bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adherence to medication in adults with Cystic Fibrosis: An investigation using objective adherence data and the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Arden Madelynne A. , Drabble Sarah , O'Cathain Alicia , Hutchings Marlene , Wildman Martin
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Adherence to nebulizer treatment in adults with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is poor, and interventions are needed. This research aimed to identify the factors affecting nebulizer adherence using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and to compare these for participants with different levels of adherence.

Design

Data‐prompted interviews using the TDF.

Methods

Eighteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted with adults with CF during which objectively measured adherence data were discussed. Framework analysis was used to code the data into TDF domains, and inductive qualitative content analysis was used to code different beliefs and experiences. Aspects of the TDF that differed between participants with different adherence levels were explored.

Results

Factors influencing adherence to treatment included all 14 domains of the TDF, 10 of which appeared to vary by adherence level: Skills; Memory and decision‐making; and Behavioural regulation; Environmental context and resources; Social influences; Beliefs about consequences; Beliefs about capability; Reinforcement; Social role and identify; Intentions; Optimism; and Emotions.

Conclusions

This study is the first to use objectively measured adherence data in a data‐prompted interview using the TDF framework to systematically assess the full range of factors potentially influencing adherence. The results highlighted that interventions need to consider issues of capability, opportunity, and motivation. Interventions that challenge dysfunctional beliefs about adherence and which support the development of routines or habits and problem‐solving may be particularly useful for adults with CF.

Statement of contribution

What is already known?

Adherence to medication in adults with cystic fibrosis is poor.

Previous research has identified a range of contributing factors in relation to subjective reports of adherence.

There is a wide discrepancy between self‐reported adherence and objectively measured adherence.

What this study adds

A data‐prompted interview using objectively measured adherence data enabled the systematic assessment of potential factors that could be targeted in an intervention to increase adherence.

There were some differences in the factors that were identified by high and low adherers.

There is not one‐size fits all intervention for adherence to medication in cystic fibrosis.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivatives as non‐nucleoside hepatitis B virus inhibitors by exploring the solvent‐exposed region
Authors: Yu Ji , Jia Haiyong , Guo Xiaowei , Desta Samuel , Zhang Shuo , Zhang Jian , Ding Xiao , Liang Xiaohong , Liu Xinyong , Zhan Peng
Published: March 2019

In continuation of our efforts toward the discovery of potent non‐nucleoside hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors with novel structures, we have explored the solvent‐exposed protein region of heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivatives. Herein, the morpholine ring of GLS4 was replaced with substituted sulfonamides and triazoles to generate novel non‐nucleoside HBV inhibitors with desirable potency. In in vitro biological evaluation, several derivatives showed good anti‐HBV DNA replication activity compared to lamivudine. In particular, compound II‐1 displayed the most potent activity against HBV DNA replication (IC50 = 0.35 ± 0.04 μM). The preliminary structure–activity relationships of the new compounds were summarized, which may help in discovering more potent anti‐HBV agents via rational drug design.
Baicalein inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression via activation ofTRPV1‐Ca‐ERKpathway in ultraviolet B–irradiated human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Feng , Ma Kuo‐Hsing , Chang Yen‐Jung , Lo Liang‐Chuan , Jhap Tian‐You , Su Yu‐Hua , Liu Pei‐Shan , Chueh Sheau‐Huei
Published: March 2019

Increased matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1) expression is a feature of photo‐aged skin. We investigated the effects of baicalein and sulphoraphane on ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation–inducedMMP‐1 expression and apoptosis using human dermal fibroblasts.UVBirradiation not only increasedMMP‐1 expression, but also caused apoptosis. Both baicalein and sulphoraphane protected cells fromUVBirradiation–induced apoptosis, but only baicalein inhibitedMMP‐1 expression.UVBirradiation activated 12‐lipoxygenase, and its product, 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, activatedTRPV1 channels. The resultingUVBirradiation–induced Ca2+increase was blocked by the 12‐lipoxygenase inhibitor baicalein and theTRPV1 blocker capsazepine, but not by the Nrf2 inducer sulphoraphane.UVBirradiation also increasedROSgeneration and decreased Nrf2 protein levels.UVBirradiation–inducedMMP‐1 expression was blocked by the Ca2+chelatorBAPTA, by capsazepine and byTRPV1 silencing. However, induction was unaffected by the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine.ERKphosphorylation andJNKphosphorylation were induced byUVBirradiation, but onlyERKphosphorylation was Ca2+sensitive. IncreasedMMP‐1 expression was blocked byPD98059, but not bySP600125. Thus, increasedMMP‐1 expression is mediated by increased cytosolic Ca2+andERKphosphorylation.UVBirradiation–inducedROSgeneration is also Ca2+sensitive, andUVBirradiation–induced apoptosis is caused by increasedROS. Thus, baicalein, by blocking theUVBirradiation–induced cytosolic Ca2+increase, protects cells fromUVBirradiation–inducedMMP‐1 expression and apoptosis. In contrast, sulphoraphane, by decreasing cellularROS, protects cells from onlyUVB‐induced apoptosis. Thus, targeting 12‐lipoxygenase may provide a therapeutic approach to improving the health of photo‐aged human skin.
Critically examining the knowledge base required to mechanistically project climate impacts: A case study of Europe's fish and shellfish
Authors: Catalán Ignacio A. , Auch Dominik , Kamermans Pauline , Morales‐Nin Beatriz , Angelopoulos Natalie V. , Reglero Patricia , Sandersfeld Tina , Peck Myron A.
Published: March 2019

An amalgam of empirical data from laboratory and field studies is needed to build robust, theoretical models of climate impacts that can provide science‐based advice for sustainable management of fish and shellfish resources. Using a semi‐systematic literature review, Gap Analysis and multilevel meta‐analysis, we assessed the status of empirical knowledge on the direct effects of climate change on 37 high‐value species targeted by European fisheries and aquaculture sectors operating in marine and freshwater regions. Knowledge on potential climate change‐related drivers (single or combined) on several responses (vital rates) across four categories (exploitation sector, region, life stage, species), was considerably unbalanced as well as biased, including a low number of studies (a) examining the interaction of abiotic factors, (b) offering opportunities to assess local adaptation, (c) targeting lower‐value species. The meta‐analysis revealed that projected warming would increase mean growth rates in fish and mollusks and significantly elevate metabolic rates in fish. Decreased levels of dissolved oxygen depressed rates of growth and metabolism across coherent species groups (e.g., small pelagics, etc.) while expected declines in pH reduced growth in most species groups and increased mortality in bivalves. The meta‐analytical results were influenced by the study design and moderators (e.g., life stage, season). Although meta‐analytic tools have become increasingly popular, when performed on the limited available data, these analyses cannot grasp relevant population effects, even in species with a long history of study. We recommend actions to overcome these shortcomings and improve mechanistic (cause‐and‐effect) projections of climate impacts on fish and shellfish.
Fully sintered alumina with a higher Vickers hardness prepared using a gel‐casting process
Authors: Lee Kuo‐Yang , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Hsiang Hsing‐I , Yen Fu‐Su , Huang Chi‐Yuen
Published: March 2019

The dispersant (commercial ammonium polyacrylate), sintering additive (Mg2+), and chelating agent (EDTA) effects on the Zeta potential and rheological behavior of alumina slurry with high solid content were investigated. The alumina ceramic green microstructures and sintered microstructures prepared using slurries with different additives using the gel‐casting process were also studied. It was observed that the dispersion deteriorated after adding Mg2+. Slurry simultaneously added with dispersant and EDTA‐chelated Mg2+ produced higher absolute Zeta potential value and low viscosity due to EDTA chelating with Mg2+. The sample added with dispersant and EDTA‐chelated Mg2+ exhibited a uniform green microstructure, high relative sintered density (99.5% theoretical density), and a nearly pore‐free microstructure with an average grain size of about 1.5 μm. For the first time to our knowledge, the maximum Vickers hardness (22 GPa) was obtained for alumina simultaneously added with Mg2+ and EDTA, pressureless sintered at 1500°C in air.
Multicentre experience with the second‐generation subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator and the intermuscular two‐incision implantation technique
Authors: Migliore Federico , Mattesi Giulia , De Franceschi Pietro , Allocca Giuseppe , Crosato Martino , Calzolari Vittorio , Fantinel Mauro , Ortis Benedetta , Facchin Domenico , Daleffe Elisabetta , Fabris Tommaso , Marras Elena , De Lazzari Manuel , Zanon Francesco , Marcantoni Lina , Siciliano Mariachiara , Corrado Domenico , Iliceto Sabino , Bertaglia Emanuele , Zecchin Massimo
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The recently developed second‐generation subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) and the intermuscular two‐incision implantation technique demonstrate potential favorable features that reduce inappropriate shocks and complications. However, data concerning large patient populations are lacking. The aim of this multicentre prospective study was to evaluate the safety and outcome of second‐generation S‐ICD using the intermuscular two‐incision technique in a large population study.

Methods and Results

The study population included 101 consecutive patients (75% male; mean age, 45 ± 13 years) who received second‐generation S‐ICD (EMBLEM; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) implantation using the intermuscular two‐incision technique as an alternative to the standard implantation technique. Twenty nine (29%) patients were implanted for secondary prevention. Twenty four (24%) patients had a previously implanted transvenous ICD. All patients were implanted without any procedure‐related complications. Defibrillation testing was performed in 80 (79%) patients, and ventricular tachycardia was successfully converted at less than or equal to 65 J in 98.75% (79/80) of patients without pulse generator adjustments. During a median follow‐up of 21 ± 10 months, no complications requiring surgical revision or local or systemic device‐related infections were observed. Ten patients (9.9%) received appropriate and successful shocks for ventricular arrhythmias. Three (2.9%) patients experienced inappropriate shocks due to oversensing the cardiac signal (n = 1), noncardiac signal (n = 1), and a combination of both cardiac and noncardiac signals (n = 1), with one patient requiring device explantation. No patients required device explantation due to antitachycardia pacing indications.

Conclusions

According to our multicentre study, second‐generation S‐ICD implanted with the intermuscular two‐incision technique is an available safe combination and appears to be associated with a low risk of complications, such as inappropriate shocks.
Low‐fluenced erbium:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet laser treatment in combination with broadband light pretreatment for various pigmentation disorders in Asian patients
Authors: Kim Heesu , Park Jiho , Zheng Zhenlong , Cho Sung Bin
Published: March 2019

Background

Low‐fluenced 2940‐nm erbium (Er):yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (YAG) resurfacing elicits ablative photothermal tissue reactions confined to the uppermost parts of the epidermis.

Objective

To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of low‐fluenced ablative Er:YAG laser treatment in combination with broadband light (BBL) pretreatment for various pigmentation disorders.

Methods

In total, 35 Korean patients with various pigmentation disorders were pretreated with BBL, and then, low‐fluenced Er:YAG laser resurfacing was performed with a beam size of 4 mm and a fluence of 1.0‐1.5 J/cm2.

Results

An average of 1.1 ± 0.4 sessions of combined BBL and low‐fluenced Er:YAG resurfacing treatment was delivered to the patients. Most post‐Er:YAG scaling fell off spontaneously over 3‐5 days, and most of the post‐BBL crusting disappeared spontaneously over 5‐7 days. At 2 months after final treatment, the mean global aesthetic improvement scale score for the clinical improvement of pigmentation lesions was estimated as 2.5 ± 0.8, and that for the improvement of overall skin tone, texture, and wrinkles was 2.8 ± 1.0.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that post‐BBL, low‐fluenced Er:YAG laser resurfacing can be used to effectively treat various pigmentation disorders in Asian patients. Further improvements in overall skin tone, texture, and wrinkles were also achieved without major side effects.
Filters in the coping process of people with schizophrenia: A constructivist grounded theory study
Authors: Jacques Marie‐Claude , St‐Cyr Tribble Denise , Bonin Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2019

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

In the nursing perspective of Roy’s adaptation model, to be adapted means to have positive interactions with one’s environment.

The ability to use effective coping strategies is an essential ingredient of mental health recovery. However, coping difficulties are often a problem for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, especially those who have inadequate social support.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

“Filters in the coping process” is a grounded theory of coping in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. A filter effect impairs their ability and limits their opportunities to use effective coping strategies.

These filters are as follows: to have been helped, to understand in one’s own way, to act despite limited freedom and to modulate the process of self‐disclosure. “Surface coping” is the product of the effect of these filters on coping attempts and possibilities. It does not reflect the person’s real potential.

What are the implications for practice?

By offering an alternative, holistic nursing perspective, the filter model provides the nurse with factors to consider when assessing clients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, so as to plan interventions towards improving their coping capacity.

By allowing for the presence of surface coping, the nurse will have less tendency to form negative judgments about clients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Introduction

Numerous studies confirm the coping difficulties of people diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, especially those with limited social support. Further, the coping process is itself poorly understood.

Aim

Starting from a conceptualization of the adaptation of Roy's model, the aim of this study was to describe the coping process of people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder in the context of an inadequate social support.

Method

A constructivist grounded theorization was performed with a sample of 30 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Results

The results are a model named: “Filters in the coping process of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder who have inadequate social support.” The type of coping strategies used evolves over time and in accordance with the filters. The consequence of the process is “surface coping.”

Discussion

The coping potential of people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder is affected by environmental factors as well as factors inherent to the disorder itself. The filter model provides a holistic perspective, as opposed to merely focusing on behaviours.

Implication for practice

The findings of this study could improve nursing interventions through a better understanding of impediments to coping: what they are, how they arise and the nature of their effects.
Accretion of the asteroids: Implications for their thermal evolution
Authors: Weidenschilling S. J.
Published: March 2019

Thermal models of asteroids generally assume that they accreted either instantaneously or over an extended interval with a prescribed growth rate. It is conventionally assumed that the onset of accretion of chondrite parent bodies was delayed until a substantial fraction of the initial 26Al had decayed. However, this interval is not consistent with the early melting, and differentiation of parent bodies of iron meteorites. Formation time scales are tested by dynamical simulations of accretion from small primary planetesimals. Gravitational accretion yields rapid runaway growth of large planetary embryos until most smaller bodies are depleted. In a given simulation, all asteroid‐sized bodies have comparable growth times, regardless of size. For plausible parameters, growth times are shorter than the lifetime of 26Al, consistent with thermal models that assume instantaneous accretion. Rapid growth after planetesimal formation is consistent with differentiation of parent bodies of iron meteorites, but not with the assumed delay in formation of chondritic bodies. After the initial growth stage, there is an interval of slower evolution until the belt is stirred and the embryos are dynamically removed. During this interval, a fraction of asteroid‐sized bodies experience large accretional impacts, allowing bodies of the same final size to have very different histories of radius versus time. Accretion from small primary planetesimals leaves some fraction of material in bodies small enough to preserve CAIs while avoiding heating by 26Al. Unheated material can be a significant fraction of the mass that remains after large embryos are removed from the Main Belt.
Participatory farm diversification and nutrition education increase dietary diversity in Western Kenya
Authors: Boedecker Julia , Odhiambo Odour Francis , Lachat Carl , Van Damme Patrick , Kennedy Gina , Termote Céline
Published: March 2019

Our study assessed the effectiveness of a community‐based participatory approach in increasing micronutrient adequacy of diets of women and young children through agricultural activities and nutrition education in Vihiga County, Western Kenya. Outcome indicators include the mean dietary diversity score (DDS), the percentage of women and children reaching minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and micronutrient adequacy (mean adequacy ratio). The project consisted of(a) a diagnostic survey covering agrobiodiversity and nutrition, (b) participatory development of activities to improve nutrition, (c) a baseline survey covering dietary intakes, (d) participatory implementation of the developed activities, and (e) an endline survey covering dietary intakes. The diagnostic survey was conducted in 10 sublocations of Vihiga County, which were pair‐matched and split into five intervention and five control sublocations. The intervention sublocations developed activities towards improving nutrition. Before implementation, a baseline survey collected the dietary intake data of 330 women–child pairs in the intervention and control sublocations. To support the activities, communities received agriculture and nutrition training. After 1 year of implementation, an endline survey collected dietary intake data from 444 women–child pairs in the intervention and control sublocations. Impact was assessed using the difference‐in‐difference technique. Highly significant positive impacts on children's mean DDS (treatment effect = 0.7, p < 0.001) and on the share of children reaching MDD (treatment effect = 0.2, p < 0.001) were shown. Higher dietary diversity can be explained by the development of subsistence and income‐generating pathways and increased nutrition knowledge. Participatory farm diversification and nutrition education were shown to significantly increase dietary diversity of young children in Western Kenya.
Multiple transcriptional factors control stomata development in rice
Authors: Wu Zhongliang , Chen Liang , Yu Qi , Zhou Wenqi , Gou Xiaoping , Li Jia , Hou Suiwen
Published: March 2019

Grass stomata can balance gas exchange and evaporation effectively in rapidly changing environments via their unique anatomical features. Although the key components of stomatal development in Arabidopsis have been largely elucidated over the past decade, the molecular mechanisms that govern stomatal development in grasses are poorly understood.

Via the genome editing system and T‐DNA insertion lines, the key transcriptional factors (TFs) regulating stomatal development in rice (Oryza sativa) were knocked out. A combination of genetic and biochemical assays subsequently revealed the functions of these TFs.

OsSPCH/OsICE is essential for the initiation of stomatal lineage. OsMUTE/OsICE determines meristemoid to guard mother cell (GMC) transition. OsFAMA/OsICE influences subsidiary mother cell asymmetric division and mature stoma differentiation. OsFLP regulates the orientation of GMC symmetrical division. More importantly, we found that OsSCR/OsSHR controls the initiation of stomatal lineage cells and the formation of subsidiary cells. The transcription of OsSCR is activated by OsSPCH and OsMUTE.

This study characterised the functions of master regulatory TFs that control each stomatal developmental stage in rice. Our findings are helpful for elucidating how various species reprogramme the molecular mechanisms to generate different stomatal types during evolution.
Visualization of astrocytic intracellular Ca2+ mobilization
Authors: Okubo Yohei , Iino Masamitsu
Published: March 2019

Astrocytes generate robust intracellular Ca2+ concentration changes (Ca2+ signals), which are assumed to regulate astrocytic functions that play crucial roles in the regulation of brain functions. One frequently used strategy for exploring the role of astrocytic Ca2+ signalling is the use of mice deficient in the type 2 inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (IP3R2). These IP3R2‐knockout (KO) mice are reportedly devoid of Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in astrocytes. However, they have shown no functional deficits in several studies, causing a heated debate as to the functional relevance of ER‐mediated Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes. Recently, the assumption that Ca2+ mobilization from the ER is absent in IP3R2‐KO astrocytes has been re‐evaluated using intraorganellar Ca2+ imaging techniques. The new results indicated that IP3R2‐independent Ca2+ release may generate Ca2+ nanodomains around the ER, which may help explain the absence of functional deficits in IP3R2‐KO mice.

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Plastic Collapse Stresses Based on Flaw Combination Rules for Pipes Containing Two Circumferential Similar Flaws
Authors: Hasegawa Kunio , Li Yinsheng , Kim Yun-Jae , Lacroix Valery , Strnadel Bohumir
Published: March 2019

When discrete multiple flaws are in the same plane, and they are close to each other, it can be determined whether they are combined or standalone in accordance with combination rules provided by fitness-for-service (FFS) codes. However, specific criteria of the rules are different among these FFS codes. On the other hand, plastic collapse bending stresses for stainless steel pipes with two circumferential similar flaws were obtained by experiments, and the prediction procedure for collapse stresses for pipes with two similar flaws was developed analytically. Using the experimental data and the analytical procedure, plastic collapse stresses for pipes with two similar flaws are compared with the stresses in compliance with the flaw combination criteria. It is shown that the calculated plastic collapse stresses based on the flaw combination criteria are significantly different from the experimental and analytical stresses.
A Framework for Development of Risk-Informed Autonomous Adaptive Cyber Controllers
Authors: Veeramany Arun , Hutton William J. , Sridhar Siddharth , Gourisetti Sri Nikhil Gupta , Coles Garill A. , Skare Paul M.
Published: March 2019

This article details a framework and methodology to risk-inform the decisions of an unsupervised cyber controller. A risk assessment methodology within this framework uses a combination of fault trees, event trees, and attack graphs to trace and map cyber elements with business processes. The methodology attempts to prevent and mitigate cyberattacks by using adaptive controllers that proactively reconfigure a network based on actionable risk estimates. The estimates are based on vulnerabilities and potential business consequences. A generic enterprise-control system is used to demonstrate the wide applicability of the methodology. In addition, data needs, implementation, and potential pitfalls are discussed.
Modified First-Order Compound Function-Based Interval Perturbation Method for Luffing Angular Response of Dual Automobile Crane System With Interval Variables
Authors: Zi Bin , Zhou Bin , Zhu Weidong
Published: March 2019

The accuracy of conventional crane engineering problems with bounded uncertainty is limited to cases where only first-order terms are retained. However, the impact of high-order terms on the luffing angular response (LAR) may be significant when it comes to compound functions. A modified first-order compound-function-based interval perturbation method (MFCFIPM) is proposed for the prediction of the LAR field of a dual automobile crane system (DACS) with narrowly bounded uncertainty. In an interval model, all uncertain variables with bounded uncertainty comprise an interval vector. The equilibrium equations of the interval LAR vectors of the DACS are established based on the interval model. The MFCFIPM employs the surface rail generation method to expand the compound-function-based vectors. A modified Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula is introduced to analyze the impact of the high-order terms of the Neumann series expansion on the LAR field. Several numerical examples are presented to verify the accuracy and the feasibility of the MFCFIPM. The results show that the MFCFIPM can achieve a better accuracy than the first-order compound-function-based interval perturbation method and a higher efficiency than the Monte Carlo method for the LAR field problem with narrow interval variables. The effects of different numbers of interval variables on the LAR field by the MFCFIPM are also investigated.
C2 Continuous Blending of Time-Dependent Parametric Surfaces
Authors: You Xiangyu , Tian Feng , Tang Wen
Published: March 2019

Surface blending is widely applied in mechanical engineering. Creating a smooth transition surface of C2 continuity between time-dependent parametric surfaces that change their positions and shapes with time is an important and unsolved topic in surface blending. In order to address this issue, this paper develops a new approach to unify both time-dependent and time-independent surface blending with C2 continuity. It proposes a new surface blending mathematical model consisting of a vector-valued sixth-order partial differential equation and blending boundary constraints and investigates a simple and efficient approximate analytical solution of the mathematical model. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and applications. The proposed approach has the advantages of (1) unifying time-independent and time-dependent surface blending, (2) always maintaining C2 continuity at trimlines when parametric surfaces change their positions and shapes with time, (3) providing effective shape control handles to achieve the expected shapes of blending surfaces but still exactly satisfy the given blending boundary constraints, and (4) quickly generating C2 continuous blending surfaces from the approximate analytical solution with easiness, good accuracy, and high efficiency.
A Force Control Joint for Robot–Environment Contact Application
Authors: Wang Qilong , Wang Wei , Ding Xilun , Yun Chao
Published: March 2019

Accurate and robust force control is still a great challenge for robot–environment contact applications, such as in situ repair, polishing, and assembly. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a force control joint with a parallel configuration, including two identical four-bar linkages driven by linear springs to push up the output end of the joint, and a parallel-connected pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) to pull down its output end. In the new design, the link length of the linkages will be optimized to make the difference between the profile of the linkage and that of PAM constant within the limits of the joint given the force–displacement profile of PAM at a certain level of its input pressure. Furthermore, PAM's nonlinear hysteresis effect, which is believed to limit the accuracy of the joint's force control, will be represented by a new dynamics model that is to be developed from the classical Bouc–Wen (BW) hysteresis model. Simulation tests are then conducted to reveal that the adoption of the PAM hysteresis model yields improved accuracy of force control, and a series of curve trajectory tracking experiments are performed on a six-joint universal industrial robot to verify that the parallel force control joint is capable to enhance force control accuracy for robot contact applications.
Analysis and Design of Fixed–Fixed Bistable Arch-Profiles Using a Bilateral Relationship
Authors: Palathingal Safvan , Ananthasuresh G. K.
Published: March 2019

Arch-profiles of bistable arches, in their two force-free equilibrium states, are related to each other. This bilateral relationship is derived for arches with fixed–fixed boundary conditions in two forms: a nonlinear single-variable equation for analysis and a closed-form analytical expression for design. Some symmetrical features of shape as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for bistability are presented as corollaries. Analysis and design of arch-profiles using the bilateral relationship are illustrated through examples.
Dynamics Analysis of Parallel Mechanism With Flexible Moving Platform Based on Floating Frame of Reference Formulation
Authors: Wang Gengxiang
Published: March 2019

The dynamics model of 4-SPS/PS parallel mechanism with a flexible moving platform is formulated based on the equation of motion. Firstly, the dynamics model of flexible moving platform is formulated based on the floating frame of reference formulation. In order to avoid the wrong solutions caused by an inappropriate set of reference conditions, the fixed-fixed reference conditions are carefully selected according to the structure of parallel mechanism. Secondly, considering that the original Craig–Bampton (CB) method only represents the free-free modes. In order to use CB method to obtain fixed-fixed modes, the original CB method is improved by imposing the reference conditions prior to obtaining the static correction modes and fixed interface modes. In addition, the dynamics analysis of 4-SPS/PS parallel mechanism with flexible moving platform based on both free-free modes and fixed-fixed modes are implemented, respectively. Finally, the simulations show that the dynamic responses obtained using fixed-fixed modes are close to the ideal dynamic response, which proves the correctness of improved CB method. Moreover, the maximum percentage error of simulation results between using free-free modes and using fixed-fixed modes exceeds 100%, it is clear that the solutions based on free-free modes are not reasonable. Eventually, the conclusions prove that the deformation caused by high-speed and heavy-load should not be neglected in the parallel mechanism.
Analytical Elastostatic Stiffness Modeling of Overconstrained Parallel Manipulators Using Geometric Algebra and Strain Energy
Authors: Li Qinchuan , Xu Lingmin , Chen Qiaohong , Chai Xinxue
Published: March 2019

A general method for the analytical elastostatic stiffness modeling of overconstrained parallel manipulators (PMs) using geometric algebra and strain energy is proposed. First, an analytical solution of the constraint and actuation wrenches exerted on the moving platform is obtained using the outer product and dual operation of geometric algebra, which avoids solving complex symbolic linear equations. Second, considering the compliances of the limbs, an analytical elastostatic model is established using the strain energy to obtain the stiffness matrices of the limbs. Finally, the deformation compatibility equations are added into equilibrium equations to obtain the overall stiffness matrix of the PM, which has a concise expression and a clear physical meaning. The proposed method is applied to the Tex3 overconstrained PM and the Tex4 overconstrained PM with redundant actuation to prove its validity. Comparable results between the theoretical analysis and the finite-element analysis (FEA) show that the former could be used as an effective alternative to the FEA method in the predesign stage. This new approach is universally applicable to the elastostatic stiffness analysis of overconstrained PMs.
A Screw Theory-Based Semi-Analytical Approach for Elastodynamics of the Tricept Robot
Authors: Dong Chenglin , Liu Haitao , Huang Tian , Chetwynd Derek G.
Published: March 2019

Taking the well-known Tricept robot as an example, this paper presents a semi-analytical approach for elastodynamic modeling of five or six degrees of freedom (DOF) hybrid robots composed of a 3-DOF parallel mechanism plus a 2- or 3-DOF wrist. Drawing heavily on screw theory combined with structural dynamics, the kinetic and elastic potential energies of the parallel mechanism and of the wrist are formulated using the dual properties of twist/wrench systems and a static condensation technique. This results in a 9-DOF dynamic model that enables the lower-order dynamic behavior over the entire workspace to be estimated in a very efficient and accurate manner. The lower-order natural frequencies and mode shapes estimated by the proposed approach are shown to have very good agreement with those obtained by a full-order finite element (FE) model. It thus provides a very time-effective tool for optimal design within a virtual prototyping framework for hybrid robot-based machine tools.
A Heuristic Algorithm for Rigid Foldability
Authors: Zimmermann Luca , Shea Kristina , Stanković Tino
Published: March 2019

Rigid foldability is an important requirement when origami is used as the basis to design technical systems that consist of rigid materials. This paper presents a heuristic algorithm that adjusts the location of vertices of nonrigidly foldable but kinematically determinate crease patterns such that they become rigidly foldable. The adjustment is achieved by utilizing constraint violations that occur during the folding process of nonrigidly foldable configurations. The folding process is kinematically simulated through a robust simulator that is based on a bar and hinge principle. The benefits of the algorithm are showcased in different examples, including single-vertex as well as multi-vertex crease patterns.
An Improved Design of Gravity Compensators Based on the Inverted Slider-Crank Mechanism
Authors: Arakelian Vigen , Zhang Yang
Published: March 2019

The static balancing of mechanical systems is an important issue because it allows one to significantly decrease the size of actuators for equivalent displacements of the end effector. Indeed, the actuators do not have to produce the required input energy to counterbalance the variation of the potential energy of the robot. However, the literature review shows that in many cases the gravity balancing of mechanical systems is carried out by neglecting the masses of auxiliary links associated with the principal mechanism. For many balancing schemes, it is a source of errors.

This paper deals with an improved solution for gravity compensators based on the inverted slider-crank mechanism considering the masses of the coupler and the spring. To achieve this, the torques are determined due to auxiliary links. Subsequently, they are introduced into the balancing equation for minimization of the residual unbalance. Hence, a more accurate balancing of gravity compensators based on the inverted slider-crank mechanism can be achieved. The efficiency of the suggested approach is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Physical Interpretation of Rigidity for Bearing Formations: Application to Mobility and Singularity Analyses
Authors: Briot Sébastien , Giordano Paolo Robuffo
Published: March 2019

Research on formation control and cooperative localization for multirobot systems has been an active field over the last years. A powerful theoretical framework for addressing formation control and localization, especially when exploiting onboard sensing, is that of formation rigidity (mainly studied for the cases of distance and bearing measurements). Rigidity of a formation depends not only on the topology of the sensing/communication graph but also on the spatial arrangement of the robots, since special configurations (“singularities” of the rigidity matrix), which are hard to detect in general, can cause a rigidity loss and prevent convergence of formation control/localization algorithms based on formation rigidity. The aim of this paper is to gain additional insights into the internal structure of bearing rigid formations by considering an alternative characterization of formation rigidity using tools borrowed from the mechanical engineering community. In particular, we show that bearing rigid graphs can be given a physical interpretation related to virtual mechanisms, whose mobility and singularities can be analyzed and detected in an analytical way by using tools from the mechanical engineering community (screw theory, Grassmann geometry, and Grassmann-Cayley algebra). These tools offer a powerful alternative to the evaluation of the mobility and singularities typically obtained by numerically determining the spectral properties of the bearing rigidity matrix (which typically prevents drawing general conclusions). We apply the proposed machinery to several case formations with different degrees of actuation and discuss known (and unknown) singularity cases for representative formations. The impact on the localization problem is also discussed.
Design of a Two-Wheeled Rover With Sprawl Ability and Metal Brush Traction
Authors: Davydychev Ivan A. , Karras Jaakko T. , Carpenter Kalind C.
Published: March 2019

PUFFER (“pop-up flat-folding explorer robot”) is an expendable, two-wheeled NASA/JPL rover that is meant to explore the less-accessible regions of Mars. This paper presents the UC Berkeley prototype of PUFFER that was used to inform the mechanical design of the folding chassis for the ensuing NASA/JPL version. PUFFER is so named because it can fold itself to fit into tight spaces; its chassis consists of a 3-D linkage that can vary the sprawl angle of its wheels. This ability to sprawl, besides letting multiple PUFFERs fit into a parent rover, improves PUFFER’s slope-climbing ability by allowing it to lower its center of mass. To further improve slope climbing, each wheel is fitted out with nitinol brushes that serve to enhance ground traction. Together, these two features allow the Berkeley prototype of PUFFER to climb 47 deg rock inclines that have a surface roughness of about half its folded height. Other qualities of PUFFER are that it has a collapsible tail, is able to flip itself over, and requires only three actuators.
If you build it, they will come: Reaching across the “IL” with Neo-2/15
Authors: Andrews Kelly , Pillai Asha
Published: March 2019

A computationally designed mimic of interleukin-2 (IL-2) selectively expands cytotoxic CD8
+
T cells over regulatory T cells and supports antitumor immunity.
Association between perception of bodily discomfort and individual and work organisational factors in Brazilian slaughterhouse workers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Tirloni Adriana Seára , Reis Diogo Cunha dos , Borgatto Adriano Ferreti , Moro Antônio Renato Pereira
Published: March 2019

Objective

Brazil is the world’s second largest poultry meat producer and leading exporter. Many poultry processing tasks are physically demanding and involve factors that increase the risk of developing a work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD). However, little is known about the assessment of bodily discomfort in these workers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between perception of bodily discomfort and individual and work organisational factors in poultry slaughterhouse workers.

Design

Descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Setting

Three poultry slaughterhouses in the South of Brazil.

Participants

This paper included 925 workers of 3 poultry slaughterhouses, 575 women and 350 men. The selection of the participants was random.

Main outcome measure

Workers were asked about individual factors, work organiation, perception of bodily discomfort and cold, as well as ingestion of pain medication. Crude and adjusted ORs were estimated and 95% CIs were derived from binary logistic regression analysis for perception of bodily discomfort.

Results

There was a significant association (p<0.05) between perception of bodily discomfort and female gender (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.41), performance of repetitive tasks (OR=1.81; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.91) and perception of cold (OR=2.05; 95% CI 1.44 to 2.91).

Conclusions

The findings of this research demonstrated that the sector of occupational safety and health management in poultry slaughterhouses should monitor the symptoms of WMSD among their workers, especially female workers, workers who perform repetitive tasks, as well as those who perform tasks in cold environments because these groups are more likely to experience bodily discomfort.
Investigating differences in dietary patterns among a small cross-sectional study of young and old Pacific peoples in NZ using exploratory factor analysis: a feasibility study
Authors: Tupai-Firestone Ridvan , Cheng Soo , Kaholokula Joseph , Borman Barry , Ellison-Loschmann Lis
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Obesity among Pasifika people living in New Zealand is a serious health problem with prevalence rates more than twice those of the general population (67% vs 33%, respectively). Due to the high risk of developing obesity for this population, we investigated diet quality of Pacific youth and their parents and grandparents. Therefore, we examined the dietary diversity of 30 youth and their parents and grandparents (n=34) toidentify whether there are generational differences in dietary patternsand investigate the relationship between acculturation and dietary patterns.

Methods

Thestudy designof the overarching study was cross-sectional. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Pasifika youth, parents and grandparents to investigate dietary diversity, that included both nutritious and discretionary food items and food groups over a 7 day period.Study settingwas located in 2 large urban cities, New Zealand. Exploratory factor analyses were used to calculate food scores (means) from individual food items based on proportions consumed over the week, and weights were applied to calculate a standardised food score. The relationship between the level of acculturation and deprivation with dietary patterns was also assessed.

Results

Three distinctive dietary patterns across all participants were identified from our analyses. Healthy diet, processed diet and mixed diet. Mean food scores indicated statistically significant differences between the dietary patterns for older and younger generations. Older generations showed greater diversity in food items consumed, as well as eating primarily a ‘healthy diet’. The younger generation was more likely to consume a ‘processed diet’. There was significant association between acculturation and deprivation with the distinctive dietary patterns.

Conclusion

Our investigation highlighted generational differences in consuming a limited range of food items. Identified dietary components may, in part, be explained by specific acculturation modes (assimilation and marginalised) and high socioeconomic deprivation among this particular study population.
Effect of a 2-day communication skills training on nursing and midwifery students’ empathy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Alhassan Mustapha
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Empathy is crucial to the fundamental aim and achievement of nursing and midwifery goals. Researchers agree on the positive role empathy plays in interpersonal relationships when providing healthcare. Models of good communication have been developed to assist nurses, midwives and doctors to improve their ability to communicate with patients. This study investigated the effect of a 2-day communication skills training (CST) on nursing and midwifery students’ empathy in a randomised controlled trial.

Methods

The two groups had a baseline data collection at the same time. The intervention group had a CST, followed by post-test on day 3. The control group had post-test on day 4 just before their CST. The empathy outcome was measured with Jefferson Scales of Empathy-Health Professions Student version. Both groups had a follow-up test at the same time 6 months after the CST.

Results

In this study, there was no statistically significant difference in the scores of empathy between the groupsF(1, 171)=0.18, p=0.675. The intervention group had baseline T1 (M=109.8, SD=9.8,d=0.160), and post-test T2 (M=111.9, SD=9.0,d=0.201), whereas the control group had baseline T1 (M=107.9, SD=11.46,d=0.160), and post-test T2 (M=110.0, SD=11.0,d=0.201). Baseline data were collected on 15 June 2013.

Conclusions

This study has shown that empathy may not be enhanced within a short period after CST.
Cross-sectional survey on job satisfaction and its associated factors among doctors in tertiary public hospitals in Shanghai, China
Authors: Liu Jiazhen , Yu Wenya , Ding Tao , Li Meina , Zhang Lulu
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Doctors in public hospitals in China face considerable pressure and excessive workloads, which are likely to predispose them to job dissatisfaction. We explored the job satisfaction of doctors and examined the influence of diverse sociodemographic characteristics.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Setting

Eleven tertiary public hospitals in Shanghai, China.

Participants

The questionnaire was designed based on the fifth National Health Service General Research, which was based on the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered to 897 doctors randomly (using random number tables) and 730 were returned completed (response rate=81.4%). Doctors who volunteered and provided informed, written consent participated.

Primary outcome measures

The dependent variable was doctors’ job satisfaction.

Results

Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS and SAS. Overall, 64.8% of participants were dissatisfied with their jobs. Factors that were statistically significant to doctors’ job satisfaction in the univariate analysis were entered into the logistic regression analysis, including doctors’ professional title, department, work hours, work requirements (reflected as the number of patients they diagnosed and treated monthly), life and work stress, and the types of patients that doctors treated or expected to treat. The results of the logistic regression analysis suggested that doctors’ job satisfaction was related to their professional title, types of patients that doctors treated or expected to treat, as well as their work stress.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for public hospitals in China to establish a more reasonable promotion and management system for doctors, encourage patients to accept the two-way referral, pay more attention to less-experienced staff and help doctors release their work stress.