bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spring Temperature Accumulation Is a Primary Driver of Forest Disease and Pest Occurrence in China in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Zhao Junhao , Wang Jiahao , Huang Jixia , Zhang Le , Tang Jianzhi
Published: August 2023

Climatic factors have a strong influence on the occurrence of forest diseases and pests, but few studies have systematically analyzed the influence of spring climatic factors on the occurrence of forest diseases and pests in China. We collected inventory data of forest resources, forest diseases, and pest occurrences and then analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of China’s forest diseases and pests from 1992–2019. Next, we took spring temperature accumulations ≥ 10 °C, spring average precipitation, and spring average radiation as the spring climatic factors and analyzed their influence on China’s forest diseases and pests with partial correlation and piecewise trend methods. The results showed that the incidence rate of forest diseases and pests in China had a nonlinear decreasing trend that occurred simultaneously with the growth of forested areas and the increase in forest pest and disease areas. Ultimately, the increase in forest pest and disease areas stabilized at low levels of 1% and 4%, respectively. This change generated a spatial shift from an east–west to a north–south pattern in China. Additionally, the average turning points of forest disease and pest incidence trends in China occurred in 2000 and 2005, where 56.7% and 63.3% of provinces, respectively, experienced significant shifts in forest disease and pest incidence. Finally, spring meteorological elements had a significant role in driving the mechanisms of forest disease and pest incidence in China. Among these, spring temperature accumulation was a major contributor in disease and pest variability in China. However, spring radiation and spring precipitation were important local drivers in Southwest China, though these two factors had two opposing shifts in forest diseases and pests reflected over time. This study systematically analyzed the impact of climate change on the development of forest diseases and pests in China, helping clarify the future control of forest diseases and pests in China.
Spatio-Temporal Changes in Forest Area and Its Ecosystem Service Value in Ganzi Prefecture, China, in the Period 1997–2017
Authors: Wang Yanru , Li Qingquan , Geng Jijin , Bie Xiaojuan , Peng Peihao , Wu Guofeng
Published: August 2023

It is possible to manage the forest ecosystem and promote sustainable development by keeping track of spatio-temporal fluctuation in the forest area and its ecosystem service value (ESV). The forest ecology of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Ganzi Prefecture), which is located in the northern Hengduan Mountains region, i.e., China’s most important ecological functional area, has seen significant alteration during the past 20 years. However, little is known about how the forest and its ESV evolve. We obtained data regarding Ganzi Prefecture’s forests using visual interpretation of remote sensing images derived from 1997, 2007, and 2017, and we evaluated the spatial–temporal changes in the forest ESV from 1997 to 2017 using global value coefficients and adjusted local value coefficients. The results revealed that (1) from 1997 to 2017, the forest area of Ganzi Prefecture increased by 6729.95 km2, and the forest growth rate was 336.50 km2/a, while (2) from 1997 to 2017, the forest ESV in Ganzi Prefecture experienced an overall increase of 257.59 × 108 yuan. The primary driver of the forest ESV increase was the implementation of forestry ecological engineering and protection policies. (3) Finally, the spatial distribution of the forest ESV revealed that the forest ESV density increased during this period, with the most significant increase occurring in Yajiang. The forest ESV was scattered with the highest density in Yajiang and the lowest density in Shiqu. This study emphasizes how crucial forest ecosystems are to Ganzi Prefecture’s mechanisms for maintaining life. It provided a scientific basis for the sustainable management of the forest ecosystem in the Hengduan Mountains.
Reproductive Phenology and Climatic Drivers of Plant Species Used as Food by the Hainan Gibbon, Nomascus hainanus (Primates: Hylobatidae)
Authors: Xue Qianhuai , Zeng Xiu , Du Yanjun , Long Wenxing
Published: August 2023

The timing of flowering and fruiting plays a critical role in the reproduction, population size, and range of fruit-eating animals. The Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China, hosts one of the world’s most endangered primate species, the Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Understanding the phenological patterns of the principal food sources of the Hainan gibbon is crucial for the effective management of their habitats and the conservation of this threatened population. To that end, we conducted a regression analysis to better understand how climate may impact the timing and availability of fruits known to support the Hainan gibbon. We observed significant seasonal and inter-annual variations in the reproductive phenology of these fruiting species, with most species flowering from March to June and fruiting from August to December. Importantly, we found that Hainan gibbons face severe food scarcity between January and April. We show that sunshine exerts a significant effect on the flowering time, while fruiting phenology is most sensitive to temperature. We suggest that the restoration of the Hainan gibbon habitat should include planting more tree species which that produce fruit in the time of low food availability between January-April, including the species Memecylon ligustrifolium, Wrightia pubescens, Sarcosperma laurinum, Eurya ciliata, and Pouteria annamensis.
Effects on the Synthesis and Accumulation of Triterpenes in Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus under MeJA Treatment
Authors: Xia Qinghui , Wang Zijue , Chen Xiaoling , Dong Xingxing , Cheng Shuiyuan , Zhang Shaopeng
Published: August 2023

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) lljinskaja, the sole and multi-functional tree species of the family Juglandaceae, grows extensively in subtropical areas of China. Species-specific triterpenoids in its leaves have validated health-promoting effects, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. To illustrate the effect of MeJA treatment on the accumulation and biosynthesis of triterpenoids in C. paliurus leaves at different stages of maturity, the contents of total triterpenoids and six triterpene compounds, along with the relative expression of three key genes, were detected. The results showed that the contents of triterpenes and expression patterns of the genes significantly differed among the samples. Different treatment times also had diverse effects on triterpenoid accumulation and gene expression. MeJA treatment had positive effects on total triterpenoids, cyclocaric acid B, and cyclocarioside A/B, especially in young leaves. Gene expression was highest in young leaves after 10 days of treatment, indicating that they were the most sensitive to MeJA. This study provided a reference for improving the accumulation of triterpenoids in C. paliurus plantations in the future.
Correction: Sha et al. Differences in Root Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis) Seedlings in Different Growth Years. Forests 2023, 14, 1489
Authors: Sha Weilai , Hong Die , Che Yuying , Xue Yafei , Kong Yong , Yi Xianfeng , Zhou Jing , Yu Guohong , Liu Baoxuan
Published: August 2023

There was an error in the last sentence in part “2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection”, and the first sentence in “2.3. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification” in the original publication [...]
Mutant Bisexual and Wild Male Flowers Were Compared by Integrated Proteome and Transcriptome Analyses to Provide Insight into the Sex Conversion of Idesia polycarpa Maxim
Authors: Wang Huimin , Li Zhi , Cai Qifei , Wang Yanmei , Geng Xiaodong , Li Shunfu , Fang Lisha , Yao Shunyang , Li Huiyun , Liu Zhen
Published: August 2023

Idesia polycarpa is a dioecious tree; in field surveys, there are rare sex conversions in I. polycarpa individuals with bisexual flowers. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying sex conversion in this species, an integrative analysis of the proteome and transcriptome profiles of I. polycarpa male and bisexual flowers at key developmental stages was conducted in this study using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification and RNA-seq technology. A total of 15,003 proteins were identified; the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and flavonoid metabolism pathways in all comparison groups. A total of 290,442 unigenes were obtained; these were compared with seven databases, revealing 196,366 annotated unigenes. In general, the expression of proteins and genes tended to be positively correlated, with Spearman correlation coefficients in the ranges of 0.152–0.262 (all genes and all proteins) and 0.497–0.778 (DEPs and DEGs). The integrative analysis of DEPs and DEGs between male and bisexual flowers revealed that the most significantly enriched pathways were flavonoid pathways, metabolic pathways, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Finally, four co-expressed proteins and transcripts and one gene associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were screened out. The proteins identified were p-coumaroyl shikimate 3′-hydroxylase, and shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, and the gene was caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase. The analysis has revealed key potential proteins and genes involved in sex conversion at the molecular level and has provided a basis for future investigations of artificial regulation of sex differentiation in I. polycarpa.
Effect of Inoculation with Lacticaseibacillus casei and Staphylococcus carnosus on the Quality of Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Surimi Sausage
Authors: Mu Hongliang , Weng Peifang , Wu Zufang
Published: August 2023

Dosidicus gigas is a kind of low-fat food with poor gel properties. Fermentation has been proved to be an effective food processing method that could improve the gel properties of meat. Here, we inoculated D. gigas with two strains, Lacticaseibacillus casei and Staphylococcus carnosus, that have been approved for use in meat processing, and studied their impact on the quality of the product. Compared with the uninoculated samples, inoculation with L. casei and mixed inoculation with L. casei and S. carnosus were able to significantly reduce pH during fermentation. The plate counting results showed that L. casei may have adapted well to the environment in the inoculated groups, while the growth of Staphylococcus may have been inhibited in the mixed inoculated group. 16s rRNA sequencing confirmed that inoculation significantly altered the bacterial composition of squid surimi sausages. Both inoculation with L. casei and mixed inoculation with L. casei and S. carnosus were able to inhibit the accumulation of the main biogenic amines, and in the mixed inoculated group, the main biogenic amines were lower. Compared with unfermented squid surimi sausages, mixed inoculation changed the texture, gel properties, color, and appearance of squid surimi sausages. These results showed that mixed inoculation can not only ensure safety, but also improve the quality of squid surimi sausages.
3D Path Planning Algorithms in UAV-Enabled Communications Systems: A Mapping Study
Authors: Carvajal-Rodriguez Jorge , Morales Marco , Tipantuña Christian
Published: August 2023

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with communication technologies have gained significant attention as a promising solution for providing wireless connectivity in remote, disaster-stricken areas lacking communication infrastructure. However, enabling UAVs to provide communications (e.g., UAVs acting as flying base stations) in real scenarios requires the integration of various technologies and algorithms. In particular 3D path planning algorithms are crucial in determining the optimal path free of obstacles so that UAVs in isolation or forming networks can provide wireless coverage in a specific region. Considering that most of the existing proposals in the literature only address path planning in a 2D environment, this paper systematically studies existing path-planning solutions in UAVs in a 3D environment in which optimization models (optimal and heuristics) have been applied. This paper analyzes 37 articles selected from 631 documents from a search in the Scopus database. This paper also presents an overview of UAV-enabled communications systems, the research questions, and the methodology for the systematic mapping study. In the end, this paper provides information about the objectives to be minimized or maximized, the optimization variables used, and the algorithmic strategies employed to solve the 3D path planning problem.
Enhancing E-Learning with Blockchain: Characteristics, Projects, and Emerging Trends
Authors: Bidry Mahmoud , Ouaguid Abdellah , Hanine Mohamed
Published: August 2023

Blockchain represents a decentralized and distributed ledger technology, ensuring transparent and secure transaction recording across networks. This innovative technology offers several benefits, including increased security, trust, and transparency, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the potential of Blockchain technology to enhance diverse fields, such as e-learning. In this research, we undertook a systematic literature review to explore the potential of Blockchain technology in enhancing the e-learning domain. Our research focused on four main questions: (1) What potential characteristics of Blockchain can contribute to enhancing e-learning? (2) What are the existing Blockchain projects dedicated to e-learning? (3) What are the limitations of existing projects? (4) What are the future trends in Blockchain-related research that will impact e-learning? The results showed that Blockchain technology has several characteristics that could benefit e-learning. We also discussed immutability, transparency, decentralization, security, and traceability. We also identified several existing Blockchain projects dedicated to e-learning and discussed their potential to revolutionize learning by providing more transparency, security, and effectiveness. However, our research also revealed many limitations and challenges that could be addressed to achieve Blockchain technology’s potential in e-learning.
Alfalfa Silage Diet Improves Meat Quality by Remodeling the Intestinal Microbes of Fattening Pigs
Authors: Xu Junying , Liu Xiao , Geng Hongmin , Liu Rui , Li Fang , Ma Jixiang , Liu Mengqi , Liu Boshuai , Sun Hao , Ma Sen , Wang Zhichang , Zhu Xiaoyan , Li Defeng , Wang Chengzhang , Shi Yinghua , Cui Yalei
Published: August 2023

Because the demand for pork is increasing, it is crucial to devise efficient and green methods to improve the quality and quantity of meat. This study investigated the improvement in pork quality after the inclusion of alfalfa meal or alfalfa silage in pig diet. Our results indicated that alfalfa silage improved meat quality more effectively in terms of water-holding capacity, drip loss, and marbling score. Besides, an alfalfa silage diet can affect the level of fatty acids and amino acids in pork. Further, alfalfa silage was found to improve meat quality by remodeling intestinal microbiota and altering the level of SCFAs, providing a viable option for improving meat quality through forage.
Changes in the Physical Properties and Volatile Odor Characteristics of Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) in Far Infrared Radiation Drying
Authors: Xie Long , Jiang Yu-Si , Wang Yu-Bin , Xiao Hong-Wei , Liu Wei , Ma Yue , Zhao Xiao-Yan
Published: August 2023

The effects of far infrared radiation drying (FID) on physical properties (drying kinetics, color, shrinkage ratio, rehydration ratio, and microstructural characterization) and volatile odor characteristics (volatile odor profile distinction and volatile compounds) of shiitake mushrooms were evaluated in this study. During the FID, the drying time decreased with the increase in drying temperature, and it had a less significant effect in the lower temperature range. The increase in drying temperature led to increasing shrinkage and collapse in the microstructure, resulting in a decreased rehydration rate and highlighting the influence of microstructure characteristics on macroscopic properties. Higher drying temperatures employed in the FID process were found to be associated with a decreasing L* value and an increasing ΔE value. The application of principal component analysis can effectively distinguish the significant effect of FID on the volatile odor profiles of shiitake mushrooms. Compared to raw shiitake mushrooms, FID treatment has endowed samples with a greater variety of volatile compounds. After processing with FID, there have been increases in volatile components such as sulfur compounds, acids, nitrogen compounds, and aldehydes, while volatile components like alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons have shown decreases.
Effects of Freezing Raw Yak Milk on the Fermentation Performance and Storage Quality of Yogurt
Authors: Li Aili , Han Xueting , Zheng Jie , Zhai Jianing , Cui Nan , Du Peng , Xu Jian
Published: August 2023

In this study, the effects of freezing yak milk at −20 °C and −40 °C for 30, 90 and 180 days on the fermentation characteristics and storage quality of the corresponding yogurt were discussed. The results showed that, compared with that of yogurt made from fresh yak milk, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth and acid production rate of the yogurt in the −20 °C group decreased at 90 d. The water-holding capacity, viscosity and hardness decreased during storage, and a sour taste was prominent, while no significant changes were observed in the −40 °C group. At 180 d of freezing, the post-acidification of the yogurt in the −20 °C and −40 °C groups increased after 21 d of storage. Compared with the −40 °C group, the −20 °C group showed a significant decrease in LAB counts, a decrease in pH value to 3.63–3.80 and poor texture and sensory quality.
Characterization and Stability of a Novel Toxin in Scallop Mantle Tissue
Authors: Maeda Nabuki , Yumoto Takahiro , Xiong Geng , Hasegawa Yasushi
Published: August 2023

Previous studies have shown that mice fed a diet containing 1% mantle tissue exhibited decreased food consumption and led to death. Toxic substances present in the mantle tissue have been isolated and identified. In the present study, we explored the characteristics and stability of mantle tissue toxicity. The treatment of mantle tissue with 1 mM hydrochloric acid, 1 mM sodium hydroxide, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM hydrogen peroxide followed by heating did not significantly reduce the toxicity of mantle tissue in mice. These results suggest that mantle toxins are stable in tissues, particularly when exposed to acidic conditions and digestive enzymes. We examined whether mantle tissue exhibited acute toxicity. Mice fed a diet containing 20% mantle tissue did not show a distinct increase in toxicity compared with mice fed a diet containing 1% mantle tissue, demonstrating that feeding mantle tissue does not lead to acute toxicity. Finally, mantle tissue toxicity in the small intestine was examined. Chronic feeding of mantle tissue to mice changed the color of the small intestine. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that mantle tissue feeding caused changes in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in the small intestine. These results suggest that mantle tissue feeding causes toxicity after initial damage to the small intestinal tissue.
Functional Perspective of Leeks: Active Components, Health Benefits and Action Mechanisms
Authors: Xie Tiantian , Wu Qi , Lu Han , Hu Zuomin , Luo Yi , Chu Zhongxing , Luo Feijun
Published: August 2023

Leek (Allium fistulosum L.), a common and widely used food ingredient, is a traditional medicine used in Asia to treat a variety of diseases. Leeks contain a variety of bioactive substances, including sulfur compounds, dietary fiber, steroid compounds and flavonoid compounds. Many studies have shown that these active ingredients produce the following effects: promotion of blood circulation, lowering of cholesterol, relief of fatigue, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, regulation of cell metabolism, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and the lowering of fat and blood sugar levels. In this paper, the main bioactive components and biological functions of leeks were systemically reviewed, and the action mechanisms of bioactive components were discussed. As a common food, the health benefits of leeks are not well known, and there is no systematic summary of leek investigations. In light of this, it is valuable to review the recent progress and provide reference to investigators in the field, which will promote future applications and investigations of leeks.
Exploring Anthocyanin and Free and Bound Phenolic Compounds from Two Morphotypes of Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) by LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS
Authors: Machado Patrícia Gotardo , Londero Danielle Santos , Barcia Milene Teixeira , Ballus Cristiano Augusto
Published: August 2023

Araçá is a Brazilian native fruit belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Although some studies already prove its health benefits, it is still necessary to explore the phenolic compounds in all its parts separately. This study aimed to investigate the free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolics in two morphotypes of araçá, red and yellow, evaluating peel, pulp, and seed separately, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). Fourteen phenolics and five anthocyanins were quantified in both morphotypes. The peels presented the highest contents, followed by the pulp and seeds. Red araçá stood out over the yellow one only in the phenolic fractions resulting from the peel, with the yellow araçá being superior in the phenolic fractions of the pulp and seed. The highest antioxidant capacities were detected for the pulp-esterified phenolics (498.3 µmol g−1) and peel-free phenolics (446.7 µmol g−1) of yellow araçá. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated specific markers to differentiate the samples. All parts of the araçá proved to be a rich source of phenolic compounds, in different fractions, mainly in the peel. This information will be beneficial to stimulate the consumption of native fruits and their possible use in the development of new products.
A Matrix Mittag–Leffler Function and the Fractional Nonlinear Partial Integro-Differential Equation in ℝn
Authors: Li Chenkuan , Beaudin Joshua , Rahmoune Azedine , Remili Walid
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we introduce the matrix Mittag–Leffler function, which is a generalization of the multivariate Mittag–Leffler function, in order to investigate the uniqueness of the solutions to a fractional nonlinear partial integro-differential equation in Rn with a boundary condition based on Banach’s contractive principle and Babenko’s approach. In addition, we present an example demonstrating applications of the key results derived using a Python code that computes the approximate value of our matrix Mittag–Leffler function.
Temperature-Controlled 3D Cryoprinting Inks Made of Mixtures of Alginate and Agar
Authors: Lou Leo , Rubinsky Boris
Published: August 2023

Temperature-controlled 3D cryoprinting (TCC) is an emerging tissue engineering technology aimed at overcoming limitations of conventional 3D printing for large organs: (a) size constraints due to low print rigidity and (b) the preservation of living cells during printing and subsequent tissue storage. TCC addresses these challenges by freezing each printed voxel with controlled cooling rates during deposition. This generates a rigid structure upon printing and ensures cell cryopreservation as an integral part of the process. Previous studies used alginate-based ink, which has limitations: (a) low diffusivity of the CaCl2 crosslinker during TCC’s crosslinking process and (b) typical loss of print fidelity with alginate ink. This study explores the use of an ink made of agar and alginate to overcome TCC protocol limitations. When an agar/alginate voxel is deposited, agar first gels at above-freezing temperatures, capturing the desired structure without compromising fidelity, while alginate remains uncrosslinked. During subsequent freezing, both frozen agar and alginate maintain the structure. However, agar gel loses its gel form and water-retaining ability. In TCC, alginate crosslinking occurs by immersing the frozen structure in a warm crosslinking bath. This enables CaCl2 diffusion into the crosslinked alginate congruent with the melting process. Melted agar domains, with reduced water-binding ability, enhance crosslinker diffusivity, reducing TCC procedure duration. Additionally, agar overcomes the typical fidelity loss associated with alginate ink printing.
Thermosensitive Intravitreal In Situ Implant of Cefuroxime Based on Poloxamer 407 and Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Bakhrushina Elena O. , Dubova Anastasia I. , Nikonenko Maria S. , Grikh Viktoriya V. , Shumkova Marina M. , Korochkina Tatyana V. , Krasnyuk Ivan I. , Krasnyuk Ivan I.
Published: August 2023

The main method of treatment and prevention of endophthalmitis is a combination of intravitreal and topical administration of antibiotics, such as cefuroxime moxifloxacin or vancomycin. However, this method is ineffective due to the rapid elimination of the drug. This problem can be solved with the help of intravitreal in situ injection systems, which are injected with a syringe into the vitreous body and provide prolonged action of the drug at the focus of inflammation. Under the influence of temperature, the liquid drug undergoes a phase transition and turns into a gel after injection. This ensures its prolonged action. The study aimed to develop an intravitreal in situ cefuroxime delivery system for the treatment of endophthalmitis based on a thermosensitive biodegradable composition of poloxamer 407 and hyaluronic acid. A combination of poloxamer Kolliphor® P407, Kolliphor® P188, and PrincipHYAL® hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights was used as a delivery system. The potency of cefuroxime solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone-10000, polyethylene glycol-400, and polyethylene glycol-1500 in a 1:2 ratio was studied for prolonged action compared to cefuroxime substance. The experimental formulations were studied for the parameters of gelation temperature in a long-term test (4 months), pH, and release of cefuroxime using dialysis bags. To study the distribution parameter in the vitreous body, an in vitro model (1/13) was developed, which was a hollow agar sphere filled with 1% (w/v) polyacrylate gel. For the superior formulations, a HET-CAM test (chorioallantoic membrane test) was performed to determine the absence of irritant effects. According to the study results, a formulation containing a solid dispersion of cefuroxime:PEG-400 (1:2), the matrix of which contained 18% (w/v) Kolliphor® P407 poloxamer, 3% (w/v) Kolliphor® P188 poloxamer, and 0.5% (w/v) hyaluronic acid (1400–1800), was selected. This sample had an average gelation temperature of 34.6 °C, pH 6.7 ± 0.5, and a pronounced prolonged effect. Only 7.6% was released in 3 h of the experiment, whereas about 38% of cefuroxime was released in 72 h. No irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane was observed for any formulations studied.
International Migration: Definition, Causes and Effects
Authors: Tsegay Samson Maekele
Published: August 2023

This paper explores the concept of migration, and its causes and effects, with a focus on international migration. Various journal articles, reports, and policy documents are reviewed to address the controversies concerning the concept and key issues of migration. The paper indicates that migration is not only a contested concept, but migration research has resulted in different outcomes. It is mainly affected by personal, socio-economic, and political factors associated with the origin and host countries. Similarly, scholars have been asking the question, “who is a migrant?” for decades without a definite answer. It is also important to consider “what would happen after migrants obtain host country citizenship”: would they continue to be migrants, the host countries’ citizens, or both? This paper contributes to advancing our knowledge and broadening our understanding of the concept of migration and key issues associated with it. It also serves as a base for further discussion.
Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the WRKY Gene Family in Asparagus officinalis
Authors: Chen Jing , Hou Sijia , Zhang Qianqian , Meng Jianqiao , Zhang Yingying , Du Junhong , Wang Cong , Liang Dan , Guo Yunqian
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the related research of the WRKY gene family has been gradually promoted, which is mainly reflected in the aspects of environmental stress and hormone response. However, to make the study of the WRKY gene family more complete, we also need to focus on the whole-genome analysis and identification of the family. In previous studies, the whole WRKY gene family of Arabidopsis, legumes and other plants has been thoroughly studied. However, since the publication of Asparagus officinalis genome-wide data, there has never been an analysis of the whole WRKY gene family. To understand more broadly the function of the WRKY gene family, the whole genome and salt stress transcriptome data of asparagus were used for comprehensive analysis in this study, including WRKY gene family identification, phylogenetic tree construction, analysis of conserved mods and gene domains, extraction of cis-acting elements, intron/exon analysis, species collinearity analysis, and WRKY expression analysis under salt stress. The results showed that a total of 70 genes were selected and randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes and one undefined chromosome. According to the functional classification of Arabidopsis thaliana, the WRKY family of asparagus was divided into 11 subgroups (C1–C9, U1, U2). It is worth considering that the distribution rules of gene-conserved motifs, gene domains and introns/exons in the same subfamily are similar, which suggests that genes in the same subfamily may regulate similar physiological processes. In this study, 11 cis-acting elements of WRKY family were selected, among which auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and other hormone-regulated induction elements were involved. In addition, environmental stress (such as drought stress and low-temperature response) also accounted for a large proportion. Interestingly, we analyzed a total of two tandem duplicate genes and 13 segmental duplication genes, suggesting that this is related to the amplification of the WRKY gene family. Transcriptome data analysis showed that WRKY family genes could regulate plant growth and development by up-regulating and down-regulating gene expression under salt stress. Volcanic maps showed that 3 and 15 AoWRKY genes were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in NI&NI+S and AMF&AMF+S, respectively. These results provide a new way to analyze the evolution and function of the WRKY gene family, and can provide a reference for the production and research of asparagus.
Intensity of a Physical Exercise Programme Executed through Immersive Virtual Reality
Authors: Giakoni-Ramírez Frano , Godoy-Cumillaf Andrés , Fuentes-Merino Paola , Farías-Valenzuela Claudio , Duclos-Bastías Daniel , Bruneau-Chávez José , Merellano-Navarro Eugenio , Velásquez-Olavarría Ronald
Published: August 2023

Evidence suggests that moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is necessary for health benefits. Immersive virtual reality is a technology that uses images, sounds, and tactile sensations from a simulated world to encourage healthy behaviours and physical activity. The aims of this research are (1) to determine the duration and intensity of physical activity performed through immersive virtual reality; (2) to determine differences in physical activity intensity according to gender. Methods: A nonprobabilistic convenience sample composed of 39 university students of physical education pedagogy, who performed, through immersive virtual reality, a physical activity programme composed of three levels that progressively increased in complexity. Physical activity intensity was measured using accelerometers. Results: Of the three levels, the most complex was not the one that produced the most minutes of MVPA. The three levels added up to 08:53 min of MVPA. No significant differences were found when comparing them by sex. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that an exercise programme delivered through immersive virtual reality generates MVPA levels, with no major differences between sexes. Further research is needed to confirm the contribution of immersive virtual reality to physical activity.
Balance-Associated Tests Contribute to Predicting the Need for Ambulatory Assistive Devices (AAD) among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Xu Shiqi , Qian Lei , Hao Jianru , Wang Jun , Qiu Yuyu
Published: August 2023

This study aims to analyze the use of ambulatory assistive devices (AAD) in relation to balance-associated tests and assist medical staff in providing professional objective reference values for older adults on whether to use AAD. Older adults (n = 228) were recruited from the local community to participate in this study. Participants were divided into the AAD-use group and the non-AAD-use group. Four balance-associated tests and scales were applied to predict the relationship between balance function and the use of AAD in older adults. They were used to assess the participant’s balance function and confidence in maintaining balance and were considered the most reliable measures of balance. There were significant differences in the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score and Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) among the subjects in the AAD-use group and non-AAD-use group (p < 0.001). The ROC curve analysis presented the following cut-off values for balance tests and scales: 23.62 s for the TUGT test and 41.5 points for the BBS score. For example, if the TUGT score is greater than 23.62 s and the BBS score is below 41.5 points, AAD is recommended for older adults to maintain balance and prevent falls. These objective reference standards may be useful in guiding medical personnel to determine whether older adults need to use AAD. In future studies, we hope to include more participants for subgroup analysis, investigating different types of AAD and their effects on older adults.
Waist-to-Height Ratio: A Sensitive Tool for Assessing the Need for Nutritional Risk Management in Elderly Populations from Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Vivian C. Honorato dos Santos , Moreira Leila B. , Luft Vivian C. , Fuchs Sandra C.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Nutritional status assessment commonly relies on body mass index (BMI), which overlooks lean mass and adipose tissue distribution. However, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) provide additional insights into fat accumulation. By combining these indices, it may be possible to identify older adults needing weight management interventions. Objectives: To assess the WC and WHtR as strategies for identifying individuals requiring weight management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 elderly individuals in Northeast Brazil. Weight, height, hip circumference, and waist circumference were measured, and combined with indices such as BMI WC, WHR, and WHtR to identify those who require weight management. The DeLong test compared areas under the curves using receiver operating characteristic curves and statistical significance. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated to verify usefulness for clinical application. A validation sample of 599 elderly individuals from the country’s Southern region was used to confirm the results. Results: Both WC and WHtR showed adequate diagnostic accuracy with no statistically significant difference in AUCs. WHtR ≥ 0.50 had 92% sensitivity in identifying men and women requiring nutritional management. WC presented lower sensitivity but 93% specificity, useful for excluding elderly individuals from the nutritional risk category. These results were consistent in the validation sample. Conclusion: WHtR is a valuable index for screening nutritional risk management in the elderly population, applicable to men and women. Conversely, WC performs better in excluding individuals who do not need nutritional risk management.
Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Loaded Electrosprayed Particles for Inhibiting Phytophthora spp. Causing Citrus Root Rot
Authors: Tipduangta Pratchaya , Chansakaow Sunee , Thakad Sirinthicha , Samutrtai Pawitrabhorn , Intharuksa Aekkhaluck , Cheewangkoon Ratchadawan , Karunarathna Anuruddha , Promthep Tipprapa , Sirithunyalug Busaban
Published: August 2023

Citrus is an important economic plant in Thailand. The infection of citrus roots by Phytophthora nicotianae leads to root rot, reduced growth, and branch death. Although fosetyl aluminum and metalaxyl are commonly employed to address citrus root rot, they possess limitations in terms of their ability to diffuse to the root of citrus. Vernonia amygdalina leaf ethyl acetate extract (VLE) has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit Pythium deliense, a fungus closely related to Phytophthora nicotianae. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fungus activity of fractions obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf against Phytophthora nicotianae, identify the most effective fraction, and formulate it into polymeric micro/nanoparticles using the electrospray process. The findings revealed that the VLE fraction eluted with ethanol:chloroform 1:1 had a high alkaloid content from metabolomic study and exhibited the potential to inhibit Phytophthora nicotianae at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Consequently, this fraction was selected for incorporation into polymer blends of Poly Vinyl Alcohol/cellulose acetate to generate electrosprayed particles with a diameter of 0.97 ± 0.55 microns. These particles effectively suppressed in vitro Phytophthora nicotianae, thereby suggesting that VLE-containing electrosprayed particles have the potential to be applied and their in vivo performance in the treatment of citrus root rot evaluated in future experiments.
Unlocking the Potential of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for Hydrological Applications: A Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Environmental Considerations
Authors: Konstantinou Charalampos , Wang Yuze
Published: August 2023

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an innovative biocementation technique that facilitates the formation of calcium carbonate within a pore network. Initially gaining prominence in the field of geotechnical engineering, MICP has attracted significant attention since its inception (the last three decades) and expanded its reach across various engineering disciplines. Examples include rock mechanics, geology and the oil and gas industry fields through the generation of rock-like specimens, and plugging of fractures, in civil and architectural engineering and material science for concrete repair, protection, and for self-healing of building materials, and in environmental engineering for the study of biomimetic materials. In response to this burgeoning interest, the current paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the main biochemical mechanisms underlying MICP (bacterial ureolytic activity, reactions duration and settling times, and chemical solution properties), their direct relevance to altering hydraulic and mechanical properties, both at the microscale and macroscale responses, and the precipitation mechanisms, particularly in relation to water resources and hydrology applications. Four main categories of relevant applications are identified, namely, the groundwater and soil remediation, the applications related to the generation of a low hydraulic conductivity barrier, those related to gaining cohesion, and the applications related to fluid flow studies in artificially generated porous media. Moreover, this comprehensive review not only aims to identify the existing applications of MICP within hydrological fields but also strives to propose novel and promising applications that can further expand its utility in this domain. Along with the investigation of the potential of MICP to revolutionize water resources and hydrology, it is imperative to delve deeper into its environmental implications to ensure sustainable and ecologically responsible implementation.
Correlation between MOVA3D, a Monocular Movement Analysis System, and Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) during Lower Limb Movements in Healthy Adults: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Almeida Liliane Pinho de , Guenka Leandro Caetano , Felipe Danielle de Oliveira , Ishii Renato Porfirio , Campos Pedro Senna de , Burke Thomaz Nogueira
Published: August 2023

New technologies based on virtual reality and augmented reality offer promising perspectives in an attempt to increase the assessment of human kinematics. The aim of this work was to develop a markerless 3D motion analysis capture system (MOVA3D) and to test it versus Qualisys Track Manager (QTM). A digital camera was used to capture the data, and proprietary software capable of automatically inferring the joint centers in 3D and performing the angular kinematic calculations of interest was developed for such analysis. In the experiment, 10 subjects (22 to 50 years old), 5 men and 5 women, with a body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m2, performed squatting, hip flexion, and abduction movements, and both systems measured the hip abduction/adduction angle and hip flexion/extension, simultaneously. The mean value of the difference between the QTM system and the MOVA3D system for all frames for each joint angle was analyzed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). The MOVA3D system reached good (above 0.75) or excellent (above 0.90) correlations in 6 out of 8 variables. The average error remained below 12° in only 20 out of 24 variables analyzed. The MOVA3D system is therefore promising for use in telerehabilitation or other applications where this level of error is acceptable. Future studies should continue to validate the MOVA3D as updated versions of their software are developed.
Physical Activity in Women with Endometriosis: Less or More Compared with a Healthy Control?
Authors: Sachs Maike Katja , Dedes Ioannis , El-Hadad Samia , Haufe Annika , Rueff Dalia , Kohl Schwartz Alexandra Sabrina , Haeberlin Felix , von Orelli Stephanie , Eberhard Markus , Leeners Brigitte
Published: August 2023

Background: Endometriosis, i.e., endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting physical functioning. However, the specific levels of physical activity (PA) in the context of endometriosis and different disease symptoms remain unclear. Methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional study compared PA levels and influencing factors in endometriosis patients and non-endometriosis patients. Data were collected through questionnaires. Endometriosis was surgically confirmed. A statistical analysis was performed with appropriate tests. Results: The study included 460 women with endometriosis and 460 age-matched women without this condition. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, education level, or stable partnership. Women with endometriosis exhibited lower PA levels, practicing fewer hours of sports weekly and climbing fewer stairs daily compared to the control group. These differences remained significant after controlling for confounding factors. Factors such as endometriosis, current dysmenorrhea, and depression were associated with decreased PA. Conclusions: These findings suggest that women with endometriosis engage in less PA compared to those without this condition. These results highlight the need for interventions to promote increased PA in endometriosis patients and harness the associated health benefits. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop tailored exercise therapies for this population.
Change in Values of Illegal Miners and Inhabitants and Reduction in Environmental Pollution after the Cessation of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining: A Case of Bunikasih, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Idham , Kyaw Win , Abdurrachman Mirzam , Kuang Xiaoxu , Sakakibara Masayuki
Published: August 2023

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) harms the environment and human health, because it requires mercury (Hg). Therefore, this study uses a questionnaire survey to identify the effects of the medical checkup findings, group discussion, and educational seminar on the values of illegal miners and residents in Bunikasih, Indonesia, regarding the environmental and health effects of Hg. Transdisciplinary communities of practice (TDCoP) were formed to pursue alternative livelihoods than illegal ASGM. Environmental pollution after ASGM closure was assessed. The questionnaire showed that respondents changed their views on Hg’s effects and were willing to stop ASGM practices. In an environmental impact assessment study, tea leaf samples were obtained between the ASGM activity location and village housing in two periods during ASGM closure to identify the concentrations of Hg, lead, and arsenic. Their mean concentration values in Period 1 (2) were 0.54 ± 0.14, 0.66 ± 0.09, and 0.34 ± 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.08 ± 0.04, 0.34 ± 0.14, and 0.07 ± 0.06 mg kg−1), respectively, indicating a decrease in environmental pollution. In conclusion, the government-driven cessation of ASGM in the study area shows a reduction in environmental pollution, and the change in the perception of the participants regarding the ASGM and TDCoP approaches help to make these changes permanent.
Research on the Cyberspace Map and Its Conceptual Model
Authors: Zhang Lan , Wang Guangxia , You Xiong , Liu Zhiyong , Ma Lin , Tian Jiangpeng , Su Mingzhan
Published: August 2023

The cyberspace map, as one of the important tools for describing cyberspace, provides a visual representation of the dynamic and elusive nature of cyberspace. It has become a research hotspot in multiple disciplinary fields. Compared with traditional maps, cyberspace maps lack the guidance of cartography theory and have not yet formed a unified understanding. Clarifying the concept of the cyberspace map and developing a conceptual model of it could enhance people’s unified understanding of cyberspace. Drawing from the perspective of cartography, this paper analyzes the current situation of cyberspace map research, first discussing the characteristics and definition of the cyberspace map and then proposing the conceptual model of a cyberspace map. This model elaborates on the types of map elements and their specific composition, the strength of their element–space association, the mapping of relationships between elements, element symbolization, and map expression. Then, based on the model proposed in this paper, typical maps are compared and analyzed, and design suggestions are provided. Finally, the entire article is summarized. This paper aims to adapt the development trend of cartography to the ternary space, clarify the basic concept of the cyberspace map, promote the development of cyberspace mapping theory, and lay the foundation for future research.