bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPOSITION OF KIDNEY AND BLADDER CALCULI FROM CATTLE ON A DIET KNOWN TO CAUSE FORMATION OF SILICEOUS URINARY CALCULI
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and sixty calves were given range grass hay to 50 wk of age when they were slaughtered and their bladders and kidneys examined for calculi. Weights of calculous material were up to 649 mg in bladders and up to 1,633 mg in kidneys but most calves contained less than 100 mg in either organ. Sixty-one calves had sufficient weight of bladder calculi to have produced a calculus capable of blocking the urethra. Silica averaged 35.9% in bladder calculi and 40.4% in kidney calculi. There was a significant linear correlation (r = 0.73) between the percentage of silica in calculi from bladders and in those from kidneys. This suggests that when bladder calculi are high in silica, kidney calculi also tend to be high in silica and vice versa. The results are taken as evidence that site of formation of calculi is unimportant when assessing effects of treatments on calculus production in calves.
COPPER STORAGE IN THE LIVERS OF CATTLE SUPPLEMENTED WITH INJECTED COPPER AND WITH COPPER SULFATE AND CHELATED COPPER
Authors: MILTIMORE J. E. , KALNIN C. M. , CLAPP J. B.
Published: March 2010

Cattle fed ad libitum a mixture of salt containing 0.5% copper as copper sulfate had an average increase in Cu concentration from 111 to 328 ppm on a dry weight basis in liver biopsy samples over a 333-day test period. The alfalfa hay ration contained an average of 8.2 ppm Cu and a relatively high copper to molybdenum ratio of 3.9:1. Copper supplementation from a variety of sources was given orally or by injection in an 87-day test. Chelated Cu was compared with Cu in copper sulfate, both mixed with salt, and with Cu injected as Cu calcium edetate. The ration of mixed alfalfa and grass contained 6.9 ppm Cu with sufficient sodium molybdate added to produce a Cu/Mo ratio of unity against which the various Cu sources were tested. There was no significant (P < 0.05) effect of Cu source on Cu storage in the liver. There were no trends (P < 0.10) for chelated Cu to result in higher levels of Cu in the liver than when Cu was supplied as copper sulfate even when chelated Cu was fed as fivefold the recommended levels.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SEMISYNTHETIC RESEARCH DIET FOR YOUNG SWINE
Authors: ROBBINS K. R. , BAKER D. H.
Published: March 2010

A growth assay was conducted to determine the crude protein requirement of weanling pigs fed a semisynthetic diet including synthetic amino acids. The protein requirement was found to be no greater than 12%, since pigs fed 12 and 14% protein performed equally well. Dietary crude protein levels of 16 and 18% depressed both rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PLASMA AND BODY COMPSITION OF YOUNG POULTS FED A SODIUM-DEFICIENT DIET
Authors: PANG C. Y. , CAMPBELL L. D. , PHILLIPS G. D.
Published: March 2010

Significantly lower feed intake, higher water intake and depressed growth rate were observed in poults under 30 days of age offered ad libitum a low (0.05%) sodium diet and tap water compared to control poults offered the same basal diet containing 0.25% added sodium. Mortality with dehydration occurred mainly between 2 and 3 wk of age in poults fed the low sodium diet. Significant pathophysiological changes in poults fed low sodium diet compared with the control on days 9–30 were: lower plasma sodium, chloride and osmolal concentrations; higher plasma contents of uric acid and total protein; higher packed cell volume; and lower body sodium and water contents. Indications of extracellular dehydration and intracellular hydration and decreased glomerular filtration rate in sodium-deficient poults are discussed. Plasma and body composition of poults fed the low sodium diet returned to normal 1 wk after the poults were offered a normal (0.25%) sodium diet and tap water ad libitum.
USE OF LATER RECORDS IN DAIRY SIRE EVALUATION
Authors: NICHOLSON H. H. , SCHAEFFER L. R. , BURNSIDE E. B. , FREEMAN M. G.
Published: March 2010

First, second, and third lactation Ontario Record of Performance (ROP) 305-day milk records were analyzed separately to evaluate 246 Holstein sires. Second and third lactation records were analyzed with and without adjustment for realized selection intensity of each bull’s daughters on the basis of first lactation yield. The magnitude of adjustments for selection was small, but adjusted records gave sire proofs for second and third lactations that had a variance similar to proofs based on first lactation records. Proofs using adjusted records were more highly correlated with first lactation proofs and with percentage survival figures. One bull out of six significantly reranked on the basis of second or third lactation proofs compared to first lactation proofs. There possibly exists a sire by age of daughter interaction, but the size of the interchange does not warrant an immediate change in sire evaluation procedures or artificial insemination organization sire selection programs.
THE EFFECT OF BREED OF SIRE GROUP ON BEEF PRODUCTION AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: BLAKELY D. K. , WILTON J. W. , USBORNE W. R. , BURNSIDE E. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of breed of sire on beef production and carcass characteristics was studied on 222 animals from nine separate trials. Nine breed of sire groups. Ayrshire, British (Angus, Hereford and Shorthorn combined), Burwash, Charolais, Chianina, Jersey, large dairy (Holstein and Brown Swiss combined), Limousin and Maine-Anjou, were represented. The criterion for slaughter for each animal was an average of 10.2 mm of fat cover at points 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the distance along the longitudinal axis of the longissimus cross section at the 11th–12th rib junction as measured ultrasonically. Individual average daily gains to slaughter and total weights of feed for each experimental pen of animals were measured. Animals were slaughtered and dressed, and hot carcass weights recorded. After 48 h the left side of each carcass was cut into major wholesale cuts and each cut was physically separated into lean, bone and fat. Charolais and large dairy breed of sire groups had the highest average daily gains. No significant breed of sire effects were found for the ratio of estimated energy intake during the feeding period to weight of lean. The Maine-Anjou breed of sire group had the heaviest post-shrink liveweights. All carcass measurements were adjusted for differences in cold carcass weights and carcass backfat thicknesses. The Charolais breed of sire group had the heaviest adjusted weights of lean and hindquarters, the second lowest adjusted weights of fat and bone and the highest lean to bone ratios. The Chianina breed of sire group had the second highest adjusted weights of lean and hindquarters, the highest adjusted weights of bone and the lowest adjusted weights of fat. The Jersey breed of sire group had the heaviest adjusted weights of carcass fat and the lowest adjusted weights of hindquarters. It is important to note that the results of the Chianina, Maine-Anjou and Limousin breed of sire groups should be viewed with caution because of the small numbers of animals and sires represented.
NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN IN CORN SILAGE: A PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION, ITS UTILIZATION IN THE RUMEN AND EFFECT UPON DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION OF NITROGEN IN LAMBS
Authors: BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , YAO Y. T.
Published: March 2010

Three trials were conducted. In trial 1, 30 samples of silage were collected from farms and analyzed. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contributed an average of 46.4% to the total N. Of the NPN-N, an average of 10.1% was ammonia-N, 30.4% was alpha amino-N, 1.2% was amide-N and 58.3% was not identified. Extensive variability was demonstrated among samples for all these values except ammonia-N. In trial 2, silage effluents, in which NPN-N was 95% or more of total N, were compared with urea and soybean meal as to ammonia release rates in the rumen after isonitrogenous infusions of each material. Ammonia levels after infusion of corn silage effluent were nearer to those after soybean meal infusion than those after urea infusion. In trial 3, frozen corn (low in NPN) was compared with ensiled corn in a digestion and balance trial using lambs. Nitrogen balance was not significantly different between corns but was improved by supplementing either of them with urea.
FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. I. THE INFLUENCE OF RYE LEVEL, ERGOT AND PENICILLIN SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: MISIR R. , MARQUARDT R. R.
Published: March 2010

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of rye level, ergot and penicillin on the utilization of rye by growing chicks. The effects of the following factors and/or treatments, respectively, were studied: increasing levels of rye replacing wheat in the diets for starting and finishing broiler chicks; ergot, pelleting and penicillin supplementation of rye diets; the cleaning of the beaks or vents of rye-fed chicks; and increasing levels of penicillin in rye diets containing different levels and types of protein supplements for Leghorn chicks. The results indicate that a diet containing 15% rye depressed the appetite and growth of young broiler chicks. Levels of rye higher than 15% in the diet depressed not only growth but also the efficiency of feed utilization in all chicks. The level of ergot in excess of three times that present in the uncleaned rye diet (0.11%) had no influence on chick performance. Wet excreta were produced by rye-fed but not by wheat-fed chicks. There was no relationship, however, between chick performance, and excreta "wetness," beak impaction and vent blockage. An improvement in chick performance was elicited by pelleting or penicillin supplementation of rye diets; the magnitude of the chick response to the latter treatment appeared to be influenced by the type and level of the dietary protein supplement. A dose-response study demonstrated that the maximum effective response to penicillin supplementation occurred when a rye–meat meal diet contained penicillin at or in excess of 160 mg/kg of diet; the corresponding maximum improvements in weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization were 46 and 18%, respectively.
FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. III. THE INFLUENCE OF MILLING FRACTIONS
Authors: MISIR R. , MARQUARDT R. R.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the influence of feeding diets containing different milling fractions of wheat and rye or combinations of these fractions. The diets were formulated to provide protein in excess of or below the minimum requirements of the chicks. The results of the feeding trials indicate that rye contained at least two detrimental factors: an appetite-depressing factor located primarily in the bran, and a growth-depressing factor present in all the fractions (bran, flour and middlings). This latter factor was also associated with the reduction in the efficiency of feed utilization, an increase in the excreta wetness and excreta volatile fatty acid concentration and consequent lowering of the excreta pH. The depression in the weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization appeared to be accentuated by feeding low protein diets and was partially overcome by penicillin supplementation of the diets. Feeding a combination of two or more milling fractions of rye greatly magnified the detrimental effects as evidenced by marked depressions in weight gains and feed conversion efficiencies. Alkylresorcinols in rye did not appear to be detrimental to chick performance.
RESPONSES OF RATS AND SWINE TO ALFALFA SAPONINS
Authors: CHEEKE P. R. , ENGLAND D. C. , PEDERSEN M. W.
Published: March 2010

Leaf meal from Ranger alfalfa selected for low saponin content and from unselected Ranger alfalfa was fed to rats as a protein supplement to corn. Average daily gains of rats fed either leaf meal type did not differ, but gains of alfalfa-fed rats were lower (P < 0.01) than those for rats fed soybean meal or cottonseed meal. There were no differences in apparent digestibility by rats of crude protein or ether extract from either alfalfa type; values were about 64% for crude protein and 84% for ether extract. Alfalfa saponin was compared to quinine sulfate (a bitter compound) in a feed preference trial with rats. In two-choice feed preference tests, the control diet was preferred over the quinine-containing diets at levels of dietary quinine sulfate ranging from 0.001 to 0.1%. Similarly, the control diet was preferred over alfalfa saponin-containing diets at saponin levels above 0.8%. In an experiment with growing pigs, low saponin (1.01%), unselected (1.91%) and high saponin (2.80%) alfalfa meals were fed at levels of 20 and 40% of the diets. At the 40% level, average daily gains were greater with low saponin than with high saponin alfalfa. Correlations between saponin levels were linear and positive (P < 0.01) for feed efficiency and linear and negative (P < 0.01) for average daily gains. When fed at 40% of the diet, the low saponin alfalfa gave results equivalent to unselected alfalfa fed at 20%, but all alfalfa treatments produced gains that were lower (P < 0.05) than for the soybean meal.
VAGINAL TEMPERATURE AND EATING, DRINKING, STANDING AND WALKING ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF FOUR ANESTROUS FINNISH-LANDRACE EWES
Authors: HUNSAKER W. G. , WOLYNETZ M. S.
Published: March 2010

Four anestrous Finnish-Landrace ewes, 2–5 yr old, were maintained in separate rooms and given feed and water ad libitum. Room temperature was maintained at 17 ± 1 °C and incandescent light provided at about 100 lx from 0600 to 1800 h and total darkness from 1800 to 0600 h. A computer-controlled data acquisition system was used to record vaginal temperature, walking activity and duration of eating, drinking and standing at 15-min intervals for 29 days. Periodograms of detrended vaginal temperature data revealed strong 24-h rhythms in three of four animals. External acrophases ranged from −1.5 to −11.0 h and the amplitudes ranged from 0.03 to 0.11 °C. Peak eating, drinking, standing and walking activity tended to occur about the time of change from light to dark with some secondary peaks during the first hour of the light period. An analysis of variance indicated strong 24-h periodicities for all variables in all four animals. Least squares analysis revealed significant (P < 0.05) linear trends in 12 of the 20 series (four animals × five variables per animal) and significant (P < 0.05) differences in linear trend between the light and dark periods in 10 of the series. Although this study revealed strong 24-h rhythms in all animals, there were considerable differences in biorhythmic patterns both within and among animals.
WHEY OR PROCESSED FABABEAN STARCH AS AN ENERGY SOURCE WITH UREA IN LIQUID SUPPLEMENTS FOR FINISHING LAMBS
Authors: STEEDS W. G. , DEVLIN T. J. , WITTENBERG K. M.
Published: March 2010

Two trials were conducted to determine the suitability of liquid whey or fababean starch as energy sources when fed with urea in a liquid supplement. In a preliminary growth trial, 80 crossbred feeder lambs were fed to a final body weight of 41 kg. Average daily gain of lambs fed either whey in a liquid supplement (WLS) or fababean starch liquid supplement (FLS) along with a barley-based dry ration were similar to a soybean meal control and better than the negative, urea control. Consumption of WLS was decreased as the level of urea increased in the supplement. The effects of feeding WLS and FLS on dry matter and crude protein digestibility and metabolism in feeder lambs was studied in a second trial. All dietary treatments were isonitrogenous and contained 14% crude protein. Feeding the liquid supplement along with a high fibre dry ration improved dry matter digestibility. Although nitrogen digestibility was not affected by treatment, nitrogen retention was reduced for the negative control. Dietary treatments significantly influenced serum urea, rumen ammonia and percent acetic, propionic and valeric acid in the rumen. Fababean liquid supplement, providing 40% of the dietary protein resulted in improved nitrogen retention, lower ammonia and serum urea, decreased acetate and increased rumen propionate and valerate. Results of the two trials indicated that whey and fababean starch can be used with satisfactory results as an energy source in liquid supplements for ruminants.
EFFECTS OF THE ADDITION OF ENZYMES AND CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE TO PEA FLOUR USED FOR CALF MILK REPLACERS
Authors: BELL J. M. , HARVEY B. E. , CHRISTISON G. I.
Published: March 2010

In experiment 1, milk replacers comprising 45% field peas with high or low levels of supplemental proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes were fed to 4 to 17-day-old Holstein-Friesian calves. Each replacer was also fed with 3% additional carboxymethylcellulose. Gross energy digestibility and crude protein digestibility were both higher for the control replacer than the enzyme-treated rations. Digestibilities increased with age but there were no significant differences due to enzyme level or carboxymethylcellulose. In experiment 2, pea flour was treated with commercial proteolytic, starch-thinning and amylolytic enzymes. From 3 days of age, calves were fed milk replacers where treated pea flour supplied 0, 25, 50 or 75% of the dietary protein. There were no differences (P <.05) between ration groups in diarrhea status. Across regimens, gross energy digestibility and crude protein digestibility did not increase with age to 10 days. Nor were any differences in digestibility caused by starting to feed pea products at 4 rather than 10 days. Gross energy digestibilities in 15-day-old calves were 90, 87, 87 and 73%, respectively; protein digestibilities were 78, 68, 68 and 39%, respectively, as the proportion of pea protein increased from 0 to 75% of the diet. The enzymatic treatment of pea flour was not effective in making the product a suitable dietary ingredient for calves under 21 days of age.
COMPARISON OF FEED WITHDRAWAL TIME AND PASSAGE OF GUT CONTENTS IN BROILER CHICKENS HELD IN CRATES OR LITTER PENS
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments, individually weighed male broiler chickens were held without feed in either conventional transporting crates or litter floor pens. These latter birds received water ad libitum and were given constant light. At regular intervals, 12 of the crated or 10 of the penned birds were killed and the section of the proximal alimentary tract containing feed residue recorded. Carcass yield and water uptake after 2 h immersion in running water at 4 °C was also recorded. Feed residue did not pass through the tract of birds held in crates, since approximately 70% of these birds had feed in their gizzard after 16 h. Holding in pens resulted in a progressive emptying of the gut, such that after 12 h the upper tract was evacuated. Less shrink was observed for birds held in pens, which might be explained by the birds having access to water. It is concluded that the alimentary tract of birds cannot effectively be cleared of feed when birds are held in crates. Thus the time birds spend in transport should not be included in calculating time of feed withdrawal.
MILK SAMPLING METHODS FOR A PROGESTERONE ASSAY FOR EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
Authors: SHELFORD J. A. , GRISENTHWAITE T. , BARRINGTON S. , PETERSON R. G. , FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

Samples of foremilk, composite milk and strippings were obtained from 13 cows for progesterone analysis to determine the effectiveness of the different sampling methods to detect open and pregnant cows. The milk samples were taken during the afternoon milking of the day of breeding (day 0), day 14, day 24 and after day 35 (from pregnant animals). Progesterone concentrations, determined by radioimmunoassay, were 1.4 ±.4, 2.1 ±.8 and 2.8 ± 1.1 at day 0; 7.9 ± 5.0, 19.1 ± 9.1 and 30.1 ± 6.2 at day 14; 8.6 ± 6.5, 21.7 ± 7.4 and 29.4 ± 7.3 at day 24; 7.2 ± 2.8, 21.8 ± 4.8 and 33.5 ± 1.4 at day 35+ for foremilk, composite and strippings samples, respectively. It was determined by discriminate analysis that all three methods would correctly place samples obtained on day 0 into the correct group. Only in the case of strippings samples did there appear to be no danger of classifying pregnant animals in the day 0 (estrus) group. It is suggested that milk strippings represent the preferred sample to take for milk progesterone diagnosis of pregancy or non-pregnancy due to ease of sampling and to a reduced chance of making a faulty diagnosis.
FACTORS AFFECTING GESTATION LENGTH IN THE PIG
Authors: GARNETT I. , RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of a number of factors on gestation length were examined in two groups of swine. The first group consisted of a Lacombe line (L) selected for post-weaning average daily gain (ADG), a control-Yorkshire (Y) line and a group of Yorkshire females (Y1) bred to Lacombe boars to produce L × Y litters. The second group of females were from twice-yearly farrowings following termination of the selection study. The effect of litter size, although statistically significant for all breeding groups, was small. Litter weight had a small but significant effect for the L and Y breeds. Sex ratio of the litter had no effect on gestation length. Consistent with previous results, the Lacombe was found to have a longer gestation length than the Yorkshire. When age effect was taken into account there was a small but significant parity effect between first and second litter. The effect of sow body weight at breeding (BW), body weight change during gestation (GWG), and weight change expressed as a proportion of breeding weight (RATIO) were examined in the group II females. A small but significant effect of RATIO was found in the Lacombe breed. There was found to be no sex effect on litter size. Heritability estimates for gestation length from daughter dam regression were 0.47, 0.72 and 0.69 for the L, Y and Y1 groups, respectively.
FEED INTAKE AND GROWTH OF CATTLE FED LIQUID BREWER’S YEAST
Authors: GRIEVE D. G.
Published: March 2010

Liquid brewer’s yeast containing 10–14% dry matter and 40–50% crude protein (DM basis) was fed as the protein supplement to six pens of four Holstein-Friesian heifer calves by three methods in a double latin square design. Treatments were additions of liquid brewer’s yeast to a corn silage-based ration: A, separate free choice feeding; B, top-dressed on basal ration; or C, mixed with basal ration. Periods were 21 days in duration. Dry matter intake was satisfactory on all treatments but was greater when yeast was fed free choice (A) or mixed (C) than top-dressed (B). Free choice yeast feeding resulted in high intakes of the product and compensatory reduction of basal ration intake. Dry matter and protein content of yeast varied somewhat between shipments from the brewery. In a second trial, four pens of four Hereford steer calves each were fed corn silage and high moisture corn alone or supplemented with liquid brewer’s yeast or soybean meal for a 98-day period. Supplemented diets were consumed in higher amounts and resulted in more rapid gains than in controls. There was no difference between yeast- and soybean-supplemented rations.
SELENIUM CONTENT OF FORAGES GROWN IN NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: WINTER K. A. , GUPTA U. C.
Published: March 2010

Forage samples were obtained from most counties in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and from three areas in Newfoundland. Out of a total of 228 samples only 5 samples contained over 0.10 ppm Se while 209 samples contained less than 0.05 ppm Se and were classified as severely deficient in Se. The few samples that contained adequate Se were generally scattered, and in all cases samples containing 0.05 ppm Se or less were found in the same county or area. It is recommended that all livestock producers in the region should take preventative measures to avoid Se deficiency problems especially where the livestock are fed entirely on locally-grown feeds.
THE INFLUENCE OF BIRTH WEIGHT ON THE SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF HYSTERECTOMY-DERIVED PIGS
Authors: LODGE G. A. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

Among 471 piglets reared artificially from hysterectomy, overall survival to 56 days of age was 84.9%. The tendency towards a positive relationship between birth weight and survival was less pronounced than that previously reported for piglets reared naturally. Correlation coefficients between birth weight and measures of subsequent growth to 90 kg were very similar to values previously reported for suckled pigs, but lower regression coefficients indicated a greater opportunity for compensation under artificial rearing conditions.
EATING QUALITY OF BEEF FROM YOUNG HEREFORD BULLS AS INFLUENCED BY SLAUGHTER WEIGHT
Authors: HAWRYSH Z. J. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Objective measurements and subjective evaluations of the eating quality of semitendinosus (ST) and longissimus dorsi (LD) roasts were determined for 32 young (12 to 22-mo) purebred Hereford bulls (four groups of eight) fed a high concentrate ration free choice and slaughtered at average weight of 377 kg for group I, 565 kg for group II, 624 kg for group III, 682 kg for group IV. Intramuscular fat as determined by ether extract increased with increasing slaughter weight. Slaughter weight had no effect on most eating quality characteristics evaluated. Although some differences in palatability were determined they were not large enough to be of practical significance. There was a tendency for panelists to rate the texture (grain) of both types of roasts from slaughter weight groups I and II as superior to the texture of comparable roasts from slaughter weight groups III and IV. In addition, panelists frequently noted the presence of fat in the heaviest (group IV) samples. For ST roasts, residual connective tissue differed significantly between group I and the other weight groups which were similar. There was a slight trend toward increased percent cooking losses with increased slaughter weight but differences were only statistically significant for drip loss of ST roasts. Objective measurements of juiciness (water-holding capacity) and tenderness (Warner Bratzler Shear, Kramer Shear) supported the findings from sensory evaluation. These studies provide evidence that slaughter weight of young Hereford bulls over the range of 377 to 682 kg and 12 to 22 mo of age had only minor effects on cooking and eating quality characteristics, with all the beef samples tested rating moderately desirable to desirable.
URONIC ACID LEVELS IN THE SERUM AND URINE OF SWINE WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED LEG WEAKNESS
Authors: NAKANO T. , AHERNE F. X. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: March 2010

Serum concentration and urinary excretion of uronic acid in papain-induced cartilage degeneration of the leg joints of swine were studied. The affected joints demonstrated erosion of articular cartilage, which was associated with losses of both intercellular matrix glycosaminoglycan and cellularity. After the injection of papain, both serum concentration and urinary excretion of uronic acid were elevated (P < 0.05). However, the increased serum or urinary levels of uronic acid were maintained for a very short time period after the injection of papain. It is suggested that serum level or urinary excretion of uronic acid is not permanently elevated in swine with osteoarthrosis, and therefore uronic acid analysis would be of limited value in detecting or verifying the presence of degenerative joint cartilage in swine.
PANCREATIC LIPASE ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO HIGH LEVELS OF FAT IN CALF MILK REPLACERS
Authors: JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

An in vitro study indicated that pancreatic lipase (PL) can effectively hydrolyze and solubilize milk replacer fats under conditions simulating those in the small intestine. When PL was added to high fat milk replacers very little lipolysis occurred in vitro at the low pH values encountered in the calf abomasum.
CONCENTRATIONS DE LA PROGESTERONE, DES OESTROGENES ET DU CORTISOL DANS LE PLASMA DES VACHES AYANT DONNE NAISSANCE A DES JUMEAUX OU AYANT EU DES RETENTIONS PLACENTAIRES
Authors: MATTON P. , ADELAKOUN V. , DUFOUR J. J.
Published: March 2010

Plasma steroids (cortisol, progesterone, estrone and estradiol) were studied during the peripartum period in cows with three different types of parturition: unifoetal normal (VUN), unifoetal with retained placenta (VRP), multifoetal with or without retained placenta (VG). In the control group, cortisol rose gradually from 8 ng/ml on day −7 to 11 ng/ml on the day of parturition and thereafter came back to the level of day −7. In the VRP group, cortisol was slightly lower than in the control on day −7 and it did not vary significantly before or after parturition. In the group of cows with multiple births, where retained placenta was encountered in 3/4 cases, cortisol was much higher than in control animals. Plasma progesterone decreased gradually from 5.5 ng/ml to less than 1 ng/ml on the day of parturition in the control group. In the group VRP and VG, it was significantly higher than in the control on the 2 days before and on the day of parturition. The patterns of estrone and estradiol were similar in the groups VUN and VRP until the first day following parturition, but much higher in the cows giving birth to twins. During the postpartum period, the drop in estrogens was much slower in the VRP and VG groups than in the VUN control group. These results suggest that retention of the placenta is not linked with the plasma concentration of cortisol but rather associated with an increased level of progesterone on the day of parturition and that the slower decrease in estrogen levels after parturition would be the result of the persisting attachment of the foetal membranes.
A COMPARISON OF FOUR SYSTEMS OF MANAGING YEARLING BEEF STEERS ON ROTATIONALLY GRAZED, BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA PASTURE
Authors: ROBERTSON J. A. , COOKE D. A. , BEACOM S. E.
Published: March 2010

Four systems of animal management were applied to a rotationally grazed mixed sward of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) for a period of 7 yr using yearling beef steers. The systems included (i) put and take stocking; (ii) set stocking at 2.5 steers/ha with surplus herbage conserved as silage and fed later in the season; (iii) set stocking at 3.7 steers/ha, pasture herbage supplemented with oat soilage and (iv) set stocking as in (iii), pasture herbage supplemented with dry-rolled barley. Nitrogen, at the rate of 90 kg N/ha, was applied each spring during the last 4 yr of the experiment. Forage dry matter production varied from 1760 to 5750 kg/ha between years and was highly correlated with precipitation during the growing season. Average daily gains were similar for treatments i–iii at 1.03 kg/head. Feeding supplementary barley increased rate of gain to 1.19 kg (P < 0.01), produced an additional 20 kg liveweight per steer per season and was utilized with an average efficiency of 6.6 kg dry matter per kilogram gain. Average daily gain varied significantly (P < 0.01) between years and was inversely related to dry matter production. The feeding of oat soilage or barley and the harvesting and feeding of silage reduced the variation in gain both within and between seasons compared to the put and take stocking system. Factors affecting the selection of the most appropriate management system by a producer are discussed.
RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABABEANS (VICIA FABA L.) AS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR BROILERS
Authors: BHARGAVA K. K. , O’NEIL J. B.
Published: March 2010

Seven experiments were conducted to determine the role of either raw or autoclaved fababeans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) in broiler chick diets. The proximate analyses and amino acid composition were determined and used as a base for formulating all rations. Based on a table value of 2980 metabolizable energy (ME) kcal/kg rations containing up to 20% ground raw beans had no deleterious effect on performance of chicks when energy, protein, methionine and lysine levels were equalized with those of a wheat-soybean diet. Increasing the level to 35% showed a significant reduction in feed efficiency in one experiment. Chicks fed diets containing autoclaved beans to 35% were significantly heavier and more efficient in feed utilization than those receiving raw beans in their diets. Rations containing levels of autoclaved beans to 64.5% resulted in a significant increase in feed to gain ratio. Pancreas and liver size was not affected irrespective of the level of beans fed. The ME of raw and autoclaved beans was determined to be 2142 and 2391 kcal/kg, respectively. Levels of autoclaved beans up to 72%, which represents a total replacement of soybean meal in starter diet, produced as good growth performance and carcass quality as a standard wheat-soybean diet. A combination of 20% raw beans and sufficient poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal to replace all soybean meal resulted in a satisfactory performance in chicks to 4 wk of age.
RESPONSE OF WHITE LEGHORN AND RHODE ISLAND RED BREEDER HENS TO DIETARY DEFICIENCIES OF SYNTHETIC VITAMINS. 2. EMBRYO MORTALITY AND ABNORMALITIES
Authors: LEESON S. , REINHART B. S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Eggs from White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeder hens fed corn-soybean diets devoid of the synthetic vitamins biotin, B12, E, folacin, niacin, pantothenate or riboflavin were examined to ascertain embryo mortality age and embryo malformities and malpositions. Embryos were examined during wk 1 to 8 and wk 13 and 14 of treatment, and during 5 consecutive wk of subsequent vitamin fortification (15th-20th wk of trial). A deficiency of riboflavin had the most effect on pattern of embryo mortality age, and induced a clubbed-down condition. Malformities and malpositions in general, however, were not sensitive indicators of specific deficiencies. Prolonged deficiency of riboflavin with RIR induced sequential mortality peaks in 15–21 day, 8–14 day and finally 1–7 day embryos. The reverse situation, in terms of embryo mortality age was observed with niacin and vitamin B12. Embryo mortality during the 8–14 day period of incubation was not evident at any time with control-fed birds, or 3 wk after diets were refortified, suggesting that mortality during this period is a sensitive indicator of nutritional inadequacy of the breeder diet.
EFFECTS OF STEAM PELLETING DIETS CONTAINING TWO VARIETIES OF RAPESEED MEAL ON PIG PERFORMANCE
Authors: NARENDRAN R. , BOWMAN G. H. , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted during the late fall and winter months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts to study the effects on pig performance of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM) and lysine-HCl (0.1%) supplemented corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash (corn was medium-ground) and steam pellets. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio, F/G) and carcass backfat thickness were measured in pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. The energy level in the RSM diets was not adjusted to equal that in the corn-SBM diet. Pigs fed Tower RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake and backfat thickness and pigs fed Candle RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and higher (P < 0.01) F/G compared to the pigs fed SBM. The pigs fed corn-SBM-Tower RSM had a higher (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and lower (P < 0.01) F/G ratio than those fed Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting of the corn-SBM and corn-SBM-RSM diets improved ADG, feed intake and F/G of the pigs, with the effects being greatest for the RSM diets.
EFFECT OF WINTER WEIGHT LOSS IN HEREFORD COWS ON SUBSEQUENT CALF PERFORMANCE TO WEANING
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

The effect of winter weight loss in Hereford cows on calf birth weight and performance to weaning was examined over a period of 4 yr. The average winter weight loss of cows (60 ± 36.2 kg mean ± SD) over the period of this study had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on calf birth weight, but no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the pre-weaning daily gain, or weaning weight of their calves.
INFLUENCE OF PORCINE IMMUNOGLOBULIN ADMINISTRATION ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PIGS WEANED AT TWO AND THREE WEEKS OF AGE
Authors: KENNELLY J. J. , BALL R. O. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to study growth, incidence of scouring and mortality of 2- and 3-wk weaned piglets fed immunoglobulins (IMG) derived from abbatoir porcine serum. In experiment 1, 20 piglets weaned at 2 wk of age were randomly divided into a control and an IMG-treated group. In both groups 1 × 1012 organisms of a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli was administered by stomach tube. The IMG-treated group had a faster (P < 0.01) average daily gain, reduced incidence of scouring (P < 0.01) and lower mortality (P < 0.07) than the control group. In experiment 2, 36 piglets weaned at 3 wk of age were allotted to a control and IMG-treated group. In the absence of a loading dose of E. coli there were no significant differences in average daily gain, scour scores or rectal temperature between the control and the IMG-treated groups. In the third experiment, 72 piglets were weaned at 3 wk of age and randomly allotted to three treatments: a control, an IMG-treated and an antibiotic-treated (Neomycin Sulfate) group. The results of the former two groups were similar to those obtained in experiment 2. The antibiotic-treated group had a faster (P < 0.01) gain than both control and IMG group despite the similarity in the incidence of scouring.
SULFUR DIOXIDE AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR LEGUME-GRASS SILAGE
Authors: MATHISON G. W. , MILLIGAN L. P. , WOHLLEBE J. , ELOFSON R. M.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa-bromegrass or alfalfa-bromegrass-timothy forage was treated with SO2 as a silage preservative at levels of 0, 0.14, 0.36 and 0.66% of the fresh forage weight while filling eight concrete stave silos (2.4 m in diameter × 6.1 m high). There was retention in the silage of 38–59% of the applied SO2. Although SO2 treatment did not (P > 0.05) influence silage pH or have a consistent effect on temperature, the ammonia N content of the silage was reduced (P < 0.01) from 10.9% of the total N in the control silage to 5.2% of the total N in the silage treated with 0.66% SO2. Silage acetate and lactate concentrations were also lowered (P < 0.01) by SO2 treatment. Butyrate and ethanol concentrations were very low and not (P > 0.05) affected by the preservative. The silage conserved with SO2 and hay harvested from the same fields were assessed using 80 steers in a feeding trial of 55 days. SO2 treatment had no consistent effect on dry matter intake; however, the rates of gain of the steers fed silage preserved with 0.36 and 0.66% SO2 were 26 and 23% higher (P < 0.05), respectively, than those of steers fed untreated silage. Feed dry matter to gain ratio decreased (P < 0.05) from 12.5 to 9.3 as the SO2 treatment level was increased from 0 to 0.66%. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in rate of gain, dry matter intake or the feed to gain ratio between steers fed hay and those fed the silage without SO2 treatment. It was concluded that SO2 exhibited potential as a good silage preservative when applied at rates of between 0.36 and 0.66% of the forage weight.
EFFECT OF REARING AND ADULT FEED RESTRICTION AND PHOTOPERIOD REGIMENS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR MEAT PARENT CHICKEN GENOTYPES
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted each involving 2600 birds consisting of four commercial, chicken broiler, parent genotypes. The first experiment was designed to compare full feeding with two rearing feed restriction systems and two photoperiod treatments (1) a constant 14-h daylength and (2) a "17–9–14-h daylength." In experiment 2, adult full feeding was compared with two levels of feed intake restriction and the 17–9–14-h daylength used in experiment 1 was compared with a "simulated natural daylength." The rearing period skip-a-day feeding systems resulted in reduced body weight, delayed sexual maturity, heavier initial egg weight, increased number of hatching eggs, higher fertility, higher hatchability of total eggs set and more broiler chicks compared with full-fed birds. Controlled skip-a-day feeding resulted in reduced body weights, increased egg production, higher egg fertility, higher hatchability and more broiler chickens compared with ad libitum skip-a-day feeding. Body weights were lower with adult feed restriction than with full feeding. The more severe level of feed restriction resulted in fewer eggs produced and reduced egg weights. Restricted-fed birds produced more broiler chicks. There was some evidence that not all genotypes responded to these feeding systems in the same manner. Performance of the 17–9–14-h photoperiod birds was equal or superior to that of birds under either the constant 14-h daylength or the photoperiod with an increasing daylength during the rearing period.
EFFECT OF TWO CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS ON ESTROUS AND DIESTROUS BEHAVIOR IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: POLLOCK W. E. , HURNIK J. F.
Published: March 2010

Four groups of dairy cows ranging in age from 3 to 9 yr were observed continuously for 80 days after calving by closed circuit television and videorecorder over a period of 1.5 yr. Groups 1 and 2, each consisting of 16 cows were housed in a windowless free-stall area while groups 3 and 4, each consisting of 12 cows were housed in a conventional tie-stall area. Eating, drinking, resting and standing activities and number of changes between lying and standing positions were recorded daily. There was no difference between the two housing systems in their effect on ovarian function. There were marked differences in the monitored activities of cows in the two confinement systems. During estrus the increase in standing was more noticeable in the free-stall animals. The tie-stall animals stood normally for longer periods and had a greater number of changes in position each day with a sharp decrease at estrus. An interaction between age of cow and housing system was found. The older cows in the free-stalls rested approximately 4.5 h/day more than the comparable age group in the tie-stalls. The younger tie-stall cows had a significantly greater number of changes in position per day than any other group while the younger free-stall animals had the least.
USE OF TOWER RAPESEED SOAPSTOCKS IN BROILER DIETS
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S. , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

In terms of growth rate and feed intake:body weight gain, the feeding value of soapstocks derived from Tower rapeseed was shown to be comparable to that of tallow and an animal-vegetable blend fat. The above results were ascertained from regression analysis relating these production parameters to the inclusion level of fat, with the latter maximized at 6 and 9%, respectively, in two separate trials.
USE OF USDA EXTENSION FACTORS FOR PREDICTING 305-DAY LACTATION PRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: BATRA T. R.
Published: March 2010

Records in progress from Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein and Jersey first vactation cows were used to predict complete 305-day records using USDA extension factors. The differences between the actual and projected yields were positive, indicating that USDA extension factors were underestimating both milk and fat yields for all the four breeds.
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING COUMESTROL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF PREPUBERTAL LAMBS
Authors: NEWSOME F. E. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Coumestrol and estradiol were fed to prepubertal ewe lambs for 12 days. The level of coumestrol fed relative to estradiol was estimated from the relative binding affinities of the uterine cytosol estrogen receptors to be the biologically effective amount. The effects of coumestrol treatment were increased uterine weight and decreased ovarian weight and follicular development. There was a relationship between uterine weight and exchanged tritiated estradiol bound to the endometrial cell nuclear pellet.
THE EFFECT OF ADDED DIETARY SELENIUM ON THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF MILK, URINE AND FECES
Authors: FISHER L. J. , MONTEMURRO J. , HOOGENDOORN C.
Published: March 2010

Three sets of identical twin cows were used to quantitate the excretion of selenium in feces, urine and milk in response to increments of dietary selenium. The first trial consisted of three test periods, each 8 days long, separated by recovery periods of 5 days. A solution of sodium selenite was applied to the grain portion of the ration to provide 0, 6.0, 12.0, 24.0 and 48.0 or 100.0 mg of sodium selenite per day. Samples of milk, urine and feces were collected on the last 2 days of each treatment period and analyzed for selenium. There was a significant, positive linear (P < 0.05) response between excretion of selenium in feces and increments of dietary selenium. There was a marked but variable response in selenium content of urine to dietary intake but selenium levels in milk were not increased above those of control animals. In a second trial, sodium selenite was fed at the rate of 170 and 260 mg per day for 10 days. These theoretically toxic levels resulted in 10- and 40-fold increases in the selenium levels of feces and urine, respectively, but only a 3-fold increase in selenium content of milk. At these high levels of selenium supplementation the amounts of selenium in the kidney and liver were increased above the normal values. This study shows that selenium in the form of sodium selenite would have to be fed at levels toxic to the cow before there would be any measurable increase of selenium in milk.
EFFECTS OF RESTRICTING ACCESS TO FEED, FOR ONE OR TWO DAYS PER WEEK, ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING PIGS
Authors: CASTELL A. G.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four Yorkshire feeder pigs were separated on the basis of weight-for-age into two replicates (I, 311 g/day; II, 289 g/day), each being penned in groups of four barrows or four gilts. Pigs in each replicate were assigned to receive a 16% protein, barley-based diet ad libitum over the growing period (23–57 kg liveweight) and, subsequently, a similar diet to which access was prevented for 0, 1, 2 separated or 2 consecutive days per week, respectively, up to a market weight of 90 kg. Imposition of the restriction on access to feed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced average daily feed (ADF) and gain (ADG) during the finishing and overall periods but had little effect upon carcass measurements except for a significant (P < 0.05) linear reduction of dressing percentage. Pigs in replicate I and barrows in both replicates maintained their respective advantages in ADG and in ADF in spite of the imposed treatments, but gilts were still superior to barrows with respect to carcass measurements. Although the method of achieving intake restriction seemed particularly suitable for application where pigs are self-fed in groups, the potential benefit appeared to be limited to the finishing of barrows.
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR CAGED LAYERS
Authors: HULAN H. W. , PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 1536 SCWL pullets of two commercial genotypes (768 of each) were fed soybean meal (SM), Tower or Candle rapeseed meal (RSM) during either the growing and laying period or both. RSM can replace a major portion (74%) of the soybean meal of starter and grower diets without adversely affecting mortality or feed consumption. Differences were observed between the two genotypes for all traits measured during the laying period, except for mortality. Switching the birds from a SM grower diet to a 15% RSM layer diet resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mortality. In general, the feeding of Tower RSM during both the growing and laying period resulted in heavier birds, earlier sexual maturity, higher egg production and improved feed efficiency compared to when diets containing Candle RSM were fed.