bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relações de confiança envolvendo consumidores de alimentos orgânicos: um estudo de caso em Sorocaba/SP
Authors: Buquera Rodrigo Brezolin , Marques Paulo Eduardo Moruzzi
Published: October 2021

Resumo: A partir da crítica ao modelo agroalimentar industrial produtivista, as redes alimentares alternativas emergem por meio, particularmente, de uma reaproximação entre produtor e consumidor, visando ao resgate de relações de confiança interpessoal. Nessas redes, destaca-se o interesse pelos alimentos orgânicos. Com esse ponto de partida, este artigo visa apresentar uma análise sobre as formas de confiança adotadas pelos consumidores de alimentos orgânicos, utilizando um estudo de caso sobre o município de Sorocaba/SP. Para tal propósito, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, acrescidas de informações obtidas por um levantamento on-line prévio. Como resultados, foi observada uma clara distinção nas formas de confiança adotadas pelos consumidores, representadas pela valorização de mecanismos institucionais de reconhecimento orgânico e de relações interpessoais de confiança. Por outro lado, a falta de clareza do que são os alimentos orgânicos e seus mecanismos de reconhecimento abrem espaço para prosperar um mercado informal de orgânicos, no qual pairam dúvidas sobre a qualidade orgânica dos alimentos, em ambiente favorável a dissimulações e fraudes.
Living conditions, seroprevalence and symptoms of COVID-19 in slums in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória (Espírito Santo)
Authors: Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia , Jabor Pablo Medeiros , Macedo Laylla Ribeiro , Almada Gilton Luiz , Zanotti Raphael Lubiana , Cerutti Junior Crispim , Gomes Cristiana Costa , Alencar Filomena Euridice Carvalho de , Reuter Tania , Andrade Vera Lúcia Gomes de , Cardoso Orlei Amaral , Medeiros Junior Nésio Fernandes de , Bastos Whisllay Maciel , Bertolani Marlon Neves , Silva Leticia Tabachi , Zandonade Eliana
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT: Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of the Greater Vitória region living in subnormal and non-subnormal agglomerates, and to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of total residents (infected and not infected with SARS-CoV-2) between them. Methods: Population-based prevalence study conducted by serological testing in 2020, with a study unit in households in Greater Vitória, grouped into census tracts classified as sub-normal agglomerates and non-sub-normal agglomerates. The two groups were compared in terms of prevalence and associated factors. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: The prevalence found in the sub-normal clusters was 12.05% (95%CI 9.59–14.50), and in the non-sub-normal clusters 10.23% (95%CI 7.97–12.50) this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.273). Comparing the sociodemographic characteristics, more people who declare themselves to be of mixed race were found in the sub-normal clusters, a higher percentage of illiterates and people with only elementary education, greater number of residents per household, longer stay in public transportation, sharing a bathroom with another household, fewer bedrooms per residence and higher frequency of irregular water supply when compared to non-sub-normal clusters (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The epidemiological characteristics of sub-normal clusters’ residents show the social inequalities that can hinder control measures in a pandemic situation.
Sexual, reproductive health and health status of female sex workers in 12 Brazilian cities, 2016
Authors: Braga Letícia Penna , Damacena Giseli Nogueira , Szwarcwald Célia Landmann , Guimarães Mark Drew Crosland
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate differences in sexual, reproductive health and health status indicators of female sex workers in 12 Brazilian cities. Methods: Cross-sectional study of biological and behavioral surveillance survey with a minimum sample of 350 female sex workers per city, recruited by respondent driven sampling, in 2016. Complex sample design was considered in the data analysis. Indicators and 95% confidence intervals related to sexual and reproductive health, and health status were described separately by city and for the total sample. Results: The total sample consisted of 4,328 female sex workers. The coverage of Pap smear exam, human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis tests and antenatal care indicators varied by 20 percentages points or more. Pap smear exam coverage ranged from 53.4% in Recife to 73.0% in Porto Alegre. The highest percentage of female sex workers who had never been tested for human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis was in Fortaleza (36.8 and 63.8%, respectively). Antenatal coverage ranged from 61.1% in Salvador to 99.0% in Curitiba. In five cities, the proportion of female sex workers who disclosed their sex work status in health services was over 20.0%. Conclusion: The differences between the indicators in the 12 cities followed the Brazilian population profile, with more vulnerable sex workers in the North and Northeast regions. The results show that it is essential to consider the barriers to accessing health, such as stigma and discrimination, which restrict the addressing of female sex workers specific needs.
LA NIÑEZ MIGRANTE Y SU ACOGIDA EN LA ESCUELA: INVESTIGACIONES LATINOAMERICANAS
Authors: Alviarez Indira Carolina Granda , Pava Julián Andrés Loaiza de la
Published: October 2021

Resumen Se analizan las actuales formas de comprender los fenómenos de acogida a la niñez migrante en la escuela pública en Latinoamérica a partir de la revisión de la literatura académica generada acerca de esta temática en la región. Metodológicamente se sometió a análisis hermenéutico un corpus constituido por 60 obras publicadas entre 2014 y 2020, a partir del cual se caracterizaron los sujetos de la diversidad migrante y sus territorios escolares, y se esbozaron los cruces y las fronteras entre categorías comprensivas que dan cuenta de los modos cómo opera la acogida a niñas y niños migrantes y refugiados, en espacios escolares y sistemas educativos regionales. Como conclusión, se problematizan consensos acerca de los tópicos de inclusión e interculturalidad.
Crônica post mortem: a vida e a obra de Primitivo Moacyr pela memória de Afonso D’Escragnolle Taunay
Authors: CARVALHO ROSANA AREAL DE , MACHADO RAPHAEL RIBEIRO
Published: October 2021

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por intuito apresentar reflexões sobre a crônica fúnebre de Afonso D’Escragnolle Taunay sobre Primitivo Moacyr, publicada no Jornal do Commercio em outubro de 1942. Problematizamos o texto como objeto histórico nos debruçando sobre as condições e hipóteses inspiradas pela leitura. A crônica é entendida como produto, lugar de memória e como objeto impresso circunscrito à cultura material brasileira, sendo assim, colabora com a compreensão da relação da escrita com a memória e dialoga com o espaço no qual circulou e fora lida, atuando como discurso de verdade e podendo modificar, historicamente, as referências que os sujeitos possuem do passado. A crônica de Taunay contribui para o entendimento das redes de sociabilidades, dos valores incutidos no contexto e do que sabiam e pensavam sobre o protagonista. A existência de tal escrito ilumina o lugar de Moacyr como intelectual na produção das pesquisas sobre a história da educação brasileira.
Democracia, política e a potência crítica de Jacques Rancière
Authors: Rizzo Augusto Jubei Hoshino , Chueiri Vera Karam de
Published: October 2021

Resumo O presente trabalho discute os conceitos de política, polícia, dissenso, consenso, democracia e pós-democracia desenvolvidos por Jacques Rancière, bem como explora sua potência crítica a respeito dos avanços do neoliberalismo em âmbito global. Usualmente, a política é resumida à luta por poder e pela legitimidade para exercê-lo, enquanto a democracia é vista como a realização de eleições periódicas para escolha de governantes. Para Rancière, os significados de tais palavras se encontram distorcidos e distantes de sua origem etimológica. Contudo, se democracia e política não são exatamente o que pensamos, o que mais elas podem ser? Este trabalho pretende responder tal questão e demonstrar de que maneira a naturalização dessas distorções conceituais se relaciona com a lógica neoliberal que mitiga o caráter público e universal de questões como trabalho, saúde, educação e seguridade social.
Uma conjuntura crítica perdida: a COVID-19 nas prisões brasileiras
Authors: Machado Maíra Rocha , Vasconcelos Natalia Pires de
Published: October 2021

Resumo A pandemia de COVID-19 é conjuntura crítica perdida para a justiça criminal. Ela ofereceu condições permissivas à reforma, como exemplifica a recomendação 62 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça que aconselha juízes/as a desencarcerar a população prisional em situação de risco de saúde. Mas este movimento para a proteção de direitos das pessoas presas e de toda a sociedade não foi acompanhado por condições produtivas de reforma das práticas decisórias arraigadas do sistema de justiça. A racionalidade penal moderna, ao favorecer o “desaparecimento” da pessoa concreta dos processos decisórios de entrada e saída da prisão, funciona como obstáculo à emergência de novas ideias e práticas na justiça criminal.
OS SENTIDOS HISTÓRICOS NA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE UM PROJETO DE EDUCAÇÃO E DE FORMAÇÃO DO SER PROFESSOR
Authors: Silva Kátia Augusta Curado Pinheiro Cordeiro , Santos Quérem Dias de Oliveira
Published: October 2021

Resumo Este trabalho resulta de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o pensamento pedagógico contemporâneo. Questiona-se sobre quais sentidos históricos da educação brasileira têm constituído um projeto de escola/educação e as marcas históricas do ser professor. O objetivo é investigar, no pensamento político pedagógico da educação brasileira, os aspectos de educação que determinam um projeto educacional e de ser professor. A historicidade da educação brasileira e do ser professor permite compreender o presente que possibilite a construção de um projeto societário de caráter emancipador.
O CONGRESSO PEDAGÓGICO DO PARÁ: UM PROJETO EDUCACIONAL NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA (1895-1897)
Authors: Damasceno Alberto
Published: October 2021

RESUMO Este trabalho se dedica a investigar o Congresso Pedagógico do Pará a partir do momento em que educadores e demais interessados reuniram-se para preparar sua realização como um grande evento, desde 1895 até 1897. Como fontes documentais, utilizamos a legislação vigente, periódicos e mensagens de governadores do estado. Entretanto, constatamos que a ideia de criação de um espaço de participação e debate educacional e pedagógico, como foi o caso do congresso, não implicou na melhoria da qualidade do ensino.
Violencia y conflicto como elementos centrales para el deterioro del contexto educativo de la Educación Básica y Media en instituciones educativas públicas
Authors: Rodas Jhon Jairo Mosquera
Published: October 2021

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores de violencia y conflicto en las instituciones educativas, para el descubrimiento de los elementos centrales que permiten el deterioro del contexto educativo, centrado en el análisis de las variables violencia y conflicto, empleando el análisis de dichas categorías, además de la aplicación del equilibrio de Nash, definiendo bajo esta teoría el camino idóneo para afrontar las dinámicas que emergen en los contextos educativos afectados por estos fenómenos. El método se ajusta a la investigación cualitativa enfocada a un tipo de estudio descriptivo correlacional, determinando cuáles son los elementos relacionados con el deterioro institucional. Además, se emplea el análisis descriptivo estadístico, junto al perceptrón multicapa como posibilidades de identificación de dichos aspectos, en la búsqueda de soluciones específicas al problema de la violencia y al conflicto en la escuela. En los resultados estadísticos no se muestra la diferencia sobre la percepción que tienen los encuestados sobre las categorías, lo que lleva a señalar que existe un proceso de normalización de los diferentes aspectos de la violencia, tanto en la comunidad, como en las instituciones educativas.
Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação: desconhecido por pais e professores
Authors: Santos Viviane Aparecida Pereira dos , Vieira José Luiz Lopes , Souza Vânia de Fátima Matias de , Ferreira Luciana
Published: October 2021

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo analisar dificuldades de aprendizagem sob a perspectiva dos transtornos das habilidades motoras, a partir da percepção de pais e de professores considerando o comportamento motor, emocional, acadêmico e atividades diárias de crianças com provável Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC). Participaram 42 pais, 32 professores e 42 pré-escolares. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) e questionários de percepção dos pais e dos professores sobre o desenvolvimento da criança. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon, “U” de Mann-Whitney e Regressão Logística Binária. Os resultados demonstraram que professores percebem melhor as dificuldades nas habilidades motoras das crianças com persistência do TDC (pTDC) ou variação do TDC (vTDC) e percebem melhor as dificuldades emocionais, acadêmicas e de atividades diárias. Conclui-se que os professores percebem melhor as dificuldades apresentadas por crianças com pTDC e a variação no diagnóstico do transtorno interfere na percepção da dificuldade motora das crianças.
Post mortem protozoan hemoparasites detection in wild mammals from Mato Grosso state, Midwestern Brazil
Authors: Silva Victoria Luiza de Barros , Almeida Sayanne Luns Hatum de , Maia Maerle Oliveira , Santos Tarcísio Ávila , Pavelegini Lucas Avelino Dandolini , Zaffalon Gabriela Brocco , Marcili Arlei , Morgado Thaís Oliveira , Dutra Valéria , Nakazato Luciano , Pacheco Richard de Campos
Published: October 2021

Abstract To a better insight into the epidemiology and genetic diversity of protozoan hemoparasites infections in wild mammals, this study aimed to the post mortem detection of DNA from species of the order Piroplasmida (Babesia sp., Cytauxzoon sp., and Theileria sp.) and suborder Adelorina (Hepatozoon sp.) using polymerase chain reaction based on the 18S rRNA gene followed by genetic sequencing of blood and spleen samples collected from carcasses of 164 free-ranging and captive wild mammals from Mato Grosso state. Among them, one Leopardus pardalis, three Panthera onca, two Puma concolor were positive for Cytauxzoon sp., and six Tapirus terrestris tested positive for Piroplasmida, while one L. pardalis was positive for Hepatozoon sp. Furthermore, an uncharacterized piroplasmid genetically related to Theileria sp. previously detected in cats from Brazil was described in lowland tapirs. Despite the controversy regarding the epidemiological threat of these protozoa, the detection of these tick-borne agents in wild free-living and captive mammals, even when asymptomatic, demonstrates the importance of monitoring, particularly in hotspots such as the state of Mato Grosso, to verify the circulation and genetic diversity, to anticipate the possible emergence of diseases, and even their consequences to other animals as well as humans.
Optimally Deceiving a Learning Leader in Stackelberg Games
Authors: Birmpas Georgios , Gan Jiarui , Hollender Alexandros , Marmolejo-Cossío Francisco J. , Rajgopal Ninad , Voudouris Alexandros A.
Published: October 2021

Recent results have shown that algorithms for learning the optimal commitment in a Stackelberg game are susceptible to manipulation by the follower. These learning algorithms operate by querying the best responses of the follower, who consequently can deceive the algorithm by using fake best responses, typically by responding according to fake payoffs that are different from the actual ones. For this strategic behavior to be successful, the main challenge faced by the follower is to pinpoint the fake payoffs that would make the learning algorithm output a commitment that benefits them the most. While this problem has been considered before, the related literature has only focused on a simple setting where the follower can only choose from a finite set of payoff matrices, thus leaving the general version of the problem unanswered. In this paper, we fill this gap by showing that it is always possible for the follower to efficiently compute (near-)optimal fake payoffs, for various scenarios of learning interaction between the leader and the follower. Our results also establish an interesting connection between the follower’s deception and the leader’s maximin utility: through deception, the follower can induce almost any (fake) Stackelberg equilibrium if and only if the leader obtains at least their maximin utility in this equilibrium.
Contrastive Explanations of Plans through Model Restrictions
Authors: Krarup Benjamin , Krivic Senka , Magazzeni Daniele , Long Derek , Cashmore Michael , Smith David E.
Published: October 2021

In automated planning, the need for explanations arises when there is a mismatch between a proposed plan and the user’s expectation. We frame Explainable AI Planning as an iterative plan exploration process, in which the user asks a succession of contrastive questions that lead to the generation and solution of hypothetical planning problems that are restrictions of the original problem. The object of the exploration is for the user to understand the constraints that govern the original plan and, ultimately, to arrive at a satisfactory plan. We present the results of a user study that demonstrates that when users ask questions about plans, those questions are usually contrastive, i.e. “why A rather than B?”. We use the data from this study to construct a taxonomy of user questions that often arise during plan exploration. Our approach to iterative plan exploration is a process of successive model restriction. Each contrastive user question imposes a set of constraints on the planning problem, leading to the construction of a new hypothetical planning problem as a restriction of the original. Solving this restricted problem results in a plan that can be compared with the original plan, admitting a contrastive explanation. We formally define model-based compilations in PDDL2.1 for each type of constraint derived from a contrastive user question in the taxonomy, and empirically evaluate the compilations in terms of computational complexity. The compilations were implemented as part of an explanation framework supporting iterative model restriction. We demonstrate its benefits in a second user study.
Sustainability and corrosion
Authors: Atkins Chris , Lambert Paul
Published: October 2021

As a part of the drive to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, embodied energy figures are under consideration for construction materials. One aspect that needs to be included is the loss of embodied energy associated with corrosion and degradation throughout the life of a structure. This paper presents a review of corrosion and protection methods from the point of view of whole-life embodied carbon. This paper presents the examples that provide the lowest embodied carbon option for different environments for steel and reinforced concrete.
Eye Movements during dynamic scene viewing are affected by visual attention skills and events of the scene: Evidence from first-person shooter gameplay videos
Authors: Holm Suvi , Häikiö Tuomo , Olli Konstantin , Kaakinen Johanna
Published: October 2021

The role of individual differences during dynamic scene viewing was explored. Participants (N=38) watched a gameplay video of a first-person shooter (FPS) videogame while their eye movements were recorded. In addition, the participants’ skills in three visual attention tasks (attentional blink, visual search, and multiple object tracking) were assessed.  The results showed that individual differences in visual attention tasks were associated with eye movement patterns observed during viewing of the gameplay video. The differences were noted in four eye movement measures: number of fixations, fixation durations, saccade amplitudes and fixation distances from the center of the screen. The individual differences showed during specific events of the video as well as during the video as a whole. The results highlight that an unedited, fast-paced and cluttered dynamic scene can bring about individual differences in dynamic scene viewing.
Okul Öncesi Çocuklarının Kelime Hazinesi ile Derlem Temelli Sıklık Listelerinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ULUÇAY Melike
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışma 60 ay ve üzeri okul öncesi çocuklarının en sık kullandıkları ilk 1000 kelime ile derlem temelli çeşitli listeleri karşılaştırarak, okul öncesi çocuklarının dil edinim sürecinde kullandıkları kelimelerin bu listelerden ne ölçüde farklılaştığını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çocukların kelime hazinesini tespit etmek için sekiz hafta süreyle etkileşimli okuma yöntemiyle kitap okunmuş, çocuklar konuşturularak söyledikleri her söz kayıt altına alınmış ve kelime havuzu oluşturulmuş böylece sıklık listesi elde edilmiştir. Bütüncül çoklu durum deseni kullanılan çalışmada okul öncesi çocuklarının kelime sıklık listesi ile genel bir derlem olan A Frequency Dictionary of Turkish’in, Hedef Kelime Listesi’nin, çocuk kitaplarının, 1. Sınıf Türkçe ders kitabının ve ilkokul öğrencilerinin ilk 1000 kelimesi karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda okul öncesi çocuklarının ilk 1000 kelimesi ile A Frequency Dictionary of Turkish’in ilk 1000 kelimesi ve 1. Sınıf Türkçe Kitabının ilk 1000 kelimesi arasında farklılaşma oranının daha fazla; Hedef Kelime Listesi, çocuk kitapları ve ilkokul öğrencilerinin ilk 1000 kelimesi arasında farklılaşma oranının daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
El crowdfunding para proyectos sociales
Authors: Sajardo Moreno Antonia , Pérez Sempere Salvador
Published: October 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar en el estudio del crowdfunding y el rol que realiza en el ámbito de las entidades y proyectos sociales, desde una triple perspectiva. Primero, valorando su papel como instrumento de captación de fondos generador de independencia financiera y avance en su autonomía político-social. Segundo, como elemento cohesionador de la sociedad y ampliación de la democracia participativa. Tercero, en el logro de mejoras de bienestar social —movimientos Pareto Superiores—. La metodología de trabajo ha sido el análisis Big Data de las plataformas representativas del crowdfunding social en el Estado Español, migranodearena.org y goteo.org, en la modalidad de donación y recompensa respectivamente, desde su fecha de creación hasta diciembre del 2016.
La protección jurídica de las familias reconstituidas o ensambladas en la postmodernidad
Authors: Villa Guardiola Vera Judith , Hurtado Peña Arturo
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo despliega una propuesta de reconocimiento constitucional para la protección socio-jurídica de todas las familias categorizadas como ensambladas que nacen en México, realizada como producto de un estudio propositivo verificado en el contexto mexicano, desarrollado por los autores Villa y Hurtado, en el que se empleó el método analítico propositivo con la revisión de las codificaciones civiles y familiares de las entidades federativas que conforman el Estado mexicano, todo contrastado bajo el paradigma holístico de interpretación.  Como resultado de la investigación que precede a este artículo, se advierten las implicaciones sociales y jurídicas que el surgimiento de esta configuración familiar genera en el plano socio-afectivo y jurídico, con el consecuente estado de indefensión legal ante su omisión legislativa. I concluir, es necesario el reconocimiento constitucional de las familias en estudio, así como la esencia compleja de las relaciones familiares que incumbe, para que con ello se ajusten los ordenamientos de orden civil y familiar de las 32 entidades federativas, para otorgar así la protección requerida y cumplir con las convenciones internacionales suscritas.
Intraoperative management for ex-utero intrapartum treatment: focusing on the fetus
Authors: Chung Woosuk , Lim Chaeseong
Published: October 2021

Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is a method of securing the airway of a fetus while maintaining umbilical circulation for newborns who are experiencing life-threatening airway obstruction. Cesarean section is completed only after ensuring the neonate’s safety. However, managing the airway of a neonate while maintaining umbilical circulation is a major challenge for anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists must understand the physiology of both the mother and fetus, and extensive discussions with obstetricians, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and nursing staff prior to the procedure are essential. This review provides an overview of the EXIT and details of airway management for neonates.
Should dental amalgams be used in dental training? The perspectives of dental academics at a university in South Africa
Authors: Bissoon Sharmila , Moodley Rajeshree
Published: October 2021

Dental amalgam has been used in dentistry for the last 150 years to restore posterior teeth. Concerns regarding the safety issues with amalgam due to its mercury content have lead to the introduction of composite dental material to restore posterior teeth. This has transformed the teaching and training trends of direct restorative materials for posterior teeth. This descriptive study aimed to gain insight into academic staff and clinical supervisors’ perceptions regarding the use of dental amalgams in the teaching of restorative dentistry. This study used a qualitative method of data collection. Two focus group discussions were conducted between March and May 2020. Seventeen participants were invited to participate. Fourteen responded and participated, yielding an 82% response rate. The data identified two major themes, viz. the challenges experienced with the teaching of dental amalgam and curriculum development recommendations. Clinical quota requirements, disposal of waste products, and occupational and environmental risks regarding mercury exposure were sub-themes. Some of the curriculum recommendations included the skills gained during cavity preparations, the training and quota requirements of dental materials, and teaching trends locally, nationally and internationally.This study revealed that dental amalgam is still an integral part of the restorative dentistry curriculum at the university. However, the teaching of resin composite now occupies more than fifty percent of the restorative dentistry curriculum. Academics and clinical supervisors show a greater affinity for the placement of composite restorations.
Temporal rainfall trend analysis in different agro-ecological regions of southern Africa
Authors: W Mupangwa  , R Makanza  , L Chipindu  , M Moeletsi  , S Mkuhlani  , F Liben  , I Nyagumbo  , M Mutenje
Published: October 2021

Rainfall is a major driver of food production in rainfed smallholder farming systems. This study was conducted to assess linear trends in (i) different daily rainfall amounts (<5, 5–10, 11–20, 21–40 and >40 mm∙day-1), and (ii) monthly and seasonal rainfall amounts. Drought was determined using the rainfall variability index. Daily rainfall data were derived from 18 meteorological stations in southern Africa. Daily rainfall was dominated by <5 mm∙day-1 followed by 5–10 mm∙day-1. Three locations experienced increasing linear trends of <5 mm∙day-1 amounts and two others in sub-humid region had increases in the >40 mm day-1 category. Semi-arid location experienced increasing trends in <5 and 5–10 mm∙day-1 events. A significant linear trend in seasonal rainfall occurred at two locations with decreasing rainfall (1.24 and 3 mm∙season-1). A 3 mm∙season-1 decrease in seasonal rainfall was experienced under semi-arid conditions. There were no apparent linear trends in monthly and seasonal rainfall at 15 of the 18 locations studied. Drought frequencies varied with location and were 50% or higher during the November–March growing season. Rainfall trends were location and agro-ecology specific, but most of the locations studied did not experience significant changes between the 1900s and 2000s.
Effect of chemical compounds in water on surface properties and adhesion capacity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in turbulent conditions
Authors: Mourad Elgoulli  , Hafida Zahir  , Oubid Aitlahbib  , Mostafa Ellouali  , El Mostafa Mliji  , Hassan Latrache
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical compounds found in different water types on the physico-chemical properties of bacteria and the adhesion of two strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) to glass, PVC and stainless steel. P. aeruginosa and E. coli were exposed to two sterile water types (distilled water and tap water) for 3 h. Contact angle measurements were used to assess the surface properties of both strains and coupons of different materials. The hydrophobicity and the electron donor properties of the bacterial strains seems to increase when exposed to sterile tap water compared to distilled water, while the electron acceptor property is largely unchanged. The adhesion tests were carried out in a water circuit creating turbulence. The number of adhered cells was determined after their detachment from the coupons using an ultrasonic bath for 2 min. The findings showed that the type of water affects the adhesion of both strains, which is stronger in tap water than distilled water. A correlation test to determine the surface property that governs adhesion in these conditions, suggested that the adhesion is mainly governed by hydrophobicity.
Optimization of bromate adsorption onto Fe-CNTs nanocomposite using response surface methodology
Authors: Deeksha Ranjan  , Moonis Ali Khan  , Marta Otero  , Masoom Raza Siddiqui  , Shareefa Ahmed Alshaeef
Published: October 2021

This study was aimed at employing response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of process variables and identifying optimal conditions for the adsorption of bromate (BrO3-) from contaminated water using multi-walled carbon nanotubes, based on iron hydr(oxide), Fe-CNTs nanocomposite. Fifteen experimental runs were conducted in batch mode to study the effect of individual as well as interactive process variables, i.e., pH, BrO3− initial concentration, and adsorbent dose, on the removal of BrO3− using Box–Behnken design (BBD) of RSM. The coefficient of determination (R2) at 98.34% indicated a good agreement between actual and predicted values. The main effect and contour plot were drawn to obtain the independent and interactive effect of operational variables on BrO3− uptake. A process optimization curve was drawn to determine the optimum operating conditions that lead to a desirable response. The optimum conditions for BrO3− adsorption using Fe-CNTs nanocomposite were found to be pH 2.0, initial BrO3− concentration of 10.0 mg/L, and adsorbent dose of 0.010 g per 50 mL solution.
Effect of bisoprolol on central aortic systolic pressure in Chinese hypertensive patients after the initial dose and long term treatment
Authors: Zeng Weiwei , Tomlinson Brian
Published: October 2021

We conducted a prospective open-label cohort study with the aim of examining the effects of the highly β1-selective agent bisoprolol on central aortic systolic pressure (CASP) after the first dose and after 6 weeks’ treatment and whether the CASP response could be predicted from the early response. Chinese patients with primary hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg) on no therapy or background amlodipine were treated with bisoprolol 2.5 mg daily for 6 weeks. Brachial systolic BP (Br-SBP), resting heart rate (HR) and CASP were determined at baseline, 24h after the first dose, and pre-dose after treatment for 6 weeks using the BPro® device. In 42 patients (age 54 ± 9 years) the mean reductions in CASP and Br-SBP after 6 weeks of treatment were not significantly different from each other at -14.5 ± 12.7 and -15.4 ± 12.9 mmHg (both p<0.01), respectively. Changes in CASP and Br-SBP were highly correlated after the first dose (r = 0.964, p<0.01) and after 6 weeks (r = 0.963, p<0.01) and the reductions in CASP after 6 weeks were also associated with the reduction in CASP after the first dose (r = 0.577, p<0.01). Bisoprolol was shown to effectively reduce CASP and this effect was directly proportional to the reduction in Br-SBP and of a similar magnitude. More favourable CASP responses to long term therapy may be predicted by greater reductions in CASP after the first dose.
The Effect of UV-B Radiation on the Antioxidant System in the Peltigera aphthosa and Peltigera rufescens Lichens
Authors:   Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of RAS, Shelyakin Mikhail A. , Silina Ekaterina V. , Golovko Tamara K.
Published: October 2021

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the short wavelength region of the solar spectrum. The high-energy photons of UV-B (280–315 nm) are potentially dangerous for all living organisms. The effect of UV-B radiation on lichens has not been studied sufficiently. We conducted a comparative study of the effects of the long-term (10 d) exposure to the environmentally realistic dose of UV-B radiation on the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS), H2O2 content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and respiration rate in Peltigera aphthosa from the forest community and Peltigera rufescens from the open spaces of floodplain meadow. The H2O2 content and the SOD activity were found to increase in the thalli of P. rufescens. The TBARS content in the UV-B treated thalli of P. rufescens did not differ from the control thalli and was 2.5 times higher than in P. aphthosa. In P. aphthosa thalli, SOD activity did not change after UV-B exposure, and TBARS content increased by 33 % with an increase in the total UV-B dose. Both lichens exhibited an increase in the alternative respiratory pathway (AP) activity and a decrease in the ratio of the main (cytochrome) pathway to the energy low efficient AP. The AP involvement was more pronounced in P. aphthosa. The results of our study indicate the species-specific response in lichens and differences in their resistance to oxidative stress, which were due to adaptation to the light conditions in the typical habitats of these species
LEONARDO DA VINCI’S AND NICOLAUS STENO’S GEOLOGY
Authors: VAI GIAN BATTISTA
Published: October 2021

Anniversaries for the two founding fathers of geology occurring in the same year prompted a comparative evaluation of how the two contributed to establishing the basic principles of the discipline. To do so, passages from their publications, codices and manuscripts have been quoted directly. The Stenonian principles (‘original horizontality’, ‘original continuity’, and ‘superposition of individual strata’) are present in Leonardo’s notebooks amazingly formulated, using similar wording when studying the same area more than 150 years earlier. Also, Stenonian priority in naming and explaining geological concepts and processes (e.g., faulting, folding, angular unconformity, relative chronology) are mirrored in Leonardo’s writings and pictorial works. While Steno enjoys priority in stepwise restoration of the geological history of a given region, Leonardo was the first to construct a 3D geological profile representation and geomorphologic maps. Lastly, the paper focuses on diverging stances of the two savants about the Noachian Deluge and the age of the Earth. Already 500 years ago, Leonardo had solved the question of marine fossil remains of organic origin found in the mountains implying the possibility of deep geologic time in a statement of ‘eternalism’. 350 years ago, Steno solved the same question in a different way in which he retained a basic role for the Deluge and assumed a short age for the Earth by focusing mainly on short-lived sedimentary and geomorphologic processes.
PLATE TECTONICS IN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS: FROM THE 1960s TO THE 1980s
Authors: CAVADAS BENTO
Published: October 2021

Plate tectonics caused a revolution within earth sciences which then was transposed into science textbooks. The main objective of this paper is to explore how plate tectonics influenced Portuguese and Spanish science textbooks published from the 1960s through the 1980s. For this purpose, a qualitative method based on the concept of didactic transposition is used. The didactic transposition of seafloor spreading evidence such as ridges, rifts and trenches, transform faults, seafloor sediments, the age of seafloor basaltic rocks, the magnetic anomalies on the seafloor, the Benioff zones and the subduction process, and also the didactic transposition of the formation of mountains ranges and island arcs, convection currents, plate tectonics concepts, boundaries and motion, and plate tectonics acceptance are studied in a comprehensive sample of science textbooks. The analysis of textbooks shows that the didactic transposition of seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics started mainly in 1970s Portuguese and Spanish textbooks and had a strong development in 1980s textbooks. No major differences were found between the approaches to plate tectonics in similar age Portuguese and Spanish textbooks. At the beginning of the 1970s, textbooks presented partial evidence for seafloor spreading, such as magnetic anomalies and the characteristics of ridges, rifts and trenches. They also addressed convection currents but only those that were related to geosynclines. In the mid 1970s and in the 1980s, textbooks presented more comprehensive evidence of seafloor spreading, by adding didactical transpositions of transform faults, seafloor sediments and the age of seafloor rocks. They also presented in more detail topics such as magnetic anomalies, the Benioff zones, orogenic processes and the tectonic significance of ridges, rifts and trenches. Plate tectonic theory was presented in major textbooks as widely accepted, and discussions about speculative facts or processes were rare.
WESTERN EXPLORERS AND VOLCANIC HEAT IN HAWAIʻI
Authors: KIM ALICE , LAUTZE NICOLE C.
Published: October 2021

This paper is the first to compile the accounts of Western explorers to Hawai‘i who used volcanic heat. During the 1800s, Western explorers used volcanic heat when climbing and surveying Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i. The explorers cooked food on steam vents and lava streams. They drank condensed water from volcanic steam and bathed in a warm basin and warm springs. They warmed themselves near steam cracks and a lava stream, lit cigarettes with Kīlauea’s lava lake, and collected rocks. To confirm the presence of volcanic heat, this study uses geothermal resource maps and data from the Hawai‘i Play Fairway project. The areas where the explorers used volcanic heat have a probability of volcanic heat of 0.7 to 1.0, and elevated temperatures in nearby water wells indicate heat sources. Kīlauea and Mauna Loa erupted numerous times, and the surrounding areas experienced volcanic steam releases and lava flows. The explorers used volcanic heat to facilitate not only their survival but also the Western exploration and scientific investigation of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF UKRAINE
Authors: Sossa R.
Published: October 2021

The basic principles and current state of topographic mapping of the territory of Ukraine are considered. Prior to the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, its territory was covered by topographic maps in the scale of 1:10 000 to 1: 1 000 000, created by the Main Department of Geodesy and Cartography under the USSR Council of Ministers and the Military Topographic Service of the USSR Armed Forces. The interaction of these departments in topographic mapping is highlighted. The topographic study of Ukrainian territory as of 1991 is analyzed in detail. Today the content of most topographic maps of scales from 1:10 000 to 1: 200 000 is characterized by "aging" of information and does not correspond to the current state of the area. The unsatisfactory state of topographic study of the territory led to the unclaimed topographic maps with much outdated information for consumers, and for the military it very difficult to perform combat tasks. The needs of current topographic information users require a significant improvement in topographic maps content. Since the mid-1990s, the creation of national geospatial data infrastructures has become crucial for providing spatial information to the state and society. The basic principles and general requirements for the creation and updating of state topographic maps are now defined by the "Procedure for national topographic and thematic mapping" (2013). The adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data", giving a powerful impetus to topographic mapping, poses a responsible task of organizational and regulatory and technical support of this process. The issue of obtaining topographic maps from the topographic database requires scientific and technical elaboration, development of appropriate normative and technical documents (guides, principles, instructions, symbols, etc.).
Mozart effect in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Skiba Ya. B. , Odinak M. M. , Polushin A. Yu. , Prokudin M. Yu. , Selikhova M. V. , Bardakov S. N. , Ratanov M. Yu. , Pustovoyt V. I.
Published: October 2021

Objective: to analyze available publications assessing efficacy of the Mozart effect in patients with epilepsy.Material and methods. A search for scientific publications has been performed in PubMed, Scopus and eLibrary databases by retrieving inquiries "Mozart effect" and "epilepsy" in paper title, resume and keywords. As a result, 18 studies matching inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. The data obtained were systematized into four categories: 1) whether a single listening of Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, K.448 affect interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) immediately during an event; 2) whether a repeated (course) of listening K.448 affect IEA; 3) is there a delayed effect on IEA after a single or repeated listening of K.448; 4) how does the Mozart effect act on rate of epileptic seizures during ongoing therapy course of listening K.448 or afterwards.Results. It was found that therapy with Mozart’s sonata K.448 may lower IEA index during a single listening of this musical composition and shortly afterwards. A lowered IEA index during a course listening of K.448 lasting for some time afterwards may be observed as well. Moreover, a repeated listening of K.448 may reduce rate of epileptic seizures within entire music course.Conclusion. The analysis revealed that there are currently some reasons to consider the Mozart effect as a means of neurostimulation impacting on rate of epileptic seizures and IEA.
Neurophysiological features in patients with migraine at risk for epilepsy
Authors: Sorokina N. D. , Tsagashek A. V. , Pertsov S. S. , Selitsky G. V. , Zherdeva A. S.
Published: October 2021

Objective: to study the electrophysiological parameters of brain bioelectric activity and features of the autonomous nervous system assessing heart rate variability, sympathetic skin response, clinical and physiological tests depending on the lateralization of migraine pain syndrome in the right or left brain hemisphere in patients with epileptic electroencephalogram (EEG) signs and migraine.Material and methods. Thirty six patients with aura-free episodic migraine at risk of developing epilepsy and 9 age-matched healthy subjects were examined. All participants underwent EEG, clinical and physiological tests, assessment of heart rate variability and sympathetic skin response.Results. Patients with right-hemisphere migraine headache had signs of activated sympathetic nervous system at baseline level and during exercise, lower baseline EEG epileptiform activity and in provocative tests. In contrast to the subjects of this group, patients of other group featured with a more stable migraine pain syndrome in the left hemisphere tended to dominate with functional activity of the parasympathetic system such as increased trophotropic support during exercise, as well as greater magnitude of baseline epileptiform bioelectric activity and during load tests.Conclusion. Values of heart rate variability in combination with objective results of clinical and physiological assessment of the autonomous nervous system and electrophysiological parameters of brain bioelectric activity are reliable prognostic indicators for varying functional conditions in patients with episodic migraine.
Mental development of children from paired mothers with epilepsy: assessing remote teratogenic effects and predictors of developmental disorders
Authors: Mikhailova N. F. , Krasko A. S. , Odintsova G. V. , Larina I. V. , Mikhailov V. A.
Published: October 2021

Objective: to study teratogenic effect – the long-term pregnant mother-taken antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) related consequences on paired child mental, social and intellectual development.Material and methods. There were enrolled 80 subjects: 40 children aged 3–9 years and paired mothers suffering from epilepsy for 3 to 35 years. Thirteen and 27 patients had generalized and focal epilepsy, respectively. Seven mothers were in prolonged remission without taking AEDs, 23 were on monotherapy and 10 were on polytherapy. Child research methods: T. Achenbach's clinical CBCL (The Child Behavior Checklist) scales (for children aged under 5 and 6–18 years), a questionnaire for detecting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other behavioral disorders modified by N.N. Zavadenko, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), Luria batteries of neuropsychological tests adapted by J.M. Glozman (for children aged 3–6 and 7–12 years).Results. Neuropsychological study and assessment of intelligence revealed problems in the development of praxis, speech, gnostic functions and memory, as well as disproportion in the development of verbal and non-verbal structures of intelligence. The most common behavioral disorders in children were impulsivity, distraction, difficulties in controlling and organizing movements. The most affected spheres were praxis (motor awkwardness, fine motor disorders of the hands) and speech.Conclusion. The proposed hypothesis that the teratogenic effect of taking AEDs may result in unevenness or delay in developing mental functions in a child was confirmed.
Regulatory restrictions on the use of valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential: status update
Authors: Blinov D. V. , Akarachkova E. S. , Tsibizova V. I. , Korabelnikov D. I. , Pavlova N. V. , Kukes I. V. , Petrenko D. A.
Published: October 2021

In 2019, some restrictions for use of valproic acid in women with reproductive potential by regulatory authorities and the original drug manufacturer based on the results of studies in real clinical practice were introduced. During 2019–2021, there were a further clinical data accumulation and labeling changes. The review presents a critical analysis of the changes in prescribing information and product label. There is a long lead time from the moment when safety data become known to the moment when changes are made to the medicinal product label and patient brochures. Some of the changes, including the need for high doses of folic acid to prevent neural tube defects, are debatable. Repealing the provision for mandatory archiving of informed consent forms for valproic acid use in girls and women raises legal risks. Improvements in pregnancy prevention programs and further research on the safety of valproic acid in real-world clinical settings are needed.
Development of a System for Measuring the Intellectual Power of Actors
Authors: Potapova Z.E. , Kisilevich I.K.
Published: October 2021

The problem of determining an accurate assessment of the actor’s ability to solve a problem of a certain degree of difficulty is considered in this work. The assessment is determined by a group of actors in the process of solving local problems, while the tasks are included in the competence of this group. Actors can be carriers of both natural and artificial intelligence. Condorcet Jury Theorem, Georg Rasсh Model, method of the evolutionary decision reconciliation (EDR) are used in the process of solving the problem posed. Related Experiences Assessment Scale is given. The measure of academic success is better predicted not by those experiences that are manifested during study activities, but those that arise along on the way to university. There is a slight effect of the influence of time on the measure of effort.