bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of Interfacial Electric Field via Dual‐Porphyrin Heterostructure Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Jing Jianfang , Yang Jun , Li Wenlu , Wu Zhaohui , Zhu Yongfa
Published: November 2021

A dual‐porphyrin heterostructure is successfully constructed by coupling tetrakis (4‐carboxyphenyl) zinc porphyrin (ZnTCPP) with tetrakis (4‐hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP). The high photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 41.4 mmol h−1 g−1 is obtained for ZnTCPP/THPP under full spectrum, which is ≈5.1 and ≈17.0 times higher than that of pure ZnTCPP and THPP, respectively. The significantly enhanced activity is mainly attributed to the giant interfacial electric field formed between dual porphyrins, which greatly facilitates efficient charge separation and transfer. Meanwhile, similar conjugated structures of dual porphyrins also provide proper interface match and decrease interface defects, thus inhibiting the recombination of photoproduced carriers. By rationally combining the appropriate band structures and high‐quality interfacial contact of dual porphyrins, this work provides a fresh insight into the interfacial electric field construction to improve the photocatalytic performance.
Anionic Redox Regulated via Metal–Ligand Combinations in Layered Sulfides
Authors: Wang Tian , Ren Guo‐Xi , Xia He‐Yi , Shadike Zulipiya , Huang Tao‐Qing , Li Xun‐Lu , Yang Si‐Yu , Chen Ming‐Wei , Liu Pan , Gao Shang‐Peng , Liu Xiao‐Song , Fu Zheng‐Wen
Published: November 2021

The increasing demand for energy storage is calling for improvements in cathode performance. In traditional layered cathodes, the higher energy of the metal 3d over the O 2p orbital results in one‐band cationic redox; capacity solely from cations cannot meet the needs for higher energy density. Emerging anionic redox chemistry is promising to access higher capacity. In recent studies, the low‐lying O nonbonding 2p orbital was designed to activate one‐band oxygen redox, but they are still accompanied by reversibility problems like oxygen loss, irreversible cation migration, and voltage decay. Herein, by regulating the metal–ligand energy level, both extra capacities provided by anionic redox and highly reversible anionic redox process are realized in NaCr1−yVyS2 system. The simultaneous cationic and anionic redox of Cr/V and S is observed by in situ X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Under high d–p hybridization, the strong covalent interaction stabilizes the holes on the anions, prevents irreversible dimerization and cation migration, and restrains voltage hysteresis and voltage decay. The work provides a fundamental understanding of highly reversible anionic redox in layered compounds, and demonstrates the feasibility of anionic redox chemistry based on hybridized bands with d–p covalence.
Realizing Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymer‐Based Uniform Large‐Area Transistors for Active Circuit via Protonic Acid Mediated Molecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Liu Yanwei , Zhao Zhiyuan , Zhu Mingliang , Huang Xin , Wei Xiaofang , Chen Huajie , Chen Jinyang , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi
Published: November 2021

The solution‐handling characteristics of π‐conjugated polymer semiconductors make them promising candidates for low‐cost flexible electronics. Although homogeneous and stable nonchlorine solvent (NClS) processing is the only way that must be passed for future application, polymer semiconductors still meet the challenges of poor solubility and inhomogeneities in NClS. Here, the authors primp polymer molecules with protonic acid by multiple interactions, that is, proton exchange and hydrogen bond interaction, to achieve scale and model‐constrained PDVT‐10c assembly in NClS. As a result, a uniform near‐amorphous PDVT‐C10c film is developed for polymer thin‐film transistor (PTFT) array, which exhibits uniform performance with much narrower Gaussian standards deviation than pristine PDVT‐C10c one. Finally, a 5 cm × 5 cm PTFT as the active‐matrix circuit for blue organic light‐emitting diode is demonstrated. The results illustrate the great potential of protonic acid‐mediated molecular self‐assembly on homogeneous and stable NClS processing polymer semiconductors for next‐generation flexible electronics.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Diastereodivergent Sulfamidation of Diarylmethanol Diastereomixtures Bearing a Chiral Auxiliary Dependent on Catalyst Loading
Authors: Oda Ryoga , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Nakata Kenya
Published: November 2021

The FeCl3‐catalyzed, diastereodivergent sulfamidation of diastereomixtures of diarylmethanols bearing a chiral auxiliary was achieved and was found to be dependent on the catalyst loading. Under these conditions, a variety of substrates bearing different substituents on their aromatic rings could be applied to both reaction pathways. The sulfamide moieties were easily removed to give the corresponding chiral amines. Chiral sulfamides with different stereochemistry were efficiently synthesized as organocatalysts using the present method.
Direct Photoexcitation of Borate Enabling Minisci Reaction
Authors: Kemmochi Marin , Miyamoto Yusuke , Sumida Yuto , Ohmiya Hirohisa
Published: November 2021

The photoexcitable borate enabling Minisci C−H alkylation of heteroarene has been described. This protocol using alkylborate only needed O2 and visible light, which provides a considerably clean system. The direct photoexcitation of alkylborate allowed the generation of tertiary, secondary, and primary‐alkyl radical including methyl radical. This light‐driven Minisci reaction gave a choice for the functionalization of heteroarenes.
Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling/Annulation of Two Carbene Precursors: Construction of Dihydrobenzo[c]chromen‐6‐one Scaffolds and Application in the Total Synthesis of Cannabinol
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Nunewar Saiprasad , Kanchupalli Vinaykumar
Published: November 2021

A cross‐coupling/annulation reaction of sulfoxonium ylides with iodonium ylides has been reported by Rh(III)‐catalyzed C−H functionalization pathway to provide a direct access to valuable dihydrobenzo[c]chromen‐6‐one derivatives. In this catalytic system, sulfoxonium ylide functionality acts as a traceless directing group (DG), and iodonium ylide acts as carbene precursor resulting in a highly selective reaction. The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated by diverse synthetic transformations, core structure of Urolithin derivatives and total synthesis of cannabinol natural product.
Spin‐Spacetime Censorship
Authors: Nemirovsky Jonathan , Cohen Eliahu , Kaminer Ido
Published: November 2021

Quantum entanglement and relativistic causality are key concepts in theoretical works seeking to unify quantum mechanics and gravity. In this article, a gedanken experiment that couples the spin to spacetime is proposed, and is then analyzed in the context of quantum information by using different approaches to quantum gravity. Both classical gravity theory and certain quantum theories predict that around a spin‐half particle, the spherical symmetry of spacetime is broken by its magnetic field or merely by its intrinsic angular momentum. It is asserted that any spin‐related deviation from spherical symmetry, upon appropriate measurement, can violate relativistic causality and quantum no‐cloning. To avoid these violations, the measurable spacetime around the particle's rest frame shall typically remain spherically symmetric, potentially as a back‐action by the act of a covariant measurement, or due to a quantized spin‐dependence of the magnetic field. This way, this gedanken experiment suggests a censorship mechanism preventing the possibility of spacetime‐based spin detection, which can shed light on the interface between quantum mechanics and gravity. Since this proposed gedanken experiment is independent of any specific theory, it is suitable for testing the coupling of quantum matter and spacetime in present and future candidate theories of quantum gravity.
Structural and photoluminescence properties of Dy3+‐activated NaCaPO4 phosphor derived from solution combustion
Authors: Parauha Yatish Ratn , Dhoble Sanjay Janaraoji
Published: November 2021

In the current investigation, a series of NaCa1−xPO4:xDy3+ (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mol%) phosphors were synthesized using a solution combustion method and citric acid as fuel. The investigated results from the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed phase purity of the synthesized material and orthorhombic crystal structure with space group Pna21. Photoluminescence properties of the synthesized phosphors were investigated. The synthesized Dy3+‐activated phosphor displayed blue (482 nm) and yellow (576 nm) emission under near‐ultraviolet or blue excitations. These emission bands were ascribed due to the 4F9/2→6H15/2 and 4F9/2→6H13/2 transitions of Dy3+ ions. Commission International de l'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates showed emission in the near‐white region for the proposed phosphors under different excitations. In addition, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the NaCa1−xPO4:xDy3+ (x = 1.5 mol%) phosphor‐coated silicon solar cell and an uncoated solar cell were investigated under a solar simulator. The I–V characteristics of the proposed phosphor‐coated silicon solar cell showed enhancement in solar cell efficiency by ~7.92%. The entire studies and their outcomes showed that synthesized phosphors have potential as white light emitting diodes and for solar applications.
Making family, making school – dialogical processes in gentrification
Authors: Lima Cristian , Hviid Pernille
Published: November 2021

We investigate abandonment of certain public schools in areas of gentrification in Copenhagen and the processes meant to repair such community ruptures. Theoretically, the study builds on socio‐cultural psychology and dialogism. The intervention conducted built on the premises of meaning‐making, dialogue and collaboration in and across the community and its institutions and citizens. The deep interdependency between making a family and making a school stood out. While the schools struggled to survive, the families in question struggled tirelessly to form the kind of family they wanted to be. The analysis centres on processes of initiating and promoting sustainable collective processes of meaning‐making in a community. ‘Sustainability’ refers in our case to the construction of practices that is meaningful to various groups of actors (e.g. children, families and professionals in institutions) given the local challenges and resources in their community. The study aims at shedding light on the dialogical processes and the construction of local community qualities.
Microbial L‐ and D‐Lactate Selective Oxidoreductases as a Very Prospective but Still Uncommon Tool in Commercial Biosensors
Authors: Smutok Oleh , Kavetskyy Taras , Gonchar Mykhailo , Katz Evgeny
Published: November 2021

Lactic acid, being in natural L‐form, is an almost universal metabolite of all living organisms. It is also an important biotechnological product used as a food additive, component of many industrial products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and, recently, as a monomer for the production of biodegradable poly‐L‐lactate. D‐Lactate is another stereoisomer known as a by‐product of some fermentation processes and formed also in the colon and blood under some pathophysiological conditions, namely, diabetes, short bowel syndrome, and others. Thus, both lactate stereoisomers are important biomarkers of some diseases, indicators of food quality, and markers of sport medicine for assessing the level of athlete training. Therefore, the development of new highly selective biosensors for the routine analysis of these biomarkers is very important. Some electrochemical biosensors for lactate analysis are commercialized and exploit bacterial enzymes: NAD+‐dependent L‐ or D‐lactate dehydrogenases or lactate oxidase. The yeast cells produce another type of very specific response toward lactate enzymes: L‐lactate:cytochrome c‐oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3, flavocytochrome b2, FC b2) and D‐lactate: ferricytochrome c‐oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.4, DLDH), which are specific toward L‐ and D‐ stereoisomers of lactate, respectively. The main properties of both enzymes are absolute selectivity toward lactate isomers and non‐specificity to the nature of electron acceptors, as well as an ability to direct electron transfer to electrodes. The listed properties make the enzymes very suitable for their application in electrochemical biosensorics. This Review is devoted mainly to the characterization of FC b2‐ and DLDH‐based laboratory prototypes of electrochemical biosensors to promote scientific and possible commercial interest in such L‐lactate‐ and D‐lactate‐specific bioanalytical tools.
Optimizing an Electrochemical Protocol for Quantitative Analysis of Ascorbic Acid in Dietary Supplements
Authors: Wilson Patrick , Sorto Sabrina , Apawu Aaron K.
Published: November 2021

Electroanalytical techniques are versatile and dynamic tools used extensively in research and industrial applications; however, they are not adequately covered in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Herein, a fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) protocol is presented as a simple but efficient method of analysis that can be incorporated into analytical chemistry labs to demonstrate the utility and versatility of electrochemical techniques. The simplicity of ascorbic acid's electrochemistry makes it an excellent candidate for evaluating an electroanalytical method. In this work, flow cell‐based FSCV was used to measure the ascorbic acid content in a dietary supplement. The protocol involved optimization of the excitation waveform and scan rate, and external standard calibration analysis. The method was evaluated using spike recovery and a standard addition analysis as a secondary method of validation. The external calibration method exhibited excellent accuracy (relative error=−0.6 %, Recovery=100.5 %), suggesting no significant matrix effect, high precision (RSD=±0.4 %) and sensitivity (m=2224.4 nA mm−1). These observations were comparable to results from the standard addition method as revealed by the statistical analysis. Overall, this work demonstrates the use of a cutting‐edge electroanalytical technique in quality control.
Probability density of irradiance for Electromagnetic waves propagating through the solar corona
Authors: Shishter Yousef Mostafa
Published: November 2021

Deep space exploration missions require the modelling of deep space communication channels. Due to the turbulent nature of space channels, propagating electromagnetic waves suffer from fading‐induced turbulence. In particular, scintillation effects are imparted on the intensity of electromagnetic beam wave propagating through the solar corona. Thus, it is imperative to determine the wave intensity distribution. Often, distributions derived and verified for terrestrial channels are applied to wave propagation through deep space channels. However, this neglects the specific nature of the physical processes in the channel. For example, to incorporate the events of solar inferior and solar superior conjunctions, the introduced statistical distribution should be valid over a large‐range, spanning weak to strong, scintillation conditions. Moreover, the solar corona physical parameters should be clearly related to the distribution parameters. Such a theoretical model can be derived based on Rytov solution, the solar wind speed distribution and the space permeating plasma electron density variation. The resultant wave intensity distribution is compared with the Rician, the Nakagami and the inverse Gaussian–gamma distributions for different scintillation conditions.
Sixteen capillary electrophoresis applications for viral vaccine analysis
Authors: Geurink Lars , van Tricht Ewoud , van der Burg Debbie , Scheppink Gerard , Pajic Bojana , Dudink Justin , Sänger–van de Griend Cari
Published: November 2021

A broad range of CE applications from our organization is reviewed to give a flavor of the use of CE within the field of vaccine analyses. Applicability of CE for viral vaccine characterization, and release and stability testing of seasonal influenza virosomal vaccines, universal subunit influenza vaccines, Sabin inactivated polio vaccines (sIPV), and adenovirus vector vaccines were demonstrated. Diverse CZE, CE‐SDS, CGE, and cIEF methods were developed, validated, and applied for virus, protein, posttranslational modifications, DNA, and excipient concentration determinations, as well as for the integrity and composition verifications, and identity testing (e.g., CZE for intact virus particles, CE‐SDS application for hemagglutinin quantification and influenza strain identification, chloride or bromide determination in process samples). Results were supported by other methods such as RP‐HPLC, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential measurements. Overall, 16 CE methods are presented that were developed and applied, comprising six adenovirus methods, five viral protein methods, and methods for antibodies determination of glycans, host cell‐DNA, excipient chloride, and process impurity bromide. These methods were applied to support in‐process control, release, stability, process‐ and product characterization and development, and critical reagent testing. Thirteen methods were validated. Intact virus particles were analyzed at concentrations as low as 0.8 pmol/L. Overall, CE took viral vaccine testing beyond what was previously possible, improved process and product understanding, and, in total, safety, efficacy, and quality.
Electrochromism or Water Splitting in Neutral Aqueous Solutions by a Metallo‐Organic Assembly
Authors: Malik Naveen , Bendikov Tatyana , Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: November 2021

Herein, two different functionalities of one metallo‐organic film assembled on the surface of a transparent metal‐oxide electrode are described. Two redox‐active elements, electrochromic iron–polypyridyl complexes and catalytically active palladium centers, operate by applying different potentials in aqueous solutions. The color of the material can be cycled 1500 times from dark purple to colorless by electrochemically addressing the Fe2+/3+ centers at 0.0–1.0 V (vs Ag/Ag+). The differences between the transmittance of these two states is high: ΔT = 52%. Catalytic water oxidation can occur by palladium oxide particles that form in situ by applying a higher potential (1.22–2.0 V vs Ag/Ag+), resulting in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen. The catalyst is active for at least 7 h in an aqueous electrolyte at pH = 6.9, with a Faradaic efficiency of ≈70%.
Imaging human engrams using 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Willems Tom , Henke Katharina
Published: November 2021

The investigation of the physical traces of memories (engrams) has made significant progress in the last decade due to optogenetics and fluorescent cell tagging applied in rodents. Engram cells were identified. The ablation of engram cells led to the loss of the associated memory, silent memories were reactivated, and artificial memories were implanted in the brain. Human engram research lags behind engram research in rodents due to methodological and ethical constraints. However, advances in multivariate analysis techniques of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and machine learning algorithms allowed the identification of stable engram patterns in humans. In addition, MRI scanners with an ultrahigh field strength of 7 Tesla (T) have left their prototype state and became more common around the world to assist human engram research. Although most engram research in humans is still being performed with a field strength of 3T, fMRI at 7T will push engram research. Here, we summarize the current state and findings of human engram research and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying 7 versus 3T fMRI to image human memory traces.
Influence of seasonal vegetation dynamics on hydrological connectivity in tropical drylands
Authors: Souza Jonas , Hooke Janet
Published: November 2021

Seasonally dry forests in tropical regions show over 300% inter‐annual biomass variability that directly affects the runoff and erosion dynamics. However, biomass fluctuation is mostly overlooked in hydrosedimentological analysis, including in connectivity analysis. The aim of this paper is to understand how the dryland vegetation seasonality in Brazilian drylands affects the potential runoff and sediment connectivity using the Index of Connectivity (stream and outlet targets). Two main analytical steps were used to identify the influence of dry forest biomass fluctuation on connectivity: Creation of vegetation scenarios based on the relationship between rainfall patterns and NDVI fluctuations (Landsat images); Identification of the effect of the vegetation scenarios on Index of Connectivity. The method was applied to a 90 km2 watershed in NE Brazil, creating a daily vegetation classification using five vegetation scenarios related to rainfall parameters, with average NDVI values from 0.18 during very dry scenarios (<20 mm of antecedent rainfall) to 0.62 in very wet scenario (>500 mm of antecedent rainfall). The primary connectivity behaviour is controlled by a continuous connectivity decrease, reaching 32%, related to increase of humidity and vegetation biomass. At the same time, due to rainfall irregularity, high magnitude rainfall events can occur even during very dry scenarios, when the watershed shows very high potential connectivity. It indicates that connectivity in runoff‐dominated regions is temporally variable due to the highly seasonal vegetation and variable incidence of intense rainstorms.
Comparative extraction study of grape pomace bioactive compounds by submerged and solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Amaya‐Chantaca Daisy , Flores‐Gallegos Adriana C , Iliná Anna , Aguilar Cristóbal N , Sepúlveda‐Torre Leonardo , Ascacio‐Vadlés Juan A , Chávez‐González Mónica L
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

About 75% of the total grape production worldwide is destined for wine production. Many agro‐industrial wastes are derived from the various stages of wine production that are not usually used. The present study explores grape pomace from the winemaking industry as a fermentation substrate for the extraction of phenolic compounds through two fermentation systems, submerged and solid‐state fermentation, using Aspergillus niger GH1 as a biological model.

RESULTS

Both fermentation systems showed polyphenolic compounds release. The highest values for polyphenol content extraction were through solid‐state fermentation without supplementation with 2.262 g L−1 of hydrolysable tannins (HT) and 3.684 g L−1 of condensates tannins (CT). For submerged fermentation, however, the best results were obtained in the non‐supplemented medium obtaining 0.182 g L−1 of HT and 0.198 g L−1 of CT. A kinetic fermentation under the best fermentation conditions was carried out. The enzymatic activities associated with the extractive process were demonstrated (tannase, ellagitannase, β‐glucosidase, xylanase, and α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase). Among the main compounds identified were hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, catechins, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonols.

CONCLUSION

Grape pomace constitutes a nutrient‐rich material that can be used as a fermentation substrate to extract bioactive compounds. A. niger GH1 was shown to be able to synthesize hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading grape pomace to release polyphenolic compounds. This study reveals the effectiveness of both types of fermentation and the influence of fermentation parameters on the recovery of polyphenols and on the mechanisms involved in these bioprocesses, which stand out for being eco‐friendly alternatives for the recovery of compounds of industrial interest. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Zwitterionic polymers in drug delivery: A review
Authors: Harijan Manjeet , Singh Meenakshi
Published: November 2021

Developments of novel drug delivery vehicles are sought‐after to augment the therapeutic effectiveness of standard drugs. An urgency to design novel drug delivery vehicles that are sustainable, biocompatible, have minimized cytotoxicity, no immunogenicity, high stability, long circulation time, and are capable of averting recognition by the immune system is perceived. In this pursuit for an ideal candidate for drug delivery vehicles, zwitterionic materials have come up as fulfilling almost all these expectations. This comprehensive review is presenting the progress made by zwitterionic polymeric architectures as prospective sustainable drug delivery vehicles. Zwitterionic polymers with varied architecture such as appending protein conjugates, nanoparticles, surface coatings, liposomes, hydrogels, etc, used to fabricate drug delivery vehicles are reviewed here. A brief introduction of zwitterionic polymers and their application as reliable drug delivery vehicles, such as zwitterionic polymer–protein conjugates, zwitterionic polymer‐based drug nanocarriers, and stimulus‐responsive zwitterionic polymers are discussed in this discourse. The prospects shown by zwitterionic architecture suggest the tremendous potential for them in this domain. This critical review will encourage the researchers working in this area and boost the development and commercialization of such devices to benefit the healthcare fraternity.
Cryoballoon ablation of the left atrial posterior wall reduces recurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Shigeta Takatoshi , Yamauchi Yasuteru , Sagawa Yuichiro , Oda Atsuhito , Tachibana Shinichi , Sudo Koji , Nakamura Rena , Okishige Kaoru , Goya Masahiko , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: November 2021

Background

This study aimed to clarify the clinical outcomes of cryoballoon ablation of the left atrial (LA) posterior wall (LAPW), including the LA roof, in patients with non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

We analyzed the outcomes of 284 patients with non‐paroxysmal AF, of whom 210 underwent the cryoballoon ablation of the LAPW, including the LA roof, in addition to pulmonary vein isolation with a cryoballoon.

Results

Complete conduction block at the LA roof was obtained in 95.7% (201/210) of patients, and LAPW was isolated in 83.3% (130/156) of patients. Over 372 (range, 208–477) days of follow‐up, atrial arrhythmia recurrence was observed in 84 (29.6%) patients, and atrial tachycardia (AT) recurrence accounted for 27.4% of cases. The prevalence of LA roof cryoballoon ablation was significantly higher in patients without recurrence than in those with recurrence (78.6% vs. 63.1%, respectively; p = .01), especially those with persistent AF recurrence (77.0% vs. 55.0%, p = .01). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of AT recurrence between patients who had undergone additional LAPW ablation and those who had not. Durable LA roof lesions were confirmed in 29 (72.5%) of 40 patients who underwent redo ablation.

Conclusions

Cryoballoon ablation of the LAPW leads to a sufficient acute success rate of complete conduction block and durable lesions of the LA roof without increasing AT recurrence risk. The prevalence of persistent AF recurrence decreases after additional cryoballoon ablation of the LAPW in patients with non‐paroxysmal AF.
Implications and Management of Cirrhosis‐Associated Immune Dysfunction Before and After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Tranah Thomas H. , Kronsten Victoria T. , Shawcross Debbie L.
Published: November 2021

Cirrhosis‐associated immune dysfunction (CAID) describes a panacea of innate and adaptive deficits that result from the sequelae of cirrhotic portal hypertension that is similar in its manifestations regardless of etiology of chronic liver injury. CAID is associated with synchronous observations of dysregulated priming of innate immune effector cells that demonstrate a proinflammatory phenotype but are functionally impaired and unable to adequately prevent invading pathogens. CAID is mainly driven by gut‐barrier dysfunction and is associated with deficits of microbial compartmentalization and homeostasis that lead to tonic activation, systemic inflammation, and exhaustion of innate‐immune cells. CAID leads to a high frequency of bacterial and fungal infections in patients with cirrhosis that are often associated with acute decompensation of chronic liver disease and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and carry a high mortality rate. Understanding the deficits of mucosal and systemic immunity in the context of chronic liver disease is essential to improving care for patients with cirrhosis, preventing precipitants of acute decompensation of cirrhosis, and improving morbidity and survival. In this review, we summarize the detailed dynamic immunological perturbations associated with advanced chronic liver disease and highlight the importance of recognizing immune dysregulation as a sequela of cirrhosis. Furthermore, we address the role of screening, prevention, and early treatment of infections in cirrhosis in improving patient outcomes in transplant and nontransplant settings.
Quantification of gold nanoparticle photon radiosensitization from direct and indirect effects using a complete human genome single cell model based on Geant4
Authors: Zhao Xiandong , Liu Ruirui , Zhao Tianyu , Reynoso Francisco J.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To investigate the radiosensitization properties of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and better understand the intricate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage induction mechanisms involved in GNP‐aided radiotherapy, a single cell model with complete human genome based on the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit was applied.

Materials and methods

A Geant4‐DNA model was implemented to simulate direct and indirect DNA damage generated in the physical and chemical stages. In the physical stage, a mixed‐physics approach was taken by using Geant4‐DNA in water and Livermore in gold. Water radiolysis was created posteriorly in the physicochemical and chemical stages to simulate indirect damage from reactions between DNA molecules and OH• radicals. A mono‐energetic photon beam (100 keV) and two clinical photon sources (250‐kVp, 6‐MV flattening‐filter free) were simulated for modeling the irradiation of a single cell with or without GNPs. In order to study the effects of GNP size on radiosensitization, 15, 30, and 100 nm GNPs were simulated. The effects of intracellular distribution were simulated using 90‐nm GNPs with different characteristics of distribution within the cell. The time dependence of DNA damage enhancement was also studied with chemistry stage simulation end‐time no larger than 10 ns.

Results

Double strand break (DSB) enhancement due to direct and indirect action was quantified under different scenarios. Under realistic cellular uptake condition, the 100‐nm GNPs had the most significant increase in DSBs: 40.9% and 28.5% for 100 keV and 250‐kVp photon irradiation, respectively. The intracellular localization showed differing levels of radiosensitization with a maximum of 64%, 27%, and 6% DSB enhancements for 100 keV, 250‐kVp, and 6‐MV respectively, when 90‐nm GNPs congregate around the nucleus.

Conclusion

The results indicate that photon energy, GNP size, and intracellular distribution play an important role in the enhancement of DSB from direct and indirect damage under scenarios close to cell experiments. The radiosensitization effects due to indirect damage are significant and should be considered carefully.
Safety and efficacy of an injectable nerve‐specific hydrogel in a rodent crush injury model
Authors: Prest Travis A. , Meder Tyler J. , Skillen Clint D. , Marchal Lucile , Soletti Lorenzo , Gardner Paul A. , Cheetham Jonathan , Brown Bryan N.
Published: November 2021

Introduction/Aims

While the peripheral nervous system has the inherent ability to recover following injury, results are often unsatisfactory, resulting in permanent functional deficits and disability. Therefore, methods that enhance regeneration are of significant interest. The present study investigates an injectable nerve‐tissue‐specific hydrogel as a biomaterial for nerve regeneration in a rat nerve crush model.

Methods

Nerve‐specific hydrogels were injected into the subepineurial space in both uninjured and crushed sciatic nerves of rats to assess safety and efficacy, respectively. The animals were followed longitudinally for 12 wk using sciatic functional index and kinematic measures. At 12 wk, electrophysiologic examination was also performed, followed by nerve and muscle histologic assessment.

Results

When the hydrogel was injected into an uninjured nerve, no differences in sciatic functional index, kinematic function, or axon counts were observed. A slight reduction in muscle fiber diameter was observed in the hydrogel‐injected animals, but overall muscle area and kinematic function were not affected. Hydrogel injection following nerve crush injury resulted in multiple modest improvements in sciatic functional index and kinematic function with an earlier return to normal function observed in the hydrogel treated animals as compared to untreated controls. While no improvements in supramaximal compound motor action potential were observed in hydrogel treated animals, increased axon counts were observed on histologic assessment.

Discussion

These improvements in functional and histologic outcomes in a rapidly and fully recovering model suggest that injection of a nerve‐specific hydrogel is safe and has the potential to improve outcomes following nerve injury.
Utilization trend of gastric acid‐suppressing agents in relation to analgesics
Authors: Kirmizi Neriman Ipek , Aydin Volkan , Akici Ahmet
Published: November 2021

Background

Controversies exist about excessive use of gastric acid‐suppressing agents or lack of adequate indications, especially when co‐prescribed with analgesics for gastroprotection. We aimed to analyze the nationwide trend of gastric acid‐suppressing agents and analgesics.

Methods

We obtained nationwide consumption data of analgesics (nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], opioids, others) and gastric acid‐suppressing agents (proton pump inhibitors [PPI] and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists [H2RAs]) between years of 2014–2018 from IQVIA Turkey. Drug utilization was measured by defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day (DID) unit. Drug sales data were further used to test the correlation of PPIs and H2RAs to analgesics.

Results

During the study period, analgesic utilization increased from 65.7 to 67.4 DID. NSAIDs constituted 82.7%–84.9% of all analgesic utilization. The consumption of NSAIDs increased by 3.1%, and the most commonly consumed analgesic was diclofenac (18.5 ± 1.5 DID), constituting 25.4%–29.0% of all analgesics. PPI utilization was found to regularly raise from 52.1 DID in 2014 to 72.0 DID in 2018 with an overall increment of 38.2%. Use of H2RAs was found to increase from 11.4 DID in 2014 to 14.0 DID in 2018. The physician visit‐adjusted utilization of both antirheumatic NSAIDs and non‐antirheumatic analgesics showed significantly moderate‐strong positive correlations with PPIs (r: 0.63, 0.48–0.76 and r: 0.63, 0.47–0.75, respectively) and H2RAs (r: 0.61, 0.44–0.73 and r: 0.57, 0.41–0.71, respectively).

Conclusion

The utilization trend exhibited a dramatic increase of the gastric acid‐suppressing agents ‐more pronounced for PPIs, with a modest increase in analgesics. Excessive utilization of PPIs does not seem to imply a tendency toward only NSAID‐related gastroprotection.
Changes of Morphological, Optical, and Electrical Properties Induced by Hydrogen Plasma on (0001) ZnO Surface
Authors: Remes Zdenek , Artemenko Anna , Ukraintsev Egor , Sharma Dhananjay K. , Buryi Maksym , Kromka Alexander , Potocky Stepan , Szabo Ondrej , Kulicek Jaroslav , Rezek Bohuslav , Poruba Ales , Micova Julia , Shu Hsu Hua
Published: November 2021

Plasma provides specific adjustment of solid‐state surface properties offering an alternative to high temperature treatment. Herein, hydrogen plasma treatment of monocrystalline (0001) ZnO surface is studied in an inductively coupled plasma reactor with reduced capacitively coupled plasma mode. The crucial role of electrical grounding of the sample holder for plasma etching and related changes in the morphology, optical, and electrical properties of surfaces exposed to electron and ion bombardment are explained. The effects on the chemical composition of the surface are analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical properties by photoluminescence spectroscopy, topography, roughness, and surface measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). All methods show altered ZnO surface properties before and after plasma treatment strongly depending on the electrical potential of the holder.
The Influence of Recessed Floating Metal Rings Structure on Electrical Properties of AlGaN/GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes
Authors: Deng Song , Liu Kai , Wang Chong , Zheng Xuefeng , Ma Xiaohua , Wang Runhao , Zhao Yaopeng , Li Ang , He Yunlong , Mao Wei , Hao Yue
Published: November 2021

AlGaN/GaN lateral Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with the nonrecessed and recessed floating metal rings (FMR) structure are fabricated and electrically characterized to study the influence of recessed FMR structure. The recessed FMR SBDs (RFMR‐SBDs) exhibit the lower onset voltage (VON) and higher forward current (IF) at the anode of 3 V than the nonrecessed FMR SBDs (FMR‐SBDs). More importantly, the breakdown voltage (VBR) of the RFMR‐SBDs is 1980 V, which has a significant improvement compared with the FMR‐SBDs of 1540 V. However, the specific on‐resistance of the RFMR‐SBDs is higher than FMR‐SBDs. Furthermore, the electric field distributions of different structures are simulated by Silvaco software to analyze the mechanism of improving breakdown voltage. The results show that the breakdown voltage improvement is due to the broader depletion region in the RFMR‐SBDs at the breakdown voltage. Moreover, the electric field distributions of the RFMR‐SBDs and FMR‐SBDs with three FMRs are discussed further.
Interfacial Covalent Bonding Endowing Ti3C2‐Sb2S3 Composites High Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Wang Hui , Song Xiaolan , Lv Miao , Jin Shengming , Xu Jianlong , Kong Xiaodong , Li Xingyun , Liu Zhiliang , Chang Xinghua , Sun Wei , Zheng Jie , Li Xingguo
Published: November 2021

Antimony sulﬁde is attracting enormous attention due to its remarkable theoretical capacity as anode for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, it still suffers from poor structural stability and sluggish reaction kinetics. Constructing covalent chemical linkage to anchor antimony sulﬁde on two‐dimension conductive materials is an effective strategy to conquer the challenges. Herein, Ti3C2‐Sb2S3 composites are successfully achieved with monodispersed Sb2S3 uniformly pinned on the surface of Ti3C2Tx MXene through covalent bonding of Ti‐O‐Sb and S‐Ti. Ti3C2Tx MXene serves as both charge storage contributor and flexible conductive buffer to sustain the structural integrity of the electrode. Systematic analysis indicates that construction of efficient interfacial chemical linkage could bridge the physical gap between Sb2S3 nanoparticles and Ti3C2Tx MXene, thus promoting the interfacial charge transfer efficiency. Furthermore, the interfacial covalent bonding could also effectively confine Sb2S3 nanoparticles and the corresponding reduced products on the surface of Ti3C2Tx MXene. Benefited from the unique structure, Ti3C2‐Sb2S3 anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 475 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 300 cycles, even retaining 410 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 500 cycles. This strategy is expected to shed more light on interfacial chemical linkage towards rational design of advanced materials for SIBs.
Interfacial Assembly of Nanowire Arrays toward Carbonaceous Mesoporous Nanorods and Superstructures
Authors: Xie Lei , Liu Jinrong , Bao Xiaobing , Chen Jiadong , Zheng Xiaozhong , He Yanjun , Zhang Wei , Zeng Jie , Wang Yong , Kong Biao
Published: November 2021

Synthesis of anisotropic carbonaceous nano‐ and micro‐materials with well‐ordered mesoporous structures has attracted increasing attention for a broad scope of applications. Although hard‐templating method has been widely employed, overcoming the viscous forces to prepare anisotropic mesoporous materials is particularly challenging via the universal soft‐templating method, especially from sustainable biomass as a carbon resource. Herein, the synthesis of biomass‐derived nanowire‐arrays based mesoporous nanorods and teeth‐like superstructures is reported, through a simple and straightforward polyelectrolyte assisted soft‐templating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) approach. A surface energy induced interfacial assembly mechanism with the synergetic interactions between micelles, nanowire, nanorods, and polyelectrolyte is proposed. The polyelectrolyte acts not only as a stabilizer to decrease the surface energy of cylindrical micelles, nanowires and nanorods, but also as a structure‐directing agent to regulate the oriented attachment and anisotropic assembly of micelles, nanowires, and nanorods. After a calcination treatment, the carbon nanorod and teeth‐like superstructure are successfully coupled with Ru to directly produce supported catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction, exhibiting much better performance than the isotropic nanospheres based catalyst. This HTC approach will open up new avenues for the synthesis of anisotropic materials with various morphologies and dimensions, expanding the palette of materials selection for many applications.
Scalably Nanomanufactured Atomically Thin Materials‐Based Wearable Health Sensors
Authors: Zhang Ruifang , Jiang Jing , Wu Wenzhuo
Published: November 2021

Wearable multimodal sensors could enable the continuous, non‐invasive, precise monitoring of vital human signals critical for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Atomically thin materials with intriguing physical characteristics, rich chemistry, and extreme sensitivity to external stimuli are attractive for implementing high‐performance wearable sensors. Despite the increased interest and efforts in 2D materials‐based wearable sensors, reducing the manufacturing and integration costs while improving the product performance remains challenging. Previous review articles provided good coverage discussing the material and device aspects of 2D materials‐based wearable devices. However, few reviews discussed the status quo, prospects, and opportunities for the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable sensors for health monitoring. To fill this gap, the recent advances in 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors are reviewed. The structure design, fabrication processing, the mechanisms of 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors, and their applications for human health monitoring are discussed. More significantly, a systematic discussion of the state‐of‐the‐art and technological gaps for enabling future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable health sensors are provided. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D wearable health sensors are discussed.
On higher spin cubic interactions in d = 3
Authors: Zinoviev Yu.M.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

In this paper we elaborate on higher spin cubic interactions for massless, massive and partially massless fields. We work in the gauge invariant frame-like multispinor formalism, combining Lagrangian and unfolded formulations.
Revisiting definition and assessment of intestinal trans-epithelial passage
Authors: Ilchmann-Diounou Hanna , Buleon Marie , Bacquie Valérie , Theodorou Vassilia , Denis Colette , Menard Sandrine
Published: November 2021

This study aims to remind that Intestinal Passage (IP) measurement is a complex task that cannot be achieved by a unique measure of an orally given exogenous marker in blood or urine. This will be illustrated in the case of NOD mice. Indeed, various methods have been proposed to measure IP. Among them ex vivo measurement in Ussing chambers of luminal to serosal fluxes of exogenous markers and in vivo measurement of exogenous markers in blood or urine after oral gavage are the more commonly used. Even though they are commonly used indifferently, they do not give the same information and can provide contradictory results. Published data showed that diabetic status in female Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice increased FD4 concentration in blood after gavage but did not modify FD4 fluxes in Ussing chamber. We observed the same results in our experimental conditions and tracked FD4 concentrations in blood over a kinetic study (Area Under the Curve—AUC). In vivo measurements are a dynamic process and address not only absorption (IP and intestinal surface) but also distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Diabetic status in NOD mice was associated with an increase of intestinal length (absorptive surface), itself positively correlated with AUC of FD4 in blood. We concluded that increased intestinal length induced by diabetic status will extend the absorptive surface and increase FD4 concentration in plasma (in vivo measurement) despite no modification on IP of FD4 (ex vivo measurement). In addition, this study characterized intestinal function in diabetic NOD mice. Diabetic status in NOD female mice increases intestinal length and decreases paracellular IP (FSS) without affecting transcellular IP (HRP, FD4). Histological studies of small and large intestine did not show any modification of intestinal circumference nor villi and crypt size. Finally, diabetic status was not associated with intestinal inflammation (ELISA).
Anterior cruciate ligament autograft maturation on sequential postoperative MRI is not correlated with clinical outcome and anterior knee stability
Authors: Lutz Patricia M. , Achtnich Andrea , Schütte Vincent , Woertler Klaus , Imhoff Andreas B. , Willinger Lukas
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity is correlated to structural postoperative changes of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) autograft. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ACL autograft maturation process via MRI over 2 years postoperatively, compare it to a native ACL signal and correlate the results with clinical outcome, return to preinjury sports levels, and knee laxity measurements.

Methods

ACL autograft signal intensity was measured in 17 male patients (age, 28.3 ± 7.0 years) who underwent ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft at 6 weeks, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24 months postoperatively by 3 Tesla MRI. Controls with an intact ACL served as control group (22 males, 8 females; age, 26.7 ± 6.8 years). An ACL/PCL ratio (APR) and ACL/muscle ratio (AMR) was calculated to normalize signals to soft tissue signal. APR and AMR were compared across time and to native ACL signal. Clinical outcome scores (IKDC, Lysholm), return to preinjury sports levels (Tegner activity scale), and knee laxity measurement (KT-1000) were obtained and correlated to APR and AMR at the respective time points.

Results

The APR and AMR of the ACL graft changed significantly from the lowest values at 6 weeks to reach the highest intensity after 6 months (p < 0.001). Then, the APR and AMR were significantly different from a native ACL 6 months after surgery (p < 0.01) but approached the APR and AMR of the native ACL at 1- and 2 years after surgery (p < 0.05). The APR changed significantly during the first 2 years postoperatively in the proximal (p < 0.001), mid-substance (p < 0.001), and distal (p < 0.01) intraarticular portion of the ACL autograft. A hypo-intense ACL MRI signal was associated with return to the preinjury sports level (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between ACL MRI graft signal and clinical outcome scores or KT-1000 measurements.

Conclusion

ACL grafts undergo a continuous maturation process in the first 2 years after surgery. The ACL graft signals became hyper-intense 6 months postoperatively and approximated the signal of a native intact ACL at 12- and 24 months. Patients with a hypo-intense ACL graft signal at 2 years follow-up were more likely to return to preinjury sports levels. The results of the present study provide a template for monitoring the normal ACL maturation process via MRI in case of prolonged clinical symptoms. However, subjective outcome and clinical examination of knee laxity remain important to assess the treatment success and to allow to return to sports.

Level of evidence

III.