bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CFD Optimization of Gas-Side Flow Channel Configuration Inside a High Temperature Bayonet Tube Heat Exchanger With Inner and Outer fins
Authors: Ma Ting , Zeng Min , Ji Yanpeng , Wang Qiuwang
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the gas-side fluid flow distribution inside a bayonet tube heat exchanger with inner and outer fins is numerically studied. The heat exchanger is designed based on the traditional bayonet tube heat exchanger, where compact continuous plain fins and wavelike fins are mounted on the outside and inside surfaces of outer tubes, respectively, to enhance the heat transfer performance. However, gross flow maldistribution and large vortices are observed in the gas-side flow channel of baseline design. In order to improve the flow uniformity, three modified designs are proposed. Three vertical plates and two inclined plates are mounted on the inlet manifold for Model B. For the Model C, another six bending plates are mounted on the middle manifolds and three pairs of them are connected together. The Model D has a similar structure as Model C except for the two additional baffles. The results indicate that the flow distributions of Models C and D are much more uniform under different inlet Reynolds number, especially in the high inlet Reynolds number. Although the flow distribution of Model D is the best, its pressure drop is 2.6 times higher than that of Model C. Therefore, the design of Model C is the most optimized structure. Compared with the original design, the nonuniformity of Model C can be reduced by 42% while the pressure drop is almost the same under the baseline condition.
A Gustotopic Map of Taste Qualities in the Mammalian Brain
Authors: Chen Xiaoke , Gabitto Mariano , Peng Yueqing , Ryba Nicholas J. P. , Zuker Charles S.
Published: September 2011

Nonoverlapping hot spots for different classes of taste stimuli map topographically in the mouse insular cortex.
Synthetic Biology Moving into the Clinic
Authors: Ruder Warren C. , Lu Ting , Collins James J.
Published: September 2011

Synthetic biology is an emerging field focused on engineering biomolecular systems and cellular capabilities for a variety of applications. Substantial progress began a little over a decade ago with the creation of synthetic gene networks inspired by electrical engineering. Since then, the field has designed and built increasingly complex circuits and constructs and begun to use these systems in a variety of settings, including the clinic. These efforts include the development of synthetic biology therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer, as well as approaches in vaccine development, microbiome engineering, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Here, we highlight advances in the biomedical application of synthetic biology and discuss the field’s clinical potential.
Let There Be Dust
Authors: McKee Christopher F.
Published: September 2011

A source of interstellar dust that plays a crucial role in the formation of stars and the evolution of galaxies may have been discovered.
NASA to Launch Guidelines to Protect Lunar Artifacts
Authors: Laursen Lucas
Published: September 2011

NASA is wrestling with how to safeguard the historic and scientific value of more than three dozen sites containing remnants of America's golden era of space exploration.
Taking Stock of the Biodefense Boom
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: September 2011

Ten years after the anthrax letters—and after billions of dollars of investment in labs and research—debate continues over how much safer the country is.
Identification of a Disease-Defining Gene Fusion in Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Tanas Munir R. , Sboner Andrea , Oliveira Andre M. , Erickson-Johnson Michele R. , Hespelt Jessica , Hanwright Philip J. , Flanagan John , Luo Yuling , Fenwick Kerry , Natrajan Rachael , Mitsopoulos Costas , Zvelebil Marketa , Hoch Benjamin L. , Weiss Sharon W. , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Sciot Raf , West Rob B. , Lazar Alexander J. , Ashworth Alan , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Lord Christopher J. , Gerstein Mark B. , Rubin Mark A. , Rubin Brian P.
Published: September 2011

A newly identified gene fusion defines the vascular cancer epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and encodes a chimeric transcription factor.
Analysis of Multilocus Sequence Typing for Identification of Leptospira Isolates in Brazil
Authors: Romero E. C. , Blanco R. M. , Galloway R. L.
Published: September 2011

A collection of 101
Leptospira
isolates was tested by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and by traditional serotyping. MLST divided the isolates into 4 sequence types (STs), while serotyping classified them into 6 serogroups. Two isolates failed to generate products for some genes by MLST. MLST was less discriminatory than serotyping for uncommonly occurring isolates from humans in Brazil.
Assessing the patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals: a systematic review
Authors: Okuyama Ayako , Martowirono Kartinie , Bijnen Bart
Published: September 2011

Background

Patient safety training of healthcare professionals is a new area of education. Assessment of the pertinent competencies should be a part of this education. This review aims to identify the available assessment tools for different patient safety domains and evaluate them according to Miller's four competency levels.

Methods

The authors searched PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, psycINFO and the Education Resource Information Center (ERIC) from the start of each database to December 2010 for English-language articles that evaluated or described tools for the assessment of the safety competencies of individual medical and/or nursing professionals. Reports on the assessment of technical, clinical, medication and disclosure skills were excluded.

Results

Thirty-four assessment tools in 48 studies were identified: 20 tools for medical professionals, nine tools for nursing professionals, and five tools for both medical and nursing professionals. Twenty of these tools assessed the two highest Miller levels (‘shows how’ and ‘does’) and four tools were directed at multiple levels. Most of the tools that aimed at the higher levels assessed the skills of working in teams (17 tools), risk management (15 tools), and communication (11 tools). Internal structure (reliability, 22 tools) and content validity (14 tools) when described were found to be moderate. Only a small number of tools addressed the relationship between the tool itself and (1) other assessments (concurrent, predictive validity, eight tools), and (2) educational outcomes (seven tools).

Conclusions

There are many tools designed to assess the safety competencies of healthcare professionals. However, a reliable and valid toolbox for summative testing that covers all patient safety domains at Miller's four competency levels cannot yet be constructed. Many tools, however, are useful for formative feedback.
Extreme value analysis of wildfires in Canadian boreal forest ecosystems
Authors: Jiang Yueyang , Zhuang Qianlai
Published: September 2011

Large fires are a major disturbance in Canadian forests and exert significant effects on both the climate system and ecosystems. During the last century, extremely large fires accounted for the majority of Canadian burned area. By making an instaneous change over a vast area of ecosystems, extreme fires often have significant social, economic, and ecological consequences. Since extreme values of fire size always situate in the upper tail of a cumulative probability distribution, the mean and variance alone are not sufficient to fully characterize those extreme events. To characterize the large fire behaviors in the upper tail, the authors in this study applied three extreme value distribution functions: (i) the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, (ii) the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), and (iii) the GEV distribution with a Poisson point process (PP) representation to fit the Canadian historical fire data of the period 1959–2010. The analysis was conducted with the whole data set and different portions of the data set according to ignition sources (lightning-caused or human-caused) and ecozone classification. It is found that (i) all three extreme statistical models perform well to characterize extreme fire events, but the GPD and PP models need extra care to fit the nonstationary fire data, (ii) anthropogenic and natural extreme fires have significantly different extreme statistics, and (iii) fires in different ecozones exhibit very different characteristics in the view of statistics. Further, estimated fire return levels are comparable with observations in terms of the magnitude and frequency of an extreme event. These statistics of extreme values provide valuable information for future quantification of large fire risks and forest management in the region.
A fast and reliable method for the delineation of tree crown outlines for the computation of crown openness values and other crown parameters
Authors: Boivin Frédéric , Paquette Alain , Racine Pierre , Messier Christian
Published: September 2011

Numerous crown parameters (e.g., leaf area index, diameter, height, volume) can be obtained via the analysis of tree crown photographs. In all cases, parameter values are functions of the position of the crown outline. However, no standardized method to delineate crowns exists. To explore the effect of different outlines on tree crown descriptors, in this case crown openness (CO), and facilitate the adoption of a standard method free of user bias, we developed the program Crown Delineator that automatically delineates any outline around tree crowns following predetermined sensibility settings. We used different outlines to analyze tree CO in contrasting settings: using saplings from four species in young boreal mixedwood forests and medium-sized hybrid poplar trees from a low-density plantation. In both cases, the estimated CO increases when calculated from a looser outline, which had a strong influence on understory available light simulations using a forest simulator. These results demonstrate that the method used to trace crown outlines is an important step in the determination of CO values. We provide a much-needed computer-assisted solution to help standardize this procedure, which can also be used in many other situations in which the delineation of tree crowns is needed (e.g., competition and crown shyness).
Estrogen Signaling and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a decade ago, all estrogen signaling was thought to occur by estrogen binding to nuclear estrogen receptors (estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β), which bind to DNA and function as ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen binding to the receptor alters gene expression, thereby altering cell function. Estrogen also binds to nuclear estrogen receptors that are tethered to the plasma membrane, resulting in acute activation of signaling kinases such as PI3K. An orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, G-protein-coupled receptor 30, can also bind estrogen and activate acute signaling pathways. Thus, estrogen can alter cell function by binding to different estrogen receptors. This article reviews the different estrogen receptors and their signaling mechanisms, discusses mechanisms that regulate estrogen receptor levels and locations, and considers the cardiovascular effects of estrogen signaling.
A Subtropical Cyclonic Gyre Associated with Interactions of the MJO and the Midlatitude Jet
Authors: Molinari John , Vollaro David
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a large cyclonic gyre that lasted several days in the northwest Pacific during July 1988. Cyclonic winds at 850 hPa extended beyond the 2000-km radius with a radius of maximum winds of 700–800 km. The gyre exhibited clear skies within and north of its center. Active convection extended 4000 km in longitude to its south.

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was in its active phase in the Indian Ocean prior to gyre formation. Consistent with earlier studies, diabatic heating in the MJO was associated with an anomalous upper-tropospheric westerly jet over the northeast Asian coast and a jet exit region over the northwest Pacific. Repeated equatorward wave-breaking events developed downwind of the jet exit region. One such event left behind a region of lower-tropospheric cyclonic vorticity and convection in the subtropics that played a key role in the gyre formation. A second wave-breaking event produced strong subsidence north of the mature gyre that contributed to its convective asymmetry.

Gyres from 1985 and 1989 were compared to the 1988 case. All three gyres developed during an active MJO in the Indian Ocean. Each gyre displayed the same strong convective asymmetry. Each developed in July or August during the climatological peak in breaking Rossby waves in the northwest Pacific. Finally, all of the gyres developed during La Niña at nearly the same location. This location and the convective structure of the gyres closely matched composite La Niña anomalies during boreal summer.
The Association of Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure With the Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance of Infantile Late-Onset Serious Bacterial Infections
Authors: Ashkenazi-Hoffnung Liat , Melamed Nir , Ben-Haroush Avi , Livni Gilat , Amir Jacob , Bilavsky Efraim
Published: September 2011

Background. The widespread use of intrapartum antibiotics (IPA) has raised concerns regarding the adverse effects on the newborn. Objectives. To determine if IPA is associated with infantile late-onset serious bacterial infections (SBIs) and with antibiotic resistance. Patients and methods. From 2005 to 2009, data were prospectively collected for all infants born at our center, aged 7 to 90 days, who were hospitalized for fever. Cases included infants with culture-proven SBIs, and controls included infants without SBIs. Results. A total of 71 cases and 124 controls were included. IPA was documented in 11.3% of cases and in 7.3% of controls ( P = .34). Among cases, ampicillin resistance was documented in 85% of antibiotic-exposed infants and in 63% of nonexposed infants ( P = .19). Corresponding rates for first-generation cephalosporin resistance in urinary tract infection were 75% and 23.5% ( P = .04). Conclusion. IPA is associated with a trend toward increased antibiotic resistance in late-onset SBIs. This should be taken into consideration in the selection of empirical therapy for febrile infants.
Rethinking Global Market Governance
Authors: Pinto Sanjay , Macdonald Kate , Marshall Shelley
Published: September 2011

The recent financial crisis and Great Recession have been compared to other historical moments during which significant shifts in regimes of market governance have occurred. Here, we engage with the pieces that follow in this special section of Politics & Society as we consider three dimensions along which global market governance might be transformed in the direction of greater democracy. First, given that problems of market governance often extend across national boundaries, enhanced intergovernmental coordination could play a key role in promoting the public interest. Second, broader country representation would help to ensure that the interests of different national publics are more fully addressed. Third, wider social participation would expand the definition of the public interest at both the national and global levels, allowing a range of social groups to enhance the quality of their representation by governments and IGOs, and to engage more directly in the project of market governance.
Do Others’ Views of Us Transfer to New Groups and Tasks?
Authors: Kalkhoff Will , Younts C. Wesley , Troyer Lisa
Published: September 2011

The dual nature of the self has been a core concern of social psychology since its inception. We contribute to this longstanding tradition of inquiry by focusing on two lines of research within the expectation states theoretical research program: (1) the study of second-order expectations and (2) research on the durability of expectations. We argue that individuals give priority to others’ expectations over their own, and we compare our model against two alternatives. We also argue that second-order expectations tend to persist across social encounters, even when they are disadvantaging. Results from two experiments confirm the importance of second-order expectations during an initial interaction; however, we find that second-order effects only transfer when they are advantaging. We discuss the implications of our findings for developments within the expectation states theoretical research program and for advancing our understanding of the interplay of status characteristics and competing self motives (consistency vs. enhancement).
Profile of low vision clinics in eastern region of Nepal
Authors: Ajit Kumar Thakur  , Joshi Purushottam , Kandel Himal , Bhatta Subhash
Published: September 2011

The entire low vision patients’ file that underwent low vision examination in 2009 in two major eye hospitals was retrospectively reviewed. Out of 1547 cases, 1140 (73.69%) were male and 407 (26.31%) were female. The mean age of presentation was 31.04 ± 20.63 years, of which 89.1 percent were from a rural community, 39.10 percent had avoidable blindness. Refractive error and amblyopia (24%) and retinitis pigmentosa (22.4%) were the most common causes of low vision. Refractive error and amblyopia (30.33%), retinitis pigmentosa (29.03%) and age related macular degeneration (ARMD) (36.5%) were the major causes of low vision in 0—15, >15—60 and >60 years age group respectively. The number of patients 1107 (71.55%) improved significantly with refractive correction. Eighty-eight (5.68%) were prescribed telescopes. For near vision, only 359 (23.2%) patients were prescribed magnifiers. There was a significant improvement of functional vision after provision of low vision devices, particularly for patients with residual vision better than 20/1200.
Comparison of reading performance between visually impaired and normally sighted students in Malaysia
Authors: Mohammed Zainora , Omar Rokiah
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study is to compare reading performance between visually impaired and normally sighted school children. Participants ( n = 299) were divided into three groups: normal vision (NV, n = 193), visually impaired print reader (PR, n = 52), and Braille reader (BR, n = 54). Reading performance was determined by measuring reading rate and comprehension. ANOVA was used to compare the results. A statistically significant difference was found in reading rate between the three groups ( p < 0.0001). The BR had the lowest reading rate compared to other groups. Only a small percentage of the visually impaired children were able to achieve a reading rate within the normal values of normally sighted children. Results of the comprehension test showed no significant difference in the scores of the three groups ( p = 0.232). The findings of this study suggests that visually impaired students required a longer time to read and understand a text and this has implications on the time given to them, especially during examinations.
The two great fears of 1789
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the author in engaging with ‘the two great fears of 1789’ in France is mainly to illustrate various emotional mechanisms that almost certainly had some causal role in the events. The action ultimately chosen by the Assembly was neither to fight nor to flee, but to try to defuse the danger by acting on its causes. Although not one of the spontaneous action tendencies of fear, the author shows the action was to a large extent an emotional rather than a rational response.
La théorie de la décision et la psychologie du sens commun
Authors: Mongin Philippe
Published: September 2011

Taking the philosophical standpoint, this article compares the mathematical theory of individual decision-making with the folk psychology conception of action, desire and belief. It narrows down its topic by carrying the comparison for Savage’s system and his technical concept of subjective probability, which, like Ramsey’s, is referred to the basic model of betting. The argument is organized around three philosophical theses: (i) decision theory is nothing but folk psychology stated in formal language (Lewis), (ii) the former substantially improves on the latter, but is unable to overcome its typical limitations, especially its failure to separate desire and belief empirically (Davidson), (iii) the former substantially improves on the latter and, through these innovations, overcomes some of the limitations. The aim of the article is to establish (iii) not only against the all too simple thesis (i), but also against the subtle thesis (ii).
Non-human artistic practices: A challenge to the social sciences of the future
Authors: Lestel Dominique
Published: September 2011

The article suggests that the phylogenic basis for contemporary Western artistic practices lies in a social practice of the distinctive features found in the species, as seen in certain birds and mammals. Using the cases of birdsong, ape-paintings, knot-tying in certain orangutans and the intriguing stone-handling of some monkeys, the article shows that the question of non-human artistic practices is not only largely unexplored, but that contemporary ethology and psychology are still incapable of really tackling the problem. More generally, some of the problems encountered stem from the fact that one conception of the social sciences was constructed in opposition to the animal, leaving the study of the latter to biology. In this perspective, the study of artistic activity in non-human animals is a true challenge for the social sciences of the future.
Normative change in science and the birth of the Triple Helix
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry
Published: September 2011

A process of normative change in academic science makes spin-off entrepreneurship compatible with the advancement of knowledge. A parallel process of normative change in industrial science produces a creative tension between organizational and scientific goals that enhances the attainment of both objectives. The creation of hybrid organizations mediating between university–industry and university–government brings these institutional spheres into closer contiguity. The emergence of triadic interactions and ‘taking the role of the other’ among university–industry–government in the transition from an industrial to a knowledge economy may be seen as a conscious innovative stream rather than a chance evolutionary event.
When opportunity knocks
Authors: Burger Jerry M. , Caldwell David F.
Published: September 2011

Four studies examined the effect of a perceived unique opportunity on compliance. In all four studies, participants who believed they had an opportunity available to few others were more likely to agree with a request than participants who believed the opportunity was widely available or participants who received no opportunity information. We attribute the effect to a widely held heuristic that one should take advantage of unique opportunities. Study results demonstrated that people respond to a perceived unique opportunity even when supplies are not limited and when the opportunity is the result of pure chance. The results of a mediation analysis supported the interpretation that the perceived uniqueness of the opportunity underlies the effect.
The effect of the ‘People’s War’ on schooling in Nepal, 1996–2006
Authors: Standing Kay , Parker Sara
Published: September 2011

This article focuses on the impact on schools and schooling of the ten-year ‘People’s War’ in Nepal between 1997 and 2007. It draws on research conducted in schools under a British Council funded Higher Education link 1 from 2000 to 2006. In particular, we examine the role that education played in creating and sustaining the conflict in Nepal owing to the important role of the school in the community and the inequalities in the Nepalese education system. Data from the research reveals differences in terms of gender, caste and location. The article argues that conflict around schools not only impacts on children and education but also on the wider communities, and that education can be both a cause of, and a solution to, conflict.
Over-expressing the C3 photosynthesis cycle enzyme Sedoheptulose-1-7 Bisphosphatase improves photosynthetic carbon gain and yield under fully open air CO2fumigation (FACE)
Authors: Rosenthal David M , Locke Anna M , Khozaei Mahdi , Raines Christine A , Long Stephen P , Ort Donald R
Published: September 2011

Background

Biochemical models predict that photosynthesis in C3plants is most frequently limited by the slower of two processes, the maximum capacity of the enzyme Rubisco to carboxylate RuBP (Vc,max), or the regeneration of RuBP via electron transport (J). At current atmospheric [CO2] levels Rubisco is not saturated; consequently, elevating [CO2] increases the velocity of carboxylation and inhibits the competing oxygenation reaction which is also catalyzed by Rubisco. In the future, leaf photosynthesis (A) should be increasingly limited by RuBP regeneration, as [CO2] is predicted to exceed 550 ppm by 2050. The C3cycle enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7 bisphosphatase (SBPase, EC 3.1.3.17) has been shown to exert strong metabolic control over RuBP regeneration at light saturation.

Results

We tested the hypothesis that tobacco transformed to overexpressing SBPase will exhibit greater stimulation ofAthan wild type (WT) tobacco when grown under field conditions at elevated [CO2] (585 ppm) under fully open air fumigation. Growth under elevated [CO2] stimulated instantaneousAand the diurnal photosynthetic integral (A') more in transformants than WT. There was evidence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] via downregulation of Vc,maxin both WT and transformants. Nevertheless, greater carbon assimilation and electron transport rates (J and Jmax) for transformants led to greater yield increases than WT at elevated [CO2] compared to ambient grown plants.

Conclusion

These results provide proof of concept that increasing content and activity of a single photosynthesis enzyme can enhance carbon assimilation and yield of C3crops grown at [CO2] expected by the middle of the 21st century.
The role of psychiatrists in developing the skills of dementia care workers
Authors: Mason Julian , Adeshina Adetokunbo
Published: September 2011

A recommendation of the UK's National Dementia Strategy is to develop the skills of the care workers who provide day-to-day care for people with dementia. On the basis of a systematic review of the literature, we suggest evidence-based areas in which the skills of care workers can be developed to reduce the incidence of difficult behaviour and the use of antipsychotic medication in dementia. We discuss core features of carer training, education and practice. Psychiatrists involved in the training of carers can teach new skills to carers. Psychiatrists in community mental health teams can, through leadership and clinical liaison, reinforce and enable these skills in care homes, domiciliary services and in-patient settings serving people with dementia.
“Like as My Profile”: Of Monuments, Money, and Political Caricature in Spring 1784
Authors: Mudge Bradford
Published: September 2011

Situating a reading of Henry Angelo and the English “love of portraiture” between an anxiety about monuments and history on one side and an anxiety about money and fiction on the other, this essay argues for an appreciation of Angelo's Reminiscences that moves past individual anecdotes to larger concerns about English self-representation and the political authority that it alternately appeased and resisted. Specifically, the essay will follow Angelo from an anecdote he tells about George III at a Royal Academy exhibition, through an account of the constitutional crisis of 1783–84, to an explication of several representative caricatures from the famous Westminster election. It focuses on Charles Fox and the ways in which his portraits in particular channel the cultural instabilities of the moment. My purpose is to tease out the nuances with which Angelo treats the interconnections between high and low portraiture in the 1780s in order to highlight the difference between the ways in which monumental portraits occupied public space and political caricatures moved through it. Monuments of all kinds—even of the most mobile variety, busts—were designed to anchor the space in which they were displayed, their immobility implying permanence. Caricatures, on the other hand, moved quickly through urban spaces, temporarily saturating shops, pubs, and coffeehouses before being replaced by their own newest versions. Although scholars of the portrait have been particularly sensitive in recent years to the complexities of exhibition space, this essay extends that discussion out from walls of Somerset House to the streets of Westminster as it refigures the homologies of monumental art and the differentials of caricature in terms of the political authority to which they referred and the monetary systems within which they were embedded.
Individual axons regulate the myelinating potential of single oligodendrocytes in vivo
Authors: Almeida Rafael G. , Czopka Tim , ffrench-Constant Charles , Lyons David A.
Published: September 2011

The majority of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) are eventually myelinated by oligodendrocytes, but whether the timing and extent of myelination in vivo reflect intrinsic properties of oligodendrocytes, or are regulated by axons, remains undetermined. Here, we use zebrafish to study CNS myelination at single-cell resolution in vivo. We show that the large caliber Mauthner axon is the first to be myelinated (shortly before axons of smaller caliber) and that the presence of supernumerary large caliber Mauthner axons can profoundly affect myelination by single oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes that typically myelinate just one Mauthner axon in wild type can myelinate multiple supernumerary Mauthner axons. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes that exclusively myelinate numerous smaller caliber axons in wild type can readily myelinate small caliber axons in addition to the much larger caliber supernumerary Mauthner axons. These data indicate that single oligodendrocytes can myelinate diverse axons and that their myelinating potential is actively regulated by individual axons.
Rethinking the Relationship between Social/Nonprofit Marketing and Commercial Marketing
Authors: Andreasen Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Despite the long history and increasing interest in nonprofit and social marketing, the managerial and pedagogical issues that arise in these noncommercial contexts are treated as unique cases in an intellectual environment dominated by commercial issues and applications. Its literature and basic textbooks allot only a few paragraphs or pages to nonprofit and social marketing. This essay posits the radical idea that this implicit taxonomy has the relationship upside down. The author argues that nonprofit and social marketing represent the most complex and difficult contexts in which marketing activities are carried out and that the appropriate classification of commercial applications is (only) one simplified variety of this complexity, principally the sales of products and services.
Neurobiology of Tourette Syndrome: Current Status and Need for Further Investigation: Table 1.
Authors: Felling Ryan J. , Singer Harvey S.
Published: September 2011

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is ∼5–7 years, and the majority of children improve by their late teens or early adulthood. Affected individuals are at increased risk for the development of various comorbid conditions, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, school problems, depression, and anxiety. There is no cure for tics, and symptomatic therapy includes behavioral and pharmacological approaches. Evidence supports TS being an inherited disorder; however, the precise genetic abnormality remains unknown. Pathologic involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) pathways is supported by neurophysiological, brain imaging, and postmortem studies, but results are often confounded by small numbers, age differences, severity of symptoms, comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy, and other factors. The primary site of abnormality remains controversial. Although numerous neurotransmitters participate in the transmission of messages through CSTC circuits, a dopaminergic dysfunction is considered a leading candidate. Several animal models have been used to study behaviors similar to tics as well as to pursue potential pathophysiological deficits. TS is a complex disorder with features overlapping a variety of scientific fields. Despite description of this syndrome in the late 19th century, there remain numerous unanswered neurobiological questions.
RESPONSE LATENCY AS AN INDEX OF RESPONSE STRENGTH DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Thomason‐Sassi Jessica L. , Iwata Brian A. , Neidert Pamela L. , Roscoe Eileen M.
Published: September 2011

Dependent variables in research on problem behavior typically are based on measures of response repetition, but these measures may be problematic when behavior poses high risk or when its occurrence terminates a session. We examined response latency as the index of behavior during assessment. In Experiment 1, we compared response rate and latency to the first response under acquisition and maintenance conditions. In Experiment 2, we compared data from existing functional analyses when graphed as rate versus latency. In Experiment 3, we compared results from pairs of independent functional analyses. Sessions in the first analysis were terminated following the first occurrence of behavior, whereas sessions in the second analysis lasted for 10 min. Results of all three studies showed an inverse relation between rate and latency, indicating that latency might be a useful measure of responding when repeated occurrences of behavior are undesirable or impractical to arrange.
Assessment of repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor–based lameness evaluation system for horses
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Kramer Joanne , Yonezawa Yoshiharu , Maki Hiromitchi , Pai P. Frank , Dent Eric V. , Kellerman Thomas E. , Wilson David A. , Reed Shannon K.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor–based lameness evaluation system in horses.

Animals—236 horses.

Procedures—Horses were from 2 to 29 years of age and of various breeds and lameness disposition. All horses were instrumented with a wireless, inertial sensor-based motion analysis system on the head (accelerometer), pelvis (midline croup region [accelerometer]), and right forelimb (gyroscope) before evaluation in 2 consecutive trials, approximately 5 minutes apart, as the horse was trotted in a straight line. Signal-processing algorithms generated overall trial asymmetry measures for vertical head and pelvic movement and stride-by-stride differences in head and pelvic maximum and minimum positions between right and left sides of each stride. Repeatability was determined, and trial difference was determined for groups of horses with various numbers of strides for which data were collected per trial.

Results—Inertial sensor–based measures of torso movement asymmetry were repeatable. Repeatability for measures of torso asymmetry for determination of hind limb lameness was slightly greater than that for forelimb lameness. Collecting large numbers of strides degraded stride-to-stride repeatability but did not degrade intertrial repeatability.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The inertial sensor system used to measure asymmetry of head and pelvic movement as an aid in the detection and evaluation of lameness in horses trotting in a straight line was sufficiently repeatable to investigate for clinical use.
An Apparatus for Lifted Weights and other Successively Presented Stimuli
Authors: White B. Jack , Larimer George S
Published: September 2011

The apparatus described was designed for the presentation of lifted weights but is adaptable to serial presentation of various tactual and visual stimuli. The apparatus accommodates as many as seven Ss and handles all procedural matters except instruction of Ss. It provides: (1) precise positioning of stimuli before each lift, (2) electronic control of all time intervals, (3) automatic recording of the response to each stimulus, (4) continuous summation of number of correct responses for each S by electric counters, (5) machine-pacing or self-pacing, (6) automatic recording of time used in judging each stimulus, (7) information or misinformation feedback concerning correctness of judgment of any or all stimuli.
Confidence, Correctness, and Difficulty with Non-Psychophysical Comparative Judgments
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. , McGoldrick Charles C.
Published: September 2011

Three 4-alternative forced-choice tests were constructed, representing different levels of difficulty. Individual items on each test consisted of the names of four states and a 5-point confidence rating scale. S's task was to choose the largest state in each item and indicate his degree of confidence in his choice. Although confidence assignments were somewhat higher for relatively easy judgments than for more difficult ones, the difference was not sufficient to keep the relationship between confidence and correctness invariant with respect to the difficulty of the judgmental task. In short, the results indicate that the value of confidence expressions as indicators of the probable correctness of “intellectual” judgments varies considerably with the difficulty of the judgments involved.
Powers of Attention and Academic Achievement
Authors: Silverman Morton , Davids Anthony , Andrews Jean M.
Published: September 2011

The frequency with which a group of academically underachieving teenage students complained of difficulties in concentration led to this exploratory investigation of relationships between powers of attention and academic achievement. These boys, who were participants in a summer academic potential program (APP) for underachievers at Brown University, were compared to a group of boys attending a National Science Foundation program (NSF) for capable students in terms of speed and accuracy of their performance on the Stroop Color-Word Test. Requiring in part that the boys name as rapidly as possible the hues in which color names were printed (e.g., “red” printed in green ink), the Color-Word Test seemed to present an experimental parallel to the complained of difficulties in concentration in the face of intruding thoughts. The NSF group was found to perform more rapidly and more accurately on every aspect of the experimental task. Analysis of their responses to two anxiety questionnaires showed the APP Ss avowing a significantly greater number of general manifest anxiety symptoms, while the NSF Ss admitted to a greater apprehensiveness around academic matters and examinations. Only the former difference was statistically significant. While the NSF Ss were strikingly more capable performers, the results of this preliminary study point to a number of questions concerning relationships among academic achievement, speed of response, attentional prowess, and anxiety that seem worthy of more elaborate investigation
Prediction of Motor Skill Attainment from Early Learning
Authors: Welch Marya
Published: September 2011

Learning of a whole-body motor task (ladder test) progresses by a two-component exponential curve. The fast component lasts only 5 trials, while the slow component, established within the first 10 trials, controls the mean trend for a 60-trial learning period distributed over 6 days. Warm-up decrement is noticeable on the last 3 days. Individual differences in initial skill have relatively little relation to performance attainment after the first 3 days. Reasonably good multiple-correlational prediction of individual attainment in this task after n days of practice requires using initial skill estimates combined with learning scores that cover at least the first n/2 days of practice.
Apparatus for the Study of Apparent Motion Thresholds
Authors: Stegman Erwin J. , Clark Fogle C. , Zwissler Melvin M. , Steele Bobby J. , Lane Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes an inexpensive apparatus for the study of apparent motion phenomena. With minor changes in its circuit, the apparatus may also be used for critical flicker fusion experiments. Data representative of its use in determining several thresholds for apparent motion are also presented.
Further Research on the IES Photo-Analysis Subtest with Special Reference to Sex Differences
Authors: Rempel Henry , Signori Edro I.
Published: September 2011

Dombrose and Slobin's Photo-Analysis Test and new similar test were administered to 18- and 19-yr.-old, first-year university students. Dombrose and Slobin's test did not differentiate in the predicted direction on any of the three variables. The new test differentiated significantly in the predicted direction on the impulse and ego variables but not on the superego variable.
Autokinetic Enhancement as a Function of Flicker
Authors: Elfner Lloyd F. , Page H. A.
Published: September 2011

The apparent movement of a stationary spot of light on a homogeneous background is perceived with shorter latency and greater spatial displacement when the spot is flickering than when fused. The enhancing effect of flicker is more pronounced for females than males. There is a significant difference in the latency of the apparent movement between the sexes. Response measures of latency and spatial displacement of autokinesis show a positive relationship.
Order, Sequence, and Retest Effects with the S-I-O Procedure
Authors: Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

192 college student Ss individually took two administrations of a modified version of the Butler and Haigh Self (S)—Ideal Self (I)—Ordinary Person (O) Q-sort in one of eight order/sequence combinations: ISO, IOS, SIO, OIS, SOI, OSI, SO, and OS. The adjustment scores for the S and O concepts demonstrated significant increases upon retesting. Both the general level of the O adjustment score, and the congruence of the S and O concepts, increased as the serial position prominence of the I concept decreased. It was concluded that the usual finding of mean O adjustment scores substantially lower than mean S adjustment scores is attributable to the prominent position of the I concept in the conventional S-I-O order/sequence.
Perception of Mentally Superior Children by Their Classmates
Authors: Pielstick N. L.
Published: September 2011

The traits characteristic of gifted children were used to devise 14 items for a Guess-Who test. The test was administered to the classmates of 60 “high-superior” (Binet IQs 140+) fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children. It was found that not only were the high-superior Ss identified beyond chance expectancy but that their “low-superior” classmates (Binet-equivalent IQs 130–140) were also selected beyond chance expectancy on most of the traits. Analysis of the data by grade level (age) indicated that the tendency for high-superior children to be identified as gifted decreased with age while the low-superior Ss were identified with increasing frequency in the older groups. Those high-superior Ss who attended schools of lower socio-economic levels were more likely to be selected as possessing traits of giftedness than were those in high socio-economic schools. Almost the reverse pattern was found for low-superior Ss. High achievement seemed to favor the probability of high-superior Ss' being perceived as gifted when IQ was partialled out. Finally, the nomination data suggested that the high-superior Ss tended to be perceived by their classmates as different from themselves but they (the classmates) nevertheless indicated they wanted to be like the high-superior Ss. The low-superior Ss were not selected with significant frequency as being “different” but were also regarded as ones their classmates wanted to be like. In conclusion, it appears that gifted children tend to be perceived by their peers as exhibiting the traits typical of the gifted and in much the same way as evidence on their characteristics has indicated. This tendency seems to hold for those with IQs just below the gifted but to a somewhat lesser degree. The perception of these children as gifted seems to change with age, perhaps due to the nature of their school experiences. Both school achievement and socio-economic setting influence their being perceived as gifted. Whatever the most apparent characteristics of the gifted, they appear to be regarded by their peers as desirable.
Predictions of Brain Damage from an Aphasia Screening Test; An Application of Discriminant Functions and a Comparison with a Non-Linear Method of Analysis
Authors: Wheeler Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Under linear discriminant function analysis of four cerebral-damage criterion groups (including non-damage), arranged in seven two-way comparisons, the aphasia screening test gave over-all percentages of correct prediction of 262 Ss' actual brain-damage classifications, ranging between 77.5% and 93.4%. An earlier analysis of the same Ss' responses to the aphasia test, organized in terms of four mutually exclusive and exhaustive, non-linear rules for classifying each S to a single damage category (control, left, right, and diffuse or bilateral), produced percentages of correct prediction within virtually the same range as did the discriminant function analysis, but with a different pattern of accuracy of prediction. The results of the aphasia test discriminant function analysis were almost completely congruent with those obtained from the same kind of analysis applied to 23 entirely different test variables from the Wechsler, Halstead, and Trail Making tests. The implications of such methods as the discriminant function, for the production of new understanding of the effects of brain damage on human behavior, are discussed.
Overlearning and Reversal of a Spatial Discrimination by Rats
Authors: Clayton Keith N.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to criterion on a position discrimination and then given reversal training with or without 150 trials of overlearning ( N = 14). Initial reversal performance was significantly retarded by overlearning but mean number of trials to reversal criterion was not significantly affected.
Body Balance Activity and Perception
Authors: Cantrell Robert Paul
Published: September 2011

Thirty-five Ss were tested on a specially constructed force platform for body balance activity resulting from visual perceptions of 10 simple line drawings. No relationship was found between direction of movement on the platform and the direction depicted by the line drawings. There was no difference between body balance activity resulting from perceiving a stimulus as being in active motion and body balance activity present during a control period. There was significantly less body balance activity present when a stimulus figure was perceived as not moving than during the non-stimulus control period. When a stimulus figure was perceived as being in a postural position, there was a significant difference between body balance activity present during that perception and body balance activity present during the non-stimulus control period.
Differences in Attribution of Impulse (Id), Ego and Superego Functions to Male and Female Photographs
Authors: Rempel Henry , Signori Edro I. , Sampson Donald L. G.
Published: September 2011

The response data for a new Photo-Analysis test, comparable to those for Dombrose and Slobin's subtest of the IES Test, were analyzed for sex differences in stimulus content. Male photographs elicited significantly more impulse and fewer ego responses than female photographs from both male and female Ss, as predicted. Although the superego scores were not significantly different, they were in the predicted direction.