bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lamotrigine: when and where does it act in affective disorders? A systematic review
Authors: Amann Benedikt , Born Christoph , Crespo Jose Manuel , Pomarol-Clotet Edith , McKenna Peter
Published: September 2010

Recent published data and treatment guidelines have created uncertainty about the use of lamotrigine in affective disorders, especially in acute bipolar depression. Furthermore, unpublished data on lamotrigine in mania, mixed episodes, unipolar depression and rapid cycling are still waiting to be integrated into the literature. Therefore, we critically reviewed the position of lamotrigine in the acute and long-term treatment of affective disorders. Studies were identified by searching English language articles published in MEDLINE using the key words: lamotrigine, bipolar depression, unipolar depression, mania, mixed episode, long-term treatment, rapid-cycling. Results of unpublished trials were obtained from the GlaxoSmithKline website. Lamotrigine showed efficacy in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder, more so in depressive than manic episodes. There was no evidence of effectiveness in the acute treatment of mania, mixed episodes, unipolar depression or rapid-cycling bipolar I disorder. Its effect in the acute treatment of bipolar depression is at most small. Based on current evidence, lamotrigine is indicated for the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder with predominantly depressive episodes. Its effectiveness in the acute treatment of bipolar depression is open to debate, and practical considerations limit its usefulness here. There are no grounds for recommending its use in manic or mixed states, in rapidly-cycling bipolar I or in unipolar depression.
Assessment of the buckling strengths of composite plates impacted with different impact loads and points
Authors: Altan Gürkan
Published: September 2010

This study has been designed to experimentally assess the changes of buckling loads of the E-glass fiber/epoxy composite laminates impacted at different impact energy levels. With the experiments conducted, the effects of the geometry parameters such as the ratio of impact point to the length of buckling (G = y/L) have been examined. According to the results of the experiments made, when the ratio of impact position is 0.2, buckling behaviors of the impacted specimens made at the energy levels of and under 10 J have been determined to be almost the same as the buckling behaviors of the non-impacted specimens. Generally, it has been found out that buckling behaviors of the impacted specimens made at the energies under such levels of energy as 15 J increase with the impact point ratio, and when the ratio is 0.2, buckling behaviors have been observed to be maximum.
Elastic plastic analysis of bonded composite repair in cracked aircraft structures
Authors: Albedah A. , Bachir Bouiadjra B. , Ouddad W. , Es-saheb M. , Binyahia F.
Published: September 2010

Three-dimensional and nonlinear finite element method is used to estimate the performance of the bonded composite repair of metallic cracked aircraft structures by analyzing the J integral and the plastic zone size around the crack tips for single and double symmetric patches. Several calculations have been realized to extract the plasticized elements around the crack tip. The obtained results show that, the double symmetric patch has a considerable beneficial effect on the repair performance compared to the single patch. A correction factor was introduced to the calculated values of the SIF for single patch in order to compensate for the effect of the plastic zone in the un-patched face of the repaired structure.
Galton’s Problem and Contagion in International Terrorism along Civilizational Lines
Authors: Neumayer Eric , Plümper Thomas
Published: September 2010

If terror attacks from groups of one country are followed by similar attacks on the same target from groups of other similar countries, then this could be the consequence of contagion. However, just because one terror incident follows another does not necessarily imply that one is caused by the other or, in other words, that terror attacks are what is called spatially dependent. Rather, both incidents could have been triggered by the same underlying cause. This is known as Galton’s problem. One area where this problem is particularly prevalent is international terrorism. According to Huntington, international terrorism is contagious because of civilizational rallying effects. If radical groups from one country attack targets from a country of another civilization, then groups from other countries of the same civilization as the initial terrorist groups will become more likely to also attack this target. Any test of this hypothesis has to solve Galton’s problem and thus to disentangle spatial dependence from spatial clustering of attacks and common shocks and trends, which affect similar groups from different countries similarly. Accounting for such potentially confounding effects, we nevertheless find evidence for spatial dependence in international terrorism along civilizational lines in the post-Cold War period and particularly so for specific inter-civilizational combinations. However, while contagion consistent with Huntington’s predictions exists, spatial dependence seems to have a substantively small effect on patterns of international terrorism.
Dynamic Inconsistency in Counterterrorism
Authors: Lee Sanghoon
Published: September 2010

Repeated interaction between a terrorist group and a target government is analyzed in a game-theoretic model. The analysis identifies a dynamic inconsistency problem, which forces the government to under-invest in defensive measures while over-investing in offensive measures. Policy implications are discussed in light of recent US counterterrorism experience. It is shown that governments may resolve the problem by delegating the authority over defensive measures to an independent agency.
Toxicity assessment of dye containing industrial effluents by acute toxicity test usingDaphnia magna
Authors: Verma Yogendra
Published: September 2010

Toxicity of dye containing effluent of tannery, textile, dyes and pulp-paper industries was evaluated in an acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna. The 48-hour EC50values were 4.33% and 19.5% for tannery effluents (Tn1 and Tn2). Textile effluents (Tx1—Tx7) had 48-hour EC50values; >100%, >100%, 62.9%, 63.0%, 40.3%, >100% and >100%, respectively. Dye industries (D1—D7) had 48-hour EC50values; 14.1%, 15.5%, 24.5%, 29.7%, 23.2%, >100% and >100%, respectively. Similarly pulp-paper effluents (P1—P5) showed acute toxicity as 100%, 77.87%, 46.44%, 69.55% and 82.84%, respectively. These results showed linear relationship with high degree of confidence (r2≥ 0.84—0.99) between immobility and test concentrations. Toxicity classification criteria showed that out of five effluents from pulp-paper mill, four were minor acutely toxic having 48-hour EC50value in between >46%—100%. Out of seven textile effluents, four were not acutely toxic (48-hour EC50value >100%) and three were minor acutely toxic (48-hour EC50value in the range of 40.3%—63.0%). Similarly, out of seven dye industrial effluents, two were not acutely toxic and five minor acutely toxic. One of the two tanneries was moderately acutely toxic and another one was minor acutely toxic. Classification based on toxic unit revealed that four out of five pulp-paper effluent, three out of seven textile effluents, five out of seven dye effluents and both the tannery effluents were toxic. Overall, 66.67% effluents were found toxic and 33.33% as non-toxic. In general, tannery and dyes effluents showed more toxicity than textile and paper mill effluents.
Association of Rapidly Progressive Moyamoya Syndrome With Bevacizumab Treatment for Glioblastoma in a Child With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Ullrich Nicole J. , Zimmerman MaryAnn , Smith Edward , Irons Mira , Marcus Karen , Kieran Mark W.
Published: September 2010

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a common multisystemic disorder that can result in tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 are also at increased risk to develop moyamoya syndrome, which is a cerebrovascular condition that predisposes affected individuals to develop strokes as a result of progressive narrowing of the intracranial internal carotid arteries and failure of adequate blood supply through collateral vessels. We report a case of a young boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 with glioblastoma who developed rapidly progressive moyamoya vasculopathy after treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab.
Depressed Brainstem Auditory Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Jiang Ze D. , Wu Yun Y. , Liu Xian Y. , Wilkinson Andrew R.
Published: September 2010

Brainstem auditory evoked responses were studied to examine brainstem auditory function in 80 children with cerebral palsy. The response waveform, particularly later waves, tended to be depressed. Thirty-three (41.3%) showed abnormal results. The main abnormality was reduced wave V amplitude. Other abnormalities were decreased V/I amplitude ratio, missing waves, prolonged I-V interval, and increased interaural difference in I-V interval. The abnormalities were persistent during the follow-up. In contrast to common findings in the responses in progressive neurologies, abnormalities in interpeak intervals were rare in children with cerebral palsy. There were some characteristic changes in the responses in certain etiologies. These results suggest that brainstem auditory function in children with cerebral palsy is depressed, which may be owing to decreased or altered neural firing or synchrony in the auditory brainstem. A detailed analysis of central components of the responses is valuable in detecting central auditory dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy.
Halfway Back: An Alternative to Revocation for Technical Parole Violators
Authors: White Michael D. , Mellow Jeff , Englander Kristin , Ruffinengo Marc
Published: September 2010

Over the past three decades, concomitant increases in prison population and the use of parole, coupled with a more punitive parole philosophy and fiscal crises at every level of government, have prompted a renewed interest in intermediate sanctions— especially for technical parole violators. A number of jurisdictions have developed intermediate sanctions that are both custodial and therapeutic—but do not involve a return to prison—for technical violators. Despite their growing popularity, little research has examined these technical violator programs, and as a result, basic questions regarding their impact remain unanswered. This article examines a therapeutic technical violator program in the state of New Jersey called Halfway Back. Using a quasiexperimental, retrospective matched groups design, the study explores the impact of the program through a comparison of recidivism and incarceration costs among random samples of program participants ( n = 227) and nonparticipants ( n = 392). Results suggest that program participants experienced modest though statistically significant reductions in new arrests over the 18-month follow-up period. An examination of incarceration costs related to program participation shows that Halfway Back sets the stage for measurable cost savings though the degree to which these savings are realized remains unclear. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for parole policy and practice.
Melvin Ember and HRAF, Anthropology’s Archive
Authors: Kottak Conrad P.
Published: September 2010

The author discusses Melvin Ember’s impact as the long-time president of the Human Relations Area Files, which he refers to as “Anthropology’s Archive.” He discusses the digitization of the files, the development of new archives and encyclopedias, and some of the way the files are currently being used. He suggests much of the success of the Human Relations Area Files over the last quarter century can be attributed directly to Melvin Ember and his leadership.
Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in seven Italian hospitals: The effect of quality assurance and adherence to guidelines
Authors: Turci Roberta , Minoia Claudio , Sottani Cristina , Coghi Raffaella , Severi Paolo , Castriotta Cecilia , Del Bianco Massimo , Imbriani Marcello
Published: September 2010

In health care facilities, dermal contact and inhalation are considered to be the main routes of exposure to cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs (ADs). Hand-to-mouth contamination or accidental needle sticks as well as events due to inadequate disposal may also contribute to exposure. In order to measure the extent of contamination, biological and environmental monitoring are essential tools for routine testing. Moreover, reliable sampling and analytical procedures are required. During the last decade, several methods have been developed and validated. The appropriate analytical techniques were used to quantify even very low levels of some of the more commonly used ADs, such as cyclophosphamide, 5-fluoruracil, taxol, anthracyclines, and platinum-compounds. The main objective of this study is to assess the adherence to existing standards of practice through an effective monitoring program, including environmental and biological measurements. In seven hospitals located in Northern-Central Italy, periodic surveys were scheduled to verify continuing compliance with guidelines over a 5-year period. All biological samples were found to be below detection limits and a progressive, significant decrease in workplace contamination was observed. Our results confirm that a cost-effective monitoring regime, including fast and simple sample pre-treatment procedures, simultaneous determination of the analytes and their metabolites, validated procedures including uncertainty evaluation, and periodic surveys, is the adequate approach for the collection of reliable exposure data and hence for effective intervention.
The ‘‘What’’ and ‘‘How’’ of Case Study Rigor: Three Strategies Based on Published Work
Authors: Gibbert Michael , Ruigrok Winfried
Published: September 2010

To provide evidence-based strategies for ensuring rigor of case studies, the authors examine what rigor types authors report and how they report them by content analyzing all case studies published 1995—2000 in 10 management journals. Comparing practices in articles addressing rigor extensively and less extensively, the authors reveal three strategies for insuring rigor. First, very few case study authors explicitly label the rigor criteria in terms of the concepts commonly used in the positivist tradition (construct, internal, and external validity, as well as reliability). Despite this, papers addressing rigor extensively do report concrete research actions taken to ensure methodological rigor. Second, papers addressing rigor extensively prioritized rigor types: more, and more detailed, strategies were reported for ensuring internal and construct validity than for external validity. Third, emergent strategies used in the field were reported, such as setbacks and serendipities, that necessitated changes to the originally planned research procedures. Authors focus squarely on the concrete research actions taken, carefully relaying them to the reader so that the reader may appreciate the logic and purpose of trade-off decisions in the context of the specific case study.
The Presence of Something or the Absence of Nothing: Increasing Theoretical Precision in Management Research
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey R. , Berry James W.
Published: September 2010

In management research, theory testing confronts a paradox described by Meehl in which designing studies with greater methodological rigor puts theories at less risk of falsification. This paradox exists because most management theories make predictions that are merely directional, such as stating that two variables will be positively or negatively related. As methodological rigor increases, the probability that an estimated effect will differ from zero likewise increases, and the likelihood of finding support for a directional prediction boils down to a coin toss. This paradox can be resolved by developing theories with greater precision, such that their propositions predict something more meaningful than deviations from zero. This article evaluates the precision of theories in management research, offers guidelines for making theories more precise, and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the pursuit of theoretical precision.
Evaluation Systems, Ethics, and Development Evaluation
Authors: Thomas Vinod
Published: September 2010

After some 65 years of international development assistance, it is still difficult to show the effectiveness of aid in ways that are fully convincing. In part, this reflects inadequacies in the evaluation systems of the bilateral, multilateral, and global organizations that provide official development aid. Underlying these weaknesses often are a lack of adequate resources to carry out evaluation, insufficient harmonization of evaluation systems to allow aggregation and comparisons, and data limitations. Capacity constraints in both developing countries and aid organizations hinder the quality of evaluations. In addition, evaluation too frequently is not used by donor agencies or recipient countries to improve development effectiveness. All of these issues raise ethical concerns about the efficient use of donor resources, the opportunity costs for developing countries, and most important the effects on the intended beneficiaries of aid.
Escaping the Dusty Shelf: Legislative Evaluation Offices’ Efforts to Promote Utilization
Authors: Vanlandingham Gary R.
Published: September 2010

Although scholars have proposed many steps to increase evaluation use, there has been little comparative empirical study of whether researchers follow these recommendations and whether specific steps are associated with greater utilization. This study of state legislative evaluators finds that those that regularly meet with stakeholders and provide readily actionable products were considered by senior legislative staff to have more impact, as were larger offices. Legislative evaluators working in auditing organizations were viewed less favorably than those working in other units; this appears to be related to their adherence to Government Auditing Standards that prescribe organizational independence. Evaluators following these standards had less stakeholder engagement than did those working in other legislative units that adhered to research standards that stress meeting stakeholder needs. Environmental factors such as changes in party control may also play a role in how the work of evaluators is valued and used in the legislative process.
Maps and magic in Renaissance Europe
Authors: Herva Vesa-Pekka
Published: September 2010

Contextual and interpretive approaches have broadened perspectives on historical cartography since the 1980s, but maps still continue to be understood as a means of encoding and communicating spatial information and ideas. These established approaches to maps, however, are embedded in modernist assumptions and may misrepresent the function and meaning of maps, especially in contexts such as Renaissance Europe. This article considers the meaning of the magical associations and aspects of Renaissance maps from a relational perspective. It is argued on historical and theoretical grounds that maps engaged, and were recognized to engage, directly with the workings of the world and thus exercised causations of a magical kind.The explicit magical associations of cartography waned towards the end of the 17th century, but the magic of maps became hidden rather than lost in the process.
Overweight and obesity in Sweden. A five year follow-up, 2004-2008
Authors: Johansson Gunnar
Published: September 2010

Objective: The number of overweight and obese persons increased through the 1980s and 1990s in Sweden, for instance for men from 35% in 1980 to 52% in 2007. This study investigated whether this trend continued over the past 5 years, including trends for diet and physical activity. Materials and methods: The sampling frame in these surveys was established from the Swedish National Registry where all people registered in Sweden between 18 and 84 years in 2004 and 16—84 years in 2005—08 were included. Results: There were no changes in the number of overweight (approximately 42% for men and 27% for women) and obese (approximately 11% for both men and women) persons between 2004 and 2008. Approximately 65% of the men and 64% of the women were physically active for an average of 30 minutes per day in 2008. Thirteen percent of women and 5% of men reported consuming at least five servings of fruit and vegetables per day during the 5-year period. Conclusions: Sweden seems to have reached a steady state regarding overweight and obesity. It would probably be fruitful to further discuss life-style issues, such as diet and physical activity, in the Swedish healthcare system and how to deal with the social gradient.
Construct validity of a revised Physical Activity Scale and testing by cognitive interviewing
Authors: Andersen Lise G. , Groenvold Mogens , Jørgensen Torben , Aadahl Mette
Published: September 2010

Aim: To validate the construct validity of a new version of a Physical Activity Scale (PAS 2) for measuring average weekly physical activity of sleep, work, and leisure time to determine whether a further criterion validation is justified. Methods: The validity of responses to the questionnaire was evaluated by cognitive interviewing in 16 Danish men and women aged 21—70 years. Construct validity was validated in 342 men and women aged 35—66 years by assessing agreement between 24-h MET-scores obtained from average weekly physical activity measured by PAS 2 and a 24-h Physical Activity Scale (PAS 1), previously found to overestimate physical activity. Results: Cognitive interviewing revealed few problems in the questions on physical activity in different domains. No problems regarding the structure of the questionnaire were identified. The agreement between PAS 1 and PAS 2 MET-scores was high among participants with a PAS 1 24-h MET-score <45 MET-hours. Among participants with a PAS 1 24-h MET-score ≥45 MET-hours, the weekly-based scale, PAS 2, systematically estimated fewer MET-hours compared to the 24-h based scale, PAS 1. The difference increased proportionally with the average of the two MET-scores. Conclusions: Few, small, lexical revisions were implemented into the new scale to improve the validity. As hypothesized, PAS 2 produced lower estimates of energy expenditure compared to PAS 1, indicating that the new scale may provide more valid measurements and that further validation against an objective criterion is justified.
Effects of vitamin D on muscle function and performance: a review of evidence from randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rejnmark Lars
Published: September 2010

Vitamin D insufficiency is frequent in the general population. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown a decreased risk of falls in elderly treated with vitamin D supplements, which may be due to an improved neuromuscular function in vitamin D-replete subjects. In most observational studies, vitamin D status correlates positively with muscle strength and postural stability. However, as physical activity is associated with vitamin D status as well as muscle strength, effects of vitamin D status on muscular health can only be assessed properly in RCTs. A systematic search was performed and 16 RCTs on the effects of treatment with vitamin D on muscle function were identified. All except one of the studies were performed in subjects above 50 years of age. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitmin D (25OHD) levels were below 50 nmol/l in 11 studies. Plasma 25OHD levels increased significantly in all studies. In seven studies, a beneficial effect of vitamin D treatment was documented on muscle strength of the lower legs, body sway, and/or physical performance. Identified studies were heterogeneous with regard to most aspects including indices measured. No obvious characteristics delineated studies showing beneficial effects from studies showing no effects. Only a few investigators reported the statistical power of measurements performed. In conclusion, evidence from RCTs do support an effect of vitamin D supplements on muscle strength and function in the elderly, but more studies showing a lack of an effect have been published than studies showing beneficial effects. There is a major lack of data on possible effects in younger subjects.
Frontiers in Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics
Authors: Stone Jeremy G. , Casadesus Gemma , Gustaw-Rothenberg Kasia , Siedlak Sandra L. , Wang Xinglong , Zhu Xiongwei , Perry George , Castellani Rudy J. , Smith Mark A.
Published: September 2010

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which begins with insidious deterioration of higher cognition and progresses to severe dementia. Clinical symptoms typically involve impairment of memory and at least one other cognitive domain. Owing to the exponential increase in the incidence of AD with age, the aging population across the world has seen a congruous increase in AD, emphasizing the importance of disease-altering therapy. Current therapeutics on the market, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, provide symptomatic relief but do not alter progression of the disease. Therefore, progress in the areas of prevention and disease modification may be of critical interest. In this review, we summarize novel AD therapeutics that are currently being explored, and also mechanisms of action of specific drugs within the context of current knowledge of AD pathologic pathways.
Evidence that Growth factor independence 1b regulates dormancy and peripheral blood mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Khandanpour Cyrus , Sharif-Askari Ehssan , Vassen Lothar , Gaudreau Marie-Claude , Zhu Jinfang , Paul William E. , Okayama Taro , Kosan Christian , Möröy Tarik
Published: September 2010

Donor-matched transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is widely used to treat hematologic malignancies but is associated with high mortality. The expansion of HSC numbers and their mobilization into the bloodstream could significantly improve therapy. We report here that adult mice conditionally deficient for the transcription Growth factor independence 1b (Gfi1b) show a significant expansion of functional HSCs in the bone marrow and blood. Despite this expansion, Gfi1bko/ko HSCs retain their ability to self-renew and to initiate multilineage differentiation but are no longer quiescent and contain elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. Treatment of Gfi1bko/ko mice with N-acetyl-cystein significantly reduced HSC numbers indicating that increased reactive oxygen species levels are at least partially responsible for the expansion of Gfi1b-deficient HSCs. Moreover, Gfi1b−/− HSCs show decreased expression of CXCR4 and Vascular cell adhesion protein-1, which are required to retain dormant HSCs in the endosteal niche, suggesting that Gfi1b regulates HSC dormancy and pool size without affecting their function. Finally, the additional deletion of the related Gfi1 gene in Gfi1bko/ko HSCs is incompatible with the maintenance of HSCs, suggesting that Gfi1b and Gfi1 have partially overlapping functions but that at least one Gfi gene is essential for the generation of HSCs.
Hepatic toxicity and prognosis in hepatitis C virus–infected patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens: a Japanese multicenter analysis
Authors: Ennishi Daisuke , Maeda Yoshinobu , Niitsu Nozomi , Kojima Minoru , Izutsu Koji , Takizawa Jun , Kusumoto Shigeru , Okamoto Masataka , Yokoyama Masahiro , Takamatsu Yasushi , Sunami Kazutaka , Miyata Akira , Murayama Kayoko , Sakai Akira , Matsumoto Morio , Shinagawa Katsuji , Takaki Akinobu , Matsuo Keitaro , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Tanimoto Mitsune
Published: September 2010

The influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on prognosis and hepatic toxicity in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era is unclear. Thus, we analyzed 553 patients, 131 of whom were HCV-positive and 422 of whom were HCV-negative, with DLBCL treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (RCHOP)–like chemotherapy. Survival outcomes and hepatic toxicity were compared according to HCV infection. The median follow-up was 31 and 32 months for patients who were HCV-positive and HCV-negative, respectively. HCV infection was not a significant risk factor for prognosis (3-year progression-free survival, 69% vs 77%, P = .22; overall survival, 75% vs 84%, P = .07). Of 131 patients who were HCV-positive, 36 (27%) had severe hepatic toxicity (grade 3-4), compared with 13 of 422 (3%) patients who were HCV-negative. Multivariate analysis revealed that HCV infection was a significant risk factor for severe hepatic toxicity (hazard ratio: 14.72; 95% confidence interval, 6.37-34.03; P < .001). An exploratory analysis revealed that pretreatment transaminase was predictive of severe hepatic toxicity. HCV-RNA levels significantly increased during immunochemotherapy (P = .006). These results suggest that careful monitoring of hepatic function and viral load is indicated during immunochemotherapy for HCV-positive patients.
Molecular characterization of Histoplasma capsulatum isolated from an outbreak in treasure hunters
Authors: Muñoz Bertha , Martínez María Á , Palma Gabriel , Ramírez Amado , Frías María G , Reyes María R , Taylor María L , Higuera Anjarath L , Corcho Alexander , Manjarrez María E
Published: September 2010

Background

In Mexico, primary pulmonary histoplasmosis is the most relevant clinical form of the disease. The geographical distribution of specific strains ofHistoplasma capsulatumcirculating in Mexico has not been fully established. Outbreaks must be reported in order to have current, updated information on this disease, identifying new endemic areas, manner of exposure to the fungi, and molecular characterization of the causative agents. We report a recent outbreak of histoplasmosis in treasure hunters and the molecular characterization of two isolates obtained from these patients.

Methods

Six patients admitted to the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER) in Mexico City presented severe respiratory symptoms suggestive of histoplasmosis. They acquired the infection in the Veracruz (VZ) endemic zone. Diagnosis was made by X-ray and Computed tomography (CT), liver function, immunological techniques, and culture. Identification ofH. capsulatumisolates was confirmed by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted with a probe from the M antigen, and the isolates were characterized by means of Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR employed the 1253 oligonucleotide and a mixture of oligonucleotides 1281 and 1283. These were compared to eight reference strain isolates from neighboring areas.

Results

X-ray and CT revealed disseminated micronodular images throughout lung parenchyma, as well as bilateral retrocaval, prevascular, subcarinal, and hilar adenopathies, hepatosplenomegaly, and altered liver function tests. Five of the six patients developed disseminated histoplasmosis. TwoH. capsulatumstrains were isolated. The same band profile was detected in both strains, indicating that both isolates corresponded to the soleH. capsulatumstrain. Molecular characterization of the isolates was similar in 100% with the EH-53 Hidalgo human (HG) strain (reference strain integrated into the LAm A clade described for Latin America).

Conclusions

The two isolates appeared to possess the same polymorphic pattern; they are indistinguishable from each other and from EH-53. It is important to remain updated on recent outbreaks of histoplasmosis, the manner of exposure to the fungi, as well as the molecular characterization of the isolates. The severity of cases indicates that this strain is highly virulent and that it is probably prevalent in Hidalgo and Veracruz states.
Comparative analysis of proteome maps of silkworm hemolymph during different developmental stages
Authors: Hou Yong , Zou Yong , Wang Fei , Gong Jing , Zhong Xiaowu , Xia Qingyou , Zhao Ping
Published: September 2010

Background

The silkworm Bombyx mori is a lepidopteran insect with four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. The hemolymph of the silkworm is in an open system that circulates among all organs, and functions in nutrient and hormone transport, injury, and immunity. To understand the intricate developmental mechanisms of metamorphosis, silkworm hemolymph from different developmental stages, including the 3rd day of fifth instar, the 6th day of fifth instar, the 3rd day of pupation, the 8th day of pupal stage and the first day of the moth stage, was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.

Results

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that from the larval to moth stages, silkworm hemolymph proteins changed markedly. Not only did major proteins such as SP1, SP2, and the 30 K lipoprotein change, but other proteins varied greatly at different stages. To understand the functions of these proteins in silkworm development, 56 spots were excised from gels for analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We identified 34 proteins involved in metamorphosis, programmed cell death, food digestion, metabolism, and nutrient storage and transport. Most proteins showed different expression at different stages, suggesting functions in development and metamorphosis. An abundance of proteins related to immunity were found, including hemolin, prophenoloxidase, serine proteinase-like protein, paralytic peptide-binding protein, and protease inhibitor.

Conclusions

Proteomics research not only provides the opportunity for direct investigation of protein expression patterns, but also identifies many attractive candidates for further study. Two-dimensional maps of hemolymph proteins expressed during the growth and metamorphosis of the silkworm offer important insights into hemolymph function and insect metamorphosis.
Single site laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: an oncological feasible option
Authors: Lim Yon Kuei , Ng Kheng Hong , Eu Kong Weng
Published: September 2010

Introduction

We present the first 7 cases of single site right hemicolectomy in Asia using the new Single Site Laparoscopy (SSL) access system from Ethicon Endo-surgery.

Methods

Right hemicolectomy was performed using the new Single Site Laparoscopy (SSL) access system. Patient demographics, operative time, histology and post operative recovery and complications were collected and analysed.

Results

The median operative time was 90 mins (range 60 - 150 mins) and a median wound size of 2.5 cm (range 2 to 4.5 cm). The median number of lymph nodes harvested was 24 (range 20 to 34 lymph nodes). The median length of proximal margin was 70 mm (range 30 to 145 mm) and that of distal margin was 50 mm (35 to 120 mm). All patients had a median hospital stay of 7 days (range 5 to 11) and there were no significant perioperative complications except for 1 patient who had a minor myocardial event.

Conclusion

Right hemicolectomy using SSL access system is feasible and safe for oncologic surgery.
Appropriate cut-off value for follicle-stimulating hormone in azoospermia to predict spermatogenesis
Authors: Chen Shyh-Chyan , Hsieh Ju-Ton , Yu Hong-Jeng , Chang Hong-Chiang
Published: September 2010

Background

This study was undertaken to determine the optimal cut-off value for FSH to predict the presence of spermatogenesis in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia.

Methods

A total of 206 non-obstructive azoospermic men were enrolled in this prospective study. By using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we determined the optimal cut-off value for FSH and evaluated whether the test could adequately predict successful sperm retrieval.

Results

There were 108 non-obstructive azoospermic patients who had evidence of spermatogenesis (group A) and achieved success in sperm retrieval. Another 98 non-obstructive azoospermic patients (group B) failed in sperm retrieval. The mean value of serum FSH in group B was significantly higher than in group A (28.03 +/- 14.56 mIU/mL vs 7.94 +/- 4.95 mIU/mL, p < 0.01; respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.939 +/- 0.02 and a cut-off value of 19.4 mIU/mL discriminated between group A and B with a sensitivity of 70%. The positive predictive value for failed sperm retrieval (group B) can reach 100%.

Conclusions

Elevated plasma levels of FSH of more than 19.4 mIU/mL could be used as a reliable criterion for a trial of sperm retrieval from testes in artificial reproductive techniques.
Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance
Authors: Jarius Sven , Franciotta Diego , Paul Friedemann , Ruprecht Klemens , Bergamaschi Roberto , Rommer Paulus S , Reuss Reinhard , Probst Christian , Kristoferitsch Wolfgang , Wandinger Klaus Peter , Wildemann Brigitte
Published: September 2010

Background

In 70-80% of cases, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is associated with highly specific serum auto-antibodies to aquaporin-4 (termed AQP4-Ab or NMO-IgG). Recent evidence strongly suggests that AQP4-Ab are directly involved in the immunopathogenesis of NMO.

Objective

To assess the frequency, syndrome specificity, diagnostic relevance, and origin of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AQP4-Ab in patients with NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD).

Methods

87 CSF samples from 37 patients with NMOSD and 42 controls with other neurological diseases were tested for AQP4-Ab in a cell based assay using recombinant human AQP4. Twenty-three paired CSF and serum samples from AQP4-Ab seropositive NMOSD patients were further analysed for intrathecal IgG synthesis to AQP4.

Results

AQP4-Ab were detectable in 68% of CSF samples from AQP4-Ab seropositive patients with NMOSD, but in none of the CSF samples from AQP4-Ab seronegative patients with NMOSD and in none of the control samples. Acute disease relapse within 30 days prior to lumbar puncture, AQP4-Ab serum titres >1:250, and blood-CSF barrier dysfunction, but not treatment status, predicted CSF AQP4-Ab positivity. A positive AQP4-specific antibody index was present in 1/23 samples analysed.

Conclusions

AQP4-Ab are detectable in the CSF of most patients with NMOSD, mainly during relapse, and are highly specific for this condition. In the cohort analysed in this study, testing for CSF AQP4-Ab did not improve the sensitivity and specificity of the current diagnostic criteria for NMO. The substantial lack of intrathecal AQP4-Ab synthesis in patients with NMOSD may reflect the unique localisation of the target antigen at the blood brain barrier, and is important for our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
Multiple sites in the N-terminal half of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid protein contribute to evasion from rhesus monkey TRIM5α-mediated restriction
Authors: Kono Ken , Song Haihan , Yokoyama Masaru , Sato Hironori , Shioda Tatsuo , Nakayama Emi E
Published: September 2010

Background

We previously reported that cynomolgus monkey (CM) TRIM5α could restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) strains carrying a proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (CA), but it failed to restrict those with a glutamine or an alanine. In contrast, rhesus monkey (Rh) TRIM5α could restrict all HIV-2 strains tested but not simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (SIVmac), despite its genetic similarity to HIV-2.

Results

We attempted to identify the viral determinant of SIVmac evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction using chimeric viruses formed between SIVmac239 and HIV-2 GH123 strains. Consistent with a previous study, chimeric viruses carrying the loop between α-helices 4 and 5 (L4/5) (from the 82nd to 99th amino acid residues) of HIV-2 CA were efficiently restricted by Rh TRIM5α. However, the corresponding loop of SIVmac239 CA alone (from the 81st to 97th amino acid residues) was not sufficient to evade Rh TRIM5α restriction in the HIV-2 background. A single glutamine-to-proline substitution at the 118th amino acid of SIVmac239 CA, corresponding to the 120th amino acid of HIV-2 GH123, also increased susceptibility to Rh TRIM5α, indicating that glutamine at the 118th of SIVmac239 CA is necessary to evade Rh TRIM5α. In addition, the N-terminal portion (from the 5th to 12th amino acid residues) and the 107th and 109th amino acid residues in α-helix 6 of SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction. A three-dimensional model of hexameric GH123 CA showed that these multiple regions are located on the CA surface, suggesting their direct interaction with TRIM5α.

Conclusion

We found that multiple regions of the SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α restriction.
Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) during colonoscopy diagnosis
Authors: González-Candelas Fernando , Guiral Silvia , Carbó Rosa , Valero Ana , Vanaclocha Hermelinda , González Francisco , Bracho Maria Alma
Published: September 2010

Background

No recognized risk factors can be identified in 10-40% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients suggesting that the modes of transmission involved could be underestimated or unidentified. Invasive diagnostic procedures, such as endoscopy, have been considered as a potential HCV transmission route; although the actual extent of transmission in endoscopy procedures remains controversial. Most reported HCV outbreaks related to nosocomial acquisition have been attributed to unsafe injection practices and use of multi-dose vials. Only a few cases of likely patient-to-patient HCV transmission via a contaminated colonoscope have been reported to date. Nosocomial HCV infection may have important medical and legal implications and, therefore, possible transmission routes should be investigated. In this study, a case of nosocomial transmission of HCV from a common source to two patients who underwent colonoscopy in an endoscopy unit is reported.

Results

A retrospective epidemiological search after detection of index cases revealed several potentially infective procedures: sample blood collection, use of a peripheral catheter, anesthesia and colonoscopy procedures. The epidemiological investigation showed breaches in colonoscope reprocessing and deficiencies in the recording of valuable tracing data. Direct sequences from the NS5B region were obtained to determine the extent of the outbreak and cloned sequences from the E1-E2 region were used to establish the relationships among intrapatient viral populations. Phylogenetic analyses of individual sequences from viral populations infecting the three patients involved in the outbreak confirmed the patient pointed out by the epidemiological search as the source of the outbreak. Furthermore, the sequential order in which the patients underwent colonoscopy correlates with viral genetic variability estimates.

Conclusions

Patient-to-patient transmission of HCV could be demonstrated although the precise route of transmission remained unclear. Viral genetic variability is proposed as a useful tool for tracing HCV transmission, especially in recent transmissions.
Asymmetric and non-uniform evolution of recently duplicated human genes
Authors: Panchin Alexander Y , Gelfand Mikhail S , Ramensky Vasily E , Artamonova Irena I
Published: September 2010

Background

Gene duplications are a source of new genes and protein functions. The innovative role of duplication events makes families of paralogous genes an interesting target for studies in evolutionary biology. Here we study global trends in the evolution of human genes that resulted from recent duplications.

Results

The pressure of negative selection is weaker during a short time immediately after a duplication event. Roughly one fifth of genes in paralogous gene families are evolving asymmetrically: one of the proteins encoded by two closest paralogs accumulates amino acid substitutions significantly faster than its partner. This asymmetry cannot be explained by differences in gene expression levels. In asymmetric gene pairs the number of deleterious mutations is increased in one copy, while decreased in the other copy as compared to genes constituting non-asymmetrically evolving pairs. The asymmetry in the rate of synonymous substitutions is much weaker and not significant.

Conclusions

The increase of negative selection pressure over time after a duplication event seems to be a major trend in the evolution of human paralogous gene families. The observed asymmetry in the evolution of paralogous genes shows that in many cases one of two gene copies remains practically unchanged, while the other accumulates functional mutations. This supports the hypothesis that slowly evolving gene copies preserve their original functions, while fast evolving copies obtain new specificities or functions.

Reviewers

This article was reviewed by Dr. Igor Rogozin (nominated by Dr. Arcady Mushegian), Dr. Fyodor Kondrashov, and Dr. Sergei Maslov.
Difference between pre-operative and cardiopulmonary bypass mean arterial pressure is independently associated with early cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury
Authors: Kanji Hussein D , Schulze Costas J , Hervas-Malo Marilou , Wang Peter , Ross David B , Zibdawi Mohamad , Bagshaw Sean M
Published: September 2010

Background

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. However, its pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that intra-operative mean arterial pressure (MAP) relative to pre-operative MAP would be an important predisposing factor for CSA-AKI.

Methods

We performed a prospective observational study of 157 consecutive high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The primary exposure was delta MAP, defined as the pre-operative MAP minus average MAP during CPB. Secondary exposure was CPB flow. The primary outcome was early CSA-AKI, defined by a minimum RIFLE class - RISK. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to explore for association between delta MAP and CSA-AKI.

Results

Mean (± SD) age was 65.9 ± 14.7 years, 70.1% were male, 47.8% had isolated coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery, 24.2% had isolated valve surgery and 16.6% had combined procedures. Mean (± SD) pre-operative, intra-operative and delta MAP were 86.6 ± 13.2, 57.4 ± 5.0 and 29.4 ± 13.5 mmHg, respectively. Sixty-five patients (41%) developed CSA-AKI within in the first 24 hours post surgery. By multivariate logistic regression, a delta MAP≥26 mmHg (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95%CI, 1.3-6.1, p = 0.009) and CPB flow rate ≥54 mL/kg/min (OR, 0.2, 0.1-0.5, p < 0.001) were independently associated with CSA-AKI. Additional variables associated with CSA-AKI included use of a side-biting aortic clamp (OR, 3.0; 1.3-7.1, p = 0.012), and body mass index ≥25 (OR, 4.2; 1.6-11.2, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

A large delta MAP and lower CPB flow during cardiac surgery are independently associated with early post-operative CSA-AKI in high-risk patients. Delta MAP represents a potentially modifiable intra-operative factor for development of CSA-AKI that necessitates further inquiry.