bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kynurenine pathway in type 2 diabetes: Role of metformin
Authors: Al‐Qahtani Zainah , Al‐kuraishy Hayder M. , Ali Naif H. , Elewa Yaser Hosny Ali , Batiha Gaber El‐Saber
Published: August 2024

The Kynurenine pathway (KP) which is involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from tryptophan (Trp) is intricate in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory reactions in response to cardiometabolic disorders can induce the development of IR through the augmentation of KP. However, kynurenine (KYN), a precursor of kynurenic acid (KA) is increased following physical exercise and involved in the reduction of IR. Consequently, KP metabolites KA and KYN have anti‐diabetogenic effects while other metabolites have diabetogenic effects. KP modulators, either inhibitors or activators, affect glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in T2D in a bidirectional way, either protective or detrimental, that is not related to the KP effect. However, metformin through inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways can reduce the activation of KP in T2D. These findings indicated a strong controversy regarding the role of KP in T2D. Therefore, the objectives of this mini review were to clarify how KP induces the development of IR and T2D. In addition, this review aimed to find the mechanistic role of antidiabetic drug metformin on the KP, and how KP modulators affect the pathogenesis of T2D.
Bread consumption trends in Poland: A socio‐economic perspective and factors affecting current intake
Authors: Sadowski Adam , Dobrowolska Bogusława , Dziugan Piotr , Motyl Ilona , Liszkowska Wiktoria , Rydlewska‐Liszkowska Izabela , Berłowska Joanna
Published: August 2024

Fermentation processes have been known since ancient times and are widely used in the production of food, beverages, and other areas. One of the most well‐known fermented products is bread. It plays an important role in human nutrition because of the valuable compounds it contains. The growing population leads to an increase in global bread consumption and other bakery products. Simultaneously, in developed countries, declining consumption trends are observed. Understanding the complex interplay between socio‐economic dynamics, food production policies, and the dietary patterns of society is crucial for shaping effective strategies that align with the principles of a sustainable and resilient food system. The aim of this study was to determine bread consumption trends in Poland. Data were obtained from the Household Budget Surveys carried out by Statistics Poland. The study considered the period from 1978 to 2020 and was performed in three dimensions: socio‐economic groups, the number of people in households, and income quintile groups. A decreasing trend in bread consumption was observed within the analyzed period in all three socio‐economic groups. Based on the analysis of the relationship between bread consumption and income level per capita, the same observation was made. There was no correlation between the amount of bread consumed and the number of people in the household. The obtained data are determined by many factors, including prices of bread, demographic changes, dietary patterns, and education in the field of human nutrition.
Cancer risk among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Rwanda from 2007 to 2018
Authors: Dusingize Jean Claude , Murenzi Gad , Muhoza Benjamin , Businge Lydia , Remera Eric , Uwinkindi Francois , Hagenimana Marc , Rwibasira Gallican , Nsanzimana Sabin , Castle Philip E. , Anastos Kathryn , Clifford Gary M.
Published: August 2024

Assessing the risk of cancer among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the current era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial, given their increased susceptibility to many types of cancer and prolonged survival due to ART exposure. Our study aims to compare the association between HIV infection and specific cancer sites in Rwanda. Population‐based cancer registry data were used to identify cancer cases in both PLHIV and HIV‐negative persons. A probabilistic record linkage approach between the HIV and cancer registries was used to supplement HIV status ascertainment in the cancer registry. Associations between HIV infection and different cancer types were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression models. We performed several sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our findings and to evaluate the potential impact of different assumptions on our results. From 2007 to 2018, the cancer registry recorded 17,679 cases, of which 7% were diagnosed among PLHIV. We found significant associations between HIV infection and Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 29.1, 95% CI: 23.2–36.6), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (1.6, 1.3–2.0), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (1.6, 1.1–2.4), cervical (2.3, 2.0–2.7), vulvar (4.0, 2.5–6.5), penile (3.0, 2.0–4.5), and eye cancers (2.2, 1.6–3.0). Men living with HIV had a higher risk of anal cancer (3.1, 1.0–9.5) than men without HIV, but women living with HIV did not have higher risk than women without HIV (1.0, 0.2–4.3). Our study found that in an era of expanded ART coverage in Rwanda, HIV is associated with a broad range of cancers, particularly those linked to viral infections.
Therapeutic approaches and novel antifibrotic agents in renal fibrosis: A comprehensive review
Authors: Lahane Ganesh Panditrao , Dhar Arti , Bhat Audesh
Published: August 2024

Renal fibrosis (RF) is one of the underlying pathological conditions leading to progressive loss of renal function and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Over the years, various therapeutic approaches have been explored to combat RF and prevent ESRD. Despite significant advances in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism(s), effective therapeutic interventions for RF are limited. Current therapeutic strategies primarily target these underlying mechanisms to halt or reverse fibrotic progression. Inhibition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling, a pivotal mediator of RF has emerged as a central strategy to manage RF. Small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies that target TGF‐β receptors or downstream effectors have demonstrated potential in preclinical models. Modulating the renin–angiotensin system and targeting the endothelin system also provide established approaches for controlling fibrosis‐related hemodynamic changes. Complementary to pharmacological strategies, lifestyle modifications, and dietary interventions contribute to holistic management. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms of RF and provide an overview of the therapeutic strategies and novel antifibrotic agents that hold promise in its treatment.
CASQ2 alleviates lung cancer by inhibiting M2 tumor‐associated macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway
Authors: Ding Yan , Yuan Xiaoliang , Wang Ying , Yan Jun
Published: August 2024

Lung cancer (LC) is a major inducer of cancer‐related death. We aim to reveal the effect of Calsequestrin2 (CASQ2) on macrophage polarization and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in LC. Hub genes were determined from protein–protein interaction networks based on GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets using bioinformatic analysis. Expression of hub genes was verified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Cell Counting Kit‐8, 5‐ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine, wound‐healing, colony formation, and transwell assays were performed to assess the impact of CASQ2 on LC cells. A xenograft mouse model was evaluated using hematoxylin–eosin, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining to investigate the effect of CASQ2 on LC. The role of CASQ2 in regulating macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway was evaluated by western blot andRT‐qPCR. We screened out 155 common differentially expressed genes in GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets. Myomesin‐2, tyrosine kinase, sex determining region Y‐box 2, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, matrix metallopeptidase 9, claudin‐5, caveolin‐1, CASQ2, recombinant ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 (ATP2A2), and ankyrin repeat domain 1 were identified as the hub genes with high prediction value. CASQ2 was selected as a pivotal regulator of LC. In vitro experiments and xenograft models revealed that CASQ2 overexpression suppressed proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion of LC cells, and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, overexpression of CASQ2 promoted the expression of M1 macrophage markers (cluster of differentiation 80 [CD80], interleukin [IL]‐12, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), while decreasing the expression of M2 macrophage markers (CD163, IL‐10, Arg1) in tumor‐associated macrophages and xenograft tissues. Finally, we found that overexpression of CASQ2 inhibited JAK/STAT pathway. CASQ2 is a novel biomarker, which can alleviate LC via inhibiting M2 tumor‐associated macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway.
Hesperetin‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in a diabetic rat model
Authors: Radhakrishnan Sivamathi Rathna Priya , Mohan Karthik , Natarajan Ashokkumar
Published: August 2024

The study aimed to investigate the potential of hesperetin‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HSPCNPs) in alleviating hyperglycemia by modulating key enzymes in diabetic rats. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with hesperetin were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized with Electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, particle size analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Encapsulation efficiency and Loading efficiency. To induce diabetes, rats were fed a high‐fat beef tallow diet for 28 days, then given a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg b.w in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.0). Rats were treated with HSPCNPs at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. The analyzed parameters included body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose and insulin, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and carbohydrate metabolism. SEM imaging revealed dimensions between 124.2 and 251.6 nm and a mean particle size of 145.0 nm. FT‐IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the chitosan nanoparticles, and the zeta potential was 35.5 mV. HSPCNP 40 mg/kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, improving body weight, food intake, and reducing water intake. In diabetic rats, enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism like fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose 6‐phosphatase are evaluated in the liver, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activity were significantly lower. Additionally, plasma insulin levels increased, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. The results show that HSPCNPs at 40 mg/kg b.w. ameliorate hyperglycemia to provide robust protection against diabetic complications and significantly improve metabolic health.
Calycosin activates Nrf2/Keap1 signaling to ameliorate hydrogen peroxide‐induced spinal cord neuron death and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Ruan Ye , Cai Ziming , Kang Zhengwen , Liang Jinzhu , Tian He , Yu Qinghe , Zhang Qiusheng , Lin Wenping
Published: August 2024

Oxidative stress is a hallmark of secondary injury of spinal cord injuries. Controlling oxidative stress is crucial for mitigating secondary injury and promoting functional recovery after spinal cord injuries. Calycosin is an O‐methylated isoflavone with antioxidant activity. To evaluate the effect of calycosin on spinal cord neurons under oxidative stress and clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the effect, we tested the neuroprotective activity of calycosin in a primary spinal cord neuron culture model. We found that calycosin protected neurons from H2O2‐induced neuronal death in a dose‐dependent manner. Further experiments revealed that calycosin decreased H2O2‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and subsequently reduced H2O2‐triggered release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. In addition, calycosin inhibited H2O2‐induced reactive oxygen species generation and activation of NF‐κB signaling in spinal cord neurons. Furthermore, the expression of several antioxidant enzymes such as HO‐1, NQO1, GCLC, GCLM, TrxR1, and Trx1 was significantly promoted by calycosin. More importantly, we revealed that the Nrf2/Keap1 signal is crucial for the effect of calycosin, because calycosin increased the amount of nuclear Nrf2 while decreasing the amount of cytoplasmic Nrf2. Nrf2 knockdown with siRNA transfection abolished the neuroprotective effect of calycosin. Taken together, this study disclosed a novel mechanism by which calycosin combats oxidative stress. Our study thus sheds light on the potential clinical application of calycosin in SCI treatment.
A proton channel, Otopetrin 1 (OTOP1) is N‐glycosylated at two asparagine residues in third extracellular loop
Authors: Sasaki Omi , Yano‐Nashimoto Saori , Yamaguchi Soichiro
Published: August 2024

A proton (H+) channel, Otopetrin 1 (OTOP1) is an acid sensor in the sour taste receptor cells. Although OTOP1 is known to be activated by extracellular acid, no posttranslational modification of OTOP1 has been reported. As one of the posttranslational modifications, glycosylation is known to modulate many ion channels. In this study, we investigated whether OTOP1 is glycosylated and how the glycosylation affects OTOP1 function. Pharmacological and enzymatic examinations (using an N‐glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin and peptide: N‐glycanase F [PNGase F]) revealed that overexpressed mouse OTOP1 was N‐glycosylated. As the N‐glycans were Endoglycosidase H (Endo H)‐sensitive, they were most likely high‐mannose type. A site‐directed mutagenesis approach revealed that both two asparagine residues (N238 and N251) in the third extracellular loop between the fifth transmembrane region and the sixth transmembrane region (L5‐6) were the glycosylation sites. Prevention of the glycosylations by the mutations of the asparagine residues or by tunicamycin treatment diminished the whole‐cell OTOP1 current densities. The results of cell surface biotinylation assay showed that the prevention of the glycosylations reduced the surface expression of OTOP1 at the plasma membrane. These results indicate that mouse OTOP1 is N‐glycosylated at N238 and N251, and that the glycosylations are necessary for OTOP1 to show the maximum degree of H+ current densities at the plasma membrane through promoting its targeting to the plasma membrane. These findings on glycosylations of OTOP1 will be a part of a comprehensive understanding on the regulations of OTOP1 function.
Single‐cell transcriptomic analysis of B cells reveals new insights into atypical memory B cells in COVID‐19
Authors: García‐Vega Melissa , Llamas‐Covarrubias Mara Anais , Loza Martin , Reséndiz‐Sandoval Mónica , Hinojosa‐Trujillo Diana , Melgoza‐González Edgar , Valenzuela Olivia , Mata‐Haro Verónica , Hernández‐Oñate Miguel , Soto‐Gaxiola Alan , Chávez‐Rueda Karina , Nakai Kenta , Hernández Jesús
Published: August 2024

Here, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing of S1 and receptor binding domain protein‐specific B cells from convalescent COVID‐19 patients with different clinical manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the role and developmental pathway of atypical memory B cells (MBCs) in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. The results revealed a proinflammatory signature across B cell subsets associated with disease severity, as evidenced by the upregulation of genes such as GADD45B, MAP3K8, and NFKBIA in critical and severe individuals. Furthermore, the analysis of atypical MBCs suggested a developmental pathway similar to that of conventional MBCs through germinal centers, as indicated by the expression of several genes involved in germinal center processes, including CXCR4, CXCR5, BCL2, and MYC. Additionally, the upregulation of genes characteristic of the immune response in COVID‐19, such as ZFP36 and DUSP1, suggested that the differentiation and activation of atypical MBCs may be influenced by exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 and that these genes may contribute to the immune response for COVID‐19 recovery. Our study contributes to a better understanding of atypical MBCs in COVID‐19 and the role of other B cell subsets across different clinical manifestations.
Examining the effects of ChatGPT on tourism and hospitality student responses through integrating technology acceptance model
Authors: Zhu Chris Zhen Gan , Hall C. Michael , Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Lin Feifei , Naderi Koupaei Sara
Published: August 2024

ChatGPT has gained increased attention as an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based tool in the field of tourism and hospitality education in recent years. This study investigates the impact of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and authenticity on student attitude and intention to use ChatGPT by incorporating the concept of authenticity into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theoretical framework in tourism and hospitality education. This study found that authenticity had the strongest indirect effect on student intention to use ChatGPT compared with perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. This study broadens the applicability of TAM theory in ChatGPT and provides practical insights into its application.
Low‐dose ionizing radiation‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement via the non‐homologous end joining pathway to drive thyroid cancer
Authors: Liu Yuhao , Zhu Jiaojiao , Zhou Shenghui , Hou Yifan , Yan Ziyan , Ao Xingkun , Wang Ping , Zhou Lin , Chen Huixi , Liang Xinxin , Guan Hua , Gao Shanshan , Xie Dafei , Gu Yongqing , Zhou Ping‐Kun
Published: August 2024

Thyroid cancer incidence increases worldwide annually, primarily due to factors such as ionizing radiation (IR), iodine intake, and genetics. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (PTC) accounts for about 80% of thyroid cancer cases. RET/PTC1 (coiled‐coil domain containing 6 [CCDC6]‐rearranged during transfection) rearrangement is a distinctive feature in over 70% of thyroid cancers who exposed to low doses of IR in Chernobyl and Hiroshima‒Nagasaki atomic bombings. This study aims to elucidate mechanism between RET/PTC1 rearrangement and IR in PTC. N‐thy‐ori‐3‐1 cells were subjected to varying doses of IR (2/1/0.5/0.2/0.1/0.05 Gy) of IR at different days, and result showed low‐dose IR‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement in a dose‐dependent manner. RET/PTC1 has been observed to promote PTC both in vivo and in vitro. To delineate the role of different DNA repair pathways, SCR7, RI‐1, and Olaparib were employed to inhibit non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and microhomology‐mediated end joining (MMEJ), respectively. Notably, inhibiting NHEJ enhanced HR repair efficiency and reduced IR‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Conversely, inhibiting HR increased NHEJ repair efficiency and subsequent RET/PTC1 rearrangement. The MMEJ did not show a markable role in this progress. Additionally, inhibiting DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs) decreased the efficiency of NHEJ and thus reduced IR‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement. To conclude, the data suggest that NHEJ, rather than HR or MMEJ, is the critical cause of IR‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Targeting DNA‐PKcs to inhibit the NHEJ has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing IR‐induced RET/PTC1 rearrangement in PTC.
Pyroptosis and the fight against lung cancer
Authors: Wang Jiwei , Su Huiling , Wang Min , Ward Richard , An Su , Xu Tian‐Rui
Published: August 2024

Pyroptosis, a newly characterized type of inflammatory programmed cell death (PCD), is usually triggered by multiple inflammasomes which can recognize different danger or damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the activation of caspase‐1 and the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Gasdermin family pore‐forming proteins are the executers of pyroptosis and are normally maintained in an inactive state through auto‐inhibition. Upon caspases mediated cleavage of gasdermins, the pro‐pyroptotic N‐terminal fragment is released from the auto‐inhibition of C‐terminal fragment and oligomerizes, forming pores in the plasma membrane. This results in the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐18, and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), generating osmotic swelling and lysis. Current therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer treatment efficiently force the cancer cells to undergo pyroptosis, which then generates local and systemic antitumor immunity. Thus, pyroptosis is recognized as a new therapeutic regimen for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we briefly describe the signaling pathways involved in pyroptosis, and endeavor to discuss the antitumor effects of pyroptosis and its potential application in lung cancer therapy, focusing on the contribution of pyroptosis to microenvironmental reprogramming and evocation of antitumor immune response.
Using intrinsic‐resonance of an interdigitated microwave capacitor for detecting glyphosate‐based herbicide in water
Authors: Méndez‐Jerónimo Gabriela , Lobato‐Morales Humberto , Molina‐Reyes Joel
Published: August 2024

Glyphosate‐based herbicides are the most used worldwide despite the fact that studies have shown their possible adverse effects on human health and the environment. Since the residues of these herbicides reach water bodies, their detection is considered an emergent research topic. In this work, the use of the intrinsic resonance of a microwave interdigitated capacitor fabricated on microstrip technology, is proposed for detecting the presence of glyphosate‐based herbicide in water. In addition, a sample holder is proposed to avoid the possible oxidation of the metal electrodes due to the direct contact with liquids. The proposed structure was designed to present its first intrinsic resonance at 1.95 GHz so that this resonance is shifted to 1.58 GHz when pure deionized water is used as sample. The sensor device was tested against 18 mixtures prepared with concentrations between 0% and 100% v/v of herbicide diluted in deionized water. Experimental measurements confirm that by using the intrinsic resonance parameters of the proposed structure, is possible to detect the presence of a glyphosate‐based herbicide. Finally, the results confirm the potential of the proposal as an alternative for real‐time, label‐free, and sensitive detection of glyphosate in water and they open the possibility of exploiting its use for the detection of other contaminants.
Reproducibility of intravoxel incoherent motion quantification in the liver across field strengths and gradient hardware
Authors: Simchick Gregory , Allen Timothy J. , Hernando Diego
Published: August 2024

Purpose

To evaluate reproducibility and interlobar agreement of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) quantification in the liver across field strengths and MR scanners with different gradient hardware.

Methods

Cramer‐Rao lower bound optimization was performed to determine optimized monopolar and motion‐robust 2D (b‐value and first‐order motion moment [M1]) IVIM‐DWI acquisitions. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent diffusion MRI of the liver, where each optimized acquisition was obtained five times across three MRI scanners. For each data set, IVIM estimates (diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo‐diffusion coefficients ( and ), blood velocity SDs (Vb1 and Vb2), and perfusion fractions [f1 and f2]) were obtained in the right and left liver lobes using two signal models (pseudo‐diffusion and M1‐dependent physical) with and without T2 correction (fc1 and fc2) and three fitting techniques (tri‐exponential region of interest–based full and segmented fitting and blood velocity SD distribution fitting). Reproducibility and interlobar agreement were compared across methods using within‐subject and pairwise coefficients of variation (CVw and CVp), paired sample t‐tests, and Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

Using a combination of motion‐robust 2D (b‐M1) data acquisition, M1‐dependent physical signal modeling with T2 correction, and blood velocity SD distribution fitting, multiscanner reproducibility with median CVw = 5.09%, 11.3%, 9.20%, 14.2%, and 12.6% for D, Vb1, Vb2, fc1, and fc2, respectively, and interlobar agreement with CVp = 8.14%, 11.9%, 8.50%, 49.9%, and 42.0%, respectively, was achieved.

Conclusion

Recently proposed advanced IVIM acquisition, signal modeling, and fitting techniques may facilitate reproducible IVIM quantification in the liver, as needed for establishment of IVIM‐based quantitative biomarkers for detection, staging, and treatment monitoring of diseases.
Development and characterization of UV‐curable PCL/AESO/CNT nanocomposites for biomedical engineering
Authors: Mohammadi Zahra , Mirzaei Hadis , Moradi Elahe , Bolourian Amirali , Bazrpash Sina , Tavakoli Dare Masoud , Khonakdar Hossein Ali
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the development and characterization of UV‐curable Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO), and Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites for biomedical engineering applications. The PCL/AESO blends were prepared in various ratios, and CNTs were incorporated at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% to enhance mechanical properties. The UV‐curable formulations aimed to leverage rapid curing times, precise control over material properties, and the ability to fabricate complex structures. Results indicated that the incorporation of CNTs improved the tensile strength, modulus, and toughness of the composites. The PCL/AESO/CNT nanocomposites exhibited a tensile strength increase of 25%, a modulus improvement of 30%, and a toughness enhancement of 20% compared to pure PCL. Thermal analysis showed an increase in crystallization temperature and thermal stability, with a crystallinity degree of 63.31% and a maximum degradation temperature of 407°C for the B/C 50/50/1.5 sample. Biocompatibility assessments using L929 fibroblast cells revealed that the composites supported cell viability and proliferation over 7 days with negligible cytotoxicity. Cell attachment studies indicated favorable morphology and adherence, suggesting a conducive environment for cell growth and differentiation. Hydrolytic biodegradation studies demonstrated adjustable degradation rates, making these composites suitable for various biomedical applications requiring controlled biodegradation.
Theoretical investigations on N2H5N5/PDO cocrystal via a first‐principles study
Authors: Chen Zhipeng , Wang Junqi , Xie Qingshan , Yang Chen , Zhou Changlin
Published: August 2024

The exploration of cyclo‐N5ˉ‐based energetic cocrystals represents a noteworthy avenue within pentazolate chemistry, focusing on leveraging cocrystallization to enhance stability. Recently, a novel cocrystal explosive, N2H5N5/PDO, was developed by combining N2H5N5 with pyrazine 1,4‐dioxide (PDO), exhibiting promising detonation characteristics and reduced sensitivity. This study endeavors to elucidate how the structure and noncovalent interactions impact the performance of N2H5N5/PDO through a first‐principles investigation. The results indicate that the enhanced hydrogen bonding and wave‐like crystal packing structure within the cocrystal effectively bolster its stability compared to N2H5N5. The N···H and O···H interactions, in conjunction with π–π interactions, emerge as critical elements driving cocrystal formation. Compared to the pure N2H5N5, the detonation performance of the cocrystal exhibits a slight decline, albeit with a noticeable reduction in sensitivity.
Novel Trifunctional Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair Derived From Aminoboronic Acid for Converting CO2 Into Valuable Chemicals
Authors: Faizan Mohmmad , Santhosh Guntupalli , Chakraborty Madhumita , Pawar Ravinder
Published: August 2024

The conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals remains a significant challenge for achieving environmental sustainability, primarily due to the stability of the CO2 molecule. This necessitates the development of efficient and ecofriendly catalysts. In recent years, frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have shown promise for CO2 utilization. In this study, we introduce α‐aminodiboronic acid (DBA), a novel trifunctional aminoboronic acid, as an intramolecular FLP for converting CO2 into cyclic carbonate and formic acid. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we explored the reaction mechanism and investigated DBA's electronic structure through molecular electrostatic potential surface (MESP) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. Our results reveal that one −B (OH)2 group induces an unusual state of frustration in the molecule due to charge transfer from the nitrogen atom's lone pair to the π* orbitals, enhancing catalytic performance. The additional −B (OH)2 group serves as an anchoring site for reactive species. The epoxide activation energy is reduced by approximately 27 kcal/mol compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, and the reduction of CO2 occurs with a requirement of 26 kcal/mol. The additional −B (OH)2 plays a crucial role in the catalytic mechanism and minimizes the energies of various structures observed in the reaction path. The reaction energetics align with structural analysis observations, marking this study as the first report on single‐molecule trifunctional FLPs for transforming CO2 into valuable chemicals.
“Fight or flight”—A study of frontline emergency response workforce's perceived knowledge, and motivation to work during hazards
Authors: Sørensen Jarle L. , Mortelmans Luc , Gray Lesley , Khorram‐Manesh Amir , Hertelendy Attila J. , Stray Karianne N. , Kupietz Kevin , Peyravi Mahmoud R. , Ranse Jamie , Achour Nebil
Published: August 2024

This study aims to identify different frontline emergency response workforce's perceived knowledge of hazards and their willingness and motivations to go to work during them. An online version of the “Fight or Flight” survey was distributed and collected from Norwegian emergency personnel during the spring of 2023. Findings reveal a gap between the participants' knowledge levels and their overall willingness to go to work. Furthermore, the study identified family safety as the main motivational factor. The study shows the need for educational initiatives, and for managers to incorporate the knowledge of employee motivational factors into their hiring processes, frameworks, and management systems to ensure the best possible working conditions for their employees and their families.
3D‐Printed Carbon Scaffold for Structural Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Katsuyama Yuto , Hui Joanne , Thiel Markus , Haba Nagihiro , Yang Zhiyin , Kaner Richard B.
Published: August 2024

Focus on advancement of energy storage has now turned to curbing carbon emissions in the transportation sector by adopting electric vehicles (EVs). Technological advancements in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), valued for their lightweight and high capacity, are critical to making this switch a reality. Integrating structurally enhanced LIBs directly into vehicular design tackles two EV limitations: vehicle range and weight. In this study, 3D‐carbon (3D‐C) lattices, prepared with an inexpensive stereolithography‐type 3D printer followed by carbonization, are proposed as scaffolds for Li metal anodes for structural LIBs. Mechanical stability tests revealed that the 3D‐C lattice can withstand a maximum stress of 5.15 ± 0.15 MPa, which makes 3D‐C lattices an ideal candidate for structural battery electrodes. Symmetric cell tests show the superior cycling stability of 3D‐C scaffolds compared to conventional bare Cu foil current collectors. When 3D‐C scaffolds are used, a small overpotential (≈0.075 V) is retained over 100 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 for 3 mAh cm−2, while the overpotential of a bare Cu symmetric cell is unstable and increased to 0.74 V at the 96th cycle. The precisely oriented internal pores of the 3D‐C lattice confine lithium metal deposits within the 3D scaffold, effectively preventing short circuits.
It's about time: A multistate semicontinuous time mark–recapture model to evaluate seasonal survival and movement rates of juvenile Coho Salmon in a small coastal watershed
Authors: Van Vleet Nicholas P. , Ward Darren M. , Som Nicholas A. , Barton Daniel C. , Anderson Colin , Henderson Mark J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Many mark–recapture models assume that releases and recaptures are discrete events, and researchers often aggregate continuous recapture data (e.g., passive integrated transponder [PIT] detections) into coarse temporal scales to satisfy this assumption. This temporal discretization could result in parameter biases by ignoring the individual heterogeneity in the time susceptible to mortality after recapture and the conditions experienced (e.g., temperature and predation risk) before and after recapture. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the amount of bias in survival and emigration rates due to different temporal discretization durations when recapture events occur continuously and (2) apply this semicontinuous model to estimate rates of early emigration and overwinter survival for Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in a coastal California watershed.

Methods

We developed a semicontinuous time multistate mark–recapture model to separately estimated emigration and survival rates throughout the year. We used weekly time-varying occasions paired with discrete spatial states and conducted extensive simulation trials to explore potential model bias. We then applied the model to an existing 4-year dataset of Coho Salmon PIT tag detections.

Result

Our simulations indicated that that the amount of bias in survival and movement rates decreased as the temporal discretization duration decreased. The confidence interval of the bias estimates included zero with a duration of 8 days, indicating that this duration was sufficiently short to model movement and survival. Results from our Coho Salmon analysis suggest that overwinter survival rate ranged from 0.72 to 0.83, which is higher than previous estimates for Coho Salmon in this region. We estimate that a substantial proportion of smaller juveniles (0.21–0.28 annually) move to downstream nonnatal rearing habitats before the spring smolt migration.

Conclusion

Our semicontinuous modeling approach can be implemented relatively easily and used to analyze continuous detection data to accurately estimate survival and movement rates. Our analysis of Coho Salmon PIT tag detections implies that previous low estimates of apparent overwinter survival of Coho Salmon were partially due to high movement rates to alternative rearing locations. This contrasts with conclusions from the previous research that suggested that overwinter survival was a major limiting factor for population recovery and implies that species recovery may be improved by considering multiple emigration patterns in the design of future research, monitoring, and restoration projects.
Green synthesis and anti‐biofilm effect on Drosophila melanogaster of selenium nanoparticles from Vitis vinifera for photocatalytic degradation and different biological applications
Authors: Banerjee Manosi , Rajeswari Devi
Published: August 2024

This study aims to combine Vitis vinifera extract with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) solution to develop a biobased approach for producing green selenium nanoparticles. V. vinifera fruit extract is potent in secondary metabolites such as phenols (1.19 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (0.42 mg catechin equivalents/g), and tannins (2.84 mg tannic acid equivalents/g), it was discovered to be particularly appropriate for the production of nanoparticles. SeNPs were characterized using UV–vis, SEM, zeta potential, EDS, DLS, FTIR, and XRD AFM. SeNPs were assessed for anti‐microbial, anti‐biofilm, and antioxidant assay. Biosynthesized‐produced SeNPs were discovered to possess significant antioxidant activity and high antibacterial action. Selenium nanoparticles had the potential to modulate the impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular analyses were performed, and survival analysis curves were plotted to study the impact of SeNPs. When SeNPs are exposed to UV light, they efficiently break down crystal violet dye. To comprehend the impact of three variables—pH, time, and SeNP concentration—on the dye degradation, a full factorial design was employed. This study showed that SeNPs can be used as a potential anti‐biofilm agent and are also effective in the textile, dye, and pharmaceutical industries.
Attractors of a thermoelastic Bresse system with mass diffusion
Authors: Li Haiyan , Cabanillas Victor R. , Feng Baowei
Published: August 2024

This paper concerns the long‐time dynamics of a thermoelastic Bresse system with mass diffusion. We prove the existence of a global attractor by showing that the system is gradient and asymptotically smooth. In addition, the attractor is characterized as an unstable manifold of the set of stationary solutions. The quasi‐stability of the system and the finite fractal dimension of the global attractor are established by a stabilizability inequality. Finally, we prove the upper semicontinuity of the global attractor regarding the parameter in a dense residual set.
Override and restricted union for partial functions
Authors: Stokes Tim
Published: August 2024

The override operation $$\sqcup $$
⊔
is a natural one in computer science, and has connections with other areas of mathematics such as hyperplane arrangements. For arbitrary functions f and g, $$f\sqcup g$$

f
⊔
g

is the function with domain $${{\,\textrm{dom}\,}}(f)\cup {{\,\textrm{dom}\,}}(g)$$

dom

(
f
)
∪

dom

(
g
)

that agrees with f on $${{\,\textrm{dom}\,}}(f)$$

dom

(
f
)

and with g on $${{\,\textrm{dom}\,}}(g) \backslash {{\,\textrm{dom}\,}}(f)$$

dom

(
g
)
\

dom

(
f
)

. Jackson and the author have shown that there is no finite axiomatisation of algebras of functions of signature $$(\sqcup )$$

(
⊔
)

. But adding operations (such as update) to this minimal signature can lead to finite axiomatisations. For the functional signature $$(\sqcup ,\backslash )$$

(
⊔
,
\
)

where $$\backslash $$
\
is set-theoretic difference, Cirulis has given a finite equational axiomatisation as subtraction o-semilattices. Define $$f\curlyvee g=(f\sqcup g)\cap (g\sqcup f)$$

f
⋎
g
=
(
f
⊔
g
)
∩
(
g
⊔
f
)

for all functions f and g; this is the largest domain restriction of the binary relation $$f\cup g$$

f
∪
g

that gives a partial function. Now $$f\cap g=f\backslash (f\backslash g)$$

f
∩
g
=
f
\
(
f
\
g
)

and $$f\sqcup g=f\curlyvee (f\curlyvee g)$$

f
⊔
g
=
f
⋎
(
f
⋎
g
)

for all functions f, g, so the signatures $$(\curlyvee )$$

(
⋎
)

and $$(\sqcup ,\cap )$$

(
⊔
,
∩
)

are both intermediate between $$(\sqcup )$$

(
⊔
)

and $$(\sqcup ,\backslash )$$

(
⊔
,
\
)

in expressive power. We show that each is finitely axiomatised, with the former giving a proper quasivariety and the latter the variety of associative distributive o-semilattices in the sense of Cirulis.
Exosomes derived from BMSCs in osteogenic differentiation promote type H blood vessel angiogenesis through miR-150-5p mediated metabolic reprogramming of endothelial cells
Authors: Wu Feng , Song Chengchao , Zhen Guanqi , Jin Qin , Li Wei , Liang Xiongjie , Xu Wenbo , Guo Wenhui , Yang Yang , Dong Wei , Jiang Anlong , Kong Pengyu , Yan Jinglong
Published: August 2024

Osteogenesis is tightly coupled with angiogenesis spatiotemporally. Previous studies have demonstrated that type H blood vessel formed by endothelial cells with high expression of CD31 and Emcn (CD31hi Emcnhi ECs) play a crucial role in bone regeneration. The mechanism of the molecular communication around CD31hi Emcnhi ECs and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the osteogenic microenvironment is unclear. This study indicates that exosomes from bone mesenchymal stem cells with 7 days osteogenic differentiation (7D-BMSCs-exo) may promote CD31hi Emcnhi ECs angiogenesis, which was verified by tube formation assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and µCT assays etc. in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by exosomal miRNA microarray and WGCNA assays, we identified downregulated miR-150-5p as the most relative hub gene coupling osteogenic differentiation and type H blood vessel angiogenesis. With bioinformatics assays, dual luciferase reporter experiments, qRT-PCR and Western blot assays, SOX2(SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2) was confirmed as a novel downstream target gene of miR-150-5p in exosomes, which might be a pivotal mechanism regulating CD31hi Emcnhi ECs formation. Additionally, JC-1 immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and seahorse assay results showed that the overexpression of SOX2 could shift metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis to enhance the CD31hi Emcnhi ECs formation. The PI3k/Akt signaling pathway might play a key role in this process. In summary, BMSCs in osteogenic differentiation might secrete exosomes with low miR-150-5p expression to induce type H blood vessel formation by mediating SOX2 overexpression in ECs. These findings might reveal a molecular mechanism of osteogenesis coupled with type H blood vessel angiogenesis in the osteogenic microenvironment and provide a new therapeutic target or cell-free remedy for osteogenesis impaired diseases.
Alx3 deficiency disrupts energy homeostasis, alters body composition, and impairs hypothalamic regulation of food intake
Authors: Mirasierra Mercedes , Fernández-Pérez Antonio , Lizarbe Blanca , Keiran Noelia , Ruiz-Cañas Laura , Casarejos María José , Cerdán Sebastián , Vendrell Joan , Fernández-Veledo Sonia , Vallejo Mario
Published: August 2024

The coordination of food intake, energy storage, and expenditure involves complex interactions between hypothalamic neurons and peripheral tissues including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, muscle, and liver. Previous research shows that deficiency of the transcription factor Alx3 alters pancreatic islet-dependent glucose homeostasis. In this study we carried out a comprehensive assessment of metabolic alterations in Alx3 deficiency. We report that Alx3-deficient mice exhibit decreased food intake without changes in body weight, along with reduced energy expenditure and altered respiratory exchange ratio. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased adiposity and decreased muscle mass, which was associated with markers of motor and sympathetic denervation. By contrast, Alx3-deficient mice on a high-fat diet show attenuated weight gain and improved insulin sensitivity, compared to control mice. Gene expression analysis demonstrates altered lipogenic and lipolytic gene profiles. In wild type mice Alx3 is expressed in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons, but not in major peripheral metabolic organs. Functional diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging reveals selective hypothalamic responses to fasting in the arcuate nucleus of Alx3-deficient mice. Additionally, altered expression of proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus suggests impaired regulation of feeding behavior. This study highlights the crucial role for Alx3 in governing food intake, energy homeostasis, and metabolic nutrient partitioning, thereby influencing body mass composition.
Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances remyelination by newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes in the cuprizone model of toxic demyelination
Authors: Nguyen Phuong Tram , Makowiecki Kalina , Lewis Thomas S. , Fortune Alastair J. , Clutterbuck Mackenzie , Reale Laura A. , Taylor Bruce V. , Rodger Jennifer , Cullen Carlie L. , Young Kaylene M.
Published: August 2024

In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes (OLs) can contribute to remyelination, however, current therapies are unable to enhance or sustain endogenous repair. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LI-rTMS), delivered as an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), increases the survival and maturation of newborn OLs in the healthy adult mouse cortex, but it is unclear whether LI-rTMS can promote remyelination. To examine this possibility, we fluorescently labelled oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs; Pdgfrα-CreER transgenic mice) or mature OLs (Plp-CreER transgenic mice) in the adult mouse brain and traced the fate of each cell population over time. Daily sessions of iTBS (600 pulses; 120 mT), delivered during cuprizone (CPZ) feeding, did not alter new or pre-existing OL survival but increased the number of myelin internodes elaborated by new OLs in the primary motor cortex (M1). This resulted in each new M1 OL producing ~ 471 µm more myelin. When LI-rTMS was delivered after CPZ withdrawal (during remyelination), it significantly increased the length of the internodes elaborated by new M1 and callosal OLs, increased the number of surviving OLs that supported internodes in the corpus callosum (CC), and increased the proportion of axons that were myelinated. The ability of LI-rTMS to modify cortical neuronal activity and the behaviour of new and surviving OLs, suggests that it may be a suitable adjunct intervention to enhance remyelination in people with MS.
Multiple Severe Intracranial Stenoses with Ischemic Stroke in Neuroborreliosis-associated Cerebral Vasculitis: Endovascular Treatment Strategies and Literature Review
Authors: Hajiyev Kamran , Forsting Michael , Cimpoca Alexandru , Khanafer Ali , Bäzner Hansjörg , Henkes Hans
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Neuroborreliosis is the disseminated form of Lyme borreliosis and refers to the involvement of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes. Several reports suggest its emergence as a potential cause of cerebral vasculitis and stroke in children and young adults. The objective of this paper is to highlight endovascular treatment options within this context.

Methods

The medicinal and endovascular treatments of three patients—two adults and one child—with ischemic stroke resulting from neuroborreliosis-associated severe cerebral vasculitis were retrospectively assessed. Detailed descriptions of the clinical course, treatments, and follow-up data for each patient are provided. Additionally, a literature review focusing on endovascular treatment options within this topic was conducted.

Results

Both endovascular and medicinal treatments resulted in excellent clinical outcomes in all three patients, with no observed periprocedural complications. Significant clinical improvement was noted during mid-term follow-up. Follow-up angiographies confirmed stent patency.

Conclusion

Endovascular interventions as a bailout strategy may enhance clinical outcomes in patients with vascular complications of neuroborreliosis, especially when medicinal therapy alone fails to achieve further improvement. In the setting of severe ischemic stroke with sub-occlusive large vessel stenosis or occlusion, the cause of which is often unknown, it should be considered to prioritize prompt endovascular treatment, even if neuroborreliosis is suspected on admission.