bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thin Interfacial Layers in Polymer-Based Electronics
Authors: Fahlman M. , Greczynski G. , Johansson N. , Jönsson S. , Salaneck W.R.
Published: May 2017

Electronic devices based on organic materials are presently being developed. In these devices, the cathode interface and the nature of the charge carrying species are often of crucial importance. In that context, the behavior of lithium atoms deposited on the surfaces of ultra-thin spin-coated films of poly(dioctyl-fluorene), PFO, and of condensed molecular solid films of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum, Alq3, have been studied. The Li-atoms donate charges to the organic systems, leading to doping-induced electronic states in the otherwise forbidden energy gap. The changes in the electronic structure induced by charge transfer from the Li-atoms are different in the two materials studied, and depend upon the localization of the electronic states to which the electrons are transferred. In the case of the delocalized wave functions of the ∼-system of PFO, at low doping levels, the added charges lead to the formation of polaron states, while at higher doping concentrations, bipolaron states are formed. In the case of Alq3, however, up to a level of three added electrons per molecule, the added electrons reside in states localized on each of the three ligands. The role of thin (∼5 Å) interfacial layers of LiF or CsF between poly(9,9- dioctylfluorene) polymer film and an aluminum electrode was studied as well. LiF-deposition on poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene) did not cause doping of the polymer films, nor did the LiF dissociate at the interface. No significant shifts in the binding energy of the core levels nor any changes in the work function occurred. Al-deposition on LiF/PFO films did not cause dissociation of LiF, unlike the case for Alq3. We found that CsF does not dissociate when deposited on a polymer film. However, deposition of aluminum on CsF will cause dissociation with cesium n-doping the PFO film at the interface and fluorine likely reacting with aluminum to form AlF3. When deposited onto either of sputter-cleaned Al surface or Al with native oxide layer (AlxOy), CsF also was found to dissociate at the interface. CsF does not dissociate for Au/CsF/PFO and CsF/Au interfaces, which emphasizes the crucial role aluminum plays in the process. The observed decomposition of CsF occurring upon Al deposition and following Cs-doping of the surface region of PFO likely enhances injection of electrons into organic layer improving device performance. Since CsF dissociation is independent of the underlying material, the Al/CsF/emissive-material structure could be effective for almost all types of polymer/organic based electronic devices.
Interface Formation Between Silver and Pentacene: A Photoemission Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Watkins Neil J. , Le Quoc Toan , Zorba Serkan , Yan Li , Gao Yongli
Published: May 2017

We report the interface formation between silver (Ag) and pentacene, an organic material used as an active material in organic thin-film transistors, using x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). XPS results indicate that silver does not chemically react with pentacene regardless of the deposition order. We see that neither pentacene nor silver exhibited simple layer by layer growth when deposited on the other. UPS results show that a dipole forms as pentacene is deposited on silver.
Charge-Transport in Partially-Ordered Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Studied as a Function of the Charge-carrier Density
Authors: Rep D.B.A. , Huisman B.-H. , Meijer E.J. , Prins P. , Klapwijk T.M.
Published: May 2017

We demonstrate that charge-transport in partially-ordered thin films of poly(3- hexylthiophene) is strongly dependent on the charge-carrier density in the film, which we relate to the localized nature of the charge carriers. We base our conclusions on measurements in which the charge-carrier density is varied by electrostatic means (in a transistor geometry) and by in- situ thermal removal of oxygen dopants. For the doping levels investigated, we argue that the removal of oxygen does not induce structural changes in the conjugated polymer, and that it only shifts the Fermi-level of the film.
Photoinduced Charge Carriers in a Donor-Acceptor Double-Cable Polythiophene with Covalently Bound Tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane Moieties
Authors: Zerza Gerald , Cravino Antonio , Neugebauer Helmut , Gómez Rafael , Segura José L. , Martín Nazario , Svensson Mattias , Andersson Mats R. , Sariciftci N. Serdar
Published: May 2017

The preparation of double-cable polymers, which consist of a hole conducting conjugated chain carrying pendant electron accepting/conducting moieties, is a promising strategy to prevent donor/acceptor phase segregation and to achieve defined microscopic structure in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. In this paper we report the electrochemical synthesis and the investigation of a double-cable consisting of a polythiophene backbone bearing, via covalent bonds, electron accepting tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCAQ) type moieties. Electrochemical studies and UV- VIS absorption spectroscopy reveal, that in dark, the polythiophene chain and the TCAQ moieties retain their individual ground-state properties. Upon illumination photoinduced electron transfer occurs, which is studied by photoinduced VIS-NIR absorption spectroscopy.
Multilayered Structures and Low Temperature Conversion Process of Poly(P-Phenylene Vinylene) Thin Films
Authors: Marletta A. , Castro F. A. , Oliveira O. N. , Faria R. M. , Guimarães F. E. G.
Published: May 2017

We have used a long chain dodecylbenzenesulfonate ion (DBS) to produce self-assembled multilayer structures of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) with special features. Rather than alternating layers provided of a PPV-precursor (the poly(xylylidene tetrahydrothiophenium chloride or PTHT) and a polyanion, the alternated adsorption process was carried out with the PPV-precursor and the DBS ions in aqueous solution. The internal layer structure of these PTHT- DBS films is therefore different from conventional layer-by-layer films, since DBS is expected to be incorporated into the PTHT chain via counterion exchange. As a consequence, the conjugation length could also be controlled by controlling the DBS content in the film. Further advantage of introducing DBS lies in the possibility of converting films with a high conjugation length at 115 oC within only 3 min. The luminescence and absorption spectra at low temperatures show a very intense well-resolved vibronic structure. We also demonstrated the band-gap control of PPV films with a possible heterostructure formation.
Fluorescence Quenching Based Thin Film Sensors Employing Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly
Authors: Lee Soo-Hyoung , Kumar J. , Tripathy S. K.
Published: May 2017

In this work, the fabrication and performance of thin film optical chemical sensors based on the fluorescence quenching of indicator molecules by several analytes such as organic nitro compounds or metal ions are described. To fabricate the sensors, a fluorescent molecule, 1- hydroxypyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate or pyrene methanol, was covalently incorporated into poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and subsequently the polymers were assembled with a polycation employing electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly into thin film structures. Fluorescence intensities decreased with increasing concentration of analytes. Quenching behavior follows Stern-Volmer bimolecular quenching kinetics. Linear increase in absorbance, film thickness and emission intensity was observed with increase in number of bilayers deposited in all multilayer films.
Electrochemical Testing of Potential Molecular Devices
Authors: Price David W. , Dirk Shawn M. , Rawlett Adam M. , Chen Jia , Wang W. , Reed Mark A. , Zacarias Angelica G. , Seminario Jorge M. , Tour James M.
Published: May 2017

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study the reduction potentials of 2,5- di(ethynylphenyl)-4-nitroaniline and 2,5-di(ethynylphenyl)nitrobenzene. Although no absolute reduction potentials can be used in the correlation between solution (CV) and solid state (nanopore) embodiments, each CV plot showed two reductions. The first and second reduction might correspond to switching events of recently reported molecular electronic devices in a nanopore. Cyclic voltammetry results are also reported for other potential molecular scale electronic devices.
Godność osoby ludzkiej jako fundament i cel komunikacji medialnej
Authors: Drożdż Michał
Published: May 2017

Autor artykułu pokazuje wszelkie działania komunikacyjne z perspektywy „osoby i jej czynu”. Autor odwołuje się w swoich analizach do personalistycznego kierunku myślenia wypracowanego przez Karola Wojtyłę. W każdym procesie komunikacyjnym obecny jest człowiek jako jego twórca, sprawca czy uczestnik. Każda komunikacja jest czynem osoby i w każdej z nich uczestniczą również inne osoby, zgodnie z naturą i charakterem komunikacji. Podstawowym walorem i wyznacznikiem bycia osobą jest jej niezbywalna wartość i godność. Szacunek dla wartości i godności człowieka stanowi zatem fundament wszelkiej komunikacji. Autor stara się uzasadnić, że personalistyczna wizja godności ludzkiej stanowi dobrą metodologicznie i treściowo platformę dla aksjologicznych refleksji w kontekście współczesnych problemów komunikacji medialnej.
Wideo na żądanie jako przedmiot regulacji prawnych
Authors: Dziekan-Łanucha Agata
Published: May 2017

Unijna dyrektywa o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych wprowadziła konieczność uwzględnienia w przepisach krajowych regulacji dotyczących wideo na żądanie jako usługi nielinearnej. Polska dokonała tego w 2012 roku. Uchwalenie unormowań poprzedziły spory wokół definicji nowego medium. Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie nowych regulacji, kontrowersji, które wzbudziły te regulacje, a także pokazanie stanu ich realizacji. Odpowiada m.in. na pytanie dotyczące sposobu ochrony najmłodszych widzów w serwisach wideo na żądanie przed dostępem do nieodpowiednich dla nich treści.
Rodzina jako środowisko wpierające decyzje edukacyjno­‑zawodowe młodych osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową
Authors: Kutek-Sładek Katarzyna
Published: May 2017

W niniejszym artykule omówiono rolę rodziny w procesie wsparcia związanego z wyborem kierunku kształcenia i zawodu przez młode osoby z niepełnosprawnością ruchową. Dla tej grupy, jako przyszłych pracowników – dobrze wykształconych młodych osób z niepełnosprawnościami – wejście na rynek pracy jest czasami trudne i bardzo często kończy się niepowodzeniem, stąd rola rodziny jako środowiska wspierającego wydaje się znacząca. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na omówienie czynników wpływających na wybory edukacyjno­‑zawodowe, takich jak: poziom wykształcenia rodziców, wybór kierunku studiów a zawody wykonywane przez członków rodziny, sytuacja socjalno­‑bytowa rodziny, zadowolenie rodziców z wyborów zawodowych badanych i inne. Ponadto dokonano przeglądu możliwości rozwoju karier zawodowych osób z niepełnosprawnościami w oparciu o funkcjonujący system wsparcia.
Samotność młodzieży z niepełnosprawnością jako problem pedagogiczny
Authors: Szczupał Bernadeta
Published: May 2017

Samotność to złożone i wielowymiarowe zjawisko, definiowane na różnych płaszczyznach. Samotność może dotyczyć człowieka w każdej fazie jego rozwoju, a w zależności od okresu, w którym się pojawi, przybiera odmienne formy. W artykule przedstawiono definicje i główne koncepcje samotności oraz aspekty poczucia samotności wśród młodzieży niepełnosprawnej, odczuwania przez nią stanów psychicznych mających wpływ na kształtowanie tożsamości i autonomii oraz relacje z najbliższym otoczeniem. Zasygnalizowano badania zagraniczne nad poczuciem samotności u osób niepełnosprawnych, zaprezentowano także wybrane badania dotyczące poczucia samotności w określonych sytuacjach interpersonalnych przedstawione w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu z zakresu pedagogiki specjalnej. Czynnikiem powodującym poczucie samotności może być choroba lub niepełnosprawność dziecka, dysfunkcyjność rodziny, występowanie w rodzinie zjawisk o charakterze patologicznym, uzależnienia rodziców powodujące wzrost poczucia osamotnienia we wszystkich obszarach funkcjonowania dziecka – głównie w emocjonalnych i społecznych.
Recalculation of German concrete bridges considering the code ‘Nachrechnungsrichtlinie’
Authors: Krill Alfred
Published: May 2017

In 2011 the German client for highway bridges published a code which gives restrictive rules for the recalculation of old bridges in Germany, the ‘Nachrechnungsrichtlinie’ (NRR). It is based on the pre-norms of the actual Eurocodes (DIN EN 1992-1:2011-01, DIN EN 1992-2:2010-12, DIN EN 1992-2/NA:2013-04) and the so-called DIN-Fachberichte (DIN-Fachbericht 101:2009-03, DIN-Fachbericht 102:2009-03). The code ensures that all old bridges in Germany can be recalculated on a comparable level, to decide for the future which measures must be taken to use them further. Since 2011 Ingenieurgruppe Bauen has recalculated more than 50 concrete bridges in Germany, so that it is time to compile the experiences of this work. The paper deals with mechanical contemplations to show the design possibilities despite the restrictions of the code. It shows the importance of engineers having proficient knowledge of historic codes, traditional construction practices and old calculation methods. Only with this expertise can existing bridge structures be preserved for the future and remain part of the engineering heritage of society.
Briefing: Shared mobility – the next transport revolution
Authors: Zhang Xu
Published: May 2017

This Briefing discusses the background and reasons for a future themed issue on shared mobility for Municipal Engineer. It also proposes a list of areas that could be covered in the issue.
Design of steel-strapped, high-strength concrete columns subject to unequal end moments
Authors: Khun Ma Chau , Sulaiman Muhd Fauzy , Awang Abdullah Zawawi , Garcia Reyes , Omar Wahid , Pilakoutas Kypros , Huei Lee Yeong , Mohammad Shahrin
Published: May 2017

A new equation is proposed for practical flexural design of high-strength concrete columns confined externally with tensioned steel straps. The proposed equation is based on the simplified approach of the equivalent moment factor adopted by existing design codes. It also accounts for non-linear behaviour of the materials, which is usually neglected in the codes. The equation was derived using results from rigorous theoretical analyses of 120 simulated strap-confined columns subjected to short-term ultimate loads and unequal flexural moments at the column ends. The theoretical simulations accounted for parameters shown to influence the design of strap-confined columns, such as load eccentricity, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, free concrete cover and volumetric confinement ratio. The proposed equation was found to predict the strength of strap-confined columns with sufficient accuracy, making it suitable for practical design and rapid assessment of such structures.
Stress–cycle curves for concrete beams with fibre-reinforced polymer using runout data
Authors: Meneghetti Leila Cristina , Garcez Mônica Regina , Teixeira Ritermayer Monteiro , da Silva Filho Luiz Carlos Pinto
Published: May 2017

The use of externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) increases the fatigue life of reinforced-concrete beams due to a reduction in the steel stress level when compared with unstrengthened beams. For steel stresses up to 80% of the yield stress, fatigue failure is normally marked by the gradual deterioration of the steel reinforcement, which leads to a stress transfer to the FRP, until failure. Higher steel stresses are associated with FRP debonding, while steel stresses below the fatigue limit will never lead to fatigue failure. In this work, the maximum likelihood estimation method was used to determine stress–cycle curves and confidence intervals. Experimental data with runouts of fatigue tests found in the literature and generated through an experimental programme were used to adjust the fatigue model. The aim was to characterise the large scatter between the results of fatigue tests from different sources. The proposed fatigue model was found to represent accurately the slope of the fatigue curve for FRP-strengthened beams.
Safe Collateral, Arm's-Length Credit: Evidence from the Commercial Real Estate Mortgage Market
Authors: Black Lamont , Krainer John , Nichols Joseph
Published: May 2017

When collateral is safe, there are less opportunities for things to go wrong. We examine matching between collateral and creditors in the commercial real estate mortgage market by comparing loans in commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) conduits and bank portfolios. We model CMBS financing as lower cost but less informed, such that only safe collateral is funded by CMBS. This prediction is tested using the 2007-2009 shutdown of the CMBS market as a natural experiment. The loans funded by banks that would have been securitized are less likely to default or be renegotiated, indicating that the securitization channel, when available, funds safe collateral.
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH OF LEVELS OF FORMING THE GENERIC COGNITIVE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF STATEMENT AND SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN JUNIOR SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Alekseeva Tatiana
Published: May 2017

The article deals with one of the urgent problem to identify the quality of educational activities. In order to solve this problem it presents the author’s method of determinationthe levels of forming the generic cognitive educational activities of statement and solution of problems in junior school children. Substantive characteristic of each diagnostic task is givento support the structure of the generic cognitive educational activities of statement and solution of problems in junior school children. The researches, the analysis of its results have generated data on possible levels of forming the generic cognitive educational activities of statement and solution of problems in junior school children.
IMPROVING MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL TO ENABLE SKILL TRANSFERS IN NEW SITUATIONS
Authors: Sondore Anita , Krastiņa Elfrīda , Drelinga Elga , Daugulis Pēteris
Published: May 2017

Mathematical competence is one of the basic competences defined in the EU. Results of international studies in recent years show that the percentage of pupils in Latvia with high level (5.,6.) of mathematical competence has decreased from 8% (PISA, 2012) to 5,2% (PISA, 2015). Observations of mathematical lessons show that individualization of studies is not a popular everyday feature, nonstandard problems are rarely used in the work with primary school pupils. Sustainable education can not be envisioned without creative thinking necessary for solving various nonstandard problems. Mathematical competitions also require creative applications of knowledge. The goal of this study was to analyze problems of Latvian mathematical contests for grades 4-6 of the last 3 years according to categories of mathematical content. The most important cognitive and metacognitive strategies necessary for their solution are shown. It is important to turn attention of teachers to much wider inclusion of contest problems into study process of primary school. It will enable to individualize studies and stimulate skill transfer to new situations for gifted pupils. The authors encourage teachers to use nonstandard (contest) problems as an indivisualization tool which will give opportunity for pupils to master knowledge and skill transfer. It will provide regular training of mind and positive emotions for pupils who are bored with solving standard problems.
THE STUDY OF SELF-DIRECTED CAREER DECISION MAKING DIFFICULTIES AND INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Briška Linda , Dišlere Vija
Published: May 2017

In the current situation many Latvian secondary school students do not know what specialty to choose to study or what work to choose during the last month of school studies. The aim of the study is to find out self-directed career decision-making difficulties and its influencing factors for the secondary school students. The study was developed in the Latvia University of Agriculture, in the Institute of Education and Home Economics within the Master study programm Career Counsellor. 68 secondary school students were involved in the study from regional secondary schools of Latvia. The surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2017. The results of the study showed that secondary school students, adopting a career decision, has to overcome the difficulties: associated with low self-esteem level and pressure from others; social barriers; internal conflict, the fear of risk-taking, acceptance of responsibility and seriousness of the decision, as well as lack of self-knowledge, too large number of options and uncertainties about the profession and themselves. The factors influencing career decision-making for secondary school students mainly are: the undestanding of their ability, skills, interests, characteristics, value, resources and conditions, self-image, environmental conditions, genetic diversity, learning experience, the ability to reflect on their own life experiences and construct their lives, as well as knowledge of professions and areas of vocational practice. Results of the research could be used in the work of school career counselor's.
TEACHERS SKILLS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT FOR PROVISION OF QUALITY EDUCATION IN STEM EDUCATION PROGRAM
Authors: Vilkaste Aivars
Published: May 2017

State higher education institutions constitute a new type of schools, in which the education process takes place in an integrated - school / university environment implementing Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education program and students are motivated and purposefully prepared for studies and career in the field of science and engineering. Teachers’ professional training is an important component for the successful implementation of education programs and for provision of the achievement of the objectives with the greatest likelihood of success. Teachers and students are constantly interacting and only highly qualified teachers, who have certain skills, can form and develop them in their students. Within the framework of the work there has been analysed teachers’ understanding of the aggregate of scientific principles of natural science and engineering and teachers’ collaboration and feedback provision skills and their impact on students, as well as there has been revealed the necessity to improve teachers' professional skills.
VALIDATION OF LEARNING OUTCOMES GAINED OUTSIDE ACADEMIA: A LITHUANIAN CASE OF PORTFOLIO TRAINING
Authors: Burkšaitienė Nijolė , Šliogerienė Jolita
Published: May 2017

The article reports the results of the investigation into adults’ views of the portfolio training provided to them by a university before validation of their non-formal and informal learning. This is a mixed-method investigation conducted with the participation of 70 adults with the main aim to establish effectiveness and usefulness of the portfolio training from the adults’ perspective. The research results showed that the training was effective and useful. The participants considered that due to the training their CV writing skills improved, the awareness of the process of validation of non-formal and informal learning and of the participation requirements increased, as well as the ability to develop one’s portfolio of non-formal and informal learning was developed.

The results of the participants’ feedback responses revealed five major categories of usefulness, including relevant information, abilities developed during the training, new knowledge gained during the training, the use of metacognitive strategies, and practical value of the training.

The research contributes to the literature in that it increases our understanding of what adults view as relevant with regard to institution-provided support before the validation procedure of their non-formal and informal learning, which may lead to a better mutual understanding and result in adult success.
CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE LIFE STRATEGIES ADULTS
Authors: Tarkhanova Irina , Upeniece Irena , Arnis Voldemārs
Published: May 2017

Developing the ability to independently design their lives, creating an image of your future is the key competence of the adult. In this paper we describe the research conducted by the authors factor of continuing education in the life strategies of modern adults. These statistics demonstrate the relationship value of education to solve the problems of adaptation to the new conditions of life.
EXPRESSION OF DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHILD AND ADULT IN PRE-SCHOOL: THEORETICAL ASPECT
Authors: Vietienė Inesa
Published: May 2017

As economic, social and political conditions are rapidly changing and information and communication technologies are constantly developing, the approach towards the child and his education in childhood is changing in a modern society too. Child education is based on the mutual dialogue between child and adult which is often interpreted in the context of communication theory by addressing the question on the ways and forms of conveying information as well as by searching for the possibilities of correct and effective communication. A deeper understanding of dialogue expression is supplemented and enriched by the hermeneutic approach by the author which enables one to interpret the diversity of child and adult as well as learner and educator experiences. Hermeneutics provides conditions for child education to be perceived in a formal environment, i.e. pre-school, as a multi-dimensional and unique process. From the hermeneutic perspective, the dialogue between child and adult is oriented towards the problem of understanding where the understanding of the whole by interpreting personal experience and its perception rather than participation and interaction is of particular importance.
THE TWINS' SITUATION IMPACT ON THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Dumbrauska Anita
Published: May 2017

Since the moment of their birth between the twins develop a relationship that differs from the brother and sister relationships. Two children of the same age, growing under the same conditions, promote and develop their personalities. The twins' connections are so close that at a short time separation from each other, the twins suffer the same as been separated from their mother. The aim of the research: to research the twins' situation impact on the child's personality development. The research involves the analysis of the scientific pedagogical and psychological literature, structured interviews are used in the empirical research. The obtained data from the parents interviews of 37 twins' pairs have been analyzed. Results: the role distribution, the twins bilateral/reciprocal competitiveness, speech-therapist's necessity, self-contentedness inside the pair, communication with other children, amount of vocabulary at an early age are clarified in the twins pair, presence of cryptophasia, emphasizing of similarity, difference, difficulty to formulate thoughts and emotions by words. Conclusions: twins' situations impact essentially differs, depending on the type of twins: MZ, DZ or different gender. Their bilateral/reciprocal interrelation indexes are different: the role distribution in the pair, desire to competitiveness, be closely self-contained inside their pair and disallow to let others into their dyad or to be open to communication with other people.
PEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF APPLIED CREATIVITY MEANS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING AND INFORMATIVE INTEREST OF YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: Gusev Dmitriy , Zhestkova Elena , Kudakova Nataliya , Filippova Ludmila , Podshednaya Faina
Published: May 2017

At the present stage to find new ways and opportunities for the development of educational - cognitive interest of the student. In the course of this search is rather difficult to overestimate the positive impact of modern information technologies in the development of the child. Digital technology is increasingly penetrating our everyday lives and are a powerful tool for development and training. However, the student is increasingly in a virtual world, and eventually the younger generation lost its national identity. Folk art in our multinational country holds a special place. It reflects the originality, poetry, simplicity and wisdom of the views of the Russian people; It brings the best features of the national character. The study of this problem is one of the objectives of our study. The article discusses the implementation of the pedagogical potential of national applied creativity by means of information and communication technologies in primary education in the process of teaching and educational interest.
STUDENT GRAPHICAL INFORMATION LITERACY IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
Authors: France Ilze , Namsone Dace , Čakāne Līga , Vilciņš Jānis , Dzērve Uldis , Nikolajenko Andris
Published: May 2017

Among the most important 21st century skills that every student needs are the ability to work with information. The key for implementing competency based approach to learning will be related to how students' ability to apply skills acquired in, for example, mathematics can be transferred to other subject contexts. Newest OECD PISA results presented in 2016 show a recurring tendency that in Latvia there is a small number of students whose performance is in accordance to the 5th and 6th level of the framework. These two levels represent students' ability to apply deep thinking skills in new learning contexts. It is necessary to analyze the causes of this situation in order to identify opportunities for how to improve student performance. Accordingly, the research goal is to analyze how Latvian students manage to apply deep thinking skills in 9th grade national test assignments where they need to analyze graphic information in science and real life context. Additionally, the research aims to analyze the cognitive depth of science and mathematics assignments included in the national test as well as how the acquisition of these skills are planned in the learning content of educational regulations and learning materials.
THE CONTEXT OF OCCURRENCE OF ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL HOME SERVICES: EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL WORKERS
Authors: Indrašienė Valdonė , Katkonienė Agata , Sadauskas Justinas
Published: May 2017

The article aims to reveal the context of occurrence of ethical dilemmas providing social in-home services. The paper analyses situations experienced by social workers that determine the occurrence of ethical dilemmas in the provision of in-home services.

The study involved 6 social workers providing in-home services with the work experience in service provision from 10 to 14 years. The research data collection method is the semi-structured interview. The data obtained in the interviews were analysed using the descriptive analysis method.

Analysing the situation of social in-home services recipients it was observed that social in-home services are provided to the elderly, who, because of illnesses or age, are not able to look after themselves at home, who do not get help from relatives or such help is insufficient. It is stated that not all potential clients accept or get social in-home services.

The article distinguishes the following factors influencing the occurrence of ethical dilemmas: conflicts of values, the wish of clients or of their relatives to deny the significance and meaningfulness of the services provided, ill-founded requirements of clients and their relatives, derogation of the professional status of the social worker, the conflict between personal and organizational values and the capability of the social security system.
PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE LATVIA’S REGION LATGALE
Authors: Makarevičs Valērijs
Published: May 2017

For the conception of sustainable development the elaboration of indicators allowing to determine its tendencies is of major importance. The practice shows that the lists of sustainable development criteria suggested at present do not take into consideration the pecularities of particular regions. Modern theories of sustainable development consider this phenomenon in three aspects: economic, ecological and social. The article considers the tendencies of sustainable development in the social sphere in Latgale in comparison to other regions of Latvia. The indicator here is the condition and possibilities of development of human capital (decent life for generations). The method of the research is the analysis of the statistical data. The conclusion is made on the basis of the research that the situation in the social sphere of Latgale does not correspond to the requirements of sustainable development. Research has two aims: to check the criteria of sustainbility development often mentioned in scientific literature in relation to Latvia; research of social aspect of sustainable development of east region of Latvia.
A MODEL OF FAMILY AND CAREER RECONCILIATION
Authors: Tandzegolskienė Ilona , Trepulė Elena , Rutkienė Aušra , Tamoliūnė Giedrė , Jurgilė Vaida
Published: May 2017

The article focuses at these elements of family, work and career reconciliation which are relevant for seeking harmony and satisfaction in family and work settings. Presented theme refers to the analysis of work-family or family-work conflict, causes for role conflicts, facilitation strategies, conception of dual and individual career within a family, internal and external factors which influence start-up of conflicts and reconciliation strategies. This article presents results of data, collected during conduction of narrative interviews with young parents (both mother and father), semi-structured interviews with employers, focus group with career guide/human resources specialists and quantitative research with young families. The aim of research was to determine the needs and opportunities of young families who seek to balance family and career by highlighting influence of work activities. Research results identicated reconciliation for young families and career, possibilities for facilitation that is closely linked to dual and single career design couples, trends for career development, aware ness of parent hood and changing roles.
THE PEDAGOGICAL COMPONENT OF THE HEALTH PSYCHOLOGIST COMPETENCE
Authors: Krumina Aira Aija , Mihailovs Ivans Jānis
Published: May 2017

Pedagogical competence is an important integral component of health psychologist competence. The development of this component is implemented during two study courses in the Riga Stradiņš University, providing possibility for master programme „Health psychology” students to elaborate and pilot informal educational programs, trying to select and structure health psychology materials in accordance with the principles and requirements of pedagogy.

The article analyze and evaluate the development of some transversal competencies and future skills of health psychologist’ during the practice, as well as to work out the recommendations for optimal practice organization in a professional environment. The article, based on students’ survey and results of the students’ developed informal educational programs analysis, show the process and the issues, which are important for educational programs elaboration and pedagogical competence development.
OPTIMIZATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Ramanauskienė Sada , Norviliene Aida
Published: May 2017

In this article the authors present the system assessing the achievements of preschool children in Lithuania, the teacher's opinion regarding the description of achievements assessment of preschool children and its adaptation in a preschool education institution. This article presents the recommendations for the optimization of achievements assessment of preschool children. The quantitative research was applied in accordance with the interpretative attitude, a total of 130 preschool education teachers and managers from Klaipeda region. The results: optimization of implementation of description, assessing the achievements of preschool children, by preparing the model of description; motivation of teachers to improve the skills of assessing the achievements of children, rationalizing and allocating the cost of labor in the teaching process; better education planning process with regard to children's individual needs and abilities, which are determined in the model of achievements assessment of preschool children.
Effect of add-on proton pump inhibitors on parameters of glycemic control in type-2 diabetic patients
Authors: Patil Amruta P. , Shirure Prashant A.
Published: May 2017

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the parietal cell H+/K+ ATPase, are superior at suppressing acid secretion & promoting peptic ulcer healing, wildly used clinically for the therapy of gastro-esophageal reflex disease, gastritis due to excess stomach acid, and gastric ulcers. After blocking the production of gastric acid, the proton-pump inhibitors indirectly elevate serum gastrin levels via a negative feedback effect. Evidences are reported that gastrin promotes β cell neogenesis in pancreatic ductal complex, modest pancreatic β cell replication and improvement of glucose tolerance in animal models. Some recent clinical studies have shown improved glucose tolerance in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although PPIs may be possible candidates for a new approach in the therapy of diabetes, a prospective, long-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is needed to establish the effect of PPIs on glycemic control in a large number of patients with T2DM.
A study to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Syzygium cumini Linn. seed extract in high fructose diet induced diabetes in Albino Rats
Authors: Vihan Sandeep , Brashier D. B. S.
Published: May 2017

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of syzygium cumini linn. Seed extract in high fructose diet induced diabetes in albino rats.Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I acute and chronic effects of three doses of Syzygium cumini Linn 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg was seen in euglycaemic rats. In Phase II, the above doses of Syzygium cumini Linn were seen in diabetes induced by high fructose diet was evaluated. 5 groups of 06 animals each. Group I was given normal saline orally. Group II, III and IV were given oral Syzygium extract in the dose of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/Kg respectively. Group V was given glibenclamide suspension 10 mg/Kg orally. Blood glucose was measured before starting this phase (Day 0), at the end of fructose feeding (day 28) and weekly thereafter up to the end of the treatment period (i.e. on days 35,42,49,56).Results: In phase I of the study, Syzygium extract had no effect on the mean blood glucose levels when given in the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, from 1-24 hours. After chronic administration to euglycemic rats for 4 weeks, Syzygium extract also did not produce any significant change in blood glucose levels when given at various doses from 200-800 mg/kg. Treatment with all the three doses of Syzygium cumini extract (200,400 and 800mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in the blood glucose level. (P value <0.001 as compared to group I). The glucose lowering effect started at the end of 1 weeks and it increased till the end of the study in all the groups.Conclusions: Syzygium cumini Linn extract has no effect on the blood glucose levels of euglycemic animals. Syzygium cumini Linn extract can reduce blood glucose levels in high fructose diet induced diabetic rats, in a dose dependent and time dependent manner.
Cryotherapy for cervical lesions: efficacy and patient satisfaction
Authors: Katakdhond Shriraj , Samant Padmaja
Published: May 2017

Background: Vaginal discharge is a distressing commonplace gynecological condition seen in all age groups albeit from different causes. This study evaluates the outcome of cryotherapy on benign cervical lesions over a period of 2 years in a tertiary care centre. Efficacy of cryotherapy in making patient symptom free. Efficacy of cryocauterization in healing the cervical lesion.Methods: This is prospective observational study of 30 women of reproductive age group attending outpatient department for complaint of vaginal discharge. Cervical cytology was performed for all women and out of the women advised cryotherapy, those fitting inclusion criteria and consenting for study were enrolled. Their findings and investigations were noted. After they underwent cauterization, they were followed for period of 3 months. Findings, complications and level of satisfaction were noted down.Results: Healing of cervical lesion was complete in 96% women at the end of 12 weeks. There was 1 failure of therapy among sample size of 30. Satisfaction rate was high.Conclusions: Cervical cryocauterization is a cheap, effective and simple procedure for treatment of cervical lesions. There are few complications and patient satisfaction is high. It is an easily accessible and safe procedure and helps preserve fertility of women at the same time addressing the vaginal discharge.
Ovarian preservation with lateral ovarian transposition in operable Ca cervix: experience at a tertiary care center
Authors: Jose Tony , Singh Amarinder , Sinha Pooja , Bidari Sumit
Published: May 2017

Background: The benefits of ovarian preservation during radical surgery for ca cervix in premenopausal patients far outweigh the risk of ovarian disease later. However, adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy damages retained ovaries. Mobilization and transposition of these ovaries during surgery outside the pelvis prevents or reduces radiation damage to these ovaries. A prospective observational study was conducted to objectively study the effect of ovarian preservation with Lateral Ovarian Transposition (LOT) on ovarian function on operated patients of Ca cervix.Methods: All pre-menopausal patients of Ca cervix <45 years, planned for surgery underwent FSH levels to assess ovarian function and were screened for ovarian disease. Eligible patients who consented underwent ovarian retention (OR) with LOT during surgery. Adjuvant treatments as indicated was administered and all patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery for subjective (symptoms) and objective (FSH) evidence of ovarian failure.Results: LOT could be successfully performed in all patients. Though the mean FSH values did show a rise after surgery, this was more pronounced in patients receiving radiotherapy (RT). Ovarian function continued normally in 63% of all patients with 72% retaining ovarian function when RT was not administered. Hot flashes (HF) and Vaginal dryness(VD) were the most common symptoms but its onset was gradual and symptoms milder compared to surgical menopause.Conclusions: LOT is an oncologicaly safe, technically feasible and reasonably effective procedure for preserving ovarian function during surgical treatment and even after adjuvant RT in Ca Cervix and should be offered to eligible premenopausal patients.
Correlation of intra partum electronic fetal monitoring with neonatal outcome
Authors: C. Sunitha , Rao P. S. , S. Prajwal , Bhat Reema Kumar
Published: May 2017

Background: The importance of fetal monitoring during labour has been realized since long. The stress of uterine contractions may affect the fetus adversely especially if the fetus is already compromised, when the placental reserves are suboptimal, or when cord undergoes compression as in those associated with diminished liquor amnii or iatrogenic uterine hyperstimulation due to injudicious use of oxytocin. Even a fetus which is apparently normal in the antenatal period may develop distress during labour. Hence fetal monitoring during antepartum and intrapartum periods is of vital importance for timely detection of fetal distress so that appropriate management may be offered.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study included 100 patients of more than 34 weeks period of gestation were divided into two groups. Patients in labour were analyzed on an Electronic Monitor. Delivery conducted was either by vaginal route, instrumental or by caesarean section depending upon the fetal heart rate tracings and their interpretations as per the case. At the time of delivery umbilical cord blood was taken for the pH analysis. All new born babies were seen by the paediatrician immediately after the delivery and 1 and 5 minute APGAR score assessed for the delivered baby. The various EFM Patterns obtained were compared with the neonatal status at birth using the parameters already mentioned. The false positives and false negatives if any were tabulated. Data so obtained was analyzed statistically thereafter. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0 was used for the purpose of analysis.Results: Results revealed that among the 50 subjects of the case group, 7 subjects showed the absence of the beat to beat variability, 12 subjects showed early deceleration, 32 subjects showed late deceleration, and 6 subjects showed the presence of variable deceleration. No significant association of beat to beat variability, early and variable deceleration could be established with meconium staining/NICU admissions/low APGAR. A significant positive association between persistent late deceleration with MSL, APGAR <7 at 1 min, and Instrumental/LSCS delivery was seen. A significant positive association between any CTG abnormality and APGAR at 1 min, type of delivery, and meconium staining was seen.Conclusions: EFM should be used judiciously. Cardiotocography machines are certainly required in the labour room. Equally important is the proper interpretation of the CTG tracings so that unjustified caesarean sections can be minimized, at the same time picking up cases of fetal distress in time which is likely to improve fetal outcome.
Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy retrospective study
Authors: Rbihat Haitham S. , Mestareehy Khaled M. , Al lababdeh Mohammad S. , Jalabneh Talal M. , Aljboor Mohammad E. , Uraiqat Ahmad A.
Published: May 2017

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is taken into account as a standard method of performing cholecystectomy and has substituted the old method throughout the world, while laparoscopic appendectomy still not attaining that reputation. In this paper, a retrospective study was done to compare between both laparoscopic and open appendectomy.Methods: Two hundred eighty-five patients were analyzed after appendectomy using either open or laparoscopic procedures. The data was compared over a period of 36 months. Surgical technique was the same among 6 surgeons, standard postoperative care for all patient groups. The outcome measures included comparing of mean operative time, days of hospitalization, postoperative pain and rate of wound infection.Results: Concerning open appendectomy the mean time was 28 minutes with 2 days of hospitalization. The postoperative pain extent was for 36 hours and rate of wound infection was 8/159. While in laparoscopic appendectomy the mean time was 55 minutes with one day hospitalization. The postoperative pain was for 12 hours and zero rate of wound infection.Conclusions: In general laparoscopy has plenty of gains over open surgery as discussed before but laparoscopic appendectomy is not easier, nor does it avoid general anesthesia. The cost for laparoscopic appendectomy is higher than for open appendectomy. The operative and post-operative complications are more critical (e.g.: intra-abdominal abscesses & perforation of bowel) as compared to open appendectomy. We have to assess the advantages and disadvantages, indications and contraindications when taking a decision for laparoscopic surgery. We suppose it would be very early to say that laparoscopic appendectomy is superior or can replace open appendectomy.