bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
House-Hold Safety Recommendations for COVID-19
Authors: Amar Akash  , Yar Usama Bin
Published: May 2020

Since COVID-19 has erupted as a pandemic worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 4,758,937 cases are confirmed and approximately 316,300 deaths are claimed. Therefore, every individual is confining himself in quarantine at home. As people are staying at home for about 3 months, house-hold precautions are important and should be followed to mitigate the proliferation of disease. Today, social distancing has become a national rule all over the world, so being eschewed is loving yourself. As the world is hit by the drastic pandemic, which has changed the entire pattern of living and everyone is in a tough situation. To help the community, it is necessary to have some guidelines and recommendations to opt regarding household functioning. Meanwhile, it is important to provide awareness and explicit misconceptions about coronavirus and COVID-19, also to clarify its symptoms, its ways of transmission, and its preventions. Moreover, to suggest house-hold recommendations for COVID-19, including health-care practices, hygiene-parameters, and transmission obstruction. Along with health-care suggestions for old-age persons, children, and most importantly for exposed individuals. Above all these usual discussed points, the choice of food is the prime need to live alive, when you are quarantining yourselves. Thus, choosing certain types of food are suggested to be added in your daily diet, to stay healthy. Hence, the practical implementation of all these recommendations is a core part of minimizing the spread of disease and remaining safe and healthy.
The growth and productivity of larch stands under the conditions of the urbanized environment, in European Russia
Authors: Dubenok Nikolai N. , Kuzmichev Valery V. , Lebedev Alexander , Gemonov Alexander V. , Gotovtseva Irina P.
Published: May 2020

Urban forests have great ecological value as facilities for maintaining a favourable environment for the life of citizens. The development of industrial production and increased traffic flows lead to air pollution in cities, which contributes to a decrease in the productivity of tree stands, an increase in their decline and a decrease in their growth. The aim of this paper is to analyze the growth and productivity of larch stands under different anthropogenic influences and to develop recommendations for increasing their stability and durability. The materials for the study were data from the repeated measurements of permanent inventory plots at the Experimental Forest District of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow ‘Timiryazev’ Agricultural Academy and forest areas of the Moscow Region. The growth of stands of mean height in the permanent inventory plots does not correspond to the scale of site class determination: first, the forest site index is upgraded, and then it is declined. The results of the analysis of growth and productivity of larch stands have shown that these trees can be recommended for use in urban landscaping as they demonstrate high resistance to adverse effects. Mixed pine-larch stands are the most promising for urban landscaping.

Key words: Larch stands, urbanized environment, growth, productivity.
Patterns of invasion, biology and ecology of Erechtites hieraciifolia in the northern expansion range in Europe (C and NE Poland)
Authors: Zaniewski Piotr Tomasz , Wołkowycki Dan , Szczepkowski Andrzej , Otręba Anna , Zaniewska Ewa , Kębłowska Anna
Published: May 2020

The complexity of invasion process of alien species is very high and requires better understanding. Nowadays, the successful range expansion of Erechtites hieraciifolia is being observed in Poland. In the study, the distribution of the species in Poland was summarized, based on the available literature and new field data. The fieldworks were conducted in the part of the species expansion zone located in central and north-eastern Poland. Two case studies on species encroachment into post-fire and transitional bog communities were performed and a case inventory of the species presence on the border of its main secondary range was conducted. The measurements of height, counting of the number of inflorescences per individual and the number of achenes per flower head were conducted in selected stands. There was performed a checking of local conditions of growth using ecological indicator values for vascular plants. The analyzed specimens of the species had significantly less inflorescences and achenes than in the other parts of the species expansion zone. They grew also in worse light conditions and in less fertile sites. The species colonized most disturbed patches at first. It spread to the less disturbed ones and omitted natural sites. The massive colonization of the transitional bog could be caused by groundwater level lowering. In the area of the edge of the species main range it was found in many diffuse stands within disturbed patches of the landscape. Based on the obtained results the species is considered to create now still only a moderate threat in the analyzed part of the expansion zone. The possibility of its expansion to wetland sites and sudden appearance in Kampinos National Park needs much more attention.

Key words: alien invasive species, climate change, American burnweed, expansion, disturbance
Features of translation of linguocultural concepts (in Georgian, Ukrainian and Russian)
Authors: Dumbadze Anastasiya , Aroshidze Marina
Published: May 2020

The contemporary scientific anthropocentric paradigm has formed a new view on the notion of language: an important aspect of linguistic research of this concept is the consideration of the relationship between language and culture of an ethnic group. Language is a mirror of culture and its treasury. Cultural features are manifested in languages in important basic formations/concepts. Studying and staying aware of them is important for a correct understanding of similar or distinctive features between language units and language systems in general and accurate translation, in particular. The analysis of the concepts of closely related languages (Ukrainian and Russian) and their functioning in multi-system languages (Ukrainian and Georgian) is of great interest not only in the comparative plane, but also in terms of the linguocultural peculiarities of these languages. Such a comparison shows how similar cultural characteristics of peoples' life form similar features in the meaning of linguistic units. Whereas different features of the ethnic group’s life, distinctive cultural realities form individual features in each language, including closely related ones. The study of such a difference is important for a correct understanding of the features of the conceptual system of each language, under the influence of which a unique linguistic picture of the world is formed. The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of concepts «freedom / liberty» in the Ukrainian, Russian and Georgian languages. During the study, significant differences were found in the Ukrainian and Russian languages, which are associated with the difference in the cultures of the Ukrainian and Russian peoples. At the same time, analyzing of concepts in the Georgian and Ukrainian languages has shown many interesting similarities and parallels which are also justified by similar cultural features. (The work was carried out within the framework of the project KEAC-BSR, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 program within the framework of Grant Agreement No. 734645)
Valuation of Extension Officer's Attitudes towards Organic Farming, Khartoum State, Sudan
Authors: Ali Adam Elradi M. , Ali Khulood A. Y. , Hamad Mohammed Adam. A. , Khalifa Elbadawi K. H.
Published: May 2020

Organic farming is widely used in the world. It is known by its low cost, high yield, high income, and food safety. The aim of this paper was to assess the extension officer’s attitude towards organic farming in Khartoum State. A sample size of 40 extension officers was selected for this paper by using full account sampling technique. A close-ended questionnaire was constructed and used for data collection. The collected data were coded and statistically analyzed by using SPSS, discussed, interpreted using descriptive analysis. The attitudes of extension officers were measured according to Likert scale. Results showed that the extension officers in Khartoum State had a positive attitude towards organic farming. The results indicated the extension officers were use 62.5% T.V, 65% radio and Internet, and 57.5% extension periodicals as information source. Also 87.5% of extension officers stated that the organic farming can contribute widely in national economy and rural development and 85% confirm that Sudan in need for organic farming. Result of Likert scale measurement showed that extension officers have a positive attitude towards all parameter measured. The results of correlation coefficient depicted that the relationship between some parameter measured showed positive moderate (r= .255), (r=.359*), and (r=.302). It can be concluded that organic farming in the study area is well accepted by extension officers and promised. The study recommended that the government has to play an important role to support organic farming through policy development and to support research. The extension officers should be subjected to frequent training programs in organic farming.
Karakteristik Karkas Bandikut (Echymipera kalubu) di Kabupaten Manokwari
Authors: Pawere Frandz Rumbiak , Palulungan John Arnold
Published: May 2020

The research purpose is to investigate the characteristics of bandicoot’s (Echymipera kalubu) carcass in the Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. Thirty-two (32) bandicoots, with the age of ± 4-month-old, were used for this study, the subjects consisted of 16 males and 16 females. The research method used was the exploration method. The results showed that the bodyweight of males and females bandicoot was 1709.38 ± 506.31 g and 976.63 ± 296.11 g (P<0.05). Carcass weight of males and females bandicoot was 1339 ± 449.53 g and 738.22 ± 233.50 g (P<0.05) respectively. Carcass percentage of males and females bandicoot was 77.15 ± 6.24 % and 75.10 ± 4.32 % (P>0.05). The weight cut forequarter of males and females bandicoot was 614.85±221.87 g and 311.67±101.83 g (P<0,05). The weight cut of the hindquarter of males and females bandicoot was 768.76±377.66 g and 397.89±142.18 g (P<0,05). Fore carcass percentages of males and females bandicoot were 45.48±2.20 % and 42.39±3.50 % (P<0,05). Hind carcass percentage of males and females bandicoot was 56.22±12.22 % and 53.63±6.82% (P>0,05). In conclusion, there are differences in body weight, carcass weight, fore carcass weight, rear carcass weight, and the percentage of fore carcass weight between male and female Echymipera kalubu. On the other hand, there is no difference in the percentage of carcass and rear carcass percentage between male and female Echymipera kalubu.
Review: Lonergan, Patrick. Irish drama and theatre since 1950. Methuen, 2019
Authors: Richards Shaun
Published: May 2020

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Language, translation, and the Irish Theatre Diaspora in Quebec
Authors: Ruane Aileen R.
Published: May 2020

This article argues for the inclusion of contemporary Québécois translations of twentieth-century Irish plays as part of the Irish theatrical diaspora. The presence of an Irish diaspora in North America was mainly the result of massive waves of immigration, in large part due to the Great Famine, peaking during the mid-nineteenth century before gradually abating. This diaspora in Quebec has resisted full linguistic assimilation, yet was also integrated into many aspects of its culture, a fact that was facilitated by similar political, religious, and even linguistic parallels and elements. Interest in Irish culture, especially in its theatrical output, remains high, with many theatre companies in the province commissioning seasons based on Celtic Tiger-era dramas, translated by Québécois playwrights who also happen to be translators. In tracing and analysing the reason for this interest, despite diminished recent immigration, this article provides the basis for continued research into the performative force of proactive translations across varying diasporic traditions.
Women and War in Rwanda
Authors: Holmes Georgina
Published: May 2020

The 1994 genocide in Rwanda, which followed the death of President Habyarimana, was one of the worst humanitarian disasters of the twentieth century and shamed both African and global leaderships. As wars in the Congo continue to tear apart the region, this book examines how the politics that led to the 1994 genocide continue to be played out in the international media. Scholars of political science contend that narratives are used strategically by states to influence and shape the behaviour of other actors in the international system. This book explore how, through processes of denial and revisionism, strong states with geopolitical interests in the Great Lakes region of Africa, African states directly involved in conflict, militia groups and rebels, as well as human rights activists and NGOs, all employ media narratives strategically with the aim of influencing political decision-making and public perceptions of genocide and war.Examining how international political discourse on the 1994 genocide in Rwanda is gendered, Georgina Holmes argues that states, militaries and human rights organisations use gendered narratives for political gain, and breaks new ground in analysing the role of gender in the conflict.

This book is essential reading on the gendered dynamics of conflict and genocide in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo and will appeal to anyone with an interest in Gender Studies, Political Communication, Media and Film Studies, African Studies, Genocide Studies and International Relations.
Lacan Reframed
Authors: Levine Steven Z
Published: May 2020

Are your students baffled by Baudrillard? Dazed by Deleuze? Confused by Kristeva? Other beginners' guides can feel as impenetrable as the original texts to students who 'think in images'. "Contemporary Thinkers Reframed" instead uses the language of the arts to explore the usefulness in practice of complex ideas. Short, contemporary and accessible, these lively books utilise actual examples of artworks, films, television shows, works of architecture, fashion and even computer games to explain and explore the work of the most commonly taught thinkers. Conceived specifically for the visually minded, the series will prove invaluable to students right across the visual arts. Single-handedly responsible for the influential and ominous notion of 'the gaze', quoted by everybody yet fully understood by few, Lacan's work can be difficult to grasp. Going back to basics, this introduction guides the reader through Lacan's key concepts by looking at art from the Mona Lisa through to Bridget Riley's paintings, and by looking afresh at key works discussed by Lacan himself, from Holbein's famous 'The Ambassadors' to Velazquez's 'Las Meninas'.

Making sense of Lacan's sometimes convoluted style, this highly readable introduction to one of the most frequently quoted thinkers also explores the reasons why human beings make - and look at - art.
Adorno Reframed
Authors: Boucher Geoff
Published: May 2020

Theodor Adorno is one of the most provocative and important, but least understood of contemporary thinkers. Yet despite the fact that Adorno is one of the only important contemporary philosophers to have published a theory of aesthetics, his influence in the arts has been severely limited by the perception, shared unfortunately by some commentators, that his is a merely negative position. Adorno Reframed not only frames Adorno for an audience coming to his aesthetic theory for the first time, through the medium of detailed discussion of particular artworks and pieces of music, but also reframes Adorno as a utopian thinker rather than a bleak pessimist. Drawing on new scholarship, Adorno Reframed challenges the popular image of the miserable elitist without in any way domesticating Adorno for the world of the multinational entertainment corporations. This Adorno is a supporter of late modernism, and a defender of the idea that aesthetic experience offers a real alternative to corporatised forms of human existence.
Sonic Phantoms
Authors: Ellison Barbara , Bailey Thomas Bey William
Published: May 2020

In this book, Barbara Ellison and Thomas B. W. Bailey lay out and explore the mystifying and evanescent musical territory of‘sonic phantoms’: auditory illusions within the musical material that convey a‘phantasmatic’ presence. Structured around a large body of compositional work developed by Ellison over the past decade, sonic phantoms are revealed and illustrated as they arise through a diverse array of musical sources, materials, techniques, and compositional tools: voices (real and synthetic), field recordings, instrument manipulation, object amplification, improvisation, and recording studio techniques. Somehow inherent in all music--and perhaps in all sound--sonic phantoms lurk and stalk with the promise of mystery and elevation. We just need to conjure them.
Solar UV radiation measurements in Marambio, Antarctica, during years 2017–2019
Authors: Aun Margit , Lakkala Kaisa , Sanchez Ricardo , Asmi Eija , Nollas Fernando , Meinander Outi , Sogacheva Larisa , De Bock Veerle , Arola Antti , de Leeuw Gerrit , Aaltonen Veijo , Bolsée David , Cizkova Klara , Mangold Alexander , Metelka Ladislav , Jakobson Erko , Svendby Tove , Gillotay Didier , Van Opstal Bert
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In March 2017, measurements of downward global irradiance of
ultraviolet (UV) radiation were started with a multichannel GUV-2511
radiometer in Marambio, Antarctica (64.23∘ S;
56.62∘ W), by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) in
collaboration with the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN).
These measurements were analysed and the results were compared to previous
measurements performed at the same site with the radiometer of the Antarctic
NILU-UV network during 2000–2008 and to data from five stations across
Antarctica. In 2017/2018 the monthly-average erythemal daily doses from October
to January were lower than those averaged over 2000–2008 with differences from
2.3 % to 25.5 %. In 2017/2018 the average daily erythemal dose from
September to March was 1.88 kJ m−2, while in 2018/2019 it was 23 % larger
(2.37 kJ m−2). Also at several other stations in Antarctica the UV
radiation levels in 2017/2018 were below average. The maximum UV indices
(UVI) in Marambio were 6.2 and 9.5 in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively,
whereas during years 2000–2008 the maximum was 12. Cloud cover, the
strength of the polar vortex and the stratospheric ozone depletion are the
primary factors that influence the surface UV radiation levels in Marambio.
The lower UV irradiance values in 2017/2018 are explained by the high ozone
concentrations in November, February and for a large part of October. The role of cloud
cover was clearly seen in December, and to a lesser extent in October and November, when
cloud cover qualitatively explains changes which could not be ascribed to
changes in total ozone column (TOC). In this study, the roles of aerosols and albedo are of minor
influence because the variation of these factors in Marambio was small from
one year to the other. The largest variations of UV irradiance occur during
spring and early summer when noon solar zenith angle (SZA) is low and the stratospheric ozone
concentration is at a minimum (the so-called ozone hole). In 2017/2018,
coincident low total ozone column and low cloudiness near solar noon did not
occur, and no extreme UV indices were measured.
Technical note: Lowermost-stratospheric moist bias in ECMWF IFS model diagnosed from airborne GLORIA observations during winter/spring 2016
Authors: Woiwode Wolfgang , Dörnbrack Andreas , Polichtchouk Inna , Johansson Sören , Harvey Ben , Höpfner Michael , Ungermann Jörn , Friedl-Vallon Felix
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Numerical weather forecast systems like the ECMWF IFS (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – Integrated Forecasting System) are known to be affected by a moist bias in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) which results in a systematic cold bias there. We use high spatial resolution water vapour measurements by the airborne 15 infrared limb-imager GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) during the PGS (POLSTRACC/GW-LCYLCE-II/SALSA) campaign to study the LMS moist bias in ECMWF analyses and 12 h forecasts in the season from January to March 2016. Thereby, we exploit the 2-dimensional observational capabilities of GLORIA, when compared to in situ observations, and the higher vertical and horizontal resolution, when compared to satellite observations. Using GLORIA observations taken during five flights in the polar sub-vortex region around Scandinavia and Greenland, we 20 diagnose a systematic moist bias in the LMS peaking at +50 % at potential vorticity levels of 6 to 10 PVU. In the diagnosed time period, the moist bias reduces at the highest and driest air masses observed, but clearly persists at lower levels until mid-March. Sensitivity experiments with more frequent temporal output, lower horizontal resolution, and higher/lower vertical resolution, show the short-term forecasts to be practically insensitive to these parameters on time scales of
The characterization of Taklamakan dust properties using a multi-wavelength Raman polarization lidar in Kashi, China
Authors: Hu Qiaoyun , Wang Haofei , Goloub Philippe , Li Zhengqiang , Veselovskii Igor , Podvin Thierry , Li Kaitao , Korenskiy Mikhail
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Taklamakan desert is an important dust source for the global atmospheric dust budget and a cause of the dust weather in Eastern Asia. The characterization of the properties and vertical distributions of Taklamakan dust in the source region is still very limited. To fill this gap, the DAO (Dust Aerosol Observation) was conducted in Kashi, China in 2019. Kashi site is about 150 km to the west rim of the Taklamakan desert and is strongly impacted by desert dust aerosols, especially in spring time, i.e. April and May. Apart from dust, fine particles coming from local anthropogenic emissions or/and transported aerosols are also a non-negligible aerosol component. In this study, we provide the first profiling of the 2α + 3β + 3δ lidar profiles of Taklamakan dust based on a multi-wavelength Raman polarization lidar. Four cases, including two Taklamakan dust events (Case 1 and 2) and two polluted dust events (Case 3 and 4) are presented. The lidar ratio in the Taklamakan dust outbreak is found to be 51 ± 8–56 ± 8 sr at 355 nm and 45 ± 7 sr at 532 nm. The particle linear depolarization ratios are about 0.28 ± 0.04–0.32 ± 0.05 at 355 nm, 0.35 ± 0.05 at 532 nm and 0.31 ± 0.05 at 1064 nm. The observed polluted dust is commonly featured with reduced particle linear depolarization ratio and enhanced extinction and backscatter Angstrom exponent. In Case 3, the lidar ratio of polluted dust is about 42 ± 6 sr at 355 nm and 40 ± 6 sr at 532 nm. The particles linear depolarization ratios decrease to about 0.25, with a weak spectral dependence. In Case 4, the variability of lidar ratio and particle linear depolarization ratio is higher than in Case 3, which reflects the complexity of the nature of mixed pollutant and the mixing state. The results provide the first reference for the characteristics of Taklamakan dust measured by Raman lidar. The data could contribute to complementing the dust model and improving the accuracy of climate modeling.
Investigation of the wet removal rate of black carbon in East Asia: validation of a below- and in-cloud wet removal scheme in FLEXPART v10.4
Authors: Choi Yongjoo , Kanaya Yugo , Takigawa Masayuki , Zhu Chunmao , Park Seung-Myung , Matsuki Atsushi , Sadanaga Yasuhiro , Kim Sang-Woo , Pan Xiaole , Pisso Ignacio
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Understanding the global distribution of atmospheric black carbon (BC) is essential to unveil its climatic effect. However, there are still large uncertainties regarding the simulation of BC transport due to inadequate information about the removal process. We accessed the wet removal rate of BC in East Asia based on long-term measurements over the 2010–2016 period at three representative background sites (Baengnyeong and Gosan in South Korea and Noto in Japan). The average wet removal rate, represented by transport efficiency (TE), i.e. the fraction of undeposited BC particles during transport, was estimated as 0.73 in East Asia from 2010 to 2016. According to accumulated precipitation along trajectory, TE was lower in East and North China, where the industrial sector (thin-coated) is dominant; in contrast, that in South Korea and Japan showed higher values due to the transport sector (thick-coated), with emissions mainly from diesel vehicles. By the same token, TE in winter and summer showed the highest and lowest values, respectively, depending on the dominant emission sectors, such as house heating (thick-coated) and industry. The average half-life and e-folding lifetime of BC were 2.8 and 7.1 days, respectively, similar to previous studies, but those values differed according to the geographical location and meteorological conditions of each site. Next, by comparing TE from the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) Lagrangian transport model (version 10.4), we diagnosed the scavenging coefficients (s−1) of the below- and in-cloud scavenging scheme implemented in FLEXPART. The overall median TE from FLEXPART (0.91) was overestimated compared to the measured value, implying underestimation of wet scavenging coefficients in the model simulation. The median of the below-cloud scavenging coefficient showed a lower value than that calculated from FLEXPART, by a factor of 1.7. On the other hand, the overall median of the FLEXPART in-cloud scavenging coefficients was highly underestimated by 1 order of magnitude compared to the measured value. From the analysis of artificial neural networks, the convective available potential energy, which is well known as an indicator of vertical instability, should be considered in the in-cloud scavenging process to improve the representative regional difference in BC wet scavenging over East Asia. For the first time, this study suggested an effective and straightforward evaluation method for wet scavenging schemes (both below- and in-cloud) by introducing TE along with excluding effects from the inaccurate emission inventories.
On mineral dust aerosol hygroscopicity
Authors: Chen Lanxiadi , Peng Chao , Nenes Athanasios , Gu Wenjun , Fu Hanjing , Jian Xing , Zhang Huanhuan , Zhang Guohua , Zhu Jianxi , Wang Xinming , Tang Mingjin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Despite its importance, hygroscopicity of mineral dust aerosol remains highly uncertain. In this work, we investigated water adsorption and hygroscopicity of different mineral dust samples at 25 °C, via measuring sample mass at different relative humidity (RH, up to 90 %) using a very sensitive balance. Mineral dust samples examined (twenty one in total) included seven authentic mineral dust samples from different regions in the world and fourteen major minerals contained in mineral dust aerosol. At 90 % RH, mass ratios of adsorbed water to the dry mineral ranged from 0.0011 to 0.3080, largely depending on the BET surface areas of mineral dust samples. The surface coverages of adsorbed water were determined to vary between 1.26 and 8.63 at 90 % RH, and it was found that the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption isotherm could well describe surface coverages of adsorbed water as a function of RH, with AFHH and BFHH parameters in the range of 0.15–4.39 and 1.10–1.91, respectively. The comprehensive and robust data obtained would largely improve our knowledge of hygroscopicity of mineral dust aerosol.
Evaluating Sentinel-5P TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 column
densities with airborne and Pandora spectrometers near New York
City and Long Island Sound
Authors: Judd Laura M. , Al-Saadi Jassim A. , Szykman James J. , Valin Lukas C. , Janz Scott J. , Kowalewski Matthew G. , Eskes Henk J. , Veefkind J. Pepijn , Cede Alexander , Mueller Moritz , Gebetsberger Manuel , Swap Robert , Pierce R. Bradley , Nowlan Caroline R. , Abad Gonzalo González , Nehrir Amin , Williams David
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Abundant NO2 column measurements from airborne and ground-based Pandora spectrometers were collected as part of the 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS) in the New York City/Long Island Sound region and coincided with early measurements from the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument. Both airborne- and ground-based measurements are used to evaluate the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) NO2 Tropospheric Vertical Column (TrVC) product v1.2 in this region, which has high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in NO2. First, airborne and Pandora TrVCs are compared to evaluate the uncertainty of the airborne TrVC and establish the spatial representativeness of the Pandora observations. The 171 coincidences between Pandora and airborne TrVCs are found to be highly correlated (r2=0.92 and slope of 1.03) with the biggest individual differences being associated with high temporal and/or spatial variability. These reference measurements (Pandora and airborne) are complementary with respect to temporal coverage and spatial representivity. Pandora spectrometers can provide continuous long-term measurements but may lack areal representivity when operated in direct-sun mode. Airborne spectrometers are typically only deployed for short periods of time, but their observations are more spatially representative of the satellite measurements with the added capability of retrieving at subpixel resolutions of 250 m × 250 m over the entire TROPOMI pixels they overfly. Thus, airborne data are more correlated with TROPOMI measurements (r2=0.96) than Pandora measurements are with TROPOMI (r2=0.84). The largest outliers between TROPOMI and the reference measurements are caused by errors in the TROPOMI retrieval of cloud pressure impacting the calculation of tropospheric air mass factors in cloud-free scenes. This factor causes a high bias in TROPOMI TrVCs of 4–11 %. Excluding these cloud-impacted points, TROPOMI has an overall low bias of 19–33% during the LISTOS timeframe of June–September 2018. Part of this low bias is caused by coarse a priori profile input from TM5-MP model; replacing these profiles with those from a 12 km NAMCMAQ analysis results in a 12–14 % increase in the TrVCs. Even with this improvement, the TROPOMI-NAMCMAQ TrVCs have a 7–19 % low bias, indicating needed improvement in a priori assumptions in the air mass factor calculation. Future work should explore additional impacts of a priori inputs to further assess the remaining low biases in TROPOMI using these datasets.
Measurement of NOx and NOy with a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS): Instrument characterisation and first deployment
Authors: Friedrich Nils , Tadic Ivan , Schuladen Jan , Brooks James , Darbyshire Eoghan , Drewnick Frank , Fischer Horst , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We present a newly constructed, two channel Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for the detection of NOx (NO + NO2), NOy (NOx + HNO3 + RO2NO2 + N2O5 etc.), NOz (NOy – NOx) and particulate nitrate (pNit). NOy-containing trace gases are detected as NO2 by CRDS at 405 nm following sampling through inlets at ambient temperature (NOx), or at 850 °C (NOy). In both cases, O3 was added to the air sample directly upstream of the cavities to convert NO (either ambient, or formed in the 850 °C oven) to NO2. An activated carbon denuder was used to remove gas-phase components of NOy when sampling pNit. Detection limits (1 minute averaging) for NOx, NOy and NOz are 98, 51 and 110 pptv, respectively. The total measurement uncertainties (at 50 % RH) in the NOx and NOy channels are 11 % + 10 pptv and 16 % + 14 pptv for NOz, respectively. Thermograms of various NOz species (peroxyacetyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, and HNO3) confirm stoichiometric conversion to NO2 (and/or NO) at the oven temperature and rule out significant interferences from NH3 detection or radical recombination reactions under ambient conditions. While fulfilling the requirement of high particle transmission and essentially complete removal of reactive nitrogen under dry conditions, the denuder suffered from NOx breakthrough and memory effects (i.e. release of stored NOy) under humid conditions. NOx measurements obtained from a ship sailing through the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf (NOx levels from
Validation of Aeolus wind products above the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Baars Holger , Herzog Alina , Heese Birgit , Ohneiser Kevin , Hanbuch Karsten , Hofer Julian , Yin Zhenping , Engelmann Ronny , Wandinger Ulla
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In August 2018, the first Doppler wind lidar in space called ALADIN was launched on-board the satellite Aeolus by the European Space Agency ESA. Aeolus measures horizontal wind profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere on a global basis. Furthermore, profiles of aerosol and cloud properties can be retrieved via the high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) technique. The Aeolus mission is supposed to improve the quality of weather forecasts and the understanding of atmospheric processes. We used the chance of opportunity to perform a unique validation of the wind products of Aeolus by utilizing the RV Polarstern cruise PS116 from Bremerhaven to Cape Town in November/December 2018. Due to concerted course modifications, six direct intersections with the Aeolus ground track could be achieved on the Atlantic Ocean, west of the African continent. For the validation of the Aeolus wind products, we launched additional radiosondes and used the EARLINET/ACTRIS lidar PollyXT for atmospheric scene analysis. The six analyzed cases proof the concept of Aeolus to be able to measure horizontal wind speeds in the nearly West-East direction. Good agreements with the radiosonde observation could be achieved for both Aeolus wind products – the winds observed in clean atmospheric regions called Rayleigh winds and the winds obtained in cloud layers called Mie winds according to the responsible scattering regime. Systematic and statistical errors of the Rayleigh winds were less than 1.5 m/s and 3.3 m/s, respectively, when comparing to radiosonde values averaged to the Aeolus vertical resolution. For the Mie winds, a systematic and random error of about 1 m/s was obtained from the six comparisons in different climate zones. However, it is also shown that the coarse vertical resolution of 2 km in the upper troposphere which was set in this early mission phase two months after launch led to an underestimation of the maximum wind speed in the jet stream regions. Summarizing, promising first results of the first wind lidar space mission are shown and proof the concept of Aeolus for global wind observations.
Variable phytoplankton size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change
Authors: Leung Shirley W. , Weber Thomas , Cram Jacob A. , Deutsch Curtis
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Earth System Models predict a 10–20 % decrease in ocean carbon export production by the end of the 21st century due to global climate change. This decline is caused by increased stratification of the upper ocean, resulting in reduced shallow subsurface nutrient concentrations and a slower supply of nutrients to the surface euphotic zone. These predictions, however, do not account for associated changes in sinking particle size and remineralization depth. Here we combine satellite-derived export and particle size maps with a simple 3-D global biogeochemical model to investigate how shifts in sinking particle size may buffer predicted changes in surface nutrient supply and therefore export production. We show that higher export rates are correlated with larger phytoplankton and sinking particles, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Incorporation of these empirical relationships into a global model shows that as circulation slows, a decrease in export and associated shift toward smaller phytoplankton yields particles that sink more slowly and are thus remineralized shallower; this in turn leads to greater recycling of nutrients in the upper water column and faster nutrient recirculation into the euphotic zone, boosting productivity and export to counteract the initial circulation-driven decreases. This negative feedback mechanism (termed the particle size-remineralization feedback) slows export decline over the next century by ~14 % globally and by ~20 % in the tropical and subtropical oceans, where export decreases are currently predicted to be greatest. Thus, incorporating dynamic particle size-dependent remineralization depths into Earth System Models will result in more robust predictions of changes in biological pump strength in a warming climate.
The genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost – grain-size endmember modeling analysis from Siberia and Alaska
Authors: Schirrmeister Lutz , Dietze Elisabeth , Matthes Heidrun , Grosse Guido , Strauss Jens , Laboor Sebastian , Ulrich Mathias , Kienast Frank , Wetterich Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex is an ice-rich and organic-bearing
type of permafrost deposit widely distributed across Beringia and is
assumed to be especially prone to deep degradation with warming
temperature, which is a potential tipping point of the climate system. To better
understand Yedoma formation, its local characteristics, and its
regional sedimentological composition, we compiled the grain-size
distributions (GSDs) of 771 samples from 23 Yedoma locations across the
Arctic; samples from sites located close together were pooled to form 17
study sites. In addition, we studied 160 samples from three non-Yedoma
ice-wedge polygon and floodplain sites for the comparison of Yedoma samples
with Holocene depositional environments. The multimodal GSDs indicate that
a variety of sediment production, transport, and depositional processes were
involved in Yedoma formation. To disentangle these processes, a robust
endmember modeling analysis (rEMMA) was performed. Nine robust grain-size
endmembers (rEMs) characterize Yedoma deposits across Beringia. The study
sites of Yedoma deposits were finally classified using cluster analysis. The
resulting four clusters consisted of two to five sites that are distributed
randomly across northeastern Siberia and Alaska, suggesting that the
differences are associated with rather local conditions. In contrast to
prior studies suggesting a largely aeolian contribution to Yedoma
sedimentation, the wide range of rEMs indicates that aeolian sedimentation
processes cannot explain the entire variability found in GSDs of Yedoma
deposits. Instead, Yedoma sedimentation is controlled by local
conditions such as source rocks and weathering processes, nearby
paleotopography, and diverse sediment transport processes. Our findings
support the hypothesis of a polygenetic Yedoma origin involving alluvial,
fluvial, and niveo-aeolian transport; accumulation in ponding waters; and
in situ frost weathering as well as postdepositional processes of
solifluction, cryoturbation, and pedogenesis. The characteristic rEM
composition of the Yedoma clusters will help to improve how
grain-size-dependent parameters in permafrost models and soil carbon
budgets are considered. Our results show the characteristic properties of ice-rich Yedoma
deposits in the terrestrial Arctic. Characterizing and quantifying
site-specific past depositional processes is crucial for elucidating and
understanding the trajectories of this unique kind of ice-rich permafrost in
a warmer future.
Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico
Authors: Coviello Velio , Capra Lucia , Norini Gianluca , Dávila Norma , Ferrés Dolores , Márquez-Ramirez Víctor Hugo , Pico Eduard
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The M7.1 Puebla-Morelos earthquake that occurred on 19 September 2017, with epicenter located ∼ 70 km SW from Popocatépetl volcano, severely hit central Mexico. Seismic shaking of the volcanic edifice induced by the earthquake triggered hundreds of shallow landslides on the volcanic flanks, remobilizing loose pyroclastic deposits and saturated soils. The largest landslides occurred on the slopes of aligned ENE-WSW-trending ravines on opposite sides of the volcanic cone, roughly parallel to the regional maximum horizontal stress and local volcanotectonic structural features. This configuration may suggest transient reactivation of local faults and extensional fractures as one of the mechanisms that has weakened the volcanic edifice and promoted the largest slope failures. The seismic records from a broadband station located at few kilometers from the main landslides are used to infer the intensity of ground shaking that triggered the slope failures. The material involved in the larger landslides, mainly ash and pumice fall deposits from late Holocene eruptions with a total volume of about 106 cubic meters, transformed into two large debris flows on the western slope of the volcano and one on its eastern side. The debris flows were highly viscous and contained abundant large woods (about 105 cubic meter). Their peculiar rheology is reconstructed by field evidences and analyzing the grain size distribution of samples from both landslide scars and deposits. This is the first time that such flows were observed at this volcano. Our work provides new insights to constrain a multi-hazard risk assessment for Popocatépetl and other continental active volcanoes.
EPR Study of NO radicals encased in modified open C60 Fullerenes
Authors: Dinse Klaus-Peter , Kato Tatsuhisa , Hasegawa Shota , Hashikawa Yoshifumi , Murata Yasujiro , Bittl Robert
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Using pulsed EPR techniques, the low temperature magnetic properties of the NO radical being confined in a C60 derived cage are determined. It is found that the smallest principal g value g3, being assigned to the axis of the radical, deviates strongly from the free electron value. This behavior results from partial compensation of the spin and orbital contributions to the g3 value. The measured value g3 = 0.77(5) yields information about the deviation of the locking potential from axial symmetry. This 17 meV asymmetry is found to be quite small compared to the situation found for the same radical in polycrystalline or amorphous matrices ranging from 300 to 500 meV. The analysis of the temperature dependence of spin relaxation times resulted in a critical temperature of about 3.5 K, assigned to temperature activated motion of the radical with coupled rotational and translational degrees of freedom in the complicated 3-dimensional potential.
Data impact studies with the AROME WMED reanalysis of the
HyMeX SOP1
Authors: Fourrié Nadia , Nuret Mathieu , Brousseau Pierre , Caumont Olivier
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This paper presents the results of several observing system experiments (OSEs) performed with AROME-WMED. This model is the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) dedicated version (Fourrié et al., 2019) of the French operational meso-scale model AROME. The second and final reanalyses assimilated most of all available data for a 2 month period corresponding to the first Special Observation Period of HyMeX. In order to assess the impact of various observation data set assimilation on the forecasts, several OSEs or also-called denial experiments, were carried out. In this study, impact of a dense reprocessed network of high quality Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Zenithal Total Delay (ZTD) observations, reprocessed wind-Profilers, lidar-derived vertical profiles of humidity (ground and airborne) and Spanish radar data, is thus discussed. Among the evaluated observations, it is found that the ground-based GNSS ZTD data set provides the largest impact on the analyses and the forecasts as it represents an evenly spread and frequent data set providing information at each analysis time over the AROME-WMED domain. The impact of the reprocessing of GNSS ZTD data also improves the forecast quality but this impact is not statistically significant. The assimilation of the Spanish radar data improves the very short term forecast quality as well as the short term forecasts but this impact remains located over Spain. Marginal impact from wind profilers was observed on wind background quality. No impacts have been found regarding lidar data as they represent a very small data set.
Nonlinear vortex solution for perturbations in the Earth's ionosphere
Authors: Vukcevic Miroslava , Popović Luka Č.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. There is much observational evidence of different fine structures in the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth. Such structures are created and evolve as a perturbation of the ionosphere's parameters. Instead of dealing with a number of linear waves, we propose to investigate and follow up the perturbations in the ionosphere by dynamics of soliton structure. Apart from the fact that this is a more accurate solution, the advantage of soliton solution is its localization in space and time as a consequence of the balance between nonlinearity and dispersion. The existence of such a structure is driven by the properties of the medium.
We derive the necessary condition for having a nonlinear soliton wave, taking the vortex shape as a description of the ionosphere parameter perturbation. We employ a magnetohydrodynamical description for the ionosphere in plane geometry, including rotational effects, magnetic field effects via ponderomotive force, and pressure and gravitational potential effects, treating the problem self-consistently and nonlinearly. In addition, we consider compressible perturbation.
As a result, we have found that Coriolis force and magnetic force on the one hand and pressure and gravity on the other hand determine dispersive properties. Dispersion at higher latitudes is mainly driven by rotation, while near the Equator, within the E and F layers of the ionosphere, the magnetic field modifies the soliton solution. Also, a very general description of the ionosphere results in the conclusion that the unperturbed thickness of the ionosphere layer cannot be taken as an ad hoc assumption: it is rather a consequence of equilibrium property, which is shown in this calculation.
Winter stratification phenomena and its consequences in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea
Authors: Liblik Taavi , Väli Germo , Lips Inga , Lilover Madis-Jaak , Kikas Villu , Laanemets Jaan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Stratification plays an essential role in the marine system. The shallow mixed layer is one of the preconditions for the enhanced primary production in the ocean. The general understanding is that the mixed layer is well deeper than the euphotic zone in the Baltic Sea during winter. In this work, we demonstrate the wintertime stratification is a common phenomenon in the Gulf of Finland. Shallow haline stratification at the depth comparable to the euphotic zone depth forms in late January–early February. Stratification is evoked by the positive buoyancy flux created by the westward advection of riverine water along the northern coast of the gulf. Fresher water and haline stratification appeared approximately one month later in the southern part of the gulf. The phenomena can occur in the whole gulf and also without ice. Chl a concentration and phytoplankton biomass in winter can be comparable to mid-summer. The limiting factor for phytoplankton bloom in winter is likely insufficient solar radiation.