bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Meteorological Results on Mars from the Viking 1 Lander
Authors: Hess S. L. , Henry R. M. , Leovy C. B. , Ryan J. A. , Tillman J. E. , Chamberlain T. E. , Cole H. L. , Dutton R. G. , Greene G. C. , Simon W. E. , Mitchell J. L.
Published: October 2006

The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 4 sols of operation. The instruments are working satisfactorily. Temperatures fluctuated from a low of 188°K to an estimated maximum of 244°K. The mean pressure is 7.65 millibars with a diurnal variation of amplitude 0.1 millibar. Wind speeds averaged over several minutes have ranged from essentially calm to 9 meters per second. Wind directions have exhibited a remarkable regularity which may be associated with nocturnal downslope winds and gravitational oscillations, or to tidal effects of the diurnal pressure wave, or to both.
Interrelations Among Isotopically Anomalous Mercury Fractions from Meteorites and Possible Cosmological Inferences
Authors: Jovanovic Stanka , Reed George W.
Published: October 2006

The magnitudes of the mercury anomaly found in unequilibrated meteorites appear to fit a trend. The excesses in the ratios of mercury-202 to mercury-196 are related by simple multiplication factors. This periodicity may be interpreted in terms of the mode of production and ejection of the anomalous isotope from a stellar source.
Scientific Results of the Viking Missions
Authors: Soffen Gerald A.
Published: October 2006

The two Viking missions to Mars have been extraordinarily successful. Thirteen scientific investigations yielded information about the atmosphere and surface. Two orbiters and landers operating for several months photographed the surface extensively from 1500 kilometers and directly on the surface. Measurements were made of the atmospheric composition, the surface elemental abundance, the atmospheric water vapor, temperature of the surface, and meteorological conditions; direct tests were made for organic material and living organisms. The question of life on Mars remains unanswered. The Viking spacecraft are designed to continue the investigations for at least one Mars year.
Structure of the Neutral Upper Atmosphere of Mars: Results from Viking 1 and Viking 2
Authors: Nier A. O. , McElroy M. B.
Published: October 2006

Neutral mass spectrometers carried on the aeroshells of Viking 1 and Viking 2 indicate that carbon dioxide is the major constituent of the martian atmosphere over the height range 120 to 200 kilometers. The atmosphere contains detectable concentrations of nitrogen, argon, carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen, atomic oxygen, and nitric oxide. The upper atmosphere exhibits a complex and variable thermal structure and is well mixed to heights in excess of 120 kilometers.
Circadian Rhythm of Synaptic Excitability in Rat And Monkey Central Nervous System
Authors: Barnes C. A. , McNaughton B. L. , Goddard G. V. , Douglas R. M. , Adamec R.
Published: October 2006

Synaptic responses in hippocampal granule cells to stimulation of their afferent fibers from the entorhinal cortex fluctuate with a 24-hour period. The phase of this cycle for rats and monkeys depends on whether the animal is naturally nocturnal or diurnal. In a rat blinded by enucleation, the rhythm persists but drifts out of phase with the rhythm of sighted controls.
Dimerization of the Extracellular Domain of the Human Growth Hormone Receptor by a Single Hormone Molecule
Authors: Cunningham Brian C. , Ultsch Mark , de Vos Abraham M. , Mulkerrin Michael G. , Clauser Karl R. , Wells James A.
Published: October 2006

Human growth hormone (hGH) forms a 1:2 complex with the extracellular domain of its receptor-binding protein (hGHbp) as studied by crystallization, size exclusion chromatography, calorimetry, and a previously undescribed fluorescence quenching assay. These and other experiments with protein engineered variants of hGH have led to the identification of the binding determinants for two distinct but adjacent sites on hGH for the hGHbp, and the data indicated that there are two overlapping binding sites on the hGHbp for hGH. Furthermore, the binding of hGH to the hGHbp occurred sequentially; a first hGHbp molecule bound to site 1 on hGH and then a second hGHbp bound to site 2. Hormone-induced receptor dimerization is proposed to be relevant to the signal transduction mechanism for the hGH receptor and other related cytokine receptors.
Childhood IQ's as Predictors of Adult Educational and Occupational Status
Authors: McCall Robert B.
Published: October 2006

IQ's between 3 and 18 years of age were used to predict attained education and occupational status after 26 years of age. By the second grade these predictive correlations approached those that have been obtained with contemporaneous adult IQ's, especially for occupational status. However, they were not high enough for practical purposes requiring long-term prediction for individual normal children.
Hydrogen- and Oxygen from Water
Authors: Fletcher Edward A. , Moen Roger L.
Published: October 2006

The limitations of thermochemical energy storage devices are the limitations of Carnot devices. Entropy production entailed in product separation further limits the efficiency of thermochemical processes. Thus, high upper temperatures and few reaction steps are desirable. In this article, the one-step effusional separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen is considered. Membrane materials, design, and fabrication techniques are suggested. A parametric analysis of the process suggests that the idea is a tantalizing possibility.
Social Communication in Canids: Evidence for the Evolution of a Stereotyped Mammalian Display
Authors: Bekoff Marc
Published: October 2006

The variability in the duration and form of the canid play bow was studied in infant coyotes, wolves, wolf-dog hybrids, beagles, and adult free-ranging dogs. Both duration and form showed marked stereotypy. It appears that the role of this context-specific social signal in the communication of play intention has been fostered by selection for "morphological" stereotypy.
Function of Shell Sculpture in Marine Gastropods: Hydrodynamic Destabilization in
Ceratostoma foliatum
Authors: Palmer Allison R.
Published: October 2006

The gastropod
Ceratostoma foliatum
(Gmelin) possesses three bladelike varices on the body whorl of the shell. The precise positioning and relative width of these varices destabilize the animal as it falls through the water, substantially increasing the chances that it will land upright (aperture down). For a gastropod pulled off rocks and dropped by predatory fish, such a mechanism could considerably reduce its probability of being eaten.
Antiallatotropins: Inhibition of Corpus Allatum Development
Authors: Bowers William S. , Martinez-Pardo Rafael
Published: October 2006

Treatment of newly eclosed adult milkweed bug (
Oncopeltus fasciatus
) females with precocene 2 prevents secretion of juvenile hormone by inhibition of postimaginal development of the corpus allatum. Ovarian development which is dependent upon juvenile hormone is prevented or reversed, depending upon the timing of precocene treatment. Juvenile hormone secretion is shown to be related to the development of the corpus allatum.
Macronuclear Subunits of
Tetrahymena thermophila
Are Functionally Haploid
Authors: Doerder F. Paul , Lief Jonathan H. , Debault L. E.
Published: October 2006

In
Tetrahymena thermophila
the major argument for the existence of diploid subunits has been that some loci show a delay in the accumulation of stable subclones during macronuclear assortment. This delay is based on the assumption that throughout the life cycle there are 45 subunits. We find that for at least 50 fissions after conjugation there is sufficient DNA for 66 haploid subunits. These additional subunits early in the life cycle are sufficient to explain the observed accumulation of stable subclones in all instances. This removes the need to invoke diploidy to explain assortment, thus resolving the question of subunit ploidy in favor of haploidy.
Chemical Scent Constituents in the Urine of the Red Fox (
Vulpes vulpes
L.) During the Winter Season
Authors: Jorgenson J. W. , Novotny M. , Carmack M. , Copland G. B. , Wilson S. R. , Katona S. , Whitten W. K.
Published: October 2006

Four volatile chemical compounds have been identified as apparently unique constituents in urines of red foxes (both sexes) during the winter season when mating occurs. Quinaldine was found only in male fox urine. Several other compounds identified are found in other species also. Some or all of these compounds may function in olfactory communication in the red fox.
Blue-Green Algal Inhibition of Diatom Growth: Transition from Mesotrophic to Eutrophic Community Structure
Authors: Keating Kathleen Irwin
Published: October 2006

Cell-free filtrates of axenic or bacterized cultures of the dominant blue-green algae from a freshwater lake inhibited the growth of diatoms isolated from the same lake. Lake waters, collected during blue-green algal blooms, also inhibited diatom growth. In situ observations over a 5-year period indicate that diatom bloom populations vary inversely with the levels of the preceding blue-green algal populations. Blue-green algal dominance of eutrophic lakes is attributed to this allelopathy, and dilution is proposed as one cause for the limited occurrence of blue-green algal dominance in marine waters.
Molecular Analysis of Protein Assembly in Muscle Development
Authors: Epstein Henry F. , Fischman Donald A.
Published: October 2006

The challenge presented by myofibril assembly in striated muscle is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which its protein components are arranged at each level of organization. Recent advances in the genetics and cell biology of muscle development have shown that in vivo assembly of the myofilaments requires a complex array of structural and associated proteins and that organization of whole sarcomeres occurs initially at the cell membrane. These studies have been complemented by in vitro analyses of the renaturation, polymerization, and three-dimensional structure of the purified proteins.
Insecticidal Benzoylphenyl Ureas: Structure-Activity Relationships as Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Hajjar Nicolas P. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

The 1-benzoyl-3-phenylurea insecticide diflubenzuron is a potent inhibitor for the conversion of
14
C-labeled glucose to
14
C-labeled chitin in isolated abdomens of newly emerged adult milkweed bugs (
Oncopeltus fasciatus
Dallas). The inhibitory activity of 24 diflubenzuron analogs in this in vitro chitin-synthesizing system is in good agreement with their toxicity to fifth instar nymphs of this species. These insecticides act quickly and directly within the integument to ultimately block the terminal polymerization step in chitin formation.
The Role of the Primate Extrastriate Area V4 in Vision
Authors: Schiller Peter H. , Lee Kyoungmin
Published: October 2006

Area V4 is a part of the primate visual cortex. Its role in vision has been extensively debated. Inferences about the functions of this area have now been made by examination of a broad range of visual capacities after ablation of V4 in rhesus monkeys. The results obtained suggest that this area is involved in more complex aspects of visual information processing than had previously been suggested. Monkeys had particularly severe deficits in situations where the task was to select target stimuli that had a lower contrast, smaller size, or slower rate of motion than the array of comparison stimuli from which they had to be discriminated. Extensive training on each specific task resulted in improved performance. However, after V4 ablation, the monkeys could not generalize the specific task to new stimulus configurations and to new spatial locations.
Isolation of a
rel
-related Human cDNAThat Potentially Encodes the 65-kD Subunit of NF-κB
Authors: Ruben Steven M. , Dillon Patrick J. , Schreck Ralf , Henkel Thomas , Chen Chein-Hwa , Maher Maureen , Baeuerle Patrick A. , Rosen Craig A.
Published: October 2006

A DNA probe that spanned a domain conserved among the proto-oncogene c-
rel
, the
Drosophila
morphogen
dorsal
, and the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-κB was generated from Jurkat T cell complementary DNA with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate oligonucleotides. This probe was used to identify a
rel
-related complementary DNA that hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase messenger RNA present in human T and B lymphocytes. In vitro transcription and translation of the complementary DNA resulted in the synthesis of a protein with an apparent molecular size of 65 kilodaltons (kD). The translated protein showed weak DNA binding with a specificity for the κB binding motif. This protein-DNA complex comigrated with the complex obtained with the purified human p65 NF-κB subunit and binding was inhibited by IκB-α and -β proteins. In addition, the 65-kD protein associated with the p50 subunit of NF-κB and the κB probe to form a complex with the same electrophoretic mobility as the NF-κB-DNA complex. Therefore the
rel
-related 65-kD protein may represent the p65 subunit of the active NF-κB transcription factor complex.
Water Resources and the Land-Water Interface
Authors: Karr James R. , Schlosser Isaac J.
Published: October 2006

Development and implementation of local and regional plans to control nonpoint sources of pollution from agricultural land are major mandates of section 208 of Public Law 92-500. Many planners tend to equate erosion control as measured by the universal soil loss equation with improvements in water quality. Others implement channel management practices which degrade rather than improve water quality and thereby decrease the effectiveness of other efforts to control nonpoint sources. Planners rarely recognize the importance of the land-water interface in regulating water quality in agricultural watersheds. More effective planning can result from the development of "best management systems" which incorporate theory from all relevant disciplines.
Cellulose to Sugars: New Path Gives Quantitative Yield
Authors: Ladisch Michael R. , Ladisch Christine M. , Tsao George T.
Published: October 2006

Cellulosic residues that had been treated with a small amount of chemical solvent under room conditions were quantitatively saccharified on enzyme hydrolysis. This treatment can be used to obtain simple sugars for the production of alcohol and other chemicals.
Inland Ice Sheet Thinning Due to Holocene Warmth
Authors: Whillans I. M.
Published: October 2006

The climatic warming of 10,000 years ago is now affecting the central portions of ice sheets, causing ice-flow acceleration. This process explains the present-day thinning of the ice sheet in West Antarctica. Former ice sheets must have also responded to climatic warming with a delay of thousands of years. This lag in response is important in the climatic interpretation of glacial deposits and of changes in ice volume obtained from deep-sea cores.
Structural Basis for On- and Off-Center Responses in Retinal Bipolar Cells
Authors: Stell William K. , Ishida Andrew T. , Lightfoot David O.
Published: October 2006

Electron microscopy of Golgi preparations of goldfish retina shows that dendrites of type a (hyperpolarizing, off-center) bipolar cells make wide cleft junctions unassociated with synaptic ribbons, while those of type b (depolarizing, on-center) bipolar cells make narrow cleft junctions and synaptic ribbon contacts, with rods and cones. This suggests that wide cleft junctions are the site of sign-conserving, and narrow cleft junctions or ribbon contacts (or both) are the site of sign-inverting synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to bipolars.
An Erythromycin Derivative Produced by Targeted Gene Disruption in
Saccharopolyspora erythraea
Authors: Weber J. M. , Leung J. O. , Swanson S. J. , Idler K. B. , McAlpine J. B.
Published: October 2006

Derivatives of erythromycin with modifications at their C-6 position are generally sought for their increased stability at acid pH, which in turn may confer improved pharmacological properties. A recombinant mutant of the erythromycin-producing bacterium,
Saccharopolyspora erythraea
, produced an erythromycin derivative, 6-deoxyerythromycin A, that could not be obtained readily by chemical synthesis. This product resulted from targeted disruption of the gene, designated
eryF
(systematic nomenclature,
CYP107
), that apparently codes for the cytochrome P450, 6-deoxyerythronolide B (DEB) hydroxylase, which converts DEB to erythronolide B (EB). Enzymes normally acting on EB can process the alternative substrate DEB to form the biologically active erythromycin derivative lacking the C-6 hydroxyl group.
r and K Selection in Experimental Populations of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Luckinbill Leo S.
Published: October 2006

Populations were adapted in vitro under density-dependent and density-independent population controls. Comparison of strains fails to demonstrate any trade-off in adaptation under these population controls.
Intracellular Analysis of Trigeminal Motoneuron Activity During Sleep in the Cat
Authors: Nakamura Yoshio , Goldberg Louis J. , Chandler Scott H. , Chase Michael H.
Published: October 2006

Intracellular recordings were made from trigeminal motoneurons of normally respiring, unanesthetized cats during naturally occurring sleep. The transition from quiet to active sleep was accompanied by tonic motoneuron hyperpolarization. Stimulation of the reticular formation induced a depolarizing potential in trigeminal motoneurons during quiet sleep and a hyperpolarizing potential during active sleep. The results provide a synaptic explanation for the phenomenon of reticular response reversal and insights into the basic mechanisms controlling motor activity during the sleep states.
Zinc Finger-DNA Recognition: Crystal Structure of a Zif268-DNA Complex at 2.1 Å
Authors: Pavletich Nikola P. , Pabo Carl O.
Published: October 2006

The zinc finger DNA-binding motif occurs in many proteins that regulate eukaryotic gene expression. The crystal structure of a complex containing the three zinc fingers from Zif268 (a mouse immediate early protein) and a consensus DNA-binding site has been determined at 2.1 angstroms resolution and refined to a crystallographic
R
factor of 18.2 percent. In this complex, the zinc fingers bind in the major groove of B-DNA and wrap partway around the double helix. Each finger has a similar relation to the DNA and makes its primary contacts in a three-base pair subsite. Residues from the amino-terminal portion of an α helix contact the bases, and most of the contacts are made with the guanine-rich strand of the DNA. This structure provides a framework for understanding how zinc fingers recognize DNA and suggests that this motif may provide a useful basis for the design of novel DNA-binding proteins.
In Situ Biodegradation: Microbiological Patterns in a Contaminated Aquifer
Authors: Madsen Eugene L. , Sinclair James L. , Ghiorse William C.
Published: October 2006

Conventional approaches for proving in situ biodegradation of organic pollutants in aquifers have severe limitations. In the approach described here, patterns in a comprehensive set of microbiological activity and distribution data were analyzed. Measurements were performed on sediment samples gathered at consistent depths in aquifer boreholes spanning a gradient of contaminant concentrations at a buried coal tar site. Microbial adaptation to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was demonstrated by mineralization of naphthalene and phenanthrene in samples from PAH-contaminated, but not adjacent pristine, zones. Furthermore, contaminant-stimulated in situ bacterial growth was indicated because enhanced numbers of protozoa and their bacterial prey were found exclusively in contaminated subsurface samples. The data suggest that many convergent lines of logically linked indirect evidence can effectively document in situ biodegradation of aquifer contaminants.
Miocene Glaciomarine Sediments from Beneath the Southern Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Webb Peter N. , Ronan Thomas E. , Lipps Jere H. , DeLaca Ted E.
Published: October 2006

Glaciomarine sediments with middle Miocene microfaunal assemblages are exposed at the sea floor below the southern Ross Ice Shelf. Plio-Pleistocene sediments are not present. Post-Miocene glacial sediments may have been deposited but removed by relatively recent ice shelf grounding. A meager Recent microfauna is present in some core tops.
Honey Caches Help Female Paper Wasps (
Polistes annularis
) Survive Texas Winters
Authors: Strassmann Joan E.
Published: October 2006

Polistes annularis
females store honey in their nests in autumn. They return to their nests on warm winter days, eat honey, and defend it from non-sisters. Honey deprivation decreases numbers surviving the winter; females that do survive without honey build smaller spring nests.
Solar Constant: Constraints on Possible Variations Derived from Solar Diameter Measurements
Authors: Sofia S. , O'Keefe J. , Lesh J. R. , Endal A. S.
Published: October 2006

Climatically significant variation of the solar constant (the energy output of the sun) implies measurable change in the solar radius. The available data limit variations of the solar radius between 1850 and 1937 to about 0.25 arc second; modeling of the sun indicates that the solar constant did not vary by more than 0.3 percent during that time.
Economic Benefits from Research: An Example from Agriculture
Authors: Evenson Robert E. , Waggoner Paul E. , Ruttan Vernon W.
Published: October 2006

In this article we examine the economic benefits of the long history of public research in agriculture. Agricultural productivity continues to grow. Annual rates of return on research expenditure are of the order of 50 percent. Research oriented to science is profitable when associated with technological research. Decentralization, as in the system of state agricultural experiment stations and substations, has allowed close association of research oriented to science with that oriented to technology and to farming. The high rate of return shows that investment in public research in agriculture is too low. This is at least partially because research benefits spill over to other regions and to consumers, reducing the incentives for local support.
Measurement of Fluctuating Magnetic Gradients Originating from Oceanic Internal Waves
Authors: Podney Walter , Sager Ronald
Published: October 2006

Fluctuating magnetic gradients over oceans come from electric currents flowing in seawater arising from its motions across the earth's magnetic field. Gradients of 0.3 to 0.6 picoteslas per meter for each meter of internal wave displacement have been measured at frequencies of 2 to 5 millihertz with a superconductive magnetic gradiometer supported 7 meters above the surface of water 18 meters deep about 1.5 kilometers offshore from San Diego, California.
Catalytic Production of High-Grade Fuel (Gasoline) from Biomass Compounds by Shape-Selective Catalysis
Authors: Weisz Paul B. , Haag Werner O. , Rodewald Paul G.
Published: October 2006

Shape-selective hydrocarbon catalysis, such as the conversion capability of zealite catalysts of the ZSM-5 type to produce high-grade gasoline from methanol, can be extended to produce a similar gasoline or aromatics from plant extracts. Examples are rubber latex, corn oil, and peanut oil. Novel mechanisms for shape-selective reaction sequences are demonstrated.
Male Contribution to Egg Production in Butterflies: Evidence for Transfer of Nutrients at Mating
Authors: Boggs Carol L. , Gilbert Lawrence E.
Published: October 2006

Radiotracer studies on three butterfly species showed that nutrients contributed by males through mating are used by females for egg production and possibly for somatic maintenance.
Infrared Observations of the Jovian System from Voyager 2
Authors: Hanel R. , Conrath B. , Flasar M. , Herath L. , Kunde V. , Lowman P. , Maguire W. , Pearl J. , Pirraglia J. , Samuelson R. , Gautier D. , Gierasch P. , Horn L. , Kumar S. , Ponnamperuma C.
Published: October 2006

Infrared spectra obtained from Voyager 2 have provided additional data on the Jovian system, complementing those obtained from Voyager 1. The abundance ratio of ethane to acetylene in Jupiter's atmosphere appears to be about three times larger in the polar regions than at lower latitudes. A decidedly hemispherical asymmetry exists, with somewhat higher ratios prevailing in northern latitudes. An overall increase in the abundance ratio by a factor of about 1.7 appears to have occurred between the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters. Global brightness temperature maps of Jupiter at 226 and 602 cm
–1
exhibit a large amount of local- and planetary-scale structure, as well as temporal variability. Although heterogeneous cloud structure and ammonia concentration in the lower troposphere may contribute to the appearance of the 226-cm
–1
map, the detail in the 602-cm
–1
maps probably represents the actual horizontal thermal structure near the tropopause and suggests that dynamical heating and cooling processes are important. Low-latitude surface temperatures on the Galilean satellites range from approximately 80 K on the dark sides to 155 K at the subsolar point on Callisto. Below a thin insulating layer, the thermal inertia of Callisto is somewhat greater than that of Earth's moon. Upper limits on the infrared optical depth of the Jovian ring ranging from approximately 3 × 10
–4
at 250 cm
–1
to 3 × 10
–3
at 600 cm
–1
have been found.
Requirement of Nuclear Prolactin for Interleukin-2—Stimulated Proliferation of T Lymphocytes
Authors: Clevenger Charles V. , Altmann Scott W. , Prystowsky Michael B.
Published: October 2006

Prolactin (PRL) is necessary for the proliferation of cloned T lymphocytes in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2). Translocation of PRL into the nucleus occurs during IL-2—stimulated mitogenesis. Therefore, the function of intranuclear PRL in T cell proliferation was tested. Eukaryotic expression vectors were prepared to express wild-type PRL [PRL(WT)], PRL that lacks the signal sequence for translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum [PRL(ER-)], and chimeric PRL in which the signal peptide was replaced with the sequence that directs the nuclear translocation of the SV40 large T antigen [PRL(NT+)]. Expression of these constructs in a T cell line (Nb2) responsive to PRL and IL-2 resulted in localization of PRL in the extracellular milieu, cytoplasm, or nucleus, respectively. Stimulation with IL-2 alone resulted in a five- to tenfold increase in the incorporation of [
3
H]thymidine by cells expressing PRL(NT+) or PRL(WT) as compared to PRL(ER-) or the parental Nb2 cells. Only the PRL(NT+) clone proliferated continuously with IL-2 stimulation in the presence of antiserum to PRL. These results demonstrate that nuclear PRL is necessary for IL-2—stimulated proliferation and suggest that a peptide hormone can function in the nucleus without binding to its cell surface receptor.
Scientific Results from the Pioneer Saturn Encounter: Summary
Authors: Opp Albert G.
Published: October 2006

An overview of the Pioneer encounter with Saturn is presented, including a brief discussion of the characteristics of the planet and a summary of the scientific results, which are described in detail in the following reports.
Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger's First Printed Chart of the Gulf Stream
Authors: Richardson Philip L.
Published: October 2006

A print of the Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger 1769-1770 chart of the Gulf Stream, all copies of which have been "lost" for nearly 200 years, was found in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. This is the first chart of the Gulf Stream and continues today to be a good summary of its strength, course, and breadth.
Genetic Variation in Social Mammals: The Marmot Model
Authors: Schwartz Orlando A. , Armitage Kenneth B.
Published: October 2006

The social substructure and the distribution of genetic variation among colonies of yellow-bellied marmots, when analyzed as an evolutionary system, suggests that this substructure enhances the intercolony variance and retards the fixation of genetic variation. This result supports a traditional theory of gradual evolution rather than recent theories suggesting accelerated evolution in social mammals.
Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation of Imaginal Epidermal Cells by Diflubenzuron in Pupae of the Stable Fly
Authors: Meola Shirlee M. , Mayer Richard T.
Published: October 2006

A second mode of action has been found for the inhibition of chitin synthesis by diflubenzuron. This compound blocks synthesis of the imaginal cuticle by preventing formation of the adult epidermis in the pupal stage of the stable fly (
Stomoxys calcitrans
L.).
The Oaxaca, Mexico, Earthquake of 29 November 1978: A Preliminary Report on Aftershocks
Authors: Singh S. K. , Havskov J. , McNally K. , Ponce L. , Hearn T. , Vassiliou M.
Published: October 2006

Aftershocks of the 29 November 1978 Oaxaca, Mexico, earthquake (surface-wave magnitude
M
s
= 7.8) define a rupture area of about 6000 square kilometers along the boundary of the Cocos sea-plate subduction. This area had not ruptured in a large (
M
s
≥ 7), shallow earthquake since the years 1928 and 1931 and had been designated a seismic "gap." The region has also been seismically quiet for small to moderate (
M
≥ 4), shallow (depth ≤ 60 kilometers) earthquakes since 1966; this quiet zone became about six times larger in 1973. A major earthquake (
M
s
= 7.5 ± 0.25) was forecast at this location on the basis of the quiescence that began in 1973. The aftershock data indicate that an area approximately equivalent in size to the seismic gap has now broken.
Organelle Alteration as a Mechanism for Maternal Inheritance
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C. , DeBonte Lorin R. , Wilson Kenneth G. , Schaffer Gideon W.
Published: October 2006

An ultrastructural study of pollen-derived plants and normal microspore development indicates that chloroplasts and mitochondria are physically altered during microsporogenesis. These changes appear to debilitate the organelle so that only chloroplasts and mitochondria of the female parent are contributed to the offspring.
Oils and Rubber from Arid Land Plants
Authors: Johnson Jack D. , Hinman C. Wiley
Published: October 2006

In this article the economic development potentials of
Cucurbita
species (buffalo gourd and others),
Simmondsia chinensis
(jojoba),
Euphorbia lathyris
(gopher plant), and
Parthenium argentatum
(guayule) are discussed. All of these plants may become important sources of oils or rubber.
Global Crop Forecasting
Authors: MacDonald R. B. , Hall F. G.
Published: October 2006

Many foreign countries are as dependent on imports of food as the United States is on imports of oil. As the world's largest exporter of food, the United States needs reliable information on fluctuating foreign crop production. But available information is often inadequate and at best untimely. It is gathered by the foreign governments' often outmoded systems and its release may be delayed out of economic self-interest. Recently three U.S. government agencies put together a crop inventory system using satellite remote sensing and worldwide weather reporting and tested it in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). A 1977 real-time forecast of U.S.S.R. wheat production indicates that the approach works and may be expandable to other areas and other crops.
Materials Aspects of Display Devices
Authors: Kazan B.
Published: October 2006

For many years interest in display devices stemmed almost entirely from the needs of television receivers, oscilloscopes, and radar systems whose requirements were almost ideally satisfied by the cathode-ray tube. However, during the past two decades the proliferation of small electronic instruments with digital output has stimulated the development of a number of new display media which, because of their compact nature and low power consumption, are better suited for such applications. In view of the success achieved with these technologies a continuing effort is being directed toward increasing their information capacity to the point where they may ultimately be useful in applications now requiring cathode-ray tubes.
Recurrent Intraplate Tectonism in the New Madrid Seismic Zone
Authors: Zoback M. D. , Hamilton R. M. , Crone A. J. , Russ D. P. , McKeown F. A. , Brockman S. R.
Published: October 2006

For the first time, New Madrid seismicity can be linked to specific structural features that have been reactivated through geologic time. Extensive seismic reflection profiling reveals major faults coincident with the main earthquake trends in the area and with structural deformation apparently caused by repeated episodes of igneous activity.
Surface Charge Heterogeneity in Amphibole Cleavage Fragments and Asbestos Fibers
Authors: Schiller Joseph E. , Payne Sequoyah L. , Khalafalla Sanaa E.
Published: October 2006

Aspect ratio and electrophoretic mobility data for amphibole particles reveal that short fibers and blocky cleavage fragments have a smaller net charge than highly elongated particles. Asbestos fibers and cleavage fragments of the same dimensions exhibit the same net negative surface charge but positively charged ends and negatively charged lateral surfaces.
Responses of Hawaiian Plants to Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide: Stomatal Behavior and Foliar Injury
Authors: Winner W. E. , Mooney H. A.
Published: October 2006

Hawaiian plants exposed to volcanic sulfur dioxide showed interspecific differences in leaf injury that are related to sulfur dioxide-induced changes in stomatal condutance. Species with leaves that did not close stomata developed either chlorosis or necrosis, whereas leaves of
Metrosideros collina
closed stomata and showed no visual symptoms of sulfur dioxide stress.
Discovery of the Oldest Known Anthropoidean Skull from the Paleogene of Egypt
Authors: Simons Elwyn L.
Published: October 2006

A group of primate fossils newly discovered in the Fayum badlands of Egypt is probably of Eocene age. The site is much older than the localities of previously known Egyptian early Tertiary primates. These finds include a crushed cranium that is the oldest skull found to date of a higher primate. This skull shows four characteristics of higher primates: a catarrhine dental formula, an ectotympanic at the rim of the auditory bulla, a fused frontal bone, and postorbital closure. Details of tooth structure (premolars and molars) and a possibly unfused mandibular symphysis resemble these parts in certain Eocene prosimians.
Strain on the San Andreas Fault Near Palmdale, California: Rapid, Aseismic Change
Authors: Savage J. C. , Prescott W. H. , Lisowski M. , King N. E.
Published: October 2006

Frequently repeated strain measurements near Palmdale, California, during the period from 1971 through 1980 indicate that, in addition to a uniform accumulation of right-lateral shear strain (engineering shear, 0.35 microradian per year) across the San Andreas fault, a 1-microstrain contraction perpendicular to the fault that accumulated gradually during the interval 1974 through 1978 was aseismically released between February and November 1979. Subsequently (November 1979 to March 1980), about half of the contraction was recovered. This sequence of strain changes can be explained in terms of south-southwestward migration of a slip event consisting of the south-southwestward movement of the upper crust on a horizontal detachment surface at a depth of 10 to 30 kilometers. The large strain change in 1979 corresponds to the passage of the slip event beneath the San Andreas fault.
Specialization: Species Property or Local Phenomenon?
Authors: Fox L. R. , Morrow P. A.
Published: October 2006

Many herbivorous insects have generalized diets over the species' entire geographical ranges but they function as specialists with restricted diets in local communities. Local feeding specialization can be produced by biochemical, behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary processes. Much evidence is incompatible with the widely held assumptions that diet breadth is a species characteristic and that specialization among herbivorous insects implies greater efficiency and less niche overlap.
Normal Development of Mice Deficient in β
2
M, MCClass I Proteins, and CD8
+
T Cells
Authors: Koller Beverly H. , Marrack Philippa , Kappler John W. , Smithies Oliver
Published: October 2006

Major histocompatibility class I proteins display viral and self antigens to potentially responsive cells and are important for the maturation of T cells; β
2
-microglobulin (β
2
M) is required for their normal expression. Mouse chimeras derived from embryonic stem cells with a disrupted β
2
M gene transmitted the inactivated gene to their progeny. Animals homozygous for the mutated β
2
M gene were obtained at expected frequencies after further breeding. The homozygotes appeared normal, although no class I antigens could be detected on their cells and the animals are grossly deficient in CD4
-
CD8
+
T cells, which normally mediate cytotoxic T cell function.
Light Pulses that Shift Rhythms Induce Gene Expressions in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Rusak Benjamin , Robertson Harold A. , Wisden William , Hunt Stephen P.
Published: October 2006

Lighting cycles synchronize (entrain) mammalian circadian rhythms by altering activity of cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, a circadian pacemaker. Exposure of hamsters and rats to light pulses at those phases of the circadian rhythm during which light can shift the rhythm caused increased immunoreactivity for the product of the immediate-early gene c-
fos
in cells in the region of the SCN that receives retinal fibers. Light pulses also increased messenger RNA for the Fos protein and for the immediate-early protein NGFI-A in the rat SCN. Similar increases in mRNA for NGFI-A were seen in the SCN of hamsters. Thus cells in this portion of the SCN undergo alterations in gene expression in response to retinal illumination, but only at times in the circadian cycle when light is capable of influencing entrainment.
β-Endorphin Is Not Detectable in Plasma from Normal Human Subjects
Authors: Suda Toshihiro , Liotta Anthony S. , Krieger Dorothy T.
Published: October 2006

beta-Endorphin is not detectable in plasma from normal human subjects when measured under baseline conditions or after the subjects have received vasopressin, an agent that elevates beta-lipotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Significant amounts of beta-endorphin are present in plasma of patients with endocrine disorders associated with increased ACTH and beta-lipotropin production. Highly purified, natural beta-lipotropin is not peripherally converted to beta-endorphin in vivo in normal subjects.
The Minimal Number of Class II MHC-Antigen Complexes Needed for T Cell Activation
Authors: Demotz Stéphane , Grey Howard M. , Sette Alessandro
Published: October 2006

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are exposed to large quantities of self and nonself antigens. It is not known what fraction of MHC molecules needs to be occupied by antigen to induce a T cell response. A quantitative study of naturally processed antigen indicated that T cells could be activated when only 0.03 percent of the total I-E
d
purified from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was occupied with antigen. B cells and macrophages processed hen egg lysozyme (HEL) with different efficiencies, but similar degrees of occupancy were required for T cell stimulation. Higher occupancy was needed for I-E
d
-transfected L cells, possibly reflecting the requirement for other accessory molecules for efficient APC-T cell interaction.
Critical Data for Critical Needs
Authors: Lide David R.
Published: October 2006

Various types of scientific and technical data are required for the solution of key societal problems such as energy supply, environmental quality, and industrial productivity. Ensuring the quality of these data bases is essential. Modern computer and telecommunications technology offers opportunities for major improvements in the dissemination of data, but data management must be given a higher priority by the scientific community, industry, and government.
Riftia pachyptila
Jones: Observations on the Vestimentiferan Worm from the Galápagos Rift
Authors: Jones Meredith L.
Published: October 2006

The obturacular plume, composed of numerous tentacles, is suggested as a site for the uptake of molecular "food" by
Riftia pachyptila
(Pogonophora) from the Galápagos Rift; symbiotic bacteria are another possible source of nutrition. Differing organizations of the linings of the five major body cavities of
Riftia
demonstrate the inadequacy of "coelom" as a descriptive term.
Group Living, Competition, and the Evolution of Cooperation in a Sessile Invertebrate
Authors: Buss Leo W.
Published: October 2006

Competition and cooperation are thought to represent the opposite extremes of organism interactions. I here show that the formation of aggregations in a sessile organism requires cooperation between individuals and that the gregarious pattern of habitat selection generating these aggregations is a response to a density dependence in the outcome of interference competition.
Microbial Origin of Desert Varnish
Authors: Dorn R. I. , Oberlander T. M.
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analyses of desert varnish reveal that microorganisms concentrate ambient manganese that becomes greatly enhanced in brown to black varnish. Specific characteristics of desert varnish and of varnish bacteria support a microbial origin for manganese-rich films. Varnish microbes can be cultured and produce laboratory manganese films. Accordingly, natural desert varnish and also manganese-rich rock varnishes in nondesert environments appear to be a product of microbial activity.
Pheromones: Background and Potential for Use in Insect Pest Control
Authors: Silverstein Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Pesticides have not been a satisfactory solution to the control of insect pests. Pheromones show promise as a component of integrated pest management.
The Fish Connection: A Trophic Link Between Planktonic and Rocky Reef Communities?
Authors: Bray Richard N. , Miller Alan C. , Geesey Gill G.
Published: October 2006

The blacksmith (
Chromis punctipinnis
), an abundant pomacentrid fish off southern California, regularly forages on zooplankton during the day and shelters in rocky reefs at night. This behavioral pattern results in the importation of 8 grams of carbon per square meter per year, deposited as feces in the nocturnal shelter. Since blacksmiths regularly return to the same shelters, this represents a transport of extrinsic organic carbon to the reef which is predictable in time and space.
Early Experience Determines Song Dialect Responsiveness of Female Sparrows
Authors: Baker Myron Charles , Spitler-Nabors Kimberly J. , Bradley Dana C.
Published: October 2006

In a laboratory experiment, female white-crowned sparrows responded almost exclusively to male songs taken from their home dialect region and usually not to songs taken from an alien dialect region. Song dialect populations may represent a level of genetic population structure below that of the subspecies and may play an important role in songbird evolution.
Protein Splicing Converts the Yeast
TFP1
Gene Product to the 69-kdDSubunit of the Vacuolar H
+
-Adenosine Triphosphatase
Authors: Kane Patricia M. , Yamashiro Carl T. , Wolczyk David F , Neff Norma , Goebl Mark , Stevens Tom H.
Published: October 2006

The
TFP1
gene of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
encodes two proteins: the 69-kilodalton (kD) catalytic subunit of the vacuolar proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase (H
+
-ATPase) and a 50-kD protein. The 69-kD subunit is encoded by the 5′ and 3′ thirds of the
TFP1
coding region, whereas the 50-kD protein is encoded by the central third. Evidence is presented that both the 69-kD and 50-kD proteins are obtained from a single translation product that is cleaved to release the 50-kD protein and spliced to form the 69-kD subunit.
Size Distribution of Fine Particles from Coal Combustion
Authors: McElroy M. W. , Carr R. C. , Ensor D. S. , Markowski G. R.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the particle size distribution at the outlets of six coal-fired utility boilers showed a peak at a particle diameter near 0.1 micrometer. This submicrometer mode appears to be a general feature of coal combustion that results from a volatilization-condensation process in the boiler. At the boilers tested, the submicrometer mode contained 0.2 to 2.2 percent of the total fly ash mass. The importance of this mode is greater than its small quantity suggests because particles in the submicrometer size range are often much more difficult to collect with conventional particulate control devices than larger particles. Thus, the submicrometer mode may significantly influence the design and selection of future power plant emission controls. The particle mass in the submicrometer mode was correlated with the nitric oxide concentration in the flue gas. This correlation suggests that control of nitric oxide by modification of the combustion conditions may reduce the generation and emission of submicrometer particles.
Transient Climate Response to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bryan K. , Komro F. G. , Manabe S. , Spelman M. J.
Published: October 2006

The ocean's role in the delayed response of climate to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide has been studied by means of a detailed three-dimensional climate model. A near-equilibrium state is perturbed by a fourfold, step-function increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The rise in the sea surface temperature was initially much more rapid in the tropics than at high latitudes. However, the fractional response, as normalized on the basis of the total difference between the high carbon dioxide and normal carbon dioxide climates, becomes almost uniform at all latitudes after 25 years. Because of the influence of a more rapid response over continents, the normalized response of the zonally averaged surface air temperature is faster and becomes nearly uniform with respect to latitude after only 10 years.
Positron Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Brownell Gordon L. , Budinger Thomas F. , Lauterbur Paul C. , MCGeer Patrick L.
Published: October 2006

Noninvasive imaging methods for medical diagnosis and biological investigations have evolved from qualitative radiological techniques to quantitative methods of measuring biochemical and physiological processes in the human body. In particular, new developments in emission tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and in vivo spectroscopy offer new horizons for medical research and clinical activities. These methods and their potentials are reviewed and contrasted.
Convergent and Alternative Designs in the Digital Adhesive Pads of Scincid Lizards
Authors: Williams E. E. , Peterson J. A.
Published: October 2006

Prasinohaema virens
, an arboreal scincid lizard, differs from its closest relatives in that it exhibits subdigital adhesive setae resembling those of anoles in shape and those of geckos in some aspects of size. The other scincid species in this genus as well as those in a presumed ancestral genus exhibit pad scales with surface folds and ruffles but no setae; at least one of these species uses an adhesive grip similar to that of anoles and geckos. Thus, there appear to be two strikingly different epidermal specializations for adhesive grip within this small radiation.
Fast-Growing Rhizobia Isolated from Root Nodules of Soybean
Authors: Keyser Harold H. , Bohlool B. Ben , Hu T. S. , Weber Deane F.
Published: October 2006

Fast-growing rhizobia have been isolated from soybean root nodules collected in China. These new isolates are physiologically distinct from slow-growing soybean rhizobia. They formed effective nitrogen-fixing associations with wild soybean and an unbred soybean cultivar from China, but were largely ineffective as nitrogen-fixing symbionts with common commercial cultivars of soybeans.