bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the neural correlates of (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths
Authors: Lenzen Laura M. , Donges Maximilian R. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Poeppl Timm B.
Published: October 2021

Research into the neurofunctional mechanisms of psychopathy has gathered momentum over the last years. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified general changes in brain activity of psychopaths. In an exploratory meta‐analysis, we here investigated the neural correlates of impaired moral cognition in psychopaths. Our analyses replicated general effects in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, fronto‐insular cortex, and amygdala, which have been reported recently. In addition, we found aberrant brain activity in the midbrain and inferior parietal cortex. Our preliminary findings suggest that alterations in both regions may represent more specific functional brain changes related to (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths. Furthermore, future studies including a more comprehensive corpus of neuroimaging studies on moral cognition in psychopaths should re‐examine this notion.
A Review on Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol to Acetol
Authors: Basu Sayantani , Sen Akhil Kumar
Published: October 2021

The renewability of glycerol has made it an appealing medium for the processing of various compounds. Selective dehydration of glycerol to acetol is one of the promising glycerol valorizations. The performance and recent progress of those typical and most frequently mentioned catalysts for the synthesis of acetol from glycerol, including noble metals and transition‐based metals, are summarized in detail. A Cu‐based catalyst is identified as an appropriate catalyst for the synthesis of the glycerol dehydration route. In addition, advances in process development of several solid supports, the effects of catalyst preparation methods of suitable supports on catalytic activity, and the performance of catalysts' considering the catalytic conversion of glycerol to acetol are reviewed.
Progress on the Physiological Function of Mitochondrial DNA and Its Specific Detection and Therapy
Authors: Zhang Congcong , Xue Yufei , Wang Lan , Wu Qiong , Fang Bin , Sheng Yu , Bai Hua , Peng Bo , Yang Naidi , Li Lin
Published: October 2021

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic information of mitochondrion, and its structure is circular double‐stranded. Despite the diminutive size of the mitochondrial genome, mtDNA mutations are an important cause of mitochondrial diseases which are characterized by defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial diseases are involved in multiple systems, particularly in the organs that are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism. The diagnosis of mitochondrial disease is more complicated since mtDNA mutations can cause various clinical symptoms. To realize more accurate diagnosis and treatment of mitochondrial diseases, the detection of mtDNA and the design of drugs acting on it are extremely important. Over the past few years, many probes and therapeutic drugs targeting mtDNA have been developed, making significant contributions to fundamental research including elucidation of the mechanisms of mitochondrial diseases at the genetic level. In this review, we summarize the structure, function, and detection approaches for mtDNA. The most current topics in this field, such as mechanistic exploration and treatment of mtDNA mutation‐related disorders, are also reviewed. Specific attention is given to discussing the design and development of these probes and drugs for mtDNA. We hope that this review will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the importance of mtDNA, and promote the development of effective molecules for theragnosis of mtDNA mutation‐related diseases.
The role of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Yin Jiuheng , Ren Yanbei , Yang Kunqiu , Wang Wensheng , Wang Ting , Xiao Weidong , Yang Hua
Published: October 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops as a result of a combination of genetic predisposition, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and environmental influences, which is mainly represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBDs can result in inflammatory hypoxia by causing intestinal inflammation and vascular damage. The hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF‐1α), as a transcription factor, can regulate the cellular adaptation to low oxygen levels and support the development and function of the gut barrier. HIF‐αplays its functions through translocating into the nucleus, dimerizing with HIF‐1β, and binding to hypoxia‐responsive elements of HIF‐1 target genes. So far, most studies have addressed the function of HIF‐1α in murine models of IBD. In this review, we aim to outline the major roles of HIF‐1α in the IBD.
Shockwave intravascular lithotripsy in the treatment of under‐expanded coronary stent: Case Series
Authors: Fedele Massimiliano , Iannone Alessandro , Bartolini Davide , Rubartelli Paolo
Published: October 2021

Under‐expanded coronary stent related to inadequate preparation of calcified lesion is associated with poor clinical outcomes.Off‐label use of S‐IVL to correct this clinical issue is effective and safe, probably more than other current techniques. However, this statement needs further evidence.
The Size‐Dependent Catalytic Performances of Supported Metal Nanoparticles and Single Atoms for the Upgrading of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, and Levulinic acid
Authors: Shivhare Atal , Kumar Atul , Srivastava Rajendra
Published: October 2021

The success of integrated biorefinery relies on developing robust and economical catalytic processes to produce liquid fuels and value‐added chemicals from the waste lignocellulose biomass. Platform chemicals obtained from biomass are multifunctional molecules, and their upgrading via various catalytic processes requires active and selective catalysts. Supported transition metal nanoparticles have been used extensively to catalyze the upgrading of biomass‐derived platform chemicals. Recent literature studies have focused on understanding the size‐dependent catalytic performances of supported transition metal nanoparticles and single atoms in biomass‐related chemical transformations. The catalytic behavior of transition metals depends on their size‐dependent geometric and electronic structures, and by controlling the size, the catalytic behavior can be optimized. Herein, we have reviewed the synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques of supported metal nanoparticles of different sizes and supported single atoms and have summarized several literature examples employing these catalysts to upgrade biomass‐derived platform chemicals such as; 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid, into liquid fuels and value‐added chemicals.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Hydrogel for High Energy Density Symmetric Supercapacitor with High Operation Potential in Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Wu Xiaozhong , Li Hua , Yang Xinping , Wang Xin , Miao Zhichao , Zhou Pengfei , Zhao Jinping , Zhou Jin , Zhuo Shuping
Published: October 2021

Reduced graphene oxide hydrogels (rGOHs) with tunable surface functionalities were prepared through a hydrothermal treatment. The self‐standing hydrogels were directly used as electrode materials without any binder or conducting agent in aqueous electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements show that the hydrogels can endure high potential up to 1.7 V in acid (H2SO4) and KI‐additive (H2SO4+KI) electrolyte. With the introduction of extra pseudocapacitance through KI, rGOH possesses a high specific capacitance of 539 F g−1, which is much larger than that (141 F g−1) in acid electrolyte. The energy density for rGOHs‐based supercapacitor with can reach up to 54 Wh kg−1 and the value can maintain at 28.8 Wh kg−1 even a high power density of 8500 W kg−1. Such a good supercapacitive performance can be attributed to the open porous and interconnected structure, together with surface functionalities.
Nanotubular ZrTiO4 Prepared on Sputter Deposited Zr−Ti Films by Anodization
Authors: Zhao Yujie , Yu Yang , Li Kun , Zhang Gan , Yu Kaiyuan , Li Yan
Published: October 2021

Highly ordered nanotubular ZrTiO4 thin films were synthesized by directly anodizing co‐sputtered Zr−Ti films deposited on silicon substrates. The crystals of as‐deposited Zr−Ti films preferred (002) orientation was beneficial to the nanotubular structure formation. The adjusted anodization potential and composition of Zr−Ti films resulted in a controllable nanotube diameter that ranges from approximately 45 nm to 110 nm. The thickness of as‐deposited Zr−Ti films and growth rates determined the length of nanotubular structure (1.7–4.5 μm). The decreased Ti content in the deposited Zr−Ti films lead to a higher nanotube growth rate due to the lower binding energy of Ti and oxygen. The higher Zr content in the Zr−Ti films was responsible for the crystalized nanotubular ZrTiO4 after anodization.
Photobioanodes Based on Nanoimprinted Electrodes and Immobilized Chloroplasts
Authors: Aleksejeva Olga , Nilsson Nicklas , Genevskiy Vladislav , Thulin Kristian , Shleev Sergey
Published: October 2021

As the global energy demand continues to increase, the interest in photosynthetic energy conversion is growing accordingly. Chloroplasts, photosynthetic organelles present in plants and algae, are attractive candidates for construction of bio solar cells; however, they have been less studied because of their complex membrane system, which restricts electrochemical communication with an electrode surface. Nevertheless, in this work photobioanodes based on planar and nanoimprinted gold substrates modified with chloroplasts were designed and evaluated. Apparently, nanoimprint lithography contributed to higher photocurrent densities, not only owing to the enlarged real surface area, but also due to boosting electrochemical communication between the photosynthetic organelles and the electrode. Combining chloroplast‐modified nanoimprinted gold electrodes with a capacitive part made of a planar gold substrate, coated with a conductive polymer, resulted in a dual‐feature photobioanode providing a lower open‐circuit potential,i. e., −0.11 Vvs. Ag|AgCl|KClsat, and an enhanced capacitance ofca. 37 F m−2upon illumination of 400 W m−2.
An innovative resource‐efficient timber‐concrete‐composite ceiling system: Feasibility and environmental performance
Authors: Kromoser Benjamin , Holzhaider Philipp
Published: October 2021

Timber‐concrete composite (TCC) ceilings build on the idea of making use of the advantageous properties of both materials symbiotically. While concrete, as the upper layer, is used to absorb the compression forces, wood is used in the lower layer to absorb the tensile forces. Many systems have been developed with special attention paid to solutions with both a continuous concrete and wood layer. This article introduces a new system developed with the primary focus set on the most efficient material use by introducing a free space between the concrete and the wood layer using special vault shaped moldings. The first part of the paper contains an introduction including a short overview of different embodiments of TCC floor systems. The second part focuses on the design of the new system and gives an overview of the estimated structural performance. In the third part the environmental performance of the new system is discussed in comparison to chosen existing systems focusing at the the whole life‐cycle including a re‐use (A‐D).
Interplay of Polarity and Confinement in Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral Rh Diene Complexes in Microemulsions
Authors: Kirchhof Manuel , Abitaev Karina , Abouhaileh Abdulwahab , Gugeler Katrin , Frey Wolfgang , Zens Anna , Kästner Johannes , Sottmann Thomas , Laschat Sabine
Published: October 2021

Microemulsions provide a unique opportunity to tailor the polarity and liquid confinement in asymmetric catalysis via nanoscale polar and nonpolar domains separated by a surfactant film. For chiral diene Rh complexes, the influence of counterion and surfactant film on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity remained elusive. To explore this issue chiral norbornadiene Rh(X) complexes (X=OTf, OTs, OAc, PO2F2) were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and theoretical calculations. These complexes were used in Rh‐catalyzed 1,2‐additions of phenylboroxine to N‐tosylimine in microemulsions stabilized either exclusively by n‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (C8G1) or a C8G1‐film doped with anionic or cationic surfactants (AOT, SDS and DTAB). The Rh(OAc) complex showed the largest dependence on the composition of the microemulsion, yielding up to 59 % (90 %ee) for the surfactant film doped with 5 wt% of AOT as compared to 52 % (58 %ee) for neat C8G1 at constant surfactant concentration. Larger domains, determined by SAXS analysis, enabled further increase in yield and selectivity while the reaction rate almost remained constant according to kinetic studies.
Exploiting the Structural Metamorphosis of Polymers to ‘Wrap’ Micron‐Sized Spherical Objects
Authors: Higgs Patrick L. , Appleton Jordan L. , Turnbull W. Bruce , Fulton David A.
Published: October 2021

There is growing interest in developing methods to ‘wrap’ nano‐ and micron‐sized biological objects within films that may offer protection, enhance their stability or improve performance. We describe the successful ‘wrapping’ of lectin‐decorated microspheres, which serve as appealing model micron‐sized objects, within cross‐linked polymer film. This approach utilizes polymer chains able to undergo a structural metamorphosis, from being intramolecularly cross‐linked to intermolecularly cross‐linked, a process that is triggered by polymer concentration upon the particle surface. Experiments demonstrate that both complementary molecular recognition and the dynamic covalent nature of the crosslinker are required for successful ‘wrapping’ to occur. This work is significant as it suggests that nano‐ and micron‐sized biological objects such as virus‐like particles, bacteria or mammalian cells—all of which may benefit from additional environmental protection or stabilization in emerging applications—may also be ‘wrapped’ by this approach.
Total Syntheses of Conjugation‐Ready Repeating Units of Acinetobacter baumannii AB5075 for Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: October 2021

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious nosocomial infections. One of the multidrug‐resistant strains, AB5075, can result in bacteremia, pneumonia and wound infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. The structurally unique glycans on the surface of these bacteria are attractive targets for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines. Here, we report the first total synthesis of the densely functionalized trisaccharide repeating unit of A. baumannii AB5075 as well as two analogues. The construction of 1,2‐cis linkages between the rare sugars relies on a double‐serial inversion strategy. The judicious selection of building blocks and reaction conditions allowed for stereoselective glycosylations, the installation of acetamido groups and the (S)‐3‐hydroxybutanoyl chain.
A New Nonlinear Optical Material with N(CN)2− Anion
Authors: Chen Xin , Wang Han , Liu Youchao , Zhou Yang , Huang Weiqi , Li Minjuan , Li Yanqiang , Chen Yangxin , Zhao Sangen , Luo Junhua
Published: October 2021

Discovering new functional genes and developing high‐performance materials are the goals being pursued by scientists. In this work, we successfully obtained a second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) material via the aqueous solution method, Y[N(CN)2]4[NH(C2H5)3] ⋅ 3H2O, which is the first NLO material with the anionic group N(CN)2−. Remarkably, this material is not only strongly NLO‐active at 1064 nm with a response of about 2.8 × KH2PO4, but also possesses a short UV absorption edge of 250 nm. In‐depth first‐principles calculations illustrate well that the optical properties are mainly from the strong interaction of N, C and Y atoms. This result indicates that the N(CN)2− anion may be a new NLO functional gene. This work enriches the diversity of NLO functional genes and materials.
Expedient Access to Cyanated N‐Heterocycles by Direct Flow‐Electrochemical C(sp2)−H Activation
Authors: Carvalho Mary‐Ambre , Demin Samuël , Martinez‐Lamenca Carolina , Romanov‐Michailidis Fedor , Lam Kevin , Rombouts Frederik , Lecomte Morgan
Published: October 2021

Nitriles are recurring motifs in bioactive molecules and versatile functional groups in synthetic chemistry. Despite recent progress, direct introduction of a nitrile moiety in heteroarenes remains challenging. Recent developments in electrochemical reactions pave the way to more practical cyanation protocols. However, currently available methods typically require hazardous cyanide sources, expensive mediators, and often suffer from narrow substrate scope and laborious reaction set‐up. To address the limitations of current synthetic methods, herein, an effective, sustainable, and scalable procedure for the direct C(sp2)−H cyanation of aromatic N‐heterocycles with a user‐friendly flow‐electrochemical set‐up is reported. Furthermore, high substrate and functional‐group tolerance is demonstrated, allowing late‐stage functionalization of drug‐like scaffolds, such as natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Enantioselective separation of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs with amylose tris(3‐chloro‐5‐methylphenylcarbamate) stationary phase in HPLC with a focus on enantiomeric quality control in six pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers
Authors: Cao Shirong , Xie Chunting , Ma Qianyun , Wang Shaoping , Zhang Jiayu , Wang Zhaokun
Published: October 2021

In the present study, an accurate, rapid, and simple chiral HPLC‐UV method with amylose tris(3‐chloro‐5‐methylphenylcarbamate) as stationary phase was developed and applied for enantiomeric determination of six nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the commercial pharmaceutical formulations, including (R,S)‐ibuprofen, S‐ibuprofen, (R,S)‐ketoprofen, S‐ketoprofen, S‐naproxen, and (R,S)‐loxoprofen sodium. Experiments on the influence of mobile phase composition, proportion of organic modifier, percentage of acid additives, and column temperature on enantioseparation were conducted to obtain the best separation condition. It was indicated that one mobile phase simply composed of acetonitrile‐water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at the proportion of 50:50 (v/v) with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min at 22°C could simultaneously provide the excellent enantiomeric resolutions for all selected NSAIDs, which made the enantioseparation process more applicable and operable. The newly developed method was then applied for determination of NSAID enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers. Calibration curve of each enantiomer at the concentration of 5.0–100 ug/ml showed good linearity with the correlation coefficient above 0.9996. Satisfactory recovery (96.54–101.54%), good intra‐day precision (RSD 0.52–1.46%), and inter‐day precision (RSD 0.13–1.09%) were also obtained. The newly developed method was then applied for determination of NSAID enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers. Quantitative results of the commercial capsules and tablets demonstrated that the difference between the declared and measured values did not exceed 1.52%.
Lipid goal attainment in post‐acute coronary syndrome patients in China: Results from the 6‐month real‐world dyslipidemia international study II
Authors: Gong Yanjun , Li Xuan , Ma Xiang , Yu Hongwei , Li Ying , Chen Jiyan , Zhang Guochun , Wang Bin , Qi Xiaoyong , Meng Haiyan , Wang Xiaofeng , Mu Jianjun , Hu Xitian , Wang Jingping , Liu Shaowen , Liu Gang , Yang Zhenyu , Zhou Yujie , Kong Xiangqing , Yan Yuhu , Wang Changqian , Wang Jian' An , Wang Lijun , Fu Guosheng , Wei Lin , Peng Daoquan , Zhang Shuyang , Li Ruogu , Mao Anhua , Bian Rui , Tang Wenmin , Ran Yuqin , Jiang Jie , Huo Yong
Published: October 2021

Background

Dyslipidemia International Study II (DYSIS II)‐China was conducted to determine the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) goal (<1.8 mmol/L) attainment rate in patients with post‐acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Hypothesis

Compliance with treatment guideline recommendations improves the LDL‐C goal attainment rate in post‐ACS patients.

Methods

This multicenter prospective observational study conducted at 28 tertiary hospitals determined the LDL‐C goal attainment rates at admission and 6‐month follow‐up in patients on lipid‐lowering treatment (LLT) for ≥3 months and those not on LLT (LLT‐naive or off LLT for ≥3 months) at admission. Predictors of goal attainment at 6 months were identified using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

The LDL‐C goal attainment rate at admission in 1102/1103 enrolled patients was 17.1%; it was 41.2% among 752 patients with available lipid results at 6 months. The distance to goal was 0.7 mmol/L at 6 months. Statin monotherapy was the most prescribed LLT. Only 7.7% of patients were receiving statin + ezetimibe and 8.4% of patients were receiving an atorvastatin‐equivalent dose of ≥40 mg/day at 6 months. Being male (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.6) and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention during index hospitalization (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.1) were the independent predictors for LDL‐C goal attainment.

Conclusions

This real‐world DYSIS II study in China reports a low LDL‐C goal attainment rate in post‐ACS patients even after 6 months of LLT. Lack of intensification of statin therapy and underutilization of combinations suggest gaps between real‐world treatment practices and guideline recommendations.
A Machine Learning Model to Classify Dynamic Processes in Liquid Water**
Authors: Huang Jie , Huang Gang , Li Shiben
Published: October 2021

The dynamics of water molecules plays a vital role in understanding water. We combined computer simulation and deep learning to study the dynamics of H‐bonds between water molecules. Based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and a newly defined directed Hydrogen (H‐) bond population operator, we studied a typical dynamic process in bulk water: interchange, in which the H‐bond donor reverses roles with the acceptor. By designing a recurrent neural network‐based model, we have successfully classified the interchange and breakage processes in water. We have found that the ratio between them is approximately 1 : 4, and it hardly depends on temperatures from 280 to 360 K. This work implies that deep learning has the great potential to help distinguish complex dynamic processes containing H‐bonds in other systems.
σ‐Electrons Responsible for Cooperativity and Ring Equalization in Hydrogen‐Bonded Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: de Azevedo Santos Lucas , Cesario Diego , Vermeeren Pascal , van der Lubbe Stephanie C. C. , Nunzi Francesca , Fonseca Guerra Célia
Published: October 2021

We have quantum chemically analyzed the cooperative effects and structural deformations of hydrogen‐bonded urea, deltamide, and squaramide linear chains using dispersion‐corrected density functional theory at BLYP‐D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. Our purpose is twofold: (i) reveal the bonding mechanism of the studied systems that lead to their self‐assembly in linear chains; and (ii) rationalize the C−C bond equalization in the ring moieties of deltamide and squaramide upon polymerization. Our energy decomposition and Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal cooperativity in all studied systems, stemming from the charge separation within the σ‐electronic system by charge transfer from the carbonyl oxygen lone pair donor orbital of one monomer towards the σ* N−H antibonding acceptor orbital of the neighboring monomer. This key orbital interaction causes the C=O bonds to elongate, which, in turn, results in the contraction of the adjacent C−C single bonds that, ultimately, makes the ring moieties of deltamide and squaramide to become more regular. Notably, the π‐electron delocalization plays a much smaller role in the total interaction between the monomers in the chain.
Measuring Amyloid‐β Peptide Concentrations in Murine Brain with Improved ELISA Assay
Authors: Peng H. Benson , de Lannoy Inés A. M. , Pang K. Sandy
Published: October 2021

The amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides of 40 and 42 amino acids that are implicated in Alzheimer's disease may potentially aggregate into toxic oligomers and form neuritic plaques. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a facile method used for the determination of Aβ concentrations in biological matrices, namely plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain. The method is mostly used for the measurement of Aβ concentrations in transgenic mice, but it is unknown whether the ELISA method is suitable for measuring low, endogenous levels of Aβ in the brains of wild‐type mice. The Aβ ELISA kit manufacturer recommends use of 5 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), a protein‐denaturing agent, for homogenization of the brain tissue, followed by dilution back down to 0.1 M to avoid quenching by GuHCl. Components of brain matrices and GuHCl that could interfere with the quantitation have not been investigated. In this article, we describe an improved method involving homogenization of mouse brain with 1 M instead of 5 M GuHCl, reducing the dilution factor by 5× to provide a higher sensitivity. The modified ELISA assay is improved for the quantitation of brain Aβ peptides in wild‐type mice, where Aβ peptide levels are much lower than those in transgenic mouse models. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 4 August 2022. See the end of the full text for details.
Breeding for resistance and integrated management of web blight in common bean
Authors: Beaver James S. , Martínez Figueroa Héctor , Godoy Lutz Graciela , Estévez de Jensen Consuela , Porch Timothy G. , Rosas Juan Carlos
Published: October 2021

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in the humid tropics may increase if less predictable rainfall becomes a serious seed yield constraint in traditional areas of production. The successful production of common bean will require the effective management of common bean diseases favored by hot and humid conditions. Web blight (WB), caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk, is a serious disease of common bean in the humid tropics causing significant losses in both seed yield and seed quality. At present, only moderate levels of WB resistance have been identified. Leaf and seed damage and leaf lesion size are criteria that have been successfully used to screen common bean genotypes for WB resistance in the greenhouse and in the field. Pedigree selection has been successfully used to develop cultivars having moderate levels of resistance. Recurrent selection has been used to broaden the genetic base and to produce progeny having higher levels of WB resistance. Sources of resistance from secondary gene pools should be used to combine resistance genes from diverse sources. Common bean cultivars with earlier maturity, deep tap roots, and terminal drought tolerance may be desirable traits for farmers who plant later in the wet season to avoid WB. Seed production during the dry season using irrigation would help to reduce infection of the seed and transmission of the WB pathogen. Minimum tillage techniques are useful to help to reduce the spread of the disease. Biological control may contribute to the management of WB and complement genetic resistance.
Multisize CoS2 Particles Intercalated/Coated‐Montmorillonite as Efficient Sulfur Host for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wu Lian , Yu Yue , Dai Yongqiang , Zhao Yifang , Zeng Wei , Liao Bing , Pang Hao
Published: October 2021

The chemisorption and catalysis of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) are effective strategies to suppress the shuttle effect in lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries. Herein, multisize CoS2 particles intercalated/coated‐montmorillonite (MMT) as an efficient sulfur host is synthesized. As expected, the obtained S/CoS2@MMT cathode achieves an absorption‐catalysis synergistic effect through the polar MMT aluminosilicate sheets and the well‐dispersed nano‐micron CoS2 particles. Furthermore, efficient interlamellar ion pathways and interconnected conductive network are constructed within the composite host due to the intercalation/coating of CoS2 in/on MMT. Therefore, the S/CoS2@MMT cathode achieves an outstanding rate performance up to 5C (∼548 mAh g−1) and a high cycling stability with low capacity decay of 0.063 and 0.067 % per cycle for 500 cycles at 1C and 2C, respectively. With a higher sulfur loading of 4.0 mg cm−2, the cathode still delivers satisfactory rate and cycling performance. It shows that the CoS2@MMT host has great application prospects in Li−S batteries.
Surface Passivation Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Junmin , Liang Chao , Gu Hao , Mei Shiliang , Li Shengwen , Zhang Nan , Chen Shi , Cai Yongqing , Xing Guichuan
Published: October 2021

Although metal halide perovskites are increasingly popular for the next generation of efficient photovoltaic devices, the inevitable defects from the preparation process have become the notorious barrier to further improvement of performance, which increases non‐radiative recombination and lowers the power conversion efficiency of solar cells. Surface passivation strategies have been affirmed as one of the most practical approaches to suppress these defects. Therefore, it is necessary to have a detailed review on the surface passivation to reveal the improvements of the devices. Herein, the mechanism and recent advances of surface passivation have been systematically summarized with respect to various passivation approaches, including the Lewis acid–base, the low‐dimensional perovskite, inorganic molecules, and polymers. Finally, the review also offers the research trend and prospects of surface passivation.
A New Anderson‐Type Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal‐Organic Complex for Multi‐Functional Electrochemical Application
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Chen , Tian Yuan , Chang Zhi‐Han , Liu Qian‐Qian , Chen Yong‐Zhen , Wang Jia‐Nan , Wang Xiu‐Li
Published: October 2021

A new Anderson‐type polyoxometalate(POM)‐based one‐dimensional metal‐organic complex, namely, H2[Cu2[AlMo6(OH)6O18]2(3‐bpah)4(H2O)4] ⋅ 6H2O (1) (3‐bpah=N−N′‐bis(3‐pyridinecarboxamide)‐1,2‐cyclohexane) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Implement basic characterization operations of single crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. Complex 1 possesses not only the typical electrochemical behavior of the Anderson‐type polyoxoanion, but also excellent electrochemical stability. The carbon paste electrode bulk modified by complex 1(1‐CPE) can be used as an ampere sensor to detect potassium nitrite. The carbon cloth‐based electrode fabricated by complex 1(1‐CC)was capable of being used as electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, the overpotential is 480 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2. 1‐CC can also be used as capacitor electrode, which shows an area capacitance of 293 mF cm−2 in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution and up to 10 hours of life stability. It can maintain 89.7 % of the capacitance after 1000 cycles of constant current charge/discharge.
Construction of Benzo‐Fused Heterocycles by Epoxide–Heteronucleophile Cyclization: Applications in the Synthesis of Natural Products and Designed Molecules
Authors: Jyoti Das Arup , Kumar Das Sajal
Published: October 2021

Construction of benzo‐fused heterocycles, specifically which have one or more sp3 stereogenic carbon atoms on the heterocyclic ring, by intramolecular ring‐opening cyclization of epoxides with O‐ and N‐nucleophiles is a powerful synthetic tool in organic synthesis. In this Review, we analyze the efficiency of such a heterocyclization approach in natural product synthesis and synthetic methodologies published since the year 2000. In addition to briefly discussing the synthetic methods of accessing the requisite epoxide substrates, important aspects of the subsequent cyclization reaction, such as reaction conditions, endo‐ versus exo‐regioselectivity, protecting or functional group compatibility, and enantio‐ and distereoselectivity are surveyed. Although the literature of organic chemistry in the last four decades has witnessed a large number of reviews/book chapters on the epoxide ring‐opening chemistry, the title topic has never been reviewed. Herein, we have systematized it as a dedicated review for the first time.
Step‐Economical Route to 2‐Amido‐3‐bromobenzo[b]thiophenes via Ynamide Formation and Selectfluor‐Mediated Oxidative Bromocyclization
Authors: Hong Su Jeong , Yoon Chang Ju , Lim Hee Nam , Yeom Hyun‐Suk
Published: October 2021

A one‐pot synthesis of 2‐amido‐3‐bromobenzo[b]thiophenes based on C−N coupling and oxidative bromocyclization reactions was developed. This enables a modular approach to obtain diverse substituents at the C2 position of benzothiophenes by employing structurally modified sulfonamides. Oxidative cyclization was driven by Selectfluor and represents a previously unreported recycling method for the bromide anion byproducts of the C−N bond coupling step. The details of the study are described fully herein.
Practical Synthesis of Halogenated N‐Heterocycles via Electrochemical Anodic Oxidation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: He Yanyang , Qin Xiaowen , He Xinxu , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Yin Zhiping
Published: October 2021

A general and efficient intramolecular halo‐amination of unactivated alkenes for the synthesis of various halogenated N‐heterocycles was developed via electrochemical anodic oxidation. This protocol proceeds in a simple undivided cell by employing LiI or LiBr as redox mediums and halogen sources. A wide range of halogenated N‐heterocycles, including three‐, five‐, and six‐membered N‐heterocycles were constructed in moderate to good yields at room temperature. Notably, this electrochemical oxidative transformation avoids the utilization of external oxidants and strong bases, therefore represents an environmentally benign approach.
Neural processes related to negative self‐concept in adult and adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: Mendoza Carlisdania J. , Palka Jayme M. , Pelfrey Sarah E. , Hunt Bethany J. , Krawczyk Daniel C. , McAdams Carrie J.
Published: October 2021

Objective

Negative self‐concept is characteristic of anorexia nervosa (AN), but the neural processes mediating this component of AN is unknown. These studies investigated how valence and social perspectives impact neural processing in both adults and adolescents with AN.

Method

In an fMRI task, participants evaluated positive and negative adjectives from three social perspectives. Two studies were completed, one in 59 women (healthy, with AN, recovered from AN) and one in 42 adolescents (healthy, with AN). Neural regions of interest (ROIs) related to valence were identified and activations compared across groups and social perspectives.

Results

Behaviourally, both adult and adolescent cohorts with AN were less positive during self‐evaluations. In the adult study, neural differences related to clinical group and condition were observed in ROIs more responsive to positive social stimuli (medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, left temporoparietal junction) but not in ROIs more responsive to negative social stimuli. No neural differences in relation to clinical group were observed in the adolescents.

Conclusions

Behavioural differences related to negative self‐concept are present in both adolescents and adults with AN, and neural differences, selective for positive social stimuli, were also observed in adults. AN may interfere with neurodevelopmental processes involved in positive self‐concept.
An inverted L‐strip loaded ground with hollow semi‐hexagonal four‐element polarization diversity UWB‐MIMO antenna
Authors: Balaji V. R. , Addepalli Tathababu , Desai Arpan , Nella Anveshkumar , Nguyen Truong Khang
Published: October 2021

A four‐element multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with modified substrate geometry is proposed. The antenna comprises a hollow semi‐hexagonal‐shaped conductive element on the top with the modified ground plane geometry. Polarization diversity and isolation are achieved by replicating the elements orthogonally. The L‐shaped part is removed from all the sides of the substrate in the proposed four‐element antenna structure. This makes the structure compact and helps in accommodating the antenna within compact electronic gadgets. Modified ground plane consisting of partial ground, semi ellipse slot, and inverted L strip helps the antenna in achieving wide bandwidth spanning from (139.31%) 2.84 to 15.88 GHz covering UWB (3‐10 GHz), X (8‐12 GHz), and Ku band (12‐15.88 GHz) applications. The antenna achieves a size of 0.55λ × 0.55λ mm2 (lowest frequency) which is printed on FR4 substrate. The antenna attains wide impedance bandwidth, Omni‐directional pattern, isolation >16 dB, ECC < 0.07, average gain >4 dBi, and radiation efficiency in the range of 78% to 89% making the MIMO antenna suitable for portable applications.
Reaching the women with the greatest needs: Two models for initiation and scale‐up of gynecologic oncology fellowship trainings in low‐resource settings
Authors: Randall Thomas C. , Somashekhar S. P. , Chuang Linus , Ng Joseph Soon‐Yau , Schmeler Kathleen M. , Quinn Michael
Published: October 2021

Women in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are significantly more likely to develop and die from invasive cervical cancer, while rates of other gynecologic malignancies are comparable to those faced by women in high‐income countries. Despite this increased need, there are few specialist physicians in LMICs available to treat women with gynecologic cancers. Training specialists in low‐resource settings faces multiple challenges, including ensuring protected time from other clinical demands, access to best practice guidelines, training that is tailored to the specific challenges faced in the trainee's environment, and isolation from other fully trained professionals and securing support services. In addition, training specialists from LMICs in high‐resource settings is costly and return of trainees to their own country is not guaranteed. Here we describe two approaches to gynecologic oncology training in LMICs. The International Gynecologic Cancer Society (IGCS) developed the Global Curriculum Mentorship and Training Program (Global Curriculum) to support gynecologic oncology fellowships in regions of the world that do not currently have formal training in gynecologic oncology. In India, on the other hand, leaders in world‐class gynecologic oncology centers must find a way to meet the training needs of a vast and disparate country.
Long Bone Fractures in Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome: Prevalence, Natural History, and Risk Factors
Authors: Geels Raya E.S. , Meier Maartje E. , Saikali Amanda , Tsonaka Roula , Appelman-Dijkstra Natasha M. , Boyce Alison M.
Published: October 2021

Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) is a rare bone and endocrine disorder arising along a broad spectrum. Long-bone fractures are a common, painful, and potentially disabling complication. However, fracture prevalence and risk factors have not been well-established, making it difficult to predict which patients are at risk for a severe course. Clinical and imaging data were reviewed from two large, well-phenotyped cohorts (National Institutes of Health [NIH] in the United States and the Leiden University Medical Center [LUMC] in the Netherlands) to identify long-bone fractures at FD sites. Skeletal burden score was quantified using bone scintigraphy. Multiple linear regressions were performed to identify clinical associations with fractures. A total of 419 patients were included (186 NIH, 233 LUMC); 194 (46%) had MAS endocrinopathies. Median age at last follow-up was 30.2 years (range 3.2–84.6, interquartile range [IQR] 25.5), and median skeletal burden score was 16.6 (range 0–75, IQR 33). A total of 48 (59%) patients suffered one or more lifetime fracture (median 1, range 0–70, IQR 4). Median age at first fracture was 8 years (range 1–76, IQR 10). Fracture rates peaked between 6 and 10 years of age and decreased thereafter. Lifetime fracture rate was associated with skeletal burden score (β = 0.40, p < 0.01) and MAS hyperthyroidism (β = 0.22, p = 0.01). Younger age at first fracture was associated with skeletal burden score (β = −0.26, p = 0.01) and male sex (β = −0.23, p = 0.01). Both skeletal burden score >25 and age at first fracture ≤7 years were associated with a higher total number of lifetime fractures (median 4, range 1–70, IQR 5 versus median 1, range 1–13, IQR 1) (p < 0.01). In conclusion, higher skeletal burden score and MAS hyperthyroidism are associated with long-bone fractures in FD/MAS. Both skeletal burden score ≥25 and age at first fracture ≤7 years are associated with a higher lifetime long-bone fracture risk and may predict a more severe clinical course. These results may allow clinicians to identify FD/MAS patients at risk for severe disease who may be candidates for early therapeutic interventions. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Anteroposterior shear stiffness of the upper thoracic spine at quasi‐static and dynamic loading rates—An in vitro biomechanical study
Authors: Yamamoto Shun , Dias Luis , Street John , Cripton Peter A. , Oxland Thomas R.
Published: October 2021

To evaluate the biomechanical properties of the upper thoracic spine in anterior–posterior shear loading at various displacement rates. These data broaden our understanding of thoracic spine biomechanics and inform efforts to model the spine and spinal cord injuries. Seven T1–T2 thoracic functional spinal units were loaded non‐destructively by a pure shear force up to 200 N, starting from a neutral posture. Tests were run in both posterior and anterior directions, at displacement rates of 1, 10, and 100 mm/s. The three‐dimensional motion of the specimen was recorded at 1000 Hz. Individual and averaged load–displacement curves were generated and specimen stiffnesses were calculated. Due to a nonlinear response of the specimens, stiffness was defined separately for both the lower half and the upper half of the specimen range of motion. Specimens were significantly stiffer in the anterior direction than in the posterior direction, across all rates. At low displacements, the anterior stiffness averaged 230 N/mm, 76% higher than the low displacement posterior stiffness of 131 N/mm. At high displacements, anterior stiffness averaged 258 N/mm, 51% stiffer than the high displacement posterior stiffness of 171 N/mm. Shear displacement rate had a small effect on the load response, with the 100 mm/s rate causing a mildly stiffer response at low displacements in the anterior direction. Overall, the load–displacement response exhibited pseudo‐quadratic behavior at 1 and 10 mm/s but became more linear at 100 mm/s. The shear stiffness in the upper thoracic spine is greatest in the anterior loading direction, being 51%–76% greater than posterior, most likely due to facet interactions. The effect of the shear displacement rate is low.
Affective variability and childhood abuse increase the risk for nonsuicidal self‐injury following psychiatric hospitalization
Authors: Brick Leslie , Nugent Nicole , Armey Michael
Published: October 2021

Childhood abuse is associated with myriad negative behavioral health outcomes, including nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Models aimed at understanding the mechanism whereby childhood abuse may exert negative effects frequently highlight alterations or dysregulations in experienced affect, particularly during times of stress. The period immediately following discharge from psychiatric hospitalization represents a time of risk for individuals experiencing NSSI. We aimed to investigate the extent to which childhood abuse predicts affective variability and examine whether affective variability predicts who will experience NSSI thoughts or behaviors in the 6 months following hospital discharge. Participants were adults (N = 133) engaged in a 3‐week ecological momentary assessment study immediately following psychiatric hospitalization who returned for a 6‐month follow‐up. Location scale modeling (LSM) was used to model the impact of childhood abuse on affect variability; estimates of affect variability were then resampled and examined as risk factors for NSSI at follow‐up. Overall, individuals who experienced childhood abuse reported lower positive affect intensity. Participants exposed to emotional and sexual abuse reported less between‐person variability in positive affect, and those who experienced sexual abuse evidenced higher between‐person variability in negative affect. Models indicated that higher overall negative affect was associated with a higher NSSI risk, ORs ∼ 1.82–2.10 even after accounting for childhood abuse and lifetime NSSI. These findings indicate the importance of in vivo affect as a critical influence on behavior during high‐risk periods, reinforcing the need to move beyond traditional cross‐sectional approaches of assessment, analysis, and treatment.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on treatment‐seeking veterans in the United Kingdom with preexisting mental health difficulties: A longitudinal study
Authors: Hendrikx Laura Josephine , Williamson Charlotte , Baumann Julia , Murphy Dominic
Published: October 2021

Individuals with preexisting psychological difficulties are at risk of further deterioration of their mental well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This longitudinal study, conducted during the period between two national lockdowns, aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on veterans in the United Kingdom with preexisting mental health difficulties. Treatment‐seeking veterans with preexisting mental health difficulties (N = 95) were surveyed in two waves. Wave 1 was conducted at the end of the first lockdown (June 2020–July 2020), and Wave 2 took place during the second lockdown (November 2020). Participants completed measures to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); common mental health difficulties (CMDs), including anxiety and depression; anger; and alcohol use. Initial analyses revealed no significant changes in symptoms of PTSD, CMDs, anger, or alcohol use between the lockdowns, ps = .247–.986. However, veterans who experienced more COVID‐19–related stressors were more likely to experience increases in PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 6.30, p = .002, and CMD symptoms, OR = 4.32, p = .025. Participants with lower levels of social support during the second lockdown were more likely to experience increased anger difficulties, OR = 0.91, p = .025. The findings suggest that although mental health among veterans in the United Kingdom may have remained relatively stable between the two lockdowns, those who reported more COVID‐related stressors and lower levels of social support may have been particularly vulnerable to symptom exacerbation. Such findings hold important implications for tailoring support for veterans during the COVID‐19 pandemic.