bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Old neurochemical markers, new functional directions?
Authors: De Deurwaerdere Philippe , Gaetani Silvana , Vaughan Roxanne A.
Published: January 2020

The dorsal striatum coordinates input‐output processing of numerous functions including those related to motor activity, motivation, and learning. Considerable anatomical and biochemical heterogeneity across striatal subregions has long been known to result in distinct functional outcomes, and for imbalances in these pathways to contribute to many complex disorders. Here we highlight the study of Hörtnagl et al. (2019) who utilize precision dissection of human caudate nucleus and putamen for detailed measurement of major neurochemical markers to address the question of anatomical heterogeneity of neurotransmitter distribution and turnover in these regions. The findings identify gradients of neurotransmitter markers in rostro‐caudal, dorso‐lateral, and anterior–posterior directions with a precision that has not been previously determined in humans. Correlative analyses of the results also suggest tentative links between content of various neurotransmitters in specific subregions, raising the intriguing possibility that neurotransmitter quantity in one territory may correlate with the quantity of the same or different transmitter from another territory. This suggests the presence of a functional anatomy over extensive brain regions and networks that can be studied through multiple correlative analyses, and identify a possible basis for a new approach for postmortem analysis of neurotransmitter distribution and function.

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Vasculitis beyond the areas of Botulinum toxin‐A injection, increasing concerns?
Authors: Namazi Nastaran , Najar Nobari Niloufar
Published: January 2020

Background

Botulinum toxins‐A, as the most common non‐surgical method for facial rejuvenation, have been used broadly.

Objective

Despite its significant aesthetic aspects, particular undesirable adverse effects could occur.

Aim

The aim of this case report is to present the most serious side effects of botulinum toxin injections.

Patients/Methods

A case report of a middle age woman with side effects of botulinum toxin injection with presentation of erythema and edema on the sites of injection and more further on the face and neck. The skin biopsies from both sides were obtained. On the skin biopsy the small vessel vasculitis on the site on injection and more further on the face and neck was performed as a result of injections.

Results

Following Botulinum toxin‐A injection, various cutaneous reactions could occur. Some of these reactions such as edema and erythema may be self‐limited and has not serious impact on patients life but also some severe reactions like this case may occur which may alarm the life threatening side effects of injections. These reactions may be due to molecular patterns and exogenous proteins that have the potential for activating the immune cascade.

Conclusion

Using the unapproved Botulinum toxin‐A should be discouraged due to their hazard of systemic reactions and clinicians should avoid administering the unlicensed products even by patients request or lack of the allergic reactions from previous injections.
A Comment on Salomaki and Lane 2019 “Molecular Phylogenetics Supports a Clade of Red Algal Parasites Retaining Native Plastids: Taxonomy and Terminology Revised”1
Authors: Preuss Maren , Zuccarello Giuseppe C.
Published: January 2020

Salomaki and Lane (2019) proposed a new terminology to group red algal parasites either as parasites containing their own (native) reduced plastid: “archaeplastic” (allied to the old designation “alloparasite”) or parasites that contain only a host plastid: “neoplastic” (similar to the older term “adelphoparasite”). We believe this is premature. There are examples that contradict their proposed grouping, and their proposal was based on work from the mid‐1990s that should be re‐evaluated. We also believe that grouping red algal parasites into two groups obscures both our lack of knowledge of these organisms and the diversity that is already seen in the few intensively studied parasites. Instead of making generalizations based on limited knowledge, further in‐depth study should be encouraged and will be useful in understanding these intriguing organisms.
A retrospective study of vector‐borne disease prevalence in dogs with proteinuria: Southeastern United States
Authors: Purswell Emily K. , Lashnits Erin W. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Vaden Shelly L.
Published: January 2020

Background

Proteinuria is a risk factor for progressive kidney injury in dogs. Enhanced understanding of potential associations between canine vector‐borne diseases (CVBD) and proteinuria is needed.

Objectives

To determine the proportion of evaluated proteinuric dogs exposed to ≥1 CVBD, includingBabesiaspp.,Ehrlichiaspp., spotted‐fever groupRickettsia,Bartonellaspp.,Anaplasmaspp., hemotropicMycoplasmaspp.,Borrelia burgdorferi, andDirofilaria immitis, and to determine if demographic or clinicopathologic differences exist between proteinuric dogs exposed to CVBD versus proteinuric dogs with no evidence of CVBD exposure.

Animals

Two‐hundred nine proteinuric dogs, concurrently tested for CVBD, which were examined at a single academic veterinary hospital between January 2008 and December 2015.

Methods

Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and CVBD test results were extracted from medical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess associations between CVBD and selected variables.

Results

Based on serology and polymerase chain reaction testing, 34% of proteinuric dogs (72/209) were exposed to ≥1 CVBD. Exposure toRickettsiaspp. (19%),Ehrlichiaspp. (12%), andB.burgdorferi(9%) were most common. The CVBD exposure was lower in dogs tested in autumn or spring, higher in intact dogs, and higher in dogs with lower serum albumin and higher serum creatinine concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Exposure to CVBD, particularly exposure toRickettsiaspp.,Ehrlichiaspp., andB.burgdorferiwas found in proteinuric dogs from the southeast United States. Additional controlled prospective studies examining a potential causal relationship between CVBD and proteinuria are warranted.
What makes bacterial pathogens so sticky?
Authors: Viela Felipe , Mathelié‐Guinlet Marion , Viljoen Albertus , Dufrêne Yves F.
Published: January 2020

Pathogenic bacteria use a variety of cell surface adhesins to promote binding to host tissues and protein‐coated biomaterials, as well as cell–cell aggregation. These cellular interactions represent the first essential step that leads to host colonization and infection. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has greatly contributed to increase our understanding of the specific interactions at play during microbial adhesion, down to the single‐molecule level. A key asset of AFM is that adhesive interactions are studied under mechanical force, which is highly relevant as surface‐attached pathogens are often exposed to physical stresses in the human body. These studies have identified sophisticated binding mechanisms in adhesins, which represent promising new targets for antiadhesion therapy.
Influence of MicroRNA‐141 on Inhibition of the Proliferation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Steroid‐Induced Osteonecrosis via SOX11
Authors: Meng Chen‐yang , Xue Fei , Zhao Zhen‐qun , Hao Ting , Guo Shi‐bing , Feng Wei
Published: January 2020

Objective

To investigate whether miR‐141 and the sex determination region of Y chromosome box 11 (SOX11) play roles in steroid‐induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH), and to explore whether miR‐141 could target SOX11 to influence the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC).

Methods

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) were isolated and cultured from 4‐week‐old Sprague Dawley rats. A flow cytometry assay was performed to identify BMSC. BMSC were divided into two groups: a control group and a dexamethasone (DEX) group. BMSC were transfected by miR‐141 mimic, miR‐141 inhibitor, and SOX11. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of miR‐141 and SOX11. The results were used to determine the effect of transfection and to verify the expression in each group and the association between miR‐141 and SOX11. Luciferase reporter assay revealed the targeted binding site between miR‐141 and the 3′‐untranslated region of SOX11 mRNA. MTT assays were performed to investigate the proliferation of BMSC in the miR‐141 mimic, miR‐141 inhibitor, and SOX11 groups.

Result

The results of the flow cytometry assay suggested that cells were positive for CD29 and CD90 while negative for CD45. This meant that the isolated and cultured cells were not hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, cell transfection was successful based on the expression of miR‐141 and SOX11. According to the results of real‐time PCR assay, the mRNA expression of miR‐141 in SANFH was upregulated (4.117 ± 0.042 vs 1 ± 0.027, P < 0.001), while SOX11 was downregulated (0.611 ± 0.055 vs 1 ± 0.027, P < 0.001) compared with the control group. Based on the results of the luciferase experiment, MiR‐141 could directly target the expression of SOX11. Inhibition of miR‐141 could upregulate the expression of SOX11 (2.623 ± 0.220 vs 1 ± 0.095, P < 0.001) according to the results of a real‐time PCR assay. MiR‐141 inhibited the proliferation of BMSC (0.618 ± 0.092 vs 1.004 ± 0.082, P < 0.001), while suppression of miR‐141 increased the proliferation of BMSC (0.960 ± 0.095 vs 0.742 ± 0.091, P < 0.001). Furthermore, according to the results of the MTT assay, SOX11 promoted the proliferation of BMSC (1.064 ± 0.093 vs 0.747 ± 0.090, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

MiR‐141 inhibited the proliferation of BMSC in SANFH by targeting SOX11. Inhibition of miR‐141 upregulated the expression of SOX11 and promoted the proliferation of BMSC. MiR‐141 and SOX11 could be new targets for investigating the mechanism of SANFH.
SlGRAS4 mediates a novel regulatory pathway promoting chilling tolerance in tomato
Authors: Liu Yudong , Shi Yuan , Zhu Ning , Zhong Silin , Bouzayen Mondher , Li Zhengguo
Published: January 2020

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are cold‐sensitive, and the fruit are susceptible to postharvest chilling injury when stored at low temperature. However, the mechanisms underlying cold stress responses in tomato are poorly understood. We demonstrate that SlGRAS4, encoding a transcription factor induced by low temperature, promotes chilling tolerance in tomato leaves and fruit. Combined genome‐wide ChIP‐seq and RNA‐seq approaches identified among cold stress‐associated genes those being direct targets of SlGRAS4 and protein studies revealed that SlGRAS4 forms a homodimer to self‐activate its own promoter. SlGRAS4 can also directly bind tomato SlCBF promoters to activate their transcription without inducing any growth retardation. The study identifies the SlGRAS4‐regulon as a new cold response pathway conferring cold stress tolerance in tomato independently of the ICE1‐CBF pathway. This provides new track for breeding strategies aiming to improve chilling tolerance of cultivated tomatoes and to preserve sensory qualities of tomato fruit often deteriorated by storage at low temperatures.
Altered expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, forkhead box P3, and immune‐suppressive genes in regulatory T cells of generalized vitiligo patients
Authors: Giri Prashant S. , Dwivedi Mitesh , Laddha Naresh C. , Begum Rasheedunnisa , Bharti Ankit H.
Published: January 2020

The study was aimed to analyze expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), and their associated genes (sCTLA4, flCTLA4, IL10, TGFB, IL2, IL4, CD25) in regulatory T cells (Tregs) of 48 generalized vitiligo (GV) patients and 45 unaffected controls. The transcripts of NFATC1 to NFATC4, FOXP3, IL10, flCTLA4 (p < .0001), NFAT5 (p = .0003), sCTLA4 (p = .001), and FOXP3 protein in Tregs and plasma IL‐10 levels were reduced significantly (p < .0001) in GV Tregs compared to controls. The FOXP3 promoter polymorphisms [rs3761548(C > A), rs3761547(A > G), and rs2232365(A > G)] revealed significantly decreased FOXP3 protein levels in patients' Tregs with susceptible AA, GG, and GG genotypes (p < .0001, p = .028, p = .022, respectively). The active vitiligo Tregs showed reduced levels of NFATC3, NFATC4, NFAT5, FOXP3, TGFB, and flCTLA4 transcripts (p = .0005, p = .0003, p = .0002, p = .020, p < .0001, p = .006, respectively) and FOXP3 and TGF‐β proteins (p = .0394 and p = .0013) compared to stable vitiligo. Early‐onset patients (1–20 years) demonstrated decreased IL‐10, sCTLA‐4, flCTLA‐4, TGFB, and FOXP3 transcripts and FOXP3 protein as compared to late‐onset patients (41–60 years) (p = .001, p = .003, p = .009, p = .005, p = .038, p = .0226, respectively). Overall, our results for the first time suggest a likely role of NFATs and FOXP3 together with Treg immune‐suppressive genes in GV pathogenesis and disease progression, warranting additional investigations.
Organ blood flow in response to infusion of arginine vasopressin in premature fetal sheep
Authors: Watanabe Shimpei , Matsuda Tadashi , Hanita Takushi , Ikeda Hideyuki , Koshinami Shouta , Sato Shinichi , Usuda Haruo , Saito Masatoshi , Kemp Matthew W. , Kobayashi Yoshiyasu
Published: January 2020

Background

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) infusion has been shown to be a useful strategy for the management of systemic perfusion failure in premature infants. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of the blood flow redistribution induced by AVP infusion in premature fetal sheep.

Methods

Nine sheep fetuses at 99 to 113 days of gestation were continuously infused with AVP. Measurement of blood flow to individual fetal organs was performed using a colored microsphere technique, with measurements performed at 30 min before and 90 min after the initiation of AVP infusions.

Results

The AVP infusion significantly increased blood flow to the medulla oblongata (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased flow to the adrenal glands (from 492.0 ± 239.6 to 364.9 ± 143.3 mL/min/100 g, P < 0.05) and heart (from 592.6 ± 184.5 to 435.6 ± 137.4 mL/min/100 g, P < 0.05). The infusion significantly increased the vascular resistance in adrenal glands, kidneys, ileum, colon, heart, and cerebellum. In the brain, except for the cerebellum, no significant increase in resistance was identified.

Conclusions

There was no significant response to AVP infusion in cerebral blood flow in mid‐gestation fetal sheep. Our observations suggest that, under AVP stimulation, the blood flow to the adrenal glands and myocardium might be decreased due to an increase in vascular resistance.
Neonatal pain response to automatic lancet versus needle heel‐prick blood sampling: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Goto Tatenobu , Inoue Takeshi , Kamiya Chinami , Kawabe Hiroyuki , Higuchi Machiko , Suyama Megumi , Goto Tomoki , Koide Wakato , Maki Kanemasa , Ushijima Katsumi , Ban Kyoko , Yamada Yasumasa
Published: January 2020

Background

Automatic lancets have been reported to be superior to manual lancets in terms of pain and treatment time. However, no studies have yet been published comparing automatic lancet and needle puncture heel‐prick blood sampling. The objective of this study was to compare the pain response and efficiency between the automatic lancet and needle at the time of heel blood sampling. The design was a randomized controlled trial. The inclusion criteria for the participants were a birthweight of ≧1,500 g and a gestational age of ≧30 weeks.

Methods

The study examined a total of 105 neonates who were randomized into an automatic lancet group (n = 53) and a needle group (n = 52). The parameters measured included blood collection time, number of calf squeezes, duration of audible crying, and the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score. The main outcome measure was audible crying duration.

Results

The duration of audible crying was significantly shorter in the automatic lancet group when compared to the needle group (median 3 s, interquartile range (IQR) 0–33 s vs median 39 s, IQR 5–91.5 s, P = 0.0023). The NIPS score at the time of puncture was significantly lower in the automatic lancet group than in the needle group (median 1, IQR 0–5 vs median 5, IQR 3–6, P = 0.0060). There was no significant difference in the blood collection time and the number of calf squeezes between the two groups. The automatic lancet was found to be less painful than the needle puncture in neonatal heel‐prick blood sampling with no significant difference in blood sampling time.

Conclusion

The automatic lancet was found to be less painful than the needle puncture in neonatal heel‐prick blood sampling with no significant difference in blood sampling time.
Supply Chains Involving a Mean‐Variance‐Skewness‐Kurtosis Newsvendor: Analysis and Coordination
Authors: Zhang Juzhi , Sethi Suresh P. , Choi Tsan‐Ming , Cheng T. C. E.
Published: January 2020

The classical newsvendor problem seeks to minimize the expected inventory cost or maximize the expected profit. But optimizing an expected value alone does not fully capture the stochastic nature of the newsvendor problem. Inspired by the higher‐moment analyses explored in finance literature, we conduct a mean‐variance‐skewness‐kurtosis (MVSK) analysis for the newsvendor problem. We first derive the analytical expressions for the profit’s mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis in the standard newsvendor setting, and reveal their structural properties. We then establish various MVSK optimization problems and find the solution to each of them. We show that kurtosis aversion always induces the newsvendor to order less, while skewness seeking can induce the newsvendor to order either more or less depending on the specific structure of the profit’s skewness, which is affected by the symmetric and asymmetric properties of the demand distribution. Finally, based on the Pareto‐optimality concept, we address the challenge of supply chain coordination (SCC) in the presence of MVSK agents in two specific cases: (i) each agent maximizes its MVSK‐objective‐function and (ii) each agent maximizes its expected profit function, subject to given constraints on the profit’s variance, skewness, and kurtosis. In each case, we explore whether and how the supply chain can be coordinated. We find that considering the MVSK preferences of supply chain agents will affect the achievability of SCC and flexibility of the coordinating contract. We also uncover that if we assume an individual MVSK agent to be an MV one, the achievability of SCC by contracts will be very much negatively affected.
Restoration ecology in the Anthropocene: learning from responses of tropical forests to extreme disturbance events
Authors: Álvarez‐Yépiz Juan C.
Published: January 2020

Extreme disturbance events denote another aspect of global environmental changes archetypal of the Anthropocene. These events of climatic or anthropic origin are challenging our perceived understanding about how forests respond to disturbance. I present a general framework of tropical forest responses to extreme disturbance events with specific examples from tropical dry forests. The linkage between level of disturbance severity and dominant mechanism of vegetation recovery is reflected on a variety of initial trajectories of forest succession. Accordingly, more realistic and cost‐effective restoration goals in many tropical forests likely consist in maintaining a mosaic of different successional trajectories while promoting landscape connectivity, rather than encouraging full‐ecosystem recovery to pre‐disturbance conditions. Incorporating extreme disturbance events into the global restoration ecology agenda will be essential to design well‐informed ecosystem management strategies in the coming decades.
Plant, Metaphor, God: Thinking Mythically in Viacheslav Ivanov's Essays
Authors: BRICKMAN CAROLINE LEMAK
Published: January 2020

This article focuses on the essay‐manifestos of symbolist poet and classicist Viacheslav Ivanov. I discuss four essays dedicated especially to the workings of poetic thought and the task of the poet (“The Testaments of Symbolism,” “The Symbolics of Aesthetic Principles,” “Two Elements in Contemporary Symbolism,” and “Crisis of Individualism”), and identify a number of poetic tropes at work in the prose of Ivanov's argument. While offering a mythologized history of how poetic language once worked in antiquity and a program for how it ought to work now, Ivanov employs instances of the very poetic language he advocates. His recurring use of agrarian metaphors–images of the grapevine and of ears of grain–in his essays effectively creates a mythic subtext. Ivanov thus invites the reader to participate, on the level of metaphor, in the ritual of the gods of the vine and grain–Dionysus and Demeter. I conclude the article with readings of two of Ivanov's lyric poems dedicated to these gods, thus bringing the framework developed in the essays to bear on poetic practice. In addition to refining Ivanov's contributions to literary modernism, the article also argues for lyric devices as capable of accomplishing intellectual and philosophical work, thus putting forth an intervention in contemporary theoretical conversations about what poetry is and what it can do.
Health care in post‐crisis South Europe: Inequalities in access and reform trajectories
Authors: Petmesidou Maria , Guillén Ana Marta , Pavolini Emmanuele
Published: January 2020

The European debt crisis stimulated debate about the future of national health systems. The objective of this article is to contribute to this debate by examining any changes in the scope and content of universal coverage and underlying pattern of solidarity in South Europe. Access to health care provides the vantage point for our analysis. Inequalities in access are scrutinized along a number of dimensions by using data from various sources. Our main conclusions clearly show that the public health care systems in Italy and, particularly, in Spain weathered the crisis pretty well and retained their universalistic features. Nonetheless, rising supplemental private coverage (of an “occupational‐mutualist” type) adversely impacts access, but it is unclear how this will unfold in the near future. Tackling fragmentation through expansion and equalization of coverage, though for a comparatively “lean” basket of provisions, has been the focus of reforms in Portugal and Greece. This keeps private spending high and sustains inequalities, whereas any prospects for a stronger variant of universalism remain an open question.
HLA‐A*02:877 allele identified in a volunteer donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Baek In‐Cheol , Choi Eun‐Jeong , Shin Dong‐Hwan , Kim Hyoung‐Jae , Kim Tai‐Gyu
Published: January 2020

HLA‐A*02:877 differs from HLA‐A*02:06:01:01 in codon 183 in exon 3.
Extending the sequences of HLA class I alleles without full‐length genomic coverage using single molecule real‐time DNA sequencing
Authors: Hassall Kylara B. , Latham Katy , Robinson James , Gymer Arthur , Goodall Rebecca , Merlo Dario , Marsh Steven G. E. , Mayor Neema P.
Published: January 2020

The assignment of an HLA allele name to a sequence requires a comparison between the generated target sequence and a reference sequence on the IPD‐IMGT/HLA database. Absence of a full‐length reference sequence can result in the inability of HLA typing software to accurately compare and assign the sequence. We sequenced the most frequently seen HLA class I alleles on the Anthony Nolan register present in the database with only a partial genomic sequence, with the aim of increasing the number of complete reference sequences. We successfully extended 95 full‐length HLA class I sequences and identified 13 novel variants. Increasing the number of full‐length HLA class I reference sequences in the database has aided accuracy of HLA analysis tools for all histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories.
Transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis C: A cluster of cases in transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia patients in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Shiromi , Bonsall David , Niriella Madunil A. , Allen Angela , Peries Anura C. , Nelumdeniya Udaya B. , Dissanayake Randima , Silva Ishari , de Cesare Mariateresa , Klenerman Paul , Weatherall David J. , Roberts David J. , Premawardhena Anuja P.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To report the clinical and virologic epidemiology of a recent epidemic of hepatitis C in thalassaemia patients in Sri Lanka.

Background

Transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia patients remain at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here, we report a cluster of recent HCV infections in Sri Lankan thalassaemia patients and examine the phylogenetic relationship of viral sequences.

Methods

We conducted two prospective cross‐sectional surveys of 513 patients in four Sri Lankan thalassaemia centres in 2014/2015 and re‐surveyed one centre in 2016. We screened for anti‐HCV antibodies using the CTK Biotech enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and confirmed active infection by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for HCV‐RNA. HCV genomes were sequenced by unbiased target enrichment.

Results

Anti‐HCV antibodies were found in 116/513 (22.6%) of patients initially tested. Active hepatitis C infection was found in 26 patients with no cases of active hepatitis B infection. Of 26 patients with HCV, two were infected with genotype 1(a), and the rest had 3(a). In a single centre (Ragama), 122 patients (120 new cases and two previously tested, but negative) were retested for anti‐HCV antibodies. 32/122 (26.2%) patients were seropositive. Twenty‐three (23/122; 18.8%) of these new cases were confirmed by HCV PCR (all genotype 3[a]).

Conclusion

There is a significant cluster of recent HCV cases in multiply transfused thalassaemia patients in several centres in Sri Lanka. Most of the viruses shared a close phylogenetic relationship. The results are consistent with recent continuing transfusion‐transmitted HCV infection. Routine surveillance for HCV of chronically transfused patients is required irrespective of screening of blood products.
How to manage transfusion systems in developing countries: The Experience of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean countries
Authors: Haddad Antoine , Benajiba Mohamed , Hmida Slama , Elgemmezi Tarek , Alqudah Mohammad , Abu‐Helu Rasmi , Bou Assi Tarek , Ba Khadijetou , Chaїb Mohamed , Feghali Rita , Najjar Osama , Garraud Olivier
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To outline and analyse the national organisation, infrastructure and management of transfusion systems in countries sharing common historical, cultural and economic features and to decipher management trends, in order to potentially benchmark.

Background

Little is known regarding transfusion systems in Eastern/southern Mediterranean at a time international organisations are calling for the establishment of a safe and sustainable blood system.

Materials and Methods

Data emanating from eight Arabic‐speaking Eastern/Southern Mediterranean countries who responded to five surveys were collected and tabulated.

Results

While similarities in terms of supervision by national authorities, authorization of blood centres, quality control and management information system are evident, some significant divergence between these countries do exists. Only Lebanon does not possess a national blood establishment or organisation for blood supply. Blood components are fully government‐subsidised in Algeria and Mauritania. Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have a blood supply that relies mainly on Voluntary non‐remunerated donors. Plateletpheresis is performed in all countries except Mauritania while plasmapheresis exists only in Algeria and Egypt. Morocco is the sole country outsourcing its plasma for Plasma derived products.

Conclusion

Despite the various challenges facing these countries, lot of progresses have been made so far in the field of transfusion medicine. Yet, nationally coordinated blood programs overviewed by national regulatory authorities and actively supported by local governments are still needed to ensure the optimum level of blood safety.
Effectiveness of video‐assisted, self‐directed, and peer‐guided learning in the acquisition of surgical skills by veterinary students
Authors: Coffman Jonathan M. , McConkey Marina J. , Colee James
Published: January 2020

Objective

To determine the influence of self‐directed learning, peer feedback, or expert feedback on suturing technique of novice veterinary student surgeons.

Study design

Prospective, blinded, video feedback study.

Sample population

Three groups of surgery naïve veterinary students, two groups of 37 students and one group with 36 students.

Methods

Each student completed three cruciate sutures in SynDaver skin. Student performance was video recorded and scored with a validated pro forma. Students were randomly divided into three groups: (1) students critically evaluated their own performance, (2) students critically evaluated peer's performance, and (3) students received a peer's evaluation. Each student repeated the surgical task and assessed his or her own performance, guided by the pro forma. Each student received a video with individualized feedback from an expert prior to repeating the task. Scores and times were analyzed. Student and expert evaluations were compared.

Results

Task composite score, time to completion, and completion rate did not differ between groups. Student self‐assessed scores did not correlate with expert scores. Forty‐three percent and 62% of students stated that self‐feedback and peer feedback, respectively, were acceptable forms of learning, and 96% of students felt expert feedback was superior to both.

Conclusion

Video‐based self‐evaluation and peer‐assisted learning were as effective as expert feedback after didactic lecture in teaching suturing technique to novice veterinary surgeons.

Clinical significance

Video‐based self‐evaluation and peer feedback were viable alternative teaching strategies to didactic lecture and expert feedback alone for instructing novice veterinary surgeons.
In vitro evaluation and in vivo use of a novel surgical stent to minimize suture pressure necrosis
Authors: Dannemiller Nicholas G. , Hendrickson Dean A.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of stents to distribute pressure when incorporated into tension‐relieving sutures.

Study design

An in vitro study and case report.

Animal

One common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates).

Methods

Three novel silicone stents, a traditional stent, and a control were tested in vitro by using a suture simulator. Stent surface area was measured by using a pressure mapping sensor. Pressure was derived from the measured surface area and the downward force of the suture simulator. Novel silicone stents were also used in the closure of an incision in a bottlenose dolphin.

Results

No difference was found in surface area or pressure among the three silicone stents (adjusted P > .05). Silicone stents yielded an average, 2.69 cm2 more surface area and 842.37 kPa less pressure compared with the control as well as 1.67 cm2 more surface area and 110.67 kPa less pressure compared with the traditional stent. The traditional stent yielded 1.02 cm2 more surface area and 731.7 kPa less pressure compared with the control. Incision site and silicone stent assessment performed postoperatively revealed no obvious pressure necrosis.

Conclusion

Stents improved distribution of suture pressure, and novel silicone stents were more effective compared with traditional stents. Novel silicone stents appear to have preliminary clinical success in vivo.

Clinical significance

Our study provides evidence that stents effectively help distribute suture pressure, and their incorporation might minimize the risk of suture pressure necrosis. Novel silicone stents should be integrated into tension‐relieving suture patterns when closing wounds and incisions, particularly in aquatic animals.
Risk factors affecting pressure ulcer healing: Impact of prescription medications
Authors: Arai Kenichi , Yamamoto Ko‐hei , Suzuki Takaaki , Mitsukawa Nobuyuki , Ishii Itsuko
Published: January 2020

Treatment of pressure ulcers requires removing the cause as well as eliminating factors that interfere with healing. There are no reports on the effect of medications prescribed for underlying diseases on pressure ulcers. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate whether medications prescribed to patients with pressure ulcers could be a factor that influences pressure ulcer healing. We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with pressure ulcer who were admitted to Chiba University Hospital between June 2009 and June 2015. A total of 110 patients were included in this study. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences in corticosteroid use and total caloric intake. Logistic regression analysis was performed for four factors, including corticosteroid use and total caloric intake, which were significant at P < .05, plus the two factors malignancy and body mass index, which were previously reported as factors that may affect pressure ulcer healing. The results showed that corticosteroid use [odds ratio (OR) 0.205, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.046 to 0.911, P = .037] and total caloric intake [OR 1.002, 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.003, P = .006] were significant risk factors influencing pressure ulcer healing. This study revealed that use of corticosteroids and total caloric intake could be risk factors affecting pressure ulcer healing. These findings provide useful information for the management of pressure ulcer.
TRPM2‐mediated extracellular Ca2+ entry promotes acinar cell necrosis in biliary acute pancreatitis
Authors: Fanczal Júlia , Pallagi Petra , Görög Marietta , Diszházi Gyula , Almássy János , Madácsy Tamara , Varga Árpád , Csernay‐Biró Péter , Katona Xénia , Tóth Emese , Molnár Réka , Rakonczay Zoltán , Hegyi Péter , Maléth József
Published: January 2020

Key points

Acute biliary pancreatitis is a significant clinical challenge as currently no specific pharmaceutical treatment exists.

Intracellular Ca2+ overload, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial damage and intra‐acinar digestive enzyme activation caused by bile acids are hallmarks of acute biliary pancreatitis.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non‐selective cation channel that has recently emerged as an important contributor to oxidative‐stress‐induced cellular Ca2+ overload across different diseases.

We demonstrated that TRPM2 is expressed in the plasma membrane of mouse pancreatic acinar and ductal cells, which can be activated by increased oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment and contributed to bile acid‐induced extracellular Ca2+ influx in acinar cells, which promoted acinar cell necrosis in vitro and in vivo.

These results suggest that the inhibition of TRPM2 may be a potential treatment option for biliary pancreatitis.

Acute biliary pancreatitis poses a significant clinical challenge as currently no specific pharmaceutical treatment exists. Disturbed intracellular Ca2+ signalling caused by bile acids is a hallmark of the disease, which induces increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial damage, intra‐acinar digestive enzyme activation and cell death. Because of this mechanism of action, prevention of toxic cellular Ca2+ overload is a promising therapeutic target. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non‐selective cation channel that has recently emerged as an important contributor to oxidative‐stress‐induced cellular Ca2+ overload across different diseases. However, the expression and possible functions of TRPM2 in the exocrine pancreas remain unknown. Here we found that TRPM2 is expressed in the plasma membrane of mouse pancreatic acinar and ductal cells, which can be activated by increased oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment. TRPM2 activity was found to contribute to bile acid‐induced extracellular Ca2+ influx in acinar cells, but did not have the same effect in ductal cells. The generation of intracellular ROS in response to bile acids was remarkably higher in pancreatic acinar cells compared to isolated ducts, which can explain the difference between acinar and ductal cells. This activity promoted acinar cell necrosis in vitro independently from mitochondrial damage or mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, bile‐acid‐induced experimental pancreatitis was less severe in TRPM2 knockout mice, whereas the lack of TRPM2 had no protective effect in cerulein‐induced acute pancreatitis. Our results suggest that the inhibition of TRPM2 may be a potential treatment option for biliary pancreatitis.
Participation in Domains of Physical Activity Among Australian Youth During the Transition From Childhood to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kemp Byron J. , Parrish Anne-Maree , Batterham Marijka , Cliff Dylan P.
Published: January 2020

Background: Information about the domains of physical activity (PA) that are most prone to decline between late childhood (11 y), early adolescence (13 y), and mid-adolescence (15 y) may support more targeted health promotion strategies. This study explored longitudinal trends in nonorganized PA, organized PA, active transport and active chores/work between childhood and adolescence, and potential sociodemographic moderators of changes. Methods: Data were sourced from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4108). Participation in PA domains was extracted from youth time-use diaries. Potential moderators were sex, Indigenous status, language spoken at home, socioeconomic position, and geographical remoteness. Results: A large quadratic decline in nonorganized PA (−48 min/d, P < .001) was moderated by sex (β = 5.55, P = .047) and home language (β = 8.55, P = .047), with girls (−39 min/d) and those from a non-English speaking background (−46 min/d) declining more between 11 and 13 years. Active chores/work increased between 11 and 13 years (+4 min/d, P < .001) and then stabilized. Active transport increased among boys between 11 and 13 years (+6 min/d, P < .001) and then declined between 13 and 15 years (−4 min/d, P < .001). Organized PA remained stable. Conclusions: The longitudinal decline in PA participation may be lessened by targeting nonorganized PA between childhood and adolescence. Future interventions may target girls or those from non-English speaking backgrounds during this transition.
A class of costimulatory CD28-bispecific antibodies that enhance the antitumor activity of CD3-bispecific antibodies
Authors: Skokos Dimitris , Waite Janelle C. , Haber Lauric , Crawford Alison , Hermann Aynur , Ullman Erica , Slim Rabih , Godin Stephen , Ajithdoss Dharani , Ye Xuan , Wang Bei , Wu Qi , Ramos Ilyssa , Pawashe Arpita , Canova Lauren , Vazzana Kristin , Ram Priyanka , Herlihy Evan , Ahmed Hassan , Oswald Erin , Golubov Jacquelynn , Poon Patrick , Havel Lauren , Chiu Danica , Lazo Miguel , Provoncha Kathleen , Yu Kevin , Kim Julie , Warsaw Jacqueline J. , Stokes Oristian Nicole , Siao Chia-Jen , Dudgeon Drew , Huang Tammy , Potocky Terra , Martin Joel , MacDonald Douglas , Oyejide Adelekan , Rafique Ashique , Poueymirou William , Kirshner Jessica R. , Smith Eric , Olson William , Lin John , Thurston Gavin , Sleeman Matthew A. , Murphy Andrew J. , Yancopoulos George D.
Published: January 2020

CD28 bispecific antibodies are well tolerated and enhance the antitumor efficacy of CD3 bispecifics as a potential off-the-shelf antibody therapy.
The Intrinsically Disordered Region of ExbD Is Required for Signal Transduction
Authors: Kopp Dale R. , Postle Kathleen
Published: January 2020

The TonB system is a virulence factor for Gram-negative pathogens. The mechanism by which cytoplasmic membrane proteins of the TonB system transduce an electrochemical gradient into mechanical energy is a long-standing mystery. TonB, ExbB, and ExbD primary amino acid sequences are characterized by regions of predicted intrinsic disorder, consistent with a proposed multiplicity of protein-protein contacts as TonB proceeds through an energy transduction cycle, a complex process that has yet to be recapitulated
in vitro
. This study validates a region of intrinsic disorder near the ExbD transmembrane domain and identifies an essential conserved motif embedded within it that transduces signals to distal regions of ExbD suggested to configure TonB for productive interaction with outer membrane transporters.
Validation of a New Rapid Detection Test for Detection of Neisseria meningitidis A/C/W/X/Y Antigens in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Haddar Cyrille H. , Terrade Aude , Verhoeven Paul , Njanpop-Lafourcade Berthe-Marie , Dosso Mireille , Sidikou Fati , Mahamane Ali Elhaj , Lombart Jean-Pierre , Razki Aziza , Hong Eva , Agnememel Alain , Begaud Evelyne , Germani Yves , Pozzetto Bruno , Taha Muhamed-Kheir
Published: January 2020

Meningococcal meningitis remains a life-threatening disease worldwide, with high prevalence in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt. A rapid diagnosis is crucial for implementing adapted antimicrobial treatment. We describe the performances of a new immunochromatographic test (MeningoSpeed, BioSpeedia, France) for detecting and grouping
Neisseria meningitidis
. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) were collected from 5 African countries and France.
Atypical dysphagia with end-stage oesophageal disease 30 years post Angelchik device placement in a 72-year-old man
Authors: Arazi Mattan , Vadasz Brian , Person Benjamin , Galili Ronen , Lefkowitz Jason
Published: January 2020

Here we describe an atypical presentation of progressive dysphagia in a 72-year-old man leading to frequent regurgitations over the course of 30 years. Investigations revealed a foreign body ring surrounding the proximal stomach and dilation of the oesophagus proximal to the gastro-oesophageal junction. An Angelchik device was extracted; however, the patient’s rapid deterioration prior to surgery, in addition to his severely dysfunctional oesophagus, required placement of a jejunostomy feeding tube. Device removal was complicated by prior abdominal surgery, necessitating a thoracic approach. This case offers guidance on the management of patients with Angelchik prostheses who develop similar complications, while drawing attention to the importance and difficulties of early, definitive diagnosis in oesophageal pathology such as achalasia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Calcified stone in intestinal blind loop after 60 years of surgical treatment of complex jejunal atresia: an attempt to understand an enigma
Authors: Raza Syed H , Elshaikh Elamin , Ahmed Mohamed H , Raja Mazhar
Published: January 2020

A 60-year-old woman was presented in emergency department with abdominal pain and vomiting for 1 day. She was known to have seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Importantly, she was treated surgically for complex jejunal atresia and duplication surgery, when she was 6 days old. CT scan showed intestinal obstruction secondary to intussception. Patient had lapartomy and operative findings revealed side-to-side anastomosis with gut duplication 10 cm distal to duodenal jejunum junction (due to her previous surgery during infancy). Redundant part of the loop dilated up to 300 mL with large hard stone (4×3.5 cm) was excised. Patient recovered well postoperatively and was discharged to go home. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to show formation of large stone 60 years after surgical treatment of complex jejunal atresia and duplication surgery in infancy.
Treatment of recalcitrant orbital inflammatory syndrome with plasmapheresis therapy
Authors: Rodriguez Torres Yasaira , Azad Fereshteh , Lin Xihui
Published: January 2020

Refractory idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) represents a management challenge due to its significant proportion of treatment failures. Currently, there are no established guidelines for recalcitrant IOI and majority of immunosuppressive agents have resulted in variable outcomes. Advancements of plasmapheresis therapy can play a significant role in ophthalmological diseases. This treatment has shown to produce a satisfactory therapeutic response in immune-mediated neurological conditions. In this case report, we share our successful experience with the use of plasmapheresis therapy in a patient with recalcitrant IOI.
Acute Epstein-Barr infection presenting as cholecystitis with ascites
Authors: Teopoulos Lamprianidis Konstantinos , Easom Nicholas , Patch Emma , Thomas Sherine
Published: January 2020

A young female patient presented with features of ascites and cholecystitis. She was subsequently diagnosed with an acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. This is a rare presentation of a common infection. The patient was managed conservatively and the illness resolved within 6 weeks.
Anaphylaxis to goat/sheep’s milk in a 4-year-old boy tolerant to cow’s milk
Authors: Mulé Pasquale , Gabrielli Sofianne , Upton Julia , EM Abrams , Ben-Shoshan Moshe
Published: January 2020

Immune-mediated reactions to dairy products may vary depending on the mammalian source. We present a case of anaphylaxis to goat/sheep's milk with tolerance to cow’s milk. A 4-year-old boy of Eastern European descent presented with gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms within minutes after eating a goat/sheep’s milk-derived food product. The tryptase level measured 1 hour post initial symptoms and 1 month after the allergic reaction were 14.6 µg/L and 5.1 µg/L, respectively (norm: 0.0–13.5 µg/L), confirming the diagnosis of anaphylaxis. A skin prick test performed 1 month after the reaction was highly positive for goat/sheep’s milk, but negative for cow’s milk. Skin prick tests may establish a life-threatening goat/sheep’s milk allergy. Goat/sheep’s milk allergy should always be considered in cow’s milk-tolerant patients who present with an allergic reaction to dairy products, or when undergoing/have completed of oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy.
A rare case of non-clostridial infection in a non-diabetic patient
Authors: Darat Helin Nie , Kanodia Avinash Kumar , Yong Aiwain , Ram Bhaskar
Published: January 2020

A 76-year-old man presented with neck swelling associated with pain and fever. On examination, there was a submental neck swelling. His initial CT scan showed multiloculated abscess centred in the left submandibular gland. He remained febrile despite on intravenous ceftriaxone and metronidazole. A repeat CT scan revealed significant worsening with multiple pockets of fluids with gas locules in the deep neck spaces. He subsequently underwent neck exploration and drainage of neck abscess. Extensive necrotic tissue was found intraoperatively and thick pus was drained from the bilateral parapharyngeal, submental spaces and anterior mediastium. Pus culture profusely grew ofEggerthellaspecies. Patient recovered well following further intravenous antibiotic therapy. Diabetes mellitus and odontogenic infections are the common risk factors in deep neck infections. Our patient is however non-diabetic and edentulous. Current case is presented to serve as a rare case of neck abscess with unusual cause in a non-diabetic patient.