bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community pharmacist-led interventions to improve medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Al-Arkee Sheelan , Al-Ani Omar
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is reported to be suboptimal. Therefore, an intervention to tackle non-adherence is important. Pharmacists’ intervention may have the potential to enhance medication adherence, leading to improvements in clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. This study assesses the impact of a community pharmacist intervention on improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. This study also describes the characteristics and actual contents of the interventions.

Methods

Electronic databases (MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane library and PubMed Central) were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), assessing the impact of community pharmacists’ interventions on medication adherence in patients with CVD. Eligible RCTs were those published in English from database inception to April 2021. A narrative analysis was performed. The RCTs included were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias. This review included eight RCTs. The majority included a multifaceted intervention with medication reviews and adherence counselling. Sample sizes varied from 225 to 1906, and intervention duration ranged from 2 to 12 months. Seven of the RCTs reported that interventions enhanced medication adherence. Five RCTs assessed the effect of the interventions on the clinical outcomes and reported a trend towards improvement in blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the intervention arm. Regarding the quality of evidence, most RCTs were classified as poor, due to the high risk of bias or insufficient reporting of information.

Community pharmacist-led interventions show improvements in medication adherence and clinical outcomes, but the content and delivery of the interventions vary. Future research should focus on identifying the most effective components that contribute to enhancing medication adherence and clinical outcomes for patients with CVD.
H∞and Asymptotic Stability via delay feedback for hybrid neutral stochastic delay differential equations with Lévy noise
Authors: Rhaima Mohamed , Mchiri Lassaad , Ben Makhlouf A
Published: February 2023

This work addresses existence and stabilization problem for a hybrid neutral stochastic delay differential equations with Lévy noise (HNSDDELN). The coefficients of such systems do not satisfy the conventional linear growth conditions, but are subject to high nonlinearity. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. We then design a delay feedback controller to make an unstable HNSDDELN $H_{\infty }$ and asymptotically stable in ${\mathbb{L}}^{p}$. We end up with a numerical example that corroborates our theoretical findings.
Seeing the unseen: how can we best identify transgender women within the Veterans Affairs healthcare system’s electronic medical record?
Authors: Nik-Ahd Farnoosh , Waller Justin , De Hoedt Amanda M , Garcia Maurice M , Figueiredo Jane C , Carroll Peter R , Cooperberg Matthew R , Freedland Stephen J
Published: February 2023

Background

One challenge in transgender research is reliably identifying patients through electronic medical records data, as there is no universal transgender International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code, but rather multiple ICD codes that can be used.

Aim

To explore the sensitivity and specificity of 5 commonly used ICD codes to identify transgender patients overall and transgender women specifically (assigned male sex at birth) by using data from the Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest integrated health system in the United States.

Methods

Patients aged ≥18 years were identified via ICD-9 codes 302.5 and 302.6 (Ninth Revision) and ICD-10 codes F64.0, F64.8, and F64.9 (Tenth Revision) using VA health records from 2000 to 2021 and stratified by bilateral orchiectomy status.

Outcomes

Detailed chart review was performed on 32 randomly selected patients for each code (half with and half without orchiectomy) to confirm transgender status and to perform descriptive analyses.

Results

For each ICD code, rates of confirmed transgender status ranged from 88% to 100% for those with and without an orchiectomy, with the majority being transgender women (consistent with most veterans being assigned male sex at birth). Most transgender women (66%-100%) were undergoing estrogen gender-affirming therapy. The majority of provider-driven entries of transgender status took place from 2011 to 2020, with 75% of entries made from 2011 to 2020, consistent with increased recognition and societal acceptance of this population. False negatives were detected at a rate of 15%. Based upon these 5 ICD codes alone, we estimate that the VA has records for 9,449 to 10,738 transgender individuals.

Clinical Implications

All 5 codes are very sensitive in identifying transgender patients, and the combination of these codes with orchiectomy is extremely sensitive in identifying transgender women, specifically.

Strengths and Limitations

Major strengths of the study are the use of universal ICD codes and a large patient sample size that spans health records nationally and across multiple decades, potentially making our data more generalizable. The main limitation of this study is that subanalyses were performed on a limited number of patients, which prevented us from capturing all false positives and thus from calculating specificity for each code. Similarly, our true negatives were derived from a small, random subset of the population; as such, our calculation for specificity is an estimate.

Conclusion

This study highlights a novel method to identify transgender women and paves the way for further research.
Clinical pharmacology overview
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

The first chapter of the book provides an introduction to pharmacology and its implementation in clinical practice.
M
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter M
S
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter S
V
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter V
Structure of the EDAIC (Parts I and II)
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the structure of Part I and Part II of the European Diploma in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care examination (EDAIC). It outlines the paper formats, the topics covered in Paper A and Paper B, the oral exam, and the marking system. The Part I exam comprises two multiple-choice question (MCQ) papers. Each paper has 60 questions and is of two hours duration (or 90 minutes if the examination is taken online). The MCQ format adopted is that of a stem with five responses where each may be either true or false. This format is also known as multiple true-false (MTF). The Part II exam is held in a single day, during which there are four separate 25-minute structured oral examinations (SOE). In each SOE, the candidate is examined by two examiners, thereby meeting eight examiners in all. The SOE embraces the same range of basic science and clinical topics covered in Part I.
Regional anaesthesia
Authors: Galitzine Svetlana
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides 15 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about regional anaesthesia and the associated model answers, alongside references for more in-depth understanding. The examples of different types of regional blocks covering upper and lower extremities are included as well the questions on trunk blocks, neuraxial anaesthesia and ophthalmic blocks.
Adult brachial plexus injury
Authors: Kay Simon , Bains Robert
Published: February 2023

In any condition, the surgeon must understand the natural history (i.e. the prognosis or ‘forward knowledge’) in order to decide whether to intervene surgically to try to change the expected outcome. Peripheral nerve injuries pose difficulties in prognostication, and yet a wait-and-see policy (which used to be common for brachial plexus injuries) leaves the decision to explore too long for exploration to stand much chance of ameliorating the damage since irreversible changes occur peripherally and centrally.
The nipple–areolar complex
Authors: Buckland Garry
Published: February 2023

The nipple–areolar complex is the focal point of, and defines, the breast. Its role is functional, aesthetic, and erogenous. There is significant variability in appearance and pigmentation between ethnic groups. The anatomy of the nipple–areolar complex is unique. It has a well-defined embryological origin which, when interrupted, is responsible for the congenital anomalies of the structure, and a well-described histology, composed of pigmented squamous epithelium and associated circumferential smooth muscle and sebaceous and sweat glands. The nipple–areolar complex has well-defined surface anatomy and ideal aesthetics. Its blood supply and nerve supply have important implications for the surgical management of congenital and pathological anomalies of the breast.
Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdomen
Authors: Barabás Anthony , Fleming Andrew
Published: February 2023

Necrotizing fasciitis is a surgical emergency. It is primarily an infection of the fascia and deeper layers of adipose tissue or muscle, but can also arise from infections of the dermis and epidermis, and so there is a move to call these infections necrotizing soft tissue infections. The abdominal wall and perineum area are the more commonly affected sites. It is essential to recognize the signs, and make an early diagnosis, of necrotizing fasciitis as delay increases morbidity and mortality from this aggressive disease. Treatment involves surgical debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, resuscitation, and intensive supportive care. Survivors are often left with large complex wounds and, despite optimal care, mortality rates of 25–35% are reported in recent series.
Amputations
Authors: Winterton Robert
Published: February 2023

Amputations of the upper limb are required for management of trauma, tumour, or congenital deformity. Important considerations in upper limb amputation include the functional aims and rehabilitation, as well as the psychological impact of amputation and the risks of phantom symptoms and chronic pain. In this chapter, the various levels of amputation are described together with the specific issues related to each individual level.
Inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist
Authors: Burge Peter
Published: February 2023

Surgery is an essential component in the multidisciplinary management of inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist. Disease-modifying medical therapy has reduced the requirement for reconstructive surgery, especially for persistent synovitis and tenosynovitis, but the consequences of joint damage continue to require the attention of hand surgeons. Although the management is primarily medical, surgery of the hand and wrist can be effective in relieving pain and correcting deformity. However, increases in movement and strength are difficult to achieve. The surgeon requires an understanding of the natural history of the arthritis and its effect on the hand, as well as a familiarity with the principles of diagnosis and medical management. This chapter discusses the assessment and decision-making for the patient with inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist in the context of multidisciplinary management. It then describes the surgical techniques used to treat abnormalities in the arthritic hand
Lasers and flashlamps in the treatment of skin disorders
Authors: Barlow Richard J.
Published: February 2023

‘Laser’ is the acronym for ‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’. An atom or molecule can be excited (elevated to a higher energy level) by an external power source to absorb energy in the form of a photon (a quantum of electromagnetic radiation or light). Spontaneous emission refers to subsequent loss of this photon whereas stimulated emission refers to loss of the photon when the atom is perturbed by another incident photon. The latter isn’t absorbed and the atom therefore emits two photons, each with the same wavelength and phase. It is this property which allows light amplification and the production of a laser system.
Tumours of the thyroid gland
Authors: Gurunathan Ramesh , Paleri Vinidh
Published: February 2023

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and is increasing in frequency, representing 1% of all malignancies. Histological subtypes of thyroid cancer—papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic behave differently and require different approaches to treatment. Multidisciplinary decision-making may lead to the offer of a range of treatments including hemithyroidectomy, total thyroidectomy, radioiodine remnant ablation, and neck dissection. Staging systems that permit evidence-based application of these therapeutic modalities are discussed.
Eyelid reconstruction
Authors: Alrawi Mogdad
Published: February 2023

Eyelids are important structures in the periorbital region. The upper eyelid acts as a dynamic shutter, while the lower is static; together they protect the globe. The rich blood supply from the facial and ophthalmic arteries form an arcade supplying both the upper and lower eyelids. Partial or complete loss of an eyelid component must be reconstructed when possible to protect the globe. Most partial- and full-thickness defects of the eyelid result from trauma or oncological resection. Partial defect of the anterior lamella can be reconstructed with a full-thickness skin graft commonly harvested from the upper eyelid or from the postauricular skin; both have similar colour and texture to the recipient site. The choice of local or regional flaps for partial defects from the periorbita depends on the site, size, and configuration of the defect. Full-thickness defects of posterior and anterior lamella should be reconstructed with a combination of grafts and flaps or a composite flap. The use of the upper eyelid as the donor to reconstruct the lower eyelid should be avoided when dealing with full-thickness defects to avoid compromising the dynamic function of the upper eyelid. This chapter provides a platform to understand the fundamental principles of eyelid reconstruction. In more severe cases where local and regional options are not available, free tissue transfer must be considered.
Aesthetic surgery of the leg
Authors: Papas Athanasios , Soldin Mark
Published: February 2023

Aesthetic surgery of the lower limb has been gradually developing over the past few decades. Despite the high complication rates of surgery, demand for well-defined legs has recently increased. In this chapter, the various elements that contribute to the ideal aesthetic leg and the available modalities that assist in achieving the optimal aesthetic outcome are discussed. Techniques of calf augmentation, resection of gastrocnemius muscle, and circumferential liposuction are analysed. Key points are emphasized in order to reach the desired goal and to avoid complications that may lead to functional impairment.
FAST discovery of an extra plume in DDO 168
Authors: Yu Nai-Ping , Zhu Ming , Xu Jin-Long , Zhang Chuan-Peng , Liu Xiao-Lan , Jiang Peng , Wang Jun-Jie
Published: February 2023

With the aim to study the extended H i environment around dwarf galaxies in the local universe, we performed a high-sensitivity H i observation of the DDO 168 and DDO 167 pair using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). We chose this pair as previous studies indicate that DDO 168 might have undergone an interaction with a local companion. Based on this deep observation, no new extra gas was found around DDO 167 and it was hardly resolved by FAST. On the other hand, on the north side of DDO 168 we discovered an extended plume of H i gas which has never been detected before. The plume has a ring-like structure with a radius of about 5.0 kpc and its gas mass is estimated to be 5.2 × 107 M⊙. The expanding velocity of the plume is about 30 km s−1, corresponding to a dynamical age of about 200 Myr. The position–velocity (PV) diagrams cut through the two galaxies show a short and pronounced ‘spur’ pointing to DDO 167 from DDO 168, indicating a tidal interaction between the two galaxies. We also found an H i knot in the plume. The gas mass of the knot is about 9.5 × 106 M⊙. This value is much higher than its virial mass, indicating the knot is gravitationally unstable and star formation will take place there in the future. Our study suggests that the ring-like structure of the plume might be caused by the passage of DDO 167 through the outer disc of DDO 168 about 200 Myr ago. We also discussed other plausible scenarios for the origin of the plume.
Study of the open clusters in Kepler prime field
Authors: Karataş Yüksel , Çakmak Hikmet , Akkaya Oralhan İnci , Bonatto Charles , Michel Raúl , Netopil Martin
Published: February 2023

We present a detailed study of NGC 6791, NGC 6811, NGC 6819, and NGC 6866, the four open clusters that are located in the Kepler prime field. We use new CCD UBV(RI)KC photometry, which was combined with Gaia EDR3 photometric/astrometric data, to derive the astrophysical parameters with two-independent methods – one of them the fitCMD algorithm. Furthermore, we provide among others estimates of the mass and mass function, the cluster structure, derive the cluster orbits, and discuss the cluster dynamics. All objects belong to the older open cluster population (∼1–7 Gyr), are in an advanced dynamical stage with signs of mass segregation, and are located close to the solar circle, but show a large range in respect of radii, member stars or observed cluster mass ($\sim 100\!-\!2000\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$). For the three younger objects, we were also able to provide photometric metallicity estimates, which confirms their status as clusters with a roughly solar metallicity. The most outstanding object is clearly NGC 6791, a very old cluster with a high metallicity at a distance of about 4.5 kpc from the Sun. We estimate a probable radial migration by about 7 kpc, resulting in a birth position close to the Galactic centre.
The halo bispectrum as a sensitive probe of massive neutrinos and baryon physics
Authors: Yankelevich Victoria , McCarthy Ian G , Kwan Juliana , Stafford Sam G , Liu Jia
Published: February 2023

The power spectrum has been a workhorse for cosmological studies of large-scale structure. However, the present-day matter distribution is highly non-Gaussian and significant cosmological information is also contained in higher order correlation functions. Meanwhile, baryon physics (particularly active galactic nucleus feedback) has previously been shown to strongly affect the two-point statistics but there has been limited exploration of its effects on higher order functions to date. Here, we use the bahamas suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to explore the effects of baryon physics and massive neutrinos on the halo bispectrum. In contrast to matter clustering which is suppressed by baryon physics, we find that the halo clustering is typically enhanced. The strength of the effect and the scale over which it extends depends on how haloes are selected. On small scales ($k \gtrsim 1$ h Mpc−1, dominated by satellites of groups/clusters), we find that the bispectrum is highly sensitive to the efficiency of star formation and feedback, making it an excellent testing ground for galaxy formation models. We show that the effects of feedback and the effects of massive neutrinos are largely separable (independent of each other) and that massive neutrinos strongly suppress the halo bispectrum on virtually all scales up to the free-streaming length (apart from the smallest scales, where baryon physics dominates). The strong sensitivity of the bispectrum to neutrinos on the largest scales and galaxy formation physics on the smallest scales bodes well for upcoming precision measurements from the next generation of wide-field surveys.
Hong Kong Media and Asia's Cold War
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

British Hong Kong was a historical anomaly in the Cold War. It experienced no “hot war” or organized movement for independence, and yet it was a key battlefield of Asia’s cultural Cold War, thanks largely to its unique location right next to Mao’s China. The large influx of filmmakers, writers, and intellectuals from the mainland after 1948–1949 made the colony a hub of mass entertainment and popular publications in the region. Based on untapped archival materials, contemporary sources, and numerous interviews with filmmakers, magazine editors, and student activists, this book sheds lights on the contest between Communist China, Nationalist Taiwan, and the United States to mobilize the colony’s cinema and print media to win the hearts and minds of ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia and around the world. At the front and center of this propaganda and psychological warfare was the émigré media industry. It was the golden age of Mandarin cinema and popular culture. In the wake of the 1967 riots through the 1970s, the emergence of a new, local-born generation challenged and reshaped the Cold War networks of émigré cultural production and led to a gradual winding down of Hong Kong’s cultural Cold War. This brings to light specifically the ways in which global conflicts were localized, intertwined with myriad local historical experiences and cultural formation. British Hong Kong was, in fact, a crossroads in the Cold War where the global, the regional, and the local intersected.
Economic Vulnerability and the Role of Human Capital
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 explores the first component of the structural vulnerability model. Those in poverty are more likely to have characteristics that disadvantage them from competing in the labor market. In particular, they often lack human capital. Human capital refers to that basket of skills, attributes, and qualifications that individuals bring with them into the job market. The lack of human capital results in greater vulnerability vis-à-vis certain life crises occurring more often and with greater intensity. For example, those with less human capital are more likely to experience job instability, longer periods of unemployment, lower wages, and part-time work. Each of these, in turn, is associated with an elevated risk of poverty. The chapter also explores the overall increasing risk and vulnerability in American society over the last 50 years, particularly for those at the lower end of the income distribution.
Introduction
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

The Introduction discusses the social determinants of health and health disparities. It defines these concepts, identifies key determinants, and provides a step-by-step overview of current knowledge of how social determinants influence health and produce health disparities. A critical mass of knowledge on the social determinants of health has accumulated, documenting associations, exploring causal pathways and biological mechanisms, and providing a previously unavailable scientific foundation for appreciating the fundamental role of social factors in health. The questions are no longer whether social factors—such as economic hardship, living conditions, and discrimination—influence health and health disparities but, rather, how they do so and how best to intervene. Health disparities—differences in health between more and less advantaged social groups, such as wealthy people and poor people, or White people and African Americans—are the products of disparities in social determinants, including disparities in power and in access to key resources and opportunities that directly or indirectly affect health. The role of social determinants of health is often hidden because their health effects may not manifest for decades. We must look upstream—that is, at the beginning of long, often complex causal chains—to identify the most fundamental social factors that powerfully shape health and health disparities. Addressing only the more visible downstream factors may not be effective because upstream causes will continue to set in motion the causal chains leading to ill health.
Later Complications
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a specific type of neurodegenerative process within the brain that can only be diagnosed by doing a brain autopsy after the affected person has died. There is much left to learn about CTE; however, scientists believe that those with chronic exposure to subconcussive injuries may be at risk. Although clinical criteria for diagnosing CTE before brain autopsy have not yet been officially accepted, researchers are actively trying to understand what types of symptoms and difficulties individuals with CTE pathology might have experienced before their death. Commonly reported symptoms include changes in thinking abilities and mood, though these symptoms are common in many conditions. Other neurodegenerative conditions that have been reported as associated with head injury include Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Any athlete who is worried or concerned about the cumulative effects of multiple concussions, exposure to subconcussive injury, or CTE or other neurodegeneration should ask their health care provider for a multidisciplinary referral to include neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. Regardless of the cause of symptoms, health care providers can help patients feel better and better manage their symptoms. Patients may experience persisting symptoms after concussion, or they may have other medical or neurological conditions that are treatable. Receiving appropriate evaluations and effective treatments for specific symptoms will significantly improve patients’ daily functioning and quality of life.
Occupational and Work Issues Related to Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Employees who have sustained a concussion must take into account special considerations. Symptoms of concussion may make it difficult for them to safely complete work tasks or to be productive while at work. In addition, work settings may make concussion symptoms worse for those who are still symptomatic. Depending on the job, employees may need to take some time off until they are cleared by a medical professional (if the work could pose a risk to the employee or others during the recovery period). It is important for employees to stay in communication with their employer and seek guidance from their health care provider following a concussion in order to promote a smooth transition back to work.
Distant Rescues
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 considers a number of differences between cases in which one can rescue nearby strangers (who are drowning or imperiled by hurtling boulders) and cases in which one can use time or money to help distant strangers in need of food, shelter, or medical care. These include differences with respect to distance, salience, uniqueness, injustice, and diffusion. On the basis of several “clean” cases, it is argued that—whether taken individually or in combination—these differences would not make it the case that, while it is wrong not to save a nearby stranger (at a given cost), it is permissible not to save a distant stranger (at a similar cost). Nor would these differences make it the case that it is permissible to save one near stranger rather than two distant strangers. Differences with respect to “risky diffusion” are an exception to these claims.
Migrations
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

Exploring the history of migration, this chapter explains how worldwide pre-1914 large-scale migration gave way to an era of Total War, in which migration was greatly decreased and primarily took the form of refugees. Particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, migration rates increased around the world, legal barriers to migration were partially dismantled and new migration patterns developed. In the concluding decades of the century, migration expanded, reaching pre-1914 levels, distinctions between migrants and refugees became blurred and large migrant communities created social and political tensions.
Consumers
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the development of consumerism in the second half of the twentieth century. It outlines the origins and development of a consumer society and delineates the different possibilities for consumerism in different parts of the world. Also discussed are the effects of changing rates of economic growth and the late-twentieth-century worldwide wave of privatization and deregulation on consumerism, as well as showing some of the features, ranging from advertising to supermarkets to credit cards, through which consumerism developed and maintained.
Conclusions
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

The book’s conclusions discuss four main features of the second half of the twentieth century: one such feature is the age of exponentials, a period of human history in which rapid and accelerating rates of growth occurred in a wide variety of venues. The second is global orders—attempts to organize economic, political, and social, sometimes even intellectual and cultural structures on a worldwide scale. Then there is the contrast between the cosmopolitan and the local, the coexistence—more accurately, the mutual interaction and reinforcement—of a growing network of global interconnections, of movement of goods, capital, people, and information across borders of sovereign states, continents, and oceans, with the increasing strength of nationalism, particularism, religious intolerance, and xenophobia. Finally, there is the contrast between great expectations and more prosaic realities, which, it is argued, were a signature feature of the entire Age of Interconnection.
The German Response to Idealism I
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter
Published: February 2023

Both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche responded vehemently to German idealism. Schopenhauer purported to revert to a more purely Kantian position, accepting Kant’s distinction between appearances and things in themselves; but he replaced Kant’s conception of ourselves and God as ultimately free and rational minds with a conception of ourselves and of all reality as ultimately irrational will. Nietzsche, like Hume before him, purported to abjure metaphysics altogether, but his perspectivism can be considered a form of idealist epistemology that anticipates much philosophy to follow.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on positive and negative developments in recent years. It welcomes the decline in the prison population and the increased focus on disproportionality. It also discusses those developments which can be viewed as negatives ones, particularly the continuing high imprisonment rate and the continued use of methods of restraining children and young people in custody. It focusses on the impact of Covid-19 on the courts, the prison population and the use of FPNs before discussing the arguments for abolition of the use of imprisonment or its reform. We then refer to the discourse of human rights—both its importance and the attacks on it, before referring to the re-emergence of problem-solving courts. Lastly the authors’ concerns as to ‘what needs to be done’ are considered.
Full Protection and Security and the Rule of Law
Authors: Mantilla Blanco Sebastián
Published: February 2023

Constitutional law analogies are valuable tools for approaching the function and scope of international investment protection standards, as these standards reflect and foster principles ordinarily associated with the rule of law. The standard of full protection and security requires authorities to exercise due diligence in the prevention and redress of injuries originating in non-State sources of risk, such as wrongful conduct by private parties. In this sense, the standard echoes the core security function of the modern State, which is a necessary condition for the full realization of the rule of law. In their analysis of State conduct through the prism of due diligence, arbitral tribunals regularly resort to criteria that mirror fundamental rule-of-law tenets, such as due process, reasonableness, and non-discrimination.
Risking the Rule of Law?
Authors: Hindelang Steffen , de Mora , Patricia Sarah Stöbener , Lachmann Niels
Published: February 2023

This contribution investigates whether international investment law and its substantive protection standards could entail potential risks in relation to the rule of law’s normative foundations informed by human rights and sustainable development. Answering this in the affirmative, it identifies such risks and finds that risks could be mitigated through treaty interpretation and the principle of systemic integration of relevant international commitments. An empirical study of selected decisions where human rights of others than investors, or sustainable development concerns, were at stake gives on the one hand indications of an increasing awareness and application of such systemic integration. On the other hand, however, it reveals ambiguities and unevenness in the decisions of investment tribunals when addressing human rights and sustainable development issues. The concluding discussion also addresses whether the more recent trend towards specific mentions of human rights and sustainable developments concerns in international investment agreements, or current attempts to settle investor-State disputes in a multilateral framework will solve the issue.
Implementing Reparations and Achieving Balance
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

This chapter brings together many of the themes raised throughout the book to examine how to find the goldilocks zone of reparations as balance. Beginning with symbolic reparations at one end of the balance spectrum it examines how, in the face of being unable to reach full reparations, a balance can be struck between different interests to make them more than tokenistic. Part of this is the value of process and outcomes, connected with procedural justice in ensuring respect for the parties involved. Three factors of reparations as balance are also emphasized: victim agency; responsible actors’ ownership; and assessing the balance. The last part of this chapter discusses at length two examples of the experiences of victims receiving reparations and the continuing consequences they live with.
Conclusion
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

This final part briefly concludes the book by reiterating the key arguments around reparations as balance.
The Scope and Intensity of Responsive Judicial Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores how the ideas set out in Part 1 translate into potential doctrinal guidance for courts in the context of judgments about the intensity and scope of judicial review. Specifically, it explores debates about constructional choice and the making of constitutional implications, and the application of doctrines of proportionality and US-style tiered review. It suggests that the legitimacy of constitutional implications will depend on an amalgam of legal and political factors, and the degree to which implications respond to threats to the “democratic minimum more” or urgent, systemic, and irreversible risks to human dignity. It further shows how attention to risks of electoral and institutional monopoly, democratic blind spots, and burdens of inertia can usefully inform the application of tests of this kind.
The Future and the ‘Second Sophistic’
Authors: Strazdins Estelle
Published: February 2023

This introductory chapter sets the scene by establishing two aspects of elite Greek culture in the Roman empire that have been underexplored in scholarship and that will form the subject of the book. First, the Greek elite’s extensive production of and engagement with both literature and monuments. Second, how monumental permanence, the Greek institution of civic benefaction supported by Roman wealth and privilege, and the canon of great literature enabled and encouraged Greek elites to imagine their own future cultural relevance. The chapter thus argues for the need for an interdisciplinary examination of imperial Greek temporality with a particular focus on the future. Moreover, it situates the book within existing scholarship of the Second Sophistic, and establishes its scope, methodology, and central themes.
The Epitaphic Habit
Authors: Strazdins Estelle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 concentrates on imperial Greek fascination with inscriptions to explore how inscribed monuments are integrated into literary texts, analyse how these textualized memorials are used to construct new temporalities and commemorative meanings, and examine the commemorative deployment of physical inscriptions that act in analogous ways to the literary examples. The chapter argues that imperial Greeks use commemorative landscapes and the monuments embedded within them to create a context for their innovative, future-conscious artistic endeavours, and the temporal and cultural meanings they generate function socially and politically as much as culturally. The commemorative capacity of the artefacts examined is emphasized by how they are shaped by text or their physical context as epitaphic, whether they be boundary markers, altars, honorific inscriptions, or casualty lists. Tombs and epitaphs thus form a focus of discussion. The chapter falls into four main sections. The first establishes cultural influences on elite imperial Greeks in their literary engagement with monuments and the metaphoric application of the monumental to text, drawing especially on Aelius Aristeides’ Sacred Tales and Philostratos’ Lives of the Sophists. The second section probes literary and physical engagement with inscribed monuments that mark boundaries through Philostratos’ In Honour of Apollonius of Tyana, Lucian’s True Stories, and the portrait herms of Herodes Attikos. The final two sections examine, respectively, the literary and physical appropriation of cultural memory for one’s own commemorative purposes in Arrian’s Anabasis and Herodes Attikos’ villa at Loukou-Eva Kynouria.
Conclusion
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

The Conclusion reflects on the writing of the book during the Covid-19 pandemic to argue that, just as the Emergency was comprehended through the literary and non-literary genres in which it was written, so can states of emergency—as events and political/legal constructs—be understood in terms of genre. They are, after all, construed through a similar structure or template, with variation in the details of each iteration. States of emergency are predicated on a series of well-known tropes that mediate the unprecedented and the always-already. Thinking of states of emergency as a genre offers a novel and productive way to analyze individual historic events as well as the more general political phenomenon of states of emergency and the cultures that they draw upon and generate. Finally, the Conclusion argues that if the danger of literary genre-as-object is reification, then its correlate in thinking about the state-of-emergency-as-genre is normalization.
Rant on the Court Martial and Service Law
Authors: Blackett Jeff , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

This book is the most comprehensive analysis of the Service Justice System and is an essential guide for practitioners in the Court Martial and Service Courts. Since the publication of the third edition there have been three quinquennial reviews of the Service Justice System. This fourth edition provides a comprehensive update and reflects the changes introduced by the Armed Forces Acts 2011, 2016, and 2021. As well as providing practical and technical information, it also provides insights into, and commentary on, the rationale for changes. The most significant changes have been introduced by the 2021 Act but not all have been brought into force. A new chapter 10 summarizes those changes, cross referencing the law as it currently stands, so that the book will remain relevant as, and when, they are introduced.
Civilians
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

Some civilians are subject to Service discipline and this chapter explains the jurisdiction or person, place, and time. It reviews the Service Civilian Court and ancillary proceedings in that court
Towards a Metaphysics of Membership
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This chapter addresses two questions. First, what is the metaphysical relation between organizations and their members? Second, how can we account for organizations’ existence as material objects? It aims to address the second question by answering the first question. The chapter argues that the relations of supervenience, causation, and anchoring cannot capture the relation between an organization and its members. Each of these relations holds between an organization and a large number of non-members; therefore, these relations cannot capture what is distinctive of the organization–member relation. The chapter argues that members are most centrally mereological parts of organizations, though it’s also true that some facts about members ground some facts about organizations. The primary relation between members and organizations is, therefore, a relation of mereology, such that organizations’ materiality resides in their members and organizations are located wherever their members are located.
Varieties of Organizational Blameworthiness
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This chapter defends organizations’ blameworthiness through three different lenses: the volitionist lens, the attributivist lens, and the aretaic lens. Each lens focuses on a different aspect of a wrongful entity. The volitionist lens focuses on the will, choices, or intentions of the entity. The attributivist lens focuses on the entity’s evaluative attitudes, over which the entity might never have made a choice. The aretaic lens focuses not on what an entity chooses or values, but on what an entity is—specifically, on an entity’s character flaws or vices. The volitionist lens has been dominant in the literature on group blameworthiness; therefore, the contribution of this chapter is to demonstrate that the attributivist and aretaic lenses are just as applicable to organizations. The chapter works through each of these lenses in turn, arguing that each lens can be used to render organizations blameworthy.
How Members Are Implicated
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This chapter begins by acknowledging that all members are implicated in organizational wrongdoing, in a broad sense of ‘implicated’. However, we often want to differentiate among members, when holding them blameworthy for their connection to organizations’ wrongdoing. To aid this, the chapter provides a taxonomy of the ways in which members can be implicated in the wrongs of their organizations. First, members can be implicated as enactors, which includes ‘principle enactors’ and ‘complicitous enactors’. Second, members can be implicated as endorsers, which involves endorsing an organizational goal, where wrong occurred as part of the organization’s reasonably predictable pursuit of that goal. Third, members can be implicated as omitters, when they fail to take feasible steps to perform their role in a way that pushes against organizational wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

The introduction provides an overview of the key research questions framing the study and sets out the methodology adopted for the present study. It explains the range and utility of the extant corpus of Pugliese documentation and discusses the modern historiography, both on medieval Puglia and on the study of memory, charters, and documentary culture. It establishes the value of analysing charters and documents as important evidence for the preservation and projection of memory and historical narratives that are often not captured in other sources. The introduction also includes an extended contextual discussion of the wider political, social, and religious history of Puglia across the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Iuratus et Interrogatus
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the emergence of inquest and consultation, directed by the monarchy, as a tool which required the reactivation of histories both collective and individual. This mode of inquiry about the past accelerated dramatically from the 1230s, in line with an intensified impetus from the monarchy/empire to build institutional memory and to manage knowledge. The chapter explores all extant evidence of inquests conducted in Puglia and focuses in detail on two of the more extensively documented cases: the Troia–Foggia inquest of the 1220s and the Quaternus De Excandenciis Capitanate (produced between 1248 and 1250) produced for the Capitanata region in northern Puglia.
Definitions of Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines Hobbes’s notorious definition of religion in Leviathan (1651/1668) together with the rather different definition given in De Homine (1658). Although the two definitions are not co-extensive, I argue that they do not contradict one other. Rather, each belongs to a different frame of analysis, the one descriptive and natural-historical, the other prescriptive and rational. Each defines a different kind of mental state or behavior, and each serves a different purpose in Hobbes’s overall system.
Types of interactives
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: February 2023

Taking issue with traditional classifications of interjections, the chapter discusses the ten types of expressions distinguished in interactive grammar, namely attention signals, directives, discourse markers, evaluatives, ideophones, interjections, response elicitors, response signals, social formulae, and vocatives. After having established interactive grammar as a category distinct from sentence grammar in Chapter 1 on the basis of seven definitional properties, Chapter 3 discusses each of the types in detail, pointing out their main characteristics. Special attention is paid, on the one hand, to the place occupied by ideophones, which have in previous work been separated from other types of interactives such as interjections (Section 3.5). On the other hand, the chapter analyzes the role played by interactives in human communication with that in communication with animals (Section 3.11).
The status of interactives
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 has a focus on the ontological status of interactive grammar, describing it as a linguistic and conceptual domain on its own. The chapter is concerned more generally with questions that have plagued previous research, namely what the place of interactives is in the overall space of grammar and discourse, and with whether interactives qualify as ‘words,’ as a ‘system,’ or as ‘marginalia.’ The conclusion drawn is that interactive grammar can in fact be understood to form a system, namely one that is far from being marginal or peripheral, being mutually complementary with sentence grammar. Finally, Section 6.6 summarizes general properties of interactives, suggesting that these properties might reflect an archaic design feature of human language evolution.