bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Utilization of Avocado in Biorefinery: A Bibliometric and Co-Occurrence Approach 2003–2023
Authors: Aguilar-Vasquez Eduardo Andrés , Herrera-Rodriguez Tamy Carolina , González-Delgado Ángel Darío
Published: October 2024

In recent years, the consumption of avocado, both fresh and processed, has experienced a significant worldwide increase due to its recognized nutritional value and beneficial health effects. However, this industrial processing generates a substantial amount of underutilized byproducts, primarily the peel and seed, leading to significant environmental and economic challenges. Fortunately, these residues are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, making their recovery an excellent opportunity to enhance the sustainability and profitability of the modern avocado industry. This bibliometric analysis utilizes data from the Scopus platform to explore the comprehensive utilization of avocado waste. By employing a biorefinery approach and computational tools, the study aims to identify and extract value-added compounds with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and cosmetic industries. The results highlight that the most relevant research topics are currently focused on sustainable and comprehensive biotransformation of avocado byproducts. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on methods for extracting valuable products, characterizing their properties, and identifying potentially exploitable active compounds. Furthermore, research is increasingly exploring the environmental and economic factors associated with new research advancements, such as emerging environmental regulations, certifications, substitutes, and technological applications. One key gap identified in recent research advancements is the lack of a sustainable diagnostic framework for avocado utilization processes in a cascade system (multiple high-value consumer products and by-products such as bioplastic). This suggests a crucial area for future research efforts.
Chaotic-Based Improved Henry Gas Solubility Optimization Algorithm: Application to Electric Motor Control
Authors: Sarıkaya Muhammed Salih , Hamida El Naser Yusuf , Kaçar Sezgin , Yazıcı İrfan , Derdiyok Adnan
Published: October 2024

This study presents a novel meta-heuristic optimization method that combines the Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (HGSO) technique with symmetric chaotic systems. By leveraging the randomness of chaotic systems, the parameters of the HGSO algorithm that require random generation are produced through chaotic processes, allowing the algorithm to exhibit chaotic behavior in its pursuit of optimal values. This innovative approach is termed Chaotic Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (CHGSO), with the primary objective of enhancing the performance of the HGSO method. The randomness of the data obtained from chaotic systems was validated using NIST-800-22 tests. The CHGSO method was applied to both 47 benchmark functions and the optimization of parameters for a PID controller utilized in the speed control of a DC motor. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was compared with several widely recognized algorithms in the literature, including PSO, WOA, GWO, EA, SA, and the original HGSO algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved the best performance in 43 of the benchmark functions, outperforming the other algorithms. In the context of controller design, the PID parameters were optimized using the error-based ITSE objective function. According to the controller responses, the proposed method has achieved the best results in the simulation studies, with a settling time of 0.035 and a rise time of 0.014 without overshooting, and in the experimental studies, with a settling time of 0.15 and a settling time of 1.4%. When the results are examined, it is observed that it has achieved successful results in the controller design problem.
Probabilistic Approach for Assessing the Occupational Risk of Olfactometric Examiners: Methodology Description and Application to Real Exposure Scenario
Authors: Polvara Elisa , Spinazzè Andrea , Invernizzi Marzio , Cattaneo Andrea , Cavallo Domenico Maria , Sironi Selena
Published: October 2024

Human examiners, known as panelists, are exposed to an unknown occupational exposure risk while determining odor concentration (Cod) using dynamic olfactometry. In the literature, a few papers, based on a deterministic approach, have been proposed to establish this occupational risk. As a result, the purpose of this study is to develop and apply a probabilistic approach, based on the randomization of exposure parameters, for assessing and evaluating the occupational exposure risk among olfactometric examiners. In this methodology, the risk is assessed by computing the hazard index (HI) and inhalation risk (IR) to determine the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. To randomize the exposure parameters, a Monte Carlo simulation was described and then applied in real exposure scenario to establish the exposure risk in terms of probability. Therefore, a one-year survey of the working activity of olfactometric examiners of Laboratorio Olfattometrico of Politecnico di Milano university was conducted. Based on this data collection (exposure parameters and chemical data, divided according to sample categories), a randomized exposure scenario was constructed to estimate the probability and cumulative distribution function of risk parameters. Different distributions were obtained for different industrial samples categories and were compared with respect to acceptability criteria (the value of HI and IR at 95th percentile of distribution). The elaboration provided evidence that negligible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are associated with the panelists’ activity, according to an entire annual dataset. The application of probabilistic risk assessment provides a more comprehensive and effective characterization of the general exposure scenario for olfactometric examiners, surpassing the limitations of a deterministic approach. This method can be extended to future exposure scenarios and enables the selection of the most effective risk management strategies to protect the health of olfactometric examiners.
Clam Size Explains Some Variability in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Concentrations in Butter Clams (Saxidomus gigantea) in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Harley John R. , Blair Kellie , Cellan Shannon M. , Lanphier Kari , Pierce Lindsey , Scott Cer , Whitehead Chris , Gribble Matthew O.
Published: October 2024

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a reoccurring threat to subsistence and recreational shellfish harvest in Southeast Alaska. Recent Tribally led monitoring programs have enhanced understanding of the environmental drivers and toxicokinetics of shellfish toxins in the region; however, there is considerable variability in shellfish toxins in some species, which cannot be easily explained by seasonal bloom dynamics. Persistent concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in homogenized butter clam samples (n > 6, Saxidomus gigantea) have been observed in several communities, and relatively large spikes in concentrations are sometimes seen without Alexandrium observations or increased toxin concentrations in other species. In order to investigate potential sources of variability in PST concentrations from this subsistence species, we assessed individual concentrations of PSTs across a size gradient of butter clams during a period of relatively stable PST concentrations. We found that increasing concentrations of PSTs were significantly associated with larger clams using a log-linear model. We then simulated six clams randomly sampled from three size distributions, and we determined large clams had an outsized probability of contributing a significant proportion of the total toxicity in a six-clam homogenized sample. While our results were obtained during a period of low HAB activity and cannot be extrapolated to periods of intoxication or rapid detoxification, they have significant ramifications for both monitoring programs as well as subsistence and recreational harvesters.
Involvement of Human Cellular Proteins and Structures in Realization of the HIV Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review, 2024
Authors: Schemelev Alexandr N. , Davydenko Vladimir S. , Ostankova Yulia V. , Reingardt Diana E. , Serikova Elena N. , Zueva Elena B. , Totolian Areg A.
Published: October 2024

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a global health challenge, with over 38 million people infected by the end of 2022. HIV-1, the predominant strain, primarily targets and depletes CD4+ T cells, leading to immunodeficiency and subsequent vulnerability to opportunistic infections. Despite the progress made in antiretroviral therapy (ART), drug resistance and treatment-related toxicity necessitate novel therapeutic strategies. This review delves into the intricate interplay between HIV-1 and host cellular proteins throughout the viral life cycle, highlighting key host factors that facilitate viral entry, replication, integration, and immune evasion. A focus is placed on actual findings regarding the preintegration complex, nuclear import, and the role of cellular cofactors such as FEZ1, BICD2, and NPC components in viral transport and genome integration. Additionally, the mechanisms of immune evasion via HIV-1 proteins Nef and Vpu, and their interaction with host MHC molecules and interferon signaling pathways, are explored. By examining these host–virus interactions, this review underscores the importance of host-targeted therapies in complementing ART, with a particular emphasis on the potential of genetic research and host protein stability in developing innovative treatments for HIV/AIDS.
Emergence of a New Pathogen: A Retrospective Study of HPeV-5 Central Nervous System Disease in Alberta, Canada
Authors: George Grace , Restivo Lea , Freire Jijon Dolores , Robinson Joan L. , Fonseca Kevin , Pabbaraju Kanti , Dong Xiaoli , Tellier Raymond , Lynch Tarah , Vayalumkal Joseph V.
Published: October 2024

Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are known to cause meningo-encephalitis among neonates and infants. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of HPeVs causing central nervous system infections in Alberta from 2014 to 2019 with comparison of known HPeV-3 and emerging HPeV-5. Genomic analysis was completed on a subset of HPeV-5 strains to understand genetic relatedness to other known strains. All cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in Alberta with detection of HPeVs were identified and a case review of medical records was conducted, retrospectively, to gather demographic and clinical details. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used to describe and compare the characteristics of cases affected by HPeV-3 with HPeV-5. Genome amplification was completed on six HPeV-5 samples. During the study period, 18,882 CSF samples were tested; 56 were positive for HPeV-3 or HPeV-5, and 52 patients were included in this study (40 HPeV-3 cases and 12 HPeV-5). A total of 40% of cases occurred in 2016, and 64% of infections occurred in the months of August to October. The mean age of cases was 18 days for HPeV-5 compared with 26 days for HPeV-3 (p = 0.045). Phylogenetic comparison showed similarity to a recombinant strain reported in Australia. HPeV meningo-encephalitis affected neonates/infants, mostly in late summer/early fall, and genomic sequencing of new strains can contribute to understanding the epidemiology of HPeV infections globally.
Epidemiologic Investigation and Genetic Variation Analysis of PRRSV, PCV2, and PCV3 in Guangdong Province, China from 2020 to 2022
Authors: Yuan Zhongmao , Sun Yawei , Niu Xinni , Yan Quanhui , Zeng Weijun , Du Pengfei , Xie Kaiyuan , Fang Yiqi , Wang Lianxiang , Ding Hongxing , Yi Lin , Zhao Mingqiu , Fan Shuangqi , Zhao Dongfang , Chen Jinding
Published: October 2024

Recently, the emergence of HP-PRRSV (Highly Pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and the exacerbation of mixed infections of PRRSV and PCV have resulted in significant economic losses for the Chinese pig industry. This study collected a total of 226 samples suspected of infection with the aforementioned viruses from diverse pig farms in seven urban districts of central and northern Guangdong Province between 2020 and 2022. The positive rates of PRRSV, PCV2, and PCV3 in the samples were 33.2%, 37.6%, and 7.5%, respectively, and there were various mixed-infection scenarios present in the samples. This study successfully isolated multiple strains of PRRSV2 and PCV2 from their positive samples, and obtained the gene sequences of six PCV3 (ORF1 + ORF2) from samples. The associated sequences obtained were subjected to bioinformatic analysis and revealed the following:Predominantly prevalent strains of PRRSV in Guangdong Province include HP-PRRSV and NADC30-like variants, whereas PCV2 is primarily represented by the 2b and 2d subtypes. Specifically, the amino acid variation patterns exhibited by the PRRSV GP5 and NSP2 proteins of the strains sg_2108, qy_2008, and fs_2108 under environmental selective pressure are remarkably similar to the characteristics of Highly Pathogenic PRRSV; thus, it is inferred that they may possess higher virulence. The detected PCV3 strains were predominantly concentrated within the PCV3a-IM branch. All PRRSV strains involved in this study are wild-type-PRRSV (wt-PRRSV), comprising three recombinant strains and seven highly virulent strains. Among these strains, the ORF1a gene exhibited the highest variability in their genomes. Environmental selective pressure may enhance the virulence and immune evasion capabilities of PRRSV and drive mutations in the Cap proteins of PCV2 and PCV3. Conversely, PCV2 and PCV3 strains demonstrated greater stability in genetic evolution. In conclusion, this study enhances the epidemiological data regarding PRRSV, PCV2, and PCV3 in Guangdong Province, China, and is significant for the surveillance, prevention, and active control of these three diseases.
Genetic Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Western Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Roca Tárcio P. , Queiroz Jackson A. S. , Passos-Silva Ana M. , Araújo Adrhyan , Lago Barbara V. , Mello Francisco C. A. , Salcedo Juan M. V. , Vieira Deusilene , Villar Livia M.
Published: October 2024

The Brazilian Amazon region is a highly endemic area for hepatitis Delta and has areas that are difficult to access. Understanding the dynamics of HDV transmission in these remote locations is important for elucidating the routes of infection. To investigate this, a molecular analysis of HDV was conducted to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of HDV cases. Between 2010 and 2023, 35 patients were recruited from the Viral Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic in Rondônia, Brazil. Conventional PCR was used to amplify the complete HDV genome followed by nucleotide sequencing via the Sanger method. The HDV genotype was determined using maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. A Skygrid coalescent approach with a Relaxed Random Walk phylogeographic model was used for the spatio-temporal analysis. Most individuals were males (21/35), with a median age of 39 years. HDV-3 was identified in all samples (35/35; 100%). The tMRCA was estimated to be 1824, with a substitution rate of 8.2 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year. The results suggest that HDV likely entered Brazil around 1820, in the state of Amazonas, subsequently spreading to Acre and Rondônia. Notable migration events were observed starting from 2010. This study suggests that HDV-3 has a complex evolutionary history spanning over two centuries, with intricate transmission routes in different locations in Brazil.
Bone Mineral Density, Bone Biomarkers, and Joints in Acute, Post, and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alghamdi Fahad , Mokbel Kinan , Meertens Robert , Obotiba Abasiama Dick , Alharbi Mansour , Knapp Karen M. , Strain William David
Published: October 2024

SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and affects the respiratory system. People with COVID-19 are at higher risk of physical and mental health conditions, which could impact bone health. The aim of this review was to explore the effects of COVID-19 on BMD, BTMs, and joints. An electronic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid Medline databases considered studies published between 1 January 2020 and 1 November 2023. The search was limited to English, original studies in adult humans. The title and abstract of the identified papers were screened, followed by a full-text review using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extracted included the study and participant characteristics, BTMs, BMD, and joint abnormalities. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale quality assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Five studies involving 305 out of 495 infected individuals observed a reduced BMD after COVID-19, with the most significant reduction occurring a year later. Both bone resorption and bone formation markers decreased, while regulatory markers showed higher levels in infected patients. COVID-19 may harm bone health by increasing bone regulatory markers and reducing bone formation and absorption, leading to a lower BMD. Elderly, frail, and osteopenic or osteoporotic individuals are at higher risk and should be regularly monitored for bone loss if they have long COVID.
Congenital and Perinatal Viral Infections: Consequences for the Mother and Fetus
Authors: Al Beloushi Mariam , Saleh Huda , Ahmed Badreldeen , Konje Justin C.
Published: October 2024

Viruses are the most common congenital infections in humans and an important cause of foetal malformations, neonatal morbidity, and mortality. The effects of these infections, which are transmitted in utero (transplacentally), during childbirth or in the puerperium depend on the timing of the infections. These vary from miscarriages (usually with infections in very early pregnancy), congenital malformations (when the infections occur during organogenesis) and morbidity (with infections occurring late in pregnancy, during childbirth or after delivery). The most common of these viruses are cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, herpes simplex type-2, parvovirus B19, rubella, varicella zoster and zika viruses. There are currently very few efficacious antiviral agents licensed for use in pregnancy. For most of these infections, therefore, prevention is mainly by vaccination (where there is a vaccine). The administration of immunoglobulins to those exposed to the virus to offer passive immunity or appropriate measures to avoid being infected would be options to minimise the infections and their consequences. In this review, we discuss some of the congenital and perinatal infections and their consequences on both the mother and fetus and their management focusing mainly on prevention.
The Development of Animal Models for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection and Enhanced RSV Disease
Authors: Zhang Gengxin , Zhao Binbin , Liu Jiangning
Published: October 2024

The development of immunoprophylactic products against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has resulted in notable advancements, leading to an increased demand for preclinical experiments and placing greater demands on animal models. Nevertheless, the field of RSV research continues to face the challenge of a lack of ideal animal models. Despite the demonstration of efficacy in animal studies, numerous RSV vaccine candidates have been unsuccessful in clinical trials, primarily due to the lack of suitable animal models. The most commonly utilized animal models for RSV research are cotton rats, mice, lambs, and non-human primates. These animals have been extensively employed in mechanistic studies and in the development and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics. However, each model only exemplifies some, but not all, aspects of human RSV disease. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive summary of the disease symptoms, viral replication, pathological damage, and enhanced RSV disease (ERD) conditions across different RSV animal models. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed, with the intention of providing a valuable reference for related RSV research.
Viral RNA Interactome: The Ultimate Researcher’s Guide to RNA–Protein Interactions
Authors: Hanson Wesley A. , Romero Agosto Gabriel A. , Rouskin Silvi
Published: October 2024

RNA molecules in the cell are bound by a multitude of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with a variety of regulatory consequences. Often, interactions with these RNA-binding proteins are facilitated by the complex secondary and tertiary structures of RNA molecules. Viral RNAs especially are known to be heavily structured and interact with many RBPs, with roles including genome packaging, immune evasion, enhancing replication and transcription, and increasing translation efficiency. As such, the RNA–protein interactome represents a critical facet of the viral replication cycle. Characterization of these interactions is necessary for the development of novel therapeutics targeted at the disruption of essential replication cycle events. In this review, we aim to summarize the various roles of RNA structures in shaping the RNA–protein interactome, the regulatory roles of these interactions, as well as up-to-date methods developed for the characterization of the interactome and directions for novel, RNA-directed therapeutics.
Proceedings of the Conference “CMV Vaccine Development—How Close Are We?” (27–28 September 2023)
Authors: Schleiss Mark R. , Crooks Chelsea M. , Karthigeyan Krithika P. , Kruc Rebecca M. , Otero Claire E. , Wang Hsuan-Yuan (Sherry) , Permar Sallie R. , Plotkin Stanley A. , Gautam Rajeev
Published: October 2024

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common infectious cause of disability in children, including sensorineural hearing loss. There is interest in developing a pre-conception vaccine that could confer protective immunity on a woman of child-bearing age, hence resulting in a reduced cCMV disease burden. Other populations, including solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients, could also benefit from CMV vaccination. To review and discuss vaccines that are in clinical development, a workshop, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), was empaneled. At this workshop, correlates of protective immunity against CMV, epidemiologic features of CMV transmission, and vaccine platforms in development were reviewed. Representatives from academia, pharma, and the NIH engaged in discussion on the current state-of-the-art in CMV vaccinology. A summary of the presentations from this is provided in this report.
Efficacy of a New Multivalent Vaccine for the Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Commercial Fattening Units
Authors: Tapiolas Mariona , Gibert Marta , Montbrau Carlos , Taberner Ester , Solé Marina , Santo Tomás Héctor , Puig Ainhoa , March Ricard
Published: October 2024

A new multivalent vaccine (DIVENCE®), containing live gE/tk double-gene-deleted BoHV-1, live-attenuated BRSV, inactivated PI3, and BVDV-1, and BVDV-2 recombinant proteins, has been designed to protect cattle against the main viral pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of DIVENCE® against BRD in field conditions. A total of 360 animals from three different farms were included in this study. Calves were randomly distributed to the vaccinated (n = 183; DIVENCE®) or control (n = 177; phosphate-buffered saline solution) group. All animals received two intramuscular doses (2 mL/dose) three weeks apart of the corresponding product. The entire fattening period (approximately 9 months) was monitored to assess the incidence, severity, and morbidity of BRD as well as administered treatments and growth performance. During this study, a BRSV outbreak was reported in one farm, where vaccinated animals had significantly (p < 0.02) lower morbidity (20.4%) and severity (score of 1.70) compared to the control group (53.70% and score of 2.11). Overall, vaccinated animals had a significantly lower number of cases (p < 0.001; 0.36 vs. 0.64 cases/calf), lower morbidity (p < 0.004; 26.78% vs. 41.24%), and lower antimicrobial treatments (p = 0.01; 33.3% vs. 57.4%) than control animals. Vaccinated animals presented significantly (p = 0.01) higher carcass weight than controls (6.58 kg). Vaccination with DIVENCE® at the beginning of the fattening period decreased the incidence and morbidity of BRD following a BRSV outbreak. Additionally, the overall incidence and morbidity of BRD throughout the entire fattening period were reduced across farms. Thus, DIVENCE® can improve economic outcomes in fattening units by reducing antibiotic treatments and enhancing performance.
An Evaluation of the Thermotolerance of Various Formulations of Freeze-Dried and Reconstituted Peste des Petits Ruminant Vaccines
Authors: Diallo Amadou , Motsoane Moipone Christina , Gelaw Hassen Belay , Baziki Jean-De-Dieu , Boukary Cisse R. Moustapha , Melesse Gelagay Ayelet , Chitsungo Ethel , Gebresillassie Meseret , Tessema Yebechaye Degefa , Olugasa Babasola O. , Ishola Olayinka , Nwankpa Nick , Bodjo Charles S.
Published: October 2024

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) disease is widely distributed in Africa. Live attenuated PPR vaccines are produced using approved Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri/96 strains by the World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH) to control the disease. These PPR vaccines are very efficacious; however, the main challenge is the maintaining of the cold chain during vaccine distribution and delivery. This study evaluated the thermotolerance of freeze-dried and reconstituted PPR Nigeria 75/1 vaccines from vaccine manufacturers using eight stabilizer formulations (lactalbumin hydrolysate and sucrose, sucrose and peptone, Weybridge medium, trehalose, Lactose and N-Z Amine, lactalbumin hydrolysate, sucrose and L glutamine, skimmed milk, and lactalbumin hydrolysate, maltose and gelatine). Aliquots of the reconstituted PPR vaccine batches were titrated after 2, 4, and 6 h of storage at 4 °C and 40 °C. The PPR vaccines were also titrated after storage at 40 °C and 45 °C for 3 and 5 days. The results showed that reconstituted PPR vaccine stabilized with lactalbumin hydrolysate–sucrose promoted tolerance at 40 °C for 6 h. It was also noted that all reconstituted PPR vaccine formulations except the formulation stabilized with lactalbumin hydrolysate–maltose–gelatine maintained the titre above a 102.5 TCID50/dose after 4 h of storage at 4 °C. Furthermore, the results showed that the PPR vaccine formulation containing lactalbumin hydrolysate sucrose was as the only one that maintained the titres above 102.5 TCID50/dose after storage at 45 °C for 5 days, with a titre loss of 100.95 TCID50/dose. Therefore, vaccine manufacturers producing PPR vaccines for use in tropical field regions could preferably use lactalbumin hydrolysate–sucrose stabilizer in vaccine formulation.
Identification of the First Case of Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma in Amphibians: Insights from Maculopaa medogensis
Authors: Zhai Runliang , Qian Tianyu , Wang Yonghong , Wang Bin , Li Cheng , Xie Feng , Zhu Wei , Jiang Jianping
Published: October 2024

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer primarily reported in humans, with no documented cases in animals. In this study, we present the first case of DDLPS in a wild amphibian species, Maculopaa medogensis. The tumor was discovered during a routine examination and diagnosed through a combination of advanced diagnostic methods, including micro-CT imaging, gross anatomical inspection, histological analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The tumor exhibited both well-differentiated and dedifferentiated components, characteristic of DDLPS, with evidence of tissue invasion and multiple metastases. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the strong positive expression of markers such as S100A4, CDK4, MDM2, and CD34, while Leptin expression was negative, further confirming the diagnosis. This is the first reported case of DDLPS in a non-human species, expanding our understanding of cancer in wildlife and underscoring the significance of amphibians as environmental indicators. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinary medicine and wildlife conservation, particularly regarding the role of environmental stressors in cancer development. This study highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches in wildlife pathology.
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Prediction in the Pearl River Estuary with Deep Learning for Driving Factors Identification: Temperature, pH, Conductivity, and Ammonia Nitrogen
Authors: Liang Xu , Jian Zhanqiang , Tan Zhongheng , Dai Rui , Wang Haozhi , Wang Jun , Qiu Guanglei , Chang Ming , Li Tiexiang
Published: October 2024

Predicting the dissolved oxygen concentration and identifying its driving factors are essential for improved prevention and management of anoxia in estuaries. However, complex hydrodynamic conditions and the limitations in traditional methods result in challenges in the identification of the driving factors for the low dissolved oxygen (DO) phenomenon. The objective of our study is to develop a robust deep learning model using four-year in situ data collected from an automatic water quality monitoring station (AWQMS) in an estuary, for accurate identification and quantification of the driving factors influencing DO levels. Mitigations in hypoxia were observed during the initial two years, but a subsequent decline in DO concentrations was witnessed recently. The periodicity of DO concentrations in the Pearl River Estuary reduced with the increase in the hypoxic intensity. Maximal information coefficient (MIC) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were employed to determine the significance of input variables, which were subsequently validated by using the long- and short-term memory networks (LSTMs). The driving factors contributing to the hypoxia problem were shown as temperature, pH, conductivity, and NH4+-N concentrations. Notably, the evaluation index values of the hybrid model are MAPE = 0.0887 and R2 = 0.9208, which have been improved compared with the LSTM model by about 99.34% in MAPE reduction and 16.56% in R2 improvement, indicating that the MixUp-LSTM model was capable of effectively capturing nonlinear relationships between DO and other water quality indicators. Based on existing literature, three traditional statistical methods and four machine learning models were also performed to compare with the proposed MixUp-LSTM model, which outperformed other models in terms of prediction accuracy and robustness. Overall, the successful identification of the driving factors for the deoxygenation phenomenon would have important implications for the governance and regulation of low DO in estuaries.
Structure Equation Model for Costs and Benefits of Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation in Reactive Maintenance
Authors: Mansyur Ervin J. , Soemardi Biemo W. , Wirahadikusumah Reini D.
Published: October 2024

Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair leaks or perform reactive maintenance. Far too many pipes need to be rehabilitated compared to the available budget. This research will develop an optimization model for selecting rehabilitated pipes under reactive maintenance conditions, which has never been performed before. The selection of pipe segments to be rehabilitated must be optimal to obtain maximum benefits using minimum costs. The variables that influence rehabilitation costs and benefits and the relationship between these variables need to be known to optimize the selection. The influencing variables and their model structure were obtained from literature reviews and surveys of respondents with sufficient experience in water pipe network management. These influential variables have varying characteristics. Data processing and analysis uses the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method with a formative–formative measurement model. In total, 22 variables were found to be valid and significantly influenced the cost and benefits of rehabilitation. The analysis results are a structural model of the relationship between variables that influence the costs and benefits of rehabilitation in reactive maintenance with a limited budget, which can be used to optimize rehabilitation models.
Analysis of Unsteady Flow and Interstage Interference of Pressure Pulsation of Two-Stage Pump as Turbine Under Turbine Model
Authors: Lu Yonggang , Liu Zhiwang , Zhang Zequan , Liao Weike , Li Xiaolong , Presas Alexandre
Published: October 2024

The process pump as turbine (PPAT) serves as a crucial component for recovering high-pressure energy from mediums used in chemical and refining processes. Ensuring the long-term safe and stable operation of PPAT in high-temperature and high-pressure environments is essential, with pressure pulsation being one of its most significant external characteristic indicators. This study investigates the evolution of vortex structure distribution and the generation and propagation mechanisms of pressure pulsation in a two-stage PPAT operating in turbine mode. Results indicate that the uniformity of the pressure coefficient (Cp) gradient distribution is poorer in the first stage runner compared to the second stage, with a larger distribution area of high-strength vortices. In the draft tube, vortex strength increases with rising flow rates, and the flow around the circular cylinder on one side gradually develops to both sides. In the two-stage diffusers, the primary source of pressure pulsation is the dynamic and static interference effect between the two impellers and the corresponding diffuser tongue. The interstage interference with a frequency of n*15fn is most pronounced in the inflow runner, gradually weakening along the flow direction, and ultimately disappearing in the draft tube. In addition, more low-frequency signals with a frequency of 0.5fn are captured in the draft tube under large flow conditions, which is mainly generated by the vortex band in the draft tube. The low-frequency pulsation energy is high and the attenuation is slow, which has a great destructive effect on the energy recovery system of the PPAT.
Adsorption and Immobilization of Cadmium by an Iron-Coated Montmorillonite Composite
Authors: Ren Bangzheng , Shu Chengqiang , Chen Zailin , Xiao Qiang , He Yuli
Published: October 2024

In this study, an iron-coated montmorillonite composite (FMC) was prepared, and the adsorption and immobilization of cadmium (Cd) was investigated. The composite was coated with spherical amorphous iron (Fe), which can promote the adsorption of Cd. At the fifth minute of adsorption, the rate of Cd adsorption by the FMC reached 97.8%. With temperature, the adsorption of Cd by FMCs first increases and then decreases. High pH can promote Cd adsorption; under the same ionic strength, the adsorption of Cd was greater by montmorillonite (Mont) than that by the FMC at pH < 4, but greater by FMC than that by Mont at pH > 4. High ionic strength had negative effects on Cd(II) adsorption by FMC and Mont, and ionic strength had less of an influence on the FMC than on Mont. Soil microorganisms promoted the dissolution of Fe and the release of Cd in the FMC. High temperature can promote the dissolution of Fe, but its effect on Cd release is not significant. At 32 °C, the Fe dissolution can promote Cd release in the FMC. Both the FMC and Mont reduced the bioavailability and leaching toxicity of Cd, reduced the exchangeable Cd, and increased the Fe-Mn bound and residual Cd. Overall, the FMC was more effective than Mont at immobilizing Cd.
Exploration of Bacterial Community Structure Profiling and Functional Characteristics in the Vermicomposting of Wasted Sludge and Kitchen Waste
Authors: Gu Zheyu , He Lei , Liu Tao , Xing Meiyan , Feng Leiyu , Luo Guilin
Published: October 2024

Nowadays, the enormously growing amount of kitchen waste and wasted sludge has greatly received global attention. Vermicomposting has been represented as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for organic waste management. This study utilized kitchen waste generated by the university canteen and excess sludge from municipal wastewater treatment to collaboratively realize waste to resource through vermicomposting with a composting control. The results indicated that the treatment utilizing an equal mass ratio of wasted sludge and kitchen waste (T3) exhibited the greatest reduction in total organic carbon and the highest increase in total nitrogen. Furthermore, the predominant phyla observed were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Functional prediction analysis demonstrated higher relative abundances of β-glucosidase (ascF) and 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (bglA, celF) in the vermicomposting, suggesting that the earthworms essentially enhanced the cellulose degradation. More importantly, the co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that the vermicomposting showed a stronger interaction between Gordonia and other bacteria, thereby enhancing its ability to degrade macromolecular compounds. In general, the vermicomposting can smoothly and remarkably stabilize the kitchen waste, assisted by excess sludge and sawdust.
A Case Study for Analysis of Stability and Treatment Measures of a Landslide Under Rainfall with the Changes in Pore Water Pressure
Authors: Tang Liangzhi , Yan Yun , Zhang Faming , Li Xiaokai , Liang Yuhong , Yan Yuru , Zhang Huaqing , Zhang Xiaolong
Published: October 2024

Mining causes damage to the soil and rock mass, while rainfall has a pivotal impact on the mining slope stability, even leading to geological hazards such as landslides. Therefore, the study evaluated the mine landslide stability and determined the effectiveness of the treatment measures under the impact of pore water pressure changes caused by rainfall, taking the Kong Mountain landslide in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, as the research object. The geological conditions and deformation characteristics were clarified, and the failure mechanism and influencing factors were analyzed. Also, the landslide stability was comprehensively evaluated and calculated utilizing the finite element-improved limit equilibrium method and FLAC 3D 6.0, which simulated the distribution of pore water pressure, displacement, etc., to analyze the influence of rainfall conditions and reinforcement effects. The results indicated the following: (1) Rainfall is the key influencing factor of the landslide stability, which caused the pore water pressure changes and the loosening of the soil due to the strong permeability; (2) The distribution of the pore water pressure and plastic zone showed that, during the rainfall process, a large area of transient saturation zone appeared at the leading edge, affecting the stability of the whole landslide and led to the further deformation; (3) After the application of treatment measures (anti-sliding piles and anchor cables), the landslide stability increased under both natural and rainfall conditions (from 1.02 and 0.94 to 1.38 and 1.31, respectively), along with a reduction in displacement, plastic zones, etc. The Kong Mountain landslide, with the implemented treatment measures, is in good stability, which is in line with the evaluation and calculation results. The study provides certain contributions to the stability evaluation and treatment selection of similar engineering under rainfall infiltration.
Urban Heat Island and Environmental Degradation Analysis Utilizing a Remote Sensing Technique in Rapidly Urbanizing South Asian Cities
Authors: Miah Md Tanvir , Fariha Jannatun Nahar , Jodder Pankaj Kanti , Al Kafy Abdulla , Raiyan Raiyan , Usha Salima Ahamed , Hossan Juvair , Rahaman Khan Rubayet
Published: October 2024

Rapid urbanization in South Asian cities has triggered significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC), degrading natural biophysical components and intensifying urban heat islands (UHIs). This study investigated the impact of LULC changes on land surface temperature (LST) and the role of biophysical indicators in enhancing urban resilience to thermal extremes. We used Landsat satellite imageries from 1993 to 2023, conducted a comprehensive analysis of LULC changes, and estimated LST variations at 6-year intervals in the Dhaka, Gazipur, and Narayanganj districts in Bangladesh. Afterward, we performed statistical analysis upon employing correlation, regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques to summarize information. The results reveal that 339.13 km2 worth of urban expansion has occurred in last 30 years, with an average annual growth rate of 3.5%, accompanied by a substantial reduction in water bodies (−139.17 km2) and vegetation cover. Consequently, summer temperatures exceeded approximately 36.52 °C in dense urban areas. Also, the results highlighted the strong influence of built-up areas (BSI and SAVI) on LST, while vegetation (NDVI) and water indices (NDWI) exhibited a negative association. The findings emphasize the urgency of integrating green infrastructure and deploying sustainable urban planning policies to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of scattered urbanization in the face of climate change.
Implementing the procedure of measurement phase difference of the model signals using a virtual laboratory practicum
Authors: Morozova Mariia
Published: October 2024

As this virtual laboratory practicum, which is a tool for mastering theoretical principles and practical skills in digital signal processing, was developed, users (mainly students) were given the possibility to parameterize harmonic signals. It includes the determination of the number of samples, sampling rate, amplitudes, initial phases, and other characteristics necessary for accurate metrological measurements. This publication presents the structure of the virtual workshop and the mathematical model underlying it, with an emphasis on aspects of analyzing the procedures for measuring the phase difference of harmonic signal models using the Discrete Fourier Transform. Particular attention is focused on the phase correction algorithm, which is aimed at improving the accuracy of measurements of the phase difference of signals. The presented methodology describes in detail the measurement process, estimation of errors arising from limited measurement time due to non-synchronization, the influence of the initial phase values of signals, and shows how the synchronization process contributes to a significant increase in the accuracy of measuring informative parameters.
POTENSI KANDUNGAN ANTIOKSIDAN JAHE UNTUK MENGATASI STRES OKSIDATIF PADA IBU HAMIL DENGAN PREEKLAMSIA DAN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR): SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Salsabila Alya , Amelia Yulan , Sofiyanti Santi , Widiawati Ida , Fadilah Lola Noviani , Ferina Ferina , Widaningsih Neneng
Published: October 2024

Oxidative stress known as the key characteristics of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia, this condition occur due to the accumulation of ROS and an imbalance of the ROS and the endogene antioxidant at the early stage of pregnancy. Many studies showed that Ginger contains antioxidants which potentials to reduce the oxidative stress state. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the potential antioxidant content of ginger to reduce oxidative stress in pregnant women with preeclampsia and IUGR. 19 articles was obtained through the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct search engines using pregnancy, stress oxidative, IUGR, Preeclampsia and ginger as the keywords and five articles was chosen which were suitable with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles was analyzed using PICO. The results of the analysis show that the five articles have a level of evidence II B with experimental methods and can answer problems. Analysis of the five articles found that ginger contains antioxidants, especially gingerols and flavonoids which have the potential to overcome oxidative stress in pregnant women with preeclampsia and IUGR. The analysis of the seven articles indicates that ginger contains antioxidants, particularly gingerol and flavonoids, which have the potential to address oxidative stress in pregnant women with preeclampsia and IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction). Ginger could be a solution to address or prevent preeclampsia and IUGR, which are characterized by oxidative stress.
COVID-19 – a Five-Year Update
Authors: Burooj Ahmed
Published: October 2024

Background: This review aims to categorically describe novel advancements to our understanding and management of COVID-19 and associated short- and long-term sequelae such as Long COVID. Methods: Indexing services (Scopus and PubMed) were used to identify pertinent studies, prioritizing original research, meta reviews and updated institutional guidelines from 2022 onwards. Papers not published in English (or where full-text translation was not available), those skewed in terms of gender distribution of participants, conducted on non-human populations and proposal and opinion papers were excluded. For the purposes of this paper, Long COVID was taken to mean the persistence of symptoms longer than 8 weeks after an acute COVID-19 infection. After deduplication, application of the exclusion criterion and checking for relevance, 52 sources were identified for this review. The keywords used for this literature search were COVID-19, Long COVID, Chronic COVID, SARS-CoV-2. Results: New COVID-19 variants challenge vaccine efficacy, highlighting socioeconomic disparities in vaccination rates. Long COVID exhibits complex symptoms, including cognitive decline and physical health impacts. The virus’s affinity for ACE-2 receptors suggests broader health implications, including reproductive and metabolic disorders. COVID-19 can cause a drop in IQ proportional to severity of disease experienced. Conclusion: COVID-19’s multifaceted health impacts necessitate ongoing research and targeted interventions. Addressing socioeconomic disparities, updating vaccine formulations, and understanding long-term effects are crucial. Equitable healthcare policies are essential to mitigate COVID-19’s global health threat and inform future strategies.
NGHIÊN CỨU BÀO CHẾ VIÊN NÉN NỔI CLARITHROMYCIN 500 MG
Authors: Duyên Huỳnh Thị Mỹ , Ngọc Lê Thị Minh
Published: October 2024

Tỷ lệ bệnh viêm loét dạ dày ngày một tăng cao trên thế giới, trong đó có Việt Nam. Một trong những nguyên nhân hàng đầu gây ra bệnh lý trên là do bị nhiễm Helicobacter pylori, đây là loại vi khuẩn sống ở niêm mạc và lớp dưới niêm mạc dạ dày - tá tràng. Do đó để tăng hiệu quả điều trị, thuốc cần lưu lại dạ dày trong thời gian lâu để thấm sâu vào niêm mạc. Clarithromycin được đưa vào các phát đồ điều trị H. pylori, tuy nhiên clarithromycin có thời gian bán thải ngắn nên phải sử dụng nhiều lần trong ngày, gây ra những tác dụng ngoại ý cho bệnh nhân. Thuốc nổi là một trong những dạng bào chế mới, đang được quan tâm nghiên cứu nhằm tăng thời gian lưu thuốc tại dạ dày. Sử dụng phần mềm BCPharsoft để tối ưu hóa công thức viên nén nổi đạt tiêu chuẩn chất lượng theo quy định. Công thức tối ưu gồm clarithromycin (500 mg), HPMC K15M (120,18 mg), HPMC K4M (12,02 mg), NaHCO3 (100 mg), acid citric (61,7 mg), PVP K30 (15 mg), magnesi stearat (12,4 mg), talc (6,2 mg), silicondioxid (3,7 mg), Avicel PH 102 vđ (1.000 mg) có tiềm thời nổi dưới 180 giây, thời gian nổi trên 12 giờ, đạt độ tan ở các thời điểm. Kết quả này là tiền đề cho các nghiên cứu tiếp theo, từng bước sản xuất sản phẩm ra thị trường.