bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy as an Analytical Method to Investigate the Secondary Structure of a Model Protein Embedded in Solid Lipid Matrices
Authors: Zeeshan Farrukh , Tabbassum Misbah , Jorgensen Lene , Medlicott Natalie J.
Published: October 2017

Protein drugs may encounter conformational perturbations during the formulation processing of lipid-based solid dosage forms. In aqueous protein solutions, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy can investigate these conformational changes following the subtraction of spectral interference of solvent with protein amide I bands. However, in solid dosage forms, the possible spectral contribution of lipid carriers to protein amide I band may be an obstacle to determine conformational alterations. The objective of this study was to develop an ATR FT-IR spectroscopic method for the analysis of protein secondary structure embedded in solid lipid matrices. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as a model protein, while Precirol AT05 (glycerol palmitostearate, melting point 58 ℃) was employed as the model lipid matrix. Bovine serum albumin was incorporated into lipid using physical mixing, melting and mixing, or wet granulation mixing methods. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were performed for the analysis of BSA secondary structure and its dissolution in aqueous media, respectively. The results showed significant interference of Precirol ATO5 with BSA amide I band which was subtracted up to 90% w/w lipid content to analyze BSA secondary structure. In addition, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy also detected thermally denatured BSA solid alone and in the presence of lipid matrix indicating its suitability for the detection of denatured protein solids in lipid matrices. Despite being in the solid state, conformational changes occurred to BSA upon incorporation into solid lipid matrices. However, the extent of these conformational alterations was found to be dependent on the mixing method employed as indicated by area overlap calculations. For instance, the melting and mixing method imparted negligible effect on BSA secondary structure, whereas the wet granulation mixing method promoted more changes. Size exclusion chromatography analysis depicted the complete dissolution of BSA in the aqueous media employed in the wet granulation method. In conclusion, an ATR FT-IR spectroscopic method was successfully developed to investigate BSA secondary structure in solid lipid matrices following the subtraction of lipid spectral interference. The ATR FT-IR spectroscopy could further be applied to investigate the secondary structure perturbations of therapeutic proteins during their formulation development.
Financial Effect of a Drug Distribution Model Change on a Health System
Authors: Turingan Erin M. , Mekoba Bijan C. , Eberwein Samuel M. , Roberts Patricia A. , Pappas Ashley L. , Cruz Jennifer L. , Amerine Lindsey B.
Published: October 2017

Background: Drug manufacturers change distribution models based on patient safety and product integrity needs. These model changes can limit health-system access to medications, and the financial impact on health systems can be significant. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to determine the health-system financial impact of a manufacturer’s change from open to limited distribution for bevacizumab (Avastin), rituximab (Rituxan), and trastuzumab (Herceptin). The secondary aim was to identify opportunities to shift administration to outpatient settings to support formulary change. Methods: To assess the financial impact on the health system, the cost minus discount was applied to total drug expenditure during a 1-year period after the distribution model change. The opportunity analysis was conducted for three institutions within the health system through chart review of each inpatient administration. Opportunity cost was the sum of the inpatient administration cost and outpatient administration margin. Results: The total drug expenditure for the study period was $26 427 263. By applying the cost minus discount, the financial effect of the distribution model change was $1 393 606. A total of 387 administrations were determined to be opportunities to be shifted to the outpatient setting. During the study period, the total opportunity cost was $1 766 049. Conclusion: Drug expenditure increased for the health system due to the drug distribution model change and loss of cost minus discount. The opportunity cost of shifting inpatient administrations could offset the increase in expenditure. It is recommended to restrict bevacizumab, rituximab, and trastuzumab through Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees to outpatient use where clinically appropriate.
Successful Implementation of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Bondarenka Carolyn M. , Bosso John A.
Published: October 2017

Background: Focus on antimicrobial use and infection prevention from accrediting or regulatory bodies such as the Joint Commission, as well as regulatory agencies such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Centers for Disease Control, has highlighted the need for continuing development of antimicrobial stewardship programs at healthcare facilities across the country. Methods: Our institution utilized the 2007 Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology guidelines to direct the evaluation of its antimicrobial use and develop a successful antimicrobial stewardship program. Three baseline evaluations were conducted. Retrospective chart reviews evaluating formulary restrictions for fluroquinolones and carbepenems, a dosing optimization program for meropenem, and the intravenous to oral conversion program for fluconazole and voriconazole were completed. Results: Approximately 40% of orders for levofloxacin were not supported with a clinical justification for nonformulary use in the patient chart. Forty-nine percent of orders written for meropenem did not follow the dose optimization program. Opportunity for fluconazole and voriconazole to be converted to oral therapy when appropriate was suggested. Conclusion: The baseline evaluations revealed the need for an antimicrobial stewardship program. This article outlines the process used to assess need, plan, implement, and evaluate the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program.
Evaluation of Corticosteroid Dose in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Hemenway Alice N. , Terry Alexandra M.
Published: October 2017

Background: Several recent studies have shown that both lower doses and shorter durations of systemic corticosteroids have similar efficacy for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, each trial has limitations that constrain direct applicability to a US hospital population. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether, in a US community hospital, low doses of corticosteroids provide the lowest risk of adverse effects without increasing length of stay or readmission rate. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort was performed using patients meeting criteria for AECOPD. Primary endpoints included length of hospitalization, proportion of patients with >30% increase in blood glucose from baseline, and rate of 30-day readmission; multivariable regression analysis was used for comparison. The 3 inpatient cumulative dose range groups were low: ≤250-mg prednisone equivalents, medium: 251 to 500 mg, and high: ≥501 mg. Results: A total of 665 records were evaluated, with 369 records included. As the corticosteroid dose ranges increased, there were more patients with increased blood glucose (33.3%, 54.4%, 59.9%). When holding all other factors constant, there was a statistically significant increase in patients with elevated blood glucose with the medium- and high-dose groups as compared with the low-dose group ( P < .009, P < .001), the average length of stay was 21.3 hours higher in the high-dose group as compared with the low-dose group ( P < .001), and there were no significant differences in readmission rates between the dose groups. Conclusions: The lowest dose range of corticosteroids was associated with the lowest rate of impaired blood glucose without a statistically significant increase in length of stay or readmission rate.
Activation of the Behavioral Immune System: Putting the Brakes on Affiliation
Authors: Sawada Natsumi , Auger Emilie , Lydon John E.
Published: October 2017

Evolutionary psychologists propose that humans evolved a first line of defense against pathogens: the behavioral immune system (BIS). The BIS is thought to be functionally flexible such that the likelihood and magnitude of BIS activation depends on the individual’s perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). Because conspecifics are sources of infection, the BIS has implications for affiliation. By priming and measuring chronic levels of PVD, we examined PVD’s relation to affiliation in zero-acquaintance situations in the laboratory, online, and during speed-dating events. Elevated BIS activation was associated with decreased attraction and affiliative behavior in situations that varied in the trade-off between social reward and potential risk of infection. These results were not due to attachment style, personality traits, or disgust sensitivity. This suggests that in social interactions, approach motivation associated with the need to belong may be weighed against avoidance motivation associated with the need to protect the self from disease.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic lung tumor with dysphagia in a 4-year-old child
Authors: Nair Vinitha V , Singh Kunal Krishna , Kathayanat Joseph Thomas , Radhakrishnan Ratish , Babu Akash , Thanathu Krishnan Nair Jayakumar
Published: October 2017

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the lung are rare in adults but common among pediatric lung tumors. A 4-year-old girl was evaluated for respiratory symptoms, dysphagia, and weight loss. Radiology revealed a right hilar mass that persisted despite antibiotic treatment. On exploration, a hilar mass involving the pulmonary vasculature, diaphragm and gastroesophageal junction was found. Aggressive surgical excision including a right pneumonectomy was performed. Histopathology confirmed an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with no features of malignancy. At the 2-year follow-up, the child was clinically stable with no recurrence. Dysphagia is a very rare presentation of such tumors.
Combining implicit and explicit intervention approaches to target grammar in young children with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Calder Samuel D , Claessen Mary , Leitão Suze
Published: October 2017

Children with Developmental Language Disorder are likely to experience difficulties with morphosyntax, especially regular past tense marking. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of intervention to improve morphosyntax in young school-aged children with DLD. This study investigated the efficacy of combined explicit and implicit intervention techniques delivered by a speech pathologist to improve receptive and expressive grammar, including the use of past tense morphosyntax, using a multiple baseline single case experimental design. Participants were aged six to seven years and received two 1:1 45 minute sessions per week for five weeks (total 7.5 hours) using Shape Coding intervention techniques combined with implicit approaches. Two of the three participants made statistically significant gains on standardized tests of general receptive and expressive grammar. Two of the three children made statistically significant improvement on measures of expressive morphosyntax, with one participant continuing to improve five weeks post treatment. Findings suggest that this approach was efficacious. These findings warrant further investigation using larger group comparison research studies.
Patients’ and caregivers’ needs, experiences, preferences and research priorities in spiritual care: A focus group study across nine countries
Authors: Selman Lucy Ellen , Brighton Lisa Jane , Sinclair Shane , Karvinen Ikali , Egan Richard , Speck Peter , Powell Richard A , Deskur-Smielecka Ewa , Glajchen Myra , Adler Shelly , Puchalski Christina , Hunter Joy , Gikaara Nancy , Hope Jonathon ,   the InSpirit Collaborative
Published: October 2017

Background:

Spiritual distress is prevalent in advanced disease, but often neglected, resulting in unnecessary suffering. Evidence to inform spiritual care practices in palliative care is limited.

Aim:

To explore spiritual care needs, experiences, preferences and research priorities in an international sample of patients with life-limiting disease and family caregivers.

Design:

Focus group study.

Setting/participants:

Separate patient and caregiver focus groups were conducted at 11 sites in South Africa, Kenya, South Korea, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Finland and Poland. Discussions were transcribed, translated into English and analysed thematically.

Results:

A total of 74 patients participated: median age 62 years; 53 had cancer; 48 were women. In total, 71 caregivers participated: median age 61 years; 56 were women. Two-thirds of participants were Christian. Five themes are described: patients’ and caregivers’ spiritual concerns, understanding of spirituality and its role in illness, views and experiences of spiritual care, preferences regarding spiritual care, and research priorities. Participants reported wide-ranging spiritual concerns spanning existential, psychological, religious and social domains. Spirituality supported coping, but could also result in framing illness as punishment. Participants emphasised the need for staff competence in spiritual care. Spiritual care was reportedly lacking, primarily due to staff members’ de-prioritisation and lack of time. Patients’ research priorities included understanding the qualities of human connectedness and fostering these skills in staff. Caregivers’ priorities included staff training, assessment, studying impact, and caregiver’s spiritual care needs.

Conclusion:

To meet patient and caregiver preferences, healthcare providers should be able to address their spiritual concerns. Findings should inform patient- and caregiver-centred spiritual care provision, education and research.
End-of-life care: A qualitative study comparing the views of people with dementia and family carers
Authors: Poole Marie , Bamford Claire , McLellan Emma , Lee Richard P , Exley Catherine , Hughes Julian C , Harrison-Dening Karen , Robinson Louise
Published: October 2017

Background:

In recent years, UK policy has increasingly recognised the importance of end-of-life care in dementia. While professional consensus on optimal palliative care in dementia has been reported, little is known about the perspectives of people with dementia and family carers.

Aim:

To compare the views of people with dementia and family carers of people with dementia (current and recently bereaved) on optimal end-of-life care.

Design:

Qualitative interviews (32) and a focus group were conducted. Data were thematically analysed.

Setting/participants:

Participants comprised people with early stage dementia, living at home in the north-east of England ( n = 11); and current and bereaved carers ( n = 25) from six services providing end-of-life care in England.

Findings:

Seven areas were identified as important to end-of-life care for people with dementia and/or family carers. People with dementia and carers expressed the need for receiving care in place, ensuring comfort and a skilled care team. However, they disagreed about the importance of planning for the future and the role of families in organising care and future decision-making.

Conclusion:

Further comparison of our findings with expert consensus views highlighted key areas of divergence and agreement. Discordant views concerning perceptions of dementia as a palliative condition, responsibility for future decision-making and the practical co-ordination of end-of-life care may undermine the provision of optimal palliative care. Professionals must explore and recognise the individual perspectives of people with dementia and family carers.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of ADAM zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of migraine
Authors: Spierings Egilius LH , Brandes Jan Lewis , Kudrow David B , Weintraub James , Schmidt Peter C , Kellerman Donald J , Tepper Stewart J
Published: October 2017

Objective

To determine the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ascending doses of Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarray (ADAM) zolmitriptan versus placebo for acute migraine treatment.

Background

ADAM is a novel patient-administered system for intracutaneous drug administration. In a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study, zolmitriptan administered using ADAM had much faster absorption than oral administration with higher exposure in the first two hours.

Methods

This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 2b/3 study evaluating ADAM zolmitriptan 1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg versus placebo. Co-primary endpoints were pain freedom and freedom from most bothersome other migraine-associated symptom 2 hours post-dose.

Results

Of patients treated with ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg or placebo, 41.5% and 14.2%, respectively were pain-free 2 hours post-dose ( p = 0.0001) and 68.3% and 42.9% were free from their most bothersome other symptom ( p = 0.0009). Due to the fixed sequential testing methodology, formal statistical significance was not established for secondary endpoints. However, the proportion of patients who were photophobia-free, phonophobia-free, and nausea-free at 2 hours post-dose was higher in the ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg group compared with placebo, as were the percentages of patients who were pain-free, and who experienced pain relief up to 48 hours post-dose. Systemic adverse events were consistent with previous triptan trials, and included dizziness, paresthesia, muscle tightness, and nausea, all of which occurred in < 5% of patients in any group. Application site reactions were generally mild and resolved within 48 hours, although erythema and bruising persisted for longer periods in some patients.

Conclusion

ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg provides effective relief of migraine headache and associated most bothersome symptoms compared with placebo, and is well-tolerated.

ClinicalTrials.gov

NCT02745392
Stem Cell Therapy for Articular Cartilage Repair: Review of the Entity of Cell Populations Used and the Result of the Clinical Application of Each Entity
Authors: Park Yong-Beom , Ha Chul-Won , Rhim Ji Heon , Lee Han-Jun
Published: October 2017

Background:

Following successful preclinical studies, stem cell therapy is emerging as a candidate for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions. Because stem cell therapy for cartilage repair in humans is at an early phase, confusion and errors are found in the literature regarding use of the term stem cell therapy in this field.

Purpose:

To provide an overview of the outcomes of cartilage repair, elucidating the various cell populations used, and thus reduce confusion with regard to using the term stem cell therapy.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

The authors systematically reviewed any studies on clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human subjects. A comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus for human studies that evaluated articular cartilage repair with cell populations containing MSCs. These studies were classified as using bone marrow–derived MSCs, adipose tissue–derived MSCs, peripheral blood–derived MSCs, synovium-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord blood–derived MSCs according to the entity of cell population used.

Results:

Forty-six clinical studies were identified to focus on cartilage repair with MSCs: 20 studies with bone marrow–derived MSCs, 21 studies with adipose tissue–derived MSCs, 3 studies with peripheral blood–derived MSCs, 1 study with synovium-derived MSCs, and 1 study with umbilical cord blood–derived MSCs. All clinical studies reported that cartilage treated with MSCs showed favorable clinical outcomes in terms of clinical scores or cartilage repair evaluated by MRI. However, most studies were limited to case reports and case series. Among these 46 clinical studies, 18 studies erroneously referred to adipose tissue–derived stromal vascular fractions as “adipose-derived MSCs,” 2 studies referred to peripheral blood–derived progenitor cells as “peripheral blood–derived MSCs,” and 1 study referred to bone marrow aspirate concentrate as “bone marrow–derived MSCs.”

Conclusion:

Limited evidence is available regarding clinical benefit of stem cell therapy for articular cartilage repair. Because the literature contains substantial errors in describing the therapeutic cells used, researchers need to be alert and observant of proper terms, especially regarding whether the cells used were stem cells or cell populations containing a small portion of stem cells, to prevent confusion in understanding the results of a given stem cell–based therapy.
Beyond Service Production: Volunteering for Social Innovation
Authors: de Wit Arjen , Mensink Wouter , Einarsson Torbjörn , Bekkers René
Published: October 2017

Building on theories from different fields, we discuss the roles that volunteers can play in the generation, implementation, and diffusion of social innovations. We present a study relying on 26 interviews with volunteer managers, other professionals, volunteers, and one former volunteer in 17 (branches of) third sector organizations in eight European countries. We identify organizational factors that help and hinder volunteer contributions to social innovation. While volunteer contributions to social innovations are encouraged by decentralized organizational structures, systematic “scaling up” of ideas, providing training, and giving a sense of ownership, they are hindered by a reluctant attitude and a lack of resources . This rich, explorative study makes it a fruitful start for further research on the relationship between volunteering and social innovation.
Immunohistochemical and quantitative RT-PCR methods to assess RANK expression in normal and neoplastic canine mammary gland
Authors: Sánchez-Céspedes Raquel , Millan Yolanda , Guil-Luna Silvia , García-Macías Jesús , Maniscalco Lorella , Iussich Selina , De Maria Raffaella , M. de las Mulas Juana
Published: October 2017

The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ( RANK) gene is found in both human and murine mammary epithelial cells and in human cancer cell lines. We analyzed RANK expression in normal and proliferative canine mammary tissue samples ( n = 47) and cell lines ( n = 10), and identified its expression in epithelial cell populations. The correlation of RANK protein with clinicopathologic parameters was also studied. A double immunohistochemical method using RANK and p63 antibodies was applied to 33 tissue samples to analyze RANK protein expression and its possible co-expression with p63 protein, the latter used to identify myoepithelial (ME) cells (p63-positive) or luminal epithelial (LE) cells (p63-negative). RANK protein expression was found in ~75% of the tissue samples analyzed, at a similar level in all of the histologic types studied: dysplasias (4 of 4, 100%), malignant tumors (13 of 17, 76%), normal glands (12 of 17, 70%), and benign tumors (6 of 9, 67%). ME and LE cells expressed RANK protein at a similar level. A higher level of RANK protein expression was found in older animals (≥10 y, p = 0.027). Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to 6 ME (1 normal and 5 neoplastic) and 4 LE (1 normal and 3 neoplastic) primary cell lines. The RANK gene was found at similar expression levels in all canine mammary ME and LE cell lines studied. We found RANK expression in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic canine mammary tissues and cell lines, in both ME and LE cell populations.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a multiple-actuation shape memory alloy pipe coupler
Authors: Tabesh Majid , Boyd James , Atli Kadri Can , Karaman Ibrahim , Lagoudas Dimitris
Published: October 2017

Shape memory alloy pipe couplers use the shape memory effect to apply a contact pressure onto the surface of the pipes to be coupled. In the current research, a shape memory alloy pipe coupler is designed, fabricated, and tested. An in-house developed NiTi alloy is used for the coupler. The coupler is initially designed using finite element as well as analytical modeling to accommodate the required actuation temperature and contact pressure properties. The coupling pressure is then measured using strain gages mounted on the internal surface of an elastic steel ring. The thermal actuation response of the coupler is measured under both stressed and stress-free conditions. In addition, the state of anisotropy is investigated in the coupler by characterizing samples in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The NiTi coupler demonstrates a multiple-actuation response and a high contact pressure. The results show no change in transformation temperatures with respect to two perpendicular transverse and longitudinal directions. However, the material can undergo higher transformation strains in the longitudinal direction.
On application of catenary principles to sandwich structure design—Sandwich/ catenary hybrid beams under uniformly distributed load
Authors: Kepler Jørgen Asbøll
Published: October 2017

Application of catenary principles to sandwich structure design, whereby one face sheet follows the equilibrium shape of a catenary according to the applied load, is investigated. The difference between load transfer through a sandwich beam and through a catenary is outlined. An initial comparison between an inclined elastic string and a sandwich core under shear deformation provides an indication of the potential stiffness advantages of catenary design. A stiffness comparison is made between an ordinary sandwich beam with thin, parallel face sheets, a catenary suspended by the end-points, and a sandwich/catenary hybrid. It is demonstrated that, for mass parity and a uniformly distributed load, and depending on the constituent materials moduli, the sandwich/catenary hybrid may be designed for superior stiffness. A numerical modeling method is outlined for evaluating the deflection of a catenary, and subsequently expanded to predict deflection of a sandwich/catenary hybrid beam. The method is verified through comparison with experimentally measured deflection. It is demonstrated that first-order shear deformable theory, commonly applied to sandwich structures, is inherently unsuited for describing the elastic response of sandwich/catenary hybrids. For a typical range of face-sheet/core moduli, comparisons of relative stiffness for parallel-face sandwich beams and sandwich/catenary hybrid beams are calculated over a range of core heights, for equivalent core height and equivalent core volume.
Knock onset, knock intensity, superknock and preignition in spark ignition engines
Authors: Kalghatgi Gautam
Published: October 2017

Knock is an abnormal and stochastic combustion phenomenon which limits the efficiency of spark ignition engines. It occurs because of autoignition initiated locally in hot spots in the fuel/air mixture ahead of the advancing flame front. The onset of knock is governed by chemical kinetics and is determined by the pressure and temperature history of the hot spot and the anti-knock quality of the fuel. Knock intensity is governed by the evolution of the pressure wave set off by the initial autoignition. As engine designers seek higher efficiency through downsizing and turbocharging, occasional extremely intense knock, ‘superknock’, is found to occur, even though operating conditions are chosen to avoid knock. Superknock is a manifestation of developing detonation which can be triggered by autoignition of the fuel/air mixture at high pressures and temperatures. Another stochastic phenomenon, preignition, is necessary but not sufficient to enable the pressures and temperatures that could cause superknock. These phenomena are discussed in this review.
Effect of stacking sequence on tensile, flexural and thermomechanical properties of hybrid flax/glass and jute/glass thermoset composites
Authors: Selver Erdem , Ucar Nuray , Gulmez Turgut
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates tensile, flexural, and dynamic mechanical properties of natural and hybrid thermoset composite laminates made from flax/glass and jute/glass fibres. Hybrid laminates with various stacking sequences were manufactured by vacuum infusion method. Weight and cost of composites decreased using cheaper and lightweight natural fibres (flax and jute). Results showed that composite laminates made from natural fibres had higher specific strength values when the results were normalised to same glass fibre volume fraction, although they had lower tensile and flexural strength than that of glass composites without normalization. Composite elastic properties were predicted using classical lamination theory through rule of mixture and Halpin–Tsai models, and compared with experimental values. Changing the stacking sequence did not affect the tensile strength and modulus of composites significantly, whereas there were notable differences on flexural strength of composites when the outer layers contained glass fibres. Dynamic mechanical analyses showed similar results as flexural test, while natural fibre and some of hybrid composites had higher damping characteristics than glass-reinforced composites.
MRI-Related Geometric Distortions in Stereotactic Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: Evaluation and Dosimetric Impact
Authors: Pappas Eleftherios P. , Alshanqity Mukhtar , Moutsatsos Argyris , Lababidi Hani , Alsafi Khalid , Georgiou Konstantinos , Karaiskos Pantelis , Georgiou Evangelos
Published: October 2017

In view of their superior soft tissue contrast compared to computed tomography, magnetic resonance images are commonly involved in stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy applications for target delineation purposes. It is known, however, that magnetic resonance images are geometrically distorted, thus deteriorating dose delivery accuracy. The present work focuses on the assessment of geometric distortion inherent in magnetic resonance images used in stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy treatment planning and attempts to quantitively evaluate the consequent impact on dose delivery. The geometric distortions for 3 clinical magnetic resonance protocols (at both 1.5 and 3.0 T) used for stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy treatment planning were evaluated using a recently proposed phantom and methodology. Areas of increased distortion were identified at the edges of the imaged volume which was comparable to a brain scan. Although mean absolute distortion did not exceed 0.5 mm on any spatial axis, maximum detected control point disposition reached 2 mm. In an effort to establish what could be considered as acceptable geometric uncertainty, highly conformal plans were utilized to irradiate targets of different diameters (5-50 mm). The targets were mispositioned by 0.5 up to 3 mm, and dose–volume histograms and plan quality indices clinically used for plan evaluation and acceptance were derived and used to investigate the effect of geometrical uncertainty (distortion) on dose delivery accuracy and plan quality. The latter was found to be strongly dependent on target size. For targets less than 20 mm in diameter, a spatial disposition of the order of 1 mm could significantly affect (>5%) plan acceptance/quality indices. For targets with diameter greater than 2 cm, the corresponding disposition was found greater than 1.5 mm. Overall results of this work suggest that efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy applications could be compromised in case of very small targets lying distant from the scanner’s isocenter (eg, the periphery of the brain).
Association of left subclavian artery coverage without revascularization and spinal cord ischemia in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair: A Vascular Quality Initiative® analysis
Authors: Teixeira Pedro GR , Woo Karen , Beck Adam W , Scali Salvatore T , Weaver Fred A ,   for the Society for Vascular Surgery, Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI)®
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Investigate the impact of left subclavian artery coverage without revascularization on spinal cord ischemia development in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Methods

The Vascular Quality Initiative thoracic endovascular aortic repair module (April 2011–July 2014) was analyzed. Patients undergoing left subclavian artery coverage were divided into two groups according to revascularization status. The association between left subclavian artery revascularization with the primary outcome of spinal cord ischemia and the secondary outcome of stroke was assessed with multivariable analysis adjusting for between-group baseline differences.

Results

The left subclavian artery was covered in 508 (24.6%) of the 2063 thoracic endovascular aortic repairs performed. Among patients with left subclavian artery coverage, 58.9% underwent revascularization. Spinal cord ischemia incidence was 12.1% in the group without revascularization compared to 8.5% in the group undergoing left subclavian artery revascularization (odds ratio (95%CI): 1.48(0.82–2.68), P = 0.189). Multivariable analysis adjustment identified an independent association between left subclavian artery coverage without revascularization and the incidence of spinal cord ischemia (adjusted odds ratio (95%CI): 2.29(1.03–5.14), P = 0.043). Although the incidence of stroke was also higher for the group with a covered and nonrevascularized left subclavian artery (12.1% versus 8.5%), this difference was not statistically significant after multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio (95%CI): 1.55(0.74–3.26), P = 0.244).

Conclusion

For patients undergoing left subclavian artery coverage during thoracic endovascular aortic repair, the addition of a revascularization procedure was associated with a significantly lower incidence of spinal cord ischemia.
Conditional deletion of Pip5k1c in sensory ganglia and effects on nociception and inflammatory sensitization
Authors: Loo Lipin , Zylka Mark J
Published: October 2017

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 gamma ( Pip5k1c) generates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, also known as PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2. Many pronociceptive signaling pathways and receptor tyrosine kinases signal via PIP2 hydrolysis. Previously, we found that pain signaling and pain sensitization were reduced in Pip5k1c+/− global heterozygous knockout mice. Here, we sought to evaluate the extent to which dorsal root ganglia selective deletion of Pip5k1c affected nociception in mice. Initially, we crossed sensory neuron-selective Advillin-Cre mice with a conditional Pip5k1c knockout (cKO) allele ( Pip5k1cfl/fl). However, these mice displayed an early onset proprioceptive deficit. To bypass this early onset phenotype, we used two different tamoxifen-inducible Cre lines ( Brn3a-Cre-ERT2 and Advillin-Cre-ERT2) to conditionally delete Pip5k1c in adults. Tamoxifen induced high efficiency deletion of PIP5K1C in dorsal root ganglia and slightly reduced PIP5K1C in spinal cord and brain in Brn3a-Cre-ERT2 × Pip5k1cfl/fl ( Brn3a cKO) mice while PIP5K1C was selectively deleted in dorsal root ganglia with no changes in spinal cord or brain in Advillin-Cre-ERT2 × Pip5k1cfl/fl ( Advil cKO) mice. Acute thermosensation and mechanosensation were not altered in either line relative to wild-type mice. However, thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia recovered more rapidly in Brn3a cKO mice, but not Advil cKO mice, following hind paw inflammation. These data collectively suggest that PIP5K1C regulates nociceptive sensitization in more regions of the nervous system than dorsal root ganglia alone.
The effect of obesity on fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff musculature in patients without rotator cuff tears
Authors: Matson Andrew P. , Kim Christopher , Bajpai Swara , Green Cynthia L. , Hash Thomas W. , Garrigues Grant E.
Published: October 2017

Background

The modified Goutallier classification system describes the fatty infiltration of rotator cuff musculature (RCM) seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assist with surgical decision-making for patients with rotator cuff tears (RCT). We describe the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and fatty infiltration in patients without RCT.

Methods

Twenty-five patients from each of four different BMI ranges (< 25 kg/m2; 25 kg/m2 to 30 kg/m2; 30 kg/m2 to 35 kg/m2; > 35 kg/m2) were randomly selected from 1088 consecutive shoulder MRI scans (T1 parasagittal series). Four physician-readers evaluated MRI scans and assigned modified Goutallier grades (0 to 4) in each of the four rotator cuff muscles, as well as two adjacent muscles.

Results

Grade distributions varied significantly based on BMI category for infraspinatus ( p = 0.001), teres minor ( p < 0.001), subscapularis ( p = 0.025), teres major ( p < 0.001) and deltoid ( p < 0.001). Higher grades were evident with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in three of six muscles ( p < 0.05), hyperlipidaemia in one muscle ( p = 0.021) and greater patient age in three muscles ( p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Obese and severely obese patients without RCT have more fatty infiltration seen on MRI. Patient factors (older age and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus) can be predictive of fatty infiltration in RCM. Fatty infiltration of RCM is not solely attributable to the presence of a RCT.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer at the Worksite
Authors: O’Keefe Louise C. , Sullivan Margaret M. , McPhail Amber , Van Buren Kristen , Dewberry Nathan
Published: October 2017

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men and women in the United States. To increase statewide CRC screening rates, the Alabama Department of Public Health (through a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Colorectal Cancer Control Program grant) partnered with The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and The University of South Alabama (USA) to provide free CRC screening opportunities to eligible University employees and dependents. Resources were invested at both universities to ensure participant education, tracking, and monitoring. In total, 86 fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) were distributed at the UAH campus and 62 were returned for testing; 146 FITs were distributed on the USA campus with 111 returned. Fecal immunochemical test return rates were over 70% at each site. Most notably, 21 positive FITs were identified among UAH participants and 25 at USA. Findings from both efforts suggest that employer-based screening initiatives are a systematic and replicable means of improving CRC screening.
The Portable Locker Room
Authors: Wilson Nick
Published: October 2017

This article uses an ethnographically based sociolinguistic approach to analyse ritual interactions that took place in a New Zealand male rugby team, paying particular attention to the way in which space and place are used as part of the construction of team identity. In following the development of spatial practice, the discourses of territoriality in pre-match communication are explored, and it is shown how the team uses spatial and linguistic practice to reconstruct an unfamiliar space as “home,” thus allowing them to create a familiar space through ritual wherever they might be. In analysing the discourses and communicative practices present in the locker room, the construction of hegemonic masculinity is also discussed and it is found that while rugby is still inextricably bound up with hegemonic masculine ideology, these are found to a much lesser degree than elsewhere.
Null hypothesis significance testing: a guide to commonly misunderstood concepts and recommendations for good practice
Authors: Pernet Cyril
Published: October 2017

Although thoroughly criticized, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) remains the statistical method of choice used to provide evidence for an effect, in biological, biomedical and social sciences. In this short guide, I first summarize the concepts behind the method, distinguishing test of significance (Fisher) and test of acceptance (Newman-Pearson) and point to common interpretation errors regarding the p-value. I then present the related concepts of confidence intervals and again point to common interpretation errors. Finally, I discuss what should be reported in which context. The goal is to clarify concepts to avoid interpretation errors and propose simple reporting practices.
System engineering and sistemokvanty construction
Authors: Лебедев Владимир , Lebedev Vladimir
Published: October 2017

The monograph deals with the theory and practice of building production at the present stage of scientific and technological development. The concepts and definitions of system engineering are given, the use of systemquants of construction processes and objects in the design and construction, their influence on organizational and technological reliability and technological design of building structures are shown. The methodology of modeling and the stages of functioning of systemquantities of processes are described.
The book is intended for scientific and engineering workers, as well as students and post-graduate students of construction specialties, can be used as a teaching aid.
Improving children’s experience of school immunisations
Authors: Creavy Sian , Le Masurier Susan Bettina , Davies Jo
Published: October 2017

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the method of using music as a distraction in reducing children’s immunisation pain and thus improving their overall immunisation experience. The study also listens to the voice of the child by collecting thoughts and comments to identify any other improvements to the immunisation service that Family Nursing and Home Care Jersey provides.

Methods:

A total of 132 females, aged 12–13 years old scheduled for their HPV immunisation, were participants in the study and were split into an experimental group with exposure to music (n=73) and a control group (n=59).

Results:

The results showed that the children who listened to music were more likely to report higher levels of positive emotions and lower levels of negative emotions.

Conclusions:

Music is effective in improving children’s experience of immunisation.
Atividades culturais 2015-2016
Authors: Da Universidade Coimbra Biblioteca Geral
Published: October 2017

https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8436_46_47_12
An Impact of Mechanical Stress in Coal Briquettes on Sorption of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wierzbicki Mirosław
Published: October 2017

The presence of gases (methane or carbon dioxide) in hard coal is connected with numerous threats for miners employed in underground mining facilities. When analyzing the coal-methane system, it is necessary to determine the relationship between pressure and gas sorption. Such a relationship should be determined under conditions similar to the natural ones – when it comes to both temperature and pressure. The present paper discusses the results of research conducted with the use of coal briquettes under the state of mechanical stress. Carbon dioxide sorption isotherms were determined for different values of stress affecting the coal material. For five coal samples collected in different mines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Langmuir’s sorption isotherms were determined. The results point to significant impact that mechanical stress has upon the sorption process. It is about 1 percent of the value obtained for coal not subjected to stress per 1 MPa. The research results can also prove useful when analyzing hard coal seams from the perspective of their carbon dioxide sequestration abilities.
Changes in the Concentration of Some Rare Earth Elements in Coal Waste
Authors: Nowak Jacek , Kokowska-Pawłowska Magdalena
Published: October 2017

Coal waste is formed during coal mining and processing operations. That waste comprises mainly sedimentary rocks that occur in roofs and floors of underground workings and in partings in coal seams. It contains numerous trace elements, including rare earth elements (REEs). Hypergenic processes that take place in coal waste piles may lead to endogenous fires. Thermal transformations of waste have an effect on changes in its phase and chemical composition, including the concentration of trace elements.

The paper presents changes in the content of selected rare earth elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu) in wastes of varying degree of thermal transformation. The results of REE content determination in lump samples were subjected to statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation between the studied rare earth elements and the main chemical constituents were determined.

The primary carriers of REEs in coal waste are clay minerals. Phase transformations that take place at high temperatures (including dehydroxylation of clay minerals and formation of minerals characteristic of contact metamorphism) cause changes in the concentration of rare earth elements.
Determination of Critical Rock Mass in a Bucket of a Dinting Loader
Authors: Remiorz Eryk
Published: October 2017

The extraction of hard coal deposits lying in increasing depth causes significant problems with maintenance of roadways (maingates, tailgates, etc.). The reduction of the cross section of such excavations, caused by the floor upheaval, leads to the occurrence of many problems with transport and ventilation. Dinting loaders are employed to restore the original size of roadways tightened due to the activity of adverse stresses occurring in the rock mass. These are tracked machines, usually with small width of about 1 m. They often work in roadways with high longitudinal and lateral inclination, as a result of which they are especially susceptible to overturning.

The article presents a mathematical model allowing to determine the critical mass of broken rock in a bucket. The model also allows to determine spatial coordinates of a dinting loader’s centre of gravity depending on temporary position of movable elements of the loader such as a turntable, boom, coupler and bucket, and depending on the level of loading the bucket with broken rock. It also enables to determine critical angles of the roadways’ longitudinal and lateral inclination. The outcomes of computer studies of variations in the position of the loader’s centre of gravity depending on deflection angles of moving elements of the loader and the mass of broken rock in the bucket are also presented. Variability ranges of spatial coordinates of the centre of gravity of the loader are also established and examples are given for values of the critical mass of broken rock in the bucket.
Empirical Models of Zones Protecting Against Coal Dust Explosion
Authors: Prostański Dariusz
Published: October 2017

The paper presents predicted use of research’ results to specify relations between volume of dust deposition and changes of its concentration in air. These were used to shape zones protecting against coal dust explosion. Methodology of research was presented, including methods of measurement of dust concentration as well as deposition. Measurements were taken in the Brzeszcze Mine within framework of MEZAP, co-financed by The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) and performed by the Institute of Mining Technology KOMAG, the Central Mining Institute (GIG) and the Coal Company PLC. The project enables performing of research related to measurements of volume of dust deposition as well as its concentration in air in protective zones in a number of mine workings in the Brzeszcze Mine.

Developed model may be supportive tool in form of system located directly in protective zones or as operator tool warning about increasing hazard of coal dust explosion.