bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of FeSO4.7H2O as a Coagulant on Chromium Hexavalent Removal Using Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Pangeran Andi Baso , Afandy Moh. Azhar , Sawali Fikrah Dian Indrawati
Published: October 2023

Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) is widely employed in the process of optimizing the applications of coagulants for wastewater treatment. The experiment aims to evaluate the effect of the FeSO4.7H2O concentration and settling time on removing the chromium hexavalent (Cr (VI)) from wastewater by coagulation-flocculation using RSM-CCD. This experiment was carried out based on the results of the model and optimization using the RSM-CCD to obtain the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) as well as determine the influence of the concentration of FeSO4.7H2O (X1) and settling time (X2). The RSM-CCD experimental design uses a two-factor and two-level design with 13 experimental runs and 5 center points. Inter-variable regression coefficients are also produced with the elimination of Cr (VI). The ANOVA test results showed a fairly significant figure for the assembled model. The model validation results show that the proposed model is compatible with the experimental results. RSM optimization shows optimum conditions based on experimental FeSO4.7H2O coagulant concentration variables and coagulation time at 150 mg/L coagulant concentration and 60 minutes of time, and the prediction results based on RSM-CCD optimization using Design Expert show the most optimum condition at 165,562 mg/L coagulant concentrations and 60,527 minutes of time.
The mitochondrial protein Sod2 is important for the migration, maintenance, and fitness of germ cells
Authors: Tarbashevich Katsiaryna , Ermlich Laura , Wegner Julian , Pfeiffer Jana , Raz Erez
Published: October 2023

To maintain a range of cellular functions and to ensure cell survival, cells must control their levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main source of these molecules is the mitochondrial respiration machinery, and the first line of defense against these toxic substances is the mitochondrial enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2). Thus, investigating early expression patterns and functions of this protein is critical for understanding how an organism develops ways to protect itself against ROS and enhance tissue fitness. Here, we report on expression pattern and function of zebrafish Sod2, focusing on the role of the protein in migration and maintenance of primordial germ cells during early embryonic development. We provide evidence that Sod2 is involved in purifying selection of vertebrate germ cells, which can contribute to the fitness of the organism in the following generations.
Association of TyG index with prehypertension or hypertension: a retrospective study in Japanese normoglycemia subjects
Authors: Xu Jingtao , Xu Weigan , Chen Guojun , Hu Qiaohua , Jiang Jun
Published: October 2023

Aim

The objective of our study was to investigate the potential association between the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index and the occurrence of prehypertension or hypertension in a cohort of normoglycemic Japanese subjects.

Methods

The NAGALA physical examination program was conducted in 1994 at Murakami Memorial Hospital in Gifu City, Japan. For our retrospective study, we selected 15,450 participants who had taken part in this program. Our aim was to explore the potential link between the TyG index, a surrogate marker for insulin resistance, and the presence of prehypertension (pre-HTN) or hypertension (HTN). Our analysis included adjustments for clinical demographic attributes and serum biomarkers. Logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between the TyG index and the likelihood of pre-HTN or HTN.

Results

A total of 15,450 study subjects were included in our analysis. Notably, the prevalence of both pre-HTN and HTN displayed an ascending trend with increasing quartiles of the TyG index. In our comprehensive multivariable logistic regression analysis, when evaluating TyG as a continuous variable, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for pre-HTN was OR 1.31 [95% CI 1.11-1.56], while for HTN, it was OR 1.76 [95% CI 1.24-2.5] within the fully adjusted model (model 3). When TyG was stratified into quartiles within model 3, the adjusted ORs for pre-HTN were OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.02-1.31], OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.06-1.41], and OR 1.31 [95% CI 1.08-1.59], respectively, using quartile 1 as the reference. The adjusted ORs for HTN in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were OR 1.22 [95% CI 0.89-1.66], OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.02-1.91], and OR 1.48 [95% CI 1.02-2.15], respectively, within the same model and analysis, with quartile 1 as the reference. Subgroup analysis indicated that the TyG index exhibited a significant positive correlation with the risk of hypertension or prehypertension, except in the subgroup aged ≥65 years.

Conclusion

Our study highlights a robust correlation between the TyG index and the likelihood of pre-HTN or HTN in normoglycemic Japanese subjects. This underscores the potential clinical relevance of the TyG index in refining early hypertension management strategies. Nonetheless, the validation of these findings necessitates larger studies with extended follow-up periods.
Effects of dietary chito-oligosaccharide and β-glucan on the water quality and gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, immune response, and meat quality of Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)
Authors: Fu Hao , Qi Ming , Yang Qingman , Li Ming , Yao Gaohua , Bu Weishao , Zheng Tianlun , Pi Xionge
Published: October 2023

Chito-oligosaccharides (COS) and β-glucan are gradually being applied in aquaculture as antioxidants and immunomodulators. However, this study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of COS and β-glucan on the water quality, gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, non-specific immunity, and meat quality of Chinese soft-shell turtle. To investigate the possible mechanisms, 3-year-old turtles were fed basal diet (CK group) and 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% COS or β-glucan supplemented diet for 4 weeks. Colon, liver, blood and muscle tissues, colon contents, water and sediment of paddy field samples were collected and analyzed after feeding 2 and 4 weeks. The results indicated that COS and β-glucan altered microbial community composition and diversity in Chinese soft-shell turtles. The relative abundance of Cellulosilyticum, Helicobacter and Solibacillus were increased after feeding COS, while Romboutsia, Akkermansia and Paraclostridium were increased after feeding β-glucan, whereas Cetobacterium, Vibrio and Edwardsiella were enriched in the control group. Furthermore, colon morphology analysis revealed that COS and β-glucan improved the length and number of intestinal villi, and the effect of 0.5% β-glucan was more obvious. Both β-glucan and COS significantly improved liver and serum lysozyme activity and antibacterial capacity. COS significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity in the liver. Further, 0.1% β-glucan significantly increased the activity of hepatic alkaline phosphatase, which closely related to the bacteria involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, dietary supplementation with 1% COS and 1% β-glucan significantly enhanced the content of total amino acids, especially umami amino acids, in muscle tissue, with β-glucan exerting a stronger effect than COS. Additionally, these two prebiotics promoted the quality of culture water in paddy fields and reshaped the bacterial community composition of aquaculture environment. All these phenotypic changes were closely associated with the gut microbes regulated by these two prebiotics. In summary, the findings suggest that dietary supplementation with COS and β-glucan in Pelodiscus sinensis could modulate the gut microbiota, improve intestinal morphology, enhance non-specific immunity and antioxidant capacity of liver and serum, increase meat quality, and improve the culture water environment. This study provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of the positive effects of COS and β-glucan on Pelodiscus sinensis.
Genetic insights: High germline variant rate in an indigenous African cohort with early-onset colorectal cancer
Authors: Yildiz Safiye , Musarurwa Takudzwa N. , Algar Ursula , Chambuso Ramadhani , Rebello George , Goldberg Paul A. , Ramesar Raj
Published: October 2023

Introduction

The increase in incidence of colorectal cancer in young patients of African ancestry coupled with increased aggressiveness has warranted investigation of the heritable nature of these cancers. Only a limited number of published reports of hereditary colorectal cancer in indigenous African populations have been reported and no systematic screening of these groups has been performed previously. We aimed to investigate causative germline variants and to establish the incidence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants in the known colorectal cancer genes in indigenous African colorectal cancer patients using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) multigene panel.

Materials and methods

Patients were selected from two hospitals in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa. Patients with unresolved molecular diagnosis with an age of onset below or at 60 years were selected. Germline DNA samples were analyzed using a 14-gene NGS panel on the Ion Torrent platform. Variant calling and annotation were performed, and variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Observed variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and/or long-range PCR.

Results

Out of 107 patients, 25 (23.4%) presented with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variant (PGV). Fourteen PGVs in at least one mismatch repair (MMR) gene were identified and verified in 12 patients (11.2%). Of these MMR gene variants, five were novel. The remaining 10 PGVs were in the APC, BMPR1A, MUTYH, POLD1, and TP53 genes.

Conclusion

The high incidence of PGVs associated with early-onset colorectal cancer in indigenous African patients has important implications for hereditary colorectal cancer risk management. These findings pave the way for personalized genetic screening programs and cascade testing in South Africa. The next step would involve further screening of the unresolved cases using tools to detect copy number variation, methylation, and whole exome sequencing.
Role and therapeutic potential of DEAD-box RNA helicase family in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zheng Bichun , Chen Xudong , Ling Qiaoyun , Cheng Quan , Ye Shaoshun
Published: October 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed and the second cancer-related death worldwide, leading to more than 0.9 million deaths every year. Unfortunately, this disease is changing rapidly to a younger age, and in a more advanced stage when diagnosed. The DEAD-box RNA helicase proteins are the largest family of RNA helicases so far. They regulate almost every aspect of RNA physiological processes, including RNA transcription, editing, splicing and transport. Aberrant expression and critical roles of the DEAD-box RNA helicase proteins have been found in CRC. In this review, we first summarize the protein structure, cellular distribution, and diverse biological functions of DEAD-box RNA helicases. Then, we discuss the distinct roles of DEAD-box RNA helicase family in CRC and describe the cellular mechanism of actions based on recent studies, with an aim to provide future strategies for the treatment of CRC.
Chan-Chuang and resistance exercise for drug rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese male methamphetamine users
Authors: Li Hansen , Wang Chao , Huang Xuemei , Xu Lubing , Cao Yang , Luo Jiong , Zhang Guodong
Published: October 2023

Objective

To examine the health benefits of Chan-Chuang and resistance exercise.

Methods

We deployed an 8-week randomized controlled trial, in which 76 male methamphetamine users were allocated to control (n = 25), Chan-Chuang (n = 26), and residence exercise groups (n = 25). Our primary outcomes were drug craving, mental wellbeing, sleep quality, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Our secondary outcomes were body mass index (BMI), vital capacity, grip strength, balance, and vertical jump.

Results

Chan-Chuang exercise resulted in reduced HR, DBP, and MAP, along with improvements in vital capacity, grip strength, and balance compared to the control group. Resistance exercise reduced SBP and MAP, and also improved vital capacity, grip strength, balance, and vertical jump.

Conclusion

These findings may support the role of Chan-Chuang and resistance exercise in maintaining the physical fitness of methamphetamine users at mandatory detention centers.
Effects of environmental conditions on COVID-19 morbidity as an example of multicausality: a multi-city case study in Italy
Authors: Murari Andrea , Gelfusa Michela , Craciunescu Teddy , Gelfusa Claudio , Gaudio Pasquale , Bovesecchi Gianluigi , Rossi Riccardo
Published: October 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan city, in the Hubei province of China. Since then, it has spread practically all over the world, disrupting many human activities. In temperate climates overwhelming evidence indicates that its incidence increases significantly during the cold season. Italy was one of the first nations, in which COVID-19 reached epidemic proportions, already at the beginning of 2020. There is therefore enough data to perform a systematic investigation of the correlation between the spread of the virus and the environmental conditions. The objective of this study is the investigation of the relationship between the virus diffusion and the weather, including temperature, wind, humidity and air quality, before the rollout of any vaccine and including rapid variation of the pollutants (not only their long term effects as reported in the literature). Regarding them methodology, given the complexity of the problem and the sparse data, robust statistical tools based on ranking (Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients) and innovative dynamical system analysis techniques (recurrence plots) have been deployed to disentangle the different influences. In terms of results, the evidence indicates that, even if temperature plays a fundamental role, the morbidity of COVID-19 depends also on other factors. At the aggregate level of major cities, air pollution and the environmental quantities affecting it, particularly the wind intensity, have no negligible effect. This evidence should motivate a rethinking of the public policies related to the containment of this type of airborne infectious diseases, particularly information gathering and traffic management.
Does home and community-based services use reduce hospital utilization and hospital expenditure among disabled elders? Evidence from China
Authors: Yi Yanling , Liu Junxia , Jiang Ling
Published: October 2023

Introduction

In the background of aging in place, home and community-based services (HCBS) have been playing an increasingly important role in long-term care (LTC) security systems. However, it is still uncertain whether and how HCBS use affects hospital utilization and the corresponding expenditures.

Methods

Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) and the China City Statistical Yearbook, the instrumental variable (IV) approach is applied to identify the causal effects of HCBS use on hospital utilization and hospital expenditure among disabled elders.

Results

We find that HCBS use significantly reduces the probability of being hospitalized, the times of hospitalization, and the length of inpatient stay, as well as the total, out-of-pocket and reimbursement inpatient expenditures, demonstrating not only the substitution impact of HCBS for hospital care but also the effectiveness of medical expenditure control in LTC security systems. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impacts of HCBS use on hospital utilization and hospital expenditure concentrate on disabled elders who are younger, male, living in urban areas, or from higher-income households; both healthcare and spiritual consolation services have significant negative effects, while the anticipated effects of daily care service use are not supported. The possible mechanisms are the substitution of HCBS for hospital care and the improvements in both the physical and psychological health of disabled elders. However, the mechanism of adverse events decrease is not verified, which needs to be investigated further with more proxy variables.

Conclusion

This study provides empirical evidence that HCBS use can not only reduce hospital utilization and hospital expenditure among disabled elders but also improve their physical and psychological health. Policy designs should emphasize the orientation of HCBS, ensure the fundamental and central position of HCBS in the formal care service system, pay more attention to the accessibility and affordability of HCBS for fragile groups, and diversify and optimize the development of the health service and the spiritual consolation service.
Identification of Allele-Specific Expression Genes Associated with Maize Heterosis
Authors: Ma Yuting , Yang Wenyan , Zhang Hongwei , Wang Pingxi , Liu Qian , Du Wanli
Published: October 2023

Deciphering the molecular basis of heterosis would yield genes and markers for designing improved maize-hybrid varieties. In this study, 481 BC1F3 lines derived from Zheng58 and PH4CV were genotyped with 15,386 polymorphic SNPs markers and testcrossed with two testers (Chang7-2 and PH6WC) to generate 962 testcross lines. The yield of these testcross lines and their parental lines was evaluated across multiple environments. Genetic analysis revealed that dominance is the primary contributor to heterosis. Mapping of midparent heterosis (MPH) identified two dominant QTL, six additive-by-additive interactions, eighteen additive-by-dominance interactions, and fifty-four dominance-by-dominance interactions. These interactions encompassed 104 genetic blocks, including 24 genetic blocks that explained >1% of phenotypic variances for both MPH and hybrid performance. We compared the locations of the allele-specific expression genes (ASEGs) identified from the expression data of two hybrid lines and their parental lines with those of the 24 genetic blocks and found 15 ASEGs related to yield or biomass regulation, including two known genes BT2 and ZmNF-YC4. Fisher’s exact test analysis indicated a significant enrichment of these ASEGs in the 24 blocks, affirming the reliability of the MPH-mapping results. The co-expression network of six ASEGs, including BT2 and ZmNF-YC4, contained many genes related to yield or biomass regulation. This study unravels potential candidate genes and regulatory networks associated with maize heterosis.
Case Study on the Impact of Water Resources in Beef Production: Corn vs. Triticale Silage in the Diet of Limousine × Podolian Young Bulls
Authors: Cosentino Carlo , Paolino Rosanna , Adduci Francesco , Tarricone Simona , Pacelli Corrado , Sabia Emilio , Freschi Pierangelo
Published: October 2023

In this study, we have included the water footprint (WF) in the process of optimizing animal feed rations. The global footprint of cattle production accounts for the largest share (33%) of the global water footprint of livestock production. Using two homogeneous groups of Limousine × Podolian young bulls, two different diets were compared: corn silage feeding (CSF), with a corn silage-based diet; and triticale silage feeding (TSF), with a triticale silage-based diet. Silage constituted about 41% and 46% of the feed composition (for CSF and TSF, respectively). Diets were characterised by the same energy and protein content. Despite the lower WF in the TSF group than in the CSF group (7726 vs. 8571 L/day/calf respectively), no significant differences were found in animal performances (i.e., daily weight gain and final weight), feed conversion or income over feed costs. These results show that simple production decisions can have a significant impact on water resource. Therefore, the use of triticale silage should be further promoted, especially in world regions with limited water resources where low WF feed formulation is more strategic than elsewhere.
Captivating Colors, Crucial Roles: Astaxanthin’s Antioxidant Impact on Fish Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Shastak Yauheni , Pelletier Wolf
Published: October 2023

Fish, constantly exposed to environmental stressors due to their aquatic habitat and high metabolic rates, are susceptible to oxidative stress. This review examines the interplay between oxidative stress and fish reproduction, emphasizing the potent antioxidant properties of astaxanthin. Our primary objective is to highlight astaxanthin’s role in mitigating oxidative stress during critical reproductive stages, leading to improved gamete quality, ovary development, and hormone levels. We also explore its practical applications in aquaculture, including enhanced pigmentation and overall fish health. We conducted a comprehensive literature review, analyzing studies on astaxanthin’s antioxidant properties and its impact on fish reproduction. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, effectively combats reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and maintaining membrane integrity. It significantly enhances reproductive success in fish and improves overall fish health in aquaculture settings. This review reveals astaxanthin’s multifaceted benefits in fish health and reproduction, offering economic advantages in aquaculture. Future research should delve into species-specific responses, optimal dosages, and the long-term effects of astaxanthin supplementation to inform sustainable aquaculture strategies.
Stability Analysis of the Vehicular Platoon with Sensing Delay and Communication Delay: CTCR Paradigm via Dixon Resultant
Authors: Zhu Xu , Shen Yongming , Zhang Zehua , Yan Maode
Published: October 2023

For the vehicular platoon consisting of connected automotive vehicles, time delays degrade both the internal stability and string stability. In this study, the internal stability and string stability of the vehicular platoon suffering from sensing delay and communication delay are investigated. In the internal stability analysis, the necessary and sufficient internal stability condition is obtained and the exact time delay margins (ETDMs) are derived via the cluster treatment of characteristic root (CTCR) paradigm. A Dixon resultant matrix–based method is proposed to determine the kernel and offspring hypersurfaces of the CTCR paradigm, and then the computational burden of deriving the ETDMs is reduced significantly. In the string stability analysis, we first propose the string stability conditions for the situation no matter how large the frequency of the leader vehicle’s maneuver is. Furthermore, the more practical string stability conditions are studied by considering only the region of low frequency, where most of the energy of the spacing errors exists. Then, a lower bound of the time headway is deduced to enhance road capacity, so the potential of the vehicular platoon is fully motivated. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical claims.
Artificial Neural Networks for a Semantic Map of Variables in a Music Listening-Based Study
Authors: Raglio Alfredo , Grossi Enzo , Manzoni Luca
Published: October 2023

Music listening is widely used in therapeutic music-based interventions across various clinical contexts. However, relating the diverse and overlapping musical elements to their potential effects is a complex task. Furthermore, the considerable subjectivity of musical preferences and perceptual components of music, influenced by factors like cultural and musical background, personality structure of the user, and clinical aspects (in the case of diseases), adds to the difficulty. This paper analyzes data derived from a previous randomized controlled study involving a healthy population (n = 320). The study aimed to induce relaxation through music listening experiences using both conventional and algorithmic approaches. The main goal of the current research is to identify potential relationships among the variables investigated during the experiment. To achieve this, we employed the Auto Contractive Map (Auto-CM), a fourth-generation artificial neural network (ANN). This approach allows us to quantify the strength of association between each of the variables with respect to all others in the dataset. The main results highlighted that individuals who achieved a state of relaxation by listening to music composed by Melomics-Health were predominantly over 49 years old, female, and had a high level of education and musical training. Conversely, for conventional (self-selected) music, the relaxing effect was correlated with the male population, aged less than 50 years, with a high level of education and musical training. Future studies conducted in clinical settings could help identify “responder” populations based on different types of music listening approaches.
Coefficient Bounds and Fekete–Szegö Inequalities for a Two Families of Bi-Univalent Functions Related to Gegenbauer Polynomials
Authors: Almalki Yahya , Wanas Abbas Kareem , Shaba Timilehin Gideon , Alb Lupaş Alina , Abdalla Mohamed
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this article is to introduce and study certain families of normalized certain functions with symmetric points connected to Gegenbauer polynomials. Moreover, we determine the upper bounds for the initial Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients |a2| and |a3| and resolve the Fekete–Szegöproblem for these functions. In addition, we establish links to a few of the earlier discovered outcomes.
High-Cycle Fatigue Crack Growth in T-Shaped Tubular Joints Based on Extended Finite Element Method
Authors: Lv Wenbin , Ding Beidou , Zhang Kunpeng , Qin Tianqi
Published: October 2023

High fatigue load, which exists widely in steel building structures, likely leads to brittle failure at the joints, supports, and so on. This can lead to the partial or total damage of the structure and even to cause the collapse of the whole structure. This article aims to provide a method to simulate high-cycle crack propagation in tubular joints, which is one of the most common types occurring in steel structures. Firstly, sixteen T-shaped tubular joint models under different load conditions and initial crack dimensions were built through the coordinate mapping method. Secondly, based on the extended finite element method (XFEM), an algorithm was developed by combining the secondary development in Abaqus and a quasistatic simulation method to simulate high-cycle crack growth in tubular joints under a constant amplitude. The results of the simulations were compared with experimental data. The study found that the surface stress calculated from the tubular joint models using the coordinate mapping method was close to the experimental data. Through the comparison of the crack propagation rate and the crack growth process between the simulation and experiment results, the simulation method was validated. When a crack penetrated the tube wall, the difference in the load cycles between the simulations and the experiment was 9.5%. The initial crack dimension had an impact on the crack propagation, with the decrease in the a/c and KII generally becoming the dominant factor with respect to the crack growth, while the fatigue life of the joints tended to increase.
Study of Mechanical Response of Tunnels Crossing Active Faults in Different Burial Depths
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Zhao Wanhua , Cui Zhen
Published: October 2023

There are numerous tunnels worldwide that cross active fault zones. These tunnels are situated in complex geological environments and are subjected to intense seismic activities. When active fault zones experience displacement, tunnels are susceptible to varying degrees of damage. Over the past few decades, many scholars have researched tunnels crossing active fault zones using numerical simulation methods, including finite element analysis, discrete element analysis, and finite difference methods. However, certain aspects have been overlooked, such as the influence of burial depth on tunnels crossing active fault zones. Most prior studies have primarily omitted consideration of tunnel depth and high-stress effects, resulting in disparities between research findings and practical engineering outcomes. In light of these issues, this paper analyzes the impact of ground stress fields at different burial depths on tunnels crossing active fault zones. It compares the mechanical response characteristics of deep-buried and shallow-buried tunnels after experiencing fault displacement, elucidating variations in displacement patterns, stress, and strain at different burial depths. The results indicate that: (1) Deep-buried and shallow-buried tunnels exhibit an “S”-shaped deformation pattern. (2) Regarding the strain distribution within the tunnel, the affected regions are predominantly concentrated within the fault zone. (3) Regarding the stress distribution within the tunnel, deep-buried tunnels experience a broader range of stress variations distributed across the fault zone. In contrast, shallow-buried tunnels predominantly exhibit stress concentration at the fault slip plane. (4) By analyzing the patterns of tunnel damage at different burial depths, it is observed that burial-depth effects notably influence tunnels with a burial depth less than 200 m. In comparison, tunnels exceeding 300 m gradually reduce the impact of burial depth. These findings can be essential theoretical references for studying tunnels crossing active fault zones in deep-buried environments.
Preparation of a High-Performance Catalyst Derived from Modified Lignin Carbon for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Electrolyzed Water
Authors: Wang Wei , Qin Liting , Tang Hongting , Liu Qinglei , Wang Yongfei
Published: October 2023

Hydrogen energy is a plentiful and environmentally friendly form of secondary energy that could play a crucial role in achieving global energy sustainability. At the same time, the electrolysis of water for hydrogen production is a significant future-oriented advancement in the energy sector, whereas appropriate hydrogen evolution catalysts have always been the key to hydrogen evolution reactions. In this study, lignin was utilized as an appropriate raw material for modification in order to obtain carbon materials, which was then supported with Ru to prepare an Ru0.8@MLC catalyst. At a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the required overpotential was a mere 35.6 mV and the slope of Tafel was 31.7 mV dec−1. This study provides a feasible strategy and pathway for preparing highly efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
A Subset of Colon Cancer Cell Lines Displays a Cytokine Profile Linked to Angiogenesis, EMT and Invasion Which Is Modulated by the Culture Conditions In Vitro
Authors: Bersano Jacqueline , Lashuk Kanstantsin , Edinger Anna , Schueler Julia
Published: October 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. The dysregulation of secretory pathways is a crucial driver of CRC progression, since it modulates cell proliferation, angiogenesis and survival. This study explores the changes in the CRC cytokine profile depending on the culture conditions and the presence of fibroblasts and macrophages as cellular components of the tumor microenvironment in 2D and in 3D formed spheroids. Upon analysis of 45 different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, 20 CRC cell lines were categorized into high and low secretors. In the high secretor group cytokines related to angiogenesis, EMT and invasion were significantly upregulated. LIF and HFG were identified as the best discriminator between both groups. Independent of this grouping, the addition of normal as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts had a similar impact on the cytokine profile by increasing the total amount of secreted cytokines in most of the investigated cell lines. In contrast, the differentiation and polarization of macrophages was modulated differently by normal vs. cancer-associated fibroblasts. In summary, we identified two groups of CRC cell lines that differ in their cytokine profile. The dependance of this profile was analyzed in detail—not only from the tumor cell line but as well from the culture condition in vitro. Key cytokines that discriminate the two groups were identified and their importance as promising biomarker candidates for CRC discussed.
Current and Emerging Strategies for Tubo-Ovarian Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Brincat Mark R. , Mira Ana Rita , Lawrence Alexandra
Published: October 2023

Tubo-ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer. More than 75% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which is associated with poorer overall survival. Symptoms at presentation are vague and non-specific, contributing to late diagnosis. Multimodal risk models have improved the diagnostic accuracy of adnexal mass assessment based on patient risk factors, coupled with findings on imaging and serum-based biomarker tests. Newly developed ultrasonographic assessment algorithms have standardised documentation and enable stratification of care between local hospitals and cancer centres. So far, no screening test has proven to reduce ovarian cancer mortality in the general population. This review is an update on the evidence behind ovarian cancer diagnostic strategies.
Nonlocality, Superposition, and Time in the 4+1 Formalism
Authors: Strubbe Filip
Published: October 2023

The field of quantum gravity struggles with several problems related to time, quantum measurement, nonlocality, and realism. To address these issues, this study develops a 4+1 formalism featuring a flat 4D spacetime evolving with a second form of time, τ, worldlines that locally conserve momentum, and a hypersurface representing the present. As a function of τ, worldlines can spatially readjust and influences can travel backward or forward in the time dimension along these worldlines, offering a physical mechanism for retrocausality. Three theoretical models are presented, elucidating how nonlocality in an EPR experiment, the arrival time problem, and superposition in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer can be understood within this 4+1 framework. These results demonstrate that essential quantum phenomena can be reproduced in the 4+1 formalism while upholding the principles of realism, locality, and determinism at a fundamental level. Additionally, there is no measurement or collapse problem, and a natural explanation for the quantum-to-classical transition is obtained. Furthermore, observations of a 4D block universe and of the flow of time can be simultaneously understood. With these properties, the presented 4+1 formalism lays an interesting foundation for a quantum gravity theory based on intuitive principles and compatible with our observation of time.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in Double-90°-Bend Pipes
Authors: Kato Yuki , Fujimoto Kenmei , Guo Guanming , Kawaguchi Mikimasa , Kamigaki Masaya , Koutoku Masanobu , Hongou Hitoshi , Yanagida Haruna , Ogata Yoichi
Published: October 2023

This study evaluates the heat dissipation and Nusselt number for an S-shaped double-bend pipe, for which an experimental evaluation is lacking. In terms of the velocity field, the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy were measured through particle image velocimetry. Heat transfer characteristics were evaluated in validated conjugate heat transfer simulations, and a k-ω SST turbulence model was used for flow simulation inside the pipe. Heat transfer enhancement was observed at the first bend, as observed in previous studies on single-bend and U-shaped bends, whereas no heat transfer enhancement was observed at the second bend. This result was due to higher turbulent heat flux at the first bend because of higher eddy diffusion on the outside of the bend, whereas eddy diffusion was lower on the outside of the second bend owing to the history of the first bend. The heat transfer characteristics of the S-shaped double-bend pipe elucidated in this study provide valuable insight for devising strategies to reduce heat loss in automotive exhaust pipes with multiple bends. Furthermore, the conjugate heat transfer simulation model used in this study provides a benchmark for heat transfer calculations for multi-bend pipes.
Combined Methane Pyrolysis and Solid Carbon Gasification for Electrified CO2-Free Hydrogen and Syngas Production
Authors: Perreault Patrice , Boruntea Cristian-Renato , Dhawan Yadav Heena , Portela Soliño Iria , Kummamuru Nithin B.
Published: October 2023

The coupling of methane pyrolysis with the gasification of a solid carbon byproduct provides CO2-free hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas, eliminating the conundrum of carbon utilization. Firstly, the various types of carbon that are known to result during the pyrolysis process and their dependencies on the reaction conditions for catalytic and noncatalytic systems are summarized. The synchronization of the reactions’ kinetics is considered to be of paramount importance for efficient performance. This translates to the necessity of finding suitable reaction conditions, carbon reactivities, and catalysts that might enable control over competing reactions through the manipulation of the reaction rates. As a consequence, the reaction kinetics of methane pyrolysis is then emphasized, followed by the particularities of carbon deposition and the kinetics of carbon gasification. Given the urgency in finding suitable solutions for decarbonizing the energy sector and the limited information on the gasification of pyrolytic carbon, more research is needed and encouraged in this area. In order to provide CO2-free hydrogen production, the reaction heat should also be provided without CO2. Electrification is one of the solutions, provided that low-carbon sources are used to generate the electricity. Power-to-heat, i.e., where electricity is used for heating, represents the first step for the chemical industry.
Effect of Coupling Treatment on Interfacial Bonding Properties of Wood Veneer/Wood Flour–Polyvinyl Chloride Composites with Sandwich Structure
Authors: Zong Guanggong , Gong Jiayun , Shi Ziyi , Hao Jianxiu , Yang Xiaomeng , Wang Fangfang
Published: October 2023

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) have received growing attention due to their good water resistance, environmental friendliness, and recyclability. For the application of WPCs in interior decoration and other high–value fields, it is necessary to preserve these characteristics whilst enhancing their mechanical properties and surface aesthetics. In this study, we used a sandwich structure and four interface modifiers to prepare wood veneer/wood flour–polyvinyl chloride composites (WWPVCs). The results revealed that the WWPVCs treated with a silane coupling agent exhibited superior interfacial bonding and mechanical properties compared to those obtained using other interface modifiers. The interfacial bonding strength of the treated sample reached 1.22 MPa, which was 122% higher than that of the untreated sample. In addition, the wood failure ratio of the optimal sample reached 80%. Furthermore, the dipping–peeling length was found to be shorter than those achieved using other interface modifiers after tests at 63 and 100 °C, indicating that the material treated using the silane coupling agent exhibits an excellent resistance to moisture and heat. Notably, silane coupling agents are easily prepared as solvent–based modifiers, and they do not release harmful gases (e.g., formaldehyde), thereby rendering them highly effective in the preparation of environmentally friendly WPC products.
Current Advances of Atomically Dispersed Metal-Centered Nanozymes for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Tian Ruizhen , Li Yijia , Xu Zhengwei , Xu Jiayun , Liu Junqiu
Published: October 2023

Nanozymes, which combine enzyme-like catalytic activity and the biological properties of nanomaterials, have been widely used in biomedical fields. Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) with atomically dispersed metal centers exhibit excellent biological catalytic activity due to the maximization of atomic utilization efficiency, unique metal coordination structures, and metal–support interaction, and their structure–activity relationship can also be clearly investigated. Therefore, they have become an emerging alternative to natural enzymes. This review summarizes the examples of nanocatalytic therapy based on SANs in tumor diagnosis and treatment in recent years, providing an overview of material classification, activity modulation, and therapeutic means. Next, we will delve into the therapeutic mechanism of SNAs in the tumor microenvironment and the advantages of synergistic multiple therapeutic modalities (e.g., chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonothermal therapy, and gas therapy). Finally, this review proposes the main challenges and prospects for the future development of SANs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways
Authors: Serioli Simona , Agostini Ludovico , Pietrantoni Alberto , Valeri Federico , Costanza Flavia , Chiloiro Sabrina , Buffoli Barbara , Piazza Amedeo , Poliani Pietro Luigi , Peris-Celda Maria , Iavarone Federica , Gaudino Simona , Gessi Marco , Schinzari Giovanni , Mattogno Pier Paolo , Giampietro Antonella , De Marinis Laura , Pontecorvi Alfredo , Fontanella Marco Maria , Lauretti Liverana , Rindi Guido , Olivi Alessandro , Bianchi Antonio , Doglietto Francesco
Published: October 2023

Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs’ aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
Hand-Holding’s Effect on Children’s Pain Perception and Anxiety during Dental Anesthetic Injections
Authors: Kharouba Johnny , Berman Gal , Elbaharay Shlomo , Kaplan Neta , Efremenko Izabella , Blumer Sigalit
Published: October 2023

Local anesthetic injections are an essential tool in dentistry, particularly in pediatric dentistry. The needle penetrating the tissue can cause stress, anxiety, and pain. Studies have shown that using touch may alleviate pain and reduce patient anxiety. Yet, this has not been tested in pediatric dental patients. Therefore, this study examined the effect of hand-holding on children undergoing local anesthetic injections. Its effect on children’s pain perception was tested, with the hypothesis that pain perception would be lower for children whose hand was held by an assistant. Additionally, the study examined whether hand-holding would affect children’s anxiety levels and cooperation. Fifty-five children, who underwent dental treatment within the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Tel Aviv University, were recruited. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the study group, the assistant gently placed her hand on the patient’s hand during the anesthetic injection. In the control group, the same treatment was performed without the hand being placed by the assistant. After the anesthetic injection, the child’s pain and anxiety levels were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS). The patients’ pulse was measured. The level of cooperation was evaluated using the “Frankl” scale. Interestingly, although the trends aligned with this study’s hypotheses, no significant effect of hand-holding on pain, anxiety, or cooperation during anesthetic injections was found.
Sequencing in Orthognathic Bimaxillary Surgery: Which Jaw Should Be Operated First? A Scoping Review
Authors: Trevisiol Lorenzo , Bersani Massimo , Lobbia Guido , Scirpo Roberto , D’Agostino Antonio
Published: October 2023

Bimaxillary orthognathic surgery is widely used for the correction of dentoskeletal deformities. Surgery sequencing (maxilla or mandible first) remains debated, and guidelines and consensus are lacking. This scoping review summarizes the state of the art and compares the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. The review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched using the PICO protocol and key words in orthognathic surgical sequencing. Four reviewers screened the records independently, and disagreement was resolved by consensus. A total of 23 records met the inclusion criteria. The advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches were compared and assessed for accuracy of reporting. Within the limitations of the present study, available evidence for the intrinsic advantages and the accuracy of the mandible-first sequence supports the choice of this approach in most cases. Nevertheless, each clinical case needs to be evaluated individually, as no dogmatic recommendations can be given for sequencing in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.
Cultural Landscape as a Resource for Urban Regeneration in Rupea (Romania)
Authors: Rățulea Georgeta Gabriela , Csesznek Codrina , Borcoman Mariana , Sorea Daniela
Published: October 2023

Cultural heritage plays a key role in communities’ sustainable development. The culture-led development highlights the local cultural resources and specifics while being assisted by contemporary tourist interest in niche offers. At the same time, culture-led development could reinforce a process of urban regeneration. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the urban regeneration potential of culture-led development in the case of a small town from Transylvania (Romania), Rupea, by identifying local characteristics that define this town and its surroundings as a cultural landscape and also by suggesting methods for capitalizing on this cultural landscape in heritage tourism. Data collected from six interviews with cultural stakeholders, bibliographic research on archaeological discoveries, and local tourism potential, as well as through ethnographic methods, support the approach of the Rupea area as a cultural landscape. The main dimensions of this cultural landscape are the interethnic character of the area and the multitude of archaeological discoveries that indicate its habitation in the Paleolithic. Tourist capitalization could support the urban regeneration of Rupea in a culture-led development approach by arranging routes that highlight the specifics of the Romanian, Saxon, Hungarian, and mixed villages in the Rupea area and/or the points of archaeological interest.