bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
They Live: Violence, Horror and Spectres in Four Contemporary Argentine Films
Authors: Barrenha Natalia Christofoletti
Published: November 2022

In the Argentine film The Headless Woman (La mujer sin cabeza, Lucrecia Martel, 2008), the protagonist Vero is haunted by the possibility of killing someone in a hit-and-run. Although hinting at the crimes committed during the last dictatorship in Argentina, The Headless Woman refers more to a mechanism of the past that is transformed and updated within contemporary society. In this essay, Martel’s film acts a starting point in the exploration of recent Argentine films that deal with spectres from the past that pervade everyday life in the present: Clementina (Jimena Monteoliva, 2017), One Sister (Una hermana, Sofía Brockenshire and Verena Kuri, 2017) and The Returned (Los que vuelven, Laura Casabé, 2019). In a decade in which we can notice a remarkable growth of the horror genre in Argentine cinema, these films embrace several codes and characters from the horror genre to approach the Argentine reality. The author discusses how these filmmakers adopt similar aesthetic features from the horror genre to invoke and address the violence that permeates Argentine society today, with special attention devoted to ghosts, a key figure to understand an ongoing history of brutalities that usually go unresolved.
Copy-Move Forgery Detection Using Superpixel Clustering Algorithm and Enhanced GWO Based AlexNet Model
Authors: Tinnathi Sreenivasu , Sudhavani G.
Published: November 2022

In this work a model is introduced to improve forgery detection on the basis of superpixel clustering algorithm and enhanced Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) based AlexNet. After collecting the images from MICC-F600, MICC-F2000 and GRIP datasets, patch segmentation is accomplished using a superpixel clustering algorithm. Then, feature extraction is performed on the segmented images to extract deep learning features using an enhanced GWO based AlexNet model for better forgery detection. In the enhanced GWO technique, multi-objective functions are used for selecting the optimal hyper-parameters of AlexNet. Based on the obtained features, the adaptive matching algorithm is used for locating the forged regions in the tampered images. Simulation outcome showed that the proposed model is effective under the conditions: salt & pepper noise, Gaussian noise, rotation, blurring and enhancement. The enhanced GWO based AlexNet model attained maximum detection accuracy of 99.66%, 99.75%, and 98.48% on MICC-F600, MICC-F2000 and GRIP datasets.
Determinación de la sanción administrativa en materia de educación
Authors: Oyarzún Concha Carlos
Published: November 2022

Esta investigación analiza cómo se deben aplicar los criterios de determinación de la sanción administrativa en materia de educación. La normativa educacional al referirse al beneficio económico y la naturaleza y gravedad de la infracción como criterios de determinación de la sanción, hace una remisión clara a los principios de proporcionalidad, razonabilidad y mensurabilidad. A pesar de eso, aún la jurisprudencia no consolida la idea de que los tribunales pueden controlar y revisar la sanción que impone la Administración.
Tutelas especiales en el Derecho Privado Argentino
Authors: Facco Javier Humberto
Published: November 2022

La "debilidad jurídica" constituye un fenómeno multifacético y polimorfo. Su sustrato en el orden de la realidad social es la condición efectiva de vulnerabilidad: la experiencia singular de padecer la fragilidad, el sentirse vulnerado/vulnerable (lo cual no es algo homogéneo, pues reconoce orígenes, intensidades y determinaciones variables). En este sentido, discurrimos por las aristas más relevantes de la problemática desde la perspectiva del Derecho Privado en su obligado diálogo con el Sistema Internacional de Derechos Humanos. Luego de algunos abordajes sociológicos y de políticas públicas aconsejadas por la ONU (PNUD), relevamos algunos despliegues y remedios ya considerados por la legislación vigente para afrontar la asistencia de la "parte débil" (consumidores, inquilinos, contratantes de negocios asimétricos) y, en particular, cuatro microsistemas tuitivos especiales previstos en el Derecho Privado argentino: (a) para niños y adolescentes; (b) personas que sufren de padecimientos mentales; (c) pacientes en su relación con los agentes e instituciones sanitarias; (d) personas con discapacidad. Nuestro propósito consiste en inferir de la experiencia jurídica acumulada algunas bases útiles para el diseño de un "Programa Integral de Protección de los Débiles Jurídicos" susceptible de captar las notas comunes de la vulnerabilidad jurídica sin soslayar las especificidades de su pluralidad de expresiones. A tal fin dicho programa requiere de la sinergia entre normas civiles, constitucionales y "medidas de acción positiva" (derechos estatutarios especiales), cuya articulación haga posible superar los estrechos horizontes de los modelos iusprivatistas tradicionales centrados en los aspectos patrimoniales de las relaciones jurídicas entre particulares. Ello en pos de un "Derecho Civil Humanitario" inspirado en el respeto de la dignidad de la persona humana y de sus derechos personalísimos como valor de primer orden y en la solidaridad social como matriz hermenéutica prioritaria.
Una aproximación crítica a la aplicación de la regla in dubio pro operario en Chile
Authors: Lizama Castro Diego Felipe
Published: November 2022

El in dubio pro operario es un concepto jurídico del derecho del trabajo que permite al juez, ante la duda legítima sobre el sentido de una norma laboral, preferir aquella interpretación que sea más favorable al trabajador. Prácticamente, todo juez del trabajo recurre a esta figura para interpretar la norma del ordenamiento jurídico del trabajo, sin embargo, no se ha analizado críticamente este criterio interpretativo (salvo honrosas excepciones). En efecto, a lo menos en el plano nacional, casi nada se ha dicho sobre si el in dubio pro operario es un principio o una regla jurídica y si realmente este criterio interpretativo se puede utilizar en el sistema legal chileno. Este artículo de investigación pretende analizar críticamente el in dubio pro operario y, en definitiva, zanjar ciertas duda que pudiese suscitar esta temática.
Preparation of conductive and flame-retardant PU/GO/DOPO printed films
Authors:   Amasya University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology, Amasya, Turkey, Beyler Çiğil Aslı ,   Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey, Birtane Hatice ,   Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey, Esentürk Okan ,   Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
Published: November 2022

Printed electronics are emerging technology products that we use in every moment of our daily lives. It is used in many fields from health, textile, electronics to communication. Inks with nanometal or organic content can be used in printed electronics. The ability of printed electronics to withstand temperature makes its use widespread in the electronics industry. Main aim of the study is to combine surface modified graphene oxide-based conductive inks with flame retardant materials. In this study, an effective and simple approach for the preparation of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) screen printing ink containing surface modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which has flame retardant activity. A new and effective flame-retardant additive; 9,10-dihydro-9,10-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), silane coupling agent and reduced graphene oxide was synthesized. In this synthesis, first reduced graphene oxide was modified with (methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, and then reacted with DOPO to obtain a flame-retardant monomer containing P and Si. Based on the successful modification reactions, screen-printing ink containing polyurethane acrylate and different amounts of modified graphene oxide content (0, 5 and 10 wt%) were prepared and screen printed on the paper surface. In addition, coatings were made on the paper surface to determine some the properties. LOI values, thermal properties, contact angle values, conductivity and surface properties of the obtained prints and coatings films were investigated. As a result, conductive screen-printing ink resistant to high temperatures was successfully produced and printed coatings and free films were formed.
Influence of light induced accelerated ageing on surface properties of cardboard packaging coated by tio2 nanocomposites
Authors:   Faculty of Graphic arts, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Hudika Tomislav , Rožić Mirela ,   Faculty of Graphic arts, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Cigula Tomislav ,   Faculty of Graphic arts, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Aleksić Gabriela ,   National and University Library in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2022

Although the primary role of packaging is to protect its content, it also acts as the carrier of both relevant information and visual identity. To enhance its properties, packaging materials are often coated with material which could provide barrier against chemicals, atmospheric conditions, or electromagnetic radiation. This paper focuses on the change of surface properties, i.e., wetting of a coated cardboard surface when packaging material is exposed to light induced accelerated ageing. Prepared printed cardboard was coated with nanocomposites composed of commercial water-based varnish and defined mass concentration of nanosized TiO2. The prepared samples were subjected to accelerated ageing in a light chamber equipped with Xenon lamp. The characterization of the samples included determining contact angles with liquids of known surface tension and calculating surface free energy, determining water vapour transfer rate and performing burst resistance tests (Mullen burst test). It can be concluded that the UV radiation influenced the cardboard substrate and varnished samples where AcA made some changes in the polar component due to forming of new oxidation products, which are less polar from its -OH group. However, with the introduction of nanoparticles, the UV influence was lowered in terms of surface parameters. The smallest TiO2 weight ratio (0.25%) lowers the WVTR by 56%. Moreover, with increase of TiO2 nanoparticles weight ratio, water permeability decreases significantly where the 0.5% TI/NC provided the best result (decrease of63%). Regarding the mechanical properties, although bursting strength of samples coated with nanocomposites is higher than the one coated by WB, there is no visible dependence between mechanical properties and weight ratio of nanoparticles. This research showed that addition of TiO2 nanoparticles will improve commercial varnish and will increase protection against UV radiation in terms of adhesion to the substrate and water vapour barrier.
Visual brand communication during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Industrial Engineering and Management, Novi Sad, Serbia, Spajić Jelena , Mitrović Ksenija ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Industrial Engineering and Management, Novi Sad, Serbia, Novaković Nebojša ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Industrial Engineering and Management, Novi Sad, Serbia, Lalić Danijela ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Industrial Engineering and Management, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 has brought a number of changes in people’s lifestyles as well as in business strategies. The consumers are moving towards social media and brands are forced to adjust their positioning strategies to retain existing and attract new customers. In generating the customer engagement, the brand content must match the visual preferences of its target group. This paper reviews a relevant literature of visual communication in the context of branding focusing on changes in terms of redesign and rebranding imposed by a crisis. The aim is to identify how companies successfully developed memorable, contextually-relevant and public-educational visual brand communication and strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The content analysis method was used in order to create a synthesized overview of brands' visual communication and their creative solutions during the pandemic. The results of this study highlight the importance of visual communication that can be taken by brands in dealing with crisis situations such as pandemic, and its effects on consumer behaviour in the new-normal era.
Coatings in graphic industry
Authors:   University of Zagreb Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiceva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Cigula Tomislav
Published: November 2022

Contrary to the negative predictions, the graphic arts industry keeps continuing its growth. The modern world is transferring information through digital platforms leading to decrease of the serial publications on paper (newspaper, magazines etc). But on the other hand, packaging industry is increasing its revenue by high numbers. In the same way as for the whole industry, many predicted that paper use will also decrease, as for a long period of time (still partly present) paper was thought of as being killer of trees. Today, along with new findings, paper is becoming more popular with EU Commission banning single use plastics. Paper as a substrate is becoming popular in packaging industry, mainly due to being suitable for both organic and material recycling. However, due to lack of some functional properties, materials are often coated. Coating as a process includes covering of a surface by another substance. The coatings processes are present in various industries and are intended to enhance properties of the base materials. In the graphic industry the coating process is often called varnishing, due to the resins used as a coating material. Varnishing is used to improve rub resistance and provide varnished material with special effects (combination of gloss and matte surfaces). Applicability and functionality of the coatings is achieved using various materials, among which are nano-engineered materials. Results of various researchers show benefits of introducing nanocomposites in the packaging industry by improving prints’ resistance to degradation by UV irradiation, improving barrier to water vapour and enabling packaging surface to inhibit microbes’ growth. To conclude, coatings development and application plays a significant role in the material development, as it can provide common materials with improved properties, as well as enhanced aesthetics. At the same time, application of coatings could present some obstacles in both materials and organic recycling, and for that reason development of coatings should include evaluation of recyclability of the coated product as well as the characterization of coating’s functionality.
An overview of the user experience in online video game players with colour vision deficiency
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Kerac Jelena , Milić Keresteš Neda ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Dedijer Sandra ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2022

This paper aims to give an overview of the user experience in online video game players with colour vision deficiency by exploring the different methods of daltonization tools given within four popular online multiplayer video games. The paper also considers the different options for improving the user experience of players with colour vision deficiency based on the noticed shortcomings of analysed games. The analysis of the potential colour confusing scenes was done for the four popular online multiplayer games: Rust published by the Facepunch studio, Valorant and League of Legends both published by Riot Games and Overwatch, published by Blizzard. The conducted research has shown that Rust has no accessibility settings, Valorant and League of Legends use partial daltonization, while Overwatch is characterised by full daltonization. Detailed analyses of the pros and cons of each daltonization level for each video game were presented along with suggestions for improvement, including the implementation of the proto-patterns method suggested by Molina-López and Medina-Medina (2019). As the result, it was shown that colour, although an essential part of video game design, can and should be a secondary element in video game graphics over which shapes, outlines and text should lead in the clear presentation of the information and reduction of mistakes due to colour vision impairments.
Analysis of the flexo printed matte varnishing structure of polyester substrate
Authors:   Nyomda-Technika Kft., Debrecen, Hungary / Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary, Horváth Csaba , Várza Ferenc ,   University of Sopron, 'József Cziráki' Doctoral School of Wood Sciences and Technologies, Sopron, Hungary, Manúrová Klaudia ,   University of Sopron, 'József Cziráki' Doctoral School of Wood Sciences and Technologies, Sopron, Hungary
Published: November 2022

Flexographic printing is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the printing industry. Our related research project examined the potential of matte varnishing as a surface finishing process. Various surface finishing processes, such as various safety varnishes, protective varnishes, barrier varnishes, and the types of matt varnish we have chosen, are playing an increasingly important role in the development of today's packaging material trend. In the course of the research, we tested the changes in the surface structure of the varnishing layer in the case of varying amounts of lacquer application, and we measured the gloss values in the case of the use of clichés with different surface patterns.
Study of the colour gamut volumes and other reproduction quality parameters of electrophotographical digital printing systems
Authors:   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Spiridonov Iskren , Yordanov Simeon ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Boeva Rumyana ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kalchev Kostadin ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

The main purpose of this article is to study the various quality indicators of industrial electrophotographical digital printing systems. Several test forms with a large number of test charts and various control elements were printed on the aforementioned digital printing and media systems. For the purpose of the study, one of the most common print media was used - mat and glossy coated papers, uncoated papers, Brigh foil gold, Martele Blanc paper, MC Primecoat, PP Silver, etc. with standard colour profiles FOGRA 39 and FOGRA 51 and offset uncoated paper with standard colour profiles FOGRA 29 and FOGRA 52. Colour gamut (2D and 3D), colour volumes, colour differences, etc. were studied. ICC profiles for specific printing systems and materials have been generated and their 3D volumes, 2D areas of different sections in light, medium and dark tones have been studied. Other indicators of the quality of reproduction have been studied, such as - achieved colour differences in relation to the set / desired colour and ISO standards, accuracy of reproduction - colour and geometric, grey balance TVI, etc.
Review of photopolymer materials in masked stereolithographic additive manufacturing
Authors:   Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia, Divjak Alan , Matijević Mile ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Hajdek Krunoslav ,   University North, Koprivnica, Croatia
Published: November 2022

Among the many types of additive manufacturing, stereolithography (SLA) stands out as one of the most versatile technologies, especially in the production of large prototypes of extremely high surface quality. The basic working principle of this technology has not changed for almost thirty years, but the recent rapid development of the mask-based variant of stereolithographic 3D printing technology (MSLA) has significantly increased its popularity and made it available to a wider range of users. This is especially true for MSLA 3D printers that use liquid crystal displays (LCD) for mask forming. These 3D printers are characterized by large build volume, high resolution and speed of model production, and low price. These factors make them extremely attractive for rapid prototyping or small-scale serial production. However, although they are superior to classical laser-based stereolithography in many technical aspects, their current main drawback is the smaller range of available materials. The development of modern stereolithographic technology has clearly shown that the capabilities of 3D printers themselves are just as important as the materials from which the models are made, the diversity of their mechanical characteristics, available colours, and optical properties. The materials used in all variants of SLA technology are liquid thermoset polymers that are sensitive to UV light (photopolymers). A wide range of areas of application requires a wide range of materials that meet the specific needs of each application. MSLA, as a newer technology, still does not have the same range of materials as 3D printers based on the laser variant of stereolithography. The situation is significantly improving with the increase in the number of available MSLA 3D printers, their popularity, and improved technical characteristics, and it can be said that this is the last step in legitimizing MSLA technology as a competitor to laser stereolithography. The aim of this paper is to analyse the material market for MSLA technology, categorize the supply of materials and objectively compare the available materials with those offered by reputable manufacturers of materials for classic SLA 3D laser printers. Special emphasis is placed on the quality and scope of technical specifications of MSLA materials, which is crucial for their professional use. In addition, the impact of thermoset polymers on user health and the environment is an especially important topic, so an overview of plant-based materials was also made.
Edible film production with aloe vera extract and its printability
Authors:   Marmara University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Goztepe, İstanbul, Turkey, Birtane Hatice , Beyler Çiğil Aslı ,   Amasya University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology, Amasya, Turkey
Published: November 2022

The main concern with protecting fruits and vegetables from bacterial infection and growth is ensuring product quality and safety. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, with –OH in the natural cellulose molecule substituted by a hydroxyethyl group, has been widely used in oil exploitation, coating, medicine, food and polymerization process. It is nontoxic and low-cost. Aloe vera is a well-known herbal plant that is used for its therapeutic properties. The gel extracted from Aloe vera plants contains a variety of biologically active compounds, phenolic contents, and minerals. In this study, the edible films containing different proportions of aloe vera and hydroxyl ethyl cellulose were prepared. The structural and antibacterial properties of the obtained edible films were examined. The obtained films were printed with inkjet. Color and adhesion properties of printed samples were determined and it was observed that the edible films showed antibacterial properties.
Effect of perforations on the loss of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts,10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Šarčević Iva , Gregor-Svetec Diana ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Banić Dubravko ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts,10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2022

Bending stiffness of corrugated cardboard is a structural property that gives rigidity and strength. It depends on macroscopic structure of cardboard, different layers and thickness. The structure of corrugated cardboard used for secondary Shelf Ready Packaging (SRP) is weakened by perforations. Perforations serve as separation line used for converting SRP into the shelf-ready tray. The aim of this paper is to analyse the change of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness under the influence of perforations. The focus is on determining which of the explanatory variables affect the corrugated cardboard bending stiffness the most. The explanatory variables are: Type of perforation, Angle of perforation position and Quality of perforated corrugated cardboard. They are used to explain the variability in a measured property. The specimens with and without perforations were prepared using die cutter with machine-made knives. Three types of perforations (labelled: 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1 with the differences in the ratio of cut to uncut part) were positioned in five defined angles (0°, 20°, 45°, 70°, and 90°, where 0° represents Machine Direction, MD) and tested on three different quality of three-layer Eflute corrugated cardboard. Three-point bending tests were carried out using Instron tensile tester in order to observe the behavior of perforated specimens. Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the effect of perforation variables on the change of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness. The analysis showed that the explanatory variable Angle of perforation position was the most influential and provided the most significant information to explain the variability on the loss of corrugated cardboard bending stiffness. The trend in the measured values between all qualities of corrugated cardboard was obvious: the values decrease as the angle of perforation position increases; therefore, the highest values were for angle 0° and the lowest for angle 90°. A quantitative but not qualitative interaction between Quality and Perforation variables appeared. Hence, the “non-perforation – perforation” relationship was qualitatively always the same, although numerically it appeared somewhat different at different cardboard quality. The lowest loss of bending stiffness in the measured values was observed for the perforation type with the same ratio of cut and uncut part (labelled 1/1).
Didactic methods for achieving improved creativity in teaching graphic design in secondary school formal education
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textile, Graphic Arts and Design, Chair of Information and Graphic Arts Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Toure Marija , Gabrijelčič Tomc Helena ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textile, Graphic Arts and Design, Chair of Information and Graphic Arts Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: November 2022

In teaching and learning graphic design in a secondary vocational school, we mainly use digital tools for both teaching and learning. According to the curriculum, students in the 2nd and 4th years learn to design various printed and animated content. The work is very creative and students need to be able to visualize their ideas in an appropriate way and with appropriate tools, which is a challenging and complex process. For the teachers, it is a challenge to give instructions for a specific task and to evaluate it, and for the students, it is a challenge how to solve it in the most successful way. With the rapid development of technology and the unstoppable updating of programs, problems arise because students must constantly familiarize themselves with new programs and the variety of new digital tools and techniques, while thinking about how to conceptualize and visualize a particular idea in accordance with the task at hand. As a result, they are unable to focus on their own creativity as they have to constantly learn how to use digital tools that enable them to create a design product. The goal of the research is to create measurable and verifiable data that will help apply an appropriate didactic method to achieve optimal results when teaching graphic design. When teaching the subject matter in the practical classes of graphic design, teachers mainly use 3 didactic methods: Demonstration methods, text methods and video methods (Figure 1). In the research, we determined which didactic method is the most effective in achieving a certain learning goal according to the set task. The methodology included experimental work and interviewing students. In the experimental part, students solved tasks using the method of all three didactic methods and then completed a questionnaire. The survey was completed by 56 students (2nd and 4th year students). Students rated each didactic method on a 5-point Likert scale. The results obtained were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics. The results of the analysis provide an interesting insight into the creative process of the students in relation to the learning methods. The results of the study show that the choice of an appropriate didactic method or a combination of didactic methods is important both for a student's successful and creative implementation of a design task and for the effective teaching of graphic design.
Bio coating as an alternate for wax coating for food grade paper boards
Authors:   Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, School of Engineering, Department of Printing Tech., Coimbatore - 641 108, Tamil Nadu, India, Priya Lakshmi , A. Arulmozhi ,   Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, School of Engineering, Department of Printing Tech., Coimbatore - 641 108, Tamil Nadu, India
Published: November 2022

1.45 million tons of paraffin wax-coated boxes of used products enter landfills every year, and 4.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide is released during the recycling process. Therefore, the goal of the research is to find out an alternative to the synthetic wax coating seen on food product cartons. This research uses natural coating materials that are more effective than synthetic coating materials, such as hibiscus, gum Arabic, and turmeric. The natural antibacterial herb turmeric's curcumin is extracted using ethonal, and then heating is used to create the hibiscus extract. Three layers are coated on the package: the first layer is curcumin, which serves as the package's antimicrobial coating; the second layer is gum Arabic, which serves as a binder to hold the third layer of hibiscus. These two layers serve as a barrier on the packaging, and then the hibiscus extract gel is applied over them. Using a spray gun, these three coats are applied to the packaging. The method used to dry the coatings is air or sun drying. The test findings are assessed for the burst strength, burst factor, moisture content, smoothness, calliper thickness, and micropsoic analyses of the wax coated and bio coated carton samples.
Cutting with laser in postpress
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Pinćjer Ivan , Miketić Nada ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Tomić Ivana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2022

Laser technology in post-press is used for various products to get a unique shape. It has been used in producing packaging prototypes, finishing and marking the surface of both paper and other materials, thus making the graphic industry more flexible and diverse. Whether in the coming years, the production of graphic products, especially packaging, will be able to rely on the advantages offered by laser technology depends on the extent of degradation of materials that are cut by the laser. In addition to the visual analysis, it is necessary to carry out experiments examining whether material degradation occurs during laser treatment or whether the structure, homogeneity, and mechanical characteristics are kept. Perhaps the most effective method to show if the packaging obtained by laser cutting can be used in the industrial production of packaging is a comparison with the characteristics of packaging materials obtained by traditional cutting methods with the cutting and die-cut machines. The work examines which parameters need to be examined and compared so that laser cutting can be applied in packaging production.
Statistical approach in fold crack distribution analysis
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Pál Magdolna , Dedijer Sandra ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Jurič Ivana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Bošnjaković Gordana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Kašiković Nemanja ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Pavlović Živko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2022

The folding process is one of the most commonly used print finishing operations in graphical production. Therefore, surface damages on coated papers and paperboards, which are frequently appearing during this process, can have significant negative economic and environmental impacts. To reduce the adverse effects, fold crack resistance has become an active field of research. In the last decades, there were several computer-aided visual assessment methods introduced for fold-crack evaluation. These techniques were based on similar concepts of digital image analysis to quantitatively characterise the surface damage, but they had differences in utilisation as well as in the used image feature. In this study, fold crack distribution has been introduced as a new digital image feature for quality assessment. Fold crack distribution can be determined as a measure of crack scattering over the folding line. In this paper descriptive statistics, mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of variance have been used for qualitative characterisation of surface damage. The obtained results for mean value demonstrated increasing tendency by increasing the basis weight and had slightly lower value for samples in machine than cross direction. These results confirm the basic assumptions that on thicker substrates (i.e. on samples with higher basis weight) the cracks are larger, longer or grouped and that the folding process generates higher surface destruction is cross than machine direction. In the case of standard deviation, results suggest that in a case of varying mean values, crack distribution should be defined via coefficient of variation. Based on this analysis, the proposed approach to the calculation of crack distribution can serve as a new image characteristic for the qualitative measurement of the fold-crack resistance of coated papers.
The “Do-it-yourself (DIY)” brand design strategy through computational design tools
Authors:   University of Western Macedonia, Deptartment of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Kozani, Greece, Manavis Athanasios , Efkolidis Nikolaos ,   University of Western Macedonia, Deptartment of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Kozani, Greece, Kakoulis Konstantinos ,   University of Western Macedonia, Deptartment of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Kozani, Greece, Kyratsis Panagiotis ,   University of Western Macedonia, Deptartment of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Kozani, Greece
Published: November 2022

The three-dimensional form of a product is a key element in the development of a brand identity through the computational design methodology. Brand identity has an in-depth relationship with the object’s shape and product assembliness. In traditional mass production design methodologies, designers encode specific parameters into design rules that aren’t used by end-users to customize their own products. The “Do-It-Yourself (DIY)” process enable users to express themselves through the design thinking approach. Self-design is a form of co-creation between designer's knowledge and customer's skills according to the branded product design parameters. Under this statement, the object’s geometrical form and the product assembliness are fundamental principles in the promotion of a holistic design identity to the industry and to the market. The current paper combines the use of computational design with specific parameters of DIY bookcase/desk (i.e., height, length, width, number of shelves, etc.) in order to develop a generative design system for the mass customization of DIY bookcases/desks alternatives. The results from the end-user application offer, automatically alternatives 3D models under the "Do-It-Yourself" brand umbrella.
Analysis and design of animated posters
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design, Chair of Information and Graphic Arts Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Zuza Lara , Ahtik Jure ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design, Chair of Information and Graphic Arts Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: November 2022

Using a static or animated information on a medium, such as a poster, is a common decision to be made nowadays. Advertising solutions in the form of a screen that mimics a traditional poster format offer us a way to bring to life something that has been static for more than a century. Deciding if and when it is better to use an animated rather than a static (printed) poster is not always easy. The campaign budget has to be higher, and a decision must be based on the proven effectiveness and communicativeness of the medium in question. Research is focused on whether and how animation can improve perception. The main hypothesis is that animation of some graphic elements can improve the visibility and therefore the effectiveness of a poster. The first step of the research was to prepare a test material. In cooperation with Cankarjev dom, we animated five of their posters, the original of which was prepared only for printing. Different artistic styles and compositions were chosen. The second step was to animate some of the elements, focusing on the effectiveness and communicativeness of the final result. In order to determine the difference in the perception of static and animated posters, different methods could be used. Previous research has shown that the use of eye-tracking provides useful results. Like many other areas of graphic communication, e.g. photography, copywriting, graphic design... eye-tracking has been influenced by the use of artificial intelligence as well. The use of neural networks fed with big amounts of real eye-tracking measurements gives us the ability to predict with great confidence the way the human eye looks at something. In our research, we used software called Expoze that analyses the content of an image or video and predicts heatmaps of how real observers would see the test material. The end result of the research gives us a detailed view of how we receive information from static and animated posters.
Preliminary report on doodling’s cultural role as intentional art: A study of youth perceptions of aesthetic self-expression and idea helper in branding
Authors:   Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation, Integrated Sustainability & Urban Creativity Centre, Malaysia, T. F. Poon Stephen
Published: November 2022

The concept of doodles as a self-expression art-form is discussed through a quantitative study on the perceptions of youths towards doodling activity to produce ideas, to develop self-confidence, and in decision making for brands. The intentionality and purposes for doodling have been much critiqued by contemporary visual researchers. This paper considers the function of doodles in visual communication, and how contextual utilisation of doodles as a communication medium impacts individualistic expression as well as influencing consumer decision-making in brand preferences. Research also highlights doodling’s capacity as visual representation of complex information. Primary research in the form of a survey and quantitative analysis of young adults’ perceptions about doodling is analysed. Overall, the survey acknowledges doodle as creative self-expression. The use of visualisation in branding was found to be correlated, however, views about doodle as intentional art were not conclusively proven. Youths perceive doodle’s role symbolically, chiefly in creating self-identity and projecting individualism. Doodling is a highly personal style to communicate or reflect on personal experiences, but the self-confidence to explore doodling in developing ideas is not a habitual practice that is encouraged among youths. Based on the survey, the effectiveness of doodles in branding or marketing practice is questioned as responses were mixed on the application of casual art styles for creative marketing approaches. Findings suggest further observation would enable consumer researchers to better understand doodling’s effectiveness to shape cultural information based on self-expression, and to explore its influence on brand decision making. To conclude, creative industry, design educators, brand owners and industry stakeholders could collaborate to optimise creative solutions to improve perceptions towards doodles and doodling as a visual thinking, information processing and decision-making tool.
Readability of 2D codes considering the activation temperature of thermochromic printing inks in smart tags
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Strižić Jakovljević Maja , Mahović Poljaček Sanja ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Tomašegović Tamara ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Strčić Bernard ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2022

Many advantages and applications of 2D codes and functional printing inks have led to the development of Smart Tags. Interactive 2D codes provide the ability to store a large number of various information on a relatively small area and are easy to use. Combined with temperature sensitive thermochromic inks, 2D codes can provide a possibility for making Smart Tags, which could be used in smart packaging applications. In this study, Smart Tag is a temperature – dependent system sensitive to surrounding temperature, which provides information in the form of 2D codes and hidden messages. By combining the information provided by the Smart Tag, it is possible to monitor the temperature conditions of a particular product, create anti – counterfeit elements, and high – temperature warning systems. In this paper, 2D codes will be printed using thermochromic (TC) inks with different activation temperatures (TA) in screen printing technique. Printed 2D codes will be exposed to the defined temperature range around TA, to determine readability of the codes by mobile code scanning. Colorimetric properties of TC inks will also be measured within the defined temperature range. The aim of this paper is to determine which temperature range of a particular TC ink provides readability of 2D codes. The results could help in design and development of 2D code - Smart Tags using functional inks. These kinds of Smart Tags could provide higher level of consumer protection, temperature monitoring of pharmaceutical and cosmetics products, as well as burn – hazard warning systems.
Legibility analysis of self-designed typeface with eye-tracking device
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Rauh Patricija , Franken Gregor ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Možina Klementina ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: November 2022

Typography appears in every aspect of our lives. It is closely intertwined with the representation of information, communication, and our cultural and national identity. Until the invention of computer in printing, only a few typefaces were in use. Then, almost overnight, a flood of new typefaces appeared in different type styles or in their combinations. Nowadays, a vast number of tools is available for designing typefaces, enabling almost anyone to do it. Nevertheless, not every typeface is well designed and useful, i.e. legible. A successful type design requires following the established aesthetic and technical principles. Moreover, it should follow perceptual principles. This study was concerned with evaluating the legibility of various useful typefaces in comparison to a self-designed typeface. The self-designed typeface was not based only on the principles of good legibility. Its design was based also on the paintings by the Slovenian Art Nouveau and later Impressionist painter Matija Jama, whose 150th birthday is celebrated this year. The Impressionist painter’s typeface should not only have the qualities of artistic style, but also be usable, i.e. legible, for a longer text. To determine which type size is optimal for such a text, the test of legibility was conducted. The legibility of the self-designed typeface was analysed along with three other well-known and useful typefaces, i.e., an old style typeface (Minion), a transitional typeface (Bentham) and a sans serif typeface (Gill Sans). The reading speed and number of fixations were analysed using a Tobii 120X eyetracking device. Different texts in all four typefaces in three different type sizes (i.e. 16, 21 and 26 px) were displayed on a 24-inch LCD display. The twenty tested individuals were aged between 19 and 23 years. The results showed that the choice of a particular type size affected the reading speed and legibility. It was also found that for some typefaces, different type sizes, when read, require more fixations. The results of our study show that a self-designed typeface is useful, i.e. legible, at larger type sizes. An appropriate type style and size can improve legibility on displays.
Integrating Writing and Engineering Instruction to build a foundation for student success in their engineering disciplines
Authors: Schoen Mike
Published: November 2022

The importance of communication skills cannot be over-emphasized in the context of 21st-century global engineering. Writing is an important skill to learn, but it can be difficult to make the writing assignment meaningful and relevant for engineering students. To meet the challenge of global demand for engineering education and increase in enrollment and to motivate students to learn communication and writing skills, writing instruction is integrated with engineering courses in various UBC engineering programs. Integration helps students to transform their technical knowledge into problem-solving solutions for case studies grounded in their discipline. The ongoing research project’s theoretical framework includes principles from genre theory, situated learning, case-study approach and student-centred learning. Three models of integration have emerged: project-based full integration, course-based partial integration, and topic-based thematic integration. The pedagogical experiment on integration moves from disciplinary-specific and situated writing to “open” and “global” learning of writing where knowledge of the discipline is learned, applied, created, and transformed across disciplines and cultures.