bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A enfermagem e o ser no mundo em terapia hemodialítica: estudo fenomenológico
Authors: Silva Dejanilton Melo , Silva Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade , Pereira Eliane Ramos
Published: December 2016

Objetivos: compreender o ser no mundo enquanto sujeito em terapia hemodialítica  para  proposição  de  cuidado  humano  em  sua  dimensão  estética;  listar  as percepções dos sujeitos portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC) acerca da dimensão estética  de  seu  corpo  em  relação  aos  cuidados  recebidos  na  terapia  hemodialítica; propor  cuidados  de  enfermagem  a  partir  das  percepções  da  corporeidade  do  ser  no mundo em terapia hemodialítica na dimensão estética. Método: Estudo fenomenológico, descritivo-exploratório e qualitativo. Cenário: clínica de hemodiálise do estado do Rio de Janeiro. População: 163 usuários da clínica. Serão incluídos os maiores de dezoito anos, em  terapia  hemodialítica  pela  técnica  de  punção  ropeladder  há  pelo  menos  dois  anos. Estima-se uma amostra de 80 sujeitos, número correspondente ao total de pacientes em uso  da  técnica  de  ropeladder,  os  quais  serão  convidados  pessoalmente  a  participar  da pesquisa.  Os  dados  serão  coletados  por  entrevista  fenomenológica  e  tratados  segundo proposta de Amedeo Giorgio.
The Marikana Massacre, labour and capitalism: Towards a Ricoeurian alternative
Authors: Boëttger Jaco , Rathbone Mark
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this article is to critically discuss the tragedy that occurred between 11 and 16 August 2012 at the Lonmin Mine in Marikana, South Africa. Although the events leading up to the Marikana massacre were complex and not one single factor was responsible for the tragedy we will focus on the philosophical and anthropological aspect that may have influenced the breakdown of engagement between the management of Lonmin and workers. It will be argued that this breakdown may have been the result of reductionist anthropological trends that arise in capitalism. These trends selectively utilize modern economic principles to advance the profit motive of business and dehumanises workers. This dehumanisation is clear in the view of workers by the Lonmin management and breakdown of communication. In order to provide an alternative anthropology the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur with special reference to his work Fallible man (1986) is explored and applied as an alternative anthropology for the reductionist trends related to labour that sporadically arise in capitalism. This offers a balanced view that incorporates the aim of responsible business to make profit with that of a sustainable labour market.

Die doel van hierdie artikel is om ‘n kritiese bespreking te doen van die tragedie wat tussen 11 en 16 Augustus 2012 afgespeel het by die Lonmin-myn in Marikana, Suid-Afrika. Hoewel die gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die Marikana-slagting kompleks is en nie gereduseer kan word tot een enkele faktor wat verantwoordelik was vir die tragedie nie, sal ons fokus op die filosofiese en antropologiese aspekte wat gelei het tot die ineenstorting van die kommunikasie tussen die bestuur van Lonmin en die werkers. Daar sal aangevoer word dat hierdie ineenstorting die gevolg kon wees van reduksionistiese antropologiese neigings wat binne die raamwerk van kapitalisme ontwikkel. Hierdie neigings maak op ‘n selektiewe basis gebruik van modern ekonomiese beginsels om die winsmotief van besighede te bevorder, en dit lei tot die ontmensliking van die werker. Hierdie ontmensliking is duidelik sigbaar uit die oogpunt van die werkers teenoor die agtergrond van die Lonmin-bestuur en die ineenstorting van kommunikasie tussen die partye. Om ‘n alternatiewe antropologie voor te stel, word ondersoek ingestel na die filosofie van Paul Ricoeur, met spesifieke verwysing na sy werk Fallible man (1986) en dit word toegepas as ‘n alternatiewe antropologie vir die reduksionistiese neigings wat saamhang met arbeid soos wat dit sporadies in kapitalisme opduik. Dit bied ‘n gebalanseerde gesigspunt wat die doel van verantwoordelike besighedspraktyke (om wins te maak) inkorporeer met ‘n volhoubare arbeidsmark.
La tortuga en Tabasco: comida, identidad y representación
Authors: Guevara Chumacero Miguel , Pichardo Fragoso Alejandra , Martínez C ornelio Monserrat
Published: December 2016

Históricamente, la tortuga ha formado parte importante de la gastronomía tabasqueña. El reciente hallazgo del consumo de tortuga en un contexto prehispánico del periodo Clásico Terminal en la región de Tabasco nos ha encaminado a realizar la identificación taxonómica de las especies de tortuga que se consumían, además de estudiar las referencias iconográficas y fuentes históricas de la representación que los mayas han plasmado de este animal. La investigación concretó la existencia de un arraigado consumo que pensamos está vinculado directamente con la identidad de un grupo social dentro de un contexto cultural definido que persiste hoy en día, aún dentro de un periodo de crisis en el que la tortuga se ha convertido en un animal en peligro de extinción.
El noreste de El Petén, aportes al urbanismo prehispánico
Authors: Quintana Samayoa Oscar Antonio
Published: December 2016

En 1987 se inició un registro de la condición del patrimonio edificado en el cuadrante noreste de Petén, Guatemala. El estudio abarcó varios temas, y uno de ellos fue recopilar en forma de plantas arquitectónicas esquemáticas y proyecciones isométricas el espacio construido en 128 sitios arqueológicos. La metodología utilizada para el análisis espacial de las ciudades mayas se basó en trabajos similares realizados en el área maya por diversos especialistas. Entre los resultados podemos decir que identificamos 34 tipos diversos de edificaciones, con 87 variantes, los cuales podrán ayudar a definir el estilo arquitectónico propio del noreste de Petén.
Roberto Romero Sandoval (ed.), Cuevas y cenotes mayas: una mirada multidisciplinaria. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas, 2016, 195 pp.
Authors: Somohano Eres Ana
Published: December 2016

En 2016 se publica el libro Cuevas y cenotes mayas; una mirada multidisciplinaria en el Centro de Estudios Mayas de la Universidad Autónoma de México, producto de la mesa "Los umbrales del inframundo maya: cuevas y cenotes", celebrada en el contexto del IX Congreso Internacional de Mayistas. La presente reseña revisa los aportes de los seis escritos que integran este volumen.
Lipstick Clapsticks: A yarn and a Kiki with an Aboriginal drag queen
Authors: Farrell Andrew
Published: December 2016

With Aboriginal drag queens you never just “spin a yarn”—you have a Kiki. As depicted in the film Paris Is Burning (Livingston, 2005), having a “Kiki” means to discuss, chatter, gossip, and have a good time with your “good Judys”, your girlfriends. It is a term created by transgender and Queer people of colour that I respectfully adopt in sharing my stories and experiences as a Queer-identified Aboriginal Australian who practices and enjoys the multifaceted art of drag transformation and performance. In the spirit of a Kiki, this article will give you an insight into my world as a gender-defying Queer Aboriginal drag queen.
Mudjil'Dya'Djurali Dabuwa'Wurrata (How the White Waratah Became Red): D'harawal storytelling and Welcome to Country “controversies”
Authors: Bodkin-Andrews Gawaian , Bodkin Aunty Frances , Andrews Uncle Gavin , Whittaker Alison
Published: December 2016

The overarching purpose of this paper is to critically engage with non-Indigenous representations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Welcome to Country ceremonies, particularly within the conservative mainstream media and academic setting. The foundations of the paper will be drawn from both the critical Indigenous standpoint theories of white pathology by Moreton-Robinson (2015) and colonial storytelling by Behrendt (2016). Both these theories suggest that, too often, non-Indigenous representations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are more a reflection of non-Indigenous ideologies than accurate portrayals of Indigenous positionings. Further, an ancestral D'harawal Law Story will be utilized to reveal that Welcome to Country ceremonies, despite their contemporary adaptations under colonization, may be considered an essential contextual representation of Australia's true history prior to colonization, and thus should not be dismissed due to ideological misrepresentations or even tampered with by a colour-blind rhetoric.
Striking the Right Chord: Indigenous people and the love of country
Authors: Carlson Bronwyn
Published: December 2016

Many Aboriginal Australians have participated in, and take pleasure from, country music. Country music has provided a vehicle for Aboriginal people to tell our stories and assert our connection to “Country”—a term used to describe our ancestral lands. Country music is often associated with such terms as “redneck” and “hillbilly” (Malone, 2006) and is often associated with White working class. However, Indigenous participation in the country music genre disrupts this assumption. Indigenous people as both consumers and producers derive a great deal of pleasure from the country music genre. This paper will explore the appropriation of country music by Aboriginal Australians and Native Americans who continue to express their histories, beliefs and connection to Country through country music.
Embodying an Imagined other through Rebellion, Resistance and Joy: Mardi Gras Indians and Black indigeneity
Authors: Guthrie Ricardo
Published: December 2016

This article examines embodied double and triple consciousness expressed by African Americans who reflect Indigenous and transplanted African/Indian heritages while performing as Mardi Gras “Indians” in New Orleans. Moving beyond simplistic dichotomies of “Africanness” and “indigeneity,” Black Indians produce sustained historical and cultural identities which reinforce Afro-indigeneity to overcome oppressive conditions while creating a foundation for resilience. Mardi Gras Indians perform ritual parades and complex acts of resistance and joy—playfully appropriating and adapting African, Indian and American cultures to interrogate hybrid identities beyond Black/White paradigms. The playful ambiguities—and mocking stereotypical images of savage Indians and Africans—continue to be displayed through music, art and pop cultural expressions well into the post-Katrina era. An examination of Black Indians through a cultural-historical analysis sets the stage for a reassessment of popular culture and the HBO TV series Treme (Simon, 2010–2013)—specifically its use of fictive, triple-conscious imaginaries which give life to vibrant, joyful expressions of resistance.
Study of Unwanted Emissions Generated by Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids and their Influence over Narrow Band Power Line Communications
Authors: Uribe-Pérez Noelia , Angulo Itziar , Hernández Luis , Arzuaga Txetxu , De La Vega David , Arrinda Amaia
Published: December 2016

Distributed Energy Resources might have a severe influence on Power Line Communications, as they can generate interfering signals and high frequency emissions or supraharmonics that may cause loss of metering and control data. In this paper, the influence of various energy resources on Narrowband Power Line Communications is described and analyzed through several test measurements performed in a real microgrid. Accordingly, the paper describes the effects on smart metering communications through MAC layer analysis. Results show that the commutation frequency of inverters and the presence of battery chargers are remarkable sources of disturbance in low voltage distribution networks. In this sense, the results presented can contribute to efforts towards standardization and normative of emissions at higher frequencies higher, such as CENELEC EN 50160 and IEC/TS 62749.
Sustaining Regional Advantages in Manufacturing: Skill Accumulation of Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in the Coastal Area of China
Authors: Zhu Huasheng , Feng Junwei , Wang Maojun , Xu Fan
Published: December 2016

Extant research pays little attention to migrant workers’ skill accumulation/upgrading from the perspective of the labor supply. This paper takes China as an example to explore the factors influencing skill accumulation of rural-urban migrant workers (RUMWs), with a purpose to discover how to sustain or reshape regional competitive advantage through improving RUMWs’ skill accumulation. Structured questionnaire surveys were adopted for data collection in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province and Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province located in the Yangtze River Delta in the east of China. 900 questionnaires were issued and 491 effective questionnaires were recovered totally. This paper takes a perspective of global production networks, and gets a broad viewpoint containing intra-firm coordination, inter-firm partnership and extra-firm bargaining with non-firm actors, beyond what the extant literature on laborers’ human capital focuses on. The ﬁnding indicates that firms’ skill-oriented preference, which concerns about employees’ skills and innovation ability and stimulates them to learn initiatively, have a significant influence on RUMWs’ skill accumulation. In terms of collective efficiency based on co-competitive relationship between local firms, the more intensive interactions are, the more opportunities of skill accumulation RUMWs get. The accessibility of local institutions and favorable policies benefit RUMWs’ skill accumulation. Besides, the place itself, as a synthesized space of labor-management relations inside a firm and inter-organization relations, exerts an influence on and cause the regional differences in RUMWs’ skill accumulation.
Immunization with E Plus NS1-2a Enhanced Protection against Dengue Virus Serotype 2 in Mice
Authors: Wu Yanhua , Fang Shuyu , Cui Xiaoyun , Gao Na , Fan Dongying , An Jing
Published: December 2016

Dengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue fever (DF), is one of the most important mosquito-borne viruses that can infect humans. Although much effort has been made on prevention and control of dengue, there are currently no anti-viral drugs or worldwide approved vaccines yet. In this study, we immunized six-week-old Balb/c mice with DNA vaccine candidates E and NS1-2a of DENV serotype 2 or the combination of them (E+NS1-2a) via an electroporation (EP)-assisted intramuscular gene delivery system and evaluated the immune response and protection. The highest specific antibody titres and cytokine levels secreted by splenocytes as well as the highest survival rate were observed in the E+NS1-2a group, followed by E group and NS1-2a group. Our data suggested that the combination of E and NS1-2a delivered by EP may be a superior preventive strategy against DENV.
Modeling and Kinetics of Bioconversion and Chemical Properties (Wine and Vinegar) from Banana Pulp By-Products
Authors: Tanaka Cyntia  Akemi , Ruzon Flávia Imanishi , Miranda Lucas Caldeirão Rodrigues , Galvan Diego , Spinosa Wilma Aparecida , Castro-Goméz Raúl Jorge Hernan
Published: December 2016

The alcoholic fermentation process with agitation/static, followed by the acetic fermentation submerged in banana was evaluated. Kinetics parameters of alcoholic fermentation for the maximum ethanol/glycerol metabolites in agitated process was 29 and 27 h, and in static 47 and 45 h, respectively. For acetic fermentation, the kinetics parameters were medium time of 39.9 h, acetic acid yield of 53.1% and acetic acid productivity of 0.216 g/Lh. Wines from agitated/static process presented 5.73 and 6.81% (v/v) of alcohol content, respectively. Wine obtained by the static process presented higher concentrations of volatile compounds. The vinegar showed 49.2 g/L of acetic acid and the esters concentrations were higher than in wine. The wine and vinegar minerals were consistent with amount observed in the pulp, with an increase in sulphur concentration after alcoholic fermentation and decrease after acetic fermentation. Products showed chemical and composition of sensory and nutritional interest.
VRP-GMRES(m) Iteration Algorithm for Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method
Authors: Yu Chunxiao , Ren Cuihuan , Bai Xueting
Published: December 2016

To solve large scale linear equations involved in the Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method (FM-BEM) efficiently, an iterative method named the generalized minimal residual method (GMRES)(m)algorithm with Variable Restart Parameter (VRP-GMRES(m) algorithm) is proposed. By properly changing a variable restart parameter for the GMRES(m) algorithm, the iteration stagnation problem resulting from improper selection of the parameter is resolved efficiently. Based on the framework of the VRP-GMRES(m) algorithm and the relevant properties of generalized inverse matrix, the projection of the error vector rm+1 on rm is deduced. The result proves that the proposed algorithm is not only rapidly convergent but also highly accurate. Numerical experiments further show that the new algorithm can significantly improve the computational efficiency and accuracy. Its superiorities will be much more remarkable when it is used to solve larger scale problems. Therefore, it has extensive prospects in the FM-BEM field and other scientific and engineering computing.
Line-Based Registration of Panoramic Images and LiDAR Point Cloud for Mobile Mapping
Authors: Cui Tingting , Ji Shunping , Shan Jie , Gong Jianya , Liu Kejian
Published: December 2016

For multi-sensor integrated systems, such as a mobile mapping system (MMS), data fusion at sensor-level, i.e., the 2D-3D registration between optical camera and LiDAR, is a prerequisite for higher level fusion and further applications. This paper proposes a line-based registration method for panoramic images and LiDAR point cloud collected by a MMS. We first introduce the system configuration and specification, including the coordinate systems of the MMS, the 3D LiDAR scanners, and the two panoramic camera models. We then establish the line-based transformation model for panoramic camera. Finally, the proposed registration method is evaluated for two types of camera models by visual inspection and quantitative comparison. The results demonstrate that the line-based registration method can significantly improve the alignment of the panoramic image and LiDAR datasets under either the ideal spherical or the rigorous panoramic camera model, though the latter is more reliable.
Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Mo-40Ni-13Si Multiphase Intermetallic Alloy
Authors: Song Chunyan , Wang Shuhuan , Gui Yongliang , Cheng Zihao , Ni Guolong
Published: December 2016

Intermetallic compounds are increasingly being expected to utilize in tribological environments, but to date the works are hindered by insufficient ductility at low and medium temperature. This paper presents a novel multiphase intermetallic alloy with the chemical composition of Mo-40Ni-13Si (at.%). Microstructure characterization reveals that a certain amount of ductile Mo phases formed during the solidification process of ternary Mo-Ni-Si alloy melt, which is undoubtedly beneficial to the ductility improvement of intermetallic alloy. Tribological properties of the designed alloy, including wear resistance, friction coefficient and metallic tribological compatibility, were evaluated under dry sliding wear test conditions at room temperature. Results suggested that the multiphase alloy possesses an excellent property for room-temperature wear applications, which is attributed to the unique microstructural features and thereby good combination in hardness and ductility. The corresponding wear mechanism is also reported by observing the worn surface, subsurface and wear debris of alloy, which to be found is soft abrasive wear.
Innovations in Detection of Deliberate or Accidental Contamination with Biological Agents in Environment and Foods
Authors: Poltronieri Palmiro
Published: December 2016

In 2016, two special issues have been launched and attended in this journal, "Challenges in New Technologies for Security" (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/challenges/special_issues/tech_security) and “Food Microbiology: Technologies and processes, microbiology analysis methods, and antimicrobials” (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/challenges/special_issues/food-microbiology). In this editorial, I will review one of the topics of biological hazards detection, i.e. the rapid analysis of biological agents (DNA and antigens of fungi, bacteria, and viruses) and their toxins.
Value Assigned to Employees who Preserve the Social and Organizational Environment
Authors: Mazilescu Crisanta-Alina , Gangloff Bernard
Published: December 2016

In this study we were interested in the behaviors of individuals who preserve the social and organizational environment by ensuring sustainability. More specifically we are interested in allegiants behaviors. Numerous studies have highlighted the normative character of allegiance. To confer an object the status of social norm means to assign value (in terms of desirability and utility) to that object. Therefore we questioned the value attributed to allegiance. 170 employees were questioned on the desirability and utility they attribute to a future work colleague (future peer or future subordinate) starting from the answers the latter was supposed to have given to a questionnaire on allegiance. It was observed that desirability and utility make reference to two independent dimensions, utility being often more important. It was also noted there is greater severity assigned to endo-group targets (future peers) than to exo-group targets (future subordinates). Finally, it was noted there was not so much a valuation of allegiant targets, but rather a rejection of rebel targets, which raises the question of the bi-dimensionality of the valuation-devaluation process.
KAPASITAS PENYULUH PERTANIAN DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PERTANIAN DI JAWA TIMUR
Authors: Sunartomo Aryo Fajar
Published: December 2016

ABSTRAK

Provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan salah penyedia produk-produk pertanian. Oleh karena itu penguatan sektor pertanian melalui program peningkatan produktifitas perlu dilakukan dimana salah satunya berhubungan dengan peran penyuluh pertanian. Tujuan dari kegiatan penelitian ini adalah mengukur kinerja penyuluh pertanian dalam rangka meningkatkan produktifitas pertanian di Jawa Timur. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan/metode deskriptif, analitik dan korelasional. Daerah penelitian dilaksanakan secara purposive method pada 4 (empat) kabupaten di Jawa Timur, yaitu Jember, Banyuwangi, Nganjuk, dan Kediri. kinerja penyuluh pertanian dalam rangka peningkatan produksi pertanian Di Jawa Timur memiliki kategori sangat baik. Strategi Kebijakan Penyuluhan yang tepat untuk meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian adalah meningkatkan program-program terkait kelembagaan, kuantitas dan kualitas penyuluh serta perbaikan kelembagaan kelompok tani. Tujuan yang harus dicapai adalah peningkatan mutu penyuluhan pertanian, sasaran dari tujuan tersebut adalah peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas penyuluh melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan, serta pemberdayaan kelompok tani.

 

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CAPACITY IN EFFORTS TO INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN EAST JAVA

ABSTRACT

East Java province is one of provider agricultural products. Therefore, the strengthening of the agricultural sector through productivity improvement programs need to be done one which relates to the role of agricultural extension. The purpose of this research activity is to measure the performance of agricultural extension in order to increase agricultural productivity in East Java. This research approach using the approach / method descriptive, analytical and correlational. Research area by purposive method in 4 (four) districts in East Java, that are Jember, Banyuwangi, Nganjuk and Kediri. Agricultural Extension Performance in order to increase agricultural production in East Java has a very good category. Right Extension Policy Strategy to improve agricultural productivity is improving programs related to institutional, quantity and quality of the extension and improvement of farmers groups. Goals to be achieved are improving the quality of agricultural extension, the target of these objectives is to increase the quality and quantity of extension through education and training, as well as the empowerment of farmer groups.
Diagnostics of approximal caries – literature review
Authors: Berczyński Paweł , Gmerek Anna , Buczkowska-Radlińska Jadwiga
Published: December 2016

Najważniejszym problemem we współczesnej kariologii jest wczesna diagnostyka zmian próchnicowych, ponieważ tylko szybko wykryta zmiana może być leczona minimalnie interwencyjnie. Na powierzchniach stycznych jest to szczególnie trudne zadanie, m.in. z powodu ich anatomii, późno występu‑ jących dolegliwości bólowych i skąpych objawów klinicznych. Nowoczesne metody diagnostyczne bardzo ułatwiają codzienną pracę lekarza dentysty, często wykrywając zmiany niewidoczne w badaniu wizualnym. Praca stanowi przegląd piśmiennictwa na temat współczesnych metod, które można zastosować do diagnozowania próchnicy powierzchni stycznych.
Periodontal status of Szczecin citizens aged 35–44 years according to the Community Periodontal Index
Authors: Dembowska Elżbieta , Jakubowska‑Kocór Urszula , Samulak‑Zielińska Renata , Sosińska Katarzyna , Czuryszkiewicz‑Cyrana Janina , Suwała Mariusz
Published: December 2016

Wstęp: Celem badania była ocena stanu przyzębia mieszkańców Szczecina przy użyciu Community Periodontal Index (CPI) oraz porównanie otrzymanych wyników z danymi pochodzącymi z wybranych krajów Europy i świata.Materiał i metody: W badaniach uczestniczyło 250 osób w wieku 35–44 lat wybranych metodą losowania dwuwarstwowego spośród mieszkańców Szczecina. Stan przyzębia badanych oce‑ niany był przy użyciu wskaźnika CPI w Zakładzie Periodontologii Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Szczecinie, a uzyskane wyniki zostały porównane z wybranymi badaniami populacji Polski oraz dostępnymi danymi z całego świata.Wyniki: Zaledwie 4,4% badanych posiadało zdrowe przyzębie (CPI = 0), w tym 5,76% kobiet i tylko 2,7% mężczyzn. U kobiet częściej stwierdzano krwawienie podczas zgłębnikowania (17,99%) oraz obecność kamienia nad‑ i poddziąsłowego (20,41%). Najwięcej osób (44,8%) miało kieszonki przyzębne o głębokości 3,5–5,5 mm, wśród nich 45,32% kobiet oraz 44,14% mężczyzn, w przeciwieństwie do kieszonek o głębokości powyżej 6 mm, które częściej występowały u mężczyzn (25,23%) niż kobiet (10,79%). Badania prowadzone w Polsce w 1987 r. pokazały, że osób ze zdrowym przyzębiem było zaledwie 0,7%; ich liczba wzrosła do 6,3% w 1995 r. Porównując dane dotyczące częstości występowania kodu CPI = 0 z wynikami zawartymi w bazie Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, można stwierdzić, że te otrzymane w badaniu własnym są niższe od tych z Japonii (18% zdro‑ wych) i Hiszpanii (15%), ale wyższe niż z Wielkiej Brytanii (4%) oraz Chin (0%).Wnioski: Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników można stwierdzić, że w Polsce wzrasta odsetek osób cierpiących na chorobę przyzębia, podobnie jak w krajach rozwiniętych z całego świata.
Kształtowanie się współczesnego paradygmatu niepełnosprawności
Authors: Kolwitz Marcin , Radlińska Iwona
Published: December 2016

Celem pracy było ukazanie ewolucji paradygmatu niepełnosprawności związanego zarówno z dyskursem naukowym, jak i zmianami społeczno‑obyczajowymi. Problem ludzi niepełnosprawnych istnieje od początków cywilizacji, a wraz z jej rozwojem ewoluowało samo pojęcie niepełnosprawności. Indywidualny problem chorego z czasem zaczął być traktowany jako problem medyczny związany z chorobą i jej skutkami fizycznymi oraz psychicznymi. Po II wojnie światowej nastąpiły znaczące zmiany w postrzeganiu problemu niepełnosprawności i osób niepełnosprawnych, co było związane z powstaniem socjologii medycyny i pojawieniem się nowego opisu zjawiska choroby. Nowy dyskurs dotyczący niepełnosprawnych spowodował, że osoby te zaczęły coraz częściej zabierać głos w debacie publicznej. Miało to z kolei wpływ na postawy społeczeństwa i politykę społeczną wobec osób niepełnosprawnych. Ewolucja modelu niepełnosprawności spowodowała więc, że zaczęto traktować to zjawisko jako problem społeczny rzutujący na funkcjonowanie całego społeczeństwa.
Simulation of Chemical EOR Processes for the Ratqa Lower Fars Heavy Oil Field in Kuwait: Multi-Scenario Results and Discussions
Authors: Al-Murayri M. T. , Hassan A. A. , Al-Tameemi N. M. , Lara R. G. , Al-Sane A. , Suzanne G. , Lantoine M.
Published: December 2016

This paper presents the results of a multi-scenario approach that involves the simulation of chemical EOR processes (polymer- and surfactant-based) for the Ratqa Lower Fars heavy oil (200-1000 cP) field in Kuwait, in order to evaluate the viability of implementing an appropriate chemical EOR strategy. Both technical and economic results are discussed.

The approach used involves the simulation of various chemical EOR scenarios (injection of chemical slugs with different durations and concentrations) using several wells patterns (inverted 5-spot, inverted 9-spot, inverted 7-spot with vertical wells, line-drive with horizontal wells) covering various sizes in terms of area. Preliminary simulations of depletion and waterflooding scenarios were also conducted, as base cases to be compared to.

Hundreds of EOR scenarios were hence simulated and compared using economic indicators such as the final recovery factor and the cost of chemicals per additional barrel of oil produced, compared to the waterflooding base case scenario.

The analysis of the different simulated scenarios shows that due to injectivity issues (low maximum injection pressure to prevent the shale cap rock from being fractured), inverted patterns (inverted 9-spot and especially inverted 7-spot) had to be considered to enhance overall performance and reach promising recovery factors using chemical EOR methods.

It is also shown that the impact of the pattern area for the same pattern type (inverted 7-spot configuration) is of paramount importance to the final recovery factor obtained after a fixed simulation duration (20 years in the present case). While the overall efficiency of each EOR process - in terms of recovery factor as a function of the injected solution expressed in pore volume - is kept similar when varying the pattern area, the pattern size is directly linked to the final recovery. Indeed when the pattern area is increased, a smaller volume (in terms of pore volume) of chemical solution can be injected in a fixed timeframe.

Finally, the use of simplified economic indicators allowed comparing different EOR processes (polymer and surfactant-polymer) and potential patterns in order to find the most promising configuration in preparation for field implementation.

The proposed approach is new as it presents and discusses for the first time the results of a detailed simulation study to evaluate the potential application of chemical EOR processes at the Ratqa Lower Fars heavy oil field in Kuwait. The results of this study are promising and clearly demonstrate the potential applicability of chemical EOR processes in similar heavy oil reservoirs.
Modelling Complex Heavy Oil Reservoir System in Kuwait: Integration of Genetic Stratigraphy in Petrophysical Rock-Type Classification
Authors: Ferdous H. , Choudhary P. , Ahmad K. , Dohaiem K. , Saikia P. , Bagheri M. , Haqqan H. , Ahmad F. , Collinson J. , Van Der Wal J. , Abolghassemi B.
Published: December 2016

Complex fluid distribution pattern being investigated in a shallow unconsolidated viscous oil bearing multi-layered sandstone reservoir system in North Kuwait using the "Rock Type" classification approach. These rock types are characterized by petrophysical properties that can be linked to genetic stratigraphy, depositional lithofacies, and secondary diagenesis to recognizing Rock Type framework using an integrated geomodel building approach. The concept that "Rock Type" is a product of rock fabrics to form a link between geologic description and petrophysical properties; thus there is a predictable relationship between petrophysics and stratigraphy. To capture such complexity, we use core-based rock-fabric method to determine and map reservoir characterization variations fieldwide. Identifying these complex variations in petrophysical relationships by geological cycle provides a strong quantitative basis for developing an accurate framework for flow modeling and simulation.

In this paper, Rock Type is based on about 150 well core data and later propagated to over 800 well logs. Ten primary lithotypes have been predicted using Self Organizing Maps (SOM) and a Cluster Analysis Model. They are defined based on core analysis data using Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) parameters, capillary pressure, water saturation, core porosity and permeability, in order to assess the effectiveness of the combined model. These petrophysically defined distinct lithotypes are further merged into seven "Rock Type" for geomodel construction. This approach has been successfully applied to several other viscous oil reservoirs worldwide. This provides a rational opportunity to anticipate risk and uncertainty associated with reservoir fluid distributions and production profile prediction with enhanced confidence.

This developed geomodel framework will be subsequently used in dynamic modelling and history matching to improve the static description of the reservoir. Consequently, this would significantly contribute in flow modeling and reservoir simulation to short and long term production forecast and development profile predictions.
Efficiency of Heavy Oil/Bitumen Recovery from Fractured Carbonates by Hot-Solvent Injection
Authors: Leyva-Gomez Hector , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: December 2016

This paper presents an extensive analysis solvent injection at elevated temperatures to recover heavy- oil/bitumen from fractured carbonates. Three different solvents (propane, heptane and distillate oil - naphtha) were injected at different temperatures representing a wide range of carbon number. Indiana limestone (outcrop) and vuggy naturally fractured carbonate samples (outcrop core samples from a producing formation in Mexico) were selected as core samples. Hot solvent was injected continuously through artificially fractured cores followed by hot water (or steam injection) phase. The optimal temperatures for heavy oil recovery and solvent retrieval, in the subsequent hot water injection, for each kind of rock sample and type of solvent were determined. The results revealed that heavy oil recovery increase with the solvent carbon number used. Also, it was observed that when the temperature is higher than the saturation value for the given pressure curve, the recovery decreases and the lightest component of the heavy oil are dragged by the gas stream.
Artificial Intelligence Recovery Modeling of <5 API Unconventional Next-Generation Heavy Oil Using CHNSO Technology
Authors: Adel N. Abu , Abdullah F. , Al-Kanderi H. , Tesiari E. , Ghafoori S. , Alkazimi M. A. , Al-Bazzaz W. H.
Published: December 2016

Extreme heavy oil <5 °API is considered a type of unconventional tight oil, which will require a challenging petroleum production system for future new-generation extreme heavy oil or bitumen carbonate reserves. This oil is abundant in great amounts around the globe, yet is extremely difficult to produce due to its solid-like physical state locked deep underground. The world strategy eventually will shift focus to this type of oil since conventional and other less-quantitative-difficult reservoirs are continuously depleting. The interest of this study is directed towards a specific type of unconventional oil, which is available in tight carbonate reservoirs. Extreme heavy oil <5 °API exists in large quantities in Kuwaiti fields. This study presents a novel heavy oil classification especially for <5 °API crude oil types as well as their potential recoveries. All recoveries considered for this study are bench-scale laboratory physical experiments with toluene, de-ionized water and water-aided surfactants augmented with applied field thermal 25 °C, 135 °C, 225 °C and 315 °C heat treatments.

The main objective for this research is to model five signature atoms available in almost all heavy crude oils: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (CHNSO). These CHNSO fingerprints determine qualitatively and quantitatively the potential amount and quality of future extreme heavy crude oil recovery. An Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) neural network algorithm is developed for all possible conjecture atoms. A Multiple Layer Forward Feed (MLFF) learning system is designed, trained and applied for developing the A.I. neural network. Forty-one recovery models are manifested in this study, clustered in possible atom conjecture operational base-function domains, which are unary (one atom), binary (two atom), ternary (three atom), quaternary (four atom) and quinary (five atom) approach models.

The main technological motivation for CHNSO research is finding the optimized conventional EOR recovery efficiency factor that will extract <5 °API oil. The model predicts the recovery potential factor in a classic, optimum and conventional economic scenario, considering the unconventional environmental impact, crude oil subsurface-mobility issues and technology limitations used as current economic challenges.

The general summary of results suggest that CHNSO models are useful in better understanding and better predicting <5 °API oil recoveries. The three-atom nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen (NSO) ternary conjecture model has a significant impact regarding heavy crude oils, maximizing recovery in general, and extreme heavy oil potential recovery in particular, in regards to the difficult mobility of this type of crude oil.
Utilization of Waste Water Stream for Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Shammouh Dalal , Chakraborti Pradip , Farhart James
Published: December 2016

Objective/Scope

The extraction of Heavy Oil (HO) from the soon-to-be developed Lower Fares South Ratqa field requires steam injection to enhance HO recovery. The amount of water required for this facility is quite high, up to 210,000 barrels/day (in excess of 33 million liters per day), and the availability of suitable water is problematic, particularly in a dry country such as Kuwait.

Enhancement of Heavy Oil (HO) recovery can be effected via cyclic steam stimulation and steam flood techniques. However, steam generation is highly dependent on the availability of sufficient quantities of suitable water.

Potential water sources for steam generation include seawater, rivers, lakes or underground bodies of water. The last three are unavailable in sufficient quantities in Kuwait and specifically in North Kuwait.

Methods / Procedures / Process

Seawater was initially considered as a source water option for the Lower Fares Heavy Oil (LFHO) project but further investigation identified another potential water source – a Reverse Osmosis (RO) reject water stream from the Sulaibiya Sewage Treatment Plant (SWWTP) – as a feasible option.

After careful assessment, KOC selected the RO reject water stream from the SWWTP as the optimal solution. This innovative application utilizes a currently discarded resource and eliminates the environmental concerns associated with discharging this resource to the sea.

KOC requires up to 210,000 barrels/day water to feed the Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSG's) to produce 80% quality of steam for injection into the wells. The water treatment technologies available in the market were evaluated to ensure that the RO reject stream could be successfully treated to achieve a suitable water quality for steam generation.

Results, Observations, Conclusion

The LFHO Project will utilize the SWWTP RO reject stream to enhance HO recovery in North Kuwait. The discharge of this stream to the sea is currently considered as an environmental concern. The use of this reject stream was previously not considered possible as no potential usage opportunities were identified.

This paper covers the usage of this RO reject stream as the source water for steam generation for enhanced HO recovery.

Novel/ Additional Information

The use of RO treated water streams in the petroleum industry as make-up water for cooling water towers and cleaning applications is fairly common.

The use of an RO reject water stream for steam generation to enhance HO recovery is a novel application for the petroleum industry.
Novel Benchmark and Analogue Method to Evaluate Heavy Oil Projects
Authors: Jia L. , John A. , Kumar N. , Bialas R. , Lanson T. P. , Jing X. D.
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a benchmarking strategy specific to heavy oil projects using thermal recovery methods. We use the new approach to benchmark heavy oil development projects and identify gaps in performance and suggest measures to close those gaps.

Typical benchmarking studies for development projects compare Reservoir Complexity Index (RCI) against Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) to evaluate the performance of the projects. Shell developed a proprietary top-quartile expected ultimate recovery (TQ EUR) tool to compare fields in primary recovery and water flood. For this study, a new method was developed to calculate the RCI for heavy oil projects. Complexity Attributes and ranking criteria were developed based on key parameters influencing thermal recovery performance. This method was used to evaluate 20 heavy oil projects worldwide. Once RCI is calculated for each project, the reservoir performance and environmental footprint were plotted against RCI to identify the top quartile fields. Oil steam ratio (OSR), EUR, and CO2 intensity were the reservoir and environmental performance metrics considered in this study.

The data collected for the benchmark study included reservoir and fluid properties, reservoir geology, well operation and field development, and field performance metrics. The data sources included Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), Canadian Oil and Gas Companies (Canoils), The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) publications, Shell's Top Quartile Estimated Ultimate Recovery (TQ EUR) Tool and Shell's tool of recovery efficiency prediction in prospect appraisal (SWEEP). A heavy oil development project was benchmarked using the new approach to identify the gaps to top quartile performance and provide guidance and measures to close those gaps.

A novel RCI framework has been developed specifically for Thermal Recovery Projects in Heavy Oil. Project benchmarking data and comparison methodology shown here can be extended to any other producing area in the world.
In-Situ Steam Generation A New Technology Application for Heavy Oil Production
Authors: Al-Nakhli Ayman R. , Sukkar Luai A. , Arukhe James , Mulhem Abddulrahman , Mohannad Abdelaziz , Ayub Mohammad , Arifin Muhamad
Published: December 2016

The recovery of unconventional oil such as heavy oil is receiving great interest as the world oil demand is increasing along with relatively high oil prices. Producing such high viscosity oil is complex and challenging, which usually require thermal techniques. Thermal recovery methods are widely used to recover the heavy oil and bitumen basically by thermally reducing oil viscosity, improving the mobility ratio and enhancing the heavy oil displacement.

In response to the recent effort of leveraging heavy oil and tar plays in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco has launched a new thermochemical research program to tackle challenges associated with lowering oil viscosity to improve well productivity and the overall reservoir depletion efficiency.

One of the promising new technologies is enabling in-situ steam generation by chemical reaction (EXO-Clean) to mobilize the low API crude oil or tar reserves. In this paper a new steam flooding methodology will be introduced and compared with existing technologies. Steam will be generated in-situ by chemical reactions, which will have better efficiency and lower cost compared to conventional steam injection methods. Simulation study, lab experiments, and field treatment showed great promises of the technology.

The developed EXO-Clean treatment relates to in-situ steam generation to maximize heat delivery efficiency of steam into the reservoir and to minimize heat losses due to under and/or over burdens and non-producing areas. The treatment consists of injecting exothermic reaction-components that react downhole and generate in-situ steam and nitrogen gas. The generated in-situ steam and gas can be applied to recover deep heavy oil, and tight oil reservoirs, which cannot be recovered with traditional steam injection methods.
Diluent Injection Optimization for a Heavy Oil Field
Authors: Hoffmann A. , Astutik W. , Rasmussen Flemming , Whitson C. H.
Published: December 2016

Past studies have shown that use of diluent injection with ESPs can be an efficient artificial lift method for heavy oil fields. It consists of injecting a light hydrocarbon liquid to reduce the oil density and viscosity. This paper describes an integrated modeling solution designed to maximize the reservoir oil production while minimizing the diluent requirement and keeping the crude oil quality within technical and marketing specifications. The field studied is an offshore heavy oil asset. It consists of two reservoirs with API gravities of 14 and 12, and oil viscosities at reservoir conditions of 70 cp and 500 cp. The field includes some 60 production wells.

Diluent can be injected (1) in each individual well at the ESP and (2) in the surface processing facility prior to the second stage separator. Operating constraints include (1) minimum wellhead pressure, (2) diluent availability, (3) final crude quality specifications, (4) maximum field oil and liquid production rate. The difficulty of the production optimization problem lies in the nonlinearity of the well production curves and viscosity model. In this paper, we develop a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation by piecewise linearizing the nonlinear behaviors. For each well at each time step, we adjust the black-oil rates from a reservoir simulator to create piecewise linear well performance curves giving the reservoir oil production as a function of diluent injected at the ESP.

The proposed integrated solution is used for the entire production life of the field, which is still in the development phase. The solution is coupled with a reservoir simulator (1) to determine optimal diluent requirements over time, (2) forecast field production of reservoir oil, diluent, water and gas, and (3) foresee eventual bottlenecks in the infrastructure design (e.g. limiting constraints). The proposed solution can easily be used as a Real Time Production Optimization (RTPO) tool to find the optimal operating point based on the latest measurements (or real-time data). The optimal solution ensures the highest field reservoir oil production while meeting all constraints and keeping the diluent consumption at a minimum. The increase of the field oil production rate due to optimal diluent allocation ranges from 2 to 10 %. Cumulative reservoir oil production increases by approximately 3 million std m3.

The uniqueness of the solution comes from the integration of all operating constraints into a single mathematical formulation. The computational time (1s – 10s) of the proposed solution outperforms any classical nonlinear approach. This allows running many sensitivity analyses of the entire integrated asset model.