bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Correlates of Functional Motor Disorders: An Italian Multicenter Study
Authors: Tinazzi Michele , Morgante Francesca , Marcuzzo Enrico , Erro Roberto , Barone Paolo , Ceravolo Roberto , Mazzucchi Sonia , Pilotto Andrea , Padovani Alessandro , Romito Luigi M. , Eleopra Roberto , Zappia Mario , Nicoletti Alessandra , Dallocchio Carlo , Arbasino Carla , Bono Francesco , Pascarella Angelo , Demartini Benedetta , Gambini Orsola , Modugno Nicola , Olivola Enrica , Di Stefano Vincenzo , Albanese Alberto , Ferrazzano Gina , Tessitore Alessandro , Zibetti Maurizio , Calandra‐Buonaura Giovanna , Petracca Martina , Esposito Marcello , Pisani Antonio , Manganotti Paolo , Stocchi Fabrizio , Coletti Moja Mario , Antonini Angelo , Defazio Giovanni , Geroin Christian
Published: August 2020

Background

Functional motor disorders (FMDs) are abnormal movements that are significantly altered by distractive maneuvers and are incongruent with movement disorders seen in typical neurological diseases.

Objective

The objectives of this article are to (1) describe the clinical manifestations of FMDs, including nonmotor symptoms and occurrence of other functional neurological disorders (FND); and (2) to report the frequency of isolated and combined FMDs and their relationship with demographic and clinical variables.

Methods

For this multicenter, observational study, we enrolled consecutive outpatients with a definite diagnosis of FMDs attending 25 tertiary movement disorders centers in Italy. Each patient underwent a detailed clinical evaluation with a definition of the phenotype and number of FMDs (isolated, combined) and an assessment of associated neurological and psychiatric symptoms.

Results

Of 410 FMDs (71% females; mean age, 47 ± 16.1 years) the most common phenotypes were weakness and tremor. People with FMDs had higher educational levels than the general population and frequent nonmotor symptoms, especially anxiety, fatigue, and pain. Almost half of the patients with FMDs had other FNDs, such as sensory symptoms, nonepileptic seizures, and visual symptoms. Patients with combined FMDs showed a higher burden of nonmotor symptoms and more frequent FNDs. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of combined FMDs was more likely to be delivered by a movement disorders neurologist. Also, FMD duration, pain, insomnia, diagnosis of somatoform disease, and treatment with antipsychotics were all significantly associated with combined FMDs.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the need for multidimensional assessments in patients with FMDs given the high frequency of nonmotor symptoms and other FNDs, especially in patients with combined FMDs.
Hot aluminum substrate induced hexagonal‐tetragonal phase transitions in InSe and performance of Al/InSe/Cu2O pn tunneling devices
Authors: Qasrawi Atef Fayez , Kmail Reham Reda
Published: August 2020

In the current study, we have considered the induced phase transitions in Al/InSe thin film substrates and employing them for fabrication of InSe/Cu2O tunneling channels. The InSe substrates are observed to prefer the transition from the hexagonal γ‐In2Se3 to the rarely observed tetragonal InSe. The phase transitions are obtained by the thermally assisted diffusion of aluminum, which was already kept at 250°C in a vacuum media of 10−5 mbar before the compensation of InSe. The tetragonal InSe also induced the crystallization of orthorhombic Cu2O with acceptable level of lattice matching along the a‐axis. The Al/InSe/Cu2O/Au heterojunctions, which are electrically analyzed are observed to exhibit rectifying features with the current conduction being dominated by electric fields assisted thermionic emission (tunneling) through a barrier of width of 5.5 to 14.0 nm and barrier height of 0.19 to 0.30 eV. The ac analyses of the capacitance and conductance spectra of this device have shown that it can exhibit high/low capacitance and frequency dependent conductance switching modes at 0.12 GHz in addition to negative capacitance effect in the range of 0.12 to 1.80 GHz. The features of the device are promising as they indicate the suitability of the device for fabrication of field effect transistors, memory devices, and ultrafast switches.
Health care financing by non‐governmental sector in India
Authors: Das Nimai , Selvaraj Sakthivel , Kumar Rajeev
Published: August 2020

The non‐governmental but non‐profit organisations seem to have occupied a critical space in financing and delivery of health care services at societal needs with limited but critical resources to bridge the gap between deficiency in public sector facilities and unaffordability of for‐profit operations. Present study based on a national level primary survey of non‐governmental sector in India finds that they are imperative in filling the void, especially providing preventive and promotive health care services. It is observed that this sector contributed around 2.1% of overall health financing in country with a wide variation across subnational states. These organisations generate resources largely from the governments and development partners to facilitate achieving key goals and deliver outcomes to targeted beneficiaries.
The prognosis of prechemotherapy blastemal predominant histology subtype in Wilms tumor: A retrospective study in China
Authors: Huang Junting , Zhang Yu , Zhen Zijun , Lu Suying , Zhu Jia , Wang Juan , Sun Feifei , Liu Zhuowei , Gao Yuanhong , Li Hui , Zhang Yizhuo , Sun Xiaofei
Published: August 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to retrospectively analyze survival outcomes for Chinese patients with prechemotherapy blastemal predominant histology type Wilms tumors (WTs).

Methods: We collected and analyzed clinical data concerning patients aged <15 years with favorable histology (FH) WTs treated at the Sun Yat‐Sen University Cancer Center from December 2005 to May 2016, based on the Children's Oncology Group protocol. Pathological specimens were collected through biopsy or surgical resection before initiation of chemotherapy. We analyzed survival outcomes involving different prechemotherapy histology subtypes.

Results: We enrolled 97 patients with FH WTs (median follow‐up, 71.5 months; range, 22.2‐170.7). The total recurrence rate was 17.5%, and the subtype recurrence rates were as follows: blastemal predominant (45.5%), mixed (7.5%), epithelial (14.3%), and mesenchymal (9.5%) (P = .010). Five‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 84.9% and 81.4%, respectively. Respective 5‐year EFS and OS rates for subtypes were as follows: blastemal predominant (54.5% and 68.2%), mixed (90.0% and 88.9%), epithelial (85.7% and 85.1%), and mesenchymal (90.5% and 94.7%). Multivariate survival analyses showed that the blastemal predominant subtype was an independent prognostic factor of EFS (P = .001) and OS (P = .017).

Conclusions: Our findings showed that prechemotherapy blastemal predominant WTs had higher recurrence and lower EFS and OS rates. Our findings suggested that, albeit with some deficiencies, blastemal predominant histology WT–diagnosed prechemotherapy may have prognostic relevance. Further research into other potential confounding variables are required to determine whether such patients warrant altered risk‐stratified therapy.
A feasibility study on direct measurements of interaction forces between carbon fiber surfaces and other substances
Authors: Sato Kimiyasu , Ijuin Atsuko , Imai Yusuke , Hotta Yuji
Published: August 2020

Mechanical properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced plastic composites are influenced by physicochemical interactions between CF surfaces and matrix polymers. Poor interfacial adhesion between CF surfaces and matrix polymer molecules caused by inertness of graphitic carbon still remains to be solved. Deeper comprehension of the interfacial properties would promote advancement of technologies enhancing the physicochemical interactions. Versatile methods for evaluation of CF surface properties along with interactions at the CF/polymer interface are required. In the present paper, we propose a method to measure interaction forces between CF surfaces and other substances with the aid of atomic force microscope (AFM). Small CF chips were mounted on AFM cantilevers to measure forces between the CF chip surfaces and other materials. Interaction forces between CF chips with/without ultraviolet generated ozone (UV‐ozone) treatment and epoxy precursor molecules were monitored. It has been widely accepted that the UV‐ozone treated CF surfaces exhibit superior affinity to organic molecules. Results of the interaction force measurements were consistent with the knowledge. This is the first paper reporting direct measurement of interaction forces between CF surfaces and other substances.
Natural compounds from Punica granatum peel as multiple stabilizers for polyethylene
Authors: Xia Huimin , Sui Kun , Ge Tengteng , Wu Fazong , Sun Qiqi , Wang Zhongwei , Song Liang , Huang Xiaowen , Yu Qing
Published: August 2020

Punica granatum peel extractive (PPE), a novel stabilizer of polyethylene, is investigated in this study. Oxidation onset temperature (OOT), carbonyl index (CI), melt flow rate (MFR), tensile strength, and elongation at break are used to characterize the effects of PPE, which are also compared with commercial antioxidant (Irganox 1010) with the presence of tetrakis (2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol)[1,1‐biphenyl]‐4,4′‐diylbisphosphite (PEPQ). Long‐term and short‐term aging results show that samples modified by PPE or Irganox 1010 (PE‐PPE0.12%‐P and PE‐10100.12%‐P samples) have comparable CI value and stability of OOT. However, compared with PE‐PPE0.12%‐P sample, much higher CI and larger change of MFR is detected for PE‐10100.12%‐P after UV irradiation and five extrusions. It suggests that PPE is better protector for PE against UV light and mechanical shear force. All results indicate that the effect of PPE in protecting PE is comparable or much better than Irganox 1010 and it can be used as multiple stabilizers for PE. Moreover, the stabilities of PE modified with PPE alone (PE‐PPE2%) is also investigated. Results show that PE‐PPE2% sample has good thermo‐oxidative, UV and processing stabilities. All results reveal that PPE is a good candidate of PE stabilizer and it could avoid the usage of PEPQ in protecting PE.
Meningioma and psychosis – cause or coincidence?
Authors: Byrne Andrew , Henry Sarah
Published: August 2020

Meningiomas are the most commonly encountered predominantly non‐malignant brain tumours in adults. They are often clinically asymptomatic for years and require no intervention. Certain types of meningiomas are frequently associated with psychiatric symptoms. However, initial surgical and psychiatric intervention may not result in complete psychiatric symptom remission requiring longer term management. Here, we describe a case of meningioma in a patient presenting with concurrent severe psychotic symptoms associated with risk. Relevant recent literature is presented along with management strategies.
Remote psychiatric consultations – top tips for clinical practitioners
Authors: Ramkisson Roshelle , Dave Subodh , Abraham Seri , Pillai Anil , Moir Rachel , Matheiken Shevonne , Bamrah J S
Published: August 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic presents psychiatrists with new challenges in delivering safe and effective care, with reduced face‐to‐face contact with patients. To try to address this the Royal College of Psychiatrists has encouraged clinicians to review patients remotely to reinforce the protection of patients and staff. This article aims to provide a structured approach for clinicians to conduct remote psychiatric assessments and considers future developments in telepsychiatry globally.
Further optimisation of the denitrifier method for the rapid 15N and 18O analysis of nitrate in natural water samples
Authors: Stock Patricia , Roder Susanne , Burghardt Diana
Published: August 2020

Rationale

This study aims to develop a simplified denitrifier method for the δ15N and δ18O analysis of nitrate (NO3−) in natural water samples combining the method of Zhu et al (Sci Total Environ. 2018; 633: 1370–1378) and the original denitrifier method of Sigman et al (Anal Chem. 2001; 73: 4145–4153). Unlike in the aforementioned methods, the aerobic cultivation was performed without the addition or removal of nitrate in the liquid medium. We remove the nitrate contained in the nutrient medium as N2O in the gas phase by an additional purging step after incubation overnight before the water sample is injected. This eliminates the need for another preparation step, thus saving working time.

Methods

The δ15N and δ18O values of dissolved NO3− were determined using a Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to a GasBench II sample preparation device that included a denitrification kit.

Results

After optimising the influencing factors (i.e., purging gas, purging time, and type of crimp seals), the method yielded high accuracy and precision (standard deviations were generally ≤0.7‰ for δ18O values and ≤0.3‰ for δ15N values), confirming the suitability of this procedure. Finally, the potential applicability of the method was demonstrated by measuring the isotopic composition of NO3− in natural water samples.

Conclusions

The denitrifier method for converting NO3− into N2O for isotope analysis was optimised. This allowed the sample preparation time to be further reduced. The complete working time for sample preparation, including all steps, takes 10 min per vial if 60 vials are prepared in one run. The water samples are ready for isotope analysis on the fourth day after preparation has started. Isotope measurements can be performed up to 14 days after preparation.
Short‐course intrapleural alteplase and DNase in complex effusion with bleeding risk
Authors: Cheong Xiong Khee , Yu‐Lin Ban Andrea , Abdul Hamid Mohamed Faisal
Published: August 2020

Pleural infection is an important clinical problem with significant morbidity. In poorly draining complex pleural effusions, the current management favours a less invasive image‐guided placement of smaller bore catheters and adjunctive intrapleural fibrinolysis therapy (IPFT). We describe our experience of using IPFT in three patients with different bleeding risks with complex pleural effusions. The first was a 30‐year‐old with transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassemia with haemoglobin of 7.8 g/dL; second was an 87‐year‐old on dabigatran with haemoglobin of 10 g/dL; and the third was an 80‐year‐old with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with haemoglobin of 8.6 g/dL. All three patients received three doses of alteplase and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) without any adverse effects of bleeding and had resolution of the effusion. This case series is an addition to the current literature on the safety of IPFT and we highlight the use of IPFT in patients with low baseline haemoglobin and on anticoagulation therapy.
Religious networks and small businesses in Senegal
Authors: Cochrane Laura L.
Published: August 2020

Senegalese religious groups historically have relied on their own networks to manage external challenges, such as colonialism, drought, and economic difficulties. Present‐day religious networks often use small businesses to economically support themselves. Drawing on ethnographic research in central Senegal, this article argues that strong religious networks, and practicing Islamic teachings of social welfare, are both the means of creating and the goal of economic stability. Economic gain is a tool with which business owners can support their families and local economies, enabling people to live a religious life within a supportive community.
Recovering solidarity? Work, struggle, and cooperation among Italian recovered enterprises
Authors: Orlando Giovanni
Published: August 2020

Since the global financial crisis of 2008, thousands of workers across the world have revived bankrupt businesses without—and often against—the involvement of their previous owners. This kind of labor struggle is usually referred to as workers “recovering an enterprise.” Cases of recovery have been reported both in the United States and in European countries, from Spain and France to Greece and Italy. This article looks at the Italian phenomenon by analyzing a case study that shows how a complex history with capital, experiences of labor conflict and cooperation, and the creation of civil alliances are all key to workers' contemporary solidarity.
Electrocatalytic Investigation of M@Pd (M=Ni, Co, Cu) Core‐Shell Nanostructure Supported on N, S‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide towards Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Woldetinsay Mengistu , Femi Olu , Soreta Tesfaye R. , Maiyalagan Thandavarayan
Published: August 2020

The strong affinity of palladium (Pd) towards hydrogen is the main challenge for hydrogen desorption application. Therefore, in this report, we synthesized nickel, copper, and cobalt core and palladium shell nanostructure supported on nitrogen, sulfur‐doped reduced graphene oxide (M@Pd/N, S‐rGO, M=Ni, Cu, Co) by hydrothermal method followed by reduction of the metal nanoparticles using modified polyol method. Using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the physicochemical properties of the synthesized sample was investigated. The results confirm strong interactions between M@Pd and higher surface area support that could enhance electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Among the synthesized electrocatalyst, Ni@Pd/N,S‐rGO exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity with small over potential 0.035 V and 0.2 V at 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope value of 39 mV dec−1 and 34 mV dec−1 for HER and OER, respectively. The Ni@Pd/N,S‐rGO electrocatalyst demonstrated excellent stability with a negligible current decrease for 12 h. The Cdl calculation shows a result of 2.2 mF μg−1 for Ni@Pd/N,S‐rGO, 1.9 mF μg−1 for Cu@Pd/N,S‐rGO, and 1.5 mF μg−1 for Co@Pd/N,S‐rGO.
Quantitative Detection of Nitrite in Food Samples Based on Digital Image Colourimetry by Smartphone
Authors: Wang Huihui , Jing Xu , Bi Xinyuan , Bai Bing , Wang Xiaowen
Published: August 2020

A novel colourimetric method for the detection of nitrite in food samples using digital image colourimetry (DIC) by smartphone is developed. Nitrite directly oxidise 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to form a yellow TMB diimine (oxTMB). A smartphone was used to capture the image of an inherent colour variation and analyse the image with the RGB (red, green, and blue) model, achieving the quantitative detection of nitrite. Linear response for the detection of nitrite was obtained from 10 μmol L−1 to 440 μmol L−1 and the limit of quantification was 2.34 μmol L−1. The applicability of the method was confirmed by the detection of nitrite in cabbage, pickle, and ham. The recovery was varied in the range from 96.2 % to 108.2 % with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0 %. The simple, sensitive, and inexpensive method was an alternative for the detection of nitrite in food samples.
Synthesis of Al2O3/ZrO2 Nanocomposite and the Study of Its effects on Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Blue 222 and Reactive Yellow 145 Dyes
Authors: Yaghoubi Alireza , Ramazani Ali , Taghavi Fardood Saeid
Published: August 2020

Al2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by growth of semiconductor ZrO2 onto Al2O3 nanoparticles by a facile sol‐gel method using tragacanth gum as a natural gel. Ultrasonic technique was applied for the coating of ZrO2 onto Al2O3 during the production process of nanostructures. XRD data confirmed the formation of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposites. The synthesized Al2O3/ZrO2 was evaluated for photocatalytic activity through degradation of Reactive Blue 222(RB222) and Reactive Yellow 145(RY145) dyes in aqueous solution under visible irradiation. Influence of some parameters such as initial dye concentration, catalyst loading and irradiation duration on the degradation of dyes was investigated as well as the optimum conditions were obtained. The results showed that the removal efficiency of a 20 mg/L (50 mL) dye solution reached 91.4 % for RB222 and 94.6 % for RY145 only in 60 min of reaction duration with 0.04 g of Al2O3/ZrO2 as catalyst. The dyes degradation was monitored by using UV‐Vis spectroscopy.
In Situ Green Synthesis of Ni‐Doped CsPbBr3@SiO2 Composites with Superior Stability for Fabrication of White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ding Hongwei , Zhu Yizhi , Wang Yihan , Jiang Hui , Wang Xuemei
Published: August 2020

All‐inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have drawn enormous attention recently for their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the poor stability to polar solvents and ultraviolet (UV) light, and the undesirable ions exchange reactions hinder their practical applications tremendously. Moreover, organic solvents and ligands with long chains are indispensable for the preparation of PNCs in most synthetic protocols, which are harmful and expensive. Herein, we have proposed an alternative in situ method to prepare Ni‐doped CsPbBr3 NCs by using nontoxic water or ethanol as solvents, nickel bromide as the bromide source. Moreover, the acid‐base organic ligands system such as oleylamine and oleic acid were substituted by economical ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid. Then the composites of SiO2 and PNCs, namely, SiO2@PNCs and PNCs@MSN@SiO2 (MSN is mesoporous silicon nanoparticles), are prepared in aqueous system efficiently. Especially, PNCs@MSN@SiO2 exhibits excellent luminescent properties and superior stability against water, UV light irradiation and ions exchange reactions. Finally, by using the green‐emitted PNCs@MSN@SiO2, and red‐emitted CsPbBrI2 phosphors, a warm white light‐emitting diodes (WLED) device can be fabricated, which shows potential applications of backlit displays with a wide color gamut of National Television System Committee (NTSC) value of 110 % and ITU‐R Recommendation B.T. 2020 (Rec. 2020) of 87 %. This work may provide a new eco‐friendly strategy to prepare high performance PNCs and their composites.
Treatment of Oily Wastewater Using a Hyperbranched Poly (amido amine) Demulsifier with 1,4‐Phenylene Diamine as Central Core
Authors: Zhang Zejun , Shen Liwei , Hu Wenxiang , Mi Yuanzhu , Yuan Huaikui , Kuang Jiazhe , Ye Fan , Jiang Xia , Luo Yue , Liu Wangfu , Xie Fangqin
Published: August 2020

In the present study, a hyperbranched polymer demulsifier (PPDA) was synthesized by an improved “one‐pot” method with 1,4‐phenylene diamine as the central core, and ethylenediamine and methyl acrylate as the chain segments. NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the molecular structure of the demulsifier, and thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to estimate its thermal stability. The effects of some important experimental parameters such as concentration, temperature and settling time on the demulsification performance were systematically studied. The results demonstrated that the light transmittance and oil removal ratio of oily wastewater reached to 47.9 % and 93.62 %, respectively, after demulsification with 20 mg.L−1 PPDA for 30 min at room temperature. With the same concentration and time at 60 °C, the light transmittance and oil removal ratio reached 57.0 % and 96.35 %, respectively. In addition, PPDA showed high salt tolerance over 10000 mg.L−1. The possible demulsification mechanism was examined by comparing the demulsification performance of different demulsifiers in diesel emulsion and oily wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, surface tension, interfacial tension, zeta potential and micrograph measurements provided convincing evidence for the possible demulsification mechanism. The surface tension reduction was 29.86 and 31.75 mN.m−1 at 25 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The corresponding critical micelle concentration was 4.17×10−7 and 5.50×10−7 mol.L−1, respectively. Additionally, the interfacial tension decreased from 15.70 to 6.96 mN.m−1 as the PPDA concentration increased from 20 mol. L−1 to 100 mol. L−1. This showed that PPDA easily absorbed at the interface and rapidly permeate into the interface film and then to broke the oil droplets. This work provides a new hyperbranched polymer demulsifier for the treatment of oily wastewater and is beneficial for understanding the demulsification mechanism.
A family of parsimonious mixtures of multivariate Poisson‐lognormal distributions for clustering multivariate count data
Authors: Subedi Sanjeena , Browne Ryan P.
Published: August 2020

Multivariate count data are commonly encountered through high‐throughput sequencing technologies in bioinformatics, text mining, or sports analytics. Although the Poisson distribution seems a natural fit to these count data, its multivariate extension is computationally expensive. In most cases, mutual independence among the variables is assumed; however, this fails to take into account the correlation among the variables usually observed in the data. Recently, mixtures of multivariate Poisson‐lognormal (MPLN) models have been used to analyze such multivariate count measurements with a dependence structure. In the MPLN model, each count is modeled using an independent Poisson distribution conditional on a latent multivariate Gaussian variable. Owing to this hierarchical structure, the MPLN model can account for over‐dispersion as opposed to the traditional Poisson distribution and allows for correlation between the variables. Rather than relying on a Monte Carlo‐based estimation framework, which is computationally inefficient, a fast variational expectation–maximization (EM)‐based framework is used here for parameter estimation. Further, a family of parsimonious mixtures of Poisson‐lognormal distributions is proposed by decomposing the covariance matrix and imposing constraints on these decompositions. Utility of such models is shown using simulated and benchmark datasets.
A thick aerodynamic profile with regions of negative lift slope and possible implications on profiles for wind turbine blades
Authors: Peter Schaffarczyk Alois , Arakawa Chuichi
Published: August 2020

In the high pressure wind tunnel (HochDruckkanal Goettingen [HDG]) of Deutsch–Niederländische Windkanäle—German–Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW) a 47% thick airfoil‐like symmetrical profile was investigated at a high (3 to 12 million) Reynolds number. As an unusual feature, a negative lift slope dcL/dα < 0 close to zero lift has been re‐observed under specific circumstances. We describe the findings and offer some explanations using two‐dimensional (2D) unsteady, transitional computational fluid dynamics. Possible implications for very thick aerodynamic profiles for use on wind turbine blades are discussed.
Caspian Tern Response to Managed Reductions in Nesting Habitat
Authors: Schniedermeyer Ethan , Roby Daniel D. , Lyons Donald E. , Suzuki Yasuko , Collis Ken
Published: August 2020

Predation on smolts by Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) has been identified as a factor limiting the restoration of some populations of anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) from the Columbia River basin that are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Implementation of a management plan to reduce numbers of Caspian terns nesting at the 2 largest colonies in the Columbia Plateau region of Oregon and Washington, USA, began in 2014 and is ongoing. We investigated the response of Caspian terns during 2014–2016 to reductions in nesting habitat at these 2 colonies. Management prevented terns from nesting at both colonies, and the estimated numbers of nesting pairs in the region declined significantly from a mean of 877 pairs during premanagement to 769 and 675 pairs in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The management objective of reducing numbers of nesting terns in the Columbia Plateau region to ≤200 breeding pairs was not achieved during the first 2 years of full implementation of the plan. Regional nesting success did not decline significantly following the initiation of management, and remained at levels considered sufficient to sustain the regional subpopulation. Despite the species’ capacity for long‐distance breeding dispersal, the majority of displaced terns exhibited stronger than expected philopatry to the Columbia Plateau region. Analysis of resightings of banded terns indicated that most (>80%) terns that nested in the Columbia Plateau region premanagement returned to the region in 2015 and 2016, but the proportion that returned as breeders decreased while the proportion that returned as nonbreeding floaters increased compared with premanagement. The proportion of banded terns that were unobserved also increased during management years, suggesting that more terns became floaters in the Pacific Flyway and went unobserved because they were prospecting and foraging in locations or regions where there was little or no monitoring. The unexpectedly high regional philopatry exhibited by terns during management was likely a reflection of the low availability of suitable alternative nesting habitat outside the region. Most terns that remained in the region displayed considerable flexibility in nest site selection by nesting either at a previously smaller, intermittently successful breeding colony or at a small new colony where nesting activity had not previously been recorded. As long‐lived seabirds, Caspian terns may integrate information regarding nesting success over several years before choosing to change nesting locations, longer than the 2 years of this study, especially if alternate locations are distant or intermittently available, or a history of nesting at multiple locations exists within the region. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Functional Biobased Composite Polymers for Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Cakmak Hulya , Sogut Ece
Published: August 2020

Biobased polymers are of great interest due to the release of tension on non-renewable petroleum-based polymers for environmental concerns. However, biobased polymers usually have poor mechanical and barrier properties when used as the main component of coatings and films, but they can be improved by adding nanoscale reinforcing agents (nanoparticles - NPs or fillers), thus forming nanocomposites. The nano-sized components have a larger surface area that favors the filler-matrix interactions and the resulting material yield. For example, natural fibers from renewable plants could be used to improve the mechanical strength of the biobased composites. In addition to the mechanical properties, the optical, thermal and barrier properties are mainly effective on the selection of type or the ratio of biobased components. Biobased nanocomposites are one of the best alternatives to conventional polymer composites due to their low density, transparency, better surface properties and biodegradability, even with low filler contents. In addition, these biomaterials are also incorporated into composite films as nano-sized bio-fillers for the reinforcement or as carriers of some bioactive compounds. Therefore, nanostructures may provide antimicrobial properties, oxygen scavenging ability, enzyme immobilization or act as a temperature or oxygen sensor. The promising result of biobased functional polymer nanocomposites is shelf life extension of foods, and continuous improvements will face the future challenges. This chapter will focus on biobased materials used in nanocomposite polymers with their functional properties for food packaging applications.
Guillain–Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review of 73 cases
Authors: Abu-Rumeileh Samir , Abdelhak Ahmed , Foschi Matteo , Tumani Hayrettin , Otto Markus
Published: August 2020

Since coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020, several pieces of evidence suggested an association between the spectrum of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most findings were reported in the form of case reports or case series, whereas a comprehensive overview is still lacking. We conducted a systematic review and searched for all published cases until July 20th 2020. We included 73 patients reported in 52 publications. A broad age range was affected (mean 55, min 11–max 94 years) with male predominance (68.5%). Most patients showed respiratory and/or systemic symptoms, and developed GBS manifestations after COVID-19. However, asymptomatic cases for COVID-19 were also described. The distributions of clinical variants and electrophysiological subtypes resemble those of classic GBS, with a higher prevalence of the classic sensorimotor form and the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, although rare variants like Miller Fisher syndrome were also reported. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytological dissociation was present in around 71% cases, and CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA was absent in all tested cases. More than 70% of patients showed a good prognosis, mostly after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Patients with less favorable outcome were associated with a significantly older age in accordance with previous findings regarding both classic GBS and COVID-19. COVID-19-associated GBS seems to share most features of classic post-infectious GBS and possibly the same immune-mediated pathogenetic mechanisms. Nevertheless, more extensive epidemiological studies are needed to clarify these issues.
Do Political Attitudes Matter for Epistemic Decisions of Scientists?
Authors: Sikimić Vlasta , Nikitović Tijana , Vasić Miljan , Subotić Vanja
Published: August 2020

The epistemic attitudes of scientists, such as epistemic tolerance and authoritarianism, play important roles in the discourse about rivaling theories. Epistemic tolerance stands for the mental attitude of an epistemic agent, e.g., a scientist, who is open to opposing views, while epistemic authoritarianism represents the tendency to uncritically accept views of authorities. Another relevant epistemic factor when it comes to the epistemic decisions of scientists is the skepticism towards the scientific method. However, the question is whether these epistemic attitudes are influenced by their sociopolitical counterparts, such as the researcher’s degree of conservatism. To empirically investigate the interplay between epistemic and sociopolitical attitudes of scientists, we conducted a survey with researchers (N = 655) across different disciplines. We propose scales for measuring epistemic tolerance and epistemic authoritarianism, as well as a scale for detecting the participants' readiness to question the scientific method. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between epistemic tolerance and epistemic authoritarianism on the one hand, and career stage and sociopolitical views on the other hand. Interestingly, our study found only small correlations between the participants' degree of conservatism and their epistemic attitudes. This suggests that political views, against common argumentation, actually do not play an important role in one’s scientific decisions. Moreover, social scientists scored higher on the epistemic tolerance and lower on the epistemic authoritarianism scale than natural scientists. Finally, the results indicate that natural scientists question the scientific method less than social scientists.
Modelling and thermal simulation of absorber-free quasi-simultaneous laser welding of transparent plastics
Authors: Nguyen Nam-Phong , Behrens Stefan , Brosda Maximilian , Olowinsky Alexander , Gillner Arnold
Published: August 2020

The growing demands on the quality of plastic components and the trend towards miniaturisation are posing a great challenge on plastics processing technology. As many complex components can no longer be manufactured in a single step, joining processes such as laser transmission welding are gaining in importance. In classic laser transmission welding, the joining partners have different optical properties. The upper joining partner is transparent in the laser wavelength range, whilst the lower partner is absorbent due to the addition of absorber materials. In medical and biotechnological applications, the addition of absorber materials is often undesirable due to strict biocompatibility requirements. If, on the other hand, radiation sources are used which emit radiation in the area of the natural absorption of the plastic (λ = 1600–2000 nm), untreated transparent plastics can also be welded. In this work, a theoretical model will be presented to calculate the temperature distribution and progression during quasi-simultaneous welding using a thulium fibre laser (λ = 1940 nm). A sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of different parameters on the heat affected zone (HAZ). The simulated HAZ is then compared with the HAZ from the experimental work.
Sex Differences in the Classification of Conduct Problems: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Smaragdi Areti , Blackman Andrea , Donato Adam , Walsh Margaret , Augimeri Leena
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Conduct problem behaviors are highly heterogeneous symptom clusters, creating many challenges in investigating etiology and planning treatment. The aim of this study was to first identify distinct subgroups of males and females with conduct problems using a data driven approach and, secondly, to investigate whether these subgroups differed in treatment outcome after an evidence-based crime prevention program.

Methods

We used a latent class analysis (LCA) in Mplus` to classify 517 males and 354 females (age 6–11) into classes based on the presence of conduct disorder or oppositional defiance disorder items from the Child Behavior Checklist. All children were then enlisted into the 13-week group core component (children and parent groups) of the program Stop Now And Plan (SNAP®), a cognitive-behavioral, trauma-informed, and gender-specific program that teaches children (and their caregivers) emotion-regulation, self-control, and problem-solving skills.

Results

The LCA revealed four classes for males, which separated into (1) “rule-breaking,” (2) “aggressive,” (3) “mild,” and (4) “severe” conduct problems. While all four groups showed a significant improvement following the SNAP program, they differed in the type and magnitude of their improvements. For females, we observed two classes of conduct problems that were largely distinguishable based on severity of conduct problems. Participants in both female groups significantly improved with treatment, but did not differ in the type or magnitude of improvement.

Conclusion

This study presents novel findings of sex differences in clustering of conduct problems and adds to the discussion of how to target treatment for individuals presenting with a variety of different problem behaviors.
Commercial contract cheating provision through micro-outsourcing web sites
Authors: Lancaster Thomas
Published: August 2020

As the contract cheating market has become more sophisticated and competition has intensified, the contract cheating industry has had to redevelop its approach to gain custom. The industry has developed new models of internal operation and providers are using more sophisticated techniques to reach potential customers. This paper discusses contract cheating industry workflows and introduces terminology to allow complexities of the industry to be more consistently discussed. Examples are provided throughout to indicate the scale and challenge of the contract cheating industry operations.

An analysis of contract cheating operations on the micro-outsourcing website Fiverr.com is presented, using comparative data collected in June 2016 and October 2018. The analysis of the data demonstrates how the contract cheating industry is seeing continual change. Specifically, on Fiverr.com, this includes an increase in the number of providers offering essay writing services, particularly those from Kenya and Pakistan. The increase in service availability is accompanied by an associated reduction in essay pricing. The advertised pricing per 1000 words has dropped substantially, from $31.73 USD to $5.73 USD. The accounts used by contract cheating providers are also being replaced at an increased rate.

Based on the data, contract cheating providers on Fiverr.com are currently estimated to be taking a minimum of $92,001 USD per year in revenue. This is an example calculated from only one search term on which contract cheating providers advertise on only one micro-outsourcing site used for contract cheating. The actual industry income from micro-outsourcing web sites is likely to be substantially higher.
The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rajat , Iyer Prasad , Phua Ghee Chee , Lee Jan Hau
Published: August 2020

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an unprecedented worldwide socio-economic and health impact. There is increasing evidence that a combination of inflammation and hypercoagulable state are the main mechanisms of respiratory failure in these patients. This narrative review aims to summarize currently available evidence on the complex interplay of immune dysregulation, hypercoagulability, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure in COVID-19 disease. In addition, we will describe the experience of anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory strategies that have been tested. Profound suppression of the adaptive and hyperactivity of innate immune systems with macrophage activation appears to be a prominent feature in this infection. Immune dysregulation together with endotheliitis and severe hypercoagulability results in thromboinflammation and microvascular thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature leading to severe respiratory distress. Currently, some guidelines recommend the use of prophylactic low molecular weight heparin in all hospitalized patients, with intermediate dose prophylaxis in those needing intensive care, and the use of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with proven or suspected thrombosis. Strong recommendations cannot be made until this approach is validated by trial results. To target the inflammatory cascade, low-dose dexamethasone appears to be helpful in moderate to severe cases and trials with anti-interleukin agents (e.g., tocilizumab, anakinra, siltuximab) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are showing early promising results. Potential newer agents (e.g., Janus kinase inhibitor such as ruxolitinib, baricitinib, fedratinib) are likely to be investigated in clinical trials. Unfortunately, current trials are mostly examining these agents in isolation and there may be a significant delay before evidence-based practice can be implemented. It is plausible that a combination of anti-viral drugs together with anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulation medicines will be the most successful strategy in managing severely affected patients with COVID-19.
A Net Energy Analysis of the Global Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fishing and Forestry System
Authors: Marshall Zeke , Brockway Paul E.
Published: August 2020

The global agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and forestry (AAFF) energy system is subject to three unsustainable trends: (1) the approaching biophysical limits of AAFF; (2) the role of AAFF as a driver of environmental degradation; and (3) the long-term declining energy efficiency of AAFF due to growing dependence on fossil fuels. In response, we conduct a net energy analysis for the period 1971–2017 and review existing studies to investigate the global AAFF energy system and its vulnerability to the three unsustainable trends from an energetic perspective. We estimate the global AAFF system represents 27.9% of societies energy supply in 2017, with food energy representing 20.8% of societies total energy supply. We find that the net energy-return-on-investment (net EROI) of global AAFF increased from 2.87:1 in 1971 to 4.05:1 in 2017. We suggest that rising net EROI values are being fuelled in part by ‘depleting natures accumulated energy stocks’. We also find that the net energy balance of AAFF increased by 130% in this period, with at the same time a decrease in both the proportion of rural residents and also the proportion of the total population working in AAFF—which decreased from 19.8 to 10.3%. However, this comes at the cost of growing fossil fuel dependency which increased from 43.6 to 62.2%. Given the increasing probability of near-term fossil fuel scarcity, the growing impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, and the approaching biophysical limits of global AAFF, ‘Odum’s hoax’ is likely soon to be revealed.
Sind ländlich abgelegene Kindertageseinrichtungen „abgehängte“ Kindertageseinrichtungen? Befunde zu Unterschieden in der Strukturqualität im Stadt-Land-Vergleich am Beispiel Oberfrankens
Authors: Müller Doreen
Published: August 2020

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob zwischen städtischen, stadtnahen und ländlich abgelegenen Kindertageseinrichtungen Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Strukturqualität bestehen. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Forschungsergebnissen wird dies losgelöst von administrativen Grenzen betrachtet und beleuchtet Besonderheiten kleinräumiger Regionen. Die Ergebnisse basierend auf Daten des Projekts „BildungsLandschaft Oberfranken (BiLO)“ zeigen, trotz Unterschieden zwischen städtischen und ländlich abgelegenen Einrichtungen, keinen deutlichen Hinweis, dass ländlich abgelegene Einrichtungen „abgehängte“ Einrichtungen darstellen. Einrichtungen aus dem städtischen Umland, die administrativ der Landregion angehören, sind mal den städtischen mal den ländlich abgelegenen Einrichtungen ähnlich.
The pandemic push: can COVID-19 reinvent conferences to models rooted in sustainability, equitability and inclusion?
Authors: Niner Holly J. , Johri Shaili , Meyer Judith , Wassermann Sophia N.
Published: August 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates a change in conference formats for 2020. This shift offers a unique opportunity to address long-standing inequities in access and issues of sustainability associated with traditional conference formats, through testing online platforms. However, moving online is not a panacea for all of these concerns, particularly those arising from uneven distribution of access to the Internet and other technology. With conferences and events being forced to move online, this is a critical juncture to examine how online formats can be used to best effect and to reduce the inequities of in-person meetings. In this article, we highlight that a thoughtful and equitable move to online formats could vastly strengthen the global socio-ecological research community and foster cohesive and effective collaborations, with ecology and society being the ultimate beneficiaries.