bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Construction Systems
Authors: Vatan Meltem
Published: October 2018

This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness.
New Approach for Object Detection and Extraction from Digital Images for Providing a 3D Model Applicable in 3D GIS
Authors: Homainejad Amir Saeed
Published: October 2018

This paper discusses a new approach in object extraction from aerial images with association of point cloud data. The extracted objects are captured in a 3D space for reconstructing a 3D model. The process includes three steps. In the first step the targeted objects are extracted from point cloud data and captured in a 3D space. The objects include buildings, trees, roads and background or terrain. In the second step the extracted objects are registered to the aerial image for assisting the object detection. Finally, the extracted objects from the aerial image are registered on the original 3D model for conversion to the point cloud data and then are captured in a 3D space for reconstructing a new 3D model. The final 3D model is flexible and editable. The objects can be edited, audited, and manipulated without affecting another objects or ruin the 3D model. Also, more data can be integrated in the 3D model improve its quality. The aspects of this project are: to reconstruct the final 3D model, and then each object can be interactively updated or modified without affecting the whole 3D model, and to provide a database for other users such as 3D GIS, city management and planning, Disaster Management System (DBS), and Smart City application.
Context of the Person in Social Networks
Authors: Tabti Abdelkrim , Djellouli Mohammed
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the authors define the context of the person in social networks. Subsequently they introduce modeling and context of the development process of a person. Then they work on analyzing and feeling defined analysis technique, the sour feelings tweets and their characteristics, and method of how to recuperate data from Twitter by using API extraction.
Study on the Different Forms of Plagiarism in Textual Data and Image
Authors: Jack Frederic
Published: October 2018

We live in a world of information. It is everywhere, but it is sometimes difficult to find and know that data first. In today's digital society, it's easy to find texts to plagiarize. These texts may come from the internet, publishers, or other content providers. Plagiarism is considered a serious fault. Throughout the world, universities are making significant efforts to educate students and teachers, offering guides and tutorials to explain the types of plagiarism, to avoid plagiarism. Internet contains easy to get texts the people can use in their newsrooms simply using copy and paste. This chapter shows the various types of plagiarism and the different techniques of automatic plagiarism detection and related work that addresses the topic.
Spam Filtering and Detection
Authors: Bouarara Yasmin
Published: October 2018

In today's world of globalization and technology without borders, the emergence of the internet and the rapid development of telecommunications have made the world a global village. Recently, the email service has become immensely used, and the main means of communication because it is cheap, reliable, fast, and easy to access. In addition, it allows users with a mailbox (BAL) and email address to exchange messages (images, files, and text documents) from anywhere in the world via the internet. Unfortunately, this technology has become undeniably the original source of malicious activity, in particular the problem of unwanted emails (spam), which has increased dramatically over the past decade. According to the latest report from Radicati Group, which provides quantitative and qualitative research with details of the e-mail, security, and social networks, published in 2012, 70-80% of email traffic consists of spam. The goal of the chapter is to give a state of the art on spam and spam techniques and the disadvantages of this phenomenon.
Travelling Through History
Authors: Lambertucci Filippo
Published: October 2018

The construction of underground urban transport lines in Rome has provoked in the past years the discovery and the destruction of numerous archaeological sites. The last decade has marked a significant cultural change in Italy in the relationship between infrastructure and archaeology, thanks to the development of new methodologies and successful experiences; thanks to the excavations for the construction, it has been possible to realize the largest archaeological campaigns for decades and open new perspectives to the involvement of findings in the structure of the everyday city. The case study of the new metro station San Giovanni ain Rome offers an example for the conservation of heritage through the tools of narration in a site where the archaeological layers have been removed but can still be perceivable thanks to a narrative system that envelops the passenger in a total experience, with a scientifically museum-like rigorous arrangement of information realized according to the speed of commuters.
Cultural Heritage Preservation in a Modernizing Africa
Authors: Endong Floribert Patrick C.
Published: October 2018

Cultural heritage preservation is a sine qua non for the effective technological, scientific, and economic development of nations across the world. This follows the theory stating that culture is life and that there is a cultural factor in technological development. In view of this truism, most African states and social institutions have these last years embarked on multifaceted tactics aimed at heritage conservation in their respective national territories. These preservation efforts have yielded only patchy fruits as they are confronted to the forces of modernism and globalization. Thus, modernism and globalization have continued to represent big threats to heritage preservation in many African countries. This chapter illustrates this thesis through a comparative study of cultural heritage management in Cameroon and Nigeria. The chapter begins by examining the extent to which heritage preservation is feasible in an era governed by modernism and globalization before exploring similarities and differences in the ways modernism and globalization affect heritage preservation in Nigeria and Cameroon.
Built and Destroyed Memory
Authors: Attenni Martina , Griffo Marika
Published: October 2018

This chapter analyzes the methodological approach to the study of archaeological heritage in its architectonic consistency. More specifically, two case studies are here presented to mark how their peculiarities lead the scholar to follow different processes in order to achieve a high level of awareness. More than this, the chapter tries to comprehend to what extent common tools and strategies can be applied to dissimilar case studies in archaeological field. Recent technologies in this field have given to scholars and cultural heritage experts a new tool to preserve what still exists and to virtually reconstruct what has been destroyed.
Exhibit Design for Architecture
Authors: Cecchini Cecilia , Mariani Miriam
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces a novel method of communication, based on an analytical and analogical fact-finding journey, aimed at comprehending an architectural design for a more extended and inclusive usership, in particular for visually impaired and blind people. The study focuses on the communication aspects of architecture and the methodology considered effective in architectural criticism, with the aim of attaining deep and real understanding of those principles that represent its tangible expression. Starting from an in-depth theoretical fact-finding analysis, the research suggests a slow and completely non-digital exhibition, available to normally sighted, visually impaired, and blind people, and also for an informed and a non-informed audience. The study was carried out with the support of Public Engagement Department of the MAXXI Museum in Rome (National Museum of the 21st Century Arts) as part of the plan for the accessibility of museum collections.
Digital Literacy
Authors: Ray Anirban
Published: October 2018

The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of digital literacy, looking at the theoretical and ideological construct of the term from functional and critical perspectives. Digital literacy as a heterogeneous concept is claimed by diverse stakeholder disciplines such as education, communication studies, English, media studies, library information studies, and computing. The chapter underlines the complementary notions of digital literacy couched in both “conceptual” as well as “standardized operational” definitions and sheds light on the shifting implications of global digital literacy. From this perspective, it scans the global landscape to understand the diffusion of digital literacy and to show how the concept is tackled within disparate contexts of use. The chapter also highlights contemporary issues associated with the spread of digital literacy, including challenges of cross-cultural digital literacy and digital divide.
Digital Literacy in Theory and Practice
Authors: Julien Heidi
Published: October 2018

The concept of digital literacy must be understood in the context of “literacies” writ broadly. Contemporary understandings of literacy have expanded the traditional definition that includes reading and writing (possibly also including numeracy and oralcy) to include interpretive and creative abilities or competencies across a range of texts in written and other forms. Digital literacy, from a pragmatic point of view, is the set of skills, knowledge, and attitudes required to access digital information effectively, efficiently, and ethically. It includes knowing how to evaluate digital information and how to use it in decision making. Digital literacy certainly has the potential to contribute to far-reaching and important personal and societal consequences. Thus, increasing focus on development of digital literacy, however defined, should be a policy priority for all sectors.
Encouraging Digital Literacy and ICT Competency in the Information Age
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: October 2018

This chapter determines the overview of digital literacy and ICT competency, the encouragement of digital literacy in the information age, and the encouragement of ICT competency in the information age. The encouragement of digital literacy and ICT competency is essential for modern organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, strengthen competitiveness, and achieve regular prosperity in the information age. Thus, it is required for modern organizations to encourage their digital literacy and ICT competency and develop a strategic plan to regularly investigate their practical improvements toward satisfying customer requirements. The chapter argues that encouraging digital literacy and ICT competency has the potential to enhance organizational performance and achieve strategic goals in the information age.
Information Needs of Users in the Tech Savvy Environment and the Influencing Factors
Authors: Rather Mudasir Khazer , Ganaie Shabir Ahmad
Published: October 2018

The concept of information needs was coined by an American information scientist, Robert S. Taylor, in his article "The Process of Asking Questions" published in American Documentation (Now the Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology). There are many definitions of information need. According to Case, information need is a recognition that your knowledge is inadequate to satisfy a goal that you have. He explains that having information is not the same as being informed. Information need is one of the cognitive needs of humanity. Information need determines information-seeking behavior and these concepts harmonize one another. Information need is influenced by a number of factors. This chapter provides an overview of information needs of users, their types, and also the various factors influencing the information needs of users in the digital age.
The Roles of Digital Literacy in Social Life of Youth
Authors: Martinovic Dragana , Freiman Viktor , Lekule Chrispina S. , Yang Yuqi
Published: October 2018

This chapter contains findings related to social aspects of digital activities of youth. Computers, mobile devices, and the internet are increasingly used in everyday social practices of youth, requiring competencies that are largely still not being taught in schools. To thrive in the digital era, youth need to competently use digital tools and define, access, understand, evaluate, create, and communicate digital information. Being able to develop perceptions of, and respect for, social norms and values for functioning in the digital world, without compromising one's own privacy, safety, or integrity is also important. After addressing the social prospects of information and communication technology (ICT) use among youth, this chapter describes their online behavior through the paradoxical nature of the internet (i.e., providing opportunities for social development vs. introducing risks). Educators and youth services are advised to consider these factors in designing flexible, innovative, and inclusive programs for young people that use ICT.
Advanced Model of Complex Information System
Authors: Svitek Miroslav
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents an original approach to information representation, transmission, and processing together with their features that yield into basic principles of informatics. Models of complex systems are based on knowledge from information science that has been gathered over the years in classical physics, a specialized part of which is called information physics. At present, this discipline is still in its infancy, but many discoveries have already been and some scientists have realized that without basic theories in this area, the further development of human knowledge will not be possible.
The Impact of the Impact of Meta-Data Mining From the SoReCom “A.S. de Rosa” @-Library
Authors: Silvana de Rosa Annamaria , Dryjanska Laura , Bocci Elena
Published: October 2018

The objective of this chapter is to address the following question: What is the value of the scientific networking, training, and documentation activities in the new academic scenario dominated by the bibliometric assessment culture and by the impact of the technology to the science production and sharing (data-driven science, big data, open data, open access, etc.). In order to discuss the “impact of the impact” of the social representations theory in the bibliometric culture era, the authors present a selection of results on the dissemination of the theory across the continents based on data and meta-data concerning authors' countries and institutional affiliations, and publications related to the various bibliometric indexes (Impact Factor and SJR) as derived from the two largest bibliometric databases: ISI-Web of Science Thomson and Reuters and Scopus-Elsevier.
Information and Its Conceptual Perspectives
Authors: Rascão José Poças
Published: October 2018

Information has attributes/positivist concepts that some authors use to better understand it. Others are critical about information subjectivism. This chapter discusses conceptual perspectives of information. The aim is to study the concepts of information from some areas of knowledge of the social sciences looking to propose a concept of information in the field of information science. The methodology of the study is formed by bibliographical research. It is concluded that the concept of information is still in full development.
Information Seeking Models in the Digital Age
Authors: Rather Mudasir Khazer , Ganaie Shabir Ahmad
Published: October 2018

A model may be defined as a structure for thinking about a problem and may evolve into a statement of the relationships among theoretical propositions. Most models of information behavior are generally the statements, often in the form of diagrams that attempt to explicate an information-seeking activity, the causes and consequences of that activity, or the relations among stages in information-seeking behavior. This chapter explores, introduces, and discusses select information-seeking models and explains various elements of each model. Various online resources like database, research articles, and other web tools will be accessed to retrieve relevant information related to the select models. Further, the chapter also focuses on the diagrammatic or pictorial representation of each model.
Online Information Retrieval Systems Trending From Evolutionary to Revolutionary Approach
Authors: Wani Zahid Ashraf , Shafiq Huma
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, we all rely on cyberspace for our information needs. We make use of different types of search tools. Some of them have specialization in a specific format or two, while few can crawl a good portion of the web irrespective of formats. Therefore, it is very imperative for information professionals to have thorough understandings of these tools. As such, the chapter is an endeavor to delve deep and highlight various trends in online information retrieval from primitive to modern ones. The chapter also made an effort to envisage the future requirements and expectation keeping in view the ever-increasing dependence on diverse species of information retrieval tools.
Communities of Practice as a Source of Open Innovation
Authors: Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the authors define communities of practice. They present the concept as described by the creators of the concept but also comment on the role of these communities in organizational learning or informal learning. They follow with some of the results, centering on the conditions of success and challenges that emerge, as well as limits in the learning and sharing process, which are often underestimated. The authors highlight some results from a study on communities of practice in Canada, in particular the main conditions and challenges of such new modes of knowledge creation and management, which don't always work automatically. They compare these results to other recent research. Research clearly confirms that participants' commitment and motivation in the project, dynamism and continuity of leadership, organizational support and recognition of employees' involvement are the key elements in a community of practice, and they can contribute to open innovation.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Authors: Iguisi Osarumwense , Igbinomwanhia Osaro Rawlings
Published: October 2018

This chapter draws attention to the relevance of cultures to management philosophy with the purpose of contributing to a culturally viable practice of management in Africa. It has been shown that the different management theories in the form that they have been developed in the West may not fit culturally in Africa. However, in developing theories and building models of management theories in Africa, it is unlikely to pay Africans to throw away all that the West has to offer. Rather, the process of appropriate management theorizing should be to reflect on the assumptions of Western management theories, compare Western assumptions about social and cultural values with African cultural values, and rebuild the theories or models through experimentation. The use of anthropological and philosophical concepts in this context will help in development of appropriate management practice.
Integrating Knowledge Management and Business Processes
Authors: Edwards John Steven
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the different types of knowledge are outlined. then a discussion of various routes by which knowledge management has been implemented is had. A business process-based route, which enables people, processes, and technology to fit together, is growing in popularity as the best way to deliver effective knowledge management that is integrated into what the organization does. Some examples of the business processes route in use are then given. Finally, there is a look towards the future.
Intellectual Capital Measurement
Authors: Bryl Lukasz
Published: October 2018

The aim of the chapter is to present the current state of knowledge concerning intellectual capital (IC) and its measurement methods. Although IC may be estimated on the micro, macro, and industry level, this chapter deals with the IC measurement on the enterprise level explicitly. The first part of the chapter is concentrated on the introduction to the IC and its main forms. The second presents the most common IC measurement methods, and the third part is the analysis of controversies and usability of chosen methods.
Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D)
Authors: Flor Alexander G.
Published: October 2018

Knowledge management began in the private sector but has since been adopted by governments and international development agencies alike. In the mid-nineties, Stephen Denning established the Knowledge Management Program of the World Bank, which has served as the model for applying KM to international development assistance or KM4D. This chapter differentiates corporate KM from KM4D. It presents a typology and enumerates KM4D sectors and themes used by the international development assistance community in the past two and a half decades.
Advancement and Application of Scientometric Indicators for Evaluation of Research Content
Authors: Zainab Tazeem , Wani Zahid Ashraf
Published: October 2018

To quantify science and to handle the scientific information, various methods are used. Researchers and scientists use varied techniques for fundamental concepts which are more or less auxiliary and corresponding to a certain extension with respect to their applications. Scientometrics, in this context, is a novel scientific field joining science and technology with information science and expending numerous mathematical, statistical, data mining techniques, and procedures to measure and quantify scientific information. The focus of scientometrics as a discipline is the literature of science and technology. The chapter thus aims to discuss the concept of scientometrics and its indicators that are employed to assess the quality of scholarly content. Further, the chapter also discusses the pros and cons of prominent scientometric indicators that are currently employed in assessing the performance of an individual researcher, institution, or country.
Scholarly Identity in an Increasingly Open and Digitally Connected World
Authors: Belikov Olga , Kimmons Royce M.
Published: October 2018

Scholarly practices are constantly evolving alongside the technological advances and social factors that support them. Modern advances of participatory technologies influence what it means to be a scholar in our time. This chapter explores emergent forms of technology-influenced scholarship, identifies broad categorizations of these practices (including digital scholarship, social scholarship, open scholarship, public scholarship, and networked participatory scholarship), and discusses common themes and implications within a larger framework of their effect on scholarly identity. Understanding the relationship between emergent forms of scholarship and the technologies with which they co-evolve may enable scholars to participate more meaningfully in the public sphere while still preserving their values and authentic identity.
Crisis Response and Management
Authors: Zykov Sergey V.
Published: October 2018

Information technology is critically dependent on a number of technological and human factors. Software engineering processes are multi-sided; they include customer and developer parties. Conceptual misunderstanding by either party often results in the products which do not meet customer's expectations. This misconception of the software product scope usually leads to a crisis of software product delivery. To adequately manage and efficiently respond to this crisis, the authors recommend using software engineering models, methods, techniques, practices, and tools. Software engineering is a discipline which started in the 1960s as a response to the so-called “software crisis”; it combines technical and human-related skills. To manage the crisis, the authors suggest architecture patterns and instantiate them by implementation examples.
Accessibility in E-Government
Authors: Sonnenberg Christian
Published: October 2018

Electronic government (e-government) resources and websites are a crucial interface for many citizens; yet, accessibility is an often-overlooked attribute when designing such tools. Poorly designed sites can seriously hinder and cause detrimental effects for users relying on these services. How content is presented and delivered on the web makes an impact on how effective and helpful it is, even more so for users with disabilities. This chapter begins with the standards of digital government content presentation and follows up with a look at the compliance rate, current challenges, and possible avenues of future delivery methods. Discussion includes a look at Section 508 and possible update measures to incorporate new devices. This chapter will explore the current drawbacks of automated compliance and accessibility management and provide perspective on what improvements need to be made to foster proper e-government design.
The Adoption and Transformation of Capability Maturity Models in Government
Authors: Buss Terry F.
Published: October 2018

Capability maturity models (CMM), an outgrowth of the decades-old quality movement, and originally developed by Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute for the US Defense Department in the 1980s as a way to improve software engineering, has become the inspiration for similar models addressing every aspect of public management by governments around the world. CMM posits several evolutionary stages that organizations must pass through to achieve increasingly higher levels of capability in achieving quality. Stages are determined by research evidence, expert opinion, best practices, and evaluations. While CMM has produced some impressive gains, it has drawn criticism for lacking a theoretical underpinning, exorbitant costs, being somewhat subjective, and lack of success in many organizations. The field has no universal agreed upon standards, so it may be necessary to create an organization to study and vet various CMM applications. The field as it matures presents an excellent opportunity to study public management in the context of organizations employing CMM.
Critical Success Factors in E-Democracy Implementation
Authors: Oni Aderonke A. , Okunoye Adekunle O.
Published: October 2018

Most e-democracy implementation has experienced mixed success; some have failed to meet up with the demand of the dedicated advocates while some are battling with a lot of replication of efforts within countries driving full-fledged e-participation across their governmental bodies. Ensuring success in e-democracy implementation requires harmonizing the technological, economic, political, legal, and cultural issues pertaining to e-democracy. Barriers to greater online citizen engagement in policy making are not technological but cultural, organizational, and constitutional. This chapter will provide an in-depth description of key issues to consider in making participatory e-democracy user friendly, effective, and deliver the expected outcomes. Important issues pertinent to the success of e-democracy project were explored. These are technological, social, and political issues that make for good success in e-democracy implementation. These are beyond the traditional concerns of the digital divide.
E-Activism Development and Growth
Authors: McNutt John G. , Goldkind Lauri
Published: October 2018

The use of sophisticated technology to promote social change has developed over the past three decades from tentative beginnings to an expected part of the arsenal of movement organizations and advocacy groups. The development of practical politics throughout the world has made greater use of ever more sophisticated technologies. This chapter will discuss the nature of e-activism, the development of electronic social change activities, the organizational and practice issues, the research base, and the potential future developments in the field.
Technology and Terror
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel , Skoll Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

The chapter discusses to what extent rationality plays a leading role not only in forming a culture of fear in Western societies, but it also paves the way for undemocratic attitudes and reactions. Our founding parents envisaged a world where progress, rationality, and technology played a vital role in building a better place to live. They never imagined the effects of 9/11 nor the financial market and stock crisis in 2008. The rise of uncertainty as a main cultural value of contemporary society raised the question of how much technology facilitated the evolution towards a more pacific, fairer, and safer world. We have witnessed how 9/11 strengthened a process of securitization where high technology was used to surveille citizens, accompanied by ethical dilemmas as illustrated by the Edward Snowden case. Securitization has reinforced authorities' trust in technology while terrorist attacks continue across the globe.
Public Policies for Providing Cloud Computing Services to SMEs of Latin America
Authors: Rahman Mohd Nayyer , Iqbal Badar Alam
Published: October 2018

SMEs are considered the backbone of the Latin American economic region as they represent an overwhelming majority of private enterprises in the region and account for 99% of businesses and employ 67% of employees. One of the elements in which SMEs need assistance is their involvement in the IT-enabled services (ITES) both for greater efficiency and optimization of the economic data. Cloud computing as a modern concept has commercialized the use of ITES along with sharing data at a wider scale. Tacit knowledge in the form of data can be easily shared at large scale with the help of cloud computing. While MNCs have started using cloud computing to benefit the organizations, SMEs are far behind in truly understanding the relevance of cloud computing in benefitting business operations. The chapter analyzes the existing opportunities and then formulates relevant public policies for providing cloud computing services to the SMEs of Latin America.
Community Science and Technology and Its Meaning to Potential Requirement
Authors: Paul P. K. , Bhuimali A.
Published: October 2018

Community science and technology (CST) is an emerging concept and side by side a broader domain that deals with various aspects of community and societal development. Community science and technology may be treated as subject responsible and dedicated for community and society development. This is the domain which talks about science and technology and its development for societal and community. Community science and technology (CST) may be expressed as a domain of science, technology, and engineering responsible for social and community development. Information science is an interdisciplinary domain and responsible for information vis-à-vis technological solution with social science perspective; thus, the domain may be treated as a domain of community or social touch or more clearly a domain of community science and technology.
Bipolar Model in Collective Choice
Authors: Tchangani Ayeley P.
Published: October 2018

A collective choice problem is a decision problem where a certain number (possibly reduced to one) of agents, stakeholders, or decision makers must select alternative(s) from a possibly large set or universe of alternatives in order to satisfy some collective as well as individual objectives. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the modeling process of collective choice problem when coping with human attitude in terms of social influence, indecision, uncertainty, etc. Using bipolar analysis that consist in evaluating alternatives by two opposite measures (a measure taking into account positive aspect of the alternative and that resuming its negative aspects) at individual level as well as community level permit to some extent embedding human attitudes in the decision process.
Climate Change as a Driving Force on Urban Energy Consumption Patterns
Authors: Jafari Mostafa , Smith Pete
Published: October 2018

Heating degree days (HDD), in cases where temperatures are below 18°C, and cooling degree days (CDD), in cases where temperatures are above 21°C, were used as energy consumption indices. During the last half century, mean annual temperatures have increased, and as a consequence, CDD in the warm season have increased sharply. In the same time slice, HDD even in the cool and cold season have declined steadily. The number of monthly and annual total HDD (mean= 1556) are much higher than CDD (mean=400) in the case study area, and annual total HDD and CDD have a negative correlation (Pearson correlation = - 0.493; p = 0.001). The deceasing rate of HDD is limited and steady (R2= 0.062, p=0.099), but the increasing rate of CDD in the same time slice is sharp (R2=0.427, p=0.813). This shows that energy consumption patterns have increased sharply, and with available projection scenarios, it is projected to increase more rapidly, leading to higher energy costs.
Regional Development and Air Freight Service Needs for Regional Communities
Authors: Kille Tarryn , Bates Paul , Murray Patrick S.
Published: October 2018

This chapter is intended to assist in documenting the needs of regional communities with regards to air freight services. In doing so, the chapter first considers the importance of air service access to small and regional communities with particular emphasis on those economies bolstered by agriculture and the production of high-value, low weight, perishable products. The chapter then explores the air freight challenges facing regional communities and discusses the need for integration, infrastructure, and service reliability. The chapter provides an overview of potential solutions to assist in meeting these needs, including improving the flow of information and communication between businesses in the entire distribution system and applying electronic commerce tools to assist in integrating systems and sharing information.
Analysis of Precipitation Variability using Memory Based Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Debbarma Shyama , Choudhury Parthasarathi , Roy Parthajit , Kumar Ram
Published: October 2018

This article analyzes the variability in precipitation of the Barak river basin using memory-based ANN models called Gamma Memory Neural Network(GMNN) and genetically optimized GMNN called GMNN-GA for precipitation downscaling precipitation. GMNN having adaptive memory depth is capable techniques in modeling time varying inputs with unknown input characteristics, while an integration of the model with GA can further improve its performances. NCEP reanalysis and HadCM3A2 (a) scenario data are used for downscaling and forecasting precipitation series for Barak river basin. Model performances are analyzed by using statistical criteria, RMSE and mean error and are compared with the standard SDSM model. Results obtained by using 24 years of daily data sets show that GMNN-GA is efficient in downscaling daily precipitation series with maximum daily annual mean error of 6.78%. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that execution of the GMNN-GA model is superior to the GMNN and similar with that of the standard SDSM.
Cross-Project Change Prediction Using Meta-Heuristic Techniques
Authors: Bansal Ankita , Jajoria Sourabh
Published: October 2018

Changes in software systems are inevitable. Identification of change-prone modules can help developers to focus efforts and resources on them. In this article, the authors conduct various intra-project and cross-project change predictions. The authors use distributional characteristics of dataset to generate rules which can be used for successful change prediction. The authors analyze the effectiveness of meta-heuristic decision trees in generating rules for successful cross-project change prediction. The employed meta-heuristic algorithms are hybrid decision tree genetic algorithms and oblique decision trees with evolutionary learning. The authors compare the performance of these meta-heuristic algorithms with C4.5 decision tree model. The authors observe that the accuracy of C4.5 decision tree is 73.33%, whereas the accuracy of the hybrid decision tree genetic algorithm and oblique decision tree are 75.00% and 75.56%, respectively. These values indicate that distributional characteristics are helpful in identifying suitable training set for cross-project change prediction.
A Generalized and Robust Anti-Predatory Nature-Inspired Algorithm for Complex Problems
Authors: Sachan Rohit Kumar , Kushwaha Dharmender Singh
Published: October 2018

This article describes how nature-inspired algorithms (NIAs) have evolved as efficient approaches for addressing the complexities inherent in the optimization of real-world applications. These algorithms are designed to imitate processes in nature that provide some ways of problem solving. Although various nature-inspired algorithms have been proposed by various researchers in the past, a robust and computationally simple NIA is still missing. A novel nature-inspired algorithm that adapts to the anti-predatory behavior of the frog is proposed. The algorithm mimics the self defense mechanism of a frog. Frogs use their reflexes as a means of protecting themselves from the predators. A mathematical formulation of these reflexes forms the core of the proposed approach. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified through performance evaluation on sixteen different unconstrained mathematical benchmark functions based on best and worst values as well as mean and standard deviation of the computed results. These functions are representative of different properties and characteristics of the problem domain. The strength and robustness of the proposed algorithm is established through a comparative result analysis with six well-known optimization algorithms, namely: genetic, particle swarm, differential evolution, artificial bee colony, teacher learning and Jaya. The Friedman rank test and the Holm-Sidak test have been used for statistical analysis of obtained results. The proposed algorithm ranks first in the case of mean result and scores second rank in the case of “standard deviation”. This proves the significance of the proposed algorithm.
HIV-1 Nef Hijacks Lck and Rac1 Endosomal Traffic To Dually Modulate Signaling-Mediated and Actin Cytoskeleton–Mediated T Cell Functions
Authors: del Río-Iñiguez Iratxe , Vázquez-Chávez Elena , Cuche Céline , Di Bartolo Vincenzo , Bouchet Jérôme , Alcover Andrés
Published: October 2018

Endosomal traffic of TCR and signaling molecules regulates immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. We recently showed that Rab11 endosomes regulate the subcellular localization of the tyrosine kinase Lck and of the GTPase Rac1 and control their functions in TCR signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. HIV-1 infection of T cells alters their endosomal traffic, activation capacity, and actin cytoskeleton organization. The viral protein Nef is pivotal for these modifications. We hypothesized that HIV-1 Nef could jointly alter Lck and Rac1 endosomal traffic and concomitantly modulate their functions. In this study, we show that HIV-1 infection of human T cells sequesters both Lck and Rac1 in a pericentrosomal compartment in an Nef-dependent manner. Strikingly, the Nef-induced Lck compartment contains signaling-competent forms (phosphorylated on key Tyr residues) of Lck and some of its downstream effectors, TCRζ, ZAP70, SLP76, and Vav1, avoiding the proximal LAT adaptor. Importantly, Nef-induced concentration of signaling molecules was concomitant with the upregulation of several early and late T cell activation genes. Moreover, preventing the concentration of the Nef-induced Lck compartment by depleting the Rab11 effector FIP3 counteracted Nef-induced gene expression upregulation. In addition, Nef extensively sequesters Rac1 and downregulates Rac1-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling, thus reducing T cell spreading. Therefore, by modifying their endosomal traffic, Nef hijacks signaling and actin cytoskeleton regulators to dually modulate their functional outputs. Our data shed new light into the molecular mechanisms that modify T cell physiology during HIV-1 infection.
Patient-centered rehabilitation of single, partial, and complete edentulism with cemented- or screw-retained fixed dental prosthesis: The First Osstem Advanced Dental Implant Research and Education Center Consensus Conference 2017
Authors: Tallarico Marco , Caneva Marco , Baldini Nicola , Gatti Fulvio , Duvina Marco , Billi Mauro , Iannello Gaetano , Piacentini Giacomo , Meloni Silvio Mario , Cicciù Marco
Published: October 2018

The aim of this consensus conference was to provide clinical guidelines, based on the available evidence and on the author's daily practice and experience, for general dentistry and dental practitioners to allow them to delivery long-term successful restorations. Three groups of expert clinicians and dental technicians were invited to evaluate all of the scientific literature from 1967 up to March 2017 to identify relevant studies on assigned topics and to prepare in advance narrative/systematic review, written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, to fulfill the consensus statement criteria. The three topics assigned to the three groups were abutment/framework materials and customization (metal vs. metal-free restorations), abutment/framework protocols and designs, and abutment/framework retentions (cemented- vs. screw-retained implant-supported prostheses). All the expert clinicians presented their results, and the lectures were followed by discussions. No significant differences in clinical parameters (marginal bone loss, bleeding on probing, and pocket probing depth) between screw- or cemented-retained were found for single and multiple implant-supported restorations. There is moderate evidence that nonoriginal abutments provide worse mechanical behavior than originals and high evidence that different implant neck designs do not offer any clinical or radiographic advantage. All the participants agreed that it is desirable to connect and remove abutments as few times as possible. There is medium evidence that an adequate platform switching tends to enhance tissue volume and stability in the medium- and long-term follow-up. No statistically significant differences exist between metal and zirconia as a framework material. The authors discussed and all agreed that retrievability and patient's expectation (function and esthetics) should guide the choice of the most adequate technique, component, and material.
Qualitative study on parental behavior as the source of dental fear development as reported by
preschool students in Bandung
Authors: Setiawan Arlette Suzy , Agustiani Hendriati , Kendhawati Lenny
Published: October 2018

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the contribution of parental behavior in DF development in preschoolchildren and seek its correlation with the level of DF. Materials and Methods: This study was addressed to preschoolchildren (3–6 years) in Bandung area using qualitative method through interviews with children. Data analysis was done using Spearman's rank correlation to find the correlation of parental behavior and level of DF. Results: Results revealed eight acquisition themes based on the parental behavior; two themes related to negative information, three themes related to direct conditioning, and three themes related to vicarious learning. Statistical analysis showed a significant Spearman rank correlation rs0.42% or 17.38% (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Parental behavior contributes to the development of DF in children at preschool ages through negative information, direct conditioning, and vicarious learning, as evidenced by the correlation of these parental behaviors with the level of DF in children.
Comparison of professional and laypeople
evaluation of nasolabial esthetics following unilateral cleft lip repair
Authors: Adetayo Adekunle Moses , Adetayo Modupe Olusola , Funmi A Oguntade , Somoye Mayowa Solomon , Adeyemi Michael O , Adeyemo Wasiu Lanre
Published: October 2018

Objectives: The objective is to know the extent of agreement of clinicians' perception of nasolabial esthetic compared to that of laypeople (parents). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of comparison of clinician's perception of nasolabial esthetics with that of laypeople following surgical repair of UCL. Participants were recruited from the Cleft Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, and surgical repair of the cleft was performed under general anesthesia. Surgical evaluation was done through direct clinical evaluation using the modified form of the Christofides' criteria by laypeople and professionals. Results: A total of 48 cleft participants were enrolled in the study. The evaluation of the lip by both the laypeople and professionals was similar, and there was no difference (0.588) in their rating. However, there was a significant disagreement (P = 0.001) between them in the nose assessment. Conclusion: Neither the solitary opinion of the professionals nor that of the laypeople is satisfactory in the evaluation of facial esthetics; both are equally important, especially in the assessment of nasal esthetics. However, opinion of either the laypeople or the professional might be enough in the evaluation of the lip esthetics.
Assessment of the success rate of endodontically treated patients attending outpatient polyclinic
Authors: Mustafa Nazih Shaaban , Kashmoola Muhannad Ali , Majeed Kais Raad Abdul , Qader Omar Abdul Jabbar Abdul
Published: October 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the success rate of the endodontically treated teeth in patients attending the Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), from 2012 to 2015. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study involved endodontically treated teeth of patients attending the Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, from 2012 to 2015. Clinical and radiographic data were recorded and classified as successful or failed, and further analyzed by Fisher's exact test to measure the correlation between the variables using SPSS software version 16.0. Kappa test was used to measure the overall relationship between clinical and radiographic findings. Results: A total of sixty teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically, the overall success rate was 85% (n = 51). Correlation between the variables showed nonsignificant (P > 0.05) in the success rate among age, gender, and race, upper and lower arches and between anterior and posterior teeth at the time of treatment. At postendodontic fixed restorations, the variables showed statistically significant relationship with the success rate (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with no signs and symptoms and with no radiographical changes at the the time of clinical examination, showed the highest percentage of success rate (85%) of postendodontic fixed restorations. Age, gender, and race have no significant relations with the success rate of endodontically treated teeth.