bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internet of People: Reflections On the Future Regulation of Human-Implantable Radio Frequency Identification
Authors: Kerr Ian
Published: October 2023

I remember sitting at the back of the Baja Beach Club in Barcelona’s famous Olympic Port in July 2004 with twenty-five global law students on a “field trip” of sorts.
Exit Node Repudiation For Anonymity Networks
Authors: Clark Jeremy , Gauvin, Philippe , Adams Carlisle
Published: October 2023

Recruiting volunteers to act as node operators in anonymity networks can be a daunting task. Although setting up a network node is becoming a simpler task, there remains the serious question of liability for the forwarding of unlawful communications such as terrorist threats, child pornography, or hate speech. In cryptography, repudiation means disclaiming responsibility for an action. Cryptographers have proposed anonymity network protocols that would allow network node operators to avoid undue liability for illegal communications that have been anonymized by the network. However, current research only allows the owner of a node to prove that he or she is not the originator of the message if asked. Given the ease with which digital evidence can be destroyed, it is unlikely that investigators would ask a suspect node operator for his or her cooperation. It is much more probable that a warrant for the search, and possibly the seizure, of the node will be acquired without the knowledge of the node operator. It is therefore imperative that network designers understand the circumstances under which a warrant will be issued and how networks could be designed to avoid the disincentive of seized servers.
Anonymity and the Law in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd Ian
Published: October 2023

The wartime British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously described the government of the Soviet Union as a “mystery wrapped inside a riddle inside an enigma.” Attempts to tease legal meaning from the concept of anonymity arouse similar sentiments, and hypothesizing any answers tends merely to give rise to further questions. Like its conjoined sibling privacy, anonymity very seldom enjoys the luxury of dealing in absolutes, and a balancing act has constantly to be struck between competing interests. Trends in social and political thinking also fluctuate over time with greater or lesser stress being placed upon the rights of individuals as opposed to broader claims such as those relating to national security and the prevention and detection of crime.”My right to swing a stick,” it is suggested, “stops at the point where it hits your head!” In a similar vein, my right to act under conditions of anonymity becomes at least qualified when my conduct impacts upon other people. Anonymity—or at least the ability to operate under a range of false identities—is frequently used by those who wish to make multiple and false claims for social benefits. Data sharing and identity management techniques may be effective in reducing fraud but at the cost of requiring everyone involved to surrender a considerable degree of anonymity. Increasingly, issues of national security have come to dominate discussion in the field of anonymity in communications. There is no denying the challenges that modern communications technologies pose for law enforcement agencies.
Introduction
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

While working in the Civil Rights and Race Relations Collection located on the third floor of the University of Mississippi Library early in 2008, I happened to look out the window onto a scene unimaginable 45 years earlier when the events that inspired this book transpired. An African American student was conducting a campus tour for a small group of prospective students and their parents, all of whom were white. I watched the group listening attentively to the guide, asking questions, and following his gestures as he pointed to various buildings. Then he opened the doors to the white-columned Lyceum Building, which houses the university’s administrative offices, and ushered his guests inside. What made the scene not only noteworthy, but poignant for me was the memory of what had happened at that very spot when I was a second-year undergraduate at Ole Miss. The Lyceum was ground zero in a bloody battle that took place on the night of September 30, 1962, between perhaps a couple thousand staunch segregationists, mainly nonstudents, and federal marshals and federalized Mississippi National Guardsmen, who were on campus to ensure the safety of James Meredith, a black Mississippian who was seeking admission.
James Meredith Puts Ole Miss on Trial
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

On June 25, 1962, James Meredith got a major break in his lawsuit against Ole Miss. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth District in New Orleans found that he had been rejected by the university solely because of race, thereby overturning the lower court’s decision. Four months earlier, Federal District Court Judge Sidney C. Mize, a graduate of the University of Mississippi Law School and a staunch segregationist, had found that Meredith had failed to prove that Ole Miss had a policy of denying admission to Negro applicants. Now the appellate court reversed Mize’s decision. Writing the opinion for the three-judge panel, Judge John Minor Wisdom wrote that “a full review of the record leads inescapably to the conclusion that from the moment the defendants discovered that Meredith was a Negro they engaged in a carefully calculated campaign of delay, harassment, and masterful inactivity . . . a defense designed to discourage and defeat by evasive tactics.” The court ordered the university to admit Meredith and to take all measures to accelerate his admission.
Mission Accomplished
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

As James Meredith walked to class, the security detail assigned to him swung into action. Two federal marshals preceded him, two flanked him, and two walked behind. On the street oppo-site the sidewalk where he walked, a convoy of four Army jeeps crept alongside carrying a dozen soldiers in full battle regalia with fixed bayonets; they scanned both sides of the street on the alert for any threat. Out of sight were thousands of additional troops camped all over the campus. Indeed, in fall 1962 Ole Miss looked more like an army base than a university. At a peak strength of 20,000, soldiers outnumbered students by about five to one. Troops were everywhere, bivouacked on any plot of ground not covered by a building, including varsity and intramural playing fields. Crack outfits like the 101st Airborne Division ran through the campus doing their daily physical training, shouting out their cadence: “Up the hill, Down the hill, Through the hill. Airborne!” Troop carriers rumbled through the campus, transporting squads of soldiers while helicopters buzzed overhead.
The Modeling Framework
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

If we are to analyze projects properly, we need to know how managers will exploit the flexibility embedded in those projects. To do this we need to understand managers’ objective functions. Section 2.1 explains why the manager of any firm should seek to maximize the market value of existing shareholders’ stake in the firm. The manager’s job is made more difficult by the uncertainty about the future consequences of any action. Modeling this uncertainty is a crucial part of real options analysis. Section 2.2 introduces the structure (called a binomial tree) that we use to model the risk associated with future cash flows. We use this structure in Section 2.3 to highlight the importance of dynamic decision making—that is, of using all available information to make future decisions.
Overstating the Effects
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Ever since Hiroshima there has been a tendency to overstate the likely impact of a single atomic explosion, and then, in further amplification, the impact of a single, smaller explosion has often been casually equated (or conflated) with the impact of a much larger one—or even with that of a series of larger ones. As historian Spencer Weart describes the process, “You say ‘nuclear bomb’ and everybody immediately thinks of the end of the world.” Imagery can lead to obsession and, although nuclear weapons are certainly exceptionally destructive, the common tendency to inflate their effects, sometimes to an absurd degree, can have undesirable intellectual and policy consequences.
Modest Influence on History
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter I argued that, had nuclear weapons never been invented, World War III would still not have occurred and decision makers of the major countries would still have had essentially the same strong incentive to keep their various crises under control. This chapter examines the influence of nuclear weapons on other historical developments and finds them to have had at most a rather limited substantive impact.
Controlling Proliferation Modest Success
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Over the last few decades, there have been extensive persuasive and dissuasive efforts to prevent horizontal proliferation—the dispersion of nuclear weapons and, to a lesser degree, other “weapons of mass destruction” to states that do not already have them. The idea has been to halt or at least to slow the spread of nuclear weapons by establishing a worldwide nonproliferation “regime.”
Task
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

The 9/11 Commission attributed the fact that the United States was surprised on 9/11 to a “failure of imagination.” That defect was substantially reversed in the aftermath. Notes one commentator, “no one” in the American national security community considered (or imagined) that disaster to be an “isolated occurrence,” and it was apparently inconceivable that the country would go over eight years (and counting) without some sort of repetition. Or even three: it was in 2004 that another characterized the post-9/11 period as one in which, “contrary to every expectation and prediction,” the second shoe never dropped. As Rudy Giuliani, New York’s mayor on 9/11, reflected in 2005, “Anybody—any one of these security experts, including myself—would have told you on September 11, 2001, we’re looking at dozens and dozens and multiyears of attacks like this. It hasn’t been quite that bad.” No, not nearly. Precisely what Giuliani’s “security experts” were basing their expert opinion on is not entirely clear, but there certainly was no failure—or at any rate, lack—of imagination.1
Progress and Interest
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

The degree to which al-Qaeda has pursued, or even has much interest in, a nuclear weapons program may have been exaggerated— often by the same people who so alarmingly warned us about Saddam Hussein’s nonexistent WMD development.
Epidemiology, pathology, and pathophysiology
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Although asthma has been described in the literature since antiquity, the condition effectively remains undefined since no clear-cut criteria have been established to decide whether an individual has asthma or not. However, a 1992 International Consensus Report described asthma as: a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells play a role, in particular mast cells and eosinophils. In susceptible individuals, this inflammation causes symptoms which are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment and causes an associated increase in airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli.
Nonpharmacological management
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

In 2007, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/National Asthma Education and Prevention Program of the National Institutes of Health (NHLBI/NAEPP) convened an expert panel to update clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma.
Occupational asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Occupational asthma—asthma caused by exposure to agents in the workplace—is more common than is usually appreciated and accounts for 10% to 15% of new cases of asthma arising in working-age people. The two main types of occupational asthma are:

• Classic sensitizing occupational asthma

• Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), which is most often due to a single large exposure to a chemical (such as a chemical spill at work)

Both types of occupational asthma need to be differentiated from asthma aggravated by work, which is observed in those with pre-existing asthma.

Patients with classic occupational asthma report symptoms with a work-related pattern; improvements are observed during weekends or vacations, although this sort of clear association may not be immediately obvious. Clinicians should maintain a high level of suspicion that exposure to agents in the workplace could be a significant factor in any adult newly diagnosed with asthma. In individuals who work in a potentially high-exposure occupation, such as bakers and paint sprayers, the diagnosis should be positively sought.
Ignoring the Storm
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

In December 2008, I met with politicians, security officials, and academics in the United Kingdom to get a British perspective on what I consider to be the greatest threat to civil society that this generation will face—religious extremism. It was an experience that profoundly impacted the fundamental thesis of this book.
Cultural Considerations and the Price of Religious Liberty
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

There is a price for religious liberty. In the desire to protect the individu-als’ rights to pursue separate opinions and beliefs, we accept the possibil-ity that some of those opinions and beliefs will result in harm to others and society at large. Prime Minister Rabin paid this price with his life; similarly, underage girls in the FLDS Church were violated, and will most likely continue to be abused. These are perhaps some of the most dramatic examples of the harmful effects of religious extremism.
The Well of Lycopolis
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bunting to Morton Dauwen Zabel at Poetry, from Rapallo, 24 March 1933:

If anyone would leave me a fortune or give me a Guggenheim Fellowship I would send in my subscription, but as it is that’s impossible. I had no trousers of my own for several months this year and the only pair I could borrow didn’t fit. Now I have a fine new pair of trousers, but my typewriter is visibly busting: und so weiter.
Home
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bunting had gathered assets: a great deal of experience. His risks had paid off. He had what many poets did not have: a knowledge based, not on books only, but on doing things. He had shown that one could still be a Raleigh, both poet and man of action, and the underlying aim of this was to make himself a better poet: one who knew the grain of things as they functioned.
Music
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

All but one of Bunting’s longer poems are classed as ‘sonatas’; and Bunting wrote that his contribution to the art of poetry had been to introduce sonata form to it. He made the shaping of verse according to the analogy of music a more absolute requirement than had, overtly, any writer before him. He felt that he had been the first to conceive the idea of ‘imitating the form of the sonata’, and that he had ‘carried it to further lengths than any of the others’. He drew from the sonata certain principles - chiefly, I think, contrast, conflict, transformation, and marriage - which seem peculiarly suited to the creating of large forms in poetry, as others (those of the fugue, the symphony) may not be.
Coda
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

The Morden Tower was a heap of draughty medieval stone reachable via a Newcastle back alley, ‘overhung on the one side by medieval parapets’, as Tom Pickard recalled it, ‘and the other by factories which emit foul and noxious fumes all day.’
London and the Reception of Modernist Ideas
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I am going to discuss the reactions of some English artists to Modernist ideas, in a city without much avant-garde tradition and inhibited by a conservative opposition with a proven reputation for outrage. This will allow us to sample a very small number of the many reactions against Modernist activity. There is nevertheless an intense theoretical debate in England, which echoes European concerns, concerning the significance of Post-Impressionist painting, which is followed by a rather bemused reaction to Futurist dogma and the speculative thinking of Kandinsky. This led to ail alliance between the visual arts and literature in the Vorticist movement, of which Pound declared Picasso to be the classic ‘father’ and Kandinsky the romantic ‘mother’.
Los and Jerusalem
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

Jerusalemconsists of four chapters—one hundred plates and two thousand lines—which are linked in an (almost] invariable chain: each chapter is preceded by a full page engraving; the poem begins and ends with a full page illumination; each chapter is framed by half-page designs, and the written text opens and closes with the word ‘Jerusalem’. Jerusalemis without doubt an extremely ‘ORDERD RACE’ (26, E171). This regular, measured form suggests that the subject matter of Jerusalemwill be organized according to an absolute time such as that proposed by Newton in the Principia.2On this level, Jerusalemappears to be a remarkable product of the horological revolution; it is a timepiece capable of measuring out the linear succession of ‘nows’ which characterize chrono-logical and everyday time. In Jerusalem,one could argue, the transparence of Milton’sapocalypse has been supplanted by opacity. Jerusalemhas failed to materialize the promise extended by its prelude.
Chaucer
Authors: Bennett S H
Published: October 2023

Geoffrey Chaucer was a product of that fourteenth-century world of affairs which produced such a wealth of good business men throughout this and the next century. The East Anglian counties were their headquarters, and the Chaucer family first come before our notice as vintners living in Ipswich. There the poet’s grandfather, Robert Chaucer, his step-grandfather, Richard, and his father, John, were all vintners—that is wine-merchants—on a considerable scale. The evidence available all goes to show that they were a flourishing family with substantial wealth and property, and had by marriage acquired further property in London. Indeed, Chaucer’s father, John, was evidently an important person in the civic life of London, for his name frequently occurs in the city documents and he was also an officer of the customs (as his father and stepfather before him) charged with the office of collecting the duty on wines at various south coast ports.
Shelley
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

It is a paradox that Shelley is often described as a ‘pure poet’.1 In fact, as Mary Shelley pointed out, he combined two qualities of intellect that are not often associated in so high a development: ‘a brilliant imagination’ and ‘a logical exactness of reason’. As a consequence he ‘deliberated at one time whether he should dedicate himself to poetry or metaphysics’, and it can only have been after anxious consideration that he decided to be a poet. Although we are told that he then began to educate himself for poetry by ‘engaging …in the study of the poets of Greece, Italy, and England’, it is possible to exaggerate the extent to which he discarded ‘his philosophical pursuits’. When he was at work on Prometheus Unbound he could still tell Peacock that he considered poetry ‘very subordinate to moral and political science’, adding that he would have devoted himself to the latter study if he had been more robust. This makes it the less surprising that he is one of the most didactic of all our poets.
Clare And The Minor Poets
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

The most striking feature of this period is the contrast between the wealth of poetic talent and the shortage of satisfactory poems. Whereas in the early seventeenth century almost any educated man seems to have been able to produce one or two tolerable lyrics, two hundred years later we find men of unmistakable poetic ability who failed to produce a single good poem. It is as if the poetry were spilt between the poet and the poem that should have contained it. What makes Clare exceptional is that he was not merely a man with a gift for poetry, like Darley or John Hamilton Reynolds: he was a poet who produced one volume of poems—The Shepherd’s Calendar—that ranks with all but the greatest in our language, and who also wrote a handful of visionary lyrics that leave a resonance in the mind like that set up by Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience.
The Literary Scene In 1832
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

In the year 1819 an Italian spy reported that Byron belonged to a secret society called the ‘Societa Romantica’, that he was in the habit of writing ‘poetry of this new school’, and that he had composed ‘certain rules, entitled “Statutes of the Joyous Company”‘. Like the spy, foreign historians of our literature have long taken it for granted that Byron belonged to the Romantic Movement; and some of them have even attempted to formulate the ‘certain rules’ of the Company—though none of them seems to have called it Joyous. English literary historians have usually followed their lead, though with greater caution. Since the word ‘romantic’ has not been used in this book—except in one or two quotations—something must now be said to explain this abstention. I do not wish to argue that the word is useless, but merely that the idea that there was a Romantic Movement in· England at this time is accompanied by certain dangers-above all the danger that it tempts us to over-simplify the complicated literary landscape of the age.
Introduction
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

This book is the first full-length study of the novels of Christine Brooke-Rose. It aims to provide a coherent overview of her fictional muvre and to map her place in the field of contemporary literature. Brooke-Rose has been widely recognized as one of Britain’s most innovative contemporary writers. The dismantling of systems, conventions, and readers’ expectations is at the heart of all her fiction; the goal of her novels is to teach people to see things anew, to look behind the discursive and social systems which naturalize convention, and to question this process of naturalization. It is not surprising, then, that she should be a difficult novelist to categorize. Indeed, despite the fact that she is a British writer, Brooke-Rose has been consistently identified with the nouveau roman and subsequent movements in the French novel since she began writing criticism of contemporary French fiction in the 1960s. I shall examine why this has been so, to what extent it is a relevant classification, and what an alternative approach might entail.
The Early Novels: A Prologue to Experiment
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

The direction the English novel was to take in the post-war era was the subject of much discussion in the late 1950s when Christine Brooke-Rose began her career as a novelist. But while her novels of this period-The Languages of Love (1957), The Sycamore Tree (1958), The Dear Deceit (1960), and The Middlemen (1961)-are in many respects typical products of their generation, they raise a number of issues which it was not possible to articulate within the parameters of the contemporary debate. The novels enjoyed a limited success, but because most novelists were concerned at the time to redefine the relation of the individual to society in terms of changing values, it was all too easy for readers to focus on the social dimension of Brooke-Rose’s fiction and to overlook those aspects which can in retrospect be seen to prefigure the problems and techniques of her later work. This was possible mainly because the capacity for viewing personal identity in terms of language and ‘languages’, which was to become the hallmark of her work from the 1960s onward, is integrated in the early novels into a realist narrative mode. Thus, despite the fact that they exhibit an increasing frustration with the novelistic discourse of the period, her first four novels did not succeed in significantly altering fictional convention.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

Did Chaucer know the Decameron?. This question has been asked many times and with increasing frequency. Almost certainly, if Chaucer did know Boccaccio’s great collection of tales, its universality could hardly have failed to influence the creation of the Canterbury Tales, even if questions of ‘how?’ and ‘in what ways?’ immediately follow the hypothesis.
Flaubert and the Pictorial Arts
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

This is the first book ever to be written about the relationship between Flauberts writing and pictorial art. Flauberts responses to a wide range of pictorial images, from classical to popular, were both powerful and ambivalent, with insights, in many instances, of an extraordinary modernity, and intuitions of an art of the future. This study traces the processes by which pictorial art penetrates the very fibre of Flauberts writing. Viewed by Flaubert as the sister art, pictorial art is for him both rival and foil. This study casts significant new light on the poetic system of a major writer, and adds a new dimension to the study of the literary and aesthetic sensibilities of the mid-nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Reports of the demise of the French novel have so far proved to be premature. The competition of other media, especially film and television, has so far not been as fatal as some have anticipated. In fact many authors have found productive accommodations with these media, cashing the cheques for film scripts or filmed versions of their novels, publicizing their latest works through television and the press, borrowing and adapting images, themes, and structures from popular culture in their literary works. Patrick Modiano is a case in point: his novels often play upon the reader’s familiarity with popular culture, especially detective fiction; and he has been actively involved in film-making, having co-written a film script (Lacombe Lucien, co-written and directed by Louis Malle), allowed his work to be filmed (Villa Triste), and he has even acted on screen himself, playing Catherine Deneuve’s ex-husband in Raul Ruiz’s Genealogies d’un crime. If, as has frequently been alleged, fiction is in crisis, then it is a crisis which has been going on for centuries; it is the condition of the novel’s continuity and the source of its vitality. And if there is no Proust or Balzac today, then neither was there a Proust living in 1840 or a Balzac in 1910. It is not for us to decide, and it is certainly not our intention in this book to attempt to predict, which of the writers of more recent decades will still be considered worth reading in fifty years’ time. The aim of the current book is to analyse some of the most important and interesting directions in recent French fiction through detailed discussions of a selection of texts, all published during François Mitterrand’s period as President of the Fifth Republic (1981—95).
Detective fictions: Daniel Pennae’s Au bonheur des ogres (1985)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

A bomb explodes in a Parisian department store. An elderly man is killed; Benjamin Malaussène, an employee of the store, witnesses the explosion but is unharmed. Police investigations prove fruitless. A second bomb explodes in the store, this time killing an elderly brother and sister; Malaussène witnesses the explosion but is unharmed. A third explosion kills an elderly man; Malaussene witnesses the explosion but is unharmed. For the fourth explosion, which perhaps unsurprisingly kills an elderly man, Malaussène is not present, but one of his sisters is near the scene. Malaussène is the principal suspect of the police and his fellow employees; interrogated by the former, he is also subjected to a vicious beating by a group of the latter. Only his dysfunctional family and a certain police Commissioner Coudrier, who shares his passion for good coffee, seem to accept his protestations of innocence. Eventually, however, the truth emerges. By the time the fifth bomb explodes, killing an elderly man whilst Malaussène looks on unharmed, it has become clear that Malaussène is not the perpetrator but the victim of the crimes: an innocent bystander, a saint even, whom a group of cannibalistic devil-worshippers with astrological leanings has decided to discredit by making him seem responsible for what are in fact their suicides. His innocence established, Malaussène can go home to his family of half-brothers and half-sisters. Finally, their mother returns, pregnant once again, and unaccompanied by her next child’s father.
Ingeborg Bachmann, Simultan (1972)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

The title of Ingeborg Bachmann’s second volume of short stories points at once to one of her most enduring concerns, that of the limitations of language in a post-Holocaust world. Simultaneous interpreting implies a faith in the transparency of language and the transmissibility of meaning, a faith called into question by the unspeakable horrors perpetrated by National Socialism. At the same time the female narrative voice and the focus on the everyday details of women’s lives ground her perspective on recent Austrian history in a gendered subjective experience which is of particular interest to feminism. Ingeborg Bachmann was born in 1926 in Klagenfurt in the Austrian province of Carinthia, in the so-called ‘Dreilandereck’ (‘three-countries comer’) bordering on Yugoslavia (now Slovenia) and Italy.
Introduction: Dialogue, Ethics, Poetry
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Dialogue and Ethics-two terms rife with diverging, if not, at times, contradictory meanings; two terms capturing those aspects of human reality which have called for the depiction of human beings as political beings. One need only think of the differences between Aristotle’s eudaimonistic and Kant’s deontological conceptions of ethics, or Herder’s mentalistic and Benveniste’s pragmatic approaches to dialogue.
Mikhail Bakhtin: The Metalinguistics of Dialogue
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Reading Bakhtin’s and Levinas’s works side by side is not only philosophically plausible given both thinkers’ overall preoccupation with dialogue and otherness, but, more importantly, foregrounds their complementarity within an overall dialogic framework. As I have mentioned in my Introduction, because Levinas and Bakhtin investigate the same unitary phenomenon-dialogic reality-from two distinct phenomenological perspectives, only a synoptic reading of their works yields an integral picture of that social domain which undergoes a theoretical split in their writings.
Identities at a Distance: Markers of National Identity in the Video Diaries of Second Generation Spanish Migrants in London
Authors: Mateo Cristina
Published: October 2023

This chapter will discuss the markers of ethnic identity displayed by second generation Spanish migrants in London (the sons and daughters of economic migrants who came to England in the early 1960s), illustrated by video diaries made by them at my request. Volunteers were located by word of mouth through teachers and students at the Spanish School in Portobello, lecturers in Spanish departments at universities in London, and acquaintances who had contacts with second generation members of the Spanish commun ity. Once individuals expressed an interest, I arranged to meet them and explained that I would lend them my home video camera for a period of one month. The only instruction was to record a series of everyday scenes of their choice in order to illustrate their lives.
Not Writing Straight, but Not Writing Queer: Popular Castilian ‘Gay’ Fiction
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: October 2023

The 1990s saw the beginnings of a mini boom of publication and consumption of paperback novels about and for men who have sex with men in Spain. Like many narratives of the more established traditions of Valencia and Barcelona (Fernàndez 2000; Guasch 1991: 80–1; Smith 1992: 42–128), the three Castilian first person narratives which I take as examples here break with the ‘difficult’, exoticizing, and florid narratives (by, respectively, Juan Goytisolo, Álvaro Pombo, Luis Antonio de Villena, Antonio Gala, Terenci Moix—in part) which began selling homosexual lives, or, rather, structures of feeling, to middle class readers in the 1980s. My focus will be on Carlos Sanrune’s 1992 El gladiador de Chueca [The Gladiator of Chueca] (published by Laertes—promoters of Alberto Cardín and Lluís Fernàndez among others—and classed in the 1998 catalogue of Madrid lesbian and gay bookshop Berkana as their top seller), Antonio Jiménez Ariza’s 1996 La sinfonía de los veleros varados [Symphony of Stranded Sailboats] (published by Berkana and Barcelona based Cómplice’s new offshoot company Egales), and Miguel Martín’s 1997 Diario de una impostura [Diary of an Imposture] (again, Laertes). In choosing these texts, my intention is in part to extend the recent pioneering literary historical project undertaken by Martínez Expósito (1998): the establishing of the parameters and dynamics of a Spanish genre of writing conformed by and about homosexuality.
Fiesta Culture in Madrid Posters, 1934–1955
Authors: Parsons Deborah
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s, particularly under the Socialist government of Felipe González (1982–95), Spain was at the forefront of a continental trend towards investment in heritage and cultural regeneration. Even before the Socialist Party’s national electoral victory, the Socialist City Council of Madrid, under its charismatic mayor Enrique Tierno Galván (1979–86), revived the city’s celebrations for carnaval and expanded the Fiesta de San Isidro to involve a variety of both traditional and new cultural events. Such contemporary regeneration has also prompted an interest in the history of popular culture, and in 1991 Madrid’s Museo Municipal presented an exhibition of over one hundred posters designed to advertise the city’s fiesta celebrations under the Republic and from 1947 to the present. These offer a vivid chronicle of cultural heritage in its popular and public form, and its role within the self identity of Madrid in the mid and late twentieth century (in the Franco period, as we shall see, the identity of Madrid will be submerged beneath the construction of a ‘universal’ and timeless ‘Spanishness’).
Bagpipes and Digital Music: The Remixing of Galician Identity
Authors: Toro Xelís de
Published: October 2023

With the granting of autonomy to Galicia in 1981, questions of identity became less focused on nationalist politics and were incorporated into more open public debate. Activities seen as representing a kind of Galicianness started to enjoy official support in order to give an impetus to the new institutions of the Xunta de Galicia. Symbols and marks of identity formerly used only in Galician nationalist dis course started to be appropriated, and in some cases reformulated and refashioned, by the new institutions which throughout have been under the control of the conservative Partido Popular. The resulting process, centred on the written language, national symbols, and even the names of the new institutions, has been complex and dogged by controversy (Cores Trasmonte 1986). Within this context, the playing of bagpipes has experienced a steady growth, becoming prominent in Galician music of the 1990s.
Spanish Quality TV? The Periodistas Notebook
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: October 2023

Like Raymond Williams, recently arrived in Miami and dazzled by the unaccustomed spectacle of US television, the literary or film scholar might be forgiven for disorientation when venturing into TV studies. Stephen Heath has also decried the ‘extension, availability, [and] proximity’ of television, ‘all of which is played out on its screen from show to show in the endless flow’ (Heath 1990: 297; Corner 1999: 69). Whereas a novel or film is clearly delimited in length, available only from approved agents, and formally separate from the times and spaces of everyday life, the twenty four hour, domesticated rhythm of television is inseparable from the modern experience it has both reflected and created.
Two Names
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

The Russia in which Mirsky grew up, between the recovery from the Crimean war and the war against Japan in 1904-5, was a mighty world power.1 Formally, the country was an absolute monarchy, and as such widely held by natives and foreigners alike to be an embarrassing anachronism. Mirsky’s father and several close male relatives on both sides of his family were highly placed members of the tiny elite that governed it, and his mother moved in Court circles; their son was inevitably brought up to follow in his father’s footsteps. Mirsky’s sense of his country’s status was fundamental to his mentality; and he was never allowed to forget his origins even if he wished to himself.
The Temporality of the Event
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

In the opening section of Hiroshima mon amour, the French actress and her Japanese lover debate the status of the traumatic event for which the name ‘Hiroshima’ forms a kind of desperate shorthand. Is it possible to know such an event? Or to remember it? Can it be reconstructed, for those to whom it has always represented an alien experience? Or does it represent a radically alien experience, even to those to whom it has happened? Is it, by virtue of its status as trauma, beyond such categories as knowledge, memory, and recon-struction? In this debate, the museum in Hiroshima becomes the very figure of reconstruction, embodying the simultaneous impossibility and necessity with the traumatic event.
The Western European Context from the Fourth Century to the Eleventh
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

By any material yardstick, between the fourth and sixth centuries AD western Europe suffered a decline of catastrophic proportions in comparison with the social provisions of the Roman Empire over the preceding 400 years. Even the less well-off inhabitants of Rome in the second century could expect to have enough to eat, dean water for cooking and washing, access to law, and some freedom from random violence. By the sixth century none of these conditions applied: the aqueducts no longer worked, food supplies were precarious at best and public security non-existent, with the result that the population was reduced to a fraction of its previous size. In addition, there is dear evidence of a breakdown in education, not least in mathematics and those crafts which made hydraulic engineering possible.
England, 1066 to the Late Twelfth Century
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The norman conquest was ‘the vengeance of God and the Norman disaster and the overthrow of England’ for Adam of Bremen, writing a few years after the event. This assessment of the Conquest as marking a great break in the history of England has, if in less apocalyptic form, been accepted by most historians ever since. It has recently been challenged as an example of a kind of analysis which concentrates on political explanations and the actions of elites, and has been replaced by the study of a mass of details which add up to explanations of society as a whole and the experience of the majority of the population. In these terms, the year 1066 is seen as having no special significance. This is an important reassessment, but, whatever the case may be in other areas of life, the architectural evidence indicates that for large sections of the population the effects of the Conquest were dramatic, far-reaching, and visible.
Elements
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

East Arms, Chancels, and Presbyteries The east arm is the most important part of a church because, apart from a brief period in the fourth century, churches were normally oriented. Thus, according to the fifth-century Testamentum Domini, a church should be laid out on an east-west axis with the sanctuary to”“4!lrds the east, to indicate the direction of Christ’s second coming, while the contemporary Apostolic Constitutions says ‘let the church be elongated (in as much as it resembles a ship), turned to the east, and let it have pastophoria [sacristies] on either side, towards the east.’ The direction of Christ’s return (as in Ezekiel, chapter 43, who has the Prince coming from the east) means that the priest, like the congrtgation, faced east.
The Accoppiatori
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai
Published: October 2023

THE Accoppiatori had some reason for being apprehensive. Before they had closed the bags for the last time, in 1449, it had been pointed out in the pratica that the bags were being ‘kept open’ maxima odio copulatorum. Not only were the functions and the duration of the office itself, as they had developed since 1434, contrary to the letter and the spirit of the Florentine constitution; but also the length of the terms of office of its personnel constituted a radical departure from normal constitutional practice. Rapid rotation of office was a fundamental feature of Florentine government and administration. The length of appointments ranged from two months to one year, office holders being normally allowed to be reappointed only after intervals of up to three years. Even the members of an ex traordinary magistracy like the Dieci di Balza, created with special powers (balia) in times of war, normally had their terms limited to six months, and were not re-eligible for three years, although in exceptional cases this could be waived. Between 1434 and 1455, the Dieci in office were reelected only on two occasions, once for two and the other time for six months. The extensions granted to the Accoppiatori between 1434 and 1438 radically broke with that practice, concerning as they did not only the office, but also its personnel.
Medicean Councils
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai
Published: October 2023

IT was customary in Florence to grant special powers (balza) to magistracies or councils for limited periods and specific purposes. The most important of such magistracies with special powers was, at the time of the establishment of the Medici regime, that of the Dieci di Balia; from 1384 onwards it was appointed in times of war, or danger of war, to conduct mili tary operations and diplomatic business. In internal affairs, the Captain of the People could be granted special judicial powers or balza for reasons of security, as happened in 1433 and 1434. Less extensive were the powers granted from time to time, or by statute, to the Signoria to dispatch some spe cific business. Finally, the councils could delegate authority to impose taxes to special councils, and they often granted balza for this purpose to a council which consisted of eighty one official and sixty-four specially appointed members.
The Parlamento of 1458 and the Consolidation of the Regime
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai
Published: October 2023

AFTER the abolition of the Balza and the closing of the horse in 1454 and 1455, Florence returned to her traditional form of government. Once again, the councils of the People and the Commune were fully in charge of legislation and financial policy, and the Signoria was appointed by lot. But this restoration of the pre-Medicean form of government was mar red by a number of unfavourable circumstances. Moreover, it was not as complete as might be expected at first sight. To begin with, the horse from which the names for the Signoria were drawn after June 1455 were those prepared by the Accoppiatori on the basis of the scrutiny that had been carried out by the Balia in 1453. If this gave the regime a considerable security margin, it also limited the extent to which electoral liberties were actually restored. It is there fore not surprising that, two years later, an attempt should have been made to abolish the scrutiny of 1453 before a new one was due; but this attempt was unsuccessful.
Catholic Responses
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

Catholic reactions to the Tridentine decisions on 2 Esdras varied. Admirers of the book had a number of paths open to them. They could, as the archpresbyter of Cracow, Hieronymus Povodovius, did in 1610, express their wonder at the fact that so pious a book should be excluded from the canon and continue to regard it as prophetic.1 They could treat it as prophetic without actually examining its credentials. They could say that it was apocryphal according to the decisions of Trent and then, by arguing for its antiquity or the authorship of Ezra the scribe, actually give it the same dignity as the books in the canon. Or, as we shall see in Chapter 9, they could admit that it was apocryphal but refer to the authority of Ambrose and continue to quote it. Although Catholics made less use of 2 Esdras than Protestants, they were no less imaginative in circumventing its condemnation.
England and the Arabic Version
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

The final part of this book brings us to England. It was there that the first great philological discovery was made which was to revolutionize scholarly treatment of 2 Esdras, but it was also in England that there arose one of the last waves of enthusiasm for 2 Esdras. This is all the more remarkable since, in contrast to other European countries, there seems to have been relatively little interest in the book in England until the late seventeenth century.
Bibiography And Textual Criticism
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

44 Besterman, Theodore D.N. Fifty years a bookman; the Arundel! Esdaile lecture, 1973. London, English association; Library association, 1974. 32p. 25cm. (Arundel! Esdaile memorial lecture)
Authors
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

3212 Rogers, J. Pat W. Addison’s official correspondence; a supplement to Graham. [W. Graham, Letters of Joseph Addison, 1941). Mod Philol 69no4:328-9 My ‘72. table. 3213 Rogal, Samuel J. Joseph Addison, 1672-1719; a checklist of works and major scholarship. N.Y. Pub Lib Bull 77no2:236-50 ‘74. port., facsim. 3214 Alston, Robin C. A checklist of the works of Joseph Addison. [London], Ptd. by the compiler. .. for private circulation only, 1976. [2]91. 30cm.
Women’s Piety and Women’s Power: Chaucer’s Prioress Reconsidered
Authors: Meale Carol M
Published: October 2023

Readings of the persona of Chaucer’s Prioress, as she is described in the General Prologue, have long been influential in generating opposing interpretations of the Tale which is assigned to her in the Canterbury sequence. The Tale itself, as a consequence of the divergence of critical opinion concerning the virtues and short comings of the teller, has become the site of conflicting ideological discourses, which have ranged from defences of her religious practices and sensibility and her Mariolatry, to condemnations of the crude anti-Semitism embodied in the miracle which she recounts.
Muses and Blacksmiths: Italian Trecento Poetics and the Reception of Dante in ‘The House of Fame’
Authors: Havely N R
Published: October 2023

Chaucer’s House of Fame is the first known work in English to mention and appropriate Dante, and the seriousness with which it does so has, over the last ten years or so, been subject to varying degrees of emphasis. One critic finds the poem taking from the Commedia ‘nothing less than an assurance that the “art poetical” was its own justification’; another sees Chaucer here recognizing ‘full well his limitations as a poet because he has grasped what Dante is doing with his poetry and his “art poetical’”; whilst another more cautiously concedes that the two poets do ‘have several interests in common and that Chaucer does [in The House of Fame] sustain an ironic counterpoint to Dante’s poem’.