bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Effectiveness and Safety of Intrathecal Dexmeditomidine and Fentanyl as an Adjuvant to Isobaric Ropivacaine.0.75 % In Lower Abdominal Surgeries: A Study Protocol
Authors: Movva Haneesha , Taksande Karuna
Published: February 2022

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is a form of local anaesthesia, wherein conduction block of nerve roots is done with the aid of injecting a small dose of local anaesthesia into the subarachnoid space via a lumbar puncture in left lateral position in midline at L3 L4 interface. Drug is given after confirming free flow of CSF. Local anaesthetics work for a short duration and adjuvants are used for prolongation of postoperative analgesia. Ropivacaine, a brand new amide local anaesthetic, accepted via FDA IN 1997 and using it extensively in India since 2009. Ropivacaine due to its excessive Pka and decreased lipid solubility has received popularity. This study has been planned to compare the effects of injection Dexmedetomidine & injection Fentanyl as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal isobaric Ropivacaine 0.75% for lower abdominal surgeries.

Materials and Methods: This will be a Comparative Experimental Prospective Study conducted at Anesthesiology department of AVBRH, Wardha. 80 patients will be randomized into two groups. One group will receive 3 ml of 0.75 percent isobaric ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine 10 mcg (Group RD). Another group will receive 20 mcg of fentanyl (Group RF) intrathecally for lower abdominal surgeries. Data on block characteristics, hemodynamic changes, and side effects will be collected and compared for the two groups.

Expected Results: Clinically significant results are expected in terms of mean time needed and Mean of total sensory block length in Group RD compared to Group RF.

Conclusion: Addition of 10μg dose of dexmedetomidine to 3ml of 0.75 percent isobaric ropivacaine produces earlier sensory blockade, prolonged sensory and motor blockade and improved sedation and post-operative analgesia.
Quantitative Analysis of Gross Morphology of Placenta in Normal and Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Yadgire Geetanjali U. , Rawlani Shobha S. , Sawal Anupama
Published: February 2022

Background: Placenta is an important organ and the growth and development of fetus is dependent on it. The different pregnancy complications as antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage, coagulopathy etc. in mothers and IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation), prematurity etc. in foetus are reflected in the placenta & are associated with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) . They form the major causes of maternal and fetal mortality & morbidity.

Objectives: Quantitative analysis of the changes in gross morphology of placenta in normal and hypertensive pregnancies.

To study the resultant effect on the foetal outcome.

Material & Methods: We had taken 100 placentas of normal & hypertensive group patients each for study .We collected them from the labour room & operation theatre of Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of our medical college. Gross morphological features of placentas like size, weight, no. of cotyledons , areas of infarction, retroplacental clot, calcification and insertion of umbilical cord etc. were noted and simultaneously the histological study was also done.

Observations & Results: The gross morphological parameters like diameter, size, surface area, number of cotyledons and weight were reduced in hypertensive placentas than normal placentas while areas of infarction, retroplacental clot, calcification were more in hypertensive placentas than normal placentas. (p<0.005) The observed differences were statistically significant.
Comparative Analysis of Bone Regenerative Potential of Simvastatin Vs Platelet Rich Plasma in Mandibular Third Molar Extraction Socket: A Study Protocol
Authors: Malu Suraj S. , Hingnikar Pawan
Published: February 2022

Background: Third Molar Extraction is a treatment used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons in which distal bone loss to the second molar is a major concern due to consequences such as pain, mastication difficulty, and pocket development. Platelet -Rich Plasma (PRP), a novel adjunct to promote bone regeneration. The method of its preparation is cumbersome and need a costly centrifuge machine. Hence many studies have been conducted to find an effective alternative to Autologous PRP. Statins have also proved effective in inducing bone regeneration of which Simvastatin has been more effective.It can also be used in immediate implant cases where faster and better bone healing is necessary for osseointegration.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of simvastatin and PRP in regenerating bone in third molar extraction sockets.

Materials and Methods: All together 15 patients will be selected with identical bilateral third molar impaction. All the patients will be divided into two groups of simvastatin and PRP.

Expected Results: If the results prove significant, Simvastatin can be used as an osteoinductive agent for bone healing.

Conclusion: If the outcomes favor the bone regeneration potential of Simvastatin to be equivalent or superior than PRP, then Simvastatin can be used for osteoinduction in Third Molar Extraction socket or other small bony defects.
Incidence of Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery in General Population
Authors: Raj S. Vishnu , Raja Sam , Mendu Yatin , Yarlagadda Sneha , Rajan Seena Cheppala
Published: February 2022

Objective: The existence of an anomalous right subclavian artery is the most significant aortic arch defect. Dysphagia, wheezing, stridor, and other symptoms may occur if this vessel pressures the neighbouring structures. The goal of this study is to find out how common ARSA is based on CT scans of the thorax and neck (plain and contrast).

Method: Between January 1st and December 31st, 2020, 1122 patients had CT Thorax/neck scans, and the data were evaluated. The origin of the ARSA, the vessel's path, and the Kommerell diverticulum were all assessed. We looked at the literature to see how important ARSA is in clinical practise.

Results: ARSA was found in eight of 1122 patients. All of the ARSAs in these eight individuals began at the posterior part of the aortic arch and travelled via the retroesophageal path to the thoracic outlet. All eight ARSA were found in the front part of the thoracic vertebral bodies, from the first to the fourth.

Conclusion: Other clinical symptoms such as dysphagia, dyspnea, retrosternal discomfort, cough, and weight loss must be differentiated from compression of surrounding tissues by an abnormal right subclavian artery.
A Study of Histopathological Spectrum of Lesions in Cervix Biopsies in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kerthi K. S. , Chander Vimal
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Uterine cervix is prone to numerous infections, inflammations and malignancy. cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women which may be detected early with the aid of doing screening examination.

Aim: This study was done to examine and analyze the histopathological lesions of cervix and to evaluate the frequency of these lesions, to understand the spectrum of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic cervical lesions and to study the incidence and frequency of various cervical lesions in different age groups so as to target them for various diagnoses, early detection and raising awareness.

Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted for a duration of 15 months from January 2019 to March 2020 retrospectively. Different types of pathological lesions in cervix were analyzed in the department of Pathology at Saveetha medical college.

Methodology: This study consists of a total of 534 cases, Patients’ available clinical profile and the histopathologic diagnosis were noted from the registers and all cases of cervical biopsies over the above time period were included for this study. The diagnoses were then classified into non-neoplastic, pre-invasive and invasive lesions and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistical package version 23 and JASP statistical package version 0.13.1.

Results: In this study, 534 cases are studied. The most common age group associated with the occurrence of cervical lesions were 41-50 years, among them the most common non-neoplastic lesion was chronic cervicitis and the most common malignant lesion observed was squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion: In this study, non-neoplastic lesions were more common as compared to neoplastic lesions, adding to that chronic cervicitis being the most common. Histopathological examination and tissue biopsy help in the early detection and diagnosis of malignant and premalignant conditions. These prognostic measures could help the patients to have better treatment options and can at times reduce the fatality rate.
A Prospective Study on the Functional and Radiological Outcomes of AO Type C Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults Treated Surgically with Bicolumnar Fixation
Authors: Yadav Rohit Sunil , Srinivasan . , Vasanthkumar C.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To study the functional and radiological outcomes of AO type C distal humerus fractures (DHFs) in adults treated surgically with bicolumnar fixation.

Methods: A prospective study of 30 adult patients with AO/OTA type C fractures of the distal humerus treated operatively with bicolumnar fixation between September 2018 to December 2020 at Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Chennai was performed. Closed distal humerus fractures with intra-articular extension were fixed with bicolumnar plating, with orthogonal or parallel configuration of plate fixation decided intra-operatively. This was achieved in all patients after performing an olecranon osteotomy for better exposure of the fracture site, which was later fixed with either CC screws or K-wires with tension band wiring. The functional and radiological outcomes in this study group were assessed on regular post-operative follow-up. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was used to evaluate the functional outcomes in our patients.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 44 years, with 18 (60%) males and 12 (40%) females in the study. The right-sided elbow was more frequently involved (57%) in our study. The most common mode of injury was Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA) (14 cases; 47%), while domestic fall contributed to 10 (33%) cases. Fall from height and direct trauma to the elbow made up the rest of the cases, with a 10% incidence each. A majority of cases (22 cases; 73%) showed radiological union between 12-16 weeks post-operatively, whereas 8 cases (27%) united between 17-21 weeks. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) used to assess the functional outcome showed excellent results in 25 (83%) cases, good and fair results in 2 (7%) cases each, and a poor outcome in 1 (3%) case.

Conclusion: For satisfactory results in intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus treated with bicolumnar plating, thorough pre-operative planning, posterior surgical approach with adequate exposure via olecranon osteotomy, anatomical inter-fragmentary stabilization by dual plating, and early post-operative mobilization with physiotherapy are important steps to be followed.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Pre-Analytic Errors of Blood Transfusion among Interns
Authors: Monisha K. , Hariharan A. , Kumar Suresh , Chitra S.
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice about pre-analytic errors among interns. This elicits the efficiency of interns on the basis of knowledge, attitude and practice in blood transfusion and to analyse about the pre-analytic errors in blood transfusion.

Study Design: A cross sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Transfusion Medicine, Saveetha Medical College Sriperumbudur, between January 2020 to August 2020.

Methodology: The prospective study will be done by distributing online questionnaire. From the questionnaire the interpretation of pre-analytical errors will be analysed statistically.

Results: A total of 150 interns in a Tertiary care teaching hospital were given the online questionnaire in which 136 interns responded and 14 were not responded and the results showed lower frequency of incidents in pre-analytic errors.

Conclusion: Though the pre analytic errors were less, the lack of knowledge among the medical staff in transfusion is obvious. Therefore, we must have the possibility of organizing regular training and follow-up activities to improve the knowledge of interns in transfusion.
Osteometric Measures of Mandible on Its Various Aspects in South Indian Dry Skull
Authors: Ranjeet Srivarsha , Premavathy Dinesh
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Mandible is the single bone articulated with cranium forming a temporomandibular joint and it contributes to the lower jaw containing teeth. The mandible is composed of the body and the ramus.

Aim: Aim of this study is to find the distance between each parameter in different mandibles.

Materials and Methods: The present study has utilized 30 south indian dry skulls from the Anatomy Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental college. The following parameters are taken to measure by using vernier calipers. They are the maximum distance between the mandibular incisors, mandibular inter canine, mandibular 1st premolar, mandibular molar, mandibular coronoid process, mandibular condylar process, mandibular notch on either side. The results were analysed statistically by using t-test calculator in Graph pad.

Results: From the study it was observed that the mean distance between the mandibular incisors is 15.658 ± 1.642416 , mandibular inter canine 29.0025 ± 9.04636, mandibular 1st premolar 40.746 ± 2.543341, mandibular molar 62.076 ± 3.4988, mandibular coronoid process 85.8735 ± 5.10615, mandibular condylar process 103.013 ± 3.794, mandibular notch on either side 88.368  ± 3.5832 (Table 1 & Figs. 1-6).

Conclusion: The present study thus concluded that the morphometric analysis of the mandible is of utmost importance in determining the gender, anatomical studies, clinical and anthropometric studies.
Assessment of Anatomical and Histological Changes in Splenomegaly Due to Liver Cirrhosis by Use of Sharpunkha: An Experimental Study
Authors: Gurmule Rajni K. , Desai Priti
Published: February 2022

Splenomegaly is the disease commonly affecting normal anatomy and histology of spleen. It remains undetectable and worsens as the time passes and person suffers from stressful life. It leads as a consequence of many diseases. One of them important disease is Liver cirrhosis. In Ayurveda also relation of liver and spleen is depicted emphatically. Yakrita and Pleeha are described as Moolsthana of Raktvaha Strotasa and site of Raktadhara Kala and which are the important aspects of Ayurvedic Rachana Sharir. The facts regarding liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly are very much serious which has provoked us to think about to detail study of splenomegaly due to liver cirrhosis. There is no absolute treatment of splenomegaly till date. In Bhavprakasha, there is reference regarding Sharpunkha (Tephrosia Purpurea)that it is “Pleehashatru” showing that it might acts on the spleen and cures splenic disorders. But there is evidence base gap regarding efficacy of Sharpunkha on Splenomegaly. Kshara or Churna of Sharpunkha Panchanga are described as its useful preparations. There is no work done till date showing action of Sharpunkha Panchanga Kshara or Churna on Splenomegaly and there is deficit of study showing alteration in anatomy and histology of spleen affecting due to splenomegaly by using Sharpunkha. So it is needed to study effect of both Kshara and Churna separately and compare them so that we can use Panchanga Kshara or Panchanga Churna with more specificity. It can be a new modality in the field of Ayurvedic science to study effect of Sharpunkha Panchanga Kshara and Panchanga Churna on Splenomegaly showing changes in anatomy and histology of spleen affecting due to splenomegaly. Also with the help of that “Pleehghan Prabahva” and classical assert as “Pleehashatru” of Sharpunkha can be proven.
Correlation of IDH1-(R132H) and ATRX Expression with the Histopathological Grades of Glial Tumours: A Study Protocol
Authors: Jha Pooja , Shukla Samarth , Vagha Sunita , Kadu Ravindra P.
Published: February 2022

Background: Brain tumors contribute significantly to morbidity as they can lead to neurological deficits, mental alterations and have a poor survival rate. The utmost frequent varieties of primary brain tumors are gliomas. Modern data on permeated gliomas showcased persistent modification within the involved genes in the chromatin remodeling routes such as α-thalassemia/mental-retardation syndrome-X-linked gene (ATRX) and IDH1. Till date, the authenticity of ATRX in predicting isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) mutations in gliomas, is unclear. This study attempts to assess the correlation between IDH1 mutation and ATRX expression and histopathological grading in glial tumors.

Methods: This will be a retrospective analytical study conducted in Pathology Department, of JNMC, Wardha in coordination with the Department of Neurosurgery, AVBRH. This study will include histochemical analysis of 45-50 resected specimens of confirmed cases of Glial tumours. The correlation between IDH1 mutation and ATRX expression with the histopathological grades in glial tumors will be analysed in comparison with the present-day molecular advances.

Results: Significant correlation between IDH1 mutation and ATRX expression with the histopathological grades is expected.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn on careful analysis of data.
In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis of the Potential role of Reticuline and Coclaurine as Anti-colorectal Cancer Alkaloids
Authors: Al-Zahrani Maryam H. , Alghamdi Rana A.
Published: February 2022

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious global epidemic, being the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, finding novel treatment alternatives for CRC is thus of the greatest importance. The atomic level interaction between a tiny molecule and a protein can be represented using molecular docking. Molecular docking is critical for visualizing ligand-protein interactions at the atomic level highlighting our knowledge of ligands behavior, which aids in the development of structure-based drugs.

Methods: We used molecular docking to investigate the anticancer activity for two main ligands (reticuline and coclaurine) and four potential anticancer receptors (TNIK, VEGFR, EGFR and AKT2). Protein Data Bank provided the 3D structures of the receptor proteins, iGEMDOCK and AutoDock vina program were used for molecular docking.

Results: Reticuline had the best docked postures and the highest interactive energy with CRC receptors: TNIK, VEGFR, EGFR and AKT2 with the following binding energy; -96.7, -117.8, -120.2, and -108.3 kcal/mol accordingly.

Conclusion: According to this study, the investigated ligands were successfully docked onto reticuline and coclaurine ligands for drug interaction studies, the calculated binding energy demonstrate their importance as an anti-carcinogenic target. The current findings lay the groundwork for further research into reticuline and coclaurine as a potential CRC therapeutic option.
Modeling the Factors Associated with BMI among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Hybrid Model Approach
Authors: Ghazali Farah Muna Mohamad , Ahmad Wan Muhamad Amir W. , Adnan Mohamad Nasarudin , Samsudin Norsamsu Arni , Aleng Nor Azlida , Noor Nor Farid Mohd , Ibrahim Mohamad Shafiq Mohd , Shamsudin Nurul Hidayah Binti , Selvaraj Siddharthan
Published: February 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that results in abnormally high blood sugar levels. It can result in a range of complications.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to present an ideal variable selection strategy utilizing proven Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models and to validate the variable using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) models. This will validate a factor linked with body mass index (BMI) status in individuals with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients were selected from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Many variables, including BMI, gender, age, race, coronary heart disease status, waist circumference, alanine transferase, triglycerides, and dyslipidemia, were assessed in this retrospective analysis using advanced computational statistical modelling approaches. This study uses R-Studio software and syntax. Each sample's statistics were generated using a hybrid model combining bootstrap and multiple linear regression.

Results: R's statistical approach demonstrates that regression modelling is superior to R-squared performance. The hybrid model may better predict the outcome by separating the datasets into a training and testing set. The well-known bootstrap-integrated MLR technique was used to determine the validity of the variables. The eight variables examined in this case are gender ( : -2.329; p < 0.25), age ( : -0.151; p < 0.25), race ( : 2.504; p < 0.25), coronary heart disease status ( : -0.481; p < 0.25), waist circumference ( : 0.572; p < 0.25), alanine transferase ( : 0.002; p < 0.25), triglycerides ( : 0.046; p < 0.25), and dyslipidemia ( : 30.769; p < 0.25). There is a linear model that has a 9.019188 MSE.lm in this case.

Conclusion: This study will develop and extensively evaluate a novel hybrid approach combining bootstrapping and multiple linear regression. The R syntax for this procedure was chosen to ensure that the researcher comprehends the example completely. The statistical methods used to conduct this research study using R show that regression modelling is better than R-squared values for the predicted mean squared error. Thus, the study's conclusion shows that the hybrid model technique is superior. This vital conclusion helps us better understand the hybrid method's relative contribution to the result in this case.
Effectiveness of Self-instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Healthy Sleep Hygiene Habits on Quality of Sleep, among Arthritis Patients
Authors: Sakharkar Sheetal , Sharma Ranjana , Ankar Ruchira , Tembhare Vaishali , Raut Arati , Meshram Khushabu , Mude Dinesh V.
Published: February 2022

Aim of the Study: To assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on healthy sleep hygiene habits on quality of sleep, among arthritis patients.

Study Design: The design that will be used in the study is One Group Pre Test Post Test research design. 

Methodology: A study used a pre-test post-test design with no control group and a pre-experimental design. The study will be conducted during December 2021 to May 2021.The impact of self-instructional module on healthy sleep hygiene habits on quality of sleep, among arthritis patients will be assessed using the purposive sampling technique. In this study Evaluatory research approach will be used. Selected 140 arthritis patients will be assessed primarily for knowledge by giving structured questionnaires regarding healthy sleep hygiene habits and then self-instructional module on healthy sleep hygiene habits on quality of sleep, will be given to the selected sample developed by researcher as intervention.

Expected Results: To assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on healthy sleep hygiene habits on quality of sleep, among arthritis patients. In this study self-instructional module on healthy sleep hygiene habits on quality of sleep will be useful in improving the arthritis patient’s knowledge.

Conclusion: The conclusion will be drawn from the results and will be published in per review journal.
Effect of Brunnstrom Movement Therapy Combined with Neurodevelopmental Therapy on Balance and Mobility in a Patient with Acute Stroke: An Interesting Case Report
Authors: Puri Saurabh , Kovela Rakesh Krishna , Qureshi Mohammed Irshad , Dadgal Ragini , Timothy Rebecca , Samal Snehal
Published: February 2022

Stroke is the world's second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. Ischemic strokes account for 68 percent of all strokes worldwide, while hemorrhagic strokes account for 32 percent. A stroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Early intervention can help to prevent brain damage and other problems. The present case report is of a 24 year male suffered with stroke on 24th July 2021. He was private employee in a hospital. He was presented with weakness of left side of the body. He was treated by using brunnstrom movement therapy and Neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT). He was treated for a period of 4 weeks. First two weeks as inpatient and last two weeks as outpatient. He was treated one hour per day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Modified Ashworth scale (MAS), brunnstrom recovery stages of upper limb, lower limb and trunk were taken pre and post treatment. There was tremendous improvement in both upper and lower limbs. Patient is able to walk and perform all the activities. Thus in conclusion, brunnstrom movement therapy in combination with NDT is an effective treatment strategy for early recovery of stroke patient.
Obesity-pregnancy and Associated Risk Factors- A Cross Sectional Study in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Ambreen , Dars Saira , Sarah Bibi , Shaikh Hazoora , Joyo Yasmeen , Praveen Saira , Ahmer Arslan
Published: February 2022

Background: The incidence of obesity between pregnant females in Pakistan is increasing, and has been a greater burden on the obstetric care, the objective of this study is to analyze the effect of obesity on pregnancy and newborn fetus.

Methodology: This is the cross-sectional comparative study, of 200 pregnant females, bearing single fetus, Females were characterized into three groups depending on their body mass index (BMI): class 1 (BMI 30–34 kg/m2); Class II (BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2) and; Class III (BMI ˃40 kg/m2). Maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed using Chi-square and student’s t- test.

Results: Total study population was 200 out of which 65% females were in class I obese (BMI 30–34), while 24.5% in class II obese (BMI 35–39.9kg/m2), while 5% of them in obesity class III, , The obesity shows significant association with pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and Urinary tract infections, in all three groups p = 0.0001, The relationship for perineal tears was found non-significant, p .0.51, among all three obese classes, Obesity and episiotomy has   significant relation  P. 0.002. The method of delivery has strongly significant correlation with obesity, the p value is 0.005.

Conclusion: Pregnant females who are obese have an enhanced hazard of poor gestation results. Specifically, obese pregnant females are having more chances to develop diabetes during pregnancy, hypertension induced by pregnancy, and urinary tract infections. Appropriate strategic plans should be made to decrease the occurrence of obesity in pregnant women for better pregnancy outcome.
Review on Digital Orthodontics
Authors: Shelke Dhanashri Dhananjay , Jadhav Vikrant Vishwas , Jaiswal Ayushi , Gandhi Vaishnavi
Published: February 2022

Digital technology had a significant impact on our life since the introduction and sophistication of modern days. Medical diagnosis, teaching tools, treatment modalities and surgical techniques were   improved significantly with the help of digital technology in the last two decades. Our review study is based on the orthodontic treatment, which is useful to study precisely the study to achieve proper analysis, and perfect diagnosis. It is now commonplace to perform virtual treatment planning as well as translates the plans into treatment execution with digitally   driven appliance manufacture and   its placement using various CAD/CAM techniques from printed models, indirect bonding trays and custom-made brackets. furthermore, it became more possible to remote monitor treatment and control it.

The field of orthodontics in its new era is venturing ahead to more up-to-date technological point of view. Digital technology has a significant effect on our lives ever since the modernization of mobile phones. The advances in technology have remodelled the diagnosis and treatment plan in the field of medicine. Digital workflows are currently increasing in the orthodontic practice and has touched every aspect of orthodontics - with transformations in the documentation, study casts, analysis of a dental malocclusion, smile designing, treatment planning and for fabrication of orthodontic appliances.

Three-dimensional imaging of the dentition, skeletal components and the face allows for treatment planning in three dimension and use of computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) for customization of orthodontic appliances. Software integration of digital models, 3D facial imaging, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) make it possible to simulate the treatment plan and to attain good communication with the patients. Recent advancement in digital videography has allowed the clinicians to capture patient's speech, oral and pharyngeal function, and smile at the same time [1].

Effective and optimal tooth movement required for the patient can also be monitored with the digitalization. Moreover, this digital platform has created the advantage of accessing the patient's information from any location with the help of cloud-based computing storage systems. These advancements have improved the efficiency, accuracy, consistency, and predictability of the treatment outcomes and have also led to progress in educational component and communication. The digitalization is bringing about a revolutionary change in the field of diagnosis and treatment planning, posing a challenge to clinical efficiency and knowledge.
A Study to Determine an Association between ABO Blood Groups and Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Mulkalwar Sarita , Elavia Zenia Aadil , Chaklader Biswajit , Patil Tushar , Patel Abhi , Jadhav Sudhir Laxman , Tilak A. V.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The Coronavirus pandemic has led millions to succumb to the disease across the world, and overwhelmed the health care system. In this study we aimed at identifying whether the risk of Covid-19 infection is associated with ABO blood groups.

Methods: We obtained data of 7056 Covid-19 confirmed cases from Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Pune.

Results: The results showed that a significantly higher proportion of individuals with blood group A and AB tested positive for Covid-19, while a significantly lower proportion of individuals with O blood group tested positive for the same disease.

Conclusion: Routine ABO testing of Covid-19 patients could guide in decision-making and management of Covid-19.
Review on Different Methods of Serum Bilirubin Estimation
Authors: Spandana M. , Vagha Jayant
Published: February 2022

It is quite essential to estimate serum bilirubin in neonates with jaundice. The early prediction of jaundice is usually by observing the yellowish colour of the skin. Various methods of estimation of bilirubin have been developed and used for assessing the risk of jaundice.

Jaundice is the common neonatal problem, that with the timely diagnosis, effective treatment and proper counselling to the mother can decrease the neonatal morbidity. Proper neonatal examination, breastfeeding advice to the mother, identifying the high risk groups, proper history elicitation, quick diagnosis and early intervention can reduce the incidence of jaundice and also prevent long term complications. The main goal is to prevent the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia and for prevention of kernicterus. Hence there is a need for a sensitive, rapid and a reliable method for the assessment of serum bilirubin. These methods include both invasive and non-invasive analysis. Invasive methods involve estimation of serum bilirubin by obtaining a plasma or serum sample and non-invasive include the assessment of bilirubin using various instruments without the requirement of blood sample from the neonate.

As the invasive method of bilirubin estimation needs more time for analysis to yield a result, many non invasive methods are being studied to find an effective tool which can give fast and accurate results ,thus making it an effective screening tool. This review article throws light on the different methods of estimating bilirubin levels in a neonate.
The Application of Hydroxyapatite in Socket Preservation: A Review of the Past and Current Advancement
Authors: Razali Nurul Saadah , Younis Luay Thanoon , Hassan Mohamed Ibrahim Abu
Published: February 2022

Alveolar ridge dimensional loss is a physiologic consequence of tooth extraction. Often, this event causes compromised feasibility of implant placement, prosthetic rehabilitation and esthetic outcome. As an attempt to minimize the shrinkage of the alveolar bone, socket preservation was introduced to intervene with the natural process by providing a scaffold with antibacterial and regenerative properties that aid in the healing process. For past decades, hydroxyapatites (HA) are one of the biomaterials used in socket preservation procedure and was thought to be biocompatible, long-term resorbable or non-resorbable and osteoconductive. Several improvements have been made to enhance the properties of hydroxyapatites that acted in providing a framework during the healing process to provide better outcomes. Here, we summarize the past and current advancements in the use of hydroxyapatite in socket preservation and its future direction.
A Comparison of Haematological Parameters of Obese Individual and Non-Obese at Omisanjana Area of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Rashid Huba K. , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Omotunde Precious , Gandu Zinai
Published: February 2022

Background: The global prevalence of obesity has been on the increase over the years constituting a major public health crisis.

Aim: The study was done to evaluate the haematological parameters of obese and non obese individuals at Omisanjana area of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State. Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: The study is a hospital based cross-sectional study among obese individual and non-obese individuals. This study was carried out at Omisanjana area of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State. Fifty (50) obese individuals and fifty (50) apparently non-obese individuals were recruited as controls and enrolled in this study.

Results: The results showed significant difference of MXD (p=0.017), haemoglobin (p=0.000), MCV (p=0.006), MCH (p=0.006), MCHC (p=0.008) and no significant difference in PCV (p=0.064), WBC (p=0.896), LYM (p=0.069), GRAN (p=0.488), RBC (p=0.820), HCT (p=0.061), PLT (p=0.819),

when compared between obese individuals and non-obese individuals respectively.

Conclusion: Subjects with obesity had lower mean haematological parameters such as haemoglobin mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, neutrophils values compared to non-obese subjects. While a great majority of the parameters were of normal range for the subjects some were decreased e.g. total WBC count, Platelet and PCV.
Impact of Glyphosate on the Changes in the mRNA Expression of Neurotransmitters in Experimental Rats
Authors: Anees Fharreeha Fathima , Priya V. Vishnu , Selvaraj J. , Gayathri R. , Kavitha S.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Glyphosate, an N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine is the active ingredient in the pervasive herbicide, Monsanto Roundup. It is widely used herbicide worldwide to eliminate unwanted plants both on agricultural and non agricultural landscapes. Glyphosate is used in different formulations and applied in diverse forms including isopropylamine salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt, diammonium salt and dimethyl ammonium salt. Glyphosate can display endocrine –disrupting activity, promote carcinogenicity in mouse skin and affect human erythrocyte. In humans the effects of glyphosate on metabolic health research has not been done to a larger extent.

Aim: To analyse the impact of glyphosate on the changes in the mRNA expression of neurotransmitters in experimental rats.

Materials and Methods: Male albino rats were classified into three groups. Group I:  Normal rats; Group II: glyphosate induced rats with 50 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks; Group III:. The glyphosate induced rats with 100 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks;Group IV:. The glyphosate induced rats with 250 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of glyphosate exposure , the control and induced animals were anesthetized and brain tissue were dissected to analyse the gene expression of  serotonin and GABA alpha .The data were statistically analysed and tabulated.

Results: mRNA expressions of  neurotransmitters such as serotonin receptor and gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha (GABA a)  were significantly (p<0.05) down regulated in glyphosate-exposed rats in a dose-dependent manner (50, 100 and 250 mg/kg b.wt) suggesting that glyphosate exposure causes detrimental changes in the brain tissues in rats.

Conclusion: Our present study for the first time proves that glyphosate  leads to diabetic neuropathy modulating expression of the neurotransmitters such as serotonin and GABA apha.
Comparison of the Effect of Olanzapine, Haloperidol and Quetiapine on the Resolution of Individual Delirium Symptoms in ICU Patients: A Double-blind, Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Eslami Mohammad , Jamalian Seyed Mohammad , Nikoohemmat Mahdi , Kamali Alireza , Mahmoodiyeh Behnam
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Considering that haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic drug known as the primary treatment for delirium, it causes extrapyramidal side effects, and olanzapine and quetiapine are second-generation antipsychotic drugs without extrapyramidal side effects. In this study, we compared the effects of olanzapine and quetiapine with haloperidol on the resolution of individual delirium symptoms.

Materials and Methods: In a double-blind clinical trial study, 90 patients admitted to the ICU in three groups received haloperidol at a dose of 2.5 mg/day, while in the second group, patients received olanzapine at an amount of 2.5- 10.5mg/day. In the third group, they received quetiapine at a dose of 12.5 to 75 mg daily. Then, patients' sedation levels were measured according to RASS criteria, and their disease severity was evaluated according to APACHE II criteria.

Results: During 15 work shifts in the first, second, third, seventh, and tenth days, sedation scores in all three groups decreased significantly (p-v <0.05), and all three drugs were effective in subsiding patients' agitation in 10 days. In the evening and night of the first day, the sedation score in the quetiapine group was higher than the other two groups; however, after the treatment period and in the work shifts of the seventh and tenth days, the patients in the quetiapine group had the lowest sedation score on the RASS scale. Also, after starting drug treatment in the three groups, the mean severity of the disease was significantly different in the three groups (p-v <0.05), so that on the third and seventh day, the olanzapine group had the lowest and the haloperidol group had the highest disease severity. But on the tenth day, the severity of the disease was lowest in the patients in the quetiapine group.

Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was found that quetiapine, olanzapine, and haloperidol had the most significant effect in improving the sedation level of patients with delirium according to RASS criteria, respectively, and the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs had more favorable outcomes than typical ones in controlling patients' delirium.
Impact of COVID-19 on South Sudan: A Review on Social and Economic Management Policies from the First Wave
Authors: Daru Gama Rivas , Rizwan Muhammad , Xuelian Wu , Munthali George N. Chidimbah , Jackline Kide , Humbert Jean , Yao Ayivi , Villa Camilo Burgos
Published: February 2022

In December 2019, a new respiratory disease, i.e., novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged in Mainland China in Wuhan the capital of Hubei Province. It spreads through droplets produced while coughing or sneezing. Its symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, sputum production, shortness of breath, sore throat, etc. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a “Pandemic” which affected human lives and economies. South Sudan is a developing country and does not have adequate resources to overcome this pandemic (COVID-19).

Aims: The primary objective of this article is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the youngest country in the African continent (South Sudan) on its weak economy coupled with hyperinflation and depreciation of currency etc. and lessons learned from other countries in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodology: A review was carried out to accomplish the objective of the study by extracting data from the database of Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and authentic websites for World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, etc., studies covered major areas across the globe but more especially countries that have trade ties with South Sudan and the East African

Results: There is a drop in South Sudan’s crude oil export which is crucial for the economy. The responsive rate to vulnerable citizens was low, inadequate policies implementations, there was massive unemployment, it has created the state of xenophobia between nationals and foreigners, online learning through the use of televisions (TVs) and radio stations has not been effective.

Conclusion: The management of the COVID-19 pandemic call for collaboration between authorities the public, and inter-states as there is no country immune. The use of e-commerce is crucial for developing countries, which reduces social interaction between traders and consumers, reducing the chances of a complete economic shutdown. Lastly, there is also a need to establish learning infrastructures for online studies and birth control initiatives, especially for the least developed countries.
Medical linac photon skyshine: Monte Carlo calculations and a methodology for estimates
Authors: McDermott Patrick N.
Published: February 2022

It has been shown that a widely quoted formula for estimating medical linac photon skyshine equivalent doses is erroneous. Monte Carlo calculations have been performed to develop an easy method for quickly and accurately estimating skyshine radiation levels and to gain improved physical insight into the skyshine phenomenon. Calculations of linac photon skyshine have been performed for 4, 6, 10, 15, and 18 MV beams for 10 × 10 cm2 and 40 × 40 cm2 fields and for a range of room dimensions and roof thicknesses. The effect of flattening filter free beams has been considered. Air kerma rates (AKRs) can be accurately fitted to a simple algebraic formula that is a function of the horizontal distance from the isocenter with a single energy dependent fitting parameter. The AKR, at a height of 1.3 m above level ground, reaches a local maximum at a distance dmax = 1.5dw + 1.1h, where dw is the horizontal distance from the isocenter to the outside of the side wall, and h is the vertical distance from the isocenter to the top of the roof. For thin roofs, low energy beams lead to significantly more skyshine than high energy beams because low energy photons are more easily scattered through large angles. In the absence of a roof, the maximum skyshine dose rate is on the order of 8 × 10−7 times the dose rate at isocenter. The average energy of the skyshine photons is about 0.15 MeV, and it is remarkably independent of almost all parameters. A simple methodology is outlined for the evaluation of photon skyshine.
A storyboarding approach to train school mental health providers and paraprofessionals in the delivery of a strengths‐based program for Latinx families affected by maternal depression
Authors: Valdez Carmen R. , Wagner Kevin M. , Stumpf Aaron , Saucedo Martha
Published: February 2022

Mental health professionals in schools and the community are often overburdened and underfunded in high‐need areas, limiting their capacity to deliver needed family‐based mental health interventions. To address this issue, paraprofessional school personnel (e.g., family engagement liaisons) can facilitate these family‐based mental health interventions alongside licensed mental health professionals, thereby increasing access to mental health services for families with mental health needs. To train professional and paraprofessional school personnel in maternal depression and interventions, we used storyboarding, a narrative storytelling method traditionally used to create films. Latinx families who had previously participated in a family‐focused program for maternal depression shared real life stories focused on themes of (a) maternal depression, (b) impact on children, (c) cultural views and role of immigration, (d) self‐harm and suicide, and (e) what families need. In this conceptual paper, we describe our engagement of families in a multistep process of storyboarding that resulted in video modules of family stories for a training website and in‐person workshop for school professionals and paraprofessionals. We conclude with how community‐engaged tools such as storyboarding can be used to increase awareness and reduce stigma of maternal depression among staff training to deliver family‐focused mental health programs in schools.
Midostaurin therapy for advanced systemic mastocytosis: Mayo Clinic experience in 33 consecutive cases
Authors: Singh Amritpal , Al‐Kali Aref , Begna Kebede H. , Litzow Mark R. , Larsen Jeremy T. , Sher Taimur , Abdelmagid Maymona G. , Farrukh Faiqa , Reichard Kaaren K. , Gangat Naseema , Pardanani Animesh , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: February 2022

We retrospectively examined our experience with midostaurin therapy in 33 consecutive patients (median age 68 years; 58% females) with advanced systemic mastocytosis (adv‐SM): aggressive SM (ASM; n = 17), SM associated with another hematologic neoplasm (SM‐AHN; n = 14) and mast cell leukemia (MCL; n = 2). KITD816V mutation was detected in 84% of the patients and C findings in 91%. Eleven (33%) patients were previously treated with other cytoreductive drugs, including cladribine (n = 4) and imatinib (n = 3). Median time from diagnosis to initiation of midostaurin therapy was 2.2 months (range 0.3–41). Using modified valent criteria, overall response was 42% (53% ASM, 29% SM‐AHN, 50% MCL; p = .22), all classified as being major. Responses included ≥50% reduction in bone marrow mast cells in 40% and normalization of serum tryptase in 29%, of evaluated cases. After a median follow‐up of 14.6 months from initiation of midostaurin therapy, 7 (21%) deaths, 1 (3%) leukemic progression, and 18 (55%) treatment discontinuations were documented; median duration of midostaurin treatment was 7.9 months (range 0.5–123) and response duration 21.5 months (range 2.9–123). Most frequent side effect was gastrointestinal (51%) while grade 3/4 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia occurred in 12% of patients. Response to treatment was not predicted by KIT mutation (p = .67) or exposure to prior cytoreductive therapy (p = .44). Median survival was longer in midostaurin responders but not significantly (median 26.5 vs. 16 months; p = .15). Findings from the current study are broadly consistent with previously published clinical trial observations.
Conjugate‐Driven Electron Density Delocalization of Piperidine Nitroxyl Radical for Stable Aqueous Zinc Hybrid Flow Batteries
Authors: Fan Hao , Hu Bo , Li Hongbin , Ravivarma Mahalingam , Feng Yangyang , Song Jiangxuan
Published: February 2022

Stable and soluble redox‐active nitroxyl radicals are highly desired for high‐capacity and long‐life aqueous zinc hybrid flow batteries (AZHFBs). Here we report a “π–π” conjugated imidazolium and “p–π” conjugated acetylamino co‐functionalized 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (MIAcNH‐TEMPO) as stable catholyte for AZHFBs. The incorporation of double‐conjugate substituents could delocalize the electron density of the N−O head and thus remarkably stabilize the radical and oxoammonium forms of TEMPO, avoiding the side reaction of ring‐opening. Consequently, the applied MIAcNH‐TEMPO/Zn AZHFB demonstrates the hardly time‐dependent stability with a constant capacity retention of 99.95 % per day over 16.7 days at a high concentration catholyte of 1.5 M and high current density of 50 mA cm−2. This proposed molecular engineering strategy based on electron density regulation of redox‐active structures displays an attractive efficacy and thus represents a remarkable advance in high‐performance AZHFBs.