bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome‐Wide Association Studies in Schizophrenia
Authors: Mowry Bryan J , Periyasamy Sathish
Published: September 2022

Schizophrenia is a chronic disabling neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms, cognitive impairment, dramatically increased mortality rates and severe morbidity. Though details are uncertain, causative factors include a highly polygenic predisposition and environmental exposures. The last decade has seen rapid progress in identifying an expanding number of genetic variants with the application of ever‐larger genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Most recently, the Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) GWAS revealed 287 genomic loci strongly associated with disease. In a companion paper, the Schizophrenia Exome Sequencing Meta‐Analysis (SCHEMA) consortium discovered ultra‐rare coding variants in 10 genes. These latest data, together with previous copy number variant data provide convincing evidence that schizophrenia is primarily a disorder of neuronal structure and function, especially the synapse. For the first time, genes and variants likely to be causal have been identified, thereby delivering a vital resource for mechanistic studies.

Key Concepts

Schizophrenia is a chronic neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder with high mortality and morbidity.

The polygenic genetic architecture of schizophrenia consists of hundreds perhaps thousands of commonly occurring variants each having a very small effect on disease risk, and a smaller number of rare structural and ultra‐rare variants of larger effect.

To date, 287 genome‐wide significant loci (each tagged by a common variant) have been discovered in an international PGC sample of unprecedented size (
n
 ∼ 77 000 cases; ∼244 000 controls).

In addition, 8 rare copy number variants and 10 genes each containing ultra‐rare variants have been observed by PGC (
n
 ∼ 41 000 individuals) and SCHEMA (
n
 ∼ 24 000 cases, 97 000 controls) respectively to be robustly associated with schizophrenia.

Many more variants await discovery. Larger sample sizes are needed, particularly those drawn from non‐European populations.

While most common variants will exist across all ancestries, some rare variants will be ancestrally specific.

Robust schizophrenia associations cluster in genes highly expressed in the brain, not in other body tissues.

Schizophrenia associations are concentrated in neurons, not microglia.

Schizophrenia associations converge on the structure (pre‐ and postsynaptic components) and function (organisation, differentiation, and signalling) of the synapse.

The evidence base of prioritised genes and variants now exists for (1) further developing polygenic risk prediction, (2) advancing mechanistic studies and (3) establishing the foundation of personalised interventions and therapeutics.
Agents Provocateurs as a Type of Faux Activist
Authors: Marx Gary T.
Published: September 2022

When authorities or elites are challenged by a social movement, they may ignore it or respond with a variety of tools, from co‐optation to redirection to repression, with many points in between. One extreme form of the latter is provocation. The idea of the agent provocateur entered popular consciousness in the nineteenth century, as Europe experienced dislocation and conflicts associated with industrialization and urbanization. The concept initially referred to an activist secretly working with authorities who might provide information, sow suspicion and internal dissension, and/or provoke violent actions that would turn public opinion against a social movement and offer legal and moral grounds for its repression. The term even entered popular culture as the name of a lingerie brand and a British electronica band.
Contentious Politics
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: September 2022

“Contentious politics” meansepisodic, public, collective interaction among makers of claims and their objects when: (i) at least one government is a claimant, an object of claims, or a party to the claims, and (ii) the claims would, if realized, affect the interests of at least one of the claimants or objects of claims. Roughly translated, the definition refers to collective political struggle. Contentious politics, in the sense of this entry, includes social movements, but it also includes less sustained forms of contention – like riots and strike waves – and more extensive ones – like civil wars, revolutions, and episodes of democratization – and it intersects with routine political processes – like elections and interest group politics.
Cooperative Movement
Authors: Forno Francesca
Published: September 2022

The cooperative movement first emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century. Although scholarly research remains in disagreement about exactly where the movement began, many trace its origins back to a number of cooperative experiences that developed in Britain and France in the eighteenth century, especially in the farming industry and consumer organizations.
Ethnography and Social Movements
Authors: Lichterman Paul
Published: September 2022

Ethnography is a powerful means of researching the organizational, relational, and cultural dimensions of collective action over time. Ethnographic research illuminates the “meso”‐level processes that many social movement scholars have emphasized since the end of the 1980s. More than a tool for probing small, well‐bounded subcultures, ethnography reveals patterns of meaningful action that shape the potentials of social movements and span the boundaries between social movements, government, and commerce. This promising method of research continues to be underemployed in the social movements field.
Event History Analysis
Authors: Grant J. Tobin
Published: September 2022

Event history analysis examines whether and when phenomena occur. Also known as survival, duration, or failure‐time analysis, event history analysis has proven useful in a wide range of disciplines because it allows researchers to make inferences about when an event happens and the duration until the event occurs. Some view event history analysis as time series analysis for dichotomous dependent variables; others approach it as an extension of limited dependent variable analysis for panel data. Regardless, event history analysis provides a method of inference for longitudinal data common in social movement research.
Frustration‐Aggression
Authors: Klandermans Bert
Published: September 2022

Frustration‐aggression theory is one of the classic grievance theories in social psychology. It was first formulated by a group of researchers at Yale University. In 1939 Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Sears published their book
Frustration and Aggression
. In the years that have passed since then, the frustration‐aggression hypothesis has been the subject of much debate. Over those years, the original sweeping statements have been replaced by more modest claims.
Moral Incentives
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien
Published: September 2022

One of the most fascinating and puzzling features of collective action is the fact that people undertake potentially high‐risk protests with little likelihood of reward. Take the widespread protests of early October 1989 in East Germany which had high chances of being repressed and low chances of achieving success. Why are people time and again prepared to participate in protests?
New Left and Social Movements (Europe)
Authors: Kornetis Kostis
Published: September 2022

The New Left and the social movements that were born out of it changed for good the way in which movements were conceptualized in Europe. The New Left began in the US as the intellectual offspring of critical sociology, French existentialism, Beat literature, and participatory democracy principles deriving from the civil rights movement. The New Left in Europe shared some of these premises but mainly had to overcome the experiences and expectations of the Old Left. On one hand, the advent of a postindustrial age in post‐World War II Europe put into question the centrality of the capital–labor conflict. On the other, the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 exacerbated the disillusionment of certain left‐wing circles with old‐style communism due to the harshness of repression of the 1956 revolts in Eastern Europe that took place in its aftermath.
Selective Incentives
Authors: Oliver Pamela
Published: September 2022

Selective incentives are private goods made available to people on the basis of whether they contribute to a collective good. Selective incentives can either reward participants (or contributors) or punish nonparticipants. The concept of selective incentive is important for focusing attention on the factors besides the group goal that affect people's desire to participate in social movements. Selective incentives can be material, solidary, or purposive. The concept of selective incentive is embedded in a rational choice or cost/benefit approach and originates with Mancur Olson inThe Logic of Collective Action. Collective or public goods have the property ofnonexcludability: if they are provided to any member of a group, they cannot be excluded from other group members. Nonexcludability can lead to thefree rider problemorcollective dilemmawherein rational individuals should prefer to let others pay for collective goods. Formal theorists since Olson have moved far beyond his original statement to show how the interplay between collective goods and selective incentives can produce complex and even surprising collective action dynamics.
Strain and Breakdown Theories
Authors: Buechler Steven M.
Published: September 2022

One classic explanation for collective action involves structural strain or societal breakdown. The logic is that when chronic strain or acute breakdown undermine societal integration, the social controls and moral imperatives that normally constrain collective behavior are weakened. Strain or breakdown thus allows or “causes” collective action that would otherwise be contained.
Gandhi, Mahatma
Authors: Kurtz Lester R.
Published: September 2022

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948), often known as Mahatma Gandhi, is widely cited by contemporary activists as a source of inspiration and strategies. Gandhi was arguably unparalleled at mobilizing resources, taking advantage of – and creating – political opportunities, and effectively framing such messages as justice, equality, and independence or freedom (Swaraj, self‐reliance). His legacy has almost become a cliché among movement organizers worldwide.
Guerrilla Movements
Authors: Wickham‐Crowley† Timothy P.
Published: September 2022

Major sociopolitical upheavals during the twentieth century and beyond brought vividly to our attention the role of guerrilla movements in (near‐)revolutionary settings, and often led to a casual conflation between guerrilla movements, as such, and revolution. The writings, theorizing, and biographies of Marxist revolutionaries often led to such a conceptual admixture, including those of Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and Ernesto “Che” Guevara, and Carlos Marighella in his manual for the urban guerrilla. That conflation remains strong, even if we recognize that precisely the same strategy has also been used by fighters of the right to attack left‐wing regimes, notably against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua in the 1980s, but also many other instances of non‐leftist, ethnic irredentist movements scattered around the world.
Japanese “New” Religious Movements (1930–Present)
Authors: Mizugaki Gentaro
Published: September 2022

The term new religious movements (NRMs) refers to religious movements that emerged worldwide in the twentieth century, as distinguished from institutionalized religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, or unorganized folk religions.
Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
Authors: Hall John R.
Published: September 2022

Scholars invoke the terms “millenarian,” “millennialist,” and “apocalyptic” to refer to movements and sects that: embrace ideologies positing the (typically traumatic) end of one epoch; promise relief from the sufferings of this world and its dystopian prospects; and offer purported salvation in life after death, a new “golden age,” a “heaven on earth,” or a realized utopian social order. The strikingly broad range of movements that adopt such ideologies includes peaceful conversionist movements and militant religious social movements undertaking “holy war,” anti‐colonial movements, agrarian movements, and modern revolutionary political movements. Moreover, movements vary widely in their scale of organization and significance – from those that attract little notice beyond their participants to movements within early Christianity, historical and contemporary Islam, and the Protestant Reformation that have been civilizational, even world‐historical, in their consequences. Despite the ancient Middle Eastern origins of apocalypticism and millennialism, non‐Western religions and ideologies – for example, Buddhism – have on occasion provided independent inspiration for such movements. Sometimes too, non‐Western movements (for example, the nineteenth‐century Taiping Rebellion in China) have synthesized local cultural materials with millenarian Christian ideas. In short, rich veins of case study and comparative research document that millenarian and apocalyptic movements vary in ideology, organizational form, scale, and trajectory. The broad range of cases and their varying significance pose two important challenges – how to theorize alternative types of such movements and how to analyze the trajectories of groups in relation to social theories and history.
Republican Revolution of 1911 (China)
Authors: Tian Geng
Published: September 2022

The 1911 Republican Revolution ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. The revolution came to an end with the abdication of the Qing emperor and the rise of Yuan Shikai as the first president of the Republic of China. Traditional Chinese historiographies tended to highlight the leadership of the republicans in the revolution. However, the fall of the Qing Empire had its deeper roots not in the diffusion of republicanism but in changes upon three political actors: the Qing court, the provincial elites, and the New Armies modeled upon the modern German army after 1895. The 1911 revolution added a decisive blow to a falling empire.
Gender and Social Movements
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: September 2022

Social movements are shaped by gender systems and they also are a source of social change in gender. Some social movements directly attempt to change gender relations; these movements, along with other women's movements, have been the focus of considerable scholarship. Scholars also examine the gendered nature of other social movements and the impact of systemic inequalities of gender on the opportunities, constraints, and forms of social movements in general. Increasingly, this work takes an intersectional approach, examining gender in conjunction with race, class, and other inequalities.
Organizations and Movements
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth A. , Bartley Tim
Published: September 2022

Social movements organize people, resources, and ideas for social change. Many do this through formal organizations – often called social movement organizations (SMOs). The concept of a social movement organization is trickier than it may initially seem, since it depends on defining a “social movement” and specifying its relevant set of organizations. Though scholars have defined social movements in a variety of ways, this entry draws on Snow's work to provisionally define social movements as collectivities seeking social change at least partly outside of institutionalized politics. Similarly, though various definitions of organizations have been offered, the entry views organizations as goal‐directed, boundary‐maintaining groups, typically with some degree of formal structure.
Civil Rights Movement (United States)
Authors: Andrews Kenneth T.
Published: September 2022

The civil rights movement emerged in the 1950s as a massive challenge to US racial inequality. The movement relied on diverse tactics including litigation, community organizing, and direct action to pursue political empowerment, expand economic opportunities, desegregate major institutions, alter social relations, and transform the broader culture. The movement remains one of the central cases in the study of social movements, and it had enduring impacts on American society and politics. This entry focuses on the movement's origins, organizations and leadership, dynamics, decline, and legacy.
Mass Society Theory
Authors: Buechler Steven M.
Published: September 2022

Mass society theory is a complex, multifaceted perspective. As applied to social movements, however, the basic idea is that people who are socially isolated are especially vulnerable to the appeals of extremist movements. The theory resonated with fears of fascist and communist movements in the 1930s and 1940s and reached its apogee in the late 1950s.
Translation and Social Movements
Authors: Doerr Nicole
Published: September 2022

Translation is at the center of social movements communicating social change toward broader publics, and diverse, multilingual audiences. Although activists in all times and places have worked at communicating and framing – and thus translating – new visions and ideas into existing social and political contexts, few social movement scholars have thought of these communicative processes through the perspective of translation. In recent years, the “translation turn” in the humanities inspired empirical research on the “politics of translation” within culturally diverse movements. Scholars in comparative literature have thought about how professional interpreters become activists using their multilingual skills for subtitling, interpreting, and translating progressive messages to global, digital audiences, enabling multilingual, inclusive communication in face‐to‐face encounters such as the World Social Forum created by activists in the global justice movement. Focusing on bilingual, multicultural activists in coalitions on racial justice, migration, or global justice, scholars have discussed the power of these activists as “political translators” enabling democracy and conflict resolution in diverse movements.
TERF/Trans‐exclusionary Radical Feminist
Authors: Earles Jennifer
Published: September 2022

TERF or trans‐exclusionary radical feminist was coined in 2008 and describes a minority of feminists who advocate the view that transgender women are not women, the belief that trans people are mentally ill, and the exclusion of trans women from women‐only spaces. Exclusionary theories describe how people assigned male at birth may be socialized to learn masculinity as tied to the oppression of women and situate gender as fixed. Some scholars suggest the rise of exclusionary feminism is in reaction to gains for transgender rights, increased visibility for trans issues, more public support for trans lives, and online organizing.
Women's March
Authors: Fisher Dana R.
Published: September 2022

On the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as president of the United States in January 2017, the first Women's March took place. The demonstration, which included coordinated events around the world that mobilized millions of people, was the culmination of organizing by a diverse coalition of activists. It has been interpreted as the spark that ignited the anti‐Trump Resistance movement. This entry describes how the march began and its evolution.
Freedom Rides (United States)
Authors: Luders Joseph E.
Published: September 2022

The civil rights movement in the 1960s challenged racial segregation and discrimination on multiple fronts across the US South. From May to December 1961, civil rights activists challenged racial segregation in interstate transit and facilities to compel federal enforcement of Supreme Court decisions that had banned such practices. Riding interstate buses and using segregated facilities, the Freedom Riders met with severe white violence and repression in the Deep South, but these events ultimately triggered favorable federal action on behalf of movement demands.
Advancing the Electrochemistry of Gas‐Involved Reactions through Theoretical Calculations and Simulations from Microscopic to Macroscopic
Authors: He Yanzheng , Liu Sisi , Wang Mengfan , Ji Haoqing , Zhang Lifang , Cheng Qiyang , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin
Published: September 2022

Nowadays, gas‐involved electrochemical reactions, such as carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), have gradually become viable solutions to the global environmental pollution and energy crisis. However, their further development is inseparable from the in‐depth understanding of reaction mechanisms, which are incredibly complicated and cannot be satisfied by experiments alone. In this context, theoretical calculations and simulations are of great significance in establishing composition–structure–activity relationships, providing priceless mechanistic discernment and predicting prospective electrocatalysts and systems. Among them, density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and finite element simulation (FES) are emerging as three mature theoretical tools. This paper presents a review of the basic principles and research progress of DFT, MD, and FES to deepen the understanding of CO2RR, NRR, and HER. Some remarkable work around theoretical calculations and simulations are highlighted, including the utilization of DFT to investigate the intrinsic properties of catalysts and MD or FES to restore the whole reaction systems from different temporal and spatial scales. Eventually, to sum up, forward‐looking insights and perspectives on the future optimizations and application modes of the three computational techniques to compensate for their shortcomings and limitations are presented.
Inflammatory Microenvironment‐Responsive Nanomaterials Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair by Targeting IRF5
Authors: Ma Dezun , Shen He , Chen Fangman , Liu Weiyuan , Zhao Yannan , Xiao Zhifeng , Wu Xianming , Chen Bing , Lu Junna , Shao Dan , Dai Jianwu
Published: September 2022

Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves excessive inflammatory responses, which are characterized by the existence of high levels of proinflammatory M1 macrophages rather than prohealing M2 macrophages, and oxidative stress. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a promising therapeutic target in regulation of macrophage reprogramming from the M1 to M2 phenotype. However, knockdown of IRF5 expression mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is limited by instability and poor cellular uptake. In the present study, polyethylenimine‐conjugated, diselenide‐bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticles are tailored to regulate macrophage polarization by controllably delivering siRNA to silence IRF5. The MSN provides reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive degradation and release, while polyethylenimine‐function offers efficient loading of siRNA‐IRF5 and enhanced endosome escape. As a consequence, the intelligent nanomaterial effectively transfects the siRNA‐IRF5 with its remaining high stability and bioactivity, thereby effectively regulating the M1‐to‐M2 macrophage conversion in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, administration of the functional nanomaterial in crush SCI mice suppresses excessive inflammation, enhances neuroprotection, and promotes locomotor restoration. Collectively, the ROS‐responsive nanomedicine provides a gene silencing strategy for regulating macrophage polarization and oxidative balance in SCI repair.
High Throughput Omnidirectional Printing of Tubular Microstructures from Elastomeric Polymers
Authors: Liu Chuan , Campbell Scott B. , Li Jianzhao , Bannerman Dawn , Pascual‐Gil Simon , Kieda Jennifer , Wu Qinghua , Herman Peter R. , Radisic Milica
Published: September 2022

Bioelastomers are extensively used in biomedical applications due to their desirable mechanical strength, tunable properties, and chemical versatility; however, three‐dimensional (3D) printing bioelastomers into microscale structures has proven elusive. Herein, a high throughput omnidirectional printing approach via coaxial extrusion is described that fabricates perfusable elastomeric microtubes of unprecedently small inner diameter (350–550 µm) and wall thickness (40–60 µm). The versatility of this approach is shown through the printing of two different polymeric elastomers, followed by photocrosslinking and removal of the fugitive inner phase. Designed experiments are used to tune the microtube dimensions and stiffness to match that of native ex vivo rat vasculature. This approach affords the fabrication of multiple biomimetic shapes resembling cochlea and kidney glomerulus and affords facile, high‐throughput generation of perfusable structures that can be seeded with endothelial cells for biomedical applications. Post‐printing laser micromachining is performed to generate micro‐sized holes (520 µm) in the tube wall to tune microstructure permeability. Importantly, for organ‐on‐a‐chip applications, the described approach takes only 3.6 min to print microtubes (without microholes) over an entire 96‐well plate device, in contrast to comparable hole‐free structures that take between 1.5 and 6.5 days to fabricate using a manual 3D stamping approach.
3D Printed Hybrid Aerogel Gauzes Enable Highly Efficient Hemostasis
Authors: Yang Xiaoxu , Shi Nan , Liu Jian , Cheng Qingqing , Li Guangyong , Lyu Jing , Ma Fengguo , Zhang Xuetong
Published: September 2022

Hemostatic materials have played a significant role in mitigating traumatic injury by controlling bleeding, however, the fabrication of the desirable material's structure to enhance the accumulation of blood cells and platelets for highly efficient hemostasis is still a great challenge. In this work, directed assembly of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) macromolecules covering the rigid Kevlar nanofiber (KNF) network during 3D printing process is utilized to fabricate hydrophilic, biocompatible, and mechanically stable KNF‐PVA aerogel filaments for effective enriching blood components by fast water absorption. As such, KNF‐PVA aerogel gauzes demonstrate remarkable water permeability (338 mL cm−2 s−1 bar−1), water absorption speed (as high as 9.64 g g−1 min−1) and capacity (more than ten times of self‐weight), and ability to enrich micron‐sized particles when contacting aqueous solution. All these properties favor efficient hemostasis and the resulting KNF‐PVA aerogel gauzes significantly outperform the commercial product Quikclot Gauze (Z‐Medica) during in vivo experiments with the rat liver laceration model, reducing the hemostasis time by half (60 ± 4 s) and the blood loss by two thirds (0.07 ± 0.01 g). These results demonstrate a robust strategy to design various aerogel gauzes for hemostasis applications.
Collagen Niches Affect Direct Transcriptional Conversion toward Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Actomyosin Contractility
Authors: Shi Kesi , Liang Chengzhen , Huang Xianpeng , Wang Shaoke , Chen Jiangjie , Cheng Feng , Wang Chenggui , Ying Liwei , Pan Zhaoqi , Zhang Yuang , Shu Jiawei , Yang Biao , Wang Jingkai , Xia Kaishun , Zhou Xiaopeng , Li Hao , Li Fangcai , Tao Yiqing , Chen Qixin
Published: September 2022

Cellular niches play fundamental roles in regulating cellular behaviors. However, the effect of niches on direct converted cells remains unexplored. In the present study, the specific combination of transcription factors is first identified to directly acquire induced nucleus pulposus‐like cells (iNPLCs). Next, tunable physical properties of collagen niches are fabricated based on various crosslinking degrees. Collagen niches significantly affect actomyosin cytoskeleton and then influence the maturation of iNPLCs. Using gain‐ and loss of function approaches, the appropriate physical states of collagen niches are found to significantly enhance the maturation of iNPLCs through actomyosin contractility. Moreover, in a rat model of degenerative disc diseases, iNPLCs with collagen niches are transplanted into the lesion to achieve significant improvements. As a result, overexpression of transcription factors in human dermal fibroblasts are efficiently converted into iNPLCs and the optimal collagen niches affect cellular cytoskeleton and then facilitate iNPLCs maturation toward human nucleus pulposus cells. These findings encourage more in‐depth studies toward the interactions of niches and direct conversion, which would contribute to the development of direct conversion.
Niobium Diselenide Nanosheets: An Emerging Biodegradable Nanoplatform for Efficient Cancer Phototheranostics in the NIR‐II Window
Authors: Xie Hanhan , Geng Shengyong , Shao Jundong , Luo Guanghong , Liu Qian , Wang Jiahong , Chen Yue , Chu Paul K. , Li Zhibin , Yu Xue‐Feng
Published: September 2022

As a prominent class of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), niobium diselenide nanosheets (NbSe2 NSs) have garnered tremendous interest on account of promising applications pertaining to optoelectronics and energy storage. Although NbSe2 NSs have many unique advantages such as inherent biocompatibility and broad absorption in the NIR region, their biomedical applications have rarely been reported, especially as therapeutic agents for the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) range. Herein, a biodegradable nanotherapeutic platform consisting of NbSe2 NSs is designed and demonstrated for NIR‐II light‐triggered photothermal therapy. NbSe2 NSs synthesized by grinding and liquid exfoliation exhibit superior photothermal conversion efficiency (48.3%) and remarkable photothermal stability in the NIR‐II region. In vitro assessment demonstrates that NbSe2 NSs have favorable photothermal cell ablation efficiency and biocompatibility. After intravenous injection in vivo, the NbSe2 NSs accumulate passively in tumor sites to facilitate fluorescence imaging and tumor ablation by NIR‐II illumination. Furthermore, as a result of gradual degradation in the physiological environment, NbSe2 NSs can be excreted from the body to avoid potential toxicity caused by long‐term retention in vivo. The results reveal a promising NIR‐II light‐triggered PTT strategy with the aid of NbSe2 NSs and the platform is expected to have large potential in cancer theranostics.
1,3,5‐Triazine‐Functionalized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sun Dianming , Si Changfeng , Wang Tao , Zysman-Colman Eli
Published: September 2022

The 1,3,5‐triazine electron acceptor has become one of the most popular building blocks for the design of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Many TADF design strategies are first applied in compounds that contain triazines, and there are numerous examples of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with triazine‐containing emitters that show high efficiencies and long operating lifetimes. A comprehensive review of triazine‐containing TADF emitters is provided. This review is organized according to the triazine‐derived structural motifs, such as number and position of electron‐donor groups in donor–acceptor‐type emitters, the π‐bridging linkers employed, orientation control of the transition dipole moment, and the design of chiral and through‐space charge‐transfer emitters. The structure of the compounds with their optoelectronic properties and the corresponding performance of the OLED devices is correlated.
Porous Silicon Microneedles for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Tabassum Nazia , Alba Maria , Yan Li , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: September 2022

The transdermal route is attractive for the minimally invasive administration of small and large molecules. Microneedles (MNs) are particularly promising because of their straightforward, cost‐effective, and safe administration. But precise control over their degradation rate within the skin remains a challenge. Here, porous silicon microneedles (pSi MNs) with controlled degradation rate, tunable porosity, high payload capacity, and mechanical stability are introduced for transdermal delivery of bioactive molecules. pSi MNs are fabricated by combining dry and wet etching methods. After creating MNs via deep reactive ion etching, a porous surface is obtained by electrochemical anodization, producing pSi MNs of about 42 µm length, tip diameter < 1 µm, and conformal porous layers. The biodegradability and the mechanical properties of pSi MNs are adjusted by changing the thickness of the porous layer from 1.5 to 4.0 µm. Both small and macromolecular drug molecules are uniformly loaded into the porous layer of the pSi MN arrays. Ex vivo penetration experiments on porcine tissue demonstrate efficient transdermal delivery using pSi MNs. The novel pSi MNs with tunable porosity, biodegradability, and mechanical strength offer opportunities for the delivery of biotherapeutics through the skin, engendering innovations in pharmaceutical sciences.
When the flood passes, does health return? A short panel examining water and food insecurity, nutrition, and disease after an extreme flood in lowland Bolivia
Authors: Rosinger Asher Y. , Rosinger Kelly , Barnhart Kaitlyn , Todd Madeleine , Hamilton Tate , Arias Cuellar Katerine , Nate Dino
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Flooding is the most frequent extreme‐weather disaster and disproportionately burdens marginalized populations. This article examines how food and water insecurity, blood pressure (BP), nutritional status, and diarrheal and respiratory illnesses changed during the 2 months following a historic flood in lowland Bolivia.

Methods

Drawing on longitudinal data from Tsimane' forager‐horticulturalist (n = 118 household heads;n = 129 children) directly after a historic 2014 flood and ~2 months later, we use fixed effects linear regression and random effects logistic regression models to test changes in the markers of well‐being and health over the recovery process.

Results

Results demonstrated that water insecurity scores decreased significantly 2 month's postflood, while food insecurity scores remained high. Adults' systolic and diastolic BP significantly declined 2 months after the flood's conclusion. Adults experienced losses in measures of adiposity (BMI, sum of four skinfolds, waist circumference). Children gained weight and BMI‐for‐ageZ‐scores indicating buffering of children by adults from food stress that mainly occurred in the community closer to the main market town with greater access to food aid. Odds of diarrhea showed a nonsignificant decline, while cough increased significantly for both children and adults 2 months postflood.

Conclusions

Water insecurity and BP improved during the recovery process, while high levels of food insecurity persisted, and nutritional stress and respiratory illness worsened. Not all indicators of well‐being and health recover at the same rate after historic flooding events. Planning for multiphase recovery is critical to improve health of marginalized populations after flooding.
More on University Dispute Resolution: A Need for Innovative Design
Authors: Samuel Adam
Published: September 2022

Forty‐three years ago, I found myself as a 19‐year‐old practicing Jew face‐to‐face with a college of a world‐renowned English university. For no apparent reason, a law teacher decided that I needed to be taught by a barrister who came up to the college on a Saturday, rather than one of the 50 or so qualified faculty members who could more easily have done the job.
Alzheimer's disease as an innate autoimmune disease (AD2): A new molecular paradigm
Authors: Weaver Donald F.
Published: September 2022

A new model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented: Alzheimer's disease as an autoimmune disease (AD2).  In response to pathogen‐/damage‐associated molecular pattern‐stimulating events (e.g., infection, trauma, ischemia, pollution), amyloid beta (Aβ) is released as an early responder cytokine triggering an innate immunity cascade in which Aβ exhibits immunomodulatory/antimicrobial duality.  However, Aβ’s antimicrobial properties result in a misdirected attack upon “self” neurons, arising from the electrophysiological similarities between neurons and bacteria in terms of transmembrane potential gradients and anionic charges on outer membrane macromolecules. The subsequent breakdown products of necrotic neurons elicit further release of Aβ leading to a chronic, self‐perpetuating cycle. In AD2, amino acid (trp, arg) metabolism is a central control player in modulating AD autoimmunity.  AD2 includes Aβ as an important molecular player, but rejects the “amyloid hypothesis,” recognizing Aβ as a physiologically oligomerizing cytokine and part of a larger immunopathic conceptualization of AD.
Facet Engineering of a Metal–Organic Framework Support Modulates the Microenvironment of Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrogenation
Authors: Gao Ming‐Liang , Li Luyan , Sun Zi‐Xuan , Li Jia‐Rui , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: September 2022

The exposed facets of supported catalysts play a crucial role in catalysis; however, they are usually ignored and related studies remain rare. Herein, we have fabricated a series of sandwich‐structured metal–organic framework composites, denoted ZIF‐8X@Pd@ZIF‐8 (x represents the morphology of ZIF‐8 core, i.e., ZIF‐8C exposing (100) facet, ZIF‐8RD exposing (110) facet, and ZIF‐8TRD exposing mixed (100) and (110) facets), featuring Pd nanoparticles deposited on the specific crystal facets of ZIF‐8 core, for hydrogenation of p‐chloronitrobenzene. The Pd electronic state is tailored by the ZIF‐8 core, where more electron‐deficient Pd is found in ZIF‐8C@Pd@ZIF‐8 than that in ZIF‐8RD@Pd@ZIF‐8, leading to discriminative adsorption of the −NO2 and −Cl groups of p‐chloronitrobenzene. Consequently, ZIF‐8C@Pd@ZIF‐8 exhibits excellent activity (97.6 %) and selectivity (98.1 %) to p‐chloroaniline. This work highlights crystal facet engineering of supports to modulate the microenvironment and electronic state of supported metal nanoparticles, offering a promising avenue to enhanced catalysis.
Ni‐ and Pd‐based homogeneous catalyst systems for direct oxygenation of C(sp3)‐H groups
Authors: Lyakin Oleg Y. , Bushmin Dmitry S. , Talsi Evgenii P. , Bryliakov Konstantin P.
Published: September 2022

Developing catalytic approaches to selective activation and functionalization of C–H bonds in hydrocarbons and complex organic molecules has been considered as a challenging goal. Recently, significant efforts have been aimed at the search for efficient nickel‐ and palladium‐based catalyst systems, capable of conducting direct aliphatic C–H oxygenation with high and predictable chemoselectivity and regioselectivity. The present review focuses on the advances in homogeneous oxidation of hydrocarbon C(sp3)–H groups, catalyzed by nickel and palladium complexes, and covers the publications of the past 15 years. Correlations between the structure of the metal‐based catalyst, steric and electronic properties of the ligands, catalytic conditions, and the catalytic reactivity (efficiency, chemoselectivity, and regioselectivity) are discussed.
Interprofessional Collaboration in theOR: A Qualitative Study of Nurses’ Perspectives
Authors: Levesque Marie‐Julie , Etherington Cole , Lalonde Michelle , Stacey Dawn
Published: September 2022

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in the OR enhances safe and effective patient care. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore perioperative nurses’ perspectives on their contributions to IPC. We conducted a secondary analysis of 19 semistructured interviews with perioperative RNs and completed inductive thematic analysis with subsequent categorization of the themes into the Interprofessional Education for Collaborative Patient‐Centred Practice Framework. Nurses expressed the importance of being heard through effective communication, feeling confident in their role, being aware of interdependent roles, and sharing a common understanding. From nurses’ perspectives, use of structured processes enabled organization of interdisciplinary patient care. Nurses showed leadership skills when they anticipated the needs of the team and recognized they needed support to develop these skills. They contributed to IPC through their shared understanding of common goals, leadership skills in the OR, and active involvement in delivering structured processes.
Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene furandicarboxylate): Effect of butylene furandicarboxylate unit on thermal, mechanical, and ultraviolet shielding properties, and biodegradability
Authors: Lv Xuedong , Luo Faliang , Zheng Liuchun , Niu Ruixue , Liu Yi , Xie Qiqi , Song DanQing , Zhang YunChuan , Zhou Tianbo , Zhu Shifan
Published: September 2022

Biobased co‐polyesters poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene furandicarboxylate) (PBSF) is prepared by transesterification and polycondensation of dimethyl succinate (DSMu), dimethyl 2,5‐furandicarboxylate (MDFD) and 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BDO). GPC analysis shows that PBSF has high molecular weight with weight average molecular weight (Mw) up to 11 × 104 g/mol. Due to the low ‐COOH content, PBSF also has excellent thermal stability, which is beneficial to the polyester processing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that PBSF are semi‐crystalline materials, with Tm ranging from 116 to 101°C. Tensile tests showed that theses polymers possess high tensile strength (30–22 MPa) and elongation at break as high as 562%, which is prominently higher than that of commercial poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and most biodegradable packaging materials. It should be noted that the increase of BF units improves the UV shielding properties of polyester materials. Moreover, the incorporation of furan ring promoted the enzymatic degradation of PBS, and PBSF showed a significantly faster biodegradation rate when the BF unit content is 5%. PBSF polyester has excellent thermal properties, tensile properties, UV shielding properties and biodegradable properties. Therefore, these new bio‐based polymers have great potential to be applied as environmentally friendly and sustainable plastic packaging.
What is in a model?
Authors: Kang David S. , Kim Yonggyun , Stanley David
Published: September 2022

After reading contradictory claims of model status for some insect species, we feel a brief discussion of the topic may be useful. Here, we document a few examples where clarity on model status seems to be lacking, briefly review work on widely recognized models, and offer criteria for including any given species as a model organism.
Direct Arylation: A Greener Synthesis of Anthraquinone−Naphthalene diimide‐Based Small Chromophores for Applications in Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Birajdar Shailesh S. , Ourabi May , Mirka Brendan , More Kerba S. , Puyad Avinash L. , Lessard Benoît H. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we report the design and synthesis of three naphthalene diimide‐ (NDI) and anthraquinone‐ (AQ) based organic chromophores derived from direct arylation reactions; NDI−AQ, AQ−NDI−AQ and NDI−AQ−NDI. Compared to classic cross‐coupling reactions, this method reduced the number of synthetic and purification steps. The chemical structures, photophysical and electrochemical properties of these molecules were characterized using UV‐vis spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The optoelectronic properties of the three dyes enabled the fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). The fabricated OTFTs displayed good n‐type semiconducting properties, with electron mobilities () of 1.5–4.2×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Opacity of discrete‐event systems under nondeterministic observation mechanism
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Chu Qian , Han Xiaoguang , Li ZhiWu , Chen Zengqiang
Published: September 2022

For some practical systems modeled by discrete‐event systems (DESs), the event observation mechanism may be no longer static/fixed due to sensor faults/failures, packet loss, and/or measurement uncertainties. It is required to redefine the observations of events. Therefore, it is interesting to reconsider the opacity in the context of abnormal conditions as mentioned. In this paper, we extend notions of initial‐state opacity (ISO), current‐state opacity (CSO), and initial‐and‐final‐state opacity (IFSO) in a standard setting to an advanced framework of nondeterministic observations (i.e., the event‐observation mechanism is state‐dependent and nondeterministic) by taking the output‐observation‐equivalence instead of the natural projection‐equivalence into account. To efficiently verify them, we construct three new matrix‐based information structures in this advanced framework called an initial‐state estimator, a current‐state estimator, and an initial‐and‐final‐state estimator using the Boolean semi‐tensor product (BSTP) theory. Accordingly, the matrix‐based criteria for verifying these three types of opacity are given, respectively. Computational complexity analysis as well as illustrative examples are also provided for the proposed results.
Automobile insurance claim occurrence prediction model based on ensemble learning
Authors: Si Jingshuo , He Hua , Zhang Jian , Cao Xiaowen
Published: September 2022

The generalized linear model (GLM) is a widely used method in traditional automobile insurance loss prediction. Ensemble learning algorithms have recently shown promising results in the realm of automobile insurance, providing a new option for loss prediction. In the age of big data, how to predict loss in automobile insurance more accurately is an urgent problem to be solved. Stacking is a hot issue in ensemble learning that has been effectively used in many fields, but few researchers have applied it to the field of automobile insurance. In this research, Stacking was innovatively introduced into loss prediction for automobile insurance to solve this problem. Three datasets related to automobile insurance were used. Adopting the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique for class balance, a model of claim occurrence was established using four methods, namely logistic regression in GLM and bagging, boosting, stacking in ensemble learning. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values and F1‐scores achieved with the four methods were then compared to assess classification performance. Ensemble algorithms were used to rank the importance of features in the FRE dataset. Finally, we combined probability with the bonus‐malus system to formulate a fairer transfer strategy. The results showed that the proposed approach performed better than the other methods on all datasets, with significantly enhanced prediction accuracy.