bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Small, Confirming Big: An alternative system to The New Statistics for advancing cumulative and replicable psychological research
Authors: Sakaluk John Kitchener
Published: July 2018

While outlining his vision of The New Statistics, Cumming (2014) proposes that a more rigorous and cumulative psychological science will be built, in part, by having psychologists abandon traditional null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) approaches, and conducting small-scale meta-analyses on their data whenever possible. In the present paper, I propose an alternative system for conducting rigorous and replicable psychological investigations, which I describe as Exploring Small, Confirming Big. I begin with a critical evaluation of the merits of NHST and small-scale meta-analyses, and argue that NHST does have a valuable role in the scientific process, whereas small-scale meta-analyses will do little to advance a cumulative science. I then present an overview of an alternative system for producing cumulative and replicable psychological research: Exploring Small, Confirming Big. It involves a two-step process to psychological research, consisting of (1) small N investigation(s), in which psychologists use NHST to develop exploratory models; and (2) strong, confirmatory tests of exploratory models, by analyzing new and/or existing large N datasets with variables that capture the effect(s) of interest from the Exploring Small stage. I conclude by discussing several anticipated benefits and challenges of adopting the Exploring Small, Confirming Big approach.
Leveraging a more nuanced view of personality: Narrow characteristics predict and explain variance in life outcomes
Authors: Mõttus René , Bates Timothy Charles , Condon David M , Mroczek Dan , Revelle William
Published: July 2018

Among the main topics of individual differences research is the associations of personality traits with life outcomes. Relying on recent advances of personality conceptualizations and drawing parallels with genetics, we propose that representing these associations with individual questionnaire items (markers of personality “nuances”) can provide incremental value for predicting and explaining them—often even without further data collection. For illustration, we show that item-based models trained to predict ten outcomes out-predicted models based on Five-Factor Model (FFM) domains or facets in independent participants, with median proportions of explained variance being 9.7% (item-based models), 4.2% (domain-based models) and 5.9% (facet-based models). This was not due to item-outcome overlap. Instead, personality-outcome associations are often driven by dozens of specific characteristics, nuances. Outlining item-level correlations helps to better understand why personality is linked with particular outcomes and opens entirely new research avenues—at almost no additional cost.
Making Replication Mainstream
Authors: Zwaan Rolf Antonius , Etz Alexander , Lucas Richard E. , Donnellan Brent
Published: July 2018

Many philosophers of science and methodologists have argued that the ability to repeat studies and obtain similar results is an essential component of science. A finding is elevated from single observation to scientific evidence when the procedures that were used to obtain it can be reproduced and the finding itself can be replicated. Recent replication attempts show that some high profile results--most notably in psychology, but in many other disciplines as well---cannot be replicated consistently. These replication attempts have generated a considerable amount of controversy and the issue of whether direct replications have value has, in particular, proven to be contentious. However, much of this discussion has occurred in published commentaries and social media outlets, resulting in a fragmented discourse. To address the need for an integrative summary, we review various types of replication studies and then discuss the most commonly voiced concerns about direct replication. We provide detailed responses to these concerns and consider different statistical ways to evaluate replications. We conclude there are no theoretical or statistical obstacles to making direct replication a routine aspect of psychological science.
Speaker gender and salience in sociolinguistic speech perception: GOOSE-fronting in Standard Southern British English
Authors: Alderton Roy
Published: July 2018

Listeners’ perception of sound changes with strong socio-indexical associations can be influenced by priming them with social information about the speaker. It is not clear, however, whether this occurs for sociolinguistic variables that pass below the level of conscious awareness. This article hence investigates whether visual speaker gender affects the perception of GOOSE-fronting in Standard Southern British English, which is a sound change that is led by young women, yet does not index stereotypical social characteristics. Participants completed a word identification experiment based on a synthesised FLEECE-GOOSE continuum produced by a gender-ambiguous voice while exposed to an image of a male or female face. Only male listeners identified more fronted tokens as GOOSE when the face in the image was female. The findings suggest that a variable’s social meanings and salience may vary between groups of listeners, while also highlighting the need for good analytical practice when conducting priming experiments.
No relationship between researcher caliber and replicability: an analysis of five studies with 100 replications.
Authors: Protzko John , Schooler Jonathan
Published: July 2018

What explanation is there when teams of researchers are unable to successfully replicate already established ‘canonical’ findings? One suggestion put forward, but left largely untested, has been that those researchers who fail to replicate other studies are of lower ‘caliber’, lacking the expertise and skill necessary to successfully replicate such experiments. Here we empirically test the validity of those claims across 79 laboratories of differing ‘caliber’ replicating four different studies. Using a bibliometric tool as our indicator of ‘caliber’, we find absolutely no empirical evidence for the researcher ‘caliber’ and reproducibility hypothesis. Claims are now being put forward to explain replication failures in psychological science. These hypotheses carry a lot of potential for explaining scientists’ behavior. The results, however, do not uphold the hypotheses; alternate explanations instead should be sought for explaining replication failure.
Capuchin monkeys do not differentiate between images of different facial width
Authors: Wilson Vanessa , Gartner Marieke , D'Eath Rick , Little Anthony , Smith Hannah Buchanan , Morton Frederick Blake
Published: July 2018

Previous research has shown links between the facial Width-to-Height Ratio (fWHR) and Assertiveness in brown capuchins, Sapajus apella. Similar to research in humans that suggests the male face may be a cue to dominance-related traits such as aggression, in capuchins, wider faces are associated with higher Assertiveness. In the current study we assessed whether capuchins differentiate between wide versus narrow faces. Using facial photographs manipulated for higher or lower fWHR, we examined capuchins' latency to approach a wide or narrow face, and compared this with their latency to approach an alpha versus non-alpha group member. We predicted that if capuchins perceive wider faces of unfamiliar individuals as more assertive than those with narrower faces, then they would exhibit a longer latency to approach the wide over the narrow face condition. Whilst capuchins did exhibit a significantly longer latency to approach alpha versus non-alpha group members, there was no significant difference in their latency to approach either manipulated facial condition. These results suggest that capuchins do not respond to static images in the same way as they respond to real conspecifics, or that they do not use facial width as a cue to Assertiveness in their approach behaviour. We propose alternative methodology to explore whether face width is a cue to social status or assertive traits in nonhuman primates.
Listeners lengthen phrase boundaries in self-paced music
Authors: Kragness Haley Elisabeth , Trainor Laurel
Published: July 2018

Previous work has shown that musicians tend to slow down as they approach phrase boundaries (phrase-final lengthening). In the present experiments, we used a paradigm from the action perception literature, the dwell time paradigm (Hard, Recchia, & Tversky, 2011), to investigate whether participants engage in phrase boundary lengthening when self-pacing through musical sequences. When participants used a key press to produce each successive chord of Bach chorales, they dwelled longer on boundary chords than non-boundary chords in both the original chorales and atonal manipulations of the chorales. When a novel musical sequence was composed that controlled for metrical and melodic contour cues to boundaries, the dwell time difference between boundaries and non-boundaries was greater in the tonal condition than in the atonal condition. Furthermore, similar results were found for a group of non-musicians, suggesting that phrase-final lengthening in musical production is not dependent on musical training and can be evoked by harmonic cues.
Controversy Awareness on Evidence-led Discussions as Guidance for Students in Wiki-based Learning
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

Wikis mainly distribute user-generated content over the article and its corresponding talk page. While educational research provides article-related suggestions for learner's support, research has rarely analyzed the potentials of supporting learning-related processes at the talk page level. With the presented experiment, we address this issue by investigating effects of visual controversy awareness information on content-related discussion threads. Such information can induce socio-cognitive conflicts which research assumes to be beneficial for learning, particularly when contradictory evidence leads Wiki discussions. We investigated how controversy awareness highlighting as implicit guidance directs students' (N = 81) navigation and learning processes as wells as their internalized knowledge representations. Results indicate that the implementation of controversy awareness representations helped students to focus on selecting meaningful discussion threads. Our findings suggest that Wiki talk page users can benefit from additional structuring aids and increase their learning outcome when being aware of occurring controversies.
Three Strong Moves to Improve Research and Replications Alike
Authors: Giner-Sorolla Roger , van Kleef Gerben , Amodio David
Published: July 2018

We suggest three additional improvements to replication practices. First, original research should include concrete checks on validity, encouraged by editorial standards. Second, the reasons for replicating a particular study should be more transparent, and balance systematic positive reasons with selective negative ones. Third, methodological validity should also be factored into evaluating replications, with methodologically inconclusive replications not counted as non-replications.
Prior sensitivity analysis in default Bayesian structural equation modeling
Authors: van Erp Sara , Mulder Joris , Oberski Daniel L.
Published: July 2018

Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) has recently gained popularity because it enables researchers to fit complex models while solving some of the issues often encountered in classical maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, such as nonconvergence and inadmissible solutions. An important component of any Bayesian analysis is the prior distribution of the unknown model parameters. Often, researchers rely on default priors, which are constructed in an automatic fashion without requiring substantive prior information. However, the prior can have a serious influence on the estimation of the model parameters, which affects the mean squared error (MSE), bias, coverage rates, and quantiles of the estimates.In this paper, we investigate the performance of three different default priors: noninformative improper priors, vague proper priors, and empirical Bayes priors, with the latter being novel in the BSEM literature. Based on a simulation study, we find that these three default BSEM methods may perform very differently, especially with small samples. A careful prior sensitivity analysis is therefore needed when performing a default BSEM analysis. For this purpose, we provide a practical step-by-step guide for practitioners to conducting a prior sensitivity analysis in default BSEM. Our recommendations are illustrated using a well-known case study from the structural equation modeling literature and all code for conducting the prior sensitivity analysis is made available in the online supplemental material.
Stability and reliability of error-related electromyography over the corrugator supercilii with increasing trials
Authors: Elkins-Brown Nathaniel , Saunders Blair , He Frank F. H. , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

EMG activity over the corrugator supercilii (cEMG), the primary facial muscle involved in negative emotions, is increased during the commission of errors on speeded reaction-time tasks. In the present paper, data from two previously published studies were re-analyzed to investigate the reliability and stability of error-related, correct-related, and difference cEMG across increasing numbers of trials. We found that for a modified go/no-go and a flanker task, error-related cEMG was highly stable and reliable in 14 trials, and correct-related cEMG between 56 and 82 trials, respectively. Given the typical number of trials used in studies of cognitive control, these findings suggest that many investigations of error monitoring are already sufficient to obtain acceptable error- and correct-related cEMG signals. Error-related cEMG activity is relatively easy to measure, and as such, it shows great promise for future research investigating in the cognitive and affective mechanisms of error monitoring.
Towards a clearer understanding of social identity theory’s self-esteem hypothesis.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Social identity theory proposes that the need for self-esteem motivates group members to protect and enhance the positivity of their group. In this chapter, we explain this self-esteem hypothesis in detail and discuss its caveats and limitations. We also discuss recent work that proposes a dynamic relation between collective self-esteem and group-related outcomes. Based on this discussion, we present a reformulated version of the self-esteem hypothesis that makes more specific predictions than the original. We also broaden the scope of the self-esteem hypothesis by taking into account identity management strategies other than intergroup discrimination. Hence, this chapter moves beyond the blunt question of whether self-esteem motivates intergroup discrimination and instead provides a more nuanced explanation of the various issues that need to be considered when investigating the relation between the need for self-esteem and group behaviour.
Making the most of tenure in two acts: An additional way to help change incentives in Psychological Science?
Authors: Aarts Alexander A.
Published: July 2018

Psychological Science currently faces (a wide-spread realization of) several problematic issues. It has been suggested that a negative incentive-structure has possibly played a role in Psychological Science getting in this situation. The (results of the) problem may however also be the solution. Having received tenure might be the perfect time for Psychology Professors to (be able to) start to 1) think and act more in accordance with scientific values, principles, and responsibilities, and 2) try and help improve Psychological Science. It is reasoned that this might be because the negative incentive-structure may not affect them anymore, they could now be in the position to do so, they may now have the time to do so, and they would still have some time left for possible change.
Visual short-term memory through the lifespan: preserved benefits of context and metacognition
Authors: Mitchell Daniel , Cam-CAN  , Cusack Rhodri
Published: July 2018

Visual short-term memory ability falls throughout the lifespan in healthy adults. Using a continuous report task, in a large, population-based sample, we first confirmed that this decline affects the quality and quantity of reported memories as well as knowledge of which item went where. Visual and sensorimotor precision also worsened with advancing age, but this did not account for the reduced memory performance. We then considered two strategies that older individuals might be able to adopt, to offset these memory declines: the use of contextual encoding, and metacognitive monitoring of performance. Context and metacognitive awareness were both associated with significantly better performance, however these effects did not interact with age in our sample. This suggests that older adults retain their capacity to boost memory performance through attention to external context and monitoring of their performance. Strategies that focus on taking advantage of these preserved abilities may therefore help to maintain short-term memory performance with advancing age. The paper reports on analysis of the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) data.
Preprint-Word order patterns in gesture are sensitive to modality-specific production constraints
Authors: Kline Melissa , Salinas Miguel Angel , Lim Eunice , Fedorenko Evelina , Gibson Edward
Published: July 2018

A fundamental typological variation in the world’s languages is their basic word order; around 80% of spoken languages are either Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) or Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Previous work has related this typological pattern to a striking finding in ad-hoc gesture production: across a wide range of languages, people tend to use the order SOV to gesture events with inanimate patients, and SVO orders for those with animate patients (Gibson, Piantadosi, et al., 2013; Hall, Mayberry, & Ferreira, 2013, i.a.). Gibson et al. (2013) interpret this evidence as support for a noisy channel model of communication, under which producers attempt to reduce ambiguity for comprehenders. On the other hand, this pattern might also result from the particular kinds of gestures that people tend to use for different kinds of events (Hall et al. 2013). We conducted two production studies – one in gesture, one using non-iconic written symbols– designed to modify the communication task in different ways. Two main findings emerged from these tests: first, simple modifications to the gesture paradigm can have a profound effect on the orders used: the instructions given in Experiment 1 (gesture) dramatically affected the use of SVO orders, even though participants were gesturing about the same events under the same communicative contexts. Second, there is an apparent association between the physical form of the gestures used to communicate and word order: we found that participants were most likely to use SVO orders in Experiment 1 for animate-animate events when using body-based gestures (avoiding role conflict, as described by Hall et al. 2013); furthermore in Experiment 2 (written symbols), there was no association between SVO ordering and animate-animate scenes (contrary to predictions of the noisy channel model). We conclude that gesturing paradigms, while a striking and naturalistic example of ad-hoc communication dynamics, are also sensitive to the particular modality and task instructions, and as such do not provide straightforward evidence for noisy channel theories of word order typology.
A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification: Examining in Russian Samples
Authors: Lovakov Andrey , Agadullina Elena , Osin Evgeny
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Leach et al. (2008) model of in-group identification in two studies using Russian samples (overall N = 621). In Study 1, a series of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the hierarchical model of in-group identification, which included two second-order factors, self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, and in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (satisfaction, solidarity, and centrality), fitted the data well for all four group identities (ethnic, religious, university, and gender) (CFI > .93, TLI > .92, RMSEA < .06, SRMR < .06) and demonstrated better fit, compare to the alternative models. In Study 2, we examined the construct validity and reliability of the Russian version of the in-group identification measure. Results show that these measure have adequate psychometric properties. In short, our results show that the Leach et al. model is reproduced in Russian culture. The Russian version of this measure can be recommended for use in future in-group research in Russian-language samples.
Decoding individual differences in STEM learning from functional MRI data
Authors: Cetron Joshua S. , Connolly Andrew C. , Diamond Solomon G. , May Vicki V. , Haxby James V. , Kraemer David J. M.
Published: July 2018

Traditional tests of concept knowledge generate scores to assess how well a learner understands a concept. Here, we investigated whether patterns of brain activity collected during a concept knowledge task could be used to compute a neural 'score' to complement traditional scores of an individual’s conceptual understanding. Using a novel data-driven multivariate neuroimaging approach—informational network analysis—we successfully derived a neural score from patterns of activity across the brain that predicted individual differences in multiple concept knowledge tasks in the physics and engineering domain. These tasks include an fMRI paradigm, as well as two other previously validated concept inventories. The informational network score outperformed alternative neural scores computed using data-driven neuroimaging methods, including multivariate representational similarity analysis. This technique could be applied to quantify concept knowledge in a wide range of domains, including classroom-based education research, machine learning, and other areas of cognitive science.
A comparison of the Affectiva iMotions Facial Expression Analysis Software with EMG for identifying facial expressions of emotion
Authors: Kulke Louisa , Feyerabend Dennis , Schacht Annekathrin
Published: July 2018

Human faces express emotions, informing others about their affective states. In order to measure expressions of emotion, facial Electromyography (EMG) has widely been used, requiring electrodes and technical equipment. More recently, emotion recognition software has been developed that detects emotions from video recordings of human faces. However, its validity and comparability to EMG measures is unclear. The aim of the current study was to compare the Affectiva Affdex emotion recognition software by iMotions with EMG measurements of the zygomaticus mayor and corrugator supercilii muscle, concerning its ability to identify happy, angry and neutral faces. Twenty participants imitated these facial expressions while videos and EMG were recorded. Happy and angry expressions were detected by both the software and by EMG above chance, while neutral expressions were more often falsely identified as negative by EMG compared to the software. Overall, EMG and software values correlated highly. In conclusion, Affectiva Affdex software can identify emotions and its results are comparable to EMG findings.
“Drive the lane; together, hard!”: An examination of the effects of supportive co-playing and task difficulty on prosocial behavior
Authors: Breuer Johannes , Bowman Nicholas David , Velez John , Wulf Tim , Bente Gary
Published: July 2018

As an entertainment technology, video games are a popular social activity that can allow for multiple players to cooperatively engage on-screen challenges. Emerging research has found that when people play together, the resulting teamwork can have beneficial impacts on their prosocial orientations after gameplay–especially when the players are cooperative with one another. The present study wanted to expand the scope of these beneficial interpersonal effects by considering both inter- and intrapersonal factors. In an experimental study (N = 115) we manipulated the difficulty of a game (easy or hard) and the behavior of a confederate teammate (supportive or unsupportive playing style). We found that neither coplayer supportiveness nor game difficulty had an effect on expectations of a teammates’ prosocial behavior or one’s own prosocial behavior towards the teammate after the game (operationalized as willingness to share small amounts of money with one’s teammate after playing). Increased expectations of prosocial behavior from one’s teammate were related to one’s own prosocial behaviors, independent of our manipulations. Considering these results, we propose alternative theoretical approaches to understanding complex social interactions in video games. Furthermore, we suggest to explore other types of manipulations of game difficulty and cooperation between video game players as well as alternative measures of prosocial behavior.
Lest We Forget, Preprint, 2018
Authors: Watkins Hanne M , Bastian Brock
Published: July 2018

Why do societies commemorate war? The persistence and ubiquity of war commemorations suggests they serve a function to society. We examine one possible function: Commemorating past sacrifices may serve an “inspirational” function, by evoking pride and gratitude for soldiers’ actions and promoting a willingness to endure future sacrifices on behalf of the group. We contrast this with the (popularly espoused) “preventative” function, whereby commemorations decrease support for war by evoking regret. Drawing on one correlational “field” study (N = 500) and two experimental studies (N = 600, 621), we show that although war commemorations inconsistently induce regret for the country’s actions, they consistently elicit emotions such as pride and admiration in response to the costly sacrifice of soldiers. While war commemorations neither increased nor decreased support for war directly, the inspirational account received greater support overall. We discuss implications of these findings in light of the ubiquity of war commemorations.
The Promise and Challenges of Intensive Repeated Measures for Cognitive Neuroscience Models of Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Lydon-Staley David M. , Bassett Danielle S
Published: July 2018

Developmental cognitive neuroscience models attribute the increasing engagement insubstance use during adolescence to within-person changes in the functional balancebetween the neural systems underlying incentive processing and cognitive control. Inreviewing existing evidence for these models, we find that the evidence is suggestive,with adolescents high in sensation-seeking and low in impulse control, for example,being at increased risk for substance use. However, the experimental designs and analytictechniques used to date do not lend themselves to explicit tests of how within-personchange and within-person variability in incentive processing and cognitive control placeindividual adolescents at risk for substance use. For a more complete articulation of thesemodels, we highlight the promise and challenges of using intensive repeated measuresdata (encompassing 5 or more within-person measurement occasions) and associatedanalytic techniques. Use of intensive repeated measures will lend researchers the toolsrequired to make within-person inferences in individual adolescents that will ultimatelyalign cognitive neuroscience modes of adolescent substance use with the methodologicalframeworks used to test them.
Piecing Together Numerical Language: Children’s Use of Default Unis in Early Counting
Authors: Brooks Neon Blue , Pogue Amanda , Barner David
Published: July 2018

When asked to ‘find three forks’, adult speakers of English use the noun‘fork’ to identify units for counting. However, when number words (e.g.three) and quantifiers (e.g. more, every) are used with unfamiliar words(‘Give me three blickets’)noun- specific conceptual criteria areunavailable for picking out units.This poses a problem for young childrenlearning language, who begin to use quantifiers and number words by age 2,despite knowing a relatively small number of nouns. Without knowing howindividual nouns pick out units of quantification – e.g. what counts as ablicket – how could children decide whether there are three blickets orfour? Three experiments suggest that children might solve this problem byassigning ‘default units’ of quantification to number words, quantifiers,and number morphology. When shown objects that are broken into arbitrarypieces, 4-year-olds in Experiment 1 treated pieces as units when counting,interpreting quantifiers, and when using singular–plural morphology.Experiment 2 found that although children treat object-hood as sufficientfor quantification, it is not necessary. Also sufficient for individuationare the criteria provided by known nouns. When two nameable things wereglued together (e.g. two cups), children counted the glued things as two.However, when two arbitrary pieces of an object were put together (e.g. twoparts of a ball), children counted them as one, even if they had previouslycounted the pieces as two. Experiment 3 found that when the pieces ofbroken things were nameable (e.g. wheels of a bicycle), 4-year-olds did notinclude them in counts of whole objects (e.g. bicycles). We discuss therole of default units in early language acquisition, their origin inacquisition, and how children eventually acquire an adult semanticsidentifying units of quantification.
CARMA: Software for Continuous Affect Rating and Media Annotation
Authors: Girard Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2018

CARMA is a media annotation program that collects continuous ratings while displaying audio and video files. It is designed to be highly user-friendly and easily customizable. Based on Gottman and Levenson’s affect rating dial, CARMA enables researchers and study participants to provide moment-by-moment ratings of multimedia files using a computer mouse or keyboard. The rating scale can be configured on a number of parameters including the labels for its upper and lower bounds, its numerical range, and its visual representation. Annotations can be displayed alongside the multimedia file and saved for easy import into statistical analysis software. CARMA provides a tool for researchers in affective computing, human-computer interaction, and the social sciences who need to capture the unfolding of subjective experience and observable behavior over time.
The Benefit of Punishment Sensitivity On Motor Performance Under Pressure
Authors: Manley Harry
Published: July 2018

Objective. Humans are often required to perform demanding cognitive and motor tasks under pressure. However, in such environments there is considerable inter-individual variability in the ability to successfully execute actions. Here, we consider how individual differences in self-reported sensitivity to punishment influence skilled motor performance under pressure and whether this relationship is moderated by the temporal detection of threat.Method. Across two studies, one hundred and sixty UK participants (Study 1, n = 80, MAge = 21.6, 52 Males; Study 2, n = 80, MAge = 24.95, 45 Males) performed a precision-grip task and received either early or late warning of an upcoming stressful manipulation involving social evaluation and performance–dependent incentives.Results. In both studies, we report an interaction where punishment sensitivity was adaptive for motor performance only when threats were detected early and there was opportunity to prepare for the upcoming stressor. Further, our results suggest that the benefits of punishment sensitivity are likely underpinned by the effective use of cognitive strategies.Conclusion. Heightened sensitivity to punishment is adaptive for performance under pressure, provided threats are detected early and effective cognitive strategies are implemented.
Reducing Implicit Prejudice
Authors: Lai Calvin K. , Nosek Brian A. , Hoffman Kelly M.
Published: July 2018

Implicit prejudice are social preferences that exist outside of conscious awareness or conscious control. We summarize evidence for three mechanisms that influence the expression of implicit prejudice: associative change, contextual change, and change in control over implicit prejudice. We then review the evidence (or lack thereof) for five open issues in implicit prejudice reduction research: 1) what shows effectiveness in real-world application; 2) what doesn’t work for implicit prejudice reduction; 3) what interventions produce long-term changes in implicit prejudice; 4) measurement diversity in implicit prejudice reduction research; and 5) the relationship between implicit prejudice and behavior. Addressing these issues provide an agenda for clarifying the conditions and implications of reducing implicit prejudice.
A neurocognitive model for predicting the fate of individual memories
Authors: Tubridy Shannon , Halpern David , Davachi Lila , Gureckis Todd Matthew
Published: July 2018

One goal of cognitive science is to build theories of mental function that predict individual behavior. In this project we focus on predicting, for individual participants, which specific items in a list will be remembered at some point in the future. If you want to know if an individual will remember something, one commonsense approach is to give them a quiz or test such that a correct answer likely indicates later memory for an item. In this project we attempt to predict later memory without explicit assessments by jointly modeling both neural and behavioral data in a computational cognitive model which captures the dynamics of memory acquisition and decay. In this paper, we lay out a novel hierarchical Bayesian approach for combining neural and behavioral data and present results showing how fMRI signals recorded during the study phase of a memory task can improve our ability to predict (in held-out data) which items will be remembered or forgotten 72 hours later.
Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Does Not Predict Self-Reported Behavioral Tendencies
Authors: Kosinski Michal
Published: July 2018

A growing number of studies have linked facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) with various antisocial or violent behavioral tendencies. However, those studies have predominantly been laboratory based and low powered. This work reexamined the links between fWHR and behavioral tendencies in a large sample of 137,163 participants. Behavioral tendencies were measured using 55 well-established psychometric scales, including self-report scales measuring intelligence, domains and facets of the five-factor model of personality, impulsiveness, sense of fairness, sensational interests, self-monitoring, impression management, and satisfaction with life. The findings revealed that fWHR is not substantially linked with any of these self-reported measures of behavioral tendencies, calling into question whether the links between fWHR and behavior generalize beyond the small samples and specific experimental settings that have been used in past fWHR research.
Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change
Authors: Giuliani Nicole , Merchant Junaid Salim , Cosme Danielle , Berkman Elliot
Published: July 2018

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of human neuroimaging studies seeking to predict behavior above and beyond traditional measurements such as self-report. This trend has been particularly notable in the area of food consumption, as the percentage of people categorized as overweight or obese continues to rise. In this review, we argue that there is considerable utility in this form of health neuroscience, modeling the neural bases of eating behavior and dietary change in healthy, community populations. Further, we propose a model and accompanying evidence indicating that several basic processes underlying eating behavior, particularly reactivity, regulation, and valuation, can be predictive of behavior change. We also discuss future directions for this work.
Transparent science: A more credible, reproducible, and publishable way to do science
Authors: Mellor David Thomas , Vazire Simine , Lindsay D. Stephen
Published: July 2018

Background and PerspectiveThis is an exciting time to be a psychological scientist. There is a major new movement that seeks to promote the credibility and replicability of psychological research by enhancing its transparency, with scholarly societies promoting the principles (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/open-science) and groups formed specifically to advance that mission (see http://improvingpsych.org/ and https://cos.io for two examples). While relatively low rates of replicability among scientific findings (Begley & Ellis, 2012; OSC, 2015; Chang & Li 2015) inspired the existence of these groups, in this chapter we describe how striving to maximize transparency in your research can benefit both science and your career.
Sensory adaptation and inhibition of return: Dissociating multiple inhibitory cueing effects
Authors: Janssen Steve M. J.
Published: July 2018

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to an increase in reaction times to targets that appeared at a previously cued location relative to an uncued location, often investigated using a spatial cueing paradigm. Despite numerous studies that have examined many aspects of IOR, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying IOR are still in dispute. The objective of the current research is to investigate the plausible mechanisms by manipulating the cue and target types between central and peripheral stimuli in a traditional cue-target paradigm with saccadic responses to targets. In peripheral cueing conditions, we observed inhibitory cueing effects across all cue-target onset asynchronies (CTOAs) with peripheral targets, but IOR was smaller and arose later with central targets. No inhibition was observed in central cueing conditions at any CTOAs. Empirical data were simulated using a two-dimensional dynamic neural field model. Our results and simulations support previous work demonstrating that, at short CTOAs, behavioral inhibition is only observed with repeated stimulation – an effect of sensory adaptation. With longer CTOAs, IOR is observed regardless of target type, when peripheral cueing is used. Our findings suggest that behaviorally exhibited inhibitory cueing effects can be attributed to multiple mechanisms, including both attenuation of visual stimulation and local inhibition in the superior colliculus.
Supporting awareness of content-related controversies in a wiki-based learning environment
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

User generated content in wikis is mainly distributed on the article view and its corresponding talk page. Potentials of analyzing and supporting discussants' knowledge construction processes on the level of talk pages have still been rarely researched. The presented experimental study addresses this issue by providing external representations of content-related controversies which were led by contradictory evidence between discussants to foster awareness on socio-cognitive conflicts which can be beneficial for learning. Its aim is to investigate how increased salience of controversies can guide participants' (N = 81) navigation and learning processes. Three conditions differing in their degree of awareness support were implemented in this study. Results indicate that the implementation of awareness representations helped students to focus on meaningful discussion threads. Findings suggest that wiki talk page users can benefit from additional structuring aids.
Intertemporal Differences Among MTurk Workers
Authors: Casey Logan Samuel , Chandler Jesse J.
Published: July 2018

The online labor market Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is an increasinglypopular platform for generating samples of respondents for social scienceresearch. A growing body of research has examined the demographiccomposition of MTurk workers, typically comparing samples of MTurk workersto samples of respondents drawn from other populations. While thesecomparisons have revealed important information about the ways in whichMTurk workers are and are not representative of the general population,variations among samples drawn from MTurk have received less attention.This paper focuses on whether MTurk sample composition varies as a functionof time. Using an original dataset of nearly 10,000 MTurk workers, weexamine whether demographic characteristics vary by (1) time of day, (2)day of week, and (3) serial position (i.e., earlier or later in datacollection). We find that day of week differences are minimal, but thattime of day and serial position are associated with small but importantvariations in demographic composition, including characteristics known toimpact political attitudes and psychological processes. This demonstratesthat MTurk samples cannot be presumed identical across different studies,and we suggest several forms of variation to which researchers using MTurkought to be attentive.
Seeing, Thinking, and Feeling: Emotion-Regulating Effects of Gaze-Directed Cognitive Reappraisal
Authors: Urry Heather L.
Published: July 2018

Cognitive reappraisal (CR) is an emotion-regulatory (ER) process that is theorized to operate via changes in appraisals. CR is distinct from attentional deployment (AD), an ER process that is theorized to operate via changes in attention. However, a recent neuroimaging study suggests that the ER effects of CR might largely be explained by AD. In this study, I manipulated CR while holding visual AD constant across CR conditions. In a randomized within-subjects design, 54 participants used CR to increase and decrease emotion in response to unpleasant pictures. This was compared to simply viewing the pictures. On all trials, gaze was directed to a circumscribed area of the pictures. Even with gaze held constant across conditions, increase reappraisals led to higher ratings of emotional intensity, greater corrugator activity, and greater autonomic arousal. In addition, decrease reappraisals led to lower ratings of emotional intensity and lower corrugator activity, the latter of which held only when gaze was directed to arousing information. Overall, the results suggest that changes in appraisal are the likely mechanism for the emotion-regulatory effects of CR.
Reliance on Individuating Information and Stereotypes in Implicit and Explicit Person Perception
Authors: Rubinstein Rachel , Jussim Lee , Stevens Sean T.
Published: July 2018

This research investigated whether stereotypes or individuating information take primacy in implicit and explicit person perception. Study 1 investigated whether variation in the diagnosticity of individuating information moderated stereotype bias in implicit and explicit person perception. Increases in diagnosticity produced a linear reduction in explicit and implicit stereotype bias; with more diagnostic individuating information, there was less bias. Studies 2 and 3 examined the effects on person perception of racial stereotypes and of diagnostic individuating information that varied in valence. Study 2 found no substantial implicit or explicit anti-Black stereotype bias in the presence of diagnostic individuating information and large individuating information effects on explicit person perception. Study 3 found no explicit anti-Black stereotype bias in the presence of diagnostic individuating information and that individuating information influenced both implicit and explicit person perception. Together, these studies showed that individuating information can reduce or eliminate stereotype bias in implicit and explicit person perception and that its effect depends on the diagnosticity of the information. In addition, patterns of reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit and explicit person perception generally converged. Results are discussed in the context of current controversies about the processes underlying implicit and explicit social cognition.
Working-class students need more friends at university: A cautionary note for Australia’s higher education equity initiative.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

In this brief article, I argue that working-class students need to be better integrated into social life at university in order for them to have a better opportunity to succeed.
Finding one’s meaning: A test of the relation between quantifiers and integers in language development
Authors: Barner David , Chow Katharine , Yang Shu-Ju
Published: July 2018

We explored children’s early interpretation of numerals and linguisticnumber marking, in order to test the hypothesis (e.g., Carey, 2004) thatchildren’s initial distinction between one and other numerals (i.e., two,three, etc.) is bootstrapped from a prior distinction between singular andplural nouns. Previous studies have presented evidence that in languageswithout singular- plural morphology, like Japanese and Chinese, childrenacquire the meaning of the word one later than in singular-plural languageslike English and Russian. In two experiments, we sought to corroborate thisrelation between grammatical number and integer acquisition within English.We found a significant correlation between children’s comprehension ofnumerals and a large set of natural language quantifiers and determiners,even when controlling for effects due to age. However, we also found that2-year-old children, who are just acquiring singular-plural morphology andthe word one, fail to assign an exact interpretation to singular nounphrases (e.g., a banana), despite interpreting one as exact. For example,in a truth value judgment task, most children judged that a banana wasconsistent with a set of two objects, despite rejecting sets of two for thenumeral one. Also, children who gave exactly one object for singular nounsdid not have a better comprehension of numerals relative to children whodid not give exactly one. Thus, we conclude that the correlation betweenquantifier comprehension and numeral comprehension in children of this ageis not attributable to the singular-plural distinction facilitating theacquisition of the word one. We argue that quantifiers play a more generalrole in highlighting the semantic function of numerals, and that childrendistinguish between numerals and other quantifiers from the beginning,assigning exact interpretations only to numerals.
Reasoning supports forgiving accidental harms
Authors: Patil Indrajeet , Trémolière Bastien
Published: July 2018

People experience a strong conflict while evaluating actors who unintentionally harmed someone - her innocent intention exonerating her, while the harmful outcome incriminating her. Different people solve this conflict differently, suggesting the presence of dispositional moderators of the way the conflict is processed. In the present research, we explore how reasoning ability and cognitive style relate to how people choose to resolve this conflict and judge accidental harms. We conducted three studies in which we utilized varied reasoning measures and populations. The results showed that individual differences in reasoning ability and cognitive style predicted severity of judgments in fictitious accidental harms scenarios, with better reasoners being less harsh in their judgments. Internal meta-analysis confirmed that this effect was robust only for accidental harms. We discuss the importance of individual differences in reasoning ability in the assessment of accidental harms.