bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Characteristics Associated with the PLP-PLS Index, a New Potential Metric to Phenotype Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Ortega-Márquez Jorge , Garnier Justyna , Mena Lucas , Palagi Vigano Ana Victoria , Grützmacher Eleonora Boschetti , Vallejos-Penaloza Gabriel , Costa Valton , Martinez-Magallanes Daniela , Vaz de Macedo Antonio , de Paula-Garcia Waynice Neiva , Schwartz Denise Saretta , Fregni Felipe , Pacheco-Barrios Kevin
Published: September 2024

Background: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is highly prevalent after amputation. However, the influence of non-painful sensations (PLS) remains unclear. This study examines the PLP-PLS index as a novel tool to differentiate PLP from PLS and explores the association of clinical factors with the index. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 112 participants in a previous factorial trial in patients with unilateral traumatic lower limb amputation. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between the index and various demographic, psychological and clinical factors. Logistic and Poisson regression, and e-value calculation were utilized for sensitivity analyses. Results: Adjusted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated significant associations of phantom movement sensation (β: −1.532; 95% CI: −2.615 to −0.449; p = 0.006) and time since amputation (β: 0.005; 95% CI: 0.0006 to 0.0101; p = 0.026) with the PLP-PLS index. These findings were confirmed by multivariable logistic regression (phantom movement sensation OR: 0.469; 95% CI: 0.200 to 1.099, p = 0.082; time since amputation OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.00003 to 1.007; p = 0.048) and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Time since amputation and phantom movement sensation likely reflect distinct phenotypes and potential mechanisms for PLP and PLS. The PLP-PLS index is a promising clinical tool for selecting therapies to prevent/treat PLP and for measuring treatment effects to modulate phantom pain. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying PLP and PLS for improving clinical management and guiding future research.
The Bioinspired Prosumer—Interactions between Bioinspired Design Methods in the Prosumer Scope
Authors: López-Forniés Ignacio , Asión-Suñer Laura , Sarvisé-Biec Alba
Published: September 2024

The emergence of prosumers, who actively participate in designing and producing goods, has generated a growing interest in homemade products. Factors such as design methods, component reuse, or digital fabrication empower prosumer designers to realize their ideas. Although there are cases of bioinspired products manufactured by prosumers, the interactions between bioinspired design methods in the prosumer field have not been addressed from an academic point of view. This article presents a case that combines bioinspired design methods with prosumer characteristics from the perspective of a designer who uses biological research results whilst acting as a prosumer. The proposal is to see whether working on a small scale, without the need for biomimetics experts, and independently, as a prosumer, is feasible and valuable. As a result, a bicycle flashlight is designed with a microgenerator bioinspired by the geometry of samara seeds, and is tested in a wind tunnel. This case shows that the integration of a bioinspired design in prosumer contexts poses unique challenges and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Furthermore, the application of a bioinspired approach in this case has not only provided a certain level of novelty to the final product, but has also improved its efficiency and reduced its financial expenditure.
Comparative Analysis of QCM and Electrochemical Aptasensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
Authors: Nemčeková Katarína , Korčeková Jana , Svitková Veronika , Baraniak Denis , Domšicová Michaela , Melníková Eva , Hornychová Michaela , Szebellaiová Viktória , Gál Miroslav , Poturnayová Alexandra
Published: September 2024

The rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2, particularly its spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD), was crucial for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. This study presents the development and optimization of two types of aptasensors: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical sensors, both employing thiol-modified DNA aptamers for S-RBD detection. The QCM aptasensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, achieved by optimizing aptamer concentration, buffer composition, and pre-treatment conditions, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 pg/mL and a linear range from 1 pg/mL to 0.1 µg/mL, and a significant frequency change was observed upon target binding. The electrochemical aptasensor, designed for rapid and efficient preparation, utilized a one-step modification process that reduced the preparation time to 2 h while maintaining high sensitivity and specificity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) enabled the detection of S-RBD concentrations as low as 132 ng/mL. Both sensors exhibited high specificity, with negligible non-specific interactions observed in the presence of competing proteins. Additionally, the QCM aptasensor’s functionality and stability were verified in biological fluids, indicating its potential for real-world applications. This study highlights the comparative advantages of QCM and electrochemical aptasensors in terms of preparation time, sensitivity, and specificity, offering valuable insights for the development of rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis of 3D Complex Plasmonic Intragap Nanostructures and Their Applications in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Ma Li , Zhou Keyi , Wang Xinyue , Wang Jiayue , Zhao Ruyu , Zhang Yifei , Cheng Fang
Published: September 2024

Plasmonic intragap nanostructures (PINs) have garnered intensive attention in Raman-related analysis due to their exceptional ability to enhance light–matter interactions. Although diverse synthetic strategies have been employed to create these nanostructures, the emphasis has largely been on PINs with simple configurations, which often fall short in achieving effective near-field focusing. Three-dimensional (3D) complex PINs, distinguished by their intricate networks of internal gaps and voids, are emerging as superior structures for effective light trapping. These structures facilitate the generation of hot spots and hot zones that are essential for enhanced near-field focusing. Nevertheless, the synthesis techniques for these complex structures and their specific impacts on near-field focusing are not well-documented. This review discusses the recent advancements in the synthesis of 3D complex PINs and their applications in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We begin by describing the foundational methods for fabricating simple PINs, followed by a discussion on the rational design strategies aimed at developing 3D complex PINs with superior near-field focusing capabilities. We also evaluate the SERS performance of various 3D complex PINs, emphasizing their advanced sensing capabilities. Lastly, we explore the future perspective of 3D complex PINs in SERS applications.
Microwave Technique for Linear Skull Fracture Detection—Simulation and Experimental Study Using Realistic Human Head Models
Authors: Särestöniemi Mariella , Singh Daljeet , von und zu Fraunberg Mikael , Myllylä Teemu
Published: September 2024

Microwave (MW) sensing is regarded as a promising technique for various medical monitoring and diagnostic applications due to its numerous advantages and the potential to be developed into a portable device for use outside hospital settings. The detection of skull fractures and the monitoring of their healing process would greatly benefit from a rapidly and frequently usable application that can be employed outside the hospital. This paper presents a simulation- and experiment-based study on skull fracture detection with the MW technique using realistic models for the first time. It also presents assessments on the most promising frequency ranges for skull fracture detection within the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) and ultrawideband (UWB) ranges. Evaluations are carried out with electromagnetic simulations using different head tissue layer models corresponding to different locations in the human head, as well as an anatomically realistic human head simulation model. The measurements are conducted with a real human skull combined with tissue phantoms developed in our laboratory. The comprehensive evaluations show that fractures cause clear differences in antenna and channel parameters (S11 and S21). The difference in S11 is 0.1–20 dB and in S21 is 0.1–30 dB, depending on the fracture width and location. Skull fractures with a less than 1 mm width can be detected with microwaves at different fracture locations. The detectability is frequency dependent. Power flow representations illustrate how fractures impact on the signal propagation at different frequencies. MW-based detection of skull fractures provides the possibility to (1) detect fractures using a safe and low-cost portable device, (2) monitor the healing-process of fractures, and (3) bring essential information for emerging portable MW-based diagnostic applications that can detect, e.g., strokes.
Advanced Liver-on-a-Chip Model for Evaluating Drug Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Frojdenfal Sonia , Zuchowska Agnieszka
Published: September 2024

The liver has many important functions, including the biotransformation of drugs and detoxification of the human organism. As such, it is also exposed to many harmful substances, which leads to disorders and diseases such as cirrhosis. For these reasons, it seems important to consider liver metabolism and the direct effects on the liver when evaluating the efficacy of new drugs. Accordingly, we have developed an advanced in vitro liver model using an organ-on-a-chip approach that replicates many of the morphological and functional features of the liver in vivo. The model we created can metabolize drugs, which we demonstrated using two widely used anticancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and capecitabine (CAP). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first who evaluate the direct effects of these drugs not only on the viability of liver model-building cells but on their functions, such as cytochrome P450 activity and albumin production. Our study brings new hope to properly evaluating drug efficacy at the in vitro level.
Tai Chi Practice Buffers Aging Effects in Functional Brain Connectivity
Authors: Cerna Jonathan , Gupta Prakhar , He Maxine , Ziegelman Liran , Hu Yang , Hernandez Manuel E.
Published: September 2024

Tai Chi (TC) practice has been shown to improve both cognitive and physical function in older adults. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the benefits of TC remain unclear. Our primary aims are to explore whether distinct age-related and TC-practice-related relationships can be identified with respect to either temporal or spatial (within/between-network connectivity) differences. This cross-sectional study examined recurrent neural network dynamics, employing an adaptive, data-driven thresholding approach to source-localized resting-state EEG data in order to identify meaningful connections across time-varying graphs, using both temporal and spatial features derived from a hidden Markov model (HMM). Mann–Whitney U tests assessed between-group differences in temporal and spatial features by age and TC practice using either healthy younger adult controls (YACs, n = 15), healthy older adult controls (OACs, n = 15), or Tai Chi older adult practitioners (TCOAs, n = 15). Our results showed that aging is associated with decreased within-network and between-network functional connectivity (FC) across most brain networks. Conversely, TC practice appears to mitigate these age-related declines, showing increased FC within and between networks in older adults who practice TC compared to non-practicing older adults. These findings suggest that TC practice may abate age-related declines in neural network efficiency and stability, highlighting its potential as a non-pharmacological intervention for promoting healthy brain aging. This study furthers the triple-network model, showing that a balancing and reorientation of attention might be engaged not only through higher-order and top-down mechanisms (i.e., FPN/DAN) but also via the coupling of bottom-up, sensory–motor (i.e., SMN/VIN) networks.
Scoping Review: Methods and Applications of Spatial Transcriptomics in Tumor Research
Authors: Maciejewski Kacper , Czerwinska Patrycja
Published: September 2024

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) examines gene expression within its spatial context on tissue, linking morphology and function. Advances in ST resolution and throughput have led to an increase in scientific interest, notably in cancer research. This scoping study reviews the challenges and practical applications of ST, summarizing current methods, trends, and data analysis techniques for ST in neoplasm research. We analyzed 41 articles published by the end of 2023 alongside public data repositories. The findings indicate cancer biology is an important focus of ST research, with a rising number of studies each year. Visium (10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) is the leading ST platform, and SCTransform from Seurat R library is the preferred method for data normalization and integration. Many studies incorporate additional data types like single-cell sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Common ST applications include discovering the composition and function of tumor tissues in the context of their heterogeneity, characterizing the tumor microenvironment, or identifying interactions between cells, including spatial patterns of expression and co-occurrence. However, nearly half of the studies lacked comprehensive data processing protocols, hindering their reproducibility. By recommending greater transparency in sharing analysis methods and adapting single-cell analysis techniques with caution, this review aims to improve the reproducibility and reliability of future studies in cancer research.
An Analysis of the Stress–Strain State of a Layer on Two Cylindrical Bearings
Authors: Miroshnikov Vitaly , Denshchykov Oleksandr , Grebeniuk Iaroslav , Savin Oleksandr
Published: September 2024

A spatial problem of elasticity theory is solved for a layer located on two bearings embedded in it. The bearings are represented as thick-walled pipes embedded in the layer parallel to its boundaries. The pipes are rigidly connected to the layer, and contact-type conditions (normal displacements and tangential stresses) are specified on the insides of the pipes. Stresses are set on the flat surfaces of the layer. The objective of this study is to obtain the stress–strain state of the body of the layer under different geometric characteristics of the model. The solution to the problem is presented in the form of the Lamé equation, whose terms are written in different coordinate systems. The generalized Fourier method is used to transfer the basic solutions between coordinate systems. By satisfying the boundary and conjugation conditions, the problem is reduced to a system of infinite linear algebraic equations of the second kind, to which the reduction method is applied. After finding the unknowns, using the generalized Fourier method, it is possible to find the stress–strain state at any point of the body. The numerical study of the stress state showed high convergence of the approximate solutions to the exact one. The stress–strain state of the composite body was analyzed for different geometric parameters and different pipe materials. The results obtained can be used for the preliminary determination of the geometric parameters of the model and the materials of the joints. The proposed solution method can be used not only to calculate the stress state of bearing joints, but also of bushings (under specified conditions of rigid contact without friction on the internal surfaces).
Piscivorous Vertebrates That May Pose a Risk to the Critically Endangered Mandra Shemaya, Alburnus mandrensis (Drensky, 1943) (Actinopterygii; Leuciscidae)
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar , Stefanov Tihomir R. , Mladenov Vladimir , Dimchev Ivaylo , Valkanov Kiril , Kolev Nikolay , Natchev Nikolay
Published: September 2024

In the present study, we provide a checklist of the predators that may impact the population of the critically endangered Mandra shemaya (Alburnus mandrensis Drensky, 1943). This endemic fish only inhabits the basin of Mandra Lake in the Burgas district (SE Bulgaria) and data on its biology are scarce. We have confirmed the presence of the Mandra shemaya in Mandra Lake for the last six years (including 2024) and provided an analysis on the potential predatory pressures on A. mandrensis. The recently recorded presence of a highly invasive piscivorous predatory fish in Mandra Lake is considered potentially dangerous for the sustainability of native fish species.
Sustainability: Irish Dietitians Perceptions and Experiences
Authors: O’Hehir Tara , Keaver Laura
Published: September 2024

Sustainability is an important aspect of all areas of life, including nutrition and dietetic practice. The Sustainability Development Goals are 17 goals set by the United Nations as a guideline on how the global population can be more sustainable moving into the future. Opportunities are available for nutrition and dietetic professionals to be involved in making changes and supporting the SDGs. Yet, there are limited studies exploring Irish dietitians’ perceptions and experiences of sustainability. An online survey consisting of 16 questions exploring familiarity with, as well as personal and professional perceptions of, sustainability was circulated to Irish dietitians by the Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute and promoted online through social media platforms (Twitter and Facebook). The survey was open for four weeks (18 October–16 November 2021) and was housed in Qualtrics and analysed using SPSS. A total of 102 Irish dietitians completed the survey (n = 100, 98% female). Most (96.1%) reported that sustainability is very important or important and 81.4% felt that it was very important or important in dietetic practice. Overall, participants were more familiar with environmental sustainability, e.g., widespread availability (79.4%), climate change (89.2%) and some concepts under economic, social, and general sustainability. They were most unfamiliar with agricultural sustainability concepts, e.g., use of food and agricultural policies (36.2% were familiar). This study illustrates the importance that Irish dietitians place on sustainability, aspects they feel confident in and areas for future education and support.
Transponder: Support for Localizing Distressed People through a Flying Drone Network
Authors: Calabrò Antonello , Marchetti Eda
Published: September 2024

Context: In Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, the speed and techniques used by rescuers and effective communication with the person in need of rescue are vital for successful operations. Recently, drones have become an essential tool in SAR, used by both military and civilian organizations to locate and aid missing persons. Objective: The paper introduces Transponder, a Wi-Fi-based solution designed to enhance SAR efforts by tracking, localizing, and providing first aid information to distressed individuals, even in challenging environments such as forests, mountains, and urban areas lacking GSM/UMTS coverage or that are difficult to reach with terrestrial rescue. Methods: Provide an innovative mechanism based on Wi-Fi beacon detection, LoRa communication, and the possible mobile application to leverage the SAR operation. Provide the preliminary implementation of the Transponder and perform its assessment in scenarios with dense vegetation. Results: The Transponder functionalities have been proven to enhance and expedite the detection of missing persons. Additionally, responses to several research questions regarding its performance and effectiveness are provided. Conclusions: Transponder is an innovative detection mechanism that combines ground-based analysis with on-board analysis, optimizing energy consumption and realizing an efficient solution for real-world scenarios.
Exploring the Role of Robots and Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Renewable Energy Consumption
Authors: Badareu Gabriela , Doran Marius Dalian , Firu Mihai Alexandru , Croitoru Ionuț Marius , Doran Nicoleta Mihaela
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI), industrial robots, and renewable energy consumption, driven by the rapid technological advancements and widespread adoption of AI tools in various industries. This research aims to evaluate the environmental implications of these technologies, specifically their impact on renewable energy usage. Employing a comprehensive analytical framework, this study utilizes advanced methodologies, including regularization factors, to accurately estimate the effects of these variables. Through a thorough data analysis, the research quantifies how AI and industrial robots influence the shift towards renewable energy sources. The findings reveal that investments in AI significantly enhance renewable energy consumption, as demonstrated by both conventional estimation techniques and those that integrate regularization factors. Conversely, the use of industrial robots is found to have a detrimental effect on renewable energy consumption. These results have important implications for policymakers, industry leaders, and sustainability researchers. This study encourages policymakers and investors to prioritize funding for AI solutions that promote renewable energy adoption, while it advises industry managers to strategically modify their use of industrial robots to reduce their environmental impact. Ultimately, this research lays a critical foundation for future inquiries and policy initiatives aimed at aligning technological advancements with sustainable energy practices.
Development of an Effective Microalgae Cultivation System Utilizing CO2 in the Air by Injecting CaCO3
Authors: Pyo Seonju , Yu Byung-Sun , Han Kyudong
Published: September 2024

Recognized as the third-generation biomass of the future, microalgae are increasingly viewed as a promising solution for the sustainable production of biofuels, often referred to as “green gold.” Extensive research is being conducted across the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors to develop fundamental technologies that enable efficient and economical large-scale microalgae cultivation. Recent studies suggest that microalgae-based biofuels have the potential to meet global energy demands. However, challenges such as spatial constraints in site selection and the high cost of transporting CO2—an essential component for pH regulation and photosynthesis—pose obstacles. Here, this study demonstrates that by supplementing air-only medium with CaCO3, Chlorella sorokiniana can effectively utilize airborne CO2 to produce biomass. In laboratory-scale culture conditions supplied only with air, adding 5 mM CaCO3 (pH 7.8) could maintain the pH stably compared to the untreated conditions (pH 9.5) and improved the biomass concentration and lipid content by 17.68-fold and 9.58-fold, respectively. In bench-scale conditions, cultures supplemented with 5 mM CaCO3 exhibited a 9-fold increase in the biomass and a 7.15-fold increase in the lipid concentrations compared to those cultivated with air alone. With microalgae emerging as an essential resource for future generations, cultivation technology utilizing CaCO3 will be a critical technology that enables commercial-scale microalgae cultivation using only air, without artificial CO2 supply facilities.
Gasification of Sewage Sludge—A Review
Authors: Śpiewak Katarzyna
Published: September 2024

The increasing amount of sewage sludge produced demands new methods of its management to minimize socioeconomic and environmental problems related to its current treatment. An effective solution may be the thermochemical conversion of sewage sludge through gasification. First, the most known sewage sludge gasification processes are presented along with the challenges that they face. Then the detailed characteristics of sewage sludge are discussed from the point of view of its use in the gasification process, as well as research on the kinetics of gasification of sewage sludge char using various models. As scientific reports on sewage sludge gasification focus on the influence of process parameters on gas yield and composition (especially H2 and tar content), the main part of the work is devoted to the discussion on the influence of temperature, type, and amount of the gasifying agent and the presence of a catalyst on these parameters. Moreover, the co-gasification of sewage sludge as well as advanced gasification methods, i.e., supercritical water gasification and plasma gasification, are analyzed. Finally, the possibilities of utilization of sewage sludge gasification process by-products were discussed and the impact of the process on the environment was assessed. The review concludes with indications of directions for further research.
Optimal Reconfiguration of Electrical Distribution Networks Using the Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm with Hybrid Cooling (ISA-HC)
Authors: Simeon Pucuhuayla Franklin Jesus , Castillo Correa Carlos , Ñaupari Huatuco Dionicio Zocimo , Molina Rodriguez Yuri Percy
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a new algorithm to solve the optimal reconfiguration problem in distribution networks, using the algorithm called Improved Simulated Annealing combined with Hybrid Cooling (ISA-HC) and Selective Space Search, which leverages the capabilities of the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) software and the selective space search concept to enhance performance and reduce the search space. The ISA-HC algorithm determines an adequate starting point for the temperature and initial solution according to the size of the system. For adequate cooling, a three-stage cooling approach was employed to achieve effective cooling, combining two methods widely used in the literature. Overall, the ISA-HC algorithm is a promising method for solving the optimal reconfiguration problem in distribution networks. The algorithm was tested on the systems of 5, 33, 69, and 94 buses and compared to other existing methods in the literature. The results show that the proposed method is more robust and efficient, providing better convergence and reliably achieving good quality global solutions.
Modelling and Simulation of Effusion Cooling—A Review of Recent Progress
Authors: Xia Hao , Chen Xiaosheng , Ellis Christopher D.
Published: September 2024

Effusion cooling is often regarded as one of the critical techniques to protect solid surfaces from exposure to extremely hot environments, such as inside a combustion chamber where temperature can well exceed the metal melting point. Designing such efficient cooling features relies on thorough understanding of the underlying flow physics for the given engineering scenarios, where physical testing may not be feasible or even possible. Inevitably, under these circumstances, modelling and numerical simulation become the primary predictive tools. This review aims to give a broad coverage of the numerical methods for effusion cooling, ranging from the empirical models (often based on first principles and conservation laws) for solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations to higher-fidelity methods such as Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-LES, including Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES). We also highlight the latest progress in machine learning-aided and data-driven RANS approaches, which have gained a lot of momentum recently. They, in turn, take advantage of the higher-fidelity eddy-resolving datasets performed by, for example, LES or DES. The main examples of this review are focused on the applications primarily related to internal flows of gas turbine engines.
A Non-Intrusive Load Decomposition Model Based on Multiple Electrical Parameters to Point
Authors: Yang Meng , Cheng Zhiyou , Liu Xinyuan
Published: September 2024

The sliding window method is commonly used for non-intrusive load disaggregation. However, it is difficult to choose the appropriate window size, and the disaggregation effect is poor in low-frequency industrial environments. To better handle low-frequency industrial load data, in this paper, we propose a vertical non-intrusive load disaggregation model that is different from the sliding window method. By training multiple electrical parameters at a single point on the bus end with the corresponding load data at the branch end, the proposed method, called multiple electrical parameters to point (Mep2point), takes the electrical parameter data sampled at a single point on the bus end as its input and outputs the load data of the target device sampled at the corresponding point. First, the electrical parameters of the bus end are processed, and each item is normalized to the range from 0–1. Then, the electrical parameters are vertically arranged by their time point, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to train the model. The proposed method is analyzed on low-frequency industrial user data sampled at a frequency of 1/120 Hz in the real world. We compare our method with three advanced sliding window methods, achieving an average improvement ranging from 9.23% to 22.51% in evaluation metrics, while showing substantial superiority in the actual decomposed images. Compared with three classical machine learning algorithms, our model, using the same amount of data, significantly outperforms these methods. Finally, we also compared our method with the multi-channel low window sequence-to-point (MLSP) method, which also selects multiple electrical parameters. Our model’s complexity is much less than that of the MLSP model, and its performance remains high. The superiority of our model, as presented in this paper, is fully verified by experimental analysis, which can produce better actual load decomposition results from each branch and contribute to the analysis and monitoring of loads in industrial environments.
A Comparative Study of Data-Driven Early-Stage End-of-Life Classification Approaches for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Xuelu , Meng Jianwen , Azib Toufik
Published: September 2024

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used as energy storage devices in electric mobility applications. However, due to complex electrochemical processes of battery degradation, it is challenging to predict accurately the battery end-of-life (EOL) to ensure their reliability, safety, and extended usage. In this context, the introduction of machine learning techniques can provide relevant solutions based on data collection and analysis. Indeed, we compared in this study the prediction performance of numerous machine learning approaches that predict if the battery EOL bypasses a predefined threshold. Based on the variation of different indicators during the first several hundred cycles, such as charge and discharge capacity, internal resistance, and energy efficiency, extensive numerical tests have been executed and compared in terms of accuracy score, precision score, recall score, etc. All the studied machine learning approaches are trained and validated using an open-access database of 124 commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells cycled under different fast-charging conditions. As a result, the classification prediction performance score reached up to 98.74% depending on the percentage of data and cycles used for training and validation as well as the predefined EOL threshold. The comparative results can be used to improve the existing health-aware energy management strategy by taking the state-of-health (SOH) of batteries into consideration. Overall, the presented research findings are relevant to battery system reliability and safety engineering.
Understanding Energy Demand of the Tertiary Sector by Energy Carriers and End-Uses: An Integrated Bottom-Up and Top-Down Model Taking Germany as the Example
Authors: Arnold-Keifer Sonja , Hirzel Simon , Rohde Clemens
Published: September 2024

Despite its high share in national energy demand, the tertiary sector is an undifferentiated residual in the energy balances of most countries. To develop effective policy measures for enhancing energy efficiency, policymakers need a sound understanding of how the energy demand is structured. To date, only a few studies assess energy demand in the tertiary sector quantitatively. This paper aims to close this gap by introducing an integrated model that transparently breaks down the energy demand according to statistical subsectors, energy carriers and end-uses. The model combines a technology-based bottom-up with a top-down approach and applies it to a case study on Germany based on survey data from companies. Model validity is analyzed using a set of indicators. The results for Germany show that the model is consistent with the national energy balance showing an aggregate deviation of only 1%. The results for 2019 indicate that electricity demand in Germany’s tertiary sector is dominated by lighting (35%), information and communication technologies (33%) and the provision of mechanical energy (9%), while fuel demand is mainly due to space heating (78%), followed by mechanical energy (15%).
Two-Dimensional Dual Jets—A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Authors: Murphy Paula J. , Alimohammadi Sajad , O’Shaughnessy Séamus M.
Published: September 2024

A dual jet system, comprising a wall jet flowing tangential to a solid wall and a parallel offset jet, possesses a unique flow field that has proven advantageous in many industrial applications. Despite this, investigations of dual jets are severely underrepresented in the published literature, meaning their flow and heat transfer characteristics are yet to be fully understood. Many published studies dedicated to the characterization of dual jet flows are entirely numerical in nature, and significant discrepancies exist among the reported findings. This can be attributed to the distinct lack of experimental data related to dual jet flows, which has to date prohibited the full validation of any existing dual jet numerical model. The purpose of this report is to perform a comprehensive review of the available dual-jet literature to ascertain the present understanding of dual jet flow behavior and related heat transfer characteristics. An in-depth overview of dual jet flow theory is provided, and the reported effects of varying the major dual jets’ parameters are discussed, e.g., jet Reynolds number, jet offset ratio, and jet velocity ratio. In doing so, the major discrepancies among the relevant dual-jet studies are highlighted and a clear gap in the literature is identified. Recommendations for future studies on dual jets are provided.
Natural Fractures in Tight Sandstone Gas Condensate Reservoirs and Their Influence on Production in the Dina 2 Gas Field in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Wang Qifeng , Guo Zhi , Tang Haifa , Cheng Gang , Liu Zhaolong , Zhou Kuo
Published: September 2024

The Dina 2 gas field in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin is one of China’s most critical oil and gas exploration areas. Natural fractures have played an important role in the low-permeability reservoirs in the Tarim area. Tectonic fractures are dominant in such reservoirs. In fact, the factors influencing tectonic fracture development have always been the source of important issues in tight reservoirs. Cores, thin sections, and borehole image logs were used to analyze the types, basic characteristics, and factors influencing tectonic fractures in the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Dina 2 gas field in the Tarim Basin. The results showed that the tectonic fractures are dominated by high-angle and upright shearing fractures, and they mainly show ENE–WSW strikes. The thin sections suggest that 60% of the fractures are fully filled with minerals, 20% are unfilled, and 20% are partially filled. The analysis also shows that lithology, faults, and in situ stress are the main factors controlling the development of the tectonic structures. Furthermore, the correlation between the unimpeded flow from a single well and the apertures of the tectonic fractures indicates that tectonic fractures play an important role in the production of hydrocarbons.
Energy Efficiency in Seasonal Homes: A Study on the Occupancy, Energy Use, and Renovation of Second Homes in Sweden
Authors: Mjörnell Kristina
Published: September 2024

The escalating utilisation of second homes has led to an extension in heating periods and, to a certain degree, renovations to elevate the standard, resulting in augmented energy and resource consumption. A comprehensive survey was conducted in Sweden, examining user patterns across different seasons, heating systems, and implemented energy efficiency measures. The results indicate that second homes are occupied for extended periods during the summer season and intermittently throughout the year. Over half of the second homes are heated even when unoccupied, with 12% maintaining a temperature above 16 °C. The predominant heating method is direct electricity (32.2%), followed by heat pumps (29.5%) and stoves (17.5%). A variety of renovations are undertaken, primarily to enhance the standard and technical performance, but also to implement energy efficiency measures such as window replacement, additional insulation, or heat pump installation. Based on the reported user and heating patterns, and the energy renovations carried out, the potential energy savings with different energy renovation strategies were estimated for the Swedish second home stock. The results show that though lowering the temperature when a second home is unoccupied emerges as the most efficient measure, both in terms of cost-effectiveness and climate impact, it needs to be complemented with intermittent heating or dehumidification to ensure that the relative humidity is below critical levels, to avoid the risk of damages caused by, for example, mould growth. Installing a heat pump is the second most energy- and cost-effective measure and has the advantage that the indoor temperature can be maintained at rather high levels.
Forest Disturbance Determines Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens and Bryophytes on Trunk Bases in Tropical Dry Forests
Authors: Benítez Ángel , Ortiz Jorge , Matamoros-Apolo Daniela , Bustamante Andrea , López Fausto , Yangua-Solano Erika , Gusmán-Montalván Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

The dry forests of southern Ecuador are characterized by a great floristic variety and high endemism rates in different taxonomic groups; however, these forests are disappearing at an alarming rate due to anthropogenic disturbances. Epiphytic cryptogams (bryophytes and lichens) are important in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) and, due to their physiology (poikilohydric species), are sensitive to the changes associated with specific human disturbances. We examined the response of epiphytic cryptogams to habitat disturbance in SDTFs (natural and semi-natural forests) by registering the frequency and coverage of epiphytic cryptogams on 182 trees. We recorded a total of 53 epiphytic cryptogams (47 lichens and 6 bryophytes). A greater number of species was found in the natural forest, with 51 species, than the semi-natural forests (DFs), which had 45 species. We found that total richness tended to decrease with increased intensity of disturbance. The impoverishment was particularly related to the reduction in tree density and diversity (e.g., selective logging) in semi-natural compared to natural forests. However, the epiphytic composition showed little relationship with forests disturbance. We conclude that anthropic disturbance, particularly selective logging, are the main factors affecting the diversity of epiphytic cryptogams in the SDTFs from southern Ecuador.
Differential Responses of Soil Nitrogen Forms to Climate Warming in Castanopsis hystrix and Quercus aliena Forests of China
Authors: Shu Weiwei , Wang Hui , Liu Shirong , Liu Yanchun , Min Huilin , Li Zhaoying , Dell Bernard , Chen Lin
Published: September 2024

Climate warming impacts soil nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems, thus influencing their productivity, but this has not yet been sufficiently studied. Experiments commenced in January 2012 in a subtropical Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. and Thomson ex A. DC. plantation and in May 2011 in a temperate Quercus aliena Blume forest, China. Four treatments were established comprising trenching, artificial warming (up to 2 °C), artificial warming + trenching, and untreated control plots. The plots were 2 × 3 m in size. In 2021 and 2022, soil nitrogen mineralization, soil nutrient availability, fine root biomass and microbial biomass were measured at 0–20 cm soil depth in 6 replicate plots per treatment. Warming significantly increased soil temperature in both forests. In the C. hystrix plantation, warming significantly increased available phosphorus (AP) and fine root biomass (FRB), but it did not affect soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and their ratios. Warming depressed the net mineralization rate (NMR) and net ammonification rate (NAR) of the C. hystrix plantation, probably because the competition for nitrogen uptake by fine roots and microorganisms increased, thus decreasing substrates for nitrogen mineralization and ammonification processes. Trenching and warming + trenching increased the net nitrification rate (NNR), which might be related to decreased NH4+-N absorption of trees in the trenched plots and the increased microbial activity involved in soil nitrification. In the Q. aliena forest, warming significantly increased NH4+-N, MBC/MBN, Root C/N, Root N/P, and decreased pH, MBN, MBN/MBP and Root P; and there was no effect of trenching. Notably, the NAR, NNR and NMR were largely unaffected by long-term warming. We attributed this to the negative effect of increasing NH4+-N and decreasing MBN/MBP offsetting the positive effect of soil warming. This study highlights the vulnerability of subtropical forest stands to long-term warming due to decreased soil N mineralization and increased NO3−-N leaching. In contrast, the soil N cycle in the temperate forest was more resilient to a decade of continuous warming.
Enhancing Elderly Care through Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Networks and Artificial Intelligence: A Study on Vital Sign Monitoring and Sleep Improvement
Authors: Del-Valle-Soto Carolina , Briseño Ramon A. , Velázquez Ramiro , Guerra-Rosales Gabriel , Perez-Ochoa Santiago , Preciado-Bazavilvazo Isaac H. , Visconti Paolo , Varela-Aldás José
Published: September 2024

This research explores the application of wireless sensor networks for the non-invasive monitoring of sleep quality and vital signs in elderly individuals, addressing significant challenges faced by the aging population. The study implemented and evaluated WSNs in home environments, focusing on variables such as breathing frequency, deep sleep, snoring, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), oxygen saturation, Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep), and temperature. The results demonstrated substantial improvements in key metrics: 68% in breathing frequency, 68% in deep sleep, 70% in snoring reduction, 91% in HRV, and 85% in REM sleep. Additionally, temperature control was identified as a critical factor, with higher temperatures negatively impacting sleep quality. By integrating AI with WSN data, this study provided personalized health recommendations, enhancing sleep quality and overall health. This approach also offered significant support to caregivers, reducing their burden. This research highlights the cost-effectiveness and scalability of WSN technology, suggesting its feasibility for widespread adoption. The findings represent a significant advancement in geriatric health monitoring, paving the way for more comprehensive and integrated care solutions.
An Experimental Insight into the Use of N-Butanol as a Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Authors: Cican Grigore , Mirea Radu
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the performance and environmental impact of n-butanol blended with Jet-A fuel in turbo engines, aiming to assess its viability as a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The research involves the experimental testing of various blends, ranging from low to high concentrations of n-butanol, to determine their effects on engine performance and emissions. The experimental setup includes comprehensive measurements of engine parameters such as thrust, fuel consumption rates, and exhaust gas temperatures. Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) are also analyzed to evaluate environmental impacts. Key findings indicate that n-butanol/Jet-A blends can significantly enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions compared to conventional Jet-A fuel. Higher n-butanol concentrations lead to improved thermal efficiency and lower SO2 and CO emissions. This study underscores the potential of n-butanol as an SAF for turbo engines, highlighting its ability to mitigate environmental impacts while maintaining or improving engine performance. This research supports the feasibility of integrating n-butanol into Jet-A blends for turbo engine applications, emphasizing their role in achieving more environmentally friendly aviation operations.
Effect of a Monoglyceride Blend in Nile Tilapia Growth Performance, Immunity, Gut Microbiota, and Resistance to Challenge against Streptoccocosis and Francisellosis
Authors: Ferrari Natália Amoroso , Mainardi Raffaella Menegheti , Silva Mayza Brandão da , Guimarães Gabriel Diogo , Takashe João Vitor Godoy , de Oliveira Junior Admilton Gonçalves , Hayashi Ricardo Mitsuo , Di Santis Giovana Wingeter , Pereira Ulisses de Pádua
Published: September 2024

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which weighs approximately 20 g, with a blend of monoglycerides (glycerides linked to a fatty acid molecule) for 20 days during a pre-experimental challenge via the intraperitoneal route (IP). Growth performance, immunological parameters, intestinal microbiota, tissue damage, and resistance against the pathogens Streptococcus agalactiae serotypes Ib and III and Francisella orientalis were evaluated. The experimental design included a negative control (NC), a product control (NPC), a positive control for each pathogen (PC), and three groups treated with different doses (0.15, 0.25, and 0.5%). After the challenge, mortality was significantly lower in the groups treated and challenged with S. agalactiae. The treated groups showed better weight gain and food conversion rates. Innate immunity parameters showed no differences between treatments, and there was no good stimulation of diversity in the intestinal microbiota. However, in treated groups, there was a reduction in opportunistic bacteria that could cause secondary infections and increased the presence of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract. In this way, it is possible to validate the beneficial effects of monoglycerides as a nutritional additive for tilapia farms against streptoccocosis.
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhagastis binoculata (Matsumura, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: Kuo Yu-Yun , Chang Ju-Chun , Li Yi-Hsuan , Huang Yu-Feng , Wu Tzong-Yuan , Nai Yu-Shin
Published: September 2024

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) Rhagastis binoculata (Matsumura, 1909), an endemic moth species in Taiwan, was sequenced and analyzed. The complete circular mitogenome of R. binoculata is 15,303 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and an AT-rich control region. The mitogenome has an overall nucleotide composition of 41.2% A, 11.9% C, 7.5% G, and 39.4% T, with an AT content of 80.6%. Of the protein-coding genes (PCGs), 12 start with ATG, ATT, and ATC, and COX1 starts with a “CGA” codon. All of the stop codons are “TAA, TAG, or T”. Our phylogenetic analysis of 21 species of Sphingidae insects suggests that R. binoculata is clustered with Rhagastis mongoliana, which belongs to the subfamily Macroglossinae.