bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect Of Breadfruit Flour Substitution On The Quality Of Bengkulu Bay Tat Cake
Authors: Kurnia Reda , Syarif Wirnelis
Published: November 2022

Bay tat cake is a cake which means two syllables bay comes from the Bengkulu language which means parent, while tat means tart. This cake has a meaning as a typical Bengkulu tart. The main ingredient in making bay tat cake is wheat flour which is still imported. Imports of wheat flour can be reduced by developing products from local flour, such as breadfruit flour. Breadfruit flour is gluten-free flour produced from breadfruit and cultivated naturally, and contains high calcium and fiber so it can replace wheat flour”. This study discusses the effect of substitution of quality (shape, color, aroma, texture and taste) of bay tat cake with breadfruit flour as much as 25%, 50% and 75%. This type of research is purely experimental with a completely randomized design method (CRD) with three treatments and three treatments. The data used is primary data obtained directly from 3 expert panelists who provide answers from a questionnaire (organoleptic test format) on the quality of breadfruit flour bay tat cake. The data that has been obtained is then tabulated in the form of a table and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed. If the analysis of variance shows Fcount > Ftable, then it is continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that there was no significant effect on the quality of the shape, color, texture and taste of breadfruit flour bay tat cake. but there is a significant effect on the quality of the aroma of the bread tat bay tat cake. The results of the quality test of the best bay tat breadfruit flour cake are on the quality of the neat square shape X0, the quality of the surface shape X2, the quality of the yellow-brown color X1, the quality of the fragrant aroma X0, the quality of the solid texture X2 and the quality of the taste X0.
Quality Analysis Of Tomato Dodol Produced From Rice Flour Substitution
Authors: Ananda Febri , Holinesti Rahmi
Published: November 2022

Dodol is a fairly popular traditional food that has been known since ancient times. Dodol is generally made from flour and fruit. Tomato dodol is one of the innovations of dodol made from fruit. This study aims to analyze the quality of tomato dodol substituted with rice flour with the ratio of glutinous rice flour and rice flour as much as 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 in organoleptic tests on the shape, color, aroma, texture, and taste of tomato dodol. This type of research is a pure experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) method, with three treatments and three repetitions. The data collection technique was carried out by giving questionnaires to 5 expert panelists who were lecturers of Family Welfare Science with the concentration of UNP Cuisine with primary data types. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, if Fcount Ftable then continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that there was a significant effect on the quality of the texture of the tomato dodol. The results of the quality test of tomato dodol with the best substitution of rice flour were in the third treatment (X2) with a ratio of 1:1 glutinous rice flour and rice flour.
Bimbingan Kelompok Dengan Teknik Behavior Contract Untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Sopan Santun
Authors: Sulistyowati Sulistyowati
Published: November 2022

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dengan teknik Behavior Contract dapat meningkatkan perilaku sopan santun Peserta Didik kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Pringapus Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Bimbingan dan Konseling (PTBK). Subyek penelitian diambil secara acak untuk mengikuti kegiatan Bimbingan Kelompok sejumlah 10 peserta didik laki-laki dari kelas VIII. PTBK ini hanya meneliti dan melaporkan masalah yang terkait dengan meningkatkan perilaku sopan santun melalui Konseling Kelompok dengan teknik Behavior Contract. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah merubah perilaku sopan santun yang rendah menjadi lebih baik. Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif komparatif, yaitu membandingkan antara layanan dan proses bimbingan kelompok dari tiap siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku sopan santun peserta didik mengalami peningkatan dari hasil siklus 1 dan siklus 2. Dilihat dari hasil awal siklus 67%, siklus satu 78% dan siklus dua 81,3%. Selain itu bukti selanjutnya adalah adanya peningkatan kualitas layanan bimbingan kelompok yang dapat dilihat dari jumlah skor rata-rata awal siklus sebesar 56, siklus satu sebesar 64 dan siklus dua sebesar 78,5. Dari siklus satu ke siklus dua mengalami peningkatan sebesar 14,5% dari yang semula hanya 8% diawal siklus.
Peningkatan Disiplin Dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Pada Pembelajaran Tatap Muka Masa Pandemi Covid 19 Dengan Tugas Terstruktur
Authors: Legiman Andreas
Published: November 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan disiplin  dan hasil belajar peserta didik  melalui Pembelajaran Tatap Muka Masa Pandemi Covid 19 Materi Perpangkatan dan Bentuk Akar melalui Metode Ceramah dan Tanya Jawab dengan tugas terstruktur bagi Peserta Didik Kelas IXC SMP Negeri 3 Pabelan Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas IXC SMP    Negeri 3 Pabelan semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2020/2021 yang berjumlah 26 siswa  yang  terdiri  dari 13 siswa  perempuan dan 13 siswa laki-laki, pada  pembelajaran tatap muka masa pandemi covid 19 dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok (kelompok I nomor absen 1 – 13 , kelompok II nomor absen 14 – 26) Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merujuk pada tujuan penelitian yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian ini, yaitu metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Pada pra siklus banyak peserta didik yang tingkat disiplinnya dengan kategori cukup, baik  dan amat baik sebesar 73,1 %  dan pada siklus I  84,6 %. Terdapat peningkatan 11,5 %. Tingkat disiplin pada siklus I dengan katagori cukup, baik dan amat baik sebesar 73,1 % dan pada siklus II 96,2 %. Terdapat peningkatan 11,6.Tingkat disiplin pada pra siklus dengan katagori cukup, baik dan amat baik sebesar 73,1 dan pada siklus II 96,2 %. Terdapat peningkatan 23,1 %. Disiplin  mengalami peningkatan dan target kinerja tercapai. Disimpulkan peningkatan signifikan. Dari hasil penilaian harian pada pra siklus yang mencapai/melampaui KKM 69,23% dan pada siklus I  76,92 %. Terdapat peningkatan 7,39%. Dari hasil penilaian harian pada siklus I yang mencapai/melampaui KKM 76,92% dan pada siklus II  84,62%. Terdapat peningkatan 7,7 %. Dari hasil penilaian harian pada pra siklus yang mencapai/melampaui KKM 69,23 % dan pada siklus II 84,62 %. Terdapat peningkatan 15,29%. Hasil penilaian harian mengalami peningkatan dan target kinerja tercapai. Disimpulkan peningkatan siginfikan
PENINGKATAN LITERASI MEMBACA MELALUI MODEL PROBLEM SOLVING BERBANTUAN MAGIC SPIN BOARD
Authors: Nikmah Ernida Ainun , Utaminingsih Sri , Masfuah Siti
Published: November 2022

The research aims to determine the increase in reading literacy through a problem solving learning model assisted by magic spin board media. The research method used is classroom action research with the subject of 20 students from SD 2 Rejosari grade fourth. The study was conducted in two cycles and each cycle consisted of two meetings held on the theme of the senven cultural diversity of my country. The research stages consisted of planning, implementing the action, observing and reflecting. The results of the study showed that the average percentage of cycle 1 was 69.88% and cycle 2 was 80.33% which indicated an increase in each cycle. The research shows that there is an increase in reading literacy with the use of problem solving learning models assisted by magic spin board media.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MIND MAPPING LEARNING ON STUDENTS' CREATIVE THINKING ABILITY OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Chodriyah Laelatul , Murtono Murtono , Santoso Santoso , Ismaya Erik Aditia
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the mind mapping learning model on the ability to think creatively in material styles in elementary schools.This type of research is quantitative with a quasi experimental approach with the form of non equivalent control group design. The research population was the fourth grade students of SD in Dempet District. The research sample for grade IV SD N Kedongori, grade IV SD N Kebonsari 2 and grade IV SD N Balerejo 1. The sampling choice in this study was the purposive sampling technique. The data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaires and written tests. Data analysis includes data descriptions, analysis prerequisite tests, and hypothesis testing using the t test.The results of the study with the t test for the test instrument t count bigger than t table (15,956 bigger than 2,086). The results of the t test on the questionnaire instrument t value bigger than t table (9,201 bigger than 0.05). The conclusion is that there is an effect of mind mapping learning on the ability to think creatively in elementary school students
URGENSI MENGHINDARI PERILAKU CHEATING DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS
Authors: Prahesti Vivin Devi , Istiqomah Novita , Akhir Jumadil , Lessy Zulkipli
Published: November 2022

The research aims that to determine the imprortant to avoid cheatingbased on Hadis perspektif being happened in students. The one uselibrary research and managing the data is by kualitative approachment.The source of data gains from book and journal sources being relevantwith the research. The data is collected by documentation in somesources. The data is analyzed by descriptive analizing, and the researchfinding states that avoiding cheating is important to the students toreduce bad thing in the future, so that students have to consider about theaction one giving an impact to their life based on hadis perspektif. Byresearch about the important avoid cheating based on hadis perspektifthat students can determine the bad and the good thing to imitate othersin order to reduce learning problem.
NILAI RELIGIUS DAN TOLERANSI DALAM FILM ANIMASI “NUSA DAN RARA”
Authors: Sayekti Alina Ningrum , Fajrie Nur , Fardani Much. Arsyad
Published: November 2022

This study aims to analyze the storyline and the meaning of religious values and tolerance, and to find out the response of children after watching the animated film "Nusa dan Rara" in interpreting religious values and tolerance in everyday life. This study uses a qualitative research type with a descriptive approach. Data collection carried out by researchers includes documentation techniques by collecting relevant sources and then analyzed using data cards. The researcher took 7 episodes including the enormity of basmallah, learn to be sincere, learn to sell, don't be extravagant, please and thank you, well it's raining and don't lose to the devil. The results showed that the animated film "Nusa and Rara" on Youtube contained religious values and tolerance in each episode. From observing this episode, students can learn to help people who are in need of help, learn to be sincere, learn to pray before doing activities, and learn to forgive. Animated films that are wrapped in daily stories in the world of children with the delivery of easy-to-understand language.
ANALISIS KESULITAN MENULIS RINGKASAN BACAAN PADA TEMA 8 SUBTEMA 2 SISWA KELAS IV MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH
Authors: Hikmah Shofaul
Published: November 2022

The problem that is often encountered in learning Indonesian at the basic level is the ability to write. One of the difficulties faced by class IVB MIN 1 Rembang students is the difficulty in writing summary readings. This study aims to determine the difficulty of writing a summary and to find out the factors causing the difficulty of writing a summary in class IVB MIN 1 Rembang. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with case study method. Data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews and document analysis. Data analysis techniques from data reduction, data presentation and verification. The results showed that there were difficulties experienced by students in writing summaries, namely, lack of understanding difficult vocabulary, difficulties in writing what they thought in written form and understanding long readings. The causative factor is the students' internal and external factors. Internal factors include difficulty concentrating during learning, boredom while studying and lack of understanding of the material. External factors, namely, teaching methods and learning media.
La interdisciplina en el estudio de la forma urbana
Authors: González Arellano Salomón , Espinosa Dorantes Elizabeth , Aguilera Martínez Fabián Adolfo , Padilla Galicia Sergio , Suárez Meaney Tonatiuh , Rezendiz López Héctor , Arriaga Carbajal Jair , Chías Becerril Luis , Vassis Xristos , Göbel Christof , Bugallo Otero Manuel Ángel , Villaverde Ruibal Cristina , de la Torre Galindo Francisco Javier , Ayala Macías Elvia Guadalupe , Vizcarra Berenice , Roibón María José , Schneider Valeria , Ortiz Chao Claudia G. , Avilés O’Dogherty Alejandro , Ferniza Quiroz Sheila , Fitch Osuna Jesús Manuel , Ávila Jiménez Felipe Gerardo , Sánchez Martínez María Esther , Fajardo Montaño Daniel , Bernárdez de la Granja María del Carmen , Barreto Rentería María de los Ángeles , Camerin Federico
Published: November 2022

Con esta edición se busca crear una plataforma analítica y de discusión sobre la importancia de la interdisciplina en el estudio de la forma de la ciudad. Por ello, en esta publicación se aborda el tema “Forma urbana e interdisciplina” a partir de cuatro ejes temáticos: Análisis y diagnósticos de la forma urbana; procesos históricos de la forma urbana; planes y proyectos urbanos e impactos en la forma urbana. En suma, esperamos que el material presentado cumpla con sus objetivos y que su lectura contribuya a ampliar el panorama de reflexión y discusión sobre el tema de la interdisciplina en el estudio de la forma urbana.
Attitude toward psychiatry amongst medical students in Jeddah
Authors: Kattan Wid , Munshi Ibtesam , Alattas Alhussain , Alsomali Asim , Alghamdi Halah , Alshehri Wejdan
Published: November 2022

Background: Mental illnesses are a significant public health concern. Thus this study aimed to better understand the general views of medical students in Jeddah toward psychiatry, the influences of other factors on those attitudes, and the likelihood of psychiatry specialization.
Methods: A total of 844 medical students from six colleges in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, participated in this cross-sectional study. Students' attitudes toward psychiatry (ATP) were measured using the ATP-18 questionnaire. The association between students' attitude toward psychiatry with gender, nationality, monthly income, university, academic year, lecture evaluation, clinical evaluation, the likelihood of specializing in psychiatry, personal history of mental illnesses, relative/ friend with mental illness, and relative/ friend who is a psychiatrist were investigated.
Results: The mean ATP-18 score was 62.22 (SD = 7.29), indicating that the students had a positive attitude toward psychiatry overall, but had a negative view of psychiatric patients. The participants' gender, monthly income, university, the likelihood of specializing in psychiatry, personal history of mental illness, history of relatives or friends with mental illness, history of relatives or friends who are psychiatrists, psychiatric clinical course, and lecture course evaluation were found significantly associated with ATP-18 scores.
Conclusions: The students showed an overall favorable attitude toward psychiatry and an unfavorable attitude toward psychiatric patients. The presence of de-stigmatization strategies toward mental illnesses and psychiatric patients in the undergraduate academic curriculum of psychiatry could improve students' perspectives on mentally ill patients.
PENYELESAIAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA PEMALSUAN TANDATANGAN PADA DELIK ADUAN SECARA NON LITIGASI (Studi Kasus Polres Tanggamus)
Authors: Setiawan Setiawan , Melati Dwi Putri , Purwanti Yuli
Published: November 2022

Kejahatan pemalsuan tandatangan mengandung sistem ketidak benaran dan merupakan suatu bentuk tindak pidana. Namun penyelesaian secara non litigasi dapat ditempuh sebagai bentuk restorative justice dalam upaya penyelesaian di luar pengadilan. Dengan demikian maka akan tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai bagaimana pelaksanaan penyelesaian hukum tindak pidana pemalsuan tandatangan pada delik aduan secara non litigasi dengan menagngkat salah satu contoh kasus yang terdapat di Polres Tanggamus, dan apakah faktor penghambat terhadap penyelesaian tindak pidana pemalsuan tandatangan pada delik aduan secara non litigasi.Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu jenis penelitian hukum deskriptif kualitatif melalui pendekatan normatif dan empiris. Jenis data yang di perlukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Dan dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui studi lapangan dan studi kepustakaan.

Hasil pembahasan disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan penyelesaian hukum tindak pidana pemalsuan tandatangan pada delik aduan yang dilakukan Supendi kepada Anton diselesaikan dengan cara non litigasi dikarenakan korban Anton meminta penyidik menghentikan penyidikan dan mencabut laporannya dengan alasan sudah terjadi kesepakatan damai dan tersangka Supendi sudah membayar hutang dan mengembalikan uang Rp. 50.000.000,- (lima puluh juta) kepada Anton. Faktor penghambat dalam penyelesaian tindak pidan pemalsuan tandatangan yang terjadi di wilayah hukum Polres Tanggamus yaitu hambatan dari aspek komponen dan hambatan dari aspek substantif, struktur maupun kultur.
Molecular allergy diagnostics in predicting oral cow's milk challenge outcome in Finnish children
Authors: Nieminen Otso , Palosuo Kati , Kukkonen Kaarina , Mäkelä Mika
Published: November 2022

Background: Oral food challenges (OFC) are required to diagnose food allergies but are resource-intensive. Objective: To reduce the need for OFCs, we sought to determine serum specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) cutoff levels for cow's milk and its major
allergens predicting oral milk challenge outcomes in children with suspected cow's milk allergy. Methods: A total of 135 Finnish children (median age, 1.8 years [range, 1.0‐14.1 years]) with suspected cow's milk allergy underwent open OFC with unheated cow's milk.
The sIgE levels to milk (f2), casein (Bos d 8), alpha-lactalbumin (Bos d 4), beta-lactoglobulin (Bos d 5), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Bos d 6) were measured and compared with the challenge outcomes. Results: Of the 135 OFCs, 5 were excluded from the study due to purely
subjective symptoms. Of the 130 remaining OFCs, 98 results (75%) were positive. In a receiver operating characteristic analysis with 1-2-year-old children, no individual allergen sIgE had a better area under the curve than milk sIgE (0.824). A milk sIgE level > 6.30 kU/L gave 94% specificity
and 33% sensitivity for positive OFCs. In 3‐14-year-old children, a cutoff value >13.9 kU/L predicted a positive OFC result with 93% specificity and 25% sensitivity. Children with moderate-to-severe reactions had higher sIgE levels to milk, alpha-lactalbumin, and BSA than did children
with mild reactions. Conclusion: Molecular allergy diagnostics did not improve the predictive performance compared with milk sIgE. The milk sIgE value that exceeds the cutoff for 95% specificity in combination with the clinical history may help to reduce the need for OFCs.
The severity of an allergic reaction cannot reliably be predicted from sIgE measurements.
ACTIVITY OF NITRO-OXIDATIVE PROCESSES IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH IDIOPATHIC ARTERIAL HYPOTENSION
Authors: Markin Leonid , Popovych Olena , Popovych Alla
Published: November 2022

Primary violation of vascular tone and reactivity is considered the main hemodynamic link in the pathogenesis of idiopathic arterial hypotension (IAH). Two gaseous messengers - nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone.
The research aims at determining the state of the NO system and the level of H2S in women with IAH and their effect on the uteroplacental blood flow.
Material and Methods. A number of 20 pregnant women with IAH at 40-41 weeks of gestation were examined (group I); the second group included 20 pregnant women with normotony at 39-40 weeks of gestation. The concentration of the complex of nitrates and nitrites was determined by the reaction of formation of a colored complex by Griss reagent. The content and production of peroxynitrite in alkali and alkaline earth metals were determined according to the procedure described by Vanuffelen et al. Detection of hydrogen sulfide content in blood plasma was performed by the method of Dombkowski et al. Studies of uteroplacental blood flow were performed on ultrasonic diagnostic device "SA-8000 EX" using color Doppler mapping and pulse mapping dopplerometry of the blood flow in the uterine arteries (UA). The assessment of blood flow velocity curves was carried out by determining the pulsation index (PI) in both arteries taking into account the average value.
Results. The results of the study showed that an average level of nitrites and nitrates in pregnant women with IAH was 37.0% higher than in women with normotension, and peroxynitrite values were 2.4 times higher, respectively. In contrast, the concentration of H2S in pregnant women with IAH was almost 1.4 times lower, than in pregnant women with normal blood pressure. Doppler study of blood flow indices in UA showed a moderate increase in PI in 28.0% of pregnant women with IAH. Thus, indices of vascular resistance in UA of pregnant women with IAH were higher, on average, by 19.0% than in pregnant women with normotension.
Conclusions. High levels of nitrites and nitrates in pregnant women with IAH form the basis for the development of nitrosatous stress, which is accompanied by increasing concentration of highly toxic peroxynitrite. Significant increase in peroxynitrite is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction. In pregnant women with IAH due to the low content of H2S - its vasoconstrictive effects are prevalent, which may indicate an indirect interaction between both of these systems of vasoregulation.
DYNAMICS OF SIgA CONTENT IN BREAST MILK WHEN RISK FACTORS AND LACTATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE CONSIDERED
Authors: Gromnatska Nataliya
Published: November 2022

The leading role associated with an anti-infective action of breast milk belongs to secretory IgA (SIgA). Therefore, the determination of the level of SIgA in colostrum and milk of mothers with different lactation levels and mothers at risk at different levels and duration of lactation has a practical interest.

Aim. The research aims at studying the dynamics of SIgA content in breast milk, taking into account risk factors and features of lactation.

Material and Methods. The content of SIgA in colostrum and breast milk of 372 mothers with full lactation and 208 with hypogalactia, of which 72 with early and 146 with late hypogalactia at different times of lactation (1-8 days and 1-3 months) was determined. The SIgA content was also studied in mothers; 65 with preeclampsia, including 12 with early hypogalactia, 24 with late hypogalactia, 23 with full lactation, and 44 with anemia of pregnancy, including 12 with early hypogalactia, 19 with late hypogalactia and 13 with full lactation. The determination of SIgA content in colostrum and milk was performed using the method of simple radial immunodiffusion in a gel by G. Mancini et al.

Results and Discussion. The SIgA concentration in colostrum and breast milk decreased during the secretion process. In early hypogalactia, the content of SIgA did not differ significantly from the level of SIgA in colostrum and breast milk with full lactation in the early neonatal period and at 1-3 months of secretion. In the late hypogalactia, SIgA content did not differ significantly from its level in the control group. Due to the lower amount of milk received by the mother's child with hypogalactia, the supply of children with SIgA is insufficient, and the deficit is higher the sooner the hypogalactia develops. Similar changes in the dynamics of SIgA content have been found in mothers with preeclampsia and at different levels of lactation. The exception was the content of SIgA in colostrum and milk of mothers with anemia of pregnancy and early hypogalactia, which in the first five days of lactation was lower than in mothers with full lactation.

Conclusion. The SIgA concentration in colostrum and breast milk decreases during the secretion process. The level of lactation does not affect the dynamics of SIgA content, except for the SIgA content in colostrum and breast milk of mothers with anemia of pregnancy and hypogalactia in the early stages of secretion. Despite the absence of a significant difference in SIgA levels in mothers with different levels of lactation due to less colostrum and milk received by children with early and late hypogalactia, the supply of SIgA is insufficient, and the cumulative deficit is higher the faster the hypogalactia develops.
LOW PREVALENCE OF COVID-19 IN LAOS AND CAMBODIA: DOES DIET PLAY A ROLE?
Authors: Bjorklund Geir , Lysiuk Roman , Butnariu Monica , Lenchyk Larysa , Sharma Vineet , Sharma Rohit , Martins Natalia
Published: November 2022

The study aims to review the involvement of different dietary habits in Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese populations in reducing COVID19 impact.

Materials and Methods. The methods of collection, systematization, analysis and generalization of information data have been used. The analysis of literature in scientific databases and analytical platforms by the listed keywords has been performed; all relevant references in the found sources have also been reviewed.

Results and Discussion. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by a highly pathogenic human coronavirus known as SARS-CoV2. Current epidemiology reported that more than 500 million cases of COVID-19 occurred in more than 180 countries worldwide. When the upper respiratory tract gets infected by low pathogenetic HCoVs, it typically triggers a mild respiratory disease. In contrast, when the lower airways get infected by highly pathogenic HCoVs, such as SARS-CoV2, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur and even fatal pneumonia. Such a situation causes the need for an urgent search of effective treatment measures. A very low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Laos and Cambodia, as well as low mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Vietnam and Laos, are extremely interesting, especially because of their early exposure to the virus, continuing ties to China, relative poverty, and high population density. The use of several spices and aromatic herbs as natural treatments for several illnesses, including viral infections, has been reported since a long time ago. The research reviewed three integral elements of Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese diets, such as special culinary spices and herbs, coconut oil, and palm oil-rich for saturated fatty acids as well as fermented shrimp paste. Environmental and population genetic causes may be forwarded but moreover local dietary habits may have even a role in this evidence. Therefore, all these items highlight the possibility of a significant contribution of local cuisine and diet into the impact on appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune-resistant mechanisms of the human population.

Conclusions. The review on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos inhabitants' diet helped to suggest the dietary factors having the contributing potential of reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.
A comparative study of Pentacam indices in various types and severities of refractive error in candidates for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery
Authors: Maraghechi Ghazal ,   1 Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Ardabil Azad University, Ardabil, Iran, Ojaghi Habib ,   2 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,   Habib Ojaghi, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. E-mail: habibojaghi@yahoo.com,   https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-2185, Amani Firouz ,   3 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran, Najafi Amin ,   2 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to specify Pentacam indices in patients who suffered from different types of refractive error and underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on 1125 patients (2215 eye samples) who underwent PRK surgery in the Noor Surgical Center of Ardabil, Iran, over a 5 year period (2014–2018). A particular checklist was provided to patients, which consisted of demographic data, pachymetry test, keratometry, refractive error, corneal-thickness indices, and corneal surface area indices. The data were analysed using the statistical analysis package of IBM® V25. The mean age of the participants in this study was 28.48±6.82 years, and the ratio of women to men was 66.4%. It was observed that the differences between angle, volume, the depth of the anterior chamber, IVA, and ISV were significant (P=0.00) when compared to each other in all types of refractive errors. High myopes had significantly higher Kmax front than low myopes (P=0.00). In astigmatism patients, the Kmax in front of the cornea in extreme type was significantly higher than in moderate (P=0.00) and high (P=0.01) types. High myopes had significantly lower Rmin than mild myopes (P=0.02), and extreme astigmatism had significantly lower Rmin than high (P=0.014) and moderate types (P=0.013). The data from this study revealed that in patients undergoing PRK surgery, some Pentacam indices could be related to some types of refractive error, and in some of these indices, there are statistically significant differences between different severities of refractive errors. Therefore, their preoperative evaluation is very important.
Optimization of urolithiasis treatment and diagnosis in the Turkestan region
Authors: Fathi Reza ,   Medical Center ARAD-RI-ECO, LLP ARAD-RI, Kyzylorda, Republic of Kazakhstan,   Reza Fathi, Medical Center ARAD-RI-ECO, LLP ARAD-RI, Kyzylorda, Republic of Kazakhstan. E-mail: r.fathi6344-1@ubogazici.in
Published: November 2022

The article aims to identify the main problems in treating urological pathologies by analyzing scientific literature from this field and developing recommendations. The quantitative excretion of uric acid, urine volume, and pH are essential in the formation of uric acid stones. The most important risk factor for uric acid nephrolithiasis is the acidic reaction of urine, which is a prerequisite for the formation of urinary stones. When urine is alkalized, the pH should be 6–6.5. Drugs alkalize urine, and one should titrate using urine pH indicator paper until the level is stable. This study found that the spread of genitourinary diseases is increasing. This situation can be improved by monitoring and assessing epidemiological processes, preventing urological pathology, and optimizing medical care organization in the context of health care reform.
GIST: Correlation of risk classifications and outcome
Authors: Kersting Sabine ,   Department of General Surgery, Christliches Klinikum Unna Mitte, Unna, Germany,   Sabine Kersting, Department of General Surgery, Christliches Klinikum Unna Mitte, Unna, Germany. E-mail: sabine@drkersting.de, Janot-Matuschek Monika Silvia ,   Department of General Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Schnitzler Carina ,   Department of General Surgery, Christliches Klinikum Unna Mitte, Unna, Germany, Barboza Daniel Enrique Chourio ,   Department of General Surgery, Christliches Klinikum Unna Mitte, Unna, Germany, Uhl Waldemar ,   Department of General Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Mittelkötter Ulrich ,   Department of General Surgery, Christliches Klinikum Unna Mitte, Unna, Germany
Published: November 2022

In clinical practice, there are often discrepancies between the oncological prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and the actual clinical course. This study aimed to check with our collective how reliably the current classifications (Miettinen, Fletcher) predict the prognosis of GIST and to evaluate whether an extension of the classifications by the parameter proliferation activity could make sense. This prospective study enrolled 58 patients who underwent surgery on GIST from 01/2006 to 12/2016. The postoperative course (curation, recurrence, progress) was correlated with the identified risk classification and the proliferative activity. Coincidences with other tumors were strikingly common in patients with GIST (43%). Based on the risk group assignment of GIST, no assessment of the probability of the occurrence of second neoplasia could be derived. Individual patients were under- or over-graduated concerning the assessment of biological behavior based on the standard risk classifications. The inclusion of proliferative activity did not allow for a more precise predictive power - neither to the risk of recurrence and metastasis nor to the development of a second neoplasia. The study showed that there is currently no parameter or logarithm that reliably predicts the biological behavior of GIST. Due to the frequency of coincidence of second neoplasia and (rare) distant metastases, for everyday clinical practice, appropriate staging diagnostic and regular follow-up care should also be used for benign GIST.
Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from the infections of post maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Akram Zaid Mustafa ,   Department of Dentistry, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq,   Zaid Mustafa Akram, Department of Dentistry, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, lraq. E-mail: zaidm.akram@ruc.edu.iq, Khalid Khalid Burhan ,   Department of Dentistry, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq, Oraibi Qaisar Khaleel ,   Department of Dentistry, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, lraq, Nassar Maadh Fawzi ,   Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: November 2022

Inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions contributed to a global issue of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance isolated from maxillofacial infections (MIs). Two hundred and twenty-two patients with different MIs were included in this study. Swab samples were taken from the site of infections. Samples were cultured, and isolated bacteria were identified using various biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates were assessed by the disk diffusion method. The mean age of the patients was 50.8 years. The male-to-female ratio was 127/95 (P<0.05). Smoking and alcohol consumption were found in 60.36% and 37.38% of patients, respectively. Most patients had a ≤1-week infection duration (P<0.05). Abscess lesion was the most predominant infection type (P<0.05). The prevalence of aerobic bacteria among abscess, pus localization, and deep facial infections was 59.33%, 64.28%, and 46.66%, respectively. The prevalence of anaerobic bacteria among abscess, pus localization, and deep facial infections was 40.66%, 23.80%, and 53.33%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (10.36%) and Prevotella buccalis (8.55%) had the uppermost distribution amongst all examined samples. Isolated bacteria exhibited the uppermost resistance rate toward penicillin (65.76%), tetracycline (61.26%), gentamicin (58.10%), and ampicillin (57.65%) antimicrobials. The lowest resistance rate was obtained for linezolid (25.67%), ceftriaxone (31.08%), and azithromycin (31.08%) antimicrobials. Linezolid, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin had effective antimicrobial activities toward bacteria isolated from MIs. Therefore, cautious antibiotic prescription might decrease the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in dental and maxillofacial infections.
A systematic review on chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant
Authors: Haida Nadia Mohamed Jefri Umi ,   PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam, Khan Abdullah ,   School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia, Chee Lim Ya ,   PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam, Seng Lee Kah ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia, Bin Liew Kai ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia, Walid Kassab Yaman ,   College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman, Choo Chee-Yan ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia, Mohammed Al-Worafi Yaser ,   College of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates,   College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana’a, Yemen, Chiau Ming Long ,   PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam,   Long Chiau Ming, PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam. E-mail: longchiauming@gmail.com, Kalusalingam Anandarajagopal ,   School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia,   Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam, School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia. E-mail: anand@kpjuc.edu.my
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously increased the production and sales of disinfectants. This study aimed to systematically review and analyze the efficacy and safety of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. The literature relating to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant was systematically reviewed in January 2021 using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were studies that investigated the use of chlorine dioxide to assess the efficacy, safety, and impact of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. Out of the 33 included studies, 14 studies focused on the disinfectant efficacy of chlorine dioxide, 8 studies expounded on the safety and toxicity in humans and animals, and 15 studies discussed the impact, such as water treatment disinfection using chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is a safe and effective disinfectant, even at concentrations as low as 20 to 30 mg/L. Moreover, the efficacy of chlorine dioxide is mostly independent of pH. Chlorine dioxide can be effectively used to disinfect drinking water without much alteration of palatability and can also be used to destroy pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi from vegetables and fruits. Our review confirms that chlorine dioxide is effective against the resistant Mycobacterium, H1N1, and other influenza viruses. Studies generally support the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. The concentration deemed safe for usage still needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Set-shifting and inhibition interplay affect the rule-matching bias occurrence during conditional reasoning task
Authors: Hashemi Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyed ,   1 Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran,   Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyed Hashemi, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: seyyedeh.fsh@gmail.com, Khosrowabadi Reza ,   2 Department of Cognitive Modeling, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran., Karimi Mohsen ,   3 Department of Computer Engineering, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Published: November 2022

The rule-matching bias is a common error during conditional reasoning tasks, which refers to a tendency to match responses with the lexical context in the conditional rule and leads to incorrect responses. Conditional reasoning is one of the higher-level cognitive abilities affected by many cognitive skills. We aimed to determine whether inhibition and set-shifting skills with rule-matching bias occurrence could be related and, if so, to what quantitative, at a statistically significant level. A total of 30 healthy university students aged 18 to 30 participated in this study. We used the Wason's Selection Task (WST) to measure conditional reasoning and investigated their inhibition and set-shifting skills with the Stroop and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respectively. Results showed a significant positive correlation between the number of correct responses to the Stroop test and the Wason Selection Card Test (p=0.614). There was a positive correlation between the number of correct responses to the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Wason Selection Card Test (p=0.423). Participants with higher inhibition and set-shifting abilities showed better performance in the conditional reasoning test and lower rule-matching bias errors.
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Montelukast on lung sepsis in adult mice
Authors: Alnfakh Zainab Ali ,   1 Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, Al-Mudhafar Dhefaf Hameed ,   2 Middle Euphrates Unit for Cancer Researches, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, Al-Nafakh Rana Talib ,   1 Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, Jasim Abdullah Elttayef ,   3 College of Medicine, Iraqi University, Baghdad, Iraq,   https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6561-4519, Hadi Najah Raiesh ,   1 Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq,   Najah Raiesh Hadi, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. E-mail: drnajahhadi@yahoo.com,   https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-591X
Published: November 2022

One of the most complex clinical challenges facing medical practice is sepsis-induced lung dysfunction resulting from polymicrobial sepsis. Although many therapeutic approaches have been used in such clinical challenges, there is still further need for a new effective therapeutic approach. The objective of this study was to investigate if Montelukast could protect the lungs during polymicrobial sepsis by regulating inflammatory markers and the oxidative stress pathways. Twenty-four mature male Swiss-albino mice aged 8–12 weeks, with a weight of 20–30 g, were randomized into 4 equal groups (n=6), sham (laparotomy without cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)), CLP (laparotomy with CLP), vehicle 1 (equivalent volume of DMSO 1 hour prior to CLP), Montelukast (10 mg/kg IP 1 hour prior to CLP). Lung tissue pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, LTB-4 12(S) HETE, and oxidative stress were assessed using ELISA. The levels of F2 isoprostane were considerably greater in the sepsis group (p<0.05) as compared to the sham group, while Montelukast was significantly lower (p<0.05) in these inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress as compared to the sepsis group. Histologically, the lung tissue damage was significant (p<0.05) in all mice in the sepsis group, while Montelukast significantly reduced lung tissue injury (p<0.05). The current findings indicated that Montelukast could attenuate lung dysfunction during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis in male mice through their modulating effects on pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress downstream signalling pathways and subsequently decrease lung tissue cytokine concentrations (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, LTB-4, and 12(S)HETE).
Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical properties of Blumea balsamifera against pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Ismail Nurul Ain ,   Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, Matawali Azlinah ,   Preparatory Centre for Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, Kanak Fadzilah Awang ,   Preparatory Centre for Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, Lee Ping-Chin ,   Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia,   Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, How Siew-Eng ,   Industrial Chemistry Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, Goh Lucky Poh Wah ,   Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia, Gansau Jualang Azlan ,   Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia,   Jualang Azlan Gansau, Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia. E-mail: azlanajg@ums.edu.my
Published: November 2022

Medicinal plants have been widely used in healthcare based on traditional knowledge. We investigated the antimicrobial activities and phytochemical contents of a plant known as Blumea balsamifera (B. balsamifera), which Sabah native people have used for health benefits. Methanolic extracts and fractions of the leaves of B. balsamifera were tested for their phytochemical contents and their antimicrobial activities against four Gram-negative and five Gram-positive strains of bacteria. The extracts of B. balsamifera showed antimicrobial activities against three Gram-positive, and one Gram-negative bacteria, with the zone of inhibition ranging from 7.8 mm±0.41 to 10.5 mm±0.71. Fraction CE.F7 exerted the broadest antimicrobial activity towards four Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The phytochemical constituents identified in the extracts were alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, and cardiac glycosides. The plant extract demonstrated antimicrobial activities and contained multiple phytochemical constituents. Further investigations into potential antimicrobial agents containing promising fractions would validate the medicinal properties of B. balsamifera used in Sabah.
The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on Iraqi wrestlers
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Zeyad Tareq ,   1 Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustafa University College, Baghdad, Iraq,   Zeyad Tareq Abdulrazzaq, Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustafa University College, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: zeyad.abdulrazzaq@yahoo.com
Published: November 2022

The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted normal life. At the beginning of March 2020, few cases of infected individuals were recorded, but then the number increased with time, and millions of Iraqi people were forced to stay home, losing many of their daily habits. Banning sports teams from gatherings was a global and local problem facing sports, affecting weight, dietary habits, and other life aspects. This observational retrospective study aimed to determine the changes in athletes' lifestyles like training hours, sleeping hours, weight, and other daily habits. The data were recorded 8 months before the lockdown by their coaches and the medical staff of wrestling teams and after the lockdown by surveys and questionnaires directly from the athletes for this study. The results confirmed that Iraqi wrestlers were still committed to not smoking nor drinking alcohol as before the lockdown, but training hours were down to one hour compared to 3 hours daily before the lockdown. All parts of society were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, and athletes were on top of the social pyramid to manage the problems that resulted from the quarantine and social distancing. Athletes, coaches, medical sports staff, nutritionists, and captains should carry the responsibility to return life to its main road as they should double their efforts to win this battle.