bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale full-orbit analysis on phase-space behavior of runaway electrons in tokamak fields with synchrotron radiation
Authors: Wang Yulei , Qin Hong , Liu Jian
Published: June 2016

In this paper, the secular full-orbit simulations of runaway electrons with synchrotron radiation in tokamak fields are carried out using a relativistic volume-preserving algorithm. Detailed phase-space behaviors of runaway electrons are investigated in different dynamical timescales spanning 11 orders. In the small timescale, i.e., the characteristic timescale imposed by Lorentz force, the severely deformed helical trajectory of energetic runaway electron is witnessed. A qualitative analysis of the neoclassical scattering, a kind of collisionless pitch-angle scattering phenomena, is provided when considering the coupling between the rotation of momentum vector and the background magnetic field. In large timescale up to 1 s, it is found that the initial condition of runaway electrons in phase space globally influences the pitch-angle scattering, the momentum evolution, and the loss-gain ratio of runaway energy evidently. However, the initial value has little impact on the synchrotron energy limit. It is also discovered that the parameters of tokamak device, such as the toroidal magnetic field, the loop voltage, the safety factor profile, and the major radius, can modify the synchrotron energy limit and the strength of neoclassical scattering. The maximum runaway energy is also proved to be lower than the synchrotron limit when the magnetic field ripple is considered.
Adsorption of dysprosium on the graphite (0001) surface: Nucleation and growth at 300 K
Authors: Kwolek Emma J. , Lei Huaping , Lii-Rosales Ann , Wallingford Mark , Zhou Yinghui , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Tringides Michael C. , Evans James W. , Thiel Patricia A.
Published: June 2016

We have studied nucleation and growth of Dy islands on the basal plane of graphite at 300 K using scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory (DFT) in a form that includes van der Waals interactions, and analytic theory. The interaction of atomic Dy with graphite is strong, while the diffusion barrier is small. Experiment shows that at 300 K, the density of nucleated islands is close to the value predicted for homogeneous nucleation, using critical nucleus size of 1 and the DFT-derived diffusion barrier. Homogeneous nucleation is also supported by the monomodal shape of the island size distributions. Comparison with the published island density of Dy on graphene shows that the value is about two orders of magnitude smaller on graphite, which can be attributed to more effective charge screening in graphite. The base of each island is 3 atomic layers high and atomically ordered, forming a coincidence lattice with the graphite. Islands resist coalescence, probably due to multiple rotational orientations associated with the coincidence lattice. Upper levels grow as discernible single-atom layers. Analysis of the level populations reveals significant downward interlayer transport, which facilitates growth of the base. This island shape is metastable, since more compact three-dimensional islands form at elevated growth temperature.
Wireless current sensing by near field induction from a spin transfer torque nano-oscillator
Authors: Ramaswamy B. , Algarin J. M. , Weinberg I. N. , Chen Y.-J. , Krivorotov I. N. , Katine J. A. , Shapiro B. , Waks E.
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate that spin transfer torque nano-oscillators (STNO) can act as wireless sensors for local current. The STNO acts as a transducer that converts weak direct currents into microwave field oscillations that we detect using an inductive coil. We detect direct currents in the range of 300–700 μA and report them wirelessly to a receiving induction coil at distances exceeding 6.5 mm. This current sensor could find application in chemical and biological sensing and industrial inspection.
Large spin pumping effect in antisymmetric precession of Ni79Fe21/Ru/Ni79Fe21
Authors: Yang H. , Li Y. , Bailey W. E.
Published: June 2016

In magnetic trilayer structures, a contribution to the Gilbert damping of ferromagnetic resonance arises from spin currents pumped from one layer to another. This contribution has been demonstrated for layers with weakly coupled, separated resonances, where magnetization dynamics are excited predominantly in one layer and the other layer acts as a spin sink. Here, we show that trilayer structures in which magnetizations are excited simultaneously, antisymmetrically, show a spin-pumping effect roughly twice as large. The antisymmetric (optical) mode of antiferromagnetically coupled Ni79Fe21(8 nm)/Ru/Ni79Fe21(8 nm) trilayers shows a Gilbert damping constant greater than that of the symmetric (acoustic) mode by an amount as large as the intrinsic damping of Py (Δα≃0.006). The effect is shown equally in field-normal and field-parallel to film plane geometries over 3–25 GHz. The results confirm a prediction of the spin pumping model and have implications for the use of synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF)-structures in GHz devices.
Influence of temperature on the dielectric nonlinearity of BaTiO3-based multi-layer ceramic capacitors
Authors: Yoon Seok-Hyun , Kim Mi-Yang
Published: June 2016

Temperature dependence of the dielectric nonlinearity was investigated for the BaTiO3 multilayer ceramic capacitor. The decrease in temperature caused a significant increase in the degree of dielectric nonlinearity. The Preisach analysis shows that such effect corresponds to a decrease in reversible and a significant increase in irreversible domain wall contribution to polarization. The magnitude of spontaneous polarization (PS) was increased with decreasing temperature. It can be associated with phase transition from pseudo-cubic to monoclinic and its resultant change in the polar direction, which was observed through transmission electron microscopy. These results demonstrate that the increase in PS with the decrease in temperature inhibits domain wall motion in low driving field as it is anticipated to increase the degree of intergranular constraints during domain wall motion. But it results in a more steep increase in the dielectric constants beyond the threshold field where domain wall motion can occur.
Kato expansion in quantum canonical perturbation theory
Authors: Nikolaev Andrey
Published: June 2016

This work establishes a connection between canonical perturbation series in quantum mechanics and a Kato expansion for the resolvent of the Liouville superoperator. Our approach leads to an explicit expression for a generator of a block-diagonalizing Dyson’s ordered exponential in arbitrary perturbation order. Unitary intertwining of perturbed and unperturbed averaging superprojectors allows for a description of ambiguities in the generator and block-diagonalized Hamiltonian. We compare the efficiency of the corresponding computational algorithm with the efficiencies of the Van Vleck and Magnus methods for high perturbative orders.
Numerical adiabatic potentials of orthorhombic Jahn-Teller effects retrieved from ultrasound attenuation experiments. Application to the SrF2:Cr crystal
Authors: Zhevstovskikh I. V. , Bersuker I. B. , Gudkov V. V. , Averkiev N. S. , Sarychev M. N. , Zherlitsyn S. , Yasin S. , Shakurov G. S. , Ulanov V. A. , Surikov V. T.
Published: June 2016

A methodology is worked out to retrieve the numerical values of all the main parameters of the six-dimensional adiabatic potential energy surface (APES) of a polyatomic system with a quadratic T-term Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) from the ultrasound experiments. The method is based on a verified assumption that ultrasound attenuation and speed encounter anomalies when the direction of propagation and polarization of its wave of strain coincides with the characteristic directions of symmetry breaking in the JTE. For the SrF2:Cr crystal, employed as a basic example, we observed anomaly peaks in the temperature dependence of attenuation of ultrasound at frequencies of 50–160 MHz in the temperature interval of 40–60 K for the wave propagating along the [110] direction, for both the longitudinal and the shear modes, the latter with two polarizations along the [001] and [11¯0] axes, respectively. We show that these anomalies are due to the ultrasound relaxation by the system of non-interacting Cr2+ JT centers with orthorhombic local distortions. The interpretation of the experimental findings is based on the T2g⊗(eg+t2g) JTE problem including the linear and the quadratic terms of vibronic interactions in the Hamiltonian and the same-symmetry modes reduced to one interaction mode. Combining the experimental results with a theoretical analysis, we show that on the complicated six-dimensional APES of this system with three tetragonal, four trigonal, and six orthorhombic extrema points, the latter are global minima, while the former are saddle points, and we estimate numerically all the main parameters of this surface, including the linear and quadratic vibronic coupling constants, the primary force constants, the coordinates of all the extrema points and their energies, the energy barrier between the orthorhombic minima, and the tunneling splitting of the ground vibrational states. To our knowledge, such a based-on-experimental-data numerical reconstruction of the APES of a JTE problem in the five-dimensional space of all active tetragonal and trigonal displacements has not been reported before.
The smooth transition from field emission to a self-sustained plasma in microscale electrode gaps at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Bilici Mihai A. , Haase John R. , Boyle Calvin R. , Go David B. , Sankaran R. Mohan
Published: June 2016

We report on the existence of a smooth transition from field emission to a self-sustained plasma in microscale electrode geometries at atmospheric pressure. This behavior, which is not found at macroscopic scales or low pressures, arises from the unique combination of large electric fields that are created in microscale dimensions to produce field-emitted electrons and the high pressures that lead to collisional ionization of the gas. Using a tip-to-plane electrode geometry, currents less than 10 μA are measured at onset voltages of ∼200 V for gaps less than 5 μm, and analysis of the current–voltage (I-V) relationship is found to follow Fowler–Nordheim behavior, confirming field emission. As the applied voltage is increased, gas breakdown occurs smoothly, initially resulting in the formation of a weak, partial-like glow and then a self-sustained glow discharge. Remarkably, this transition is essentially reversible, as no significant hysteresis is observed during forward and reverse voltage sweeps. In contrast, at larger electrode gaps, no field emission current is measured and gas breakdown occurs abruptly at higher voltages of ∼400 V, absent of any smooth transition from the pre-breakdown condition and is characterized only by glow discharge formation.
Thermal conductivity of biological cells at cellular level and correlation with disease state
Authors: Park Byoung Kyoo , Woo Yunho , Jeong Dayeong , Park Jaesung , Choi Tae-Youl , Simmons Denise Perry , Ha Jeonghong , Kim Dongsik
Published: June 2016

This paper reports the thermal conductivity k of matched pair cell lines: two pairs of a normal and a cancer cell, one pair of a primary and metastatic cell. The 3ω method with a nanoscale thermal sensor was used to measure k at the single-cell level. To observe the difference in k between normal and cancer cells, the measurements were conducted for Hs 578Bst/Hs 578 T (human breast cells) and TE 353.Sk/TE 354.T (human skin cells). Then k of WM-115/WM-266-4, a primary and metastatic pair of human skin cell, was measured to find the effect of disease progression on k. The measured k data for normal and disease cell samples show statistically meaningful differences. In all cases, k decreased as the disease progressed. This work shows that thermal-analysis schemes, such as the 3ω method, have a potential to detect diseases at the cell level.
H-terminated diamond field effect transistor with ferroelectric gate insulator
Authors: Karaya Ryota , Furuichi Hiroki , Nakajima Takashi , Tokuda Norio , Kawae Takeshi
Published: June 2016

An H-terminated diamond field-effect-transistor (FET) with a ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride (VDF)-trifluoroethylene (TrFE) copolymer gate insulator was fabricated. The VDF-TrFE film was deposited on the H-terminated diamond by the spin-coating method and low-temperature annealing was performed to suppress processing damage to the H-terminated diamond surface channel layer. The fabricated FET structure showed the typical properties of depletion-type p-channel FET and showed clear saturation of the drain current with a maximum value of 50 mA/mm. The drain current versus gate voltage curves of the proposed FET showed clockwise hysteresis loops due to the ferroelectricity of the VDF-TrFE gate insulator, and the memory window width was 19 V, when the gate voltage was swept from 20 to −20 V. The maximum on/off current ratio and the linear mobility were 108 and 398 cm2/V s, respectively. In addition, we modulated the drain current of the fabricated FET structure via the remnant polarization of the VDF-TrFE gate and obtained an on/off current ratio of 103 without applying a DC gate voltage.
Fabrication of Ohmic contact on semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrate by laser thermal annealing
Authors: Cheng Yue , Lu Wu-yue , Wang Tao , Chen Zhi-zhan
Published: June 2016

The Ni contact layer was deposited on semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrate by magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited samples were treated by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and KrF excimer laser thermal annealing (LTA), respectively. The RTA annealed sample is rectifying while the LTA sample is Ohmic. The specific contact resistance (ρc) is 1.97 × 10−3 Ω·cm2, which was determined by the circular transmission line model. High resolution transmission electron microscopy morphologies and selected area electron diffraction patterns demonstrate that the 3C-SiC transition zone is formed in the near-interface region of the SiC after the as-deposited sample is treated by LTA, which is responsible for the Ohmic contact formation in the semi-insulating 4H-SiC.
Generating multiple orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a metasurface in radio frequency domain
Authors: Yu Shixing , Li Long , Shi Guangming , Zhu Cheng , Shi Yan
Published: June 2016

In this paper, an electromagnetic metasurface is designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated to generate multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams in radio frequency domain. Theoretical formula of compensated phase-shift distribution is deduced and used to design the metasurface to produce multiple vortex radio waves in different directions with different OAM modes. The prototype of a practical configuration of square-patch metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured to validate the theoretical analysis at 5.8 GHz. The simulated and experimental results verify that multiple OAM vortex waves can be simultaneously generated by using a single electromagnetic metasurface. The proposed method paves an effective way to generate multiple OAM vortex waves in radio and microwave wireless communication applications.
Ferroelectric properties of full plasma-enhanced ALD TiN/La:HfO2/TiN stacks
Authors: Chernikova A. G. , Kuzmichev D. S. , Negrov D. V. , Kozodaev M. G. , Polyakov S. N. , Markeev A. M.
Published: June 2016

We report the possibility of employment of low temperature (≤330 °C) plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition for the formation of both electrodes and hafnium-oxide based ferroelectric in the metal-insulator-metal structures. The structural and ferroelectric properties of La doped HfO2-based layers and its evolution with the change of both La content (2.1, 3.7 and 5.8 at. %) and the temperature of the rapid thermal processing (550–750 °C) were investigated in detail. Ferroelectric properties emerged only for 2.1 and 3.7 at. % of La due to the structural changes caused by the given doping levels. Ferroelectric properties were also found to depend strongly on annealing temperature, with the most robust ferroelectric response for lowest La concentration and intermediate 650 °C annealing temperature. The long term wake-up effect and such promising endurance characteristics as 3 × 108 switches by bipolar voltage cycles with 30 μs duration and ± 3 MV/cm amplitude without any decrease of remnant polarization value were demonstrated.
Accurate strain measurements in highly strained Ge microbridges
Authors: Gassenq A. , Tardif S. , Guilloy K. , Osvaldo Dias G. , Pauc N. , Duchemin I. , Rouchon D. , Hartmann J.-M. , Widiez J. , Escalante J. , Niquet Y.-M. , Geiger R. , Zabel T. , Sigg H. , Faist J. , Chelnokov A. , Rieutord F. , Reboud V. , Calvo V.
Published: June 2016

Ge under high strain is predicted to become a direct bandgap semiconductor. Very large deformations can be introduced using microbridge devices. However, at the microscale, strain values are commonly deduced from Raman spectroscopy using empirical linear models only established up to ε100 = 1.2% for uniaxial stress. In this work, we calibrate the Raman-strain relation at higher strain using synchrotron based microdiffraction. The Ge microbridges show unprecedented high tensile strain up to 4.9% corresponding to an unexpected Δω = 9.9 cm−1 Raman shift. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the Raman strain relation is not linear and we provide a more accurate expression.
Heat switch effect in an antiferromagnetic insulator Co3V2O8
Authors: Zhao X. , Wu J. C. , Zhao Z. Y. , He Z. Z. , Song J. D. , Zhao J. Y. , Liu X. G. , Sun X. F. , Li X. G.
Published: June 2016

We report a heat switch effect in single crystals of an antiferromagnet Co3V2O8, that is, the thermal conductivity (κ) can be changed with magnetic field in an extremely large scale. Due to successive magnetic phase transitions at 12–6 K, the zero-field κ(T) displays a deep minimum at 6.7 K and rather small magnitude at low temperatures. Both the temperature and field dependencies of κ demonstrate that the phonons are strongly scattered at the regime of magnetic phase transitions. Magnetic field can suppress magnetic scattering effect and significantly recover the phonon thermal conductivity. In particular, a 14 T field along the a axis increases the κ at 7.5 K up to 100 times. For H∥c, the magnitude of κ can be suppressed down to ∼8% at some field-induced transition and can be enhanced up to 20 times at 14 T. The present results demonstrate that it is possible to design a kind of heat switch in the family of magnetic materials.
A simple model of multiphoton micromachining in silk hydrogels
Authors: Applegate Matthew B. , Alonzo Carlo , Georgakoudi Irene , Kaplan David L. , Omenetto Fiorenzo G.
Published: June 2016

High resolution three-dimensional voids can be directly written into transparent silk fibroin hydrogels using ultrashort pulses of near-infrared (NIR) light. Here, we propose a simple finite-element model that can be used to predict the size and shape of individual features under various exposure conditions. We compare predicted and measured feature volumes for a wide range of parameters and use the model to determine optimum conditions for maximum material removal. The simplicity of the model implies that the mechanism of multiphoton induced void creation in silk is due to direct absorption of light energy rather than diffusion of heat or other photoproducts, and confirms that multiphoton absorption of NIR light in silk is purely a 3-photon process.
Observation of lower defect density in CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 solar cells by admittance spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Minlin , Lan Fei , Zhao Bingxin , Tao Quan , Wu Jiamin , Gao Di , Li Guangyong
Published: June 2016

The introduction of Cl into CH3NH3PbI3 precursors is reported to enhance the performance of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell, which is attributed to the significantly increased diffusion lengths of carriers in CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 solar cell. It has been assumed but never experimentally approved that the defect density in CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 solar cell should be reduced according to the higher carrier lifetime observed from photoluminescence (PL) measurement. We have fabricated CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 solar cell by adding a small amount of Cl source into CH3NH3PbI3 precursor. The performance of CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 solar cell is significantly improved from 15.39% to 18.60%. Results from scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate that the morphologies and crystal structures of CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3Pb(I,Cl)3 thin films remain unchanged. Open circuit voltage decay and admittance spectroscopy characterization jointly approve that Cl plays an extremely important role in suppressing the formation of defects in perovskite solar cells.
Evaporating sessile droplet pair: Insights into contact line motion, flow transitions and emergence of universal vaporisation pattern
Authors: Shaikeea Angkur Jyoti Dipanka , Basu Saptarshi
Published: June 2016

We have deciphered that the vaporization rate of a pair of sessile droplets placed in a close vicinity of each other not only gets suppressed but also approached a universal pattern in the long time asymptotic limit, irrespective of substrate hydrophobicity. In a short time, these droplets exhibit a series of naturally evolving characteristics such as alteration of evaporation modes, flow transitions, asymmetric deformation, and motion of the contact line. Such dynamics are uniquely determined by the degree of pinning. In addition, we show that the enhanced hydrophobicity does not always lead to lower evaporation rate in droplets.
Time-resolved photoluminescence study of CdSe/CdMnS/CdS core/multi-shell nanoplatelets
Authors: Murphy J. R. , Delikanli S. , Scrace T. , Zhang P. , Norden T. , Thomay T. , Cartwright A. N. , Demir H. V. , Petrou A.
Published: June 2016

We used photoluminescence spectroscopy to resolve two emission features in CdSe/CdMnS/CdS and CdSe/CdS core/multi-shell nanoplatelet heterostructures. The photoluminescence from the magnetic sample has a positive circular polarization with a maximum centered at the position of the lower energy feature. The higher energy feature has a corresponding signature in the absorption spectrum; this is not the case for the low-energy feature. We have also studied the temporal evolution of these features using a pulsed-excitation/time-resolved photoluminescence technique to investigate their corresponding recombination channels. A model was used to analyze the temporal dynamics of the photoluminescence which yielded two distinct timescales associated with these recombination channels. The above results indicate that the low-energy feature is associated with recombination of electrons with holes localized at the core/shell interfaces; the high-energy feature, on the other hand, is excitonic in nature with the holes confined within the CdSe cores.
Enhancements of Faraday rotation through ferromagnetic domain matching in arrayed magneto-optic films
Authors: Garzarella A. , Shinn M. A. , Wu Dong Ho
Published: June 2016

In linear arrays of optically probed bismuth-doped iron garnet films, the Faraday rotation signal produced by an external magnetic field is a complex function of film shapes, stacking geometries, optical path length, and insertion losses. Studies of arrayed responsivities under various configurations reveal a proximity coupling effect between ferromagnetic domains of adjacent films, which enhances Faraday rotation by minimizing demagnetization effects at the interfaces. The effect is activated by matching ferromagnetic domain patterns in adjacent films and has resulted in over a twofold improvement in detection sensitivities when the arrays were configured as polarimetric magneto-optic sensors.
Note: Contamination-free loading of lithium metal into a nozzle source
Authors: Huang Chuanfu , Kresin Vitaly V.
Published: June 2016

This note describes a system for transferring a load of high purity lithium metal into a molecular or cluster beam source. A hot loading vessel is thoroughly baked out while empty and overpressured with argon. A clean Li rod is then dropped in through a long narrow tube. The thoroughly degassed interior of the vessel and the rapid melting of the inserted rod facilitate contamination-free transfer of the highly reactive liquid metal into the source oven.
Note: A component-level frequency tunable isolator for vibration-sensitive chips using SMA beams
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Ding Xin , Wu Di , Qi Junlei , Wang Ruixin , Lu Siwei , Yan Xiaojun
Published: June 2016

This note presents a component-level frequency tunable isolator for vibration-sensitive chips. The isolator employed 8 U-shaped shape memory alloy (SMA) beams to support an isolation island (used for mounting chips). Due to the temperature-induced Young’s modulus variation of SMA, the system stiffness of the isolator can be controlled through heating the SMA beams. In such a way, the natural frequency of the isolator can be tuned. A prototype was fabricated to evaluate the concept. The test results show that the natural frequency of the isolator can be tuned in the range of 64 Hz–97 Hz by applying different heating strategies. Moreover, resonant vibration can be suppressed significantly (the transmissibility decreases about 65% near the resonant frequency) using a real-time tuning method.
Reverse-absorbance-modulation-optical lithography for optical nanopatterning at low light levels
Authors: Majumder Apratim , Wan Xiaowen , Masid Farhana , Pollock Benjamin J. , Andrew Trisha L. , Soppera Olivier , Menon Rajesh
Published: June 2016

Absorbance-Modulation-Optical Lithography (AMOL) has been previously demonstrated to be able to confine light to deep sub-wavelength dimensions and thereby, enable patterning of features beyond the diffraction limit. In AMOL, a thin photochromic layer that converts between two states via light exposure is placed on top of the photoresist layer. The long wavelength photons render the photochromic layer opaque, while the short-wavelength photons render it transparent. By simultaneously illuminating a ring-shaped spot at the long wavelength and a round spot at the short wavelength, the photochromic layer transmits only a highly confined beam at the short wavelength, which then exposes the underlying photoresist. Many photochromic molecules suffer from a giant mismatch in quantum yields for the opposing reactions such that the reaction initiated by the absorption of the short-wavelength photon is orders of magnitude more efficient than that initiated by the absorption of the long-wavelength photon. As a result, large intensities in the ring-shaped spot are required for deep sub-wavelength nanopatterning. In this article, we overcome this problem by using the long-wavelength photons to expose the photoresist, and the short-wavelength photons to confine the “exposing” beam. Thereby, we demonstrate the patterning of features as thin as λ/4.7 (137nm for λ = 647nm) using extremely low intensities (4-30 W/m2, which is 34 times lower than that required in conventional AMOL). We further apply a rigorous model to explain our experiments and discuss the scope of the reverse-AMOL process.
Electronic and optical properties of mixed perovskites CsSnxPb(1−x)I3
Authors: Wang Guang-Tao , Wei Jun-Hong , Peng Yu-Feng
Published: June 2016

The electronic structure and optical properties of the new solar cells absorber material: mixed perovskites CsSnxPb(1−x)I3 are studied by the first-principle calculations with mBJ + SOC (modified Beak Johnson approximation plus spin-orbit coupling) method. The band gap of the serial of compounds almost quasi-linearly reduces with increasing Sn content from 0.96 eV (x = 0) to 0.16 eV (x = 1). Optical absorption coefficient revealed a progressive red shift with the increment of the Sn content, accompanying with the absorption edge broadening. The absorption coefficient and Ideal Power Absorption Coefficient (IPAC) increase greatly with the Pb atoms being partially substituted by Sn atoms. The pure CsSnI3 has the highest IPAC, but it is unstable in the air because the Sn2+ will be oxidized to Sn4+. So our results indicate that partially substituted CsSnxPb(1−x)I3 might be the good solar cell absorption material.
Situating Events in Language
Authors: Pustejovsky James
Published: June 2016

It is currently acknowledged that events constitute an integral part of the metaphysics
and semantic machinery for interpreting natural language utterances
(Davidson 1967, 1980). Most research into event semantics since Davidson
and Parsons (Parsons 1990) has focused on questions relating to either aspectual
classifications (Akstionsarten) or temporal semantics. One area that has
received far less attention is the issue of event localization, that is, the problem
of spatially situating events. In this paper, I discuss the procedures for identifying
where events, as expressed in natural language, are located in space. Aspects
of the semantics of event localization have been recently proposed, including
the notion of the “shape” of a movement (Eschenbach et al. 1999; Zwarts 2006),
as well as treating movement verbs as “path creation” predicates (Pustejovsky
and Moszkowicz 2011). In this paper, I build on these and some additional
observations to outline a more general semantics of event localization. I then
outline a procedure that extends the path metaphor used for motion predicates,
distinguishing between the event locus and the spatial aspect of an event. In the
process, I discuss how localization is supervenient upon the participants in the
events, but not as straightforwardly as one might expect.
Temporal Language and Temporal Thinking May Not Go Hand in Hand
Authors: Casasanto Daniel
Published: June 2016

Do people think about time the way they talk about it? This chapter examines
dissociations between temporal language and temporal thinking in speakers of
English and of Darija, a dialect of Moroccan Arabic. In both languages, conventional
metaphors suggest that the future is ahead of the speaker and the past
is behind. Yet, English speakers typically conceptualize the future as rightward
and the past as leftward – a spatial mapping that is not conventionalized in any
known spoken language. Darija speakers typically conceptualize the past as
ahead and the future a behind them – a spatial mapping that directly contradicts
their verbal metaphors. Darija speakers’ “backward” mapping of time does not
appear to arise from any feature of their language, or from their physical experience
with the natural world, but rather from their cultural bias to focus on the
past (i.e., to value their ancestry and practice ancient traditions). Analyses of
verbal space-time metaphors reveal that humans’ temporal thinking depends,
in part, on spatial mappings. Yet, essential features of these mappings, including
their spatial orientation and direction, may be absent from language and
can only be discovered using extra-linguistic methods. Beyond the influences of
language and of physical experience, cultural values and non-linguistic cultural
practices can play important roles in shaping our mental representations of
time. As a result, at any moment people may be thinking about time differently
from the way they are talking about it, using different spatial schemas.
When time is not space
Authors: Sinha Chris , da Silva Sinha Vera , Zinken Jörg , Sampaio Wany
Published: June 2016

It is widely assumed that there is a natural, prelinguistic conceptual domain
of time whose linguistic organization is universally structured via metaphoric
mapping from the lexicon and grammar of space and motion. We challenge
this assumption on the basis of our research on the Amondawa (Tupi Kawahib)
language and culture of Amazonia. Using both observational data and structured
field linguistic tasks, we show that linguistic space-time mapping at the
constructional level is not a feature of the Amondawa language, and is not
employed by Amondawa speakers (when speaking Amondawa). Amondawa
does not recruit its extensive inventory of terms and constructions for spatial
motion and location to express temporal relations. Amondawa also lacks a
numerically based calendric system. To account for these data, and in opposition
to a Universal Space-Time Mapping Hypothesis, we propose a Mediated
Mapping Hypothesis, which accords causal importance to the numerical and
artefact-based construction of time-based (as opposed to event-based) time
interval systems.
Metaphor and thought
Authors: I-Wen Su Lily
Published: June 2016

The paper focuses on the issues within the paradigm of Contemporary Metaphor
Theory, concerning significant differences in the ways time is conceptualized in
Chinese and English. Although it is still true that time is understood through space
via metaphor, the paper provides evidence that time and space in Chinese present
a blended form, rather than what is widely assumed to be conceptualization
of one dimension in terms of another one. For instance, the Chinese word for
the universe, conventionally referred to by the form entailing both space and
time in its Chinese morphology, is now blended into one. Furthermore, the
paper will argue that time, as a culturally sensitive entity, is more distinctly
conceptualized as water in Chinese.
Temporal scenery
Authors: Izutsu Katsunobu , Izutsu Mitsuko Narita
Published: June 2016

The present article analyzes the conceptual patterns of temporal deixis in Ainu,
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Ryukyuan. It demonstrates that Lakoff and
Johnson’s notions ‘moving time’ and ‘moving observer’ are more or less applicable
to the five East Asian languages but are not necessarily mutually exclusive
conceptions. Deictic expressions of time in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean can
presuppose both moving time and moving observer, while comparable expressions
in Ainu and Ryukyuan, only moving time. It is argued that Chinese,
Japanese, and Korean have busier “temporal scenery” for expressions of temporal
deixis than Ainu and Ryukyuan do.
Time-discretising adverbials
Authors: Pęzik Piotr , Deckert Mikołaj
Published: June 2016

This paper looks at the distribution of selected adverbials used to discretise
and quantify time in units of minutes, seconds and hours in reference language
corpora of Polish and English. We carry out an exploratory analysis of the distributional
patterns of such expressions and report three main findings. Firstly,
we observe that the discretisation intervals for minutes and seconds diverge
from the overall frequency distribution of cardinal numerals in the two corpora.
Secondly, a significant level of correlation has been found between frequency
distributions of n-seconds and n-minutes time adverbials in Polish and English
data. Finally, the distribution of salient intervals for n-hours adverbials differs
considerably from the discretisation patterns observed for n-seconds and
n-minutes expressions. We relate these findings to general cognitive aspects
of quantification and further link them to the iconic clock dial-based time
conceptualisation.
CALL ergonomics revisited
Authors: Caws Catherine , Hamel Marie-Josée
Published: June 2016

This chapter revisits the field of educational ergonomics in the light of the current state of learner-computer interactions (LCI) and within the specific context of language learning. The discussion starts by defining the elements that constitute ergonomics in computer assisted language learning (CALL) as a methodological and theoretical framework, reviewing key concepts and principal theories upon which CALL ergonomics is based. The discussion focuses on the motives behind this innovative approach before exploring specific examples of engineering methods that can be applied to CALL research. We argue that methods inherited from human-computer interaction (HCI) or human-­centred design (HCD) offer an excellent complement to CALL research and that, vice-­versa, CALL ergonomics constitutes a framework that is closely related to HCI research, in that the user plays a central role in influencing the interactions, providing rich data that can be recycled in many ways.
CALL theory
Authors: Schulze Mathias , Scholz Kyle
Published: June 2016

We conceptualize learner-computer interactions in CALL as a complex adaptive system. Writing from a complexity-theoretical understanding of second language development, we sketch a cognate research paradigm, discuss the characteristics of these interactions as complex adaptive systems. From these characteristics, recent literature on second language development and CALL, we discuss mixed-method methodologies that have the potential to capture the complexity of the non-linear processes of learner-computer interactions in CALL.
Learner personas and the effects of instructional scaffolding on working behaviour and linguistic performance
Authors: Heift Trude
Published: June 2016

This chapter examines data-driven learner personas and instructional scaffolding in the form of preemptive feedback in an ICALL environment. Ninety-three beginner learners of L2 German participated in a study by performing a sentence completion task as part of their regular course assignments throughout a semester. On the basis of their access to help throughout the study, participants were classified into three distinctive learner profiles, or personas: No Help, Sporadic Help, and Frequent Help personas. The study then investigated the effects of access to different amounts of help on the learners’ working behaviour and linguistic performance. Study results indicate that the three learner personas showed significant differences in their working behaviour and linguistic performance, but by investigating the effects of the instructional scaffolding the CALL system provided, results suggest that two learner personas are sufficient to capture learners’ differences. With the ultimate goal of understanding learner personas and instructional scaffolding as it relates to learning outcomes, satisfaction and success in CALL, this paper provides possible explanations of these study results and suggests areas for future research and development.
Using eye-tracking technology to explore online learner interactions
Authors: Stickler Ursula , Smith Bryan , Shi Lijing
Published: June 2016

This chapter sets out to introduce the use of eye-tracking to investigate language learners’ interaction with computers. By recording the gaze focus of a computer user engaged in an on-screen task, eye-tracking aims to provide information on cognitive processes. This allows the researcher to speculate about what learners are thinking while engaged in, for example, synchronous online language learning. After briefly presenting the history and different fields of eye-tracking research, the authors present two recent eye-tracking studies in SCMC (Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication). The potentials and challenges of eye-tracking for researching language learning are discussed, as well as the methodological options of quantitative and mixed method studies.The last section encourages novice researchers to carry out their own eye-tracking projects, reflecting on methodological, practical and pragmatic issues.
Generative treatments of rendaku and related issues
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Zamma Hideki
Published: June 2016

This paper provides an overview of how rendaku has been analyzed in the history of generative phonology, the mainstream framework of theoretical phonology. We begin with theoretical analyses of rendaku itself. We then discuss theoretical treatments of the major factors that affect its application. First, we discuss how Lyman’s Law has been treated in generative phonology. Here, we also deal with the issue of why Lyman’s Law ignores voicing on sonorants. Then we consider another restriction on rendaku, the Right-Branch Condition. The next section deals with other issues, including how theoretical phonology has dealt with the effect of lexical stratiﬁcation on rendaku. The ﬁnal section examines remaining questions and offers some concluding remarks.
Psycholinguistic studies of rendaku
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto
Published: June 2016

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of previous experimental studies on rendaku. Some major questions that have been addressed in this body of work include: (1) is rendaku grammatical or lexicalized? (2) are speciﬁc aspects of rendaku, such as the Right-Branch Condition, psychologically real in the minds of contemporary speakers of Japanese? (3) how does Lyman’s Law interact with rendaku in experimental settings? and (4) are there any aspects of rendaku that emerge in experimental settings even though they are not observed as existing patterns in the lexicon? After the review of studies addressing these issues, the paper concludes with a number of remaining questions which should be addressed in future experimental studies of rendaku.
Rendaku and Identity Avoidance
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Sano Shin-ichiro
Published: June 2016

Recent experimental studies of rendaku show that when rendaku results in adjacent identical CV moras, rendaku is inhibited. However, these experiments have only tested the Identity Avoidance effect at the CV moraic level. The current study tests whether Identity Avoidance at the consonantal level affects the applicability of rendaku. This paper shows that Japanese speakers avoid creating identical consonants in adjacent moras, although this effect is weaker than moraic Identity Avoidance. In addition to this new discovery, this paper has several theoretical implications: (1) a restriction that is operative in many other languages is also operative in Japanese, revealing an intriguing cross-linguistic parallel, (2) Identity Avoidance at different phonological levels can coexist within a single language, and (3) the strength of the avoidance effect positively correlates with the degree of similarity.
Ergativity in Indo-Aryan and beyond
Authors: Dahl Eystein , Stroński Krzysztof
Published: June 2016

This chapter gives an overview of the current state of the art of research on ergativity in Indo-Aryan. First, it discusses a number of theoretical and terminological issues concerning synchronic and diachronic dimensions of ergative alignment and outlines a typology for exploring the relationship between ergativity and other alignment types with particular reference to the South-Asian linguistic area. Second, it provides an overview of the Modern Indo-Aryan languages showing ergative alignment in parts of their verbal system and of the striking variation in this domain. Third, it explores the various hypotheses regarding the origin and development of ergative alignment in Indo-Aryan.
Looking for ergativity in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Verbeke Saartje , De Clercq Eva
Published: June 2016

Indo-Aryan languages are often described as ergative or split-ergative. The article investigates the extent of this claim, by looking at a number of constructions in 22 New Indo-Aryan languages. It is shown that ergative constructions are in general the minority, and that other mechanisms of alignment, such as transitivity-indicating agreement patterns, are as valuable to be studied as strictly ergative patterns. Our conclusion also applies to historical studies on the evolution of the Indo-Aryan alignment system, which sometimes seem to focus too much on specific ergative patterns, thus overlooking other motivations of alignment.
The origin and development of the Old Indo-Aryan predicated -tá construction
Authors: Dahl Eystein
Published: June 2016

This paper pursues the development of the predicated -tá construction through the different stages of Vedic. In the earliest stage of the language, this construction represents a predicated, p-oriented verbal adjective, which subsequently develops into a passive, that in turn evolves into an inverse category. The data from the different periods of Vedic clearly shows that this construction, which ultimately has given rise to the ergative construction in New Indo-Aryan, has undergone significant typological changes through its attested history. Its development is in line with a well-established grammaticalization cline found in other languages, whereby predicated verbal adjectives develop via passives and inverse categories into ergatives (cf. Gildea 1997). The paper makes a strong case for the claim that the construction never developed into a full ergative in the Vedic period, implying that it reached the last stage of the grammaticalization path in the Early Middle Indo-Aryan period.
Finiteness, nominalization, and information structure
Authors: Bisang Walter
Published: June 2016

The correlation between finiteness and nominalization is frequently discussed in the literature. This paper will introduce information structure as a third factor that has an important impact on processes of grammaticalization. Nominalized verb forms can be used in the formation of relative clauses and clefting. With these functions, they can become part of focus constructions. At a subsequent stage, they are reanalyzed either as finite forms with tense-aspect functions or as markers of stance. With the integration of the focus function of nominalized verb forms, a considerable part of what is described as insubordination (Evans 2007) can be explained in terms of a grammaticalization process, moving from the use in a focus construction to the reanalysis as a finite form.
The evolution of grammatical nominalizations in Cahita languages
Authors: Álvarez González Albert
Published: June 2016

This paper studies the evolution of grammatical nominalizations in Cahita languages (Tehueco, Yaqui, and Mayo, from the Uto-Aztecan family) and also addresses the problem of the relation between nominalization and relativization in this kind of language. The analysis shows that as part of this evolution, the source of grammatical nominalizers is mainly postpositional in Cahita, and that an old agent nominalizer with tempo-aspectual restrictions (suffix -(’)u) has now become a new patient nominalizer. This change clearly demonstrates that the referential function associated with this grammatical nominalization is prior to the noun-modifying function, showing that in Cahita relativization has to be considered as merely one specialized function of nominalization, namely the modifying function of an appositive grammatical nominalization.
On the tightrope between infinitives and action nouns
Authors: Palancar Enrique L.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, I study the distribution of two nominalization structures in two closely related Amerindian languages of Mexico (Eastern Otomi and Northern Otomi). The structures involve intransitive nominalizations depicting a customary activity performed by humans (‘hunting’, ‘sowing’, etc.) as they appear in a complementation frame. I address the question of whether these nominalization structures in Otomi are morphologically non-finite forms or are just nouns. I show how a cognate structure in two close languages can be found in the two opposing ends of a nominalization scale: in Eastern Otomi, the structure is inflectional and should be analyzed as an intransitive infinitive, while its equivalent in Northern Otomi should be seen as an action deverbal noun.
Referential markers in Oceanic nominalized constructions
Authors: Moyse-Faurie Claire
Published: June 2016

Nominalized constructions are a very frequent phenomenon in Oceanic languages, used in nominal, relative, or imperative clauses as arguments, adjuncts, or the prototypical expression of exclamations. I provide evidence that contrary to widespread views, tense, negation, and aspect markers do occur in nominalizations. I then examine restrictions on the occurrence of these markers, as well as of some articles, and try to find historical explanations. Lastly, I show that hierarchical constraints often formulated for nominalization and deverbalization processes do not fully apply to Oceanic languages, since the occurrence of tense and aspect markers is not only attested in lexical nominalizations but is also quite frequent in phrasal and clausal nominalizations, that is, at the syntactic and discourse levels as well.