bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical and UV properties of a radio‐loud and a radio‐quiet Population A quasar at high redshift
Authors: Deconto‐Machado Alice , del Olmo Ascensión , Marziani Paola , Perea Jaime , Stirpe Giovanna
Published: November 2021

Different properties of quasars may be observed and analyzed through the many ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Pioneering studies showed that an “H‐R diagram” for quasars was needed to organize these data, and that more than two dimensions were necessary: a four‐dimensional Eigenvector (4DE1) parameter space was proposed. The 4DE1 makes use of independent observational properties obtained from the optical and UV emission lines, as well as from the soft‐X rays. The 4DE1 “optical plane,” also known as the quasar Main Sequence (MS), identifies different spectral types in order to describe a consistent picture of QSOs. In this work, we present a spectroscopic analysis focused on the comparison between two sources, one radio‐loud (PKS2000‐330, ) and one radio‐quiet (Q1410+096, ), both showing Population A quasar spectral properties. Optical spectra were observed in the infrared with VLT/ESO, and the additional measures in UV were obtained through the fitting of archive spectra. The analysis was performed through a nonlinear multicomponent decomposition of the emission line profiles. Results are shown in order to highlight the effects of the radio‐loudness on their emission line properties. The two quasars share similar optical spectroscopic properties and are very close on the MS classification while presenting significant differences on the UV data. Both sources show significant blueshifts in the UV lines but important differences in their UV general behavior. While the radio‐quiet source Q1410+096 shows a typical Pop A UV spectrum with similar intensities and shapes on both CIVλ1549 and SiIVλ1392, the UV spectrum of the strong radio‐loud PKS2000‐330 closely resembles the one of Population B of quasars.
Point‐of‐entry water filter for removal of per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances and precursors
Authors: Natarajan Manaswini , Dodds Suzanne , Allard Sebastien , Kaksonen Anna H. , Heitz Anna , Joll Cynthia A.
Published: November 2021

Technologies for per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) removal at a small scale suitable for point‐of‐entry (POE) treatment systems for household or business water supply are not well‐established. In the current study, a POE filter was tested for the removal of PFAS and precursors in groundwater contaminated with aqueous film‐forming foam. Long‐chain PFAS were more effectively removed than short‐chain PFAS. Total oxidizable precursor assays showed that precursors of short‐chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) broke through the filter earlier than routinely measured PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. The dissolved organic carbon removal trend was similar to that of PFAS and precursors. Overall, the POE filter achieved good long‐term removal (up to 7 months household equivalent) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Australian Drinking Water Guidelines‐regulated PFAS. This study provides benchmark data for the long‐term removal of precursors and PFAS using POE treatment systems for household or business water supply impacted by PFAS‐contaminated water.
Rapid cGMP manufacturing of COVID‐19 monoclonal antibody using stable CHO cell pools
Authors: Agostinetto Rita , Rossi Mara , Dawson Jessica , Lim Angela , Simoneau Mirva H. , Boucher Cyril , Valldorf Bernhard , Ross‐Gillespie Adin , Jardine Joseph G. , Sok Devin , Burton Dennis R. , Hassell Thomas , Broly Hervé , Palinsky Wolf , Dupraz Philippe , Feinberg Mark , Dey Antu K.
Published: November 2021

Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, are typically manufactured using clonally derived, stable host cell lines, since consistent and predictable cell culture performance is highly desirable. However, selecting and preparing banks of stable clones takes considerable time, which inevitably extends overall development timelines for new therapeutics by delaying the start of subsequent activities, such as the scale‐up of manufacturing processes. In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, with its intense pressure for accelerated development strategies, we used a novel transposon‐based Leap‐In Transposase® system to rapidly generate high‐titer stable pools and then used them directly for large scale‐manufacturing of an anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 monoclonal antibody under cGMP. We performed the safety testing of our non‐clonal cell bank, then used it to produce material at a 200L‐scale for preclinical safety studies and formulation development work, and thereafter at 2000L scale for supply of material for a Phase 1 clinical trial. Testing demonstrated the comparability of critical product qualities between the two scales and, more importantly, that our final clinical trial product met all pre‐set product quality specifications. The above expediated approach provided clinical trial material within 4.5 months, in comparison to 12–14 months for production of clinical trial material via the conventional approach.
Physical Characterization, Nutrient, Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 16 litchi Cultivars Grown in the Upper Yangtze River Region
Authors: Tan Si , Zhang Hongna , Chen Qin , Tang Yuxin , Yang Jiaqi , Zhang Xin , Li Wenfeng , Shi Shengyou
Published: November 2021

Litchi grown in the upper Yangtze River region have the advantage of being late‐maturing owing to the geographical location. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics, nutritional values, phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of 16 litchi cultivars grown in the upper Yangtze River region. Litchi grown in this region had total soluble solid and ascorbic acid contents comparable with those of cultivars grown in other locations. The total polyphenol contents were determined using the Folin‐Ciocalteu assay, and the phenolic profiles were determined using UPLC‐QqQ‐MS/MS. Nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in this study. Naringin, rutin and p‐coumaric acid were the major phenolic compounds in all the litchi cultivars. Statistical analysis of all the physiochemical results was performed using principal component analysis. Our results indicated that litchi grown in the upper Yangtze River region not only showed the late‐maturity characteristic but were also good dietary sources of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. In particular, ‘Fei Zi Xiao’ and ‘Jing Gang Hong Nuo’, characterized by high polyphenol contents and high antioxidant capacities, were of superior comprehensive quality. This study provides important information for the development of late‐maturing litchi industry.
The first presentation of Wolcott‐Rallison syndrome in a four‐month‐old infant with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) precipitating by COVID‐19: A case report
Authors: Maleki Elham , Baniasad Amir , Sepehran Mina , Davoudian Najmeh
Published: November 2021

Monogenic diabetes mellitus (eg, Wolcott‐Rallison syndrome) is a rare condition. It associates with neonatal or early‐infancy insulin‐dependent diabetes. We reported DKA in the four‐month infant as the first presentation of monogenic diabetes that has accelerated by COVID‐19 infection. Therefore, considering the concurrency of COVID‐19 and DKA is crucial.
Perioperative management including dual cell salvage in a Jehovah's Witness patient undergoing major urological surgery
Authors: Smith Thomas G. , Anastasescu Irina , Wight James M. , Danaee Anicee , Nair Rajesh , O'Brien Tim S.
Published: November 2021

Complex surgery associated with major hemorrhage presents particular risks for Jehovah's Witnesses who do not accept transfusion of blood products. Intraoperative use of two cell saver machines simultaneously can maximize the yield of salvaged blood from both the operative field and from washed surgical swabs and can potentially be life‐saving.
Numerical Investigation of the Capture of Polydisperse Particles by Charged Droplets
Authors: Zuo Ziwen , Wang Lin , Wang Junfeng , Jiang Peng
Published: November 2021

The capture of particles by charged droplets was simulated by considering the electrostatic interactions of droplet‐droplet and droplet‐particle. The results indicate that the electrostatic repulsion between droplets leads to a dynamic accumulation mode of particles. However, the droplet spacing has an insignificant effect on the capture efficiency when the electrostatic deposition predominates. The increase of droplet charge remarkably improves the capture efficiency, in which the capture of fine particles accounts for the largest proportion. Compared to the droplet charge, the droplet size shows a limited improvement in the capture efficiency. Reducing the droplet velocity prolongs the capture time instead of enhancing the capture capacity per unit time, thereby improving capture efficiency.
Preexisting stress‐related diagnoses and mortality: A Danish cancer cohort study
Authors: Collin Lindsay J. , Veres Katalin , Gradus Jaimie L. , Ahern Thomas P. , Lash Timothy L. , Sørensen Henrik Toft
Published: November 2021

Background

This study evaluated the association between preexisting stress‐related diagnoses and mortality in a Danish population–based cancer cohort.

Methods

This study included Danish patients with cancer diagnosed in 1995‐2011 who had a stress‐related diagnosis before their cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients without a prior stress‐related diagnosis were matched 5:1 to the stress disorder cohort by cancer site, age group, calendar period, and sex. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality was computed by stress‐related diagnosis category. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associating stress‐related diagnoses with mortality were computed by follow‐up time, stress‐related diagnosis category, stage, comorbidity status, and cancer type.

Results

This study identified 4437 cancer patients with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis and 22,060 matched cancer cohort members. The 5‐year cumulative risk of cancer‐specific mortality was 33% (95% CI, 32%‐35%) for those with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis and 29% (95% CI, 28%‐29%) for those without a prior stress‐related diagnosis. Cancer patients with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis had a 1.3 times higher cancer‐specific mortality rate than the comparison cohort members (95% CI, 1.2‐1.5). This increase persisted across categories of stress‐related diagnosis. The association varied by stage and cancer type, with more pronounced associations found among those with a late stage at diagnosis and hematological malignancies.

Conclusions

Cancer patients with preexisting stress‐related diagnoses had increased rates of cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality. The results suggest that psychiatric comorbidities may be an important consideration for cancer prognosis, and cancer treatment informed by a patient's history may improve outcomes.
A deep and handcrafted features‐based framework for diagnosis of COVID‐19 from chest x‐ray images
Authors: Bozkurt Ferhat
Published: November 2021

Automatic early diagnosis of COVID‐19 with computer‐aided tools is crucial for disease treatment and control. Radiology images of COVID‐19 and other lung diseases like bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia have common features. Thus, this similarity makes it difficult for radiologists to detect COVID‐19 cases. A reliable method for classifying non‐COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 chest x‐ray images could be useful to reduce triage process and diagnose. In this study, we develop an original framework (HANDEFU) that supports handcrafted, deep, and fusion‐based feature extraction techniques for feature engineering. The user interactively builds any model by selecting feature extraction technique and classification method through the framework. Any feature extraction technique and model could then be added dynamically to the library of software at a later time upon request. The novelty of this study is that image preprocessing and diverse feature extraction and classification techniques are assembled under an original framework. In this study, this framework is utilized for diagnosing COVID‐19 from chest x‐ray images on an open‐access dataset. All of the experimental results and performance evaluations on this dataset are performed with this software. In experimental studies, COVID‐19 prediction is performed by 27 different models through software. The superior performance with accuracy of 99.36% is obtained by LBP+SVM model.
Production of 10‐Hydroxy‐2‐decenoic Acid from Decanoic Acid via Whole‐Cell Catalysis in Engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Junqing , Wang Fen , Wang Li , Wang Leilei , Xu Ziqi , Yuan Haibo , Yang Xiaohui , Li Piwu , Su Jing , Wang Ruiming
Published: November 2021

10‐Hydroxy‐2‐decenoic acid (10‐HDA) is a terminal hydroxylated medium‐chain α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acid that performs various unique physiological activities and has a wide market value. Therefore, development of an environmentally friendly, safe, and high‐efficiency route to synthesize 10‐HDA is required. Here, the β‐oxidation pathway of Escherichia coli was modified and a P450 terminal hydroxylase (CYP153A33‐CPRBM3) was rationally designed to synthesize 10‐HDA using decanoic acid as a substrate via two‐step whole‐cell catalysis. Different homologues of FadDs, FadEs, and YdiIs were analyzed in the first step of the conversion of decanoic acid to trans‐ ‐2‐ decenoic acid. In the second step, CYP153A33 (M228L)‐CPRBM3 efficiently catalyzed the conversion of trans‐ ‐2‐ decenoic acid to 10‐HDA. Finally, 217 mg L−1 10‐HDA was obtained with 500 mg L−1 decanoic acid. This study provides a strategy for biosynthesis of 10‐HDA and other α, β‐unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives from specific fatty acids.
Clustering based on comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure: an illustration of clinical diversity
Authors: Uszko‐Lencer Nicole H.M.K. , Janssen Daisy J.A. , Gaffron Swetlana , Vanfleteren Lowie E.G.W. , Janssen Eefje , Werter Christ , Franssen Frits M.E. , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Rechberger Simon , Brunner La Rocca Hans‐Peter , Spruit Martijn A.
Published: November 2021

Aims

It is increasingly recognized that the presence of comorbidities substantially contributes to the disease burden in patients with heart failure (HF). Several reports have suggested that clustering of comorbidities can lead to improved characterization of the disease phenotypes, which may influence management of the individual patient. Therefore, we aimed to cluster patients with HF based on medical comorbidities and their treatment and, subsequently, compare the clinical characteristics between these clusters.

Methods and results

A total of 603 patients with HF entering an outpatient HF rehabilitation programme were included [median age 65 years (interquartile range 56–71), 57% ischaemic origin of cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular ejection fraction 35% (26–45)]. Exercise performance, daily life activities, disease‐specific health status, coping styles, and personality traits were assessed. In addition, the presence of 12 clinically relevant comorbidities was recorded, based on targeted diagnostics combined with applicable pharmacotherapies. Self‐organizing maps (SOMs; www.viscovery.net) were used to visualize clusters, generated by using a hybrid algorithm that applies the classical hierarchical cluster method of Ward on top of the SOM topology. Five clusters were identified: (1) a least comorbidities cluster; (2) a cachectic/implosive cluster; (3) a metabolic diabetes cluster; (4) a metabolic renal cluster; and (5) a psychologic cluster. Exercise performance, daily life activities, disease‐specific health status, coping styles, personality traits, and number of comorbidities were significantly different between these clusters.

Conclusions

Distinct combinations of comorbidities could be identified in patients with HF. Therapy may be tailored based on these clusters as next step towards precision medicine. The effect of such an approach needs to be prospectively tested.
Microscale electrokinetic‐based analysis of intact cells and viruses
Authors: Vaghef‐Koodehi Alaleh , Lapizco‐Encinas Blanca H.
Published: November 2021

Miniaturized electrokinetic methods have proven to be robust platforms for the analysis and assessment of intact microorganisms, offering short response times and higher integration than their bench‐scale counterparts. The present review article discusses three types of electrokinetic‐based methodologies: electromigration or motion‐based techniques, electrode‐based electrokinetics, and insulator‐based electrokinetics. The fundamentals of each type of methodology are discussed and relevant examples from recent reports are examined, to provide the reader with an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art on the latest advancements on the analysis of intact cells and viruses with microscale electrokinetic techniques. The concluding remarks discuss the potential applications and future directions.
Exploration of operating conditions on oxygen mass transport resistance and performance of PEM fuel cells: Effects of inlet gas humidification
Authors: Reshetenko Tatyana V. , Ben Bonnie L.
Published: November 2021

This work presents comprehensive studies of inlet gas humidification on O2mass transport and proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance to obtain a better understanding of transport processes at a cathode gas diffusion electrode. The O2mass transport resistance was determined employing our segmented cell system and a novel method based on the distribution of the spatial limiting currents using 5% vol. O2mixtures with various balance gases from He to C3H8. Variation of the molecular weight of the balance gas resulted in the determination of O2mass transport resistance due to Knudsen diffusion as well as diffusion and dissolution through liquid and ionomer films in a cathode catalyst layer (RK+film) and gas phase (Rm, N2). The application of a gas diffusion layer with and without a microporous layer (MPL) allowed us to separate contributions from the cathode catalyst layer (RK+film, CCL) and MPL (RMPL). The data demonstrated thatRK+film, CCLsignificantly decreased from 92.36 to 52.83 s/m at 32 and 100% relative humidity, respectively, due to the effect of humidification on gas permeability through the ionomer. At the same time,Rm, N2decreased slightly with gas humidification, whileRMPLincreased slightly. The results showed that fuel cell performance improved with a decrease in permeability mass transport overpotentials andRK+film, CCL. An analysis of the data demonstrated correlations between operating conditions, the mass transport parameters of the cathode gas diffusion electrodes, fuel cell performance, and voltage losses.
Numerical modeling of groundwater‐driven stream network evolution in low‐relief post‐glacial landscapes
Authors: Cullen Cecilia , Anders Alison M. , Lai Jingtao , Druhan Jennifer L.
Published: November 2021

In the low‐relief post‐glacial landscapes of the Central Lowlands of the United States, fluvial networks formed and expanded following deglaciation despite the low slopes and large fraction of the land surface occupied by closed depressions. Low relief topography allows for subtle surface water divides and increases the likelihood that groundwater divides do not coincide with surface water divides. We investigate how groundwater transfer across subtle surface water divides facilitates channel network expansion using a numerical model built on the Landlab platform. Our model simulates surface and subsurface water routing and fluvial erosion. We consider two end‐member scenarios for surface water routing, one in which surface water in closed depressions is forced to connect to basin outlets (routing) and one in which surface water in closed depressions is lost to evapotranspiration (no routing). Groundwater is modeled as fully saturated flow within a confined aquifer. Groundwater emerges as surface water where the landscape has eroded to a specified depth. We held the total water flux constant and varied the fraction of water introduced as groundwater versus precipitation. Channel growth is significantly faster in routing cases than no‐routing cases given identical groundwater fractions. In both routing and no‐routing cases, channel expansion is fastest when ~30% of the total water enters the system as groundwater. Groundwater contributions also produce distinctive morphology including steepened channel profiles below groundwater seeps. Groundwater head gradients evolve with topography and groundwater‐fed channels can grow more quickly than channels with larger surface water catchments. We conclude that rates of channel network growth in low‐relief post‐glacial areas are sensitive to groundwater contributions. More broadly, our findings suggest that landscape evolution models may benefit from more detailed representation of hydrologic processes.
Model-supported decision-making at a contaminated sediment site: Post-audit and site closure
Authors: Glaser David , Russell Kevin , Rhea James , Ku Wen , Reidy Deirdre , Cepko Russell
Published: November 2021

Computer simulation models have been used to support decision-making at contaminated sediment sites for decades. Nonetheless, their reliability in remedial decision-making has been questioned, and there is a need for retrospective studies of the accuracy of model predictions, that is, post-audits. The Neal's Landfill site near Bloomington, Indiana, provides an example of the successful use of a mathematical simulation model in the selection of a remedy for a site that includes streams with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-affected sediment, water, and fish. A chemical fate and transport and bioaccumulation computer simulation model was developed to compare the effectiveness of alternative remediation plans in reducing fish total PCB concentrations. A post-audit of the model, using several years of data collected after remediation, demonstrates that the model successfully predicted declines in surface water and fish tissue PCB concentrations over a decade, including those associated with longer term natural recovery processes as well as the response to remedial actions. The model predicted, and the post-audit bore out, that risk-based goals would be met using an alternative less extensive than others under consideration. An uncertainty analysis, based on bounding model calculations, provided important support for decision-making, as did the inclusion of a statistical Remedy Confirmation Clause in the Consent Decree for the site. This study demonstrates the utility of a computer simulation model to guide remedial decision-making at a contaminated sediment site. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1233–1245. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

KEY POINTS

The Neal's Landfill site provides an example of the successful use of a chemical fate and transport and bioaccumulation computer simulation model in selecting a remedy for a PCB-affected stream. The model, including an uncertainty analysis based on bounding model calculations, provided important support for decision-making. A post-audit demonstrated that the model successfully predicted that risk-based goals would be met using an alternative less extensive than others under consideration.
Is night‐time surgical procedure for renal graft at higher risk than during the day? A single center study cohort of 179 patients
Authors: Treacy Patrick Julien , Barthe Flora , Bentellis Imad , Falagario Ugo Giovanni , Prudhomme Thomas , Imbert de La Phalecque Laetitia , Shaikh Aysha , Albano Laetitia , Chevallier Daniel , Durand Matthieu
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Various surgical centers tend to postpone a kidney transplantation (KT) to the following morning than to operate at night‐time.

The objective of our study was to assess whether there was any difference between daytime and night‐time renal transplantation in our institution.

Method

This study is a retrospective monocentric study including all the KTs that were performed between 2012 and 2013 by transplant expert surgeons in our institution. Clavien‐Dindo (CD) complications were classified according to 7 variables going from 1 to 5. Time before postgraft diuresis and delayed graft function (DGF) were also analyzed. Two groups of patients were formed according to threshold value of incision time (6.30 p.m.). Data comparison were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test.

Results

A total of 179 patients were included. Median follow‐up was 24 months. Cold ischemia time was longer in the night‐time transplantation (1082 vs. 807 min, p < .001), but rewarming time was shorter (47.24 vs. 52.15 min, p = .628). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups using the Kruskal–Wallis method for CD complications (Qobs: 0.076; p = .735). CD complications proportion was similar, with a majority of grade II complications (72.7% daytime group vs. 75.4% night‐time group (p = .735). DGF (19 patients for daytime group vs. 13 patients for night‐time group, p = .359) and time before postgraft diuresis (4.65 days daytime group vs. 5.27 days night‐time group, p = .422) were similar between both groups. Multivariate analysis did not show significant predictors of CD complications Grade 3 and more.

Conclusion

Night‐time renal transplantation did not induce more postoperative CD complications than diurnal procedures in our cohort, challenging the false preconceptions that allow surgical teams to delay this surgery.
An evaluation of trial‐based functional analyses of inappropriate mealtime behavior
Authors: Andersen Ashley S. , Hansen Bethany A. , Peterson Kathryn M.
Published: November 2021

Functional analyses allow clinicians to develop treatment targeting the variables maintaining a child's inappropriate mealtime behavior (Bachmeyer et al., 2019). Extended functional analyses can be inefficient, potentially delaying the onset of treatment. Researchers have suggested a trial‐based functional analysis can increase assessment efficiency (Saini, Fisher, et al., 2019). This study compared trial‐based functional analyses to extended functional analyses to determine the variables maintaining inappropriate mealtime behavior. We compared the efficiency and acceptability and evaluated treatments informed by the analyses. Exact correspondence between analyses was low (29%); however, most treatments indicated by the trial‐based functional analyses (80%) resulted in improvements in the child's target behavior. The trial‐based functional analysis required 71% less time than the extended functional analysis, and caregivers found analyses equally acceptable. Future researchers should continue refining trial‐based functional analysis procedures to provide an efficient assessment that leads to efficacious treatment.
Mushroom tyrosinase immobilized in metal–organic frameworks as an excellent catalyst for both catecholic product synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment
Authors: Wei Chun‐Mei , Feng Chao‐Yun , Li Shuangfei , Zou Yong , Yang Zhen
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained increasing attention with ever‐expanding applications. Developing new MOF‐based immobilized enzymes with new applications is required, not only for demonstrating the generality and applicability of using MOFs for enzyme immobilization, but also to provide potential biocatalysts for industrial applications. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of immobilizing mushroom tyrosinase on zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), with two new applications being developed.

RESULTS

Upon immobilization through a one‐pot in situ encapsulation approach, the resultant tyrosinase@ZIF‐8 was characterized in structural features and catalytic properties. It was much more stable against pH and temperature relative to the free enzyme. The new biocatalyst was highly efficient in catalyzing the synthesis of catecholic products with pharmacological benefits (l‐DOPA, piceatannol and 3′‐hydroxypterostilbene) and in eliminating phenolic pollutants (phenol, p‐cresol, p‐chlorophenol). Excellent productivities were obtained for the synthesis of the three catecholic products (0.14, 1.38 and 1.46 g L−1 h−1, respectively). A complete removal of the three phenolic pollutants was achieved within 2.5 h, superior to other processes mediated by the same enzyme, or others, immobilized on different supports. The reusability of the new biocatalyst can be remarkably improved by entrapment into polyvinyl alcohol‐alginate gel.

CONCLUSIONS

Tyrosinase can be immobilized on a new type of MOF with advantages such as easy preparation and excellent catalytic performance. This novel immobilization strategy for tyrosinase offers an excellent biocatalyst potent for both catecholic product synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Hidden equivalence in the operant demand framework: A review and evaluation of multiple methods for evaluating nonconsumption
Authors: Gilroy Shawn P.
Published: November 2021

Operant translations of behavioral economic concepts and principles have enhanced the ability of researchers to characterize the effects of reinforcers on behavior. Operant behavioral economic models of choice (i.e., Operant Demand) have been particularly useful in evaluating how the consumption of reinforcers is affected by various ecological factors (e.g., price, limited resources). Prevailing perspectives in the Operant Demand Framework are derived from the framework presented in Hursh and Silberberg (2008). Few dispute the utility of this framework and model, though debate continues regarding how to address the challenges associated with logarithmic scaling. At present, there are competing views regarding the handling of nonconsumption (i.e., 0 consumption values) and under which situations that alternative restatements of this framework are recommended. The purpose of this report was to review the shared mathematical bases for the Hursh and Silberberg and Koffarnus et al. (2015) models and how each can accommodate nonconsumption values. Simulations derived from those featured in Koffarnus et al. were used to conduct tests of equivalence between modeling strategies while controlling for interpretations of residual error as well as the absolute lower limit. Simulations and proofs were provided to illustrate how neither the Hursh and Silberberg nor Koffarnus et al. models can characterize demand at 0 and how both ultimately arrive at the same upper and lower limits. These findings are discussed, and recommendations are provided to build consensus related to zero consumption values in the Operant Demand Framework.
Asymptotic confirmation of the Faudree–Lehel conjecture on irregularity strength for all but extreme degrees
Authors: Przybyło Jakub
Published: November 2021

The irregularity strength of a graph , , is the least admitting a ‐weighting of the edges of assuring distinct weighted degrees of all vertices, or equivalently the least possible maximal edge multiplicity in an irregular multigraph obtained of via multiplying some of its edges. The most well‐known open problem concerning this graph invariant is the conjecture posed in 1987 by Faudree and Lehel that there exists a constant such that for each ‐regular graph with vertices and (while a straightforward counting argument yields ). The best known results towards this imply that for every ‐regular graph with vertices and , while if . We show that the conjecture of Faudree and Lehel holds asymptotically in the cases when is neither very small nor very close to . We in particular prove that for large enough and , , and thereby we show that then. We moreover prove the latter to hold already when , where is an arbitrary positive constant.
Experiences, perceptions and potential impact of community‐based mentor mothers supporting pregnant and postpartum women with HIV in Kenya: a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Helova Anna , Onono Maricianah , Abuogi Lisa L. , Hampanda Karen , Owuor Kevin , Odwar Tobias , Krishna Sandhya , Odhiambo Gladys , Odeny Thomas , Turan Janet M.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Community‐based mentor mothers (cMMs) are women living with HIV who provide peer support to pregnant/postpartum women living with HIV (PWLWH) to enhance antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, retention in care and prevent perinatal transmission of HIV. The goal of this study was to explore the experiences, perceptions, mechanisms and health impact of cMMs on PWLWH in Kenya from the perspective of cMMs.

Methods

We conducted a prospective mixed‐methods study in southwestern Kenya in 2015–2018. In the qualitative phase, we completed in‐depth interviews with cMMs to explore their perceptions and experiences in supporting PWLWH. Transcripts were broad‐coded according to identified themes, then fine‐coded using an inductive approach. In the quantitative phase, we analysed medical record data from PWLWH who were randomized in the cMM intervention to examine the impact of cMM visits on optimal prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT). We used cluster‐adjusted generalized estimating equation models to examine relationships with a composite outcome (facility delivery, infant HIV testing, ART adherence and undetectable viral load at 6 weeks postpartum). Finally, qualitative and quantitative results were integrated.

Results

Convergence of findings from cMM interviews (n= 24) and PWLWH medical data (n= 589) revealed: (1) The cMM intervention was utilized and perceived as acceptable. PWLWH received, on average, 6.2 of 8 intended home visits through 6 weeks postpartum. (2) The cMMs reported serving as role models and confidantes, supporting PWLWH's acceptance of their HIV status, providing assurances about PMTCT and assisting with male partner disclosure and communication. cMMs also described benefits for themselves, including empowerment and increased income. (3) The cMM visits supported PWLWH's completion of PMTCT steps. Having ≥4 cMM home visits up to 6 weeks postpartum, as compared to <4 visits, was associated with higher likelihood of an optimal PMTCT composite outcome (adjusted relative risk 1.42,p= 0.044).

Conclusions

We found that peer support from cMMs during pregnancy through 6 weeks postpartum was associated with improved uptake of critical PMTCT services and health behaviours and was perceived as beneficial for cMMs themselves. CMM support of PWLWH may be valuable for other low‐resource settings to improve engagement with lifelong ART and HIV services among PWLWH.
Severity of Intracranial Large Artery Disease Correlates With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Wang Xue‐yang , Lyu Jin‐hao , Zhang Sen‐hao , Duan Cao‐hui , Duan Qi , Ma Xiao‐xiao , Zhang Ting‐yang , Zhang Jing , Tian Cheng‐lin , Lou Xin
Published: November 2021

Background

Small vessel disease (SVD) shares common vascular risk factors with large artery disease (LAD). However, little is known about the relationship between intracranial artery stenosis and SVD burden.

Purpose

To investigate whether SVD burden correlates with severity of intracranial LAD.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Five hundred and sixteen patients with LAD of arterial circulation were enrolled from one hospital, including 384 males (59 ± 11 years) and 132 females (60 ± 12 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T. T1‐weighted fast spin echo (T1W FSE), T2W FSE, T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion‐weighted imaging, susceptibility‐weight imaging, and time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography.

Assessment

The LAD was divided into mild stenosis (<30%), moderate stenosis (30%–69%), and severe stenosis (≥70%). The Standard for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging criteria was used to rate the SVD burden according to the level of white matter hyperintensity (WMH), perivascular space (PVS), cerebral microbleed (CMB), and lacunes.

Statistical Tests

Lilliefors test, ANOVA, chi‐squared test, Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Bonferroni test, Spearman's correlation, logistic regression, and Cohen's kappa test.

Results

The grade scores for centrum semiovale PVS (CS‐PVS) were positively correlated with the degree of stenosis (R = 0.413), whereas the presence of severe basal ganglia PVS (BG‐PVS) was associated with CMB (R = 0.508), lacunes (R = 0.365), and severe WMH (R = 0.478). In multivariate analysis, severe CS‐PVS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–4.8) and lacunes (aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3–3.4) were associated with severe stenosis of LAD. In addition, CS‐PVS was related to severe stenosis in a dose‐dependent manner: when CS‐PVS score was 3 and 4, the aORs of severe stenosis were 1.9 and 7.7, respectively.

Data Conclusion

The severity of LAD in anterior circulation is associated with SVD burden, which suggests that different SVD burden may be used for risk stratification in LAD.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Adherence with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: Trends, risk factors, and outcomes
Authors: Arbel Anat , Abu‐Ful Zomoroda , Preis Meir , Cohen Shai , Saliba Walid
Published: November 2021

Background

Adherence to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remains a concern among non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. We aimed to assess patterns of adherence with DOACs and examine their association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism (SE).

Methods

This retrospective cohort study includes all adult members of Clalit Health Services, the largest healthcare provider in Israel, with newly diagnosed non‐valvular AF between January 2014 and March 2019, who initiated DOACs within 90 days of AF diagnosis and used DOACs exclusively. Adherence was assessed using the proportion of days covered (PDC) over the first year of treatment, and high adherence was defined as PDC ≥80%. Regression models were used to identify predictors of high adherence to DOACs and to examine the association between adherence and stroke or SE.

Results

Overall 15,255 patients were included in this study. The proportion of highly adherent (PDC ≥80%) DOACs users was around 75% and decreased slightly over the years. On multivariable analyses, the likelihood of high adherence to DOACs increased with age and across higher socioeconomic classes, and was more likely among females, Jews, statins users, and patients with CHA2DS2‐VASc score ≥2. Risk of stroke and SE was lower among highly adherent DOACs users; adjusted HR 0.56 (95% CI, 0.45–0.71), compared to users with PDC <80%.

Conclusions

Adherence with DOACs is still sub‐optimal among non‐valvular AF patients, resulting in a higher risk of stroke and SE.
Effects of psyllium fiber on in vitro digestion and structure of different types of starches
Authors: Sevilmis Basak , Sensoy Ilkay
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Starch digestibility in foods strongly depends on the structure, other ingredients and processing conditions used. This study aimed to investigate the effect of psyllium fiber on gelatinization, crystallinity and in vitro digestibility of starches having different crystalline structures (A, B and C). Wheat, potato and tapioca starches with and without added psyllium fiber were heated at 90 °C for 10 min at three different solid:water (w:v) ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:5). The added fiber content was 50% (dry base) in the solid fraction for the fiber‐added samples.

RESULTS

Wheat, potato and tapioca starches showed different structural, morphological and starch digestibility properties. The effect of cooking and fiber addition on starch digestion differed for the starch types, mainly wheat starch. Psyllium addition during cooking decreased the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) fractions while increasing the slowly digestible starch (SDS) and remaining/resistant starch (RS) fractions. The effect of psyllium fiber addition was not limited to restricting the swelling and gelatinization of starch granules during heating. Psyllium fiber effectively restricted the mobility of digestive enzymes during digestion.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the relationship between psyllium and starch digestibility for different types of starch could assist in designing food formulations with lower starch digestibility. These in vitro data, however, should be confirmed by in vivo studies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in air using solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Bukenov Bauyrzhan , Baimatova Nassiba , Kenessov Bulat
Published: November 2021

Quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in ambient air is important for assessing the environmental impact of heavy rocket launches. There are very little data of such analyses, which is mainly caused by the low number of analytes covered by the available analytical methods and their complexity. A simple and cost‐efficient method for accurate simultaneous determination of seven unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in air using solid‐phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was developed. The method was optimized for air sampling and solid‐phase microextraction from 20‐mL vials, which allows full automation of analysis. The extraction for 5 min by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber from amber vials and desorption for 3 min provided the greatest analytes' responses, lowest relative standard deviations, linear calibration (R2 ≥ 0.99), and limits of detection from 0.12 to 0.5 μg/m3. Samples with concentrations 500 μg/m3 can be stored at 21 ± 1°C without substantial losses (1–11%) for up to 24 h, while air samples with concentrations 10 and 50 μg/m3 stored for up to 24 h can be used for accurate quantification of only two and four out of seven analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of air above real soil samples contaminated with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine rocket fuel.
Clinical Perineural Invasion and Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wu Michael P. , Reinshagen Katherine L. , Cunnane Mary B. , Shalhout Sophia Z. , Kaufman Howard L. , Miller David , Emerick Kevin S.
Published: November 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe outcomes of advanced head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) with clinical perineural invasion (cPNI) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and to describe post‐treatment radiographic findings in the context of clinical response to treatment using a new grading system.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Retrospective chart review was performed for 11 patients treated with ICI for head and neck cSCC with cPNI of large named nerves. The primary outcome was response to treatment as defined by radiographic and clinical evidence. Clinical responses were defined as improvement in symptoms of neuropathic pain, hypoesthesia, nerve weakness, or decrease in visible tumor. Imaging studies were graded based on a new classification system for perineural invasion and reviewed by two neuroradiologists since RECISTv1.1 is inadequate to adjudicate response in these patients.

Results

Nine (82%) patients had radiographic perineural disease control on ICI. Eight patients had improved radiographic perineural disease and one had stable disease. Of these, complete resolution of radiographic evidence of perineural disease was seen in only one patient. Seven (64%) patients had clinical responses, with either improved or stable radiographic disease.

Conclusions

ICI therapy is a viable treatment option for head and neck cSCC with cPNI. Radiographic and clinical evidence of response correlate well, with improvement in neuropathic pain being the most sensitive clinical marker of response. Even with favorable findings on repeat imaging and stable clinical course, complete resolution of perineural thickening and enhancement is rare. A grading system for classifying changes in perineural disease over time is proposed.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1213–1218, 2022
Effects of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation on COVID‐19
Authors: Yilmaz Yetkin Zeki , Yilmaz Begum Bahar , Ozdemir Yusuf Emre , Kocazeybek Bekir Sami , Karaali Ridvan , Çakan Doğan , Ozdogan Hasan Ahmet , Batioglu‐Karaaltin Aysegul
Published: November 2021

Objective

The causative agent of COVID‐19 is a novel member of coronaviridaes, SARS‐CoV‐2. It has been reported that the spike (S) protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 is responsible of infectivity. The S protein is demonstrated to be inactivated under environmental condition, such as hypertonicity and alkaline pH. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation (HANI) on SARS‐CoV‐2.

Methods

Sixty patients divided into two groups. The patients in Group 1 used hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and the patients in Group 2 used HCQ and HANI. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected at the beginning, on 3rd and 7th day of the PCR test positivity. The nasopharyngeal viral load (NVL) changes analyzed with quantitative PCR.

Results

NVL decrease in weekly period was statistically significant for both groups, when the difference between NVL day 0 and 3rd in Group 1 and NVL difference between day 0 and 3rd in Group 2 were compared. The difference between Groups 1 and 2 in terms of NVL change was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

We demonstrated a significant decrease in nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 load with HANI solution and suggest that HANI may be promising modality for the COVID‐19 treatment.

Level of evidence

IB
Targets for improving disparate head and neck cancer outcomes in the low‐income population
Authors: Entezami Payam , Thomas Bennett , Mansour Jobran , Asarkar Ameya , Nathan Cherie‐Ann , Pang John
Published: November 2021

Low‐income patients have worse head and neck cancer outcomes than those with high‐income. Yet, few targets have been identified to specifically improve outcomes in the low‐income population. Here, we conduct a review on the current literature on head and neck cancer outcomes in the low‐income population and identify targets for intervention. The degree of disparity is in the range of 20%‐90% worse overall survival in the low‐income population. Eliminating smoking would have the greatest effect on head and neck cancer mortality rates in the low‐income population. Additionally, access to oral cancer exams, assistance with transportation, and continued expansion of telemedicine would facilitate early diagnosis and timely treatment in patients who develop head and neck cancer.
Some generalisations of Schur's and Baer's theorem and their connection with homological algebra
Authors: Donadze Guram , García‐Martínez Xabier
Published: November 2021

Schur's theorem and its generalisation, Baer's theorem, are distinguished results in group theory, connecting the upper central quotients with the lower central series. The aim of this paper is to generalise these results in two different directions, using novel methods related with the non‐abelian tensor product. In particular, we prove a version of Schur–Baer theorem for finitely generated groups. Then, we apply these newly obtained results to describe the k‐nilpotent multiplier, for , and other invariants of groups.