bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrodeposition of Cobalt in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte at Ambient Temperature
Authors: AN Mao‐Zhong , YANG Pei‐Xia , SU Cai‐Na , NISHIKATA Atshushi , TSURU Tooru
Published: July 2008

The codeposition behavior of Co and Zn in an ionic liquid was investigated. In the cyclic voltammogram of a ZnCl2‐EMIC‐CoCl2 ionic liquid, three reduction peaks appeared at 250 mV (peak c1), 50 mV (peak c2) and −200 mV (peak c3) (vs. Zn2+/Zn). According to the component analysis by means of EDS (energy disperse spectroscopy), peaks c1, c2 and c3 correspond to the electrodeposition of Co, the underpotential deposition of Zn on the electrodeposited Co coating and the codeposition of Co‐Zn alloy, respectively. The potentiostatic deposition showed that the electrodeposited coating of high‐pure Co was obtained when the cathodic potential was controlled at 100 mV (vs. Zn/Zn2+). The electrodeposition was carried out at a galvanostatic mode, and when the current density was controlled at about 85 µA/cm2, the electrodeposited coating of high‐pure Co was also obtained. Studies on the mechanism of codeposition of Co and Zn showed that the electrodeposition process of Co and the underpotential deposition process of Zn on the electrodeposited Co coating were all diffusion controlled.
Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Chitosan‐gold Nanoparticle Composite Film on Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Its Biosensing Application
Authors: SHENG Qing‐Lin , SHEN Yu , ZHANG Hong‐Fang , ZHENG Jian‐Bin
Published: July 2008

The direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on a composite matrix based on chitosan (CHIT) and Au nanoparticles (Au NP) underlying on a glassy carbon electrode was achieved. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified electrode. In deaerated buffer solutions, the cyclic voltammetry of the composite films of GOx‐Au NP‐CHIT showed a pair of well‐behaved redox peaks that were assigned to the redox reaction of GOx, confirming the effective immobilization of GOx on the composite film. The electron transfer rate constant was estimated to be 15.6 s−1, indicating a high electron transfer between the GOx redox center and electrode. The combination of CHIT and Au NP also promoted the stability of GOx in the composite film and retained its bioactivity, which might have the potential application to glucose determination. The calculated apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant was 10.1 mmol·L−1. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor could be used for the determination of glucose in human plasma samples.
Synthesis of p‐tert‐Butylcalix[10]crowns
Authors: ZHAN Jun‐Yan , LI Hai‐Bing , HUANG Shao‐Wei
Published: July 2008

A series of calix[10]crowns were synthesized for the first time. By reacting p‐tert‐butylcalix[10]arene with ethylene glycol ditosylate or polyethylene glycol ditosylates in a system of K2CO3/toluene or Cs2CO3/acetone, a series of calix[10]crowns such as 1,2‐calix[10]crown‐4, 1,3‐calix[10]crown‐2, 1,2‐calix[10]crown‐3, 1,3‐calix[10]crown‐3, 1,4‐calix[10]crown‐4 and 1,6‐calix[10]crown‐4 were obtained.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐(11R,12S)‐Mefloquine Hydrochloride
Authors: XIE Zhi‐Xiang , ZHANG Lu‐Zhong , REN Xiao‐Juan , TANG Shi‐Yang , LI Ying
Published: July 2008

The asymmetric synthesis of (+)‐(11R,12S)‐mefloquine hydrochloride, an antimalarial drug, was accomplished from commercially available 2‐trifluoromethylaniline, ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate and cyclopentanone in 7 steps with a 14% overall yield. The key steps were proline‐catalyzed asymmetric direct aldol reaction and Beckmann rearrangement. The absolute configuration was assigned by a Mosher's method.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐(3S,6R)‐3,6‐Dihydroxy‐10‐methylundecanoic Acid and Its Trimer
Authors: ZHANG Xian‐Shu , DA Shi‐Jun , JIAO Yang , LI Hui‐Zhi , XIE Zhi‐Xiang , LI Ying
Published: July 2008

The asymmetric total synthesis of (3S,6R)‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐10‐methylundecanoic acid and its trimer was accomplished from commercially available 1‐bromo‐3‐methylbutane in 11 steps in a 27.5% overall yield and 14 steps in a 24.5% overall yield, respectively. The key steps were asymmetric allylboration via allyldiisopinocampheylborane and Yamaguchi's esterification reaction.
Isolation and Characterization of Three Siderophores from Marine Bacteria
Authors: YOU Mei‐Xian , ZHANG Hui‐Ping , HU Chang‐Qi
Published: July 2008

One new siderophore (3) along with the previously reported nocardamine (1) and schizokinen A (2) were isolated from the culture broth of three bacteria isolated from unidentified marine sponges. The minimal active concentrations of the compounds by chrome azurol S (CAS) liquid assay are 5, 4 and 156 µg/mL, respectively.
Synthesis of Some Novel Phenyl Substituted Oxothiazolidin‐1′′,3′′,4′′‐thiadiazolo‐[3′,4′‐b]thiazoline of 3β‐Substituted Cholestane
Authors: SHAMSUZZAMAN  , SIDDIQUI Tabassum , ALAM Mohammad Gulfam
Published: July 2008

Three title compounds 4a–4c have been synthesized by the cyclodehydration of 1′‐benzylidine‐4′‐(3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestane‐6‐yl)thiosemicarbazones 2a–2c with thioglycolic acid followed by the treatment with cold conc. H2SO4 in dioxane. The compounds 2a–2c were prepared by condensation of 3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestan‐6‐one‐thiosemicarbazones 1a–1c with benzaldehyde. These thiosemicarbazones 1a–1c were obtained by the reaction of corresponding 3β‐substituted‐5α‐cholestan‐6‐ones with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of few drops of conc. HCl in methanol. The structures of the products have been established on the basis of their elemental, analytical and spectral data.
„Das an Schülervorstellungen orientierte Unterrichtsverfahren”︁
Authors: Petermann Karin , Friedrich Jens , Oetken Marco
Published: July 2008

Der vorliegende Artikel stellt ein Unterrichtsverfahren vor, das von den Autoren bereits auf der Fortbildungs‐ und Vortragstagung der GDCh‐Fachgruppe Chemieunterricht am 17.09.2007 in Ulm präsentiert und legitimiert wurde.

Im Schulunterricht wird bei der Beschäftigung mit naturwissenschaftlichen Inhalten recht schnell klar, dass ein Verständnis von Schülern als Tabula rasa weit gefehlt ist, weil sie bereits zahlreiche Vorstellungen über naturwissenschaftliche Phänomene mit in den Unterricht bringen. Häufig lassen sich die Vorstellungen der Schüler jedoch nicht in Einklang mit den modernen naturwissenschaftlichen Denkweisen bringen, weshalb beim Erlernen von Naturwissenschaften tief greifende Lernschwierigkeiten auftreten. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Unterrichtsverfahren vorgestellt, in dem Schülervorstellungen eine besondere Berücksichtigung erfahren und gezielt thematisiert werden. Außerdem werden die methodisch‐didaktische Konzeption sowie die unterrichtspraktische Umsetzung dieses Verfahrens exemplarisch an einer Unterrichtseinheit zum „Gesetz der Erhaltung der Masse”︁ illustriert. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zum Massenerhalt bei chemischen Reaktionen wird aufgezeigt, wie eine intensive inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung mit empirisch gefundenen Schülervorstellungen im Unterricht erfolgen kann.
Serological Evidence for the Association of Bartonella henselae Infection with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: H. Fischer Andreas , van der Loo Bernd , M. Shär Gertrud , Zbinden Reinhard , Duru Firat , Brunckhorst Corinna , Rousson Valentin , Delacrétaz y Etienne , Stuber Thomas , Oechslin Erwin N. , Follath Ferenc , Jenni Rolf
Published: July 2008

Background

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an important cause of sudden death in young adults. On the basis of histopathological findings its pathogenesis may involve both a genetic origin and an inflammatory process. Bartonella henselae may cause endomyocarditis and was detected in myocardium from a young male who succumbed to sudden cardiac death.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that chronic infection with Bartonella henselae could contribute to the pathogenesis of ARVC.

Methods

We investigated sera from 49 patients with ARVC for IgG antibodies to Bartonella henselae. In this study, 58 Swiss blood donors tested by the same method served as controls.

Results

Six patients with ARVC (12%) had positive (>1:256) IgG titres in the immunofluorescence test with Bartonella henselae. In contrast, only 1 elevated titre was found in 58 controls (p ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, all patients with increased titres had no familial occurrence of ARVC.

Conclusions

Further studies in larger patient cohorts seem justified to investigate a possible causal link between chronic Bartonella henselae and ARVC, in particular its sporadic (nonfamilial) form. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COD Evaluation of Hospital Effluent by Means of UV‐Spectral Deconvolution
Authors: Martins Ayrton F. , Arsand Daniel R. , Brenner Carla B. , Minetto Luciane
Published: July 2008

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is an important parameter for the evaluation of the oxidizable matter in water and effluent in general. Although laborious and time‐consuming, the Standard Method for COD determination employs very toxic pollutants, i. e., dichromate and mercury, which are now being gradually avoided or replaced. In general, the organic load of effluents usually shows absorbance in the UV‐visible region, as a result of the presence of absorbing groups in its organic constituents, e. g., in the case of aromatic compounds, they show the well‐known UV fingerprint. In this study, an attempt has been made to find a deconvolution correlation between the COD values of effluent samples from the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM) and their integrated UV‐absorbances. Experimental procedures reveal a correlation of +0.567, classified as moderate positive and with a significancy of 0.0001, between the estimated and the determined values. Hence, a COD‐estimation for hospital effluents is proposed, through a simple spectrophotometric measurement of the integrated absorbance in the 285–295 nm range.
Perceptions of cancer‐related information among cancer survivors: A report from the American Cancer Society's Studies of Cancer Survivors
Authors: McInnes D. Keith , Cleary Paul D. , Stein Kevin D. , Ding Lin , Mehta C. Christina , Ayanian John Z.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Sources of cancer‐related information are rapidly increasing, but little is known about whether the health information available to cancer survivors meets their needs.

METHODS.

The authors surveyed 778 Massachusetts cancer survivors 3, 6, or 11 years after their diagnosis for 6 common cancers. They analyzed their views about 5 types of cancer‐related information, the quality of that information, barriers to getting it, their experiences with physicians providing cancer care, and the quality of their cancer care.

RESULTS.

Among 462 (61%) respondents who reported needing cancer information, many gave unfavorable ratings (fair or poor) of the quality of cancer information regarding cancer support groups (38%), long‐term side effects (36%), experiences of other cancer patients (26%), and cancer physicians (26%). About 20% of respondents reported sometimes experiencing barriers to obtaining cancer information, although fewer than 10% usually or always experienced barriers. For both men and women, worse physical and mental functioning was associated with greater need for information, worse ratings of information quality, and more barriers to obtaining information (all P<.01). Cancer survivors who were black or had lower incomes reported more problems obtaining needed information, and younger women had greater information needs than older women (all P <.01).

CONCLUSIONS.

Opportunities exist to improve the quality, content and delivery of cancer‐related information to survivors, especially for those who are racial/ethnic minorities, have low incomes, or are in worse physical or mental health. Providing information more effectively to cancer survivors may improve their care and health outcomes. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Consistent concepts of self‐organization and self‐assembly
Authors: Halley Julianne. D. , Winkler David A.
Published: July 2008

We critically review concepts of self‐organization and self‐assembly, and extract from this analysis consistent and workable definitions of both concepts that are applicable across many scientific disciplines. In essence, we distinguish self‐organization from self‐assembly on a thermodynamic basis, where self‐organization implies a nonequilibrium process and self‐assembly is reserved for spontaneous processes tending toward equilibrium. This discrimination is consistent with early uses of both terms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.
Mitochondrial biogenesis in the axons of vertebrate peripheral neurons
Authors: Amiri Mandana , Hollenbeck Peter J.
Published: July 2008

Mitochondria are widely distributed via regulated transport in neurons, but their sites of biogenesis remain uncertain. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, and evidence has suggested that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication occurs mainly or entirely in the cell body. However, it has also become clear that nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial proteins can be translated in the axon and that components of the mitochondrial replication machinery reside there as well. We assessed directly whether mtDNA replication can occur in the axons of chick peripheral neurons labeled with 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). In axons that were physically separated from the cell body or had disrupted organelle transport between the cell bodies and axons, a significant fraction of mtDNA synthesis continued. We also detected the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 in neurons by immunofluorescence or expression of GFP‐Drp1. Its presence and distribution on the majority of axonal mitochondria indicated that a substantial number had undergone recent division in the axon. Because the morphology of mitochondria is maintained by the balance of fission and fusion events, we either inhibited Drp1 expression by RNAi or overexpressed the fusion protein Mfn1. Both methods resulted in significantly longer mitochondria in axons, including many at a great distance from the cell body. These data indicate that mitochondria can replicate their DNA, divide, and fuse locally within the axon; thus, the biogenesis of mitochondria is not limited to the cell body. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
Isolation and expression of Pax6 and atonal homologues in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Blackburn David C. , Conley Kevin W. , Plachetzki David C. , Kempler Karen , Battelle Barbara‐Anne , Brown Nadean L.
Published: July 2008

Pax6 regulates eye development in many animals. In addition, Pax6 activates atonal transcription factors in both invertebrate and vertebrate eyes. Here, we investigate the roles of Pax6 and atonal during embryonic development of Limulus polyphemus rudimentary lateral, medial and ventral eyes, and the initiation of lateral ommatidial eye and medial ocelli formation. Limulus eye development is of particular interest because these animals hold a unique position in arthropod phylogeny and possess multiple eye types. Furthermore, the molecular underpinnings of eye development have yet to be investigated in chelicerates. We characterized a Limulus Pax6 gene, with multiple splice products and predicted protein isoforms, and one atonal homologue. Unexpectedly, neither gene is expressed in the developing eye types examined, although both genes are present in the lateral sense organ, a structure of unknown function. Developmental Dynamics 237:2209–2219, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired hair placode formation with reduced expression of hair follicle‐related genes in mice lacking Lgr4
Authors: Mohri Yasuaki , Kato Shigeki , Umezawa Akihiro , Okuyama Ryuhei , Nishimori Katsuhiko
Published: July 2008

We observed that Lgr4K5 KO mice had sparse head hair and focal alopecia behind their ears, as observed in tabby (Eda) and downless (Edar) mice, which are models of the human genetic disorder hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED). Lgr4‐deficient mice showed partial impairment in hair follicle development with reduced expression of Edar, Lef1, and Shh, which were essential for hair follicle morphogenesis, in the epidermis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Lgr4−/− mice epidermis using shh antibody showed reduced numbers of hair placodes, and we also detected higher phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, which is required to suppress normal hair follicle induction. We suspected that Lgr4 might be a novel gene class regulating the development of hair follicles. Developmental Dynamics 237:2235–2242, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transesterification of rapeseed oil catalyzed by liquid organic amine in supercritical methanol in a continuous tubular‐flow reactor
Authors: Tang Zhiyong , Wang Lianyuan , Yang Jichu
Published: July 2008

The catalytic activity of four liquid organic amines, triethylamine (TEA), diethylamine (DEA), ethylenediamine (EDA) and monoethanolamine (MEA), in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil in supercritical methanol was studied in this paper. The results showed that the order of the catalytic activity was DEA > TEA > MEA > EDA. The effect of the molar ratio of methanol to oil on the reaction was involved. Further, with TEA as the catalyst, the effect of the reaction pressure on this reaction was investigated. Pressure had a positive effect on this reaction. Additionally, the efficiency of the co‐solvent, including ethyl acetate, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexanone, was studied, showing that ethyl acetate had a positive effect on this reaction. The overall results suggested that the methyl ester yield in a continuous reactor was inferior to that in a batch reactor, mainly because of the poor mutual solubility between the oil and methanol. Furthermore, possible mechanisms for this amine‐catalyzed reaction were proposed.
The evolution of enzymatic interesterification in the oils and fats industry
Authors: Holm Hans C. , Cowan David
Published: July 2008

Immobilised lipases have now become accepted as a mainstream technology for fat modification. This paper presents the development of this technology in particular for the production of trans‐free fats. One of the factors influencing this development has been concern for health, which has made trans fats a major issue for food manufacturers and consumers. Enzymatic interesterification is a relatively new method for producing trans‐free alternatives for fats used in conventional margarines and shortenings. The development of this technology is examined from the perspective of an eventual industrial application rather than operation only at the laboratory scale. This paper also covers the practical means of operating immobilised enzyme columns and gives examples of how formulations can be adapted to match existing specifications. There are environmental benefits when choosing enzyme technology in comparison with chemical‐based routes. Life cycle assessments have been used to quantify the differences in environmental impact of this new technology. The final process is both capable of providing fats with the correct melting properties but without trans fats and of reducing the environmental impact of fat processing. Finally, the future developments that are anticipated in the applications of this technology are considered.
When being disadvantaged grows into vengeance: The effects of asymmetry of interest and social rejection in social dilemmas
Authors: Stouten Jeroen , De Cremer David , van Dijk Eric
Published: July 2008

In public good dilemmas, group members often differ in the extent to which they benefit from provision of the public good (asymmetry of interest). In the current paper, we argue that people may readily accept such financial differences in interest when their social needs are met by being accepted by the others. When people are socially rejected, however, members having a low rather than a high interest in the public good may display negative emotional and retributive reactions. This reasoning was supported by the findings of a first experimental study in which we manipulated people's interest in the public good and social rejection. These effects were replicated in a second experimental study and it was further shown that this two‐way interaction between social rejection and interest in the public good was moderated by people's social value orientation. The negative reactions to low interest (vs. high interest) in the public good when being socially rejected were especially prominent among group members with a proself orientation. Taken together, the current studies illustrate the importance of studying how financial and social needs interact to determine emotional and retributive actions in social dilemmas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pros and cons of using the mental health act for severe eating Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Ayton Agnes , Keen Catherine , Lask Bryan
Published: July 2008

Background

In England and Wales the compulsory treatment of young people with severe eating disorders is controversial. There is a concern that such treatment may impair patient autonomy and negatively influence the outcome. In this study, based in a specialist hospital, we compared patients treated under parental consent with those detained under the Mental Health Act: their characteristics and outcome up to 12 months after discharge.

Results

34 patients were informal (treated under parental consent) (age: 16.2 ± 1.3 years) and 16 were treated under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act (age: 16.2 ± 1) in a 3‐year period. Detained patients had an earlier age of onset (12.2 ± 5 vs. 14.3 ± 1.8) and more previous hospitalisation. On admission, their psychosocial functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale (C‐GAS): 13.6 ± 2 vs. 26.9 ± 9; Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents (HONOSCA): 41.7 ± 5 vs. 31.9 ± 5) were worse than voluntary patients', they had a higher level of co‐morbid depression (BDI: 38.1 ± 15.6 vs. 26.6 ± 12.4) and a higher rate of suicidal behaviour. All physical and psychosocial measures improved substantially and clinically significantly by discharge and there was no statistically significant difference at this stage between the two patient groups. Two informal patients died within a year after discharge (6.3%), but there were no deaths amongst the detained patients.

Comments

In contrast with previous findings in adults, the outcome for detained patients was similar to that for informal patients, despite the former having more severe presentation on admission. There was no evidence of higher mortality in the detained group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Planetary landscape systems: a limitless frontier
Authors: Baker Victor R.
Published: July 2008

If it is to be a complete science of landforms and landscapes, geomorphology is not appropriately limited geographically to the terrestrial portions of Earth's surface. Various systems of landforms and their generative processes are best understood in a full planetary context. Moreover, by extending its purview to include the nature of landscapes on Earth‐like planets, geomorphological inquiry is not appropriately limited in its philosophical presumptions to the reductionist views that have so successfully guided much of physics. Holistic thinking, exemplified by some aspects of evolutionary biology, and a systems framework may prove to be particularly fruitful for understanding future extraterrestrial discoveries and the general nature of landforms and landscapes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogeomorphological disturbance regimes: progress in linking ecological and geomorphological systems
Authors: Viles H. A. , Naylor L. A. , Carter N. E. A. , Chaput D.
Published: July 2008

Understanding the complex, non‐linear ways in which linked ecological and geomorphological systems respond to disturbance is important to improving both theoretical understanding and practical environmental management. Some simple conceptual models have been proposed to describe biogeomorphological responses to disturbance within fluvial and aeolian environments, and are reviewed here. Recent research on the interactions between ecological and geomorphological processes in rock breakdown, aeolian, hillslope, fluvial and coastal wetland process regimes indicates a number of additional factors which need to be considered by such models in order to provide a more realistic representation. In particular, many empirical studies point to complex interactions between vegetation, microphytic crusts and animal action (bioturbation and grazing) in a wide range of sediment systems, which act as intrinsic feedback factors complicating the response of these systems to disturbances such as climate change and human action. Improved understanding of these interactions will help effective environmental management, as exemplified by salt marsh restoration schemes. Furthermore, better specification of biogeomorphological interactions can provide insights into large‐scale, long‐term Earth systems dynamics problems such as the long‐term carbon cycle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated white‐matter tractography using a probabilistic diffusion tensor atlas: Application to temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Hagler Donald J. , Ahmadi Mazyar E. , Kuperman Joshua , Holland Dominic , McDonald Carrie R. , Halgren Eric , Dale Anders M.
Published: July 2008

Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging allows researchers and clinicians to identify individual white matter fiber tracts and map their trajectories. The reliability and interpretability of fiber‐tracking procedures is improved when a priori anatomical information is used as a guide. We have developed an automated method for labeling white matter fiber tracts in individual subjects based on a probabilistic atlas of fiber tract locations and orientations. The probabilistic fiber atlas contains 23 fiber tracts and was constructed by manually identifying fiber tracts in 21 healthy controls and 21 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The manual tract identification method required ∼40 h of manual editing by a trained image analyst using multiple regions of interest to select or exclude streamline fibers. Identification of fiber tracts with the atlas does not require human intervention, but nonetheless benefits from the a priori anatomical information that was used to manually identify the tracts included in the atlas. We applied this method to compare fractional anisotropy—thought to be a measure of white matter integrity—in individual fiber tracts between control subjects and patients with TLE. We found that the atlas‐based and manual fiber selection methods produced a similar pattern of results. However, the between‐group effect sizes using the atlas‐derived fibers were generally as large or larger than those obtained with manually selected fiber tracks. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A practical definition of ethics for truly strategic planning in higher education
Authors: Kaufman Roger
Published: July 2008

Ethics as part of strategic planning are about adding measurable value to our shared world, not just talking about doing the right things.
Service learning as an expression of ethics
Authors: Newman Julie
Published: July 2008

The existing pedagogy known as service learning could be harnessed and expanded as a model by which to teach sustainability.
Ethics across the curriculum
Authors: Matchett Nancy J.
Published: July 2008

Colleges cannot avoid teaching ethics across their undergraduate curriculums, but they can be deliberate in approach rather than uncoordinated.
Learning from the codes of the academic disciplines
Authors: Woody William D.
Published: July 2008

By looking across discipline‐specific codes of ethics, we can identify similarities that translate into general principles and specific ethical teaching behaviors.
Thinking through the issues in a code of ethics
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: July 2008

A group of faculty, administrators, and students developed a code of ethics governing all members of a university community.
Teaching ethics in a business program
Authors: Grant John H.
Published: July 2008

Inadequate ethics education has a high price tag in the world of business, burdensome rules and enforcement across global economies and costly consequences for society.
Classroom strategies for teaching ethics
Authors: Smaldino Sharon
Published: July 2008

An example of how one faculty member in instructional technology developed a course integrating ethics into her program's curriculum.
The institution's obligations to athletes
Authors: Sharp Linda A. , Sheilley Holly K.
Published: July 2008

Universities and athletic departments have the ethical responsibility to offer athletes a meaningful educational experience.
Monthly spatial calibration of Blaney–Criddle equation for calculating monthly ETo in south of Iran
Authors: Fooladmand Hamid Reza , Ahmadi Seyed Hamid
Published: July 2008

The Penman–Monteith equation is the most common equation for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). However, this equation needs full meteorological data, but few meteorological stations with complete meteorological data exist in Fars province, in the south of Iran. On the other hand, the Blaney–Criddle equation is a simpler alternative for estimating ETo compared with the Penman–Monteith equation. In this study, the Blaney–Criddle equation was calibrated based on the Penman–Monteith equation for every month of the year by using the meteorological data of seven synoptic stations inside and seven synoptic stations outside Fars province. For this purpose, the calibration coefficients of the Blaney–Criddle equation (a and b) were determined for all months at different stations, separately. Furthermore, in a new approach the mean monthly temperature in the Blaney–Criddle equation was replaced with the effective temperature for each station in the study area. The ETo values based on the new approach of the Blaney–Criddle equation were better than the results of the original Blaney–Criddle equation when compared to the Penman–Monteith equation as the reference equation. The calculated values of a were negative for all months and stations, and ranged between −4.84 and −0.84. Lowest a values were obtained in May, July and June, and the highest a values were obtained in December, November and January, i.e. the values of a were greater in cold months than warm months of the year. The values of b were positive for all months and stations, and ranged between 0.71 and 1.89. December, January and November showed the lowest b values while June, July and August showed the highest. Therefore, the values of b were greater in warm months than cold months of the year. Moreover, the range of variation of a values was larger than for the b values which implied that the a values have more impact on the estimations of ETo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary development of DNA aptamer‐Fc conjugate opsonins
Authors: Bruno John G. , Carrillo Maria P. , Crowell Randy
Published: July 2008

Encapsulated bacteria such as virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis impair phagocytosis with their capsules unless opsonized by antibodies. Poly‐gamma‐D‐glutamic acid (γ‐PDGA) is the major component of the B. anthracis capsule. In this work, poly‐alpha‐D‐glutamic acid (α‐PDGA)‐coated magnetic beads (MBs) were used as surrogates to simulate vegetative B. anthracis cells and avoid the hazards of working with virulent bacteria. DNA aptamers were developed against the alpha‐linked PDGA‐MBs and sequenced. Four of the most frequent candidate aptamer sequences in the pool were coupled at their 5′ ends to Fc fragments of murine IgG to act as artificial antibodies. The effects of candidate aptamer‐Fc conjugate addition on macrophage attachment and internalization of α‐PDGA‐MBs were tested on P388D1 and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage lines by spectrofluorometric and image analysis techniques. P388D1 cells were not able to internalize the α‐PDGA‐MBs, but attachment to α‐PDGA‐MBs was enhanced by the conjugates to varying degrees. Ingestion of α‐PDGA‐MBs by RAW 264.7 cells in the presence of several different candidate aptamer‐Fc conjugates demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in phagocytic index (P.I.) up to threefold in the first 30 min of exposure to α‐PDGA‐MBs. This preliminary study using alpha‐linked instead of gamma‐linked PDGA provides proof‐of‐concept for future work in the new area of hybrid DNA aptamer‐protein constructs as potential opsonins. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Game coloring the Cartesian product of graphs
Authors: Zhu Xuding
Published: July 2008

This article proves the following result: Let G and G′ be graphs of orders n and n′, respectively. Let G* be obtained from G by adding to each vertex a set of n′ degree 1 neighbors. If G* has game coloring number m and G′ has acyclic chromatic number k, then the Cartesian product G□G′ has game chromatic number at most k(k + m − 1). As a consequence, the Cartesian product of two forests has game chromatic number at most 10, and the Cartesian product of two planar graphs has game chromatic number at most 105. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 59: 261–278, 2008
Determination of the active metabolites of sibutramine in rat serum using column‐switching HPLC
Authors: Um So Young , Kim Kyu‐Bong , Kim Seon Hwa , Ju Young Cheol , Lee Hye Sang , Oh Hye young , Choi Ki Hwan , Chung Myeon Woo
Published: July 2008

A simple and direct analysis using column‐switching HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of active metabolites of sibutramine, N‐mono‐desmethyl metabolite (metabolite 1, M1) and N‐di‐desmethyl metabolite (metabolite 2, M2) in the serum of rats administered sibutramine HCl (5.0 mg/kg, p.o.). Rat serum was directly injected onto the precolumn without sample prepreparation step following dilution with mobile phase A, i. e., methanol–ACN–20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid) (8.3:4.5:87.2 by volume). After the endogenous serum components were eluted to waste, the system was switched and the analytes were eluted to the trap column. Active metabolites M1 and M2 were then back‐flushed to the analytical column for separation with mobile phase B, i. e., methanol–ACN–20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid) (35.8:19.2:45 by volume) and detected at 223 nm. The calibration curves of active metabolites M1 and M2 were linear in the range of 0.1–1.0 μg/mL and 0.15–1.8 μg/mL. This method was fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate (10.4–10.7% error), and precise (1.97–8.79% CV). This simple and rapid analytical method using column‐switching appears to be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of active metabolites (M1 and M2) of sibutramine.
Development and validation of a method to determine amoxicillin in physiological fluids using micellar liquid chromatography
Authors: Rambla Alegre Maria , Carda Broch Samuel , Esteve Romero Josep
Published: July 2008

A simple and robust method was developed for the routine identification and quantification of amoxicillin by micellar LC. Amoxicillin, a β‐lactamase inhibitor, is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of urine and skin structure infections. In this work, amoxicillin was determined in urine samples without any pretreatment step in a phenyl column using a micellar mobile phase of 0.10 M SDS and 4% butanol at pH 3. A UV detection set at 210 nm was used. Amoxicillin was eluted at 5.1 min with no interference by the protein band or endogenous compounds. Linearities (r >0.9998), intra‐ and interday precisions were determined (RSD (%) 0.4–2.7% and 0.3–5%, respectively, in micellar media, and 0.14–2.6% and 0.13–6%, respectively, in urine), and robustness was studied in the method validation. LOD and LOQ were 0.04 and 0.1 μg/mL in micellar media and 0.14 and 0.34 μg/mL in urine, respectively. Recoveries in the urine matrix were in the range of 95–110%. The validated method proved to be reliable and sensitive for the determination of amoxicillin in urine samples.
Selective solid‐phase extraction of amoxicillin and cephalexin from urine samples using a molecularly imprinted polymer
Authors: Beltran Antoni , Marcé Rosa M. , Cormack Peter A. G. , Sherrington David C. , Borrull Francesc
Published: July 2008

In this paper we describe, for the first time, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX), synthesised by a noncovalent molecular imprinting approach and used to extract AMX selectively from urine samples. The MIP was applied as a molecularly selective sorbent in molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) in an off‐line mode, where it showed useful cross‐selectivity for a structurally related antibiotic, cephalexin (CPX). By using a MISPE protocol, the MIP was able to selectively extract both AMX and CFX from 5 mL of water spiked with 10 mg/L with recoveries of 75 and 78% for AMX and CFX, respectively. When applied to real samples (urine) at clinically relevant concentrations, recoveries from 2 mL of human urine spiked with 20 mg/L decreased slightly to 65 and 63% for AMX and CFX, respectively. To demonstrate further the selectivity of the MIP obtained, a comparison with commercially available SPE cartridges was performed. Improvements in the retention of both AMX and CFX on the MIP were obtained relative to the commercially available cartridges, and the MISPE extracts were considerably cleaner, due to molecularly selective analyte binding by the MIP.
Mixed‐mode reversed‐phase and ion‐exchange monolithic columns for micro‐HPLC
Authors: Jiang Zhengjin , Smith Norman W. , Ferguson Paul D. , Taylor Mark R.
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the fabrication of RP/ion‐exchange mixed‐mode monolithic materials for capillary LC. Following deactivation of the capillary surface with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ‐MAPS), monoliths were formed by copolymerisation of pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate (PEDAS), 2‐sulphoethyl methacrylate (SEMA) with/without ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) within 100 μm id capillaries. In order to investigate the porous properties of the monoliths prepared in our laboratory, mercury intrusion porosimetry, SEM and micro‐HPLC were used to measure the monolithic structures. The monolithic columns prepared without EDMA showed bad mechanical stability at high pressure, which is undesirable for micro‐HPLC applications. However, it was observed that the small amount (5% w/w) of EDMA clearly improved the mechanical stability of the monoliths. In order to evaluate their application for micro‐HPLC, a range of neutral, acidic and basic compounds was separated with these capillaries and satisfactory separations were obtained. In order to further investigate the separation mechanism of these monolithic columns, comparative studies were carried out on the poly(PEDAS‐co‐SEMA) monolithic column and two other monoliths, poly(PEDAS) and poly(PEDAS‐co‐2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl‐trimethylammonium methylsulphate (METAM)). As expected, different selectivities were observed for the separation of basic compounds on all three monolithic columns using the same separation conditions. The mobile phase pH also showed clear influence on the retention time of basic compounds. This could be explained by ion‐exchange interaction between positively charged analytes and the negatively charged sulphate group.
Detection of N‐nitroso‐bile acids at 285 nm in reverse‐phase HPLC
Authors: Araki Yoshio , Mukaisyo Ken‐ichi , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Fujiyama Yoshihide , Hattori Takanori
Published: July 2008

In the present study, we developed a novel, simple, and specific detection method using an RP‐HPLC at UV 285 nm for the separation and quantification of N‐nitroso‐bile acids. First, we found that N‐nitroso‐bile acids have a specific spectrophotometric absorbance at 285 nm. Using this 285 nm detection system, we could especially measure N‐nitroso‐bile acids, even in co‐existence of non‐N‐nitroso‐bile acids. Next, we observed the decomposition of N‐nitroso‐glychocholate under alkaline, acidic, and neutral conditions. N‐nitroso‐glychocholate rapidly decomposed under alkaline conditions (pH 9) (t1/2 = 0.96 h), but remained fairly stable under acidic (pH 2) (t1/2 = 12.8 h) and neutral (pH 7) (t1/2 = 7.8 h) conditions. This study is the first report, which simply and specifically analyzes N‐nitroso‐bile acids using an RP‐HPLC system.
Erratum: Bode and Fano impedance matching
Authors: Hansen R.C.
Published: July 2008

Originally published in Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 875–877, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2747, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23703
Erratum: Microstrip parallel coupled‐line bandpass filter with selectivity improvement using U‐shaped defected ground structure
Authors: Piscaretta Daniel , Ting Sio‐Weng , Tam Kam‐Weng
Published: July 2008

Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 911–915, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2747, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23704
A high isolated coupled‐line passive circulator for UHF RFID reader
Authors: Kim Wan‐Kyu , Na Won , Yu Jong‐Won , Lee Moon‐Que
Published: July 2008

A coupled‐line passive circulator is proposed for improving the TX/RX isolation of the UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The increased isolation is realized by generating and adding the canceling signal to the leakage. The input return loss of the reader antenna, which can degrade TX‐to‐RX isolation, as well as the inherently imperfect isolation characteristic of a coupled‐line directional coupler, are included in the design of the coupled‐line passive circulator. The proposed coupler exhibits up to 60‐dB isolation characteristic with the mismatch of the employed reader antenna. The performance comparison between the proposed and the conventional coupled‐line directional couplers shows a significant improvement in the leakage‐to‐signal ratio by up to 35 dB. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2597–2600, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23705
A microwave filter fabricated on the lead free piezoelectric substrate using the interdigital capacitor and bonding‐wire inductor
Authors: Weng Min‐Hang , Yang Ru‐Yuan , Wu Sean , Jhong Shih‐Bin , Hung Cheng‐Yuan
Published: July 2008

In this letter, a lumped‐element bandpass filter (BPF) fabricated on the high‐dielectric constant piezoelectric substrate using the interdigital capacitor and the bonding‐wire inductor is designed and implemented. The lead‐free piezoelectric substrate of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) ceramics prepared by a conventional solid‐state reaction method and sintered at temperatures 1100°C was used as substrate. The resonant frequency could be easily controlled by varying the lengths of silver bonding wire. The design procedure using the analysis of different bond‐wire lengths of silver wire is described in this work. A lumped‐element BPF with a central frequency at 0.9 GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 31.53% are fabricated and measured using the network analyzer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2594–2597, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23706
A MMIC 4.3‐GHz tunable low‐pass filter
Authors: Pistono Emmanuel , Fournier Jean‐Michel , Duvillaret Lionel , Duchamp Jean‐Marc , Vilcot Anne , Ferrari Philippe
Published: July 2008

A microwave integrated, tunable, low‐pass filter is presented. This coplanar filter exhibits a wide tuning range of the cutoff frequency (±19% around 4.3 GHz) and a −30 dB stopband that extends up to 30 GHz. Insertion loss is 1.5 dB at low frequencies and return loss is better than 14 dB in the passband. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2566–2568, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23707
Application of IE‐FFT with combined field integral equation to electrically large scattering problems
Authors: An Xiang , Lü Zhi‐Qing
Published: July 2008

A fast integral equation method, termed IE‐FFT, is applied with the combined field integral equation (CFIE) for solving electromagnetic scattering problems of three‐dimensional (3D) electrically large targets. For closed conducting surfaces, the employment of CFIE eliminates the internal resonance problem suffered by both the electric field integral equation and the magnetic integral equation. Furthermore, it improves the efficiency of IE‐FFT significantly by reducing the number of iterations for convergence. It is shown that the memory requirement and the computational complexity per iteration of the IE‐FFT are O(N1.5) and O(N1.5 log N), respectively, for 3D perfectly electric conducting scattering problems. Some numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the technique. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2561–2566, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23708
Cylindrical near‐to‐far‐field transformation system for radar antennas: Design, validation, and application
Authors: Burgos S. , Martín F. , Sierra‐Castañer M. , Besada J. L.
Published: July 2008

Cylindrical near‐field systems are appropriate measurement systems for large L‐band RADAR antennas, because they can be measured on their azimuthal positioner, and the probe can be easily translated through a vertical linear slide. Thus, for large antennas, the mechanical aspects of the measurement systems are important and the errors in this mechanical part can affect to the far‐field radiation pattern. This work presents the design and validation process of the near‐to‐far‐field transformation algorithm applied to an outdoor L‐band RADAR antenna cylindrical system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2527–2531, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23709
Parallel type substrate integrated waveguide Gunn oscillator
Authors: Zhong Cuilin , Xu Jun , Yu Zhiyuan , Li Junhong
Published: July 2008

Based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, a parallel‐type Gunn diode oscillator was developed. SIW resonant cavity structure was emphasized. Restrictions on the performance of the oscillators imposed by packaged networks and the self‐characteristic of the Gunn diode devices have been mainly analyzed. This oscillator performance is characterized by a medium level output power of 15.2 dBm, a low phase noise less than −87.8 dBc/Hz@99 kHz, and frequency excursion 59 MHz over temperature range from 15 to 75°C. It has some advantages such as planar structure, low cost, small size, and good temperature‐frequency stability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2525–2527, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23710
Self‐biased distributed amplifier: Linearity improvement and efficiency enhancement
Authors: Lau Kwok Wai , Chan Kwai Yu , Xue Quan , Chan Chi Hou
Published: July 2008

A self‐biased distributed amplifier with wideband linearity improvement and efficiency enhancement is presented. With the aid of a self‐adaptive bias network, the location of IMD3 minimum is dynamically manipulated, while the DC bias power of the distributed amplifier is adaptively biased. Experimental two‐tone test successfully demonstrates more than 10 dB and 27% reductions of the first sidelobes and the DC power consumptions are achieved respectively in the proposed design when operating between 900 and 3300 MHz. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2493–2497, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23711