bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature, Ambient Pressure Oxidation of Methane to Methanol Over Every Tri‐Iron Node in a Metal–Organic Framework Material
Authors: Hall Jacklyn N. , Bollini Praveen
Published: September 2020

In contrast with metal‐modified zeolites, metal–organic framework materials (MOFs) provide a platform that may be significantly more amenable to creating catalysts in which every metal site is endowed with the same coordination environment, and hence, catalytic function. Using MIL‐100(Fe) as a prototype, we present the first example of a synthetic heterogeneous catalyst comprised exclusively of active tri‐iron moieties participating in the low‐temperature oxidation of methane to methanol; in contrast with prior reports on iron‐MOFs, we report the near‐exclusive formation of methanol at low temperatures and sub‐ambient methane pressures, and evidence its effectuation solely by Fe2+ sites. The study captures the utility of exploring classes of materials endowed with a high level of definition in structure and catalytic function for the purposes of overcoming persistent scientific and technological challenges in the field of synthetic heterogeneous catalysis.
Aromatic Foldamer Helices as α‐Helix Extended Surface Mimetics
Authors: Zwillinger Márton , Reddy Post Sai , Wicher Barbara , Mandal Pradeep K. , Csékei Márton , Fischer Lucile , Kotschy András , Huc Ivan
Published: September 2020

Helically folded aromatic oligoamide foldamers have a size and geometrical parameters very distinct from those of α‐helices and are not obvious candidates for α‐helix mimicry. Nevertheless, they offer multiple sites for attaching side chains. It was found that some arrays of side chains at the surface of an aromatic helix make it possible to mimic extended α‐helical surfaces. Synthetic methods were developed to produce quinoline monomers suitably functionalized for solid phase synthesis. A dodecamer was prepared. Its crystal structure validated the initial design and showed helix bundling involving the α‐helix‐like interface. These results open up new uses of aromatic helices to recognize protein surfaces and to program helix bundling in water.
The Structures of Gd(III) Chelates Conjugated at the Periphery of 3‐(1’‐Hexyloxy)ethyl‐3‐devinylpyropheophorbide‐a (HPPH) Have a Significant Impact on the Imaging and Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Zhang Shunqing , Cheruku Ravindra R. , Dukh Mykhaylo , Tabaczynski Walter , Patel Nayan J. , White William H. , Missert Joseph R. , Spernyak Joseph A. , Pandey Ravindra K.
Published: September 2020

3‐(1’‐Hexyloxyethyl)‐3‐devinyl‐pyropheophorbide‐a (HPPH or Photochlor), a tumor‐avid chlorophyll‐a derivative currently undergoing human clinical trials, was conjugated at various peripheral positions (position‐17 or 20) of HPPH with either Gd(III)‐aminobenzyl‐DTPA (Gd(III) DTPA) or Gd(III)‐aminoethylamido‐DOTA (Gd(III) DOTA). The corresponding conjugates were evaluated for in vitro PDT efficacy, T1, T2 relaxivities, in vivo fluorescence, and MR imaging under similar treatment parameters. Among these analogs, the water‐soluble Gd(III)‐aminoethylamido‐DOTA linked at position‐17 of HPPH, i. e., HPPH‐17‐Gd(III) DOTA, demonstrated strong potential for tumor imaging by both MR and fluorescence, while maintaining the PDT efficacy in BALB/c mice bearing Colon‐26 tumors (7/10 mice were tumor free on day 60). In contrast to Gd(III) DTPA (Magnevist) and Gd(III) DOTA (Dotarem), the HPPH‐Gd(III) DOTA retains in the tumor for a long period of time (24 to 48 h) and provides an option of fluorescence‐guided cancer therapy. Thus, a single agent can be used for cancer‐imaging and therapy. However, further detailed pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological studies of the conjugate are required before initiating Phase I human clinical trials.
14‐Color single tube for flow cytometric characterization of CD5+ B‐LPDs and high sensitivity automated minimal residual disease quantitation of CLL/SLL
Authors: Goshaw Jennifer M. , Gao Qi , Wardrope Jessica , Dogan Ahmet , Roshal Mikhail
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The diagnosis of CLL/SLL relies on flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Increasing emphasis is being placed on precise detection of the minimal residual disease. Following antigen recommendations of ERIC and ESCCA's Harmonization Project, we validated a 14‐color assay for the characterization CD5+ lymphoproliferative neoplasms and CLL MRD with a sensitivity of at least 10−4.

Methods

The assay was designed based on ERIC/ESCCA recommended antigens with the addition of CD40 for alternate gating when CD19 expression is reduced. Lower limit of quantitation/lower limit of detection, assay procedural precision, linearity, and limit of blank were established. Then, 52 CD5+ B‐cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms (41 CLL/11 non‐CLL) and 29 normal samples were used for parallel evaluation. Automated cluster identification and quantitation of CLL clones in MRD setting was performed using Barned‐Hutt SNE. Separation analysis between CLL and non‐CLL phenotypes was performed by PCA and bh‐SNE.

Results

Separation ratios for each antigen exceeded ERIC/ESCCA guidelines. Precision was <20% at LLOQ (0.01%). The limit of blank was <10/500,000 cells. Concordance between the 14‐color and legacy assay (Deming regression y = 1.01x, r2 = .99) was seen. All 20 samples with MRD levels 0.5%–0.006% (median 0.04%) showed an abnormal cell cluster by bh‐SNE, with concordant results between manual and automated quantitation (y = x, r2 = 1). CLL cases clustered together and away from mantle cell lymphoma by bh‐SNE and PCA with outlier atypical phenotype CLL cases posing diagnostic challenges by both manual and automated analysis.

Conclusion

The 14‐color CD5+ LPD assay provides a robust standardization platform for MRD and disease characterization using both manual and automated analysis.
Eating disorder symptomatology, clinical impairment, and comorbid psychopathology in racially and ethnically diverse college women with eating disorders
Authors: Monterubio Grace E. , Fitzsimmons‐Craft Ellen E. , Balantekin Katherine N. , Sadeh‐Sharvit Shiri , Goel Neha J. , Laing Olivia , Firebaugh Marie‐Laure , Flatt Rachael E. , Cavazos‐Rehg Patricia , Taylor C. Barr , Wilfley Denise E.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To examine eating disorder (ED) symptomatology, related clinical impairment, and comorbid psychopathology in college women with EDs across five racial and two ethnic groups.

Method

Participants were 690 women from 28 US universities who screened positive for an ED. Thirteen variables assessing ED symptoms, related clinical impairment, and comorbid psychopathology were compared across racial and ethnic groups using analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and independent samples t‐tests.

Results

Across racial groups, significant differences emerged in binge eating and laxative use. Asian women reported significantly more binge eating than White women (p < .01). Individuals self‐identified as the “Other” racial group reported greater laxative use than Asian and White women (ps ≤ .01). No other significant differences emerged across all other variables (ps ≥ .13). Across ethnic groups, Hispanic women reported significantly more laxative use (p < .01), and more comorbid insomnia symptoms (p = .03) than non‐Hispanic women. No other significant differences were observed (ps ≥ .24).

Discussion

Findings suggest that binge eating, laxative use, and insomnia symptoms differ across racial and ethnic groups in US college women who screened positive for EDs. Findings can inform tailoring of ED screening to reduce current disparities in these underrepresented populations.
Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance Study: design and rationale
Authors: Cox Zachary L. , Fleming James , Ivey‐Miranda Juan , Griffin Matthew , Mahoney Devin , Jackson Keyanna , Hodson Daniel Z. , Thomas Daniel , Gomez Nicole , Rao Veena S. , Testani Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Diuretic resistance is a common complication impairing decongestion during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The current understanding of diuretic resistance mechanisms in ADHF is based upon extrapolations from other disease states and healthy volunteers. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the dominant mechanisms in other populations have limited influence on diuretic response in ADHF. Additionally, the ability to rapidly and reliably diagnose diuretic resistance is inadequate using currently available tools.

Aims

The Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance (MDR) Study is designed to rigorously investigate the mechanisms of diuretic resistance and develop tools to rapidly predict diuretic response in a prospective cohort hospitalized with ADHF.

Methods

Study assessments occur serially during the ADHF hospitalization and after discharge. Each assessment includes a supervised 6‐hour urine collection with baseline blood and timed spot urine collections following loop diuretic administration. Patient characteristics, medications, physical exam findings, and both in‐hospital and post‐discharge HF outcomes are collected. Patients with diuretic resistance are eligible for a randomized sub‐study comparing an increased loop diuretic dose with combination diuretic therapy of loop diuretic plus chlorothiazide.

Conclusions

The Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance Study will establish a prospective patient cohort and biorepository to investigate the mechanisms of diuretic resistance and urine biomarkers to rapidly predict loop diuretic resistance.
Dipyrromethene‐Triazolylidene Silver Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Opportunities
Authors: Rago Aurélie , Guérin Charles , Framery Eric , Jean‐Gérard Ludivine , Comby‐Zerbino Clothilde , Dugourd Philippe , Andrioletti Bruno
Published: September 2020

The synthesis and characterization of unusual silver triazolylidene‐containing dipyrromethene complexes are described. The carbeneTAD‐N3C‐Hobtained from its parent Triazole‐Appended Dipyrromethene (TAD‐N4) is an excellent ligand for the complexation of silver, thanks to the proximity between the dipyrromethene scaffold and the triazolylidene. The effect of silver salt stoichiometry on the structure of the complexes was clearly evidenced by1H‐NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, an unexpected argentophilic interaction was proved by different analytical techniques, including X‐ray diffraction analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The potentiality of using the unprecedented DPM‐triazolydene silver complexes for the preparation of dipyrromethene‐based metallocomplexes displaying unusual coordination mode was further demonstrated with palladium.
A game‐theoretic approach for ensuring trustworthiness in cyber‐physical systems with applications to multiloop UAV control
Authors: Jithish J. , Sankaran Sriram
Published: September 2020

Advancements in computing and communication technologies, coupled with the ubiquitous availability of low‐cost embedded devices, have enabled the vision of cyber‐physical systems (CPSs). With the advent of advanced persistent threats, CPSs are more vulnerable to sophisticated cyber‐attacks that cause catastrophic damages, thereby necessitating the development of novel defence architectures for CPS security. This work presents an analytical framework based on noncooperative game theory to evaluate the trustworthiness of individual nodes that constitute CPSs. The proposed approach uses the Nash equilibrium solution to derive a minimum trust threshold score for the CPS nodes. The game‐theoretic framework is evaluated on a supervisory control and data acquisition system prototype to model the evolution of the trust scores its sensors. Furthermore, we apply the model on a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system and derive the trust threshold. The trust threshold represents the minimum trust score required to be maintained by individual UAV nodes. Nodes with trust scores below the threshold are potentially malicious and may be removed or isolated to ensure the secure operation of the system. The proposed approach is successfully implemented to detect malicious behavior in a simulated multiloop UAV control system with a fewer number of false‐positives, achieving a maximum accuracy of 98.85% across different scenarios.
Biomarker counseling, disclosure of diagnosis and follow‐up in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A European Alzheimer's disease consortium survey
Authors: Frederiksen Kristian S. , Nielsen Thomas R. , Appollonio Ildebrando , Andersen Birgitte Bo , Riverol Mario , Boada Mercè , Ceccaldi Mathieu , Dubois Bruno , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Frölich Lutz , Hausner Lucrezia , Gabelle Audrey , Gabryelewicz Tomasz , Grimmer Timo , Hanseeuw Bernard , Hort Jakub , Hugon Jacques , Jelic Vesna , Koivisto Anne , Kramberger Milica G. , Lebouvier Thibaud , Lleó Alberto , de Mendonça Alexandre , Nobili Flavio , Ousset Pierre‐Jean , Perneczky Robert , Olde Rikkert Marcel , Robinson David , Rouaud Olivier , Sánchez Elisabet , Santana Isabel , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Sheardova Katerina , Sloan Stephanie , Spiru Luiza , Stefanova Elka , Traykov Latchezar , Yener Görsev , Waldemar Gunhild
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of further cognitive decline, partly depending on demographics and biomarker status. The aim of the present study was to survey the clinical practices of physicians in terms of biomarker counseling, management, and follow‐up in European expert centers diagnosing patients with MCI.

Methods

An online email survey was distributed to physicians affiliated with European Alzheimer's disease Consortium centers (Northern Europe: 10 centers; Eastern and Central Europe: 9 centers; and Southern Europe: 15 centers) with questions on attitudes toward biomarkers and biomarker counseling in MCI and dementia. This included postbiomarker counseling and the process of diagnostic disclosure of MCI, as well as treatment and follow‐up in MCI.

Results

The response rate for the survey was 80.9% (34 of 42 centers) across 20 countries. A large majority of physicians had access to biomarkers and found them useful. Pre‐ and postbiomarker counseling varied across centers, as did practices for referral to support groups and advice on preventive strategies. Less than half reported discussing driving and advance care planning with patients with MCI.

Conclusions

The variability in clinical practices across centers calls for better biomarker counseling and better training to improve communication skills. Future initiatives should address the importance of communicating preventive strategies and advance planning.
The impact of terrorism on formal and informal economy in African countries
Authors: Sekrafi Habib , Abid Mehdi , Assidi Soufiene
Published: September 2020

This study examines the impact of terrorist attacks on the formal and informal economy for 47 African countries during the period 1996–2015. Four terrorism indicators are used, namely, domestic, transnational, uncertain and total terrorism. The empirical results are based on the two‐step Generalized Method of Moments in system. Three key findings are established. First, all terrorist indicators affect negatively the formal economy and positively the informal economy. This effect may be due not only to the size and maturity of the African economy, but also to the adoption of less conservative public policies. Second, an aggregate analysis identifying the impact of terrorism on various macroeconomic variables sheds light on the impact of terrorism on the overall situation of the African economy. Third, compared to domestic terrorism, transnational terrorism more significantly and negatively affects the formal economy and positively affects the informal economy. Political implications are discussed.
Tell the Story, Speak the Truth: Creating a Third Space Through Spoken Word Poetry
Authors: Jones Katelyn , Curwood Jen Scott
Published: September 2020

Young people around the world are engaging in innovative literacy practices through their creation of, and engagement with, spoken word poetry. From community‐based slams to school‐based workshops to online videos, this genre has become increasingly popular with marginalized youth who have an opportunity to have their often‐silenced voices heard and receive instantaneous feedback on their creative work. Situated in Sydney, Australia, the authors used a multicase embedded research approach to investigate how spoken word poetry workshops employ culturally sustaining pedagogy, create a third space for literacy development, and encourage diverse students to develop and strengthen their critical literacy skills. The authors highlight a rich array of diverse voices, explore the instrumental role of mentor poets, and provide teachers with practical approaches to incorporating culturally sustaining pedagogy while enhancing students’ critical literacy.
Susceptibility to COVID‐19 in populations with health disparities: Posited involvement of mitochondrial disorder, socioeconomic stress, and pollutants
Authors: Yao Yunyi , Lawrence David A.
Published: September 2020

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel betacoronavirus that has caused the global health crisis known as COVID‐19. The implications of mitochondrial dysfunction with COVID‐19 are discussed as well as deregulated mitochondria and inter‐organelle functions as a posited comorbidity enhancing detrimental outcomes. Many environmental chemicals (ECs) and endocrine‐disrupting chemicals can do damage to mitochondria and cause mitochondrial dysfunction. During infection, SARS‐CoV‐2 via its binding target ACE2 and TMPRSS2 can disrupt mitochondrial function. Viral genomic RNA and structural proteins may also affect the normal function of the mitochondria‐endoplasmic reticulum‐Golgi apparatus. Drugs considered for treatment of COVID‐19 should consider effects on organelles including mitochondria functions. Mitochondrial self‐balance and clearance via mitophagy are important in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which indicate monitoring and protection of mitochondria against SARS‐CoV‐2 are important. Mitochondrial metabolomic analysis may provide new indicators of COVID‐19 prognosis. A better understanding of the role of mitochondria during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection may help to improve intervention therapies and better protect mitochondrial disease patients from pathogens as well as people living with poor nutrition and elevated levels of socioeconomic stress and ECs.
Haploinsufficiency as a disease mechanism in GNB1‐associated neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Schultz‐Rogers Laura , Masuho Ikuo , Pinto e Vairo Filippo , Schmitz Christopher T. , Schwab Tanya L. , Clark Karl J. , Gunderson Lauren , Pichurin Pavel N. , Wierenga Klaas , Martemyanov Kirill A. , Klee Eric W.
Published: September 2020

Background

GNB1 encodes a subunit of a heterotrimeric G‐protein complex that transduces intracellular signaling cascades. Disruptions to the gene have previously been shown to be embryonic lethal in knockout mice and to cause complex neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. To date, the majority of variants associated with disease in humans have been missense variants in exons 5‐7.

Methods

Genetic sequencing was performed on two patients presenting with complex neurological phenotypes including intellectual disability, hypotonia, and in one patient seizures. Reported variants were assessed using RNA sequencing and functional BRET/BiFC assays.

Results

A splice variant reported in patient 1 was confirmed to cause usage of a cryptic splice site leading to a truncated protein product. Patient 2 was reported to have a truncating variant. BRET and BiFC assays of both patient variants confirmed both were deficient in inducing GPCR‐induced G protein activation due to lack of dimer formation with the Gγ subunit.

Conclusion

Here, we report two patients with functionally confirmed loss of function variants in GNB1 and neurodevelopmental phenotypes including intellectual disability, hypotonia, and seizures in one patient. These results suggest haploinsufficiency of GNB1 is a mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
Lurasidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine extended‐release for bipolar depression: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis of phase 3 trials in Japan
Authors: Kishi Taro , Yoshimura Reiji , Sakuma Kenji , Okuya Makoto , Iwata Nakao
Published: September 2020

Aim

This systematic review and random‐effect model, network meta‐analysis of the phase 3 trials in Japan assessed the efficacy and safety profile of lurasidone compared with olanzapine and quetiapine extended‐release (QUE‐XR) for the treatment of bipolar depression.

Methods

The study included double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trials in Japan that included patients with bipolar depression. Outcomes included response rate (primary), remission rate (secondary), improvement of Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score, discontinuation rates, and incidence of individual adverse events.

Results

Three studies were included (n = 1223). Lurasidone and olanzapine but not QUE‐XR were superior to placebo in response rate [risk ratio (95% credible interval): lurasidone = 0.78 (0.66, 0.92); olanzapine = 0.84 (0.71, 0.99); QUE‐XR = 0.87 (0.73, 1.03)]. Lurasidone, olanzapine and QUE‐XR were superior to placebo in remission rate [lurasidone = 0.90 (0.83, 0.98); olanzapine = 0.87 (0.77, 0.99); QUE‐XR = 0.84 (0.73, 0.98)] and the improvement of MADRS total score. There were not differences in discontinuation rates between each antipsychotic and placebo. Compared with placebo, lurasidone was higher incidence of akathisia, and increased body weight and blood prolactin level; olanzapine was higher incidence of somnolence and ≥7% weight gain, and increased body weight, blood total cholesterol level, blood LDL cholesterol level, and blood triglyceride levels; QUE‐XR was higher incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, somnolence, dry mouth, constipation and ≥7% weight gain, and increased body weight, blood total cholesterol level, blood LDL cholesterol level, and blood triglyceride levels.

Conclusions

Our results suggested although the efficacy of three SGAs was similar, there were the differences in the safety profile among the SGAs.
Walnut shell ash as a sustainable material for compounding with bromobutyl rubber for tire inner liner applications
Authors: Chundawat Narendra Singh , Parmar Bhavani Shanker , Deuri Arup Saha , Vaidya Dilip , Sepehr Koushan Sineh , Chauhan Narendra Pal Singh
Published: September 2020

This paper reports walnut shell ash (WNS ash) a sustainable material for tubeless inner liner application. This sustainable material replaced the commercial magnesium oxide (MgO).The WNS ash generated at 550°C, is found to have 72% alkali metal and alkali earth metal, whereas commercial MgO shows 95% alkali metal and alkali earth metal. It was observed in this study WNS ash perform as cure retarder in bromobutyl rubber/bromo isobutylene isoprene rubber‐based tube less inner liner compound and its performance was similar with commercial MgO; however, not exactly equivalent. Optimum cure retardation found at 0.40 phr loading with WNS ash. Interestingly, due to sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn), the WNS ash produced some cure activation effect. Cure rate was observed for 0.40 phr WNS ash load in gum/filled formulations at 35/15 minutes−1 compared to 30/10 minutes−1 in commercial MgO at 0.30 phr. Physical properties of compound made with 0.40 phr WNS ash and 0.30 phr MgO found comparable in both gum and filled system. Alkali metal and alkali earth metal of WNS ash at 0.40 phr loading is equivalent to 0.30 phr of MgO. This material is an important gateway in the rubber industry as a multifunction sustainable material.
Cancer nanotheranostics in the second near‐infrared window
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , Huang Kai , Qu Junle , Lin Jing , Huang Peng
Published: September 2020

Nanotheranostics is an attractive and fast developing nanomedicine technology that integrates both diagnostics and therapeutics in a single nanoplatform. It ensures consistent spatiotemporal distribution and uniform targeting of the imaging and therapeutic agents, thus desirable for real‐time monitoring of in situ therapeutic effects and long‐term tailorable therapeutics in accordance to disease prognosis for personalized medicine. Optical stimuli of nanotheranostics offer easy and precise controllability to combat cancer. Compared with the conventional use of visible and the first near‐infrared region light, using the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) region light as the incident excitation enables cancer nanotheranostics to go deeper and with enhanced theranostic efficiency. Realizing the extraordinary advantages of accomplishing cancer nanotheranostics in the NIR‐II region, burgeoning research efforts were devoted to this field. This review aims to analyze the available imaging and therapeutic approaches to realize nanotheranostics in the NIR‐II region, and to summarize the current applications of cancer nanotheranostics in the NIR‐II region. In the end, we will discuss the challenges and outlook on the possible perspectives in the field.
Introduction
Authors: Luckman Susan , Andrew Jane
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the larger context within which Australian craftspeople and designer makers, like their colleagues elsewhere across the Global North, operate. On the consumer side demand for the handmade or artisanal and increasing interest in making processes themselves, is, we argue, part of a wider pushback against the impositions of the digital into our everyday lives, that is an attempt at a correction or seeking out of balance now that we are a generation into the normalisation of digital communication and other technologies. The chapter introduces the research project the book’s findings are based on including the research design, methods and data that inform the discussions to come. It also briefly outlines the strength of contemporary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander craft and designer maker activity.
Selling Craft and Design: The Cultural and Economic Intricacies of the Contemporary Artisanal Marketplace
Authors: Luckman Susan , Andrew Jane
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the contemporary marketplace for Australian craft and designer maker products as experienced by the makers and mediators in our study. What became clear was the ongoing importance of place—including localness and proximity—to the Australian market. Here emerges a paradox in the current relationship between craft and digital technology. Whereas the whole moment of growth in handmaking is in so many ways a direct result of the internet, with its greater access to materials, skills knowledge and (potentially) markets, it is the value of a face-to-face, hand-to-hand economy, we argue, that is clearly also re-asserting itself here.
Falsifying
Authors: Bos Jaap
Published: September 2020

After Reading This Chapter, You Will:

Know exactly what falsifying is

Be able to distinguish falsification from other forms of fraud

Understand how falsifying impacts the social sciences

Develop strategies to address falsification
Confidentiality
Authors: Bos Jaap
Published: September 2020

After Reading This Chapter, You Will:

Know what confidentiality entails and why it is important in research

Become familiar with techniques of securing confidentiality

Understand the difference between anonymity and confidentiality

Be able to identify breaches of confidentiality
Co-Creating Digital Public Services
Authors: Jarke Juliane
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews key literature and concepts relating to the co-creation of digital public services. For this task, it is firstly important to consider what kind of digital public services may be suitable for co-creation. In order to do so, the first section of this chapter defines what a digital public service is (e.g. with respect to different types of service providers, different types of services and service delivery) and considers what kind of digital public services allow for meaningful citizen participation. To better conceptualise different degrees of participation, the subsequent section reviews Arnstein’s (1969) “ladder of citizen participation” and related work. This allows distinguishing between different degrees of non-participation, (consultative) participation and beyond. Thirdly, the chapter reviews traditional participatory approaches that provide the basis to co-creating of digital public services: (1) co-production of public services, (2) co-design and (3) civic open data use. The chapter summarises and compares the different rationales for participation in these approaches, and reviews how they understand the sharing of control, the sharing of knowledge and the enabling of change.
Dominant shrub species are a strong predictor of plant species diversity along subalpine pasture-shrub transects
Authors: Zehnder Tobias , Lüscher Andreas , Ritzmann Carmen , Pauler Caren M. , Berard Joel , Kreuzer Michael , Schneider Manuel K.
Published: September 2020

Abandonment of pastures and successional shrub expansion are widespread in European mountain regions. Moderate shrub encroachment is perceived beneficial for plant diversity by adding new species without outcompeting existing ones, yet systematic evidence is missing. We surveyed vegetation along 24 transects from open pasture into shrubland across the Swiss Alps using a new protocol distinguishing different spatial scales, shrub cover of each plot (2 × 2 m) and larger-scale zonal cover along the transect. Data were analysed using generalized linear models of shrub cover, shrub species and environmental conditions, such as geology, aspect or soil. Most shrub communities were dominated by Alnus viridis (62% of transects) and Pinus mugo (25%), and the rest by other shrub species (13%). These dominant shrub species explained vegetation response to shrub cover well, without need of environmental variables in the model. Compared to open pasture, A. viridis resulted in an immediate linear decline in plant species richness and a marginal increase in beta-diversity (maximally + 10% at 35% cover). Dense A. viridis hosted 62% less species than open pasture. In P. mugo, species richness remained stable until 40% shrub cover and dropped thereafter; beta-diversity peaked at 35% cover. Hence, scattered P. mugo increases beta-diversity without impairing species richness. In transects dominated by other shrubs, species richness and beta-diversity peaked at 40–60% shrub cover (+ 23% both). A. viridis reduced species richness in a larger area around the shrubs than P. mugo. Therefore, effects of shrub encroachment on plant diversity cannot be generalized and depend on dominant shrub species.
„Ab morgen bitte online“: Vergleich digitaler Rahmenbedingungen der curricularen Lehre an nationalen Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken in Zeiten von COVID-19
Authors: Offergeld C. , Ketterer M. , Neudert M. , Hassepaß F. , Weerda N. , Richter B. , Traser L. , Becker C. , Deeg N. , Knopf A. , Wesarg T. , Rauch A-K. , Jakob T. , Ferver F. , Lang F. , Vielsmeier V. , Hackenberg S. , Diensthuber M. , Praetorius M. , Hofauer B. , Mansour N. , Kuhn S. , Hildenbrand T.
Published: September 2020

Hintergrund

Die Corona-Krise beeinflusst nicht nur das professionelle Handeln, sondern auch die Lehre an den Universitäten. Schlagworte wie „E-Learning“ und „Digitalisierung“ suggerieren die Möglichkeit innovativer, ad hoc verfügbarer Lösungsansätze für die Lehre in der aktuellen COVID-19-Situation. Die aktuelle Umstellung auf digitale Lehre ist aber nicht primär durch eine didaktische Sinnhaftigkeit oder institutionelle Strategie, sondern durch äußere Notwendigkeit geprägt.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel der Arbeit war die Erfassung der Lehrsituation an nationalen Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken und akademischen Lehrkrankenhäusern zu Beginn des virtuellen Corona-Sommersemesters 2020.

Material und Methode

Ein eigens erstellter Fragebogen zur jeweiligen lokalen Situation, den örtlichen Rahmenbedingungen sowie zu bundesweiten Szenarien wurde an alle 39 nationalen Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken und 20 akademischen Lehrkrankenhäuser mit HNO-Hauptabteilung versandt.

Ergebnisse

Die ausgefüllten Fragebögen von 31 Universitätskliniken (UK) und 10 akademische Lehrkrankenhäuser (ALK) gingen in die Auswertung ein. Es zeigten sich offensichtliche Diskrepanzen zwischen verfügbaren Ressourcen und tatsächlich verfügbaren digitalisierten Lehrinhalten. Weitere Kritikpunkte offenbarten sich in Bezug auf die Kommunikation mit der Medizinischen Fakultät, die digitale Infrastruktur und insbesondere in der oftmals mangelnden Kollaboration mit den zentralen Supportstrukturen, wie Medien‑, Didaktik- und Rechenzentren.

Schlussfolgerung

Es gibt durchaus positive Beispiele für eine gelungene Überführung der Präsenzlehre in das ausschließlich virtuelle Sommersemester 2020 innerhalb der Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken. Mehrheitlich aber überwiegen kritische Einschätzungen der Lehrbeauftragten bzw. Ärztlichen Direktoren gegenüber der aktuellen Lehrsituation. Eine zeitkritische strategische Weiterentwicklung ist dringend erforderlich.
Is it feasible to assess self-reported quality of life in individuals who are deaf and have intellectual disabilities?
Authors: Fellinger Johannes , Dall Magdalena , Gerich Joachim , Fellinger Maria , Schossleitner Katharina , Barbaresi William Joseph , Holzinger Daniel
Published: September 2020

Purpose

There is consensus that Quality of Life (QOL) should be obtained through self-reports from people with intellectual Disability (ID). Thus far, there have been no attempts to collect self-reported QOL from people who are deaf and have ID.

Methods

Based on an established short measure for QOL (EUROHIS-QOL), an adapted easy-to-understand sign language interview was developed and applied in a population (n = 61) with severe-to-profound hearing loss and mild-to-profound ID. Self-reports were conducted at two time points (t1 and t2), 6 months apart. The Stark QOL, an established picture-based questionnaire, was also obtained at t2 and three Proxy ratings of QOL (from caregivers) were conducted for each participant at t1.

Results

Self-reported QOL was successfully administered at both time points for 44 individuals with mild and moderate ID (IQ reference age between 3.3 and 11.8 years).

The self-reports showed sufficient test–retest reliability and significant correlations with the Stark QOL. As anticipated, self-reported QOL was higher than proxy-reported QOL. Test–retest reliability and internal consistency were good for self-reported QOL.

Conclusion

Reliable and valid self-reports of QOL can be obtained from deaf adults with mild-moderate ID using standard inventories adapted to the linguistic and cognitive level of these individuals.
Pathogenesis of preterm birth: bidirectional inflammation in mother and fetus
Authors: Green Ella Shana , Arck Petra Clara
Published: September 2020

Preterm birth (PTB) complicates 5–18% of pregnancies globally and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Most PTB is spontaneous and idiopathic, with largely undefined causes. To increase understanding of PTB, much research in recent years has focused on using animal models to recapitulate the pathophysiology of PTB. Dysfunctions of maternal immune adaptations have been implicated in a range of pregnancy pathologies, including PTB. A wealth of evidence arising from mouse models as well as human studies is now available to support that PTB results from a breakdown in fetal-maternal tolerance, along with excessive, premature inflammation. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the bidirectional communication between fetal and maternal systems and its role in the immunopathogenesis of PTB. These recent insights significantly advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of PTB, which is essential to ultimately designing more effective strategies for early prediction and subsequent prevention of PTB.
Zebrafish cardiac regeneration—looking beyond cardiomyocytes to a complex microenvironment
Authors: Ryan Rebecca , Moyse Bethany R. , Richardson Rebecca J.
Published: September 2020

The study of heart repair post-myocardial infarction has historically focused on the importance of cardiomyocyte proliferation as the major factor limiting adult mammalian heart regeneration. However, there is mounting evidence that a narrow focus on this one cell type discounts the importance of a complex cascade of cell–cell communication involving a whole host of different cell types. A major difficulty in the study of heart regeneration is the rarity of this process in adult animals, meaning a mammalian template for how this can be achieved is lacking. Here, we review the adult zebrafish as an ideal and unique model in which to study the underlying mechanisms and cell types required to attain complete heart regeneration following cardiac injury. We provide an introduction to the role of the cardiac microenvironment in the complex regenerative process and discuss some of the key advances using this in vivo vertebrate model that have recently increased our understanding of the vital roles of multiple different cell types. Due to the sheer number of exciting studies describing new and unexpected roles for inflammatory cell populations in cardiac regeneration, this review will pay particular attention to these important microenvironment participants.
Killing two birds with one stone: how intervening when witnessing bullying at the workplace may help both target and the acting observer
Authors: Nielsen Morten Birkeland , Rosander Michael , Blomberg Stefan , Einarsen Ståle Valvatne
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study examines under which conditions being an observer of bullying can be detrimental to health and well-being. It was hypothesized that health-related problems following observations of bullying are determined by (1) whether the observer has been exposed to bullying her/himself and (2) whether the observer have tried to intervene in the bullying situation that they witnessed.

Methods

The study was based on a longitudinal probability survey of the Swedish workforce, with an 18-month time lag between assessment points (N = 1096).

Results

Witnessing bullying at work were associated with an increase in subsequent levels of mental distress among the observers, although this association became insignificant when adjusting for the observers’ own exposure to bullying. Intervening against bullying moderated the relationship between observations of bullying and mental health problems. Observers who did not try to intervene reported a significant increase in mental health problems at follow-up, whereas there were no significant changes in levels of mental health problems among those who did intervene.

Conclusions

the findings suggest that observer interventions against bullying may be highly beneficial for both the targets and observers of bullying. Organizations should therefore invest in ways to increase constructive bystander behavior in negative social situations at the workplace.
From repeating routes to planning novel routes: the impact of landmarks and ageing on route integration and cognitive mapping
Authors: Grzeschik Ramona , Hilton Christopher , Dalton Ruth C. , Konovalova Irma , Cotterill Ella , Innes Anthea , Wiener Jan M.
Published: September 2020

The integration of intersecting routes is an important process for the formation of cognitive maps and thus successful navigation. Here we present a novel task to study route integration and the effects that landmark information and cognitive ageing have on this process. We created two virtual environments, each comprising five places and one central intersection but with different landmark settings: in the Identical Landmark environment, the intersection contained visually monotonic features whereas the intersection contained visually distinctive features in the Different Landmarks environment. In both environments young and older participants were presented with two short routes that both traversed through the shared intersection. To test route integration, participants were asked to either repeat the learning routes, to navigate the routes from the destination to the starting place or to plan novel routes. As expected, results demonstrate better performance when repeating or retracing routes than when planning novel routes. Performance was better in younger than older participants and in the Different Landmark environment which does not require detailed knowledge of the spatial configuration of all places in the environment. A subgroup of the older participants who performed lower on a screening test for cognitive impairments could not successfully complete the experiment or did not reach the required performance criterion. These results demonstrate that strategically placed landmarks support the integration of route knowledge into spatial representations that allow for goal-dependent flexible navigation behaviour and that earliest signs of atypical cognitive ageing affect this process of route integration.
All adapted topologies are equal
Authors: Backhoff-Veraguas Julio , Bartl Daniel , Beiglböck Mathias , Eder Manu
Published: September 2020

A number of researchers have introduced topological structures on the set of laws of stochastic processes. A unifying goal of these authors is to strengthen the usual weak topology in order to adequately capture the temporal structure of stochastic processes. Aldous defines an extended weak topology based on the weak convergence of prediction processes. In the economic literature, Hellwig introduced the information topology to study the stability of equilibrium problems. Bion–Nadal and Talay introduce a version of the Wasserstein distance between the laws of diffusion processes. Pflug and Pichler consider the nested distance (and the weak nested topology) to obtain continuity of stochastic multistage programming problems. These distances can be seen as a symmetrization of Lassalle’s causal transport problem, but there are also further natural ways to derive a topology from causal transport. Our main result is that all of these seemingly independent approaches define the same topology in finite discrete time. Moreover we show that this ‘weak adapted topology’ is characterized as the coarsest topology that guarantees continuity of optimal stopping problems for continuous bounded reward functions.
Unexpected sensitivity of the highly invasive spider Mermessus trilobatus to soil disturbance in grasslands
Authors: Narimanov Nijat , Kempel Anne , van Kleunen Mark , Entling Martin H.
Published: September 2020

The dwarf spiderMermessus trilobatus(Araneae: Linyphiidae), native to North America, has expanded its range over large parts of Europe within less than fifty years. It is notable for occurring in a wide range of mostly agricultural habitats, while most other invasive spiders in Europe are associated with human buildings. As in other invasive invertebrates and plants, the tremendous colonisation success ofMermessus trilobatusmight be related to anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Here we aim to test if the invasion success ofMermessus trilobatusin Europe is associated with high tolerance towards soil disturbance. We sampled spiders from eight grasslands experimentally disturbed with superficial soil tillage and eight undisturbed grasslands without tillage. Opposite to our expectation,Mermessus trilobatusdensities decrease sharply with soil disturbance. This is in contrast to several native species such asOedothorax apicatus, which becomes more abundant in the fields after superficial soil tillage. Our study suggests that invasion success ofMermessus trilobatusis not connected to a ruderal strategy. The ecological and evolutionary processes behind colonisation success ofMermessus trilobatusneed to be further investigated.
Current methods in translational cancer research
Authors: Lee Michael W. , Miljanic Mihailo , Triplett Todd , Ramirez Craig , Aung Kyaw L. , Eckhardt S. Gail , Capasso Anna
Published: September 2020

Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
Advancing the Assessment of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Practice: Psychometric Evaluation of the Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire
Authors: Hassed Craig , Flighty Andrew , Chambers Richard , Hosemans Dominic , Bailey Neil , Connaughton Sherelle , Lee Stuart , Kazantzis Nikolaos
Published: September 2020

Background

Mindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) can be assessed in terms of time spent (quantity) or skill acquisition (quality), but these components have rarely been delineated in adherence measures. Individuals may also engage in MBP through everyday life (informal practice) and dedicate specific time for MBP (formal practice).

Method

The Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire, a scale designed to assess quantity and quality of formal and informal MBP was evaluated. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to examine internal reliability and construct validity (N = 282). Study 2 examined test–retest reliability and sensitivity (N = 55) during a 4-week mindfulness intervention.

Results

A nested-factor model showed adequate fit: MAQ items loaded on both the general factor (Practice) and specific factors (Formal and Informal). Discriminant validity analyses revealed the MAQ captured MBP adherence distinct from trait mindfulness. Quality of both formal and informal mindfulness practice was more strongly associated with higher levels of trait mindfulness than quantity. Changes in MAQ Quantity scores were observed over time.

Conclusions

The MAQ is reliable and has a meaningful scale structure, may usefully distinguish both quality versus quantity and formal versus informal MBP, and is sensitive to variations in MBP and does not solely measure trait mindfulness.