bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent effect on the heat of solution and partial molar volume of magnesium perchlorate
Authors: Kiselev V. D. , Bolotov A. V. , Kashaeva H. A. , Shakirova I. , Averyanova A. , Satonin A. , Konovalov A. I.
Published: September 2010

For magnesium perchlorate (MP), the solvent effect on the heat of solution and partial molar volumes (PMV) at 25 °C was studied. Since the complete dissociation of magnesium perchlorate is more difficult to achieve as compared with lithium perchlorate (LP), the concentration dependence of the values of the heat of solution and partial molar volume were noted. Only in highly polar solvents with large donor numbers (DN), such as water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N‐dimethyl formamide, and formamide, the differential and integral values of the enthalpies of solution were the same in the range of concentrations studied. In all solvents studied, the values of the heat of solution of MP were highly exothermic and exceed that of LP by more than 30 kcal mol−1. The values of the partial molar volume of MP were changed from 82.3 cm3 mol−1 in formamide to −2.4 cm3 mol−1 in acetone, and correlate linearly with that of LP (R = 0.975). Taking into account the significant change in the properties of molecules in the solvate shell of cation Mg2+, the large increase in the reactivity of reactants, activated by such interaction with Mg2+ cation is expected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioregular poly(3‐alkanoylthiophene): Synthesis and electrochemical, photophysical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Wang Chao , Kim Felix S. , Ren Guoqiang , Xu Yongqian , Pang Yi , Jenekhe Samson A. , Jia Li
Published: September 2010

Head‐to‐tail regioregular poly(3‐heptanoylthiophene) (PHOT) was synthesized by Ni‐catalyzed polycondensation of the 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediol‐protected Grignard monomer followed by deprotection. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) study demonstrates that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of PHOT are 0.5 eV lower in energy than those of the head‐to‐tail poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (HT‐P3HT). Their optical band gaps are essentially the same. Incomplete photoluminescence (PL) quenching was observed in thin films of the 1:1 blend of PHOT and HT‐P3HT. PHOT displayed a glass transition at ∼269 °C and decomposed at ∼300 °C according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) study showed that PHOT exists in a not highly ordered state in solid films especially in the π‐stacking direction. Only p‐channel activity was observed in field‐effect transistors (FETs) for PHOT. The hole mobility was on the order of 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Photovoltaic devices with an active layer of 1:1 blend of PHOT and PC71BM had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼0.5%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Facilitating polymer conjugation via combination of RAFT polymerization and activated ester chemistry
Authors: Wiss Kerstin T. , Theato Patrick
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of block copolymers via polymer conjugation of well‐defined building blocks offers excellent control over the structures obtained, but often several coupling strategies need to be explored to find an efficient one depending on the building blocks. To facilitate the synthesis of polymers with adjustable functional end‐groups for polymer conjugation, we report on the combination of activated ester chemistry with RAFT polymerization using a chain transfer agent (CTA) with a pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP‐CTA), which allows for flexible functionalization of either the CTA prior to polymerization or the obtained polymer after polymerization. Different polymethacrylates, namely PMMA, P(t‐BuMA) and PDEGMEMA, were synthesized with an alkyne‐CTA obtained from the aminolysis of the PFP‐CTA with propargylamine, and the successful incorporation of the alkyne moiety could be shown via 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI TOF MS. Further, the reactive α‐end‐groups of polymers synthesized using the unmodified PFP‐CTA could be converted into azide and alkyne end‐groups after polymerization, and the high functionalization efficiencies could be demonstrated via successful coupling of the resulting polymers via CuAAC. Thus, the PFP‐CTA allows for high combinatory flexibility in polymer synthesis facilitating polymer conjugation as useful method for the synthesis of block copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Functionalization of carbon black nanoparticles with poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Authors: Vukićević Radovan , Hierzenberger Peter , Hild Sabine , Beuermann Sabine
Published: September 2010

The surface of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles was functionalized with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) either by trapping of macroradicals or by cycloaddition. PVDF with two iodine end groups (I‐PVDF‐I) obtained from iodine transfer polymerization in supercritical CO2 was heated in the presence of CB and the CI bond was cleaved resulting in a reaction between the macroradical and the CB surface. To allow for cycloaddition of PVDF to the CB surface for a number of polymers, the iodine end groups were replaced by azide end groups. In addition, microwave irradiation was applied to the functionalization. The influence of temperature, time, polymer concentration, and polymer molar mass on the functionalization reaction was examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reactions on amino resin materials: An LC‐ESI‐TOF analysis
Authors: Barqawi Haitham , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: September 2010

This article describes the reaction of amino resins with functional molecules using the azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reaction, opening a simple chemical modification of amino resins under aqueous conditions. Alkyne‐modified melamine‐formaldehyde resins are prepared via a direct cocondensation approach using propargylic alcohol (21.6–86.3 mmol) as additive. Subsequently, alkyne‐modified mono‐, bi‐, and trinuclear melamine‐species are identified via LC‐ESI‐TOF methods proving the covalent incorporation of alkyne‐moieties in amounts of up to 3.9 mol %. Subsequent modification of the alkyne‐modified resins was accomplished by reaction of functional azides (octyl azide (1), (azidomethyl)benzene (2), 1‐(6‐azidohexyl) thymine (3), and 4‐azido‐N‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐4‐yl)benzamide (4)) with Cu(I)Br and DIPEA as a base. The formation of triazolyl‐modified MF‐resins was proven by LC‐ESI‐TOF methods, indicating the successful covalent modification of the amino resin with the azides 1–4. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Preparation, morphology, and biolabeling of fluorescent nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers by emulsion polymerization
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Chao , Wang Weizhi , Liu Tianxi
Published: September 2010

Novel nanoparticles based on conjugated polymer with good fluorescent properties were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction using certain surfactants as one kind of special emulsion polymerization. The luminescent properties of the prepared nanoparticles could be controlled by selecting different monomers. Without using substances comprising any heavy metal element, these fluorescent nanoparticles show very good biocompatibility with cells, thus showing potential applications in cell biolabeling, drug delivery tracing, organic light‐emitting diodes, flat displays, and other areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Random copolymers based on 3‐hexylthiophene and benzothiadiazole with induced π‐conjugation length and enhanced open‐circuit voltage property for organic photovoltaics
Authors: Lee Jang‐Yong , Choi Min‐Hee , Song Ho‐Jun , Moon Doo‐Kyung
Published: September 2010

A series of donor‐acceptor low‐bandgap conjugated polymers, that is, HThmBT (m = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15), composed of regioregular 3‐hexylthiophene segments and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole units, were synthesized through the Stille coupling polymerization to optimize the π‐conjugation length of the polymer and the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect in the polymer backbone. The polymers had relatively low optical bandgaps ranging from 1.6 to 1.72 eV. Among these polymers, HTh6BT exhibited the best device performance with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.6%. Moreover, despite being based on thiophene, HTh6BT exhibited a high‐open circuit voltage (VOC) of over 0.8 V because of its low high occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. These results provided an effective strategy for designing and synthesizing low‐bandgap conjugated polymers with broad absorption ranges and well‐balanced energy levels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
The effect of cucurbit[n]uril on the solubility, morphology, and the photophysical properties of nonionic conjugated polymers in an aqueous medium
Authors: Tuncel Dönüs , Artar Müge , Hanay Saltuk Bugra
Published: September 2010

The effects of cucurbit[n]uril on the dissolution and the photophysical properties of nonionic conjugated polymers in water are described. For this purpose, a fluorine‐based polymer, namely, poly[9,9‐bis{6(N,N‐dimethylamino)hexyl}fluorene‐co‐2,5‐thienylene (PFT) was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR, UV–vis, fluorescent spectroscopy, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). For the first time, it was demonstrated that a nonionic conjugated polymer can be made soluble in water through an inclusion complex formation with CB8. The structure of the complex was elucidated by NMR experiments including 1H and selective 1D‐NOESY. This complex emits green and is highly fluorescent with fluorescent quantum yield of 35%. In contrast, CB6 or water‐soluble CB7 although they are chemically identical to CB8 do not have any effect on the dissolution and photophysical properties of PFT. By preparing a protonated version of PFT, the optical properties of PFT in methanol, protonated PFT and PFT@CB8 in water have been studied and compared. It was also observed that the morphology of the polymer PFT was affected by the presence of CB8. Thus CB8‐assisted self‐assembly of polymer chains leads to vesicles formation; these structures were characterized by DLS, AFM, SEM, and TEM fluorescent optical microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Effect of water addition on the coupling of homopolymers by click chemistry
Authors: Liu Zhilei , Hu Jiwen , Sun Jianping , Liu Guojun
Published: September 2010

Homopolymers bearing terminal azide and alkyne groups can be coupled via click chemistry to yield diblock copolymers. When performed in solvents that dissolved both homopolymers, the click reaction was found in this study to be inefficient, probably due to the embedding of the reactive end groups inside the random coils of the polymers. The efficiency was only slightly affected by the addition of a small amount of water into the reaction mixture. However, the reaction efficiency increased dramatically near the water volume fraction where one or both of the reacting polymers began to precipitate. Further increases in water content caused the polymer(s) to undergo macroscopic phase separation and the click reaction efficiency decreased once again. A possible explanation for the observed effect of water on the polymer coupling reaction is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Facile synthesis of core‐surface crosslinked nanoparticles by interblock RAFT polymerization
Authors: Hossain MD. Daloar , Tran Le Thi Bao , Park Jong Myung , Lim Kwon Taek
Published: September 2010

A new, efficient method for synthesizing stable nanoparticles with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) functionalities on the core surface, in which the micellization and crosslinking reactions occur in one pot, has been developed. First, amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PS copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization of styrene using (PEO)‐based trithiocarbonate as a macro‐RAFT agent. The low molecular weight PEO‐b‐PS copolymer was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol where the block copolymer self‐assembled as core‐shell micelles, and then the core‐shell interface crosslink was performed using divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The design of the amphiphilic RAFT agent is critical for the successful preparation of core‐shell interface crosslinked micellar nanoparticles, because of RAFT functional groups interconnect PEO and polystyrene blocks. The PEO functionality of the nanoparticles surface was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic laser light scattering analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Monodisperse superparamagnetic pH‐sensitive single‐layer chitosan hollow microspheres with controllable structure
Authors: Du Pengcheng , Liu Peng , Mu Bin , Wang Yunjiao
Published: September 2010

Facile strategy was developed for the fabrication of the monodisperse superparamagnetic pH‐sensitive single‐layer chitosan (CS) hollow microspheres with controllable structure. The carboxyl group‐functionalized polystyrene microspheres prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization were used as the templates. After the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were in situ formed onto the surface of the templates, the single‐layer CS was self‐assembled and cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde subsequently. Then, the magnetic single‐layer CS hollow microspheres were obtained after the templates were removed. It was found that the feeding ratio of the monomer acrylic acid in the soap‐free emulsion polymerization had played an important role on the particle size and surface carboxyl group content of the templates, which determined the particle size and shell thickness of the magnetic single‐layer CS hollow microspheres in the proposed strategy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Polyacrylamide cryogels by photoinitiated free radical polymerization
Authors: Kahveci Muhammet U. , Beyazkilic Zeynep , Yagci Yusuf
Published: September 2010

A novel method for the preparation of poly(acrylamide) cryogels by photoinitiated polymerization of monomeric precursors was described. A series of poly(acrylamide) cryogels were easily prepared by irradiating aqueous solutions containing acrylamide and N,N′‐methylene(bis)acrylamide as monomer and cross‐linker, respectively, in the presence of 1‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane‐1‐one (Irgacure 2959) as water‐soluble photoinitiator with the help of freezing–thawing procedures. Photolysis was conducted at −13 °C isothermally through specially designed cryostat‐integrated Rayonet merry‐go‐round photoreactor. On comparing the described photochemical method with the conventional redox counter part, the polymerization is initiated, and gelation proceeds only on external stimulation by light. This way, concomitant hydrogel formation usually observed with the redox process as a result of premature polymerization during the cooling process was prevented. The obtained cryogels exhibited superfast swelling behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Optimization of organic electrochemical transistors for sensor applications
Authors: Yaghmazadeh Omid , Cicoira Fabio , Bernards Daniel A. , Yang Sang Y. , Bonnassieux Yvan , Malliaras George G.
Published: September 2010

Despite the recent interest in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) as chemical and biological sensors, little is known about the role that device architecture and materials parameters play in determining sensor performance. We use numerical modeling to establish design rules in two regimes of operation: We find that for operation as an ion‐to‐electron converter, the response of OECTs is maximized through the use of a gate electrode that is much larger than the channel or through the use of a nonpolarizable gate electrode. Improving the conductivity of the polymer and using a channel geometry that maximizes channel width and thickness, and minimizes channel length helps increase the response. For operation as an electrochemical sensor, the sensitivity is maximized in OECTs with gate electrodes that are smaller than their channels. The sensitivity can be improved by increasing the charge carrier mobility and the capacitance per unit area of the conducting polymer, and also its ability to be penetrated by ions from the electrolyte. A channel geometry that maximizes channel width and minimizes channel length also improves sensitivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Characterization of peptides and proteins in commercial HSA solutions
Authors: Gay Marina , Carrascal Montserrat , Gorga Marina , Parés Albert , Abian Joaquin
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 172–181, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900182
Substrate screening identifies a novel target sequence for the proteasomal activity regulated by ionizing radiation
Authors: Broggini‐Tenzer Angela , Hollenstein Andreas , Pianowski Zbigniew , Wampfler Andrea , Furmanova Polina , Winssinger Nicolas , Pruschy Martin
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 304–314, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900162
Identification of candidate biomarkers with cancer‐specific glycosylation in the tissue and serum of endometrioid ovarian cancer patients by glycoproteomic analysis
Authors: Abbott Karen L. , Lim Jae‐Min , Wells Lance , Benigno Benedict B. , McDonald John F. , Pierce Michael
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 470–481, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900537
Screening for therapeutic targets of vorinostat by SILAC‐based proteomic analysis in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Zhou Qun , Chaerkady Raghothama , Shaw Patrick G. , Kensler Thomas W. , Pandey Akhilesh , Davidson Nancy E.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1029–1039, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900602
Comparative proteomics of human embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells
Authors: Chaerkady Raghothama , Kerr Candace L. , Kandasamy Kumaran , Marimuthu Arivusudar , Gearhart John D. , Pandey Akhilesh
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1359–1373, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900483
Quantitative proteomics study of breast cancer cell lines isolated from a single patient: Discovery of TIMM17A as a marker for breast cancer
Authors: Xu Xiaoen , Qiao Meng , Zhang Yang , Jiang Yinghua , Wei Ping , Yao Jun , Gu Bo , Wang Yaqi , Lu Jing , Wang Zhigang , Tang Zhaoqing , Sun Yihong , Wu Wenshu , Shi Qian
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1374–1390, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900380
Comparison of protein enrichment strategies for proteome analysis of plasma
Authors: Bandow Julia E.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1416–1425, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900431
A comparative proteomic analysis of HepG2 cells incubated by S(−) and R(+) enantiomers of anti‐coagulating drug warfarin
Authors: Bai Jing , Sadrolodabaee Laleh , Ching Chi Bun , Chowbay Balram , Ning Chen Wei
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1463–1473, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900785
Proteomic identification of interactions between histones and plasma proteins: Implications for cytoprotection
Authors: Pemberton Alan D. , Brown Jeremy K. , Inglis Neil F.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1484–1493, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900818
Use of SELDI MS to discover and identify potential biomarkers of toxicity in InnoMed PredTox: A multi‐site, multi‐compound study
Authors: Collins Ben C. , Sposny Alexandra , McCarthy Diane , Brandenburg Arnd , Woodbury Ronald , Pennington Stephen R. , Gautier Jean‐Charle , Hewitt Phillip , Gallagher William M.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1592–1608, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900608
Prohibitin deficiency blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells: Molecular mechanisms and functional implications
Authors: Sánchez‐Quiles Virginia , Santamaría Enrique , Segura Víctor , Sesma Laura , Prieto Jesús , Corrales Fernando J.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1609–1620, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900757
Aβ and human amylin share a common toxicity pathway via mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Lim Yun‐An , Rhein Virginie , Baysang Ginette , Meier Fides , Poljak Anne , Raftery Mark J. , Guilhaus Michael , Ittner Lars M. , Eckert Anne , Götz Jürgen
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1621–1633, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900651
Viral myocarditis induced by Coxsackievirus B3 in A.BY/SnJ mice: Analysis of changes in the myocardial proteome
Authors: Hammer Elke , Phong Truong Quoc , Steil Leif , Klingel Karin , Salazar Manuela Gesell , Bernhardt Jörg , Kandolf Reinhard , Kroemer Heyo K. , Felix Stephan B. , Völker Uwe
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1802–1818, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900734
Descriptive proteomic analysis shows protein variability between closely related clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Mehaffy Carolina , Hess Ann , Prenni Jessica E. , Mathema Barun , Kreiswirth Barry , Dobos Karen M.
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 1966–1984, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900836
CE‐ESI‐TOF/MS for human growth hormone analysis
Authors: Staub Aline , Giraud Sylvain , Saugy Martial , Rudaz Serge , Veuthey Jean‐Luc , Schappler Julie
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 388–395, DOI 10.1002/elps.200900315
SDS‐PAGE and two‐dimensional maps in a radial gel format
Authors: Millioni Renato , Miuzzo Manuela , Antonioli Paolo , Sbrignadello Stefano , Iori Elisabetta , Dosselli Ryan , Puricelli Lucia , Kolbe Markus , Tessari Paolo , Giorgio Righetti Pier
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 465–470, DOI 10.1002/elps.200900526
HnRNP K and PDI marked response to chemotherapy to human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Zhang Peng , Huang Long , Ma Yan‐lei , Peng Jia‐yuan , Shen Tong‐yi , Chen Hong‐qi , Zhou Yu‐kun , Zhang Ming , Chu Zhao‐xin , Qin Huan‐long
Published: September 2010

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 1731–1738, DOI 10.1002/elps.200900495
Overfill protective systems—Complex problem, simple solution
Authors: Summers Angela E. , Hearn William
Published: September 2010

Overfills have resulted in significant process safety incidents. Longford (Australia, 1998), Texas City (United States, 2005), and Buncefield (United Kingdom, 2005) can be traced to loss of level control leading to high level and ultimately to loss of containment. A tower at Longford and a fractionating column at Texas City were overfilled, allowing liquid to pass to downstream equipment that was not designed to receive it. The Buncefield incident occurred when a terminal tank was overfilled releasing hydrocarbons through its conservation vents. The causes of overfill are easy to identify; however, the risk analysis is complicated by the combination of manual and automated actions often necessary to control level and to respond to abnormal level events. This article provides a brief summary of the Longford, Texas City, and Buncefield incidents from an overfill perspective, and highlights five common factors that contributed to making these incidents possible. Fortunately, although overfill can be a complex problem, the risk reduction strategy is surprisingly simple. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Preventing overpressure hazards from trapped liquids
Authors: Ramirez Juan C. , Ogle Russell A. , Carpenter Andrew R. , Morrison Delmar “Trey”
Published: September 2010

We examine the overlooked hazards posed by thermal expansion of trapped liquids in piping systems. Trapped liquids can generate large pressure increases with only modest temperature changes. This is a phenomenon that is often overlooked or dismissed as being of small consequence.

This article discusses a simple model for estimating the overpressure hazard from thermal expansion and illustrates its use with some typical liquids encountered in heat‐transfer systems. The control of these overpressure hazards is discussed in terms of applicable safety guidelines and standards. We then illustrate the hazard of heating trapped liquids with a case study. We show that the basic cause of this catastrophic failure could have been avoided by following applicable safety standards in conjunction with a process hazard analysis of the entire system during the design phase. Our findings underscore two important design guidelines: (1) install a pressure relief device wherever liquid can be trapped and subjected to heating and (2) verify that each component of the piping system that can be isolated from pressure relief satisfies the design pressure. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Exciton relaxation in PbS quantum dots
Authors: Gaponenko Maxim S. , Buganov Oleg V. , Onushchenko Alexei A. , Hickey Stephen G. , Malyarevich Alexander M. , Tikhomirov Sergei A. , Yumashev Konstantin V.
Published: September 2010

Exciton relaxation in PbS quantum dots (QDs) in glass and tetrachloroethylene have been investigated and the radiative and non‐radiative relaxation rates of the lowest 1S–1S state have been measured. An estimate of the carrier intra‐band transition rates and their transfer efficiency is calculated. The dependence of the exciton dynamics on the QD surface properties is presented and discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Blood pressure lowering, cardiovascular inhibitory and bronchodilatory actions ofAchillea millefolium
Authors: Khan Arif‐ullah , Gilani Anwarul Hasan
Published: September 2010

Achillea millefoliumLinn. (Asteraceae) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of overactive cardiovascular and respiratory ailments. This study describes its hypotensive, cardio‐depressant, vasodilatory and bronchodilatory activities. The crude extract ofAchillea millefolium(Am.Cr) caused a dose‐dependent (1–100 mg/kg) fall in arterial blood pressure of rats under anaesthesia. In spontaneously beating guinea‐pig atrial tissues, Am.Cr exhibited negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. In isolated rabbit aortic rings, Am.Cr at 0.3–10 mg/mL relaxed phenylephrine (PE, 1 µm) and high K+(80 mm)‐induced contractions, as well as suppressed the PE (1 µm) control peaks obtained in Ca++‐free medium, like that caused by verapamil. The vasodilator effect of Am.Cr was partially blocked by Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester in endothelium intact preparations. In guinea‐pig tracheal strips, Am.Cr inhibited carbachol (CCh, 1 µm) and K+‐induced contractions. These results indicate thatAchillea millefoliumexhibits hypotensive, cardiovascular inhibitory and bronchodilatory effects, thus explaining its medicinal use in hyperactive cardiovascular and airway disorders, such as hypertension and asthma. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absolute stability and stabilization for Lurie networked control systems
Authors: Zeng Hong‐Bing , He Yong , Wu Min , Xiao Shen‐Ping
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the problem of absolute stability and stabilization for networked control systems (NCSs) with the controlled plant being Lurie systems (Lurie NCSs), in which the network‐induced delays are assumed to be time‐varying and bounded. By considering the relationship between the network‐induced delay and its upper bound, an improved stability criterion for networked control system is proposed. Furthermore, the resulting condition is extended to design a state feedback controller by employing an improved cone complementary linearization (ICCL) algorithm. A numerical example is worked out to illustrate the effectiveness and the benefits of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fullness of life as minimal unit: Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning across the life span
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael , Eijck Michiel Van
Published: September 2010

Challenged by a National Science Foundation–funded conference, 2020 Vision: The Next Generation of STEM Learning Research, in which participants were asked to recognize science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning as lifelong, life‐wide, and life‐deep, we draw upon 20 years of research across the lifespan to propose a new way of thinking about and investigating the topic. We proposeFullness of Life(orTotal Life) as the minimal unit of analysis that allows people generally and researchers specifically to make sense of cognition. This move reverses traditional perspectives: Rather than understanding life from the position of STEM activities, we understand STEM learning from the perspective of life taken as a whole. We propose three attendant concepts that do not focus on stable knowledge content but on (a) the ability to mobilize and augment knowledge (knowledgeability), (b) the necessity to develop the disposition of thedébrouillard/eand bricoleur, and (c) the necessity to conceive knowledgeabilityascollectiveproperty, outcome ofcollectivepraxis. We conclude by commenting on five dimensions suggested as need requirements for implementing a 2020 vision for STEM learning research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed94:1027–1048, 2010
Clinical implementation of the hysteroscopic morcellator for removal of intrauterine myomas and polyps. A retrospective descriptive study
Authors: Hamerlynck Tjalina Wibeke Oona , Dietz Viviane , Schoot Benedictus Christiaan
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study is to report our experience with a novel technique, the hysteroscopic morcellator (HM), for removal of intrauterine myomas and polyps. We performed a retrospective study on 315 women undergoing operative hysteroscopy with the HM in our university-affiliated teaching hospital. We collected data on installation and operating times, fluid deficit, peri- and postoperative complications. In 37 patients undergoing myomectomy with the HM, mean installation time was 8.7 min, mean operating time, 18.2 min, and median fluid deficit, 440 mL. Three out of 37 HM procedures were converted to resectoscopy, related to a type 2 myoma. In 278 patients, mean installation and operating times for polypectomy with the HM were 7.3 min and 6.6 min, respectively. All procedures were uneventful. Implementation of the HM for removal of type 0 and 1 myomas ≤3 cm, and removal of polyps appears safe and effective.
Interdisciplinary Knowledge Translation: Lessons Learned from a Mental Health: Fire Service Collaboration
Authors: Henderson Joanna L. , MacKay Sherri , Peterson-Badali Michele
Published: September 2010

Collaborative approaches are being increasingly advocated for addressing a variety of health, mental health and social needs for children, youth and families. Factors important for effective knowledge translation of collaborative approaches of service delivery across disciplines, however, have not been rigorously examined. TAPP‐C: The Arson Prevention Program for Children is an intervention program for child and adolescent firesetters provided collaboratively by fire service and mental health professionals. The present study examined the adopter, innovation, and dissemination characteristics associated with TAPP‐C implementation, protocol adherence and extent of collaboration by 241 community‐based fire service professionals from communities across Ontario. Results revealed that dissemination factors are particularly important for understanding program implementation, adherence and cross‐discipline collaboration. Moreover, the findings of this study show significant benefits to both within discipline (intra‐disciplinary) and across discipline (interdisciplinary) knowledge translation strategies.
Progressive ataxia and myoclonic epilepsy in a patient with a homozygous mutation in the FOLR1 gene
Authors: Pérez‐Dueñas Belén , Toma Claudio , Ormazábal Aida , Muchart Jordi , Sanmartí Francesc , Bombau Georgina , Serrano Mercedes , García‐Cazorla Angels , Cormand Bru , Artuch Rafael
Published: September 2010

Several unrelated disorders can lead to 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) depletion in the cerobrospinal fluid (CSF), including primary genetic disorders in folate‐related pathways or those causing defective transport across the blood‐CSF barrier. We report a case of cerebral folate transport deficiency due to a novel homozygous mutation in the FOLR1 gene, in an effort to clarify phenotype–genotype correlation in this newly identified neurometabolic disorder. A previously healthy infant developed an ataxic syndrome in the second year of life, followed by choreic movements and progressive myoclonic epilepsy. At the age of 26 months, we analyzed CSF 5MTHF by HPLC with fluorescence detection and conducted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy studies. Finally, we performed mutational screening in the coding region of the FOLR1 gene. MR showed a diffuse abnormal signal of the cerebral white matter, cerebellar atrophy and a reduced peak of choline in spectroscopy. A profound deficiency of CSF 5MTHF (2 nmol/L; NV 48‐127) with reduced CSF/plasma folate ratio (0.4; NV 1.5‐3.5) was highly suggestive of defective brain folate‐specific transport across the blood‐CSF/brain barrier. Mutation screening of FOLR1 revealed a new homozygous missense mutation (p.Cys105Arg) that is predicted to abolish a disulfide bond, probably necessary for the correct folding of the protein. Both parents were heterozygous carriers of the same variant. Mutation screening in the FOLR1 gene is advisable in children with profound 5MTHF deficiency and decreased CSF/serum folate ratio. Progressive ataxia and myoclonic epilepsy, together with impaired brain myelination, are clinical hallmarks of the disease.
Stimulus‐secretion coupling by high‐affinity IgE receptor: New developments
Authors: Benhamou Marc , Blank Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Stimulation of mast cells through their high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) leads to the secretion of pre‐ and neoformed soluble mediators through vesicular carriers. This process is highly regulated in order to adapt the secretion of these potentially dangerous factors to the physiological needs. This regulation requires numerous essential effectors that are necessary to transmit the initial signal of FcεRI aggregation and couple it to the sophisticated secretory machinery of membrane fusion. Studies in recent years have led to the discovery of a series of new effector molecules that link FcεRI to secretion. We describe here some of the new developments that have allowed to obtain a clearer picture of stimulus/secretion coupling in mast cells.
An Empirical Analysis of Shopping Behavior Across Online and Offline Channels for Grocery Products: The Moderating Effects of Household and Product Characteristics
Authors: Chu Junhong , Arce-Urriza Marta , Cebollada-Calvo José-Javier , Chintagunta Pradeep K.
Published: September 2010

We study the moderating effects of household (e.g., shopping frequency) and product (e.g., sensory nature) characteristics on household brand loyalty, size loyalty and price sensitivity across online and offline channels for grocery products. We analyze the shopping behavior of the same households that shop interchangeably in the online and offline stores of the same grocery chain in 93 categories of food, non-food, sensory and non-sensory products. We find that households are more brand loyal, more size loyal but less price sensitive in the online channel than in the offline channel. Brand loyalty, size loyalty and price sensitivity are closely related to household and product characteristics. Light online shoppers exhibit the highest brand and size loyalties, but the lowest price sensitivity in the online channel. Heavy online shoppers display the lowest brand and size loyalties, but the highest price sensitivity in the online channel. Moderate online shoppers exhibit the highest price sensitivity in the offline channel. The online–offline differences in brand loyalty and price sensitivity are largest for light online shoppers and smallest for heavy online shoppers. The online–offline differences in brand loyalty, size loyalty and price sensitivity are larger for food products and for sensory products.
Assessing the role of differential frost heave in the origin of non-sorted circles
Authors: Peterson Rorik A.
Published: September 2010

A. L. Washburn famously proposed and reviewed 19 hypotheses for the origin of patterned ground in periglacial environments over 50 years ago (Washburn, 1956). Of these 19 mechanisms, only a few have been analyzed starting from a fundamental description of the physics to assess their potential contribution to the initiation of patterned ground. Here, differential frost heave (DFH) is investigated as the origin of non-sorted circles in periglacial landscapes. Model results indicating that DFH can spontaneously lead to patterned ground are compared to measurements of patterned ground in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The characteristic size of the predicted emerging pattern depends strongly on the maximum depth of freezing but is only weakly dependent on the soil composition. The predicted emerging patterns may also be dramatically different in size with a small change in active layer when a relatively thin (~ 10 cm) insulating snow covers the ground during freezing. The model predicted trends agree with field observations of pattern size and active layer depth at two distinct sites. Although two data points cannot conclusively indicate a trend, this correlation gives support for the possibility of determining some subsurface properties using remote sensing images of surface patterned ground.
The capacity of foodstuffs to induce innate immune activation of human monocytesin vitrois dependent on food content of stimulants of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4
Authors: Erridge Clett
Published: September 2010

The ingestion of fatty meals is associated with a transient, low-grade systemic inflammatory response in human subjects, involving the activation of circulating monocytes and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, it is not yet clear how different foodstuffs may promote inflammatory signalling. In a screen of forty filter-sterilised soluble extracts from common foodstuffs, seven were found to induce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from human monocytesin vitro.To investigate what may differentiate inflammatory from non-inflammatory food extracts, stimulants of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 were quantified using human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with each TLR, and calibrated with defined bacterial lipopeptide (BLP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) standards. These assays revealed that while most foods contained undetectable levels of TLR2 or TLR4 stimulants, all TNF-α-inducing foods contained stimulants of either TLR2 (up to 1100 ng BLP-equivalent/g) or TLR4 (up to 2700 ng LPS-equivalent/g) in both the soluble and insoluble fractions. TLR stimulants were present mainly in meat products and processed foods, but were minimal or undetectable in fresh fruit and vegetables. The capacity of food extracts to induce TNF-α secretion in monocytes correlated with the content of both TLR2 (r0·837) and TLR4 stimulants (r0·748), and was completely abolished by specific inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4. LPS and BLP were found to be highly resistant to typical cooking times and temperatures, low pH and protease treatment. In conclusion, apparently unspoiled foodstuffs can contain large quantities of stimulants of TLR2 and TLR4, both of which may regulate their capacity to stimulate inflammatory signalling.
A Legislative Proposal for Public Participation in Oil and Gas Decision-Making in Nigeria
Authors: Nwapi Chilenye
Published: September 2010

Nigeria is on the verge of comprehensively reviewing its oil and gas laws. The review is aimed at, among other things, addressing the conflicts associated with the management of the resources and, especially, the affect on the people of the oil producing region of the country who have been vigorously protesting about their alienation from the resources. Drawing on the international law of public participation in natural resource management, this article seeks to develop a viable legislative framework for public participation in oil and gas decision-making that Nigeria can adopt. A viable legislative framework must take into account the various factors that shape the effectiveness of participation and the elements that promote the objectives of participation. It is premised on the ground that looking to international prescriptions might help to elucidate gaps in domestic laws, as well as alternatives to overcome them.
Will EPAs Foster the Integration of Africa Into World Trade?
Authors: Ukpe Aniekan Iboro
Published: September 2010

New Economic Partnership Agreements were intended to replace the non-reciprocal EU-African, Caribbean and Pacific trade relationship by 1 January 2008, in a bid to further the development of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries under a WTO-compatible framework. African countries and regions failed to conclude any EPAs by that date due to scepticism about the deeper trade implications of EPAs. However, in a move that has seen the disintegration of Africa's EPA negotiating groups and compromised regional integration across the continent, many African countries broke ranks to initial bilateral goods-only Interim Agreements with the EU as a first step towards concluding full EPAs. Exploring an alternative approach to concluding EPAs, this article underscores the point that the Interim Agreements, although seemingly preserving market access preferences for some African countries, are already having devastating effects on regional integration, the very basis of Africa's development strategy.
Gender and Judging at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Chappell Louise
Published: September 2010

Imagine this: a court presided over by a majority of women judges—many of whom are from racially marginalized backgrounds—and which has a “constitution” that has gender justice at its core. Incredibly, given what we know about gender and judging cross-nationally, this is not some utopian vision but the current reality at the International Criminal Court (ICC). As of May 2010, the 18 member ICC bench consisted of 11 women judges, most of whom were from outside the West and many of whom have expertise in gender-based violence. This development raises a range of important questions, two of which I want to speculate on in the following discussion: How is it that the sex profile of the ICC bench differs so dramatically from domestic-level courts? What difference might this profile make to the transformation of international law in terms of expanding gender justice principles?
Voting For Mom: The Political Consequences of Being a Parent for Male and Female Candidates
Authors: Stalsburg Brittany L.
Published: September 2010

In this article, I explore the political consequences of being a parent for men and women seeking political office. Although a long-standing body of research has concluded that family obligations constrain the political careers of women but not of men, almost no research examines how family status can affect voter evaluations of political candidates. Using an experiment in which I varied the candidate's gender and parental status, I find that on a number of indicators, voters rate childless female candidates substantially lower than childless male candidates, mother candidates, and father candidates. Childless women also lose the traditional “female advantage” on child-care and children's issues. Additionally, while mothers of young children are not significantly disadvantaged compared to mothers of older children and women with no children, they are disadvantaged in comparison to male candidates with young children. Furthermore, this study finds evidence that male candidates may receive a “fatherhood penalty” compared to men with no children. Thus, there are political consequences of being a parent, but the consequences are dependent on the candidate's gender. These findings have important implications for candidate campaign strategy and how female candidates should think about presenting their family lives to voters.
Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns
Authors: Selkirk Henry B. , Vömel Holger , Valverde Canossa Jéssica María , Pfister Leonhard , Diaz Jorge Andrés , Fernández Walter , Amador Jorge , Stolz Werner , Peng Grace S.
Published: September 2010

We report on balloon sonde measurements of water vapor and ozone using the cryogenic frost point hygrometer and electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes made at Alajuela, Costa Rica (10.0°N, 84.2°W) during two NASA airborne campaigns: the Tropical Convective Systems and Processes (TCSP) mission in July 2005 and the Tropical Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), July–August 2007. In both campaigns we found an upper troposphere that was frequently supersaturated but no evidence that deep convection had reached the tropopause. The balloon sondes were complemented by campaigns of 4 times daily high‐resolution radiosondes from mid‐June through mid‐August in both years. The radiosonde data reveal vertically propagating equatorial waves that caused a large increase in the variability of temperature in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). These waves episodically produced cold point tropopauses (CPTs) above 18 km, yet in neither campaign was saturation observed above ∼380 K or 17 km. The averages of the water vapor minima below this level were 5.2 ppmv in TCSP and 4.8 ppmv in TC4, and the individual profile minima all lay at or above ∼360 K. The average minima in this 360–380 K layer provide a better estimate of the effective stratospheric entry value than the average mixing ratio at the CPT. We refer to this upper portion of the TTL as the tropopause saturation layer and consider it to be the locus of the final dehydration of nascent stratospheric air. As such, it is the local equivalent to the tape head of the water vapor tape recorder.
Mantle dynamics beneath the Gibraltar Arc (western Mediterranean) from shear‐wave splitting measurements on a dense seismic array
Authors: Diaz J. , Gallart J. , Villaseñor A. , Mancilla F. , Pazos A. , Córdoba D. , Pulgar J. A. , Ibarra P. , Harnafi M.
Published: September 2010

Controversial evolutionary models have been proposed for the Gibraltar Arc system, a complex interaction zone between the Eurasia and African plates. Here we derive new mantle anisotropic constraints from SKS splitting measurements on a dense network of about 90 broad‐band stations deployed over South Iberia and North Morocco. The inferred fast polarization directions (FPD) clearly show a spectacular rotation along the arc following the curvature of the Rif‐Betic chain, while stations located at the South and South‐East edges show distinct patterns. These results support geodynamical processes invoking a fast retreating slab rather than convective‐removal and delamination models. The FPD variations along the Gibraltar arc can be explained by fossil anisotropy acquired during the Western Mediterranean Eocene subduction, while changes to the South and South‐East of the Rif‐Betic chain could be the imprint of a flow episode around an Alboran high velocity slab during its Miocene fragmentation from the Algerian slab.