bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2.—Challengers of Neptune: the ‘Philosophers’.
Authors: Merriman Daniel
Published: December 2011

I thank you most heartily for your gracious gesture in asking me to address you on this happy occasion. In one way or another, much of the work I shall report to you today was gathered or had its inception here in Edinburgh on earlier visits and I am, therefore, both grateful and proud to be given this opportunity to participate in this manner in theChallengerExpedition Centenary.
8.—De mirabili maris: Thoughts on the Flowering of Seashore Books.
Authors: Hedgpeth Joel W.
Published: December 2011

It may be, as Carl Sauer (1962) has suggested, that man was originally a creature of the seashores, where abundant food, tolerable climate and a ready supply of conveniently shaped rocks enabled him to develop the beginnings of culture. This may well also have something to do with our present interest in the seashore, reflecting as Sauer says a deep instinctive need to see and experience the sea. Yet it has taken man a strangely long time to become interested in the seashore as a scene for scientific activity, and perhaps an even longer time to become interested in the wider reaches of the ocean. Long after man became interested in strange beasts of countries beyond the rim of fiery peaks and strange plants from the antipodes he began to look at the shores of his own country beneath his feet. Indeed this interest came after he had developed practices of cultivating oysters and mussels in tidal impoundments. It has often been suggested that the popularisation of the seashore, both as a place to seek health and recreation and as a source of intellectual improvement, was associated with the easy access provided by the development of railways in the first half of the nineteenth century. However, as Hern (1967) points out in an amusing account of the British habit of seashore holidays, this began well before the railways. Scarborough was the first such resort or ‘spa’, started before the middle of the eighteenth century, a hundred years before rail transportation. But these early resorts were on sandy beaches; apparently only poets and wreckers frequented rocky coasts.
14.—Sea-floor Fossils: Keys to Historical Oceanography
Authors: Imbrie John
Published: December 2011

If any physical, chemical, or biological attribute of the ocean is examined over an appropriate time scale it is usually possible to document significant fluctuations and to discern in these fluctuations periodic as well as random components. Seasonal variations in current systems, water temperature, salinity, productivity and in the composition of biological communities are familiar examples of quasi-periodic changes commonly studied by oceanographers for the insights they offer into marine processes.
15.—Natural Radioactive Decay Series Elements in the Oceans and Sediments
Authors: Thomson J , Walton A.
Published: December 2011

The parents of the three naturally occurring radioactive decay series (text-fig. 1),232Th, 238U and 235U, have existed since the time of formation of the earth and through the process of radioactive decay have continuously generated their shorterlived daughter radio-isotopes. Under conditions where these decay products are not separated from the parents the situation referred to as secular equilibrium may be attained at which the activity ratio of any two daughters in the same decay chain is unity. The time required for the attainment of this situation corresponds to several half-lives of the longest lived daughter nuclide. In a great many instances, however, secular equilibrium is not achieved. Excellent examples of disequilibrium are to be found in the distribution of natural radioactive decay series elements in the oceans and sediments. These situations can be used to advantage in marine geochemistry to obtain information on residence times of elements in the oceans and rates of sedimentation occurring under a variety of conditions.
25.—Challenger's Voyage and the Black Sea Investigations at the close of the Nineteenth Century.
Authors: Fedosseyev I. A. , Plakhotnick A. F.
Published: December 2011

Though Russia, in contrast with England, had no broad access to the oceans, Russian oceanographers always took a great interest in the world ocean investigations. To confirm this we would first of all like to mention the Russian cruises around the world, made by I. F. Krusenstern and Ju. F. Lisjansky in 1803–06, V. M. Golovnin in 1806–13 and 1817–19, M. P. Lazarev in 1819–21 and 1822–25 (the second voyage, the main result of which was the discovery of the Antarctic Continent, was made together with F. F. Bellingshauzen), O. E. Kotsebu in 1815–18 and 1823–26, and F. O. Litke in 1826–29. The names of several Russian explorers who carried on important work in various parts of the Arctic and the Pacific Oceans in different periods of the nineteenth century are well known. At one time valuable results of the oceanological investigations, carried out by Admiral S. O. Makarov on the ship Vitjaz in the Pacific Ocean in 1886–89, attracted much attention. The fact that Vitjaz is lettered on the pediment of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco among the ten ships most distinguished in oceanographical explorations from the whole world testifies to the scientific importance of Makarov's investigations.
32.—Some Ocean Tide Measurements of the Eighteenth Century, and their Relevance Today
Authors: Cartwright D. E.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

After an introductory survey of seventeenth-century approaches to the subject, two important examples of tide-measuring activity in the eighteenth-century are described. The five years’ continuous observations at Brest, 1711–16, involved great perseverence in effort and accuracy. The treatment of the records by Cassini and their later retrieval by Lalande affords an interesting lesson in the publication of scientific data. The observations made at St Helena in 1761 are remarkable for having been made with high precision by leading astronomers in difficult swell conditions. Finally, a method is described of using these data to search for small differences in the oceanic tides between the eighteenth-century and the present, with a brief discussion of the results.
36.—Development of Marine Hydrochemical Research by Russian and Soviet Fishery Institutions
Authors: Fedosov M. V.
Published: December 2011

The interest of man in the role of water in his life dates back to 700–600 b.c. Water is an indispensable part of any life on the earth. Various kinds of suggestions were made concerning the nature and the properties of water in the course of more than two thousand years. Only in the eighteenth century M. Lomonosov gained a penetrating insight into the chemical problems of that time and brought chemistry to the level of science dealing with the composition and qualitative changes of natural substance. He suggested that river wafers were solutions of salts discharged into the sea.
41.—The Impact of Artificial Radioactivity on the Oceans and on Oceanography.
Authors: Preston A. , Woodhead D. S. , Mitchell N. T. , Pentreath R. J.
Published: December 2011

The major impact of artificial radioactive material on the oceans has been as a potential pollutant, and, in particular, concern has centred on the public health problems that might arise through human exploitation of marine environments. This public health problem has been an important stimulus to marine pollution methodology. The development and deployment of critical path analysis techniques to the control of this material and to the assessment of its significance for human radiation exposure (Preston 1969; Foster, Ophel and Preston 1971; Slansky 1971) not only exemplifies the control of a chemical pollutant but has served as a stimulus to produce much of the basic physical, chemical and biological data required for its proper implementation. In more recent years the advantages which labelled environments confer for studies of a much wider physical, chemical or biological nature are being increasingly recognised (Natn. Sci. Fdn 1971; Volchoket al.1971; Lowman, Rice and Richards 1971; Duursma, 1972; Preston, Jefferies and Pentreath 1972,) and many of the tools of nuclear technology, radio-isotopes, reactor propulsion systems, isotope power sources, neutron activation analysis techniques, etc., will enjoy an increasingly important role in oceanography, not only in basic investigations but also in the rational exploitation of marine resources.
43.—The Water Volume in Oceans and Seas.
Authors: Lisitzin Eugenie
Published: December 2011

Oceanography, as is well known, is considered a young science, lacking in old traditions. Nevertheless, the interest in oceans and seas may in some special cases be traced back as far as the centuries before the beginning of the Christian era. Reference may be made, for instance, to the Roman poet Lucretius, who in his work De rerum natura expressed astonishment that the amount of water in the seas does not augment in spite of the fact that the discharge of all the rivers in the world gathers there. Lucretius considered the effect of evaporation a possible explanation for this fact, thus mentioning one of the principal factors which determine the water cycle in nature, at least during periods in which average climatological conditions prevail. During periods characterised by more pronounced climatological deviations the equilibrium of the water cycle may be greatly disturbed. As an interesting example it may be mentioned that during the last glacial period considerable quantities of sea water were transformed into inland ice. It has been estimated that the water level in the oceans and seas at that epoch was approximately 100 metres lower than at the present time.
Atlantic Winds and Ocean Currents in Portuguese Nautical Documents of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Mota A. Teixeira da
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The idea that only after 1490 the European sailors had ‘come for the first time in recorded history to struggle with the limitations placed on sailing ships by the winds and currents of the open ocean’ does not correspond to reality. There is enough proof to show that much earlier, in the fifteenth century, the North-East Trades’ regularity, the wind variability in the zone directly north of them, and the Canaries Current were already known. When the fifteenth century ended, the Portuguese had already verified the symmetry of wind patterns in the Atlantic on both sides of the equatorial calm zone, which led them to apply the significant name of ‘ventos gerais’ to the trade winds of both hemispheres.

Accurate knowledge of the wind and current systems was essential to good navigation and the Portuguese ratters of the sixteenth century, chiefly ‘carreira da India’ rutters, include an increasing amount of information on that subject, referring especially to zones in the passage from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic. The report of a voyage (1503) proves that at that time the Portuguese already knew the Gulf of Guinea winds and currents sufficiently well. As a result of oceanic sailing, the traditional ratters, exclusively coastal, developed considerably, not only by adding data about latitudes and compass variations but also by the indication of winds and currents. There appeared also an even newer type of ratter, the ‘oceanic rutter‘, in which the safest and quickest routes, because of the changeability of winds and current patterns, are indicated.

Information about elements concerning winds and currents which are included in the Portuguese ratters was revealed in printed matter after the end of the sixteenth century and this allowed some European scientists to study, because of the availability of better information, the causes of those physical phenomena, which had already been treated briefly in the sixteenth century by two nautical treatise writers, D. João de Castro and Father Fernando Oliveira.
Hydrographic Charting and Oceanography on the West Coast of Canada from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day
Authors: Sandilands Robert W.
Published: December 2011

Those participating in this Congress are aware of the leadership of Rear-Admiral George Henry Richards in mounting the Challenger Expedition, which he himself regarded as the crowning achievement of his career. However, he also has a very special place in the history and development of British Columbia and it can fairly be said that his work in the Pacific Northwest was the major achievement of his sea-going career. His service on the coast covered the short period 1857 to 1863, but these were formative years in the development of the west coast colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia.
Shipwreck and Survival
Authors: Miles Stanley
Published: December 2011

The world's oceans continue to play a vital part in man's history on this planet. There is no doubt that in the long process of evolution man's early ancestors left the sea for the land. There is evidence too that some of these having progressed to the mammal stage returned to the sea to produce the dolphins, whales and seals. Some biologists believe that man's predecessors did likewise. Being driven by a shortage of food, they ventured into the shallow coastal waters to collect shell fish and other accessible sea food. During this period they lost much of their fur and learnt to swim. Unlike the aquatic mammals, they remained land animals. It must also be assumed that primitive man developed a great fear of the sea which remained with him even after he had developed the use of boats. Its storms, its vastness, its tides and its currents must have filled him with awe. Even in modern times seafaring occupations are considered hazardous pursuits and drowning as a cause of death is greatly dreaded. In the simple man's mind the dark ocean depths with unpredictable moods of violence create a sense of fear subconsciously supported by the fact that the newly born human being emerges from the dark and watery confines of the womb wherein it has, in its development, recapitulated the pattern of man's evolution. To return to explore the sea would be to retreat into the timeless past. It is not surprising, therefore, that extensive exploration of the sea and sea bed has lagged behind the extension of man's activity over the great land masses, the conquest of the highest mountains, the development of flight and in later years the conquest of space.
Ecology and Zoogeography of some Polychaeta Representatives of the Abyssal Pacific
Authors: Levenstein R. Ya.
Published: December 2011

Intensive oceanographic research during the past 20 years has given new data on the distribution of the deep-sea bottom fauna, thus making possible the establishment of basic distribution laws. These new data on the composition and distribution of the deep-sea benthos have been used to study the relationship of both the whole bottom fauna and its separate groups to the peculiar environmental conditions of the abyssal ocean. In particular, recent work on polychaetes has shown the existence of a specific abyssal fauna among this most widely distributed oceanic group
Hydrostatic Pressure—Temperature effects on Deep-sea Colonisation
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , George Robert Y.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

A diverse benthic and bathypelagic fauna was first incontrovertably established by the deep-sea samples of H.M.S.Challenger, and demonstrated the ability of organisms to live and reproduce in the deep, dark and cold abyssal environment of enormous hydrostatic pressure as high as 1000 atm (14 000 psi) on trench floors at 10 000 metres. The investigations of Regnard (1891), Fontaine (1930) and Ebbecke (1935) established that various shallow animals have the capacity to withstand increased hydrostatic pressure. This paper deals with the response of whole organisms, mainly shallow-water metazoans, to hydrostatic pressure-temperature effects. The level of occurrence of pressure-induced increased activity (R1), onset of paralysis or tetany (T) and LD50are discussed for tropical and temperate marine species in relationship to temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The pressure sensitivity and resistance exhibited by different species are examined in relation to various hypotheses and theories such as (1) group effect, in which Schlieper (1968) claims that those shallow species that belong to the group which has successfully colonised the deep sea, such as Echinodermata, Mollusca, Isopoda, have a higher pressure resistance; (2) pressure resistance as a species or genetic property; (3) environmental impact, in which deeper species have a greater pressure resistance; and (4) finally a re-examination of temperature and pressure effects as these relate to deep-sea colonisation.
History of Research into the Food and Feeding of Euphausiids
Authors: Nemoto Takahisa
Published: December 2011

Much attention has been paid to euphausiids or krill because of their value as indispensable food of baleen whales and commercially important fish both in the North Atlantic and North Pacific and more recently attempts to exploit euphausiids for human consumption were undertaken in the Antarctic, North Pacific and in the Norwegian fjords.
A History of Some of the International Fisheries Commissions
Authors: Cushing D. H.
Published: December 2011

This paper is an account of the development of the International Fisheries Commissions. Excluded are the commissions under the aegis of FAO: an earlier group, for example the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Commission, are only advisory, and later ones, like the Atlantic Tuna Commission, have not been in existence for long enough to discern characteristics in their activity. The activities of the Russo-Japanese commissions in the north-west Pacific are also excluded, because their actions do not have great influence on the older commissions or upon the newer ones established in the last five years or so. Although the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea has now only an advisory function in the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, during its earlier history before World War II it was always able to act through the Danish Foreign Office. But a much more important point is that the International Council played a historically dominant part in the early development of many of the commissions, except of course those which originated in the north-east Pacific.
Historical Development of Fisheries Oceanography in Japan
Authors: Uda Michitaka
Published: December 2011

The visit of Commander Perry's American fleet in 1853, followed by visits of European oceanographic research vessels, initiated Japanese interest in oceanography. Fortunately, because of a long maritime history and experience, such advanced sciences were speedily and easily absorbed in Japan. The U.S.S. Tuscarora (1874) discovered the Tuscarora Trough in the Japan Trench during her trans-Pacific sounding cruise as a preliminary to laying a submarine cable. During her epoch-making scientific expedition around the world (1872–76) the British Challenger visited Japan in 1875 and surveyed parts of the Inland Sea. This was followed by the Swedish Vega Expedition (1879) which first cruised across the Arctic Ocean to Tokyo, the Russian Vitiaz Expedition (1886–89) in the Japan Sea, etc., and the USA Albatross Expedition (1888–97) in the northern waters and Japan Sea.
A card aid to combat travel illness
Authors: McKenzie Peter
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The traveller requires an easy guide to the important preventive measures for the common ailments that may be acquired on journeys. The card described is useful for this purpose.
Some motoring hazards and their prevention
Authors: Murphy Edward
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

A number of factors increase the stress on both driver and vehicle when going on holiday or unaccustomed journeys. Greater distances than normal are attempted in short periods of time without rest and the economics of motoring often mean that small family cars are expected to carry heavy loads for long distances. Drivers become easily exhausted under these conditions and due care should be taken in preparation for long journeys to reduce the strain on both car and driver to a minimum.
Does it matter where I go?
Authors: Howe G. Melvyn
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Environmental hazards present themselves in different parts of the world. Hurricanes plague the Caribbean, typhoons sweep the China Seas and cyclones rage in the Bay of Bengal. Volcanoes erupt and the earth quivers in a circumpacific belt, in northern India, Soviet Central Asia, Turkey, Italy, etc. Extremes of heat and cold promote adverse reactions in the skin. Diseases of insanitation (enteric fevers, dysentery, cholera, etc.) are prevalent in tropical countries with low standards of hygiene; insect-borne diseases (malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, etc.) are common in certain warm countries. Prior warning of these dangers and appropriate health safeguards (vaccination, inoculation) should be obligatory.
Disturbance of circadian rhythms and sleep
Authors: Nicholson A. N. , Stone Barbara M.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

World-wide travel leads to disturbances of the sleep and circadian rhythmicity of man, and after transmeridian flights ability to carry out work may be impaired. The initial approach to the problem is to avoid overnight flights, arrive in the new country during the early evening and to rest for an appropriate period of time. However, this is often difficult to achieve, and in this context the use of hypnotics during the flight and the adaptation phase is discussed.
Population dynamics of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Scottish commercial forests
Authors: Ratcliffe Philip R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Documented studies of the ecology of red deer in Scotland refer principally to populations which occupy treeless moorlands. Commercial forests have become a major part of the Scottish landscape and little is known of the dynamics of the red deer populations which inhabit them.

Red deer which benefit from the enhanced shelter and nutrition of a woodland habitat often perform better than those occupying open-range. Birth rates of 60–70 calves 100 hinds are common, especially in forests in the south and west of Scotland. This potential may be reduced to a post-winter recruitment of 50 60 calves 100 hinds (cf. birth rates on open-range of 40 60 calves 100 hinds reducing to 30–35). A range of densities in forests of 5–15 deer km" is almost identical to the densities found on open-range.

Simulation models suggest that many woodland populations can support a sustained yield of about 20% of adults each year and focus attention on the practical difficulties of achieving culls in commercial forests. Simulations of changes in forest structure are used to demonstrate the related changes occurring in the ability of the habitat to support changing densities of deer through time.

In a study in Galloway, southern Scotland, evidence suggests that the red deer population has increased considerably during the expansion of commercial forestry between 1960–80.
A Survey of the Benthos of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Khayrallah N. , Jones A. M.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The distributions of benthic macroflora and macrofauna in the Tay estuary were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively during the spring and summer months of 1973 and the results compared with the study by Alexander et al. (1935). Sublittoral areas were sampled using SCUBA diving techniques. The overall distribution of flora and fauna is determined primarily by salinity variation and substrate texture, a large part of the sublittoral area being found to have little or no infaunal component due to the instability of the coarse sediments found widely in this region. The most prominent sublittoral populations are those of Mytilus edulis found in the middle and outer estuary. The northern shore of the inner estuary is composed entirely of mud and sand flats bounded by large areas of Phragmites communis. The predominant organisms in this area are euryhaline annelid and crustacean species. The southern shore is comparatively narrow and is composed of a variety of substrates from bedrock to mud. The flora and fauna of this shore varies with substrate type but it is here that macroalgal species are found to penetrate the inner estuary. Some euryhaline organisms penetrate the estuary as far as Newburgh, the point where freshwater and estuarine populations overlap. No evidence of gross pollution was detectable in this study except in the immediate vicinity of sewage outfalls.
Production of Larval Tanypodinae (Insecta: Chironomidae) in the Mud at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Charles W. Nigel , East Kenneth , Murray Thomas D.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Life histories and production of the five common species of Tanypodinae (Pentaneura monilis, Procladius simplicistilus, P. crassinervis, P. choreus and Psilotanypus rufovittatus) in the mud at Loch Leven were measured from March 1971 to March 1972. The methods used to identify each species of larva are described. All were univoltine except Pentaneura monilis which had two generations per year, but the seasonal patterns of the life cycles were different. The average density of third and fourth instar Tanypodinae was 3100/m2 and densities of individual species exceeded 2500/m2 for short periods in Procladius crassinervis and P. choreus. Net annual dry weight production by this subfamily was 2·6 g/m2(57 kJ/m2), with individual species ranging from 1·1 g/m2 (P. crassinervis) to 0·16 g/m2 (Pentaneura monilis). These results are discussed briefly and compared with production estimates for other zoobenthos.
Exploiting Conditioned Responses in Fish Farming
Authors: Landless P. J.
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS

Two behavioural responses were considered. In the first, rainbow trout were trained to press a trigger to obtain food, and in the second they were conditioned to respond to a sound signal in anticipation of food delivery. The trigger pressing, demand feeding, response was quickly learned and the pattern of feeding analysed. There was a dusk peak of feeding as well as appreciable nocturnal trigger pressing. Feeds were highly aggregated into bouts, more so in the case of groups of trout than with individuals. This suggests two behavioural mechanisms, one operating within individuals and a second social effect. The preferred time between trigger presses was 8–16 min. Total daily food intake could be controlled by adjusting the reward level per trigger press so that demand feeding was not necessarily ad lib feeding. Rainbow trout would respond to a sound signal of 100 Hz played for 30 seconds prior to a food delivery by showing a feeding type of behaviour in response to the sound only. Experiments are planned to try and use this sort of response to recall fish from a relatively free-swimming environment to a central point for feeding and eventual recapture.
The Ecclesiastical Common Law: A Quarter-century Retrospective
Authors: George Charles
Published: December 2011

This article reviews developments in ecclesiastical case law (interpreted widely) over the 25 years since the Ecclesiastical Law Journal was founded, focusing on four areas, in each of which, in the author's view, there have been significant developments: freedom of religion; the constitution of the Church of England; the protection of listed buildings; liturgy, ritual and doctrine. It notes the role of the Journal in reporting consistory court decisions and thus ensuring greater consistency of decision-making. It concludes by mentioning some of the leading cases in various other areas of ecclesiastical law.
The Genesis of the Society: Kemp, Moore, Routledge et al
Authors: Hill Christopher
Published: December 2011

In recognition of the Silver Jubilee of the Ecclesiastical Law Society and this Journal, the Comment section in this issue is devoted to some personal reminiscences and reflections from two individuals who were very much involved at the time, and who have subsequently made their own distinctive contribution to the Society and the Journal respectively: Bishop Christopher Hill, the current chairman, and Michael Goodman, founder editor of this Journal.
The Early Years of the Ecclesiastical Law Journal
Authors: Goodman Michael
Published: December 2011

In recognition of the Silver Jubilee of the Ecclesiastical Law Society and this Journal, the Comment section in this issue is devoted to some personal reminiscences and reflections from two individuals who were very much involved at the time, and who have subsequently made their own distinctive contribution to the Society and the Journal respectively: Bishop Christopher Hill, the current chairman, and Michael Goodman, founder editor of this Journal.
Gilgamesh in the Arabian Nights
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: December 2011

It is difficult to lose a good story. Many of the best folk tales transcend the boundaries of language and nationality, and the Gilgamesh Epic, attested in Human, Hittite, Elamite and Akkadian cuneiform, is no exception. The latest Akkadian tablets to be inscribed with the story come from the site of Uruk of the late Babylonian period, some time after the fall of Babylon in 539 B.C. and perhaps as late as the Seleurid period, after the reign of Alexander the Great. The story had been popular for some two thousand years. Despite this popularity in so many countries and for such a very long period of time, the story of Gilgamesh was supposed to have died more or less with the death of cuneiform writing, although some residual themes were recognised in various versions of the Alexander Romance.
Didactic Art in Han China
Authors: Loewe Michael
Published: December 2011

As is usual in texts which were composed more as panegyrics than as strict historical records, the epitaph inscription for Wu Liang , who died at the age of 74 in A.D. 151, tells of his virtues and his qualities as a scholar. But in common with a number of famous men of ability and learning of his time, such as Zhang Heng (78–139), Ma Rong (79–166) or Wang Fu (c. 90–165), Wu Liang showed a persistent reluctance to serve in an official capacity, preferring to devote himself to a study of history and philosophy. In all probability he felt, like the others, that in the prevailing political circumstances, it was not possible both to embark on an official career and to retain a measure of personal integrity. Be that as it may, other members of his family evidently felt no such scruples; his nephew Wu Ban , for example, was appointed to be chief clerk at Dunhuang.
A Typographical Odyssey: The 1505 Constantinople Pentateuch
Authors: Allan Nigel
Published: December 2011

Although the Wellcome Collection of Hebraica does not constitute one of the larger and more distinguished collections of oriental material in the Wellcome Institute, it nevertheless comprises a number of important manuscripts along with early printed books representative of several sixteenth and seventeenth-century Hebrew presses. One of these is a fragment of a larger work printed in Constantinople in 1505 at the press of David and Samuel Nahmias. It is the second earliest example of printing in Turkey, the first also coming from the press of the Nahmias brothers.
An Early Judicial Document from Tibet
Authors: Richardson H. E.
Published: December 2011

Several of the manuscripts from Tunhuang in the invaluable Choix de Documents Tibétains conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1978 and 1979) record cases of civil litigation and administrative or judicial decisions on them in some instances. Fewer deal with criminal matters. Although students of Tibetan have referred to such documents in books and articles, published translations of any of them appear to be rare. In Journal Asiatique, 1955, Mlle Marcelle Lalou, a pioneer in studies of the Tunhuang material, translated Fonds Pelliot Tibétain (Pell. T.) 1089 concerning the appointment of a wide range of officials in the border region. The translation of orders on two short petitions from citizens of Shacu is included in Tsipon Shakabpa's Tibet, a Political History (1967). F. W. Thomas translated the “Law of theft in Chinese Kansu, a IXth–Xth century fragment from Tunhuang”, in Zeitschrift für Verglekhende Rechtswissenschaft, L (1936).
The Qanāts of Yazd
Authors: Lambton A. K. S.
Published: December 2011

The city of Yazd is situated on the edge of the Dasht-i Kavīr in the Ardistān-Yazd basin, which stretches some 250 miles from near Kāshān to south of Bāfq. It lies at a height of 4,000 ft. West of Yazd, the Shīr Kūh massif rises to 13,370 ft. It receives considerable moisture including heavy snow but the rainfall of Yazd itself is less than 5 in. per annum. Near Yazd groundwater which originates in the Shīr Kūh mountains follows a northward slope from Mihrīz towards Ardakān. Before the sinking of semi-deep power-operated wells from about 1950 onwards, Yazd obtained its water from long qanāts originating in the mountains west of Taft and Mihrīz. The qanāts of the villages to the north-west of Yazd tap water in the highest elevations of the basins to the north-east. Some of these qanāts flow underneath Yazd, while a few originate in Yazd itself.
Seven Wakhi poems
Authors: Reinhold Beate
Published: December 2011

The Wakhi language, as represented in particular by those of its dialects that are spoken in Afghanistan and the Soviet Pamirs, has been described in more detail than any other Iranian language of the area that has virtually no written tradition. As early as the middle of the last century scholars began studying the language on the basis of mostly short or fragmentary glossaries and collections of texts and additional material became available during the thirties and fifties of the present century. During the sixties and seventies, two Leningrad Iranists, A. L. Grünberg and I. M. Steblin-Kamenskij, worked intensively on Pamirian Wakhi and the kind of Wakhi spoken in Afghan Badakhshan. Their research culminated in the publication of a rich collection of orally transmitted songs, fairy tales, proverbs, and texts of ethnographic interest, accompanied by a detailed analysis of Wakhi grammar and a comprehensive glossary. The material collected by Grünberg and Steblin-Kamenskij like that published by G. Buddruss and in some older articles by Russian scholars, conforms on the whole to what one would expect to find in an exclusively oral tradition. Apart from the usual kinds of fairy tales and songs we find also a kind of popular poetry unique to Wakhi.
Ezekiel by the Grand Canal: between Jewish and Babylonian Tradition
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: December 2011

The one text that has influenced the history of Jewish – not to mention Christian – mysticism and apocalyptic literature more than any other is undoubtedly the book of Ezekiel; and the single most influential passage in it is undoubtedly the opening chapter, centring on Ezekiel's vision of the “likeness of the glory of God”.
Paradise in a Prison Cell: the Yaugandharāyaṇa Plays of Bhāsa
Authors: Goodwin Robert E.
Published: December 2011

It takes a determined sceptic to doubt the attribution of the Svapnavoāsavadatta (SV) to Bhāsa, a playwright Kālidāsa himself named as so favoured in his time that the younger generation of nāṭyakāras had a difficult time getting a hearing. After sifting through the evidence, the most likely conclusion is that the play we have of that name (or a variant), first discovered for Indology by T. Ganapati Sastri in 1909, is a somewhat shorter version of the play known to Śāradātanaya, Rāmacandra and Guṇacandra, Sāgaranandin, Abhinavagupta, Bhoja, and others. And one can scarcely admit the genuineness of SV without accepting the Pratijñayaugandharāyaṇa (PY): the two are perfectly complementary in plot, theme, treatment, and style. But even if we could not locate these two plays
among the earliest extant of the whole Sanskrit corpus, we would be justified on aesthetic and thematic grounds in including them in any study of the key works of Sanskrit poetry. The plays are simple, yet charming and sophisticated, and more genuinely dramatic – giving us a more complicated sense of conflicting human interests (especially SV) – than any play except the Mudrārākṣasa (MR) of Viśākhadatta, who, however, completely lacks Bhāsa's lightness of touch. The two plays provide a thematic bridge between Kālidāsa and Viśākhadatta, combining the latter's resolute focus on sentiment-negating political demands (artha, utsāha) with the former's luxuriating treatment of the inner world of erotic emotion (kāma, śrṅgāra).
The Present-day Value of Maps Illustrating the Archaeological Surveys of Sir Aurel Stein in Xinjiang and Gansu
Authors: Ryavec Karl E.
Published: December 2011

The maps illustrating the archaeological surveys of Sir Aurel Stein's Central Asian expeditions remain to this day the most authoritative map series concerning the location of archaeological monuments in the Tarim Basin and Gansu Corridor of western China. The aim of this article is to evaluate the present-day value of Stein's maps for both relocating known ancient sites and attempting to locate additional sites on more recent maps. Figure i of this article shows the general area surveyed by Stein's expeditions. This study will be divided into three main parts: (i) a general description of Stein's cartographic surveys in terms of the regions of Xinjiang and Gansu surveyed and features depicted; (2) map series covering this region produced since Stein's surveys, and an outline of the history of the treatment of place names on both Stein's and subsequent maps; (3) an in-depth study of the Niya site area to illustrate both the extent to which Stein's original findings can be relocated on recent maps and the value of such maps for locating additional ancient sites.
Tominaga our Contemporary
Authors: Barrett T. H.
Published: December 2011

Just supposing that the British Council were able to offer lecture tours by the world's great minds of the past, I am sure that names like Aquinas, Chu Hsi or Dōgen would be able to pack an auditorium even now. But in the pub afterwards we would probably find them less easy company, not quite at home in our own times. Reading Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–46), however, one gets the extraordinary but quite palpable feeling of encountering an intelligence every bit as alert and critical as any product of a modern university education – no doubt precisely because by the standards of his own day he was largely selfeducated. To find the entire surviving slim corpus of the writings of this remarkable genius rendered into English by the head of one of our most respected departments of Religious Studies is gratifying indeed, and one hesitates to qualify praise of such a welcome achievement with a note of criticism, especially when the translation is prefaced by a lengthy introduction giving within a limited compass a more than adequate account of Tominaga's all too brief life.
The President's Speech Awarding the Denis Sinor Medal for Inner Asian Studies to Sir Harold Bailey
Authors: Bivar A.D.H.
Published: December 2011

The occasion which brings us together this afternoon is a truly memorable one: to present to you, Sir Harold, the newly founded Denis Sinor Medal for Inner Asian Studies. Here at Cambridge, indeed, and everywhere among Iranists in Britain, your epic contributionsto the knowledge of Inner Asia and its cultures are indeed better known than the new award with which we today seek to acknowledge them. I should, I think, preface my remarks with a few words about the new medal and its origins.
Labour in India 1860–1920: Typologies, Change and Regulation
Authors: Robb Peter
Published: December 2011

In recent years several important books have discussed aspects of labour in India. Some have been significant in their fields more generally, and the subject as a whole can be seen to be changing. This essay reflects on four works, a three-volume collection of documents published by the Indian Council for Historical Research, and Gyan Prakash's monograph on Bihar, which together might be taken as representing the transition in Indian labour studies.
Beixi's ‘Ziyi’ and Ancient Learning Philosophical Lexicography
Authors: Tucker John Allen
Published: December 2011

Yamaga Sokō (1622–85), Itō Jinsai (1627–1705), and Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728) are generally recognized as the three luminaries of thekogaku, or “Ancient Learning”, philosophical movement of Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868). One of the most conspicuous features of their masterworks is their lexicographical methodology. The origins of that methodology are found, this paper suggests, in (I) Chen Beixi's (Jpn: Chin Hokukei; 1159–1223)Xingli ziyi(Jpn:Seiri jigi; The Meanings of Philosophical Terms, c. 1226); and (2) Hayashi Razan's (1583–1657) work propagating theZiyi, theSeiri jigi genkai(Vernacular Explication of Beixi's Ziyi, 1659).
Jazīrat al-Ḥulayla — early Julfār
Authors: Kennet Derek
Published: December 2011

This paper describes the results of a brief archaeological survey of Jazī;rat al-Hulayla, an island in the Emirate of Ra's al-Khayma, United Arab Emirates. The island was found to contain extensive evidence of occupation dating from the first three centuries A.D. until recent times.
Huang Lao Thought and the Huainanzi
Authors: Loewe Michael
Published: December 2011

The Huainanzi is a corporate work which was compiled at the court of the king of Huainan, being first presented to the imperial throne in 139 B.C., and possibly receiving certain additions between then and 122 B.C. For various reasons, however, the book did not meet with the same type of acclaim that had accompanied other texts. By the eleventh century at least, the comments of Xu Shen (c. 55–149) and Gao You (c. 168–212) had been fused together into a single set of notes. The book attracted the critical attention of Su Song (1020–1101), and then that of some of the most notable scholars of the Qing period, such as Wang Niansun (1744–1832), Huang Peilie (1763–1825) and Gu Guangqi (1776–1835). In the early days of western sinology the work evaded the attention of scholars such as Legge and Couvreur who necessarily followed the lead of their Chinese masters and fastened on what they regarded as the basic texts of traditional learning, i.e. mainly the classical texts and the Confucian teachers, and the Daode jing. It is only in the latter part of the twentieth century that western scholars have felt ready to examine, appraise and translate parts of the Huainanzi, and the results may be seen in the writings of Eva Kraft (1957–58), Benjamin Wallacker (1962), Roger Ames (1983), Charles Le Blanc (1985), Hal Roth (1992), Claude Larre (1993) and now John Major. Further research in the future will be immeasurably improved and brought to new standards thanks to the publication of the concordance to the text by D. C. Lau (1992).
Succession Struggle and the Ethnic Identity of the Tang Imperial House
Authors: Chen Sanping
Published: December 2011

One of the questions that has prompted this study is this: despite the fact that various Xiongnuand Xianbeigroups dominated the political arena in Northern China for almost 300 years between the collapse of the Western Jinand the founding of the Sui, and the usually unacknowledged fact that their descendants continued to do so for several hundreds more years,1why is it that one could learn so little about their cultural heritage in traditional historiography?2Even the linguistic affinity of the TuobaXianbei remains to this day a matter of controversy.3
Knowing the Enemy: Western Understanding of Islam at the Time of the Crusades
Authors: Hamilton Bernard
Published: December 2011

In 1076, some twenty years before the First Crusade was launched, Pope Gregory VII wrote to al-Nāşir, Sultan of Bougie in what is now Algeria:

For there is nothing which Almighty God, who wishes that all men should be saved and that no man should perish, more approves in our conduct, than that a man should first love God and then his fellow men … Most certainly you and we ought to love each other in this way more than other races of men, because we believe and confess one God, albeit in different ways, whom each day we praise and reverence as the creator of all ages and the governor of this world. For, as the Apostle says: “He is our peace, who hath made both one”.

This enlightened view of Islam was not widely shared in Latin Christendom at that time, nor was it rooted in any very profound knowledge of the Muslim religion. B. Z. Kedar is, I think, correct in his view that a good deal of information about Islam was available in the West before the crusades, both in written and oral sources, but because there was a general lack of interest in the subject, no attempt had been made to coordinate this knowledge.
Some Interesting Visitors' Records: Five Examples of Graffiti Found in a Tomb at Nurdi (Amritsar District, East Punjab)
Authors: Parihar Subhash
Published: December 2011

The Persian inscriptions of India, which constitute an important source, particularly for the local history of a region, a district, a tehsil, a town and a village, have received inadequate if not scant attention from our historians. Worse and far more regrettable is the neglect of visitors' or travellers' records on the walls of sarais, tombs or mosques, and similar buildings which they passed and where they made a halt, overnight and otherwise. Against the commemorative stone tablets set in a monument to perpetuate the name of the builder, visitors' or travellers' records or graffiti, as they are also called, were written usually in ink and hence were of comparatively much less durable nature. Many of these graffiti have disappeared in the natural course with the passage of time.
Stein's Recording Angel – Miss F. M. G. Lorimer
Authors: Wang Helen
Published: December 2011

In the Introductions to the Full Reports of his expeditions to Chinese Central Asia, Sir Aurel Stein (186–1943), professional as always, was careful to acknowledge the assistance of all involved with the production of the reports. Most of his colleagues in the academic world were men who to this day retain their positions as great scholars in the history of oriental studies. The people who helped Stein in the remote sites of Xinjiang live on through his affectionate, and often humorous, descriptions of them scattered throughout the Full Reports and the popular abridged accounts of his expeditions. Yet very little is known of the people who worked on a day-to-day basis with Stein, unpacking the many cases he sent to the British Museum, sorting through the various groups of often unfamiliar material, documenting the Stein collection, arranging exhibitions of objects and photographs relating to Stein's expeditions, as well as carrying out personal favours for Stein, such as posting on his spats and packing tea tablets bought on his account at the Army and Navy Store.
“Arab” Textiles in the Near East
Authors: Eiland Murray Lee
Published: December 2011

Beginning in the seventh century, the expansion of Islam brought with it an outpouring of peoples from the Arabian Peninsula. While the composition of these Islamic armies became more diverse as the religion spread through the Near East and across North Africa to Western Europe, there were clearly elements of both the urban Arabian population, of which the Prophet was a member, and the rural Bedouins, whose migrations from their original homeland continued sporadically for several centuries. This slowed during the period of Turkish hegemony, but it left a scattering of enclaves identifying themselves as ethnic Arabs throughout the Islamic world.