so doing, this article dampens the revisionist notion of a firm or even tacit Hashemite–Zionist agreement, but nonetheless supports the revisionist argument that negotiations between the parties helped to shape the 1948 war. It reveals that the Arab Legion was used to establish Hashemite–Zionist partition by occupying the Arab areas of Palestine when the mandate ended and acquiescing in the establishment of Israel. Moreover, this article illustrates a significant nuance, concerning the intense fighting that took place, particularly in Jerusalem, after the end of the mandate, differentiating between the influence of King Abdullah of Transjordan and the British commander of his army, Glubb Pasha, in dictating the Arab Legion’s conduct.
Histone H2B Monoubiquitination Mediated by HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION2 Is Involved in Anther Development by Regulating Tapetum Degradation-Related Genes in Rice
Authors: Cao Hong , Li Xiaoying , Wang Zhi , Ding Meng , Sun Yongzhen , Dong Fengqin , Chen Fengying , Liu Li’an , Doughty James , Li Yong , Liu Yong-Xiu
Published: July 2015

Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is an important regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic gene transcription and is essential for normal plant development. However, the function of H2Bub1 in reproductive development remains elusive. Here, we report rice (Oryza sativa) HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 (OsHUB1) and OsHUB2, the homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HUB1 and HUB2 proteins, which function as E3 ligases in H2Bub1, are involved in late anther development in rice. oshub mutants exhibit abnormal tapetum development and aborted pollen in postmeiotic anthers. Knockout of OsHUB1 or OsHUB2 results in the loss of H2Bub1 and a reduction in the levels of dimethylated lysine-4 on histone 3 (H3K4me2). Anther transcriptome analysis revealed that several key tapetum degradation-related genes including OsC4, rice Cysteine Protease1 (OsCP1), and Undeveloped Tapetum1 (UDT1) were down-regulated in the mutants. Further, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that H2Bub1 directly targets OsC4, OsCP1, and UDT1 genes, and enrichment of H2Bub1 and H3K4me2 in the targets is consistent to some degree. Our studies suggest that histone H2B monoubiquitination, mediated by OsHUB1 and OsHUB2, is an important epigenetic modification that in concert with H3K4me2, modulates transcriptional regulation of anther development in rice.
DNA Methylation within Transcribed Regions
Authors: To Taiko K. , Saze Hidetoshi , Kakutani Tetsuji
Published: July 2015

DNA methylation within transcribed genes is commonly found in diverse animals and plants. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances and the remaining mystery regarding intragenic DNA methylation.
Demonstration of thin film pair distribution function analysis (tfPDF) for the study of local structure in amorphous and crystalline thin films
Authors: Jensen Kirsten M. Ø. , Blichfeld Anders B. , Bauers Sage R. , Wood Suzannah R. , Dooryhée Eric , Johnson David C. , Iversen Bo B. , Billinge Simon J. L.
Published: July 2015

By means of normal-incidence, high-flux and high-energy X-rays, total scattering data for pair distribution function (PDF) analysis have been obtained from thin films (tf), suitable for local structure analysis. By using amorphous substrates as support for the films, the standard Rapid Acquisition PDF setup can be applied and the scattering signal from the film can be isolated from the total scattering data through subtraction of an independently measured background signal. No angular corrections to the data are needed, as would be the case for grazing incidence measurements. The `tfPDF' method is illustrated through studies of as-deposited (i.e.amorphous) and crystalline FeSb3films, where the local structure analysis gives insight into the stabilization of the metastable skutterudite FeSb3phase. The films were prepared by depositing ultra-thin alternating layers of Fe and Sb, which interdiffuse and after annealing crystallize to form the FeSb3structure. The tfPDF data show that the amorphous precursor phase consists of corner-sharing FeSb6octahedra with motifs highly resembling the local structure in crystalline FeSb3. Analysis of the amorphous structure allows the prediction of whether the final crystalline product will form the FeSb3phase with or without excess Sb present. The study thus illustrates how analysis of the local structure in amorphous precursor films can help to understand crystallization processes of metastable phases and opens for a range of new local structure studies of thin films.
Synergistic Effect of Sodium Chlorite and Edible Coating on Quality Maintenance of Minimally Processed Citrus grandis under Passive and Active MAP
Authors: Ban Zhaojun , Feng Jianhua , Wei Wenwen , Yang Xiangzheng , Li Jilan , Guan Junfeng , Li Jiang
Published: July 2015

Edible coating has been an innovation within the bioactive packaging concept. The comparative analysis upon the effect of edible coating, sodium chlorite (SC) and their combined application on quality maintenance of minimally processed pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruits during storage at 4 °C was conducted. Results showed that the combination of edible coating and SC dipping delayed the microbial development whereas the sole coating or dipping treatment was less efficient. The synergetic application of edible coating and SC treatment under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 10% O2, 10% CO2) was able to maintain the total soluble solids level and ascorbic acid content, while reduce the weight loss as well as development of mesophiles and psychrotrophs. Nonetheless, the N, O‐carboxymethyl chitosan solely coated samples showed significantly higher level of weight loss during storage with comparison to the untreated sample. Furthermore, the combined application of edible coating and SC dipping under active MAP best maintained the sensory quality of minimally processed pomelo fruit during storage.
Role of Heavy Meromyosin in Heat‐Induced Gelation in Low Ionic Strength Solution Containing l‐Histidine
Authors: Hayakawa Toru , Yoshida Yuri , Yasui Masanori , Ito Toshiaki , Wakamatsu Jun‐ichi , Hattori Akihito , Nishimura Takanori
Published: July 2015

The gelation of myosin has a very important role in meat products. We have already shown that myosin in low ionic strength solution containing l‐histidine forms a transparent gel after heating. To clarify the mechanism of this unique gelation, we investigated the changes in the nature of myosin subfragments during heating in solutions with low and high ionic strengths with and without l‐histidine. The hydrophobicity of myosin and heavy meromyosin (HMM) in low ionic strength solution containing l‐histidine was lower than in high ionic strength solution. The SH contents of myosin and HMM in low ionic strength solution containing l‐histidine did not change during the heating process, whereas in high ionic strength solution they decreased slightly. The heat‐induced globular masses of HMM in low ionic strength solution containing l‐histidine were smaller than those in high ionic strength solution. These findings suggested that the polymerization of HMM molecules by heating was suppressed in low ionic strength solution containing l‐histidine, resulting in formation of the unique gel.
Classification of Sunflower Oil Blends Stabilized by Oleoresin Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Using Multivariate Kinetic Approach
Authors: Upadhyay Rohit , Mishra Hari Niwas
Published: July 2015

The sunflower oil–oleoresin rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) blends (SORB) at 9 different concentrations (200 to 2000 mg/kg), sunflower oil–tertiary butyl hydroquinone (SOTBHQ) at 200 mg/kg and control (without preservatives) (SOcontrol) were oxidized using Rancimat (temperature: 100 to 130 °C; airflow rate: 20 L/h). The oxidative stability of blends was expressed using induction period (IP), oil stability index and photochemiluminescence assay. The linear regression models were generated by plotting ln IP with temperature to estimate the shelf life at 20 °C (SL20; R2 > 0.90). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to classify the oil blends depending upon the oxidative stability and kinetic parameters. The Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature‐dependent kinetics (R2 > 0.90, P < 0.05) and kinetic parameters viz. activation energies, activation enthalpies, and entropies were calculated in the range of 92.07 to 100.50 kJ/mol, 88.85 to 97.28 kJ/mol, −33.33 to −1.13 J/mol K, respectively. Using PCA, a satisfactory discrimination was noted among SORB, SOTBHQ, and SOcontrol samples. HCA classified the oil blends into 3 different clusters (I, II, and III) where SORB1200 and SORB1500 were grouped together in close proximity with SOTBHQ indicating the comparable oxidative stability. The SL20 was estimated to be 3790, 6974, and 4179 h for SOcontrol, SOTBHQ, and SORB1500, respectively. The multivariate kinetic approach effectively screened SORB1500 as the best blend conferring the highest oxidative stability to sunflower oil. This approach can be adopted for quick and reliable estimation of the oxidative stability of oil samples.
Cytomegalovirus and other common enteric viruses are not commonly associated with NEC
Authors: Skeath Thomas , Stewart Christopher , Waugh Sheila , Embleton Nicholas , Cummings Stephen , Berrington Janet
Published: July 2015

Aim

Changes in gut microbiota may contribute to NEC, but most studies focus on bacteria. Case reports suggest a link between cytomegalovirus (CMV) or other enteric viruses and NEC, but there are few case series systematically looking at common potential viral causes. We aimed to assess the presence of candidate viruses in blood or stool of a case series of infants with NEC managed in one surgical centre.

Methods

We identified 22 infants diagnosed with NEC (from November 2011 to March 2014): 17 had suitable blood stored, of whom 14 also had suitable stool samples stored. Blood was analysed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CMV, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus, and stool by PCR for norovirus, sappovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and rotavirus.

Results

All samples were negative.

Conclusion

Although case reports indicate an episodic association of enteric viruses in NEC, the inability to detect any of these viruses in our 17 NEC infants suggests that a viral aetiology is unlikely to be causative for most sporadic forms of NEC.
Social media and pharmacovigilance: A review of the opportunities and challenges
Authors: Sloane Richard , Osanlou Orod , Lewis David , Bollegala Danushka , Maskell Simon , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: July 2015

Adverse drug reactions come at a considerable cost on society. Social media are a potentially invaluable reservoir of information for pharmacovigilance, yet their true value remains to be fully understood. In order to realize the benefits social media holds, a number of technical, regulatory and ethical challenges remain to be addressed. We outline these key challenges identifying relevant current research and present possible solutions.
Growth hormone replacement does not increase mortality in patients with childhood‐onset growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Berglund Agnethe , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg , Olsen Morten Smærup , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Stochholm Kirstine
Published: July 2015

Context

Long‐term safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment is an area of much debate. Studies including children treated with GH not only due to GHD, but also due to non‐GHD causes like idiopathic short stature or like short stature in children born small for gestational age have suggested that GH treatment is associated with increased mortality or stroke.

Objective

To study the impact of GH replacement on overall and cause‐specific mortality in childhood‐onset GHD (CO GHD) patients.

Design

A nationwide population‐based registry study on patients with CO GHD and general population controls matched on age and gender. Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) were computed comparing patients and controls, and comparing GH‐replaced patients and non‐GH‐replaced patients, using Cox regression. Comparing GH‐ and non‐GH‐replaced patients HRs were adjusted for birth year, year of diagnosis, gender, irradiation, ACTH insufficiency and primary disease.

Patients and controls

A total of 494 patients with CO GHD each matched with 100 general population controls were included.

Results

Mortality was substantially increased comparing patients with CO GHD and general population controls, HR = 7·51 (95% CI = 6·06–9·31). Comparing GH‐replaced patients with non‐GH‐replaced patients mortality was significantly decreased in total (HR = 0·27, CI = 0·17–0·43) and due to malignancy (HR = 0·14, CI = 0·07–0·28) in GH‐replaced patients. Adjusting for relevant confounders, this decrease remained significant both in total (HR = 0·56, CI = 0·32–0·96) and due to malignancy (HR = 0·33, CI = 0·16–0·69). Overall and cause‐specific mortality was increased in both GH‐replaced and non‐GH‐replaced patients compared to general population controls, but mortality was generally highest in non‐GH‐replaced patients.

Conclusion

The present data from a national cohort of patients with CO GHD do not support the suggestion that GH replacement is associated with increased mortality.
Do Shareholder Coalitions Modify the Dominant Owner's Control? The Impact on Dividend Policy
Authors: López‐Iturriaga Félix J. , Santana‐Martín Domingo Javier
Published: July 2015

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question

We examine the effect of shareholder coalitions on the corporate payout policy in Spain, a context characterized by the presence of dominant shareholders.

Research Findings

Our results show that shareholder coalitions affect payout policy negatively (both for dividends and shares repurchases). We also find that the divergence between the voting rights involved in the coalition and the dominant owner's voting rights is negatively related to dividends.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our findings suggest that shareholder coalitions can serve as an instrument for the dominant shareholders to extract private benefits. Our results also mean that the dominant owner uses the coalition as a mechanism to amplify his or her control over the firm and reduce the cost of expropriation.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Regulators should pay attention to the double role of shareholder agreements, as these coalitions could become an entrenchment mechanism for dominant shareholders. Our results highlight the importance of considering shareholder agreements when investors analyze the corporate dividend policy.
Heart rate recovery in elite athletes: the impact of age and exercise capacity
Authors: Suzic Lazic Jelena , Dekleva Milica , Soldatovic Ivan , Leischik Roman , Suzic Slavica , Radovanovic Dragan , Djuric Biljana , Nesic Dejan , Lazic Milivoje , Mazic Sanja
Published: July 2015

There is compelling evidence that postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is a valid indicator of sympaticovagal balance. It is also used in prescription and monitoring of athletic training. The purpose of our study was to determine HRR after maximal exercise among elite athletes with respect to age. A total of 274 elite male Caucasian athletes were randomly selected from the larger sample and divided into two groups: adolescent (group Y) and adult athletes (≥18 years; group A). They performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill. Heart rate recovery was calculated as the rate of decline of HR from peak exercise to rates 1, 2 and 3 min after cessation of exercise (HRR1, HRR2 and HRR3). A significantly higher HRR1 was found in group A (29·5 ± 15·6 versus 22·4 ± 10·8, P<0·001), but HRR3 was higher in group Y (82·7 ± 10·2 versus 79·9 ± 12·25; P = 0·04). Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that, among all subjects, the HRR1 alone was independently associated with age (P<0·001). The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was in a negative relationship with HRR1 and in a positive one with HRR3 (P<0·05) with respect to all athletes. The HRR during 3 min postexercise should be reported for the purpose of better assessing functional adaptation to exercise among elite athletes as well as the age‐associated differences in recovery. Higher values of HRR1 should be expected in older athletes, and HRR3 could be used as an index of aerobic capacity, irrespective of age.
Can geometric indices of heart rate variability predict improvement in autonomic modulation after resistance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Authors: Santos Ana Alice Soares dos , Ricci‐Vitor Ana Laura , Bragatto Vanessa Santa Rosa , Santos Ana Paula Soares dos , Ramos Ercy Mara Cipulo , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques
Published: July 2015

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with autonomic dysfunctions that can be evaluated through heart rate variability (HRV). Resistance training promotes improvement in autonomic modulation; however, studies that evaluate this scenario using geometric indices, which include nonlinear evaluation, thus providing more accurate information for physiological interpretation of HRV, are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the influence of resistance training on autonomic modulation, using geometric indices of HRV, and peripheral muscle strength in individuals with COPD. Fourteen volunteers with COPD were submitted to resistance training consisting of 24 sessions lasting 60 min each, with a frequency of three times a week. The intensity was determined as 60% of one maximum repetition and was progressively increased until 80% for the upper and lower limbs. The HRV and dynamometry were performed at two moments, the beginning and the end of the experimental protocol. Significant increases were observed in the RRtri (4·81 ± 1·60 versus 6·55 ± 2·69, P = 0·033), TINN (65·36 ± 35·49 versus 101·07 ± 63·34, P = 0·028), SD1 (7·48 ± 3·17 versus 11·04 ± 6·45, P = 0·038) and SD2 (22·30 ± 8·56 versus 32·92 ± 18·78, P = 0·022) indices after the resistance training. Visual analysis of the Poincare plot demonstrated greater dispersion beat‐to‐beat and in the long‐term interval between consecutive heart beats. Regarding muscle strength, there was a significant increase in the shoulder abduction and knee flexion. In conclusion, geometric indices of HRV can predict improvement in autonomic modulation after resistance training in individuals with COPD; improvement in peripheral muscle strength in patients with COPD was also observed.
Increased technetium‐99 m hydroxy diphosphonate soft tissue uptake on bone scintigraphy in chronic kidney disease patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: correlation with hyperphosphataemia
Authors: Enevoldsen Lotte Hahn , Heaf James , Højgaard Liselotte , Zerahn Bo , Hasbak Philip
Published: July 2015

In bone scan patients with dialysis‐treated chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperparathyroidism, soft tissue accumulation of technetium‐99 m hydroxy/methylene diphosphonate (Tc‐99 m‐HDP/MDP) has been reported primarily in case reports and usually explained by hypercalcaemia and/or hyperphosphataemia. As human vascular smooth muscle cells produce hydroxyapatite during cell culture with increased phosphate levels and as Tc‐99 m‐HDP/MDP primarily binds to hydroxyapatite, we hypothesized that soft tissue accumulation would be found in patients with hyperphosphataemia. We identified 63 CKD patients diagnosed with secondary hyperparathyroidism admitted for Tc‐99 m‐HDP bone scan. Baseline characteristics and mean concentrations of biochemical markers (including P‐calcium and P‐phosphate) taken 0–3 months prior to the bone scans were collected. Soft tissue uptake was detected on bone scans in 37 of 63 (59%) patients. Primary locations were in the heart (27/37 = 73%), muscles (12/37 = 32%), lung (9/37 = 24%) and gastrointestinal tract (6/37 = 16%), and 13 of 37 (35%) patients had simultaneous uptake in more than one location. Regarding biochemical markers, patients with soft tissue uptake only differed from patients without in terms of plasma phosphate levels (1·95 ± 0·15 (n = 37) versus 1·27 ± 0·08 (n = 26), P = 0·0012). All patients with myocardial uptake (n = 27) had a coronary arteriography‐verified history of coronary artery disease (CAD), whereas CAD was only present in six of the 36 patients without myocardial uptake. In conclusion, dialysis‐treated CKD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism have a high incidence of soft tissue uptake, and this finding is strongly correlated with elevated phosphate, but not calcium values.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease following liver transplantation: a clinical review
Authors: Merola Jonathan , Liapakis AnnMarie , Mulligan David C. , Yoo Peter S.
Published: July 2015

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. While post‐transplantation outcomes are similar to other indications for transplant, recent evidence has suggested that reduction in risk factors for post‐transplant metabolic syndrome may impose a significant survival benefit in this patient population. Cardiovascular mortality is the leading cause of death following transplantation for NASH. While pre‐transplant pharmacologic and surgical approaches have been utilized to reduce cardiovascular risk factors following transplantation, the effectiveness of these treatment approaches in the post‐transplant setting is poorly defined. Studies are urgently needed in the treatment of this rapidly growing population.
Exploring the consistency, transparency and portability of dental technology education: benchmarking across Norway, Ireland and Australia
Authors: Myhrer T. , Evans J. L. , Haugen H. K. , Gorman C. , Kavanagh Y. , Cameron A. B.
Published: July 2015

Dental technology programmes of study must prepare students to practice in a broad range of contemporary workplaces. Currently, there is limited evidence to benchmark dental technology education – locally, nationally or internationally. This research aims to improve consistency, transparency and portability of dental technology qualifications across three countries. Data were accessed from open‐source curriculum documents and five calibrated assessment items. Three institutions collaborated with Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway; Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; and Griffith University, Australia. From these, 29–44 students completed 174 assessments. The curricula reflect the community needs of each country and display common themes that underpin professional dental technology practice. Assessment results differed between institutions but no more than a normal distribution. Face‐to‐face assessment moderation was critical to achieve consistency. This collaborative research has led to the development of a set of guidelines for other dental technology education providers interested in developing or aligning courses internationally to enhance the portability of qualifications.
Seizure frequency reduction after posteromedial hypothalamus deep brain stimulation in drug‐resistant epilepsy associated with intractable aggressive behavior
Authors: Benedetti‐Isaac Juan C. , Torres‐Zambrano Martin , Vargas‐Toscano Andres , Perea‐Castro Esther , Alcalá‐Cerra Gabriel , Furlanetti Luciano L. , Reithmeier Thomas , Tierney Travis S. , Anastasopoulos Constantin , Fonoff Erich T. , Contreras Lopez William Omar
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteromedial hypothalamus (pHyp) on seizure frequency in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) associated with intractable aggressive behavior (IAB).

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively from nine patients, who received bilateral stereotactic pHyp‐DBS for the treatment of medically intractable aggressive behavior, focusing on five patients who also had DRE. All patients were treated at the Colombian Center and Foundation of Epilepsy and Neurological Diseases—FIRE (Chapter of the International Bureau for Epilepsy), in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia from 2010 to 2014. Each case was evaluated previously by the institutional ethical committee, assessing the impact of aggressive behavior on the patient's family and social life, the humanitarian aspects of preserving the safety and physical integrity of caregivers, and the need to prevent self‐harm. Epilepsy improvement was measured by a monthly seizure reduction percentage, comparing preoperative state and outcome. Additional response to epilepsy was defined by reduction of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Aggressive behavior response was measured using the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS).

Results

All the patients with DRE associated with IAB presented a significant decrease of the rate of epileptic seizures after up to 4 years follow‐up, achieving a general 89.6% average seizure reduction from the state before the surgery. Aggressiveness was significantly controlled, with evident improvement in the OAS, enhancing the quality of life of patients and families.

Significance

In well‐selected patients, DBS of the pHyp seems to be a safe and effective procedure for treatment of DRE associated with refractory aggressive behavior. Larger and prospective series are needed to define the pHyp as a target for DRE in different contexts.
Chronic intermittent colic in a mare attributed to uterine marbles
Authors: Freeman C. E. , Lyle S. K.
Published: July 2015

A 13‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare presented for evaluation of chronic intermittent colic. Following extensive diagnostics, abdominal radiographs revealed two round, radiopaque objects in the caudal abdomen. Palpationper rectumand transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract confirmed that the round objects were uterine marbles. Dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, 5 mg i.m. q. 24 h for 2 days) was administered to bring the mare into oestrus, and both uterine marbles were manually removed from the uterus following digital dilation of the relaxed cervix. Follow‐up with the owner 12 months after discharge revealed that the mare had shown no further signs of abdominal discomfort since having the uterine marbles removed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first published report of chronic intermittent colic attributed to uterine marbles in a mare.
Strategic Management Thinking and Practice in the Public Sector: A Strategic Planning for All Seasons?
Authors: Johnsen Åge
Published: July 2015

This paper explores how strategic management thinking manifests itself in strategic management practice in the public sector. Mintzberg's framework of ten strategic management schools of thought is chosen for mapping strategic management thinking. The paper analyses a convenience sample of 35 strategic management processes, observation of an agency's strategy reformulation process and interviews of managers in the public sector in Norway for informing the discussion. Strategic planning is heavily criticised in some of the business strategy literature. The analysis indicates that strategic management in the public sector extensively uses strategic planning, bundled with certain other schools of thought, despite tendencies to downplay formal, mechanistic planning in contemporary strategic management theory.
Co‐owned Local Government Organisations: Conditions for Strategy Development
Authors: Mattisson Ola , Ramberg Ulf
Published: July 2015

Local governments tend to join resources and create co‐owned organisations to solve the supply of public services. From a strategic perspective on local government cooperation, this paper analyses the conditions for strategy development in a co‐owned municipal organisation. The empirical data stem from a longitudinal case study of a Swedish provider of water and sewerage services. We show that difficulties in formulating and agreeing upon strategies are not dependent on the structural form. Instead, there is an intrinsic dilemma when municipalities are to create a joint strategy at the same time as each municipality is sovereign to decide on all local matters.
Challenging the NPM Ideas About Performance Management: Selectivity and Differentiation in Outcome‐Oriented Performance Budgeting
Authors: Ter Bogt Henk J. , Van Helden G. Jan , Van Der Kolk Berend
Published: July 2015

This paper shows how the performance budget of a local government organization, in this case a province in the Netherlands, can be attuned to the specific task characteristics of the programmes in these budgets. Three ways of alignment are suggested: differentiating between standardized and complex programmes; focussing on the politically most relevant programmes in order to avoid information overload; and distinguishing between the types of performance information in terms of the role of the province in the programme (facilitator versus executor) and the stage in the policy making cycle (policy development, policy elaboration or policy execution). These suggestions challenge the generally straightforward NPM rationale of performance budgeting, in which standardized outputs are directly related to resources. Our empirical research shows on the one hand that the redesigned programme budget based on the above principles received substantial approval of its users, i.e., the provincial councillors. On the other hand, as regards the use of this programme budget the picture is rather diffuse, i.e., the majority of the councillors indicate that they use the information rather intensively, but its formal use in official Council and Council committee meetings remains limited.
Land use efficiency: anticipating future demand for land‐sector greenhouse gas emissions abatement and managing trade‐offs with agriculture, water, and biodiversity
Authors: Bryan Brett A. , Crossman Neville D. , Nolan Martin , Li Jing , Navarro Javier , Connor Jeffery D.
Published: July 2015

Competition for land is increasing, and policy needs to ensure the efficient supply of multiple ecosystem services from land systems. We modelled the spatially explicit potential future supply of ecosystem services in Australia's intensive agricultural land in response to carbon markets under four global outlooks from 2013 to 2050. We assessed the productive efficiency of greenhouse gas emissions abatement, agricultural production, water resources, and biodiversity services and compared these to production possibility frontiers (PPFs). While interacting commodity markets and carbon markets produced efficient outcomes for agricultural production and emissions abatement, more efficient outcomes were possible for water resources and biodiversity services due to weak price signals. However, when only two objectives were considered as per typical efficiency assessments, efficiency improvements involved significant unintended trade‐offs for the other objectives and incurred substantial opportunity costs. Considering multiple objectives simultaneously enabled the identification of land use arrangements that were efficient over multiple ecosystem services. Efficient land use arrangements could be selected that meet society's preferences for ecosystem service provision from land by adjusting the metric used to combine multiple services. To effectively manage competition for land via land use efficiency, market incentives are needed that effectively price multiple ecosystem services.