bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ perceptions and acceptance of crossbred guinea pigs in Mantaro Valley, Peru
Authors: Cedano-Castro J. I. , Jiménez R. , Huamán A. , Gutiérrez Reynoso G. , Wurzinger M.
Published: February 2023

This study aimed at assessing farmers’ perceptions and acceptance of the proposed breeding strategy of Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura (IVITA), located in the Central Andes of Peru. A total of 34 farmers, who had received guinea pigs from IVITA, were interviewed. The questionnaire was performed in Spanish language and covered topics about the guinea pig production, feeding, mating system, training, the main products, perception and acceptance of crossbred lines (“cuy RG”), and the farmers’ comment about the terminal crossbred animal (“cuy G”). The preferred feeding strategy was a combination of forage and supplement. All farmers implemented a controlled mating system. Most farmers had received training on feeding, reproduction, management, equipment, and facilities. The main product is animals for slaughter. The 82.40% of farmers reported that they do not purchase guinea pigs from IVITA anymore, because they are highly susceptibility to lymphadenitis, which is a highly contagious disease and causes swollen lymph nodes and affects the meat quality. Most of the respondents classified the “cuy RG” and “cuy G” as suitable for meat production and were satisfied with the performance of the animals. Therefore, 58.80% of respondents already recommended “cuy RG” to other farmers. However, 17.70% of the respondents would not recommend these animals because they are susceptible to disease, especially lymphadenitis. Therefore, IVITA should engage in more structured dialogue with farmers and regularly include their opinion in future improvement of its breeding strategies. This could help to reach higher acceptance rates by farmers.
Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Cannabis Use Disorder in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: Results from the Disease Burden Study 2019
Authors: Shao Heng , Du Heyue , Gan Quan , Ye Dequan , Chen Zhuangfei , Zhu Yanqing , Zhu Shasha , Qu Lang , Lu Junyan , Li Yutong , Duan Jing , Gu Yingqi , Chen Meiling
Published: February 2023

Cannabis is the fourth psychoactive substance to be legalized which are of far-reaching significance to the world. We analyzed data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) to estimate the incidence and prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and calculated the disease burden of CUD in 204 countries and territories and 21 regions over the past three decades. We reported disease burden due to CUD in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rate (ASR), estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and analyzed associations between the burden of CUD and sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles. Globally, the number of incidence cases of CUD was estimated to be increasing by 32.3% from 1990 to 2019 and males are nearly double higher than that of female. DALYs increase 38.6% from 1990. Young people aged 20–24 years old with cannabis use disorder have the highest DALYs in 2019, followed by those younger than 20 years old. India, Canada, USA, Qatar, Kenya, and high SDI quintile areas showed a high burden of disease. Nearly 200 million individuals are cannabis users worldwide, and CUD is a notable condition of GBD. The global cultivation of cannabis, rooted in different cultures, diversified access to cannabis, legalization in controversy, the promotion of medical cannabis, and many other factors promote the global cannabis industry is constantly updated and upgraded. It deserves more discussion in the future in terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, socioeconomics, law, and policy improvement.
Arbeitsanforderungen und Ressourcen der digitalen Mediennutzung bei Lehrkräften
Authors: Cramer Malte , Hosenfeld Ingmar
Published: February 2023

Hintergrund

Die Nutzung digitaler Medien ist für einen Teil der Lehrkräfte mit einem erhöhten Belastungserleben verbunden. Stress, der durch negative Aspekte der digitalen Mediennutzung entsteht, wird unter dem Begriff „digitaler Stress“ oder „Technostress“ v. a. in internationalen Studien untersucht. Für deutsche Lehrkräfte ist die Befundlage hingegen rar. Dem gegenüberstehend scheint ein weiterer Teil der Lehrkräfte geringere Schwierigkeiten mit der fortschreitenden Implementierung digitaler Medien in den Schulalltag zu haben und stattdessen von den Vorteilen digitaler Medien zu profitieren. Empirisch vernachlässigt wurde dabei die Frage, inwiefern sich diese Vorteile als Ressource positiv auf Stress und Wohlbefinden der Lehrkräfte auswirken können.

Ziel

Ziel der Studie ist es, eine Zusammenstellung von potenziellen Einflussfaktoren der digitalen Mediennutzung auf Stress und Wohlbefinden von Lehrkräften aus Deutschland zu erhalten, diese datengeleitet zu strukturieren und hinsichtlich ihrer Wichtigkeit zu bewerten.

Methode

Es wurde die Group-concept-mapping(GCM)-Methode mit 44 angehenden Lehrkräften der Universität Koblenz-Landau durchgeführt.

Schlussfolgerung

Die erzielte Strukturierung zeigt in Verbindung mit der bewerteten Wichtigkeit die Bedeutung positiver Auswirkungen der digitalen Mediennutzung für das Wohlbefinden von Lehrkräften sowie die Relevanz schulischer Rahmenbedingungen auf.
Dynamic Precipitation in Supersaturated Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy During Warm Stretching
Authors: Robson Joseph , Jessner Peter , Taylor Mark , Ma Ziyu
Published: February 2023

High-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys such as AA7075 rely on precipitation to obtain their properties, and the evolution of these precipitates can be strongly influenced by deformation. In this study, the effect of warm stretching on precipitation in supersaturated AA7075 was investigated. A dilatometer was used to enable rapid quenching directly from the solution treatment temperature to the warm stretching temperature. The evolution of precipitates was monitored using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SAXS revealed the presence of clusters only 5 seconds after quenching, and the subsequent evolution of the microstructure involved the growth and coarsening of these clusters. Deformation strongly enhanced the cluster/precipitate growth rate, which increased linearly with increasing strain. A strain rate effect was also noted, with the growth rate being faster at the higher strain rate for the same strain level. However, the acceleration of growth with increasing strain rate was not sufficient to compensate for the reduced time, so that deformation at higher strain rate led to small precipitates (at iso-strain). TEM revealed the precipitates to be homogeneously dispersed in the matrix both with and without deformation. There was no evidence for enhanced nucleation due to deformation, indeed the opposite was the case, with fewer but larger precipitates observed in the deformed microstructure. The linear increase in growth rate with strain is consistent with a dominant effect of excess vacancies in enhancing diffusion rates.
Recycled Household Ash in Rice Paddies of Bangladesh for Sustainable Production of Rice Without Altering Grain Arsenic and Cadmium
Authors: Gupta Yogesh , Hossain Mahmud , Islam M. Rafiqul , Talukder Md. Moyeed Hasan , Khokon Md. Atiqur Rahman , Uddin Mohammad Mahir , Kabir Humayun , Carey Manus , Ralphs Kathryn , de Moraes Natalia Valadares , Meharg Andrew A. , Meharg Caroline
Published: February 2023

In Bangladesh most agronomic biomass (straw, husk, dried dung) is burnt for domestic cooking use. Consequently, the soil is continuously stripped of mineral nutrients and carbon (C) substrate. Here we investigate if recycling of household ash (ash) as fertilizer can sustainably improve soil fertility as well as minimise accumulation of toxic elements (As, Cd) in rice grain. Large scale field trials across two geographic regions (Barind, Madhupur) and two seasons (wet, dry) and with application of 3 fertiliser treatments (NPKS, ash, NPKS + ash) were conducted. At the end of each season, the impact of region*season*treatment on soil microbial comunities, rice yield, and grain quality (As, Cd, nutrient elements) was assessed. When compared to conventional field application rates of NPKS (control), application of ash boosted rice yield by circa. 20% in both regions during wet and dry season, with no effect on rice grain carcinogenic inorganic arsenic (iAs), dimethylarsonic acid (DMA) or cadmium (Cd), but with potential to increase zinc (Zn). For soil microbial communities, a significant region and season effect as well as correlation with elements in rice grain was observed, amongst these Cd, Zn, iAs and DMA. This study illustrates that application of ash can reduce the requirement for expensive chemical fertiliser, whilst at the same time increasing rice yield and maintaining grain quality, making farming in Bangladesh more sustainable and productive. The study also implies that the combined impact of region, season, and soil microbes determines accumulation of elements in rice grain.
Uptake of HPV vaccination among boys after the introduction of gender-neutral HPV vaccination in Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wähner Cornelia , Hübner Johannes , Meisel Dörte , Schelling Jörg , Zingel Rebecca , Mihm Sarah , Wölle Regine , Reuschenbach Miriam
Published: February 2023

Background

HPV vaccination has been recommended and reimbursed for girls in Germany since 2007. In June 2018 the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommended the gender-neutral vaccination of adolescents aged 9 to 14 years with catch-up through age 17. Objectives of this study were to describe the uptake of vaccination in boys before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

The study used data from a proprietary electronic medical record database and a database with information on nationally dispensed vaccine doses. The monthly number of first doses of HPV vaccinations in boys and girls aged 9–17 years in the period from 01/2018 to 12/2021 was determined. In addition, for boys the cumulative vaccination rates were calculated for initiated and completed vaccination series.

Results

Four months after the introduction of mandatory reimbursement for boys, the monthly numbers of first doses were comparable to that of girls. Compared to the same month in 2019, the number of first doses declined by up to 49% (girls) in 2020 and 71% (boys) in 2021. At the end of 2021, the vaccination rate for 15-year-old boys (2006 birth cohort) reached 44.4% for initiated and 26.4% for completed series.

Conclusion

After an initial dynamic increase in HPV vaccinations in boys, the impact of COVID-19 was particularly strong in the second year of the pandemic. At the end of 2021 vaccination rates were still low. Efforts are needed to catch-up on adolescents that missed doses during the pandemic and to increase uptake.
Influence of different surface conditions on mechanical properties during ultrasonic welding of aluminum wire strands and copper terminals
Authors: Pöthig Pascal , Grätzel Michael , Bergmann Jean Pierre
Published: February 2023

Ultrasonic metal welding (USMW) has become considerable attention in terms of its suitable applications compared to conventional fusion welding techniques. The main advantage of USMW results from the comparatively low process times and joining temperatures below the melting point. Thus, USMW is particularly used for the joining of dissimilar material combinations, e.g., aluminum and copper (Al/Cu), in battery cell production or wiring harness applications. However, process fluctuations in USMW of Al/Cu joints can occur due to varying surface conditions of the joining materials. Therefore, this study investigated different surface conditions of copper terminals and their effects on mechanical properties. At first, three different surface conditions were generated, respectively: surface cleaning (sulfuric acid and ethanol), structuring process by laser, and structuring process by milling. These modifications are compared with the terminals in the initial state (contaminated). The characterization of the terminal surfaces was carried out with 3-D laser scanning microscopy as well as light microscopy. The mechanical conditions were examined with shear tensile tests. The tensile tests showed a significant influence of the surface condition on the resulting failure loads compared to the initial state. The highest failure loads could be achieved with the structured terminals (+ 48%), whereas contaminated terminals and terminals with notches exhibited comparatively poor failure loads (− 28%). This can be explained by varying interface formations between the terminal and the wire, which was detected by metallography and SEM analysis. Furthermore, it was figured out that the interface between aluminum and copper exhibits a firm and formed closure bond and hence increased failure loads for laser-structured terminals. Additional investigations by SEM revealed no detectable occurrence of intermetallic phases.
Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on weight, eating behaviours and psychological outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chew Han Shi Jocelyn , Chng Samuel , Rajasegaran Nagadarshini Nicole , Choy Khun Hean , Chong Yuen Yu
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To examine the effectiveness of ACT on weight (body mass index and body mass), eating behaviours (binge eating, emotional eating, external eating and restraint eating), and psychological outcomes (quality of life [QoL], depression, psychological flexibility, and weight stigma) among adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

Seven electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycInfo Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched from inception through 17 June 2022. 13 studies and 48 unique effect sizes were analyzed using random-effects models. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardized mean differences expressed in Hedges’ g (g). Heterogeneity was assessed using Q-statistics and interpreted using I2.

Results

ACT was found to be effective in improving weight loss in terms of BMI (k = 6, WMD = − .50, 95% CI = − .90; − .11, t = − 3.25, p = .20, I2 = .0%), psychological flexibility and weight-related stigma. However, non-significant changes were found for body mass (k = 4, WMD = − 0.33 95% CI = − 1.53; 0.87, t = − .88, p = .44, I2 = .0%), binge eating (k = 4, g = − .34, 95% CI = − 1.31; 0.62, t = − 1.13, p = .34, I2 = 71.1%), emotional eating (k = 6, g = − .20, 95% CI = − 0.54; 0.15, t = − 1.47, p = .20, I2 = 45.0%), external eating (k = 5, g = − .40, 95% CI = 0.96; 0.16, t = − 1.99, p = .12, I2 = 81.8%), restraint eating (k = 3, g = .22 95% CI = − 0.57; 1.01, t = 1.19, p = .36, I2 = 69.1%), QoL (k = 3, g = .01, 95% CI = − 1.51; 1.52, t = .02, p = .99, I2 = 90.2%) and depression (k = 3, g = − .55, 95% CI = − 1.78; 0.67, t = − 1.94, p = .19, I2 = 79.9%).

Conclusion

ACT could be effective in improving weight loss but more studies are needed to ascertain its effectiveness and the underlying mechanism by which the various components influence weight-related outcomes.

Level of evidence

Evidence obtained from a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing empirical studies.
A numerical study on tread wear and fatigue damage of railway wheels subjected to anti-slip control
Authors: Yang Yunfan , Ling Liang , Wang Jiacheng , Zhai Wanming
Published: February 2023

Tread wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage propagated on railway wheels are the two extremely important focal points as they can tremendously deteriorate wheel/rail interactions and hunting stability and destroy wheel surface materials, and subsequently, cut down the lifetime of the wheels. The on-board anti-slip controllers are of essence aiming to hold back the striking slipping of the powered wheelsets under low-adhesion wheel/rail conditions. This paper intends to investigate the impact of anti-slip control on wheel tread wear and fatigue damage under diverse wheel/rail friction conditions. To this end, a prediction model for wheel wear and fatigue damage evolution on account of a comprehensive vehicle-track interaction model is extended, where the wheel/rail non-Hertzian contact algorithm is used. Furthermore, the effect of frictional wear on the fatigue damage at wheel surface is considered. The simulation results indicate that the wheel/rail contact is full-slip under the low-adhesion conditions with braking effort. The wear amount under the low-adhesion conditions is observably higher than that under the dry condition. It is further suggested that the wheel tread is prone to suffering more serious wear and fatigue damage issues with a higher anti-slip control threshold compared to that with a lower one.
Exploring Academic Performance of Medical Students in an Integrated Hybrid Curriculum by Gender
Authors: Hesse DeLoris Wenzel , Ramsey Lynn M. , Bruner Lia Pierson , Vega-Castillo Claudia S. , Teshager Dina , Hill Janette R. , Bond Mary T. , Sperr Edwin V. , Baldwin Amy , Medlock Amy E.
Published: February 2023

Gender gaps in academic performance have been reported at a variety of educational levels including several national standardized exams for medical education, with men scoring higher than women. These gaps potentially impact medical school acceptance and residency matching and may be influenced by curricular design. Performance data for our 4-year integrated hybrid curriculum, which features a large proportion of active learning, revealed a gender gap with men performing better early in the curriculum and on the first national standardized exam. This gap in performance almost entirely disappeared for years 2–4 of the curriculum and the second national standardized exam.
Modelling spatial–temporal expansion of Lilongwe City using Shannon’s entropy model through semi-dynamic environmental mapping and analysis
Authors: Ngalande Chifuniro , Odera Patroba Achola
Published: February 2023

This study involves analysis of the urban spatial–temporal expansion of Lilongwe City from 1973 to 2020 using Shannon’s entropy model through time-series satellite mapping. Landsat images from 1973 to 2020 in a nearly 10-year interval are used to determine spatial–temporal land use/cover changes. The city is zoned into 1 km concentric rings and four pie sections to determine both directional and spatial urban expansion trends while Shannon’s entropy model is employed to determine the degree of dispersity of the city’s sprawl. A linear regression model incorporating population as an explanatory variable is then applied to predict the spatial expansion trends for Lilongwe City. Results show that the built-up area in Lilongwe City expanded by 465.4% (9.9% per year) from 1973 to 2020, making it the second-largest land use/cover type in the city, after vegetation. Consequently, vegetation cover decreased by − 32.7% (− 0.7% per year) during the same period. High relative entropy indices (> 0.9) obtained from Shannon’s entropy model indicate a dispersed urban development for the city during the entire period of study. The North-West quadrant of the city has the highest proportion of urban expansion while the North-East quadrant has the lowest proportion, in a relative sense. Regression model predictions show that the city will most likely continue to expand by the year 2023 and then increase exponentially by the year 2033, due to high population growth. The results of this study will assist city authorities to control the expansion of the city and anticipate patterns for future urban sprawl.
Inducing Fe 3d Electron Delocalization and Spin-State Transition of FeN4 Species Boosts Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Wearable Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Chen Shengmei , Liang Xiongyi , Hu Sixia , Li Xinliang , Zhang Guobin , Wang Shuyun , Ma Longtao , Wu Chi-Man Lawrence , Zhi Chunyi , Zapien Juan Antonio
Published: February 2023

Transition metal–nitrogen–carbon materials (M–N–Cs), particularly Fe–N–Cs, have been found to be electroactive for accelerating oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Although substantial efforts have been devoted to design Fe–N–Cs with increased active species content, surface area, and electronic conductivity, their performance is still far from satisfactory. Hitherto, there is limited research about regulation on the electronic spin states of Fe centers for Fe–N–Cs electrocatalysts to improve their catalytic performance. Here, we introduce Ti3C2 MXene with sulfur terminals to regulate the electronic configuration of FeN4 species and dramatically enhance catalytic activity toward ORR. The MXene with sulfur terminals induce the spin-state transition of FeN4 species and Fe 3d electron delocalization with d band center upshift, enabling the Fe(II) ions to bind oxygen in the end-on adsorption mode favorable to initiate the reduction of oxygen and boosting oxygen-containing groups adsorption on FeN4 species and ORR kinetics. The resulting FeN4–Ti3C2Sx exhibits comparable catalytic performance to those of commercial Pt-C. The developed wearable ZABs using FeN4–Ti3C2Sx also exhibit fast kinetics and excellent stability. This study confirms that regulation of the electronic structure of active species via coupling with their support can be a major contributor to enhance their catalytic activity.
A Real-Time Planning and Control Framework for Robust and Dynamic Quadrupedal Locomotion
Authors: Li Jun , Gao Haibo , Wan Yuhui , Yu Haitao , Zhou Chengxu
Published: February 2023

Legged locomotion poses significant challenges due to its nonlinear, underactuated and hybrid dynamic properties. These challenges are exacerbated by the high-speed motion and presence of aerial phases in dynamic legged locomotion, which highlights the requirement for online planning based on current states to cope with uncertainty and disturbances. This article proposes a real-time planning and control framework integrating motion planning and whole-body control. In the framework, the designed motion planner allows a wider body rotation range and fast reactive behaviors based on the 3-D single rigid body model. In addition, the combination of a Bézier curve based trajectory interpolator and a heuristic-based foothold planner helps generate continuous and smooth foot trajectories. The developed whole-body controller uses hierarchical quadratic optimization coupled with the full system dynamics, which ensures tasks are prioritized based on importance and joint commands are physically feasible. The performance of the framework is successfully validated in experiments with a torque-controlled quadrupedal robot for generating dynamic motions.
Ecological Validation and Practical Challenges of Conducting Dietary Analysis in Athletic Individuals Using a Novel Remote Food Photography Method Mobile Phone Application
Authors: Roberts Charlie J. , Gill Nicholas D. , Baxter Brett A. , Sims Stacy T.
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Dietary analysis is an important part of the sports nutrition practitioners’ role, however the ability to accurately collect and analyze dietary intake data is questionable. The remote food photography method (RFPM) has been proposed as a low-burden and potentially valid approach to collecting and interpreting dietary intake data. Preliminary research suggests that this is valid in some athletic populations, however the ecological validation in real-life settings warrants further investigation.

Methods

Twenty athletic individuals completed simultaneous three-day RFPM diaries and weighed food diaries for the analysis of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Participants were required to provide details alongside provided photographs that did not include food weights to allow for the estimation of nutrient intake from minimally invasive photographs and descriptions.

Results

RFPM demonstrated non-significant random and systematic error against the weighed food diary for energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat at − 20.0 ± 455.5 kcal, − 2.9 ± 34.6 g, − 12.4 ± 49.3 g and 2.3 ± 26.8 g, respectively. Coefficient of variation suggest acceptable agreement between RFPM and weighed food diary for energy and poor agreement for protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Considerable variability is observed in the individual calculated values, with the least and greatest difference being 0% and − 83.0%, respectively.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the RFPM may be an ecologically valid tool for the collection and analysis of dietary intake data on a group level; on an individual basis, data and subsequent recommendations based on this method must be applied with caution.
The Critical Reception of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Hays Peter
Published: February 2023

Changing critical views of Hemingway's great novel of the Lost Generation, from publication to the present.
A deep learning-based approach to time-coordination entry guidance for multiple hypersonic vehicles
Authors: Li Z. , Guo J. , Tang S. , Ji S.
Published: February 2023

A multiple-vehicles time-coordination guidance technique based on deep learning is suggested to address the cooperative guiding problem of hypersonic gliding vehicle entry phase. A dual-parameter bank angle profile is used in longitudinal guiding to meet the requirements of time coordination. A vehicle trajectory database is constructed along with a deep neural network (DNN) structure devised to fulfill the error criteria, and a trained network is used to replace the conventional prediction approach. Moreover, an extended Kalman filter is constructed to detect changes in aerodynamic parameters in real time, and the aerodynamic parameters are fed into a DNN. The lateral guiding employs a logic for reversing the sign of bank angle, which is based on the segmented heading angle error corridor. The final simulation results demonstrate that the built DNN is capable of addressing the cooperative guiding requirements. The algorithm is highly accurate in terms of guiding, has a fast response time, and does not need inter-munition communication, and it is capable of solving guidance orders that satisfy flight requirements even when aerodynamic parameter disruptions occur.
The Translation of Greek Philosophical Terminology in Marius Victorinus’ Opera Theologica: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study
Authors: Dowson Christopher J.
Published: February 2023

The article collects and analyses philosophical terms formed in Latin by fourth-century rhetorician and philosopher Marius Victorinus (c. 285–360s C.E.) as a result of his translation from Greek sources. The study examines primarily his theological treatises: the Ad Candidum Arianum (De Generatione Divini Verbi) and the Adversus Arium. It undertakes a quantitative and qualitative examination of these terms by studying two linguistic mechanisms which constitute ‘term-formation’ in Latin: lexical innovation and lexical augmentation. Both functioned as important linguistic and conceptual devices in Victorinus’ translations. The article also examines the theological contexts of certain metaphysical terms to understand further their similarities and differences, not only in Victorinus’ translations, but also in earlier uses of central Latin philosophical terms, e.g., essentia and substantia. The article concludes that Victorinus was more didactic than his philosophical predecessors such as M. Tullius Cicero, Seneca the Younger or Apuleius of Madaura, preferring literal translation (particularly morphological calquing) rather than semantic extensions or metaphorical usages (lexical augmentation). By using neologisms formed using derivational word-formation processes and, on rare occasions, loan-words from Greek, Victorinus adopted an approach of adapting Greek terminology with a high degree of precision in Latin, from a range of sources including Christian, Neo-Platonist, and Gnostic authors. He thereby introduced a new Christological vocabulary in the Latin tradition, making him a significant intellectual figure of the fourth and fifth centuries. Although by no means as dominant as others, such as Augustine or Boethius, Victorinus would nonetheless come to exert influence over later Christian philosophers in the Latin West, particularly during the Scholastic period of the Middle Ages.
A Primate on a Fresco from the Mycenaean Acropolis of Tiryns
Authors: Youlatos Dionisios , Urbani Bernardo , Binnberg Julia
Published: February 2023

The earliest Bronze Age Mediterranean primate representations on frescoes are found at the Aegean sites of Knossos (Crete) and Akrotiri (Thera). By contrast, monkeys have so far been missing from Mycenaean frescoes in mainland Greece. A fresco fragment of a cultic scene from Tiryns changes this; it depicts a bipedal partial lower body, with a hanging tail. This image, previously interpreted as a human wearing an animal hide, had already been suggested to represent a monkey. A re-examination of this miniature fresco identified various features that seem to confirm the representation of a monkey, most probably of a baboon-like primate. Assuming that the fresco from Tiryns is part of a cult scene, similar to those from Akrotiri, this adds a further image to a small corpus of Aegean depictions connecting monkeys with important female figures or deities. Furthermore, the Tiryns fresco fragment indicates that primates were not entirely absent from local Mycenaean iconography.
Easier Than Saying No: Domination, Interpellation, and the Puzzle of Acquiescence
Authors: Kogl Alexandra
Published: February 2023

This article treats ambiguous heterosexual experiences—not quite rape, but not quite “just sex” either—as a form of domination, distinct from both coercion and productive power. It argues that if we wish to make sense of the power dynamics involved in these experiences, it may be useful to view the domination that takes place as a kind of interpellation, understood in the Althusserian sense as a mutually constitutive dynamic in which ideologies create “good subjects,” and subjects reproduce ideology. Considering heterosexual domination as a form of Althusserian interpellation enables us to see the power in question as an embodied, intersubjective relation that demands the complicity of dominated persons, with lasting effects on their subjectivity. This approach avoids positing the dominated as helpless victims or passive objects, while bearing witness to and shedding light on their experiences.
Creolizing Place, Origin, and Difference: The Opaque Waters between Glissant and Irigaray
Authors: Crapo Kim Ruthanne
Published: February 2023

This article brings Édouard Glissant's theory of creolization into critical conversation with Luce Irigaray's sexuate difference theory and suggests creolization as a process capable of reconfiguring place and origin. Such a creolized conception, the article suggests, fissures narratives of legitimacy, possession, and lawful order, pseudo-claims utilized to dismiss antiracist protests. The article traces Irigaray's critique of woman as place and origin with her conception of the interval. It examines how Glissant's analysis of the womb-abyss clarifies and strategically obscures racialization as an ongoing lacuna in Western thought. By deploying a rhizomatic network of relayed traces, the essay examines Glissantian notions of chaos, trembling, and detour to articulate sociopolitical movements that reveal and undermine the sexual economy of the neo-Plantation. Both thinkers, the author suggests, bring together place, origin, and movement to construct two radically different but strategically valuable theories that have yet to be put in a sustained, critical conversation. By positioning each theorist within their own framework, discourse, and socio-ethical concerns, the author offers ways that creolization and sexuate difference theory clarify issues contemporary American feminism tends to gesture toward as “intersectional” issues of gender, sex, and race.
The Politics of Relevant Alternatives
Authors: Tuckwell William
Published: February 2023

The main aim of this article is to use the resources of relevant-alternatives contextualism to provide an account of an unrecognized form of epistemic injustice that I call irrelevance-injustice. Irrelevance-injustice occurs either when a speaker raises an alternative that is not taken seriously when it should be, or when a speaker raises an alternative that is taken seriously when it should not be. Irrelevance-injustice influences what alternatives are perceived to be relevant and patterns of knowledge ascriptions in ways that are unfair. Asymmetries in whose alternatives are taken seriously affect how many alternatives members of different groups must rule out prior to being ascribed knowledge. Because knowledge ascriptions have socially valuable functions, asymmetries in whose alternatives are taken seriously mean asymmetries in who gets to do socially valuable things with knowledge ascriptions.
Distorted Thinking or Distorted Realities? The Social Construction of Anxiety for Women in Neoliberal Late-Stage Capitalism
Authors: Timler Kelsey
Published: February 2023

Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental disorders globally, and 63% of those diagnoses are of women. Although widely acknowledged across health disciplines and news and social media outlets, the majority of attention has left assumptions underlying women's anxiety in the twenty-first century unquestioned. Drawing on my own experiences of anxiety, I will the explore both concept and diagnosis in the Western world. Reflecting on my own experiences through a critical feminist lens, I will investigate the construction of anxiety as mental disorder in the context of neoliberal late-stage capitalism, heteropatriarchy, and biomedical psychiatry. Tracing the postpositivistic foundations of anxiety, as well as the historical and ongoing medicalization and pathologization of women, I will critically consider the sociopolitical implications of constructing anxiety as biomedical disorder. Assumptions underlying mental health will be explored within the context of the construction, experience, and operationalization of gender and the way gender intersects with diverse positionalities, power, knowledge, and neoliberal governance. Weaving the voices of women poets with the biomedical language of disorder, this critical-realist inquiry will explore my anxiety as it relates to the epidemic levels of anxiety among other women, and the late-stage capitalist world within which anxiety flourishes.
A Soviet View on the Assassination of the Iranian Prime Minister, Haj ʻAli Razmara, in the Context of the Early Years of the Cold War
Authors: Shahvar Soli
Published: February 2023

Using Soviet foreign ministry documents found in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, this article seeks to shed a new light on the identity of those behind the assassination of Haj ʻAli Razmara in 1951, and the reasons for it. In seeking a power to back his aspirations to become the ruler of Iran, Razmara hopped between the USSR and the United States, finally gambling on USSR. In spite of this, the United States was not in a hurry to get rid of him; instead, they preferred to use the Shah's fear of Razmara to secure the former's cooperation and to extract from him what they wanted, especially oil concessions in Iran. However, by then Iran was already marching rapidly toward oil nationalization, which Razmara opposed on the grounds that the USSR should be the power that produced the oil for the Iranians. This was unacceptable to the Americans, who, according to Soviet sources, decided to get rid of Razmara during the early stages of the Cold War.
Korean NGOs and Reconciliation with Japan
Authors: Easley Leif-Eric
Published: February 2023

Strained South Korea–Japan ties are frequently attributed to the use and abuse of history by national leaders. This article considers a more bottom-up explanation by examining how Korean civil society is taking three different pathways to exert influence on bilateral relations. First, non-governmental organizations are expanding domestic and international awareness of grievances regarding Japan's 1910–1945 colonization of the Korean Peninsula. Second, activists are pushing court cases in attempts to change legal interpretations and government policies. Third, certain civic groups demand maximalist positions on history and stigmatize cooperation with Tokyo. While influential over Korean public opinion, these efforts win few hearts and minds in Japan and complicate productive diplomacy. With particular attention to the 2015 Korea–Japan agreement for “comfort women” survivors and the 2018 South Korean Supreme Court decisions on wartime labor, this article unpacks the relationship between activist Korean civil society and historical reconciliation with Japan, offering implications for foreign policy and state-society relations.
Morphodynamics of active nematic fluid surfaces
Authors: Al-Izzi Sami C. , Morris Richard G.
Published: February 2023

Morphodynamic equations governing the behaviour of active nematic fluids on deformable curved surfaces are constructed in the large deformation limit. Emphasis is placed on the formulation of objective rates that account for normal deformations whilst ensuring that tangential flows are Eulerian, and the use of the surface derivative (rather than the covariant derivative) in the nematic free energy, which elastically couples local order to out-of-plane bending of the surface. Focusing on surface geometry and its dynamical interplay with the hydrodynamics, several illustrative instabilities are then characterised. These include cases where the role of the Scriven–Love number and its nematic analogue are non-negligible, and where the active nematic forcing can be characterised by an analogue of the Föppl–von Kármán number. For the former, flows and changes to the nematic texture are coupled to surface geometry by viscous dissipation. This is shown to result in non-trivial relaxation dynamics for a nematic tube. For the latter, the nematic active forcing couples to the surface bending terms of the nematic free energy, resulting in extensile (active ruffling) and contractile (active pearling) instabilities in the tube shape, as well as active bend instabilities in the nematic texture. In comparison to the flat case, such bend instabilities now have a threshold set by the extrinsic curvature of the tube. Finally, we examine a topological defect located on an almost flat surface, and show that there exists a steady state where a combination of defect elasticity, activity and non-negligible spin connection drive a shape change in the surface.
WHEN IS A NUMERICAL SEMIGROUP A QUOTIENT?
Authors: BOGART TRISTRAM , O’NEILL CHRISTOPHER , WOODS KEVIN
Published: February 2023

A natural operation on numerical semigroups is taking a quotient by a positive integer. If
$\mathcal {S}$
is a quotient of a numerical semigroup with k generators, we call
$\mathcal {S}$
a k-quotient. We give a necessary condition for a given numerical semigroup
$\mathcal {S}$
to be a k-quotient and present, for each
$k \ge 3$
, the first known family of numerical semigroups that cannot be written as a k-quotient. We also examine the probability that a randomly selected numerical semigroup with k generators is a k-quotient.
Populism and Democratic Conflict: An Aristotelian View
Authors: Polansky David
Published: February 2023

Populism has lately become a matter of concern in both popular and academic circles. Yet contemporary writers have had difficulty parsing populism's relationship to democracy, partly because they are universally committed to the latter. It is worth turning to a thinker like Aristotle, who—despite not explicitly addressing populism itself—is able to reflect clearly on various democratic phenomena that we tend to consider populist, because he does not share our normative or analytical assumptions about democracy. Aristotle's discussions in books 3 and 4 of the Politics allow us to see that what we call populism is a function of a broader problem of class conflict in democracies. In light of this analysis, we can see populist movements not as an external challenge to the democratic regime, but rather as a characteristic expression of a recurring dispute over the contours and prerogatives of the people.
Targeting drug lords: Challenges to IHL between lege lata and lege ferenda
Authors: Redaelli Chiara , Arévalo Carlos
Published: February 2023

This article aims to clarify how international humanitarian law (IHL) rules on targeting apply when drug cartels are party to a non-international armed conflict. The question of distinguishing between a cartel's armed forces and the rest of the cartel members is a pertinent matter. It is crucial to avoid considering every drug dealer a legitimate target, just as we do not consider that everyone working for the government is a legitimate target. Nevertheless, it is unclear at what point a member of a cartel would change from being a criminal to being a member of the armed wing of the cartel, hence becoming a legitimate target. The present article will suggest a teleological approach to solving this conundrum.
Emancipation and Imperialism in a Borderland: The Challenge to Settler Sovereignty over Slavery in Belize in the 1820s
Authors: Dutt Rajeshwari
Published: February 2023

This article points to the 1820s as a crucial period that saw a great reversal in the location of sovereignty in Belize. The article employs two inflection points—first, an 1822 case of ‘Indian’ slaves from Mosquito Shore, and second, slave desertion in 1825—to point to unprecedented challenges to settler sovereignty over slavery in Belize that arose during the 1820s. While British amelioration allowed the metropolitan government to bring frontier and borderland regions within its legal purview, thus challenging settler autonomy, the concurrent event of Central American emancipation provided enslaved people in Belize additional opportunity to desert their masters at a moment when restitution of runaway slaves became increasingly difficult. Yet, this essay is about more than just the fracturing of settler sovereignty over slavery. Rather it also illuminates how settlers responded to these challenges by using force, diplomacy, and the print media. The settlers’ most potent response was in portraying Belizean slavery as ‘benign,’ creating a surprisingly robust narrative that would endure for generations. The essay illuminates how emancipation and imperialism remained inextricably linked in borderland areas such as Belize, which straddled the boundaries between Spanish America and the British Caribbean.
Clinically Significant Scores for Thwarted Belonging and Perceived Burden from the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15)
Authors: Silva Caroline , Smith Phillip N. , Rogers Megan , Joiner Thomas E. , Foote Brad , Van Orden Kimberly A.
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Background: Social disconnection is associated with all-cause mortality and suicide. Measures of social disconnection with reliable cut-off scores are needed to aid in the assessment of clinically significant change. Aims: The current study sought to identify reliable clinical cut-off scores for the 15-item Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15), which assesses two indices of social disconnection associated with suicide ideation – thwarted belonging (TB) and perceived burden (PB) on others. Methods: The INQ-15 and measures of suicide ideation were administered to psychiatric outpatients ( Nsample1 = 493; Nsample2 = 213) and psychiatric inpatients ( Nsample3 = 79; Nsample4 = 87). Results: Reliable cut-off scores discriminating between the presence and absence of suicide ideation were identified across samples (TB ≥ 36 for psychiatric outpatients and ≥ 32 for inpatients; PB ≥ 12 for both psychiatric outpatients and inpatients). Limitations: Data are cross-sectional; thus, conclusions cannot be made about the predictive utility of INQ scores for future suicide ideation, attempts, or death. Conclusions: The INQ-15 yields scores with reliable cut-off scores for both TB and PB that represent clinically significant levels of social disconnection. These cut-off scores can be used in treatment trials and clinical practice to assess clinical improvement (or decline) in belonging and perceived burden.
Spatial and Temporal Quantification of Subaerial Volcanism From 1980 to 2019: Solid Products, Masses, and Average Eruptive Rates
Authors: Galetto Federico , Pritchard Matthew E. , Hornby Adrian J. , Gazel Esteban , Mahowald Natalie M.
Published: February 2023

Volcanism is one of the main mechanisms transferring mass and energy between the interior of the Earth and the Earth's surface. However, the global mass flux of lava, volcanic ash and explosive pyroclastic deposits is not well constrained. Here we review published estimates of the mass of the erupted products from 1980 to 2019 by a global compilation. We identified 1,064 magmatic eruptions that occurred between 1980 and 2019 from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program database. For each eruption, we reported both the total erupted mass and its partitioning into the different volcanic products. Using this data set, we quantified the temporal and spatial evolution of subaerial volcanism and its products from 1980 to 2019 at a global and regional scale. The mass of magma erupted in each analyzed decade ranged from 1.1–4.9 × 1013 kg. Lava is the main subaerial erupted product representing ∼57% of the total erupted mass of magma. The products related to the biggest eruptions (Magnitude ≥6), with long recurrence times, can temporarily make explosive products more abundant than lava (e.g., decade 1990–1999). Twenty‐three volcanoes produced ∼72% of the total mass, while two different sets of 15 volcanoes erupted >70% of the total mass of either effusive or explosive products. At a global scale, the 10 and 40‐year average eruptive rates calculated from 1980 to 2019 have the same magnitude as the long‐term average eruptive rates (from thousand to millions of years), because in both cases rates are scaled for times comparable to the recurrence time of the biggest eruptions occurred.
Land Surfaces at the Tipping‐Point for Water and Energy Balance Coupling
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Akbar Ruzbeh , Feldman Andrew F. , Gianotti Daniel Short , Entekhabi Dara
Published: February 2023

The surface water and energy balances can be coupled or uncoupled depending on whether the evaporation regime is water‐limited or energy‐limited. As the landscape loses soil moisture during drydowns, a transition between the regimes may occur, which signifies a nonlinear change in water‐energy‐carbon coupling. Regions that switch often between these two regimes, that is, are dominated by neither regime, are particularly vulnerable to climate variability and change. To robustly identify these tipping points, we identify drydown events based on global soil moisture data sets from remote sensing. The event identification does not rely on precipitation information and is robust with respect to measurement noise. Then, the soil moisture thresholds delineating the evaporation regime transitions are determined by Sequential Monte Carlo Sampling and a two‐stage parametrization strategy. Based on the estimated soil moisture thresholds across the globe, we estimate observation‐based water availability indices which quantify the nonlinear controls of soil moisture on evaporation. This framework is tested and applied globally using Soil Moisture Active Passive soil moisture retrievals. Combined with a new tippling‐point metric that describes the frequency of evaporation regime transitions, we identify regions that switch often between different evaporation regimes at the global scale. Given unit shifts in soil moisture, these regions will experience the most change in how their surface water and energy are coupled.