bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinative Energy Dissipation in Liquid Metal Polymer Composites for Advanced Electronic Applications
Authors: Xin Yumeng , Zhang Shiliang , Lou Yang , Xu Jun , Zhang Jiuyang
Published: March 2020

Attributed by the unique mechanical and electrical properties, functional blends of liquid metals (LMs) and polymers have received lots of attention. The deformation of LM‐polymer materials under extreme force to create electrical conductivity has built many electronic applications. However, the fundamental understanding of the relationship among polymer networks, LM deformation, and electrical conductivity remains too opaque to have a general principle for further advanced LM‐polymer electronics. This work discovered that the energy dissipation of polymer matrix plays a determinative role in controlling the electrical behaviors of LM‐polymers. The relationship among polymer network, deformation, and external pressure is investigated to design many unique electronic applications not shown in prevalent LM elastomers. The human pressure successfully disrupts high energy dissipated (HED) polymer networks and cracks LM fillers to provide anisotropic conductivity along pressure direction while insulated in planar directions. Meanwhile, under flexural forces, the HED LM‐polymer film can be also conductive along the maximum curvature of films but insulated in intact areas. Different folded and printed circuits are customized and prepared from the HED LM‐polymers. In addition, a new generation of anisotropic electrical adhesives is successfully fabricated from HED LM‐polymer resins, which shows advantages over current commercially available products.
Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐b]indole Derivatives via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Indoles and 1‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Duan Shengguo , An Yuehui , Xue Bing , Chen Yidian , Zhang Wan , Xu Ze‐Feng , Li Chuan‐Ying
Published: March 2020

Acyloxy‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated imines generated in situ from triazoles can act as aza‐[4 C] synthons and be trapped by indoles in a stepwise [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, thus providing rapid access to valuable pyrido[2,3‐b]indoles in high yields. Attractive features of this reaction system include operational simplicity, readily available substrates, construction of sterically demanding quaternary centers, and convenient derivatization using triflate.

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Hydrogel‐Based Artificial Muscles: Overview and Recent Progress
Authors: Park Nuri , Kim Jaeyun
Published: March 2020

Artificial muscles are promising as an intelligent material that can replace conventional power systems to reproduce the motion of a living organism. Among various building materials, hydrogels have great advantages as artificial muscles, such as responsiveness to a wide range of stimuli, large volume deformation, and sensitivity. However, conventional hydrogel actuators that generate only isotropic volume change in response to an external stimulus cannot be considered as artificial muscles because complex deformations are not possible. Instead, programmed complex deformations originated from a rationally designed anisotropic structure are desired in artificial muscles. Herein, recent approaches for constructing stimuli‐responsive hydrogels with an anisotropic structure, thereby enabling a directional complex motion to mimic a muscle are reviewed. First, stimuli‐responsive shape‐deforming hydrogels as a main building matrix are categorized according to stimulating external signals. The representative methods for modulating the isotropic structure of a hydrogel into various anisotropic structures, such as multilayer structure, linearly oriented structure, and patterned structure are discussed. Finally, the recent strategies to achieve muscle‐like motion of hydrogels by combining stimuli responsiveness and anisotropic structures for translation from elementary contraction and expansion to programmed deformations, such as multidirectional bending, directionally amplified deformation, and compositive programmed motion, are covered.
Accounting for language background differences in the Australian National Assessments – Literacy and Numeracy
Authors: Marks Gary N. , Phillips Bruce
Published: March 2020

This study examines language background differences in the Australian National Assessments – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN), and the extent that language background differences are accounted for by socioeconomic background, schools and contemporary influences. There are sizable, sometimes very large, differences in performance by language background. Students with Eastern and Southern Asian language backgrounds exhibited high, sometimes very high, mean scores, whereas students with African, Central Asian and Pacific language backgrounds had relatively low mean scores. Language background differences tended to be larger for numeracy than for reading. Parental occupation and education accounted for some of the effects of language background for some groups, but not for Asian groups. Generally, language background effects cannot be attributed to the unequal distribution of language background groups across schools. When considering students' prior achievement, most language background effects, including all language backgrounds with strong negative effects, were reduced substantially often to statistical insignificance. The exceptions are Chinese and other East Asian and Southern Asian language backgrounds.
Totalsynthese des cyclischen Depsipeptids Vioprolid D über sein (Z)‐Diastereomer
Authors: Grab Hanusch A. , Kirsch Volker C. , Sieber Stephan A. , Bach Thorsten
Published: March 2020

Die erste Totalsynthese von Vioprolid D wurde ausgehend von (2S)‐3‐Benzyloxy‐2‐hydroxypropansäuremethylester in einer Gesamtausbeute von 2.0 % erreicht (16 Stufen in der längsten linearen Sequenz). Das cyclische Depsipeptid wurde aus zwei Bausteinen von ähnlicher Größe und Komplexität in einem modularen, hoch konvergenten Ansatz zusammengesetzt. Die Bildung einer Peptidbindung an der C‐terminalen Dehydrobutyrin‐Aminosäure des nördlichen Fragments war über sein (Z)‐Diastereomer möglich. Nach der Makrolactamisierung und der Bildung des Thiazolinrings wurde die (Z)‐Doppelbindung der Dehydrobutyrin‐Einheit zur (E)‐Doppelbindung des Naturstoffs isomerisiert. Die Cytotoxizität von Vioprolid D ist signifikant höher als die seines (Z)‐Diastereomers.
Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan/PAAS nanofibers: A highly stable catalyst for Heck reaction
Authors: Du Yijun , Wei Sailong , Tang Minchao , Ye Miaoting , Tao Hongyu , Qi Chenze , Shao Linjun
Published: March 2020

Palladium chloride doped chitosan composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) as the co‐spinning agent. The composite nanofibers are subsequently treated at elevated temperature to improve their solvent resistance. The Pd (II) cations inside the composite nanofibers were reduced into uniform palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with mean diameter of ~4.93 nm. These Pd NPs inside the chitosan composite nanofibers exhibited excellent catalytic activity for Heck reactions of aromatic iodides with alkenes with yields over 85%. Moreover, due to the fibrous structure, this novel fibrous palladium catalyst could be readily recovered by simple filtration and reused for 18 times without loss of initial catalytic activity. It was found that the reactants could readily diffuse from the reaction solution to the active Pd NPs inside the nanofibers and the products could departure from composite fibers into the reaction solution, while the Pd NPs were tightly restricted inside the chitosan composite nanofibers.
Decrosslinking of zinc diacrylate‐cured epoxidized natural rubber via selective cleavage of carbon–oxygen bond
Authors: Lin Tengfei , Ke Jinhuang , Wang Jinyun , Lin Cong , Wu Xiao
Published: March 2020

The decrosslinking for zinc diacrylate (ZDA)‐cured epoxidized natural rubber is successfully achieved by using the AlCl3/toluene as the decrosslinking system. The decrosslinking mechanism via selective cleavage of CO bonds of the crosslinks is revealed. Furthermore, the characterizations on the model compounds demonstrate that the cleavage of CO bonds can only occur in the ether groups, which the oxygen atoms are adjacent to the tertiary carbons. More importantly, the reclaimed rubber which possessed excellent elasticity can be recompounded and recured. The revulcanized rubber exhibits good mechanical property. This study provides a unique insight into efficient decrosslinking and recycling diene‐based rubber.
Helium abundance (and H0) in X‐COP galaxy clusters
Authors: Ettori Stefano , Ghirardini Vittorio , Eckert Dominique
Published: March 2020

We present the constraints on the helium abundance in 12 X‐ray‐luminous galaxy clusters that have been mapped in their X‐ray and Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signals out toR200for theXMM‐NewtonCluster Outskirts Project (X‐COP). The unprecedented precision available for the estimate ofH0allows us to investigate how much the reconstructed X‐ray and SZ signals are consistent with the expected ratioxbetween helium and proton densities of 0.08–0.1. We find that anH0around 70 km s– 1Mpc– 1is preferred from our measurements, with lower values ofH0as suggested from the Planck collaboration (67 km s– 1Mpc– 1), requiring a 34% higher value ofx. On the other hand, higher values ofH0, as obtained by measurements in the local universe, impose anx, from the primordial nucleosynthesis calculations and current solar abundances, reduced by 37–44%.
Understanding the Proposed Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule
Authors: Estes‐Smargiassi Stephen , Cornwell David , Slabaugh Rebecca , Via Steve
Published: March 2020

Key Takeaways

In November 2019, the USEPA published the revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule with seemingly small changes that could have significant implications.

The proposed revisions will require water systems to immediately prepare a lead service line (LSL) inventory and an LSL replacement plan.

The proposal would expand the current public education requirements to include sampling for lead at schools and childcare facilities.

The proposal would require Tier 1 notification of lead action level exceedances; it also would require active outreach to customers when lead service lines are replaced.
Black‐box kinetic modeling of growth and citric acid production and estimation of ATP maintenance parameters forCandida oleophilaATCC20177
Authors: Tanıl Ezgi , Nikerel Emrah
Published: March 2020

Mathematical modeling represents and predicts biological systems, explains underlying mechanisms, constituting one of the key focus points for fundamental and applied research to improve our understanding and to decrease costs. Organic acids are used in several industries such as monomers for bioplastics, food preservatives and additives, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Nonpetrochemical, sustainable production of organic acids is therefore of great interest. An important step in production of organic acids is the determination of growth and acid production dynamics, as the product itself may have direct and indirect inhibitory effects on the host's metabolism. The aim of this study it twofold: (i) to determine the parameters related to energetics of growth and production as growth () and nongrowth associated (mATP) maintenance constants and (ii) to set up and analyze an unstructured, black‐box kinetic model to describe the dynamics of the growth and production of citric acid byCandida oleophilaATCC20177 using published batch fermentation data.andmATPwere found to be 2.3 ± 1.7 and 5.25 ± 2.75, respectively, for the published P/O ratio of 1.45. The parameter sensitivities and correlations are determined using the Monte Carlo approach, and the final model is tested using chemostat data.
Development of an educational tool aimed at designing ideal chemical reactors
Authors: Sawaki Rafaela V. , Tannous Katia , Filho João B. F.
Published: March 2020

This project aims at developing an educational tool, named REAJA, for simulating ideal chemical reactors according to the continuous stirred‐tank reactor, plug flow reactor, and batch reactors. The software was developed using the Python programming language, following the Agile methodology and test‐driven development. It has a main interface that introduces the objective and its functionalities through the images, texts, and buttons for three reactor modules: isothermic, adiabatic, and with the thermal exchange. Initial concentration, equilibrium constant, and reaction rate constant can also be calculated by specific modules. We present the results in a separate screen containing comparative graphs of concentration, temperature, and conversion, allowing the user to choose the best option among the simulated reactors. The software Aspen Plus and Excel/Runge–Kutta fourth‐order method was applied to verification testing with REAJA obtaining <5% and 10–90%, respectively. The last case could be justified by the simplifications made for educational purposes. Finally, the software was applied at the minicourse of the 21st week of Chemical Engineering of UNICAMP and in the undergraduate course of Topics in Chemical Processes with problem‐based learning methodology. We use a questionnaire to validate the usefulness of our software, which results are promising and indicate the success of our educational tool as a complement in the classroom since it facilitated the understanding of contents related to kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemical reactors.
A Systematic Review of Instruments used to Assess Nonverbal Emotional Signs in Children during an Investigative Interview for Suspected Sexual Abuse
Authors: van Ham Kirsten , Hoytema van Konijnenburg Eva M. M. , Brilleslijper‐Kater Sonja N. , Schepers Amber , Daams Joost G. , Teeuw Arianne H. , van Rijn Rick R. , van der Lee Johanna H.
Published: March 2020

Sexually abused young people often display few or no physical symptoms, and delay of verbal disclosure is common. Based on previous research, we assume that sexually abused children and adolescents may display nonverbal emotional signs, which can be assessed during an investigative interview for suspected child sexual abuse (CSA). We aim to present an overview of reported instruments for the assessment of children's and adolescents' nonverbal emotional signs by medical, psychological and forensic professionals during an investigative interview for suspected CSA. Structured search strategies were developed for MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP) and PsychINFO (OvidSP). Two reviewers independently performed study selection and data extraction. The search yielded 6711 studies, of which nine were included. All included studies had different study aims and reported a variety of purposes for the assessment of nonverbal emotional signs. Eight different, newly developed instruments were used. Although all studies reported the measurement properties of the instruments, insufficient information was provided for analysis of their reliability and validity. This indicates the need for one reliable, validated instrument for the assessment of nonverbal emotional signs. Standardised, generally approved methods to collect uniform and comparable information during the investigative interview for suspected CSA are essential to enhance the knowledge base in this field.

‘An overview of reported instruments for the assessment of children's and adolescents' nonverbal emotional signs… during an investigative interview for suspected CSA’

Key Practitioner Messages

The evidence base in the field of suspected CSA would be improved if professionals worldwide used standardised and generally approved methods for the collection of uniform, comparable information.

Further research is required to explore the additional value of the assessment of nonverbal emotional signs in children and adolescents during the investigative interview for suspected CSA.

To warrant the sustainable and harmonised collection of relevant nonverbal emotional signs, a valid and reliable assessment instrument needs to be developed.
Anti‐interleukin‐5‐neutralizing antibody attenuates caradiac injury and cadiac dysfunction by aggravating the inflammatory response in doxorubicin‐treated mice
Authors: Xiao Dan , Zhan Yingying , Yang Zicong , Fan Cao , Liu Ling , Lin Yingzhong
Published: March 2020

Previous studies have demonstrated that interleukins (ILs) are closely associated with doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced cardiac injury. IL‐5 is an important member of the IL family, and this study was performed to investigate whether IL‐5 affects DOX‐induced cardiac injury and its underlying mechanisms. The cardiac IL‐5 expression was first detected and the results showed that cardiac IL‐5 levels were significantly lower in DOX‐treated mice, and IL‐5 was mainly derived from cardiac macrophage (Mø). In addition, some DOX‐treated mice received an injection of anti‐IL‐5‐neutralizing antibody (nAb), and we found that treatment with a mouse anti‐IL‐5 nAb significantly upregulated the levels of myocardial injury markers, aggravated cardiac dysfunction, increased M1 macrophage (Mø1) and decreased M2 macrophage (Mø2) differentiation, and promoted apoptotic marker expression. Furthermore, the effect of mouse IL‐5 nAb on DOX‐induced Mø differentiation and its role on mouse cardiomyocyte (MCM) cells apoptosis were detected in vitro, and the results exhibited that mouse IL‐5 nAb promoted Mø1 differentiation but inhibited Mø2 differentiation in vitro and alleviated apoptosis in MCM cells. Our results found a mouse anti‐IL‐5 nAb‐aggravated DOX‐induced cardiac injury and dysfunction by alleviating the inflammatory response and myocardial cell apoptosis.
Dynamic Coordination Chemistry of Fluorinated Zr‐MOFs: Synthetic Control and Reassembly/Disassembly Beyond de Novo Synthesis to Tune the Structure and Property
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Xia , Fan Yan‐Zhong , Cao Chen‐Chen , Wang Hai‐Ping , Fan Ya‐Nan , Jiang Ji‐Jun , Wei Zhang‐Wen , Maurin Guillaume , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: March 2020

Known for excellent stability, porosity and functionality, the high‐valent Zr4+ metal–organic frameworks (Zr‐MOFs) still meets synthetic challenge in modulating the strength of Zr‐Ocarboxylate linkage. Herein we explore the unusual coordination dynamics of fluorinated Zr‐MOFs by designing two trifluoromethyl modified ligands with distinct geometry preference to form a family of thermodynamic and kinetic products. The low‐connecting kinetic Zr‐MOFs possess substitutable coordination sites to endow Zr6‐cluster with extra dynamic behaviors, thus opening a post‐synthetic pathway to sequential reassembly/disassembly processes. Comprehensive factors, including ligand geometry, Zr6‐cluster connectivity, acid modulator and reaction temperature/concentration, have been studied for controllable syntheses. The stability, hydrophobicity and gas adsorption/separation properties of obtained Zr‐MOFs are explored. This work sheds light on the understanding of the dynamic coordination chemistry of Zr‐MOFs beyond strong Zr−O bond, which poses a versatile platform for modification and functionalization of Zr‐MOFs.
Stereochemical revision of xylogranatin F by GIAO and DU8+ NMR calculations
Authors: Liu Yannan , Holt Tina A. , Kutateladze Andrei , Newhouse Timothy R.
Published: March 2020

This manuscript describes predicted NMR shifts for the limonoid natural product xylogranatin F. The 1H and 13C NMR shifts of four diastereomers were evaluated by GIAO and hybrid DFT/parametric DU8+ methods. The results of the 1H and 13C NMR calculations for both the GIAO method and the DU8+ calculations suggest the revised structure that was recently reassigned by chemical synthesis. Furthermore, we show that while DU8+ provides superior accuracy with less computation time, GIAO points to the correct structure with more distinguishable data in this case study.
Geschlossen im System
Authors: Ullrich Alexander
Published: March 2020

Rohstoff‐Automation unter Schutzgasatmosphäre in Großanlagen oder in sich geschlossene Systeme stellen häufig eine große Herausforderung dar. Als Spezialist für inertisierte Rohstoff‐Automation und ‐Logistik kann der Anlagenbauer AZO hierfür maßgeschneide
Explosionsschutz
Authors: Schöllhorn Anna , Wörsdörfer Klaus
Published: March 2020

Im zweiten Teil dieser dreiteiligen Artikelserie gehen die Autoren auf die gesetzlichen Vorgaben ein, die durch Arbeitgeber (Betreiber) zu berücksichtigen sind.
Innovation trifft Zuverlässigkeit
Authors: Angenend Christoph
Published: March 2020

Die neue Reihe Flüssigkeitsringpumpen von Edwards wurde für nasse, feuchte und korrosive Anwendungen konzipiert. Im Fokus der Neuentwicklung standen die technischen Verbesserungen.
Schritt für Schritt zum optimalen Angebot
Authors: Angenendt Christoph
Published: March 2020

Der Vakuumspezialist Leybold hat zwei Online‐Tools entwickelt, mit denen Anwender ihre Vakuumlösungen auswählen und zusammenstellen können: den Pump Finder und Leycalc.
Mischer für besonders schnelle Chargenwechsel
Authors: Amixon
Published: March 2020

Moderne Pflanzenschutzchemikalien werden in Hochleistungs‐Pulvermischern mehrstufig aufbereitet. Dies kann in kleineren Chargen bei verkürzter Mischzeit vollzogen werden.
Pelvic fractures and changes in bone mineral density after radiotherapy for cervical, endometrial, and vaginal cancer: A prospective study of 239 women
Authors: Salcedo Mila P. , Sood Anil K. , Jhingran Anuja , Eifel Patricia J. , Klopp Ann H. , Iyer Revathy B. , Fellman Bryan M. , Jimenez Camilo , Schmeler Kathleen M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Advances in radiotherapy (RT) have led to improved oncologic outcomes for women with gynecologic cancers; however, the long‐term effects and survivorship implications need further evaluation. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of pelvic fractures and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after pelvic RT.

Methods

Two hundred thirty‐nine women who had pelvic RT for cervical, endometrial, or vaginal cancer between 2008 and 2015 were prospectively studied. BMD scans and biomarkers of bone turnover were obtained at the baseline and 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after RT. Imaging studies were assessed for pelvic fractures for up to 5 years. Patients with osteopenia, osteoporosis, or pelvic fractures at any point were referred to the endocrinology service for evaluation and treatment.

Results

The median age at diagnosis was 51 years; 132 patients (56%) were menopausal. The primary diagnoses were cervical (63.6%), endometrial (30.5%), and vaginal cancer (5.9%). Sixteen patients (7.8%; 95% confidence interval, 4.5%‐12.4%) had pelvic fractures with actuarial rates of 3.6%, 12.7%, and 15.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Fractures were associated with baseline osteoporosis (P < .001), higher baseline bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (P < .001), and older age (P = .007). The proportion of patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis increased from 50% at the baseline to 58%, 59%, and 70% at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively.

Conclusions

A high proportion of women had significant decreases in BMD after pelvic RT, with 7.8% diagnosed with a pelvic fracture. BMD screening and pharmacologic intervention should be strongly considered for these high‐risk women.
Integration of Self‐Luminescence and Oxygen Self‐Supply: A Potential Photodynamic Therapy Strategy for Deep Tumor Treatment
Authors: Jiang Linye , Liu Libing , Lv Fengting , Wang Shu , Ren Xueqin
Published: March 2020

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an emerging clinical approach, has been exploited for the treatment of various diseases including cancer for several years. Excitation light and molecular oxygen are the key parameters that restrict the efficacy of PDT due to the restricted penetration depth of light and the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors, which will lead to ineffective therapeutic response. In recent years, a number of studies were focused on tackling these challenges and showed great potential in improving the efficacy of PDT to some degree. Herein, we summarize the advancements in newly developed PDT strategies based on diverse nanocomposites, especially in the aspects of the types of light source and the ways to supply oxygen. Finally, new challenges and possible opportunities for further research are also discussed.
Metacommunity Structure of Stream Insects across Three Hierarchical Spatial scales
Authors: He Siwen , Soininen Janne , Deng Guiping , Wang Beixin
Published: March 2020

A major challenge in community ecology is to understand the underlying factors driving metacommunity (i.e., a set of local communities connected through species dispersal) dynamics. However, little is known about the effects of varying spatial scale on the relative importance of environmental and spatial (i.e., dispersal related) factors in shaping metacommunities and on the relevance of different dispersal pathways. Using a hierarchy of insect metacommunities at three spatial scales (a small, within‐stream scale, intermediate, among‐stream scale, and large, among‐sub‐basin scale), we assessed whether the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors shaping metacommunity structure varies predictably across spatial scales, and tested how the importance of different dispersal routes vary across spatial scales. We also studied if different dispersal ability groups differ in the balance between environmental and spatial control. Variation partitioning showed that environmental factors relative to spatial factors were more important for community composition at the within‐stream scale. In contrast, spatial factors (i.e., eigenvectors from Moran's eigenvector maps) relative to environmental factors were more important at the among‐sub‐basin scale. These results indicate that environmental filtering is likely to be more important at the smallest scale with highest connectivity, while dispersal limitation seems to be more important at the largest scale with lowest connectivity. Community variation at the among‐stream and among‐sub‐basin scales were strongly explained by geographical and topographical distances, indicating that overland pathways might be the main dispersal route at the larger scales among more isolated sites. The relative effect of environmental and spatial factors on insect communities varied between low and high dispersal ability groups; this variation was inconsistent among three hierarchical scales. In sum, our study indicates that spatial scale, connectivity, and dispersal ability jointly shape stream metacommunities.
Environmentally triggered variability in the genetic variance–covariance of herbivory resistance of an exotic plantSolidago altissima
Authors: Sakata Yuzu , Utsumi Shunsuke , Craig Timothy P. , Itami Joanne K. , Ikemoto Mito , Ohgushi Takayuki
Published: March 2020

The variability in the genetic variance–covariance (G‐matrix) in plant resistance and its role in the evolution of invasive plants have been long overlooked. We conducted an additional analysis of the data of a reciprocal transplant experiment with tall goldenrod,Solidago altissima, in multiple garden sites within its native range (USA) and introduced range (Japan). We explored the differences in G‐matrix of resistance to two types of foliar herbivores: (a) a lace bug that is native to the USA and recently introduced to Japan, (b) and other herbivorous insects in response to plant origins and environments. A negative genetic covariance was found between plant resistances to lace bugs and other herbivorous insects, in all combinations of garden locations and plant origins except for US plants planted in US gardens. The G‐matrix of the resistance indices did not differ between US and Japanese plants either in US or Japanese gardens, while it differed between US and Japanese gardens in both US and Japanese plants. Our results suggested that the G‐matrix of the plant resistance may have changed in response to novel environmental differences including herbivore communities and/or other biotic and abiotic factors in the introduced range. This may have revealed a hidden trade‐off between resistances, masked by the environmental factors in the origin range. These results suggest that the stability of the genetic covariance during invasion, and the environmentally triggered variability in the G‐matrices of plant resistance may help to protect the plant against multiple herbivore species without changing its genetic architecture and that this may lead to a rapid adaptation of resistance in exotic plants. Local environments of the plant also have a critical effect on plant resistance and should be considered in order to understand trait evolution in exotic plants.
The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Laglera‐Gándara Carlos J.
Published: March 2020

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group led by Javier A. Cabeza and Pablo García‐Álvarez, in collaboration with Carlos J. Laglera‐Gándara, from the University of Oviedo, Spain. In this Minireview, they survey the current state‐of‐the‐art of the synthesis and coordination chemistry of heavier tetrylenes having a PEP pincer topology (E = heavier tetrel element). The cover image shows the remarkable structures of two PGeP pincer metal complexes and the Faculty of Chemistry, where these complexes were prepared.
Facile Synthesis of Sheet Stacking Structure NiCo2S4@PPy with Enhanced Rate Capability and Cycling Performance for Aqueous Supercapacitors
Authors: Yi Tingfeng , Qi Siyu , Li Ying , Qiu Liying , Liu Yanguo , Zhu Yanrong , Zhang Junhong , Li Yanmei
Published: March 2020

A NiCo2S4@PPy series with sheet stacking structure and suitable pore size distribution is successfully synthesized through a one‐step vulcanization process and polymerization process. Interestingly, the abundant sites and large electroactive surface area of NiCo2S4@PPy stacking structure are formed via the “etching effect” of S2− ions and ultrasonic oscillation effect, which render the morphology of NiCo2S4@PPy with a lamellar feature. In contrast, polypyrrole (PPy) with good conductivity provides favorable electron transport pathways for electrolyte ions. The as‐prepared sheet stacking structure NiCo2S4@PPy (NCSP‐3) electrode delivers good electrochemical properties with the highest specific capacitance of 1606.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent rate performance of 77.4% at high discharge rate of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, the NCSP‐3 electrode exhibits remarkable cycling stability, where the ultimate specific capacitance has no attenuation (retained at around 100%) compared with its incipient value after 20 000 cycles even at 20 A g−1. These promising results can be put down to the unique structure and synergetic effect of NiCo2S4 and PPy, which ensure good conductivity, more redox reactions, as well as large specific surface area. This work has guiding significance for the general and low‐cost route design of high‐performance electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
Modulatory Effects of Pb2+ on Virally Challenged Chicken Macrophage (HD-11) and B-Lymphocyte (DT40) Cell Lines In Vitro
Authors: Han Biyao , García-Mendoza Diego , van den Berg Hans , van den Brink Nico W.
Published: March 2020

Elevated levels of lead have been found in waterfowl, due to human activities. Lead may cause immunomodulatory effects, but the mechanisms are largely unknown, especially after viral challenges. To characterize avian immunomodulatory hazards of lead (Pb)2+, we used chicken macrophage (HD-11) and B-lymphocyte (DT40) cell lines, as in vitro models for the innate and adaptive immune systems, respectively. The cells were activated via toll-like receptor-3 by polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid sodium salt (poly I:C), mimicking viral infections. Our results indicate that Pb2+ is cytotoxic to both cell lines, macrophages being more sensitive. De novo synthesis of glutathione plays an important role in protecting macrophages from Pb2+ intoxication, which might also be closely involved in the induction of nitric oxide after Pb2+ exposure. Stimulatory effects on cell proliferation were noticed at noncytotoxic Pb2+ concentrations as well. Exposure to Pb2+ could also affect the inflammatory status by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory type I IFNs in both macrophages and B-cells, and increasing intracellular IgM levels in B-cells. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of Pb2+ in birds are probably closely associated with disruption of immune cell proliferation and cytokine production, potentially causing disorders of the avian immune system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1060–1070. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Production of low‐calorie apricot nectar sweetened with stevia: Impact on qualitative, sensory, and nutritional profiles
Authors: Reale Anna , Di Renzo Tiziana , Russo Antonio , Niro Serena , Ottombrino Antonio , Pellicano Mario Paolo
Published: March 2020

This study aimed to develop a low‐calorie apricot nectar by replacing sucrose with different amount of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni (Rebaudioside A, 98%). Stevia has become very popular as sweetener for the production of low‐calorie products but its addition could be a challenge for industry, since it could modify sensory features of the product and consumers' acceptance. To this end, apricot nectars without sugar, with sucrose 10%, and with different amounts of stevia were produced and evaluated for microbiological quality using the pour‐plate technique, and physicochemical (pH, TTA, and aw) and nutritional (moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and ash) characteristics. Furthermore, a sensory analysis of the samples was performed by a panel of trained judges using quantitative descriptive analysis. The effect of stevia addiction on the consumers' acceptance was investigated by 102 consumers of fruit juices that evaluated the overall acceptability of the samples using a structured 9‐point hedonic scale. Levels of microbial groups in nectars were under the detection limit confirming a good hygienic practice within the production. Nectars produced with stevia resulted in significant reduction in caloric value from 86 kcal (nectar with 10% sucrose) to 49 kcal (nectars with stevia), without altering its typicality. Different sensory profiles among samples were pointed out; all the products are liked, but with a different level of pleasantness. The study highlighted that the apricot nectars with 0.07% stevia are characterized for sweet and liquorice aroma notes and received the same level of consumer acceptability of nectars produced with 10% sucrose.
Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia
Authors: Li I‐Chen , Chen Chang Cheng , Sheu Sen‐Je , Huang I‐Hsuan , Chen Chin‐Chu
Published: March 2020

Phellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years. Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow‐brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20‐ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption.
Prolonged Neoproterozoic high‐grade metamorphism of the Wanni Complex, Sri Lanka: New insights from petrology, phase equilibria modelling, and zircon U–Pb geochronology of partially melted cordierite gneiss from Walpita
Authors: Hirayama Eri , Tsunogae Toshiaki , Malaviarachchi Sanjeewa P. K. , Takamura Yusuke , Dharmapriya Prasanna L. , Tsutsumi Yukiyasu
Published: March 2020

We report new petrological and geochronological data of garnet‐cordierite (Grt‐Crd) gneiss as well as two types of leucocratic rocks (garnet‐bearing and cordierite‐bearing leucosomes) crystallized during prograde and near‐peak metamorphisms of the Wanni Complex (WC) in Sri Lanka, and investigate the pressure–temperature–time evolution of granulite‐facies metamorphism for unravelling the timing and tectonics of the Neoproterozoic collisional processes related to Gondwana amalgamation. Grt‐Crd gneiss, garnet‐biotite (Grt‐Bt) gneiss, garnet‐bearing leucocratic rock (Grt‐L), and cordierite‐bearing leucocratic rock (Crd‐L) discussed in this study were collected from Walpita in the margin of the WC along the boundary with the Highland Complex (HC). Grt‐L occurs as thin layers parallel to the foliation of matrix Grt‐Bt and Grt‐Crd gneisses. The occurrences of porphyroblastic garnet in quartzo‐feldspathic matrix and crystallised melt inclusions within the garnet suggest that the Grt‐L could have formed by partial melting of host Grt‐Bt gneiss during prograde to peak metamorphism. Crd‐L is coarse‐grained and massive, lacks obvious foliation, and crosscuts the foliation of host Grt‐Bt gneiss. These observations suggest that the Crd‐L could have intruded after the crystallization of the Grt‐L. Application of phase equilibria modelling in the system NCKFMASHTO for the rocks yielded three discrete thermal events: 600–800°C/4.0–6.0 kbar (Stage 1 from Grt‐L), 700–840°C/5.5–7.0 kbar (Stage 2 from Grt‐Crd gneiss), and 840–880°C/4.5–5.5 kbar (Stage 3 from Crd‐L), suggesting a clockwise P–T evolution. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating of the leucosomes yielded several metamorphic events: >577 Ma (partial melting of Grt‐L), ~562 Ma (crystallization of Grt‐L), 537 ± 14 Ma (peak metamorphism and crystallization of Crd‐L), and 507–503 Ma (post‐peak cooling event). The results of this study therefore confirmed prolonged (>70 Myr) high‐grade metamorphism of the WC, although the duration might be shorter than that of the HC (>100 Ma). The continuous heat supply necessary for such long‐lived high‐grade metamorphism is explained by a recent tectonic model of Sri Lanka. The model suggests double‐sided subduction and continent‐continent collision, which could have given rise to subsequent slab delamination and differential heating of lower to middle crust. Such complex subduction–collision processes possibly controlled the difference in the style of P–T path and the duration of high‐grade metamorphism between the HC and the WC.
Smart certification: protecting the originality of the product in the eyewear sector
Authors: Sicari Sabrina , Rizzardi Alessandra , Coen‐Porisini Alberto
Published: March 2020

The growing diffusion of the technologies related to the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm not only facilitates the connectivity among a huge amount of different devices, but also the variety of applications and services which can be provided to users. Everyday objects, equipped with the technologies involved in such a paradigm, become smart and are able to guarantee users who own them to be connected “always, in any place, at any time and with any object”. Consequently, the opportunity of communicating in real time enables the design and development of novel customizable functionalities, which are even closer to the needs of the users. Different application domains can benefit from this innovation, including the ophthalmology and eyewear sector. In such a context, the lenses and the eyeglasses frames become smart, thanks to the adoption of IoT paradigm. A relevant application in such an area concerns the definition of a system able to guarantee the originality of the product (and, so, verify the certification), as well as preventing the spread of imitations and counterfeit products, recognizing them in real time. In this paper, a preliminary approach for solving such emerged issues is proposed. More in detail, the main requirements and involved functionalities are pointed out and represented in a coherent flow, through Node‐RED, which is a flow‐based programming tool targeted to support the design and development of IoT applications.
Spline‐based intrusion detection for VANET utilizing knot flow classification
Authors: Schmidt David A. , Khan Mohammad S. , Bennett Brian T.
Published: March 2020

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are an integral component for the identification and mitigation of attacks on computing systems. Of these systems, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are particularly difficult to protect due to the dynamic nature of their clients and the volume of information passed between them and their respective infrastructure. To meet these requirements, a spline‐based intrusion detection system has been pioneered as a prospective solution. By combining clustering with spline‐based general linear model classification, this knot flow classification method (KFC) allows robust intrusion detection to occur.
Radioprotective effects of montelukast, a selective leukotriene CysLT1 receptor antagonist, against nephrotoxicity induced by gamma radiation in mice
Authors: Hormati Ahmad , Ahmadpour Sajjad , Afkhami Ardekani Mahdieh , Khodadust Fatemeh , Refahi Soheila
Published: March 2020

Purpose

In this study, we evaluated the renal protective effects of montelukast (MLK) against ionizing radiation (IR) induced nephrotoxicity in mice.

Materials and Methods

Radioprotective effects of MLK were assessed by biochemical analysis including measurements of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and serum creatinine and urea levels. Besides, for further evaluation of protective effects of MLK on renal system, 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been applied. The total antioxidant capacity of MLK was measured by using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl radical reagents and compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene standard antioxidant.

Results

The biochemical evaluation revealed that better results have been achieved for the groups administered with MLK than the only radiation group. Besides only IR‐treated mice group, those treated with MLK demonstrated a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels. Statistically, significant differences of MDA and SHG levels (P < .05) were found between the radiation group and MLK plus IR‐treated group. Also, 99mTc‐DMSA kidney uptake value (%ID/g) was observed lower for MLK plus IR‐treated mice group than only radiation‐treated mice group.

Conclusions

According to our findings, MLK has a potential role to be used as a renal protective agent against gamma radiation in radiotherapy.
Conventional detection and quantification real‐time PCR of the pks‐1 gene of Chaetomium globosum
Authors: Gherbawy Youssuf A. , El‐Dawy Eman G. A. E.
Published: March 2020

Chaetomium globosum is known as a potential biocontrol indicator against various soil and seedborne pathogens. Precise data are necessary for population monitoring of C. globosum for its effective use in agriculture. A sequence‐characterized amplified region marker has been applied for the detection of this biocontrol agent, which will help to detect C. globosum at the site of its application. Out of 17 isolates of C. globosum, only 8 isolates of C. globosum amplified a monomorphic band of 1,900 bp. C. globosum is known for producing chaetoglobosin A. The pks‐1 gene is unique in C. globosum in that it is involved in chaetoglobosin A production, melanin formation, and sporulation. Real‐time PCR of pks‐1 was used to compare the expressions of the pks‐1 gene and chaetoglobosin A biosynthesis and sporulation. It was found that the sporulation of C. globosum was associated with the levels of pks‐1 gene expression; Cg2 isolate showed high expression of the pks‐1 gene, 41.21%, and also produced a great number of spores and perithecia. The association between the pks‐1 gene expression and chaetoglobosin A production was estimated. The Pks‐1 gene was expressed by all C. globosum isolates except one isolate, C1, which is another species of Chaetomium. In addition, all C. globosum isolates produced chaetoglobosin A with different concentrations and did not express the same levels of pks‐1. This finding may be a result of the solvent type used in the extraction.
Classification of Lake Michigan snow days for estimation of the lake‐effect contribution to the downward trend in November snowfall
Authors: Clark Craig A. , Goebbert Kevin H. , Ganesh‐Babu Bharath , Young Allison M. , Heinlein Kaitlyn N. , Casas Eleanor G. , VanDe Guchte Andrew P. , Krull Alexander J. , Sefcovic Zachary P. , Connelly Ryan J. , Caruthers Alexandra L. , Haynes Matthew , Zigner Katelyn M. , Fingerle Sarah L. , Cade Evan P. , DeRolf Timothy M. , Schletz Samantha M.
Published: March 2020

The substantial impact of Lake‐effect snow in the Laurentian Great Lakes has led to interest in the impact of climate change on snowfall in the region. A recent assessment of Lake Michigan snowfall revealed a marked decrease in November snowfall since the 1950s, associated with a warming‐induced reduction in the fraction of precipitation days occurring as snowfall. Herein, in order to identify the trend contribution from Lake‐effect snowfall, snow days from the November 1950–2012 study period are classified as primarily System or Lake‐effect, with additional options of Insignificant, Both, Remnant, and Unclear. The classification is based on the snowfall distribution and visual map inspection for synoptic‐scale forcing, and results are compared with an objective classification based on clustering of daily snowfall. The regional snowfall patterns of Lake‐effect and System snow days are markedly different, with Lake‐effect snow days exhibiting a clear Lake‐effect signature downwind of Lake Michigan. The larger‐scale environments also differ, with much colder conditions in the Great Lakes and higher sea‐level pressure in the Great Plains on Lake‐effect days. With snowfall projected onto the classifications, the decrease of snowfall east of the lake is attributable to both reductions in Lake‐effect and System snowfall, while System snowfall changes are dominant west of the lake. The trends are consistent with the sensitivity to regional temperature, as well as an increasing prevalence of rain reports (within other sub‐regions) during snow days. Results based on the objective classification are largely congruent.