bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Superficial Glia Limitans of Mouse and Monkey Brain and Spinal Cord
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhaohuan , Guo Wei , Burnstock Geoffrey , He Cheng , Xiang Zhenghua
Published: June 2014

Using the double immunostaining method, the glia limitans on the surfaces of mouse and monkey brain and spinal cord were studied systematically. The results showed that the superficial glia limitans of mouse brain and spinal cord comprise a layer of surface astrocytes, while the glia limitans of monkey comprise a layer of foot‐plates from marginal regions as described in histology and neuroscience textbooks. These surface astrocytes first appear at embryonic day (E)16 in spinal cord and at E17 on the ventral surface of the brain. At postnatal day (P)1, a layer of astrocytes covered the outermost regions of the spinal cord. At P10, the layer of astrocytes also covered the brain surface. The highest proliferation rates of surface astrocytes were found at E17 in the spinal cord and at E18 in the forebrain. Anat Rec, 296:995–1007, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with Microvilli of the Polar Human Gastric Epithelial Cell Line NCI‐N87
Authors: Diesing Anne‐Kathrin , Nossol Constanze , Faber‐Zuschratter Heidi , Zuschratter Werner , Renner Lydia , Sokolova Olga , Naumann Michael , Rothkötter Hermann‐Josef
Published: June 2014

Infection with Helicobacter pylori results often in chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers or even gastric tumor development. Little is known about the initial interaction between gastric epithelial cells and H. pylori. The aim of the present study was to analyze the initial host contact to the bacteria. Monolayers of the human gastric epithelial cell line NCI‐N87 grown on porous membranes were used and the apical side of the epithelium was exposed to the H. pylori wild‐type strain P1 for 1 hr. Many epithelial cells were colonized by bacteria within the period of 60 min. Using scanning electron microscopy we detected that the bacteria were in close contact with the epithelia via microvilli. Further, transmission electron microscopy of the contact sites revealed no difference in the morphology of the microvilli in comparison to those not attached to the bacteria. The present study demonstrates the importance of microvilli on apical epithelial cells during the initial contact of the host by colonizing H. pylori. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 The Authors. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Association of Anatomists.
Somatotopy of the Neurons Innervating the Cricothyroid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid, and Thyroarytenoid Muscles of the Rat's Larynx
Authors: Hernández‐Morato Ignacio , Pascual‐Font Arán , Ramírez Carlos , Matarranz‐Echeverría Jorge , Mchanwell Stephen , Vázquez Teresa , Sañudo Jose R. , Valderrama‐Canales Francisco J.
Published: June 2014

Neurons innervating the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are located within the nucleus ambiguus but the precise distribution of the neurons for each muscle is still a matter for debate. The purpose of this study was to finely determine the position and the number of the neurons innervating the intrinsic laryngeal muscles cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid in the rat. The study was carried out in a total of 28 Sprague Dawley rats. The B subunit of the cholera toxin was employed as a retrograde tracer to determine the locations, within the nucleus ambiguus, of the neurons of these intrinsic laryngeal muscles following intramuscular injection. The labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the nucleus ambiguus grouped in discrete populations with reproducible rostrocaudal and dorsoventral locations among the sample of animals. Neurons innervating the cricothyroid muscle were located the most rostral of the three populations, neurons innervating the posterior cricoarytenoid were found more caudal, though there was a region of rostrocaudal overlap between these two populations. The most caudal were the neurons innervating the thyroarytenoid muscle, presenting a variable degree of overlap with the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. The mean number (±SD) of labelled neurons was found to be 41 ± 9 for the cricothyroid, 39 ± 10 for the posterior cricoarytenoid and 33 ± 12 for the thyroarytenoid. Anat Rec, 296:470–479, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Penile Anatomy and Hypotheses of Erectile Function in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis): Muscular Eversion and Elastic Retraction
Authors: Kelly D.A.
Published: June 2014

The intromittent organs of most amniotes contain variable‐volume hydrostatic skeletons that are stored in a flexible state and inflate with fluid before or during copulation. However, the penis in male crocodilians is notable because its shaft does not seem to change either its shape or bending stiffness as blood enters its vascular spaces before copulation. Here I report that crocodilians may have evolved a mechanism for penile shaft erection that does not require inflation and detumescence. Dissections of the cloaca in sexually mature male American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) show that the cross section of the proximal shaft of the alligator penis contains dense collagenous tissues that do not significantly change shape when fluid is added to the central vascular space. The large amount of collagen in the wall and central space of the alligator penis stiffen the structure so it can be simply everted for copulation and rapidly retracted at its completion. Because no muscles insert directly onto the penis, eversion and retraction must be produced indirectly. My results suggest that the contraction of paired levator cloacae muscles around the anterior end of the cloaca rotates the penis out of the cloacal opening and strains the ligamentum rami that connect the base of the penis to the ischia. When the cloacal muscles relax, the elastic recoil of the ligamentum rami can return the penis to its original position inside the cloaca. Anat Rec, 296:488–494, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covariation Between Midline Cranial Base, Lateral Basicranium, and Face in Modern Humans and Chimpanzees: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Analysis
Authors: Neaux Dimitri , Guy Franck , Gilissen Emmanuel , Coudyzer Walter , Ducrocq Stéphane
Published: June 2014

Previous studies showed that in modern humans the basicranium is formed of two modules: the midline cranial base and the lateral basicranium which are integrated with the face in very different ways. The study of the relationship between these structures is of prime interest in the context of hominids craniofacial evolutionary history. In this study, we aim to test if the relationship between the midline cranial base and the face on one hand and the lateral basicranium and the face on the other hand are qualitatively and quantitatively different in modern humans and chimpanzees: two phylogenetically close but morphologically different hominids. This work is performed using three‐dimensional (3D) landmarks to take into account the face and basicranium 3D shape. Modern humans and chimpanzees both exhibit a significant relationship between lateral basicranium and face, and a nonsignificant relationship between midline cranial base and face. However, the patterns of integration are different for the two species. These results underscore the essential role of the lateral basicranial shape in the setting of the facial morphology in modern humans and chimpanzees. The important differences in the patterns of integration may be related to the genetic, developmental, and functional requirements of each taxon, acquired along their respective evolution. From a common, tight, relationship between lateral basicranium, and face, each taxon may develop different patterns of integration in order to adapt to particular functions and morphologies. Anat Rec, 296:568–579, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of Transcription Factor Satb2 in Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Huang Ying , Song Ning‐Ning , Lan Wei , Hu Ling , Su Chang‐Jun , Ding Yu‐Qiang , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2014

Previous investigations on the expression and function of special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2 (Satb2) are largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Here, we explore the expression of Satb2 thoroughly by immunohistochemistry in the adult mouse central nervous system (CNS). Besides the cerebral cortex, we found that Satb2 is specifically expressed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, rostral periolivary region, and parabrachial nucleus. Double immunostaining showed that Satb2 is exclusively expressed in the excitatory neurons of neocortex. In addition, Satb2 is specifically expressed in A12 group of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons and in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Our results present a comprehensive overview of Satb2 expression in the adult brain and provide insights for studying the role of Satb2 in the mature CNS. Anat Rec, 296:452–461, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Modularity in the Evolution of Primate Postcanine Dental Formula: Integrating Jaw Space With Patterns of Dentition
Authors: Ribeiro Mariana M. , de Andrade Simone C. , de Souza Ana Paula , Line Sergio R.P.
Published: June 2014

The assembly of a phenotype into modules or developmental fields, which are semiautonomous units in development and function, seems to be one of the strategies to increase the capacity to produce phenotypic variation. In mammals the upper dentition is formed on two distinct developmental units, wherein incisors are formed on the primary palate, which is derived from the embryonic frontonasal process, and the other teeth (canine, premolar, and molar) are formed on the alveolar bone, which is derived from the maxillary process (termed herein as PALATE2). The aim of the present work was to analyze the variations in size and number of premolar and molar teeth in primate dentition and to correlate these morphometrical parameters with the relative size of these tooth classes with respect to PALATE2. Furthermore, we seek to understand to what extent the changes in the relative size of premolar and molar fields can influence the size of each tooth within its respective field, and how these parameters connect with the variations in the dental formula that occurred during primate evolution. The data presented here not only indicate that premolar and molar fields can be seen as submodules of a larger and hierarchically superior module (i.e., PALATE2) but also present quantitative parameters that allow us to understand how variations in the relative size of premolar and molar teeth connect with the variations in the dental formula that occurred during primate evolution. Anat Rec, 296:622–629, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Angiogenic Peptide Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling is Up‐Regulated in a Rat Pressure Ulcer Model
Authors: Yang Jing‐Jin , Wang Xue‐Ling , Shi Bo‐Wen , Huang Fang
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in pressure ulcers, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which VEGF and bFGF are involved in pressure ulcer formation. A rat model of ischemia‐reperfusion pressure ulcer was established by magnetic disk circulating compression method. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot assays were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat I‐, II‐, and III‐degree pressure ulcers, the surrounding tissues, and normal skin. Our study confirmed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat I‐degree pressure ulcer were significantly higher than that in the II‐ and III‐degree pressure ulcer tissues (P < 0.05). The expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues surrounding I‐ and II‐degree pressure ulcers were higher than the rats with normal skin. The expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat III‐degree pressure ulcer was lower than that in the surrounding tissues and normal skin (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between change in the VEGF and bFGF. The results showed that with an increase in the degree of pressure ulcers, the expression of VEGF and bFGF in pressure ulcers tissue are decreased. This leads to a reduction in angiogenesis and may be a crucial factor in the formation of pressure ulcers. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate on Bladder Cancer ADM Resistance Reversal and Its Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Tang Kai , Lin Yi , Li Li‐Ming
Published: June 2014

Adramycin (ADM) resistance is an essential aspect of bladder cancer treatment failure and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) has been found to exhibit antitumor properties; however, the effect and potential mechanism of PEITC on bladder cancer ADM resistance reversal is not fully clear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PEITC in bladder cancer cells ADM resistance reversal and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this report, we identified the role of PEITC on ADM resistance reversal of human bladder carcinoma T24/ADM cells, including an increased drug sensitivity to ADM, cell apoptosis rates, intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine‐123 (Rh‐123), an increased expression of DNA topoisomerase II (Topo‐II), and a decreased expression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP1), bcl‐2 and glutathione s transferase π (GST‐π).We also found that there was a decreased expression of NF‐κB, Survivin, Twist, and p‐Akt, and an increased expression of PTEN and p‐JNK after PEITC treatment for T24/ ADM cells. The results indicated that PEITC might be used as a potential therapeutic strategy to ADM resistance through blocking Akt and activating MAPK pathway in human bladder carcinoma. Anat Rec, 296:899–906, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ectopic Ikaros Expression Positively Correlates With Lung Cancer Progression
Authors: Zhang Zhenfa , Xu Zhao , Wang Xiaoyang , Wang Hao , Yao Zhi , Mu Yanchao , Ma Zhenyi , Liu Zhe
Published: June 2014

Ikaros, encoded by the IKZF1 gene, is a pivotal transcription factor whose expression and utilization is dynamically altered during hematopoietic development. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the transcription of the IKZF1 gene are unclear in lung cancer cell lines. Here we show the role of Ikaros in a cohort of grade IIIA lung cancer patients, with particular emphasis on its relationship with clinical outcomes and expression levels. The expression levels of Ikaros were positively correlated with the prognosis in the lung cancer patients. We also demonstrated that Ikaros expression is ectopically activated in a panel of lung cancer cell lines primarily through demethylation of its promoter. Moreover, gain‐of‐function experiments revealed that Ikaros inhibits migration and invasion of lung cancer cells in vitro. Our results thus shed light on how Ikaros can act as a lineage competency factor to facilitate lung cancer progression. Anat Rec, 296:907–913, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case Report of Flipper Anatomic Anomaly of Sotalia guianensis From Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Marigo Juliana , Pinto Nelson S. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. , Leonardo Flach , Azevedo Alexandre F. , Lailson‐Brito José
Published: June 2014

The cetacean flipper consists of a soft tissue that encases most of the forelimb containing humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Several studies have documented the typical cetacean's flipper anatomy, but only a few described digital anomalies and the most common are fusions and supernumerary such as polydactily and polyphalangy. The flippers of the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis have a falciform general aspect showing individual differences and marks produced by individual contact in social interactions that mainly occur on the posterior border. Here, we report for the first time a case of flippers with anatomical anomalies of loss of digits and deviation of radius of an adult S. guianensis from Baía de Sepetiba (22°54′–23°04′, 43°36′–44°02′W), Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Anat Rec, 296:1016–1018, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Region‐Specific Expression of Aquaporin Subtypes in Equine Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens
Authors: Klein C. , Troedsson M.H.T. , Rutllant J.
Published: June 2014

The process of water movement in the excurrent duct system of the male reproductive tract is pivotal for establishment of male fertility. The objective was to elucidate expression of aquaporin (AQP) water channels in the stallion reproductive tract. Real‐time RT‐PCR detected expression of AQP0–5 and AQP7–11 in testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of mature stallions. There were two main expression patterns: (1) higher expression in testis than in epididymis and ductus deferens (AQP0, −4, −5, −8, −10, and −11); and (2) lower expression in testis than in epididymis and ductus deferens (AQP1, −3, −7, and −9). Overall, we inferred that fluid transport in the stallion testicle involved a collaboration of AQP subtypes (primarily AQP2, −5, −7, and −8). Based on immunohistochemistry, expression of AQP subtypes analyzed (i.e., AQP0, −2, −5, and −9) was localized to Leydig cells and elongated and round spermatids. Functional significance of AQP expression by Leydig cells remained uncertain. In elongated and round spermatids, AQP s likely contributed to the volume reduction observed during spermatogenesis. Subtypes AQP2 and AQP9 were the predominant forms expressed in epididymal tissue. Regulation of AQP2 expression, especially in the epididymal head, seemed to occur at the post‐transcriptional level, as protein expression upon immunohistochemistry was pronounced, despite low transcript abundance. In epididymal tissue, AQPs likely contributed to fluid resorbtion, given their localization on the apical membrane of principal cells. Anat Rec, 296:1115–1126, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology and Biomechanics of the Pinniped Jaw: Mandibular Evolution Without Mastication
Authors: Jones Katrina E. , Ruff Christopher B. , Goswami Anjali
Published: June 2014

Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) underwent a shift in jaw function away from typical carnivoran mastication to more novel marine behaviors during the terrestrial‐aquatic transition. Here we test the effect of aquatic prey capture and male‐male combat on the morphological evolution of a mammal jaw that does not masticate. Nine three‐dimensional landmarks were taken along the mandible for 25 species (N = 83), and corpus and symphysis external and cortical breadths for a subset of five species (N = 33). Principal components analysis was performed on size‐corrected landmark data to assess variation in overall jaw morphology across pinnipeds. Corpus breadths were input to a beam model to calculate strength properties and estimated bite force of specific species with contrasting behaviors (filter feeding, suction feeding, grip‐and‐tear feeding, and male‐male combat). Results indicate that, although phylogenetic signal in jaw shape is strong, function is also important in determining morphology. Filter feeders display an elongate symphysis and a long toothrow that may play a role in filtering krill. Grip‐and‐tear feeders have a long jaw and large estimated bite force relative to non‐biting species. However, the largest estimated bite forces were observed in males of male‐male combative species, likely due to the high selection pressure associated with male success in highly polygynous species. The suction feeding jaw is weak in biting but has a different morphology in the two suction feeding taxa. In conclusion, familial patterns of pinniped jaw shape due to phylogenetic relatedness have been modified by adaptations to specialized behavior of individual taxa. Anat Rec, 296:1049–1063, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship Between Cell Proliferation and Eruption Rate in the Rat Incisor
Authors: Gomes J.R. , Omar N.F. , Do Carmo E.R. , Neves J.S. , Soares M.A.M. , Narvaes E.A. , Novaes P.D.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to further define the relationship between cell proliferation and the rate of tooth eruption in the rat incisor. Vinblastine is a drug that blocks cellular mitosis and was used to inhibit cell proliferation in the odontogenic region of rat incisors that were submitted to a shortening treatment or to higher masticatory forces. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normofunctional (control group for incisor eruption), hypofunctional (incisor submitted to eruption acceleration), hyperfunctional (incisors under higher masticatory forces), hypofunctional with vinblastine and hyperfunctional with vinblastine. In incisors submitted to shortening procedures, a significant decrease in the eruption rate and cell proliferation was observed two days after vinblastine injection, suggesting that incisor eruption is dependent on cell proliferation. Anat Rec, 296:1096–1101, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of Hippocampal Injury and Cognitive Function Induced by Embolization in the Rat Brain
Authors: Zhang Heng‐Ai , Gao Mei , Chen Bainian , Shi Lili , Wang Qiaoyun , Yu Xiaoyan , Xuan Zhaohong , Gao Li , Du Guanhua
Published: June 2014

Embolism is responsible for at least 20% of all stroke and half of cerebral infarctions. A number of animal models have been developed to mimic thromboembolic stroke. However, little aimed directly at hippocampal damage and cognitive function. In the present study, three sizes of emboli (150–178 μm, 74–124 μm, and 48–74 μm) were employed to induce thromboembolic stroke model in rats. Results showed that the diameter of the particle was critical for animal behavioral and histopathological consequences. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining revealed that CA1 and CA2–3, which are two of the main hippocampal subdivisions were injured seriously, especially induced by emboli(48–74 μm). At 24 hr, the neurological deficit scores showed that emboli injection could cause significant neurological deficit, and the increase of neurological deficit scores correlated well to the diameter of emboli. At 60 days, emboli(150–178 μm) and emboli(48–74 μm) lead to obvious cognitive impairment, which correlated well to the hippocampal CA1 injury. Our research might be helpful to choose suitable size of emboli to induce animal model to research subcortical ischemia and vascular dementia. However, cognitive alterations and cerebral injury following different sizes of emboli injection in rats remains a topic for future investigation. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenetic Patterns of Morphological Variation in the Ectocranial Human Vault
Authors: Anzelmo Marisol , Barbeito‐AndrÉs Jimena , Ventrice Fernando , Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Sardi Marina L.
Published: June 2014

The skull is considered a modular structure in which different parts are influenced by different factors and, as a result, achieve adult shape at different ages. Previous studies have suggested that the basicranium presents a modular pattern that distinguishes sagittal and lateral parts, probably affected by the brain and masticatory structures, respectively. The vault of modern humans, in contrast, has been considered as a highly integrated system mainly influenced by brain growth. Here, we explored developmental shape variation in sagittal and lateral ectocranial vault in humans in order to assess if both regions are ontogenetically dissociated. We used a sample of 135 cranial computed tomography images from 0 to 31 ages. Landmarks and semilandmarks were collected on sagittal and lateral regions and geometric morphometric techniques were applied separately for each region. On the shape coordinates, we used Goodall's F‐test in order to assess the age when the adult configuration is attained. Principal component analysis enabled us to evaluate shape variation during ontogeny. Results indicated that both sagittal and lateral structures attain adult shape at early adolescence. Both regions express coordinated shape modifications probably due to shared developmental factors. It is concluded that masticatory muscles may not exert a strong enough influence to produce independent variation in the lateral traits. Thus, it is likely that the brain integrates sagittal and lateral parts of the vault across human ontogeny. Anat Rec, 296:1008–1015, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal Mandibular Cheek Tooth Development in the Miniature Pig Based on Two‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Analyses
Authors: Ide Yoshiaki , Nakahara Taka , Nasu Masanori , Matsunaga Satoru , Iwanaga Takehiro , Tominaga Noriko , Tamaki Yuichi
Published: June 2014

The miniature pig is a useful large laboratory animal model. Various tissues and organs of miniature pigs are similar to those of humans in terms of developmental, anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics. The oral and maxillofacial region of miniature pigs is often used in preclinical studies of regenerative dentistry. However, there is limited information on the dentition and tooth structure of miniature pigs. The purpose of this study was to examine the time‐course changes of dentition and tooth structure (especially the root) of the miniature pig mandibular cheek teeth through X‐ray analyses using soft X‐ray for two‐dimensional observations and micro‐CT for three‐dimensional observations. The mandibles of male Clawn strain miniature pigs (2 weeks and 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 29 months of age) were used. X‐ray analysis of the dentition of miniature pig cheek teeth showed that the eruption pattern of the miniature pig is diphyodont and that the replacement pattern is vertical. Previous definitions of deciduous and permanent teeth often varied and there has been no consensus on the number of teeth (dentition); however, we found that three molars are present in the deciduous dentition and that four premolars and three molars are present in the permanent dentition. Furthermore, we confirmed the number of tooth roots and root canals. We believe that these findings will be highly useful in future studies using miniature pig teeth. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olfactory System and Demyelination
Authors: Garcia‐Gonzalez D. , Murcia‐Belmonte V. , Clemente D. , De Castro F.
Published: June 2014

Within the central nervous system, the olfactory system represents one of the most exciting scenarios since it presents relevant examples of long‐life sustained neurogenesis and continuous axonal outgrowth from the olfactory epithelium with the subsequent plasticity phenomena in the olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve is composed of nonmyelinated axons with interesting ontogenetic interpretations. However, the centripetal projections from the olfactory bulb are myelinated axons which project to more caudal areas along the lateral olfactory tract. In consequence, demyelination has not been considered as a possible cause of the olfactory symptoms in those diseases in which this sense is impaired. One prototypical example of an olfactory disease is Kallmann syndrome, in which different mutations give rise to combined anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, together with different satellite symptoms. Anosmin‐1 is the extracellular matrix glycoprotein altered in the X‐linked form of this disease, which participates in cell adhesion and migration, and axonal outgrowth in the olfactory system and in other regions of the central nervous system. Recently, we have described a new patho‐physiological role of this protein in the absence of spontaneous remyelination in multiple sclerosis. In the present review, we hypothesize about how both main and satellite neurological symptoms of Kallmann syndrome may be explained by alterations in the myelination. We revisit the relationship between the olfactory system and myelin highlighting that minor histological changes should not be forgotten as putative causes of olfactory malfunction. Anat Rec, 296:1424‐1434, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of the Achilles Tendon on Trabecular Structure in the Primate Calcaneus
Authors: Kuo Sharon , Desilva Jeremy M. , Devlin Maureen J. , Mcdonald Gabriel , Morgan Elise F.
Published: June 2014

Humans possess the longest Achilles tendon relative to total muscle length of any primate, an anatomy that is beneficial for bipedal locomotion. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Achilles tendon has been challenging, in part because soft tissue does not fossilize. The only skeletal evidence for Achilles tendon anatomy in extinct taxa is the insertion site on the calcaneal tuber, which is rarely preserved in the fossil record and, when present, is equivocal for reconstructing tendon morphology. In this study, we used high‐resolution three‐dimensional microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) to quantify the microstructure of the trabecular bone underlying the Achilles tendon insertion site in baboons, gibbons, chimpanzees, and humans to test the hypothesis that trabecular orientation differs among primates with different tendon morphologies. Surprisingly, despite their very different Achilles tendon lengths, we were unable to find differences between the trabecular properties of chimpanzee and human calcanei in this specific region. There were regional differences within the calcaneus in the degree of anisotropy (DA) in both chimpanzees and humans, though the patterns were similar between the two species (higher DA inferiorly in the calcaneal tuber). Our results suggest that while trabecular bone within the calcaneus varies, it does not respond to the variation of Achilles tendon morphology across taxa in the way we hypothesized. These results imply that internal bone architecture may not be informative for reconstructing Achilles tendon anatomy in early hominins. Anat Rec, 296:1509–1517, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of Pheromones and Kairomones: What Receptors Mediate Innate Emotional Responses?
Authors: Fortes‐Marco Lluis , Lanuza Enrique , Martinez‐Garcia Fernando
Published: June 2014

Some chemicals elicit innate emotionally laden behavioral responses. Pheromones mediate sexual attraction, parental care or agonistic confrontation, whereas predators' kairomones elicit defensive behaviors in their preys. This essay explores the hypothesis that the detection of these semiochemicals relies on highly specific olfactory and/or vomeronasal receptors. The V1R, V2R, and formyl‐peptide vomeronasal receptors bind their ligands in highly specific and sensitive way, thus being good candidates for pheromone‐ or kairomone‐detectors (e.g., secreted and excreted proteins, peptides and lipophilic volatiles). The olfactory epithelium also expresses specific receptors, for example trace amine‐associated receptors (TAAR) and guanylyl cyclase receptors (GC‐D and other types), some of which bind kairomones and putative pheromones. However, most of the olfactory neurons express canonical olfactory receptors (ORs) that bind many ligands with different affinity, being not suitable for mediating responses to pheromones and kairomones. In this respect, trimethylthiazoline (TMT) is considered a fox‐derived kairomone for mice and rats, but it seems to be detected by canonical ORs. Therefore, we have reassessed the kairomonal nature of TMT by analyzing the behavioral responses of outbred (CD1) and inbred mice (C57BL/J6) to TMT. Our results confirm that both mouse strains avoid TMT, which increases immobility in C57BL/J6, but not CD1 mice. However, mice of both strains sniff at TMT throughout the test and show no trace of TMT‐induced contextual conditioning (immobility or avoidance). This suggests that TMT is not a kairomone but, similar to a loud noise, in high concentrations it induces aversion and stress as unspecific responses to a strong olfactory stimulation. Anat Rec, 296:1346‐1363, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenesis of the Extra‐Bulbar Olfactory Pathway in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Gaudin Arnaud , Lardière-Butterfield Juliette , Gascuel Jean
Published: June 2014

Although the development, anatomy, and physiology of the vertebrate olfactory system are fairly well understood, there is still no clear definition of the terminal nerve complex acknowledged by all. Among the most debated matters is whether or not the extrabulbar projections found in anamniotes should or should not be considered part of the terminal nerve complex. In this context, we investigated the early development of the extrabulbar pathway in Xenopus larvae from placodal differentiation to postmetamorphic stages. We showed that the extrabulbar fibers become visible around Stage 42 and are conserved throughout metamorphosis. We confirmed previous reports concerning their central projection patterns. In addition, we showed that these fibers originate from two types of cell bodies located in the olfactory epithelium at premetamorphic stages. Furthermore, in postmetamorphic animals, we showed that the extrabulbar axons originated from both aquatic and aerial cavities. Retrograde tracing experiment also revealed densifications evocating cell bodies along the extrabulbar axons, distributed at different positions along the olfactory nerve depending on the stages of development. These densifications were observed closer to the periphery early in development and always closer to the olfactory bulb up to the metamorphic climax. We discuss these results in light of the latest theories and more recent reports. Anat Rec, 296:1462‐1476, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches to Enhance the Functional Response to Skeletal Muscle Injury
Authors: Sicari Brian M. , Dearth Christopher L. , Badylak Stephen F.
Published: June 2014

The well‐recognized ability of skeletal muscle for functional and structural regeneration following injury is severely compromised in degenerative diseases and in volumetric muscle loss. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to support muscle reconstruction have typically been cell‐centric with approaches that involve the exogenous delivery of cells with myogenic potential. These strategies have been limited by poor cell viability and engraftment into host tissue. Alternative approaches have involved the use of biomaterial scaffolds as substrates or delivery vehicles for exogenous myogenic progenitor cells. Acellular biomaterial scaffolds composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have also been used as an inductive niche to promote the recruitment and differentiation of endogenous myogenic progenitor cells. An acellular approach, which activates or utilizes endogenous cell sources, obviates the need for exogenous cell administration and provides an advantage for clinical translation. The present review examines the state of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies directed at augmenting the skeletal muscle response to injury and presents the pros and cons of each with respect to clinical translation. Anat Rec, 297:51–64. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering in the Trachea
Authors: Kojima Koji , Vacanti Charles A.
Published: June 2014

This review summarizes efforts to generate an autologous tissue‐engineered trachea (TET) using various biomaterial or cell sources to make tracheal cartilage to form the structural components of a functional tracheal replacement. Biomechanical assessments of the TET showed that the cartilage stiffness was excellent in the nude models; however, the sheep autologous TET did not provide sufficient support and collapsed easily. As a result, tissue engineering technology is still far from allowing the functional recovery of patients who suffer from severe tracheal disease. On the other hand, there are several clinical reports seeding cells to decellularized tissue using tissue engineering techniques. However, the working mechanisms of the tissue‐engineered trachea remain unclear. Nevertheless, we believe that the field of tissue engineering has great potential for surmounting these obstacles and allowing us to generate functional tracheal replacements in the near future. Anat Rec, 297:44–50. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kidney Regeneration and Stem Cells
Authors: Takaori Koji , Yanagita Motoko
Published: June 2014

The kidney has the capacity to recover from ischemic and toxic insults. Although there has been debate about the origin of cells that replace injured epithelial cells, it is now widely recognized that intrinsic surviving tubular cells are responsible for the repair. On the other hand, the cells, which have stem cell–like characteristics, have been isolated in the kidney using various methods, but it remains unknown if these stem cells actually exist in the adult kidney and if they are involved in kidney regeneration. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of kidney regeneration and the contribution of renal stem cells. We also discuss possible therapeutic applications to kidney disease. Anat Rec, 297:129–136. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crucial Roles for Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Olfactory Mucosal Cells in the Repair of Damaged Neural Tracts
Authors: Ekberg Jenny A.K. , St john James A.
Published: June 2014

Olfactory ensheathing cells, the glial cells of the olfactory nervous system, exhibit unique growth‐promoting and migratory properties that make them interesting candidates for cell therapies targeting neuronal injuries such as spinal cord injury. Transplantation of olfactory cells is feasible and safe in humans; however, functional outcomes are highly variable with some studies showing dramatic improvements and some no improvements at all. We propose that the reason for this is that the identity and purity of the cells is different in each individual study. We have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells are not a uniform cell population and that individual subpopulations of OECs are present in different regions of the olfactory nervous system, with strikingly different behaviors. Furthermore, the presence of fibroblasts and other cell types in the transplant can dramatically alter the behavior of the transplanted glial cells. Thus, a thorough characterization of the differences between olfactory ensheathing cell subpopulations and how the behavior of these cells is affected by the presence of other cell types is highly warranted. Anat Rec, 297:121–128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSCs), Their Application to Cell Therapy and Bioengineering: An Analysis by Systematic Revision of the Last Decade of Literature
Authors: De Souza Priscilla Vianna , Alves Fabiana Bucholdz Teixeira , Costa Ayub Cristina Lucia Sant'Ana , De Miranda Soares Maria Albertina , Gomes Jose Rosa
Published: June 2014

During recent years, attention has been given to the potential of therapeutic approaches using stem cells obtained from dental pulp tissue. The aim of this study, therefore, was to give an overview of the papers produced during the last 10 years that have described the use of stem cells obtained from human deciduous teeth in cell therapy or bioengineering. The PubMed database was investigated from January 2002 until July 2011 and the papers published during this period were analyzed according to criteria previously established, using the methodology of systematic review. The measurements were done using “stem cell” as the primary keyword, and “human deciduous teeth dental pulp cell” and “human exfoliated deciduous teeth” as the secondary keywords. Four hundred and seventy‐five papers were found. The first screening resulted in 276 papers, from which 84 papers were selected. However, only 11 of them attained the aim proposed in our approach. There were few scientific studies related to direct therapeutic application using stem cells of human deciduous teeth and none of them had been applied to humans. However, the results indicated important and promising applications of the pulp stem‐cells in cell therapy and bioengineering as demonstrated by studies in animal models of muscular dystrophy, Parkison's disease, and lupus erythematosus. Anat Rec, 296:1923–1928, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct Types of Lipofuscin Pigment in the Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Aged Cheirogaleid Primates
Authors: Gilissen Emmanuel P. , Staneva‐Dobrovski Ludmilla
Published: June 2014

The formation of autofluorescent lipopigment or lipofuscin is a highly consistent and reliable cytological change that correlates with cellular aging in postmitotic cells. One causal factor of lipofuscinogenesis involves free radical‐induced lipid peroxidation. In mammals, dentate gyrus neurons and Purkinje cells are usually affected widely. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructure of lipofuscin deposits in large neurons of the dentate gyrus and in Purkinje cells of aged fat‐tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius Geoffroy, 1812) with electron and confocal microscopy and compared it with previous observations in other species. Cheirogaleid primates such as mouse and dwarf lemurs are archaic primates that provide interesting nonhuman models of aging. Our study revealed region‐specific as well as species‐specific characteristics of lipofuscin ultrastructure. This suggests differences in cellular metabolism and/or in organelles involved in lipofuscin production in cerebellar Purkinje cells and in hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons. Anat Rec, 296:1895–1906, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of Nuclear JAK2 Signaling in AG490‐Induced Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Qian Cuijuan , Wang Jiji , Yao Jun , Wang Lan , Xue Meng , Liu Weili , Si Jianmin
Published: June 2014

Although JAK2 inhibitors can result in antitumor activity against various tumors, some tumors have showed insensitivity or resistance to the inhibitors. To investigate the possible mechanisms underlying responses of gastric cancer (GC) cells to AG490, a specific JAK2 inhibitor, human GC cell lines SGC7901 and AGS were used. AG490 did not significantly induce apoptosis in SGC7901 cells, but it did in AGS cells. Interestingly, in SGC7901 cells, AG490 led to increased nuclear translocation of total JAK2 proteins, accompanied with initial inactivation but later reactivation of JAK2. However, in AGS cells, AG490 led to decreased nuclear localization of total JAK2 proteins, accompanied with sustained inactivation of JAK2. Moreover, silencing of human homolog of Drosophila Hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) 1 with siRNA partly blocked AG490‐induced nuclear translocation of JAK2, and enhanced AG490‐induced apoptosis in SGC7901 cells. The results collectively suggested that nuclear JAK2 signaling pathway may act as an escape way from JAK2 inhibitors in some GC cells. Anat Rec, 296:1865–1873, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of CXCR4 Silencing on Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition Related Genes in Glioma U87 Cells
Authors: Zhu Yu , Yang Ping , Wang Qin , Hu Jingyi , Xue Jing , Li Guo , Zhang Guodong , Li Xu , Li Wei , Zhou Chunlei , Zhao Meng , Wang Dong
Published: June 2014

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells is deemed to be closely associated with tumor metastasis. CXCR4 has been proved to play an important role in the process of tumor metastasis. This study illustrates the function and expression of CXCR4 silencing and the EMT related genes in the human glioma cell line U87. The results showed that CXCR4 silencing could inhibit the cell invasive and adhesion potentials, expression of N‐cadherin, vimentin, β‐catenin, TGF‐β1, p‐Smad2, and p‐Akt, and the activity of transcription factors NF‐κB, AP‐1, Snail, and twist. Meanwhile, CXCR4 silencing could also up‐regulate the expression of E‐cadherin, indicating that silencing of CXCR4 expression can inhibit the expression of EMT related genes in U87 cells. The study would provide a potential theoretical basis for the further exploration of the role of CXCR4 in human glioma. Anat Rec, 296:1850–1856, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and Three‐Dimensional Movement of the Stomach During the Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Kaigai N. , Nako A. , Yamada S. , Uwabe C. , Kose K. , Takakuwa T.
Published: June 2014

The stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three‐dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage‐specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes “deflected” during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three‐dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal‐left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future. Anat Rec, 297:791–797, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breathing in a box: Constraints on lung ventilation in giant pterosaurs
Authors: Geist Nicholas R. , Hillenius Willem J. , Frey Eberhard , Jones Terry D. , Elgin Ross A.
Published: June 2014

Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to achieve active flight, with some derived forms reaching enormous size. Accumulating fossil evidence confirms earlier indications that selection for large size in these flying forms resulted in a light, yet strong skeleton characterized by fusion of many bones of the trunk. However, this process also added mechanical constraints on the mobility of the thorax of large pterosaurs that likely limited the options available for lung ventilation. We present an alternative hypothesis to recent suggestions of an avian‐like mechanism of costosternal pumping as the primary means of aspiration. An analysis of the joints among the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and pectoral girdle of large pterosaurs indicates limited mobility of the ribcage and sternum. Comparisons with modes of lung ventilation in extant amniotes suggests that the stiffened thorax, coupled with mobile gastralia and prepubic bones, may be most consistent with an extracostal mechanism for lung ventilation in large pterodactyloids, perhaps similar to a crocodile‐like visceral displacement system Anat Rec, 297:2233–2253, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.