bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMETAAN KERAWANAN TANAH LONGSOR PADA OBJEK WISATA SWAFOTO DI DESA WANAGIRI, KECAMATAN SUKASADA, KABUPATEN BULELENG
Authors: Tamonob Meris Otniel Stefanus , Atmaja Dewa Made , Kurniawan Wayan Damar Windu
Published: April 2022

Landslides are one of the world's disasters. areas that are prone to landslides when viewed from the topography are mountains and hills with moderate to steep slopes. slope stability is affected due to earthquakes and human activities. This research aims to determine the level of vulnerability and distribution of landslide-prone areas on a selfie photo tourism object in the wanagiri village, Sukasada sub-district and find out the potential loss in landslide-prone areas on a selfie photo tourism object in Wanagiri village, Sukasada sub-district. the process of identifying vulnerability of landslide areas is carried out by scoring each class which has different weights and previously it had been classified in advance according to each class trought overlay analysis on maps that have been classified to get results in the form of landslide vulnerability maps, then to determine the level of landslide vulnerability in tourist attractions then by using an overlay analysis between the landslide vulnerability map and the self-spreading tourism site. the results of this research are vulnerability of landslide maps on selfie photos tourism object which are overlays of slope maps, rainfall maps, land types maps, land use maps and elevation maps (evalation). division point of landslide vulnerability in this research is divided into 5 parts, namely not prone, somewhat vulnerable, quite vulnerable, vulnerable and landslide vulnerability. the results of this research indicate that the tourism objects that are at the level of prone as many as 4 objects, namely hidden hill, selfie tourism spotspot Pak oles, pucak swing and wanagiri tower garden. tourism object with a very vulnerable level is in 1 object, namely the black bamboo tower tourism selfie spot.
EVALUASI DAYA DUKUNG WISATA DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM SANGEH, BALI
Authors: Iswara I Putu Hindu , Santhyasa I Komang Gede
Published: April 2022

The TWA Sangeh area was established based on the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number SK.203 / Menhut-II / 2014 dated 03 March 2014 concerning the Sangeh Natural Park Area (RTK.21) covering an area of ​​13.91 hectares in Badung Regency, Bali Province, with two functions namely the conservation function and cultivation function, the carrying capacity in the TWA sangeh area is an important point for the sustainability of these two functions so that they coexist well. Identifying the tourism carrying capacity that can be accommodated in TWA Sangeh, and identifying the role of the management of the TWA Sangeh area on tourism carrying capacity are the objectives of this study using quantitative and qualitative methods. Capability The carrying capacity of tourists at TWA Sangeh in supporting visitor activity on a tour is determined by the calculation of the physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC), and the effective carrying capacity of the ECC. The capacity of the carrying capacity provides a less than optimal picture of this being an opportunity for tourism development in TWA Sangeh.
KOMPARASI PERMUKIMAN DESA ADAT TENGANAN PEGRINGSINGAN DENGAN DESA ADAT TENGANAN DAUH TUKAD DI KARANGASEM BALI
Authors: Adnyana Ida Bagus Made Adi Yasa , Kardinal Ni. G. A. Diah Ambarwati , Sudharsana I Made Gde
Published: April 2022

This study aims to compare the pattern of residential space and the characteristics of traditional yard pattern in Tenganan Pegringsingan village with Tenganan Dauh Tukad village This research is important to do to make a contribution in the field of regional and urban planning, especially in understanding the comparison of settlement patterns in traditional Balinese traditional villages. The research method used in this thesis is a deskriftif comparative research method. Comparative research method is research that compares two or more symptoms, where in studying it requires primary data or field research as well as secondary data or library materials. The results showed that the Tenganan Pegringsingan Traditional Village and the Tenganan Dauh Tukad Traditional Village have relatively similar settlement space patterns and yard pattern characteristics, there is only a slight difference, one of which is the concept of hulu teben. The concept of hulu teben Traditional Village of Tenganan Pegringsingan is oriented towards the north and the south, where the north is considered a sacred zone while the south is considered a dirty zone. The concept of hulu teben Traditional Village of Tenganan Dauh Tukad is oriented towards the east and the west, where the eastern part is considered a sacred zone while the western part is considered a dirty zone.
PERAN SUBAK DALAM MENGURANGI ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DI KELURAHAN PENATIH, KOTA DENPASAR
Authors: Dipayana K. Raditya Krisna , Juliarthana I Nyoman Harry
Published: April 2022

Subak is a community organization that functions to regulate the distribution system of irrigation flows that irrigate each plot of rice fields. Based on data from the Denpasar City Agriculture Office, the area of ​​rice fields in 2017 reached 2,464 hectares. Then, in early 2018 it became 2,444 hectares, or shrunk by 20 hectares. Therefore the authors conducted research on; First, identify the role of subak in reducing land use change that occurs in Penatih Village with its 3 subaks included in the government program, namely sustainable subak; Second, investigate what factors can reduce land conversion in Denpasar City, especially in Penatih Village. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of subak in reducing land conversion in Penatih Village and the dominant factors that play a role in reducing the rate of land conversion. Using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, this study found that subak has an important role in reducing the rate of land use change. This can be seen from the mindset that Subak already knows what land is and land use change. From the technology of rice fields, it is also currently easier for Subak to manage agricultural land. Now, how can Subak apply the existing and mutually agreed upon awig - awig to reduce land conversion and plan to develop the existing potential so that the income of farmers will increase. The dominant factors that play a role in reducing land use change are the rice field technology factor from the mindset subsystem, the awig - awig factor and subak organization from the social subsystem, and the suitability of land and rice fields from the physical subsystem.
Contenido y captura de carbono en plantación de Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl.&Cham., en el ejido Rancho Nuevo Nanacamila, Zacatlán de las Manzanas, Puebla, México
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)., Murillo Alfaro María Fernanda , Ordóñez Díaz José Antonio Benjamín , Nieto de  Pascual-Pola Cecilia ,   Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Servicios Ambientales y Cambio Climático, SACC A.C,   Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria para la Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales (INIFAP, CENID-COMEF)., Ortega Treviño Luis Enrique Ortega Treviño , Munguia Barcenas Anabell , Galicia Naranjo Adolfo , Velarde Meza Erik Eliezer
Published: April 2022

Forest plantations represent one of the main mitigation alternatives to climate change due to carbon stores in biomass and soil. Inpresent work the estimation of biomass and carbon stores was carried out in a plantation of Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. &Cham. Location of the site was the Rancho Nuevo Nanacamila ejido in the Zacatlán de las Manzanas municipality, Puebla. Fiveplots of 33 x 33 m were established in order to verify distances between trees in the field. Allometric equations were used to knowthe volume gained during its growth in 2017 and 2018, and the aerial biomass was estimated to calculate the present carbon content.As a result, a total of 1,580 trees were measured whose diameters ranged from 0.5 to 27.9 cm. The average biomass calculation was3,841 t ha. Because the growth of trees is relatively slow, the most effective way to fix COis through proper forest management,harvesting at the best time and turning wood into durable products that allow to store carbon for a long period of time.
When I Was a Boy in Japan
Authors: Shioya Sakae
Published: April 2022

Japanese children in the 1870s and 1880s were offspring of a centuries-old traditional order who faced a world suddenly dominated by foreign science and commerce. As a child in Meiji Japan, Sakae grew up among survivors of the shogunate and observed their samurai culture displaced by Western morals and practices. Meanwhile the traditional values of Japanese life still exerted a strong influence over his family and education and played a large part in shaping his experience, as recounted with charm and tenderness in this simple and reflective reminiscence.
Sakae Shioya (1873–1961) attended Tokyo’s First Imperial College and came to the United States in 1901. He earned an M.A. degree from the University of Chicago in 1903 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1906, both in English. He translated works by contemporary Japanese writers, including Rohan Koda and Kenjiro Tokutomi. In addition to this childhood memoir published in 1906, his later works included Chushingura: An Exposition (1940).
Interactive Documentary as Form of Public Narrative in Digital Age
Authors: Fan Weikun
Published: April 2022

This paper examines how migration crises in North America are represented in two award-winning interactive documentary projects—Borderland and Roxham. Through various combinations of images, texts, video, surface designs and visual presentation, those two both portray detailed stories and imply critical point of views. Based on reflection on interactivity, hypertextuality, multimediality that afforded by digital technology, this project is guided by the main research question: how do features of interactive documentary enable this non-linear storytelling structure to be a new form of public narrative? With the analysis of Borderland and Roxham as case studies, remixes of multimedia visual elements, narrative structures, contributions from users and variation in user’s narrative routes are also discussed within sub-questions: how does the story of individual open emotional dialogue in those two projects? In what way users can experience the shared values through emotion that may lead to moral choice?

 

Two projects are analyzed by Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis to evaluate the structure of stories and interactivity constructed by moving images, perspectives, and storytelling. By tapping into the interlocking plots and the power of narrative, I argue that interactive documentary forms a unique public narrative when tackling social issues, allowing self-experience to intertwine with collective experience, and let individuals meet in this temporal public sphere through authorial expressivity, narrative routes and interactive participatory.
Escaping Confinement
Authors: Paris Yago
Published: April 2022

One of the most representative aspects of fiction films that address the COVID-19 pandemic is the insistent appearance of electronic devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones) to allow virtual communication between the main characters of the story. I claim that, in those films, the use of these devices and the images they produce is different from those that appeared in pre-pandemic cinema, and, as such, conveys different meanings to the filmed images. In order to explore these ideas, I will first study the ontology of phone footage imagery, to establish the main traits of this type of image. Afterwards, I will signal the differences between pre-pandemic and pandemic phone footage imagery, in order to understand the key formal traits that imply different meanings for each case. Finally, by analyzing some of the most relevant commercial films about the COVID-19 pandemic that have been produced so far (Songbird (2020), Locked Down (2021), Safer at Home (2021), Host (2020), and Ctrl+Alt+Trick/treat (2020)), I will intend to prove that in these fictions phone footage (as opposed to other electronic-device footage) addresses the desire to gain certain freedom in a scenario of confinement.
From Animality to Immortality
Authors: Fiuza Fernandes Ana Carolina
Published: April 2022

In the light of the novel The City and the Stars (Arthur C. Clarke, 1956), this paper discusses the impacts of new technologies—namely, cybernetics, computer networks, and Artificial Intelligence advent—on representations of corporeality, its limits, and transmutations. At first, it will briefly highlight how techniques of the body are mostly concerned with enhancing human biology (until getting rid of it) to circumvent vulnerabilities of the flesh, especially death. Then, Clarke’s novel will be used as an analytical lens, as it anticipates philosophical implications arising from “technological immortality,” expressed in the mind-upload theory and its ideal body transcendence—a singular junction between metaphysics and computer sciences.
Virtually Real
Authors: Iseli Christian , Loertscher Miriam Laura , Thomas Gerber
Published: April 2022

Due to the rapid pace of digitalization, Virtual Production (VP) in film is gaining importance. With this gamified production process, live-action and computer graphics can be combined in real-time while filming on set. This paper focuses on an interdisciplinary research project that investigates the effects of VP on visual aesthetics, on the changing workflows of filmmakers and actors, and on the perception of a cinema audience.
To systematically compare conventional filmmaking with new virtual forms of production, two short feature films were shot both conventionally (in real locations) and virtually (in the digitally scanned versions of these locations). The filmmakers aspired to keep all parameters of the production the same so that wherever possible, the only differences would be in terms of spatial representation. The process of VP included shooting with green-screen and pre-visualization based on real-time image rendering in a moderate quality. The high-resolution variants, however, were still processed in post-production. The methodology comprised a combination of qualitative, practice-based research and quantitative, empirical approaches, in the tradition of mixed methods.
As VP continues to develop, green-screens are being replaced by large arrays of LED-displays, as in, for example, The Mandalorian. The present study shows that in the first phase of VP, in which green-screen procedures are still predominant, composition artifacts occur mainly in the context of moderate production resources and are still measurable in terms of image quality.
How to Make Immersive Technologies More Equitable
Authors: Gedal Anna
Published: April 2022

Today, immersive technologies—like virtual reality—are celebrated as natural empathy machines, capable of fostering meaningful cross-cultural understanding. I interrogate this assumption through my case study of an early twentieth-century immersive, interactive ride: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1903). The elaborate travel simulation and multisensorial, live-action scenes that followed offered millions of visitors a thrilling glimpse of the electrified future promised by American imperialism. Through 20,000 Leagues, audiences climbed aboard a simulated submarine and traveled to the Arctic (a massive refrigerated warehouse on Coney Island at the height of summer, featuring live polar bears and “authentic” Native Alaskans). Though perhaps experienced simply as entertainment, the ride was a potent pedagogical tool; the amusement introduced visitors to the thrill of “discovery” first-hand while erasing the violence of colonialism. The impact of this ride, and others like it, was profound, contributing to mass support for imperial wars abroad and racial segregation at home. Drawing lessons from my case study, I argue that the early ride was a precursor to twenty-first-century immersive worlds. 
My work centers on the pressing need to reconnect immersive technology to its historical context or risk reinscribing the imperial gaze into contemporary experiences. To move toward this goal, I offer fellow makers and scholars terminology to articulate the manifestations of the medium’s colonial inheritance, critical questions to guide a more equitable cultural production process, and a contemporary case study of VR film, Traveling While Black (2019), directed by Roger Ross Williams, who is already engaged in this critical work.
Activating the arts in death: What are the cultural implications for MAiD?
Authors: Ignagni Esther , Chandler Eliza , Collins Kimberlee
Published: April 2022

This discussion paper attends to subcultural production emerging at the intersection of Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD), death, disability, and other forms of precarious life. We think with disability arts, that is art created by disabled, mad, sick, and ill people that springs from the experience, politics, and culture of disability (Frazee, 2008) and plays an important role in advancing disability rights and justice. We consider how this form of cultural production animates diverse and intersectional representations and political perspectives in ways that are invitational rather than didactic or prescriptive. By engaging three Canadian disability performance art pieces that activate “crip theory” critical perspectives, we consider how these subcultural productions both indirectly support and extend disability rights endeavours to challenge the implementation of MAiD legislation in Canada. We highlight how each of these works creates space for thinking about the relationship of death and dying in nuanced ways that promote disability life and vitality in a post-MAiD context, without slipping into ableist tropes.
Perception of self-care ability among patients with stroke post-discharge: A qualitative descriptive study in Iran
Authors: Jafari-Golestan Nasrin , Dalvandi Asghar , Hosseini Mohammadali , Fallahi-Khoshknab Masoud , Ebadi Abbas , Rahgozar Mahdi , Sidani Souraya
Published: April 2022

Background: Patients with stroke, once at home, experience different perceptions of their ability for self-care. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to elucidate patients’ perception of their self-care ability. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with 10 patients with stroke, within one month following discharge from hospital. Sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation was reached. All recorded interviews were transcribed and imported to MAXQDA software. The transcripts were content analyzed, following the five-step method by Granheim and Lundman. Results: Three main categories and ten subcategories were revealed: immersion in distress (feeling of sorrow and sadness, lack of control of life, feeling of anxiety and worry), perceived difficulty (dependency on others, disabling nature of the disease, multiple underlying diseases and mental health problems) and compatible adaptive reaction (acceptance of disability, improving health literacy, enhancement of spiritual health). Conclusions: Patients with stroke reported limited ability for self-care post-discharge, which had a considerable effect on their engagement in self-care behaviors and application of recommended treatment methods at home. The findings have implications for designing nurse-led interventions to promote self-care in this vulnerable patient population.
The impact of COVID-19 on nursing education in Sri Lanka: A reflective analysis
Authors: Rathnayake Sarath , Jagoda Thilanka , Dassanayake Damayanthi , Dharmarathna Nishadi , Herath Chandrani M , Dharmaratne Samath D
Published: April 2022

In the wake of COVID-19, nursing education has shifted to eLearning from traditional methods. This reflective analysis addresses the impact of COVID-19 on the development of competencies among nursing students in Sri Lanka. Four themes were identified: the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing education; the role of eLearning in nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic; the acquisition of nursing skills and competencies; and implications for education, research, and policy. Virtual online learning has replaced traditional teaching and learning. Acquiring clinical skills and competencies and completing the practicum are challenging. Since nurses are in high demand; nursing education needs to be accelerated and modified. A change in policies related to education and research is essential for developing countries. Blended learning, which includes more simulation teaching, is recommended.
The Antibacterial Activity of Callemia Sinensis (green tea) on Some Bacterial Species.
Authors: Thamer Jasim M. , Ayad Raauf M.R. , Dalya Hana B.
Published: April 2022

The main objective of this research is to screen and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Callemia Sinensis and to find out zone of inhibition against gram positive (G+ve) bacteria as well as gram negative (G-ve) bacteria.Extraction of the leaves Callemia Sinensis (green tea) and tested against 54 isolates of G+ve and G-ve bacteria which were isolated from different samples, which include pus of skin, urine and throat swabs of patients who were admitted to Al-jerahat specialized hospital in Baghdad during the period of 1/12/2008 to 1/7/2009.The methanolic extract of the plant Callemia Sinensis (green tea) showed antibacterial activity against 54 bacterial isolates that would be isolated in this study: 8 isolates of Escherichia coli, 8 isolatesof Streptococcus pneumoniae, 12 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 8 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 6 isolates of Proteus species, and 12 isolates of Pseudomonas aeroginosa.

Callemia Sinensis have been shown to have potential chemotherapeutic activities. These data provide a direct mechanism of action for Callemia Sinensis and further support its role as a chemopreventive agents.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Diltiazem Hydrochloride Buccal Tablets
Authors: Sabri Lubna A.
Published: April 2022

Mucoadhesive tablets for buccal administration of diltiazem hydrochloride were prepared as an alternative to available diltiazem HCl dosage forms. Two types of tablets were developed each containing two mucoadhesive components (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose HPMC and sodium alginate) and (HPMC and carbopol) for each types, batches were produced by changing quantity of polymer. The formulations were tested for mucoadhesive performance and release pattern. In vitro bioadhesive strength studies showed that the HPMC/carbopol formulations were more bioadhesive and less drug release rate compared with HPMC/alginate formulations. Increasing the content of HPMC in HPMC/alginate tablets resulted in increase in detachment forces and swelling index but lower release rates were observed. The release behavior of all formulations was non-Fickian mechanism controlled by a combination of diffusion and chain relaxation mechanisms and best fitted zero-order kinetics.The buccoadhesive diltiazem HCl tablets containing 18.75% sodium alginate and 37.5% HPMC showed suitable release kinetics (n = 0.86, K0 zero order release = 10.29 mg/h, MDT = 4.8 h) , good adhesive properties and did not show any interaction between polymers and drug based on FT-IR study.
Formulation of Tinidazole Rectal Suppositories
Authors: Yousif Hala S.
Published: April 2022

Tinidazole was prepared as a suppository dosage form that could be used rectally in an attempt to render the drug available systemically by a route other than oral route, thus overcoming the side effects of the drug on the gastrointestinal tract. Also such dosage form could replace the intravenous administration whenever it is inconvenient.The influence of the type of suppository base and added surfactants on the physical properties and drug release was studied using lipophilic bases (witepsole H-15, witepsole H-35) and water soluble bases [mixtures of polyethylene glycols PEG 6000:400:200 (30:35:35) and PEG 4000:1000 (30:70)].The results showed a good release of tinidazole from PEG bases compared to lipophilic bases because of the interaction between the drug and triglycerides of the lipophilic bases. Also the non ionic surfactants increase the release of tinidazole from witepsole H-15 base containing suppository and the increase was greater for span 80 than tween 80.Also the influence of temperature and storage period on the physical properties and release was investigated by storing the prepared suppositories at 4˚C and 25˚C for 1, 15, 30 and 45 days. The results appeared that the temperature of storage affect the release of tinidazole from witepsole H-15, but had no effect on physical properties of the suppositories. While the storage period at both temperatures had some effects on the physical properties. On the other hand, temperature of storage affects the physical properties of polyethylene glycol suppositories and release of the drug, in contrast to the period of storage, which had no effect.The expiration date of tinidazole in formula containing polyethylene glycol 4000:1000 (30:70) was found to be about 3.3 years.
Evaluate the antibacterial effect of Garlic (Alliumsativum) and antimicrobial susceptibility on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from otitis media
Authors: Al-Yas Maysaa Ch.
Published: April 2022

Twenty swab samples were taken from patients suffering from otitis infection; these samples were cultured on different agar media (blood agar base, macConky and cetramide). Several microscopical, morphological and biochemical tests were performed and results showed that 50% of isolated colony were belonged to Psudomonas aeruginosa. In addition it was found that males were more susceptible to infection with otitis than female especially at teenager aged.

Five isolates were subject to sensitivity test against several antibiotic groups. Result showed that all five isolates were resistance to pencilline, tetracycline, Cefotaxtin (100%) and (60%) of them showed resistance to cefotaxime and (40%) to chloroemphenicol and (20%) to amoxicillin while all isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was performed for two multiple drugs resistance isolates (P1 and P2) result declared that both P1and P2 showed high-level of resistance to Cefotaxime and chloraemphenicol with MIC (128μg\ml), followed by (64μg\ml) to ampicillin while P2 was (128 μg\ml), as well as, the amoxicillin showed the lowest MIC (16 μg\ml) forP1 and (64 μg\ml) to P2.No pH effect was observed on the activity of garlic when antibacterial effect of garlic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated at different PH. The MIC of garlic extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different incubation periods was determined. Results showed that after 24hrs MIC of extract was greater than 8μg/ml for P1 isolate and 16μg/ml for P2 isolate.While, after 72rs it was found that the MIC at concentrations (32, 64 and 128 μg/ml) were more effective in inhibition growth of (P1, P2) while in (8 μg/ml) that indicated heavy growth of P. aeruginosa
Evaluation of Selenium and Chloride levels in both sera and saliva samples in renal stone former patients
Authors: Abbas Wasan Abdulkareem , Fadil Ammar , Al-Khazraji Sundus Kh.
Published: April 2022

The study included 40 patients (27 males and 13 females) with renal and ureteric stones were submitted to lithotripsy unit in Al-Yarmook Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq, their mean ages were (39±14) and 14 apparently healthy controls were enrolled in this study their mean ages were (38±12) .The study objected to evaluate the serum and saliva levels of selenium (Se) and Chloride (Cl) in patients with stones and healthy as controls to find apossible relation between these elements and stone formation.Selenium and chloride were measured both in sera and saliva, the results showed that the mean value of serum and saliva selenium levels in stone formerpatients were statistically significant lower compared with healthy controls (p<0.0001, 0.002) respectively, while the mean value serum chloride level in stone former patients were significantly higher than healthy controls (p< 0.018).

This study showed that we can use serum and saliva selenium and serum chloride as a biomarker in renal stone former patients.
Some Variable Affecting Formulationof Tinidazole Mucoadhesive Oral Gel
Authors: Sulayman Halah T.
Published: April 2022

Tinidazole (TZ) is an antibacterial drug used for treatment of periodentitis.More benefit may be obtained by the application of a localized oral drug delivery system consist of mucoadhesive polymers which increase the contact time between the base and the oral tissue. Different gel formulations were prepared using the bioadhesive polymers carbomer 941, sodium caroxymethylcellulose (SCMC), and guar gum. The influence of polymer type and polymers blend in varying ratio on the viscosity, bioadhesive strength, swelling index and drug release were evaluated. SCMC based gel showed fastest release in comparison with carbomer and guar gum based gel. Using polymer blend of SCMC with either carbomer or guar gum resulted in a modification of both release and physical properties. The release of TZ was decreased with increasing amount of carbomer and guar gum and decreasing amount of SCMC. And increasing the viscosity of the gel formulations resulted in a retardation effect on the release of the drug. The study also showed that formulas containing carbomer exhibited maximum swelling values with lower release rates and best mucoadhesion.
Inhibitory Effect Of Oxadiazooles And Thiadiazoles In Vitro On Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme Of Pregnant Woman
Authors: AL-Auqbi Tawfeeq F. R. , Al-Khalidy Noor tha'ir Tahir
Published: April 2022

To assess the inhibitory effect of oxadiazole and thiadiazole derivatives on serum alkaline phosphatase level of pregnant in vitro. A cross-sectional studyon 34 pregnant women was carried out at Al-Kadhumia Teaching Hospital. The mechanism of Inhibitory effect of Oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles derivatives invitro on alkaline phosphatase enzyme of pregnant women due to the dephosphorylation reaction which block the ALP activity.
Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol ,Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Ascorbic Acid in Tablet Dosage Form by HPLC
Authors: Hasson Kahtan J. , Hamdu Hazim H.
Published: April 2022

The mixture of paracetamol, chlorpheniramine maleate and ascorbic acid is widely used in medicine as anti flu remedy .Pharmaceutically ,this mixture isprepared as a tablet by different manufacturers and it has good reputation in the market .However, this drug mixture is still non-official in pharmacopoiea, butthe USP has described a non specific method of HPLC for the mixture of paracetamol with antihistamine and other antitussive drugs .

Application of the USP- HPLC method was found unreliable for the analysis of tablet containing this drug mixture of three components, since different chromatographic conditions should be applied for each component. Some workers also prescribed a method of analysis by specific procedure for each component individually after previous extraction, which rather long and tedious.In this work; an HPLC method was developed by using the reversed phase mode of chromatography (ODS column) and a mobile phase consists of ammonium phosphate 0.1M and methanol 20% .the peaks of three components of the studied mixture were well separated and the retention times of ascorbic acid ,chlorpheniramine maleate and paracetamol were 2.10,2.76 and 6.60 Minutes respectively and the whole analysis was accomplished in 10 minutes.The accuracy and precision of this method were approved for the quantitative analysis of each component of the mixture.
Improved selection medium and technique for isolation of Azospirillum irakense
Authors: Khammas Khalil M. , Mehdi Nada Z. , Alwan Ali H.
Published: April 2022

An improved selection medium and technique for Isolation of Azospirillum irakense was developed . This technique is based on the utilization of free-nitrogensemi-solid medium supplement with disaccharide, lactulose, as a sole source of carbon and energy instead of malate with a pH value of 7.4 .This selected medium was found to encourage the growth of A. irakense alone and to prevent the other species of Azospirillum.The improved medium was superior than the other available media .The technique was simply applied to detect A.irakense, showed a high increase in numbers of A.irakense isolates obtaining from the soil rhizosphere and roots, and decreased the time cost
The Effect of Smoking on the Some Trace Elements and Cortisol Hormone Concentration in Serum
Authors: Elewi Ali Saad
Published: April 2022

The effect of different doses of smoking on the some trace elements (Se, Zn, Pb, Cu) and cortisol hormone concentration have been studied.Four groups of smokers were used in this study to investigate the effect of smoking in trace element and cortisol hormone concentration in smokers andcompare the finding with nonsmokers group (control group). Mean values of cortisol hormone concentration in group I (consumed 10- 20 cigar per day with 0.4mg nicotine/cigar) were found to be significantly higher (p 0.01) in comparison with the value of control group and high significantly higher (p 0.001) in group II who consumed 10-20 cigar per day with 0.8 mg nicotine/cigar, and high significantly higher (p 0.001) in group III, IV (consumed 40 or more cigar per day with 0.4 and 0.8 mg nicotine/cigar, respectively).Serum selenium concentrations in smokers were below control group among all smoker groups, and the concentrations of selenium were depression increasing with increasing doses of smoking and nicotine in cigar.Significantly increase in concentration of Cu (p 0.001) in group III, IV in comparison with control group while non significant increase (p 0.05) in group I, II.No effect of smoking in the concentration of Zn in serum of all smoker groups.Pb serum concentration in smoker were found to be higher than control group, and the increasing in pb concentration proportion with increasing dosesof smoking and nicotine in cigar.
The study of antibacterial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers extracts
Authors: Aziz Fitua M. , Raauf Ayad M. R. , Shukur Shaimaa I.
Published: April 2022

The aqueous and methanol extracts obtain from flowers Hibiscus sabdariffa have been investigated for their antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity was determined by using agar well diffusion method at concentrations of (500, 250, 125, 62.5) mg/ml, against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus vulgaris.Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects of methanol and aqueous extracts against bacteria used in this study at different levels. Only E.coli was not susceptible to aqueous extract at all concentrations were used.
The Effect of Clinical Examination and Kennedy Classification on the Design of Removable Partial Dentures
Authors: Ali Suliman M. , Namat Zenna N. , Ahmed Azhar
Published: April 2022

The success of Removable Partial Dentures (RPD) depends greatly on it's design, (which means acrylic, Cobalt- Chromium [co-ch], and fixed).But unfortunately many dentists delegate their responsibility of RPDS design to the dental technician for one reason or another, this study was done to confirm the effect of kennedy classification and clinical examination on the RPD design, and to identify the changes between design of group (A) dental technician and group (B) the dentists, and to be solved in future.

The result show 36% of the cases were modified and changed according to the cases related variables this high and significant number of modification reinforces the position that RPD design should be decided and guided by the dentists. The study conducted the effects of kennedy classification and clinical examination on the RPD design by comparing between designs group of Dental technician without clinical examination and designs marked by the dentists after providing the clinical examination, the change of design was clearly proved that the clinical examination played a very important role in changing the RPD designs.
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Ibraheem Khalida Jhalil
Published: April 2022

The aim of the present study was to determine the microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of organisms isolated from diabetic foot ulcers.Pus and debrided tissue samples from 46 patients with diabetic foot ulcers collected and processed.Bacterial isolates were identified by using different microscopical examination, cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Sensitivity tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of 46 patients , male (73.9%) were found to be affected and develop foot infection more than female (26.1%) while type two diabetes mellitus (65.2%) more susceptibility for infection than type one (34.8%).Gram- negative bacteria were most frequently isolated (42%), followed by gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes (30.4% and 27.6% respectively).Predominant aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (17.1%) and Peptostreptococcus spp (8.6%), respectively. All the microorganisms isolated showed high resistance to used antibiotics; susceptibility of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to ceftizoxime was (100%), so we suggest this drug for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
Epidemiological study of Giardiasis and its impact on children blood picture
Authors: Abdalnabi Rafid abdalwahed , Sabih Bakr farouk
Published: April 2022

A total of 106 blood samples and 350 fecal samples were collected from children for the period from beginning of June till the end of November 2010 forthis study. The higher infection of Giardia. lamblia was 49.35% in patients visit Abughraib hospital while the lowest was 26.11% patients visit central healthlaboratories. There is no significant difference noticed between two sexes (male, female) the infected rate in male was 31.42%, while in female 32.14% . This study showed the relation between infection rate and the age, the age of 6-10 years old showed highest infection rate were 66.66% while the lowest rate of infection 4.08 % at age of 1-3months.The study showed a clear effect of Giardiasis on rate of packed cell volume it was in infected children 39.14 % while in non infected 31.91% There is also effect of Giardiasis on rate of children hemoglobin it was in infected 11.87gm /100 microlitter while in non infected was 10.05gm/100 microlitter.This study showed effect of Giardiasis on Total white blood cells it were in infected children 700 Cells/microlitters while in non infected were 785 cells/microlitter.
A new Herbal preparation with hypoglycemic effect used in treatment of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [NIDDM]
Authors: Abass Omar Ahmed
Published: April 2022

Highly qualified herbal mixture prepared from; Artemisia herba Alba [aerial parts], Lupinus albus [fruits], Trigonella foenum-graecum [fruits], and Nigella sativa [fruits], in a proportion of [0.25 part: 0.25 part: 0.25 part: 1 part], mechanically milled to a uniform mesh size and homogenously fill size "0" hardgelatin capsules weight ≈ 700 ±10 mg . Forty-one [NIDDM] patients use this mixture for one month in a dose of one capsule three times daily after food assigned Group B. Another Forty-one [NIDDM] patients assigned Group A, are using Metformin tablets 500 mg three times per day after food for one month. Pre- and post- treatment of fasting blood glucose levels of both Groups recorded on three days interval per week for one month, the monthly average counted and the results analyzed statistically to show significant lowering of blood glucose for both groups after treatment, with significant improvement of blood sugar by Herbal medicine compared to Metformin.
New Technique use to differentiate between Pseudo and true coagulase Activity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Different infected Sites in Patients from Baghdad Hospitals
Authors: Al-Araji Mohammed kadum
Published: April 2022

A total of 300 strains of Staphylococci isolated from various pathological sites of infection from different hospitals; these specimens derived from cases ofhuman infections were tested for staphylocoagulase activity.

Test systems employing normal citrated rabbit plasma and the same substrate supplemented with inhibitors of thrombin and proteolytic enzymes (but notinfluencing the staphylocoagulase activity) were used for testing suspensions of bacteria and cell-free culture supernatants. A total of 200 strains clotted normal rabbit plasma; however addition of Trasylol and heparine resulted in positive results in 100 strains, whereas plasma supplemented with Trasylol and hirudin was coagulated definitely by only 70 strains.It is postulated that proteolytic enzymes of staphylococci interfere with staphylocoagulase-induced clotting and may simulate coagulase-positve activity of staphylococci.To avoid such false results, attest system for detection of sse shtaphylocoagulaould include proteolytic enzyme inhibitors The purpose of this investigation was to verify this hypothesis by testing a collection of staphylococci strains from different sources of infections against rabbit plasma in atypical coagulase test versus the same supplemented with specific inhibitors of proteases and thrombin depending on the sever sites of infections.
Preparation of Polyvinylpyrrolidinone With Paracetamol as Drug Polymer
Authors: AL-Salami Firyal M.A. , AL-Sharify Abbas N.M. , J. K. Khudheyer
Published: April 2022

The prodrug polymer was prepared according to ring opening of polyvinyl pyrrollidinone with nuecleophilic attack of hydroxyl group of paracetamol.The new colorless drug polymer was formed with 92% conversion percentage with intrinsic viscosity was equal to (0.61dl/g). The drug polymer wascharacterized and identified by1H-NMR, IR and UV. Spectroscopy. Controlled released rates were studied in acidic and basic medium at 30 0C and 40 0C.Rate of hydrolysis of paracetamolate ester acts as base > acid, and the rate of release, depends on temperature and pH values. The results show higher hydrolysis at higher temperature as well as higher pH value.
Preparation of Poly (N-Cephalexin Amic Acids) as Drug Polymers
Authors: AL-Salami Firyal M.A. , G.K. Khudheyer , AL-Sharify Abbas N.M.
Published: April 2022

In this work new monomers have been prepared such as N-Cephalexin maleamic acid M1 and N-Cephalexin citriconamic acid M2 , from reaction of Cephalexine with maleic anhydride and citraconic anhydride at room temperature using dioxane as a solvent.The new prepared monomers M1and M2 were polymerized free radically with AIBN as initiator to their corresponding poly amic acids P1 and P2. Whichwere converted to their sodium salt polymers P3 and P4 to enhance their solubility in water.The physical and chemical properties were studied; the prepared monomers and polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and UV. Spectroscopy, theintrinsic viscosity was measured by Ostwald viscometer at 30 0C with DMF as a solvent; the drug release rate was studied. Experimental results showed that the hydrolysis of Cephalexin in alkaline medium was higher than acidic medium.

The softening point of the prepared P1 drug polymer was 130.23-138.350C with-190.17mJ as used in softing point,and softening point of the prepared P2 was 207-2200C
The Effect of Ring Size on the Biological Activity of Nitrogen Containing Compounds
Authors: K.M. Sowdani
Published: April 2022

The biological activity of N-containing ring compounds was studied as a function of the distribution coefficient of these compounds in 1-octanol/watersystem. The reaction used to monitor activity is the detritiation of 3[H]- acetophenone in dimethylsulfoxide affected by the nitrogen bases understudy at25.0oC A strong correlation was found between the rate of detretiation of labeled acetophenone and the basicity of N-containing ring cyclic compounds. Thecorrelation coefficient and regression constant were 1.0321 and R2= 0.9415 respectively. This finding shows that similar factors were involved in both cases.Whenever these bases are part of the structure of a drug e.g., they may cause deprotonation of some alkyl groups e.g an acyl hence altering its distribution andbinding to the receptor.
A study on Tumor Marker Calcitonin (CT) in Thyroid Patients
Authors: Alezzi Buthaina I. H. , Al-Alassaf Anwar I. S. , Al-Mageed Nahla G. Abdul
Published: April 2022

The study included 60 patients with preoperative single and multiple nodule goiter, their age ranged from (20-60) years. The other group included(20) persons as healthy control with age (20-60) years. Serum samples were tested by using ELISA technique for detection of (CT). Our findings indicatedthat calcitonin concentration in three patients with multiple nodule goiter had high mean level (20.69±3.55) compared with the other patients (4.18± 0.07).The detection of calcitonin concentration may the first studied descriptive study in Iraq, and the results were compared abroad studies. Lastly the level of thyroidhormone was not affected by the elevated concentration calcitonin
Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Nystatin Vaginal Gel
Authors: Khasraghi Abeer H.
Published: April 2022

Nystatin was prepared as vaginal gels using mucoadhesive polymers to provide mucoadhesive property which in turns increase its effectiveness; different formulas were prepared which were evaluated for the in vitro drug release and for their physical properties (swelling index, viscosity, rheological behavior, pH, spreadability, and mucoadhesive characteristics). The influence of type and concentration of gelling agent [2.5 and 3.5 %w/w carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 0.5 and 1% w/w carbopol 934 (CP 934), and 3 and 4% w/w xanthan gum], besides the effect of addition of different concentration (1, 3, 5, and 10%w/w) of tween 80 (TW.80) as a surfactant on nystatin release from the prepared gels were investigated. All the prepared formulas were observed to have accepted physical properties and with higher release amount after 5 hours in comparison with Nystatin® vaginal cream (Lifepharma, Italy).It was found that CMC containing gel produced the highest nystatin release compared with other polymer types used, also as the polymer concentration increased, the amount of nystatin released decreased. Addition of 1%w/w TW. 80 increased nystatin release, also the release from CMC containing gel was appeared to increase with increasing TW. 80 concentration (from 1 to 10% w/w), It was found that the formula containing CMC in a concentration of 2.5% w/w and TW. 80 in a concentration of 5% w/w was the formula of choice due to its optimum drug release and physical properties, rheological study revealed that this formula exhibited pseudoplastic flow with shearthinnig behavior and thixotrpy. All formulas were found to follow zero order release kinetics
Biochemical Evaluation of Some Liver Enzymes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Iraqi Patients
Authors: Kasim Ali Abdul Hussain , Mohammed Mohammed M.
Published: April 2022

Liver is the main organ of glucose storage as glycogen and metabolism.This key function of liver exposes it to many types of diseases with metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes.Many studies had showed that; diabetes is associated with high risk of chronic liver disease, primary liver cancers and liver cirrhosis. However, most of these studies were performed in Western countries, and there is a lack of information from Iraq.

The aim of the study is to evaluate some hepatic enzymes in Iraqi patients with chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with healthy volunteers.Sixty Iraqi subjects with type 2 DM, and sixty healthy volunteers as control group were included in this study. The levels of (Glucose, ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) were measured.The mean values of concentration levels of ALT, AST and GGT were significantly higher in T2DM than the control group (P≤ 0.001 for ALT, GGT and P≤ 0.05 for AST). In contrast, there is no significant difference in ALP levels in the two study groups.The results of this study are in accordance with previously reported high prevalence rates of abnormal liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in other populations.