bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gut bacteria are critical for optimal muscle function: a potential link with glucose homeostasis
Authors: Nay Kevin , Jollet Maxence , Goustard Benedicte , Baati Narjes , Vernus Barbara , Pontones Maria , Lefeuvre-Orfila Luz , Bendavid Claude , Rué Olivier , Mariadassou Mahendra , Bonnieu Anne , Ollendorff Vincent , Lepage Patricia , Derbré Frédéric , Koechlin-Ramonatxo Christelle
Published: April 2019

Gut microbiota is involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and cancer, through its interactions with the host organs. It has been suggested that the cross talk between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle plays a role in different pathological conditions, such as intestinal chronic inflammation and cachexia. However, it remains unclear whether gut microbiota directly influences skeletal muscle function. In this work, we studied the impact of gut microbiota modulation on mice skeletal muscle function and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We determined the consequences of gut microbiota depletion after treatment with a mixture of a broad spectrum of antibiotics for 21 days and after 10 days of natural reseeding. We found that, in gut microbiota-depleted mice, running endurance was decreased, as well as the extensor digitorum longus muscle fatigue index in an ex vivo contractile test. Importantly, the muscle endurance capacity was efficiently normalized by natural reseeding. These endurance changes were not related to variation in muscle mass, fiber typology, or mitochondrial function. However, several pertinent glucose metabolism markers, such as ileum gene expression of short fatty acid chain and glucose transporters G protein-coupled receptor 41 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 and muscle glycogen level, paralleled the muscle endurance changes observed after treatment with antibiotics for 21 days and reseeding. Because glycogen is a key energetic substrate for prolonged exercise, modulating its muscle availability via gut microbiota represents one potent mechanism that can contribute to the gut microbiota-skeletal muscle axis. Taken together, our results strongly support the hypothesis that gut bacteria are required for host optimal skeletal muscle function.
Caffeic Acid Prevented LPS-Induced Injury of Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells through Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK Activation
Authors: Liu Mingjiang , Fang Guoqing , Yin Shaojie , Zhao Xin , Zhang Chi , Li Jingui , Liu Zongping
Published: April 2019

In our previous study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly reduced the cell viability of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) leading to cell apoptosis, which were prevented by caffeic acid (CA) through inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing proinflammatory cytokine expression. While the underlying mechanism remains unclear, here, we determined that LPS induced the extensive microstructural damage of bMEC, especially the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Then, the obvious reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and expression changes of apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and casepase-3) indicated that apoptosis signaling through the mitochondria should be responsible for the cell viability decrease. Next, the high-throughput cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were employed to verify that the MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways also were the principal targets of LPS. Following, the critical proteins (ERK, JNK, p38, and c-jun) of the MAPK signaling pathways were activated, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) regulated by NF-κB and MAPKs was significantly increased, which can promote a cascade of inflammation that induces cell injury and apoptosis. Meanwhile, CA significantly inhibited the activation of MAPKs and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner, which were similar to its effects on the NF-κB activation that we previously published. So we concluded that CA regulates the proteins located in the upstream of multiple cell signal pathways which can reduce the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPKs, thus weakening the inflammatory response and maintaining cell structure and function, which accordingly inhibit apoptosis.
Thermal Analysis of 2D FGM Beam Subjected to Thermal Loading Using Meshless Weighted Least‐Square Method
Authors: Zhou H. M. , Zhang X. M. , Wang Z. Y.
Published: April 2019

The paper analyzed the thermal problem of the 2D FGM beam using meshless weighted least‐square (MWLS) method. The MWLS as a meshless method is fully independent of mesh, and an approximate function was used to construct a series of linear equations to solve the unknown field variable, which avoided the troublesome task of numerical integration. The effectiveness and accuracy of the approach were illustrated by a clamped‐clamped FGM beam which was subjected with interior heat source. The volume fraction of FGM beam was assumed to be given by a simple power law distribution. The effective material properties of the FGM beam were assumed to be temperature independent and calculated by Mori‐Tanaka method. The results showed that a good agreement was achieved between the proposed meshless method and commercial COMSOL Multiphysics.
Electrochemical Epitaxial Growth of TiO2/CdS/PbS Nanocables
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhang Zhongyang , Wang Hua , Zhang Tieqiang , Cui Haining , Yang Yue , Yu William W.
Published: April 2019

Electrochemical deposition as a liquid phase epitaxial growth method is widely used to fabricate different kinds of hierarchical structures. As a typical heterostructure, TiO2/PbS is widely utilized in the areas of photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Oriented TiO2 nanorod (NR) arrays can provide direct pathways for the electron transport of photoanode. However, the lattice mismatch between TiO2 NR sides and PbS is very large; PbS nanoparticles (NPs) only formed on the top of TiO2 NRs. To solve this problem, TiO2/CdS core/shell nanocables were firstly prepared electrochemically because the lattice ratio between TiO2 and CdS was 0.916; and then, PbS NPs were successfully deposited over CdS shells (the lattice ratio between CdS and PbS was 0.697) to form TiO2/CdS/PbS hierarchical heterostructures. Experimental results demonstrated that the CdS interlayer could effectively promote the growth of PbS NPs on the surface and improve the fill factor and short current density of the photoanodes.
Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Shang Jian , Sun Ye , Zhang Teng , Liu Zhen , Zhang Hong
Published: April 2019

Silver (Ag) has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and is widely used in various fields, including in antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants. For reasons of cost and cytotoxicity, improvement of the antibacterial efficiency of Ag is necessary. The scientific community has also shown a strong enthusiasm in this research area. In this paper, ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared on a titanium (Ti) substrate by seed-assisted hydrothermal method and Ag nanoparticles were deposited by magnetron sputtering to obtain Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays (ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles). The antibacterial properties of ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were systematically studied by agar diffusion method and were compared with other samples such as ZnO nanorod arrays and ZnO seed layer/Ag nanoparticles. The experimental results showed that ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles displayed significantly higher antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other samples, including ZnO nanorod arrays and ZnO seed layer/Ag nanoparticles. These superior antibacterial properties originated predominantly from the morphological structure of ZnO nanorods, which optimized the particle size and distribution of Ag nanoparticles, greatly improving their antimicrobial efficiency. The synergistic antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods make Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays a promising candidate for antibacterial coating of orthopedic implants.
Integrated Functional Analysis of the Nuclear Proteome of Classically and Alternatively Activated Macrophages
Authors: Wiktorowicz John E. , Chowdhury Imran H. , Stafford Susan , Choudhuri Subhadip , Dey Nilay , Garg Nisha J.
Published: April 2019

Macrophages (Mφ) play a central role in coordinating host response to pathogens, cellular injury, and environmental stimuli. Herein, we report multidimensional, nuclear proteomic analyses of protein expression and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that control biological processes during Mφ activation. For this, Mφ were incubated with IFN-γ/LPS and IL-4, and their differentiation to proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2a, referred as M2 for simplicity throughtout the manuscript) phenotypes was confirmed by detection of CD64 and CD206 surface markers and TNF-α, arginase I, and iNOS-dependent nitrite levels. We used a sequential method of organellar enrichment and labeling of nuclear fractions with BODIPY FL-maleimide fluorescence dye followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) to capture quantitative changes in abundance and S-nitrosylated (SNO) proteome signatures. Exact same gels were then labeled with Pro-Q Diamond to detect protein phosphorylation. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis of the protein spots with fold change of ≥1.5 in any of the groups yielded 229 identifications. We found that 145, 78, and 173 protein spots in M1 Mφ and 105, 81, and 164 protein spots in M2 Mφ were changed in abundance, S-nitrosylation, and phosphorylation, respectively, with respect to M0 controls (fold change: ≥1.5, p≤0.05). Targeted analysis by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting was performed to verify the differential abundance and phosphorylation levels of two of the proteins in M1 and M2 (vs. M0) Mφ. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the nuclear proteome datasets showed that the abundance and posttranslational (SNO and Phosphor) modifications of the proteins predicted to be involved in cytoskeletal organization/cell movement, phagocytosis/endocytosis, and cell proliferation/cell death were differentially regulated with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activation of Mφ.
Visible Light-Driven Gas-Phase Artificial Photosynthesis Reactions over Ruthenium Metal Nanoparticles Modified with Anatase TiO2
Authors: Morais Eduardo , O’Modhrain Colin , Thampi K. Ravindranathan , Sullivan James A.
Published: April 2019

Ruthenium metal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution have been synthesised via a solvothermal method. The solids were characterised using a range of analytical techniques (XRD, TEM, TPD, and XPS) and tested in the CO2+H2O reaction under simulated solar radiation, showing photocatalytic activity towards the production of CH4 and CO. The photocatalysis was promoted through a plasmonic excitation of the Ru. The addition of Ti to the preparation resulted in the formation of anatase TiO2. Notwithstanding the fact that the energy of the light used during the photocatalysis was insufficient to excite TiO2, its presence affects the catalysts’ optical and chemical properties and the product (CH4/CO) ratios, favouring the evolution of CO over that of CH4 (suggesting exciton transfer to TiO2 from plasmonically excited Ru).
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Mitochondrial Dynamic Imbalance and Damage in HT22 Cells
Authors: Zhao Han , Chen Liang , Zhong Guisheng , Huang Yina , Zhang Xulai , Chu Cenfeng , Chen Lin , Wang Ming
Published: April 2019

Mitochondria, as dynamic organelles, are precisely regulated by fusion and fission. The dynamic balance of fusion and fission controls mitochondrial morphology and their subcellular location and function. Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) may cause serious health problems. However, how TiO2NPs affect the mitochondrial dynamics remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the changes of mitochondrial dynamics in the TiO2NPs-treated HT22 cells by confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The confocal images demonstrated obvious changes in the average length and density of the mitochondria after TiO2NPs treatment, while STED images further obtained the nanoscale submitochondrial structures of the mitochondria under TiO2NPs insult. The fluorescence intensity distributions suggested that mitochondria fragmented in the TiO2NPs-treated cells. TiO2NPs treatment caused mitochondrial dynamic imbalance due to the imbalanced expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1). Furthermore, we examined the levels of oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which revealed the damage of mitochondria under TiO2NPs exposure. Meanwhile, the significant changes of expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cytochrome c (Cyt C), and caspase 9 demonstrated that TiO2NPs treatment activated the mitochondrial-related apoptosis pathway. These cellular events can be largely prevented via cell incubation with mitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted superoxide scavenger. Our results confirm that TiO2NPs targeted the mitochondria, inducing mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and damage in HT22 cells. Our study provides an insightful understanding of the mechanisms underlying TiO2NPs cytotoxicity.
An Improved Electronic Line Shafting Control for Multimotor Drive System Based on Sliding Mode Observer
Authors: Geng Qiang , Liu Wei , Wang Huimin , Zhou Zhanqing , Zhang Guozheng
Published: April 2019

As the computation delays between the reference torques and the load torques, the speed and position synchronous errors of the multimotor drive system employed traditional electronic line shafting (ELS) control would become significant during the process of large load disturbances. Therefore, an improved ELS control strategy is proposed in this paper. In this strategy, the load torques observed by the sliding model observers are fed back to the virtual motor directly, so as to shorten the adjusting time and improve the antidisturbance performance of entire control system. Meanwhile, to reduce the chattering of the sliding mode observer, a novel exponential reaching law is designed in this paper. The experimental results show that the improved ELS control strategy could reduce the speed and position synchronous errors effectively.
Development of 6 U CubeSat’s Deployable Solar Panel with Burn Wire Triggering Holding and Release Mechanism
Authors: Park Tae-Yong , Chae Bong-Geon , Oh Hyun-Ung
Published: April 2019

In the present work, a deployable solar panel based on a burn wire triggering holding and release mechanism was developed for use of 6 U CubeSat. The holding and release mechanism was designed based on a nichrome burn wire cutting method widely used for CubeSat applications. However, it provides a high loading capability, reliable wire cutting, multiplane constraints, and handling simplicity during the tightening process of wire. A demonstration model of a printed circuit board-based solar panel stiffened by a high-pressure fiberglass-laminated G10 material was fabricated and tested to validate the effectiveness of the design and functionality of the mechanism under various test conditions. The structural safety of the solar panel combined with the mechanism in a launch vibration environment was verified through sine and random vibration tests at qualification level.
“Together on the Way”: Occupational Therapy in Mainstream Education—A Narrative Study of Emerging Practice in Switzerland
Authors: Echsel Angelika , Price Lee , Josephsson Staffan , Schulze Christina
Published: April 2019

In Switzerland, recent changes in legislation have reformed special needs education; more children with special needs are now integrated into mainstream schools. Health professionals such as occupational therapists are not embedded in the Swiss education system, but pediatric occupational therapists are starting to work at schools, with the aim of enabling children’s full participation as school students. This is bringing a change to the practice of pediatric occupational therapists. Cultural, political, and social factors differ in many ways from those of other countries where most of the current research on pediatric occupational therapists in mainstream education has been conducted. The need for school-based research that is situated within the political, structural, and cultural context of a country has been stressed in different studies. This qualitative study employed narrative analysis to explore the practice experiences and clinical reasoning of Swiss pediatric occupational therapists when working with children with special needs in the school context. Three main themes were identified in the narratives: “bringing in an occupational therapy perspective,” “focusing on school-related occupations,” and “collaborating with different inclusion players.” These represent three different aspects of the therapists’ emerging practice. The participants highlight different approaches for children with special needs to enable their participation in everyday life at school through learning, playing, and being with their peers. The findings are discussed in relation to current international research and with respect to European countries with a similar political and structural context, thus complementing approaches to school-based occupational therapy.
A Novel Disturbance Observer for Multiagent Tracking Control with Matched and Unmatched Uncertainties
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ma Xi , Ma Xiao
Published: April 2019

In this paper, multiagent tracking control problem of second‐order multiagent systems with unknown leader acceleration, input saturation, and matched and unmatched disturbances is investigated. An auxiliary system is constructed to approximate system position states, and a novel sliding mode disturbance observer is designed to estimate matched and unmatched uncertainties. A sliding mode disturbance observer‐based control protocol is proposed by constructing a novel sliding mode manifold based on the sliding mode disturbance observer outputs. In addition, the input saturation and the unknown leader acceleration become a part of lumped uncertainties by using mathematic transformation. The lumped uncertainties estimated by the sliding mode disturbance observer are compensated by the sliding mode disturbance observer‐based control protocol. Stability of the second‐order multiagent systems is guaranteed via Lyapunov method. Finally, a simulation example is proposed to exhibit advantages and availability of the developed techniques.
The Promise of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy and Surgery for Cancer Treatment
Authors: O'Donnell Jake S. , Hoefsmit Esmée P. , Smyth Mark J. , Blank Christian U. , Teng Michele W.L.
Published: April 2019

Cancer immunotherapies utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated durable efficacy in a proportion of patients with advanced/metastatic cancers. More recently, the use of ICIs for the adjuvant treatment of patients with surgically resectable melanoma has also demonstrated efficacy by improving relapse-free survival and in the case of ipilimumab (anti–CTLA-4) also improving overall survival. Although promising, the effective scheduling of surgery and immunotherapy and its duration is not well elucidated. Recent preclinical studies suggest that surgery followed by adjuvant therapy might be suboptimal as compared with an approach in which immunotherapy is applied before surgery (neoadjuvant immunotherapy). Encouraging findings from early-phase clinical trials in melanoma, non–small cell lung carcinoma, and glioblastoma support the idea that neoadjuvant immunotherapy might have improved clinical efficacy over an adjuvant application. In this review, we discuss the existing rationale for the use of neoadjuvant immunotherapy, its apparent strengths and weaknesses, and implications for the design of future clinical trials.
A Prospective Study of Nut Consumption and Risk of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the U.S. Women and Men
Authors: Sui Jing , Yang Wanshui , Ma Yanan , Li Tricia Y. , Simon Tracey G. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Liang Geyu , Giovannucci Edward L. , Chan Andrew T. , Zhang Xuehong
Published: April 2019

Although increasing evidence suggests a potential beneficial effect of nut consumption on various diseases, no epidemiologic study has yet examined the association between nut consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We prospectively examined this association in 88,783 women from the Nurses’ Health Study and 51,492 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Nut consumption was assessed every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. Multivariable HRs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models after adjusting for HCC risk factors. After an average of 27.9 years of follow-up, we identified a total of 162 incident HCC cases. Higher total nut consumption was not significantly associated with HCC risk (the highest vs. lowest tertile intake, HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.56–1.26). For the same comparison, higher tree nut consumption was associated with a lower HCC risk (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43–0.95). We found nonsignificant inverse associations with consumption of walnuts, peanuts, and peanut butter. Overall, nut consumption was not strongly associated with HCC risk. There was a suggestive inverse association with tree nut consumption. Future studies should carefully consider hepatitis B or C virus infections and examine these associations in other racial/ethnic groups.
Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Do We Need a Delayed Image?
Authors: Taumberger Nadja , Pernthaler Birgit , Schwarz Thomas , Bjelic-Radisic Vesna , Pristauz Gunda , Aigner Reingard M. , Tamussino Karl
Published: April 2019

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become a standard of care in the treatment of patients with early breast cancer, but clinical guidelines continue to be vague on details of the procedure. We were interested in the results of our 2-day protocol, which includes delayed lymphoscintigraphy at 18 h. Methods: We reviewed the results of preoperative lymphoscintigrams in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed 2 h after periareolar injection of 4 × 37 MBq 99mTc nanocolloid (early lymphoscintigraphy) and 18 h following injection (delayed lymphoscintigraphy). The early results were compared with the late results. Results: A total of 238 lymphoscintigraphies were performed in 232 patients (6 bilateral). At 2 h, ≥1 sentinel nodes were visualized in 154/238 (65%) cases; in 84 (35%), no sentinel node was visualized. Delayed lymphoscintigraphy visualized a sentinel node in 40 of 76 (53%) cases with no visualization at 2 h and failed to show a sentinel node in 36 (47%) of these cases (in 8 cases, no delayed lymphoscintigram was obtained). Conclusions: Delayed lymphoscintigraphy was useful in about 50% of the breast cancer patients in whom immediate scintigraphy failed to demonstrate a sentinel lymph node.
Caçando os devoradores
Authors: Olivar José Miguel Nieto
Published: April 2019

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa antropológica sobre gênero e territórios de fronteira conduzida desde 2010 na Amazônia brasileira. Aqui me aproximo da violência através de uma análise das relações entre “indígenas” e “brancos” no enquadramento da construção de uma cidade amazônica, como expressões de políticas corporais (neo)coloniais. Focando na perspectiva de mulheres indígenas que habitam a cidade, presto atenção a seus envolvimentos conjugais, sexuais e econômicos com o “mundo dos brancos” (incluídos os corpos, a cidade e o Estado). Estes envolvimentos são entendidos em termos de agenciamentos indígenas e generificados: a capacidade dessas jovens de lidar com, resistir, sofrer e se apropriar dos bens, dos presentes e dos corpos do projeto colonial.
Karl von den Steinen’s Ethnographic Research among Indigenous Peoples in Brazil, 1884-1888
Authors: Viertler Renate Brigitte
Published: April 2019

This article analyses and contextualizes the life and work of the German ethnologist Karl von den Steinen (1855-1929), who conducted ethnographic research in Brazil in 1884 and 1887-88. With a solid education in sciences and the humanities, von den Steinen, a physician and psychiatrist, set out to study social institutions, material and spiritual culture among “stone age” tribal societies along the Amazon. Arriving in Brazil in 1884 he studied the Upper Xingu and the Bororo Indians in the Mato Grosso province. In the Upper Xingu area he obtained a rich ethnographic collection and gathered detailed ethnographic data that continue to be useful for modern-day anthropologists. From a theoretical point of view, von den Steinen endorsed the theory of multilineal development proposed by his mentor Adolf Bastian (1826-1905). Despite many difficulties during his stay among the Bororo Indians, he was able to acquire valuable data to be used by those interested in Bororo social institutions and ceremonial life.
“Savages at the End of the World”
Authors: Ballestero Diego
Published: April 2019

One of the first research interests of the German anthropologist and ethnologist Robert Lehmann-Nitsche (1872-1938), upon assuming the position as head of the Department of Anthropology at the La Plata Museum in Argentina (Sección de Antropologia del Museo de La Plata), concerned the indigenous peoples of Patagonia. This article explores Lehmann-Nitsche’s anthropological, ethnological, and linguistic studies among the indigenous peoples of Patagonia (Selk'nam, Gennakenk, Mapuche, Aónikenk, Kawésqar, and Yaghan) conducted between 1898 and 1919. These studies included research into pathology, craniology, anthropometry, archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, and mythology. He aimed at contributing to contemporary theories of German scholars on the development and characterization of “natural peoples” (Naturvölker), as opposed to “cultural peoples” (Kulturvölker), asserting a basic division of humanity.
Encrypted Astronomy, Astral Mythologies, and Ancient Mexican Studies in Austria, 1910-1945
Authors: Rohrbacher Peter
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the beginnings of Austrian studies on ancient Mexico by analyzing the work of Damian Kreichgauer and Friedrich Röck in the early twentieth century. Both argued that a priest elite intentionally “coded” astronomical data in ancient Mexican manuscripts. The first section of the article sheds light on the theoretical background of this interpretation. The main section, based on numerous archival sources, is dedicated to the deciphering procedure elaborated by Röck, the first director of the Ethnological Museum in Vienna (today Weltmuseum Wien). Since Röck’s method seemed to revolutionize the discipline, it gained a great deal of attention from German Nazi authorities. The final section deals with Röck’s student Karl Anton Nowotny, who elaborated an ethnographic approach of ancient Mexican studies in Austria after World War II. This study provides new insights into the historical background of post-war ancient Mexican studies in Austria.
Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924)
Authors: Petschelies Erik
Published: April 2019

The German ethnologist Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) became one of the world’s leading Americanists of his era after having successfully concluded two expeditions to Amazonia. Between 1903 and 1905 he studied indigenous peoples inhabiting the regions of the rivers Rio Negro, Vaupés, and Japurá in northwestern Brazil; between 1911 and 1913 he traveled through northern Brazil and Venezuela investigating local Amerindian communities. He contacted dozens of indigenous peoples, studied their mythology, material culture, and languages. Koch-Grünberg maintained a scientific correspondence with some of the best-informed anthropologists of his time, including Adolf Bastian, Franz Boas, Arnold van Gennep and Paul Rivet. He also exchanged letters with Brazilian colleagues such as João Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927), Teodoro Sampaio (1855-1937), and Affonso d’Escragnolle Taunay (1876-1958). Through an analysis of primary sources – the correspondence held at the Theodor Koch-Grünberg Archive of the Philipps-Universität Marburg in Germany – this article aims at contributing both to the history of Brazilian social thought and the history of German ethnology by contextualizing these relations within the broader context of social exchanges. Therefore, the history of anthropology should be written in the same way as Koch-Grünberg imagined ethnology: as an international science, based on humanistic principles and grounded on social relations.
Índices de vegetação e competitividade entre cidades
Authors: Rocha Mariane Félix da , Nucci João Carlos
Published: April 2019

Muitas cidades exaltam seus índices de áreas verdes ou de cobertura vegetal e comparam-se com outras cidades para provar sua superioridade nesse quesito. Com base nessa constatação foi escrito esse artigo de revisão bibliográfica, com três objetivos principais: discutir a questão dos índices de áreas verdes ou de cobertura vegetal das cidades, verificar a possibilidade de comparação entre os diversos índices de cobertura vegetal ou áreas verdes de algumas cidades brasileiras com base no que as mesmas divulgam online, e buscar uma resposta para a necessidade das cidades competirem entre si, apresentando índices maiores de áreas verdes ou cobertura vegetal. Obteve-se como resposta às perguntas formuladas que: a utilidade dos índices de vegetação depende da clareza de sua elaboração e da realidade onde se pretende aplicá-los; que na maioria das vezes as prefeituras divergem quanto à conceituação e nos materiais e métodos de medição da vegetação utilizados, impossibilitando a comparação entre elas com base nos dados divulgados online pelas prefeituras; e que a necessidade de competição entre as cidades dá-se em função da imprescindibilidade de as cidades se destacarem nos quesitos sustentabilidade e qualidade de vida para atraírem investimentos.
Role of Ryanodine Type 2 Receptors in Elementary Ca
2+
Signaling in Arteries and Vascular Adaptive Responses
Authors: Kaßmann Mario , Szijártó István András , García‐Prieto Concha F. , Fan Gang , Schleifenbaum Johanna , Anistan Yoland‐Marie , Tabeling Christoph , Shi Yu , le Noble Ferdinand , Witzenrath Martin , Huang Yu , Markó Lajos , Nelson Mark T. , Gollasch Maik
Published: April 2019

Background

Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the most common cause of death worldwide. Resistance arteries are capable of adapting their diameter independently in response to pressure and flow‐associated shear stress. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are major Ca
2+
‐release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane of myocytes that contribute to the regulation of contractility. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit 3 different RyR isoforms (RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3), but the impact of individual RyR isoforms on adaptive vascular responses is largely unknown. Herein, we generated tamoxifen‐inducible smooth muscle cell–specific RyR2‐deficient mice and tested the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle cell RyR2s play a specific role in elementary Ca
2+
signaling and adaptive vascular responses to vascular pressure and/or flow.

Methods and Results

Targeted deletion of the
Ryr2
gene resulted in a complete loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum–mediated Ca
2+
‐release events and associated Ca
2+
‐activated, large‐conductance K
+
channel currents in peripheral arteries, leading to increased myogenic tone and systemic blood pressure. In the absence of RyR2, the pulmonary artery pressure response to sustained hypoxia was enhanced, but flow‐dependent effects, including blood flow recovery in ischemic hind limbs, were unaffected.

Conclusions

Our results establish that RyR2‐mediated Ca
2+
‐release events in
VSCM
s specifically regulate myogenic tone (systemic circulation) and arterial adaptation in response to changes in pressure (hypoxic lung model), but not flow. They further suggest that vascular smooth muscle cell–expressed RyR2 deserves scrutiny as a therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular responses in hypertension and chronic vascular diseases.
Sex‐ and Gender‐Stratified Risks of Psychological Factors for Incident Ischemic Heart Disease: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Smaardijk Veerle R. , Lodder Paul , Kop Willem J. , van Gennep Bente , Maas Angela H.E.M. , Mommersteeg Paula M. C.
Published: April 2019

Background

Psychological factors are associated with an increased risk of developing ischemic heart disease (
IHD
). Women more often report psychological factors, and sex and gender differences are present in
IHD
. In this meta‐analysis we examine the risks of psychological factors for
IHD
incidence in women and men. We hypothesize that a broad range of psychological factors are related to a higher risk for incident
IHD
, with a higher risk for women.

Methods and Results

PubMed,
EMBASE
, and Psyc
INFO
were searched for studies assessing the risk between psychological factors and incident
IHD
. Psychological factors included depression, anxiety or panic disorder, social support, hostility, anger, personality (type D), type A behavior pattern, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress. In the primary analyses, 62 studies (77 separate reports) that included 2 145 679 women and 3 119 879 men and reported confounder‐adjusted hazard ratios or relative risks were included. Pooled effect confounder‐adjusted estimates from random‐effects models showed that psychological factors (all combined) were associated with incident
IHD
in women (hazard ratio: 1.22; 95%
CI
, 1.14–1.30) and men (hazard ratio: 1.25; 95%
CI
, 1.19–1.31). No sex and gender differences were found for these pooled effect estimates (
P
=0.547).

Conclusions

Psychological factors are associated with incident
IHD
in both women and men, but no significant differences were observed between women and men.
IHD
is predominantly being studied as obstructive coronary artery disease, which is more prevalent in men. Data are needed on psychological predictors and other manifestations of
IHD
such as coronary microvascular disease, which is more common in women.
Novel Role of Carbon Monoxide in Improving Neurological Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Aged Rats: Involvement of Inducing Mitochondrial Autophagy
Authors: Wu Jun , Li Yi , Yang Peng , Huang Yaping , Lu Shiqi , Xu Feng
Published: April 2019

Background

Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with neurological injury after cardiac arrest (
CA
). Although carbon monoxide (
CO
) has shown various potential therapeutic effects in preclinical tissue injury models, its mechanism of action in
CA
remains unclear. We sought to investigate the effects of a novel
CO
‐releasing molecule on cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and neurological injury after
CA
.

Methods and Results

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats aged 20 to 22 months were subjected to 6‐minute asphyxia
CA
before receiving
CO
treatment. Survival, neurologic deficit scores, neuronal death, mitochondrial function, and autophagy were evaluated after the return of spontaneous circulation. Results showed
that CO
post‐treatment increased 3‐day survival rate from 25% to 70.83% and reduced neurologic deficit scores.
CO
also ameliorated
CA
‐induced neuronal apoptosis and necrosis in the cerebral cortex and improved cerebral mitochondrial function by reducing reactive oxygen species, reversing mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and preventing cytochrome C release. Furthermore,
CO
increased mitochondrial autophagy by inducing mitochondrial accumulation of
PINK
1 (
PTEN
‐induced putative kinase 1) and Parkin. Downregulation of
PINK
1 with genetic silencing si
RNA
abolished
CO
‐afforded mitochondrial autophagy.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results indicate, for the first time, that
CO
treatment confers neuroprotection against ischemic neurological injury after
CA
possibly by promoting mitochondrial autophagy.
A Flawed Framework: Why the Liberal International Order Concept Is Misguided
Authors: Glaser Charles L.
Published: April 2019

Well before President Donald Trump began rhetorically attacking U.S. allies and the open international trading system, policy analysts worried about challenges to the liberal international order (LIO). A more fundamental issue, however, has received little attention: the analytic value of framing U.S. security in terms of the LIO. Systematic examination shows that this framing creates far more confusion than insight. Even worse, the LIO framing could lead the United States to adopt overly competitive policies and unnecessarily resist change in the face of China's growing power. The “LIO concept”—the logics that proponents identify as underpinning the LIO—is focused inward, leaving it ill equipped to address interactions between members of the LIO and states that lie outside the LIO. In addition, the LIO concept suffers theoretical flaws that further undermine its explanatory value. The behavior that the LIO concept claims to explain—including cooperation under anarchy, effective Western balancing against the Soviet Union, the Cold War peace, and the lack of balancing against the United States following the Cold War—is better explained by other theories, most importantly, defensive realism. Analysis of U.S. international policy would be improved by dropping the LIO terminology entirely and reframing analysis in terms of grand strategy.
Oziotelphusa ganjamensis, a new species of freshwater crab (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from south Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India
Authors: PATI S. K. , SHARMA R. M.
Published: April 2019

A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Oziotelphusa Müller, 1887 is described based on specimens collected froma rice field near Balakrushnapur, Ganjam district in Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. Oziotelphusa ganjamensis n. sp.is easily differentiated from its congeners by a distinct first gonopod (G1) having terminal segment bent outwards, whosetip is upturned and pointed, and subterminal segment relatively broad in the basal half to two-third portion and then sharply narrows to appear slender in distal half to two-third portion. A key to the Indian species of Oziotelphusa is also provided.
A new species of Macrobrachium (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Vamanapuram River, Southern Kerala, India
Authors: PILLAI P. M. , UNNIKRISHNAN V.
Published: April 2019

Macrobrachium prabhakarani new species is described from the Vamanapuram River, Kerala, S. India. The species sharescertain characters with M. scabriculum and M. madhusoodani, while it differs remarkably from these two species in dis-tinctive diagnostic characters: rostral formula 12–14/1–2 with 5–7 postorbital teeth; carapace smooth with distal end ofrostrum directed forwards; chelae with nine denticles in the movable and six in the proximal part of the immovable finger.In larger second chelate leg, merus is longer than carpus and ischium, and propodus is the longest podomere. Carpus and ischium, equal in length and they are the shortest podomeres. Merus and dactylus are also of equal length.
A review of the subgenera Euorthocladius and Orthocladius s. str. from China (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: KONG FANQING , SÆTHER OLE A. , WANG XINHUA
Published: April 2019

The Chinese species of the subgenera Euorthocladius Thienemann and Orthocladius s. str. are reviewed. Two new species of Orthocladius (Euorthocladius): O. (E.) angustus and O. (E.) flectus are described, and four species of Orthocladius s. str. are redescribed and illustrated as adult males. A key to males of the two subgenera from China is presented.
A new Stenognathriopes (Collembola, Symphypleona, Bourletiellidae) from Brazilian coast
Authors: ZEPPELINI DOUGLAS , DA SILVA DIEGO DIAS
Published: April 2019

The new species Stenognathriopes (Tenentiella) janssensi sp. nov. (Collembola, Bourletiellidae) is described from coastal vegetation. This is the second species named to the subgenus Tenentiella and can be diagnosed by presenting nine subsegments on Ant IV, large conical tenent hair and tibiotarsal setae coarsely dented. The new species significantly extends the distribution of the genus and subgenus southward from Mexico to Northeastern Brazil. A comparative table is provided to the species of the genus Stenognathriopes.
Description of the final stadium larva of Erythrodiplax bromeliicola Westfall 2000 (Odonata: Libellulidae) with notes on variation in adults from Cuba
Authors: TRAPERO-QUINTANA ADRIAN , NOVELO-GUTIÉRREZ RODOLFO
Published: April 2019

The final stadium larva of Erythrodiplax bromeliicola Westfall is formally described and illustrated. The light brown scape and pedicel and creamy pale flagellum of the antenna, plus the abundant short, reddish, spiniform setae on the integument of the body surface and epiproct, comprise an exclusive combination of characters in the larva of E. bromeliicola. Information on larval habitat and a key for the larvae of the five Erythrodiplax species occurring in Cuba are provided. Details on morphological variation of an adult population from Cuba are also provided.
On the synonymy of Caristius groenlandicus Jensen and Pteraclis fasciatus Borodin (Pisces: Caristiidae)
Authors: BRITZ RALF , HARTEL KARSTEN E.
Published: April 2019

Manefishes of the family Caristiidae are rare meso-bathypelagic oceanic fishes with numerous problems regarding theirspecies-level taxonomy. We revisit Hartel and Triant’s assertion (Copeia, 1998, 746) that Pteraclis fasciatus Borodin andCaristius groenlandicus Jensen are synonyms. We found additional support for this idea in the modification of theventral unbranched caudal-fin rays. We conclude that the names are synonyms and that fasciatus has priority over groenlandicus because the former is the older name.
Review of the genus Holostaspis Kolenati, 1858 (Acari: Laelapidae)
Authors: BABAEIAN ESMAEIL , MAŠÁN PETER , HALLIDAY BRUCE
Published: April 2019

Mites in the genus Holostaspis Kolenati, 1858 (Acari: Laelapidae) are usually found in association with ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In this paper we review the genus based on examination of six species from Slovakia, namely H. ambigua sp. nov., H. collina (Huhta & Karg, 2010), H. flexuosa (Michael, 1891) comb. nov., H. isotricha Kolenati, 1858, H. montana (Berlese, 1904) and H. oophila (Wasmann, 1897). We also carried out a careful study of the published work on Holostaspis and related genera, and examined types in the Berlese Acaroteca and other collections. Seven species previously described under the names Hypoaspis (Holostaspis) and Holostaspis are transferred to other genera—H. (H.) brevidentis Karg, 1978 = Pseudoparasitus brevidentis (Karg, 1978) comb. nov., H. (H.) chelaris Teng, Zhang & Cui, 1992 = Euandrolaelaps chelaris (Teng, Zhang & Cui, 1992) comb. nov., H. (H.) metapodalii Karg, 1978 = Gymnolaelaps metapodalii (Karg, 1978) comb. nov., H. mooni Keum, Jung & Joharchi, 2017 = Hypoaspisella mooni (Keum, Jung & Joharchi, 2017) comb. nov., H. (H.) serpentis Karg, 1979 = Hypoaspisella serpentis (Karg, 1979) comb. nov., H. (H.) tridentata Karg, 1979 = Gymnolaelaps tridentatus (Karg, 1979) comb. nov., and Holostaspis (Holostaspis) marginedentatus Trägårdh, 1910 is transferred to Glyptholaspis (Macrochelidae). Based on features of the type specimens (deposited at the Berlese Collection in Florence), the morphological concept of Myrmonyssus (Laelaspulus) acuminatus Berlese, 1903 is revised and the systematic status of the subgenus is re-evaluated. The monobasic Laelaspulus Berlese, 1904 is now removed from synonymy with Myrmozercon Berlese, 1902 and newly considered as a junior synonym of Holostaspis. Another four revised species, originally classified in Laelaps Koch, Myrmozercon Berlese or Hypoaspis Canestrini, are transferred into Holostaspis—L. flexuosa Michael, 1891 = Holostaspis flexuosa (Michael, 1891) comb. nov., M. iranicus Babaeian & Nemati, 2014 = Holostaspis iranica (Babaeian & Nemati, 2014) comb. nov., M. michaeli Joharchi, 2013 = Holostaspis michaeli (Joharchi, 2013) comb. nov., and H. submontana Bai, Gu & Chen, 1994 = Holostaspis submontana (Bai, Gu & Chen, 1994) comb. nov. A complete list of all species formerly classified in Holostaspis is presented, with details of their current placement. An identification key for the species now included in Holostaspis is also provided.
Erratum: K. J. DAVID & D. L. HANCOCK (2019) TAXONOMIC NOTES ON GENUS COELOTRYPES BEZZI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES ZOOTAXA, 4563: 584–594.
Authors: DAVID K. J. , HANCOCK D. L.
Published: April 2019

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Examination of the Expendable Digital Dropsonde–Derived Vertical Velocities from the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) Experiment
Authors: Nelson T. Connor , Harrison Lee , Corbosiero Kristen L.
Published: April 2019

The newly developed expendable digital dropsonde (XDD) allows for high spatial and temporal resolution data collection in tropical cyclones (TCs). In 2015, a total of 725 XDDs were launched into Hurricanes Marty (27–28 September), Joaquin (2–5 October), and Patricia (20–23 October) as part of the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) experiment. These dropsondes were launched from a NASA WB-57 at altitudes above 18 km, capturing the full depth of the TCs to the tropopause. This study documents the vertical velocity distributions observed in TCI using the XDDs and examines the distributions altitudinally, radially, and azimuthally. The strongest mean or median XDD-derived vertical velocities observed during TCI occurred in the upper levels and within the cores of the three TCs. There was little azimuthal signal in the vertical velocity distribution, likely due to sampling asymmetries and noise in the data. Downdrafts were strongest in Joaquin, while updrafts were strongest in Patricia, especially within the eyewall on 23 October. Patricia also had an impressive low-level (<2 km) updraft that exceeded 10 m s−1 associated with a shallow, overturning, radial circulation in the secondary eyewall.
Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kurtul Alparslan , Ornek Ender
Published: April 2019

The platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is an integrated reflection of 2 opposite thrombotic/inflammatory pathways that are easily calculated from a complete blood count. The PLR initially served as a systemic inflammatory biomarker to predict the prognosis of neoplastic diseases. In recent years, the PLR has been used as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular (CV) conditions. In this review, we consider the evidence regarding the association of the PLR with CV disease (CVD) and its possible use as a prognostic marker of CVD. The role of PLR has been investigated in CV conditions in several studies. We assessed clinical trials using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science (up to April 18, 2018) to evaluate the association between PLR and mortality/major adverse cardiac events in these conditions. Most of these studies reported significant relationships between a high PLR and diverse outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest that PLR is a cheap and easily available systemic inflammatory marker that can predict distinct outcomes in different types of CVD.