bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Nfu1 and Bol3 in iron-sulfur cluster transfer to mitochondrial clients
Authors: Melber Andrew , Na Un , Vashisht Ajay , Weiler Benjamin D , Lill Roland , Wohlschlegel James A , Winge Dennis R
Published: August 2016

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential for many cellular processes, ranging from aerobic respiration, metabolite biosynthesis, ribosome assembly and DNA repair. Mutations in NFU1 and BOLA3 have been linked to genetic diseases with defects in mitochondrial Fe-S centers. Through genetic studies in yeast, we demonstrate that Nfu1 functions in a late step of [4Fe-4S] cluster biogenesis that is of heightened importance during oxidative metabolism. Proteomic studies revealed Nfu1 physical interacts with components of the ISA [4Fe-4S] assembly complex and client proteins that need [4Fe-4S] clusters to function. Additional studies focused on the mitochondrial BolA proteins, Bol1 and Bol3 (yeast homolog to human BOLA3), revealing that Bol1 functions earlier in Fe-S biogenesis with the monothiol glutaredoxin, Grx5, and Bol3 functions late with Nfu1. Given these observations, we propose that Nfu1, assisted by Bol3, functions to facilitate Fe-S transfer from the biosynthetic apparatus to the client proteins preventing oxidative damage to [4Fe-4S] clusters.
Mitochondrial Bol1 and Bol3 function as assembly factors for specific iron-sulfur proteins
Authors: Uzarska Marta A , Nasta Veronica , Weiler Benjamin D , Spantgar Farah , Ciofi-Baffoni Simone , Saviello Maria Rosaria , Gonnelli Leonardo , Mühlenhoff Ulrich , Banci Lucia , Lill Roland
Published: August 2016

Assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins is a key process of cells, and defects cause many rare diseases. In the first phase of this pathway, ten Fe/S cluster (ISC) assembly components synthesize and insert [2Fe-2S] clusters. The second phase is dedicated to the assembly of [4Fe-4S] proteins, yet this part is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the BOLA family proteins Bol1 and Bol3 as specific mitochondrial ISC assembly factors that facilitate [4Fe-4S] cluster insertion into a subset of mitochondrial proteins such as lipoate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase. Bol1-Bol3 perform largely overlapping functions, yet cannot replace the ISC protein Nfu1 that also participates in this phase of Fe/S protein biogenesis. Bol1 and Bol3 form dimeric complexes with both monothiol glutaredoxin Grx5 and Nfu1. Complex formation differentially influences the stability of the Grx5-Bol-shared Fe/S clusters. Our findings provide the biochemical basis for explaining the pathological phenotypes of patients with mutations in BOLA3.
Ferroelectric phase stabilization of HfO2 by nitrogen doping
Authors: Xu Lun , Nishimura Tomonori , Shibayama Shigehisa , Yajima Takeaki , Migita Shinji , Toriumi Akira
Published: August 2016

We report that nitrogen (N) doping can drive the ferroelectricity of HfO2. It was found that N doping can cause the transition from a monoclinic phase to a highly symmetric phase. The role of N doping is discussed from the viewpoints of charge balance and bond-constraining effects. The former is responsible for the structural transformation from a paraelectric phase to a ferroelectric phase by forming an oxygen vacancy. In addition, Hf–N and N–O bonds with covalent characteristics have strong effects on HfO2 structural and electrical properties, and thus contribute to a marked HfO2 para-/ferroelectric transition.
Practical angular-multiplexing holographic data storage system with 2 terabyte capacity and 1 gigabit transfer rate
Authors: Hoshizawa Taku , Shimada Ken-ichi , Fujita Kouji , Tada Yukinobu
Published: August 2016

Aiming at the realization of an optical data storage system with a large disc capacity and a high transfer rate suitable for digital data archiving, we have defined the specifications of an angular-multiplexing holographic data storage system with a disc capacity of 2 TB and a transfer rate of 1 Gbps on the basis of a run-length-limited (RLL) high-density recording method using RLL modulation. To realize the specifications, RLL turbo coding, a servo system for the reference beam angle, and a servo system for book tracking were newly invented. Also, to satisfy the specifications, a holographic disc and several key components were developed in cooperation with several specialty companies. Eventually, we confirmed a high-density recording of 2.4 Tbit/in.2 achieved by the RLL high-density recording method, using evaluation equipment complying with the specifications for single book recording.
Measuring relative utilization of aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer cells by positional isotopic discrimination
Authors: Yang Da‐Qing , Freund Dana M. , Harris Benjamin R. E. , Wang Defeng , Cleary Margot P. , Hegeman Adrian D.
Published: August 2016

The ability of cancer cells to produce lactate through aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we established a positional isotopic labeling and LC‐MS‐based method that can specifically measure the conversion of glucose to lactate in glycolysis. We show that the rate of aerobic glycolysis is closely correlated with glucose uptake and lactate production in breast cancer cells. We also found that the production of [3‐13C]lactate is significantly elevated in metastatic breast cancer cells and in early stage metastatic mammary tumors in mice. Our findings may enable the development of a biomarker for the diagnosis of aggressive breast cancer.
The water content of recurring slope lineae on Mars
Authors: Edwards Christopher S. , Piqueux Sylvain
Published: August 2016

Observations of recurring slope lineae (RSL) from the High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment have been interpreted as present‐day, seasonally variable liquid water flows; however, orbital spectroscopy has not confirmed the presence of liquid H2O, only hydrated salts. Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) temperature data and a numerical heat transfer model definitively constrain the amount of water associated with RSL. Surface temperature differences between RSL‐bearing and dry RSL‐free terrains are consistent with no water associated with RSL and, based on measurement uncertainties, limit the water content of RSL to at most 0.5–3 wt %. In addition, distinct high thermal inertia regolith signatures expected with crust‐forming evaporitic salt deposits from cyclical briny water flows are not observed, indicating low water salinity (if any) and/or low enough volumes to prevent their formation. Alternatively, observed salts may be preexisting in soils at low abundances (i.e., near or below detection limits) and largely immobile. These RSL‐rich surfaces experience ~100 K diurnal temperature oscillations, possible freeze/thaw cycles and/or complete evaporation on time scales that challenge their habitability potential. The unique surface temperature measurements provided by THEMIS are consistent with a dry RSL hypothesis or at least significantly limit the water content of Martian RSL.
Mirror mode structures ahead of dipolarization front near the neutral sheet observed by Cluster
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Zhang T. L. , Volwerk M. , Schmid D. , Baumjohann W. , Nakamura R. , Pan Z. H.
Published: August 2016

Magnetic compressional structures ahead of a dipolarization front (DF) on 30 August 2002 are investigated by using Cluster data. Our findings are as follows: (1) the structures, observed near the neutral sheet, are mainly compressional and dominant in BZ; (2) they are almost nonpropagating relative to the local ion bulk flow and their lengths are several local proton gyroradius; (3) the ion density increases when BT decreases; (4) ions are partially trapped by the structures with parallel and perpendicular velocities varying in antiphase; and (5) local conditions are favorable for excitation of the mirror instability, and we suggest that these structures are mirror mode‐like. Our findings also suggest that local conditions ahead of the DF are viable for exciting the mirror instability to generate mirror mode waves or structures.
Unraveling the excitation mechanisms of highly oblique lower band chorus waves
Authors: Li W. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Spence H. E.
Published: August 2016

Excitation mechanisms of highly oblique, quasi‐electrostatic lower band chorus waves are investigated using Van Allen Probes observations near the equator of the Earth's magnetosphere. Linear growth rates are evaluated based on in situ, measured electron velocity distributions and plasma conditions and compared with simultaneously observed wave frequency spectra and wave normal angles. Accordingly, two distinct excitation mechanisms of highly oblique lower band chorus have been clearly identified for the first time. The first mechanism relies on cyclotron resonance with electrons possessing both a realistic temperature anisotropy at keV energies and a plateau at 100–500 eV in the parallel velocity distribution. The second mechanism corresponds to Landau resonance with a 100–500 eV beam. In both cases, a small low‐energy beam‐like component is necessary for suppressing an otherwise dominating Landau damping. Our new findings suggest that small variations in the electron distribution could have important impacts on energetic electron dynamics.
Distinguishing and correlating deposits from large ignimbrite eruptions using paleomagnetism: The Cougar Point Tuffs (mid‐Miocene), southern Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA
Authors: Finn David R. , Coe Robert S. , Brown Ethan , Branney Michael , Reichow Marc , Knott Thomas , Storey Michael , Bonnichsen Bill
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we present paleomagnetic, geochemical, mineralogical, and geochronologic evidence for correlation of the mid‐Miocene Cougar Point Tuff (CPT) in southwest Snake River Plain (SRP) of Idaho. The new stratigraphy presented here significantly reduces the frequency and increases the scale of known SRP ignimbrite eruptions. The CPT section exposed at the Black Rock Escarpment along the Bruneau River has been correlated eastward to the Brown's Bench escarpment (six common eruption units) and Cassia Mountains (three common eruption units) regions of southern Idaho. The CPT records an unusual pattern of geomagnetic field directions that provides the basis for robust stratigraphic correlations. Paleomagnetic characterization of eruption units based on geomagnetic field variation has a resolution on the order of a few centuries, providing a strong test of whether two deposits could have been emplaced from the same eruption or from temporally separate events. To obtain reliable paleomagnetic directions, the anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence was measured to correct for magnetic anisotropy, and an efficient new method was used to remove gyroremanence acquired during alternating field demagnetization.
How heterogeneous coseismic slip affects regional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment: A case study in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Linlin , Switzer Adam D. , Chan Chung‐Han , Wang Yu , Weiss Robert , Qiu Qiang
Published: August 2016

Rupture complexity, typically in the form of heterogeneous slip distribution pattern, significantly affects the local tsunami wave field. However, the effect of rupture complexity is not commonly considered in any form of tsunami hazard assessment. Taking rupture complexity into account significantly increases the computational load, particularly in regional‐scaled probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments (PTHAs) that usually require a large number of simulations based on synthetic scenarios. In this study, we investigate how the heterogeneous slip distribution affects the regional‐scaled PTHA by taking the South China Sea (SCS) as an example. By doing this, we update PTHA for the SCS by incorporating the best available information of seismic tsunamigenic sources along the Manila megathrust. We integrate a stochastic source model into a Monte Carlo‐type simulation, in which a broad range of slip distribution patterns is generated for large numbers of synthetic earthquake events. Green's function technique is employed to efficiently calculate the nearshore tsunami wave amplitude along the SCS coastlines. Our result suggests that for a relatively small and confined region like the SCS, the commonly used approach based on the uniform slip model significantly underestimates tsunami hazard not only in the near‐source region like west Luzon, as expected, but also in the relative far field, such as south China and central Vietnam. Additionally, our sensitivity test of the patch size effects suggests that large patch size is unable to adequately resolve the details of heterogeneous seafloor deformation, and such approaches considerably underestimate the potential tsunami hazard for the SCS coasts.
Avulsion cycles and their stratigraphic signature on an experimental backwater‐controlled delta
Authors: Ganti Vamsi , Chadwick Austin J. , Hassenruck‐Gudipati Hima J. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: August 2016

River deltas grow in large part through repeated cycles of lobe construction and channel avulsion. Understanding avulsion cycles is important for coastal restoration and ecology, land management, and flood hazard mitigation. Emerging theories suggest that river avulsions on lowland deltas are controlled by backwater hydrodynamics; however, our knowledge of backwater‐controlled avulsion cycles is limited. Here we present results from an experimental delta that evolved under persistent backwater hydrodynamics achieved through variable flood discharges, shallow bed slopes, and subcritical flows. The experimental avulsion cycles consisted of an initial phase of avulsion setup, an avulsion trigger, selection of a new flow path, and abandonment of the parent channel. Avulsions were triggered during the largest floods (78% of avulsions) after the channel was filled by a fraction (0.3 ± 0.13) of its characteristic flow depth at the avulsion site, which occurred in the upstream part of the backwater zone. The new flow path following avulsion was consistently one of the shortest paths to the shoreline, and channel abandonment occurred through temporal decline in water flow and sediment delivery to the parent channel. Experimental synthetic stratigraphy indicates that bed thicknesses were maximum at the avulsion sites, consistent with our morphologic measurements of avulsion setup and the idea that there is a record of avulsion locations and thresholds in sedimentary rocks. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings within the context of sustainable management of deltas, their stratigraphic record, and predicting avulsions on deltas.
Superconducting Resonators Based on TiN/Tapering/NbN/Tapering/TiN Heterostructures
Authors: Tang Yong‐Chao , Zhang Hui , Kwon Sangil , Mohebbi Hamid R. , Cory David G. , Peng Li‐Cong , Gu Lin , Guo Hai‐Zhong , Jin Kui‐Juan , Miao Guo‐Xing
Published: August 2016

We fabricated a type of superconducting heterostructures, TiN/tapering/NbN/tapering/TiN, on c‐cut sapphire substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. The goal is to achieve an x‐band resonator that maintains a high Q in modest magnetic fields. The structure shows (111) orientation with local epitaxial correlation, as a result of stacking face‐centered‐cubic structures on top of hexagonal‐close‐packing substrates. The artificial tapering layers vary gradually from NbN into TiN and vice versa, creating a smooth transition so that no distinct interface exists. We characterized microstrip single line resonators on these heterostructures that are promising candidates for quantum information processing with hybrid nuclear‐electron spins.
Tungsten Oxide Materials for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Cong Shan , Geng Fengxia , Zhao Zhigang
Published: August 2016

Tungsten oxide is a versatile transition‐metal oxide with a vast number of polymorphs and sub‐stoichiometric compositions, featuring innate tunnels and oxygen vacancies. The structure‐determined nature, such as altered optical absorption and metal‐like conductivity, makes tungsten oxide an attractive candidate for optoelectronic applications. A brief summary of the recent progress in tungsten oxide for optoelectronic applications is provided, including not only the traditional field of electrochromism/photochromism, but also new areas of application, such as visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Also, the prospects for future applications of tungsten oxide are summarized and highlighted.
Facet‐Engineered Surface and Interface Design of Photocatalytic Materials
Authors: Bai Song , Wang Lili , Li Zhengquan , Xiong Yujie
Published: August 2016

The facet‐engineered surface and interface design for photocatalytic materials has been proven as a versatile approach to enhance their photocatalytic performance. This review article encompasses some recent advances in the facet engineering that has been performed to control the surface of mono‐component semiconductor systems and to design the surface and interface structures of multi‐component heterostructures toward photocatalytic applications. The review begins with some key points which should receive attention in the facet engineering on photocatalytic materials. We then discuss the synthetic approaches to achieve the facet control associated with the surface and interface design. In the following section, the facet‐engineered surface design on mono‐component photocatalytic materials is introduced, which forms a basis for the discussion on more complex systems. Subsequently, we elucidate the facet‐engineered surface and interface design of multi‐component photocatalytic materials. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are discussed.
The Roles of Structural Order and Intermolecular Interactions in Determining Ionization Energies and Charge‐Transfer State Energies in Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Graham Kenneth R. , Ndjawa Guy O. Ngongang , Conron Sarah M. , Munir Rahim , Vandewal Koen , Chen John J. , Sweetnam Sean , Thompson Mark E. , Salleo Alberto , McGehee Michael D. , Amassian Aram
Published: August 2016

The energy landscape in organic semiconducting materials greatly influences charge and exciton behavior, which are both critical to the operation of organic electronic devices. These energy landscapes can change dramatically depending on the phases of material present, including pure phases of one molecule or polymer and mixed phases exhibiting different degrees of order and composition. In this work, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of ionization energies (IEs) and external quantum efficiency measurements of charge‐transfer (CT) state energies (ECT) are applied to molecular photovoltaic material systems to characterize energy landscapes. The results show that IEs and ECT values are highly dependent on structural order and phase composition. In the sexithiophene:C60 system both the IEs of sexithiophene and C60 shift by over 0.4 eV while ECT shifts by 0.5 eV depending on molecular composition. By contrast, in the rubrene:C60 system the IE of rubrene and C60 vary by ≤0.11 eV and ECT varies by ≤0.04 eV as the material composition varies. These results suggest that energy landscapes can exist whereby the binding energies of the CT states are overcome by energy offsets between charges in CT states in mixed regions and free charges in pure phases.
Effect of bed characteristics on local liquid spreading in a trickle bed
Authors: Jindal Arpit , Buwa Vivek V.
Published: August 2016

Trickle bed reactors are important to several chemical process applications. While the available computational fluid dynamics models can predict overall liquid volume fraction, the prediction of spatial liquid distribution continues to be a challenging task. In the present work, Eulerian multifluid simulations were performed to investigate the effects of particle size, gas and liquid flow rates, and bed structure on local liquid spreading, and the predictions were validated using measured liquid spreading. It was found that the capillary pressure force caused liquid to spread in the lateral direction and that the interphase interaction forces pushed it in the downward direction and the relative magnitudes of these forces governed the local liquid distribution. While the use of existing capillary pressure force model led to satisfactory prediction of the observed trends of dynamic and steady state local liquid spreading, the modified capillary pressure force led to quantitatively correct predictions of local liquid spreading. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 347–357, 2017
Microcephaly‐capillary malformation syndrome: Brothers with a homozygous STAMBP mutation, uncovered by exome sequencing
Authors: Naseer Muhammad Imran , Sogaty Sameera , Rasool Mahmood , Chaudhary Adeel G. , Abutalib Yousif Ahmed , Walker Susan , Marshall Christian R. , Merico Daniele , Carter Melissa T. , Scherer Stephen W. , Al‐Qahtani Mohammad H. , Zarrei Mehdi
Published: August 2016

We describe two brothers from a consanguineous family of Egyptian ancestry, presenting with microcephaly, apparent global developmental delay, seizures, spasticity, congenital blindness, and multiple cutaneous capillary malformations. Through exome sequencing, we uncovered a homozygous missense variant in STAMBP (p.K303R) in the two siblings, inherited from heterozygous carrier parents. Mutations in STAMBP are known to cause microcephaly‐capillary malformation syndrome (MIC‐CAP) and the phenotype in this family is consistent with this diagnosis. We compared the findings in the present brothers with those of earlier reported patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth pattern in Kabuki syndrome with a KMT2D mutation
Authors: Schott Dina A. , Blok Marinus J. , Gerver Willem J. M. , Devriendt Koenraad , Zimmermann Luc J. I. , Stumpel Constance T. R. M.
Published: August 2016

Kabuki syndrome is a multiple congenital malformation syndrome with a spectrum of clinical features including short stature. Since there is no growth data on Kabuki syndrome patients with a proven KMT2D gene mutation, further research on growth and growth patterns is indicated. Data for this growth study on subjects with Kabuki syndrome were collected from referring clinicians. Subjects were eligible for inclusion in the study if the following criteria were met: a genetically confirmed diagnosis of Kabuki syndrome and no current treatment with growth hormones or other drugs that could influence growth. We present a report on growth data (n = 39) in Kabuki syndrome patients. The data showed that postnatal growth retardation is a clinical feature in all cases. All Kabuki syndrome subjects showed a growth deflection during childhood and a diminution of the pubertal growth spurt. A genotype–phenotype correlation was not observed. Further research is required in order to determine whether a defect in the growth hormone/IGF‐I axis and estrogen receptor plays a role in the growth retardation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical interventions and survival by gender of children with trisomy 18
Authors: Donovan Jennifer H. , Krigbaum Genomary , Bruns Deborah A.
Published: August 2016

Research has typically shown limited aggressive medical interventions and low survival rates for children with full trisomy 18. Recent studies provide more positive results. This study examined 82 children with full trisomy 18 drawn from the Tracking Rare Incidence Syndromes (TRIS) project database. Children were classified into three groups according to the highest intervention received: “hospice or no intervention” (n = 5, 6.1%), “necessary interventions (enteral feeding, ventilator use)” (n = 46, 56.1%), and “aggressive interventions (surgery)” (n = 31, 37.8%). Seven of 14 male children (50%) and 52 of 68 female children (76.5%) were living at the time of survey completion. Additionally, information about any interventions used during the care of these children was also provided. It was found that three males (37.5%) and 28 females (48.3%) had used hospice care at some point; 12 males (85.7%) and 61 females (89.7%) received enteral feeding at some point; 7 males (58.3%) and 25 females (38.5%) had ventilator; and 7 males (50%) and 33 females (48.5%) underwent some form of surgery. These results suggest improved outcomes when given necessary and aggressive medical interventions. Implications and recommendations for further research are provided. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual Oxygen and Tungsten Vacancies on a WO3 Photoanode for Enhanced Water Oxidation
Authors: Ma Ming , Zhang Kan , Li Ping , Jung Myung Sun , Jeong Myung Jin , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: August 2016

Alleviating charge recombination at the electrode/electrolyte interface by introducing an overlayer is considered an efficient approach to improve photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. A WO3 overlayer with dual oxygen and tungsten vacancies was prepared by using a solution‐based reducing agent, LEDA (lithium dissolved in ethylenediamine), which improved the PEC performance of the mesoporous WO3 photoanode dramatically. In comparison to the pristine samples, the interconnected WO3 nanoparticles surrounded by a 2–2.5 nm thick overlayer exhibited a photocurrent density approximately 2.4 times higher and a marked cathodic shift of the onset potential, which is mainly attributed to the facilitative effect on interface charge transfer and the improved conductivity by enhanced charge carrier density. This simple and effective strategy may provide a new path to improve the PEC performance of other photoanodes.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution of Trisubstituted Allylic Electrophiles
Authors: Chen Ming , Hartwig John F.
Published: August 2016

The first Ir‐catalyzed enantioselective allylation of trisubstituted allylic electrophiles has been developed. Through modification of the leaving group of allylic electrophiles, we found that trisubstituted allylic phosphates are suitable electrophiles for asymmetric allylation. The reaction of allylic phosphates with enol silanes derived from dioxinones gave allylated products in good yields with high enantioselectivities.
Organic Reactions in Microdroplets: Reaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yan Xin , Bain Ryan M. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: August 2016

The striking finding that reaction acceleration occurs in confined‐volume solutions sets up an apparent conundrum: Microdroplets formed by spray ionization can be used to monitor the course of bulk‐phase reactions and also to accelerate reactions between the reagents in such a reaction. This Minireview introduces droplet and thin‐film acceleration phenomena and summarizes recent methods applied to study accelerated reactions in confined‐volume, high‐surface‐area solutions. Conditions that dictate either simple monitoring or acceleration are reconciled in the occurrence of discontinuous and complete desolvation as the endpoint of droplet evolution. The contrasting features of microdroplet and bulk‐solution reactions are described together with possible mechanisms that drive reaction acceleration in microdroplets. Current applications of droplet microreactors are noted as is reaction acceleration in confined volumes and possible future scale‐up.
A PCP Pincer Ligand for Coordination Polymers with Versatile Chemical Reactivity: Selective Activation of CO2 Gas over CO Gas in the Solid State
Authors: He Junpeng , Waggoner Nolan W. , Dunning Samuel G. , Steiner Alexander , Lynch Vincent M. , Humphrey Simon M.
Published: August 2016

A tetra(carboxylated) PCP pincer ligand has been synthesized as a building block for porous coordination polymers (PCPs). The air‐ and moisture‐stable PCP metalloligands are rigid tetratopic linkers that are geometrically akin to ligands used in the synthesis of robust metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Here, the design principle is demonstrated by cyclometalation with PdIICl and subsequent use of the metalloligand to prepare a crystalline 3D MOF by direct reaction with CoII ions and structural resolution by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The Pd−Cl groups inside the pores are accessible to post‐synthetic modifications that facilitate chemical reactions previously unobserved in MOFs: a Pd−CH3 activated material undergoes rapid insertion of CO2 gas to give Pd−OC(O)CH3 at 1 atm and 298 K. However, since the material is highly selective for the adsorption of CO2 over CO, a Pd−N3 modified version resists CO insertion under the same conditions.
Synthesis and characterization of polyimide/modified mCOC composites
Authors: Cheng Yao-Yi , Hsiao Hsin-Min , Li Zong-Xuan , Ho Ming-Jaan , Hsu Mao-Feng , Hsiang Shou‐Jui
Published: August 2016

Two types of monomers, 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride and 4,4′‐oxydianiline, were employed to synthesize poly(amic acid) (PAA) as a precursor of polyimide (PI). Through the addition of modified metallocene cyclic olefin copolymer (mCOC), PAA/mCOC composites were formed. PI/mCOC composites were obtained through a blade coating and multistep thermal curing process. The structure of the prepared PI/mCOC composites was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The results showed that the copolymerization of PAA and modified mCOC improved thethermal stability and hydrophobic and electrical properties of the PI/mCOC composites. The formation of a network structure between PI and modified mCOC considerably reduced the mobility of PI molecules, thereby improving the glass transition temperature and thermal properties of the composite. The thermal and hydrophobic properties were improved by increasing the mCOC grafting ratio. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44144.
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)‐trimethoxysilane: Effect of wrapping on epoxy matrix nanocomposites
Authors: Hoepfner Jean Carlos , Pezzin Sérgio Henrique
Published: August 2016

In this work, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), after previous oxidation, are functionalized with excess (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) and used as reinforcement in epoxy matrix nanocomposites. Infrared, Raman, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies confirm the silanization of the MWCNT, while transmission electron microscopy images show that oxidized nanotubes presented less entanglement than pristine and silanized MWCNT. Thickening of the nanotubes is also observed after silanization, suggesting that the MWCNT are wrapped by siloxane chains. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy reveals that oxidized nanotubes are better dispersed in the matrix, providing nanocomposites with better mechanical properties than those reinforced with pristine and silanized MWCNT. On the other hand, the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite with 0.05 wt % MWCNT‐GLYMO increased by 14 °C compared to the neat epoxy resin, suggesting a strong matrix–nanotube adhesion. The functionalization of nanotubes using an excess amount of silane can thus favor the formation of an organosiloxane coating on the MWCNT, preventing its dispersion and contributing to poor mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44245.
Starch foam material performance prediction based on a radial basis function artificial neural network trained by bare‐bones particle swarm optimization with an adaptive disturbance factor
Authors: Xia Ruting , Huang Xingyuan , Li Mengshan
Published: August 2016

A novel model based on a radial basis artificial neural network and bare‐bones particle swarm optimization tuned with adaptive disturbance factor for predicting the performances of starch‐based foam materials was established. The ethylene–vinyl acetate/starch mass ratio, glycerin content, and NaHCO3 content were used as the input variables, whereas the tensile strength and rebound rate were taken as the output variables of the model. The prediction results show that model predictions were in great accordance with the experimental values. The root mean square error of prediction and the correlation coefficients were 0.0256 and 0.9873; this indicated the good performance of the model. The model predicted that the tensile strength of the starch‐based foam materials would decrease slowly with increasing glycerin content and showed a V‐shaped variation with increasing NaHCO3 content. The rebound rate increased with increasing glycerin content and presented an inverted V‐shaped variation with increasing NaHCO3 content. The predicted results were consistent with the experimental results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44252.
Production of polyvinylpyrrolidone/chiral diacid modified nanocrystalline Mg‐substituted fluorapatite nanocomposites: Morphological and thermal characterization
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Khani Marziyeh , Mallakpour Fereshteh , Fathi Mohammadhossein
Published: August 2016

The main objective of this work was the production of novel polyvinylpyrrolidone/diacid modified Mg‐substituted fluorapatite (DM‐MFA) nanocomposites (NC)s, by sonication process. Mg‐substituted fluorapatite (MFA) powders with a chemical composition of Ca9.5Mg0.5(PO4)6F2 were prepared by mechanical alloying technique. Initially, surface of MFA was modified by bioactive chiral diacid monomer, N‐trimellitylimido‐l‐leucine as a coupling agent to form DM‐MFA nanoparticles. DM‐MFA NPs were utilized as a filler, to give the NCs with potential bioactivity. Examination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) microphotographs displayed that, there is no aggregation of a large quantity of particles. The above NCs showed rather improved thermal stability compared with pure polymer. The improvement of thermal behavior was related to the uniform and good dispersion of DM‐MFA in the polymer matrix as well as the strong hydrogen bonding between CO of PVP and OH of DM‐MFA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44254.
The Braincase and Neurosensory Anatomy of an Early Jurassic Marine Crocodylomorph: Implications for Crocodylian Sinus Evolution and Sensory Transitions
Authors: Brusatte Stephen L. , Muir Amy , Young Mark T. , Walsh Stig , Steel Lorna , Witmer Lawrence M.
Published: August 2016

Modern crocodylians are a morphologically conservative group, but extinct relatives (crocodylomorphs) experimented with a wide range of diets, behaviors, and body sizes. Among the most unusual of these fossil groups is the thalattosuchians, an assemblage of marine‐dwellers that transitioned from semiaquatic species (teleosaurids and kin) into purely open‐ocean forms (metriorhynchids) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (ca 191–125 million years ago). Thalattosuchians can give insight into the origin of modern crocodylian morphologies and how anatomy and behavior change during a major evolutionary transition into a new habitat. Little is known, however, about their brains, sensory systems, cranial sinuses, and vasculature. We here describe the endocranial anatomy of a well‐preserved specimen of the Jurassic semiaquatic teleosaurid Steneosaurus cf. gracilirostris using X‐ray micro‐CT. We find that this teleosaurid still had an ear well attuned to hear on land, but had developed large internal carotid and orbital arteries that likely supplied salt glands, previously thought to be present in only the fully pelagic metriorhynchids. There is no great gulf in endocranial anatomy between this teleosaurid and the metriorhynchids, and some of the features that later permitted metriorhynchids to invade the oceanic realm were apparently first developed in semiaquatic taxa. Compared to modern crocodylians, Steneosaurus cf. gracilirostris has a more limited set of pharyngotympanic sinuses, but it is unclear whether this relates to its aquatic habitat or represents the primitive condition of crocodylomorphs that was later elaborated. Anat Rec, 299:1511–1530, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive load imposed by ultrasound‐facilitated teaching does not adversely affect gross anatomy learning outcomes
Authors: Jamniczky Heather A. , Cotton Darrel , Paget Michael , Ramji Qahir , Lenz Ryan , McLaughlin Kevin , Coderre Sylvain , Ma Irene W.Y.
Published: August 2016

Ultrasonography is increasingly used in medical education, but its impact on learning outcomes is unclear. Adding ultrasound may facilitate learning, but may also potentially overwhelm novice learners. Based upon the framework of cognitive load theory, this study seeks to evaluate the relationship between cognitive load associated with using ultrasound and learning outcomes. The use of ultrasound was hypothesized to facilitate learning in anatomy for 161 novice first‐year medical students. Using linear regression analyses, the relationship between reported cognitive load on using ultrasound and learning outcomes as measured by anatomy laboratory examination scores four weeks after ultrasound‐guided anatomy training was evaluated in consenting students. Second anatomy examination scores of students who were taught anatomy with ultrasound were compared with historical controls (those not taught with ultrasound). Ultrasound's perceived utility for learning was measured on a five‐point scale. Cognitive load on using ultrasound was measured on a nine‐point scale. Primary outcome was the laboratory examination score (60 questions). Learners found ultrasound useful for learning. Weighted factor score on “image interpretation” was negatively, but insignificantly, associated with examination scores [F(1,135) = 0.28, beta = −0.22;P = 0.61]. Weighted factor score on “basic knobology” was positively and insignificantly associated with scores; [F(1,138) = 0.27, beta = 0.42;P = 0.60]. Cohorts exposed to ultrasound had significantly higher scores than historical controls (82.4% ± SD 8.6% vs. 78.8% ± 8.5%, Cohen'sd = 0.41,P < 0.001). Using ultrasound to teach anatomy does not negatively impact learning and may improve learning outcomes. Anat Sci Educ 10: 144–151. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Fixed‐route taxi system: route network design and fleet size minimization problems
Authors: Babaei Mohsen , Schmöcker Jan‐Dirk , Khademi Navid , Ghaffari Ahmad‐Reza , Naderan Ali
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces the taxi route network design problem (TXRNDP) for a fixed‐route taxi service operating in Iran and, in similar form, in various other developing countries. The service operates fairly similar to regular transit services in that vehicles are only permitted to follow a certain predetermined route on the network. The service is provided with small size vehicles and main features are that vehicles only depart if full and that there are no intermediate boarding stops. In Iran the service attracts a high modal share but requires better coordination which is the main motivation for the present study. We develop a mathematical programming model to minimize the total travel time experienced by passengers while constraining the number of taxi lines, the trip transfer ratio and the length of taxi lines. A number of assumptions are introduced in order to allow finding an exact rather than heuristic solution. We further develop a linear programming solution to minimize the number of taxis required to serve the previously found fixed‐route taxi network. Results of a case study with the city of Zanjan, Iran, illustrate the resulting taxi flows and suggest the capability of the proposed model to reduce the total travel time, the total waiting time and the number of taxi lines compared to the current taxi operation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cells for spinal cord injury: Strategies to inform differentiation and transplantation
Authors: Iyer Nisha R. , Wilems Thomas S. , Sakiyama‐Elbert Shelly E.
Published: August 2016

The complex pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), involving a cascade of secondary events and the formation of inhibitory barriers, hampers regeneration across the lesion site and often results in irreversible loss of motor function. The limited regenerative capacity of endogenous cells after SCI has led to a focus on the development of cell therapies that can confer both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative benefits. Stem cells have emerged as a candidate cell source because of their ability to self‐renew and differentiate into a multitude of specialized cell types. While ethical and safety concerns impeded the use of stem cells in the past, advances in isolation and differentiation methods have largely mitigated these issues. A confluence of work in stem cell biology, genetics, and developmental neurobiology has informed the directed differentiation of specific spinal cell types. After transplantation, these stem cell‐derived populations can replace lost cells, provide trophic support, remyelinate surviving axons, and form relay circuits that contribute to functional recovery. Further refinement of stem cell differentiation and transplantation methods, including combinatorial strategies that involve biomaterial scaffolds and drug delivery, is critical as stem cell‐based treatments enter clinical trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 245–259. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rücken‐WNT für die Primärachse der Tiere
Authors: Hassel Monika
Published: August 2016

Viele Daten deuten auf eine frühe, einseitig regionalisierte Nutzung des WNT/β‐Catenin‐Signalwegs im letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren der Cnidaria und Bilateria hin. Der morphologische Kopf der Cnidaria entspricht dabei dem Hinterende der Bilateria. Anneliden setzen das WNT/β‐Catenin‐System für frühe, lokale binäre Entscheidungen ein, und Insekten schlugen mit der Bicoid (Drosophila) – oder Hunchback/Orthodenticle (Tribolium) – basierten Achsenbildung einen Sonderweg ein. Dennoch ist das WNT‐System für alle Insekten während der Segmentierungsphase essenziell und bei ursprünglicheren Insekten und anderen Arthropoden ist WNT für die Bildung posteriorer Strukturen notwendig. Das WNT/β‐Catenin‐System ist damit ein essenzieller Bestandteil des Werkzeugkastens, der die Alleinstellungsmerkmale der Tiere begründete.
Streptomyceten
Authors: Schrempf Hildgund , Cypionka Heribert , Keller Ullrich
Published: August 2016

Streptomyceten wurden 2016 von der VAAM zur Mikrobe des Jahres gewählt. Diese Bakterien zeichnen sich durch einen sehr differenzierten Lebenszyklus und ihre enorme genetische Vielfalt aus. In verschiedenen Boden‐Typen dominieren sie, dort sind sie Recycling‐Experten von Biopolymeren und in Folge essenziell für die Bildung von wertvollem Humus. Ihre Meisterleistungen liefern ein fast unerschöpfliches Repertoire von niedermolekularen chemischen Verbindungen. Von diesen werden zahlreiche zur Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten und zur Behandlung von Tumoren therapeutisch einsetzt.
Torfmooskulturen als Ersatzlebensraum
Authors: Gaudig Greta , Krebs Matthias
Published: August 2016

In Deutschland sind 99 % der 1,4 Mio. Hektar Moore infolge von entwässerungsbasierter Nutzung degradiert und setzen enorme Mengen Treibhausgase frei. Die nasse Nutzung von Mooren (= Paludikultur) führt hingegen nicht nur zur Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen, sondern bietet zahlreiche weitere Vorteile für den Umwelt‐ und Naturschutz bei gleichzeitiger Biomassenutzung. Feldversuche zeigen den Mehrwert von Torfmooskulturen für die Biodiversität. Nach der Ernte der oberen Torfmoosrasenschicht wird die Biomasse aufbereitet und stofflich als Torfersatz in gärtnerischen Substraten verwendet. Torfmooskultivierung ist eine vielversprechende, nachhaltige Nutzungsalternative für degradierte Hochmoore.
Auf dem Weg zum Minimalgenom
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: August 2016

Ziel der Synthetischen Biologie ist es, Organismen nach Maß im Computer zu designen und dann auch in der Realität zu konstruieren. Dazu wird zunächst eine Zelle mit Minimalgenom benötigt, die dann beliebig ausgebaut werden kann. Craig Venter ist es mit seiner Arbeitsgruppe gelungen, aus Mycoplasma mycoides einen selbstständig lebensfähigen Organismus mit nur 473 Genen zu erzeugen.
DNA‐Replikation bei Eukaryoten
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: August 2016

Ohne eine vorausgehende identische Verdopplung der genetischen Information können Zellen sich nicht teilen. Die DNA‐Replikation verläuft prinzipiell nach dem von Watson und Crick schon 1953 propagierten Schema, wonach sich die beiden Stränge der DNA‐Doppelhelix gabelförmig trennen und passende Nukleotide anlagern. Im Detail ist der Ablauf jedoch deutlich komplizierter, das gilt insbesondere für den Anfang und das Ende der Replikation in eukaryotischen Zellen. Hier geben hochauflösende kryo‐elektronenmikroskopische Bilder inzwischen genaueren Aufschluss.
Damit kann man rechnen
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: August 2016

Können Sie sich noch an Ihre erste Rechnung im Labor erinnern? Ich schon. Es hat mich damals eine gefühlte Ewigkeit gekostet, die gewünschte Verdünnung aus einer konzentrierten Lösung herzustellen. Machen Sie es sich und Ihren Azubis leicht und nutzen Sie ein paar Mathe‐Tricks. Das erleichtert den Alltag.
Arterial hypertension: A neglected risk for bleeding
Authors: Vogel Birgit , Mehran Roxana
Published: August 2016

Key points

The impact of arterial hypertension, one of the most common comorbidities in CAD patients, on bleeding risk after PCI must not be underestimated.

More rigorous control of blood pressure during PCI procedure, radial artery access and alternative anticoagulant strategy may be considered in these patients.

Further investigation in a more contemporary setting of PCI procedure is warranted.
Egg provoked food protein‐induced enterocolitis‐like syndrome in an adult
Authors: Zubrinich Celia , Hew Mark , O'Hehir Robyn
Published: August 2016

Key Clinical Message

Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome is a non‐IgE‐mediated food allergy usually diagnosed in infancy. We report a case of a similar syndrome in an adult, following ingestion of egg. We remind clinicians to consider this diagnosis which may present to emergency physicians and gastroenterologists long before an allergist is consulted.
Synthetic and Organocatalytic Studies of Quinidine Analogues with Ring‐Size Modifications in the Quinuclidine Moiety
Authors: Breman Arjen C. , van der Heijden Gydo , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Ingemann Steen , Hiemstra Henk
Published: August 2016

Six highly enantiopure analogues of [2.2.2] were synthesized with five‐ or seven‐membered rings in the (original) quinuclidine skeleton. Five of these compounds were prepared through epoxide opening by a secondary cyclic amine, providing the nor‐ and homoquinuclidine moieties through five‐ and six‐membered ring formation. This method failed in the case of seven‐membered ring formation, so for that particular ring size a different synthetic route starting from 3‐quinuclidone was applied. The six novel analogues were examined as organocatalysts in four asymmetric conjugate addition reactions and the results compared with those of known cinchona alkaloid catalysts. This study shows that modification of the quinuclidine ring can have a substantial influence on catalyst activity and enantioselectivity. To acquire more insight into the characteristics of the new catalysts, the pKaH values were determined by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, relative reaction rates of conjugate thiol additions reactions catalyzed by these quinidine analogues were measured through polarimetry.
Van der Waals: erstmals gemessen
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: August 2016

Bei Kondensationen oder Aggregation wirken die zwar schwachen, doch in ihrer Summe maßgeblichen Van‐der‐Waals‐Kräfte. Sie treten bei der Adsorption wie auch der Reibung auf und können die Phasenbildung von atomaren wie molekularen Stoffen beeinflussen. Gleichwohl wurden sie bislang noch nie direkt gemessen, sondern nur vorhergesagt.