bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of mineral premix withdrawal or reduction on broilers performance
Authors: Navidshad B. , Sayadi A. Jafari , Abolghasemi A.
Published: June 2019

Many studies have been carried out to reduce dietary mineral premix level with no adverse effect on broiler performance. Controversial results have been reported in this respect. Deyhim et al (1994) showed that at normal temperature and also under heat stress at 28-49 days of age, removing mineral and vitamin supplements cause reduction in performance, but withdrawal of mineral premix alone, didn’t affect production. Christmas et al (1995) suggest that it is possible to removing vitamin and mineral supplements from finisher diets of broiler chickens at last week of raring period. The aim of this trail was study of effect of withdrawing or reduction mineral premix from diets with normal vitamin premix level on broilers performance.
The effect of reduction or removal of dietary vitamin supplement on broiler chickens performance
Authors: Yousefzadeh H. A. , Yousefian I. , Navidshad B. , Safari M.
Published: June 2019

While vitamins naturally occurring in plant and animal based feed ingredients can supply a reasonable proportion of the birds daily needs, their contribution is rarely considered during formulation. This situation arises due to variability, especially in cereals and vegetable proteins, for example, the vitamin E content of corn can vary from 10 to 40 IU/kg. Because of this uncertainty in the natural supply of vitamins within a feed, the bird’s vitamin supply is therefore met by the addition of synthetic vitamins, usually in the form of a so called premix, that contains all vitamins and perhaps some other micronutrients and feed additives. This premixes use according to producer suggestions and in some cases their doses can be higher than real requirements. Skinner et al (1992) removed vitamin premixes from 21 day of age and did not report any adverse effects. Gwyther et al (1992) showed sever performance reduction by vitamin premix withdrawal from 21 to 49 day of age. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Vitamin supplement levels on broiler chickens from 28 to 49 days of age.
The effect of oiling and antimicrobial spray on performance of broiler chickens reared on leaves and corncob litters under heat stress condition
Authors: Khosravinia H.
Published: June 2019

Accessibility of enviable litter materials and litter treating aimed at reducing ammonia and dust levels in poultry houses and pathogen population in litter are the points of interest in poultry research. A study was conducted to evaluate leaves and ground corncobs as alternative litters for broilers and examine the effect of surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and apply of both on performance of broilers.
Effect of altering the protein intake of autumn-born Holstein-Friesian calves on calf performance
Authors: Wicks H. C. F. , Fallon R. J. , Twigge J. , Dawson L. E. R.
Published: June 2019

Data from the US (Van Amburgh et al., (2001)) suggests that the current UK recommendations for feeding the neonatal calf (˜500g milk replacer/d, at ˜230 g crude protein per kg fresh milk powder) are inadequate to sustain high growth rates in early life. It has been suggested that increasing nutrition during the first 6-8 weeks of the calf’s life will improve lifetime production, health and fertility. An experiment was therefore initiated to investigate the influence of level of milk replacer feeding and the crude protein content of the milk replacer on calf performance during the first 8 weeks of life, under UK conditions.
Effects of upland pastures sown with two contrasting Lolium perenne varieties on the performance of beef steers when compared to steers grazing permanent pastures
Authors: Marley C. L. , Davies D. A. , Vale J. E. , Evans J. G. , Scollan N. D. , Moorby J. M. , MacRae J. C. , Theodorou M. K.
Published: June 2019

Grazing experiments have shown that using a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) variety bred by conventional techniques for high water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations can improve liveweight gain in pre-weaned lambs (Lee et al., 2001) and increase milk yields and reduce N excretion in dairy cows (Miller et al., 2001) compared to conventional ryegrass. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using reseeded upland pastures, sown with either a ryegrass variety bred for elevated levels of WSC or a control ryegrass on the production performance of grazing steers when compared to steers grazing permanent ryegrass/white clover pastures.
The effect of Lactuca sativa and Urtica dioica on in vitro acidosis
Authors: Kliem K. E. , Morgan R. , Mould F. L.
Published: June 2019

As part of “Rumen-Up”, an EU Framework 5 project, a total of 500 plants and plant extracts were screened in vitro for their effect on general rumen fermentation parameters, in particular their ability to influence microbial protein production, protozoal numbers, methane production, bloat and acidosis. Many of the plants investigated were found to have potentially beneficial effects with respect to ruminant production. The activities of 25 plants were patented, including two that The University of Reading identified as maintaining a significantly higher fermentation medium pH - common lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica) with the aim that these plants (or their derivatives) would be incorporated as feed supplements to reduce the incidence of rumen acidosis. The results reported here are from an in vitro dose titration study conducted to identify possible dietary inclusion levels prior to conducting a large-scale animal production study.
Effects on animal performance of summer grazing of Molinia dominant semi-natural rough grazing by cattle and sheep
Authors: Fraser M.D. , Vale J.E. , Theobald V.J.
Published: June 2019

The Less Favoured Areas (LFAs), which occupy almost half of the agricultural land in the UK, can be divided into two categories: rough grazing (semi-natural) and grassland (improved permanent pasture and temporary grass). Although rough grazing accounts for two-thirds of the land, it contributes only 15% to total output. However, it is this category that requires more sympathetic grazing management if its environmental value is to be maintained or enhanced. While some information exists on the impact of grazing by cattle on semi-natural vegetation communities such as Molinia caerulea (Grant et al., 1996) there is a lack of information on the effects that grazing with cattle or sheep over the summer months might have on animal performance. The underlying hypothesis for this experiment was that grazing in summer would have beneficial effects on animal performance through changes in the short term in the structure of the vegetation, and in the long term through changes in both structure and species composition.
Short-term impact of sheep and cattle grazing on upland wet heath vegetation
Authors: Critchley C. N. R. , Adamson H. F. , Hyslop J. J.
Published: June 2019

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan identifies upland heath and blanket bog as priorities for conservation. Heavy grazing by livestock has damaged these habitats in many parts of the UK. Agri-environment schemes have partly addressed the problem by encouraging farmers to reduce sheep stocking levels on degraded moorland. This can prevent further loss of dwarf shrub cover, but the increased biomass of moorland grasses can inhibit regeneration of dwarf shrubs and other desirable species. The objectives of this system-scale study are to assess the impact on plant species composition and animal performance, of sheep-only and mixed grazing regimes with both cattle and sheep on degraded wet heath vegetation. It is being carried out as part of a wider project to determine environmentally sustainable and economically viable grazing systems for heather moorland.
Impact of grazing management on botanical diversity of grasslands
Authors: Tallowin J. R. B. , Rook A. J. , Rutter S. M.
Published: June 2019

Grazing is a natural process affecting the composition and structure of plant communities and is widely considered to be an essential nature conservation tool. However, our understanding of the interrelations between grazing by large herbivores and biodiversity is relatively poor. Nature conservation imperatives, to control succession, for example, mean that practice has moved ahead of the science knowledge base on grazing. This gap now needs to be bridged. Improving our understanding of and ability to predict consequences of manipulating grazing pressure, duration, type and/or mix of large herbivore on biodiversity outcomes are particular issues that we are addressing.
BSAS Ethical Policy British Society of Animal Science Ethical guidelines for research in animal science
Authors: Jarvis S. , Day J.E.L. , Reed B.
Published: June 2019

Animal science research is important in relation to our understanding of animals, their function and performance, and their relationships with their social and physical environments. Animal science research covers a wide range of disciplines and so can lead to the use of a variety of experimental techniques on animals for many different purposes. This has the potential to lead to a multitude of diverse ethical issues. Members of the British Society of Animal Science and authors of papers submitted to the Society for publication come from countries around the world and therefore are subject to differences in legislative requirements and recommendations regarding animal experimentation. These legal requirements, along with the ethical implications of the research must be fully considered before any experimental work is undertaken.
The Aëro and Motor Boat Exhibition
Authors: Fullerton J. D.
Published: June 2019

This exhibition, organised by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, Ltd., was held at Olympia from the 19th to the 27th March, 1909.

The aëronautical portion attracted considerable attention, and the Society is to be congratulated on the result of its efforts to interest the public in aëronautical matters.

It is not proposed in these notes to give an account of all the exhibits, but an attempt will be made to describe those in which the members of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain are more especially interested. Motors are only briefly touched on, as they are discussed in Mr. McKinney's paper.
Steels Used in Aero Work
Authors: Hatfield W. H.
Published: June 2019

Before proceeding, I wish to say that I much appreciate the invitation to present this paper to your Society. The science of aeronautics has evolved at a great pace, and typifies what can be done with applied science, and the tangible results are so apparent that it would be superfluous to discuss them. It would .appear to me that the rapidity with which the efficiency has increased is due to the whole-hearted collaboration of the different branches of applied science and engineering, the honours being shared, after giving first place to the sporting instinct of the early flyer, by the physicist, the engineer, and the metallurgist. You will notice that my modesty places the metallurgist last. It is quite a confession to make, but it is a fact, nevertheless, that I accepted with pleasure your invitation to give this paper, principally because I have always taken a keen interest in the metallurgical side of aeronautics.
Notes on the Phillips Flying Machine
Authors: Fullerton J. B.
Published: June 2019

As Mr. Phillips is unable, through stress of work, to write an account of his machine, I have prepared a few notes about it, and he has kindly revised them.

The machine is of a quite unusual type, and the study of its design and general system of working will be found of great interest.

In order to understand the principles upon which it is based, it is desirable to first examine briefly the early experiments carried out by Mr. Phillips and the results obtained from them.
Stable Progression and the Wedge Shape
Authors: Balston R.
Published: June 2019

On the last occasion on which I had the honour of reading a paper before this (Society 1 took as my subject the shape of stability, of bodies falling through the air. 1 endeavoured to show that if you wish to make an apparatus which will descend in perfect equilibrium you must do something more than give it lifting surfaces with the usual dihedral angle; that it is, in fact, necessary to extend this plan and form them with an upward angle in all directions from an approximately central point, thus making them take a form like the surface of an inverted cone.

To-night I want to ask you to look at stability from another point of view. A flying body, to be of practical value, must have, in addition to equilibrium of buoyancy, another equilibrium, viz., that of progression, i.e., it must have a strong tendency to proceed with the same point of its framework always to the fore.
The Efficiency of Aëroplanes, etc
Authors: Turnbull W. R.
Published: June 2019

When we examine the numerous designs that have been proposed for power- driven aëroplanes it is most apparent that the designer, in most cases, has lost sight of the all-important subject of the efficiency of the different parts.

The aeroplanes are often quite large enough to give the required “ lift,” but the “ drift “ is enormous, the propellers are usually far too small in diameter, and the motor is so poorly cooled and adjusted, that it is not capable of giving anything like its rated power.

Any one of these faults is sufficient to make a failure of a possible success, but when they are combined, as they usually are, the machine is hopeless. I have just seen in Paris a machine glaringly wrong even in the most elemental principles, yet the builder had spent a large sum of money for a costly motor and its accessories.
A Model Aeroplane
Authors: Clarke T. W. K.
Published: June 2019

The particular design of flying machine about to be described was the outcome of attempts by the writer to obtain an aëroplane model of high efficiency and of very strong construction.
Experiments on the Settling of Gastropod and Bivalve Shells: Biostratinomic Implications
Authors: McKittrick Mary Anne
Published: June 2019

I measured the settling velocities and observed the settling behavior of sixteen molluscan species from Bahia la Choya. Bivalve shells stabilize in a concave-up fall position, and exhibit slower settling velocities than gastropod shells of similar weight and volume. Within individual species settling rates increase as the ratio of shell weight to maximum cross-sectional area increases. Five distinct fall-patterns occur: straight-fall, gliding, rotation, rocking, and oscillation.
Surface Textures of Shells as Taphonomic Indicators
Authors: Cutler Alan H.
Published: June 2019

Taphonomic analysis of fossil remains can provide information on the post-mortem history of the fossils, and may also be useful in interpreting associated sediments. A preliminary survey of the interior surfaces of Recent Chione shells shows that biologic, physical, and chemical agents attacking carbonate substrates in the intertidal environment of Bahia la Choya, Sonora, Mexico, leave behind diagnostic traces of their action.

Shells collected from across the tidal flats and from beach ridge deposits were examined under the SEM and binocular microscope. Tidal flat specimens were dominated by the effects of microboring endoliths. Even recently dead, articulated specimens showed some infestation. Excavation of surfaces by microborers goes through predictable stages, and may therefore be useful for relative “dating” of shells and for estimating burial/sedimentation rates. Beach ridge specimens show a heterogenous array of textures, some inherited from earlier taphonomic episodes, others produced in situ. Textures overprint one another and document transport between habitats.

Similar surface textures should be identifiable in the fossil record and could provide important paleoecologic and sedimentologic information.
Quantitative Sampling of Plant Megafossil Assemblages
Authors: Spicer Robert A.
Published: June 2019

Sampling of plant megafossil assemblages has been traditionally a somewhat haphazard process. There has been an almost universal desire to collect the most perfectly preserved, complete, largest (or most conveniently transported) or aesthetically pleasing specimens (I too plead guilty here), and yet collections tend to have been made from the most accessible parts of an outcrop without due regard to depositional geometry, or sedimentological characteristics. Imperfectly preserved, and/or fragmented material typically has been ignored and successive collections frequently have been made from particular beds or horizons that are know to yield “good material” at a particular site. Chance tends to play a significant role in prospecting for new plant beds and heavy reliance is put on the random hit by the hammer (as often as not on float). Once a concentration of plant remains has been found little note is taken of where each recovered specimen was located in relation to other specimens or the entombing sediments.
Levels of Spatial Variability: The “Community” Problem
Authors: Springer D. A. , Miller A. I.
Published: June 2019

The way we view species distribution patterns, particularly at the level commonly referred to as the “community”, has changed over the past 70 years in biology and, subsequently, in paleontology. Because the degree to which species associations can be interpreted as ecological and evolutionary units depends ultimately on recognition and interpretation of faunal spatial variability, we need to understand the nature of this variability at all levels of resolution before we can adequately address questions of “community” structure and dynamics. While it is possible to recognize spatial variability at several levels, from the distributions of individuals within a species to the overall pattern created by the global biota, we must ask whether these patterns really comprise a hierarchy with natural discontinuities (Fig. 1), or whether it is more realistic to view them as a continuous variability spectrum.
Significance of Hierarchical Structure and Scale in Stratigraphy and Paleoecology: An Example from the Pliocene of North Carolina
Authors: Bailey Richard H.
Published: June 2019

The study of paleoecologic processes through geologic time requires careful analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Collections from stratigraphic units of varying thickness provide data needed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of fossil species, populations, and paleocommunities. Obviously, collections that have broad stratigraphic spacing will reveal only long-term trends. Narrowing the stratigraphic distance between collections may reveal some aspects of shorter term biological processes, but it is well established (Gould, 1980; Schindel, 1980; McCall and Tevesz, 1983) that the lower limit of paleontologic resolution is reached when biological processes operate more quickly than the rate of formation of final undisturbed bedding units.
Community Replacement Pathways: What Do Fossil Sequences Reveal About Marine Ecosystem Transitions?
Authors: Miller William
Published: June 2019

Paleontologists have lavished much time and energy on description and explanation of large-scale patterns in the fossil record (e.g., mass extinctions, histories of monophyletic taxa, deployment of major biogeographic units), while paying comparatively little attention to biologic patterns preserved only in local stratigraphic sequences. Interpretation of the large-scale patterns will always be seen as the chief justification for the science of paleontology, but solving problems framed by long time spans and large areas is rife with tenuous inference and patterns are prone to varied interpretation by different investigators using virtually the same data sets (as in the controversy over ultimate cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions). In other words, the large-scale patterns in the history of life are the true philosophical property of paleontology, but there will always be serious problems in attempting to resolve processes that transpired over millions to hundreds-of-millions of years and encompassed vast areas of seafloor or landscape. By contrast, less spectacular and more commonplace changes in local habitats (often related to larger-scale events and cycles) and attendant biologic responses are closer to our direct experience of the living world and should be easier to interpret unequivocally. These small-scale responses are reflected in the fossil record at the scale of local outcrops.
Taphonomy and an Intertidal Palimpsest Surface: Implications for the Fossil Record
Authors: West Ronald R. , Rollins Harold B. , Busch Richard M.
Published: June 2019

Lateral fluctuations of shoreline positions along shallow basinal margins often result in spatially and temporally overprinted (palimpsested) firmground or hardground surfaces (Frey and Basan, 1981). Recent palimpsested surfaces can teach us a great deal about the fossil record, particularly when we view them taphonomically. For the last few years we have been studying such surfaces along the seaward coast of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. In this paper we will first briefly discuss the modern salt marsh at St. Catherines Island, and its invertebrate inhabitants. This will form a basis for recognition and description of relict marsh surfaces. We will next describe the relict salt marsh surface that is currently being exhumed by coastal erosion and palimpsested by other invertebrate communities. Such palimpsested events also represent heterochronous community replacement–the disjunct temporal and (usually) spatial overprinting of an older community (or biogenic surface) by one (or more) younger communities. This interprets “replacement” as a passive, generally species non-interactive, phenomenon (contra Miller, 1986). Lastly, we will make some rather broad comparisons between the St. Catherines Island setting and what we interpret as analogous situations recorded in the Carboniferous strata of the Appalachian Basin.
Confronting and Correcting Misconceptions in Paleontology Through Use of the Conceptual Change Model
Authors: Schmidt Diane , Savarese Michael
Published: June 2019

The Conceptual Change Model (CCM) is an instructional approach that helps students learn by deliberately targeting their misconceptions. The teaching of such paleontological topics as evolution, phylogenetics, and functional morphology—three concept-rich units that are components of any paleontology course—is confounded by ingrained misunderstandings. The inquiry-based CCM was developed to take into account current theories of brain function. It fully supports the National Research Council's standards for inquiry and follows their recommendations for teaching science. The CCM instructional process allows students to: identify their own preconceptions, recognize the wide variety of beliefs held by classmates, confront their misconceptions, revise and reconstruct their ideas, apply their knowledge, and, finally, ask new questions for further study and growth. Implementation of the model provides a socially safe and challenging environment that engages students in ways not possible in traditional lecture settings. The CCM is employed in the upper-division course in paleontology at Florida Gulf Coast University. The principles of the paleontology course supports our marine science, environmental studies, and biology undergraduate programs. At the introduction of each topical unit, a short inquiry-based exercise is implemented both to reveal preconceptions carried by the students and to demonstrate the inconsistencies and problems with those conceptions. This then provides an opportunity to cleanly present the correct rendition of the concept.
Using Museums to Teach Undergraduate Paleontology and Evolution
Authors: Allmon Warren D. , Ross Robert M. , Kissel Richard A. , Kendrick David C.
Published: June 2019

Museum exhibitions possess a long history of serving as useful tools for teaching both paleontology and evolutionary biology to college undergraduates. Yet, they are frequently under-appreciated and underutilized. However, they remain potentially outstanding resources because they can be used to meet a spectrum of learning objectives related to nature of science, real-world relevance, and student interest. Specifically, even small museum displays can provide: 1) authentic specimens, which often are more diverse, of higher quality, and historically more significant than those in teaching collections; 2) specimens in context, with other specimens and/or geological or biological background available; 3) examples of how fossils connect to virtually all of Earth and life sciences (explaining why they have so frequently been at the center of traditional “natural history”); 4) cross-disciplinary experiences, connecting science, art, technology, and history within a social context; and 5) opportunities for students to learn about teaching. A survey of instructor-developed activities performed within a host of natural history museums—with particular attention devoted to the Museum of the Earth, an affiliate of Cornell University—suggests that natural history exhibitions, regardless of size and scope, can complement and strengthen formal education in an undergraduate setting.
This is Science!
Authors: Lipps Jere H.
Published: June 2019

Science is so exciting! Why? Because it is aweinspiring, fun, and creative. Most scientists would not do anything else—they are truly dedicated to what they do. You can hardly get them to be quiet once they start talking about their work. Unlike most people, they usually love their jobs! However, this is not the common view presented of most scientists. They are commonly thought of as nerds, freaks, weirdoes, or evildoers as portrayed in movies or television. These are fantasies where, with a few exceptions, scientists are shown negatively because it fits dramatic needs (Crichton, 1999). It's just not true in real life.
How Did It All Begin?: The Self-Assembly of Organic Molecules and the Origin of Cellular Life
Authors: Deamer David W.
Published: June 2019

Movies are the myths of late-20th century western culture. Because of the power of films likeETto capture our imagination, we are more likely than past generations to accept the possibility that life exists elsewhere in our galaxy. Such a myth can be used to sketch the main themes of this chapter, which concern the origin of life on the Earth.
Plate Tectonics and Evolution
Authors: Jablonski David I.
Published: June 2019

The realization that the continents are mobile and not fixed in position, and the discovery of the processes driving that mobility, is one of the great scientific achievements of the 20th Century. From the outset, fossil evidence has been important in reconstructing past continental positions, usually by providing data on ancient similarities and differences that appear at odds with present-day geographies. However, the fossil record does much more than provide evidence on ancient continental positions: it also shows the diverse evolutionary effects that the dynamics of the Earth's crust have had on the passengers inhabiting those mobile continents.
Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change
Authors: Padian Kevin
Published: June 2019

In modern biology, natural selection is widely treated as the central mechanism of evolution. Darwin built his greatest book on it; largely ignored for the latter part of the 19th Century, its centrality was restored during the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s. Since then, its importance has sometimes been exaggerated into claims that selection drives adaptation toward optimality. Its effects have been studied in captive and wild populations of all sorts of organisms, and in past as well as present biotas. But it has also been downplayed as only one of many factors of evolutionary change, an editor with no creative force, incapable of guiding any real change in lineages. Natural selection is as intrinsic to ecological theory as to evolutionary theory, and links the two fields as few other concepts do. But like nearly all population processes, its effects on evolution in the long run remain an open question, difficult to test directly.
Tracks and Traces: New Perspectives on Dinosaurian Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography
Authors: Lockley Martin G.
Published: June 2019

Conventional paleontological wisdom holds that there are two major categories of fossil evidence: body fossils (skeletal remains), and trace fossils (including tracks and traces). Ichnology, the study of trace fossils, requires a parallel taxonomy of scientific names (parataxonomy or ichnotaxonomy), like the form taxa of fossil plant remains. This ichnotaxonomy describes a large variety of traces attributable to invertebrates (Hantzschel, 1975) and vertebrates (Haubold, 1984; Leonardi, 1984; Leonardi et al., 1986).
Applications of the Study of Trilobite Ontogeny
Authors: Chatterton Brian D.E. , Speyer Stephen E.
Published: June 2019

Trilobites, like most arthropods, grew through a series of discrete increments (known as instars). The moulted sclerites accumulated in the sediment and were potentially preserved. This mode of growth provides us with a tangible record of morphological attributes that characterize a given stage in an individual's ontogeny, and a record of changes that occur between successive stages.
Quantitative Biostratigraphy
Authors: Edwards Lucy E.
Published: June 2019

I find myself in the position of discussing a rather unfortunate misnomer. In the first place, topics that traditionally have been called “quantitative biostratigraphy” seldom deal with quantities of anything. In the second place, much of “quantitative biostratigraphy” deals more with chronostratigraphy and geochronology than with biostratigraphy. The operational concept is time, not fossil content, although, of course, the fossil content is the starting point. Nonetheless, the phrase “quantitative biostratigraphy” is quite firmly entrenched in the working vocabulary and I will use it here. I will focus on three very different techniques that all involve stratigraphic correlation based on the ranges of fossils.
Transcriptomics of host-specific interactions in natural populations of the parasitic plant purple witchweed (Striga hermonthica)
Authors: Lopez Lua , Bellis Emily S. , Wafula Eric , Hearne Sarah J. , Honaas Loren , Ralph Paula E. , Timko Michael P. , Unachukwu Nnanna , dePamphilis Claude W. , Lasky Jesse R.
Published: June 2019

Host-specific interactions can maintain genetic and phenotypic diversity in parasites that attack multiple host species. Host diversity, in turn, may promote parasite diversity by selection for genetic divergence or plastic responses to host type. The parasitic weed purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.] causes devastating crop losses in sub-Saharan Africa and is capable of infesting a wide range of grass hosts. Despite some evidence for host adaptation and host-by-Striga genotype interactions, little is known about intraspecific Striga genomic diversity. Here we present a study of transcriptomic diversity in populations of S. hermonthica growing on different hosts (maize [Zea mays L.] vs. grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]). We examined gene expression variation and differences in allelic frequency in expressed genes of aboveground tissues from populations in western Nigeria parasitizing each host. Despite low levels of host-based genome-wide differentiation, we identified a set of parasite transcripts specifically associated with each host. Parasite genes in several different functional categories implicated as important in host–parasite interactions differed in expression level and allele on different hosts, including genes involved in nutrient transport, defense and pathogenesis, and plant hormone response. Overall, we provide a set of candidate transcripts that demonstrate host-specific interactions in vegetative tissues of the emerged parasite S. hermonthica. Our study shows how signals of host-specific processes can be detected aboveground, expanding the focus of host–parasite interactions beyond the haustorial connection.
Addendum: Precise tuning of gene expression levels in mammalian cells
Authors: Michaels Yale S. , Barnkob Mike B. , Barbosa Hector , Baeumler Toni A. , Thompson Mary K. , Andre Violaine , Colin-York Huw , Fritzsche Marco , Gileadi Uzi , Sheppard Hilary M. , Knapp David J. H. F. , Milne Thomas A. , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Fulga Tudor A.
Published: June 2019

Following re-sequencing of the miSFIT constructs used in the paper, two of the construct variants inserted into the 3’UTR of PD-1, namely ‘12C’ and ‘17A, 18G’, have been found to contain additional insertions not present in the other construct variants. The data points corresponding to these constructs in Figs. 2c, f and Supplementary Fig. 9 are therefore no longer valid. However the overall conclusion that step-wise control over gene expression levels using the miSFIT constructs remains unaffected by these errors. Updated versions of Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 9 are presented in the accompanying Addendum.
The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue
Authors: Messina Jane P. , Brady Oliver J. , Golding Nick , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Wint G. R. William , Ray Sarah E. , Pigott David M. , Shearer Freya M. , Johnson Kimberly , Earl Lucas , Marczak Laurie B. , Shirude Shreya , Davis Weaver Nicole , Gilbert Marius , Velayudhan Raman , Jones Peter , Jaenisch Thomas , Scott Thomas W. , Reiner Robert C. , Hay Simon I.
Published: June 2019

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has spread throughout the tropical world over the past 60 years and now affects over half the world’s population. The geographical range of dengue is expected to further expand due to ongoing global phenomena including climate change and urbanization. We applied statistical mapping techniques to the most extensive database of case locations to date to predict global environmental suitability for the virus as of 2015. We then made use of climate, population and socioeconomic projections for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080 to project future changes in virus suitability and human population at risk. This study is the first to consider the spread of Aedes mosquito vectors to project dengue suitability. Our projections provide a key missing piece of evidence for the changing global threat of vector-borne disease and will help decision-makers worldwide to better prepare for and respond to future changes in dengue risk.
Wide and Deep Imaging of Neuronal Activities by a Wearable NeuroImager Reveals Premotor Activity in the Whole Motor Cortex
Authors: Kobayashi Takuma , Islam Tanvir , Sato Masaaki , Ohkura Masamichi , Nakai Junichi , Hayashi Yasunori , Okamoto Hitoshi
Published: June 2019

Wearable technologies for functional whole brain imaging in freely moving animals would advance our understanding of cognitive processing and adaptive behavior. Fluorescence imaging can visualize the activity of individual neurons in real time, but conventional microscopes have limited sample coverage in both the width and depth of view. Here we developed a novel head-mounted laser camera (HLC) with macro and deep-focus lenses that enable fluorescence imaging at cellular resolution for comprehensive imaging in mice expressing a layer- and cell type-specific calcium probe. We visualized orientation selectivity in individual excitatory neurons across the whole visual cortex of one hemisphere, and cell assembly expressing the premotor activity that precedes voluntary movement across the motor cortex of both hemispheres. Including options for multiplex and wireless interfaces, our wearable, wide- and deep-imaging HLC technology could enable simple and economical mapping of neuronal populations underlying cognition and behavior.
Risk factors for neurocognitive impairment in patients with benign intracranial lesions
Authors: Bette Stefanie , Ruhland Julia M. , Wiestler Benedikt , Barz Melanie , Meyer Bernhard , Zimmer Claus , Ryang Yu-Mi , Ringel Florian , Gempt Jens
Published: June 2019

This study was designed to assess risk factors for neurocognitive impairment in patients with benign intracranial lesions including tumors and vascular lesions. 74 patients (29 m, 51 f, mean age 54.4 years) with surgery for benign intracranial lesions were included in this prospective single-center study. Extensive neuropsychological testing was performed preoperatively, including tests for attention, memory and executive functions. Furthermore, headache and depression were assessed using the german version of the HDI (IBK) and the BDI-II. Multiple linear regression analyses of the percentile ranks (adjusted for age, sex and education) including the parameters age, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS), mood, pain and lesion size were performed to identify risk factors for cognitive impairment. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, the influence of hemisphere and type of lesion (tumor/vascular) was assessed. Posthoc Bonferroni correction was performed. Poorer neurocognitive functions were observed only in the category attention in patients with higher age (divided attention, WMS) and reduced KPS (WMS). Lesion volume, mood, pain, hemisphere or the type of the lesion (tumor, vascular) were not identified as risk factors for poorer neurocognitive functions in patients with benign intracranial lesions. Age and KPS are the main risk factors for poorer neurocognitive functions in the category attention in patients with benign intracranial lesions. Knowledge of these risk factors might be important to find appropriate therapy regimes to improve cognitive functions and quality of life.
Genome-wide characterization of the WRKY gene family in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and the importance of several group III members in continuous cropping
Authors: Chen Peng , Liu Qi-zhi
Published: June 2019

WRKY transcription factors play important roles in many plant developmental processes and adaptation to the environment. However, little knowledge is available about the WRKY gene family in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), an important soft fruit worldwide. In this study, a total of 47 WRKY gene members were identified and renamed on the basis of their order on the chromosomes. According to their evolutionary events and conserved structure, the 47 FaWRKYs were divided into three major groups with several subgroups. A cis-element analysis showed that all FaWRKYs possessed at least one stress response-related cis-element. Comprehensive analysis, including phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling, based on real-time qPCR analysis in root, stem, leaf and fruit was performed on group III FaWRKY genes. The phylogenetic tree of the WRKY III genes in cultivated strawberry, wild Strawberry, Arabidopsis, tomato, and rice was divided into five clades. Additionally, the expression profiles of the FaWRKY genes in response to continuous cropping were further investigated based on RNA-seq data. FaWRKY25, FaWRKY32, and FaWRKY45, which are group III FaWRKY genes, were upregulated after continuous cropping. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression levels of PR1 and peroxidase were higher in continuous cropping (CC) than in non-continuous cropping (NCC). The results indicated that group III FaWRKYs might play an important role in continuous cropping. These results provide a foundation for genetic improvements for continuous cropping tolerance in cultivated strawberry.
Whole-blood transcriptomic signatures induced during immunization by chloroquine prophylaxis and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites
Authors: Tran Tuan M. , Bijker Else M. , Haks Mariëlle C. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Visser Leo , Schats Remko , Venepally Pratap , Lorenzi Hernan , Crompton Peter D. , Sauerwein Robert W.
Published: June 2019

A highly effective vaccine that confers sterile protection to malaria is urgently needed. Immunization under chemoprophylaxis with sporozoites (CPS) consistently confers high levels of protection in the Controlled Human Malaria infection (CHMI) model. To provide a broad, unbiased assessment of the composition and kinetics of direct ex vivo human immune responses to CPS, we profiled whole-blood transcriptomes by RNA-seq before and during CPS immunization and following CHMI challenge. Differential expression of genes enriched in modules related to T cells, NK cells, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial processes were detected in fully protected individuals four weeks after the first immunization. Non-protected individuals demonstrated transcriptomic changes after the third immunization and the day of treatment, with upregulation of interferon and innate inflammatory genes and downregulation of B-cell signatures. Protected individuals demonstrated more significant interactions between blood transcription modules compared to non-protected individuals several weeks after the second and third immunizations. These data provide insight into the molecular and cellular basis of CPS-induced immune protection from P. falciparum infection.
Identifying influential spreaders by gravity model
Authors: Li Zhe , Ren Tao , Ma Xiaoqi , Liu Simiao , Zhang Yixin , Zhou Tao
Published: June 2019

Identifying influential spreaders in complex networks is crucial in understanding, controlling and accelerating spreading processes for diseases, information, innovations, behaviors, and so on. Inspired by the gravity law, we propose a gravity model that utilizes both neighborhood information and path information to measure a node’s importance in spreading dynamics. In order to reduce the accumulated errors caused by interactions at distance and to lower the computational complexity, a local version of the gravity model is further proposed by introducing a truncation radius. Empirical analyses of the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) spreading dynamics on fourteen real networks show that the gravity model and the local gravity model perform very competitively in comparison with well-known state-of-the-art methods. For the local gravity model, the empirical results suggest an approximately linear relation between the optimal truncation radius and the average distance of the network.
A high-energy-state biomimetic enzyme of oxygen-deficient MnTiO3 nanodiscs for sensitive electrochemical sensing of the superoxide anion
Authors: Zhao Shenfei , Shi Zhuanzhuan , Guo Chun Xian , Li Chang Ming
Published: June 2019

A high-energy-state biomimetic enzyme for the superoxide anion is presented by inducing surface oxygen defects in MnTiO3 nanodiscs.
Degradation of ZIF-8 in phosphate buffered saline media
Authors: Velásquez-Hernández Miriam de J. , Ricco Raffaele , Carraro Francesco , Limpoco F. Ted , Linares-Moreau Mercedes , Leitner Erich , Wiltsche Helmar , Rattenberger Johannes , Schröttner Hartmuth , Frühwirt Philipp , Stadler Eduard M. , Gescheidt Georg , Amenitsch Heinz , Doonan Christian J. , Falcaro Paolo
Published: June 2019

Understanding the stability of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) under physiological conditions is critical in biotechnology and biomedicine for biosensing, biocatalysis, and drug delivery.
Circular RNA SMARCA5 inhibits gastric cancer progression through targeting the miR-346/ FBXL2 axis
Authors: Li Quanying , Tang Hongna , Hu Fangfang , Qin Changjiang
Published: June 2019

Circular RNA (circRNA) SMARCA5 (circSMARCA5) is a cancer-related circRNA that has been observed to be involved in the progression of several types of cancer.
The anti-cancer activity and potential clinical application of rice bran extracts and fermentation products
Authors: Yu Yonghui , Zhang Jingjie , Wang Jing , Sun Baogao
Published: June 2019

Extracts and fermentation products of rice bran serve important roles in mediating inflammation, cell cycel, cell apotosis, and cancer prevention.
Synthesis of π-conjugated network polymers based on triphenylamine (TPA) and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as building blocks via direct Pd-catalyzed reactions and their application in CO2 capture and explosive detection
Authors: Ma Lamaocao , Ma Hengchang
Published: June 2019

In this study, we report the synthesis of π-conjugated network polymers via palladium-catalyzed direct arylation polycondensation of triphenylamine (TPA) and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) with different active substrates.
Structural exploration of rhodium catalysts and their kinetic studies for efficient parahydrogen-induced polarization by side arm hydrogenation
Authors: Itoda Marino , Naganawa Yuki , Ito Makoto , Nonaka Hiroshi , Sando Shinsuke
Published: June 2019

New rhodium catalysts for parahydrogen-induced polarization.
Oxidative amidation of benzaldehyde using a quinone/DMSO system as the oxidizing agent
Authors: Mejía-Farfán Itzel , Solís-Hernández Manuel , Navarro-Santos Pedro , Contreras-Celedón Claudia A. , Cortés-García Carlos Jesus , Chacón-García Luis
Published: June 2019

An efficient transition-metal-based heterogeneous catalyst free procedure for obtaining the oxidative amidation of benzaldehyde using quinones as oxidizing agents in low molar proportions is described here.
Isolated α-turn and incipient γ-helix
Authors: Mir Fatemeh M. , Crisma Marco , Toniolo Claudio , Lubell William D.
Published: June 2019

The unique abilities of homo-oligo-adamantyl peptides to adopt α- and γ-turn conformations are demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, and NMR and FT-IR absorption spectroscopies.
Gallium oxide solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors: a review
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Zheng Wei , Huang Feng
Published: June 2019

This review introduces the developments in β-Ga2O3 materials growth and solar blind UV photodetectors in the last decade, summarizes their advantages and potential for improvement, and puts forward some suggestions for actual application requirements.
In situ encapsulation of pyridine-substituted tetraphenylethene cations in metal–organic framework for the detection of antibiotics in aqueous medium
Authors: Ying Yan-Mei , Tao Chen-Lei , Yu Maoxing , Xiong Yi , Guo Chang-Rui , Liu Xun-Gao , Zhao Zujin
Published: June 2019

A highly luminescent MOF containing tetraphenylethene-based cations has been prepared through in situ encapsulation, which can serve as a fluorescent sensor for selective and sensitive detection of nitrofuran antibiotics in aqueous media.
Dual-Task Effects on Story Retell for Participants With Moderate, Mild, or No Aphasia: Quantitative and Qualitative Findings
Authors: Harmon Tyson G. , Jacks Adam , Haley Katarina L. , Bailliard Antoine
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The aims of the study were to determine dual-task effects on content accuracy, delivery speed, and perceived effort during narrative discourse in people with moderate, mild, or no aphasia and to explore subjective reactions to retelling a story with a concurrent task.

Method

Two studies (1 quantitative and 1 qualitative) were conducted. In Study 1, participants with mild or moderate aphasia and neurotypical controls retold short stories in isolation and while simultaneously distinguishing between high and low tones. Story retell accuracy (speech productivity and efficiency), speed (speech rate, repetitions, and pauses), and perceived effort were measured and compared. In Study 2, participants completed semistructured interviews about their story retell experience. These interviews were recorded, transcribed orthographically, and coded qualitatively using thematic analysis.

Results

The dual task interfered more with spoken language of people with aphasia than controls, but different speed–accuracy trade-off patterns were noted. Participants in the moderate aphasia group reduced accuracy with little alteration to speed, whereas participants in the mild aphasia group maintained accuracy and reduced their speed. Participants in both groups also reported more negative emotional and behavioral reactions to the dual-task condition than their neurotypical peers. Intentional strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of the dual-task condition were only reported by participants with mild aphasia.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that, although communicating with a competing task is more difficult for people with aphasia than neurotypical controls, participants with mild aphasia may be better able to cope with cognitively demanding communication situations than participants with moderate aphasia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8233391