bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF SUB-ARCTIC CANADA
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: April 2011

A systematic account is given of the constitution, distribution and geographical affinities of the molluscan fauna occurring in fresh waters of sub-arctic Canada. The area covered is that part of western Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta lying north of N. Lat. 49°. A total of 111 species and varieties was collected and identified. Types of habitat available in this region for settlement by molluscs have been classified, and the local distribution of the species in them observed. A brief description of seven principal habitat types, with comments on their fauna in other parts of the sub-arctic region, is followed by a series of examples from specific localities. These molluscan associations, while not necessarily typical, are believed to be representative. The study is concluded with a comparison of the molluscan fauna of northern North America with that of northern Eurasia.Three geographical elements in Canadian sub-arctic Mollusca are: a group of circumboreal species, a large number of strictly North American species, and a group characteristic of this region. An explanation of the close relation between the sub-arctic molluscs and those of the Mississippi drainage probably lies in the geological history of the region. There appears to have been a greater degree of speciation in North America than in northern Asia; the total number of species and varieties in sub-arctic Canada is 111, in northern Asia it is only 50. The explanation may lie partly in the richer source of supply, the greater facility for migration, and the wider range of habitats available in Canada. Thus new species as they arose would find suitable unoccupied habitats more readily. While this is hardly the sole explanation, the existence of some connection between physiography and speciation appears to be reasonable.
THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS ON WOOL GROWTH AND QUALITY: I. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Authors: Sackville J. P. , Bowstead J. E.
Published: April 2011

A five-year study has been conducted on the effect of humidity, temperature, date of shearing, plane of nutrition, and protein or mineral intake, on wool growth and quality. The results indicate that significant differences in wool growth and quality may be obtained by varying the shearing dates and the plane of nutrition of the ewes. Little or no effect was evident when ewes were subjected to differences in temperature or humidity, or in mineral and protein intake levels.
RELATION OF pH TO DRIP FORMATION IN MEAT
Authors: Sair L. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

The quantity of drip obtained from meat frozen at a constant rate is affected by the period between slaughter and freezing, and the pH of the tissue. These two factors appear to act independently, and only the latter was studied extensively. In precooled meats the maximum amount of drip was obtained at about pH 5.2, and as the pH increased the net drip decreased to zero at about pH 6.4. Pork, beef and mutton behave similarly both with respect to the form of the drip-pH relation and the quantity of drip exuded at a given acidity. Beef is normally more acid than the other meats tested, and this can account for its greater tendency to drip in commercial practice.Microscopic studies showed that large crystals were always produced by slow-freezing, regardless of the pH of the material. The absence of drip from slowly frozen tissue at pH 6.4 is therefore not due to crystal size, but must be attributed to the greater re-absorbing power of the proteins in this region. Protein denaturation does not affect the quantity of drip obtained when meat is slowly frozen or stored for periods up to three days in the freezing zone. The weak re-absorptive power of the proteins at pH 5.2 must be attributed to their isoelectric condition in this region, rather than to their denaturation. It is only in this isoelectric region that the production of small crystals by quick-freezing will reduce the quantity of drip.
ANTI-BRUCELLA SERUM: GUINEA PIG PROTECTION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Guinea pigs were protected against infection with Brucella abortus by intraperitoneal injections of fresh, unpreserved, anti-abortus rabbit serum. In the first two experiments the serum-treated and control animals were exposed to infection by contact with infected guinea pigs, while in the third experiment they were exposed by instillation of the infecting organism into the eye. In the first experiment 60% of the controls and none of the treated animals were infected. In the second, 80% of the controls and 20% of the treated animals were infected. In the third, all of the treated animals were protected, while all of the controls became infected. The former method, although less certain than the latter, is worthy of consideration in experiments of this type, as it permits infection to occur in a natural manner.
WOOL GROWTH AND QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN NUTRITIONAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS: III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Authors: Bowstead J. E. , Larose P.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE β- AND γ-RAYS OF ACTINIUM B AND ACTINIUM C″
Authors: Sargent B. W.
Published: April 2011

The absorption method of finding the end-point of a β-ray spectrum has been made more precise and free of errors that are due to straggling and the γ-ray background. The absorption curves of the β-rays of radium E and uranium X2 were taken as standard, since, from experiments with the magnetic spectrograph, their end-points are known to be 1.15 and 2.32 Mev respectively. The extrapolated ranges of these fastest β-rays are, from experiments with homogeneous beams, 0.51 and 1.12 gm. per cm.2 of aluminium. In general the extrapolated range R can be expressed in terms of the energy E in Mev by the equation:[Formula: see text]for E > 0.6 Mev. It is shown that the final portions of the absorption curves of the β-rays from radium E and uranium X2 have the same shape when plotted against m/R, where m is the mass in gm. per cm.2 of absorber and R is the range of the fastest β-rays in the spectrum. The range and end-point of another β-spectrum can be found by fitting its absorption curve to the standard one.The absorption curve of the β-rays of actinium B was obtained separately from that of actinium C″ for the first time. Growth curves were plotted from measurements of the β-activity of the active deposit obtained by exposing aluminium foils to filtered actinon for a few minutes. The β-activity was measured through thickness of aluminium up to 0.32 gm. per cm.2 From the initial portions of the growth curves and from the absorption curve of the β-rays of actinium (B + C) in equilibrium, separate absorption curves were plotted which indicated ranges of 0.64 and 0.68 gm. per cm.2 of aluminium for the β-rays of actinium B and actinium C″ respectively. The corresponding end-points are 1.39 and 1.47 Mev.There is some evidence that the β-spectrum of actinium B consists of two primary components, namely, a strong one having an end-point at 1.39 Mev and a weak one having an end-point at about 0.5 Mev. The difference between the two end-points is approximately equal to the energy (0.83 Mev) of a γ-ray emitted in the transformation actinium B.C. The ratio of the numbers of β-particles in the two partial spectra is approximately 1:7. This gives an excitation probability of 0.12 for the 0.83 Mev level of the actinium C nucleus, which is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained from the intensities of the γ-rays.
THE HALF-PERIODS OF ACTINIUM B, ACTINIUM C″, AND URANIUM X1
Authors: Sargent B. W.
Published: April 2011

From measurements of the β-ray intensities by ionization at different times and semilogarithmic plots of these intensities against the time, the half-periods of actinium B, actinium C″, and uranium X1 were found to be 36.1 ± 0.2 min., 4.76 ± 0.02 min., and 24.1 ± 0.2 days, respectively.
THE FLOW AND VISCOSITY OF LIQUID HELIUM
Authors: Johns H. E. , Wilhelm J. O. , Smith H. Grayson
Published: April 2011

Experiments on the flow of liquid helium through glass capillaries ranging in diameter from 0.025 cm. to 0.0036 cm., and with lengths varying from 2 cm. to 26 cm. were carried out. Normal laminar flow was obtained for He I with a viscosity of the order of 10−5 c.g.s. units. For He II it was found that the flow could be expressed as the sum of a laminar flow plus an additional pressure-independent flow. The laminar portion, which obeyed Poiseuille's law, gave a viscosity of the order of 10−3 c.g.s. units. The pressure-independent portion appears to be partially due to "creep" over the top of the reservoir, but there still remains an additional pressure-independent flow through the capillaries. This additional flow depends among other things on the intensity of illumination and is evidently connected with the "fountain" effect.
THE SYSTEMS CHRYSENE-1: 2-BENZANTHRACENE AND 1: 2-BENZANTHRACENE-TRIPHENYLENE
Authors: Sturrock M. G. , Lawe T.
Published: April 2011

The liquidus-solidus curves of the systems chrysene-1: 2-benzanthracene and 1: 2-benzanthracene-triphenylene are given. They provide a convenient method for the evaluation of the percentage composition of these mixtures.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXII. CORYDALIS OCHROLEUCA KOCH
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Eight alkaloids have been isolated from Corydalis ochroleuca Koch. Of these, six, namely, protopine, ochrobirine, l-tetrahydro-palmatine, bicuculline, l-corypalmine, and l-isocorypalmine, have been described from other sources. The last was the most abundant of the alkaloids in this plant, and was isolated in 0.11% yield of the dry weight. Two apparently new alkaloids have also been found. They are referred to as alkaloid F45 (C20H19O8N) and alkaloid F46[Formula: see text]. The former is phenolic and the latter contains a methylenedioxy group.
THE CORROSION OF IRON ELECTRODES BY A.C. IN AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Shipley J. W. , Finlay G. R.
Published: April 2011

The corrosion of iron electrodes when a.c. is used was found to be a function of the composition and concentration of the electrolyte and of arcing on the electrodes. No particularly corrosive effect could be attributed to the presence of chlorides, but sulphates were found to induce corrosion. Magnesium and calcium salts inhibited corrosion even in the presence of sulphates. The addition of a soluble magnesium salt to the feed water and the operation of the generator under pressure in order to prevent arcing are suggested as a means of minimizing corrosion of the electrodes in a boiler of the resistor type.
THE ELECTROLYSIS OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH ALTERNATING CURRENT
Authors: Shipley J. W. , Rogers M. T.
Published: April 2011

The a-c. electrolysis of a number of organic compounds was carried out in order to ascertain what products might be obtained, what electrolytic conditions affected the nature and the yield of products, and to discover the general relations governing oxidation and reduction when a.c. is used. Oxidation was found to predominate over reduction, owing, probably, to the relatively low hydrogen overvoltage on the electrodes. The effect of varying the conditions of a-c. electrolysis was in general similar to that observed in d-c. electrolysis. Satisfactory yields were obtained only when a product of an irreversible process was concerned. A good yield of quinhydrone from the a-c. electrolysis of hydroquinone was secured at a relatively high current density. The chlorination of acetone by the a-c. electrolysis of a solution of acetic anhydride in hydrochloric acid gave a current yield of 35% at a current density of 2 amp. per cm2.
THE NITRATION OF m-DICHLOROAZOXYBENZENE AND THE REDUCTION OF SOME OF THE PRODUCTS
Authors: Bigelow H. E. , Steeves W. H.
Published: April 2011

The nitration of m-dichloroazoxybenzene and the fractional crystallization of the nitrated products is described. Evidence for the structural formula of each is given. The reduction of some of the nitro derivatives with sodium arsenite to form azobisazoxy and trisazoxy compounds containing chlorine is also discussed.
THE EFFECT OF COMPRESSION ON THE HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS ETHYLENE AND AIR-ETHYLENE IN THE CRITICAL REGION
Authors: Maass O. , McIntosh R. L. , Dacey J. R.
Published: April 2011

The effect of compression, due to the thermal expansion, on the density of the systems ethylene and air-ethylene in the critical region has been studied. Apparently stable heterogeneous systems, as detected by density measurements, are re-formed by this treatment. The significance of these experiments in relation to critical phenomena is discussed, and an explanation based on a concept of the mutual dispersion of the two phases is suggested.
THE TIME OF SET OF SILICA GELS: III. THE CHANGING EFFECT OF ALCOHOLS OVER A pH RANGE
Authors: Munro L. A. , Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

The effect of alcohols on the setting time of silica gels has been studied through a pH range.The total effect and the divergence of the individual behaviour of both monohydric and polyhydric alcohols become greater as the alkalinity of the gel is increased. When the time of set with addition agent is plotted as percentage of the original time of set, there is a constant effect for an equal number of alcohol molecules at pH 7. This apparently eliminates the dielectric constant of the alcohol as a decisive factor in coagulation. When the system is acidic, all the alcohols behave as retarders; when it is alkaline, only the higher polyhydrics act in this manner. The monohydrics and glycol change from accelerators to retarders at pH values between 7.4 to 8.5. The pH at reversal for each addition agent does not coincide with the pH at which the original gel shows minimum setting time.
THE PREPARATION OF ETHERS
Authors: Stevens Philip G. , Deans Sidney A. V.
Published: April 2011

A new modification of Williamson's ether synthesis, using sodium naphthalene to form the metal alcoholate, has been described, by which the yields and ease of preparation of ethers have been improved.
A MODIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CAROTENE IN SILAGE
Authors: Neish A. C. , McFarlane W. D. , Brechin W. A.
Published: April 2011

The pigments in silage which have been formed from xanthophyll by acids and which interfere in the determination of carotene have been separated by chromatographic methods and found to exhibit solubilities intermediate between those of carotene and xanthophyll. A method based on the partition coefficient of carotene and the interfering pigments in the system hexane-benzyl alcohol was found to give reliable estimates of carotene.
CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS OF 1:3-DIAMINOISOPROPANOL
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Hodgins J. W. R.
Published: April 2011

1:3-Diaminoisopropanol combines with cobaltous salts to give a series of cobaltic co-ordination compounds, which had been previously prepared by the use of roseo-cobaltic salts. The base has also been found to give crystalline co-ordination compounds with cupric, silver, and zinc salts.
STUDIES IN ISOUREAS AND ISOUREIDES: V. THE ADDITION OF DIHYDRIC AND SUBSTITUTED ALCOHOLS TO CYANAMIDE
Authors: Basterfield S. , Rodman F. B. S. , Tomecko J. W.
Published: April 2011

In continuation of earlier studies on the formation of alkyl-isoureas by the addition of alcohols to cyanamide, a series of new isoureas has been prepared from ethylene glycol, glycol mono-ethyl ether, glycol mono-acetate, ethyl glycollate, ethanolamine, and resorcinol. In addition, the preparation of allyl-isourea, which had previously failed, m-nitrobenzyl- and cyclohexyl-isoureas was accomplished. The new isoureas were characterized by the preparation of salts (salicylates or benzoates), and of cyclic isoureides by condensation with acetoacetic and malonic esters. Some further study was made of benzyl- and phenylethyl-isoureas, previously prepared in this laboratory.
AN ATTEMPT TO HYBRIDIZE ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL AVENA SPECIES
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , McLennan H. A.
Published: April 2011

Cross pollination of annual with perennial Avena species did not result in the production of hybrid seeds, but certain specific combinations produced ovary stimulation.
THE ACCURACY OF THE PLATING METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE NUMBERS OF SOIL BACTERIA, ACTINOMYCES, AND FUNGI IN THE DILUTION PLATED
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

During the crop seasons of 1936, 1937, and 1938, 1465 samples of field soil, held in the laboratory one day after crushing, were plated by the recognized technique in four replicates of one dilution for counts of fungi, and of a higher dilution for counts of bacteria and of actinomyces. A χ2 value was calculated for each set or counts. These values for each group of micro-organisms were distributed into classes, and the number in each class was compared with the theoretical for the Poisson series. The data for each year indicate that the fungal counts conform to expectancy on the basis of random sampling, and show that the method provides a reasonably accurate estimate of the population in the dilution plated capable of developing under the conditions of growth. Too many sets of counts of bacteria in each year yield high χ2 values. The counts of actinomyces conform to expectancy.In an attempt to determine the cause of this abnormality for sets of counts of bacteria, samples were plated on the afternoon of the day they were taken from the field. Three hundred and four samples plated in six replicates of one dilution, and another 100 samples plated in four replicates, yield χ2 values whose distributions conform to expectancy. Accordingly, the plate method provides a satisfactory estimate of the bacterial population of soil in the dilution plated if the procedure is carried out within six hours after sampling. Data on 88 samples plated on the day of sampling, on 88 samples held one day, on 88 samples held two to five days, and on 88 samples held eight to thirteen days show that the discrepancy between the actual and theoretical distributions of χ2 values becomes progressively greater at each successive period of holding the samples. Further, the data indicate that the area sampled, the season, the medium used and the technique of plating bear no relation to the abnormal variation in counts of bacteria on replicate plates.A record was kept of the presence of abnormal types of bacterial colonies and various genera of fungi on all plates from 468 samples plated one day after sampling and crushing during 1938. The data show that sets having pin-point colonies or spreading colonies of the Mucorales on one or more plates usually have high χ2 values. Counts on such plates should be excluded from the estimate of the mean number of bacteria in the sample. Likewise, the number of actinomyces colonies on each plate from these samples was recorded. The χ2 values for these counts were found to conform to expectancy, indicating that the factor or factors associated with a large number of high χ2 values for counts of bacteria does not affect the count of actinomyces in the same way.Percentage moisture and P values corresponding to χ2 values for the counts of bacteria obtained each year were correlated. The data yield coefficients that are not significant in each case.
COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO WHEAT VARIETIES UNDER VARYING MOISTURE SUPPLY
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Two varieties of wheat, Lutescens and a cross of Reward × Caesium, were both grown in the greenhouse at four levels of soil moisture supply. The plants produced were harvested individually and subjected to structural counts, measurements, and weighings designed to illustrate certain components of growth and yield.Significant effects of moisture supply on number, height, and weight of shoots, number of fertile heads, and weight, size, and nitrogen content of grain per plant and per shoot, differing in some cases in the two varieties, were demonstrable. The relation between the production of straw and fruiting parts per tiller also seemed to be a varietal characteristic. It is suggested that, observations of this type, under field plot conditions, on a relatively small number of plants grown under controlled moisture supply, might provide useful information respecting the adaptability of different varieties of plants.
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF GLUCOSE IN PODSOL SOILS
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Taylor C. B.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of glucose in samples from cultivated podsol soils of the Appalachian upland region of Quebec Province was effected rapidly by aerobic micro-organisms without the aid of added nitrogen. Potassium nitrate stimulated the rate of carbon dioxide production from glucose added to soil; the rate increased chiefly during the early stages while glucose was still present, and bacterial numbers were rising. Fungi developed high numbers later than the bacteria; they developed especially in soil to which glycine was added with the glucose. Biological activity was stimulated in soils in which glucose had previously been decomposed. The decomposition of the glucose appears to release other sources of available food material.
BULB NEMATODE CONTROL IN IRIS BY HOT WATER
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E. , Newton William
Published: April 2011

The immersion of iris bulbs in water at 110 to 112° F. for 60 min. effectively destroys the bulb nematode.The safe period for nematode destruction in iris by hot water lies between July 26 and August 9. Thereafter injury to the bulbs occurs and is progressively greater as the immersion dates are delayed.
RESEARCHES ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SPRING WHEAT: I. A MACHINE FOR MEASURING THE RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO ARTIFICIAL DROUGHT
Authors: Kenway Cyril B. , Peto H. B.
Published: April 2011

The "chinook machine", designed and constructed by Dr. O. S. Aamodt, was reconstructed to provide economy of operation by the installation of a return air conductor, and uniform conditions for all plants exposed to treatment at one time, by means of a travelling belt to which the pots are fastened.
ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA IN WHEAT FROM LINEAR DIMENSIONS
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of 80 to 90 leaves of each of four varieties of spring wheat at various stages of development indicate a fairly close statistical relation between area, and length and width, of the leaf blade. This relation was found to be essentially the same for all four varieties, and from a knowledge of length (L) and median width (W½), the area of an individual leaf was given by the Least Squares relation log. A = 0.0094 + 0.934 log. L + 1.071 log. W½, with a standard error of 4.2% of the antilog. Inclusion of a third measurement, width at three-quarters of the distance from base to tip (W¼), led to the relation log. A = − 0.0438 + 0.970 log. L + 0.880 log. W½ + 0.189 log. W¼, giving estimated values having a standard error of 3.7% of the actual area per leaf.This method of estimating leaf areas (i) is rapid in execution and (ii) does not necessitate removing the leaves from experimental plants, which may accordingly be maintained intact for a series of physiological observations.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: II. EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION AND PHYTOHORMONE DUSTS ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Norway spruce cuttings were treated with phytohormone dusts, and nutrient solution was added to the sand in which some of the cuttings were planted. The nutrient treatment greatly increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number that developed new growth, and reduced the number that died. Although talc alone increased top growth, indolylacetic acid, present in three concentrations in talc, had no significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or dead. However, the hormone dust treatment effected a significant reduction in the length of root per rooted cutting and the mean root length. The results indicate that nutrient salts may, under certain conditions, have a marked influence on the rooting and growth of Norway spruce cuttings.
EFFECTS OF CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC PHOSPHATE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN TALC ON THE ROOTING OF CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Cuttings of two herbaceous and two dormant woody plants were treated with a factorial series of talc dusts containing cane sugar, ethyl mercuric phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The effect of the dusts on cuttings of Coleus Blumei and Iresine Lindeni was determined by the number of roots per rooted cutting, the length of root mass and dry weight of roots. Each of the three factors gave at least one significant effect with both plants. Iresine Lindeni cuttings showed two significant interactions, one between organic mercury and indolylacetic acid on the number of roots per rooted cutting, the other between sugar and indolylacetic acid on the length of root mass. Dormant Lonicera tartarica cuttings showed significant effects from indolylacetic acid on the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the mean root length, and fresh root weights. Green leaf weights of this plant were significantly affected by sugar, and the sugar × organic mercury, and sugar × organic mercury × indolylacetic acid interactions. Fresh root weights also gave a significant triple interaction. The number of Physocarpus opulifolius cuttings rooted was significantly increased by organic mercury as were the dry root weights. Root weights also were affected by sugar treatment. This plant failed to make any significant response to indolylacetic acid treatment.The results indicate that cane sugar and ethyl mercuric phosphate, as well as indolylacetic acid, affect some of the rooting responses of plant cuttings. It is suggested that the dust method of treating cuttings may be used to supply factors, other than the recognized growth stimulating chemicals, that are advantageous to successful vegetative propagation of plants.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: III. EFFECT OF MONTH OF COLLECTION ON THE ROOTING OF DORMANT NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

In a comparison of the rooting responses of cuttings of Norway spruce from upper branches, in which one lot was stored under snow from November until early April and the other collected in late March, there were statistically significant differences. After 12 weeks 38.9% of the November, and 20.7% of the March, cuttings were rooted or calloused. At the end of the propagation period 45.2% of the November, and 66.6% of the March, cuttings were dead. Indolylacetic acid dust treatment did not have a significant effect on the number of cuttings rooted or calloused; it did, however, increase the number that were dead at the end of the experiment.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN NORTH AMERICAN FOREST-TREE GENERA
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Over 400 hybrids involving 28 North American genera of forest trees are described in tabular form with the object, primarily, of providing useful information for the forest-tree breeder. The genera involved are: Abies, Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Arbutus, Betula, Carya, Castanea, Catalpa, Cyprus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Gleditsia, Ilex, Juglans, Larix, Magnolia, Picea, Pinus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Taxus, Tilia, Tsuga, and Ulmus.
COLOUR OF MEAT: I. APPARATUS FOR ITS MEASUREMENT, AND RELATION BETWEEN pH AND COLOUR
Authors: Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

A photoelectric colour comparator, similar to that designed by Bolton and Williams (1), has been constructed and used to compare the colours of meat samples at different pH. Light falls at an angle of 45° on the surface of the sample, and the amount scattered at right angles from the surface in the red, green, and blue regions of the spectrum, defined by standard colour filters in the path of the scattered light, is measured photoelectrically as a percentage of the amount similarly scattered in the same spectral regions from a standard white surface under the same light intensity. The precision of the measurements on meats was ± 0.25% scatter with any one of the three filters.When samples of pork, beef, and mutton were used, after adjustment of the pH by injections of lactic acid or ammonia, the relation between pH and colour was found to be similar for the three meats, with maximum scatter of red, green, and blue at pH about 5.0–5.5. When uninjected samples of pork were used, scatter in the three spectral regions decreased over the pH range 5.4–6.6, paralleling the changes observed with injected samples within the same pH limits. The visual appearance of the meats is greyish at pH levels acid to the region of maximum scatter and pink in the region of maximum scatter, shading to dark red at higher pH levels. Darkening is paralleled by a decrease in the scatter, while changes in the quality of the colour are accompanied by changes in the ratio of red/green and red/blue.
STUDIES WITH A DEFICIENT RATION FOR SHEEP: I. EFFECT OF VARIOUS SUPPLEMENTS: II. EFFECT OF A COBALT SUPPLEMENT
Authors: Bowstead J. E. , Sackville J. P.
Published: April 2011

Sheep became unthrifty when fed non-leguminous hays and ground oats over a period of seven months. Numerous feed and mineral supplements were fed in an endeavour to prevent the development of the unthrifty symptoms as well as to determine the nutrient or nutrients lacking in the deficient ration. Pasture, calcium and phosphorus, cod liver oil, tankage, linseed meal, bran, and alfalfa meal, when fed as supplements, delayed the appearance of unthriftiness. The feeding of iron and copper proved detrimental. Wheat germ meal did not improve conditions. Alfalfa ash proved to be the best of all the supplements studied in the maintenance of normal thrift. The beneficial effect of alfalfa ash indicated that the deficiency of the non-leguminous ration that caused unthriftiness was one or more of the minerals that were present in the alfalfa hay.When cobalt was fed as a supplement to a few ewes that had developed the characteristic symptoms of unthriftiness, there followed a rapid increase in weight and improvement in thrift. Chemical analyses of various hays, alfalfa ash, and soil snowed that the non-leguminous hays contained only small quantities of cobalt, similar to the amounts contained in New Zealand grass that caused similar symptoms to develop. Alfalfa hay grown on similar soil contained relatively large amounts of cobalt, whereas alfalfa hay grown in the Lethbridge district contained only small amounts of cobalt. The writers suggest that a cobalt problem may exist in Western Canada.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE MEADOW NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PRATENSIS (DE MAN) FILIPJEV 1936
Authors: Hastings R. J.
Published: April 2011

The meadow nematode completes its life cycle in 54 to 65 days—25 to 31 days from the larval stage to the adult, and 29 to 34 days from maturation to the second generation. Eggs are deposited by a single female at the rate of not more than one a day. The largest number of eggs laid by a single female in one place was sixteen, owing apparently to migratory habits. The total number of eggs from a single female could not be determined.The adult male and female and all larval stages of this species are capable of entering the roots of oats. They are very susceptible to desiccation. No living nematodes were recovered from invaded root tissue that was allowed to dry. In moist excised oat roots, the nematodes remained viable for more than 30 days, but in water the majority died within the same period. A ten-minute immersion of infested oat roots in hot water will destroy the meadow nematode only when the temperature is 120° F., or higher.
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA FROM WESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Baker Frank Collins
Published: April 2011

not available
PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH: I. INTERNAL TREMATODES OF COMMERCIAL FISH IN THE CENTRAL ST. LAWRENCE WATERSHED
Authors: Lyster L. L.
Published: April 2011

Sixteen species of trematodes from ten species of fish are discussed. Ptychogonimus fontanus sp. nov. from Perca flavescens is described.
AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE "FLASH" THERMAL DEATH POINT OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMAL ORGANISMS AND ITS USE WITH OVA OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Swales W. E. , Froman Darol K.
Published: April 2011

A method of measuring "flash" thermal death points of microscopic animal organisms is described. By means of the devised apparatus the time of exposure can be varied from 0.5 to 0.1 second, and the temperature can be estimated with relative accuracy. In a sample determination, the single-celled ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (porcine origin) were all destroyed at a temperature of 68 °C. in an exposure of 0.44 second.
THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF MANGANESE FROM 16° TO 22° K
Authors: Elson R. G. , Smith H. Grayson , Wilhelm J. O.
Published: April 2011

A calorimeter is described for routine measurements of specific heats in the temperature region of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. It is designed so that samples can be interchanged without disturbing the calibration of the thermometer, or the water equivalent of the calorimeter. The calorimeter has been used to measure the specific heat of manganese from 16° to 22° K. It was found that the atomic heat of this metal is given by the formula[Formula: see text]
NOTE ON A METHOD OF PLOTTING ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION CURVES FOR THE F LAYER
Authors: McLeish C. W.
Published: April 2011

A method of analysis of a (P′, f) record is described, which enables one to plot the electron density of the F layer of the ionosphere with respect to height above its lower boundary.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS TO WATER VAPOUR: I. OBSERVATIONS AT RELATIVE HUMIDITIES LESS THAN 75%
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

It is pointed out that experimental work has shown that for the transpiration of moisture through hygroscopic materials two distinct regions of relative humidity can be distinguished: (i) A region below some value between 70 and 80% where the moisture movement is proportional to the vapour pressure difference, and (ii) a region of high relative humidity where the moisture movement is not directly proportional to the vapour pressure. A theory is advanced that these two regions correspond to the two conditions in which water may be present in a hygroscopic material: (i) the water may be molecularly adsorbed, that is to say, the water is bound by the affinity of the molecules of water for those of the solid on which it is adsorbed; (ii) the water may be held in small fissures in the sub-microscopic structure of the sorbing material by capillary forces. The mechanism by which the moisture will move through the material would be different in the two cases and would result in the distinction between regions of high and of low relative humidity.A short discussion is given of Fick's law showing the form in which it might be expected to apply in the two cases. Measurements are given for fibreboards showing that below 75% relative humidity the resistance of the board to moisture transpiration is proportional to the thickness. The moisture content gradients through fibreboard samples have been determined. The diffusance through a board in which the moisture content gradient is opposed to the vapour pressure gradient shows that the latter is the important factor, and the determination of the moisture content gradient indicates that at these low humidities Fick's law is applicable.
THE EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURES OF OXYGEN ADSORBED ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
Authors: Marshall Melville J. , Findlay Robert A.
Published: April 2011

Oxygen chemisorbed on activated cocoanut charcoal at 20 °C. was found to exert no measurable equilibrium pressure. The small residual pressures obtained under experimental conditions were shown to be due to the presence of slight impurities in the oxygen employed. The impurities responsible for these residual pressures were largely nitrogen and accompanying rare gases.The velocity of chemisorption of oxygen decreased rapidly with increase in its concentration on the charcoal, approaching a limiting zero velocity at a concentration of 84 × 10−6 moles per gm. This coincides with the concentration at which the heat of adsorption drops rapidly to the limiting value obtained for physical adsorption.After this limiting concentration was reached, adsorbed oxygen showed true equilibrium with the gas phase. For small additional increases in concentration, the equilibrium pressure was found to increase as a linear function of the concentration, with a proportionality constant of 0.276 mm. per micromole. This represents physical adsorption as compared to chemisorption for lower oxygen concentrations.
THE DENSITY OF GASEOUS CHLORINE
Authors: Ross A. S. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The density of gaseous chlorine has been determined over the temperature range 15° to 75 °C. and up to two atmospheres. The values obtained are compared with those extant in the literature, and excellent agreement is found with the very precise measurements of Jaquerod and Tourpaian at 15 °C. and 725 mm. pressure. There is also good agreement, over the temperature range of this investigation, with the measurements of Pier at a pressure of one atmosphere. The equation of state proposed by Maass and Mennie is shown to fit the experimental results over the whole range and to give, for temperatures and pressures outside the region covered by this investigation, values of the density of gaseous chlorine that are in good agreement with the results obtained by Jaquerod and Tourpaian, and by Pier. Tables of calculated and experimentally determined densities and apparent molecular weights show the deviations of gaseous chlorine from ideality. The equation of state is given in a convenient form for the calculation of the density of the gas in industrial applications.
A STUDY OF THE COEXISTENCE OF THE LIQUID AND GASEOUS STATES OF AGGREGATION IN THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE REGION. ETHYLENE
Authors: Naldrett S. N. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The coexistence curve of ethylene has been determined in a manner similar to that described in a previous investigation on ethane (9). It is found to lie entirely within the coexistence curve determined by P-V-T methods by other investigators (6). This is considered to be evidence for the formation of a dispersion of liquid and vapour before the critical temperature is reached. The term "critical dispersion temperature" is suggested for the temperature at the apex of the coexistence curve determined by the disappearance of the meniscus in a bomb shaken in the manner described in this investigation. The apex of the curve determined by P-V-T methods is the true critical temperature, beyond which liquid is not stable. The classical critical temperature, determined by the disappearance of the meniscus in a stationary bomb, is an indefinite point between these two.
A NOTE ON THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF GASEOUS MOLECULES; AND A TABLE FOR OBTAINING VALUES OF THE ERROR FUNCTION COMPLEMENT
Authors: Heatley A. H.
Published: April 2011

The formula for the computation of the fraction of the molecules in a gas that possess energy above a specified amount is simple when motion in only two directions is considered but becomes difficult to evaluate when three directions are considered. The ratio of the results for the two cases may be easily computed by means of the function L(x), a table of which is given. The relations of L(x) to the error function complement Erfc(x), to the error function Erf(x), and to the Miller and Gordon function F(x) are shown. An extension of the table of F(x) is also given.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: VI. ETHANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Shane Gerald
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of ethane have been investigated by the static method in the temperature range 565° to 640 °C. The reaction was found to be uninfluenced by surface. The rate of the reaction can be expressed by[Formula: see text]The products of the reaction are ethylene, hydrogen, and a small amount of methane and probably higher hydrocarbons.The reaction is discussed from the point of view of free radical mechanisms, and it is suggested that the results cast serious doubt on the validity of the Rice-Herzfeld mechanism and its modification by Küchler and Theile.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: XI. THE DECOMPOSITION OF BENZYLIDENE DIACETATE, o-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE DIACETATE AND BENZYLIDENE DIBUTYRATE
Authors: Parlee N. A. D. , Arnell J. C. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

Benzylidene diacetate, o-chlorobenzylidene diacetate, and benzylidene dibutyrate decompose unimolecularly at rates given by the equation previously found for crotonylidene diacetate and furfurylidene diacetate, viz., [Formula: see text]. The fact that these esters all have a double bond at the same distance from the breaking point of the molecule is considered significant in connection with their identical reaction velocity, which is about six times that of ethylidene diacetate. Benzylidene diacetate decomposes at the same rate in both the liquid and vapour states to reach an equilibrium given by the equation [Formula: see text]. The reverse reaction with a rate given by [Formula: see text] is characterized by a steric factor of 10−4.
A PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER-FLUORIMETER
Authors: Froman D. K. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

A photoelectric colorimeter of the compensating two-photocell type is described. It is simple in design, relatively inexpensive to construct, and satisfactory in performance. By changing the lamp and filters it can be adapted to fluorescence measurements.
MICROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE: IV. THE MICRODETERMINATION OF MERCURY AND HALOGEN IN ORGANOMERCURIC HALIDES
Authors: Stonestreet Gladys O. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

A procedure has been outlined for simultaneous volumetric determination of chlorine or bromine and mercury in organomercurials. Attention is called to some modifications of the Zacherl and Krainick method which was adapted to this purpose.
SOLUBILITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE REGION OF THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Holder C. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for the measurement of solubility in the critical temperature region has been constructed. This apparatus permits samples to be taken from the upper and lower regions (vapour and liquid phases, if below critical temperature) of a system without volume or pressure change so that equilibrium is not disturbed.Solubility measurements of hexachloroethane in ethane have been made through the critical temperature region.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP IN NICKEL ORES AND CONCENTRATES
Authors: Lathe F. E.
Published: April 2011

Most published methods for the determination of platinum and associated metals are not of general application to ores and concentrates, and their accuracy as applied to unknown material is in many cases seriously open to question. The methods here described are chiefly based upon experience with the products of the Sudbury area, but are believed to be applicable without substantial modification to all sulphide ores of nickel and to smelter and refinery products derived therefrom. Methods of concentrating the platinum metals are described, an outline is given of an approximate method of determination based on sulphuric acid parting, and details of a more reliable method in which nitric acid is the parting medium are set out. The results obtained are compared with those of Beamish and associates on similar material.
NITROXYL PERCHLORATE
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , Gordon W. E.
Published: April 2011

A method for the preparation of nitroxyl perchlorate is outlined. Its empirical formula is NClO6. Some of its physical and chemical properties are described.
THE SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN A TURNER VALLEY CRUDE OIL
Authors: Watson L. M. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

A large number of compounds present in a Turner Valley crude oil have been separated by fractional distillation in a 3-ft. Stedman column. The fractionation was continued up to 153 °C. The compounds have been identified by their physical properties, and the amount of each has been estimated. A comparison with another Turner Valley crude is made.
CALYX END STRUCTURE IN THE GRAVENSTEIN APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

The development and structure of the calyx end of the Gravenstein is compared with that of a number of other varieties. This comparison indicates:— (i) that the calyx end of the Gravenstein exhibits an unusual degree of variation in its mode of development; (ii) that at maturity it is usually composed of a tissue which is exceptionally fissured and porous; (iii) that most of these fissures and pores are radial slits; and (iv) that, as these openings are so unusually large and numerous in the Gravenstein, its calyx end must be structurally weaker than the corresponding structure in the other varieties. It is suggested that the prevalence of open core in the Gravenstein is due to this structural weakness of the calyx end.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT AND LOAF VOLUME OF BREAD
Authors: McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Loaf volume obtained with the malt-phosphate-bromate formula (1 mg. of bromate per 100 gm. of flour) is highly correlated with wheat protein within any one variety of hard red spring wheat. The extremes of protein content studied were 8.0 and 20.0%, and there were few incidents of significant variation from linear correlation.The regression of loaf volume on protein varied enormously from one variety to another. The regression coefficient is just as much an inherent varietal characteristic as is yield or protein content.
ACTION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS ON FAT: II. OBSERVATIONS OF UNINOCULATED GLOBULES OF TRIGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS AND OF BUTTERFAT IN AN AGAR MEDIUM
Authors: Castell C. H. , Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

With the object of discovering the significance of the "opaqueness" surrounding so-called lipolytic colonies on fat-emulsion agar plates, detailed observations have been made on uninoculated globules of butterfat, pure triglycerides, fatty acids, and mixtures of fats and fatty acids. The following observations have been made:At room temperature, sooner or later, fat crystals form in all butterfat globules. The rapidity with which crystals form and their general conformation and texture are capable of considerable variation. This depends upon the previous history of the butterfat, temperature, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the agar medium in which the fat is suspended.Sodium chloride, among other substances, brings about rapid changes in the form of the globules and the texture of the crystals.The crystals of pure fats suspended in agar are quite unlike the crystals in globules of butterfat. When these same fats are suspended in some form of oily matrix this difference disappears.The chief difference between pure fats and fatty acids, when suspended in oil, is that there is a tendency for the fatty acids to crystallize at the fat-agar interface, while the fats do not. The lower, solid fatty acids often protrude out into the agar medium.As well as copper sulphate and Nile blue sulphate, a large number of other dyes have been used to differentiate fatty acids from fats.It appears probable that the phenomenon of opaqueness in the fat globules surrounding lipolytic colonies in fat-emulsion agar plates is owing, at least in part, to the rapid formation of fat crystals, as well as to the formation of fatty acids.