bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capital Allocation, Credit Access, and Firm Growth
Authors: Kinghan Christina , Newman Carol , O’Toole Conor
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, the authors explore the relationship between firm growth, access to finance, and the efficiency of capital allocation in Vietnam over 2005–15. They test whether firms with higher marginal returns to capital are more or less likely to get access to financing. This is a key test of how efficiently the financial system is functioning. The authors also test whether credit supply constraints are hindering capital allocation by limiting the investment and employment activities of firms with the highest marginal return on capital. They find that high return investors, with the greatest marginal return on capital, have a lower likelihood of having formal finance (loans outstanding with formal credit institutions). The study finds evidence that rejected credit applications are limiting investment activity but not employment, particularly for firms with higher investment efficiency. This suggests a link between firm growth and a suboptimal allocation of credit.
Why Do Household Businesses Stay Informal?
Authors: Tran Thi Bich , La Hai Anh
Published: April 2020

Using unbalanced panel data from the small and medium enterprise surveys in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015, this chapter investigates factors associated with informality in Vietnam. We assume that household businesses, especially the top tier firms, become formal either because they perceive benefits of formalization such as an increase in the household performance, or because they want to escape bribes and harassment. Using the random effects model with controlling for the pre-formalization trends, our results show that productive household businesses stay informal because net costs from tax payment may surpass net benefits from formalization. Moreover, government controls do not promote formalization, especially among the ‘upper’ tiers of informal households. Our findings raise suspicions of collusion corruption between informal households in top tiers and officials. Future steps could be qualitative and quantitative studies to investigate collusion corruption as a determinant of informality in developing countries.
Pecuniary Returns to Working Conditions
Authors: Nordman Christophe J. , Sharma Smriti
Published: April 2020

Using matched worker-firm data from three waves of the Vietnam Small and Medium Enterprises data, we examine whether workers are compensated with higher wages for working in vulnerable jobs and unfavourable working conditions. Wage equations indicate that there are no clear compensating mechanisms for working in poor conditions, for having an informal contract, and for having few financial benefits. Quantile regressions show that workers in the upper tail of the wage distribution are more likely to be penalized for working in adverse working conditions. Employees recruited through official hiring channels with an informal contract earn less than employees hired through social networks. Upon estimating mean decompositions of wage gaps based on working conditions, we find that the gap is almost entirely explained by the conjunction of worker, job, and firm characteristics in 2015, in contrast to the previous survey year of 2013.
The Big Bang: science
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

The historical timeline of the universe starts when hydrogen and helium initially formed and the four fundamental interactions—strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitation—came into being. The hydrogen and helium spread throughout the universe and then came back together again in the stars and combined to create the periodic table of elements.
The Big Bang: discovery
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

A very small number of very smart individuals discovered the Big Bang (as it became known) and its aftermath. The fact that the stars are all moving away from us in a structured velocity-versus-distance relationship as first discovered by Edwin Hubble is simply fascinating, almost as fascinating as learning that just prior to this, most everyone—including Einstein himself—assumed that the stars were static, non-moving objects in the sky, just sitting there.
The Atom: science
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

The atom is comprised of a nucleus, which contains protons, neutrons, and the strong nuclear interaction holding them together, and orbiting electrons, which interact with the nucleus through the electromagnetic interaction. The quantized orbit of the electrons give the atom volume, while Pauli exclusion prevents atom overlapping with other atoms. Both phenomena result in a atom that can be modelled as a hard sphere.
The Atom: discovery
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Many independent discoveries led to the discovery of the atom. Einstein’s explanation of Brownian motion provided proof that atoms exist. J.J. Thomson identified the cathode rays produced in Crookes‘ tube as electrons. Rutherford discovered that most atom mass is concentrated in a small central region. Bohr combined this with Planck’s quantized energy results from blackbody radiation studies to create the first physical model of the atom. Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and Born mathematically model the behavior of orbiting electrons, Heisenberg discovers uncertainty, Pauli defines exclusion, Dirac predicts spin, Chadwick discovers neutrons, and Fermi discovers weak interaction. Finally, Hahn, Meitner, and Strassmann discover nuclear fission, Yukawa discovers the strong interaction, the Stanford Linear Accelerator discovers the quark, and physicists capture the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental interactions in the Standard Model.
The rise of mv2
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Galileo connected the distance of a body’s free fall with the increase in the square of the body’s speed. This experimental finding was later used by Huygens and then Leibniz to establish mv2 as an important quantity in physics.
Bernoulli and Euler unite Newton and Leibniz
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Daniel Bernoulli’s Hydrodynamica was the first recorded derivation of the kinetic theory of gases and of the equation for fluid flow. He collaborated with Leonhard Euler to unite Newton’s laws of motion based on the concept of force with Leibniz’s early work on the concept of energy, which he called vis.
Rise of the steam engine
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

The evolution of the steam engine started with the Newcomen engine and ended with Sadi Carnot’s theoretical analysis as captured in his Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire.
The final steps to energy and its conservation
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

While many thought that the science of heat was complete, others did not and so continued to take the final steps to explain heat as a form of a conserved quantity soon to be called energy.
It started with the piston
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

The piston lays at the heart of the heat engine and is the location where heat and work met for the first time. The discovery that we live at the bottom of a sea of air enabled creation of a vacuum as a means to move the piston inside a cylinder.
Trevithick, Woolf, and high-pressure steam
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Trevithick and Woolf led efforts to develop the Cornish high-pressure steam engine and so drive the Industrial and Transport Revolutions. It was the rise of such engines in England that inspired Sadi Carnot’s subsequent theoretical analysis in Paris.
Clausius and the road to entropy
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

After a brief recap of how we got to this chapter on Rudolf Clausius, including a discussion on why two laws are needed to govern the maximum performance of Carnot’s engine, the critical question is addressed: what to do with dQ/T? Clausius answered this question in his Nine Memoirs, starting with his first memoir of 1850 and culminating with his final memoir of 1865 in which he introduced a new property of matter: entropy. And it wasn’t just the discovery of entropy that was important, but also the declaration of an increasing entropy, for it was this behavior that opened the door to quantifying irreversibility in thermodynamics.
Gibbs’ third paper
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

In his third and most famous paper, Gibbs created chemical potential to enable analysis of equilibrium in multi-species / multi-phase systems, introduced his eponymous phase rule, and developed the conceptual framework for composite properties of matter. By combining math and science, he demonstrated the usefulness of calculus in thermodynamics.
Other Collectivities
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Beyond the family, other collectivities also played a role in the production of written works that endured across generations. For literary and learned works, these other collectivities included: households (with their servants, secretaries, disciples, and collaborators in addition to family members); networks of clients, patrons, and friends; salons; courtly circles; institutions such as universities, humanist colleges, and printers’ workshops; religious communities ranging from monastic orders to Jesuits to Protestant churches. They had complex and varying relationships to families. Some overlapped with families or were supplementary extensions of them—especially households, governed by the family head. But some of these other collectivities were in competition with families for loyalty or offered an alternative to them. Moreover, literary and learned legacies could reach beyond the family to benefit broader communities.
The Family Function
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Michel Foucault’s notion of the author function provides a way of describing the practice of attributing works and groups of works to a sole author figure rather than to the co-authors, amanuenses, editors, commentary writers, translators, publishers, and print workers who may in reality have contributed to it. The ‘author’ is at least to an extent an imaginary construction, to which various powers, intentions, characteristics are attributed by readers. Foucault does not mention another tendency: the attribution of agency in the production of works not to individual authors but to families. This family function, while less widespread than the author function, operated in combination with it or else as an alternative to it. The two functions were not symmetrical. The family function did not on the whole stipulate that a work was ‘by Family X’ but drew attention to the ways in which the work had emerged from within a family.
Not Going to Plan
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Even those families for whom works of literature and learning afforded ways of projecting themselves into the past and the future did not always follow through smoothly on that projecting. Many works of literature and learning therefore communicated a version of family that did not square with smooth patrilinear norms. One kind of disruption was illegitimate birth. Others included bitter personal, confessional, and inheritance-based divisions within families. Two case studies are highlighted: that of the poet and magistrate Jean Vauquelin de la Fresnaye and his children, in particular his courtier and libertin-poet son Nicolas Vauquelin des Yveteaux; and that of Nicolas Vignier (the once-Protestant historian) and the confessionally divided literary producers who were his descendants.
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Many early modern French works, ranging from individual poems to large-scale histories, were produced with a sense that they emanated not just from individuals but from families. Such works, which I call family literature, played a big part in the attempts by families and individuals to rise, or at least to avoid falling, within the social hierarchy. Their production became part of what some families were socially or of a new direction in which some members wished to push the family. Literature could be presented as the voice of a lineage as much as of an individual. It was often designed to pin down the image of a family that circulated among readers rather than to open it up. But, through its orientation towards the future, family literature offered descendants and other future readers affordances, including as yet undetermined ways of renewing that image, and sometimes of questioning or disrupting it.
Introducing the Marots
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Chapters 16–19 are a case study of the family that produced the best-selling vernacular literary author of sixteenth-century France: Clément Marot. The example of this family also provides one way of examining the relationship to family and social hierarchy of a genre of writing that was fundamental to literate culture: poetry. The aspiration to social ascent was only one of the reasons why poetry was so widely composed in sixteenth-century France, but it was a key one. Like other cultural practices—ranging from dress and heraldry to forms of address—poetry was therefore itself part of the very mechanics that constructed social hierarchy.
The Extent and Limits of a Family’s Ascent through Poetry
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

What role did poetry play in the social ascent of the Marot family—not just Jean and Clément, but also Clément’s children, their mother or mothers, and Clément’s own mother? The ascent was meteoric, but fragile too, and it did not embrace all members of the family in the manner that often characterized, for example, ascent through royal legal or financial office. Evidence for the extent and limits of the role played by poetry in elevating the Marot family is provided partly by documents such as letters and household payrolls, but partly by Clément’s poems. They are less reliable as a means of establishing facts or dates, but even more indicative of the kind of social origins and status that Clément claimed. In this period, such claims, if widely accepted, became part of one’s social status. Excluding them would distort the picture.
From Barber-Surgeon’s Son to Professor
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Although the family’s movements within social hierarchy between 1526 and 1626 were multiple and complex, one turning point was particularly decisive, both for Matthieu and his future son François. It occurred in 1529, when Matthieu, aged perhaps about 6, left his birthplace of Saint-Denis and the barber-surgeon milieu in which he had always lived, going to study in Paris at the Collège du Cardinal Lemoine at the instigation of his distant relative François Vatable, who may earlier have undergone a similar social transformation himself. Matthieu became a Calvinist scholar, Professor of Philosophy, and chronologer. His representations, private or public, of his and his family’s social status attribute differing degrees of importance to it. The sharpness of the rupture with his early life seems to have enhanced his sense that his family, or part of it, stood out in a divine hierarchy, since it had been chosen by God for special scholarly purposes.
Form and Formation in the Vita nuova, Filostrato, and Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

Comparative source studies of Boccaccio’s Filostrato and Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde have often used Troilus’ formation to explicate its form. Such reading practices have an analogue in Dante’s Vita nova, which frames reading as a way of getting back to composition. But when does the creation of a poem begin and end? This chapter tracks how Dante bounds composition within time and how the Filostrato, drawing on the Vita nova, breaks those same boundaries down. This interaction establishes a prehistory for Troilus. For although Chaucer likely did not know the Vita nova, his poem inherits the problem of setting limits to formation in time. The ideas that inform Troilus thus take shape before Chaucer begins to write. The chain of influences explored here suggests that the ways in which we bound literary formation and bring it to bear upon form are, themselves, only provisional.
Introduction
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 offers an introduction to the culture of progresses, public processions, and royal entries in early modern England. This includes comparing Charles I’s progresses with the practices of his predecessors and his European contemporaries. The chapter also traces some of the variations in Charles’s practices across his reign, including the shift from the smaller-scale trips of the late 1620s, while England was at war with France and Spain, to royal practice during the peacetime years of the ‘personal rule’ when the king embarked on a series of more public progresses aimed at promoting his rule and his policies. Finally, it reflects on the transition to the militarized progresses into the North in 1639, 1640, and 1641, as Charles sought to deal with the Bishops’ Wars with Scotland. The chapter also offers an overview of the practical organization of Charles’s progresses and entries and their social, cultural, and political functions.
The ‘Great’ Progress of 1633
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 explores Charles’s 1633 progress to Scotland for his belated coronation as Scottish king. Following a route which echoed that of James I’s 1617 progress to Scotland, and culminating in Charles’s royal entry to Edinburgh, the king used the progress not only to display his majesty but to promote the order and ceremonialism he favoured in the church. During the progress, Charles was fêted by many hosts, including William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle, and the city of Edinburgh. Keen to impress his monarch, Cavendish commissioned Ben Jonson to write a show especially for the occasion: The King’s Entertainment at Welbeck. Like many Elizabethan progress entertainments, Jonson’s seeks to flatter and counsel the monarch. Equally keen to please and influence Charles, Edinburgh’s civic officials welcomed the king with a series of pageants, celebrating Charles but also promoting the wishes and concerns of his Scottish subjects. This chapter analyses both entertainments.
The 1634 Royal Progress to the North Midlands
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 analyses Charles’s 1634 progress through the North Midlands with Queen Henrietta Maria. Stretching as far north as Nottingham, this progress was more private than that of 1633, as Charles opted to focus more on visits to, and the cultivation of his relationships with, members of the regional nobility. This included a second visit to William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle, at Welbeck Abbey and another specially-commissioned Ben Jonson progress entertainment, performed at Bolsover Castle: The King and Queen’s Entertainment at Bolsover. During the six-day visit to Cavendish, both the earl and a group of discontented local miners sought to take advantage of the travelling monarch’s presence to petition the king in person. Paying particular attention to Charles’s concentration on visits to noble houses, and the extended visit to Welbeck, the chapter reflects further on Charles’s accessibility to his subjects and his readiness to engage in ceremonial dialogue with them.
The 1636 Progress
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 reflects on Charles’s 1636 progress in the company of his visiting nephews, Charles Lewis, the Elector Palatine, and Prince Rupert. The king’s travels took him into the Midlands and south to Hampshire, and combined visits to towns and country houses. But, the highlight of the progress—and a key focus in this chapter—was a much-publicizd trip to Oxford University. Joined by the queen, the royal visitors were hosted by Oxford’s Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud who entertained them with lavish hospitality and a series of university dramas. While Charles sought to use the 1636 progress to advertise his support for Charles Lewis’s restoration to the electorate of the Palatine of the Rhine and to rally support for Ship Money, the visit to Oxford was an opportunity for Laud to promote himself, the university, and his campaign for religious order and conformity in, and beyond, Oxford.
Introduction
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

The concept of differentiated integration has become a cornerstone of the debate on the reform and future of the European Union. This chapter introduces key concerns in this debate including the view that deeper integration will require greater differentiation and the fear that this will put the EU on a slippery slope towards ‘ever looser union’ and ‘two-class membership’. This introductory chapter summarizes the book’s arguments about the EU reform debate and differentiated integration. Among others, it states that differentiated integration has not produced ‘ever looser union’ but has been predominantly ‘multi-speed’ differentiation. Whereas differentiation has facilitated European integration under conditions of increasing international heterogeneity, it is an obstacle towards European solidarity and the consolidation of integration. It concludes with an overview of the chapters.
Theory
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter theorizes differentiated integration based on the major schools of thought in the study of European integration: liberal intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism. The chapter distinguishes differentiation from uniform integration and non-integration. It explains demand for differentiation on the basis of cross-national heterogeneity in member state preferences and capacities. It then explores the effects of externalities, decision rules, supranational actors, and integration norms on the supply of differentiated integration. Finally, the chapter distinguishes two logics of differentiation. Constitutional differentiation arises in the context of EU treaty reforms and is driven by resistance to the supranational integration of core state powers among the Union’s Eurosceptic and wealthy member states. Instrumental differentiation is predominantly a feature of enlargement negotiations and results from distributional conflicts and differences in governance capacity and wealth between existing and prospective member states.
Path Dependence
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the path-dependence of differentiated integration in the case of the Eurozone. In the aftermath of the Euro crisis, differentiated integration grew significantly in this already highly differentiated domain. Why did differentiation become path-dependent? The analysis suggests that DI becomes self-reinforcing if a shock hitting a differentially integrated policy affects the insiders more heavily than the outsiders and forces the insiders to press ahead with integration. If insiders and outsiders were equally affected, we would not see a widening gap; if outsiders were more affected than insiders, we might even observe convergence at a high level of integration. Moreover, if the insiders could efficiently deal with the shock without having to integrate further, insiders and outsiders would not diverge.
Differentiated Disintegration: Brexit
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines negotiations on differentiated disintegration in the case of Brexit. It includes the efforts of the British government to renegotiate its EU membership prior to the referendum in June 2016 and the subsequent negotiations of the Withdrawal Agreement. The chapter shows that the same factors that explain demand for differentiated integration can also explain demand for differentiated disintegration. However, the supply conditions differ fundamentally. In disintegration negotiations, the EU enjoys the superior institutional bargaining power of the status quo-oriented actor, the superior material bargaining power produced by starkly asymmetrical economic interdependence, and the coherence and unity bestowed by supranational procedures and a common interest in preventing and deterring cherry-picking behaviour.
Markets and The Shareholders As A Class
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyses the way in which company law shapes two important markets—the market for executives and the market for corporate control—in the hope of addressing the agency problems identified in Chapter 1. Both sets of rules are controversial. The rules on executive pay make use of independent directors on remuneration committees and various forms of ‘say on pay’ to structure executive remuneration. But they have been criticised for not robustly linking pay to performance and for setting pay at socially unacceptable levels. The rules on the market for corporate control, set out mainly in the Takeover Code, contain a very strong version of the non-frustration rule, making it difficult for incumbent managers to defend themselves against unwelcome bidders. Here, it is heavily debated whether the rule promotes managerial efficiency or encourages ‘short termism’.
Majority and Minority Shareholders
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

Where a company has a controlling or a small group of controlling shareholders, the non-controlling shareholders are at risk that the controllers will extract private benefits of control at the expense of the non-controllers. UK company law contains a wide range of techniques for addressing this issue, some more effective than others. This chapter begins by examining the various ways in which well-advised investors can contract for protection before they enter the company and how the law protects the agreements reached. The second part discusses rights to exit the company upon the occurrence of certain events. The third part discusses disclosure rights, designed to bring self-dealing transactions into the open. The fourth focuses on ways of structuring the board or shareholder body when the decision before it carries a high risk of self-dealing. The final part considers cases where the courts review the substantive fairness of the controllers’ conduct, notably, but not only, the provisions on ‘unfair prejudice.
Liability and Enforcement
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

The effective enforcement of law requires that liability be appropriately allocated, that those with the appropriate incentives be in a position to enforce the liabilities thus created and that the sanctions available be effective. Otherwise, the substantive law may be ineffective in practice.This chapter examines these issues in relation to companies and individuals connected to companies in three contexts: civil law (mainly contract and tort), criminal law, and regulatory rules. Although much of the background law is of general application, it applies in a particular way to companies and individuals engaged in corporate activities.
The Governor’s Dilemma in Colonial Empires
Authors: MacDonald Paul K.
Published: April 2020

One of the striking features of European colonial empires was their tendency to expand despite opposition from metropolitan officials. This chapter argues that this tendency was not due to the idiosyncratic personalities or preferences of frontier agents, but derived from the very governance structure of overseas empires. Colonial governance depends on layers of intermediaries, including both imperial proconsuls and local collaborators. Competence–control tradeoffs and dynamic instabilities occur at every level. Drawing on competence–control theory, this chapter explores the tradeoffs and tensions metropolitan officials face when granting authority to these chains of subordinates, and how those tensions can generate pressures to push forward the imperial frontier.
Governing Capital Markets
Authors: Seddon Jack , Mattli Walter
Published: April 2020

This chapter applies competence–control theory to capital market governance. For much of the twentieth century, centralized market intermediaries such as the New York Stock Exchange and London Metal Exchange served as efficient platforms for capital formation and risk management. However, this pattern of good self-regulatory governance was displaced by socially unproductive rent-seeking and widespread distortions following the introduction of increased competition between fragmented exchange platforms and external statutory controls. The governor’s dilemma provides an elegant framework for explaining this deterioration in the quality of capital market governance, which confounds standard expectations about the salutary effects of competition and the presumed vices of self-regulation. Unpacking the changing modalities of governor control (cooptation versus delegation) and the impact of differences in market structure (centralization versus fragmentation), this chapter shows that good market governance was supported by soft control mechanisms and a radical attenuation of the competence–control tradeoff in centralized markets. This efficient equilibrium unraveled as growing goal divergence—induced by market fragmentation—encouraged harder governor controls that inadvertently eroded the competence of market intermediaries.
‘Literary’ versus ‘Cultural’ Texts in the NEAB Anthology
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

This chapter reflects on the increasingly influential links drawn between literary reading and cultural formation in state education at the end of the century. Building on the implementation of multicultural initiatives under Thatcher, it focuses on the emergence of literary categories distinguishing the ‘English literary heritage’ from ‘other cultures and traditions’. It begins by locating these ideas in the mind of the cosmopolitan poet and state English advisor C.B. Cox before turning to their codification in the NEAB GCSE Anthology (1996, 1998), a school reader that introduced a new contemporary canon of postcolonial poetry. The chapter concludes with detailed readings of three anthologized poems by Sujata Bhatt, Kamau Brathwaite, and Tatamkhulu Afrika, demonstrating how we might reimagine the Anthology’s ideas of organic language, culture, and representative ethnic identity.
Wages, Salary, and Remuneration—Towards a Social Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces the development of minimum wage legislation through the early to mid-twentieth century. It demonstrates the significance of the concept of ‘remuneration’ in shaping the legal environment in which workers’ right to payment was coming to be conceived. The first section begins with a discussion of this concept, tracing it from its origins in the concept of the salary. The second section builds on this analysis to explore the role of these concepts—the wage, the salary, and remuneration—in experiments in wage regulation. The third section explores the link between these different concepts and the emerging relational model of the contract of employment. The fourth section shows how these changes influenced the way in which minimum wage legislation came to be conceived in the mid-twentieth century, particularly in the context of the wages councils system of the 1940s. The fifth section then explores the broader implications of these changes, returning to the example of dock work and the various ‘decasualization’ policies of the era.
The Statutory Minimum Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the modern minimum wage framework in detail. The first section begins by exploring the background to the National Minimum Wage Act through the lens of the relationship between minimum wages and wage supplementation. The second section then explores the conceptual structure of the Act in more detail. In particular, it explores how an individual’s minimum wage entitlement is assessed; the types of ‘work’ that are either implicitly or expressly, excluded from the Act; and the content of the concept of the ‘wage’. It concludes with some remarks about what the Act’s structure implies about the legal system’s understanding of the role of minimum ‘wage’ regulation today.
History of Cultural Psychology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 explores the individuals, disciplines, and historical forces that contributed to the emergence of cultural psychology. It discusses central themes and types of historical approaches, ancient Greek contributions, late 19th and early 20th century thinkers, Wilhelm Wundt, sociology and anthropology’s early contributions, the psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, and the anthropologists Franz Boas and D. Price-Williams. It explores cross-cultural psychology and the contributions of Marshall Segall, Geert Hofstede, and Harry Triandis. Finally, it discusses cultural psychology and the contributions of Richard Shweder, Jerome Bruner, Michael Cole, and indigenous psychologies. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Cultural Evolution and Cultural Ecology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 explores cultural evolution, cultural ecology, and the ways environments shape the cultures that exist within them. It discusses whether only humans have culture, Darwin and natural selection, and biological and cultural evolution, and provides examples of biological evolution. It also addresses cultural evolution, a comparison of biological and cultural evolution, how communities change, creative cultural inventions, globalization and diffusion, revolution, and intergroup contact. It explores cultural ecology, a case study in cultural ecology, how culture and environment interconnect, sickle cell anemia, diet, lactose intolerance, culture as an adaptive tool, and cultural variability. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Cognition and Perception
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 explores the ways culture shapes our cognitive skills and abilities. It discusses cognitive thinking styles, measuring field dependence-independence, holistic and analytic cognition, and applying thinking styles to children’s classroom experiences. It discusses intelligence, intelligence models by Sternberg and Gardner, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on intelligence. It also addresses measuring intelligence, culture-specific intelligence tests, factors that shape intelligence such as socioeconomic status and cultural practices, and psychometric tests and cultural fairness. Finally, it explores IQ and social justice; Piaget’s theory; Piaget and culture; problem-solving and culture; and visual perception, including visual illusions and the carpentered world hypothesis. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Mental Health and Psychopathology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 15 explores the ways culture shapes the perceptions, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental health issues. It discusses abnormal behavior criteria; cultural syndromes such as hwa-byung and hikikomori; universal mental disorders such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, and suicide; the connection between culture and depression; and cross-cultural comparisons of depression. It addresses treatment of psychological disorders and mental health issues and Western and indigenous healing approaches. Also covered are minority, migrant, and refugee mental health experiences; obstacles to treatment such as language and cultural value barriers; and improvements in mental health care for vulnerable groups. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Sociologies of the Book in the Study of Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 situates the methodological approach of the study within three trends in the study of the ancient book cultures of Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity: the material turn in New Testament textual criticism, approaches to Jewish and Christian literature as open textual processes, and the formation of the New Testament canon. As with other studies in the material turn of New Testament textual ncriticism, this study foregrounds the manuscript as a material object and moves toward its reception history instead of focusing upon a putative “original” text. This chapter also engages the work of Eva Mroczek, David Larsen, and others, agreeing with their emphasis upon texts as open tradition but arguing for a greater role for the text as artifact. Finally, this chapter articulates how the book as a whole will contribute to the discourse on the New Testament canon by showing how construction of authority intertwined with the usage of physical manuscripts of the Gospels.
The Noble American Science of Imperial Relations and Its Laws of Race Development
Authors: Vitalis Robert
Published: April 2020

We now know that the ‘birth of the discipline’ of international relations in the United States is a story about empire. The foundations of early international relations theory are set in not just international law and historical sociology but evolutionary biology and racial anthropology. The problem is the way in which scholars today deal with the place of race in the thought of John Hobson, Paul Reinsch, and virtually all other social scientists of the era. The strand of thought that still resonates in our own time about empire, states, and the like is raised up and depicted as the scientific or theoretical core in the scholars’ work, while the strand that involves now archaic racial constructs is downgraded and treated instead as mere ‘language’, ‘metaphors’, and ‘prejudices’ of the era. To undo this error and recover in full the ideas of early international relations theorists it is necessary to bring the work of historians of conservative and reform Darwinism to bear on the first specialists and foundational texts in international relations.
The Imperialism of Categories
Authors: Rudolph Susanne Hoeber
Published: April 2020

The American ‘impulse to impose Locke everywhere’ on a world presumed to be eagerly waiting to receive it has by no means expired. It becomes more articulate as America moves gropingly, sometimes inadvertently and sometimes by design, toward becoming an empire. The question is, will America’s encounter with the other in the Middle East and elsewhere give Americans that ‘sense of relativity’, that ‘spark of philosophy’, which will enable them to recognize and negotiate with the unfamiliar and the strange it finds in other peoples and polities? Or will it merely intensify, as it often has, a liberal absolutism indifferent to difference?
The Misuse of Numbers
Authors: Scott James C. , Light Matthew A.
Published: April 2020

Mass democracies such as the United States, that have embraced meritocratic criteria for elite selection and mass opportunity, are tempted develop impersonal, objective, mechanical, measures of quality. Why? The seductiveness of such measures is that they all turn measures of quality into measures of quantity, thereby allowing comparison across cases with an apparently single metric. This chapter attempts to sketch that logic and argue that it is irremediably and fatally flawed.
American Sociology and Colonialism, 1890s–1960s
Authors: Steinmetz George
Published: April 2020

American sociologists nowadays tend to see their discipline as being focused mainly on domestic social problems. This overlooks US sociologists’ widespread engagement in questions of colonialism and empire during the first eight decades of the discipline’s existence. The story of American sociologists’ involvement in US empire has been discussed for the first decades of the discipline, but little is known about the key period 1945–75, which saw the rapid expansion of universities, foundations, and social science disciplines such as sociology. This chapter traces the main lines of sociological involvement in colonialism, formal empire, and informal imperialism, offering a complete picture of American sociological involvement in empire through a wide range of universities, foundations, organizations, and institutes.
The Golden Bough at Bretton Woods
Authors: Morgan Marston H.
Published: April 2020

This chapter reconsiders the now muted and distanced relationship between anthropologists and the U.S. state since the Bretton Woods Conference. Frazier's Golden Bough helps to understand the ambitious stances of post-war and post-Cold-War American foreign policymakers. The British (and other enfeebled European) empire(s) was no less on the American hit list than were outright communist entities. Social scientists up the Vietnam era at least, were often willing fellow travellers in this home-grown capitalist internationale. Clearly there is a noteworthy difference that needs to be worked out between anthropologists working in the area of Cultural Resources Management for the Department of Interior and those that signed up with Human Terrain Systems teams hunting opponents abroad. The chapter urges that the relationship between government and discipline be institutionally defined through anthropologists' professional bodies, so as to protect both subjects and practitioners from ethical conflicts with the government agencies they interact with. However, the unintended consequences of engaging with American power risks destruction of the discipline’s objective values as a science.
Conclusion
Authors: Kelly John D. , Jacobsen Kurt
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this volume has been to reconsider the American 'fiery hunt,' examine its effects upon social sciences (political science, anthropology, sociology, and economics) and, in turn, assess their effects on the Pax Americana from Truman up to the Trumpian era. Starbuck was immobilized by a clash between his better judgement and his duty to obey. Ishmael, ready to go wherever truths take him, hauls the mutinous lesson of the Pequod home to enlighten the rest of us. Starbuck's dilemma is not his or ours, not any longer. To situate and critique the powers of Social Science, its accompaniments on 'voyages out' and frequent complicity in 'fiery hunts,' has been our intention. The presupposition is that the information, and the lessons therein, matter. These candid accounts, we reckon, provide leverage to actors who thereby can change the context in which policy is made.
Literary Articulation (1685–98)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

The court of Guru Gobind Singh developed steadily to emerge as a great centre of patronage for poets. The Sikh writers of the eighteenth century provide considerable information on the works produced at his court. Piara Singh Padam’s Darbari Ratan presents a more systematic record in which the poets talk about themselves and their patron at Anandpur. The poetry produced at the Guru’s court was different in character from the poetry patronized at the royal courts. It was meant to inspire people. The compositions included in the Dasam Granth and Sri Sarab Loh Granth, by and large, were produced before 1700. Some of them are remarkable for their social and political import.
Ouster from Anandpur (1699–1704)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

An important result of the institution of the Khalsa was escalation of tension. The hill chiefs did not want Guru Gobind Singh to stay at Anandpur on his own terms. In the first battle of Anandpur they failed to dislodge him. But they requested him to leave Anandpur as the cow’s feed (gau-bhat). Two battles were then fought outside Anandpur: one at Nirmoh and the other at Basoli. Guru Gobind Singh returned to Anandpur. With the support of the Mughal authorities, finally, the hill chiefs laid a long siege to Anandpur. Seeing no end to the armed conflict, they gave offers of safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh for voluntary evacuation of Anandpur. Aurangzeb’s oath on the Qu‘ran was used for this purpose. In view of the pressure from the people of the town, including some of his Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh decided to leave Anandpur against his own judgment.
The Last Commandment
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

Soon after Banda Singh’s departure for the Punjab, Guru Gobind Singh was wounded in his camp by a Pathan named Jamshed Khan. The wounds healed but reopened when Guru Gobind Singh stretched a strong bow. He told the Khalsa that his life had come to its end. They were anxious to know who would guide them. He said that the entire body of the Khalsa and the bani embodied in the Granth Sahib would henceforth be the Guru. Guru Gobind Singh passed away on 7 October 1708 to be cremated at Nanded. His adopted son, Ajit Singh, was given a ‘mourning robe’ at Bahadur Shah’s court on 10 November 1708. The property of Guru Gobind Singh was not taken over by the Mughal state under escheat, because it was regarded by Bahadur Shah as the property of a dervish.
Emotion Concepts
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 explores the development of emotion concepts, investigating how actors at different times drew the boundaries that defined emotions and distinguished them from non-emotions. It argues that concepts that were centered on notions of equilibrium and balance were transformed into concepts which emphasized and even celebrated the elementary power of emotions and their capacity to overwhelm the individual. This development went hand in hand with the integration of some elements of the Sufi knowledge and poetic imagery of emotions into the public discourse. The first section looks at ethical texts, which drew on the Aristotelian tradition in its Persianate shape. This genre had a long history, but was reframed considerably in the nineteenth century. The second section focuses on the Sufi tradition, while the third takes up the relatively new genre of journal articles, mainly from Tahzib ul Akhlaq, the flagship journal of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh.
Tahzib ul Akhlaq
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on the specific emotions which gained importance in educating Indian Muslims for modernity. The chapter largely focuses on writings of men who identified with the Aligarh movement. It shows that while this movement is often identified with enlightenment and rationalism, Aligarh was also the space for an important debate on emotions and on the need to feel strongly if the community, the religious, but also the national community was to come out victorious in the struggle for survival. The chapter looks first at which emotions books on morality, written from the second half of the nineteenth century onward, describe and prescribe, and at the moral education they wanted to spread through them; second, at reformist journals for their debates on the respective importance in education of ta’lim, the imparting of knowledge, and tarbiyat, the training of habits; and finally, at the exhortation in journals and newspapers to develop an emotional mindset which was increasingly politically connoted and action oriented.