bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glugea gasti sp. n., a Microspridan Pathogen of the Boll Weevil Anthonomus grandis1,2,3
Authors: McLAUGHLIN ROY E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glugea gasti sp. n., a microsporidan pathogen of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (the boll weevil), is described and a probable life cycle presented. The alimentary canal, and probably the mesenteron 1st, is the initial site of infection, altho the disease later becomes generalized thruout most body tissues. Binucleate sporoplasms initiate the 1st schizogonic phase, characterized by mono‐ and bi‐nucleate schizonts. The 2nd schizogonic phase is characterized by mono‐, bi‐ and quadrinucleate schizonts, by prolific multiplication, by the dense compact nuclei early in this phase, and late in this phase by larger schizonts with less dense vesicular nuclei. This phase terminates in formation of diplokarya. The sporogonic phase is characterized by combination of the 2 nuclei in the diplokaryon followed by nuclear divisions in a sequence closely resembling meiosis. Two sporoblasts are produced from each sporont. Mature spores in wet mounts by phase contrast were 4.3 ± 0.3 μ long by 2.3 ± 0.2 μ wide. The polar filament averaged 76 μ long. Mature spores were present about 24 hours after infection. Some observations are presented on an external filament extending from one pole of the spore to host tissue and other events during the process of spore morphogenesis.
Chlorophyll Formation in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris: Effect of Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: DUBASH P. J. , REGE D. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The synthesis of chlorophylls in non‐proliferating dark‐grown etiolated cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris is markedly inhibited by the enzyme inhibitors dinitrophenol (DNP), p‐chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) and sodium fluoride. The pCMB inhibition of greening is reversed to a great extent by glutathione but not by cysteine. The inhibitory effect of fluoride is reversed by both succinate as well as Mg++ during illumination. Fluoride also inhibits the photosynthetic growth of the euglenas; this inhibition is competitively reversed by succinate.
Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on DNA Metabolism of Euglena gracilis
Authors: GIBOR A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. (P32O4) is rapidly incorporated into DNA of resting cells of Euglena. This incorporation is strongly inhibited by bleaching doses of ultraviolet light. Photoreactivation of the bleaching effect does not immediately restore the rate of P32 incorporation into DNA. It is indicated that this metabolically active DNA is not directly associated with control over the development of the plastids.
Induction of Abnormal Cell Division in Euglena gracilis by Glutamic Diethyl Ester*
Authors: OWENS IDA S. , BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glutamic diethyl ester inhibited the growth of Euglena gracilis and induced abnormal cell division. A variety of amino acid esters inhibited growth in both Euglena and Astasia, but only glutamic diethyl ester and, to a lesser extent, glutamic dimethyl ester, interfered with cell division, and only in Euglena. Glutamic acid potentiated the growth inhibitory effect of glutamic diethyl ester but antagonized the formation of aberrant division forms. The mitotic process appeared to proceed normally thru the stages of formation of the reservoir, gullet and flagellum, but cytokinesis stopped during the unwinding process which leads to the separation of the daughter cells, thus leading to the formation of doublets. Doublets could then continue their life cycles, forming triplets or quadruplets and, occasionally, octuplets.
Adaptive Formation of Fatty Acid Activating Enzyme in Chilomonas paramecium1
Authors: KRAMER MICHAEL S. , HUTCHENS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Chilomonas paramecium contains 2 different fatty acid activating enzymes (FAAE), one of which utilizes acetate as a substrate, while the other catalyzes the reaction with either butyrate or hexanoate. The site of greatest activity of these enzymes was found to be not in the mitochondrion, but in the “soluble” portion of the cell. Synthesis of acetyl FAAE is constitutive; this enzyme is present regardless of the substrate in the growth medium.

The synthesis of the butyryl‐hexanoyl FAAE is induced by the presence of either of the substrates. The details of induction of the butyryl enzyme in acetate‐grown cells, and the de‐adaptation of cells grown in butyrate and transferred to acetate, are given. One mole of pyrophosphate is produced for each mole of CoA‐SH reacting, (thus establishing the prevalence of the acyl‐adenylate pathway in Chilomonas fatty acid activation.
Plasmodium sasai n. sp. from the Japanese Lizard Takydromus tachydromoides
Authors: TELFORD SAM R. , BALL GORDON H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. This is the 1st reptilian Plasmodium to be described from eastern Asia. It is apparently of limited geographic distribution. Experimental infections may result in the production of more parasites than red cells in the circulating blood. A single erythrocyte may be infected by as many as 11 parasites. Despite the heavy parasitemia and destruction of erythrocytes, the hosts are apparently not affected by the infection. Mature schizonts are frequently fan‐shaped; they produce 7–17 merozoites. The asexual cycle has a high degree of synchrony.
Sarcocystis nesbitti n. sp. from the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: MANDOUR A. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis nesbitti n. sp. was found in the skeletal muscles of 2 of 44 Macaca mulatta monkeys. The cysts were 100‐1100 by 165 μ with a wall 1.2‐1.6 μ wide and contained trophozoites 7–9 by 2–3 μ. Sarcocystis kortei was found in 1 of the rhesus monkeys, 1 Erythrocebus patas and 1 Cercopithecus mitis. Its cysts were 400‐800 by 100‐150 μ, with a wall 5‐6 μ thick and trophozoites 9‐14 by 3‐4 μ.
Toxoplasmosis in Lower Mammals*
Authors: PAINE GORDON D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sera from 270 domestic and wild mammals were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination method. The specificity of reactions was determined by the hemagglutination‐inhibition test. Positive results at a titer of 1:64 were given by 10 of 138 cattle, 3 of 74 swine, 1 of 8 cats and none of 3 horses. Of the wild animals tested, only 1 of 9 woodchucks was positive; 17 raccoons, 14 opossums and 7 skunks were negative.
Actiniscus canadensis n. sp., A. pentasterias Ehrenberg v. arcticus n. var., Pseudoactiniscus apentasterias n. gen., n. sp., Marine Relicts in Canadian Arctic Lakes
Authors: BURSA ADAM S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The family Actiniscaceae Kützing, 1845, (generally placed in the dinoflagellates) includes species derived from Actiniscus pentasterias Schütt, some of which became lacustrine relicts. A. pentasterias v. arcticus. living in Arctic and Altantic waters, differs from the Mediterranean species in having a greater number of siliceous skeletons (pentasters). Advanced atrophy of pentasters in lacustrine A. canadensis, and absence of such structures in Pseudoactiniscus apentasterias, probably results from decreased salinity and an undetermined ecologic factor. Morphogenesis and physiologic transformation of past euryhaline Actiniscaceae into contemporary limnobionts began, presumably, during the prelimnic phase of Great Bear Lake and Keyhole Lake. Arctic Actiniscus which exist under subzero temperatures and endure 10‐month‐long winters, appear to satisfy their energy requirements by heterotrophy and frequent phagocytosis. Survival of lacustrine Actiniscus species in both Arctic lakes seems possible because of lack of competition from co‐existing phytoplankton organisms which can endure extreme dystrophic conditions.
Plastogamy in Foraminifera: Glabratella ornatissima (Cushman)
Authors: LIPPS JERE H. , ERSKIAN MALCOLM G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The foraminiferan Glabratella ornatissima (Cushman) undergoes plastogamy during reproduction. In this process, 2 (or rarely more) individuals join together by their apertural sides to mutually exchange gametes. The apertural sides and internal septa are dissolved, forming a single large brood chamber. After the zygotes grow to a 2‐ or 3‐chambered stage, the young foraminifera are liberated from the enclosing parent tests.

Scanning electron micrographs and histochemically stained thin sections indicate that the reproductively mature individuals are firmly united by an organic membrane during plastogamy. This membrane is monolamellar, less than 1 μ thick and has minute lumps on its surface. Biochemically it contains a nonsulfated acid mucopolysaccharide, which is unlike the membranes associated with CaCO3 deposition lining the interior of foraminiferal tests. The young foraminifera liberate themselves by secretion of an enzyme which degrades the membrane. The mechanism of plastogamy is interpreted to be an adaptation to life in turbulent waters that would decrease the chance of gamete union or zygote survival were the gametes released and fertilized freely.
Action of Myxin on the Chloroplast System of Euglena gracilis
Authors: McCALLA D. R. , BAERG WALDO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxin (1‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxy‐phenazine‐5,10‐dioxide), a wide spectrum antibiotic, inhibits chloroplast replication in Euglena gracilis strain Z at concentrations which have no effect upon growth or survival. Myxin also inhibits the synthesis of chlorophyll when etiolated Euglena are illuminated in resting medium. By analogy with its action on bacteria, it is suggested that myxin may cause selective inhibition of chloroplast nucleic acid synthesis.
Lysosomal Hydrolases in Acanthamoeba sp.
Authors: MÜLLER MIKLÓS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Homogenates of axenic Acanthamoeba sp. had ribonuclease, phosphatase, proteinase, α‐glucosidase, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase, and β‐glucuronidase activities; all had acid pH optima. After isopycnic density‐gradient centrifugation all showed the same relatively broad and unimodal distribution pattern, with a peak at a density of 1.17. This differs from the distribution of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and of peroxisomal urate oxidase and catalase. The findings are believed to reflect the occurrence of lysosomes in Acanthamoeba.
The Effects of pH, Buffers, Bile and Bile Acids on Excystation of Sporozoites of Various Eimeria Species*
Authors: HIBBERT LARRY E. , HAMMOND DATUS M. , SIMMONS JOHN R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria bovis were found to undergo excystation when subjected at 39 C to a pretreatment consisting of exposure for 24 hr to CO2 and air (50–50), and a treatment for 7 hr with a mixture of bile and trypsin. At pH's of 6.0 thru 10.0 with tris‐maleate buffer, excystation occurred over the entire range of pH tested, with the highest levels at pH 7.5‐8.5. No adverse or inhibitive effect on excystation or the viability of the sporozoites was observed. Disintegration of sporozoites occurred within the sporocysts of intact oocysts at each of the pH levels studied when boric acid‐borax, ammediol, and glycine‐sodium hydroxide buffers were used in the treatment medium. Phosphate buffer inhibited excystation when used in the excysting medium. Excystation occurred at levels above 90% in all dilutions of taurocholic, glycocholic, glycotaurocholic, and cholic acids included in the study (0.5‐10.0%) except for the 10% and 5% dilutions of cholic acid and the 10% dilution of glycotaurocholic acid. In the latter 3 dilutions, sporozoites within the sporocysts of intact oocysts disintegrated. Excystation levels above 90% were observed in the 50% and 10% dilutions of fresh bovine bile, and in the 5% dilution of lyophilized bovine bile. Lower levels of excystation occurred in greater dilutions of both kinds of bile. No excystation occurred when any of the bile acids, fresh bovine bile or lyophilized bile were used without trypsin, except for fresh bile that contained a heavy suspension of bacteria and fungi. In a medium containing trypsin and heat‐treated bile, heat‐treated bile acids, or no bile, 2.5–8% of the oocysts excysted. The findings indicate that satisfactory excystation can be obtained with a treatment medium containing tris‐maleate at pH 7.5–8.5, 0.25% trypsin, and 1% of one of the bile acids.
Ultrastructure de la Grégarine Callynthrochlamys phronimae Frenzel; Étude Comparée de son Noyau avec Celui de Thalicola salpae (Frenzel) (Eugregarina)
Authors: DESPORTES ISABELLE , THÉODORIDÈS JEAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure of the gregarine Callynthrochlamys phronimae has been studied with the electron microscope. The cuticular complex is not different from those previously described in other species of gregarines. It is composed of 2 layers of different thickness delimited by 3 unit membranes and constitutes series of oblique folds at the surface of the deutomerite. Longitudinal rods of dense material surrounded by a slight pellicle are seen under the cuticle. Pinocytic vacuoles are present under the surface of the gregarine. Cytoplasmic organelles include mitochondria, Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles and dense bodies from different sizes. There is a connection between the different features of the cytoplasm in the protomerite and deutomerite and the corresponding cuticular organization.

A characteristic feature of the species is the peculiar differentiation of the nuclear membrane. The nucleus is surrounded by a typical double membrane of which the inner one has a dense fibrillar layer apposed to it. In mature trophozoites, tubular expansions without inner layer arise from the double membrane; the same type of nuclear membrane occurs in another species, Thalicola salpae.
A New Organelle of Bloodstream Salivarian Trypanosomes
Authors: TAYLOR ANGELA E. R. , GODFREY D. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron micrographs of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax revealed a group of 4 subpellicular microtubules lying near the point of attachment of the flagellum and associated with a vesicular membrane which, in T. brucei at least, is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. Since its function is unknown, the whole structure is provisionally termed the “subpellicular organelle.”
Observations on Eimeria tenella in Feces of Inoculated Chickens
Authors: LOTZE JOHN C. , LEEK ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In studies on coccidial excystation, Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts were fed to 5 individually caged chickens, and during the next 4.5 hours, all droppings were collected immediately after excretion, mixed with 0.85% NaCl solution, then promptly examined for the parasites. Some samples were placed in cold storage at 4 C and examined at intervals thereafter. Three of the birds were necropsied after 5 hours and the intestinal contents examined. Apparently unbroken oocysts containing active sporozoites were in chicken droppings beginning 1–2.25 hours postinoculation; some activated forms were inside and others outside the sporocysts. Free sporozoites, sometimes numerous, first appeared in the feces 1.1–2 hours postinoculation. At necropsy, the state and condition of the parasites in the lumen of bird intestines were similar to those in its last fecal dropping. After being in cold storage for 48 hours, free sporozoites inside and outside the oocysts became active and moved about when placed on the warming stage of the microscope.
Tintinnida: Feeding Experiments and Lorica Development1
Authors: GOLD KENNETH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. These experiments describe culturing conditions and autoradiographic methods for investigating food utilization and amino acid fixation for 2 species of Tintinnida.
Isolation, Cloning and Determination of Biologic Characteristics of Five New Species of Crithidia
Authors: McGHEE R. BARCLAY , HANSON WILLIAM L. , SCHMITTNER STELLA M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thru the application of technics of serology, cultivation in acid and basic media, host specificity and reaction in foreign hosts it became possible to characterize 10 species of Crithidia and to assign names to 5 of those previously undesignated. Despite a loose host specificity under experimental conditions it was found that each isolate from a different insect host was a different species.
Cytochemical Changes in Aging Ochromonas; Evidence for an Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: GRUSKY G. E. , AARONSON S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Changes accompanying aging in light‐grown stationary cultures of Ochromonas danica were examined cytochemically. Succinate dehydrogenase activity increased during the log phase and decreased steadily during stationary and later phases. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities increased during the several phases of growth, as did accumulation of lipid. These results imply loss of mitochondrial activity and a gain in lysosomal activity with aging of the cell population. Alkaline phosphatase, widely distributed in animals and believed absent from most photosynthetic organisms and bacteria, is here reported in the photosynthetic genus Ochromonas.
Mating Types in Glaucoma scintillans
Authors: NAKATA ATSUO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two sexually isolated varieties or syngens of Glaucoma scintillans have been found in Japan. Each of these includes 8 (or 9) mating types, any one of which can conjugate with the other 7 (or 8). Under appropriate conditions, a high percentage of the animals in a mixture of 2 mating types of the same syngen underwent conjugation. Conjugating pairs appeared to be formed only between animals of different mating types. In a few combinations, inter‐syngenic conjugation (usually in less than 5% of the animals) was seen. Neither selfing nor autogamy was seen. Clones from conjugants pass thru a long period of immaturity and a period of adolescence before attaining full maturity. Limited observations indicated that inheritance of mating types is synclonal. Nuclear reorganization processes during conjugation are similar to those reported for Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Cell Size, Macromolecule Composition, Nuclear Number, Oxygen Consumption and Cyst Formation During Two Growth Phases in Unagitated Cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii1
Authors: BYERS T. J. , RUDICK V. L. , RUDICK M. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The size, composition and physiology of average cells have been studied in cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii during the phases of logarithmic growth and population growth deceleration (PGD). Most of the features examined were relatively constant during log phase, but had significant changes during PGD. Average cell volume increased about 60% and total dry mass about 15–20% during the latter period. Total protein content remained constant thruout both growth phases, but cytochrome oxidase doubled during PGD. DNA, RNA and glycogen levels began to change during late log phase. DNA decreased about 50% and RNA increased about 75%. Glycogen decreased 50% during the RNA build‐up and then increased to a plateau above the log phase level. A final decrease in glycogen followed an increase in the relative numbers of cysts in late PGD.

It was found that PGD begins when O2 becomes limiting and evidence that the subsequent changes in macromolecule composition are related to encystation is discussed.
A Redescription of Myxidium chelonarum Johnson, 1969 (Cnidospora: Myxidiidae) from Various North American Turtles*
Authors: JOHNSON CHARLES A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium chelonarum Johnson is redescribed from the bile system of Pseudemys s. scripta (Schoepff) (yellow‐bellied turtle) from Edenton, N.C. It was found in 13 other species and subspecies of turtles from North America. Trophozoite: green, round, flat, slightly ameboid, 11‐180 μ in diameter, hyaline ectoplasm, granular endoplasm, polysporous. Spore: boat shaped, suture lines indistinct, 4–6 striae arranged obliquely across spore, 2 polar capsules, polar filament 5–7 coils, average 32 μ long, spore 14 by 4 by 4 μ.

Eight species of vertebrates were not susceptible.
Antagonists of Growth Inhibition of Crithidia by Allopurinol, a Guanine Analog
Authors: FRANK OSCAR , BAKER HERMAN , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Allopurinol, 4‐hydroxypyrazolo[3,4‐d] pyrimidine, a relatively non‐toxic xanthine‐oxidase inhibitor used to treat gout, inhibited growth (ID0–90 1.0 μg/ml) of the trypanosomatid flagellate of insects Crithidia fasciculata in minimal media in respect to biopterin, folic acid and purine. Allopurinol inhibition was antagonized by thymidine (4.0 μg/ml) when a) biopterin (≥ 1.0 ng) was present alone; traces of folate entering from the inoculum or contamination of chemicals probably sufficed here to satisfy the folate requirement; b) biopterin (5% pure) 1.0 ng was added together with either pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 4.0 ng or hypoxanthine 0.01 mg. With biopterin absent, full growth was permitted by PGA 10 ng + hypoxanthine 0.03 mg, and completely inhibited by the standard concentration of allopurinol, but in this instance thymidine did not release the inhibition.

Allopurinol is therefore useful for investigating pteridine function via inhibition analysis with the singularity that folate acts uniquely in trypanosomatids as precursor of biopterin, and the complication that both pteridines catalyze multiple biosyntheses. The biosynthetic step between folate and biopterin is postulated to be a site of inhibition of allopurinol in Crithidia.
Biochemical Comparison of Some Classical Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. vorax Strains*
Authors: CORBETT JOHN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The classical Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. vorax strains have been classified in antigenic subgroups based on immobilization and agar double diffusion in the presence of specific antisera. The present study utilized disc electrophoresis of proteins and lactate dehydrogenase isozymes for comparison of 11 strains. In agreement with similarities reported for agar diffusion data, close electrophoretic relationships were observed between strains GL and H, and V2 and W with aniline black staining. Altho LDH isozyme production was more variable and related to cultural growth phase, similarities were recognized between GL and H, and F and PR.
The Comparative Systematics of Species Comprising the Hymenostome Ciliate Genus Tetrahymena*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. It has been 10 years since the taxonomic composition of the important hymenostome genus Tetrahymena has been given overall consideration, and even then the treatment was not extensive. New data of significance have been accumulated and a fresh analysis is clearly in order. Also today we recognize that entire assemblages or combinations of characteristics must be considered in understanding the species‐composition of a protozoan genus, and such an approach has never been uniformly applied in a comparative systematic study of all ciliates belonging to the Tetrahymena group.

Three complexes within the genus may now be identified. In the 1st, the pyriformis complex, are placed T. pyriformis (the type‐species), T. setifera, and T. chironomi. In the 2nd, the rostrata group, are assigned T. rostrata, T. limacis, T. corlissi, and T. stegomyiae. In the 3rd, the patula complex, are found T. patula, T. vorax, and T. paravorax. Three additional, formerly independent species are here recognized as doubtful forms: T. faurei, T. glaucomaeformis, and T. parasitica.

In spite of some overlapping in certain characters, such as total number of kineties or ciliary meridians, the 3 complexes may be considered distinctive on the basis of constellations of features of taxonomic value, including physiologic and morphogenetic as well as structural characteristics. Yet within each complex it is possible to differentiate clearly a number of separate species. The present analysis in no way closes the door to discovery of still additional, new species of Tetrahymena in the future, but it attempts to lay the groundwork for a uniform usage of combinatiomnas of criteria in comparative taxonomic studies of these and other relatively undifferentiated hymenostome species which possibly will be of some value in the whole area of ciliate systematics.
Effect of Hexose Analogs on Growth of Chilomonas paramecium
Authors: UKELES RAVENNA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observations on the effect of 7 glucose analogs on growth of C. paramecium showed that 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and 2‐deoxy‐D‐galactose inhibited growth. Inhibition in 2‐DG was not influenced by pH, calcium concentration, or by carbon sources as lactate, acetate, n‐butyl alcohol, or succinate. Similarly, glucose or glucose‐6‐phosphate did not reverse inhibition. Organisms were viable in 2‐DG only when a carbon source in the basal medium was absent. Wherever a useful carbon source was present, 2‐DG was lethal in concentrations over 40 mg/100 ml. Phosphorylation of 2‐DG did not occur. Lactic acid dehydrogenase was not inhibited. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase appears to have an affinity for 2‐DG; phosphohexose isomerase activity was decreased by 2‐DG.
Eimeria ochrogasteri n. sp. from the Prairie Vole Microtus ochrogaster*
Authors: BALLARD NEIL B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria ochrogasteri n. sp. (Coccidia, Eimeriidae) from a prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster (Rodentia, Cricetidae) is described. This is the first recorded coccidium in prairie voles. Sporulated oocysts spherical to ellipsoidal, mean 24.0 by 20.5 μ. Oocyst wall double, outer layer thick, yellow‐brown, deeply pitted, inner layer clear. Oocyst residuum varies from many small globules to a coalesced group of large and/or small globules. Polar granule present. Micropyle absent. Sporocysts ovoid with “capped” Stieda body, mean 12.3 by 8.2 μ. Sporocyst residuum present. Sporozoites average 14.9 by 2.9 μ with spherical anterior and oblong posterior refractile globules. This species was found in 1 of 71 voles from Weld county, Colorado.
Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a Neogregarine Pathogen of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida Queen Butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer1
Authors: McLAUGHLIN R. E. , MYERS JUDITH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Naturally occurring populations of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer were found infected with Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n. This neogregarine pathogen infects the hypodermal tissue, remains in micronclear schizogony until after pupation of the host, and then rapidly completes morphogenesis in the tissue that becomes the scales of the adult butterfly. The adult thus carries the spores externally; no internal infection was detected. The pathogen is unique in the genus Ophryocystis because: other species have all been reported from the Malphigian tubules of Coleoptera; no pseudopodial attachments of schizonts to host tissue were seen; the merozoites were motile; the cystic membrane surrounding the zygote was tenuous, and the sporont developed with no apparent membrane other than the spore wall: and the spore wall appeared amber in transmitted light when morphogenesis was completed.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Coccidian Oocysts from 6 Host Species*
Authors: BUNCH THOMAS D. , NYBERG PETER A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Activation of sporozoites in oocysts of Eimeria acervulina (chicken), E. intricata (sheep), and E. scabra (swine) occurred after pretreatment in aqueous 0.02 M cysteine hydrochloride under an atmosphere of CO2, followed by incubation in a trypsin‐bile mixture. Sporozoites of E. stiedae (rabbit), E. bilamellata (squirrel), and Isospora canis (dog) became activated when incubated in trypsin and bile with or without prior CO2‐pretreatment of oocysts; however, when CO2‐pretreatment was used, activation of these species in trypsin and bile was greatly enhanced. For E. acervulina, 12% of the oocysts were activated after 4 hr CO2‐pretreatment and 10 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 43 C; higher temperatures or longer pretreatment times did not cause greater activation. Eimeria intricata oocysts became activated after 1 hr pretreatment and 10 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 37, 39 or 41 C, respectively. The highest activation (31%) occurred after 20 hr pretreatment and 10 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 41 C. Ninety percent of E. scabra oocysts contained active sporozoites after 1 hr CO2‐pretreatment and 10 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 37 C. At 39 or 41 C, 100% activation occurred with this species after similar pretreatment and treatment periods. With E. bilamellata, 64% activation occurred in nonpretreated oocysts incubated 10 hr in trypsin and bile at 41 C, whereas 100% activation occurred if oocysts were pretreated with CO2 for 1 hr before treatment with trypsin and bile. Thirty‐one, 35, and 36% of CO2‐pretreated E. stiedae oocysts were activated after 1 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 37, 39 or 41 C, respectively, whereas 1, 2, and 20% activation occurred in nonpretreated oocysts incubated at the same temperatures. Sporozoites in 99‐100% of I. canis oocysts were activated after 10 hr treatment in trypsin and bile with or without 1 hr CO2‐pretreatment at 23, 37, 39 or 41 C.
The Structure and Ultrastructure of the Microsporidan Telomyxa glugeiformis Léger and Hesse, 1910, Parasite of Ephemera danica (Müll) Nymphs
Authors: CODREANU RADU , VAVRA JIŘI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Telomyxa glugeiformis found in France is structurally identical with the same parasite from Romania. The electron microscope shows that the sporonts in the fat body cells of Ephemera danica develop a double membrane. Electron‐opaque material (which is the polar ring of the future diplospore) is deposited at the opposite poles of the sporont in the space between the 2 membranes. The cell division which follows leads to the formation of 2 sporoblasts and later of 2 spores inside a membrane. The permanent assemblage of 2 spores embedded in electron‐dense material and enveloped by a common membrane is the diplospore, which is thus a special type of pansporoblast. The microsporidan suborder Dicnidea Léger and Hesse, 1922 should therefore be rejected.
Induced Autogamy in 2 Species of Stylonychia
Authors: JAREÑO MARÍA A. , ALONSO PILAR , PÉREZ‐SILVA J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS By using the split‐pair method autogamy was induced in Stylonychia mytilus Ehrenberg and S. muscorum Kahl, and the process was thoroly studied in the former. The pairs split early in conjugation continued the process as autogamonts and never united again altho they were placed in the same depression slide.

The pattern of nuclear behavior during autogamy closely resembles that reported for conjugation. The fusion of pronuclei at metaphase is usually observed, but it occasionally fails and the stationary pronucleus appears to continue its development as a hemicaryon. The macronuclear anlage and the definitive micronuclei differentiate from particular products of the 3rd postgamic division.
Failure of Development of the Sexual Phase of Eimeria intricata in Heavily Inoculated Sheep*
Authors: LOTZE JOHN C. , LEEK ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Each of 4 bottle‐fed lambs received totals of 3500‐8100 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria intricata in series of 3‐6 inoculations during 4‐ to 14‐day periods; all produced oocysts of the parasite. The periods of patency in some infections indicated that only the earliest inoculations of a series may have produced oocysts. Fifteen other bottle‐fed lambs were inoculated, each with a single dose of 0.01‐2 million sporulated oocysts, and necropsied at intervals of 1‐2 days over 29 days. Parasites apparently resulting from the inoculations were found in only the lambs killed up to and including 17 days postinoculation; the most advanced stages were 2nd generation schizonts. It was concluded that a reaction occurred against the large numbers of asexual stages of E. intricata, which were evidently present, and the infections were terminated before formation of sexual stages.
A Method for Analysis of Protein in Individual Amoebae
Authors: FRIZ CARL T. , JANSSON INGER , MAGNUSSON MAJ‐BRITT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The microelectrophoresis technic of Hydén and Lange has been adapted for analysis of the proteins of individual Amoeba proteus, A. dubia, and Pelomyxa carolinensis. The method has the sensitivity required for analyzing electrophoretic mobilities of the proteins of these 3 species and is reproducible. The possibility of using this technic to differentiate amoeba species according to their protein composition is discussed.
Two New Species of Paramoeba from Maine*
Authors: PAGE FREDERICK C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Four clonal strains of amoebae isolated from salt‐water habitats of the Maine coast show the characteristic Nebenkörper or paranucleus of the genus Paramoeba Schaudinn, 1896, this being the first report of free‐living members of that genus from North America. The isolates are identified as 2 species, P. pemaquidensis n. sp. and P. aestuarina n. sp. In form and mitotic pattern, these 2 species resemble members of the family Mayorellidae.
A Lecithinase from the Amoeba Hartmannella rhysodes*
Authors: ELSON CHARLES , GEYER ROBERT P. , CHANG ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS A lipogenic toxin produced by the amoeba Hartmannella rhysodes, Fernald strain, made mammalian cells in culture round up and fill with fat droplets. From this toxin an enzyme was obtained with lecithinase and lysolecithinase activities. This enzyme is different from any isolated elsewhere. When purified enzyme was added to strain L mouse fibroblasts in culture, the cells rounded up and became fatty. Much of the lipogenic activity of the original toxin can be ascribed to this enzyme.
Do Synchronizing Temperature Shifts Inhibit RNA Synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis?1
Authors: BYFIELD JOHN E. , LEE YOUNG C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The effects of synchronizing temperatures on RNA metabolism in 2 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis have been studied. High temperature shifts cause degradation of unstable RNA fractions, including whole cell RNA and nuclear RNA. The evidence indicates that this hydrolysis results in a net loss of unstable RNA during each temperature shift and, indirectly, to an inhibition of uptake2 of extra‐cellular RNA precursors. The destruction of unstable RNA appears random; no evidence for stable template pools was found. In addition, both indirect in vivo and direct in vitro assays of RNA polymerase activity failed to reveal any inhibition by synchronizing heat shifts. The inhibition of precursor incorporation in vivo apparently stems from a lag in the uptake of label into the intracellular nucleotide pools. The temperature values required to induce net hydrolysis of unstable RNA correlate well with those required for synchronization for each strain.
The Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine and Freshwater Cryptomonads1
Authors: BEACH DAVID H. , HARRINGTON GLENN W. , HOLZ GEORGE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Fatty acids were examined of photosynthetic and non‐photosynthetic marine and freshwater cryptomonads cultured as photoauxotrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterotrophs at various incubation temperatures and constant light intensity. Photo‐synthetic marine and freshwater forms contained octadecatrienoic, octadecatetraenoic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic (all‐cis, ω3 acids) as the major polyunsaturates, and a freshwater heterotroph contained mostly the octadecatrienoic acid. The polar lipids of a marine, photosynthetic form, Cryptomonas sp., included the usual thylakoid membrane lipids of the chloroplasts of eukaryotic, photosynthetic cells: galactosyl diglycerides, phosphatidyl glycerol and a sulfolipid. Also present were 2 choline‐containing phospholipids: phosphatidyl choline and an unknown. Ninhydrin‐positive and inositol‐containing lipids were not detected. Octadecatetraenoic acid comprised 75% of the total fatty acids of the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction. The phosphatidyl glycerol was acylated mostly by ω13 trans‐hexadecaenoic acid and the eicosapentaenoic acid. Evolutionary relationships of cryptomonads as mirrored in lipid composition are discussed.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Serotonin Content of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: BRIZZI GUGLIELMO , BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The serotonin content of Tetrahymena was measured under several growth conditions and after exposure to drugs. Serotonin was maximal during stationary phase, then declined to a level typical of logarithmically growing cells. Addition of 5‐hydroxytryptophan to the culture increased cellular serotonin content, but neither L‐tryptophan, reserpine, p‐chlorophenylalanine, nor desmethylimipramine altered the serotonin content.
Effect of Bile on Infectivity of Histomonas meleagridis of Liver Origin
Authors: LUND EVERETT E. , CHUTE ANNE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS After 30 min exposure to fresh turkey bile at 99 F, 100,000 Histomonas meleagridis of turkey liver origin failed to infect any of 20 poults inoculated rectally. Only one of 20 poults similarly inoculated with histomonads exposed to fresh turkey bile for only 5 min at 99 F became infected. Fifteen of 20 poults became infected following rectal inoculation with 100,000 H. meleagridis of liver origin held in physiologic saline for 30 min at 99 F. All infected birds developed liver lesions and died. Altho H. meleagridis was very abundant in the livers of all potential donor poults and all infected recipient poults, histomonads were never found in the gall bladders of any of these birds. In some such birds, a few apparently degenerating histomonads were detected in the duodenum near the entrance of the bile ducts. Histomonads of liver origin are regarded as of little or no consequence in the transmission of this protozoon.
Isospora Species of the Cat and Attempted Transmission of I. felis Wenyon, 1923 from the Cat to the Dog*
Authors: SHAH HARISH L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Fecal samples from 130 domestic cats from Illinois were examined for coccidia. Three species of Isospora were found: (1) I. felis Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 38‐51 by 27‐39 μ with a mean of 41.6 by 30.5 μ and sporocysts 20‐26 by 17‐22 μ with a mean of 22.6 by 18.4 μ; it was found in 13% of the cats; (2) I. rivolta (Grassi, 1879) Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 21‐28 by 18‐23 μ with a mean of 25.0 by 21.1 μ, and sporocysts 14‐16 by 10‐13 μ with a mean of 15.2 by 11.6 μ; it was found in 3% of the cats; and (3) I. bigemina (Stiles, 1891) Lühe, 1906, with oocysts 12‐15 by 10‐13 μ with a mean of 13.2 by 11.8 μ. and sporocysts 8‐10 by 6‐8 μ with a mean of 8.8 by 6.5 μ it was found in 1.5% of the cats.

Four coccidia‐free puppies 1.5 months old were inoculated with 100,000 oocysts each of I. felis from the cat, but patent infections did not occur. Partial development of I. felis was not seen in tissue sections of the small intestine of a 5th pup killed 96 hours after inoculation with 150,000 I. felis oocysts. This coccidium is therefore presumably host‐specific.
Use of Tetrahymena pyriformis to Evaluate the Effects of Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs1
Authors: HILL DONALD L. , STRAIGHT SUZANNE , ALLAN PAULA W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Eighty‐four purine and pyrimidine analogs were evaluated for growth inhibition of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The most toxic were 2‐fluoroadenine, 2‐fluoroadenosine, 6‐methylpurine, a series of 5‐fluoropyrimidines, and a series of adenine derivatives substituted in the 9‐position. 2‐Fluoroadenine was metabolized to the ribonucleoside triphosphate and was incorporated into nucleic acids; its inhibition of growth was reversed by high levels of adenine. 6‐Methylthiopurine ribonucleoside was phosphorylated, but only to the monophosphate derivative. Contrasting T. pyriformis with mammalian cells gave clues to the mechanism of action of some of the agents. 6‐Mercaptopurine, 6‐methylthiopurine ribonucleoside, and 6‐thioguanine, all potent pseudofeedback inhibitors of de novo purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells, are not toxic to T. pyriformis, which lacks the de novo purine pathway; this implies that inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis by them underlies their growth inhibition of mammalian cells.
Paracrystalline Arrays in the Mitochondria of the Peritrichous Ciliate Carchesium polypinum1,2
Authors: ZAGON IAN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Intramitochondrial inclusions of a paracrystalline nature were observed in the peritrichous ciliate Carchesium polypinum This ciliate was found growing in the effluent of a sewage treatment plant. When paracrystalline inclusions were present, there was one per mitochondrion. A variety of profiles was encountered, all presumably of the same structure. Cross‐sections revealed packed, spherical masses of 100‐150 A diameter with dense walls 30‐40 A thick and a variety of core densities. In more longitudinal sections the paracrystalline array appeared as long. electron‐dense, finely filamentous elements oriented in parallel arrays and regularly spaced with a diameter of 60‐100 A. Mitochondria tended to cluster, and between closely apposed mitochondria a dense, amorphous material was present. Numerous bud‐like processes projected from mitochondria. Structural evidence, particularly the arrangement and core densities of these arrays, suggests a filamentous type of viral infection.
Disappearance of Mating Reactivity in Paramecium caudatum upon Repeated Washing
Authors: TAKAHASHI MIHOKO , HIWATASHI KOICHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The appearance of mating reactivity of Paramecium caudatum was retarded by repeated washing of the cells in the logarithmic growth phase with Dryl's and other solutions. Highly reactive cells in the stationary phase also lost reactivity during the same treatment. Dryl's solution, sodium and potassium phosphate buffers, Miyake's physiologic balanced solution and exhausted culture medium were effective but deionized water saturated with CaCO3 was ineffective. The addition of supernatant fluid from stationary phase cultures restored reactivity in 2 hr but was unable to do so when applied to extremely starved cells. These findings may be useful for study of the synthesis of mating‐type substances.
Budding and Metamorphosis in Acineta tuberosa. An Electron Microscopic Study on Morphogenesis in Suctoria
Authors: BARDELE CHRISTIAN F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. All stages (except conjugation) of the life cycle in Acineta tuberosa (Suctoria) were studied in the electron microscope. Budding starts with the invagination of a small pellicular area near the opening of the vacuole and bearing rows of barren basal bodies. Some of these basal bodies are incorporated into the swarmer‐anlage and give rise to 8 rows of cilia, while the other basal bodies remain barren on the mother cell's side of the brood pouch. They will provide their own genetic continuity and later give rise to the swarmer of the next generation. Kineties are not spaced on the growing swarmer‐anlage until their cilia are fully grown. Further details on the stalk‐forming crganelle and general features of the development of the larvae are given.

Metamorphosis starts with the formation of basal disc and stalk. The stalk‐forming material is released thru scopular pores into a tube‐like mold formed by the scopula after having been pulled inward. Later, scopula pores spread from the scopular area proper and move upward. On their way to the apical part of the animal the cuticle is secreted. The differentiation of tentacles is described and new observations regarding a possible mode of haptocyst formation are given.

The results are discussed with respect to the morphogenetic potentialities of cortical structures in general.
A Protozoon in the Central Nervous System of the Lungfish Polypterus enlicheri*
Authors: MARQUET E. , SOBEL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trophozoites and what appear to be early spore forms of a parasitic protozoan present in the spinal cord of the lungfish Polypterus enlicheri are described. They are probably intra‐ and extracellular invaders into the anterior horn and are frequently located near capillaries. They provoke a glial response.

The organisms have some myxosporidan features (7) and are tentatively classified as cnidosporidans.
The Occurrence and Development of Plasmodium mexicanum in the Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis
Authors: JORDAN HELEN B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. From various localities in California, 81 (21%) of 381 Sceloporus occidentalis were found infected with Plasmodium mexicanum. Variations in asexual reproduction and host response during the acute period of development are discussed.

Appearance of initial infections in early March and the subsequent increase in natural incidence of the parasite, the absence of infections in hatchlings, and the persistence of numerous gametocytes in hibernating lizards suggest a period of spring transmission.
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests Comparing Two Strains of Histomonas meleagridis and H. wenrichi
Authors: AUGUSTINE PATRICIA C. , LUND EVERETT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Histomonas meleagridis cultured in vitro for 8 years, H. meleagridis freshly isolated from cecal contents of turkeys, and freshly isolated, nonpathogenic H. wenrichi were compared by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The Histomonas antisera were produced in rabbits in response to cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis. Using fluorescein‐conjugated antirabbit globulin, fluorescent reactions of cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis with either H. meleagridis antisera were indistinguishable. Such results suggest that the antigens involved in these reactions remained relatively unchanged during prolonged cultivation. H. wenrichi reacted feebly with both H. meleagridis antisera.
Plasmodium tenue Laveran and Marullaz, 1914
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium tenue was described briefly by Laveran and Marullaz in 1914, and seems to have been studied by no one since. Indeed only Wenyon reports having seen it. The discoverers saw it in the blood of Liothrix luteus (a babbler, but often mistakenly called a Pekin robin or Chinese nightingale). Partly because of the small size of the parasite and partly because it had been found in a “robin,” it has since been generally thought to be a synonym for Plasmodium vaughani, so common in America robins. Plasmodium tenue usually produces 4 merozoites per segmenter, but often as many as 6; rarely it apparently gives rise to only 2 or 3. Gametocytes are elongate, and neither sexual nor asexual stages displace the host cell nucleus. Altho very similar to Plasmodium rouxi in structure, and also to certain other recently found members of the group, it seems to be a valid species of the subgenus Novyella. Canaries seem insusceptible, at least to blood‐induced infection, and its structure and behavior have therefore been studied in the original host, of which a number of individuals have been found infected. By contrast, canaries are readily susceptible to Plasmodium rouxi, and also to P. vaughani. In vaughani malaria, whether in the robin or canary, larger asexual stages usually have a conspicuous refractile granule.