bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Több hitel, nagyobb kockázat
Authors: Csonto Balazs , Siklos Dora
Published: July 2016

A tanulmány célja, hogy megvizsgálja a Magyarországon az utóbbi években tapasztalt gyors hitelnövekedés jellemzőit. A hitelek elérhetősége, a hitelállomány nagysága óriási jelentőséggel bír a gazdaságban. Előbbi kulcsfontosságú a fogyasztásukat simítani szándékozó háztartások és a beruházni kívánó vállalatok számára, míg utóbbinak a monetáris transzmisszió és az esetleges kockázatok szempontjából van jelentősége. A dolgozatban megvizsgáljuk a hitelexpanzió okait, mind a háztartások, mind a vállalatok hitelezésének esetében. Ezt követően bemutatjuk, hogy a nagyobb hitelállomány javíthatja a monetáris transzmisszió hatékonyságát. Ugyanakkor a nagymértékű hitelnövekedés kockázatokkal is jár - dolgozatunkban a mikrogazdasági kockázatokkal, a bankrendszer hitelkockázatával foglalkozunk. Külön foglalkozunk annak egyre nagyobb jelentősége miatt a devizahitelezéssel. Bemutatjuk Krugman (1999) modelljét az ázsiai válsággal kapcsolatban, majd egy kevésbé szélsőséges esetet vizsgálva rámutatunk, hogy a devizában történő eladósodás növekedése csökkenti a monetáris politika képességét az aggregált kereslet befolyásolására.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E51.
National Institutes of Health–Sponsored Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium Phase 3 Trial: Manufacture of a Complex Cellular Product at Eight Processing Facilities
Authors: Ricordi Camillo , Goldstein Julia S. , Balamurugan A.N. , Szot Gregory L. , Kin Tatsuya , Liu Chengyang , Czarniecki Christine W. , Barbaro Barbara , Bridges Nancy D. , Cano Jose , Clarke William R. , Eggerman Thomas L. , Hunsicker Lawrence G. , Kaufman Dixon B. , Khan Aisha , Lafontant David-Erick , Linetsky Elina , Luo Xunrong , Markmann James F. , Naji Ali , Korsgren Olle , Oberholzer Jose , Turgeon Nicole A. , Brandhorst Daniel , Chen Xiaojuan , Friberg Andrew S. , Lei Ji , Wang Ling-jia , Wilhelm Joshua J. , Willits Jamie , Zhang Xiaomin , Hering Bernhard J. , Posselt Andrew M. , Stock Peter G. , Shapiro A.M. James
Published: July 2016

Eight manufacturing facilities participating in the National Institutes of Health–sponsored Clinical Islet Transplantation (CIT) Consortium jointly developed and implemented a harmonized process for the manufacture of allogeneic purified human pancreatic islet (PHPI) product evaluated in a phase 3 trial in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Manufacturing was controlled by a common master production batch record, standard operating procedures that included acceptance criteria for deceased donor organ pancreata and critical raw materials, PHPI product specifications, certificate of analysis, and test methods. The process was compliant with Current Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Tissue Practices. This report describes the manufacturing process for 75 PHPI clinical lots and summarizes the results, including lot release. The results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a harmonized process at multiple facilities for the manufacture of a complex cellular product. The quality systems and regulatory and operational strategies developed by the CIT Consortium yielded product lots that met the prespecified characteristics of safety, purity, potency, and identity and were successfully transplanted into 48 subjects. No adverse events attributable to the product and no cases of primary nonfunction were observed.
What Do Planning Professionals, Police, and Pedestrians in General Think About Distracted Driving and Walking?
Authors: Deka Devajyoti , Brown Charles
Published: July 2016

Issues that relate to distracted driving and walking are discussed by presenting results from a survey of planning professionals, police officers, and pedestrians in New Jersey. The pedestrian intercept survey was completed by 788 individuals, while the online surveys for planning professionals and police officers were completed by 209 and 156 individuals, respectively. The surveys primarily focused on the perceptions of seriousness, prevalence, and solutions to distracted driving and walking. One of the key findings from the surveys is that all three groups considered distracted driving and walking to be serious problems that were becoming increasingly more common over time. Of types of driving distractions, texting and talking on handheld phones were considered to be two of the most common and yet least safe driver distractions. All three groups perceived mandatory education for new drivers, stricter enforcement of existing laws, and more severe penalties for drivers involved in crashes as the most important solutions to distracted driving. Educating students by schools was considered to be the most important solution to distracted walking. While strong support was found for police checking phones of drivers involved in crashes, little support was found for police intervention to curb distracted walking. The study’s findings are being discussed through outreach with select agencies to develop and adopt strategies to address distracted driving and walking in New Jersey.
A Vision for Transportation Safety: Framework for Identifying Best Practice Strategies to Advance Vision Zero
Authors: Fleisher Arielle , Wier Megan L. , Hunter Mari
Published: July 2016

The Traffic Safety Best Practices Matrix is presented. It is a tool to help U.S. cities to identify the landscape of strategies being used domestically and internationally to advance Vision Zero, as pioneered by Sweden. Many cities across the United States have expressed an interest in Vision Zero, with a growing number passing policies calling for the elimination of traffic-related fatalities over the next decade. Despite the increase in interest, little guidance exists around what Vision Zero is and what actions can be implemented to help realize zero deaths. The matrix culls together the results of an extensive examination of the measures that cities and countries are pursuing to reduce traffic-related fatalities and improve safety. The matrix attempts to bridge the gap by presenting a framework that cities can use to identify effective strategies, benchmark their efforts relative to other jurisdictions, and reach out to cities and countries pursing Vision Zero policies for additional information. An analysis of the matrix, focuses on three categories: measures with widespread adoption, limited implementation, and minimal utilization. There is discussion of how these findings can inform the next steps for Vision Zero implementation, with a focus on implications for U.S. cities. The main recommendations are to develop mechanisms that institutionalize Vision Zero across sectors, focus education on supporting changes in organizational practices and policy reform, improve collaboration across all levels of government, explore technology that meets the unique needs of cities, and create data systems that facilitate accountability and encourage public participation.
Evaluation of uterine cavity by hysteroscopic examination in infertile women in BSMMU
Authors: Banu Jesmine , Deeba Farzana , Fatima Parveen , Sultana Parveen
Published: July 2016

Background: Hysteroscopy is the gold standard procedure for uterine cavity exploration. However, hysteroscopy is only recommended by the WHO when clinical or complementary exams (ultrasound, HSG) suggest intrauterine abnormality or after in vitro fertilization failure. Nevertheless, many specialists feel that hysteroscopy is a more accurate tool.Objec­tive: The aim of this prospective study is to find out the evaluation of uterine cavity by hysteroscopic examination as a primary workup of infertility. To asses the uterine pathology which is the causal factor for infertility.Method: This is a cross sectional study in which total 100 infertile patients were enrolled from infertility OPD in BSMMU with maintain­ing inclusion and exclusion criteria Hysteroscopy was performed with a standard sequence. The endocervical canal, uterine cavity, endometrium, and tubal ostia were inspected and findings were recorded. Results: Hysteroscopy was performed in 100 infertile women,among them 44% were presented with primary infertility and 56% presented with secondary infertility. The most common indication for diagnostic hysteroscopy was as a part of an infertility workup 80% cases. Other indication included abnormal hysterosalphingography, recurrent pregnancy loss and unexplained infertility. Hysteroscopy revealed a normal uterine cavity in 51 ( 51 % ) women (Table 2).among them majority of patients were primary infertility.and age less than 30 years. Hysteroscopic abnormalities are significantly high in secondary than primary infertility.Conclusion: In this study abnormal hysteroscopic findings were found in 49% who underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy. Our data are an additional argument to suggest that diagnostic hysteroscopy as part of investiga­tion in infertile woman to evaluate uterine pathology. Routine diagnostic hysteroscopy should be part of an infertility workup in both primary and secondary infertility.At the same setting therapeutic approach also be possible which is beneficial for the patients.
Iodine nutrition status in clinically euthyroid pregnant women attending in BSMMU
Authors: Hossain Md. Anowar , Hasanat M. Abul , Khan Murshed Ahamed , Naznin Jobaida , Alam Kazi Ashraful , Jar-Gaffar M Abu , Ripon Mohammad , Uddin Md. Farid
Published: July 2016

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are common nutritional problem globally. All groups of people are affected by it, but the pregnant women and their neonates are most vulnerable.Objectives: This study was carried out to see the iodine status of pregnant women using median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) as a measure of outcome. Methods: This cross sectional observational study assessed the MUI in casual urine samples from 225 pregnant women (75 pregnants from each trimester) and 75 non-pregnant healthy controls. The urinary iodine content was estimated in urine sample using the method of Dunn et al. with the modification of Sandell & Kolthoff (wet digestion method).Results: Median value of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 48.21Ug/L compared to 52.27
Entropy Generation through Non-Equilibrium Ordered Structures in Corner Flows with Sidewall Mass Injection
Authors: Isaacson LaVar
Published: July 2016

Additional entropy generation rates through non-equilibrium ordered structures are predicted for corner flows with sidewall mass injection. Well-defined non-equilibrium ordered structures are predicted at a normalized vertical station of approximately eighteen percent of the boundary-layer thickness. These structures are in addition to the ordered structures previously reported at approximately thirty-eight percent of the boundary layer thickness. The computational procedure is used to determine the entropy generation rate for each spectral velocity component at each of several stream wise stations and for each of several injection velocity values. Application of the procedure to possible thermal system processes is discussed. These results indicate that cooling sidewall mass injection into a horizontal laminar boundary layer may actually increase the heat transfer to the horizontal surface.
Thai Orchid Genetic Resources and Their Improvement
Authors: Thammasiri Kanchit
Published: July 2016

Thailand is the origin of about 1300 species and 180–190 genera of orchids, comprising the major tropical orchids in the world. These wild Thai orchids grow naturally in various habitats and have unique flowers, stems, leaves, and roots. Many genera, including Vanda, Rhynchostylis, Ascocentrum, Aerides, Phalaenopsis, Doritis, Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Cirrhopetalum, Spathoglottis, and Paphiopedilum, contribute significantly to the Thai orchid industry for cut-flowers and potted plants. The improvement of these orchids’ horticultural characteristics has been significant through breeding, tissue culture, and cultural practices, as well as by technological applications and extension. Orchids will continue to dominate other ornamental crops in Thailand due to their diversity, better technologies, know-how from research, suitable climatic conditions, and experienced and skillful growers and exporters, as well as their nationwide popularity.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Carboxypeptidase Genes in Silkworm (Bombyx mori)
Authors: Ye Junhong , Li Yi , Liu Hua-Wei , Li Jifu , Dong Zhaoming , Xia Qingyou , Zhao Ping
Published: July 2016

The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically-important insect that can secrete silk. Carboxypeptidases have been found in various metazoan species and play important roles in physiological and biochemical reactions. Here, we analyzed the silkworm genome database and characterized 48 carboxypeptidases, including 34 metal carboxypeptidases (BmMCP1–BmMCP34) and 14 serine carboxypeptidases (BmSCP1–BmSCP14), to better understand their diverse functions. Compared to other insects, our results indicated that carboxypeptidases from silkworm have more family members. These silkworm carboxypeptidases could be divided into four families: Peptidase_M2 carboxypeptidases, Peptidase_M14 carboxypeptidases, Peptidase_S10 carboxypeptidases and Peptidase_S28 carboxypeptidases. Microarray analysis showed that the carboxypeptidases had distinct expression patterns, whereas quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the expression level of 13 carboxypeptidases significantly decreased after starvation and restored after re-feeding. Overall, our study provides new insights into the functional and evolutionary features of silkworm carboxypeptidases.
Full-Length cDNA Cloning, Molecular Characterization and Differential Expression Analysis of Lysophospholipase I from Ovis aries
Authors: Liu Nan-Nan , Liu Zeng-Shan , Hu Pan , Zhang Ying , Lu Shi-Ying , Li Yan-Song , Yang Yong-Jie , Zhang Dong-Song , Zhou Yu , Ren Hong-Lin
Published: July 2016

Lysophospholipase I (LYPLA1) is an important protein with multiple functions. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the LYPLA1 gene from Ovis aries (OaLypla1) was cloned using primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology. The full-length OaLypla1 was 2457 bp with a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 24 bp, a 3′-UTR of 1740 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 693 bp encoding a protein of 230 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 24,625.78 Da. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the OaLypla1 protein shared a high amino acid identity with LYPLA1 of Bos taurus. The recombinant OaLypla1 protein was expressed and purified, and its phospholipase activity was identified. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against OaLypla1 that bound native OaLypla1 were generated. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that OaLypla1 was constitutively expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and white blood cells of sheep, with the highest level in the kidney. Additionally, the mRNA levels of OaLypla1 in the buffy coats of sheep challenged with virulent or avirulent Brucella strains were down-regulated compared to untreated sheep. The results suggest that OaLypla1 may have an important physiological role in the host response to bacteria. The function of OaLypla1 in the host response to bacterial infection requires further study in the future.
Minocycline Loaded Hybrid Composites Nanoparticles for Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation into Osteogenesis
Authors: Tham Allister , Gandhimathi Chinnasamy , Praveena Jayaraman , Venugopal Jayarama , Ramakrishna Seeram , Kumar Srinivasan
Published: July 2016

Bone transplants are used to treat fractures and increase new tissue development in bone tissue engineering. Grafting of massive implantations showing slow curing rate and results in cell death for poor vascularization. The potentials of biocomposite scaffolds to mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) and including new biomaterials could produce a better substitute for new bone tissue formation. A purpose of this study is to analyze polycaprolactone/silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid/minocycline hydrochloride (PCL/SF/HA/MH) nanoparticles initiate human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proliferation and differentiation into osteogenesis. Electrospraying technique was used to develop PCL, PCL/SF, PCL/SF/HA and PCL/SF/HA/MH hybrid biocomposite nanoparticles and characterization was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), contact angle and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The obtained results proved that the particle diameter and water contact angle obtained around 0.54 ± 0.12 to 3.2 ± 0.18 µm and 43.93 ± 10.8° to 133.1 ± 12.4° respectively. The cell proliferation and cell-nanoparticle interactions analyzed using (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt) MTS assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), FESEM for cell morphology and 5-Chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) dye for imaging live cells. Osteogenic differentiation was proved by expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and mineralization was confirmed by using alizarin red (ARS). The quantity of cells was considerably increased in PCL/SF/HA/MH nanoparticles when compare to all other biocomposite nanoparticles and the cell interaction was observed more on PCL/SF/HA/MH nanoparticles. The electrosprayed PCL/SF/HA/MH biocomposite nanoparticle significantly initiated increased cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, which provide huge potential for bone tissue engineering.
On the Determination of Magnesium Degradation Rates under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Nidadavolu Eshwara , Feyerabend Frank , Ebel Thomas , Willumeit-Römer Regine , Dahms Michael
Published: July 2016

The current physiological in vitro tests of Mg degradation follow the procedure stated according to the ASTM standard. This standard, although useful in predicting the initial degradation behavior of an alloy, has its limitations in interpreting the same for longer periods of immersion in cell culture media. This is an important consequence as the alloy’s degradation is time dependent. Even if two different alloys show similar corrosion rates in a short term experiment, their degradation characteristics might differ with increased immersion times. Furthermore, studies concerning Mg corrosion extrapolate the corrosion rate from a single time point measurement to the order of a year (mm/y), which might not be appropriate because of time dependent degradation behavior. In this work, the above issues are addressed and a new methodology of performing long-term immersion tests in determining the degradation rates of Mg alloys was put forth. For this purpose, cast and extruded Mg-2Ag and powder pressed and sintered Mg-0.3Ca alloy systems were chosen. DMEM Glutamax +10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) +1% Penicillin streptomycin was used as cell culture medium. The advantages of such a method in predicting the degradation rates in vivo deduced from in vitro experiments are discussed.
Broadband Anti-Reflective Coating Based on Plasmonic Nanocomposite
Authors: Keshavarz Hedayati Mehdi , Abdelaziz Moheb , Etrich Christoph , Homaeigohar Shahin , Rockstuhl Carsten , Elbahri Mady
Published: July 2016

We report on the fabrication, the characterization, and the optical simulation of a gold–silica nanocomposite and present its integration into a broadband anti-reflective coating (ARC) for a silicon substrate. The two-layer ARC consists of a nanocomposite (randomly distributed gold cluster in a silica matrix) and a pure silica film. We capitalize on the large refractive index of the composite to impose an abrupt phase change at the interface of the coating to diminish the light reflection from the substrate through the ultrathin nanocoating. The average reflectivity of the silicon can be reduced by such a coating to less than 0.1% in the entire visible spectrum. We experimentally and numerically prove that percolated nanocomposites with an overall thickness of 20 nm can provide anti-reflectivity up to near infrared (NIR). The ARC bandwidth can be shifted more than 500 nm and broadened to cover even the NIR wavelength by changing the volume filling fraction of the gold clusters. The angular sensitivity of thin ultrathin antireflective coating is negligible up to 60°. The present ARC could find applications in thermo-photovoltaics and bolometers.
Safety and Traceability in Patient Healthcare through the Integration of RFID Technology for Intravenous Mixtures in the Prescription-Validation-Elaboration-Dispensation-Administration Circuit to Day Hospital Patients
Authors: Martínez Pérez María , Vázquez González Guillermo , Dafonte Carlos
Published: July 2016

This work presents the integration of the RFID technology with the aim of ensuring the traceability of patients and minimization of adverse events during the process of prescription-validation-elaboration-dispensation-administration of medication by means of the implementation of various passive and active WIFI RFID systems in the Pharmacy and Day Hospital services of the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña. Obtaining patient traceability and using the patient/drug binomial during this process allows us to minimize the occurrence of adverse events. The key points in this work are the unmistakably unique identification and accurate real time location of the controlled items (patients and medication). RFID technology has proved to be invaluable in assisting with the everyday clinical practice of a hospital, and has been successfully implemented in this environment and others. In services such as the day hospital, the implementation of said technology is further justified by the high costs of the service and the high risk to the patient.
Fiber-Optic Surface Temperature Sensor Based on Modal Interference
Authors: Musin Frédéric , Mégret Patrice , Wuilpart Marc
Published: July 2016

Spatially-integrated surface temperature sensing is highly useful when it comes to controlling processes, detecting hazardous conditions or monitoring the health and safety of equipment and people. Fiber-optic sensing based on modal interference has shown great sensitivity to temperature variation, by means of cost-effective image-processing of few-mode interference patterns. New developments in the field of sensor configuration, as described in this paper, include an innovative cooling and heating phase discrimination functionality and more precise measurements, based entirely on the image processing of interference patterns. The proposed technique was applied to the measurement of the integrated surface temperature of a hollow cylinder and compared with a conventional measurement system, consisting of an infrared camera and precision temperature probe. As a result, the optical technique is in line with the reference system. Compared with conventional surface temperature probes, the optical technique has the following advantages: low heat capacity temperature measurement errors, easier spatial deployment, and replacement of multiple angle infrared camera shooting and the continuous monitoring of surfaces that are not visually accessible.
Practical Application of Electrochemical Nitrate Sensor under Laboratory and Forest Nursery Conditions
Authors: Caron William-Olivier , Lamhamedi Mohammed , Viens Jeff , Messaddeq Younès
Published: July 2016

The reduction of nitrate leaching to ensure greater protection of groundwater quality has become a global issue. The development of new technologies for more accurate dosing of nitrates helps optimize fertilization programs. This paper presents the practical application of a newly developed electrochemical sensor designed for in situ quantification of nitrate. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to report the use of electrochemical impedance to determine nitrate concentrations in growing media under forest nursery conditions. Using impedance measurements, the sensor has been tested in laboratory and compared to colorimetric measurements of the nitrate. The developed sensor has been used in water-saturated growing medium and showed good correlation to certified methods, even in samples obtained over a multi-ion fertilisation season. A linear and significant relationship was observed between the resistance and the concentration of nitrates (R2 = 0.972), for a range of concentrations of nitrates. We also observed stability of the sensor after exposure of one month to the real environmental conditions of the forest nursery.
Misalignment of Career and Educational Aspirations in Middle School: Differences across Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Perry Brea , Martinez Elizabeth , Morris Edward , Link Tanja , Leukefeld Carl
Published: July 2016

Misalignment of educational and career goals (i.e., educational aspirations expressed are inadequate for attaining one’s desired occupation) is associated with lower educational attainment and a lack of college readiness, and may contribute to persistent educational and employment disparities. Drawing on data from 249 sixth graders in low-income schools, this research examines misalignment between educational and career aspirations across racial and ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Findings indicate that students in low-income schools aspire to middle and upper middle class careers, but sometimes lack an understanding of the educational degrees required to achieve their goals. Latinos are significantly more likely than other groups to report misaligned aspirations, as are students in the free and reduced lunch program and those without a college-educated parent. Consequently, early gaps in misaligned career and educational goals for disadvantaged students may set them on a trajectory that perpetuates educational and occupational inequalities in this population. We discuss the programmatic implications of these findings in light of the elevated college and career planning needs of students traditionally underrepresented in higher education.
SCPL: A Social Cooperative Programming Language to Automate Cooperative Processes in (A)Symmetric Social Networks
Authors: Conejero José , Sánchez-Figueroa Fernando , Rodríguez-Echeverría Roberto , Preciado Juan
Published: July 2016

In recent years, the increasing use of social networks and applications—especially those used in an asymmetric way—has significantly changed the business processes in many organizations. These applications provide new cooperative ways of performing these processes by taking advantage of the interactions among users. However, the high number of these applications has led to a lack of automation in their interactions and, thus, the need of manually connecting to these networks to perform recurrent and repetitive tasks. In order to automate these operations, this paper presents SCPL, a Domain Specific Language (DSL) that enables connectivity among different social networks and applications and provides a way to automate their management. The main contribution of this paper is showing how SCPL can be used to specify collaborative tasks using symmetric and asymmetric social networks in a transparent way.
Toxicovigilance Systems and Practices in Africa
Authors: Bertrand Pouokam , Ahmed Hatem , Ngwafor Randolph , Frazzoli Chiara
Published: July 2016

African consumers and citizens are growingly aware of the wide range of toxic poisoning scenarios from different products and hazards. Recurrent episodes on poisoning that have been reported in Africa include toxic hazards in consumers’ products ranging from food to herbal medicine, drugs, and cosmetics. Chemical poisoning remains an issue that is overlooked by public health stakeholders in Africa. Available information on toxicovigilance systems and practices in African countries is reviewed in terms of increasing development, organization and articulation levels. Less than nine out of 54 African countries have a legally recognized toxicovigilance system. Of these, the majority have created toxicovigilance systems recently, and are facing many challenges in developing them, at regional and country levels. Basic structures for a good toxicovigilance system include a phone line service (available 24/7), and hospital facilities. Pesticides emerge as the hazard recognized by all of the toxicovigilance systems, and may represent a prototypic toxicant towards a toxicovigilance system that is inclusive of a wider spectrum of toxicological hazards for the protection of community health. Toxicovigilance today is more reactive than preventive in Africa, but some milestones are present that constitute some promising seminal efforts.
Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery via genotyping by sequencing to assess population genetic structure and recurrent polyploidization in Andropogon gerardii
Authors: McAllister Christine A. , Miller Allison J.
Published: July 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Autopolyploidy, genome duplication within a single lineage, can result in multiple cytotypes within a species. Geographic distributions of cytotypes may reflect the evolutionary history of autopolyploid formation and subsequent population dynamics including stochastic (drift) and deterministic (differential selection among cytotypes) processes. Here, we used a population genomic approach to investigate whether autopolyploidy occurred once or multiple times in Andropogon gerardii, a widespread, North American grass with two predominant cytotypes.

METHODS:

Genotyping by sequencing was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in individuals collected from across the geographic range of A. gerardii. Two independent approaches to SNP calling were used: the reference‐free UNEAK pipeline and a reference‐guided approach based on the sequenced Sorghum bicolor genome. SNPs generated using these pipelines were analyzed independently with genetic distance and clustering.

KEY RESULTS:

Analyses of the two SNP data sets showed very similar patterns of population‐level clustering of A. gerardii individuals: a cluster of A. gerardii individuals from the southern Plains, a northern Plains cluster, and a western cluster. Groupings of individuals corresponded to geographic localities regardless of cytotype: 6x and 9x individuals from the same geographic area clustered together.

CONCLUSIONS:

SNPs generated using reference‐guided and reference‐free pipelines in A. gerardii yielded unique subsets of genomic data. Both data sets suggest that the 9x cytotype in A. gerardii likely evolved multiple times from 6x progenitors across the range of the species. Genomic approaches like GBS and diverse bioinformatics pipelines used here facilitate evolutionary analyses of complex systems with multiple ploidy levels.
Costs and Productivity in Patient-Centered Medical Homes: A Simulation
Authors: Cromwell Jerry , Greenwald Leslie
Published: July 2016

To address the fragmentation and discontinuities in health care, patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) provide additional care coordination services for an extra management fee with the goal of saving private and public insurers money while improving the quality of care. Because empirical evidence showing PCMH financial success is unavailable, we use claims data from 312 PCMHs and a matched set of comparison practices to simulate the required reductions in hospital admissions, readmissions, and other services necessary to achieve statistically detectable savings thresholds. We also determine staff coordination time and productivity levels necessary to result in detectable savings. Our results indicate that PCMHs will have to generate annual savings between 3 percent and 30 percent depending upon the underlying cost variation per beneficiary, number of demonstration practices, and the extent of beneficiary clustering within practices. Eliminating all readmissions or most non-hospital services alone will not achieve required savings, even in larger initiatives. In order to be cost-effective, additional physician and nurse time coordinating care will have to be quite productive in reducing costly health services. If so, this likely will result in substantial profits for highly productive PCMHs.
Nurse Perspectives on Referrals for Oncology Patients to Reproductive Endocrinologists: Results of a Learning Activity
Authors: Vadaparampil Susan T. , Christie Juliette , Bowman Meghan , Sehovic Ivana , Meade Cathy D. , Gwede Clement K. , Quinn Gwendolyn P.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Although concern about future fertility for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer is high, referrals to reproductive endocrinologists (REI) are low. Oncology nurses are well positioned to facilitate these referrals but may lack the knowledge and training. This report describes a learning activity in the Educating Nurses about Reproductive Issues in Cancer Healthcare (ENRICH) program whereby oncology nurses interviewed REIs.

Method:

Participants were instructed to conduct an interview with an REI using a semistructured guide and provided a written report of the discussion. We examined responses to each question using qualitative content analysis.

Results:

Seventy-seven participants across 15 states provided a summary. Learner summaries highlighted four themes related to FP, including Cost, Time, Lack of Information or Referrals, and Learning About Available Options.

Conclusion:

Oncology nurses have an opportunity for a partnership to ensure that concerns about fertility among AYA patients are addressed.

J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2016;47(8):376–384.
Esas empeñadas luchas a que son muy aficionados los naturales de este país: un acercamiento a la etnicidad a través de la lucha canaria (1840-1943)
Authors: Alonso Víctor
Published: July 2016

El deporte, y especialmente los deportes tradicionales, son una contribución de primer orden a los procesos de construcción identitaria. Puede ser estudiado como realidad «en sí» (dotada de relativa autonomía, al modo de un campo social específico), o bien en modo de diacrítico social que permite caracterizar unas estructuras y procesos sociales que, a lo largo del tiempo, favorecen las transformaciones, sentidos y visiones legitimadas o denostadas contenidas en las prácticas. Este artículo trata la lucha canaria, un deporte tradicional que se manifiesta como constructo histórico revelador, al tratarse de un juego popular deportivizado que vive una intensa transformación a lo largo del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del XX. Su estudio permite apreciar los distintos sentidos, apoyaturas y fundamentos sociales adscritos, mostrándonos un complejo espacio de relaciones donde sobresalen la figura del indígena (el guanche), la tradición histórica y una permanente conexión con la modernidad. Todo ello, suscrito al debate suscitado en el seno de la Antropología Social y las Ciencias Sociales a lo largo de las últimas décadas en torno a la etnicidad, la identidad y el deporte.
A Meta-Analysis of Open Educational Communities of Practice and Sustainability in Higher Educational Policy
Authors: MacKinnon Teresa , Pasfield-Neofitou Sarah , Manns Howard , Grant Scott
Published: July 2016

"Sustainability" has gained substantial currency in education internationally and is an important motivation for open educational practices, although the definitions educators attribute to this term may differ from what is meant institutionally. Uses of "sustainable" or "sustainability" in higher education range from taking into consideration students' future needs, to notions of cost effectiveness, accessibility and environmental footprint, synonymous with economics and ecology, and viewed as a business model. The future brings many as yet unknown challenges which will certainly require access to lifelong learning opportunities for growing populations.Learning and teaching are human activities which take place through communities of practice, often but not exclusively formal institutions such as schools and colleges. In higher education and beyond, knowledge sharing is no longer limited exclusively to academic publishing and conferences. Technological developments have enabled social interaction through social media tools which are rapidly changing the way we live and work, providing new networks for learning. In this article, we explore the assumptions underpinning the terms "sustainability" and "open education" as they are utilised in current university policy via a meta-analysis of published policy documents. We posit that notions of "sustainability" are simultaneously one of the most important triggers of and obstacles to Open Educational Practices, and examine to what degree Australian (and international) university polices address these issues.
Genetic and morphometric variations in the Lebanese populations of the flower-head-infesting fruit fly, Terellia serratulae (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Haddad S.G. , Smith C.A. , Al-Zein M.S. , Knio K.M.
Published: July 2016

The polyphagous fruit fly, Terellia serratulae (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Tephritidae), exploits hosts belonging to three genera of thistles: Carduus Linnaeus, Cirsium Miller, and Picnomon Adanson (Asteraceae). The difference in phenology among its hosts suggests intraspecific variation. Comparative morphometric and genetic studies revealed differences among its populations. Adults reared from different hosts showed intraspecific morphological variations. Canonical discriminant analysis based on two head and four wing measurements divided the adults into four distinct clusters with 70% accuracy, reflecting four host-associated populations. The most useful predictors in distinguishing adults associated with the different host plants were wing width and head length, in addition to ovipositor length for females. Only the ovipositor tip in females reared from Picnomon acarna (Linnaeus) Cassini was clearly distinct. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing revealed genetic differentiation among the different populations of T. serratulae with the P. acarna-associated population being most distinct. Sequencing a region of the mtND1 gene and mtCOXI gene revealed nine and seven haplotypes, respectively. Surprisingly, haplotype sequences of flies emerging from P. acarna showed a sequence divergence of over 3% for both genes. This study provides morphometric and molecular evidence supporting that the Lebanese T. serratulae population associated with P. acarna most likely constitutes a distinct host race.
The Repair of Skeletal Muscle Requires Iron Recycling through Macrophage Ferroportin
Authors: Corna Gianfranca , Caserta Imma , Monno Antonella , Apostoli Pietro , Manfredi Angelo A. , Camaschella Clara , Rovere-Querini Patrizia
Published: July 2016

Macrophages recruited at the site of sterile muscle damage play an essential role in the regeneration of the tissue. In this article, we report that the selective disruption of macrophage ferroportin (Fpn) results in iron accumulation within muscle-infiltrating macrophages and jeopardizes muscle healing, prompting fat accumulation. Macrophages isolated from the tissue at early time points after injury express ferritin H, CD163, and hemeoxygenase-1, indicating that they can uptake heme and store iron. At later time points they upregulate Fpn expression, thus acquiring the ability to release the metal. Transferrin-mediated iron uptake by regenerating myofibers occurs independently of systemic iron homeostasis. The inhibition of macrophage iron export via the silencing of Fpn results in regenerating muscles with smaller myofibers and fat accumulation. These results highlight the existence of a local pathway of iron recycling that plays a nonredundant role in the myogenic differentiation of muscle precursors, limiting the adipose degeneration of the tissue.
Khat chewing and cirrhosis in Somaliland: Case series
Authors: Mahamoud Hawa D. , Muse Sabah Mohammed , Roberts Lewis R. , Fischer Philip R. , Torbenson Michael S. , Fader Tim
Published: July 2016

Background: Khat chewing is common especially among men in East Africa and Yemen. It is generally viewed by the populace as a benign social custom. Several studies of ethnic Somali immigrants to Western countries suggest an association between khat chewing and hepatotoxicity, but the risk of hepatotoxicity related to khat chewing within African settings is not documented.Aim: To identify and describe liver disease without evidence of alcohol exposure or infectious etiology in khat chewers.Settings: A university-affiliated teaching hospital in Somaliland.Methods: Cases of cirrhosis of unknown cause were identified from the clinical practice of Al Hayatt Hospital in Borama, Somaliland, during 14 months beginning December 2012.Results: Eight Somali men aged 27–70 years living in Somaliland were identified with cirrhosis of otherwise unknown cause. All chewed khat habitually for many years (15–128 bundles per day times years of use). A liver biopsy of one man was consistent with khat hepatotoxicity. Four of the eight men died during the study period.Conclusion: Khat chewing may be associated with health consequences including severe hepatotoxicity with cirrhosis.
Oncogenes: The Passport for Viral Oncolysis through PKR Inhibition
Authors: Fernandes Janaina
Published: July 2016

The transforming properties of oncogenes are derived from gain-of-function mutations, shifting cell signaling from highly regulated homeostatic to an uncontrolled oncogenic state, with the contribution of the inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes P53 and RB, leading to tumor resistance to conventional and target-directed therapy. On the other hand, this scenario fulfills two requirements for oncolytic virus infection in tumor cells: inactivation of tumor suppressors and presence of oncoproteins, also the requirements to engage malignancy. Several of these oncogenes have a negative impact on the main interferon antiviral defense, the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), which helps viruses to spontaneously target tumor cells instead of normal cells. This review is focused on the negative impact of overexpression of oncogenes on conventional and targeted therapy and their positive impact on viral oncolysis due to their ability to inhibit PKR-induced translation blockage, allowing virion release and cell death.
Configuración de las autoridades de regulación de la TV en los países andinos
Authors: Suing Abel , Ortiz León Carlos , González Rentería Verónica Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

El propósito de la investigación es conocer la adecuación de los reguladores de televisión del área andina a los estándares internacionales de la Unesco, en momentos de reforma de la legislación sobre comunicación. Las hipótesis son: Los reguladores se crearon a través de leyes, su independencia tiene soporte constitucional; y, las resoluciones que adoptan promueven los derechos a la comunicación. Metodología. Es cualitativa a partir del análisis de las normativas legales y resoluciones. Las variables estudiadas son: Leyes de creación, naturaleza, autonomía financiera, objeto, funciones, composición y decisiones. Resultados y Conclusiones. Se pretende cubrir desde elementos constitutivos hasta impactos de nuevas formas de comunicación. La Autoridad Nacional de Televisión de Colombia es el regulador que más funciones ejecuta en relación a la protección de los televidentes. No existen garantías de órganos profesionales libres de influencias ni cualificación de sus integrantes. Las resoluciones han normado aspectos administrativos.
Neformalno izobraževanje v Sloveniji z mednarodno primerjavo po anketi o izobraževanju odraslih
Authors: Čelebič Tanja
Published: July 2016

Avtorica v prispevku prikazuje stanje in značilnosti neformalnega izobraževanja odraslih v Sloveniji v mednarodni primerjavi z EU-27. Analiza je narejena za leto 2007 na podlagi podatkov Ankete o izobraževanju odraslih, ki je prva taka anketa na ravni EU. Nacionalni in mednarodni dokumenti poudarjajo predvsem pomen izobraževanja odraslih z vidika gospodarske- ga razvoja in socialne vključenosti. Podatki kažejo, da vključenost odraslih, starih 25 do 64 let, v neformalno izobraževanje presega povprečje EU-27, vendar pa se v vključenosti kažejo velike razlike glede na starost, doseženo izobrazbo, status ak- tivnosti in poklic. Podobno se kažejo tudi razlike v povprečnem trajanju izobraževanja na udeleženca. Večina izobraževanja je povezana s potrebami dela, a je delež manjši od povprečja EU-27. Najpogostejši razlog za izobraževanje je razvoj kariere ali izboljšanje kariernih možnosti, drugi razlogi so veliko manj pomembni. V strukturi udeležencev neformalnega izobraže- vanja po področjih izobraževanja največji delež odpade na družbene vede, poslovne vede in pravo, Slovenija od povprečja EU-27 najbolj odstopa po večjem deležu udeležencev učenja tujih jezikov. V Sloveniji bi veljalo spodbuditi večjo vključenost odraslih v izobraževanje, predvsem tistih skupin, ki se redkeje vključujejo v izobraževanje. Ker je pogosta ovira v izobraže- vanju odraslih krajevna nedostopnost izobraževanja, bi bilo treba spodbujati enakomernejšo razporeditev organizacij, ki izvajajo neformalno izobraževanje. Spodbujati bi bilo treba tudi pogostejšo rabo interneta, ki je pomemben vir informacij o izobraževalnih možnostih, predvsem pri nizko izobraženih in starejših.
Matematična pismenost kot temelj za vseživljenjsko učenje in družbeno vključenost
Authors: Van Groenestijn Mieke
Published: July 2016

Evropska komisija opisuje pismenost in matematično pismenost v kombinaciji z reševanjem problemov kot ključni kompo- nenti za to, da je človek uspešen v družbi. Večina ljudi se zaveda potrebe po pismenosti, matematični pismenosti pa se še vedno ne pripisuje bistvenega pomena za preživetje v družbi. Vendar rezultati mednarodnih študij kažejo, da ljudje z nižjo izobrazbo na splošno niso tako uspešni kot ljudje z več izobrazbe. Še posebej matematična pismenost bo postala čedalje bolj pomembna v sodobni in bodoči družbi. Pismenost in matematična pismenost sta ključnega pomena za vseživljenjsko učenje in družbeno vključenost. Prispevek poudarja potrebo po matematični pismenosti v procesu vseživljenjskega učenja. Prvi del opisuje, kako se je kon- cept matematične pismenosti razvil iz osnovnih veščin v ključne kompetence. V drugem in tretjem delu se pojasnjujejo načini učenja in poučevanja v izobraževanju odraslih. V četrtem delu se pojasnjuje Evropski okvir matematične pismenosti kot dela formalnega sistema izobraževanja v Evropi, ki je del Evropskega okvira kvalifikacij.
Feast or famine? Epipalaeolithic subsistence in the northern Adriatic basin
Authors: Miracle Preston
Published: July 2016

In this paper I use a late glacial-early postglacial archaeological case study from Istria, Croatia, to develop methods for inferring the social contexts of food consumption from animal remains. A number of lines of evidence are suggestive of an increase over time in the diversity and scale of food consumption at Pupi≤ina Cave. At the scale of the region, these data are consistent with subsistence intensification in response to shortfalls in food resources. At the scale of the site, however, these data can be interpreted as remains from “celebratory” feasts. This paper addresses the gap between theory and method in the identification of prehistoric feasts.
Mesolithic to Neolithic in Greece. Continuity, discontinuity or change of course?
Authors: Kotsakis Kostas
Published: July 2016

The paper reviews the status of the Mesolithic/Neolitihc interface in Greece. It is argued that the old dichotomy between “indigenists” and “diffusionists” concerning the neolithization of Greece is simplistic. Instead it is proposed that the discussion should be focused on two separate issues: one factual, emphasizing the form of phenomena and their archaeological description and one interpretive focusing more on content. Concerning the first issue, the hypothesis is made that the discontinuity in the Mesolithic/Neolithic interface is probably the result of the incomplete archaeological record and the biased research on long-term Neolithic sites in Thessaly. As for the second issue, the shift to the Neolithic can be better understood as an effort to control society and its conflicts by manipulating physical and conceptual resources and by constructing new identities.