bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyomavirus BK non‐coding control region rearrangements in health and disease
Authors: Sharma Preety M. , Gupta Gaurav , Vats Abhay , Shapiro Ron , Randhawa Parmjeet S.
Published: June 2007

Background

BK virus is an increasingly recognized pathogen in transplanted patients. DNA sequencing of this virus shows considerable genomic variability.

Methods

To understand the clinical significance of rearrangements in the non‐coding control region (NCCR) of BK virus (BKV), we report a meta‐analysis of 507 sequences, including 40 sequences generated in our own laboratory, for associations between rearrangements and disease, tissue tropism, geographic origin, and viral genotype.

Results

NCCR rearrangements were less frequent in (a) asymptomatic BKV viruria compared to patients viral nephropathy (1.7% vs. 22.5%), and (b) viral genotype 1 compared to other genotypes (2.4% vs. 11.2%). Rearrangements were commoner in malignancy (78.6%), and Norwegians (45.7%), and less common in East Indians (0%), and Japanese (4.3%). A surprising number of rearranged sequences were reported from mononuclear cells of healthy subjects, whereas most plasma sequences were archetypal. This difference could not be related to potential recombinase activity in lymphocytes, as consensus recombination signal sequences could not be found in the NCCR region.

Conclusions

NCCR rearrangements are neither required nor a sufficient condition to produce clinical disease. BKV nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis are not associated with any unique NCCR configuration or nucleotide sequence. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1199–1207, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and molecular characterization of human group C rotaviruses in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, between 1986 and 2005
Authors: Kuzuya Mitsutaka , Fujii Ritsushi , Hamano Masako , Nishijima Michiko , Ogura Hajime
Published: June 2007

A survey of human group C rotaviruses (CHRVs) was conducted in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, over a period of 19 years between 1986 and 2005. The presence of CHRVs was screened by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using CHRV‐specific monoclonal antibodies and confirmed by reverse transcription‐PCR. Of the 3,722 fecal specimens from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis, 44 specimens (1.2%) were positive for CHRV. The CHRV isolates were detected periodically but continuously, and the rates of positivity changed from one rotavirus season to the next. Moreover, the isolates were mainly detected in April and May, and the mean age of the patients infected with CHRV was 5.27 years. The genome electropherotypes (E types) of the isolates were classified into three patterns, and the dominant pattern changed from year to year. Nucleotide sequences of the VP7 and VP4 genes of 16 strains, which were representatives of 70 isolates from sporadic cases and outbreaks, were determined and analyzed. Although the VP7 and VP4 genes of the strains were closely related to each other, a phylogenetic analysis suggested that each of the VP7 and VP4 genes of the strains were grouped into three genetic lineages. Moreover, the strains could be divided into five types based on the combination of the E type and the genetic lineages of the VP7 and VP4 genes. These results indicate that CHRVs generally exist in Okayama Prefecture and that CHRVs with various genomic backgrounds prevailed in a limited area. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1219–1228, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of effect of a booster dose of influenza vaccine in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Tanzi Elisabetta , Amendola Antonella , Pariani Elena , Zappa Alessandra , Colzani Daniela , Logias Franco , Perego Angelo , Zanetti Alessandro R.
Published: June 2007

To assess whether the administration of a booster dose of influenza vaccine may enhance immune response in hemodialysis patients, 58 subjects were given two doses of the 2003/2004 season influenza vaccine, 1 month apart. “European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products” (EMEA) criteria were fully met in terms of percentage of response and of mean‐fold increase of hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody titer, but not in terms of seroprotection rates (HI antibody titers ≥1:40). The second vaccine administration did not result in additional increase in seroprotection rate or in geometric mean titers. Protective immune response against the epidemic A/H3N2 Fujian‐like strain, antigenically distant from that included in the vaccine (A/Panama/2007/99) was observed in 94.7% of vaccinees protected against the A/H3N2 vaccine strain 1 month after immunization. No adverse reactions were reported during follow‐up. The study findings suggest that immune response to influenza vaccination may be suboptimal in hemodialysis patients and that the administration of an additional second dose of vaccine does not improve the humoral response. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1176–1179, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selected bioactivities of Vaccinium berries and other fruit crops in relation to their phenolic contents
Authors: Kalt Wilhelmina , Howell Amy B , MacKinnon Shawna L , Goldman Irwin L
Published: June 2007

Antioxidant activity, urinary tract protective activity, and cardioprotective anti‐platelet effects are among the bioactivities associated with dietary phenolics. These bioactivities were measured in vitro in fruit extracts from seven Vaccinium species and five non‐Vaccinium species to determine their relationship to total phenolic content and to anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content. Berries belonging to the genus Vaccinium were particularly high in antioxidant activity and urinary tract protective anti‐adhesion activity, while anti‐platelet activity varied among species. There was a positive relationship between antioxidant activity (using the oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) assay) and both the total phenolic (R2 = 0.76) and anthocyanin content (R2 = 0.43) of the fruit, although there was no relationship between ORAC and proanthocyanidin content. There were no relationships between anti‐adhesion activity and total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, or proanthocyanidin content. Likewise, no relationships were observed between anti‐platelet activity and total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, or proanthocyanidin content. These results suggest that while antioxidant properties are characteristic of all fruit phenolics, in vitro anti‐adhesion and anti‐platelet bioactivities may be due to less abundant phenolic subgroups. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada and Society of Chemical Industry
Lycopene content and antioxidant activity of fresh and processed tomatoes and in vitro bioavailability of lycopene
Authors: Karakaya Sibel , Yılmaz Nilüfer
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Lycopene, a phytochemical, has attracted a great deal of interest over the past few years. This has triggered research on the biological properties of lycopene and on the numerous factors that control these properties. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate lycopene content and antioxidant activity of fresh, sun‐dried and canned tomatoes. In addition, in vitro bioavailability of lycopene was determined.

RESULTS: Lycopene contents of fresh, sun‐dried and canned tomatoes were found to be 1.74, 5.51 and 3.55 mg 100 g−1, respectively, on a fresh wet basis. The highest lycopene bioavailability was obtained for sun‐dried tomatoes (58.05%) and this was followed by fresh (28.67%) and canned tomatoes (21.83%). Fresh tomatoes showed the highest antioxidant activity against ABTS radical oxidation. This was followed by sun‐dried tomatoes and canned tomatoes. The inhibition effect of intestinal dialysates of the samples on ABTS radical oxidation was between 51.34% and 92.96%.

CONCLUSION: Maintenance antioxidant activity and existence of lycopene following an in vitro digestion process were the main findings, which might contribute forthcoming studies in this scientific field. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of uric acid in plasma and allantoic fluid of chicken embryos by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Matějčková Jana , Tůma Petr , Samcová Eva , Zemanová Zdeňka
Published: June 2007

Capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (DAD) was used to determine uric acid (UA) in chicken plasma and the allantoic fluid of chicken embryos. Complete separation of uric and ascorbic acids was attained in less than 10 min in the optimized BGE containing 60 mM MES + 30 mM Tris + 0.001% (w/v) polybrene (pH 6.1). The limit of UA detection (0.2 mg/L) was found to be low enough for sensitive analysis of native plasma and allantoic fluid samples. Range of linearity (1–200 mg/L), repeatability for peak area (CV <4.1%) and migration time (CV <2.5%), as well as recovery of UA from biological samples (97–100%), were found to be satisfactory. The method was applied to detect the elevated UA concentrations (hyperuricemia) in chicken embryos with induced unilateral renal agenesis. CE/DAD analysis of the chicken plasma can be carried out with a relatively small volume of samples (1 μL).
Factor structure of PTSD symptoms among west and central African refugees
Authors: Rasmussen Andrew , Smith Hawthorne , Keller Allen S.
Published: June 2007

Although trauma is widespread in Africa, Africans are unrepresented in the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The authors used confirmatory factor analysis of responses to the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to model PTSD symptom structure in a sample of African refugees presenting at a U.S. torture treatment clinic. They tested four models that are proposed in the literature and one based on their clinical experience in which some symptoms of hyperarousal were integrated into intrusion. Their findings support a preference for a 4‐factor aroused intrusion model. Discussion focuses on interpretation of models, the role of numbing and avoidance, and the limitations of Euro American symptoms in non‐Euro American populations.
PTSD symptoms, substance use, and vipassana meditation among incarcerated individuals
Authors: Simpson T. L. , Kaysen D. , Bowen S. , MacPherson L. M. , Chawla N. , Blume A. , Marlatt G. A. , Larimer M.
Published: June 2007

The present study evaluated whether Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity was associated with participation and treatment outcomes comparing a Vipassana meditation course to treatment as usual in an incarcerated sample. This study utilizes secondary data. The original study demonstrated that Vipassana meditation is associated with reductions in substance use. The present study found that PTSD symptom severity did not differ significantly between those who did and did not volunteer to take the course. Participation in the Vipassana course was associated with significantly greater reductions in substance use than treatment as usual, regardless of PTSD symptom severity levels. These results suggest that Vipassana meditation is worthy of further study for those with comorbid PTSD and substance use problems.
Left hand preference is related to posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Choudhary Carolyn J. , O'Carroll Ronan E.
Published: June 2007

Previous studies have found an increased prevalence of mixed/left handedness in male combat veterans and children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined lateral preference and screened for possible PTSD using a self‐completion instrument in a general population sample (N = 596). Fifty‐one individuals met all criteria for possible diagnosis of PTSD and, significantly, this group contained relatively more left handers; this effect was associated with strong left‐handedness, rather than weak or mixed handedness. Left handers were found to have significantly higher scores in arousal symptoms of PTSD. This study extends previous findings to a civilian population and to women and suggests the association with left handedness may be a robust finding in people with PTSD.
Dendrimer Effects on Peptide and Protein Fibrillation
Authors: Heegaard Peter M. H. , Boas Ulrik , Otzen Daniel E.
Published: June 2007

Dendrimers are synthetic, symmetrically branched polymers that can be manufactured to a high degree of definition and therefore present themselves as monodisperse entities. Flexible and globular in shape and compartementalized into a partly inaccessible interior and a highly exposed surface, they offer numerous possibilities for interactions with and responses to biological macromolecules and biostructures including cell membranes and proteins. By way of their multiple functional surface groups, they allow the design of surfaces carrying a multitude of biological motifs and/or charges giving rise to quite significant biological and physico‐chemical effects. Here we describe the surprising ability of dendrimers to interact with and perturb polypeptide conformations, particularly efficiently towards amyloid structures; that is, the structures of highly insoluble polypeptide aggregates involved in a range of serious and irreversibly progressive pathological conditions (protein‐misfolding diseases). Interesting as this may be, the interaction of dendrimers with such generic peptidic aggregates also offers a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms governing assembly and disassembly of amyloid structures and thereby on determinants of protein and peptide folding. Despite the potent disaggregative nature of various dendrimers, they have variable effects on the stability of different proteins, suggesting that they do not act as generic denaturants, but rather exert their effects via specific interactions with individual parts of each protein.

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Monolithic Media Prepared Via Electron Beam Curing for Proteins Separation and Flow‐Through Catalysis
Authors: Bandari Rajendar , Knolle Wolfgang , Prager‐Duschke Andrea , Gläsel Hans‐Jürgen , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: June 2007

A novel approach to acrylate/methacrylate‐based monolithic systems via electron‐beam (EB) initiated polymerization is described. The thus obtained monolithic columns were found suitable for the analytical scale separation of proteins. The novel concept of monolith synthesis was successfully extended to the synthesis of large diameter (20 mm × 300 mm id) monolithic columns applying EB irradiation in a pulsed mode. A homogeneous structure in terms of particle size and porous structure was again realized throughout the entire monolith. Functionalization of the monolithic columns was accomplished via copolymerization of a functional monomer, N,N‐dipyrid‐2‐ylmethacryl amide. The thus obtained functional monoliths were loaded with Pd (II) and used for the Heck‐coupling of styrene with iodobenzene in a continuous process.

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Synthesis of ABC‐Triblock Peptide‐Polymer Conjugates for the Positioning of Peptide Segments within Block Copolymer Aggregates
Authors: ten Cate Mattijs G. J. , Börner Hans G.
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of amphiphilic ABC‐triblock peptide‐polymer conjugates comprising a central oligopeptide segment and terminal hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as well as hydrophobic poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) blocks is described. In aqueous solution, the amphiphilic segments of these functional conjugates direct the self‐assembly into block copolymer micelles, while the functional oligopeptide is positioned at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic interface. For that the conjugate PEO‐Arg10 was synthesized using solid‐phase supported peptide synthesis techniques (SPPS). The supported precursor conjugate was functionalized at the amino‐terminus of the peptide segment with a chain‐transfer moiety for RAFT polymerization. Subsequently, the AB macro‐CTA was liberated from the support and used to polymerize BA homogenously in solution. The RAFT radical polymerization process allowed controlling the molecular weight of the PBA‐block, leading to amphiphilic ABC‐conjugates with low polydispersities. The triblock peptide‐polymer conjugate assembles in water into micellar aggregates, as was shown by light scattering and AFM. The molecular architecture of the ABC‐triblock conjugate controls the positioning of the functional but expensive oligopeptide‐segment within the aggregates, while the inexpensive synthetic polymer blocks are determining the aggregation behavior. Considering the design of the conjugate, the central Arg10 segment can be expected to be positioned at the interface between the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic polymer blocks, resulting in the formation of a functional domain with precisely controllable functionalities.

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Structure‐to‐Properties Relationship of Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyesters
Authors: Žagar Ema , Huskić Miroslav , Žigon Majda
Published: June 2007

We investigated the effects of annealing on the rearrangement of the H‐bond network microstructure and its influence on the thermal and rheological properties of the second pseudo‐generation hyperbranched (HB) polyester based on 2,2‐bis(methylol)propionic acid (Boltorn H20) in comparison to the fourth pseudo‐generation HB polyester (Boltorn H40). During annealing the hydroxyl groups of HB polyesters form H‐bonds with other hydroxyl or carbonyl groups. The formation of OH…OH H‐bonds is favored at shorter annealing times, higher annealing temperatures, and for low pseudo‐generation HB polyester, which has a low average molar mass, degree of branching, and core functionality. At temperatures up to 80 °C, Boltorn H20 indicates faster and more extensive H‐bond formation as compared to Boltorn H40. This is reflected in its larger cleavage enthalpies and higher elastic contribution to the viscoelastic response. At 90 °C and above, the process of H‐bond formation is delayed. Therefore, Boltorn H20 exhibits only viscous behavior in rheological measurements, and in DSC curves it shows strong exothermic transitions while heating the sample.

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Bio‐Based Nanocomposites from Corn Oil and Functionalized Organoclay Prepared by Cationic Polymerization
Authors: Lu Yongshang , Larock Richard C.
Published: June 2007

A reactive organic montmorillonite clay (VMMT), modified with (4‐vinylbenzyl) triethylammonium cations, has been prepared and used as a nanofiller to reinforce a corn‐oil‐based polymer resin. The polymer resin was prepared by the cationic polymerization of conjugated corn oil, styrene and divinylbenzene, using boron trifluoride diethyl etherate modified with Norway fish oil as the initiator. The results indicate that the VMMT is intercalated in the corn‐oil‐based polymer resins. When compared with the pure polymers, these novel nanocomposites reinforced with 2 to 3 wt.‐% VMMT exhibit significant improvements in modulus, strength, strain and toughness. Furthermore, incorporating VMMT into the corn‐oil‐based polymer matrix also leads to improved thermal stability of the nanocomposites over the pure resins of up to 400 °C.

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Improved survival of rat ischemic cutaneous and musculocutaneous flaps after VEGF gene transfer
Authors: Antonini Andrea , Zacchigna Serena , Papa Giovanni , Novati Federico , Pascone Michele , Giacca Mauro
Published: June 2007

When harvesting microsurgical flaps, the main goals are to obtain as much tissue as possible based on a single vascular pedicle and a reliable vascularization of the entire flap. These aims being in contrast to each other, microsurgeons have been looking for an effective way to enhance skin and muscle perfusion in order to avoid partial flap loss in reconstructive surgery. In this study we demonstrate the efficacy of VEGF 165 delivered by an Adeno‐Associated Virus (AAV) vector in two widely recognized rat flap models. In the rectus abdominis miocutaneous flap, intramuscular injection of AAV‐VEGF reduced flap necrosis by 50%, while cutaneous delivery of the same amount of vector put down the epigastric flap's ischemia by >40%. Histological evidence of neoangiogenesis (enhanced presence of CD31‐positive capillaries and α‐Smooth Muscle Actin‐positive arteriolae) confirmed the therapeutic effect of AAV‐VEGF on flap perfusion. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Assessment of the microsurgical skills: 30 minutes versus 2 weeks patency
Authors: Ilie Vlad , Ilie Victor , Ghetu Nicolae , Popescu Sidonia , Grosu Oana , Pieptu Dragos
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study is to evaluate the amount of training needed by a trainee, with no background in microsurgery, in order to achieve proper skills for microvascular anastomosis. A protocol based on the rat femoral artery was established to provide a quantitative representation. Five inexperienced subjects started performing microvascular anastomosis. Patency was assessed at 30 min. The final assessment was performed at 2 weeks when rats were reoperated and the patency below the anastomosis was checked. The experiment was discontinued for one subject when he/she succeeded to have two series of four anastomosis with 100% patency at 2 weeks. The results were: 47.5% patency rate at 30 min and 7.5% at 2 weeks (series 1–2); 67.5 and 32.5% (3–4); 82.5 and 35% (5–6); 100 and 70% (7–8); 100 and 87.5% (9–10). Two trainees obtained 100% patency at 2 weeks after series 9–10. Other three needed two more series. There is a significant statistic difference (P < 0.01) between the results at 30 min and 2 weeks for the series (1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8). The patency rate at 2 weeks reflects in a better way the microsurgical skills of a trainee. For long term functioning anastomosis, the training period needs an extension beyond that necessary for 100% patency at 30 min. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Microsurgical treatment of injury to peripheral nerves in upper and lower limbs: A critical review of the last 8 years
Authors: Portincasa A. , Gozzo G. , Parisi D. , Annacontini L. , Campanale A. , Basso G. , Maiorella A.
Published: June 2007

Nerve injuries to the upper and inferior limbs represent a common event due both to home and working accidents. Minor traumas can lead to severe disabilities if a wrong treatment is carried out. From 1997 to 2005, 920 patients were observed with a total of 1,200 major or minor nerves injuries operated. In 852 cases acute lesions treated. In 68 patients we reviewed old injuries. In 707 patients direct nerve suture and in 145 patients nerve grafts were carried out. One to 8 years follow up observed. Different protocols were adopted according to the injury: simple cut, complex lesion or surgical revision. Results were evaluated during the follow up period with different models: motor evaluation in six levels (BMRC), sensitive evaluation in five levels (HIGHET), and global evaluation with four grades (from the worst to the best result). Nerve healing is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by many parameters related both to the patient characteristics and nerve lesion. Functional and esthetical outcomes vary also according to: age, cultural and economic condition, health status, and smoking.1, 2 Post operative rehabilitation is mandatory to obtain an acceptable functional result. Nerve injuries to the upper and inferiorlimbs represent a challenge for the microsurgeon. Ultimate success in nerve surgery is judged by functional as well as cosmetic parameters. Only patients with the appropriate indication should be operated and always by a skilled surgeon. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
The cephalic and external jugular veins: Important alternative recipient vessels in left‐sided microvascular breast reconstruction
Authors: Casey William J. , Rebecca Alanna M. , Smith Anthony A. , Craft Randall O. , Buchel Edward W.
Published: June 2007

Background: The internal mammary and thoracodorsal vessels are the standard recipient sites in microsurgical breast reconstruction. We review our series of venous outflow alternatives when these vessels are inadequate or unusable. Materials and methods: A retrospective review of all free breast reconstructions was performed from July 2003 through December 2005. Outcomes were measured with regard to re‐exploration, flap failure, and fat necrosis, with attention to the timing and side of reconstruction, as well as the presence or absence of radiation therapy. Results: A total of 141 free breast reconstructions were performed during the study period. In seven cases (5%), alternative venous outflow vessels were selected (cephalic or external jugular vein). Nine anastamotic complications occurred, all of which involved the left internal mammary group (statistically significant for venous thrombosis, P = 0.0063) and three flaps failed. All cephalic and external jugular veins remained patent with no flap failures or fat necrosis within this group. Conclusion: The cephalic vein and external jugular vein are excellent alternatives for venous outflow in free breast reconstruction if neither the internal mammary nor thoracodorsal veins are sufficient, especially in left‐sided reconstruction. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Branching and Crosslinking in Coordination Terpolymerizations
Authors: Dias Rolando C. S. , Costa Mário Rui P. F. N.
Published: June 2007

A general kinetic method, based upon population balances of generating functions, is applied to the prediction of the microstructure and molecular size of non‐linear terpolymers obtained through the coordination polymerization of two monovinyl monomers and a non‐conjugated diene. A rather complex kinetic scheme involving crosslinking and long‐chain branching is considered. It is shown that even in these conditions it is possible to carry out the prediction of molecular size and mass distributions, sequence size distributions, and z‐average mean‐square radius of gyration of the polymers. The influence of some kinetic parameters on the properties of the products is studied, considering a homogeneous operation in a semi‐batch reactor. The used simulation method is able to predict these properties before and after gelation whenever it occurs.

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Pharmacologic evaluation of pressor and visceromotor reflex responses to bladder distension
Authors: Su Xin , Riedel Erin S. , Leon Lisa A. , Laping Nicholas J.
Published: June 2007

Aims

Several mechanisms that are involved in acute rat bladder nociception were examined. The nociceptive response was measured by analyzing both cardiovascular and visceromotor reflex responses to urinary bladder distension. The contributions of µ‐opioid receptor, κ‐opioid receptor, sodium channels, muscarinic receptors, and cyclooxygenase, were explored with morphine, U50,488, mexiletine, oxybutynin, and naproxen, respectively.

Methods

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were acutely instrumented with jugular venous, carotid arterial, and bladder cannulas. Needle electrodes were placed directly into the abdominal musculature to measure myoelectrical activity subsequent to repeated phasic urinary bladder distension (60 mmHg for 20 sec in 3 min intervals) under 1% isoflurane. Drugs were administered by i.v. bolus injection 2 min prior to distension.

Results

The analgesics morphine (ID50 0.69 mg/kg), U50,488 (1.34 mg/kg), and mexiletine (2.60 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the visceromotor reflex response to noxious urinary bladder distension. Oxybutynin also attenuated reflex responses to noxious urinary bladder distension to 41% of the maximal pressor response and 32% of the control visceromotor reflex response (3.01 and 5.05 mg/kg), respectively, indicating a role of muscarinic receptors in bladder nociception. Naproxen did not attenuate the pressor response, but moderately inhibited visceromotor reflex to 45% of control at 30 mg/kg (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Current results using the rat urinary bladder distension model are consistent with previous research demonstrating a role of the analgesics (morphine, U50,488, and mexiletine) in the inhibition of visceral nociceptive transmission. The utility of the reflex responses to urinary bladder distension may provide a method useful to examine mechanisms which target the bladder sensory pathway. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:249–253, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The butte‐silver bow county consolidated charter. A new deal in local Government
Authors: Hatton A. R.
Published: June 2007

This charter, drafted by Dr. Hatton, has passed the legislature and now awaits acceptance by the people at the polls. A copy it will be sent on request.
Politicians win again in San Diego county. County manager charter defeated but by much reduced majority
Authors: Hoopes Charles
Published: June 2007

Our readers will remember thta the San Diego county manager charter, when first up in 1917, was defeated by a vot eof more than two to one. Following revelations by a grand jury a second manager charter was presented this year. The campaign was marked by the united opposition of city and county politicians although there was little actual criticism of charter provisions. It is another evidence of how strongly the politicians are entrenched in our unreconstructed counties
What's the matter with kansas
Authors: Mccombs C. E.
Published: June 2007

Kansas experience in keepin ghte health department “out of politics” by hamstringing the governor
The supreme court and reproduction value in rate making
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The recent decision of the supreme court has been erroneously interpreted as adopting reproduction cost as the sole basis of valuation
City manager and P. R. Charter sustained in boulder a tale of an extraordinary campaign
Authors: Millard Walter J.
Published: June 2007

The author took part in the campaign and had full opportunity to study the strange forces involved.
Contables and J. P.'S in iowa
Authors: Wallace Warren L.
Published: June 2007

An actual, not a theoretical, statement of what is happening to these ancient offices in a state where they might be expected to be most active
Illuminatinon or advertisement?
Authors: Horace Mcfarland J.
Published: June 2007

An answer to the question, How much light should be provided on business and residents streets? (Adapted from a letter to H. H. Franklin, of Syracuse, N. Y., written in reply to his inquiries.)
How cleveland's first proportional representation ballots were counted
Authors: Rocca Helen M.
Published: June 2007

The technique of the count explained by one who paticipated in it
Toronto municipal transporatation system
Authors: Fraser Armstrong R.
Published: June 2007

Toronto has had more than two years' experience with municipal operation. You will be intersted in this impartial analysis of her experience
Our legislative mills
Authors: Boots Ralph S.
Published: June 2007

How the Legislature itself in a state in which the individual members pride themselves on independence of tight political machine
NATIONAL MUNICIPAL REVIEW BOSTON LOOKS OVER ITS CHARTER
Authors: Mccafferey George H.
Published: June 2007

The recomendations of the Boston Charter Commission are decidelly conservative and as a whole are an endorsement of the present strong mayor type of charter
THE PENDING LOS ANGELS CHARTER
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

In the opinion of the editor this article should be entitled “Los Angeles Turns Antiquarian,” its charter commission having ignored modern progress toward unity and simplicity and divided the city administration among no less than sixteen mutually independent long‐term departmental commissions. A type once common in American cities but now almost forgotten!
MEASURING THE RESULTS OF GOVERNMENT
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

This paper was tead at the joint meeting of the National Municipal League and the Governmental Research Conference held at Washington November 15, 1923
STATE SUPERVISION OF LOCAL INDEBTEDNESS
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

The creation and tetirememnt of local debt in the United States has been considered by our States as a problem for constitutional and legislative treatment. In view of the facts that eleven billion dollars' worth of state and municipal securities are now in the hands of investros and thet this sum is being added to at the rate of form fifty to seventy‐five millions per month, the charactor of these legal restrictions is an intersting subject of investigation
THE COMING OF THE TRAFFIC TOWER
Authors: Johnson C. E.
Published: June 2007

The lack of control in traffic in many cities due to the enormous increase in the number of vehicle that streets must accmmodate makes it seem s though traffic were running wild
THE HOUSING SITUATION IN LOS ANGELES
Authors: Goetze Siegfired
Published: June 2007

Paper read before the city planning commission, December 4, 1923
Zoning and the courts in texas
Authors: Stewart Irvin
Published: June 2007

In Texas the law of zoning is developing along narrow lines and a constitutional amendment is thought to be necessay.
The pay‐as‐you‐go plan
Authors: Cummin Gaylord C.
Published: June 2007

The pay‐as‐you‐go plan is costly for the taxpayer and ignores the wealth‐producing capacity of wise public improvements.
A Boston charter referendum
Authors: McCaffrey George H.
Published: June 2007

Under a law passed by the Massachusetts legislature, the citizens of Boston will vote in November upon an amendment to their city charter. The amendment relates to the city council, and the voters must decide whether they will return to the old ward representation or will adopt a system of five boroughs, three councilmen to be chosen from each borough. Redrawing of ward boundaries, to be undertaken by a legislative commission, creates an irregular situation.
Aabolition of the personnel classification baord
Authors: Meriam Lewis
Published: June 2007

The bill abolishing the federal personnel classification board passed The House, 172 to 26, but failed in the Senate, unanimous consent not being secured to enable a vote on it the clossing days of the session.
Public reports and public opinion
Authors: Willimott John F.
Published: June 2007

What a public report should be and what it can do.
Unprofitable county government
Authors: Nelson Arthur E.
Published: June 2007

Mayor Nelson was recently re‐elected in a campaign in which he urged the consolidation of St. Paul and Ramsey county along the lines set forth in this article. Our readers will appreciate the rare political courage which he displayed.
The pay‐as‐you‐go paln is cheaper. higher mathematics goves fictitious lower costs
Authors: David Zukerman T.
Published: June 2007

This is a rejoinder to the article by Gaylord C. Cummin in the June REVIEW, which asserted that the pay‐as‐you‐go policy is more costly than any other financially sound method.
The drive by public service corporations against depreciation provisions
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

Is it proper to permit the companies to include in the rate base the properties created through reserves paid for by the public?
Legislative “war” in Rhode Island
Authors: Hubbard C. C.
Published: June 2007

As we go to press the Republican senators are still in “exile” in Massa‐achusetts, following a “gas attack” in the senate chamber. The chairman of the Republican state committee, a Rhode Island gambler, and a Boston man of unsavory reputition have been indicated as being responsible for placing the “bomb.“ The attorney general, who secured the indictment, is a Democrat.
Our city councils II. Portland‐The Commission Plan
Authors: Sayer James J.
Published: June 2007

The second in our series of articles on the personality of city councils.
A plan for the reduction of criminality
Authors: Schlapp Max G.
Published: June 2007

The state must recoginze that criminality is a condition of mental unhealth to be treated as other diseases are‐by study and medication. The battle of alienists is now a farcical spectacle.
Vice in atlantic city why not safeguard the world's palyground?
Authors: Worthinigton George E.
Published: June 2007

Another article in our series on the municipal treatment of vice.
The qualifications of a city manager a job analysis
Authors: Hepner Harry W.
Published: June 2007

What a vacatioal psychologist considers the essntial qualifications of a good manager.
Ne york's transit control is reorganized. the new board of transporation takes charge of new costruction
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The questions of local or state control over New York transportation system has been copromised.
Politics and poverity in cincinnati
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

What the municipal survery discloved in cinicinnati. How “Party Responsibility” works in a city almost destitute. Why she is destitute.
Our city concils. III. Denver‐the lengthened shadow of the mayor
Authors: Sowers Don C.
Published: June 2007

The Denver city council has lost power to the administrative department on the one hand and to the voters on the other.
The administration of gasoline taxes in the United States
Authors: Martin James W.
Published: June 2007

The gasoline tax is as popular as a tax could be and the expenses of colection are small; exmptions have made trouble.
Recall election of denver mayor
Authors: Sowers Don C.
Published: June 2007

Mayor Stapleton was overwhlmingly sustained in the recent recall election marked by deception and fraud.
The san francisco board of super visors and cosolidated government
Authors: Nanry William H.
Published: June 2007

Clear‐cut administrative responsibility upon the mayor is impossible because of the extent ot which the council participates in adminstrative work.
How modern traffic and the city paln affect distribution of paving costs
Authors: Horner W. W.
Published: June 2007

How St. Louis distributes the cost of her streets among her citizens
Why there should be an assistant city manager
Authors: Koiner C. W.
Published: June 2007

In a busy city the manger's time is largely consumed in planning, finacial supervision and meeting the public. On the operating side there is need for an assistant.
The comparative tax rates of 184 cities, 1924
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

The publication of comparative tax rates of municipalities has become an annual feature of the REVIEW. Reprints are available, singly or in quantity.
More about public utility depreciation
Authors: Rauer John
Published: June 2007

A reply to Mr. Maltbie's rejoinder published last month.
Annual meeting of the governmental research conference
Authors: Mandel Arch
Published: June 2007

For “researchers” who werent's present, and for others who want to know the “researches” are doing and thinking
The league's thirtieth annual meeting
Authors: Graser Ferdinand H.
Published: June 2007

Voted by many the most successful and worth‐while meeting in years.
Milwaukee's proposed service‐at‐cost franchise
Authors: Maltbie W. H.
Published: June 2007

A case where the municipality and the utility have by mutual concessions reached a practical working basis.
Compulsory voting in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Merriam Charles E.
Published: June 2007

Ninety per cent of the eligible persons vote in Czecho‐Schovakia. To what extent isthis due to the system of compulsory voting?
Municipal government in the United States: Some impressions
Authors: Gibbon I. G.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Gibbon, who has long been associated withi the central supervising authority having jurisdiction over municipal administration in England and Wales, recently visited the United States.
County government in North Carolina
Authors: McIntosh A. C.
Published: June 2007

Another article in our series on country government in typical statess
This preservation of the integrity of the city plan
Authors: Bassett Edward M. , Williams Frank B.
Published: June 2007

The police power offers the best method by which the city plan can be protected.
How colorado springs cares for the trees
Authors: McKown Freed P.
Published: June 2007

Colorado Springs keeps a forestry department busy all year. It watches over private citizens' trees as well as those on city property.
A new day in civic co‐operation
Authors: Lovett William P.
Published: June 2007

Do reformers still refuse to pull together? Has the day of the prima donnaa complex passed?
The power and practice of Virginia county boards
Authors: Pidgeon Mary Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

Due to city‐coounty separation, county government is a rural job in Virginia. But it hasn't been too successful, and Governor Trinkle has recommended the county manager plan. Another article in our series on county government.
Municipal home rule in New York
Authors: Tanzer Laurence Arnold
Published: June 2007

Teh author, who has played a prominent part in the struggle for home rule in New York, explains how the system there differs from other states and shows what it is accomplishing.
The state police. An experiment in police administration
Authors: Smith Bruce
Published: June 2007

This article is based upon Mr. Smith's recent study, “The State Police: Organization and Administration” (Macmillan). It deals in a general with way some of the larger aspects of the state police question.
Kansas city tries to improve the manager plan
Authors: Matscheck Walter
Published: June 2007

The Kansas City charter, recently adopted, has some unique fetures which are set foth in this article.
The conditions of municipal employment in Chicago
Authors: White Leonard D.
Published: June 2007

In this article Professor White summarizes the results of a careful study of hte municipal employment conditions in Chicago.
Soundness of Boston charter demonstrated by fifteen years' experience
Authors: Mathews Nathaan
Published: June 2007

The strong mayhor, small council, state finance commission—all were pioooner projects when adopted by Boston in 1909.
Ocean city defeats the manager plan
Authors: McGoldrick Joseph
Published: June 2007

Realtors find scheme has advertising value. An extravagant whirlwind campaign. Defeat at hte hans of the “clam‐diggers.”
Virginia proposes simplifiction and economy in government
Authors: Trucker Robbert H.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the efforts that are being made in Viorginia to simplify the organization and to reduce the cost of both the stateeee and the county governments.
Chief elements of controversy in public utility rate making IV. Reproduction cost and changing price level
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

“The only rational course is to base rates definitely upon actual cost and place rate making upon an exact and scientific foundation.”
The comparative tax rates of 215 cities, 1925
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Teh Review agains publishes the comparative tax rates of municipalities. Reprints are available.
Reliable entertainment: Spanish consumers' preferences regarding a film's country of origin
Authors: García‐Álvarez Ercilia , Filimon Nela , López‐Sintas Jordi
Published: June 2007

This article contributes to the study of cinema audiences in Europe by analyzing the actual behavior of Spanish moviegoers and their level of satisfaction. We modeled moviegoers' choice of film by country of origin (U.S.A., Spain, and other countries) according to a set of determinants: (1) consumers' interpretation of several sources of information, (2) motivations and (3) choice rules. We found three clear consumer stereotypes related to each type of film: (1) U.S.A. films were preferred by almost everyone (especially families and younger audiences); (2) Spanish films had audiences composed of middle‐age and middle‐class moviegoers; and (3) European productions were preferred by a social or intellectual elite. U.S.A. films dominate the Spanish market for the reason that they provide most of what moviegoers prefer, namely, familiar, reliable entertainment in Spanish; three characteristics that are not satisfied by Spanish and European films. Additionally, we discuss the implications for the European cultural policy.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ethylene–acrylate–(maleic anhydride) terpolymer on mechanical properties and morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide‐6 blends
Authors: Qu Cheng , Su Run , Zhang Qin , Du RongNi , Fu Qiang
Published: June 2007

Background: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) blends are promising for engineering and food‐packaging applications. However, their poor toughness limits their use. In this study, an ethylene–acrylate–(maleic anhydride) terpolymer (E‐AE‐MA) was added to PET/PA‐6 blends in order to improve the toughness.

Results: Izod impact tests indicated an excellent toughening effect of E‐AE‐MA. E‐AE‐MA particles were observed to be selectively dispersed at the interface between PET and PA‐6 phases and in the domain of the PA‐6 phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the formation of E‐AE‐MA layers around PA‐6 particles cut off the interaction between PET and PA‐6, resulting in an enlarged PA‐6 phase domain.

Conclusion: Based on the experimental results, a core–shell microstructure, with PA‐6 as a hard core and E‐AE‐MA as a soft shell, could be suggested. The formation of this core–shell microstructure, along with the increased PA‐6 phase domain size, is the main toughening mechanism of E‐AE‐MA in PET/PA‐6 blends. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Nuclear androgen receptors recur in the epithelial and stromal compartments of malignant and non‐malignant human prostate tissue several months after castration therapy
Authors: Wikström Pernilla , Ohlson Nina , Stattin Pär , Bergh Anders
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND

As changed paracrine support from androgen receptor (AR)‐positive cells in the prostate stroma contribute to castration‐induced glandular involution, we examined if the subsequent relapse to androgen‐independent epithelial cell growth could be related to reactivation of AR signaling in the stroma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human prostate tissue taken before, within 14 days, and at suspected local tumor relapse after surgical castration therapy was immunostained for AR.

RESULTS

Castration initially decreased nuclear AR staining in epithelial and stroma cells, in both tumor and non‐malignant tissue, but after some months, it reappeared.

CONCLUSIONS

Local tumor relapse was associated with reappearance of nuclear AR not only in tumor epithelial cells but also in the tumor stroma. Reappearance of nuclear AR in non‐malignant prostate cells may be a physiological response to long‐term systemic androgen ablation that could influence tumor growth. Prostate 67: 1277–1284, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo effects of bicalutamide on the expression of TrkA and P75 neurotrophin receptors in prostate carcinoma
Authors: Festuccia Claudio , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Muzi Paola , Pomante Roberto , Ventura Luca , Ricevuto Enrico , Vicentini Carlo , Bologna Mauro
Published: June 2007

RATIONALE

Neurotrophine tyrosine kinase receptors (NTR) are expressed in prostate carcinoma (PCa), and their distribution seems to be related to disease malignancy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this article we analyzed the expression of NTRK1 (TrkA), NTRK2 (TrkB), NTRK3 (TrkC), and p75NTR in a 102 patient cohort with clinically localized tumors, which had been surgically treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). Among these, 61 patients received RP as sole treatment, and 41 patients received neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) for 120 days with bicalutamide 150 mg/day. In addition, we analyzed the NTR expression in vitro in the androgen receptor positive, androgen‐sensitive cell strains derived from CWR22R.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that: (i) TrkA and TrkC levels were significantly upmodulated, whereas (ii) p75NTR seemed to be reduced, and (iii) TrkB expression seemed to be not affected by NHT. TrkA were constitutively activated when its levels were very high. In vitro studies showed that the dehydrotestosterone (DHT) was able to maintain low TrkA and TrkC protein levels. Conversely, DHT was able to maintain p75NTR at high levels. Bicalutamide treatment induced TrkA and TrkC and reduced p75NTR expression. Antiproliferative effects of CEP701 were dependent to TrkA levels. A therapeutical effect of CEP701 was seen in all culture conditions, and bicalutamide seemed to sensitize prostate cancer cells to the effects of a pan TrkA inhibitor CEP701, suggesting that a sequential therapy between these drugs could further increase the efficacy of Trk inhibition. Prostate 67: 1255–1264, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.