bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Ceramic Debris on Osteoblast Behaviors: AnIn VivoStudy
Authors: Sun Guo‐jing , Yang Shu‐feng , Ti Yun‐fan , Guo Guo‐dong , Fan Geng‐tao , Chen Feng‐rong , Xu Shao‐gang , Zhao Jian‐ning
Published: August 2019

Objective

Wear‐induced aseptic loosening has been accepted as one of the main reasons for failure of total hip arthroplasty. Ceramic wear debris is generated following prosthesis implantation and plays an important part in the upregulation of inflammatory factors in total hip arthroplasty. The present study investigates the influence of ceramic debris on osteoblasts and inflammatory factors.

Methods

Ceramic debris was prepared by mechanical grinding of an aluminum femoral head and added to cultures of MC3T3‐E subclone 14 cells at different concentrations (i.e. 0, 5, 10, and 15 μg/mL). Cell proliferation was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK‐8), and cell differentiation was assessed by mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN). In addition, cell bio‐mineralization was evaluated through alizarin red S staining, and release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) was measured through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Furthermore, mRNA expression of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 and protein expression of phosphorylated Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blotting.

Results

The ceramic debris had irregular shapes and sizes, and analysis of the size distribution using a particle size analyzer indicated that approximately 90% of the ceramic debris was smaller than 3.2 μm (2.0 ± 0.4 μm), which is considered clinically relevant. The results for mRNA expression of ALP, OCN, and OPN and alizarin red S staining indicated that cell differentiation and bio‐mineralization were significantly inhibited by the presence of ceramic debris at all tested concentrations (P< 0.05, and the values decreased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration), but the results of the CCK‐8 assay showed that cell proliferation was not significantly affected (P> 0.05; there was no significant difference between the groups at 1, 3, and 5 days). In addition, the results of ELISA, RT‐PCR, and western blotting demonstrated that ceramic debris significantly promoted the release of inflammatory factors, including TNF‐α, IL‐β, and IL‐6 (P< 0.05, and the values increased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration), and also greatly reduced the mRNA expression of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 (the values decreased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration) as well as protein expression of phosphorylated Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5.

Conclusion

Ceramic debris may affect differentiation and bio‐mineralization of MC3T3‐E subclone 14 cells through the bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling pathway.
Rapid identification of homozygosity and site of wild relative introgressions in wheat through chromosome‐specific KASP genotyping assays
Authors: Grewal Surbhi , Hubbart‐Edwards Stella , Yang Caiyun , Devi Urmila , Baker Lauren , Heath Jack , Ashling Stephen , Scholefield Duncan , Howells Caroline , Yarde Jermaine , Isaac Peter , King Ian P. , King Julie
Published: August 2019

For future food security, it is important that wheat, one of the most widely consumed crops in the world, can survive the threat of abiotic and biotic stresses. New genetic variation is currently being introduced into wheat through introgressions from its wild relatives. For trait discovery, it is necessary that each introgression is homozygous and hence stable. Breeding programmes rely on efficient genotyping platforms for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Recently, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based markers have been made available on high‐throughput Axiom® SNP genotyping arrays. However, these arrays are inflexible in their design and sample numbers, making their use unsuitable for long‐term MAS. SNPs can potentially be converted into Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP™) assays that are comparatively cost‐effective and efficient for low‐density genotyping of introgression lines. However, due to the polyploid nature of wheat, KASP assays for homoeologous SNPs can have difficulty in distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous hybrid lines in a backcross population. To identify co‐dominant SNPs, that can differentiate between heterozygotes and homozygotes, we PCR‐amplified and sequenced genomic DNA from potential single‐copy regions of the wheat genome and compared them to orthologous copies from different wild relatives. A panel of 620 chromosome‐specific KASP assays have been developed that allow rapid detection of wild relative segments and provide information on their homozygosity and site of introgression in the wheat genome. A set of 90 chromosome‐nonspecific assays was also produced that can be used for genotyping introgression lines. These multipurpose KASP assays represent a powerful tool for wheat breeders worldwide.
Does it work and is it safe? Parents' perspectives on adherence to medication for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Capozza Korey , Schwartz Alan
Published: August 2019

Background

Though adherence is low among caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis (AD), the reasons for it are poorly understood. This study aims to assess the self‐reported prevalence of non‐adherence and reasons for changing prescription regimens among parents of children with AD.

Methods

A link to a 15‐question online survey was posted to social media sites engaging parents of children with eczema, worldwide. Items included a scale related to physician trust. Results were analyzed using R 3.4 and summarized using normal and nonparametric descriptive statistics as appropriate for each item.

Results

Eighty‐six eligible parents responded to the survey and provided information about medication adherence. The mean age of respondents' children was 6.2 years (SD 4.4 years), and the majority were children with moderate or severe eczema (40.5% moderate and 42.9% severe). Just over half (54.7%) reported taking or applying eczema medications as directed by their physician. Of those that did not, 30.2% took or applied less medications, and 12.8% stopped taking or applying medications altogether. The top reasons for deviating from directions were as follows: (a) worry about side effects, (b) symptom resolution, and (c) perception that the medication was not working. Trust toward physician was significantly associated with taking medication as directed.

Conclusions

Decisions about adherence to medications are made in the context of perceived benefits versus anticipated side effects. Findings highlight opportunities for improving adherence, and thereby improving outcomes for children with moderate‐severe AD.
Interferon‐γ and interleukin‐12 production in relation to gene polymorphisms in bacillus Calmette–Guérin osteitis
Authors: Korppi Matti , Teräsjärvi Johanna , Lauhkonen Eero , Pöyhönen Laura , Huhtala Heini , Nuolivirta Kirsi , He Qiushui
Published: August 2019

Background

Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) play a crucial role in the defense against mycobacteria, and in the response to bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. We have previously reported clinical and outcome data of 222 BCG osteitis cases diagnosed in 1960–1988 in Finland. The immunological and genetic reports have been based on 132 blood samples obtained in 2007–2008.

Methods

We compared IFNγ rs2430561 and rs35314021, IL12A rs568408 and rs2243115, and IL12B rs3212227 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) between 132 BCG osteitis patients and 99 population‐based controls. In addition, stimulated production of IFN‐γ and IL‐12 in cell culture was evaluated in relation to the presence of IFNγ and IL12 wild versus variant genotypes, respectively.

Results

The distributions of IFNγ rs2430561, IFNγ rs35314021, IL12A rs568408, IL12A rs2243115 and IL12B rs3212227 SNP did not differ between BCG osteitis patients and Finnish population‐based controls. For IFNγ rs2430561, IFNγ rs35314021 and IL12A rs2243115, the negative result was confirmed by comparing the minor allele frequencies (MAF) in BCG osteitis cases with those in the publicly available genome aggregation database, including data for 3,472 Finnish persons. Instead, for IL12A rs568408 and IL12B rs3212227, the comparison of MAF in BCG osteitis cases with those in population‐based and in aggregation‐based controls gave conflicting results. The presence of the wild versus variant genotype had no significant association with IL‐12 or IFN‐γ production in BCG‐stimulated cell cultures.

Conclusion

IFNγ gene polymorphisms did not show any association with BCG osteitis after newborn vaccination.
Creating an ethical organizational environment: The relationship between ethical leadership, ethical organizational climate, and unethical behavior
Authors: Kuenzi Maribeth , Mayer David M. , Greenbaum Rebecca L.
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this research is to provide a richer lens on the ethical organizational environment by examining the relationship between ethical leadership and unit‐level unethical behavior through ethical organizational climate (EOC), with collective moral identity as a boundary condition. In testing our theoretical model, we first develop and validate a measure of EOC to address concerns with existing measures of ethical climate. Second, we examine the role of collective moral identity as a moderator of the relationship between EOC and unit unethical behavior. We discuss implications regarding the importance of developing a more comprehensive conceptualization of EOC.
Long‐wavelength Ultraviolet A1 and Visible Light Photoprotection: A Multimodality Assessment of Dose and Response
Authors: Kohli Indermeet , Braunberger Taylor L. , Nahhas Amanda F. , Mirza Fatima N. , Mokhtari Mohsen , Lyons Alexis B. , Kollias Nikiforos , Ruvolo Eduardo , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat H.
Published: August 2019

Human skin is exposed to visible light (VL; 400–700 nm) and long‐wavelength ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) radiation (370–400 nm) after the application of organic broad‐spectrum sunscreens. The biologic effects of these wavelengths have been demonstrated; however, a dose–response has not been investigated. Ten subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV‐VI were enrolled. Subjects were irradiated with 2 light sources (80–480 J cm−2): one comprising VL with less than 0.5% UVA1 (VL+UVA1) and the other pure VL. Skin responses were evaluated for 2 weeks using clinical and spectroscopic assessments. 4‐mm punch biopsies were obtained from nonirradiated skin and sites irradiated with 480 J cm−2 of VL+UVA1 and pure VL 24 h after irradiation. Clinical and spectroscopic assessments demonstrated a robust response at VL+UVA1 sites compared with pure VL. Histology findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the marker of inflammation (P < 0.05) and proliferation (P < 0.05) at the irradiated sites compared with nonirradiated control. Threshold doses of VL+UVA1 resulting in biologic responses were calculated. Results indicate that approximately 2 h of sun exposure, which equates to VL+UVA1 dose (~400 J cm−2), is capable of inducing inflammation, immediate erythema and delayed tanning. These findings reinforce the need of photoprotection beyond the UV range.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effect growth and photosynthesis of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steudel under copper stress
Authors: Wu J.‐T. , Wang L. , Zhao L. , Huang X.‐C. , Ma F.
Published: August 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is an effective way to remove heavy metals’ inhibition on plants, however, few relevant research attempts have been made to determine the contribution of AMF to the physiological and biochemical changes related to the enhanced copper tolerance of Phragmites australis under metal‐stressed conditions.

In this study, the effects of AMF inoculation on P. australis under different concentrations of copper stress were investigated according to the changes in the parameters related to growth and development, and photosynthetic charateristics. Then, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were evaluated by the Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) system, which could accurately quantify the DEPs by measuring peak intensities of reporter ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra.

It was found that AMF inoculation may relieve the photosynthesis inhibition caused by copper stress on P. australis and thus promote growth. Proteomic analysis results showed that under copper stress, the inoculation of R. irregularis resulted in a total of 459 differently‐expressed proteins (200 up‐regulated and 259 down‐regulated) in root buds. In addition, the photosynthetic changes caused by AMF inoculation mainly involve the up‐regulated expression of transmembrane protein–pigment complexes CP43 (photosystem II) and FNR (ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase related to photosynthetic electron transport).

These results indicate that AMF could effectively improve the growth and physiological activity of P. australis under copper stress, and thus provides a new direction and instructive evidence for determining the mechanisms by which AMF inoculation enhances the copper tolerance of plants.
Bodily self‐relatedness in vicarious touch is reflected at early cortical processing stages
Authors: Adler Julia , Gillmeister Helge
Published: August 2019

Studies have suggested that there is a strong link between the bodily self and the mechanisms underlying vicarious representations. Here, we used somatosensory ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of vicarious touch for stimuli that are more or less related to one's own body (human hands vs. rubber gloves). We found that vicarious touch effects were restricted to self‐relatable events (human hands) at early implicit stages of somatosensory processing (P45). At later more cognitive stages of processing (late positive complex, LPC), the vicarious touch effect was stronger for self‐relatable events (touch on human hands) than nonself‐relatable events (touch on rubber gloves) but present for both. Both effects, but especially the vicarious touch effect for human hands at P45, were stronger in individuals with higher levels of interoceptive awareness. Our results confirm that there is a tight link between vicarious touch and the bodily self and characterize P45 effects of vicarious touch as its likely neural basis. We propose that vicarious processes and the embodied self may be representationally indistinct (linked in a common neural representation) at early implicit somatosensory processing stages.
Temporary and permanent migrant selection: Theory and evidence of ability‐search cost dynamics
Authors: Chen Joyce J. , Kosec Katrina , Mueller Valerie
Published: August 2019

We integrate two workhorses of the labor literature, the Roy and search models, to illustrate the implications of migration duration—specifically, whether it is temporary or permanent—for patterns of selection. Consistent with our stylized model, we show that temporary migrants are intermediately selected on education, with weaker selection on cognitive ability. In contrast, permanent migration is associated with strong positive selection on both education and ability, as it involves finer employee–employer matching and offers greater returns to experience. Networks are also more valuable for permanent migration, where search costs are higher. Labor market frictions explain observed network–skill interactions.
Prevention of infective endocarditis and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: A brief review
Authors: Loyola‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Franco‐Miranda Alexandre , Loyola‐Leyva Alejandra , Perez‐Elizalde Bulfrano , Contreras‐Palma Guillermo , Sanchez‐Adame Oscar
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this statement is to debate the recommendations of the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis through an antibiotic prophylaxis protocol and its relation with bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Since dental infections involve biofilms that include several bacterial species (Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive), it is essential, from the dental point of view, to consider the frequency, magnitude, and duration of bacteremia associated with active dental infections before applying antibiotic prophylaxis. The actual guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis should be revised according to recent evidence of bacterial resistance. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and moxifloxacin should be considered due to their effectiveness against bacteria associated with oral, GU, and GI infections and the low rates of antibiotic resistance associated with these antibiotics, instead of the actual protocol, which includes amoxicillin (2 g) or clindamycin (600 mg) administered an hour before the dental procedures. The breaking point to test the antibiotic bacterial resistance (ABR) had a wide range in the different studies that were analyzed, which could explain the widely varied ABR percentages reported for the various antibiotics used for antibiotic prophylaxis.
Resistance as Sacrifice: Toward an Ascetic Antiracism
Authors: al‐Gharbi Musa
Published: August 2019

Often described as an outcome, inequality is better understood as a social process—a function of how institutions are structured and reproduced, and the ways people act and interact within them across time. Racialized inequality persists because it is enacted moment to moment, context to context—and it can be ended should those who currently perpetuate it commit themselves to playing a different role instead. This essay makes three core contributions. First, it highlights a disturbing parity between the people who are most rhetorically committed to ending racialized inequality and those who are most responsible for its persistence. Next, it explores the origin of this paradox—how it is that ostensibly antiracist intentions are transmuted into “benevolently racist” actions. Finally, it presents an alternative approach to mitigating racialized inequality, one that more effectively challenges the self‐oriented and extractive logics undergirding systemic racism, rather than expropriating blame to others, or else adopting introspective and psychologized approaches to fundamentally social problems, those sincerely committed to antiracism can take concrete steps in the real world—actions that require no legislation or coercion of naysayers, just a willingness to personally make sacrifices for the sake of racial justice.
Identification of a novel allele, HLA‐DPB1*34:01:01:03, in Black South African individuals
Authors: Loubser Shayne , Kwenda Stanford , Sengupta Dhriti , Tiemessen Caroline T.
Published: August 2019

Genetic characterisation of a non‐coding region allelic variant, HLA‐DPB1*34:01:01:03, in Black South African individuals.
Socioeconomic inequalities in the utilisation of hypertension and type 2 diabetes management services in Indonesia
Authors: Mulyanto Joko , Kringos Dionne S. , Kunst Anton E.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To describe socioeconomic inequalities in the utilisation of hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2D) management services in the Indonesian population and to determine whether education level and geographical location contribute to inequalities.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study using data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (N = 30 762 for hypertension; N = 6758 for T2D). Socioeconomic status was measured by household consumption. The prevalence of hypertension and T2D was determined using internationally standardised clinical measurement, while disease management was defined by participation in screening and current use of medication. The relative index of inequality (RII) was used to estimate inequalities, adjusted to education level and geographical location.

Results

For all household consumption quintiles, we observed low rates of screening participation for T2D and low medication use in both hypertension and T2D. We found socioeconomic inequalities in screening participation for hypertension (RII 2.68, 95% CI 2.42–2.96) and T2D (RII 7.30, 95% CI 5.48–9.72) and also for medication use in hypertension (RII 3.09, 95% CI 2.28–4.18) and T2D (RII 2.81, 95% CI 1.09–7.27). Education level contributed to socioeconomic inequalities in screening utilisation for both hypertension and T2D. Geographical location contributed to inequalities in screening utilisation and medication use for T2D. Socioeconomic inequalities in medication use for hypertension and T2D were larger among men than women.

Conclusions

Large socioeconomic inequalities were found in the utilisation of hypertension and T2D management services in Indonesia. Improving affordability, availability and approachability of services is crucial to reduce such inequalities.
Population‐based prevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ngoma Alain M. , Omokoko Magot D. , Mutombo Paulin B. , Mvika Eddy S. , Muwonga Jeremie M. , Nollet Kenneth E. , Ohto Hitoshi
Published: August 2019

Background

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), the causative agent of adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) and poses a high morbidity and mortality risk. Its prevalence in the general population is poorly understood. The potential for prevention motivated us to do a systematic review and meta‐analysis of population‐based studies to estimate the prevalence of HTLV‐1 in SSA.

Methods

A comprehensive, no‐limit search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from their inception dates to March 2019. Population‐based studies presenting data on HTLV‐1 in sub‐Saharan Africa were included. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

A total of 21 studies were included, representing 42 297 participants. The pooled HTLV‐1 seroprevalence was 3.19% (95% CI 2.36–4.12%) with variations across year of study. Prevalence of HTLV‐1 positively correlated with year of study (β = 0.0036, P = 0.007). Participants from Central, Western and Southern Africa had a seroprevalence of 4.16% (95% CI 2.43–6.31%), 2.66% (95% CI 1.80–3.68%) and 1.56% (95% CI 0.48–3.15%), respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that HTLV‐1 infection is a public health concern in SSA and highlight the need to implement effective preventive programmes and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of this common yet neglected infection.
The H3 histone chaperone NASPSIM3 escorts CenH3 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Le Goff Samuel , Keçeli Burcu Nur , Jeřábková Hana , Heckmann Stefan , Rutten Twan , Cotterell Sylviane , Schubert Veit , Roitinger Elisabeth , Mechtler Karl , Franklin F. Christopher H. , Tatout Christophe , Houben Andreas , Geelen Danny , Probst Aline V. , Lermontova Inna
Published: August 2019

Centromeres define the chromosomal position where kinetochores form to link the chromosome to microtubules during mitosis and meiosis. Centromere identity is determined by incorporation of a specific histone H3 variant termed CenH3. As for other histones, escort and deposition of CenH3 must be ensured by histone chaperones, which handle the non‐nucleosomal CenH3 pool and replenish CenH3 chromatin in dividing cells. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis orthologue of the mammalian NUCLEAR AUTOANTIGENIC SPERM PROTEIN (NASP) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe histone chaperone Sim3 is a soluble nuclear protein that binds the histone variant CenH3 and affects its abundance at the centromeres. NASPSIM3 is co‐expressed with Arabidopsis CenH3 in dividing cells and binds directly to both the N‐terminal tail and the histone fold domain of non‐nucleosomal CenH3. Reduced NASPSIM3 expression negatively affects CenH3 deposition, identifying NASPSIM3 as a CenH3 histone chaperone.
Corneal hypoesthesia, aqueous tear deficiency, and neurotrophic keratopathy following micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in dogs
Authors: Sebbag Lionel , Crabtree Elizabeth E. , Sapienza John S. , Kim Kay , Rodriguez Elena
Published: August 2019

Objective

To describe ocular surface complications following micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP‐TSCPC) in dogs.

Animals studied

Eighteen dogs treated with MP‐TSCPC at two institutions for glaucoma management.

Procedures

MP‐TSCPC was applied to each eye (avoiding 3 and 9 o'clock positions) with 31.3% duty cycle, 2000‐3000 mW energy, and 90‐180 seconds duration per hemisphere. Central corneal tactile sensation (CTS) and Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) were measured at baseline and ≥2 post‐operative visits in each dog.

Results

Corneal sensitivity decreased in 16/18 dogs (89%) by an average of 10%‐42% (up to 100% in 4 dogs). CTS decline was rapid (≤1 week) and only fully recovered in 50% of dogs within 8‐180 days. Patients' age, glaucoma duration, laser energy, and total energy delivered did not affect CTS at any visit. However, brachycephalic dogs had significantly lower CTS and likelihood to recover full sensation compared with nonbrachycephalic dogs. Aqueous tear deficiency (STT‐1 < 15 mm/min) occurred in 8/18 dogs (44%) within 7‐270 days, and concurrent signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were noted in 2/18 dogs (11%). Neurotrophic corneal ulcers developed in 6/18 dogs (33.3%) and required 16‐53 days to heal.

Conclusions

Corneal hypoesthesia is a common complication of MP‐TSCPC in dogs, and can lead to serious adverse effects such as aqueous tear deficiency and neurotrophic corneal ulcers. Brachycephalic dogs represent a population at higher risk. Close monitoring of ocular surface health is recommended for months following MP‐TSCPC in dogs.
The nativization of English in Taiwanese magazine advertisements
Authors: Hsu Jia‐Ling
Published: August 2019

This study investigates from a sociolinguistic perspective how Taiwanese copywriters nativize English in Chinese‐based advertising copy in Taiwanese magazines in response to the growing impact of globalization over a decade. Two corpuses of magazine ads are used for quantitative and qualitative analyses: 649 ads from a 1999 English‐mixing magazine ads corpus and 1,505 ads from a 2009 corpus. The analysis demonstrates a clear trend of Taiwanese copywriters showing growing bilingual ingenuity by coining English phrases and sentences via recruiting verbatim translation based on Chinese grammar. The results of this study shed light on how nativization of English has been reinforced through copywriters’ linguistic innovation and exploitation of grammatical and collocational deviations in an era of increasing globalization.
Redefining gender stereotypes in Indian English TV advertising
Authors: Kathpalia Sujata S.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to examine glocalization in Hinglish TV commercials, specifically those that break and redefine gender stereotypes. It examines how Hindi and English in these commercials modulate sociocultural identities, representing Hindi as old and English as new. Two questions which are addressed in this article are whether Hinglish reflects the hybrid culture of the new urban Indian, and whether there is an emergence of new modern values associated with liberalism in place of the older traditional values of family, marriage and propriety.
Global marketing translation and localization for French‐speaking countries
Authors: Martin Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

This article explores translation practices in international advertising designed for different French‐speaking countries, highlighting the myriad ways in which global brands reshape their messages to appeal to local markets. A number of factors will determine the specific approach to linguistic and cultural phenomena when adapting a global advertising campaign for local audiences. In addition to the seamless blending of translated content and multimodal language mixing appearing in advertising for these markets, one notices that the degree of French‐English mixing, types of bilingual creativity and glossing techniques differ noticeably across markets, media and product categories. Newer technologies and the social media craze have also had a profound impact on the assimilation of English borrowings.
The Effects of a Three Months Exercise on Physical Fitness, Body Composition and Some Blood Parameters in Sedentary Middle Aged Female
Authors: P. Pelin Akyol , İmamoğlu Osman
Published: August 2019

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of three months of aerobic exercise on physical fitness, body composition and some blood parameters in sedentary Female. 45 sedentary Female with an average age of 36.11±1.04 years, high of 158.9 ±0.76 cm and weight of 70.83 ±1.67 kg have been selected. Sedentary Females were trained through an aerobic exercises programmed one hour a day for three days a week.  The aerobic exercise time was on 12 weeks. Setting-up exercises and training in each training session were arranged in such a way as to make each woman’s heart rate to between a levels of 130-140 beats per minute. Statistical analysis were done with Paired-t test, Variance analysis and Scheffe tests. At the end of the three months exercise programmed, a decrease of %9.06 in body weight, %9.96 in systolic blood pressure, %6.94 in diastolic blood pressure, %12.42 in total cholesterol, %22.44 in Triglyceride, %21.16 in low density lipoprotein and %21.4 in fat content ratio have been registered. However, there were increases of %26.22 in hand grip power, %63.83 in the maximum oxygen transfer, %6.2 in aerobic strength and %16.34 in high density lipoprotein. Even though the three months exercise has produced significant effect to on systolic blood pressure, jumping, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apo-B, Triglyceride, Hip circumference at .01 level. On number of heart beats, hand grip power, waist circumference, the maximum oxygen transfer, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apo A I and fat contents, diastolic blood pressure and aerobic strength at .05 level. Conclusions: The result of three months low intensity aerobic exercises have shown the fact that such exercises could improve high density lipoprotein cholesterol values and physical fitness. Also by the changes of body fat, Triglyceride, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol values parameters it reduces body parameters. The risk for cardiovascular problems are reduced on sedentary females. Aerobic exercises programmers may be recommended to reduce hypertension, weight loss, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or metabolic diseases on sedentary females between 130-140 heart rate.
Fluid balance monitoring in congestive heart failure patients in hospital: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Yang Shu-Hua , Mu Pei-Fan , Wu Hsiu-Ling , Curia Marianne
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

This aim of this project was to promote best practice in fluid balance monitoring in congestive heart failure patients.

Introduction:

Fluid overload or pulmonary/vascular congestion is a common clinical feature in patients with heart failure and is associated with adverse outcomes. Maintaining records of patients’ fluid intake and output (I&O) has long been considered an important aspect of nursing care to assess hydration status. In clinical practice, a prevalence of incongruence between I&O results and clinical signs and symptoms has been noted. We postulate that this incongruence may be due to an inaccurate or non-comprehensive collection of fluid I&O and/or patients’ and their families’ inadequate recognition of the importance of I&O recording.

Methods:

This implementation project was conducted in a cardiology ward of a medical hospital using the JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System. Three audit criteria were utilized to represent best practice recommendations for fluid balance monitoring. A pre-implementation audit was conducted, followed by development of multiple interventions identified from a Getting Research into Practice analysis. Two post-implementation audits were conducted to determine the change in practice.

Results:

The post-implementation audit data demonstrated significantly improved outcomes across the measured best practice criteria. Specifically, improvement in compliance was noted in: i) fluid balance charts being utilized in conjunction with physical assessment and electrolyte monitoring to assess the hydration status of a patient (from 58% to 100% compliance); ii) patient involvement in more accurate documentation (from 42% to 75% compliance); and iii) staff education in fluid balance monitoring and documentation (from 53% to 100% compliance).

Conclusion:

Fluid record omission was reduced at the completion of the project secondary to an increased awareness of the fluid record omission standards among patients as well as physical assessment and fluid overload correlation among the nursing staff in the unit. The findings demonstrate how audits can be utilized to promote best practice in health care. Additionally, the data indicate that focused education and the provision of relevant resources can have an immediate and positive impact on clinical practice.
Effect of flunarizine on defibrillation outcomes and early refibrillation in a canine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation
Authors: Xing Chaofan , Jin Qi , Zhang Ning , Liu Shaohua , Lin Changjian , Wu Qiong , Luo Qingzhi , Liu Ao , Wu Liqun
Published: August 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Can successful electrical shock in combination with a delayed after‐depolarization (DAD) blocker suppress early refibrillation episodes following long duration ventricular fibrillation (LDVF)?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Flunarizine significantly reduced the activation of LDVF and early ventricular fibrillation (VF) recurrence following LDVF, suggesting that DADs potentially contribute to refibrillation in prolonged VF. Thus, DAD inhibition can be used as an adjunctive therapy for electrical defibrillation to treat prolonged VF and suppress refibrillation following LDVF.

This study attempts to detect changes in the defibrillation threshold (DFT) at different stages of ventricular fibrillation (VF) (short duration VF, SDVF; long duration VF, LDVF) and during early refibrillation following successful defibrillation of LDVF by giving flunarizine, a blocker of delayed after‐depolarizations (DADs). Twelve beagles were divided into two groups (the control group, n = 6; and the flunarizine group, n = 6). Two 64‐electrode basket catheters were deployed into the left and the right ventricles for global endocardium mapping. The DFTs of SDVF and LDVF were determined at 20 s and 7 min, respectively, after VF induction in each group. Any refibrillation episodes were recorded within 15 min after the first successful defibrillation of LDVF. In the flunarizine group, the SDVF‐DFT values before and after the drug were not significantly different. The 7 min LDVF‐DFTs were markedly reduced by 26% (P < 0.05, the control group) and 38% (P < 0.01, the flunarizine group) compared to the 20 s SDVF‐DFTs within each group. The difference between SDVF‐DFT and LDVF‐DFT after flunarizine was larger than that in the control group (213 ± 65 vs. 120 ± 84 V, P < 0.05). The number of refibrillation episodes per animal (1.3 ± 1.0) following successful defibrillation of LDVF after flunarizine was 48% of that in controls (2.7 ± 2.0, P < 0.05). The effect of flunarizine on SDVF‐DFT and LDVF‐DFT indicates that the role of DADs in the defibrillation mechanism may differ as VF continues. Flunarizine significantly reduced early VF recurrence following LDVF, suggesting that DADs potentially contribute to refibrillation in a canine model of prolonged VF.
Cerebrovascular regulation is not blunted during mental stress
Authors: Shoemaker Leena N. , Wilson Luke C. , Lucas Samuel J. E. , Machado Liana , Cotter James D.
Published: August 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of the study?

What are the effects of acute mental stress on the mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The major new findings are as follows: (i) high mental stress and hypercapnia had an interactive effect on mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity; (ii) high mental stress altered the regulation of cerebral blood flow; (iii) the increased cerebrovascular hypercapnic reactivity was not driven by changes in mean arterial pressure alone; and (iv) this increased perfusion with mental stress appeared not to be justified functionally by an increase in oxygen demand (as determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy‐derived measures).

In this study, we examined the effects of acute mental stress on cerebrovascular function. Sixteen participants (aged 23 ± 4 years; five female) were exposed to low and high mental stress using simple arithmetic (counting backwards from 1000) and more complex arithmetic (serial subtraction of 13 from a rapidly changing four‐digit number), respectively. During consecutive conditions of baseline, low stress and high stress, end‐tidal partial pressure of CO2 () was recorded at normocapnia (37 ± 3 mmHg) and clamped at two elevated levels (P < 0.01): 41 ± 1 and 46 ± 1 mmHg. Mean right middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAvmean; transcranial Doppler ultrasound), right prefrontal cortex haemodynamics (near‐infrared spectroscopy) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; finger photoplethysmography) were measured continuously. Cerebrovascular hypercapnic reactivity (ΔMCAvmean/Δ), cerebrovascular conductance (CVC; MCAvmean/MAP), CVC CO2 reactivity (ΔCVC/Δ) and total peripheral resistance (MAP/cardiac output) were calculated. Acute high mental stress increased MCAvmean by 7 ± 7%, and more so at higher (32 ± 10%; interaction, P = 0.03), illustrating increased sensitivity to CO2 (i.e. its major regulator). High mental stress also increased MAP (17 ± 9%; P ≤ 0.01), coinciding with increased near‐infrared spectroscopy‐derived prefrontal haemoglobin volume and saturation measures. High mental stress elevated both cerebrovascular hypercapnic and conductance reactivities (main effect of stress, P ≤ 0.04). These findings indicate that the cerebrovascular response to acute high mental stress results in a coordinated regulation between multiple processes.
Variation in size and shape of physogastry of Dolichocybe perniciosa (Acari: Dolichocybidae)

Authors: Lan Qingxiu , Ke Bingrong , Liao Jianhua , Lu Zhenghui , Fan Qing-Hai
Published: August 2019

The formation of physogastry of the mushroom mite Dolichocybe perniciosa (Acari: Prostigmata: Dolichocybidae) has not been well understood. The shape and size of this mite vary dramatically. To evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the formation of physogastry we tested eight species of edible fungi hyphae, five temperatures and five humidity levels on the shape and size of physogastry. Dolichocybe perniciosa only fed on six species of edible fungi, Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia polytricha, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinula edodes but failed to develop on the hyphae of Pleurotus geesteranus and Pleurotus eryngii. However, the six species of edible fungi had different effects on the formation and development of physogastry in D. perniciosa. The suitable temperature for the physogastric formation was from 18°C to 28°C at 75±5% RH, and the suitable humidity was from 22% to 92% at 25°C. The width of physogastries was less than 0.85 mm at five temperatures. The majority of physogastries were oblong or cylindrical under ideal temperature (25°C), but globular at a low temperature (13°C). The largest length and the highest length/width ratio were recorded at 25°C. The length and width of the physogastry were less than 4.0 mm and 0.8 mm, respectively, under tested humidity levels. The highest length/width ratio was 8.19 at 65% RH.
#BodyIssue and Instagram: A Gender Disparity in Conversation, Coverage, and Content in ESPN The Magazine
Authors: Santarossa Sara , Coyne Paige , Woodruff Sarah J. , Greenham Craig G.
Published: August 2019

ESPN The Magazine’sThe Body Issue positions itself as an inclusive and sport-focused publication. With a focus on gender, the purpose of the current study was to examine the online thoughts and opinions that resulted from #BodyIssue on Instagram. In addition, the Instagram posting activity of ESPN (@espn) and espnW (@espnw) as it pertained to the promotion of the featured athletes and the Instagram accounts of the athletes featured in the 2016 Body Issue were explored. A text and network analysis surrounding #BodyIssue for both male and female Body Issue athletes was conducted using the Netlytic program. Manual Instagram tracking of @espn and @espnw, as well as the featured athletes’ accounts, was performed. In its entirety, this study was conducted between June 29 and July 13, 2016. Online thoughts and opinions, although differing by gender, were generally positive, with a large focus on physical form, not sexuality and/or nudity. Furthermore, a gender disparity was reported in regard to ESPN Inc.’s Instagram posting activity, with @espn choosing only to celebrate its male Body Issue athletes on Instagram and @espnw only posting about 2 of the 9 female athletes. There was a significant difference in the number of Instagram followers for the female athletes 1 wk prior to the online release of the issue (M = 105,767.78,SD = 141,193.71) and 1 wk postrelease (M = 109,742.56,SD = 142,890.11),t(8) = −4.29,p = .003. Further analyses of other Body Issue editions is needed to continue investigating this gender disparity and its potential impact on athletes, sport culture, and social attitudes.
Football Players’ Popularity on Twitter Explained: Performance on the Pitch or Performance on Twitter?
Authors: Vergeer Maurice , Mulder Leon
Published: August 2019

This study tested football players’ performance on the pitch against their performance on Twitter as explanations for Twitter popularity. Guided by network theory, social-identity theory, and basking in reflective glory and using data of all players of all teams in the Dutch premier league (“Eredivisie”), the multilevel models show that players with a Twitter account were more popular when they scored more goals, were non-Dutch, were on loan at another club, and were networkers actively following others on Twitter. The findings also show that context matters. Players under contract with a successful club receive an automatic bonus: Irrespective of their performance on the pitch or on Twitter, they automatically acquire more followers on Twitter. Players in general do not need to put a lot of effort into communicating on Twitter because sending tweets is unrelated to having more followers. Advertisers’ best options to reach larger and homogeneous audiences through football players are to choose attackers, scoring players, those out on loan, and foreign players, as well as players from successful teams in general. The study also identified which player characteristics do not add to a larger audience reach, such as tweeting behavior and experience on Twitter.
Crime and Physical Activity: Development of a Conceptual Framework and Measures
Authors: Patch Christina M. , Roman Caterina G. , Conway Terry L. , Taylor Ralph B. , Gavand Kavita A. , Saelens Brian E. , Adams Marc A. , Cain Kelli L. , Engelberg Jessa K. , Mayes Lauren , Roesch Scott C. , Sallis James F.
Published: August 2019

Background: A common hypothesis is that crime is a major barrier to physical activity, but research does not consistently support this assumption. This article advances research on crime-related safety and physical activity by developing a multilevel conceptual framework and reliable measures applicable across age groups.Methods: Criminologists and physical activity researchers collaborated to develop a conceptual framework. Survey development involved qualitative data collection and resulted in 155 items and 26 scales. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were computed to assess test–retest reliability in a subsample of participants (N = 176). Analyses were conducted separately by age groups.Results: Test–retest reliability for most scales (63 of 104 ICCs across 4 age groups) was “excellent” or “good” (ICC ≥ .60) and only 18 ICCs were “poor” (ICC < .40). Reliability varied by age group. Adolescents (aged 12–17 y) had ICCs above the .40 threshold for 21 of 26 scales (81%). Young adults (aged 18–39 y) and middle-aged adults (aged 40–65 y) had ICCs above .40 for 24 (92%) and 23 (88%) scales, respectively. Older adults (aged 66 y and older) had ICCs above .40 for 18 of 26 scales (69%).Conclusions: The conceptual framework and reliable measures can be used to clarify the inconclusive relationships between crime-related safety and physical activity.
Ancient site in Idaho implies first Americans came by sea
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: August 2019

16,000-year-old occupation predates possible land route.
How do genes affect same-sex behavior?
Authors: Mills Melinda C.
Published: August 2019

Genetic loci linked with same-sex sexual behavior cannot predict orientation of individuals
Lessons in black excellence
Making Black Scientists: A Call to Action
Marybeth Gasman and Thai-Huy Nguyen
Harvard University Press, 2019. 253 pp.
Authors: Riley Donna
Published: August 2019

Data and success stories reveal how to ensure that African American students thrive in the STEM classroom
The Mitsunobu reaction, reimagined
Authors: Longwitz Lars , Werner Thomas
Published: August 2019

Catalytic nucleophilic substitution of alcohols makes organic synthesis greener
Evidence lights the way
Authors: Gamoran Adam
Published: August 2019

These are dark times for science and public policy in the United States. In June, it was revealed that the White House suppressed the congressional testimony of a State Department scientist on the implications of climate change for national security—just the latest example of evidence undercut by ideology. Yet, despite this gloomy backdrop, there are glimmers of scientific evidence used to improve policy and practice. In July, a bipartisan group formed the Congressional What Works Caucus to encourage federal investments in evidence-based programs and policies. Since January, the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act has pushed federal agencies to develop learning agendas and appoint chief data officers to make better use of government data. What will it take to keep the light of evidence burning and ensure that the best science informs important decisions of our time?
Strain-Specific Metabolic Requirements Revealed by a Defined Minimal Medium for Systems Analyses of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Machado Henrique , Weng Liam L. , Dillon Nicholas , Seif Yara , Holland Michelle , Pekar Jonathan E. , Monk Jonathan M. , Nizet Victor , Palsson Bernhard O. , Feist Adam M.
Published: August 2019

As researchers try to understand and combat the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, there is a growing need to thoroughly understand the physiology and metabolism of the microbes.
Staphylococcus aureus
is a threatening pathogen with increased antibiotic resistance and well-studied virulence mechanisms. However, the adaptive mechanisms used by this pathogen to survive environmental stresses remain unclear, mostly due to the lack of information about its metabolic requirements. Defining the minimal metabolic requirements for
S. aureus
growth is a first step toward unraveling the mechanisms by which it adapts to metabolic stresses. Here, we present the development of a chemically defined minimal medium supporting growth of three
S. aureus
strains, and we reveal key genetic mutations contributing to improved growth in minimal medium.
The Msp Protein of Treponema denticola Interrupts Activity of Phosphoinositide Processing in Neutrophils
Authors: Jones Megan M. , Vanyo Stephen T. , Visser Michelle B.
Published: August 2019

Periodontal disease is a significant health burden, causing tooth loss and poor oral and overall systemic health. Dysbiosis of the oral biofilm and a dysfunctional immune response drive chronic inflammation, causing destruction of soft tissue and alveolar bone supporting the teeth.
Treponema denticola
, a spirochete abundant in the plaque biofilm of patients with severe periodontal disease, perturbs neutrophil function by modulating appropriate phosphoinositide (PIP) signaling.