bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevation changes on the East Antarctic ice sheet, 1978-93, from satellite
radar altimetry: a preliminary assessment
Authors: Lingle Craig S. , Covey David N.
Published: November 2017

Radar altimeter data from Seasal (1978), Geosat (1985-88) and ERS-1 (1991—93)
are employed to estimate multi-year mean changes of the surface height throughout
a region on the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) extending to 72.1° S, the
southernmost limit of coverage for Seasat and Geosat altimetry, and above 1500 m
elevation, using orbit crossover analysis. The changes are estimated on a
same-season (austral late-winter (ALW) toALW) basis, where ALW is the 10 July 9
October time-frame of the Seasat altimetry. Altimeter data corrected for
slope-induced errors are used. Altimeter data not corrected for slope-induced
errors are also used, for comparison. Intersatellite orbit bias, combined with the
effect of other radial errors such as instrumental bias, is estimated using
crossover differences on the offshore ALW sea ice, which is employed as a
geoid-parallcl reference surface. If similar intersatellite radial biases are
characteristic of the continental Antarctic ice-sheet altimetry to 72.1° S, the
results of all crossover analyses adjusted for this intersatellite bias — suggest
that the mean rate-of-change of the surface height between Seasat and Geosat for
ALWs 1978 to 1986-88 was with in the range +11 to -11 mm a−1.
The bias-adjusted results of all crossover analyses between Seasat and ERS-1
suggest that the mean rate-of-change of the surface height between ALWs 1978 and
1991-93 was with in the range-17 to-55mma−1 (maximum
intersatellitc bias estimate) or 0 to -40 mm a−1 (minimum
bias estimate), suggesting that the surface may have lowered slightly during this
time interval. The inconsistency of the adjusted Seasat to Geosat vs Seasat to
ERS-1 results, however, may be an indication that orbits more accurate than JGM-2
are needed for estimation of regional multi-year mean changes of elevation on the
EAIS. Alternatively, it may be a reflection of the differing orbit inclinations of
Seasal and ERS-1.
First results of the Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project
(SIMIP)
Authors: Kreyscher Martin , Harder Markus , Lemke Peter
Published: November 2017

The Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP) is part of the activities
of the Sea Ice-Ocean Modeling Panel (SIOM) of the Arctic Climate System
Study (WMO) (ACSYS) that aims to determine the optimal sea-ice model for
climate simulations. This investigation is focused on the dynamics of sea
ice. A hierarchy of four sea-ice rheologies is applied, including a
viscous-plastic rheology, a cavitating-fluid model, a compressible Newtonian
fluid, and a simple scheme with a step-function stoppage for ice drift.

For comparison, the same grid, land boundaries and forcing fields are
applied to all models. Atmospheric forcing for a 7 year period is obtained
from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (UK) (ECMWF
analyses), while occanic forcing consists of annual mean geostrophic
currents and heal fluxes into a fixed mixed layer. Daily buoy-drift data
monitored by the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) and ice
thicknesses at the North Pole from submarine upward-looking sonar are
available as verification data. The daily drift statistics for separate
regions and seasons contribute to an error function showing significant
differences between the models. Additionally, Fram Strait ice exports
predicted by the different models are investigated. The ice export of the
viscous-plastic model amounts to 0.11 Sv. when it is optimized to the mean
daily buoy velocities and the observed North Pole ice thicknesses. The
cavitating-fluid model yields a very similar Fram Strait outflow, but
underestimates the North Pole ice thickness. The two other dynamic schemes
predict unrealistically large ice thicknesses in the central Arctic region,
while Fram Strait ice exports are too low.
Parameterization of fluxes over heterogeneous snow cover for
GCMs
Authors: Essery Richard
Published: November 2017

Fluxes of heat and moisture over heterogeneous snow cover are studied using
a boundary-layer model. The performance of a “tile” model, suitable for
calculating gridbox-average surface fluxes in a GCM, is assessed in
comparison with the boundary-layer model. The impact of using a tile
representation for heterogeneous snow cover in a single-column version of
the Hadley Centre GCM is discussed.
Coupling a multi-layered snow model with a GCM
Authors: Brun Eric , Martin Eric , Spiridonov Valery
Published: November 2017

A multi-layered snow model, including most physical processes governing the
evolution of snowpacks, has been coupled to a global circulation model (GCM)
to improve the representation of snow cover in climate simulations. The snow
model (Crocus) includes original features to simulate the evolution of
snowpack layering that allows a realistic calculation of snow albedo as a
function of the type and size of the crystals of the surface layer. The
coupling scheme is based on a synchronous run of the GCM and of the snow
model with an exchange of the surface fluxes at every time-step. It was
tested in a five-year run at a T42 resolution. The impact on the atmosphere
was important over most snow-covered regions and the snowpacks simulated in
the different regions present a layering that is realistic and very variable
in connection with the climate. The simulated snow cover compares
satisfactorily with the present snow climatology.
The Antarctic surface mass balance in a stretched grid general
circulation model
Authors: Krinner Gerhard , Genthon Christophe
Published: November 2017

The Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) variable-grid atmospheric
general circulation model (AGCM) was used in this study for a five-year
high-resolution simulation of the Antarctic climate. The horizontal
resolution is about 100 km over a large part of the ice sheet. This study
focuses on the simulated surface mass balance (precipitation-evaporation
sublimation-melt) and on the spatial and temporal variability of snowfall in
Antarctica. The simulated annual mean surface mass balance for the whole
continent is close to the observed value, and the model simulates well the
spatial distribution of the surface mass balance. The annual cycle of
snowfall exhibits a clear minimum in summer over the high interior plateau
as well as for Antarctica as a whole, in agreement with the observations. In
the interior of the continent, the model produces a permanent light
background snowfall that accounts for about 5% of the total annual
precipitation. The bulk of the snowfall is produced irregularly during
periods that generally last only two or three days that are caused by
cyclones off the coast.
Use of ice-sheet normal modes for initialization and modelling
small changes
Authors: Hindmarsh Richard C. A.
Published: November 2017

Linearizations about two horizontal-dimensional ice sheets are proposed as
methods of generating normal mode initializations for ice-sheet models and
for computing the short-term response. Linearized models can be generated
directly from balance-flux calculations without the need for tuning the rate
factor.

A linearized model is compared with the Eismint Benchmark, and the normal
modes for two coarse Antarctic digital elevation models are computed and
compared. Volumetric relaxation spectra are presented. The slowest mode has
a time constant comparable to that computed from scale theory.
Asynchronously coupling the cryosphere and atmosphere in an
energy-balance climate model
Authors: Steen Robert S. , Ledley Tamara Shapiro
Published: November 2017

A major component of the climate system on the 10 000-100 000 year
time-scales is continental ice sheets, yet many of the mechanisms involved
in the land-sea-ice processes that affect the ice sheets are poorly
understood. In order to examine these processes in more detail, we have
developed a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic
sea-ice—continental-ice-sheet model (CCSLI model). This model includes a
hydrologic cycle, a detailed surface energy and mass balance, a
thermodynamic sea-ice model, and a zonally averaged dynamic ice-flow model
with bedrock depression.

Because of the variety of space and time-scales inherent in such a model, we
have asynchronously coupled the land—ice model to the other components of
the model. In this paper the asynchronous coupling is described and
sensitivity studies are presented that determine the values of the
asynchronous coupling parameters. Model simulations using these values allow
the model to run nearly ten times faster with minimal changes in the final
state of the ice sheet.
Numerical modeling of snow cover over polar ice
sheets
Authors: Dang Hervé , Genthon Christophe , Martin Eric
Published: November 2017

Crocus, a one-dimensional model of snow-cover stratigraphy and evolution,
was developed by the Cenire d’Etudes de la Neige (CEN, Météo-France) and
extensively validated in temperate Alpine conditions. We present here a
study of Crocus’s ability to reproduce the characteristics of polar snow at
the surface of ice sheets. Crocus simulates the evolution of the thermal and
structural features of snow cover as a function of meteorological parameters
at the snow-atmosphere interface. Only models can provide the necessary
meteorologic at information with full ice-sheet spatial coverage, and with
the temporal resolution needed by Crocus. Meteorological data have been
extracted from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
(ECMWF) archives (analyses and short-term predictions), over the entire
surface of Antarctica with a spatial resolution of 1.5°. Here, the ECMWF
data from the South Pole are first compared with observations to check their
quality. Then, 20 year simulations of snow covet are computed to test the
sensitivity of Crocus to inaccuracies in the meteorological input. The
simulated snow characteristics exhibit a strong sensitivity to air
temperature, accumulation rate and the initial density of depositing snow.
However, even with no major model adaptation to polar conditions, Crocus
does reproduce a number of thermal and structural features of polar
snow.
Towards improving the physical basis for ice-dynamics
models
Authors: Richter-Menge J. A.
Published: November 2017

In situ measurements of ice stress were made on a multi-year floe in the
Alaskan Beaufort Sea over a 6 month period, beginning in October 1993. The
data suggest that, in this region of the Arctic during this experiment,
there were two main sources of stress: a thermally induced stress caused by
changes in air temperature, and a stress generated by ice motion. Due to the
natural damping of the snow and ice above the sensor, the thermally-induced
stresses are low frequency (order of days). Stresses associated with periods
of ice motion have both a high-frequency (order of hours), and
low-frequency, content. The relative significance of these sources of stress
is seasonal, reflecting the changes in the strength and continuity of the
pack.
Application of a conceptual precipitation-runoff model
(HYGYMODEL) in a debris-covered glacierized basin in the Langtang Valley,
Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Rana Birbal , Nakawo Masayoshi , Fukushima Yoshihiro , Agkta Yutaka
Published: November 2017

A conceptual precipitation–runoff model (HYCYMODEL) is used to simulate the
daily runoff from the 67% glacierized Lirung basin (16% of which is covered
by debris). The average thermal resistance of the debris cover of the Lrung
Glacier has been estimated from the surface temperature of the debris, which
was obtained from Landsat 5 (TM Band 6) images. This enabled calculation of
the melt rate of the debris-covered area of the glacier using meteorological
data collected at a nearby weather station. The calculated discharge results
are roughly compatible with the observed daily discharges.
Roughness, age and drift trajectories of sea ice in large-scale
simulations and their use in model verifications
Authors: Harder Markus
Published: November 2017

In polar regions, the exchange of heat, fresh water and salt water, and
momentum between ocean and atmosphere is strongly affected by the presence
of sea-ice cover. As a growing number of climate models include a
dynamic–thermodynamic sea-ice component to take these effects into account,
it might be asked whether sea ice is adequately represented in these
simulations, and how far these simulations fit with physical
observations.

Sea ice in the classical models (Hibler,
1979; Parkinson and Washington,
1979) that have been available for two decades, is regarded as a
two-dimensional (2-D) continuum covering the ocean surface. The prognostic
variables describing the ice pack are horizontal ice velocity, areal
coverage (ice concentration), and ice thickness. In numerical models, these
variables and their evolution in space and time are solved on an Eulerian
grid.

A number of observational data are available to verify the model results.
Sea-ice drift is observed from drifting buoys deployed on ice floes. Areal
sea-ice coverage can be observed with satellite-borne passive-microwave
sensors (SMMR, SSM/I). For ice thickness, which cannot be observed with
remote-sensing techniques, rather few, scattered observations from
upward-looking sonars on submarines and moorings are available.

This article gives an overview of three additional variables representing
sea ice in large-scale climate models. These are (1) roughness, (2) age of
the ice, introduced as two prognostic variables, and (3) simulated
trajectories of ice motion, which are diagnosed from the Eulerian velocity
grid. The new variables enable a more detailed look at sea ice in models,
helping to understand better the coupled dynamic–thermodynamic processes
determining the polar ice cover. Further, the new variables offer important,
additional possibilities for comparing the simulated sea-ice properties with
available observations.
Evaluating moist physics for Antarctic mesoscale
simulations
Authors: Hines Keith M. , Bromwich David H. , Cullather R. I.
Published: November 2017

The performance of an explicit cloud physics parameterization is examined
with simulations of high southern latitude winter climate using a version of
the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research
Mesoscale Model, version 4. The results reveal that there are three moist
physics regimes in the vertical over the elevated interior of Antarctica:
the very cold upper troposphere, the relatively warm middle troposphere and
the cold boundary layer. Deficiencies for these layers include excessive
cloud ice in the upper troposphere, excessive cloud ice in the inversion
layer near the ice surface, overly warm temperatures in the lower
troposphere, overly cold temperatures in the upper troposphere and excessive
downward longwave radiation at the Earth’s surface. Three sensitivity
experiments were performed to investigate possible improvements in the cloud
parameterization. The results indicate that a reduction of the numerous
cloud condensation nuclei, while reducing some errors, appears to be
insufficient to improve the simulation. A reduction in the excessive cloud
ice in the upper troposphere significantly improves the simulation of
upper-tropospheric temperature.
Arctic modeling data resources: the data archives at the ARCSS
Data Coordination Center and the National Snow and Ice Data Center,
U.S.A.
Authors: McGinnis David L. , Cross Matthew D.
Published: November 2017

A major concern of the cryospheric community is the availability of reliable
data for use with various types of models. The National Science Foundation’s
Arctic System Science program (ARCSS) integrates specific Arctic
investigations ranging from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project, the
Land-Almosphere-Ice Interactions, the Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions and
its associated Surface Heat Energy Budget of the Arctic program to the
recently initiated Human Dimensions of the Arctic System project. All data
collected from these investigations are archived at the ARCSS Data
Coordination Center and the National Snow and Ice Data Center at the
University of Colorado, U.S.A. A primary goal of the ARCSS Data Coordination
Center is to facilitate better use of observed data within cryospheric
modeling efforts. Working with the ARCSS Data Management Group and the
Modeling Working Group, we are developing data appropriate for the
cryospheric modeling community. This paper summarizes the data currently
available at the ARCSS Data Coordination Center, and details the mechanisms
by which Arctic researchers can access these data.
Estimation of large-scale sea-ice motion from SSM/I 85.5 GHz
imagery
Authors: Agnew Tom A. , Le Hao , Hirose Tom
Published: November 2017

This paper describes the application of an automated cross-correlation
technique to pairs of 85.5 GHz Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)
images to obtain ice motion over the entire Arctic Basin for a contiguous
two month period between December 1993 and January 1994. Although the
surface ice information in the imagery is coarse and noisy, the area
cross-correlation method is quite successful in picking up ice-motion
information. The accuracy of 85.5 GHz SSM/I derived ice motions is evaluated
by comparing results with Arctic buoy drift. Over 390 comparisons with
buoy-drift estimates of ice displacement were made with an overall
correlation of 0.75 and an average vector magnitude error in ice velocity of
3.5 km d−1. The main difficulty with the automated technique is
the tendency to overestimate ice displacement compared to buoy data by about
14%. Two detailed examples of ice motion are presented. The first occurred
in December 1993, when a major westward shift in the ice pack took place in
the Canada Basin and opened up a very large lead off Banks and Prince
Patrick Islands. The second example occurred in January 1994, when an
intense anticyclone over the Canada Basin produced a strong Beaufort
Gyre.
Modeling polar glaciation
Authors: Oglesby Robert J. , Marshall Susan
Published: November 2017

A key measure of our understanding of polar glaciation is the ability to
model the initiation, maintenance, and elimination of glaciation over
Antarctica and high-latitude land masses in the Northern Hemisphere. Studies
that address questions of Cenozoic Antarctic glaciation, as well as studies
that address questions of Pleistocene glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere,
are described in some detail. The intention is to emphasize and discuss
issues that are important in modeling these types of glacial events as much
as to present specific results.
Modelling inter-annual sea-ice variability off eastern
Canada
Authors: Makko J. R. , Fissel D. B. , Haller D.
Published: November 2017

Inter-annual sea-ice variability north of 55°N in eastern Canada was
explored with a box model incorporating annually invariant, bathymetrically
dependent ocean heat fluxes and near-surface currents. Using inputs of ice
concentrations, regional surface temperatures and geostrophic winds at
external model boundaries, ice composition was simulated in seven thickness
categories at 10 day intervals during three annual ice seasons. Comparisons
indicated good reproduction of observed inter-annual differences in regional
ice volumes during critical January-March periods. Additional simulations of
artificial cutoffs in southward ice fluxes showed that advective influence
decreases with latitude and dominates the development of spring ice
conditions in areas south of 60°N.
Preliminary analysis of snow microwave radiometry using the
SSM/I passive-microwave data: the case of La Grande River watershed
(Quebec)
Authors: Sève Danielle De , Bernier Monique , Fortin Jean-Pierre , Walker Anne
Published: November 2017

The general objective of this paper is to estimate the snow water equivalent
(SWE) of the La Grande River watershed (northern Quebec), using
passive-microwave data from the SSM/I sensor. Particular emphasis is placed
on the analysis of SSM/I multitemporal variations.

The analysis of a database containing observations for three winters shows
that the brightness temperatures of the snow decrease as the SWE increases
for shallow snow covers. However, when the SWE is >180–200 mm, the
relationship reverses. This is directly linked to the fraction of large snow
crystals in the snow cover, since these are responsible for most of the
volume scattering. The snow emissivity is lower for shallow snow covers,
since the higher temperature gradient is responsible for the quick formation
of large snow crystals. For SWE >80–200 mm, the temperature gradient
decreases and large crystal formation is minimal. Since volume scattering is
lower, snow emissivity tends to increase. The observations confirm what was
observed by Mätzler and others (1982)
and Mätzler (1994).

Two regression lines were used to estimate the SWE for the beginning and the
end of winter. This approach appears to be better, since it takes into
account the structure of snow cover. The results were used to derive
representative maps of the SWE.
Determination of areal surface-feature coverage in the Beaufort
Sea using aircraft video data
Authors: Tschudi Mark A. , Curry Judith A. , Maslanik James A.
Published: November 2017

The surface-energy budget of the Arctic Ocean depends on the distribution of
various sea-ice features that form by both mechanical and thermodynamic
processes. Melt ponds, new ice and open water greatly affect the
determination of surface albedo. However, even basic measurements of some
surface-feature characteristics, such as areal extent of melt ponds, remain
rare.

A method has been developed to assess the areal coverage of melt ponds, new
ice and open water using video data from the Beaufort and Arctic Storms
Experiment (BASE). A downward-looking video camera mounted on the underside
of a Hercules C-130 aircraft provided clear images of the surface. Images
acquired over multi-year ice on 21 September 1994 were analyzed using a
spectral technique to determine the areal coverage of melt ponds, new ice
and open water. Statistics from this analysis were then compared to previous
field studies and to the Schramm and others
(in press) sea-ice model.
Arctic sea-ice conditions and the distribution of solar
radiation during summer
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Tucker Walter B.
Published: November 2017

Understanding the interaction of solar radiation with the ice cover is
critical in determining the heat and mass balance of the Arctic ice pack,
and in assessing potential impacts due to climate change. Because of the
importance of the ice-albedo feedback mechanism, information on the surface
state of the ice cover is needed. Observations of the surface slate of sea
ice were obtained from helicopter photography missions made during the 1994
Arctic Ocean Section cruise. Photographs from one flight, taken during the
height of the melt season (31 July 1994) at 76° N, 172° W, were analyzed in
detail. Bare ice covered 82% of the total area, melt ponds 12%, and open
water 6%, There was considerable variability in these area fractions on
scales < 1 km2. Sample areas >2 3 km2 gave
representative values of ice concentration and pond fraction. Melt ponds
were numerous, with a number density of 1800 ponds km-2. The melt
ponds had a mean area of 62 m2 a median area of 14 m2,
and a size distribution that was well lit by a cumulative lognormal
distribution. While leads make up only a small portion of the total area,
they are the source of virtually all of the solar energy input to the
ocean.
Effect of Anticitrullinated Protein Antibody Status on Response to Abatacept or Antitumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A US National Observational Study
Authors: Harrold Leslie R. , Litman Heather J. , Connolly Sean E. , Kelly Sheila , Hua Winnie , Alemao Evo , Rosenblatt Lisa , Rebello Sabrina , Kremer Joel M.
Published: November 2017

Objective.

Assess whether baseline anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) status is associated with treatment response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) initiating abatacept (ABA) or a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor (TNFi).

Methods.

Using the Corrona RA registry, patients were identified who initiated ABA or a TNFi (June 2004–January 2015), had a followup visit 6 months (± 3 mos) after initiation, and anti-CCP measured at or prior to initiation. Primary outcome was mean change in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) from initiation to 6 months. Treatment response was evaluated based on a typical patient profile (female, aged 57 yrs, body mass index of 30 kg/m2, baseline CDAI of 20, 1 prior biologic, and no comorbidities other than RA). Secondary outcomes included remission and low disease activity.

Results.

There were 566 ABA initiators [anti-CCP+ (≥ 20 units/ml): n = 362; anti-CCP− (< 20 units/ml): n = 204] and 1715 TNFi initiators (anti-CCP+: n = 1113; anti-CCP−: n = 602). Differences between treatment groups included baseline disease duration, CDAI, and prior biologic use. At 6 months, anti-CCP+ ABA initiators were associated with significantly greater CDAI response versus anti-CCP− ABA initiators; no significant difference was observed for TNFi initiators. When considering a typical RA patient profile, CDAI response was greater in anti-CCP+ versus anti-CCP− ABA initiators; anti-CCP+ versus anti-CCP− TNFi initiators were similar. Secondary outcome responses were also greater in anti-CCP+ versus anti-CCP− ABA initiators; TNFi initiators did not differ by anti-CCP status.

Conclusion.

In a US-based clinical practice setting, anti-CCP status was associated with a differential treatment response to ABA, but not TNFi.
Determination of Distant Learner’s Sociological Profile Based on Fuzzy Logic and Naïve Bayes Techniques
Authors: Chaabi Youness , Khadija Lekdioui , Jebbor Fatine , Messoussi Rochdi
Published: November 2017

The present article is elaborated in the context of e-learning softwares that provide assistance and functionalities to learners engaged in distance learning. Our contribution consists of a system that estimates a behavioral (sociological) profile for each student. This estimation is based on automatic analysis of students’ textual asynchronous conversations. In general, the automatic analysis of textual conversations is based on speech acts for classification and categorization of messages. This technique has several disadvantages like the absence of standardization of speech acts for determining social behaviors of learners. To overcome this, we propose a multi-agent system based on fuzzy logic reasoning and supervised learning technique for automatic classification and categorization of textual conversation. The determined profiles are proposed to teachers to provide them assistance during tutoring tasks. The objective of this article is to share our reflections around these issues by presenting our experience in the analysis of asynchronous online discussion forums. In this paper, we specifically propose (i) definitions for the used sociological profiles and (ii) introduce the architecture of the Multi-Agent System (MAS) that determines the profiles. The system was experimented with the students of the Master Program “Software Quality” in the Ibn Tofail University. The results obtained from this experience, presented and discussed in this paper, show that the proposed approach can be of interest.
Of synaesthetic wine metaphors, discourse communities, addressers and addressees: the specialised language of wine descriptors
Authors: Isani Shaeda
Published: November 2017

Bien que le vin soit un domaine d’étude bien exploré, les chercheurs en anglais de spécialité ont montré relativement peu d’intérêt pour ce domaine spécialisé comme en témoigne le nombre réduit de publications à ce sujet dans les revues spécialisées en langues et cultures de spécialité. Parmi les nombreuses variétés d’anglais spécialisé appartenant aux différents domaines spécialisés liés au vin, cet article porte sur le discours spécialisé hautement métaphorique des notes de dégustation du vin caractéristique des producteurs du Nouveau Monde. Dans cette perspective, l’auteur s’interroge sur la possibilité d’appréhender ce discours spécialisé en tant que discours commun à une communauté discursive englobant l’ensemble des consommateurs de vin. Après avoir souligné l’échec de cette forme de discours auprès de ce public, l’auteur tente d’identifier les membres réels de la communauté discursive pour qui cette variété spécialisée de l’anglais est un discours partagé. Enfin, elle propose d’autres éléments langagiers qui constituent un obstacle à la compréhension par le destinataire cible putatif.
La monosémie des termes de l’anglais du droit, ou le raisonnement en termes de gradient de potentiel
Authors: Pichler Andreas
Published: November 2017

Cette étude vise à analyser le potentiel de la monosémie concernant les termes de l’anglais du droit appartenant au domaine du droit des contrats, et plus précisément le conveyancing, la procédure translative de propriété. La monosémie, un caractère sémantique qui affirme un seul sens spécifique, est un sujet assez peu étudié par la recherche contemporaine. Or, la monosémie semble conférer au terme son degré de spécificité en réduisant la plasticité sémantique inhérente à la polysémie. Après un bref rappel des questions théoriques, les critères morpho-lexicaux, référentiels, conceptuels et communicatifs sont analysés pour déterminer les sources d’une éventuelle monosémie. Une quarantaine d’entrées extraites d’un corpus juridique est présentée à travers une approche sémantico-terminologique afin de faire émerger un gradient de potentiel qui s’avère pertinent pour la monosémie théorique ainsi que l’emploi monosémique des termes, mais également pour mettre en évidence la spécificité sémantique du vocabulaire spécialisé de l’anglais du droit.
Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis
Authors: Cao Lei , Quan Xi-Bing , Zeng Wen-Jiao , Yang Xiao-Ou , Wang Ming-Jie
Published: November 2017

Hepatocyte apoptosis plays important roles in both the removal of external microorganisms and the occurrence and development of liver diseases. Different conditions, such as virus infection, fatty liver disease, hepatic ischemia reperfusion, and drug-induced liver injury, are accompanied by hepatocyte apoptosis. This review summarizes recent research on the mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis involving the classical extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We emphasized the major causes of apoptosis according to the characteristics of different liver diseases. Several concerns regarding future research and clinical application are also raised.
Pictorial Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs: A Population Based Study Findings from India
Authors: Raute Lalit J. , Pednekar Mangesh S. , Gupta Prakash C.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Although tobacco is the leading preventable cause of the death among adults in India, the general public including tobacco users has little awareness about possible consequences of tobacco use. One way of bringing more awareness is to place more information on tobacco products in the form of pictorial warnings. Strong pictorial warnings were mandated by the Indian government but were diluted later on. The question that needs to be investigated whether general public in India needs pictorial warnings on tobacco products and how the warnings would look like?

Material and Method

A survey of 712 individuals was conducted in Mumbai and Thane. A structured questionnaire was designed and data were collected by trained field investigators. The questionnaire contains several questions on awareness of health warnings on tobacco products, opinion on strength of the warnings and on delays in implementing warnings.

Results

Among 712 respondents, 89.9% were aware about health warning messages on cigarettes pack. 88.5% of people were strongly agreed for strengthening the pictorial health warnings. Strong pictorial health warnings would make 23.2% male tobacco users thinking to quit smoking and 33.1% never tobacco users will think twice before starting smoking.

Conclusion

Positive response was shown by general population for implementation of pictorial warnings on tobacco products. Majority of the people were strongly agreed for strong pictorial warnings which were diluted by government notifications in year 2008.
The influence of soil properties and nutrients on conifer forest growth in Sweden, and the first steps in developing a nutrient availability metric
Authors: Van Sundert Kevin , Horemans Joanna A. , Stendahl Johan , Vicca Sara
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The availability of nutrients regulates terrestrial carbon cycling and modifies ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Nonetheless, nutrient availability is often overlooked in climate-carbon cycle studies because it depends on the interplay of various soil factors that would ideally be comprised into one metric. Such a metric does not currently exist. Here, we used a Swedish forest inventory database that contains soil and tree growth data for > 2500 forests across Sweden to test which combination soil factors best explains variation in plant growth, and to take the first steps in developing a nutrient availability metric. For the latter, we started from a (yet unvalidated) metric for constraints on nutrient availability that was previously developed by IIASA (Laxenburg, Austria). This IIASA-metric was developed for crops and uses only indirect indicators of nutrient availability. Our analyses revealed that soil organic carbon content (SOC) and the soil carbon to nitrogen (C : N) ratio were the most important factors explaining variation in normalized (climate-independent) productivity. Normalized productivity increased with decreasing soil C : N ratio (R2 = 0.02–0.13), while SOC exhibited an empirical optimum (R2 = 0.05–0.15). The IIASA-metric was unrelated to normalized productivity (R2 = 0.00–0.01), because the soil factors under consideration were not well implemented, and because the C : N ratio was not included. We upgraded this metric by incorporating soil C : N and adjusting the relationship between SOC and nutrient availability in view of the observed relationship across our database. This upgraded metric explained a significant fraction of the variation (R2 = 0.03–0.21; depending on the applied method) and thus opens up new opportunities to further validate and improve it with other datasets, from forests and from other ecosystem types, to ultimately develop a generic global nutrient availability metric.
Short-term fate of intertidal microphytobenthos carbon under enhanced nutrient availability: A 13C pulse-chase experiment
Authors: Riekenberg Philip M. , Oakes Joanne M. , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Shallow coastal waters in many regions are subject to nutrient over-enrichment. Microphytobenthos (MPB) can account for much of the carbon (C) fixation in these environments, depending on the depth of the water column, but the effect of enhanced nutrient availability on the processing and fate of MPB-derived C is relatively unknown. In this study, MPB were labeled (stable isotope enrichment) in situ using 13C-sodium bicarbonate. The processing and fate of the newly-fixed MPB-C was then traced using ex situ incubations over 3.5 d under different concentrations of nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−: ambient, 2× ambient, 5× ambient, and 10× ambient). After 3.5 d, sediments incubated with increased nutrient concentrations (amended treatments) had increased loss of 13C from sediment organic matter as a portion of initial uptake (95 % remaining in ambient vs 79–93 % for amended treatments) and less 13C in MPB (52 % ambient, 26–49 % amended), most likely reflecting increased turnover of MPB-derived C supporting increased production of extracellular enzymes and storage products. Loss of MPB-derived C to the water column via dissolved organic C was minimal regardless of treatment (0.4–0.6 %). Loss due to respiration was more substantial, with effluxes of dissolved inorganic C increasing with additional nutrient availability (4 % ambient, 6.6–19.8 % amended). These shifts resulted in a decreased turnover time for algal C (419 d ambient, 134–199 d amended). This suggests that nutrient enrichment of estuaries may ultimately lead to decreased retention of carbon within MPB-dominated sediments.
MAPPING SNOW DEPTH WITH AUTOMATED TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING – INVESTIGATING POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Adams M. S. , Gigele T. , Fromm R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. This contribution presents an automated terrestrial laser scanning (ATLS) setup, which was used during the winter 2016/17 to monitor the snow depth distribution on a NW-facing slope at a high-alpine study site. We collected data at high temporal [(sub-)daily] and spatial resolution (decimetre-range) over 0.8 km² with a Riegl LPM-321, set in a weather-proof glass fibre enclosure. Two potential ATLS-applications are investigated here: monitoring medium-sized snow avalanche events, and tracking snow depth change caused by snow drift. The results show the ATLS data’s high explanatory power and versatility for different snow research questions.
Does Ownership Structure Matter for Bank Performance in the MENA Region? An Empirical Evidence
Authors: Fathi Sara , ElBannan Mona A.
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of bank ownership structure on bank performance in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using the balanced scorecard (BSC) method. Usinga panel data of 137 commercial banks during the period from 2010 to 2014 across twelve countries in the MENA region, the study highlights the effect of ownership type and concentration on bank performance using the balanced scorecard as a performance measurement technique. The results show that government ownership and foreign ownership have statistically significant positive effect on bank performance measured by BSC index. On the contrary, domestic private ownership and ownership concentration have statistically significant negative effect on bank’s BSC index. Additional analysis on each of the BSC perspective separately reveals that ownership concentration is negatively correlated with the customer and learning and growth factors, while positively correlated with the internal process factor. Government ownership shows statistically significant negative effect on the financial factor and the internal process factor while associated with statistically significant positive effect on the customer factor. Foreign ownership has statistically significant positive effect on the financial and the internal process factor but does not have statistically significant effect on the other two perspectives. Finally, Domestic private ownership reveals a statistically significant negative effect on the learning and growth factor.
How to Manage Collaborative Policy Innovation Networks? Practical Lessons from a Flemish Coastal Protection Initiative
Authors: Stevens Vidar
Published: October 2017

Collaborative policy innovation networks are increasingly used as vehicles for fostering innovative policy solutions. However, scholars have noted that the extent to which collaborative networks can actually contribute to the development of innovative policy solutions depends on how they are managed. Empirical research on the management of collaborative policy innovation networks has so far been limited. Therefore, a case is reviewed to add new insights to the link between collaboration, management, and policy innovation. Specifically, the management strategies are examined which helped a Flemish administrative network to develop a radical new Coastal Protection Policy Plan. This study shows that a clear procedural groundwork, playful mediating strategies, and a good people knowledge help network managers to facilitate the development of innovative policy solutions in a collaborative network.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 4
Authors: John Albert
Published: November 2017

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 4 Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USAAhmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, NigeriaAhmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, TurkeyAyodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South AfricaBinod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USAChanchal Kumar Malik, Vanderbilt University, USADesheng Zheng, University of Houston, USAFatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, BangladeshHesham G. Ibrahim, Al-Mergheb University, LibyaJuan Rafael Garcia, (INCAPE) (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), ArgentinaKhaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi ArabiaMadduri Srinivasarao, Purdue University, USAMaolin Lu, Yale University, USAMohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, EgyptMustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, TurkeyNejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, TunisiaPraveen Kumar, Texas Tech University, USAR. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), IndiaSitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USASitaram Bhavaraju, U.S.PHARMACOPEIA, USASujan Kumar Sarkar, Ruhr University Bochum, GermanyWaseem Hassan, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil         Albert JohnOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of ChemistryCanadian Center of Science and Education
Importance of Home Gardens in Rural Zone of the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi in South of Republic of Benin
Authors: Sedami Adjahossou Bai , Naesse Adjahossou Videdji , Pascal Gbenou , Firmin Adjahossou Dossou
Published: October 2017

In the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in the Department of the Atlantic in South Benin, home gardens constitute at least 35% of the families' monthly sources of food, fruit, poultry and pigs. 43 home gardens were visited and 30 were selected by reasoned choice for the survey itself. The objective of this study is to show the contribution of these home gardens to the food security of rural populations. The data concerned the size, floristic composition, phytogeographical distribution, the years of creation of home gardens, the various uses of plants, the incomes brought by plants such as bananas, palm trees, coconut trees and teak. Individual structured interviews were used to interview households. Indices of diversity such as Shannon-Wiener and Jaccard have made it possible to categorize these home gardens and to specify their biological richness. The size of these gardens ranges from 200 m2 to 8300 m2. The average percentage of species grown in home garden is 55% for their nutritional values, 29% for their medicinal values, 7% for the wood and energy needs of the populations. Half of the species found, have a wide geographical distribution. Income from these agrosystems sometimes cover partially or totally the children's school fees. This study has therefore shown the importance of home gardens in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in a context of climate variability and increasingly pronounced demographic pressure on natural resources.
Het groeiende toerisme in Amsterdam en de aanzuigende werking op criminaliteit
Authors: Harte Joke , van Houwelingen Ingrid
Published: October 2017

The growth of tourism in Amsterdam and the priming operation on criminality

Amsterdam is a popular destination for tourists. The number of tourists visiting Amsterdam increases every year and is expected to hit 23 million by 2025. This article describes which implications increasing tourism has on security and crime in Amsterdam. It appears that increasing tourism has a negative effect on social cohesion and can be a serious threat to safety. Tourism also attracts crime. Tourists are far more likely to suffer from crimes than inhabitants of Amsterdam. In particular they become victims of crimes like pickpocketing, mugging and scams. Tourists are also often associated with drug- and alcohol-related incidents. Apart from being a victim, a tourist can also be a perpetrator of crime. Inhabitants of Amsterdam regularly complain about nuisance caused by tourists. Especially subletted apartments via Airbnb is a serious concern for residents of Amsterdam and local policymakers.
Noticias de los congresos españoles de investigación en didáctica de las ciencias y de las matemáticas
Authors: Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista
Published: November 2017

Editorial
Novel Modification of HistoGel-Based Cell Block Preparation Method: Improved Sufficiency for Molecular Studies
Authors: Rekhtman Natasha , Buonocore Darren J. , Rudomina Dorota , Friedlander Maria , Dsouza Crisbane , Aggarwal Gitika , Arcila Maria , Edelweiss Marcia , Lin Oscar
Published: November 2017

Context.—

Cell block preparation methods vary substantially across institutions and are frequently suboptimal. The growing importance of biomarker testing in the era of targeted therapies makes optimization of cell block preparation critically important.

Objective.—

To develop an improved cell block preparation method.

Design.—

Ex vivo fine-needle aspirates and scrapes from surgically resected tumors were used to develop an improved HistoGel (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts)-based cell block preparation method. Cellularity yield with the new versus the standard method was assessed in ex vivo split samples and in consecutive clinical fine-needle aspirates processed before (n = 100) and after (n = 100) the new method was implemented in our laboratory. Sufficiency of cell block material for potential molecular studies was estimated by manual cell quantitation.

Results.—

The key modification in the new method was pretreatment of the pelleted cells with 95% ethanol before the addition of HistoGel (HistoGel + ethanol method). In addition, we optimized the melting conditions of HistoGel and added a dark, inorganic marker to the cell pellets to highlight the desired level of sectioning during microtomy. Cell blocks from ex vivo split samples showed that the HistoGel + ethanol method yielded, on average, an 8.3-fold (range, 1–20) greater cellularity compared with the standard HistoGel-only method. After the switch from the standard HistoGel method to the modified method in our clinical practice, sufficiency of positive fine-needle aspirates for some molecular studies increased from 72% to 97% (P = .002).

Conclusions.—

We describe a simple and readily adoptable modification of the HistoGel method, which results in substantial improvement in cell capture in cell blocks, leading to a significant increase in sufficiency for potential molecular and other ancillary studies.