bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: August 2023

In this short concluding chapter, the central thesis of the book is summarised, arguing that its theoretical, historical, and political reappraisal of the ‘drug question’ constitutes a paradigm shift in how we understand the drug problem and in how we see and frame the challenge of drug law reform. It describes some implications of this paradigm shift for future research and policy, concluding that in rethinking drug control we will need to understand reform as a decolonising project in which China and Asia must be recentred. It ends by restating the centrality of regulatory theory to this intellectual and reform project.
Financialization and Local Statecraft
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: August 2023

The UK government reduced expenditure and introduced local financial self-sufficiency in pursuing austerity after the 2008 crash, forcing local governments in England to find savings and new income sources to close funding gaps. As new financial strategies and practices were devised, ‘councillors at the casino’ were characterized taking risks with local taxpayers’ money and jeopardizing local public service provision. Beyond the high-profile cases in an internationally resonant local public sector reform laboratory, Financialization and Local Statecraft examines the wider landscape across local government in England since 2010: a local tier of over 300 governments, managing £100 billion of revenue expenditure, and employing almost 1.5 million providing services to over 56 million people across the country. Underpinned by local statehood attributes, a new local statecraft theory explains how local statecrafters act in realms including financial strategies and risks, external advice, borrowing and debt management, and in-area and out-of-area activities. The framework reveals and accounts for their vanguard, intermediate, and long-tail approaches with differing engagements with financialization. While limited within the overall landscape, such relations and UK government policy are rewiring and rescaling local statecraft and relocating risks and uncertainties onto local government and the wider local state. UK government policy and the extension and intensification of financialization expose the local state’s financial sustainability and resilience in the longer term. They raise fundamental questions about what local government is for and how it should be funded. Erosion of local accountability of local statecraft in financialization risks a depoliticized and post-democratic local governance.
Wrongs, Harms, and Compensation
Authors: Slavny Adam
Published: August 2023

This book departs from the interpretivist methodology that has dominated non-instrumentalist private law theory, arguing that the justification of tort law is dependent on our underlying moral corrective duties. It then develops a pluralistic account of these duties, which encompasses both wrongful and non-wrongful conduct, complicating the view that torts should be regarded as a coherent set of wrongs. It also places the practice of enforcing corrective duties in a broader context, finding that it should not be isolated or immune to critiques based on distributive justice, and that our duties are in fact consistent with institutional arrangements other than tort law, including various types of compensation schemes. What emerges is neither a wholesale defence of nor attack on tort law, but an insistence that its normative foundations are much more complex, diverse, and malleable than a focus on current legal practices would suggest.
Corrective and Distributive Justice
Authors: Slavny Adam
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between corrective and distributive justice. It finds that there is no straightforward generalization to be made about the priority or independence of the two spheres of justice. In some respects, corrective justice has priority, in others distributive justice has priority, and in others there is parity. This mixed picture should bring no comfort to tort apologists. Although corrective duties are not reducible to deviations from distributive justice or always overridden by them, interference effects between the two spheres present systemic problems for justifying the practice of corrective justice in an unjust world.
Weakness of the Will
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces basic conceptions and questions from the philosophical literature on weakness of the will to readers not familiar with them. It starts with a detailed explanation of core concepts (‘agent’, ‘action’, ‘judgement’, ‘intention’) as they feature in conceptual analyses of weakness of the will. The chapter then roughly characterises weakness of will as a failure by the weak-willed person’s own standards and shows how it accounts for three core features of weakness of the will: it is puzzling, it involves a conflict, and it is typically regarded as a defect.
Discounting
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora
Published: August 2023

Discounting models can account for preference reversals within an economic framework of human agency. This chapter explains discounting theories to a readership not familiar with the econometric or empirical literature. It also qualifies common misunderstandings, such as the claim that exponential models do not allow for preference reversals but hyperbolic models do. The chapter also discusses limitations of orthodox discounting models. For one thing, not all cases of weakness of will involve preference reversals, and even those that do cannot always be accounted for by discounting theory. For instance, they cannot describe weak-willed behaviour in so-called marshmallow cases. The chapter concludes that there is substantial overlap between discounting models and accounts of weakness of will (weak-willed delay discounting), although the two conceptions do not have the same scope.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to the volume, outlining the overarching aims of the Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia (PARP:PS), as well as the primary questions that the project sought to answer. The research focused on ten independent properties across two insulae (VIII.7 and I.1), which comprised shops, workshops, and modest residential and hospitality oriented spaces, with the aim of recording the full sequence of natural and historic development in the area, from identifying the order of geological events, to charting the sequence of human activities both predating and postdating the construction of the standing properties. The central research questions are grouped into broader categories: for example, the project explored a range of questions about the social and structural making of the city. Additional discussion contextualizes the results, both in terms of micro (taphonomic and site-formation processes) and macro context (broader social and economic frameworks through which to read the results).
Methodology
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

The project’s methods for excavation and recording—laid out in this chapter—were shaped by the research questions on the social, structural, and contextual making of the Porta Stabia neighborhood. The excavation followed the “single-context” method, identifying stratigraphic units (SUs) that represented isolated activities in the past, then removing them in reverse-chronological order. The chronological relationships of SUs were represented with Harris Matrices for each of the forty-one trenches, which were linked via a sitewide Harris Matrix that included the entire excavation and tied absolute dates to relative phases. Areas of the site not subject to excavation were incorporated through the non-invasive methods of architectural and geophysical analysis. Although the project began with traditional recording on paper, it eventually transitioned to a paperless workflow using tablet computers. These methods were designed to best contextualize and interpret the data derived from large-scale excavation of a complex and rapidly changing city.
The History of Excavation and Research Activity in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Spinelli Ambra , Scorziello Aimée
Published: August 2023

The history of systematic exploration in the area of the Porta Stabia spans over a century; therefore the project incorporated a detailed examination of the zone’s complex archival dataset. This chapter describes past work at the Porta Stabia; outlines the methods by which the archival team located, accessed, and studied the records of that work; and provides an analysis of the corpus of finds, inscriptions, and paintings uncovered in the earliest excavations. “Excavating the archive” allowed the team to incorporate what can be known of the neighborhood at the time of the eruption in 79 ce with the earlier phases uncovered in the course of the subsurface excavation.
The Architecture of the Porta Stabia Neighborhood
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: August 2023

The architectural survey included all structures in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, examining building materials, construction styles, and most importantly, the stratigraphic relationships of the architecture reconstruct the structural history of the neighborhood. This method moves away from traditional architectural analysis, which has relied primarily on wall typologies, to privilege instead the stratigraphy of construction, destruction, reconstruction, and repair events. By breaking down walls into their smallest constituent parts before recombining them in their relative sequence, the survey built a relative chronology of architecture that was tied to the absolute chronology of the subsurface excavation through the excavated trenches that incorporated walls. This chapter lays out the methodology of the architectural survey, describes the standing buildings of 79 ce, and provides an overview of their final architectures as well as their development through time.
Conclusions
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the project’s excavation priorities, results, and the potential for further study. Analyzing site formation processes was a crucial research method to determine how the insulae at the Porta Stabia were built and to distinguish which contexts relate to the construction of the space (93.4 percent of them) and which to the use of the space (barely more than 5 percent). The data open up possibilities to make inferences about urban living conditions and who inhabited and controlled the properties, if, indeed, they were one and the same. For instance, bioarchaeological remains reveal aspects of diet while larger architectural and spatial distinctions speak to socio-economic differentiation among the properties as well as the degree of networking between properties and sharing of resources and infrastructures. Changes in functions, from the early industrial use to the later commercial use in the Early Imperial period reflect not only developments happening in greater Pompeii but also broader trends occurring throughout the Roman world.
Currents of Change 1876–1939, as revealed in the Akhbar
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

The family chronicles (the akhbar) were written by individual branches of the larger Tyabji family, with separate chronicles maintained for distinct houses maintained by a particular branch. The Badruddin Tyabji, Amiruddin Tyabji and the Fyzee Yali, the Latifia, Fatehali, and Mohamedi Akhbars were the most prominent of these. The Akhbars dealt with a wide range of issues of the day, music and its place in social intercourse, education, the role of exercise and the importance of fun all found a place. Amongst wider matters, social reform, the concept of social service and the vexed matter of relations with the British were discussed.
Selected Essays, Volume I
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Volume I consists of a selection of articles concerning writers and themes in early and Byzantine Christianity. While one essay concerns the pre-Nicene period directly (discussing Ignatius of Antioch), the majority cover the period between the Cappadocian fathers and John Damascene. One group of essays concerns the work of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen and Evagrios, frequently with a view to their later reception. Four essays explore the thought of Augustine of Hippo. Another grouping of essays concerns Dionysios the Areopagite, his thought, reception and context. The largest grouping considers Maximos the Confessor, while a few look forwards, considering the relationship between Patristic writers and such figures as Photios and Aquinas. An opening thematic essay considers early Christian Platonism.
St Gregory the Theologian and Byzantine Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Gregory of Nazianzus—‘the Theologian’—was of supreme importance for Byzantine theology and occasioned a literature of commentary without parallel in subsequent theology. Several reasons can be readily seen for this: first, his classical learning, which soon could not be taken for granted; second, his affinity with Origenism, not unusual in the fourth century, but regarded, not least in monastic circles, from the sixth onwards. The bulk of this essay concerns two theologians who commented on Gregory, mostly in the tradition of erotapokriseis (‘questions and answers’), established, in relation to Gregory, by Maximos, but also in rhetorical exercises: Photios in the ninth and Psellos in the eleventh century. Finally, the way in which the rhythmic prose of Gregory’s homilies provided a quarry for Byzantine hymnography is briefly discussed.
St Augustine’s Interpretation of the Transfiguration of Christ
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

In contemplating the Transfiguration of Christ, Augustine inherited a tradition of interpretation in the Greek Fathers, going back to Irenaeus and dominated by Origen, though there had already emerged a distinct twist in Latin interpretation (by Ambrose and Jerome) which understood the Transfiguration in the light of the verse that precedes it, about those who will not see death before the coming of the Kingdom (Matt 16:20 and parallels), who are identified with the disciples who witnessed the Transfiguration, lending it an eschatological dimension. Within this perspective, Augustine’s interpretation is strikingly personal: Christocentric, ecclesial, alluding to the deeper mysteries of the Trinity and the lncarnation, which belong to the realm of the heart, not to the world of external reality, and undergirding all this, a powerful sense of the apostolic charge to fulfil the Dominical command of love.
Love and the Trinity
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Augustine’s doctrine of the Trinity is closely bound up with his understanding of the twofold command to love. It is sometimes claimed that this is unique to Augustine, distinguishing him from the Greek tradition (and even relating this to the Filioque). Furthermore O’Donovan claims that seeing the twofold command to love as summing up Christian morality is original to Augustine. This paper first explores the way love functions in Augustine’s account of the Trinity. Then it looks to the East, arguing that the apparent contrast can be overdrawn, in particular that the pre-eminence of the twofold command is already there in Clement, and that the similar pre-eminence found in Maximos cannot be derived from Augustine. There is, however, a distinction between Augustine and the Greek Fathers: for the latter the Trinity is wreathed in mystery and lies in the realm of apophatic theology, in a way not found in Augustine.
Heart in Pilgrimage
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This lecture seeks to show that although Augustine is hard to understand for the Western Orthodox, the difficulties are really different for Western Christians, though they may be less aware of them. The difficulty is that the picture of Augustine in both East and West is dominated by Augustine the controversialist—against the Manichees, the Donatists, the Pelagians, and—as regards the Trinity—against the Greeks avant la lettre with the Filioque. But this is to ignore the real Augustine—the Augustine who for thirty-five years as a bishop preached several times a week, of which sermons about 1,000 survive, out of an estimated 8,000. The rest of the lecture is devoted to a close reading, explication de texte, of one of his homilies on the Psalms: on Ps. 100 (101 in the Hebrew enumeration).
St Maximos’ Doctrine of the Logoi of Creation
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Maximos’ doctrine of the logoi of creation, his ‘signature doctrine’, has been much discussed. It is readily accepted that the word logos is polyvalent, but this insight is often occluded by a tendency not to translate it, but simply to transliterate. It encourages to think it is a ‘thing’, and overlook its manifold reference. For Maximos there is a close relationship, amounting to identity, between the Logos, as the Word of God, that was made flesh, and the manifold logoi of creation. If we hold to this close interrelationship, rather than seeking to identify logos as a constituent of created beings, we shall be led to a better understanding of logos as expressing how God’s ineffable will for the created order manifests itself in a state of manifold difference and diversity that is intrinsic to finite created being, and intrinsic, too, to its state of fulfilment in deification.
Pronoia in the Life and Thought of St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Pronoia, ‘providence’, was a constant topic of philosophical interest throughout the Byzantine period; in every century it provoked discussion, especially in relation to what were called ‘the predestined [or better: predetermined] terms of life’, that is, whether the moment of our death is predetermined—such discussion drew heavily on Basil’s homily of God’s not being the source of evil. Maximos’ discussion belongs to this long tradition, but also belongs to his life. At the beginning of Dispute at Bizya, Maximos in chains, in response to the interrogating bishop’s polite greeting, replies that he is ‘as God preordained before all ages a way of life for me in his providence’, and goes on to explain briefly to the bewildered bishop the doctrine of providence. Maximos’ doctrine of providence is developed further in his works, drawing extensively on Nemesios of Emesa (whom Maximos perhaps first rescued from oblivion).
Photios as a Theologian
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Photios, ninth-century Ecumenical patriarch, was likely the most learned man of his day. Scholarly interest has largely concerned itself with his political role and with his list of book reviews known as the Bibliotheca; the only theological issue much associated with him is the Filioque. Too little attention is paid to his theological writings found in his letters, the overlapping Amphilochia, and his homilies. Discussion concerns the compilation of these works; what, if anything, lies behind the title, Amphilochia; his knowledge of the theological tradition (vast); his grasp of theological issues (sound, but with little distinctive). He emerges as an important figure, with a genuine interest in theology, learned rather than outstanding for his theological insight.
Knowing the Unknowable God
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Byzantine hesychasm and the Kabbalist work, Zohar, both belong to the thirteenth/fourteenth century. Although roughly contemporaneous, hesychasm and kabbalism seem independent historical movements. Nevertheless, they are worth comparing. To begin with, they are wildly different in genre: the Kabbalah deeply mysterious, the hesychast writings philosophical or devotional. Both, however, display analogies in their teaching of an Unknowable God, prescinding philosophical analysis. The hesychast apophatic doctrine that God is known by the heart parallels the Kabbalist concept of the ‘holy intellect … hewn from a divine source’; both envisage knowledge of God as entailing radical human reconstruction; the hesychast goal of deification in the Uncreated Light parallels the Kabbalist goal of attaining a ‘powerful interdependent relationship’ between human creature and creator; analogies appear between the Uncreated Light discerned in the Transfiguration and the notion of the Shekhinah; furthermore both sefirot and ‘energies’ enable mortals to come to know the Unknowable God.
Selected Essays, Volume II
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Volume II consists of articles, some concerning modern theologians, such as Hans Urs von Balthasar, Sergii Bulgakov, Karl Barth, Vladimir Lossky, arranged chronologically. Several articles are thematic: concerned with questions of hermeneutics; the Philokalia of 1782, and the related Slav Dobrotolyubie, the role of the Jesus Prayer, and the doctrine of deification; the nature of theology and the role of the theologian, as well as related questions concerning the authority of the Fathers, and the development of doctrine; the place of the Liturgy in Christian reflection and its cosmic entailments, also important for understanding the liturgical calendar; iconography; understanding of the role of the Mother of God and her bearing on questions of ecclesiology; sophiology; and finally an ambitious attempt to clarify Byzantine Trinitarian theology (with implications for modern Orthodox theology). The insights of the Fathers are interwoven with and inform reflection on problems belonging to the contemporary world.
Theology, Contemplation, and the University
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The university grew out of the monastic schools the purpose of which was to enable monks to fulfil their role which required literacy, which in turn enabled meditation, which led to contemplation. This adaptation of classical principles preserved its presuppositions, as Pieper observed, but transformed them. The distinction between doing and beholding yielded an understanding of activity, business, negotium, enabling contemplation as the goal of human living, which required leisure, otium—quite the opposite of modern presuppositions. How have we got to this point? Kant and Marx are adduced as steps on the way, leading to intellectual activity being regarded as a form of work, with results, a kind of product. So we have lost any sense that academics are people paid to think, and have come to regard them as workers, to be assessed by their products. Such is the fundamental nature of the crisis facing universities.
The Authority of the Fathers in the Western Orthodox Diaspora in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The question of the authority of the Fathers in the Orthodox diaspora was explicitly raised in the sophiological controversy, the gravamen of those who attacked, or criticized, Bulgakov being the lack of patristic support. Nevertheless, Bulgakov’s own understanding of theological method was explicitly patristic. The question of patristic authority can be raised in another, less obvious, way but noting the growing importance of the Philokalia in the diaspora, manifest especially in translations and adaptations (the most extensive and interesting being Fr Stănnilaoe’s extended, and commentated, version). This suggests two somewhat different notions of patristic authority: one general and pervasive, seeing theology as rooted in prayer, and entailing a sense of theology as growing out of the experience of prayer, the other more specific, concerned with way in which the Philokalia can lend to Gregory Palamas a kind of defining authority among the Fathers.
The Place of Θέωσις in Orthodox Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

By ‘place’ is meant how a doctrine relates to other doctrines by affecting them or being informed by them. Deification is not simply a matter of receiving divine attributes, fundamentally, as Athanasios saw it, deification declares the final extent of the human response to the Incarnation. It envisages God’s economy as an arc that stretches from creation to deification; in contrast to this ‘greater’ arc, there is a lesser arc that stretches from Fall to Redemption, and falls short of seeing human destiny in terms of deification. Deification is the purpose for which human kind, in solidarity with the cosmos, was created, and demands real change on the part of the fallen creature, a change that Maximos sees in terms of ascetic self-emptying in response to the Word’s kenosis in the Incarnation. This can be seen as an ascetic dimension to a fundamental apophaticism.
Sergii Bulgakov and the Task of the Theologian
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Bulgakov, like his contemporary Barth, and his younger contemporaries, Balthasar and Rahner, seems to have been convinced that the question how to write a theological dogmatics was a question that had to be faced. Traditionally, theological treatises had followed a basically credal order, going back to ancient catechesis. Bulgakov shares with his contemporaries in questioning that, perhaps even more fundamentally than they did. He shares, especially with Barth, a sense of the primacy of God’s word, interpreting this, less as Scripture than the address of God, who addresses us as Father, through the Son/Word and the Spirit. For Bulgakov, God addresses us pre-eminently through the Liturgy; our words are primarily used liturgically, that is, as the words of the community gathered together with the bishop, in praise of God, as we are caught up in the Son’s coming to us and taking us back with him to the Father.
Holiness and Sanctity in the Early Church
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Peter Brown’s ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’ (1971) has spawned decades of scholarship. This article raises a few queries. Brown’s ‘holy man’ seems to emerge undefined on a blank canvas, but the notion of the ‘holy’ was already well developed: the vocation of Christians, exemplified in martyrdom. Brown is also keen to see the holy man as something new, and Christian, as opposed to holy places, but by the time the holy man has made his entrance, Christians were also discovering the importance of holy places: churches as holy shrines. Brown’s holy man is defined in terms of power, the power conceded to one apart from the community, but such power was soon claimed by bishops, very much part of their communities. Power, furthermore, exercised on behalf of a remote deity: which is to ignore the radical presence implicit in the Incarnation.
Experiencing the Liturgy in Byzantium
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The Church’s Liturgy takes place in space and time, understood not merely quantitatively but endowed with meaning, much of it inspired by Plato’s account of the cosmos in the Timaeus. Space and time provide a matrix of meaning for movement and change. Church services took place in cycles of time—the week, the month, the year—which had accrued meaning drawn from daily life, as well as from the celebration of sacred events, especially the death and resurrection of Christ, weekly on Sundays, early at Easter. There were processions: to church, and to places sanctified by relics and icons. The church building itself was invested with meaning through its structure: both its division into nave and sanctuary, and the dome with Christ looking down on the worshippers gathered below, symbolizing the cosmos, consisting of heaven and earth. Such meaning was embellished by light, song, vestments, and movement.
Analogy in Karl Barth and Orthodox Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

It might be thought that Barth and Orthodoxy both share in rejecting analogia entis. It would be too simple to accept this straightforwardly, for analogy is capable of protean manifestations. Analogy can be traced back to Plato, who lent it ontological significance, and to Aristotle, for whom it was predominantly a matter of predication; both these concerns can be found in subsequent history. Proklos developed a notion of ontological analogy, corresponding to kataphatic theology, which influenced Dionysios and subsequent Christian reflection. Analogy has a role in Aquinas, and is even more prominent in later Thomism. For the twentieth century, Przywara’s treatment was fundamental, and inspired Barth’s rejection. Attacks on analogy often fail to grasp that it is designed to avoid, not affirm, making being a category embracing both God and creatures. In modern Orthodox theology, analogy was taken seriously by Stăniloae and Lossky.
Reflections Inspired by Cardinal Grillmeier’s Der Logos am Kreuz
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Grillmeier’s Der Logos am Kreuz was published in 1956, five years after his 150-page article in Das Konzil von Chalkedon, and nine years before that article was expanded into book form, in English translation, as Christ in Christian Tradition. It, too, is concerned with Christology, only expressed visually in depictions of an open-eyed Christ on the cross (such as in the Rabula Gospels), evoking less a human death than the Logos on the Cross. Grillmeier surveys with consummate skill a host of critical questions in great detail, making clear that the open-eyed Christ is indeed to be seen as dead, though a death borne by the immortal Logos. He ventures, too, into post-Chalcedonian Christology, something that only came to preoccupy him thirty years later. He makes use of a recent Orthodox book, The Meaning of Icons (1952), finding there anticipations of Palamism that he deplored as incipiently ‘monophysite’.
Exile, Hospitality, Sobornost′
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Exile was the condition of the Russian émigrés, not least those thousands who found themselves in Paris and its environs in the 1920s and 1930s. For a few this was an experience that, though disorientating, forced them to reconsider what it meant to be a Church outside their Russian homeland; for the vast majority it was devastating, forcing them to cope as they could, and even as they couldn’t (Maria of Paris found many Russians in mental asylums, unable to cope). The minority brought with them a profound theological and literary culture, receiving hospitality from those among whom they now lived, and sometimes finding a forum in which they could share their faith (notably the Anglo-Russian Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius). Christian reflection on what exile meant issued in ecclesial ideas shorn of dependence on a Church-State symphonia, drawing on the Eucharistic assembly to form a ‘Eucharistic ecclesiology’.
Marguerite Yourcenar’s ‘Feminism’ and the Ambivalence of Ovidian Models in Feux
Authors: Klein Florence
Published: August 2023

This essay compares Ovid’s Heroides and Marguerite Yourcenar’s Feux, a collection of stories about (mostly) mythological women that, like the Heroides, focuses on erotic passion and rewrites a heroic literary tradition from a female perspective. The chapter shows that reading both works in tandem can shed new light on each one, and is especially illuminating in relation to the question of Ovid’s so-called proto-feminism. In particular, Yourcenar responds to the key literary device at play in Ovid’s text, which imprisons women within a predestined (/already written) future and reduces them to the expression of the passionate and lamenting love in which they are trapped. First, the essay establishes the formal and thematic similarities between the two texts to support the argument for reading them in parallel. It then studies how Feux explores the motif of imprisonment in a solely feminine world and thematizes the limits which trap the passionate women in a way that resonates with the Heroides. Finally, it focuses in particular on two stories from Feux—‘Achilles, or the Lie’, and ‘Sappho, or Suicide’—which on the surface appear to complicate those limits by highlighting indeterminacy around gender and sexual orientation; by examining their characters’ attempt to escape a restrictive universe, it explores how this yearning to leave the confined space of the feminine condition is strengthened by the memory of another Ovidian work: the Metamorphoses.
Stoics and Hylomorphism
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: August 2023

Aristotle’s hylomorphism, which concerns the relationship between form and matter, is paralleled in many ways by the Stoic theory of the relationship between peculiar quality and matter. This is particularly clear in the theory developed by the Stoic Mnesarchus in the second century bce, though the comparison with Aristotle is apt in all versions of Stoic physics. Analysis of this parallelism is complemented by a discussion of how both theories relate to Platonism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how Iamblichus assimilates Aristotle’s own theory to Platonism, while distancing it from later Peripatetic theories which are presented as more similar to the Stoic theory.
Hylomorphism in Neoplatonic Commentaries on Aristotle?
Authors: Tuominen Miira
Published: August 2023

This essay argues that the Neoplatonic commentators on Aristotle’s De Anima preserved a hylomorphic analysis of perception. In Pseudo-Simplicius’ case, such analysis is found in what can be called sensation, a psycho-physical change in the sense organism as opposed to perception as a rational propositional and conceptual judgement about what is perceived. The account of perception or sensation in both commentators is one in which there is an intricately psycho-physical change in the sense organism. It is argued that, especially in Philoponus, the change cannot adequately be analysed in terms of a purely material and a purely psychological component. Such an analysis is not only compatible with strong hylomorphism but, on balance, suggests it. Although Pseudo-Simplicius has a layered view of perception, it is argued that the account is not easily reduced to a form of Cartesian dualism.
Lawyers’ Funding
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

The doctrines of maintenance and champerty have been applied much more strictly and rigorously to those who conduct litigation or who appear as advocates (ie to lawyers) than to non-lawyers. It is a less sympathetic, and more ‘black and white’, scenario for litigators and advocates, whereby it is not an exercise of examining a lawyer’s fee agreement ‘in the round’ on a case-by-case basis. There are ‘islands of legality’, represented by statutory enactments that permit fee agreements that would otherwise be champertous at common law; and beyond that, there is a wide ‘sea of illegality’. This chapter deals with some particular issues arising in relation to lawyers—for example, the difference between conditional fee agreements and contingency fee agreements, the meaning of a damages-based agreement, and some particular clauses involving lawyers that are not payment clauses as such but which have triggered judicial discussion about their potentially champertous nature. The chapter then categorizes and analyses various types of lawyers’ fee agreements, examining challenges re champerty that have arisen at common law and/or under the relevant statutes. Finally, the chapter flags up some important reforms and challenges to the controversial field of damages-based agreements.
Springs Set in Motion
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the nature of Short’s employment as Jefferson’s secretary in France. It describes collaborations in the field of cultural diplomacy. It analyzes the consequences for his relationship with Jefferson and his daughters of Short’s desire to be his own man by living away from the official American residence. It introduces Jefferson’s ambivalent feelings toward the man he had brought with him to France. It argues that, while in France, Short acquired a knowledge of the private Jefferson, through his observation of Jefferson’s affair with Maria Cosway and his growing interest in Sally Hemings, unique among Jefferson’s circle of male acquaintances. It discusses the implications of Jefferson’s knowledge of Short’s interest in Patsy Jefferson and Lilite Royer, the daughter of the family with whom he lodged.
Living in a Woman’s Country
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes Jefferson and Short’s divergent reactions to the manners of an ancien regime France personified for each man in their shared relationship with the aristocratic La Rochefoucauld family. It argues that Jefferson drew from his observation of the freedom of expression enjoyed by women within French culture a definition of moral hazard and an idealization of virtuous republican marriage. It demonstrates Short’s greater tolerance of French manners and the consequent difficulty he faced in trying to convince Jefferson, and his friends, that his head had not been turned. It describes Short’s relationships with women in Paris and encountered during his Grand Tour, contrasting these with the experiences of young Americans abroad.
The Earth Half Desolated
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyzes the significance of Jefferson’s celebrated defense of revolutionary violence in the “Adam and Eve” letter addressed to Short. It treats the apparent callousness of the letter and other statements in which Jefferson justified the use of extreme extrajudicial violence in the service of revolutionary aims as a considered statement of core beliefs. It argues that Jefferson never amended the views he expressed forcefully to Short and discusses the long-term impact on their relationship of these views. It places Jefferson’s view of the French Revolution in the context of Short’s prior diplomatic dispatches and Jefferson’s assessment of US politics.
“You Are My Husband”
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes Short’s relationship with French aristocrat Duchess Rosalie de La Rochefoucauld, which was, from 1795, open knowledge and involved cohabitation. The chapter traces both the origin of the affair and Short’s ultimate decision to renounce Rosalie’s declarations of love by returning to the United States. The chapter discusses Short’s view of a prospective marriage and permanent residence in France in the context of his relationship with other members of the La Rochefoucauld family and his search for Jefferson’s approval. The chapter shows Rosalie extending a substantial loan to Short to induce him to stay and describes her view of the life they might have lived together.
Money, Slaves, and Land
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter reveals the depth of Jefferson’s involvement in Short’s financial affairs. It describes how Jefferson used Short’s money to purchase an estate (Indian Camp) near Monticello intended for Short’s use and also diverted Short’s funds toward the operation his own nailery. It describes the scale of the financial debt Jefferson owed Short and his struggle to make repayment. It locates Short’s refusal to settle to the life of an enlightened farmer at Indian Camp in Short’s views of the financial return possible from tenancy in a slave state and his pessimistic view of the prospects for agricultural reform. It shows Short presenting views on a future abolition of slavery that directly contradicted Jefferson’s core beliefs on “racial mixture” and “expopulation.” It charts Jefferson’s patience and generosity in managing Indian Camp during his absence.
A Serpent’s Tooth
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes Short’s relationship with Jefferson from his return from France in 1802, down to Jefferson’s death. It charts Jefferson’s struggle to repay the debt he owed Short and his generosity in incurring further debt to finalize a sale of Indian Camp. It describes Jefferson’s efforts to find Short a public service role, which culminated in an ill-conceived decision to appoint Short as an unauthorized presidential envoy to Russia. It assesses the development of an increasingly unpleasant self-confidence in Short’s dealings with Jefferson, manifesting itself in political disagreement and jealousy of Madison and Monroe and culminating in Short’s reluctance to relieve Jefferson of his final crippling indebtedness. It also reveals the continuation of a fictive father–son relationship through Short’s desire to receive religious and moral instruction from Jefferson.
Technique
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter asks the reader to analyze and assess their instrumental or vocal technique to better understand how they execute skills and perform musically. All musicians agree that music techniques need to be stable, reliable, accurate, flexible, and immediate. While each performance area has its own unique qualities and requires different skills, the chapter provides a universal framework that can be used to explore technique. Five discrete categories are outlined and explored: stability, acoustics and the mechanics of sound production, movement and accuracy, cognitive processes, and musicians’ health and injury prevention. Tables in this chapter provide the reader a framework for identifying components of excellence when each technique is well-executed, evidence of deficiencies, and fundamental methods through which these techniques are established.
Groups, Ensembles, Classrooms, and Other Teaching Situations
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the diversity of music teaching positions and other teaching situations. Most teaching positions at institutions require musicians to be proficient at more than performing and teaching their primary instrument, and the chapter provides sample job postings to highlight that fact. The chapter encourages all musicians to learn to write and speak well for job applications, grants, recommendations, and myriad other applications. It provides suggestions on effective ways to teach technique classes, academic classes, and methods classes. Almost all musicians will find themselves coaching sectionals and chamber music, presenting master classes and outreach concerts, and adjudicating, and even conducting ensembles throughout their career. It offers advice about how to run effective rehearsals in large group settings, how to objectively assess performances in various evaluation and competition settings. Recommendations for teaching nonmajor and adult students are also presented, as well as an overview and recommendations regarding working with students with special needs.
Symmetry
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter defends Catholic integralism on Catholic grounds. Most Catholic political philosophers are perfectionist: states exist to promote the authentic individual and common good. These natural law perfectionists agree that states exist to promote natural goods: goods, such as health and friendship, that anyone can see as such through the use of reason. Yet they deny that states should promote supernatural goods: goods, such as faith and hope, that we only grasp through revelation. Most Catholic perfectionists treat natural and supernatural goods asymmetrically. Integralists reject the asymmetry. God authorizes the church to promote supernatural goods, and the church may direct the state to advance its mission. On this basis, the chapter claims that integralists can mount a powerful philosophical argument against standard natural law perfectionism—the symmetry argument. It claims that natural law perfectionists cannot justify their asymmetric treatment of goodness. Integralism, in contrast, treats the good symmetrically.
Justifying Procreative Parenting
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the task of justifying the practice of procreative parenting despite the challenges posed by climate change and the existence of children in need of parental love who would benefit from adoption. It shows that procreative parenting gives rise to a reason for love that is neither trivial nor earth-shattering, lending support to a prima facie moral right to engage in procreative-parenting without interference by the state or third parties. The main contribution of the discussion is to locate the nontrivial value of procreative parenting so that competent prospective parents are morally entitled to procreate and parent their biological child if they so wish.
Achievement
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates the relationship between achievement, carefreeness, and the valuable goods that constitute a good childhood. It argues that achievement works very differently in the lives of children than it does in the lives of adults, and that it often gets in the way of children leading good lives qua children. The main upshot of this discussion is that a child who is pressured by her parents to achieve in a given domain is in a very different position than a child who achieves as a byproduct of sheer curiosity or pleasure. Whereas the former type of achievement is likely to turn into a childhood bad, the latter does partly constitute a good childhood.
Friendship
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates the relationship between friendship and a good childhood. It argues that although the nature and value of friendship remains the same across all life stages, the governing conditions that apply to friendships are somewhat different in childhood and adulthood. This means that some of the moral reasons that count against adult friendships won’t count against childhood friendships. The main upshot of this discussion is that parents must carve out a great deal of space for children to pursue the friendships they care deeply about, even when their friends engage in behavior parents disapprove of. Moreover, parents must take on moderate costs in order to support children in the pursuit of those friendships they cannot pursue on their own.
Christian Socialists and the Socialist Party
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

Between 1908 and 1916, it seemed inevitable to many American Christians that the future would behold some version of a cooperative commonwealth. The only question was the proper role of churches within this coming social revolution. A large fraction of American socialists participated in the spiritual communities and print cultures of Christian Socialism. However, party leaders, recognizing the sizeable contingent of Jews, agnostics, atheists, and practitioners of other faiths also within party ranks, kept any discussion of religion strictly outside of the party platform. At several party conventions in a row, Socialist Party leaders debated to what extent the class war was distinct from antagonisms over race, gender, nationality, sexuality, and religion. Party leaders ultimately decided to impose a disciplined silence on all these questions, imagining socialist politics as a category distinct from social questions. This decision stymied their own efforts at building a democratic coalition capable of unseating the reign of established Christianity.
Socialism and the Limits of American Protestantism
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

As socialism was rising in popularity, American ministers spearheaded the formation of the Federal Council of Churches, a union of thirty-three Protestant denominations that would imitate the size and strength of Roman Catholicism in the United States. The Federal Council provided a means through which Protestant denominations would share data from social surveys, jointly manage evangelistic work, and together define the scope of Protestant social service work and public lobbying. The Federal Council of Churches’ first major project was the Men and Religion Forward movement (1911–1912), part evangelistic campaign and part union-organizing campaign, cosponsored by the American Federation of Labor. Through the newly formed Federal Council, clergy defined a Christian social service orthodoxy that excluded both Christian Socialism and Roman Catholicism as outside the boundaries of the nation’s Christian faith.