bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mistrust of mental health services: ethnicity, hospital admission and unfair treatment
Authors: Henderson R. C. , Williams P. , Gabbidon J. , Farrelly S. , Schauman O. , Hatch S. , Thornicroft G. , Bhugra D. , Clement S. ,   the MIRIAD study group
Published: March 2014

Aims.

To explore the role of psychiatric admission, diagnosis and reported unfair treatment in the relationship between ethnicity and mistrust of mental health services.

Methods.

The Mental Illness-Related Investigations on Discrimination (MIRIAD) study was a cross-sectional study of 202 individuals using secondary mental health services in South London. Two structural equation models were estimated, one using Admission (whether admitted to hospital for psychiatric treatment in the past 5 years) and one using involuntary admission to hospital in the past 5 years.

Results.

Increased mistrust was directly associated with the latent variable ‘unfair treatment by mental health services and staff’ and with Black or mixed ethnicity in both models. Those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum (as compared to depression and bipolar disorder) had a lower average score on the latent variable, suggesting that on average they reported less unfair treatment. We found evidence of increased reporting of unfair treatment by those who had an admission in the past 5 years, had experienced involuntary admission, and for people of Black of mixed Black and White ethnicity.

Conclusions.

Neither prevalence of schizophrenia spectrum nor rates of hospital admission explained the greater mistrust of mental health services found among people of Black and mixed Black and White ethnicity compared with White ethnicity. Rather, people of Black and mixed Black and white ethnicity may be more likely to experience unfair treatment, generating mistrust; furthermore, this group is more likely to express mistrust even after accounting for reporting of unfair treatment by mental health services and staff.
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Adaptations With a Child With Severe Developmental Delays
Authors: Lesack Roseanne , Bearss Karen , Celano Marianne , Sharp William G.
Published: March 2014

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently present with co-occurring problem behaviors (e.g., noncompliance, aggression), which increase the risk for exclusion from educational programming, social relationships, and community activities. Although behavioral intervention represents a frequently cited and promising approach for addressing challenging behaviors in ASD, there is a pressing need to expand the availability and dissemination of short-term, evidenced-based interventions to meet growing demand in the ASD community. Originally developed for typically developing children, Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) represents a well-supported, behaviorally based parent training program shown to hold potential benefit for children with ASD. Questions, however, remain regarding the application of PCIT among children with ASD and pronounced developmental delays. This case study describes the use of PCIT with a child with ASD who presents with limited receptive and expressive communication skills, as well as a history of aggression, tantrums, and noncompliance. Adaptations to the intervention included changes to both phases of the intervention (CDI and PDI). Results indicate that the intervention was associated with acquisition of parenting skills and reduced problem behaviors, suggesting PCIT with modifications may also hold benefit for children with ASD and severe developmental delays.
Safe Utilization of a Holding Chair in Short-Term Parent Training to Reduce High-Risk Behaviors: Commentary on Lesack et al. (2013)
Authors: Smith Tristram
Published: March 2014

Standardized parent training programs could prove to be a major advance over contemporary practice in psychosocial treatment for problem behavior displayed by children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current practice guidelines recommend 10–25 hr per week of closely supervised intervention, often in specialized centers ( Behavior Analysis Certification Board, 2012 ). In contrast, Lesack, Bearss, Celano, and Sharp (2014) successfully implemented a parent training intervention in just 22 outpatient sessions. Moreover, they addressed a common, serious yet underresearched problem in ASD: risky, impulsive behaviors such as scaling household furniture and wandering or bolting away from supervised areas. The child’s mother taught the child to comply with directives to stay safe such as remaining seated nearby, and she appropriately implemented a “holding chair” timeout (physically guiding Kevin back to the timeout chair if he began to elope). Thus, Lesack et al.’s (2014) case study illustrates the great potential of parent training.
Aqueous solvation of HgClOH. Stepwise DFT solvation and Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics studies of the HgClOH–(H2O)24 complex
Authors: Amaro-Estrada J. I. , Maron L. , Ramírez-Solís A.
Published: March 2014

We address the aqueous solvation of HgClOH through a systematic study of stepwise hydration considering the HgClOH–(H2O)n structures with n = 1–24.
Soft ferromagnetism in mixed valence Sr1−xLaxTi0.5Mn0.5O3perovskites
Authors: Qasim Ilyas , Blanchard Peter E. R. , Kennedy Brendan J. , Ling Chris D. , Jang Ling-Yun , Kamiyama Takashi , Miao Ping , Torii Shuki
Published: March 2014

The structural, magnetic and electrical properties of the mixed Ti–Mn oxides Sr1−xLaxTi0.5Mn0.5O3(0 ≤x≤ 0.5) are reported.
Evaluation of hypocholesterolemic effect and antioxidant activity of Boops boops proteins in cholesterol-fed rats
Authors: Lassoued Imen , Trigui Mariem , Ghlissi Zohra , Nasri Rim , Jamoussi Kamel , Kessis Mondher , Sahnoun Zouheir , Rebai Tarek , Boualga Ahmed , Lamri-Senhadji Myriem , Nasri Moncef , Barkia Ahmed
Published: March 2014

The present study attempts to investigate the potential ofBoops boopsproteins and its hydrolysate in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.
Increasing molecular O3 storage capacity in a clathrate hydrate
Authors: Shishido Kazutoshi , Muromachi Sanehiro , Nakamura Ryo , Takeya Satoshi , Ohmura Ryo
Published: March 2014

Ozone storage capacity in the clathrate hydrate exceeds 2 mass%.
A low-κ dielectric metal–organic-framework compound showing novel three-step dielectric relaxations originating from orientational motion of dipolar guest molecules
Authors: Guo Ping-Chun , Chen Tian-Yu , Ren Xiao-Ming , Ning Wei-Hua , Jin Wanqin
Published: March 2014

A metal–organic-framework compound shows novel three-step dielectric relaxations arising from reorientational motion of polar guest molecules and its guest-free framework is a low-κ dielectric material.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric potentiator, benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid
Authors: Khatwal Rizwan Basha , Dubala Anil , Kosaraju Jayasankar , Chinni Santhivardhan , Narayanappa Manjunatha , Mulukutla Shashank , Muthureddy Nataraj Satish Kumar , Samanta Malay Kumar
Published: March 2014

A comparative pharmacokinetic analysis and tissue distribution of BQCA in rat plasma visceral organs.
Rapid measurement of total polyphenols content in cocoa beans by data fusion of NIR spectroscopy and electronic tongue
Authors: Huang Xingyi , Teye Ernest , Sam-Amoah Livingstone K. , Han Fangkai , Yao Liya , Tchabo William
Published: March 2014

This work measures the total polyphenols content in cocoa beans by using a novel approach of integrating near infrared spectroscopy and electronic tongue, 110 samples of cocoa beans were analysed.
A nitric oxide quantitative assay by a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphoglycerate kinase/firefly luciferase optimized coupled bioluminescent assay
Authors: Marques Simone M. , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: March 2014

A fast, simple, sensitive and robust enzymatic method with bioluminescent detection for nitric oxide is presented.
Au(i)-catalyzed triple bond alkoxylation/dienolether aromaticity-driven cascade cyclization to naphthalenes
Authors: Liu Yongxiang , Guo Jia , Liu Yang , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Yanshi , Jia Xinyu , Wei Gaofei , Chen Lizhu , Xiao Jianyong , Cheng Maosheng
Published: March 2014

Naphthalenes were synthesized by a Au(i)-catalyzed alkyne alkoxylation/dienolether aromaticity-driven cascade cyclization using 1,5-enyne substrates.
Copper-mediated S–N formation via an oxygen-activated radical process: a new synthesis method for sulfonamides
Authors: Huang Xin , Wang Jichao , Ni Zhangqin , Wang Sichang , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: March 2014

A copper-mediated direct synthesis of sulfonamides via an oxygen-activated radical process has been developed.
Microstructure of the epitaxial film of anatase nanotubes obtained at high voltage and the mechanism of its electrochemical reaction with sodium
Authors: González José R. , Alcántara Ricardo , Nacimiento Francisco , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Tirado José L.
Published: March 2014

Anatase nanotubes showed preferred orientation and high capacityversussodium after many electrochemical cycles.
Manipulating the conformation and interplay of p-sulfonated calix[4]arenes by lower rim tri-substitution with N′-cyanocarbamimidate groups
Authors: Ling Irene , Skelton Brian W. , Sobolev Alexandre N. , Alias Yatimah , Raston Colin L.
Published: March 2014

p-Sulfonatocalix[4]arenes with three of the lower rim hydroxyl groups substituted with N′-cyanocarbamimidate groups crystallizes in the 1,3-alternate conformation rather than the common cone conformation for unsubstituted calixarenes, with departure from a bilayer arrangement.
From (Au5Sn + AuSn) physical mixture to phase pure AuSn and Au5Sn intermetallic nanocrystals with tailored morphology: digestive ripening assisted approach
Authors: Arora Neha , Jagirdar Balaji R.
Published: March 2014

Digestive ripening facilitated interatomic diffusion was used for the phase controlled synthesis of homogeneous intermetallic nanocrystals of Au–Sn system with tailored morphology.
Formation of interconnected morphologies via nanorod inclusion in the confined assembly of symmetric block copolymers
Authors: Park Jay Hoon , Joo Yong Lak
Published: March 2014

Mesoscale simulations demonstrate that nanorod inclusion in a symmetric block copolymer leads to facile formation of interconnected morphologies under cylindrical confinement.
The nuclear electric quadrupole moment of copper
Authors: Santiago Régis Tadeu , Teodoro Tiago Quevedo , Haiduke Roberto Luiz Andrade
Published: March 2014

A new nuclear electric quadrupole moment was determined for the63Cu nucleus by means of a linear regression analysis of experimental nuclear electric quadrupole constants against electric field gradients obtained from relativistic calculations at several levels, which suggests a revision of the currently accepted standard value for this property.
Copper(i)/ketoABNO catalysed aerobic alcohol oxidation
Authors: Rogan Luke , Hughes N. Louise , Cao Qun , Dornan Laura M. , Muldoon Mark J.
Published: March 2014

A copper(i)/ketoABNO aerobic catalyst system is highly effective for the oxidation of secondary alcohols, including unactivated aliphatic substrates. The effects of pressure and gas composition on catalyst performance are examined. The radical can be employed at low loadings and it is also amenable to immobilisation on to solid supports.
Photocatalytic properties of rutile TiO2 powder for overall water splitting
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: March 2014

The photocatalytic water-splitting activity of rutile TiO2 was found to be very sensitive to the loaded cocatalyst and reaction pH.
Syntheses, structures and properties of 5-azotetrazolyl salicylic acid and its dilanthanide complexes
Authors: Chen Wen-Bin , Li Zhi-Xin , Yu Xin-Wei , Yang Meng , Qiu Yan-Xuan , Dong Wen , Sun Ya-Qiu
Published: March 2014

Two hydrated 5-azotetrazolyl salicylic acids (H3ASA) and five H3ASA based dinuclear Ln3+ complexes have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
GPU-accelerated analysis and visualization of large structures solved by molecular dynamics flexible fitting
Authors: Stone John E. , McGreevy Ryan , Isralewitz Barry , Schulten Klaus
Published: March 2014

Hybrid structure fitting methods combine data from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with molecular dynamics simulations for the determination of all-atom structures of large biomolecular complexes. Evaluating the quality-of-fit obtained from hybrid fitting is computationally demanding, particularly in the context of a multiplicity of structural conformations that must be evaluated. Existing tools for quality-of-fit analysis and visualization have previously targeted small structures and are too slow to be used interactively for large biomolecular complexes of particular interest today such as viruses or for long molecular dynamics trajectories as they arise in protein folding. We present new data-parallel and GPU-accelerated algorithms for rapid interactive computation of quality-of-fit metrics linking all-atom structures and molecular dynamics trajectories to experimentally-determined density maps obtained from cryo-electron microscopy or X-ray crystallography. We evaluate the performance and accuracy of the new quality-of-fit analysis algorithmsvis-à-visexisting tools, examine algorithm performance on GPU-accelerated desktop workstations and supercomputers, and describe new visualization techniques for results of hybrid structure fitting methods.
Sensory neurons and osteoblasts: close partners in a microfluidic platform
Authors: Neto Estrela , Alves Cecília J. , Sousa Daniela M. , Alencastre Inês S. , Lourenço Ana H. , Leitão Luís , Ryu Hyun R. , Jeon Noo L. , Fernandes Rui , Aguiar Paulo , Almeida Ramiro D. , Lamghari Meriem
Published: March 2014

We presented a microfluidic-based coculture system as a new tool to be explored for modeling biological processes and pharmacological screening concerning peripheral tissues innervation.
Generating electric fields in PDMS microfluidic devices with salt water electrodes
Authors: Sciambi Adam , Abate Adam R.
Published: March 2014

Salt solution electrodes provide a simpler and equally functional alternative to metal electrodes for applying electric fields in PDMS.
Asymmetric synthesis of chloroisothreonine derivatives via syn-stereoselective Mannich-type additions across N-sulfinyl-α-chloroimines
Authors: Callebaut Gert , Colpaert Filip , Nonn Melinda , Kiss Loránd , Sillanpää Reijo , Törnroos Karl W. , Fülöp Ferenc , De Kimpe Norbert , Mangelinckx Sven
Published: March 2014

Mannich-type reactions across N-sulfinyl-α-chloroaldimines resulted in syn-stereoselective synthesis of chloroisothreonine derivatives as excellent building blocks.
Sterically demanding aryl–alkyl Suzuki–Miyaura coupling
Authors: Li Chengxi , Xiao Guolan , Zhao Qing , Liu Huimin , Wang Tao , Tang Wenjun
Published: March 2014

Efficient sterically demanding aryl–alkyl Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between di-ortho-substituted aryl halides and secondary alkylboronic acids has been achieved with a Pd-AntPhos catalyst.
Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical CuS/ZnS nanocomposites and their photocatalytic and microwave absorption properties
Authors: Guan Xiao-Hui , Qu Peng , Guan Xin , Wang Guang-Sheng
Published: March 2014

ZnS/CuS nanocomposites with novel 3D hierarchical structures have been successfully fabricated by a simple hydrothermal method. Their enhanced microwave absorption properties and photocatalytic performance were investigated in detail.
Hydrophobic coordination polymer nanoparticles and application for oil–water separation
Authors: Novio F. , Ruiz-Molina D.
Published: March 2014

Catechol chemistry is used to fabricate coordination polymer nanoparticles bearing long alkyl chains with enhanced thermal and colloidal stabilities and applications for hydrophobic surfaces and oil–water separation.
Easy amino-group modification of graphene using intermolecular forces for DNA biosensing
Authors: Zhang Zhihong , Liu Shunli , Zhang Yuanchang , Kang Mengmeng , He Linghao , Feng Xiaozhong , Peng Donglai , Wang Peiyuan
Published: March 2014

The self-assembly method was used to prepare amino functionalized graphene and it was used in DNA biosensors.
A novel C18 reversed phase organic–silica hybrid cationic monolithic capillary column with an ionic liquid as an organic monomer via a “one-pot” approach for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Fang Guozhen , Qian Hailong , Deng Qiliang , Ran Xuqin , Yang Yukun , Liu Cuicui , Wang Shuo
Published: March 2014

A novel IL hybrid monolithic column with great potential in separation has been fabricated via a “one-pot” approach for capillary electrochromatography
Denovo asymmetric synthesis of the mezzettiaside family of natural products via the iterative use of a dual B-/Pd-catalyzed glycosylation
Authors: Bajaj Sumit O. , Sharif Ehesan U. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , O'Doherty George A.
Published: March 2014

Synthesis of the mezzettiaside family of natural products via the iterative use of a dual nucleophilic boron/electrophilic Pd-catalyzed glycosylation.
Pd(quinox)-catalyzed allylic relay Suzuki reactions of secondary homostyrenyl tosylates via alkene-assisted oxidative addition
Authors: Stokes Benjamin J. , Bischoff Amanda J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: March 2014

Pd(quinox)-catalyzed relay Suzuki reactions of secondary homostyrenyl tosylates are highly selective for allylic cross-coupling products. Mechanistic studies suggest that alkene precoordination enables a chelation-controlled oxidative addition.
Crystallization-enhanced emission through hydrogen-bond interactions in blends containing hydroxyl-functionalized azine and poly(4-vinyl pyridine)
Authors: Hsiao Tai-Shen , Deng Shiang-Lin , Shih Ke-Ying , Hong Jin-Long
Published: March 2014

An organic azine derivative of CN4OH, containing both para- and ortho-hydroxyl (o- and p-OH) groups, is a fluorescent material with an emission efficiency dependent on the degree of crystallinity.
Two-component solution processing of oxide semiconductors for thin-film transistors via self-combustion reaction
Authors: Kang Young Hun , Jeong Sunho , Ko Jung Min , Lee Ji-Yoon , Choi Youngmin , Lee Changjin , Cho Song Yun
Published: March 2014

The self-combustion of In and Zn precursors coordinated with fuel and oxidizer ligands is utilized for high performance IZO TFTs.
The interaction of enolase-1 with caveolae-associated proteins regulates its subcellular localization
Authors: Zakrzewicz Dariusz , Didiasova Miroslava , Zakrzewicz Anna , Hocke Andreas C. , Uhle Florian , Markart Philipp , Preissner Klaus T. , Wygrecka Malgorzata
Published: March 2014

Cell-surface-associated proteolysis plays a crucial role in embryonic development, monocyte/macrophage recruitment and tumour cell invasion. The glycolytic enzyme ENO-1 (enolase-1) is translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface, where it binds PLG (plasminogen) to enhance pericellular plasmin production and cell motility. In the present study, ENO-1 was found to localize to a specialized subset of lipid rafts called caveolae as demonstrated by fluorescence confocal microscopy and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that ENO-1 interacts with Cav-1 (caveolin-1), but not with Cav-2, via the CSD (Cav-scaffolding domain). Moreover, an evolutionarily conserved CBM (Cav-binding motif) F296DQDDWGAW304 was identified within ENO-1. The point mutation W301A within the ENO-1 CBM was, however, not sufficient to disrupt ENO-1–Cav-1 interaction, whereas the mutations F296A and W304A markedly affected ENO-1 protein expression. Furthermore, ENO-1 was found associated with Annx2 (annexin 2), representing another caveolar protein, and this interaction was dependent on Cav-1 expression. Knockdown of Cav-1 and Annx2 markedly decreased cell surface expression of ENO-1. ENO-1 overexpression increased cell migration and invasion in a Cav-1-dependent manner. Thus the differential association of ENO-1 with caveolar proteins regulates ENO-1 subcellular localization and, consequently, ENO-1-dependent cell migration and invasion.
Polyglycine hydrolases secreted by Pleosporineae fungi that target the linker region of plant class IV chitinases
Authors: Naumann Todd A. , Wicklow Donald T. , Price Neil P. J.
Published: March 2014

Cmps (chitinase-modifying proteins) are fungal proteases that truncate plant class IV chitinases by cleaving near their N-termini. We previously described Fv-cmp, a fungalysin protease that cleaves a conserved glycine–cysteine bond within the hevein domain. In the present paper we describe a new type of cmp, polyglycine hydrolases, as proteases that selectively cleave glycine–glycine peptide bonds within the polyglycine linker of plant class IV chitinases. Polyglycine hydrolases were purified from Cochliobolus carbonum (syn. Bipolaris zeicola; Bz-cmp) and Epicoccum sorghi (syn. Phoma sorghina; Es-cmp) and were shown to cleave three different maize class IV chitinase substrates. The proteolytic cleavage sites were assessed by SDS/PAGE and MALDI–TOF-MS and indicated the cleavage of multiple peptide bonds within the polyglycine linker regions. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to produce mutants of maize ChitB chitinase in which two serine residues in its linker were systematically modified to glycine. Serine to glycine changes in the ChitB linker resulted in higher susceptibility to truncation by Bz-cmp and altered substrate specificity for Bz-cmp and Es-cmp, such that different glycine–glycine peptide bonds were cleaved. Removal of the hevein domain led to loss of Es-cmp activity, indicating that interactions outside of the active site are important for recognition. Our findings demonstrate that plant class IV chitinases with polyglycine linkers are targeted for truncation by selective polyglycine hydrolases that are secreted by plant pathogenic fungi. This novel proteolysis of polyglycine motifs is previously unreported, but the specificity is similar to that of bacterial lysostaphin proteases, which cleave pentaglycine cross-links from peptidoglycan.
Using Informative Verbal Exchanges to Promote Verb Retrieval in Nonfluent Aphasia
Authors: Maul Kristen K. , Conner Peggy S. , Kempler Daniel , Radvanski Christina , Goral Mira
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The goal of this study was to determine whether positive treatment effects of a modified constraint-induced language therapy focused on verb production would generalize to unpracticed items and tasks.

Method

Four individuals participated in a single-subject treatment design protocol. The treatment involved intensive practice producing verbs in sentences in an informative communicative exchange. Direct treatment outcome was examined by measuring the accuracy of producing practiced verbs in an action description task, a task similar to those used in treatment. Generalization was assessed by measuring production of unpracticed verbs and sentence grammaticality in the action description task and by measuring verb production and sentence grammaticality in 2 relatively unstructured (unpracticed) language tasks.

Results

Two of the 4 participants showed a direct treatment effect, producing a greater number of practiced verbs in the action description task following treatment compared with before treatment. All participants improved sentence grammaticality following treatment, although grammaticality was not explicitly targeted in therapy. Generalization to unpracticed, less-structured tasks was variable across the participants.

Conclusion

Patterns of generalization may depend on participants' specific language deficits and production characteristics, on the language tasks used, and on the measures used to detect change and assess generalization.
Examining the Use of Spoken Dialect Indices With African American Children in the Southern United States
Authors: Horton RaMonda , Apel Kenn
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To examine the utility of different dialect indices that have been used to characterize the Non-Mainstream American English (NMAE) dialect of African American children. The relationships among 4 popular dialect indices were examined and compared with the results of a standardized tool used to classify the language variation of child speakers at 3 different grade levels.

Method

The authors used listener judgment ratings, 2 dialect density measures obtained from a narrative sample, a standardized tool (Part 1 of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation—Screener Test [DELV–ST; Seymour, Roper, & deVilliers, 2003]), and dialect variation scores (DVAR) obtained from the DELV–ST to characterize 113 African American children's spoken production of NMAE.

Results

Grade-level effects on NMAE varied depending on the index used to measure dialect production. All of the dialect indices under investigation were related to one another. DELV–ST classification group effects were present on all but 1 of the indices used to capture NMAE.

Conclusions

Newer measures of NMAE, such as the DELV–ST and DVAR scores, are comparable to older measures such as dialect density measures and listener judgment ratings. Like listener judgment ratings, the DELV–ST and DVAR scores offer clinicians and researchers alike a quicker alternative to dialect density measures for confirming and quantifying the spoken production of NMAE dialect. The present findings confirm that, depending on the type of data collected and questions posed, researchers and clinicians alike are able to choose from multiple, valid, and reliable measures of non-mainstream dialect use.
Can Human Mannequin-Based Simulation Provide a Feasible and Clinically Acceptable Method for Training Tracheostomy Management Skills for Speech-Language Pathologists?
Authors: Ward Elizabeth C. , Baker Sonia C. , Wall Laurelie R. , Duggan Brooke L. J. , Hancock Kelli L. , Bassett Lynell V. , Hyde Trent J.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Workplace training for tracheostomy management is currently recognized to be inconsistent and insufficient. A novel approach, using technology-enhanced simulation, may provide a solution to training tracheostomy management skills by providing a consistent, time-efficient, and risk-free learning environment. The current research evaluated clinicians' tracheostomy skills acquisition after training in a simulated learning environment and explored changes in clinicians' confidence and perceptions after the experience.

Method

Forty-two clinicians with no or low levels of tracheostomy skill attended one of six, 1-day simulation courses. The training involved both part–task skill learning and immersive simulated scenarios. To evaluate clinicians' acquisition of manual skills, performance of core tasks during the scenarios was assessed by independent observers. Questionnaires were used to examine perceived outcomes, benefits, and perceptions of the learning environment at pre-, post-, and 4 months post-training.

Results

Only 1 clinician failed to successfully execute all core practical tasks. Clinicians' confidence increased significantly (
p
< .05) from pre- to post-workshop and was maintained to 4 months post-workshop across most parameters. All clinicians reported positive perceptions regarding their learning outcomes and learning in a simulated environment.

Conclusion

These findings validate the use of simulation as a clinical training medium and support its future use in tracheostomy competency-training pathways.
Quantifying the Effort Individuals With Aphasia Invest in Working Memory Tasks Through Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Christensen Stephanie C. , Wright Heather Harris
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The objective of this study was to quantify cognitive effort that individuals with aphasia and neurologically intact participants dedicate to verbal compared with spatial working memory tasks by using a physiological measure of effort: heart rate variability (HRV).

Method

Participants included 8 individuals with aphasia and 19 neurologically intact adults. Participants completed 3 verbal and 3 spatial working memory tasks that varied in difficulty. Performance accuracy and effort allocated to tasks was recorded. Effort was quantified as the change in the 0.07–0.14 Hz band of HRV from baseline to task conditions.

Results

Results indicated that individuals with aphasia and control participants allocated effort to verbal and spatial working memory tasks. Unlike the control participants, participants with aphasia did not differentially invest effort based on task difficulty. Neither group allocated effort differentially based on task type.

Conclusions

Results of the physiological data provide preliminary support for accounts indicating that individuals with aphasia do not properly allocate effort to cognitive–linguistic tasks. Analysis of the Group × Difficulty interaction indicated that the aphasia group did not allocate extra effort when it was required. The lack of a difference in HRV for spatial and verbal tasks suggests that this difference is not specific to verbal stimuli.
Beyond Picture Naming: Norms and Patient Data for a Verb-Generation Task
Authors: Kurland Jacquie , Reber Alisson , Stokes Polly
Published: March 2014

Purpose

In the current study, the authors aimed to (a) acquire a set of verb generation to picture norms; and (b) probe its utility as an outcomes measure in aphasia treatment.

Method

In Phase I, the verb-generation normative sample, 50 healthy volunteers generated verbs for 218 pictures of common objects (interstimulus interval = 5 s). In Phase II, 4 persons with aphasia (PWAs) generated verbs for 60 objects (interstimulus interval = 10 s). Their stimuli consisted of objects that were (a) recently trained (for object naming;
n
= 20), (b) untrained (a control set;
n
= 20), or (c) from a set of pictures named correctly at baseline (
n
= 20). Verb generation was acquired twice: once 2 months into and once following a 6-month home practice program.

Results

No objects elicited perfect verb agreement in the normed sample. Stimuli with the highest percent agreement were mostly artifacts and dominant verbs primary functional associates. Although not targeted in treatment or home practice, PWAs mostly improved performance in verb generation postpractice.

Conclusions

A set of clinically and experimentally useful verb-generation norms was acquired for a subset of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) picture set. More cognitively demanding than confrontation naming, this task may help to fill the sizeable gap between object picture naming and propositional speech.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170216
Does Brain Volume Loss Predict Cognitive and Narrative Discourse Performance Following Traumatic Brain Injury?
Authors: Lê Karen , Coelho Carl , Mozeiko Jennifer , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: March 2014

Purpose

In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between brain volume loss and performance on cognitive measures, including working memory, immediate memory, executive functions, and intelligence, and a narrative discourse production task. An underlying goal was to examine the prognostic potential of a brain lesion metric for discourse outcomes. It was hypothesized that brain volume loss would correlate with and predict cognitive and narrative discourse measures and have prognostic value for discourse outcomes.

Method

One hundred sixty-seven individuals with penetrating head injury participated. Correlational and regression analyses were performed for the percentages of total brain and hemispheric volume loss and scores on 4 cognitive measures (WMS–III Working Memory and Immediate Memory primary indexes, D-KEFS Sorting Test, and WAIS–III Full Scale IQ) and 7 narrative discourse measures (T-units, grammatical complexity, cohesion, local and global coherence, story completeness, and story grammar).

Results

The volumetric measures had significant small-to-moderate correlations with all cognitive measures but only one significant correlation with the discourse measures. Findings from regression analyses were analogous but revealed several models that approached significance.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that an overall measure of brain damage may be more predictive of general cognitive status than of narrative discourse ability. Atrophy measures in specific brain regions may be more informative.
Acquisition and Maintenance of Scripts in Aphasia: A Comparison of Two Cuing Conditions
Authors: Cherney Leora R. , Kaye Rosalind C. , van Vuuren Sarel
Published: March 2014

Purpose

This study was designed to compare acquisition and maintenance of scripts under two conditions:
high cue,
which provided numerous multimodality cues designed to minimize errors, and
low cue,
which provided minimal cues.

Method

In a randomized controlled crossover study, eight individuals with chronic aphasia received intensive computer-based script training under two cuing conditions. Each condition lasted 3 weeks, with a 3-week washout period. Trained and untrained scripts were probed for accuracy and rate at baseline, during treatment, immediately posttreatment, and at 3 and 6 weeks posttreatment. Significance testing was conducted on gain scores, and effect sizes were calculated.

Results

Training resulted in significant gains in script acquisition with maintenance of skills at 3 and 6 weeks posttreatment. Differences between cuing conditions were not significant. When severity of aphasia was considered, there also were no significant differences between conditions, although magnitude of change was greater in the high-cue condition versus the low-cue condition for those with more severe aphasia.

Conclusions

Both cuing conditions were effective in acquisition and maintenance of scripts. The high-cue condition may be advantageous for those with more severe aphasia. Findings support the clinical use of script training and the importance of considering aphasia severity.
Modelling of quantum dot intermediate band solar cells: effect of intermediate band linewidth broadening
Authors: Wang Qiao‐Yi , Rorison Judy
Published: March 2014

A detailed balanced approach is used to model a quantum‐dot intermediate band solar cell (QD‐IBSC). A model assuming identical QDs with no carrier losses has peak efficiency of 63.24% for a bandgap of 1.95 eV with the intermediate band (IB) positioned either 1.24 eV above the valence band or below the conduction band. The effect of inhomogeneities in the QDs is introduced by incorporating an inhomogeneous broadening of the IB, and the homogeneous broadening describing life‐time broadening effects is also introduced. A Gaussian inhomogeneous broadening of the ground state is considered initially and then other inhomogeneous broadenings are considered, including a ground plus excited state distribution. The inhomogeneous broadening removes state density from the ideal IB energy position and thereby reduces efficiency. However, the homogeneous broadening of the QD‐IB levels allows more off‐resonance QD states to be able to contribute to absorption of the optimum IB photon. This broadening also allows photons near the optimum IB photon energy to be absorbed as well. Both these effects lead to an increase in efficiency. The inter‐play between these inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening allows the efficiency in realistic inhomogeneous arrays of QDs to remain close to the ideal values.
Factors influencing brightness and beam quality of conventional and distributed Bragg reflector tapered laser diodes in absence of self‐heating
Authors: Kaunga‐Nyirenda Simeon Newton , Bull Stephen , Lim Jun Jun , Hasler Karl‐Heinz , Fricke Jörg , Larkins Eric C.
Published: March 2014

In this study, the authors examine some of the factors affecting the brightness and the beam quality of high‐power tapered lasers. The large volume resonators required to achieve high‐power, high‐brightness operation make the beam quality sensitive to carrier lensing and multimode operation. These cause bleaching of the regions outside the ridge waveguide. The beam quality in the conventional and the distributed Bragg reflector tapered lasers is examined in the absence of the self‐heating effects in order to investigate the impact of the carrier lensing effects. The influence of the front facet reflectivity and the taper angle on the beam quality is investigated. The beam quality was found to degrade with an increase in the front facet reflectivity and for larger taper angles in the conventional tapered lasers, especially at low ridge waveguide currents. Finally, the performance of conventional tapered lasers employing a beamspoiler was assessed. The beam quality was found to be comparable with that achieved in the DBR tapered lasers.
Subclavicular Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap for Optimal Reconstruction of Large Orbitozygomatic Defects: A Case Report
Authors: Pingarron Lorena , Ruiz Julian , Rey Juan , Maniegas Lourdes , Roson Silvia , Martinez Dolores
Published: March 2014

Since the introduction of microvascular free flaps, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) has been relegated to background for most reconstructive surgeons. The objective of this article is to show the advantages of cervicofacial defects reconstruction with PMMF using the subclavicular plane route in a challenging clinical case. An 83-year-old man presented with cutaneous temporomalar lesion with orbital spread. Tumor resection was performed, including 12 × 11 cm skin and subcutaneous tissue, overlying zygomatic and malar bone, and orbital exenteration. Radical parotidectomy and functional neck dissection were performed. PMMF was chosen as reconstructive option routing the pedicle to the subclavicular plane. The length of the pedicle was 31 cm. The subclavicular route for PMMF increases the flap's length and arc of rotation compared with the conventional supraclavicular one. This procedure decreases the bulk of the PMMF pedicle which makes it functionally and cosmetically favorable. By using this modification, we may widen the “safe” reconstructive possibilities.
Aerially deployed baits in the northern rangelands of Western Australia are available to wild dogs
Authors: Kennedy Malcolm S. , Rose Ken , Martin Gary
Published: March 2014

Context
Aerial baiting using fixed-wing aircraft is an effective method of bait delivery for wild-dog control in remote locations. However, aerial baiting may result in loss of baits to positions that are inaccessible to wild dogs. Attempts, by landholders, to address such bait loss through compensatory baiting may increase baiting costs and potential risks to non-target species.

Aims
To assess bait drift under standard baiting conditions. To assess the availability of aerially deployed baits to wild dogs across several commonly baited landforms in the northern rangelands of Western Australia.

Methods
We determined drift characteristics of baits deployed under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions. We then determined the availability of aerially deployed baits by deploying baits with embedded radio-transmitters across four commonly baited landforms (riparian vegetation, tussock grassland, gorges and breakaways). We then visually assessed the availability of relocated baits (as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’).

Key results
Under standard fixed-wing baiting conditions, on average, baits fell 100.9 m forward, and 8.3 m laterally, from the point-of-release. Across all landforms, most baits (91.8%) were highly available, with a further 7.0% falling into the moderate category and 1.2% in the low category. There were significant differences in bait availability among landforms, with the proportion of moderate-low availability baits greatest in gorges and lowest on tussock grassland.

Conclusions
Within the northern rangelands of Western Australia, bait wastage owing to deployment in inaccessible locations is minimal.

Implications
Compensatory baiting for lost baits is unnecessary and increases costs to land managers.
Ideophones and gesture in everyday speech
Authors: Dingemanse Mark
Published: March 2014

This article examines the relation between ideophones and gestures in a corpus of everyday discourse in Siwu, a richly ideophonic language spoken in Ghana. The overall frequency of ideophone-gesture couplings in everyday speech is lower than previously suggested, but two findings shed new light on the relation between ideophones and gesture. First, discourse type makes a difference: ideophone-gesture couplings are more frequent in narrative contexts, a finding that explains earlier claims, which were based not on everyday language use but on elicited narratives. Second, there is a particularly strong coupling between ideophones and one type of gesture: iconic gestures. This coupling allows us to better understand iconicity in relation to the affordances of meaning and modality. Ultimately, the connection between ideophones and iconic gestures is explained by reference to the depictive nature of both. Ideophone and iconic gesture are two aspects of the process of depiction.
Developing gestures fornoandyes
Authors: Kettner Viktoria A. , Carpendale Jeremy I.M.
Published: March 2014

Yesandno, or acceptance and refusal, are widespread communicative skills that are common across cultures. Although nodding and shaking the head are common ways to express these seemingly simple responses, these gestures develop later than others such as pointing. We analyzed diary observations from eight infants to investigate the origins of these gestures, why they develop later than other early gestures, and why nodding the head to indicateyesdevelops later than shaking the head forno. We found that young infants were able to shake their heads side-to-side, but they did not use this movement to communicate refusals at first. Infants had difficulty learning the nodding movement, but they could perform the physical movement before using it to communicateyes. These gestures developed along different trajectories with shaking the head fornoemerging between 13 and 15 months and nodding foryesbetween 16 and 18 months.
From the extraction of continuous features in parallel texts to visual analytics of heterogeneous areal-typological datasets
Authors: Mayer Thomas , Wälchli Bernhard , Rohrdantz Christian , Hund Michael
Published: March 2014

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we show that functionally motivated procedural approaches may help to automatically extract typological features from texts. This idea is illustrated with measuring cross-linguistic variation in the domain of morphological typology based on parallel texts. Second, we demonstrate that the methodology developed in the field of visual analytics allows for detecting patterns or regularities in the automatically extracted features. At the heart of our approach lies an extended sunburst visualization, which enables a cross-comparison of a large number of features within the context of language genealogy and areal information. We provide evidence of the usefulness of the present approach with case studies where the visualizations of the extracted features reveal interesting insights.
Lexical-syntactic analysis model of Spanish multi-word expressions
Authors: Leoni de León Jorge Antonio
Published: March 2014

In this article we analyze the lexical status and the syntactic phenomena of multi-word expressions. We propose a typology of phraseological units based on our findings and we describe a formal system, called Tsool, which preserves these characteristics and allows their collection and identification (even after complex operations). Tsool was implemented in a prototype called Mulkin.
Exploring the thematic-frame mapping  in FunGramKB
Authors: Guerra García Fátima , Sacramento Lechado Elena
Published: March 2014

FunGramKB (Functional Grammar Knowledge Base; Periñán and Arcas 2010a, 2010b; Periñán and Mairal 2010b) has three levels of knowledge representation (i.e. lexical, conceptual and grammatical). Conceptual modelling takes place within the Ontology, whereas the implementation of both the semantic and the constructional information of lexical units belongs to the lexical level. Both processes are designed to be completely independent within the knowledge base. Nevertheless, concept encoding and representation at the level of deep semantics and the semantic definitions of the predicates belonging to the lexicons of different languages are clearly intertwined. The objective of this paper is to analyse how the interaction of deep and shallow semantics takes place within this full-fledged knowledge base.
Low-level situational cognitive models within the Lexical Constructional Model and their computational implementation in FunGramKB
Authors: Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Francisco José
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates the notion of low-level situational cognitive model, its role in linguistic description and its possible computational treatment in the knowledge base FunGramKB. Low-level situational models are exploited metonymically to produce situation-based implicatures. When such inferences become stably associated with a formal pattern, they give rise to implicational constructions. Other kinds of construction make use of different kinds of cognitive model. For example, argument-structure constructions are based on high-level non-situational cognitive models. The paper then provides a typology of low-level situational cognitive models, which can be roughly equated with Schank and Abelson’s now classical notion of script. Schank and Abelson’s classification into situational, personal and instrumental scripts is revised and refined to make it include a further division into simple, complex and composite scripts. Simple scripts capture sequences of actions, while complex scripts consist of chained sequences of subscripts and composite scripts are combinations of independent subscripts. Since scripts are cases of procedural knowledge, which is included in the so-called cognicon of FunGramKB, the paper explores the incorporation of this typology into the architecture of this part of the knowledge base. This incorporation is argued to endow the cognicon with greater descriptive parsimony, which results in a more efficient computational implementation. Finally, the paper uses the FunGramKB representation metalanguage COREL as an adequate way of supplying precise descriptions in terms of event structure variables and their sequencing, which turns out to be useful to enhance descriptive adequacy in the linguistic model itself.
Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) in Alcohol-Dependent Patients
Authors: Winters Laura E. , Karow Anne , Reimer Jens , Fricke Susanne , Kuhnigk Olaf , Schäfer Ingo
Published: March 2014

Background

A high prevalence of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is found in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). In the few existing studies, mixed results regarding the psychometric properties of common screening instruments for PTSD have been reported for patients with SUDs. No results are available for the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), an established self-report measure for PTSD.

Methods

The authors assessed 105 patients with alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) (70% male) 2 weeks after their admission to an inpatient detoxification unit. Participants were administered the PDS, the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), as well as measures of depression and anxiety. Patients with other substance use disorders were excluded as were patients reporting no traumatic event.

Results

Internal consistencies were good to very good for the total scale (.93) and the subscales of the PDS (.82–.91). In our sample, the PDS had a high specificity (.89) but only moderate sensitivity (.57). Diagnostic agreement with the SCID was 83% (.46). The results of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that a PDS score of 8 was the optimal cutoff to screen for PTSD. The highest diagnostic agreement between PDS and SCID (89%; .60) was achieved using a cutoff score of 24.

Conclusions

These findings confirm previous results suggesting that the psychometric properties of self-report measures of PTSD in patients with SUDs might differ from those in the general population. When the PDS is used in recently detoxified patients with alcohol dependence, it seems advisable to modify the cutoff score of this instrument to improve its sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy.