bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy versus Readability: Reconciling the Two Extreme Poles of Bible Translation Versions
Authors: Erfiani Ni Made Diana
Published: July 2016

This study aims at providing scientific arguments against the phenomena that appear in the Bible translation especially the extreme poles of literal and free translation versions. These two contradictory poles can be reconciled so that the literal products are not only accurate but also readable and vice versa the products of free translation version are not only readable but has a high level of accuracy. Data is in the form of terms taken from a famous biblical text of English – Indonesian translation entitled “The Sermon on the Mount” from two different versions namely literal and free translations. This study reveals that the reconciliation process of the two extreme poles can be done through the selection of proper translation procedure and by applying the chosen procedure correctly. Based on the finding, the meeting point of literal and free translation versions lies on the literal procedure, whereas the method of choosing correct procedure in literal translation can be done by way of starting from literal procedure to the left and from literal procedure to the right for the free translation version.
Efficacy and Safety of Bupivacaine versus Lidocaine in Local Anesthesia of the Nasopharynx: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Xiaoyun , Wang Jiyun , Huang Lizhen , Yu Xiao , He Zheyun
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To assess the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine compared with lidocaine in local anesthesia of nasopharynx through meta-analysis.

Methods

A number of medical literature data bases were searched electronically. Relevant journals and references of included studies were manually searched. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment.

Results

Four studies were included. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, acceptable discomfort, and bleeding scores were analyzed for bupivacaine versus lidocaine. When considering the VAS scores, bupivacaine as a local anesthetic agent was better than lidocaine in controlling the pain of postoperative patients (p < 0.00001). From VAS scores of patients for transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination that was performed to evaluate upper airway structures, lidocaine was found to be better at pain management in patients who underwent transnasal endoscopic examination (p < 0.00001). However, when analyzing the acceptable discomfort of patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which serves as a valuable tool to evaluate upper gastrointestinal structures, the patients in the bupivacaine group demonstrated a higher acceptable discomfort than the patients in the lidocaine group (p = 0.008). With regard to the bleeding scores of the patients with nasal surgery, lidocaine was better at bleeding in postoperative patients compared with bupivacaine (p = 0.0007). These results indicated that bupivacaine showed better pain control of postoperative patients and acceptable discomfort in patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Lidocaine had a significantly increased ability the pain of patients with transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination and bleeding in postoperative patients. No systemic adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Bupivacaine was found to have better promotion to pain control than did lidocaine for the patients after nasal surgery. Lidocaine had a significantly increased inhibition of bleeding in these postoperative patients; however, the efficacy between bupivacaine and lidocaine was unclear for the patients who had transnasal endoscopic examinations.
Species interactions and plant polyploidy
Authors: Segraves Kari A. , Anneberg Thomas J.
Published: July 2016

Polyploidy is a common mode of speciation that can have far‐reaching consequences for plant ecology and evolution. Because polyploidy can induce an array of phenotypic changes, there can be cascading effects on interactions with other species. These interactions, in turn, can have reciprocal effects on polyploid plants, potentially impacting their establishment and persistence. Although there is a wealth of information on the genetic and phenotypic effects of polyploidy, the study of species interactions in polyploid plants remains a comparatively young field. Here we reviewed the available evidence for how polyploidy may impact many types of species interactions that range from mutualism to antagonism. Specifically, we focused on three main questions: (1) Does polyploidy directly cause the formation of novel interactions not experienced by diploids, or does it create an opportunity for natural selection to then form novel interactions? (2) Does polyploidy cause consistent, predictable changes in species interactions vs. the evolution of idiosyncratic differences? (3) Does polyploidy lead to greater evolvability in species interactions? From the scarce evidence available, we found that novel interactions are rare but that polyploidy can induce changes in pollinator, herbivore, and pathogen interactions. Although further tests are needed, it is likely that selection following whole‐genome duplication is important in all types of species interaction and that there are circumstances in which polyploidy can enhance the evolvability of interactions with other species.
Two Pregnancies with a Different Outcome in a Patient with Alport Syndrome
Authors: Gerasimovska Kitanovska Biljana , Gerasimovska Vesna , Livrinova Vesna
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Alport syndrome is a genetic disease that progresses to chronic kidney failure, with X-linked, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive type of inheritance. Women are generally carriers of the mutation and have a milder form of the disease. During pregnancy, they have an increased risk of impaired kidney function and preeclampsia.CASE PRESENTATION: A 27-year old woman, gravida 1, para 0, in her 23rd gestational week came to the outpatient unit of the University Clinic of Nephrology for the first time because of slowly progressing proteinuria and Alport syndrome. She was admitted to the gynaecological ward in her 29th gw for proteinuria which increased from 3.8 g/day up to 20 g/day and the serum creatinine increased to 120- 150 micromol/l. She was delivered in the 30th gestational week due to obstetrical indications with a cesarian section and delivered a baby with a birth weight of 880 g. After delivery, proteinuria decreased to 2 g/d within 2 months and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) was started. Her second pregnancy, after 2 years, had an uneventful course and she delivered a healthy baby weighing 3000 g in the 39th week. Six months after the second delivery, her renal function remained normal and her proteinuria was 2 g/d.CONCLUSIONS: Pre-pregnancy counselling and frequent controls during pregnancy are necessary for women with Alport syndrome, as well as regular monitoring after delivery. Recent reports are more in favour of good pregnancy and nephrological outcomes in women with Alport syndrome when renal disease is not advanced.
Widespread Pain and Low Widespread Pain Index Scores among Fibromyalgia-positive Cases Assessed with the 2010/2011 Fibromyalgia Criteria
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Egloff Niklaus , Häuser Winfried
Published: July 2016

Objective.

Widespread pain is no longer required for fibromyalgia (FM) diagnosis according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 preliminary diagnostic criteria and its 2011 modification, but its absence may be of concern. We investigated whether the widespread pain definition was satisfactory and the consequences of having a small number of painful regions or of not satisfying the widespread pain criterion.

Methods.

We studied 5011 patients who satisfied the 2011 criteria. FM was identified using the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS): WPI ≥ 7 and SSS ≥ 5 or WPI 3–6 and SSS ≥ 9. Widespread pain was 4 quadrants plus axial pain, according to the 1990 ACR FM criteria.

Results.

There were 4700 patients (93.8%) who satisfied the ACR 1990 widespread pain criterion. Using a new strict definition for 5 pain regions based on the WPI sites, a modified widespread pain criterion requiring 4 of 5 regions identified 98.8% of criteria-positive patients. Patients without widespread pain or those in the low WPI/high SSS group had milder FM and no evidence of increased psychological or physical distress.

Conclusion.

In usual clinical and epidemiological studies, the 2011 and 2010 criteria work well, but are not as effective in patients with asymmetrical or regional pain who do not satisfy a widespread pain criterion. A ≥ 4-pain region widespread pain definition will eliminate regional pain false-positives and will identify 98.8% of current 2011 cases. Future revisions of the 2010/2011 criteria should consider incorporating the ≥ 4-region requirement to avoid misclassification.
Comparaison des données rétrospectives de fécondité dans les recensements en Belgique et les enquêtes Famille en France
Authors: Brée Sandra , Eggerickx Thierry , Sanderson Jean-Paul , Costa Rafael
Published: July 2016

Les comportements de fécondité au cours de la première moitié du xx e siècle restent relativement méconnus, en raison notamment des législations interdisant l’exploitation de données individuelles vieilles de moins de 100 ans, ou de la pauvreté relative des données agrégées transversales. L’objectif de cet article est de vérifier s’il est possible de combler cette lacune en exploitant de manière rétrospective les questions posées sur la vie féconde des femmes lors des enquêtes Famille menées en France et des recensements de la population en Belgique. Les analyses ont démontré que les risques de biais liés aux erreurs de mémoire, aux effets de sélection et aux non-réponses, inhérents à ces observations rétrospectives, sont limités. La reconstitution de la vie génésique des différentes générations de femmes interrogées au moment de l’enquête ou du recensement offre donc un potentiel analytique important. Elle permet de calculer des indices plus fins et diversifiés de l’intensité et du calendrier de la fécondité pour des générations de femmes nées à partir des dernières décennies du xix e siècle. Cela permet par ailleurs de prendre en considération la dimension spatiale de la fécondité, à l’échelle des régions en France et à celle des arrondissements et même des communes en Belgique.
Faisabilité et représentativité d’une enquête téléphonique avec échantillonnage aléatoire de lignes mobiles en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Larmarange Joseph , Kassoum Ouattara , Kakou Élise , Fradier Yves , Sika Lazare , Danel Christine
Published: July 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête exploratoire pilote sur le dépistage du VIH/sida (DOD-CI) visant à tester la faisabilité et la représentativité d’une enquête nationale en population générale en Côte d’Ivoire à partir d’un échantillon aléatoire de numéros de téléphones portables. Les refus ont été peu nombreux et inférieurs à ce qui est habituellement observé dans des enquêtes similaires en France. En termes de représentativité, l’échantillon obtenu s’avère être plus jeune, plus urbain et plus masculin. Nous avons comparé quatre indicateurs de dépistage du VIH/sida avec l’Enquête démographique et de santé (EDS) réalisée en 2011-2012. Du fait de biais de sélection différents dans les deux enquêtes, les indicateurs étaient plus élevés que ceux observés dans l’EDS 2011-2012. Cependant, les différentiels observés par sexe, groupe d’âges, niveau d’instruction et milieu de résidence étaient similaires. Il paraît dès lors envisageable de réaliser une enquête nationale en Côte d’Ivoire selon cette approche, en opérant plusieurs ajustements, dont la prise en compte des non-abonnés à des téléphones mobiles résidant dans le même ménage qu’un abonné.
Les erreurs de sexe dans le recensement et leurs effets sur l’estimation des couples de même sexe
Authors: Banens Maks , Le Penven Eric
Published: July 2016

L’étude des couples de même sexe est un nouvel enjeu pour la démographie. En France comme ailleurs, le recensement contient les données nécessaires à leur étude, mais une difficulté majeure rend difficile son emploi : le sexe mal codé ou « erreur de sexe » de l’un des partenaires d’un couple, faisant apparaître un couple hétérosexuel comme homosexuel ou inversement. Les couples hétérosexuels étant beaucoup plus nombreux que les couples homosexuels, les « faux » couples homosexuels perturbent de façon importante l’observation des « vrais » couples homosexuels. L’enquête Famille et logements (Insee, 2011), associée au recensement, permet de mesurer l’erreur de sexe lors du recensement. Nous constatons que parmi les 139 700 couples apparaissant au recensement comme homosexuels, 58 900 s’avèrent des « faux » suite au sexe mal codé de l’un des partenaires. L’erreur concerne 0,355 % des couples hétérosexuels. Elle varie significativement en fonction du sexe de la personne recensée et des enfants présents dans le ménage. En revanche, aucune différence significative n’a été constatée selon d’autres caractéristiques sociodémographiques.
Restructurations du centre et conflits des périphéries
Authors: Artioli Francesca
Published: July 2016

À travers une analyse des projets d’aménagement pour la reconversion des sites militaires dans trois villes italiennes – Rome, Tarente et Udine –, cet article contribue aux débats sur l’évolution des relations entre les gouvernements urbains et l’État depuis les années 1990. Il montre l’échec des négociations autour des projets urbains et l’émergence de nouveaux conflits entre les villes et l’État. Alors que les travaux sur les villes ont mis l’accent sur la construction d’accords localisés dans la production des politiques urbaines, le cas des sites militaires amène à défendre l’idée qu’un modèle territorial décentralisé, mais également structuré par des logiques étatiques de retraits et de coupes budgétaires, produit de nouveaux conflits entre centre et périphérie.
Vers un modèle européen de gestion policière des foules protestataires ?
Authors: Fillieule Olivier , Viot Pascal , Descloux Gilles
Published: July 2016

Comment qualifier aujourd’hui les modes de gestion des manifestations de rue en Europe ? Est-on revenu au modèle coercitif des années 1960-1970 ? Doit-on plutôt parler d’une hybridation du modèle coercitif et du modèle plus tolérant des années 1980-1990, témoignant d’une plasticité des doctrines policières au regard des changements de contexte ? Après un bref rappel des styles successifs de police identifiés par la recherche, nous décrivons, en nous appuyant sur une recherche comparée sur les systèmes de maintien de l’ordre en Europe, comment aujourd’hui la préparation des services d’ordre, leur mise en œuvre sur le terrain aussi bien que l’évaluation post-action sont de plus en plus largement soumises à un nouveau modèle reposant sur une stratégie dite de désescalade.
Les conflits d’intérêts dans le règlement agence de notation du 16 septembre 2009
Authors: Bonneau Thierry
Published: July 2016

Les conflits d’intérêts sont divers. Ils peuvent concerner aussi bien l’agence de notation elle-même que ses dirigeants, actionnaires et analystes. Le règlement du 16 septembre 2009, modifié en 2011 et 2013, a pour but de les prévenir et, s’ils surviennent, de les traiter. L’information et les interdictions constituent les points d’appui de la réglementation.
Le délinquant d’entreprise comme bouc émissaire
Authors: Garrett Brandon L.
Published: July 2016

Le Département de la Justice prétend que l’entreprise n’est pas un bouc émissaire, car la priorité est de poursuivre les individus coupables et non les entités artificielles. Mais, comme nous le démontrerons dans cette étude empirique, quand les plus grandes entreprises règlent une affaire pénale fédérale, aucun individu n’est accusé la plupart du temps. L’entreprise apparaît comme une sorte de bouc émissaire qu’il est impossible de placer physiquement en détention, mais susceptible de recevoir un blâme ou une sanction tandis que les individus coupables demeurent libres. Dans cet article, nous développerons des données empiriques originales détaillant le parcours des poursuites individuelles accompagnant les accords de poursuites fédérales des entreprises. Les résultats illustrent les défis posés par la complexité organisationnelle des entreprises qui contribue à obscurcir les fautes. Contrairement à ce que d’illustres critiques appellent de leurs vœux, nous démontrerons que poursuivre davantage les individus ne peut pas se substituer aux poursuites des entreprises.
The Membrane Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 Promotes Phagocytosis and Nonlytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Impacts Survival in Fungal Infection
Authors: Stukes Sabriya , Coelho Carolina , Rivera Johanna , Jedlicka Anne E. , Hajjar Katherine A. , Casadevall Arturo
Published: July 2016

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with a unique intracellular pathogenic strategy that includes nonlytic exocytosis, a phenomenon whereby fungal cells are expunged from macrophages without lysing the host cell. The exact mechanism and specific proteins involved in this process have yet to be completely defined. Using murine macrophages deficient in the membrane phospholipid binding protein, annexin A2 (ANXA2), we observed a significant decrease in both phagocytosis of yeast cells and the frequency of nonlytic exocytosis. Cryptococcal cells isolated from Anxa2-deficient (Anxa2−/−) bone marrow–derived macrophages and lung parenchyma displayed significantly larger capsules than those isolated from wild-type macrophages and tissues. Concomitantly, we observed significant differences in the amount of reactive oxygen species produced between Anxa2−/− and Anxa2+/+ macrophages. Despite comparable fungal burden, Anxa2−/− mice died more rapidly than wild-type mice when infected with C. neoformans, and Anxa2−/− mice exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses, suggesting that the reduced survival reflected greater immune-mediated damage. Together, these findings suggest a role for ANXA2 in the control of cryptococcal infection, macrophage function, and fungal morphology.
Omgevingswaarden: waardevol?
Authors: Groothuijse F.A.G. (Frank)
Published: July 2016

Omgevingswaarden: waardevol?

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

In dit artikel gaat de auteur in op milieukwaliteitseisen en de transitie naar omgevingswaarde onder de Omgevingswet.
Hoe zit het met de milieukwaliteitsnormen in Vlaanderen?
Authors: Verheeke Jan
Published: July 2016

Hoe zit het met de milieukwaliteitsnormen in Vlaanderen?

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

In deze bijdrage schetst de auteur het Vlaamse systeem van milieukwaliteitseisen.
Hitting the Road towards a Greater Digital Destination: Evaluating and Testing DAMS at the University of Houston Libraries
Authors: Wu Annie , Thompson Santi , Vacek Rachel , Watkins Sean , Weidner Andy
Published: July 2016

Since 2009, tens of thousands of rare and unique items have been made available online for research through the University of Houston Digital Library.  Six years later, the Libraries' new digital initiatives call for a more dynamic digital repository infrastructure that is extensible, scalable, and interoperable. The Libraries’ mission and the mandate of its strategic directions drives the pursuit of seamless access and expanded digital collections. To answer the calls for technological change, the Libraries Administration appointed a Digital Asset Management System (DAMS) Implementation Task Force to explore, evaluate, test, recommend, and implement a more robust digital asset management system. This article focuses on the task force’s DAMS selection activities: needs assessment, systems evaluation, and systems testing. The authors also describe the task force’s DAMS recommendation based on the evaluation and testing data analysis, a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each system, and system cost. Finally, the authors outline their DAMS implementation strategy comprised of a phased rollout with the following stages: system installation, data migration, and interface development.
Let's Get Virtual: An Examination of Best Practices to Provide Public Access to Digital Versions of Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Johnson Tanya M.
Published: July 2016

Three-dimensional objects are important sources of information that should not be ignored in the increasing trend towards digitization. Previous research has not addressed the evaluation of digitized versions of three-dimensional objects. This paper first reviews research concerning such digitization, in both two and three dimensions, as well as public access in this context. Next, evaluation criteria for websites incorporating digital versions of three-dimensional objects are extrapolated from previous research. Finally, five websites are evaluated, and suggestions for best practices to provide public access to digital versions of three-dimensional objects are proposed.
Editor's Comments: Odds and Ends
Authors: Gerrity Robert
Published: July 2016

Editor's Comments: Odds and Ends
53BP1 and USP28 mediate p53-dependent cell cycle arrest in response to centrosome loss and prolonged mitosis
Authors: Fong Chii Shyang , Mazo Gregory , Das Tuhin , Goodman Joshua , Kim Minhee , O'Rourke Brian P , Izquierdo Denisse , Tsou Meng-Fu Bryan
Published: July 2016

Mitosis occurs efficiently, but when it is disturbed or delayed, p53-dependent cell death or senescence is often triggered after mitotic exit. To characterize this process, we conducted CRISPR-mediated loss-of-function screens using a cell-based assay in which mitosis is consistently disturbed by centrosome loss. We identified 53BP1 and USP28 as essential components acting upstream of p53, evoking p21-dependent cell cycle arrest in response not only to centrosome loss, but also to other distinct defects causing prolonged mitosis. Intriguingly, 53BP1 mediates p53 activation independently of its DNA repair activity, but requiring its interacting protein USP28 that can directly deubiquitinate p53 in vitro and ectopically stabilize p53 in vivo. Moreover, 53BP1 can transduce prolonged mitosis to cell cycle arrest independently of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), suggesting that while SAC protects mitotic accuracy by slowing down mitosis, 53BP1 and USP28 function in parallel to select against disturbed or delayed mitosis, promoting mitotic efficiency.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter–Related Upper Extremity Venous Thrombosis in Oncology Patients
Authors: Luo Lei , Jing Xiao-mei , Wang Guo-rong , Qin Ying , Liang Hai-xin , Liu Shan-shan
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. This study had 2 objectives: to estimate the incidence of upper extremity venous thrombosis associated with PICCs in oncology patients and to evaluate the role of Doppler sonography in antithrombotic prophylaxis.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study with each patient being followed for 6 weeks. From April 2014 to October 2014, we analyzed a series of 245 consecutive oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy via PICCs, for an overall number of 246 PICC placements. We assessed the role of Doppler sonography for initiation of antithrombotic prophylaxis. The study group encompassed 2 cohorts of patients: those who received regular weekly Doppler screening for thrombosis prophylaxis and those who did not.

Results

Of 246 insertions, we observed 90 episodes of upper extremity venous thrombosis (36.59%); 62 of them were asymptomatic in the Doppler group, and 28 were symptomatic in the no‐Doppler group. Patients in the Doppler group had a significantly lower rate of thrombosis (0%) than those in the no‐Doppler group (23.53%; P < .01).

Conclusions

Our prospective study suggests that the rate of PICC‐related upper extremity venous thrombosis in oncology patients is high, and the occurrence of symptomatic thrombosis could be lowered with regular weekly Doppler screening after PICC insertions.
Intrarenal Reflux
Authors: Colleran Gabrielle C. , Barnewolt Carol E. , Chow Jeanne S. , Paltiel Harriet J.
Published: July 2016

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a childhood condition that is usually diagnosed by fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Intrarenal reflux (IRR) of infected urine is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of reflux‐associated pyelonephritis and subsequent parenchymal scarring and is traditionally depicted by fluoroscopic VCUG. This case series describes the phenomenon of IRR occurring in association with VUR in 4 children as depicted by contrast‐enhanced voiding urosonography. The ability of contrast‐enhanced voiding urosonography to show IRR when it occurs in conjunction with VUR compares favorably to that of fluoroscopic VCUG.
Geomagnetic storms and EMIC waves: Van Allen Probe observations
Authors: Wang Dedong , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Huang Shiyong , Deng Xiaohua , Zhou Meng , Li Haimeng
Published: June 2016

Utilizing the data from magnetometer instrument of Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) suite on board Van Allen Probe A, the occurrences of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves during geomagnetic storms and nonstorm periods are investigated. The 270 EMIC wave events and 76 geomagnetic storms were identified during the period under research, from 8 September 2012 to 30 April 2014, when the apogee of Van Allen Probe A covered all the magnetic local time (MLT) sectors. Fifty of the 76 storms observed 124 EMIC wave events, of which 80 are found in the recovery phase, more than those observed in the main phase. Majority EMIC wave events (~54%) were observed during the nonstorm periods. Occurrence rates of EMIC waves as a function of L and MLT during different geomagnetic conditions are also examined, whose peaks in main phase are higher than those in recovery phase. However, occurrences of EMIC waves in recovery phase distribute more uniformly than those do in main phase. Evolution of the distribution characteristics of EMIC waves respect to L and MLT in different geomagnetic phases is investigated, consistent with that of the plasmasphere during geomagnetic storms, implying that the cold and dense plasma in the plasmasphere or plasmaspheric plume play a significant role in the generation of EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere. Few EMIC waves in the dayside sector during the preonset periods are observed, suggesting that the effect of solar wind dynamic pressure on the generation of EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere in those periods is not so significant as expected.
Re‐examining the roles of surface heat flux and latent heat release in a “hurricane‐like” polar low over the Barents Sea
Authors: Kolstad Erik W. , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Zahn Matthias
Published: June 2016

Polar lows are intense mesoscale cyclones that occur at high latitudes in both hemispheres during winter. Their sometimes evidently convective nature, fueled by strong surface fluxes and with cloud‐free centers, have led to some polar lows being referred to as “arctic hurricanes.” Idealized studies have shown that intensification by hurricane development mechanisms is theoretically possible in polar winter atmospheres, but the lack of observations and realistic simulations of actual polar lows have made it difficult to ascertain if this occurs in reality. Here the roles of surface heat fluxes and latent heat release in the development of a Barents Sea polar low, which in its cloud structures showed some similarities to hurricanes, are studied with an ensemble of sensitivity experiments, where latent heating and/or surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat were switched off before the polar low peaked in intensity. To ensure that the polar lows in the sensitivity runs did not track too far away from the actual environmental conditions, a technique known as spectral nudging was applied. This was shown to be crucial for enabling comparisons between the different model runs. The results presented here show that (1) no intensification occurred during the mature, postbaroclinic stage of the simulated polar low; (2) surface heat fluxes, i.e., air‐sea interaction, were crucial processes both in order to attain the polar low's peak intensity during the baroclinic stage and to maintain its strength in the mature stage; and (3) latent heat release played a less important role than surface fluxes in both stages.
Interactions between active faulting, volcanism, and sedimentary processes at an island arc: Insights from Les Saintes channel, Lesser Antilles arc
Authors: Leclerc F. , Feuillet N. , Deplus C.
Published: June 2016

New high‐resolution marine geophysical data allow to characterize a large normal fault system in the Lesser Antilles arc, and to investigate the interactions between active faulting, volcanism, sedimentary, and mass‐wasting processes. Les Saintes fault system is composed of several normal faults that form a 30 km wide half‐graben accommodating NE‐SW extension. It is bounded by the Roseau fault, responsible for the destructive Mw 6.3 21 November 2004 earthquake. The Roseau fault has been identified from the island of Basse‐Terre to Dominica. It is thus 40 km long, and it could generate Mw 7 earthquakes in the future. Several submarine volcanoes are also recognized. We show that the fault system initiated after the main volcanic construction and subsequently controls the emission of volcanic products. The system propagates southward through damage zones. At the tip of the damage zones, several volcanic cones were recently emplaced probably due to fissures opening in an area of stress increase. A two‐way interaction is observed between active faulting and sedimentary processes. The faults control the development of the main turbiditic system made of kilometer‐wide canyons, as well as the location of sediment ponding. In turn, erosion and sedimentation prevent scarp growth at the seafloor. Faulting also enhances mass‐wasting processes. Since its initiation, the fault system has consequently modified the morphologic evolution of the arc through perturbation of the sedimentary processes and localization of the more recent volcanic activity.
Phosphorus feedbacks constraining tropical ecosystem responses to changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate
Authors: Yang Xiaojuan , Thornton Peter E. , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Hoffman Forrest M.
Published: June 2016

The effects of phosphorus (P) availability on carbon (C) cycling in the Amazon region are investigated using CLM‐CNP. We demonstrate that the coupling of P dynamics reduces the simulated historical terrestrial C sink due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) by about 26%. Our exploratory simulations show that the response of tropical forest C cycling to increasing [CO2] depends on how elevated CO2 affects phosphatase enzyme production. The effects of warming are more complex, depending on the interactions between humidity, C, and nutrient dynamics. While a simulation with low humidity generally shows the reduction of net primary productivity (NPP), a second simulation with higher humidity suggests overall increases in NPP due to the dominant effects of reduced water stress and more nutrient availability. Our simulations point to the need for (1) new observations on how elevated [CO2] affects phosphatase enzyme production and (2) more tropical leaf‐scale measurements under different temperature/humidity conditions with different soil P availability.
Normalized rupture potential for small and large earthquakes along the Pacific Plate off Japan
Authors: Tormann Thessa , Wiemer Stefan , Enescu Bogdan , Woessner Jochen
Published: July 2016

We combine temporal variability in local seismic activity rates and size distributions to estimate the evolution of a Gutenberg‐Richter‐based metric, the normalized rupture potential (NRP), comparing differences between smaller and larger earthquakes. For the Pacific Plate off Japan, we study both complex spatial patterns and how they evolve over the last 18 years, and more detailed temporal characteristics in a simplified spatial selection, i.e., inside and outside the high‐slip zone of the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake. We resolve significant changes, in particular an immediate NRP increase for large events prior to the Tohoku event in the subsequent high‐slip patch, a very rapid decrease inside this high‐stress‐release area coupled with a lasting increase of NRP in the immediate surroundings. Even in the center of the Tohoku rupture, the NRP for large magnitudes has not dropped below the 12 year average and is not significantly different from conditions a decade before the M9 event.
Global expansion of the dayside magnetopause for long‐duration radial IMF events: Statistical study on GOES observations
Authors: Park Jong‐Sun , Shue Jih‐Hong , Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Pi Gilbert , Němeček Zdeněk , Šafránková Jana
Published: June 2016

For decades, unusual locations of the magnetopause under radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) have been reported in many studies using in situ satellite observations. These studies have shown that the magnetopause is expanded either over all magnetic local times (MLTs) on the dayside (global expansion) or just near the noon (bullet‐like expansion) during radial IMF conditions. With limited observations near the magnetopause, the type of the magnetopause expansion is still undetermined. In this study, 19 years of dayside geosynchronous magnetic field data obtained from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) are statistically processed to infer the shape of the dayside magnetopause under radial IMF conditions. The MLT distributions of geosynchronous magnetic fields for radial IMF are compared with those for northward IMF with the correction of solar wind dynamic pressure distributions between two different IMF conditions. After removal of the solar wind dynamic pressure effect, we have found that the geosynchronous magnetic field for radial IMF is smaller than that for northward IMF over almost all MLTs on the dayside regardless of magnetic latitudes and seasons. The difference between geosynchronous magnetic fields for the northward and radial IMFs supports the suggestion that the dayside magnetopause is globally expanded during the radial IMF conditions.
Electron energetics in the Martian dayside ionosphere: Model comparisons with MAVEN data
Authors: Sakai Shotaro , Andersson Laila , Cravens Thomas E. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Rahmati Ali , Fowler Christopher M. , Bougher Stephen W. , Thiemann Edward M. B. , Eparvier Francis G. , Fontenla Juan M. , Mahaffy Paul R. , Connerney John E. P. , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a study of the energetics of the dayside ionosphere of Mars using models and data from several instruments on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. In particular, calculated photoelectron fluxes are compared with suprathermal electron fluxes measured by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer, and calculated electron temperatures are compared with temperatures measured by the Langmuir Probe and Waves experiment. The major heat source for the thermal electrons is Coulomb heating from the suprathermal electron population, and cooling due to collisional rotational and vibrational CO2 dominates the energy loss. The models used in this study were largely able to reproduce the observed high topside ionosphere electron temperatures (e.g., 3000 K at 300 km altitude) without using a topside heat flux when magnetic field topologies consistent with the measured magnetic field were adopted. Magnetic topology affects both suprathermal electron transport and thermal electron heat conduction. The effects of using two different solar irradiance models were also investigated. In particular, photoelectron fluxes and electron temperatures found using the Heliospheric Environment Solar Spectrum Radiation irradiance were higher than those with the Flare Irradiance Spectrum Model‐Mars. The electron temperature is shown to affect the O2+ dissociative recombination rate coefficient, which in turn affects photochemical escape of oxygen from Mars.
Development of an empirical model relating permeability and specific stiffness for rough fractures from numerical deformation experiments
Authors: Wang Lichun , Cardenas M. Bayani
Published: June 2016

The coupling between hydraulic and mechanical properties of porous and fractured geologic media are critical for many geophysical processes and practical applications. Thus, the prediction of this linkage between these properties is broadly important. Here we present a potentially predictive model that links fracture permeability and specific stiffness with empirical coefficients dependent on fracture roughness, correlation length of aperture field, and rock mechanical properties. The equation was developed empirically from results of modeling the deformation and flow through synthetic fractures with aperture fields that follow a normal distribution. The fractures were subjected to increasing normal stress and deformed following an elastic model. Specific stiffness was directly quantified from these numerical deformation experiments. Permeability was estimated through calculation of the local flow field while considering effects of local fracture roughness and tortuosity. The empirical model roughly captures the transition from effective medium to percolation flow regimes with increasing specific stiffness.
Seismic velocity azimuthal anisotropy of the Japan subduction zone: Constraints from P and S wave traveltimes
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhao Dapeng
Published: June 2016

We present 3‐D images of azimuthal anisotropy tomography of the crust and upper mantle of the Japan subduction zone, which are determined using a large number of high‐quality P and S wave arrival time data of local earthquakes and teleseismic events. A tomographic method for P wave velocity azimuthal anisotropy is modified and extended to invert S wave traveltimes for 3‐D S wave velocity azimuthal anisotropy. A joint inversion of the P and S wave data is conducted to constrain the 3‐D azimuthal anisotropy of the Japan subduction zone. Our results show that the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea (PHS) slabs exhibit mainly trench‐parallel fast‐velocity directions (FVDs), which may reflect frozen‐in lattice‐preferred orientation of aligned anisotropic minerals formed at the mid‐ocean ridge as well as shape‐preferred orientation such as normal faults produced at the outer‐rise area near the trench axis. Trench‐normal FVDs are generally revealed in the mantle wedge, which may reflect corner flows in the mantle wedge due to the plate subduction and dehydration. Trench‐normal FVDs are also visible in the subslab mantle, which may reflect the subducting asthenosphere underlying the slabs. Our results also reveal toroidal mantle flows in and around a window (hole) in the PHS slab beneath SW Japan, suggesting that the occurrence of the PHS slab window may have caused a complex flow pattern in the mantle wedge above the Pacific slab.
Ten years of eddy covariance measurements in Basel, Switzerland: Seasonal and interannual variabilities of urban CO2 mole fraction and flux
Authors: Schmutz M. , Vogt R. , Feigenwinter C. , Parlow E.
Published: July 2016

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in urban environments are carried out widely since the late nineties. However, long‐term time series are still rare and little is known about long‐term tendencies, even though cities are major sources of CO2 globally. Here a full decade of EC measurements from Basel, Switzerland, is presented. An approach for the calculation of horizontal averages is presented. It improves the significance and comparability of measured fluxes from heterogeneous environments and emphasizes the need of adequate weighting by horizontal averaging in such heterogeneous urban environments, especially for the derivation of cumulative quantities like the annual net ecosystem exchange. The urban CO2 mole fraction (ρC) is compared with regional background measurements, and good agreement in terms of long‐term trend and seasonal variability is found. Over the last decade an increase of 2 ppm y−1 is observed, both locally and globally. CO2 flux (FC) data are analyzed for diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as interannual variabilities. FC shows a large interannual variability in times of high source activity (e.g., during the day and in winter). In contrast, a relatively constant background flux of 5 µmol m−2 s−1 is found during periods of low source activity. The long‐term trend of FC is mostly superimposed by the large temporal variability and is found to be −5% over the last 10 years.
Methylosarcina
Authors: Kalyuzhnaya Marina G.
Published: June 2016

Me.thyl.o.sar.ci'na. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; L. fem. n.
sarcina
pack, bundle; N.L. fem. n.
Methylosarcina
methane‐utilizing bundle of cells.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae

Gram‐negative
pleomorphic cells
which might appear as short, coccoid, coccobacillary, or fusiform rods. Motility is observed in the presence of certain organic compounds. Cells
aggregate in diffuse slime layer or capsule
. All tested strains develop single, paired, or stacked disks
of intracytoplasmic membranes
. May
form a holdfast‐like structure
and/or
extracellular fibrils.
Formation of
heat‐sensitive cysts
was observed in some members.
Strict aerobes
and o
bligate methylotrophs
, only methane or methanol, can serve as a carbon source. Genomes include complete sets of genes essential for operation of
the ribulose monophosphate pathways
and
the serine cycle
for carbon assimilation. Use nitrate, nitrite, and various amino acids as a source of nitrogen. Some strains can use urea. Major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
16:1
ω8
c
, C
16:1
ω7
c
, and C
16:1
ω5
t
. Average genome size is 4.6 Mb.
Methylosarcina
species are commonly found in terrestrial ecosystems.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
) is
: 54–55 (genome sequences).

Type species
:
Methylosarcina fibrata
Wise, McArthur and Shimkets 2001, 620
VP
.
Geoglobus
Authors: Holmes Dawn E. , Kashefi Kazem , Manzella Michael
Published: June 2016

Ge.o.glo'bus. Gr. n.
Ge
the Earth; L. masc. n
globus
ball; N.L. masc. n.
Geoglobus
a ball from the Earth.

Euryarchaeota / Archaeoglobi / Archaeoglobales / Archaeoglobaceae

The genus
Geoglobus
is a member of the Domain
Archaea
, Phylum
Euryarchaeota
, Class
Archaeoglobi
, Order
Archaeoglobales
, and family
Archaeoglobaceae
. Two species have been isolated from this genus;
Geoglobus ahangari
and
Geoglobus acetivorans
. The type strain is
G. ahangari
strain 234
T
. Both species were isolated from hydrothermal vent systems and are strict hyperthermophilic anaerobes that can grow heterotrophically or autotrophically by coupling the oxidation of organic compounds or molecular hydrogen with iron reduction. Their cells are nonsporulating cocci, 0.3–0.5 µm in diameter, usually arranged as single cells or in pairs, and rely on archaella for locomotion and numerous extracellular pili‐like structures for attachment. The pH, temperature, and salinity optima for
G. ahangari
and
G. acetivorans
are 7.0 and 6.8, 88 and 81 °C, and 1.9% and 2.5%, respectively. The mol% G + C content of the genomes of
G. ahangari
and
G. acetivorans
is 53.1 and 46.8. The closest phylogenetic relative outside of their genus is
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
and their 16S rRNA gene sequences are 97% identical to each other.

The mol% G + C of the DNA is
: 46.8–53.1.

Type species
:
Geoglobus ahangari
.
Haladaptatus
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Hal.a.dap.ta'tus. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. part. adj.
adaptatus
adapted to a thing; N.L. masc. n.
Haladaptatus
a bacterium adapted to salt.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae

The genus
Haladaptatus
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
; however, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genes encoding different proteins, the members of the genus
Haladaptatus
are only distantly related to the other genera of the
Halobacteriaceae
. Cells are cocci or coccobacilli occurring singly or in pairs and stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are pink or pale‐pink‐pigmented. They grow at a wide range of salt concentrations, and in contrast to most other genera within the
Halobacteria
, they survive at low salt concentrations and can recover after prolonged exposure to <0.2M NaCl. They are chemoorganotrophic and can grow on a wide range of substrates, including single and complex carbon sources. Acid is produced from carbohydrates. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (shown to be present in most species), and two to five glycolipids. Currently, the genus consists of four species,
Haladaptatus paucihalophilus
(the type species of the genus),
Hap. cibarius
,
Hap. litoreus
, and
Hap. pallidirubidus
. The DNA G + C content is 54.0–60.5 mol%. Isolates have been recovered from saline springs, saline soils, solar salterns, and fermented seafood.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.0–61.8.

Type species
:
Haladaptatus paucihalophilus
Savage, Krumholz, Oren and Elshahed 2007, 23
VP
.
Halapricum
Authors: Roh Seong Woon
Published: June 2016

Hal.a′pri.cum. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; L, neut. adj.
apricum
sunny or loving the sun; N.L. neut. n.
Halapricum
salt and sun‐loving or solar salt.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Halapricum

The genus
Halapricum
was established in 2014 to accommodate an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from solar salt that is related to the genus
Halorhabdus
in the family
Halobacteriaceae
. Currently, a single species is classified in the genus as its type species:
Halapricum salinum
. The genus
Halapricum
consists of Gram‐staining‐negative coccoid or ovoid pleomorphic cells. They grow in media containing 2.5–5.1 M NaCl with an optimum at 3.4 M. The temperature range for growth is 30–45°C with an optimum at 37°C. Cells grow in the pH range 7.0–8.0 with an optimum at pH 7.0. Magnesium is not required for growth.
Hpr. salinum
is strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic, growing on a wide range of as carbon and energy sources; no anaerobic growth with nitrate,
l
‐arginine, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trimethylamine
N
‐oxide was observed. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), unidentified glycolipids, and a phospholipid. The G+C content of the DNA is 63.7 mol%.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.7

Type species
:
Halapricum salinum
Song, Cha, Yim, Lee, Hyun, Lee, Rhee, Kim, Kim, Choi, Seo, Choi, Bae, Rhee, Nam and Roh 2014b, 2184
VP
(Effective publication: Song, Cha, Yim, Lee, Hyun, Lee, Rhee, Kim, Kim, Choi, Seo, Choi, Bae, Rhee, Nam and Roh 2014a, 985.)