bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Management of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Feldman Andrew , Weaver Joshua
Published: October 2024

Disorders of the somatosensory nervous system that cause neuropathic pain are treated in a variety of ways. Herein, we introduce a stepwise approach to treating neuropathic pain. We then summarize the available data and guidelines for treating neuropathic pain, both with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods, and provide a synthesized algorithm highlighting the similarities and differences between recent guidelines on the management of neuropathic pain. Pharmacologic treatments are primarily antiseizure medications (e.g., gabapentinoids, sodium channel blockers) and antidepressant medications (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), though other medications and interventional pharmacologic therapies can also be considered. There are a wide variety of nonpharmacologic treatments for neuropathic pain including neuromodulation, nerve stimulation, physiotherapy, movement therapies, lifestyle modification, nutritional supplements, acupuncture, and mind–body techniques.
Synergy of high-intensity chromium ion implantation and ion beam energy impact on the zirconium alloy surface
Authors: Ryabchikov A. I. , Korneva O. S. , Bozhko I. A. , Gurulev A. V. , Dektyariev S. V. , Ivanova A. I. , Zaytsev D. D.
Published: October 2024

The peculiarities and modes of material modification with high-intensity, high-power density ion beams on the irradiated surface are studied for the first time. Chromium ions are implanted into a zirconium alloy using a 25 kW/cm2, 450 μs beam at the pulse repetition rates within 8–35 pps. Every high-energy ion pulse impact is followed by ultrafast cooling of the surface due to heat removal into the target material. Three modes are studied at the temperatures of 580, 700, and 900 °C with an additional pulsed heating. An increase in the average target temperature from 580 to 700 °C within 1 h at the same pulse power density allows increasing the depth of chromium ion alloying from 1.5 to more than 7 μm. The use of ultrafast cooling of the Zr1%Nb alloy surface offers a grain size reduction from a few μm to approximately 50–250 nm, without any microstructural changes throughout the sample volume. An inhomogeneous chromium ion distribution over the target surface and depth is observed.
Enhancing high-fidelity neural network potentials through low-fidelity sampling
Authors: Jung Gang Seob
Published: October 2024

The efficacy of neural network potentials (NNPs) critically depends on the quality of the configurational datasets used for training. Prior research using empirical potentials has shown that well-selected liquid–solid transitional configurations of a metallic system can be translated to other metallic systems. This study demonstrates that such validated configurations can be relabeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, thereby enhancing the development of high-fidelity NNPs. Training strategies and sampling approaches are efficiently assessed using empirical potentials and subsequently relabeled via DFT in a highly parallelized fashion for high-fidelity NNP training. Our results reveal that relying solely on energy and force for NNP training is inadequate to prevent overfitting, highlighting the necessity of incorporating stress terms into the loss functions. To optimize training involving force and stress terms, we propose employing transfer learning to fine-tune the weights, ensuring that the potential surface is smooth for these quantities composed of energy derivatives. This approach markedly improves the accuracy of elastic constants derived from simulations in both empirical potential-based NNPs and relabeled DFT-based NNPs. Overall, this study offers significant insights into leveraging empirical potentials to expedite the development of reliable and robust NNPs at the DFT level.
Ablation mechanism of Al wires electrical explosion plasma on a propellant
Authors: Zhang Jiangbo , Xiao Fei , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhenghao , Liu Yajie
Published: October 2024

This study explores the ignition and ablation of a propellant by plasma produced during the electrical explosion of aluminum wires. An experimental platform is established to investigate the mechanism underlying this process. Al wires of different diameters and single-base, double-base, and triple-base propellants are considered. The electrical explosion products of the Al wires and the ablated propellant are analyzed in detail. The results show that during the explosions, the peak voltage of a 0.1 mm-diameter Al wire is the highest and that of a 0.5 mm-diameter wire is the lowest. The discharge voltages are basically the same after the metal vapor is broken down and formed into a plasma discharge channel. The peak of the particle diameter distribution of the explosion products of a 0.1 mm-diameter wire is at about 25 nm, that of a 0.2 mm-diameter wire is around 35 nm, and that of a 0.5 mm-diameter wire is around 50 nm. The ablation effect of a single-base propellant consists mainly of thermal ablation by plasma and impact ablation by particles. The ablation of a double-base propellant is mainly thermal ablation, and the ablation of a triple-base propellant is mainly thermal ablation dominated by particle impacts. The thermal decomposition temperatures of different propellant components have a significant influence on the ablation process. These results have a wide range of applications, such as in the design of plasma generators and energetic materials in electrothermal chemical guns.
Study on shock wave load characteristics from condensed phase explosive detonations in deep-water explosions
Authors: Yu Jun , Wang Hai-Kun , Zhang Xian-Pi , Sheng Zhen-Xin , Zhang Lun-Ping
Published: October 2024

This study investigates shock wave load characteristics from condensed phase explosive detonations in deep-water environments using a high-order compressible multiphase solver. Spatial terms of the solver are discretized by fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction in characteristic space, while a third-order total variation diminishing Runge–Kutta method is adopted to deal with the temporal terms. The level-set method captures multiphase interfaces, while a programed burn model describes detonation wave generation. Numerical and experimental validations focus on shock waves in explosives interacting with water. Validations across shallow and deep-water conditions align numerical results with theoretical and experimental values. The solver examines shock wave characteristics across varied charge masses and water depths, revealing peak pressure deviations under identical conditions. The numerical simulation results indicate that the similarity of shock wave loads in underwater explosions is evident not only in peak pressures but also in the pressure–time history curves. Through extensive comparative analysis of results, it has been found that existing formulas for calculating shock wave positive pressure durations are not applicable to deep-water explosions. The research findings and analytical methods presented in this paper can serve as crucial references for further studies on the characteristics of shock wave loads in deep-water explosions.
Physics-informed neural networks coupled with flamelet/progress variable model for solving combustion physics considering detailed reaction mechanism
Authors: Song Mengze , Tang Xinzhou , Xing Jiangkuan , Liu Kai , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren
Published: October 2024

In recent years, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have shown potential as a method for solving combustion physics. However, current efforts using PINNs for the direct predictions of multi-dimensional flames only use global reaction mechanisms. Considering detailed chemistry is crucial for understanding detailed combustion physics, and how to accurately and efficiently consider detailed mechanisms under the framework of PINNs has not been explored yet and is still an open question. To this end, this paper proposes a PINN/flamelet/progress variable (FPV) approach to accurately and efficiently solve combustion physics, considering detailed chemistry. Specifically, the combustion thermophysical properties are tabulated using several control variables, with the FPV model considering detailed chemistry. Then, PINNs are used to solve the governing equations of continuity, momentum, and control variables with the thermophysical properties extracted from the FPV library. The performance of the proposed PINN/FPV approach is assessed for diffusion flames in a two-dimensional laminar mixing layer by comparing it with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. It has been found that the PINN/FPV model can accurately reproduce the flow and combustion fields, regardless of the presence or absence of observation points. The quantitative statistics demonstrated that the mean relative error was less than 10%, and R2 values were all higher than 0.94. The applicability and stability of this model were further verified on other unseen cases with variable parameters. This study provides an efficient and accurate method to consider detailed reaction mechanisms in solving combustion physics using PINNs.
Oscillatory excitation of Faraday waves on the interface of immiscible fluids in a slotted channel
Authors: Kozlov Victor , Vlasova Olga , Dyakova Veronika
Published: October 2024

Recent studies of the oscillatory dynamics of the interface between fluids in Hele–Shaw cells have revealed a new type of instability termed the “oscillatory Saffman instability” in the case of fluids with high-viscosity contrast. The present study is dedicated to the experimental investigation of the dynamics of the interface between low-viscosity fluids of different densities oscillating in a vertical narrow channel. It is discovered that as the amplitude of oscillations increases, a threshold excitation of parametric oscillations of the interface in the form of a standing wave is observed in the plane of the fluid layer. This phenomenon bears a resemblance to Faraday waves, but the dependence of the standing wave wavelength on the oscillation frequency does not align with the classical dispersion relation for low-viscosity fluids. The damping effect of viscous boundary layers near the cell walls and the out-of-plane curvature of the oscillating interface leads to a decrease in the natural frequency of oscillations. The experiments demonstrate a significant role of the dimensionless layer thickness. With its decrease (increase in the dimensionless out-of-plane interface curvature), the threshold oscillation acceleration rises in accordance with a power law. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this type of instability has been discovered and studied for the first time. Another important finding is the excitation of intense time-averaged vortical flows in the channel plane within the supercritical region. The physical mechanism underlying the excitation of the time-averaged vortices is clarified, and the dimensionless parameters that govern their intensity are identified.
Super-resolution reconstruction of turbulence for Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids with a physical constraint
Authors: Jiang Yu , Liang Yuanfei , Yuan Xue-Feng
Published: October 2024

Super-resolution reconstruction (SR) of turbulent flow fields with high physical fidelity from low-resolution turbulence data is a novel and cost-effective way in a turbulence study. However, some naive image-to-image machine learning methods often produce nonphysical features inconsistent with the physical characteristics of turbulence. The present work proposes, respectively, convolutional neural network and generative adversarial network-based turbulence SR models using the kinetic energy spectra of turbulence flow as a physical constraint. The models have been validated in turbulence SR reconstruction for a Newtonian fluid under the flow condition of homogeneous isotropic turbulence at Reynolds number, Re=3140 and 4710 and viscoelastic fluid at the same Re numbers and Weisenberg number, Wi=0.796 and 1.194 (the elasticity number El=Wi/Re=0.000 254), respectively. The results show that with the energy spectra constraint (ESC), not only the nonphysical features occurred in the energy spectra of velocity field could be eliminated by the SR models, the errors of their reconstructed vorticity fields in comparison with the results of direct numerical simulation are also significantly smaller than those of the SR models without ESC. Therefore, incorporation of physical constraints is vital in preserving physical characteristics in SR of turbulent flow.
Unsteady conjugate heat transfer simulation around the throat insert in a high enthalpy shock tunnel
Authors: Liu Wanting , Wang Qiu , Wang Wentao , Luo Kai , Li Jinping , Zhao Wei
Published: October 2024

High enthalpy shock tunnel is a critical ground testing facility for evaluating the aerodynamic performance of hypersonic vehicles by simulating high-enthalpy, hypersonic flows. However, as the total temperature or pressure of the stagnant gas rises, the throat insert may be subjected to melting or oxidation, leading to a degradation in flow quality or a reduction in effective test time. This study investigates the unsteady heat transfer between the gas flow and the throat insert using a conjugate heat transfer model. The effects of test time, total temperature, and total pressure on the throat temperature are presented. An increase in any of these factors will raise the throat temperature. Moreover, oxidation will cause the copper throat insert to melt more quickly under the same conditions, which should be considered when addressing throat melting issues.
A new analytical procedure to replace the outdated Weende proximal feed ingredient analysis paradigm is long overdue
Authors: Pesti Gene M.
Published: October 2024

Context Proximate analysis is also called the Weende method. It has been the standard used for describing the chemical composition of feed ingredients for the past 150+ years. Understanding of the chemical composition of feeds has changed greatly in that time. Most of the current terms used for proximate analyses are unclear and misleading: (1) Crude protein, nitrogen × 6.25 describes true protein plus any other nitrogen-containing compounds including nucleotides and even phospholipids. (2) Crude fibre represents approximately half of the true fibre in most ingredients, but only approximately one-seventh of the fibre in important ingredients like soybean meal. (3) Ether Extract represents the neutral lipids in ingredients but little of the polar lipids like the lecithins. (4) The Nitrogen-free Extract is not an extract at all. It is supposed to represent starch in feed, but it contains large proportions of pectin, hemicellulose and even some cellulose. It reflects the error in Crude Fibre. Inadequacies of the Weende system have been known for a very long time. Animal producers desire to embrace modern technology and adapt more precise feeding techniques. Aims This paper explains how 19th century chemistry relates to 21st century understandings of feed composition and proposes an updated method of feed ingredient analysis. Methods A new method of describing feed composition based on 13 modern chemical categories was conceived and called the ‘Armidale Method’, to distinguish it from the Weende method. The new feed chemical category method was used to compile a preliminary database based on: moisture, sugars, oligosaccharides, starch, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash, neutral lipids, polar lipids, true protein, and nonprotein nitrogenous compounds. Key results Composition values for 26 ingredients compiled from three sources averaged 1032.0 ± 49.5 g/kg, comparable to the theoretical 1000 g/kg. Conclusions The Armidale Method of analyses could be the starting point for discussions of new standardised procedures for ingredient trade and feed formulation. Implications It is time for producers, in conjunction with nutritionists and analytical chemists, to explore the best ways to represent the composition of feed ingredients for feeding value and trade.
The endoplasmic reticulum as an active liquid network
Authors: Scott Zubenelgenubi C. , Steen Samuel B. , Huber Greg , Westrate Laura M. , Koslover Elena F.
Published: October 2024

The peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a dense, interconnected, and constantly evolving network of membrane-bound tubules in eukaryotic cells. While individual structural elements and the morphogens that stabilize them have been described, a quantitative understanding of the dynamic large-scale network topology remains elusive. We develop a physical model of the ER as an active liquid network, governed by a balance of tension-driven shrinking and new tubule growth. This minimalist model gives rise to steady-state network structures with density and rearrangement timescales predicted from the junction mobility and tubule spawning rate. Several parameter-independent geometric features of the liquid network model are shown to be representative of ER architecture in live mammalian cells. The liquid network model connects the timescales of distinct dynamic features such as ring closure and new tubule growth in the ER. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the steady-state network morphology on a cellular scale arises from the balance of microscopic dynamic rearrangements.
Projected meaning in English and French
Authors: Troughton Faye
Published: October 2024

This study offers a reanalysis of embedded exclamative constructions as true exclamative, and even as mirative,
items. Through a quantitative study of the constructions and the verbs that licence them in English and French, it is demonstrated
that not only do these embedded constructions resemble their non-embedded counterparts, their conventional meaning is not
over-ruled by a matrix clause but rather projected by it.
The mass/count distinction in nouns for foodstuffs
Authors: Geist Ljudmila
Published: October 2024

Languages show variation in the encoding of plurality in the domain of foodstuffs. Some foodstuffs are lexicalized
by singular mass nouns (e.g., garlic) and others by plural count nouns (e.g., beans). In the
paper it is argued on the basis of German and Russian that there is no difference in meaning between these two forms: both denote
aggregates as clusters of objects. Since objects are built into clusters, they are inaccessible for counting and both types of
nouns uniformly behave like mass nouns. Such a uniform behavior would be unexplainable if these forms differed in meaning and the
plural form were a regular count plural. This investigation suggests that two types of plural have to be distinguished: the mass
aggregate plural, which indicates a clustered plurality of objects, and the count plural, which designates sets of disjoined
objects. Regular plural markers may in principle be ambiguous between these two interpretations. However, if a plural marker is
attached to a singulative or unit-denoting morpheme of a noun, the plural is unambiguously interpreted as count plural. The mass
aggregate plural may receive a special morphological marking in some languages, as in Russian.
When do people dislike self-enhancers?
Authors: Weber Valentin , Mercier Hugo
Published: October 2024

Self-enhancing statements can provide useful information. Why do we resent those who make them? We suggest that
the resentment comes from a broader claim of superiority that self-enhancing statements can imply. In three experiments, we
compared one condition, designed such that the self-enhancing claim would be perceived as a claim of superiority, to three
conditions providing different contextual reasons for why the self-enhancing claim might not be a claim of superiority. In those
conditions the self-enhancing claim is either called for, addressed to someone who performs better than the self-enhancer, or
addressed to someone who doesn’t compete in the domain mentioned of the self-enhancing claim. The results show that participants
disliked the self-enhancer more and were more likely to deem the self-enhancing claim to be a brag when the self-enhancing claim
was manipulated to be a claim of superiority.
Demonstrative this/that and gestures
Authors: Pan Shiwen , Ge Yunfeng
Published: October 2024

This paper addresses the unresolved question of whether demonstrative this/that and their
accompanying gestures serve the same function. By utilizing Langacker’s notion of Current Discourse Space (CDS) and
integrating gesture studies and frame semantics, this research models the entire process of demonstrative use and points to the
distinct roles that demonstratives and gestures play in each usage event. The findings reveal that their functions are indeed
different: the gesture (gazing) initially singles out an entity as a target, followed by the demonstratives encoding it
phonetically. Subsequently, the demonstratives evoke the initiation of a targeting act by the hearer, and the gesture (pointing)
specifically identifies the entity during the decoding process. Based on the notion of distinguishing role and
value, this study proposes that the semantic content (‘target’) encoded by demonstratives is the
role (‘element’) within the viewing (attention)-target event frame, rather than its
value (‘entity’). This principle applies to both exophoric and anaphoric contexts, providing a unified
conceptual foundation for the function of demonstratives. In the light of these findings, the article also offers novel
perspectives on the function of demonstratives as grounding elements, contributing to a deeper understanding of their role in
communication.
Japanese unnun as a meta-discourse placeholder
Authors: Seraku Tohru
Published: October 2024

Previous studies have described a range of placeholder (PH) items. A PH fills in the grammatical slot of a target that a speaker is unable or unwilling to produce. This paper argues that Japanese unnun, an expression wholly underdescribed in the literature, serves as a PH and that it may also be used as a general extender (GE). Unlike previously known PHs, unnun is regarded as a ‘meta-discourse’ PH; it replaces a discourse segment, rather than a linguistic form. I develop a cognitive-pragmatic account in Relevance theory, arguing that unnun encodes procedural meaning and that the PH and GE functions emerge through interaction among encoded meaning, pragmatic principles, and contextual assumptions. Further, the account situates unnun in the broader picture of vague language in a theoretically coherent manner. I also suggest that some of the previously described PHs in other languages may be re-classified as meta-discourse PHs.
Fallacies and biases
Authors: Seremeta Ermioni , Flecken Monique , Andone Corina
Published: October 2024

When processing political arguments, people are strongly affected by their prior ideological beliefs. Political
cognition often relies on two types of ideological biases. Firstly, confirmation bias leads addressees of political communication
to accept arguments that affirm their preferred ideological positions. Secondly, disconfirmation bias probes reasoners to reject
arguments that provide attitudinally incongruent evidence. Here, we report the findings of an experiment aimed at investigating
the role of biased reasoning on perceptions of argument soundness. We focused on the processing of the strawman fallacy to
determine whether strawman effectiveness is contingent upon the activation of different ideological biases. We examined argument
comprehension, argument evaluation and fallacy identification by means of a memory task, a rating task and an interview. Our data
suggests that ideological biases and fallacy effect are associated with deliberative cognitive settings and marks a distinction
between evaluative attitudes and the capacity to identify fallacies in political argumentation.
Practitioner Guide for G-PPP, a collaborative market systems framework.
Authors: Neave Suzanne , Vinning Grant
Published: October 2024

This guide was designed as part of the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) project 'Safer Spices: Food Safety and Market Access for Peppercorn in Vietnam, Cambodia and Lao PDR'. It has been designed for practitioners working with groups to improve quality of peppercorn by adopting the Peppercorn Code of Practice. It is a toolkit for navigating and facilitating the complex relationships and collaborations between market actors. Starting with an introduction to the grassroots-public private partnership (G-PPP) model and its underlying principles, it guides the reader through real case examples. The guide begins with the foundational concepts of market systems and moves into practical applications, including value chain analysis, partner engagement strategies, and techniques for fostering collaborative problem solving.
Fundamental theory of current-induced motion of magnetic skyrmions
Authors: Ohki Yuto , Mochizuki Masahito
Published: October 2024

Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures that appear in magnets with broken spatial inversion symmetry as a consequence of competition between the (anti)ferromagnetic exchange interactions and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions in a magnetic field. In the research of spintronics, the current-driven dynamics of skyrmions has been extensively studied aiming at their applications to next-generation spintronic devices. However, current-induced skyrmion motion exhibits diverse behaviors depending on various factors and conditions such as the type of skyrmion, driving mechanism, system geometry, direction of applied current, and type of the magnet. While this variety attracts enormous research interest of fundamental science and enriches their possibilities of technical applications, it is, at the same time, a source of difficulty and complexity that hinders their comprehensive understandings. In this article, we discuss fundamental and systematic theoretical descriptions of current-induced motion of skyrmions driven by the spin-transfer torque and the spin–orbit torque. Specifically, we theoretically describe the behaviors of current-driven skyrmions depending on the factors and conditions mentioned above by means of analyses using the Thiele equation. Furthermore, the results of the analytical theory are visually demonstrated and quantitatively confirmed by micromagnetic simulations using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation. In particular, we discuss dependence of the direction and velocity of motion on the type of skyrmion (Bloch type and Néel type) and its helicity, the system geometry (thin plate and nanotrack), the direction of applied current (length and width direction of the nanotrack) and its spin-polarization orientation, and the type of magnet (ferromagnet and antiferromagnet). The comprehensive theory provided by this article is expected to contribute significantly to research on the manipulation and control of magnetic skyrmions by electric currents for future spintronics applications.
Low temperature atomic layer deposition of PbO2 for electrochemical applications
Authors: Bielinski Ashley R , Emery Jonathan D , Agyapong-Fordjour Frederick , Jones Jessica , Papa Lopes Pietro , Martinson Alex B F
Published: October 2024

A low temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for PbO2 was developed using bis(1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propanolate)lead(II), Pb(DMAMP)2, and O3 as the reactants, with a high growth rate of 2.6 Å/cycle. PbO2 readily reduces under low oxygen partial pressures at moderate temperatures making it challenging to deposit ALD PbO2 from Pb2+ precursors. However, thin films deposited with this process showed small crystalline grains of α-PbO2 and β-PbO2, without signs of reduced PbO
x
phases. The ALD PbO2 thin films show the high electrical conductivity characteristic of bulk PbO2. In situ measurements of ALD PbO2 film conductivity during growth suggest a reaction mechanism by which sub-surface oxygen mobility contributes to the growth of resistive PbO or PbO
x
during the Pb(DMAMP)2 surface reaction step, which is only fully oxidized from Pb2+ to Pb4+ during the O3 reaction step. These films were electrochemically reduced to PbSO4 in H2SO4 and then reoxidized to PbO2, demonstrating their suitability for use as an electrode material for fundamental battery research and other electrochemical applications.
Exponential mixing for singular skew-products
Authors: Butterley Oliver
Published: October 2024

We study skew-products of the form

(
x
,
u
)
↦
(
f
x
,
u
+
φ
(
x
)
)

where f is a non-uniformly expanding map on a manifold X and

φ
:
X
→

S

1

is piecewise

C

1

. If the systems satisfies mild assumptions (in particular singular behaviour of ϕ is permitted) then we prove that the map mixes exponentially with respect to the unique SRB measure. This extends previous results by allowing singular behaviour in the fibre map.
Utilizing parametric instabilities to diagnose edge density fluctuations in TCV
Authors: Clod A , Ragona R , Senstius M G , Jensen T , Kumar U , Coda S , Nielsen S K ,   the TCV Team
Published: October 2024

Two-plasmon decay instabilities (TPDIs) are a class of parametric instabilities where a gyrotron beam, polarized in X-mode, decays nonlinearly into two upper hybrid waves at approximately half frequency. Here, we present the design of a simple radiometer that was installed at Tokamak á configuration variable to diagnose TPDIs as well as a novel technique that was used to calibrate the radiometer using thermal electron cyclotron emissions. We show examples of measured radiation from TPDIs that occur when the gyrotron beam intersects blob filaments in the scrape-off layer and demonstrate that the frequency separation of the TPDI daughter waves can be used to assess the densities of the blob filaments. This technique could be utilized to diagnose density fluctuations due to both blobs, ELMs, and rotating magnetic islands.
Research on operating characteristics of V-shaped ultrasonic motor based on improved electromechanical coupling model
Authors: Jin Zhenjie , Yao Zhiyuan , Xu Hao , Gao Yuepeng
Published: October 2024

As a complex electromechanical coupling system, evaluating the motion characteristics of an ultrasonic motor via an accurate theoretical model is challenging due to the strong coupling between its electrical and mechanical properties. To address this issue, the paper first establishes a complete dynamic model of the V-shaped ultrasonic motor. In contrast to the traditional dynamic model, the proposed model incorporates the centroid vibration of the stator and applies the weighted residual method to reduce the computational complexity by simplifying the dynamic model from infinite-dimensional degrees of freedom to two degrees of freedom. Subsequently, the finite element method is employed to determine the vibration mode of the stator structure and derive the two-phase operational mode of the motor. Using these two-phase working modes, the model is then solved to predict the motor’s output characteristics under any operational condition. Furthermore, an electrical model accounting for preload nonlinearity was developed based on the dynamic model and compared with the model without considering preload nonlinearity, supported by experimental verification. The findings demonstrate that the established dynamic model and electrical model can accurately simulate the changing laws of the input and output characteristics of the motor, which provides assistance for the subsequent operation status evaluation of the motor and fault diagnosis during operation.
Strain analysis and preliminary test of an all-superconducting high-field magnet generating 32.4 T direct-current magnetic field
Authors: Zhang Xintao , Shao Liangjun , Gao Peng , Hu Shuai , Hong Wenzhe , Yan Yufan , Zhang Shuqing , Wang Zhaoran , Liu Mingliang , Gao Shuowei , Xiao Mianjun , Song Peng , Ma Hongjun , Guo Liang , Jin Huan , Shi Yi , Hong Zhiyong , Zhou Chao , Qin Jinggang , Liu Fang , Qu Timing , Liu Huajun , Song Yuntao , Li Jiangang
Published: October 2024

A higher available magnetic field can provide more flexibility for significant research and construction. Inserting a feasible high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) magnet inside a low-temperature-superconducting (LTS) external is becoming an efficient method to build ultra-high-field (UHF) magnets. However, HTS insert magnets exhibited a concentration of magnetic strain during the energization, significantly owing to the screening-current effect. This phenomenon affects the structural integrity of HTS magnets, posing a difficulty for UHF magnets to reach a center field larger than 30 T. In this paper, we report the recent progress of the 35 T all-superconducting UHF magnet project. The full-cycle development of this homemade UHF magnet was a strong collaboration with multiple domestic institutions in China. We used commercial REBa2Cu3O

7
−
x

(RE = rare earth element, REBCO) conductors to wind the 20 T HTS insert. Specifically, we optimized the electromagnetic design of this HTS insert with consideration of screening-current induced strain. We applied the no-insulation and metal-as-insulation winding techniques simultaneously to balance the time constant of the two nested REBCO coils. During the excitation test, the HTS insert maintained a 256 A operation current as designed for nearly 18 h. With the energization of LTS external magnet, the entire facility reached a center field larger than 20 T for 16 h, 30 T for 6.35 h and 32 T for 2 h. It finally reached a 32.4 T center field, at which point the LTS external quenched, inducing the HTS insert to quench as well. After quench, the HTS magnet can maintain 229 A operation current during the postmortem standalone test. This 32.4 T result exhibits the effectiveness of considering the screening-current induced strain to enhance the structural integrity of REBCO magnets, and verifies the high reliability of REBCO magnets by generating a long-duration high field environment without any quench accident originating from the REBCO magnet.
Figure-8 mode-locked Yb-doped fibre oscillator with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror and power amplification
Authors: Park Eun Kyoung , Oh Ye Jin , Park In Chul , Yang Juhee , Kim Guang-Hoon , Jeong Hoon , Kim Jun Wan , Kim Ji Won
Published: October 2024

We report an all-polarization-maintaining Yb-doped fibre (YDF) femtosecond (fs) laser source at ∼1 µm comprising a figure-8 mode-locked oscillator and two YDF amplifier stages. By employing a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror, we could achieve dissipative soliton mode-locking with an output of 24.6 mW at a repetition rate of 6.2 MHz. In our experiments, a Raman signal of 16% in the pulse energy helps to obtain stable mode-locked operation in the figure-8 oscillator. The dissipative soliton pulse from the oscillator is stretched by a chirped fibre Bragg grating and is amplified by a two-stage YDF amplifier. After compression, the YDF master-oscillator power-amplifier system yields fs pulses with a pulse energy of 2.3 µJ and a pulse duration of 274.6 fs at a repetition rate of 0.52 MHz. The output pulse energy is limited by the third-order nonlinearity of the fibre amplifier chain. Prospects for further pulse energy scaling are discussed.
Black-hole joker
Authors: Myers David
Published: October 2024

A response to the feature by James Gillies about his time as CERN’s head of communications (September 2024).
Spot the knot
Authors: Michieletto Davide
Published: October 2024

From proteins to DNA, knotted structures are present in many vital molecules. Understanding what these knots do is difficult because our best theories still struggle to tell complex knots apart. But, argues Davide Michieletto, with advances in AI, that could be about to change.
Five-pole wideband quasi-reflectionless interdigital BPF with second harmonic suppression
Authors: Alabedi Yasir , Vahab AL-Din Makki Seyed , Alkhafaji Nasr
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a 5-pole quasi-reflectionless (QR) interdigital BPF with a wide range of non-reflecting signals is proposed, offering good impedance matching. Two absorptive T-shaped stubs are placed at the input and output ports of the interdigital BPF. The absorptive stubs are optimised to obtain the reflection as low as possible for a wide range. Additionally, we shift the adjacent resonators of the interdigital BPF up and down to improve overall performance. The design follows a specific procedure in order to investigate factors affecting the performance. Firstly, the convetional interdigtial bandpass filter is designed relying on the coupling matrix method. Next, we study the conversion of the stopband filter into an absorptive stub. The input impedance of the stub plays a vital role in determining the reflection bandwidth, so it is optimised as well. Meanwhile, the interdigital BPF and one abosrptive stub are combined, where the bandwidth of reflectionless becomes wider compared to the conventional interdigital BPF. Another absorptive stub is added into the other port of the BPF to make the proposed filter symmetric. Different orders of the interdigital PBF are analysed, where the fifth order has the best response. The proposed filter is fabricated and tested, and an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.5 is utilized. The simulation and measurement results agree well. The realised S11 is less than −10dB from 0.72 GHz to 4.1 GHz (i.e., −10dB reflectionless bandwidth 3.38 GHz), while the realised S11 is less than −3dB from 0.42 GHz to 6 GHz (i.e., −3dB reflectionless bandwidth 5.58 GHz). The S21 response is good for the transmission band. Finally, some slots are etched out from the gorund to reduce the influence of the second harmonic response.
Sulfur dioxide gas sensor based on vanadium oxide doped TiO2 nanopaper
Authors: Ri Son Ho , Kim Chol Myong , Pak Jong Sung , Jon Sang Mo , Kim Gang Hyok
Published: October 2024

The gas sensor based on TiO2 nanomaterials is promising for both industry and daily life because of its simple fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and easy application to micro-devices. However, its selectivity is relatively low and strongly influenced by the environment, thus limiting its practical application. In this work, we prepared TiO2 nanopaper by methods of hydrothermal synthesis and conventional paper preparation. To improve the selectivity, we added V2O5 by immersing the as-prepared nanopaper in an ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) solution evenly dispersed in ethanol. Nanopaper is a random array of long nanowires and nanofibers, which retains its shape and structure at high temperature, unlike pure nanowires, due to its high porosity and mechanical stability. V2O5 leads to a selective sensing performance with high catalytic activity for SO2 gas. The surface structure of the sensing material and its porosity were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS. The improved sensing material exhibited a high response of about 22.6 for 100 ppm SO2 and a fast response and recovery of 9 s and 14 s, respectively. It also exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity in other interfering gases. Furthermore, the long-term sensing performance in the atmospheric environment was maintained for about 50 days.
TarKG: a comprehensive biomedical knowledge graph for target discovery
Authors: Zhou Cong , Cai Chui-Pu , Huang Xiao-Tian , Wu Song , Yu Jun-Lin , Wu Jing-Wei , Fang Jian-Song , Li Guo-Bo
Published: October 2024

Motivation

Target discovery is a crucial step in drug development, as it directly affects the success rate of clinical trials. Knowledge graphs (KGs) offer unique advantages in processing complex biological data and inferring new relationships. Existing biomedical KGs primarily focus on tasks such as drug repositioning and drug–target interactions, leaving a gap in the construction of KGs tailored for target discovery.

Results

We established a comprehensive biomedical KG focusing on target discovery, termed TarKG, by integrating seven existing biomedical KGs, nine public databases, and traditional Chinese medicine knowledge databases. TarKG consists of 1 143 313 entities and 32 806 467 relations across 15 entity categories and 171 relation types, all centered around 3 core entity types: Disease, Gene, and Compound. TarKG provides specialized knowledges for the core entities including chemical structures, protein sequences, or text descriptions. By using different KG embedding algorithms, we assessed the knowledge completion capabilities of TarKG, particularly for disease–target link prediction. In case studies, we further examined TarKG’s ability to predict potential protein targets for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to identify diseases potentially associated with the metallo-deubiquitinase CSN5, using literature analysis for validation. Furthermore, we provided a user-friendly web server (https://tarkg.ddtmlab.org) that enables users to perform knowledge retrieval and relation inference using TarKG.

Availability and implementation

TarKG is accessible at https://tarkg.ddtmlab.org.
A history of traumatic brain injury is associated with poorer cognition and imaging evidence of altered white matter tract integrity in UK Biobank (n = 50 376)
Authors: Lyall Donald M , Russell Emma R , Ward Joey , Stewart William
Published: October 2024

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. We currently have no means to identify patients most at risk of neurodegenerative disease following injury and, resultantly, no means to target risk mitigation interventions. To address this, we explored the association between history of traumatic brain injury with cognitive performance and imaging measures of white matter integrity. From the UK Biobank imaging sub-study (n = 50 376), participants were identified with either self-reported (n = 177) or health record coded broad- (injury codes; n = 1096) or narrow-band (TBI specific codes; n = 274) TBI, or as controls with no such documented history (n = 49 280). Cognitive scores and imaging measures of corpus callosum white matter integrity were compared between injury participants (versus no injury), corrected for age, sex, socioeconomic status and medications. TBI was associated with poorer cognitive and imaging phenotypes. The strongest deleterious associations were for narrow-band injury (β difference 0.2–0.3; P < 0.01). All cognitive and imaging phenotypes were strongly inter-correlated (P < 0.001). This study provides insight into possible early biomarkers predating neurodegenerative disease following brain injury. Measures of cognition and white matter following injury may provide means to identify individuals most at risk of neurodegenerative disease, to which mitigation strategies might be targeted.
Drug-specific presentation and outcome of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in children: a scoping review
Authors: St George-Hyslop Frances , Cherepacha Nicole , Chugani Bindiya , Alabdeen Yousef , Sanchez-Espino Luis Fernando , Mahood Quenby , Sibbald Cathryn , Verstegen Ruud H J
Published: October 2024

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe adverse drug reaction with significant variation between patients concerning presenting symptoms and disease severity. Under the hypothesis that the clinical presentation of DRESS is drug specific, we performed a scoping review and identified 644 cases of paediatric DRESS. A single implicated drug was present in 262 cases, and drugs with 10 or more cases were included in this analysis (n = 224): carbamazepine (n = 86), dapsone (n = 16), lamotrigine (n = 25), phenobarbital (n = 38), phenytoin (n = 45) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (n = 14). Dapsone was associated with increased organ involvement, the highest mortality rate and the longest period of hospitalization. In addition, we showed that trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole was associated with higher rates of autoimmune sequelae. This study confirms that drug-specific features exist and may impact the acute and long-term management of DRESS in children.
Causal relationships between cerebral cortical structure and preeclampsia: insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis
Authors: Liu Qiong , Jiang Shaoqing , Li Yan , Zhou Aiyin , Long Hanfan , Zhong Weifen
Published: October 2024

Preeclampsia, a multifaceted condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, is linked to substantial health risks for both the mother and the fetus. Previous studies suggest potential neurological impacts, but the causal relationships between cortical structural changes and preeclampsia remain unclear. We utilized genome-wide association study data for cortical thickness (TH) and surface area (SA) across multiple brain regions and preeclampsia. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to assess causality, followed by co-localization analyses to confirm shared genetic architecture. Increased cortical TH in the inferior parietal and supramarginal regions, and an enlarged SA in the postcentral region, were significantly associated with higher preeclampsia risk. Conversely, preeclampsia was linked to increased SA in the supramarginal and middle temporal gyri, and decreased SA in the lingual gyrus. Co-localization analyses indicated distinct genetic determinants for cortical structures and preeclampsia. Our findings reveal bidirectional influences between cortical structural features and preeclampsia, suggesting neuroinflammatory and vascular mechanisms as potential pathways. These insights underscore the importance of considering brain structure in preeclampsia risk assessment and highlight the need for further research into neuroprotective strategies.
Functional specialization and distributed processing across marmoset lateral prefrontal subregions
Authors: Wong Raymond Ka , Selvanayagam Janahan , Johnston Kevin , Everling Stefan
Published: October 2024

A prominent aspect of primate lateral prefrontal cortex organization is its division into several cytoarchitecturally distinct subregions. Neurophysiological investigations in macaques have provided evidence for the functional specialization of these subregions, but an understanding of the relative representational topography of sensory, social, and cognitive processes within them remains elusive. One explanatory factor is that evidence for functional specialization has been compiled largely from a patchwork of findings across studies, in many animals, and with considerable variation in stimulus sets and tasks. Here, we addressed this by leveraging the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to carry out large-scale neurophysiological mapping of the lateral prefrontal cortex using high-density microelectrode arrays, and a diverse suite of test stimuli including faces, marmoset calls, and spatial working memory task. Task-modulated units and units responsive to visual and auditory stimuli were distributed throughout the lateral prefrontal cortex, while those with saccade-related activity or face-selective responses were restricted to 8aV, 8aD, 10, 46 V, and 47. Neurons with contralateral visual receptive fields were limited to areas 8aV and 8aD. These data reveal a mixed pattern of functional specialization in the lateral prefrontal cortex, in which responses to some stimuli and tasks are distributed broadly across lateral prefrontal cortex subregions, while others are more limited in their representation.