bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not One of the Family: The Repression of the Other Woman in Feminist Theory
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

Feminism has come to occupy a contradictory place with regard to the family and to the familial drama at the heart of all psychoanlytic and some sociological accounts of gender. Accused by their critics of being am family, feminists have become, in the idiom that will be explored here, home-wreckers. Certainly the dominant metaphors of feminist critiques of society are familial in origin: the world ‘patriarchy’ itself, familiarly ensconced at the center of the feminist lexicon, locates power in literal and metaphorical fatherhood and defines the family as the scene, if not the source, of women’s oppression.
Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses
Authors: Mohanty Chandra Talpade
Published: November 2023

Any discussion of the intellectual and political construction of ‘third world feminisms’ must address itself to two simultaneous projects: the internal critique of hegemonic ‘western’ feminisms, and the formulation of autonomous, geographically, historically. and culturally grounded feminist concerns and strategies. The first project is one of deconstructing and dismantling; the second, one of building and constructing. while these projects appear to be contradictory, the one working negatively and the other positively, unless these two tasks are addressed simultaneously, ‘child world’ feminisms run the risk of marginalization or ghettoization from both mainstream (right and left) and Western feminist discourses.
Sorties
Authors: Cixous Helene
Published: November 2023

How come this privileged relationship with voice? Because no woman piles up as many defenses against instinctual drives as a man does. You don’t prop things up, you don’t brick things up the way he does, you don’t withdraw from pleasure so ‘prudently’. Even if phallic mystification has contaminated good relations in general, woman is never far from the ‘mm her’ (I do nm mean the role but the ‘mother’ as no name and as source of goods). There is always at least a Linley good mother milk left in her. She writes with white ink.
Slim and Sexy: Modern Woman’s Holy Grail
Authors: Coward Rosalind
Published: November 2023

It is inevitable, when considering the subject of how and why women accept traditional sternal roles, that the subject of sexual behaviours itself should also come up. After all. this is the point where men and women come together and where the foundation for later se1,.ual roles is laid. Traditionalists have it that underneath our complex social structure there is a simple natural instinct, saying we should look no further for an explanation as to why women collude with men in keeping to predictable male and female roles. It ought to be easy to challenge such simplistic biological explanations, but some aspects of recent seual behaviour make this challenge harder.
German Address: A Call to Reason
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: November 2023

The novelist and essayist Thomas Mann was one of Nazism’s most penetrating critics. Delivered as an address following the success of the National Socialists at the September 1930 elections, Mann’s critique of both the movement and its origins bears all the hallmarks of his selfconfessed nineteenth-century bourgeois origins and outlook.
The Psychology of Nazism
Authors: Fromm Erich
Published: November 2023

The German-born popular psychologist Erich Fromm began life as a disciple of Freud, but became more and more interested in the social and cultural determinants of personality. His analysis attempts to balance discussion of the material factors leading to the establishment of the regime with awareness of the psychological and cultural factors, in which connection his discussion of the impact of the First World War is particularly interesting.In contrast to the negative or resigned attitude of the working class and of the liberal and Catholic bourgeoisie, the Nazi ideology was ardently greeted by the lower strata of the middle class, composed of small shopkeepers, artisans, and white-collar workers.
Post-war Society and National Socialism: Memory, Amnesia, Defensiveness
Authors: Benz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

Awareness of central aspects of National Socialism was repressed by broad sectors of the population after 1945; other central aspects reproduced themselves, in different ways, in post-war attitudes and culture. Both processes shaped public and private memories of the Third Reich and were central in the consolidation of exculpatory responses to it, as Wolfgang Benz analyses here.The collapse of the National Socialist regime was followed by a phase of public memory and mental working through of what had happened. From 1945 on, this found its expression on a literary level in numerous published memoirs from the persecuted and the resistance along with a contemplative literature by authors from Romano Guardini to Alfred Weber.
The Historikerstreit in Context
Authors: Baldwin Peter
Published: November 2023

Peter Baldwin, although agreeing with Geoff Eley that the Historikerstreit reflected issues which were rooted in the West German present rather than the Nazi past, is inclined to see a more complex and shifting set of alignments at play than that which a simple Left-Right political division would suggest; like Eley, he takes the virulence of the discussion—although in itself often unedifying—as positive evidence that the National Socialist era continues to occupy a prominent place in contemporary public consciousness.
The Novelty of Totalitarianism
Authors: Hayes Carlton J H
Published: November 2023

In contrast with the quality and training of earlier dictators, note who and what the present ones are. There is Benito Mussolini, whose father was a blacksmith, whose education was obtained in a minor normal school, whose career was that of an unsuccessful elementary-school teacher and a second-or third-rate journalist, and whose military service was brief and inconspicuous. There is Joseph Stalin, generated by a peasant shoemaker, dismissed from a seminary and further schooling at the age of seventeen for irregularity in conduct and discipline, self-trained in the strong-arm arts of highway robbery and factory disorder, and as a convicted criminal relieved of any military service in the World War. There is Adolf Hitler, son of a minor Austrian customs-official, with a minimum of formal schooling and a maximum of frustrated efforts at hack work in painting and drawing, and with a curious record of having fought for four years in the German army without rising above the rank of corporal. In fine, not one of these world-shaking despots of our day comes of what we would deem distinguished antecedents; not one of them has been well educated or gained military repute.
Ideology and Terror
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: November 2023

Hannah Arendt’s work was one of the most widely disseminated treatises on totalitarianism during the 1950s and 1960s. Her focus is very much on the centrality of terror to totalitarian regimes. She sees totalitarian regimes as using terror to accelerate what they see as the laws of nature or history—for Nazi Germany, laws based on racial-biological theory; for the Soviet Union, laws based on class and economic development—as a result, terror is visited inevitably upon those who are deemed by the laws of nature or history to be unacceptable to the totalitarian regime.
Behemoth
Authors: Neumann Franz
Published: November 2023

These various strata are not held together by a common loyalty. To whom could they give it, after all? Not to the state, for it has been abolished ideologically and even to a certain extent in reality. The ideological basis on which the army and bureaucracy formerly rested has been destroyed. Adoration of the Leader is no adequate substitute, because the Leader’s charisma will be completely deflated if he does not prove his worth, that is, if he is not successful. Furthermore, leadership adoration is so deeply contradictory to the process of bureaucratization and depersonalization that a mere postulation of a community integrated by a Leader is insufficient. Racial proletarianism is similarly dependent on final victory. As for such concepts as freedom and equality, it is doubtful if they were ever the basis for common loyalty, certainly not now.
The Primacy of Politics
Authors: Mason Tim
Published: November 2023

Tim Mason combined the political commitment and theoretical underpinning of Marxism with the traditions of less explicitly theorized anglophone empiricism to produce a stimulating set of arguments concerning the ways in which an ideologically driven rearmament programme altered the relationship of the state to business and thus of politics to economics as Marxists would see it. Mason’s writings remain central to any engagement with the history of the Third Reich.
The Civil Service in the Third Reich
Authors: Mommsen Hans
Published: November 2023

Hans Mommsen was one of the first post-war scholars to lay emphasis on the evolutionary and fluid nature of the National Socialist body-politic; his discussion of the relationship between the civil service and the regime shows that, from the outset, ‘structuralist’ historians conceived of the regime as being something more complex than just a fusion of rational state apparatus with irrational movement.
The Army and the Third Reich
Authors: Müller Klaus-Jürgen
Published: November 2023

The army had been a key institution in the Nazi seizure of power and had had high expectations of the regime. However, during the Third Reich its experience was one of progressive marginalization as a separate power centre within the regime —by the outbreak of the war at the latest it had become merely the executor of Hitler’s orders. In the article from which the following passages are taken, Klaus-Jurgen Muller surveys the reduction of the army from a political elite to a functional elite, examining in particular the ‘turning point’ of 1938.
Justice in the Third Reich
Authors: Gruchmann Lothar
Published: November 2023

In his monumental study of the legal system in the Third Reich during the Gurtner era, Gruchmann stresses the extent to which the commitment of the highly conservative legal establishment to creating an authoritarian justice system led it to collaborate in the undermining of the inherited liberal legal system during the Nazi era. However, despite its collusion in the erosion of the liberal legal system, it was permanently on the defensive, as more and more of the juridical and policing functions of the Justice Ministry and Interior Ministry were usurped by the more radical SS-police system under Himmler. Moreover, having done so much to facilitate the descent into lawlessness of the Third Reich by successive retroactive legalization of illegal acts of terror and barbarism, the Justice Ministry found itself unable then to fall back on institutional and legal safeguards to defend its position. As a result, it was powerless to prevent the ongoing expansion of the concentration camp apparatus and the concomitant radicalization of terror in the war in particular.
The Honour of Labour: Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism
Authors: Ludtke Alf
Published: November 2023

Alf L üdtke argues that the Nazis’ emphasis on ‘the honour of labour’ found a receptive audience among a working-class population whose own beliefs in the ‘dignity of labour’ represented a central part of a working-class culture which the traditional parties of the Left had failed to tap into. In doing so, the Nazis were able to elicit the cooperation of key sectors of the working class in the pursuit of the goals of the Volksgemeinschaft.
Resistenz or Loyal Reluctance?
Authors: Mallmann Klaus-Michael , Paul Gerhard
Published: November 2023

Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Gerhard Paul, co-authors of important work on patterns of popular accommodation and dissent in the Saarland during the Nazi period, have been among the most strident critics of the Resistenz concept. In this extract they relate their findings in the Saarland project to their rejection of the suitability of the term in connection with the Third Reich.
The Problem of Motivation Reconsidered
Authors: Kater Michael H
Published: November 2023

Michael Kater’s work also places emphasis on elements of continuity from the pre-Nazi era; similarly, he emphasizes that even those doctors who did not participate as actively as others still failed overwhelmingly to condemn the murderous processes which they were helping to facilitate. Here, he gives consideration to the factors motivating medical doctors to participate in the regime’s racial policies.
The Concentration Camps as Part of the National Socialist System of Domination
Authors: Pingel Falk
Published: November 2023

The concentration camp system grew from the initial ‘wild’ camps established largely spontaneously to deal with political opponents on the local level to encompass a massive network of camps all across Europe, which combined the roles of ‘re-education’, persecution, and extermination with attempts to harness the labour of their inmates in the service of the National Socialist regime. By 1944—5 there were up to three-quarters of a million inmates in the concentration camps alone—not including those in the forced labour and extermination camps. Although, as Falk Pingel argues here, the economic aspect of the concentration camps grew in significance, their function remained overwhelmingly political.
Killing Operations
Authors: Yahil Leni
Published: November 2023

The transition to systematic mass murder of Europe’s Jews began with the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Four SS Einsatz-gruppen (‘task squads’) entered the Soviet Union behind the German armed forces and organized the mass shootings of Jews described in these passages by Leni Yahil. The experience of these killing campaigns, which quickly escalated in scope to the point where individual killing actions could claim many thousands of victims, led to the decision to embark upon the ‘Final Solution’.
Children
Authors: Hilberg Raul
Published: November 2023

The biological-racial determinism of National Socialist anti-Semitism meant that. once extermination had been decided upon. no Jew would be spared. Young or old, male or female, able-bodied or infirm-National Socialist ideology determined that no distinction be drawn. The survival prospects of young children were particularly low, as they had neither the physical stamina to survive the appalling conditions under which they were kept nor the independence or experience to attempt an escape. Raul Hilberg here describes the fate of Jewish children during the Holocaust.
Nazism, Politics, and the Image of the Past
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Writing from an engaged position to the left of the liberal and Social Democrat-aligned protagonists of the Historikerstreit, Geoff Eley argues that the dispute represented a new phase in an ongoing contestation of the right to shape the dominant public image of the German past, a contest which derives its vigour from the politicized nature of scholarship on the German past and its close relationship to contemporary political discourses. 1be conservative positions advanced in the dispute. Eley contends, represent a new attempt by the Right, in the wake of the Tendenzwende, to recentre historical discourse on issues of nationhood and national identity.
Early Modern France 1560-1715
Authors: Briggs Robin
Published: November 2023

This book provides an overall interpretation of a decisive period in French history, from the chaos of the Wars of Religion to the death of Louis XIV. A clear but economical narrative of the major political events is combined with an analysis of the long-term factors which decisively moulded the evolution of both state and society.
Comedy
Authors: Dover K J
Published: November 2023

The names of comic dramatists whose plays were performed at the City Dionysia at Athens were not embodied in a permanent record until 486 B.c. It is quite possible (cf. p. 50) that humorous dramatic performances had played some part in the festival for a very long time - possible, that is, that comedy is far older than tragedy but long regarded as ephemeral, topical, and not to be perpetuated in written texts. Aristophanes is the only comic poet of the fifth century B.c. whose plays we can read now; eleven (out of at least forty which he wrote) have survived. He first produced a play in 427, and of the surviving eleven the earliest, Achamians, is datable to 425. We know something, through citations and fragments, about some comedies produced in the period 440-425, but as we move back in time the evidence dwindles rapidly, and very little indeed can be said with assurance about the nature of the comedy contemporary with Aeschylean tragedy.
Greek literature 300-50 B.C.
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: November 2023

The conquests of Philip, who died in 336 B.c., and Alexander, who died in 323, had an immense impact on the life and literature of Greece. Greek language and culture were spread, more or less thinly, over an area from Marseilles to the frontier of India, and from the Crimea to Egypt. In huge countries like Egypt and Syria Greek communities, surrounded by a sea of alien subjects, hugged their education and their language as marks of their status and as reminders of what they were and what they were resolved to remain.
Greek literature after 50 B.C.
Authors: Bowie E L
Published: November 2023

The expansion of Roman power which gave Polybius his theme continued in the century following the destruction of Corinth in 146 B.c. Some Greek kingdoms passed peacefully into Rome’s control, but others required force of arms, while even greater havoc was wreaked in the Greek cities of the eastern Mediterranean by the succession of Roman civil wars in the first century a.c. Antony’s defeat by Octavian at Actium in 31 B.c. at last brought peace to the Greek world, already even in its exhausted condition the culturally dominant component of Rome’s empire. Egypt, realm of Antony’s Ptolemaic ally Cleopatra and last of the great Hellenistic monarchies, was annexed in the following year.
New anti-Semitic campaign—second Philharmonic season—the Second Symphony in Liège and Vienna (January–May 1899)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

THE anti-Semitism so violently expressed on the occasion of the first Phil-harmonic Concert reappeared early in 1899, in the guise of one of those ‘scandals’ of which the Viennese were so fond. Following the assassination of the Empress Elisabeth in September 1898, the Court had been in mourning. The city authorities accordingly decided that the big charity ball held each year at the Rathaus should be replaced by a special Philharmonic Concert, scheduled for 1 February. Oberbürgermeister Lueger and his city council further decided to invite an ‘Aryan’, Felix Mottl, to conduct it, regardless of the fact that Mahler was the conductor of the Philharmonic Concerts and was thus being publicly slighted.
War with the administration—difficulties with the singers—Alt-Aussee, the Fourth Symphony (May–December 1899)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

AS we have seen, Hofrath Wlassack, the Kanzleidirektor and a key figure in the Hofoper administration,1 could fairly claim to have played an important part in securing Mahler’s appointment. But he quickly realized that his ‘protégé’ was an ‘ungrateful wretch’. Intendant Plappart had also become Mahler’s sworn enemy, and as soon as he was appointed lost no opportunity to let Mahler feel the weight of administrative authority. Hardly a day passed without some fresh interference, a demand for an explanation, or a complaint about an alleged breach of procedure.
Quarrel with the Bühnenverein—triumph of the Second Symphony in Munich—Failure of the First in Vienna—beginning of the third season of the Philharmonic (August–December 1900)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

THE manuscript of the Adagio in the Fourth Symphony ends with the words: ‘The third movement, and with it the whole symphony, completed on Sunday 6 August, at Maiernigg.’1 Since 6 August 1900 was a Monday, it is most likely that Mahler really completed his Partiturentwurf (first full orchestra score) on Sunday 5 August. He put some finishing touches to the orchestration and copied the score, as he usually did, during the winter. It would have been natural for him to have experienced a sense of emptiness now that the burst of creative activity was over, but he was happy and relieved at having found his bearings as a symphonist after four years of silence.
Liturgical Sources from Saint-Denis
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters
Published: November 2023

The overview of liturgy and music at Saint-Denis in Chapter I comes largely from historical texts relating to the abbey, and the study of feasts, ceremony, and music in Chapters 2–5 draws largely on the service-books that preserve the ritual. The present chapter deals more closely with these books.
Choral Tragedy and Symphonic Drama: Wagner’s Contribution to Nietzsche’s Die Geburt der Tragödie
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

In the twenty-sixth section of his Hamburgische Dramaturgie Lessing puts forward the view that ‘the orchestra at our stage plays takes the place, as it were, of the ancient choruses’.1 Of course, Lessing’s concern was not with music theatre but with the incidental music played at the theatre, for which he demanded a strict motivic link with the dramatic action, so that, like the chorus, such music could accompany and comment on the events taking place on stage. Lessing argued that instrumental music, which, unlike vocal music, he felt was essentially indeterminate in its ‘expression’, could gain in (semantic) clarity if particular motives were repeated, even if there were no words accompanying them.
The Transformations of Ahasuerus: Der fliegende Holländer and his Metamorphoses
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

In writing Das Liebesverbot, Wagner had brusquely turned his back on the tradition of German Romantic opera. Not only this work but his subsequent plans, from Die hohe Braut and Männerlist größer als Frauenlist (of which only the libretti were completed) to Rienzi, all attest to his predilection for the Italian and French type of opera. Not until 1840-1 did he return to Romantic opera with Der fliegende Holländer, where, as with Die Hochzeit, he renounced all those ‘operatic embellishments’ with which he had ‘festooned’ his operas from Die Peen to Rienzi (ML, p. 81; English trans., p. 72). ‘Dutchman disappointed many who awaited another Rienzi’, Robert Gutman writes. ‘Their objections were similar to those of the wealthy host in Strauss’s Ariadne auf Naxos, displeased that his magnificently appointed mansion be the scene of an opera set on a desert island.’1
Plainsong into Polyphony
Authors: Harrison Frank Li.
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this essay is to discuss processes of composition used in England during the time indicated, in cases where a primary component in design was material from the plainsong repertory. The publication of four volumes of English polyphonic music of circa 1270 to circa 1400, together with editions of the early fifteenth-century ‘Old Hall’manuscript, makes it possible to survey this aspect of the composition process and to observe some of its continuities and changes over this extended period.
Prologue What is Liturgy?
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

The ordered forms of Christian worship in the West emerged gradually during the first millennium, drawing on a variety of models, traditions, and influences. Western liturgy has never remained static in form or practice, but reached a crucial point of synthesis and stability in the tenth century. From this period it is possible to discern a consistency of liturgical observance supported by written sources that stretches to the present day. Two movements in the eighth and ninth centuries contributed to this: the reforms and codifications undertaken in the empire of Charlemagne and his successors, and the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism in northern Europe.
The Psalter
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Of all the books in the Bible, none has so fundamental a part in the liturgy as the Book of Psalms. In spite of their strong roots in Jewish history, the themes and the spirituality of the Psalms have transcended cultural and theological barriers throughout Christendom.
The Tridentine Reform
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

The religious and political upheaval that took place in northern Europe in the sixteenth century was obviously the most extreme event since the schism of the Eastern and Western Churches. The liturgical consequences of the Reformation were far-reaching.
The Reformed Liturgy of the Church of England (1549-1662)
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Unlike the continental Protestant Churches, the Church of England held on to some of the most important features of the daily Office and the Mass, albeit in the vernacular. And whereas the public recitation of the Office declined sharply in the Roman Church it persisted in the Church of England, sung in choral foundations of cathedrals and colleges, recited by parson and clerk in parish churches. Roman Catholic laity favoured new devotions, but the staple public prayer of the English was Mattins and Evensong, and it remained so until the 1960s.
Solo Song
Authors: Orrey Leslie
Published: November 2023

SCHUBERT’S death in 1828 closed the first important chapter in the history of the Lied. The next is dominated by Robert Schumann (1810-56). Between the two, song as a genre continued to flourish, and we meet some of the composers in the pages of Schumann’s periodical, Die neue Zeitschrift für Musik, which absorbed much of his time between 1834 and 1844. They include the gifted Norbert Burgmiiller (1810–36), Josef Dessauer (1798–1876), Bernardt Klein (1793–1832), Carl Zollner (1800-60), Josef Klein (1802-62), Wenzel Veit (1806–64), and Heinrich Esser (1818-72). Schumann himself was hesitant to approach the form. As a young man, brought up in the shadow of Beethoven, he valued instrumental art higher than vocal, and he made a reputation with his piano music before any of the songs by which he is universally known had been written. The conversion to song came only a few months after the letter to Hirschbach; another, equally famous, letter to Clara Wieck testifies to his sudden joy in the new medium.
Choral Music
Authors: Abraham Gerald
Published: November 2023

THE vast output of choral music, religious and secular, during this period was not only heterogeneous but often hybridized by crossing with symphony and opera. Even the Mass was sometimes affected, but religious music at its best was often extra-ecclesiastical. The most characteristic form was oratorio, exemplified by
Medieval Chant
Authors: Crocker Richard
Published: November 2023

In trying to understand the matrix of the new, specifically Frankish chant that appeared after 850, we have to consider the relationship to Gallican antecedents. With not much to go on, we can probably describe the relationship as one in which a relatively small number of Gallican items provided a point of departure for far-reaching Frankish developments that resulted in many new forms and much new music. The importance of the Gallican models would be that they represented, better than did the Roman chant, the broader traditions of ritual song.
Instruments and Instrumental Music Before 1300
Authors: Page Christopher
Published: November 2023

The story of Western instruments from the Fall of Rome to the fourteenth century reaches from the lyres that were played in ‘the primeval German forests’ to the lutes of the Ars Nova, their sound holes decorated with grilles as elaborate as any in the mosques of Spain whence they were exported northwards. Since few medieval instruments survive1 our knowledge of them is based upon representations in the visual arts, supplemented by the testimony of contemporary writers and an archaeological record that is exceptionally rich for the earlier centuries (roughly AD 450 850). The musical record is very meagre (as far as music written specifically for instruments is concerned) and does not begin until the later thirteenth century.
Polyphony in England in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Crocker Richard
Published: November 2023

Students of English polyphony of the thirteenth century have argued persuasively that it belongs to the mainstream of polyphonic development, that it is not peripheral. Ernest Sanders pointed out1 that many of the features previously taken to be peculiarly English and, when found in continental sources, to indicate English influence or provenance, were better considered to be widespread in polyphonic practice on the Continent as well as in England, even if not characteristic of Notre-Dame polyphony. Sanders went on to try to identify those other features which could be described as specifically English; they will concern us in due course. Our first concern, however, is to see that English polyphony combines the novelties of Notre-Dame style with more traditional features of polyphony as practised by cathedral musicians. From this we can gain a valuable perspective on the continental Latin motet; for just as it is instructive to see the new French texted discant-the French motet-through the eyes of the trouvere and professional instrumentalist, so it helps to see the Latin texted discant through the eyes of the cathedral musician, taking into account his response to the peculiarities of Notre-Dame style.
Convents and Confraternities
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2023

No picture of the cultural life of a town like Bruges would be complete without some mention of its convents. Many monasteries and friaries of the Middle Ages have disappeared in the religious struggles of the sixteenth century; in Flanders as well as in England, radical reform movements were directed largely against those institutions from which many of their leaders had originally come. Both Erasmus and Luther had been educated in houses of mendicant orders–and what modern civilisation owes to these men, it indirectly owes to medieval monasticism. The mendicant orders, in particular, helped to form the spirit of the fifteenth century, and the culture of the cities. They not only took care of the spiritual needs of the townspeople by singing masses, praying for the dead, hearing confessions and preaching, but also provided social services in general: health service, burials, charity for the poor and elderly, and education for the young. Their lifestyle and business were integrated into the urban life; most upper- and middle-class families had sons and daughters in some of the town’s convents.
The Late Eighteenth Century: Mozart and Haydn
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

Following his early experiments with the accompanied sonata Mozart delayed for over ten years before again embarking on concerted chamber works for one or more strings and piano. During the intervening period the string quartet was the chamber form which principally engaged his attention, together with the solo piano sonata. When, in 1778, he began again to explore the combination of piano and strings, it was particularly to the violin sonata that he turned, his interest having been sparked by a new constructive principle, the elements of which he had encountered in some sonatas (Divertimenti da camera) by the Saxon Kapellmeis¬ter Joseph Schuster. A reference to this discovery occurs in a letter which he sent to his father from Munich on 6 October 1777. ‘Schuster’s sonatas’, he wrote, ‘are not bad ... if I stay on I shall write six myself in the same style, as they are very popular here.’ The new structural device which Mozart identified in these works, and sought to develop in his own violin sonatas (his ‘Clavierduetti mit Violin’ as he called them), was a crucially important one. It involved the elevation of the violin from its customary accompanying role to one of near-equal partnership with the keyboard, by entrusting it with a large share of the melodic material in alternation with the piano, and with the opportunity to contribute significantly to the whole texture by means of imitations, counterthemes, and transitional passagework.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Smallan Basil
Published: November 2023

To the eye of the historian, eager to trace clear patterns of development, the piano trio’s progress during the twentieth century presents a complex and varied picture. A large number of composers of many nationalities have been involved, and their combined output has been very substantial. Some have shown progressive and others conservative inclinations, and their works, naturally, have revealed wide divergences of style and technique. Some have turned to the piano trio very early, and others very late, in their careers, and many have produced only single examples of the genre. Nationality has remained a significant element, as much if not more than in the previous century; but the wars and revolutions of the period, by their resultant mi¬grations, have introduced, also, a significant strain of cosmopoli¬tanism. Not only have composers from mainland Europe moved as refugees to Britain and the United States and exercised a powerful influence in their new environments, but others, again, have travelled in the reverse direction in search of intellectual stimulus, particularly to Paris where the teaching of Nadia Boulanger (up to her death in 1979) proved a constant magnet.
American Theatre
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

This three-volume work will accomplish for the American non-musical theatre what Bordman's American Musical Theatre did for our song-and-dance entertainments: it chronicles, in order by opening, every Broadway comedy and drama, show by show, season by season, offering a plot synopsis, principal players, and important statistics. Scenery and costumes are described where they might be of interest, and comments of the plays' contemporary critics are quoted. In many instances, extended excerpts from the play are included to give the reader a fuller understanding of its nuances and its period dialogue. Also included, and worked chronologically into the text, are details about cheap-priced, cliff-hanging melodramas, such as Bertha, the Sewing Machine Girl and His Sister's Shame, which were among America's most popular diversions in theatres catering to blue-collar playgoers until silent films drew away their audiences. Examples of shows produced and designed for other than New York are included. This volume deals with the great expansion of American theatre after the Civil War, the careers of such prominent actors and actresses as Edwin Booth, Mrs. Fiske, the Drew and Barrymore families, the first important American playwrights like Clyde Fitch, producers like David Belasco, and the influence of foreign plays and players. This stage history, besides giving a sense of each production, touches on the literary worth of the plays, provides brief biographies of major figures, and sets all of this against the economic and social backgrounds of the time. Readers will close the book feeling they, like their parents and grandparents, have sat through performances of these shows of another era.
1912–1913
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Rumblings overseas grew a little louder and a little more ominous during the new season, but Broadway blithely went its own way, rarely attempting to look at the gathering storm or to scratch beneath the surface of domestic problems. Relying comfortably on romance and farce, the theatre was busy providing the simple escapist entertainment most ticket buyers sought. Variety’s count indicated the number of productions climbed sharply to 162, up from 140 in the preceding year. That the count of American hits dropped slightly while the number of successful foreign plays rose a bit probably is meaningless. Curiously, a few of the foreign plays dared to tackle subjects American writers still held at arm’s length. Yet none, or at most one, of the foreign works continues to be revived with any regularity. The record of major revivals for the American offerings is no better, but several retained the affection of a generation of playgoers only now disappearing from the scene.
The Mutiny
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In early April of 1839 the Portuguese slave merchants at Lomboko, on the west coast of Africa, were loading their human cargo onto the Teqora, in preparation for the long Middle Passage to Cuba. For weeks this process had been under way, and now, under the blazing equatorial sun, the slave dealers tried to make haste in order to reduce their crew's exposure to African fever, to avoid a seizure by pirates or enemy vessels, and to lessen chances of a slave revolt before the ship could get to sea.
Appeal
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 has charted the fortunes of the various Jewish political movements in two radically different countries. The first, Poland, was home to a typical East European Jewish community similar in many ways to the neighboring communities of Lithuania, Latvia, eastern Czechoslovakia, and Romania. The second, America, witnessed during the interwar period the coming of age of a Western-type Jewry, in many ways reminiscent of those in Western and Central Europe. It is surely paradoxical that in this Western-type, rapidly acculturating community Zionism—albeit of a rather peculiar type—encountered much less organized opposition than in the heartland of Jewish nationalism, Poland, where it was severely challenged by antinational Orthodoxy and especially by the anti-Zionist Jewish left, above all the Bund.
Experiment in Republicanism
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

In 1788 the American minister to France, Thomas Jefferson, presented Thomas Lee Shippen, the son of a prominent Philadelphia family, to the French Court of Versailles. Young Shippen, who was studying law at the Inns of Court in London, was very excited; the young man, the nephew of Richard Henry and Arthur Lee of Virginia, was very socially conscious and, since he had “a little Vanity, ” was apt to “run wild after the tinsel of life. ” He had looked forward to his “Continental tour ” with all its opportunities for cultivating “the acquaintance of titled men and Ladies of birth, “ whose names, ” a friend of the Shippen family regretfully observed, “he soon gets and . . . will never forget. “
“Miss, I Wish I Had Your Life” The Poor of London and Their Chroniclers
Authors: Ross Ellen
Published: November 2023

In the years when African voyages of discovery were being recounted in bestsellers like Henry Morton Stanley’s In Darkest Africa (1890), it was conventional to apply Dark Continent imagery to the slums of London: Remote as “Timbuctoo,” these “unknown” and “unexplored” districts were populated by “savages” or “aborigines.” Indeed, the impeialists’ impulse to explore, convert, help, or conquer brought the friends and siblings of the world travelers to the poor quarters of the metropolis. Their reports emphasized the exoticism of urban poverty and its contrasts with the comfortable and brilliant life of Parliament, the theaters, and the Kensington drawing rooms. As they appear, for example, at the opening of the period of this study, in Dore and Jerrold’s collaborative London: A Pilgrimage (1869), the wealth and poverty of the metropolis were still being represented in stark contrasts based on urban demarcations: glamorous, glittering West and sinister, huddling East. In the 1880s and 1890s, however, some social explorers set out with a more complex mission to analyze the different grades of poverty and to assess its causes. In the process, they added many new shades between the dusky black of destitution and the gleaming white of carriageowning, servant-keeping wealth, presenting a new social topography of London.
No Duty to Retreat
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell
Published: November 2023

No Duty to Retreat takes as its starting-point the increased popularity in American society of the old English common-law concept that a person under physical attack has the right to stand his ground, defend himself, and even kill his assailant in self-defence in certain circumstances. This doctrine came to public awareness recently when Berhard Goetz took the law into his own hands when assaulted by four youths in a New York City subway train. There is a chapter on the American as gunfighter, another on a famous vigilante case in California in the 1870s, when farmers retaliated against the Southern Pacific Railroad trying to move them off their lands , and a long chapter discussing `crime, law, and society in America since 1930 ‘, in which Brown shows that the crime surge since the 1950s has occurred with the emergence of the Post-Industrial Society, which has left many people alienated and looking for quick solutions.
Conclusion: No Duty to Retreat in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell
Published: November 2023

From the Industrial Society of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century to the Information Society of our own time, the factor of values has been crucial in regard to American violence and crime. Central to understanding the doctrine of no duty to retreat is the realm of values, for the notion of no duty to retreat is an expression of American values as well as American behavior.
Dean Acheson
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Dean Acheson was one of the most influential Secretaries of State in U.S. history, presiding over American foreign policy during a pivotal era--the decade after World War II when the American Century slipped into high gear. During his vastly influential career, Acheson spearheaded the greatest foreign policy achievements in modern times, ranging from the Marshall Plan to the establishment of NATO. In this acclaimed biography, Robert L. Beisner paints an indelible portrait of one of the key figures of the last half-century. In a book filled with insight based on research in government archives, memoirs, letters, and diaries, Beisner illuminates Acheson's major triumphs, including the highly underrated achievement of converting West Germany and Japan from mortal enemies to prized allies, and does not shy away from examining his missteps. But underlying all his actions, Beisner shows, was a tough-minded determination to outmatch the strength of the Soviet bloc--indeed, to defeat the Soviet Union at every turn. The book also sheds light on Acheson's friendship with Truman--one, a bourbon-drinking mid-Westerner with a homespun disposition, the other, a mustachioed Connecticut dandy who preferred perfect martinis. Over six foot tall, with steel blue, "merry, searching eyes" and a "wolfish" grin, Dean Acheson was an unforgettable character--intellectually brilliant, always debonair, and tough as tempered steel. This lustrous portrait of an immensely accomplished and colorful life is the epitome of the biographer's art.
Male Sexuality and the “Perversions” in the Fin De Siècle
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

The third and last aspect of Foucault’s notion that the “blood” of the bourgeoisie was its “sex,” is one that sprang to life only in the 1870s and 1880s, coinciding with military defeat and the founding of the new republic. I refer to the “discovery” of the sexual perversions by medical experts in France, elsewhere in Europe, and in the United States. In France, as we have seen, the tradition of medical and scientific thinking in which the myriad varieties of human sexuality were analyzed was heavily disposed to a conception of sexual identity that subsumed sexuality in sex.
Biologic Perspectives of Adoptee Adjustment
Authors: Cadoret Remi J
Published: November 2023

Human behavior has had no lack of apologists and explanations since time immemorial, including such diverse explanatory schemes as phrenology and astrology. Scientific explanations of the vagaries of human character have been more recent additions to a long list of “whys” of behavior. Toward the end of the last century there was an organized effort to study factors influencing personality and human abilities with the avowed goal of using this information to improve the race. The eugenic movement, as it came to be called, stemmed largely from the lifework of a British genius, Sir Francis Galton. Galton, whose life spanned almost a century (1822-1911), was fascinated by the tremendous individual variation found in human social status, intellectual abilities, and temperament. He conceived two categories of factors responsible for this variation: nature, or what was physically inherited from parents through the procreative process; and nurture, or what was transmitted through culture, upbringing, and other environmental conditions. In order to measure “nature” and “nurture,” Galton devised ingenious techniques used today in the study of inheritance. These approaches include the family study, the twin method, and statistical devices such as regression. Using these techniques Galton came to the conclusion that nature was more important than nurture where human abilities, social success, and temperament were concerned.
Adopted Adolescents in Residential Treatment: The Role of the Family
Authors: Grotevant Harold D , Mcroy Ruth G
Published: November 2023

Adoption is a social and legal process in which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated by birth. Through this process a child born to one set of parents becomes the child of other parents, a member of another family, and thereby assumes the rights and duties of children in birthfamilies (Costin, 1972).
The Residential Treatment of Severely Disturbed Adolescent Adoptees
Authors: Goodrich Wells , Fullerton Carols. , Yates, Briant. , Berman Linda Beth
Published: November 2023

Adolescents require hospitalization (Miller, 1980) when their disturbed behavior becomes dangerous to themselves or to others, and when their affective states, cognitive dysfunctions, or personal suffering are so extreme as to make outpatient treatment infeasible. Hospitalization also may be indicated when age-appropriate behavior and adaptation are no longer possible in relation to peers, to school, or to the patient’s family. Finally, disturbed adolescents may require hospitalization when the family psychopathology exacerbates the patients’ difficulties so that the patient becomes unmanageable as an outpatient. Approximately 3% of the United States’ adolescent population will enter a psychiatric hospital and 0.5% may require repeated or long-term psychiatric hospitalization (Almqvist, 1986).
History, Values, and Placement Policy Issues in Adoption
Authors: Cole Elizabeth S , Donley Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

“Adoption” is a term used to describe a personal and legal act as well as a social service. Because adoption is a social construction, it is value laden and shaped by cultural forces. The Child Welfare League of America defines legal adoption as “the method provided by law to establish the legal relationship of parent and child between persons who are not so related by birth” (Child Welfare League of America, 1978, p. 11). Adoption services, in contrast, are the necessary array of professional assistance offered and coordinated by an agency, first, to assist birthparents whose children are placed for adoption, second, to place a child in an adoptive home, and third, to preserve and strengthen the adoptive family.