bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHM System Integration and Supporting Algorithms
Authors: Mita Akira
Published: March 2009

Sustainability of urban structures is dependent on quantitative and reliable information of
their conditions, such as levels of deterioration and safety. The structural health monitoring (SHM)
system has been extensively studied to acquire the health data and provide information. The SHM
requires modern technologies to extract the relevant information relevant to the health of a structure
from the enormous amount of data gathered by the system. In this paper, integral components of the
SHM systems are presented which have been developed and studied in our laboratory for several
years. They include a smart sensor network for data acquisition and a database server for data storage
and management together with diagnosis and prognosis applications. This paper aims to introduce
the concept of the integrated SHM system and the related technologies. Sensors and networks,
however, can be extended to more novel roles for civil and building engineering applications, such as
detecting and recording the histories of environmental conditions and activities of the residents.
Among many potential applications, we are particularly interested in using robots as moving sensors
to gather information in living spaces. The information obtained by robotic sensors is used to record
any activities in the living spaces as “genes”, to transform the environment and its “genes”, and to
pass on selected information to future “generations” of living spaces. We call this concept
“biofication of living spaces.” We are extensively studying to evolve the concept to be applied to real
buildings.
Piezoelectric Impedance Sensor-Based Structural Health Monitoring for Critical Members of Civil Infrastructures
Authors: Yun Chung Bang , Park Seung Hee
Published: March 2009

This paper presents novel structural health monitoring techniques for critical members of
civil structures using electro-mechanical impedance sensors. The basic concept of this technique is to
monitor critical locations of a structure for changes in structural impedance that would indicate
imminent damage. In this paper, principal hardware and software issues on this topic are reviewed.
An active sensing node incorporating on-board microprocessor and radio frequency telemetry is
introduced in a sense of tailoring wireless sensing technology to the impedance method. A data
compression algorithm using a principal component analysis is embedded into the on-board chip of
the active sensing node. Finally, a method for compensating the temperature effects on the impedance
measurements using cross-correlation analysis with effective frequency shifts is presented.
A Numerical Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Buildings Provided with Viscoelastic Devices
Authors: Muscolino Giuseppe , Palmeri Alessandro
Published: March 2009

Improved methods of analysis and design, along with refinements in the device hardware,
make the use of viscoelastic devices completely suitable for consideration in both new and retrofitted
buildings in earthquake- and wind- prone areas. In this framework, a novel numerical scheme is presented
for the time-domain dynamic analysis of MDoF linear structures provided with linear viscoelastic
dampers of know relaxation function. The computational burden is dramatically reduced by using a
suitable modal transformation of coordinates, coupled with the Laguerre Polynomial Approximation
(LPA) technique. A representative numerical example is included for the validation purposes.
A Self-Sensing Wedge-Wave Ultrasonic Motor Using Modal Sensors
Authors: Yu Tai Ho , Yin Ching Chung
Published: March 2009

This paper experimentally and computationally examines the modal sensors integrated
with a recently developed rotary ultrasonic motor (USM) driven by continuous wedge waves of the
fundamental modes with the integer circumferential modal number. The traveling wave is formed
from constructive interference of two equal-intensity standing waves induced by two comb
transducers using dual sinusoidal excitations in 90 degree phase difference. The transducers and
modal sensors are segmented in strips around the circumference of piezoelectric tube in the circular
wedge-like motor stator. The latter are used to monitor the dynamic response of the stator during
operation. The response of USM acquired by the proposed modal sensors has distinct vital
characteristics in different frequency bands. The high-pass signals are used not only to note the
variation in phase difference between excitations but to detect the resonant frequency, which is
altered by payload, wear situation, etc. The low-pass signal reveals the revolution speed and dynamic
reaction of the motor stator exerted by frictions and contact forces because of the rotor. The
time-frequency response of stator is further characterized during the period in which the revolving
direction of rotor is switched over.
Biologically Inspired Shape Changing Aerodynamic Profiles and their Effect on Flight Performance of Future Aircraft
Authors: Boller Christian , Kuo Chen Mig , Qin Ning
Published: March 2009

Flying has been inspired by biology since the very early days of aviation. Although
aircraft look to be established with regard to their structural design today, active materials have
again triggered as to what degree aerodynamic profiles could become more adaptive with regard to
their shape and achieving enhanced flight performance. Demonstrating the shortcomings of wing
adaptiveness on manned aircraft size is time consuming and costly. This can however be overcome
by performing these demonstrations on aircraft at much smaller scale. Aircraft at this scale are
micro aerial vehicles (MAV) which have spans far less than a metre and a weight of no more than a
few hundred grams. To enhance manoeuvrability and stability birds and insects use actuation
principles along their wings such as changing wing thickness or stiffness, or actuating individual
flaps with their feathers. Similar effects will be shown for an MAV’s wing thickness and stiffness
change regarding flight stability and manoeuvrability and how this can be realised using active
materials. It will be explained how a variable V-tail and a vector thrust propulsion system can be
realised on an MAV and the resulting effect on flight performance. Results from real flight tests
will be included and conclusions will be based on the consequences regarding larger sized aircraft.
Monitoring Data for Retrofit Assessment
Authors: Casciati Sara , Floridia Sebastiano , Impollonia Nicola , Reale Enrico
Published: March 2009

A construction history that spans centuries often results in complex structural systems
whose load-carrying behavior cannot be easily assessed by visual inspections. Their structural
rehabilitation should be supported by numerical analyses during both the design and the
implementation phases of a retrofit operation. Within this context, monitoring systems provide
reliable information about the structure performance under serviceability conditions. When outputonly
measurements are available for the dynamic system identification before and after the
intervention, signals processing techniques can be applied to assess both the original deteriorated
state of the structure, and the relative efficiency of the retrofit operation. The procedure is
illustrated with reference to a specific case study, which concerns a part of the Archbishop Palace
located in Siracusa, Italy. Experimental and numerical studies are carried out to evaluate the actual
loads supported by an ancient stone arch. The arch is surmounted by a building which underwent
several additions in elevation across the centuries. Experimental tests are performed using different
excitation methods and accelerometer configurations. The measurements are taken before and after
the retrofit of the arch. The elaboration and comparison of the collected data for the structural
assessment of the system before and after its retrofit is the topic of this work.
Protection of Mediterannean Historical Structures against Earthquakes Using Fragility Curves
Authors: Syrmakezis Costas A. , Kosta M.T.
Published: March 2009

The post-earthquake rehabilitation and retrofitting of historical structures is an important issue in
the entire Mediterranean basin, which is characterized by its richness in historical masonry
structures as well as its high seismicity. For the restoration of historical structures and monuments,
high demands are raised, due to their great significance as cultural heritage carries. The high
importance of these structures, the need for evaluation of their present state and often the
determination of the extent and the possible ways of reinforcement, impose the development of a
methodology that could offer an estimation of their behaviour, taking into account the uncertainties
that are introduced during the analysis. These uncertainties caused by the variety of structural
materials used in the same monument, the difficulty of determining their mechanical properties and
the random action and intensity of the earthquake phenomenon make essential the presentation of
the vulnerability assessment presented in probabilistic terms.
This is being accomplished by a methodology which leads to the construction of the fragility
curves that can graphically represent the probability of certain damage ranks under the effect of
various earthquakes intensities. Through this family of curves, it is possible to investigate the way
that each factor affects the vulnerability of the structure, relatively to others.
The application of the methodology proposed is illustrated through three typically buildings made
of masonry, situated in Crete, Greece and constructed between the 18th and 19th century. Through
these case studies the correlation of the earthquake intensity is being shown.
Wireless Sensor Node Development for Bridge Condition Assessment
Authors: Kim Chul Woo , Kawatani M. , Tsukamoto M. , Fujita N.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an on-going research project on development of a wireless sensor node
equipped a MEMS accelerometer, which is aiming to design a wireless sensor node to meet specific
requirements of the drive-by bridge monitoring for short span bridges. The performance of a trial
piece of the sensor node is investigated through vibration tests on a model bridge in laboratory and a
real pedestrian bridge. This paper also covers brief statements about the sensor node. The results
indicate that acceleration responses taken from the wireless sensor node are comparable with those
from the conventional sensing device with wired acceleration transducers.
Multifunctional Textiles for Protection against Natural Hazards
Authors: Zangani Donato
Published: March 2009

Textile structures are extensively used in construction in forms of geotextiles. The
retrofitting of existing masonry walls and soil structures is particularly important for earthquake
protection of historic buildings and protection of earthworks against landslides. Unreinforced
masonry structures are highly vulnerable because being originally designed mainly for gravity loads
they often cannot withstand the dynamic horizontal loads in case of strong earthquakes. Soil
structures, such as embankments, are subjected to landslides after heavy rainfalls or during
earthquakes. Hence the necessity to develop efficient methods for the retrofitting of existing
masonry buildings and earthworks and of related monitoring systems to possibly prevent the
structural damage. To solve the above issues new multifunctional textile structures are being
developed for application in construction for the retrofitting of masonry structures and earthworks,
integrating a combination of different functions, including structural health monitoring.
Self-Oscillating Gel as Smart Materials
Authors: Yoshida Ryo
Published: March 2009

We have developed polymer and gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function by
utilizing the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. Under the coexistence of the substrates, the
polymer undergoes spontaneous cyclic soluble-insoluble changes or swelling-deswelling changes
(in the case of gel) without any on-off switching of external stimuli. By using microfabrication
technique, ciliary motion actuator or self-walking gel have been demonstrated. Further, in order to
realize nano-actuator, the linear polymer chain and the submicrometer-sized gel beads were
prepared. By grafting the polymers or arraying the gel beads on the surface of substrates, we have
attempted to design self-oscillating surface as nano-conveyer. For application to biomaterials, it is
necessary to cause the self-oscillation under biological condition without using non-biorelated BZ
substrates. So we attempted to introduce pH-control site and oxidant-supplying site into the
polymer. By using the polymer, self-oscillation only in the existence of biorelated organic acid was
actually achieved.
Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device for the Detection of a Specific Biomolecule
Authors: Jeon Won Jin , Shin Chee Burm , Yi Jong Heop
Published: March 2009

Mutation and aggregation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are reported as one of the causes of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To detect SOD1 protein from the motor neuron, surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) analysis was adopted due to its advantages in the in-situ biomolecular recognition by
surface analysis without labeling. For the patterning of protein antigens at Au surface for use in SPR
imaging experiments, microfluidic devices were fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by
replica molding method. They were designed for the solution to flow by capillary force only without
using any additional pumping equipments or flow controllers. Performance of microfluidic devices
was verified by the simple microfluidic experiments, and multiple protein-patterned sensor surfaces
were constructed by using these microfluidic devices.
Novel Nitrogen Rich Polymers and Chitosan for Tissue Engineering of Intervertebral Discs
Authors: Mwale Fackson , Wertheimer Michael R. , Antoniou John
Published: March 2009

Degenerative disc disease has been implicated as a major component of spine pathology.
However, though biological repair of the degenerate disc would be the ideal treatment, there is a
lack of a universally accepted scaffold for tissue engineering of intervertebral discs (IVD) and little
is known of how to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a disc-like phenotype. We
show that 2.5% Protasan® UP G213 cross-linked to 5% genipin might be a promising scaffold for
disc tissue engineering. Furthermore, we have developed extremely N-rich plasma polymer layers,
which we call "PPE:N" (N-doped plasma-polymerized ethylene, containing up to 36% [N]). We
show that PPE:N almost completely suppresses the expression not only of type X collagen, but also
of osteogenic marker genes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and
osteocalcin (OC). In contrast, neither aggrecan nor types 1 collagen expression were significantly
affected. These results indicate that PPE:N coatings may be suitable surfaces for inducing MSCs to
a chondrocyte or disc-like phenotype for tissue engineering of cartilage or IVDs, in which
hypertrophy and osteogenesis are suppressed.
Fabrication of Titanium Fiber Scaffold for Biomaterial Use
Authors: Saito Shunsuke , Oyake Y. , Asaoka Teruo
Published: March 2009

In the event of a significant injury, human bone must be repaired by artificial means. In the present
study, we used titanium (Ti) to create a scaffold for cell renewal with an emphasis on strength.
Because scaffolds for cell renewal require a microporous structure that enables supply of oxygen
and nutrients, sintered Ti fiber was used. However, although titanium has a high fracture toughness,
it does not bind to hydroxyapatite (HAp), the main component of bone, and thus requires addition
of bioactivity. Following treatment by sodium hydroxide, titanium fibers were heated and immersed
in simulated body fluid. Through this process, HAp was formed on the titanium surface to create a
bioactive material with both a high strength and biocompatibility. Following approximately two
weeks of immersion in simulated body fluid, HAp was formed such that it covered the surroundings
of titanium fibers without any gaps. In addition, the fracture condition of HAp was analyzed by
conducting mechanical tests, such as tensile strength and compression tests, on the titanium fibers
on which HAp was formed. Furthermore, collagen coating was performed on the titanium surface,
and the material was immersed in simulated body fluid to investigate and compare HAp formation.
Fabrication of α-TCP, HAp Functionally Graded Porous Beads
Authors: Kajihata Yuji , Asaoka Teruo , Furukawa Katsuko S. , Ushida Takashi , Tateishi T.
Published: March 2009

HAp (Hydroxyapatite) and α-TCP (alpha tribasic calcium phosphate) are non-toxic to
human cells and, thus, have been studied for applications as biomaterials. HAp is a bioactive
material that is not readily absorbed by the body; it offers both high strength and better tissueadhesive
properties than α-TCP. In contrast, α-TCP is highly bioabsorbable; it is quickly absorbed
by the body, and, therefore, for example, disappears before bone is completely replaced. If porous
beads could be fabricated that would take advantage of the useful properties of α-TCP and HAp,
they could be used as excellent scaffolds for cultivating cells. In the present study, ceramic beads
with α-TCP at the center were fabricated and coated with a functionally graded film of HAp. A
scaffold based on this configuration would be expected to have the following characteristics: good
cell adhesion; strong beads; and a rate of absorption into the body that would be easy to control. In
addition, to accelerate the formation of porous structure, some acid solutions were used to dissolve
the beads surface layer and to penetrate pores toward inside of the bead. HAp formation through
hydrolytic reaction seemed to be promoted by these acid solutions.
Supramolecular Approach to Gene Delivery
Authors: Yui Nobuhiko
Published: March 2009

The most definite feature in polyrotaxanes, in which many cyclic compounds are threaded
onto a linear polymeric chains capped with bulky end-groups, is the mobility of cyclic compounds:
these cyclic compounds may rotate and/or slide along the polymeric chain. Our previous studies have
clarified that the mobility of ligands linked to the cyclic compounds is closely related to enhancing
multivalent interaction with biological systems. This concept is now exploiting more practical
applications for drug delivery such as gene delivery. We have designed biocleavable polyrotaxanes
that have a necklace-like structure between many dimethylaminoethylcarbamoyl-α-cyclodextrins
(DMAE-α-CDs) and a disulfide (SS)-introduced poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. The
polyrotaxanes were found to show sufficient cleavage of S-S linkages under reducible condition,
which led to triggering pDNA release via the dissociation of the non-covalent linkages between
DMAE-α-CDs and the PEG chain. The polyrotaxanes were finally clarified to exhibit great
transfection activity as well as non cytotoxicity.
Base Invaders. Coupling Experiments and Multiscale Modeling of Dendrimer-Based siRNA Delivery Agents
Authors: Posocco Paola , Pavan Giovanni Maria , Scocchi Giulio , Handgraaf Jan Willem , Malek Anastasia , Maly Marek , Fermeglia Maurizio , Fraaije Johannes G.E.M. , Catapano Carlo V. , Danani Andrea , Pricl Sabrina
Published: March 2009

Injected, nano-scale drug delivery systems, or nanovectors, are ideal candidates to
provide breakthrough solutions to the time-honored problem of optimizing therapeutic index for a
treatment. Even modest amounts of progress towards this goal have historically engendered
substantial benefits across multiple fields of medicine, with the translability, for example, from
oncology to infectious diseases being granted by the fact that the progresses had a single common
denominator in the underlying technological platform. In this work we combine multiscale
molecular modeling and experimental approaches to define the mode and the molecular
requirements of the interaction of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics (e.g., small interfering
(si)RNA) and dendrimeric delivery reagents. In details, by mimicking in silico the experiments
performed in vitro, information at the molecular level (e.g., interaction forces, mechanisms,
structures, free energies of binding, self-assembly, etc.), which cannot be accessed by other
experimental techniques, are obtained. Thus, critical molecular parameters for optimizing and de
novo designing nanocargos for tissues and tumor specific uptake can be determined. This would
provide valuable information to devise optimal delivery modalities that would increase the efficacy
of siRNA therapeutics in cells and laboratory animals and move them toward clinical applications.
Preparation and Characterization of Highly Water Soluble Drug Loaded PLA Microcapsules
Authors: Loca Dagnija , Pugovics Osvalds , Berzina-Cimdina Liga , Locs Janis
Published: March 2009

Microencapsulation of highly water soluble pharmaceutical substances (solubility more
than 1g/ml), especially if high drug loading is required (more than 50%) is a big challenge.
Biodegradable polylactide as coating material and polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant were found
suitable for this purpose. Active substance was microencapsulated using slightly modified waterin-
oil-in-water technique which involves dissolving of the drug in the water and polymer in
methylene chloride and forming an emulsion in water using a surfactant. Procedure of
microencapsulation was followed by filtration and drying of product obtained. Not only the
developed method enables microencapsulation of highly water soluble pharmaceuticals, but it also
predicts properties of products obtained. Microencapsulation technique developed allows
encapsulation of highly water soluble pharmaceutical with drug load up to 80%, and encapsulation
efficiency up to 65%. During the study such parameters as emulsification time, volume of outer
water phase and amount of active ingredient in inner water phase on microencapsulation process
and product properties were investigated
New Antibacterial, Antiadhesive Films Based on Self Assemblies of Modified Tetraetherlipids
Authors: Dayyoub Eyas , Sitterberg Johannes , Rothe Ulrich , Bakowsky Udo
Published: March 2009

We report the surface modification of a cellulose dialysis membrane by tetraether lipids
and silver colloids to improve the antiadhesive and antibacterial properties of the biopolymer. The
lipid was covalently attached to the membrane via the bivalent linker cyanuric chloride. The
biologically evaluation show that the adhesion of serum components as well as bacteria, was
decreased by this novel coating.
Polysiloxane Coatings on Biomedical Micro Devices: Plasma Etching and Properties of Protection Layer
Authors: Szmigiel Dariusz , Domański Krzysztof , Grabiec Piotr
Published: March 2009

We investigated the plasma etching of polysiloxane intended for use in cochlear implants
as a protection layer. The processing was performed using fluorine-based chemistry ionized in RIE
(Reactive Ion Etching) or ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) discharge. The effect of temperature on
polysiloxane etch rate and the resulting surface morphology was examined. XPS was employed to
determine chemical changes induced by plasma treatment. The cytotoxicity on a cell line was
observed in order to estimate suitability of plasma processed silicone elastomer for use in
biomedical applications. This paper presents the selected results, which reveals how the
polysiloxane surface properties can change depending upon plasma treatment conditions.
Exemplary micro devices encapsulated in plasma treated silicone elastomer are also shown.
Photoluminescence Response and Particle Size Control of CdSe Quantum Dots by Wet Chemical Synthesis for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Louh Rong Fuh , Chang Alex C.C. , Wang Rex , Hsiao C.H.
Published: March 2009

The chalcogenide CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were obtained by wet chemical synthesis
route, using cadmium oxide and pure selenium as precursors, hexadecylamine (HDA),
tetradecylphosphine oxide (TDPO) and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as complexing agents in
tri-n-butylphosphine (TBP) solvent in the reactor with an argon protection atmosphere. This study
aims at manipulating the size of QDs for the potential in vivo medical applications. The CdSe
nanoparticles were analyzed by particle size analyzer, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy,
FE-SEM, TEM, and XPS. The desired particle size and photoluminescence response of CdSe QDs
can be achieved by adjusting proper molar ratios of HDA/TOPO and CdO/Se, along with the
synthesis temperature and reaction time. Our results show that the obtained CdSe quantum dots have
the average particle size of 1~10 nm within a size variation of 1.5 nm. The resultant CdSe QDs
provide stable PL responses as excited by light sources of 388~550 nm wavelengths.
Purification, Dispersion and Biofunctionalization of Singlewall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Tripisciano Carla , Borowiak-Palen E. , Kalenczuk R.J.
Published: March 2009

Potential application of Carbon Nanotubes as a drug delivery system is limited by their
hydrophobity and their natural tendency to aggregate in the bundles. Dispersion and solubility of
Singlewall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution via non
covalent and covalent interactions was investigated. Galactosyl-β1-Sphyngosine (glycolipid
precursor of cerebrosides, structured with a hydrophobic chain, a hydrophilic head and an amine
group between them) was used.
Pristine SWCNTs were wrapped with Galactosyl-β1-Sphyngosine (Gal-Sphy), whereas the
carboxylic groups of the functionalized CNTs were activated in order to interact with amine groups
of Galactosylsphyngosine and render the coating stronger.
Samples dispersion was characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS). The comparison
and efficiency of the dispersion stability of the functionalized material in respect to the pristine
SWCNTs will be presented. We exploited Raman Spectroscopy to evaluate relative purity of the
samples, and the Infrared analysis to characterize the presence of the functional groups on the tubes
surface. The morphology of the samples was studied using high resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HR-TEM).
Bioinspired Polymer Surfaces for Nanodevices and Nanomedicine
Authors: Ishihara Kazuhiko , Nishizawa Kazuki , Goto Yusuke , Takai Madoka
Published: March 2009

The phospholipid molecule is one of the typical components of the cell membrane. In
particular, the phosphorylcholine polar group is an electrically neutral head group. Arrangement of
phospholipid polar groups and construct the surface, we applied 2-methacryloyloxyethyl
phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers bearing a phosphorylcholine group in side chain, which was
designed with the cell membrane as an inspiration. Versatile polymers comprising MPC could be
synthesized, and their specific biofunctions were evaluated. Establishing an ultimate interface
between biological circumstances and artificial materials, so-called biointerfaces, with multiple
functions is important from the viewpoint of biomaterials science. Nonspecific protein adsorption
is essential for achieving versatile biomedical applications. Simultaneously, bioconjugation and
retention of its biofunction are crucial for a high-performance interface. In this article, we would
like to introduce effectiveness of interface with highly biological functions composed of the MPC
polymers for constructing nanobiodevices and nanomedicine.
Low Voltage Microgripper for Single Cell Manipulation
Authors: Solano Belen , Gallant Andrew J. , Greggains Gareth D. , Wood David , Herbert Mary
Published: March 2009

In this work, we present the characterisation of an electrothermally actuated microgripper
that operates in both dry and liquid media, and shows improved performance versus existing
devices. The microgripper, fabricated in a combination of polymeric (SU8) and conductive
materials (Au), is able to produce displacements up to 110 μm in air and 30 μm in liquid. In both
cases, the voltage and the electrical power required is minimal (less than 3 V and 180 mW
respectively) and so both, high temperatures and electrolysis, are prevented. Micromanipulation
experiments have successfully demonstrated the gripping, holding and transport of mice oocytes
(approx. diameter 100 μm) in a biological media.
Intelligent Wearable Systems Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Lymberis Andreas
Published: March 2009

Intelligent wearable personal systems enabling, e.g. health monitoring, protection &
safety and healthy lifestyle, gained strong interest during the last 10-15 years. New generation of
body sensors benefit largely from significant technological advances in terms of intelligence, speed,
miniaturization, power autonomy and new materials at lower cost. The symbiosis of textiles with
wearable computing, augmented reality, human machine interfaces, media and interface design and
the collaboration between established electronics and textile industries are leading to a totally new
class of large-area, flexible, conformable informative and interactive wearable systems. Further
research across disciplines like micro-nano technologies, materials, physiology/biology/medicine
and information & communication technologies is necessary in order to achieve highly performing,
user-friendly and cost-effective wearable systems. This article presents the state-of-the-art of smart
wearable integrated systems for personal applications, outlines current research achievements and
discusses trends and challenges for technology, systems and applications.
Approaches to the Construction of the Minimal Cell
Authors: Stano Pasquale
Published: March 2009

In this article I discuss the backgrounds, some technical insights, and the novel
developments of a bioengineering approach to semi-synthetic minimal cells that is currently
pursued within the EU project SYNTHCELLS. Originally developed by Pier Luigi Luisi and
coworkers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH, Zurich), the project aims to the
construction of liposome-based bioreactors, which display living properties, although at a minor
complexity level.
CPG Control of a Tensegrity Morphing Structure for Biomimetic Applications
Authors: Bliss Thomas K. , Iwasaki Tetsuya , Bart-Smith Hilary
Published: March 2009

Rhythmic movements associated with animal locomotion are controlled by neuronal
circuits known as central pattern generators (CPG). These biological control systems appear to
entrain to the natural frequencies of the mechanical systems they control, taking advantage of the
resonance of the structure, resulting in efficient control. The ultimate goal is employing these
controls in a biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle so as to capture, and possibly improve
upon, the performance capabilities of animals like the manta ray. To this end, this paper
investigates the CPG control of a simple tensegrity structure. The dynamics of a tensegrity
structure are linearized about a nominal configuration, and a synthesized CPG is used as the control
input. Successful integration is shown by the CPG's ability to tune the structure's first mode.
Anthropomorphic Talking Robot Based on Human Biomechanical Structure
Authors: Fukui Kotaro , Ishikawa Yuma , Shintaku Eiji , Honda Masaaki , Takanishi Atsuo
Published: March 2009

We developed an anthropomorphic talking robot, Waseda Talker No. 6 (WT-6), which
generates speech sounds by mechanically simulating articulatory motions and aero-acoustic
phenomena. WT-6 possesses 17 degrees of freedom (DOF): a 5-DOF tongue, 1-DOF jaws, 4-DOF
lips, a nasal cavity, and a 1-DOF soft palate as articulators; and 5-DOF vocal cords and 1-DOF lungs
as vocal organs. The vocal cords, tongue, and lips are made from the thermoplastic rubber Septon,
whose elasticity is similar to that of human tissue. WT-6 has three-dimensional (3D) lips, tongue, jaw,
and velum, which form the vocal tract structure. It also has an independent jaw opening/closing
mechanism. The previous robot in the series had a two-dimensional tongue and could not produce
human-like tongue shape. The new tongue can form 3D shapes, and thus, is able to produce more
realistic vocal tract shapes. The vocal cord model consists of two folds, and is constructed with a
structure similar to the biomechanical structure of human vocal cords. These vocal cords can vibrate
in complex phases, similar to those of a human. With these mechanisms, the robot can reproduce
human speech in a more biomechanical manner, and thus, can produce a voice closer to that of a
human.
An Exploration of Passive and Active Flexibility in Biolocomotion through Analysis of Canonical Problems
Authors: Eldredge Jeff D. , Wilson Megan , Hector Daniel
Published: March 2009

Most aquatic creatures achieve motility through the dynamic interaction of their flexible
body with the surrounding medium. This flexibility is used to provide a spectrum of active and
passive control, allowing the creature to sometimes prescribe its shape changes and at other times
extract energy from the fluid. This mix is particularly important in the moderate Reynolds number
regime, in which wake vortices play an important energetic role. A well-devised control strategy for
a bio-inspired vehicle should – perhaps must – exploit such flexion and energy exchange; as yet, we
lack sufficient understanding to develop such a strategy. In this work, we present two canonical
problems that distill fundamental modes of fluid/flexible body mechanics in biological systems,
which are analyzed using high-fidelity numerical simulation. The first system consists of an
articulated three-link swimmer considered in free-swimming. The second system involves an
articulated jellyfish, in which the active/passive flexibility mix is explored by designation of the
individual hinges.
Geometric Mechanics and Aquatic Locomotion through Vortex Shedding
Authors: Kelly Scott David
Published: March 2009

The controlled shedding of vorticity and the resulting development of liftlike forces on
control surfaces are fundamental to the hydrodynamics of macroscopic marine animals and
underwater vehicles alike. Computational models can reproduce these phenomena with high
fidelity, but such models are largely incompatible with analytical methods of model-based feedback
control design. Problems in aquatic locomotion have recently attracted attention within the
analytical mechanics community, leading to the framing of such problems in the context of
Lagrangian systems and geometric nonlinear control, but efforts in this area have been limited to
idealized problems in which vortex shedding is conspicuously absent. This paper describes
preliminary work to extend the language of geometric mechanics to address the effects of vortex
shedding implicitly by modeling the development of liftlike forces on self-propelling bodies.
Fluid-Structure Interactions in Pelagic Trawls and Probable Consequences for the Selectivity of the Fishing Gear
Authors: Paschen Mathias , Winkel Hans Joachim , Knuths Henning
Published: March 2009

To study the phenomenon of fluid-net-structure interaction of a trawl the authors investigated
effects of hydro-elasticity of stiff net panels (grids) by means of special experiments in a wind
tunnel. The analyses were especially focused on how the grids affect the current.
One of the targets was to observe the correlation between the actual distribution of velocity distant
and close to the grid and the respective hydrodynamic load distribution namely under consideration
of prevailing geometrical and kinematical parameters. Another aim of the tests was to get an idea of
the fluid-dynamic interactions between neighbouring mesh bars which is implicitly expressed in the
well known nomographic diagram by Koritzky (1973).
And last but not least the third target was to analyse the impact of the grid on the fluid parameters in
correlation with further investigations regarding the understanding of the phenomenon of selectivity
of fishing gears.
In context of these objectives the hydrodynamic loads as well as the current distributions close to
and far from the grid surface were measured by a six-component balance, by hot-wire anemometers
as well as by a 2d-PIV-system. The tests were focused on small angles of attack. To control the
motion of fluid two end plates and a base plate were used. The consequences of a fluid blockage at
the end of a grid were analysed. Results are presented and discussed.
A Bat-Wing Aircraft Using the Smart Joint Mechanism
Authors: Leylek Emily , Manzo Justin , Garcia Ephrahim
Published: March 2009

A bat-like aircraft is proposed, using a smart joint mechanism to actuate the morphing
of the wings. The smart joint stays in its deformed shape after cooling, which can be up to 5% of
25 mm length joint. The morphing of the wing shapes of three different bat species is evaluated
using a planar lifting line analysis. The morphing improves the lift coefficient over 1000% and the
lift to drag ratio over 300% at an angle of attack of 0.6°. The results compare well with what is
expected from the type of flight and morphology that has been documented for the bats.
New Fabrication Process of Nano–Composites by Biomimetic Approach
Authors: Okamoto Mitsuyo , Iwai E. , Hatta H. , Kohri Hitoshi , Shiota Ichiro
Published: March 2009

In bio-systems, nano-composites with complex micro-structures are formed by
self-assembly only using low energy at room temperature. If these mechanisms of biological tissue
are identified, we can possibly propose a new process to fabricate composites by mimicking tissue
formation in vivo. As a bio-material, we paid attention to bio-tissue reinforced with collagen fibrils.
Collagen fibrils are of baculiform; Thus the self-assembly process through liquid crystalline
transition has been proposed by a French group [1]. In the present study, factors controlling liquid
crystalline transition, e.g. concentration and pH, are discussed using collagen solution. When liquid
crystalline phase is produced, aligned molecules exhibits optical anisotropy. This anisotropy was
observed with a polarized optical microscopy (POM). By observations with POM, development of
cholesteric phase in collagen solution was clarified.
Gecko Inspired Suit Could Have you Climbing the Wall
Authors: Pugno Nicola Maria
Published: March 2009

Theoretical van der Walls gloves could generate an adhesion force comparable to the
body weight of ∼500 men. Even if such a strength remains practically unrealistic (and undesired, in
order to achieve an easy detachment), due to the presence of contact defects, e.g. roughness and
dust particles, its huge value suggests the feasibility of Spiderman gloves. The scaling-up
procedure, from a spider to a man, is expected to decrease the safety factor (body weight over
adhesion force) and adhesion strength, that however could remain sufficient for supporting a man.
Scientists are developing fascinating new biomimetic materials, e.g. gecko-inspired. Here we
complementary face the problem of the structure rather than of the material, designing and
fabricating a first prototype of Spiderman gloves, capable of supporting ∼10 kilograms each, thanks
to new Adhesive Optimization Laws.
Towards Biocompatible Sensing Devices: An IPMC Based Artificial Vestibular System
Authors: Bonomo Claudia , Fortuna Luigi , Graziani Salvatore , La Rosa Manuela , Nicolosi Donata , Sicurella Giovanni
Published: March 2009

In this work the design and realization of an artificial vestibular system demonstrator is
presented. The whole system is biologically inspired to the human vestibular apparatus. The mototransduction
capabilities of ionomeric polymer-metal composite (IPMC) have been used in order to
develop the prototype [1]. The reported results are the starting point to the future design and
development of a miniaturized artificial vestibular system, integrating biocompatible materials and
all-organic electronic devices [2].
Pseudoelasticity of Cu-13.8Al-Ni Alloys Containing V and Nb
Authors: Gomes Rodinei Medeiros , Veloso Ana Cris R. , Buono V.T.L. , de Lima Severino Jackson Guedes , Melo Tadeu Antonio de Azevedo
Published: March 2009

Polycrystalline copper-based shape memory alloys have been of particular interest in
relation to Ni-Ti because of their low cost and good shape memory effect. Nevertheless the absence
of a pronounced pseudoelasticity effect restricts the number of potential applications. In this work,
the influence of Nb and V on the microstructure and the mechanical properties was investigated.
Samples of Cu-13.8 Al-Ni containing V and Nb alloy were prepared by induction and solution
treated at 850°C and then further quenched into cold water. The addition of Nb and V promotes the
formation of precipitates which act as grain refiner and subsequently improve the mechanical
properties. The tensile tests were performed at temperatures slightly inferior to Mf and superior to
Af, to investigate the shape recovery and pseudoelasticity, respectively. Based on the analyses of the
Cu-13,8Al-2Ni-1Nb (wt%) alloy was detected rupture strains greater than 14%, besides
observation of the superelasticity of these alloys and quantification of this property by means of
cycling, from 0 to strains between 1 and 7%. The studies performed on alloy Cu-13.8Al- 3,5Ni-1V
(wt%) made it possible to determine rupture strains in the order of 3% and its superelastic behavior
through cycling for deformations between 1 and 3%.
Texture and Microstructure Studies on Films of Ni-Mn-Ga Produced by R. F. Sputtering and Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Zhang Y.P. , Hughes R.A. , Preston J.S. , Botton G.A. , Niewczas Marek
Published: March 2009

Introduction Ni-Mn-Ga films were grown on (110) MgO substrates by r.f. sputtering and
pulsed laser deposition techniques. Texture analyses, in combination with electron microscopy
measurements, reveal that the films from the two deposition techniques both have a cubic L21
structure, but differ in terms of their texture and grain morphology. The sputtered films grow along
the <110> direction with completely random in-plane orientation. The PLD films, on the other hand,
grow in the <422> direction such that there exists two distinct grain-types, where both types share an
epitaxial relationship with the substrate. In general, the overall quality of the PLD films is better than
the sputtered films. The growth conditions that influence film morphology and texture are discussed.
Shape Memory Behavior in Some (Ti,Zr,Hf)50(Ni,Cu)50 Alloys Elaborated by Glass Devitrification
Authors: Kolomytsev Victor I. , Babanly M. , Pasko Alexandre , Shpak A.P. , Sych Tetjana , Ochin P. , Vermaut Philippe , Portier Richard , Cesari Eduard , Rafaja D.
Published: March 2009

A series of multielementary AB-type shape memory alloys, quaternary (Ti,Hf)50(Ni,Cu)50
and quinary (Ti,Zr,Hf)50(Ni,Cu)50, have been produced by means of the melt-spinning (ribbons),
twin-roll casting (strips) and injection casting (bars) techniques. The glass forming ability (GFA)
has been investigated by means of calorimetric studies (DSC, DTA), microscopic observations
(TEM/SAD, SEM, XRD, optical microscopy) and deformation tests (bending, tension). The glass
transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tx) temperatures with the corresponding supercooled liquid
window ΔT = Tx – Tg have been determined for the mentioned rapid solidification techniques. GFA
is found to be strongly dependent on specific ratio between the constituent alloying elements, with
effective element A containing mixture of the early transition elements A = (Ti,Zr,Hf) and effective
element B containing mixture of the late transition elements B = (Ni,Cu), respectively. We report a
choice of the alloy composition, which is amorphous after fast cooling while recovers a reversible
B2 ↔ B19 ↔ B19' martensitic transformation sequence and demonstrates shape memory and
superelastic properties (up to MS ~ 400 K, AF ~ 450 K in the bulk material versus MS ~ 250 K,
AF ~ 350 K in the ribbon and strip states) after an adequate thermal treatment.
Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Film Actuators and Sensors
Authors: Kohl Manfred , Krevet Berthold , Grund Thomas , Barth Johannes , Auernhammer Daniel , Khelfaoui Fadila
Published: March 2009

Shape memory alloy (SMA) films enable the development of novel mechanically active
microsystems as they provide large force and stroke in restricted space. The performance of SMA
film actuators and sensors does not only depend on SMA material properties, but also requires a
mechanically and thermally optimized design as well as a suitable fabrication technology being
compatible to existing microsystems technologies. The paper gives an overview on the engineering
aspects of SMA film actuators and sensors. These aspects are illustrated by selected examples such
as bridge microactuators, microvalves and microscanners. The examples demonstrate the ongoing
progress in the field, current limitations as well as existing opportunities for emerging new
applications.
Effect of Micro-Voids on Plasticity in NiTi-Alloys
Authors: Olsen Jim Stian , Zhang Zhi Liang , van der Eijk Casper
Published: March 2009

Recent experimental investigations have indicated that commercial NiTi superelastic
alloys consist of particles and inclusions which can nucleate micro-voids. Almost no study on the
effect of micro-voids has been carried out in the literature. In this study the effect of micro-voids
and plasticity on the behaviour of a superelastic NiTi-alloy has been investigated. Axisymmetric
unit cell models with different micro-void volume fractions have been analysed subjected to various
stress triaxiality states. It is shown that the onset of plasticity is located at the void edge as the
maximum stress initially occurs at this position. The finite element results indicate that the existence
of micro-voids can reduce the re-centring capabilities in NiTi-alloys and that this effect should be
taken into consideration of constitutive equations.
Functional Properties of Ti-Ni-Based Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Khmelevskaya I. , Prokoshkin Sergey , Brailovski Vladimir , Inaekyan K.E. , Demers Vincent , Gurtovaya Irina , Korotitskiy Andrey , Dobatkin Sergey V.
Published: March 2009

The main functional properties (FP) of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are their
critical temperatures of martensitic transformations, their maximum completely recoverable strain
(er,1
max) and maximum recovery stress (sr
max). Control of the Ti-Ni-based SMA FP develops by
forming well-developed dislocation substructures or ultrafine-grained structures using various
modes of thermomechanical treatment (TMT), including severe plastic deformation (SPD). The
present work shows that TMT, including SPD, under conditions of high pressure torsion (HPT),
equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) or severe cold rolling followed by post-deformation
annealing (PDA), which creates nanocrystalline or submicrocrystalline structures, is more beneficial
from SMA FP point of view than does traditional TMT creating well-developed dislocation
substructure. ECAP and low-temperature TMT by cold rolling followed by PDA allows formation
of submicrocrystalline or nanocrystalline structures with grain size from 20 to 300 nm in bulk, and
long-size samples of Ti-50.0; 50.6; 50.7%Ni and Ti-47%Ni-3%Fe alloys. The best combination of
FP: sr
max =1400 MPa and er,1
max=8%, is reached in Ti-Ni SMA after LTMT with e=1.9 followed by
annealing at 400°C which results in nanocrystalline (grain size of 50 to 80 nm) structure formation.
Application of ultrafine-grained SMA results in decrease in metal consumption for various medical
implants and devices based on shape memory and superelastiсity effects.