bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale in Marital Therapy: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Prouty Anne M. , Markowski Edward Mel , Barnes Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This article begins by presenting a study that explored whether the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and each of its subscales could discriminate between those therapy couples who would divorce immediately after therapy and those who would not. The DAS was administered to 70 couples during the second session of marital therapy. Results of this study are then reviewed from a clinician’s perspective, and uses of the DAS as an instrument around which effective therapeutic intervention with couples can be structured are suggested. The authors present this article as an example of how clinicians can use research in their therapy, and how clinicians can contribute to the research of couples therapy.
Marriage Counseling and the TFA Model: An Application
Authors: West Paul L. , MohdZain A. Zaidy
Published: March 2007

Client demands for immediate relief plus restrictions on the duration of therapy brought about by managed care are pressures that influence the marriage counselor. This article discusses the use of the TFA model as a viable, solution-focused approach to marriage counseling.
“If We had it to Do Over Again...”: Couples’ Reflections on their Experiences of Infertility Treatments
Authors: Daniluk Judith C.
Published: March 2007

A narrative approach was used to examine the experiences of 65 infertile couples that had undergone various types of medical investigations and treatments, ranging from the use of fertility drugs to repeated attempts at conception using other reproductive technologies, in their efforts to produce a child. Participants, who had pursued medical solutions to their fertility problems for an average of 5 years, reflected on their experiences during in-depth interviews. The shared narrative that characterized their experiences is presented, and recommendations are made to assist those who work with families in meeting the needs of couples as they attempt to cope with the challenges of making decisions about, and coping with, infertility treatments.
There-apy: The Use of Task, Imagery, and Symbolism to Connect the Inner and Outer Worlds
Authors: Eisenstein-Naveh A. Rosa
Published: March 2007

The author presents a model of therapy called there-apy, which evolved over the years in “co-operation” with her clients. Thereapy weaves together the use of task, symbolism, and imagery into an on-going process. Concrete tasks take on symbolic meaning, and symbolism gets actualized through achieving concrete tasks. Imagery and imagination become mediators in this process. An individual’s outside and inside worlds become resources for each other, feeding back into each other to create a re-evolving dialogue between the being and the doing. There-apy sees the individual within his or her social context by connecting the individual’s outside and inside worlds and often by involving the partner or family in the process. The therapist is seen as a mentor who helps individuals make sense of and helps them sense who they are while they are often still in a state ofnon-sense.
Care Pathway Guidelines for Assessment and Counseling for Domestic Violence
Authors: Miller Thomas W. , Veltkamp Lane J. , Lane Tina , Bilyeu Jaye , Elzie Nancy
Published: March 2007

Family counselors recognize the importance of standards of care and standardized models of evaluation and intervention in cases of domestic violence. Examined is a care pathway guideline developed to ensure consistency in the evaluation and treatment offered where the spectrum of symptoms of domestic violence is identified in the course of screening and counseling. Also provided is a summary of at-risk factors counselors should recognize in screening for abuse, a syndrome often associated with the traumas of domestic violence, and the physical and behavioral indicators of family violence. Issues and import for future care pathway guidelines are offered.
Greeting Cards: Their Use as Therapeutic Messages that Reframe and Heal
Authors: Eisenstein-Naveh Antonina Rosa
Published: March 2007

“If you play at it, it will work itself out. If you work at it, you might find yourself playing around.” The use of greeting cards in therapy is a kind of play therapy. It offers the individual a fun way to receive a new “sentence” in life. It has the magic of a fortune cookie, yet it can be used to convey therapeutic interpretations, and to reframe and review old issues. An example is John, who complained that he was very disorganized and lacked authority at work. John received a card that stated: “You will soon manage your own organization.” Another example is Gloria, who felt guilty for always procrastinating. She received a card that said: “You can table the motion, but you can’t table the time. So move it!” In this article, the author discusses the therapeutic use of greeting cards and gives some illustrations.
The Gender-Sensitive Family Counselor in a Gender-Calloused World
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Literature on gender issues is reviewed from a theory perspective. Concerns for marriage and family counseling and therapy are discussed.
Toward True Contextualism in Family Counseling
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

True contextualism recognizes the effects of sociocultural, economic, and politicalfactors on each family. When family counselors use a contextual approach, they enhance their abilities to appreciate cultural differences, to recognize the embeddedness of families in their communities, and to develop new models for working with families under stress.
Introduction
Authors: Walsh William M.
Published: March 2007

What is your reactin to these (if/erent philosophies of treatment? The same case conceptualize(d by two different thearies presents some similarities and many (linferenes. Think abt it, and let us know your reaction.
Cross-Cultural Guidelines in Family Therapy Practice
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a description offour cross-cultural issues and specific guidelines for dealing with these issues during the family therapy process with families from the African American, American Indian, Asian, and Hispanic communities. These issues include (a) the extended family, (b) acculturation, (c) the therapist-family race similarity versus dissimilarity in assessment and treatment, and (d) the problem of biased tests and guidelines to deal with these tests. The article also summarizes key cross-cultural variables suggested in the literature to enhance the therapist-family relationship during thefirstfamily therapy session and subsequent sessions with families from these culturally diverse groups.
David Olson: On Assessment and Families
Authors: Main Frank O.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an edited interview with David Olson, 1994 recipient of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy's Cumulative Contributions to Marriage and Family Therapy Research Award. Olson candidly discusses his early interest in marital assessment and comments on his pioneering contributions to family assessment, including The Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems, the PREPARE/ENRICH Inventories, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (III, IV). Finally, he reflects on future research describing his current efforts to develop a Multiple Assessment of Health and Stress (MASH) model of evaluation as a means of responding to the growing demand for accountability by health care providers, corporations, and patients.
Are Children Family Members? Including Children in Family Counseling
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Family counselors have always struggled with the question of when and how to include children in family counseling. A review of a recent article from the family counseling literature provides and applies to the practice setting the results of a study of 16 children between the ages of 5 and 13, suggesting ways family counselors might enhance their effectiveness with families with young children.
Coalitions in Primary Triads: Reexamining the Theoretical Constructs from a Feminist Perspective
Authors: Milstein Kaylene , Baldwin Cynthia
Published: March 2007

This article examines the theoretical constructs about the effects of coalitions in the father-mother-child triad from a family systems perspective. How this triadic view interacts with the historical patriarchal zeitgeist and with issues of power is addressedfrom afeminist perspective.
Marital Counseling: An Integrated Brief Therapy Approach
Authors: Magnuson Sandy , Norem Ken
Published: March 2007

Advantages ofandpotentialpitfalls in integrated approaches to marital counseling are addressed. The authors present a sequential approach to marital counseling in which they integrate various approaches without jeopardizing internal consistency antd uniformity in treatment.
Do You Remember the Day We Met? Early Couple Relationship Memories
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Cretzmeyer Stacy M.
Published: March 2007

This column addresses the use of early memories of marriage relationships when counseling couples. This extension of the use of early recollections in Adlerian therapy provides couples and therapists with additional insight into individual convictions about present relationships.
Supervision Ethics: Counseling the Supervisee
Authors: Baltimore Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Certain, but not all, models of supervision, whetherformarriage and family therapy orfor individually based counseling, have counseling the supervisee as a legitimate component of supervision. There are differing views on the boundary issues associated with allowing the supervision session to begin with a focus on the skills of the counselor and then to become therapeutically focused on the supervisee. This issue suggests thatsupervision training should consider the limits of counseling within the supervision process. Yet, many supervisors rely on skills from their therapy training as models for the supervision process. In this column, an example of a supervisee's personal difficulties arises within supervision, which cause significant changes for both supervisor and supervisee.
Strength-Based Supervision: Frameworks, Current Practice, and Future Directions
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey K. , Chen Mei-Whei
Published: March 2007

In response to an article that described a “Zen-like” method of counselor supervision where the student is “beaten” into understanding, the authors present a different method, likening it to the wu-wei practice in Zen and Taoism. This model is strength-based, punctuating what the counselor does well rather than looking for problems. Wu-wei is different from some traditional models where supervisors tend to assume that their view of the client/counselor relationship is more informed and correct than the counselors they supervise. This article reviews counseling supervision, and suggests that a strength-based wu-wei model and an understanding of isomorphy in supervisory relationships are the preferred practice for the supervision of family counselors. Various contexts are presented in addition to family counseling training. It is posited that this model of supervision potentiates the person-of-the-counselor.
MBTI Personality Types and SII Personal Style Scales
Authors: Buboltz Walter C. , Johnson Patrick , Nichols Cassandra , Miller Matthew A. , Thomas Adrian
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the relationship between the polar dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Personal Style Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII). The sample consisted of 426 undergraduate students who completed both instruments as part of a career and life-planning course. Results indicate that the Personal Style Scales of the SII are related to the MBTI polar dimensions in various combinations. Implications of these results for career counselors are provided.
Blueprint for the Assessment of Socio-Structural Influences in Career Choice and Decision Making
Authors: Brown Michael T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of career assessment is to gather the relevant information for assisting clients in career choice and decision making. There is increasing recognition that until persons who are female or are ascribed as members of racial and ethnic minority groups have equal economic, educational, social, and political opportunities throughout their lives, socio-structural realities and their psychological concomitants will continue to be significant factors to assess. Importantly, the significance of those features lies in both their reality and perceived reality. But what factors should be assessed and how are we to assess them? The purpose of this article is to identify important new directions in the assessment of vocationally relevant socio-structural variables.
Appraisal in Developmental Career Counseling
Authors: Jepsen David A.
Published: March 2007

This paper contains guidelines for a client-counselor collaborative appraisal integral to developmental career counseling. A thorough appraisal encompasses the client's present problem, past career development, and prognoses about career futures. The resulting dynamic description serves as the source for client understanding and action.
A Cultural and Contextual Decision Path Approach to Career Assessment With Native Americans: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Martin William E. , Farris Kristin K.
Published: March 2007

A method to include the unique cultural and contextual backgrounds of Native Americans into the career assessment process is discussed in this article. The cultural and contextual differential assessment method focuses on five cultural differentials that are language usage, cultural orientation, home community, family system, and communication style. Cultural and Contextual Decision Paths are identified that provide practical guides for use by counselors and clients.
The Development and Initial Validation of Scales to Assess Attitudes Toward Multiple Role Planning
Authors: Weitzman Lauren M. , Fitzgerald Louise F.
Published: March 2007

A 50-item instrument was developed to assess attitudes toward multiple role planning. Instrument development was prompted by current social expectations that women participate fully in both career and family roles and the desire to investigate how women anticipate such role involvement. The reliability and validity of the five Attitudes Toward Multiple Role Planning (ATMRP; Weitzman, 1992) scales were investigated using a cross-sectional sample of 925 female high school (n = 177), undergraduate (n = 394), and graduate (n = 354) students. Four of the five scales demonstrated strong reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses fit a four-factor model to the data (goodness-of-fit [GFI] = .94). Validity analyses confirmed hypothesized expectations of differences in multiple role planning among groups varying in proximity to multiple role involvement and by compatibility of work—family plans. The ATMRP scales can be used to supplement research that examines how women negotiate the career-family interface.
Relationships Among Measures of Career Self-Efficacy, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Global Self-Esteem
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Klein Karla L.
Published: March 2007

This study involved the examination of relationships among behavior-domain-specific measures of career self-efficacy and measures of generalized self-efficacy and global self-esteem. Correlations of domain-specific measures were higher with generalized self-efficacy than with global self-esteem and were higher, in some cases significantly so, for male than for female students. The domains most strongly correlated with generalized self-efficacy were career decision-making self-efficacy in both sexes and several of the Holland (1973, 1985) theme self-efficacy measures in men.
Do Gender Differences Necessitate Separate Career Development Theories and Measures?
Authors: Harmon Lenore W.
Published: March 2007

The argument that gender-specific career development theories neglect important categories of life concerns for both women and men is considered, and the implications for assessment and counseling are discussed. Recommendations for expanding theory, assessment, and counseling are provided.
The Relation of Profile Elevation in the Self-Directed Search to Personality Variables
Authors: Fuller Bret E. , Holland John L. , Johnston Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Personal Styles Inventory (PSI) were used to determine if personality differences existed between people with different levels of profile elevation on the Self-Directed Search (SDS). Profile elevation was defined as the total score of the six scales on the SDS. Results indicated that higher profile elevation was associated with higher Openness to Experience, higher Extraversion, and lower Depressive personality traits. These results were used to construct a series of norms that may be useful in helping practitioners understand what a high or low profile means on the SDS.
Building on the Asian Climate Initiative: A Partnership to Produce Radical Innovation in Energy Systems
Authors: Topping John C. , Qureshi Ata , Dabi Christopher
Published: March 2007

Asian Pacific countries that are particularly vulnerable to climate change recently endorsed the concept of an international public-private partnership to accelerate the application of greenhouse-benign energy such as renewables and efficiency measures. Rather than a global regulatory apparatus, this initiative seeks ultimately to stabilize greenhouse concentrations by speeding the time benign energy becomes cheaper than conventional fossil fuels. Such a South-North partnership could take many forms. These might include a dramatic reorientation of industrialized country investment in energy R&D to focus more on renewables and energy efficiency, public-private collaboration to enhance near-competitive renewable technologies, and the use of multilateral and bilateral development funds to spur private investment in such initiatives in developing countries. This proposal was strongly endorsed by the February 1995 Asia-Pacific Leaders Conference on Climate Change hosted by the Philippines. This article is adapted from the underlying concept paper that triggered the Manila Conference endorsement of this approach.
Human Security and Fertility: The Case of Haiti
Authors: De Sherbinin Alex
Published: March 2007

This article examines environmental security in Haiti and specifically the connection between human security and fertility. Rather than viewing population growth as a causal factor leading to the breakdown in Haiti's social order, this article examines the ways in which the lack of social order in Haiti has created a context in which fertility rates have remained high. It attempts to move beyond simplified views of population-environment-security links to a fuller appreciation of the institutional factors that have contributed to the country's socioeconomic decline and the breakdown of public order. The principal conclusion is that the tremendous human insecurity in Haiti—which is due to failures in governance, widespread poverty, and environmental degradation—has contributed to large desired family size. To succeed, future efforts to reduce fertility rates will need first to address the economic and environmental security of poor Haitians and particularly women.
Not a One-Time Event: Environmental Change, Ethnic Rivalry, and Violent Conflict in the Third World
Authors: Lee Shin-Wha
Published: March 2007

This article discusses environmental security within an environmental conflict perspective. It is an attempt to examine violent consequences of environmental stress as a major research issue among the scholars of political conflict. Despite this study's attempt to shift emphasis to the environmental context, environmental stress results in violent conflict only when interacting with other political, ethnic, economic, and social causes. But this does not imply that environmental issues should always be subordinated to others. Conflict is not a one-time event, but rather a process of change that continues through successive phases. Citing the case of Sudan, I show that even though ethnopoli tical reasons alone provoked the civil war, as time goes by the character of the conflict is evolving and is complicated by environmental change. In compari son, demographic and environmental stress have been primary sources of conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh by stimulating the group identity of affected people.
Transforming the Traditional: Indigenous Amazonian Resource Regimes and Resource Capture by External Actors -The Case of Brazil's Kayapo
Authors: Horak Martin
Published: March 2007

The indigenous peoples of the Brazilian Amazon are often viewed as the inevitable losers in the ongoing struggle over the fate of the region's natural resources. This article examines a recent case of conflict over resource use between the Gorotire Kayapo and external interests seeking to develop gold, timber, and hydroelectric resources on traditional Kayapo territory. The case is explored in terms of four hypotheses regarding patterns of conflict between indigenous peoples and external interests in the Amazonian context. It is argued that ifan indigenous group gradually develops links to the external political economy prior to experiencing large-scale resource capture by external actors, it may be able to successfully assert authority over its traditional resource base. However, this success is dependent on transformation of the traditional indigenous resource regime, which, in turn, tends to undermine the cohesion of the indigenous group.
The Development and Preliminary Validation of the Tower of Hanoi-Revised
Authors: Welsh Marilyn C. , Huizinga Mariëtte
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to redesign the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) in order to increase the reliability and explore the validity of the task. In order to achieve this goal, a two-phase process was undertaken. In Phase 1, the TOH item pool was enlarged from 12 items to 60 items, and the task was administered to a sample of college students (N = 81). The 22 most homogeneous items for the final task were identified based on the item-total correlations. In Phase 2, the rebuilt TOH (TOH-R) was administered to a second sample (N = 50). The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha) was .77 for this new sample. In this phase, the TOH-R was administered concurrently with the Tower of London-Revised (TOL-R), and the convergent validity of the TOH-R against the TOL-R was .53.
Detection of Deception on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: Validation of the Validity Scales
Authors: Simms Leonard J. , Clark Lee Anna
Published: March 2007

This study used a simulation design to investigate the validity scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Undergraduates (N = 192) were randomly assigned to two positive distortion (PD) groups, two negative distortion (ND) groups, and a control group. Controls responded normally, whereas the deception groups responded according to assigned characters. Preliminary analyses indicated no significant differences within distortion valence; thus, the groups were collapsed into single PD (n = 76), ND (n = 79), and control groups (n = 37). Mean-level analyses revealed that, consistent with previous studies, ND profiles are easier to detect than PD profiles. Cutoff scores were suggested, and the classification accuracy of these scores converged with the results of several discriminant function analyses to indicate that Rare Virtues and Deviance predict group membership at least as well as MMPI-2 validity scales. Structural analyses revealed that two moderately correlated factors-positive distortion and negative distortion-underlie scores on these validity scales.
Re-Examining the Factor Structure of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning: Implications for Clinical Interpretation
Authors: Gioia Gerard A.
Published: March 2007

The intercorrelation matrices of the standardization sample of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a multi-component measure of memory functioning in children ages 5 to 17 years, were submitted to a hierarchical exploratory principal factor analysis (PFA). The PFA solutions were examined and compared with the published principal components analysis (PCA) solutions with the goal of examining the validity of the clinical scale configuration (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, and Learning) proposed by the test authors. Results of the PFA differ from the PCA and do not provide statistical support for the existing three-scale structure nor the division between memory and learning. Specific factor loadings on the majority of subtests are higher than the common factor loadings indicating low shared variance. The low communalities together with the poor interpretability of the factor structure suggests that the subtests should be interpreted clinically as unique entities first and secondarily as factors. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Construct Validity of Neuropsychological Tests in Schizophrenia
Authors: Allen Daniel N. , Aldarondo Felito , Goldstein Gerald , Huegel Stephen G. , Gilbertson Mark , Van Kammen Daniel P.
Published: March 2007

Validity studies of neuropsychological tests have typically examined individuals with neurological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the construct validity of neuropsychological measures in patients with schizophrenia. We used Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) factor scores that were generated from the population of interest as marker variables in the present analysis. The current study included 39 patients with schizophrenia who were evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, and abstract reasoning abilities. Pearson correlations indicated significant relationships between (a) WAIS-R Verbal Comprehension factor and tests of sustained attention, verbal memory and remote memory; (b) WAIS-R Perceptual Organization factor and tests of visual memory and abstraction and problem solving; and (c) WAIS-R Freedom From Distractibility factor and neuropsychological measures of attention and concentration. These results provide support for the construct validity of the neuropsychological tests in patients with schizophrenia, and indicate that these tests evaluate essentially the same constructs in patients with schizophrenia as they do for patients with structural neurological disorders.
Diagnostic Change and Personality Stability Following Functional Restoration Treatment in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Authors: Vittengl Jeffrey R. , Clark Lee Anna , Owen-Salters Erin , Gatchel Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined personality pathology in a group of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) using both diagnostic interviews and dimensional self-report instruments. A group of CLBP patients (N = 125) was assessed before functional restoration treatment and compared with a matched normal comparison group (N = 75). The CLBP group evidenced broad personality pathology in all assessment modes pretreatment relative to the normal comparison sample. In addition, two subsamples of CLBP patients (n = 49 and n = 56) were assessed after treatment. Reductions in personality pathology between pre- and posttreatment assessments were more pronounced for diagnostic interview than dimensional self-report assessments. These results are discussed in the context of personality assessment and CLBP.
Aristotle on the Brain
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: March 2007

Aristotle argued that the heart was the center of sensation and movement. By contrast, his predecessors, such as Alcmaeon, and his contemporaries, such as the Hippocratic doctors, attributed these functions to the brain. This article examines Aristotle's views on brain function in the context of his time and considers their subsequent influence on the development of the brain sciences. The Neuroscientist 1:245-250,1995
Calcium-mediated Gene Expression: Mechanism for Neuronal Plasticity and Survival
Authors: Finkbeiner Steven
Published: March 2007

Calcium plays a central role in many proposed mechanisms of neuronal plasticity as well as neuronal death and degeneration. The observation that certain calcium channel antag onists dramatically protect neurons in a variety of neurological disease models has led to a general strategy for neuroprotection: broadly block calcium entry. However, emerging evidence suggests that calcium can promote neuronal survival and plasticity or death and degeneration, depending on the route of entry. Calcium may partly promote neuronal survival through the autocrine action of neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Calcium-mediated neurotrophin secretion may also promote synapse formation during development and in conditions of chronic abnormal neuronal activity such as ep ilepsy. A full understanding of these signal transduction pathways could lead to refined pharmacological strategies that minimize calcium's deadly effects and optimize its growth- and survival-promoting properties. The Neuroscientist 1:317-320,1995
Nonsynaptic Diffusion Neurotransmission and Brain Plasticity
Authors: Bach-y-Rita Paul
Published: March 2007

Nonsynaptic diffusion neurotransmission (NDN) includes the diffusion, through the extracellular fluid, of neurotransmitters released at points that may be remote from the target cells, with the resulting activation of extrasynaptic receptors. Because receptor upregulation and downregulation in response to brain damage may be one of the mechanisms of compensation for damage and sensory loss, its role in brain plasticity is considered in this article. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:260-261, 1996
■ REVIEW : LIF, NGF, and the Cell Body Response to Axotomy
Authors: Zigmond Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Adult peripheral neurons can regenerate after axonal damage. Large changes in gene expression occur in the cell bodies of these axotomized neurons, including decreases in expression of a number of proteins used for synaptic transmission and increases in expression of a number of proteins involved in regeneration. The signals that trigger these changes are just beginning to be elucidated. One characteristic of axotomized sympathetic, sensory, and motor neurons is that they increase expression of two neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin. These peptides may play important roles in the survival and regeneration of axotomized neurons deprived of their target-derived trophic factors. Recent studies have demonstrated two important signals in the induction of these peptides in sympathetic neurons: one is the release of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) by non-neuronal cells in the vicinity of the injured neurons and the other, the removal of target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF). Furthermore, there is a synergistic interaction between these two events whereby the removal of NGF alters the responsiveness of neurons to LIF. Future efforts will hopefully determine the extent to which LIF and NGF signal other aspects of the cell body response and the mechanisms that underlie these actions. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:176-185, 1997
REVIEW ■ : Mapping Neuronal Activity by Imaging Intrinsic Optical Signals
Authors: MacVicar Brian A.
Published: March 2007

The ability to map activity patterns in large groups of neurons over large areas is critical for understanding network behavior. Imaging of intrinsic optical signals provides a unique insight into the group behavior of neurons that is not replicated by conventional electrophysiological recordings or voltage-sensitive dyes. Intrinsic optical signals are changes in the optical properties of tissue, such as light scattering, absorption, or transmittance, that can be detected using imaging techniques. Several types of intrinsic optical signals can be detected in neuronal tissue and different cellular phenomena underlie them. This review describes some of the uses of this technique and what is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. NEURO SCIENTIST 3:381-388, 1997
Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Tumor Formation
Authors: Rosenbaum Thorsten , Patrie Kevin M. , Ratner Nancy
Published: March 2007

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is among the most common inherited human diseases. The NF1 protein is a Ras-GTPase activating protein, positioning NF1 in important intracellular signaling pathways. Patients with mutations in the NF1 gene can develop benign peripheral nerve tumors (neurofibromas), learning disabilities, and/or benign optic nerve gliomas, in addition to abnormalities unassociated with the nervous system. The NF1 gene is believed to act as a tumor suppressor. How NF1 mutations relate to benign features of NF1 is the subject of active investigation. Studies using transgenic mice with NF1 mutations and cells derived from these mice have yielded exciting new data, implicating multiple cell types mutant at NF1 and possibly factors in the environment in the pathogenesis of benign neurofibromas. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:412-420, 1997
Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Experience of Emotion: A Perspective from Functional Imaging
Authors: Canli Turhan
Published: March 2007

It has long been thought that the experience and expression of emotions is lateralized in the brain. Based on behavioral observations of patients with brain lesions, sodium amytal studies, and EEG recordings, current models postulate that positive (or approach- related) emotions are more strongly lateralized toward the left hemisphere, whereas neg ative (or withdrawal-related) emotions are more strongly lateralized toward the right hemisphere. The recent application of functional brain imaging to the study of emotion has generated new data that seem inconsistent with this position. In reviewing these brain-imaging studies, methodological and theoretical considerations are offered that may explain why this line of research has so far been largely unsuccessful in detecting hem ispheric asymmetry in emotional experience. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:201-207, 1999
“In for the Long Haul”: Responses of Parents Caring for Children With Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Hilbert Gail A. , Walker Mary B. , Rinehart Joan
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study explores from a family perspective the positive and negative reactions of parents caring for children with Sturge-Weber Syndrome, a rare, progressive, congenital disease. The study, using three standardized instruments, considers perceptions of family functioning and the degree of the children’s independence. In addition, parental perceptions of their children’s disease, their stressors, and their unique caregiving roles were elicited through four open-ended items. A total of 125 primary care-givers and 89 secondary caregivers returned mailed questionnaires, of which 539 were mailed; their responses are reported and discussed within the perspective of the caregiver literature. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated for a more extensive picture of parental caregiver reaction. The findings contribute to knowledge on the manner in which families manage the challenges of a chronically ill child’s care and implications for ways nurses can help families achieve optimal family health are discussed.
The Uncertainty of Preadolescents’ Chronic Health Conditions and Family Distress
Authors: Garwick Ann W. , Patterson Joän M. , Meschke Laurie L. , Bennett Forrest C. , Blum Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This study aims to identify the relationship between the degree of uncertainty in the preadolescent’s chronic condition and family distress. In-home interviews were conducted with 99 mothers and 86 fathers of 99 preadolescents with chronic physical health impairments. Preadolescents were divided into separate groups, first based on the predictability of their symptoms and next, based on the degree of certainty in their life expectancy. Using analysis of covariance, sex-stratified comparisons were made between the predictability groups and then between the life expectancy groups and four subscales of the Impact on Family Scale. Fathers and mothers of preadolescents with uncertain life expectancies reported significantly greater family/social disruption, emotional strain, and financial burden than parents of preadolescents with normal life expectancies. Unpredictability of symptoms was significantly associated with greater emotional strain for mothers and greater family/social disruption for fathers. Uncertain life expectancy and unpredictable symptoms were associated with significantly more family distress.
Telephone Interviewing: A Method to Reach Fathers in Family Research
Authors: Kirsch Sallie E. Davis , Brandt Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Collecting data from fathers has been an ongoing problem for researchers interested in developing a comprehensive view of the mother-child relationship from data-producing samples of families. The sampling design for a recent pilot of an intervention addressing the mother-child relationship included multiple data sources. One component required obtaining data from fathers of school-age children whose mothers were in the treatment phase for early-stage breast cancer. It was anticipated that information provided by fathers would be a valuable addition for describing the quality of the mother-child relationship and providing an important adjunct to understanding how the mother’s cancer experiences influenced her relationship with her child. Telephone interviewing was selected as the method for collecting data from the fathers. Limitations and strengths of this method are discussed along with utilization of the method. Telephone interviewing of the fathers was subsequently incorporated into a full clinical trial of the intervention.
Families and Chronic Illness: A Synthesis of Current Research
Authors: Knafl Kathleen A. , Gilliss Catherine L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this review of 73 articles reporting family research was to identify major areas of inquiry and to draw conclusions about what is known about families in which a member has a chronic illness. The review identified two distinct clusters of research in which knowledge is being generated. The first cluster included descriptive studies of family response to illness. The second cluster included explanatory studies of variables contributing to response to chronic illness. Within each of these two broad clusters, focused areas of inquiry were identified and the results of these studies were synthesized. The findings of the review are discussed in terms of their implications for developing nursing interventions and future research.
Teaching Family Nursing Based on Conceptual Models of Nursing
Authors: de Montigny Francine , Dumas Louise , Bolduc Louise , Blais Suzanne
Published: March 2007

When nursing assessment and intervention are focused on the family as a system rather than on one individual client, new competencies have to be developed. The University of Que'bec in Hull offers an innovative learning experience in the post-R.N. baccalaureate program, which includes a 45-hour theoretical course entitled "Family-Centered Nursing Interventions" and a 135-hour practicum called "Clinical Practicum in the Nursing Care of Families. " This article describes the use of conceptual models in nursing (Roy and Orem) to teach family nursing theory and practice.
Does Studying Family Health Policy Have to Put Students to Sleep? No!
Authors: Baumbusch Jennifer , Trautman Nicole
Published: March 2007

This article describes the experience of learning aboutfamily health policy in a 4th-year undergraduate family nursing course at the University of British Columbia, Canada. The student authors comment on the unique content and process of an assignment designed tofamiliarize them with the implications offamily health policy.
Health Visitors as Family Nurses: A Discussion of Research, Policy and Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: Baggaley Sarah , Kean Susanne
Published: March 2007

In the United Kingdom, a recent government consultative document (The Stationary Office, 1998) marked an increased political interest in supporting family well-being. Health visitors are targeted as a key service to promote and implement better family health. This article examines the perception of, and involvement in, families by health visitors as identified by an extensive review of the literature examining policy, practice, and existing research in health visiting. From this analysis, related areas requiring further research are identified.
Social Identification in a Computer-Mediated Group for Women in Science and Engineering
Authors: KLEINMAN SHARON S.
Published: March 2007

Women often face different issues than men when they pursue careers in science and engineering. This case study of a computer-mediated group dedicated to issues concerning women in science and engineering explored how some women in these fields are using computer-mediated groups as resources for social support, information, role models, and mentors. The findings suggest that online groups can be helpful for promoting professional development and satisfaction and that affiliation with an online group can be especially beneficial when a person's face-to-face social network is unavailable or non-existent. A striking finding was the degree to which lurkers derive social identity benefits.
Obtaining Reprints—Does Color Help?
Authors: HARTLEY JAMES
Published: March 2007

This article compares the response rates for obtaining journal reprints from colleagues when the requests were made using either a yellow or a white postcard. The color of the card had no significant effect on the response rates, which were similar to those obtained in an earlier study.
Social Experimentation as Reflection-in-A ction
Authors: Schön Donald A. , Drake William D. , Miller Roy I.
Published: March 2007

We present the results of our review of some forty community-level interventions undertaken in the developing world over the past twenty years m order to reduce malnourishment in children. We argue that such interventions, if they are considered as social experiments, cannot be assimilated to models of quasi-experimental method. We propose an alternative model of experimentation, which we call "reflection-in-action", which seems to us better suited to account for the kinds ofvahdity and rigor attainable in situations such as these.
The Decision Seminar
Authors: Bolland John M. , Muth Rodney
Published: March 2007

Over the past 30 years, urban policies in such areas as public health, housing, economic development, and education have consistently been undercut by unexpected opposition. This is partially attributable to the ambiguity inherent in politics, but it also derives from the inability of policymakers to examme systematically the political process and its implications for successful policy development. We suggest the decision seminar, a problem-solving tool developed by Harold Lasswell, as a means for clarifying the ambiguity of the political process and allowing policymakers to understand better community undercurrents ofsupport for and opposition to any policy proposal. Based on our examination of several successful decision seminars, we suggest conditions and practices necessary to maximize the effectiveness of a decision seminar.
Book Review Essay : Comparative Synthesis of Mass Media Health Behavior Campaigns
Authors: Backer Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of mass media campaigns intended to promote health behavior change can be enhanced by a comparative synthesis of what works and what does not across a number of health behavior areas. An example of such a synthesis from the mental health field is presented, and an in-process research study using the comparative synthesis approach is discussed. The effectiveness of campaigns can also be increased by more intensive efforts to understand and develop partnerships between campaign designers and mass media organizations, such as television networks An example of a partnership for a recent campaign on AIDS and IV drug abuse is analyzed, and some overall recommendations for mass media health behavior campaigns are presented.
The Theory of Rational Choice, Its Shortcomings, and the Implications for Public Policy Decision Making
Authors: Ulen Thomas S.
Published: March 2007

The theory of rational choice has become the predominant theory of human behavior in many of the social sciences. The theory holds, among other things, that individuals are rational utility-maximizers and that organizations are rational profit-maximizers. Recent developments in cognitive psychology and in economics suggest that human beings have significant cognitive imperfections that make the routine applicability of the theory of rational choice questionable. The article reviews these developments and, by addressing examples from the field of law and economics, shows how an awareness of cognitive imperfections can help to devise better public policy.
On Misunderstanding Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Friedman Paul J.
Published: March 2007

The prolonged controversy concerning scientific misconduct may be better understood ifwe take greater care to define our terms, frames of reference, and points of prejudice. Our ignorance of the impact of scientific ethics on the efficiency of doing successful research is equaled only by our failure to study how people get to be good scientists. We probably know as much as is necessary about the incidence of serious misconduct, but know very little about the prevalence of other practices, good or bad. It is necessary to educate the consumers about the idiosyncrasies of science, and the practitioners of science about their art.
Data Access, Ownership, and Control
Authors: Hilgartner Stephen , Brandt-Rauf Sherry I.
Published: March 2007

Issues surrounding data access, ownership, and control raise important issues for science policy. The new sociology of science has examined many features of scientific knowledge and practice, but has made only preliminary efforts to study data access. Building on ethnographic studies of scientific laboratories (and other constructivist work), this article suggests how the new sociology of science can study data access empirically. The article develops a perspective based on an analysis of the process of scientific production and the creation, packaging, and exchange of data streams. It also provides an example of how constructivist studies can contribute to policy analysis.
The Origins and Development of the Diffusion of Innovations Paradigm as an Example of Scientific Growth
Authors: VALENTE THOMAS W. , ROGERS EVERETT M.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the emergence of the basic paradigm for early diffusion research created by two rural sociologists at Iowa State University, Bryce Ryan and Neal C. Gross. The diffusion paradigm spread to an invisible college of midwestern rural sociological researchers in the 1950s and 1960s, and then to a larger, interdisciplinary field of diffusion scholars. By the late 1960s, rural sociologists lost interest in diffusion studies, not because it was ineffective scientifically, but because of lack of support for such study as a consequence of farm overproduction and because most of the interesting research questions were thought to be answered.
Mandating Sharing
Authors: McCAIN KATHERINE W.
Published: March 2007

Of approximately 850 natural science, medical, and engineering journals, 132 have at least one policy statement in their “instructions to authors” concerning (1) deposition of sequence or structure data in a data bank before publication, (2) deposition or sharing of research materials upon request, and (3) the availability of supplementary publication services. Compliance enforcement mechanisms include refusal to publish without evidence of deposition and editor-author negotiation if research materials were denied. The enhanced “gatekeeper” role of these journals is a response to expressed concerns that research-related information continue to be available to the research community.