bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Alleviating Effect of Fucoidan from Apostichopus japonicus on Ulcerative Colitis by Mice Experiments and In Vitro Simulation of Human Fecal Fermentation
Authors: Xue Lingyan , Huan Yuchen , Chang Yaoguang , Wang Yuming , Tang Qingjuan
Published: February 2025

Background: Fucoidan from Apostichopus japonicus (Aj-FUC) is a marine polysaccharide extracted from the high-quality sea cucumber, which has received increasing attention for its multiple biological activities. Methods: In this study, Aj-FUC was extracted, and its basic structure was characterized, while the alleviating efficacy of Aj-FUC on ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated using C57BL/6 mice. The improvement of Aj-FUC on the fecal gut microbiota in healthy individuals and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients was explored using in vitro simulated fecal fermentation. Results: The results reflected that Aj-FUC treatment attenuated the histopathological damage associated with colitis, reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Aj-FUC treatment also upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and occludin, thereby aiding in the repair of the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, Aj-FUC enhanced the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and helped restore the balance of gut microbiota, particularly by increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia. In vitro simulation of fecal fermentation showed that Aj-FUC could modulate the gut microbiota of IBD patients and increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study highlights that Aj-FUC can alleviate UC by modulating the levels of inflammatory factors, improving the intestinal barrier, and regulating the intestinal flora in a variety of ways.
Pulsed Electric Field Treatment of Sweet Potatoes to Reduce Oil and Acrylamide in Kettle Chips
Authors: Skinner Mark M. , Fong Morgan A. , Rimkus Tauras P. , Hendricks Alyssa N. , Truong Tina P. , Woodbury Luke G. , Pu Xinzhu , McDougal Owen M.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this investigation was to utilize pulsed electric field (PEF) technology to make sweet potato kettle chips (SPKC) healthier by lowering the amount of oil absorbed and reducing the amount of acrylamide formed during frying. Sweet potatoes were treated continuously in an Elea PEF Advantage Belt One system and prepared as SPKC, without peeling and sliced to a thickness of 1.7 mm. The specific energy for PEF application was set to either low (1.5 kJ/kg) or high (3.0 kJ/kg) with a field strength of 1.0 kV/cm and a pulse width of 6 μm. Batches of 500 g unrinsed potato slices were fried in canola oil at 130 °C for 360 s. The oil content in 3.0 g of fried SPKC was 1.39 g or 46.3%, whereas the oil content was 37.9% for high and 37.7% for low PEF-treatment conditions. Acrylamide (AA) in the fried SPKC was quantified by mass spectrometry to be 0.668 μg/g in the non-PEF control and 0.498 μg/g for low and 0.370 μg/g for high PEF treatment. The results of this study support the use of PEF in SPKC processing to reduce oil absorbance during frying by up to 9% and lower AA by up to 45%.
Impact of Cooking Processes on Volatile Flavor Compounds and Free Amino Acids in Fish Sauce
Authors: Xu Jin-Xiu , Zhang Xin , Fu Bai-Feng , Qiao Xin-Yu , Wang Zhen-Yu , Xu Xian-Bing , Cheng Shu-Zhen , Du Ming
Published: February 2025

Fish sauce is a widely used condiment in cooking. However, the effects of various cooking processes on its quality remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the quality of fish sauce subjected to various cooking methods (boiling for 10, 30, and 60 min and stir-frying for 10, 30, and 60 s) using sensory evaluation, electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and free amino acid analysis. Thermal cooking processes significantly altered the flavor profile of the fish sauce. A total of 38 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, 10 of which were screened as key aroma-active compounds based on their high odor activity values (OAVs ≥ 1). The total OAV values of key flavor compounds were lowest in unheated fish sauce (346.51) and varied from 347.64 to 707.40 in heated fish sauce. The maximum total free amino acid contents in boiled and stir-fried fish sauce were 4862.52 mg/100 mL and 4922.49 mg/100 mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in unheated fish sauce (4577.54 mg/100 mL) (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that temperature modulates the production of key flavor compounds in fish sauce by influencing amino acid metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into the application of fish sauce in food production and culinary practices.
Enhancing Shelf Life and Nutritional Quality of Lamb Burgers with Brassica By-Products: A Synergistic Approach Using High Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: D’Arrigo Matilde , Delgado-Adámez Jonathan , García-Parra Jesús J. , Palacios Irene , López-Parra Montaña , Andrés Ana Isabel , Ramírez-Bernabé María Rosario
Published: February 2025

This study examines the effects of incorporating broccoli and cauliflower by-products (leaves, stems and inflorescences) like puree ingredients and applying high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the quality, safety, and shelf life of lamb burgers. Broccoli and cauliflower by-products were valorized like rich bioactive ingredients, especially in phenol compounds. The valorized ingredients were added to lamb burgers (5% w/w), and 120 burgers were produced for the experiment: three formulations (lamb, lamb with broccoli, and lamb with cauliflower) × four pressure treatments (untreated, 400 MPa, 500 MPa, 600 MPa) × five replicates per formulation and pressure treatment × two storage times (day 1 and day 14). The interactions between composition and pressure were also investigated. The results indicated that while Brassica by-products contributed to slight changes in moisture content and fatty acid composition, they did not independently provide strong antimicrobial effects, likely due to their high moisture content and minimal impact on pH reduction. However, combining these ingredients with HHP treatment (600 MPa for 60 s) significantly improved microbial stability. HHP treatment effectively reduced microbial counts, which were maintained during refrigerated storage, supporting its role as a valuable non-thermal intervention for enhancing meat safety. In terms of oxidative stability, the inclusion of Brassica ingredients, particularly with HHP, reduced lipid (TBA-RS ≤ 1.47 MDA mg kg−1) and protein oxidation (≤5.05 Nmol mg−1 proteins) over time, thereby enhancing product stability during storage. Sensory evaluation and affective testing revealed no significant differences in appearance, odor, taste, texture, or overall acceptability between treated and untreated samples, with high acceptance scores. This suggests that HHP treatment, in combination with Brassica by-products, can improve safety and oxidative stability without compromising the sensory quality of meat products. Overall, this study presents a sustainable and effective approach for producing high-quality and safe meat products with extended shelf life.
Investigating the Impact of Nosema Infection in Beehives on Honey Quality Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
Authors: Stanković Mira , Prokopijević Miloš , Andrić Filip , Tosti Tomislav B. , Stevanović Jevrosima , Stanimirović Zoran , Radotić Ksenija
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of Nosema infection in beehives on the physico-chemical and biochemical properties and spectral characteristics of honey as indicators of honey quality. Comprehensive analyses were performed on honey samples from hives with varying levels of Nosema infection, examining water content, free acidity, optical rotation, electrical conductivity, sugar composition, catalase activity, and pollen content. Honey from highly infected hives showed higher water content (up to 17.3%), lower optical rotation, reduced electrical conductivity, decreased glucose levels, and increased sucrose levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified distinct clustering of samples based on infection levels, with changes in the sugar profile, particularly higher phenolic compounds, correlating with increased infection levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC modeling identified proteins and phenolic compounds as key discriminators of honey from infected hives. Correlation and PLS modeling further demonstrated strong relationships between spectral features and honey properties, including catalase activity and pollen content. This research presents a novel approach to evaluating the impact of Nosema infection on honey quality by integrating physico-chemical and biochemical analyses and sugar composition profiling with advanced spectroscopic techniques. These insights are invaluable for improving bee health monitoring practices and advancing sustainability in the beekeeping and honey production industries.
Exploring the Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Factors and Consumers’ Perception of Food Promotions in Romania
Authors: Defta Nicoleta , Barbu Andreea , Ion Violeta Alexandra , Pogurschi Elena Narcisa , Osman Aurelia , Cune Liviu-Cristian , Bădulescu Liliana Aurelia
Published: February 2025

In the context of economic crises and inflationary pressures, consumers often rely on discounted food products to manage their monthly budgets. This study aims to explore how socio-demographic factors are associated with Romanian consumers’ perception of food promotions. Data were collected from 1060 respondents, and the analysis was conducted using R version 4.4.2, applying both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including Pearson’s chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression. The Pearson’s chi-square test revealed significant differences in consumer responses based on all socio-demographic factors examined, except for residence. Males, married individuals, those with higher education, and higher net incomes were generally more cautious about promotions, while younger consumers (aged 18–24) showed greater receptiveness. The multinomial logistic regression further identified significant predictors and estimated their impact on consumers’ perception of food promotions. We found that gender, marital status, education level, and age were strong predictors, while income had only a quadratic impact, and residence showed no statistically significant outcome. These findings offer valuable insights for shaping marketing strategies and highlight the role of socio-demographic factors in shaping consumer perceptions toward food promotions.
Discovery and Characterization of a Distinctive Theaflavin-3-Gallate Isomer from Camellia ptilophylla with Potent Anticancer Properties Against Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Zhou Langhua , Gao Xiong , Huang Qiuyan , Chen Zhongzheng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhu Fuming , Li Bin , Lin Xiaorong
Published: February 2025

Theaflavins, as key bioactive compounds of black tea, are garnering increasing attention. However, research predominantly focuses on theaflavin monomers derived from the enzymatic oxidation of cis-type catechins. In this study, we identify a unique stereoisomer of theaflavin-3-gallate (TF-3-G), named isoneoTF-3-G, in black tea from Camellia ptilophylla (C. ptilophylla), which is rich in trans-catechins. IsoneoTF-3-G, a characteristic theaflavin of C. ptilophylla black tea, is formed by the oxidation of gallocatechin gallate and catechin. It exhibits a bright orange–red color and shows an [M+H]+ ion at m/z 717.1449 in positive electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, isoneoTF-3-G demonstrates potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells, with a half-inhibitory concentration of 56.32 ± 0.34 μM. This study reveals that the mitochondrial pathway is involved in the apoptosis induction of HCT116 cells by isoneoTF-3-G. Specifically, isoneoTF-3-G leads to increased reactive oxygen species in HCT116 cells, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and the consequent release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, activating caspase-9 and caspase-3, which further promotes the cleavage of poly(ADPribose) polymerase. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the composition and synthesis mechanisms of theaflavins and provide foundational evidence for the further development of isoneoTF-3-G and C. ptilophylla.
Surgical Risk Scores as Morbidity and Mortality Predictors in Periampullary Cancer
Authors: Perestrelo Elisa , Dinis João Pedro , Pereira Ana , Martins Sandra F.
Published: February 2025

Background: Surgery in periampullary cancers (PAC) is associated with high morbimortality rates. There are multiple scores used to predict surgical risk. This study aims to identify a possible correlation between POSSUM, P-POSSUM, E-PASS, and mE-PASS scores and morbimortality in patients operated on for PAC. Methods: POSSUM, P-POSSUM, E-PASS, and mE-PASS were calculated for patients operated for PAC in Hospital de Braga between 1 January 2011 and 31 August 2021. The calibration and discrimination of scores were analyzed by comparing the predicted mortality and morbidity with the observed one and by evaluating the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, respectively. Results: The study included 58 patients. The most frequent location was the ampulla of Vater (AVC) (43.10%), and the most frequent stage was IIb (48.28%). The postoperative mortality and morbidity observed at 30 days were 3.45% and 37.93%, respectively. P-POSSUM (O:E 0.45), POSSUM (O:E 0.16), and E-PASS (O:E 0.03) overestimated mortality, and mE-PASS underestimated it (O:E 1.89). In most subgroups, both POSSUM scores showed the best calibration. CRS and E-PASS showed the highest discriminative ability for mortality (AUC 0.982). In the pancreatic head carcinoma subgroup, the SSS showed better calibration for morbidity. The operative score had the best discrimination for the CAV subgroup (AUC 0.767) and for stage IIb (AUC 0.900). No scale showed discriminative ability in overall morbidity. Conclusions: POSSUM and P-POSSUM obtained the best calibration regarding subgroup mortality. E-PASS and CRS showed the highest discrimination for mortality, and the operative score showed the greatest discrimination for morbidity in the subgroups.
Effects of Distance, Noise, and Personal Respiratory Protective Equipment on Speech Comprehension in Simulated Critical Care Setting
Authors: Rojo-Rojo Andrés , Martínez-Abril José Eugenio , Muñoz-Rubio Gloria María , Iniesta-Cortés Paloma , Cánovas-Pallarés Juan Manuel
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Effective communication in critical care is crucial, particularly with the constraints of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This study aimed to evaluate speech intelligibility under varying conditions of distance, ambient noise, and PPE types in a simulated ICU. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was used with 23 participants in 24 scenarios, combining three distances (1, 2, and 5 m), two noise levels (quiet and ICU-like), and four PPE types (no mask, surgical mask, N95, and PAPR). Speech intelligibility was assessed by positioning the subjects at varying distances while playing phonetically balanced words through a playback device equipped with the different PPE being tested. The evaluation was conducted under two sound conditions (25 dB(A) and 45 dB(A)). The percentage of correct responses by the subjects to the perceived sounds was determined as a measure of intelligibility. The relation between variables was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test and the Friedman Test. Results: Significant differences in word recognition were observed across conditions. Ambient noise reduced intelligibility, with recognition percentages significantly lowering in noisy environments. PPE type also influenced comprehension, with PAPR posing the greatest challenge. Friedman’s test showed that increasing distance significantly decreased recognition accuracy. Distances beyond two meters negatively impacted intelligibility across all devices tested. Conclusions: In noisy conditions (>45 dB(A)), a combination of distances greater than two meters and PPE use reduced intelligibility by over 40%, potentially compromising patient safety. The use of communication aids, such as visual cues or alternative speech devices, is recommended, particularly with PAPRs, to enhance comprehension and ensure effective communication between healthcare providers and patients.
Effects of Different Coverage Years of Hail-Proof Nets on Environment, Leaf Traits and Fruit Quality in Apple Orchards
Authors: Guo Junjiao , Guo Yu , Tong Panpan , Wang Xiang , Wang Jiangbo
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of hail-proof nets with different coverage years on the environment, leaf traits and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple orchards, with the expectation of providing a basis for the scientific application of the coverage years of hail-proof nets. The test results indicated that hail nets with different coverage years could reduce light intensity in the orchard and increase air humidity to a certain extent, exerting a certain positive regulatory effect on the orchard’s temperature. The laying of hail nets had no significant influence on the thickness of tree foliage but significantly enlarged the leaf area. The hail nets covered for 2 years notably enhanced the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance of leaves. Different coverage years of hail netting had no significant effect on the fruit weight per fruit and the fruit shape index. The fruit luster gradually diminished and was significantly lower than that of the control as the coverage years increased. Further determination of the intrinsic quality of the fruits revealed that hail nets with different coverage years had no significant impact on the fruit hardness, soluble solids and total phenolic content. However, the soluble sugar, solid/acid ratio, flavonoids and vitamin C content of the fruits covered with 2-year hail nets were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. In addition, covering the hail net for 3 years significantly reduced the percentage of the sugar core fruit rate and sugar core index, while covering the hail net for 1 year, 2 years, and not covering the hail net were more effective in maintaining the sugar core index of the fruits. A comprehensive evaluation of the principal components of the hail net treatments with different coverage years demonstrated that the 2-year hail net treatment was superior to the others. In summary, covering hail nets could improve the microenvironment of the orchard, leaf traits and fruit quality to a certain degree. When the hail-proof net had been covered for more than 2 years, its protective performance and the enhancement effect on fruit quality weakened, and it was recommended that the hail-proof net should be replaced in a timely manner.
The Effects of Food Security on Academic Performance of University Students at a Hispanic-Serving Institution
Authors: Moya Eva M. , Schober Gregory S. , Wagler Amy , Ayala-Demeo Brown Jessica , Chavez-Baray Silvia M. , Liang Panfeng , Kennebrew Robbie
Published: February 2025

Several studies find that low food security has negative effects on academic performance in higher education in the U.S., but the samples for these studies often have low percentages of Hispanic students. Consequently, it remains unclear if food security affects academic performance in predominantly Hispanic settings. Our study aims to analyze whether food security affects academic performance at a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI). Using original survey data collected on 2020 students enrolled at a large research-intensive HSI and cumulative logit models, we assess whether food security influences concentration and graduation delays among students at an HSI in the U.S.–Mexico border region. Our findings strongly suggest that low food security reduces concentration and increases delays for graduation at the HSI. The results have important implications for HSI leaders who want to improve student success, and we offer recommendations for future programs and investments to build student food security at HSIs. Because food security is a strong social determinant of health, the study is closely related to the topic of addressing social determinants of health to improve Hispanic health outcomes. When universities take action to build food security among HSI students, they simultaneously make an investment to improve Hispanic health outcomes.
Development of a Fifteen-Minute City Index Using Walkability Scores and Age-Classified Population: The Case of Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Authors: Mañago Carlo Angelo R. , Nasalita Marielle G. , Saveron Cesar V. , Sunga Ynah Andrea D. , Claridades Alexis Richard C.
Published: February 2025

The 15-min city (FMC) is a people-oriented urban development strategy that aims to provide a higher quality of life by manifesting the people’s right to the city. This study proposes an FMC index that measures how close a specific area is to achieving the 15-min accessibility to the six social functions (living, working, supplying, caring, learning, and enjoying). In the case of Pasig City, social function service areas were generated in terms of walkability and walking speeds per age group. Grid-based and population-based FMCI were calculated based on the established weights of points of interest and social functions, as well as the barangay population distribution per age group. The results show that 90% of the barangays achieved an FMCI of 0.5 or higher. This study presents an in-depth yet replicable approach using open-source data, considering facilities in each social function based on necessity of each age group, as well as utilizing pedestrian walkability as an impedance. Further, high population-based FMCI barangays cluster in the southern-central part of the city. The developed FMCI offers a compelling rationale for other HUCs to assess urban planning strategies, such as zoning strategies in the context of the weighted importance of amenities, walkability, and population distribution.
A Novel Prognostic Signature of Mitophagy-Related E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Breast Cancer
Authors: Bian Kangjing , Yang Chihyu , Zhang Feng , Huang Lei
Published: February 2025

Mitophagy plays a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial quality and cellular homeostasis. But the specific contribution of mitophagy-related E3 ubiquitin ligases to prognoses remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identified a novel mitophagy-related E3 ubiquitin ligase prognostic signature using least absolute shrinkage and selector operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression analyses in breast cancer. Based on median risk scores, patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the biological differences between the two groups. Immune infiltration, drug sensitivity, and mitochondrial-related phenotypes were also analyzed to evaluate the clinical implications of the model. A four-gene signature (ARIH1, SIAH2, UBR5, and WWP2) was identified, and Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that the high-risk group had significantly worse overall survival (OS). The high-risk patients exhibited disrupted mitochondrial metabolism and immune dysregulation with upregulated immune checkpoint molecules. Additionally, the high-risk group exhibited higher sensitivity to several drugs targeting the Akt/PI3K/mTORC1 signaling axis. Accompanying mitochondrial metabolic dysregulation, mtDNA stress was elevated, contributing to activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the high-risk group. In conclusion, the identified signature provides a robust tool for risk stratification and offers insights into the interplay between mitophagy, immune modulation, and therapeutic responses for breast cancer.
Dysbiosis of Bile Microbiota in Cholangiocarcinoma Patients: A Comparison with Benign Biliary Diseases
Authors: Park Wonsuk , Lee Sang Kuon , Gwack Jin , Lee Seung Yeob , Cho Yong Gon , Kang Sang-Bum , Park Joonhong
Published: February 2025

Dysbiosis in the bile microbiota of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients suggests a potential role for microbial alterations in the pathogenesis of CCA. This study aimed to investigate bile microbial communities in patients with CCA and compare them to those in individuals with benign biliary diseases as a control (CTR) group. Microbial profiling was conducted using next-generation sequencing (NGS), targeting the V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by bioinformatics analysis using the VSEARCH and EzBioCloud platforms. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed to assess microbial richness and structural differences. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was utilized to identify potential microbial biomarkers. Results: This study identified distinct microbial profiles in the two groups at both the phylum and genus levels. In the CTR group, Pseudomonadota (65%) was the dominant phyla, while Bacillota (49%) was more abundant in the CCA group. At the genus level, Escherichia (29%), Enterobacteriaceae (12%), Enterococcus (8%), Ralstonia (8%), and Clostridium (5%) were more prevalent in the CTR group, whereas Streptococcus (34%), Ralstonia (8%), and Veillonella (5%) were dominant in the CCA group. Although an alpha diversity analysis showed no statistically significant differences in species richness or diversity between groups, a beta diversity analysis revealed significant structural differences associated with disease severity. Our comparative microbiome study using LEfSe analysis suggested a statistically significant inhibition of normal intestinal bacterial flora in patients with CCA who had not received any treatment. These findings suggest that microbial dysbiosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of CCA. Specific microbial taxa were identified as potential biomarkers for distinguishing benign from malignant diseases. These results underscore the potential role of microbial dysbiosis in CCA pathogenesis and highlight the bile microbiota’s utility as a diagnostic marker for biliary diseases.
Tropism of the AAV6.2 Vector in the Murine Retina
Authors: Suzuki Ryo , Katada Yusaku , Fujii Momo , Serizawa Naho , Negishi Kazuno , Kurihara Toshihide
Published: February 2025

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) that primarily affects rod photoreceptor cells, leading to the degeneration of photoreceptors and the gradual loss of vision. While RP is one of the most studied IRDs, other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the retina and optic nerve, such as glaucoma, also involve common mechanisms of cellular stress and degeneration. Current therapeutic approaches under investigation include gene therapy, retina prosthesis, and neuroprotection. Among these approaches, gene therapy has shown promise, though challenges related to viral vector tropism and transduction efficiency persist. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is commonly employed for gene delivery, but novel serotypes and engineered variants are being explored to improve specificity and efficacy. This study evaluates the gene transfer efficiency of the AAV6.2 vector following intravitreal injection into the murine retina. Male C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks old) were intravitreally injected with 1 µL of AAV2-CMV-EGFP, AAV6-CMV-EGFP, or AAV6.2-CMV-EGFP at a titer of 3.2 × 1012 vg/mL per eye. Retinal transduction was assessed using in vivo fluorescence imaging, flat-mount imaging, and immunohistochemistry. EGFP expression in retinal ganglion cells, Müller cells, amacrine cells, and bipolar cells was quantitatively analyzed. All three AAV serotypes effectively transduced retinal ganglion cells, but AAV6.2 exhibited enhanced transduction in Müller cells and other neuronal retinal cells, including bipolar and amacrine cells. AAV6.2 demonstrated more localized expression around retinal blood vessels compared to the diffuse expression observed with AAV2. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AAV6.2 had significantly higher transduction efficiency in Müller cells (p < 0.001) compared to AAV2 and AAV6. AAV6.2 shows superior transduction efficiency in Müller cells, positioning it as a promising vector for gene therapies targeting retinal degenerative diseases such as RP. Its ability to effectively transduce Müller cells suggests potential applications in neuroprotection and gene replacement therapies.
Unraveling Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Through the Use of Omics Technologies
Authors: Bourganou Maria V. , Chondrogianni Maria Eleni , Kyrou Ioannis , Flessa Christina-Maria , Chatzigeorgiou Antonios , Oikonomou Evangelos , Lambadiari Vaia , Randeva Harpal S. , Kassi Eva
Published: February 2025

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now referred to as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most prevalent liver disorder globally, linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. Understanding its potential progression from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for patient management and treatment strategies. The disease’s complexity requires innovative approaches for early detection and personalized care. Omics technologies—such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and exposomics—are revolutionizing the study of MASLD. These high-throughput techniques allow for a deeper exploration of the molecular mechanisms driving disease progression. Genomics can identify genetic predispositions, whilst transcriptomics and proteomics reveal changes in gene expression and protein profiles during disease evolution. Metabolomics offers insights into the metabolic alterations associated with MASLD, while exposomics links environmental exposures to MASLD progression and pathology. By integrating data from various omics platforms, researchers can map out the intricate biochemical pathways involved in liver disease progression. This review discusses the roles of omics technologies in enhancing the understanding of disease progression and highlights potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets within the MASLD spectrum, emphasizing the need for non-invasive tools in disease staging and treatment development.
Intraocular Pressure and Corneal and Macular Thickness in Men: A Pilot Study on Hormonal, Metabolic, and Physical Effects
Authors: Foutch Brian K. , Wilson Molly R. , Kramer Allison , Fortepiani Lourdes
Published: February 2025

(1) Background/Objectives: This pilot study aims to address the research gap on the interplay between ocular and systemic parameters as well as sex hormones in men. (2) Methods: We measured intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and macular thickness (CMT) in nine healthy male volunteers. These measures, along with blood glucose; blood pressure; and sex steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone), were measured twice for each subject. Linear regression was used to determine the individual effects of these measures as well as self-reported age, height, and weight. (3) Results: Height, weight, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and estrogen significantly predicted IOP and CMT. CCT models were more limited, with systolic blood pressure and estrogen as the most significant predictors. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that height, weight, blood pressure, and estrogen levels have the most substantial impact on ocular measurements. Testosterone levels were strongly associated with systemic health markers, a common result in the literature. However, ours appears to be the first study demonstrating estrogen’s effects on ocular structure or physiology in men. As many of our comparisons were statistically underpowered, future research with larger populations is needed to confirm these relationships and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
Comparative Mitogenomic Analyses of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Xiao Xiu-Ru , Chen Meng-Han , Li Shu-Yi , Guo Bing-Xin , Zhang Yan , Zhang Zhi-Chao , Qiao Ya-Jun , Lin Xiao-Long
Published: February 2025

Tanypodinae, a highly diverse subfamily within Chironomidae (Diptera), has been poorly represented in mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) databases, with only a limited number of complete or partial sequences available. To address this gap, we present the first complete mitogenome sequences of 16 Tanypodinae species and 1 Podonominae species. By integrating these novel data with previously published chironomid mitogenomes, we conducted a comprehensive comparative mitogenomic analysis of 21 Tanypodinae species. Our results reveal that Tanypodinae mitogenomes maintain a conserved structural organization, preserving the ancestral insect gene arrangement. The nucleotide composition exhibits significant bias, with the control region demonstrating the highest A + T content among all genomic regions. Evolutionary analysis indicates that all protein-coding genes (PCGs) are subject to purifying selection, with ATP8 exhibiting the most rapid evolutionary rate. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on PCG amino acid sequences delineates seven well-supported clades within Tanypodinae, corresponding to the tribes Pentaneurini, Natarsiini, Procladiini, Tanypodini, Clinotanypodini, Macropelopiini, and Anatopyniini. These findings significantly advance our understanding of mitogenomic architecture and provide critical insights into the phylogenetic relationships within Tanypodinae.
The Paraspinal Sarcopenia at the Upper Instrumented Vertebra Is a Predictor of Discoligamentous but Not Bony Proximal Junctional Kyphosis
Authors: Pennington Zach , Mikula Anthony L. , Hamouda Abdelrahman , Astudillo Potes Maria , Nassr Ahmad , Freedman Brett A. , Sebastian Arjun S. , Fogelson Jeremy L. , Elder Benjamin D.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Both poor bone quality and paraspinal sarcopenia have been suggested as risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) at the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) following long-segment thoracolumbar fusion. Methods: Adults ≥50 with a T1-6 UIV were identified, and data were gathered on pre- and postoperative spinopelvic parameters, bone quality (using Hounsfield units and vertebral bone quality score), and paraspinal cross-sectional area at L3 and the UIV. PJK was defined by a ≥10° increase in the proximal junctional angle. Cox regressions were performed to identify PJK risk factors; PJK was subdivided into types 1–3 based on the Yagi–Boachie classification. Results: In total, 15/76 patients (median age 66; 72.4% female) experienced PJK; 10 experienced type 1, 4 experienced type 2, and one experienced type 3. Univariable Cox regression showed that PJK was negatively correlated with total paraspinal muscle CSA at the UIV (HR 0.74/100 mm2; 95% CI [0.57, 0.6]; p = 0.02). Lower total paraspinal CSA at L3 (HR 0.94/100 mm2; p = 0.07) and higher postoperative global tilt (HR 1.03; p = 0.09) also trended toward significance. Similarly, type 1 PJK was predicted by smaller total paraspinal CSA at the UIV (HR 0.64/100 mm2; [0.45, 0.92]; p = 0.02). Paraspinal CSA was not predictive of type 2 PJK, but lower HU at the UIV and UIV + 1 trended toward significance (HR 0.98/unit; p = 0.16). A comparison of type 1 and 2 PJK showed a higher average of paraspinal CSA and a lower average of HU at the UIV. Conclusions: Global alignment and paraspinal sarcopenia were most predictive of PJK, though paraspinal sarcopenia was only predictive of type 1. Type 2 may be better predicted by bone quality.
Development of a Dedicated X-Ray Fluoroscopic Apparatus for Therapeutic Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy: A Review
Authors: Fukuma Taito , Ishii Shigeto , Fujisawa Toshio , Takahashi Keiko , Nakamura Tadashi , Shibata Futoshi , Tomishima Ko , Takasaki Yusuke , Suzuki Akinori , Takahashi Sho , Ito Koichi , Ushio Mako , Ikemura Muneo , Kabemura Daishi , Ota Hiroto , Nakai Yousuke , Kogure Hirofumi , Takahara Naminatsu , Isayama Hiroyuki
Published: February 2025

In recent years, pancreaticobiliary endoscopy (PBE) has evolved to include a wide range of endoscopic procedures used to treat various diseases. Several interventional endoscopic ultrasonography procedures have been developed for conditions that cannot be treated with conventional endoscopic methods. As PBE continues to advance, it is crucial to improve fluoroscopic systems to enhance image quality, ensure patient safety, reduce radiation exposure, and ensure the operation of video-recording systems. The difficult procedures require the precise imaging of thin pancreatic/biliary branch devices, including guidewires, catheters, and stents. It is crucial to reduce noise caused by patient breathing and movement, while retaining the necessary movement in the image on the screen. A stable table is effective for ensuring the safety of patients during the procedure. A reduction in radiation exposure is important, and the flame rate conversion technique is effective. Ensuring high-quality recording is useful for the video presentation of PBE procedures. In collaboration with Fujifilm (Tokyo, Japan), we researched and developed various functions in fluoroscopic systems for PBE. In this review, we outline the requirements for fluoroscopic procedures in PBE, the evolution of technology to date, and its prospects, while also presenting the commercial equipment currently available.
Metallic Multimaterials Fabricated by Combining Additive Manufacturing and Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Yadav Mayank Kumar , Shukla Riddhi , Xi Lixia , Wang Zhi , Prashanth Konda Gokuldoss
Published: February 2025

Nature has created a unique combination of materials, and the design and material compositions used in nature are not successfully employed for industrial applications. Metallic multimaterials (MMMs) are a unique class of materials that combine the properties of various metallic constituents (both matrix and reinforcement(s)) to improve the functionality, performance in real-time, and application spectrum. Accordingly, this study explores the fabrication perspective of MMMs by combining both additive manufacturing (AM) and powder metallurgical (PM) routes. Ti6Al4V structures were fabricated via the laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) process, and the reinforcement powders were added into the spark plasma sintering (SPS) mold where the Ti6Al4V structures were placed. Different reinforcement compositions including Mg, Al, Fe, Ni, and Cu were explored. Since the present study is focused on the variation of hardness, the hardness profile of the MMM composite was explored showing a sinusoidal trend. This study stands as a testimonial of fabricating MMM composites via a combination of AM and PM processes.
Polymer-Derived Carbon Matrix Composites with Boron Nitride Nanotube Reinforcement
Authors: Ekuase Okunzuwa Austine , Wu Qiang , Park Jin Gyu , Cai Jizhe , Liang Zhiyong , Yu Zhibin
Published: February 2025

This study explored the use of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as reinforcing fillers to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer-derived carbon matrix composites. BNNT-reinforced carbon matrix composites containing 0.5–5 wt% BNNTs were fabricated with pyrolysis conducted at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy revealed enhanced crystallinity and reduced defects in carbon matrix composites with BNNT addition. At 1200 °C pyrolysis temperature, sample shrinkage decreased from 28% in the control sample without BNNT addition to 12% with 5 wt% BNNTs, demonstrating BNNTs’ significant influence on the matrix. The density increased by 20.1% with 5 wt% BNNTs. Mechanical testing demonstrated an enhancement in the failure strain from 0.7% to 0.8% and an 87.8% increase in the work of fracture with 5 wt% BNNTs. Furthermore, the flexural strength and modulus improved by 68.7% and 55.6%, respectively, at this BNNT concentration. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature to 1500 °C further boosted the mechanical properties, with the flexural strength increasing by 283.7% and the flexural modulus by 528.6% when comparing samples containing 5 wt% BNNTs to those without BNNT reinforcement. Samples processed at 1500 °C with 5 wt% BNNT composition exhibited optimal performance.
Highly Stable and Temperature-Independent Humidity Sensor Based on PEO/PVA Polymer Composite
Authors: Yousaf H. M. Zeeshan , Javed Mazhar , Bashir Muhammad Mehran , Shaukat Rayyan Ali , Mahmood Hasan
Published: February 2025

Traditional humidity sensors frequently face challenges, especially in environments with fluctuating temperatures, which can compromise their efficiency, stability, and reliability. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to fabricate low-cost and high-performance temperature-independent humidity sensors. In this work, for the first time, highly stable and reliable temperature-independent humidity sensors have been proposed based on a PEO/PVA polymer composite. Four sensors were fabricated containing weight ratios of PEO/PVA as 50:50%, 40:60%, 60:40%, and 70:30%, respectively. All of the fabricated sensors were electrically characterized at three different temperatures, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, to investigate the impedance response. The proposed sensor based on a PEO/PVA (40:60%) composite presents a remarkable and optimized temperature-independent performance in the range of 0–60%RH. Apart from this, the response and recovery time (9 s/16 s) of the temperature-independent humidity sensor based on PEO/PVA (40:60%) were investigated. Finally, the sensor showed long-term stability for 90 days, ensuring the reliability of the proposed device. These remarkable performances of the proposed sensor based on PEO/PVA with a weight ratio of (40:60)% can open a new gateway for low-range temperature-independent humidity sensors for various real-time applications.
Effects of Exercise on Post-Stroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Li Gen , Zheng Wenda , Xu Ze , Lv Yuanyuan , Liu Xiaojie , Yu Laikang
Published: February 2025

Numerous studies have investigated the effects of exercise on post-stroke depression (PSD), yet the findings remain inconclusive. This study aims to evaluate the impact of exercise on depressive symptoms in stroke patients and to identify the most effective exercise protocols for this population. A systematic review of the Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted, with a search cutoff date of 13 September 2024. Quantitative synthesis was employed to assess the intervention effects, with effect sizes expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals to evaluate the efficacy of exercise in alleviating PSD. A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that exercise significantly alleviated depressive symptoms in stroke patients (SMD = −0.18; p = 0.007). Specifically, multicomponent training emerged as the most effective intervention for reducing depression (SMD = −0.24; p = 0.008). Additionally, exercise programs with a duration of ≥12 weeks (SMD, −0.17; p = 0.04), ≥3 sessions per week (SMD, −0.20; p = 0.02), <60 min per session (SMD, −0.19; p = 0.05), and <180 min per week (SMD, −0.27; p = 0.02) were found to be the most effective in alleviating PSD. Exercise represents an effective strategy for managing PSD, with multicomponent training potentially serving as the optimal intervention. These findings provide evidence for clinicians, recommending that stroke patients engage in exercise at least three times weekly, with individual sessions not exceeding 60 min. By increasing the frequency of exercise, the cumulative weekly time should ideally remain below 180 min for optimal outcomes.
Lean MASLD and IBD: Exploring the Intersection of Metabolic Dysfunction and the Gut–Liver Axis
Authors: Rotaru Adrian , Stafie Remus , Stratina Ermina , Zenovia Sebastian , Nastasa Robert , Minea Horia , Huiban Laura , Cuciureanu Tudor , Muzica Cristina , Chiriac Stefan , Girleanu Irina , Singeap Ana-Maria , Sfarti Catalin , Stanciu Carol , Trifan Anca
Published: February 2025

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) challenges traditional paradigms by manifesting in lean individuals. The link between MASLD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) underscores the importance of the gut–liver axis in disease progression and chronic inflammation. This study evaluates MASLD prevalence, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic predictors in lean individuals with and without IBD. This prospective study included 387 lean patients. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were assessed using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE). Anthropometric, clinical and biological data were compared. The subgroup analyses focused on MASLD patients with and without IBD. MASLD was present in 34.1% of lean individuals and 46.3% of those who were lean with IBD. MASLD patients had increased visceral adiposity (CUN-BAE: 31.21 ± 5.42 vs. 24.57 ± 6.49, p < 0.001) and metabolic dysfunction, including dyslipidemia and elevated fasting glucose. IBD-MASLD patients exhibited greater hepatic steatosis and systemic inflammation. CUN-BAE outperformed FLI and HSI in predicting liver steatosis, especially in IBD patients (AUC = 0.806). Lean MASLD, particularly in IBD patients, highlights the need for tailored diagnostic and management strategies. The gut–liver axis plays a key role in disease progression, and the CUN-BAE index demonstrates superior accuracy for identifying liver steatosis.
Changes and Future Directions in Liver Transplantation in the United States
Authors: Spitz Francis , Dharmayan Stalin , Mial-Anthony Jason , Abdullah Abiha , Elias Charbel , Packiaraj Godwin , Subedi Sabin , Molinari Michele
Published: February 2025

Liver transplantation (LT) in the United States is evolving in response to shifting disease patterns, innovative therapies, and technological advancements. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) now are the most common indications for LT, reflecting the impact of the obesity epidemic and increased alcohol consumption. Advances in pharmacotherapy for MAFLD and tailored protocols for ALD management are reducing disease progression and improving outcomes. The inclusion of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) as transplant indications highlights progress in chemotherapy and patient selection. Technologies like normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) are expanding the donor pool, while xenotransplantation and organ rehabilitation offer transformative solutions to organ shortages. As the population ages, LT programs must address challenges in older patients and explore minimally invasive approaches for donors and recipients. By integrating innovation and multidisciplinary expertise, LT will continue to provide life-saving care while adapting to the needs of diverse patient populations.
Analysis of the Wear Mechanism and the Influence of the Chemical Composition and Repair Welds of the Pig Iron Wagon Wheels
Authors: Krawczyk Janusz , Frocisz Łukasz , Matusiewicz Piotr
Published: February 2025

The aim of the present study was to develop a concept for the inverse analysis of wear mechanisms in cast steel wheels of a pig iron wagon after long-term operation. Samples were taken from the flange and the tread edge area of fourteen wheels. The impact of wheel parameters and repair methods on their wear was assessed. An analysis was carried out to determine whether welds were made as part of casting correction or as repair welds. Changes in the microstructure of the weld area, the heat-affected zone, and the parent material resulting from operation were determined. The main wear mechanism in the area of the welds and the parent material is the plastic flow of the material resulting from high unit pressures. The hardness of the material is found to be contingent upon its chemical composition, the microstructural components, and the degree of plastic deformation resulting from wear (it has been established that increasing alloying results in increased hardness; a comparable effect is observed in the formation of non-equilibrium structures (bainite)). The increase in hardness is attributed to strain hardening, a consequence of exploitation. Research and analytical methods have been developed to differentiate the results of repair processes for wear effects in a highly loaded friction node with non-stationary lubrication conditions from repair processes applied to castings of large structural components.