bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Dynamic Response of a Railway Locomotive Using ANSYS
Authors: Palli Srihari , Dontikurti Raghuveer , Sharma Rakesh Chandmal , Sharma Neeraj
Published: August 2021

Transient dynamic analysis (sometimes called time-history analysis) is a technique used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general time-dependent loads. The time scale of the loading is such that the inertia or damping effects are considered to be important. Present work is focused on performing the time history analysis of a typical locomotive coach using finite element analysis in Indian railroad conditions. Track surface irregularity in the form of an ellipsoidal bump is modelled with assumptions that the vehicle passes over the bump in 0.144 seconds, variation in displacement at different key locations of the truck and car body models is plotted against time under standard loading conditions. The response pattern of the front and rear portions of the locomotive truck and car body indicate that these locations are more susceptible to wheel excitations compared to that of the centre portions of it as they are away from the centre of gravity of the vehicle due to unbalanced mass distribution.
Minimization of Water Consumption for a Typical Water Transportation System using Reversed Wave Energy Converter Principle
Authors: Mayakrishnan Jaikumar , Samy S. Arulanantha
Published: August 2021

This paper demonstrates the application of the principle of reversed wave energy converter for the study of a new type of water transportation that facilitates lowering water consumption depends upon the payload. This research sets a new platform, where the fluid-based transportation system comes with the help of open-bottomed air vessels attached to the floating vessel. The fluids are having different densities such as water and air represented as the compliant materials used for the investigation of the damping curves of the fluid-based transportation system within the applied boundary conditions using the Matlab/Simulink. Depending on the payload requirement, the air vessel determines low water consumption as an alternative to the buoyancy-based water vehicles. The principle of reversed wave energy converter develops the lateral water pressure that helps to minimize the total resistance force and this is identified as the significant feature of the fluid-based transportation system.
Self-Steering Characteristics of FSAE Vehicle with a Linear Bicycle Model
Authors: Barathan Prashanth , Aakash R. , Akbar Hussain , Kathiresh Kapilesh
Published: August 2021

A FSAE car must exhibit precise and predictable handling behaviour since it is subject to driving manoeuvres in dynamic conditions. Therefore, an accurate prediction of its self-steering characteristics becomes vitally important, especially in the expected lateral acceleration operating range. The simulation implements a linear bicycle model of FSAE car in MATLAB and establishes the understeer gradient and the critical speed, thereby aiding the analysis of the steering wheel angle variation required to negotiate the corners of increasing dynamics.
A Survey on Internet of Vehicles Applications, Architecture, Communication Models and Challenges
Authors: Sridevi T. , Cloudin S. , Mohankumar P.
Published: August 2021

IoT refers to connecting multiple objects (cars, home appliances etc.) to internet and they are capable of sending and receiving electronic information through sensors and APIs. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an application of IoT, which involves connecting vehicles to internet to provide intelligent transportation, smart and safe driving in private/public vehicle. In this paper we are projecting the applications of IoV, different architecture models, communication interaction models and challenges in IoV. This paper would be helpful for researchers to further explore the potentials of IoV.
Flame Stabilization of Jet Engine Combustors for Jet Fuel with Blended Biofuels
Authors: Asad Ahmed R. , Surya A. , Tamil Selvan R. , Ramaiah V. , Vignesh K.
Published: August 2021

Biofuel usage has good environmental and economic benefits but at the same time it has weak performance and fuel efficient when compared to usage jet fuel in aircraft similarly release of sulphur particles will end solar radiation. In additionally to these barriers, flame speed of biofuel is very low compared to jet fuel flame speed so a new task is arrived here that is flame stabilization in combustion chambers while using blended biofuel with jet fuel. Hence, we are analysing aircraft turbofan engine combustion chambers both by theoretical and analytical manner about its working when using blended biofuel. Using NASA CEA online software, the combustor data are gathered and are compared with analysis of designed combustor in ANSYS analysis software. The flame analysis is more important when using the blended biofuel in different ratio.
Inspection of Plant Pathogens by using Drones
Authors: Manishankar V. , Harish S. , Lakshmanan S. , Selvan L.N. , Vinodhan R.
Published: August 2021

The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in precision agriculture applications has increased in the last three years. This is mainly due to the UAS capability to provide the farmers with important information related to crop health for a better input management. This allows the constant growth resource optimization, an underlying issue for farmers. Furthermore, UAS are relatively cheap in comparison with manned aircraft or satellite-based systems, they are also small and easy to use. All these facts promote the growing popularization of agriculture UAS. In this paper an easy-to-implement and low-cost system is proposed for basic agriculture tasks, such as NDVI computation and crop imagery collection.
Tribological and Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Al 6061 Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Raja T. , Rajasekar A. , Menon Arvind , Dineshkumar V. , Jayakumar M.
Published: August 2021

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength, specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. The metal matrix choices for Al6061 matrix were silicon carbide (SiC), magnesium oxide (MgO) in constant proportions with either zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) or alumina (Al2O3) as the reinforcements. The stir casted samples were tested for their tensile strength, impact strength and wear. The results confirmed that stir formed Al6061 with Al2O3, MgO, SiC, ZrO2 reinforced composites is clearly superior to base Al6061. It is found that elongation tends to decrease with increasing particles weight percentage, which confirms that alumina and ZrO2 addition increases brittleness. It appears from this study that ultimate tensile strength and yield strength trend to increase with an increase in weight percentage of the reinforcements in the matrix. Impact strength is increased by adding Al2O3 and MgO, SiC, ZrO2.
Editorial: Infectious diseases and NCDs persist despite concerted effort
Authors: K Tumwine James
Published: August 2021

Nil.
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in West Coast Region of The Gambia
Authors: Isara Alphonsus , Baldeh Aru-Kumba
Published: August 2021

Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are the second most common cause of healthy life years lost by women in the 15 – 44 years age group in Africa.

Aim/Objective: To determine the prevalence of STIs among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in the West Coast Region of The Gambia.

Materials and Methods: Blood, urine, and high vaginal swabs samples from 280 pregnant women attending ANC in Brika- ma District Hospital, Brikama, and Bandung Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Bandung were examined. Serum samples were tested for HIV using western blot technique and for syphilis using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, and rapid plasma regimen. Candida albicans, Group B Streptococcus and Neisseria gonorrhoea were identified using Analytical Profile Index (API). Direct urine microscopy was used to identify C. albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis while Chlamydia trachomatis was identified using Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test.

Results: The overall prevalence of STIs was 53.6%. The pathogenic agents isolated were Candida albicans (31.8%), Strep- tococcus agalactiae (15.0%), Treponema pallidum (6.8%), HIV (5.7%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3.9%), Neisseria gonorrhoea (1.8%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (0.7%). STIs were more prevalent among women in the younger age group of 15 – 24 years (54.7%), unemployed (54.0%), Primipara (62.3%), and in the third trimester of pregnancy (72.7%).

Conclusion: A high prevalence of STIs was found among pregnant women attending ANC in the West Coast region of The Gambia. Public health intervention programmes should be strengthened to promote the sexual and reproductive health of pregnant women in The Gambia.

Keywords: Sexually transmitted infections; pregnant women; antenatal clinics; The Gambia.
The experiences of sex workers accessing HIV care services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Moyo Idah , Macherera Margaret
Published: August 2021

Background: Although sub-Saharan African countries have rolled out massive HIV treatment and care programmes, there is little evidence of these having embraced key population groups particularly female sex workers. Due to the criminalisation of sex work in countries like Zimbabwe, research on HIV and its impact on this group is sparse. The absence of an enabling environment has hindered access to HIV care and treatment services for female sex workers.

Objectives: To gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of female sex workers accessing HIV care and treatment services to enhance programming and planning for this key population group.

Methods: This study was qualitative and phenomenological. Data saturation determined the sample size of 20 participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews that were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to thematic content anal- ysis.

Results: Our findings demonstrate varying dynamics between the private and public sector HIV care services for sex work- ers, with facilitators and barriers to access to care.

Conclusion: Health workers need sensitization and training in the provision of differentiated care. For effective linkage to and retention in care an enabling environment is critical.

Keywords: Linkage to care; retention in care; enabling environment; facilitators; barriers.
Evaluation of the postal service for referral of specimen of drug resistance tuberculosis in Amhara region, Ethiopia; mixed method
Authors: Berhe Gebregergs Gebremedhin , Alemneh Sinishaw Mulusew , Balew Shiferaw Melashu , Antife Tenagnework , Assefa Melkie , Fiseha Daniel , Klinkenberg Eveline
Published: August 2021

Background: In Ethiopia, specimens of presumptive drug resistant tuberculosis cases are transported by courier system from district sample collection centers to reference laboratories. It is essential to track the effectiveness of the referral system and identify challenges in order to take timely and appropriate actions. We assessed turnaround time and quality of speci- mens, and explored challenges of the specimen referral system in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2017.

Methods: With mixed methods, we retrospectively examined 385 randomly selected presumptive drug resistance TB speci- mens, and interviewed 53 purposively selected key informants from laboratories and post offices. We calculated median TAT and proportion of acceptable quality. We analyzed qualitative data thematically.

Results: Of the 385 specimens, 94.5% (364/385) had acceptable quality at arrival in the reference laboratories. All the 364 specimens had result. Three - fourth (76.1%) of results were dispatched to the referring health facilities within the recom- mended turnaround time. Ineffective communication and lack of feedback among institutions were mentioned as challenges.

Conclusion: The postal service was effective in keeping quality and majority of test results were timely delivered. Yet, there were operational challenges. Therefore, effective communication, using dedicated vehicle for specimen shipment and aware- ness creation on specimen collection and handling are recommended.

Keywords: Postal service; specimen referral; turnaround time; drug resistance tuberculosis.
Awareness and knowledge about prostate cancer among male teachers in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Yeboah-Asiamah Asare Bernard , Mawufenya Ackumey Mercy
Published: August 2021

Objective: The study was aimed at assessing the awareness and knowledge of prostate cancer (PC) among male teachers in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 160 male teach- ers aged 45 years or more, randomly selected from public elementary and high schools in the Sunyani Municipality. Pearson’s Chi square and Fishers exact tests were used to examine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of PC.

Results: On average, respondents were aged 50±3.95 years. There was a universal awareness of PC. Most of the respond- ents could identify at least one signs and symptoms of PC (88.1%), risk factors of PC (78.8%), and indicated that PC could be treated through surgery (70.6 %), but only 37.5% of respondents knew about screening tests for PC. The study found 57.5% of them had adequate knowledge about PC. Socio-demographics characteristics were not associated with knowledge about PC. Main sources of information were the television (68%) and radio (57 %).

Conclusion: The outcomes of the study suggest the need for general educational campaigns with emphasis on modalities for the screening of PC using the appropriate media channels for accessibility.

Keywords: Prostate cancer; awareness; knowledge; male teachers; Ghana.
Evaluation of predominant risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus among out-patients in two Nigerian secondary health facilities
Authors: O Iheanacho Chinonyerem , O Osoba Doyin , IH Eze Uchenna
Published: August 2021

Background: Prevention of type 2 diabetes is enabled by identification and effective management of risk factors.

Objectives: To evaluate the predominant risks for type 2 diabetes and identify persons at highest risk in a population; to facilitate the understanding of implications for practice.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey using Canadian diabetes risk assessment questionnaire was conducted among non-diabetic persons who visited two secondary hospitals. SPSS version 18 was used for data analysis.

Results: A total of 300 respondents participated in the study, with 25.7% having family history of type 2 diabetes, while 160 (53.3%) were at high risk of developing the disease. Males (62.5%), overweight (65.1%) and obese (82.6%) participants, were at higher risk. Others found to be at high risk were respondents with high waist circumference (55.6%), respondents who did not exercise (77.0%), those who did not eat fruits/vegetable daily (54.4% ), those with high blood pressure (67.5%) and those who have had raised blood sugar in the past (71.0% ).

Conclusion: Majority of the study participants was at high risk for type 2 diabetes, male participants had higher risks and lifestyles/habits were the major risks for developing the disease.

Keywords: Evaluation; type 2 diabetes; risk factors; Nigeria; primary prevention.
Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from type 2 diabetic patients with urinary tract infections
Authors: Youssouf Kani Elmi Souad , Saber Ashour Medhat , Zakaria Alsewy Fathy , Fawzy Abd El Moez Azzam Nashwa
Published: August 2021

Background: T2DM patients are more likely to have UTIs caused by resistant organisms such as ESBLs producing bacteria. Challenging reliable identification and prompt characterization of in-vitro susceptibilities of these bacteria are the first steps of deciding the appropriate antimicrobial therapy for UTIs caused by them.

Objectives: To isolate and identify E. coli and K. pneumoniae from urine of T2DM patients with UTIs, to determine antibiotic resistance pattern among isolates, and to identify ESBLs production phenotypically and genotypically.

Material and method: All samples were cultured on Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient Agar medium (CLED) by using calibrated loop. Growth of 100 colonies or more, i.e. 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL urine was considered as signifi- cant bacteriuria. Isolation and identification were done according to standard method. All isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Phenotypic detection of ESBLs was done by double-disk synergy test. Genotypic detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes by using PCR.

Results: Results of this study showed that E. coli and K. pneumoniae were the dominant bacterial isolates, they constituted 103 (91.2%) out of 113 urine isolates. E. coli (58. 4%) K. pneumoniae (32.7%), Enterococcus spp. (4.4%), Proteus spp. (2.7%) and Pseu- domonas spp. (1.8%). About 25 (24.3%) out of 103 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBLs positive by DDST, and 22 (88.0%) out of them had ESBLs encoding genes by conventional PCR. The most common gene detected was blaTEM (59.1%), followed by blaSHV (27.3%). CTX-M had not been detected in any of testes isolates.

Conclusion: blaTEM and blaSHV genes were detected in 22 out of 25 ESBLs producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates phenotypically detected by DDST. blaTEM was found to be the predominant gene (59.1%), while blaCTX-Mene was not detected in any of tested isolates.

Keywords: Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Urinary tract infections; Phenotypic; genotypic methods.
Streptozotocin-induced type 1 and 2 diabetes in rodents: a model for studying diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Mathias Akinlade Olawale , Victor Owoyele Bamidele , Olufemi Soladoye Ayodele
Published: August 2021

Background: Several animal models are continually being developed to study diabetic complication. Several conflicting regimen for diabetes induction exist in the literature with varying dose strength and regimen for different study interest in diabetes. This study aims to show the effect of high dose streptozotocin (STZ) on the one hand compared with multiple low doses after high fat diet induction on diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN). Methodology: Eighty-four Wistar rats were used to demonstrate DCAN induction using 2 approaches one for T1DM (STZ 50mg/kg) and the other for T2DM (HFD for 8 weeks with STZ 25mg/Kg daily for five days). DCAN features were assessed using invasive biomarkers, histology patterns and cardiac nerve densities. Results: Diabetes induction rate was 76% and 89% in T1DM and T2DM model respectively. T1DM group had significant weight loss, reduced c-peptide, and insulin level post induction. The T2DM additionally showed significantly higher total cholesterol and Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) compared with control. Serum levels of catecholamine, choactase, nerve growth factor and cardiac nerve density confirms development of DCAN. Conclusion: High single dose of STZ and HFD with multiple low doses of STZ may be recommended for DCAN study in T1DM and T2DM rat model respectively.

Keywords: Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy; Diabetes mellitus; Heart rate variability; Streptozotocin.
Relationships between cardiovascular signs and neurological signs in asphyxiated neonates in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Issa Amudalat , Baba Abdulkadir Mohammed , Olukemi Adesiyun Omotayo , Owolabi Bilkis , Suberu Habibat , Olusegun Alabi Kayode , Ronke Bakare Ruqayat
Published: August 2021

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a condition associated with multiple organ dysfunctions inclusive of cardiovascular dys- function. Neurologic predictors of survival have been studied, but little has been reported regarding cardiovascular signs and their role in determining outcome in asphyxia.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the relationship between cardiovascular signs and outcomes in asphyxiated new- borns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving asphyxiated new-born babies recruited within the first 24 hours of life. Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy staging was done using Sarnat and Sarnat staging. All patients had a detailed cardi- ovascular examination on admission, after initial resuscitation (30 – 60 minutes) into admission, and were followed till final outcome: discharge or death.

Results: Eighty-five asphyxiated new-borns with HIE were studied over seven months. Abnormal cardiovascular-related signs identified in the patients included respiratory distress (64.7%), small volume pulse (57.6%), hypotension (52.9%), hy- poxemia (48.2%) and shock (32.9%). Five babies died. None of the clinical signs had a significant relationship with mortality.

Conclusion: Abnormal cardiovascular signs increased with the progression of HIE staging but had no relationship with mortality.

Keywords: Cardiovascular signs; Neurological outcomes; Mortality; Perinatal asphyxia.
Burden of iron overload among non-chronically blood transfused preschool children with sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Samuel Olufemi Akodu , Abiodun Folashade Adekanmbi , Tinuade Adetutu Ogunlesi
Published: August 2021

Background: Sickle cell disease is the commonest genetic disorder of haemoglobin due to inheritance of mutant haemo- globin genes from both parents. The disorder is characterized by chronic haemolysis which results in increased availability of iron from red blood cell destructions.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of iron overload among non-chronically blood transfused preschool children with sickle cell anaemia.

Methods: Serum ferritin was assayed and transferrin saturation derived in 97 steady state sickle cell anaemia children. Ele- vated iron stores were defined as serum ferritin level >300ng/ml, and transferrin saturation >45%. .

Results: Serum ferritin level was greater than 300 mg/ml in 14 (14.4%) subjects and transferrin saturation >45% in six (6.2%) subjects with sickle cell anaemia. The prevalence of iron overload was 20.6%. The prevalence of iron overload was higher among subjects in older age group, female, with history of blood transfusion, and with single blood transfusion ses- sion.

Conclusion: Iron overload is prevalent in older children; the number of blood transfusion sessions notwithstanding. Regu- lar assessment of serum ferritin is recommended.

Keywords: Sickle cell anemia; iron overload; serum ferritin; transferrin saturation; elevated iron.
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta lactamases-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in selected hospitals of Anyigba, Nigeria
Authors: C Mofolorunsho Kehinde , O Ocheni Hannah , F Aminu Ruth , A Omatola Cornelius , O Olowonibi Olabisi
Published: August 2021

Background: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are commonly implicated in urinary tract infections accounting for majority of the antimicrobial resistance encountered in hospitals.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae among patients in Anyigba, Nigeria.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using urine samples from 200 patients of Grimmard Catholic hospital and Maria Goretti hospital. Urine samples were processed to identify ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneu- moniae using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates were then tested against antimicrobial agents.

Results: A total of 156 bacterial isolates were recovered consisting 128 of E. coli and 28 of K. pneumoniae. Extended spec- trum beta-lactamases production was observed in 69% of E. coli and 31% of K. pneumoniae. These pathogens were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. Of the antimicrobials tested, cefotaxime demonstrated the highest rates of resistance (100%) for both ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Fifty-four isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli showed a high level of resist- ance to amoxicillin clavulanic acid (83.3%), ciprofloxacin (83.3%), and ceftazidime (79.6%). ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae iso- lates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (75%), and amoxicillin clavulanic acid (83.3%). Cefoxitin (62.5%) and gentamicin (66.7%) showed substantially higher rates of resistance against these isolates while all 24 strains were resistant to imipenem.

Conclusion: This study indicated the prevalence of ESBL-positive Gram-negative pathogens in these study sites and also demonstrated their resistance to a few antibiotics. This highlights the need for new antimicrobials that are potent and im- proved policy on use of antibiotics.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; ESBLs; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Anyigba.
Application of Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) to measure intention to get early screening and treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among HIV at- risk sub-populations in Ethiopia
Authors: Asefa Alemayehu Wondwossen , Maritz Jeanitte , Roets Lizeth
Published: August 2021

Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) increase the risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Hence, early screening and treatment of STIs as a behavioral practice will reduce the odds of HIV infection among at risk and vulnerable sub-populations. To that end, HIV prevention strategies need to design evidence-based interventions using behavioral models or theories to help at-risk individuals adopt early screening and treatment of STI as preventive health behavior. In this study, commercial sex workers were considered as HIV at-risk sub-populations.

Objective: Measuring to what extent that Integrated Behavioral Model constructs explain individuals’ intention to practice early screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections as healthy behavior of interest in HIV prevention.

Design: Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) measurement survey was conducted using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) in six towns located in the main transport corridors of Ethiopia. Respondents’ answers to model construct-based questions and intention to practice the health behavior of interest were measured using Likert Scale. Analysis was done to assess the correlation and level of association of model construct-based questions with intention to practice the preventive health behavior.

Results: Respondents’ attitude explained 32%, perceived control 2%, normative influence 21%, and self-efficacy 53 % of their intention to get early screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

Conclusion: Self-efficacy explained the variability of respondents’ intention to get early screening and treatment of STIs most, while perceived control was the least. Hence, HIV prevention behavioral interventions targeting early screening and treatment of STIs should give high emphasis to self-efficacy.

Keywords: Behavior; integrated behavioral model; sexually transmitted infections; human immunodeficiency virus.
Review: Primary healthcare in six sub-Saharan African countries: an impact assessment using a systematic review
Authors: Awojobi Oladayo Nathaniel , Abe Jane Temidayo , Adeniji Oluwatoyin Adenike
Published: August 2021

Primary healthcare is provided in most developing and developed countries to enhance healthcare accessibility for the population. This study accesses the impact of primary healthcare in six Sub-Saharan countries. A systematic search for qualitative and quantitative studies published before the end of 2017 was conducted online. Inclusion criteria were met by 6 studies, one each from Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria,  Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Five studies are peer-reviewed, and one is a working paper. Three studies reported on the impact of primary healthcare on healthcare accessibility. Four studies reported on the role healthcare resources play in enhancing primary  healthcare services. Two other studies mentioned how cost-sharing mechanism led to an increase in healthcare utilization and how the reduction in user changes in all primary healthcare centers led to the reduction in out-of-pocket spending on healthcare services in a short-term. Primary healthcare offers access and utilization to healthcare services in most countries. It also offers protection against the detrimental effects of user fees. However, concerted efforts are still needed in most African countries in revitalizing the operations of primary healthcare centers for the improvement of healthcare services.
Haematological Indices and Carcass Composition of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed with Fluted Pumpkin Leaf (Telfairia Occidentalis) as Feed Additives
Authors: Ochokwu I.J. , Taiwo M.A. , Bashir S.Y.
Published: August 2021

A feeding trial was carried out for 56 days to ascertain the effects of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) as a feed additive on the haematological profile and nutrients value of Clarias gariepinus carcass. C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean body weight 9.6g) were randomly distributed in plastic bowls at nine fish per bowl in triplicates. Five diets designated as D1 to D5 with 40% crude protein containing 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200g/kg of T. occidentalis leaf powder were fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings at 5% body weight per day. The results showed that T. occidentalis additive significantly (P≤0.05) improved the haematological parameters of the fish. The mean value of white blood cells (WBC) count (μL) in the diets fed with T. occidentalis were significantly higher (D2-D5 : 870.20, 864.80, 840.30, 876.40, respectively) than the diet without T. occidentalis (D1 783.15). A similar trend was observed in PCV, MCV, MCHC, MCH, and platelets. However, HB D1 (control) had higher values than the diet containing T. occidentalis. Meanwhile, in carcass quality, there was an increase in the crude protein of all the fish but the group that consumed T. occidentalis had a higher carcass crude protein and lower lipid, while the control had a higher lipid value. Meanwhile, the initial values obtained before the feeding trials had lower crude protein and higher lipid value when compared with the fish that was fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, T. occidentalis leaf meal can be utilized to improve the haematological  parameters of the fish, with an increase in the WBC there is a high possibility of the fish to withstand pathogenic attacks because Blood is a major parameter that determines the physiological, immune , and nutritional status of an organism, also WBC are important blood  constituents for defense against diseases, pathogens and unwanted foreign bodies in an organism.
Formulation and nutritional evaluation of a complementary food blend made from fermented yellow maize (Improved variety), soybean and African cat fish meal
Authors: Mohammed Z.K. , Petrol B.B. , Ahmad U.
Published: August 2021

Fermented cereal-based gruels with poor nutritional value form a major component of the diet of infants during the transition phase of childhood. With the recent security challenges affecting people in the north- east region of Nigeria, food security is at stake, malnutrition is common among infants and young children while reliance on UNICEF for supplies of ready- to- use therapeutic foods is not a long-term solution. A complementary food blend was prepared following the guideline of WHO/FAO on infants’ nutritional requirements in a 60:20:20 ratio from fermented yellow maize (improved variety), roasted soybean and fishmeal respectively. All the sample materials were pre-processed by either fermentation, drying or roasting prior to food blend formulation. Standard methods (AOAC) were used to evaluate the nutritional values of the raw and processed materials and the formulated complementary food blend. Water absorption capacity of the fermented yellow maize significantly decreased (P< 0.05) with decrease in pH and increase in titratable acidity from 20% - 51% (0 – 72h). The carbohydrate (64.35±0.03%) and protein contents (14.55±0.03% and energy value (351.64±0.03 Kcal/100g) of the complementary food blend was closely comparable to the commercial complementary food blend cerelac® (Carbohydrate 69.00%, Protein 15.0%, and energy 426.00 Kcal/100g) and satisfied the needs of infants. The low moisture content (3.1±0.02%) exhibited by the complementary food blend might give a good storage stability. The iron level of the complementary food blend (40.33± 0.03%) was higher than that of the commercial complementary food blend celerac® (10.0%), though the levels of potassium, zinc and calcium were lower. Microbial analysis showed no contamination with pathogenic organisms in the formulated food blend. The formulated complementary food blend met the WHO estimated requirements of infant 6 – 23 months in terms of nutritional quality and may therefore be a good substitute to the imported, expensive alternatives.
Performance Analysis of Various Advanced Oxidation Processes on COD Removal from Raw Petroleum Refinery Effluent
Authors: Martini Sri , Afroze Sharmeen , Setiawati Mira
Published: August 2021

Objectives : This comparative study investigated various methods of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that were separately conducted for treating raw petroleum refinery effluent regarding chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal.Methods : Fenton, photo-Fenton, TiO2, ZnO, TiO2/Ultra violet (UV), and ZnO/UV were performed individually for measuring the effect of light irradiation, treatment time, pH, catalysts dosage, and light source on the profile of COD values.Results and Discussion : The experimental data of this work showed that the dependency on the light exposure in heterogeneous photo-catalytic reaction using TiO2 and ZnO is higher than that of homogeneous photo-Fenton technique. The optimum operating conditions in heterogeneous system occurred at 100 min of oxidation time, pH 5, and catalyst dosage 1 g/L that resulted in 21.8, 20.68, 60.9, and 55.17% of COD removal for TiO2, ZnO, TiO2/UV, and ZnO/UV, respectively. In contrast, both Fenton and photo-Fenton experienced their highest performance at pH 4 by obtaining 44.2 and 59.77% of COD removal, respectively. Eventually, kinetic study indicated that COD degradation can be well expressed by second-order pattern that reached higher correlation coefficient values by 0.999 and 0.998 for TiO2/UV and TiO2, respectively.Conclusions : Overall, it could be assumed that AOPs are reliable techniques to purify raw and complex raw industrial effluents.
A Study of an Air Scouring Integral Immersed Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Energy Saving and Membrane Fouling Control
Authors: Jung Hyun-Hoon , Seon Ji-Yun , Lim Tea-Hyoung , Lee Seung-Mok , Park Seung-Kyun
Published: August 2021

Objectives : MBR (Membrane BioReactor) is well established wastewater treatment that combines biological and physical method with high quality effluent. The purpose of this study is to utilize an air scouring integral immersed hollow fiber membrane module through efficient structural improvement developed to reduce membrane fouling. In addition, the scouring aeration was optimized to determine the energy savings.Methods : In this study, membrane fouling test was evaluated in various of scouring aeration flow with range of 40 to 140 m3 air/m2 projected area･hr and influent and effluent was analyzed by water quality standard.Results and Discussion : In scouring aeration test, effective membrane contamination control was possible with supplying 80 m3 air/m2 projected area･hr, scouring aeration rate gradually increased the differential pressure from below 60 m3 air/m2 projected area･hr, which accelerates the membrane contamination phenomenon. By reducing more than 20% of the existing general scouring aeration rate of 100~140 m3 air/m2 projected area･hr, electricity and maintenance costs can be reduced due to aeration control, and at the same time, it is confirmed that the technology has the same performance. The pilot test results of SJMBR with the developed module showed that the effluent was BOD of 1.4 mg/L, COD of 4.2 mg/L, SS of 0.7 mg/L, T-N of 5.56 mg/L, T-P of 0.56 mg/L, total coliform group of 0 ea/mL, and ecotoxicity of 0 TU, respectively.Conclusions : These results are combined, when using an air scouring integral immersed hollow fiber membrane module, it is expected to reduce the amount of scouring air by more than 20% by optimizing the supply of scouring air. In addition, it can also be determined by technology that satisfy the same permeability and treated water quality as existing technologies.
The Church's Contextual Mission to Poverty Problems in Indonesia
Authors: Panjaitan Firman
Published: August 2021

Poverty in Indonesia is a crucial problem that must be considered by various parties, including the church. However, the church often neglects this because the church is often preoccupied with its theological model that sides with wealth so that the existence of the poor is ignored. This makes the church's mission neglected because it does not take the condition of the poor seriously. Using the phenomenological method, this article shows that poverty should be a severe concern in the missiological aspect of the church. In addition, the method of rhetorical criticism is used to show that the Bible also speaks of God's care for the poor. The study results recommend that the church should have the courage to carry out missiological duties to the poor by putting the poor first and placing the poor as equals, who also receive the same salvation from God. Through this missiological task, the church will contribute to alleviating poverty. ABSTRAKKemiskinan di Indonesia merupakan masalah krusial yang harus diperhatikan oleh berbagai pihak, termasuk gereja. Namun seringkali gereja mengabaikan hal ini, karena gereja seringkali asyik dengan model teologinya yang berpihak pada kekayaan, sehingga keberadaan orang miskin diabaikan. Hal ini menjadikan tugas misiologi gereja terbengkalai karena tidak memperhatikan dengan serius keadaan orang miskin. Dengan menggunakan metode fenomenologi artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah kemiskinan harus menjadi perhatian yang serius dalam aspek misiologi gereja. Di samping itu digunakan juga metode kritik retorik untuk menunjukkan bahwa Alkitab pun berbicara tentang kepedulian Allah terhadap orang miskin. Hasil penelitian merekomendasikan bahwa gereja harus berani menjalankan tugas misiologi kepada orang-orang miskin, dengan cara mendahulukan dan menempatkan orang miskin sebagai sesama yang sejajar, yang juga mendapatkan keselamatan yang sama dari Allah. Melalui tugas misiologi tersebut, gereja akan berkontribusi untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan.
Some issues of introduction and using high technologies in preliminary inquiry of criminal cases
Authors:   National Research University ", DEVYATKIN G. S. ,   Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology", LUTSENKO P. A. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University
Published: August 2021

Investigation of criminal cases is a complex multi-stage structure with various procedural participants. In this article, we will focus on two issues that are, in our opinion, the most relevant: the timing of the preliminary inquiry and the safety of the evidence obtained. The criminal procedural legislation only fragmentarily provides for the use of high technologies, especially at the stage of preliminary inquiry. Often a criminal case includes thousands of pages of text, printed and kept in the office of the investigator. Making copies from paper is time consuming. Hand-printed and signed texts of protocols, specifications and other documents may be falsified or destroyed. The introduction of blockchain technology into the preliminary inquiry stage can resolve these important aspects.
Problematic aspects and priority areas for stabilizing the staff of the Federal Penal Service of Russia
Authors:   Academy of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, DOLININ A. YU. , MOTOROVA N. V. ,   Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia
Published: August 2021

The article deals with the problematic aspects of staffing the bodies and institutions of the Federal Penal Service of Russia. The authors note the main negative factors currently determining the personnel situation in the penal system, and focus on the need to address the issues of personnel stabilization. Priority directions for solving this problem are highlighted: comprehensive diagnostics of the personnel resources of the penal system and personnel procedures carried out in institutions and bodies; analysis of the implementation of the main directions of work with the personnel of the Federal Penal Service of Russia. At the end the author's proposals were formulated on the formation of a system of measures to stabilize the staff of the Federal Penal Service of Russia.
Accurate analysis of Fe isotopes in Fe- dominated minerals by excimer laser ablation MC-ICP-MS on wet plasma conditions
Authors: Yuan Honglin
Published: August 2021

The Fe isotope ratios can be a useful tracer of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and the environmental redox state. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of Fe isotopic analysis in Fe-dominated minerals by 193 nm excimer ns laser ablation combined with Nu Plasma 1700 high resolution MC-ICP-MS without matrix-match calibration. Several important instrument parameters were investigated, such as the effect of the addition of nitrogen gas and water vapor, the effects of analytical parameters such as ablation mode, laser fluence, pulse repetition rate, spot size on Fe isotopic mass bias during analysis were investigated as well. The results showed that the effects of ablation mode, spot size, laser pulse repetition rate, and line scan speed can be neglected, while laser fluence and matrix effects had significant influence on the Fe isotopic mass bias at dry plasma condition. These problems can be minimized using consistent lower fluence (1.5‒3.5 J·cm-2), as well as the wet plasma conditions can significantly reduce the matrix effect in Fe isotopic analysis. Fortunately, with the water vapor and nitrogen gas addition after the ablation cell, an accurate and precise Fe isotope in pyrite, manganite, hematite, and chalcopyrite analysis by ns-LA-MC-ICP-MS can be achieved with non-matrix-matched calibration. The obtained accuracy and reproducibility of the in situ determinations of δ56FeIRMM-014 were both better than ± 0.10‰ (2 SD). This study indicated that there was a serious matrix effect in the Fe isotopic analysis of Fe-dominated minerals by ns- LA-MC-ICP-MS, and nitrogen gas mixed with water vapor-assisted ns- LA-MC-ICP-MS were an appealing option for the in situ Fe isotope analysis of Fe-dominated minerals with non-matrix-matched calibration.
Prevalencia de factores de riesgo que alteran la microbiota intestinal en niños escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad
Authors: Flores Ricardo Salas , Pérez Brian González , Fernández Gerardo Rivera , Galarza Alejandra Salas , Aguiar Liliana Aurora Carrillo , Mendoza Verónica Olvera
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCCION: Dentro de los factores de riesgo para presentar sobrepeso u obesidad, se reconoce al nacimiento por cesárea, a la ausencia de lactancia materna exclusiva y a la exposición a antimicrobianos a temprana edad como factores que favorecen al sobrepeso. Dentro del tema de la microbiota intestinal, los factores previamente mencionados para favorecer al sobrepeso, se encuentran también vinculados con la alteración de la microbiota intestinal, por lo que se sugiere que una microbiota intestinal alterada es un factor de riesgo para presentar sobrepeso y obesidad.

OBJETIVO: Demostrar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo que alteran la microbiota intestinal en preescolares y escolares con sobrepeso u obesidad derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en la región sur de Tamaulipas.

METODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, donde se obtuvo a través de historias clínicas durante el periodo comprendido de marzo a diciembre 2020, en pacientes de ambos sexos, de los 2 a los 12 años de edad, los antecedentes de la vía de nacimiento, la alimentación de los primeros 6 meses de vida y la exposición a antibióticos durante el primer año de vida; fueron requeridos 385 pacientes para establecer un índice de confianza del 95% y margen de error del 5%, establecido por un cálculo para muestra de poblaciones finitas, conociendo que la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel nacional es del 34%. La recolección de datos se realizó en el Hospital General Regional # 6 Cd. Madero Tamaulipas y en la Unidad Médico Familiar #77 del IMSS, Cd. Madero, Tamaulipas. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y medidas de tendencia central.

RESULTADOS: De los 385 pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad estudiados, el 60% fueron obtenidos por cesárea, el 74.5% recibió alimentación entre fórmula exclusiva y combinada y el 42% recibieron antibióticos en el primer año de vida.

CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de cesáreas según la OMS en México en el 2017 es del 45%, en este estudio se encontró una prevalencia del 60%, la alimentación por leche materna exclusiva en este país tiene una prevalencia del 15.5% y en este estudio fue de 25.5%; no se cuenta con un estudio de prevalencia de uso de antibióticos en el primer año de vida para poder compararse con el 42% registrado en este estudio.
Reconstruction of Corruption Law Enforcement in the Anti Rasuah Institution "Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)” (Based on Approach “Berani Jujur Pecat” (Dare Honest Fired)”
Authors: Mansar Adi
Published: August 2021

Changes to the law are a necessity in accordance with the development of society, whether one law is revised or in the form of reconstruction or deconstruction by changing all existing laws, especially in one state institution that has a special function, for example the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) must follow development? What is the Institutional and Personal Position of the KPK after the status transfer to State Civil Apparatus? How effective is the KPK in eradicating corruption after it has been reconstructed? The reconstruction of the KPK institution is expected to bring the KPK to be better, more optimal and remain a supervisory institution for other law enforcement agencies that are able to bring order and legal certainty and justice to the people of Indonesia. The change in the status of KPK employees to State Civil Apparatus is a form of generalizing KPK personnel without making distinctions like so far, so it is feared that there will be no more competition and contestation between the investigative teams who work professionally. The existence of the KPK institution is re-examined with the enactment of Law Number 19 of 2019 concerning the KPK, hopefully the stigma of the superbody institution will remain attached to the KPK will not turn into a super executive institution that works at the request of certain parties and hopefully the KPK will maintain the psychology of the people who hope that the KPK must continue to exist even if fired for doing "HONEST" and the truth.
Demonstrasi Pengolahan Air Sederhana di Dusun Morobangun Jogotirto Berbah Sleman
Authors: Sekarwati Novita , Khristiani Eva Runi
Published: August 2021

Demonstrasi Pengolahan Air Sederhana di Dusun Morobangun Jogotirto Berbah Sleman.Sumber Air bersih menjadi kebutuhan yang peting bagi masyarakat. Kondisi Air yang bersih dapatmempengaruhi kesehatan masyarakat. Penduduk Dusun Morobangun, Jogotirto, Berbah, Slemanmasih menggunakan sumber air sumur maupun air PDAM. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas air bakudiperlukan upaya pengolahan air secara sederhana. Dengan pengolahan air baku secara sederhanadapat meningkatkan kualitas secara fisik Kata kunci: Air bersih, filtrasi