bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hollywood Shuffle and Bamboozled
Authors: Tucker Terrence T.
Published: May 2018

On the heels of the expansion of comic rage into art forms beyond literature and stand-up, this chapter examines the presence of comic rage in films directed by African Americans. After the Blaxploitation Era and the surge of black films and television shows in the 1990s, these films critiqued the problematic representations of blackness that have been imbedded in two of the most popular mediums of the second half of the twentieth century. While Hollywood Shuffle castigates the limited roles African Americans are given in film, Bamboozled exposes the virtual return to blackface minstrelsy that black actors are expected to accept in an allegedly more diverse TV landscape. Both works wrestle with questions of authenticity that are imposed by mainstream society or blindly adopted by African Americans responding with simplistic “real” yet destructive counter-representations.
Life and Death on the Nile
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

This book is an account of half a century of scientific investigation of life and death in three ancient Nubian communities. The research coheres around a single, unifying theme: namely that the evolution and adaptation of human populations, both living and dead, results from a complex interaction between human biology and the cultural and natural environment. This has come to be known as a biocultural approach.Each chapter is a presentation of one aspect of our program of biocultural analysis. The analyses of cranial morphology investigates the relationship changes in the Nubian diet and the evolution of craniofacial anatomy. Our research on infants and children analyzes the relationship between the nutritional and disease environments in which they lived and the manifestation of disease and physiological stress, as evidenced in their bones and teeth including cribra orbitalia and enamel defects. The study of the adults likewise focuses on the diseases and stresses of aging in their cultural setting.Finally, there is a shift in focus from case studies of communities at large to case studies of individuals and the disease conditions afflicting them. Each case is taken from the basics of diagnosis to a consideration of the cultural setting in which these conditions – some of them grievous – ran their course. The book concludes with a discussion of whether studies such as ours give us insight into the lives of these Nubian folk beyond the material aspects of their remains.
Health and Disease
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, we will present our research on the patterns of physiological stress and disease among the infants and children in our three Nubian communities. The discussion will begin with the methods employed in the estimation of demographic variables, such as sex, age at death, and life expectancy. These variables will provide the context for our subsequent investigations of stress and mortality as a result of the nutritional and infectious disease challenges faced by infants and children at both Wadi Halfa and Kulubnarti. Conditions such as cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia, and enamel microdefects will be the focus of the analyses. Comparisons of the conditions within and between these populations has provided us with important insight into the impact of gender, social status, and economic opportunity on the health and wellbeing of communities at large.
Historiographical Absences and Archaeological Consequences
Authors: Berrocal María Cruz
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that traditional historiography has overlooked the extent of early encounters between indigenous populations and Europeans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By emphasizing only the eighteenth century as the time of the first relevant European presence in the Pacific, traditional historiography ignores the potential consequences of earlier encounters on local peoples. This historiographical absence is the result of several factors, and it has serious implications for the anthropological, archaeological, and historical understanding of the Pacific.
The Abandonment of Alofi Island (Western Polynesia) before Missionary Times
Authors: Sand Christophe
Published: May 2018

Although early contact in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries between Europeans and Pacific Islanders have been well documented from historical data, the possible local impacts on Oceanians have rarely been analyzed in any detail. Indigenous oral traditions and archaeology appear today as primary sources that complement the information from written records related to “discovery” expeditions and missionary-colonial testimonies.
This chapter proposes to synthesize the data at hand on the Island of Alofi. Facing Futuna in Western Polynesia and known to have experienced a multi-millennia human settlement, the Island of Alofi was devoid of permanent occupation at the arrival of the French Missionaries in 1837. Relying on different sources, I will make the case of a probable first early-population collapse due primarily to the consequences of their first encounter, in 1616, with the Dutch expedition of Le Maire and Schouten. An alternative scenario of the recent History of the Archipelago will be proposed, revising the orthodox mainstream publications on the subject. The regional as well as global outcomes of this proposal are far-reaching as they impact our understanding of political changes in the Fiji-West Polynesian triangle as well as question the relevance of anthropological categories used in social reconstructions.
“Great Powers” in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Bayman James M.
Published: May 2018

The application of a comparative approach in Spanish colonial archaeology is a vital, but infrequent, enterprise that strengthens the historical anthropology of Western imperialism. This chapter compares early Spanish and Anglo-American colonialism in the Marianas and Hawaiian islands. Because these archipelagos were colonized by different Western powers, they offer archaeologists an opportunity to examine colonialism within a comparative framework. Colonialism in the two island groups was markedly different, but this study revealed the following similarities: 1) The indigenous desire for iron in both societies provided them a powerful incentive to provision Western ships, and such trade instigated their engagement with global capitalism, and 2) Western contact attenuated the spatial segregation of gendered labor, thereby altering the household economy. In each case, however, archaeology confirms that these changes were contextually nuanced and protracted.
Spain in the Mariana Islands, 1521–1898
Authors: Quimby Frank J.
Published: May 2018

Located about 1500 miles northeast of the Philippines and 1500 miles southwest of Japan, the Mariana Islands lie astride the north equatorial trade-wind that crosses from the Americas to East Asia. It’s the Islands’ location that led to contact between the Spanish and the indigenous Chamorro people in 1521. Their initial contact was followed by more than a century of intermittent trade and cultural interaction, culminating in a Jesuit-inspired colonization by the late seventeenth century. As a result of their homeland’s geostrategic location, the Chamorros became the first Pacific Island people to experience sustained Western contact, especially Christian conversion and European colonization. The Spanish-Chamorro interaction during this continuum offers a unique example of early modern colonialism in the Asia-Pacific region, since it reflects the cross-cultural encounter of imperial objectives and indigenous agency that generated an ethnogenesis and recreated the Chamorro society, culture, and identity.
Encountering the Wider World before the Transition to History
Authors: Liu Yi-Chang , Wang Su-Chin
Published: May 2018

Because the historical archaeology of Taiwan has, since the seventeenth century, focused on either Dutch and Spanish occupations or Chinese immigration, it hasremained unconcerned by earlier, proto-historic encounters with the outside world. Based on foreign ceramics, particularly those originating from China, this chapter explores the exchanges between Taiwan and other regions from the tenth to sixteenth centuries. Although the archaeological record suggests that the island of Taiwan was visited by the Chinese, the two major trade routes of the time (one from Fuzhou or Quanzhou to Ryukyu and the other connecting Quanzhou and Luzon through the Penghu Islands) may have simply skimmed past Taiwan’s coasts. The lack of desired products which might have met the demands of Chinese markets restricted Taiwan’s share of the growing maritime commerce.
The “Austronesian Routes” —the multi-dimensional and complicated communication and exchange networks that prehistoric aboriginals of Taiwan had long actively participated in—were steadily fragmented during the process of expansion of the South China ceramic trade, and they were eventually segregated from world commerce systems. It is this long-term process that generates the “backwardness” of Taiwan's aboriginal societies as portrayed not only in early Chinese texts but also in Dutch and Spanish documents.
The Impact of the First Conquest on the Indigenous Populations of the Philippines (Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Luque-Talaván Miguel
Published: May 2018

Every process of discovery, conquest, and colonization, regardless of its magnitude and historical implications, entails a transformation in those societies in which contact takes place. Such a transformation, though, must not make us assume that there was no resistance, in different ways and intensity, aimed at the outsiders by the receiving population. The Philippines was no exception. In the present investigation, we will address aspects such as the impacts on the settlement patterns, the social structure, and the population shock and consequences of the conquest on the economical structure, culture, and spiritual world of the Philippine indigenous populations between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Trade Networks of Japanese Porcelain in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Nogami Takenori
Published: May 2018

The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route was established after the Spanish founded Manila City in 1571. Many Asian goods, such as silks and spices, were exported by the Spanish galleons. Many New World goods, including Mexican silver, crossed the Pacific Ocean and were brought to Asia. For instance, the cargoes sent to Acapulco from Manila included East Asian porcelain.
On the other hand, in the early modern period, Japanese porcelains were exported from Nagasaki and carried throughout the world. Although, under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, Spanish galleons could not enter Nagasaki until the mid-nineteenth century, the Spanish could still get Japanese porcelains if they were brought by Chinese ships. Because Manila was one of the most important port cities of the trade network in Asia, Chinese ships imported many Chinese and Japanese porcelains to Manila.
The Spanish in Manila used Japanese porcelains and exported some of them to Acapulco. These were distributed among Spanish colonial cities in the Americas. The majority of them were underglazed blue Kraak-type dishes, underglazed blue items, and overglazed enamel chocolate cups. They reflect Spanish colonial life and culture in America. Moreover, Chinese and Japanese porcelain had an influence on the ceramic industry in America.
Dental Modification in Modern-Day Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Friedling L. J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the continued practice of extracting incisors in Cape Town, South Africa. A systematic survey of eight adjoining areas in Cape Town, South Africa, was done to investigate the prevalence, motivation, and possible historical time depth of this practice. Approximately 3500 people were surveyed during this study conducted by means of a questionnaire. Of these 2167 individuals fell within the selection criteria with 41 percent having modified their teeth. More males than females had ablated incisors. Social class had an impact on dental modification practices as the incidence increased within lower-income areas. There were four stated reasons (peer pressure, fashion, gangsterism, and medical/other) for dental modification of which peer pressure (in males) and fashion (in females) were the most popular. Three quarters of the entire study sample had family members with similar dental modifications.
Introduction
Authors: Scharm Heike , Matta-Jara Natalia
Published: May 2018

The introduction addresses recent changes in the field of Hispanic studies, specifically, how expanding worldviews at different moments in time have impacted the way Latin American, Latino, or Spanish authors write, how they are read today, and how postnational perspectives are reshaping literatures and cultural theory in the “Global Now.” In light of diverging semantic interpretations within and beyond the discipline, the introduction frames postnational perspectives as those that identify the interrelations between the local and the global, while recognizing the continuing ties to the nation. After providing a brief historical perspective on cosmopolitanism and the much-contested idea of world literature, the editors provide a basic explanation on how terms such as Hispanic, postnational, cosmopolitan, etc., are understood and applied within the chapters of this volume, all of which, as they argue, point to the construction and exploration of new hermeneutic horizons within the field of Hispanic studies, as a consequence of globalization.
Postnational Masculinities and Globalization in Junot Díaz and Juan Francisco Ferré
Authors: Vivancos-Pérez Ricardo F.
Published: May 2018

Vivancos-Pérez’s chapter demonstrates how the postnational position is influencing discourses on gender. By comparing Dominican American author Junot Díaz’s This is How You Lose Her (2012) with Spanish writer Juan Francisco Ferré’s Providence (2009) and Karnaval (2012), he argues that both authors display a critique of masculinity as an essential component of a postnational approach to cultural exchange. While Ferré disidentifies with narrative strategies of the fiction of displacement in Hispanic literatures, Díaz’s particular “low theory” emphasizes diasporicity. At the same time, this chapter draws a useful parallel between Díaz’s and Ferré’s explorations of masculinity, which add a new dimension to the transnational turn in Latino/Hispanic studies. Both authors do not simply reject traditional hypermasculine myths but try to explore their specificity within a greater transnational/global context, either by focusing on transculturation, colonial legacies, displacement and marginalization, or by elucidating the dynamic and elusive relationships among global capitalism, identity, and media spectacle.
“Odious” Abolitionists and “Insolent” Runaways
Authors: Mergenthal Rebekah M. K.
Published: May 2018

In the 1840s and 1850s, local slaveholders, runaway slaves, and Shawnees and their missionaries attached different meanings to the border between the territory of the Shawnees and the state of Missouri, between Indian Country and the United States. The inhabitants’s complicated and contradictory understandings of this borderland helped construct their identities, and the meanings they ascribed to the border resonated beyond their specific locality. A closer focus on this thirty-mile-long border exposes its meaning for people on each side and for those who crossed it. The line also had broader significance because national politicians intended it to differentiate U.S. and Indian territories. The border separated the Shawnee and Missouri settlers, and politicians believed it would prevent interactions in the area. However, other border residents had their own ideas and did what they could to make the boundary more permeable. The line mattered, but it resonated in unexpected and telling ways because of what people tried to do with and along it.
409 George Street
Authors: Hawkins Karen M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the founding of Craven Operation Progress (COP) and the broad and enthusiastic support it received from the North Carolina Fund, its first funding agency. When President Lyndon Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act in August 1964 critical antipoverty plans and programs for Craven County and nearby counties had been under way for more than half a year. These included a strawberry marketing program, a rural environmental sanitation program, adult basic education classes, and manpower training. From the very beginning, plans and incentives to combat the causes of poverty in Eastern North Carolina did not await direction or guidance from the federal government but grew instead out of local needs and circumstances.
The Trouble with “Washington’s Way”
Authors: Hawkins Karen M.
Published: May 2018

Many of Craven County’s leaders continue efforts to remove COP’s first executive director from his job, feeling that he was more interested in meeting federal guidelines than with working with local people. Despite these efforts, Craven’s leaders abide by most federal guidelines and agree to expand poor and minority representation to both his and the Office of Economic Opportunity’s wishes.
The Fight to Preserve Local Control
Authors: Hawkins Karen M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the Office of Economic Opportunity’s shift away from local ideas. This primarily entailed OEO funding fewer projects originating from local people and instead pushing national emphasis programs, such as Head Start, designed by federal officials. Although congressional cuts to OEO’s budget in 1967 played a role, the federal campaign to standardize the types of programs within the nation’s Community Action Agencies was perhaps more in response to other factors. For one, there was growing congressional disapproval for the controversial (and sometimes violent) direction of some local community action groups. Additionally, there was a continuing belief within OEO that national-emphasis programs would be more effective in reaching those most in need than were programs conceived by local people, most of whom were not poor themselves.
Bone Biology
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces readers to the basics of understanding bone’s functions, which include calcium homeostasis and enabling movement, bone’s components, such as the collagen, and bone’s organization, such as the Haversian system found in cortical bone. The focus of this chapter is on explaining concepts of bone remodeling, which is thought to prevent fractures and other bone damage, and repair, which can take place at macro-levels and micro-levels. Wolff’s Law of bone remodeling, which was initially focused on trabecular bone changes, is discussed in terms of bone’s response to forces that result in strains and stresses. Finally, diarthrodial joint remodeling and repair are discussed; cartilage cells were once thought to be static, yet now they are known to also respond to stresses.
Osteoarthritis
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, osteoarthritis etiology, which is often thought to be the result of wear and tear on joints, is examined using a multidisciplinary approach. Bioarchaeologists look for porosity, eburnation, and osteophytic lipping on joints to identify osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is ubiquitous in bioarchaeological skeletal remains, but it also occurs in 70 percent of people over 65 years old in living populations. Anthropologists use occupational research to surmise that osteoarthritis is caused by overuse of joints, but medical researchers have found that osteoarthritis of certain joints (e.g., knee) have high heritability rates. Plus, age is the best predictor for who has osteoarthritis. Yet osteoarthritis patterns between past populations and modern clinical samples differ; for example, earlier populations have an earlier onset than in modern populations.
Consumer in Chief
Authors: Balogh Brian
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 discusses sweeping changes in the post-World War II U.S. as the nation became the world’s economic powerhouse. The author emphasizes the key role of presidential leadership in constructing the emerging “consumer’s republic.” With several examples, he illustrates how presidents utilized the “bully pulpit” to foster consumption.
“The Follow-Through Is the Key”
Authors: Benke Gavin
Published: May 2018

Presidents took special interest in energy production and development, which had major implications for environmental protection, trade policy, and national security. This case study, involving Enron’s CEO Kenneth Lay, demonstrates the complexity of energy politics. In their dealings with Lay, three U.S. presidents modified their relations with Enron to reflect changing national priorities.
War Owl Falling
Authors: Eberl Markus
Published: May 2018

Innovation causes change. Indeed, modern Western societies see it as a crucial asset to advance. But can it also explain change in ancient societies? This book approaches material change as a crucial component of innovation; that is, the materialization of ideas that become widely adopted. Individuals exercise their agency not only to maintain society but also to cause change through inventions. Here, a symbolic approach is developed to conceptualize their creativity. Metonyms and metaphors link knowledge domains in novel but incomplete ways that imply a meta-discourse on knowledge. Their awareness allows individuals to imagine alternative worlds and trace a coherent path of action through this Garden of Forking Paths. The material nature of inventions exhibits interaction and adoption publicly. Individual decision-making interweaves and the resulting interferences map structural changes in society. The often-long course of existence of ancient societies allows us to trace where and when inventions emerged and how individuals adopted them. Nonetheless, evolutionary approaches to innovation often privilege Western technology and streamline past material diversity into a discourse on modernity. They ignore how inventions serve culture-specific needs and follow cultural logic. Therefore, this book focuses on Central America’s Classic Maya (A.D. 250–900). It discusses innovation for a diverse society—ranging from divine rulers to farmers—that continually changed over centuries.
Bleibt Alles Anders
Authors: Eberl Markus
Published: May 2018

Unlike earlier conceptions of society as homogeneous, modern models emphasize its factious nature. Correspondingly, it cannot be reduced to a structure; instead, it contains multiple, coexisting, and even overlapping structures. Chapter 4 visualizes these complex structures as a Garden of Forking Paths in which worlds—some real, others imaginary—coexist. To plan their actions, individuals trace a coherent path between worlds. Their actions adhere to cultural, although not necessarily practical, logic. They deal with worlds differently and apply different modalities. The latter distinguishes innovators from others. The material nature of inventions exhibits interaction and adoption publicly. Therefore, individual decision-making interweaves, Gardens of Forking Paths overlap, and the resulting interferences map the structural changes in society.
Names of the Owl
Authors: Eberl Markus
Published: May 2018

Chapter 7 discusses innovation as the intersection between individuals and society. It follows a culture-specific logic that evolutionary approaches easily overlook. Premodern and non-Western societies encourage tradition, but this should be seen as a culture-specific discourse on social change and order. Structuralist models explain the maintenance of societies by emphasizing habits. Nonetheless, agency includes creativity—that is, the ability to become aware of social structures and to develop new approaches that materialize in inventions. The material aspect of innovations requires reconsidering the relationship between structures and spacetime, or the material context of human existence. Instead of seeing the latter as a passive backdrop, inventions and adoption change it.
Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes
Authors: Baird Melissa F.
Published: May 2018

What are the cultural politics of making place? How do we reconcile the heritage landscapes we encounter in our work with their sociopolitical and historical contexts? What avenues are there to grapple with and present contemporary concerns? Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes examines landscapes as heritage and shows how these are engaged in a field of power. It argues that to not locate the political contexts of heritage work has consequences. Research experiences in Indigenous and descendant heritage landscapes in Alaska, Mongolia, and Western Australia serve as touchstones to show how heritage landscapes are enmeshed in political and environmental struggles: climate change, oil spills, environmental degradation, political instability, identity politics, and resource extraction. Drawing on the emergent field of critical heritage theory and using the metaphor of the resource frontier, Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes shows how these “new heritage landscapes” are also increasingly imbricated in development and extractive projects. Heritage experts, private and extractive interests, government representatives, and descendant groups negotiate and broker, promote and contest, and create value and meaning. In the process, changes in heritage legislation and corporate heritage strategies create significant changes that, in some cases, have reframed Indigenous lands and heritage as resources.
Toward a Critical Theory of Heritage
Authors: Baird Melissa F.
Published: May 2018

This chapter locates heritage landscapes as central to ongoing debates and future contexts and offers insights and recommendations of how engagements with landscapes can include emancipatory discourse and/or be deployed in ways that mobilize agency. It suggests ways that heritage managers can move toward protecting the intellectual and property rights of Indigenous people in heritage initiatives that could include developing research protocols, in collaboration with Indigenous people that take on the political and historical contexts. Not only as a consideration of issues related to Indigenous heritage such as confidentiality, intellectual property rights, access, right of review, and ownership of data, but also as a way to bring in the controversial topics and concerns. The chapter suggests that to develop dialogue and expand the context for Indigenous knowledge in heritage and environmental management practices, scholars must restructure how we report our work and the laws and practices that guide investigations. This chapter argues that the field of critical heritage theory has much to offer as it moves away from a critique of shortcomings to instead provide recommendations and a new engagement with heritage landscapes that makes room for multiple understandings and brings in subjugated and stakeholder knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

The introduction examines processes by which nineteenth-century black women writers have been disassociated from legitimate forms of black struggle and defiance. Extending a definition of the liberal problematic, and situating liberal ideology critique as a viable mode of resistance, the introductory chapter specifies methodology and content. It also addresses the ways in which Harriet Wilson, Elizabeth Keckly, and Anna Julia Cooper undermine fundamental liberal and Enlightenment precepts including reason, individualism, and the foregrounding of a transcendental subject. Each of these mix-raced, working, widowed women relies on distinct tropes of embodiment in their writing to contest reigning prescriptions toward objectivity, while making visible the constraints of practices of inclusion. Charting a “becoming together” of earlier thinkers with contemporary African-American art in the vein of Sherley Anne Williams’ novel Dessa Rose, the introduction to Resistance Reimagined offers rich insight into literary perspectives of liberalism.
“They Won’t Believe What I Say”
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

“‘They Won’t Believe What I Say’: Theorizing Freedom as an Economy of Violence” analyzes Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig (1859) in which Wilson exposes the coerciveness of imbricated discourses of sentimentality, Christianity, and economic determinism sustaining the liberal problematic. In particular, Wilson offers a dense engagement with questions of materiality, citing it as a critical register of political meaning and experience. As Wilson implicates abstract rationalism in hierarchizing socially constructed processes of investment and exchange, she similarly reimagines dominant ideologies of self-help and self-determination in the context of working class and underclass exploitation in the antebellum U.S. North, revising governing perceptions of interracial altruism and charity. Invoking blackness, fugitivity, and associated figurations of opacity in Our Nig in order to challenge Western liberal dictates toward ocularcentrism, order, and coherence, Wilson also provocatively manipulates liberal tropes of childhood, innocence, and joy.
The Production of “Emancipation”
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

Elizabeth Keckly’s Behind the Scenes (1868) dislodges hegemonic models of individual sovereignty and progress, particularly as the memoir of the author’s years in the Abraham Lincoln White House underscores the harrowing conditions facing the previously enslaved at the onset of Emancipation and locates death/suicide as an expression of black political consciousness. In “The Production of ‘Emancipation’: Race, Ritual, and the Reconstitution of the Antebellum Order,” Keckly strikingly depicts epidemic black homelessness and poverty, thereby disrupting mythologies of the postbellum North as quintessential racial asylum. Keckly’s “anti-pastoral reach” as a force through which to contest teleological “up from slavery” narratives, and her politicized acts of witnessing and mediation further illuminate a reorganization, rather than an eradication, of the inhumane institution. Keckly’s selective self-commodification and her unmasking of the trope of interracial intimacy, moreover, foreground insidious if liberal modes of political control, problematizing conventional modes of fetishizing and Othering black women’s bodies.
Maps of Idealism
Authors: Kozakavich Stacy C.
Published: May 2018

At the scale of cultural landscapes, community visions were expressed broadly as the distribution of villages across space and creation of extensive residential, agricultural, and industrial systems. In this chapter, landscapes are considered as active participants in community formation and growth. Shaker spaces were designed to reflect and reinforce an ordered vision, and maintaining order was a dynamic process within which brothers and sisters continuously reworked their village landscapes. The Harmonist's gardens communicated the relationship between members and the community's leader, and connected the American movement to its German theological roots. Idealized urban plans met with the realities of local geography and resource availability as they were made real on the ground in Mormon towns and at the Llano del Rio colony.
The Emergence of a Black Leader during the Age of Jim Crow and Black Racial Uplift in North Carolina
Authors: Ellis Reginald K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on Shepard’s early education and career as a druggist, tax collector, cofounder of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, and superintendent of the International Sunday School Association. I also emphasize his “radical” approach to race relations in Durham at the turn of the twentieth century. By investigating these topics, I develop a clearer understanding of Shepard’s style of leadership as the eventual president of the North Carolina College for Negroes (NCC).
Creating an Intellectual Partnership While Easing the White Man’s Burden
Authors: Ellis Reginald K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the faculty that Shepard was able to recruit to NCC during the height of the Jim Crow period. It also focuses on Shepard’s desire to elevate the race by hiring qualified faculty of all races who had the ability to train their students to be critical thinkers, while also using their skills in a pragmatic manner. In this chapter I argue that Shepard understood the role of a highly qualified faculty, not only in their capacity as educators but also as researchers. For example, it was with Shepard’s blessings that Dr. John Hope Franklin was able to begin the first draft of his landmark work, From Slavery to Freedom, while he served on the faculty at North Carolina College for Negroes. I also argue that Shepard’s faculty and invited speakers were appointed or invited not only to provide “book knowledge” but also to offer training for his students in becoming moral social activists for the race.
The Machaut Map
Authors: Kimmelman Burt
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes Guillaume de Machaut’s legacy as inherited by Geoffrey Chaucer and Christine de Pizan, especially in the context of a conceptualization of both Machaut the poet and his poetry as cultural capital. Machaut’s judgment poems are paired with his Le Confort d’ami and La Fonteinne amoureuse in order to establish a basis for the younger poets’ literary strategies that constitute, beyond their writings’ aesthetics, sociopolitical acts that embody intentions going beyond poetics per se. Through a discussion of a number of the younger’ poets’ works—Geoffrey’s “Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn” and the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women; and Christine’s Cent ballades d’amant et des dames, Epistre au dieu d’amours, Livre de Trois Vertus, and other writings—the chapter argues that Machaut created a scene of writing for Chaucer and Christine to enter into, thus entering a new world in which even if the status of the patron is not diminished, that of the poet is elevated through writing in both literary and political realms. The poetics of authorship as Machaut both inherited and further developed, reaches its pinnacle in the younger French poet’s work as she is seen both as poet and political thinker.
Polarized Debates, Ambivalent Judgments
Authors: Beer Lewis
Published: May 2018

This chapter aims to illustrate three simple points: first, that medieval love-debate poetry is centrally concerned with a conflict between idealism and pragmatism; second, that Machaut’s Jugement du roy de Behaigne foregrounds this aspect of the love-debate genre and explores its implications; and third, that Gower’s Confessio Amantis is also structured around the juxtaposition of idealistic and pragmatic views of love. While the two narrative poems may seem to distinguish themselves from earlier love-debates by “settling” the conflict presented with a conclusive judgment, they also retain the fundamental ambivalence of the un-concluded jeux-partis. Machaut and Gower invest sympathetically in the idea that worldly pleasures, and specifically the pleasures of love, can be idealized and given enduring value, and the energy and persistence of this fantasy constitute a significant part of these poems’ appeal. It is a fantasy nonetheless, because both poets also figure the attempt to align love with virtue as essentially futile.
Honoring Ancestors in Sacred Space
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

This book examines the history of a black cemetery through archaeology. Archaeological evidence suggests that the cemetery was deliberately established on the waterfront in the early eighteenth century by a black community on the east side of the main town, Nassau, Bahamas. It is important to understand that, though this cemetery was officially sanctioned and maintained by the Anglican Church, the black community intentionally established a separate cemetery in order to observe some non-European burial customs, such as the location near water, leaving personal items on graves, planting a tree at the head of a grave, and placing food offerings on or near graves. This cultural pattern continued for about 100 years, but by the mid-nineteenth century there is a transition away from these public displays of an African-derived cultural identity. The cemetery remained in use until the first decade of the twentieth century. Hurricanes in the 1920s devastated Nassau’s coastline, and this cemetery site was covered by debris from the storm surges. In the 1930s the government constructed a sidewalk through the site and much of the skeletal remains and grave markers were gathered and discarded elsewhere. Despite this destruction, enough archaeological evidence remains as mute testimony to the cultural and historical significance of this site’s past.
Methodology
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the excavation methodology. Based on the identification of Suwannee points in artifact collections made by avocational archaeologists along the Tampa Bypass Canal near Harney Flats, ten weeks of Phase II fieldwork were spent systematically testing the right-of-way. This work revealed significant stratified deposits that were the subject of four months of Phase III excavations with a large crew. This work focused on opening three large block excavations totaling 967 m2. As one goal of the project was to reveal intrasite spatial patterning, hand excavation was done within 1 m squares in 20 cm levels while recognizable tools and cores were plotted three-dimensionally. Two problems of note were encountered during the fieldwork: heavy rains eroded portions of the excavations and site vandalism.
A Comparative Overview of Early Man Sites
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

Many early sites throughout North America bear similarities regarding their lack of worked bifaces. Conversely, unifacially flaked tools at sites ranging from Blackwater Draw in New Mexico to Debert in Nova Scotia to Harney Flats in Florida are pervasive. It seems evident that unifaces were the hallmark of the Paleoindian period and represent stylistic homogeneity. Paleoindian peoples also shared a preference for using high-quality silicates from which they fashioned their tools. Tools of these stone types are often in sites great distances from their geologic source. Also, the idea that Paleoindians subsisted primarily by hunting now extinct megafauna is an overly simplistic view of how they utilized and adapted to their environments. Last, the Harney Flats report revisits the structural patterning at several eastern Paleoindian sites, such as Debert (Nova Scotia), Holcombe Beach (Michigan), Thunderbird (Virginia) and Vail (Maine) as a matter of comparison.
Developing Models of a Band Society
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

Beginning with the assumption that Paleoindian peoples were organized into hunter-gatherers bands, archaeologists have developed prehistoric settlement models based upon ethnographically known hunter-gather groups. One such model created by Lewis Binford identified two general site types called base camps and work camps. Archaeologists have concluded that prehistoric hunter-gatherers exhibited a settlement mobility organized around resource zones such as rivers, waterholes, lakes, diverse ecotones (which provided a greater variety of plants and animals), and stone quarries from which they could obtain raw materials to fashion tools. We presume that the early prehistoric bands around Tampa Bay were territorial or at least occupied exclusive territories. Traditionally, the difference between Paleoindian and Archaic settlement patterns focused on the alleged readaptation that occurred between the Pleistocene and Holocene. More recently, though, Cleland’s focal/diffuse model notes a change from specialized adaptations geared toward similar resources to an economy focused on varied or scattered resources.
The U.S. Good Life, the UN World, and the Human Rights Record
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: May 2018

The Introduction of Writing Human Rights provides a historical overview of the international and domestic postwar contexts in which an international human rights regime was established, as it distinguishes human rights from liberal humanitarianism. It focuses on Toni Morrison’s Beloved as a watershed novel for theorizing human rights at the end of the “American century.”
“Come Almost Home”
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: May 2018

Chapter Two reads the novels A Gesture Life by Chang-rae Lee and Dogeaters by Jessica Hagedorn alongside the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in order to describe the seemingly impossible political subjects that might be granted standing, or the fundamental “right to have rights,” in a transnational human rights imaginary.
“A Globe within Him”
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: May 2018

Chapter Three examines Susan Choi’s novel The Foreign Student and the UN Convention Against Torture together to educe a formulation of the “right to the security of person.” It demonstrates how the right to human security deconstructs the sovereign state authority by which war and torture “work over” the vulnerable body in pain.
Involutionary Politics
Authors: Fishel Stefanie R.
Published: May 2018

I left no one at the door, I invited all;

The thief, the parasite, the mistress—these above all I called—­

—Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass

International Relations needs a bigger vocabulary. This claim does not mean that we need a more specialized language or theoretical jargon, but rather new words and concepts that explain the world with greater clarity. It means, as in the epigraph by Whitman above, we open our door to those who have been excluded or ignored at both a disciplinary level and a worldly one. We can invite guests from other disciplines or redraw the intellectual history of International Relations (IR) and reuse it for a new era of global or, more hopefully, planetary politics. This could begin simply with giving up the title “International Relations.” This discipline and the world it explains are more than, and less than, relations between nations. The familiar IR view of states and their corresponding nations obfuscates the challenges facing human communities in what has become an epoch named after human alterations to our planetary ecosystems, dubbed the Anthropocene....
Introduction
Authors: Gorfinkel Elena
Published: May 2018

New York City, mid-1960s, black-and-white 35mm film stock and a familiar sexploitation scenario: young Candy leaves her small town. We see her departing on the train. She is fleeing the fate of her mother, a prostitute who has committed suicide. She opines in voice-over about a new life in New York City, which holds the promise of another identity and respite from the shame bestowed by maternal disgrace. Candy (Barbara Morris), with dark hair and cropped bangs, evokes a low-budget Anna Karina circa Jean-Luc Godard’s early 1960s films. She moves in with an old girlfriend, her enchantment by the city’s roiling creative energies and architectural marvels rendered through street scenes, vertiginous views of skyscrapers, female flânerie. Introduced to the world of the single urban working girl by the women whom she befriends, Candy resorts to nude modeling and escorting. After two failed romances, with a philandering nude photographer and a sculptor more piqued by his art than by Candy, she returns to her party girl life while secretly edging toward despair....
Girls with Hungry Eyes
Authors: Gorfinkel Elena
Published: May 2018

Takes up the expansion of the “sexploitation gaze” in the latter half of the sixties decade, pursuing the freedom to look as one bestowed on female lust and desire, in films from roughly 1965-1970. Examines film cycles that took up female and “perverse” sexuality, and that dealt with sadism and masochism, lesbianism, sexual “perversions” and with swinging and the counterculture.
Playing with Identity
Authors: Chess Shira
Published: May 2018

Chapter One, “Playing with Identity” weaves together sources to find a baseline of what Player Two’s games look like. Starting with the concept of Designed Identity, I use interviews with game designers and game design textbooks to create a rubric for identifying games intended for Player Two.
Playing with Time
Authors: Chess Shira
Published: May 2018

Chapter Two, “Playing with Time,” proposes ways that time management is structured into games intended for Player Two, paying specific attention to Time Management Games and Invest/Express Games.
Human Nature after Kant
Authors: Strathausen Carsten
Published: May 2018

The first chapter on “Human Nature After Kant” traces the beginnings of bio-aesthetics back to 18th century scientific theories about the nature of life, in particular the long-lasting debate of preformationism versus epigenesis that influenced Kant’s aesthetic theory in the Third Critique, a foundational text in the history of modern aesthetics.
Evolutionary Aesthetics
Authors: Strathausen Carsten
Published: May 2018

The fourth chapter on “Evolutionary Aesthetics” provides a comprehensive and detailed account of both strengths and weaknesses among recent aesthetic and cultural theories (such as homo aestheticus, literary Darwinism, cognitive cultural studies, etc) based upon neo-Darwinian theory.
An Inner Transhumanism
Authors: Pilsch Andrew
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 explores the modernist roots of evolutionary futurism through the uptake of Friedrich Nietzsche by the European avant-garde. Foregrounding the work of Mina Loy and P.D. Ouspensky, the chapter argues that modernism embodies evolutionary futurism through what I call an "inner transhumanism."
Astounding Transhumanism!
Authors: Pilsch Andrew
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 discusses the "Superman Boom," a science fiction publishing phenomenon in the 1930s that coincided with the dawn of the Golden Age of SF. In addition to the fiction, this chapter documents the fan response that positioned SF readers as genetic supermen and inspired plans for fan utopian communities.
Cars, Cultural Production, and Global Modernity
Authors: Green-Simms Lindsey B.
Published: May 2018

The motor-car is the epitome of “objects,” the Leading-Object, and this fact should be kept in mind.

—Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World

Anyone who thinks evil of you, may this car run them over in their sleep. This car will hunt out your enemies, pursue their bad spirits, grind them into the road. Your car will drive over fire and be safe. It will drive into the ocean and be safe. It has friends in the spirit world. Its friend there, a car just like this one, will hunt down your enemies. They will not be safe from you. A bomb will fall on this car and it will be safe. I have opened the road for this car. It will travel all roads. It will arrive safely at all destinations....
The Hum of Progress: Motorcars and the Modernization of West Africa
Authors: Green-Simms Lindsey B.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 focuses on the history of motorization from the colonial moment to the decolonizing decades following World War II. Examining various events or episodes alongside key literary and cinematic texts, this chapter explores the many ambivalences and conflicts present in the process of motorization. The chapter also discuss how African entrepreneurs took the lead in importing automobiles and establishing a system of transportation while Europeans were often ambivalent or even hostile to the idea of motorizing Africa.
Parenting Performativities
Authors: Dixon-Román Ezekiel J.
Published: May 2018

The third chapter is the first of two demonstrated diffractive analyses. This chapter begins by examining the question of the extent to which the performative practices of parenting are enfolding historialities in which the parents grew up. And, given the ways in which the forces of race, gender, and class relations are often empirically found to converge in the performativities of parenting, it also (re)considers how the lenses of diffraction and assemblages can be helpful for critical quantitative inquiry of parenting practices.