bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plano de Imanência e Univocidade do Ser em Deleuze
Authors: Carvalho Jairo Dias
Published: September 2014

O texto pretende mostrar que, apesar de Deleuze dizer que a univocidade possui três grandes momentos na história da filosofia, Duns Scoto, Spinoza e Nietzsche, sua filosofia mesma constitui um momento contemporâneo nesta história. Será a idéia de plano de imanência a resposta propriamente deleuziana ao problema da oposição entre a analogia de proporção e a univocidade do ser na história da filosofia.
Entre Deleuze e Canguilhem: filosofia crítica, vitalismo e problema do pensamento
Authors: Janvier Antoine
Published: September 2014

A epistemologia histórico-racionalista de Canguilhem, seu gosto pelo concreto, as áreas a que se refere - a medicina, o estudo da patologia, a fisiologia, a biologia - parecem longe dos grandes estudos metafísicos do "primeiro" Deleuze e de seu interesse pela sistematização conceitual abstrata. Mas nos situaremos aqui num outro nível: o dos problemas e projetos filosóficos. Sobre esse plano, apresentamos o entrecruzamento das leituras do Essai e de Nietzsche et la philosophie, para ver como é esclarecedor: enquanto um Canguilhem menos exclusivamente racionalista aí aparece, vemos na pesquisa filosofia efetivada por Deleuze algo distinto de um gesto que eleva a reflexão a um grau suplementar de abstração. Mais profundamente, tal aproximação coloca sob novas perspectivas a tripla significação da refundação do criticismo kantiano como uma filosofia de valores, de sua relação com uma "filosofia de vida" e de seu ponto culminante na problematização da imagem do pensamento.
Voltaire pensador da tolerância: do combate ao fanatismo à luta contra o ateísmo
Authors: Charles Sébastien
Published: September 2014

A militância de Voltaire em favor da tolerância parece um truísmo, dado o conhecimento do caráter sistemático de sua luta contra o fanatismo religioso e a reabilitação dos condenados que essa mesma luta logrou. Mas é forçoso reconhecer que, em seu combate contra o fanatismo, Voltaire parece mais interessado pelos efeitos produzidos no nível prático do combate, e notadamente pelo sucesso obtido em favor dos defendidos, muitas vezes póstumo, infelizmente, que pela preocupação de convencer teoricamente seus adversários. A prova está no fato de que o Tratado sobre a tolerância tem apenas uma pequena parte argumentativa, o essencial reside em mostrar por meio de exemplos os estragos do fanatismo, particularmente o religioso, durante o curso da história. Contudo, Voltaire não é alheio a uma verdadeira reflexão teórica sobre o conceito de tolerância, mas esta lhe parece ineficaz ou incapaz de conquistar a convicção da maioria de seus contemporâneos que prefere a denúncia das injustiças apresentada em termos de fatos mais do que em termos de direito. Resta que Voltaire não se restringe à exposição dos fatos, ele sabe que a filosofia e o direito têm sua palavra sobre o assunto, e que a teoria influi sobre a prática como esta sobre a primeira. Daí porque, parece-me, a reflexão de Voltaire sobre a noção de tolerância não permanece somente no nível das tomadas de posição do filósofo de Ferney a respeito deste ou daquele sujeito cujos direitos foram agredidos, mas que ela deve também ser apreendida no nível teórico, pois, sobre este ponto também, a posição de Voltaire é ao mesmo tempo original e sem concessão, rompendo radicalmente com aquela de um de seus mestres ingleses, John Locke.
Como levar Cândido a sério ou caricatura literária e crítica da teodiceia em Voltaire
Authors: Brandão Rodrigo
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo pretende lançar alguma luz sobre como Cândido ou o otimismo opera sua crítica ao sistema leibiniziano. Para compreender o valor filosófico de Cândido e seu lugar preciso na vasta obra de Voltaire, realizaremos percursos distintos. Primeiro, percorreremos rapidamente a história do problema do mal no início do século XVIII, especialmente como o problema se apresenta no debate travado por Leibniz e Bayle. Em segundo lugar, consideraremos brevemente a metafísica do mal de Voltaire. Os quarenta anos em que se dedicou à questão do mal não são monótonos, constituem-se de variações, de aproximações e distanciamentos em relação tanto ao otimismo de Alexander Pope quanto ao de Leibniz. Em terceiro lugar, tendo em vista as posições de Leibniz e Bayle e as distintas atitudes de Voltaire em relação ao otimismo filosófico, consideraremos alguns exemplos das caricaturas do otimismo em Cândido para ver como elas portam uma verdadeira crítica ao sistema leibniziano.
O jogo do erro e da verdade nos diálogos filosóficos de Voltaire
Authors: Pujol Stéphane
Published: September 2014

Tudo se passa como se a escrita filosófica de Voltaire se desenvolvesse em uma dupla oposição: de um lado, ela visa denunciar o palavrório dos fazedores de sistemas e a cacofonia a que ele conduz, opondo-lhes a prudência e a modéstia; de outro, ela pretende restaurar, contra a tentação cética, o direito à busca da verdade.  Em Voltaire, o discurso filosófico nasce desta tensão, do desejo de dizer o mundo e da vontade de se calar, tensão que a escolha do diálogo tem por função explicitar, dramatizando-a. Perguntamo-nos, então, sobre o lugar e o estatuto da filosofia nos Diálogos. Conteúdo ou continente, conjunto de temas ou modalidade discursiva, a filosofia não está tranquila nesses textos, ela aparece em muitos aspectos como uma exigência problemática.
Simulation of high‐energy radiation belt electron fluxes using NARMAX‐VERB coupled codes
Authors: Pakhotin I. P. , Drozdov A. Y. , Shprits Y. Y. , Boynton R. J. , Subbotin D. A. , Balikhin M. A.
Published: September 2014

This study presents a fusion of data‐driven and physics‐driven methodologies of energetic electron flux forecasting in the outer radiation belt. Data‐driven NARMAX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive Moving Averages with eXogenous inputs) model predictions for geosynchronous orbit fluxes have been used as an outer boundary condition to drive the physics‐based Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code, to simulate energetic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt environment. The coupled system has been tested for three extended time periods totalling several weeks of observations. The time periods involved periods of quiet, moderate, and strong geomagnetic activity and captured a range of dynamics typical of the radiation belts. The model has successfully simulated energetic electron fluxes for various magnetospheric conditions. Physical mechanisms that may be responsible for the discrepancies between the model results and observations are discussed.
Connecting early summer cloud‐controlled sunlight and late summer sea ice in the Arctic
Authors: Choi Yong‐Sang , Kim Baek‐Min , Hur Sun‐Kyong , Kim Seong‐Joong , Kim Joo‐Hong , Ho Chang‐Hoi
Published: September 2014

This study demonstrates that absorbed solar radiation (ASR) at the top of the atmosphere in early summer (May–July) plays a precursory role in determining the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) in late summer (August–October). The monthly ASR anomalies are obtained over the Arctic Ocean (65°N–90°N) from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System during 2000–2013. The ASR changes primarily with cloud variation. We found that the ASR anomaly in early summer is significantly correlated with the SIC anomaly in late summer (correlation coefficient, r ≈ −0.8 with a lag of 1 to 4 months). The region exhibiting high (low) ASR anomalies and low (high) SIC anomalies varies yearly. The possible reason is that the solar heat input to ice is most effectively affected by the cloud shielding effect under the maximum TOA solar radiation in June and amplified by the ice‐albedo feedback. This intimate delayed ASR‐SIC relationship is not represented in most of current climate models. Rather, the models tend to over‐emphasize internal sea ice processes in summer.
Quantitative generalizations for catchment sediment yield following forest logging
Authors: Bathurst James C. , Iroumé Andrés
Published: September 2014

Published data for temperate forests across the world are analyzed to investigate the potential for generalized quantitative expressions of catchment sediment yield impact in the years immediately following logging. Such generalizations would be useful in a variety of forestry and engineering tasks and would aid the spread of knowledge amongst both relevant professionals and new students. Data were assembled for paired catchment studies (51 catchments including 16 controls) that enabled the postlogging sediment yield impact to be compared with both the prelogging period and an undisturbed control catchment, using a specially defined relative response factor. Three categories of impact were derived: low‐moderate, high, and very high, defined by specific ranges in the maximum value of the relative response factor. The maximum increase in specific sediment yield (in t km−2 yr−1) following logging is 1 order of magnitude above the control sediment yield at both the annual and storm event scales, at least under normal circumstances of Best Management Practice. There is no apparent relationship between sediment yield and the proportion of catchment logged, at least at the general scale. A cumulative probability distribution for the year in which the maximum postlogging sediment yield occurs, shows the majority of cases falling in the first 2 years. These generalizations refer to the broad response to logging as a function of ground disturbance, for example, by logging technique, roads, and burning. Although limited to order of magnitude quantification, they provide a basis for first estimates and for a general appreciation of an impact problem.
Becoming an Adult in a Community of Faith
Authors: Frye Steven B.
Published: September 2014

This chapter describes developmental needs of emerging young adults and how they are often met, or not met, in faith communities. The author offers recommendations for creating better connections with today's emerging young adults.
Early Rehabilitation After Total Knee Replacement Surgery: A Multicenter, Noninferiority, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing a Home Exercise Program With Usual Outpatient Care
Authors: Han Annie S. Y. , Nairn Lillias , Harmer Alison R. , Crosbie Jack , March Lyn , Parker David , Crawford Ross , Fransen Marlene
Published: September 2014

Objective

To determine, at 6 weeks postsurgery, if a monitored home exercise program (HEP) is not inferior to usual care rehabilitation for patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee replacement (TKR) surgery for osteoarthritis.

Methods

We conducted a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Patients ages 45–75 years were allocated at the time of hospital discharge to usual care rehabilitation (n = 196) or the HEP (n = 194). Outcomes assessed 6 weeks after surgery included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain and physical function subscales, knee range of motion, and the 50‐foot walk time. The upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) mean difference favoring usual care was used to determine noninferiority.

Results

At 6 weeks after surgery there were no significant differences between usual care and HEP, respectively, for pain (7.4 and 7.2; 95% CI mean difference [MD] −0.7, 0.9), physical function (22.5 and 22.4; 95% CI MD −2.5, 2.6), knee flexion (96° and 97°; 95% CI MD −4°, 2°), knee extension (−7° and −6°; 95% CI MD −2°, 1°), or the 50‐foot walk time (12.9 and 12.9 seconds; 95% CI MD −0.8, 0.7 seconds). At 6 weeks, 18 patients (9%) allocated to usual care and 11 (6%) to the HEP did not achieve 80° knee flexion. There was no difference between the treatment allocations in the number of hospital readmissions.

Conclusion

The HEP was not inferior to usual care as an early rehabilitation protocol after primary TKR.
Tramadol—A True Natural Product?
Authors: Kusari Souvik , Tatsimo Simplice Joel N. , Zühlke Sebastian , Talontsi Ferdinand M. , Kouam Simeon Fogue , Spiteller Michael
Published: September 2014

We have independently investigated the source of tramadol, a synthetic analgesic largely used for treating moderate to severe pain in humans, recently found in the roots of the Cameroonian medicinal plant, Nauclea latifolia. We found tramadol and its three major mammalian metabolites (O‐desmethyltramadol, N‐desmethyltramadol, and 4‐hydroxycyclohexyltramadol) in the roots of N. latifolia and five other plant species, and also in soil and local water bodies only in the Far North region of Cameroon. The off‐label administration of tramadol to cattle in this region leads to cross‐contamination of the soil and water through feces and urine containing parent tramadol as well as tramadol metabolites produced in the animals. These compounds can then be absorbed by the plant roots and also leached into the local water supplies. The presence of tramadol in roots is, thus, due to an anthropogenic contamination with the synthetic compound.
The Asymmetric Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction in the Syntheses of Biologically Relevant Compounds
Authors: Eschenbrenner‐Lux Vincent , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: September 2014

The hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in the chemistry toolbox for the synthesis of aza‐ and oxa‐heterocycles embodying multiple stereogenic centers. However, as compared to other cycloadditions, in particular the dipolar cycloadditions and the Diels–Alder reaction, the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction has been much less explored and exploited in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, this powerful transformation has opened up efficient and creative routes to biologically relevant small molecules and different natural products which contain six‐membered oxygen or nitrogen ring systems. Recent developments in this field, in particular in the establishment of enantioselectively catalyzed hetero‐Diels–Alder cycloadditions steered by a plethora of different catalysts and the application of the resulting small molecules in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research, are highlighted in this Minireview.
Alkaline Earth Guests in Polyoxopalladate Chemistry: From Nanocube to Nanostar via an Open‐Shell Structure
Authors: Yang Peng , Xiang Yixian , Lin Zhengguo , Bassil Bassem S. , Cao Jie , Fan Linyuan , Fan Yanxuan , Li Ming‐Xing , Jiménez‐Lozano Pablo , Carbó Jorge J. , Poblet Josep M. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: September 2014

The three novel, discrete palladium(II)‐oxo clusters [CaPd12O8(PhAsO3)8]6− (CaPd12), [SrPd12O6(OH)3(PhAsO3)6(OAc)3]4− (SrPd12), and [BaPd15O10(PhAsO3)10]8− (BaPd15) encapsulating alkaline earth metal ions were prepared and fully characterized by a multitude of solution and solid‐state physicochemical techniques. We have discovered a structure‐directing template effect induced by the respective size of the alkaline earth guest ion, which determines the detailed condensation arrangement of the peripheral PdII‐oxo shell. The unprecedented SrPd12 with an open‐shell type structure is of particular importance and reflects a successful strategy for deliberate design of new structural classes of polyoxo‐noble‐metalates. Furthermore, the unusual acetate–water ligand exchange phenomenon renders SrPd12 as a promising candidate for noble‐metal‐based catalysis.
Insect‐Derived Proline‐Rich Antimicrobial Peptides Kill Bacteria by Inhibiting Bacterial Protein Translation at the 70 S Ribosome
Authors: Krizsan Andor , Volke Daniela , Weinert Stefanie , Sträter Norbert , Knappe Daniel , Hoffmann Ralf
Published: September 2014

Proline‐rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) have been investigated and optimized by several research groups and companies as promising lead compounds to treat systemic infections caused by Gram‐negative bacteria. PrAMPs, such as apidaecins and oncocins, enter the bacteria and kill them apparently through inhibition of specific targets without a lytic effect on the membranes. Both apidaecins and oncocins were shown to bind with nanomolar dissociation constants to the 70S ribosome. In apidaecins, at least the two C‐terminal residues (Arg17 and Leu18) interact strongly with the 70S ribosome, whereas residues Lys3, Tyr6, Leu7, and Arg11 are the major interaction sites in oncocins. Oncocins inhibited protein biosynthesis very efficiently in vitro with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) of 150 to 240 nmol L−1. The chaperone DnaK is most likely not the main target of PrAMPs but it binds them with lower affinity.
Enantioselective Divergent Syntheses of Several Polyhalogenated Plocamium Monoterpenes and Evaluation of Their Selectivity for Solid Tumors
Authors: Vogel Carl V. , Pietraszkiewicz Halina , Sabry Omar M. , Gerwick William H. , Valeriote Frederick A. , Vanderwal Christopher D.
Published: September 2014

The family of polyhalogenated monoterpenes from Plocamium counts over a hundred known members. Using glyceraldehyde acetonide as a chiral‐pool precursor, an enantioselective and divergent strategy was developed that provides a blueprint for the synthesis of many of the small yet complex acyclic members of this family. The broad applicability of this approach is demonstrated with the short, eight‐step synthesis of four natural products and three analogues. These syntheses are the first of any members of the acyclic polyhalogenated Plocamium monoterpenes and permitted the evaluation of their selectivity against a range of tumor cell lines.
Association of a Mutation in LACC1 With a Monogenic Form of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Wakil Salma M. , Monies Dorota M. , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Al‐Tassan Nada , Al‐Dusery Haya , Naim Ewa A. , Al‐Younes Banan , Shinwari Jameela , Al‐Mohanna Futwan A. , Meyer Brian F. , Al‐Mayouf Sulaiman
Published: September 2014

Objective

The pathologic basis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a subject of some controversy, with evidence for both autoimmune and autoinflammatory etiologies. Several monogenic autoinflammatory disorders have been described, but thus far, systemic JIA has only been attributed to a mutation of MEFV in rare cases and has been weakly associated with the HLA class II locus. This study was undertaken to identify the cause of an autosomal‐recessive form of systemic JIA.

Methods

We studied 13 patients with systemic JIA from 5 consanguineous families, all from the southern region of Saudi Arabia. We used linkage analysis, homozygosity mapping, and whole‐exome sequencing to identify the disease‐associated gene and mutation.

Results

Linkage analysis localized systemic JIA to a region on chromosome 13 with a maximum logarithm of odds score of 11.33, representing the strongest linkage identified to date for this disorder. Homozygosity mapping reduced the critical interval to a 1.02‐Mb region defined proximally by rs9533338 and distally by rs9595049. Whole‐exome sequencing identified a homoallelic missense mutation in LACC1, which encodes the enzyme laccase (multicopper oxidoreductase) domain–containing 1. The mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and segregated with disease in all 5 families based on an autosomal‐recessive pattern of inheritance and complete penetrance.

Conclusion

Our findings provide strong genetic evidence of an association of a mutation in LACC1 with systemic JIA in the families studied. Association of LACC1 with Crohn's disease and leprosy has been reported and justifies investigation of its role in autoinflammatory disorders.
Social Context and the Dynamics of Cooperative Choice
Authors: Rand David G. , Newman George E. , Wurzbacher Owen M.
Published: September 2014

Recent work using decontextualized economic games suggests that cooperation is a dynamic decision‐making process: Automatic responses typically support cooperation on average, while deliberation leads to increased selfishness. Here, we performed two studies examining how these temporal effects generalize to games with richer social context cues. Study 1 found that time pressure increased cooperation to a similar extent in games played with in‐group members and out‐group members. Study 2 found that time pressure increased cooperation to a similar extent in games described as competitions and games described as collaborations. These results show that previous positive effects of time pressure on cooperation are not unique to neutrally framed games devoid of social context and are not driven by implicit assumptions of shared group membership or cooperative norms. In doing so, our findings provide further insight into the cognitive underpinnings of cooperative decision making. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optogenetic control of signaling in mammalian cells
Authors: Beyer Hannes M. , Naumann Sebastian , Weber Wilfried , Radziwill Gerald
Published: September 2014

Molecular signals are sensed by their respective receptors and information is transmitted and processed by a sophisticated intracellular network controlling various biological functions. Optogenetic tools allow the targeting of specific signaling nodes for a precise spatiotemporal control of downstream effects. These tools are based on photoreceptors such as phytochrome B (PhyB), cryptochrome 2, or light–oxygen–voltage‐sensing domains that reversibly bind to specific interaction partners in a light‐dependent manner. Fusions of a protein of interest to the photoreceptor or their interaction partners may enable the control of the protein function by light‐mediated dimerization, a change of subcellular localization, or due to photocaging/‐uncaging of effectors. In this review, we summarize the photoreceptors and the light‐based mechanisms utilized for the modulation of signaling events in mammalian cells focusing on non‐neuronal applications. We discuss in detail optogenetic tools and approaches applied to control signaling events mediated by second messengers, Rho GTPases and growth factor‐triggered signaling cascades namely the RAS/RAF and phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase pathways. Applying the latest generation of optogenetic tools allows to control cell fate decisions such as proliferation and differentiation or to deliver therapeutic substances in a spatiotemporally controlled manner.
Live cell imaging compatible immobilization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in microfluidic platform for biodiesel research
Authors: Park Jae Woo , Na Sang Cheol , Nguyen Thanh Qua , Paik Sang‐Min , Kang Myeongwoo , Hong Daewha , Choi Insung S. , Lee Jae‐Hyeok , Jeon Noo Li
Published: September 2014

This paper describes a novel surface immobilization method for live‐cell imaging of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for continuous monitoring of lipid droplet accumulation. Microfluidics allows high‐throughput manipulation and analysis of single cells in precisely controlled microenvironment. Fluorescence imaging based quantitative measurement of lipid droplet accumulation in microalgae had been difficult due to their intrinsic motile behavior. We present a simple surface immobilization method using gelatin coating as the “biological glue.” We take advantage of hydroxyproline (Hyp)‐based non‐covalent interaction between gelatin and the outer cell wall of microalgae to anchor the cells inside the microfluidic device. We have continuously monitored single microalgal cells for up to 6 days. The immobilized microalgae remain viable (viability was comparable to bulk suspension cultured controls). When exposed to wall shear stress, most of the cells remain attached up to 0.1 dyne/cm2. Surface immobilization allowed high‐resolution, live‐cell imaging of mitotic process in real time‐which followed previously reported stages in mitosis of suspension cultured cells. Use of gelatin coated microfluidics devices can result in better methods for microalgae strain screening and culture condition optimization that will help microalgal biodiesel become more economically viable. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 494–501. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Providing Transparent Information to Empower Students’ Decision Making and Develop Institutional Capacity
Authors: Rodwell Gary
Published: September 2014

This chapter describes the University of Hawaii's work to develop an online navigational tool that helps students develop and execute their educational plans, and assists colleges with ensuring that they have the capacity to meet students’ needs.
Strengthening Program Pathways Through Transformative Change
Authors: Rodicio Lenore , Mayer Susan , Jenkins Davis
Published: September 2014

This chapter reports on a major college‐wide effort to smooth students’ paths as they enter the college, choose a program, and progress to a credential. Leadership, inclusiveness, and communication have been central to the success of the effort.
The Transmetalation Process in Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions: Calculations Indicate Lower Barrier via Boronate Intermediate
Authors: Ortuño Manuel A. , Lledós Agustí , Maseras Feliu , Ujaque Gregori
Published: September 2014

Recent experimental reports have called into question the validity of the boronate mechanism (through a RB(OH)3− intermediate) for the transmetalation step in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling, favoring instead the palladium hydroxo pathway (through an [LnPd(R′)(OH)] intermediate). Herein we report DFT calculations with the M06 functional performed on realistic model systems, including a combination of explicit solvent molecules along with a continuum method. These computational results support the boronate mechanism. The mechanistic proposal is shown to be compatible with the available experimental evidence.
Efficient Hydrogenation of Alkyl Formate to Methanol over Nanocomposite Copper/Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Du Xian‐Long , Sun Xue‐Ping , Jin Chan , Jiang Zheng , Su Dang Sheng , Wang Jian‐Qiang
Published: September 2014

The production of methanol, an important fuel and chemical feedstock, from carbon dioxide is an important process for CO2 utilization. We describe herein a mild and efficient method for the indirect hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol via a CO2‐derived formate ester intermediate by using a simple heterogeneous catalyst system comprising Cu highly dispersed in an alumina matrix under solvent‐free conditions. This catalyst is also effective for the hydrogenation of other formate esters, such as ethyl formate, propyl formate, and butyl formate.
Heterocycles from α‐Aminonitriles
Authors: Otto Nicola , Opatz Till
Published: September 2014

Owing to their various modes of reactivity, α‐aminonitriles represent versatile building blocks for the construction of a wide range of nitrogen heterocycles. The present Concept article focuses on synthetic methodologies using their bifunctional nature which is the basis of their reactivity as α‐amino carbanions and as iminium ions. Reactions exclusively taking place on either the amine or on the nitrile moiety will not be considered.
An analytic network process and trapezoidal interval‐valued fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution network access selection method
Authors: Skondras Emmanouil , Sgora Aggeliki , Michalas Angelos , Vergados Dimitrios D.
Published: September 2014

Next generation wireless networks consist of many heterogeneous access technologies that should support various service types with different quality of service (QoS) constraints, as well as user, requirements and provider policies. Therefore, the need for network selection mechanisms that consider multiple factors must be addressed. In this paper, a network selection method is proposed by applying the analytic network process to estimate the weights of the selection criteria, as well as a fuzzy version of technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to perform the ranking of network alternatives. The method is applied to a heterogeneous network environment providing different QoS classes and policy characteristics. Each user applies the method to select the most appropriate network, which satisfies his or her requirements in respect of his or her service‐level agreement (SLA). Performance evaluation shows that when the user requests only one service, the proposed method performs better compared to the original technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, as well as the Fuzzy AHP‐ELECTRE method. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied in cases where a user requires multiple services simultaneously on a device. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed method shows that it can be properly adjusted to conform to network environment changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition/Cyclization Cascade Reaction of 3‐Isothiocyanatooxindoles with Nitro Olefins
Authors: Kayal Satavisha , Mukherjee Santanu
Published: September 2014

The first organocatalytic asymmetric reaction of 3‐isothiocyanatooxindoles with nitro olefins has been developed by using a cinchonidine‐derived bifunctional catalyst. The resulting products, highly functionalized 3,2′‐pyrrolidinyl‐substituted spirooxindole derivatives, were obtained in high yields with good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to dr >20:1 and er = 96:4). This Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction employs monosubstituted nitro olefins and complements the ZnII‐catalyzed variant, which is only applicable to disubstituted nitro olefins.
2‐Nitroglycals: Versatile Building Blocks for the Synthesis of 2‐Aminoglycosides
Authors: Delaunay Thierry , Poisson Thomas , Jubault Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: September 2014

2‐Deoxy‐2‐amino‐substituted glycosides are ubiquitous compounds in biochemistry and biology. Therefore, the development of new synthetic pathways to access natural and non‐natural derivatives is highly desirable. In that context, 2‐nitroglycals appeared as versatile building blocks for reaching those targets. Since their first introduction almost forty years ago, their synthetic utility has been widely demonstrated and they have been used to access natural and non‐natural compounds with potent biological activity. The aim of this review is to summarize the developed routes to these versatile intermediates as well as their reactivity. The main applications of the chemistry developed with 2‐nitroglycal derivatives is also highlighted in this first review.
Campus Activism in the 21st Century: A Historical Framing
Authors: Broadhurst Christopher J.
Published: September 2014

This chapter frames campus activism by introducing the historical movements that have been important for higher education since the 18th century to the present and exploring the connections and shared characteristics among these various movements.
Predicting hydration energies for multivalent ions
Authors: Andersson Martin P. , Stipp Susan L. S.
Published: September 2014

We have predicted the free energy of hydration for 40 monovalent and multivalent cations and anions using density functional theory and the implicit solvent model COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO‐RS) at the Becke‐Perdew (BP)/Triple zeta valence with polarization functions (TZVP) level. Agreement with experimental data for monovalent and divalent ions is good and shows no significant systematic errors. Predictions are noticeably better than with standard COSMO. The agreement with experimental data for trivalent and tetravalent ions is slightly worse and shows systematic errors. Our results indicate that quantum chemical calculations combined with COSMO‐RS solvent treatment is a reliable method for treating multivalent ions in solution, provided one hydration shell of explicit water molecules is included for metal cations. The accuracy is not high enough to allow absolute predictions of hydration energies but could be used to investigate trends for several ions, thanks to the low computational cost, in particular for ligand exchange reactions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Anatase Hollow TiO2 Spheres and Their Photocatalytic Activity in the Photodegradation of Chlorpyrifos
Authors: Baharvand Afrouz , Ali Rusmidah , Yusof Alias Mohd , Ibrahim Akos Noel , Chandren Sheela , Nur Hadi
Published: September 2014

Hollow anatase titania (TiO2) spheres were synthesized using fructose and tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC4H9)4, TBT) as the precursors via the conventional hard template method. The morphological, structural and thermal properties of the products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) surface area analysis and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet visible (DR UVVis) spectroscopy. XRD revealed that the hollow TiO2 prepared was in the anatase phase and the BET surface area measured was about 22 m2 g−1. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized hollow anatase TiO2 in the photodecomposition of chlorpyrifos was 18.67 % higher than that obtained using commercial TiO2.
One‐pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Catalysed by Cupric Acetate under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Kathing Chingrishon , Rani Jims World Star , Singh Nongthombam Geetmani , Tumtin Shokip , Nongrum Ridaphun , Nongkhlaw Rishanlang
Published: September 2014

A solvent‐free synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones from aromatic aldehydes, β‐keto ester/acetyl acetone and urea catalysed by cupric acetate under thermal condition is reported as a simple and an efficient protocol. Compared with classical Biginelli reaction reported in 1893, this new method provides much improved modification in terms of yield and reaction time. The usage of milder catalyst, environmental friendly procedures and excellent yields within a very short time (5–15 min) are the advantages of the method in which the involvement of solvent‐free condition adds an edge to the method. Thus, the efficiency of the protocol enabled the rapid synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives in a short duration.
Protein Distribution and Stalk Localization Following Temperature Variation in the Growth and Spiking Period of Phalaenopsis
Authors: Hsu Shan‐Te , Du Wan‐Shan , Liu Hsing‐Chin , Chen Li‐Chou , Cheng Chien‐Chung
Published: September 2014

Evaluation of the temperature influence of proteins on the growth and spiking periods in Phalaenopsis can be achieved by proteomics. We analyzed protein variations in orchid leaves to elucidate the relationship between temperature change and the spiking process. In the growth period, protein distribution was similar in each leaf of the same orchid specimen. During cooling, the majority of protein activity is related to glycolysis during sugar consumption and carbon fixation during sugar storage. We identified three proteinsphosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) large chain precursorthat may regulate stalk generation at Leaf 3 in preference to Leaf 4. One regulatory pathway involves the termination of glycolysis through a reduction in phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) concentration, which prevents the metabolism of sugars. Simultaneously, another pathway stimulates carboxylases, such as PEPC and PPDK, to produce more sugars for stalk generation. These results indicate the possibility of regulation of the spiking process of Phalaenopsis.
Genome‐Wide Transcriptional and Functional Analysis of Endoglin Isoforms in the Human Promonocytic Cell Line U937
Authors: Blanco Francisco J. , Ojeda‐Fernandez Luisa , Aristorena Mikel , Gallardo‐Vara Eunate , Benguria Alberto , Dopazo Ana , Langa Carmen , Botella Luisa M. , Bernabeu Carmelo
Published: September 2014

Endoglin is an auxiliary cell surface receptor for TGF‐β family members. Two different alternatively spliced isoforms, long (L)‐endoglin and short (S)‐endoglin, have been reported. S‐endoglin and L‐endoglin proteins vary from each other in their cytoplasmic tails that contain 14 and 47 amino acids, respectively. A critical role for endoglin in vascular development has primarily been studied in endothelial cells. In addition, endoglin expression is upregulated during monocyte‐to‐macrophage differentiation; however, little is known about its role in this myeloid context. To investigate the function of endoglin in monocytes, stable transfectants expressing the two endoglin isoforms in the promonocytic human cell line U937 were generated. The differential gene expression fingerprinting of these endoglin transfectants using DNA microarrays and further bioinformatics analysis showed a clear alteration in essential biological functions, mainly those related to “Cellular Movement”, including cell adhesion and transmigration. Interestingly, these cellular functions are highly dependent on adhesion molecules, including integrins α1 (CD49a, ITGA1 gene), αL (CD11a, ITGAL gene), αM (CD11b, ITGAM gene) and β2 (CD18, ITGB2 gene) and the chemokine receptor CCR2 (CD192, CCR2 gene), which are downregulated in endoglin transfectants. Moreover, activin A (INHBA gene), a TGF‐β superfamily member involved in macrophage polarization, was distinctly affected in each endoglin transfectant, and may contribute to the regulated expression of integrins. These data were confirmed by quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and functional tests. Taken together, these results provide new insight into endoglin function in monocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 947–958, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model for food and stimulus changes that signal time‐based contingency changes
Authors: Cowie Sarah , Davison Michael , Elliffe Douglas
Published: September 2014

When the availability of reinforcers depends on time since an event, time functions as a discriminative stimulus. Behavioral control by elapsed time is generally weak, but may be enhanced by added stimuli that act as additional time markers. The present paper assessed the effect of brief and continuous added stimuli on control by time‐based changes in the reinforcer differential, using a procedure in which the local reinforcer ratio reversed at a fixed time after the most recent reinforcer delivery. Local choice was enhanced by the presentation of the brief stimuli, even when the stimulus change signalled only elapsed time, but not the local reinforcer ratio. The effect of the brief stimulus presentations on choice decreased as a function of time since the most recent stimulus change. We compared the ability of several versions of a model of local choice to describe these data. The data were best described by a model which assumed that error in discriminating the local reinforcer ratio arose from imprecise discrimination of reinforcers in both time and space, suggesting that timing behavior is controlled not only by discrimination elapsed time, but by discrimination of the reinforcer differential in time.
The nasal cavity of the sheep and its olfactory sensory epithelium
Authors: Barrios Arthur William , Sanchez Quinteiro Pablo , Salazar Ignacio
Published: September 2014

Macro and microdissection methods, conventional histology and immunohistochemical procedures were used to investigate the nasal cavity and turbinate complex in fetal and adult sheep, with special attention to the ethmoturbinates, the vestibular mucosa, and the septal mucosa posterior to the vomeronasal organ. The ectoturbinates, which are variable in number and size, emerge and develop later than the endoturbinates. The olfactory sensory epithelium is composed of basal cells, neurons, and sustentacular cells organized in strata, but numerous different types are distinguishable on the basis of their thickness and other properties; all variants are present on the more developed turbinates, endoturbinates II and III. Mature neurons and olfactory nerve bundles express olfactory marker protein. We found no structure with the characteristics that in mouse define the septal organ or the ganglion of Grüneberg. Our results thus suggest that in sheep olfactory sensory neurons are exclusively concentrated in the main olfactory epithelium and (to a lesser extent) in the vomeronasal organ. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:1052–1059, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid characterization and determination of multiple components in Bu‐Shen‐Yi‐Qi‐Fang by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Nurahmat Mammat , Chen Meixia , Luo Qingli , Ling Yun , Dong Jingcheng , Huang Chenggang
Published: September 2014

In this study, a qualitative and quantitative analysis using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed for the quality control of Bu‐Shen‐Yi‐Qi‐Fang, a traditional Chinese formula used for asthma. Thirty‐four compounds, including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and iridoid glycosides were identified or tentatively characterized by comparing their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic standards or literature data. Sixteen components were considered as the main bioactive constituents of Bu‐Shen‐Yi‐Qi‐Fang and they were chosen as the chemical markers in quantitative analysis, including catalpol, leonuride, calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside, hyperoside, acteoside, formononetin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside, epimedin A, calycosin, icariin, epimedin B, epimedin C, formononetin, astragaloside IV, astragaloside II, baohuoside‐I, and astragaloside I. The total run time was 20 min. It was found that the calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) within the test ranges. The relative standard deviations for intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were below 3.9 and 11.7%, respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by the recovery test within the range of 89.20–110.71% with the relative standard deviation < 4.8%. The sample was stable for at least 48 h at 4°C. The results showed that the new approach was effective for the quality control of Bu‐Shen‐Yi‐Qi‐Fang.
Gender and age in benign vocal fold lesions
Authors: Zhukhovitskaya Alisa , Battaglia Danielle , Khosla Sid M. , Murry Thomas , Sulica Lucian
Published: September 2014

Objective/Hypothesis

Certain lesions appear to occur predominantly in one gender or in younger or older patients. We examined a large sample from a treatment‐seeking population to describe gender and age associations of an array of benign vocal fold lesions.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

The medical records and evaluations of all adult patients presenting for care over a 5‐year period were examined for demographic characteristics and lesion type. A total of 641 lesions in 602 patients were grouped into 13 broad categories, and prevalence was compared between male and female patients and three age groups.

Results

Pseudocysts and bilateral midfold lesions occurred principally in young (18–39 years old) females (P < 0.0001). Reinke's edema was found in older (>39 years old) women (P < 0.012). Polyps, contact lesions, leukoplakia (all P < 0.0001), and sulcus (P < 0.0002) were found predominantly in men.

Conclusion

Certain benign mucosal lesions are strongly associated with age and especially with gender. These differences may be explained by intrinsic differences in laryngeal anatomy and phonatory physiology in these groups, including differences in phonatory frequency and air pressure, and in the ability of the membranous vocal fold to withstand phonotrauma. Such inherent differences have implications for treatment expectations and approaches.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:191–196, 2015
Inferior Turbinate classification system, grades 1 to 4: Development and validation study
Authors: Camacho Macario , Zaghi Soroush , Certal Victor , Abdullatif Jose , Means Casey , Acevedo Jason , Liu Stanley , Brietzke Scott E. , Kushida Clete A. , Capasso Robson
Published: September 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To develop a validated inferior turbinate grading scale.

Study Design

Development and validation study.

Methods

Phase 1 development (alpha test) consisted of a proposal of 10 different inferior turbinate grading scales (>1,000 clinic patients). Phase 2 validation (beta test) utilized 10 providers grading 27 standardized endoscopic photos of inferior turbinates using two different classification systems. Phase 3 validation (pilot study) consisted of 100 live consecutive clinic patients (n = 200 inferior turbinates) who were each prospectively graded by 18 different combinations of two independent raters, and grading was repeated by each of the same two raters, two separate times for each patient.

Results

In the development phase, 25% (grades 1–4) and 33% (grades 1–4) were the most useful systems. In the validation phase, the 25% classification system was found to be the best balance between potential clinical utility and ability to grade; the photo grading demonstrated a Cohen's kappa (κ) = 0.4671 ± 0.0082 (moderate inter‐rater agreement). Live‐patient grading with the 25% classification system demonstrated an overall inter‐rater reliability of 71.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.8–77.3), with overall substantial agreement (κ = 0.704 ± 0.028). Intrarater reliability was 91.5% (95% CI: 88.7–94.3). Distribution for the 200 inferior turbinates was as follows: 25% quartile = grade 1, 50% quartile (median) = grade 2, 75% quartile = grade 3, and 90% quartile = grade 4. Mean turbinate size was 2.22 (95% CI: 2.07‐2.34; standard deviation 1.02). Categorical κ was as follows: grade 1, 0.8541 ± 0.0289; grade 2, 0.7310 ± 0.0289; grade 3, 0.6997 ± 0.0289, and grade 4, 0.7760 ± 0.0289.

Conclusions

The 25% (grades 1–4) inferior turbinate classification system is a validated grading scale with high intrarater and inter‐rater reliability. This system can facilitate future research by tracking the effect of interventions on inferior turbinates.

Level of Evidence

2c Laryngoscope, 125:296–302, 2015
In vivo vocal fold cover layer replacement
Authors: Long Jennifer , Salinas Jonathan , Rafizadeh Sassan , Luegmair Georg , Zhang Zhaoyan , Chhetri Dinesh
Published: September 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

An animal vocal fold replacement model is needed to investigate treatments for vocal fold scarring. We developed a rabbit surgical model, hypothesizing that orthotopic vocal fold cover implants would attach and survive. We further hypothesized that superficial scarring would be limited, allowing unimpeded vibration.

Study Design

Translational research: animal surgical study.

Methods

Rabbit vocal fold covers were excised and immediately reimplanted. After 4 weeks, rabbits were phonated and vibration was recorded with high‐speed videography. Larynges were then excised, elastic moduli measured by indentation, and covers sectioned for histology.

Results

Five of six rabbits survived. Phonation was achieved in all, with mucosal waves evident. Elastic modulus did not differ significantly from contralateral uninjured control vocal folds. Histology demonstrated epithelial integrity, partial preservation of elastic fibers, and variable degrees of collagen deposition.

Conclusions

Vocal fold cover implantation in rabbits is feasible, and grafts survived. Attachment onto the thyroarytenoid muscle prevented excessive scarring, maintained tissue mechanics, and preserved mucosal vibration.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:406–411, 2015
Preclinical models: Needed in translation? A Pro/Con debate
Authors: Philips Thomas , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Pouladi Mahmoud A.
Published: September 2014

The discovery of the causative mutations and many of the predisposing risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease (HD), has led to the development of a large number of genetic animal models of disease. In the case of HD, for example, over 20 different transgenic rodent models have been generated. These models have been of immense value in providing novel insights into mechanisms of disease, with the promise of accelerating the development of therapies that can delay the onset or slow the progression of the disease. Yet, despite extensive use of such models, no effective treatment for HD has been developed. Here, we discuss the value of animal models, highlighting their strengths and shortcomings in the context of translational research for HD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society