bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting and Competitive Tendering in UK Local Government: An Institutionalist Interpretation of the New Public Management
Authors: Seal Willie
Published: March 2003

The paper applies institutional theory to analyse the changing role of accounting and contracting in UK local government as the compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) regime was extended to white‐collar activities such as housing management, finance, legal services and information technology. Employing an organizational fields model, accounting changes were seen to be influenced by a combination of legal coercion, normative and competitive forces, the resistance and manipulation of the large local authorities together with the facticity of the new accounting and contracting regimes. The theoretical framework is applied to field‐work carried out in a large metropolitan authority in the north of England where CCT methodologies directly affected housing management but not other services such as finance. Although resisting CCT for finance, the authority subsequently introduced a radical scheme of voluntary competitive tendering for selected finance processes. The paper examines how accounting and contracting may be adapted to emerging trends in the New Public Management associated with Best Value policies.
National Accounting, Governmental Accounting and Cross‐country Comparisons of Government Financial Condition
Authors: Lüder Klaus
Published: March 2003

The assessment of the financial condition of governments within the European Monetary Union is based on the ‘Deficit‐to‐GDP’ and the ‘Debt‐to‐GDP’ ratios. Reliable judgements and cross‐national comparisons require reconciliation of national accounting and governmental accounting as well as a certain degree of transnational standardisation of governmental accounting. Recent and current developments of national accounting and governmental accounting systems have not considered these aspects and have therefore contributed, whether deliberately or not, to a questioning of the usefulness of the above‐mentioned ratios.
Cost Efficiency in Australian Local Government: A Comparative Analysis of Mathematical Programming anf Econometrical Approaches
Authors: Worthington Andrew C.
Published: March 2003

A sample of one hundred and seventy‐seven New South Wales’ local governments is used to compare the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier approaches to cost efficiency measurement. The results suggest that the choice of reference technology implies different levels of efficiency and rankings for identical samples and thereby has a dramatic influence on the policy implications drawn from frontier cost efficiency measures. Notwithstanding these comments, DEA and stochastic frontiers should be thought of as complementary tools in the analysis of local public sector efficiency. In the first instance, the frontier adheres closely to the notion of best‐practice efficiency, whereas in the second it refers to an absolute measure of efficiency. Clear advantages thereby accrue to DEA in identifying benchmark local governments and peer groups for comparison, while the stochastic frontier permits the opportunity for direct comparison with other institutional milieus.
Unto Every One That Hath Shall Be Given: The Subject Areas Under The HEFCE Formula
Authors: Whittington Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

The Higher Education Funding Council for England and Wales (HEFCE) has recently revised its formulae for the distribution of teaching and research funds between universities. The new formulae are intended to increase the transparency of the allocation process and reduce the reliance on historical patterns of allocation. Analysis shows that the coefficients (costs and prices) on which the formulae depend are estimated from historical data, so that reliance on historical patterns has not been eliminated. Moreover, the process by which the coefficients were derived is not transparent and the data used are not necessarily the most appropriate. Thus, the new formulae, which lead to significant shifts in the allocation of funds between subject areas, cannot be shown to have the transparency and sound empirical basis to which HEFCE aspires.
Budgeting in Catholic Parishes: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kluvers Ron
Published: March 2003

In this paper an aspect of accounting, namely budgeting, has been studied in an organizational context. According to Booth (1993) churches represent ‘extreme cases’ in which to study the impact of accounting. Following on from Laughlin (1988) Booth considered the sacred and secular divide to be a significant element in the use of accounting by church organizations. The parishes of the Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne form the context of this study in which evidence is sought for the sacred and secular divide by studying the role of budgeting in the parish. Questions were asked regarding participation in the budgetary process and the development and use of the budget. It was found that there was little consultation or participation in the budgetary process and that the use of the budget was restricted. These findings suggest that the sacred and secular divide operates at the parish level.
Appraising and Evaluating PFI for NHS Hospitals
Authors: Froud Julie , Shaoul Jean
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the use of appraisal in the development of proposals to use private finance to provide acute hospitals under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). It addresses the extent to which value for money (VFM) and affordability (which must be satisfied to enable a scheme to be approved) are demonstrated in the documents prepared by hospital Trusts. It identifies a number of issues (such as the transfer of risk and the development of public sector comparators) that pose new problems for investment appraisal, which are specific to its application to PFI.
The Cult of Modernity
Authors: Townley Barbara
Published: March 2003

This article examines Strategic Performance Management Systems oftenintroduced as a key component of New Public Management. In doing so, it identifies some of the common and long‐standing difficulties identified with the introduction and use of performance measures. The article then questions why such management systems are consistently advocated given some of the apparently serious dysfunctions that their introduction and use can engender. It concludes that these systems reflect a deeper attachment to what has been characterised as Enlightenment thinking, and that an archaeology of this style of thought is a necessary pre‐requisite for understanding models of management that are promulgated.
The Politics of Accountability: Institutionalising Internal Auditing in Israel
Authors: Scwartz Robert , Sulitzeanu‐Kenan Raanan
Published: March 2003

Israel’s attempt at strengthening public sector internal audit is found to have limited success, conforming with experiences of other countries. The adopted internal audit policy had little more than symbolic value, being devoid of stipulations to affect significant change. This is confirmed by implementation data that reveal low scores for most organizations across dimensions of structure, process and outcome. Politics of accountability and policy change models help to explain the causes of ineffectual internal audit legislation and of weak implementation. Findings suggest that top–down approaches to strengthening public sector internal audit are misplaced.
The Private Equity Market: An Overveiw
Authors: Fenn George W. , Liang Nellie , Prowse Stephen
Published: March 2003

The private equity market is an important source of funds for start‐up firms, private middle‐market firms, firms in financial distress, and public firms seeking buyout financing. Over the past fifteen years it has been the fastest growing corporate finance market, by an order of magnitude over the public equity and public and private bond markets. Despite its dramatic growth and increased significance for corporate finance, the private equity market has received little attention. This study examines the economic foundations of the private equity market, analyzes its development and current role in corporate finance, and describes the market's institutional structure. It examines the reasons or the market's explosive growth over the past fifteen years and highlights the main characteristics of that growth. It provides data on returns to private equity investors and analyzes the major secular and cyclical influences on returns. It describes the important investors, intermediaries, issuers, and agents in the market and their interactions with each other. Drawing on data from trade journals, the study also estimates the market's size as of year‐end 1995.
Why Do Banks Go Abroad?—Evidence from German Data
Authors: Buch Claudia M.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides empirical evidence on the determinants of foreign activities of German banks. We use regionally disaggregated panel data for the years 1981–98 and distinguish foreign direct investment from total foreign assets of domestic banks, of their foreign branches and of their subsidiaries. Foreign activities are found to be positively related to demand conditions on the local market, foreign activities of German firms, and the presence of financial centers. This supports the hypothesis that German banks follow their customers abroad. Exchange rate volatility has some negative impact. EU membership and the abolition of capital controls seem to have exerted a greater influence on foreign assets than on FDI of German banks, thus weakly supporting the hypothesis that the two are substitutes.
Cultural Imperialism and Women’s Movements: Thinking Globally
Authors: Bahl Vinay
Published: March 2003

This essay appeals to feminists everywhere to find ways to fight imperialist forces all over the globe by creating linkages and bridges between women who are in similar predicaments which are created by multinational corporations. Women’s movements are complex phenomena, and there is no fixed, ‘sacred’ theory or path to follow, because women develop consciousness of themselves differently in every place depending upon their social, political, economic, cultural and historical context. But the goal of creating a humane, free and just society should be the guiding principle in making theory, not just talking of individual ‘identities’ and ‘differences’.
An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition
Authors: Knight Louise W.
Published: March 2003

Oratory, the act of speaking in public on civic matters, remained a male prerogative in the United States until the 1830s, when increasing numbers of women began ignoring the taboo and established a female oratorical tradition. This essay outlines how American women claimed the authority to speak and then developed their tradition, which was a social reform in itself, over three generations. It then examines how the youthful Jane Addams, a member of the third generation who became a social reformer, gained her education as an orator and struggled in new ways with society’s continuing doubts about women's civic authority.
The Body as Method? Reflections on the Place of the Body in Gender History
Authors: Canning Kathleen
Published: March 2003

This article offers a critical examination of the term ‘body’ as an ambiguous and elusive historical concept. The first part of the essay probes the often unspecific yet seductive invocation of the body in many recent historical studies and reflects on the methodological implications of placing bodies at the heart of historical investigation. The second part analyses a particular moment of rupture in twentieth‐century German history, when bodies became more powerful markers of the dichotomy between male and female citizens, namely at the end of the First World War, during the November Revolution and amidst the founding of Weimar democracy.
Recovering Lives from behind the Gloss of Ideology: Recent Histories of Elite and Middle‐Class Women in England and America
Authors: Foyster Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women's Lives in GeorgianEngland

Jill Liddington, Female Fortune: Land, Gender and Authority

Laura McCall and Donald Yacovone (eds), A Shared Experience: Men, Women and the History of Gender

John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle‐Class Homein Victorian England
Following Suit: Men, Masculinity and Gendered Practices in the Clothing Trade in Leeds, England, 1890–1940
Authors: Honeyman Katrina
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the processes by which the majority of British men came to wear a suit for most occasions during the first part of the twentieth century. It examines the nature of the product and emphasises the gendered experience of making and buying suits. Using the Leeds tailoring trade as a case study, it concludes that the rise of the suit can be attributed to the gendering of production – whereby the intensification of low–paid female labour sustained profitability – and to the gendering of consumption, in which the masculinity of the shopping environment was crucial.
‘Anti–Mini Militants Meet Modern Misses’: Urban Style, Gender and the Politics of ‘National Culture’ in 1960s Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Ivaska Andrew M.
Published: March 2003

This essay examines a 1968–9 campaign by Tanzania’s ruling party Youth League to outlaw mini–skirts and other ‘indecent’ fashions as ‘decadent’ affronts to Tanzanian ‘national culture’. It situates the intense, public debate on the campaign both in terms of the state’s contested national cultural project, and in relation to intersecting anxieties about shifts in women’s work and mobility in urban space, and the politics of sex in postcolonial Dar es Salaam. Arguing that ‘the city’ ndash; both as an imagined space and as the site of particular, gendered social struggles – is central to understanding the campaign, the essay charts attempts by the ban’s opponents to fashion viable personas and notes the limits of these attempts.
Gendering Teamwork: Re‐Writing the Feminine
Authors: Metcalfe Beverly , Linstead Alison
Published: March 2003

Recognizing the neglect of gender in the prescriptive and critical fields of teamwork, this article explores the gendered processes of teams. The argument presented in this article challenges masculinist discourse inherent in team theorizing and empirical research. This masculinism, we argue, stems from the so‐called gender‐neutral performance criteria and practices of team organization and management. Analysing The Wisdom of Teams (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993) highlights the implicit gendering processes of the team rhetoric. To illuminate the latent gendered practices a case study, Nylons, is discussed. Both methods of analysis unveil the dominance of masculinist discourses that subjugates and suppresses femaleness and femininity. The article concludes by highlighting areas for furthering critical debates in the teamwork arena that centre on analysing the complex and ambiguous power relations that influence, and are influenced by, the construction and re‐construction of gendered identities in teamwork and the gendered relations of power in teamwork practice.
Six of One and Half a Dozen of the Other: The Gender Subtext of Taylorism and Team‐based Work
Authors: Benschop Yvonne , Doorewaard Hans
Published: March 2003

This article analyses gendering processes in two distinct models of work organization. It is a widespread belief that, compared to hierarchical (Tayloristic) organizations, team‐based work offers opportunities for a high quality of working life to a broader range of employees, both men and women. Our research, however, suggests that gender inequality is (re)produced in both settings and results from the so‐called gender subtext. The gender subtext is the set of often concealed power‐based processes (re)producing gender distinction in social practices through organizational and individual arrangements. We draw a comparison between the gender subtext of Tayloristic and team‐based work organizations through a theoretical analysis, illustrated by empirical data concerning the functioning of the gender subtext in organizations in the Dutch banking sector. Taylorism and team‐based work differ in their conceptualization of organization and job design, but, when it comes to the gender subtext, it is six of one and half a dozen of the other. We argue that in both approaches a gender subtext contributes to the emergence of different but gendered notions of the ‘disembodied worker’. In both cases the notion of the abstract worker is implicitly loaded with masculine connotations. This gender bias is supported by two factors influencing the gendering of jobs: the gender connotations of care responsibilities and of qualification profiles. These implicit connotations produce and reinforce unequal opportunities for men and women to get highly qualified or management jobs. Our research, therefore, questions the self‐evidence of stating that team‐based work will offer opportunities for a higher quality of working life for women.
The Transformation of Gendered Work: Dualistic Stereotypes and Paradoxical Reality
Authors: Johansson Ulla
Published: March 2003

The article focuses on the paradoxes of gender stereotypes: how they need to be understood in order to make sense of the situation and how at the same time and for the same reason they need to be dissolved. Three stories derived from an ethnographic study of a Swedish housing company provide insights into both the absurdity and necessity of gender stereotypes. The process of men entering traditionally female work was neither the same nor the reverse process as women entering male arenas. Totally different patterns emerged when men entered traditionally female work arenas from when women entered traditionally male ones. Also, in this transformation process, traditional dualistic gender stereotypes were present and absent, being the very ground and dissolved at the same time. The stories challenge traditional dichotomous views of gender; to highlight this, three genders are introduced. Through this narrative device of creating three genders, a paradoxical process of resistance to change and real change becomes clearer. This article regards gender stereotypes as an invisible interpretive screen enabling theoretical sense‐making; such a screen is both real and not real, functioning as resistance to change and allowing change to occur at the same time. Through this paradoxical complexity, the stories become as easy to understand as they actually are from a more practical, ethnographic perspective.
Building Strategies: Equal Opportunity in the Construction Industry
Authors: Pringle Rosemary , Winning Anne
Published: March 2003

The building industry, as one of the last male bastions, has seen a significant degree of resistance to concepts such as ‘gender equity’ and ‘affirmative action’ and resentment at what is seen as the ‘big brother’ approach of the government's ‘social justice’ agenda. There is a widespread misinterpretation of ‘equal opportunity’, with men either taking the stand that women are not equal physically or that if they want equal opportunity they must demonstrate that they can do everything in the very same way that a man does on the building site. Recent work suggests that organizations which are proactive on equality issues have usually extended the equal treatment model to incorporate difference initiatives such as mentoring, fast‐tracking into promotion positions or going out of their way to recruit from minority groups. It is argued here that, in an area such as the building industry, it is crucial to combine both strategies if the issue of women's disadvantage is to be adequately addressed. This paper explores girls' experience of entry‐level and trade training, the attitudes of male workers and contractors to female apprentices, and the issue of support from teachers, vocational guidance officers and parents. Queensland has been chosen as the site for this study because, after a long period of conservative rule, it had become the most ‘backward’ of all the Australian states in matters of gender equality. The advent of the Goss Labour Government (1989–96) provided opportunities both to ‘catch up’ and to learn from the limitations of earlier equal opportunity initiatives.
A Serious Researcher or Just Another Nice Girl?: Doing Gender in a Male‐Dominated Scientific Community
Authors: Katila Saija , Meriläinen Susan
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how we as female researchers are constructing our professional identities in a male‐dominated scientific world. In particular, we focus on the extent to which patriarchal articulations of professional identities influence female academics' self‐concept and consciousness of their own abilities. We believe that the business school in which we work reproduces certain inequalities systematically, if unintentionally. We are especially interested in the way in which we, as part of the scientific community, are ourselves discursively producing and reproducing the gender division based on differences of sex. In other words, how we ‘do gender’ in a particular organizational setting and when assuming a particular organizational role.

The argument of this paper rests on the belief that the social construction of gender identities is not taking place only in the interaction of persons but also in the discourses within which those interactions occur. Identity and the meaning it implies are located here especially in language use. Discourses not only constitute meanings for terms and practices, but they also engender personal identities. Identity is not seen as fixed but rather as actively negotiated and transformed in discourse.
Work Design for Flexible Work Scheduling: Barriers and Gender Implications
Authors: Brewer Ann M.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to examine the nature of work design in relation to flexible work scheduling (FWS), particularly in respect to participation by women and men. There is a paucity of research evidence on this topic. Work design, essentially an artefact of enterprise culture, is constructed by the social rules of place, distance and time. Work practices that assume that work tasks are only conducted in the workplace during standard work time in the proximity of co‐workers and managers do not, in the main, support FWS. While there is no significant evidence in this study that women and men perceive the barriers differently when considering taking up the option to engage in FWS options, the study addresses the reasons for this using a large survey of the Australian workforce. This article concludes that it is time to redefine these critical work design dimensions, in relation to existing power structures, in order to inject real flexibility into the workplace.
The Changing Experience of Australian Female Entrepreneurs
Authors: Bennett Rebekah , Dann Susan
Published: March 2003

The study of female entrepreneurship is a dynamic field, with more women than men engaging in self‐employment in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Prior research in this field has identified a series of factors which characterize entrepreneurs. This paper examines the extent to which the experiences of Australian women entrepreneurs are reflected in the prior research. In particular, emphasis is placed on whether the personal characteristics, educational levels, motivations for starting business and resource acquisition behaviour of contemporary Australian women entrepreneurs are reflected in the prior research.

While many of the key findings of prior research were found to describe accurately the experience of Australian women entrepreneurs, three new factors have been identified. First, Australian women entrepreneurs have increasingly come from business education backgrounds compared to the predominantly liberal arts backgrounds reported elsewhere. Second, the reasons for establishing small business differ insofar as they represent a greater proportion of general business needs as well as personal internal needs. Third, Australian women entrepreneurs are moving away from traditional ’female industries‘ into sectors identified as ’male industries‘ such as manufacturing. Overall, Australian women entrepreneurs demonstrate similarities in their identifying characteristics; however, significant shifts are occurring in their behaviours.
‘The Worst Thing is the Screwing’ (2): Context and Career in Sex Work
Authors: Brewis Joanna , Linstead Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article, and an earlier linked one, focus on the labour process of the modern Western female prostitute. Drawing on available qualitative research from the United Kingdom and Australia, and research undertaken by one of the authors in New South Wales, we argue here that the ways in which individual prostitutes understand themselves, the work that they do and their relationships with clients are at least partly informed by the discursive context of their labour. We seek to highlight the variety of discourses which currently give shape to prostitution in the modern West, and in so doing discuss the ways in which individual workers may engage with these discourses to make sense of their life‐world — for example, whether they understand themselves as victims of patriarchy or as feminist activists. In this second article, then, our focus moves from the encounter between the client and the prostitute to the prostitute's career, and we provide a discussion of the various ways of understanding how and why prostitutes enter the profession, how and why they stay in it, how and why they exit this occupational field and how and why they understand themselves in particular ways following such an exit.
Woman as Manager: A Seductive Ontology
Authors: Whitehead Stephen
Published: March 2003

Much of the women in management literature has, quite rightly, problematized women's relationship to dominant masculinist organizational practices and cultures, these debates being underpinned by extensive data revealing women's extreme numerical marginalization at senior management level across both public and private sectors. One such site where women have long been under‐represented is education management. Recent research, however, indicates some significant shifts in this regard, specifically in the UK further education sector where the number of women principals has increased sixfold in the past six years. In one sense then, equal opportunity as a political objective might be seen as ‘working’ in one public sector site, with education management no longer a ‘gender exclusive zone’. Drawing on poststructuralist understandings of identity, this article examines this phenomenon with respect to the seductive aspects of management and the issues of ontological security which surround women and men's investment in ‘frantic organizational cultures’. The article discusses some of the tensions, ambiguities and opportunities which might exist for many women managers as they ontologically invest in the ‘secure systems’ of a masculinist organizational culture.
The Crafting of Community: Recoupling Discourses of Management and Womanhood
Authors: Fournier Valérie , Kelemen Mihaela
Published: March 2003

The construction of organizations around images of masculinity makes the position of ‘women managers’ a problematic one which calls for ‘remedial work’ (Gherardi 1995). Women managers have sought to reconcile their dualistic positions by deploying various individual and collective coping strategies typically articulated within the boundaries of their organizations. In contrast, we research a group of senior women from a British city in the Midlands who attempt to renegotiate their conflicting identities as ‘female’ and ‘senior managers’ by creating a collective forum outside their organizations. Through the construction of a ‘learning set’, they created a space where members could explore their terms of participation, as women and as managers, in their respective work organizations and in the local community. This space was articulated implicitly and explicitly around values typically associated with ‘community’ (e.g. sharing, support, trust, loyalty), a controversial concept in feminist politics. The article documents the (fragile and contested) processes by which these women mobilize the imagery of community in order to create a safe space where ‘remedial work’ could be performed. The conclusion stresses the ambivalent effects of the learning set in both reproducing and transgressing gendered positions.
Tracing Differentiation in Gendered Leadership: An Analysis of Differences in Gender Composition in Top Management in Business, Politics and the Civil Service
Authors: Højgaard Lis
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between the gendering of leadership positions and sector‐specific structures within politics, business and the civil service in Denmark in the context of differences between the Nordic countries and other western countries. The analysis is based on data from a survey of top male and female leaders within the three sectors. The theoretical point of departure of this article is constructivist. It looks at gender as constituted by actions in social space, orchestrated by structural processes and a symbolic order of gender. This constitutes a cultural discourse on gender reflected in gender conventions in society and in a range of possibilities of gender positioning. Expressions of this are discussed in the analysis of the patterns of difference in structural conditions for women and men in leadership positions to be found within the three sectors. The structural conditions encompass access conditions and conditions for gendered positioning and are analysed on the basis of data on social background, education, career course, family, children and distribution of housework. The analysis shows that there is a correlation between gender composition of leadership and possibilities of gendered positioning within a sector. The results are finally discussed as possible expressions of an egalitarian culture.
Reflexive Fathers: Negotiating Parental Leave and Working Life
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: March 2003

The emergence of parental leave schemes has been the most important area of expansion for the Norwegian welfare state in the 1990s. Schemes have been extended, and special rights have been granted to fathers. The main underpinning of this strategy is the intention to bolster the fathers’ contact with and care for their children. Another objective is to share the benefits and burdens of working life and family life between men and women. In this article we analyse how fathers construct different fatherhood practices through negotiations in relation to the leave schemes and different working conditions.
Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture Over Time: Concerns, Issues and Strategies
Authors: Mills Albert J.
Published: March 2003

Beginning with the premise that ‘organizational culture’ is a useful heuristic for the study of gender at work, this article focuses on the problem of studying the culture of organizations over time, setting out to demonstrate how the social construction of corporate history has, until now, lent itself to gendered notions of business practices. Arguing that history itself is but one of a series of discourses about the world, the article outlines a feminist strategy for the study of organizational culture over time that includes: (i) feminist historiography as history written from a feminist point of view; (ii) a commitment to the notion of history as discourse rooted in the present; (iii) a view of women’s rights development as a paradoxical process of progress and regress; (iv) a gender focus approach that studies the impact of discrimination on the social construction of masculinity/femininity and sexual preference; and (v) an approach that is sensitive to the contextualization of gender. British Airways is used as a case study to illustrate some of the problems of historic re/construction and feminist historiography.
Institutional Bases of Identity Construction and Reproduction: The Case of Underground Coal Mining
Authors: Wicks David
Published: March 2003

In this article I use institutional theory to illustrate the process of identity formation and reproduction in the context of a male‐dominated work environment. Based on a case study of an underground colliery in Nova Scotia, Canada, I will illustrate the functioning of powerful institutions in two distinct senses. First, social obligations rooted in a ‘logic of appropriateness’ (March and Olsen, 1989) dictated appropriate behaviours for miners in their roles as underground miners and patriarchs. Second, internalized understandings of reality rooted in a ‘logic of orthodoxy’ (Scott, 1995) formed a set of constitutive rules to which miners adhered because it was inconceivable to do otherwise. I use a microinstitutional perspective (Zucker, 1991) that highlights the constraints embedded in many work contexts that serve to tacitly yet powerfully regularize behaviours in problematic ways. Social and historical conditions are therefore incorporated into this analysis as constitutive forces that are a product of human action. This manner of theorizing gender is consistent with Connell’s (1987) ‘theory of practice’ that seeks to understand social structure by focusing on what people actually do, the way human agency shapes history, and how practice itself is necessary for institutions to maintain their hegemony and resist change.
Profiling a New Generation of Female Small Business Owners in New Zealand: Networking, Mentoring and Growth
Authors: McGregor Judy , Tweed David
Published: March 2003

The contribution of female small business owners to economic development in Western developed countries such as New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, is generally under–researched and traditionally grounded in male norms. Increasingly policy–makers acknowledge that in countries like New Zealand where 85% of business employs five or less people, small business offers the greatest employment potential. Not enough is known, though, about the growth orientation and characteristics of female small business owners. This article reports findings from the largest empirical study of small business undertaken in New Zealand and provides inter–gender comparison between male and female small business owners and for intra–gender contrast between networked female small business owners and women who did not belong to a business network. The results showed that the networked women, who were in the main better educated and more affiliative by nature, were more expansionist than both other female small business owners and men. The networked women were also more likely to have a business mentor. The findings confound earlier research suggesting women are less growth–orientated and wish only to satisfy intrinsic needs from their businesses. The article concludes by discussing the need to acknowledge the heterogeneity of female small business and what this means for policy–makers when assessing their socio–economic potential.
Industrial Policy and the East German Productivity Puzzle
Authors: Klodt Henning
Published: March 2003

Catching-up of East German productivity to West German levels has completely faded out since the mid-1990s. The remaining productivity gap cannot be attributed to an inferior capital endowment or qualification deficiencies of the East German labor force. Instead, it appears to be the result of an inappropriate design of industrial policy which concentrated on the subsidization of physical capital and largely ignored the advance of human capital- and service-intensive industrial structures. East Germany will have to face another wave of painful structural adjustment when capital-intensive industries are no longer protected from competition by public subsidies.
Technology and Cartel Stability under Vertical Differentiation
Authors: Lambertini Luca
Published: March 2003

The interplay between R&D activity and cartel stability is investigated in a vertical differentiation framework with convex costs. The behaviour of firms' critical discount factors as the curvature of the cost function varies is investigated, considering either price- or quantity-setting behaviour. In order to stabilize collusion, firms are better off playing à la Cournot and supplying the non-cooperative qualities. There emerges a tradeoff between the reduction of the convexity of the cost function and the associated increase in marginal cost. The decision to carry out joint or independent ventures in research is also investigated, showing that such a decision is non-monotone in intertemporal discounting. Policy measures are then briefly discussed.
Labour Mobility: An Adjustment Mechanism in Euroland? Empirical Evidence for Western Germany, France and Italy
Authors: Puhani Patrick A.
Published: March 2003

We evaluate whether labour mobility is likely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism in the face of asymmetric shocks in Euroland. As no adequate data on cross-border migration are available, migration elasticities within nation states (Western Germany, France and Italy) are estimated and interpreted as upper bounds for cross-border migration elasticities between European nation states. Labour mobility is highest in Germany, followed by France and Italy. However, the accommodation of a shock to unemployment by migration takes several years. We conclude that labour mobility is unlikely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks in Euroland.
Efficiency-Wage Unemployment and Intersectoral Wage Differentials in a Heckscher- Ohlin Model
Authors: Albert Max , Meckl JuÈrgen
Published: March 2003

The paper analyzes a Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) model with efficiency-wage unemployment (henceforth HOe model). We show that all HO results have close HOe analogues. Additionally, conditions are derived under which immigrants might not only find employment for themselves but also raise employment for natives. Moreover, we analyze the ranking of countries with respect to their rate of unemployment, showing that this ranking may be reversed as countries move from autarky to trade. All results are clearly linked to factor intensities and the pattern of intersectoral wage differentials.
Complementarity of Labor Market Institutions, Equilibrium Unemployment and the Propagation of Business Cycles
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Weder Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates complementarities of labor market institutions and the business cycle in the context of a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model economy. Matching between workers and vacancies with endogenous time spent in search, Nash-bargained wages, payroll taxation, and differential support for unemployed labor in search and leisure are central aspects of the model. For plausible regions of the policy and institutional parameter space, the model exhibits more persistence than standard real business cycle models and can exhibit indeterminacy of rational expectations paths without increasing returns in production. Furthermore, labor market institutions act in a complementary fashion in generating these effects.
Hans Sachs, John the Baptist, and the Dark Days in Nuremberg CA. 1548
Authors: Wailes Stephen L.
Published: March 2003

Hans Sachs dated his play Die Enthauptung Johannis in January 1550, and the most recent editors suspect it expresses his bitter disappointment at developments unfavourable to German Lutheranism. This is true, but the play is much more precise and topical: in the story of the martyred Baptist, Sachs depicts the persecution of the two principal preachers of Nuremberg. The play’s epilogue laments the death or exile of the ‘Gottesknecht’ who attacks the wrongdoings of ‘certain high‐placed persons’ and thus makes enemies of them; they, in turn, complain to the ‘Magistrat’, which yields to their pressure and punishes the preachers. It is not the general course of religious history at mid‐century that grieves Sachs, but the harsh treatment of Veit Dietrich and Andreas Osiander by the Nuremberg council in the years 1547–9: for his attacks on the ‘wuocher’ of three prominent men, Dietrich was suspended as a preacher and died twenty‐one months later; for his scurrilous song attacking the three men who drafted the Interim of 1548, Osiander was forced into exile. The latter event explains Sachs’s introduction of the motif of exile into the dialogue between Herod, Herodias and Salome, for which neither the Bible nor Josephus’s Jewish Antiquities offers a precedent.
From ‘Einheitsfront’ to ‘Volksfront’: Ernst Toller and the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Fotheringham John
Published: March 2003

During the 1930s Ernst Toller was a keen supporter of the ‘Volksfront’, the broad anti‐Fascist coalition proclaimed by the Communist International in 1935. Previous studies have noted this, but, it will be argued here, have either ignored or misunderstood the impact it had on his political outlook. Before being forced to leave Germany, Toller had viewed Fascism as a product of the crisis in the capitalist system and believed it could be defeated only by the working class organised in what he and others who shared his views called an ‘Einheitsfront’. In exile, as he looked to the capitalist democracies for help in building the ‘Volksfront’, Toller abandoned this standpoint and argued that Fascism could be defeated only by a wide coalition of all people of progressive opinion, irrespective of social class. Though understandable in the historical circumstances, this belief led Toller not only to ignore the revolution which broke out in Republican Spain after Franco’s attempted coup but also to his supporting the interpretation of the Spanish Civil War advanced by the Stalinists in an attempt to conceal from the world their efforts to crush the revolution in the name of the defence of democracy. This calls for a revision both of the view which claims that Toller became a supporter of liberal democracy late in life and of that which argues that his basic socialist beliefs remained unaltered.
‘Sie ist Dahin und das Geheimnis Gelöst!’: Künstlerund Mensch in E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Rat Krespel
Authors: Röder Birgit
Published: March 2003

Im Gegensatz zu bislang publizierten Interpretationen zu Rat Krespel, die vor allem entweder auf Krespels vermeintlich latent inzestuöse Beziehung zu seiner Tochter hinweisen und ihn darüber hinaus gar für ihren Tod verantwortlich machen wollen, oder aber in Krespel eine schuldig gewordene Figur erkennen, die konsequenterweise zu tragischem Scheitern verurteilt ist, plädiert der vorliegende Artikel für eine durchweg positive Lesart der Erzählung. Ausgangspunkt dafür bildet die Argumentation, daß Krespel zwar durchaus als Mensch und Vater, in viel stärkerem Maße aber in seiner Eigenschaft als Künstler zu verstehen ist, der sich dementsprechend verhült. Auch Antonie wird einerseits als Mensch und Tochter, gleichzeitig aber wesentlich expliziter in ihrem Verhältnis zur (Romantischen) Kunst betrachtet. Indem diese Interpretation auf das enge Verhältnis von Kunst und Leben in Rat Krespel hinweist, wird es ermöglicht, Krespel als eine Figur zu verstehen, die nach einem – wenngleich schwierigen – Erkenntnisprozeß zu persönlicher Reife und Einsicht gelangt. Am Ende der Erzählung erweist sich Krespel nicht als gescheiterter, sondern als ausgeglichener Mensch, der mit sich und der Welt im reinen ist.
Helena Deneke and the Women of Germany: A Note on Post‐War Educational Reconstruction
Authors: Phillips David
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the work of a prominent Oxford Germanist, Helena Deneke (1878–1973), in the post‐war democratic development of women’s organisations in Germany. Helena Deneke was one of the earliest women teachers in the University of Oxford and typified a particular combination of teaching, scholarship, high moral authority and commitment to public service to be found among other Oxford figures of her day, like Lord Lindsay and E.R. Dodds, who felt able to ‘do something for Germany’ in the dark years of educational reconstruction following the cessation of hostilities. Her work resulted in the publication in 1947 of an important report, The Women of Germany. From her unpublished memoirs and other papers it is possible to reconstruct the detail of her involvement in a vital aspect of post‐war education for democracy and to gain insight into the policy of the British occupying forces in this domain.
A Manifesto For Germany’s ‘New Right’?: Martin Walser,The Past, Transcendence, Aesthetics, and Ein Springender Brunnen
Authors: Taberner Stuart
Published: March 2003

Martin Walser’s speech on receipt of the 1998 ‘Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels’ unleashed a fierce controversy. The author’s attack on the ‘institutionalisation’ of Holocaust remembrance as ‘Drohroutine’, ‘Moralkeule’ and ‘Einschüchterungsmittel’ attracted criticism from almost all quarters. Yet the quarrel extended beyond Walser’s perhaps unfortunate choice of vocabulary and may be seen as a continuation of the ‘Historikerstreit’ and the ‘Literaturstreit’, that is, as a struggle between left and right to redefine the public sphere. An examination of the novel for which Walser received his prize, Ein springender Brunnen, confirms this and reveals Walser’s indebtedness to the political philosophy of the emerging intellectual New Right. Quite apart from the implicit relativisation enacted by the ‘bracketing‐out’ of National Socialism in its (semi‐autobiographical) recreation of its protagonist’s childhood between 1933 and 1945, the novel pits transcendence against immanence, metaphysics against politics, and ‘organic’ community against rootlessness. Poetry, the imagination and mysticism offer resistance to National Socialism, which appears as a product of modernity rather than as a reaction to it. Johann and the German cultural heritage are, it would seem, as much victims of the philistine cruelty of National Socialist reality as the Jews who appear intermittently, yet apparently arbitrarily, throughout the novel.
Unzeitgemässe Konjunktionen: Saturn und Psychologie in Eduard Mörikes Novelle Mozart Auf der Reise Nach Prag
Authors: Busch Stefan
Published: March 2003

In Mörikes Novelle ist Mozart ein Kind Saturns, jenes Gestirns, das gema¨ß astrologischer und humoralpathologischer Lehre Melancholie bewirkt und dem alle herausragenden schöpferischen Charaktere unterstehen, weil nach antiker Über‐lieferung alle genialen Menschen Melancholiker sind. Der Text ist nicht nur, wie die Forschung bis vor wenigen Jahren annahm, von einer aus Todesnähe undbewußtsein erwachsenden Trauer grundiert, sondern von einem dichten, kunstvoll geknüpften Netz saturnisch‐melancholischer Motivik durchzogen. Das Wissen um diese Überlieferung war jedoch um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verloren gegangen, ein darauf aufbauendes Kunstwerk hätte als obsolet gelten müssen. Der folgende Beitrag analysiert, wie es Mörike mittels eines Verfahrens des ‘disguised symbolism’ (Erwin Panofsky) gelang, die saturnische Bildlichkeit zu verwenden und dennoch dem Vorwurf der Unzeitgemäßheit zu entgehen. Wie sich dabei zeigt, ist es nur scheinbar paradox, daß die einer vergessenen Semantik entstammenden und deshalb ins Disparate entlassenen Signifikanten zu illusion‐sstiftenden Details in einem ästhetisch zeitgemäßen Text wurden. Die jahrhunder‐tealten Attribute Saturns erscheinen nicht als Ausstellungsstücke in einer ‘Art Rumpelkammer sinnfälliger Symbole’ (Georg Luka´cs): Mozarts Spazierstock, sein verunglückter Kauf von Gartengeräten, Anflüge von Geiz, Träume von materiellem Wohlstand und ländlichem Obstanbau sind Saturnalien, die nichts Sinnbildliches mehr an sich haben, sondern durch ihre Integration in den Gang der Erzählung das Genie für den Leser sinnenfällig werden lassen.