bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
M/BiOCl‐(M = Pt, Pd, and Au) Boosted Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to C2 Hydrocarbons via *CHO Intermediate Manipulation
Authors: Liu Qiong , Bai Chengbo , Zhu Chengxin , Guo Wenjin , Li Guangfang , Guo Sheng , Kripalani Devesh , Zhou Kun , Chen Rong
Published: July 2024

Selective CO2 photoreduction to C2 hydrocarbons is significant but limited by the inadequate adsorption strength of the reaction intermediates and low efficiency of proton transfer. Herein, an ameliorative *CO adsorption and H2O activation strategy is realized via decorating bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanostructures with different metal (Pt, Pd, and Au) species. Experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that distinct *CO binding energies and *H acquisition abilities of the metal cocatalysts mediate the CO2 reduction activity and hydrocarbon selectivity. The relatively moderate *CO adsorption and *H supply over Pd/BiOCl endows it with the lowest free energy to generate *CHO, leading to its highest activity of hydrocarbon production. Specifically, the Pt cocatalyst can efficiently participate in H2O dissociation to deliver more *H for facilitating the protonation of the *CHO and *CHOH, thereby favoring CH4 production with 76.51% selectivity. A lower *H supply over Pd/BiOCl and Au/BiOCl results in a large energy barrier for *CHO or *CHOH protonation and thus a more thermodynamically favored OC─CHO coupling pathway, which endows them with vastly increased C2 hydrocarbon selectivity of 81.21% and 92.81%, respectively. The understanding of efficient C2 hydrocarbon production in this study sheds light on how materials can be engineered for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
An Osteoimmunomodulatory Biopatch Potentiates Stem Cell Therapies for Bone Regeneration by Simultaneously Regulating IL‐17/Ferroptosis Signaling Pathways
Authors: Liu Shan , Wang Wenle , Chen Zhiyu , Wu Peng , Pu Wendan , Li Gang , Song Jinlin , Zhang Jianxiang
Published: July 2024

Currently, there are still great challenges in promoting bone defect healing, a common health problem affecting millions of people. Herein an osteoimmunity‐regulating biopatch capable of promoting stem cell‐based therapies for bone regeneration is developed. A totally biodegradable conjugate is first synthesized, which can self‐assemble into bioactive nano micelles (PPT NMs). This nanotherapy effectively improves the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under pathological conditions, by simultaneously regulating IL‐17 signaling and ferroptosis pathways. Incorporation of PPT NMs into biodegradable electrospun nanofibers affords a bioactive patch, which notably improves bone formation in two rat bone defect models. A Janus bio patch is then engineered by integrating the bioactive patch with a stem cell sheet of PDLSCs. The obtained biopatch shows additionally potentiated bone regeneration capacity, by synergistically regulating osteoimmune microenvironment and facilitating stem cell differentiation. Further surface functionalization of the biopatch with tannic acid considerably increases its adhesion to the bone defect, prolongs local retention, and sustains bioactivities, thereby offering much better repair effects in rats with mandibular or cranial bone defects. Moreover, the engineered bioactive patches display good safety. Besides bone defects, this osteoimmunity‐regulating biopatch strategy can be applied to promote stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury, wound healing, and skin burns.
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles via DNA Accumulation Boost Antitumor Dendritic Cell Vaccine Efficacy
Authors: Lv Linwen , Zhang Junzhe , Wang Yujiao , Liang Haojun , Liu Qiuyang , Hu Fan , Li Hao , Su Wenxi , Zhang Junhui , Chen Ranran , Chen Ziteng , Wang Zhijie , Li Jiacheng , Yan Ruyu , Yang Mingxin , Chang Ya‐nan , Li Juan , Liang Tianjiao , Xing Gengmei , Chen Kui
Published: July 2024

Radiated tumor cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (RT‐EVs) encapsulate abundant DNA fragments from irradiated tumor cells, in addition to acting as integrators of multiple tumor antigens. Accumulating evidence indicates these DNA fragments from damaged cells are involved in downstream immune responses, but most of them are degraded in cells before incorporation into derived RT‐EVs, thus the low abundance of DNA fragments limits immune responses of RT‐EVs. Here, this study found that different radiations affected fates of DNA fragments in RT‐EVs. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) induced DNA accumulation in RT‐EVs (BEVs) by causing more DNA breaks and DNA oxidation resisting nuclease degradation. This is attributed to the high‐linear energy transfer (LET) properties of alpha particles from the neutron capture reaction of 10B. When being internalized by dendritic cells (DCs), BEVs activated the DNA sensing pathway, resulting in functional enhancements including antigen presentation, migration capacity, and cytokine secretion. After vaccination of the BEVs‐educated DCs (BEV@BMDCs), the effector T cells significantly expanded and infiltrated into tumors, suggesting robust anti‐tumor immune activation. BEV@BMDCs not only effectively inhibited the primary tumor growth and metastasis formation but also elicited long‐term immune memory. In conclusion, a successful DC vaccine is provided as a promising candidate for tumor vaccine.
Mimicking Classical Conditioning of Fear Using a Dynamic Synaptic Memristor
Authors: Ju Dongyeol , Kim Sungjun
Published: July 2024

The growing demand for energy‐efficient computing has prompted investigations into the diverse functionalities of resistive switching memristors, which show promise for neuromorphic computing. These memristors can emulate artificial synapses, nociceptors, and computational capabilities like reservoir computing. However, the integration of emotions, a critical aspect of brain function, remains unexplored in memristors. This study explores the emulation of fear, a crucial emotion that enables individuals to avoid potential danger through learned behavior, using a two‐terminal Al/NbOx/Pt memristor structure. Leveraging the volatile behavior and non‐filamentary switching mechanism of the memristor, synaptic functions and synaptic plasticity changes based on incoming spikes are mimicked. Furthermore, classical fear conditioning is employed to demonstrate fear simulation within the memristor, including the crucial aspects of extinction, generalization, and avoidance. The results showcase the potential of the Al/NbOx/Pt memristor for efficient synapse emulation and neuromorphic applications, as well as its ability to provide enhanced insights into brain function through emotion emulation, enabling versatile future applications of the memristive device.
Revolutionizing Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: Efficient and Ultrastable Interstitial W‐Doped NiFe‐LDHs/MOFs through Controlled Topological Conversion of Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Bao Yiwei , Liang Xiongyi , Zhang Hao , Bu Xiuming , Cai ZiYan , Yang Yikai , Yin Di , Zhang Yuxuan , Chen Lijie , Yang Cheng , Hu Xiulan , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Ho Johnny C , Wang Xianying
Published: July 2024

Although metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise as electrocatalysts due to their unique intrinsic features, their activity and stability often fall short. Herein, NiFe‐MOFs is used as a model to introduce group VIB metalates (Na2WO4, Na2CrO4, and Na2MoO4) into the topological conversion process of layer double hydroxide (LDHs)/MOFs, creating a series of interstitial VIB element‐doped LDHs/MOFs catalysts. The metalates engage in the alkaline hydrolysis process of MOF, generating LDHs on the MOF surface. Furthermore, altering the pH value in the reaction environment can modify the catalysts' morphology, dopant/LDHs content, and electronic structure. Consequently, the prepared interstitial W‐doped NiFe‐LDHs/MOFs catalyst displays superior catalytic performance, with overpotentials of only 250 mV at 500 mA cm−2. Moreover, a homemade anion‐exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) system featuring the fabricated electrocatalyst as the anode can operate stably for 500 hours at 1 A cm−2. The exceptional catalytic activity and stability stem from optimized intermediate adsorption/desorption behavior and the unique LDHs/MOFs nanostructure. This work not only highlights the potential of the catalysts for practical applications but also offers a new design approach for modulating MOFs using an alkaline hydrolysis strategy.
GSH‐responsive photoactivated nano‐bactericide based on sulfonated sodium alginate for improving photostability and targeting of methylene blue
Authors: Xiao Yaqi , Cai Zhi , Yi Ying , Yin Yihua , Cai Weiquan , He Guanghua , Zhang Jingli , Xu Wenjin , Li Yaru
Published: July 2024

Cationic photosensitizers have higher photodynamic antibacterial activity compared with anionic photosensitizers, and with low toxicity and no drug resistance. However, their poor photostability and low utilization rate limit their practical applications. Herein, a new strategy for the construction of a GSH‐responsive antibacterial nanogel system is developed via the electrostatic interaction between methylene blue (MB) and sulfonated sodium alginate (HSSA) to self‐assemble into nanoparticles followed by sulfhydryl cross‐linking in an aqueous solution. The photobleaching of MB can be inhibited due to the self‐aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, but the photodynamic activity can be restored by breaking the disulfide‐crosslinking bonds in the nanogel in response to 10 mM GSH. In vitro antibacterial tests prove that the system has antibacterial activity beyond anionic photosensitizers. Antibacterial studies on plants show that the system has targeted antibacterial activity on infected plants and good wettability, retention, and adhesion to plant leaves. Safety evaluation shows that the system has no obvious toxic effect on plants. Therefore, this study provides a new approach to the discovery of novel photodynamic bactericides.
Composite finite‐time output voltage tracking control of energy storage inverters with mismatched multiple disturbances
Authors: Huang Saijin , Li Guanjun , Wang Xiangyu , Li Haoyuan
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates the finite‐time output voltage tracking control problem of energy storage inverters. Multiple load conditions are simultaneously considered. To complete the tracking control task and enhance the power quality under different loads, a composite control scheme, which contains two parts, is proposed. In the first part, two finite‐time disturbance observers are established to estimate the mismatched multiple disturbances originating from load variations. In the second part, new integral‐type sliding‐mode surfaces embedding disturbance estimates and
‐axis couplings are designed, which not only feedforward compensate for the disturbances but also achieve decoupling. Based on the sliding‐mode surfaces, a composite controller is constructed. Compared with the existing results, the proposed controller is continuous and significantly reduces chattering. Moreover, with the novel decoupling strategy, the
‐axis coupling problem is solved precisely without generalizing the couplings as disturbances, which simplifies the observation task and further accelerates system convergence. Rigorous stability analysis is conducted to demonstrate the accomplishment of the finite‐time tracking task. Simulations and experiments are presented to validate the effects of the proposed control scheme.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells alleviate early‐stage pulmonary fibrosis in a uPAR‐dependent manner
Authors: Efimenko Anastasia Yu , Shmakova Anna A. , Popov Vladimir S. , Basalova Natalia A. , Vigovskiy Maxim A. , Grigorieva Olga A. , Sysoeva Veronika Yu , Klimovich Polina S. , Khabibullin Nikita R. , Tkachuk Vsevolod A. , Rubina Kseniya A. , Semina Ekaterina V.
Published: July 2024

Pulmonary fibrosis, a debilitating lung disorder characterised by excessive fibrous tissue accumulation in lung parenchyma, compromises respiratory function leading to a life‐threatening respiratory failure. While its origins are multifaceted and poorly understood, the urokinase system, including urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), plays a significant role in regulating fibrotic response, extracellular matrix remodelling, and tissue repair. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise in regenerative medicine for treating pulmonary fibrosis. Our study aimed to investigate the potential of MSCs to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis as well as the contribution of uPAR expression to this effect. We found that intravenous MSC administration significantly reduced lung fibrosis in the bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice as revealed by MRI and histological evaluations. Notably, administering the MSCs isolated from adipose tissue of uPAR knockout mice (Plaur‐/‐ MSCs) attenuated lung fibrosis to a lesser extent as compared to WT MSCs. Collagen deposition, a hallmark of fibrosis, was markedly reduced in lungs treated with WT MSCs versus Plaur‐/‐ MSCs. Along with that, endogenous uPA levels were affected differently; after Plaur‐/‐ MSCs were administered, the uPA content was specifically decreased within the blood vessels. Our findings support the potential of MSC treatment in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis. We provide evidence that the observed anti‐fibrotic effect depends on uPAR expression in MSCs, suggesting that uPAR might counteract the uPA accumulation in lungs.
Alkyne Hydroamination Inhibited by Vinylidene Deactivation
Authors: Beardall Anne Marie M. , Chapple Devon E. , Henao Ruiz Nicolas , Boyle Paul D. , Blacquiere Johanna M.
Published: July 2024

The synthesis and isolation of [Ru(Cp)(PCy2NPh2)(=C=CHPh]PF6 and [Ru(Cp*)(PCy2NCy2)(=C=CHPh)]PF6 was successfully accomplished. Use of these ruthenium vinylidene complexes for stoichiometric reactions with a variety of amines was performed. Upon reaction with alkyl amines, deprotonation of the Cβ hydrogen resulted in formation of acetylide complex [Ru(Cp*)(PCy2NPh2)(−C≡CPh)], and the species was confirmed through independent synthesis. In contrast, reaction of the less basic aryl amine aniline with [Ru(Cp)(PCy2NCy2)(=C=CHPh)]PF6 resulted in outer sphere addition to give a Fischer carbene product.
Intelligent Process Monitoring of Smart Polymer Composites Using Large Area Graphene Coated Fabric Sensor
Authors: Mazumder Md Rahinul Hasan , Govindaraj Premika , Mehedi Hasan Muhammad , Antiohos Dennis , Salim Nisa , Konstantin Fuss Franz , Hameed Nishar
Published: July 2024

The location of defect formed in the final composite is identified using sensor data. Herein, we report the development of an online process monitoring system for vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process using large area graphene coated in‐situ fabric sensor. Besides imparting excellent mechanical properties to the final composites, these sensors provide critical information during the composite processing including detecting defects and evaluating processing parameters. The obtained information can be used to create a digital passport of the manufacturing phase to develop a cost‐effective production technique and fabricate high‐quality composites. The fabric sensor was produced using a scalable dip‐coating process by coating 1‐, 3‐ or 5‐layers of thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) onto glass fabric surface according to the number of dips of the fabrics into GO solution. 5 electrode pairs were placed in the horizontal and vertical directions on the area of each coated fabric sensor before placing it inside the VARTM setup. The electrical resistances from all electrode pairs were simultaneously and continuously recorded during distinct stages of the VARTM process to determine the relative conductance. During the vacuum cycle, the range of relative conductance increased with the number of coated rGO layers, with the 5‐layer rGO‐coated sensor showing the highest conductance range of 16.9 %. Additionally, it was observed that the 5‐layer coated sensor showed a consistent decrease in conductance during the infusion phase due to the fluid flow pressure dominating the resin electrical conductivity. Most importantly, physical parameters such as infusion time, flow front location, race‐tracking and dry spots were monitored in‐situ.
Performance analysis of fractional‐order modified SRF PLL under grid abnormalities
Authors: Devi Oinam Lotika , Singh Alka
Published: July 2024

This article proposes two different structures of fractional‐order modified synchronous reference frame phase‐locked loop (MSRF PLL) and discusses their performance under different grid abnormalities. Phase‐locked loop (PLL) is a type of closed‐loop feedback control system that ensures phase and frequency coherence between its input and output signals. The basic synchronous reference frame phase‐locked loop (SRF‐PLL) is a conventional synchronization technique that is frequently employed in grid‐connected systems for power electronic converters. The SRF‐PLL offers rapid and precise phase/frequency detection under ideal grid environments. However, its performance is severely hampered under unbalanced and distorted grid environments. This paper discusses two new configurations of fractional‐order (FO) modified SRF (MSRF), one with fractional order only in additional low‐pass filter of first order (FO‐LP) and another fractional order in both first‐order low‐pass filter and PI (FO‐LPFO‐PI) of MSRF. These controllers are assembled using FOs “a” and “b” with limits as 0 < a < 2 and 0 < b < 2. The performance analysis of proposed FO MSRFs is done under grid abnormalities like voltage sag and swell, polluted grid supply, frequency change, phase change, and variables for dc offset. The outcomes of simulation are acquired using FO modeling and control (FOMCON) toolbox for MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the experimental results are validated with simulation results. A fair comparison among the MSRF‐PLL, FO‐LP MSRF‐PLL, and FO‐LPFO‐PI MSRF‐PLL is also depicted during grid abnormalities.
METTL14 promotes lipid metabolism reprogramming and sustains nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression via enhancing m6A modification of ANKRD22 mRNA
Authors: Li Lvyuan , Tang Qiling , Ge Junshang , Wang Dan , Mo Yongzhen , Zhang Yijie , Wang Yumin , Xiong Fang , Yan Qijia , Liao Qianjin , Guo Can , Wang Fuyan , Zhou Ming , Xiang Bo , Zeng Zhaoyang , Shi Lei , Chen Pan , Xiong Wei
Published: July 2024

Background

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification is essential for modulating RNA processing as well as expression, particularly in the context of malignant tumour progression. However, the exploration of m6A modification in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains very limited.

Methods

RNA m6A levels were analysed in NPC using m6A dot blot assay. The expression level of methyltransferase‐like 14 (METTL14) within NPC tissues was analysed from public databases as well as RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The influences on METTL14 expression on NPC proliferation and metastasis were explored via in vitro as well as in vivo functional assays. Targeted genes of METTL14 were screened using the m6A and gene expression profiling microarray data. Actinomycin D treatment and polysome analysis were used to detect the half‐life and translational efficiency of ANKRD22. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation were used to validate the role of ANKRD22 on lipid metabolism in NPC cells. ChIP‐qPCR analysis of H3K27AC signalling near the promoters of METTL14, GINS3, POLE2, PLEK2 and FERMT1 genes.

Results

We revealed METTL14, in NPC, correlating with poor patient prognosis. In vitro and in vivo assays indicated METTL14 actively promoted NPC cells proliferation and metastasis. METTL14 catalysed m6A modification on ANKRD22 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), recognized by the reader IGF2BP2, leading to increased mRNA stability and higher translational efficiency. Moreover, ANKRD22, a metabolism‐related protein on mitochondria, interacted with SLC25A1 to enhance citrate transport, elevating intracellular acetyl‐CoA content. This dual impact of ANKRD22 promoted lipid metabolism reprogramming and cellular lipid synthesis while upregulating the expression of genes associated with the cell cycle (GINS3 and POLE2) and the cytoskeleton (PLEK2 and FERMT1) through heightened epigenetic histone acetylation levels in the nucleus. Intriguingly, our findings highlighted elevated ANKRD22‐mediated histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27AC) signals near the METTL14 promoter, which contributes to a positive feedback loop perpetuating malignant progression in NPC.

Conclusions

The identified METTL14‐ANKRD22‐SLC25A1 axis emerges as a promising therapeutic target for NPC, and also these molecules may serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers.
Understand professional versus personal authenticity
Authors: Freebairn‐Smith Laura
Published: July 2024

Authenticity is a concept that's gained traction in recent years as people work to fully express who they are and what their values are. I think of authenticity as a spectrum, ranging from an almost prisoner‐like constrained existence to a free‐love anything‐goes existence. In relation to the workplace, I have concerns about the extremes of this spectrum.
Chloroplast genome‐based genetic resources via genome skimming for the subalpine forests of Japan and adjacent regions
Authors: Worth James R. P. , Kikuchi Satoshi , Kanetani Seiichi , Takahashi Daiki , Aizawa Mineaki , Marchuk Elena A. , Choi Hyeok Jae , Polezhaeva Maria A. , Sheiko Viktor V. , Ueno Saneyoshi
Published: July 2024

The Japanese subalpine zone is dominated by an ecologically important forest biome, subalpine coniferous forest, constituting a distinct assemblage of cold‐tolerant angiosperm and conifer species. While being relatively intact compared to other forest biomes in Japan, subalpine coniferous forests are under significant threat from deer browsing, global warming and small population size effects. However, there is a severe lack of genetic resources available for this biome's major constituent plant species. This study aimed to develop chloroplast genome‐based genetic resources for 12 widespread subalpine tree and shrub species (7 angiosperms and 5 conifers) via genome skimming of whole‐genomic DNA using short reads (100–150 bp in length). For 10 species, whole chloroplast genomes were assembled via de novo‐based methods from 4 to 10 individuals per species sampled from across their ranges in Japan and, for non‐Japanese endemic species, elsewhere in northeast Asia. A total of 566 single nucleotide polymorphisms for Japanese samples and 768 for all samples (varying from 2 to 202 per species) were identified which were distributed in geographically restricted lineages in most species. In addition, between 9 and 58 polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions were identified per species. For two Ericaceae species (Rhododendron brachycarpum and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea) characterised by large chloroplast genomes, de novo assembly failed, but single nucleotide polymorphisms could be identified using reference mapping. These data will be useful for genetic studies of species taxonomic relationships, investigating phylogeographic patterns within species, developing chloroplast‐based markers for conservation genetic studies and has potential application for studies of environmental and ancient DNA.
A shortfin mako shark circling a finless porpoise with damaged caudal fin
Authors: Okamura Taro , Tokunaga Soma , Ogawa Takaya , Yoda Ken
Published: July 2024

Research on predator–prey interactions between sharks and cetaceans remain limited. Here, we report on a video of a shortfin mako shark circling a finless porpoise with a damaged caudal fin in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The finless porpoise was neither emaciated nor inactive, but unable to swim effectively due to the complete lack of a caudal fin. Some circumstantial evidence, including a bite mark on the porpoise's head, strongly suggests that the mako shark attacked it. Furthermore, the possible time difference between the two injuries the porpoise sustained may reflect the shark's hunting tactics. While mako sharks primarily feed on small fish and cephalopods, this observation suggests they also may prey on live cetaceans more often than previously thought.
Effects of 16 weeks of plyometric training on knee biomechanics during the landing phase in athletes
Authors: Bocheng Chen , Ziyan Ye , Jiaxin Wu , Wang Guoxiang , Tiancheng Yu
Published: July 2024

This study investigated the effects of plyometric training on lower‐limb muscle strength and knee biomechanical characteristics during the landing phase. Twenty‐four male subjects were recruited for this study with a randomised controlled design. They were randomly divided into a plyometric training group and a traditional training group and underwent training for 16 weeks. Each subject was evaluated every 8 weeks for knee and hip isokinetic muscle strength as well as knee kinematics and kinetics during landing. The results indicated significant group and time interaction effects for knee extension strength (F = 74.942 and p = 0.001), hip extension strength (F = 99.763 and p = 0.000) and hip flexion strength (F = 182.922 and p = 0.000). For landing kinematics, there were significant group main effects for knee flexion angle range (F = 4.429 and p = 0.047), significant time main effects for valgus angle (F = 6.502 and p = 0.011) and significant group and time interaction effects for internal rotation angle range (F = 5.475 and p = 0.008). The group main effect for maximum knee flexion angle was significant (F = 7.534 and p = 0.012), and the group and time interaction effect for maximum internal rotation angle was significant (F = 15.737 and p = 0.001). For landing kinetics, the group main effect of the loading rate was significant (F = 4.576 and p = 0.044). Significant group and time interaction effects were observed for knee extension moment at the moment of maximum vertical ground reaction force (F = 5.095 and p = 0.010) and for abduction moment (F = 8.250 and p = 0.001). These findings suggest that plyometric training leads to greater improvements in hip and knee muscle strength and beneficial changes in knee biomechanics during landing compared to traditional training.
Antigen/adjuvant‐free liposome induces adjuvant effects for enhancing cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Guo Qianqian , Xu Xiaoxuan , Lai Xiaojiang , Duan Jialin , Yan Dan , Wang Dangge
Published: July 2024

Cancer vaccines are promising to treat malignancy by delivering antigens and adjuvants to elicit host immunity. Beyond aluminum adjuvants, liposomes show efficient adjuvant effects through regulating the accumulation, internalization and release of payloads. However, it remains unknown that whether the liposome will perform intrinsic adjuvant effects in the absence of antigens and adjuvants. Herein, a library of antigen/adjuvant‐free liposomes with variable surface charges has been developed and it has been found that highly anionic liposomes show promising adjuvant effects for boosting immune responses. The anionic liposome mobilizes the MyD88 pathways of dendritic cells (DCs) to activate T helper cells and CD8+ T cells. The anionic liposomes enhance host immunity by regulating the population of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and boost adaptive CD8+ T cells in lymphoid organs with good biosafety. It shows the most efficient protection against MC38 colorectal cancer in mice after a parallel injection of antigens and anionic liposomes. Overall, this study reveals that the surface charge of liposome affects its adjuvant efficiency and provides an anionic nanosized adjuvant formulation for enhancing immunization.
Direct synthesis of high quantum yield lead‐free CsCu2I3 powder in water and its application in yellow LED
Authors: Guo Heng , Shi Linlin , Shi Zengliang , He Yue , Zhu Yizhi
Published: July 2024

Yellow light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with a wavelength of 570–590 nm can reduce the excitability of peripheral nerves and the sensitivity of the skin, stimulate collagen synthesis, and tighten the skin, which plays an important role in skin rejuvenation. In general, commercial LEDs are made of phosphor excited by ultraviolet chips. It is very important for the development of yellow light emitters with high luminous efficiency, good stability, and environmental protection. For the first time, a simple organic structural unit (2‐methylimidazole, 2‐MIM) was used to collect a mixture of two metal precursors (CsI and CuI) and successfully synthesized an all‐inorganic lead‐free yellow light CsCu2I3 powder in water. The prepared CsCu2I3 powder exhibited excellent optical properties and considerable stability. Finally, a phosphor‐converted LED (pc‐LED) device was fabricated via the CsCu2I3 phosphor coated on a 310 nm ultraviolet chip. The pc‐LED device's electroluminescence spectra may be a good fit for the blood's absorption regions. Therefore, this work provides a facile method for the synthesis of novel lead‐free metal halide CsCu2I3 powder in eco‐friendly solvents. In addition, the stable and efficient CsCu2I3 powder shows promising exciting potential applications in photoluminescence and phototherapy fields.
The role of testosterone and cortisol levels in nonsuicidal selfinjury in adolescents
Authors: Calvete Esther , Prieto‐Fildalgo Angel , Faura‐García Juan , Orue Izaskun
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Nonsuicidal selfinjury (NSSI) is an important problem in adolescence, which is thought to serve several reinforcement functions (positive vs. negative, automatic vs. social). While the psychological mechanisms involved in NSSI are relatively well known, there is an important gap in the knowledge regarding the underlying biological mechanisms. This study examined the role of testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) in the frequency and reinforcement functions of NSSI.

Methods

A total of 423 adolescents (age range = 13–17; 54.4% girls) from Basque Country (Spain) provided saliva samples to determine T and C levels and completed measures of NSSI 6 months later in 2017–2018.

Results

The results showed that T but not C was significantly associated with higher NSSI frequency and the four types of NSSI functions. In addition, C moderated the predictive association between T and NSSI for automatic negative reinforcement, such that this association was significant only when C was high. Participant sex did not moderate any association between hormones and NSSI.

Conclusions

These preliminary results suggest that testosterone levels can affect NSSI behaviors in adolescence, thus helping to explain the increase in NSSI during this stage. Moreover, in situations in which NSSI serves to alleviate negative internal states, high levels of cortisol can be involved.
Apicolateral bulge: A potential mimic of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a professional athlete—A case report and literature review
Authors: Allwood Richard P.
Published: July 2024

Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, with over 265 million active players and approximately 0.05% professional players worldwide. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has made preparticipation screening recommendations which involve electrocardiography and echocardiography being performed prior to international competition. The aim of preparticipation cardiovascular screening in young athletes is to detect asymptomatic individuals with cardiovascular disease at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The incidence of SCD in young athletes (age≤ 35 years) is 0.6–3.6 in 100,000 persons/year, with most deaths due to cardiovascular causes. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is one of the leading causes of SCD in young athletes. It is a genetic disease characterized by progressive fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium with variable phenotypic expression. Exercise‐induced cardiac remodeling in conjunction with extensive T‐wave inversion raises concern for ARVC. This case report and literature review explores a potential mimic for ARVC, the role of cardiovascular screening in sport, and the use of a multimodality approach for risk stratification and management.
Client experiences with “Dynamic Choice Prevention,” a model for flexible patient‐centred HIV prevention delivery in rural Eastern Africa
Authors: Camlin Carol S. , Arunga Titus , Johnson‐Peretz Jason , Akatukwasa Cecilia , Atwine Fredrick , Onyango Angeline , Owino Lawrence , Kamya Moses R. , Petersen Maya L. , Chamie Gabriel , Kakande Elijah , Kabami Jane , Balzer Laura B. , Havlir Diane V. , Ayieko James
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Identifying the optimal approaches to offering HIV prevention to meet the needs of those at risk is a high priority, particularly given the expanding toolkit of biomedical HIV prevention options. An ongoing study in rural East African communities evaluated the uptake of choices in product, testing mode and location of care delivery through a structured patient‐centred HIV prevention delivery model. In this qualitative study, we sought to understand clients’ experiences of this “dynamic choice prevention model” (DCP) and highlight pathways of action to inform HIV prevention delivery models.

Methods

In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted from November 2021 through March 2022 with a purposively selected sample of n = 56 participants in DCP trials (across outpatient departments, antenatal clinics and community settings), and n = 21 healthcare providers (total n = 77). A seven‐person multi‐regional team translated and inductively coded transcript data. We used a framework analysis approach to identify emergent themes.

Results

Individuals taking up HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reported feelings of relief, liberation from fears of acquiring HIV and satisfaction with being able to take action despite partners’ behaviours. Couples used a range of approaches afforded by the study to persuade partners to get tested and opt for PrEP. Post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP) use was less common, although women welcomed it in the event of sexual coercion or assault. Participants discussed switching from PEP to PrEP after familiarizing themselves with usage and ascertaining ongoing risk. Participants felt respected by providers, trusted them and appreciated being able to contact them directly for telephone support. Prevention uptake was hindered by stigma, limited experience with and knowledge of prevention methods, gendered and generational power dynamics within intimate partnerships and families, and negative perceptions of methods due to the products themselves. Participants anticipated long‐acting injectable PrEP could solve their challenges regarding pill size, daily pill burden and the likelihood of unwanted disclosure.

Conclusions

Diverse preferences and barriers to uptake of prevention require a choice of HIV prevention options, locations and delivery modalities—but in addition, flexible, competent and friendly care provision is crucial to promote uptake. Helping clients feel valued, and addressing their unique needs and challenges, enables their agency to prioritize their health.
Metagenomic analysis of the gut virome in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zhang Pan , Ma Shiyang , Guo Ruochun , Li Lu , Guo Xiaoyan , Chang Danyan , Li Shenghui , Zhang Huan , Fu Cui , Yang Longbao , Zhang Yue , Jiang Jiong , Wang Ting , Wang Jinhai , Shi Haitao
Published: July 2024

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, is recognized for its association with alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome. This study delves into the largely unexplored domain of the gut virome in IBS patients. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the fecal metagenomic data set from 277 IBS patients and 84 healthy controls to characterize the gut viral community. Our findings revealed a distinct gut virome in IBS patients compared to healthy individuals, marked by significant variances in between‐sample diversity and altered abundances of 127 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs). Specifically, 111 vOTUs, predominantly belonging to crAss‐like, Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Quimbyviridae families, were more abundant in IBS patients, whereas the healthy control group exhibited enrichment of 16 vOTUs from multiple families. We also investigated the interplay between the gut virome and bacteriome, identifying a correlation between IBS‐enriched bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Fusobacterium varium, and Ruminococcus gnavus, and the IBS‐associated vOTUs. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of gut viral signatures in predicting IBS, achieving a notable area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.834. These findings highlight significant shifts in the viral diversity, taxonomic distribution, and functional composition of the gut virome in IBS patients, suggesting the potential role of the gut virome in IBS pathogenesis and opening new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the gut virome in IBS management.
Using gross ecosystem product to harmonize biodiversity conservation and economic development in Southwestern China
Authors: Lin Ziyan , Wu Tong , Rao Enming , Xiao Yi , Ouyang Zhiyun
Published: July 2024

Gross ecosystem product (GEP) is the aggregate economic value of the final goods and services of the ecosystem produced within a given area, providing a potentially effective means of linking nature protection and restoration to development.

In this study, we calculated the values and distribution of biodiversity, GEP and gross domestic product (GDP) in the 547 counties of Southwestern China, a biodiversity hotspot. We then divided the region into nine types of area based on spatial correlations between the three indicators.

Areas with high biodiversity, GEP per km2 and GDP per capita were mainly found in and around the large cities of Kunming, Chengdu and Guiyang, reflecting a reasonably high degree of coupling coordination between ecosystems and the local economy.

Contrary to our hypotheses, areas with high biodiversity do not necessarily have high GEP, and regions with high GDP do not inherently have low biodiversity. This suggests that synergies exist between biodiversity conservation and economic development, and that increasing the value of material and non‐material services in GEP could improve this alignment.

Based on our findings, we argue that GEP can act as a bridge between biodiversity conservation and economic development. Understanding the interactions between biodiversity, GEP and GDP can inform the design of effective policies. In particular, we suggest that sustainable agricultural intensification and forestry along with ecotourism offer promising pathways for advancing nature‐positive development in this ecologically critical region.

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In Silico Structural and Functional Characterization of the Thaumatin‐Like Gene Family in Phaseolus lunatus Reveals the Potential for Microbial and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Matos Dalton Ferreira , Alves Maria Cidinaria Silva , da Silva Ruana Carolina Cabral , Santana Hortência E. P. , Ruzene Denise Santos , de Aragão Batista Marcus Vinicius , Silva Daniel P.
Published: July 2024

Thaumatin‐like proteins (TLPs) are part of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins that are important in host plant defense. TLPs have multiple defense functions against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) and are involved in other biological processes of several living organisms. However, the biological role of TLPs must be elucidated for other species, such as Phaseolus lunatus, popularly known as lima bean. In this study, we propose to investigate the biological activity of TLPs in P. lunatus, which can help develop a detailed functional characterization of the TLP gene in other crop cultures. As a result, a total of 31 PlTPLs genes and 16 highly conserved cysteine residues for each family member were identified in the lima bean genome. Regarding phylogenetic analysis, 128 TLPs from different plant species, including P. lunatus, were used, and the phenetic tree revealed that the TLPs could be divided into six groups. The leading group was Group 4, containing 34 TLPs; the smallest was Group 7, containing only a single TLP. The analysis of antimicrobial and antiviral activity revealed that 27 PlTLPs have antimicrobial activity and 7 PlTLPs have potential antiviral activity. For chromosomal distribution of the PlTLPs, 8 of 11 chromosomes presented at least one PlTLs on one of the chromosomes. Finally, molecular modeling was carried out between two TLPs (PlTLP5 and PlTLP14), which presented antimicrobial and antiviral activity and did not have allergenic activity. The results showed that the two candidates presented ≥90% of their residues in the favorable regions and ∼10% in the permitted regions, demonstrating that the two PlTLPs are considered promising targets for biotechnological applications, especially those related to the genetic improvement of agricultural crops and the development of antimicrobial agents.
Sago‐grain nodules in tubercular pleural effusion
Authors: Madhusudan Manoj , Potti Priyanka , Chandra Tejaswi , Tukaram Srikanta J.
Published: July 2024

A 6‐year‐old boy was referred with complaints of chest pain for 2 months with low‐grade fever. A computerized tomography of the chest revealed a loculated pleural effusion on the left side. Medical thoracoscopy was performed that revealed a characteristic sago‐grain follicle over the parietal pleural. Histopathology and microbiological investigations on pleural biopsy samples confirmed tubercular pleural effusion.
PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations in metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: Sutera Philip , Kim Jongmyung , Kumar Ritesh , Deek Rebecca A. , Stephenson Ryan , Mayer Tina , Saraiya Biren , Ghodoussipour Saum , Jang Thomas , Golombos David , Packiam Vignesh , Ennis Ronald , Hathout Lara , Jabbour Salma K. , Guler Ozan , Onal Cem , Tran Phuoc T. , Deek Matthew P.
Published: July 2024

Background

Alterations in the PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway are commonly seen in metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), however their role in outcomes is unknown. We aim to evaluate the prognostic significance as well as the genetic landscape of PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alteration in mCSPC.

Methods

Fourhundred and seventy‐two patients with mCSPC were included who underwent next generation sequencing. PIK3/Akt/mTor pathway alterations were defined as mutations in Akt1, mTOR, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3R1, PTEN, TSC1, and TSC2. Endpoints of interests were radiographic progression‐free survival (rPFS), time to development of castration resistant prostate cancer (tdCRPC), and overall survival (OS). Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed and Cox regression hazard ratios (HR) were calculated.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐two (31.9%) patients harbored a PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alteration. Median rPFS and tdCRPC were 23.7 and 21.0 months in PIK3/Akt/mTOR altered compared to 32.8 (p = 0.08) and 32.1 months (p = 0.002) in wildtype tumors. On multivariable analysis PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations were associated with tdCRPC (HR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.05–1.94, p = 0.02), but not rPFS [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90–1.60, p = 0.21].

PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations were more likely to be associated with concurrent mutations in TP53 (40% vs. 28%, p = 0.01) and TMPRSS2‐ERG (37% vs. 26%, p = 0.02) than tumors without PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations. Concurrent mutations were typically associated with shorter median times to rPFS and tdCRPC. DAVID analysis showed p53 signaling and angiogenesis pathways were enriched in PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway altered tumors while beta‐catenin binding and altered BRCA pathway were enriched in PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway wildtype tumors.

Conclusions

PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations were common in mCSPC and associated with poorer prognosis. The genetic landscape of PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway altered tumors differed from wildtype tumors. Additional studies are needed to better understand and target the PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway in mCSPC.
Having any mental health condition before the COVID‐19 pandemic as a risk factor of COVID‐19 contagion during the first year of pandemic: A Spanish adult cohort
Authors: Lopez‐Romeo Sheila , Subira‐Alvarez Susana , Miranda‐Mendizabal Andrea , Piqueras‐Marques Jorge , Leal‐Pujol Raquel , Recoder Silvia , Calbo Esther , Casajuana‐Closas Marc , Forero Carlos G. , Castellvi Pere
Published: July 2024

Numerous studies suggest that subjects suffering from a mental health condition before the COVID‐19 pandemic were at higher risk of contagion, but mostly are cross‐sectional or retrospective. The BIOVAL‐D‐COVID‐19 is a longitudinal cohort study design with 922 subjects who full filled two evaluations from an online survey of Spanish residents before and during the pandemic. Mental health conditions assessed were: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours (STB) and subthreshold of panic and bipolar disorder (BD). Mental health screening instruments used were: the Spanish version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) version 3.0 for the evaluation of MDE, the GAD‐7 scale to evaluate GAD; STB was evaluated with four items from the CIDI questionnaire. Panic Disorder and BD were screened from a modified and self‐reported version of the CIDI. A bivariate plus five logistic regression models were developed for each mental health condition adjusted by socio‐demographic variables; employment status; general and physical health; comorbidity; and including all previous variables and the other mental health conditions. We found in bivariate model that MDE; GAD and STB were statistically significant risk factors of contagion of COVID‐19. The logistic regression models developed reveal that having a previous GAD (aOR 3.30 1.31–8.31) or STB (aOR 2.16 CI 95% 1.01–4.62) was statistically significant associated with COVID‐19 contagion, independently of all variables included. MDE was not a risk factor of contagion when it was adjusted by comorbidity (aOR 0.99 CI 95% 0.47–2.09). It is recommended to detect those subjects with previous GAD or STB as vulnerable groups of infection to reduce contagion rates.