bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ToF-SIMS imaging of capsaicinoids in Scotch Bonnet peppers (Capsicum chinense)
Authors: Tyler Bonnie J. , Peterson Richard E. , Lee Therese G. , Draude Felix , Pelster Andreas , Arlinghaus Heinrich F.
Published: April 2016

Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are well known for their ability to cause an intense burning sensation when eaten. This organoleptic response is triggered by capsaicin and its analogs, collectively called capsaicinoids. In addition to the global popularity of peppers as a spice, there is a growing interest in the use of capsaicinoids to treat a variety of human ailments, including arthritis, chronic pain, digestive problems, and cancer. The cellular localization of capsaicinoid biosynthesis and accumulation has previously been studied by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, both of which require immunostaining. In this work, ToF-SIMS has been used to image the distribution of capsaicinoids in the interlocular septum and placenta of Capsicum chinense (Scotch Bonnet peppers). A unique cryo-ToF-SIMS instrument has been used to prepare and analyze the samples with minimal sample preparation. Samples were frozen in liquid propane, cryosectioned in vacuum, and analyzed without exposure to ambient pressure. ToF-SIMS imaging was performed at −110 °C using a Bi3+ primary ion beam. Molecular ions for capsaicin and four other capsaicinoids were identified in both the positive and negative ToF-SIMS spectra. The capsaicinoids were observed concentrated in pockets between the outer walls of the palisade cells and the cuticle of the septum, as well as in the intercellular spaces in both the placenta and interlocular septum. This is the first report of label-free direct imaging of capsaicinoids at the cellular level in Capsicum spp. These images were obtained without the need for labeling or elaborate sample preparation. The study demonstrates the usefulness of ToF-SIMS imaging for studying the distribution of important metabolites in plant tissues.
Research Funding: the Case for a Modified Lottery
Authors: Fang Ferric C. , Casadevall Arturo
Published: April 2016

The time-honored mechanism of allocating funds based on ranking of proposals by scientific peer review is no longer effective, because review panels cannot accurately stratify proposals to identify the most meritorious ones. Bias has a major influence on funding decisions, and the impact of reviewer bias is magnified by low funding paylines. Despite more than a decade of funding crisis, there has been no fundamental reform in the mechanism for funding research. This essay explores the idea of awarding research funds on the basis of a modified lottery in which peer review is used to identify the most meritorious proposals, from which funded applications are selected by lottery. We suggest that a modified lottery for research fund allocation would have many advantages over the current system, including reducing bias and improving grantee diversity with regard to seniority, race, and gender.
A Step Toward Eradication of Human Filariases in Areas Where
Loa
Is Endemic
Authors: Geary Timothy G.
Published: April 2016

Mass drug administration (MDA) programs have achieved remarkable success in limiting the pathology and transmission of the human parasitic infections onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. The full implementation of MDA campaigns for filariasis elimination has been stymied by the unacceptable incidence of severe adverse events observed following drug treatment of a subset of individuals who harbor high loads of
Loa loa
microfilaria. Extending MDA strategies to regions where loiasis is coendemic could be done confidently if a simple, inexpensive, and rapid diagnostic method was available that could accurately identify individuals who have
L. loa
microfilarial loads above the risk threshold and could thus be excluded from treatment. A recent paper in
mBio
reports the discovery of an antigen unique to
L. loa
microfilaria that can be detected in blood and urine and may form the basis for such an assay. Further work will reveal whether this discovery will smooth the path to achieve filariasis eradication.
Anthropometric measures are simple and accurate paediatric weight-prediction proxies in resource-poor settings with a high HIV prevalence
Authors: Whitfield Kyly C , Wozniak Roberta , Pradinuk Mia , Karakochuk Crystal D , Anabwani Gabriel , Daly Zachary , MacLeod Stuart M , Larson Charles P , Green Timothy J
Published: April 2016

Rationale

Accurate weight measurements are essential for both growth monitoring and drug dose calculations in children. Weight can be accurately measured using calibrated scales in resource-rich settings; however, reliable scales are often not available in resource-poor regions or emergency situations. Current age and/or length/height-based weight-prediction equations tend to overestimate weight because they were developed from Western children's measures.

Objective

To determine the accuracy of several proxy measures for children's weight among a predominately HIV-positive group of children aged 18 months to 12 years in Botswana.

Design

Weight, length/height, ulna and tibia lengths, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold were measured on 775 children recruited from Gaborone, Botswana, between 6 July and 24 August 2011.

Results

Mean (95% CI) age and weight were 7.8 years (7.5 to 8.4) and 21.7 kg (21.2 to 22.2), respectively. The majority of children were HIV-positive (n=625, 81%) and on antiretroviral treatment (n=594, 95%). The sample was randomly divided; a general linear model was used to develop weight-prediction equations for one half of the sample (n=387), which were then used to predict the weight of the other half (n=388). MUAC and length/height, MUAC and tibia length and MUAC and ulna length most accurately predicted weight, with an adjusted R2of 0.96, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. Using MUAC and length/height, MUAC and tibia length and MUAC and ulna length equations, ≥92% of predicted weight fell within 15% of actual weight, compared with <55% using current equations.

Conclusion

The development of nomograms using these equations is warranted to allow for rapid and accurate weight prediction from these simple anthropometric measures in HIV-endemic, resource-constrained settings.
Opportunistic screening of atrial fibrillation by automatic blood pressure measurement in the community
Authors: Omboni Stefano , Verberk Willem J
Published: April 2016

Objective

Timely detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) may effectively prevent cardiovascular consequences. However, traditional diagnostic tools are either poorly reliable (pulse palpation) or not readily accessible (ECG) in general practice. We tested whether an automatic oscillometric blood pressure (BP) monitor embedded with an algorithm for AF detection might be effective for opportunistic screening of asymptomatic AF in the community.

Setting

A community-based screening campaign in an unselected population to verify the feasibility of AF screening with a Microlife WatchBP Office BP monitor with a patented AFIB algorithm. When possible AF was detected (≥2 of 3 BP measurements reporting AF), a doctor immediately performed a single-lead ECG in order to confirm or exclude the presence of the arrhythmia. The main demographic and clinical data were also collected.

Participants

220 consecutive participants from an unselected sample of individuals in a small Italian community.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Number of patients detected with AF and diagnosed risk factors for AF.

Results

In 12 of 220 participants, the device detected possible AF during the BP measurement: in 4 of them (1.8%), the arrhythmia was confirmed by the ECG. Patients with AF were more likely to be older (77.0±1.2 vs 57.2±15.2 years, p=0.010), obese (50.0 vs 14.4%, p=0.048) and to suffer from a cardiovascular disease (50.0 vs 10.6%, p=0.014) than patients without AF. Participants with a positive BP AF reading and non-AF arrhythmias (n=8) did not differ in their general characteristics from participants with a negative BP AF reading and were younger than patients with AF (mean age 56.4±14.8, p=0.027; 5 of 8 participants aged <65 years).

Conclusions

Opportunistic screening of AF by BP measurement is feasible to diagnose this arrhythmia in unaware participants, particularly in those older than 65 years, who are the target patient group recommended by current AF screening guidelines.
ED healthcare professionals and their notions of productivity
Authors: Moffatt Fiona , Timmons Stephen , Coffey Frank
Published: April 2016

Objective

The combination of constrained resources, patient complexity and rapidly increasing demand has meant that healthcare productivity constitutes a significant problem for emergency medicine. However, healthcare productivity remains a contentious issue, with some criticising the level of professional engagement. This paper will propose that productivity improvements in healthcare could occur (and be sustained) if professionals' perceptions and views of productivity were better understood.

Methods

An 8-month ethnographic study was conducted in a large UK ED, using semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals (HCPs) (n=26), a focus group and observation. Thematic analysis of the data was undertaken based on an interpretivist philosophy.

Results

The data demonstrate that HCPs accept productivity improvement as part of their contemporary professional role. In particular, their understanding of productivity is focused around five key domains: the patient; the professional; the culture; the process of work and the economic.

Conclusions

By exploring how these HCPs experienced and made sense of productivity improvement and productive healthcare, the data reveals how HCPs may reconcile a culture of caring with one of efficiency. Understanding healthcare productivity from this perspective has potential implications for service improvement design and performance measurement.
Has Boston's 2011 cigar packaging and pricing regulation reduced availability of single-flavoured cigars popular with youth?
Authors: Li Wenjun , Gouveia Tami , Sbarra Cheryl , Harding Nikysha , Kane Kevin , Hayes Rashelle , Reid Margaret
Published: April 2016

Objective

We evaluated retailer compliance with a cigar packaging and pricing regulation in Boston, Massachusetts, enacted in February 2012, and the regulation's impact on availability of single cigars.

Methods

Grape-flavoured Dutch Masters (DM) single-packaged cigars were examined as market indicator. At quarterly intervals from October 2011 to December 2014, availability and price of DM single cigars were observed through professional inspector visits to tobacco retailers in Boston (n=2232) and 10 comparison cities (n=3400). Differences in price and availability were examined between Boston and the comparison cities and across Boston neighbourhoods.

Results

The mean price of DM single cigars sold in Boston increased from under $1.50 in 2011 to above $2.50 in 2014, consistent with regulation requirements. Rates of retailer compliance reached 100% within 15 months postpolicy enactment based on observed price, and 97% at 30 months postenactment based on final sale prices. There was a 34.5% net decrease in the percentage of Boston retailers selling single cigars from 2011 to 2014. The number of Boston neighbourhoods with 3 or more retailers selling single cigars per 100 youth residents decreased from 12 in 2011 to 3 in 2014. No change in price or per cent of retailers selling single cigars was observed in the comparison cities in the same period.

Conclusions

Retailers throughout Boston are in compliance with the regulation. The regulation has been effective in reducing levels and disparities in availability of flavoured single cigars popular with youth across Boston neighbourhoods, regardless of socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic composition.
Geology and age of the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit, Babine Lake area, British Columbia
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Richards Jeremy P. , Creaser Robert A. , DuFrane S. Andrew , Muehlenbachs Karlis , Larson Peter B.
Published: April 2016

The Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit is genetically and spatially related to Eocene plagioclase–hornblende–biotite porphyry intrusions. One porphyry intrusion yielded a U–Pb age of 52.54 ± 1.05 Ma. Mineralization occurs in three stages: (1) vein-type and disseminated chalcopyrite and minor bornite (associated with potassic alteration and gold mineralization); (2) vein-type molybdenite (associated with weak phyllic alteration); and (3) polymetallic sulfide–carbonate veins (dolomite ± quartz–sphalerite–galena–arsenopyrite–chalcopyrite, associated with weak sericite–carbonate alteration). Re–Os dating of molybdenite yielded ages of 52.54 ± 0.22 and 53.06 ± 0.22 Ma, similar to the age of the host porphyry intrusion. Stage 1 vein fluids were predominantly of magmatic origin: Th = 400–526 °C; salinity = 39.8–47.8 wt.% NaCl equiv.; δ18Ofluid = 3.7‰–6.3‰; disseminated chalcopyrite–pyrite δ34SCDT = 0.2‰ and −0.8‰ (CDT, Canyon Diablo Troilite). Stage 2 fluids were a mixture of magmatic and meteoric water: Th = 320–421 °C; salinity = 37.0–43.1 wt.% NaCl equiv.; δ18Ofluid values range from 0.3‰ to 3.4‰; molybdenite and pyrite δ34SCDT = −2.1‰ and −1.2‰. Stage 3 fluids were predominantly of meteoric water origin: Th = 163–218 °C; salinity = 3.1–3.9 wt.% NaCl equiv.; δ18Ofluid = −2.3‰ to 3.9‰ for early vein quartz, and 1.1‰ to 6.1‰ for late vein dolomite; sphalerite and pyrite δ34SCDT = −7.1‰ to −5.6‰. Morrison is interpreted to be a typical porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit related to a calc-alkaline to a high-K calc-alkaline diorite to granodiorite intrusive suite, generated in a continental arc in response to early Eocene subduction of the Kula–Farallon plate beneath North America.
Functional analysis of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase gene of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536
Authors: Zhang Fuli , Liu Zhihua , Gulijimila Mijiti , Wang Yucheng , Fan Haijuan , Wang Zhiying
Published: April 2016

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) cleaves ACC, the immediate precursor of the ethylene, decreasing the level of ethylene and inhibition of plant growth resulted by environmental stresses. Here, TaACCD was cloned from the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536. Its open reading frame was 1047 bp long encoding a 37 kD protein of 348 aa, and a pI of 5.77. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated this protein to be closely related to ACCD from T. asperellum T203 (ACX94231). Transformation of Populus davidiana × P. bolleana with TaACCD, increased salinity tolerance of transgenic plants Pdb-ACCD3 and Pdb-ACCD5. Transgenic plants could survive at salinity of 200 mM NaCl, whereas untransformed control poplar Pdb-NT could withstand salinity to 150 mM NaCl. Transformed plants accumulated higher amounts of chlorophyll compared to Pdb-NT plants. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was regulated by TaACCD under salt stress, as shown from higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as NBT and DAB staining. Evans blue staining showed that TaACCD maintained membrane integrity in Populus under salt stress conditions. Additionally, TaACCD expression decreased ethylene content of transgenic plants compared to nontransgenic plants, but salt content in plant leaves didnt show obvious difference under same salt concentration. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first demonstration that the TaACCD gene from T. asperellum ACCC30536 can enhance tolerance of Populus to salt stress.
Biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 13. Stratiotes aloides L.
Authors: Snyder Eric , Francis Ardath , Darbyshire Stephen J.
Published: April 2016

The freshwater aquatic plant species Stratiotes aloides (water soldier) is native to Europe and central Asia, where it occurs in seasonally pleustonic or submergent populations. It has been imported into and cultivated in Canada as an ornamental plant. Recently it has been found escaped or persisting at five locations in south-central Ontario. A large population has established in the Trent River where it was likely present for several years prior to its discovery in 2008. The tendency of S. aloides to form dense floating mats can alter aquatic communities through competition and allelopathy, and is likely to inhibit navigation and recreational activities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence drainage system should it spread more widely in eastern North America. In Europe it is often abundant in ditches where it impedes flow and increases sedimentation. Moderate success at control has been achieved using herbicides (diquat) in the Trent River population, but manual removal has been inefficient. In spite of these control efforts, the plant is continuing to spread vegetatively downstream. An integrated management plan has been proposed to address its control by: (i) prevention of new introductions (pathway restriction); (ii) early detection and rapid response (newly established or found populations); and, (iii) eradication of known populations.
Expression of salicylic acid-related genes in Brassica oleracea var. capitata during Plasmodiophora brassicae infection
Authors: Manoharan Ranjith Kumar , Shanmugam Ashokraj , Hwang Indeok , Park Jong-In , Nou Ill-Sup
Published: April 2016

Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) is an important vegetable crop in Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. Cabbage production is severely affected by clubroot disease caused by the soil-borne plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. During clubroot development, methyl salicylate (MeSA) is biosynthesized from salicylic acid (SA) by methyltransferase. In addition, methyl salicylate esterase (MES) plays a major role in the conversion of MeSA back into free SA. The interrelationship between MES and methytransferases during clubroot development has not been fully explored. To begin to examine these relationships, we investigated the expression of MES genes in disease-susceptible and disease-resistant plants during clubroot development. We identified three MES-encoding genes potentially involved in the defense against pathogen attack. We found that SS1 was upregulated in both the leaves and roots of B. oleracea during P. brassicae infection. These results support the conclusion that SA biosynthesis is suppressed during pathogen infection in resistant plants. We also characterized the expression of a B. oleracea BSMT gene, which appears to be involved in glycosylation rather than MeSA biosynthesis. Our results provide insight into the functions and interactions of genes for MES and methyltransferase during infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that MES genes are important candidates for use to control clubroot diseases.
REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INTEGRATION
Authors: DAI PHAM VAN , DELPACHITRA SARATH , COTTRELL SIMON
Published: April 2016

This study examines the role of financial integration in determining the relationship between the real exchange rate (RER) and economic growth in East Asian countries. It hypothesizes that a competitive RER could play a greater role in promoting economic growth in countries with a low degree of financial integration. A growth model was specified using a RER misalignment index and its interaction terms with financial integration as explanatory variables. Different proxies for financial integration were employed to verify the interaction. The empirical results demonstrate the significance of the interaction terms and largely validate the hypothesis. This result demonstrates that a competitive RER policy is not a general solution for economic growth and its effectiveness could largely depend on a country’s degree of financial integration.
MONETARY SHOCKS, POLICY TOOLS AND FINANCIAL FIRM STOCK RETURNS: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2008 US QUANTITATIVE EASING
Authors: ASHRAF ALI , HASSAN M. KABIR , HIPPLER WILLIAM J.
Published: April 2016

We extend the work of Bernanke and Kuttner [(2005). What explains the stock market’s reaction to federal reserve policy? Journal of Finance, 60, 1221–1257] by examining the impact of monetary shocks and policy tools on aggregate stock returns as well as the stock returns of financial institutions during the recent period of quantitative easing (QE) in the US. Specially, we test for the effectiveness of a major non-conventional monetary policy tool, the use of special asset purchase programs by the Federal Reserve, in impacting the financial markets. Estimates from vector auto-regression (VAR) analyses show that the impact of both unexpected and expected monetary shocks on aggregate stock returns is magnified several times during periods of QE. In addition, traditional monetary policy tools, like the Federal Funds rate, have no impact on aggregate stock returns, neither leading up to, nor during QE, while our non-conventional policy measure does appear to have some impact. In an extension of our results, we find that unexpected monetary shocks have an increased marginal impact on the stock returns of financial firms during QE. In addition, the stock returns of financial institutions have significant reactions to both changes in non-conventional monetary policy tools and announcements surrounding non-conventional policy actions.
Tuning band gap and optical properties of SnX2 nanosheets: Hybrid functional studies
Authors: Guo P. , Luo Y. W. , Jia Y.
Published: April 2016

Based on hybrid functional calculations, the electronic structures and optical properties are investigated in the monolayer and bilayer tin dichalcogenides SnX2 (X = S and Se) nanosheets. Numerical results show that quantum size effects are obvious on the electronic structures and optical absorption in the SnS2 and SnSe2 nanosheets. The band gap values increase when the nanosheets layer numbers decrease. Moreover, for SnSe2 nanosheet, the optical absorption coefficients are high and its threshold values lie in the visible light activity range. These results are interesting and indicate that SnS2 and SnSe2 nanosheets may serve as the promising candidates for visible optical applications.
Naïve Bayesian Classification of Uncertain Objects Based on the Theory of Interval Probability
Authors: Chen Hongmei , Liu Weiyi , Wang Lizhen
Published: April 2016

The potential applications and challenges of uncertain data mining have recently attracted interests from researchers. Most uncertain data mining algorithms consider aleatory (random) uncertainty of data, i.e. these algorithms require that exact probability distributions or confidence values are attached to uncertain data. However, knowledge about uncertainty may be incomplete in the case of epistemic (incomplete) uncertainty of data, i.e. probabilities of uncertain data may be imprecise, coarse, or missing in some applications. The paper focuses on uncertain data which miss probabilities, specially, value-uncertain discrete objects which miss probabilities (for short uncertain objects). On the other hand, classification is one of the most important tasks in data mining. But, to the best of our knowledge, there is no method to learn Naïve Bayesian classifier from uncertain objects. So the paper studies Naïve Bayesian classification of uncertain objects. Firstly, the paper defines interval probabilities of uncertain objects from probabilistic cardinality point of view, and bridges the gap between uncertain objects and the theory of interval probability by proving that interval probabilities are F-probabilities. Secondly, based on the theory of interval probability, the paper defines conditional interval probabilities including the intuitive concept and the canonical concept, and the conditional independence of the intuitive concept. Further, the paper gives a formula to effectively compute the intuitive concept. Thirdly, the paper presents a Naïve Bayesian classifier with interval probability parameters which can handle both uncertain objects and certain objects. Finally, experiments with uncertain objects based on UCI data show satisfactory performances.
A Comprehensive Sustainability Assessment Framework for Ex-Post Evaluation of Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management
Authors: Sandhu Kiran , Burton Paul , Dedekorkut-Howes Aysin
Published: April 2016

Within the gamut of the neo-liberal economic ideology, private sector participation in urban service delivery is visualised as the ultimate solution to efficient and sustainable provision of the same. While private sector participation is being pushed vigorously in municipal solid waste management in Indian cities, there is a critical gap of literature related to its performance from a holistic dimension of sustainability. A robust study can only be conducted if the sustainability assessment criteria and indicators are expansively framed to enable critical studies to take place. Based upon a detailed analysis of existing literature on private sector participation in both generic and specific contexts of municipal solid waste, this paper elaborates on a comprehensive sustainability assessment framework for ex-post evaluation of private sector participation in municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the context of Indian cities but which is also possible to replicate or remodel as per contextual requirement in other developing countries.
An Accurate and Efficient Method for Dynamic Analysis of Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures
Authors: Gao Q. , Zhang H. W. , Zhong W. X. , Howson W. P. , Williams F. W.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, an accurate and efficient method is presented for analyzing the dynamic response of two-dimensional (2D) periodic structures. The algebraic structure of the corresponding matrix exponential is analyzed and, based on its special structure, an accurate and efficient method for its computation is proposed. Accuracy is maintained using the precise integration method (PIM), and great efficiency is achieved in the computational effort using the periodic properties of the structure and the energy propagation features of the dynamic system. The proposed method is compared with the conventional Newmark and Runge–Kutta (R–K) methods, and it is shown to be accurate, efficient and extremely frugal in its memory requirements.
The involvement of model-based but not model-free learning signals during observational reward learning in the absence of choice
Authors: Dunne Simon , D'Souza Arun , O'Doherty John P.
Published: April 2016

A major open question is whether computational strategies thought to be used during experiential learning, specifically model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, also support observational learning. Furthermore, the question of how observational learning occurs when observers must learn about the value of options from observing outcomes in the absence of choice has not been addressed. In the present study we used a multi-armed bandit task that encouraged human participants to employ both experiential and observational learning while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found evidence for the presence of model-based learning signals during both observational and experiential learning in the intraparietal sulcus. However, unlike during experiential learning, model-free learning signals in the ventral striatum were not detectable during this form of observational learning. These results provide insight into the flexibility of the model-based learning system, implicating this system in learning during observation as well as from direct experience, and further suggest that the model-free reinforcement learning system may be less flexible with regard to its involvement in observational learning.
Novel method for functional brain imaging in awake minimally restrained rats
Authors: Chang Pei-Ching , Procissi Daniel , Bao Qiyuan , Centeno Maria Virginia , Baria Alex , Apkarian A. Vania
Published: April 2016

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in rodents holds great promise for advancing our knowledge about human brain function. However, the use of anesthetics to immobilize rodents during fMRI experiments has restricted the type of questions that can be addressed using this technique. Here we describe an innovative procedure to train rats to be constrained without the need of any anesthesia during the whole procedure. We show that with 8–10 days of acclimation rats can be conscious and remain still during fMRI experiments under minimal stress. In addition, we provide fMRI results of conscious rodents in a variety of commonly used fMRI experimental paradigms, and we demonstrate the improved quality of these scans by comparing results when the same rodents were scanned under anesthesia. We confirm that the awake scanning procedure permits an improved evaluation of brain networks and brain response to external stimuli with minimal movement artifact. The present study further advances the field of fMRI in awake rodents, which provide more direct, forward and reverse, translational opportunities regarding brain functional correspondences between human and rodent research.
Oxidation Prevention Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Mixed with 1-Octanethiol-Coated Copper Nanopowder Composites
Authors: Cho Danee , Choi Dahyun , Pyo Youngjun , Pawar Rajendra C. , Kim Yongil , Yoon Eric H. , Lee Caroline Sunyong
Published: April 2016

1-Octanethiol-coated Cu nanoparticles were mixed with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to fabricate Cu nanoinks with enhanced oxidation prevention. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using modified Hummer’s method and rGO was reduced from GO using hydrazine hydrate. Copper nanoinks were fabricated with varying concentrations of rGO (Cu : rGO ratios of 100 : 1, 500 : 1, and 1000 : 1 wt.%). The coating layers on the copper nanoparticles and rGO were observed using transmission electron microscopy and characterized by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that surface roughness increased as the concentration of rGO in Cu patterns increased, and an optimized Cu : rGO weight ratio of 1,000 : 1 was established. After sintering, the electrical properties and corrosion resistance of copper patterns both with and without rGO were measured and monitored for 200 days. The copper pattern with rGO (Cu : rGO = 1,000 : 1) was found to maintain its initial resistivity (1.63 × 10−7 Ω·m) for 150 days. Corrosion tests were conducted to confirm the oxidation prohibition of rGO. The resistance polarization(Rp)of the copper pattern was measured to be 1.5 times higher than that of the copper pattern without rGO. Thus, rGO was shown to prevent oxidation and improve the conductivity of copper patterns.
Designing of Vague Logic Based 2-Layered Framework for CPU Scheduler
Authors: Raheja Supriya
Published: April 2016

Fuzzy based CPU scheduler has become of great interest by operating system because of its ability to handle imprecise information associated with task. This paper introduces an extension to the fuzzy based round robin scheduler to a Vague Logic Based Round Robin (VBRR) scheduler. VBRR scheduler works on 2-layered framework. At the first layer, scheduler has a vague inference system which has the ability to handle the impreciseness of task using vague logic. At the second layer, Vague Logic Based Round Robin (VBRR) scheduling algorithm works to schedule the tasks. VBRR scheduler has the learning capability based on which scheduler adapts intelligently an optimum length for time quantum. An optimum time quantum reduces the overhead on scheduler by reducing the unnecessary context switches which lead to improve the overall performance of system. The work is simulated using MATLAB and compared with the conventional round robin scheduler and the other two fuzzy based approaches to CPU scheduler. Given simulation analysis and results prove the effectiveness and efficiency of VBRR scheduler.
Service Arms with Unconventional Robotic Parameters for Intricate Workstations: Optimal Number and Dimensional Synthesis
Authors: Singh Satwinder , Singla Ekta
Published: April 2016

A task-oriented design strategy is presented in this paper for service manipulators. The tasks are normally defined in the form of working locations where the end-effector can work while avoiding the obstacles. To acquire feasible solutions in cluttered environments, the robotic parameters (D-H parameters) are allowed to take unconventional values. This enhances the solution space and it is observed that, by inducing this flexibility, the required number of degrees of freedom for fulfilling a given task can be reduced. A bilevel optimization problem is formulated with the outer layer utilizing the binary search method for minimizing the number of degrees of freedom. To enlarge the applicability domain of the proposed strategy, the upper limit of the number of joints is kept more than six. These allowable redundant joints would help in providing solution for intricate workcells. For each iteration of the upper level, a constrained nonlinear problem is solved for dimensional synthesis of the manipulator. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study of a realistic environment of a cluttered server room. A7-link service arm, synthesized using the proposed method, is able to fulfill two different tasks effectively.
Design Optimization of a Concrete Face Rock-Fill Dam by Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Li Yanlong , Wang Jing , Xu Zengguang
Published: April 2016

This paper combined with the adaptive principle to improve the genetic algorithms (GA) and applied it to optimal design of the shape of the concrete face rock-fill dam (CFRD). Based on the improved GA, a mathematical model was established for the design optimization of CFRD. CFRD utilizes dam cost as objective function and dam slope and geometries of the dam material partition as design variables. Dam stability, stress, displacement, and stress level are used as the main condition constraints. The calculation procedures were prepared, and the GA was used to optimize the design of Jishixia CFRD. Results show that the GA could solve the global optimal solution problem of complex optimization design, such as the high degree of nonlinearity and the recessiveness of constraint conditions, and using the GA to optimize the CFRD design can reduce the quantities of projects and engineering safety costs.
Updated Methods for Seed Shape Analysis
Authors: Cervantes Emilio , Martín José Javier , Saadaoui Ezzeddine
Published: April 2016

Morphological variation in seed characters includes differences in seed size and shape. Seed shape is an important trait in plant identification and classification. In addition it has agronomic importance because it reflects genetic, physiological, and ecological components and affects yield, quality, and market price. The use of digital technologies, together with development of quantification and modeling methods, allows a better description of seed shape. Image processing systems are used in the automatic determination of seed size and shape, becoming a basic tool in the study of diversity. Seed shape is determined by a variety of indexes (circularity, roundness, andJindex). The comparison of the seed images to a geometrical figure (circle, cardioid, ellipse, ellipsoid, etc.) provides a precise quantification of shape. The methods of shape quantification based on these models are useful for an accurate description allowing to compare between genotypes or along developmental phases as well as to establish the level of variation in different sets of seeds.
Synergism of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Illustrated by Danshen Compound
Authors: Su Xuefeng , Yao Zhuoting , Li Shengting , Sun He
Published: April 2016

The primary therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) are based on the properties of each herb and the strategic combination of herbs in formulae. The herbal formulae are constructed according to Chinese medicine theory: the “Traditional Principles for Constructing Chinese Herbal Medicinal Formulae” and the “Principles of Combining Medicinal Substances.” These principles of formulation detail how and why multiple medicinal herbs with different properties are combined together into a single formula. However, the concept of herbal synergism in CHM still remains a mystery due to lack of scientific data and modern assessment methods. The Compound Danshen Formula (CDF) is a validated formula that has been used to treat a variety of diseases for hundreds of years in China and other countries. The CDF will be employed to illustrate the theory and principle of Chinese herbal medicine formulation. The aim of this review is to describe how Chinese herbal medicinal formulae are constructed according to Chinese medicine theory and to illustrate with scientific evidence how Chinese herbs work synergistically within a formula, thereby supporting Chinese medicine theory and practice.
Mathematical Modeling of Smart Space for Context-Aware System: Linear Algebraic Representation of State-Space Method Based Approach
Authors: Yang Sung-Hyun , Kabir M. Humayun , Hoque M. Robiul
Published: April 2016

A smart space is embedded with several components such as sensors, actuators, and computing devices that enable the sensing and control of the environment, and the inhabitants interact with the devices in the smart space whenever they need to. To model a smart space, a dynamic relationship needs to be established among the elements of the space whereby the interactions with devices are considered a dynamic-process state. In this paper, a linear model of a smart space is presented using a state equation, where the two coefficient matricesLandHneed to be defined to model the smart space, and the coefficient matrixLis used to determine the states of the devices; similarly, the situation of the smart space is determined using coefficientH. An algorithm is presented to make a linear model from the logical functions that are used to describe the system. This model is flexible in terms of the control of the smart-space environment because the environmental factors are represented by a matrix element. This linear smart-space model is helpful for the control of a context-aware system, and we use an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
The Impact of Entry Technique and Access Diameter on Prelabour Rupture of Membranes Following Primary Fetoscopic Laser Treatment for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Petersen Scott G. , Gibbons Kristen S. , Luks Francois I. , Lewi Liesbeth , Diemert Anke , Hecher Kurt , Dickinson Jan E. , Stirnemann Julien J. , Ville Yves , Devlieger Roland , Gardener Glenn , Deprest Jan A.
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate the impact of entry method and access diameter at fetoscopic surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome in twin pregnancies with at least one survivor. The outcomes evaluated were prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) and birth <4 weeks, preterm birth (PTB) <28 weeks, and latency to birth. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of consecutive laser procedures from 6 centers was performed. Three entry methods (sheath + trocar; cannula + trocar; cannula + Seldinger) and 6 access diameters (2.3, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8, 4.0 mm) were used. Exclusion criteria were subsequent invasive interventions, termination of pregnancy or double fetal death after laser. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine risk factors for the study outcomes. Results: Six hundred seventy three fetoscopic laser cases were analyzed. The use of different entry methods and access diameters did not affect PROM or birth <4 weeks, or latency from laser to birth. Access diameter was associated with PTB <28 weeks. Cervical length was associated with PROM and birth <4 weeks, and latency from laser to birth. Conclusion: Instrument choice at fetoscopic laser procedures did not affect outcomes <4 weeks. Access diameter may affect the likelihood for PTB <28 weeks. Cervical length is critically associated with obstetrical outcomes following laser surgery.
Diet-Induced Weight Loss Reduces DNA Damage and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight/Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Soares Nayara Pereira , Santos Ana Celly Souza dos , Costa Eduardo Caldas , Azevedo George Dantas , Damasceno Débora Cristina , Fayh Ana Paula Trussardi , Lemos Telma Maria Araújo Moura
Published: April 2016

Aims: We aimed to investigate the impact of following a diet to induce weight loss (500 kcal deficit per day) over DNA damage and cardiometabolic risk factors in women with overweight/obesity diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A study was conducted in Natal, RN, Brazil selecting overweight/obese (body mass index ≥25 and <39 kg/m2) women (18-35 years). The levels of DNA damage were assessed by a single cell gel electrophoresis. Repeated 24 h dietary recall questionnaires, anthropometry, biochemical profile and sex hormones were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. Results: Women exhibiting a decrease in the markers of DNA damage: tail intensity (24.35 ± 5.86 - pre diet vs. 17.15 ± 5.04 - post-diet; p < 0.001) and tail moment (20.47 ± 7.85 - pre diet vs. 14.13 ± 6.29 - post-diet; p < 0.002). Reduction of calorie intake, weight loss, decreased sexual hormone and cardiometabolic markers such as insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were verified In the multivariate regression analysis, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and progesterone were responsible for the variation markers in DNA damage before the diet, losing its influence upon diet. Conclusion: DNA damage and the impact of cardiometabolic risk factors decreased after the intervention in women with PCOS, indicating the relevance of a nutritional approach in this group of patients.
Impact and Challenges of Early Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Very Low Birth Weight Neonates in a Developing Country
Authors: Boo Nem-Yun , Cheah Irene Guat-Sim , Neoh Siew-Hong , Chee Seok-Chiong ,   for the Malaysian National Neonatal Registry
Published: April 2016

Background: Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (EnCPAP) therapy after birth for very low birth weight (VLBW; <1,500 g) neonates has been reported to be beneficial in developed countries. Its benefits in developing countries, such as Malaysia, are unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to determine EnCPAP rates in 36 neonatal intensive care units of the Malaysian National Neonatal Registry (MNNR) in 2013, to compare the outcomes of VLBW neonates with and without EnCPAP, and to determine whether the availability of CPAP facilities and unit policies played a significant role in EnCPAP rates. Methods: First, a retrospective cohort study was conducted of VLBW neonates born in the hospitals participating in the study without major congenital abnormalities in the MNNR. This was followed by a questionnaire survey of these hospitals focussed on CPAP facilities and unit policies. Results: Of the 2,823 neonates, 963 (34.1%) received EnCPAP. Amongst EnCPAP neonates significantly fewer deaths were recorded (10.9 vs. 21.7%; p < 0.001), less bronchopulmonary dysplasia was observed (BPD; 8.0 vs. 11.7%; p = 0.002) and fewer mechanical ventilation days were necessary (p < 0.001) than in non-EnCPAP neonates. Logistic regression analysis showed that EnCPAP was significantly associated with a lower mortality (adjusted OR 0.623; 95% CI 0.472, 0.824; p = 0.001) and BPD among survivors (adjusted OR 0.585; 95% CI 0.427, 0.802; p = 0.001). The median EnCPAP rate of the 36 hospitals was 28.4% (IQR 14.3-38.7). Hospitals with CPAP facilities in the delivery suites (p = 0.001) and during transport (p = 0.001) and a policy for EnCPAP (p = 0.036) had significantly higher EnCPAP rates. Conclusion: EnCPAP reduced mortality and BPD in Malaysian VLBW neonates. Resource-strapped developing countries should prioritise the use of this low-cost therapy.
Treatment Satisfaction in Psoriasis: Development and Use of the PsoSat Patient Questionnaire in a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Radtke Marc Alexander , Spehr Christina , Reich Kristian , Rustenbach Stephan J. , Feuerhahn Julia , Augustin Matthias
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Evidence supports the potential value of matching patient preferences to treatment recommendations. The aim of the study was to design and validate a questionnaire on treatment satisfaction for clinical decision-making. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search identifying measurable indicators. The complete item pool was condensed to a core set by a multidisciplinary expert panel and tested in a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study. Results: The questionnaire consisted of 8 questions, rated on a 5-point Likert scale. In total, 213 dermatology centres included 2,084 patients. The mean disease duration was 19 years. A majority of patients (82.8%) was moderately to very satisfied. 108 patients (5.8%) felt to be bothered by side effects, and 32.1% ascertained that the current therapy had been conducted for too long without success. Discussion: The PsoSat Questionnaire was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring therapy-related satisfaction. Further research on its implementation in clinical decision-making is necessary to finally evaluate the benefit of this tool.
Missense Mutation in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Horse Androgen Receptor Gene in a Thoroughbred Family with Inherited 64,XY (SRY+) Disorder of Sex Development
Authors: Bolzon Colin , Joonè Carolynne J. , Schulman Martin L. , Harper Cindy K. , Villagómez Daniel A.F. , King W. Allan , Révay Tamas
Published: April 2016

Disorders of sex development (DSD) have long been documented in domestic animal species including horses. However, there is only a single report of an androgen receptor (AR) mutation causative of such a DSD syndrome in a horse pedigree. Here, we present a new familial AR mutation in horses. A missense mutation (c.2042G>C) at AR exon 4 explains the segregation of the DSD in a Thoroughbred horse pedigree. The mutation, expected to affect the ligand-binding domain of the AR protein, led to complete androgen insensitivity of 64,XY SRY+, testicular DSD individuals. Additionally, the design of a PCR-RFLP technique provided an accurate molecular test for the identification of horses carrying the mutation.
Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals a Mutation in CRYBB2 in a Large Mexican Family with Autosomal Dominant Pulverulent Cataract
Authors: Messina-Baas Olga , Gonzalez-Garay Manuel L. , González-Huerta Luz M. , Toral-López Jaime , Cuevas-Covarrubias Sergio A.
Published: April 2016

Congenital cataract, an important cause of reversible blindness, is due to several causes including Mendelian inheritance. Thirty percent of cataracts are hereditary with participation of the gamma crystallin genes. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity is observed in patients with gene mutations and congenital cataract; about 40 genetic loci have been associated with hereditary cataract. In this study, we identified the underlying genetic cause of an autosomal dominant pulverulent cataract (ADPC) in a large Mexican family. Twenty-one affected patients and 20 healthy members of a family with ADPC were included. Genomic DNA was analyzed by whole exome sequencing in the proband, a normal daughter, and in an affected son, whereas DNA Sanger sequencing was performed in all members of the family. After the bioinformatics analysis, all samples were genotyped using Sanger sequencing to eliminate variants that do not cosegregate with the cataract. We observed a perfect cosegregation of a nonsense mutation c.475C>T (p.Q155*) in exon 6 of the CRYBB2 gene with ADPC. We calculated a logarithm of the odds score of 5.5. This mutation was not detected in healthy members of the family and in 100 normal controls. This is the first Mexican family with ADPC associated with a p.Q155* mutation. Interestingly, this specific mutation in the CRYBB2 gene seems to be exclusively associated with pulverulent/cerulean cataract (with some clinical variability) independent of the population's genetic background.