bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatoma‐derived growth factor‐related protein‐3: A new neurotrophic and neurite outgrowth‐promoting factor for cortical neurons
Authors: Abouzied Mekky M. , El‐Tahir Heba M. , Gieselmann Volkmar , Franken Sebastian
Published: October 2010

Hepatoma‐derived growth factor‐related proteins (HRPs) make up a family of six members. Hepatoma‐derived growth factor‐related protein‐3 (HRP‐3) is the only family member whose expression is almost restricted to nervous tissue. Here we show that soluble HRP‐3 acts as a novel neurotrophic factor for cultured primary cortical neurons. Antibody‐mediated neutralization of HRP‐3 function results in neuronal degeneration. In contrast, HRP‐3 as the only addition to a culture medium not supporting neuronal survival rescues neurons to an extent comparable to the addition of FCS. Besides this neuroprotective capability, the protein exerts a neurite outgrowth‐promoting effect when it is presented as a coated substrate but not as a soluble factor. This study points to an important role of HRP‐3 during the development of the nervous system. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrepancies between global reanalyses and observations in the interdecadal variations of Southeast Asian cold surge
Authors: Huang Wan‐Ru , Wang Shih‐Yu , Chan Johnny C. L.
Published: October 2010

The Siberian High (SH) is an important part of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and is closely linked to cold surges. Previous studies revealed a pronounced decline in the strength of the SH during the late 20th century accompanied with a coherent decrease in the frequency of cold surges. However, studies using different data sets yielded different behaviour of the trends. Here we examine the interdecadal variations of the SH and cold surges deduced from six modern global reanalysis data sets. Discrepancies in such variations are found between the reanalysis data sets and observations as well as among different reanalysis data sets. Such discrepancies contribute to inconsistent interdecadal variations of the cold surge frequency in different reanalysis data sets. Potential causes of this situation are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Measurement of arterial plasma oxygenation in dynamic oxygen‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Kershaw Lucy E. , Naish Josephine H. , McGrath Deirdre M. , Waterton John C. , Parker Geoffrey J. M.
Published: October 2010

Inhaled oxygen can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, due to the T1 shortening effect of the oxygen dissolved in blood and tissue water. In this study, blood T1 was measured dynamically in 14 volunteers (seven smokers, seven never‐smokers) as the inhaled gas was switched from medical air to 100% oxygen and back to medical air. These T1 values were converted to changes in partial pressure of oxygen, which were found to be in agreement with literature values. There were differences in curve shape and curve height between the smoker and never‐smoker groups, suggesting differences in lung function due to smoking‐related damage. These curves could be used as an input function for modeling of oxygen uptake in tissues. The differences between groups highlight the importance of measuring such an input function for each individual rather than relying on an assumed measurement. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical modeling and neural networks to identify model parameters from piezocone tests: I. FEM analysis of penetration in two‐phase continuum
Authors: Obrzud Rafał F. , Truty Andrzej , Vulliet Laurent
Published: October 2010

This study presents a numerical approach designed for material parameter identification for the coupled hydro‐mechanical boundary value problem (BVP) of the piezocone test (CPTU) in normally and lightly overconsolidated clayey soils. The study is presented in two related papers and it explores the possibility of using neural networks (NNs) to solve the complex inverse problem of the penetration test, including partially drained conditions. It has been demonstrated that the development of NN‐based inverse models can be based on training data sets that consist of pseudo‐experimental measurements derived from numerical simulations of the piezocone test. The first paper presents the development of the FE model of the studied problem, which can be used to generate a training data population corresponding to typical piezocone measurements that are obtained for clayey soils. The paper contains a detailed description of the numerical model with a sensitivity analysis with respect to different model parameters including the effect of partial drainage. The analysis also includes the model verification by means of a comparative analysis with numerical models of penetration proposed in the literature, as well as experimental evidence. Finally, owing to the loss of accuracy observed when applying a ‘rough’ frictional interface in the Updated Lagrangian formulation, an equivalent semi‐numerical model for the piezocone test is proposed, taking into account a possible occurrence of partial drainage during penetration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐domain pricing: challenges and possible approaches
Authors: Tran Hoang‐Hai , Tuffin Bruno
Published: October 2010

Telecommunication networks are now an interconnection of competitive operators that need to cooperate to ensure end‐to‐end delivery of traffic. Inter‐domain agreements have to be performed, and pricing is seen as a relevant way to provide an incentive to intermediate domains for forwarding the traffic of others. In this paper, we first review propositions from the literature. Greatest consideration is given to the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) auction because it provides appropriate incentives, leads to an efficient use of the network and satisfies other relevant properties. We highlight, on the other hand, that it is neither budget‐balanced nor robust to collusion—something forgotten in the inter‐domain context. This brings us to review the list of properties that we would ideally like the inter‐domain pricing scheme to satisfy, and claim that no mechanism can satisfy all of them together. We then adapt to inter‐domain other resource allocation and pricing schemes, and discuss which properties are or should be relaxed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximation of a batch consolidation problem
Authors: Chang Junho , Chang Soo Y. , Hong Sung‐Pil , Min Yun‐Hong , Park Myoung‐Ju
Published: October 2010

In batch production systems, multiple items can be processed in the same batch if they share sufficiently similar production parameters. We consider the batch consolidation problem of minimizing the number of batches of a finite set of items. This article focuses on the case in which only one or two items can be processed in a single batch. The problem is NP ‐hard and cannot be approximated within 1.0021 of the optimum under the premise, P≠NP. However, the problem admits a
${{3}\over{2}}$
‐approximation. The idea is to decompose the demands of items so that a maximum matching in the graph on the vertices of the decomposed demands provides a well‐consolidated batch set. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 58(1), 12–19 2011
Receding Horizon Control of HIV
Authors: David John , Tran Hien , Banks H. T.
Published: October 2010

This paper describes a model of the immunologic response of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in individuals. It then illustrates how a Receding Horizon Control (RHC) methodology can be used to drive the system to a stable equilibrium in which a strong immune response controls the viral load in the absence of drug treatment. We also illustrate how this feedback methodology can overcome unplanned treatment interruptions, inaccurate or incomplete data and imperfect model specification. We consider how ideas from stochastic estimation can be used in conjunction with RHC to create a robust treatment methodology. We then consider the performance of this methodology over random simulations of the previously considered clinical conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assaying pharmacodynamic endpoints with targeted therapy: Flavopiridol and 17AAG induced dephosphorylation of histone H1.5 in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wang Liwen , Harshman Sean W. , Liu Shujun , Ren Chen , Xu Hua , Sallans Larry , Grever Michael , Byrd John C. , Marcucci Guido , Freitas Michael A.
Published: October 2010

Histone H1 is commonly used to assay kinase activity in vitro. As many promising targeted therapies affect kinase activity of specific enzymes involved in cancer transformation, H1 phosphorylation can serve as potential pharmacodynamic marker for drug activity within the cell. In this study we utilized a phosphoproteomic workflow to characterize histone H1 phosphorylation changes associated with two targeted therapies in the Kasumi‐1 acute myeloid leukemia cell line. The phosphoproteomic workflow was first validated with standard casein phosphoproteins and then applied to the direct analysis of histone H1 from Kasumi‐1 nuclear lysates. Ten H1 phosphorylation sites were identified on the H1 variants, H1.2, H1.3, H1.4, H1.5 and H1.x. LC MS profiling of intact H1s demonstrated global dephosphorylation of H1.5 associated with therapy by the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol and the Heat Shock Protein 90 inhibitor, 17‐(Allylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin. In contrast, independent treatments with a nucleotide analog, proteosome inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitor did not exhibit decreased H1.5 phosphorylation. The data presented herein demonstrate that potential of histones to assess the cellular response of reagents that have direct and indirect effects on kinase activity that alters histone phosphorylation. As such, this approach may be a highly informative marker for response to targeted therapies influencing histone phosphorylation.
Protein abundances are more conserved than mRNA abundances across diverse taxa
Authors: Laurent Jon M. , Vogel Christine , Kwon Taejoon , Craig Stephanie A. , Boutz Daniel R. , Huse Holly K. , Nozue Kazunari , Walia Harkamal , Whiteley Marvin , Ronald Pamela C. , Marcotte Edward M.
Published: October 2010

Proteins play major roles in most biological processes; as a consequence, protein expression levels are highly regulated. While extensive post‐transcriptional, translational and protein degradation control clearly influence protein concentration and functionality, it is often thought that protein abundances are primarily determined by the abundances of the corresponding mRNAs. Hence surprisingly, a recent study showed that abundances of orthologous nematode and fly proteins correlate better than their corresponding mRNA abundances. We tested if this phenomenon is general by collecting and testing matching large‐scale protein and mRNA expression data sets from seven different species: two bacteria, yeast, nematode, fly, human, and rice. We find that steady‐state abundances of proteins show significantly higher correlation across these diverse phylogenetic taxa than the abundances of their corresponding mRNAs (p=0.0008, paired Wilcoxon). These data support the presence of strong selective pressure to maintain protein abundances during evolution, even when mRNA abundances diverge.
Synthesis, structure, and optical properties of an alternating calix[4]arene‐based meta‐linked phenylene ethynylene copolymer
Authors: Barata Patrícia D. , Costa Alexandra I. , Ferreira Luís F. V. , Prata José V.
Published: October 2010

Novel alternating copolymers comprising bis‐ calix[4]arene‐p‐phenylene ethynylene and m‐phenylene ethynylene units (CALIX‐m‐PPE) were synthesized using the Sonogashira‐Hagihara cross‐coupling polymerization. Good isolated yields (60–80%) were achieved for the polymers that show Mn ranging from 1.4 × 104 to 5.1 × 104 gmol−1 (gel permeation chromatography analysis), depending on specific polymerization conditions. The structural analysis of CALIX‐m‐PPE was performed by 1H, 13C, 13C–1H heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), 13C–1H heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), correlation spectroscopy (COSY), and nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) in addition to Fourier transform‐Infrared spectroscopy and microanalysis allowing its full characterization. Depending on the reaction setup, variable amounts (16–45%) of diyne units were found in polymers although their photophysical properties are essentially the same. It is demonstrated that CALIX‐m‐PPE does not form ground‐ or excited‐state interchain interactions owing to the highly crowded environment of the main‐chain imparted by both calix[4]arene side units which behave as insulators inhibiting main‐chain π–π staking. It was also found that the luminescent properties of CALIX‐m‐PPE are markedly different from those of an all‐p‐linked phenylene ethynylene copolymer (CALIX‐p‐PPE) previously reported. The unexpected appearance of a low‐energy emission band at 426 nm, in addition to the locally excited‐state emission (365 nm), together with a quite low fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ = 0.02) and a double‐exponential decay dynamics led to the formulation of an intramolecular exciplex as the new emissive species. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis of 4μ‐PS2PEO2, 4μ‐PS2PCL2, 4μ‐PI2PEO2, and 4μ‐PI2PCL2 star‐shaped copolymers by the combination of glaser coupling with living anionic polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Wang Guowei , Fan Xiaoshan , Huang Junlian
Published: October 2010

4μ‐A2B2 star‐shaped copolymers contained polystyrene (PS), poly(isoprene) (PI), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) arms were synthesized by a combination of Glaser coupling with living anionic polymerization (LAP) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP). Firstly, the functionalized PS or PI with an alkyne group and a protected hydroxyl group at the same end were synthesized by LAP and then modified by propargyl bromide. Subsequently, the macro‐initiator PS or PI with two active hydroxyl groups at the junction point were synthesized by Glaser coupling in the presence of pyridine/CuBr/N,N,N ′,N ″,N ″‐penta‐methyl diethylenetri‐amine (PMDETA) system and followed by hydrolysis of protected hydroxyl groups. Finally, the ROP of EO and ε‐CL monomers was carried out using diphenylmethyl potassium (DPMK) and tin(II)‐bis(2‐ethylhexanoate) (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst for target star‐shaped copolymers, respectively. These copolymers and their intermediates were well characterized by SEC, 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF mass spectra and FT‐IR in details. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Stimuli‐responsive polymer hydrogels containing partially exfoliated graphite
Authors: Alzari Valeria , Mariani Alberto , Monticelli Orietta , Valentini Luca , Nuvoli Daniele , Piccinini Massimo , Scognamillo Sergio , Bon Silvia Bittolo , Illescas Javier
Published: October 2010

In this work, a new stimuli‐responsive composite polymer hydrogel containing partially exfoliated graphite was prepared by frontal polymerization. The materials obtained were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, RAMAN, scan electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and in terms of swelling behavior. It was found that the maximum temperature reached by the polymerization front and the lower critical solution temperature are affected by the graphite content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Preparation of homogeneous titania coatings on the surface of MWNTs
Authors: Németh Zoltán , Réti Balázs , Dieker Christel , Kukovecz Ákos , Alexander Duncan T. L. , Seo Jin Won , Forró László , Hernadi Klara
Published: October 2010

The aim of this work was to develop a controllable route to produce a stable and inorganic layer on the surface of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes. Precursor compounds such as TiBr4, TiCl4, Ti(OiPr)4, and Ti(OEt)4 were used to cover the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under either solvent free or solution conditions. Various titania precursors were compared in the formation of homogeneous layers on the surface of CNTs. As‐prepared titania coverages were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM, scanning electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Results revealed that homogeneous coverage can be achieved in a controllable way.
Indium incorporation in GaInN/GaN quantum well structures on polar and nonpolar surfaces
Authors: Jönen Holger , Rossow Uwe , Bremers Heiko , Hoffmann Lars , Brendel Moritz , Dräger Alexander Daniel , Metzner Sebastian , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Schwaiger Stephan , Scholz Ferdinand , Thalmair Johannes , Zweck Josef , Hangleiter Andreas
Published: October 2010

GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well structures grown on polar and nonpolar surfaces have been compared with respect to the indium incorporation efficiency in the quantum wells (QWs). Under the same growth conditions X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal similar growth rates and In concentrations for c‐plane, a‐plane, and m‐plane with In contents up to 40%. These results are in good agreement with optical experiments, in particular for homoepitaxial growth. However, there is strong evidence that the optical properties of the nonpolar heteroepitaxial GaInN QWs are dominated by the high density of stacking faults in those samples.
Comparison of secondary ion mass spectrometry and micromilling/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry techniques used to acquire intra‐otolith δ18O values of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Hanson N. N. , Wurster C. M. , EIMF  , Todd C. D.
Published: October 2010

The chemical signals in the sequential layers of fish otoliths have the potential to provide fisheries biologists with temporal and spatial details of migration which are difficult to obtain without expensive tracking methods. Signal resolution depends, however, on the extraction technique used. We compared the use of mechanical micromilling and continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS) methods with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain δ18O profiles from otoliths of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and used these to corroborate the time of freshwater emigration of the juvenile with macroscopic patterns within the otolith. Both techniques showed the transition occurring at the same visible feature on the otolith, allowing future analyses to easily identify the juvenile (freshwater) versus adult (marine) life‐stages. However, SIMS showed a rapid and abrupt transition whereas micromilling provided a less distinct signal. The number of samples that could be obtained per unit area sampled using SIMS was 2 to 3 times greater than that when using micromilling/CF‐IRMS although the δ18O values and analytical precisions (∼0.2‰) of the two methods were comparable. In addition, SIMS δ18O results were used to compare otolith aragonite values with predicted values calculated using various isotope fractionation equations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructured bladder tissue replacements
Authors: Chun Young Wook , Lim Hojean , Webster Thomas J. , Haberstroh Karen M.
Published: October 2010

The interaction between cells or tissues and natural or synthetic materials which mimic the natural biological environment has been a matter of great interest in tissue engineering. In particular, surface properties of biomaterials (regardless of whether they are natural or synthetic) have been optimized using nanotechnology to improve interactions with cells for regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated greater bladder tissue growth on polymeric surfaces with nanoscale to submicron surface features. Improved bladder cell responses on nanostructured polymers have been correlated to unique nanomaterial surface features leading to greater surface energy which influences initial protein interactions. Moreover, coupled with the observed greater in vitro and in vivo bladder cell adhesion as well as proliferation on nanostructured compared to conventional synthetic polymers, decreased calcium stone formation has also been measured. In this article, the importance of nanostructured biomaterial surface features for bladder tissue replacements are reviewed with thoughts on future directions for this emerging field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 134–145 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.89

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Formation of Nanopits in Si Capping Layers on SiGe Quantum Dots
Authors: Cui Jian , Lin Jian Hui , Wu Yue Qin , Fan Yong Liang , Zhong Zhenyang , Yang Xin Ju , Jiang Zui Min
Published: October 2010

In-situ annealing at a high temperature of 640°C was performed for a low temperature grown Si capping layer, which was grown at 300°C on SiGe self-assembled quantum dots with a thickness of 50 nm. Square nanopits, with a depth of about 8 nm and boundaries along 〈110〉, are formed in the Si capping layer after annealing. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observation shows that each nanopit is located right over one dot with one to one correspondence. The detailed migration of Si atoms for the nanopit formation is revealed by in-situ annealing at a low temperature of 540°C. The final well-defined profiles of the nanopits indicate that both strain energy and surface energy play roles during the nanopit formation, and the nanopits are stable at 640°C. A subsequent growth of Ge on the nanopit-patterned surface results in the formation of SiGe quantum dot molecules around the nanopits.
Response to “The Subprime Crisis and African Americans” by Sandra Phillips
Authors: Reuben Lucy
Published: October 2010

Lucy Reuben's Response to “The Subprime Crisis and African Americans” by Sandra Phillips includes an overview of the linkages between historical housing disparities and the adverse wealth gap from which the African American community suffers. Reuben discusses how the subprime mortgage crisis has reduced both African American homeownership and African American access to wealth-building for entrepreneurial development. Finally, Reuben offers policy recommendations related to expanding financial literacy and strengthening regulatory oversight.
Dynamic Oryza Genomes: Repetitive DNA Sequences as Genome Modeling Agents
Authors: Gill Navdeep , SanMiguel Phillip , Dhillon Braham Deep Singh , Abernathy Brian , Kim HyeRan , Stein Lincoln , Ware Doreen , Wing Rod , Jackson Scott A.
Published: October 2010

Repetitive sequences, primarily transposable elements form an indispensable part of eukaryotic genomes. However, little is known about how these sequences originate, evolve and function in context of a genome. In an attempt to address this question, we performed a comparative analysis of repetitive DNA sequences in the genus Oryza, representing ~15 million years of evolution. Both Class I and Class II transposable elements, through their expansion, loss and movement in the genome, were found to influence genome size variation in this genus. We identified 38 LTRretrotransposon families that are present in 1,500 or more copies throughout Oryza, and many are preferentially amplified in specific lineages. The data presented here, besides furthering our understanding of genome organization in the genus Oryza, will aid in the assembly, annotation and analysis of genomic data, as part of the future genome sequencing projects of O. sativa wild relatives.
Utilization of IκB–EGFP Chimeric Gene as an Indicator to Identify Microbial Metabolites with NF-κB Inhibitor Activity
Authors: Lin Yu-Ling , Chen Yen-Shun , Hsieh Jui-Hung , Lin Ching-Min , Wu Hsin-Yi , Lin Chen-Si , Chu Rea-Min , Liao Kuang-Wen , Hsu Yuan-Hsun
Published: October 2010

NF-κB regulates several important expressions, such as cytokine release, anti-apoptosis, adhesion molecule expression, and cell cycle processing. Several NF-κB inhibitors have been discovered as an anti-tumor or anti-inflammatory drug. The activity of NF-κB transcription factor is negatively regulated by IκB binding. In this study, IκB assay system was established and IκB–EGFP fusion protein was used as an indicator to monitor the effects of substances on the IκB degradation. The results indicated that the chosen hydroquinone could inhibit the IκB degradation and cause the cell de-attachment from the bottom of culture plate. In addition, this system could also monitor the IκB degradation of microbial metabolite of natural mixtures of propolis. Thus, the IκB assay system may be a good system for drug discovery related to microbial metabolite.
Imaging for suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy—what about the fetal dose? A comprehensive review of the literature
Authors: Niemann Tilo , Nicolas Guillaume , Roser Hans W. , Müller-Brand Jan , Bongartz Georg
Published: October 2010

Objective

To give a comprehensive overview of fetal doses reported in the literature when imaging the pregnant woman with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

A comprehensive literature search in the PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases yielded a total of 1,687 papers that were included in the analysis and have been analysed with regard to fetal dose in suspected PE radiological imaging strategies.

Results

Fetal dose in chest computed tomography (CT) ranges between 0.013 and 0.026 mGy in early and 0.06–0.1 mGy in late pregnancy compared with 99mTc-MAA perfusion scintigraphy with a fetal dose of 0.1–0.6 mGy in early and 0.6–0.8 mGy in late pregnancy. 99mTc-aerosol ventilation scintigraphy results in 0.1–0.3 mGy. However, there is concern about female breast irradiation in CT, which is higher than in scintigraphy. CT radiation risks for breast tissue remain unclear.

Conclusion

Knowledge of dosimetry and radiation risks is crucial in the radiological work-up of suspected PE in pregnancy. It is reasonable to reserve scintigraphy for pregnant patients with normal chest radiography findings and no history of asthma or chronic lung disease. Performing CT applying dose reduction instead of scintigraphy will minimise fetal radiation dose and maximise the diagnostic value.
The role of depression and catastrophizing in musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Lintonl Steven J. , Nicholasl Michael K. , MacDonaldl Shane , Boersmal Katja , Bergboml Sofia , Maherl Chris , Refshaugel Kathy
Published: October 2010

Many patients with musculoskeletal pain also suffer from a depressed mood. Catastrophizing is one process that may link depression and pain since it is a key concept in models of both problems. Earlier research has suggested that catastrophizing measures something above and beyond depression. This study tests the idea that if depressed mood and catastrophizing are separate entities then when one is absent the other should still contribute to poor outcome, and, when both are present there should be an additional adverse effect.

To this end, a prospective design, with a built‐in replication from two clinical samples of patients with sub‐acute pain (one from Sweden, N=373; one from Australasia, N=259), was employed. Participants were classified as to having high/low scores on measures of depression and catastrophizing. Subsequently, these classifications were studied in relation to outcome variables cross‐sectionally and at follow‐up.

Results showed a small to moderate correlation between catastrophizing and depression and that there are individuals with one, but not the other problem. Further, having one or the other of the entities was associated with current pain problems and outcome, while having both increased the associations substantially. The replication showed very similar results

Our data demonstrate that pain catastrophizing and heightened depressed mood have an additive and adverse effect on the impact of pain, relative to either alone. It suggests that each should be assessed in the clinic and that future research should focus on treatments specifically designed to tackle both depressed mood and catastrophizing.
Circulating smallpox knowledge: Guatemalan doctors, Maya Indians and designing Spain's smallpox vaccination expedition, 1780–1803
Authors: FEW MARTHA
Published: October 2010

Drawing on the rich but mostly overlooked history of Guatemala's anti-smallpox campaigns in the 1780s and 1790s, this paper interweaves an analysis of the contribution of colonial medical knowledges and practical experiences with the construction and implementation of imperial science. The history of the anti-smallpox campaigns is traced from the introduction of inoculation in Guatemala in 1780 to the eve of the Spanish Crown-sponsored Royal Maritime Vaccination Expedition in 1803. The paper first analyses the development of what Guatemalan medical physician José Flores called his ‘local method’ of inoculation, tailored to material and cultural conditions of highland Maya communities, and based on his more than twenty years of experience in anti-smallpox campaigns among multiethnic populations in Guatemala. Then the paper probes the accompanying transformations in discourses about health through the anti-smallpox campaigns as they became explicitly linked to new discourses of moral responsibility towards indigenous peoples. With the launch of the Spanish Vaccination Expedition in 1803, anti-smallpox efforts bridged the New World, Europe and Asia, and circulated on a global scale via the enactment of imperial Spanish health policy informed, in no small part, by New World and specifically colonial Guatemalan experiences with inoculation in multiethnic cities and highland Maya towns.
Women's Suffrage in Thailand: A Southeast Asian Historiographical Challenge
Authors: Bowie Katherine
Published: October 2010

Although much of the history of women's suffrage has focused on the American and British struggles of the early twentieth century, a newer generation of interdisciplinary scholars is exploring its global trajectory. Fundamental to these cross-cultural comparisons is the establishment of an international timeline of women's suffrage; its order at once shapes and is shaped by its historiography. According to the currently dominant chronology, “Female suffrage began with the 1893 legislation in New Zealand” (Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan 1997: 738; see also Grimshaw 1987 [1972]: xiv). In this timeline, “Australia was next to act, in 1902” (ibid.). Despite the geographical location of New Zealand and Australia in greater Southeast Asia, the narrative that accompanies this timeline portrays “first world” women as leading the struggle for suffrage and “third world” women as following their example.1As Ramirez, Soysal, and Shanahan write, “A smaller early wave of suffrage extensions between 1900 and 1930 occurred mostly in European states. A second, more dramatic wave occurred after 1930” (ibid.). Similarly, Patricia Grimshaw writes, “It was principally in the English-speaking world, in the United States, in Britain and its colonial dependencies, and in the Scandinavian countries that sustained activity for women's political enfranchisement occurred. Other countries eventually followed suit” (1987: xiv).
HolocaustMahnmal(Memorial): Monumental Memory amidst Contemporary Race
Authors: Partridge Damani J.
Published: October 2010

This essay examines the relationship between contemporary racialized subjects in Germany and the process of Holocaust memorialization. I ask why youths from these contexts fail to see themselves in the process of Holocaust memorialization, and why that process fails to see them in it. My argument is not about equivalences, but instead I examine the ways in which the monumentalization of Holocaust memory has inadvertently worked to exclude both relevant subjects and potential participants from the process of memorialization. That process as a monumental enterprise has also worked to sever connections between racialist memory and contemporary racism. The monumental display of what presents itself, at times, as moral superiority does not adequately attend to the everyday, mundane, repeatable qualities of racialized exclusion today, or in the past.
Berber Law by French Means: Customary Courts in the Moroccan Hinterlands, 1930–1956
Authors: Hoffman Katherine E.
Published: October 2010

As the French conquered Muslim lands in their nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century quest for empire, they encountered multiple and sometimes mixed judicial systems among the native populations. In many places, legal codes were shaped by eitherfiqh, meaning Islamic law, one component of which is customary law, or by non-Islamic custom, or some combination of the two. To administer native justice in French colonies and protectorates, officials sorted through this multiplicity in order to standardize procedures, principles, and punishments. The standardization of customary law codes, whether written or oral prior to submission to themakhzan(the central Moroccan government, lit. “storehouse”) under the Protectorate, required that French officials both maintain pre-contact codes and create new institutions to administer and monitor them. Through new judicial bureaucracies, the French transformed indigenous law. Customary law was a “residual category” in the sense that it consisted of what remained after colonial powers ferreted out what they considered morally offensive and politically objectionable. Legal codification involved what Vincent calls “a compromise between those recognized as leading elements in indigenous societies and the colonial administrators who co-opted them.” Yet customary law, “if understood as allowing local people to do their own cultural ‘thing,’ should also be understood to have been a carefully restricted fragment of ‘tradition.’” This tradition when manifest as customary law “implies that there is a different kind of law with which it can be contrasted,” making customary law “the ongoing product of encounters between subordinate local political entities and dominant overarching ones.” In such encounters the distinction made between custom and law has long preoccupied legal historians, as well as anthropologists, colonial administrators, and importantly, lay people. Throughout French African colonies and protectorates, this distinction was key to the French usurpation of social institutions, as was true in British overseas territories as well.
Policing the Imperial Nation: Sovereignty, International Law, and the Civilizing Mission in Late Qing China
Authors: Lam Tong
Published: October 2010

On 15 August 1902, a battalion of Chinese police officers under the command of Superintendent Zhao Bingjun marched into city center of Tianjin and toward the Yamen Complex, the ceremonial site where the Eight Power Alliance was handing back the city to Governor General Yuan Shikai after two years of occupation following the Boxer Uprising. As they approached the complex, allied officials and commanders, standing with Yuan Shikai and his entourage under a “Friendship Forever” banner, were shocked and dismayed. As one of the preconditions for its resumption of the control of the city, the Qing government had agreed to the allied demand that its troops would not enter the vicinity of Tianjin, and some allied officials had even thought that Yuan would be compelled to beg the allied forces to stay and continue to maintain law and order. Yuan Shikai's sudden show of forces was a slap in their faces and potentially a violation of an international agreement. “What is the meaning of this?” asked an allied representative with raised voice. “Look carefully. These are not troops,” Yuan replied with a smirk, “They are policemen.” Not knowing what to do, allied officials pointed fingers at each other, blaming the stupidity of those who had designed the agreement. “It is not we who are stupid,” one said, “It is Yuan Shikai who is so cunning.”
The Noble American Science of Imperial Relations and Its Laws of Race Development
Authors: Vitalis Robert
Published: October 2010

Political scientists in early-twentieth-century America who traced the nineteenth-century origins of their field pointed to the British theorist and statesmen, George Cornewall Lewis (1806–1863). His best-known work isAn Essay on the Government of Dependencies(1841). Lewis defined the science of politics as comprising three parts: the nature of the relation between a sovereign government and its subjects, the relation between the sovereign governments of independent communities, and “the relation of a dominant and a dependent community; or, in other words, the relation of supremacy and dependence.” Modern writers, however, had not yet taken up the nature of the political relation of supremacy and dependency in any systematic way.
Blurring the Boundaries. A Review Essay
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen D.
Published: October 2010

Until recently, historians tended to think of government, the market, and the nonprofit sector as discrete entities. When they ventured into the voluntary sphere, they almost always focused on individuals and institutions, rather than the mechanics of government or the economy per se. Thus, the 1960s and 1970s saw a windfall of works on social control; scholars in the 1980s examined class relations; and those in the 1990s studied issues of political culture, nation building, and citizenship. With both Marxism and civil society paradigms now in retreat, a new crop of books has begun to reexamine the ties between the sectors in new ways, moving away from traditional “charity to welfare state” models that held that when the state moved in, philanthropy withered. Although written about very different geographical regions and times, each of the three books reviewed here delves into the jumbled “mixed economy” between markets, philanthropy, and the state, and combined, they provide a fresh lens for assessing historical developments.
Occurrence of four additional non-hairy species ofLeptogiumfrom Maharashtra, India
Authors: DUBE Archana , MAKHIJA Urmila
Published: October 2010

In the present paper four etomentose species ofLeptogiumare recorded from Maharashtra, western India. Three species, viz.Leptogium patwardhaniiDube & Makhija sp. nov., Leptogium subazureumDube & Makhija sp. nov., andLeptogium verrucosumDube & Makhija sp. nov., are described as new to science and one species,Leptogium propaguliferumVain., is recorded for the first time from India. A revised key to the non-hairy species ofLeptogiumfrom India is provided.
New data forRinodina flavosoralifera
Authors: GIRALT Mireia , van den BOOM Pieter P. G. , TØNSBERG Tor , ELIX John A.
Published: October 2010

Well-developed ascospores ofRinodina flavosoraliferahave been observed for the first time. The ascospores are described and illustrated and new data on the chemistry and distribution of this species are provided. New chorological data onRinodina disjunctaare also included.
Lecanora antiqua, a new saxicolous species from Great Britain, and the nomenclature and authorship of L. albescens, L. conferta and L. muralis
Authors: LAUNDON Jack Rodney
Published: October 2010

Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth & Rostr. is the correct authorship of this species, and the combination cannot be attributed to Flörke. Lecanora antiqua J. R. Laundon is described for the lichen previously, but wrongly, known in Britain as L. conferta; it is remarkable in occupying the interface between acid and calcareous surfaces on the vertical walls of medieval churches. The nomenclature of the lobed Lecanora, which has had two alternative Latin names since the early 19th century, namely L. muralis Rabenh. and L. saxicola (Pollich) Ach., has been studied and the latter was found to be correct.
A new species of Leiorreuma Eschw. from India
Authors: DUBEY Urvashi , UPRETI Dalip K. , NAYAKA Sanjeeva
Published: October 2010

Leiorreuma subpatellulum is described as new to science. The new species has a completely carbonized exciple, an inspersed hymenium and brown ascospores with 6–12 locules, tapering at one end.
Localization of high-frequency waves propagating in a locally periodic medium
Authors: Allaire G. , Friz L.
Published: October 2010

We study the homogenization and localization of high-frequency waves in a locally periodic media with period ε. We consider initial data that are localized Bloch-wave packets, i.e. that are the product of a fast oscillating Bloch wave at a given frequency ξ and of a smooth envelope function whose support is concentrated at a point x with length scale $\sqrt\varepsilon$. We assume that (ξ, x) is a stationary point in the phase space of the Hamiltonian λ(ξ, x), i.e. of the corresponding Bloch eigenvalue. Upon rescaling at size $\sqrt\varepsilon$ we prove that the solution of the wave equation is approximately the sum of two terms with opposite phases which are the product of the oscillating Bloch wave and of two limit envelope functions which are the solution of two Schrödinger type equations with quadratic potential. Furthermore, if the full Hessian of the Hamiltonian λ(ξ, x) is positive definite, then localization takes place in the sense that the spectrum of each homogenized Schrödinger equation is made of a countable sequence of finite multiplicity eigenvalues with exponentially decaying eigenfunctions.
A non-autonomous competitive system with stage structure and distributed delays
Authors: Wang Jiaoyan , Feng Zhaosheng
Published: October 2010

We consider a non-autonomous competitive model with generalized functional responses for interaction among n species, the adult members of which are in competition. For each of the n species the model incorporates a distributed time delay which represents the time from birth to maturity of that species. Based on some comparison arguments, we discuss the permanence and extinction of the species. By virtue of the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, we prove the existence of a positive periodic solution. By means of constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals, we obtain sufficient conditions for the uniqueness and the global stability of the periodic solution. Two examples are given to illustrate the feasibility of our main results.
Dynamics of a non-local delayed reaction–diffusion equation without quasi-monotonicity
Authors: Wang Zhi-Cheng , Li Wan-Tong
Published: October 2010

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of a non-local delayed reaction–diffusion equation without quasi-monotonicity on an infinite n-dimensional domain, which can be derived from the growth of a stage-structured single-species population. We first prove that solutions of the Cauchy-type problem are positively preserving and bounded if the initial value is non-negative and bounded. Then, by establishing a comparison theorem and a series of comparison arguments, we prove the global attractivity of the positive equilibrium. When there exist no positive equilibria, we prove that the zero equilibrium is globally attractive. In particular, these results are still valid for the non-local delayed reaction–diffusion equation on a bounded domain with the Neumann boundary condition. Finally, we establish the existence of new entire solutions by using the travelling-wave solutions of two auxiliary equations and the global attractivity of the positive equilibrium.
Moment bounds for the solutions of the Smoluchowski equation with coagulation and fragmentation
Authors: Rezakhanlou Fraydoun
Published: October 2010

We prove various $L^p(\mathbb{R}^d\times[0,T])$ bounds on moments

where fm is a solution of the discrete (respectively, continuous) Smoluchowski coagulation–fragmentation equations with diffusion. In a previous paper we proved similar results for all weak solutions to the discrete Smoluchowski equation provided that there is no fragmentation and certain moments are bounded in suitable Lq-spaces initially. We prove the corresponding results in the case of the continuous Smoluchowski equation. When there is also fragmentation, we need to assume that the solution f is regular in the sense that f can be approximated by solutions to the Smoluchowski equation for which the coagulation and fragmentation coefficients are 0 when the cluster sizes are large. We also need suitable assumptions on the coagulation rates to avoid gelation. On the fragmentation rate β we assume that supn supm≤l β(m, n)/n < ∞ for every positive l, and that there exist constants a0 ≥ 0 and c0 such that β(n,m) ≤ c0(n + m)a0a0.
Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence: Developmental cascades
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun-Shin , Haynes O. Maurice
Published: October 2010

This study used a three-wave longitudinal design to investigate developmental cascades among social competence and externalizing and internalizing behavioral adjustment in a normative sample of 117 children seen at 4, 10, and 14 years. Children, mothers, and teachers provided data. A series of nested path analysis models was used to determine the most parsimonious and plausible cascades across the three constructs over and above their covariation at each age and stability across age. Children with lower social competence at age 4 years exhibited more externalizing and internalizing behaviors at age 10 years and more externalizing behaviors at age 14 years. Children with lower social competence at age 4 years also exhibited more internalizing behaviors at age 10 years and more internalizing behaviors at age 14 years. Children who exhibited more internalizing behaviors at age 4 years exhibited more internalizing behaviors at age 10 years and more externalizing behaviors at age 14 years. These cascades among social competence and behavioral adjustment obtained independent of child intelligence and maternal education and social desirability of responding.
From child maltreatment to adolescent cannabis abuse and dependence: A developmental cascade model
Authors: Rogosch Fred A. , Oshri Assaf , Cicchetti Dante
Published: October 2010

A developmental cascade model tested associations among child maltreatment, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social competence, and cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms in a longitudinal cohort (N= 415). Nested structural equation models evaluated continuity and cross-domain influences among broad multi-informant constructs across four developmental periods: age 7 to 9, 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 15 to 18. Results indicated significant paths from child maltreatment to early externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence, as well as to cannabis abuse and dependence (CAD) symptoms in adolescence. Youth CAD symptoms were primarily related directly to child maltreatment and externalizing problems. Childhood internalizing symptoms contributed to later childhood decreases in social competence, which predicted increases in late adolescent externalizing problems. Using a developmental psychopathology framework, results are discussed in relation to cascade and transactional effects and the interplay between problem behaviors during childhood and development of CAD symptoms during early and late adolescence.