bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Main Factors on Oil Recovery of Surfactant-Polymer Flooding
Authors: Zhu Youyi , Zhang Yi , Hou Qingfeng , Yuan Hong , Jian Guoqing
Published: May 2016

Alkali-free surfactant-polymer combination flooding (SP flooding) can avoid side-effects encountered in alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) combination flooding, such as scaling and corrosion damaged the lifting system, strong emulsification resulted in produced liquid treatment problems and high cost of water handing. It can reduce the operation cost and be applied in oilfield easily. However, the oil displacement mechanism of SP flooding is not fully understood. In this paper, the main factors on enhancing oil recovery of SP flooding such as viscoelasticity, interfacial tension, emulsification and wettability of rocks surface were studied based on the Berea core oil displacement tests.

The results of SP flooding physical simulation tests showed that:High viscoelasticity of SP flooding was an important factor contributing higher oil recovery. When the ratio of viscosity of the displacement fluid to that of oil was more than 2, the higher oil recovery could be obtained by SP flooding.The lower the interfacial tension, the higher the incremental oil recovery. When the interfacial tension of oil and water decreased to 5×10-3mN/m level, almost the highest incremental oil recovery of SP flooding could be obtained. Compared with the SP flooding system of solely high viscosity, more than 7–15% incremental oil recovery could be obtained by that of both lower interfacial tension and high viscosityWhen emulsification intensity increased, the incremental oil recovery of SP flooding increased accordingly. Compard to the weak emulsification SP system, more than 6–11% incremental oil recovery could be obtained by means of enhancing emulsification ability.Oil recovery of SP flooding at water-wet core condition was higher than that at intermediate-wet or oil-wet one.

Studies on main factors for oil displacement efficiency of SP flooding are very important for the formula optimization of SP system, and they will provide foundation for scenario design of field tests and applications of SP flooding.
New Findings on Heatloss of Superheated Steam Transmitted Along the Wellbore and Heating Enhancement in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: An Zhu Xu , Longxin Mu , Zifei Fan , Lun Zhao
Published: May 2016

At the conclusion of several cycles conventional saturated steam huff and puff in heavy oil reservoirs, the heating radius are typically only 20–30m as it went through successive saturated steam huff and puff. The heating scope can't be enlarged by continuing saturated steam huff and puff any more. However, superheated steam huff and puff as a additional heavy oil recovery significantly increased heating radius of saturated steam huff and puff. Conventional saturated steam huff and puff theory is not applicable for superheated steam. In this study, superheat steam heat transmission mathematical models was established by three laws such as the law of conservation of mass, the theorem of momentum and the law of conservation of energy, thermodynamics and fluid flow theories. Based on models, the parameters such as temperature, dryness, pressure, degree of superheat, heat loss along the wellbore were calculated. This work analysis the superior properties of superheated steam and bring forward superiority of superheated steam huff and puff to effectively develop heavy oil reservoirs in recovery mechanisms, including simulation studies, and current pilot test effects.
The Prevalence of distorted terminal portion of QRS complex in patients of CKD with STEMI and its effect on their Outcome
Authors: Siddika Khandaker Aisha , Siddique Md Abu , Ahasan Shamim , Hossain Arif , Sohan Arif Mohammad , Khaled Md Fakhrul Islam , Parvin Tanjima , Adhikary Dipal K , Mahmud Sohel , Osmany Dmmf , Bari Nasimul , Zaman SM Mustafa , Hoque Harisul
Published: May 2016

Background: Distorted terminal portion of QRS complex on initial electrocardiogram ( ECG) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI) is a strong predictor of adverse outcome. Objectives: Our purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of distortion of QRS on initial ECG in STEMI with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Methods: We evaluated 60 patients of STEMI admitted within 12 hours and receiving thrombolytic therapy. Patients having serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl were group-I and ?1.5 mg/dl were group-II. We defined two ECG groups according to absence of distortion of terminal QRS and presence of distorted terminal QRS in two or more adjacent leads. Distorted QRS group further divided into pattern-A  J point originating at ?50% of height of R wave in leads with qR configuration and pattern B- S wave is absent in leads with RS configuration. Additionally study population was divided into two groups on the basis of serum creatinine level. Results: CKD patients had more QRS distortion (43.2% vs 68.8%, p=0.008) and worse inhospital outcome. Out of 60 patients 7(11.6%) death, 16(26.7%) heart failure and 37(61.7%) uneventful recovery. Hospital mortality and heart failure were significantly higher in STEMI with CKD group (4.5% vs 31%, p=0.004; 16% vs 56%, p=0.001; respectively), uneventful recovery was significantly higher in STEMI without CKD group(12.5% vs 80%, p=<0.001). In multiple logistic regression analysis, CKD ( serum creatinine ?1.5) and Killip class ?II were independent predictors of QRS distortion (OR= 5.702, p=0.014; OR= 3.578,p=0.036; respectively). Conclusion: Among the CKD patients with STEMI the distorted terminal portion of QRS complex on initial ECG is more frequent and significantly related to adverse prognosis. Careful analysis of ECG which is simple, chief, universally available, bed side investigation may offer important information regarding prompt risk stratification and management in patients of CKD with STEMI.University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 7-12
Comparison of in Hospital Outcome of Patients with and without Distorted Terminal Portion of QRS Complex on Initial Electrocardiogram in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Siddika Khandaker Aisha , Siddique Md Abu , Ahsan Shamim , Hossain Arif , Mahmud Sohel , Das Hiranmoy , Hossain Mohammad Zakir , Adhikary Dipal K , Sohan Arif Mohammad , Hoque Harisul
Published: May 2016

Background: Distorted terminal portion of QRS complex on initial electrocardiogram in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction is a strong predictor of inhospital adverse outcome.Objectives: Our purpose of this study was to analyse admission ECG in patients of STEMI based on terminal portion of QRS complex and find out inhospital death, heart failure, cardiogenic shock and recurrent MI.Methods: We evaluated 60 patients of STEMI admitted within 12 hours and receiving thrombolytic therapy. We defined two ECG groups according to absence of distortion of terminal QRS (Group-I) and presence of distorted terminal QRS (Group-II) in two or more adjacent leads. Group-II further divided into pattern-A  J point originating at ?50% of height of R wave in leads with qR configuration and pattern B- S wave is absent in leads with RS configuration.Results: Out of 60 patients of STEMI, 30(50.0%) patients had distortion of QRS. There were 7(11.6%) deaths, 16(26.7%) heart failure, 3(5.0%) cardigenic shock and no recurrent myocardial infarction. Hospital mortality and heart failure were found to be significantly higher in distorted QRS group (3.3% vs. 20.0%, p=0.04; 13.3% vs. 40.0%, p=0.02; respectively), cardiogenic shock of both groups did not show significant difference (0.0% vs. 10.0%, p=0.075). Multiple logistic regression analysis using hospital mortality as dependable variable and all studied risk factors were independent variables, QRS distortion on admission ECG and Killip class were only variable found to be statistically significant (OR=7.25, p value < 0.05 ; OR=16.25, p value < 0.05 respectively).Conclusion: Careful analysis of ECG which is simple, cheap, universally available bed side investigation may offer important prognostic information in patients with STEMI and would help in deciding which patients should go urgent myocardial revascularization procedure.University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 30-35
A Study on Pattern of Heart Disease and Maternal and Fetal Outcome of Pregnancy in a Tertiary Level Hospital
Authors: Akhtar Nahreen , Sultana Tajmira , Sayeeda Syeda , Parveen Tabassum , Begum Firoza
Published: May 2016

Background: Cardiac disease is the most common cause of indirect maternal deaths and the most common cause of death overall. It complicates 1% of maternal death.Objective: Management of pregnancy in patients with valvular heart disease continues to pose a challenge to the clinician.the present study was therefore design to find the pattern of Heart Disease and to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy. Method: This is a cross sectional study done during the period Jan to Dec, 2011in fetomaternal medicine wing of department of Obs & Gynae, BSMMU. All the patients admitted with heart disease in pregnancy during this study period were included in this study. This study prospectively enrolled 54 pregnant women with heart disease.All cases were followed during pregnancy , labour, delivery and in early puerperium.Results: The mean (SD±) age of the patients was 26.08 ± 3.96 ranging from 20 to 35yrs, most ( 26% ) belonged to age group 26 - 30yrs and five (9.26% ) belonged to >30years of age group. Most of the patients 21 (38.89%) were primigravid and 16(29.63%) patients were of second gravida. Out of 54 patients 41(75.93%) women received regular antenatal checkup.Thirty eight(70.37%) patients suffered from rheumatic heart disease. Twenty patients had single valvular involvement, either mitral, tricuspid or pulmonary valve with or without complication. Most of the patients had EF >50% and two patients had EF <49%. Two patients had mild mitral stenosis( >1.5cm2), 5 patients had moderate mitral stenosis (1-1.5cm2) and 6 patients had severe mitral stenosis (<1cm2).Conclusion: Patients with heart disease should be meticulously managed preconceptionally up to the postpartum period by maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists using a multi-disciplinary approach to their cardiac conditions to have a better outcome of mother and baby.University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 36-41
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Tricuspid Regurgitation with Right Heart Failure Mimicking Constrictive Pericarditis: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Saklayen SMG , Hasan Rakibul , Ranjan Redoy , Rahman Mostafizur , Hoque Rezwanul , Adhikary Asit Baran
Published: May 2016

Cardiomyopathy is the measurable deterioration of the function of the myocardium for any reason, usually leading to heart failure. Tricuspid regurgitation may result from structural alterations of any one or all of the components of the tricuspid valve apparatus which include the leaflets, chordae tendinae, annulus, and papillary muscles or adjacent right ventricular muscle. We are reporting a case of Cardiomyopathy with tricuspid regurgitation with right heart failure in a 38 years male. Preoperatively he was diagnosed as a case of constrictive pericarditis. Diagnosis of Tricuspid regurgitation with cardiomegaly was confirmed peroperatively. During operatrion tricuspid valve anatomy dimunited and severe tricuspid regurgitation was identified. Grossly dilated RA, RV identified and other anatomy of heart was normal. De-Vega Tricuspid anuloplasty done with pledgeted stich 2-0 polyster. Part of right atrial wall (2X2.5 inch) excised and resected portion sent for histopathology. Postoperative course was uneventful with marked improvement of symptoms.University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 45-47
Philosophy in Denial: Derrida, the Undeniably Real, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Gratton Peter
Published: May 2016

This essay describes Derrida's later articulations of the logical; of the ‘undeniable’ and its constant denial. Against anti-realist readings of Derrida as some sort of textual idealist, I show how Derrida's thinking of the undeniable informs his deconstruction of the death penalty in the recently published 1999–2001 lecture courses, as well as the considerations of mortality and finitude that inform all of his writings.
Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in the Food Industry—Insights from Product Carbon and Water Footprints
Authors: Ridoutt Bradley , Sanguansri Peerasak , Bonney Lawrence , Crimp Steven , Lewis Gemma , Lim-Camacho Lilly
Published: May 2016

Climate change adds an additional layer of complexity that needs to be considered in business strategy. For firms in the food industry, many of the important climate impacts are not directly related to food processing so a value chain approach to adaptation is recommended. However, there is a general lack of operational tools to support this. In this study, carbon and water footprints were conducted at a low-precision screening level in three case studies in Australia: Smith’s potato chips, OneHarvest Calypso™ mango and selected Treasury Wine Estates products. The approach was cost-effective when compared to high-definition studies intended to support environmental labels and declarations, yet provided useful identification of physical, financial, regulatory and reputational hotspots related to climate change. A combination of diagnostic footprinting, downscaled climate projection and semi-quantitative value chain analysis is proposed as a practical and relevant toolkit to inform climate adaptation strategies.
Forecasting Energy Value at Risk Using Multiscale Dependence Based Methodology
Authors: He Kaijian , Zha Rui , Chen Yanhui , Lai Kin
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we propose a multiscale dependence-based methodology to analyze the dependence structure and to estimate the downside portfolio risk measures in the energy markets. More specifically, under this methodology, we formulate a new bivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) copula based approach to analyze and model the multiscale dependence structure in the energy markets. The proposed model constructs the Copula-based dependence structure formulation in the Bivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD)-based multiscale domain. Results from the empirical studies using the typical Australian electricity daily prices show that there exists a multiscale dependence structure between different regional markets across different scales. The proposed model taking into account the multiscale dependence structure demonstrates statistically significantly-improved performance in terms of accuracy and reliability measures.
Real-Time Optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems by Extremum-Seeking Control
Authors: Hernandez Andres , Desideri Adriano , Ionescu Clara , De Keyser Robin , Lemort Vincent , Quoilin Sylvain
Published: May 2016

In this paper, the optimal operation of a stationary sub-critical 11 kW el organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit for waste heat recovery (WHR) applications is investigated, both in terms of energy production and safety conditions. Simulation results of a validated dynamic model of the ORC power unit are used to derive a correlation for the evaporating temperature, which maximizes the power generation for a range of operating conditions. This idea is further extended using a perturbation-based extremum seeking (ES) algorithm to identify online the optimal evaporating temperature. Regarding safety conditions, we propose the use of the extended prediction self-adaptive control (EPSAC) approach to constrained model predictive control (MPC). Since it uses input/output models for prediction, it avoids the need for state estimators, making it a suitable tool for industrial applications. The performance of the proposed control strategy is compared to PID-like schemes. Results show that EPSAC-MPC is a more effective control strategy, as it allows a safer and more efficient operation of the ORC unit, as it can handle constraints in a natural way, operating close to the boundary conditions where power generation is maximized.
A Bacterial Laccase for Enhancing Saccharification and Ethanol Fermentation of Steam-Pretreated Biomass
Authors: Moreno Antonio , Ibarra David , Mialon Antoine , Ballesteros Mercedes
Published: May 2016

Different biological approaches, highlighting the use of laccases, have been developed as environmentally friendly alternatives for improving the saccharification and fermentation stages of steam-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. This work evaluates the use of a novel bacterial laccase (MetZyme) for enhancing the hydrolysability and fermentability of steam-exploded wheat straw. When the water insoluble solids (WIS) fraction was treated with laccase or alkali alone, a modest increase of about 5% in the sugar recovery yield (glucose and xylose) was observed in both treatments. Interestingly, the combination of alkali extraction and laccase treatment boosted enzymatic hydrolysis, increasing the glucose and xylose concentration in the hydrolysate by 21% and 30%, respectively. With regards to the fermentation stage, the whole pretreated slurry was subjected to laccase treatment, lowering the phenol content by up to 21%. This reduction allowed us to improve the fermentation performance of the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CECT 10875 during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Hence, a shorter adaptation period and an increase in the cell viability—measured in terms of colony forming units (CFU/mL)—could be observed in laccase-treated slurries. These differences were even more evident when a presaccharification step was performed prior to SSF. Novel biocatalysts such as the bacterial laccase presented in this work could play a key role in the implementation of a cost-effective technology in future biorefineries.
Investigation of Ternary Mixtures Containing 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide, Ethylene Carbonate and Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide
Authors: Hofmann Andreas , Migeot Matthias , Arens Lukas , Hanemann Thomas
Published: May 2016

Temperature-dependent viscosity, conductivity and density data of ternary mixtures containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide (EMIM-TFSA), ethylene carbonate (EC), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide (Li-TFSA) were determined at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 20 to 80 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed to characterize phase conditions of the mixtures in a temperature range of −120 to +100 °C. The viscosity data were fitted according to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-Hesse (VFTH) equation and analyzed with the help of the fractional Walden rule. In this study, fundamental physicochemical data about the mixtures are provided and discussed as a basis for structure-property relationship calculations and for potential use of those mixtures as electrolytes for various applications.
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Catalysis of Polyoxometalate/Zeolite Composites
Authors: Lefebvre Frédéric
Published: May 2016

An overview of the synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications of polyoxometalates/zeolites composites is given. The solids obtained by direct synthesis of the polyoxometalate in the presence of the zeolite are first described with their applications in catalysis. Those obtained by a direct mixing of the two components are then reviewed. In all cases, special care is taken in the localization of the polyoxometalate, inside the zeolite crystal, in mesopores or at the external surface of the crystals, as deduced from the characterization methods.
4-Hydroxy-2,3-Dimethyl-2-Nonen-4-Olide Has an Inhibitory Effect on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production in CpG-Stimulated Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Manzoor Zahid , Koo Jung-Eun , Ali Irshad , Kim Jung-Eun , Byeon Sang-Hee , Yoo Eun-Sook , Kang Hee-Kyoung , Hyun Jin-Won , Lee Nam-Ho , Koh Young-Sang
Published: May 2016

This study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2-nonen-4-olide (Comp) isolated from Ulva pertusa Kjellman on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comp revealed remarkable inhibitory effects on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Comp pre-treatment in the CpG DNA-stimulated BMDCs exhibited strong inhibition of interleukin (IL)-12 p40 and IL-6 production with IC50 values ranging from 7.57 ± 0.2 to 10.83 ± 0.3, respectively. It revealed an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38, and on activator protein (AP)-1 reporter activity. Comp displayed noteworthy inhibitory effects on phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and on NF-κB reporter activity. In summary, these data propose that Comp has substantial anti-inflammatory properties and warrants further study concerning its potential use as a therapeutic agent for inflammation-associated maladies.
Isolation of the Binding Protein of Periplocoside E from BBMVs in Midgut of the Oriental Amyworm Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) through Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Feng Mingxing , He Zhenyu , Wang Yuanyuan , Yan Xiufang , Zhang Jiwen , Hu Zhaonong , Wu Wenjun
Published: May 2016

Periplocosides, which are insecticidal compounds isolated from the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge, can affect the digestive system of insects. However, the mechanism though which periplocosides induces a series of symptoms remains unknown. In this study, affinity chromatography was conducted by coupling periplocoside E-semi-succinic acid ester with epoxy amino hexyl (EAH) sepharose 4B. Sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to analyze the fraction eluted by periplocoside E. Eight binding proteins (luciferin 4-monooxygenase, aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase N3, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide health (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 5, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 3-phosphatase myotubularin, actin, uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161, and 2OG-Fe(2) oxygenase superfamily protein) were obtained and identified through liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis of the midgut epithelium cells of Mythimna separata larvae. Aminopeptidase N and N3 are potential putative targets of periplocosides. This study establishes the foundation for further research on the mechanism of action and target localization of periplocosides in agricultural pests.
Effects of KLK Peptide on Adjuvanticity of Different ODN Sequences
Authors: Chikh Ghania , Luu Rachel , Patel Shobhna , Davis Heather , Weeratna Risini
Published: May 2016

Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 recognize pathogen associated nucleic acids. While DNA sequence does influence degree of binding to and activation of TLR9, it also appears to influence the ability of the ligand to reach the intracellular endosomal compartment. The KLK (KLKL5KLK) antimicrobial peptide, which is immunostimulatory itself, can translocate into cells without cell membrane permeabilization and thus can be used for endosomal delivery of TLR agonists, as has been shown with the IC31 formulation that contains an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) TLR9 agonist. We evaluated the adjuvant activity of KLK combined with CpG or non-CpG (GpC) ODN synthesized with nuclease resistant phosphorothioate (S) or native phosphodiester (O) backbones with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen in mice. As single adjuvants, CpG(S) gave the strongest enhancement of OVA-specific immunity and the addition of KLK provided no benefit and was actually detrimental for some readouts. In contrast, KLK enhanced the adjuvant effects of CpG(O) and to a lesser extent of GpC (S), which on their own had little or no activity. Indeed while CD8 T cells, IFN-γ secretion and humoral response to vaccine antigen were enhanced when CpG(O) was combined with KLK, only IFN-γ secretion was enhanced when GpC (S) was combined to KLK. The synergistic adjuvant effects with KLK/ODN combinations were TLR9-mediated since they did not occur in TLR9 knock-out mice. We hypothesize that a nuclease resistant ODN with CpG motifs has its own mechanism for entering cells to reach the endosome. For ODN without CpG motifs, KLK appears to provide an alternate mechanism for accessing the endosome, where it can activate TLR9, albeit with lower potency than a CpG ODN. For nuclease sensitive (O) backbone ODN, KLK may also provide protection from nucleases in the tissues.
Posterior Segment Approach for Subretinal Transplantation or Injection in the Canine Model
Authors: Verdugo Maria E. , Alling Julie , Lazar Eliot S. , Del Cerro Manuel , Ray Jharna , Aguirre Gustavo
Published: May 2016

A posterior segment approach for cell transplantation or injection into the subretinal space of the dog has been developed. Controlled penetration to the subretinal space was achieved using a 29-gauge injection cannula, either blunted or with a 30° sharpened bevel, and partially ensheathed with moveable plastic tubing. Depending on the injection volume used, the retina detached, and the fluid was reabsorbed within 1 – 3 weeks, although for smaller volumes the retina reattached within a matter of days. The optimal injection volume used was between 100 and 150 μl, or two injections of 55 μl each. By ophthalmoscopy following the surgery, it was possible to serially monitor the injection site and retinal bleb through fundus photography. Light microscopy demonstrates the distribution of stable, viable RPE cells in the subretinal space up to 6 months. The transplantation technique developed for the dog is atraumatic and free from any major surgical or clinical complications. It can be readily used to deliver cells or fluids to localized regions of the subretinal space.
The Isolation and Function of Porcine Islets from Market Weight Pigs
Authors: O'neil John J. , Stegemann Jan P. , Nicholson Donald T. , Gagnon Kerry A. , Solomon Barry A. , Mullon Claudy J.-P.
Published: May 2016

The efficacy of clinical islet transplantation has been demonstrated with autografts, and although islet allografts have established insulin independence in a small number of IDDM patients, the treatment is confounded by the necessity of immunosuppression, the lack of donor tissue, and recurring islet immunogenicity. These limitations underscore a need to develop therapies to serve the large population of diabetic patients. Porcine islet xenotransplantation, together with a successful immune intervention strategy, may provide the necessary clinical alternative. However, a major obstacle in evaluating this approach has been the difficulty of obtaining adequate volumes of functional islet tissue from pigs. Donors of market weight are preferable to retired breeders due to their abundance, lower animal and husbandry costs, and are more suitable to meet regulatory guidelines for donor tissue for xenotransplantation. We describe a simple isolation procedure that following purification yields a mean of 350,000 IE, corresponding to 179 units of insulin and 1.8 mg of DNA with an islet purity and viability in excess of 85% (n = 317 isolations). In both short- and long-term cell cultures, porcine islets demonstrated glucose-responsive insulin secretion. However, this secretion is density dependent, which may have significant consequences in the development of immunoisolation technologies to support porcine islet xenotransplantation. Following implantation into diabetic nude mice, porcine islets remained functional in excess of 1 year. Implantation of a bioartificial pancreas containing porcine islets into pancreatectomized dogs provided significant clinical benefit with an improved diabetic condition. Finally, secretagogue-induced insulin release was demonstrated in vitro from these devices after removal from immunocompetent recipients. Immunohistochemical staining identified well-granulated islets following long-term implantation in both the rodent and canine models. This study demonstrates the ability to isolate porcine islets in clinically relevant numbers from market animals, which survive and remain functional for prolonged periods of time in an immune-deficient or immunoprotected environment.
Role of Pancreatic Polypeptide as a Market of Transplanted Insulin-Producing Fetal Pig Cells
Authors: Tuch Bernard E. , Tabiin Muhammad T. , Casamento Frances M. , Yao Mu , Georges Pauline , Amaratunga Anil , Pinto Angie N.
Published: May 2016

Transplantation of insulin-producing fetal pancreatic tissue into diabetic recipients has been shown to normalize blood glucose levels after several months. This time period is required for the growth and maturation of the fetal tissue so insulin levels cannot be used as a marker of graft function while the β-cell is immature. Therefore, we have examined the use of another pancreatic endocrine hormone, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), to monitor graft function. The cell that produces this hormone has been shown to be the first mature endocrine cell in the fetal pancreas. Fetal pig pancreatic tissue, both in the form of 1 mm3 explants and islet-like cell clusters (ICCs), was transplanted into immunodeficient SCID mice and the levels of PP and insulin were measured in plasma and in the graft for up to 12 weeks. PP was detected in the untransplanted explants (0.58 pmol/mg) and ICCs (0.06 pmol/ICC) and the PP to insulin ratio was 2.7% and 5.8%, respectively. PP (but not porcine C-peptide, a marker of insulin secretion) was detectable in the plasma of SCID mice from 4 days to 3 weeks after transplantation, but not thereafter. The highest values were obtained at 4 days to 1 week. In the grafted tissue PP and insulin were present at all time points and the ratio of PP to insulin was 59%, 87%, 75%, 56%, 7%, 8%, and 7% at 4 days, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks, respectively. The decline in PP levels 3 weeks after transplantation was associated with β-cell development in the graft. PP was also secreted by fetal pig pancreatic explants transplanted into diabetic NOD/SCID mice, with plasma levels measurable in the first week after the tissue was grafted. In immunocompetent BALB/c mice transplanted with the tissue, PP was detectable in plasma for 2 days after transplantation but not at 4 days, when cellular rejection commenced, or thereafter. We conclude that plasma PP levels can be used as a marker of the viability of fetal porcine pancreatic tissue in the first 3 weeks after it is transplanted into mice. These findings may have relevance to fetal pancreatic tissue transplanted into humans if suitable techniques can be developed to separate pig from human PP.
Decreased Survival of Islet Allografts in Rats with Advanced Chronic Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Moore Wayne V. , Bieser Karen , Geng Zhoahui , Tong Pei Y. , Kover Karen
Published: May 2016

Successful islet transplantation has been possible in experimental animals in contrast to humans. One difference between animal models of diabetes and human islet transplantation is the presence of advanced chronic complications in humans. Even longer-term follow-up of islet transplantation in humans according to the Edmonton protocol suggests that advanced chronic complications may adversely affect allograft survival with the glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen as well. We developed a rat model of chronic complications of diabetes and compared islet allograft survival in rats with advanced chronic complications to age-matched control rats with acute onset diabetes. Islets were transplanted at either the renal supcapsular, intrahepatic, or intramuscular location. The survival of islet allografts in rats with chronic complications was decreased at all sites compared with the age-matched controls. The best survival in the rats with advanced chronic complications occurred at the renal subcapsular site. Blood sugar measurements indicated impaired glucose tolerance in most of the rats with chronic complications and surviving renal subcapsular islet allograft. Histological and gross examination of the surviving renal subcapsular islet allografts indicated disordered angiogenesis in the rats with chronic complications. Rats with successful intrahepatic islet allografts and the respective age-matched controls had comparable blood sugars. Survival of islet allografts at the intramuscular site was poor in rats with chronic complications or acute onset diabetes. We conclude that the structural or metabolic abnormalities associated with chronic poor control of diabetes impair islet allograft survival and function. This should be considered as a possible explanation for failure of islet allograft survival in human islet transplantation.
Meaning and Concept of Peace Education
Authors: Chandra Subhash
Published: May 2016

This chapter proposes for cultivating peace values and developing peace consciousness for creating global nonviolent sustainable society in 21st century. Our World is divided and conflict-torn, socially and ecologically unsustainable. At present we are living in a violent consciousness because modern civilization is based on culture of conflicts and violence due to erosion of human values. It focuses on the global recognition of Peace as a matter of common concern to save the humanity through Peace Education. The chapter explains the human conflicts and root causes of violence, different types of violence in the society, culture of violence and Violent Social Order. Meaning of Peace - What is Peace Education? What is the need for Peace Education in 21st Century and Goals for Peace Education? Culture of Peace and Universal Peace values? The chapter concludes with a strategy of Peace Education for Living and Learning Together: Towards 21st Century” for creating global nonviolent sustainable society in 21st Century.
Peace Education Programme for Youth in Conflict
Authors: Ahrari Seyedali , Zaremohazzabieh Zeinab , Othman Jamilah Bt.
Published: May 2016

Peace education programmes have rapidly gained worldwide popularity, as states, civil society organizations and international agencies progressively recognise their importance. However, it is argued that youth should be a target of these programmes, and this is bolstered by economic and political considerations. The literature on the construction of peace education programming for youths is limited, especially in conflict settings. Thus, this chapter examines the conceptual debate about peace education programmes as vehicle for youths who are involved in growing conflict. Hence, this chapter provides an account of the cumulative body of knowledge of how youths conceptualise education programmes, and evaluate them as preparation for promoting peacebuilding. We believe that this chapter provides a beneficial means to explore the role of education for creating peace in areas of conflict, increase credibility in peace-building, and push youths forward to participate in peace programmes in the area of education.
Effectively Teaching Stressed Students
Authors: Cook Bruce L.
Published: May 2016

Many educational techniques have the potential to relieve stress and improve quality. However, it's useful to remember that education is not available everywhere in the world, especially on a basis of equal access by rich and poor, men and women, regardless of culture. In this light, Stromquist and Monkman (2014) completed a study of globalization and education. The purpose was to recommend quality education even for marginalized areas, at low cost, regardless of shifts in geopolitical power, including state and non-state actors, corporations, and consulting firms. Given the prevalence of stress among students who study in an intercultural setting, it becomes important to discover specific techniques which might reduce stress and connect with students more effectively. Several examples from research are presented, followed by techniques adapted to various vocational subject areas.
How Literacy Empowers Us
Authors: Fitzgerald-Riker Maureen
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines the relationship between literacy and social empowerment. The author contends that literacy evolves at an early age through language acquisition. Literacy extends beyond learning to read - it is the basis of critical thinking, shared reflection, and participation in community and political decision-making. Historically, not everyone has had access to the global literacy essential for civic engagement. Implications for the classroom are included in this article to encourage the development of educational systems that advocate for change while promoting social empowerment and civic engagement.
Mainstreaming Conflict Sensitivity in Education Programming
Authors: Neji Obi Ndifon
Published: May 2016

Conflict sensitivity has successfully entered the mainstreaming agenda of development agencies with much institutionalization and conceptualization. In general terms however, a system for conflict sensitive education programming appears to be absent. This chapter provides a guide to mainstreaming conflict sensitivity in education programming. It argues that whereas education is central to the advancement of human society, yet if not sensitively conceived, planned and delivered could put a knife on the string that seems to hold the society together. The chapter further contends that analysis of the context of education programming, participation/community ownership, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the design and delivery of the education programme is central to effective mainstreaming. At its core, mainstreaming conflict sensitivity in education programming is about recognizing that education can be a force for conflict or peace.
HIV/AIDS Discrimination, Stigmatization, and Denial
Authors: Singh Yatendra Pal
Published: May 2016

Everyday number of new cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome AIDS is coming out in the society. HIV positives face discrimination and stigmatization everywhere in the society because firstly it is ill defined and secondly there is no cure or treatment for. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to be rejected by friends and relatives; fired or forced to resign from their jobs and subjected to violent assault (Herrek, 1990). Social Work exists because it fulfills crucial social needs. Social work serves people and society where there is malfunctioning or inadequacy. Social Work Education includes several tools and techniques to prevent problems through diagnosing causes responsible for maladjustment in society for contributing global peace in the world. The present chapter throws light on- 1. The problems face by HIV Positives and AIDS Patients. 2. Role of Social Work Education for minimizing or removing stress of HIV Positives and AIDS Patients for contributing to Global Peace.
California High-Speed Rail
Authors: Morales Jeff
Published: May 2016

California has started construction on the first true high-speed rail system in the United States. In this chapter, the CEO of the California High-Speed Rail Authority describes how the state's historic investment in new high-speed rail infrastructure will benefit Californians. Benefits include job creation, statewide modernization of existing local rail lines, short and long-term reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, preservation of agricultural land and environmentally sensitive habitats, advanced clean and green construction practices and technologies, a commitment to 100% renewable energy use, and assistance to partner cities on transit-oriented planning for high-speed rail station areas.
California's “Fast-Track” to High-Speed Rail
Authors: Diridon Sr. Rod , Tripousis Ben
Published: May 2016

For over 50 years, after both public and private studies confirmed California's need for high-speed rail, nothing happened. The rest of the US had a similarly disappointing experience when attempting to break into the rapidly growing family of nations with operating high-speed trains. Yet, over the past year, California has contracted over $2.5 billion in high-speed rail civil work, is preparing RFPs for three times that amount, and has secured commitments for nearly $25 billion in additional federal and state funding over the next 30 years. Private investors are lining up for the nation's first high-speed rail public-private partnership to complete this $68 billion, 540 mile project. This chapter describes the unprecedented technical excellence, political courage, and visionary voter support that created that high-speed rail breakthrough for California and the nation.
Benefits Forgone
Authors: Peterson Eric C.
Published: May 2016

By conservative, reliable, objective, and preliminary estimates, the United States could generate at least $660 million annually – $26.4 billion over four decades – by building and operating faster, more frequent, more dependable, and more highly integrated passenger rail service in four corridors: The Northeast; the Chicago Hub; California; and the Northwest. Numerous studies by a variety of national and international organizations and government agencies suggest that the actual cost of building and/or improving passenger rail service lines is significantly less than the cost per mile of other modal alternatives. In fact, in many corridors, passenger rail is the only feasible option for adding capacity, given the practical constraints facing aviation and highway expansion. Further, by integrating improved, higher speed intercity passenger rail service into the existing transportation system, major issues of congestion, mobility and economic inequality can be addressed.
Safety of Domestic High Speed Passenger Rail Operations
Authors: Laffey Stephen C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines safety related to high and higher speed inter-city passenger rail operations. Generally, most risk related to rail travel is associated with collisions between on-track equipment and vehicles and pedestrians at level crossings. A larger amount of fatalities, but not necessarily systemic risk, is due to trespassing on the rail right-of-way. A third aspect of risk related to rail operations lies in rail to rail collisions and derailments, some of which may be catastrophic. A discussion of safety programs implemented by the rail industry at national and international levels concludes the chapter.
High Speed Rail in Canada
Authors: Balakrishnan Jaydeep , Zhu Tianyuan , Wallis Peter
Published: May 2016

High Speed Rail (HSR) is gaining popularity around the world for a variety of reasons. However, North America lags behind and in particular Canada, where there is no HSR. There has been discussion of implementing HSR in Canada since the 1970s in two possible corridors (one in central Canada and the other in Alberta). In this chapter, the feasibility studies that have been done on both corridors are discussed. In this respect, the focus is on the recent studies, from different sources including the Alberta Legislature, Ontario and Quebec Governments, consulting companies, and a non-profit transportation institute. The factors that influence the viability of HSR are discussed and reference is made to HSR implementations in other countries that could inform the development of HSR in Canada. On a positive note, it appears that the Ontario government plans to move ahead with HSR in part of the central Canadian corridor.
Are We There Yet? Perspectives of a Pioneering Visionary
Authors: Hodges Dennis
Published: May 2016

This chapter addresses a vision of what was, is, and can be. Japan is already 65 years into its passenger rail improvements and modifications. France is just over 35 years and China is eight (8) years into its passenger rail improvements and modifications. Why cannot the United States see the economic and environmental reasons for doing the same in this country? This chapter discusses that and more. The author has attempted to parcel out the whys, what's and where's as to how the United States became so parochial when it comes to passenger rail transportation; why it is so reticent towards moving forward, and what can be done to change the current political and social attitude and climate.
UMA ANÁLISE GEOGRÁFICA DO PLANO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO TURÍSTICO DE CAVALCANTE-GOIÁS
Authors: Araújo Sobrinho Fernando Luiz , Da Silva Alves Iara Cristina , Mollo Vieira Patrícia Laundry
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o Plano de Desenvolvimento Turístico do Município de Cavalcante enquanto instrumento de planejamento turístico do governo municipal e de política pública, considerando-se conceitos centrais geográficos para a compreensão da transformação do espaço. A importância da ciência geográfica para a análise do plano de desenvolvimento do turismo no Município de Cavalcante se deve ao fato de a Geografia possibilitar a compreensão do turismo como vetor de desenvolvimento social local. A partir do levantamento de indicadores socioeconômicos do município e do cotejamento destes com o Plano, verificou-se que, não tendo sido considerado o contexto socioeconômico  de Cavalcante (GO) no diagnóstico, o Plano de Desenvolvimento Turístico proposto perdeu a oportunidade de integrar áreas importantes de políticas públicas a fim de potencializar não só o turismo local, como também de proporcionar o incremento dos indicadores de desenvolvimento humano e melhoria da qualidade de vida da comunidade local.
ETNOHISTÓRIA COMO ABORDAGEM INTERDISCIPLINAR NO ESTUDO DE POPULAÇÕES INDÍGENAS GUARANI
Authors: Laroque Luís Fernando da Silva , Machado Neli Teresinha Galarce , Jasper André , Zanon Letícia
Published: May 2016

Este estudo, utilizando-se da abordagem etnohistórica, trata sobre a atuação de lideranças Guarani em relação ao projeto envolvendo missionário jesuítico, no século XVII, em territórios do Brasil Meridional. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a história das movimentações dos Guarani coloniais e os processos de ocupação de espaços localizados em territórios da Bacia Hidrográfica do Taquari/Antas, Pardo e Jacuí no Rio Grande do Sul. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, as informações documentais que consistem dos registros anuais jesuíticos do século XVII da Coleção De Angelis, a revisão bibliográfica sobre os Guarani Coloniais e a identificação de sítios arqueológicos regionais, são analisadas a partir da abordagem etnohistórica. Inicialmente, trata-se dos limites e possibilidades da etnohistória como abordagem interdisciplinar. Logo a seguir, apresentam-se ocupações indígenas arqueológicas em territórios de Bacias hidrográficas e, por fim, analisam-se atuações indígenas Guarani e as reduções jesuíticas no território em estudo.
ESTIMATIVA DE BALANÇO DE ÁGUA NA BACIA AMAZÔNICA NO FINAL DA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉCULO XXI UTILIZANDO AS SIMULAÇÕES DO CMIP5
Authors: Martins Guilherme , Santos e Silva Cláudio Moisés
Published: May 2016

Há uma grande variação no clima presente e nas projeções de precipitação sobre a Amazônia decorrente das mudanças climáticas, sugerindo que os modelos climáticos atuais podem estar deixando de representar aspectos importantes da dinâmica da geração de precipitação nessa região. É importante entender as causas dessas variações uma vez que a precipitação é um aspecto chave para o ciclo hidrológico e para o balanço de carbono. O objetivo do trabalho proposto consiste em estimar o balanço de água na Amazônia nos climas do presente (1986-2005) e do futuro (2031-2050). Os dados de precipitação e temperatura mensal estão disponíveis em ponto de grade e foram obtidos do Climatic Research Unit (CRU, dado observado), como também das simulações dos modelos numéricos do Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Para calcular a evapotranspiração, utilizou-se a metodologia proposta por Thornthwaite (1948) que depende unicamente da temperatura mensal e esse cálculo é necessária para obter o balanço de água. Além desse cálculo, obteve-se o ensemble dos modelos para avaliar a destreza dos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos são capazes de representar a sazonalidade das variáveis utilizadas na região de estudo. Há correlação entre as variáveis dos modelos e os dados observados. Porém, no período seco, os modelos subestimam a precipitação. A temperatura apresenta alta dispersão entre os modelos em relação ao dado observado. O balanço de água nos climas analisados mostrou que há excedente hídrico nos primeiros seis meses e nos meses restantes, há déficit de água na Amazônia.