bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan Speeded-Up Robust Feature pada Random Forest Untuk Klasifikasi Motif Songket Palembang
Authors: Yohannes Yohannes , Devella Siska , Pandrean Ade Hendri
Published: February 2020

Songket is a historical heritage in the city of Palembang. Where Songket has many different types and motifs. Besides having historical value, Palembang's original Songket has high quality and complexity in the manufacturing process. As known Palembang Songket has a lot of motives, one of the ways to recognize Palembang Songket is through its motives, so that research was conducted for the classification of Palembang Songket motifs. The method used to extract features is the Speeded-Up Robust Feature (SURF), while the classification method is Random Forest. The process of forming the SURF feature is divided into two stages, the first stage is Interest Point Detection, which consists of Integral Images, Hessian Matrix Based Interest Points, Scale Space Representation and Interest Point Localization, the second stage of Interest Point Description consists of Orientation Assignment and Descriptor Based on Sum Haar Wavelet Responses. The resulting feature is used for the Random Forest classification. This study used 345 images of Palembang Songket motifs, among others, Bunga Cina, Cantik Manis and Pulir. The images taken are based on 5 colors from each Palembang Songket motif. For the separation of data there are 300 images used as data train and 45 images for testing data. From the tests that have been done the results of the overall overall accuracy are 68.89%, per class accuracy 79.26%, precision 69.27, and recall 68.89%.
Evaluasi Deteksi Smell Code dan Anti Pattern pada Aplikasi Berbasis Java
Authors: Sujadi Sendy Ferdian
Published: February 2020

This paper presents an evaluation result of smell code and anti pattern detection in java based application development. The main objective to be achieved in this research is to determine the proper way in the detection of smell code and anti pattern in the development of java based software, and to evaluate the impact of using code inspection tools and software metrics to refactoring code in java based software development. Smell code to be detected in this research is Long Parameter List, Large Class, Lazy Class, Feature Envy, Long Method, and Dead Code. Anti pattern that will be detected is The Blob / God Class and Lava Flow. The selection of smell code and anti pattern is based on the definition, characteristics, detection factor, and software metrics. To support the research process is done through the evaluation stage of a case study java based application as a sample for inspection of code for the detection of smell code and anti pattern and calculation software metrics. Case studies of selected applications as sample applications are E-Commerce applications with functional master data management of goods and customers as well as management of sales and payment transactions. The detection of the smell code and anti-pattern on the case study is done in stages so it can be determined whether or not to refact. As well as ensuring the technique of making the program better fit the characteristics and rules of object-oriented programming.
Analisis SLA 2014,2016,2017 dan 2018
Authors: Gantini Tiur , K. Yefta Saron K Yefta , Al Wafy Brilliant Wardah , Tantra Limikif Belusi
Published: February 2020

Layanan teknologi informasi merupakan layanan bidang teknologi informasi yang selanjutnya dalam tulisan ini akan disebut dengan istilah layanan TI. Layanan TI memberikan dukungan untuk semua kegiatan operasional sebuah organisasi, termasuk Universitas Kristen yang memiliki sebuah bidang sistem dan teknologi informasi yang berada dibawah Direktorat Informasi. Bidang ini memerlukan sebuah pengelolaah yang baik dan telah mendefinisikan layanan TI sejak tahun 2014 kedalam bentuk Service Level Agreement (SLA). Namun sejak dibuat SLA tersebut belum pernah dilakukan analisis terhadap SLA yang ada. Oleh karenanya dilakukan analisis dari tahun 2016-2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis layanan TI dengan menggunakan sumber data utama SLA. Metode penelitian berupa observasi SLA dan dokumen mutu, wawancara dengan pihak terkait, menganalisis setiap layanan dengan beberapa alat yang sesuai, serta penyebaran survey kepada pengguna layanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan SLA telah dijalankan sesuai dengan taget namun setiap kegiatan layanan TI harus didukung sepenuhnya oleh dokumentasi lengkap agar pada saat pengukuran kinerja berikutnya dapat lebih menunjukkan pengukuran yang handal dan terpercaya.
Perancangan Aplikasi Sistem Pakar Penyakit Roseola Dengan Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor
Authors: Putri Lola Fida
Published: February 2020

Measles Roseola usually attacks infants with transmission from a sprinkling of sufferers' saliva. Roseola must be treated quickly because it can cause liver and brain inflammation. Roseola's disease for people whose economy is low is not given much attention because it is often diagnosed in severe or acute illness. This is because the red rash in infants is a common measles. Early diagnosis of Roseola's disease is a good way to avoid adverse consequences for the baby's health. The Roseola disease expert system is able to help low-income people to self-diagnose the disease. Roseola's disease expert system is applied knowledge gained from experts, namely specialist dermatologists in children. Processing of symptoms based on facts with the value and calculation of the Certainty Factor method. Certainty Factor determines good results by combining expert values and user values.
Analisis Manajemen Risiko Menggunakan ISO 31000 pada Smart Canteen SMA XYZ
Authors: Ramadhan Dewangga Lazuardi , Febriansyah Ronie , Dewi Renny Sari
Published: February 2020

Risk is a danger, the consequences or consequences that can occur due to an ongoing process or a future event. Risk always confronts individuals and various institutions, including business organizations. In the business world, risk can be interpreted as an external or internal factor that can cause uncertainty in the effort to achieve the desired goals. Therefore, we need a management called risk management. Risk management is a process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, controlling, and trying to avoid, minimize, or even eliminate unacceptable risks. In a company, risk management is a process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of an organization to minimize the risk of corporate revenue. The application of risk management usually uses ISO in accordance with risk analysis and the area to be focused. The stages of risk management analysis itself are, 1. Risk Collection, 2. Determining Scale, and 3. Risk Matrix. The results obtained from the risk management analysis will be in the form of suggestions, recommendations and mitigations.
Implementasi Algoritma AES Untuk Pengamanan Login Dan Data Customer Pada E-Commerce Berbasis Web
Authors: Mustika Laila
Published: February 2020

In the field of E-Commerce website security is very necessary considering that many cyber crimes target commercial websites. Some that need to be secured are logins, because logins are confidential and important to access a website that has account access rights. In addition, customer data also needs to be secured data from people who do not have access rights, to prevent and avoid data changes and destruction. If customer data is known by parties who do not have access rights, the data can be misused and can lead to fraud cases. Therefore an algorithm is needed to secure the website. One of the algorithms that can be used to secure a website is cryptography. In cryptography messages or important and confidential data are encrypted and described using a symmetric key or asymmetric key that is only known by the authorities. There are several methods of cryptographic algorithm that can be applied to it, one of them is the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) method. AES algorithm has a block length of 128 bits and is able to support key lengths of 128, 192, and 256bit, besides that AES algorithm is cheaper in cost and more easily implemented in small memory. The results of the application of the AES Algorithm make the website safer and it is hoped that customers will increase with increased website security and customer trust
Penerapan Data Mining Untuk Memprediksi Pemesanan Bibit Pohon Dengan Regresi Linear Berganda
Authors: Panggabean Devi Sari Oktavia , Buulolo Efori , Silalahi Natalia
Published: February 2020

Data mining, often also called knowledge discovery in database (KDD), is an activity that includes collecting, using historical data to find order, patterns or relationships in large data sets. Outputs from data mining can be used to improve future decision making. Problems that often occur in BPDASHL are estimation problems such as weather, difficulties in planting, lack of labor, lack of experience in tree nurseries, and different soil conditions. Another problem that is found in agencies is that they do not have a system to predict estimated tree seedlings orders every year so that a method is needed, namely the Multiple Linear Regression Algorithm. So with this was made the Application of Data Mining To Predict Ordering Tree Seeds With Multiple Linear Regression. Multiple Linear Regression Algorithms which are methods that support estimating or predicting order targets for the coming period. Algorithm testing is done using SPSS software. From the results of the research that has been done, it can help BPDASHL to make it easier to predict the ordering of seeds using SPSS Software
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Modul Pembelajaran Satwa Untuk Anak Berbasis Mobile Augmented Reality
Authors: Fathoni Kholid , Setiowati Yuliana , Muhammad Rozy
Published: February 2020

Education in children is a very important part of life to achieve success in the future. Early on, children must be taught knowledge, especially related to the daily environment, including: introduction of animals. Among the characteristics of children's learning is interesting. So far, conventional learning in the form of books makes children bored, so it takes creativity or interactive learning methods, one of which is multimedia-based learning. One of the multimedia technology developed at this time is augmented reality. Mobile augmented reality based applications can be used as learning media for animal recognition for children. This interactive learning media based on Mobile Augmented Reality, called ARnimal, combines picture books and augmented reality applications. The markers contained in the picture book will be captured by the camera from the mobile device and then processed and appear animated 3D animals on the screen in realtime. By combining the real and virtual world, ARnimal can stimulate the imagination of children so that children are more enthusiastic in learning. The results of this ARnimal trial on several types of smartphones show that all ARnimal functions are running well. ARnimal was also tested on some children who were accompanied by their parents and the results of the questionnaire showed that the application was easy to use, helped with education, had similarities with real animals and had an attractive appearance.
التحليل الجغرافي للصناعات الغذائية في مدينة الكوت دراسة في جغرافية الصناعة
Authors: عباس مجيد محمد
Published: February 2020

التحليل الجغرافي للصناعات الغذائية في مدينة الكوت دراسة في جغرافية الصناعة
أسلوبية تركيب البيت الشعري في حائية ابن زيدون (ت 463 هـ)
Authors: عجيل صاحي كريم
Published: February 2020

أسلوبية تركيب البيت الشعري

في حائية ابن زيدون (ت 463 هـ)
أبو طالب الانباري-سيرته وآثاره العلمية
Authors: حسين علي السويطي محمد
Published: February 2020

أبو طالب الانباري-سيرته وآثاره العلمية
في الأعراف والتشريعات الأخمينية (559 -330ق.م) الزواج والطلاق
Authors: سمار سعد عبود , أنعيس رسل أسعد
Published: February 2020

تُسلط الدراسة الضوء على الزواج والطلاق في الأعراف والتشريعات الأخمينية (559-  330ق.م)، فاستعرضنا فيها مراسيم الزواج، وعقد الزواج، وأطراف هذا العقد، والتشريعات  الخاصة بالزواج، وما شهدته تقاليد الزواج من تغيرات في المفاهيم، وتأثرها بقوانين الزواج في بلاد الرافدين، وتطرقت الدراسة إلى تجهيزات العرس والهدايا التي تقدمها أسرة الفتاة إلى زوج ابنتهم. وعُنيت الدراسة في بيان أسباب الطلاق ونتائجه، واستعرضت الدراسة أيضاً تعدد الزوجات، وظاهرة غاية في الأهمية عرفتها الدولة الأخمينية هي زواج المحارم.
موقف حوزة النجف الاشرف من التطورات الداخلية في ايران أواخر العهد القاجاري
Authors: عجة حسنين عبد الكاظم , رديف زهراء عباس
Published: February 2020

تعد الحوزة العلمية في النجف الأشرف محور اهتمام العديد من الباحثين، لأنها تمتعت بقوة مؤثرة على سير الأحداث في العالم الإسلامي، لاسيما على بلاد فارس أثناء حكم القاجار، الذين تأثرت سياساتهم كثيراً بتوجهات مراجع حوزة النجف الأشرف وفتاواهم.

وتركز دراستنا هذه على اثر حوزة النجف الأشرف على سياسة القاجار في بلاد فارس، ودورها في استقطاب الشارع الفارسي ضد تجاوز حكومته  على بعض حقوقه، واثر ذلك كله على سياسة الشاهاتالقاجار ازاء مواطنيهم، واعطينا نماذج لذلك الأثر في احداث سياسية مهمة في بلاد فارس منها ثورة التنباك التي نشبت بناءاً على فتوى اية الله الشيرازي وانتهت الى اضطرار الشاهاتالقاجار الى الغاء الامتياز، وشكلت الحوزة المحور الذي حرك احداث الثورة الدستورية عام 1905 والتداعيات التي تلتها، وانتهت الى اخضاع اخر شاهاتالقاجار الى رؤى مراجع الحوزة، وتطلعات مواطنيهم، وظلت الحوزة تباشر دورها واستمر موقفها المؤثر ازاء تطورات الاحداث في بلاد فارس بشكل اضطرت معه القوى النافذة في بلاد فارس الى كسب ود مراجع حوزة النجف الأشرف، لاسيما رضا خان الذي بعد نجاح انقلاب شباط 1921 تقرب الى ابرز مراجع حوزة النجف الأشرف وتظاهر بالالتزام برؤاهم وتوجهاتهم، واظهر نفسه بمظهر الرجل المتدين المتمسك بثوابت التشيع وطقوسه، وحاول رضا اقناع مراجع الحوزة بانهاء الحكم القاجاري ودعم قيام نظام جمهوري، وحينما فشل تظاهر بطاعتهم وافاد من دعمهم لانهاء حكم القاجار والتدشين لحكم بلاد فارس بوصفه اول شاهات الاسرة البهلوية عام 1926.
الأثر الفلسفي في توظيف الزمن الصيغي عند النحاة
Authors: خضير حسين علي
Published: February 2020

ما تزال فكرة الزمان مرتبطة بالحركة ، وفكرة عدم الزمان مرتبطة بالثبات ؛ الّذي يسمى بالحضور الدائم لما هو خارج الزمان أو فوق الزمان ، وليس زمانياً  ، وهو المولى تعالى ، فيعبّر عن هذا الوجود بالسرمد والأزل والدهر ، إذ لا تعلّق له بالحركة ، بل بالثبات والديمومة ؛ فالزمان المقصود بالبحث هو صورة الحركة ومقدارها ،  فلا يوجد إلّا مع الحركة ، ولا حركة إلّا مع وجود . فالارتباط بين الزمان والحركة ناشئ من كونه جزءاً منها ، فهو يمثل مقداراً من الحركة الذي لا يوجد إلّا معها.

ونلحظ من هذا التلازم الفلسفي ما يشير إلى الأبعاد الفلسفية للزمان المتمثلة بـ"الماضي ، والحاضر ، والمستقبل" ، ومنها ما يتعلق بالوجود والحركة المقابلة للحدوث والتجدد والاستمرار والدوام ونحو ذلك من المصطلحات ، وهي إشارة تنفعنا للربط بينها وبين النظريات اللغوية التي تنبني عليها ؛ لأنّها داخلة في تحديد دلالات الأفعال وما يعمل عملها من الأوصاف أو ما يسمى بشبه الفعل كـالمشتقات الوصفية مثلاً ، وهي مرتبطة بالدلالات الثلاثة : " الحدثية ، والزمنية ، والذاتية " لكلّ منها ، وهو ما عبّر عنه ابن جني (ت392هـ) من قبل بالدلالة اللفظية "المعجمية" ، والصناعية "الوظيفية" ، والمعنوية "التلازمية" . وهو مبحث ناضج للدراسة في ضوء البحث الدلالي ضمن مستوى واسع من مستويات اللغة.

وانطلاقاً من حركة الوجود الإنساني تلك وعلاقتها بحركة الوجود اللغوي فإنّ العربية بلا شك لغة الزمن ؛ لقدرتها على التعبير والإيضاح بكلمات استوعبت الزمان استيعاباً دقيقاً بكل أبعاده واتجاهاته "قرباً وبعداً واستمراراً واتصالاً وانقطاعاً" وغيرها ، وقد بلغت العربية في هذا مبلغاً كبيراً من الارتقاء ، وخطت خطوات واضحة في استعمال تلك الدلالات الزمنية على المستوى الصّيغي  والسياقي ، وهي قد سايرت الزمن ، واستوعبت كلّ ما يصل إليه الفكر الإنساني وما تصل إليه مسيرة الحياة .
التحليل المكاني للمواكب الحسينية في مدينة الكوت
Authors: عطاالله عبد الجليل ضاري , كاظم مروة جواد
Published: February 2020

ان الدراسة تهدف إلى معرفة واقع التوزيع المكاني للمواكب الحسينية في مدينة الكوت ومعرفة كفاءتها  بالنسبة لمساحة المدينة اذ تم معرفة ذلك من خلال تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS), واستخدم الأنماط الإحصائية كالجار الأقرب و المسافة المعيارية, اذ تتوزع المواكب على قطاعات المدينة الأربعة بشكل شبة متجانس هذا يدل على تجانس توزيع المواكب في المدينة .وصلة الجوار بين المواكب في قطاعات المدينة متباعدة وهذا يدل على ان توزيع  انتشارها بشكل منتظم في هذه القطاعات. اما المسافة المعيارية والمساحة المخدومة تتباين في ما بينها في قطاعات المدينة الأربعة .
الإرهاب "محاولة لتأصيل نظرة جديدة"
Authors: جاسم رفعت عبدالله , جاسم رفعت عبدالله
Published: February 2020

إن مشكلتنا الحقيقة نحن البشر لا تكمن في اختلاف ثقافاتنا ومعتقداتنا أو مذاهبنا؛ فالاختلاف في الثقافة أو العقيدة ليس سببا كافيا للنزاع والصراع بين البشر. ان مشكلتنا الحقيقية تكمن في تدهور أخلاقيات البعض من البشر ممن تمتلئ قلوبهم بالكراهية للآخرين؛ فالشخصية الإرهابية غير قادرة على الحب، ويترتب على هذا عدم القدرة على تقبل الآخر بل الرغبة في تصفية الآخر. يُضاف الى ذلك؛ التقاطعات والمصالح السياسية، والطمع والجشع وحب الذات والانانية. لذلك يمكن القول إن الارهاب عبارة عن مشكلة أخلاقية وليست عقائدية. كما ان هذا البحث يُظهر ان الارهاب لايتحرك بشكل فردي بل جماعي، وان الافراد المكونين للجماعة الارهابية تختلف اهدافهم وولاءاتهم ودوافعهم ومصالحهم. كذلك تمت الاشارة الى ان الارهاب هو ليس ظاهرة انسانية طبيعية مثله مثل العنف أو الجريمة؛ بل هو ظاهرة مصنوعة وتُنتَج في دهاليز دوائر المخابرات، وأن سبل مواجهة الارهاب يجب ان تبدأ بمواجهة الذات من خلال أشاعة ثقافة التقبل والمحبة، الى جانب إشاعة ثقافة تحمل المسؤولية وعدم القاء اللوم على الاخرين عند الفشل، وضرورة تعاون رجل الدين والسياسي لان الارهاب يتحرك بين هذين القطبين. كما أوضحنا ان محاربة الفساد هو المدخل الحقيقي لمحاربة الارهاب وبغير ذلك فان أي كلام عن مواجهة الارهاب هو كلام لامعنى له.
الكميت من وجهة نظر تاريخية
Authors: علي عبد زينب
Published: February 2020

الكميت من وجهة نظر تاريخية
الاستثناء بـ(إلّا) في الأجزاء العشرة الثانية من القرآن الكريم-نوعُهُ وإعرابُهُ-
Authors: نجمان حاجي سهيل
Published: February 2020

الاستثناء بـ(إلّا) في الأجزاء العشرة الثانية من القرآن الكريم-نوعُهُ وإعرابُهُ-
ابن الجزار القيرواني طبيباً ومؤرخاً 293-373هـ/906-984م
Authors: حلاوي سادسة
Published: February 2020

ابن الجزار القيرواني

طبيباً ومؤرخاً

293-373هـ/906-984م
The Psychometric Properties of the Sexual Experiences Survey – Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization Experiences in College Men
Authors: Anderson RaeAnn Elizabeth , Cahill Shawn P , Delahanty Douglas L.
Published: February 2020

Estimates of the rate of sexual victimization in college men vary wildly - likely due to the lack of validated measures. This study provides psychometric data on the Sexual Experiences Survey - Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) and basic descriptive characteristics of sexual victimization of college men via the SES-SFV. Participants (n = 405) completed a web survey containing the study measures; a subset of 69 participants completed the SES-SFV again 1-3 weeks later. Convergent validity correlations were consistent but modest in size. Two-week test retest reliability estimates varied widely by the type of sexual victimization assessed and scoring format used; dichotomous scores were the most reliable and category scores the worst. Over one in four participants (28%) reported experiencing sexual victimization at Time 1; most reported victimization frequencies greater than one (22.8% of sample). Using behaviorally specific items, one in seven reported experiencing rape (14.1%). The most common type of sexual victimization experienced was unwanted sexual contact. Rape acknowledgement among men who experienced rape (12.2%) was much lower than has been observed in women. Our results indicate mixed evidence for the reliability and validity of the SES-SFV in college men, highlight important characteristics of sexual victimization in college men, and demonstrate the need for further research on the best strategies for the assessment of sexual victimization in college men.
Three Economic Myths about Ageing: Participation, Immigration and Infrastructure
Authors: Murray Cameron
Published: February 2020

Population ageing due to longevity is one of the greatest successes of the modern era. However, it is widely thought to dramatically reduce workforce participation and overall output resulting in significant economic costs.This widely held view is wrong. Ageing countries have higher economic growth and the improved health and longevity of older people increases their economic contributions.High immigration is also thought to combat population ageing and be a remedy for these non-existent costs of ageing.This is wrong. Low immigration can affect the age structure by helping to stabilise the population, but high immigration has almost no long-run effect besides increasing the total population level. This creates bigger problems in the future.It is also widely thought that simply investing in infrastructure will accommodate high immigration and population growth at little cost.This too is wrong.Diseconomies of scale are a feature of rapid infrastructure expansion due to (1) the need to retrofit built-up cities, (2) the dilution of irreplaceable natural resources, and (3) the scale of investment relative to the stock of infrastructure.This ageing-immigration-infrastructure story is wrong on all three of its major points. Population ageing should be seen as the successful result of improvements in medical and health practices that have improved longevity and fostered a long-lived and economically productive society.
Smaller is better: Associations between personality and demographics are improved by examining narrower traits and regions
Authors: Elleman Lorien Grey , Condon David M , Holtzman Nicholas S. , Allen Victoria R. , Revelle William
Published: February 2020

The personality of individuals is clustered by geographic regions; a resident of a region is more similar to another resident than to a random non-resident. Research in geographical psychology often has focused on this clustering effect in broad regions, such as countries and states, using broad domains of personality, such as the Big Five. We examined the extent to which (a) a narrower geo- graphic unit, the U.S. ZIP Code, accounted for more variance explained in aggregating personality than a broader region, the U.S. state; and (b) progressively narrower personality traits (domains, facets, and nuances, respectively) provided more specificity in describing personality-demographic relationships. Results from this study (n_participants = 39, 886, n_zipcodes = 2, 074) indicated that the variance explained by aggregating personality was multiple times as large for U.S. ZIP Codes than for states (median = 4.4). At the level of personality domains, ZIP Code population density and income disparity were positively correlated with Openness and negatively correlated with Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Facets within each domain were differentially correlated with each demographic, which demonstrated that facets added specificity to the personality-demographic relationships beyond that of domains. Item-level analysis revealed the most specific finding: higher population density and income disparity were associated with politically liberal attitudes and beliefs of self-exceptionalism, while lower density and income disparity were associated with authoritarian attitudes and concern for abiding by rules and laws. Findings suggest that future studies in geographical and personality psychology could benefit from using the narrowest feasible unit of analysis.
A free and publicly available stimuli set for statistical learning experiments in language and music
Authors: Vuvan Dominique T , Wojcik Erica H
Published: February 2020

The ability to encode regularities from the environment and abstract these patterns into structured cognitive representations is called statistical learning. Currently, one of the most studied paradigms of statistical learning is a word segmentation task originally introduced in a landmark paper by Saffran, Newport, and Aslin (1996). In this paradigm, participants hear a continuous stream of artificial words without acoustic cues to the boundaries separating the words. Then, they are asked to discriminate between words and non-words in the artificial language. One of the barriers that has impeded research progress using this paradigm is the lack of stimulus standardization. This lack of standardization is inefficient, causing researchers to create new stimuli for each new line of experiments. Furthermore, it makes the comparison of methods and results between different experiments difficult, if not impossible. The goal of the current report is to introduce a publically available stimuli set for language (syllable) and music (tone) segmentation experiments of statistical learning. All stimuli, data, and code associated with the current report are available for download on Open Science Framework, and we report here our validation experiments for both sets of stimuli.
The West’s Teeth: IMF Conditionality During the Cold War
Authors: Akerman Ariel Kessel , Weller Leonardo , Pessoa Joao Paulo
Published: February 2020

Was the International Monetary Fund (IMF) susceptible to political pressure from the United States and its Western allies during the Cold War? To answer this question, we construct a new database containing the number of conditions applied to over 500 IMF loans since 1970 and analyze how the distance from a borrowing country to its closet communist neighbor affected the IMF conditionality. We show that the fund imposed fewer conditions on loans to countries geographically closer to the communist bloc. Results are stronger when neighboring communist countries were not part of the Warsaw Pact. This pattern persisted during the 1990s, when the fund helped former communist countries in their transition to market economies. However, we find no strong evidence of such discretionary treatment by the IMF after 2001, when thecontainment of communism had ceased to be the West’s top priority.
Towards the Promotion of Fuel Briquettes Using Municipal Solid Waste and Residual Biomass in Burundi
Authors: Manirakiza Norbert , Ndikumana Théophile , Jung C. Gisèle
Published: February 2020

The issue of domestic energy is still a major concern in developing countries. A sound knowledge of fuel characteristics is a major asset for their acceptability and their distribution. Samples of briquettes made partially with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) were collected in several companies with unknown characterization. This study intended first to characterize them for physical and chemical properties. Subsequently, energy content of the briquettes and the energy price are presented and compared to those of charcoal and peat, which is typically used by the local population as fuel. To classify the different briquettes according to their quality in terms of rate as well as their level in fire resistance, cooking tests and heating curves have been made. The calorific value of the studied briquettes varied from 12.3 to 18.6 MJ/kg compared to 32.5 MJ/kg for charcoal and 14.7 MJ/kg for peat. Consequently, their value as viable substitutes for charcoal or peat is apparent. However, some samples burn very quickly and do not provide prolonged heating while other samples have a slow rate of combustion and release little energy. Finally, the briquettes using MSW have a low price between $0.16 and $0.19/kg compared to the price of $0.53/kg for charcoal and $0.20/kg for peat. The promotion of these briquettes as a valuable substitution fuel is proved and contribute to sustainable development by reusing MSW and avoiding deforestation.
Monitoring Supraglacial lakes Formation and Risk of Outburst Flooding in the Himalayan Cryosphere of Pakistan
Authors: Ashraf Arshad , Rustam Manshad
Published: February 2020

The dramatic rise in warm temperatures in the Himalayan region has caused the formation and expansion of numerous supraglacial lakes, some of which pose a serious flood hazard for the downstream communities. In this study, we have investigated the risk of flood hazards associated with supraglacial lakes in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan ranges of Pakistan using Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) data of 2013 and field observations. Among the total of 438 supraglacial lakes, the majority were identified in the Karakoram (378) followed by the Hindu Kush range (39). The concentration of lakes was high within 3500-4000 m elevation (168) followed by 4000-4500 m elevation range (116). The lakes had shown more than a two-fold increase during the 2001-2013 period in the three mountain ranges. The increase in lake number was pronounced over valley glaciers likely due to increasing hydro-glacial activity under changing climate. Two types of supraglacial lakes were identified based on geographic characteristics, for example those rolling over glaciers surface away from the margins (called rolling supraglacial lakes ‘RSLs’) and the lakes found near the margins of glaciers mostly stationary in nature (called static supraglacial lakes ‘SSLs’). Most of the glacial lakes outburst flood (GLOF) events have been observed from SSLs in this region. However, the hydrodynamic process exaggerating the risk of GLOF from supraglacial and englacial lakes needs in-depth research for effective disaster risk reduction in this region in future.
Role of Intra-Specific Varietal Mixture in Pollination Services: A Case Study in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: P Mainali Ram , Bista Sanjaya , B Gurung Suk , Bhusal Bikash , C Gouli Ram
Published: February 2020

Buckwheat is one of the crops on which pollination services from honeybees and other insect pollinators are necessary for obtaining quality and higher grain yield. Increasing plant biodiversity is an important strategy to attract and restore pollinators in an agro-ecosystem. Among many ways to increase plant biodiversity, the present study aimed to identify whether the increasing intra-specific crop diversity enhances pollinator diversity in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). The field experiment was conducted at research field of Hill Crop Research Program, Kabre, Dolakha district, Nepal at an altitude of 1750 m asl during 2016. Thirteen treatments, each representing either a single or combination of two or three buckwheat genotypes were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. Pollination diversity or richness as well as their foraging behavior in the buckwheat flowers and associated yield parameters were measured for each treatment. Plots with higher intra-specific varietal mixture were found to attract more pollinators and had higher yield than plots with two or single genotypes. Pollinator visitation was higher during morning hour of the day (9 am to 10 am), which was followed by mid-day (12 noon to 1 pm) and the least visitation was observed during late afternoon (3 pm to 4 pm). The benefit of increasing intra-specific crop diversity on pollination services is not optimized and practiced under current farming practices. Hence, multi-location and multi-season studies are recommended to strengthen the current findings for future endeavors.
Electrical and Thermal Characterisation of Millscale Modified Sn-Cu Lead-Free Solders
Authors: Sekunowo Olatunde , Durowaye Stephen , Fashakin Gbenga
Published: February 2020

Lead-free solders are gaining much attention as a result of legislation against the inclusion of lead and other hazardous materials in solders used in joining electronic components. This study investigated the effect of iron millscale (IMS) modified tin-copper (Sn-Cu) alloy on the electrical resistivity, electrical, and thermal conductivities of the solder samples under increasing applied current. The input materials consist of tin, zinc and iron millscale while the copper was varied from 0.2 – 1.0 wt. %. Fabrication of the alloy employed metal casting technique followed by relevant test samples preparation for characterisation in terms of microstructure, electrical, and thermal conductivities. Results show that the sample with 1 wt. % Cu addition exhibited the highest electrical and thermal conductivity values of 9967.9 S/m and 11.24 x 10-5 W/mK respectively at applied current value of 600 A with the lowest resistivity of 1 x 10-4 (Ωm). The solder alloy microstructure confirmed the presence of Cu6Sn5-FeO intermetallic phase dispersed in Sn matrix forming a continuous network. Contribution to the overall desirable performance of the solder alloy may have stemmed from the strong and coherent inter-crystal cohesion between the Cu6Sn3 and FeO phases which resulted in improved electrical and thermal conductivities of the as cast solder. The grade of solder alloy fabricated is adjudged suitable for assembling electronic components in industrial plant control panels.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Finger-Millet Harvesting Machine
Authors: Ghimire Subodh Kumar , Awal Rabina , Paneru Prabin , Bokati Praveen , Wasti Sanjita
Published: February 2020

Millet harvesting in Nepal is done by conventional method using sickle which is too tedious, time consuming, and inefficient. In this research, a portable millet harvest­ing machine is designed, fabricated, tested, and its economic analysis is done. This har­vesting machine is an approach to solve a real time problem of a millet harvesting. Hence, it can cut earheads and straw separately at a time aimed mainly for the hilly region where a combine harvesting machine is of no use. The machine was tested on small densely planted areas. Machine was able to cut at speed of 1800rpm and power of 0.9kW whereas with decrease in power to 0.7kW and rpm of 1440, cutting was not easy or clear. Manual power was used for motion of wheel, drum and conveyer while cutters were operated by engine power. Due to connection of wheel shaft with drum shaft by chain and sprocket, relatively high manual power was required to push the machine.
Activated Carbons Derived from Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Seeds with Excellent Iodine Adsorption Properties
Authors: Mallick Aabhash Kumar , Jha Abhimanyu , Pokharel Bhadra Prasad , Rajbhandari Rinita , Shrestha Rajeshwar Man
Published: February 2020

Activated carbons were prepared from date seed powder by chemical activation method using potassium hydroxide (KOH)as activating agent at different temperatures (400, 500, 600 and 700 °C). Date seed powder was impregnated with KOH (1:1weight ratio) and carbonizations were carried out under a constant flow of nitrogen (120 cc/min) in a tubular furnace. The activated carbons thus obtained were characterized by powder X- Ray diffraction and Raman scattering. XRD patterns revealed amorphous carbon structure, which was further confirmed by the Raman scattering. Surface morphology of ACs was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Date seed derived activated carbons showed good iodine adsorption properties giving iodine number value of 850mg/g, which is much higher than the commercial activated carbons. Therefore, KOH activated date seed derived carbons would have potential in dye adsorption and waste water treatments.
A Brief Review of Firefly Algorithm: Application in Structural Optimization Problem
Authors: Tripathi Sujan
Published: February 2020

Firefly Algorithm is a recently developed meta-heuristic algorithm, which is inspired by the flashing behaviour of Firefly. Initially, Firefly algorithm was used to solve the optimization problems of continuous search domain. Further, many researchers have successfully implemented this algorithm in several discrete optimization problems. Although the firefly algorithm behaves like another meta-heuristic method (i.e. Particle Swarm Optimization particle), however, the firefly is robust than that. Due to the presence of an exponential term in its movement equation, firefly algorithm is capable to search optimum value more efficiently than others. This study is, mainly, focused to show the strength of the firefly algorithm to solve the complex problems and to explore the possible research area on the structural engineering field. This study shows about the robustness of the firefly algorithm on the basis of recently published papers that was used to solve the size, shape and topology optimization of the spatial truss structure with discrete design variables. The review result shows that the performance of the Firefly Algorithm is remarkable compared to other nature-inspired-algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization. This study concludes with some remarkable points that will be more beneficial to the future researchers of this area.
On the Image Pixels Classification Methods
Authors: Ghimire Santosh
Published: February 2020

In this article, we first discuss about the images and image pixels classifications. Then we briefly discuss the importance of classification of images and finally focus on various methods of classification which can be implemented to classify image pixels.
Taxonomic significance of stomatal complex in fifteen species of Dendrobium Swartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal
Authors: Pradhan Baba Maiya , Bajracharya Devendra M.
Published: February 2020

Dendrobium Swartz is one of the largest and most problematic genus of the tribe Dendrobieae of the family Orchidaceae. Nepal harbors about thirty-one species of Dendrobium. Micro morphological characters like the stomatal complex in fifteen species of DendrobiumSwartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal were studied for understanding the taxonomic significance of stomatal complex within the genus. For the study of stomatal complex of leaf, Carpenter’smethod was followed. Stomatal index and stomatal frequency were calculated using formulagiven by Salisbury. The terminologies used for the stomatal complex type were followed those of Patel. In all species the leaf surface was found hypostamic. Tetracytic (a-tetra-monocyclic,b-tetra-monocyclic and c-tetra-monocyclic) and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclictypes of stomata were recorded in the genus. Tetracytic type was found in fourteen species and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclic was found in only one species. The elliptical shape of stomata was found in more species than the circular shape. The epidermal cells of leaf was found rectangular, square, polygonal to irregular. The distribution of stomata on leaf surface, type of stomata and shape of epidermal cells were found to be taxonomically significant. These characters could be used as distinguishing characters to delimit the species in the genus.
Ethnobotany and in vitro antimicrobial study of selected medicinal plants used by Magar community in Dhaubadi VDC, Nawalparasi district, Nepal
Authors: Nemkul Chandra Mohini , Shrestha Ila
Published: February 2020

Magars are one of the oldest tribes in Nepal having indigenous knowledge of health care practices. Dhaubadi VDC is homogenously inhabited with Magars. There are authentic healers and elder people having knowledge of traditional health care practices. Data of traditional knowledge about Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Premna barbata Wall ex Schaureand Lagestroemia parviflora Roxb. were collected with voucher specimens. Antimicrobial tests of these crude plant extracts were done against Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Salmonella typhi, klebsiella pneumoniae andEscherichia coli) bacteria. Aqueous extract of L. parviflora showed antimicrobial test against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Extract of O. indicum showed antimicrobial property against tested bacteria. Leaf extract of P. barbata showed antimicrobial property against S.typhi, S. aureus and E. coli but not to B. subtilis. The result of the research scientifically validated the traditional use of these plants as medicines.
Barriers to ICT use in EFL teacher education courses in Nepal: An activity theory perspective
Authors: Laudari Suman , Maher Damian
Published: February 2020

The effectiveness of pre-service teachers’ ICT training during teacher education course is often linked with the teacher educators’ (TEs’) practices. TEs’ digital practices, however, are under-studied, thus, are not fully understood. This study, which draws on the theoretical tenets of Activity Theory, reports on the factors that limit TEs’ digital practices in a context where technology use has just begun to evolve. Using a multi-method case study, this study collected data from EFL TEs and policymakers. The analyses of the policy data and interviews reveal that multiple factors constrain TEs’ digital practices. A key finding of the study is that factors related to ICT policies, training for TEs and resources hindered the use of technology by TEs. Implications of these are discussed.
Flood Analysis at Ramghat, Pokhara, Nepal Using HEC-RAS
Authors: Basnet Keshav , Acharya Deepak
Published: February 2020

Flooding in Ramghat area of Pokhara, Nepal is the major problem that has to be faced every year by the people residing nearby the area. Main goal of this study was to conduct the flood analysis of Seti River in Ramghat. Catchment area of the Ramghat was calculated to be 574.56 sq. km. using ArcGIS where the area above 5000 m elevation was 52 sq. km. and area below 3000 m elevation was 356 sq. km. Precipitation data of two meteorological stations, Pokhara airport and Lumle, were used in this research for the calculation of peak discharge. PCJ method (1996) was used to estimate the peak flood and also compared with the peak flood calculated using Modified Dicken's formula, WECS/DHM method, Rational method and Sharma and Adhikari (2004) method. Peak flood values were found to be 1918 m3/s and 2336 m3/s by PCJ method for return period of 50 years and 100 years respectively. The HEC-RAS modelling was performed for these flooding situations to determine the water surface profile along the eight cross-sections of the Ramghat. Finally, the floodplain map was prepared using the topographic map and the Google Earth Map. It was found that 50 years flood in Ramghat could inundate three cemetery shades situated along the river banks. Most importantly, 100 years’ peak flood was found more vulnerable for residential buildings too. The flood plain maps prepared in this study can be used by government authorities for planning, decision making, early warning system and disaster risk management. Additionally, the rating curve was prepared for the outlet section of Ramghat that can be used to estimate the river discharge during flooding in future.
Perspectives of Existing Storm Water Drainage in Pokhara
Authors: Shrestha Kishor Kumar
Published: February 2020

Addressing issues of waste water is one of the key challenges in the context of Nepal. Being in the highest rainfall area, storm water management is even more crucial in Pokhara. Storm water drains were designed and constructed in Pokhara about two decades ago. Total 50 kilometer long storm water drains have been built which covers the core city area of Pokhara. The design considerations were based on the then available references. Much has been changed since that time and the present data will give different drain cross sections. Further, the concept of discharging storm water in to water bodies without making any pollution need to be reviewed in terms of quality aspects. Review of quantitative as well as qualitative features of the storm water drains could enhance its function more effectively.
Features of dyssomnyas in primary episode of bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Mysula Yu.I. , Wenger O.P.
Published: February 2020

Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is one of the actual problems in modern psychiatry. The aim of the study is to investigate dyssomnia in patients with primary episode of BAD, taking into account, the sex and clinical features of the diseases debut. We have clinically examined 65 men and 88 women diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder in the period 2015–2019. It was found that dyssomnia is present in 98.3% of all patients, in 97.7% of men and in 98.7% of women with depressive variant of the primary episode of BAD, accordingly in 30.4%, 26.7% and 37.5% of patients with manic variant and at 100,0% of patients with mixed variant. The structure of sleep disorders varies significantly depending on the variant of the primary episode: with depressive, prevail night and early awakenings (100.0%), sleep disturbance (75.6%, 70.5%, and 78.7%), unstable sleep (47.9%, 59.1% and 41.3%, p<0.05), nightmares (12.6%, 13.6% and 12.0%); at manic — unstable sleep (73.9%, 73.3% and 75.0%), sleep disturbance (17.4%, 13.3% and 25.0%) and frequent night awakenings (13.0%, 13.3% and 12.0%), in the mixed variant — falling asleep (72.7%, 66.7% and 80.0%), unstable sleep (72.7%, 83.3% and 60.0%), frequent night awakenings (54.5%, 66.7%, and 40.0%), early awakening (36.4%, 50.0%, and 20.0%) and nightmares (27.3%, 16.7% and 40.0%). Thus, the primary episode of bipolar affective disorder is accompanied by a wide range of dyssomnias, among which the leading are disorders of depth and stability of sleep. Manifestations of dyssomnia vary depending on the clinical type of the primary episode of BAD: with the depressive variant, prevail night awakenings, early awakenings and sleep disturbances, with unstable sleep, and with mixed sleep disturbance and unstable sleep. Dyssomnia prevalence is highest for mixed and lowest for manic variants. In depressive men, unstable sleep was more common, and the other disorders of sleep in men and women were not significantly different.
Mnemonics for better and faster memorization of histology information for English-speaking students of medical and dental faculties
Authors: Сherepakha O.L. , Gadzhula N.G. , Goray M.A.
Published: February 2020

Medical students need quickly and efficiently memorize and process large amounts of information, and mnemonics help them with this. Unfortunately, there are very few mnemonics in the medical literature dedicated to the study of histology. The purpose of the study is to develop techniques to facilitate the memorization of significant amounts of histology information for English-speaking medical and dental students. The first letter mnemonics (acronyms) and visual mnemonic were developed, and the rhymes mnemonic and some first letter mnemonics were selected. The mnemonics listed above include: mnemonics of cytology for memorizing membrane organelles, the functions of the Golgi complex and mitosis phases; blood mnemonics to remember the number and names of granulocytes and agranulocytes and stages of erythropoiesis; connective tissue mnemonics to remember the type of collagen fibers in bone and cartilage; muscle tissue mnemonics to remember the first type of muscle fibers and sarcomere structure; mnemonics of nerve tissue to remember the number of axons that are surrounded by Schwann cells; mnemonics of the nervous system to remember the origin of climbing fibers and the position of the deep cerebellar nuclei; mnemonics of the integumentary system to remember the location of the layers of the epidermis; mnemonics of the endocrine system to remember hormones that are produced by the pituitary basophils as well as adrenal cortex zones and hormones produced in these zones.