bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Ultraviolet‐Visible Light‐Sensitive 2D‐MoS2/1D‐ZnO Heterostructure Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Jian , Liu Yiting , Zhang Xinglai , Ma Zongyi , Li Jing , Zhang Cai , Shaikenova Altynay , Renat Beisenov , Liu Baodan
Published: March 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have recently attracted extensive interest for building future optoelectronic devices. However, the limited light absorption, low photoresponsivity and slow response speed in visible range inhibit their further application. Here, we proposed a promising approach to realize the high‐performance photodetectors (PDs) by constructing 2D‐MoS2 flake/1D‐ZnO nanowire mixed‐dimensional heterostructures. The integration of 1D‐ZnO on p‐type or n‐type MoS2 to form the mixed‐dimensional 2D‐MoS2/1D‐ZnO heterostructure PDs not only broadens the light response range, but also improves the photoresponsivity and response time of 2D‐MoS2 flakes. Under the 365 nm light illumination, the photoresponsivity, external quantum efficiency and response time of p‐MoS2/n‐ZnO PDs are as high as 24.36 A/W, 8.28×103 % and 0.9 s, respectively. Under 532 nm light illumination, the photoresponsivity, external quantum efficiency and response time are estimated to be 0.35 A/W, 80.9 % and 140 ms, respectively. These properties are superior or comparable to the performance of other reported 2D‐MoS2 flake PDs. This work provides a possible strategy for the realization of high‐performance optoelectronic devices by the integration of 2D‐MoS2 and 1D‐ZnO to form mixed‐dimensional heterostructures.
Water, ice, and climate change in northwest Greenland
Authors: Nuttall Mark
Published: March 2020

Along the coastal areas of northwest Greenland, sea ice is crucial to people's livelihoods. People in the region have long depended on hunting marine mammals such as seals; walrus; narwhal, beluga, fin, and minke whales; and polar bears, as well as fishing for fjord cod, Greenland halibut, salmon, and Arctic char. Terrestrial animals such as reindeer and Arctic foxes have also been of some importance, as have musk ox in some areas. However, the effects of a changing climate on the marine environment are stark, immediate, and tangible. Ice is melting, and coastal waters are warming. Sea ice, glaciers, coastlines, and seas have become sites and objects for new forms of environmental governance shaped by ideas of unique and fragile ecosystems under threat at a moment of planetary crisis. Conservation organizations frame the Arctic as a zone of climate change crisis and have launched campaigns—underpinned by narratives of ruination—to protect what are termed last areas of ice. However, Inuit organizations are also working to ensure that environmental governance and conservation policymaking do not exclude local communities in the region and are campaigning for protected marine areas in which wildlife management systems and community‐based monitoring take note of indigenous rights and incorporate indigenous knowledge.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Human Water > Rights to Water

Human Water > Water Governance

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Computational predictions of two‐dimensional anode materials of metal‐ion batteries
Authors: Lin Jianyan , Yu Tong , Han Fanjunjie , Yang Guochun
Published: March 2020

The development of quantum‐mechanical approach and unbiased structure search technology plays an important role in accelerating the discovery of new materials. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in industrial and agricultural production and daily life. To improve the performance of LIBs and develop new types of batteries, it is necessary and urgent to design electrode materials with superior performance. With respect to bulk materials, two‐dimensional (2D) materials as anodes demonstrate unique advantages. Here, we survey recent progress of 2D anode materials identified or discovered by first‐principles calculations, placing emphasis on main group elements (e.g., carbon, boron, phosphorus), main group binary compounds, transition metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides. The basic requirements and theoretical descriptors of high‐performance anode materials are outlined. On the other hand, the challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed, which might provide an outlook for the future development.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
On the three‐dimensional stationary exterior Stokes problem with non standard boundary conditions
Authors: Louati Hela , Meslameni Mohamed , Razafison Ulrich
Published: March 2020

We study the three‐dimensional stationary exterior Stokes problem with non standard boundary conditions corresponding to a slip‐without‐friction boundary conditions. Because the flow domain is unbounded, we set the problem in weighted spaces in order to control the behavior at infinity of solutions. This functional framework allows to prescribe various behaviors at infinity of the solutions. The established results are related to the existence and the uniqueness of strong and very weak solutions. Our strategy relies on the fact that due to the boundary conditions, the pressure and the velocity can be decoupled and, as a result, we solve two separate systems to find these quantities.
Dynamics of black holes in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity
Authors: Suh S. Josephine
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We present a general solution for correlators of external boundary operators in black hole states of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity. We use the Hilbert space constructed using the particle-with-spin interpretation of the Jackiw-Teitelboim action, which consists of wavefunctions defined on Lorentzian AdS2. The density of states of the gravitational system appears in the amplitude for a boundary particle to emit and reabsorb matter. Up to self-interactions of matter, a general correlator can be reduced in an energy basis to a product of amplitudes for interactions and Wilson polynomials mapping between boundary and bulk interactions.
Flowing to $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 3 Chern-Simons-matter theory
Authors: Guarino Adolfo , Tarrío Javier , Varela Oscar
Published: March 2020

Abstract

New renormalisation group flows of three-dimensional Chern-Simons theories with a single gauge group SU(N ) and adjoint matter are found holographically. These RG flows have an infrared fixed point given by a CFT with $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 supersymmetry and SU(2) flavour symmetry. The ultraviolet fixed point is again described by a CFT with either $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 and SU(3) symmetry or $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 and G2 symmetry. The gauge/gravity duals of these RG flows are constructed as domain-wall solutions of a gauged supergravity model in four dimensions that enjoys an embedding into massive IIA supergravity. A concrete RG flow that brings a mass deformation of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 CFT into the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 CFT at low energies is described in detail.
Artificial intelligence, transparency, and public decision-making
Authors: de Fine Licht Karl , de Fine Licht Jenny
Published: March 2020

The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for making decisions in public affairs has sparked a lively debate on the benefits and potential harms of self-learning technologies, ranging from the hopes of fully informed and objectively taken decisions to fear for the destruction of mankind. To prevent the negative outcomes and to achieve accountable systems, many have argued that we need to open up the “black box” of AI decision-making and make it more transparent. Whereas this debate has primarily focused on how transparency can secure high-quality, fair, and reliable decisions, far less attention has been devoted to the role of transparency when it comes to how the general public come toperceiveAI decision-making as legitimate and worthy of acceptance. Since relying on coercion is not only normatively problematic but also costly and highly inefficient, perceived legitimacy is fundamental to the democratic system. This paper discusses how transparency in and about AI decision-making can affect thepublic’s perceptionof the legitimacy of decisions and decision-makers and produce a framework for analyzing these questions. We argue that a limited form of transparency that focuses on providing justifications for decisions has the potential to provide sufficient ground forperceived legitimacywithout producing the harms full transparency would bring.
Upregulated immuno-modulator PD-L1 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors provides a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target
Authors: Farschtschi Said , Kluwe Lan , Park Su-Jin , Oh Su-Jun , Mah Nancy , Mautner Victor-Felix , Kurtz Andreas
Published: March 2020

Background

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare aggressive sarcomas with poor prognosis. More than half of MPNSTs develop from benign precursor tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) which is a tumor suppressor gene disorder. Early detection of malignant transformation in NF1 patients is pivotal to improving survival. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the role of immuno-modulators as candidate biomarkers of malignant transformation in NF1 patients with plexiform neurofibromas as well as predictors of response to immunotherapeutic approaches.

Methods

Sera from a total of 125 NF1 patients with quantified internal tumor load were included, and 25 of them had MPNSTs. A total of six immuno-modulatory factors (IGFBP-1, PD-L1, IFN-α, GM-CSF, PGE-2, and AXL) were measured in these sera using respective ELISA.

Results

NF1 patients with MPNSTs had significantly elevated PD-L1 levels in their sera compared to NF1 patients without MPNSTs. By contrast, AXL concentrations were significantly lower in sera of NF1-MPNST patients. IGFBP-1 and PGE2 serum levels did not differ between the two patient groups. IFN-α and GM-CSF were below the detectable level in most samples.

Conclusion

The immuno-modulator PD-L1 is upregulated in MPNST patients and therefore may provide as a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in patients with NF1 and as a response predictor for immunotherapeutic approaches.
Isolation, Characterisation and Experimental Evolution of Phage that Infect the Horse Chestnut Tree Pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi
Authors: James Sarah L. , Rabiey Mojgan , Neuman Benjamin W. , Percival Glynn , Jackson Robert W.
Published: March 2020

Bleeding canker of horse chestnut trees is a bacterial disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, estimated to be present in ~ 50% of UK horse chestnut trees. Currently, the disease has no cure and tree removal can be a common method of reducing inoculum and preventing spread. One potential method of control could be achieved using naturally occurring bacteriophages infective to the causative bacterium. Bacteriophages were isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic horse chestnut trees in three locations in the South East of England. The phages were found to be belonging to both the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families by RAPD PCR and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental coevolution was carried out to understand the dynamics of bacterial resistance and phage infection and to determine whether new infective phage genotypes would emerge. The phages exhibited different coevolution patterns with their bacterial hosts across time. This approach could be used to generate novel phages for use in biocontrol cocktails in an effort to reduce the potential emergence of bacterial resistance.
Breadth search strategies for finding minimal reducts: towards hardware implementation
Authors: Choromański Mateusz , Grześ Tomasz , Hońko Piotr
Published: March 2020

Attribute reduction, being a complex problem in data mining, has attracted many researchers. The importance of this issue rises due to ever-growing data to be mined. Together with data growth, a need for speeding up computations increases. The contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) investigation of breadth search strategies for finding minimal reducts in order to emerge the most promising method for processing large data sets; (2) development and implementation of the first hardware approach to finding minimal reducts in order to speed up time-consuming computations. Experimental research showed that for software implementation blind breadth search strategy is in general faster than frequency-based breadth search strategy not only in finding all minimal reducts but also in finding one of them. An inverse situation was observed for hardware implementation. In the future work, the implemented tool is to be used as a fundamental module in a system to be built for processing large data sets.
Effect of food availability on offspring sex ratios in replacement clutches of Mew Gulls (Larus canus) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in the highly unstable environment of the Vistula River
Authors: Bukaciński Dariusz , Bukacińska Monika , Chylarecki Przemysław
Published: March 2020

The reproductive cost hypothesis predicts that parents with low investment capacity (e.g., those in poor condition) should produce the larger sex (usually males) less often so as to minimize the risk of current reproductive failure and/or a decrease in their residual reproductive value. The study aimed to test whether offspring sex ratio bias in replacement clutches of the Mew Gull (MG;Larus canus) and Black-headed Gull (BHG;Chroicocephalus ridibundus) exposed to different food conditions was in agreement with predictions of the reproductive cost hypothesis. Food availability was experimentally modified before egg laying. Our experimental treatment affected hatching sex ratio, being also significant the effect of laying order and species identity. For both gull species, parents that were provided with supplemental food had more sons at hatching than unfed (control) pairs. This was particularly so if they were fed until production of a replacement clutch. This gradient in hatching sex ratio was much more pronounced in MG than in BHG. In both gull species, sons hatched more often from first laid (A) than from second (B) or third-laid egg (C). Five days after hatching, the sex ratio of surviving chicks was dependent mainly on the experimental treatment and egg sequence. Unlike the time of hatching, there was no important effect of species × treatment interaction. In both gull species, the brood sex-ratio was clearly male-biased in parents receiving supplemental feeding. However, differences between experimental groups were less extreme than at hatching. Chicks hatched from C-egg had much lower survival than chicks from the first two eggs (A- and B-egg), irrespective of sex, treatment, or species. Supplementary feeding was associated with improved chick survival for both gull species, although this effect was dependent on chick gender. Surprisingly, in the case of control broods (i.e., broods whose parents did not receive supplementary food), male chicks survived better than female chicks, but the opposite was true for broods in which parents were fed. There was an overall tendency for higher survival of BHG chicks than MG chicks. During the early-chick period, competition between siblings and the related differentiated mortality of chicks from A-, B-, and C-eggs, constituted a mechanism which shaped the brood sex ratio bias. In this context, differences in the sex ratio bias in eggs of different rank (A, B, C) at hatching were important. The results appear to fulfil the expectations of the reproductive cost hypothesis. For the species with greater sexual dimorphism (MG), a relationship between the condition of parents and the expected bias of sex ratio was visible only at hatching, which may indicate that this feature is not significant in shaping the sex ratio bias in MG.
California Autism Prevalence by County and Race/Ethnicity: Declining Trends Among Wealthy Whites
Authors: Nevison Cynthia , Parker William
Published: March 2020

County-level ASD prevalence was estimated using an age-resolved snapshot from the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS) for birth years 1993–2013. ASD prevalence increased among all children across birth years 1993–2000 but plateaued or declined thereafter among whites from wealthy counties. In contrast, ASD rates increased continuously across 1993–2013 among whites from lower income counties and Hispanics from all counties. Both white ASD prevalence and rate of change in prevalence were inversely correlated to county income from birth year 2000–2013 but not 1993–2000. These disparate trends within the dataset suggest that wealthy white parents, starting around 2000, may have begun opting out of DDS in favor of private care and/or making changes that effectively lowered their children’s risk of ASD.
Epigenetic preconditioning with decitabine sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide via induction of MLH1
Authors: Gallitto Matthew , Cheng He Rossana , Inocencio Julio F. , Wang Huaien , Zhang Yizhou , Deikus Gintaras , Wasserman Isaac , Strahl Maya , Smith Melissa , Sebra Robert , Yong Raymund L.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

To improve the standard treatment paradigm for glioblastoma (GBM), efforts have been made to explore the efficacy of epigenetic agents as chemosensitizers. Recent data suggest possible synergy between decitabine (DAC), a DNA hypomethylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) in GBM, but the mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAC on TMZ sensitization in a consecutively derived set of primary GBM cultures, with a focus on mismatch repair (MMR) proteins.

Methods

Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TMZ were calculated in eleven consecutive patient-derived GBM cell lines before and after preconditioning with DAC. MMR protein expression changes were determined by quantitative immunoblots and qPCR arrays. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of bisulfite (BS)-converted PCR amplicons of the MLH1 promoter was performed to determine methylation status.

Results

TMZ IC50 significantly changed in 6 of 11 GBM lines of varying MGMT promoter methylation status in response to DAC preconditioning. Knockdown of MLH1 after preconditioning reversed TMZ sensitization. SMRT-BS sequencing of the MLH1 promoter region revealed higher levels of baseline methylation at proximal CpGs in desensitized lines compared to sensitized lines.

Conclusions

DAC enhances TMZ cytotoxicity in a subset of GBM cell lines, comprising lines both MGMT methylated and unmethylated tumors. This effect may be driven by levels of MLH1 via E2F1 transcription factor binding. Using unbiased long-range next-generation bisulfite-sequencing, we identified a region of the proximal MLH1 promoter with differential methylation patterns that has potential utility as a clinical biomarker for TMZ sensitization.
Emanzipation oder Reaktion: Wie konservativ ist die deliberative Demokratie?
Authors: Schäfer Andreas , Merkel Wolfgang
Published: March 2020

Ist die deliberative Demokratie ein konservatives Modell? Beruht es auf Mechanismen, die in systematischer Weise seinen emanzipatorischen Anspruch unterminieren? Der Aufsatz beantwortet diese Frage im Anschluss an KritikerInnen der deliberativen Demokratie in Hinblick auf drei Dimensionen. Die zeitliche Dimension betreffend wird untersucht, inwieweit das deliberative Modell einen den Status quo bewahrenden Charakter hat. In der sachlichen Dimension wird eine Tendenz zur Entpolitisierung diskutiert. Für die soziale Dimension thematisiert der Aufsatz die potenzielle Exklusion bestimmter sozialer Gruppen und ihrer Perspektiven aus dem Deliberationsprozess. In Auseinandersetzung mit einschlägigen Ansätzen der deliberativen Demokratietheorie und mit Befunden der empirischen Deliberationsforschung gelangt der Aufsatz zu einem differenzierten Bild. Demnach lassen sich potenziell konservierende Tendenzen in der deliberativen Demokratie auffinden. Gleichzeitig wird argumentiert, dass diese Tendenzen vermeidbar sind, wenn einerseits das genuin kritische Potenzial deliberativer Praxis gegenüber anderen Elementen des Modells hervorgehoben und andererseits die Notwendigkeit der institutionellen Einbettung deliberativer Prozesse in Verfahren der repräsentativen Demokratie berücksichtigt wird.
Statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection in machining
Authors: Denkena B. , Dittrich M.-A. , Noske H. , Witt M.
Published: March 2020

Numerous methods have been developed to detect process anomalies during machining. Statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection compute decision boundaries using information of normal running processes for process evaluation. In this paper, two statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection in machining based on envelopes are presented and compared. The proposed parametric approach assumes normal distributed envelopes to compute decision boundaries. However, experiments show that deviations from a normal distribution can reduce the monitoring quality. The new approach is non-parametric and employs kernel density estimation (KDE) to estimate the probability density function of the envelopes. Both approaches were evaluated for several machining processes. It is found that the parametric approach is robust against high scattering processes and yields low false alarm rates. By means of the selected safety factor, the number of detected anomalies can be increased using the non-parametric approach.
Temporal Variation in Resuspension Potential and Associated Nutrient Dynamics in Shallow Coastal Environments
Authors: Joensuu Mari , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2020

Sediment resuspension may play a major role in sediment-water exchange of nutrients, matter and energy in coastal areas where waves and currents dominate sediment transport. Biogeochemical sediment properties regulate sediment erodibility, but there is only limited knowledge of how temporal variability in environmental variables is reflected in the resuspension potential, especially for subtidal habitats. Further, the significance of resuspension on nutrient fluxes in coastal environments has remained unclear as contradicting results have been reported. Here we quantified the temporal variation in resuspension potential metrics (erosion threshold (τc; N m−2) and erosion constant (me; g N−1 s−1)) and associated nutrient fluxes from three sites in the Hanko archipelago (Finland) using a core-based erosion device (EROMES). The sites were sampled bi-monthly from April to December. We also quantified the temporal variation in biogeochemical sediment properties at each site. The τc exhibited the clearest temporal pattern in muddy sediment, where the coefficient of variation (= 67) was two to three times higher than the mixed (= 29) and sandy (= 16) sediments. Dry bulk density was the best predictor for sediment erodibility at all sites explaining 26–46% of the temporal variation in τc despite its limited variability at sandier sites. In addition, temporal variations in the macrofaunal community were important predictors of muddy sediment erodibility and therefore community dynamics need to be considered in sediment transport studies. All sites were potential nutrient sources, yet the overall role of sediment resuspension on nutrient release from the sediments was small.
Old bones or early graves? Megalithic burial sequences in southern Sweden based on 14C datings
Authors: Blank Malou , Sjögren Karl-Göran , Storå Jan
Published: March 2020

Megalithic tombs have since long been a focus of debate within the archaeological research field, not least regarding their emergence, use life and the various bursts of building activity in different regions and periods. The aim of this study is to investigate the temporal span of the main burial sequences in the conventional megalithic grave types of southern Sweden, with special focus on the less studied gallery graves. In Scandinavia, megalithic tombs are divided into three main types: dolmens, passage graves and gallery graves. Here, this prevailing typological seriation was tested. The study was based on 374 14C dates from unique individuals selected from 66 tombs. The form, layout and dating of the different types of tombs were studied in order to examine regional and chronological variation in the use of megaliths. By comparing sum plots, KDE models, individual 14C dates and typology of artefacts, the existing chronologies were evaluated. The 14C dates from dolmens and passage graves more or less agreed with the conventional chronology, while the presence of early skeletons in gallery graves was unexpected. The results indicate that megalithic graves appeared more or less simultaneously in southern Sweden and were first used around 3500–3300 cal BC. The dolmens and passage graves were used contemporaneously, although the proportion of early dates supports a slightly earlier start of the dolmens. Some of the gallery graves may also have been introduced at this time, although reburial of old bones cannot be ruled out.
Orbit deployment and drag control strategy for formation flight while minimizing collision probability and drift
Authors: Yoon Zizung , Lim Yeerang , Grau Sebastian , Frese Walter , Garcia Manuel A.
Published: March 2020

The compact form factor of nanosatellites or even smaller satellites makes them predestined for distributed systems such as formations, constellations or large swarms. However, when it comes to orbit insertion of multiple satellites, these ride share payloads have constrains in the deployment parameters such as sequence, direction, velocity and time interval. Especially for formation flight missions without propulsion, where the satellites should minimize their relative distance drift either passively or by atmospheric drag control, the initial ejection parameters must find a proper trade-off between collision probability and relative drift. Hence, this article covers short-term (first orbit) collision analysis, long-term (30 days) drift analysis and atmospheric drag control strategy for long-term distance control of multiple satellites. The collision analysis considers various orbit deployment parameters such as insertion direction and tolerance, orbital elements of insertion and time span. To cover the parameter space, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to identify the impact of these parameters. It showed that for collision probability the major factor is the time span between two ejections and the precision of the deployment vector. For long-term drift analysis, orbit perturbation such as atmosphere andJ2 terms are considered. The result showed that for drift minimizing, minimizing the along-track variation is more substantial than reducing the time span between ejections. Additionally, a drag control strategy to reduce the relative drift of the satellites is described. The results have been applied on the S-NET mission, which consists of four nanosatellites with the task to keep their relative distance within 400 km to perform intersatellite communication experiments. The flight results for orbital drift show equal or better performance (0.1–0.7 km/day) compared to the worst-case simulation scenario, implying that orbit perturbation was chosen correctly and all orbit injection tolerances were within specified range. The drag control maneuver showed good matching to the flight results as well with a deviation for the maneuver time of approximately 10%.
Modification of Attentional Bias to Emotional Faces Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in People with a Current Depression
Authors: Holas Paweł , Krejtz Izabela , Wisiecka Katarzyna , Rusanowska Marzena , Nezlek John B.
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an evidence-based treatment to prevent relapse in individuals with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). It is not clear if MBCT is an effective therapy for current depression, and it is not clear what mechanisms are responsible for the effectiveness of MBCT. Theoretically, MBCT is believed to modify the processing of emotional information and reduce cognitive vulnerability to depression; however, it is not clear if MBCT leads to normalization of attentional biases in depressed individuals. The aim of the current study was to determine if MBCT can modify some of the attentional biases underlying depression in MDD.

Methods

Participants were 53 individuals with diagnosis of current MDD. They were randomly assigned to either MBCT (n = 25) or wait list control group (n = 28) condition. Before and after the 8-week MBCT intervention participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CESD), they viewed slides presenting sad, angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions, and their eye movements were recorded during the viewing task.

Results

As expected, compared to participants in the control group, the CESD scores of participants who received MBCT decreased following treatment, their attention to sad faces decreased, and their attention to happy faces increased. Moreover, cross-lagged analysis suggested a causal link from changes in attentional bias to changes in depression.

Conclusions

We found that MBCT can modify the attentional processing of emotional facial stimuli and that attentional bias modification may translate into clinical improvement in currently depressed individuals.
An experimental investigation into enhancing oil recovery using combination of new green surfactant with smart water in oil-wet carbonate reservoir
Authors: Mosalman Haghighi Omid , Mohsenatabar Firozjaii Ali
Published: March 2020

Enhancing oil recovery from oil-wet carbonate oil reservoir is an important challenge in the world, especially in Middle East oil field. Surfactant and smart water can change the interfacial tension and wettability condition of this type of rock to water wet from oil wet. The present study follows the experimental work of the combination of new green surfactant with smart water to enhance oil recovery from a carbonate oil-wet rock. Wettability alternation and IFT reduction by surfactant, smart water and combination of surfactant with smart water were investigated experimentally. The results show that making surfactant solution using smart water can reduce oil saturation by reducing IFT and alter wettability conditions. The oil recovery factor at the end of water, surfactant and surfactant–smart water flooding was 36, 52 and 66%, respectively. It shows that combination of surfactant with smart water can help surfactant to be powerful.
Growth parameters and resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker are more important than wood density for increasing genetic gain from selection of Populus spp. hybrids for northern climates
Authors: Niemczyk Marzena , Thomas Barb R.
Published: March 2020

Key message

New genotypes of hybrid poplars from theAigeirosandTacamahacasections have great potential for increasing genetic gain from selection. The most promising traits are associated with productivity and resistance toSphaerulina musiva-induced canker while wood density can be selected for secondarily. A minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones in northern climates.

Context

Productivity, wood density, and disease resistance of hybrid poplar clones are important traits when selecting for cultivation at an industrial scale.

Aims

We studied 1978 hybrid poplar clones from 63 families, bred from poplars native (Populus balsamifera and Populus deltoides) and non-native to Canada from the Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections, to improve economically important traits for plantations in northern Alberta.

Methods

Genetic parameters for diameter at breast height (DBH), height, resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker, and wood density were determined up to age 10.

Results

A mean annual increment of 16.5 m3 ha−1 year−1 was achieved at age 10 in the best-performing clones. The potential genetic gain for DBH, height, and canker resistance, 37%, 26%, and ~ 13%, respectively, was achieved when selecting the top 10% of the tested clones. The genetic effect for wood density was weak. The age-age genetic correlations identified age eight as a reliable selection age.

Conclusion

The new hybrid poplar clones tested exhibited great potential for tree improvement. The next phase of selection should test a reduced number of clones on different site types, identifying stable clones for productivity and resistance, while wood density can be selected for secondarily. In northern regions, a minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones for commercial deployment.
Controversies on Public Religious Pedagogy: religious education in times of post-democratic populism, global warming and economization of education
Authors: Herbst Jan-Hendrik
Published: March 2020

In times of social crises, Public Religious Pedagogy is emerging as “a new paradigm in the field of Religious Pedagogy” (Manfred L. Pirner). This paper aims to strengthen this approach through a critical review. To achieve this, the theoretical foundations of Public Religious Pedagogy will be examined more closely in order to investigate their strengths and weaknesses. The result of these considerations is to expand historical sources and interdisciplinary references of Public Religious Pedagogy: It is necessary to interpret the concept more broadly. Finally, this article argues in favour of acriticalandpropheticPublic Religious Pedagogy.
On modeling blockchain-enabled economic networks as stochastic dynamical systems
Authors: Zhang Zixuan , Zargham Michael , Preciado Victor M.
Published: March 2020

Blockchain networks have attracted tremendous attention for creating cryptocurrencies and decentralized economies built on peer-to-peer protocols. However, the complex nature of the dynamics and feedback mechanisms within these economic networks has rendered it difficult to reason about the growth and evolution of these networks. Hence, proper mathematical frameworks to model and analyze the behavior of blockchain-enabled networks are essential. To address this need, we establish a formal mathematical framework, based on dynamical systems, to model the core concepts in blockchain-enabled economies. Drawing on concepts from differential games, control engineering, and stochastic dynamical systems, this paper proposes a methodology to model, simulate, and engineer networked token economies. To illustrate our framework, a model of a generalized token economy is developed, where miners provide a commodity service to a platform in exchange for a cryptocurrency and users consume a service from the platform. We illustrate the dynamics of token economies by simulating and testing two different block reward strategies. We then conclude by outlining future research directions that will integrate additional methods from signal processing and control theory into the toolkit for designers of blockchain-enabled economic systems.
Idiopathic congenital anomalous bands
Authors: Kerkeni Yosra , Aicha Bouden , Hamzaoui Mourad
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives: Purpose:

There are various causes and associated conditions in anomalous bands. Idiopathic congenital anomalous bands are extremely rare. The use of the term “congenital bands” may, in reality, not describe the same situation. The study aims to report our series of idiopathic anomalous bands and proposes an accurate and consistent classification of anomalous bands in order to clarify the origin of each band.

Methods:

This study, conducted from January 2005 to January 2018, included all patients admitted to the emergency departments with a clinical diagnosis of intestinal obstruction resulting from bands that have no identifiable embryological or acquired basis called “idiopathic”. Recorded operative findings included the site of obstruction and the operative procedure to relieve it.

Results:

The sample consists of seven boys and three girls with age range from one day to 9 years with symptoms and signs indicative of intestinal obstruction. Surgical intervention was performed, and intraoperative findings revealed a thick and vascularized idiopathic band, in different locations, which was responsible for intestinal obstruction in all patients. Clinical courses were uneventful in eight cases.

Conclusion:

Idiopathic anomalous congenital bands causing intestinal obstruction are not frequently encountered in surgical practice and these bands are often difficult to classify and define. We believe that our new classification is a practical communication tool for medical professionals to summarize and clarify the different types of anomalous bands.
Minimising induced drag with weight distribution, lift distribution, wingspan, and wing-structure weight
Authors: Phillips W.F. , Hunsaker D.F. , Taylor J.D.
Published: March 2020

Because the wing-structure weight required to support the critical wing section bending moments is a function of wingspan, net weight, weight distribution, and lift distribution, there exists an optimum wingspan and wing-structure weight for any fixed net weight, weight distribution, and lift distribution, which minimises the induced drag in steady level flight. Analytic solutions for the optimum wingspan and wing-structure weight are presented for rectangular wings with four different sets of design constraints. These design constraints are fixed lift distribution and net weight combined with 1) fixed maximum stress and wing loading, 2) fixed maximum deflection and wing loading, 3) fixed maximum stress and stall speed, and 4) fixed maximum deflection and stall speed. For each of these analytic solutions, the optimum wing-structure weight is found to depend only on the net weight, independent of the arbitrary fixed lift distribution. Analytic solutions for optimum weight and lift distributions are also presented for the same four sets of design constraints. Depending on the design constraints, the optimum lift distribution can differ significantly from the elliptic lift distribution. Solutions for two example wing designs are presented, which demonstrate how the induced drag varies with lift distribution, wingspan, and wing-structure weight in the design space near the optimum solution. Although the analytic solutions presented here are restricted to rectangular wings, these solutions provide excellent test cases for verifying numerical algorithms used for more general multidisciplinary analysis and optimisation.
Born Digital? Digitization and the Birth of the Moroccan National Archives
Authors: El Qadim Nora
Published: March 2020

This article examines the digitization policy of Archives du Maroc (AdM), Morocco’s national archival institution, which was set up in 2011 and opened in 2013. Given its recent creation, the AdM lead us to question the particularity of digitization in archiving policies when included from the start rather than retroactively. Through an analysis of the creation and development of AdM as a public policy connected to national efforts at transparency and “good governance,” I argue that digitization has served as a way of performing modernity through technology and international standards, thus reinforcing the legitimacy of a nascent institution.
COIDEMPOTENT SUBCOALGEBRAS AND SHORT EXACT SEQUENCES OF FINITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: CHAN AARON , MIEMIETZ VANESSA
Published: March 2020

In this article, we study short exact sequences of finitary 2-representations of a weakly fiat 2-category. We provide a correspondence between such short exact sequences with fixed middle term and coidempotent subcoalgebras of a coalgebra 1-morphism defining this middle term. We additionally relate these to recollements of the underlying abelian 2-representations.
Effects of dairy products, calcium and vitamin D on ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of twenty-nine epidemiological studies
Authors: Liao Min-Qi , Gao Xu-Ping , Yu Xiao-Xuan , Zeng Yu-Fei , Li Shu-Na , Naicker Nalen , Joseph Tanya , Cao Wen-Ting , Liu Yan-Hua , Zhu Sui , Chen Qing-Shan , Yang Zhi-Cong , Zeng Fang-Fang
Published: March 2020

Findings for the roles of dairy products, Ca and vitamin D on ovarian cancer risk remain controversial. We aimed to assess these associations by using an updated meta-analysis. Five electronic databases (e.g. PubMed and Embase) were searched from inception to 24 December 2019. Pooled relative risks (RR) with 95 % CI were calculated. A total of twenty-nine case–control or cohort studies were included. For comparisons of the highest v. lowest intakes, higher whole milk intake was associated with increased ovarian cancer risk (RR 1·35; 95 % CI 1·15, 1·59), whereas decreased risks were observed for higher intakes of low-fat milk (RR 0·84; 95 % CI 0·73, 0·96), dietary Ca (RR 0·71; 95 % CI 0·60, 0·84) and dietary vitamin D (RR 0·80; 95 % CI 0·67, 0·95). Additionally, for every 100 g/d increment, increased ovarian cancer risks were found for total dairy products (RR 1·03; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·04) and for whole milk (RR 1·07; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·11); however, decreased risks were found for 100 g/d increased intakes of low-fat milk (RR 0·95; 95 % CI 0·91, 0·99), cheese (RR 0·87; 95 % CI 0·76, 0·98), dietary Ca (RR 0·96; 95 % CI 0·95, 0·98), total Ca (RR 0·98; 95 % CI 0·97, 0·99), dietary vitamin D (RR 0·92; 95 % CI 0·87, 0·97) and increased levels of circulating vitamin D (RR 0·84; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·97). These results show that whole milk intake might contribute to a higher ovarian cancer risk, whereas low-fat milk, dietary Ca and dietary vitamin D might reduce the risk.
The ‘old books of Glastonbury’ and the Muchelney breviary fragment: London, British Library, Additional 56488, fols. i, 1–5
Authors: Billett Jesse D.
Published: March 2020

London, British Library, Add. 56488, fols. i, 1–5, is a fragment from a monastic breviary of the first half of the eleventh century, probably made at or for Muchelney Abbey (Somerset). It is here argued on palaeographical, musical and liturgical grounds that this breviary represents a liturgical tradition separate from that of Æthelwold’s network of reformed houses, which imitated the northern French monastery of Corbie. The fragment’s liturgy is based instead on a local ‘secular’ (non-monastic) liturgical tradition that has been minimally supplemented and rearranged to agree with the requirements of the Regula S. Benedicti. The scribe apparently compiled the breviary from several separate exemplars (a collectar, a bible, a homiliary, and what seems to have been a ‘secular’ antiphoner), which may indicate that the liturgy at Muchelney was ‘Benedictinized’ much later than might have been assumed. The same secular tradition seems to be preserved, beneath subsequent layers of modification, in a thirteenth-century Muchelney breviary (London, British Library, Add. 43405–6) and a fifteenth-century ordinal of St Mary’s Abbey, York (Cambridge, St John’s College D. 27). These later sources, while not representing the Benedictine liturgy of the lost ‘old books of Glastonbury’ under Dunstan (as suggested by McLachlan and Tolhurst), are valuable potential witnesses to the otherwise largely unattested Office liturgy used in English minsters before the ‘Benedictine Reform’ of the tenth century.
The social geography of near and far: built environment and residential distance in mid-nineteenth-century New York City
Authors: Baics Gergely
Published: March 2020

This article brings together two Geographical Information Systems (GIS) datasets – building-level land-use data from the 1852–54 Perris Fire Insurance Atlas, and geocoded home addresses from the 1854 city directory – to explore how desirable and undesirable conditions of the built environment accounted for new dynamics of residential separation in mid-nineteenth-century New York. Using spatial analysis, it shows how early forms of residential separation were driven by the desire of elites to create secluded residential neighbourhoods. Further, although stark contrasts delineated the extremes of wealth and poverty, the city's dominant landscape was defined by in-between conditions and subtle variations in built environment and residential distance.
Mental health consequences for survivors of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster: a systematic review. Part 2: emotional and behavioral consequences
Authors: Terayama Takero , Shigemura Jun , Kobayashi Yuki , Kurosawa Mie , Nagamine Masanori , Toda Hiroyuki , Yoshino Aihide
Published: March 2020

To compile the findings of studies assessing emotional and behavioral changes in the survivors of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, we performed a systematic review in August 2019 using four literature databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and ICHUSHI). Peer-reviewed manuscripts, either in English or Japanese, were included in the searches. Sixty-one studies were retrieved for the review. Of these, 41 studies (67.2%) assessed emotional consequences, 28 studies (45.9%) evaluated behavioral consequences, and 8 studies (13.1%) evaluated both emotional and behavioral outcomes. The main research topic in emotional change was radiation exposure-associated risk perception, as reported in 15 studies. This risk perception included immediate health effects (eg, acute radiation syndrome) as well as future health effects (eg, future cancer and genetic effects). Lowered subjective well-being was reported in eight studies. Six studies reported perceived discrimination/stigmatization in the disaster survivors. The most critical behavioral change was an increase in suicides compared with residents in the whole of Japan or affected by the earthquake and tsunami, but not by the nuclear disaster. Increased rate of alcohol and tobacco use was reported, although the effect on one’s health was inconsistent. As a conclusion, the Fukushima nuclear disaster survivors suffered issues in risk perception, well-being, stigmatization, and alcohol/tobacco use in the first 8 years after the disaster. The present study is important in order to better understand the emotional and behavioral responses to future nuclear/radiological disasters as well as other “invisible” disasters, such as chemical and biological public health crises.
Whole grain intake compared with cereal fibre intake in association to CVD risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (UK)
Authors: Barrett Eden M , Amoutzopoulos Birdem , Batterham Marijka J , Ray Sumantra , Beck Eleanor J
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To investigate how intakes of whole grains and cereal fibre were associated to risk factors for CVD in UK adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional analyses examined associations between whole grain and cereal fibre intakes and adiposity measurements, serum lipid concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1c, homocysteine and a combined CVD relative risk score.

Setting:

The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Rolling Programme 2008–2014.

Participants:

A nationally representative sample of 2689 adults.

Results:

Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of whole grain intake had lower waist–hip ratio (Q1 0·872; Q4 0·857; P = 0·04), HbA1c (Q1 5·66 %; Q4 5·47 %; P = 0·01) and homocysteine (Q1 9·95 µmol/l; Q4 8·76 µmol/l; P = 0·01) compared with participants in the lowest quartile (Q1), after adjusting for dietary and lifestyle factors, including cereal fibre intake. Whole grain intake was inversely associated with C-reactive protein using multivariate analysis (P = 0·02), but this was not significant after final adjustment for cereal fibre. Cereal fibre intake was also inversely associated with waist–hip ratio (P = 0·03) and homocysteine (P = 0·002) in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:

Similar inverse associations between whole grain and cereal fibre intakes to CVD risk factors suggest the relevance of cereal fibre in the protective effects of whole grains. However, whole grain associations often remained significant after adjusting for cereal fibre intake, suggesting additional constituents may be relevant. Intervention studies are needed to compare cereal fibre intake from non-whole grain sources to whole grain intake.