bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Evolution on the Desktop: Simulation with the Use of Extended Cellular Automata
Authors: Batty M
Published: October 2006

There is now wide agreement that to develop effective simulations of urban structure, urban models must be explicitly dynamic and must contain mechanisms for linking macrostructure to micro-behaviour. In this paper, the author poses the need to develop simple simulations which emphasise the conditions under which spontaneous growth, such as that which characterises the regeneration of inner cities and the location of edge cities, can be modelled. The model that is presented is based on the integration of positive feedback with the effects of local interaction, all set within a context in which innovations are produced randomly as spatial noise. The framework adopted to make this model operational is based on an extended cellular automaton in which demand for location, conceived of as potential for development, drives the system which responds through the supply of actual development. Various structures for such models are considered. The simulations are set up within a desktop environment by using the package StarLogo as the simulator, DataDesk as the means for exploring model results graphically and statistically, and Avid VideoShop as the moviemaker for simulating the dynamics of locational change. Experiments are conducted which involve systematically varying the weights or parameters of the feedback, interaction, and innovation effects, and then examining how the growth rate of the system interacts with locational change. The model is generalised to other situations where the growth of systems of cities are simulated and where the effects of self-organisation within the simulated patterns of locational change are examined. In essence, the model is able to predict the spontaneous growth of centres but under conditions where there is a high degree of noise or innovation in the system and where the growth rate is also high.
A New Approach to SAM Updating with an Application to Egypt
Authors: Thissen M , Löfgren H
Published: October 2006

When social accounting matrices (SAMs) are updated with fragmentary data the new column and row totals are often not all known in advance. Also, the overall total of all matrix entries may not be known. This results in a situation in which the generally used RAS method cannot be applied to update the SAM, as the outcomes become unreliable with unknown totals. In this paper a generalised version of the RAS method is developed, based on information theory. This method, which incorporates the RAS method as a special case, is more flexible with respect to necessary information and improves the accuracy of the updated SAMs. In addition to developing a generalised RAS method, we present an easily applied procedure for building SAMs which reduces the time needed to update them. The generalised RAS method and the SAM building procedure are applied to a 1991–92 SAM for Egypt.
Networking, Technology, and Governance: Lessons from New Zealand Horticulture
Authors: Hayward D J , Heron R B Le , Perry M , Cooper I
Published: October 2006

Cooperative business networking and technological learning have been treated as discrete features of successful regional economies. It is argued that both may be understood as governance solutions within the respective global commodity chains. Empirical evidence is examined of five export-oriented horticultural industries in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. Within these industries a number of instances of networking and technological learning are identified and are found to be operating in a variety of regulatory contexts. Evidence from field interviews and three case studies, in particular, reveals the governance relations in effect in these commodity chains and how these lead to solutions such as networking and technological learning. These examples are also employed to support a more refined understanding both of governance and of regulation.
Exploring Uneven Development in Producer Service Sectors: Detailed Evidence from the Computer Service Industry in Britain
Authors: Coe N M
Published: October 2006

In this paper I investigate the nature of uneven development in the computer service sector in Britain by using results from a four-county interview survey of 173 firms. The research adds constructively to the large literature on producer services by providing detailed empirical evidence on the key regional variations within a leading growth sector. First, analysis of the survey data illustrates that new-firm formation processes, which vary both quantitatively and qualitatively across Great Britain, underlie the highly uneven spatial distribution of computer service employment. In particular, rates of entrepreneurship, the sector of origin, and the mode of start-up appear to vary regionally, with growth becoming relatively self-generating in the South East where the computer industry as a whole has traditionally been well represented. Second, through an examination of the backward (supplier), horizontal (joint venture), and in particular the market linkages of the surveyed computer service firms, the evidence gained suggests that, although regional, status, and subsectoral variations in the nature of market linkages both are indicative of, and contribute to, uneven development in this sector, backward and horizontal linkages are of less importance.
A Note on “Environmental Sustainability and Cost—Benefit Analysis”
Authors: Pires C P
Published: October 2006

In this note I solve the problem formalized by Barbier, Markandya, and Pearce in “Environmental sustainability and cost–benefit analysis”. I show that the optimality conditions of that problem imply but are not implied by the conditions presented by Barbier et al.
Re-Placing Money: The Evolution of Branch Banking in Britain
Authors: Pratt D J
Published: October 2006

Despite the prominence of London in the international financial system the majority of citizens and small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom have always been reliant on the domestic banking system for their finance. In this paper the author looks at the production and reproduction of financial space in the United Kingdom through an examination of the development of the domestic banking system. Over the past 250 years progressive changes in the banking system, from the formation of joint-stock blanks to the implementation of credit-scoring techniques, have stretched and reshaped the space across which banks have operated. This ‘financial distanciation’, it is argued, is set to accelerate in the 1990s and increase the ‘spatial reflexivity’ between the international, national, and regional financial systems. It is suggested that in the context of heightened domestic and international financial competition the increasing centralisation of lending control in the UK banking system risks marginalising some sections of society and placing local economic communities at an international disadvantage.
Agricultural Élites, Agrarian Beliefs, and Their Impact on the Evolution of Agri-Environment Policies: An Examination of the British Experience, 1981–92
Authors: Clark J R A , Jones A
Published: October 2006

Traditionally, agrarian beliefs have been assigned an important place in studies of the formative processes of agricultural policymaking. However, such work has tended to privilege these beliefs with a passive, conditioning, or reactive role in decisionmaking and decision taking. In this paper, we show that these deeply engrained notions also provide the basis for articulating more complex proactive strategies, aimed at advancing agricultural interests. We demonstrate how widely held agrarian beliefs in British society, relating to ‘trusteeship’ by farming of the natural environment, have been deployed by policy élites in the British Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) as a means of legitimising a suite of agri-environment policies to sectoral constituencies and the general public which are strongly supportive of both bureaucratic and producer group ambitions. We examine the impact of these beliefs on the formation by MAFF of the British negotiating position towards the European Union's ‘agri-environment’ regulation, EU 2078/92.
Accumulation and the Rate of Profit: Regulating the Macroeconomy
Authors: Webber M , Rigby D
Published: October 2006

In this paper we argue that as models of profitability and growth within the Marxist tradition have become more formal, they have relied increasingly upon assumptions of equilibrium. An alternative single-region, single-commodity model is proposed in which output, demand, and capital accumulation are independently determined and therefore potentially in disequilibrium. In the short run this means that profitability can be rising or falling, depending upon the rates of growth of demand, supply, and net exports, the rate of capital accumulation, the rate of change of unit costs of production, and the initial starting position of the economy. In the longer run, though, output is limited by the capacity of capital to produce and by the size of the labour force, and demand cannot exceed supply. These constraints place an upper bound on the rate of profit and its growth, a bound that depends on the rate of change in the unit costs of production and on the rate of growth of the labour force. In the longest term, net exports cannot continue to grow, and certain regulatory conditions are deduced: if those conditions are met as equalities then the rate of profit is constant; if they are met as inequalities, the rate of profit falls.
A Variance-Stabilizing Coding Scheme for Spatial Link Matrices
Authors: Tiefelsdorf M , Griffith D A , Boots B
Published: October 2006

In spatial statistics and spatial econometrics two coding schemes are used predominately. Except for some initial work, the properties of both coding schemes have not been investigated systematically. In this paper we do so for significant spatial processes specified as either a simulta-neous autoregressive or a moving average process. Results show that the C-coding scheme emphasizes spatial objects with relatively large numbers of connections, such as those in the interior of a study region. In contrast, the W-coding scheme assigns higher leverage to spatial objects with few connections, such as those on the periphery of a study region. To address this topology-induced heterogeneity, we design a novel S-coding scheme whose properties lie in between those of the C-coding and the W-coding schemes. To compare these three coding schemes within and across the different spatial processes, we find a set of autocorrelation parameters that makes the processes stochastically homologous via a method based on the exact conditional expectation of Moran's I. In the new S-coding scheme the topology induced heterogeneity can be removed in toto for Moran's I as well as for moving average processes and it can be substantially alleviated for autoregressive processes.
From Survivor to Entrepreneur: Gendered Dimensions of Microenterprise Development in Peru
Authors: Hays-Mitchell M
Published: October 2006

The author examines the gendered experience of economic restructuring within the microenterprise sector of Peru and the ways in which this is related to the creation and reproduction of ideologies and identities of gender within Peruvian society and the international development community. She suggests that the prevailing conceptualization of poor urban women as ‘survivors/victims’ within national society, social science discourse, and development praxis reveals a gender bias that is operationalized in the widespread exclusion of women from mainstream programs of microenterprise development. In arguing for a reconceptualization of poor urban women as ‘survivors/producers’ and/or ‘survivors/entrepreneurs’ in a way that highlights the empowering dimension of this identity, the diverse productive and reproductive activities that constitute women's daily experiences are seen as a self-directed act of resistance to the disenfranchising impact of structural adjustment. From an analysis of the impact of five microenterprise development programs on the lives of participating women, it is concluded that gender-focused programs of microenterprise assistance open a new space for poor urban women to create and negotiate alternative, more empowering identities.
Cut-Flower Production in Colombia—A Major Development Success Story for Women?
Authors: Meier V
Published: October 2006

Starting in the 1970s, the production of cut flowers for export has spread in Colombia's central high land, the Sabana de Bogotá. Creating some 75 000 jobs by the mid-1990s, the Colombian flower industry has been described by the World Bank as one of the major development success stories of the last two decades. In the first part of the paper the author examines possible reasons for this success, considering Colombia's position on the global market as well as economic restructuring, demographic, and social changes in Colombia which explain not only why flower production fits well into government restructuring plans, but also the availability of cheap labour—one of the key factors in international competition. As 60% to 80% of the workers in the cut-flower industry are female, the main focus is on the rising number of women seeking employment. In the second part of the paper the author attempts to show how the benefits and costs of employment by the flower industry are perceived by the different local actors. Drawing on monographs written by local researchers, focus-group interviews with workers, and expert interviews, she discusses different themes, for example, employment practices, working conditions at the farms, and housing conditions in the worker's communities, changing gender relations, and women's emancipation and their new dependency on the firm. The flower industry is shown to draw on economic and social changes in wider Colombian society and to reinforce some of these changes. The women workers, although gaining income and status and finding industrial-type working relations, pay with a double work load and by living in difficult social and environmental conditions entailing constant health and unemployment risks.
Gendered Histories: Garment Production and Migration in Mexico
Authors: Wilson F
Published: October 2006

The author's impetus to write this paper stems from reflections on the history of clothing production in a mosaic of localities in western-central Mexico. In the 1990s, in addition to generating the largest flows of, mostly male, transnational migrants, these areas have become the most important garment producers in Mexico. Exploring the interconnectedness of industrial change, gendered patterns of migration, and gendered relations of production, the author provides a short history of garment production, followed by a discussion of distinct production trajectories (by women in rural putting-out systems and/or urban microenterprises; and by men, sometimes in partnership with their wives, in workshops and factories). Both drew primarily on female labour, embedded in varied social relations; however, over time women's entrepreneurial capacity has lost ground. Fieldwork from Aguascalientes in the 1990s is used to analyse the way different parts of the garment industry have responded to economic recession and trade liberalisation, revealing three different survival strategies. Whereas maquila factories (which act as subcontractors to US and European firms) and large urban workshops have struggled, small-scale enterprises at a distance from large towns have thrived.
Nonlinear Estimation with Associative Memories and Machine Evaluation of Derivatives: An Application to Calibrating Spatial Interaction Models
Authors: Kalaba R E , Moore J E , Xu R , Chen G J
Published: October 2006

In this paper we apply the theory of linear associative memories in producing initial parameter estimates for nonlinear iterative approaches. We also propose the use of FEED (Fast and Efficient Evaluation of Derivatives) to evaluate partial derivatives of functions encountered in nonlinear estimation. Suggested methods are presented in the context of calibrating spatial interaction models and are illustrated through numerical examples.
Professionalisation, Feminisation, and Sociospatial Polarisation in London, 1971–1991
Authors: Lyons M
Published: October 2006

In this paper I examine the relationship between professionalisation, feminisation, and spatial differences in the take-up of home ownership in London. Findings are that the housing market has amplified, or entrenched, labour-market differences. The ONS Longitudinal Study (longitudinally linked census records) is used in support of the argument, which links individuals' migration, occupation, gender, and marital status with their access to owner occupation in high-status, or low-status, parts of London. Trends are established through comparison of changes over the period 1971–1981 with changes over the period 1981–1991.
Exploring the Variability of Segregation Index D with Scale and Zonal Systems: An Analysis of Thirty US Cities
Authors: Wong D W S , Lasus H , Falk R F
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we propose a methodology to study the scale effect and zoning effect of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Instead of aggregating basic spatial units by the neighborhood criterion, we suggest placing a square lattice over the centroids representing the enumeration units in the study area. Areal units are aggregated if their centroids are in the same square. By changing the size of the square in the lattice, we can study the scale effect. By randomly placing the lattice, we can study the zoning effect. This methodology links the MAUP effects to specific scale reflected by the size of grids. We use this method to study the MAUP effects on the segregation index D. Among the thirty selected cities in the USA, values of D respond to the MAUP in a diverse pattern. We assess the scale effect on D by examining the changes of averaged values of D over the range of scale levels. We also borrow concepts from fractal analysis to assess the scale effect on D and to measure how sensitive the D values of these cities are to different zonal patterns.
Transaction Cost Analysis and the Methodology of Foreign-Market Entry-Mode Studies
Authors: McNaughton R B
Published: October 2006

The author continues the discussion of foreign-market entry-mode research begun by O'Farrell, Moffat, and Wood. These authors reviewed and compared the contributions of economic geographers and marketers to our understanding of the channel choices of business service firms. Their central argument was that extant research methods, especially those employed by marketers, suffer significant limitations which impede the advancement of knowledge about channel decision-making. They also implied that the dominant theoretical paradigm, transaction cost analysis (TCA), provides a poor explanation of observed behaviour. They made a significant contribution by bringing together the economic geography and marketing literature on this topic. However, they did not fully review the contributions of the TCA approach to entry-mode studies in marketing, and this may have biased their conclusions about the value of this theory. An alternative account of this literature is provided, along with a response to each of O'Farrell et al's criticisms.
Trade-Area Models and Choice-Based Samples: Methods
Authors: O'Kelly M E
Published: October 2006

The use of choice-based data to generate parameters of a trade-area gravity model is described in detail in this paper. The importance of being able to estimate parameters with data collected from individuals who have selected a particular alternative is explained. The main advantage of the new method is that it allows the efficient use of easily collected data. It also allows inferences to be made about the distance-decay rates and attraction parameters, even when only a small subset of stores is sampled from an area. This new version of the retail gravity model has been tested extensively with data for 6 major retail centers in Dallas. The detailed studies include a demonstration of the conventional approaches to trade-area mapping and an explanation of exactly what is different about the method proposed here. Interpretation of the model results indicates areas where a store either gains an unexpectedly high (or low) share of its sales. These methods have immediate application in screening potential locations because the variables used to run the model are generic and easily gathered for other cases. The results also encourage the rethinking of the Huff-based gravity model.
Beyond the Boundaries: Vacancy Chains and the Evaluation of Urban Development Corporations
Authors: Robson B T , Bradford M G , Deas I A
Published: October 2006

Recent years have seen the establishment of numerous spatially bounded regeneration agencies in the United Kingdom, prominent amongst which have been urban development corporations (UDCs). Attempts to evaluate such agencies have so far focused almost exclusively upon the impacts within formally delimited areas and have neglected to consider the effects on surrounding nondesignated areas. In this paper, an attempt is made to address this by devising a technique for assessing the wider effects of spatially bounded regeneration agencies and programmes. Drawing from a government-commissioned evaluation of UDCs at Leeds, Bristol, and Central Manchester, we explore the extent to which government intervention in delimited areas has generated a net beneficial impact on the wider local economies of the three cities. By use of data on the nature of vacancy chains for commercial properties in the three UDCs and in their respective surrounding areas, an attempt is made to measure the degree of displacement or additionality engendered by UDC activities.
Local Information Links to the National Metropolitan Hierarchy: The Southeastern United States
Authors: Wheeler J O
Published: October 2006

The primary purpose of this paper is to determine the degree to which nonmetropolitan and small metropolitan areas participate in the US information economy. It has long been known that large metropolitan areas have become integrated among themselves into the national economy, but it has been assumed that small centers remain focused on local and regional links. This study uses 1996 data from Federal Express Corporation to measure flows of packages to and from 18 pickup and delivery zones for the area served by Atlanta's Hartsfield International Airport to 41 large US metropolitan areas. Although the rural and small pickup and delivery zones do not generate or attract the high magnitude of flows of large metropolitan areas, the data show that, by a variety of measures, the small centers are remarkably strongly tied to the uppermost level of the US metropolitan hierarchy.
Initial Diagnostics of a Regional Adjustment Model
Authors: Mulligan G F , Vias A C , Glavac S M
Published: October 2006

Adjustment models are used increasingly to analyze population and employment changes in regional economies. However, questions remain about the most appropriate geographic scales and time lags for these models. In this paper we estimate a well-known adjustment model for a recent 25-year period in the USA. Regional population and employment changes (levels and densities) are examined at three scales (states, Bureau of Economic Analysis regions, counties) using various time lags (one to ten years). Two-stage least squares regression estimates, based on Regional Economic Information System data running between 1969 and 1994, are generated and discussed. Analysis is restricted to the core relationships between population and employment; the roles of other exogenous variables, normally included in adjustment models, are not considered. Instead, concern is focused on issues such as stability and directional causality of the interacting population—employment systems. Some brief suggestions regarding future research conclude the paper.
Determinants of Fast Repeat Migrations of the Labor Force: Evidence from the Linked National Survey Data of Taiwan
Authors: Lin J-P , Liaw K-L , Tsay C-L
Published: October 2006

In this paper we study the determinants of job-related fast repeat migrations of the labor force of Taiwan, based on the linked microdata of national migration surveys from 1980 through 1989. The main findings are as follows. First, the propensity to make fast return migration is negatively affected by the level of education and positively affected by the duration of unemployment, which suggests that those with a limited labor-market knowledge and an unsuccessful job search are more prone to make a return migration. Second, the propensity to make fast onward migration is strongly enhanced by the number of previous moves and negatively affected by the duration of unemployment, which suggests that more experienced and more successful previous migrants are more prone to make an onward migration. Third, those whose reason for the previous migration was job search are more likely to make a fast return migration than those whose reason for the previous migration was job change or job transfer, which suggests that those who have secured a job at the destination before moving are less likely to be disappointed and to make a fast return migration than those who migrated before securing a job. Fourth, gender selectivity in fast onward migration is very strong in terms of both overall level and age pattern, which reflects the strong dominance of patriarchal ideology on Taiwanese society.
Creating the Japanese Electric Vehicle Industry: The Challenges of Uncertainty and Cooperation
Authors: Patchell J
Published: October 2006

The author analyzes the creation of the Japanese electric vehicle (EV) industry by focusing on how firms overcome barriers to bilateral collaboration and multilateral cooperation. The key to understanding this emerging industry is the evolution of interfirm relational skills under conditions constrained by uncertainty (for example, market failures compounded by bounded rationality and opportunism), yet which necessitate collaboration. The evolution of interfirm relations takes two forms: core firms and suppliers devise new means of bilateral relations in a situation where neither can invest in a committed relationship; competing auto makers and suppliers create and support multilateral institutions necessary to industry and market development. Evidence from EV auto-maker—supplier bilateral relations and from auto-maker—supplier relations with multilateral institutions are analyzed for motive, mechanisms, and effect, and are categorized.
Geographies of Publicity and Privacy: Residential Activism in Sydney in the 1970s
Authors: Anderson K , Jacobs J M
Published: October 2006

In Australian cities in the early 1970s certain sections of the trade union movement banned work on inner-city construction projects considered detrimental to the urban environment: trade union ‘black bans’ were transformed into so-called ‘Green Bans’. Associated with the union action was a ground swell of resident opposition to demolition and redevelopment. There has been much documentation of this important moment in Australian history: Green Bans have been celebrated as a class-based urban social movement and as the birth of environmentalism in Australia. We begin the process of critically reevaluating Sydney's Green Bans, drawing on feminist-inspired reworkings of publicity and privacy. In this cultural geography of the Green Bans we argue that resident participation restructured the very terms of democracy and, along with this, a range of citizens' rights. This reading shows that the categories ‘private’ and ‘public’ are far from fixed: they are sociospatial categories that take a multitude of forms and configurations in time, in process, across space.
X-Morphising: Review Essay of Bruno Latour's Aramis, or the Love of Technology
Authors: Laurier E , Philo C
Published: October 2006

An extended review is presented of Bruno Latour's book Aramis, or the Love of Technology (Harvard University Press, 1996). Attention is paid to the textual style and strategies in the book, and also to how it fits in with, and exemplifies, many of the more abstract claims central to Latour's actor-network theory. In particular, consideration is given to the provocative arguments in the book about the status of nonhuman beings in social-scientific research, and to the specific manoeuvre whereby Aramis, this transportation project which never quite made it from being an idea to being a completed object, is accorded agency—and even a voice—in the text. The ‘x-morphising’ which underpins Aramis in this respect is examined, and is subsequently criticised for a flattening out of agency which permits humans and nonhumans to be regarded as ‘social’ equivalents. Although attracted to Latour's radical emancipation of nonhuman things from a social-scientific netherworld, we nonetheless conclude by worrying about the flat and undifferentiated ‘spatial imaginary’ at the heart of what he is attempting to do for actors of all kinds in Aramis.
Intermetropolitan Migration and Hierarchical Destination Choice: A Disaggregate Analysis from the US Public Use Microdata Samples
Authors: Pellegrini P A , Fotheringham A S
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors describe the application of spatial choice models to microlevel intermetropolitan migration destination choice data from the US Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) for the period 1985–90. The metropolitan and the microlevel data facilitate an analysis incorporating well-defined geographic units and their respective attributes, as well as an analysis disaggregated by the personal factors of migrants. The PUMS files provide one of the richest sources of national-level migration micro data in terms of geographic resolution, the number of individual or household characteristics recorded, sample size, and availability. The focus of the modelling exercise is to examine the performance of competing-destinations migration models which are based on the assumption that migrants process spatial information hierarchically. To date the only empirical testing of such models has been undertaken with aggregate spatial flow data, so the PUMS data provide a unique opportunity to examine the behaviour of the competing destinations framework in more detail. The authors provide information on the determinants of intermetropolitan migration within the USA and on the validity of the theoretical foundations of the competing-destinations framework. Traditional spatial choice models are shown to be severely misspecified and the distance-decay parameter estimates from such models to be potentially biased in such a manner that they exhibit the well-known ‘spatial structure’ effect. This effect does not appear when the parameters are estimated from competing-destinations models.
Spaces at the Margins: Migrant Domestic Workers and the Development of Civil Society in Singapore
Authors: Yeoh B S A , Huang S
Published: October 2006

It has been argued in the feminist literature that the state often contributes to patriarchal constructions of women's subordinate positions by providing political space for women's incorporation into civil society not as individuals and citizens but as members of a family belonging to the private sphere. In this paper the authors explore this question in the broad context of international labour migration in the Asia Pacific region, where migrant women are moving as paid reproductive labour in large numbers from less-developed countries to rapidly industrialising urban nodes in the region. The authors ground the ensuing issues in the specific case of Singapore, a country currently engaged in constructing a sense of nationhood among its people. Even as there is now some debate on the emergence of civil society as part of the nation-building project and possibly a larger role for social agencies which lie outside the rubric of state parameters, there are groups of women who are excluded from this embryonic discourse. One such group is the more than 100 000 female migrant domestic workers (from the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and a number of other South and Southeast Asian countries) who, as women, domestics, and noncitizens, are identified with the confines of the private sphere and proscribed from public space in the dominant (and emerging) discourses. With use of a questionnaire survey, as well as in-depth interviews with foreign domestic workers, their employers, and a number of social organisations, the authors examine the politics of exclusion at the margins of society. The aims are to explore the types of social organisations which have opened up some ‘space’ within their structures for foreign domestic workers, as well as interest groups which have certain claims to represent these women, and to clarify the roles these marginal spaces play. This helps illumine the way these women interact with mainstream Singaporean society beyond the confines of the domestic sphere and broadens the understanding of the boundaries of civil society in Singapore and the politics of being ‘inside’ and ‘outside’.
Modelling Regional Migration in China: Estimation and Decomposition
Authors: Shen J
Published: October 2006

In this paper I consider the issue of identifying the effects of spatial structure and the origin and destination attributes on interregional migration. A decomposition approach is developed based on migration models. The interprovincial migration data in China over the period 1985–1990 are used to estimate a gravity migration model, an extended gravity model, a Poisson gravity model, and a multilevel Poisson model, which are then used to decompose the various effects on migration in China.
Tracking Accessibility: Employment and Housing Opportunities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Cervero R , Rood T , Appleyard B
Published: October 2006

Shifts in job accessibility reflect, in part, the degree to which land use and transportation decisions help bring job opportunities closer to labor forces. In this paper we argue for the wider use of accessibility indicators as part of the long-range transportation planning process. As a case example, changes in job accessibility indices are traced for the San Francisco Bay Area from 1980 to 1990, computed for 100 residential areas and the region's 22 largest employment centers. Indices are refined based on occupational match indicators that weigh the consistency between residents' employment roles and labor-force occupational characteristics at workplaces. The analysis reveals that peripheral areas tend to be the least job accessible. Moreover, employment centers that are home to highly skilled professional workers are generally the most accessible when occupational matching is accounted for. This is thought to reflect the existence of housing markets that are more responsive to the preferences of upper-income workers. Our analyses also show that residents of low-income, inner-city neighborhoods generally face the greatest occupational mismatches. Through a path analysis, the variable ‘race’ was found to be far more strongly associated with unemployment than was job accessibility, however, even after controlling for educational levels and other factors. We conclude that an important purpose of tracking changes in accessibility is to provide feedback on the degree to which resource allocation decisions in the urban transportation field are helping to redress serious inequities in accessibility to jobs, medical facilities, and other important destinations.
‘We Have the Facts’—How Business Claims Legitimacy in the Environmental Debate
Authors: Eden S
Published: October 2006

The author examines how business associations legitimate their input to environmental policy as ‘rational’ and how they exclude others from the policy debate by characterising them as ‘nonrational’. This is compared with the theories of reflexive modernisation, such as Beck's, and with ecological modernisation. With the aid of an empirical case study of business associations and their environmental lobbying, the author shows how business associations both draw on and shore up a rhetoric of ‘expertise’ and ‘rationality’ in an attempt to legitimate their own ‘subpolitical’ role whilst evading the accountability attached to more politically visible groups.
Bayesian Areal Interpolation, Estimation, and Smoothing: An Inferential Approach for Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Mugglin A S , Carlin B P , Zhu L , Conlon E
Published: October 2006

Geographic information systems (GISs) offer a powerful tool to geographers, foresters, statisticians, public health officials, and other users of spatially referenced regional data sets. However, as useful as they are for data display and trend detection, they typically feature little ability for statistical inference, leaving the user in doubt as to the significance of the various patterns and ‘hot spots’ identified. Unfortunately, classical statistical methods are often ill suited for this complex inferential task, dealing as it does with data which are multivariate, multilevel, misaligned, and often nonrandomly missing. In this paper we describe a Bayesian approach to this inference problem which simultaneously allows interpolation of missing values, estimation of the effect of relevant covariates, and spatial smoothing of underlying causal patterns. Implemented via Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computational methods, the approach automatically produces both point and interval estimates which account for all sources of uncertainty in the data. After describing the approach in the context of a simple, idealized example, we illustrate it with a data set on leukemia rates and potential geographic risk factors in Tompkins County, New York, summarizing our results with numerous maps created by using the popular GIS Arc/INFO.
Testing for Spatial Autocorrelation: Moving Average versus Autoregressive Processes
Authors: Mur J
Published: October 2006

In this paper I try to provide an answer to a simple question: how can we distinguish between a spatial autoregressive process and a spatial moving average process. This problem, which is apparently simple in a more general context, acquires a certain complexity when it is considered over an irregular, rather than homogeneous, space, so that the available instruments are somewhat scarce. In the light of this shortcoming, I develop an identification regime based on the Lagrange multipliers tests, one which is relatively simple to implement and which gives rise to significant results. This strategy tends to minimise the probability of commiting identification errors, albeit at the price of assuming some areas of uncertainty.
Regulation, Land-Use Mix, and Urban Performance. Part 1: Theory
Authors: Webster C J , Wu F
Published: October 2006

In this paper we present the theoretical model underlying a series of experiments that use cellular automata (CA) simulations to explore the impact of alternative systems of pollution property rights on urban morphology and performance. It is a partial equilibrium model of developer and community behaviour which allows a formal expression of the urban development processes under alternative regulative regimes. These include pure markets; impure markets without government; voluntary agreements on externality solutions; clubs and other near-market mechanisms of supplying quasi-public goods; and rigid zone-planning. In a second paper we describe how the model is embedded in a nondeterministic CA algorithm that yields simulated land-use patterns. Because the simulations are based on behavioural theory rather than ad hoc cell-transitions rules, they also yield meaningful urban performance indicators such as total, average, and marginal private profits and social costs. These permit tests of conventional urban economic theory within an explicit spatial framework.
The Role of Attention in Spatial Learning during Simulated Route Navigation
Authors: Albert W S , Reinitz M T , Beusmans J M , Gopal S
Published: October 2006

Previous research has demonstrated the importance of attention in the development of survey (or configurai) knowledge of the environment. However, it is unclear if attention is also necessary for the development of route knowledge. Our aim in this paper is to evaluate the specific role of attention in the acquisition of both route and survey knowledge during simulated navigation. In four experiments, subjects in a condition of full or divided attention were presented a series of routes through a simulated environment. Spatial learning was assessed by having subjects discriminate between old and novel route segments in a subsequent recognition test. Novel route segments consisted of old landmarks from the same route but in the wrong order or with wrong turns, or consisted of old landmarks from two separate routes, or contained old landmarks in new spatial relations to one another. Divided attention disrupted memory for sequences of landmarks (experiment 1), landmark—turn associations (experiment 2), landmark—route associations (experiment 3), and spatial relations between landmarks (experiment 4). Together, these results show that even relatively simple components of spatial learning during navigation require attention. Furthermore, divided attention disrupts the acquisition of spatial knowledge at both the route level and the survey level.
Property Ownership, Tenure, and Displacement: In Search of the Process of Gentrification
Authors: Engels B
Published: October 2006

Despite three decades of continuous research on gentrification, there are a number of areas where understanding of this process still remains quite rudimentary, especially with respect to the actual process of gentrification itself. The author seeks to focus attention upon this issue by examining how historic change to property ownership and tenure structure of housing induced by gentrification impacted upon the unfolding of this process in the inner Sydney suburb of Glebe from 1960 to 1986. By using an empirical analysis he reveals that a synchronisation existed between the market behaviour of small-scale property owners, working-class incumbent upgraders, and middle-class homebuyers and renters which had a significant bearing upon both the timing and the extent of gentrification activity in the case study. In addition, once a less orthodox method of measurement was employed, social replacement was found to operate alongside social displacement. The implications of these findings suggest that the process of gentrification is much more complex than has been previously inferred in the empirical literature and that this particular form of neighbourhood change can follow a number of possible trajectories, as has been more recently asserted in cross-cultural research.
Reclaiming the Street: The Discourse of Curfew
Authors: Matthews H , Limb M , Taylor M
Published: October 2006

The 1998 Crime and Disorder Act enables local authorities to put in place local street curfews for children aged under 10 years. The Act has been fuelled by discourses which present a vision of a society escalating towards lawlessness and moral decline. Curfew orders are grounded on the exclusionary principles of control and deterrence. We argue that the case for curfews is much less clear than recent policy documents suggest. Evidence based upon a large-scale study points to a more positive role of streets in the lives of young people than is acknowledged in current discussions. We propose that curfew does not offer a way forward: for young people it reinforces a sense of power-lessness and alienation and for adults it establishes a positionality which further dislocates young people from their world. Throughout the curfew debate there has been no attempt to incorporate the views of young people. We propose that, instead of curfew, what is needed are inclusionary strategies which encourage the incorporation of young people into communities, empower their voices in environmental decisionmaking, and challenge the hegemony of adulthood upon the landscape.
Aspects of the Interrelationships of Attitudes and Behaviour as Illustrated by a Longitudinal Study of British Adults: 3. Variation in Individuals' Attitudes over Time and a Cross-Temporal Ecological Fallacy
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

In most models of the links between attitudes and behaviour it is assumed (implicitly if not explicitly) that people have stable predispositions to act in particular ways. This assumption has rarely been tested in studies of British voting behaviour which show, as in the first two papers of this series, strong links between measured attitudes and party choice when a longitudinal data set is used. Investigations of the respondents' attitudes over time show substantial inconsistency, however, which suggests a cross-temporal ecological fallacy and raises serious questions regarding the traditionally employed models of voting behaviour.
The Formation of a Market-Oriented Local Property Development Industry in Transitional China: A Shenzhen Case Study
Authors: Zhu J
Published: October 2006

The fast-paced and large-scale Chinese urban development since 1980 is unprecedented in China's urban history. Much of the credit has to be attributed to a nascent local property industry which itself is the product of the economic reforms. Two factors—building commodification and marketization, and state-owned-enterprise (SOE) reforms—have germinated a local property industry, with the facilitation of inward foreign capital, in the context of transition from a static and rigid planning system to a dynamic market-oriented economy. Nevertheless, the gradualist economic reforms and piecemeal SOE transformation, which are intended to transform the Chinese urban economy by increment and experimentation, complicate the evolution of the property industry, which has developed unique characteristics in the transitional time between plan and market. The presence of inequality in the market and absence of measures for hardening soft budget constraints have moulded a market in the making. Market efficiency is compromised and a dual plan—market system puts the competitiveness of the growing property industry in jeopardy.
The Development and Calibration of a Lowry Model with Multiple Market Segments
Authors: Wong C K , Tong C O , Wong S C
Published: October 2006

The authors report the development and calibration of a Lowry model with multiple market segments of population and employment, with use of Hong Kong as a case study. The model contains, for each zone and each category of population and employment, a population potential and an employment potential that measure the relative attractiveness of the zone in the study area with respect to residents' choice of home location and business setup (which generates employment opportunities), respectively. The calibration procedure comprises three stages. In the first stage, a genetic algorithm is employed to calibrate the population and employment potentials, together with the coefficients associated with the travel impedance function for different market segments. In the second stage, the relationships between the calibrated potentials and various land-use variables are investigated by means of a multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The significant land-use variables are identified and equations relating these variables to the potentials for each category of population and employment are established. The third stage is model refinement, in which the model parameters obtained from the first two stages are fine-tuned to reduce further the discrepancy between the observed and modeled distributions of population and employment. A case study of Hong Kong is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.