bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High speed vision system for the dynamic characterization of 3D printed sensors
Authors: Bonanomi Alessandro , Zappa Emanuele , Cigada Alfredo , Zega Valentina , Corigliano Alberto
Published: June 2019

Additive manufacturing technologies allows to create a wide variety of geometries even for single prototypes, allowing to develop 3D printed sensors, optimizing the characteristics of the sensing device to the need of each specific application. The dynamic characterization of these sensors is a key point, in particular for the applications where internal deformation of the sensor is used to transduce the quantity of interest. In this work, a 3D measuring system based on a single high speed camera is developed to characterize the dynamic behaviour of 3D printed accelerometer prototypes. The proposed measuring technique is based on the pose estimation: a vision-based method that allows to recover the position and orientation of a target of known geometry, by means of its image acquired by a single camera. The dynamic response of the 3D printed prototypes is analysed with impulse, random and harmonic excitation. Experimental results proved that the developed measuring technique is suitable for the test of this type of sensors, since allows to measure the motion of the suspended mass and of the external frame, without any loading effect and considering the six degrees of freedom contemporarily.
Metrological characterization of a low-cost portable stereo vision system for dynamic measurements
Authors: Brian Valli Fabio , Lavatelli Alberto , Zappa Emanuele
Published: June 2019

In recent years, camera and computer systems have been miniaturized considerably. The market now offers several low-cost products to assemble a small scale portable stereo vision system which can be completely autonomous (since it can acquire and process image). However, the metrological characteristics of such a portable stereo vision device should be assessed and compared with the state of the art of stereo vision system. In this work a portable stereo vision system composed by small board cameras and a single board computer is metrologically characterized and validated with respect to fixed non-portable systems. The analysis focused on the application of such a stereo rig to DIC and stereoscopic measurements performed with commercial software. For these tests two algorithms with different correlation techniques are evaluated in Matlab and in Halcon, moreover, a 3D DIC analysis is conducted on a H-shape specimen. To perform a metrological characterization, the points clouds obtained from the triangulations are confined to a region of the scene containing only a part of the specimen, after that they are fitted with a LOWESS fitting model. The uncertainty is assessed by computing the discrepancy between the points of the cloud and the ones of the fitting model. In some algorithms more than others the errors distribute in a strongly periodic manner with a period linked to integer values of disparity. Eventually the experimental analysis demonstrated that the accuracy of such a lightweight stereo system is similar to the accuracy of traditional not-portable ones.
PIV characterization of a separated flow controlled by a DBD actuator
Authors: Zoppini G. , Di Vinci L. , Campanardi G. , Zanotti A. , Belan M.
Published: June 2019

This work investigates the three-dimensional effects of a dielectric barrier discharge actuator as a stall recovery device. The actuator is installed on a NACA0015 airfoil with a 930 mm span and a 300 mm chord and the exposed electrode has periodic triangular tips specifically designed for the case under study. It was tested at progressively increasing velocities, up to 35 m/s corresponding to a Reynolds number of 7×105. The PIV technique has been used to characterize the flow morphology along the model span, identifying the flow region mainly sensitive to the plasma effect and suggesting possible design improvements to achieve a better efficiency.
Practical issues on the use of drones for construction inspections
Authors: Ciampa Elena , De Vito Luca , Rosaria Pecce Maria
Published: June 2019

The aging and deterioration of structures such as bridges or buildings is becoming an urgent social issue; regular inspections for the preservation of the structures are needed, but it means high cost especially in terms of safety for workers due to the difficulty to access. Visual inspection of workers can be replaced by using basic drones, which share many advantages such as speed, safety for the workers, cost-effectiveness, share-ability with more stakeholders instantly and manoeuvrability by making use of automated flights. A visual inspection made by drone is the first part of a complex survey campaign, and its use allows planning experimental investigation for diagnostic. This study analyses both the positive and negative aspects of the use of drones for structural inspection, underlying the low cost, immediacy, instant measurement and the possibility of developing a 3D model, with an acceptable level of definition and reliable for a diagnostic process. Two application examples are proposed.
Enhanced Background Oriented Schlieren (EBOS)
Authors: Cozzi F. , Göttlich E
Published: June 2019

The Background Orientend Schlieren (BOS) is a line of sight optical technique that exploits light refraction arising in inhomogeneous density field to visualize or either measure density gradients. The working principle of BOS is quite simple: a background patter appears distorted when observed through an optical inhomogeneous media, by comparing the distorted and undistorted images the apparent local displacement of the background pattern can be measured. The images comparison is carried out using either cross-correlation or optical flow techniques. In the framework of geometric optics and for a 2D refractive index field the measured displacements is proportional to the refractive index gradient. When applicable, the Gladstone-Dale relationship provides the link between the refractive index and the fluid density. The uncertainty in the measured displacements affects the qualitative and quantitative results extracted from BOS images. Spatial and temporal filtering techniques can reduce the uncertainty at the expenses of the spatial and the temporal resolutions. This work describes a modified BOS technique, named Enhanced BOS (EBOS), which is able to reduce the displacement uncertainty without using any spatial or temporal filter. The EBOS technique uses N undistorted images of a grey-scale background pattern taken at slightly different potions, the N reference images are paired with a single distorted background image. Eventually displacement maps obtained from the N image couples are averaged together. The mean displacement map is an improved estimate of the actual displacement field. The EBOS technique can also be used with optical flow techniques anyhow we limited our investigation to image analysis based on cross-correlation technique. The paper reports the results obtained by applying EBOS and BOS techniques to the same test case. The comparison evidence the capability of EBOS to reduce displacement uncertainty respect to BOS by using a limited number of undistorted background images. EBOS and BOS techniques achieve almost the same uncertainty when the number of particles contained in an interrogation area is high, thus EBOS is most advantageous to use when small interrogation area are required.
Non contact shape and dimension measurements by LIDAR techniques of one of the biggest Italian caverns
Authors: Radicioni F , Rossi G , Tosi G , Marsili R
Published: June 2019

Many measurements techniques have been proposed and used for the “digitalization of things”: laser scanner, high resolution camera, depth cam, structured light 3D scanner, hyper-spectral sensor, multi-spectral cam, photo modelling, etc. In this work LIDAR measurement techniques has been applied for the digitalization of a cave room of about 180 x 120 m and a height recently discovered up to 250 m, named Abisso Ancona in the Frasassi caves, in the municipality of Genga, Ancona province, Italy.
Enhanced sensitivity of the urban heat island effect to summer temperatures induced by urban expansion
Authors: Gao Zhen , Hou Ying , Chen Weiping
Published: June 2019

A suitable thermal environment is important for the economy, society and public health in urban areas. However, the understanding of the relationship between the urban heat island (UHI) effect and background temperature (T-UHI) is very limited. In this study, the UHI effect induced by the urbanization of the megacity Beijing was investigated using the weather research and forecasting model. Urban expansion and heatwaves both considerably enhanced the UHI effect over urban areas in summer. The strengthened UHI effect during the heatwave period can be clearly explained by the positive sensitivity of T-UHI. The urban expansion increased the sensitivity of T-UHI from 0.0207 °C °C−1 in 2000 to 0.0569 °C °C−1 in 2010 in the daytime and from 0.0715 °C °C−1 in 2000 to 0.0995 °C °C−1 in 2010 at nighttime, thus resulting in a much stronger UHI effect mainly by increasing the difference between the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. This enhanced sensitivity may exacerbate the urban heat stress in the situation of further urban expansion and background climate warming. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of T-UHI is a meaningful indicator to assess the urban thermal environment change and support the designing of heat mitigation strategies in urban planning.
Developing the geometrical classification of non-cylindrical folds
Authors: Haify N N
Published: June 2019

This classification discusses most of the single and independent folds arisen in nature which are geometrically called non-cylindrical folds. This study worked on developing one of the most accurate classifications to describe the non-cylindrical folds which are presented by previous research.A new variable value was generated; it is called the factor (New) and its symbol (N). This value represents a non-planarity degree of axial surface of folds, factor (N) mathematically depends on the value of angle obtained at the side curvature of the axial surface along the extent of hinge line of folds; this angle is called factor (Wavy) and its symbol (W). Factor (N) and angle (W) were added to factors of geometrical classification of non-cylindrical folds according to previous research.The new, sophisticated, integrated and comprehensive classification was given by adding the new factor (N), where it processed the gaps and defects existed in geometrical classifications dealt with the non-cylindrical folds which have plane axial surface or non-plane axial surface, especially those folds that the classification of previous researches could not give them an accurate geometrical description as the one given by the present classification.
Quality Management to continuous improvements in process of Ready Mix Concrete production
Authors: AL-Saedi Alaa , Pasławski Jerzy , Nowotarski Piotr
Published: June 2019

The key benefits from Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) are good quality, lower Life cycle cost, the speed of work and friendliness of environment more than the site mixed concrete, but when the quality of RMC is below threat of several causes resulting poor quality or useless concrete. We will lose all advantages of RMC that we mention before. Therefore, this study investigate the using of Quality management to improve the process of company to produc (RMC) in batching plant and study the impacts of Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA) on the company by introduce them to the process in order to make improvements on current Quality system to make it continuous improvements. The idea of the work depends on finding the relationship between the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide and the quality management by combining them together in process to achieve the best results as soon as possible, higher productivity, less rework, increased customers satisfaction, increased profitability and sustainability by finding company’s problems and achieving it through guidelines and instructions of PMBOK Guide also the principles, the tools and the techniques of Quality Management. In order to achieve that, we have investigated three main points: the first one is gathering information to identify the current quality system, the second is identifying and analyzing of these problems and the third is finding solutions based on the principles of management. With a view to manage the process of production, the author used many techniques and tools for management such as Flow Chart for a process, Ishikawa diagrams to define seven main group of problems, Check Sheet to the number of problems occurrence, the FMEA Analysis for thirty-five problems, 5 Whys Analysis to find sources of the problems, Solution effect Analysis to propose the possible solutions. The most important results from this study are the main reasons for the absence of management methodology in the company which is a defect in the Quality system (structure of company, procedure, and resources), lack of management experience and communication and lack interest of Total Quality Management in management methodology. The researcher found lacks in the thoughtful scientific methodology for the management in process of production, therefore the developing of the system of production in the RMC plant is to build a methodology based on a guide of Project Management Body of Knowledge 5th edition because of the maturity level of the project management knowledge areas.
Sustainability of architectural heritage elements“An Applied Study of the Basra City Corniche from the Establishment to the Present”
Authors: Markaryan Armin Sarkis , al-Zaidi Batool Moafaq
Published: June 2019

Heritage represents the cultural and intellectual treasures of peoples. The urban heritage is an important material treasure because it represents the knowledge reached in the field of construction and urbanization. The research deals with the area of the urban heritage of the city of Basra because it represents an important architectural and architectural significance. It differs from the rest of the Iraqi cities because of its special urban construction. The area adjacent to Shatt al-Arab is identified locally as the Basra Corniche because of its urban and cultural importance heritage in the memory of people. In addition to the importance of buildings built on the Corniche, whether existing at present or not and the lack of architectural studies that dealt with the Basra Corniche and its urban character and scarcity. The gap of knowledge was the absence of architectural studies of Basra city Corniche. For this reason, the research has developed a methodology characterized by the distinction of architectural elements used in the design of the buildings located on the Corniche of Basra. Therefore, the research studies the Corniche of Basra city from the foundation to the present and clarifies the most prominent buildings there. The research assumes that the design elements are inspired by the heritage elements despite the different functional use of the building. The aim of the research is to study the design elements of the buildings on the Corniche of Basra and to show the sustainability of these architectural elements in the urban environment of Basra. A methodology has been developed to achieve the objectives, conclusions and recommendations of the research.
Short-Cut Nitrification of Iraqi Municipal Wastewater for Nitrogen Removal in a Single Reactor
Authors: Kalash Khairi R. , Kadhom Mohammed A. , Al-Furaiji Mustafa H.
Published: June 2019

Nitrogen components removal in wastewater treatment is an updated process that needs a continuous contribution of research. Traditionally, ammonium is removed by two biological ways, denitrification and nitrification. Here, it became necessary to suggest sustainable alternatives to control wastewater treatment strategies. In this work, a single reactor of high ammonium removal over nitrite process was operated, in which ammonium-oxidizing bacteria was used to convert ammonium to nitrite without sludge retention. The system was operated at aerobic conditions and a moderate temperature, at which the higher percentage of the desired ammonium oxidizer bacteria (AOB) over the undesired nitrite oxidizers bacteria (NOB) was achieved. The reactor was tested in a pilot plant scale to treat municipal wastewater with an average influent ammonium concentration value of 147.6 mg/l, flow rate 4.5 l/hr, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 24 hr, temperature 30-35 ºC, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration 3.7 mg/l, and pH range 6.0–9.0. Removal efficiencies of 65 and 90 % were achieved for ammonium and nitrite, respectively. The Single reactor system is particularly suitable for the treatment of wastewater that contains high ammonium, giving 25% savings of the required oxygen to achieve complete nitrification.
Transport Systems and the Impact of the Sustainable Activities on the Permanence of Existing Cities
Authors: Al-Zubaidy D M , Majed F A , Hassan S A
Published: June 2019

The sustainable transport planning mechanism has recently emerged as a tool aimed at improving infrastructure interactively; integrated transport planning links transport planning and land use planning, and also coordinates the needs of both processes more effectively to seek to transform cities into an environmentally friendly place. However, it is a useful method for cities that intend to enter the future of sustainable transport, as the city can be more spectacular and sustainable if people are concerned with the concepts of urban planning. The existence of an impact relationship between intelligent transport systems and the environment through their contribution to reducing the negative effects of traffic congestion, which represents the transport infrastructure is an important social and economic cost. The planning of cities that are compatible with the environment should not be planned in a way that is specific to private transportation, but rather about the principle of public transport and the passageways. It should also move away from the trend towards urban planning that encourages the re-development of sites. The research problem, which lies in neglecting the role of a sustainable transport system in the revival of existing cities, has, in turn, put the hypothesis that the integration of sustainable urban planning with the sustainable transport system has a relationship related to activating the role of the transport system, and public transport is one of the factors of sustainability and sustainability of cities. Hence, the research is moving towards its goal of reaching clear strategies that can be used to activate the transport system to solve the problem of existing urban deterioration and to organize city planning so that we can formulate a future plan to absorb rapid growth with sustainable technologies. The second is the importance of the role of planning in activating the public transport system, in addition to the practical framework taken from the area of Victory Square in Baghdad case study to activate the sustainable public transport in Baghdad and connect the region With other transport stations to reactivate the sustainable transport system in Baghdad to solve the existing transport problems, to arrive at the research conclusions and final recommendations to achieve the research of its scientific purpose.
The Performance of Shear Strength and Volume Changes of Expansive Soils Utilizing Different Additives
Authors: Irshayyid Entesar Joudah , Fattah Mohammed Yousif
Published: June 2019

Some clayey soils are generally classified as expansive soils which cause extensive damage to civil engineering structures due to change in its water content and the amount and type of clay size particles. Other important factors affecting the expansion behavior include the amount of non-expansive materials. This paper based on comparing two solutions to improve the soil parameters: the first solution to improve the soil with steel fiber and the second solution to improve the soil strength and volume changes with plastic waste material. Various tests conducted to study the effect of using different percentages of steel fiber and plastic waste material (4%, 8% and 12%) for each additives by dry weight of soil. The results presents that the steel fiber and plastic waste material significantly improved the soil strength and volume changes besides the physical properties of expansive clay soil which have susceptibility of swelling.
Performance of Cement Mortar Composites Reinforced with Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers
Authors: Abbas Waleed A. , Gorgis Ikbal N. , Hussein Mahdi J.
Published: June 2019

This research studied the hybridization influence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in the first stage as solution and the second added fibers with PVA solution. Performance under flexural loads of cement mortar composite was studied on this basis, PVA concentration in solution used was 1% of cement weight with three PVA fiber volume fraction (1%, 2% and 3%)which were considered as the variables for constant PVA solution to cement ratio (P/C) and w/c ratio as1.6% and 30% respectively. This paper is specially concentrating on the impact of fiber volume fraction contents and their metis to deform composite. The specimens were tested under one-point load test next two days wet curing and 26daysdry curing. The testes exhibited both ductility and flexural strength of cement matrix increased when the fiber volume fraction content increased. Combination only PVA fibers with the cement mortar composite showed softening in strain behaviors, whereas its performance is brittle for PVA solution-containing specimens, but mixture of PVA fiber with PVA solution to the cement mortar composites showed strain hardening performance. PVA fibers and solution in both surface properties (hydrophilic and / or hydrophobic nature) and chemical composition improved area under the curve of the reinforced cement mortar composites at 2% volume friction of PVA fiber with PVA solution about 197%, 29% and 9.6% compare with 1%, 3% volume friction of PVA with PVA solution and 2% without solution respectively. The addition 2% of PVA fibers increased about 44% flexural strength compare to the control specimens at flow diameter 190mm and 63% compare with 3% at flow diameter130 mm. It is given away that a uniform spreading of fibers through the bulk of the composite material is vital to its outstanding workability. Finally, it was observed fraction of PVA fibers plays as a result a significant role for refining ductility of cement mortar composites.
The architectural variables (shape, function, and durability) and their impact in the architectural design to guarantee the design efficiency
Authors: Majeed Nidaa N , Oleiwi Mohammed S , Yaseen Rushdi A
Published: June 2019

This research, by analysis, deals with the importance of durability, aesthetic, functionality, and the various opinions in this regard. These principles, with their aspects, concepts and formations, are as a deep and large sea for philosophers and thinkers. They tried to explain them and determinate them with standards and signs, despite the complexity, such the architects who proved that these principles are part and parcel from the thing, and they stuck in the mind of the recipient to embody them materially and remarkably. A field study was conducted by establishing a questionnaire and selecting a sample of architects, with various interests and experience. Then, the collected data were analysed, and the final results were extracted, in a way that enhances the importance of each variable to achieve the optimal design.
Analysis techniques for folded plate roofs and cellular bridges general review and comparisons
Authors: Al-Masoudy Baseem B , Al-Hadithy Laith K
Published: June 2019

Folded plates have attracted profound interest in recent years because of their economic advantages and architectural appearance. In particular, their basic structural response is indeed logical enough, explicit and simple although its required numerical computation procedure is, in a little bit, boring. This type of structures have gained increasing popularity and offers more advantages than more complex structures, such as cylindrical shells, arches and right folded plate frames. Similarly, the thin-walled cellular bridge decks can be treated as a multi-folded plates structure. This study produces an overall review of the historical development of the most popular methods utilized for analysis the folded plate structures which are offered with their applications and how these methods are developed gradually. Four common methods are chosen in this paper to show their highlights of references particularizing in analysis of the above mentioned types of structure; the folded plate elasticity method (FPEM), finite element method (FEM), finite strip method (FSM) and spline finite strip method (SFSM). This investigation covers the elastic behavior, and the experimental researches on the elastic reaction of folded plate structures.
Sustainable Local Architecture as a Base to Create the Future Heritage in Contemporary Cities
Authors: Al-Shamari Haitham , Hadi Hasan , Al-Saidi Adil
Published: June 2019

Local architecture could be seen as a group of buildings that belong and present the place and the community features. The research problem focuses on the weakness of contemporary local architecture as a main source to generate the architectural heritage. The aim of this paper is to establish a criterion for sustainable contemporary local architecture that is qualified to create the future architectural heritage. The hypothesis is that the sustainable local architecture represents the main source to create the future heritage. The case study has been conducted on Al-Mustansiriah University campus in Baghdad. It has been evaluated by a sample of 50 specialists. The research applied the statistical method (factor analysis) to interpret the data. The results demonstrate that four main factors were extracted from many variables. These factors are authenticity, popularity, utilization and durability. The first two factors form the power of community satisfaction and the second two form the power of rational solutions. These two powers are the base of creating the future heritage.
Influence of Tire Crumb Rubber on Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Qasim G J , Tayh S A , Yousif R A
Published: June 2019

For many years, the asphalt binder has been used as the elemental material for pavement engineering. The increase in axle loads, heavy traffic, severe climate conditions and construction failures has led many researchers to seek some methods to enhance the bitumen properties. There is a wide range of applications of modifiers for bitumen in road construction. Although various kinds of modifiers have been used widely in reinforcing asphalt concrete, crumb rubber has attracted the most attention due to its high and desirable characteristics. It is realized that the well-distributed modifier can create a strong network in the internal structure of the composite, resulting in asphalt mastic that is more coherent. In the present paper, a laboratory investigation of the physical and rheological properties of various grades of asphalt binder (60-70 penetration grade, 80-100 penetration grade and PG-76 grade) modified with tire crumb rubber. The results showed improvement in physical properties of the modified asphalt binders in terms of decreasing in penetration, increasing in softening point and viscosity values. The modified bitumens exhibited enhanced rheological performance and could raise the grade of bitumen relying on the base asphalt type.
Influence of stakeholder management and communications management in choosing of the best product achieve quality by Analytic Hierarchy Process method
Authors: AL-Saedi Alaa , Pasławski Jerzy
Published: June 2019

This article investigate an analytical study of the stakeholder management and the communications management of Ready Mix Concrete, its importance and the role to identify, plan, management, engagement and control engagement in process of production to make decision about the best product achieve quality through the Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP) to compare criteria and variances pairwise comparison to choose best product meet with the requirements of quality management. The choice (best product) will determine the quality of actions that we can take without losses of costs for development of other products that can consume the time, effort and cost to correct or update its progress in the production process. Our choice of a product that reduces costs will help us to determine the tests and inspections that can achieve and have the most impact on quality (control and assurance). The Stakeholder management and communications management help us to determine criteria and variances as well as management. The author uses Expert Choice software for submitting goals, criteria, pairwise comparison of criteria and as well as submitting of alternatives. Moreover, the study of information base on the matrices of pairwise comparison to the alternatives with respect to cost, meet with standards, experience of functional manager, the reliability of engineering system, quality of human resources, safety and the analysis of the results based on sensitivity criterion, performance sensitivity, dimensional sensitivity, dynamic sensitivity, and the opinion of the experts, the best product achieve quality is Ready Mix Concrete more than other main products.
Urban Transport and Growth: Dynamic Indicators in Diwaniyah City
Authors: Baydaa Abdul Hussein B. , Alwan Kareem Hassan , Fleeh Moheeb Kamel
Published: June 2019

This research takes one of the important aspects that expose with cities in general and specially Diwaniyah city, this aspect is urban transportation and growth.

The Dynamic is an urban phenomenon exposed to the urban system exposed by external and internal factors, are shown through the manifestations of urban growth of the relations and properties of element of urban system. The dynamic indicator that designed to study the spatial examine the spatial time-based relationship for the transport system and the urban growth that doing in Diwaniyah city and quantify dynamic of urban growth and transportation.

The indicators that consuming to measuring besides analyzing the urban dynamic for the transport system and their effective on the urban growth. Using dynamic indicators is the analysis of the change in transport system and its effect effective on urban growth. The indicators that using to measuring and analyzing the urban dynamic for the transport system and effective on urban growth. Using dynamic indicators is the analysis of the change in the transport system and its effect effective on urban growth. These indicators are dynamic addressing and behavioral indicators of form and structure of the excited and reactive and move by the power of this tested for the study area and of the indicators of the urban transport and integrates the density of roads and ease of access, location and interdependence of transportation and growth indicators in economic, social, political, environmental, and dealer dynamic and their inputs and access to the city’s status of understanding the relationship of spatial and temporal scales between the transport and take her to the city with all systems urban this What continue to you our research in the leadership dynamic of the relationship and orientation of the damaging and positive consequences on the city.

This research has been reaching to the fact that the urban transport is affecting on the growth and distributions of the urban land use from a group of spatial relations represented in this take to increase the competition between the uses, values, types, positions, destinations, and finally the inside value motion. The research found that the Iraqi reigns in Iraq has changed its place and (the spatial behavior) of every 5.4 times during the time period studied. And reached the mouth of the how to change the cities spatially and temporally by the access relations and interactive between the transport and the dealer all of them on the other this many the goal of our research.
Fuzzy logic model analysis of shear force in aluminium / polyethylene lap joined by hot press
Authors: Saad Mursal Luaibi , Sar Mohammed Helan , Barrak Osamah Sabah , Hussein Sabah Khammass , Hussein Abbas Khammass
Published: June 2019

Fuzzy logic is an optimization technique used to predict the behaviour of any problem. Polyethylene (PE) sheet of thickness 3 mm was joined by means of hot press method with aluminium (Al) of thickness 1mm using lap join type. The inside surface of aluminium in the lap joint region was anodized to increase the size of surface pores and mechanical interlock between the melted polymers in the pores of anodized surface of aluminium. The anodizing process was performed by a solution of 15%wt. sulphuric acid with deionized water. The anodizing current density and time were 200A/m2 and 60 min. respectively. The hot press process parameters were; temperature: 115, 125, 135 and 145 °C, pressure: 2, 4, 6, and 8 bar and the pressing time: 1, 2, 3 and 4 min. The hot press method was successfully joined the anodized Al with PE sheet. Shear tensile test was used to estimate the shear strength of lap join. These data are optimized using a fuzzy logic concept which gives a good indication about the effect of input process parameters on the shear of joints. Increasing the applied pressure, decreasing the pressing time and increasing the temperature up to 80 °C resulted in increasing the maximum shear force of joint.
Investigation of Deformation Mechanism and Failure Mode in Two Point Incremental Sheet Forming
Authors: Maan Harith Yarub
Published: June 2019

In this work, the deformation of material and fracture mechanism during the incremental sheet forming process experimentally investigated. The mechanism of deformation is dependent on the process parameters. The present work experimentally explains how the tool radius, step size, and feed rate affect the failure mode during two-point incremental sheet forming. Experimental work achieved to examine the failure modes and analyses the reasons. The deformation of the material in two-point incremental sheet forming is a compound of stretching, shearing, squeezing and bending of material through a deformation zone. The experimental plan based on eighteen experiments cover all the conditions leading to the appearance of failure. The results showed an increasing tool radius and step size the behaviour of failure changes from crack without previous necking to crack with necking. The result showed four types of failure that were found during the TPIF process and identify the factors that lead to their appearance.
Effect of Mechanical Surface Treatments on Impact Strength for Low Carbon Steel AISI 1020
Authors: Ebraheem Ahmed Abdullah , Fairouz Layth Kailan
Published: June 2019

Objective of this paper is to study the influence of some mechanical surface treatments on impact strength stress for low carbon steel AISI 1020 AISI. Several specimens were subjected or encountered to for impact test were equipped agreeing to ASTM E23 and then were encounter to surface treatment Such as shot peening which was implemented on some specimens using steel balls having diameter of 1.25mm and hardness = 55HRC for (10,20,30) min. Some another’s specimens were treated with using laser peening pulse in notch zone of impact specimen at (5,10,15) laser CO2 pulse. and Plasma also used for surface treatment of impact specimens by using plasma beam for 2,5,10 sec. The results showed that the mechanical surface treatment contributed in improvements of toughness fracture for low carbon steel comparing with base metal. It was found that when increasing shot peening time finding decreasing in the impact strength decreased impact stress because of increase in hardness which generating from heat shot which generated residual stress and the best time was 10 min. and laser pulses and plasma beam were in contributed in increasing impact strength stress for the same reason above and the number of 5 pulse give gave the best result and also the plasma for 5 sec.
Numerical Study for Vibration Analysis of Hole Flanged Rectangular Plate
Authors: Nama Sami Ali , Khazaa Sulaiman M.
Published: June 2019

Plates with flange are used in many engineering structures such as aircrafts, ships, and mechanical devices. In this paper, a numerical study for the vibration analysis of fully clamped rectangular Al-1100 alloy plates with different flange angles and different flange inner diameters was worked out. SolidWorks 2014 Simulation add-in was used to perform the analysis. It was found that increasing the flange angle and flange inner diameter increases the fundamental frequency and decreases the flange thickness. Adding the flange can increase the fundamental frequency up to (27%).
Characterization of Diffusion Bonding of Stainless Steel AISI 316 and Pure Titanium sheets Using Copper Interlayer
Authors: Akbar Akbar Ahmed Ali , Mahdi Bahaa Sami , Aluwi Adnan Jumaa
Published: June 2019

The present work is focused on diffusion bonding between pure titanium and austenitic stainless steel( AISI 316) using interlayer of pure copper foil in vacuum atmosphere of ( 1.5 x10-5 mbr.) at different temperatures (850,900,950 and 990) Co for diffusion times of (20,30,40,50 and 60 min.) under different pressures (1.5,2,3 and 4) Mpa. Many tests and inspections: tensile shear and microhardness tests, also SEM EDS and X-ray diffraction techniques were utilized to characterize the bonded joints. Tensile shear test results showed that the maximum shear strength of diffusion bonded joints was (96.34) MPa at 950°C, pressure 3Mpa and 50 min. with an efficiency of joint (75%) and maximum diffusion depth of (88 µm) The maximum micro hardness of (338.6 Hv )was obtained in the copper interlayer metal compared with the base metals(stainless steel and titanium) due to formations of brittle intermetallic compounds. The EDS and XRD analysis results confirmed the formation of different intermetallic compounds [FeTi, ( Cu + Ti37Cu63Fex ), TiCu, Ti2Cu, Ti3Cu4,]. The surface fracture topography showed that fracture is located at the bright brittle intermetallic compound phase(Ti3Cu4) which was 85% of the fractured area and 15% was at the (Ti2Cu)dark region.
Entropy generation and natural convection in a wavy-wall cavity filled with a nanofluid and containing an inner solid cylinder
Authors: Alnajem Mohammed Hussein S. , Alsabery Ammar I. , Hashim Ishak
Published: June 2019

This work investigates the problem of entropy generation and natural convection in a wavy-wall cavity filled with a nanofluid and containing solid inner cylinder using the Galerkin finite-element method. An isothermal heat source fixed at the left vertical wall of the cavity and the horizontal walls have taken adiabatic, while the right wavy wall cooled isothermally. An Al2O3-water nanofluid fills the space between the wavy-wall cavity and the solid cylinder. To study this problem, the influence of three variables have taken into account. These variables are Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04), and the number of undulations (1≤ N ≤ 4). The numerical results can be in the forms of streamlines, isotherms and local entropy generation as well as the average Nusselt number. The obtained results indicate that the effect of the nanoparticles addition on the heat transfer rate is essential for low Rayleigh number and number of undulations.
Improvement the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Bronze Alloy (Cu-7.7wt%Al) Reinforced by Al2O3 and TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ajeel Sami A. , Yaseen Rabiha S. , Keqal Asaad
Published: June 2019

This work involves study of corrosion behavior of Aluminum bronze alloy (Cu-7.7wt%Al) reinforced by both nanoparticles of Al2O3 and TiO2 with different percentage (0.6, 1.1, 1.5 and 3 weight percent). Composite materials are prepared by stir casting method with mechanical stirring and magnetic field from induction furnace that used in this work. The copper base alloy reinforced samples were tested to investigate corrosion behavior, by using Tafel extrapolation technique. The Scanning Electron Microscope was used to study the effect of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on the topography of surfaces. The results showed that the microstructure of reinforced alloy is composed of a fine dendritic structure of α Cu phase and CuAl2 as intermetallic compound. The samples reinforced with 3wt% of Al2O3 and TiO2 have a lower corrosion rate compared to nano-composites reinforced with 1.5wt% of Al2O3 and TiO2. While the nano-composites reinforced with 1.5wt% of Al2O3 and TiO2 has lower corrosion rate compared to the Cu-Al matrix in 3.5%NaCl solution at ambient temperature.
Evaluation of diesel engine performance with high blended diesel-biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil
Authors: Ali Obed M.
Published: June 2019

The production of fossil fuel reaches its peak during the current decade. Unfortunately, the reserves of this fuel are depleting with time and limited to certain regions of the world which alarm for a series energy crisis in the future. Furthermore, the world starts to face the problem of global warming which increases rapidly and needs to be controlled.Waste cooking oil is one of the domestic available sources is the waste cooking oil. This source can represent a viable source in different countries which is free of cost. In this study, investigation of using a high blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel-diesel fuel is conducted in term of fuel property and engine performance. The results revealthat diesel fuel has the lower viscosity which is lower than that of WCOB by about 34%. However, this difference is converged with blended fuel B30 to about 9%. Furthermore, diesel fuel has higher heating value than WCOB by about 18%. However, this difference is converged with blended fuel B30 to about 4%.The maximum engine brake thermal efficiency observed with blended fuel B30 over the whole engine speed compared to mineral diesel and pure biodiesel. Accordingly, it can be suggested as a high blended fuel for diesel engine.
Numerical stress analysis in adhesive joints under thermo-mechanical load using model with special boundary conditions
Authors: Al-Ramahi Nawres J. , Joffe Roberts , Varna Janis
Published: June 2019

A numerical study of the adhesivejoint made of similar and dissimilar adherends subjected to thermo-mechanical loading is presented. A comprehensive numerical model was used for this purpose with the novel displacement coupling conditions which are able to correctly represent monoclinic materials (off-axis layers of composite laminates). The geometrical nonlinearity as well as nonlinear material model are also taken into account. Three different types of single-lap and double-lap adhesive joints are considered in this study: a) metal-metal; b) composite-composite; c) composite-metal. In case of composite laminates, four lay-ups are evaluated: uni-directional ([08]T and [908]T) and quasi-isotropic laminates ([0/45/90/-45]S and [90/45/0/-45]S). This paper focuses on the parameters which have the majoreffect on the peel and shear stress distribution within adhesive layer at the overlap ends. The comparison of behaviour of single-and double-lap joints in relation to these parameters is made. The master curves for maximum stress (peel and shear) at the ends of the overlap with respect to the bending stiffness and axial modulus of the adherends are constructed by analysing stress distributions in the middle of the adhesive.The main conclusions of this paper are: the maximum peel stress value for SLJ is reduced with increase of the adherend bending stiffness and for DLJ,similar behaviour was observed at the end next to the inner plate corner, while, at the end next to the outer plate corner peel stress is reduced with increase of adherend axial modulus.
Improving of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems Based on Swarm Optimization Techniques
Authors: Miry Abbas Hussien , Mary Ali Hussien , Miry Mohammed Hussein
Published: June 2019

The photovoltaic system considers one of the important renewable sources of energy that using solar cell. Limitation and crisis of other energy resource make the photovoltaic system is growing. This motivated the researchers to improve and maximize renewable energy sources effectiveness. The optimal operating point is located in the PV voltage curve of the solar cell which is called Maximum Power Point (MPP). This point changes in nonlinear form with varying of solar incandescence, temperature and solar cell properties. Recently more methods are developed to get optimal value of MPPT and one of these methods is the Extremum-Seeking Control (ESC) which is based on filter operation. In this paper different optimization methods are presented such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Grey Wof Optimizer (GWO) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO). They are used as a tuning tool for ESC controller parameters to improve the MPPT performance. All methods are tested in the MATLAB environment, the result shows that the effectiveness of swarm optimization, especially GWO in term the efficiency and speed of converging.
Step Voltage Regulator and Capacitor Placement to Improve the Performance of Rural Electrical Distribution Systems by CYME Program
Authors: Hamza A K , Bonneya M F
Published: June 2019

There are several techniques used to ensure acceptable values for voltage, reduce energy loss in distribution systems and power factor improvement. In this research, techniques of capacitors placement and the automatic voltage regulator have been used to improve the distribution sys-tems performance and to ensure good serve to all consumers. Where, each technique has been ap-plied in individual case. The proposed tool is CYME 7.1 software which has been applied on a re-alistic distribution system for the Abu Ghraib region. This region is supplied with electric power through the AL Zaitoon secondary station, which is located within the Iraqi distribution network. All results for both cases were recorded in different tables and compared to each other to find the appropriate technique for realistic distribution system for its current status.
Direct Use of Solar PV System Generation with Minimum Batteries Capacity
Authors: Radhi Muayad Hasan , Mahdi Emad Jaleel , Hussein Dhia Jalil
Published: June 2019

The aim of this work is to present of a specialist design of solar PV system to provide load at (8a.m. to 2p.m.) as daily energy consumption, by expanding in solar panels numbers with reducing battery numbers, consider the cost of batteries proportionally to solar panels cost. The specialist design depended on load consumption (6) hours between (8 a.m. – 2 p.m.) at sunshine day to supply power to load directly from the PV system generation with little contribution battery energy. The results show specialist design can be useful for this situation of covering load consumption in (6 hours) band benefit to used PV system to reduce the solar PV systems cost, was the performance analysis of this system from April to October.
A new approach of Mho distance relay for Transmission line protection
Authors: Ahmed Abdullah Hamed , Sultan Ahmed Jasim
Published: June 2019

The protection of transmission line is one of the important requirements of the modern power system network to protect the equipment and persons work on it. distance relay is one of the relays used to protect the transmission line where the input to the fuzzy based distance relay are the resistance and reactance of transmission line from relay to the fault location. These were calculated from the measured voltage and current. Mho type distance relay is proposed by using fuzzy logic methodology to protect the transmission line and to defeat under and over-reach problems. MATLAB-Simulink is used to model the relay and the test network, where the fault type is detected and four zones of fault location are provided, the trip signal is delayed according to the zone number. Also the (R-JX) plain is used to show the zone of fault in a simplified manner.