bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media Measurement Models of Protest Event Data
Authors: Mueller Carol
Published: April 2020

Growing interest in quantitative studies of social movements and protest cycles attests to the vigor of protest event analysis as a strategy for investigating the protopolitical processes of collective claimsmaking in democratic states and emerging democracies. Increasing investments in protest events research has also led to growing concern about sources of measurement error that stem from reliance on media data sources. Using Blalock's conception of auxiliary measurement models, this article traces two alternative treatments of measurement bias in the literature on events analysis. The two approaches, characterized here as "media theory" and "representational," differ in the degree to which they accept media data as an adequate representation of protest event reality. Recent work that attempts to establish empirically the relationship between media data and alternative data sources on protest events promises an empirical base for examining the assumption of stable media bias that underlies representational approaches. Finally, the conclusions suggest some weaknesses in the empirical base for theorizing from media-based event analyses.
The Virtue of Comparison: On Times, Places, Issues, and Activities
Authors: Klandermans Bert
Published: April 2020

I argue that social movement scholars should conduct more comparative research. Comparison is needed to decide whether findings are unique for a specific movement, typical for a country, or vary over time, places, issues, and activities. The focal question of my work has always been, Why do some people participate in collective action while others do not? The answer to that question differs at different points in time, in different societies, and for different issues and activities. The question is why? We need comparative studies to answer that question. A short theoretical exposé presents the conceptual core of the research to be presented. The remainder of the article provides a review of a number of studies with various comparative designs. Movements exist in diverging contexts, as the studies presented illustrate. Comparative designs are rare in the field of social movement studies. I close the essay with a call for standardization. Without standardization we will not be able to experience the virtue of comparison.
Not-So-Public Contention: Movement Strategies, Regimes, and the Transformation of Public Institutions in Brazil
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: April 2020

This article examines how political regimes structure the strategies activists can effectively utilize to transform public institutions. Drawing on Tilly's concept of "regime space" as a combination of capacity and democracy, the author analyzes the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement's (MST) attempt to implement alternative pedagogies in public schools in two diverse contexts: the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the municipality of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco. In Rio Grande do Sul's high-capacity democratic regime, social movement repertories and partisan politics are effective in transforming schools for a decade, until a right-leaning mobilization ends these initiatives. In contrast, in Santa Maria's low-capacity nondemocratic regime, the MST engages in a Gramscian war of position and transforms public schools over multiple administrations. This comparison illustrates the relevance of subnational regimes in shaping contention, the strengths and weaknesses of diverse activist strategies, and the importance of not-so-public forms of contention in movement outcomes.
Irish Transnational Social Movements, Deterritorialized Migrants, and the State System: The Last One Hundred and Forty Years
Authors: Hanagan Michael
Published: April 2020

According to scholars who study transnational social movements of "deterritorialized migrants," such movements are: (1) a new phenomena of the modern global age, (2) a response to a modern communications revolution, and (3) a result of the weakening of modern states that contributes to the further decline of the national state system. This article examines the history of Irish conspiratorial brotherhoods over the last one hundred and forty years. It indicates the continuity between contemporary and past transnational movements. Recent social movement globalization studies underestimate the importance of past advances in communications technology and of close personal networks, particularly for social movements subject to repression. Finally, this article argues that the transnational character of social movements poses no inherent challenge to the state system. If transnational political outcomes that transcend the nation-state are more possible today than in the past, it is more due to reconfigured state systems than to the character of transnational social movements.
Disrupting the "Quotidian": Reconceptualizing the Relationship Between Breakdown and the Emergence of Collective Action
Authors: Snow David , Cress Daniel , Downey Liam , Jones Andrew
Published: April 2020

This article provides theoretical refinement and empirical specification for the breakdown variant of strain theory. It reconceptualizes the relationship between social breakdown and movement emergence in a fashion that is consistent with strands of cultural theory, phenomenology, and symbolic interactionism, and that resonates with prospect theory and research on collective action in a diversity of settings. It argues that the key to the breakdown-movement relationship resides in the actual or threatened disruption of the "quotidian"—that is, the taken-for-granted routines and attitudes of everyday life. Four conditions are especially likely to disrupt the quotidian and heighten prospects of collective action: accidents that throw a community's routines into doubt and/or threaten its existence; actual or threatened intrusion into and/or violation of citizens' sense of privacy, safety, and control; alteration in subsistence routines because unfavorable ratios of resources to claimants or demand; and dramatic changes in structures of social control. The relationship between these conditions and movement emergence is elaborated by drawing on literature on the emergence of collective action in various contexts and on our field work on homeless mobilization in eight cities. We close by exploring the implications of our analysis for understanding more fully the generality of various conditions and processes commonly thought to apply to social movement emergence.
Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research
Authors: Hug Simon , Wisler Dominique
Published: April 2020

Longitudinal and cross-national research on new social movements often relies on newspaper reports for data on the frequency and type of events. Reporting by newspapers is, however, known to be strongly affected by selection bias. Newspapers report events that they find "newsworthy." Surprisingly, the effect of these selection biases on data analyses has received scant attention, and the methodology to correct for these biases hardly has been discussed. Based on data covering events in four cities in Switzerland we propose two types of corrections for the selection bias. The first is based on a simple weighting scheme for events reported in local newspapers. These weights are likely to provide useful corrections even in other contexts. The second correction attempts to model explicitly the selection bias of the media. This truncated regression approach is shown to be a useful strategy when the selectivity by the newspapers is severe, and the factors affecting this selection are largely known.
Between Old and New: Social Movements and Cultural Change
Authors: d'Anjou Leo , Van Male John
Published: April 2020

Social movement actors often challenge authorities on behalf of people whose needs and interests are not addressed. To do this, they must accomplish a contradictory task. They must frame their challenges in interpretive packages that are contrary to the dominant culture while at the same time struggle to make these contrary views part of the dominant culture. How do movement actors succeed in this seemingly impossible task? Our review of cultural studies of social movements points to two strategies: (1) linking controversial topics like abortion with generally accepted and valued notions like basic rights; (2) associating their interpretive package, such as protecting the ecology, with an existing theme, such as harmony with nature, that as an alternative cultural context may legitimate their package. We use a case study, the abolitionist movement in Great Britain, to test these propositions. The case material confirms their utility, but also illustrates a third strategy: relating the package to cultural themes that are becoming dominant. The role the changing cultural context in producing new meanings is indicated. The findings lead to a discussion about the role of movement actors, the cultural context, and the changes therein in the production of meaning.
Manufactured Vulnerability: Eco-Activist Tactics in Britain
Authors: Doherty Brian
Published: April 2020

This article examines the development of tactics in radical environmentalist protests against new roads and other environmental issues in Britain during the 1990s. These tactics depend heavily upon the technical creativity of protesters. Their repertoire has been influenced by British traditions of non-violent direct action and by tactics used previously by radical environmentalists in other countries, notably Australia. This form of non-violent direct action is defined here as manufactured vulnerability because of its reliance on technical devices to prolong vulnerability. Much evidence in this case confirms past studies of how new action forms are developed. Evidence also suggests that development of tactics in radical environmental groups is particularly likely to be influenced by latent networks of activists and cross-national diffusion.
Riding The Crest of a Protest Wave? Collective Action Frames in The Gay Liberation Movement, 1969-1973
Authors: Valocchi Steve
Published: April 2020

The major collective action frames of the U.S. gay liberation movement between 1969 and 1973 are described and their development traced. The origins of these frames lie in either the sixties protest wave or in the older homophile movement. These frames—gay is good, sexual liberation, heterosexism, oppression is everywhere—emerged dialectically and creatively from these two protest streams. Their emergence illustrates the utility of a focus on both social movement continuity and cycles of protest in explaining how social movement culture is created. This creative convergence did not produce a unitary ideology or a master frame from which the movement drew its strategy, goals, and collective identity. Instead, it created a tension between the notion of gay people as a minority group and the notion of gay people as cultural critics.
Linking Organization and Mobilization: Michels'S Iron Law of Oligarchy Reconsidered
Authors: Rucht Dieter
Published: April 2020

Robert Michels's iron law of oligarchy has rarely been submitted to rigorous empirical investigation. This article specifies the key assumptions of Michels's theory and tests them by the use of two data sets that focus on collective protest and the evolution of organizational features of German new social movement groups. With some significant exceptions, the data support Michels's theory. Movements tend to become more centralized-bureaucratic and more moderate in their actions over time. There was also a negative correlation between bureaucratization and radicalization. The findings suggest that informal groups are more radical than formal organizations. Also, new social movements that are less formalized and centralized tend to be more radical in their protest actions than "old movements." Within the new social movements themselves, those which are less formalized and centralized tend to be more radical. However, both theoretical reasoning and close inspection of the data lead us to conclude that there is no such thing as an "iron law" at work. Informal groups can be moderate in their activities and formal groups can tend towards radical action. Also, some of the national environmental organizations investigated became more moderate over time while others did not. Groups do not necessarily become more orderly with age. Organizational features influence but do not determine the forms of action.
Protest Events: Cause or Consequence of State Action? The U.S. Women's Movement and Federal Congressional Activities, 1956-1979
Authors: Soule Sarah , McAdam Doug , McCarthy John , Su Yang
Published: April 2020

Using data compiled from a variety of different sources, we seek to answer questions about the emergence and outcomes of women's collective action in the United States between 1956 and 1979. In particular, we examine hypotheses derived from political opportunity and resource mobilization theories about the emergence of women's protest. We also examine the consequence of women's collective action on congressional hearings and House and Senate roll call votes on women's issues. We find support for arguments about the effects of resources on the emergence of protest. We also find mixed support for arguments about the effects of political opportunity on the emergence of protest. Finally, we find little support for arguments about the effects of women's collective action on congressional hearings and House and Senate roll call votes on women's issues.
Disappearing Social Movements: Clandestinity in The Cycle of new Left Protest in The U.S., Japan, Germany, and Italy
Authors: Zwerman Gilda , Steinhoff Patricia , Porta Donatella
Published: April 2020

Research on social movements has paid little attention to the dynamics of clandestine mobilization as an integral element ofprotest cycles. Studies ofsixteen New Left clandestine groups in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States demonstrate strong commonalities in the processes ofgoing underground and staying underground. Activists move from the public to the clandestine realm as a result of increased repression at the protest cycle's peak, commitment to specific ideological frames, and personal ties. Identity conflicts specific to underground roles and other aspects ofunderground life influence the nature ofclandestine violence, further affecting the protest cycle's course.
Transnational Conservation Movement Organizations: Shaping The Protected Area Systems of Less Developed Countries
Authors: Lewis Tammy
Published: April 2020

This article compares transnational conservation organizations' efforts in Ecuador, Chile, and Peru in order to answer several questions: Why do transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) engage in the politics of some nations but not others? Do TSMOs shape the policy decisions of less developed nations? What is the relationship between national political opportunity structure and transnational mobilization? Based upon historical data and fieldwork data, I argue that transnational conservationists can most easily affect the policies of politically "open" nations that have active domestic conservation movement organizations. In addition to influencing public policies, transnational conservationists are key actors in the development of private systems of biodiversity protection. Operating according to "lifeboat ethics," TSMOs select nations based on political criteria, while those nations most in need of conservation assistance (biodiversity hotspots) are neglected. This strategy contrasts sharply with strategies used by the transnational human rights movement.
Spaces of Contention
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: April 2020

Spatial organization interacts significantly with contentious politics, but figures uncertainly in current theories of the subject. A review of writing on the subject permits a rough distinction among bare space analyses using location and time-distance for non-spatial effects, textured space analyses introducing location and time-distance as explicit causes and effects, and place analyses treating interaction among location, time-distance, and representations of spaces as explicit causes and effects. Drawing chiefly on examples from England and France between 1750 and 1900, observations on four varieties of space-contention interaction—the geography of policing, safe spaces, spatial claim making, and control of places as stakes of contention—illustrate the promise of place analyses for new investigations. An ample bibliography displays the range of resources available to students of contention.
Creating Transnational Solidarity: The Use of Narrative in the U.S.-Central America Peace Movement
Authors: Nepstad Sharon
Published: April 2020

As social problems become increasingly global, activists are working across state boundaries and forming transnational social movements. However, there is little information that illuminates how groups are able to overcome ethnic, class, ideological and cultural differences that could be obstacles to collaboration. Through an analysis of the story of Salvadoran martyr Archbishop Romero, I demonstrate how this narrative fostered solidarity between the progressive Central American church and U.S. Christians. By symbolically mirroring the social ontology of Christianity and melodramatically presenting the Salvadoran conflict with moral clarity, Romero's life story facilitated the construction of a transnational collective identity and provided a model of action. The moral credibility of the narrators, and the context in which Romero's story was told, influenced many Christians' decision to prioritize this religious identity over their national allegiance.
Building Networks from the Outside In: International Movements, Japanese Ngos, and the Kyoto Climate Change Conference
Authors: Reimann Kim
Published: April 2020

Since the late 1980s, there has been a sudden rise in the number of advocacy NGOs in Japan involved in global and transnational environmental issues. This is a surprising development considering the difficult domestic conditions faced by social activists in Japan trying to organize at the national level. To explain these recent changes, this article looks to three international processes: (1) international opportunities, (2) transnational diffusion, and (3) international socialization of state actors. Using the case of Kiko Forum, a Japanese network organization created in 1996 to mobilize support for ambitious greenhouse gas reductions, this article traces how these three processes provided new external resources for activists and altered domestic structures themselves.
From Protest to Participation? Environmental Groups and The Management of Marine Fisheries
Authors: Hernes Hans-Kristian , Mikalsen Knut
Published: April 2020

With most of the world's fisheries in a state of crisis, environmental groups have started to take a keen interest in the management of marine resources. As initiatives of a more official stripe, such as the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, have strengthened the case for environmental action, several groups and organizations have launched political campaigns against current management practices. This article analyzes the fisheries campaigns of three major environmental organizations: Greenpeace International, the World Wide Fund for Nature and Friends of the Earth, Norway. What are the objectives and concerns of these groups and how do they "translate" into strategies and action? Judging from the cases reported in this article, environmental action in the fisheries bears little resemblance to earlier crusades against whaling and sealing. The commitment to sustainable and responsible fishing, even among industry representatives, represents a significant change iin the opportunity structure of environmental groups—strengthening their legitimacy as stakeholders in fisheries management. The outcome, as for the organization and orchestration of fisheries campaigns, is a stronger emphasis on cooperation and participation—at the expense of direct and disruptive action.
Life During Wartime: Emotions and The Development of Act Up
Authors: Gould Deborah
Published: April 2020

Focusing on the street AIDS activist movement ACT UP, this article explores the question of social movement sustainability. Emotions figure centrally in two ways. First, I argue that the emotion work of movements, largely ignored by scholars, is vital to their ability to develop and thrive over time. I investigate the ways AIDS activists nourished and extended an "emotional common sense" that was amenable to their brand of street activism, exploring, for example, the ways in which ACT UP marshaled grief and tethered it to anger; reoriented the object of gay pride away from community stoicism and toward gay sexual difference and militant activism; transformed the subject and object of shame from gay shame about homosexuality to government shame about its negligent response to AIDS; and gave birth to a new "queer" identity that joined the new emotional common sense, militant politics, and sexradicalism into a compelling package that helped to sustain the movement. Second, I investigate the emotions generated in the heat of the action that also helped the street AIDS activist movement flourish into the early 1990s.
Loving Internationalism: The Emotion Culture of Transnational Women's Organizations, 1888-1945
Authors: Taylor Verta , Rupp Leila
Published: April 2020

Research on the collective identities of social movement participants points to the strong convictions that underlie activism. A great deal of mobilization work involves channeling, transforming, legitimating, and managing emotions. In this article we use the concept of emotion culture, drawn from social constructionist approaches to emotions, to understand how women in the three major transnational women's organizations from the late nineteenth century through the Second World War built solidarity across national boundaries in order to work for women's rights and peace. The analysis focuses on how the gendered emotion culture of the international women's movement promoted a loving community that transcended national rivalries. We identify three socialization processes: (1) staging expressive public rituals of reconciliation between women who stood on opposite sides of national conflicts; (2) forming intense affective ties across national boundaries; and (3) drawing on the emotional template of mother love.
Strategic Framing, Emotions, And Superbarrio—Mexico City's Masked Crusader
Authors: Cadena-Roa Jorge
Published: April 2020

This article explores the spontaneous and emotional dimensions of social protest and the expressive dimensions of constructing movement identities. It analyzes how a "party mood" that prevailed in a Mexico City social movement organization, the Asamblea de Barrios, created the conditions for the emergence of Superbarrio, a masked crusader for justice who used humor and drama to help the urban poor confront the corruption and mismanagement of the Mexican state. Superbarrio drew on Mexico's culture of wrestling and the wrestling audience's cognitive and emotional responses. He represented an innovation in the movement's action repertories that used the emotional dramaturgy of wrestling for framing purpose. This proved crucial in sustaining effective challenges to the authorities and led to dozens of imitators. This article argues that the public's response to strategic dramaturgy is mediated by the emotions dramatic representations of conflict arouse.
Anti-Abortion Activism In The U.S. And France: Comparing Opportunity Environments Of Rescue Tactics
Authors: King Leslie , Husting Ginna
Published: April 2020

We explore how opportunity environments, conceptualized to include political-legal and cultural components, help explain the trajectories of movement tactics and frames employed in differing contexts. Using data from interviews, newspaper accounts, and web sites, we document how opportunity environments affected the trajectory of "rescue" tactics and frames. When abortion opponents in France attempted to block access to abortion providers in order to "rescue unborn children, " the tactic and associated frames met with a different fate than in the U.S. The legal context under which abortion was available in each nation affected the use of specific direct action tactics. Also, how abortion was culturally constructed and embedded—its "cultural opportunity structure"—affected responses to rescue by pro-life activists, the media, and the countermovement.
Outcome Framing and Movement Dynamics: Korean White-Collar Unions' Political Mobilization and Interunion Solidarity, 1987–1995
Authors: Suh Doowon
Published: April 2020

This article investigates Tilly's (1978) long-neglected question of how collective action outcomes modify agents' interests and movement dynamics. A case study of the Korean white-collar union movement demonstrates how the framing of collective action outcomes influences movement trajectories in two ways. First, actors' subjective evaluation of whether collective action succeeds or fails to attain movement goals alters movement dynamics by changing goals, strategies, tactics, action repertoires, and collective identities. Second, to whom the cause of the collective action outcome is attributed mediates these transformations. The evaluation of outcomes and attribution of causes is ongoing. They occur throughout the development of social movements and dynamically shape their trajectories. The case study confirms these observations: in early stages of collective action, when union members considered union efforts to improve their economic well-being fruitless and blamed government intervention for their failures, union activities evolved into political protest against the state and struggle for democratization. At a later stage, when agents successfully achieved economic and political goals and credited their union activism for the victory, union movements progressed by intensifying interunion solidarity.
Operationalizing Melucci: Metamorphosis and Passion in the Negotiation of Activists' Multiple Identities
Authors: King Debra
Published: April 2020

Activists need to construct and manage multiple identities as activists, as well as negotiate their activist identities in relation to identity positions in other social realms such as paid work or parenting. This research is an empirical application of Melucci's concept of metamorphosis to the processes through which committed activists manage identity work. Metamorphosis facilitates an understanding of how activists maintain a sense of continuity through changes in identity. From life-history interviews with twenty long-term Australian activists this research operationalizes the four concepts associated with metamorphosis: being present or "in the moment," taking responsibility for action, being reflexive, and having a rhythm for managing the identity process. The analysis of these concepts demonstrates the need to extend understandings of identity to incorporate non-instrumental aspects of cognition, such as emotion, the body, and passion. These facilitate an activist's capacity to metamorphose, and therefore manage various aspects of identity construction. Activism is therefore sustained when activists can maintain their passionate participation in creating social change, regardless of circumstances, rather than simply enhancing their commitment to a particular organization.
How Does Postcommunist Transformation Affect Political Protest? The Example of East Germany
Authors: Opp Karl-Dieter
Published: April 2020

How do protest and its causes change after the democratic transformation of communist regimes? It is argued that certain features of the transformation process have an impact on the conditions that directly influence individual protest participation. These conditions are political discontent, perceived personal political influence, perceived obligation to participate, and integration in protest-.promoting networks. Drawing on the case of East Germany, propositions are suggested about how these four conditions change as a result of the transformation process, and about their differential impact on protest over time. The propositions are tested with a four-wave panel survey of 226 respondents from Leipzig (East Germany) who were interviewed in 1990 (referring to the situation under communist rule), 1993, 1996, and 1998. It was found, among other things, that protest decreased continuously between 1989 and 1998; and that each of the four factors' contribution to protest differed over time.
Constructing Conservative Identity: Peasant Mobilization Against Revolution In Nicaragua
Authors: Horton Lynn
Published: April 2020

This article explores the centrality of conservative "peasant" identity in the large-scale armed mobilization of rural Nicaraguans to oppose revolutionary change in the 1980s. Drawing on fieldwork in the municipio of Quilali, an epicenter of rural resistance, I argue that the construction of a grassroots "peasant" identity, its content and boundaries, was a contested process strongly influenced by dynamics of social class and shifting concentrations of social, military, and political power. This case study also highlights tensions between goals of recognition (in identity movements) and distribution (in social justice movements), and the dilemmas that conservative movements present for those who seek to evaluate, analytically and normatively, social movement impact.
Cease and Desist: Repression, Strategic Voting and the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Earl Jennifer , Schussman Alan
Published: April 2020

Online political activism has rapidly increased over the past decade, forcing state authorities to adapt repressive strategies to handle this change. Few researchers, however, have explored hostile state reactions to unconventional online political activity and fewer still have tried to analyze the impacts of state repression on internet-based activism. In this article, we use data on strategic voting, which occurred during the 2000 U.S. presidential election, to examine two core concerns of social movements scholars: (1) the effects of repression on movement mobilization; and (2) the effects of repression on tactical choices. Our findings suggest that researchers must account for core technological and social features of the internet as an activist environment in explaining repression's effects in the twenty-first century. We argue that this is particularly true when researchers study activism that emerges and thrives online, as compared to activism that begins offline and migrates online at a later point.
Cultural Opportunities and Tactical Choice in the Argentine and Chilean Reproductive Rights Movements
Authors: Borland Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

Reproductive rights movements throughout Latin America contend with the strong influence of the Catholic Church. In Argentina and Chile, two predominately Catholic countries where abortion is illegal yet common, reproductive rights activists see the church as their focal opponent. Analyzing data on the reproductive rights movement in each case, I argue that cultural opportunity is important for understanding the ways that activists address religion and the church in strategizing collective action frames. In Argentina, weak social support of the church foments more confrontational activism, despite the institutional power that the church still wields. In Chile, strong links between church and society obstruct reproductive rights challengers, leading to more cautious critiques of the church. Considering political and cultural opportunities is necessary when studying movements that make claims on both state and society, especially movements that challenge powerful cultural actors like the Catholic Church
Transnational Labor Mobilizing in Two Mexican Maquiladoras: The Struggle for Democratic Globalization
Authors: Carty Victoria
Published: April 2020

The struggle to improve workers' rights in Mexican maquiladoras and export processing zones elsewhere in the world is central to the politics of global economic integration. State-centered development is increasingly compromised by supranational institutions and trade agreements. Meanwhile, multinational corporations are relocating at an unprecedented rate to overseas locations. Export processing zones are notorious for poor working conditions and result in a "race to the bottom." The maquila sector in Mexico is a prime example of this phenomenon. This article uses two case studies to examine ways in which grassroots organizing has successfully resisted low wages and poor working conditions through international network building and information sharing. It combines social movement theory with the literature on international relations to conceptualize the internationalization of grassroots efforts to pressure multinational corporations and host governments to respect labor laws included in international trade agreements, national standards, and self-mandated corporate codes of conduct. Key to the success in both cases has been the role that nonstate actors played in domestic and international politics, operating outside of national borders to simultaneously target the local, national, and international level.
Birds of Rawanwadi Region Bhandara, Central India
Authors: Patil Kishor G. , Dabrase Deeksha , Shende Virendra A.
Published: April 2020

The region of Rawanwadi reservoir is a good habitat for insects, fishes, reptiles as well as birds. Its geographical location is 21.043197 N, 79.729924 E. Observations were done by two visits on every month from May 2015 to April 2016 in the morning and evening hours. Bird observation and recording were done with the help of binocular and digital cameras. Total 143 species of birds were recorded belonging to 15 orders and 41 families. Out of total 143 species 07 are migrant, 95 are Resident and 41 are Resident migrant. Seasonal variation is well marked in birds due to availability of food and nesting and suitable environmental conditions. Largest number (60) of bird species is recorded from order Passeriformes which belonging to 17 families.
Evaluation of the Anti-mitotic and Bacteriostatic Activities of the Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr) P. Kumm. (Pleurotaceae)
Authors: Afieroho Ozadheoghene , Chukwu Elizabeth C. , Festus Osamuyi H. , Onyia Chiazor P. , Suleiman Mikailu , Adedokun Olutayo
Published: April 2020

Edible mushrooms aside being taken as foods, are used in ethnomedicine in the management of various ailments notably tumours and related ailments whose pathophysiology are linked to oxidative stress. This study investigated the anti-mitotic, and antibacterial activities of the aqueous extract of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus based on ethno-medicine.The Allium cepa anti-mitotic assay model was used for anti-proliferative investigation of the defatted aqueous ethanol extract at concentration range of: 10.00 – 0.08 ng/mL following a two-fold serial dilution approach. Methotrexate (0.25 ng/mL) and portable water were used as reference standard for positive control and negative control respectively. The student t-test was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Antibacterial susceptibility evaluation against clinical isolates of selected pathogenic organisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aereus, and Bacillus subtilis was done using the Agar dilution method at 1000 and 10 µg/mL. The aqueous extract showed a dose and time dependent anti-mitotic activity with the three higher doses: 10.00, 5.00 and 2.50 ng/mL exhibiting complete inhibition of mitosis which was comparable to the reference drug methotrexate (0.25 ng/mL) after 96 hours incubation period. Although the aqueous extract was not bacteriocidal at the test concentration, a dose dependent bacteriostatic effect against E. coli, and B. subtilis was observed. The observed anti-mitotic activity of this mushroom validates its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of tumours and related diseases.
The Association between Age at Marriage and Child Mortality in Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Sanjit
Published: April 2020

The main objective of this paper is to show the association between age at marriage and the early stage neonatal mortality in Bangladesh. The secondary data has been used for this paper and the data source is Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. The target group of respondents in this study were the ever married women and who had ever given birth. The total sample size was 44207. In this paper both univariate and bivariate analysis have been used and some graphical representation has also been applied. At bivariate level, to find out the association between dependent variable and independent variables chi square test has been applied. Here dependent variable is considered as early stage neo-natal mortality (child who ever breathed or cried or showed other signs of life-even if he/she lived only a few minutes or hours) which is a binary variable indicating 1 if early stage neo-natal mortality is occurred and 0 if early stage neonatal mortality is not occurred among the respondents. Results show that among the respondents around 16.52 percent experienced very early stage neonatal mortality of their children and this percentage of early stage neonatal mortality for the women who got married at age 18 and above is 22.58 and this figure is 25.96 percent for the women who got married before reaching age 18 and this difference is statistically significant at 5 percent level of significance. So from this study it has been found that age at marriage has a significant role on early stage neonatal mortality in Bangladesh.
An Investigation of Survival following Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Karami Jamil Hasan , Luo Kehui , Fung Thomas , Carter Jonathan , Ding Zongqun
Published: April 2020

Ovarian cancer is one of the most malignant gynaecological cancer for women. Women with ovarian cancer generally have a poor prognosis with short survival. In our study, an exploratory analysis was carried out using the data routinely collected on patients with ovarian cancer, who were diagnosed and treated in a large hospital in Sydney. Survival following the diagnosis of ovarian cancer was examined in relation to several important prognostic factors, including FIGO stage, age, residual disease and histologic type, aiming to evaluate the effect size of each factor and build up a predictive model for survival. The predicted survival provides valuable information for patients and their families, and is particularly important in helping clinician and hospital with the management of each patient with ovarian cancer.
Construcción de Nuevas realidades como herramientas para el Cambio Organizacional
Authors: Mendoza Vega Lilia
Published: April 2020

En la edición 2019-2, la Revista Dictamen Libre muestra la construcción de nuevas realidades que contribuyen con los cambios organizacionales en varios ámbitos, un claro ejemplo de lo anteriormente señalado se muestra en el artículo de investigación: Teoría de la felicidad laboral superior para empresarios y directores ejecutivos de América Latina, en el cual nuestros autores Carlos Collazos Fajardo y Gloria Nancy Blandón plantean una interesante propuesta teórica con enfoque cualitativo, que tiene en cuenta la Teoría Fundamentada, la cual se nutre con las narrativas experimentales proporcionadas por los grupos de interés de la comunidad universitaria de la Universidad del Quindío.
Collagen as Bioink for Bioprinting: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Osidak Egor Olegovich , Kozhukhov Vadim Igorevich , Osidak Mariya Sergeevna , Domogatsky Sergey Petrovich
Published: April 2020

Biomaterials made using collagen are successfully used as a three-dimensional (3D) substrate for cell culture and considered to be promising scaffolds for creating artificial tissues. An important task that arises for engineering such materials is the simulation of physical and morphological properties of tissues, which must be restored or replaced. Modern additive technologies, including 3D bioprinting, can be applied to successfully solve this task. This review provides the latest evidence on advances of 3D bioprinting with collagen in the field of tissue engineering. It contains modern approaches for printing pure collagen bioinks consisting only of collagen and cells, as well as the obtained results from the use of pure collagen bioinks in different fields of tissue engineering.
Spain Was Not Living a Celebration
Authors: Gutiérrez Lozano Juan Francisco
Published: April 2020

Franco’s Dictatorship (1939-1975) used Spanish Television (TVE) as a key
element in the political propaganda of its apparent ‘openness’ during the
1960s. The propaganda co-existed with political interest in showing the
technological development of the media and the international co-operation
established with other European broadcasters, mainly in the EBU. In a
country ruled by strong political censorship, the Eurovision Song Contest
was used as a political tool to show the most amiable image of the
non-democratic regime. Spain’s only two Eurovision wins (1968 and 1969) are
still, 50 years on, two of the building blocks of the history of TVE and of
televised entertainment and popular memory in Spain.
Zen And The Art Of Adaptation
Authors: Strong Jeremy
Published: April 2020

This article arises from a 2011 interview with producer Andy Harries.
Earlier that year the BBC had aired three ninety-minute adaptations of the
detective novels by Michael Dibdin featuring the character Aurelio Zen. The
interview and subsequent article focus on the process by which the novels
were chosen, the intended audience, casting, international co-financing,
changes between page and screen, and the adaptations’ relationship to other
texts - notably Wallander - also produced by Harries.
Reading Between the Lines
Authors: Fickers Andreas , O'Dwyer Andy
Published: April 2020

In 1950 and 1952, the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC) and Radio
Télévision Française (RTF) realized the first transnational television
transmissions ever. The so called “Calais Experiment” (1950) and the “Paris
Week” (1952) were celebrated as historic landmarks in European television
and celebrated as a new “entente cordiale” between the two countries. This
article aims at highlighting some of the tensions that surrounded the
realization of these first experiments in transnational television by
embedding the historic events into the broader context of television
development in Europe and by emphasizing the hidden techno- political
interests at stake. In line with current trends in transnational and
European television historiography, the article analyses transnational media
events as performances that highlight the complex interplay of the
technical, institutional and symbolic dimension of television as a
transnational infrastructure.
Martin Luther in Primetime
Authors: Anderson Stewart
Published: April 2020

In 1983, both East and West Germany celebrated Martin Luther’s 500th
birthday with great fanfare. Nowhere was this competition more provocative
and visually arresting, however, than in two multi-part television plays
which depicted Luther’s life: the West German Martin Luther, broadcast by
the public station ZDF in April, and the East German title of the same name,
aired in October. In this essay, I argue that the East German version
constituted an appropriative strategy of memory formation – one which
depicted Luther’s positive qualities and grafted them into the Marxist canon
of heroes. In contrast, the ZDF Martin Luther, which featured a highly
rational Luther, projected what Jan Assmann has termed a normative strategy
of harnessing Luther’s memory, focusing on Luther’s intellectual arguments
and anti-radicalism.
Window to the West
Authors: Lepp Annika , Pantti Mervi
Published: April 2020

This study is concerned with the memories of Estonians of watching
Finnish television during the last decades of the Soviet occupation. We will
look at the practices of watching Finnish television in Soviet Estonia and
the meanings attributed to it. Finnish television took North-Estonians into
a colourful world of consumption and entertainment, while at the same time
educating them about Western values and encouraging them to dream a better
future.
Great Escapes from the Past
Authors: Widholm Andreas
Published: April 2020

Over the last couple of decades, Europe has undergone fundamental
political transformations that have challenged old stereotypes about the
‘essence’ of the European identity. This article analyses televisual
narratives of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, turning the
analytical spotlight on two of Europe’s largest news broadcasters: BBC World
and Euronews. The article focuses on how Europe is remembered in the news,
but also how references to the past are used to explain what Europe is today
and what it might look like in the future.
A prospective, randomised, split-face comparative study of 50% glycolic acid peel versus laser toning in the treatment of melasma in Asian skin
Authors: Kaur Jasleen , Kaur Tanreet
Published: April 2020

Background: Although various treatment options are available for the management of melasma, still it is challenging disorder to treat. Apart from topical therapies, newer modalities like laser toning and chemical peeling are being explored to manage this notorious dermatosis. To evaluate and compare the efficacy and side effects of laser toning versus 50% glycolic acid peel in the management of melasma.

Methods: A split face comparative study was done in 30 female patients with melasma. Over the right half of patient’s face laser toning was done whereas other half was treated with 50% glycolic acid peel. 4 such sessions were given at an interval of 15 days. Response to treatment was assessed using melasma area and severity index (MASI) score.

Results: Baseline mean MASI score on right and left half of patient’s face was 7.85±3.34 and 6.25±1.56 respectively. After completion of 4 treatment sessions, it was reduced to 4.23±1.45 and 3.71±1.10 respectively with statistically insignificant difference between two halves (p=0.08). Recurrence rate of melasma was higher (46.66%) with laser toning in comparison to glycolic acid peel (26.6% patients).

Conclusions: Glycolic acid peel and laser toning were comparable in terms of outcome with laser toning showing slightly better results. In comparison to peels recurrence rate and complications like hypopigmentation in Asian patients were higher with laser toning.
Quality of life in patients with vitiligo
Authors: Bhuptani Neela V. , Parmar Pratik J. , Selot Nilam K. , Patel Bharti K.
Published: April 2020

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired disorder characterized by well circumscribed depigmented macules and patches that result from a progressive loss of functional melanocytes. In India and perhaps elsewhere also patients with vitiligo have severe psychological and social problems. Quality of life is multidimensional index of different social, behavioural and cultural factors. Different tools were developed for measuring quality of life focusing on different conditions and diseases. The dermatology life quality index (DLQI) questionnaire is designed for use in patients of age more than 16. It can be used to measure the impact of vitiligo on quality of life. To assess the dermatology specific quality of life in patients with vitiligo. To study impact of vitiligo on their quality of life.

Methods: In this study 150 patients diagnosed with vitiligo during a 1-year period were included. DLQI was calculated for every patient. 

Results: The mean DLQI score in our study was 6.14. There was a statistically significant difference in mean DLQI of unmarried as compared to married. There were no statically significant differences in other groups. Out of 150 patients of vitiligo, 3 (2%) patients had no effect, 66 (44%) patients had small effect, 69 (46%) patients have moderate effect, while 12 (8%) patient had very large effect of vitiligo on their quality of life.

Conclusions: Vitiligo affects quality of life in majority of patients. So, it should be treated aggressively with various treatment modality along with proper counselling and psychological support.