bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salamander braincase morphology as revealed by micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Szostakiwskyj Matt , Anderson Jason S.
Published: January 2022

Morphological data sets are misleading in salamander (Caudata) phylogeny due to the relative homoplasy of the dermal skull observed in paedomorphic forms, leading to the trend of excluding morphology when exploring questions of salamander phylogeny. Investigations in caecilians (Gymnophiona) have demonstrated that the inclusion of braincase morphology can rescue morphological phylogenetic analyses and produce topologies congruent with molecular data sets. We scanned 28 species (25 genera) of salamander, representing all 10 families, with high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to investigate braincase variation. We describe the morphology of the braincase for all 10 families and distinguish between paedomorphic and metamorphic morphologies. Our results demonstrate a general uniformity amongst metamorphic species with variation largely restricted to the occipito‐otic region. A greater range of variation is observed within paedomorphic forms than would be expected when considering the homoplasy of the dermal skull. Obligate paedomorphic forms demonstrate considerably more variation in the anterior braincase than do facultative paedomorphs, which we suggest is evidence of a greater complexity in the evolution and development of these forms than neoteny alone would produce. This raises the question of character independence within morphological data sets and warrants further investigation into the correlation of other characters before morphological data are omitted.
Where does the heart lie? A multistage process model of entrepreneurial passion and role identity management
Authors: Kakarika Maria , Biniari Marina , Guillén Laura , Mayo Margarita
Published: January 2022

With research on entrepreneurial passion booming, there is an increasing need to understand how and why that passion influences entrepreneurs' performance over time. To address this need, we develop a multistage process model, proposing that entrepreneurial passion type—harmonious or obsessive—explains how entrepreneurs modify their identity and reprioritize their roles as inventors, founders, and developers in response to feedback as the venture develops, thus giving rise to different patterns of role identity transition or persistence. The proposed feedback system advances our understanding of entrepreneurial passion by providing a dynamic view of the impact of passion and role identity management on overall entrepreneurial performance. We conclude by outlining the theoretical and practical implications of our multistage process model and by presenting an agenda for future research on entrepreneurial passion and role identity management.
Chitosan and its derivatives: Promising biomaterial in averting fungal diseases of sugarcane and other crops
Authors: Karamchandani Bhoomika M. , Chakraborty Saswata , Dalvi Sunil G. , Satpute Surekha K.
Published: January 2022

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)—a prominent cash crop accounts for around 80% production of sugar worldwide. However, the productivity of sugarcane is declining (~40%) due to the attack of a perilous fungus—Fusarium moniliforme responsible for pokkah boeng (PB) disease. Presently, chemical methods are incisive where their harmful effects on living organisms cannot be overlooked. Introduction of disease‐resistant cultivars and other biocontrol measures protect sugarcane to some extent. The multifunctional biopolymers like chitosan (CH) and its derivatives (irradiated chitosan [IRC]), chitooligosaccharides (CO) and nanochiotosan (NCH) offer endless opportunities to spring numerous aids for crops. CH is a dynamic plant elicitor with multifarious antimicrobial properties. The current review unleashes information on CH and its derivatives in controlling PB and fungal diseases of sugarcane along with other crops. We highlight the strategies that deploy CH as “biofungicide” to mitigate F. moniliforme. CH delays the postharvest decay in fruits (apple, strawberry, mango, banana, papaya) and vegetables (tomato, finger millet, capsicum, fenugreek) (~500–1000 ppm). NCH has been utilized as a foliar spray successfully (0.1%–1%) to protect staple crops (wheat, rice, maize) as well. Overall, NCH based strategies are noteworthy to protect sugarcane and other crops.
Stimulating Creativity: Examining the Effectiveness of Four Cognitive‐based Creativity Training Techniques
Authors: Gu Xiaojing , Ritter Simone M. , Delfmann Lea R. , Dijksterhuis Ap
Published: January 2022

Creative thinking is needed to thrive in our fast‐changing world. It has been shown that creative thinking skills can be enhanced through training. Whereas previous research has mainly focused on examining the overall effectiveness of comprehensive creativity training programs, this study examined the effectiveness of four cognitive‐based training techniques (SCAMPER, random connection, schema violation, and simple ideation), each with the aim of training specific cognitive processes underlying creativity. The effectiveness of the four techniques was tested using a pre–posttest between‐subjects design. The participants were assigned to one of the four creativity training conditions or a control condition and practiced each training technique for approximately 20 min. Before and after training, the participants’ creative performance was measured with divergent thinking (Alternative Uses Task; fluency, flexibility, originality, creativity, usefulness) and convergent thinking (Remote Associates Test) tasks. The results showed marginal to significant improvements on several key indicators of divergent thinking, but none of the techniques led to improvement in convergent thinking. Specifically, the SCAMPER technique targeting conceptual expansion marginally improved idea originality, while the random connection technique targeting conceptual combination and the schema violation technique targeting cognitive flexibility seemed to facilitate idea fluency and idea flexibility. No improvement was observed for the simple ideation technique and the control condition.
Meal nutritional characteristics and oil profile of sprouted, dehulled, and solvent‐extracted canola
Authors: Alhomodi Ahmad F , Berhow Mark , Gibbons William R , Monono Ewumbua , Karki Bishnu
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Canola meal has limited utilization in feed and food applications because of the presence of antinutritional factors and a high fiber content. Thus, the present study used 3‐day canola seed sprouting followed by hull removal to improve the nutritional quality of canola as a feed and food ingredient to further enhance and diversify the canola market.

RESULTS

Seed sprouting and the hull removal process resulted in 63.2% sprouts, 29.3% mix fractions (MF) (hulls, ungerminated seed, and delayed sprouts) and 8.1% mass loss during sprouting. Fresh sprouts and MF were dried, ground and defatted to compare the obtained meals and oils with their counterparts of raw seed. Defatted sprouts (DFSP) resulted in a 46.2% reduction in crude fiber, a 34.3% reduction in acid detergent fiber and a 43.4% reduction in neutral detergent fiber compared to defatted raw seed (DFSE). DFSP provided a 10.1% higher protein content and a 5.9% increase in total amino acid content with higher essential amino acids compared to DFSE. Total carbohydrate was lowered by 5.5%, phytic acid content was lowered by 25.9%, and ash content was lowered by 5.5% in DFSP, whereas total glucosinolate content was higher in DFSP (13.1 μmol g−1) than in DFSE (8.8 μmol g−1). Sprouts and MF showed an oil content of 38.4% and 9.6%, respectively, compared to raw seed (34.5%).

CONCLUSION

Sprouting and hull removal of canola seed can potentially provide nutritive meal for food and feed applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Hybrid Carbon Nanofibers Derived from MXene Nanosheets and Aromatic Poly(ether amide) for Self‐Standing Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Kwon Young Seung , Lee Ji‐Su , Hwang Gyu‐Hyun , Jeong Young Gyu
Published: January 2022

The microstructure, electrical and electrochemical properties of MXene/aromatic poly(ether amide) (PEA)‐derived hybrid carbon nanofibers (HCNFs) as high‐performance free‐standing supercapacitor electrode materials are reported. For this purpose, a series of HCNFs are fabricated by sequential methods of electrospinning of PEA solutions, dip‐coating (1–10 cycles) of as‐spun PEA nanofibers into MXene aqueous dispersion, and heat‐treatment of MXene‐coated PEA nanofibers for carbonization. The structural analyses of HCNFs reveal that MXene nanosheets are uniformly deposited on PEA‐derived and nitrogen self‐doped CNFs and that they are accumulated with increasing the number of dip‐coating cycles. Accordingly, the electrical conductivity increases from 3.94 S cm−1 for PEA‐derived neat CNF to 15.74 S cm−1 for HCNF10 (10 dip‐coating cycles) due to the increase in the content of electrically conductive MXene nanosheets. On the other hand, the electrochemical performance is measured to be the highest in HCNF7 (7 dip‐coating cycles) owing to a trade‐off effect of ion barrier function and high electrical conductivity of MXene nanosheets to porous CNF webs. For a symmetric supercapacitor setup of two self‐standing HCNF7 electrodes, outstanding electrochemical properties of specific capacitance of 66.7–179.3 F g−1, power density of 1000–10 000 W kg−1, and energy density of 52.7–91.2 Wh kg−1 are attained at current densities of 1–10 A g−1.
An Overview on Recent Progress of the Hydrogels: From Material Resources, Properties, to Functional Applications
Authors: Wang Ben‐Xin , Xu Wei , Yang Zhuchuang , Wu Yangkuan , Pi Fuwei
Published: January 2022

Hydrogels, as the most typical elastomer materials with three‐dimensional (3D) network structures, have attracted wide attention owing to their outstanding features in fields of sensitive stimulus response, low surface friction coefficient, good flexibility, and bio‐compatibility. Because of numerous fresh polymer materials (or polymerization monomers), hydrogels with various structure diversities and excellent properties are emerging, and the development of hydrogels is very vigorous over the past decade. This review focuses on state‐of‐the‐art advances, systematically reviews the recent progress on construction of novel hydrogels utilized several kinds of typical polymerization monomers, and explores the main chemical and physical cross‐linking methods to develop the diversity of hydrogels. Following the aspects mentioned above, the classification and emerging applications of hydrogels, such as pH response, ionic response, electrical response, thermal response, biomolecular response, and gas response, are extensively summarized. Finally, this review is done with the promises and challenges for the future evolution of hydrogels and their biological applications.
Polymer‐Inorganic Crystalline Nanocomposite Materials via Nanoparticle Occlusion
Authors: Ning Yin , Armes Steven P. , Li Dan
Published: January 2022

Efficient occlusion of guest nanoparticles into host single crystals opens up a straightforward and versatile way to construct functional crystalline nanocomposites. This new technique has attracted increasing research interest because it enables the composition, structure, and properties of the resulting nanocomposites to be well‐controlled. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of nanoparticle occlusion within inorganic crystals. First, recently‐developed strategies for the occlusion of various colloidal particles (e.g., diblock copolymer nanoparticles, polymer‐modified inorganic nanoparticles, oil droplets, etc.) within host crystals (e.g., CaCO3, ZnO, or ZIF‐8) are summarized. Second, new results pertaining to spatially‐controlled occlusion and the physical mechanism of nanoparticle occlusion are briefly discussed. Finally, the physicochemical properties and potential applications of various functional nanocomposite crystals constructed via nanoparticle occlusion are highlighted and the perspective on the likely future for this research topic is also offered.
Eye Movement Disorders in Movement Disorders
Authors: Kassavetis Panagiotis , Kaski Diego , Anderson Tim , Hallett Mark
Published: January 2022

Oculomotor assessment is an essential element of the neurological clinical examination and is particularly important when evaluating patients with movements disorders. Most of the brain is involved in oculomotor control, and thus many neurological conditions present with oculomotor abnormalities. Each of the different classes of eye movements and their features can provide important information that can facilitate differential diagnosis. This educational review presents a clinical approach to eye movement abnormalities that are commonly seen in parkinsonism, ataxia, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and chorea. In parkinsonism, subtle signs such as prominent square wave jerks, impaired vertical optokinetic nystagmus, and/or the “round the houses” sign suggest early progressive supranuclear gaze palsy before vertical gaze is restricted. In ataxia, nystagmus is common, but other findings such as oculomotor apraxia, supranuclear gaze palsy, impaired fixation, or saccadic pursuit can contribute to diagnoses such as ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, Niemann‐Pick type C, or ataxia telangiectasia. Opsoclonus myoclonus and oculopalatal myoclonus present with characteristic phenomenology and are usually easy to identify. The oculomotor exam is usually unremarkable in isolated dystonia, but oculogyric crisis is a medical emergency and should be recognized and treated in a timely manner. Gaze impersistence in a patient with chorea suggests Huntington's disease, but in a patient with dystonia or tremor, Wilson's disease is more likely. Finally, functional eye movements can reinforce the clinical impression of a functional movement disorder.
Structural analysis of unstable norbixin isomers guided by pure shift nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Bertho Gildas , Oumezziane Imed Eddine , Caradeuc Cédric , Guibout Louis , Balducci Christine , Dinan Laurence , Dilda Pierre J. , Camelo Serge , Lafont René , Giraud Nicolas
Published: January 2022

We report the analysis of complex samples obtained during the microwave irradiation/heating of norbixin, which has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). In this context, identifying the different isomers that are obtained during its degradation is of primary importance. However, this characterization is challenging because, on the one hand, some of these isomers are unstable, and on the other hand, the 1H spectra of these isomeric mixtures are poorly resolved. We could successfully apply 1D pure shift experiments to obtain ultrahigh‐resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the norbixin isomer samples and exploit their information content to analyze complementary 2D NMR data and describe accurately their isomeric composition.
Machine learning provides an accurate prognostication model for refractory overactive bladder treatment response and is noninferior to human experts
Authors: Werneburg Glenn T. , Werneburg Eric A. , Goldman Howard B. , Mullhaupt Andrew P. , Vasavada Sandip P.
Published: January 2022

Objective

The increasing wealth of clinical data may become unmanageable for a physician to assimilate into optimal decision‐making without assistance. Utilizing a novel machine learning (ML) approach, we sought to develop algorithms to predict patient outcomes following the overactive bladder treatments OnabotulinumtoxinA (OBTX‐A) injection and sacral neuromodulation (SNM).

Materials and Methods

ROSETTA datasets for overactive bladder patients randomized to OBTX‐A or SNM were obtained. Novel ML algorithms, using reproducing kernel techniques were developed and tasked to predict outcomes including treatment response and decrease in urge urinary incontinence episodes in both the OBTX‐A and SNM cohorts, in validation and test sets. Blinded expert urologists also predicted outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated and AUCs calculated for comparison to lines of ignorance and the expert urologists’ predictions.

Results

Trained algorithms demonstrated outstanding accuracy in predicting treatment response (OBTX‐A: AUC 0.95; SNM: 0.88). Algorithms accurately predicted mean decrease in urge urinary incontinence episodes (MSE < 0.15) in OBTX‐A and SNM. Algorithms were superior to human experts in response prediction for OBTX‐A, and noninferior to human experts in response prediction for SNM.

Conclusions

Novel ML algorithms were accurate, superior to expert urologists in predicting OBTX‐A outcomes, and noninferior to expert urologists in predicting SNM outcomes. Some aspects of the physician–patient interaction are subtle and uncomputable, and thus ML may complement, but not supplant, a physician's judgment.
Comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping methods on evaluating radiation‐induced cerebral microbleeds and basal ganglia at 3T and 7T
Authors: Chen Yicheng , Genc Ozan , Poynton Clare B. , Banerjee Suchandrima , Hess Christopher P. , Lupo Janine M.
Published: January 2022

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has the potential for being a biomarker for various diseases because of its ability to measure tissue susceptibility related to iron deposition, myelin, and hemorrhage from the phase signal of a T2*‐weighted MRI. Despite its promise as a quantitative marker, QSM is faced with many challenges, including its dependence on preprocessing of the raw phase data, the relatively weak tissue signal, and the inherently ill posed relationship between the magnetic dipole and measured phase. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of background field removal and dipole inversion algorithms on noise characteristics, image uniformity, and structural contrast for cerebral microbleed (CMB) quantification at both 3T and 7T. We selected four widely used background phase removal and five dipole field inversion algorithms for QSM and applied them to volunteers and patients with CMBs, who were scanned at two different field strengths, with ground truth QSM reference calculated using multiple orientation scans. 7T MRI provided QSM images with lower noise than did 3T MRI. QSIP and VSHARP + iLSQR achieved the highest white matter homogeneity and vein contrast, with QSIP also providing the highest CMB contrast. Compared with ground truth COSMOS QSM images, overall good correlations between susceptibility values of dipole inversion algorithms and the COSMOS reference were observed in basal ganglia regions, with VSHARP + iLSQR achieving the susceptibility values most similar to COSMOS across all regions. This study can provide guidance for selecting the most appropriate QSM processing pipeline based on the application of interest and scanner field strength.
Comparison of seven modelling algorithms for γ‐aminobutyric acid–edited proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Craven Alexander R. , Bhattacharyya Pallab K. , Clarke William T. , Dydak Ulrike , Edden Richard A. E. , Ersland Lars , Mandal Pravat K. , Mikkelsen Mark , Murdoch James B. , Near Jamie , Rideaux Reuben , Shukla Deepika , Wang Min , Wilson Martin , Zöllner Helge J. , Hugdahl Kenneth , Oeltzschner Georg
Published: January 2022

Edited MRS sequences are widely used for studying γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human brain. Several algorithms are available for modelling these data, deriving metabolite concentration estimates through peak fitting or a linear combination of basis spectra. The present study compares seven such algorithms, using data obtained in a large multisite study. GABA‐edited (GABA+, TE = 68 ms MEGA‐PRESS) data from 222 subjects at 20 sites were processed via a standardised pipeline, before modelling with FSL‐MRS, Gannet, AMARES, QUEST, LCModel, Osprey and Tarquin, using standardised vendor‐specific basis sets (for GE, Philips and Siemens) where appropriate. After referencing metabolite estimates (to water or creatine), systematic differences in scale were observed between datasets acquired on different vendors' hardware, presenting across algorithms. Scale differences across algorithms were also observed. Using the correlation between metabolite estimates and voxel tissue fraction as a benchmark, most algorithms were found to be similarly effective in detecting differences in GABA+. An interclass correlation across all algorithms showed single‐rater consistency for GABA+ estimates of around 0.38, indicating moderate agreement. Upon inclusion of a basis set component explicitly modelling the macromolecule signal underlying the observed 3.0 ppm GABA peaks, single‐rater consistency improved to 0.44. Correlation between discrete pairs of algorithms varied, and was concerningly weak in some cases. Our findings highlight the need for consensus on appropriate modelling parameters across different algorithms, and for detailed reporting of the parameters adopted in individual studies to ensure reproducibility and meaningful comparison of outcomes between different studies.
Finite‐time sampled‐data H∞ control of Markovian jumping linear systems with mode‐dependent time‐varying delays
Authors: Wang Junyi , Ji Zewen , Xu Hongli , Qiu Jianlong , Jiang Yang
Published: January 2022

This article focuses on the finite‐time sampled‐data control problem of Markovian jumping linear system, which consists of mode‐dependent interval time‐varying delays. The delay‐dependent conditions of finite‐time sampled‐data control are obtained by adopting affine Bessel–Legendre inequality and appropriate mode‐dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Finally, two examples are displayed to prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
The mechanical effect of monitoring and controlling the impregnation in the resin infusion process
Authors: Almazán‐Lázaro Juan‐Antonio , López‐Alba Elías , Díaz‐Garrido Francisco‐Alberto
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, most of industries are optimizing their processes to make their products more competitive. In the composites manufacturing industry, there is a big gap between the almost fully automated processes and those which require an intensive labor‐work. Although it has many advantages, the resin infusion process is characterized for its lack of automation. As a consequence, the results are strongly dependent on the process boundaries, the operator skills and expertise, and the result is usually far away from the optimum. In this work, the application of a novel methodology and its capability to maximize the mechanical properties of infusion‐manufactured composite materials is presented. After manufacturing stitched and unstitched materials at different impregnation velocities, an optimum value was assessed. The application of this value during the manufacture has increased the tensile and impact properties.
Successful prolonged treatment of a carbapenem‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii hip infection with cefiderocol: A case report
Authors: Rose Lucia , Lai Lauren , Byrne Dana
Published: January 2022

We report a 50‐year‐old Caucasian male with a complicated past medical history who developed extensive polymicrobial osteomyelitis, including a carbapenem‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). In order to streamline therapy, the patient received compassionate use cefiderocol for 6 weeks which was well tolerated. In addition, the patient's infection was considered cured at end of treatment. Few cases on the use of prolonged cefiderocol for treatment of osteomyelitis due to CRAB have been published. Our patient did not report adverse reactions, nor did he develop laboratory abnormalities which were assessed throughout and at the end of the 6‐week course.
Cyanate ester composites to improve thermal performance: a review
Authors: Goyal Shailja , Cochran Eric W
Published: January 2022

The advent of space exploration and high‐speed civil transport has prompted the development of polymeric materials that can endure extreme environments. Cyanate ester (CE) is a commonly used thermoset matrix for high‐temperature applications in aerospace and defense applications. CE has high glass transition temperature (>200 °C), low moisture absorption, low coefficient of thermal expansion and is extremely thermally stable. Various additives have been reported in the literature to improve thermal stability of the matrix further to prolong the life of parts manufactured from CE. In this review, we survey various inorganic additives based on silica, clay, boron and phosphorus reported in the literature to improve the thermal properties of CE. We also discuss the thermal stability improvement mechanisms for these CE–inorganic hybrids. © 2022 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Hyaluronan homeostasis and its role in pain and muscle stiffness
Authors: Amir Adam , Kim Soo , Stecco Antonio , Jankowski Michael P. , Raghavan Preeti
Published: January 2022

Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan that consists of single‐chain polymers of disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N‐acetylglucosamine. It is a chief constituent of the extracellular matrix. About 27% of the total HA in the body is expressed in the skeleton and connective tissue, while 8% is expressed in muscles. In physiological conditions, HA functions as a lubricant and viscoelastic shock absorber. Additionally, HA is part of complex cellular signaling which modulates nociception and inflammation. This study aims to understand the role that HA plays in the musculoskeletal system, specifically in muscles and the surrounding fascia. This review is also intended to further understand HA homeostasis and the process of its synthesis, degradation, and clearance from the local tissue. The authors examined muscle pain and stiffness as pathological conditions associated with HA accumulation.
Intensive care‐related cognitive impairment: A biopsychosocial overview
Authors: Tingey Jamie L. , Dasher Nickolas A. , Bunnell Aaron E. , Starosta Amy J.
Published: January 2022

Advancements in critical care medicine have improved survival rates for patients experiencing critical illness in intensive care units (ICUs). Although mortality has declined, more than half of ICU survivors experience functional impairments that persist beyond discharge. Of particular concern is ICU‐related cognitive impairment, which can extend across the care continuum, ranging from acute and transient presentations in the ICU (eg, delirium) to long‐term impairments years after discharge. ICU‐related cognitive impairment has received increased attention in the literature, particularly as it relates to ICU survivors who have received and survived critical care in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic and are now experiencing postacute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The medical complexity and heterogeneity of ICU survivors, coupled with the multifactorial etiology of ICU‐related cognitive impairments, lead to challenges in how to optimize care for ICU survivors at various stages of recovery. This review aims to provide an overview of cognitive outcomes associated with critical illness by integrating recent literature focused on etiology, assessment, and interventions in the context of ICU‐related cognitive impairments. The narrative review employs a biopsychosocial framework to comprehensively evaluate the multifactorial nature of ICU‐related cognitive outcomes. Authors also highlight that multidisciplinary teams composed of key rehabilitation providers are likely best suited for optimizing recovery trajectories of ICU survivors.
Wheezing caused by a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) device occluder: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wu Yong , Liu Hanmin , Gu Ling , Wang Li , Su Ming
Published: January 2022

Wheezing often occurs in infants and young children with respiratory infections. For children with recurrent wheezing, after controlling their wheezing, they should be alert to rare diseases. Here, we report a case of wheezing following the application of the patent ductus arteriosus occlusion device ADO II (AGA Medical Corporation) with the occlusion device pressing against the adjacent left main bronchus. After the pressure end of the occluder was removed, the child's wheezing was effectively relieved.
Radiation Damage in (001) Diamond Induced by Phosphorus Ion Implantation
Authors: Wu Ping-Hsun , Ku Wan-Hsuan , Chiu Kun-An , Chang Li
Published: January 2022

Microstructural evolution in ion‐implanted and postannealed (001) diamond is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. For 150 keV 31P+ ion implantation into diamond with a fluence of 1 × 1015 cm−2, an amorphous carbon interlayer about ≈80 nm thickness formed between damaged diamonds is observed. Postannealing at 1200 °C can recover some damaged diamond regions where the vacancy concentration is estimated below 3 × 1022 cm−3. However, graphitization from the amorphous carbon interlayer and the heavily damaged diamond regions with higher vacancy concentrations occurs to form an ≈85 nm‐thick graphite layer after annealing.
Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Doped Triangular MoS2 Quantum Dots: A Density Functional Theory Approach
Authors: Tiutiunnyk Anton , Morales Alvaro L. , Bertel Ramon , Restrepo Ricardo L. , Nava-Maldonado Flavio M. , Martínez-Orozco Juan C. , Laroze David , Duque Carlos A. , Correa Julian D. , Mora-Ramos Miguel Eduardo
Published: January 2022

A theoretical investigation on electronic states in triangular MoS2 quantum dots of different sizes is performed within density functional theory first‐principles formalism. Herein, the associated interband optical response from real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function is calculated. The study considers both undoped and Al‐, Si‐, and P‐doped systems. Spin‐related magnetic properties are considered through the evaluation of total magnetic moment. It is revealed that small enough structures have a semiconductor character, but evolve to seemingly half‐metallic with increasing dot size. Nonzero magnetic response is attributed to edge effects. Magnetic behavior of doped systems deviates from the linear dependence of the total magnetic moment with size occurring in the undoped case, producing situations with higher total momentum values. It is found that increasing the doping density may have certain influence over total magnetic moment response of the structures, although edge dominance is kept all the way. Optical properties are not as sensitive to incident light polarization, but they actually do with regard to the particular spin orientation. Calculation for the refraction index in the triangular quantum dots shows values still below the accepted in the MoS2 monolayer case, although a correct trend of variation is reported in this sense.
High Shock Resistance of Polycrystalline Sodium Sulfate Crystals at Dynamic Shocked Conditions
Authors: Sivakumar Aswathappa , Dhas S. Sahaya Jude , Kumar Raju Suresh , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Murugesan Magesh , Dhas S. A. Martin Britto
Published: January 2022

Herein, the crystallographic phase stability of the polycrystalline sample of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) crystal at dynamic shocked conditions is reported and the phase stability profile of this sample with respect to the number of shock pulses is drawn from the outcomes of the X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic results. Interestingly, the polycrystalline sample does not undergo any high‐temperature polymorphic phases even at 100 shocked conditions. Note that the single‐crystalline Na2SO4 sample does undergo the crystallographic phase transition at dynamic shocked conditions. Based on the overall observed data, the polycrystalline sample has high shock resistance compared to that of the single‐crystalline sample and the obtained results are discussed elaborately. In addition to that, the present work can provide a shadow of light on the flow stress occurring on materials due to the influence of shock waves with respect to their existing state.
An assessment for the conditional performance of an support vector data description (SVDD)‐based chart
Authors: Tang Anan , Castagliola Philippe , Hu Xuelong , Xie Fupeng
Published: January 2022

The usual practice in Statistical Process Monitoring (SPM) techniques assumes that the data distribution is known and the related parameters are accurately estimated. In practice, the underlying distribution and its parameters are rarely known, and control charts need to be constructed with parameters being estimated. Such issues have recently received an increasing attention in evaluating the properties of both parametric and nonparametric charts. However, the same study is seldom conducted for the control charts based on the data‐driven tools. In this paper, we investigated the in‐control performance of a nonparametric control chart based on the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) theory. More specifically, we discuss the conditional effect of the training Phase‐I samples on the Phase‐II efficiency when different distributions are considered. Simulation results show that the conditional performance of the SVDD‐based chart can be strongly affected by the Phase‐I samples. It this situation, adjusted control limits with a specific number of available training sample is suggested.
The comprehensive geriatric assessment of an older adult with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Zhang Mufan , Feng Min , Lai Bei
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The treatment of elderly‐onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pursues the same objectives as in younger patients: to control the symptoms, to prevent structural damage, to preserve function, and to decrease excess mortality. The presence of co‐morbidities is more specific in elderly patients with RA, which raises therapeutic challenges for physicians. Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is an essential tool that examines factors affecting the course of disease and the outcome of treatment. CGA includes the patient's functional, physical, mental, emotional, pharmacotherapeutic, and socioeconomic status. This article aims to present CGA in the evaluation and management of frail elderly patient with RA.

Patient & Result

A case study of an 80‐year‐old man with RA and ILD is presented to describe the process of CGA and provides nutritional supplement therapy, patient education, and rehabilitation guidance to help patient progress from frailty to non‐frailty.

Discussion

The case revealed that CGA provides physicians with information on the reversible area of frailty and the leading cause of deterioration in EORA.
Fault‐tolerant attitude tracking control with practical finite time convergence for unmanned aerial vehicles under actuation faults
Authors: Yu Wei , Yan Jun , Pan Xiaohu , Tan Shilei , Cao Hongwei , Song Yongduan
Published: January 2022

This paper presents an adaptive attitude finite time tracking control algorithm for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in presence of actuator faults, input saturation and external disturbance. The dynamic model of the quadrotor UAV is characterized with quaternion representation. Subsequently, using nonsingular terminal sliding mode surface, an adaptive fault‐tolerant finite‐time attitude control scheme is proposed. Using Lyapunov stability analysis, it is shown that the proposed method is able to achieve practical finite time attitude tracking convergence in that the attitude tracking error converges to a small residual set within finite time and all signals of the closed‐loop system remain bounded. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed via numerical simulation.
Knowledge co‐production and researcher roles in transdisciplinary environmental management projects
Authors: Kruijf Joanne Vinke‐de , Verbrugge Laura , Schröter Barbara , den Haan Robert‐Jan , Cortes Arevalo Juliette , Fliervoet Jan , Henze Jennifer , Albert Christian
Published: January 2022

Calls for transformative change and participatory modes of knowledge production demand researchers to assume new roles. This paper synthesizes the literature on knowledge co‐production and researcher roles to explore challenges for researchers involved in transdisciplinary environmental management projects. Our research methods combine a scoping review and reflections on personal experiences with three transdisciplinary projects. To conceptualize researcher roles in transdisciplinary knowledge co‐production, we distinguish between three spaces: knowledge, formal policy, and stakeholder. Knowledge co‐production requires collaboration between actors from different spaces and integration of diverse knowledge sources and types. Depending on whether researchers adopt knowledge‐oriented, change‐oriented or intermediating roles, they will experience different challenges. When researchers combine knowledge development with change‐oriented and/or intermediating roles, they encounter new challenges, such as, maintaining independence or objectivity. To assist researchers in transdisciplinary projects, we conclude with a checklist of four elements to reflect upon: orientation, norms and values, expectations and resources.
Recent Advances in Benzimidazole Based NHC‐Metal Complex Catalysed Cross‐Coupling Reactions**
Authors: Nair Pravya P. , Jayaraj Anjitha , Swamy P Chinna Ayya
Published: January 2022

In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the development of efficient, environmentally compatible and cost‐effective catalysts as a replacement for conventional metal catalysts. Among several catalysts developed, metal‐based N‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts have garnered significant attention due to the unique steric and electronic properties imparted by NHCs, making them suitable for a broad spectrum of chemical transformations. Over a decade, benzimidazole based NHCs have been broadly investigated for the synthesis of metal complexes for a variety of catalytic processes. The interesting properties of benzimidazole scaffolds such as the ease of tailoring its electronic and steric properties via simple synthetic modifications, aids in achieving potential catalysts for cross‐coupling reactions and other hydrofunctional transformations. This review focuses on the synthetic approaches developed over recent years (2015–2021) concerning the structural tuning and modulation of the benzimidazole derived NHC ligands to generate catalytically active metal complexes for cross‐coupling reactions such as Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira, Kumada and dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reactions.
Preparation of Porous Carbons Using NaOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and Na2S2O3 Activating Agents and Their Supercapacitor Application: A Comparative Study
Authors: Demir Muslum , Doguscu Merve
Published: January 2022

The sustainable energy development of green carbon precursors and inexpensive activating agents has gained great attention with respect to the manufacture of high‐performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Though the most investigated activation agents such as ZnCl2 and KOH provide porous carbon possessing the high surface area and large charge storage capacity, those activation agents suffer from the use of high dosage utilization and poor carbon production yield. Herein, we report an alternative preparation method for porous carbons using NaOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and Na2S2O3 as activating agents, respectively. Activating performances of four pore‐forming agents were compared in terms of textural, morphological and electrochemical performance. It was found that the NaOH‐activated electrode material (C‐NaOH) exhibited a high specific capacitance of 199 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 thanks to its large surface area along with large pore volume. In the two‐electrode system, the symmetric SC assembled by C‐NaOH electrodes delivered an energy density of 4.7 Wh/kg at a power density of 127 W/kg and maintained 3.9 Wh/kg at a power density of 1560 W/kg. Another outcome of this study was that the Na2S2O3‐assisted activating agent could introduce heteroatom into the carbon framework, which contributes to pseudocapacitance behavior of electrodes. Overall, the alternative activating strategy could provide a high‐performance carbon electrode and may offer a pathway for an advanced energy storage technology.
Nanobugs as Drugs: Bacterial Derived Nanomagnets Enhance Tumor Targeting and Oncolytic Activity of HSV‐1 Virus
Authors: Howard Faith H N , Al‐Janabi Haider , Patel Priya , Cox Katie , Smith Emily , Vadakekolathu Jayakumar , Pockley A. Graham , Conner Joe , Nohl James F , Allwood Dan A , Collado‐Rojas Cristal , Kennerley Aneurin , Staniland Sarah , Muthana Munitta
Published: January 2022

The survival strategies of infectious organisms have inspired many therapeutics over the years. Indeed the advent of oncolytic viruses (OVs) exploits the uncontrolled replication of cancer cells for production of their progeny resulting in a cancer‐targeting treatment that leaves healthy cells unharmed. Their success against inaccessible tumors however, is highly variable due to inadequate tumor targeting following systemic administration. Coassembling herpes simplex virus (HSV1716) with biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles derived from magnetotactic bacteria enables tumor targeting from circulation with magnetic guidance, protects the virus against neutralizing antibodies and thereby enhances viral replication within tumors. This approach additionally enhances the intratumoral recruitment of activated immune cells, promotes antitumor immunity and immune cell death, thereby inducing tumor shrinkage and increasing survival in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer by 50%. Exploiting the properties of such a nanocarrier, rather than tropism of the virus, for active tumor targeting offers an exciting, novel approach for enhancing the bioavailability and treatment efficacy of tumor immunotherapies for disseminated neoplasms.
Enhancing the Electron Transport, Quantum Yield, and Catalytic Performance of Carbonized Polymer Dots via MnO Bridges
Authors: Huang Jie , Chen Yeqing , Rao Pengpeng , Ni Zongming , Chen Xueying , Zhu Jie , Li Chen , Xiong Gaoyang , Liang Ping , He Xin , Qu Songnan , Lin Jun
Published: January 2022

Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have received tremendous attention during the last decade due to their excellent fluorescent properties and catalytic performance. Doping CPDs with transition metal atoms accelerates the local electron flow in CPDs and improves the fluorescent properties and catalytic performance of the CPDs. However, the binding sites and the formation mechanisms of the transition‐metal‐atom‐doped CPDs remain inconclusive. In this work, Mn2+‐ion–doped CPDs (Mn‐CPDs) are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The Mn2+ ions form MnO bonds that bridge the sp2 domains of carbon cores and increases the effective sp2 domains in the Mn‐CPDs, which redshifts the fluorescence emission peak of the Mn‐CPDs slightly. The Mn2+ ions form covalent bonds in the CPDs and remedy the oxygen vacancies of the CPDs, which cuts off the non‐radiative–recombination process of the Mn‐CPDs and increases the quantum yield of the Mn‐CPDs to 70%. Furthermore, the MnO bonds accelerate the electron flow between adjacent sp2 domains and enhances the electron transport in the Mn‐CPDs. Thus, the Mn‐CPDs demonstrate excellent catalytic performance to activate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to degrade methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB).
Machine learning in postgenomic biology and personalized medicine
Authors: Ray Animesh
Published: January 2022

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has been revolutionizing biology, biomedical sciences, and gene‐based agricultural technology capabilities. Massive data generated in biological sciences by rapid and deep gene sequencing and protein or other molecular structure determination, on the one hand, require data analysis capabilities using ML that are distinctly different from classical statistical methods; on the other, these large datasets are enabling the adoption of novel data‐intensive ML algorithms for the solution of biological problems that until recently had relied on mechanistic model‐based approaches that are computationally expensive. This review provides a bird's eye view of the applications of ML in postgenomic biology. Attempt is also made to indicate as far as possible the areas of research that are poised to make further impacts in these areas, including the importance of explainable artificial intelligence in human health. Further contributions of ML are expected to transform medicine, public health, agricultural technology, as well as to provide invaluable gene‐based guidance for the management of complex environments in this age of global warming.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Artificial Intelligence

Technologies > Prediction
Design and Development of Novel Wrought Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Sasaki Taisuke , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: January 2022

Magnesium alloys are one of the lightest commercial metals, and applications of wrought magnesium alloys may lead to a substantial weight reduction of transportation vehicles. However, applications of wrought magnesium alloys are limited due to processing costs. This chapter discusses the requirements to broaden their applications through a brief review of existing wrought alloys. Then, a heat treatable wrought magnesium alloy is proposed as a new design concept for the wrought magnesium alloy. As an industrially viable precipitation hardenable alloy, Mg–Ca–Al(–Zn) dilute alloy is developed. A high strength Mg–Al–Ca–Mn alloy extrudable at high speed and a bake-hardenable Mg–Al–Ca–Mn–Zn alloy sheet with excellent room temperature formability and satisfactory strength are demonstrated, indicating the promising potential to develop heat treatable wrought magnesium alloys.
Atomistic Study of Disclinations in Nanostructured Metals
Authors: Shimokawa Tomotsugu
Published: January 2022

Disclination is a line defect in which rotational symmetry is broken. Recently, such defects have been observed in nanostructured metals. Hence, disclinations can bring out the unique properties of nanostructured metals. This chapter shows two examples of disclination-mediated plastic phenomena observed in atomic simulations. The first one is the grain subdivision mechanism, which is related to the mobility of partial disclination under severe plastic deformation processes. The second one is a mechanism that improves the fracture toughness using the disclination shielding effect, which appears at grain boundaries after dislocation emission. These atomic simulations with the geometrical restrictions of boundary conditions showed the possibility of selecting a plastic deformation mode by designing structures, elements, and environments to obtain materials with excellent mechanical properties.