bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sling distress: A subanalysis of the IVS tapes from the SUSPEND trial
Authors: BALAKRISHNAN Siva , LIM Yik Nyok , BARRY Chris , CORSTIAANS Audrey , KANNAN Kurinji , RANE Ajay
Published: November 2007

Aim:  To study the incidence of erosions and tape infections following the use of intravaginal slingplasty (IVS) treatment for stress urinary incontinence after the SUSPEND trial period of 30 months. This subanalysis was carried out because of concerns regarding high percentage of delayed sling erosions and infections during follow up of the patients who participated in the trial.

Materials and methods:  The subanalysis patient group consisted of all IVS patients drawn from the SUSPEND randomised control trial that compared the safety and efficacy of three types of suburethral slings, TVT, SPARC and IVS, for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence.

Results:  A total of 62 patients were reviewed during this study conducted from April 2002 to May 2003. Continence was achieved in 88% the patients. A total of eight (13%) sling erosions were found requiring sling removal. Forty‐eight (77.4%) patients were followed up at 12 months with one case of erosion (1.7%). Twenty‐nine (46.8%) of the 62 patients were followed up between 12 and 34 months, and seven cases of sling erosions were diagnosed. One patient had purulent suprapubic sinus, five patients had foul‐smelling discharge, and one had recurrent urinary tract infection associated with pain and discharge. After the slings were removed the patients had no further symptoms. However, three of them had recurrent stress urinary incontinence.

Discussion/conclusion:  The delayed presentation of the sling erosion from this subanalysis is a concern, and pelvic reconstructive surgeons using IVS need to be aware of the delayed presentations we found in our cohort of patients.
Pap smear screening history of women with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Authors: PAK Sok Cheon , MARTENS Martje , BEKKERS Ruud , CRANDON Alex J. , LAND Russell , NICKLIN James L. , PERRIN Lewis C. , OBERMAIR Andreas
Published: November 2007

Background:  Since the introduction of the Pap smear screening, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has decreased significantly, but the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) relative to SCC has increased.

Aim:  To compare the Pap smear history of patients with AC and SCC of the cervix.

Methods:  Patients for the study were identified from the database of Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer. Patients with AC and SCC were matched for age at diagnosis and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage. The final population included 188 matched pairs, being 376 patients in total. Data were collected upon the histological type of cancer, result of the most recent Pap smear, date and result of the Pap smear prior to the most recent Pap smear and symptoms. Chi‐squared tests and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the two patient groups for several variables.

Results:  Patients with AC had significantly more false‐negative results on their most recent Pap smear (P < 0.0001) than patients with SCC. The incidence of symptoms such as bleeding and/or vaginal discharge was comparable in patients with AC and SCC. The time between the most recent Pap smear and the diagnosis of cervical cancer was significantly shorter for patients with AC (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:  Patients with AC had Pap smears more regularly than those with SCC, and their most recent Pap smear was significantly more likely to be normal. Thus, Pap smear prior to a diagnosis of AC is more likely than SCC false‐negative and therefore not indicative of cervical cancer.
Helicobacter pylori as a Vaccine Delivery System
Authors: Marshall Barry , Schoep Tobias
Published: November 2007

For more than 10 years a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori has been the elusive goal of many investigators. The need for a vaccine was highlighted when eradication attempts in developing countries were foiled by reinfection rates of 15–30% per annum. In addition, physicians in developed countries were concerned that attempts at total eradication of H. pylori would result in widespread macrolide resistance in both H. pylori and other important pathogens. Although attempts to produce vaccines against H. pylori have failed in their ultimate goal, considerable knowledge has been developed on the pathogenesis and immunology of Helicobacter infections. In this article we describe an alternative use for this new knowledge, i.e. a plan to use live Helicobacter species to deliver vaccines against other organisms. Because of its intimate attachment to the gastric mucosa and long‐term residence there, H. pylori might succeed as an antigen delivery system, a goal which has eluded most other strategies of nonparenteral vaccination.
How to Influence Health Providers
Authors: Axon Anthony
Published: November 2007

In spite of the recognition that Helicobacter pylori is responsible for most duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer and that it is the underlying cause of most gastric cancer, little or no attention has been paid to its effect upon public health and in particular no measures have been put in place to address them. For over 20 years relatively inexpensive and noninvasive testing and treatment have been available, but no country has introduced a “screen‐and‐treat” policy, and relatively little research has been devoted to the identification of a vaccine for the disease. Health‐care providers and doctors themselves are amenable to persuasion but in order to achieve appropriate investment in this area media pressure is required to publicize the arguments of health economics and equality of health that support the introduction of appropriate measures. There is a strong movement to eradicate inequalities of health. Population studies have shown that eradication of the infection can be provided at reasonable cost. Such a policy can easily be audited. Helicobacter pylori infection is the commonest environmental cause of cancer death after smoking, the diseases it causes represent a serious cost to health providers, and it affects the poorest members of our society. In the words of Kofi Annan, “Health should not be regarded as a blessing to be wished for, but a human right to be fought for.”
Activation of latent TGF‐β1 by low‐power laser in vitro correlates with increased TGF‐β1 levels in laser‐enhanced oral wound healing
Authors: Arany Praveen R. , Nayak Ramakant S. , Hallikerimath Seema , Limaye Anil M. , Kale Alka D. , Kondaiah Paturu
Published: November 2007

The term Laser “Photobiomodulation” was coined to encompass the pleiotropic effects of low‐power lasers on biological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β had a role in mediating the biological effects of low‐power far‐infrared laser irradiation. We assayed for in vitro activation using various biological forms of cell‐secreted, recombinant, and serum latent TGF‐β using the p3TP reporter and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. We demonstrate here that low‐power lasers are capable of activating latent TGF‐β1 and ‐β3 in vitro and, further, that it is capable of “priming” these complexes, making them more amenable to physiological activation present in the healing milieu. Using an in vivo oral tooth extraction‐healing model, we observed an increased TGF‐β1, but not β3, expression by immunohistochemistry immediately following laser irradiation while TGF‐β3 expression was increased after 14 days, concomitant with an increased inflammatory infiltrate. All comparisons were performed between laser‐irradiated wounds and nonirradiated wounds in each subject essentially using them as their own control (paired T‐test p<0.05). Low‐power laser irradiation is capable of activating the latent TGF‐β1 complex in vitro and its expression pattern in vivo suggests that TGF‐β play a central role in mediating the accelerated healing response.
New strategy for the antifibrotic therapy with oral administration of FR260330 (a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in rat experimental liver cirrhosis
Authors: Kikuchi Hitoshi , Katsuramaki Tadashi , Kukita Kazuma , Taketani Sonofu , Meguro Makoto , Nagayama Minoru , Isobe Masato , Mizuguchi Toru , Hirata Koichi
Published: November 2007

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity is significantly elevated in viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cholestasis. However, there are few reports on the relationship between iNOS and cirrhosis. Here, we investigated the effects of a new iNOS inhibitor that has been developed for oral administration in an experimental rat liver cirrhosis model. A cirrhotic rat model was developed by long‐term administration of thioacetamide injections. FR260330 is a new, rationally designed, selective iNOS inhibitor that can be administered orally. After 12 weeks of treatment with FR260330, the rats showed inhibition of progressions of cirrhosis, ascites, and splenomegaly as well as a significant reduction in the proportions of connective tissue in the liver. The expression of nitrotyrosine, which indicates the existence of peroxynitrite and nuclear factor‐κB activation, was remarkably decreased in the FR260330 treatment group. In addition, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses showed that the expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 was remarkably decreased in this group. The present study demonstrates that FR260330 reduces liver fibrosis by the inhibition of transforming growth factor‐β1 and retards the development of cirrhosis. This oral iNOS inhibitor will be a new strategy for the treatment of cirrhosis.
Spinal Cord Stimulator Relieves Neuropathic Pain in a Patient With Radiation‐Induced Transverse Myelitis
Authors: Hamid Basem , Haider Naeem
Published: November 2007

▪ Abstract:  We present a patient with intractable neuropathic pain because of radiation‐induced transverse myelitis unresponsive to medical treatment. After a successful trial of spinal cord stimulation, a permanent stimulator was implanted. Improvement was noted in verbal pain score, medication usage and function. Spinal cord stimulation may offer a therapeutic option for patients with neuropathic pain resulting from transverse myelitis and should be considered when other treatments fail. ▪
Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment of Articular Branches of the Obturator and Femoral Nerves for Management of Hip Joint Pain
Authors: Wu Hong , Groner John
Published: November 2007

▪ Abstract:  Groin and thigh pain are frequently the major symptoms of hip joint pathology. The hip joint is innervated by articular branches of the obturator, femoral, superior gluteal, and sciatic nerves. The nerve responsible for hip joint pain can be determined by a diagnostic nerve block. Radiofrequency ablation of the identified articular branches of the hip was demonstrated to provide relief of hip pain. However, continuous radiofrequency denervation by thermal coagulation carries the potential risk of neuritis. We report on two patients with groin and thigh pain related to hip joint pathology treated with a novel technique for hip pain relief, pulsed radiofrequency treatment (PRF) of articular branches of the obturator and femoral nerves. At the time this case was written, both patients demonstrated at least 50% pain relief 3 to 4 months after the intervention along with improved function (increased ambulation and ability to participate in physical therapy). Our clinical observation suggests that PRF of articular branches of the hip joint may be an alternative treatment for patients with intractable hip pain. ▪
The Ultrasound‐Guided Supraclavicular‐Interscalene (UGSCIS) Block: A Case Report
Authors: Guttman Oren T. , Soffer Robert J. , Rosenblatt Meg A.
Published: November 2007

▪ Abstract:  Providing complete anesthesia to the entire upper extremity remains challenging. We present the use of a novel, updated, regional anesthetic technique—an ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular‐interscalene block (UGSCIS)—to provide anesthesia and analgesia to a patient with end‐stage liver disease who required fixation of a pathologic fracture of the humerus. ▪
Effervescent Morphine Results in Faster Relief of Breakthrough Pain in Patients Compared to Immediate Release Morphine Sulfate Tablet
Authors: Freye Enno , Levy Joseph Victor , Braun Dagmar
Published: November 2007

▪ Abstract:  Morphine tablets have been formulated to produce an easily ingested effervescent solution when placed in water. It was hypothesized that an aqueous solution would result in fast gastrointestinal transit with a more rapid onset of action compared to immediate release morphine sulfate (IRMS), which would be especially beneficial in treating breakthrough pain (BTP). In an open‐label safety and efficacy study, effervescent morphine was given to 76 chronic cancer pain patients for treatment of BTP evaluating time until pain relief, global satisfaction and side effects. Results were compared to those obtained using an IRMS formulation in a preceding run‐in period. For BTP, a mean dose of 28 mg of effervescent morphine (range 10–80 mg) resulted in a highly significant reduction of pain score (mean 7.8 to mean 3.2; P < 0.001). Efficacy was not different from that observed with IRMS. However, mean time until sufficient pain relief was significantly shorter than with IRMS (13 ± 5.6 vs. 27 ± 4.4 minutes; P < 0.01). The incidence of side effects was similar with the new morphine formulation and with IRMS. There was no relationship between the previous dose of the daily opioid and the effective dose of effervescent morphine. The dose for treatment of BTP was determined by individual titration and not predicted by the dose taken with the basic pain medication. Compared to IRMS, overall satisfaction for effervescent morphine was rated “superior” by 16.7%, and “better” by 63.2% of patients. Effervescent morphine offers an alternative for management of breakthrough cancer pain compared with the commonly used IRMS. ▪
Gendering Municipal Government: Female Descriptive Representation and Feelings of Political Trust*
Authors: Ulbig Stacy G.
Published: November 2007

Objectives. Voter participation, political knowledge and efficacy, and feelings of political estrangement or alienation have all been linked to varying levels of racial/ethnic descriptive representation. The goal of this study is to investigate similar effects on feelings of political trust with regard to the descriptive representation of women in municipal government.

Methods. Using original survey data collected in 70 different U.S. municipalities, this study investigates the linkage between the descriptive representation of women on municipal legislative bodies and attitudes of political trust among the public, while controlling for other important factors.

Results. The findings indicate that female descriptive representation has slightly positive effects on women's political trust, and much stronger negative effects on men's feelings of trust in government. Importantly, this effect is present only among those citizens exhibiting a moderate awareness of politics and government.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that our investigations into the impact of female descriptive representation need to include more fine‐grained analyses to uncover other potential group differences, and that descriptive representation may enhance feelings of governmental trust among some segments of society but may not cure ailing political trust levels in the aggregate.
Women's Representation on State Trial and Appellate Courts*
Authors: Williams Margaret
Published: November 2007

Objective. This article examines the factors affecting women's representation at each level of the state judiciary.

Methods. Using extended beta‐binomial and Poisson models, this article determines the effects of judicial selection, state ideology, and the pool of women eligible to serve on state trial and appellate courts.

Results. I find that the pool of women eligible to serve, state ideology, and some methods of judicial selection affect the number of women serving on state courts.

Conclusions. By modeling the process on the two courts differently, I find that the factors affecting trial courts are not necessarily the same as those affecting women's representation on appellate courts. Because of the differences in the two levels of the judiciary, future analysis should consider how these two levels influence individual decisions to seek a seat on state courts.
The Women's Movement in South Korea*
Authors: Lee Aie‐Rie , Chin Mikyung
Published: November 2007

Objectives. The objective of the study is to examine the underlying explanations for the relative success of the women's movement in Korea. Building on the resource mobilization model, the present research investigates how women's groups in Korea mobilize resources, increase membership and participation, and pursue alliances and coalitions to achieve their organizational goals.

Methods. This research analyzes the data collected via a mail survey of women's groups during November 2000 and May 2001.

Results. The study finds that disparate women's organizations (radical vs. reformist) have had distinct resources, strategies, support bases, tactics, and relations to others groups to mobilize more support and effect their goals.

Conclusions. From an organizational standpoint, it is clear that democratization brought about an increase in the number of women's organizations that turned women's grievances into a capacity to act collectively.
Stability and Change in the Experience of Partner Violence Among Low‐Income Women*
Authors: Frias Sonia M. , Angel Ronald J.
Published: November 2007

Objective. In this analysis we identify factors associated with the dynamics of partner violence among low‐income women.

Methods. Using two waves of the Welfare, Children and Families Study (1999–2001), we examine the multivariate predictors of ever having experienced abuse, as well as factors associated with the initiation, resumption, and discontinuation of violence between the two interviews.

Results. Over half the women who reported violence at Wave 1 reported no violence at Wave 2. These women were older, had experienced less severe violence, and reported less financial strain than women for whom violence continued or began. For 11 percent of the sample, violence began or resumed by the second interview. These women were younger, less educated, had weaker social networks, and were less likely to be Hispanic than those who never experienced violence.

Conclusions. Partner abuse appears to be highly dynamic and a fuller understanding of the phenomenon requires a longitudinal focus.
Global Economy and Gender Inequalities: The Case of the Urban Chinese Labor Market*
Authors: Shu Xiaoling , Zhu Yifei , Zhang Zhanxin
Published: November 2007

Objectives. This article examines the effects of economic globalization on gender inequalities in urban China. It argues that the significance of economic globalization on gender inequality depends on its impact on job queues in the labor market of a country.

Methods. Using both individual‐ and city‐level data, and a series of multilevel linear and logistic models, we analyze the effects of three city‐level variables on the gender gap in income: foreign direct investment (FDI) per capita, growth rate of FDI, and opening up to overseas investment early on. We also examine gender differences in employment in high‐paying foreign‐invested firms, and in lower‐paying export‐oriented manufacturing.

Results. We find no variation in gender gap in income among cities of varying levels of FDI, growth rates of FDI, or whether they were among the earliest to open up to international investment. Women are more likely to be employed in export‐oriented manufacturing industries that offer lower wages and are less likely to work in high‐paying foreign firms and joint ventures.

Conclusions. These results suggest that economic globalization profoundly influences gender inequalities by changing the nature of job queues, and men and women are sorted and matched into jobs accordingly. Economic globalization contributed to and perpetuated a gendered distribution of male and female workers in the Chinese urban labor market in the late 1990s.
From the Ghetto to the Ivory Tower: Gendered Effects of Segregation on Elite‐College Completion*
Authors: Ehrmann Nicholas
Published: November 2007

Objectives. To explore the continuing consequences of segregation for students in elite colleges and test whether male and female students experience the effects of segregation in different ways.

Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen (NLSF, 1999–2003) are used to predict the odds of elite‐college graduation separately by gender. Theories on childhood gender socialization are addressed using OLS and logistic regression models to test for gendered pathways through which childhood segregation affects the likelihood of college graduation.

Results. Males are exposed to higher levels of violence and disorder than females throughout childhood, and the gender gap in exposure grows as levels of segregation increase. The effect of segregation and its sequella on academic performance, however, appears to operate through different channels for males and females. Females experience significant negative effects of ongoing family stress, whereas males at elite colleges do not. Academic preparation, operating through college GPA, remains the single biggest factor affecting the likelihood of college graduation, although the strength of association is greater for males.

Conclusions. Growing up in racially segregated environments affects long‐term educational outcomes in ways that are not gender neutral. Despite having reached the “ivory tower,” females and males continue to experience the effects of segregation, although in different ways and degrees.
Intraarterial Guidewire External Compression: A Simple Technique for Successful LIMA Angiography through the Right Radial Approach
Authors: GARCÍA‐TOUCHARD ARTURO , FERNÁNDEZ‐DÍAZ J.A. , FRANCISCO D. OTEO JUAN , GOICOLEA‐RUIGOMEZ JAVIER
Published: November 2007

Specific techniques have been described for performing a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) angiography through the right radial approach. The unsuccessful LIMA angiography in anatomic situations, such as aorta dilatation or a far distal anatomical origin of the LIMA, among others, is a main problem not yet solved even with these techniques. In this report, we describe a simple and ready maneuver that can be helpful for a successful LIMA angiography in such situations.
Incidence and prevalence of pseudoexfoliation and open‐angle glaucoma in northern Sweden: I. Baseline report
Authors: Åström Siv , Lindén Christina
Published: November 2007

Purpose:  To evaluate the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and open‐angle glaucoma (OAG) among 66‐year‐old people in the municipality of Skellefteå in northern Sweden.

Methods:  A population‐based study comprising 339 individuals, representing 40% of the age group and 87% of those randomly selected. The examination included tonometry, dilated slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, optic disc evaluation and a visual field analysis if glaucoma was suspected.

Results:  The overall prevalence of PEX syndrome was 23%[95% confidence interval (CI): 20–26%], 29% (CI: 24–34%) in women and 15% (CI: 10–19%) in men (P < 0.01). The intraocular pressure (IOP) in PEX eyes was higher (17.3 mmHg, SD 4.5 mmHg) than in eyes without PEX [15.7 mmHg, SD 3.7 mmHg; P < 0.001]. IOP exceeded 22 mmHg in 17% (CI: 11–23%) of the PEX eyes and in 3.0% (CI: 1.9–4.1%) of the non‐PEX eyes. Seven individuals (2.1%) had OAG. Six were associated with PEX, i.e. 7.7% of the PEX individuals.

Conclusion:  PEX syndrome is common in northern Sweden, affecting every fourth individual reaching the age of 66 years. The prevalence in women is twice that in men. Elevated IOP is roughly six times more frequent in eyes with PEX than in eyes without PEX syndrome. The prevalence of OAG is 2.1%.
Symptom dimensions and cognitive‐behavioural therapy outcome for pediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Storch E. A. , Merlo L. J. , Larson M. J. , Bloss C. S. , Geffken G. R. , Jacob M. L. , Murphy T. K. , Goodman W. K.
Published: November 2007

Objective:  To examine whether obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom subtypes are associated with response rates to cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) among pediatric patients.

Method:  Ninety‐two children and adolescents with OCD (range = 7–19 years) received 14 sessions of weekly or intensive (daily psychotherapy sessions) family‐based CBT. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post‐treatment. Primary outcomes included scores on the Children’s Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (CY‐BOCS), remission status, and ratings on the Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) and Clinical Global Impression – Severity (CGI‐Severity) scales.

Results:  Seventy‐six per cent of study participants (n = 70) were classified as treatment responders. Patients with aggressive/checking symptoms at baseline showed a trend (P = 0.06) toward improved treatment response and exhibited greater pre/post‐treatment CGI‐Severity change than those who endorsed only non‐aggressive/checking symptoms. Step‐wise linear regression analysis indicated higher scores on the aggressive/checking dimension were predictive of treatment‐related change in the CGI‐Severity index. Regression analysis with CY‐BOCS score as the dependent variable showed no difference between OCD subtypes.

Conclusion:  Response to CBT in pediatric OCD patients does not differ substantially across subtypes.
C‐terminal truncated cannabinoid receptor 1 coexpressed with G protein trimer in Sf9 cells exists in a precoupled state and shows constitutive activity
Authors: Chillakuri Chandramouli Reddy , Reinhart Christoph , Michel Hartmut
Published: November 2007

We have investigated the existence of a precoupled form of the distal C‐terminal truncated cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1‐417) and heterotrimeric G proteins in a heterologous insect cell expression system. CB1‐417 showed higher production levels than the full‐length receptor. The production levels obtained in our expression system were double the values reported in the literature. We also observed that at least the distal C‐terminus of the receptor was not involved in receptor dimerization, as was predicted in the literature. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we found that CB1‐417 and Gαi1β1γ2proteins were colocalized in the cells. GTPγS binding assays with the Sf9 cell membranes containing CB1‐417 and the G protein trimer showed that the receptor could constitutively activate the Gαi1protein in the absence of agonists. A CB1‐specific antagonist (SR 141716A) inhibited this constitutive activity of the truncated receptor. We found that the CB1‐417/Gαi1β1γ2complex could be solubilized from Sf9 cell membranes and coimmunoprecipitated. In this study, we have proven that the receptor and G proteins can be coexpressed in higher yields using Sf9 cells, and that the protein complex is stable in detergent solution. Thus, our system can be used to produce sufficient quantities of the protein complex to start structural studies.
Mice with a targeted disruption of the Fgfrl1 gene die at birth due to alterations in the diaphragm
Authors: Baertschi Stefan , Zhuang Lei , Trueb Beat
Published: November 2007

FGFRL1 is a recently discovered member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family that is lacking the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. To elucidate the function of the novel receptor, we created mice with a targeted disruption of the Fgfrl1 gene. These mice develop normally until term, but die within a few minutes after birth due to respiratory failure. The respiratory problems are explained by a significant reduction in the size of the diaphragm muscle, which is not sufficient to inflate the lungs after birth. The remaining portion of the diaphragm muscle appears to be well developed and innervated. It consists of differentiated myofibers with nuclei at the periphery. Fast and slow muscle fibers occur in normal proportions. The myogenic regulatory factors MyoD, Myf5, myogenin and Mrf4 and the myocyte enhancer factors Mef2A, Mef2B, Mef2C and Mef2D are expressed at normal levels. Experiments with a cell culture model involving C2C12 myoblasts show that Fgfrl1 is expressed during the late stages of myotube formation. Other skeletal muscles do not appear to be affected in the Fgfrl1 deficient mice. Thus, Fgfrl1 plays a critical role in the development of the diaphragm.
Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation of Nuclear Factor‐κB in Interleukin‐1β‐Stimulated Chondrocytes
Authors: Jomphe Claudia , Gabriac Mélanie , Hale Taben M. , Héroux Lucie , Trudeau Louis‐Éric , Deblois Denis , Montell Eulalia , Vergés Josep , Du Souich Patrick
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Chondroitin sulfate is referred as a symptomatic slow‐acting drug for osteoarthritis because it improves articular function, and reduces joint swelling and effusion. In addition, chondroitin sulfate prevents joint space narrowing of the knee. We hypothesized that the anti‐inflammatory effect of chondroitin sulfate is associated to a decrease in the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and of the transcription factors nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1). Cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in presence of chondroitin sulfate. Nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and AP‐1, and nitrite concentrations (as an index for nitric oxide) was assessed 48 hr later. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on IL‐1β activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38MAPK was documented by immunoblot. The effect of chondroitin sulfate on sodium nitroprusside‐induced apoptosis was evaluated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labelling assay. Chondroitin sulfate reduced IL‐1β‐induced NF‐κB nuclear translocation, but not AP‐1 translocation, it decreased IL‐1β‐induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and abrogated p38MAPK phosphorylation, but did not prevent IL‐1β‐induced increase in nitrite. Finally, chondroitin sulfate decreased nitroprusside‐induced apoptosis of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that some of the biological activities of chondroitin sulfate may be associated to the reduction in Erk1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear transactivation of NF‐κB.
The end of the Tory war on single parents?
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam
Published: November 2007

Conservative leader David Cameron has faced a wealth of criticism over his controversial views on marriage, largely from the progressive centreleft. Political philosophers Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift argue that this misses the point: Cameron's position is really a radical step forward for the Conservatives
Current Approaches to the Assessment and Management of Anger and Aggression in Youth: A Review
Authors: Blake Christie S. , Hamrin Vanya
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND:  Anger and its expression represent a major public health problem for children and adolescents today. Prevalence reports show that anger‐related problems such as oppositional behavior, verbal and physical aggression, and violence are some of the more common reasons children are referred for mental health services.

METHODS:  An extensive review of the literature was conducted using the following online search engines: Cochrane, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed. Published and unpublished articles that met the following criteria were included in the review: (a) experimental or quasi‐experimental research designs; (b) nonpharmacologic, therapy‐based interventions; and (c) study participants between 5 and 17 years of age.

RESULTS:  Cognitive‐behavioral and skills‐based approaches are the most widely studied and empirically validated treatments for anger and aggression in youth. Commonly used therapeutic techniques include affective education, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem‐solving skills, social skills training, and conflict resolution. These techniques, tailored to the individual child's and/or family's needs, can foster the development of more adaptive and prosocial behavior.
Measuring the Dose of Nursing Intervention
Authors: Reed David , Titler Marita G. , Dochterman Joanne M. , Shever Leah L. , Kanak Mary , Picone Debra M.
Published: November 2007

PURPOSE.  To increase awareness of the many issues involved in measuring the dose of nursing intervention in nursing interventions effectiveness research.

METHODS.  Identify critical issues in measurement of the dose of nursing intervention and discuss decisions regarding dosage measurement made in a study of the effectiveness of nursing interventions.

FINDINGS.  A single method can be applied to resolve two critical issues in intervention dosage measurement.

CONCLUSIONS.  Those conducting nursing interventions effectiveness research must think explicitly about how intervention dosage will be measured and reported so that dosage can be replicated in research and practice.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.   Measuring and reporting the dose of nursing intervention in research is essential to the development of an evidence base adequate to support practice.
Evidence for utility of the same PCR‐based markers for selection of extreme resistance to Potato virus Y controlled by Rysto of Solanum stoloniferum derived from different sources
Authors: Valkonen J.P.T. , Wiegmann K. , Hämäläinen J.H. , Marczewski W. , Watanabe K.N.
Published: November 2007

The tuber‐bearing wild potato species, Solanum stoloniferum, carries a dominant gene, Rysto, which confers extreme resistance (ER) to Potato virus Y (PVY). This gene was introgressed to cultivated potato germplasm (Solanum tuberosum) using accessions of S. stoloniferum maintained in European gene banks. It is mainly used in potato breeding programmes in Europe. Rysto was recently mapped to potato chromosome XII. However, in this study, a different accession of S. stoloniferum (PI275244; Haw1293) was used as a female parent in a cross to obtain a diploid (2n = 2x = 24) potato population of 112 F1 genotypes. From this accession, ER to PVY has been introgressed to the potato breeding programmes at the International Potato Center (Peru). As expected, ER to PVY was inherited in a dominant, monogenic fashion in the F1 population. Marker‐specific choices of DNA polymerase and adjustments of PCR conditions were made to optimise marker detection. The corresponding gene (Rysto) was mapped to the chromosome XII using the previously described and new cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, which are based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism loci GP122 (six markers) and GP269 (one marker), and the simple sequence repeat marker STM0003. Four GP122‐based CAPS markers and STM0003 detected the same genotypes expressing ER to PVY. Because of a few recombinants, that is ER genotypes lacking the markers and the genotypes that react with necrosis but contain the markers, the marker distance from Rysto was estimated as 15.2 cM in this F1 population. However, the distance may be less if necrosis was considered an altered response also controlled by Rysto. The markers also specifically detected independent European potato cultivars that express ER to PVY derived from S. stoloniferum. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences amplified from the GP122 locus of S. stoloniferum and potato cultivars further confirmed that the Rysto gene from independent accessions of S. stoloniferum can be selected using the same markers and the protocols described in this study.
Research Article: The Use of Rigid, Fibrillar Congo Red Nanostructures for Scaffolding Protein Assemblies and Inducing the Formation of Amyloid‐like Arrangement of Molecules
Authors: Spólnik Paweł , Stopa Barbara , Piekarska Barbara , Jagusiak Anna , Konieczny Leszek , Rybarska Janina , Król Marcin , Roterman Irena , Urbanowicz Barbara , Zięba‐Palus Janina
Published: November 2007

The ordered amyloid‐like organization of protein aggregates was obtained using for their formation the rigid fibrillar nanostructures of Congo red as the scaffolding. The higher rigidity of used dye nanoparticles resulted from the stronger stacking of molecules at low pH (near the pK of the dye amino group) because of the decreased charge repulsion. The polylysine, human globin, and immunoglobulin L chain were arranged in this way to form deposits of amyloid properties. The scaffolding was introduced simply by mixing the dye and proteins at a low pH or the dye was used in the preorganized form by maintaining it in the electric field before and during protein addition. The polarization and electron microscopy studies confirmed the unidirectional organization of the complex. The precipitate of the complex was used for studies directly or after the partial or complete removal of the dye. The results suggest that the process of formation of amyloid‐like deposits may bypass the nucleation step. It is possible if the protein aggregation occurs in unidirectionally organized (because of scaffolding) assembly of molecules, arranged prior to self‐association. The recognition of the structure of amphoteric Congo red nanoparticles used for the scaffolding was based on the molecular dynamics simulation.
Functional Neuroimaging in Stroke Recovery and Neurorehabilitation: Conceptual Issues and Perspectives
Authors: Carey Leeanne M. , Seitz Rüdiger J.
Published: November 2007

Background

In stroke, functional neuroimaging has become a potent diagnostic tool; opened new insights into the pathophysiology of ischaemic damage in the human brain; and made possible the assessment of functional–structural relationships in postlesion recovery.

Summary of review

Here, we give a critical account on the potential and limitation of functional neuroimaging and discuss concepts related to the use of neuroimaging for exploring the neurobiological and neuroanatomical mechanisms of poststroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. We identify and provide evidence for five hypotheses that functional neuroimaging can provide new insights into: adaptation occurs at the level of functional brain systems; the brain–behaviour relationship varies with recovery and over time; functional neuroimaging can improve our ability to predict recovery and select individuals for rehabilitation; mechanisms of recovery reflect different pathophysiological phases; and brain adaptation may be modulated by experience and specific rehabilitation. The significance and application of this new evidence is discussed, and recommendations made for investigations in the field.

Conclusion

Functional neuroimaging is an important tool to explore the mechanisms underlying brain plasticity and, thereby, to guide clinical research in neurorehabilitation.
Antiplatelet Therapy vs. Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection: Rationale and Design of the Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS)
Authors:   The CADISS Trial Investigators
Published: November 2007

Rationale

Cervical artery dissection is an important cause of stroke in the young. It can present with local symptoms or stroke/transient ischaemic attacks. Following presentation there is a risk of stroke, particularly in the first month following presentation. The mechanism of stroke is believed to be thromboembolic in the majority of cases. Many clinicians anticoagulate patients with cervical dissection for 3–6 months. This is not evidence based and is supported by a paucity of data and no data from randomised control trials.

Aims

CADISS is a prospective multicentre randomised-con-trolled trial in acute (within 7 days of onset) carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Intracerebral artery dissection is excluded.

Design

Patients are randomised to antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, dipyridamole or clopidogrel alone or in dual combination) or anticoagulation therapy [heparin followed by warfarin aiming for an International Normalised Ratio (INR) in the range 2–3] for at least 3 months. Treatment is open-label.

Study outcome

The primary end-point is ipsilateral stroke or death within 3 months from randomisation. Secondary end-points include any TIA or stroke, major bleeding and presence of residual stenosis at 3 months (> 50%). All neuroimaging and serious adverse events will be adjudicated blinded to treatment. An initial feasibility phase of 250 subjects will allow us to determine whether there are sufficient clinical end-points to provide the power to determine a treatment effect and adequate numbers of patients can be recruited. The feasibility phase will be continued into a fully powered definitive treatment trial. Initial power calculations based on limited natural history data suggest a sample size of approximately 3000. Sample size calculations will be refined once the frequency of outcome events during the feasibility phase is known.
Generation of candidate human influenza vaccine strains in cell culture – rehearsing the European response to an H7N1 pandemic threat
Authors: Whiteley Alison , Major Diane , Legastelois Isabelle , Campitelli Laura , Donatelli Isabella , Thompson Catherine I. , Zambon Maria C. , Wood John M. , Barclay Wendy S.
Published: November 2007

Background  Although H5N1 avian influenza viruses pose the most obvious imminent pandemic threat, there have been several recent zoonotic incidents involving transmission of H7 viruses to humans. Vaccines are the primary public health defense against pandemics, but reliance on embryonated chickens eggs to propagate vaccine and logistic problems posed by the use of new technology may slow our ability to respond rapidly in a pandemic situation.

Objectives  We sought to generate an H7 candidate vaccine virus suitable for administration to humans whose generation and amplification avoided the use of eggs.

Methods  We generated a suitable H7 vaccine virus by reverse genetics. This virus, known as RD3, comprises the internal genes of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 with surface antigens of the highly pathogenic avian strain A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 (H7N1). The multi‐basic amino acid site in the HA gene, associated with high pathogenicity in chickens, was removed.

Results  The HA modification did not alter the antigenicity of the virus and the resultant single basic motif was stably retained following several passages in Vero and PER.C6 cells. RD3 was attenuated for growth in embryonated eggs, chickens, and ferrets. RD3 induced an antibody response in infected animals reactive against both the homologous virus and other H7 influenza viruses associated with recent infection by H7 viruses in humans.

Conclusions  This is the first report of a candidate H7 vaccine virus for use in humans generated by reverse genetics and propagated entirely in mammalian tissue culture. The vaccine has potential use against a wide range of H7 strains.
The Microenvironment of DNA Switches the Activity of Singlet Oxygen Generation Photosensitized by Berberine and Palmatine
Authors: Hirakawa Kazutaka , Hirano Toru
Published: November 2007

The effect of the interaction between DNA and the photosensitizer on photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) generation was investigated using DNA‐binding alkaloids, berberine and palmatine. These photosensitizers were bound to DNA by electrostatic force. Near‐infrared luminescence measurement demonstrated that the photoexcited alkaloids can generate 1O2 only when the photosensitizers are bound to DNA. A fluorescence decay study showed significant enhancement of the lifetime of their photoexcited state with the DNA binding. A calculation study suggested that the electrostatic interaction with DNA inhibits the quenching of the photoexcited state of these alkaloids via intramolecular electron transfer, leading to the prolongation of the lifetime of their excited state. This effect should enhance their intersystem crossing and the yield of energy transfer to molecular oxygen. The results show that the electrostatic interaction with DNA significantly affects the 1O2 generation activity of a photosensitizer. In addition, this interaction may be applied to the control and the design of photosensitizers for medical applications such as photodynamic therapy.
25 years of UV‐induced Immunosuppression Mediated by T Cells—From Disregarded T Suppressor Cells to Highly Respected Regulatory T Cells†
Authors: Schwarz Thomas
Published: November 2007

For more than 25 years it is known that UV radiation, in particular the UVB range suppresses the immune system. In contrast to conventional immunosuppression by immunosuppressive drugs, UV radiation does not compromise the immune system in a general but rather in an antigen‐specific fashion via induction of immunotolerance. This effect is mostly mediated via regulatory T cells (Treg) induced by UV. Several subtypes of UV‐induced Treg may exist, the best characterized are those which inhibit contact hypersensitivity. Induction of these Tregs by UV radiation is an active process which requires antigen presentation by UV‐damaged but still alive Langerhans cells (LC) in the lymph nodes. UV‐induced Treg have recently been characterized as expressing CD4 and CD25 and as releasing upon activation the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10. Once activated in an antigen‐specific manner, they suppress immune responses in a general fashion via the release of IL‐10, a phenomenon called bystander suppression. The further phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells will not only contribute to a better understanding of the impact of UV radiation on the immune system but will also determine whether they can be applied in the future therapeutically with the final aim of achieving specific immunosuppression.
High Frequency Induction of CC to TT Tandem Mutations in DNA Repair‐proficient Mammalian Cells
Authors: Skinner Amy M. , Turker Mitchell S.
Published: November 2007

The CC to TT tandem mutation is induced by UV radiation exposure, though at relatively low frequencies when compared with the more commonly induced C to T mutation. Induction of the tandem mutation by UV is enhanced in mammalian cells with certain genetic deficiencies; however, conditions have not been described in which the frequency of this mutation is enhanced in DNA repair‐proficient mammalian cells. For this study, an integrated construct that detects C to T and CC to TT mutations at a single codon in mouse Aprt was used to examine UVB mutagenesis under various conditions. Oxidative stress, in the form of intracellular hydrogen peroxide, increased the frequency of UVB‐induced CC to TT mutations. Surprisingly, exposure of the cells to two antioxidants (N‐acetylcysteine and trolox), either alone or in combination, also enhanced UVB induction of CC to TT tandem mutations. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the frequency of UVB‐induced CC to TT tandem mutations can be enhanced dramatically in DNA repair‐proficient mammalian cells, and suggest that the enhancing effect does not require direct damage to DNA.