bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospitality and Hostility in Judges 4
Authors: Matthews Victor H.
Published: April 2009

The customs that make up the hospitality code in the ancient Middle East, as portrayed in the biblical narrative, demonstrate the intent to maintain the honor of person, household and community by offering service and protection to strangers. Analogies between the code of hospitality found in the biblical narrative and more modem communities in the Middle East are striking. A model of behavior operates, which attempts to transform the hostile stranger into a non-threatening guest. However, if the protocol of custom is violated by either the guest or host, all restraints and protections are set aside and the host may become hostile. The episode in Judges 4 is explained by the application of the hospitality model. The author/editor manipulates customary expectations by using a scheme of systematic violation of the code of hospitality in working toward the climactic and ironic end.
R. E. Brown and J. L. Martyn: Johannine Studies in Retrospect
Authors: Koester Craig R.
Published: April 2009

The work of Raymond E. Brown and J. Louis Martyn has played a central role in Johannine studies for twenty-five years. Three aspects of their work are discussed. (1) Methods: Both stressed the importance of interpreting a text in its historical context, made creative use of the scholarly tradition, and tested their results against those of scholars using different methods. (2) Results: Both scholars pointed out the importance of the Johannine community's conflict with the synagogue and continued interest in Jewish Christians within the synagogue; they disagreed on the place of Gentiles in the evangelist's purview, because of different understandings of conflict and accommodation in the development of Johannine theology. (3) Hermeneutical interests: Brown's treatment of Johannine ecclesiology is shaped by recognition of the diversity within the canon. Martyn's views reflect the combination of reverence and freedom which each evangelist showed toward the tradition.
Wisdom in Jung's Answer To Job
Authors: Collins Brendan
Published: April 2009

Contemporary biblical scholarship in its understanding of the nature of lament, and the role and function of wisdom, provides a fresh context in which to view C. G. Jung's psychological commentary on the Book of Job. A brief review of the psychological model Jung used in his commentary on the Book of Job, and the practical implications of this model, is followed by a discussion of Jung's use of "lamentation" and his elaboration of the role of wisdom-an elaboration that expresses concerns similar to those contained in much of today's biblical scholarship.
Matthew 20:1-15: a Parable of Invidious Comparison and Evil Eye Accusation
Authors: Elliott John H.
Published: April 2009

The parable of the laborers in the vineyard (Matthew 20:1-15) contains one of numerous biblical references to the Evil Eye. Belief in the Evil Eye, its expression of envy, and its destructive power pervaded the ancient world of the Circum-Mediterranean. The frequent references to the Evil Eye in the Bible—modern translations and commentaries notwithstanding-indicate the extent to which the biblical communities also shared this belief. The present study reviews salient features of Evil Eye belief and behavior, typical aspects of the environment in which the belief has flourished, and references to the Evil Eye in the biblical writings. This information clarifies the cultural script latent in the Evil Eye parable of Matthew. The thesis advanced is that Matt 20:1-15 is a parable in which a typical Evil Eye accusation is employed to denounce envy as incompatible with life in the kingdom of heaven and detrimental to the community's well-being.
Lying and Deceit in the Letters to the Seven Churches
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

This study focuses on the phenomenon of lying and deceit in the seven church letters of the Book of Revelation. Diverse, intense concentrations of vocabulary involving deception and lies suggest that the social situation involved a strikingly high degree of misrepresentation and defamation in these churches. Anthropological literature identifies at least seven kinds of deceptions typical of Mediterranean persons in the service of honor-status. Indications in these letters reinforce the likelihood that in this world of honor-status, lying and deception may be socially acceptable strategies in the service of honor.
Ezekiel and the Covenant of Friendship
Authors: Sloan Ian B.
Published: April 2009

The slippery idea of "spirituality" might, with care, be put to use by biblical exegetes. Spirituality is defined in this paper as the social enactment of religious ideas. Four categories are offered to analyze the biblical witness as a record of spirituality. These categories are, first, an ultimate end; second, an ideal self-image by which this end might be achieved; third, an encoding of teachings in Scripture by which the self-image can be realized or understood; and fourth, a proposal for a way of life that makes achievement of the ultimate end a practical possibility. Accordingly, Ezekiel's "spirituality" may be understood to have, on one hand, an ultimate end of a return of the people to the land with the presence of God; and on the other, an ideal self-image of conversion of the community toward this ultimate end. Then it encodes, in oracles of judgment and deliverance, teachings that enable adherents to form the ideal self-image, and finally, as a way of life that puts these teachings into practice, it proposes a "covenant of friendship" (Ezek 34:25 and 37:36) among the exiled people and between them and their captors.
A Peasant Reading of the Parable of the Talents/Pounds: A Text of Terror?
Authors: Rohrbaugh Richard L.
Published: April 2009

A study of the social relations implied in the parable of the talents/pounds viewed in its narrative world. The study indicates that this parable is the product of imaginations socialized in the dynamics of an agrarian society, in contrast to those of the capitalist West. Key components of the world of the narrative include limited good, use-value, and exchange-value. The parable appears to be a warning not to those lacking adventurousness or industry, as frequently assumed in the West, but to those who mistreat the pocr.
"Beat His Ribs While He is Young" (Sir 30:12): A Window on the Mediterranean World
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

The physical punishment of young boys proposed with approval by Sirach and Proverbs opens a window on the culture of the traditional Mediterranean world for non-Mediterranean readers and presses the issue of how United States biblical theologians must deal with such a culturally conditioned mandate. A model constructed from empirical research by Peter S. Cook helps a non-Mediterranean reader to interpret these data and to gather and further interpret additional data in biblical texts about rearing boys and girls. This information in turn is crucial for constructing culturally appropriate scenarios that are indispensable to non-Mediterranean readers interested in respectful and culturally plausible interpretations of the Bible. The suffering of biblical heroes takes on new meaning when read in this context.
The Eschatology of 1 Peter
Authors: Parker David C.
Published: April 2009

The modern translations: Good News Bible (GNB), New International Version (NIV), New Jerusalem Bible (New JB), New Revised Standard Version (New RSV) and Revised English Bible (REB) of the following verses are examined: 1:4b-5, 7, 13; 2:12; 4:13; 5:1. It is argued that the author did not have the simple expectation of an imminent end that is presented in these translations. Instead, he emphasizes that Christ is revealed in the Christian life.
The Question of Doxa: A Socioliterary Reading of the Wedding at Cana
Authors: Collins Matthew S.
Published: April 2009

The public ministry of Jesus narrated in the Fourth Gospel opens in typical Johannine style, with a misunderstanding of Jesus' identity. Read in light of the cultural context and literary setting, the Wedding at Cana provides clues for an ironic reading focused on the revelation of Jesus' doxa. The social context of a wedding evokes common social values and expectations for the characters involved and for the actions that follow. Primary among these is public opinion. The literary context of irony involves the doxa of Jesus. The wine shortage suggests a loss of doxa, a loss that if averted by Jesus would increase his doxa. Jesus' production of wine results, not in an increase in his doxa, or public honor, but in a revelation of his less apparent ascribed heavenly doxa.
The Social Setting of "Turning the Other Cheek" and "Loving One's Enemies" in Light of the Didache
Authors: Milavec Aaron
Published: April 2009

This study investigates the social setting implied by the sayings regarding "turning the other cheek" found in Matthew, Luke, and the Didache. Upon closely examining Gerd Theissen's reconstruction, numerous reasons are offered for dismissing the notion that these texts were expected to offer householders practical guidance for dealing with Roman aggression or highway robbers. Beginning afresh with Matthew's identification of "enemies" as members of "one's own household" (Matt 10:36), the opening rules of the two-ways training manual of the Didache are investigated as providing a coherent alternative context for understanding the social setting of these texts. Herein "turning the other cheek" functions to equip new recruits to overcome the specific obstacles that their elders might fabricate to block their new religious commitments.
Mediterranean Sacrifice: Dimensions of Domestic and Political Religion
Authors: Malina Bruce J.
Published: April 2009

Sacrifice is a ritual in which an offering (inducement) is rendered humanly irretrievable and ingestible, and then directed to some controlling higher personage (usually a deity) by someone lower in social status in order to have some life-effect. In the first-century Mediterranean, there were two major institutional variations of religion: political religion and domestic religion. Hence there was also political sacrifice and domestic sacrifice. In political sacrifice inducement is directed to the deity(ies) as king or lord; in kinships sacrifice inducement is directed to the deity(ies) as the god(s) of the ancestors, a sort of elder family member or as patron or powerful neighbor. Why the offering of animal, vegetable or mineral, rendered irretrievable and ingestible, should have effect depended on the the value of omnipotence as perceived within the radical ingroup/outgroup orientation of ancient Mediterranean societies that defined outgroup members as another species.
The Gnostic Adoption of John's Gospel and Its Canonization by the Church Catholic
Authors: Sloyan Gerard S.
Published: April 2009

The severest threat to early Christianity was the Gnostic religion, the roots of which were probably in Iran. By the late second century there was a full-blown Gnostic Christianity in Rome and Alexandria, making its appeal chiefly to intellectuals. Accounts of its teaching found in the writings of St. Irenaeus and other church fathers were held suspect because of their adversarial stance until the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945, which largely confirmed them. The first known commentary on the Gospel according to John is that of the Gnostic thinker Heracleon, while various Ghostic tractates betray clear Johannine affinities. Patristic writers, aware of this challenge, began to use John's Gospel with its "Word become flesh" and many attributions of humanity to him, culminating in his death, against the Gnostics. This article suggests what cannot be proved: namely, that the insistence of the epistles of John on Jesus Christ as having come in the flesh (1 John 4:2; 2 John 7) is clearly an anti-docetic and possibly anti-Gnostic polemic, free of any naive acceptance of what it deplores.
Did Isaiah Foretell Jewish Blindness and Suffering for not Accepting Jesus of Nazareth as Messiah? A Medieval Perspective
Authors: McMichael Steven J.
Published: April 2009

The First Testament is the ground on which Jews and Christians historically and theologically stand. Even though they share the same biblical text, the interpretation of these Scriptures has served as one of the main dividing points between the two faith communities in history, especially in the Middle Ages. This division becomes apparent when one examines the way medieval Christians interpreted a biblical text such as the Book of Isaiah. An examination of the use of Isaiah by Alfonso de Espina, a fifteenth-century Franciscan, will show how medieval Christians found in these pages not only a confirmation of Christian truth claims but also passages that supported their negative thoughts and actions toward Jews. The purpose of this article is to show how a certain type of exegesis can lead to anti-Judaism.
The Role of Women in Mark's Gospel
Authors: Swartley Willard M.
Published: April 2009

By examining the narrative roles of four women in Mark's Gospel (5:24b-34; 7:24-30; 12:41-44; 14:3-9) in relation to the narrator's development of key themes, this study demonstrates that Mark's Gospel presents women in unusually positive roles among the various character groups depicted in the Gospel. Without the roles of these women the reader does not have an embodied model for reader identification. These four stories prepare for the positive depiction of women that emerges in the passion and resurrection narrative. But in Mark's narrative world, women are also fallible, as 16:8 and other portraits of women indicate. Nonetheless, the roles that the hemorrhaging woman, the Syro-Phoenician woman, the widow at the temple, and the woman of Bethany play are astonishing in relation to the main narrative themes. In reflecting upon these findings, I consider also the wider testimony of the four canonical Gospels regarding the role of women, and thus call for fresh assessment of the prevailing notion that during the last third of the first century, the Christian church experienced an increasing repression of women in public leadership roles.
The Problem Tongues in 1 Cor 14: A Reexamination
Authors: Zerhusen Bob
Published: April 2009

In a previous article in this Journal (Fall, 1995), I suggested an alternative explanation for the "other tongues" of Acts 2:4. Historical evidence demonstrates that both the Judeans from Palestine and the Diaspora Judeans shared the same native languages (i.e., Aramaic and Greek). The Judean crowd of Acts 2 had expected to be hearing the "holy tongue" (i.e., Hebrew), the proper language of the temple liturgy, the upper language of the Jewish diglossia. Instead, the disciples of Jesus when filled with the Spirit prophesied in their own native languages (i.e., Aramaic and Greek) and violated the Jewish diglossia. Luke designates these languages as "other tongues" (i.e., languages other than Hebrew). A natural response after exposure to this alternative explanation is to ask: "That makes sense in the context of Acts 2; how, though, does it make sense of the 'tongues' of 1 Corinthians 14?" This article provides an explanation for the "problem tongues" of 1 Corinthians 12-14.
Become Such as I Am: St. Paul in The Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Bondi Richard A.
Published: April 2009

Paul is accorded unique status within The Acts of the Apostles, a status that differs from what appears as Paul's own self-evaluation as found in parts of his letters. There has been much scholarly discussion as to the methodology that the author Luke has used to accomplish this transformation of Paul. This article attempts to provide an answer to the latter issue, the methodology. After an examination of the cultural concepts of honor and shame in the late first-century world, the article applies these insights to Luke's treatment of Paul. It is the thesis of the article that, unlike the methods assumed by other modern commentators, Luke appropriates the supremely important values of honor and shame from his social world in order to enhance and legitimate the position of Paul, especially before the Jewish Christian community for whom Luke writes.
Appearances of the Risen Jesus in Cultural Context: Experiences of Alternate Reality
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

This cross-cultural study of appearances of the Risen Jesus builds on previous research (Pilch 1993; 1995a; 1996) in anthropological psychology about human experiences of alternate reality, also termed "altered states of consciousness." There is a high degree of cultural plausibility in the Mediterranean world that those persons in the Second Testament reported to have "seen" Jesus, the risen Galilean hasîd or saddiq, could be interpreted as claiming that in an alternate state of consciousness they experienced Jesus' "real self." This would be like the human experience of similarly real other-than-human persons, such as angels, demons, gods, or God.
Social Identity and Negotiation: Subgroup Representation and Superordinate Consensus
Authors: Eggins Rachael A. , Haslam S. Alexander , Reynolds Katherine J.
Published: April 2009

Some models of conflict resolution propose that group membership be downplayed in negotiation because social categorization leads to ingroup bias. Challenging this view, this article argues that social conflict occurs partly as a collective attempt to establish a positive and distinct social identity. Restoration of this identity should therefore be important to negotiating groups. Two interactive studies (N s = 104, 195) tested the effects over time of emphasizing identity-based group boundaries prior to negotiation with another group. Results indicated that where group members had the opportunity to interact with ingroup members (Study 1) or within a group (Study 2) prior to a superordinate negotiation, they consistently identified more at the subcategory level but were also more satisfied with the negotiation process. Evidence from the second study suggests that these effects were mediated by the development of a superordinate identity.
Growing old invisibly: older viewers talk television
Authors: Healey Tim , Ross Karen
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the findings from a qualitative study undertaken with older viewers, focusing on their perceptions of how age and age issues are covered on television. They are concerned that too many older characters are portrayed in stereotypical roles and with the marginal place of older people across all aspects of the television landscape. They worry that the generally negative way in which older age is represented has an adverse impact on the way in which they are treated by society ‘in real life’. Their own explanations for why these poor images persist is sophisticated, citing the age profile of media workers as a key factor. The ‘good news’ though, is appreciation of programmes which older viewers believe present more diverse and authentic renditions of old age, not positive, necessarily, but rather, realistic, where well-crafted programmes deal sensitively with ageing, sex and sexuality rather than playing older age as batty, pathetic or frail.
The sound-track of memory: Ashes and Dust and the commemoration of the Holocaust in Israeli popular culture
Authors: Meyers Oren , Zandberg Eyal
Published: April 2009

The article investigates the 1988 music album Efer Veavak (in English: Ashes and Dust) that was created by Yehuda Poliker and Ya’akov Gilad, two Israeli-born children of Holocaust survivor parents. The article’s findings suggest that the Holocaust story as told through Ashes and Dust emphasizes individual aspects rather than collective lessons and that there is a growing sensitivity to the issue of memory preservation. Moreover, Ashes and Dust highlights the notion that the survivors’ children are now the bearers of Holocaust memory, and that it is through them that the Holocaust becomes an Israeli story about the present, rather than only a diaspora story about the past. These tendencies are amplified by the fact that Ashes and Dust is a popular cultural product. The public use of the songs through radio broadcasting has in many cases caused them to be assimilated into the mainstream and has blurred their initial identification as markers of a singular event, the Holocaust.
Media consumption and identity formation: the case of the ‘homeland’ viewers
Authors: Strelitz Larry Nathan
Published: April 2009

This article examines the television consumption patterns of a group of rural African working-class students on the campus of Rhodes University in Grahams-town, South Africa, in order to examine the relationship between media consumption and identity formation. Drawing on interviews with these students, the article points out that their rejection of foreign television programmes is a recent phenomenon, coinciding with their arrival at Rhodes University. They experience a sense of alienation from the black and white middle-class norms that dominate the cultural space of the university and, as a result, feel the need to reaffirm a traditional African identity. The article argues that it is this need which explains their rejection of foreign television programmes. This is a reminder that media messages themselves are mediated by other modes of cultural expression and, as such, we need to understand the media as mediating, rather than determining, cultural experience.
Digital interactivity in public memory institutions: the uses of new technologies in Holocaust museums
Authors: Reading Anna
Published: April 2009

Historical events and social memories are increasingly articulated and accessed through the means of interactive digital technologies. Particularly in the context of history museums, interactive digital media kiosks and web-sites are used to enhance and in some cases constitute a key way in which the past is conveyed to the public. Yet in what ways are new technologies in such contexts constructing a different relationship to the past and how are visitors themselves using these technologies? This article uses empirical research from the Museum of Tolerance in the US to critically situate and theorize the uses of new technologies in relation to socially inherited memories of the Holocaust.
FYX-051, a Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, Induces Nephropathy in Rats, but not in Monkeys
Authors: Shimo Takeo , Ashizawa Naoki , Moto Mitsuyoshi , Matsumoto Koji , Iwanaga Takashi , Nagata Osamu
Published: April 2009

The present studies were performed to investigate the possible mechanism of marked species differences on nephropathy found in the long-term toxicity study of FYX-051, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. In the twenty-six-week dose toxicity study in the rat, in which FYX-051 was administered by oral gavage at 0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/kg, xanthine-mediated nephropathy was seen only at 1 mg/kg, despite the presence of xanthine crystals in urine at 0.2 mg/kg and more; however, in the fifty-two-week dose toxicity study in the monkey, in which FYX-051 was administered by oral gavage at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, no toxicities were seen, even at 300 mg/kg. These outcomes showed there would be 1500-fold or more differences in the mode of intrarenal xanthine deposition between rats and monkeys. Thus we performed the mechanistic study, and the following outcomes were obtained. First, the amount of urinary purine metabolites was thirty-fold higher in rats than in monkeys. Second, urinary xanthine solubility was sixfold higher in monkeys than in rats. Third, exposure levels of FYX-051 were five-fold higher in rats than in monkeys. Therefore, the present study indicated that the combined effects of purine metabolism, urinary xanthine solubility, and toxicokinetics would contribute to species differences in nephropathy, that is, absence of xanthine-mediated nephropathy in monkeys even at the highest dose of FYX-051.
Furan-Induced Hepatic Cholangiocarcinomas in Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Maronpot Robert R. , Giles Herschell D. , Dykes Donald J. , Irwin Richard D.
Published: April 2009

In a 2-yr carcinogenicity bioassay, 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg furan/kg body weight (BW) was administered to male and female Fischer (F344) rats and resulted in an 86-100% incidence of cholangiocarcinomas with occasional metastasis. In a separate but concurrent study, male F344 rats dosed with 30 mg furan/kg BW for 90 days developed marked cholangiofibrosis and cholangiohepatitis and, when subsequently maintained without further treatment for an additional 6, 12, or 18 months, the cholangiofibrosis progressed to yield a 100% incidence of cholangiocarcinomas. Transplantation of 21 primary cholangiocarcinomas into syngeneic recipients resulted in growth from 4 donors. The 4 transplanted lines were successfully transferred through 8 serial passages and resulted in metastases in the recipients. The progressive growth of these proliferative hepatocholangial lesions over time, their transplantability, and the development of metastases in some of the cases provide biological evidence of the malignant potential of the furan-induced liver changes.
Prednisone is Not a Mouse Carcinogen
Authors: Dillberger John E. , Cronin Nancy S. , Carr Gregory J.
Published: April 2009

The carcinogenic potential of prednisone, a synthetic corticosteroid used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, was investigated by feeding it to Cr1:CD-1(ICR) mice (50/sex/dose) at doses of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg/day for 18 months. Prednisone did not significantly increase the incidence of neoplasms ( p ≤ 0.05); on the contrary, it significantly decreased the incidence of hepatocellular tumors (p = 0.002 in males, p = 0.027 in females), male lacrimal/Harderian gland tumors ( p = 0.05), female pulmonary adenomas (p = 0.047), female endothelial cell tumors (p = 0.035), and female lymphosarcomas ( p = 0.02). This study suggests that long-term (lifetime) prednisone use does not increase cancer risk and may actually reduce it.
Effects of Corn Oil, Time-Related Changes, and Inter-Laboratory Variability on Tumor Occurrence in Control Fischer 344 (F344/N) Rats
Authors: Haseman Joseph K. , Rao Ghanta N.
Published: April 2009

Survival, body weight, and site-specific tumor rates in untreated, corn oil gavage, and water gavage control Fischer 344 (F344/N) rats from 88 National Toxicology Program (NTP) long term carcinogenicity studies were evaluated to determine which factors were primarily responsible for inter-study variability. For male rats, previously-reported decreases in leukemia and increases in body weight, survival, and pancreatic acinar cell tumors attributable to corn oil gavage were confirmed. Corn oil did not appear to affect tumor rates in female rats. The gavage technique per se did not appear to influence tumor rates in rats of either sex. Previously reported time-related increases in certain site-specific neoplasia in control rats appeared to have stabilized in recent years, but control tumor rates are still much greater than those seen a decade ago. More recent studies continue to show increasing rates of leukemia and mammary gland tumors and decreasing survival. Female rats also continue to show time-related increases in maximum mean body weight. Inter-laboratory variability in body weight and in the rates of a number of site-specific neoplasms were also significant. High mean body weights in control groups were found to be associated with increased rates of mammary and pituitary tumors. Our evaluation supports the view that if historical control data are to be utilized in the interpretation of experimental results, primary emphasis should be given to lab and route of administration-specific tumor rates for studies that are contemporary to the study under evaluation. It also suggests that certain experimental design changes (e.g., dietary modifications) may be needed to reduce tumor rates and to increase survival.
Histological Sectioning of the Rodent Larynx for Inhalation Toxicity Testing
Authors: Sagartz John W. , Madarasz Arpad J. , Forsell Mark A. , Burger Gary T. , Ayres Paul H. , Coggins Christopher R.E.
Published: April 2009

In rodents, the larynx is a major site of histopathologic alteration following inhalation exposure to particulates, vapors, and aerosols. Specifically, the epithelial lining of a narrowly delineated region on the ventral floor of the larynges of rats and mice appears to be especially vulnerable to inhaled materials, and is recognized as a preferred site for histopathological evaluation in inhalation studies. This site is located at the base of the epiglottis, cranial to the ventral laryngeal diverticulum (ventral pouch). The presence of underlying seromucinous glands is critical for histologic identification of this site. We report a histologic sectioning technique, using the ventral laryngeal diverticulum as the anatomical landmark, to obtain tissue sections from this area of predilection in rats and in mice.
Spontaneous Skin Neoplasms in Aged Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Zwicker Gary M. , Eyster Randy C. , Sells Donald M. , Gass Jerome H.
Published: April 2009

A total of 93 tumors of the epidermis, its appendages, and dermis were observed in 1,433 (717 males, 716 females) rats employed in oncogenicity studies over a 2-yr period. Mammary gland neoplasms will be reported separately. Fifty-seven (61.3%) were epithelial with 49 in males and 8 in females. Keratoacanthoma was the most frequent epithelial neoplasm in males (22) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (11) and papilloma (5). Sebaceous gland neoplasms seen in males (5) included both adenomas (3) and carcinomas (2). In males, there were also 3 trichoepitheliomas, 1 pilomatricoma, 1 basal cell tumor, and 1 malignant melanoma. Of the 8 epithelial neoplasms in females, there were 3 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 keratoacanthomas, and 1 each basal cell tumor, malignant melanoma, and trichoepithelioma. There were 21 mesenchymal neoplasms in males and 15 in females. The most frequent neoplasm was fibroma (7 males, 8 females) followed by lipoma (7 males, 4 females) and fibrosarcoma (4 males, 3 females). One male had a liposarcoma and 2 males each had hemangioma. The total neoplasm incidence of 70/717 (9.8%) in males and 23/716 (3.2%) in females showed that skin neoplasms were 3 time more common in males than in females. Epithelial neoplasms of the skin were 6 times more common in males than in females. Males were more than twice as likely to have epithelial rather than mesenchymal skin neoplasms whereas the reverse was seen in females.
Effect of Benzodiazepines on Tryptophan Binding to Rat Hepatic Nuclei
Authors: Sidransky Herschel , Verney Ethel , Cosgrove James W. , Schwartz Arnold M.
Published: April 2009

This study evaluates whether or not some of the benzodiazepines would influence the binding of L-tryptophan to rat hepatic nuclei or nuclear envelopes. Previous publications have indicated that binding of L-tryptophan to hepatic nuclear envelope proteins was saturable, stereospecific, and of high affinity. In this study, we investigated whether some of the benzodiazepines would influence L-tryptophan binding to rat hepatic nuclei or nuclear envelopes as assayed by in vitro L-(5-3H) tryptophan binding. Our results indicate that the addition of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, prazepam, flurazepam, nordazepam, N-desalkylflurazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, or 4-chlorodiazepam has little influence on the L-(5-3H) tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei in vitro. However, the addition of demoxepam, the N-desalkylated compound of chlordiazepoxide, caused marked competition with3H-tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei in vitro. When chlordiazepoxide (1 mg/100 g body weight) is administered intraperitoneally 20 min before killing, the isolated hepatic nuclei reveal decreased specific L-tryptophan binding compared to controls. Also, rats pretreated with chlordiazepoxide intraperitoneally before tube-feeding L-tryptophan revealed diminished tryptophan-induced hepatic nuclear RNA efflux and protein synthesis. Our results suggest that chlordiazepoxide, possibly by itself or through a metabolite, can act to affect hepatic nuclear binding of L-tryptophan and to inhibit the stimulatory effect of L-tryptophan on hepatic protein synthesis.
Evaluation of the Influence of Potential Toxins on Neutrophil Function
Authors: Roth James A.
Published: April 2009

Neutrophils undergo a complex series of events when functioning to control bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Any factor that interferes with neutrophil production or suppresses neutrophil function will rapidly make the animal more susceptible to infectious diseases. In vitro assays are used to detect and characterize defects in neutrophil function that may be induced by exposure to potential toxins. This paper focuses on important considerations in designing experiments for the evaluation of neutrophil function and interpretation of data.
A Review of Myelofibrosis in Dogs
Authors: Reagan William J.
Published: April 2009

Myelofibrosis is a proliferative response of the bone marrow fibroblasts. Myelofibrosis can be classified as primary or secondary depending on the underlying etiology. Primary myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disorder in humans in which there is a clonal proliferation of a pluripotent stem cell. Hemopathology includes finding nucleated red blood cells and immature granulocytes in the circulation, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and myelofibrosis. The proliferation of the bone marrow fibroblasts is not clonal in origin. To the best of this author's knowledge, this type of myelofibrosis has not been reported to occur naturally in the dog. Secondary myelofibrosis has been reported in the dog associated with neoplastic conditions, irradiation, congenital hemolytic anemias, and a variety of unknown etiologies. It has been shown in some cases of myelofibrosis that there is often concurrent bone marrow necrosis. Bone marrow necrosis has been documented in dogs with Ehrlichiosis and septicemia, and associated with drug treatment, including estrogens and cephalosporins. It is thought that this necrosis is due to the destruction of the bone marrow microvasculature and/or hematopoietic elements. Release of growth factors by inflammatory cells may lead to the subsequent fibroblast proliferation. Several cases of secondary myelofibrosis in female laboratory beagles have been recently observed. These dogs present with a severe nonregenerative anemia and often a mild neutropenia with varying degrees of myelofibrosis in the bone marrow. Some animals have had concurrent bone marrow necrosis. At this time, the exact etiology is unknown.
An Overview of Hemostasis
Authors: Boon G. Daniel
Published: April 2009

Hemostasis is a remarkable and a remarkably complex mechanism. It can maintain blood in a fluid state intravascularly but very quickly changes blood to a jellylike mass upon disruption of the vasculature. This review will give a synopsis of the 3 phases of hemostasis: platelet, vascular, and coagulation. Fibrinolysis and control mechanisms of hemostasis will also be covered. In addition, brief descriptions of the clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients and the diagnosis of bleeding disorders will be presented.
Effects of a Synthetic Polyprenoic Acid (E-5166) on the Gap Junction of Rat Hepatocytes Treated with Liver Tumor Promoters, Phenobarbital, and p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Authors: Sugie Shigeyuki , Tanaka Takuji , Shima Hiroto , Shinoda Tokuro , Mori Hideki , Muto Yasutoshi
Published: April 2009

Effects of in vivo exposure to the synthetic polyprenoic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (E-5166) using 6 groups of rats treated simultaneously or individually with phenobarbital (PB) or with p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on the gap junctions of hepatocytes were examined by freeze-fracture analysis. Experimental groups were as follows: Group 1, basal diet alone; Group 2, E-5166 treatment; Group 3, 0.05% PB diet; Group 4, PB diet and E-5166 treatment; Group 5, 0.05% DDT diet; and Group 6, DDT diet and E-5166 treatment. E-5166 was given by gavage (40 mg/kg body weight, 3 times/ wk). Experimental diets and E-5166 were started at 6 wk of age. All animals were sacrificed at 2 wk after the start of the experiments. The density of gap junctions in PB- or DDT-treated rats was higher and that in E-5166-treated rats was lower than that in controls. The density of gap junctions in rats given PB and E-5166-/or DDT and E-5166-treated rats was slightly increased when compared to controls. The average area of gap junctions in DDT- or PB and E-5166-treated rats was significantly smaller than in controls ( p < 0.005), although no statistical differences were found among PB-, E-5166-, and DDT and E-5166-treated rats and controls. Unit area of gap junctions to membrane area in rats given E-5166, DDT, or PB and E-5166 was lower than in controls. However, the unit area of gap junctions in DDT and E-5166-treated rats did not differ from in controls. These findings indicate that E-5166 synergistically reduces the gap junctions with PB but has an inhibitory effect on DDT that decreases the gap junctions.
Spontaneous Hemangioendothelial Cell Hyperplasia of the Heart in B6C3F1 Female Mice
Authors: Iwata Huiri , Nomura Yasuo , Enomoto Makoto
Published: April 2009

Spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia of the heart was found in 12 of 3,910 female B6C3F 1(C57BL/6CrSlc x C3H/HeSlc) mice that were used in chronic toxicology and carcinogenicity studies at the An-Pyo Center (Shizuoka, Japan). Histologically, the lesions appeared diffusely in the heart as widened vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelial-like cells with enlarged nuclei between the muscle fibers. These proliferating cells were identified as hemangioendothelial cells by immunohistochemical techniques, lectin-binding patterns, and electron microscopic examination. Morphological differences were found between this spontaneous hemangioendothelial hyperplasia and that which has been reported as a preneoplastic lesion of hemangiosarcoma. Spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia of the heart occurs rarely; however, it was interesting that spontaneous hemangioendothelial cell hyperplasia was only seen in females with adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland.
The Utility of Multiple-Section Sampling in the Histopathological Evaluation of the Kidney for Carcinogenicity Studies
Authors: Eustis Scot L. , Hailey James R. , Boorman Gary A. , Haseman Joseph K.
Published: April 2009

In a recent review of 379 carcinogenicity studies in rodents conducted under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute and, later, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the kidneys were the third most frequent site for chemical-related neoplasia. While some potent carcinogens induced high incidences of renal neoplasms with shortened latency in Fischer-344 (F-344) rats or B6C3F1 mice, other usually nonmutagenic compounds produced marginally increased incidences of renal neoplasms that were difficult to interpret. As an aid to the interpretation of 16 recent studies, additional kidney sections from rats or mice were prepared and examined microscopically. The remaining pieces of formalin-fixed kidney were embedded and sectioned at intervals of 1 mm (rats) or 0.5 mm (mice) to produce an additional 6-8 (rats) or 4-6 (mice) H&E-stained sections per kidney per animal for microscopic examination. The average number of additional sections per animal was similar between dosed and control groups to avoid sampling bias. The supplemental evaluation of these additional kidney sections was clearly useful in determining potential renal carcinogenicity in male F-344 rats in these NTP studies. Of the 13 studies in male rats in which step-sections of kidney were evaluated, the supplemental data demonstrated conclusively an association between chemical administration and renal tubule hyperplasia, adenoma, or both in 9 studies. For 3 chemicals, the evidence of an association with renal proliferative lesions in male rats remained uncertain. In contrast, the supplemental evaluation of step-sections was less useful for female rats, male mice, and female mice, largely because such evaluations generally revealed few if any additional neoplasms. For these sex-species groups, there were only two instances, both involving male mice, in which the additional data confirmed an association with kidney neoplasia.
Toxicologic Effects of a Novel Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Reindel James F. , Dominick Mark A. , Bocan Thomas M.A. , Gough Alexander W. , Mcguire Edward J.
Published: April 2009

PD 132301-2, an acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, was administered orally to cynomolgus monkeys for 2 wk at doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg to assess potential subacute toxicity. Sporadic episodes of soft feces and diarrhea increased in incidence from 100 to 200 mg/kg. Histopathologic alterations in adrenocortical cells of treated monkeys consisted of a dose-related decrease in cytoplasmic fine vacuolation and an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia most conspicuous in the zona fasciculata and reticularis. At 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, a narrow discontinuous zone of cytotoxic cortical cell degeneration occurred in the outer zona fasciculata. Decreased fine vacuolation of cortical cells correlated ultrastructurally with reduced size and number of intracellular lipid vacuoles and biochemically with a dose-related decrease in adrenal total cholesterol (from 56 to 13% of control) and cholesteryl ester (from 51 to 3% of control) concentrations. Other ultrastructural changes noted in zona fasciculata cortical cells at all doses were an apparent increase in both smooth endoplasmic reticulum and variably sized autophagic vacuoles. Ovarian corpora lutea in some females at all doses had increased coarse vacuolation of luteal cells, foci of cellular degeneration, increased numbers of cholesterol clefts, and slight infiltrates of mononuclear cells. Sebaceous glands were atrophic in all treated monkeys due largely to a reduction in size and number of differentiated foam cells. Sebaceous gland reserve cells were hypertrophic and hyperplastic. Toxicity data from this study indicated that PD 132301-2 at 25-200 mg/kg targeted cholesterol-rich cells of the adrenals, ovaries, and skin adnexa.
Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ozone and Ozone 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Fischer-344/N Rats
Authors: Boorman Gary A. , Hmley Rick , Grumbein Sondra , Chou Billy J. , Herbert Ron A. , Goehl Thomas , Mellick Paul W. , Roycroft Joseph H. , Haseman Joseph K. , Sills Robert
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity or cocarcinogenicity of ozone exposure in rats. Fischer-344/N (F-344/N) rats were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 2-yr and lifetime exposures. The cocarcinogenicity study included subcutaneous administration of 0, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg body weight of 4-( N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and inhalation of 0 or 0.5 ppm ozone to male rats. NNK was administered by subcutaneous injections 3 times per week for the first 20 wk with ozone inhalation exposure. The ozone inhalation exposure was for 2 yr (104 wk), including the first 20 wk of NNK treatment and continuing for 84 wk after the last NNK injection. Ozone exposure caused a concentration-related increase in inflammation of the centriacinar region of the lung. There was also increased fibrosis and an extension of the bronchiolar epithelium in these centriacinar regions to involve the proximal alveoli. There was no increased incidence of neoplasms at any site, including the lung, that was associated with ozone exposure. Rats administered 1.0 mg/kg body weight NNK alone had an increased incidence of bronchiolar/alveolar neoplasms, but this effect was not enhanced by ozone exposure. Ozone exposure for 2 yr and lifetime was associated with site-specific toxic alterations in the nasal passage and lung similar to those previously described for short-term exposures. While there was significant attenuation of the pulmonary lesions as compared to short-term exposures, lesions persisted in the lifetime study and there was evidence of a mild progressive fibrosis. We conclude that under the conditions of these studies: (a) ozone exposure is not carcinogenic to either male or female F-344/N rats, (b) ozone does not enhance the incidence of pulmonary neoplasms in F-344/N rats exposed to a known pulmonary carcinogen (NNK), and (c) mild site-specific toxic lesions characteristic of ozone exposure persist in the nasal passage and lung throughout the lifetime of the rat with continued ozone exposure.
Goblet Cell Metaplasia in the Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelium in a Rat
Authors: Nagai Hirofumi
Published: April 2009

Spontaneous goblet cell metaplasia in the pulmonary alveolar epithelium in a 110-wk-old male Jcl:Wistar rat is described. The rat had a dark red spherical mass in the center of the left lobe of the lung. The mass consisted of distended alveoli and bronchioles filled with mucus and nonciliated epithelial cells with numerous goblet cells lining the alveoli on the periphery of the mass. The goblet cells produced Alcian blue- and high iron diamine-positive sulfated glycoprotein differing from the sialylated glycoprotein seen in the normal rat airway surface epithelium. To the best of this investigator's knowledge, this is the first report dealing with detailed morphological and histochemical features of goblet cell metaplasia in the pulmonary alveolar epithelium resulting in mass formation due to mucous production.
Influences of Dietary Deoxycholic Acid on Progression of Hepatocellular Neoplasms and Expression of Glutathione S-Transferases in Rats
Authors: Stalker Margaret J. , Towner Rheal A. , Kocal Trudy E. , Quinn Bette Anne , Cameron Ross G. , Hayes M. Anthony
Published: April 2009

Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the influences of dietary deoxycholic acid (DCA) on the rate of progression of chemically induced hepatocellular neoplasms in rats. Male Fischer-344 rats with established persistent hepatocellular nodules generated by the Solt-Farber protocol were exposed to dietary DCA (0.3%) between 6 and 12 mo of age. Growth of nodules and carcinomas in vivo was measured by morphometric quantification of tumor images obtained every 6 wk. The final stages of neoplastic progression were determined by terminal histopathological examination and by expression and functional evaluation of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme phenotypes. Dietary DCA increased the number of hepatocellular neoplasms per rat, accelerated the rate of growth of persistent nodules, and increased the histological progression of liver tumors. Expression of immunoreactive GST subunits Yf, Ya, and Yb 1 was induced in early persistent nodules, a pattern that was maintained throughout the study in both basal diet and DCA-fed groups. However, 5% of early nodules and about 75% of advanced neoplasms were partially or completely deficient in GST Yb2 expression in both groups. DCA did not alter the cytosolic activity for the GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) or trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (tPBO) in tumors or surrounding liver. However, in both groups, CDNB activity was increased in the tumors relative to the surrounding nonneoplastic tissue, whereas activity for tPBO, a substrate more specific for the Yb2 subunit, was reduced in the tumors. All advanced neoplasms were similarly more resistant than surrounding liver to DNA-binding metabolites of aflatoxin B1 or benzo[a]pyrene. These data demonstrate that DCA can increase the progression of established hepatocellular nodules to larger, more advanced neoplasms but does not preferentially select for a specific GST phenotype. Preferential loss of constitutively expressed GST Yb2 in both basal diet and DCA-fed groups may be an important aspect of progression from resistant nodules to advanced cancers in this model. These studies also demonstrate that serial MRI is a useful tool for measuring the rates of enlargement and patterns of growth in established hepatocellular neoplasms.