bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk, Protection, and Substance Use in Adolescents: A Multi-Site Model
Authors: Sale Elizabeth , Sambrano Soledad , Springer J. Fred , Turner Charles W.
Published: May 2005

This article reports findings from a national longitudinal cross-site evaluation of high-risk youth to clarify the relationships between risk and protective factors and substance use. Using structural equation modeling, baseline data on 10,473 youth between the ages of 9 and 18 in 48 high-risk communities around the nation are analyzed. Youth were assessed on substance use (cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use), external risk factors including family, school, peer and neighborhood influences, and individual risk and protective factors including self-control, family connectedness, and school connectedness. Findings indicate strong direct relationships between peer and parental substance use norms and substance use. Individual protective factors, particularly family and school connectedness were strong mediators of individual substance use. These findings suggest that multi-dimensional prevention programming stressing the fostering of conventional anti-substance use attitudes among parents and peers, the importance of parental supervision, and development of strong connections between youth and their family, peers, and school may be most effective in preventing and reducing substance use patterns among high-risk youth.
Logo Mastery and Spatial Problem-Solving by Young Children: Effects of Logo Language Training, Route-Strategy Training, and Learning Styles on Immediate Learning and Transfer
Authors: Watson J. Allen , Lange Garrett , Brinkley Vickie M.
Published: May 2005

This study examines children's abilities 1) to learn to program with a single keystroke, ten command Logo system enabling them to produce multiple command sequences to solve on-screen problems, 2) to learn two new strategies (direct and indirect route strategies) requiring the use of two levels of programming difficulty measured via average times, keystrokes, and errors, 3) to transfer screen-based Logo training to the solution of spatial problems in another learning setting, and 4) to demonstrate whether there are any individual differences in the effectiveness of Logo learning for children who have different learning orientations (field independent versus field dependent and/or reflective versus impulsive). Twenty-four four- and five-year-old children served as subjects in the study. Data from the study showed: 1) that mastery of the Logo language is not a necessary condition for young children to think and problem-solve within a Logo environment, 2) that successful problem-solving within a Logo environment is predicated on a child's use of an age-appropriate Logo programming system, 3) that even very young children can be taught spatial-conceptual strategies with which to operate within a Logo environment, 4) that young children can transfer Logo-environment knowledge to other problem-solving settings, and 5) that field independent children seem to have a slight advantage both in their initial learning of Logo and in their transfer of Logo learning to another problem-solving setting. Some of the present results are interpreted according to Watson and Busch's model of the development of Logo programming and problem-solving skills in children [1].
Race and Abortion: Disconfirmation of the Genocide Hypothesis in a Clinical Analogue
Authors: Crossley Brenda , Abramowitz Stephen I. , Weitz Lawrence J.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the validity of the proposition that a latent function of liberalized abortion is racial genocide. Using an abortion counseling analogue, forty-two white abortion counselors rendered clinical reactions, including the relative desirability of abortion, to a bogus female patient described as ambivalent about her pregnancy and designated as black or white within a case report. A stronger preference for abortion when the patient was black-identified was not found either among the sample as a whole or among socially traditional and untraditional subgroups.
An Assessment of Health Needs in Selected Nigeria Villages
Authors: Airhihenbuwa Collins O.
Published: May 2005

Two hundred and fifty five heads of households in Iyekuselu District, Bendel State Nigeria, were interviewed. Fifteen villages were randomly selected from the 107 villages that make up the district. There is high morbidity of infectious diseases identified in the study. Limited number of medical professionals and medical institutions present problems of availability of services. This is compounded by high cost of medical services and poor access to health care facilities. The self-perceived health care needs of the heads of households are disease prevention, availability of health services, improved accessibility to health care facilities and reduced cost of care. There is a strong need for health education programs in these villages. This should be attempted with the cooperation of community members, so as to attain the goal of promoting health and preventing diseases.
Pediatric Liaison Psychiatry: A Forum for Separation and Loss
Authors: Whitt J. Kenneth , Hunter Rosemary S. , Dykstra Weiss , Lauria Marie M. , Stabler Brian , Taylor Catherine A.
Published: May 2005

Separation and loss issues arise frequently in pediatric hospital settings. Three forms of psychiatry/psychology liaison are presented which demonstrate: 1. case-centered collaboration to address child and family concerns about death; 2. team-centered activities which link family and staff roles in the course of terminal illness; and 3. the development of a program mechanism to meet the needs of staff “survivors” of recurrent childhood deaths. These examples illustrate the enrichment which pediatric psychiatry/psychology liaison programs offer when the conceptual model of liaison service and teaching operates flexibly on case, team, and program levels.
The Computer as an Accountability Factor in Curriculum Development
Authors: Davies E. O. G.
Published: May 2005

Some of the reasons for concern by educators and by the public with education and computerized education are outlined. Some problems of teaching and of learning are discussed, and the computer's role in surmounting these problems is considered. The need for individualized instruction is stressed, and some uses of the computer in individualized learning given. The need for data to maximize teaching/learning is emphasized, and examples given of data acquired and the use to which the data was put. Student attitude is touched on, and the potential of the computer as an educational tool hinted at.
Health for All by the Year 2000—Cultural Handicaps and Possible Solutions
Authors: Pilon André Francisco
Published: May 2005

Health conditions, as part-and-parcel of man's project of life, reflect the way people choose to live together as a collective body. Health behavior analysis cannot ignore cultural conditions that foster different ways of life. Health practices are not a matter of mere compliance to a set of norms, but a cultural product. Professional competencies ask for a sufficient curriculum, a full proficiency. Myth and logos should be related and the symbolic form everyday experience assumes should be discussed. Paradigmatic thought should give place to mutual growth and subjective and objective aspects of reality should have an equal and complementary standing. Disciplinarity and multidisciplinarity should evolve into interdisciplinarity, as a paradigm of cooperation, interconnection, equality, and flexibility in order to define curricula and programs. Conceptual ecology of science should be emphasized. New concepts of growth, wealth, work, and power should be discussed as a way of attaining health for all in the year 2000.
Inequality and Mortality: Demographic Hypotheses regarding Advanced and Peripheral Capitalism
Authors: Gregory Joel W. , Piché Victor
Published: May 2005

This paper analyzes mortality differences between social classes and between advanced and peripheral regions of the world economy. The demographic analysis of mortality is integrated with the study of political economy, which emphasizes the entire process of social reproduction. As part of this dialectic model, both the struggle of the working class to improve health and the interest of capital in maximizing profits are examined. Data from Quebec and Upper Volta are used to illustrate the hypothesis that substantially higher mortality rates exist for the working class compared with the bourgeoisie and in the less developed peripheral regions compared with the more developed regions.
A Comparison of Drug Involvement between Runaways and School Youths
Authors: Fors Stuart W. , Rojek Dean G.
Published: May 2005

Problems related to homeless/runaway youths have received increased attention in recent years. Homeless/runaway youths manifest many problems in addition to being absent from home and without supervision of a parent or guardian. The purpose of the study was to determine drug use and abuse patterns of homeless/runaway youths and to compare those patterns, along with attitudes toward selected illicit behaviors, with similar data collected from adolescents in school. Data were collected from persons ( n = 253) in homeless/runaway shelters in the southeast United States. Comparisons made with data from other studies of runaways and of youths in school indicate that drug use and abuse is two-three times more prevalent for runaways than with the school youths. Runaways' attitudes toward selected illicit behaviors are more tolerant than those of school youths. Intervention programs for runaway/homeless youths should reflect an understanding of the complexity of the psycho-social and behavioral history of the clients which is much different than that of those who are in school.
Computer Based Mathematics Instruction at Danville High School
Authors: Chirwa Andrew S.
Published: May 2005

Danville High School is located in Vermillion County in the state of Illinois, in the heart of the city of Danville. This school presented an opportunity for study of the impact of technology on teaching and learning because it has a diverse population of students and it is well equipped with computers to which all students have access. Two classes were selected for the study and comprised of a population of thirty students. All students used the software as a supporting tool in their study of essentials of mathematics. Before engaging in the use of this material, the students were administered a pretest and at the end of instruction a posttest was administered. Results showed an improved score in the posttest.
Longitudinal Stability of Three Second-Order Daydreaming Factors
Authors: Tanaka J. S. , Huba G. J.
Published: May 2005

In this article, the longitudinal stability of the three second-order daydreaming factors of the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory (SIPI) was examined. The SIPI was administered twice to a sample of 112 college students. The interval between testings was approximately one month. Over this period, a statistically significant multivariate test of level differences was obtained with univariate tests revealing shifts in the means for the Positive-Constructive Daydreaming factor and for the Guilt-Fear of Failure Daydreaming Factor. Latent variable models were then used to test the stability of the SIPI domains over this period. These models demonstrated that the SIPI domains had moderately high test-retest stabilities at the level of the latent variables.
Private Self-Consciousness Subscales: Correlates with Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Self-Discrepancy
Authors: Ben-Artzi Elisheva , Hamburger Yair Amichai
Published: May 2005

Two studies investigated the relationships between the two dimensions of Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss' Private Self-Consciousness Scale [1], namely, self-reflectiveness and internal-state awareness, and neuroticism, extraversion, and self-discrepancy. Study 1 focused on neuroticism and extraversion and Study 2 focused on discrepancies between different domains of the self. Self-reflectiveness was related positively with neuroticism and negatively with extraversion, whereas internal-state awareness showed the opposite pattern of relationships: It was related negatively with neuroticism and positively with extraversion. In addition, only self-reflectiveness, and not internal-state awareness, was associated with greater self-discrepancy. The importance of reconceptualizing self-consciousness and the need for a new scale for self-consciousness are discussed.
The Therapeutic use of Ritual in Maladaptive Grieving
Authors: Reeves Nancy C. , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: May 2005

This article presents a case for the designation of “ritual” as a psychotherapeutic technique for use in maladaptive grieving. Examples are given of the attitudes and utilization of ritual in psychoanalysis, strategic and existential psychotherapies, and pastoral and cross-cultural counseling. The authors suggest how, when, and why ritual can be used to assist individuals to move from a maladaptive to an adaptive style of grieving.
Responses following Suicide and Other Types of Death: The Perspective of the Bereaved
Authors: Range Lillian M. , Calhoun Lawrence G.
Published: May 2005

In order to compare the bereavement experience following different types of death, fifty-seven university students who had recently lost a friend or relative by suicide, accident, homicide, natural anticipated death, or natural unanticipated death were interviewed about their reactions and how they were treated by others. Those bereaved through suicide appeared to share a common core of experiences with all other groups, particularly as compared to those bereaved through accidental deaths. However, those bereaved through either suicidal or accidental deaths, more than survivors of other types of death, said that people treated them differently after the death; those bereaved through accidents listed more positive responses from others than did those bereaved through suicide. Those bereaved through suicide were unique in saying they were expected to explain the nature of the death to others in the community and in saying they lied about the cause of death. These results imply that those bereaved through suicide apparently receive less community support than survivors of accidents and other types of death.
The Role of Medicine in the Decline of Hypertension-Related Mortality
Authors: Wing Steve
Published: May 2005

Mortality trends are often cited to justify public health priorities and to legitimate professional activities. For example, the decline of cardiovascular disease mortality in recent decades has been cited frequently as affirmation of the proper conduct and direction of medical and public health research. In this paper, the hypothesis that medical intervention is the major cause of hypertension-related mortality declines is reviewed. Evidence relevant to the “medical hypothesis,” including mortality data and patterns of antihypertensive drug development and treatment, is presented. While it is clear that factors other than medical intervention must have played the major role in hypertension-related mortality trends for most of the period of the decline, much scientific literature increasingly promotes the view that medical intervention is the crucial factor in mortality trends. The role of the medical hypothesis in supporting status quo political and economic interests is discussed, and alternative explanations for mortality trends are considered.
Dream Content, Dream Recurrence and Well-Being: A Replication with a Younger Sample
Authors: Zadra Antonio L. , O'Brien Shannon A. , Donderi D. C.
Published: May 2005

A multivariate comparison was made among fifty-two recurrent, past-recurrent, and nonrecurrent dreamers aged eighteen to twenty-one. The participants completed measures of well-being and collected a fourteen-day sample of their own remembered dreams. Multivariate analysis showed that recurrent dreamers scored low on psychological well-being and reported more negative dream content. As was true in an earlier study, a single psychometric dimension, which we call psychological well-being, discriminated between the recurrent dream group and the other two groups over the entire set of well-being and dream content variables. As was true in two previous studies, dream archetypality was negatively correlated with a measure of neuroticism. We conclude that in both late teenagers and older adults, recurrent dreams occur in times of stress, are accompanied by negative dream content, and are associated with a deficit in psychological well-being.
Struggle and Revolt in the Spanish Health Policy Process: The Changing Role of the Medical Profession
Authors: Rodríguez Josep A.
Published: May 2005

Many changes have taken place in the professional status and political role of the Spanish medical profession during the process of construction of the health care system (1940–1990). There is a strong correlation between the different characteristics of the several phases of construction of the national health care system and some of the changes in the status, organization, and political activity of the medical profession. The democratic transition coincided with changes in the orientation of the system brought about by financial imperatives, which forced readjustments in the survival and political projects of the profession. The creation of a democratic regime has allowed the medical profession to create its own independent mechanisms of interest representation and has given rise to a process of negotiation of the new political relations (and their mechanisms) between the State and the profession. The last 15 years have witnessed important transformations in some parameters of the profession, in its political organization, its political role, and its relation with the State.
Prototype Formation among Professional Dancers
Authors: Solso Robert L. , Dallob Pam
Published: May 2005

Professional dancers were asked to learn a series of dance steps which were derived from a base geometric pattern considered to be a prototypic pattern. Exemplar steps varied in terms of their similarity to the base pattern. Following training, subjects were given a recognition task in which previously experienced dance steps were performed along with new steps and the prototype dance. The subjects were asked to judge if each of a second set of dance steps were “old” or “new” and to give confidence ratings. The results showed that professional dancers falsely recognized the prototype dance as an old dance. The judged familiarity of test dances was directly related to the mathematically determined similarity of test items to the prototype. A second group of non-professional subjects were presented with identical conditions. Non-professional dancers also falsely recognize the prototype dance as an old dance. The results suggest that experts in dance, as well as non-experts, store frequently experienced features of a complex motor task and manifest such memory by giving false alarms to a prototypical pattern of a learning set. It is suggested that similar traits may be found in other forms of artistic expression.
Evaluation of a Tobacco Prevention Program on Knowledge, Attitudes, Intention and Behavior of Tobacco Use among Fourth Grade Students—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Chen W. William , Lindsey Robert
Published: May 2005

This was a preliminary study to evaluate the effectiveness of a tobacco prevention program on knowledge, attitude, intention, and behavior of tobacco use among fourth-grade students in four north central Florida counties. The results suggest that the program was effective in improving students' knowledge, attitudes, and intention toward not using tobacco products. Data analysis showed that students in the education group had a greater improvement in knowledge than the comparison group. Students in the education group also improved their attitude and intention scores while the comparison group did not show any improvement. The results also indicated positive responses from the students. In addition, teachers also gave a very positive response to the program.
Dendrochronology of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal Lock Number Four, Pittsburgh
Authors: Bonzani Renee M. , Carlisle Ronald C. , King Frances B.
Published: May 2005

Well-preserved timbers and planks were excavated from Lift Lock No. 4 of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, built in Pittsburgh ca. 1829. The discovery of these extensive buried remains afforded an opportunity to explore the applicability of dendrochronological and dendroclimatological research to eastern United States mesic sites of the historic time period. Eighteen samples of white pine ( Pinus sp.) planks were analyzed using a tree-ring dating program to develop a floating (undated) chronology for the site. Eleven of the sampled planks were found to match at significant values to form a 152 year-long floating chronology. The floating chronology was then cross-dated with a white pine master chronology from Cook Forest, Pennsylvania. The dendrochronological work shows that trees used in building the canal lock began to grow by AD 1658, while the outermost extent rings date to AD 1809. The established dendrochronological sequence is interpreted with respect to lock construction, and the implications of the evidence for environmental interpretations are also discussed.
A Simulation Study of Plow Zone Excavation Sample Designs: How Much is Enough
Authors: Custer Jay F.
Published: May 2005

A sample simulation study was undertaken using a data base from an eighteenth-nineteenth century farmstead site in Delaware where the plow zone over the site core was completely excavated. Systematically stratified aligned samples based on quadrats provided more accurate, more precise, and more efficient estimates than did transect-based designs. Sampling fractions greater than 25 percent did not return significant increases in accuracy, precision, and efficiency relative to the costs of the larger samples.
The Classification of Phobic Disorders
Authors: Sheehan David V. , Sheehan Kathy H.
Published: May 2005

The history of classification of phobic disorders is reviewed. Problems in the ability of current classification schemes to predict, control and describe the relationship between the symptoms and other phenomena are outlined. A new classification of phobic disorders is proposed based on the presence or absence of an endogenous anxiety syndrome with the phobias. The two categories of phobic disorder have a different clinical presentation and course, a different mean age of onset, distribution of age of onset, sex distribution, response to treatment modalities, GSR testing and habituation response. Empirical evidence supporting this proposal is cited. This classification has heuristic merit in guiding research efforts and discussions and in directing the clinician to a simple and practical solution of his patient's phobic disorder.
The State of Industrial Ill-Health in the United Kingdom
Authors: Clutterbuck R. Charles
Published: May 2005

Recent health and safety legislation in the United Kingdom comes at a time of economic crisis. The only way of understanding its impact is to look back at the roles of employers, the State, trade unions, workers, and the medical establishment over the past 150 years since the rise of industrial capital. In many ways, issues that were current at the turn of the century—such as the conflict between profits and health, whether to clean up the production process or insulate workers from its hazards, compensation, and employers' liability—are still very much present today, although these issues are often obscured by the notions that there is an identity of interest between management and workers over health and safety and that profits and safety go together.

The role of the trade unions in dealing with existing and new hazards of production has historically been ambiguous, yet the need for them to develop an overall policy of prevention has always been obvious. Although they are now part of the governing apparatus, other arms of the State—in particular the civil service—initiate changes in health and safety organization, while trade unions make sure they are enacted. The development of trade-union area health and safety groups represents the most important potential change and may well provide the necessary focus for information and organization to cut through the “concerned” propaganda from management and its safety committees and start the long-awaited cleanup of industry.
Family Planning Information, Education and Communication: Current Activities in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Li Virginia C. , Clayton Serena
Published: May 2005

Based on observation of family planning activities in China in 1989 and 1990, this article takes a close look at education and publicity to promote family planning. Today these activities rely heavily on modern communication technology, especially TV and video, and continue to reflect an urban bias in content. The absence of male involvement in family planning was also noted. Family planning education has been strengthened in certain areas with the “five phases” approach and with the organization of “key households.” The Family Planning Association with is 200,000 grassroots associations throughout the country and its 17,000,000 members has greatly increased the manpower pool for the delivery of educational services. It has also been instrumental in developing insurance schemes for one child families, and in some areas the primary function of Association members is surveillance aimed at detecting unplanned pregnancies. There is a need for improved training in the development of educational materials for family planning and in the provision of contraceptive services in rural areas.
One Step Beyond: Tele-Text Processing
Authors: Minniti John C.
Published: May 2005

In a technically oriented society, scientists and engineers must have up-to-date information available at all times. Because technology is in a constant state of flux, documentation support is often obsolete by the time it is printed.

Since the burden of supplying current information rests with technical communicators, it is up to us to explore effective methods of disseminating data before they become obsolete. This article offers one plausible method.
Cookies Baking, Coffee Brewing: Toward a Contextual Theory of Dying
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert , Thuell Sharon
Published: May 2005

Tolstoi's novel The Death of Ivan Ilych provides an instructive, though fictional case history of individual and family suffering. A contrasting actual case history is presented here in which a visiting nurse was asked to help an elderly woman care for her terminally ill husband at home. Husband and wife were both of Russian heritage. The experiences of the Ilych's and the Tchinsky's are compared with respect to the dimensions of consciousness, pain, communication network, relationship, life value, at-home services, and the nature of the dying person's physical being as a transactional symbol. These observations are then examined with respect to current theoretical approaches to understanding the process of dying. The usefulness and limitations of these theories are briefly examined. The dying person's physical being and its symbolic construction and communication are relatively neglected by current theories. A suggestion is made for the development of a contextual theory of dying that would be more inclusive, integrated, and helpful to caregivers.
Edwin Chadwick, the Market Ideology, and Sanitary Reform: On the Nature of the 19th-Century Public Health Movement
Authors: Ringen Knut
Published: May 2005

This article is an attempt to place the origin of sanitary legislation in England, and its chief proponent, Edwin Chadwick, in the overall dynamics of 19th-century social development. It examines the public health movement in light of the transition of English society into the domination of the market ideology, and the effect that this had on health. Emphasis is placed on explaining the utilitarian movement, of which Chadwick was an instrumental part, and its role in promoting the market system through the enactment of the New Poor Law in 1834. The article suggests that the enactment of sanitary reform in the 1848 Public Health Act was the unplanned reaction to the detrimental effects that the market ideology had on health in the industrial centers. The main intent of this article is to go beyond the prevailing belief that sanitary reform was a humane contribution of publicly spirited men. It concludes that this state intervention was materially necessitated: it was forced by the contradictions inherent in the market system.
A Meditation on Proposals and Their Backgrounds
Authors: Freed Richard C.
Published: May 2005

Based upon several years of research on proposal writing in large management consulting firms, this article attempts to define the proposal genre and argue the importance of the background section, especially in the management consulting environment. Because the background is the first major section in these proposals, it offers writers the opportunity to demonstrate implicitly their qualifications as problem solvers long before a qualifications section does so explicitly. That demonstration, the projection of image and ethos, can occur logically—through an argument that responds to the generic requirements of proposals, and psychologically—through the incorporation of themes that respond to the rhetorical situation.
Breaking the Barriers: Strategies for a Comprehensive U.S. Tobacco Control Program
Authors: Glover Elbert D. , Albritton Deborah L. , Mansfield Chris
Published: May 2005

Given the health and social consequences of tobacco, a policy analysis strategy consisting of three approaches; legal, market, and health education is presented. A unifying feature of the strategy recommendations is that each addresses both prevention of the initiation of tobacco habits and encouragement of cessation. Overall, the strategies focus exclusively on policy alternative initiatives oriented toward reducing the toll of smoking within the United States. The manuscript addresses the conflict that public policy must resolve between the long-term negative health effects and the short-term positive economic interests of tobacco. The critical idea is that policy makers must think beyond local efforts and recognize that they can be a part of a larger network movement working in different ways, yet cooperating for better effectiveness and support to decrease and ultimately stop the use of tobacco products.
Mothers Now Childless: Personal Transformation after the Death of an Only Child
Authors: Talbot Kay
Published: May 2005

This author's research is the first to address the dual loss of a child and of the role of parent. Earlier published findings (Talbot, 1996–97 & 1997–98) have emphasized the search for meaningful ways to continue “mothering” as part of a new, more integrated identity which acknowledges the child's death but also preserves the child's memory and honors the woman's past life as a mother. A positive life attitude (as measured by the Life Attitude Profile-Revised, Reker, 1992) was found to be an important indicator of adaptation to this unique form of bereavement. This third article discusses the impact of loss on human development and reports on factors associated with changes in personal identity experienced by the participants. Four factors were found to be common among those participants who felt they had survived their loss and changed in positive ways: 1) resolving a spiritual crisis brought about by the child's death; 2) making a conscious decision to survive; 3) reaching out to help others by volunteering or working in a helping profession; and 4) integrating what was learned from surviving the child's death into a new, more compassionate identity.
Aristotelian Rhetorical Theory as a Framework for Teaching Scientific and Technical Communication
Authors: Newman Sara
Published: May 2005

Classical rhetorical theory has been used for relatively discrete, practice-oriented purposes in its application to teaching Scientific and Technical Communication. However effective these appropriations are, they isolate these resources from a comprehensive framework and from that framework's role in shaping disciplinary practice. Because these theoretical assets are integral to each student's preparation to be an effective, responsible practitioner, I have developed and taught an upper level rhetorical theory course for STC majors that is grounded in Aristotle's On Rhetoric and in his understanding that effective communication is a systematic tekhne/art.
Death Anxiety, Disclosure Behaviors, and Attitudes of Oncologists toward Terminal Care
Authors: Cochrane Joyce B. , Levy Marvin R. , Fryer John E. , Oglesby Carole A.
Published: May 2005

Relationships among death anxiety, disclosure behaviors, and attitudes of oncologists toward terminal care were examined by means of a questionnaire responded to by ninety-nine members of the Oncology Society of New Jersey. Death anxiety scores were lower for oncologists than typically reported for physicians in general. Oncologists with low death anxiety scores related to dying patients more effectively than oncologists with high death anxiety scores. Short-term repeated exposure to dying patients resulted in comfort with dying patients while long-term repeated exposure resulted in discomfort. Disclosure to patients' families was clearly a more frequently reported behavior than disclosure to the patient. Oncologists who did not always disclose a terminal prognosis to the patient reported difficulty with disclosure, tried to avoid direct disclosure, and were not as comfortable with dying patients as with other patients.
What's inside the Black Box: A Case Study of Allocative Politics in the Hill-Burton Program
Authors: Feshbach Dan
Published: May 2005

This paper explores the political and bureaucratic determinants of grant allocations within the Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (the Hill-Burton Act), which established the major hospital construction subsidy program in the United States. Resource allocation within the Hill-Burton Program was neither purely a function of external political forces impinging on the state nor purely a result of internal organizational factors. Instead, as shown in the analysis which follows, external political forces shaped program structure, operating routines, and rules and regulations at the time of the Program's formation. Rules and regulations depoliticized the grant allocation process while institutionalizing the interests of hospitals and other producers into the program structure. Consumer interests and influence are excluded from program decision making. Once established, the rules and regulations and a set of bureaucratic behaviors play a critical role in determining resource allocation. Rules and regulations facilitate distributing divisible benefits to producer interests in a politically predictable way. Yet rules and regulations must also regulate the supply of hospital beds in accordance with local and national market conditions. The mode of operations required for distributing benefits in a politically predictable way limited the Program's ability to regulate hospital bed supply. This was a critical factor which led the Hill-Burton Program to subsidize excess capacity in the U.S. hospital system and is a useful way of explaining many similar dysfunctions within allocative programs such as Hill-Burton.
Understanding the Diversity of Student Computing Activity
Authors: Wiebe Eric N. , Clark Aaron C.
Published: May 2005

A College of Education and Psychology undertook a survey of its majors to gain a better understanding of computer ownership and usage. Of interest was whether all logical groupings of students (e.g., graduate vs. undergraduate, gender, age, ethnicity) could be created equivalent in terms of their access and experience with computing. The results of the survey found a very high percentage of students (91.1 percent) owned computers, with no difference found on the basis of year in school, gender, or ethnicity. Differences in the number of hours per week that a computer was used and the types of activities the computer was used for were found based on the age and full/part-time status in school. The results of the survey also indicated that Internet usage is ubiquitous across all years in school but with differences seen based on gender and ethnicity. Differences in other types of applications (i.e., word processing, presentation, spreadsheet/database, and statistics) were also seen both between applications and between year in school. Students' perceived skill level and the application usage were significantly positively correlated. Implications of strategic planning for computing policy and instruction are discussed.
Electronic Learning Aids and the Family as Educator
Authors: Bergstrom Joan M. , Lazar Irving
Published: May 2005

What influence will electronic learning aids such as electronic toys and games and microcomputers have on the role of the family as educators of its children? This article describes these devices, reviews relevant research, and focuses on current efforts to understand how electronic learning aids, especially microcomputers, might change learning environments. Studies are still inconclusive but it is evident that aids such as the microcomputer have tremendous potential for children's acquisition of a wide range of skills. Implications for the social and educational equity of children are explored. Specific areas for future investigation are highlighted. These include how to better understand children's use of microcomputers at home, the learning process that takes place within the family, and the ways that microcomputers might affect family interaction.
Vietnamese Perceptions of Community and Health: Implications for the Practice of Community Health Education
Authors: Lang Phung , Torres M. Idali
Published: May 2005

This article examines the perceptions of community, community-based organizations, and their attributed influence on health and behavior. This case study is based on data from sixty survey questionnaires and forty-three in-depth interviews conducted with Vietnamese community residents, including a group of health workers. Some participants attributed the same supportive role and function to the community as a social unit (“cong dong”) and the community-based organizations (“co quan cong dong”). Health was considered by far the most important component when compared to family, finance, and community. While the influence of the community on their own personal health was perceived as limited, significant influence was attributed to community expectations in personal behaviors. Findings are examined within the context of an evolving process of adaptation to a new environment, the role of culture as a barrier or facilitator for health promotion, and the limitations of the study.
An Overview of Primary Health Care
Authors: Fry John
Published: May 2005

Primary health care has become a focus of interest from the World Health Organization down. The hopes that more emphasis on primary care will lead to less expensive and better care will not be realized unless a more critical analysis of its problems is undertaken and some of its defects and deficiencies put right. Its roles must be better defined and the work shared within a team; training and education must be more related to its needs; and much sharper research is required to decide what is useful and what is useless.
Changing Approaches in Women's Health: New Insights and New Pitfalls in Prenatal Preventive Care
Authors: Romito Patrizia , Hovelaque Françoise
Published: May 2005

In this article, we contend that the standard definition of risk factors in pregnancy is not the neutral or technical process that women may assume it to be, but is colored by the prejudice of its context: a capitalist and patriarchal society. In such a society, only paid work is valued, and thus there is little study of the ill effects of housework on pregnant women; such a study would mean considering and possibly changing our sex-biased division of labor. Physicians and the mass media stress risk factors such as smoking, while omitting to mention that drugs prescribed by doctors are not always safe, and some are prescribed for years before—and even after—their harmful effects are known. Further examples are given from the field of childbirth, and we advance the hypothesis that, especially in fee-for-service medical systems, the physician can represent a risk factor. “Information” is often offered as the solution for pregnancy risks, the responsibility for this being the woman's. The mystification and narrowness of such a victim-blaming approach are evident. The key factor in prenatal preventive care is the mother's level of education: to admit this would be to acknowledge the need for change of a social system that keeps women in ignorance. We point out the limitations of the proposed individualistic solutions and conclude that, in redefining risk factors for women and their babies, we must analyze our society in feminist terms and in terms of social class.
Patterns of Microcomputer Use in Teaching Mathematics and Science
Authors: Shavelson Richard J. , Winkler John D. , Stasz Cathleen , Feibel Werner
Published: May 2005

This study describes how teachers nominated as “successful” in their microcomputer-based instruction teach mathematics and science, and how their computer use differs in response to district, school, classroom, and individual characteristics. Research carried out in sixty classrooms, forty-nine schools, and twenty-five districts in California provided data on district and school microcomputer policies; classroom contexts; and teachers' characteristics, instructional decisions, and practices. Teachers' microcomputer-based instruction systematically varied according to their goals; extent of microcomputer use, integration into the curriculum, and coordination with other activities; and the extent to which they varied the modes of computer instruction, ranging from almost exclusive drill and practice to the orchestration of drill and practice, tutorials, simulations, microworlds, and games. This diversity was related to teachers' subject matter and computer knowledge, and the student composition of their classrooms. Teachers with extensive undergraduate coursework in science tended to use drill and practice, whereas teachers with substantial courseware knowledge tended to orchestrate various modes. Students in classrooms characterized as low in ability and high in minority percentages received drill-and-practice instruction while students in classrooms characterized as high in ability and low in minority percentages received “orchestrated” instruction.
A Phonological Reading Model for Technical Communicators
Authors: Connatser Bradford R.
Published: May 2005

When people read silently, they unconsciously translate what they read into a speech-like code that facilitates word identification and the creation of meaning. This article examines that phenomenon—known as silent speech—based upon the published research of cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists. The author develops a phonological model of reading based upon published results of experimental investigators to determine the relationship between cognition and silent speech. The author then applies the model to technical communication. The applications include the use of punctuation, pronouns, and abbreviations, as well as introducing new words, writing to satisfy the speech instinct, cultivating a human voice, and revising technical documents.
Teaching about Dying and Death in a Multidisciplinary Student Group
Authors: Barton David , Crowder Miles K. , Flexner John M.
Published: May 2005

A number of dimensions which emerged in instructing a multidisciplinary class of medical students, nursing students, social work students and theology students about dying and death are discussed in this paper. As the group process proved to be the single most important aspect of the multidisciplinary course, primary attention is devoted to this phenomenon as it evolved in the class. The course provided a laboratory in which students from varying disciplines could evaluate their roles and transactions and begin to work together to focus on important matters involved in caring for the dying. In so doing the recognition of a solidarity of purpose, shared feeling, and mutual support emerged. Care for the dying person is often provided by physicians, nurses, hospital chaplains, psychologists, community clergymen, social workers and other personnel.
Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: Neuropsychiatric Manifestations
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Hegedus Andrea M. , Van Thiel David H. , Schade Robert R.
Published: May 2005

Portal-systemic encephalopathy, which occurs as a consequence of cirrhosis of the liver, is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Problems related to the differential diagnosis and medical management of portal-systemic encephalopathy, as compared to other more usual psychiatric disorders, are discussed. Also addressed are issues of particular concern to psychiatry, such as the use of pharmacotherapeutics and the rehabilitation of alcoholism, which are commonly seen in individuals with portal-systemic encephalopathy and liver disease, as well as in the general psychiatric patient population.
Perspectives on the Use of European Material Culture at Two Mid-To-Late 17th-Century Native American Sites in the Chesapeake
Authors: Galke Laura J.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the assemblages of two Contact period Native American sites: Posey (c. 1650-1700) and Camden (c. 1680-1710). While the collections from these two sites share many similarities, their analysis revealed that occupants of the Posey site had far greater proportions of European material goods than their counterparts at the Camden site. The amount of European artifacts at each site was scant at best, but Posey residents used European artifacts as commodities for trade while Camden inhabitants possessed a number of formal European tools, suggesting that they were more directly integrated into daily activities.
Primary Health Care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Fry John , Stephen W. John
Published: May 2005

General practice is one of the three bases of care in the British National Health Service (NHS); the other two are hospital and community services. Each is administered separately. There are 30,000 general practitioners (for a population of 57 million), who are independent and can organize their work as they see fit. Few are single-handed (13 percent) and the majority work in groups of three to five physicians. They are paid by capitation fees, and fees for specific services, and also receive reimbursements for staff, premises rental, and local taxes (rates). They work in close association with practice teams that include nurses, midwives, and social workers. There are no universal hospital privileges but many general practitioners hold appointments in local hospitals. Important trends in the NHS include mandatory vocational training of general practitioners for three years; the growing importance of attempts by the Royal College of General Practitioners to shift care from the hospital to the community; increased patient participation; clashes between the government and the medical profession over restricted funding of the NHS; definition and improvement of “quality,” and a need for improved data collection; and long waits for hospital services.