bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AFM + Raman Microscopy + SNOM + Tip-Enhanced Raman: Instrumentation and Applications
Authors: Dorozhkin P. , Kuznetsov E. , Schokin A. , Timofeev S. , Bykov V.
Published: November 2010

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has developed into a very powerful tool for characterization of surfaces and nanoscale objects. Many physical properties of an object can be studied by AFM with nanometer-scale resolution. Local stiffness, elasticity, conductivity, capacitance, magnetization, surface potential and work function, friction, piezo response—these and many other physical properties can be studied with over 30 AFM modes. What is typically lacking in information provided by AFM studies is the chemical composition of the sample and information about its crystal structure. To obtain this information other characterization techniques are required, such as Raman and fluorescence microscopy. The Raman effect (inelastic light scattering) provides extensive information about sample chemical composition, quality of crystal structure, crystal orientation, presence of impurities and defects, and so on. Information provided by Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy is complementary to the information obtained by AFM. So it is a natural requirement in many research fields to integrate these techniques in one piece of equipment—to provide comprehensive physical, chemical, and structural characterization of the same object. Of course, for routine studies of various samples, it is important to be able to obtain AFM and Raman/fluorescence images of exactly the same sample area, preferably with the same sample scan.
Source, long‐range transport, and characteristics of a heavy dust pollution event in Shanghai
Authors: Fu Qingyan , Zhuang Guoshun , Li Juan , Huang Kan , Wang Qiongzhen , Zhang Rong , Fu Joshua , Lu Tao , Chen Min , Wang Qian , Chen Ying , Xu Chang , Hou Bing
Published: November 2010

Daily particulate matter with particles less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and total suspended particulates (TSP) were analyzed for chemical composition and daily PM10, SO2, and NO2 were monitored by automatic monitoring systems on the seven sites over China along the pathway of the long‐range transport of the dust from 20 March to 19 April 2007. The highest recorded dust and daily Air Pollution Index topped 500 for the first time since 2002, when the routine continuous monitoring of PM10 was initiated in Shanghai. The daily 24 h average PM10 concentration of 648 μg m−3 was observed on 2 April 2007. The ratios of SO2/PM10, NO2/PM10, and PM2.5/PM10 were 0.066, 0.077, and 15.5% on 2 April 2007, which were significantly different from the nondust day and could be used as the index to judge the occurrence of dust in Shanghai. On the peak dusty day, the ratios of crustal matter rose to 70% and 64% of the total mass of PM2.5 and TSP, respectively, while the ratios were 13% and 37% on nondust days. The ratio of Ca/Al in the dust aerosol in Shanghai was much closer to that in Duolun and Yulin near Mongolia Gobi rather than that in Tazhong of Taklimakan desert, indicating that the dust was transported from Mongolia Gobi instead of Taklimakan desert in Xinjiang province. The compositions of sea salt aerosol in PM2.5 and TSP, combined with back trajectories, indicated that the dust passed through the East China Seas before reaching Shanghai, which is one of the typical dust pathways that lead to heavily polluted days in Shanghai due to dust transport. The anthropogenic sources along the pathway also partially contributed to the PM pollution in Shanghai during this dust event.
Estimation of water fluxes into the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bouraoui Fayçal , Grizzetti Bruna , Aloe Alberto
Published: November 2010

This study provides an estimate of the water runoff into the Mediterranean Sea and its variation from the 1980s to the year 2000. First the variability of climatic and physical factors across the Mediterranean catchment was studied through a principal component analysis. Then a model to estimate the water runoff was developed with the aim to represent this variability, including the various components determining the runoff generation (climatic, physiographic, and pedologic) and overcome the limited data availability for the area. The estimated water fluxes for the 1980–2000 period ranged from 282 to 327 km3 yr−1. Finally, it was shown through a trend analysis, that the fresh water discharge into the Mediterranean Sea did not exhibit any significant change during the study period in spite of a significant increase in temperature and partial decrease of precipitation. Consequently, awareness should be raised on possible depletion of other water stocks in the Mediterranean river basins, such as mountain glaciers and aquifers.
Atmospheric Remote Sensing on the International Space Station
Authors: Budzien Scott A. , Bishop Rebecca L. , Stephan Andrew W. , Christensen Andrew B. , McMullin Donald R.
Published: November 2010

The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) is a new NASA experiment studying the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from a vantage point on the International Space Station (ISS). The RAIDS mission focuses on the coupling and transition from the coldest part of the atmosphere, the mesopause near 85 kilometers, up to the hottest regions of the thermosphere, above 300 kilometers in altitude. Built jointly by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and The Aerospace Corporation, RAIDS also is serving as a pathfinder experiment for atmospheric remote sensing aboard the ISS. RAIDS and a companion experiment, NRL's Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO), make up the HICO‐RAIDS Experiment Payload (HREP), the first U.S. payload on the Japanese Experiment Module—Exposed Facility (JEM‐EF). The experience developing and operating RAIDS for this mission provides useful insights for utilizing the ISS as a platform for atmospheric science.
NSF Geosciences Initiatives and Plans Reviewed at Advisory Committee Meeting
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2010

In its semiannual meeting on 6–7 October, the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Advisory Committee for Geosciences (GEO) reviewed GEO initiatives, programs, and plans, including the GEO directorate's fast and significant response to support research related to various aspects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico through Rapid Response Research (RAPID) awards and other measures. An undercurrent during the meeting was concern about workload stress among GEO staff.

Assistant director of geosciences Tim Killeen noted that the proposed budget for fiscal year (FY) 2011, which began on 1 October, would increase directorate funding 7.4% over FY 2010, if the budget is approved by Congress. A continuing resolution in Congress maintains FY 2010 funding levels until at least 3 December. Killeen said NSF's budget request for FY 2012 has been submitted to the White House Office of Management and Budget, adding that although he cannot discuss details of that budget yet, GEO Vision, a long‐range strategy document for the directorate released in October 2009, “is reflected in our thinking going forward.”
Reply to Comments on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”
Authors: McPhaden Michael
Published: November 2010

It is critical to recognize the benefits and limitations of scientific knowledge, particularly when it comes to predicting hazards. I agree with G. J. Wasserburg that AGU should help scientists communicate their work accurately and understandably so it can provide the greatest value to society. This objective is explicit in AGU's new strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml) and is consistent with our vision of both advancing and communicating Earth and space science to ensure a sustainable future.

We as a community have an obligation to increase the role of science in informing policy to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters. Such efforts require an open exchange of ideas and information and a clear understanding of the limitations of our knowledge. In response to Flavio Dobran, I agree that scientists are not above the law and, like all citizens, must be held accountable for their actions. However, laws and lawmakers must also recognize what science can and cannot do. We cannot yet reliably predict precisely when earthquakes will occur.
Inaugural Science and Policy Union Lecture to Be Given by John Holdren at Fall Meeting
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

For the first time, the AGU Fall Meeting will include a Science and Policy Union Lecture, which will focus on the role that science and scientists play in policy.

The inaugural lecture will be given by John Holdren, who is the assistant to the president for science and technology, cochair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and director, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), Executive Office of the President. The title of Holdren's presentation is “Scientists, Science Advice, and Science Policy in the Obama Administration.”
Ocean Drilling: Forty Years of International Collaboration
Authors: Smith Deborah K. , Exon Neville , Barriga Fernando J. A. S. , Tatsumi Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2010

International cooperation is an essential component of modern scientific research and societal advancement [see Ismail‐Zadeh and Beer, 2009], and scientific ocean drilling represents one of Earth science's longest‐running and most successful international collaborations. The strength of this collaboration and its continued success result from the realization that scientific ocean drilling provides a unique and powerful tool to study the critical processes of both short‐term change and the long‐term evolution of Earth systems. A record of Earth's changing tectonics, climate, ocean circulation, and biota is preserved in marine sedimentary deposits and the underlying basement rocks. And because the ocean floor is the natural site for accumulation and preservation of geological materials, it may preserve a continuous record of these processes.

The challenge lies in accessing these records. It was recognized early on that no single country could support such a large effort on the decadal time scale needed. Thus, those planning drilling efforts quickly realized that international resources and commitment are necessary to mounting a significant investigation of the records preserved beneath the oceans on the global scale required. An international program also allows countries that make more limited financial contributions to utilize the full resources provided by the large program and make significant scientific contributions.
Abyssal hill deflections at Pacific‐Antarctic ridge‐transform intersections
Authors: Croon Marcel B. , Cande Steven C. , Stock Joann M.
Published: November 2010

Nearly complete coverage of shipboard multibeam bathymetry data at the right‐stepping Menard and Pitman Fracture Zones allowed us to map abyssal hill deviations along their traces. In this study we distinguish between (1) J‐shaped curvatures at their origin, where modeling is addressing primary volcanism and faulting following a curved zone, and (2) straight abyssal hills getting bent in anti‐J‐shaped curvatures, in response to increased coupling across the transform fault, after they were formed. We compared the mapped abyssal hill deflections to a detailed plate motion model for the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge to test how abyssal hill curvature correlates to changes in plate motion direction, which lead to periods of transtension or transpression. This test was based on the number and size of the abyssal hill deflections. The observations show a high abundance of J‐shaped abyssal hills during periods of significant clockwise change in plate motion direction, which leads to transtension. The tip of the ridge axis can deflect up to 60° into the transform fault in response to changes in the stress field at ridge‐transform intersections. This is observed, in particular, at the Pitman Fracture Zone, where there has been a ∼15° clockwise rotation of the spreading direction azimuth during the last 9 Myr. In addition, we observed anti‐J‐shaped curvatures at Menard, Pitman, and Heirtzler Fracture Zones during periods of transpression when increased coupling across an oceanic transform fault is partially accommodated by distributed strike‐slip deformation rather than solely by discontinuous displacement at the transform fault. Anti‐J‐shaped deflections typically develop in seafloor less than 2 Myr old when the oceanic lithosphere is thin.
A rapid method for the measurement of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), and Halon 1211 (CF2ClBr) in hydrologic tracer studies
Authors: Busenberg Eurybiades , Plummer L. Niel
Published: November 2010

A rapid headspace method for the simultaneous laboratory determination of intentionally introduced hydrologic tracers, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), Halon 1211 (CF2ClBr), and other halocarbons in water and gases is described. The high sensitivity of the procedure allows for introduction of minimal tracer mass (a few grams) into hydrologic systems with a large dynamic range of analytical detection (dilutions to 1:108). Analysis times by gas chromatography with electron capture detector are less than 1 min for SF6; about 2 min for SF6 and SF5CF3; and 4 min for SF6, SF5CF3, and Halon 1211. Many samples can be rapidly collected, preserved in stoppered septum bottles, and analyzed at a later time in the laboratory. Examples are provided showing the effectiveness of the gas tracer test studies in varied hydrogeological settings.
Evaluation of the mean and extreme precipitation regimes from the ENSEMBLES regional climate multimodel simulations over Spain
Authors: Herrera S. , Fita L. , Fernández J. , Gutiérrez J. M.
Published: November 2010

A state‐of‐the‐art ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) simulations provided by the European Union–funded project ENSEMBLES is used to test the ability of RCMs to reproduce the mean and extreme precipitation regimes over Spain. To this aim, ERA‐40–driven simulations at 25 km resolution are compared with the 20 km daily precipitation grid Spain02, considering the period 1960–2000. This gridded data set has been interpolated from thousands of quality‐controlled stations capturing the spatial variability of precipitation over this RCM benchmark‐like area with complex orography and influence of both Atlantic and Mediterranean climates. The results show a good representation of the mean regimes and the annual cycle but an overestimation of rainfall frequency leading to a wrong estimation of wet and dry spells. The amount of rainfall coming from extreme events is also deficient in the RCMs. The use of the multimodel ensemble improves the results of the individual models; moreover, discarding the worst performing models for the particular area and variable leads to improved results and reduced spread.
Saturn's emitted power
Authors: Li Liming , Conrath Barney J. , Gierasch Peter J. , Achterberg Richard K. , Nixon Conor A. , Simon‐Miller Amy A. , Flasar F. Michael , Banfield Don , Baines Kevin H. , West Robert A. , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Porco Carolyn C. , Mamoutkine Andrei A. , Segura Marcia E. , Bjoraker Gordon L. , Orton Glenn S. , Fletcher Leigh N. , Irwin Patrick G. J. , Read Peter L.
Published: November 2010

Long‐term (2004–2009) on‐orbit observations by Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer are analyzed to precisely measure Saturn's emitted power and its meridional distribution. Our evaluations suggest that the average global emitted power is 4.952 ± 0.035 W m−2 during the period of 2004–2009. The corresponding effective temperature is 96.67 ± 0.17 K. The emitted power is 16.6% higher in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. From 2005 to 2009, the global mean emitted power and effective temperature decreased by ∼2% and ∼0.5%, respectively. Our study further reveals the interannual variability of emitted power and effective temperature between the epoch of Voyager (∼1 Saturn year ago) and the current epoch of Cassini, suggesting changes in the cloud opacity from year to year on Saturn. The seasonal and interannual variability of emitted power implies that the energy balance and internal heat are also varying.
The Role of Expectation and Probabilistic Learning in Auditory Boundary Perception: A Model Comparison
Authors: Pearce Marcus T , Müllensiefen Daniel , Wiggins Geraint A
Published: November 2010

Grouping and boundary perception are central to many aspects of sensory processing in cognition. We present a comparative study of recently published computational models of boundary perception in music. In doing so, we make three contributions. First, we hypothesise a relationship between expectation and grouping in auditory perception, and introduce a novel information-theoretic model of perceptual segmentation to test the hypothesis. Although we apply the model to musical melody, it is applicable in principle to sequential grouping in other areas of cognition. Second, we address a methodological consideration in the analysis of ambiguous stimuli that produce different percepts between individuals. We propose and demonstrate a solution to this problem, based on clustering of participants prior to analysis. Third, we conduct the first comparative analysis of probabilistic-learning and rule-based models of perceptual grouping in music. In spite of having only unsupervised exposure to music, the model performs comparably to rule-based models based on expert musical knowledge, supporting a role for probabilistic learning in perceptual segmentation of music.
Enhancing Implicit Change Detection through Action
Authors: Tseng Philip , Tuennermann Jan , Roker-Knight Nancy , Winter Dorina , Scharlau Ingrid , Bridgeman Bruce
Published: November 2010

Implicit change detection demonstrates how the visual system can benefit from stored information that is not immediately available to conscious awareness. We investigated the role of motor action in this context. In the first two experiments, using a one-shot implicit change-detection paradigm, participants responded to unperceived changes either with an action (jabbing the screen at the guessed location of a change) or with words (verbal report), and sat either 60 cm or 300 cm (with a laser pointer) away from the display. Our observers guessed the locations of changes at a reachable distance better with an action than with a verbal judgment. At 300 cm, beyond reach, the motor advantage disappeared. In experiment 3, this advantage was also unavailable when participants sat at a reachable distance but responded with hand-held laser pointers near their bodies. We conclude that a motor system specialized for real-time visually guided behavior has access to additional visual information. Importantly, this system is not activated by merely executing an action (experiment 2) or presenting stimuli in one's near space (experiment 3). It is activated only when both conditions are fulfilled, which implies that it is the actual contact that matters to the visual system.
Using the CLOX Drawing Task to Educate the Public of the Effects of Hearing Loss
Authors: Quinn Sandra C M , Henshaw Helen , Clark Dan , Falck Claire , Smith Sandra
Published: November 2010

We describe a task used to educate the public on the importance of hearing and the experience of hearing loss. During an open day at Nottingham University, participants were presented with verbal instructions (with or without a background masker) and asked to draw the image of a clock face as accurately as possible. Poorest performance was observed when the instructions were presented with a background masker. We suggest that the task could be applied effectively by healthcare professionals who aim to educate younger individuals of the difficulties associated with hearing loss.
Mutual parasitism between Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma pseudokoningii
Authors: Vajna L.
Published: November 2010

In dual cultures mutual parasitism between two isolates of T. hamatum and T. pseudokoningii was observed. A simple method of preparation of hyphae for examination by light microscopy was developed. The detailes of parasitic interaction: sites of penetration, haustorium‐like structures, internal growing of hyphae and formation of resistance sheats are described. If this parasitism occures also in natural soil, the application of Trichoderma for biological control of plant pathogens may be reduced by the parasitism of indigenous Trichoderma species.

In Doppelkulturen wurde bei zwei Isolaten von T. hamatum und T. pseudokoningii wechselseitiger Parasitismus festgestellt. Eine einfache Methode der Herstellung von Hyphen‐Präparaten für eine Untersuchung mit einem Lichtmikroskop wurde entwickelt. Einzelheiten der parasitischen Wechselwirkung: Stellen des Eindringens, Haustorium‐ähnliche Strukturen, inneres Wachsen der Pilzfäden und die Bildung der Resistenzscheiden sind beschrieben. Wenn dieser Parasitismus auch in natürlichem Boden vorkommt, kann die Anwendung von Trichoderma zur biologischen Kontrolle der Pflanzenpathogene durch den Parasitismus einheimischer Trichoderma‐Arten verringert werden.
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens from Africa as a cause of vascular wilt disease of oil palm
Authors: Ho Y. W. , Varghese G. , Taylor G. S.
Published: November 2010

The vascular wilt disease of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) was first reported by Wardlaw in Zaire (1946a, b). Since then, the disease has been reported in other parts of Africa. So far, Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. elaeidis Toovey has been documented as the causal agent of the vascular wilt disease in oil palm. Now F. oxysporum var. redolens is shown to be also involved.

Von das vaskulären Welkekrankheit der Ölpalme (Elaeis guimeensis Jacq.) wurde zuerst von Wardlaw (1946a, b) im Zaire berichtet. Seitdem wurde diese Krankheit auch aus anderen Teilen Afrikas gemeldet. Bis jetzt wurde Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. elaeidis Toovey als das kausale Agens der vaskulären Welkekrankheit der Ölpalme dokumentiert. Nun wird jedoch gezeigt, daβ auch F. oxysporum var. redolens daran beteiligt ist.
Effective corneal patch of an astigmatic heterocentric eye
Authors: Harris William F
Published: November 2010

Citation information: Harris WF. Effective corneal patch of an astigmatic heterocentric eye. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 79–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2010.00793.x

Background:  The pupil admits to the back of the eye only some of the light arriving from a point in space. As a result only a portion of the cornea is involved when an eye views the point; it is the effective corneal patch for that point. The location, size and shape of the patch are of interest for corneal refractive surgery inter alia. Previous studies have used geometrical optics and a simple model eye (a naked eye with a spherical, single‐surface, centred cornea and a concentric circular pupil). Even for the simplest situations geometrical optics provides only implicit formulae which give little insight into relationships and require numerical solution.

Purpose:  To show how linear optics leads to explicit formulae that estimate the geometry of the effective corneal patch in a very wide range of situations. The eye is not restricted to a single refracting surface; the surfaces may be astigmatic and decentred or tilted and the pupil may be decentred and elliptical. The eye may contain implants and it may be looking through a spectacle lens or other optical instrument which may also contain astigmatic and decentred surfaces.

Methods:  Linear optics is used to provide general formulae for the geometry of the corneal patch. An appendix illustrates application to some particular cases.

Results:  General formulae are obtained for the location and geometry of the effective corneal patch for object points that may be near or distant. Formulae are presented in particular for the special case of the naked eye and the case in which all surfaces are spherical and centred on a common axis. Numerical examples in the appendix allow comparison of results obtained via geometrical and linear optics.

Conclusions:  In using linear optics one sacrifices some accuracy at increasing angles away from the longitudinal axis but there is considerable gain in the complexity and range of problems that can be tackled, and the explicit formula one obtains clearly exhibit relationships among parameters of clinical relevance.
Lexicons, Contexts, Events, and Images: Commentary on Elman (2009) From the Perspective of Dual Coding Theory
Authors: Paivio Allan , Sadoski Mark
Published: November 2010

Elman (2009) proposed that the traditional role of the mental lexicon in language processing can largely be replaced by a theoretical model of schematic event knowledge founded on dynamic context‐dependent variables. We evaluate Elman’s approach and propose an alternative view, based on dual coding theory and evidence that modality‐specific cognitive representations contribute strongly to word meaning and language performance across diverse contexts which also have effects predictable from dual coding theory.
The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea
Authors: Lazaridou Elizabeth , Giannopoulou Christina , Fotiadou Christina , Vakirlis Eustratios , Trigoni Anastasia , Ioannides Demetris
Published: November 2010

Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous disorder characterized by centrofacial persisting erythema, telangiectases, papules, pustules, edema, phymas and ocular involvement. Despite being one of the most common skin disorders, its pathogenesis remains unclear and controversial. Although the disease triggering factors are well recognized, the underlying causes of rosacea have not yet been identified. Several different postulates about its pathogenesis can be found in the medical literature. Abnormalities of the pilosebaceous unit, as well as genetic, vascular, inflammatory, environmental and microbial factors have been described. The microorganisms that have been associated include Helicobacter pylori, Demodex folliculorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Chlamydia pneumonia; all the studies have been inconclusive. We review currently available scientific data on the potential pathogenetic role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea.
Iron Isotopic Compositions of Geological Reference Materials and Chondrites
Authors: Craddock Paul R. , Dauphas Nicolas
Published: November 2010

High‐precision iron isotopic compositions for Fe‐bearing geological reference materials and chondrites with a wide range of matrices (e.g., silicates, oxides, organic‐bearing materials) are reported. This comprehensive data set should serve as a reference for iron isotopic studies across a range of geological and biological disciplines for both quality assurance and inter‐laboratory calibration. Where comparison is available, the iron isotopic compositions of most geological reference materials measured in this study were in agreement with previously published data within quoted uncertainties. Recommendations for the reporting of future iron isotopic data and associated uncertainties are also presented. Long‐term repeat analyses of all samples indicate that highly reproducible iron isotopic measurements are now obtainable (± 0.03‰ and ± 0.05‰ for δ56Fe and δ57Fe, respectively).
Dielectric Properties of Reduced Heterogeneous Silica–Titania Glasses
Authors: Medina Francelys A. , Furman Eugene , Lanagan Michael T.
Published: November 2010

We have studied the frequency and temperature dependences of the dielectric properties of a heterogeneous silica–titania (SiO2–TiO2) glass by ac impedance spectroscopy measurements in the temperature range 25–700°C and the frequency range 40–107 Hz. The heterogeneous glass was prepared by the controlled heat treatment of a homogenous SiO2–TiO2 glass, containing ∼7.5 wt% TiO2, in a reducing atmosphere to create a microstructure consisting of many discrete particles of the rutile/anatase TiO2 phase dispersed in a homogeneous SiO2‐rich glassy matrix. Unlike the homogeneous SiO2–TiO2 glass, which exhibited only one electrical/dielectric dispersion, presumably due to ion hopping, the heterogeneous glass material exhibited two distinct electrical responses in the impedance formalism. We attributed these contributions to the two‐phase microstructure and explained the dielectric behavior in terms of the Maxwell–Wagner relaxation arising at the interfaces between the TiO2 crystals and the SiO2‐rich matrix phase.
Preparation and Properties of BaBiBO4–SiO2 Glasses
Authors: Chaliha Reenamoni Saikia , Tarafder Anal , Annapurna K. , Karmakar Basudeb
Published: November 2010

Glasses in the new system (100−x) BaBiBO4–xSiO2 where x=10–50 (mol%) were prepared by the melt‐quench technique. The density of the glasses increases with an increase in BaBiBO4 content because of its higher molecular mass. Tg, Td, and Ts decrease while coefficient of thermal expansion increases with the increase in BaBiBO4 content. Vis‐NIR spectra reveal that with increasing melting temperature transmission of the glasses decreases due to auto thermal reduction of Bi3+ to Bi0 as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analyses. Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopic spectra of the glasses indicate the formation of BiO6, BO3, and BO4 structural units. Ferroelectric BaBiBO4 crystalline phase is obtained from these glasses by controlled heat treatment at 580°C. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals its 45–66 nm crystallite size range. Whereas, the field‐emission scanning electron microscopy images show the formation of polycrystalline spherical grains of 89–194 nm along with single‐crystalline microrods of average diameter of 0.5–1.5 μm. Dielectric constant of the glasses increases with increase in BaBiBO4 content, which is attributed to the combined effects of high polarization and ionic refraction of both Bi3+ and Ba2+ ions. It is shown here that BaBiBO4–SiO2 is a promising glass system for the synthesis of glass–ceramics of novel BaBiBO4 nonlinear optical crystal.
Effects of leucine or whey protein addition to an oral glucose solution on serum insulin, plasma glucose and plasma amino acid responses in horses at rest and following exercise
Authors: URSCHEL K. L. , GEOR R. J. , WATERFALL H L. , SHOVELLER A. K. , McCUTCHEON L. J.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Providing protein or amino acid mixtures in combination with glucose to post exercise in man has resulted in increases in the post feeding insulin response and in muscle glycogen and protein synthesis rates. However, whether protein and/or amino acids can modify the post exercise insulin responses in horses remains to be fully elucidated.

Objectives:To determine whether whey protein or leucine addition to a glucose solution affects the post gavage plasma insulin, glucose and amino acid responses in horses and whether these responses are different following a period of exercise vs. rest.

Methods:Six mature, conditioned Thoroughbreds received a nasogastric gavage containing either 1 g/kg bwt glucose (G), G + 0.3 g/kg bwt whey protein (GW) or G + 0.3 g/kg bwt leucine (GL), following a period of either rest (R) or an exercise test on a high speed treadmill (EX). Each horse was studied under all 6 treatment conditions, separated by 10 day intervals. Blood samples were collected pre‐exercise/rest, pregavage and at regular intervals up to 300 min post gavage. Plasma was analysed for glucose and amino acid concentrations and serum insulin concentrations were determined.

Results:There was a significantly (P<0.05) greater insulin response in GL‐R and GL‐EX when compared to the other treatments. When compared to rest, post exercise plasma glucose responses were lower in G and GW but unchanged following GL administration. Plasma alanine concentrations were elevated post exercise in all EX treatments. With the exception of markedly elevated plasma leucine concentrations after GL‐R and GL‐EX, the plasma concentrations of all indispensable amino acids decreased during the post gavage period.

Conclusions:Leucine but not whey protein augmented the serum insulin response to an oral glucose load. Leucine supplementation warrants further investigation as a means to increase the rate of post exercise muscle glycogen synthesis in horses.
Expression of lactate transporters MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 in the red blood cells of three horse breeds: Finnhorse, Standardbred and Thoroughbred
Authors: MYKKÄNEN A. K. , PÖSÖ A. R. , McGOWAN C. M. , McKANE S. A.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:In exercising horses, up to 50% of blood lactate is taken up into red blood cells (RBCs). Lactate transporter proteins MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 (an ancillary protein for MCT1) are expressed in the equine RBC membrane. In Standardbreds (SB), lactate transport activity is bimodally distributed and correlates with the amount of MCT1 and CD147. About 75% of SB studied have high lactate transport activity in RBCs. In other breeds, the distribution of lactate transport activity is unknown.

Objectives:To study whether similar bimodal distribution of MCT1 and CD147 is present also in the racing Finnhorse (FH) and Thoroughbred (TB) as in the SB and to study the distribution of MCT2 in all 3 breeds and to determine if there is a connection between MCT expression and performance markers in TB racehorses.

Methods:Venous blood samples were taken from 118 FHs, 98 TBs and 44 SBs. Red blood cell membranes were purified and MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 measured by western blot. The amount of transporters was compared with TB performance markers.

Results:In TBs, the distribution of MCT1 was bimodal and in all breeds distribution of MCT2 unimodal. The amount of CD147 was clearly bimodal in FH and SB, with 85 and 82% expressing high amounts of CD147. In TBs, 88% had high expression of CD147 and 11% low expression, but one horse showed intermediate expression not apparent in FH or SB. Performance markers did not correlate with the amount of MCT1, MCT2 or CD147.

Conclusions:High lactate transport activity was present in all 3 racing breeds, with the greatest proportion in the TB, followed by the racing FH, then SB. There was no significant statistical correlation found between lactate transporters in RBC membrane and markers of racing performance in the TB.
Sweat composition in Arabian horses performing endurance exercise on forage‐based, low Na rations
Authors: SPOONER H. S. , NIELSEN B. D. , SCHOTT II H. C. , HARRIS P. A.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Excessive sweat loss during endurance exercise may lead to electrolyte disturbances and previous research suggests dietary factors may affect hydration status. While investigating the effect of dietary fibre type on hydration status, sweat samples were collected which allowed for the evaluation of sweat composition in horses consuming forage‐based, low sodium (Na) rations.

Objective:To investigate sweat composition in Arabian horses performing endurance type exercise while fed forage‐based, rations low in Na.

Methods:Six 2‐year‐old Arabian horses were fed, according to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square, either grass hay (G), 50:50 grass hay:alfalfa hay (GA), or 50:50 grass hay: chopped fibres (GM) without any additional electrolyte supplementation. After 14 days on each diet, horses performed a 60 km treadmill exercise test. Sweat was collected from sealed pouches on the dorsal thorax after each of four 15 km exercise bouts.

Results:Intake (g/day) of Na (2.5 ± 0.4), Cl (72 ± 16), and Mg (18 ± 3) were not different between diets but K and Ca intakes (g/day) were greater (P<0.05) on GA (246 ± 35; 101 ± 14) than G (176 ± 38; 59 ± 14) or GM (168 ± 33; 62 ± 15). There was no effect of diet on sweat pH (7.65 ± 0.04) or concentrations (mmol/l) of K (46 ± 3), Cl (133 ± 7), Ca (8.5 ± 1.1), or Mg (2.3 ± 0.3); yet diet did influence sweat Na concentration (P<0.05, G 88 ± 5 mmol/l, GA 104 ± 5, GM 96 ± 6). Na and Cl concentrations were lower than those previously reported.

Conclusions:Differences in sweat constituents due to diet were observed, but more importantly both Na and Cl concentration are lower than those previously reported perhaps due to low dietary Na intake or breed of animal.
Metacarpal geometry changes during Thoroughbred race training are compatible with sagittal‐plane cantilever bending
Authors: MERRITT J. S. , DAVIES H. M. S.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Bending of the equine metacarpal bones during locomotion is poorly understood. Cantilever bending, in particular, may influence the loading of the metacarpal bones and surrounding structures in unique ways.

Hypothesis: We hypothesised that increased amounts of sagittal‐plane cantilever bending may govern changes to the shape of the metacarpal bones of Thoroughbred racehorses during training. We hypothesised that this type of bending would require a linear change to occur in the combined second moment of area of the bones for sagittal‐plane bending (I) during race training.

Methods: Six Thoroughbred racehorses were used, who had all completed at least 4 years of race training at a commercial stable. The approximate change in I that had occurred during race training was computed from radiographic measurements at the start and end of training using a simple model of bone shape.

Results: A significant (P<0.001), approximately linear pattern of change in I was observed in each horse, with the maximum change occurring proximally and the minimum change occurring distally.

Conclusions: The pattern of change in I was compatible with the hypothesis that sagittal‐plane cantilever bending governed changes to the shape of the metacarpal bones during race training.
Elimination from elite endurance rides in nine countries: A preliminary study
Authors: NAGY A. , MURRAY J. K. , DYSON S.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Endurance is the fastest growing Féderation Équestre International (FEI) discipline and the large number of eliminations on veterinary grounds needs to be investigated.

Objectives: To document elimination rates and explore potential risk factors for elimination due to lameness or metabolic reasons in 9 countries representing 5 continents.

Methods: Data for rides of ≥100 km (‘elite endurance rides’) in Australia, France, Italy, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), UK, Uruguay and USA were collected from the FEI website. Data were collected for all started horses on the country, number of horses in the class, ride distance, class (e.g. young rider class) and the average speed of the winning horse. Retirements, eliminations for lameness, metabolic and other reasons were recorded. Uni‐ and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of country, number of horses in the class, ride distance and young rider class on 2 outcomes (elimination for lameness and metabolic reasons).

Results: Data for 157 classes at 91 events were analysed. The UAE had the highest number of entries (1497), followed by France (1029) and Spain (408). Of 4326 started horses, 46.0% finished the ride. Lameness was the most common cause of elimination in all countries followed by metabolic reasons (69.2 and 23.5% of all eliminations, and 31.8 and 10.8% of all started horses, respectively). Eight percent of horses were retired by the rider, having passed the veterinary examination. In multivariable analysis, the risk of elimination for lameness was associated with the country in which the ride was held, and the risk significantly increased (OR = 1.60) for horses competing in rides with ≥80 entries. The risk of elimination for metabolic reasons was also significantly associated with the country in which the ride was held and the risk significantly increased (OR = 2.17) for horses competing in rides with ≥100 entries in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Elimination rates vary between countries, with lameness being the most common reason for elimination globally. Analysis of retrospective data showed country and number of started horses to be risk factors for elimination due to lameness and for elimination due to metabolic disorders. A prospective study is needed to assess the effects of environmental conditions, individual horse speed and other variables on the risk of specific causes of elimination.
Heel effects on joint contact force components in the equine digit: a sensitivity analysis
Authors: NOBLE P. , LEJEUNE J.‐P. , CAUDRON I. , LEJEUNE P. , COLLIN B. , DENOIX J.‐M. , SERTEYN D.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Whereas the effect of heel configuration on the tension of the suspensory apparatus is well documented in the literature, there are few reports of joint contact force components in the equine distal forelimb.

Objectives:To improve understanding of the effect of heel configuration on equine digit joint loading, a sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effect of a raised heel on joint contact force components in the coffin and fetlock joints during the stance phase of the trot.

Materials and methods:Four Warmblood horses were used. An inverse dynamic analysis was carried out using kinematic and kinetic data. Taking into account the tendon wrapping forces (WF) around the sesamoid bones in the calculations, the joint contact forces (CF) were estimated for the coffin and fetlock joints during the trot stance phase (4 m/s). To test the sensitivity of the results to heel configuration changes, calculations were performed repeatedly for different heel configurations (raised by 0, 6 and 12°). A one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test the effect of heel configuration (at the 3 levels) (α= 0.05; P<0.05;post hoctesting: Bonferroni).

Results:For heel configurations raised from 0–12°: whereas the tension of the deep digital flexor tendon decreased and the tension of the superficial digital flexor tendon increased, for the coffin joint the peak WF (1.4 ± 0.25 bwt; 1.2 ± 0.2 bwt; 0.95 ± 0.1 bwt) and the peak CF (2.45 ± 0.25 bwt; 2.2 ± 0.2 bwt; 2 ± 0.1 bwt) decreased significantly (P<0.05). For the fetlock joint, the peak WF (3.8 ± 0.7 bwt; 4.1 ± 0.3 bwt; 4.4 ± 0.25 bwt) and the peak CF (4.35 ± 0.7 bwt; 4.7 ± 0.35 bwt; 5 ± 0.3 bwt) increased, but not significantly.

Conclusion:This analysis suggests that the coffin joint loading and fetlock joint loading are strongly connected. The heel configuration may influence both coffin joint and fetlock joint contact force components.
Comparison of net anaerobic energy utilisation estimated by plasma lactate accumulation rate and accumulated oxygen deficit in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: OHMURA H. , MUKAI K. , TAKAHASHI T. , MATSUI A. , HIRAGA A. , JONES J. H.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Accumulated O2deficit (AOD) and plasma lactate accumulation rate (PLAR) are alternative methods for estimating net anaerobic energy utilisation (NAEU) in exercising horses. How they compare or their accuracy is unknown.

Objectives:We hypothesised net anaerobic energy utilisation calculated byPLAR(NAUEPLAR) is equivalent toNAUEestimated byAOD(NAUEAOD).

Methods:Six Thoroughbred horses ran at identical supramaximal speeds (118% aerobic capacity) until exhaustion for 2 runs while breathing normoxic (NO, 21% O2) or hyperoxic (HO, 26% O2) gas. Jugular blood was sampled at 15 s intervals to measure plasma lactate concentration. Horses also ran at incremental submaximal speeds from 1.7–11.0 m/s to determine the linear relationship between speed and O2consumption to estimate O2demand forAODcalculations.

Results:Maximum O2consumption of horses increased 11.6 ± 2.3% inHOandNAEUPLARandNAUEAODdecreased 38.5 ± 8.0% and 46.2 ± 17.7%, respectively. TheNAEUPLARinNOwas 114.5 ± 27.4 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 23.5 ± 3.7% to total energy turnover and inHOwas 70.9 ± 19.8 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 14.6 ± 3.8% to total energy turnover. TheNAUEAODinNOwas 88.6 ± 24.3 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 19.9 ± 2.1% to total energy turnover and inHOwas 56.2 ± 19.1 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt contributing 10.9 ± 4.3% to total energy turnover. Overall,NAEUAODwas systematically biased ‐23.5 ± 16.8 mlO2(STPD) equivalent/kg bwt belowNAEUPLAR. Total energy demand estimated byPLARwas 11.1 ± 5.4% greater than that estimated byAODand was higher in every horse.

Conclusions:TheNAUEPLARestimates average 40.0 ± 29.6% higher thanNAUEAODand are highly correlated (r2= 0.734), indicating both indices are sensitive to similar changes inNAEU. Accuracy of the estimates remains to be determined. Multiple considerations suggestNAUEAODmay underestimate total energy cost during high‐speed galloping, thus biasing low theAODestimate ofNAEU.
A preliminary modelling study on the equine cervical spine with inverse kinematics at walk
Authors: ZSOLDOS R. R. , GROESEL M. , KOTSCHWAR A. , KOTSCHWAR A. B. , LICKA T. , PEHAM C.
Published: November 2010

Reason for performing study: The motion of the atlanto‐occipital, cervical vertebral and cervicothoracic joints play an important role in equestrian sports and they are also common sites for lesions limiting performance in horses.

Objectives: To calculate inverse kinematics based on cervical vertebral motion and to develop a model close to the measured neck movements.

Materials and methods: Measurements were recorded in 6 horses without neck pain. Reflective markers were placed on both cristae facialis, both sides of cervical vertebra 1, 3 and 6 on the withers and hooves. The neck model was reconstructed from CT scans of the osseus structures and was developed in SIMM (Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modelling). Inverse kinematics calculation was done in OpenSim. Three degrees of freedom: Flexion‐extension (FE), axial rotation (AR) and lateral bending (LB) were considered. The simulated motion was generated from the recorded motion of the skin markers. The differences in angular range of motion (ROM) of the joints were analysed using paired sample t tests.

Results: From the model, the smallest FE ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and the largest was in the C3–C4 joint (11°± 5°). The smallest AR ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and largest AR ROM was in the atlantoaxial joint (7°± 2°). The smallest LB ROM was in the C5–C6 joint (2°± 1°) and the largest LB ROM was in the cervicothoracic joint (18°± 5°). There were significant differences between the ROM of joints in 51 of 168 comparisons (P<0.05).

Conclusions: The result of the motion of each joint gives an insight into the biomechanics of the equine neck. The small FE ROM at C5–C6 illustrates the pathogenetical relevance of the model for the development of osteoarthritis. The calculated data also provides a source for inverse dynamics.