bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QSAR of Clerodane Diterpenoids with Cytotoxic and Antitumoral Activity Against V‐79 Cells
Authors: Cramer Bruno , Takahata Yuji
Published: October 2009

This work deals with diterpenoids of the clerodane type, compounds isolated from the extracts of different plant organs from trees mainly of the Flacourtiaceae family. The aim of the present work is to study Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) on Casearins isolated from the crude plant extract of the leaves of the shrub tree Casearia sylvestris Swartz, Flacourtiaceae, that show cytotoxic activities against V‐79 Chinese Hamster lung cells. In total, ca. 2080 descriptors and indices were calculated for the QSAR study using various softwares. The obtained QSARs with three descriptors were developed using two independent methods, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), using a small set of molecules. For external validation of the MLR QSAR we employed a training/test set that was evaluated through criteria ruled by RQK fitness functions. Both MLR and SVM QSARs were validated using the same test set, where the SVM QSAR achieved the best results. Both QSARs were applied to a data set with 113 clerodane diterpenoids never tested before against the Chinese Hamster lung fibroblast V‐79 cells, and also applied to thirteen new compounds which were build in silico, adding fluorine and chlorine atoms as substituents at specific positions of the clerodane diterpenoids. Encouraging results were obtained in both cases which serve as an indicator for further studies in silico and/or bioassay of these compounds as anticancer agents.
Examining how preservice science teachers navigate simulated parent–teacher conversations on evolution and intelligent design
Authors: Dotger Sharon , Dotger Benjamin H. , Tillotson John
Published: October 2009

Discussing the teaching of evolution with concerned parents is a challenge to any science teacher. Using the medical education pedagogy of standardized individuals within the field of teacher education, this article addresses how preservice science teachers elected to verbally interact with standardized parents who questioned the teaching of evolution and proposed alternative curricula. Analysis of video recordings of the simulated interactions yielded three primary themes connected to teachers' understandings of what “counts” as science, teachers' justifications for teaching evolution, and teachers' explanations of the impact of teaching evolution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:552–570, 2010
Real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography using a matrix probe with live xPlane imaging of the interventricular septum
Authors: Xiong Y. , Wah Y. M. I. , Chen M. , Leung T. Y. , Lau T. K.
Published: October 2009

Objective

To describe a technique to rapidly visualize the in‐plane view of the fetal interventricular septum (IVS) to enable the identification of a ventricular septal defect (VSD).

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐one women were invited to participate after their routine fetal morphology scan, including four suspected to have congenital cardiac defects which were confirmed postnatally. A standard examination protocol using real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography with live xPlane imaging was developed. The ability of this new technology to examine the ventricular septum was investigated.

Results

The in‐plane view of the fetal IVS was visualized successfully in 150 (99.3%) cases by real‐time 3D echocardiography with live xPlane imaging, including 82 (54.3%) cases with the spine posterior and 68 (45.7%) cases with the spine anterior. The in‐plane view of the IVS successfully visualized the VSDs in three fetuses with VSD and displayed the intact IVS in one fetus with transposition of the great arteries without VSD.

Conclusion

We describe live xPlane imaging, a simple method for the real‐time assessment of the in‐plane view of the IVS that has the potential to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of fetal cardiac examination. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An estimation of the signal‐to‐background ratio, limited by radiation and electron transport in EDXRF
Authors: Portnoy A. Yu. , Pavlinsky G. V. , Gorbunov M. S.
Published: October 2009

A mathematical model for an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer is proposed, which is based on the analysis of the radiation transport in a sample and in a detector, and an electron transport in the detector. The results obtained by using this model are compared with experimental data. The influence of parameters of sources of the primary X‐rays, and the thickness and material of the detector on the signal‐to‐background ratios, was estimated. These ratios limited by electron and photon transport were compared. It is shown that the signal‐to‐background ratio can vary by several orders of magnitude at changing conditions of recording, and there are conditions when the use of Si or Ge detector is preferable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a transportable µ‐XRF spectrometer with polycapillary half lens
Authors: Yonehara Tasuku , Orita Daisuke , Nakano Kazuhiko , Komatani Shintaro , Ohzawa Sumito , Bando Atsushi , Uchihara Hiroshi , Tsuji Kouichi
Published: October 2009

We developed a transportable micro‐XRF (µ‐XRF) spectrometer using a polycapillary X‐ray focusing half lens, which was placed between the sample and the detector. The total weight of the developed spectrometer was about 2 kg; its dimensions were 18(W) × 26(D) × 40(H) cm. The spatial resolution of the spectrometer with the half lens of a working (focal) distance of 30 mm was 171 µm at Fe Kα, which was evaluated by a wire scanning method. In this setup, it is easy to replace the polycapillary X‐ray half lens with one having a different analytical performance, because a precise position‐adjustment of the X‐ray lens is not required. The spacial resolution with the half lens of a working distance of 16 mm was 106 µm at Fe Kα. Depending on analyzing area on the sample and required spatial resolution, we can easily change the X‐ray lens, as in a conventional optical microscope. The calibration curves of V, Cr, Mn, and Ni measured for standard steel materials showed good linear relationships (correlation coefficients >0.993). Clear elemental mapping could be obtained by scanning the sample (Cu mesh). An elemental analysis of a micro‐region in an electronic device was also performed by the transportable µ‐XRF spectrometer. Sn and Pb were detected at the metallic part (Sn–Pb solder) of the device. Br and Ba were observed at some resin parts of the electronic device. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Fields for the Peroxynitrates. I. Acetyl Peroxynitrate and Trifluoroacetyl Peroxynitrate
Authors: Coronel Angelina C. , Fernández Lis E. , Varetti Eduardo L.
Published: October 2009

The vibrational properties of acetyl peroxynitrate CH3C(O)OONO2 (PAN) and trifluoroacetyl peroxynitrate CF3C(O)OONO2 (FPAN) were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods. The previously available experimental data and assignments for these compounds were compared with the theoretical results and revised, and a complete description of the 23 normal modes of vibration observed for each molecule is proposed. The assignments were used in the definition of scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) force fields for such molecules. In addition, the internal force constants were obtained as a parameter typical of each chemical bond.
Fibrin Sealant: Past, Present, and Future: A Brief Review
Authors: Spotnitz William D.
Published: October 2009

Background

Fibrin sealant is a two‐component topical hemostat, sealant, and tissue adhesive consisting of fibrinogen and thrombin that has been used in the United States as a blood bank‐ or laboratory‐derived product since the 1980s and has been commercially available since 1998.

Methods/results

Initially, surgeons employed hospital‐based materials because of the lack of availability of a commercially produced agent. At present, there are five U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved forms including products derived from pooled or autologous human plasma as well as bovine plasma. On‐label indications include hemostasis, colonic sealing, and skin graft attachment. Recent clinical and experimental uses include tissue or mesh attachment, fistula closure, lymphatic sealing, adhesion prevention, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

Conclusions

The modern literature on fibrin sealant now exceeds 3000 articles and continues to expand. This brief review presents the history of this material, its present clinical use, and its future applications.
Circulating tumor cells in gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroya , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: October 2009

Since the first report in the nineteenth century, there have been numerous reports on the isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood in patients with various carcinomas. In general, CTCs have been observed in the peripheral blood of cancer patients at very low concentrations of 10−7–10−8 of normal peripheral blood cells. The characterization is of considerable biomedical interest in order to understand how these cells can travel via the blood stream to anatomically distant sites and form metastatic disease. Recent progress in molecular oncology enables us to detect the CTCs in blood with highly sensitivity and specificity, and several studies have indicated the prognostic value of CTC detection in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Detection and measurement of CTCs in patients with gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers can be useful as a promising tool for judging tumor stage, predicting the distant metastasis and patient survival, and monitoring the response to cancer therapy. Standard procedures for CTC detection have to be established, and the clinical relevance should be verified in large‐scale clinical trials. However, CTC detection is suggested to provide useful information for the tumor staging and anticancer treatments in clinical practices in the near future.
Late-Onset Radial Nerve Palsy Associated with Conservatively Managed Humeral Fracture. A Case Report and Suggested Classification System
Authors: Abdelgawad Amr Atef , Wassef Andrew , Ebraheim Nabil A.
Published: October 2009

Radial nerve palsy can occur with humerus fracture, either at the time of injury (primary) or during reduction (secondary). Late-onset radial nerve palsy (not immediately related to injury or reduction) has been very seldom reported in the English literature. We describe a case of late-onset radial nerve palsy, which developed 9 weeks after an attempted closed management of a midshaft humerus fracture. Exploration of the nerve was performed. The radial nerve was found to be stretched over the ends of the fracture. Open reduction and external fixation of the fracture with mobilization of the nerve from the fracture site lead to complete return of radial nerve function occurring by 3 months. We recommend exploration of cases of late-onset radial nerve palsy in contrast to primary or secondary radial nerve palsy, which can be treated conservatively. Our experience suggests that the cause of the palsy is a continuous ongoing pathology and not a single time event as in primary or secondary cases. Radial nerve palsies associated with humeral fracture should be classified as either primary (at the time of injury), secondary (at the time of reduction), or late onset (not related to either injury or reduction).
Obvious Temperature Difference Along a Pb Cluster-Decorated Carbon Nanowire
Authors: Song Fengqi , He Longbing , Han Min , Wan Jianguo , Wang Guanghou
Published: October 2009

Pb nanoclusters were deposited onto a suspended carbon nanowire (CNW), where in situ temperature variable observation was carried out by a transmission electron microscope. The heating temperature was up to 450 °C. Both the melting and evaporation of the Pb nanoparticles on the CNW were retarded when compared to the particles on the support frame. The obvious temperature difference of up to 10 K along the CNW of less than 1 μm was demonstrated. It was attributed to the irradiating dissipation-dependent on the surface area of the decorating Pb particle by calculation.

(See supplementary material 1)
Locoregional anesthesia and anticoagulation
Authors: Horlocker Terese T.
Published: October 2009

Spinal hematoma is a rare and potentially catastrophic complication of spinal or epidural anesthesia. Risk factors include traumatic needle/catheter placement, sustained anticoagulation in an indwelling neuraxial catheter, and catheter removal during therapeutic levels of anticoagulation. Generally, a patient's coagulation status should be optimized at the time of spinal or epidural needle/catheter placement, and the level of anticoagulation should be monitored during epidural catheterization. Signs of cord compression, such as severe back pain, progression of numbness or weakness, and bowel and bladder dysfunction, warrant immediate radiographic evaluation. A delay in diagnosis and intervention of spinal hematoma may lead to irreversible cord ischemia.
Fibromyalgia: The diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment
Authors: Buskila Dan
Published: October 2009

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain and diffuse tenderness along with a constellation of ancillary symptoms. The 1990 ACR criteria for classification of FM are important in enhancing much the research of FM. FM is part of a spectrum of functional somatic syndromes. FM is not a homogenous condition and several subtypes of FM had been determined. The best strategy for management of FM is to use a multidisciplinary approach to treatment using both pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions.

Tramadol, tricyclic drugs, mixed reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsants show efficacy in this condition. Recently, three drugs: pregabalin, duloxetine and milnacipran have been approved by the FDA for treatment of FM.
Long‐term intrathecal morphine influence on major compounds of the endocrine system in elderly population
Authors: Raffaeli William , Dekel Boaz Gedaliahu Samolsky , Rita Melotti , Righetti Donatella , Caminiti Alessandro , Balestri Marco , Sarti Donatella , Guido Fanelli
Published: October 2009

Background: The influence of long‐term opioid administration on hormonal levels is not well characterized in the literature. We previously showed that intrathecal opioid therapy significantly influences the homeostasis of immune and endocrine systems. Other authors confirmed that exogenous and endogenous opioids induce this effect. They have a cytokine‐like behavior and may function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or hormones, as concerning their synthesis, storage and release.

Aims: To assess the effects of morphine long‐term intrathecal administration on serum levels of Gonadal, Thyroidal and Adrenal axis hormones in an elderly population affected by chronic pain; to assess the correlation between hormone levels and morphine dosage.

Methods: Patients suffering from chronic non‐cancer pain with or without intrathecal drug delivery system were studied and hormonal levels were monitored, using an immunoradiometric assay kit.

Results: The long‐term administration of intrathecal morphine influenced part of the endocrine system, in particular, there was a reduction of FSH and LH and an increment of GH serum levels; this effect was morphine dose dependent.

Conclusion: Long‐term intrathecal opioid administration influenced FSH, LH and GH serum levels. Data on this issue are inadequately described in the literature. The finding of endocrine effects of opioid therapy, nonetheless, cannot be ignored, as it may have clinical relevance in both elderly and young population. We believe that during long intrathecal pain treatments with morphine, clinicians should be aware of both immediate and later opioids side effects, and in particular, they should monitor immune and endocrine changes.
Full characterization of PDX, a neuroprotectin/protectin D1 isomer, which inhibits blood platelet aggregation
Authors: Chen P. , Fenet B. , Michaud S. , Tomczyk N. , Véricel E. , Lagarde M. , Guichardant M.
Published: October 2009

Our study aimed to establish the complete structure of the main dihydroxy conjugated triene issued from the lipoxygenation (soybean enzyme) of docosahexaenoic acid, named PDX, an isomer of protectin/neuroprotectin D1 (PD1/NPD1) described by Bazan and Serhan. NMR approaches and other chemical characterization (e.g. GC–MS, HPLC and LC–MS/MS) indicated that PDX is 10(S),17(S)‐dihydroxy‐docosahexa‐4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z‐enoic acid. The use of 18O2 and mass spectrometry showed that PDX is a double lipoxygenation product. Its structure differs from PD1, with E,Z,E geometry (PDX) instead of E,E,Z (PD1) and S configuration at carbon 10 instead of R. PDX inhibits human blood platelet aggregation at sub‐micromolar concentrations.
Axonal neuropathy with unusual clinical course in young Snowshoe cats
Authors: Matiasek Lara A. , Feliu-Pascual Alejandro Luján , Shelton G. Diane , De Risio Luisa , Matiasek Kaspar
Published: October 2009

Neuropathies in cats are mostly acquired. In comparison to the dog, only very few inherited forms have been described. This case report describes the clinical and diagnostic findings of a suspected inherited feline axonal neuropathy with a very unique clinical course. Two young related male Snowshoe cats were presented with an initially progressive history of recurrent pelvic limb weakness. Electrodiagnostic investigations suggested an axonopathy and muscle–nerve biopsies confirmed axonal degeneration. Over the following 2 years both cats stabilised without any specific treatment, and repeat electrodiagnostic investigations and muscle biopsy in one cat confirmed the tendency for remission.
Oxygen Uptake for Cycling in Relation to Body Composition: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chen June‐Kai , Chen Tien‐Wen , Chen Chia‐Hsin , Huang Mao‐Hsiung
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oxygen uptake ( O2) for cycle ergometry and body composition in untrained healthy young men. Fifty‐six men underwent body composition measurements and ramp work rate tests at 60 revolutions/minute on a cycle ergometer. Cell mass (CM), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LMB) and total body mass (TBM) were assessed by multifrequency and segmental bioelectric impedance analysis. Resting, unloaded, and peak O2 were determined by a gas analyzer, and their relationships with CM, FM, LBM, and TBM were analyzed. Values of O2/TBM were positively related to the increasing CM/TBM
The Tragedy of Compassionate Conservatism
Authors: PILBEAM BRUCE
Published: October 2009

Compassionate conservatism was declared to be the governing philosophy of George W. Bush's administration. Yet among commentators it has rarely been taken seriously in its own terms as a theory. What this article aims at showing is that compassionate conservatism is not merely an empty political slogan; instead, when the nature of conservatives' compassion is properly understood, it can be seen to be a concept of great significance to conservatism. Conservatives use an understanding of compassion as a “tough-minded,” rather than a “soft-hearted,” moral virtue to challenge the fundamental precepts of competing social philosophies. In doing so, they construct a paternalistic and inegalitarian doctrine that justifies the authority of the “compassionate” regulating the lives of those who are the subjects of their compassion.
Morphological effects and tegumental alterations induced by mefloquine on schistosomula and adult flukes ofSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: MANNECK T. , HAGGENMÜLLER Y. , KEISER J.
Published: October 2009

There is a pressing need to develop novel anti-schistosomal drugs, as current treatment relies largely on praziquantel (PZQ). To further strengthen current evidence of the anti-schistosomal properties of mefloquine (MQ), we studied the temporal effect of this compoundin vitroandin vivo, and examined alterations on the tegumental surface of schistosomula and adults ofS. mansoniby means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Schistosomula and adults were each incubatedin vitrousing MQ over a wide concentration range (1–100 μg/ml). In addition, mice infected with adultS. mansoniwere treated with a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg MQ, and worms were recovered 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h following treatment. MQ showed a rapid onset of action on schistosomulain vitro; 100 and 75 μg/ml of MQ killed schistosomula immediately; the minimal lethal and effective concentrations of MQ on schistosomula after 1 h were 25 and 5 μg/ml, respectively. Adult worms incubated with 100 and 10 μg/ml of MQ were dead after 1 h and 24 h of incubation, respectively. A hepatic shift of adult schistosomes was observed in mice already 24 h after treatment, and 120 h following treatment >98% of all worms had translocated to the liver. SEM observations revealed extensive tegumental destruction, including blebbing, shrinking and sloughing, particularly followingin vitroincubation and on the tegument of female worms.
Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: progress made, new opportunities and remaining challenges
Authors: STOTHARD J. R. , CHITSULO L. , KRISTENSEN T. K. , UTZINGER J.
Published: October 2009

Several other journal supplements have documented progress made in the control of schistosomiasis in Egypt, China and Brazil, however, with more than 97% of the schistosome infections now estimated to occur in Africa, the relevance of this special issue inParasitologycannot be overemphasized. In total, 18 articles are presented, inclusive of a lead-editorial from the WHO highlighting a seminal resolution at the 54th World Health Assembly in 2001 that advocated de-worming. Facilitated by a US$ 30 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2002, the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative subsequently fostered implementation of large-scale schistosomiasis (and soil-transmitted helminthiasis) control programmes in six selected African countries. From 2005, CONTRAST, a European union-funded consortium, was formed to conduct multi-disciplinary research pertaining to optimisation of schistosomiasis control. Progress made in schistosomiasis control across sub-Saharan Africa since the turn of the new millennium is reviewed, shedding light on the latest findings stemming from clinical, epidemiological, molecular and social sciences research, inclusive of public health interventions with monitoring and evaluation activities. New opportunities for integrating the control of schistosomiasis and other so-called neglected tropical diseases are highlighted, but more importantly, several opportune questions that arise from it frame the remaining challenges ahead for an enduring solution.
Mesocestoides corti: Morphological features and glycogen mobilization duringin vitrodifferentiation from larva to adult worm
Authors: CABRERA G. , ESPINOZA I. , KEMMERLING U. , GALANTI N.
Published: October 2009

Mesocestodes cortihas the capacity to develop from the tetrathyridium (larva) stage to adult wormin vitroby trypsin and serum stimulation. Consequently, it has been used as an experimental model system for studying cestode development, host-parasite relationships and anthelmintic drugs. We describe morphological features in 5 different developmental stages ofM. cortiobtainedin vitro, including larvae from the peritoneal cavity of infected mice, trypsin- and serum-stimulated larvae, elongated parasites as well as segmented and mature worms. It is unambiguously confirmed that sexually mature worms are obtained as a result of thisin vitroprocess of differentiation. Defined cellular regions are present in all stages of development studied, some of them surrounded by a basal lamina. Glycogen is present in the larvae obtained from the mouse peritoneal cavity and in parasites encapsulated in the mouse host liver. Glycogen distribution in the parasite changes on trypsin and serum stimulation to differentiate. We propose that changes in the distribution of neutral polysaccharides in the parenchyma of the parasite at different stages of development and degradation of polysaccharides in the transition from segmented to adult worm are related to energy needs necessary for the cellular processes leading to the mature specimen.
A Simplified Method for the Analysis of Interference from JTIDS Radio Networks to DME Aeronautical Radionavigation Systems
Authors: Houdzoumis Vassilios A.
Published: October 2009

Three distinct mechanisms of interference of JTIDS transmissions to DME are investigated: false interrogator triggering, transponder overloading and desensitization of either transponder or interrogator receivers. The effect of transponder overloading due to JTIDS transmissions is found the most serious. An analytical method is provided which relates the transponder reply efficiency to the load of the interrogations received in the presence of JTIDS transmissions.
A Navigation Safety Support Model for the Strait of Istanbul
Authors: Yazici M. Anil , Otay Emre N.
Published: October 2009

In this study, a real time maritime traffic support model is developed for safe navigation in the Strait of Istanbul, also known as the Bosporus. The present model simulates vessel trajectories corresponding to possible headings, using channel geometry, counter traffic, and surface currents as input. A new MATLAB code is developed for the simulation and the Marine GNC Toolbox (Fossen and Perez, 2004) is used for the vessel hydrodynamics and the auto-pilot model. After computing the trajectory tree of the vessel by forward-mapping its position distribution with respect to the initial position vector, the casualty probabilities of each trajectory are found. Within certain restrictions on vessel geometry, the proposed model predicts the safest possible intended course for the transit vessels based on the navigational parameters including position, speed, and course of the vessel. The model is tested for the Strait of Istanbul for validation. Without loss of generality, the model can be used for any narrow channel with a vessel traffic system providing the necessary input.
A Comparison of Outlier Detection Procedures and Robust Estimation Methods in GPS Positioning
Authors: Knight Nathan L. , Wang Jinling
Published: October 2009

With more satellite systems becoming available there is currently a need for Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) to exclude multiple outliers. While the single outlier test can be applied iteratively, in the field of statistics robust methods are preferred when multiple outliers exist. This study compares the outlier test and numerous robust methods with simulated GPS measurements to identify which methods have the greatest ability to correctly exclude outliers. It was found that no method could correctly exclude outliers 100% of the time. However, for a single outlier the outlier test achieved the highest rates of correct exclusion followed by the MM-estimator and the L1-norm. As the number of outliers increased MM-estimators and the L1-norm obtained the highest rates of normal exclusion, which were up to ten percent higher than the outlier test.
Cognitive and affective sequelae of primary hyperparathyroidism and early response to parathyroidectomy
Authors: BENGE JARED F. , PERRIER NANCY D. , MASSMAN PAUL J. , MEYERS CHRISTINA A. , KAYL ANNE E. , WEFEL JEFFREY S.
Published: October 2009

Cognitive and affective complaints are common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but few studies have used psychometric testing to document these symptoms and their response to parathyroidectomy. The current study sought to clarify the nature of cognitive and affective impairments in PHPT and changes postparathyroidectomy. One hundred eleven patients with PHPT underwent neuropsychological evaluation prior to parathyroidectomy with 68 returning for an early postsurgical evaluation. Changes in cognition were assessed using practice effect corrected reliable change indices. Biochemical and anesthesia variables were compared between groups who improved and declined. In a subset of patients, assessment revealed a significant pattern of cognitive slowing, reductions in psychomotor speed, memory impairment, and depression prior to parathyroidectomy. Postsurgical evaluations revealed a trend for improvements on timed tests and depression but a decline in memory. Older patients responded less well to surgical intervention, as did patients who experienced more dramatic changes in biochemical status following surgery. Cognitive changes early postparathyroidectomy are characterized by improved information processing speed and decline in verbal memory, with younger patients more likely to recover during this acute phase. The need for longer-term follow-up studies and increasing utilization of neuropsychological assessments in this population are discussed. (JINS, 2009, 15, 1002–1011.)
Alternative Religion – A New Political Cleavage?: An Analysis of Norwegian Survey Data on New Forms of Spirituality
Authors: Botvar Pål Ketil
Published: October 2009

The article addresses the relationship between religion and politics, and combines theories on religious change with theories on political cleavages. Empirical evidence is presented from a Norwegian survey of new forms of religiosity and political attitudes. Woodhead and Heelas (2004) have posited the hypothesis that a silent revolution is taking place where (traditional) religion is giving way to what they call “spirituality of life.” This article questioned the assumption that the individualistic and consumer-oriented New Age movement of the 1980s and 1990s has developed into a new religious movement that is concerned with life quality and social questions. According to the literature on political cleavages, certain demands have to be fulfilled before a social divide or a conflict develops into a full political cleavage. With respect to alternative religion, the empirical analysis reveals that the main obstacle is related to the lack of a collective ideological platform.
Sekundäre Formen des Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Henzen
Published: October 2009

Die Kenntnis sekundärer Diabetesformen ist wichtig, da sich Diagnose und Therapie vom üblichen Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes unterscheiden und häufig Begleiterkrankungen bestehen, die zu Morbidität und Mortalität beitragen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen werden folgende sekundäre Diabetesformen behandelt, die im Rahmen einer Hämochromatose, bei zystischer Fibrose, Schwangerschaft, Lipodystrophie, unter Medikamenten oder bei Endokrinopathien auftreten, sowie MODY und mitochondrialer Diabetes mellitus.
Das Prostatakarzinom: Eine Übersicht aktueller Behandlungsstrategien
Authors: Winterhalder
Published: October 2009

Bei jeder dritten Krebsdiagnose des Mannes handelt es sich um ein Prostatakarzinom und es wird mit einer weiteren Zunahme der Häufigkeit in den nächsten Jahren gerechnet. Das mittlere Alter bei Diagnose beträgt 68 Jahre. In der Schweiz werden jährlich rund 4000 neue Prostatakarzinome diagnostiziert, was bedeutet, dass jeder siebte Mann mit dieser Diagnose konfrontiert wird. Stadienabhängig kommen neben Chirurgie und Strahlentherapie auch Systemtherapien wie Hormonablation und Chemotherapie in Frage. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, eine Übersicht über die heutigen Therapiestrategien zu vermitteln.
Abdominale Resistenz mit krampfartigen Oberbauchschmerzen bei einer 16-jährigen Frau
Authors: Michel  , Keerl  , Kubik-Huch  , Geyer
Published: October 2009

Wir berichten über eine 16-jährige Patientin mit neu aufgetretener, palpabler Resistenz und Schmerzen im Epigastrium. In der Computertomographie (CT) konnte ein Trichobezoar diagnostiziert werden. Die ergänzende Anamnese ergab retrospektiv eine Trichophagie und Verschlucken von Kaugummis. Die Entfernung des Trichobezoars nach erfolgloser gastroskopischer Zerkleinerung musste chirurgisch mittels Gastrotomie durchgeführt werden.
Determining Priorities for Future Mars Polar Research: Third International Workshop on Mars Polar Energy Balance and the CO2 Cycle; Seattle, Washington, 21–24 July 2009
Authors: Titus Timothy N. , Michaels Timothy I.
Published: October 2009

Since 1997, five spacecraft have observed Mars's polar processes, resulting in an unprecedented amount of data with ranges of spatial and spectral resolutions not available from prior missions in the 1960s and 1970s. The vast amount of new data and the complex nature of Mars's polar processes led Mars polar scientists from around the world to gather in a small group environment to discuss the data, models, and emerging theories.

The expertise of the 36 attendees of the Third International Workshop on Mars Polar Energy Balance and the CO2 Cycle included remote sensing, laboratory experimentation, and climate modeling. Nearly all spacecraft instruments that have been or are currently being used to monitor Mars's carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle were represented.
Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea
Authors: Jiang Houshuo , Farrar J. Thomas , Beardsley Robert C. , Chen Ru , Chen Changsheng
Published: October 2009

Mesoscale atmospheric modeling over the Red Sea, validated by in‐situ meteorological buoy data, identifies two types of coastal mountain gap wind jets that frequently blow across the longitudinal axis of the Red Sea: (1) an eastward‐blowing summer daily wind jet originating from the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese Red Sea coast, and (2) wintertime westward‐blowing wind‐jet bands along the northwestern Saudi Arabian coast, which occur every 10–20 days and can last for several days when occurring. Both wind jets can attain wind speeds over 15 m s−1 and contribute significantly to monthly mean surface wind stress, especially in the cross‐axis components, which could be of importance to ocean eddy formation in the Red Sea. The wintertime wind jets can cause significant evaporation and ocean heat loss along the northeastern Red Sea coast and may potentially drive deep convection in that region. An initial characterization of these wind jets is presented.
Energetic electron response to ULF waves induced by interplanetary shocks in the outer radiation belt
Authors: Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Wang Y. F. , Li X. , Song P. , Baker D. N. , Fritz T. A. , Daly P. W. , Dunlop M. , Pedersen A.
Published: October 2009

Strong interplanetary shock interactions with the Earth's magnetosphere have great impacts on energetic particle dynamics in the magnetosphere. An interplanetary shock on 7 November 2004 (with the maximum solar wind dynamic pressure of ∼70 nPa) was observed by the Cluster constellation to induce significant ULF waves in the plasmasphere boundary, and energetic electrons (up to 2 MeV) were almost simultaneously accelerated when the interplanetary shock impinged upon the magnetosphere. In this paper, the relationship between the energetic electron bursts and the large shock‐induced ULF waves is studied. It is shown that the energetic electrons could be accelerated and decelerated by the observed ULF wave electric fields, and the distinct wave number of the poloidal and toroidal waves at different locations also indicates the different energy ranges of electrons resonating with these waves. For comparison, a rather weak interplanetary shock on 30 August 2001 (dynamic pressure ∼2.7 nPa) is also investigated. It is found that interplanetary shocks or solar wind pressure pulses with even small dynamic pressure change can have a nonnegligible role in the radiation belt dynamics.
Evidences for strong directional resonances in intensely deformed zones of the Pernicana fault, Mount Etna, Italy
Authors: Di Giulio G. , Cara F. , Rovelli A. , Lombardo G. , Rigano R.
Published: October 2009

In this paper we investigate ground motion properties in the western part of the Pernicana fault. This is the major fault of Mount Etna and drives the dynamic evolution of the area. In a previous work, Rigano et al. (2008) showed that a significant horizontal polarization characterizes ground motion in fault zones of Mount Etna, both during earthquakes and ambient vibrations. We have performed denser microtremor measurements in the NE rift segment and in intensely deformed zones of the Pernicana fault at Piano Pernicana. This study includes mapping of azimuth‐dependent horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratios along and across the fault, frequency–wave number techniques applied to array data to investigate the nature of ambient vibrations, and polarization analysis through the conventional covariance matrix method. Our results indicate that microtremors are likely composed of volcanic tremor. Spectral ratios show strong directional resonances of horizontal components around 1 Hz when measurements enter the most damaged part of the fault zone. Their polarization directions show an abrupt change, by 20° to 40°, at close measurements between the northern and southern part of the fault zone. Recordings of local earthquakes at one site in the fault zone confirm the occurrence of polarization with the same angle found using volcanic tremor. We have also found that the directional effect is not time‐dependent, at least at a seasonal scale. This observation and the similar behavior of volcanic tremors and earthquake‐induced ground motions suggest that horizontal polarization is the effect of local fault properties. However, the 1‐Hz resonant frequency cannot be reproduced using the 1‐D vertically varying model inferred from the array data analysis, suggesting a role of lateral variations of the fault zone. Although the actual cause of polarization is unknown, a role of stress‐induced anisotropy and microfracture orientation in the near‐surface lavas of the Pernicana fault can be hypothesized consistently with the sharp rotation of the polarization angle within the damaged fault zone.
Role of stratiform rainfall in modifying the northward propagation of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation
Authors: Chattopadhyay R. , Goswami B. N. , Sahai A. K. , Fraedrich K.
Published: October 2009

The stratiform and convective rain rate measurement from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data can give a realistic idea of the latent heating distribution in the tropics. The vertical profile of diabatic heating related to the convective and the stratiform rain is known to modulate the dynamical response of atmosphere and also the vertical structure of Madden‐Julian Oscillation. In this study, the contribution of the stratiform and convective rain rate to the total rain rate during different phases of the northward propagating boreal summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is examined using the TRMM data. Two new insights have emerged from this analysis. First, unlike conventional wisdom, the convective component shows weak northward propagation and grows and decays in situ during the evolution of active and break phases, while the northward propagation of the monsoon ISO is largely achieved by organized movement of the stratiform component. Second, the trademark meridional dipole pattern of total rainfall between the monsoon trough zone and the southern equatorial Indian Ocean also arises largely from the contribution of stratiform anomalies. As the northward propagation of the monsoon ISO is known to be due to the anomalous response of the atmosphere to heating in the presence of mean easterly vertical shear, modification of the vertical profile of heating due to a contribution from stratiform rain could influence the northward propagation of the monsoon ISO. This hypothesis is tested using a simple global atmospheric circulation model to study the response of the convective and stratiform heating profiles on the modification of the mean condition. Modification in the large‐scale response of the atmosphere as a result of proper specification of convective and stratiform heating anomalies indicates that the presence of stratiform heating favors the northward propagation of the heat source thereby facilitating the positive feedback leading to northward propagation of the monsoon ISO. These results underline the importance of simulating the partitioning of convective and stratiform rain by cumulus parameterization in climate models if they have to get the space‐time structure of the summer ISOs correct.
A grid refinement approach for a three‐dimensional soil‐root water transfer model
Authors: Schröder T. , Tang L. , Javaux M. , Vanderborght J. , Körfgen B. , Vereecken H.
Published: October 2009

Three dimensional soil‐root water transfer models require a fine soil and root discretization in order to obtain accurate results. This goes along with a considerable computational effort. One way of reducing the computational effort is the usage of grid refinement techniques. With such techniques irregular grids are obtained that combine the accuracy of a fine grid resolution with a considerable reduction in computational costs. As a consequence of plant transpiration roots take up water and large soil water potential gradients around roots are created. Especially in these regions a fine soil discretization is needed. The root spatial distribution can therefore be used for refinement of the soil grid, a priori. Simulations show that the accuracy is indeed maintained for a priori refined grids but with reduced computational costs as compared to regular fine grids. Comparison with a well recognized a posteriori error estimate strengthen these results.
Helicobacter pylori CagA activates NF‐κB by targeting TAK1 for TRAF6‐mediated Lys 63 ubiquitination
Authors: Lamb Acacia , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Tsang Ying‐Hung N , Li Jiang‐Dong , Higashi Hideaki , Hatakeyama Masanori , Peek Richard M , Blanke Steven R , Chen Lin‐Feng
Published: October 2009

Helicobacter pylori‐initiated chronic gastritis is characterized by the cag pathogenicity island‐dependent upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which is largely mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)‐κB. However, the cag pathogenicity island‐encoded proteins and cellular signalling molecules that are involved in H. pylori‐induced NF‐κB activation and inflammatory response remain unclear. Here, we show that H. pylori virulence factor CagA and host protein transforming growth factor‐β‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1) are essential for H. pylori‐induced activation of NF‐κB. CagA physically associates with TAK1 and enhances its activity and TAK1‐induced NF‐κB activation through the tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6‐mediated, Lys 63‐linked ubiquitination of TAK1. These findings show that polyubiquitination of TAK1 regulates the activation of NF‐κB, which in turn is used by H. pylori CagA for the H. pylori‐induced inflammatory response.
Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase 1 by caveolin 1 promotes stress‐induced premature senescence
Authors: Volonte Daniela , Galbiati Ferruccio
Published: October 2009

Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is an important antioxidant enzyme that controls cellular redox homeostasis. By using a proteomic‐based approach, here we identify TrxR1 as a caveolar membrane‐resident protein. We show that caveolin 1, the structural protein component of caveolae, is a TrxR1‐binding protein by demonstrating that the scaffolding domain of caveolin 1 (amino acids 82–101) binds directly to the caveolin‐binding motif (CBM) of TrxR1 (amino acids 454–463). We also show that overexpression of caveolin 1 inhibits TrxR activity, whereas a lack of caveolin 1 activates TrxR, both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of a peptide corresponding to the caveolin 1 scaffolding domain is sufficient to inhibit TrxR activity. A TrxR1 mutant lacking the CBM, which fails to localize to caveolae and bind to caveolin 1, is constitutively active and inhibits oxidative‐stress‐mediated activation of the p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway and induction of premature senescence. Finally, we show that caveolin 1 expression inhibits TrxR1‐mediated cell transformation. Thus, caveolin 1 links free radicals to activation of the p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway and induction of cellular senescence by acting as an endogenous inhibitor of TrxR1.
The demonstration of the invariant lipid-free composition and the mechanism varying energy and the main components of some mammal meats consisting of muscle and adipose tissue
Authors: Inoue Mitsugu , Tsugita Kazuyo
Published: October 2009

Background:

The assumption of an invariant fat-free or lipid-free composition is prerequisite for most methods of the estimation of body composition in mammals including human but has not been theoretically demonstrated.

Objective:

To demonstrate theoretically and practically the invariant lipid-free composition and to understand the mechanism varying the main components of muscle and adipose tissue which have intimate relationships to lipid accumulation or obesity in mammals. Design: Whether the combinations of correlations among energy and main components in the hypothetical lipid-ratio variation model (L-varied model), which reflects the invariant lipid-free composition, are consistent with those in the practical mammal meats? Do lipid-ratio variation (L-varied) equations based on L-varied model agree closely with the corresponding regression equations of energy and main components on lipid content in their meats? We designed to solve these questions and compare those results. Results: These combinations of their correlations between the theoretical model and practical meats stated above were consistent with each other. And the L-varied equations were consistent with the regression equations stated above. Conclusion: It is clarified that variation in energy reserves and main components, at least moisture, protein, and ash in them follow L-varied model. Consequently, for the first time we clearly demonstrated here that the assumption of an invariant lipid-free composition is valid in skeletal muscles and peripheral adipose tissues of some mammals.
Molecular identification of aspartate N-acetyltransferase and its mutation in hypoacetylaspartia
Authors: Wiame Elsa , Tyteca Donatienne , Pierrot Nathalie , Collard François , Amyere Mustapha , Noel Gaëtane , Desmedt Jonathan , Nassogne Marie-Cécile , Vikkula Miikka , Octave Jean-Noël , Vincent Marie-Françoise , Courtoy Pierre J. , Boltshauser Eugen , van Schaftingen Emile
Published: October 2009

The brain-specific compound NAA (N-acetylaspartate) occurs almost exclusively in neurons, where its concentration reaches approx. 20 mM. Its abundance is determined in patients by MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) to assess neuronal density and health. The molecular identity of the NAT (N-acetyltransferase) that catalyses NAA synthesis has remained unknown, because the enzyme is membrane-bound and difficult to purify. Database searches indicated that among putative NATs (i.e. proteins homologous with known NATs, but with uncharacterized catalytic activity) encoded by the human and mouse genomes two were almost exclusively expressed in brain, NAT8L and NAT14. Transfection studies in HEK-293T [human embryonic kidney-293 cells expressing the large T-antigen of SV40 (simian virus 40)] indicated that NAT8L, but not NAT14, catalysed the synthesis of NAA from L-aspartate and acetyl-CoA. The specificity of NAT8L, its Km for aspartate and its sensitivity to detergents are similar to those described for brain Asp-NAT. Confocal microscopy analysis of CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells and neurons expressing recombinant NAT8L indicates that it is associated with the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), but not with mitochondria. A mutation search in the NAT8L gene of the only patient known to be deficient in NAA disclosed the presence of a homozygous 19 bp deletion, resulting in a change in reading frame and the absence of production of a functional protein. We conclude that NAT8L, a neuron-specific protein, is responsible for NAA synthesis and is mutated in primary NAA deficiency (hypoacetylaspartia). The molecular identification of this enzyme will lead to new perspectives in the clarification of the function of this most abundant amino acid derivative in neurons and for the diagnosis of hypoacetylaspartia in other patients.