bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pattern of inheritance of X‐linked traits is not dominant or recessive, just X‐linked
Authors: Dobyns William B.
Published: August 2010

Our modern concepts of genetic inheritance originated nearly a century ago. Early concepts of dominant and recessive inheritance were developed in insects and were subsequently applied to sex‐linked inheritance in mammals. Years of clinical experience, however, suggest that the modern‐day rules for X‐linked dominant and recessive diseases do not explain why so many female carriers of X‐linked ‘recessive’ disorders have an abnormal phenotype. In a review of 32 X‐linked diseases we revealed an unexpectedly high degree of intermediate disease penetrance in females that cannot be explained by existing concepts. We recommend that the terms ‘dominant’ and recessive’ be abandoned and that these disorders be referred to as X‐linked. In this review we will present modified rules for X‐linked inheritance and propose hypotheses related to the potential mechanisms that may explain differences in disease expression in females.

Conclusion: Past assumptions regarding factors that may affect phenotype in heterozygous females do not capture the extraordinarily variable expressivity of X‐linked disorders in females and need to be revisited.
Dilated cardiomyopathy in children
Authors: Giulia Gagliardi Maria
Published: August 2010

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a rare disease in the paediatric population. We analysed the epidemiology, clinical features and role of immunotherapy in the treatment of myocarditis. On the basis of experimental evidence, indicating that autoimmunity might play a role in the development of myocarditis, we treated children affected by myocarditis with immunosuppressive therapy, and we present here our series. The future availability of reliable prognostic markers should allow treatment of only those children with myocarditis who do not spontaneously recover. The possibility that DCM with myocarditis is a distinct pathological entity from the non‐inflammatory form of DCM is suggested.

Conclusion: The high long‐term survival rate observed in our children with myocarditis is probably due to the effect of short‐term immunosuppression. This result is at odds with previously published series of conventionally treated children, whose survival probability at 1 y was approximately 0.60.
Infant leukaemia: Clinical, biological and therapeutic advances
Authors: Luciani Matteo , Rana Ippolita , Pansini Valecia. , Caniglia Mauzilio , Coletti Valentina , Maraschini Alice , Lombardi Alessandra , De Rossi Giulio
Published: August 2010

Infant acute lymphoid leukaemia (IALL) represents a distinct subset with an extremely poor response to therapy, despite major progress in the treatment of childhood leukaemia. However, several studies have shown that, even in this generally considered homogeneous group, a distinction could be made with regard to prognosis. The outcome of IALL patients with ALL‐1/MLL rearrangements at the 11q23 cytogenetic band, early pre‐B immunophenotype, high WBC count and age below 6 mo is significantly worse than in patients without these characteristics, and current therapies appear inadequate in a significant number of cases. Therefore, an international protocol (Interfant 99) was recently started, using a more aggressive approach, which included lymphoid‐ and myeloid‐specific drugs, and indications for stem‐cell transplantation. We reviewed the clinical characteristics of the disease, the results of several recent international clinical trials, and our experience with 16 infants with acute lymphoid leukaemia diagnosed and treated at our institution.

Conclusion: It is extremely important to stratify patients for prognosis, taking into account clinical and biological variables with independent prognostic value. The aim is to select more adequate, risk‐adapted, therapeutic strategies which also consider related or unrelated bone marrow transplant consolidation for patients with very poor prognosis.
RECHERCHES SUR LA FERMENTATION MUTATIVE DES BACTÉRIES.
Authors: Kristensen. Martin
Published: August 2010

Resume

Des recherches faites sur une ample base concernant la fermentation mutative de la l‐arabinose chez une souche de Salmonella dublin donnèrent les résultats principaux que voici:

10 La fermentation commence à se manifester à une époque si préeoce après l'ensemencement des tubes qu'il ne paraiCt pas exister une période latente dans la transformation des cultures en un état mutable. Ceci est en plein accord avec la théorie selon laquelle la mutation proprement dite se produit indépendamment de la présence de l'arabinose; cette concordance ne suffit cependant pas pour faire la démonstration absolue.

20 Durant les premières 1 ou 2 semaines la mutation se produit avec une fréquence relativement faible mais aboutit à une fermentation rapide; au fur et à mesure que la culture vieillit la tendance à la mutation augmente, mais le pouvoir fermentatif de la forme mutée est en général plus faible.

30 Par rapport au nombre de bactéries renfermé dans la culture le minimum de la mutabilité coincide avec le maximum du nombre de bactéries.

4o La modification de la mutabilité est due à la cultivation prolongée sans ensemencement combinée avec la présence de l'arabinose; à lui seul ni l'un, ni l'autre de ces deux facteurs paraiCt eCtre suffisant à cet égard.

50 La forme mutée à fermentation faible peut eCtre transformé en forme à fermentation intensive au moyen de l'ensemencement quotidien dans un milieu renfermant de l'arabinose; il s'agit ici d'une mutation secondaire.
ÜBER POLYVALENTE IMMUNSEREN ZUR SALMONELLA‐DIAGNOSE.
Authors: Kauffmann F.
Published: August 2010

Es wird über die Herstellung polyvalenter Salmonella O‐und H‐Seren durch gleichzeitige Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit mehreren Typen berichtet, durch die eine Vereinfachung der serologischen Salmonella‐Diagnose möglich ist.

Durch Mischung von 3 polyvalenten O‐ resp. 4 polyvalenten H‐Seren wurden 2 Mischseren gewonnen, mit denen man alle bekannten Salmonella‐ O‐ und H‐Antigene in der Objektglas‐Agglutination erfassen kann.

Die Kaninchen vertrugen die gleichzeitige Injektion mehrerer Typen ausgezeichnet und reagierten gegen alle benutzten Antigene in gleicher Weise, sodass von einer »Konkurrenz der Antigene« nichts zu merken war.
ÜBER WEITERE NEUE SALMONELLA‐TYPEN
Authors: Kauffmann. Von F.
Published: August 2010

Es werden serologische und kulturelle Untersuchungen an weiteren, neuen Salmonella‐Typen mitgeteilt. Von diesen Typen verdient S. salinatis ein besonderes Interesse, da aus der ursprünglich diphasischen Kultur (IV.XII … d, e, h ← d — e, h ← e, n, z15…) mit Hilfe von Gard‐Platten 3 natürliche Phasen d — e, h ← e, n, z15… isoliert wurden.

Beiläufig werden einige Bemerkungen über Ammonnähr‐böden sowie über die Thermolabilität des H‐Antigens gemacht.
Serologische und Genetische Untersuchungen Über Seltene A‐Typen Bei Menschen
Authors: Gammelgaard Arne
Published: August 2010

Es werden die serologischen Kennzeichen des Typus A, beschreiben, wovon im ganzen 203 (170 A, und 33 A, B) nachgewiesen worden sind. Charakteristisch ist die eigentiimliche Agglutination, eine Mischung nichtagglutinierter und agglutinierter Blk. in allen Iso‐B‐ und Anti‐A‐Immunseren. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Agglutination auf einer ungleichmassigen Starke des A‐Rezeptors der A,‐Blk. beruht. Die Absorptionsfahigkeit liegt zwischen A, und A, B. Im Serum von 60 A,‐Individuen wird in keinem Falle bei Zimmertemperatur irregulares a, nachgewiesen. In Anti‐O‐ haltigem Ochsenserum werden A,‐Blk. kraftiger agglutiniert als A‐Blk.

Der A‐Tupus betrdgt ungefdhr 1 OJOO der A‐Gruppe. Durch eine Untersuchung von 26 A,‐Familien wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, dass sich A, auf Basis eines 3. allelomorphen A‐Gens vererb

Im Speichel von A,‐Individuen, die Ausscheider sind, wird weniger A‐Antigen nachgewiesen als bei Ausscheidern des A,‐ und A,‐Typus.
Serologische und Genetische Untersuchungen Über Seltene A‐Typen Bei Menschen
Authors: Gammelgaard Arne
Published: August 2010

Es wurden 10 Individuen der Typus A, bestimmt. A, ist durch einen quantitativ schwacheren Rezeptor als A, gekennzeichnet, ca. 8ma1 so schmch, etwas schwacher als der A‐Rezeptor bei A, B. Im Serum von 10 A,‐Individuen wird in 4 Fallen irregulares a, bei Zimmertemperatur nachgewiesen. In Anti‐0‐haltigem Ochsenserum agglutinieren A,‐Blk. mit annahernd derselben Starke wie A. Familie 1 (hier Familie J.) aus Friedenreichs A,‐Material ist eine A,‐Familie. 3 A,‐Familien machen es wahrscheinlich, dass sich A, auf Basis eines allelomorphen A‐Gens vererbt. Zm Speichel von 19 A,‐Zndividuen wird eine so geringe Menge A‐Antigen nachgewiesen, dass sie alle zur Nicht‐Ausscheidergruppe zurechnen sind.

Der A,‐Typus ist der friiher von Gammelgaard und Marcussen in der Zeitschr. f. Immunitatsf. 98: 411, 1940 als A, beschriebene Rezeptor. Weitere 3 Falle sind bestimmt worden. A, isf ein noch schwacherer A‐Rezeptor als A, ca. 8‐ma1 so schwach. Was die serologischen Verhaltnisse betrifft, sei iibrigens auf den friiheren Artikel. verwiesen. Zm Speichel von 18 A,‐Zndividuen wird eine so geringe Menge Antigen nachgewiesen, dass sie alle in die Nicht‐A usscheidergruppe fallen.

Gewisse 0‐Seren verwischen das fur A, charakteristische Agglutinationsbild, indem sie mit den in B‐Seren unagglutinierten Blk. eine schwache Agglutination ergeben. Diese 0‐Seren agglutinieren die A, und A,‐Blk. kraftiger als B‐Seren mit demselben Titer. Andere O‐Seren verhalten sich wie B‐Seren.

Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit A,‐, A,‐ und A,‐Blk. ergibt qualitativ und quantitativ den gleichen A‐Antistoff.

A, ist durch einen A‐Rezeptorgehalt der Blk. in derselben Hohe wie A, B gekennzeichnet. Kein a, im Serum. Keine Reaktion mit Anti‐0. A‐Antigen im Speichel mengenmassig ebenso vie1 wie bei A,‐Ausscheidern. Es wird die Moglichkeit erorfert, dass es sich urn einen defekten A‐Typus handelt, bei dem das alkohollosliche Antigensystem in der En fwicklung gehemmt ist, wahrend das wasserlosliche natiirlich entwickelt isf, entweder wegen Wegfalls normal fur die Entwicklung des alkoholaufloslichen Antigensystems vorhandener Gene oder wegen Einwirkung eines rezeptormodifizierenden Gens auf das alkoholauflosliche Antigensystem.
THE VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TUMOURS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAPILLARY ANGIOARCHITEKTURE
Authors: Lindgren Ake G. H. , Docent M. D.
Published: August 2010

Bei den meisten Geschwülsten erfolgt die Blutversorgung durch neu gebildete Gefässe, die aus umgebendem Organgewebe von mehreren Seiten her in den Tumor eindringen. In bösartigen Geschwülsten sind solche Gefässe in der Regel niedrig differenziert, vom embryonalen Typus, ohne elastische Lamellen in der Wandung; in gutartigen Tumoren können die Gefässe höher differenziert sein und denen in normalem Gewebe mehr ähneln.

Bei niedrig differenzierten bösartigen Geschwülsten weicht die kapilläre Angioarchitektonik stark von der in entsprechendem normalem Gewebe gewöhnlichen ab, während bei gutartigen, hoch differenzierten Tumoren in dieser Beziehung grössere Ähnlichkeiten zu bestehen pflegen.

Wenn sich ein maligner Tumor in einem Gewebe ausbreitet, dann werden die präformierten Gefässe des letzteren zerstört, und man sieht etwaige Gefässreste hauptsächlich an der Peripherie der Geschwulst, wo sie sich bei Elastinfärming am leichtesten nachweisen lassen. Dieser Umstand kann diagnostisch wertvoll sein.

Die Tumoren mit zierlichem, lockerem Stroma sind im allgemeinen reicher an Kapillaren als diejenige mit fibrösem, zellarmem. Es gibt aber Ausnahmen von dieser Regel.

An der Grenze zwischen vital und regressiv verändertem Tumorgewebe sieht man fast regelmässig eine »trauerrandähnliche« Gefässerweiterung und Diapedese‐Blutungen, sicher im Zusammenhang mit intravitalen Staseerscheinungen entstanden, die durch Gefässkompression, örtlichen Blutdruckfall, intravaskuläre Tumorproliferation u. dgl. bedingt sind.

Die kapillare Angioarchitektonik der Metastasen deckt sich in der Regel ziemlich gut mit derjenigen des Primärtumors.

Den Geschwülsten scheint eine zuvor nicht nachgewiesene, bis zu einem gewissen Grade spezifische kapillare Angioarchitektonik eigen zu sein, die mitunter die Klassifizierung derselben lediglich an Hand von Präparaten mit Blutkörperchenfärbung ermöglicht. Dies gilt namentlich für höher differenzierte Tumoren, was schon aus den Mikrophotographien in der vorliegenden Arbeit ersichtlich werden dürfte. Nur undifferenzierte Tumorformen weisen oft in verschiedenen Organen eine so uncharakteristische kapillare Angioarchitektonik auf, dass es nicht möglich ist, lediglich auf Grund derselben den Ursprung der Geschwulst anzugeben.
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rosendal Kirsten
Published: August 2010

Antigenic analysis of 18 strains of hemolytic streptococci, group A, representing 18 different types, was carried out during autoclaving at 120°C and 127°C.

The T antigen could not be found after 5 minutes at 120°C. The C substance resisted heating for 2 hours at 127°C, whereas the M antigen was gradually destroyed at rates that varied with the different strains. The destruction was complete after 2 hours at 127°C with one exception: type 24.

In 14 of the 18 strains examined, the O antigen (Thulin) contained, besides the C substance, remnants of the M antigens, whereas these antigens in 3 of the strains were destroyed by the heat treatment.
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rosendal Kirsten
Published: August 2010

By agglutination, absorption, and immunization experiments, it is shown that the substance in streptococci, group A, which is resistant to 127°C for 2 hours is identical in the strains examined.
RARE TYPES OF MALIGNANT GASTRIC TUMORS
Authors: Eker Reidar , Efskind Jon
Published: August 2010

The Laboratory for Pathology of the Norwegian Radium Hospital has material for the period 1939–1954 comprising 1784 partially or totally gastrectomized stomachs with malignant tumors. Among these there are 21 cases, or 1.2 per cent, which are a distinct tumor type interpreted as hemangioendotheliomas. They are sufficiently well characterized pathologically to be diagnosed. The tumors exhibit a very moderate malignancy with a good prognosis. The pathology of these tumors, particularly their macroscopic features, histology and differential diagnostics are discussed, and the results of follow‐up examinations are presented.
A NEW SALMONELLA O SUBGROUP = (9), 46
Authors: Kauffmann F.
Published: August 2010

A new Salmonella O subgroup: (9), 46 is described, including the following types: S. strasbourg= (9), 46: d: 1, 7 and S. haarlem= (9), 46:z:e,n,x.
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS DISSEMINATUS
Authors: Skogrand Aase
Published: August 2010

4 autopsied cases of lupus erythematosus disseminatus are described. The patients were women aged 19–37 years and the duration of the disease was from 7 months to 2 1/2 years. In all cases the first symptom was exanthema.

At autopsy, Libman‐Sacks endocarditis was found in two cases. In all 4 cases, periarterial fibrosis of the follicular arteries in the spleen occurred. In arterioles and small arteries of different organs there was fibrinoid degeneration of the vessel wall, partly with moderate perivascular lymphocyte infiltration. In two cases, vascular changes in the kidneys formed characteristic “wire loop lesions” and there were groups of “hematoxylin bodies” in the glomerular tuft. “Hematoxylin bodies” were also found in the lymph nodes in two cases.

Histochemical examinations revealed that the “hematoxylin bodies” contained desoxyribose‐nucleic acid and a tyrosin‐containing protein.

Pathogenetic points of view recently brought forth concerning lupus erythematosus disseminatus are discussed.
HEMOLYSIN RESPONSE IN THE RAT AFTER A SINGLE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Berglund Kaare
Published: August 2010

An investigation has been made of the characteristics of the hemolysin response in rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of varied amounts of sheep erythrocytes.

A detailed description of the hemolysin titration technic is given. The error of the method has been calculated and found to be small in comparison with the interindividual variation of the hemolysin response within groups of animals. The consequence of this circumstance for certain types of immunological research work is stressed.

Previous work in this field has been confirmed with respect to the general type of the antibody curve. In addition the results suggest that larger doses of antigen gave an earlier maximum titer than smaller amounts. From the eighth day after the antigen injection and onwards the antibody curves seemed to assume a rather uniform slope.
UNUSUAL FIBRES AND TUBULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURES IN CORNEA AND SCLERA
Authors: Their Harald , Saarni Matti , Vannas Salme
Published: August 2010

The animal sclera examined by the lead acetate‐ mercuric chloride‐Mallory method shows a spongiform structure and a red‐staining substance (9). Slides made with this method also show unusual structures running more or less perpendicularly to the scleral surface. These structures are described here, principally from the morphological standpoint, and also their stainability is discussed preliminary.
Sonography of the Clitoris
Authors: Buisson Odile , Foldes Pierre , Paniel Bernard-Jean
Published: August 2010

Introduction

The prevalence of invasive procedures in diagnosing female sexual dysfunctions and pathologies is high. There is a need for a less invasive evaluation tool and medical imaging of the clitoris may be a solution. The clitoris has already been studied with nuclear magnetic resonance but there are very few sonographic 2D and 3D studies despite the fact that it is a simple, noninvasive, and inexpensive method.

Aim

This study aims at determining the feasibility of using ultrasound (US) techniques to image the clitoris in sufficient detail to permit evaluation of anatomy for possible use in study.

Methods

The ultrasounds were performed in five healthy volunteers with the Voluson® GE® Sonography system (GE Healthcare Ultrasound, Zipf, Austria), using one 12-MHz flat probe.

Main Outcome Measures

The clitoral body's diameter, the length of the raphe.

Results

The three planes—the cross-section, sagittal section, and coronal section—were revealed making it possible to study the entire organ.

Conclusion

The sonography is a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive mean which might help for the evaluation of this organ.
Female Sexual Function Evaluation of the Tension-Free Vaginal Tape (TVT) and Transobturator Suburethral Tape (TOT) Incontinence Surgery: Results of a Prospective Study
Authors: Pace Gianna , Vicentini Carlo
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Significantly more women reporting stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or low urinary tract symptoms complained of sexual dysfunction than a general healthy female population. The use of a tension-free vaginal tape (TVT), placed transvaginally under the mid-urethra, ensures to reacquire continence but could affect sexual function.

Aim

This study aimed to determine if a suburethral tape for the correction of SUI could interfere with sexual activity.

Methods

Of 108 patients, 37 underwent positioning of a tension free vaginal tape through a retropubic approach (TVT), and 71 through a transobturator approach from outside to inside (TOT).

Main Outcome Measures

All patients enrolled had a complete urodynamic study and were invited to answer the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire and our personal questionnaire, before surgery, after 1 month, and then at 3-month intervals.

Results

Of the 108 patients, 67% of the women experienced incontinence during intercourse, 96% during penetration, and 4% on orgasm. The cure rate for SUI was 97.1%. Sixty-two women (87%) with TOT placement and 31 (84%) with TVT were satisfied with the operation as regards sexual function, 68 (96%) and 29 (78%), respectively, with TOT and TVT had an improvement of urinary symptoms with resolution of urinary leakage during intercourse, after a 12.3-month follow-up. Just one patient treated with a TOT approach and two with the TVT complained of low grade of leakage. Of the 101 sexually active women, 90.1% reported a significant improvement in their sexual life, 9.9% referred a poor sexual activity not due to surgical intervention.

Conclusions

In the surgical treatment of SUI, it is important to think about the patients' future sexual life and inform them that the great part of women can expect to improve their quality of life.
APPROACHES TO PROMOTING MORE WIDESPREAD PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Owen Neville , Dwyer Terry
Published: August 2010

Exercise is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, and has other health benefits. No more than 10 per cent to 20 per cent of adults in Australia and other developed countries participate in regular vigorous physical activity, while over 65 per cent of Australian adults are almost totally sedentary. Survey data from the U.S.A. suggest that levels of participation in jogging and walking have increased in the past 10 years but that the proportion of people who take no deliberate exercise has also increased. Large‐scale community interventions to promote exercising have not been subject to rigorous evaluation and it is difficult to reach any firm conclusions about the effects of exercise promotion. However, it is possible to identify some of the factors which may influence exercise participation, and there is information from trials of large‐scale, multifactorial interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk which provides some helpful guidelines about how it may be useful to proceed. Approaches to increasing levels of exercise participation should emphasise community‐based efforts which provide appropriate settings and social support for exercising, making exercise a more appealing and accessible option for large numbers of people; the use of mass media for community education about exercising should be co‐ordinated carefully with specific community activities. Personalized fitness instruction, groups and classes should place more emphasis on exercise as a pattern of behaviour to be integrated into a person's way of life and maintained over time; and there is the potential for more widespread and systematic use of self‐instructional exercise materials to assist people who wish to exercise independently. Because there exist only limited local research findings and work in other countries does not yet provide conclusive information, research and development priorities for these areas are suggested.
Higher Order Wave Loading on Fixed, Slender, Surface-Piercing, Rigid
Cylinders
Authors: Thiagarajan K. , Baddour R. E.
Published: August 2010

The use of Morison's equation together with the linear wave theory is considered a first approximation to evaluate the inline wave forces on a surface-piercing cylinder. Significant second-order forces are expected to arise from the waterline and dynamic pressure effects, even when a wave is described by the linear theory. Experiments have been carried out at the MUN (Memorial University of Newfoundland) wave tank facility to identify these second-order forces for various wave frequencies and for various cylinder diameters. A strain gage force transducer has been used for this purpose. First and second-order force components have been identified using a Fast Fourier Transform. Theoretical evaluation of wave forces involved computing components from Morison’s equation using second-order Stokes theory. The waterline forces and convective acceleration forces which contribute toward the total second-order force have also been evaluated. First-order results are in acceptance with previously established data. Theoretical considerations for second order are satisfactory. Scatter in second-order experimental results were observed. Different approaches to the second-order inertia force are compared. It is expected that the inclusion of second-order forces will lead to a better representation of wave loading on offshore structures.
Drift Motions of a Floating Barge in Random Multi-Directional
Waves
Authors: Nwogu O. , Isaacson M.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents results of a numerical and laboratory investigation into the mooring line forces and slow drift oscillations of large floating structures in multidirectional waves. A procedure for computing the spectral density of the second-order forces in random multi-directional waves based on the concept of a bidirectional, bifrequency quadratic transfer function is presented. Laboratory tests were carried out with a floating barge model, restrained horizontally by soft linear springs. The barge was subjected to random multi-directional waves with different degrees of directional spreading. The influence of wave directionality on the mooring line forces and low frequency motions is investigated by comparing results in unidirectional and multi-directional sea states with an identical frequency spectrum. The results indicate a significant reduction of the mean and standard deviation of the surge response, and an increased sway and yaw response. The mooring line forces were affected by wave directionality in a similar manner as the surge response.
A Three-Dimensional Plasticity and Momentum Model for Ship Resistance
in Level Ice
Authors: Luk C. H.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, a three-dimensional analysis is presented for calculating the level ice resistance for ships that have conventional hull forms. Comparisons with published ship resistance data and other analytical predictions are also provided. The present approach combines two analytical techniques: 1) plastic limit analysis is used to describe the ice failure mechanism and the associated ice velocity field; and 2) linear and angular momentum balances determine the average ice resistance for a ship. In the momentum balance, potential flow theory is used to describe the water motion induced by the icebreaking process. Existing methods for determining ship resistance in ice include numerical methods which depend on solutions of equations of motion that describe the dynamic interaction between the ice and the ship, and empirical methods which depend on model and full-scale icebreaker data to generate empirical correlations for ship resistance. The present results compare reasonably well with published model-scale and full-scale icebreaker data. Comparisons with predictions based on other numerical methods are also discussed.
Theoretical Assessment of Light Structural Damage due to Ship
Collision With Ice
Authors: Moshaiov A. , Steinhilber M. R.
Published: August 2010

A major consideration in the recent development of marine transportation for ice-infested waters is the strength required for ships’ hulls. Plasticity methods are currently used in conjunction with given design ice loads. In this paper, a new plasticity model is suggested. It is based on the assumption that the kinetic energy of the ice/ship collision is absorbed both by the ice and the structure. During the collision process, the ice/structure contact area varies due to ice crushing, which dissipates some of the energy. At the same time, the plating may deform plastically, absorbing the remaining energy. Other forms of energies and ice failures are not accounted for, allowing a conservative estimate of the damage. A parametric study is performed, revealing the significance of the energy absorbed by the ice in reducing the predicted permanent deflection of the plating. The new model is shown to be useful for ship structural design and optimization in addition to the evaluation of operating restrictions. Several recommendations for further development of the model are discussed, including the incorporation of strain rate sensitivity of the ice-crushing strength and the plating yield strength.
A Note on the Determination of Sea Ice Concentration
Authors: Bruno M. S.
Published: August 2010

An argument is presented for the inclusion of diffusive effects in the equation governing the redistribution of sea ice. An ice concentration equation including diffusion is derived through Reynold’s averaging. This advection-diffusion equation is solved using the Eulerian-Lagrangian time-splitting technique, which affords both accuracy and stability and so allows for the use of large model timesteps commensurate with ice flow forcing information.
Simulation of Hurricane Seas in a Multidirectional Wave Basin
Authors: Cornett A. , Miles M. D.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the generation and verification of four realistic sea states in a multidirectional wave basin, each representing a different storm wave condition in the Gulf of Mexico. In all cases, the degree of wave spreading and the mean direction of wave propagation are strongly dependent on frequency. Two of these sea states represent generic design wave conditions typical of hurricanes and winter storms and are defined by JONSWAP wave spectra and parametric spreading functions. Two additional sea states, representing the specific wave activity during hurricanes Betsy and Carmen, are defined by tabulated hindcast estimates of the directional wave energy spectrum. The Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) of directional wave analysis paired with a single-wave probe/ bi-directional current meter sensor is found to be the most satisfactory method to measure multidirectional seas in a wave basin over a wide range of wave conditions. The accuracy of the wave generation and analysis process is verified using residual directional spectra and numerically synthesized signals to supplement those measured in the basin. Reasons for discrepancy between the measured and target directional wave spectra are explored. By attempting to reproduce such challenging sea states, much has been learned about the limitations of simulating real ocean waves in a multidirectional wave basin, and about techniques which can be used to minimize the associated distortions to the directional spectrum.
Reliability Against Drifting Ice—An Adjunct to Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Dunwoody A. B.
Published: August 2010

A method is presented for the calculation of the reliability of a structure against drifting ice subject to restrictions on the form of the ice load model and on the form of the probability distributions of the ice feature characteristics. The ice load model must have the form that the ice load is proportional to the product of the characteristics of the impacting ice feature raised to individual powers. Results from a Monte Carlo simulation program are presented to demonstrate that the ice loads for a number of useful ice interaction scenarios can be modeled by an equation of this form. The probability distributions of the ice feature characteristics must be from the log-normal family. A realistic example using publicly available ice data and ice load model is presented.
Near-field vector intensity measurements of a small solid rocket motor
Authors: Gee Kent L. , Giraud Jarom H. , Blotter Jonathan D. , Sommerfeldt Scott D.
Published: August 2010

Near-field vector intensity measurements have been made of a 12.7-cm diameter nozzle solid rocket motor. The measurements utilized a test rig comprised of four probes each with four low-sensitivity 6.35-mm pressure microphones in a tetrahedral arrangement. Measurements were made with the rig at nine positions (36 probe locations) within six nozzle diameters of the plume shear layer. Overall levels at these locations range from 135 to 157 dB re 20 μPa. Vector intensity maps reveal that, as frequency increases, the dominant source region contracts and moves upstream with peak directivity at greater angles from the plume axis.
Possible relation of noise levels in streets to the population of the municipalities in which they are located
Authors: Barrigón J. Miguel , Escobar Valentín Gómez , Gozalo Guillermo Rey , Vílchez-Gómez Rosendo
Published: August 2010

A preview of the results of applying a categorization method to twenty towns with populations between 2200 and 700 000 inhabitants and areas between 0.57 km2 and 59 km2 is presented. This represents a significant expansion of the population size and area of urban sites studied by this method, with variations of two to three orders of magnitude, including the fourth most populous town in Spain. It is found that there is a relationship between urban noise and inhabitants, and also between urban noise and inhabited area, reflecting the urban structure defined in the strata of the categorization method.
The measurement of ultrasound scattering from individual micron-sized objects and its application in single cell scattering
Authors: Falou Omar , Rui Min , El Kaffas Ahmed , Kumaradas J. Carl , Kolios Michael C.
Published: August 2010

The measurement of the ultrasound backscatter from individual micron-sized objects such as cells is required for various applications such as tissue characterization. However, performing such a measurement remains a challenge. For example, the presence of air bubbles in a suspension of cells during the measurements may lead to the incorrect interpretation of the acoustic signals. This work introduces a technique for measuring the ultrasound backscatter from individual micron-sized objects by combining a microinjection system with a co-registered optical microscope and an ultrasound imaging device. This allowed the measurement of the ultrasound backscatter response from a single object under optical microscope guidance. The optical and ultrasonic data were used to determine the size of the object and to deduce its backscatter responses, respectively. In order to calibrate the system, the backscatter frequency responses from polystyrene microspheres were measured and compared to theoretical predictions. A very good agreement was found between the measured backscatter responses of individual microspheres and theoretical predictions of an elastic sphere. The backscatter responses from single OCI-AML-5 cells were also investigated. It was found that the backscatter responses from AML cells are best modeled using the fluid sphere model. The advantages, limitations, and future applications of the developed technique are discussed.
The effects of prosodic prominence and serial position on duration perception
Authors: Zheng Xiaoju , Pierrehumbert Janet B.
Published: August 2010

This study addresses how prosodic expectations affect perceptual discrimination. Prosodic expectations were created using natural recordings of six-syllable sentences in dactylic, iambic, and trochaic metrical patterns at two speech rates, slow and quick. PSOLA resynthesis was used to lengthen target syllables located in three different serial positions in each of the three patterns. Subjects made forced-choice comparisons of durational structure in an AX task. Lengthening was detected significantly better for strong syllables than for weak ones in all metrical patterns, serial positions, and at speech rates. The result obtains even when absolute duration is eliminated as a potential confound. Results are interpreted in the light of prior research showing that prosodically strong syllables offer perceptual advantages in recognition and identification tasks, even when prosodic strength is cued only by the prior context (and not by any acoustic phonetic properties of the target syllables). In conclusion, metrical expectations cause listeners to focus their attention on metrically prominent syllables, with attentional focus leading to better performance in tasks tapping multiple levels of processing.
Vestibular evoked myogenic responses to amplitude modulated sounds
Authors: Bell Steven L. , Fox Lee , Bihi Rachid Id
Published: August 2010

Auditory Steady State Responses (ASSR) allow objective assessment of hearing thresholds. At high stimulation levels artifactual responses have been reported in subjects with severe to profound deafness. Relatively large amplitude ‘steady state’ responses to amplitude modulated tones were measured from the Sternocleidomastoid muscle at 500 Hz. Response thresholds were similar to those of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials and scaled with neck muscle tension. ‘Steady-state’ myogenic responses showed broad tuning to modulation frequency. Reduced amplitude responses were measured at the inion indicating volume conduction from the SCM. While dependant on neck tension, such responses are a potential source of artifacts when recording ASSR.
Estimating the dynamic effective mass density of random composites
Authors: Martin P. A. , Maurel A. , Parnell W. J.
Published: August 2010

The effective mass density of an inhomogeneous medium is discussed. Random configurations of circular cylindrical scatterers are considered, in various physical contexts: fluid cylinders in another fluid, elastic cylinders in a fluid or in another solid, and movable rigid cylinders in a fluid. In each case, time-harmonic waves are scattered, and an expression for the effective wavenumber due to Linton and Martin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 3413–3423 (2005)] is used to derive the effective density in the low frequency limit, correct to second order in the area fraction occupied by the scatterers. Expressions are recovered that agree with either the Ament formula or the effective static mass density, depending upon the physical context.
Between-speaker and within-speaker variation in speech tempo of American English
Authors: Jacewicz Ewa , Fox Robert Allen , Wei Lai
Published: August 2010

This study characterizes the speech tempo (articulation rate, excluding pauses) of two distinct varieties of American English taking into account both between-speaker and within-speaker variation. Each of 192 speakers from Wisconsin (the northern variety) and from North Carolina (the southern variety), men and women, ranging in age from children to old adults, read a set of sentences and produced a spontaneous unconstrained talk. Articulation rate in spontaneous speech was modeled using fixed-mixed effects analyses. The models explored the effects of the between-speaker factors dialect, age and gender and included each phrase and its length as a source of both between- and within-speaker variation. The major findings are: (1) Wisconsin speakers speak significantly faster and produce shorter phrases than North Carolina speakers; (2) speech tempo changes across the lifespan, being fastest for individuals in their 40s; (3) men speak faster than women and this effect is not related to the length of phrases they produce. Articulation rate in reading was slower than in speaking and the effects of gender and age also differed in reading and spontaneous speech. The effects of dialect in reading remained the same, showing again that Wisconsin speakers had faster articulation rates than did North Carolina speakers.
Ultrasonic backscatter coefficients for weakly scattering, agar spheres in agar phantoms
Authors: King Michael R. , Anderson Janelle J. , Herd Maria-Teresa , Ma Darryl , Haak Alexander , Wirtzfeld Lauren A. , Madsen Ernest L. , Zagzebski James A. , Oelze Michael L. , Hall Timothy J. , O’Brien William D.
Published: August 2010

Applicability of ultrasound phantoms to biological tissue has been limited because most phantoms have generally used strong scatterers. The objective was to develop very weakly scattering phantoms, whose acoustic scattering properties are likely closer to those of tissues and then compare theoretical simulations and experimental backscatter coefficient (BSC) results. The phantoms consisted of agar spheres of various diameters (nominally between 90 and 212 μm), containing ultrafiltered milk, suspended in an agar background. BSC estimates were performed at two institutions over the frequency range 1–13 MHz, and compared to three models. Excellent agreement was shown between the two laboratory results as well as with the three models.
Design of Thermostable Beta-Propeller Phytases with Activity over a Broad Range of pHs and Their Overproduction by
Pichia pastoris
Authors: Viader-Salvadó José M. , Gallegos-López Juan A. , Carreón-Treviño J. Gerardo , Castillo-Galván Miguel , Rojo-Domínguez Arturo , Guerrero-Olazarán Martha
Published: August 2010

Thermostable phytases, which are active over broad pH ranges, may be useful as feed additives, since they can resist the temperatures used in the feed-pelleting process. We designed new beta-propeller phytases, using a structure-guided consensus approach, from a set of amino acid sequences from
Bacillus
phytases and engineered
Pichia pastoris
strains to overproduce the enzymes. The recombinant phytases were N-glycosylated, had the correct amino-terminal sequence, showed activity over a pH range of 2.5 to 9, showed a high residual activity after 10 min of heat treatment at 80°C and pH 5.5 or 7.5, and were more thermostable at pH 7.5 than a recombinant form of phytase C from
Bacillus subtilis
(GenBank accession no. AAC31775). A structural analysis suggested that the higher thermostability may be due to a larger number of hydrogen bonds and to the presence of P257 in a surface loop. In addition, D336 likely plays an important role in the thermostability of the phytases at pH 7.5. The recombinant phytases showed higher thermostability at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.5. This difference was likely due to a different protein total charge at pH 5.5 from that at pH 7.5. The recombinant beta-propeller phytases described here may have potential as feed additives and in the pretreatment of vegetable flours used as ingredients in animal diets.
An investigation into methods to develop indicators to measure injury related impairment
Authors: Gulliver Pauline , Cryer Colin , Davie Gabrielle , Langley John
Published: August 2010

Objective

To investigate whether valid indicators of injury-related impairment could be developed based on data from a New Zealand national no-fault accident insurance scheme.

Design

The feasibility of (1) developing impairment related indicators using insurance data directly, and (2) deriving diagnosis specific probability of impairment measures based on hospital discharge data were investigated.

Setting

The source data were lump sum payment data for permanent impairment arising from an injury event between 1 April 2002 and 31 October 2006, and hospital discharge data for injury events between 1 April 2002 and 31 December 2005.

Main outcome measure

A threat of impairment measure was developed that was based on a list of International Classification of Diseases codes (version 10) which, if assessed would attract a lump sum payment for permanent impairment, and would almost always be expected to be admitted to hospital.

Results

A group of approximately 80 diagnoses satisfying the above criteria were identified. The trend in age standardised injury rates for the threat of impairment indicator is consistent with the trend for the New Zealand threat to life indicator.

Conclusions

This work has provided a method for the development of hospital discharge-based serious threat of impairment injury indicators. This is an important first step in developing a comprehensive package of (threat of) disability indicators.
Role of ROS in ischemia-induced lung angiogenesis
Authors: Nijmeh Julie , Moldobaeva Aigul , Wagner Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2010

Pulmonary artery obstruction and subsequent lung ischemia have been shown to induce systemic angiogenesis despite preservation of normoxia. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. In a mouse model of lung ischemia induced by left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), we showed previously, the formation of a new systemic vasculature to the ischemic lung. We hypothesize that LPAL in the mouse increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and these molecules play an initiating role in subsequent lung neovascularization. We used oxidant-sensitive dyes (DHE and H2DCF-DA) to quantify ROS and measured the antioxidant-reduced glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form (GSSG) as indicators of ROS levels after LPAL. The magnitude of systemic neovascularization was determined by measuring systemic blood flow to the left lung with radiolabeled microspheres 14 days after LPAL. An increase in ROS was observed early (30 min: 55% increase in H2DCF-DA) after LPAL, with a return to baseline by 24 h. GSH/GSSG was decreased (∼50%) 4 h after LPAL, suggesting earlier ROS upregulation. Mice treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine showed attenuated angiogenesis (62% of wild-type LPAL), and mice lacking Nrf2, a transcription factor important for antioxidant synthesis, resulted in increased neovascularization (207% of wild-type LPAL). Overall, GSH/GSSG was inversely associated with the magnitude of neovascularization. These results demonstrate that LPAL induces an early and transient ROS upregulation, and ROS appear to play a role in promoting ischemia-induced angiogenesis.
Modeling and Optimization ofM/G/1‐Type Queueing Networks: An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis Approach
Authors: Tang Liang , Xi Hong-sheng , Zhu Jin , Yin Bao-qun
Published: August 2010

A mathematical model forM/G/1‐type queueing networks with multiple user applications and limited resources is established. The goal is to develop a dynamic distributed algorithm for this model, which supports all data traffic as efficiently as possible and makes optimally fair decisions about how to minimize the network performance cost. An online policy gradient optimization algorithm based on a single sample path is provided to avoid suffering from a “curse of dimensionality”. The asymptotic convergence properties of this algorithm are proved. Numerical examples provide valuable insights for bridging mathematical theory with engineering practice.
Microscopic Polyangiitis in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

AAV in SSc is described from the point of view of MPA. Some of reported SSc cases with AAV are thought to exhibit the characteristic clinical manifestations of MPA, although ANCA positivity in SSc is uncommon. MPA is clinically characterized by a multisystemic disease such as RPGN, pulmonary hemorrhage, mononeuritis, and skin involvement, as well as other manifestations in conjunction with high levels of inflammatory activity such as high ESR or CRP. It is also characterized by a high frequency of MPO-ANCA, showing predominant pANCA by IIF. When rapid renal failure or RPGN with active urine sediments, pulmonary hemorrhage and/or systemic inflammatory manifestations are observed in patients with SSc having positive ANCA, the possibility of MPA should always be considered. If SSc patients with MPA have life-threatening visceral involvement such as the above clinical manifestations, the patients should be treated with induction therapy using cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, corticosteroids, or plasmapheresis, etc. according to the severity of the disease soon after the diagnosis of MPA. It is important not to overlook characteristic clinical manifestations of AAV during the course of the disease in SSc in order to diagnose MPA early.
Reversible Cortical Blindness as a Prominent Manifestation of Cerebral Embolism due to Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Kranidiotis Georgios P. , Gougoutsi Alexandra N. , Retsas Theodoros A. , Anastasiou-Nana Maria I.
Published: August 2010

Introduction. Infective endocarditis in the left heart may be complicated by stroke, due to embolisation from infectious valvular vegetations. Infarction of both occipital lobes, which are supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries, is infrequent, and is the cause of cortical blindness from lesion of the visual cortex. Cortical blindness is characterized by intact pupillary reflexes, a normal fundoscopy, and, rarely, denial of visual loss.Case Presentation. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman, recipient of a mechanical aortic valve, who presented with fever, multiple organ dysfunction, and cortical blindness. Transesophageal echocardiography and blood cultures confirmed the diagnosis of infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus. Computed tomography of the brain without contrast revealed the presence of infarctions in both occipital lobes. It is noteworthy that the visual loss resolved after treatment of endocarditis.Conclusions. A stroke occurring in a patient presenting with fever and a history of valvular heart disease strongly suggests the presence of infective endocarditis. Bilateral thromboembolic infarcts of the occipital lobes cause cortical blindness, that can resolve after treatment of endocarditis.