bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of placement of urea with a urease inhibitor on seedling emergence, N uptake and dry matter yield of wheat
Authors: Xiaobin Wang , Jingfeng Xin , Grant C. A. , Bailey L. D.
Published: April 2011

Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the effect of seed-placed and surface dribble-banded urea fertilizer, with and without the addition of two levels of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) on seedling emergence, vegetative yield and nitrogen accumulation of hard red spring wheat. Seedling emergence was reduced with increasing applications of seed-placed urea, but nBTPT reduced the damage from seed-placed urea. The 0.15% inhibitor level was as effective as the 0.25% level in reducing seedling damage. Vegetative yield increased with application of urea fertilizer but no difference in vegetative yield resulted from varying fertilizer placement or additions of nBTPT. Nitrogen accumulation increased with increasing N application and with the use of the urease inhibitor, indicating an increase in N availability due to slowing of urea hydrolysis. Use of the urease inhibitor nBTPT shows promise in reducing seedling damage from seed-placed urea fertilizer and increasing the utilization of seed-placed and surface-applied urea fertilizer on a black Chernozemic soil. Further studies are in progress to assess the performance of nBTPT under field conditions. Key words: N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide
Quality of Fundy and Blomidon lowbush blueberries: Effects of storage atmosphere, duration and fungal inoculation
Authors: Prange R. K. , DeEll J. R. , Westgarth A. R. , Asiedu S. K.
Published: April 2011

This study investigated the response of two cultivars of lowbush blueberries, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., cultivars Fundy and Blomidon, to controlled atmosphere (CA) storage in all combinations of 1, 2, and 5% O2 and 0, 5, 10, and 15% CO2, and storage in air. A second set of samples was inoculated with a Botrytis-infected raspberry prior to storage to determine the effect of CA storage on decay development. The berries were held at 0 °C in air-tight chambers flushed each day for 30 min. Half-liter samples were stored for 2,4, and 6 wk in air or CA storage and then evaluated for percent unmarketable berries, firmness, titratable acids and percent decayed berries. This was followed by 7 d in air at 10 or 20 °C and recording of percent unmarketable berries. The experiment was replicated over 2 yr. Both cultivars responded positively to CA storage. Increasing CO2 in the presence of 1–5% O2 reduced decay and the percent unmarketable berries and maintained titratable acids and berry firmness levels. After 42 d of storage, Fundy had 30.5% unmarketable berries in air storage, compared with 8.7% in 15% CO2. Blomidon had 36.0% and 6.8% unmarketable berries in air and 15% CO2, respectively. Decreasing O2 reduced the percentage decayed berries and maintained titratable acids. Botrytis inoculation before storage reduced berry quality, but cultivars responded differently. The quality of berries 7 d after removal from storage was influenced primarily by cultivar, storage time and shelf temperature and not by storage atmosphere. Key words:Vaccinium angustifolium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, shelf-life, firmness, titratable acidity, decay, CA storage
Effect of fungicides and controlled-atmosphere storage on LTB rot of apples
Authors: Sholberg P. L. , Haag P. , Gaudet D. A.
Published: April 2011

Inhibition of mycelial growth of the low-temperature basidiomycete (LTB) strain LRS 233, which causes LTB rot of pome fruit, was evaluated on potato dextrose agar amended with 15 fungicides. Flusilazole and triadimefon were the most effective fungicides, reducing growth by 98.2 and 71.5%, respectively, when used at 1 μg mL1. Mancozeb was effective at a higher concentration, reducing growth 96.9% when used at 100 μg mL1. In orchard tests, dodine, metiram, sodium hypochlorite and ziram reduced LTB rot of Spartan apples in controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage in 1986–1987 and 1988–1989. Flusilazole and imazalil were also effective, but thiophanate-methyl was ineffective in controlling LTB rot. Flusilazole, propiconazole and myclobutanil effectively reduced the incidence of LTB rot of inoculated apples, while mancozeb and metiram were ineffective. The LTB fungus grows more slowly in CA storage than in air. After 28 d in CA storage, the average colony diameter and weight of three LTB strains were reduced 25.5 and 65.7%, respectively, compared with air storage. Key words: Coprinus rot, postharvest, storage, control
Sweet white lupin: A potential crop for Ontario
Authors: Brebaum S. , Boland G. J.
Published: April 2011

Sweet white lupin (Lupinus albus) is an emerging crop in Ontario and, in 1993, up to 600 ha acres of lupin were planted. This crop is adapted to cool and moderately warm climates, is frost-resistant to −2 °C, requires sandy to loamy soils, requires inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. to achieve high yields, and improves soil structure and nutrients when included in a crop rotation. The crop requires 119–135 d to mature and is thermosensitive; both traits can reduce yield in seasons with unfavourable environments. The crop is not particularly competitive with weeds and effective weed control is a critical factor in crop production. Lupin is attacked by several pathogens and insects but knowledge on appropriate pest management practices needs to be improved. The harvested seed of sweet white lupin is primarily used as an on-farm source of protein. Seeds do not require heat treatment prior to being used as animal feed and can be included as a part of the protein component in the diets of ruminants, swine and poultry. High protein digestibility and high fibre content of lupin seeds can limit incorporation into the diets of ruminants and swine, respectively. Lupin can be beneficial in human diets because milk from lupin-fed animals contains more unsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids than milk from animals fed soybean meal. Sweet white lupin has several advantages and disadvantages as an emerging crop in Ontario, but additional research and development are needed. Key words: Lupin (sweet white), Lupinus albus
Recurrent restricted phenotypic selection for forage yield in timothy and orchardgrass
Authors: Shateryan D. , Coulman B. E. , Mather D. E.
Published: April 2011

Three cycles of recurrent restricted phenotypic selection for forage yield were carried out in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. 'Avon' and 'Pennlate') and timothy (Phleum pratense L. 'Salvo' and 'Drummond'). The objectives of this study were to measure the effectiveness of this selection and to assess whether the selection produced any correlated responses on other characters. The three selected cycles and the original populations (cycle 0) were evaluated in both sward and space-planted experiments over a period of 4 yr. For the majority of the years of evaluation, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in forage yield among the different selection cycles. Under space-planted evaluation, cycle 3 of Drummond timothy was lower in both forage and seed yield than the other populations. In general, there was a trend to taller plants with greater circumferences in orchardgrass, and shorter, smaller plants in timothy over selection cycles. Selection had little effect on plant persistence and maturity. In conclusion, three cycles of recurrent restricted phenotypic selection were not effective in improving the forage yield of timothy or orchardgrass. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense, orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata, recurrent selection
Effect of fertilizer placement on yield of established alfalfa stands
Authors: Simons R. G. , Grant C. A. , Bailey L. D.
Published: April 2011

Alfalfa yield response to P and K fertilization management has been documented elsewhere, but little work has been done in western Canada. Field studies conducted on two Manitoba soils for 4 yr evaluated the effects of four levels of monoammonium phosphate and three levels of potassium chloride fertilizers, applied as a surface broadcast or as an in-soil band application, on the yield of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands. Applied P increased total annual forage yield on the clay loam soil by 1.53 t h−1 (47%), when averaged over the 4 yr of the study, but did not increase yields on the fine sandy loam. Yield response to P application on the clay loam soil increased over the 4 yr of the study. Potassium application resulted in minor or no increases in forage yield on both soils. On the clay loam soil, there was no yield difference between banded and broadcast fertilizer applications. On the fine sandy loam soil, band application reduced yields slightly compared with broadcast application, particularly at the first harvest following fertilizer application. Grass ingress into the plots was reduced by K application but was not affected by P fertilization, which may indicate a beneficial effect of K fertilization on alfalfa vigor and persistence. Key words: Potassium, phosphorus, banding, broadcast, persistence
Improved forage production following western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.) control with metsulfuron methyl
Authors: Bowes G. G. , Spurr D. T.
Published: April 2011

Two 6-yr studies were conducted in southeastern Saskatchewan to evaluate 2,4-D, Metsulfuron methyl (Metsulfuron) and a mixture of 2,4-D + Metsulfuron for the long-term control of western snowberry. Western snowberry is a small shrub that grows in dense stands in rangelands and pastures and acts as a physical barrier to grazing. At the study site, the shrub was growing with native grasses and forbs. Metsulfuron applied at 15 g a.i. ha−1 effectively controlled western snowberry for 6 yr. Control with Metsulfuron was better than with 2,4-D because Metsulfuron killed the crown of the shrub. Control was not improved when 2,4-D was added to Metsulfuron, and at low levels of Metsulfuron the presence of 2,4-D in the mixture rendered Metsulfuron less effective, resulting in a higher canopy cover. Grass production averaged over years and experiments was 788 kg ha−1 for the check and increased to 1328 kg ha−1 after Metsulfuron was applied at 15 g ha−1. Forb production was not affected by the treatments. Key words: Western snowberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, metsulfuron methyl, 2,4-D
Effects of planting date on the development and yield of spring wheat: Simulation of field data
Authors: Hunt L. A. , Pararajasingham S. , Wiersma J. V.
Published: April 2011

Much of the work on planting-date effects has been carried out with old cultivars and over a relatively few years. This study was conducted to use data from a recent study to determine whether a simulation model (Cropsim-wheat) could be used to examine the response of modern cultivars to planting date over an extended run of years. Field data for four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars seeded at 12 planting dates, ranging from 29 April to 12 June, at 4-d intervals at Crookston, Minnesota, in 1992 were used. For all genotypes, crop duration was shortened as planting was delayed from 29 April to 23 May. Further delay in planting lengthened this duration. Simulation outputs for developmental aspects closely matched the field data. The early plantings yielded less than those established somewhat later, with the highest grain yields resulting from mid-May plantings. Cultivar Marshall planted on 7 May produced the highest yield (5.5 t ha−1) of any cultivar. Late plantings decreased grain yield. Grain number appeared to be the major component affecting grain yield. Simulation outputs from the basic model, which computed grain number as a function of biomass shortly after anthesis, did not match well the field data for early and late plantings. The inclusion of functions that related grain number to solar radiation and maximum temperature around anthesis and to biomass improved the predictions for plantings early and later in the season. The inclusion of these functions in wheat simulation models may be necessary for application to situations that result in differences in environmental conditions around anthesis. Key words: Wheat, planting date, simulation, yield, grain number
Comparison of growth and N accumulation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. OAC Rico and its two nodulation mutants, R69 and R99
Authors: Shirtliffe Steven J. , Vessey J. Kevin , Buttery B. R. , Park S. J.
Published: April 2011

Nodulation mutants are present in many species of legumes and have potential as ideal reference crops in field measurements of N2 fixation. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the growth, development, mineral-N accumulation, and N2 fixation of two nodulation mutants of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), R69 (nod+/fix−) and R99 (nod−) in comparison with the wild type parent OAC Rico. The mutants were incapable of N2 fixation. With dual dependence on N2 fixation and [Formula: see text] as N sources, OAC Rico accumulated more N than R69 and R99. However, when supplied with mineral [Formula: see text] sufficient to prevent N2 fixation in OAC Rico, its growth and N accumulation did not differ from those of the mutants. There were differences in internode length that resulted in different heights among the three lines. The addition of silver to the nutrient solution failed to restore nodulation to R99. As a result, it was determined that the nod− phenotype is not a result of an ethylene-related mutation. The nodulation mutants R69 and R99 appear to be good choices as reference crops for common bean in N2 fixation studies. Key words: Common bean, N accumulation, N2 fixation, nodulation mutants, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli
Effect of sodium and ammonium salts on tralkoxydim absorption in oat
Authors: McMullan Patrick M.
Published: April 2011

Research was conducted to determine the effect of various sodium and ammonium salts on 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. Sodium bicarbonate (12.5 and 25 mM) in the spray solution reduced 14C-tralkoxydim uptake in oat 1 h after herbicide application. However, ammonium sulphate overcame sodium bicarbonate inhibition of 14C-tralkoxydim uptake. Only sodium salts that increased spray-solution pH (bicarbonate or hydroxide) reduced 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. These data indicate that spray solution pH plus the cation present in the spray solution influences tralkoxydim absorption. Key words: Tralkoxydim, absorption, antagonism, sodium, ammonium
RCAT Columbus soybean
Authors: Ablett G. R. , Stirling B.T. , Fischer J. D.
Published: April 2011

RCAT Columbus is a late Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with excellent yield potential and lodging resistance and with good tolerance to phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
AC Alta spring triticale
Authors: McLeod J. G. , DePauw R. M. , Clarke J. M. , Townley-Smith T. F.
Published: April 2011

AC Alta, a spring triticale cultivar (× Triticosecale Wittmack) was developed at the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan. AC Alta is a high-yielding, large kernelled, lodging resistant cultivar of triticale which is widely adapted to the Prairie Provinces. AC Alta is very resistant to leaf and stem rust, resistant to common bunt and moderately resistant to common root rot. AC Alta will be distributed by Progressive Seeds Limited. Key words: Cultivar description, grain yield, test weight, triticale (spring), × Triticosecale Wittmack
AC Brant soybean
Authors: Voldeng H. D. , Guillemette R. J. D. , Leonard D. A. , Cober E. R.
Published: April 2011

AC Brant is a 2600 crop heat unit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with good yield potential and moderate field tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
Impact of threshing on hard red spring wheat seed vigour
Authors: Bourgeois Luc , Moes Jack , Stobbe Elmer H.
Published: April 2011

Improper handling of seed during harvesting may result in severe seed vigour loss. The objective of this study was to determine, under field conditions, the effect of threshing on wheat seed vigour. A conventional combine and an axial flow rotary combine were used at three cylinder speeds. The proportion of visually damaged seeds was assessed for all samples, and subsequent vigour tests were conducted using visually sound seed. Seed vigour was reduced when wheat was threshed at a high cylinder speed. Wheat kernels threshed with the rotary combine were less damaged than wheat kernels threshed with the conventional combine. Both seedling emergence and grain yield were reduced by 20 plants m−2 and by 200 kg ha−1, respectively, in plots seeded with kernels threshed at a high cylinder speed compared with kernels threshed at a low cylinder speed. Vigour of sound wheat kernels was negatively correlated with the number of broken kernels in samples. To maintain high vigour in wheat seed, it is essential to thresh at a low cylinder speed. Key words: Wheat, seed vigour, threshing damage, rotary combine, conventional combine
Alternatives to summerfallow and subsequent wheat and barley yield on a Dark Brown soil
Authors: Brandt S. A.
Published: April 2011

A number of alternative options to summerfallow are feasible on the Dark Brown soils of the Canadian prairies. These include recropping to cereal or pulse crops, as well as use of summerfallow substitute crops, such as legume green manures. The objective of this study was to evaluate these options for their impact on the productivity of subsequent crops. Green-manure lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.), incorporated at either the bud or full-bloom stage of growth, field pew (Pisum sativum L.), grain lentil, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown as grain were compared with conventional summerfallow for their impact on yield of a succeeding wheat crop and of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown the year after wheat on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil at Scott, Saskatchewan. During the 5-yr period, 1984–1988, above-ground dry-matter production of green-manure lentil averaged 500 kg ha−1 at the bud stage of growth but more than doubled to 3170 kg ha−1, by full bloom. Grain yield of field pea averaged 1470 kg ha−1, while that of grain lentil, unfertilized wheat, and N-fertilized wheat averaged 1220, 1290 and 1490 kg ha−1, respectively. Considerable year-to-year yield variation occurred with all crops, variability being greatest for lentil. Yield of wheat grown after lentil green manure was similar to yield of wheat on summerfallow (2340 kg ha−1) during each of the 5 yr for both early (2360 kg ha−1) and late (2250 kg ha−1) incorporation. Wheat yield after pea (2210 kg ha−1) or grain lentil (2080 kg ha−) was reduced in 1987, but it was equal to wheat yield after summerfallow during the remaining 4 yr. Yield of wheat on wheat stubble, whether fertilized with N (1830 kg ha−1) or not (1610 kg ha−1), was generally lower than on summerfallow. Yield of barley grown the following year was generally unaffected by summerfallow or summerfallow substitute treatments. The higher value and similar productivity of pea and grain lentil, compared with wheat, combined with their favourable impact on subsequent wheat yield, should make these crops attractive alternatives to summerfallow. On fields unsuited to pea or grain lentil production, lentil green manures may be a suitable alternative to summerfallow because they should reduce soil degradation, although lentil green manures leave little residue to protect against soil erosion where through incorporation is practised. Summerfallow or green manure incorporated early or late generally resulted in greater available soil water and N for a succeeding crop than did grain lentil, pea or wheat. Key words: Green manuring, legume effect, recropping, lentil, grain yield, summerfallow alternatives
AC Certa spring triticale
Authors: McLeod J. G. , DePauw R. M. , Clarke J. M. , Pfeiffer W. H.
Published: April 2011

AC Certa, a spring triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was developed at CIMMYT and introduced by the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, via the 21st ITSN in 1989. It is widely adapted to the Prairie Provinces. AC Certa represents a significant improvement in test weight. AC Certa has an improved Hagberg Falling Number which is usually associated with improved harvest-time sprouting resistance AC Certa is very resistant to the prevalent races of stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.); leaf rust (caused by P. recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici); highly resistant to common bunt [caused by Tilletia foetida Wallr.) Liro and T. caries (DC) Tul.], and resistant to common root rot [caused primarily by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoemaker]. Key words: Cultivar description, test weight, sprouting resistance, triticale (spring, X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Strict maternal inheritance of RAPD fingerprints confirms apomixis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Grattapaglia Dario , Costa e Silva Cynthia , Nassar Nagib M. A.
Published: April 2011

Undisputed molecular evidence for apomixis in cassava is presented. Based on genome sampling with 130 RAPD markers we confirmed apomixis for one offspring of a cassava clone derived from an interspecific hybrid. The probability that complete uniformity in RAPD fingerprints between mother and offspring occurred by chance was < 10−5. Key words: Apomixis, cassava, Manihot esculenta, random amplified polymorphic DNA
Chemical weed control options for zero-tillage spring barley
Authors: Samson Nathalie , Légère Anne , Rioux Romain
Published: April 2011

The need for yearly applications of non-selective and postemergence herbicides was evaluated in zero-tillage barley cropping systems in eastern Québec. The effects of six glyphosate treatments, fall-applied, at several rates and frequencies, and four postemergence herbicide treatments, on weed populations and crop yields, were measured over 2 yr in a zero-tillage spring barley monoculture. Yearly fall applications of glyphosate at rates at or above 0.5 kg a.i. ha−1 combined with postemergence herbicide treatments controlled most weed groups and provided optimum barley yields. Key words: Zero-tillage, no-till, conservation tillage, weed control, barley
AC Sunset safflower
Authors: Mündel Hans-Henning , Huang Henry C. , Braun John P. , Kiehn Ferdinand A.
Published: April 2011

AC Sunset is a dual-purpose birdseed and oilseed safflower cultivar, averaging 35% oil content in the semi-arid zone of the Canadian prairies. AC Sunset outyields Saffire in both seed yield and oil content and is comparable to AC Stirling for these attributes. AC Sunset matures up to 5 d earlier than AC Stirling, and the level of sclerotinia head rot of AC Sunset is generally well below 10%, whereas in AC Stirling levels over 10% have been generally recorded. Both maturity and head rot levels in AC Sunset are comparable to those of Saffire. Flower colour of AC Sunset is orange-red, as for Saffire. Key words:Carthamus tinctorius L., safflower, cultivar, early maturity, birdseed, oilseed
Implications of crop residue management and conservation tillage on soil organic matter
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Carefoot J. M.
Published: April 2011

Under natural grassland or native prairie, aboveground residue or surface litter modifies the microenvironment. It promotes water infiltration and, by insulating the soil surface, moderates soil temperatures and limits evaporation. Root mass decomposes and transforms within the conditions created by surface litter. Together with root exudates, this below-ground residue or subsurface litter reacts with soil minerals to form aggregates, lower bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. Bringing such soils under cultivation leads to lower soil organic matter content, thereby increasing bulk density. The role of surface litter becomes even more important, as it affects wind and water erosion, reduces the impact of raindrops, prevents crusting, protects the soil from drying by sublimation, and captures snow. Management of crop residues depends on the role of the residue. A distinction must be made between above- and below-ground residues: their roles are distinctly different. Aboveground crop residue protects the soil and creates the conditions for below-ground residue to decompose and transform. These decomposition products, in turn, create favourable soil structure for plant growth. Research is needed on the effect of repeated harvesting of "excess" aboveground residues. Key words: Labile organic matter, resilience, resistance, surface litter, subsurface litter
Diseases under conservation tillage systems
Authors: Bailey K. L.
Published: April 2011

The primary focus of this paper is on the effects of tillage and residue management on some diseases of cereal and oilseed crops in western Canada. In this region, reduced tillage lowers the impact of some root diseases but increases the impact of foliar diseases on cereals. Published data showing evidence of the effect of reduced tillage on diseases of oilseed crops is scarce. Diseases that were less economically important under higher tillage regimes may become more important with reduced tillage, but location and local environment largely influence which diseases will be present. Crop rotation is a key factor in residue management for disease control. Disease and yield loss were higher with monoculture than with more diverse rotations. Some crops may pose a greater risk to succeeding susceptible crops that share common disease problems, such as Sclerotinia on peas and canola. A well-balanced rotation should be at least 4 yr long with 50% of the interval devoted to cereals and the remainder divided among pulses, flax, other oilseed crops, or forages. The risk of most diseases may be lowered by understanding and managing the interactions between pathogens and crop residue through modifying local environmental conditions, crop rotation, limited tillage, and antagonistic mycoflora. Single disease control measures may be inadequate with reduced tillage; a holistic approach to crop systems and plant health management may provide the solution to disease problems. Key words: Zero tillage, conventional tillage, crop rotation, disease control, cereals, oilseeds
Genetic studies on net blotch resistance in a barley cross
Authors: Ho K.M. , Choo T.M. , Tekauz A. , Martin R.A.
Published: April 2011

An investigation was initiated to study the genetics of resistance to three isolates of Pyrenophora teres (WRS102, WRS858, and WRS857), which have been routinely used for screening for net blotch resistance in Canada. The F1, F2, and doubled-haploid lines were derived from a Leger/CI9831 cross of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These materials, along with their parents, were inoculated with each of the three isolates at the three-leaf stage in growth chambers. Results showed that resistance to WRS102 was controlled by three recessive genes, resistance to WRS858 by one recessive gene, and resistance to WRS857 by either one dominant gene or two complementary genes. One of the WRS102-resistance genes appeared to be on chromosome 2 and another linked to the WRS858-resistance gene. Resistance to these three isolates was not associated with awn type, esterase 1, and esterase 5. Selection for resistance to WRS102 and WRS858 would be more effective than selection for resistance to WRS857 in a conventional breeding program. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, net blotch, Pyrenophora teres, haploids
Sunola response to nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Beckie H. J. , Brandt S. A.
Published: April 2011

The response of sunola (Helianthus annuus L. 'AC Sierra') to nitrogen (N) fertilization under conventional and direct seeding tillage systems was examined in field experiments at sites in the semiarid Dark Brown and subhumid Black soil climatic zones over a 2-yr period of normal to above-normal growing season precipitation. Urea-N fertilizer was banded at the time of seeding at varying rates to a maximum of 150 kg N ha−1. Tillage treatment did not influence sunola response to N fertilization. Sunola seed yield responded greater to fertilization at the Black soil site compared with the Dark Brown soil site in both years. Sunola harvest indices were comparable across sites and years, ranging from 0.10 to 0.18. Seed oil concentration averaged about 4% higher at the Black compared with the Dark Brown soil site, and responded to fertilization differently between locations. Sunola water use efficiency was markedly higher in 1994 than in 1993 at both sites, primarily due to lower water consumption by the crop. Fertilizer recommendations can be based on a desired yield goal or marginal rate of return. A minimum acceptable marginal rate of return of 1, 1.5 and 2 times the cost of the fertilizer, indicated that fertilizer N plus soil nitrate-N levels of greater than 94, 66 and 38 kg N ha−1, respectively, were uneconomical at Scott; respective rates at Melfort were 183, 174 and 154 kg N ha−1. However, fertilizer rates in excess of 100 kg N ha−1 in the Black soil climatic zone can result in potentially high levels of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile, and thus have greater potential for N leaching and denitrification losses. Key words:Helianthus annuus L., nitrogen
Comparison of efficiency of alternative selection strategies: An example of selection for resistance to common scab in potatoes
Authors: Tai G. C. C. , Murphy A. , Jong H. De
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a procedure for obtaining point estimates and confidence intervals of response to different selection strategies based on results of analysis of variance. Three alternative selection strategies were compared: family, within-family, and individual selection. Experimental data on field resistance of potato seedlings to common scab were used to illustrate the procedure. The confidence intervals were then compared with the intervals established by a normal-approximation procedure. Key words: Common scab, confidence intervals, response to selection, Solanum tuberosum
Reaction of Turkish barley accessions to Canadian barley pathogens
Authors: Legge W. G. , Metcalfe D. R. , Chiko A. W. , Martens J. W. , Tekauz A.
Published: April 2011

Recent changes in the virulence patterns of Canadian barley pathogens have necessitated the search for new sources of genetic resistance in barley. Evaluation of 176 Turkish barley accessions for disease reaction to barley pathogens prevalent in Canada indicated that this germplasm is a good source of resistance to Septoria passerinii, Rhynchosporium secalis and the spot-form of Pyrenophora teres, but not to Cochliobolus sativus (spot blotch phase), Puccinia graminis tritici, Ustilago nuda or barley stripe mosaic virus. A small number of accessions with resistance to the net-form of P. teres were identified. Key words:Hordeum vulgare, barley, disease resistance, net blotch, scald, speckled leaf blotch
Soil carbon change factors for the Canadian agriculture national greenhouse gas inventory
Authors: VandenBygaart A J , McConkey B G , Angers D A , Smith W. , de Gooijer H. , Bentham M. , Martin T.
Published: April 2011

Canada annually reports on all of its annual greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including estimates of CO2 emissions and removals from cropland management. Soil carbon (C) change in cropland resulting from management is estimated by using C change factors multiplied by the area of cropland subjected to a management change. In this paper we compare soil C change factors in Canadian cropland obtained using a C modelling approach (Century model) to both empirical estimates obtained from the scientific literature, and to default Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates. Factors were estimated for land management changes from annual to perennial cropping, tillage to no-tillage and from summer fallow to continuous cropping. Empirical data comparing C change between conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) were highly variable, but the modelled factors were still within the range derived from the empirical data. Factors for changes from CT to NT varied from 0.06 to 0.16 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 across the country. When considering the change from annual to perennial cropping, the modelled factors ranged from 0.46 to 0.56 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, which is in the range of empirical values, and were slightly greater in the eastern than the western soil regions. For conversion of crop-fallow to continuous cropping, the modelled rate of C storage (0.33 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) was more than double the average rate of 0.15 ± 0.06 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 derived from two independent assessments of the literature. For each of the management changes considered, the modelled factors were generally lower than IPCC estimates, and this is partly attributable to differences in calculation methods and to the fact that C changes likely occur more slowly in the cold climate of Canada. Generally, the results show that the modelling approach used at present to derive C change factors for use in Canada's inventory is adequate. However, soil C change factors for cropland soils in Canada would be greatly improved by a reduction in the high variability usually associated with empirical data, and by improved simulation of the Century model under varying management conditions. Key words: Soil organic carbon, Canada, tillage, perennial cropping, cropping intensity, carbon change factors
Chemical and biochemical changes in the rhizospheres of wheat and canola
Authors: McKenzie R. H. , Dormaar J. F. , Schaalje G. B. , Stewart J. W. B.
Published: April 2011

Short-term root processes can influence chemical and biochemical conditions at the soil–plant–root interface. In this study, soil phosphorus forms, pH and biochemical properties within and adjacent to the rhizosphere of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Katepwa’) and canola (Brassica napus L. ’Westar’) seedlings were studied over a 5-wk period. Soils were from the Ap horizon of a Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozemic soil (Lethbridge, Alta) and an Orthic Gray Luvisolic soil (Breton, Alta) obtained from fertilized and unfertilized long-term continuous-cropped and wheat–fallow rotation plots. Wheat and canola both absorbed more total phosphorus (P), produced more aboveground material and had higher dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities when grown in Lethbridge soils than when grown in Breton soils. Canola took up more P from both the resin-extractable inorganic P (resin-Pi) and hydrochloric acid extractable (HCl-Pi) fractions than wheat, indicating a greater ability to extract P from soil. Acid phosphatase levels increased over time in the rhizospheres of both wheat and canola. Dehydrogenase activity was greater in the rhizospheres of wheat than of canola, indicating greater microbial activity. Canola roots frequently lowered pH within their rhizosphere which apparently suppressed microbial activity. Dehydrogenase activity in the relatively acidic Luvisolic soils was lower than in the near-neutral Chernozemic soils. The plant-root chemical and biochemical changes in the rhizosphere varied depending on soil chemical characteristics and past soil management history. Results showed canola and wheat utilize different mechanisms to influence their root rhizospheres and obtain their nutritional requirements. Rhizosphere changes were a function of plant species, soil type and previous soil management history. Key words: Rhizosphere, pH, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, P bioavailability, soil phosphorus transformations, wheat, canola
Brassica vegetables as edible greens in Newfoundland
Authors: Spaner D. , Lee D. R.
Published: April 2011

Turnip tops or greens, the early leaves of rutabaga (Brassica napus var. rapifera L.), are a traditional Newfoundland vegetable. Commercial farmers currently grow and market forage rape (B. napus L.) as greens. Our objectives were to determine why forage rape is now grown in preference to other Brassica crops and to examine potential greens alternatives. Seed from two cultivars each of three Brassicas [rutabaga, forage rape and forage kale (Brassica oleracea var. medullosa L.)] was used in: 1) a germination study at 5, 10, 15 and 20°C; 2) a growth study at constant temperature regimes of 12 and 18°C; 3) a 2 yr agronomic study; and 4) a sensory evaluation for appearance and taste as a boiled vegetable. Hobson rape, Dwarf Essex rape and the locally bred Brookfield rutabaga germinated, emerged and grew faster than both kale cultivars and Laurentian rutabaga at all controlled-temperature regimes. The two kale cultivars and Laurentian rutabaga did not exhibit adequate agronomic potential. Although the rape cultivars were among the top-yielding entries at most harvests, Brookfield rutabaga yielded greater leaf weight in both years of the agronomic study. Judges preferred the visual appearance of greens with dark green leaves, a characteristic of the forage rape cultivars studied, but favored the taste of boiled kale. Key words: Forage rape, kale, rutabaga, SPAD chlorophyll meter
Host range of a powdery mildew (Erysiphe orontii) on tomato
Authors: Utkhede R. S. , Koch C. A. , Menzies J. G. , Ehret D. L.
Published: April 2011

A powdery mildew disease of greenhouse tomato first appeared in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia in 1995. The causal agent was identified as Erysiphe orontii. Host range studies were conducted using uniform levels of inoculum of the pathogen under greenhouse conditions. Of 26 tomato cultivars inoculated, cv. DRW4409F1 had the least powdery mildew infection. Twenty-five of the 26 tomato cultivars tested, as well as eggplant cv. Early Long Purple, nightshade and tomatillo, were susceptible to E. orontii. Tobacco and potato (cv. Epicure) had slight infection. Cultivars of pepper, potato, corn, strawberry, raspberry, bean, feverfew, borage, delphinum, petunia, impatiens, gazania, morning glory, zinnia, african daisy, cosmos, wild buckwheat, curled dock, and knotweed were not susceptible to E. orontii. This study indicates that resistance to powdery mildew of tomato is available and should be explored in breeding programs to develop powdery mildew-resistant cultivars for the greenhouse industry. Key words: Host resistance, Lycopersicon esculentum, powdery mildew, Solanaceae
Yield and quality of hard red spring wheat cultivars following fallow and wheat
Authors: Carr P. M. , Martin G. B. , Poland W. W.
Published: April 2011

Continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) and other intensive cropping systems are replacing t he wheat-fallow (WF) system in the semiarid prairie region of Canada and the northern USA. However, most wheat cultivar recommendations are based on performance in a WF system. Our objective was to determine if cultivar ranking for grain yield, grain protein concentration, and kernel weight changed for hard red spring wheat in WF compared with continuous wheat (WW) systems. Ten cultivars were seeded on a Dark Brown Chernozem loam following fallow and wheat over 3 consecutive years at Dickinson, ND, USA. Fertilizer was applied for equivalent yields in both systems based on soil test results. More grain and heavier kernels were produced during the crop phase of the WF system than the WW system, in part because soil-water content was greater after fallow than wheat in 2 of 3 yr. Grain protein concentration was unaffected by cropping system. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, and kernel weight differed among cultivars. Interactions did not occur between cropping systems and cultivars for any grain parameter. Results of this study support the hypothesis that wheat cultivar ranking based on performance in a WF system can be extended to a WW system. Key words: Crop rotation, cropping systems, fallow, monoculture, wheat
Mycotoxins in barley and oat samples from eastern Canada
Authors: Campbell H. , Choo T. M. , Vigier B. , Underhill L.
Published: April 2011

In Eastern Canada Fusarium species infect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) more frequently than wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), yet information on mycotoxin contamination in barley and oats is lacking. Such information is essential to determine the need for control of fusarium head blight in barley and oats. Therefore, data were retrieved from the Mycotoxin Databank of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to study mycotoxin contamination in Eastern Canada's barley and oats. Of the 116 barley samples collected from 1991 to 1998 crops, 84 (72%) were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Some samples contained up to 8–9 mg kg−1 of DON. DON contamination was particularly severe in recent years (1996, 1997, and 1998). DON contamination was less frequent and less severe in oats in comparison with barley. Only 34 of the 73 oat samples (47%) contained DON. Thirty-four percent of the barley samples (18/53) and 15% of the oat samples (4/26) contained nivalenol. Zearalenone, ochratoxin A, 3-acetyl DON, 15- acetyl DON, and T-2 were also detected at a low frequency; but HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), fusarenon X, 15-acetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol were not detected in these samples. The results suggest that breeding barley for resistance to DON accumulation is warranted in Eastern Canada. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, oat, Avena sativa, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol
Inheritance and interaction of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resistance to Race 2 and Race 3 of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs.
Authors: Duguid S. D. , Brûlé-Babel A. L.
Published: April 2011

Tan spot is a residue-borne leaf spotting disease caused by the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. An understanding of the inheritance of resistance is required to build a strategy for incorporating tan spot resistance into commercial cultivars of wheat. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of host resistance to isolates of races 2 (a necrosis-inducing race) and 3 (a chlorosis-inducing race) of P. tritici-repentis. Crosses were made between seven wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes (Katepwa, BH1146, ST15, ST6, Erik, 6B1043, 6B367). Parents, F1, F2and F2-derived F3 populations were inoculated with isolates 86-124 and D308 (races 2 and 3, respectively) of P. tritici-repentis and infiltrated with Ptr ToxA. Resistance to 86-124 and insensitivity to Ptr ToxA was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene in all of the resistant/susceptible crosses. In contrast, resistance to D308 was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene in five crosses and two genes in two crosses. In the BH1146/ST15 cross two dominant genes controlled resistance to D308, while in the Katepwa/ST15 cross two recessive genes controlled resistance. Reactions to race 2 were independent of reactions to race 3 and controlled by independent genetic systems. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., disease resistance, inheritance, Ptr necrosis toxin, tan spot
Nutrient concentrations and nutritive value of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) straw in south central Alberta
Authors: Olson M. A. , Yang R. -C. , Blade S. F.
Published: April 2011

The development of field pea as a major specialty crop in western Canada has led to questions regarding the nutritive value of its straw component. The objective of this study was to examine the nutrient composition of field pea straw collected from south central Alberta variety trials. Our analysis focused on four varieties grown on four locations for the period between 1995 and 1997. Five nutrients were examined: CP, Ca, P, ADF and NDF. There were significant year × location interaction effects for concentrations of all five nutrients. Location-to-location differences were considerably inconsistent across the years. The environmental variation in nutrients of pea straw requires that the optimal strategy of managing the pea straw (particularly using it as part of cattle feed) be based on an extensive sampling of the straw over diverse environments rather than on the average value. Key words: Nutritive composition, field pea straw, environmental variation, Pisum sativum L.
Zodiac BX summer oilseed rape
Authors: McVetty P. B. E. , Scarth R. , Rimmer S. R.
Published: April 2011

Zodiac BX is the third in the Navigator® series of summer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) canola cultivars, which are resistant to Compas® herbicide, a mix of herbicides including the broadleaf herbicide bromoxynil. Zodiac BX is equal in yield and oil content to the mean of the checks, Legend, AC Excel and Cyclone. Zodiac BX is moderately resistant to blackleg disease. Zodiac BX is adapted to the long- and mid-season B. napus canola-growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Oilseed rape (summer), bromoxynil resistance, Navigator® , Compas®
DS Stalwarth field pea
Authors: Andersen Lars , Warkentin Tom , Philipp Ottmar , Xue Allen , Sloan Al
Published: April 2011

DS Stalwarth, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 1998 by Agriprogress Inc., Morden, Manitoba. DS Stalwarth has semileafless leaf type, powdery mildew resistance, medium-large round seeds, and good yielding ability, particularly in the warmer, drier zone of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance
AC Sungold summer turnip rape
Authors: Woods D. L. , Falk K. C.
Published: April 2011

AC Sungold summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is an open-pollinated canola-quality cultivar adapted to the short season growing areas of western Canada. It combines a higher oil and protein content than the check varieties with a good level of resistance to white rust. Key words: Summer turnip rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description
AC Kings barley
Authors: Choo T. M. , ter Beek S. , Martin R. A. , Ho K. M. , Caldwell C. D. , Walker D. , Blatt R. , Rodd V.
Published: April 2011

AC Kings is a two-row, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture an d Agri-Food Canada. It has high yield, excellent seed weight, and lodging resistance. AC Kings performs well in Ontario and in the Maritime Region of Canada. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar description, high yield, high seed weight
Relationships among bread-making quality, gluten strength, physical dough properties, and pasta cooking quality for some Canadian durum wheat genotypes
Authors: Marchylo B. A. , Dexter J. E. , Clarke F. R. , Clarke J. M. , Preston K. R.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-four durum wheat (Triticum durum) genotypes entered into the 1995, 1996 and 1997 Co-operative Tests were evaluated for gluten strength characteristics using the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation test, the gluten index (GI) test, and physical dough tests including farinograph (high and low adsorption), mixograph, alveograph and extensigraph. Baking quality was evaluated for bread prepared by the Canadian short process (CSP), a short mechanical dough mixing process, and pasta quality was evaluated for spaghetti dried at both low (40°C) and high (70°C) temperatures. The effect of genotype on physical dough measurements, baking quality and spaghetti cooking quality was then determined. SDS sedimentation, GI, pasta dough farinograph (low absorption), bread dough farinograph (high absorption), extensigraph and alveograph measurements were interrelated. When baked by the CSP, the strongest genotypes exhibited mixing times and mixing energies similar to or greater than good quality bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Although loaf volume (LV) was positively correlated to gluten strength indicators, the strongest genotypes still exhibited only about 85% of the LV expected of good-quality bread wheat of comparable protein content. Baking quality however, was not related to pasta cooking quality, and, therefore, there is potential to breed for dual-purpose durum cultivars, which combine improved baking properties and good pasta cooking quality. Key words: Durum wheat, bread making quality, gluten strength, physical dough properties, pasta cooking quality