bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blocking gC1q-Receptor Protein Alters L. monocytogenes Invasion in Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Takacs Julie , Panessa-Warren Barbara , Wong Stanislaus S. , Warren John , Tortora George , Ghebrehiwet Berhane
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Different Oxide Structures Formed on Al and Si by Oxidation in Reactive Oxygen
Authors: Yang Judith C.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
In Situ EFTEM/PEELS Investigation of Melting Behavior of Individual Al-Si Alloy Small Particles
Authors: Oleshko V. P. , Howe J. M.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Characterization Of The Phase Evolution Of MoSi2/TiB2 Composites Produced By Elemental And Displacement In-Situ Reactions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) And Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA)
Authors: Dempere Luisa A , Kaufman Michael J
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
TEM Observation of Water Confined in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ye Haihui , Naguib Nevin , Gogotsi Yury
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Subnanometer Imaging of Spherical Viruses in a JEOL3000 SFF Liquid Helium Electron Cryomicroscope
Authors: Jakana Joanita , Chiu Wah
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
A New NIST SRM® for Microanalysis and X-ray Fluorescence, TiAl(NbW) Alloy
Authors: Marinenko Ryna B , Sieber John R , Yu Lee L , Butler Therese A , Leigh Stefan
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Quantitative Analysis of ZO-1 Co-Localization with Cx43 Gap Junction Plaques in Cultures of Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zhu Ching , Barker Ralph J , Hunter Andrew W , Zhang Yuhua , Jourdan Jane , Gourdie Robert G
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Combined ATR Infrared Microspectroscopy and SIL Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Sohn A. F. , Tisinger L. G. , Sommer A. J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Attenuated Total Internal Reflection (ATR) Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Tisinger L. G. , Sommer A. J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
TEM Investigation of Interfacial Reactions Between SrFeO2.5+x Thin Films and Silicon, Sapphire Substrates
Authors: Wang Dashan , Du Xiaomei , Tunney James J. , Post Michael L. , Gauvin Raynald
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Surface Structural Characterization of Antiblock Films Containing Erucamide
Authors: Catino John , Gardiner John
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Interference of Elastically and Inelastically Scattered Electrons by DBI/H
Authors: Herring Rodney A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Secondary Electron Imaging at Gas Pressures in Excess of 15 torr
Authors: Toth Milos , Baker F S
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Evaluation of the Influence of Different Crude on the Behavior of API 5L-B Pipelines.
Authors: Biomorgi José , Rigual Yobiris , Hernández Samuel
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Microscopy in the Study of Polymorph Stability
Authors: Carlton Robert A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Expression of DDR2 During Cardiac Development
Authors: Morales Mary O. , Potts Jay D. , Price Robert L. , Borg Thomas K. , Goldsmith Edie C.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
A Comparison of Microcalorimeter and Conventional Semiconductor EDS
Authors: Demers Hendrix , Gauvin Raynald , Anderson I  M , Joy D C , Kenik E A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Characterization of Boron Segregation in CoCrPtB Longitudinal Magnetic Recording Media
Authors: Wittig James , Bentley James , Evans Neal D
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Characterization of Protein Interactions and Glucose Transport in E. coli using Live Cell Imaging
Authors: Morrell Jennifer L. , Sullivan Claretta J. , Hoyt Peter R. , Allison David P. , Doktycz Mitchel J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
First Experimental Proof of Spatial Resolution Improvement in a Monochromized and Cs-Corrected TEM
Authors: Freitag Bert , Kujawa Stephan , Mul Peter M. , Tiemeijer Peter C. , Snoeck Etienne
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Distinguishing Intra-band and Inter-band Transitions in MgB2 Using Monochromated EELS
Authors: Idrobo Juan C , Browning Nigel D
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
The Prospect of Three-Dimensional Induction Mapping Inside Magnetic Nanostructures by Combining Electron Holography with Electron Tomography
Authors: Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E , Kasama Takeshi
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
The Use of Multiple Fluorescence Labels for Determination of Cell Number and Phenotype by Design-Based Stereology
Authors: Peterson Daniel A.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Imaging and Force Recognition at the Molecular Level in Bacteria
Authors: Allison David P. , Sullivan Claretta J. , Morrell Jennifer L. , Hoyt Peter R. , Doktycz Mitchel J.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
High-resolution AFM Images of Nano-Scale Structures Formed on the Surface of Self-Assembled Copolymers of the Amphiphilic Decyl Ester of L-Tyrosine and Tyrosineamide Formed on Gold Deposited on Mica
Authors: Lee Jun Seok , Marx Kenneth A. , Sung Changmo
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Strain-Aging as a Failure Mechanism in Boat Trailers
Authors: Lane James F. , Ackerson Thomas N.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Digital Quantification of Microstructure Evolution in Sands
Authors: Evans T. Matthew , Frost J. David
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Delineating Prior Austenite Grain Boundries in Steel
Authors: Lawrence Samuel
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Fringe-Covariance "Fingerprinting" of Nanoparticle Lattice Images
Authors: Fraundorf P. , Mandell Eric , Qin Wentao , Cho Kuk
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Combinatorial Gradient Reference Specimens for Advanced Scanned Probe Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Fasolka Michael J , Julthongpiput Duangrut , Amis Eric J , Nguyen Tinh , Gu Xiaohong
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Structure Determination of a Magnetic Semiconductor: MnGeN2
Authors: Lazarov V K , Li Lian , Weinert Michael , Gajdardziska-Josifovska Marija
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Growth and Structural Evolution of Nanosized Ni on (001) MgO by in situ TEM
Authors: Sun H P , Tian W , Chen Y B , Yu J H , Yeadon M , Boothroyd C B , Lukaszew R A , Clarke R , Pan X Q
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Development of Doped and Heterostructured Si-Ge Nanowires
Authors: Dickey Elizabeth C. , Pan Ling , Lew Kok-Keong , Redwing Joan M.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Digital Darkfield Decompositions
Authors: Fraundorf P. , Fei Lu
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Silica-Coated Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lian Guoda , Lewelling Kevin , Johnson Matthew , Dormer Kenneth , Gibson Donald , Seeney Charles
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Semiconductor Heterointerfaces Prepared by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Trampert Achim
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Augmenting the 3D Characterization Capability of the Dual Beam FIB-SEM
Authors: Uchic Michael D , Groeber Michael , Wheeler IV Robert , Scheltens Frank , Dimiduk Dennis M
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Advances in Electron Crystallography Using Precession Electron Diffraction for ab initio Structure Analysis of Catalytic Materials
Authors: Sinkler Wharton , Own Christopher S , Marks Laurence D
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
FIB Specimen Preparation for STEM and EFTEM Tomography
Authors: Schwarz Stephen M , Giannuzzi Lucille A
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Raman and Infared Microspectroscopy of the High Explosives TNT, PETN, and RDX Heated to their Melting Point and Beyond
Authors: Etz Edgar S. , Gillen Greg
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy to Follow Macromolecular Interactions on the Grid and on the Grid Processing
Authors: Frederick P.M.
Published: January 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
LaI2@(18,3)SWNT: The Unprecedented Structure of a
LaI2 “Crystal,” Encapsulated within a Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Friedrichs Steffi , Kirkland Angus I. , Meyer Rüdiger R. , Sloan Jeremy , Green Malcolm L.H.
Published: January 2008

The novel crystallization properties of nano-materials represent a
great challenge to researchers across all disciplines of materials
science. Simple binary solids can be found to adopt unprecedented
structures, when confined into nanometer-sized cavities, such as the inner
cylindrical bore of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Lanthanum
iodide was encapsulated within SWNTs and the resulting encapsulation
composite was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX)
and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging
techniques, to reveal a one-dimensional crystal fragment, with the
stoichiometry of LaI2, crystallizing in the structure of
LaI3 with one third of the iodine positions unoccupied. A
complete characterization of the encapsulation composite was achieved
using an enhanced image restoration technique, which restores the object
wave from a focal series of HRTEM images, providing information about the
precise structural data of both filling material and host SWNT, and
thereby enabling the identification of the SWNT chirality.
Imaging the Cardiovascular System: Seeing Is Believing
Authors: Borg Thomas K. , Stewart James A. , Sutton Michael A.
Published: January 2008

From the basic light microscope through high-end imaging systems such as multiphoton confocal microscopy and electron microscopes, microscopy has been and will continue to be an essential tool in developing an understanding of cardiovascular development, function, and disease. In this review we briefly touch on a number of studies that illustrate the importance of these forms of microscopy in studying cardiovascular biology. We also briefly review a number of imaging modalities such as computed tomography, (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and positron emission tomography (PET) that, although they do not fall under the realm of microscopy, are imaging modalities that greatly complement microscopy. Finally we examine the role of proper imaging system calibration and the potential importance of calibration in understanding biological tissues, such as the cardiovascular system, that continually undergo deformation in response to strain.
Expression of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) in the Developing
Heart
Authors: Morales Mary O. , Price Robert L. , Goldsmith Edie C.
Published: January 2008

Interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix
are important for a number of developmental events. In the heart, cardiac
fibroblasts produce the majority of extracellular matrix proteins,
particularly collagen types I and III. Cells originating from the
proepicardial organ migrate over the surface of the heart, invade the
underlying myocardium and ultimately give rise to smooth muscle cells,
fibroblasts, and coronary endothelium. Although integrin expression in the
developing heart has been well characterized, the expression of Discoidin
Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) remains to be defined. Using confocal microscopy,
the expression of DDR2 was examined at several points during cardiac
development. Initially, DDR2 expression was detected on the epicardial
surface of the heart and on endothelial and mesenchymal cells within the
cardiac cushions. As development progressed, DDR2 expression increased at
localized regions in the apex and atrioventricular sulcus, although this
expression decreased from epicardial to endocardial surface. Eventually,
DDR2 expression spanned the myocardial free wall and was detected within
the septum. Not until postnatal development was DDR2 expression detected
uniformly throughout the myocardium and this distribution was maintained
in the adult heart. In summary, the data presented demonstrate that the
distribution of DDR2-positive cells changes within the heart during
development.
Endothelial Cells Organize Fibrin Clots into Structures That Are More Resistant to Lysis
Authors: Jerome W. Gray , Handt Stefan , Hantgan Roy R.
Published: January 2008

Acute myocardial infarction is a major cause of death and disability in the United States. Introducing thrombolytic agents into the clot to dissolve occlusive coronary artery thrombi is one method of treatment. However, despite advances in our knowledge of thrombosis and thrombolysis, survival rates following thrombolytic therapy have not improved substantially. This failure highlights the need for further study of the factors mediating clot stabilization. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy of clots formed from fluorescein-labeled fibrinogen, we investigated what effect binding of fibrin to the endothelial surface has on clot structure and resistance to lysis. Fluorescent fibrin clots were produced over human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the clot structure analyzed. In the presence of HUVEC, fibrin near the endothelial surface was more organized and occurred in tighter bundles compared to fibrin just 50 μm above. The HUVEC influence on fibrin architecture was blocked by inhibitory concentrations of antibodies to αVor β3integrin subunits. The regions of the clots associated with endothelial cells were more resistant to lysis than the more homogenous regions distal to endothelium. Thus, our data show that binding of fibrin to integrins on endothelial surfaces produces clots that are more resistant to lysis.
Trieste prize nominations
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

Nominations for the 2008 Trieste Science Prize in Earth, space, ocean, and atmospheric sciences and in engineering sciences are being accepted through 31 January 2008. The prize has been established to give international recognition and visibility to outstanding scientific achievements made by scientists from developing countries. Candidates must be nationals of developing countries, and the prizes will only be awarded to individuals for scientific research of outstanding international merit carried out at institutions in developing countries. The prizes, each of which carries a US$50,000 monetary award, are administered by the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS) and funded by Illycaffè in collaboration with the Trieste (Italy) Town Council and the Trieste International Foundation for Scientific Progress and Freedom. For more information, contact the TWAS Secretariat at prizes@twas.org.
Modeling Global Land‐Use Decision Making Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) Third Young Scholar's Network Workshop; Bristol, United Kingdom, 2–4 June 2007
Authors: Verbeeten Elke , Poulter Benjamin , Braimoh Ademola , Herrmann Stefanie , Cabral Pedro , Balogun Ahmed
Published: January 2008

The need to understand human impacts on the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems and to design sustainable management policies necessitates integrating land‐use decision making into an Earth systems perspective.

To address this, the Third AIMES Young Scholar's Network Workshop on Modeling Land‐Use Decision Making brought togetheran interdisciplinary group of young researchers from diverse backgrounds, ranging from biophysical to socioeconomic research. Participants came from both developing and developed countries. The workshop sought to (1) improve understanding of land‐use decision‐making processes and (2) identify knowledge gaps that hamper progress in integrating these processes into Earth system models.
U.S. regional impacts of climate change
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

On 4 December, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change released a report that assesses climate vulnerabilities in four different areas of the United States. “Regional impacts of climate change: Four case studies in the United States” notes that midwestern cities are likely to experience more frequent, longer, and hotter heat waves; that wildfires are likely to increase in the U.S. West; that sustaining fragile Gulf Coast wetlands ecosystems will be increasingly difficult due to climate change; and that the Chesapeake Bay may respond to climate change with more frequent and larger hypoxia events. The report indicates that adaptation measures need to be a critical component of any long‐term U.S. climate strategy. “The degree to which we can adapt to the consequences of climate change will be determined in large part by the policies and management practices we put in place today,” said Pew Center president Eileen Claussen. For more information, visit the Web site: http://www.pewclimate.org.
Building critical zone research cyberinfrastructure
Authors: Hofmockel Michael , Richter Daniel , Miller Doug , Brantley Susan
Published: January 2008

Biological, physical, and chemical processes transform bedrock and sediments into soil at the Earth's surface. All terrestrial life on Earth is supported in the aptly named “critical zone” (CZ), where air, water, rock materials, and biota interact. The CZ is bounded at the top by the vegetative canopy and at the bottom by the lower limits of groundwater. Processes within this zone regulate the transformation of minerals, solubilize nutrients for biota, buffer toxins, create water pathways, and ultimately sculpt the landscape on which we live. Forty scientists from many disciplines attended a workshop recently at Pennsylvania State University to discuss needs for data and information systems to investigate the CZ.
The lakes and seas of Titan
Authors: Lopes Rosaly M. C. , Mitchell Karl L. , Wall Stephen D. , Mitri Giuseppe , Janssen Michael , Ostro Steven , Kirk Randolph L. , Hayes Alexander G. , Stofan Ellen R. , Lunine Jonathan I. , Lorenz Ralph D. , Wood Charles , Radebaugh Jani , Paillou Philippe , Zebker H. , Paganelli Flora
Published: January 2008

The study of Titan, Saturn's largest satellite, is a major goal of the Cassini‐Huygens mission. This joint project between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency consists of a Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and a Titan probe (Huygens). Since the mission's arrival at Saturn in July 2004, one of its most spectacular discoveries has been the finding of the first extraterrestrial nonmagmatic standing bodies of liquid: Titan's hydrocarbon lakes and seas. In July 2006, the first synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Titan's north polar region obtained by the Cassini spacecraft showed dozens of lakes above latitudes of 70° [Stofan et al., 2007]. Subsequent SAR images obtained by Cassini have covered approximately 68% of Titan's north polar region at latitudes above 60 degrees. These images show more than 400 radar‐dark areas that we interpret as being liquid lakes (shown in dark blue in Figure 1), including a few that are so large that they rightfully may be called seas. We discuss here the evidence for liquids on Titan, the distribution and morphology of lakes, and recent data that indicate the presence of lakes in the south polar regions.
NASA mission to measure Moon's gravity
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

NASA has selected a new mission to measure the Moon's gravity field in unprecedented detail, according to the agency's associate administrator for science, Alan Stern. The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL), which is part of NASA's Discovery Program series of scientist‐led, solar system exploration missions, is scheduled to launch in 2011 following the agency's 2008 launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Scientists plan to use gravity field information from GRAIL's two spacecraft to X ray the Moon from crust to core to reveal subsurface structures and, indirectly, the Moon's thermal history. A camera aboard each spacecraft will allow the public to see observations from the satellites. GRAIL “offers to bring innovative Earth studies techniques to the Moon as a precursor to their possible later use at Mars and other planets,” Stern said. For more information, visit the Web site: http://discovery.nasa.gov/.
Atlantic seasonal hurricane forecast
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2008

Two hurricane forecasters are predicting that 2008 will be an above‐average Atlantic basin tropical cyclone season with an above‐average probability of a major hurricane making landfall in the United States. During 2008, there could be about seven hurricanes (the annual average is 5.9) and 13 named storms (the average is 9.6), according to a 7 December report by Philip Klotzbach, research scientist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, and William Gray, university professor emeritus of atmospheric sciences. The forecasters indicate that they believe the Atlantic basin is in an active hurricane cycle that is associated with a strong thermohaline circulation and an active phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The report notes that, “real‐time operational early December forecasts have not shown forecast skill over climatology during this 16‐year period [1992–2007]. This has occurred despite the fact that the skill over the hindcast period…showed appreciable skill.” For more information, visit the Web site: http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2007/dec2007/dec2007.pdf.
Studying geohazards with ocean cores. Addressing geologic hazards through ocean drilling: An IODP international workshop, Portland, Oregon, 27–30 August 2007
Authors: Morgan Julia , Silver Eli , Camerlenghi Angelo , Dugan Brandon , Kirby Steve , Shipp Craig , Suyehiro Kiyoshi
Published: January 2008

How can Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) drilling contribute to the understanding of highly hazardous geologic events, such as great earthquakes, submarine landslides, and volcano collapses, all of which can generate devastating tsunamis and threaten huge parts of Earth's coasts? Eighty‐nine participants from 18 countries grappled with this topic for 4 days near Portland, Oreg., in late August and spawned a number of working groups focused on generating proposals to gain such understanding.

Ideas included potential scientific targets and locations for drilling, proposed observatories to study active and potentially precursory processes, in situ measurement techniques, and methodologies for interpreting sedimentary records. A common theme was the unique opportunity afforded by IODP drilling to study active processes relevant to geohazards, especially at known points within the deformation cycle. The meeting also led to proposed additions to the IODP initial science plan.
Effect of Human Activities on the Atmosphere. Detecting the Atmospheric Response to the Changing Face of the Earth: A Focus on Human‐Caused Regional Climate Forcings, Land‐Cover/Land‐Use Change, and Data Monitoring; Boulder, Colorado, 27–29 August 2007
Authors: Mahmood Rezaul , Pielke Roger , Hubbard Kenneth G.
Published: January 2008

Human activities continue to significantly modify the environment. The impacts of these changes are highlighted, for example, in local‐, regional‐, and global‐scale trends in modern atmospheric temperature records and other relevant atmospheric indicators. Studies using both modeled and observed data have documented these impacts. Thus, it is essential that we detect these changes accurately to better understand the impacts on climate and provide improved assessment of the predictability of future climate.
AGU Council and other Union leaders meet in San Francisco
Authors: Holoviak Judy C.
Published: January 2008

On 9 December, the chairs of the focus groups met with Union officers to discuss common concerns, in particular, ways to assure that all members can participate fully in AGU activities regardless of their primary scientific affiliation with the Union. The chairs of the policy committees joined the others and discussed programmatic priorities for the coming 6–12 months.

At the Council Forum later that day, the full Council and the focus group chairs discussed the items to be considered for Council action on 14 December. During the Forum, Executive Director Fred Spilhaus reported on the surveys he had been asked to conduct related to AGU's practice of not publishing the actual election counts.
Biogeochemistry of Estuaries
Authors: Burdige David J.
Published: January 2008

Whether you are interested in material flux from the continents to the oceans or whether the oysters set down in front of you at a water‐front restaurant may have come from polluted waters, we know estuaries are important places. However, anyone attempting to summarize and synthesize the long and rich literature of estuarine research is presented with a daunting task. This is because beyond the concept of an estuary being the transition zone where “fresh water meets seawater,” the exact definition of an estuary is not uniformly agreed upon by scientists in this field. Also, estuaries—regardless of how they are defined—tend to be highly heterogeneous, in both space and time.
Heat flow from the Southeast Indian Ridge flanks between 80°E and 140°E: Data review and analysis
Authors: Géli L. , Lee T. C. , Cochran J. R. , Francheteau J. , Abbott D. , Labails C. , Appriou D.
Published: January 2008

We analyze available heat flow data from the flanks of the Southeast Indian Ridge adjacent to or within the Australian‐Antarctic Discordance (AAD), an area with patchy sediment cover and highly fractured seafloor as dissected by ridge‐ and fracture‐parallel faults. The data set includes 23 new data points collected along a 14‐Ma old isochron and 19 existing measurements from the 20‐ to 24‐Ma old crust. Most sites of measurements exhibit low heat flux (from 2 to 50 mW m−2) with near‐linear temperature‐depth profiles except at a few sites, where recent bottom water temperature change may have caused nonlinearity toward the sediment surface. Because the igneous basement is expected to outcrop a short distance away from any measurement site, we hypothesize that horizontally channelized water circulation within the uppermost crust is the primary process for the widespread low heat flow values. The process may be further influenced by vertical fluid flow along numerous fault zones that crisscross the AAD seafloor. Systematic measurements along and across the fault zones of interest as well as seismic profiling for sediment distribution are required to confirm this possible, suspected effect.
Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas and aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires
Authors: Freeborn Patrick H. , Wooster Martin J. , Hao Wei Min , Ryan Cecily A. , Nordgren Bryce L. , Baker Stephen P. , Ichoku Charles
Published: January 2008

Forty‐four small‐scale experimental fires were conducted in a combustion chamber to examine the relationship between biomass consumption, smoke production, convective energy release, and middle infrared (MIR) measurements of fire radiative energy (FRE). Fuel bed weights, trace gas and aerosol particle concentrations, stack flow rate and temperature, and concurrent thermal images were collected during laboratory‐controlled burns of vegetative fuels. Using two different MIR thermal imaging systems, measurements of FRE taken at polar angles of ∠48° and ∠60° were found not to be significantly different from each other (p < 0.05), but were significantly different from those obtained at ∠76°. A simple linear regression revealed that less than 12% of the variation in biomass consumption remained unexplained by the measured FRE regardless of MIR sensor characteristics, fuel type, or viewing angle. Measurements of FRE detected per unit of dry organic material consumed ranged from 1.29 to 4.18 MJ/kg, corresponding to an average of 12 ± 3% of the higher heating value of the biomass. Whole‐fire emission factors agreed with previously reported values, and emission ratios relating total mass production to FRE were determined for CO2, CO, NO, NO2, and particulate matter less than 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter. A heat balance performed on the system showed that the release of convective energy could be predicted from a measurement of FRE (r2≥ 0.84), and together these two modes of heat transfer accounted for 61 ± 13% of the total, potential heat of combustion available in the preburn solid fuel.
The Most Ancient Maps of Erupting Mount Etna
Authors: Guidoboni Emanuela , Ciuccarelli Cecilia
Published: January 2008

Mount Etna, in eastern Sicily, Italy, is an active volcano on whose slopes are the city of Catania and several towns. The volcano, whose eruptions are noted in written sources dating back to the thirteenth century B.C., continues to hold surprises for researchers who examine its eruptive history. During extensive historical research for a new catalog of Etna's eruptions (E. Guidoboni and E. Boschi, manuscript in preparation, 2008), two maps have been found that previously were unknown in the literature. These maps, which are the most ancient ones that represent Mount Etna erupting, provide new elements to evaluate the eruption that started on 19 December 1634 and continued until June 1636.
Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World: 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences; Santa Barbara, California, 26 August to 1 September 2007
Authors: Bell Robin E. , Luyendyk Bruce P. , Wilson Terry J.
Published: January 2008

The 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences was convened at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where 350 researchers presented talks and posters on topics including climate change, biotic evolution, magmatic processes, surface processes, tectonics, geodynamics, and the cryosphere. The symposium resulted in 335 peer‐reviewed papers, 225 of which are published online (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/). A proceedings book will also be published by the National Academies Press.

Advances in our understanding of Antarctic tectonics were many, often involving techniques that provide information under ice sheets or from proxies such as glacial till to provide clues on provenance. John Goodge (University of Minnesota‐Duluth) and coworkers reported a 1440‐million‐year‐old granite boulder from glacial till from the Nimrod Glacier that can be matched to North American Laurentian province granites, supporting the postulated (Southwest U.S.—East Antarctica (SWEAT) hypothesis) fit of East Antarctica and North America more than 1 billion years ago. Considerable debate concerned the formation of the Transantarctic Mountains and the role of plateau collapse.
Regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by diacylglycerol kinase δ: importance of kinase activity and binding to AP2α
Authors: Kawasaki Takumi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Ueyama Takehiko , Shirai Yasuhito , Saito Naoaki
Published: January 2008

DGKδ (diacylglycerol kinase δ), which phosphorylates DAG (diacylglycerol) and converts it into PA (phosphatidic acid), has an important role in signal transduction. In the present study, we have demonstrated the molecular mechanism of DGKδ-mediated regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis that controls the internalization, recycling and degradation of receptors. Involvement of DGKδ in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis was previously proposed following genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening. Clathrin-coated pits are mainly formed by clathrin and AP-2 (adaptor protein 2) complex. These proteins assemble a polyhedral lattice at the membrane and gather several endocytic accessory proteins. As the intracellular localization of DGKδ2 overlapped with clathrin-coated pits, we predicted the possible regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by DGKδ2 and its interaction with some endocytosis-regulatory proteins. DGKδ2 contained the DXF-type binding motifs, and DGKδ2 bound to AP2α, a subunit of the AP-2 complex. DGKδ2 interacted with the platform subdomain in the AP2α ear domain via F369DTFRIL and D746PF sequences in the catalytic domain of DGKδ2. For further insight into the role for DGKδ2 in clathrin-dependent endocytosis, we measured the transferrin and EGF (epidermal growth factor) uptake-expressing wild-type or mutant DGKδ2 under knockdown of endogenous DGKδ. Mutants lacking binding ability to AP2α as well as kinase-negative mutants could not compensate for the uptake of transferrin inhibited by siRNA (small interfering RNA) treatment, whereas overexpression of wild-type DGKδ2 completely recovered the transferrin uptake. These results demonstrate that binding between DGKδ2 and AP2α is involved in the transferrin internalization and that DGK activity is also necessary for the regulation of the endocytic process.
Molecular determinants of activation and membrane targeting of phosphoinositol 4-kinase IIβ
Authors: Jung Gwanghyun , Wang Jing , Wlodarski Pawel , Barylko Barbara , Binns Derk D. , Shu Hongjun , Yin Helen L. , Albanesi Joseph P.
Published: January 2008

Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of the type II PI4K (phosphoinositol 4-kinase), PI4KIIα and β. These 55 kDa proteins have highly diverse N-terminal regions (approximately residues 1–90) but conserved catalytic domains (approximately from residue 91 to the C-termini). Nearly the entire pool of PI4KIIα behaves as an integral membrane protein, in spite of a lack of a transmembrane domain. This integral association with membranes is due to palmitoylation of a cysteine-rich motif, CCPCC, located within the catalytic domain. Although the CCPCC motif is conserved in PI4KIIβ, only 50% of PI4KIIβ is membrane-associated, and approximately half of this pool is only peripherally attached to the membranes. Growth factor stimulation or overexpression of a constitutively active Rac mutant induces the translocation of a portion of cytosolic PI4KIIβ to plasma membrane ruffles and stimulates its activity. Here, we demonstrate that membrane-associated PI4KIIβ undergoes two modifications, palmitoylation and phosphorylation. The cytosolic pool of PI4KIIβ is not palmitoylated and has much lower lipid kinase activity than the membrane-associated kinase. Although only membrane-associated PI4KIIβ is phosphorylated in the unique N-terminal region, this modification apparently does not influence its membrane binding or activity. A series of truncation mutants and α/β chimaeras were generated to identify regions responsible for the isoform-specific behaviour of the kinases. Surprisingly, the C-terminal approx. 160 residues, and not the diverse N-terminal regions, contain the sites that are most important in determining the different solubilities, palmitoylation states and stimulus-dependent redistributions of PI4KIIα and β.
Complementary regulation of TBC1D1 and AS160 by growth factors, insulin and AMPK activators
Authors: Chen Shuai , Murphy Jane , Toth Rachel , Campbell David G. , Morrice Nick A. , Mackintosh Carol
Published: January 2008

AS160 (Akt substrate of 160 kDa) and TBC1D1 are related RabGAPs (Rab GTPase-activating proteins) implicated in regulating the trafficking of GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) storage vesicles to the cell surface. All animal species examined contain TBC1D1, whereas AS160 evolved with the vertebrates. TBC1D1 has two clusters of phosphorylated residues, either side of the second PTB (phosphotyrosine-binding domain). Each cluster contains a 14-3-3-binding site. When AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is activated in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, 14-3-3s bind primarily to pSer237 (where pSer is phosphorylated serine) in TBC1D1, whereas 14-3-3 binding depends primarily on pThr596 (where pThr is phosphorylated threonine) in cells stimulated with IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), EGF (epidermal growth factor) and PMA; and both pSer237 and pThr596 contribute to 14-3-3 binding in cells stimulated with forskolin. In HEK-293 cells, LY294002 inhibits phosphorylation of Thr596 of TBC1D1, and promotes phosphorylation of AMPK and Ser237 of TBC1D1. In vitro phosphorylation experiments indicated regulatory interactions among phosphorylated sites, for example phosphorylation of Ser235 prevents subsequent phosphorylation of Ser237. In rat L6 myotubes, endogenous TBC1D1 is strongly phosphorylated on Ser237 and binds to 14-3-3s in response to the AMPK activators AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside), phenformin and A-769662, whereas insulin promotes phosphorylation of Thr596 but not 14-3-3 binding. In contrast, AS160 is phosphorylated on its 14-3-3-binding sites (Ser341 and Thr642) and binds to 14-3-3s in response to insulin, but not A-769662, in L6 cells. These findings suggest that TBC1D1 and AS160 may have complementary roles in regulating vesicle trafficking in response to insulin and AMPK-activating stimuli in skeletal muscle.
An insight into the mechanism of inhibition of unusual bi-subunit topoisomerase I fromLeishmania donovaniby 3,3′-di-indolylmethane, a novel DNA topoisomerase I poison with a strong binding affinity to the enzyme
Authors: Roy Amit , Das Benu Brata , Ganguly Agneyo , Bose Dasgupta Somdeb , Khalkho Neeta V. M. , Pal Churala , Dey Sumit , Giri Venkatachalam Sesha , Jaisankar Parasuraman , Dey Sanjit , Majumder Hemanta K.
Published: January 2008

DIM (3,3′-di-indolylmethane), an abundant dietary component of cruciferous vegetables, exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. In the present study, we show that DIM is a potent inhibitor of Leishmania donovani topoisomerase I with an IC50 of 1.2 μM. Equilibrium dialysis shows that DIM binds strongly to the free enzyme with a binding constant of 9.73×10−9 M. The binding affinity of DIM to the small subunit is 8.6-fold more than that of the large subunit of unusual LdTOP1LS (bi-subunit L. donovani topoisomerase I). DIM stabilizes topoisomerase I–DNA cleavage complexes in vitro and also in vivo. Like CPT (camptothecin), DIM inhibits the religation step when the drug was added to preformed topoisomerase I–DNA binary complex. Hence, DIM is similar to CPT with respect to its ability to form the topoisomerase I-mediated ‘cleavable complexes’ in vitro and in vivo. But unlike CPT, DIM interacts with both free enzyme and substrate DNA. Therefore DIM is a non-competitive class I inhibitor of topoisomerase I. DIM also inhibits the relaxation activity of the CPT-resistant mutant enzyme LdTOP1Δ39LS (N-terminal deletion of amino acids 1–39 of LdTOP1LS). The IC50 values of DIM in simultaneous and enzyme pre-incubation relaxation assays were 3.6 and 2.9 μM respectively, which are higher than that of wild-type topoisomerase I (LdTOP1LS), indicating that the affinity of DIM to LdTOP1Δ39LS is less than that for LdTOP1LS. This is the first report on DIM as an L. donovani topoisomerase I poison. Our study illuminates a new mode of action of enzyme inhibition by DIM that might be exploited for rational drug design in human leishmaniasis.
The interfacial tension and phase diagram of the Widom-Rowlinson mixture via Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Djikaev Yuri
Published: January 2008

Results of Monte Carlo simulations are reported for the interfacial tension between two fluid phases in a binary mixture of penetrable spheres in which molecular pairs of like species do not interact, while those of unlike species interact as hard spheres. Semigrand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations in a cubic cell with periodic boundary conditions are used to obtain histograms for various system sizes at various densities. At a given density, the interfacial tension and compositions of coexisting phases for an infinite system are evaluated via histogram analysis combined with finite-size scaling. The density dependence of the interfacial tension and phase diagram for an infinite system are thus obtained. The simulated behavior of the interfacial tension close to the critical density corroborates previous suggestions that the model belongs to the three-dimensional Ising universality class.
Briefings Point Out Special, Low-Cost Research Opportunities
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram M.
Published: January 2008

In an effort to highlight for government funding officials “areas in which incremental funding may lead to major advances,” a research briefing panel headed by Hans Frauenfelder (University of Illinois) and APS president Mildred Dresselhaus (MIT) conducted a series of briefings in Washington last Fall on “Selected Opportunities in Physics.” At the request of the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy and the NSF, the panel had selected emergent fields of physics research in which, they felt, modest additional funding would exert “high leverage toward rapid progress.” Large facilities and well-established research programs were explicitly excluded from consideration.
Zeta Revisited: Have We Really Seen the Higgs?
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: January 2008

Much excitement was generated last summer at the XXII International Conference on High Energy Physics in Leipzig by the Crystal Ball collaboration's report of evidence for a curious new particle, the 8.32-GeV “zeta” boson, that might well have been the long-sought-after Higgs particle. In October (PHYSICS TODAY, page 18) we reported that this hint of the Higgs had set in motion considerable activity among particle theorists, because these data were not entirely consistent with the simplest Higgs particle one might have expected.
Stellar Companion Appears to be Giant Planet
Authors: Helfand David
Published: January 2008

Is Jupiter as large as a planet can be? Are the Sun's faint neighbors, with roughly 10% of its mass, the smallest stars? There is no apparent physical reason that objects in the mass range of 5 to 50 times the mass of Jupiter should not exist, and although the properties of such objects have not been well explored theoretically, their existence has important implications for a number of fields in physics and astronomy.
NRC Panel Assesses Magnetic Materials Research
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: January 2008

“The present separation in much of the magnetics community between fundamental and applied activities is detrimental to the development of new [magnetic] materials and applications…. This split manifests itself in departmental boundaries within universities as well as in professional conferences. Magnetic technology has now reached a level of sophistication where this gap [between physicists and engineers] must be closed….” This is one of several key conclusions drawn by the National Research Council's Committee on Magnetic Materials and cited in the report of their deliberations recently published by the National Academy Press.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Hauptman and Karle
Authors: Schechter Bruce
Published: January 2008

Although the Nobel Prize has been frequently awarded to researchers who have applied the techniques of x-ray crystallography to the determination of molecular structure, x-ray crystallography as a mature science has seldom been recognized by the Nobel committee. This oversight was redressed when the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Herbert A. Hauptman of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, New York, and Jerome Karle of the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structure.” Many chemists and biologists who rely heavily on the methods developed by Hauptman and Karle feel that the prize was long overdue.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of mass on the dynamics of gas/organic-surface energy transfer
Authors: Alexander William A. , Day B. Scott , Moore H. Justin , Lee T. Randall , Morris John R. , Troya Diego
Published: January 2008

The effect of mass on gas/organic-surface energy transfer is explored via investigation of the scattering dynamics of rare gases (Ne, Ar, and Kr) from regular (CH3-terminated) and ω-fluorinated (CF3-terminated) alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) at 60kJ∕mol collision energy. Molecular-beam scattering experiments carried out in ultrahigh vacuum and molecular-dynamics simulations based on high-accuracy potentials are used to obtain the rare-gases’ translational-energy distributions after collision with the SAMs. Simulations indicate that mass is the most important factor in determining the changes in the energy exchange dynamics for Ne, Ar, and Kr collisions on CH3- and CF3-terminated SAMs at 60kJ∕mol collision energy. Other factors, such as changes in the gas-surface potential and intrasurface interactions, play only a minor role in determining the differential dynamics behavior for the systems studied.