bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive immune responses mediated by natural killer cells
Authors: Paust Silke , Senman Balimkiz , Von Andrian Ulrich H.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive responses to a previously encountered challenge are qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinct from those elicited by a primary encounter. Besides this capacity to acquire long‐lived memory, the second cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is antigen specificity. It has been generally believed that only T and B cells can develop antigen‐specific immunologic memory, because these lymphocytes uniquely express recombination‐activating gene (RAG) proteins, which are necessary for somatic rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments to assemble diverse antigen‐specific receptors. However, recent work has uncovered discrete subsets of murine natural killer (NK) cells capable of mediating long‐lived, antigen‐specific recall responses to a variety of hapten‐based contact sensitizers. These NK cells appear to use distinct, RAG‐independent mechanisms to generate antigen specificity. Murine NK cells have also recently been shown to develop memory upon viral infection. Here, we review recent evidence indicating that at least some NK cells are capable of mediating what appears to be adaptive immunity and discuss potential mechanisms that may contribute to RAG‐independent generation of antigenic diversity and longevity.
Cytotoxic and non‐cytotoxic roles of the CTL/NK protease granzyme B
Authors: Afonina Inna S. , Cullen Sean P. , Martin Seamus J.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  The caspase family of cysteine proteases becomes activated in response to diverse cellular insults and coordinates apoptosis through proteolysis of hundreds of cellular substrates. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are adept at promoting apoptosis of virally infected or transformed cells through delivery of cytotoxic enzymes, such as granzyme B, into target cells via the granule exocytosis pathway. Granzyme B promotes apoptosis of target cells through direct processing of certain caspases, which leads to their autoactivation. Granzyme B can also activate caspases indirectly through proteolysis of Bid, a protein that promotes mitochondrial permeabilization and consequent activation of the apoptosome pathway to caspase activation. Evidence also indicates that granzyme B may contribute to antiviral immunity by directly suppressing viral replication through direct proteolysis of viral proteins that are essential for pathogenicity. Recent reports also suggest that granzyme B may have additional non‐cytotoxic roles under certain circumstances and may also function in the extracellular space. Here, we discuss the cytotoxic and putative non‐cytotoxic functions of granzyme B within the immune system.
Keratin 7 expression in colorectal cancer – freak of nature or significant finding?
Authors: Harbaum Lars , Pollheimer Marion J , Kornprat Peter , Lindtner Richard A , Schlemmer Andrea , Rehak Peter , Langner Cord
Published: October 2015

Harbaum L, Pollheimer M J, Kornprat P, Lindtner R A, Schlemmer A, Rehak P & Langner C  (2011) Histopathology59, 225–234

Keratin 7 expression in colorectal cancer – freak of nature or significant finding?

Aims:  To assess the prevalence of keratin 7 (K7) expression in colorectal cancer and to correlate findings with clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome.

Method and results:  A total of 370 patients were evaluated for K7 expression by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray technique. K7 expression was scored semiquantitatively as either focal (<10%), moderate (10–50%) or extensive (>50%). In all, 32 (9%) tumours were immunoreactive for K7, with five cases showing extensive, four moderate and 23 focal expression, respectively. K7 expression was associated with poor tumour differentiation (P = 0.005) and the extent of tumour budding (P = 0.02). In whole sections, K7 immunoreactivity prevailed in single cells and small clusters of cells at the invasion front. Analysis of serial sections showed that K7‐positive cells colocalized with keratin 20, whereas they lacked immunoreactivity for E‐cadherin, MUC2 and MIB‐1. Disease progression occurred in 52% of patients with K7‐positive tumours and 41% with K7‐negative tumours (P = 0.19); 48% of patients with K7‐positive tumours but only 33% with K7‐negative tumours died of disease (P = 0.06).

Conclusions:  Aberrant expression of K7 in budding cancer cells represents a modification of the epithelial phenotype (‘epithelial–epithelial transition’: EET) which may be linked to gains in motility and invasive potential.
Nuclear translocation of β‐catenin synchronized with loss of E‐cadherin in oral epithelial dysplasia with a characteristic two‐phase appearance
Authors: Alvarado Carlos G , Maruyama Satoshi , Cheng Jun , Ida‐Yonemochi Hiroko , Kobayashi Takanori , Yamazaki Manabu , Takagi Ritsuo , Saku Takashi
Published: October 2015

Alvarado C G, Maruyama S, Cheng J, Ida‐Yonemochi H, Kobayashi T, Yamazaki M, Takagi R & Saku T  (2011) Histopathology59, 283–291

Nuclear translocation of β‐catenin synchronized with loss of E‐cadherin in oral epithelial dysplasia with a characteristic two‐phase appearance

Aims:  One of the important histopathological characteristics of oral epithelial dysplasia is a two‐phase appearance of rete processes, comprising an upper layer of keratinized cells and a lower layer of basaloid cells, and thereby creating a sharp contrast between these two separate cell populations. The aim of this study was to determine the cellular adhesion status of the basaloid cells.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry for β‐catenin, E‐cadherin and their related molecules was carried out in surgical specimens of two‐phase epithelial dysplasia of the oral mucosa. The lower‐half basaloid cells and the upper keratinized cells were microdissected separately, and extracted DNA samples were subjected to methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction amplification for E‐cadherin. β‐Catenin was immunolocalized within the nuclei and cytoplasm of Ki67‐positive lower‐half basaloid cells, as well as on the cell membrane of upper parakeratotic cells. The basaloid cells of the lower‐half were also positive for matrix metalloproteinase‐7 and cyclin D1, β‐catenin target gene products, α‐dystroglycan, tenascin‐C, and perlecan, but not for E‐cadherin. The promoter region of the E‐cadherin gene was hypermethylated.

Conclusions:  The solid proliferation of lower‐half E‐cadherin‐free basaloid cells is enhanced by Wnt signalling cascades, as well as by the intraepithelial extracellular matrix or its bound growth factors.
Injection site pseudosarcoma in piriformis syndrome
Authors: Phan Dan C , Gleason Briana C , Fan Xuemo , Chan Owen T M , Himmelfarb Eric , Bannykh Serguei I
Published: October 2015

Phan D C, Gleason B C, Fan X, Chan O T M, Himmelfarb E & Bannykh S I (2011) Histopathology59, 327–332

Injection site pseudosarcoma in piriformis syndrome

Aims:  Pseudosarcomatous reactive myofibroblastic proliferations have been described following surgery or trauma at a variety of anatomical sites. These types of reactions have not been previously described at injection sites. Here we evaluated prevalence, morphologic patterns and clinical resolution of such lesions.

Methods and results:  We analyzed 266 surgical resection specimens obtained during the definitive treatment of piriformis syndrome. Three cases showed exuberant reactive fibroblastic/myofibroblastic intramuscular proliferations, mimicking a sarcoma. In all three cases the surgeries were found to be preceded by local injections of cortisone and bupivacaine. Clinical follow‐up revealed no uncontrolled growth.

Conclusions:  As the clinical history of injections is often not provided, it is important to be aware of this pitfall when reviewing skeletal muscle resections for entrapment syndromes.
Distribution of Zonula Occludens‐1 and Occludin and alterations of testicular morphology after in utero radiation and postnatal hyperthermia in rats
Authors: Erkanlı Şentürk Gozde , Ersoy Canillioĝlu Yasemin , Umay Cenk , Demiralp‐Eksioglu Emel , Ercan Feriha
Published: October 2015

In utero irradiation (IR) and postnatal hyperthermia (HT) exposure cause infertility by decreasing spermatogenic colony growth and the number of sperm in rats. Four groups were used: (i) Control group, (ii) HT group (rats exposed to hyperthermia on the 10th postnatal day), (iii) IR group (rats exposed to IR on the 17th gestational day) and (iv) IR + HT group. Three and six months after the procedures testes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Some degenerated tubules in the HT group, many vacuoles in spermatogenic cells and degenerated tight junctions in the IR group, atrophic tubules and severe degeneration of tight junctions in the IR + HT group were observed. ZO‐1 and occludin immunoreactivity were decreased and disorganized in the HT and IR groups and absent in the IR + HT group. The increase in the number of apoptotic cells was accompanied by a time‐dependent decrease in haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells in all groups. Degenerative findings were severe after 6 months in all groups. The double‐hit model may represent a Sertoli cell only model of infertility due to a decrease in spermatogenic cell and alterated blood‐testis barrier proteins in rat.
Effects of pulsed electric field processing on the quality and microbial inactivation of sour cherry juice
Authors: Altuntas Julide , Evrendilek Gulsun Akdemir , Sangun Mustafa Kemal , Zhang Howard Q.
Published: October 2015

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) processing of sour cherry juice with the measurement of pH, ºBrix, titratable acidity, conductivity, colour (L*, a* and b*), nonenzymatic browning index, metal ion concentration, total ascorbic acid and total antocyanin content as well as microbial inactivation were searched in the study. Applied PEF treatment parameters did not cause any significant difference on measured properties of sour cherry juice (P > 0.05). On the other hand, inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Erwinia carotowora, Pseudomonas syringae subs. syringae, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillum expansum significantly increased with increased electric field strength and treatment time (P ≤ 0.05). It was revealed that PEF is a viable option to process sour cherry juice with significant amount of microbial inactivation and without adversely affecting important physical and quality parameters.
Effect of thermal processing on oxide reductase inactivation and on colour fixing in erva‐mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill) leaves
Authors: Provesi João Gustavo , Nabechima Gilson Hideki , Vieira Manoela Alano , Amante Edna Regina
Published: October 2015

Leaves of erva‐mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill) were heat treated with different combinations of time and temperature. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) residual activities and colouring (L, a, b and ΔE) were studied after treatment for 3 weeks. The best results for enzyme inactivation after heat treatment were obtained with the leaves treated at 450 °C for 15 s and at 500 °C for 10 s, with reductions of 90.6% and 83.4% for PPO and 94.5% and 92.7% for POD. These groups also showed low levels of enzyme activity during the first few days of storage, and a few days later no enzyme activity was detected. The data on the colours, specially –a values (green colour), were in accordance with results for enzyme activity and helped in the research on the changes that occur in the leaves during storage. Data from this work can be suggested for the improvement of the current method of erva‐mate processing, which is still performed empirically.
Performance and fatty acid profiling of interesterified trans free bakery shortening in short dough biscuits
Authors: Handa Chanu , Goomer Sangeeta , Siddhu Anupa
Published: October 2015

Short dough biscuits were prepared using interesterified trans free bakery shortening (IETFS). Hydrogenated shortening (HS) based biscuits were prepared as a control. The diameter, height and spread ratio were determined. Biscuits were analysed up to 8 months for hardness, moisture and acidity of the extracted fat. IETFS biscuits were significantly (P < 0.05) less hard, had a higher spread ratio and were rated higher on all sensory attributes. Their overall acceptability score on a nine point hedonic scale was 8.2 ± 0.8 as compared to 7.3 ± 0.7 for control biscuits. The fatty acid fraction of control biscuits was: saturated fat, 51.6%; trans fat, 14.5%; monounsaturated fat, 28.0%; and polyunsaturated fat, 5.9% and that of IE trans free biscuits was: saturated fat, 54.8%; trans fat, 0.6%; monounsaturated fat, 38.1%; and polyunsaturated fat, 6.5%. The IETFS was found to be appropriate as an alternate to hydrogenated shortening, providing both functionality and nutritive advantage in biscuits.
Analysis of chemical components in oolong tea in relation to perceived quality
Authors: Wang Kunbo , Liu Fang , Liu Zhonghua , Huang Jianan , Xu Zhongxi , Li Yinhua , Chen Jinhua , Gong Yushun , Yang Xinghe
Published: October 2015

Properties of leaf and infusion colours, chemical components and volatile flavour compounds of oolong teas and their correlation with perceived quality score given by tea‐tasting panel were analysed. The scores for appearance and infused leaf correlated strongly with concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll (chl b) and chlorophyll (chl) (r = 0.355–0.433, P < 0.05) and the total quality score (TQS) positively correlated with concentrations of chl a, chl b and chl (r = 0.517–0.533, P < 0.01). The perceived taste score and TQS positively correlated with the concentration of total free amino acid (r = 0.514, 0.694, P < 0.01) and theanine (r = 0.500, 0.684, P < 0.01). The volatile composition and their quantities varied widely among oolong tea samples. Nerolidol, indole, benzeneacetaldehyde, linalool, linalool oxide I, hexanal, benzyl nitrile, geraniol and 1‐penten‐3‐ol were prevailing volatile compounds detected in most of oolong tea samples. Principal component analysis screened ten principal components with the first three (glutamic acid, total catechins and benzeneacetaldehyde) explaining 27.86%, 20.00% and 14.46% of the total variance, respectively. Regression analysis upon the ten principal components formulated a prediction model on the total quality score with 78.5% probability. The result showed that oolong teas could be partially classified by cluster analysis based on principal components.
Comparative characterisation of durian, mango and avocado
Authors: Poovarodom Sumitra , Haruenkit Ratiporn , Vearasilp Suchada , Namiesnik Jacek , Cvikrová Milena , Martincová Olga , Ezra Aviva , Suhaj Milan , Ruamsuke Pramoj , Gorinstein Shela
Published: October 2015

The aim of this investigation was to determine the nutritional and bioactive properties of relatively less investigated exotic fruit durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and to compare these indices with widely used mango (Mangifera indica L.) and avocado (Persea americana). For this purpose HPLC, three‐dimensional fluorescence (3D‐FL), several radical scavenging assays and multivariate factor analysis were used. It was found a similarity in acetone extracts between durian and mango in the contents of polyphenols (1.66 ± 0.08, 1.48 ± 0.05, mg GAE g−1 DW, respectively), and in some antioxidant assays such as ABTS (11.98 ± 0.5, 12.24 ± 0.5, μm TE g−1DW, respectively) and DPPH (5.61 ± 0.3, 5.22 ± 0.2, μm TE g−1 DW, respectively). Durian and avocado were similar in the contents of polyphenols, and ABTS and DPPH values in water and in methanol extracts, respectively. Based on the obtained results the nutritional and bioactive properties of durian are comparable with those indices in mango and avocado. In conclusion, durian can be recommended as a part of disease prevented diets.
Homeostasis and Gauss statistics: barriers to understanding natural variability
Authors: West Bruce J.
Published: October 2015

Rationale  In this paper, the concept of knowledge is argued to be the top of a three‐tiered system of science.

Aims and objectives  The first tier is that of measurement and data, followed by information consisting of the patterns within the data, and ending with theory that interprets the patterns and yields knowledge. Thus, when a scientific theory ceases to be consistent with the database the knowledge based on that theory must be re‐examined and potentially modified.

Results  Consequently, all knowledge, like glory, is transient.

Methods  Herein we focus on the non‐normal statistics of physiologic time series and conclude that the empirical inverse power‐law statistics and long‐time correlations are inconsistent with the theoretical notion of homeostasis.

Conclusions  We suggest replacing the notion of homeostasis with that of Fractal Physiology.
Music in the Park. An integrating metaphor for the emerging primary (health) care system
Authors: Sturmberg Joachim P. , Martin Carmel M. , O’Halloran Di
Published: October 2015

Background Metaphors are central to the human understanding of complex issues; through the immediate associations they evoke and frame problems and suggest solutions. Our suggestion ofMusic in the Parkas a metaphor for health systems reform brings to the forefront the environmentally diverse but bounded spaces of health services that offer a variety of attractors within their confines, while pushing into the background organizational and economic concerns.

Reflections Parks, like health services, are embedded in their local landscape, serving their communities, but most importantly parks arepublicspaces,publicallyfunded, ideally offeringuniversal accessandequityand to besharedby all who want to go there.

Music, like health, is tangible, technical and scientific, yet ultimately experiential and based on meaning. While it encompasses a wide range of styles and approaches, music making requires as its most important skill active listening which brings with it to be ‘in the moment’, to take personal risks and to draw energy and inspiration from the participants. Hence ‘audiences’ are equally active participants because music only has meaning if it internally resonates with the listener and only can exist in what is a co‐constructed experience.

Conclusions  Music in the Parkis a metaphor for primary health care systems based on shared values of experts and unique local communities. Health professionals are players in this arena, who develop and practise the full range of their skills in response to individual and community needs and preferences. Their leadership works through inspiration and empowerment, making patients ‘co‐producers’ of their own health and ‘co‐shapers’ of their health services.
The knowledge, awareness, and practice patterns of dermatologists toward psychocutaneous disorders: results of a survey study
Authors: Jafferany Mohammad , Stoep Ann Vander , Dumitrescu Alin , Hornung Robin L.
Published: October 2015

Background  To assess the level of training in, and awareness and attitude about, psychocutaneous disorders among dermatologists.

Methods  A mail‐in survey was sent to all members of Washington State Dermatology Society, who were requested to provide information on demographic variables; level of training, skills, and degree of comfort in managing psychodermatologic disorders; referral patterns, knowledge of patient and family resources on psychodermatology; and interest in continuing medical education on psychocutaneous disorders.

Results  Of 237 mailed surveys, 102 were returned for analysis. Only 18% of dermatologists reported a clear understanding of psychodermatology, and 42% of the respondents reported being very comfortable in diagnosing and treating psychocutaneous disorders. Acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis were reported as the most common diagnoses associated with psychiatric manifestations. Delusion of parasitosis, neurotic excoriations, and trichotillomania were the most common conditions wherein patients were referred by dermatologists to psychiatrists. About 90% of the survey respondents were not aware of any patient or family resources on psychodermatology. Overall, 39% of the dermatologists expressed interest in attending any kind of continuing medical education activity on psychodermatologic disorders.

Conclusion  Survey results showed that knowledge about the diagnosis, treatment and/or appropriate referral for psychocutaneous disorders is lacking. Significant information gaps were also identified in the knowledge of patient or family resources on psychocutaneous disorders. We recommend the incorporation of formal training and didactics on psychodermatology in dermatology residency programs and regular CME events. Dermatology–Psychiatry liaison services and psychodermatology clinics will prove helpful in the management of these patients in clinical settings.
Safety profile of intravenous and subcutaneous siplizumab, an anti‐CD2 monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: results of two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies
Authors: Langley Richard G. , Papp Kim , Bissonnette Robert , Toth Darryl , Matheson Robert , Hultquist Micki , White Barbara
Published: October 2015

Several biologics targeting different cytokines and receptors, including T‐cell receptors, have been approved for psoriasis treatment. Siplizumab, a humanized anti‐CD2 monoclonal antibody, may potentially provide an alternative therapy for psoriasis. Its safety profile and immunogenicity was examined in adults with plaque psoriasis. Two multicenter phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies: one tested two intravenous (I.V.) doses (0.012 and 0.04 mg/kg) of siplizumab every 2 weeks × 8 doses (124 patients); the second study tested three subcutaneous (S.C.) dose regimens of siplizumab (5 mg × 12 weeks, 5 mg × 6 weeks + placebo × 6 weeks, 7 mg × 4 weeks + placebo × 8 weeks), and placebo × 12 weeks (420 patients). Adverse events (AEs) and laboratory values were monitored. Immunogenicity was determined by anti‐siplizumab antibodies quantification. In both studies, siplizumab exhibited an acceptable safety profile; most common AEs judged to be siplizumab related were lymphopenia, chills, and headache, reported at a higher frequency in the siplizumab‐treated vs. placebo group. Siplizumab‐related reductions in absolute lymphocyte count did not result in clinical evidence of immune suppression. Anti‐siplizumab antibodies were detected after exposure to siplizumab; however, there was no evidence of an association between antibody development and AEs. Siplizumab exhibited an acceptable safety profile in adult patients with plaque psoriasis when administered as multiple I.V. or S.C. doses. Higher, clinically relevant doses of siplizumab would need to be tested to fully assess its safety.
Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a comprehensive review
Authors: Morgan Aaron Joseph , Schwartz Robert A
Published: October 2015

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa is a rare form of vasculitis relating to small‐to‐medium‐sized arteries. Its etiology is unknown. Clinical manifestations include tender subcutaneous nodules, livedo reticularis, cutaneous ulcers and necrosis. Although it is distinct from systemic polyarteritris nodosa in that it lacks significant internal organ involvement, extra‐cutaneous manifestations may be evident. Commonly encountered symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, arthralgias, and paresthesias. Exclusion of systemic polyarteritis nodosa is essential in diagnosis. The clinical course is chronic with remissions, relapses, and a favorable prognosis. Mild cases may resolve with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. If more severe, treatment with systemic corticosteroids generally achieves adequate response; however, adjunctive therapy is often necessary to allow reduction in steroid dosage.
Linear growth in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving sirolimus
Authors: Hymes Leonard C. , Warshaw Barry L.
Published: October 2015

Hymes LC, Warshaw BL. Linear growth in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving sirolimus. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 570–572. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  SRL is a potent macrolide immunosuppressive agent that can be used as maintenance therapy for prevention of rejection and avoidance of CNI nephrotoxicity. However, animal studies indicate that SRL may inhibit skeletal and muscle growth. We analyzed linear growth in 25 children, age 1–15 yr old, maintained on SRL to determine whether SRL is detrimental to linear growth. Height z‐scores at baseline were compared with those at 24 months. We also compared linear growth in children receiving SRL to patients maintained on TAC. Height z‐scores over 24 months did not significantly change in the SRL group as a whole. Z‐scores improved in 13 of 25 patients (52%). Children with improved z‐scores were significantly younger than patents who did not display improved growth: 6 ± 5 yr vs. 11 ± 4 yr (p < 0.05). Height z‐scores in SRL and TAC‐based patients were no different initially and at 24 months, and a similar number of patients in each group displayed improved height scores. Height z‐scores improved in 52% of patients on SRL and occurred predominantly in younger patients for the initial 24 months of treatment. Linear growth in SRL patients was also similar to the results in TAC‐based patients. Therefore, our data did not identify a significant adverse effect of SRL on growth.
Haemostatic effect of aprotinin during craniosynostotic surgery in children
Authors: GUNNARSSON I. , HLYNSSON B. Ö. , ROSMUNDSSON TH. , THORSTEINSSON A.
Published: October 2015

Background

Aprotinin has been used in our hospital since the year 2003 to reduce bleeding during craniosynostotic surgery in children. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate its effect, primarily on bleeding and secondarily on the need for transfusion.

Methods

Thirteen children were treated with aprotinin from 2003 to 2008, while 39 were not treated in the period 1993–2002. Information on blood loss and need for transfusion during the operations in all 52 children was collected from their medical records.

Results

There was a significant difference in both blood loss and need for transfusion. Estimated blood volume was used to correct for difference in the children's age and size. In the aprotinin group, blood loss was 3.9% of circulating blood volume vs. 22.0%, and the need for transfusion was 0.0% vs. 21.1%.

Conclusion

Blood loss and need for blood transfusion were significantly reduced in the aprotinin group. No allergic or other possible aprotinin‐specific complications were registered in the aprotinin group.
Mechanisms for the Establishment of Pregnancy in the Pig
Authors: Ziecik AJ , Waclawik A , Kaczmarek MM , Blitek A , Jalali B Moza , Andronowska A
Published: October 2015

Contents

Establishment of pregnancy in pigs requires continuous function of corpora lutea and endometrial preparation for embryo implantation. Progesterone regulates expression of many proteins necessary for endometrial remodelling and embryo–maternal communications. Attaining the uterine receptivity involves progesterone priming and loss of progesterone receptors in the uterine epithelium before days 10–12 after oestrus. Spermatozoa and oocytes in oviduct alter secretion of specific proteins that exert beneficial effect on gametes and embryos. Moreover, an appropriate leucocyte activation and maintenance of delicate cytokine balance within the oviduct and uterus are important for early pregnancy. This early local immune response is rather mediated by seminal plasma components. These components also influence prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the oviduct that is important for gamete and embryo transport. Pregnancy establishment requires the biphasic pattern of oestrogen secretion by conceptuses on days 11–12 and 15–30. Conceptus affects lipid signalling system consisting of prostaglandins and lysophosphatic acid. PG synthesis is changed by conceptus signals in favour of luteoprotective PGE2. Additionally, existence of PGE2 positive feedback loop in the endometrium contributes to increased PGE2/PGF2α ratio during the peri‐implantation period. PGE2 through endometrial PGE2 receptor (PTGER2) elevates the expression of enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis. Higher PGE2 secretion in uterine lumen coincides with the elevated expression of HOXA10 transcription factor critical for implantation. A stable adhesion between conceptus and endometrium requires reduction in mucin‐1 on the apical surface of epithelium and integrin activation by extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, growth factors, cytokines and its receptors are involved in embryo–maternal interactions.
Mesiotemporal changes on magnetic resonance imaging in neurosyphilis
Authors: Saunderson R. B. , Chan R. C.
Published: October 2015

We report a case of neurosyphilis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan findings compatible with a diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis with negative testing for herpes simplex virus in the cerebral spinal fluid. An extensive review of the literature has been undertaken revealing 24 cases worldwide where there are mesiotemporal changes on MRI concurrent with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Therefore, it is now well established that neurosyphilis, ‘the great imitator’, should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients demonstrating mesiotemporal changes on MRI, changes usually seen in herpes simplex encephalitis.
Dying at 23 with 1p36 deletion syndrome: Laura's family story
Authors: Tandy P. A.
Published: October 2015

Laura was unusual. She had always been different and at times difficult. She was born with a genetic disorder, diagnosed as 1p36 deletion syndrome when she was 21 years old. At 23 she suffered her first cardiac arrest at home and entered the hospital system for the first time apart from infancy. After initially appearing to do well, she suffered a second cardiac arrest 10 weeks after admission. This was followed by an irreversible deterioration and she died 14 weeks after admission. We her family had been with her throughout her traumatic experience. This is our story.
How can we improve junior doctor prescribing?
Authors: Gaetani L. , Yeo W. W.
Published: October 2015

The large number of medications available has complicated the learning of drug therapy for medical students at a time when pharmacology training has been substantially reduced. Attempts to remedy this include: improving the pharmaco‐therapeutics curriculum; interactive web‐based learning and students developing a personal formulary. The approach adopted by the University of Wollongong Medical School is to integrate clinical pharmacology throughout the course, with the Student Preferred‐drugs Formulary linking pharmacology and common diseases. Evidence from other countries suggests this should enhance prescribing by medical graduates.
The economic burden of prostate cancer
Authors: Roehrborn Claus G. , Black Libby K.
Published: October 2015

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men. Treatment is costly; the majority of men are treated with radiation or surgery, but even watchful waiting strategies are expensive. With increasing life expectancy more men are being diagnosed with prostate cancer, effectively increasing the economic burden of this disease.

This study provides estimates of the cost of prostate cancer for different countries. These estimates could be used to populate models that explore economic costs of treating and preventing prostate cancer. Our review found considerable variation in costs across different countries, which may be due to differences in detection and management practices.

In the present review we discuss expenditure on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up and evaluate the cost of prostate cancer and its management in different countries. Prostate cancer costs were identified from published data and internet sources. To provide up‐to‐date comparisons, costs were inflated to 2010 levels and the most recent exchange rates were applied. A high proportion of the costs are incurred in the first year after diagnosis; in 2006, this amounted to 106.7–179.0 million euros (€) in the European countries where these data were available (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands). In the USA, the total estimated expenditure on prostate cancer was 9.862 billion US dollars ($) in 2006. The mean annual costs per patient in the USA were $10 612 in the initial phase after diagnosis, $2134 for continuing care and $33 691 in the last year of life. In Canada, hospital and drug expenditure on prostate cancer totalled C$103.1 million in 1998. In Australia, annual costs for prostate cancer care in 1993–1994 were 101.1 million Australian dollars. Variations in costs between countries were attributed to differences in incidence and management practices. Per patient costs depend on cancer stage at diagnosis, survival and choice of treatment. Despite declining mortality rates, costs are expected to rise owing to increased diagnosis, diagnosis at an earlier stage and increased survival. Unless new strategies are devised to increase the efficiency of healthcare provision, the economic burden of prostate cancer will continue to rise.
Long‐term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis patients after first hospitalisation
Authors: KITTIRATTANAPAIBOON PHUNNAPA , MAHATNIRUNKUL SUWAT , BOONCHAROEN HATHAICHONNEE , THUMMAWOMG PORNTHIP , DUMRONGCHAI UNCHALEE , CHUTHA WORAWAN
Published: October 2015

Introduction and Aims. As a consequence of the methamphetamine epidemic in Thailand, the occurrence of methamphetamine psychosis (MAP) dramatically increased. This study aimed to examine the long‐term outcomes of MAP patients following their first presentation to a psychiatric hospital. Design and Methods. Methamphetamine psychosis patients who were first hospitalised in Suan Prung psychiatric hospital Thailand in 2000–2001 were identified through a review of the hospital database. Eligible participants were scheduled for visits by trained field researchers in 2007. For those giving consent, a structured face‐to‐face interview was conducted. Outcomes were collected from both medical records and interviews. Results. A total of 1116 participants were included in the study. Ninety‐two (8.2%) participants had died from suicide, accident or AIDS. Due to relocation, only 449 (40.2%) individuals were interviewed. Most of the participants were male (90.6%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (SD = 8.0). The medical records showed that 263 had revisited the hospital in the interim. Of those, 39.2% were re‐hospitalised and 38% were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia due to persistent psychosis. The outreach interview found that more than half (55.7%) had experienced psychosis relapse. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview revealed the following current conditions: psychotic disorders (15.8%), alcohol use disorders (52.1%) and suicidality (22.3%). Participants who did not have a diagnosis of current methamphetamine abuse could be divided into those with a single episode psychosis (52.6%) and those with chronic course of psychosis (38.8%). Discussion and Conclusions. Individuals with MAP are likely to have poor outcomes, in terms of premature death, several relapses of psychotic symptoms, chronic psychotic manifestation, and very rates of alcohol use disorder and suicidality. Therefore, those individuals with MAP require long‐term monitoring and psychiatric care. [Kittirattanapaiboon P, Mahatnirunkul S, Booncharoen H, Thummawomg P, Dumrongchai U, Chutha W. Long‐term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis patients after first hospitalisation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29;456–461]
The Accelerating Roles of Higher Education in Regions through the European Lifelong Learning Initiative
Authors: NÉMETH BALÁZS
Published: October 2015

This article assesses the network development and promotion of the learning region model in HEIs in the framework of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), focusing on quality, partnership and social equality in the Hungarian context. It argues that the learning city‐region model can be used and put into practice in many different ways for a new learning climate to occur, as in the case of the Pécs Learning City‐Region Forum. However, there are parallel ways to implement the model for HEIs. The first is a purely economically centred one for those HEIs that reflect a reformed social identity to serve mainly employability, economic productivity and innovation through education and research in post socialist countries. The second is more holistic, reflecting not only education and research, but also making use of innovation based on economic and social partnership and networking in local, regional, national and international contexts. The article elaborates on the opportunities for this model as one into which Hungarian HEIs may develop.
A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment
Authors: Smith E. , Hay P. , Campbell L. , Trollor J. N.
Published: October 2015

Recent research suggests that increased adiposity is associated with poor cognitive performance, independently of associated medical conditions. The evidence regarding this relationship is examined in this review article. A relatively consistent finding across the lifespan is that obesity is associated with cognitive deficits, especially in executive function, in children, adolescents and adults. However, as illustrated by contradictory studies, the relationship between obesity and cognition is uncertain in the elderly, partly because of inaccuracy of body mass index as a measure of adiposity as body composition changes with aging. This review further discusses whether obesity is a cause or a consequence of these cognitive deficits, acknowledging the possible bidirectional relationship. The possible effects of increased adiposity on the brain are summarized. Our investigations suggest that weight gain results, at least in part, from a neurological predisposition characterized by reduced executive function, and in turn obesity itself has a compounding negative impact on the brain via mechanisms currently attributed to low‐grade systemic inflammation, elevated lipids and/or insulin resistance. The possible role of cognitive remediation treatment strategies to prevent and/or treat obesity is discussed.
Beyond Agency Theory, a Post‐crisis View of Corporate Law
Authors: Segrestin Blanche , Hatchuel Armand
Published: October 2015

For decades, managers' powers and their freedom to make strategic decisions were taken for granted in the field of corporate governance. The present crisis has revealed that their managerial latitude is in reality much weaker than thought. The growing influence of shareholders has undermined the historical and professional legitimacy of managers, who are now viewed as ‘agents’ controlled by ‘principals’. This paper makes two contributions. First, we hold that the crisis is not a purely economic or financial crisis but a fundamental crisis of management, with its function of regulating the relationship between the firm and society. Second, we show that this crisis is rooted in law, since corporate law does not actually protect the autonomy of management. Until now, management theory has underestimated the role of law in the evolutions of corporate governance; we argue that management research needs to open its boundaries and specifically to re‐examine corporate law. We suggest new governance rules to ensure managers have the latitude to organize collective creation processes in a way that is both efficient and legitimate. And we discuss some avenues for reflecting on a post‐crisis business law.
‘Physics Envy’, Cognitive Legitimacy or Practical Relevance: Dilemmas in the Evolution of Management Research in the UK
Authors: Thomas Howard , Wilson Alexander D.
Published: October 2015

We reflect on the key debates and controversies that face business schools and management research. This paper frames the core debates in terms of organizational legitimacy as a lens through which to analyse the rapid rise and development of business schools in the UK. The production of management knowledge straddles the precarious divide between academic rigour and practical relevance. We argue that the conflicting sources of legitimacy could be undermining the international research competitiveness of UK schools and that a far‐reaching review of management education and research is necessary.
Getting Too Close to the Fire: The Challenge of Engaging Stories and Saving Lives
Authors: Wensley Robin
Published: October 2015

There is a long and troubled history in the relationship between management research and management practice. Much is often made of the negative impact in terms of management practice of the two so‐called foundation reports both published in 1959 in the USA. A re‐reading of these, however, suggests that the bigger issue is the conflation of analytical approaches with superior management performance. This remains a basis for researchers and practitioners to engage, but such engagement also requires a sense of critical distance and distinct identities between the two groups, which recognizes the differing nature of practice knowledge alongside research‐based knowledge.
GETTING THE RIGHT PEOPLE ON THE RIGHT PROJECTS
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian
Published: October 2015

Matching project needs with individuals' preferences can be tricky, says Julian Birkinshaw. He shares the story behind the development of an innovative system at AdNovum designed to do just that.
PURPOSE SPECIAL REPORT
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: October 2015

How can and should leaders instil and maintain a sense of purpose in their organisations? In this Special Report we look at the reality behind the abstraction.
WHEN THE NAME IS THE GAME
Authors: Bertini Marco , Gourville John , Ofek Elie
Published: October 2015

In Romeo and Juliet, the fair maiden asks, “What's in a name?” When it comes to marketing next‐generation products for the global marketplace, Marco Bertini, John Gourville and Elie Ofek have done extensive research and found that names can play an enormous role in a product's success.
THE ART OF JAPANESE MANAGEMENT REVISITED
Authors: Dearlove Des
Published: October 2015

In the 1980s, we looked to Japan for inspiration on how best to run organisations. But, do the lessons still stand up?
VOICES: A STRONG MORAL COMPASS
Authors: De Cremer David
Published: October 2015

David De Cremer believes that the antidote to a corrupt corporate culture is passionate leadership, guided by a strong moral compass.
732. CALLERYA CINEREA
Authors: Lewis Gwilym
Published: October 2015

Callerya cinerea (Benth.) Schot from India, Indo‐China and China is described and illustrated. The species, as circumscribed in the latest revision of the genus Callerya, is very variable in indumentum and thickness of the leaflets, detail of the inflorescence and inflation of the pod, but in the account of the genus in the recently published Flora of China the species was dealt with in the limited sense of its original description.
A REVISION OF MECONOPSIS LYRATA (CUMMINS & PRAIN) FEDDE EX PRAIN AND ITS ALLIES
Authors: Yoshida Toshio , Hang Sun , Grey‐Wilson Christopher
Published: October 2015

Three new species of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae), M. bulbilifera, M. exilis and M. lamjungensis, members of the M. lyrata aggregate, are described and characterised. Differences separating them from similar species are discussed and photos showing the diagnostic features are provided. Diagnostic features and distributions of the related species, M. lyrata, M. compta, M. polygonoides and M. wumungensis are also provided as is a key to the species.
739. AKEBIA QUINATA
Authors: Christenhusz Maarten J. M. , Rix Martyn
Published: October 2015

The chocolate vine or akebi, Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. is illustrated. Its introduction into horticulture is provided and its distribution, habitat and colour forms are discussed. Suggestions for its cultivation are given.
The Fountain of Honour: Directing the Spray
Authors: PEARCE EDWARD
Published: October 2015

Pearce argues that honours do not deserve the earnest linguistic toil of the virtuous PAC. Starting with the peers, he observes that when William the Conqueror/Bastard distributed land stolen with violence to his armed band, it was the simple loot from which ancient chivalry, honour and nobility flows. Such lords developed under the more civilised early Whigs, like Walpole, into rent for sending steady support from owned boroughs into the Commons. Witness Bubb Dodington and his three and a half seats in Weymouth, made a Viscount in the name of one of its suburbs.

Harold Macmillan would sack a minister with the wheedling consolation ‘A Little something to wear under your tie’. By inventing the Life Peerage, he helped the slow subversion of elected government by creating unelected, often powerful ministers with no relationship to country or people, candid nominees of the National Leader. The one virtue of the post‐Macmillan upper house lies in the disloyal, which is say minimally or not all party‐attached people of talent reliably voting against ministerial requirements. As for the insignia of all honours, their bars, discs and ribbons are kept on cards in Palace drawers like so much paste jewellery.
The Anglo‐Irish Agreement: 25 Years On
Authors: AUGHEY ARTHUR , GORMLEY‐HEENAN CATHY
Published: October 2015

This article examines the surprisingly muted commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the Anglo‐Irish Agreement. It was surprising because not only was the Agreement a major innovation in relations between the two states but it was also the defining political issue in Northern Ireland for almost a decade. It is argued that the significance of the Agreement has been diminished because of retrospective narratives which serve the political convenience of the key parties to the Northern Ireland conflict. The article adapts Oakeshott's notion of the ‘dry wall’ to re‐assess and to re‐state the Agreement's place in recent history.
The Wisdom of Which Crowd? On the Pathology of a Listening Government
Authors: COLEMAN STEPHEN , BLUMLER JAY G.
Published: October 2015

This article considers the claims made by members of the current UK Coalition government to adopt a new style of listening, consultative politics based upon the so‐called wisdom of the crowd. It considers how these claims have—and could have—been acted upon, focusing upon two central policy proposals; the funding of higher education and the reform of the National Health Service.
Perfect Failure: the USA, Cuba and the Bay of Pigs, 1961
Authors: DUNNE MICHAEL
Published: October 2015

In 1961 the US Central Intelligence Agency master‐minded a sea‐borne invasion by Cuban exiles aimed at overthrowing the regime headed by Fidel Castro. With minimal logistical support from the USA the attempted counter‐coup launched at the Bay of Pigs was an unqualified disaster: a ‘perfect failure’, in the words of an authoritative contemporary. This essay locates the fiasco in the longer history of US–Cuban relations, concentrating on the Cold War years, the history of US political intervention and subversion in Latin America, and the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista and the rise of Castro himself—both men offering different models of Latin American caudillismo (the power and cult of military strongmen). The essay concludes with an analysis of Cuba as an issue in US domestic politics and the impact of the Bay of Pigs in consolidating the Cuban revolution and setting the framework for the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.