bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Fused Alkylideneoxetanols.
Authors: Hickford Paul J. , Baker James R. , Bruce Ian , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Diazo‐2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethanols and Their Application to Pyrazole Synthesis.
Authors: Hari Yoshiyuki , Tsuchida Susumu , Sone Ryosuke , Aoyama Toyohiko
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐2‐Benzyl‐3‐(4‐ethoxycarbonylphenyl)indazole Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Hua‐Sin , Huang Li‐Jiau , Wong Fung Fuh , Lee Fang‐Yu , Teng Che‐Ming , Kuo Sheng‐Chu
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Stereoselective Preparation of Silyl Enol Ethers from Thiol Esters and Bis(iodozincio)alkane.
Authors: Ooguri Akihiro , Ikeda Zenichi , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Ladder Bis‐Silicon‐Bridged p‐Terphenyls.
Authors: Li Liangchun , Xiang Junfeng , Xu Caihong
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Glutamate‐Appended Oxolane Rings: Synthesis of (S)‐(+)‐Lycoperdic Acid (I).
Authors: Cohen Jamie L. , Chamberlin A. Richard
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐furanosides from 2,3‐Anhydro‐furanosyl Thioglycosides.
Authors: Hou Dianjie , Lowary Todd L.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New, Powerful Glycosylation Method: Activation of Thioglycosides with Dimethyl Disulfide—Triflic Anhydride.
Authors: Tatai Janos , Fuegedi Peter
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Cyclopeptide Alkaloid Abyssenine A (I). Application of Inter‐ and Intramolecular Copper‐Mediated Coupling Reactions in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Toumi Mathieu , Couty Francois , Evano Gwilherm
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationships of Neoechinulin A Analogues with Cytoprotection Against Peroxynitrite‐Induced PC12 Cell Death.
Authors: Arai Takao , et al. et al.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Styryl Lactone Gonioheptolide A.
Authors: Gupta Shuchi , Rajagopalan Murali , Alhamadsheh Mamoun M. , Tillekeratne L. M. Viranga , Hudson Richard A.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Aigialospirol.
Authors: Figueroa Ruth , Hsung Richard P. , Guevarra Christle C.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (+)‐Vinblastine and Its Analogues.
Authors: Miyazaki Tohru , Yokoshima Satoshi , Simizu Siro , Osada Hiroyuki , Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Methyl 7‐Dihydro‐trioxacarcinoside B.
Authors: Koenig Christian M. , Harms Klaus , Koert Ulrich
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Substituted Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)ester Analogues of Fosmidomycin and FR900098.
Authors: Kurz Thomas , Behrendt Christoph , Pein Miriam , Kaula Uwe , Bergmann Baerbel , Walter Rolf D.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Transition‐Metal Systems
Authors: Zubarev Dmitry Yu. , Averkiev Boris B. , Zhai Hua‐Jin , Wang Lai‐Sheng , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ordered Mesoporous Materials at the Beginning of the Third Millennium: New Strategies to Create Hybrid and Non‐Siliceous Variants
Authors: Van der Voort Pascal , Vercaemst Carl , Schaubroeck David , Verpoort Francis
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcogen—Phosphorus (And Heavier Congeners) Chemistry
Authors: Davies Rob
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Compounds Between Si, Ge and Sn and Chalcogens (S, Se, and Te) Having Both a Single Bond and a Double Bond (Heavy Ketones)
Authors: Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro , Okazaki Renji
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylboranes and ‐borates: New Synthetic Strategies and Applications
Authors: Finze Maik , Bernhardt Eduard , Willner Helge
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Azadirachtin — Finally Completed After 22 Years.
Authors: Jauch Johann
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Metathesis Mediated Synthesis of New Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates
Authors: Agrofoglio Luigi A. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Pseudonucleosides Containing Chiral Oxazolidin‐2‐ones and Cyclosulfamides as Aglycones: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation
Authors: Bouleghlem Hocine , Berredjem Malika , Lecouvey Marc , Aouf Nour‐Eddine
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diterpenoids
Authors: Hanson James R.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2006
Authors: Dolle Roland E. , Le Bourdonnec Bertrand , Goodman Allan J. , Morales Guillermo A. , Salvino Joseph M. , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Surface Modification of Magnetic Particles for Application in Biotechnology and Biomedicine
Authors: Ma Zhiya , Liu Huizhou
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adsorption of Zinc using Tea Factory Waste: Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
Authors: Wasewar Kailas L. , Atif Mohammad , Prasad Basheshwar , Mishra Indra Mani
Published: March 2008

In India, the annual production of tea is ca. 857,000 tonnes, which is 27.4% of the total world production. The amount of tea factory waste (TFW) produced per annum after processing is ca. 190,400 tonnes. TFW can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals from the aqueous phase. An investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of the use of TFW as an adsorbent for the removal of the heavy metal, zinc. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were reported. The straight line plot of log (qe–q) versus time t for the adsorption of zinc shows the validity of the Lagergren equation. The various steps involved in adsorbate transport from the solution to the surface of the adsorbent particles were dealt with by using a Weber‐Morris plot, qe versus t0.5 for the TFW. The rate controlling parameters, kid,1 and kid,2, were determined and it was found that the macro‐pore diffusion rate was much larger than micro‐pore diffusion rate. A batch sorption model, which assumes the pseudo‐second‐order mechanism, was used to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial zinc (II) ion concentration. Equilibrium data obtained from the experiments were analyzed with various isotherms, i. e., Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich‐Peterson and Tempkin. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 30 min and the adsorption data fitted well to all models. The maximum adsorption capacity of TFW for zinc (II) ions was determined to be 14.2 mg/g. The capacity of adsorption on Zn(II) increased with increasing temperatures and pH. The maximum uptake level of zinc was observed at pH of 4.2. The various thermodynamic parameters, i. e., ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, were estimated. The thermodynamics of the zinc ion/TFW system indicated a spontaneous, endothermic and random nature of the process. The results showed that the TFW, which has low economical value, is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions.
Association of interindividual differences in p14ARF promoter methylation with single nucleotide polymorphism in primary colorectal cancer
Authors: Kang Mi Yeon , Lee Bo Bin , Ji Yong Ick , Jung Eun Hyun , Chun Ho‐Kyung , Song Sang Yong , Park Seong‐Eun , Park Joobae , Kim Duk‐Hwan
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

CpG island hypermethylation has been reported at the promoter region of many tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancers. However, there are significant interindividual differences in the degree of DNA methylation in colorectal cancers. The objective of the current study was to understand whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around the promoter of a gene are implicated in the interindividual differences of CpG island hypermethylation.

METHODS

Promoter methylation of the p14ARF gene and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of p14ARF, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNMT3b were investigated by using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (MSP) and quantitative real‐time PCR analysis in fresh tissues from 188 patients with colorectal cancer. SNPs around the p14ARF promoter were genotyped in DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes in 300 healthy individuals and in 188 patients with colorectal cancer by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

p14ARF methylation was present in 61 of 188 colorectal cancers (32%). Fourteen SNPs among the 20 candidate SNPs were identified as monomorphic in the Korean population studied. Two individual SNPs (−4256 thymine to cytosine [T→C] and −1477 guanine to adenine [G→A]), which were in strong linkage disequilibrium (|D′| = 0.99; correlation coefficient [r2] = 0.95), were associated significantly with p14ARF methylation. Patients who had the CC variant at the−4256 locus or the AA variant at the −1477 locus had 2.42 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.07–5.46; P = .03) and 2.47 times (95% CI, 1.09–5.56; P = .03) greater risk of p14ARF methylation than patients who had the TT or GG homozygote, respectively, after adjusting for mRNA levels of DNMTs. Four major haplotypes were identified within a block (−4256 T→C, −3631 T→C, −1477 G→A, and +20,188 T→C). p14ARF promoter methylation also was associated significantly with the CCAT haplotype (odds ratio [OR], 8.31; 95% CI, 2.43–28.41; P = .0007) and the CTAC haplotype (OR, 9.71; 95% CI, 1.09–86.24; P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggested that SNPs around the p14ARF promoter region may be responsible for the interindividual susceptibility to p14ARF promoter methylation among individuals with colorectal cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Nuclear factor‐κB activation and differential expression of survivin and Bcl‐2 in human grade 2–4 astrocytomas
Authors: Angileri Filippo F. , Aguennouz M'Hammed , Conti Alfredo , La Torre Domenico , Cardali Salvatore , Crupi Rosalia , Tomasello Chiara , Germanò Antonino , Vita Giuseppe , Tomasello Francesco
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Antiapoptotis resulting from hyperactivation of the transcription factor NF‐κB has been described in several cancer types. It is triggered by the interaction of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with its receptors and recruitment of the intermediate factor TNF‐receptor associated factor (TRAF) 2. The NF‐κB transcriptional activity could amplify the expression of antiapoptotic genes. The authors investigated the activity of NF‐κB, and the mRNA expression of TNFα, TNFα receptor, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF‐associated NF‐κB activator (TANK), and the antiapoptotic genes Bcl‐2, c‐IAP 1 and 2, and Survivin in human astrocytic tumors.

METHODS

Eight low‐grade astrocytomas (LGA), 10 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), 10 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples were used; 4 samples of normal brain tissue were used as controls. The NF‐κB activation was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay; TRAF1, TRAF2, TANK/I‐TRAF, Bcl‐2, c‐IAP 1 and 2, and Survivin mRNA expressions were studied using real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

NF‐κB hyperactivity was detected in tumor samples. mRNA of antiapoptotic genes, particularly BCL‐2 and Survivin, was hyperexpressed in gliomas. Interestingly, BCL‐2 was hyperexpressed in LGAs, whereas a very high level of Survivin featured high‐grade gliomas. The differential expression of antiapoptotic genes yielded a tight clustering of all LGA and nearly all GBM samples in cluster analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

NF‐κB and factors involved in its intracellular activation were up‐regulated in gliomas. NF‐κB‐activated antiapoptotic genes were hyperexpressed in tumor samples, but showed a differential expression with higher levels of Bcl‐2 in LGAs and higher levels of Survivin in GBMs. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Photophysical Properties of Heteroleptic Iridium Complexes Containing Carbazole‐Functionalized β‐Diketonates
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Nie Daobo , Bian Zuqiang , Chen Fangfang , Lou Bin , Bian Jiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: March 2008

Twelve iridium complexes with general formula of Ir(C^N)2(LX) [C^N represents the cyclometalated ligand, i.e. 2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl) pyridine (dfppy), 2‐phenylpyridine (ppy), dibenzo{f, h}quinoxaline (DBQ); LX stands for β‐diketonate, i.e. acetyl acetonate (acac), 1‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐5,5‐dimethylhexane‐2,4‐diketonate (CBDK), 1‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐5,5,6,6,7,7,7‐heptafluoroheptane‐2,4‐diketonate (CHFDK), 1‐(N‐ethyl‐carbazol‐3‐yl)‐4,4,5,5,6,6,6‐heptafluorohexane‐1,3‐diketonate (ECHFDK)] are synthesized, characterized and their photophysical properties are systemically studied. In addition, crystals of Ir(DBQ)2(CHFDK) and Ir(DBQ)2(acac) are obtained and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The choice of these iridium complexes provides an opportunity for tracing the effect of the triplet energy level of ancillary ligands on the photophysical and electrochemical behaviors. Data show that if the triplet energy level of the β‐diketonate is higher than that of the Ir(C^N)2 fragment and there is no superposition on the state density map, strong 3LC or 3MLCT‐based phosphorescence can be obtained. Alternatively, if the state density map of the two parts are in superposition, the 3LC or 3MLCT‐based transition will be quenched at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations show that these complexes can be divided into two categories. The lowest excited state is mainly determined by C^N but not β‐diketonate when the difference between the triplet energy levels of the two parts is large. However, when this difference is very small, the lowest excited state will be determined by both sides. This provides a satisfactory explanation for the experimental observations.
‘Our way of life is worth defending’: testing a model of attitudes towards superordinate group membership through a study of Scots' attitudes towards Britain
Authors: Sindic Denis , Reicher Stephen D.
Published: March 2008

This research used a survey design (N = 227) to investigate Scottish people's support or opposition to independence from Britain. It was hypothesised that political attitudes towards supra‐national bodies are not a direct function of the degree of ingroup (Scottish) identification, but are moderated by the extent to which the expression of ingroup identity is seen as being undermined within the larger entity. This feeling of identity undermining is assumed to arise from perceptions of incompatibility with the outgroup and ingroup powerlessness within the common group. The results provided support for these hypotheses. Only for those participants who had high feelings of identity undermining did identification lead to stronger separatist attitudes. Moreover, incompatibility with the outgroup and ingroup powerlessness predicted feelings of identity undermining while this latter mediated their impact on attitudes to being part of Britain. These findings underline the importance of taking into account (a) the contents ascribed to identities and their relations, and (b) the practical ability to pursue a way of live based on these contents in order to understand the way identity processes shape attitudes towards superordinate groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of membrane proteins by two‐dimensional electrophoresis using cationic rehydrated strips
Authors: Wenge Birger , Bönisch Heinz , Grabitzki Julia , Lochnit Günter , Schmitz Brigitte , Ahrend Michael H. J.
Published: March 2008

Due to their poor solubility during IEF membrane proteins cannot be separated and analyzed satisfactorily with classical 2‐DE. A more efficient method for such hydrophobic proteins is the benzyldimethyl‐n‐hexadecylammonium chloride (16‐BAC)/SDS‐PAGE, but the corresponding protocol is intricate and time‐consuming. We now developed an easy‐to‐handle electrophoresis method in connection with a novel device which enables reproducible separation of ionic solubilized membrane proteins using individually rehydrated plastic sheet gel strips. These strips are suitable for the first dimension in a 2‐D 16‐BAC/SDS system and can be handled easily; this is demonstrated by the separation of membrane proteins of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells.
Total transfer capability calculation taking into consideration system uncertainties
Authors: Kim Mun Kyeom , Hur Don , Park Jong‐Keun , Yoon Yong Tae
Published: March 2008

In a liberalized power industry, key information used to determine how much can be transferred through the network is known as total transfer capability (TTC). Without considering the uncertain nature of power systems, we would be even skeptical whether TTC is actually meaningful in practice. This paper primarily purports to determine TTC based on the fuzzy set theory for continuation power flow (CPF), thereby capturing uncertainty. Given that uncertainties in the TTC calculation are estimated or measured, major uncertainty parameters affecting the TTC are replaced by fuzzy variables subject to their probability distributions in a fuzzy model. The purpose of this paper is to embark upon main features of the fuzzy continuation power flow (FCPF) algorithm that may effectively deal with uncertainties of load parameters and bus injections as well. For more realistic fuzzy modeling, the correlation algorithm is developed by integrating a correction phase into the FCPF results, aiming at reducing the range of the membership functions if there is accompanying information. Exposure and robustness indices based on risk analysis concepts are defined in this analytical framework. As such, the robust solution will assist in providing additional information on the actual ability of the network to a system operator. In other respects, it poses a significant influence on the potential curtailment of power trades from which the reinforcement strategy can be made by the system operator. The viability of the proposed method would be verified through a stark contrast with those obtained from the conventional CPF and the fuzzy power flow (FPF) in the IEEE‐118 bus system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a fuzzy rule based generalized unified power flow controller
Authors: Singh J. G. , Tripathy P. , Singh S. N. , Srivastava S. C.
Published: March 2008

Rapid development of high power semiconductor devices with fast control features have given birth to several flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers to improve the power system performance. One of the advanced FACTS controllers is generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) or multi‐converter UPFC, which can control bus voltage and both the real and reactive power flows of more than one line or even a sub‐network. In this paper, dynamic performance of a GUPFC has been investigated using a new fuzzy logic based controller. The controller rules have been structured depending upon the relationship between the series inserted voltages in multi‐line and the desired changes of real/reactive power flows in the power system. The effects of different types of controllers along with parameters of series transformers and transmission lines have been investigated through the control block models developed on a sample system in MATLAB SIMULINK. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been demonstrated through various case studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated deterministic and stochastic simulation of electronic circuits: Application to large signal–noise analysis
Authors: Kriplani Nikhil M. , Luniya Sonali R. , Steer Michael B.
Published: March 2008

The ability to model the effect of non‐negligible levels of white noise superimposed on a carrier is investigated when this signal–noise combination is fed to the input of an MMIC power amplifier. Transient simulation using stochastic differential equations is introduced here to handle large levels of noise of arbitrary frequency characteristics. The effectiveness of the modelling is ascertained by looking at measured gain‐compression plots at the output of the amplifier and comparing these with simulated results. It is found that increasing levels of noise introduce increased compression of the output power characteristic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and spatial distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia
Authors: Cheung Wing H. , Senay Gabriel B. , Singh Ashbindu
Published: March 2008

As a country whose economy is heavily dependent on low‐productivity rainfed agriculture, rainfall trends are often cited as one of the more important factors in explaining various socio‐economic problems such as food insecurity. Therefore, in order to help policymakers and developers make more informed decisions, this study investigated the temporal dynamics of rainfall and its spatial distribution within Ethiopia. Changes in rainfall were examined using data from 134 stations in 13 watersheds between 1960 and 2002. The variability and trends in seasonal and annual rainfall were analysed at the watershed scale with data (1) from all available years, and (2) excluding years that lacked observations from at least 25% of the gauges. Similar analyses were also performed at the gauge, regional, and national levels. By regressing annual watershed rainfall on time, results from the one‐sample t‐test show no significant changes in rainfall for any of the watersheds examined. However, in our regressions of seasonal rainfall averages against time, we found a significant decline in June to September rainfall (i.e. Kiremt) for the Baro‐Akobo, Omo‐Ghibe, Rift Valley, and Southern Blue Nile watersheds located in the southwestern and central parts of Ethiopia. While the gauge level analysis showed that certain gauge stations experienced recent changes in rainfall, these trends are not necessarily reflected at the watershed or regional levels. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantifying tibial plafond fracture severity: Absorbed energy and fragment displacement agree with clinical rank ordering
Authors: Anderson Donald D. , Mosqueda Teresa , Thomas Thaddeus , Hermanson Evan L. , Brown Thomas D. , Marsh J. Lawrence
Published: March 2008

The energy of producing a fracture is considered one of the most important factors relating to injury severity, prognosis, and risk of complications, yet there has been no objective way to measure this important variable. The purpose of this study was to compare assessments of fracture severity made using new objective computed tomography (CT)–based methods versus the expert opinion of experienced orthopedic traumatologists. Fracture energy, fragment displacement, and soft tissue swelling were quantified in twenty tibial plafond fractures by analyzing injury CT scans. Three experienced orthopedic traumatologists then independently performed a rank order analysis of fracture severity, using plain radiographs. The concordance among the three clinicians ranged from 87% to 91%. Objective fracture severity measurements made with the CT algorithm agreed well with the clinical assessments (fracture energy concordance from 73% to 76%, fragment displacement from 82% to 89%, and soft tissue swelling from 61% to 65%). These are the first objective, CT‐based measures of fracture severity. With further refinement, this conceptually novel method has the potential to serve as a valuable tool to provide objective measurement of fracture severity, allowing one to control for this previously confounding variable in large multicenter studies. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1046–1052, 2008
Experimental and model determination of human intervertebral disc osmoviscoelasticity
Authors: Schroeder Y. , Elliott D.M. , Wilson W. , Baaijens F.P.T. , Huyghe J.M.
Published: March 2008

Finite element (FE) models have become an important tool to study load distribution in the healthy and degenerated disc. However, model predictions require accurate constitutive laws and material properties. As the mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc are regulated by its biochemical composition and fiber‐reinforced structure, the relationship between the constitutive behavior of the tissue and its composition requires careful consideration. While numerous studies have investigated the annulus fibrosus compressive and tensile properties, specific conditions required to determine model parameters for the osmoviscoelastic model are unavailable. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to complement the existing material testing in the literature with confined compression and tensile tests on human annulus fibrosus and (2) to use these data, together with existing nucleus pulposus compression data to tune a composition‐based, osmoviscoelastic material constitutive law. The osmoviscoelastic material constitutive law and the experimental data were used to describe the fiber and nonfiber properties of the human disc. The compressive material properties of normal disc tissue were Gm = 1.23 MPa, M = 1.57, and α = 1.964 × 10−16 m4/Ns; the tensile fiber material parameters were E0 = 77.0 MPa; Eε = 500 MPa, and η = 1.8 × 103 MPa−s. The goodness of fit ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 for the four experimental conditions evaluated. The constitutive law emphasized the interdependency of the strong swelling ability of the tissue and the viscoelastic nature of the collagen fibers. This is especially important for numerical models to further study the load sharing behavior with regard to disc degeneration and regeneration. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1141–1146, 2008
Synthetic Mimicking of Plant Oils and Comparison with Naturally Grown Products in Polyurethane Synthesis
Authors: Coles Stuart R. , Barker Guy , Clark Andrew J. , Kirwan Kerry , Jacobs Daniel , Makenji Kylash , Pink David
Published: March 2008

The use of plant oils as industrial feedstocks can often be hampered by their lack of optimization towards a particular process, as well as their development being risky; growing suitable volumes of crops to test can take up to five years. To circumvent this, we aimed to discover a method that would mimic plant oil profiles in the laboratory, and show that they exhibited similar properties to the naturally grown plant oils in a given process. Using the synthesis of polyurethanes as an example, we have synthesized six different polymers and demonstrated that plant oils will produce polymers with similar physical properties to those oils mimicked in the laboratory. The use of this mimicking process can be extended to other types of polymers to obtain a method for predicting the properties of a given material based on the plant oil composition of a crop before it is grown in bulk.

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Synthesis, Degradability, and Drug Releasing Properties of Methyl Esters of Fungal Poly(β,L‐malic acid)
Authors: Portilla‐Arias José A. , García‐Alvarez Montserrat , de Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Holler Eggerhard , Galbis Juan A. , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: March 2008

Methyl esters of microbial poly(β,L‐malic acid) for conversion degrees of 25, 50, 75, and 100% were prepared by treatment of the polyacid with diazomethane. Esterification proceeded with retention of the molecular weight of the parent polyacid and the copolymers displayed a blocky microstructure consisting of short segments of malic and methyl malate sequences. The thermal stability of the copolyesters was lower than those of the parent homopolymers and all of them were fairly crystalline with melting temperatures within the range of 170–175 °C. They were degraded rapidly by water, the hydrolysis rate being highly dependent on the methylation degree. Microspheres with mean–average diameters in the range of 1–20 µm were prepared from the 100% methylated product by the emulsion–evaporation solvent method. Encapsulation of erythromycin was efficiently performed in these microparticles and its releasing upon incubation in simulated physiological medium was evaluated for different drug loads. Drug delivery was observed to occur by a releasing mechanism largely determined by the hydrodegradation of the host polymer and independent of the amount of loaded drug.

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Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Cyanurate in Glass‐Fibre‐Reinforced Poly(1,4‐butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Braun Ulrike , Schartel Bernhard
Published: March 2008

The flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and its combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) in glass‐fibre‐reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) were analysed using TGA including evolved gas analysis (TGA‐FTIR), cone calorimeter measurements using various irradiations, flammability tests (limited oxygen index, LOI, UL 94) and chemical analyses of residues (FTIR, SEM/EDX). AlPi decomposed mainly through the formation of diethylphosphinic acid and aluminium phosphate and influenced the decomposition of the PBT only slightly. AlPi acted mainly through flame inhibition. A halogen‐free V‐0 PBT/GF material was achieved with a LOI of 44%. Additional charring influenced the flammability. MC decomposed independently of the polymer and showed some fuel dilution effects.

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A novel cellular automata‐partial differential equation model for understanding chlamydial infection and ascension of the female genital tract
Authors: Mallet Dann , Heymer Kel , Wilson David P.
Published: March 2008

Chlamydia trachomatis is amongst the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world and when left untreated, may lead to serious sequelae particularly in women such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Currently, most mathematical modelling in the literature regarding Chlamydia is based on time dependent differential equations. The serious pathology associated with C. trachomatis occurs when the chlamydial infection ascends to the upper genital tract. But no modelling study has investigated the important spatial aspects of the disease. In this work, we include spatiotemporal considerations of the progression of chlamydial infection in the genital tract. This novel direction is achieved using cellular automata modelling with probabilistic decision processes. In this presentation, the modelling strategy will be described, as well as its relationship with existing models and the advances in understanding that are achieved with such a model. Such an approach provides valuable insights into disease progression and will lead to experimentally testable predictions and a basis for further investigation in this area. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A time evolution model for total‐variation based blind deconvolution
Authors: Marquina Antonio
Published: March 2008

We propose a time evolution model for total‐variation based blind deconvolution consisting of two evolution equations evolving the signal by means of a nonlinear scale space method and the kernel by using a diffusion equation starting from the zero signal and a delta function respectively. A preliminary numerical test consisting of blind deconvolution of a noiseless blurred image is presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compressive Sampling via Random Convolution
Authors: Romberg Justin
Published: March 2008

Several recent results in compressive sampling show that a sparse signal (i.e. a signal which can be compressed in a known orthobasis) can be efficiently acquired by taking linear measurements against random test functions. In this paper, we show that these results can be extended to measurements taken by convolving with a random pulse and then subsampling. The measurement scheme is universal in that it complements (with high probability) any fixed orthobasis we use to represent the signal. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of human body stability under the vertical vibration action into an autovehicle using Laplace transforms
Authors: Arghir Mariana , Rodean Simona
Published: March 2008

The paper presents a study for imagining of generalized mechanical model for the human body/seat assembly. The model will be used for the dynamics analyze of the human body constituent parts, under the vertical vibrations influence, transmitted by the vehicle seat during its displacement. Measures of the dynamic responses of the body are represented by the transfer functions. The human body stability is given by the found poles. The human body motion laws with four independent coordinates have been as graphical representations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability of flow past cylinder cascade
Authors: Boppana V. B. L. , Gajjar J. S. B.
Published: March 2008

The global stability analysis of the two–dimensional incompressible unsteady flow past a circular clinder cascade is studied using linear stability analysis. A new numerical technique is used to find the value of critical Reynolds number that causes the flow to undergo Hopf bifurcation. An attempt has also been made to study the blockage effect on critical Reynolds number and associated Strouhal number. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Regular reflection in potential flow and the sonic criterion
Authors: Elling Volker
Published: March 2008

We study the classical problem of self‐similar reflection of shocks at a ramp, modeled by potential flow with γ‐law pressure. Depending on corner angle θ and upstream Mach number MI , either regular (RR) or Mach reflections occur. There are several conflicting transition criteria predicting the corner angle at which the type of reflection changes. We show that in some cases, in particular MI = 1 and γ = 5/3, an exact RR solution exists for all θ specified by the sonic criterion. Thus all weaker criteria are false. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements and infinite‐dimensional statistical inverse theory
Authors: Lasanen S.
Published: March 2008

The most important ingredient of the statistical inverse theory is the indirect and noisy measurement of the unknown. Without the measurement, the formula for the posterior distribution becomes useless. However, inserting the measurement into the posterior distribution is not always simple.

In the general setting, the posterior distribution is defined as a regular conditional probability. Hence it is known up to almost all measurements, which is inconvenient when we are given a single measurement. This shortage is covered in the finite‐dimensional statistical inverse theory by fixing versions of probability density functions. A usual choice is to consider continuous probability density functions. Unfortunately, infinite‐dimensional probability measures lack density functions which prohibits us from using the same method in the general setting. In this work, other possibilities for fixing the posterior distributions are discussed in the Gaussian framework. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Thermoschock beim Hybridumformprozess
Authors: Schneidt Andreas , Mahnken Rolf
Published: March 2008

Bei dem Hybridumformprozess zur Einstellung gradierter Strukturen unterliegt das Umformwerkzeug aufgrund der inhomogenen, zyklischen thermo‐mechanischen Belastungen einem erhöhten Versagensrisiko. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Untersuchung besteht in der Validierung der Finite‐Elemente Berechnungen für eine bauteilähnliche Materialprobe unter komplexen thermischen und mechanischen Belastungen, um das Versagen vorhersagen zu können. Zu diesen Zweck werden Thermoschockversuche für bauteilähnliche bzw. werkzeugähnliche Materialproben des Umformwerkzeugs durchgeführt. Um eine ausreichende Datenmenge zu erhalten, werden optische Messverfahren eingesetzt, deren Ergebnisse im Vergleich zur Simulation Anwendung finden. Das Weiteren erfolgt eine experimentelle Schädigungsanalyse der Thermoschockversuche, um Lebensdauerdaten zum Einfluss der thermomechanischen Belastung der Hybridumformung auf das Werkzeug zu gewinnen. Dazu erfolgen Untersuchungen mit dem Wirbelstromverfahren auf der durch Thermoschock belasteten Probenoberfläche. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accelerated and outdoor aging effects on photovoltaic module interfacial adhesion properties
Authors: Jorgensen G. J. , McMahon T. J.
Published: March 2008

We have developed an apparatus that allows the measurement of applied torque as a function of angle of twist during shear removal of cored specimens. This allows us to characterize the strength and durability of various interfaces within many types of photovoltaic (PV) modules. We have used this device to evaluate several parameters in terms of their ability to quantify degradation of interfacial adhesion in weathered PV modules. The usefulness of shear modulus in this regard is marginal. However, peak torque, angle at peak torque, and toughness are very sensitive parameters. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative proteomic analysis of low stage and high stage endometrioid ovarian adenocarcinomas
Authors: Kim Hyeyeung , Wu Rong , Cho Kathleen R. , Thomas Dafydd G. , Gossner Gabrielle , Liu J. Rebecca , Giordano Thomas J. , Shedden Kerby A. , Misek David E. , Lubman David M.
Published: March 2008

Ovarian cancer, the second most common gynecological malignancy, accounts for 3% of all cancers among women in the United States, and has a high mortality rate, largely because existing therapies for widespread disease are rarely curative. Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma (OEA) accounts for about 20% of the overall incidence of all ovarian cancer. We have used proteomics profiling to characterize low stage (FIGO stage 1 or 2) versus high stage (FIGO stage 3 or 4) human OEAs. In general, the low stage tumors lacked p53 mutations and had frequent CTNNB1, PTEN, and/or PIK3CA mutations. The high stage tumors had mutant p53, were usually high grade, and lacked mutations predicted to deregulate Wnt/β‐catenin and PI3K/Pten/Akt signaling. We utilized 2‐D liquid‐based separation/mass mapping techniques to elucidate molecular weight and pI measurements of the differentially expressed intact proteins. We generated 2‐D protein mass maps to facilitate the analysis of protein expression between both the low stage and high stage tumors. These mass maps (over a pI range of 5.6–4.6) revealed that the low stage OEAs demonstrated protein over‐expression at the lower pI ranges (pI 4.8–4.6) in comparison to the high stage tumors, which demonstrated protein over‐expression in the higher pI ranges (pI 5.4–5.2). These data suggest that both low and high stage OEAs have characteristic pI signatures of abundant protein expression probably reflecting, at least in part, the different signaling pathway defects that characterize each group. In this study, the low stage OEAs were distinguishable from high stage tumors based upon the proteomic profiles. Interestingly, when only high‐grade (grade 2 or 3) OEAs were included in the analysis, the tumors still tended to cluster according to stage, suggesting that the altered protein expression was not solely dependent upon tumor cell differentiation. Further, these protein profiles clearly distinguish OEA from other types of ovarian cancer at the protein level.