bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of U.S. Ambassadorial Appointments: From the Court of St. James to Burkina Faso*
Authors: Waterman Richard W. , Bretting John , Stewart Joseph
Published: January 2015

Objectives

While there is great deal of scholarship on the nature of presidential appointments in the realm of domestic policy (e.g., cabinet departments and regulatory agencies), foreign policy appointments have received far less attention. Yet, these appointments are important because they have global implications, dealing with such basic issues as trade, diplomacy, war, and peace. We examine one type of foreign policy appointment, the ambassadorial appointments of Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton.

Methods

We employ data provided by the U.S. Department of State and data collected from various sources on the background characteristics of their U.S. ambassadors.

Results

We find that while both presidents promoted loyalty over competence in their ambassadorial appointments, they did so in different ways. The first President Bush used a personal “friends and neighbors” approach, while Clinton rewarded former campaign officials. Though it generally is assumed that presidents reward key contributors from their presidential campaign with key assignments, we find that Clinton was more likely than Bush to reward contributors with appointments to choice countries. Finally, we demonstrate that women and minorities received appointments of lesser quality during the Bush administration.

Conclusions

The determinants of ambassadorial appointments are more complex than previously assumed. While presidents appoint ambassadors on the basis of campaign contributions, they do not reward them equally with plum assignments.
Training students in serologic reaction grading increased perceptions of self‐efficacy and ability to recognize serologic reactions but decreased grading accuracy
Authors: Perry Holly , Henry Stephen
Published: January 2015

Background

The ability to recognize and grade serologic reactions in manual techniques remains an important skill both for reference laboratories and in disaster‐relocated laboratory services. Developing skills in recognizing and grading serologic reactions is limited to some extent by the range of samples available.

Study Design And Methods

Twenty‐six students studying transfusion science were presented with blinded grading panels consisting of mixes of natural cells and kodecytes (natural cells modified with synthetic blood group antigens) representing a range of serologic grades. Results from 15‐minute exercises over 17 contact weeks were assessed to determine if training with grading panels would have an impact on the ability of students to recognize and correctly grade serologic reactions. Twenty‐one clinically active practitioners also took part in a single analysis.

Results

Grading exercises found that the use of kodecytes and natural negative cells were able to identify deficiencies in both students' and practitioners' ability to recognize negative and grade serologic reactions. The seventeen 15‐minute exercises undertaken with students revealed that although there was some improvement in performance in recognizing positive and negative serologic reactions there was also a degradation in ability to accurately grade. Self‐assessment showed a major improvement in students' self‐efficacy.

Conclusions

The use of serologic grading panels created with kodecytes was suitable as a tool to recognize and monitor serologic grading abilities. Evidence suggests that for both students and practitioners to gain and sustain competency in serologic reaction recognition and grading, they will require ongoing training and monitoring of competence.
The targeting accuracy of a preclinical MRI‐guided focused ultrasound system
Authors: Ellens N. P. K. , Kobelevskiy I. , Chau A. , Waspe A. C. , Staruch R. M. , Chopra R. , Hynynen K.
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

Assess the accuracy, precision, and sources of error using a preclinical MR‐guided focused ultrasound system.

Methods:

A preclinical focused ultrasound system, described previously [Chopra et al., Med. Phys. 36(5), 1867–1874 (2009)], was tested on a benchtop and with 3T GE, 3T Philips, and 7T Bruker MR scanners for spatial targeting accuracy and precision. Randomly distributed water‐filled holes drilled into a polystyrene plate were imaged using MRI and targeted using treatment planning software. The ultrasound focus of a 72 mm, f‐number 0.8, 1.16 MHz transducer was aimed at the target locations, and 1–2 s continuous‐wave sonications were performed on clear polystyrene plates to create localized spots of melted plastic. The distance between target and observed locations was measured and analyzed. Retrospective analysis of targeting accuracy was performed on preclinical data obtained from other experiments at their institution using the same system.

Results:

The results suggest that the sources of targeting error under MR guidance can be roughly separated into three components—normally distributed random error; constant shift from inaccuracy in detection of the initial ultrasound focus; and angular misalignment between MR and focused ultrasound (FUS) coordinates. The lower bound on the targeting error was estimated to be 0.25 ± 0.13 mm, while the maximum observed targeting error did not exceed 2 mm. Measures required to reduce errors and improve targeting were developed to reduce the registration and misalignment errors such that maximum error was reduced to 0.36 ± 0.14 mm. Retrospective in vivo analysis indicated that the error was 1.02 ± 0.43 mm, including error extrinsic to the system.

Conclusions:

The FUS system, as described, is capable of precise and accurate sonications. The largest source of error—misregistration of the coordinate systems of the scanner and ultrasound system—was addressed which reduced the error to 0.36 ± 0.14 mm, sufficient for many preclinical applications.
Predicting Adherence of Adults to a 12-Month Exercise Intervention
Authors: Cadmus-Bertram Lisa , Irwin Melinda , Alfano Catherine , Campbell Kristin , Duggan Catherine , Foster-Schubert Karen , Wang Ching-Yun , McTiernan Anne
Published: January 2015

Background:

The purpose of this study was to (a) examine demographic, psychosocial, and physiological predictors of exercise adherence in a yearlong exercise intervention and (b) describe the trajectory of adherence over time.

Methods:

Participants were 51 men and 49 women aged 40 to 75 years. The supervised and home-based intervention consisted of 60 minutes/day, 6 days/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise. Three adherence measures were used: (1) minutes/week, (2) MET-hours/week, and (3) change in cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2max). Predictors of adherence were determined separately by sex using mixed models and multivariable regression.

Results:

Participants performed 287 ± 98 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous activity with 71% adhering to at least 80% (288 minutes/week) of the prescription. Men adhered better than women (P < .001). Among women, adiposity-related variables were significantly related to poorer adherence on all 3 measures (P < .05). A less consistent pattern was observed among men but in follow-up analyses, adiposity was associated with fewer MET-hours/week of exercise. Social support, pain, and perceived benefits were predictive in some models. Men and nonobese women experienced peak adherence at 4 to 6 months, while obese women peaked during months 0 to 3.

Conclusions:

When provided with supervision and support, previously sedentary men and women can achieve and maintain high levels of aerobic activity.
Physical Activity Levels in Family Child Care Homes
Authors: Delaney Shannon L. , Monsivais Pablo , Johnson Donna B.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Although more than 1 million US children attend licensed family child care homes, little is known about children’s physical activity in this setting. The purpose of this study is to describe the physical activity of children cared for in child care homes.

Methods:

The study sample included 31 licensed family child care homes in Washington State. Children aged 3 to 6 wore accelerometers while in child care over 5 days. Minutes per hour spent at 4 activity levels were calculated and averaged for all children in the home. Contextual factors such as provider practices, staff training, and home characteristics were assessed using standardized questions.

Results:

Accelerometer data from 144 children were included, with 2 to 11 children monitored per home. The mean minutes of sedentary activity per hour (min/h) was 34.3 (SD = 4.6, range 27.7 to 46.6). For moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA) it was 8.8 min/h (SD = 2.6, range 3.6 to 14.1) and for vigorous physical (VPA) activity it was 3.1 min/h (SD = 1.4, range: 0.9 to 7.0).

Conclusions:

The low levels of MVPA and VPA in many homes reinforces the need for additional research to identify policy and practice recommendations that will be most effective in increasing physical activity in this setting.
Changes in Sedentary Time and Physical Activity in Response to an Exercise Training and/or Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Kozey-Keadle Sarah , Staudenmayer John , Libertine Amanda , Mavilia Marianna , Lyden Kate , Braun Barry , Freedson Patty
Published: January 2015

Background:

Individuals may compensate for exercise training by modifying nonexercise behavior (ie, increase sedentary time (ST) and decrease nonexercise physical activity [NEPA]).

Purpose:

To compare ST and NEPA during a 12-week exercise training and/or lifestyle intervention.

Methods:

Fifty-seven overweight/obese participants (19 M/39 F) completed the study (mean ± SD; age 43.6 ± 9.9 y, BMI 35.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2). There were no between-group differences in activity levels at baseline. Four-arm quasi-experimental intervention study 1) EX: exercise 5 days per week at a moderate intensity (40% to 65% VO2peak) 2) rST: reduce ST and increase NEPA, 3) EX-rST: combination of EX and rST and 4) CON: maintain habitual behavior.

Results:

For the EX group, ST did not decrease significantly (mean ((95% confidence interval) 0.48 (–2.2 to 3.1)% and there was no changes in NEPA at week-12 compared with baseline. The changes were variable, with approximately 50% of participants increasing ST and decreasing NEPA. The rST group decreased ST (–4.8 (0.8 to 7.9)% and increased NEPA. EX-rST significantly decreased ST (–5.1 (–2.2 to 7.9)% and increased time in NEPA at week-12 compared with baseline. The control group increased ST by 4.3 (0.8 to 7.9)%.

Conclusions:

Changes in nonexercise ST and NEPA are variable among participants in an exercise-training program, with nearly half decreasing NEPA compared with baseline. Interventions targeting multiple behaviors (ST and NEPA) may effectively reduce compensation and increase daily activity.
Middle-Aged Women’s Preferred Theory-Based Features in Mobile Physical Activity Applications
Authors: Ehlers Diane K. , Huberty Jennifer L.
Published: January 2015

Background:

The purpose of this study was to describe which theory-based behavioral and technological features middle-aged women prefer to be included in a mobile application designed to help them adopt and maintain regular physical activity (PA).

Methods:

Women aged 30 to 64 years (N = 120) completed an online survey measuring their demographics and mobile PA application preferences. The survey was developed upon behavioral principles of Social Cognitive Theory, recent mobile app research, and technology adoption principles of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Frequencies were calculated and content analyses conducted to identify which features women most preferred.

Results:

Behavioral features that help women self-regulate their PA (PA tracking, goal-setting, progress monitoring) were most preferred. Technological features that enhance perceived effort expectancy and playfulness were most preferred. Many women reported the desire to interact and compete with others through the application.

Conclusions:

Theory-based PA self-regulation features and theory-based design features that improve perceived effort expectancy and playfulness may be most beneficial in a mobile PA application for middleaged women. Opportunities to interact with other people and the employment of social, game-like activities may also be attractive. Interdisciplinary engagement of experts in PA behavior change, technology adoption, and software development is needed.
Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Southern Brazilian City: 2003-2010
Authors: da Silva Inacio Crochemore Mohnsam , Knuth Alan Goularte , Mielke Grégore Iven , Azevedo Mario Renato , Gonçalves Helen , Hallal Pedro Curi
Published: January 2015

Background:

Most of physical activity surveillance data are derived from high-income countries. The aim of the current study was to report time trends in leisure-time physical activity.

Methods:

Population-based surveys were conducted in the city of Pelotas, Brazil in 2003 and 2010, including individuals aged 20+ years. Physical activity was assessed using the leisure-time section of the long version of the IPAQ. A cut-off point of 150 min/wk was used in the analyses. Methodologies were virtually identical in both surveys.

Results:

In 2003, 26.8% (95% CI 24.3; 29.2) of the participants were classified as active in leisuretime, as compared with 24.4% (95% CI 22.6; 26.2) in 2010. The proportion of subjects reporting 0 minutes per week of walking, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity practice also did not vary between 2003 and 2010. However, the proportion of active adults decreased from 39.9% (95% CI 33.0; 42.7) in 2003 to 29.7% (95% CI 24.9; 34.5) in 2010 among high-income participants. Males were more active than females in both surveys.

Conclusions:

Leisure-time physical activity is stable among adults living in the South of Brazil, but high-income participants are becoming less active over time. Scaling up effective and promising physical activity interventions is urgently needed in Brazil.
Moderate Physical Activity of Music Aerobic Exercise Increases Lymphocyte Counts, Specific Subsets, and Differentiation
Authors: Yeh Shu-Hui , Lai Hsiu-Ling , Hsiao Chiu-Yueh , Lin Li-Wei , Chuang Yu-Kuan , Yang Yu-Ying , Yang Kuender D.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Moderate physical activity has been shown to promote immunity. Different moderate physical activities may have different effects on immunity. This study investigated the impacts of a 12-week regular music aerobic exercise (MAE) program on leukocyte distribution, lymphocyte subsets, and lymphocyte polarization.

Methods:

The study used a case-control design with pretest and posttest. Forty-seven middle-age women were recruited for this study. Three participants dropped out, 22 completed the 12-week MAE program, and the other 22 participants who had heat-intolerance or limited schedule eligibility were enrolled as the control group without the MAE exercise.

Results:

Results showed that the MAE exercise for 12 weeks didn’t change red blood cells or total leukocytes but increased lymphocyte counts. The women in MAE group revealed significant increases (P ≤ 0.01) of CD3CD4, CD3CD8, and CD4CD25 cells, associated with Treg polarization showing enhanced FoxP3 but not T-bet, Gata-3, or RORγT expression (P < .01). The control group without exercise revealed insignificant change of lymphocyte subsets or lymphocyte polarization.

Conclusions:

This study shows that MAE increases specific lymphocyte subsets and enhances Treg cell differentiation. It is suggested to encourage moderate physical activity of music aerobic exercise to enhance lymphocyte function of middle-aged women.
The kinase activity of the Ser/Thr kinase BUB1 promotes TGF-β signaling
Authors: Nyati Shyam , Schinske-Sebolt Katrina , Pitchiaya Sethuramasundaram , Chekhovskiy Katerina , Chator Areeb , Chaudhry Nauman , Dosch Joseph , Van Dort Marcian E. , Varambally Sooryanarayana , Kumar-Sinha Chandan , Nyati Mukesh Kumar , Ray Dipankar , Walter Nils G. , Yu Hongtao , Ross Brian Dale , Rehemtulla Alnawaz
Published: January 2015

A kinase that controls cell division also promotes the activity of the transforming growth factor–β pathway.
Cashing In with ATM
Authors: Smith Orla
Published: January 2015

Reducing ATM signaling is neuroprotective in cell and animal models of Huntington’s disease.
Lysosomes Signal the Nucleus to Control Aging
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: January 2015

The metabolism of fats in the lysosome signals the nucleus to control aging.
Outcome of children with hereditary tyrosinaemia following newborn screening
Authors: McKiernan P J , Preece Mary Anne , Chakrapani Anupam
Published: January 2015

Background

Nitisinone has transformed the management of hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1 (HT1). However, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is related to the age at which treatment is commenced. Little data on the outcome of children treated pre-emptively exist.

Aim

To describe the outcome of children with HT1 treated with nitisinone following selective newborn screening (NBS) and to compare their outcome with index siblings who had presented clinically.

Subjects

12 children with HT1 were detected by NBS. Seven children were screened for HT1 because of an affected sibling (n=5). Four children were detected due to raised tyrosine concentrations on routine NBS and one child was born in a country with universal NBS for HT1.

Outcome

Nitisinone was commenced at 4 (1–52) days old. 6 children had an initial coagulopathy which resolved after 4 (1–7) days treatment. Currently at median age 8.5 (3–12.5) years all are clinically normal, with normal liver function tests and imaging. Those of school age are in normal classes but four have reported learning difficulties. Five index siblings presented clinically with acute liver failure (four) and chronic liver disease (one) at median 4 (1.5–17) months. One died of liver failure prior to nitisinone's availability. Four were treated with nitisinone; one failed to respond and underwent liver transplantation and three responded. One responder died from complications of prematurity and the remaining two have compensated liver disease.

Children with HT1 treated with nitisinone following NBS have an excellent outcome.

Conclusions

Universal NBS for HT1 should be introduced in the UK.
Christmas disease: diagnosis and management of a haemorrhagic diathesis following dentofacial trauma
Authors: Tamagond Sridevi B , Hugar Santosh I , Patil Anil , Huddar SandhyaRani
Published: January 2015

Haemorrhagic diathesis has been of much concern to health professionals including dentists. It is not infrequent that a dentist becomes the first person to diagnose a bleeding disorder while performing dental treatment. Haemophilia is an X linked disorder with a frequency of about 1:10 000 births. Haemophilia B is much less common than haemophilia A, and affects only 1:300 000 males born alive. The clinical features of haemophilia B are very similar to those of haemophilia A with a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time. This case report describes the dental management of a patient with an uncommon haematological disorder, namely, factor IX deficiency, which remained undiagnosed until the patient had to undergo dentofacial trauma with unexpected severe haemorrhage. Preventive dentistry remains vital to young haemophiliacs. Surgical dental procedures may be performed for haemophiliacs but they must be judiciously coordinated by dental and medical health professionals.
Rare mutation in the SLC26A3 transporter causes life-long diarrhoea with metabolic alkalosis
Authors: Abou Ziki Maen D , Verjee Mohamud A
Published: January 2015

SLC26A3, a chloride/bicarbonate transporter mainly expressed in the intestines, plays a pivotal role in chloride absorption. We present a 23-year-old woman with a history of congenital chloride diarrhoea (CCD) and renal transplant who was admitted for rehydration and treatment of acute kidney injury after she presented with an acute diarrhoeal episode. Laboratory investigations confirmed metabolic alkalosis and severe hypochloraemia, consistent with her underlying CCD. This contrasts with most other forms of diarrhoea, which are normally associated with metabolic acidosis. Genetic testing was offered and revealed a homozygous non-sense mutation in SLC26A3 (Gly-187-Stop). This loss-of-function mutation results in bicarbonate retention in the blood and chloride loss into the intestinal lumen. Symptomatic management with daily NaCl and KCl oral syrups was supplemented with omeprazole therapy. The loss of her own kidneys is most likely due to crystal-induced nephropathy secondary to chronic volume contraction and chloride depletion. This case summarises the pathophysiology and management of CCD.
Swinging cardiac calcified amorphous tumour arising from a calcified mitral annulus in a patient with normal renal function
Authors: de Hemptinne Quentin , Bar Jean-Paul , de Cannière Didier , Unger Philippe
Published: January 2015

A 67-year-old man was referred to our institution for the management of a left-sided intracardiac mass discovered following two cardioembolic events. Imaging studies revealed a highly mobile mass attached to the ventricular side of a calcified mitral annulus. The mass had not been present on echocardiography 1 year earlier. Surgical resection was performed. Microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of a calcified amorphous tumour. The postoperative course was unremarkable, and the patient remains asymptomatic and without recurrence of a mass or neurological event after a 12-month follow-up.
Systematic review of rugby injuries in children and adolescents under 21 years
Authors: Freitag Andreas , Kirkwood Graham , Scharer Sebastian , Ofori-Asenso Richard , Pollock Allyson M
Published: January 2015

A systematic review of rugby union and league injuries among players under the age of 21 years was carried out to calculate probabilities of match injury for a player over a season and a pooled estimate of match injury incidence where studies were sufficiently similar. The probability of a player being injured over a season ranged from 6% to 90% for rugby union and 68% to 96% for rugby league. The pooled injury incidence estimate for rugby union was 26.7/1000 player-hours for injuries irrespective of need for medical attention or time-loss and 10.3/1000 player-hours for injuries requiring at least 7 days absence from games; equivalent to a 28.4% and 12.1% risk of being injured over a season. Study heterogeneity contributed to a wide variation in injury incidence. Public injury surveillance and prevention systems have been successful in reducing injury rates in other countries. No such system exists in the UK.
Using criteria-based interview models for assessing clinical expertise to select physiotherapists at major multisport games
Authors: Phillips Nicola , Grant Marie-Elaine , Booth Lynn , Glasgow Philip
Published: January 2015

Background

Benchmarking is an established means of identifying levels of specialist practice and competence-based interviews are a tool used to facilitate this. The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) provided an opportunity to introduce a pragmatic approach to assess expert behaviour in large numbers of volunteer physiotherapists.

Aim

To test inter-tester repeatability of an assessment matrix used to score clinical expertise in a sporting context, followed by reporting on the findings for physiotherapy selection.

Methods

Four volunteers were videoed answering an identical sport-specific clinical scenario. Recordings were initially scored by two experienced assessors (gold standard). Subsequently, nine assessors scored the same videos then compared with the gold standard. 602 physiotherapists were assessed during volunteer interviews for LOCOG. Scores were compared to those based on self-reported clinical experience. Cross-tabulation was used to determine levels of agreement for the initial scoring matrix and the relationship between the two scoring systems was analysed.

Results

Levels of agreement ranged from 22% to 88%. A good correlation (r=0.754 p>0.001) was found between self-reported clinical experience and scenario scores. Marginal data points in the correlational analysis indicated that only 52% of participants attained the same score across assessments.

Conclusions

A tool to facilitate assessment for large scale selection could be used for Host Nation physiotherapist selection for Major Games. There is a need to train assessors in this environment, as well as provide detailed matrices, specific to each context being assessed, to ensure that observations can be made on domain-specific and general, non-technical aspects.
Need for nutritional support, eating-related distress and experience of terminally ill patients with cancer: a survey in an inpatient hospice
Authors: Amano Koji , Maeda Isseki , Morita Tatsuya , Tatara Ryohei , Katayama Hirofumi , Uno Teruaki , Takagi Ibuki
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Cancer cachexia creates a large burden for terminally ill patients with cancer. The main causes are a lack of knowledge of cancer cachexia and unsuccessful attempts to increase body weight. The role of nutritional support has not been clarified, and patients’ eating-related distress is poorly understood. There has been no study investigating into needs for nutritional support in an inpatient hospice. The primary aim of this study was to explore needs for nutritional support, eating-related distress and patients’ experiences.

Methods

A survey was conducted involving 60 patients with advanced cancer in an inpatient hospice. We first asked about need for nutrition therapy in the inpatient hospice. We then asked whether patients had unmet needs for four items. The last question was composed of 19 items concerning patients’ experience of eating-related distress.

Results

Thirty-seven patients responded (62%). Most of the patients, 28 of 37 (76%), had general unmet needs for nutrition therapy for cancer cachexia, and more than half needed specific support, such as ‘attention’ and ‘explanation’. The top 5 of the 19 items were mainly about daily diet, nutrition and losing weight. Of these, the top four belonged to the group of coping strategies and the fifth to the group of mechanisms originating from patients themselves.

Conclusions

A number of terminally ill patients with cancer admitted to an inpatient hospice had need for nutritional support and experienced high levels of eating-related distress.
Alcohol use and misuse, self-harm and subsequent mortality: an epidemiological and longitudinal study from the multicentre study of self-harm in England
Authors: Ness Jennifer , Hawton Keith , Bergen Helen , Cooper Jayne , Steeg Sarah , Kapur Navneet , Clarke Martin , Waters Keith
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Alcohol use and misuse are strongly associated with self-harm and increased risk of future self-harm and suicide. The UK general population prevalence of alcohol use, misuse and alcohol-attributable harm has been rising. We have investigated the prevalence of and trends in alcohol use and misuse in self-harm patients and their associations with repeat self-harm and subsequent death.

Methods

We used patient data from the Multicentre Study of Self-Harm in England for 2000–2009 and UK mortality data for patients presenting from 2000 to 2007 who were followed up to the end of 2009.

Results

Alcohol involvement in acts of self-harm (58.4%) and alcohol misuse (36.1%) were somewhat higher than found previously in self-harm patients. Alcohol involvement and misuse were most frequent in men, those aged 35–54 years and those from white ethnicities. The frequency of alcohol misuse increased between 2000 and 2009, especially in women. Repetition of self-harm was associated with alcohol involvement in self-harm and particularly with alcohol misuse. Risk of suicide was increased significantly in women misusing alcohol.

Conclusions

Alcohol use and misuse in self-harm patients appears to have increased in recent years, particularly in women. The association of alcohol with greater risk of self-harm repetition and mortality highlights the need for clinicians to investigate alcohol use in self-harm patients. Ready availability of alcohol treatment staff in general hospitals could facilitate appropriate aftercare and the prevention of adverse outcomes.
Predictors of poor outcome despite recanalization: a multiple regression analysis of the NASA registry
Authors: Linfante Italo , Starosciak Amy K , Walker Gail R , Dabus Guilherme , Castonguay Alicia C , Gupta Rishi , Sun Chung-Huan J , Martin Coleman , Holloway William E , Mueller-Kronast Nils , English Joey D , Malisch Tim W , Marden Franklin A , Bozorgchami Hormozd , Xavier Andrew , Rai Ansaar T , Froehler Michael T , Badruddin Aamir , Nguyen Thanh N , Taqi M Asif , Abraham Michael G , Janardhan Vallabh , Shaltoni Hashem , Novakovic Roberta , Yoo Albert J , Abou-Chebl Alex , Chen Peng R , Britz Gavin W , Kaushal Ritesh , Nanda Ashish , Issa Mohammad A , Nogueira Raul G , Zaidat Osama O
Published: January 2015

Background

Mechanical thrombectomy with stent-retrievers results in higher recanalization rates compared with previous devices. Despite successful recanalization rates (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score ≥2b) of 70–83%, good outcomes by 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤2 are achieved in only 40–55% of patients. We evaluated predictors of poor outcomes (mRS >2) despite successful recanalization (TICI ≥2b) in the North American Solitaire Stent Retriever Acute Stroke (NASA) registry.

Methods

Logistic regression was used to evaluate baseline characteristics and recanalization outcomes for association with 90-day mRS score of 0–2 (good outcome) vs 3–6 (poor outcome). Univariate tests were carried out for all factors. A multivariable model was developed based on backwards selection from the factors with at least marginal significance (p≤0.10) on univariate analysis with the retention criterion set at p≤0.05. The model was refit to minimize the number of cases excluded because of missing covariate values; the c-statistic was a measure of predictive power.

Results

Of 354 patients, 256 (72.3%) were recanalized successfully. Based on 234 recanalized patients evaluated for 90-day mRS score, 116 (49.6%) had poor outcomes. Univariate analysis identified an increased risk of poor outcome for age ≥80 years, occlusion site of internal carotid artery (ICA)/basilar artery, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≥18, history of diabetes mellitus, TICI 2b, use of rescue therapy, not using a balloon-guided catheter or intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV t-PA), and >30 min to recanalization (p≤0.05). In multivariable analysis, age ≥80 years, occlusion site ICA/basilar, initial NIHSS score ≥18, diabetes, absence of IV t-PA, ≥3 passes, and use of rescue therapy were significant independent predictors of poor 90-day outcome in a model with good predictive power (c-index=0.80).

Conclusions

Age, occlusion site, high NIHSS, diabetes, no IV t-PA, ≥3 passes, and use of rescue therapy are associated with poor 90-day outcome despite successful recanalization.
Career identity in the veterinary profession
Authors: Page‐Jones S. , Abbey G.
Published: January 2015

This research investigates vet and vet nurse career identity through the qualitative methodology of narrative enquiry. It derives learning and understanding from these empirical data to assist the veterinary profession to adjust to the changing industry landscape. Through a case series of 20 vets and vet nurses’ career stories, this paper seeks understanding about career identity and its impact on individuals and organisations in the light of industry consolidation. Findings suggest that career is central to identity for many veterinary professionals who tend to have a strong sense of self; this is particularly evident around self as learner and technically competent, teacher and educator, ethical and moral and dedicated and resilient. Consequently, mismatches between ‘who I am’ and ‘what I do’ tend not to lead to identity customisation (to fit self into role or organisation) but to the search for alternative, more identity‐compatible employment. This study offers a valuable insight for employers, veterinary professionals and universities. It suggests that businesses can gain competitive advantage and employees achieve validation and enrichment by working towards organisational and individual identity congruence and that teaching veterinary professionals with contemporary business in mind may develop graduates with a more sustainable identity.
Cellular automata model simulating traffic car accidents in the on-ramp system
Authors: Echab H. , Lakouari N. , Ez-Zahraouy H. , Benyoussef A.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, using Nagel–Schreckenberg model we study the on-ramp system under the expanded open boundary condition. The phase diagram of the two-lane on-ramp system is computed. It is found that the expanded left boundary insertion strategy enhances the flow in the on-ramp lane. Furthermore, we have studied the probability of the occurrence of car accidents. We distinguish two types of car accidents: the accident at the on-ramp site (Prc) and the rear-end accident in the main road (Pac). It is shown that car accidents at the on-ramp site are more likely to occur when traffic is free on road A. However, the rear-end accidents begin to occur above a critical injecting rate αc1. The influence of the on-ramp length (LB) and position (xC0) on the car accidents probabilities is studied. We found that large LB or xC0 causes an important decrease of the probability Prc. However, only large xC0 provokes an increase of the probability Pac. The effect of the stochastic randomization is also computed.
Spectrum of light and strange baryon resonances under the decatic potential
Authors: Salehi Nasrin , Hassanabadi Hassan
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we calculate the light and strange baryons spectrum using a new baryon mass formula. For this purpose we have exactly solved the radial Schrödinger equation in six-dimensional Hilbert space under the decatic potential by power series method via a suitable ansatz to the wave function with parameters those existing in the potential function, possibly for the first time. By applying our model, we find a good agreement for the even and odd parity resonances, the excited multiplets up to 3 GeV and the position of the Roper resonances of the nucleon with the spectrum of the particle data group.
Field generators in two variables and birational endomorphisms of 𝔸2
Authors: Cassou-Noguès Pierrette , Daigle Daniel
Published: January 2015

This paper is a survey of two subjects: the first part is devoted to field generators in two variables, and the second to birational endomorphisms of the affine plane. Each one of these subjects originated in Abhyankar's seminar in Purdue University in the 1970s. Note that the part on field generators is more than a survey, since it contains a considerable amount of new material.
Derived length and centralizers of groups
Authors: Zarrin Mohammad
Published: January 2015

For any group G, let [Formula: see text] denote the set of centralizers of G. We say that a group G is a [Formula: see text]-group if [Formula: see text]. We prove that every arbitrary [Formula: see text]-group is center-by-(finite of order [Formula: see text]. Also we show that the derived length of a nilpotent [Formula: see text]-group is at most [n - 1/2] + 1.
A note on almost Cohen–Macaulay modules
Authors: Chu Lizhong , Tang Zhongming , Tang Hui
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions of a module to be an almost Cohen–Macaulay module by using a characterization of the associated primes set of the first non-vanishing local cohomology module. Also, we give a class of examples of almost Cohen–Macaulay modules.
Infinite minimal non-hypercyclic groups
Authors: de Giovanni Francesco , Trombetti Marco
Published: January 2015

If 𝔛 is a class of groups, a group G is minimal non-𝔛 if it is not an 𝔛-group, but all its proper subgroups belong to 𝔛. The aim of this paper is to prove that for an infinite locally graded group, the property of being minimal non-hypercentral and that of being minimal non-hypercyclic are equivalent. Moreover, the main properties of infinite minimal non-hypercentral groups are described. In the last section, we study groups of infinite rank in which all proper subgroups of infinite rank satisfy a generalized supersolubility condition.
Semi-Baer modules
Authors: Waphare B. N. , Khairnar Anil
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of semi-Baer, semi-quasi Baer, semi-p.q. Baer and semi-p.p. modules as a generalization of Baer, quasi Baer, p.q. Baer and p.p. modules respectively. To define these concepts, we introduce concepts of multiplicative order of an element and a multiplicatively finite element in rings. Further, we characterize these concepts in modules over reduced rings. Also, it is proved that semi-Baer and semi-quasi Baer properties are preserved by polynomial extensions and power series extensions of modules. It is proved that for a ring R and a monoid G, if the semi group ring RG is semi-Baer (semi-quasi Baer) then so is R.
Canonical ADM tetrad gravity: From metrological inertial gauge variables to dynamical tidal Dirac observables
Authors: Lusanna Luca
Published: January 2015

In this updated review of canonical ADM tetrad gravity in a family of globally hyperbolic asymptotically Minkowskian space-times without super-translations I show which is the status-of-the-art in the search of a canonical basis adapted to the first-class Dirac constraints and of the Dirac observables of general relativity (GR) describing the tidal degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. In these space-times the asymptotic ADM Poincaré group replaces the Poincaré group of particle physics, there is a York canonical basis diagonalizing the York–Lichnerowicz approach and a post-Minkowskian linearization is possible with the associated description of gravitational waves in the family of non-harmonic 3-orthogonal Schwinger time gauges. Moreover I show that every fixation of the inertial gauge variables (i.e. the choice of a non-inertial frame) of every generally covariant formulation of GR is equivalent to a set of conventions for the metrology of the space-time (like the GPS ones near the Earth): for instance the freedom in clock synchronization is described by the inertial gauge variable York time (the trace of the extrinsic curvature of the instantaneous 3-spaces). This inertial gauge freedom and the non-Euclidean nature of the instantaneous 3-spaces required by the equivalence principle are connected with the dark side of the universe and could explain the presence of dark matter or at least part of it by means of the adoption of suitable metrical conventions for the ICRS celestial reference system. Also some comments on a canonical quantization of GR coherent with this viewpoint are done.
Some ∗-Clean Group Rings
Authors: Gao Yanyan , Chen Jianlong , Li Yuanlin
Published: January 2015

A ring with involution ∗ is called ∗-clean if each of its elements is the sum of a unit and a projection. It is obvious that ∗-clean rings are clean. Vaš asked whether there exists a clean ring with involution that is not ∗-clean. In this paper, we investigate when a group ring RG is ∗-clean, where ∗ is the classical involution on RG. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for RG to be ∗-clean, where R is a commutative local ring and G is one of the groups C3, C4, S3 and Q8. As a consequence, we provide many examples of group rings which are clean but not ∗-clean.
Root-Feeding Insects and Their Interactions with Organisms in the Rhizosphere
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Rasmann Sergio
Published: January 2015

Root-feeding insects are an increasingly studied group of herbivores whose impacts on plant productivity and ecosystem processes are widely recognized. Their belowground habitat has hitherto hindered our understanding of how they interact with other organisms that share the rhizosphere. A surge in research in this area has now shed light on these interactions. We review key interactions between root-feeding insects and other rhizospheric organisms, including beneficial plant microbes (mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria), antagonists/pathogens of root herbivores (arthropod predators, entomopathogenic nematodes/fungi, and bacterial pathogens), competitors, symbiotic microbes, and detritivores. Patterns for these interactions are emerging. The negative impacts of mycorrhizal fungi on root herbivores, for instance, raise the intriguing prospect that these fungi could be used for pest management. Moreover, a better understanding of symbiotic microbes in root herbivores, especially those underpinning digestion, could prove useful in industries such as biofuel production.
Mirid (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Specialists of Sticky Plants: Adaptations, Interactions, and Ecological Implications
Authors: Wheeler Alfred G. , Krimmel Billy A.
Published: January 2015

Sticky plants—those having glandular trichomes (hairs) that produce adhesive, viscous exudates—can impede the movement of, and entrap, generalist insects. Disparate arthropod groups have adapted to these widespread and taxonomically diverse plants, yet their interactions with glandular hosts rarely are incorporated into broad ecological theory. Ecologists and entomologists might be unaware of even well-documented examples of insects that are sticky-plant specialists. The hemipteran family Miridae (more specifically, the omnivorous Dicyphini: Dicyphina) is the best-known group of arthropods that specializes on sticky plants. In the first synthesis of relationships with glandular plants for any insect family, we review mirid interactions with sticky hosts, including their adaptations (behavioral, morphological, and physiological) and mutualisms with carnivorous plants, and the ecological and agricultural implications of mirid–sticky plant systems. We propose that mirid research applies generally to tritrophic interactions on trichome-defended plants, enhances an understanding of insect-plant interactions, and provides information useful in managing crop pests.
Vector Ecology of Equine Piroplasmosis
Authors: Scoles Glen A. , Ueti Massaro W.
Published: January 2015

Equine piroplasmosis is a disease of Equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras, caused by either of two protozoan parasites, Theileria equi or Babesia caballi. These parasites are biologically transmitted between hosts via tick vectors, and although they have inherent differences they are categorized together because they cause similar pathology and have similar morphologies, life cycles, and vector relationships. To complete their life cycle, these parasites must undergo a complex series of developmental events, including sexual-stage development in their tick vectors. Consequently, ticks are the definitive hosts as well as vectors for these parasites, and the vector relationship is restricted to a few competent tick species. Because the vector relationship is critical to the epidemiology of these parasites, we highlight current knowledge of the vector ecology of these tick-borne equine pathogens, emphasizing tick transmissibility and potential control strategies to prevent their spread.
P65 inactivation in adipocytes and macrophages attenuates adipose inflammatory response in lean but not in obese mice
Authors: Gao Zhanguo , Zhang Jin , Henagan Tara M. , Lee Jong Han , Ye Xin , Wang Hui , Ye Jianping
Published: January 2015

NF-κB induces transcriptional expression of proinflammatory genes and antiapoptotic genes. The two activities of NF-κB remain to be characterized in the mechanism of chronic inflammation in obesity. To address this issue, we inactivated NF-κB in adipose tissue by knocking out p65 (RelA) in mice (F-p65-KO) and examined the inflammation in lean and obese conditions. In the lean condition, KO mice exhibited a reduced inflammation in adipose tissue with a decrease in macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In the obese condition, KO mice had elevated inflammation with more macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and cytokine expression. In the mechanism of enhanced inflammation, adipocytes and macrophages exhibited an increase in cellular apoptosis, which was observed with more formation of crown-like structures (CLS) in fat tissue of KO mice. Body weight, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity were not significantly altered in KO mice under the lean and obese conditions. A modest but significant reduction in body fat mass was observed in KO mice on HFD with an elevation in energy expenditure. The data suggest that in the control of adipose inflammation, NF-κB exhibits different activities in the lean vs. obese condition. NF-κB is required for expression of proinflammatory genes in the lean but not in the obese condition. NF-κB is required for inhibition of apoptosis in the obese condition, in which proinflammation is enhanced by NF-κB inactivation.
Genetic and Pharmacological Inactivation of the Purinergic P2RX7 Receptor Dampens Inflammation but Increases Tumor Incidence in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer
Authors: Hofman Paul , Cherfils-Vicini Julien , Bazin Marie , Ilie Marius , Juhel Thierry , Hébuterne Xavier , Gilson Eric , Schmid-Alliana Annie , Boyer Olivier , Adriouch Sahil , Vouret-Craviari Valérie
Published: January 2015

Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Binding of extracellular ATP to the purinergic receptor P2RX7 has emerged as a critical event in controlling intestinal inflammation, acting to limit elevation of proinflammatory mast cells and cytokines and promote survival of regulatory T cells (Treg) and enteric neurons. In this study, we investigated the effect of P2RX7 blockade in an established mouse model of CAC. Using genetic and pharmacologic tools, we found unexpectedly that while P2RX7 mediated inflammatory responses, it also acted at an early time to suppress CAC development. P2RX7 blockade enhanced proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and protected them from apoptosis. The proliferative effects of P2RX7 blockade were associated with an increased production of TGFβ1 that was sufficient to stimulate the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, P2RX7 blockade also altered immune cell infiltration and promoted Treg accumulation within lesions of the digestive system. Taken together, our findings reveal an unexpected role for P2RX7 in preventing CAC, suggesting cautions in the use of P2RX7 inhibitors to treat IBD given the possibility of increasing risks CAC as a result. Cancer Res; 75(5); 835–45. ©2015 AACR.