bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The treatment of chronic wounds with boric acid polyurethane sponges combined with negative pressure wound treatment: a multi-center, prospective, randomized study
Authors: Kapukaya Ahmet , Karaali Evren , Saler Tayyibe , Fidan Ersin , Akçay İsmail , Özdemir Asena Ayça , Büyükbebeci Orhan , Sarı Barış , Uludağ Abuzer , Külahçı Özgür , Bankır Mehmet
Published: December 2020

Objective: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the use of polyurethane boric acid sponges and sponges containing silver nitrate over the negative pressure wound treatment.

Materials and methods: The patients were separated as Group 1 (n:30) treated with boric acid group, and Group 2 (n:34) treated with silver nitrate group (Group 2). The wound healing of each patient was evaluated quantitatively on a cellular basis from a table of macroscopic and histopathological scoring.

Results: No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups applied with boric acid and silver nitrate in respect of the culture results from the first visit (p:0.705). In the final evaluation of wound dimensions on day 21, a significant reduction was seen in wound width (p=0.001), wound length (p=0.003), and wound depth (p<0.001) in the boric acid group, and no significant results were obtained in the silver nitrate group. In the quantitative cellular evaluations, a statistically significant difference was determined in favor of the boric acid group in respect of inflammatory cell count, angiogenesis, granulation, and re-epithelialization (p<0.001 for all).

Conclusion: Sponges with boric acid can have a positive effect on chronic wound recovery by improving cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation and cellular migration in addition to antimicrobial properties when used in combination with the negative pressure wound treatment system. Therefore, boric acid sponges seem to be a good alternative to silver nitrate sponges.
HETEROSIS AND GRAIN YIELD AND COMPONENT IT BY USE (LINE×TESTER) OF INBRED LINES MAIZE
Authors: Noaman Abdulsamad , Abdul Hamed Zeyad , Abed Ayad
Published: December 2020

A field experiment was conducted at Northwest of Ramadi .Ten inbred lines by using Line×tester mating method. On spring season 2018 seeds were planted, at an thesis crossing between inbreds and tester was done. On fall season 2018 for crosses and parents using RCBD with three replications to evaluate and estimate heterosis. The results of statistical analysis for these parents and their crosses were highly significant differences for all traits. Genetic analysis shows superiority the inbred KR640 was best for plant height 183.16 cm, number of grain/row 34.34 grain and grain yield 148.43 g .The tester A105 gave high value in grain yield was 145.62 g . The cross (B73 × IK8) gave high leaves area 0.511 cm, no of grain per rows 39.21grain and grain yield 217.05 g. The crosses (B73 × IK8) gave highly positive hybrid vigor to better parent and mid parent for no. of grain per rows was %28.21 and %42.24 grain yield was %79.10 and %81.71. we can conclude the possibility of using superior inbreeds to produce hybrids or use selection for it and produce synthetic varieties.
SPATIAL MODELING OF WIND SOIL EROSION IN TAIZ GOVERNORATE USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Darwish Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

The variation Wind erosion of soil from place to another, cause the variation of variables affecting its activity, and the research aims to quantify the variables of wind erosion soil in governorate of Taiz, to reveal effect of each of them on wind erosion in governorate, was followed by revealing effect of all these spatial variables combined on wind erosion. , By building model by which all these variables were Merge according their weights. The research methodology was to collect data on each spatial variable related to wind erosion of soil, And processing this data, and deriving the informational layers for each spatial variable using a number of mathematical algorithms in the raster calculator for Arc Map 10.5, Highlighting effect of each spatial variable separately on wind erosion activity in governorate, In preparation for integrating all these spatial variables together by means of a model that shows suitability of soil for wind erosion in governorate according to the impact of all these spatial variables. The results of research found that area of district that was Described a high suitability for wind erosion is 4129.2 km2, or 41.22%, and the area of district that was Described moderate suitability for wind erosion is 2267.4 km2, or 22.63%, and area of district that was Described low suitability for wind erosion 2267.4 km2, or 22.63%, and the area of district that was Described by strong suitability for wind erosion is 461.9 km2, or 4.61%, and the area of district that was Described poorly suitability for wind erosion 275.2 km2, or 2.74% of total area governorate.
SHEDDING CROCODILE TEARS: HOW TO DEAL WITH PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE EMPLOYEES AT WORKPLACES?
Authors: BİÇER Can
Published: December 2020

The term, passive-aggressive mainly covers the hidden hostility of passive-aggressive behaviors that lead to counter-productive reactions at workplaces. Whether malicious or unintentional, passive aggressive behaviors damage relationships, interrupt workflow, cause unrest and spread of negative feelings in the organization. Moreover, a passive aggressive employee’s behaviors affect the big picture of an organization’s productivity on the whole negatively and it’s also very hard and depressing to work with coworkers or bosses who often act passive-aggressively. Employees usually reflect passive-aggressive patterns and signs because it’s such a tactic for conflict-avoidance face to face and it’s more comfortable way of expressing covert feelings of anger to their supervisors or coworkers. For instance, stalling, sarcasm, postponing, the silent treatment, withholding information, and procrastination are common and certain signs of behaviors that passive-aggressive employees show at workplaces. In sum, in this conceptual paper, passive-aggressive behaviors will be identified in detail and the ways to handle with passiveaggressive employees at workplaces will be outlined. Then, in conclusion section, recommendations will be made in order to reduce negative effects of passive-aggressive employees at workplaces
Role of Environment, Nutrition, Microbiota, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Dietary Supplements in Autism
Authors: Ibrahim Khadiga , El Sayed Eman , Mahdy-Abdallah Heba
Published: December 2020

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder with the age of onset under 3 years old. It is characterized by definite impairments in social interactions, speech abnormalities, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors. Although the exact pathology and etiology of ASD are not fully elucidated, exposure to environmental toxins, micronutrients deficiency, dysbiosis and mutation in genes of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are emerging as risk factors for ASD.  Maternal exposure to heavy metals, air pollutants, and pesticides markedly increases the risk of ASD. Many clinical and experimental trials documented that gastrointestinal symptoms and disturbances of the gut microbiota usually accompanied cerebral disorders in autistic patients. Furthermore, studies showed that gene mutations causing hyperactivation of mTOR significantly lead to autistic symptoms. Pharmacological and nutritional interventions revealed a significant improvement in autistic individuals. The use of dietary supplements and the elimination diets exhibit minor or no adverse effects as compared to conventional drugs. In this review article, we tried to summarize some of the etiological factors that predispose to autism.  We discussed the possible mechanisms that potentiate autistic symptoms by such factors. Also, we focused on the role of interventions either by various dietary supplements or by elimination diets in the management of autism.
The Challenging of Rehabilitation Medicine in Covid-19
Authors: Retno Setianing
Published: December 2020

The WHO declared a pandemic due to the serious health risk posed by Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The number of infected cases is on the rise globally with escalating human, economic and societal costs. COVID-19 survivors may suffer a range of clinical, functional and psychological impairments, resulting in disabilities. It was confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020. Many are amenable to rehabilitation intervention because the current focus of COVID-19 management is on public health measures and acute management. As patients transfer to sub-acute care or discharged to the community, rehabilitation services need to have a number of organizational and operational models in place to provide safe effective care for patients and health professionals. The post-acute management and rehabilitation of the current COVID-19 survivors will be the focus in the coming months, given the range of functional, psychological and clinical impairments reported in many patients. Early rehabilitation intervention in the critical care environments after comprehensive assessment by an interdisciplinary team is safe and essential. Therefore, it is necessary to knowledge and prepare a health service standard to optimize quality of life in disaster victims through holistic and comprehensive approach. New scientific information is emerging and clinical care is driven by rapidly accumulating knowledge.
Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan dan Manajemen Laba Rill dengan Komisaris Independen sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi
Authors: Carolyn Lukita
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan terhadap tindakan manajemen laba rill, yaitu apakah perusahaan menggunakan pengungkapan CSR sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mempertahankan reputasi baik perusahaan dan untuk menutupi tindakan manajemen laba rill yang dilakukannya. Penelitian ini juga meneliti variabel pemoderasi yaitu dewan komisaris independen, yang diduga dapat memperlemah pengaruh positif  antara pengungkapan CSR dan manajemen laba. Penelitian ini menggunakan perusahaan pertambangan yang terdaftar di BEI sebagai sampel, karena sektor pertambangan merupakan sektor yang paling berpotensi merusak lingkungan dan merupakan perusahaan high profile. Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengungkapan CSR berhubungan signifikan positif dengan  manajemen laba rill. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengungkapan CSR dapat menjadi salah satu upaya yang dilakukan manajer untuk menutupi tindakan manjemen laba rill yang dilakukan melalui manipulasi biaya diskresioner. Penelitian ini juga berhasil membuktikan bahwa dewan komisaris independen dapat memperlemah hubungan positif  antara CSR dan managemen laba dengan adanya pengawasan yang lebih independen.

Key Word: Manajemen Laba Rill; Corporate Social Responsibility; Dewan Komisaris Independen.
Methodical approaches to the analysis of the state of urbanized systems
Authors: Lysyak Natalya
Published: December 2020

The methodological bases of the analysis of the condition of urbanized systems are substantiated in the article by means of methods of system analysis. Based on the model of the urban system, the available methods of research of the development of urban systems are singled out and characterized. The system of methods used to study urban systems includes methods of economic, social, spatial analysis, universal methods. For today's conditions, general scientific and special methods, which include economic and mathematical methods, methods of statistical analysis, and factor analysis, have remained relevant and suitable for solving socio-economic problems. Well-known and widely used methods of spatial analysis and synthesis will remain relevant, in particular, population forecasting and determining the demographic capacity of the territory; factor-by-factor analysis and comprehensive assessment of the territory; calculation of traffic flows and transport capacity in the territory and in cities; minimization of territorial ties; assessments of urban systems; location of service facilities, delineation of their radii of accessibility, etc. A separate group includes universal research methods suitable for the study of all dimensions of the system. Using a systems approach, our own method of analyzing the state of urban systems is substantiated. The method of analysis of the state of the urban system is based on four components of the system: human, spatial, social, and temporal. The economic component is a priority. Quantitative and qualitative relationships between economic and spatial, social, and temporal characteristics of the system are revealed. The combination of dimensions forms a set of combinations for the analysis of the economy of the urban system, in particular, there are socio-economic, spatial-economic, economic-temporal, and socio-spatial sections. Characteristics of individual dimensions and their interaction allow to organize information about the state of the system, to determine the tasks of the socio-economic and spatial development of cities, to reveal the possibilities of their system analysis.
Modern methods of risk management in banks’ lending to individuals
Authors: Stepanenko Serhiy , Ampilohova Kateryna
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the substantiation of risk management methods of banks’ lending to individuals. Existing approaches to understanding the nature of consumer loan are considered. The classification of loans to individuals is provided. The paper proves that consumer lending should be considered in the context of the entities, object, currency, and principles. Consumer lending by its nature as a financial phenomenon refers to the provision of funds by the lender to individuals to obtain goods, works, or services, the acquisition of which meets the specific needs of consumers by redistributing cash flows in the present and future on the principles of maturity and payment. Consumer lending is a subtype of lending to individuals along with mortgage lending. The process of formation of consumer lending in Ukraine is considered: the main periods are identified and the key events and patterns that determine the current state of affairs in the consumer lending by banks are identified. The dynamics of lending to individuals is presented along with the total amount of loans granted. The nature of lending risk and its components are given. The loans are classified into 5 groups depending on the level of credit risk. The volumes of loan debt and loan risk are calculated for all groups: the largest volumes of loans issued to individuals account for the 1st and 5th groups. The amounts of loan debts and loan risk are calculated for all groups: the bulk of the debt is concentrated in the first group - that is, these are the most reliable loans, and the amount of loan risk is the largest in the fifth group. The analysis of the structure of foreign currency loans suggests that the 1st group is formed by new loans in the domestic currency issued to entities with a strong financial condition, and the 5th - old loans, most of which are issued in foreign currency, where debtors are characterized as unreliable with critical financial condition. The lending, operational, and country risks are the main risks of lending to individuals. The classification of risk management in lending to individuals is proposed. Methods of minimizing operational risk in the course of lending to individuals are considered.
World trends of derivatives` market development
Authors: Vozianov Kostyantyn
Published: December 2020

Derivatives markets have long ago started to be an important part of the global market in general and international monetary relations in particular. They make the process of risk management more advanced. It helps bringing the global monetary relations to a higher development level. Global trade in derivatives performs the functions of integration of regional capital markets and helps the global economy participants reduce available risks and concentrate on the further development of international trade and monetary relations. Therefore, the derivatives market contributes to reducing the risk level and balancing the international capital flow. Modern world trends in the derivatives’ market development are studied. The structure of the world derivatives market is determined with the separation of its exchange and over-the-counter parts. The instrumental structure of the market is analyzed with the separation of the most popular underlying assets among the derivatives market participants. The author notes that the share of interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives is constantly growing, with an advantage on the side of interest rate derivatives. The paper determines that there is a gradual shift of trade from exchanges to the over-the-counter market in the market of interest derivatives due to the passage of transactions through central counterparties, as well as the growing share of electronic and automatic trading. Analysis of the dynamics of foreign exchange derivatives reveals that contracts increasingly include currencies that do not belong to the top four (USD, EUR, JPY, GBP). At the same time, the US dollar remains the leading currency in operations with interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives. The cross-border operations with derivatives are analyzed. The paper proves that the global nature of the modern derivatives market can be supported by the recognition and implementation of global standards and the cooperation of regulators around the world.
Sweet Potato Peel Flour Applications in The Textural Quality of Waffle Ice Cream Cone and Other Food Products
Authors: Mohd Dom Zanariah , Mohd Zulkeple Amin Nurul Atikah , Kadir Basha Roslizah
Published: December 2020

Sweet potatoes are nutritious vegetables commonly grown in Malaysia. However, its beneficial skins are mostly peeled and thrown away. The sweet potato peel has a slightly bitter taste with its good nutritional food value in producing healthy food products. In this study, sweet potato peel flour (SPPF) is added to the existing wheat flour in the formulation of ice cream waffle cones. The amount of wheat flour added in the mixture depends on the SPPF amount added. Preliminary study on the content of protein, moisture, crude fiber, protein, carbohydrate and fat were conducted and determined. Then, the SPPF was added based on the formulation of 5%, 10% and 15% addition to the wheat flour at 95%, 90% and 85%, respectively, in a batter mix formulation for the making of ice cream waffle cones. The control was made out of 100% wheat flour, in order to compare with the newly formulated ice cream waffle cones batter mixture. Addition of SPPF has impacted the quality of waffle ice cream cone in regards to its physicochemical properties such as colour, odour, tensile strength and textural properties. As the results, waffle cones of SPPF had lower value of L*, a* and b*, which turned darker than a controlled sample. The 5% formulation of sweet potato peel flour (SPPF) resulted to the highest crispiness of the waffle cones. Tensile strength of fiber materials in sweet potato peels flour became stable and balanced with the cone structure. Overall SPPF formulated waffle cones have passed the physical analysis and food applications’ requirements. As the SPPF have high value in water holding capacity, it can contribute to other food applications.
Financial Integration, Domestic Investment and Growth of Pakistan Economy
Authors: Gulzar Ali  , Awoesha Rahat  , Said Zamin Shah
Published: December 2020

This study, in the context of Pakistan, analyzes to which extent the financial integration and domestic investment are responsible for the phenomenal growth rate of Pakistan economy. The relationship is based on time series data covering a period from 1980 to 2018. In analytical techniques, the Augmented Dicky-Fuller unit root test for the stationarity of data, Johansen Co-integration for co-integrating factor, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for phenomenal relation between domestic investment, financial integration and growth of Pakistan economy were applied. The results obtained through regression analysis were statistically significant and showed the effective role of the causality of domestic investment and that of financial integration on the economic growth rate of Pakistan economy. The effect of political and economic stability captured through the dummy variable also shows an impressive role in the growth of Pakistan's economy. The study recommends that sturdy efforts are required of the government of Pakistan for target investment especially in the agriculture and manufacturing sector for a more fruitful outcome.
Effect of Scholarships on Students’ Social Development at University Level
Authors: Shabeena Shaheen  , Dr. Ziarab Mahmood  , Dr. Nazir Haider Shah
Published: December 2020

The major purpose of the study was to measure the effect of scholarships on students’ social development at the university level. The study was descriptive, and the survey method was applied for the collection of data. The population consisted of all teachers and students of public and private universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The total population of teachers in the public and private universities were 4073 and students were 101968. A stratified random sampling technique was applied for selecting the study sample. The researcher selected 525 teachers from public and private universities as well as 900 students from public and private universities. The researcher developed two questionnaires using a five-point Likert scale on the foundation of related literature and with the help of the supervisor. The validity of the instruments was checked by two experts in the field. The reliability of these instruments was determined through Cronbach’s alpha which was 0.832. Mean, standard deviation, t-test, and regression analysis were used for analyzing the data. It was found that scholarships are available at the public and private sector universities. It was also found that there was a significant effect of scholarships on students’ development. Therefore, it is recommended that scholarships may be spread on the university website, to guarantee students successful learning, higher education institutions will have to meet the challenges of student’s problems.
Adjustment in Instructional Techniques through Formative Assessment Data and Evidence
Authors: Mrs. Salima Begum  , Dr. Munazza Ambreen  , Dr. Nasrullah Khan
Published: December 2020

This paper highlights the significance of formative assessment data in adjusting instructional techniques in the classroom that lead to improving students’ learning. The study was conducted in a qualitative paradigm using a case study approach. Associate Degree in Education (ADE) Program, instructors, and students were the research participants in this study. Four data collection methods including document analyses, interviews, classroom observations, and focused group discussions. The use of different data collection methods enabled the researcher to triangulate data to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. The thematic analysis approach was used to analyze data. The study presented important findings which indicated that there was a strong connection between formative assessment strategies and instructional design. It was evident that the instructor recorded formative assessment data, systematically analyzed, categorized, and then drawn conclusions about instructional design as well as students learning outcomes. Instructor planned daily lessons with a strong alignment of formative assessment strategies and students learning. The study revealed that the implementation of different formative assessment strategies improved students’ communication, reading skills, writing skills, presentation, critical thinking, and problem-solving ability.
Khushal Khan Khattak Philosophy of Education
Authors: Dr. Niaz Muhammad Aajiz  , Dr. Khisro Kalim Raza  , Ghazala Naheed Baig
Published: December 2020

Khushal Khan Khattak believed that the meaning of education is hidden in the training of individuals.  He considers this training important for him from childhood to his death.  Moreover, he feels free from the boundary walls of a school or college.  In other words, he is a champion of informal education. For this purpose, he considers the entire earth as a school and all the things of the universe are teachers.  In this regard Khushal's ultimate reliance is upon the character building, Development of ego/self-respect, personality development, and inclusion of Moral values, leadership training, and acquiring different skills, required for complete living. Khushal Khan Khattak’s this belief and perception of education is very much in line with the educational definitions of different eminent educations and educational objectives. This is the reason that besides his other celebrated titles he got the unique title of an educationist as well.
The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Corporal Well-Being: Apparent Impact Matters: Assessment of Contagion to Developing Economies
Authors: Muhammad Shoaib Khan  , Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto  , Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Mangnejo
Published: December 2020

The effect of the monetary emergency on wellbeing (N = 312) is analyzed. Intra-singular setoffs, slant and quadratic parameters catching pay patterns, abstract monetary position, and saw worry during the time of physical wellbeing controlling the gauge wellbeing. For those encountering a decrease in money related status, a lessening in monetary status, and an expansion in saw pressure, they foresee more unfortunate wellbeing; neither the budgetary circumstance nor saw pressure predicts the soundness of the individuals who don't encounter this decay. Although we cannot meddle with relevant factors, for example, the monetary emergency, wellbeing results can be improved by focusing on the apparent effect and feelings of anxiety in individuals who feel influenced.
Perspectives of Working Children on their Education and Life Goals: A Case Study
Authors: Gouhar Pirzada  , Yaar Muhammad  , Faisal Anis
Published: December 2020

Despite several interventions from the public, private and NGO sectors, the sustainability of education for working children has always been a challenge in Pakistan. Setting life goals is the first step towards achieving them, and setting life goals itself is a life skill, not possessed by everyone. Children who possess this valuable skill tend to perform better in managing their careers, time, and life. A framework proposed by Cassandra Massey quite explicitly explains the various factors that working children need to consider and focus on while pursuing their life goals. It comprises eight attributes, including Self-care, Relationships, Money, Personal development, Home-life, Community, Passions, and Work-life. It is essential to know-how and to what extent these attributes affect the education and life goals of working children to understand their perspectives. The multiple case study research design was used in this study to illustrate the issue and getting similar and contrasting patterns from responses of the five cases. Findings from all five case studies that there exists a high determination and commitment towards education, and 4 out of 5 cases expressed there are high chances for them to be able to achieve their life goals. Based on findings various implications are discussed.
Tax Avoidance in Pakistan: Drivers and Necessary Policy Interventions
Authors: Dr. Sikandar Hussain Soomro  , Roshan Ali Umrani  , Dr. Imdad Ali Khowaja
Published: December 2020

Tax avoidance in Pakistan is extremely high, prompting a weakening in the monetary circumstance and an absence of arrangement of open administrations. The report breaks down four factors of expense resolve: sentiments of blame and disgrace; absence of trust in the administration; discernment about different residents who make good on assessments; and levels of set approvals, as factors of tax avoidance in the Republic of Pakistan. The work incorporates a review led through a poll disseminated among a deliberately chosen test of 400 salaried representatives to gather reactions that were dissected utilizing the t-test. The discoveries propose that the view of the utilization of cash, the components of disgrace, the impression of the consistent conduct of different residents, and the degree of authorizations influence tax avoidance. In any case, the factors of blame and view of defilement don't significantly affect shirking conduct. Some strategy mediation's to control the danger of tax avoidance have been proposed toward the finish of the archive. These approaches incorporate persuading citizens through strategies, for example, selling, forcing fines and punishments, and distributing the names of defaulters through the media and the duty office site.
Discursive Construction of Power Relations in Pashtun Society in Hamid Khan’s Short Story Badmash
Authors: Muhammad Ramzan  , Dr. Abdul Karim Khan
Published: December 2020

This paper deals with the critical exploration of Power in the Pashtun society depicted in Hamid Khan’s Badmash. The story was published in The Journal of the English Literary Club Department of English, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, and session 1982-1983. The story portrays the realistic picture of the Pashtun society where there is the rule of the powerful. Those who commit crimes and murders can grab every lucrative opportunity. They get very influential. This badly affects the younger generation as they are negatively influenced. Hamid Khan has a critical eye on the evils prevailed in the society. The researchers used Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the tool for critical investigation of the selected lines, passages, or excerpts which contain power exercise in every shape such as power through language, wealth, or through bodily strength. In this regard, Fairclough’s (1989) Three Dimensional Model (TDM) of CDA has been adopted for the analysis of the text.
Political / Power Structure and Vulnerability to Natural Disaster in North Western Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Ishaq  , Inam Ullah Leghari
Published: December 2020

The current study tries to explore the link between the power structure and vulnerability to natural disasters like flash floods in Chitral, situated in the northwest of Pakistan. Flash floods are common in northern areas of Pakistan because of the steep nature of the terrain, melting of glaciers, and torrential rain in summer. In the Chitral district, its effects are adverse because of dwelling patterns and scarcity of safe locations for living. Ethnographic research tool, participant observation, in-depth interviews, informal talking, were used to understand the relationship between the power structure/ political structure in the district and vulnerability to flash floods and its aftermaths. Descriptive analysis technique has been used to analyze the ethnographic data. In princely state lower status people used to be compensated through land.  In the locale of research, situated in upper Chitral, it has been observed that most of the low-status families are living in marginal locations making them vulnerable to flash floods. 2013 and 2015 flash floods data in the village of Reshun shows that majority of the affected families belong to low-status groups. Mainly it is the vulnerable location where these families are living. These families were not only affected more than upper-status people living in the village but the post-disaster situation was also worse for them in comparison to other parts of the village.
Social Elements of Agri-Expo Strategies Because of Momentary Fluctuation in Key Family and Network Prosperity Measures in Bangladesh and Pakistan
Authors: Sarmad Rahat  , Talaat Munir  , Amir Abbas Kazi
Published: December 2020

High-return social information accumulation can encourage improved review, progressively comprehensive detailing, and improved inconstancy catch over a period. In spite of the fact that there are instances of little investigations that catch explicit high recurrence factors in the sociology writing, there is so far no noteworthy exertion to gather a wide scope of high recurrence factors. We tried our first such endeavors with a deliberately fluctuating cell phone-based information accumulation approach the return of the investigation task and the update time frame, which enables one to dissect the general advantage of high recurrence information gathering for different key factors in family unit overviews. This overview of 482 ranchers from northwesterly Bangladesh for roughly 1 year of persistent information on key examination for family unit and network prosperity can be especially valuable in planning and assessing improvement intercessions and strategies. While the information talked about here give a concise review of what is conceivable, we likewise stress their capacity to give interdisciplinary research in family unit agribusiness, rehearses, regular yearning, and so forth., in a low-salary rural society.
Complex Classification of Second Language Motivation in English Language Learning: A Typological-Historical Critical Review
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Ishtiaq  , Dr. Muhammad Sabboor Hussain  , Hussain Ahmed
Published: December 2020

This theoretical paper aims to describe the complex nature of second language learning motivation, focusing on its types and history. Motivation is the process that accounts for a person's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards a goal-achievement. It is an essential phenomenon in almost every field of knowledge, including psychology, sociology, and education, to name a few. Several studies have been conducted on the role and rank of motivation in different contexts and knowledge fields. A large body of literature has also tried to relate motivation with a variety of variables. When it comes to second language learning, the vital role of motivation is indisputable. However, the more it is investigated, the more complex this construct comes to the surface. During the past few decades, its typological-historical critical review reveals that its fast-evolving phases have added to its complexity and importance at the same time. The paper concludes that motivation will remain a complex construct; however, more in-depth, comprehensive, and serious investigations may help us understand this phenomenon. This paper has opened some curious questions which demand further field investigation and research probing.
National Professional Standards for Teachers: Awareness, Perspective & Implementation in Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Mahmood Tariq  , Dr. Khushbakht Hina  , Arshad Mahmood Arshad
Published: December 2020

The main objective of the study was to investigate the perceptions of prospective teachers about the awareness of the implementation of national professional standards for teachers. The present study was descriptive followed by a survey method. The study was quantitative and the survey was used as the research design. The questionnaire was used as a research tool. Male and female prospective teachers of the pre-service teacher education program, B.Ed. (Hons.) Secondary of four public sector universities of Azad Kashmir session 2015-19 was the population of the study. The sample size was determined by using a stratified proportionate sampling technique. And the sample size was calculated by the Raosoft sample size determining formula. Thus the sample size was 196. In this study, the questionnaire was used as a research tool. All the statements of the questionnaire were according to the topic and objective of the study. The questionnaire was validated by the experts of the relevant field. According to the opinions and suggestions of the experts, statements were changed. The reliability of the questionnaire was measuring internal consistency by using Chronbach Alpha. Its value was found to 0.85. For data collection, a questionnaire was administered personally by the researcher to the sampled prospective teachers of the pre-service teacher education program B.Ed. (Hons.) Secondary of public sector universities of Azad Kashmir.
Inclusion of Civic Education in Social Studies Subject at Primary Level in AJK: A Perspective Study
Authors: Arshad Mahmood Arshad  , Dr. Khushbakht Hina  , Tariq Mahmood Tariq
Published: December 2020

The main objective of the study was to investigate the perceptions of social studies teachers about the execution of civic education in government girls and boys schools at the primary level in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. The present study was quantitative and the survey was used as the research design. 102 teachers of social studies of grade 4th and 5th from girls/boys primary schools of district Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, and Poonch AJK was the target population. The sample size was determined by using a stratified proportionate sampling technique and the sample size was calculated by online Raosoft sample size determining formula. Thus the sample size was 46. In the present study, a questionnaire was used as a research tool, and a questionnaire was developed based on a national curriculum document for social studies grade 4th and 5th will be used to investigate perceptions of social studies teachers. To validate items of the questionnaire, these were reviewed twice, once by a panel of experts in education and statistics. Ambiguous items and statements were omitted.  The reliability of the questionnaire was to find out through Cronbach Alpha. Its value was found at 0.85. For data collection, a questionnaire was administered to the sampled social studies teachers of grades 4th and 5th of District Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, and Poonch Azad Jammu & Kashmir by the researcher personally. Quantitative data analysis was performed by using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). And results were presented in the form of destructive, inferential statistics.
A Study of Alienation in Toni Morrison’s Sula: Passive Patriarchy, Marriage and Female Friendship
Authors: Dr. Shabeer Ahmad  , Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood  , Sajid Abbas
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the theme of alienation and female friendship in black women in Toni Morrison’s fiction. The female bonding is a possible way to deal with alienation which is caused by various factors as racial and social discriminations. This female bonding provides back women necessary support for mutual growth and assists them in combating various social pressures. However, it is argued here that this female friendship of black women in Morrison suffers from alienation in the long run. While foregrounding the healing power of female bonding which may allow women to survive under exploitation of various kinds, this paper brings for an argument that this female companionship nevertheless is corrupted by the power of explicit or implicit patriarchal forces working under the umbrella of social institutions of class and marriage. Hence the black women need to be on guard against all those forces which endanger the consistency of their mutual companionship.
Environmental Education and Practices in Canada, Turkey & Pakistan at Primary Level: A Content Analysis
Authors: Saba Tariq  , Dr. Sohaib Sultan  , Farkhunda Rasheed Choudhary
Published: December 2020

The current investigation was directed to analyze environmental education and practices in curriculum adopted in Pakistan, Turkey, and Canada at the primary level. For this purpose, General Science textbooks of the public schools in Ontario (Canada), Istanbul (Turkey), and Rawalpindi (Pakistan) were explored and their practical implementation was studied as primary data for the year 2008-2015. A close content analysis of the inscribed curriculum revealed that over time, Canada has taken significant steps to incorporate the elements of environmental awareness as their curricula and trained the teachers to deal effectively with environmental education, leading to creating awareness in problems and their solution among children regarding concepts of waste management, littering and sustainability. Topics related to awareness about reducing, recycle, reuse, and ecosystems were a vital part of the environmental curriculum and practices in Turkey. Exploring climate change and the environment was found to be part of the Science curriculum in Pakistan. However, the practical activities regarding environmental education were relatively less in Pakistan as the implementation of the curriculum is not in its mature stages. Comparison of the study reveals that incorporating environmental projects benefitting from national and international organizations in Pakistan would help as they have contributed constructively in creating awareness in the education sector in Turkey and Canada.
A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of Abulhawa's the Blue between Sky and Water
Authors: Zahoor Hussain  , Samiullah Khan  , Muhammad Ajmal
Published: December 2020

Palestinian literature received significance after Nakba (1948 Palestine-Israel war) and Naksa (1967 Arab-Israel war) and it laid an impact on Palestinian writers and there emerged a new form of literature called Palestinian American literature which got recognition in the 1990s internationally. After Nakba and Naksa many Palestinian families migrated to America. These Palestinians wrote literature in English that is called Palestinian-American literature. The aim of the stylistic analysis of Abulhawa's work to trace out how the writer constructs reality through lexical categories. This thesis also analyzes the work of Palestinian-American writer Abulhawa's novel, The Blue between Sky and Water, and focuses specifically on how the writer achieves her aims. At the same time, this stylistic analysis of The Blue between Sky and Water shed light on the use of Arabic words in English fiction which represent the culture and identity of the Palestinian nation. It explores the dilemma of Palestine that they become a foreigner in their native land. The researcher employed a mixed-method approach to conduct the present study. The researcher used Corpus stylistics tools to analyze the novel. The researcher traced around 6288 concrete nouns and 1634 abstract nouns from the sample respectively. The extensive use of concrete nouns showed that the main purpose of the writer was to get homeland and this piece of writing was not only art for art sake rather art for life's sake. The researcher traced out around 1400 adjectives from the sample of study.
Pengaruh Kecepatan Pendinginan Baja Fasa Ganda Fe-Ni hasil Tempa Panas terhadap Struktur Mikro dan Nilai Kekerasan
Authors: Hasbi Muhammad Yunan , Romijarso Toni Bambang , Paristiawan Permana Andi
Published: December 2020

Kebutuhan material baja dengan berbagai kombinasi sifat mekanik menjadi isu yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan teknologi pada berbagai bidang. Kombinasi sifat mekanik tersebut dapat diwujudkan antara lain melalui mekanisme modifikasi fasa atau struktur mikro dalam suatu material. Berbagai teknik untuk memodifikasi fasa telah banyak dikembangkan, salah satu diantaranya melalui proses perlakuan panas.  Penelitian ini membahas  pengaruh variasi penggunaan media pendingin terhadap struktur mikro dan nilai kekerasan baja Fe-Ni. Sampel baja yang digunakan merupakan baja hasil proses tempa panas dengan pembebanan 100 ton pada suhu 1000°C. Sampel baja hasil tempa dipanaskan kembali pada suhu diantara Ac1 dan Ac3 yaitu 780 °C selama 1 jam. Kemudian masing-masing sampel dilanjutkan dengan proses pendinginan menggunakan beberapa media pendingin diantaranya udara, oli dan air. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, sampel baja as-cast dan baja pendinginan udara memiliki struktur mikro berupa ferit-perlit. Fasa ganda ferit-martensit terbentuk pada sampel dengan pendingin oli dan air dengan morfologi dan fraksi area yang berbeda. Bentuk fasa martensit yang dihasilkan media pendingin air cenderung berbentuk lath halus, sedangkan media pendingin oli menghasilkan fasa martensit berbentuk blok. Selanjutnya, fraksi area fasa ferit-martensit yang terbentuk juga dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan pendinginan. Fraksi area martensit memiliki kecenderungan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan kecepatan pendinginan. Kondisi tersebut berpengaruh terhadap nilai kekerasan; sampel baja hasil pendinginan dengan media air memiliki nilai kekerasan tertinggi yaitu 520 HV.
Pemanfaatan Sistem Hibrid Fotovoltaik – PLN Pada Elektrolisis Kontinyu untuk Menghasilkan Hidrogen
Authors: Widiatmoko Pramujo , Bustomi Tatto , Ikhsan Muhammad Mara , Ahmad Rizky Eka , Nurdin Isdiriayani , Devianto Hary
Published: December 2020

Produksi hidrogen melalui elektrolisis menggunakan energi matahari sangat potensial di Indonesia, namun terkendala oleh ketidakstabilan penyinaran matahari. Penggunaan sumber listrik konvensional sebagai komplementer dapat mengatasi ketidakstabilan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, elektrolisis air dilakukan dalam sel dengan ruang ganda dengan elektrolit larutan KOH 3 M. Variasi dilakukan terhadap jenis dan bentuk elektroda serta laju alir elektrolit. Sumber energi listrik divariasikan dengan sumber listrik konvensional dari PLN, modul fotovoltaik, serta hibrid dari kedua sistem tersebut. Kinerja elektrolisis dianalisis dengan mengukur volum hidrogen yang terbentuk, rapat energi yang dibutuhkan, serta efisiensi arus listrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan sistem hibrid dapat menstabilkan produksi hidrogen untuk elektrolisis pada tegangan 15 V selama 7 jam operasi. Dibandingkan dengan penggunaan listrik PLN sepenuhnya, sistem hibrid memberikan peluang penghematan energi hingga 81,64%.
Reagent treatment of bild water in ship separators
Authors: Берёза И.Г. , Зеленков Г.А. , Шацкова Е.И.
Published: December 2020

В работе представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований флотационной очистки судовых льяльных вод.
Установлена целесообразность предварительной реагентной обработки судовых льяльных вод, направляемых на флотационную очистку. В качестве реагентов апробированы высокомолекулярные флокулянты: Праестол 852, Праестол 853 и К 1020. Определен наиболее эффективный флокулянт – Праестол 852.
Обоснована целесообразность применения во флотационных машинах судовых сепараторов диспергаторов воздуха, выполненных из синтетического каучука. Использование синтетического каучука позволяет повысить эффективность извлечения нефтяных загрязнений, а также обеспечить бесперебойность и долговечность работы установки.
Методом анализа размерностей получено критериальное уравнение процесса флотации нефтяных загрязнений из раствора льяльных вод. Исследовано влияние следующих технологических параметров процесса: интенсивности подачи воздуха, высоты слоя обрабатываемой жидкости, физико-химических характеристик жидкости, расхода воздуха и льяльной воды. Разработана математическая модель процесса флотации. Определены оптимальные параметры процесса.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of flotation treatment of ship bilge waters.
The expediency of preliminary reagent treatment of ship bilge water sent for flotation treatment has been established. High molecular weight flocculants were tested as reagents: Praestol 852, Praestol 853. K 1020. The most effective flocculant, Praestol 852, has been determined.
The expediency of using in flotation machines of ship separators of air dispersers made of synthetic rubber has been substantiated. The use of synthetic rubber makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the extraction of oil contaminants, as well as to ensure the uninterrupted and durable operation of the installation.
The criterion equation of the process of flotation of oil pollution from a bilge water solution was obtained by the method of dimensional analysis. The influence of the following technological parameters of the process was investigated: the intensity of the air supply, the height of the treated liquid layer, the physicochemical characteristics of the liquid, the air and bilge water consumption. A mathematical model of the flotation process has been developed. The optimal parameters of the process have been determined.