bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of UDLR satellite network model
Authors: Izumiyama Hidetaka , Watanabe Haruhito , Murai Jun
Published: January 2007

For satellite communication links to be used comprehensively and in a manner consistent with their features as a basis for Internet communications, it has become necessary to add a framework based on the features of satellite communications to the protocol architecture of the Internet. For this purpose, the authors' group has been engaged in the development of the new UDLR (unidirectional link routing) protocol mechanism. This paper discusses UDLR from the following viewpoints. (1) The method of actual network construction should be established effectively so as to make use of the features and advantages of satellite communications. (2) Conditions other than protocol definitions should be stated clearly for the purpose. (3) A feasibility network should be constructed to explore the optimal application area. The principles in their current form are summarized for each of the above points. UDLR has been implemented on the feasibility testbed over the whole Asian area. The transparent coexistence of a multicast video distribution system utilizing the concurrency feature of satellite communications and other Internet application systems has been achieved. It is demonstrated that UDLR functions effectively in the use of satellite communications in the Internet. The possibility of using satellite communications to support new modes of Internet application, such as broadcast stream distribution, is shown. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(5): 60– 69, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20319
Construction of Lyapunov function for power system based on solving linear matrix inequality
Authors: Ishigame Atsushi , Sakaguchi Hiromu , Takashima Jun , Suzaki Shirou
Published: January 2007

This paper presents construction of Lyapunov functions for power systems based on solving the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) derived from the Lyapunov stability theorem considering the dynamics of load characteristic and AVR control system. The proposed Lyapunov function is constructed as a quadratic form of state variables and an integral term which satisfies the curl equation and the sector condition. An induction machine and a synchronous machine are considered as load characteristics. One‐machine one‐load infinite bus system is considered taking into account the flux decay effects and AVR with one time constant of the generator. To verify the proposed Lyapunov function, the transient stability assessment is shown. The critical clearing times given by the proposed Lyapunov function are compared with those obtained by the numerical integration method, and they are shown to be practical. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 42– 50, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20328
Output power leveling of wind turbine generators using pitch angle control for all operating regions in wind farm
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Sakamoto Ryosei , Urasaki Naomitsu , Funabashi Toshihisa , Fujita Hideki , Sekine Hideomi
Published: January 2007

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy instead of fossil fuels is desirable. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce the output power fluctuation of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for a wind farm based on both the average wind farm output power and the standard deviation of the wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) in all WTG operating regions. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 31– 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20448
Characteristic measurement of discharge current injected by the air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground
Authors: Mori Ikuko , Fujiwara Osamu , Ishigami Shinobu , Yamanaka Yukio
Published: January 2007

An immunity testing method for electrostatic discharge (ESD) is being specified in IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the contact discharge of an ESD gun is being normally specified. Air discharge testing is known to be a severe immunity test compared to contact discharge testing, while the discharge current injected is not well reproduced. Grasping the behavior of the current injected by the air discharge would be helpful in establishing the worst‐case ESD immunity testing. We previously measured the discharge currents for air discharge testing onto the IEC‐recommended current transducer with a commercially available ESD gun, and showed that there exists a specific relationship ofIp·trξ/Vc=constant (ξ=0.75), between rise timetr and current peakIp. The current transducer, however, has a frequency‐dependent transfer impedance which should affect the measured current waveform. In this study, we investigated whether the above‐mentioned specific relationship can be obtained for air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground that assumes a metal enclosure of electronic equipment under test. A method was presented for estimating the discharge current from simultaneously measured magnetic fields with two magnetic field probes regardless of the distance between the gun discharge‐point and the probe position. This method was validated for contact discharge of an ESD gun to an SMA connector. With this method, we estimated the discharge currents injected onto a ground for air discharge testing of an ESD gun with intentionally fast and slow approaches. As a result, we could confirm a specific relationship between rise timetr and current peakIp ofIp·trξ/Vc=constant with ξ=0.57 independent of charge voltages and gun approaches. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 51– 59, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20454
A Water Pipe Held Up by a Polyoxometalate Supported Transition Metal Complex: Synthesis and Characterization of [Cu2(phen)2(CH3COO)(CH3COOH)(H2O)2][Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·28H2O (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2/2007)
Authors: Shivaiah Vaddypally , Chatterjee Tanmay , Srinivasu Khandregula , Das Samar K.
Published: January 2007

The cover picture shows a water pipe (wire‐frame representation in blue), constructed solely from solvent water molecules that are present in the crytal lattice of an organic–inorganic hybrid compound [Cu2(phen)2(CH3COO)(CH3COOH)(H2O)2][Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·28H2O. The supramolecular interactions of the water pipe with its surrounding (that includes a heteropolyanion, [Al(OH)6Mo6O18]–3, shown as red polyhedra and a copper dimeric complex, shown as magenta ball‐and‐stick models) stabilise the compound so that it can be observed crystallographically. The background depicts the unit‐cell packing of the water pipes in the relevant crystal. Details are described in the Short Communication by S. K. Das et al. on p. 231 ff. The artwork was designed by Ms. Sabbani Supriya.
Ultramicrobiosensor for the Selective Detection of Glutamate
Authors: Schuvailo Oleg M. , Gáspár Szilveszter , Soldatkin Alexey P. , Csöregi Elisabeth
Published: January 2007

Carbon fiber microelectrodes, able to detect catecholamine release from single cells, have significantly contributed to our present understanding of the mechanism of secretory neurotransmission. In spite of their obvious advantages, there are only a few amperometric sensors (characterized by appropriate size, sensitivity, and selectivity) able to measure the release of other (not easily oxidizable) neurotransmitters at cellular level. The present work describes the fabrication and characterization of an ultramicrobiosensor for the selective detection of glutamate. The developed sensor has a size of 2.5–15 μm in diameter, a sensitivity of 0.62 mA mM−1 cm−2, and a detection limit of 5 μM. The excellent selectivity of the sensor (achieved using electrodeposition of Ru, Rh, and poly(m‐phenylenediamine)) makes it a promising candidate for monitoring glutamate release at single cell level.
Voltammetric Detection of Free Sulfhydryl Compounds in Food Flours
Authors: Scampicchio Matteo , Lawrence Nathan S. , Arecchi Alessandra , Cosio Stella , Mannino Saverio
Published: January 2007

Cyclic voltammetry has been applied to the rapid measurement of free SH‐compounds in food flours samples. The protocol is based on the electrochemical adaptation of the Ellman's test, where the DTNB reacts with SH‐compounds present in food flour extracts, resulting in the equimolar production of the electroactive compound TNBA which, in turns, reacts with phenylendiamine. The reaction is found to provide an analytical signal from which to quantify indirectly free sulfhydryl compounds in flours extracts.
Determination of Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate in Water by Anodic Voltammetry Using a Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Radovan Ciprian , Manea Florica
Published: January 2007

An electrochemical study was made of the anodic behavior of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) using a boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in sodium sulfate supporting electrolyte. This paper presents a new alternative for the electroanalytical determination of DEDTC in protic media, using cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry. Linear plots of current vs. concentration correlated with anodic stepwise oxidation were obtained in delimited potential ranges with very good correlation coefficients.
PQQ‐Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase as Potential Enzymatic Label in Amperometric Avidin‐Biotin Systems
Authors: Razumiene J. , Vilkanauskyte A. , Gureviciene V. , Bachmatova I. , Marcinkeviciene L. , Laurinavicius V. , Meskys R.
Published: January 2007

In the current work, PQQ‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase (s‐PQQ‐GDH) has been investigated as a potential biotin labeling agent. The conjugation of s‐PQQ‐GDH with biotin was achieved according to newly proposed technique using a commercially available biotin pentafluorophenyl ester. The residual activity of conjugate was about 90% against 100% of the native activity. The suitability of the conjugate for amperometric immunoanalysis was tested using carbon (CE) and gold (Au) electrodes. An efficient electron transfer from the active centre of s‐PQQ‐GDH to the CE or Au electrode surface mediated by phenazine methasulfate (PMS) allowed application of the s‐PQQ‐GDH as a biotin label in amperometric analysis based on interaction with neutravidin. The optimization of the amperometric analysis steps such as coating, blocking and binding were performed.
Rutin Determination at an Amperometric Biosensor
Authors: Mousty Christine , Cosnier Serge , Sanchez‐Paniagua Lopez Marta , Lopez‐Cabarcos Enrique , Lopez‐Ruiz Beatriz
Published: January 2007

The feasibility of amperometric detection of rutin at a biosensor using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as bioelement was investigated. The biosensor was fabricated by entrapment of PPO within a laponite clay film coated on an electrode surface. The amperometric detection of rutin was carried out at −0.1 V via the direct electrochemical reduction of the product of the enzymatic reaction or its mediated reduction by a phenothiazine redox mediator (Azure B) intercalated within the clay matrix. The biosensor response was optimized with regard to pH, temperature, applied potential (Eapp), and clay film thickness. The biosensor performance was discussed depending on the detection principle.
Triple Component Carbon Epoxy pH Probe
Authors: Lawrence Nathan S. , Pagels Markus , Hackett Simon F. J. , McCormack Sean , Meredith Andrew , Jones Timothy G. J. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G. , Jiang Li
Published: January 2007

A pH probe based on a carbon‐epoxy electrode design is discussed. The electrode consists of three redox active components within a carbon epoxy matrix. These are the pH sensitive species anthraquinone and phenanthrenequinone, along with the pH insensitive ferrocene reference compound. The values of the peak potentials when combined are shown to shift by 120 mV/pH unit at 25 °C with respect to the ferrocene reference potential.
Electrochemical Designing of Au/Pt Core Shell Nanoparticles as Nanostructured Catalyst with Tunable Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Zhai Junfeng , Huang Minghua , Dong Shaojun
Published: January 2007

Au/Pt core shell nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared via a layer‐by‐layer growth of Pt layers on Au NPs using underpotential deposition (UPD) redox replacement technique. A single UPD Cu monolayer replacement with Pt(II) yielded a uniform Pt film on Au NPs, and the shell thickness can be tuned by controlling the number of UPD redox replacement cycles. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air‐saturated 0.1 M H2SO4 was used to investigate the electrocatalytic behavior of the as‐prepared core shell NPs. Cyclic voltammograms of ORR show that the peak potentials shift positively from 0.32 V to 0.48 V with the number of Pt layers increasing from one to five, suggesting the electrocatalytic activity increases with increasing the thickness of Pt shell. The increase in electrocatalytic activity may originate mostly from the large decrease of electronic influence of Au cores on surface Pt atoms. Rotating ring‐disk electrode voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry demonstrate that ORR is mainly a four‐electron reduction on the as‐prepared modified electrode with 5 Pt layers and first charge transfer is the rate‐determining step.
Electrochemical Sensing of Explosives
Authors: Wang Joseph
Published: January 2007

This article reviews recent advances in electrochemical sensing and detection of explosive substances. Escalating threats of terrorist activities and growing environmental concerns have generated major demands for innovative field‐deployable tools for detecting explosives in a fast, sensitive, reliable and simple manner. Field detection of explosive substances requires that a powerful analytical performance be coupled to miniaturized low‐cost instrumentation. Electrochemical devices offer attractive opportunities for addressing the growing explosive sensing needs. The advantages of electrochemical systems include high sensitivity and selectivity, speed, a wide linear range, compatibility with modern microfabrication techniques, minimal space and power requirements, and low‐cost instrumentation. The inherent electroactivity of nitroaromatic, nitramine and nitroester compounds makes them ideal candidates for electrochemical detection. Recent activity in various laboratories has led to the development of disposable sensor strips, novel electrode materials, submersible remote sensors, and electrochemical detectors for microchip (‘Lab‐on‐Chip’) devices for on‐site electrochemical detection of explosive substances. The attractive behavior of these electrochemical monitoring systems makes them very promising for addressing major security and environmental problems.
A proposed adaptation of DC: 0‐3R for primary care, developmental research, and prevention of mental disorders
Authors: Sturner Raymond , Albus Kathleen , Thomas Jean , Howard Barbara
Published: January 2007

The development of the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC: 0‐3; Zero to Three: National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 1994) has been an important step in the field of infant mental health. In this paper, we propose some additions to the existing classification system. These additions include the development of criteria for infant, toddler, and family strengths, and the development of criteria for symptomatology that represents risk for disorder, but not fully manifest disorder. These additions will give DC: 0‐3R greater potential for use in the primary health care of children, thereby increasing the system's utility in diagnosing and preventing infant mental health problems.
A case study of traumatic stress disorder in a 5‐month‐old infant following surgery
Authors: Solter Aletha
Published: January 2007

This case study of a 5‐month‐old infant describes the symptoms of trauma following a surgical procedure (cranial remodeling) with short‐term hospital stay. The infant showed a symptomatology similar to that found in other studies of hospitalization during the preverbal period, and fit the diagnosis of traumatic stress disorder according to the DC:0‐3. The therapy was implemented by the parents in consultation with the author. The approach was based on an exposure therapy model (flooding) using a somatic trauma trigger that occurred spontaneously in the context of a normal caretaking routine. The infant was allowed to have a full‐blown emotional response during several treatment sessions. The outcome was positive, with the disappearance of some symptoms of traumatic stress disorder after the first week, and no remaining symptoms after two months. Periodic follow‐up evaluations for one year revealed normal development with no return of symptoms. The symptoms, treatment, and outcomes are discussed in the context of behavioral learning theory and emotional processing theory. The role of crying during flooding therapy is discussed, and an emotional release theory emphasizing the therapeutic value of crying is proposed. Six cautionary guidelines are offered for the use of intense exposure therapy with infants.
Activation of ERK, JNK, Akt, and G‐protein coupled signaling by hybrid angiotensin II AT1/bradykinin B2 receptors expressed in HEK‐293 cells
Authors: Yu Jun , Lubinsky David , Tsomaia Natia , Huang Zhenhua , Taylor Linda , Mierke Dale , Navarro Javier , Miraz Osman , Polgar Peter
Published: January 2007

Bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin II (AngII) often have opposite roles in cardiovascular diseases. Our aim here was to construct hybrid receptors which bind AngII but signal as BK. Various sequences of the intracellular face of the AngII type I receptor, AT1R, were replaced with corresponding sequences from the bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R). The hybrids demonstrated a number of signaling characteristics of the BKB2R. For example, the hybrids demonstrated BK as opposed to AngII like phosphorylation of Akt and JNK. The hybrids containing the BKB2R intracellular loop 2 (IC2) displayed minimal G‐protein, Gαi/Gαq, linked signaling. Computer based molecular models suggested that Ser‐Met‐Gly from the IC2 of the BKB2R is detrimental for the Gαi/Gαq coupled functions of this hybrid. The return of Lys‐Ser‐Arg of the AT1R to this hybrid led to almost full recovery of Gαi and Gαq activation. The design and production of AT1/BKB2 hybrid receptors is a potential approach in the treatment of hypertension related diseases where the presence of AngII, its AT1 receptor and the consequent signal transduction has proven detrimental. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 192–204, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase Cα is differentially activated during neonatal and adult erythropoiesis and favors expression of a reporter gene under the control of the Aγ globin‐promoter in cellular models of hemoglobin switching
Authors: Di Baldassarre Angela , Di Rico Mariacristina , Di Noia Antonella , Bonfini Tiziana , Iacone Antonio , Marchisio Marco , Miscia Sebastiano , Alfani Elena , Migliaccio Anna Rita , Stamatoyannopoulos George , Migliaccio Giovanni
Published: January 2007

PKCα was found to be expressed (mRNA and protein) throughout the in vitro maturation of primary human erythroblasts but its activity (phosphorylation levels and nuclear localization) was consistently higher in cells derived from human neonatal rather than adult blood. Since the γ/γ + β globin expression ratio represented the major difference between neonatal and adult erythroblasts (58 ± 12 vs. 7 ± 3, respectively), we tested the hypothesis that PKCα might affect γ‐globin expression by measuring the levels of Aγ‐ or β‐promoter‐driven reporter activity in erythroid cells stably (GM979) or transiently (K562, primary adult and neonatal erythroblasts) transfected with a dual µLCRβprRlucAγprFluc reporter in the presence of transient expression of either the constitutively active (sPKCα) or catalytically inactive (iPKCα) PKCα. As further control, GM979 cells were incubated with the PKC inhibitor rottlerin (30 µM). In all the cells analyzed, sPKCα significantly increased (by two‐ to sixfold) the levels of luciferase activity driven by the Aγ‐promoter and the Aγ‐F/(Aγ‐F + 2β‐R) expression ratio. In GM979 cells, rottlerin inhibited (by 50%) the Aγ‐driven luciferase activity and the Aγ‐F/(Aγ‐F + 2β‐R) expression ratio. These results suggest that different PKC isoforms may exert ontogenetic‐specific functions in erythropoiesis and that modulation of PKCα might affect the activity of Aγ‐promoter‐driven reporters. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 411–424, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) strains
Authors: Veberic Robert , Zadravec Peter , Stampar Franci
Published: January 2007

‘Fuji’ is an attractive apple for consumers owing to its desirable internal (low acidity, high sugar and phenols) and external (firmness, colouration) fruit quality. However, its red colouration is often weak and starts late in the season. Therefore, in 2003 and 2004, three ‘Fuji’ strains, ‘Kiku 7’, Kiku 8' and ‘Naga‐fu 6’, and standard ‘Fuji’ were compared in terms of fruit quality by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis in order to determine their contents of fruit sugar, organic acids and phenols. The % and intensity of red top colour were also analysed. Of the three strains, ‘Kiku 8’ proved to have the best red colouration and accumulated the largest amount of reducing sugars with the lowest quantity of phenols in both years examined. The quality parameters of strains ‘Kiku 7’ and ‘Naga‐fu 6’ fell between those of standard ‘Fuji’ and ‘Kiku 8’. ‘Kiku 8’ may be the most suitable for areas with high variations in daily and nightly temperatures to obtain the best colour development. Under conditions with warm days and cool nights the other strains and standard ‘Fuji’ can develop a proper coloured fruit of high quality. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing nitrogen on the farm: the devil is in the detail
Authors: Shepherd Mark , Chambers Brian
Published: January 2007

Agricultural activity is a major source of nitrate in surface and ground waters. There has been a large research effort over the last 20 years to understand nitrate leaching processes and to develop ‘best management practices’ (BMPs) that can be adopted in farming systems to reduce losses to the wider environment. This paper reviews some of the issues relating to the development, use and adoption of these BMPs in farming systems. There is significant evidence from farming systems experiments and modelling studies that combinations of BMPs can decrease nitrate losses from agricultural land, though nothing is foolproof (the weather plays a key role in determining success). The challenges are greater in some regions (dry climate, ‘leaky’ soils) and in some enterprises (intensive animal farming systems). The adoption of BMPs on farms requires attention to detail and a high level of management skill, so providing advisory support to farmers is essential. Even with the progress that has been made in recent years, there is still work to do. This includes encouraging uptake on farms and dealing with potential conflicts between BMPs when they create ‘pollution swapping’ or where there is potential for a large economic penalty for the farmer. We also suggest that there is a need for more innovation in developing BMPs and a need to recognise that, in some situations, radical changes to farming systems may be the only solution. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of localised corrosion behaviour of super austenitic stainless steels using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Nagarajan S. , Tamilselvi S. , Rajendran N.
Published: January 2007

Potentiodynamic polarisation and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (DEIS) measurements were carried out in natural sea water on type 316L SS, Alloy 926 and Alloy 31. In order to study the localised corrosion resistance, the dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed in a wide range of potentials covering corrosion potential (OCP or Ecorr), passive region, break down region and dissolution region. In this report we have shown that the impedance measurement in potentiodynamic condition allows simultaneous investigation of the changes in the passive layer structure and the ion transport process that occurs through the passive layer. The Nyquist plots were fitted using nonlinear least square (NLLS) method for different potential regions. Finally, the experimental results of polaraisation data were found in good agreement with that of DEIS measurement.
Multiplicity results near the principal eigenvalue for boundary‐value problems with periodic nonlinearity
Authors: Cañada A.
Published: January 2007

Let us consider the boundary‐value problem

equation image

where g: ℝ → ℝ is a continuous and T ‐periodic function with zero mean value, not identically zero, (λ, a) ∈ ℝ2 and $ \tilde h $ ∈ C [0, π ] with ∫π 0 $ \tilde h $(x) sin x dx = 0. If λ 1 denotes the first eigenvalue of the associated eigenvalue problem, we prove that if (λ, a) → (λ 1, 0), then the number of solutions increases to infinity. The proof combines Liapunov–Schmidt reduction together with a careful analysis of the oscillatory behavior of the bifurcation equation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weak type estimates for some maximal operators on Hardy spaces
Authors: Heo Ya Ryong
Published: January 2007

We show that the lacunary maximal operator associated to a compact smooth hypersurface on which the Gaussian curvature nowhere vanishes to infinite order maps the standard Hardy space H 1 to L 1,∞ . (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A generalization of a theorem of A. Grothendieck
Authors: Varol Oğuz
Published: January 2007

In this article we characterize the quasi‐barrelledness of the projective tensor product of a coechelon space of type one k 1(A) with a Fréchet space, including homological conditions as exactness properties of the corresponding tensor product functor k 1(A) ·: ℱ → ℒ︁, acting from the category of Fréchet spaces to the category of linear spaces, resp. the vanishing of its first right derivative Tor1π (k 1(A),.). This generalizes and extends a classical theorem of A. Grothendieck ([13, Chap. II, §4, No. 3, Theorem 15]). Further we present an analogous theorem for complete coechelon spaces of type zero and the injective tensor product and results concerning the stronger property of barrelledness. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Meralgia paresthetica caused by hip‐huggers in a patient with aberrant course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Authors: Park Jong Woong , Kim Dong Hwee , Hwang Miriam , Bun Hye Ryoung
Published: January 2007

“Hip‐huggers” may be a precipitating factor for meralgia paresthetica (MP), especially in thin persons with an aberrant pathway of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). We describe a 25‐year‐old woman with a long‐standing history of MP caused by an abnormal course of the LFCN and tight trousers, specifically hip‐huggers. Ultrasonography was useful for detecting the lesion site and the abnormal pathway of the LFCN. After neurectomy of the LFCN, most of the symptoms of MP were relieved, but mild hypesthesia remained in the lateral thigh. Muscle Nerve, 2007
A large german kindred with cold‐aggravated myotonia and a heterozygous A1481D mutation in the SCN4A gene
Authors: Schoser Benedikt G. H. , Schröder J. Michael , Grimm Timo , Sternberg Damien , Kress Wolfram
Published: January 2007

Muscle sodium‐channel disorders cover a spectrum of rare myotonic diseases. In a German family with 17 affected individuals in four generations, we identified a heterozygous missense mutation in exon 24 A1481D (c.4442 C>A) of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene (SCN4A) alpha subunit. Phenotypes of 12 family members were characterized by a mild myotonia with cold sensitivity but without paramyotonia. The index patient presented with fluctuating cold‐ and exercise‐induced stiffness of ocular, facial, and distal muscles. The myotonia became more severe at the age of 22 years. His father had had cold‐ and exercise‐induced periodic weakness with fluctuating myotonia since age 10. Later he developed a more severe, purely exercise‐ and cold‐aggravated myotonia of arms, hands, and facial muscles. The father's mother presented with cold‐induced myotonia until age 65, when progressive weakness of proximal limb muscles developed. Her muscle biopsies revealed considerable myopathic changes with a variety of fine structural alterations. This study presents a family with cold‐aggravated myotonia and progression of myopathic changes in the muscle biopsy with increasing age. In older patients, sodium channelopathies may mimic the phenotypic features of myotonic dystrophy type 2. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Vertex disjoint routings of cycles over tori
Authors: Bermond Jean‐Claude , Yu Min‐Li
Published: January 2007

We study the problem of designing a survivable WDM network based on covering the communication requests with subnetworks that are protected independently from each other. We consider here the case when the physical network isT(n), a torus of sizenbyn, the subnetworks are cycles and the communication scheme is all‐to‐all or total exchange (where all pairs of vertices communicate). We will represent the communication requests by a logical graph: a complete graph for the scheme of all‐to‐all. This problem can be modeled as follows: find a cycle partition or covering of the request edges ofK, such that for each cycle in the partition, its request edges can be routed in the physical networkT(n) by a set of vertex disjoint paths (equivalently, the routings with the request cycle form an elementary cycle inT(n)). Let the load of an edge of the WDM network be the number of paths associated with the requests using the edge. The cost of the network depends on the total load (the cost of transmission) and the maximum load (the cost of equipment). To minimize these costs, we will search for an optimal (or quasi optimal) routing satisfying the following two conditions: (a) each request edge is routed by a shortest path overT(n), and (b) the load of each physical edge resulting from the routing of all cycles ofSis uniform or quasi uniform. In this article, we find a covering or partition of the request edges ofKinto cycles with an associated optimal or quasi optimal routing such that either (1) the number of cycles of the covering is minimum, or (2) the cycles have size 3 or 4. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(3), 217–225 2007
The two‐median problem on Manhattan meshes
Authors: Golin Mordecai J. , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2007

We investigate the two‐median problem on a mesh withMcolumns andNrows (M≥N), under the Manhattan (L1) metric. We derive exact algorithms with respect tom,n, andr, the number of columns, rows, and vertices, respectively, that contain requests. Specifically, we give anO(mn2logm) time,O(r) space algorithm for general (nonuniform) meshes (assumingm≥n). For uniform meshes, we give two algorithms both usingO(MN) space. One is anO(MN2) time algorithm, while the other is an algorithm running inO(MNlogN) time with high probability and inO(MN2) time in the worst case assuming the weights are independent and identically distributed random variables satisfying certain natural conditions. These improve upon the previously best‐known algorithm that runs inO(mn2r) time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(3), 226–233 2007
An approximate BDDC preconditioner
Authors: Dohrmann C. R.
Published: January 2007

The balancing domain decomposition by constraints (BDDC) preconditioner requires direct solutions of two linear systems for each substructure and one linear system for a global coarse problem. The computations and memory needed for these solutions can be prohibitive if any one system is too large. We investigate an approach for addressing this issue based on approximating the direct solutions using preconditioners. In order to retain the attractive numerical properties of the exact version of BDDC, some of the preconditioners must possess a property related to the substructure null spaces. We describe a simple method to equip preconditioners with this property. Numerical results demonstrate the usefulness of the approach and confirm the theory. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On successive‐overrelaxation acceleration of the Hermitian and skew‐Hermitian splitting iterations
Authors: Bai Zhong‐Zhi , Golub Gene H. , Ng Michael K.
Published: January 2007

We further generalize the technique for constructing the Hermitian/skew‐Hermitian splitting (HSS) iteration method for solving large sparse non‐Hermitian positive definite system of linear equations to the normal/skew‐Hermitian (NS) splitting obtaining a class of normal/skew‐Hermitian splitting (NSS) iteration methods. Theoretical analyses show that the NSS method converges unconditionally to the exact solution of the system of linear equations. Moreover, we derive an upper bound of the contraction factor of the NSS iteration which is dependent solely on the spectrum of the normal splitting matrix, and is independent of the eigenvectors of the matrices involved. We present a successive‐overrelaxation (SOR) acceleration scheme for the NSS iteration, which specifically results in an acceleration scheme for the HSS iteration. Convergence conditions for this SOR scheme are derived under the assumption that the eigenvalues of the corresponding block Jacobi iteration matrix lie in certain regions in the complex plane. A numerical example is used to show that the SOR technique can significantly accelerate the convergence rate of the NSS or the HSS iteration method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmented GMRES‐type methods
Authors: Baglama James , Reichel Lothar
Published: January 2007

GMRES is a popular iterative method for the solution of large linear systems of equations with a square non‐symmetric matrix. The method generates a Krylov subspace in which an approximate solution is determined. We present modifications of the GMRES and the closely related RRGMRES methods that allow augmentation of the Krylov subspaces generated by these methods by a user‐supplied subspace. We choose this subspace to enable the representation of certain known non‐smooth features of the desired solution, such as jumps, or to make it possible to represent certain smooth functions, such as constants or linear functions. The latter choice of augmenting subspace appears to be new. Applications to the solution of both well‐posed and ill‐posed problems are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing a partial generalized real Schur form using the Jacobi–Davidson method
Authors: Noorden Tycho van , Rommes Joost
Published: January 2007

In this paper, a new variant of the Jacobi–Davidson (JD) method is presented that is specifically designed for real unsymmetric matrix pencils. Whenever a pencil has a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues, the method computes the two‐dimensional real invariant subspace spanned by the two corresponding complex conjugated eigenvectors. This is beneficial for memory costs and in many cases it also accelerates the convergence of the JD method. Both real and complex formulations of the correction equation are considered. In numerical experiments, the RJDQZ variant is compared with the original JDQZ method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct polymerization of surface‐tethered polyelectrolyte layers in aqueous solution via surface‐confined atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Sankhe Amit Y. , Husson Scott M. , Kilbey S. Michael
Published: January 2007

The direct polymerization of deprotonated acidic monomers in aqueous solutions was achieved via surface‐confined atom transfer radical polymerization (SC‐ATRP) to produce surface‐tethered polyelectrolyte brushes. Layers of poly(itaconic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) were grown by SC‐ATRP from self‐assembled initiator monolayers of [BrC(CH3)2COO(CH2)11S]2 on gold substrates. The polymer layers were characterized with variable‐angle ellipsometry and external‐reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Without intervention, atom transfer radical polymerization catalysts were deactivated by complexation with the deprotonated acidic monomers, disproportionation, and dissociation during the polymerization of these monomers in water; the result was the cessation of polymer growth. The addition of an alkali salt to the reaction media suppressed catalyst deactivation, allowing polymer layers to increase in thickness linearly for longer periods of time with respect to salt‐free conditions. This result suggested an improved degree of polymerization control. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 566–575, 2007
Cytochrome b gene sequence and structure of Pyrenophora teres and P. tritici‐repentis and implications for QoI resistance
Authors: Sierotzki Helge , Frey Regula , Wullschleger Jürg , Palermo Simona , Karlin Serge , Godwin Jeremy , Gisi Ulrich
Published: January 2007

Resistance to QoI fungicides in Pyrenophora teres (Dreschsler) and P. tritici‐repentis (Died.) Dreschsler was detected in 2003 in France and in Sweden and Denmark respectively. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of the F129L mutation in resistant isolates of both pathogens. In 2004, the frequency of the F129L mutation in populations of both pathogens further increased. The G143A mutation was also detected in a few isolates of P. tritici‐repentis from Denmark and Germany. In 2005, the F129L mutation in P. teres increased in frequency and geographical distribution in France and the UK but remained below 2% in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and Ireland. In P. tritici‐repentis, both mutations were found in a significant proportion of the isolates from Sweden, Denmark and Germany. The G143A mutation conferred a significantly higher level of resistance (higher EC50 values) to Qo inhibitors (QoIs) than did the F129L mutation. In greenhouse trials, resistant isolates with G143A were not well controlled on plants sprayed with recommended field rates, whereas satisfactory control of isolates with F129L was achieved. For the F129L mutation, three different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), TTA, TTG and CTC, can code for L (leucine) in P. teres, whereas only the CTC codon was detected in P. tritici‐repentis isolates. In two out of 250 isolates of P. tritici‐repentis from 2005, a mutation at position 137 (G137R) was detected at very low frequency. This mutation conferred similar resistance levels to F129L. The structure of the cytochrome b gene of P. tritici‐repentis is significantly different from that of P. teres: an intron directly after amino acid position 143 was detected in P. teres which is not present in P. tritici‐repentis. This gene structure suggests that resistance based on the G143A mutation may not occur in P. teres because it is lethal. No G143A isolates were found in any P. teres populations. Although different mutations may evolve in P. tritici‐repentis, the G143A mutation will have the strongest impact on field performance of QoI fungicides. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Raman study of photo‐induced degradation of the Ru(II) complex adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO2 films
Authors: Gao Kun , Wang DeLiang
Published: January 2007

Photo‐induced degradation of a monolayer of the Ru(II) complex adsorbed on anatase TiO2 thin films was studied by using resonant micro‐Raman spectroscopy. We developed two contrastive experiments to analyze the degradation mechanism. An exponential decay law was found when the dye was irradiated in the absence of a reducing agent. While the sensitized TiO2 thin film electrode was covered by the I–/I3– redox couple, the dye degradation exhibited a slowed linear decay. The experimental result was compared and the degradation mechanism was analyzed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving the quality of fresh‐cut pineapples with ascorbic acid/sucrose pretreatment and modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Liu Chia‐Ling , Hsu Cheng‐Kuang , Hsu Ming‐Mei
Published: January 2007

The effects of pretreatment and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality of fresh‐cut pineapples stored at 4°C were evaluated for 7 days. The pretreatment was conducted by immersing the pineapple slices in a solution containing 0.25% ascorbic acid and 10% sucrose for 2min. MAP contained 4% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide and 86% nitrogen. Both the pretreatment and MAP could reduce the respiration rate, ethylene production, textural and colour deteriorations, as well as the overall sensory deterioration in fresh‐cut pineapples. MAP could restrain the growth of microbes, but the pretreatment showed little effect. Fresh‐cut pineapples exhibited wet surface and off‐flavour after storage at 4°C for 3 days, while the pretreatment and MAP maintained the quality for up to 7 days. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray diffraction study of low‐energy carbon‐ion implanted Si(001)
Authors: Markwitz A. , Barry B. , Eichhorn F.
Published: January 2007

In the search for Si‐ and C‐based crystalline phases in low‐energy ion implanted and electron‐beam annealed Si surface layers, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed at grazing incidence on samples of large SiC nanocrystals grown on a 90 nm thick Si layer containing C atoms. Diffraction patterns and reciprocal space maps did not reveal XRD patterns originating from the nanocrystals or the implanted layer, but did show that distortions of the Si crystal structure were introduced into the implanted layer. After annealing, the strain in the implanted layer is reduced, possibly by carbon atoms that have moved to locations close to dislocations and dislocation loops. This investigation underpins the growth theory of the SiC nanocrystals on Si, with carbon atoms migrating to form the nanostructures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School visits to natural history museums: Teaching or enriching?
Authors: Tal Tali , Morag Orly
Published: January 2007

This article describes a 3‐year study of school visits to four natural history museums and addresses the research agenda with regard to out‐of‐school learning. More specifically, the findings focus on the process of learning in museums. Comprehensive data collection allowed for an analysis of patterns of guided visits, the way the scientific content was conveyed to students, and the extent and types of social interactions thus enabled. Observations of 42 guided visits (grades 3–11) indicates that the main visitation pattern consisted of guide‐centered and task‐oriented activity. Analysis of questions asked by museum guides reveals that most of these questions required mainly lower‐order thinking skills. A common questioning pattern was to ask rhetorical questions as a means of carrying on the lecture. Detailed analysis of the scientific vocabulary used by the guides indicates that they used much scientific jargon, with limited explanation. There was only limited social mediation provided by teachers and museum guides. A minority of teachers were involved in the activities or in helping the guide to clarify or in helping the students to understand the explanations. The overall data indicate limited opportunities for meaningful learning, suggesting that the museums should shift from the traditional knowledge‐transmission model of teaching to a more socioculturally contextualized model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 747–769, 2007
Alcoholism, depression, and abnormal cognition in head and neck cancer: A pilot study
Authors: McCaffrey Judith Czaja , Weitzner Michael , Kamboukas Dimitra , Haselhuhn Gretchen , LaMonde Laurie , Booth‐Jones Margaret
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE

To determine prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependency, depression, and cognitive impairment in presurgical head and neck cancer patients.

STUDY DESIGN

Standardized testing by diagnostic interview was used to determine major depression and alcoholism. Mattis Dementia Rating Scale examined cognitive ability preoperatively. Twenty‐four patients with advanced head and neck cancer participated.

SETTING

University hospital.

RESULTS

A total of 63.6% met criteria for alcohol abuse and 62 percent for alcohol dependence; 26.1 % of patients met criteria for major depression. Testing in multiple subsets of cognitive function demonstrated measurable deficits in both alcohol dependents and abusers. All deficits were significant when compared with population norms.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that prevalence of alcohol abuse, major depression, and cognitive impairment is common in head and neck cancer patients preoperatively. Early diagnosis and management of these disorders should be considered in care of the head and neck cancer patient.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Clinical and biochemical factors that affect DPOAE expressions in children with middle ear effusion
Authors: Park Shi‐Nae , Park Kyung‐Ho , Park So Young , Jeon Eun‐ju , Chang Ki‐Hong , Yeo Sang W.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of middle ear effusion (MEE) that affect distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) responsiveness and to investigate the possible role of DPOAE as a tool to know the characteristics of MEE preoperatively.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective analysis of children with MEE effusion in a tertiary referral center. DPOAE results were compared with other audiologic tests, the character, amount of MEE, the amount of total protein, and TNF‐α in the effusion.

RESULTS

The negative DPOAE with MEE group had much more thick mucous fluid in their middle ears than that of positive DPOAE with MEE group. The levels of total protein and TNF‐α in MEE were significantly higher in the negative DPOAE group than those of the positive DPOAE group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

The measurement of DPOAE in the children with MEE may predict the amount and the characteristics of MEE, which may help to decide the treatment methods.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency in hemifacial microsomia: Analysis of correlated factors
Authors: Funayama Emi , Igawa Hiroharu H. , Nishizawa Noriko , Oyama Akihiko , Yamamoto Yuhei
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the incidence of unilateral hypodynamic palate (UHP) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in hemifacial microsomia (HFM), and to determine the dysmorphic manifestations having significant associations with UHP/VPI in HFM.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a nonrandomized study of 48 patients with unilateral HFM without cleft palate. The correlation between each anomaly and UHP/VPI was analyzed statistically. In addition, we observed 4 HFM patients with cleft palate to examine the influence on cleft palate speech.

RESULTS

The incidence of UHP in HFM was 50.0% and that of VPI was 14.6%. All the VPI patients had UHP. Severe micrognathia and soft tissue deficiency, macrostomia, and mental retardation were significant risk factors for developing VPI in HFM. Moreover, UHP exacerbated speech in HFM with cleft lip and palate.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant correlations were detected between VPI and HFM. This finding should be helpful in the overall management of HFM.

© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.