bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species distribution models in climate change scenarios are still not useful for informing policy planning: an uncertainty assessment using fuzzy logic
Authors: Real Raimundo , Luz Márquez Ana , Olivero Jesús , Estrada Alba
Published: May 2010

We compared the effect of general circulation models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios on the uncertainty associated with models predicting changes in areas favourable to animal species. Given that mountain species are particularly at risk due to climate warming, we selected one amphibian (Baetic midwife toad), one reptile (Lataste's viper), one bird (Bonelli's eagle), and one mammal (Iberian wild goat) present in Spanish mountains to model their distributional response to climate change during this century. Climate forecasts for the whole century were provided by the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET; National Meteorological Agency) of Spain, which adapted the general circulation models CGCM2 and ECHAM4 and produced expected temperature and precipitation values for Spain according to the A2 and B2 emission scenarios. We constructed separate models of the species response to spatial, topographic, human, and climate variables using current values of the corresponding variables. We predicted future areas favourable to the species by replacing the current climate values with those expected according to each climate change scenario, while keeping spatial, topographic and human variables constant. Fuzzy logic was used to compute the coincidence between predictions for different emission scenarios in the same global circulation model, and the consistency between predictions for the same emission scenario applying different general circulation models. In general, coincidences were higher than consistencies and, thus, discrepancies between predictions were more attributable to uncertainty in global circulation models, i.e. our insufficient knowledge concerning the effect of the oceans and atmosphere on climate, than to the putative effect of different emission scenarios on future climates. Our conclusion is that species distribution models in climate warming scenarios are still not useful for informing emission policy planning, although they have great potential as tools once consistencies become higher than coincidences.
A meta‐analysis of isolation by distance: relic or reference standard for landscape genetics?
Authors: Jenkins David G. , Carey Michael , Czerniewska Justyna , Fletcher Jennifer , Hether Tyler , Jones Amanda , Knight Stacy , Knox Joseph , Long Tonya , Mannino Mary , McGuire Morgan , Riffle Andrea , Segelsky Shannon , Shappell Logan , Sterner Andrew , Strickler Treanna , Tursi Rosanna
Published: May 2010

Isolation by distance (IBD) has been a common measure of genetic structure among populations and is based on Euclidean distances among populations. Whereas IBD does not incorporate geographic complexity (e.g. dispersal barriers, corridors) that may better predict genetic structure, a new approach (landscape genetics) joins landscape ecology with population genetics to better model genetic structure. Should IBD be set aside or should it persist as the most simple model in landscape genetics? We evaluated the status of IBD by collecting and analyzing results of 240 IBD data sets among diverse taxa and study systems. IBD typically represented a low proportion of variance in genetic structure (mean r2=0.22) in part because many studies included relatively few populations (mean=11). The number of populations studied (N) was asymptotically related to IBD significance; a study with 9 populations has only 50% probability of significance, while one with >23 populations will have 90% probability of significance. Surprisingly, ectothermic animals were significantly (p=0.0018) more likely to have significant IBD than endotherms, which suggests a metabolic basis underlying gene flow rates. We also observed marginally significant effects on IBD significance for a) taxa in general and b) dispersal modes within actively‐dispersing endotherms. Other factors analyzed (genetic markers, genetic distances, habitats, active or passive dispersal, plant growth form) did not significantly affect IBD, likely related to typical N. For multiple reasons we conclude that IBD should continue as the simplest reference standard against which all other, more complex models should be compared in landscape genetics research.
MDM2 SNP309 promoter polymorphism, an independent prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Willander Kerstin , Ungerbäck Jonas , Karlsson Karin , Fredrikson Mats , Söderkvist Peter , Linderholm Mats
Published: May 2010

Background:  The single nucleotide polymorphism SNP309 with a change from T to G in the promoter region of the MDM2 gene is shown to increase the MDM2 protein levels and attenuate the p53 levels and associates with disease progression in several tumors.

Objective:  In this study, the role of the polymorphism was investigated with regard to the clinical outcome in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL).

Patients:  A total of 210 patients with B‐CLL were followed for up to 19 yr.

Results:  The overall survival (OS) of patients with at least one G‐allele was significantly shorter when compared with those with two T‐alleles (P = 0.024) with a more pronounced difference in patients below the median age. Age at onset of B‐CLL was similar irrespective of MDM2 status. The presence of a G‐allele in combination with TP53 mutations or unmutated IgVH gene status resulted in an additive risk of death.

Conclusion:  In this report, with a high proportion of B‐CLL patients with an advanced Binet stage and with an unmutated IgVH gene, MDM2 SNP309 was found to be independently associated with OS. The survival difference was more pronounced in younger patients.
Prostaglandin D2 production in FM55 melanoma cells is regulated by α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and is not related to melanin production
Authors: Masoodi Mojgan , Nicolaou Anna , Gledhill Karl , Rhodes Lesley E. , Tobin Desmond J. , Thody Anthony J.
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Prostaglandin D2 production in FM55 melanoma cells is regulated by α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and is not related to melanin production. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 751–753.

Abstract:  This study shows that prostaglandins in human FM55 melanoma cells and epidermal melanocytes are produced by COX‐1. Prostaglandin production in FM55 melanoma cells was unrelated to that of melanin suggesting that the two processes can occur independently. α‐Melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, which had no effect on melanin production in FM55 cells, stimulated PGD2 production in these cells without affecting PGE2. While cAMP pathways may be involved in regulating PGD2 production, our results suggest that α‐MSH acts independently of cAMP, possibly by regulating the activity of lipocalin‐type PGD synthase. This α‐MSH‐mediated effect may be associated with its role as an immune modulator.
Dental hygienists’ views on communicative factors and interpersonal processes in prevention and treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Stenman J , Wennström JL , Abrahamsson KH
Published: May 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene 8, 2010; 213–218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00459.x Stenman J, Wennström JL, Abrahamsson KH. Dental hygienists’ views on communicative factors and interpersonal processes in prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

Abstract:  Objective:  The aim of this study was to explore views of DHs on communicative issues and interpersonal processes of importance in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

Method:  The qualitative method of Grounded Theory (GT) was chosen for data sampling and analysis. Audio‐taped and open‐ended interviews were conducted with 17 dental hygienists. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed in a hierarchical coding process, according to the principles of GT.

Result:  In the analysis a core category was identified as ‘to be successful in information and oral health education and managing desirable behavioural changes’. The core concept was related to four additional categories and dimensions; (i) ‘to establish a trustful relationship with the patient’, (ii) ‘to present information about the oral health status and to give oral hygiene instructions’, (iii) ‘to be professional in the role as a dental hygienist’ and (iv) ‘to have a supportive working environment in order to feel satisfaction with the work and to reach desirable treatment results’.

Conclusion:  The results describe a psychosocial process that elucidates the importance of building a trustful relationship with the patient, feeling secure in one’s professional role as a DH and last but not least, the importance of having support from colleagues and the clinical manager to be successful in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.
Bacteraemia in children in Iceland 1994–2005
Authors: Árnason Sigurður , Thors Valtýr Stefánsson , Guðnason Thórólfur , Kristinsson Karl G. , Haraldsson Ásgeir
Published: May 2010

Aim:  To investigate the aetiology of bacteraemia in children in Iceland, the antibiotic resistance and possible preventive measures.

Methods:  All positive bacterial blood cultures from children 0–18 years old isolated at Landspítali University Hospital Iceland from 1994 to 2005 were included in the study. Epidemiological and microbiological data were registered. The blood cultures were categorized according to likelihood of infection or contamination.

Results:  During the study period 1253 positive blood cultures were obtained from 974 children; 647 from boys and 606 from girls. Positive blood cultures were most common during the first year of life (594; 47.4%) with 252 of them from neonates. Coagulase negative staphylococci were most common (37%). Of probable or definite infections Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common (19.3%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.6%) and Neisseria meningitidis (13.5%). The most common pneumococcal serogroups were 23, 6, 7, 19 and 14. Commercially available vaccines contain up to 88% of all pneumococcal strains and 67% of all multi‐resistant strains. N. meningitidis group C was not isolated after vaccinations were started in 2002.

Conclusion:  Our study provides important epidemiological data on bacterial bloodstream infections in children in Iceland. The results demonstrate the excellent efficacy of meningococcal group C vaccination.
A 4‐ to 5‐Year Retrospective Clinical and Radiographic Study of Neoss Implants Placed with or without GBR Procedures
Authors: Zumstein Thomas , Billström Camilla , Sennerby Lars
Published: May 2010

Background: New dental implant systems are continuously introduced to the market. It is important that clinicians report their experiences with these implants when used in different situations.

Aim: The study aims to report the outcomes from a retrospective study on Neoss implants when used with or without guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures.

Materials and Methods: The study group comprised of 50 consecutive patients previously treated with 183 Neoss implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK) in 53 sites because of single, partial, or total tooth loss. Implants were placed in healed bone in 23 sites, while a GBR procedure was used in 30 sites in conjunction with implant placement. A healing period of 3 to 6 months was utilized in 45 sites and in 8 sites a crown/bridge was fitted within a few days for immediate/early function. The number of failures, withdrawn and dropout implants was analyzed in a life‐table. All available intraoral radiographs from baseline and annual check‐ups were analyzed with regard to marginal bone level and bone loss.

Results: A cumulative survival rate (CSR) of 98.2% was found for the non‐GBR group and 93.5% for the GBR group with an overall CSR of 95.0% after up to 5 years of loading. In spite of the failures, all patients received and maintained their prostheses. Based on all available radiographs, the bone level was situated 1.3 ± 0.8 mm (n = 159) below the top of the collar at baseline and 1.7 ± 0.8 mm (n = 60) after 5 years of follow‐up. Based on paired baseline and 1‐year (n = 70) and 5‐year radiographs (n = 59), the bone loss was found to be 0.4 ± 0.9 and 0.4 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between GBR and non‐GBR sites with regard to implant survival or bone loss.

Conclusions: The Neoss implant system showed good clinical and radiographic results after up to 5 years in function.
A study of the efficacy of ultrasonic waves in removing biofilms
Authors: Nishikawa Takeshi , Yoshida Akihiro , Khanal Amit , Habu Manabu , Yoshioka Izumi , Toyoshima Kuniaki , Takehara Tadamichi , Nishihara Tatsuji , Tachibana Katsuro , Tominaga Kazuhiro
Published: May 2010

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00325.x
 
A study of the efficacy of ultrasonic waves in removing biofilms

Objective:  The removal of adherent biofilms was assessed using ultrasonic waves in a non‐contact mode.

Materials and Methods:  In in vitro experiments, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms were exposed to ultrasonic waves at various frequencies (280 kHz, 1 MHz, or 2 MHz), duty ratios (0–90%), and exposure times (1–3 minutes), and the optimal conditions for biofilm removal were identified. Furthermore, the effect of adding a contrast medium, such as micro bubbles (Sonazoid®), was examined. The spatial distribution and architecture of S. mutans biofilms before and after ultrasonic wave exposure were examined via scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm removal effect was also examined in in vivo experiments, using a custom‐made oral cleaning device.

Results:  When a 280 kHz probe was used, the biofilm‐removing effect increased significantly compared to 1 and 2 MHz probes; more than 80% of the adherent biofilm was removed with a duty cycle of 50–90% and a 3 minutes exposure time. The maximum biofilm‐removing effect was observed with a duty cycle of 80%. Furthermore, the addition of micro bubbles enhanced this biofilm‐removing effect. In in vivo experiments, moderate biofilm removal was observed when a 280 kHz probe was used for 5 minutes.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrated that ultrasonic wave exposure in a non‐contact mode effectively removed adherent biofilms composed of S. mutans in vitro.
On the anomalous silicate absorption feature of the prototypical Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC1068
Authors: Köhler M. , Li Aigen
Published: May 2010

The first detection of the silicate absorption feature in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) was made at 9.7μm for the prototypical Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC1068 35 yr ago, indicating the presence of a large column of silicate dust in the line of sight to the nucleus. It is now well recognized that type 2 AGNs exhibit prominent silicate absorption bands, while the silicate bands of type 1 AGNs appear in emission. More recently, using the Mid-Infrared Interferometric Instrument on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, Jaffe et al. for the first time spatially resolved the parsec-sized dust torus around NGC1068 and found that the 10μm silicate absorption feature of the innermost hot component exhibits an anomalous profile differing from that of the interstellar medium and that of common olivine-type silicate dust. While they ascribed the anomalous absorption profile to gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7, a calcium aluminium silicate species), we propose a physical dust model and argue that, although the presence of gehlenite is not ruled out, the anomalous absorption feature mainly arises from silicon carbide.
Expert evidence: difficulties and solutions in prosecutions for infant harm
Authors: Hartshorne John , Miola José
Published: May 2010

This paper identifies and considers difficulties that gave rise to successful appeals from prosecutions where expert evidence was relied upon to demonstrate that defendants had killed or caused harm to infants in their care. It evaluates the extent to which these difficulties may be addressed by measures which have been introduced or proposed by way of tackling problems associated with expert evidence. Part of the paper is dedicated to an analysis of the Law Commission's consultation paper on the admissibility of expert evidence in criminal proceedings. The paper argues that trial judges may not be best placed to discharge the Law Commission's proposed gate-keeping test for screening the reliability of expert evidence. Expert evidence will often be ‘outcome determinative’ in prosecutions for infant harm, which is why we argue for the introduction of a specialist gate-keeping panel instead to determine the reliability of new theories and techniques.
‘Causation in negligence: what is a material contribution?’
Authors: Bailey SH
Published: May 2010

This paper considers the principle that it is sufficient to establish causation in fact in tort to show that the defendant's act or omission made a material contribution to the harm. It examines the leading case, Bonnington Castings v Wardlaw, and other authorities and argues that the principle involves an application of the but-for test and not an exception to it. If exceptions to the but-for test are to be made, they should be clearly articulated and justified, as, for example, in Fairchild. A broad interpretation of ‘material contribution’ as establishing in some cases such an exception provides insufficient clarity and is certainly to be supported.
Vindicating common law constitutionalism
Authors: Leslie Justin
Published: May 2010

This paper questions Thomas Poole's assertion that judicial review is not ‘value orientated’ (see (2005) 25(1) Legal Studies 146). In doing so, the paper seeks to demonstrate that the account of judicial review given by common law constitutionalist writers provides an accurate description of the approach taken by the courts in the last 10 years. The paper first considers Poole's objections to common law constitutionalism. It then proceeds to assess the writings of those relied upon by Poole against the case-law of the last decade. This is done by reference to three ‘themes’– the basis of judicial review; a substantive rule of law; fundamental values and constitutional rights. The paper concludes by suggesting that when a thematic approach to the theory is adopted, the case-law of the last decade provides vindication for the main tenets of common law constitutionalism.
Criminalising fabricated images of child pornography: a matter of harm or morality?
Authors: Ost Suzanne
Published: May 2010

This paper addresses the criminalisation of fabricated images of child pornography. Focusing on the new offence of possessing ‘non-photographic pornographic images of children’ (NPPIC) under the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, it assesses whether harm- and morality-based arguments legitimate the extension of the criminal law to this activity. I contend that harm may be caused to children by NPPIC that are depictions of real child sexual abuse, and images that depict the fantasy sexual abuse of a real, recognisable child. However, it is extremely difficult to find a legitimate basis for prohibiting the possession of fantasy, completely fabricated NPPIC through a reasoned application of the harm principle and thus criminalisation of such images is not justified. Adopting a liberal perspective, I argue that moral harm-based arguments ultimately fail to convince, since legal moralism or moral paternalism should not be acceptable grounds for criminalisation. I conclude that a stronger case for criminalisation would have been made had the offence been limited to NPPIC depicting real child sexual abuse, or featuring real, recognisable children, or targeted at creators and distributors rather than possessors.
Effect of long‐term fertilization on total soil arsenic in China
Authors: Li Feng , Zheng Yuan‐Ming , He Ji‐Zheng
Published: May 2010

To assess the effects of long‐term fertilization on arsenic (As) accumulation in soils and crops with different agricultural practices, five experimental stations (Changshu, Taoyuan, Hailun, Fengqiu, and Qiyang) with long‐term fertilization practices, representing five typical soils of China, were selected to investigate the soil As concentrations. Results indicated that the geological source, that is, parent materials, played a dominant role in determining the soil As concentrations. Long‐term application of manure and phosphorus fertilizers led to a decrease of As concentration in the surface paddy soil at Taoyuan, while the effects of fertilization on As concentration in other samples were minimal. In addition, other agricultural practices, such as the removal of crop biomass, reduced the As concentrations in the surface soils with low levels of soil As (Fengqiu, Changshu, and Taoyuan). In the upland soils with higher As concentrations, wheat may have risk to human health through food‐chain and maize can be considered as a favorable crop.
The adoption of conservation tillage in China
Authors: He Jin , Li Hong‐Wen , Wang Qing‐Jie , Gao Huang‐Wen , Li Wen‐Ying , Zhang Xue‐Min , McGiffen Milt
Published: May 2010

Conservation tillage (CT) has been recognized as an advanced agricultural technology that may reduce drought and improve the physical condition of soils worldwide. An increase in water infiltration and a reduction in water and wind erosion can be achieved through the use of no‐tillage, minimum tillage, and residue cover. In China, CT research started with support from the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), China and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research in 1992. By the end of 1990s, CT research had expanded across China and achieved several important results. In 1999, MOA established the Conservation Tillage Research Centre (CTRC) to lead the national CT research programs in China, and since 2002 some CT demonstration projects have been established in northern China. By the end of 2008, CT has been demonstrated in 226 national and 365 provincial demonstration counties, covering more than 3 Mha. The CTRC of the MOA has established 10 sites within those counties to monitor project results. Some sites have shown consistently that the use of CT resulted in higher yields and net incomes, reduced soil erosion, and improved soil conditions. CT has been widely accepted in China and will be further adopted over wider areas as the development and highbred of indigenous no‐tillage seeders.
Conjugate ecopolis planning
Authors: Wang Rusong , Li Feng , Paulussen Juergen
Published: May 2010

On the basis of the ancient Chinese human ecological principles, conjugate ecological planning is a kind of social–economic–natural complex ecosystem planning to balance and/or compromise the relationship between environmental and economic development. Eight conjugate planning issues were investigated. It was used in the ecological planning research for Beijing Master Plan revision. The results of East Beijing land‐use scenario were shown and ecoservice‐based land management strategies were proposed. The executive summary of conjugate ecological planning of Beijing urban ecosystem was introduced in the end.
Changes in the soil microbial community with a pine plantation restoration in a dry valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, southwest China
Authors: Liu Zhanfeng , Liu Guohua , Fu Bojie , Wu Yaqiong , Hu Huifeng , Fu Shenglei
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in soil microbial biomass C, microbial metabolic activity, functional diversity, and metabolic diversity pattern during the restoration process of a pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation. In this study, a chronosequence approach was adopted. Three sites of pine plantations along a restoration chronosequence (12 years old (PF12), 25 years old (PF25), 35 years old (PF35)), and their paired reference sites of natural shrub community (Shrub1, Shrub2, and Shrub3) were selected. Soil microbial biomass C increased and microbial quotient declined with pine plantation age. Microbial metabolic activity, as measured by average well color development (using Biolog GN2plates), exhibited a decline along the restoration chronosequence with values ranked as PF12 > PF35 > PF25 in topsoil and PF12 > PF25 > PF35 in subsoil. Functional diversity, as estimated by substrate diversity and substrate richness, exhibited a pattern similar to the metabolic activity. Principal component analysis indicated that metabolic diversity followed recognized patterns along the restoration chronosequence with PF12 significantly different from PF25 and PF35. There was an apparent reduction of microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity during pine plantation restoration, which can be explained by a general decline in soil nutrient availability, particularly C availability, and soil pH associated with the establishment of a coniferous species.
Modeling the greenhouse gas budget of straw returning in China
Authors: Lu Fei , Wang Xiao‐Ke , Han Bing , Ouyang Zhi‐Yun , Zheng Hua
Published: May 2010

Straw returning is considered to be one of the most promising carbon sequestration measures in China's cropland. A compound model, namely “Straw Returning and Burning Model—Expansion” (SRBME), was built to estimate the net mitigation potential, economic benefits, and air pollutant reduction of straw returning. Three scenarios, that is, baseline, “full popularization of straw returning (FP),” and “full popularization of straw returning and precision fertilization (FP + P),” were set to reflect popularization of straw returning. The results of the SRBME indicated that (1) compared with the soil carbon sequestration of 13.37 Tg/yr, the net mitigation potentials, which were 6.328 Tg/yr for the FP scenario and 9.179 Tg/yr for the FP + P scenario, had different trends when the full budget of the greenhouse gases was considered; (2) when the feasibility in connection with greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, economic benefits, and environmental benefits was taken into consideration, straw returning was feasible in 15 provinces in the FP scenario, with a total net mitigation potential of 7.192 TgCe/yr and the total benefits of CNY 1.473 billion (USD 216.6 million); (3) in the FP + P scenario, with the implementation of precision fertilization, straw returning was feasible in 26 provinces with a total net mitigation potential of 10.39 TgCe/yr and the total benefits of CNY 5.466 billion (USD 803.8 million); (4) any extent of change in the treatment of straw from being burnt to being returned would contribute to air pollution reduction; (5) some countermeasures, such as CH4 reduction in rice paddies, precision fertilization, financial support, education and propaganda, would promote the feasibility of straw returning as a mitigation measure.
Pursuing sustainable industrial development through the ecoindustrial parks
Authors: Wang Zhen , Shi Lei , Hu Dan , Xu Yi , Sun Dezhi
Published: May 2010

As one branch of industrial ecology, the ecoindustrial park (EIP) concept is being accepted and implemented in many parts of the world. In order to pursue a sustainable industrial development, China's government is forging this concept into a new strategy of industrial development and regional practices. This article aims to depict a picture of current China's experiences on EIP. It first presents two stages of EIP development at national level. Then more details at individual level are provided by three cases studies, that is, Dafeng, Lubei, and Nanhai, in which three points are addressed: (1) the industrial and environmental backgrounds of EIP projects; (2) specific resource sharing; and (3) benefits and challenges in these projects. The case studies show that the government acts as a key role player, facilitating multiple functions in the development of EIP projects. The case studies also suggest that many factors including holistic, economic, social, and technical aspects need to be taken into account to develop a successful EIP project.
A sustainable landscape ecosystem design
Authors: Huang Lei‐Chang , Ye Shu‐Hong , Gu Xun , Cao Fu‐Cun , Fan Zheng‐Qiu , Wang Xiang‐Rong , Wu Ya‐Sheng , Wang Shou‐Bing
Published: May 2010

Landscape planning is clearly ecologically and socially relevant. Concern about sustainability between human and environment is now a driving paradigm for this professional. However, the explosion of the sustainable landscape in China is a very recent phenomenon. What is the sustainable landscape? How is this realized in practice? In this article, on the basis of the reviews of history and perplexities of Chinese landscape and nature analysis of sustainable landscape, the ecothinking model, an implemental tool for sustainable landscape, was developed, which applies ecothinking in vision, culture, conservation and development of site, and the process of public participation for a harmonious relationship between human and environment. And a case study of the south entrance of TongNiuling Scenic Area was carried out, in which the most optimum scenario was chosen from among three models according to the ecothinking model, to illustrate the construction of the ecothinking model and how to achieve a sustainable landscape.
Complexity, collective effects, and modeling of ecosystems: formation, function, and stability
Authors: Jensen Henrik Jeldtoft , Arcaute Elsa
Published: May 2010

We discuss the relevance of studying ecology within the framework of Complexity Science from a statistical mechanics approach. Ecology is concerned with understanding how systems level properties emerge out of the multitude of interactions among large numbers of components, leading to ecosystems that possess the prototypical characteristics of complex systems. We argue that statistical mechanics is at present the best methodology available to obtain a quantitative description of complex systems, and that ecology is in urgent need of “integrative” approaches that are quantitative and nonstationary. We describe examples where combining statistical mechanics and ecology has led to improved ecological modeling and, at the same time, broadened the scope of statistical mechanics.
Relationship between species diversity and ecotope diversity
Authors: Yue Tian‐Xiang , Li Qi‐Quan
Published: May 2010

The relationship between species diversity and ecotope diversity has long been debated. But these debates seem meaningless because most of them were based on different definitions. In this paper, diversity has two components: richness based on the total number and evenness based on the relative abundance. Species diversity is distinguished into individual‐counting diversity and biomass‐based diversity. Ecotope diversity is divided into individual ecotope‐counting diversity and ecotope‐area based diversity. Under this definition, we make a comprehensive investigation into Dongzhi tableland of Loess Plateau by cooperating with local technicians. We find that individual‐counting diversity is significantly correlated with biomass‐based diversity in grassland ecosystems; individual ecotope‐counting diversity and ecotope‐area based diversity have a significant correlation. Therefore, it is unnecessary to divide species diversity into individual‐counting diversity and biomass‐based diversity in grassland ecosystems and to distinguish ecotope diversity into individual ecotope‐counting and ecotope‐area based diversity for the issues that have no special requirement for accuracy. But the analyses of the investigation data demonstrate that species diversity has no significant correlation with ecotope diversity.
Real‐time Visualization of Photochemically Induced Fluorescence of 8‐Halogenated Quinolones: Lomefloxacin, Clinafloxacin and Bay3118 in Live Human HaCaT Keratinocytes†
Authors: Koker Edmond B. , Bilski Piotr J. , Motten Ann G. , Zhao Baozhong , Chignell Colin F. , He Yu‐Ying
Published: May 2010

Halogenoquinolones are potent and widely used antimicrobials blocking microbial DNA synthesis. However, they induce adverse photoresponses through the absorption of UV light, including phototoxicity and photocarcinogenicity. The phototoxic responses may be the result of photosensitization of singlet oxygen, production of free radicals and/or other reactive species resulting from photodehalogenation. Here, we report the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to detect and to follow the fluorescence changes of one monohalogenated and three di‐halogenated quinolones in live human epidermal keratinocyte cells during in situ irradiation by confocal laser in real time. Fluorescence image analysis and co‐staining with the LysoTracker probe showed that lysosomes are a preferential site of drug localization and phototransformations. As the lysosomal environment is relatively acidic, we also determined how low pH may affect the dehalogenation and concomitant fluorescence. With continued UV irradiation, fluorescence increased in the photoproducts from BAY y3118 and clinafloxacin, whereas it decreased for lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin. Our images not only help to localize these phototoxic agents in the cell, but also provide means for dynamic monitoring of their phototransformations in the cellular environment.
Novel Photodynamic Therapy Using Water‐dispersed TiO2–Polyethylene Glycol Compound: Evaluation of Antitumor Effect on Glioma Cells and Spheroids In Vitro
Authors: Yamaguchi Shigeru , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Narita Takuhito , Kanehira Koki , Sonezaki Shuji , Kubota Yoshinobu , Terasaka Shunsuke , Iwasaki Yoshinobu
Published: May 2010

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is thought to be a photocatalytic agent excited by UV light. Our aim was to investigate the photocatalytic antitumor effect of water‐dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles on C6 rat glioma cells and to evaluate the treatment responses by the spheroid models. Water‐dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles were constructed by the adsorption of chemical modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the TiO2 surface (TiO2/PEG). Each monolayer and spheroid of C6 cells was coincubated with various concentrations of TiO2/PEG and subsequently irradiated with UV light. Damage of the cells and spheroids was evaluated sequentially by staining with the fluorescent dyes. The cytotoxic effect was correlated with the concentration of TiO2/PEG and the energy dose of UV irradiation. More than 90% of cells were killed after 13.5 J cm−2 of UV irradiation in the presence of 500 μg mL−1 TiO2/PEG. The irradiated spheroids in the presence of TiO2/PEG showed growth suppression compared with control groups. In TiO2/PEG‐treated spheroids, the number of Annexin V‐FITC‐stained cells gradually increased during the first 6 h, and subsequently propidium iodide‐stained cells appeared. The results of this study suggest that newly developed photoexcited TiO2/PEG have antitumoral activity. Photodynamic therapy utilizing this material can be a clue to a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma.
Ultraviolet B Radiation of Human Skin Generates Platelet‐activating Factor Receptor Agonists
Authors: Travers Jared B. , Berry Damien , Yao Yongxue , Yi Qiaofang , Konger Raymond L. , Travers Jeffrey B.
Published: May 2010

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is a potent stimulator of epidermal cytokine production. In addition to cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), UVB generates bioactive lipids including platelet‐activating factor (PAF). Our previousin vitrostudies in keratinocytes or epithelial cell lines have demonstrated that UVB‐mediated production of PAF agonists is due primarily to the pro‐oxidative effects of this stimulant, resulting in the nonenzymatic production of modified phosphocholines (oxidized glycerophosphocholines). The current studies use human skin to assess whether UVB irradiation generates PAF‐receptor agonists, and the role of oxidative stress in their production. These studies demonstrate that UVB irradiation of human skin results in PAF agonists, which are blocked by the antioxidant vitamin C and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor PD168393. Inasmuch as UVB‐generated PAF agonists have been implicated in animal model systems as being involved in photobiologic processes including systemic immunosuppression and cytokine (TNF‐α) production, these studies indicate that this novel activity could be involved in human disease.
γH2AX, an Accurate Marker That Analyzes UV Genotoxic Effects on Human Keratinocytes and on Human Skin
Authors: Barnes Laurent , Dumas Marc , Juan Mylène , Noblesse Emmanuelle , Tesniere Anne , Schnebert Sylvianne , Guillot Bernard , Molès Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2010

The phosphorylated form of histone H2AX, γH2AX, is a component of the DNA repair system. Most studies have focused on the role of γH2AX during cell transformation and human cancer, but little is known about its role in keratinocytes and the skin during UV irradiation. We analyzed the response to UV irradiation focusing on the phosphorylation of histone H2AX both in vitro, in keratinocyte cultures and in artificial epidermis, and then in vivo, in human skin. Acute UVB irradiation of human keratinocytes increased the phosphorylation of H2AX in a dose‐dependent manner; two types of γH2AX response were observed either in vitro or in vivo. After a low nonapoptotic UVB irradiation, cells contained phosphorylated H2AX and arrested their cell cycle to repair the DNA damages. For a stronger and proapoptotic UVB irradiation, keratinocytes dramatically increased the phosphorylation of H2AX and committed apoptosis. Our results indicate that γH2AX constitutes a highly sensitive marker relevant for studying subapoptotic doses as well as proapoptotic doses of UVB in human skin.
Nicotinamide Prevents Ultraviolet Radiation‐induced Cellular Energy Loss
Authors: Park Joohong , Halliday Gary M. , Surjana Devita , Damian Diona L.
Published: May 2010

UV radiation is carcinogenic by causing mutations in the skin and also by suppressing cutaneous antitumor immunity. We previously found nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to be highly effective at reducing UV‐induced immunosuppression in human volunteers, with microarray studies on in vivo irradiated human skin suggesting that nicotinamide normalizes subsets of apoptosis, immune function and energy metabolism‐related genes that are downregulated by UV exposure. Using human adult low calcium temperature keratinocytes, we further investigated nicotinamide’s effects on cellular energy metabolism. We found that nicotinamide prevented UV‐induced cellular ATP loss and protected against UV‐induced glycolytic blockade. To determine whether nicotinamide alters the effects of UV‐induced oxidative stress posttranslationally, we also measured UV‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nicotinamide had no effect on ROS formation, and at the low UV doses used in these studies, equivalent to ambient daily sun exposure, there was no evidence of apoptosis. Hence, nicotinamide appears to exert its UV protective effects on the skin via its role in cellular energy pathways.
Quantifying population structure using the F‐model
Authors: GAGGIOTTI OSCAR E. , FOLL MATTHIEU
Published: May 2010

We review a model‐based approach to estimate local population FST’s that is based on the multinomial‐Dirichlet distribution, the so‐called F‐model. As opposed to the standard method of estimating a single FST value, this approach takes into account the fact that in most if not all realistic situations, local populations differ in their effective sizes and migration rates. Therefore, the use of this approach can help better describe the genetic structure of populations. Despite this obvious advantage, this method has remained largely underutilized by molecular ecologists. Thus, the objective of this review is to foster its use for studying the genetic structure of metapopulations. We present the derivation of the Bayesian formulation for the estimation of population‐specific FST’s based on the multinomial‐Dirichlet distribution. We describe several recent applications of the F‐model and present the results of a small simulation study that explains how the F‐model can help better describe the genetic structure of populations.
Appearance of age‐related macular degeneration in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes: an intraindividual case study
Authors: Schulze Stephan , Neugebauer Arne , Kroll Peter
Published: May 2010

Purpose:  This study analyses the consequences of vitreoretinal traction on the macula and in particular the impact of a vitrectomy on the development of the age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD).

Methods:  In this retrospective case study, 42 eyes of 21 subjects were examined. The vitreous of one eye must have been removed by vitrectomy at least 8 years ago. At that point in time, the patients had to be at least 50 years old, with a healthy vitreous body of the other eye and a healthy macula in both eyes. Both eyes were examined using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan, B‐scan ultrasound, a binocular slit‐lamp funduscopy and a fluorescence angiography (FAG) to evaluate the potential development stage of an ARMD and the vitreous status.

Results:  In the follow‐up examination, the patients had an average age of 73.6 years. In 0 of 21 vitrectomized eyes (0%), there were signs for an early ARMD. In 5 of 21 nonvitrectomized eyes (23.8%), we found ARMD‐like changes in the angiography and slit‐lamp examinations. Of these 21 eyes, five eyes presented persistent attachment of the posterior vitreous cortex to the macula, while 16 eyes showed complete posterior vitreous detachment. All five eyes (100%) with premonitory signs of an ARMD showed persistent attachment of the posterior vitreous to the macula.

Conclusion:  We demonstrated a positive relationship between a persistent attachment of the posterior vitreous cortex to the macula and early signs of ARMD. Although the precise mechanism of this relationship remains unclear, the role of chronic low‐grade inflammation, chronic oxidative and mechanical stress and an increase in VEGF is discussed. Persistent vitreous attachment is likely to be another risk factor for ARMD.
An integrated biogeochemical and economic analysis of bioenergy crops in the Midwestern United States
Authors: JAIN ATUL K. , KHANNA MADHU , ERICKSON MATTHEW , HUANG HAIXIAO
Published: May 2010

This study integrates a biophysical model with a county‐specific economic analysis of breakeven prices of bioenergy crop production to assess the biophysical and economic potential of biofuel production in the Midwestern United States. The bioenergy crops considered in this study include a genotype of Miscanthus, Miscanthus×giganteus, and the Cave‐in‐Rock breed of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). The estimated average peak biomass yield for miscanthus in the Midwestern states ranges between 7 and 48 metric tons dry matter per hectare per year ( t DM ha−1 yr−1), while that for switchgrass is between 10 and 16 t DM ha−1 yr−1. With the exception of Minnesota and Wisconsin, where miscanthus yields are likely to be low due to cold soil temperatures, the yield of miscanthus is on average more than two times higher than yield of switchgrass. We find that the breakeven price, which includes the cost of producing the crop and the opportunity cost of land, of producing miscanthus ranges from $53 t−1 DM in Missouri to $153 t−1 DM in Minnesota in the low‐cost scenario. Corresponding costs for switchgrass are $88 t−1 DM in Missouri to $144 t−1 DM in Minnesota. In the high‐cost scenario, the lowest cost for miscanthus is $85 t−1 DM and for switchgrass is $118 t−1 DM, both in Missouri. These two scenarios differ in their assumptions about ease of establishing the perennial crops, nutrient requirements and harvesting costs and losses. The differences in the breakeven prices across states and across crops are mainly driven by bioenergy and row crop yields per hectare. Our results suggest that while high yields per unit of land of bioenergy crops are critical for the competitiveness of bioenergy feedstocks, the yields of the row crops they seek to displace are also an important consideration. Even high yielding crops, such as miscanthus, are likely to be economically attractive only in some locations in the Midwest given the high yields of corn and soybean in the region.
Stratigraphy, evolution, and volume of basalts in Mare Serenitatis
Authors: HACKWILL Terence
Published: May 2010

Abstract– Fourteen major basaltic units in Mare Serenitatis have been identified and mapped from differences in TiO2 wt%. The ages of these units have been inferred from their crater densities and reference to isotopically dated Apollo samples. It has been found that FeO and TiO2 wt% of the units do not show any apparent trend with time. However, the oldest units have much greater variation in FeO and TiO2 wt% than younger ones. No lateral trend in the age of the basaltic units is apparent within the basin. A vertical profile of Mare Serenitatis has been produced based on the depth of basalt within impact craters. The minimum depth of basalt has been estimated where craters have not exposed underlying highland material. The profile has been used to estimate the minimum volume of basalt within the basin to be ≈500,000 km3.
The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution
Authors: Hanish Shak
Published: May 2010

This article will discuss the issue of Kirkuk and its development, going back to its historical roots and development. The Kurdish and non‐Kurdish arguments will be presented. Also, the issue will be analyzed in the light of the current situation in Iraq. Some solutions to the problem will be proposed, to help keep Iraq intact as a federal state.
Historical and Psychological Origins of Child Soldiering in Ba‘athist Iraq
Authors: McNair David M.
Published: May 2010

Under the auspices of loyalty and patriotism, Saddam Hussein manipulated and invoked the spiritual term futuwwa as the prime impetus to construct his people's army in Iraq. This article will examine the historical and psychological context of making child soldiers in Iraq, while drawing from similar examples worldwide. It identifies information operations campaigns utilized by Saddam Hussein and the Ba‘ath Party to indoctrinate youth throughout Iraq into a system modeled after those of the Nazis, and other fascist regimes.
Juvenile Delinquency in Kuwait: Applying Social Disorganization Theory
Authors: Alanezi Fawaz
Published: May 2010

Juvenile delinquency is considered one of the most serious and challenging problems worldwide. Criminology provides a wide array of explanations for delinquency; however, the vast majority of the theories were applied and tested in Western societies. Therefore, the possibility of applying these theories to non‐Western societies is yet to be determined. This article will examine juvenile delinquency in Kuwait and will attempt to determine the relative effects of social disorganization on delinquency.

The study will also test the effects of competing theories such as social control, strain, and differential association. Some researchers believe that urbanization, modernization, and social change lead to such problems. They believe that crime and delinquency can be viewed as an outcome of rapid social changes in societies, which in turn, lead to social disorganization. Faris (1948) believed that the decline of unity and harmony in a society is a major condition of social disorganization. Furthermore, Mowrer (1942) indicated that disorganization of society can produce many social problems such as divorce, delinquency, crimes, poverty, and unemployment. More recently, researchers viewed the concept of social disorganization as the inability of a local community to identify the common values of its residents and solve their problems (Bursik, 1988; Bursik & Webb, 1982). This article explores the assumptions of this theory and other theories as they relate to the Kuwaiti society.