bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Findings From the Community Youth Development Study
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes a randomized controlled trial of the CTC system to show that it is possible to use this type of rigorous methodology to evaluate a community-based prevention system. This project, the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS), involved 24 communities in seven U.S. states. The methods used to recruit communities and state-level partners to the trial, as well as the measures used to collect data from community key leaders, service providers, coalition leaders, and youth in CTC and control communities, are described. The chapter also summarizes the study’s findings, including desired changes in community-level processes, youth-reported risk and protective factors, and youth-reported behavioral health problems. Estimates of CTC’s cost benefits are provided.
The Atari VCS
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the Atari VCS, the machine that took video games out of the arcades and into the living room and established Atari as the dominant player in the home video games industry, at least for a time. It examines the context that surrounded the birth of the Atari VCS and how that influenced its hardware design, in turn shaping both the sound and people’s expectations of video game music. The Atari’s sound chip, the Television Interface Adaptor, gave the Atari VCS what might charitably be described as a ‘characterful’ voice. By reviewing the hardware, this chapter explores how and why the Atari VCS sounded just the way it did, and by exploring some of the games that were released for the platform the chapter shows how, while sound games did indeed sound dreadful, with a little musical ingenuity they could work wonderfully as game soundtracks.
The Commodore 64
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

Commodore’s C64 was a musical powerhouse. Its on-board sound chip, the Sound Interface Device, gave it the functionality of a professional three-channel digital synthesizer. This chapter explores the development of the machine and how its feature set was determined by a corporate battle over cheap calculator chips. The power of the Sound Interface Device, however, made it very complex and difficult to use. Even seasoned developers needed time to explore all of its intricacies, and it took time to unlock its full potential. In the days before graphical editors, writing music on the Commodore required a high degree of musicality and a deep understanding of the low-level hardware architecture. As a result, it was on the Commodore 64 that the role of video composer became more specialized and more professionalized and the craft of writing music drivers, code to perform digital music, really became established.
Nintendo’s NES
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

The North American video game crash of 1983 made it difficult for Nintendo to break into the American market with its new console, the Nintendo Entertainment System. When it finally did gain a toehold in 1986, it was the Nintendo ‘Seal of Quality’, a graphical rosette that was emblazoned on every official Nintendo release, that encouraged consumers to buy video game cartridges once more. This chapter explores how the difficulties in getting the Nintendo Entertainment System to market, coupled with a strong sense of house style, played an important part in creating a consistency in the 8-bit sound, in terms of both quality and style. The chapter focuses on Super Mario Bros., the game that defined the Nintendo Entertainment System. Its catchy soundtrack captured the qualities of the gameplay. It discusses how the game’s composer, Koji Kondo, defined the formal grammar and style of a new form of media music, the interactive game underscore, and worked with the hardware to create a light, jazz-inspired sound.
The Ultimate Soundtracker?
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

In the early days of home computing, writing music was as much a technical as a creative process. This chapter explores how the launch of a software music package, Ultimate Soundtracker, for Commodore’s Amiga created a new, symbolic way to compose and edit music. It was sample-based and structured music using a grid-style interface that could be navigated using the computer keyboard, and its music files distributed both, making it easy to share—and copy—others’ musical ideas. This ‘open-source’ approach allowed nonprogrammers and nonmusicians to experiment with music making and for the sound to promulgate. This was also the period from which the term ‘chiptune’ emerged; the Amiga’s sample-based chipset allowed it to create other sounds beside raw electronic waveforms, and chiptune was used to highlight tracks written in the 8-bit sound chip style.
Netlabels and Real-World Festivals
Authors: McAlpine Kenneth B.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores how the infrastructure of the established music industry—the routes to market and, just as significantly, the gatekeepers who control them—emerged spontaneously as part of the chipscene, albeit with a noncommercial ethos, giving rise to an economy built on community esteem and authenticity. The chapter begins by exploring how diskmags and archives provided a way for fans to collect and share the music that they loved. Gathering together a complete collection of the video game music that fans loved—a common feature of fandom—and providing software players and emulators that allowed the music to be played on modern computer platforms enabled 8-bit music to be collected and shared. From these archives grew netlabels, online record labels that publish and distribute new music, and festivals, most significantly the Blip festival, which has grown into a major international event, with shows in North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia.
Brian Eno's Ambient 1: Music for Airports
Authors: Lysaker John T.
Published: November 2018

This study situates Eno’s ambient masterpiece, Music For Airports, within various avant-garde trends in order to underscore its multiple dimensions. In the manner of Satie, it aims to tint living situations without demanding that listeners give the album their full attention. In the manner of Cage, and with La Monte Young’s feel for the textures of individual tones, it arranges the activity of sounds outside traditional Euro-American musical conventions, and in a manner that can spark a kind of thoughtful reverie, thus bringing art into vital, possibly transformative contact with everyday life. Finally, like some of Steve Reich’s works, Music for Airports functions as a piece of conceptual art, facilitating sustained reflections on creativity, listening, and the overall ecology of human activity and meaning, including its technological variability. Because the album has these three distinct dimensions, it requires “prismatic listening,” which switches between distinct modes of attention in the knowledge that these dimensions cannot be heard simultaneously.
Introduction
Authors: Lysaker John T.
Published: November 2018

I’ve decided to turn the word “pretentious” into a compliment.

—Eno, A Year With Swollen Appendices

In 1978, Brian Eno released Ambient 1: Music for Airports on LP and cassette.1 Four tracks grace its two sides: “1/1,” “2/1,” “1/2,” and “2/2.” Lyrics are not involved. Instead, each track organizes clusters of sounds that repeat at irregular intervals and without any backing rhythms. Not only is it impossible to sing along, none of the tracks sustain the attention they initially gather. And yet it remains too interesting to ignore....
Music for Airports and the Avant-Garde
Authors: Lysaker John T.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 places Music for Airports within the context of a “sonic turn” that occurs among various avant-garde trends in twentieth-century Euro-American music. A brief history begins with Debussy, accelerates with musique concrète and John Cage’s regard for the activity of sounds, and closes with consideration of La Monte Young and Terry Riley. The chapter insists that this history, in its technological and compositional advances, makes the experiments on Music for Airports possible. Ongoing references to chapter 1’s observations concretize the album’s relation to the Euro-American avant-garde.
Introduction
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

This introduction explains that the early collaborative efforts of George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein have been written about in ways that misrepresented the true character of their activity during the 1930s. It shows how a “received history” has come to define this period, which is construed as leading to the inevitable success of the School of American Ballet and New York City Ballet. It contextualizes the goals of this book in relation to recent innovations in the study of twentieth-century dance and music, in particular scholarship on modernism, and makes the case for a new approach to this period of cultural history. It argues that a lack of clarity regarding this formative period in Balanchine and Kirstein’s collaborative enterprise has led to misunderstandings regarding the past, present, and future meaning of their individual and collective work.
1935–1936
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

This chapter details the activities of the American Ballet during their first year at the Metropolitan Opera as well as the start of Balanchine’s career as a Broadway choreographer. The American Ballet met with mixed success in opera productions but also had the chance to present their own ballets. At this time Balanchine took on work for the Broadway stage, including dances for the 1936 Ziegfeld Follies. Soon after he signed on as choreographer for Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart’s new musical On Your Toes. For this musical he created several substantial dance numbers that blended ballet and tap dancing. This work was far more popular than the American Ballet’s controversial production of the opera Orpheus and Eurydice, premiered around the same time. A short-lived “Bach Ballet” inspired by On Your Toes reveals the close connections among these projects and was likely an early inspiration for Balanchine’s ballet Concerto Barocco.
1937–1938 (I)
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

After the collapse of the American Ballet, Balanchine turned his attention to work on Broadway and in Hollywood. In the course of his work as choreographer for the Samuel Goldwyn film The Goldwyn Follies he collaborated with the Gershwin brothers, Vernon Duke, and his future wife and artistic partner Vera Zorina. He subsequently joined the creative team for two additional Rodgers and Hart shows, I Married an Angel and The Boys from Syracuse, and also contributed to the short-lived production Great Lady. These shows allowed him to create opportunities for his new wife Zorina as well as secure work for many of the dancers of the American Ballet. Although prior accounts have discounted the significance of these ventures in Balanchine’s career, he saw them as an important and viable outlet for bringing ballet to American audiences.
1937–1938 (II)
Authors: Steichen James
Published: November 2018

After its debut season Ballet Caravan became an increasingly independent organization led by Lincoln Kirstein that pursued an aesthetic agenda more explicitly American than the productions of the American Ballet. Premiering works including Filling Station and Billy the Kid, the company toured from coast to coast and introduced audiences in both small towns and big cities to ballet. It provided choreographic experience for dancers Lew Christensen, Eugene Loring, and William Dollar and commissioned new music from composers Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson. Through his work with Ballet Caravan, Kirstein hoped to broach the entertainment monopolies of CBS and NBC and displace the dominance of the Russian ballet companies active in the United States. Kirstein’s father Louis was an active advocate for the company, using his connections in corporate America to make introductions for his son.
Violence
Authors: Pirelli Gianni
Published: November 2018

In this chapter, the authors address four areas particularly relevant to understanding important topics related to gun-involved violence. First, they provide a general overview of violence, setting forth commonly recognized definitions and types, psychological components and theories, and psychiatric disorders most closely associated with violence. Second, they address firearm-related violence and crime with respect to national and state-based statistics as well as relevant theories and empirical research in this domain. Third, they discuss various high-profile shootings, including an overview of some of the more infamous mass shootings in the modern-day United States, followed by theories and research relevant to mass shootings (including school shootings). The authors also focus on the relationship between mental illness and firearm-related violence.
Family Affairs, Part II
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

In Chicago, the resourceful Jackson established a livelihood on the South Side, initiated a lifelong involvement in political causes, and generated local buzz as a church singer. In the 1930s and 1940s, she also furthered her career through the pioneering Chicago organizers who founded the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses (NCGCC) and through the National Baptist Convention (NBC), the largest aggregation of black Christians in the United States. Founded by gospel songwriter Thomas A. Dorsey along with Magnolia Lewis Butts and Theodore Frye, the NCGCC set up the infrastructure for the modern gospel movement while growing Dorsey’s fame. Even more significant was Jackson’s exposure to black Baptists nationwide through the musical activities of the NBC, overseen by Lucie Campbell. Though she gained visibility through these two institutions, over time Jackson built a reputation increasingly independent of both.
Gospel Singing as Black Popular Culture
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

Gospel music was integral to the culture of many black churches, but gospel singing offered pleasures to its practitioners and fans that extended beyond musical worship. In the late 1940s, Jackson’s career was interwoven with two phenomena that nudged black gospel singing toward the realm of popular culture: the “song battle” and the high-profile programs of religious music presented at Harlem’s Golden Gate Auditorium by promoter Johnny Myers. Pitting Jackson against such rivals as Roberta Martin and Ernestine Washington, the battle of song offered gospel singers alternate forms of prestige and extended to gospel audiences opportunities for active and engaged participation. Myers made instrumental use of the song battle format, deploying a roster of local talent and national stars and connections with New York–based independent record labels. It was through this Myers “syndicate” that Jackson was introduced to Apollo Records, launching her career as a recording artist.
Apollo Records and the Birth of Religious Pop
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

Like Johnny Myers, Bess Berman, head of Apollo Records, was a decisive agent in the growth of Mahalia Jackson’s career who has remained shadowy in the historical record. An often contentious relationship between Berman, daughter of Russian-Jewish immigrants, and Jackson, a black Southern migrant, nonetheless produced an important body of gospel recordings. Berman’s business ethics were questionable; she strategically avoided royalty payments to black gospel songwriters, often using Jackson’s name as cover. Though Jackson primarily recorded gospel songs for Berman, her Apollo career unfolded against the backdrop of the early Cold War and for the first time she added to her repertory the in-vogue religious pop songs that conveyed atomic age anxieties and affirmed American religiosity in opposition to “godless Communism.”
“The World’s Greatest Gospel Singer”
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

The Mahalia Jackson Show was part of an aggressive and coordinated effort by CBS and its subsidiary label Columbia Records to lure Jackson away from Apollo. The effort was successful, and in November 1954 Jackson entered the studio for her first sessions with Columbia. The move to Columbia, the biggest company in the industry, dramatically heightened Jackson’s visibility as a recording artist, but it also meant navigating new strategies and sound ideals in putting her voice on record. In her first year with the label, Jackson recorded both religious pop for singles produced by Mitch Miller and gospel-leaning repertory for long-playing albums under the guidance of George Avakian, work presenting her as a paragon of black gospel while also rebranding her as a genre-defining singer and a world-class artist.
“I’m Still Just Mahaly to You All”
Authors: Burford Mark
Published: November 2018

The book concludes in 1955, which marked a seam in Jackson’s career. The year was notable for the release of her first Columbia recordings and the launch of her local television show, Mahalia Jackson Sings, but also for the more conspicuous necessity of maneuvering among rapidly diversifying audiences. Jackson made conscious efforts to maintain connections to her Chicago church base while being attentive to the reception of black gospel music by new white fans. Her growing celebrity was also indicative of the increasing expanse of black gospel more broadly, as groups like the Clara Ward Singers signaled that gospel was becoming a cultural phenomenon and a financial “bonanza.” Meanwhile, with national fame, Jackson was now embraced enthusiastically by her adopted hometown of Chicago and its new mayor Richard Daly. Still, what may have felt like a pinnacle at the end of 1955 was just a prelude to even greater triumphs that lay ahead.
Zenobia
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

Hailing from the Syrian city of Palmyra, a woman named Zenobia (and Bathzabbai) governed territory in the eastern Roman Empire from 268 to 272. She thus became the most famous Palmyrene who ever lived. But sources for her life and career are scarce. This book situates Zenobia in the social, economic, cultural, and material context of ancient Palmyra. By doing so, it aims to shed greater light on the experiences of Zenobia and Palmyrene women like her at various stages of their lives. Not limiting itself to the political aspects of her governance, it contemplates what inscriptions and material culture enable us to know about women and the practice of gender in Palmyra, and thus the world that Zenobia navigated. It also ponders Zenobia’s legacy in light of the contemporary human tragedy in Syria.
Urban Landscape
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

For roughly the first thirty years of her life, the Syrian city of Palmyra was Zenobia’s home. Zenobia called Palmyra Tadmor; it shaped the terms of her very existence as well as many of her lived experiences. This chapter provides a basic introduction to Zenobia’s Palmyra and enables the reader to glimpse Zenobia as she crosses its terrain in religious procession. As the procession takes Zenobia among Palmyra’s main thoroughfares, civic spaces, and religious precincts, it introduces the reader to various key sites of the urban terrain that Zenobia inhabited and certain aspects of her religious world, including the famous precinct for Bel.
Marital Household
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: November 2018

Zenobia’s marriage to Odainath, the Palmyrene dynast, had a huge impact on her life. Her rise to power would thereafter be closely linked to his political fortunes. This chapter examines the prominence of Odainath and the children that Zenobia bore to him. Historical sources present confusing accounts of the number of children they had. The only undisputed child is Wahballath, though she may have had other children in the late 250s and 260s. Zenobia also was a property owner, for in Palmyra women could own and manage property. This chapter also gives a detailed account of Odainath’s successful political and military career as Palmyra’s leader.
The Snake and the Mongoose
Authors: McGovern Nathan
Published: November 2018

This book turns the commonly accepted model of the origins of the early Indian religions on its head. Since the beginning of modern Indology in the 19th century, the relationship between the major early Indian religions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism has been based on an assumed dichotomy between two metahistorical identities: “the Brahmans” and the newer “non-Brahmanical” śramaṇa movements. Textbook and scholarly accounts typically purport an “opposition” between these two groups by citing the 2nd century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Patañjali, often stating erroneously that he compared their animosity for one another to that of the snake and the mongoose. This book seeks to de-center the Hindu Brahman from our understanding of Indian religion by “taming the snake and the mongoose”—that is, abandoning the anachronistic distinction between “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” and letting the earliest articulations of identity in Indian religion speak for themselves on their own terms. It accomplishes this goal through a comparative reading of texts preserved by the three major groups that emerged from the social, political, cultural, and religious foment of the late first millennium BCE: the Buddhists and Jains as they represented themselves in their earliest sūtras, and the Vedic Brahmans as they represented themselves in their Dharma Sūtras. The picture that emerges is not of a fundamental dichotomy between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical, but rather of many different groups who all saw themselves as Brahmanical, and out of whose contestation with one another the distinction between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical the snake and the mongoose emerged.
Introduction
Authors: McGovern Nathan
Published: November 2018

The Introduction frames the book’s problematic. It begins by describing the received narrative on the origins of early Indian religions using the metaphor of the snake and the mongoose, which several scholars have erroneously attributed to the 2nd century grammarian Patañjali as a comparison to the antagonism between Brahmans and śramaṇas. It then examines how Orientalist scholarship constructed this narrative under the influence of the “Lutheran” myth of Protestant origins and how this legacy lives on both in modern scholarship and modern narratives in India. Finally, it outlines a new methodology for the study of early Indian religions that sees “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” identities as having emerged over time, rather than being metahistorical essences.
Taming the Snake and the Mongoose of Indian History
Authors: McGovern Nathan
Published: November 2018

This chapter shows that, as we “peer over the horizon” of Indian history, most of the evidence we have for the use of the categories Brahman and śramaṇa together in Indian sources actually does not portray them as mutually antagonistic. On the one hand, the two terms are often used together to describe a single category of “others” against which early Buddhists and Jains constructed their own identities. On the other hand, they are also used together in the early Buddhist texts and Aśokan inscriptions to refer to a single undifferentiated class of worthy recipients of offerings.
The Brahman as the Head of a Household
Authors: McGovern Nathan
Published: November 2018

This chapter, complementing the previous one, examines the articulation of Brahman identity that understood the Brahman to be a non-celibate householder, namely, that found in the Dharma Sūtras. It shows that the Dharma Sūtras were not simply intra-Brahmanical texts, but rather polemical texts articulating a particular, non-celibate vision of Brahmanical identity. They did so first by using for the first time a fully explicit statement of the varṇa system to divorce brahmacarya (celibacy) from Brahmanhood and restrict it to their own group. Then, they used the āśrama system to taxonomize all forms of religious practice in their day, so as to reject all those that did not produce children.
Losing an Argument by Focusing on Being Right
Authors: McGovern Nathan
Published: November 2018

Through a diachronic analysis of the textual traditions for the Aṭṭhaka and Pārāyaṇa, we have now seen that the treatment of the category Brahman in the Buddhist tradition changed over time, reflecting the emergence of a bifurcation between the categories śramaṇa and Brahman. This chapter explains how the conception of Brahmans and śramaṇas as two mutually antagonistic groups arose. Building upon the suggestion of other scholars that the varṇa system was a rhetorical tool used by householder Brahmans to set the terms of debate, it argues that the genre of early Buddhist texts in which the Buddha refutes the ideological claims of householder Brahmans (“encounter dialogs”) was self-defeating because it implicitly ceded the category Brahman to the Buddha’s opponents, simply by allowing them to frame the debate.
Crimea under Attack
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

Civilian and military authority collapsed the moment the Allies landed in Crimea. Why and how the Allies established themselves so easily in Evpatoria is of central interest in this chapter, as it set so many terrible events in motion. Evpatoria gave the Allies a stable base of operations and a steady supply of goods, which enabled the long-term siege of Sevastopol. Failing to perceive Crimea as a target, the Russian military abandoned Evpatoria to the enemy, and implemented a helter-skelter scorched earth policy as they retreated. The response was instantaneous chaos along coastal communities upon the Allied landing, and rupture between Tatars and the Russian government.
The Kerch Strait and the Azov Sea
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

With warmer weather returning in the spring of 1855, fighting renewed and spread to the southern and eastern parts of the peninsula. In May and June, the Allies struck at Yalta, Feodosia. They entered the strait of Kerch, bringing widespread destruction to towns along the Azov Sea. The Allies waged economic warfare. Invading soldiers razed homes, and decimated industry. The Russian military, meanwhile, enacted scorched earth policies and destroyed the food it could not relocate. The intensification of violence prompted a new refugee crisis. This chapter gives a depiction of the mercenary aspect of Allied campaigns and offers a rare glimpse into Russian efforts to alleviate the strain of war upon the civilian population. The chapter concludes with an assessment of war damages in the region.
Reconstruction
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

At the end of the war, government officials made an effort to calculate losses along the war zone. Even before all the information had been gathered, they concluded that the Crimean War was much more devastating than any previous conflict, including Napoleon’s invasion of 1812. The largest state aid program undertaken in the Russian empire followed, which nevertheless fell short of regional need. Unable to eke out survival in a hostile and exhausted land, nearly 200,000 Crimean Tatars left their homelands for the Ottoman Empire in one of the single largest mass migrations prior to the First World War. This chapter describes the effects of the war on the area and the steps taken to alleviate the suffering of the Crimean population in the postwar period.
Transformation
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: November 2018

The Crimean War was a watershed event in Russia; it transformed government and society and ushered in the Great Reforms. Russian subjects mobilized to support the home front came out of the war with an expectation of reciprocity; serfs wanted their freedom, while other social estates saw the potential of civil society. In Crimea and the larger province of Tauride, the war created profoundly negative change. Violence disassembled landscapes and altered topography. It remapped roads, and communication networks. War destroyed industry and agriculture. Most significantly, punitive civilian policies combined with the failure of recovery programs led the mass migration of Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The Russian government resettled Christian populations in the spaces vacated by emigrating Tatars and remade the distant borderland into its own image. Crimea never recovered from the Crimean War. Rather, mass scale violence transformed Crimea.
Introduction
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses three unacknowledged discursive functions of peace—namely, that peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. First, idealizers of peace rarely speak of peace on its own but of peace and security, law, friendship, order, and so on. The chapter calls this structure of discursive supplementation parasitical in which each of these added elements is “an insinuate of peace.” Second, idealizations of peace reflect particularistic desires, fears, interests, anxieties, and theories of difference. This logic of universalized idealization is provincial. Third, idealizations of peace are polemical in that they make peace into an ideal in relation to constitutive antagonisms and against specific enemies. This idealization then enables further hostility. The chapter situates these arguments in relation to affiliated arguments, including “politics is a continuation of war,” “peace talk is empty,” “peace has eroded,” and those of just war theory. Finally, it discusses the political work and theoretical elisions of the tropes surrounding “Islam and peace,” the opposition between “Islam and the West,” and “cross-cultural” understandings of peace.
Assigning Symmetry
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: November 2018

Chapter 1 examines peace and war in Plato’s Laws. The dialogue’s speakers schematize war along an aesthetic pattern of symmetry, of polis against polis, person against person. These wars suggest an orderly universe. Ultimately, they locate peace in a different aesthetic—namely, the wholeness of the polis. The characters’ generalization of the polis as the primary site of well-ordered peace and war reflects anxieties about the polis’s finitude and about sources of disordering violence, notably Greek empires, Persia, and slave revolts. Second, Plato has his characters rehabilitate peace against arguments about its insufficiency by affirming that “war is for the sake of peace” and by appealing to peace’s parasitical structure: they insinuate fraternity, friendship, unity, security, and law into peace. In both Plato’s Laws and contemporaneous Athenian orations, these insinuates gain primacy over peace and facilitate war, including wars that govern the polis’s interior and police its surrounding neighbors.
Interlude I
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: November 2018

This interlude examines the desire to correct or admonish one’s friends, neighbors, or brothers. It foregrounds the politics and ethics of this desire in the writings of Plato, al- Fārābī, Aquinas, and Erasmus, and then examines how al-Jāḥiẓ and Ibn Ḥazm confront the aporetic qualities of this desire in their advice on the treatment of friends. The second half of the interlude discusses how various texts from the genre of advice for rulers, or mirrors for princes, schematize the relationship of war and peace to the enemy. These schematizations include the topos that whoever desires peace should prepare for war. They also include a significant alternative schema that Erasmus raises, but which he does not explore. This alternative is based on separation.
Epilogue
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: November 2018

The epilogue to this genealogy of peace returns to the parasitical, provincial, and polemical structures discussed throughout the book. It highlights some of their major continuities and transformations. In the parasitical structure, the persistent insinuates of peace transform, while other insinuates disappear; both developments produce ripples within peace. The provincial structure tracks how peace is tethered to certain aesthetics, entities, and actions. This tethering, in turn, is indexed by series of shifting anxieties, hierarchies, and secularized theological commitments. The polemical structure traces the qualities and form of the enemy of peace. This structure intensifies until the enemy of peace must either be transformed or eradicated. The epilogue then discusses the significance and historicity of speaking of “Islam and peace.” It concludes by briefly sketching out the three alternative understandings of peace: the truce, particular peace, and separation.
Decolonizing Universalism
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: November 2018

Decolonizing Universalism develops a way forward for genuinely anti-imperialist feminisms. Against ways of thinking that suggest feminists must either reject normativity altogether or bite the bullet and treat feminism as a product of Western chauvinism, the book offers a universalist conception of feminism that is not grounded in imperialism-causing values. Insisting that transnational, postcolonial, and decolonial feminisms criticize imperialism rather than valorize of cultural diversity as such, Khader advocates shifting the terms of feminist debates about imperialism. Rather than asking whether feminists should embrace any universal values, as the popular relativism/universalism framing does, the book asks whether feminism requires embracing the specific values that have been thought to be vehicles for imperialism. Khader offers a nonideal universalist conception of transnational feminist praxis, that understands feminism as opposition to sexist oppression and transnational feminist praxis as a justice-enhancing project. Her nonideal universalist vision allows feminists remain feminists without committing to the values of what she calls “Enlightenment liberalism,” including controversial forms of autonomy, secularism, and individualism, as well as gender eliminativism. The result is a new vision of solidarity according to which it can be both possible and preferable for feminisms to be rooted in worldviews that are unfamiliar to, and stigmatized by, Westerners—and a call to attend more seriously to the moral and practical meanings of “other” women’s activism. The book draws heavily on examples from international development, postcolonial theory, and Southern women’s movements.
Autonomy and the Secular
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: November 2018

The central claim of this chapter is that worldviews that embrace traditional dictates, and even ones that take certain traditional dictates to be beyond question, can be genuinely feminist. Feminism is opposition to sexist oppression, and since this form of oppressiveness is a function of the effects of practices rather than their inheritedness, it is possible to oppose sexist oppression on traditionalist grounds. This is good news for anti-imperialist feminist projects, since wanton destruction of the traditions of “others” has often been understood as required for feminist change. The forms of freedom, autonomy, and the secular to which Western feminists appeal when justifying cultural damage is neither necessary for feminism nor central to its status as a normative doctrine. The chapter includes a discussion of the moral epistemologies of Islamic feminisms and a criticism of the normative conclusions of Saba Mahmood’s work.
Gender-Role Eliminativism
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the role that political strategies based in household headship complementarian worldviews can play in transnational feminist praxis. The central contention is that such doctrines cannot furnish feminist ideals, because despite offering role-based reasons for men to promote individual women’s well-being and offering women opportunities for agency, they cannot ground moral criticisms of sexist oppression. However, the nonideal universalist position developed in this book cautions against dismissing headship-complementarian strategies altogether; in cases in which women’s well-being is very low or women only understand themselves in headship-complementarian terms, there may be provisional reasons for accepting such strategies. The argument is made partly through a discussion of whether headship complementarians can condemn norms and practices that support intrahousehold inequality.
Introduction
Authors: Chancer Lynn S. , Sánchez-Jankowski Martín , Trost Christine
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an overview of youth unemployment. Widespread job destruction and losses in earnings precipitated by the Great Recession (2007–2009) have had an unprecedented impact on American teens and young adults. In spite of a partial economic recovery, American youth continue to experience significantly higher levels of unemployment and underemployment than older adults. Indeed, employment prospects for youth have been declining for more than two decades as a result of significant changes in the structure and nature of work. The rise of the “24/7 economy” and nonstandard work schedules, polarization between “good” and “bad” jobs, the replacement of routine manual work with automation, the steady decline in manufacturing jobs, and the rise in low-wage insecure jobs without benefits all contribute to diminished employment prospects. At the same time, the “American dream” remains a deeply embedded cultural ideology often at odds with actual problems that are increasingly encountered. Ultimately, youth face heightened socioeconomic precariousness and insecurity not only in the realm of work but also in school as the cost of a college education continues to skyrocket.
Take This Job and Love It?
Authors: McCallum Jamie K.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the work ethic of the Millennial generation. Workers, especially young workers, have been socialized toward the work ethic in a way that impresses on them the importance of finding the inherent value of work, nearly regardless of the task, and of being committed to it, nearly regardless of the conditions. Indeed, the popular myth of the lazy Millennial is unsupported by facts, figures, and ethnographic data. Data suggest that young workers are not substantially different from workers in previous generations in their outlook toward work. When they are different, though, it is often in ways that defy both media and business consultant stereotypes about the Millennial workforce. But by one measure, at least, Millennials are unique: they tend to believe hard work is more important than the baby boomers do.
Real Jobs and Redshirting
Authors: Carr Patrick J. , Kefalas Maria J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the employment experiences of the young people interviewed for a study in 2010. Though conditions were tough for everyone, the study of 20-somethings shows that not everyone experienced the same degree of economic pain. Specifically, those who were from what could be called “elite” backgrounds had an easier time getting jobs even during the recession and were additionally insulated from the worst effects of the downturn by having little or no educational debt. The working- and middle-class young people had a much more difficult time both in securing employment and in dealing with debt. The chapter then looks at the strategies respondents utilized to secure employment after graduation and what has helped and hindered them in their efforts.
Effects of Incarceration on Labor Market Outcomes Among Young Adults
Authors: Harding David J. , Nguyen Anh P. , Morenoff Jeffrey D. , Bushway Shawn D.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the effect of imprisonment on labor-market outcomes for young adults. The life-course framework suggests that imprisonment may be particularly consequential for young people making the transition to adulthood. It emphasizes the sequential connections between critical life events and the role of early events in establishing trajectories of advantage or disadvantage over the life course. Drawing on data on young adults sentenced for felonies between 2003 and 2006 in Michigan and leveraging a natural experiment based on the random assignment of judges, this chapter estimates the effect of imprisonment versus probation on various employment outcomes. Imprisonment has substantively large negative effects on employment. Effects are largest 1 year after sentencing, when incapacitation removes most prisoners from the labor market, but persist to the 5-year point. Effects are also larger for whites than nonwhites, reflecting low employment among nonwhites in the comparison group.
Youth Prospects and the Case for a Universal Basic Income
Authors: Reibstein Sarah , Stern Andy
Published: November 2018

This chapter addresses the idea of universal basic income (UBI). The idea of universal or guaranteed income proposes that governments provide cash transfers to ensure a livable income to all residents. In effect, this deals with the jobs crisis not by making sure that everyone has a job or by creating more but by making sure everyone does not need to have one. The chapter then argues, first, that by liberating people from the demands of the capitalist employment relationship and the provider–client relationship of certain government programs, UBI inherently advances individual freedom or self-determination. Second, in making space for alternatives, UBI is likely to facilitate relations grounded in solidarity and the mutual benefit of the community. Third, and finally, consequences of UBI may include justice for particular marginalized groups, including those currently on welfare, women, racial minorities, and formerly incarcerated people.
The Classical Theories of the Corporation
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the theories of the corporation offered by Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx, looking at how they would answer the questions posed in the first chapter. We see that for the same reasons that Smith celebrated the “invisible hand” of the market, he was deeply skeptical of the joint-stock company. Mill and Marx, on the other hand, see in the joint-stock company the possibility of moral progress; Mill contended that joint-stock companies would give way to an economy dominated by worker cooperatives, and Marx accorded it a crucial role in the transcendence of capitalism. In the process of this overview we begin to see how firms and corporations are distinct from markets, and how one’s normative appraisal of the latter will affect the way they understand and assess the former.
Ronald Coase and the Difference between Markets and Firms
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the development of transaction cost economics and unpacks its theory of the firm. The chapter begins with the marginal revolution in economics and how it altered the way economists understood the corporation. It then reviews the work of Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson, explaining how they provided a novel account of firms. Transaction cost economics emphasizes how firms use hierarchy and bureaucracy to overcome problems of opportunism and asset-specific investment to coordinate some types of economic activity more efficiently than markets can. The transaction cost account of the corporation’s productivity component is shown in tabular form in comparison with its historical forerunners reviewed in the previous chapter.
The Concept of Norm-Governed Productivity
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

The chapter subjects the Chicago school to critique. It starts by reviewing the different views of Coasian thought that were reviewed in Part I. This chapter offers a third approach, which brings Coase’s overlooked views about moral psychology to bear on the question of the corporation. In this view, it is the cultivation of cooperative social norms, not the contractual allocation of governing rights, that allows firms to economize on market failures. This idea is referred to as “norm-governed productivity.” According to this view, firms are not “privately owned markets,” nor do they merely alter people’s decision-making through coercion or incentives; instead, firms work by altering preferences in order to foster cooperative relationships. This conception of corporate efficiency invites the moral question as to whether the relationships being cultivated are good or bad, a question that cannot be short-circuited by the economist’s recourse to choice and preference.
The Architecture of Corporate Governance and Workplace Democracy
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter offers a theory of corporate governance through a two-pronged approach, one that sails closer to the contractarian, pluralist account, the other closer to the rationalist, concession theorists. In the first instance, we look to the values that are explicitly or implicitly endorsed by a particular corporation and then ask if its organization and actions are cultivating relationships consistent with those values. This approach is pluralist in nature, adopting the status quo assumption that we ought to be more deferential to individual corporations’ choice of “normative cores.” The second approach starts with the liberal values implicit in society and then asks whether corporations are structured and regulated to produce relationships consistent with those values. This approach represents a more radical departure from the status quo. Taken together these approaches provide a spectrum of prescriptive analyses of the corporation, ranging from more deferential to more regulative.
Coda
Authors: Forster Chris
Published: November 2018

This brief coda compares two related Parisian anglophone publishers and their most notable publications: Jack Kahane’s Obelisk Press, publisher of Henry Miller’s The Tropic Cancer; and Maurice Girodias’s Olympia Press, publisher of Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita. It argues that the similarities and differences between these presses, and these novels, illustrate how the “end of obscenity” for books obsolesced the role of the transgressive continental English-language publisher. In both cases, the work published was at odds with how the publisher imagined its role—Miller actively sought to distance himself from the modernism that Kahane took as the justification of his press, whereas Nabokov took exception to being published alongside the pornography that Girodias celebrated. Each captures a tension between modernism, obscenity, and print as a medium.
History and the Plant
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

Marijuana (cannabis) is among the most widely used of all psychoactive drugs. Despite the fact that its possession and use is illegal in many countries, cannabis is used regularly by as many as 20 million people in the United States and Europe and by millions more in other areas of the world. Thousands of patients with AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and a variety of other disabling diseases use marijuana in the firm belief that it makes their symptoms better, despite the relative paucity of medical evidence to substantiate this claim. This chapter reviews the long history of cannabis in human societies and its vilification and control in the 20th century. The plants Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are described, as are the various cannabis products derived from the plants and the more modern forms of concentrates.
Medical Uses of Marijuana—Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

Marijuana has a long history of medical use. This chapter discusses the modern revival of interest in marijuana in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. The fully licensed cannabinoid medicines dronabinol (Marinol), nabilone (Cesamet), and nabiximols (Sativex) and their uses are discusses. Medical indications include multiple sclerosis, pain, nausea and vomiting, epilepsy, appetite stimulation, mood, sleep, and migraine. Apart from the treatment of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis, there is little or no scientific evidence of efficacy because of the lack of controlled clinical trials; nevertheless, there may be a significant placebo effect. The supply of cannabis to medical pharmacies is poorly controlled. The Dutch and Canadian models provide good quality control, but in the United States supplies are of patchy quality from state to state.