bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining a Gender Stereotype: Menopausal Women1
Authors: Marcus‐Newhall Amy , Thompson Suzanne , Thomas Craig
Published: August 2006

Two studies evaluated whether there was a subtype of menopausal women and, if so, how it differed from the global gender stereotype. Study 1 had participants generate items associated with women going through menopause, midlife women, and midlife men. Results showed that there is a menopausal women stereotype, and it is mostly negative in content. Moreover, this stereotype differs from the perceptions of women in general. Study 2 examined the effects of the menopausal women stereotype by employing the illusory correlation paradigm (e.g., McConnell, Sherman, & Hamilton, 1994) and found that participants greatly overestimated the number of times that menopausal women and negative moods appeared together. This research highlights the importance of examining stereotype subtypes and subgroups
Task, Coping, and Scheduling Self‐Efficacy in Relation to Frequency of Physical Activity1
Authors: Rodgers Wendy M. , Sullivan Michael J. L.
Published: August 2006

Self‐efficacy has been shown to be a robust predictor of exercise and other health‐related behaviors (e.g., Bandura, 1986, 1995, 1997; Godin, Desharnais, Valois, & Bradet, 1995; Maddux, 1995; McAuley, Wraith, & Duncan, 1991). Maddux has proposed that there are different types of self‐efficacy and that these types may fulfill different roles in the motivation of behavior, perhaps based on characteristics of the target behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine 3 different types of self‐efficacy: task, coping, and scheduling and their respective usefulness in distinguishing among persons reporting different levels of exercise involvement. A cross‐sectional telephone survey using exercise behavior as the selection criterion was completed with 203 adults. Results showed that coping and scheduling efficacy were the best disciminators of level of exercise behavior. Task efficacy did not clearly distinguish between exercise groups. The theoretical and applied implications are discussed, particularly noting specific targets for future intervention.
The Empathy‐Prospect Model and the Choice to Help1
Authors: Lee Julie Anne , Murnighan J. Keith
Published: August 2006

This paper presents a model of the cognitive processes that precede decisions to help another person. The empathy‐prospect model predicts that potential helpers make decisions in much the same way as decision makers in other contexts do (i.e., they evaluate prospects) and that perceptions of need and the empathic reactions and intentions to help that they generate will be stronger for people observing losses rather than gains. The model also predicts that intentions to help should increase when (a) the predicament is serious, (b) money is not involved, or (c) help entails few costs for the potential altruist. The results from 2 experiments provide clear support for these predictions. The findings suggest that (a) the gains or losses of another person contribute to perceptions of that person's needs and feelings of empathy, (b) empathy is the primary proximal determinant of prosocial motivations, and (c) potential losses that are serious accentuate altruistic reactions.
Jurors' Use of Instructions on Negligence1
Authors: Greene Edith , Johns Michael
Published: August 2006

At the end of a trial, the judge gives jurors a set of instructions that explain the laws that are applicable to the case and that direct jurors to reach a verdict in accordance with those laws. Little is known about how well jurors understand instructions in civil cases. We assess the extent to which jurors understand judicial instructions in negligence cases. We address 3 issues: (a) To what extent do they understand these instructions? (b) To what extent is their comprehension enhanced by access to a written copy of the instructions? and (c) What effect does deliberation have on jurors' comprehension levels? Overall comprehension was approximately 64% and access to written instructions did not enhance comprehension, but the opportunity to deliberate did.
Double Rating as a Method to Encourage Candid Responses to Self‐Report Instruments1
Authors: HUI C. HARRY
Published: August 2006

This paper investigates the double‐rating method (DRM) as a way to reduce test takers' social desirability response set. This involves the introduction of a pre‐assessment task, in which respondents indicate how others would probably answer the test or survey questionnaire presented. Two studies conducted in Hong Kong and Canada evaluate the effectiveness of the DRM. Results show that social desirability responses obtained using this method are significantly less frequent than those obtained under a conventional instruction. The pre‐assessment task induces test takers to realize that other people will probably respond truthfully, and report some socially undesirable information. The test takers subsequently conform to this frankness in their own self‐report. The merits and limitations of this method are discussed.
Effects of Message Framing on Breast‐Cancer‐Related Beliefs and Behaviors: The Role of Mediating Factors
Authors: Williams Tracy , Clarke Valerie , Borland Ron
Published: August 2006

The effects of gain‐loss message framing on breast‐cancer‐related cognitions and behaviors were assessed among 539 women aged 30 to 70 years. The design involved a prebrochure telephone interview, followed by a brochure mailout, and a postbrochure telephone interview. The brochures contained information about breast cancer and the risk of family history. Recommended behaviors were framed to emphasize gains, losses, or were neutral; and statistical risk information was presented either positively or negatively. Measures included demographics, family history, breast self‐examination (BSE) performance, BSE intention, self‐efficacy in performing BSE, perceived early detection risk of breast cancer, perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, and anxiety about breast cancer. A loss‐framed message led to greater positive change in BSE behavior. Interactions between framing effects and variables of issue involvement, perceived early detection risk, and self‐efficacy indicated effects on behavior, but not beliefs.
Dimensions of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision Making: An Empirical Study
Authors: Barnett Tim
Published: August 2006

Moral intensity is a construct that relates to issues in terms of their perceived moral significance. Individuals' perceptions of moral intensity should impact their recognition of issues as posing moral dilemmas and should also affect ethical judgments and behavioral intentions regarding issues. This study examined the relationship between 4 dimensions of moral intensity and the ethical decision‐making process. Two work‐related actions were presented to respondents, who then completed measures of the 4 dimensions of moral intensity, whether the actions posed an ethical issue, ethical judgments regarding the actions, and the likelihood that they would engage in the actions. Results indicate that moral intensity dimensions were associated with individuals' ethical decisions. Social consensus and seriousness of consequences were particularly important influences on the ethical decision‐making process.
Self‐Esteem, Discrimination, and Coping Among Refugees: The Moderating Role of Self‐Categorization
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Nekuee Shervin
Published: August 2006

The present study examines the relationship between the personal self and ethnic identity among Iranian refugees living in the Netherlands. The extent to which participants considered themselves to be typical members of their ethnic minority group moderated the relationship between (a) personal self‐esteem and ethnic self‐esteem; (b) perceived personal discrimination and group discrimination; and (c) ethnic self‐esteem and the use of emotion‐focused and problem‐focused strategies for coping with discrimination. Participants who saw themselves as typical Iranians showed a stronger association between personal and ethnic self‐esteem, less personal/group discrimination discrepancy, and a relationship between ethnic self‐esteem and coping with discrimination. In addition, participants favored problem‐focused coping over emotion‐focused coping, and perceived greater group discrimination than personal discrimination overall.
Was It My Fault? Effects of Counterfactual Mutation Focus and Self‐Presentation Strategy1
Authors: Fraser Christopher O.
Published: August 2006

A recent perspective proposes that counterfactual thinking mutates controllable events that could have prevented a specific outcome, and so provides knowledge that can be used to prevent similar outcomes in the future. This implies that counterfactual thinking does not necessarily influence causal reasoning, although they may be associated in some circumstances. Results of 2 studies reported here show that, for serious outcomes where actions of the self are antecedents and different self‐actions might have prevented the outcome, there was an associated increase in self‐blame. Findings from these studies also suggest that whether self‐mutations are reflected in public expressions of blame will depend on whether the context favors self‐serving self‐presentation strategies, or mitigating strategies incorporating the face concerns of others.
Theory‐Driven Subgroup‐Specific Evaluation of an Intervention to Reduce Private Car Use1
Authors: Bamberg Sebastian , Schmidt Peter
Published: August 2006

In the context of a 2‐wave panel study, we used Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the theoretical framework for deriving and systematically testing hypotheses as to how an intervention (a “free” ticket for public transportation) influences the travelmode choice of students. The empirical results show that this intervention caused a drastic decrease in students' car use. The effect of the intervention on behavior is mediated by the causal chain postulated by the TPB. In the second step, we analyzed whether there were subgroup‐specific reactions to the intervention. Surprisingly, the subgroup analysis shows that students with more negative attitudes toward policy measures restricting car use reacted more strongly to the intervention than did students with a more positive attitude.
Women's Attributions for Hypothetical Dating Violence: Effects of Partner Alcohol Use and Violence Severity1
Authors: Kaiz Jennifer , Arias Ileana
Published: August 2006

We compared women's attributions for dating violence as a function of perpetrator alcohol use and violence severity. Female undergraduates in dating relationships (N= 144) reported attributions for hypothetical scenarios of verbal aggression, moderate violence, and severe violence. In the partner alcohol‐use condition, partners were described as intoxicated; in the control condition, the scenarios were provided without descriptions of intoxication. Severity of violence, but not partner alcohol use, was associated with causal attributions for violence. In contrast, women's responsibility attributions differed as a function of a Partner Alcohol Use × Violence Severity interaction. Women in the alcohol‐use condition held partners less responsible for severe violence than did women in the control condition. Women in the partner alcohol‐use condition also reported fewer intentions to take legal action in response to severe violence. Implications for dating violence prevention programs and future research are discussed.
Self‐Efficacy in Eliciting Social Support and Burnout Among Secondary‐School Teachers
Authors: Brouwers André , Evers Will J. G. , Tomic Welko
Published: August 2006

A nonrecursive model with relationships between perceived lack of social support, perceived self‐efficacy in eliciting support at the workplace, and the 3 successive burnout dimensions–emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment–was tested in a sample of 277 secondary‐school teachers in The Netherlands. Results showed that teachers' perceived lack of support from colleagues and principals had a significant effect on their self‐efficacy beliefs in eliciting support from them, while these self‐efficacy beliefs were shown to predict their level of burnout. The hypothesized feedback loop was also confirmed: Teachers' level of burnout predicted the extent to which they feel lack of support. An additional effect of the personal‐accomplishment dimension of burnout on perceived self‐efficacy was suggested. It was concluded that perceived self‐efficacy in eliciting support at the workplace is a usable construct in the prediction of teacher burnout. Future directions in research are suggested.
Sentencing Under Uncertainty: Anchoring Effects in the Courtroom1
Authors: Enough Birte , Mussweiler Thomas
Published: August 2006

Research on juridical decision making has demonstrated that largely disparate sentences are often given for identical crimes. This may be the case because judges' sentencing decisions are influenced by a recommended or demanded sentence. Building on research on judgmental anchoring (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), the present investigation examines whether a sentencing demand has a direct influence on a given sentence. Using criminal trial judges as participants, Study 1 demonstrates that such a direct influence does, in fact, exist. Sentencing decisions are assimilated to the sentence demanded by the prosecutor. Study 2 further reveals that this influence is independent of the perceived relevance of the sentencing demand. Study 3 demonstrates that this influence is also independent of judges' experience.
Personal Responsibility for Tornado Preparedness: Commitment or Choice?1
Authors: MULILIS JOHN‐PAUL , DUVAL T. SHELLEY , ROMBACH DANIELLE
Published: August 2006

A review of the literature reveals that personal responsibility assumed for one's behavior clearly affects behavioral outcomes for a variety of situations, and that personal responsibility is in turn affected by a wide variety of variables. However, limited research has been conducted to determine exactly what personal responsibility fundamentally entails. While duty, moral obligation, choice, and commitment have been suggested as being integral to the concept of responsibility, few investigations have systematically varied more than one of these variables in a single experiment. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of both choice and commitment on personal responsibility assumed for and behavioral intentions to engage in tornado preparedness. Results indicate that both choice and commitment were required to generate personal responsibility for and subsequent intentions to engage in tornado preparedness. Implications of these results are discussed.
Acknowledging One's Stigma in the Interview Setting: Effective Strategy or Liability?1
Authors: Hebl Michelle R. , Kleck Robert E.
Published: August 2006

The current research examines how members of stigmatized groups remediate hiring biases by adopting the strategy of directly acknowledging their stigmatizing condition within the interview context. In the first study, 123 participants responded to a videotaped interview involving an obese or physically disabled job applicant who either did or did not acknowledge a stigma. In the second study, 87 participants responded to scenarios that manipulated type of stigma, controllability of its onset, and acknowledgment. Results across both experiments reveal that applicants who did not acknowledge their obesity or physical disability in an employment context were not viewed differently from each other. However, if applicants did acknowledge, the perceived controllability of the stigmas strongly influenced how they would be perceived.
“I Am Moral, But You Are Deterred”: Differential Attributions About Why People Obey the Law1
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Darley John M.
Published: August 2006

This research examined the different attributions that individuals make for law‐abiding behavior by different people. Experiment 1 reveals that individuals believe that they and other highly moral people are motivated to obey laws because of internal reasons (e.g., laws reflect valued rules and moral behavior), whereas they believe that criminals are motivated by external reasons (e.g., fear of punishment). However, Experiment 2 shows that even some criminals are seen as motivated to obey laws regarding particular types of crimes because of internal factors. Experiment 3 replicates these general findings using a between‐subjects design. Finally, Experiment 4 shows that individuals believe that they are motivated to obey laws regarding minor transgressions (e.g., speed limits) for both internal and external reasons. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for both psychological theory and social policy.
The Effects of Social Influence on Perceptual and Affective Reactions to Scenes of Sexual Violence1
Authors: Apanovitch Anne Marie , Hobfoll Stevan E. , Salovey Peter
Published: August 2006

In 2 experiments, we examined the effect of social influence (discussion and modeling) on men's and women's perceptual and affective reactions to a sexually violent film scene depicting gang rape. In Experiment 1, women who discussed the film rated the perpetrators as more responsible compared to participants in all other conditions. Men who did not discuss the film reported higher levels of positive affect compared to participants in all other conditions. In Experiment 2, men and women were affected by the social influence manipulation similarly. As predicted, participants differed in their attributions of responsibility depending on a confederate's response to the film scene. Participants who heard a confederate say that the men in the film were responsible for the rape rated these men as relatively more responsible than did participants in a neutral confederate condition or in a condition in which the confederate said that the woman in the film was responsible for the rape.
Self‐Determination, Perception of Peer Pressure, and Drinking Among College Students1
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Neighbors Clayton
Published: August 2006

Based on self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985b), the present research tested a model that incorporated motivational orientation, extrinsic reasons for drinking, and perceptions of peer pressure as predictors of drinking among college students. In a sample of undergraduates, support was found for a path model in which global motivation predicted extrinsic reasons for drinking, which predicted perceptions of peer pressure, which in turn predicted alcohol consumption. In addition, the relation between peer pressure and drinking was stronger for those who were oriented toward feeling controlled. Support was found for a similar model in a sample of fraternity students. Results support previous research on self‐determination and health.
Attitudes Toward Prostitution and Acceptance of Rape Myths1
Authors: Cotton Ann , Farley Melissa , Baron Robert
Published: August 2006

Rape myths and prostitution myths are a component of culturally supported attitudes that normalize violence against women. Prostitution myths justify the existence of prostitution, promote misinformation about prostitution, and contribute to a social climate that exploits and harms not only prostituted women, but all women. This study investigated the relationship between prostitution myth acceptance and rape myth acceptance in a sample of university undergraduates. Rape myth acceptance was positively correlated with prostitution myth acceptance among 783 university undergraduates from California, Iowa, Oregon, and Texas. College men were significantly more accepting of prostitution myths than were college women. Results suggest that acceptance of prostitution myths are a component of attitudes that justify violence against women.
Time Urgency and Job Performance: Field Evidence of an Interactionist Perspective1
Authors: Greenberg Jerald
Published: August 2006

Individual predispositions toward time urgency were assessed among 118 emergency room nurses and 145 small‐town librarians. Following from research on person–job fit, according to which people perform better when the demands of the situation match their individual characteristics than when these are mismatched, it was hypothesized that nurses (who typically face high time‐urgent demands) would perform better when they scored high in time urgency, and that librarians (who typically face low time‐urgent demands) would perform better when they scored low in time urgency. The results, based on a standardized measure of task performance, were precisely as expected. The practical ramifications of these findings are discussed along with the implications for research on person–job fit.
Effects of Product–Program Congruity and Viewer Involvement on Memory for Televised Advertisements1
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Gunter Barrie , Richardson Freya
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of program context on the memory of congruent or incongruent television (TV) advertisements on a youth sample (N= 123) aged 16 to 19 years. An experimental design was developed to test memory for a set of 6 car advertisements and 6 food advertisements within 2 program contexts: a car program and a food program. Memory for car advertisements was significantly better than memory for food advertisements in the free‐recall condition, but the opposite was true in the cued‐recall condition. Free recall of car advertisements in the food program was significantly better than of food advertisements in the food program. Levels of involvement were found to be unrelated to recall and recognition of advertisements.
The Stigmatizing Effects of Affirmative Action: An Examination of Moderating Variables
Authors: Resendez Miriam G.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined (a) the pervasiveness of stigmas of incompetence, (b) the possible moderating effects of qualifications and type of affirmative‐action plan, and (c) the influence of an individual's attitudes toward affirmative action on stigmatization of a beneficiary. Results for Study 1 showed that participants evaluated the affirmative‐action hiree as less competent and unlikely to have been hired because of qualifications, regardless of the hiree's actual qualifications. Study 2 demonstrated that, while affirmative‐action plan had no effect on participants' evaluations, association with affirmative action produced negative evaluations on competence, career progress, and hiring because of qualifications. Attitudes toward affirmative action had a stronger effect on evaluations of the hiree than the qualifications of the hiree. Implications for alleviating stigmatization are discussed.
The Impact of Hybrid Dispute‐Resolution Procedures on Constituent Fairness Judgments1
Authors: Ross William H. , Brantmeier Cheryl , Ciriacks Tina
Published: August 2006

The authors investigated the effects of hybrid third‐party procedures on constituents' procedural and distributive fairness judgments. In Experiment 1, three independent variables were manipulated: third‐party procedure (Med–Arb vs. Arb–Med), concession making during mediation (concessions vs. no concessions), and role (labor vs. management). Participants viewed Med–Arb as fairer than Arb–Med. In Experiment 2, three factors were again manipulated: third‐party procedure (Med–Arb vs. Arb–Med), whether confidential information was revealed during mediation (confidential information revealed vs. not revealed), and arbitration outcomes (winning vs. losing). Results suggest that when no confidential information was revealed, Med–Arb was significantly fairer than Arb–Med, but if confidential information was revealed, then both procedures were equally fair. Results are discussed in terms of procedural design.
The Role of Psychological Climate in Neutralizing the Effects of Organizational Politics on Work Outcomes
Authors: Kiewitz Christian , Hochwarter Wayne A. , Ferris Gerald R. , Castro Stephanie L.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the moderating impact of psychological climate on the relationship between perceived organizational politics and both commitment and turnover intent. Data were gathered from 131 restaurant employees who completed surveys at work. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a 6‐factor conceptualization (supportive management, role clarity, contribution, recognition, self‐expression, and challenge) provided the most adequate model representation of the psychological climate construct. Results indicate that politics perceptions interacted with each climate factor (with the exception of challenge) in predicting commitment. Conversely, politics perceptions interacted only with supportive management and self‐expression to predict turnover intent. Implications for theoretical development and empirical research in this domain are provided.
Frame‐of‐Reference Training: Overcoming the Effects of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Performance Rating Accuracy
Authors: Sulsky Lorne M. , Skarlicki Daniel P. , Keown Janine L.
Published: August 2006

Frame‐of‐reference (FOR) training has been shown to increase rating accuracy. Studies suggest, however, that organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can influence performance ratings insomuch as they are considered in the rating process. We examined the effects of OCB on the effectiveness of FOR training for improving performance rating accuracy. Results from 77 managers showed that OCB attenuates FOR training effectiveness because of rating inflation, unless the managers are trained to observe and evaluate the OCB.
The Influence of Affective and Instrumental Beliefs on Exercise Intentions and Behavior: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Lowe Rob , Eves Frank , Carroll Douglas
Published: August 2006

Programs encouraging exercise might reduce coronary illness. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior is a useful model for understanding exercise motivation. The current study investigated the contribution of the instrumental and affective components of attitude. As part of a community‐based study of exercise behavior, 424 men and 572 women completed questionnaires, with 365 participants providing 6‐month follow‐up data. Regressions highlighted the affective component as a much more powerful predictor of intention compared to the instrumental component. After controlling for prior exercise, intention was not predictive of later exercise, although the affective component was. The implications for exercise promotion are discussed.
The Effect of Self‐Efficacy and Issue Characteristics on Threat and Opportunity Categorization1
Authors: Mohammed Susan , Billings Robert S.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the current study was to examine self‐efficacy and issue characteristics as antecedents of issue categorization. A laboratory experiment using 277 participants manipulated self‐efficacy, scenario category (threat/opportunity), and scenario strength (weak/strong), and subsequently measured perceptions of threat and opportunity. Results indicate that high self‐efficacy participants categorized scenarios as more representative of opportunity and that self‐efficacy influenced the framing of opportunity scenarios, but not threat scenarios. Parallel results were found across both categorical and dimensional threat and opportunity measures.
Effects of Perceived Attitudinal and Demographic Similarity on Protégés' Support and Satisfaction Gained From Their Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Ensher Ellen A. , Grant‐Vallone Elisa J. , Marelich William D.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine how perceived attitudinal similarity (measured as similarity in general outlook, values, and problem‐solving approach) and demographic similarity operationalized as similarity in race and gender, affected protégés' support and satisfaction from their informal mentoring relationships. Scandura and Katerberg's (1988) 3‐factor scale of mentor functions was used to measure vocational, psychosocial, and role‐modeling support. Participants were 144 protégés from diverse backgrounds (54% female; 54% non‐White). Perceived attitudinal similarity was a better predictor of protégés' satisfaction with and support received from their mentors than was demographic similarity.
Subliminal Motivation: A Story Revisited
Authors: Cooper Joel , Cooper Grant
Published: August 2006

Can people have their motivational states affected subliminally? Two experiments are presented that address this controversial question. In the first, participants watched an episode of The Simpsons television program. Embedded in the program were verbal and pictorial stimuli related to thirst that were presented below conscious awareness. The results show that, compared to their pre‐exposure ratings and compared to a control group, participants became thirstier following exposure. A second experiment replicated this finding and showed that the effect was not a result of straightforward linguistic priming. The implications of the results for subliminal advertising and for theoretical issues of preconscious processing are discussed.
Social Support, Conflict, and Integration Among Women Living With HIV/AIDS1
Authors: Schrimshaw Eric W.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between depressive symptoms and perceptions of available social support, social conflict, and subjective social integration were examined as part of a psychosocial study of Puerto Rican, African American, and non‐Hispanic White women living with HIV/AIDS(N= 146) in New York City. Lower levels of subjective social integration and higher levels of social conflict were associated with more depressive symptoms. Perceived availability of social support was not significantly associated with depression in comparison with these other forms of support. No evidence was found for a stress‐buffering or a stress‐amplification effect. Significant ethnic differences in levels of social integration and social conflict also were noted. Results suggest that intervention efforts should go beyond addressing support to further address the conflict and lack, of integration experienced.
Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting the Use of Public Transportation1
Authors: Heath Yuko , Gifford Robert
Published: August 2006

An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to predict and explain public transportation use. A pre‐post design was used to examine changes in university students’ bus ridership after the implementation of a universal bus pass (U‐pass) program. Bus ridership significantly increased after the U‐pass was implemented, and associated changes in attitudes and beliefs about transportation modes were found. In both phases, students’ public transportation use was well predicted by the original TPB. However, 2 additional constructs—a descriptive norm, and the interaction between intention and perceived behavioral control—significantly improved prediction in both phases of the study. These constructs might be useful additions to the original TPB, at least in this behavioral domain.
High Versus Low Aggressive Priming During Video‐Game Training: Effects on Violent Action During Game Play, Hostility, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure1
Authors: Panee Cameron D. , Ballard Mary E.
Published: August 2006

Playing violent video games is related to increased negative affect and cardiovascular reactivity. We examined the influence of high and low aggressive priming during video‐game training on violence during game play (e.g., shooting, choking), hostility, frustration with game play, blood pressure, and heart rate. Male undergraduates (N= 36) were assigned to a high aggressive or low aggressive video‐game priming condition. After training, they played Metal Gear Solid(tm), which allows players to advance by using stealth, violence, or both. Participants in the high aggressive priming condition used significantly more violent action during game play and reported more hostility than those in the low aggressive priming condition. Heart rate was correlated with feelings of hostility. These findings indicate that both aggressive priming and use of game violence influence arousal and negative affect and might increase behavioral aggression.
Context and Prior Impression Effects on Attention, Judgment Standards, and Ratings: Contrast Effects Revisited
Authors: Palmer Jerry K. , Maurer Todd J. , Feldman Jack M.
Published: August 2006

The present study extended research on contrast effects by (a) examining the effect of context performances on ratings of a target performance when a prior impression of the target performer already exists, and (b) clarifying the issue of whether contrast is caused by attention to context‐discrepant behavior or shifts in judgment standards. The results demonstrated that the existence of a prior impression mitigates the influence of context performances on ratings. Judgment standards were found to be unstable and dependent on information provided to raters by the experimental manipulations. Regression analyses showed that both attention and standards of judgment mediate the relationship between context and ratings. Implications of these findings for contrast effects, performance ratings, and the importance of reliable judgment standards for real‐world performance appraisals are discussed.
Five‐Year Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Daily Smoking in Adolescence Among Early Nonsmokers and Experimenters1
Authors: Tucker Joan S. , Ellickson Phyllis L. , Klein David J.
Published: August 2006

Grade 7 nonsmokers and experimenters (N= 4,165) were compared on a wide range of risk factors for future smoking derived from four prominent theories and whether these factors predicted daily smoking at Grade 12. Early experimenters scored consistently higher than did early nonsmokers on risk factors for future smoking. Common predictors of Grade 12 daily smoking for both groups included early exposure to an important adult who smokes, being young for one's cohort, and weak academic bonds. For Grade 7 non‐smokers, unique predictors of daily smoking included exposure to pro‐smoking social influences (cigarette offers, sibling who smokes), early binge drinking, and being female. Unique predictors for early experimenters were less sharply delineated, although certain family factors appeared to be more important for this group. African Americans and His‐panics were also less likely to progress from experimental to daily smoking. Results point to the importance of adapting prevention efforts to the special needs of early nonsmokers and experimenters.
Achievement Orientation and Psychological Involvement in Job Tasks: The Interactive Effects of Work Alienation and Intrinsic Job Satisfaction1
Authors: Hirschfeld Robert R.
Published: August 2006

As the tendency to strive for competence in one's work, achievement orientation is considered to engender psychological involvement in job tasks (i.e., job involvement‐role). However, this study posits that the positive relationship between achievement orientation and job involvement‐role is moderated by an attitude of disaffection toward the work role in general (i.e., high work alienation) and by dissatisfaction with the content of one's present job (i.e., low intrinsic job satisfaction). The results of hierarchical moderated regression analyses support the existence of complex interactions and suggest that a positive outlook toward the work role is necessary for achievement orientation to translate into greater job involvement‐role. Practical implications and directions for future research on job involvement role are considered.
The Effect of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Perceptions on Feedback‐Seeking Intentions
Authors: Levy Paul E. , Cober Richard T. , Miller Terri
Published: August 2006

This paper explores the relationship between leadership style as operationalized by trans‐formational/transactional leadership (Bass, 1985) and feedback‐seeking behavior. Participants (n= 132) were presented with a vignette describing either a transformational or a transactional leader. Leadership style (transformational leader) was significantly related to higher feedback‐seeking intentions. Further, controlling for manipulated leadership style, participants' perceptions of leader consideration behaviors resulted in higher feedback‐seeking intentions. These findings suggest that not only does exposure to a certain leader affect feedback‐seeking behavior, but also perceptions of certain characteristics of a leader's behavior are important. These findings explain one potential mechanism through which transformational leaders might affect the development of their subordinates and raises interesting implications for leadership coaching.
Persuasive Impact of Organizational Value Statements in a Recruitment Context1
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Hoffman Jody R. , Greve Eric M. , Collins Allison E.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were conducted to examine the persuasive impact of different types of evidence supporting an organizational recruitment message. In the first experiment, information on organizational values, presented in a recruitment brochure, was supported using statistical, anecdotal, or no evidence. Graduating university students who were attending a job fair (N = 69) were most attracted to the company as an employer when statistical evidence was presented. In the second study, an employed sample (N= 172) received organizational value evidence in the context of either a recruitment brochure or a community newspaper article. Whereas we replicated the findings of the first study in the brochure condition, we found that anecdotal information was most persuasive in the newspaper condition. We conclude that predicting the persuasive impact of evidence for organizational values requires knowledge of both the type of evidence to be employed and the medium in which that evidence is conveyed.
Public Attitudes Toward the Use of Bioremediation to Clean Up Toxic Contamination
Authors: Kocher Sara , Levi Daniel , Aboud Roger
Published: August 2006

Bioremediation is an innovative approach to environmental management that uses microorganisms or plants to clean up toxic contamination in the environment. This research examines public attitudes toward the use of bioremediation at 2 sites in California: an urban site (Avila Beach) and a natural site (Guadalupe Dunes). At both sites, the study participants preferred excavation of the contaminated soil to bioremediation. The survey results help to explain the reasons why there is limited support for the use of bioremediation.
Effects of the Inclusion and Refutation of Peripheral Details on Eyewitness Credibility
Authors: Borckardt Jeffrey J. , Sprohge Erik , Nash Michael
Published: August 2006

The present study examines the effects of including trivial details in eyewitness testimony on witness credibility, as well as the effects of discrediting presented details. Participants (N= 155) read 2 brief, contradictory depositions from fictional witnesses about a fictional car accident. One of the depositions included a short set of details unrelated to the accident itself. After participants rated the credibility of the witnesses, the trivial details were refuted and the participants rated the credibility of the witnesses again. Contrary to previous research (Bell & Loftus, 1989), the inclusion of trivial details had no effect on witness credibility. However, significant effects on witness credibility were obtained when the details were refuted. As expected, the credibility of the witness presenting the trivial details significantly decreased after detail refutation. More interestingly, refutation appeared to increase the credibility of the other witness.
The Relationship of Recruiting Sources and Pre‐Hire Outcomes: Examination of Yield Ratios and Applicant Quality
Authors: Breaugh James A. , Greising Leslie A. , Taggart James W. , Chen Helen
Published: August 2006

The study reported in this paper examined the relationship between 5 recruiting sources (college placement offices, newspaper advertisements, employee referrals, direct applicants, and job fairs) and several important but neglected pre‐hire outcomes (e.g., percentage of qualified applicants generated, percentage of applicants who were hired). As hypothesized, applicants who applied directly for jobs and those who were referred by current employees were more likely to receive job offers and to become employees than were applicants recruited via other sources. Unexpectedly, recruiting sources were not related to the measures of applicant quality used in this study.
Intrusiveness of Minorities: Growing Pains for the Majority Group?1
Authors: Tougas Francine , De La Sablonnière Roxane , Lagace Martine , Kocum Lucie
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we examined the impact of the numerical representation and the intrusiveness of immigrants on feelings of group threat voiced by the majority. The present evaluation of group threat differs from previous studies in its inclusion of temporal comparisons. The relationship between feelings of threat and attitudes toward immigration was also evaluated. In all, 221 college students completed a questionnaire. As predicted, results obtained show that numerical representation was positively associated with feelings of group threat resulting from invidious social comparisons. Intrusiveness was positively related to feelings of group threat resulting from temporal comparisons. Contrary to hypotheses, the final model confirms that only feelings of temporal group threat were associated with negative attitudes toward immigration. Practical implications and the important role of temporal comparisons are discussed.
Self‐Efficacy and Behavioral Enactment: The Application of Schwarzer's Health Action Process Approach to the Prediction of Low‐Risk, Single‐Occasion Drinking
Authors: Murgraff Vered , McDermott Mark R. , Walsh James
Published: August 2006

Reported here is a preliminary study of the applicability of Schwarzer's (1992) health action process approach (HAPA) to low‐risk, single‐occasion drinking (LRSOD). The hypothesis tested is that a decision to act coupled with cognitive activities in the planning and preparation stages will predict health behavior change. Participants were 128 female undergraduate students. Analysis showed that the HAPA constructs coupled with past drinking frequency accounted for 29% of the variance in drinking behavior at follow‐up (p < .0001), thereby supporting Schwarzer's hypothesis in relation to LRSOD. The implications of the study findings for extending the current utility of social cognition models to predict and explain health behavior are discussed.
Effective Assertive Behavior in the Workplace: Responding to Unfair Criticism
Authors: Wilson Keithia L. , Lizzio Alfred J. , Whicker Leanne , Gallois Cynthia , Price Julie
Published: August 2006

A social rules perspective was employed to identify the elements of socially appropriate responses to unfair criticism in the workplace. Women generally endorsed for themselves response strategies based on stronger obligation and softer rights components, while men endorsed responses based on stronger personal rights expression and weaker obligation components. In support of the utility of a social rules approach to operationalizing context‐specific expectations, behavioral responses based on gender and status‐specific rules were evaluated as more effective on task, relationship, and self‐respect dimensions than were rights‐only, rights‐plus‐empathy, or submissive strategies. Results are discussed in terms of the development of a context‐specific model of interpersonal competence and implications for interpersonal skills and assertion training.
Examining Rape Empathy From the Perspective of the Victim and the Assailant1
Authors: Smith Christine A. , Frieze Irene H.
Published: August 2006

Two studies using college student samples were conducted to establish reliability and validity for new scales measuring rape victim empathy and rape perpetrator empathy separately. In Experiment 1, two 13‐item measures of rape empathy were developed. Variables examined for purposes of construct validity included personal sexual assault experience, general empathy, and perceived rape victim responsibility. In Experiment 2, we added 5 new items to each scale. The final scales were two 18‐item measures with high reliability. Variables examined in Experiment 2 included personal sexual assault, general empathy, and acquaintanceship with a victim or a perpetrator. Both studies found gender differences for empathy scores, with women tending to be higher on rape victim empathy, and men tending to be higher on rape perpetrator empathy. Personal sexual experience was related to rape empathy scores. Perceived victim responsibility was negatively correlated with rape victim empathy and positively correlated with rape perpetrator empathy.
Do Child Molesters Have Aberrant Perceptions of Adult Female Facial Attractiveness?1
Authors: Marcus David K. , Cunningham Michael R.
Published: August 2006

The multiple fitness model (Cunningham, 1986) suggests that attractive adult faces combine youthful neonate features with indications of sexual maturity. But a question can be raised whether the multiple fitness model applies to child molesters. In contrast to prior studies that examined child molesters’ attraction to children, we examined child molesters’ perceptions of adult women. Incarcerated child molesters (N= 68) rated the attractiveness of photographs of 24 adult women. Their ratings were compared with ratings made by 30 heterosexual college men. The 2 groups displayed remarkably similar judgments (r= .91). Child molesters were not more attracted to neonate features compared to other men, nor were they more repelled by maturity features. Like the college men, the child molesters were attracted to faces with large eyes and high cheekbones. Because the multiple fitness model applied to child molesters, differences between the sexual behavior of child molesters and other men do not seem to be attributable to differences in their perceptions of potential adult female partners’ faces.
Educating Children to Decategorize Racial Groups
Authors: Jones Lauriann M. , Foley Linda A.
Published: August 2006

Children categorize themselves and others along racial lines, leading them to perceive members of other racial groups as different from themselves. Teaching children to decategorize their perceptions of people could help them to see more self‐other similarities than differences. Fourth‐grade children (N = 65) were randomly assigned to be taught a short lesson on decategorizing people or to be read a story. As hypothesized, children in the experimental group scored significantly lower on the Racial Decategorization scale (Jones, 2001) than did children in the control group. The study demonstrates the benefits of teaching decategorization. Elementary school curricula including these lessons could reduce biased categorization and possibly promote the development of more nonpreju‐diced children.
Predicting Men's Rape Perceptions Based on the Belief That “No” Really Means “Yes”
Authors: Osman Suzanne L.
Published: August 2006

This study tested men's perceptions of rape based on the belief that women use token resistance to sex—that they say “no” to sex when they really mean “yes.” Participants were 131 male undergraduates who completed the Token Resistance to Sex scale and responded to evaluative statements regarding 1 of 3 scenarios: rape, consent, or ambiguous. Results supported the hypothesis that men with a weaker belief in token resistance would have stronger perceptions of rape when a woman said “no” to sex than when a woman said “yes,” and that men with a stronger belief in token resistance would have weak perceptions of rape in both situations. These findings implicate miscommunication as a potential contributing factor in date rape.