bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of teeth, alveoli, and periodontal ligaments on torsional rigidity in human mandibles
Authors: Daegling David J. , Ravosa Matthew J. , Johnson Kirk R. , Hylander William L.
Published: February 2006

We investigated the influence of teeth, periodontal ligaments, and alveoli on the structural integrity of human mandibles loaded in torsion. Surface bone strain was recorded from the mandibular corpus below the first molar on each of four specimens. These specimens were loaded by an external force that caused primarily torsion about the long axis of the corpus, and bone strain was recorded under the following conditions: 1) all supporting structures intact, 2) all supporting structures intact and the M1 loaded by a simulated bite force, 3) M1 removed and 4) alveolar bone of the M1 removed. For comparative purposes, experiments were also designed to investigate the effects of intermittent holes on the torsional rigidity of a baboon femur. This permitted comparison of the mechanical behavior of the mandibles with that of a more homogeneous bony member. These experiments suggest that the presence of teeth within alveoli has a measurable role in the maintenance of torsional rigidity. The condition of the periodontal ligament also appears to influence these stress‐bearing capabilities. Moreover, the alveolar bone supporting the teeth also provides structural support for countering torsional loads. For the specific case of corpus twisting, the mandible does not behave as a member with open or closed sections as predicted by theoretical models. The observed magnitudes of bone strain, however, conform more closely to the Predictions generated by a closed‐section model. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematics of the Saguinus oedipus group of the bare‐face tamarins: Evidence from facial morphology
Authors: Moore Allen J. , Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2006

The systematics of the Saguinus oedipus group within the bare‐face tamarins remains open to question. Hershkovitz (Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini), Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977) places the cotton‐top and rufus‐naped tamarins as subspecies of Saguinus oedipus (S. o. oedipus and S. o. geoffroyi, respectively). In contrast, several other authors have argued that these two taxa should be considered separate species (S. oedipus and S. geoffroyi). Phylogenetic relationships within the group are also disputed. Resolving these different interpretations has been difficult in part because no study of this group has included an objective measure of expected levels of specific vs. subspecific variation. We used facial measurements from 179 adult crania to address the systematics of this group and included a related species that is known to include multiple subspecies. Our sample included three taxa from the S. oedipus group of the bare‐face tamarins (S. oedipus, S. geoffroyi, and S. leucopus) and six subspecies from the related hairy‐face tamarin species S. fuscicollis. Comparisons to S. leucopus provided a relative measure of species‐level differences. Analyses that included S. fuscicollis provided a measure of subspecific variation. There was no evidence of facial sexual dimorphism in any of these taxa. A variety of multivariate statistical analyses including discriminant function and cluster analysis suggest that S. oedipus and S. geoffroyi differ morphologically at a level consistent with species‐level distinctions. The extent of differences between these taxa is large. The differences in their facial morphology was on the order of differences between S. oedipus or S. geoffroyi and S. leucopus rather than the extent of variation among S. fuscicollis subspecies. Furthermore, a comparison of collecting localities revealed that the variation we observed among S. oedipus and S. geoffroyi was not clinal but presented a large morphological discontinuity at the boundary between taxa. Our analyses also suggested that S. leucopus is more similar to S. oedipus than is either to S. geoffroyi. Finally, it may be that there are some distinct species within the S. fuscicollis group. However, this hypothesis, along with other phylogenetic relationships suggested by this study, will require more data and further study. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling methods: A case study of adult male chimpanzee locomotor behavior and substrate use
Authors: Doran Diane M.
Published: February 2006

Currently two methods, instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling, are used most commonly in studies of locomotor behavior. To date, no study has addressed how comparable the results of the two methods are. This paper considers whether different sampling methods of locomotor behavior produce different results.

Continuous locomotor bout and instantaneous sampling were carried out simultaneously on each focal animal during a seven month study of chimpanzee positional behavior in the Tai Forest of the Ivory Coast. Results provide two independent sets of data which describe the same events.

Results indicate that as locomotor bouts are frequently presented (the percentage of bouts spent in an activity), they overrepresent the frequencies of activities that occur relatively often, but for short distances, and underrepresent activities that have a relatively large mean distance per bout. However, when bouts are weighted with distance, as originally defined by Fleagle (1976b), there are no significant differences in the results obtained by the two methods. Both provide similar results for the frequencies of locomotor activities, frequency of substrate use, and the relationship between substrate and locomotor activity.

The advantage of instantaneous sampling is that because it is done at regular intervals, it can easily be carried out in conjunction with sampling other behavioral and ecological data. The advantages of locomotor bout sampling are that it permits the sampling of rare or brief locomotor events and allows for an analysis of sequences of locomotor activities.

This paper demonstrates that the two methods can be conducted simultaneously and thus provide the richest return from which the effect of environment and morphology on locomotion can be addressed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demography of the Hadza, an increasing and high density population of savanna foragers
Authors: Jones Nicholas G. Blurton , Smith Lars C. , O'Connell James F. , Hawkes Kristen , Kamuzora C. L.
Published: February 2006

This is a report on the demography of the Hadza, a population of East African hunter‐gatherers. In it, we describe the results of a census, and our estimation of age structure, survivorship, mean age of women at childbearing, number of live children, total population size and density, and rate of change since 1967. We show that relevant measures fit closely the stable population model North 6 chosen by Dyson to represent Hadza demography in the 1960s.

We compare aspects of Hadza demography with surrounding non‐Hadza and with the !Kung. Among other things, we find that the Hadza have a higher population density, higher fertility, and a faster population growth rate than do the !Kung. These demographic differences are consistent with our expectations, which were based on differences in the costs and benefits of foraging in the two regions.

We also show that Hadza demographic parameters display remarkable consistency over the past 20 years. Since neighboring populations have been encroaching on the area used by the Hadza, and Hadza foragers have been subject to interludes of externally imposed settlement, this consistency is surprising. We discuss some of the implications. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of lead concentrations in 18th‐century Omaha Indian skeletons using ICP‐MS
Authors: Reinhard Karl J. , Ghazi A. Mohamad
Published: February 2006

The analysis of skeletal remains of Omaha Indians buried between AD 1780 and 1820 indicated that lead was incorporated in cortical bone. The diagenetic or biogenetic origin of the lead was evaluated by examination of lead isotope ratios of the bones and artifacts, and comparison of lead concentrations in burial soils with those of the bones. The isotopic values of the lead artifacts demonstrate that the lead was mined in the Missouri region. Although the isotope ratios in the bones are not identical with that from the lead artifacts, there is a strong relationship between them. This finding indicates that the lead in the bone was at least partly derived from the artifacts. Because lead artifacts rarely accompanied the burials but lead was ubiquitous in the bones, we suggest a biogenetic origin for the lead. There is also the possibility that some of the lead may have been derived from pigments applied to the corpse during mortuary ritual. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic signatures of human dietary change in the Georgia Bight
Authors: Larsen Clark Spencer , Schoeninger Margaret J. , van der Merwe Nikolaas J. , Moore Katherine M. , Lee‐Thorp Julia A.
Published: February 2006

Measurement of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in samples of human bone collagen (n = 93) from a temporal series of four prehistoric (early preagricultural, late preagricultural, early agricultural, late agricultural) and two historic (early contact, late contact) periods from the Georgia Bight, a continental embayment on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast, reveals a general temporal trend for less negative δ13C values and less positive δ15N values. This trend reflects a concomitant decrease in emphasis on marine resources and increased reliance on C4‐based resources, especially maize. This dietary reorientation is most apparent for the early agricultural sample (AD 1150–1300), coinciding with the Mississippian florescence in the eastern United States. There is, however, a shift toward the use of C3 (non‐maize) foods during the last prehistoric period (AD 1300–1450), which is likely related to environmental stress and social disruption. A heavier use of maize and terrestrial resources in general after the establishment of mission centers on barrier islands is indicated. A reduced dietary breadth during the mission period may have contributed to the extinction of these populations in the eighteenth century. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New species of bushbaby from the middle Miocene of Maboko Island, Kenya
Authors: McCrossin Monte L.
Published: February 2006

A mandible recovered from ca. 15 million year old deposits of Maboko Island, Kenya, represents the first bushbaby known from the middle Miocene. The specimen is from a new species of Komba, a genus previously known from early Miocene occurrences in western Kenya and northeastern Uganda. Komba is revised, with emended diagnoses proposed for the genus, type‐species, and referred species. Komba sp. nov. is distinguished by its larger size and differences of molar cusp acuity, buccal cingulum expression, and mental foramen configuration. Contrary to previous opinion, species of Komba probably diverged prior to the last common ancestor of extant Galaginae, and it is unlikely that they represent early stages of living bushbaby species lineages. Although contemporary Progalago is widely regarded as a galagine, aspects of upper molar, lower premolar, and mandibular corpus morphology indicate that it is more closely related to lorisines. Unlike the greater success currently enjoyed by bushbabies, lorisines were more diverse and almost as abundant as galagines in the early Miocene of eastern Africa. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of age structure in anthropological demography
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Frankenberg Susan R.
Published: February 2006

The past decade has produced considerable debate over the feasibility of paleodemographic research, with much attention focusing on the question of reliability of age estimates. We show here that in cases where age is estimated rather than known, the traditional method of assigning individuals to age classes will produce biased estimates of age structure. We demonstrate the effect of this bias both mathematically and by computer simulation, and show how a more appropriate method from the fisheries literature (the “iterated age length key”) can be used to estimate age structure. Because it is often the case that ages are also estimated for extant groups, we suggest that our results are relevant to the general field of anthropological demography, and that it is time for us to improve the statistical basis for age structure estimation. We further suggest that the oft noted paucity of older individuals in skeletal collections is a simple result of the use of inappropriate methods of age estimation, and that this problem can be rectified in the future by using maximum likelihood estimates of life table or hazard functions incorporating the uncertainty of age estimates. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial autocorrelation invalidates the Dow‐Cheverud test
Authors: Oden Neal L.
Published: February 2006

Dow and Cheverud (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:367–373, 1985) have published a statistical test for comparing any three similarity matrices. Using both simulations and analytical arguments, I establish that the presence of spatial autocorrelation, a common feature of geographically based anthropological and biological data, causes this test to reject too often. Increasing the spatial autocorrelation increases the spurious rejection rate. About 20% of the papers that reference Dow and Cheverud's paper have used their test with spatially autocorrelated data. Mantel's (Cancer Res. 27:209–220, 1967) method, when used as a test of spatial autocorrelation, is unaffected by these considerations, since its null hypothesis is that the data are uncorrelated. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meningeal arteries in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for vascular evolution in anthropoids
Authors: Falk Dean , Nicholls Philip
Published: February 2006

The branching patterns of meningeal arteries are reported for 200 endocast hemispheres representing rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of known cranial capacity. We detect five basic patterns for the branching of the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery and its relationship with the anterior meningeal artery. These results confirm and elaborate trends published for much smaller samples that were based on direct dissections of rhesus monkey arterial patterns. The most common pattern is that in which the anterior meningeal artery dominates the blood supply above the rostral part of the middle cranial fossa. Analysis of cranial capacities reveals that presence of this pattern on both sides of endocasts is associated with increased cranial capacity. When studied in light of published reports of anatomical dissections of cranial arteries in apes and human embryological data, the anterior meningeal artery in rhesus monkeys appears to be a possible homologue of the lacrimal meningeal artery in apes and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery in humans. This finding provides a step towards understanding cranial vasculature homologies that may be useful for accurately scoring the branching patterns of the meningeal arteries in monkeys, apes, and humans. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medieval example of metastatic carcinoma: A dry bone, radiological, and SEM study
Authors: Anderson Trevor , Wakely Jennifer , Carter Adrian
Published: February 2006

An elderly male skeleton from medieval Canterbury displayed evidence of DISH and metastatic carcinoma. The dry bone findings, SEM, and radiography suggest a primary focus in the prostate. A review of the palaeopathological literature has shown that such a finding is extremely rare in archaeological remains. This is the first reported case of prostatic carcinoma from medieval England. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleohistology of Paget's disease in two medieval skeletons
Authors: Aaron Jean E. , Rogers Juliet , Kanis John A.
Published: February 2006

Paget's disease has been ascribed several times to specimens of archeological bone but, in the absence of microscopic examination, the evidence, remains insubstantial. Suspected metabolic bone disease is described here in the archeological remains of a skeleton from a 16th century burial ground at Wells Cathedral, England and from a single medieval sacrum recovered from a large deposit of disarticulated bones from a churchyard at Barton‐on‐Humber, England. Radiographs showed apparent structural abnormality in one femoral shaft and calcaneus and in the isolated sacrum. Histomorphometry on undecalcified bone cores confirmed the regions of abnormality and showed not only increased trabecular width but also areas of “mosaic” woven bone together with extensive resorption cavities; these features contrasted with the normal structure and organized lamellar bone from sites elsewhere. Despite post‐interment changes in surrounding tissues, the morphological stability of some of the osteocytes was remarkable. Preservation of the histology was sufficient to permit the assignment of a metabolic bone disorder and the nature of the sclerosis was consistent with Paget's disease. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Falsification of a single species hypothesis using the coefficient of variation: A simulation approach
Authors: Cope Dana A. , Lacy Michael G.
Published: February 2006

Dental variation remains an important criterion for assessing whether a morphologically homogeneous fossil primate sample includes more than one species. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) has commonly been used to compare variation in a fossil sample of unknown taxonomic composition with that of extant single‐species samples, in order to determine whether more than one species might be present. However, statistical tests for differences between fossil and single species reference sample CVs often lack power, because fossil samples are usually small and confidence limits of the CV are consequently large. The present study presents a new methodology for using the CV to test the hypothesis that a sample represents only one species. Simulated sampling distributions of single‐species and pooled‐species CVs are generated based on variation observed in dental samples of extant Cercopithecus species. These simulated distributions are used to test a single‐species hypothesis for 13 different combinations of two or three sympatric Cercopithecus species across four dental characteristics at different sample sizes. Two different ways to generate the reference value of the CV are used. Results show the proposed methodology has substantially greater power than previous methods for detecting multiple‐species composition, while maintaining an acceptable Type I error rate. Results are also presented concerning the dependence of power on sample size and on the average difference between means in a pooled‐species combination. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shanidar 1: A case of hyperostotic disease (DISH) in the middle paleolithic
Authors: Crubézy Eric , Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2006

The Shanidar 1 Neandertal partial skeleton presents osteophytic lesions on its vertebrae and appendicular skeleton which appear independent of the multiple traumatic and degenerative joint disease lesions on the individual. In particular, the large flowing osteophyte on the L3 body, a smaller one on the L5 body, and enthesopathic osteophytes on both calcaneal tuberosities, both patellae and the left ulnar olecranon, support a diagnosis of hyperostotic disease (DISH). The diagnosis is supported by small enthesopathic osteophytes on the preserved femoral greater trochanter and scapular corocoid process. This diagnosis would make it the oldest hominid specimen clearly presenting this systemic condition. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obstetric dimensions of the true pelvis in a Medieval population from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Sibley Lynn M. , Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: February 2006

Functional analysis of the true pelvis (defined as that portion lying below and including the pelvic brim) was undertaken on a sample of 36 females from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. Standard obstetric measurements were taken and compared to four additional prehistoric skeletal samples and to modern American standards for the same obstetric dimensions. Relative to the other prehistoric populations, the Kulubnarti pelves are smaller in most dimensions and, when compared to modern American standards, from one‐third to one‐half would be diagnosed as contracted in one or more planes.

Given the meager, fluctuating resources of these Medieval Nubians' harsh desert environment, pelvic size reduction is a likely result of body size reduction as one biological response to nutritional stress (Mittler and Van Gerven, 1989; Moore et al., 1986; Van Gerven et al., 1981). It is argued, however, that size reduction created a high potential for either maternal‐neonatal morbidity and mortality due to fetopelvic disproportion or neonatal loss due to low birth weight. In either case, it is suggested that the Kulubnarti population paid a significant biological price for this aspect of size reduction. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the obstetric significance of some pelvic characters in an 18th century british sample of known parity status
Authors: Cox Margaret , Scott Andrew
Published: February 2006

The excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields (1984–86) produced a sample of 968 human skeletons which were interred between 1729 and 1859. Of these, 387 were recovered in association with coffin plates stating name, age at death, and date of death.

There are 138 adult females in the named sample and the obstetric histories of 94 have been reconstructed from historical documentation. Such variables as birth spacing, number of children, and age at first and last births are known for the majority of this sample. Any individual about whose history there is any doubt has been excluded from the analysis.

A middle‐class group, they were largely of high nutritional status and, by the standards of the day, lived in sanitary and comfortable conditions. Both males and females have a mean age at death of 56 years.

The presence or absence, the typology, the severity, the width and the length of the preauricular sulcus, the presence or absence and the number of pits on the dorsal aspect of the pubic body, sulci along the anterior sacrum adjacent to the auricular facet, and the extension of the pubic tubercle were evaluated in relation to the obstetric histories of these females.

Statistical analysis has demonstrated a relationship between the presence of pubic tubercle extension and parity status and between the degree of extension and the number of children borne (P < .02).

Statistically there is no significant relationship (P > .05) between either the preauricular sulcus or pubic pitting and parity status. Sacral scarring is significantly associated (P < .05) with parity status, but as it was evident in only eight females it has little practical application. Sample sizes are small, and it must be considered that statistical evaluation of larger samples might detect associations between variables not demonstrated here. There is no significant relationship between any of the cortical variants under consideration and age at death. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal analysis of adolescent growth of ladino and Mayan school children in Guatemala: Effects of environment and sex
Authors: Bogin Barry , Wall Maureen , Macvean Robert B.
Published: February 2006

The rate of growth in height and the timing of adolescent growth events are analyzed for two samples of Guatemalan children. One sample includes Mayan school children, 33 boys and 12 girls between the ages of 5.00 to 17.99 years, living under poor conditions for growth and development. The second sample includes ladino children, 78 boys and 85 girls of the same age range, living under favorable conditions for growth. The Preece‐Baines model I function is used to estimate mean values for rates and timing of childhood and adolescent growth events for the two groups. Significant statistical contrasts (t‐tests) of these means show Mayan boys reach the age of “take‐off” (TO; the onset of the adolescent growth spurt) 1.45 years later, achieve peak height velocity (PHV) 1.68 years later, and continue growing for about 2.0 years longer than do the ladino boys. Despite the Mayan boys' increased duration for growth they grow significantly more slowly than the ladinos. Mayan boys are 6.60 cm shorter than ladinos at the age of TO and are estimated to be 7.71 cm shorter than the ladinos at adulthood. Mayan girls reach the age of TO 0.93 years later than do the ladina girls, but the two groups do not differ in the age at PHV or the age at adulthood. The mean height of Mayan girls is significantly less than that of ladinas at the age of TO (6.5 cm), and this difference increases to an estimated 11.14 cm at adulthood. Possible causes of these ethnic and sex‐related differences in amounts and rates of growth are discussed in relation to hypotheses about the genetic and environmental determinants of human development. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐cultural analysis of migration rates: Effects of geographic distance and population size
Authors: Relethford John H.
Published: February 2006

A model is developed that treats migration rates among populations as a function of the geographic distance between them and the size of both sources and recipient population. Specifically, mij/mjj = a(Ni/Nj)pe−bd, where mij/mjj is the relative migration rate into population j from population i, Ni is the size of the source population, Nj is the size of the recipient population, d is the geographic distance between populations i and j,p is a measure of differential density‐dependence, b is a measure of distance decay, and a is an adjustment parameter with little demographic meaning. Methods of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood are outlined. These methods are applied to migration matrix data from 13 samples obtained from the literature representing a wide range of ecological settings. All samples show a significant effect of geographic distance on migration, and all but one show a significant effect of differential population size. All but one sample show an overall tendency for migration to be negative density‐dependent; that is, the relative migration rate is greater from larger populations to smaller populations than the reverse. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Thewissen J. G. M. , Yoder Anne D.
Published: February 2006

A nearly complete cranium of Ignacius graybullianus provides increased understanding of the cranial anatomy of Plesiadapiformes. In nearly all details of cranial anatomy, Ignacius differs markedly from primates. USNM 421608 exhibits a long tapering snout, small widely spaced orbits, and a complete lack of postorbital process or bar. Large olfactory bulbs are inferred from the wide interorbital space. The marked flare of the zygomatic arches suggests that Ignacius possessed large and powerful temporal muscles. The basicranial region is particularly well preserved and reveals a distinct suture between the petrosal bone and an entotympanic bulla. This suture is visible on both the left and right sides of the skull and dispels the hypothesis that Ignacius and, by inference, other Plesiadapiformes share the primate synapomorphy of a petrosal bulla. To test the phylogenetic position of Ignacius, cranial characters were identified and scored for Ignacius, Plesiadapis, Cynocephalus, and a number of primates, bats, and scandentians. Two erinaceomorph insectivores were also included to allow the assessment of archontan monophyly. These characters were incorporated into a maximum‐parsimony analysis to determine the phylogenetic position of Plesiadapiformes. There are several important phylogenetic conclusions that can be inferred from this analysis: 1) Ignacius and Plesiadapis make up a monophyletic clade; 2) Plesiadapiformes may be the sister group of Dermoptera; 3) Scandentia, not Plesiadapiformes, is the sister group of Primates; and 4) Primates, plesiadapiforms, bats, colugos, and scandentians may not form a monophyletic clade Archonta. Consequently, the taxon Archonta is in need of review. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Trinkaus Erik , Walker Alan , Larsen Clark Spencer
Published: February 2006

Temporal trends in postcranial robusticity within the genus Homo are explored by comparing cross‐sectional diaphyseal and articular properties of the femur, and to a more limited extent, the humerus, in samples of Recent and earlier Homo. Using both theoretical mechanical models and empirical observations within Recent humans, scaling relationships between structural properties and bone length are developed. The influence of body shape on these relationships is considered. These scaling factors are then used to standardize structural properties for comparisons with pre‐Recent Homo (Homo sp. and H. erectus, archaic H. sapiens, and early modern H. sapiens). Results of the comparisons lead to the following conclusions: 1) There has been a consistent, exponentially increasing decline in diaphyseal robusticity within Homo that has continued from the early Pleistocene through living humans. Early modern H. sapiens are closer in shaft robusticity to archaic H. sapiens than they are to Recent humans. The increase in diaphyseal robusticity in earlier Homo is a result of both medullary contraction and periosteal expansion relative to Recent humans. 2) There has been no similar temporal decline in articular robusticity within Homo–relative femoral head size is similar in all groups and time periods. Thus, articular to shaft proportions are different in pre‐Recent and Recent Homo. 3) These findings are most consistent with a mechanical explanation (declining mechanical loading of the postcranium), that acted primarily through developmental rather than genetic means. The environmental (behavioral) factors that brought about the decline in postcranial robusticity in Homo are ultimately linked to increases in brain size and cultural‐technological advances, although changes in robusticity lag behind changes in cognitive capabilities. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive activity of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a Madagascar rain forest
Authors: Morland Hilary Simons
Published: February 2006

Mating activity was observed during four breeding seasons in two groups of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) living in lowland rain forest on Nosy Mangabe island, Madagascar. The onset of the May‐July breeding season was signalled by behavioral changes in adult males. Males made forays outside their usual home ranges, were more aggressive to other males, and performed appetitive and other sex‐specific behaviors more frequently. Females showed receptive and proceptive behaviors during a 1‐2 day behavioral estrus. Ruffed lemurs mated monogamously, polyandrously, and polygynously. These observations do not support previous assertions that they live only in monogamous families. Limited evidence suggests females exercised mate choice and may have preferred familiar males. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: The influence of morphology on locomotion
Authors: Doran Diane M.
Published: February 2006

Results from a 10 month study of adult male and female bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and those from a 7 month study of adult male and female chimpanzees in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast (Pan troglodytes verus), were compared in order to determine whether there are species differences in locomotor behavior and substrate use and, if so, whether these differences support predictions made on the basis of interspecific morphological differences. Results indicate that bonobos are more arboreal than chimpanzees and that male bonobos are more suspensory than their chimpanzee counterpart. This would be predicted on the basis of male bonobo's longer and more narrow scapula. This particular finding is contrary to the prediction that the bonobo is a “scaled reduced version of a chimpanzee” with little or no positional behavior difference as had been suggested. This study provides the behavioral data necessary to untangle contradictory interpretations of the morphological differences between chimpanzees and bonobos, and raises a previously discussed (Fleagle: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 1–19, 1985) but frequently overlooked point–that isometry in allometric studies does not necessarily equate with behavioral equivalence. Several researchers have demonstrated that bonobos and chimpanzees follow the same scaling trends for many features, and are in some sense functionally equivalent, since they manage to feed and reproduce. However, as reflected in their morphologies, they do so through different types and frequencies of locomotor behaviors. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal study of cranial base shape changes in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Lestrel Pete E. , Bodt Albert , Swindler Daris R.
Published: February 2006

The primate cranial base (CB) represents a complex irregular structure even when limited to two dimensions, making it difficult to describe quantitatively using the conventional metrical approach composed of angles and distances. Consequently, a curve‐fitting procedure, elliptical Fourier functions (EFF), was utilized; which accurately defines the form of complex two‐dimensional morphologies.

A longitudinal Macaca nemestrina sample consisting of 14 females and 15 males was utilized. Lateral headfilms, 1 to 8 years, were available (275 headfilms). Because the x‐rays were not always taken at precise one‐year intervals, a number of headfilms were excluded, which reduced the sample to 181. The CB boundary outline was carefully traced onto acetate sheets and 54 points located. The observed points were digitized and used to compute size‐standardized EFF's with 20 harmonics. From each EFF, a set of 150 expected distances to the CB boundary was generated using the centroid as an origin. Superimposition of the CB's on the centroid also provided a detailed picture of the relative shape changes with respect to that center.

Statistically significant shape differences were found as a function of age and sexual dimorphism. These age changes consisted of a gradual anteroposterior lengthening with a concomitant narrowing in the superoinferior direction. Specifically, a lengthening of the dorsal clivus and an anterior migration of the hypophyseal fossa could also be discerned. Thus, Fourier descriptors provide a particularly powerful method for documenting, both visually and numerically, the shape changes of complex two dimensional morphologies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human taxonomic diversity in the pleistocene: Does Homo erectus represent multiple hominid species?
Authors: Kramer Andrew
Published: February 2006

Recently, nomina such as “Homo heidelbergensis” and “H. ergaster” have been resurrected to refer to fossil hominids that are perceived to be specifically distinct from Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. This results in a later human fossil record that is nearly as speciose as that documenting the earlier history of the family Hominidae. However, it is agreed that there remains only one extant hominid species: H. sapiens. Has human taxonomic diversity been significantly pruned over the last few hundred millennia, or have the number of taxa been seriously overestimated?

To answer this question, the following null hypothesis is tested: polytypism was established relatively early and the species H. erectus can accommodate all spatio‐temporal variation from ca. 1.7 to 0.5 Ma. A disproof of this hypothesis would suggest that modern human polytypism is a very recent phenomenon and that speciation throughout the course of human evolution was the norm and not the exception.

Cranial variation in a taxonomically mixed sample of fossil hominids, and in a modern human sample, is analyzed with regard to the variation present in the fossils attributed to H. erectus. The data are examined using both univariate (coefficient of variation) and multivariate (determinant) analyses. Employing randomization methodology to offset the small size and non‐normal distribution of the fossil samples, the CV and determinant results reveal a pattern and degree of variation in H. erectus that most closely approximates that of the single species H. sapiens. It is therefore concluded that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile
Authors: Aufderheide Arthur C. , Muñoz Ivan , Arriaza Bernardo
Published: February 2006

The mummification methods of an ancient maritime population on the northern coast of Chile are reviewed and the findings in an additional seven individuals are reported. Members of this cultural group, Chinchorro, practiced a selective, elaborate form of artificial mummification which persisted more than 4,000 years. Its complexity diminished with time, gradually disappearing after 2,000 B. C. One of the seven individuals herein reported is a rather poorly but spontaneously (“naturally”) preserved body that may represent the oldest mummy reported to date–about 9,000 years old. Chemical reconstruction of their diet demonstrates that the principal component was derived from marine resources with only minor supplementation from terrestrial hunting as well as food gathering from river mouth vegetal sources, confirming the marine dependence of their adaptational strategy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of anemia and infection from medieval York, England
Authors: Grauer A. L.
Published: February 2006

An assessment of the presence and patterns of porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions in the skeletal population (n = 1,014) from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, York, are used to examine health and disease in urban medieval England. The analyses of these two lesions indicate that 58% of the population display evidence of porotic hyperostosis and that 21.5% of the population display periosteal reactions. Through differential diagnosis it is asserted that porotic hyperostosis is associated with iron‐deficiency anemia, and that periosteal reactions may be the result of endemic treponematosis and/or non‐specific infection, including parasitic infestation. An association between the presence of remodeled lesions and adulthood is noticeable for both porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions, as is a pattern of increased average age at death for those displaying both conditions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protection from intrauterine growth retardation in Tibetans at high altitude
Authors: Zamudio Stacy , Droma Tarshi , Norkyel Kundu Y. , Acharya Ganesh , Zamudio Joseph A. , Niermeyer Susan N. , Moore Lorna G.
Published: February 2006

Intrauterine growth retardation has long been recognized at high altitude. Since growth‐retarded babies have a decreased chance of survival, intrauterine growth retardation would be expected to have been selected against in populations long resident at high altitude. We have previously reported that Tibetan babies born at 3,658 m weighed more than their North or South American altitude counterparts. This study sought to determine whether Tibetans were protected from altitude‐associated intrauterine growth retardation. We compared birth weights in Tibetans living at low altitude in Kathmandu, Nepal (elevation 1,200 m), or at high altitude in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (elevation 3,658 m). Birth weights were similar in 45 low‐altitude and 34 high‐altitude Tibetan births regardless of whether all infants or only full‐term births were considered, or whether birth weight was adjusted for variation in maternal parity, gestational age, and infant sex. In comparison with literature observations, the altitude‐associated difference in birth weight was smallest in Tibetans, intermediate in South America, and greatest in North America. These data support the hypothesis that Tibetans are protected from altitude‐associated intrauterine growth retardation and suggest that selection for optimization of birth weight at high altitude has occurred in Tibetans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further studies on the month‐of‐birth effect on body size: Rural schoolchildren and an animal model
Authors: And Maciej Henneberg , Louw Graham J.
Published: February 2006

A previous study (Henneberg and Louw: Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2:227–233, 1990) showed that urban schoolchildren born between August and January were taller and heavier by 13 to 17% of the standard deviation (S) than those born in February to July. The study is now extended to 1,522 impoverished rural schoolchildren from the Little Karoo district of S. Africa and to 804 German Shepherd dogs kennelled at a breeding station in the Transvaal. The dogs provided a quasi‐experimental model because for all of them nutrition and living conditions were practically identical throughout the year. The month‐of‐birth effect in the body weight of dogs was found to be stronger than that in urban children: dogs born between August and January were heavier by 22% of S than those born in February through July. In rural children the effect is present, but its magnitude is somewhat less and the peak is shifted by 2–3 months. Children born in May through October are 11% of S lighter than those born in November through April. It seems that living conditions characteristic of extreme poverty tend to diminish the effect. In both the animal model and rural children the month‐of‐birth effect decreases with advancing age and is more pronounced in males than in females. These findings are in agreement with previous observations in urban children from Cape Town. Since the living conditions of dogs and humans differ, as do the climatic conditions of Cape Town, Little Karoo and the Transvaal, it is surmised that the similarity of the effect may result from factors influencing the entire planet in a uniform way. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Variation in the frequency and form of the lower permanent molar middle trigonid crest
Authors: Wu Liu , Turner Christy G.
Published: February 2006

The frequency and form of the middle trigonid crest (MTC) in lower permanent molars is reported for 1,131 dental casts of Bushman (San), Bantu, Solomons, Hawaiians, Pima, Eskimo, Navajo, Chinese, and American whites. The MTC occurs most often on the first molar. We found very little intra‐trait variation, so observations were scored on a present‐absent basis. The MTC is most frequent in the African samples and rare in those of the other populations. Two reference plaques can be obtained to add to the existing series in the ASU dental anthropology system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in ancient northern Chile
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T.
Published: February 2006

Bioarchaeological research of ancient Amerindians was undertaken to test the hypothesis that seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) existed in prehistoric South Americans. An osteological‐radiographic model was developed from clinical literature and systematically applied to 504 archaeological human remains housed at the Universidad de Tarapacá in Arica, Chile, to search for evidence of these arthritides. The results showed that SNS existed with an average frequency of 7% for the adult sample and DISH averaged 4% in individuals over 40 years old. It was found that the antiquity of SNS date back at least 5,000 years in both New World and Old World populations. In contrast, the antiquity of DISH in the Americas is not clear because no previous studies have dealt with this subject; however, this research finds mild DISH cases dating back 4,000 years in northern Chile. It was also found that SNS and DISH exhibit a trend of increasing incidence with the advent of agro‐pastoral activities and village formation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical detection of interstitial collagens in bone and cartilage tissue remnants in an infant Peruvian mummy
Authors: Nerlich Andreas G. , Parsche Franz , Kirsch Thorsten , Wiest Irmgard , Von Der Mark Klaus
Published: February 2006

We investigated the immunohistochemical presence of various collagen types in bone and cartilage tissue from an infant Peruvian mummy dating between 500 and 1000 A. D. which had been excavated at the necropolis of Las Trancas in the Nazca region in Peru. Following careful rehydration and decalcification of the tissue, the mummy tissue showed morphologically good preservation of the matrix, which could be shown to be composed of various collagen types in a typical pattern. Bone consisted of a collagen I matrix with a small rim of collagen III and V at the endosteal lining and a pericellular collagen V staining around osteocytic holes. In the hypertrophic cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate, a typical pattern of collagen types II and X could be found. These observations provide evidence that in well‐preserved mummy tissue the antigenic determinants of major matrix components are still adequately preserved for an immunohistochemical analysis. This technique may thus be a very helpful tool for the analysis of pathologic processes of historic bone tissue. It may also allow in certain circumstances a distinction between pseudopathologic tissue destruction and pathologic tissue alteration. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of the multifactorial aging method using skeletons with known ages‐at‐death from the grant collection
Authors: Bedford M. E. , Russell K. F. , Lovejoy C. O. , Meindl R. S. , Simpson S. W. , Stuart‐Macadam P. L.
Published: February 2006

The multifactorial aging method has been shown to be a highly reliable method of skeletal aging because it incorporates age information from as many age indicators as are available for each skeleton (Lovejoy et al.; Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1–14, 1985). The present study was a blind test to assess its accuracy on a skeletal sample composed of 55 individuals with verified death certificates (Grant Collection, University of Toronto). Three authors (C. O. L., M. E. B., and K. F. R.), with no access to the death certificate ages, independently seriated and aged the sample using three to four criteria: auricular surface, pubic symphysis, and radiographs of the proximal femur and clavicle. Summary ages were then calculated for each individual in the sample.

The authors' independent summary age estimates showed strong correlations with one another (r = 0.84–0.89). Multifactorial age estimates correlated better with real age than did those from any single indicator used. The mean error (averaging 8.7 years) for summary age was at least 1 year less than that for any single indicator. Average bias ranged from −0.7 (underage) to 1.4 (overage) years. These results indicate that utilization of several age indicators, weighted according to their reliability, helps control for variation in the changes that occur with age in any single morphological indicator. This method may therefore be considered one of the most accurate available for the determination of skeletal age‐at‐death, particularly for paleodemographic analysis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.