bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skins of varying permeability: A stabilization mechanism for gas cavitation nuclei
Authors: Yount David E.
Published: October 2005

Numerous experiments suggest that bubble formation in water is initiated by preexisting gas nuclei. This is unexpected since gas phases larger than the order of 1 μm in radius ought to rise to the surface of a standing liquid, whereas smaller ones should dissolve rapidly via the outward diffusion of gas that results from surface tension. Several mechanisms for stabilizing gas nuclei have been proposed, but in each case there is experimental evidence to the contrary. In this article, a model is investigated in which stability is maintained by surface-active skins of varying gas permeability. Data on ultrasonic cavitation and on bubble formation by counter-diffusion indicate that such skins, if they exist, must be initially permeable. Quantitative comparisons with bubble counts obtained recently from supersaturated gelatin lead to the further conclusion that nuclear skins become effectively impermeable if the static pressure is raised rapidly by a sufficiently large amount. The surface area, length, and energy per skin molecule deduced from these comparisons are remarkably similar to those of known surfactants, such as lung extract, lecithin, and oleyl alcohol.
The influence of the Rayleigh surface wave on the backscattering by submerged aluminum cylinders
Authors: Dragonette Louis R.
Published: October 2005

Analysis of the form function for submerged aluminum cylinders predicts the strong influence of a circumferential wave related to the leaky Rayleigh surface wave only at ka values less than 20. The wave is experimentally isolated in the ka range predicted.
Interventions to prevent softball related injuries: a review of the literature
Authors: Pollack K M , Canham-Chervak M , Gazal-Carvalho C , Jones B H , Baker S P
Published: October 2005

Objectives:To examine the published evidence on interventions to prevent softball related injuries among adults, and to encourage more epidemiologic research as a foundation for future softball injury prevention efforts.

Methods:The authors reviewed literature identified from six electronic databases for studies on softball related injuries. The search was limited to studies written in the English language, published between 1970 and 2002, and involving adult populations. Research was excluded that evaluated baseball (“hard ball”) related injuries or was aimed at injury treatment. Identified studies were categorized by study design. Intervention/prevention papers were evaluated further and described in detail.

Results:The search strategy identified 39 studies specifically related to softball. Most studies were case reports/case series (n = 13) or descriptive studies (n = 11); only four were analytic or intervention/prevention studies. Studies collected data in a variety of ways, often without denominator data to permit calculation of injury rates. Studies also did not differentiate between slow or fast pitch softball activities and most did not mention the type of softball that was used.

Conclusions:Surprisingly few studies exist on interventions to reduce injuries during softball, one of the most popular recreational sports in the US. Of the existing literature, much attention has been on sliding related injuries, which comprise only a segment of softball injuries. Basic epidemiologic studies describing the nature, severity, and risk factors for softball injuries in a variety of populations are needed, followed by additional intervention evaluation studies aimed at modifiable risk factors.
Pediatric window falls: not just a problem for children in high rises
Authors: Vish N L , Powell E C , Wiltsek D , Sheehan K M
Published: October 2005

Background:Window falls are a frequent cause of injury (15/100 000) among Chicago preschool children. In Boston and New York, public health efforts have successfully decreased window fall injuries. Local data are needed to develop appropriate interventions for Chicago.

Objective:To describe the housing characteristics and types of injuries among children who fell from windows treated in a Chicago pediatric trauma center.

Methods:Children treated in a pediatric trauma center for injuries related to window falls between 1995 and 2002 were identified retrospectively. We reviewed family demographics, the circumstances of the fall, and types of injuries. Site visits were performed to determine the height and type of building and type of window where the fall took place.

Results:The authors reviewed 90 cases; 55 were male. The median age was 2 years. Ninety eight percent of falls were reported to be from the third floor or lower. Site visits (n = 77) showed that 96% of the buildings were four storeys or lower. The median length of hospital stay was two days (range 0–24 days). The most common injuries were head trauma and extremity fractures. Three patients died, and an additional three patients were discharged to rehabilitation centers.

Conclusions:Some window falls result in serious injury. In Chicago, most falls were from modest heights (2nd/3rd floor windows) in buildings of four or fewer storeys, rather than from “high rises”. Strategies to prevent window falls should be directed to the owners and occupants of this type of housing.
RECENT RESULTS ON CP VIOLATION IN B DECAY
Authors: GIORGI M. A.
Published: October 2005

This paper, 40 years after the discovery of CP violation 1 in neutral kaon decay in the famous experiment of Brookhaven, presents the most recent results on the CP violation in the b sector as come out of the experiments BABAR and BELLE that are taking data since 1999 at PEPII and KEKB e+e- asymmetric B -Factories operating at the center of mass energy corresponding to the mass of the ϒ4S. After their initial discovery of the CP violation and the measurement of sin2β in 2001 2, now is the time of the observation of direct CP violation by BABAR, confirmed by BELLE, the initial measurements of α, the first clue of γ and the very intriguing results about the measurements of sin2β in the time dependent analysis of decay channels via penguin loops, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
REVIEW OF HEAVY QUARK PHYSICS – THEORY
Authors: ALI AHMED
Published: October 2005

Recent progress in the theory of B-meson decays is reviewed with emphasis on the aspects related to the B-factory data.
RARE KAON DECAYS AND CP, TCP VIOLATION
Authors: PATERA V.
Published: October 2005

We review the experimental status and the perspective of the rare kaon decays, in connection with CP and CPT studies. Special emphasis have been given to the decays that constrain the unitarity triangles and that can be effective probes for new physics. A new bound on TCP conservation from rare kaon decay is reported. A discussion of the Vus measurement from kaon decay is also given.
SEARCHES FOR NEW PHYSICS AT HIGH ENERGY COLLIDERS
Authors: HEINEMANN BEATE
Published: October 2005

Recent searches for physics beyond the Standard Model at high energy colliders are presented. The main focus is on searches for supersymmetry, extra dimensions and new gauge bosons. In all search analyses the data are found to agree well with the Standard Model background expectation and no evidence for contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model is found. The data are thus used to place limits on new physics scenarios.
PRECISION TESTS OF THE ELECTROWEAK INTERACTIONS
Authors: TEUBERT FREDERIC
Published: October 2005

The status of the precision test of the ElectroWeak interactions is reviewed in this paper. Special emphasis is put on new results at low Q2: the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon from E821 at Brookhaven and new measurements of sin 2θ eff . The status of the measurements at high Q2 is also reviewed, and the internal consistency of the Minimal Standard Model is discussed.
SEARCHING FOR NEW PHYSICS AT FUTURE ACCELERATORS
Authors: BARBIERI RICCARDO
Published: October 2005

I overview the status of the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking problem, paying special attention to the possible signals of new physics at the Large Hadron Collider (and at a Linear Collider).
QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS AT HIGH ENERGIES AT HERA
Authors: KLEIN MAX
Published: October 2005

HERA is the world's only accelerator to study inelastic electron-proton scattering at the energy frontier which uniquely allows the partonic structure of the proton and the theory of strong interactions, QCD, to be deeply explored. A review is given here of recent results from the HERA ep collider experiments H1 and ZEUS and the fixed target eN spin experiment HERMES as was presented to the 32nd Rochester conference at Beijing in summer 2004. The summary comprises new results on the quark and gluon structure of the proton, on the strong coupling constant αs, on the production of charm and beauty particles and on hard diffractive scattering. New ideas and developments in HERA physics are presented as are the first measurements with the upgraded polarised ep collider.
MATTER AT HIGH DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE AT RHIC
Authors: DUNLOP J. C.
Published: October 2005

The status of current investigation of hot and dense matter at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is reviewed. Indications for the creation of a dense, strongly interacting system have been seen. Further experimental and theoretical work is needed to convert these indications into quantitative measurements of the properties of the system created.
QCD THEORY
Authors: STIRLING W. J.
Published: October 2005

Quantum Chromodynamics is an established part of the Standard Model and an essential part of the toolkit for searching for new physics at high-energy colliders. I present a status report on the theory of QCD and review some of the important developments in the past year.
NEUTRINO PHYSICS (THEORY)
Authors: LANGACKER PAUL
Published: October 2005

Nonzero neutrino masses are the first definitive need to extend the standard model. After reviewing the basic framework, I describe the status of some of the major issues, including tests of the basic framework of neutrino masses and mixings; the question of Majorana vs. Dirac; the spectrum, mixings, and number of neutrinos; models, with special emphasis on constraints from typical superstring constructions (which are not consistent with popular bottom-up assumptions); and other implications.
FUTURE ACCELERATORS
Authors: YOKOYA K.
Published: October 2005

A brief schetch of accelerators for high energy physics in the next ~30 years is given from the view point of accelerator technology.
SUMMARY OF ICHEP 2004
Authors: ELLIS JOHN
Published: October 2005

Aspects of ICHEP 2004 are summarized from a theoretical point of view. QCD works, new NNLO calculations are becoming available and new string calculational tools are emerging, but no conclusions can yet be drawn about the discovery of the quark-gluon plasma or pentaquarks. The small upward shift in the experimental value of mt raises somewhat the central value of the Higgs mass extracted from a global electroweak fit, and the CKM model describes well the data from the B factories. The Super-Kamiokande, KamLAND and K2K experiments have evidence for oscillation dips in their neutrino data. Little Higgs models are interesting alternatives to low-energy supersymmetry for stabilizing the electroweak scale. Convincing experimental evidence for dark matter particles is still lacking. The LHC is on its way, the technology choice clarifies the roadmap for the ILC, and a multi-TeV CLIC would also have rich physics agenda.
Double‐dual types over the Banach space C(K)
Authors: Pomper Markus
Published: October 2005

Let K be a compact Hausdorff space and C(K) the Banach space
of all real‐valued continuous functions on K, with the sup‐norm.
Types over C(K) (in the sense of Krivine and Maurey) can be
uniquely represented by pairs (ℓ, u) of bounded real‐valued
functions on K, where ℓ is lower semicontinuous, u is upper semicontinuous, ℓ ≤ u, and ℓ(x) = u(x) for all
isolated points x of K. A condition that characterizes the pairs (ℓ, u) that represent double‐dual types over C(K) is given.
Notes on double inequalities of Mathieu′s series
Authors: Qi Feng , Chen Chao-Ping , Guo Bai-Ni
Published: October 2005

Using the integral expression of Mathieu′s series and some integral and analytic inequalities involving periodic functions and the generating function of Bernoulli numbers, we present several new inequalities and estimates for Mathieu′s series and generalize Mathieu′s series. Two open problems are proposed.
On the Fourier transform and the exchange property
Authors: Atanasiu Dragu , Mikusiński Piotr
Published: October 2005

A simplified construction of tempered Boehmians is presented. The
new construction shows that considering delta sequences and
convergence arguments is not essential.
Asymmetric locally convex spaces
Authors: Cobzaş S.
Published: October 2005

The aim of the present paper is to introduce the asymmetric
locally convex spaces and to prove some basic properties. Among
these I do mention the analogs of the Eidelheit‐Tuckey separation
theorems, of the Alaoglu‐Bourbaki theorem on the weak compactness of
the polar of a neighborhood of 0, and a Krein‐Milman‐type theorem.
These results extend those obtained by García‐Raffi et al. (2003)
and Cobzaş (2004).
The differential formula of Hasimoto transformation in Minkowski 3‐space
Authors: Gürbüz Nevin
Published: October 2005

In this work, the formula is given for the differential of the
Hasimoto transformation in Minkowski 3‐space.
On the edge coloring of graph products
Authors: Jaradat M. M. M.
Published: October 2005

The edge chromatic number of G is the minimum number of colors
required to color the edges of G in such a way that no two
adjacent edges have the same color. We will determine a sufficient
condition for a various graph products to be of class 1, namely,
strong product, semistrong product, and special product.
Rexinoid-Triggered Differentiation and Tumor-Selective Apoptosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Protein Kinase A–Mediated Desubordination of Retinoid X Receptor
Authors: Altucci Lucia , Rossin Aurélie , Hirsch Oliver , Nebbioso Angela , Vitoux Dominique , Wilhelm Emmanuelle , Guidez Fabien , De Simone Mariacarla , Schiavone Ettore Mariano , Grimwade David , Zelent Arthur , de Thé Hugues , Gronemeyer Hinrich
Published: October 2005

Apart from PML–retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) acute promyelocytic leukemia all other acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are unresponsive to retinoid differentiation therapy. However, elevating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) confers onto retinoid X receptor (RXR)–selective agonists (“rexinoids”) the ability to induce terminal granulocyte differentiation and apoptosis of all-trans retinoic acid–resistant and insensitive AML cells and patients' blasts. Protein kinase A activation leads to corepressor release from the RAR subunit of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, resulting in “desubordination” of otherwise silent RXR, which acquires transcriptional competence in response to cognate ligands. Rexinoid-cAMP induction of endogenous RARβ is blunted in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking RARs, but reintroduction of exogenous RARα reestablishes responsiveness, thus confirming that the RARα-RXR heterodimer is the rexinoid mediator. The apoptogenic effect of this treatment involves enhanced expression of the death receptor DR5 and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand, both of which are known to induce apoptosis in a tumor cell–selective manner and lead to the activation of initiator caspases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed induction of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand and DR5 in AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo. AML patients' blasts responded to rexinoid-cAMP combination treatment with induction of maturation and apoptosis, independent of karyotype, immunophenotype, and French-American-British classification status. Clonogenic assays revealed complete inhibition of blast clonogenicity in four out of five tested samples. Our results suggest that despite the genetic, morphologic, and clinical variability of this disease, the combination of rexinoids and cAMP-elevating drugs, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, might lead to a novel therapeutic option for AML patients by inducing a tumor-selective death pathway.
P-Cadherin Promotes Cell-Cell Adhesion and Counteracts Invasion in Human Melanoma
Authors: Van Marck Veerle , Stove Christophe , Van Den Bossche Karolien , Stove Veronique , Paredes Joana , Vander Haeghen Yves , Bracke Marc
Published: October 2005

Malignant transformation of melanocytes frequently coincides with alterations in epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression, switching on of neural cadherin (N-cadherin), and, when progressed to a metastatic stage, loss of membranous placental cadherin (P-cadherin). In vitro studies of melanoma cell lines have shown invasion suppressor and promoter roles for E-cadherin and N-cadherin, respectively. In the present study, we investigated the effect of P-cadherin on aggregation and invasion using melanoma cells retrovirally transduced with human P-cadherin. De novo expression of P-cadherin in P-cadherin–negative cell lines (BLM and HMB2) promoted cell-cell contacts and Ca2+-dependent cell-cell aggregation in two- and three-dimensional cultures, whereas it counteracted invasion. These effects were not observed following P-cadherin transduction of endogenously P-cadherin–positive MeWo cells. In addition, P-cadherin–transduced BLM cells coaggregated with keratinocytes and showed markedly reduced invasion in a reconstructed skin model. The proadhesive and anti-invasive effects of P-cadherin were abolished on targeted mutation of its intracellular juxtamembrane domain or its extracellular domain. For the latter mutation, we mimicked a known missense mutation in P-cadherin (R503H), which is associated with congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy.
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (CAO) Up-regulates VEGF and TGFα Concomitant with Hyperlasia, with Subsequent Up-regulation of p16 and MMP9
Authors: Stevenson David , Charalambous Chrystalla , Wilson Joanna B.
Published: October 2005

EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an oncoprotein frequently expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We have generated transgenic mice expressing the nasopharyngeal carcinoma–derived CAO strain of LMP1 and LMP1 of the B95-8 strain, using the viral ED-L2 promoter for epithelial expression. LMP1CAO and LMP1B95-8 induce transforming growth factor α expression and epidermal hyperplasia. However, levels of total epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) decline with the appearance of phosphorylated EGFR products, suggesting that the negative feedback loop upon EGFR expression is intact or that there is faster turnover at these early stages of carcinogenesis. In the L2LMP1CAO mice, increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are also seen at an early stage in the skin. As the phenotype worsens, with increasing hyperplasia and vascularization leading to keratoacanthoma, p16INK4a and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression is induced. The lesions can progress spontaneously to carcinoma. Carcinoma cell lines developed from these mice show high levels of total and phosphorylated EGFR. These data show that the induction of signaling through EGFR by LMP1 is an early event in carcinogenesis and that any inhibition upon EGFR expression is lifted during progression. Furthermore, expression of LMP1 is not sufficient to inhibit induction of p16INK4a in response to abnormal proliferation. These data are consistent with the cooperative effects seen between LMP1 and loss of the INK4a locus in transgenic mice and with the frequency of loss of this locus in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Overlapping Gene Expression in Fetal Mouse Intestine Development and Human Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hu Michael , Shivdasani Ramesh A.
Published: October 2005

Pathways relevant to cancer are well known to overlap with fetal development, as reflected in reactivation of embryonic genes in tumors. However, molecular evidence for this notion has gathered in piecemeal fashion, and systematic approaches have rarely been applied to gauge the extent and global characteristics of the overlap in gene expression between developing tissues and cancer. The fraction of genes that is expressed aberrantly in a given cancer and also developmental in primary function is unknown, and the tissue specificity of recapitulated gene expression remains unexplored. We developed a statistical method to relate expression profiles from human colon cancer and diverse nonintestinal tumors to transcripts that decline in expression with epithelial differentiation in the fetal mouse gut. For genes that are overexpressed in colon cancer, we computed 8% to 19% likelihood that they were expressed transiently during epithelial morphogenesis in intestine development. Among genes dysregulated in other tumors, the corresponding likelihood fell between 1% and 6%. Similarly, low probabilities were obtained when we compared genes not overexpressed in colon cancer with transcriptional profiles in intestine organogenesis. Genes that increase after fetal gut epithelial differentiation were not differentially represented between cancerous and normal colon. Our findings systematically characterize the global extent and tissue specificity of developmental expression programs in colorectal cancer and illustrate the use of such an approach to identify candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Targeted Disruption of Smad4 in Mouse Epidermis Results in Failure of Hair Follicle Cycling and Formation of Skin Tumors
Authors: Yang Leilei , Mao Chunming , Teng Yan , Li Wenlong , Zhang Jishuai , Cheng Xuan , Li Xiaobing , Han Xinghai , Xia Zhaofan , Deng Hongkui , Yang Xiao
Published: October 2005

Smad4 is the common mediator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling, which functions in diverse developmental processes in mammals. To study the role of Smad4 in skin development, a keratinocyte-specific null mutant of Smad4 (Smad4co/co;K5-Cre) was generated in mice using the Cre-loxP system. The Smad4-mutant mice exhibited progressive alopecia as a result of the mutant hair follicles failing to undergo programmed regression. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) was only detected in Smad4-mutant hair follicles at the catagen stage. Seventy percent of Smad4co/co; K5-Cre mice developed spontaneous tumors within 12 months of birth. c-Myc and cyclin D1 were up-regulated whereas p21 and p27 expressions were decreased, which correlated with the epidermal hyperplasia in Smad4 mutants. Interestingly, coordinated deletion of the Smad4 and PTEN genes resulted in accelerated hair loss and skin tumor formation, suggesting that Smad4 and PTEN act synergistically to regulate epidermal proliferation and differentiation. All of our data indicate that Smad4 is essential for catagen induction and acts as a critical suppressor in skin tumorigenesis.
Effect of p53 Status and STAT1 on Chemotherapy-Induced, Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: McDermott Ultan , Longley Daniel B. , Galligan Leeona , Allen Wendy , Wilson Timothy , Johnston Patrick G.
Published: October 2005

We investigated the role of p53 and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in regulating Fas-mediated apoptosis in response to chemotherapies used to treat colorectal cancer. We found that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin only sensitized p53 wild-type (WT) colorectal cancer cell lines to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, irinotecan (CPT-11) and tomudex sensitized p53 WT, mutant, and null cells to Fas-mediated cell death. Furthermore, CPT-11 and tomudex, but not 5-FU or oxaliplatin, up-regulated Fas cell surface expression in a p53-independent manner. In addition, increased Fas cell surface expression in p53 mutant and null cell lines in response to CPT-11 and tomudex was accompanied by only a slight increase in total Fas mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that these agents trigger p53-independent trafficking of Fas to the plasma membrane. Treatment with CPT-11 or tomudex induced STAT1 phosphorylation (Ser727) in the p53-null HCT116 cell line but not the p53 WT cell line. Furthermore, STAT1-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited up-regulation of Fas cell surface expression in response to CPT-11 and tomudex in these cells. However, we found no evidence of altered Fas gene expression following siRNA-mediated down-regulation of STAT1 in drug-treated cells. This suggests that STAT1 regulates expression of gene(s) involved in cell surface trafficking of Fas in response to CPT-11 or tomudex. We conclude that CPT-11 and tomudex may be more effective than 5-FU and oxaliplatin in the treatment of p53 mutant colorectal cancer tumors by sensitizing them to Fas-mediated apoptosis in a STAT1-dependent manner.
CpG Island Methylation of DNA Damage Response Genes in Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Teodoridis Jens M. , Hall Jacqueline , Marsh Sharon , Kannall Hilary D. , Smyth Catriona , Curto Jorge , Siddiqui Nadeem , Gabra Hani , McLeod Howard L. , Strathdee Gordon , Brown Robert
Published: October 2005

We have determined the methylation frequencies of 24 CpG islands of genes associated with DNA damage responses or with ovarian cancer in 106 stage III/IV epithelial ovarian tumors. We have analyzed this data for whether there is evidence of a CpG island methylator phenotype or associations of CpG island methylation with response to chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. Frequent methylation was observed for OPCML, DCR1, RASSF1A, HIC1, BRCA1, and MINT25 (33.3%, 30.7%, 26.4%, 17.3%, 12.3%, and 12.0%, respectively), whereas no methylation was observed for APAF-1, DAPK, FANCF, FAS, P14, P21, P73, SOCS-3, and SURVIVIN. The remaining genes showed only a low frequency of methylation, <10%. Unsupervised gene shaving identified a nonrandom pattern of methylation for OPCML, DCR1, RASSF1A, MINT25, HIC1, and SFRP1, supporting the concept of concordant methylation of these genes in ovarian cancer. Methylation of at least one of the group of genes involved in DNA repair/drug detoxification (BRCA1, GSTP1, and MGMT) was associated with improved response to chemotherapy (P = 0.013). We have examined the frequency of a polymorphism in the DNA methyltransferase gene DNMT3b6, which has been previously reported to affect gene transcription and cancer risk. The genetic polymorphism in the DNMT3b6 gene promoter (at position −149) is not significantly associated with the concordant methylation observed, but is weakly associated with the overall frequency of methylation at the genes examined (P = 0.04, n = 56). This supports the hypothesis that genetic factors affecting function of DNMT genes may underlie the propensity of tumors to acquire aberrant CpG island methylation.
Gene Expression Changes and Signaling Events Associated with the Direct Antimelanoma Effect of IFN-γ
Authors: Gollob Jared A. , Sciambi Catherine J. , Huang Zhiqing , Dressman Holly K.
Published: October 2005

IFN-γ plays a role in the response to melanoma indirectly through its effect on the immune system and directly through its antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on melanoma cells. To understand the molecular basis for the direct antimelanoma effect of IFN-γ, we studied IFN-induced changes in gene expression and signaling among three human melanoma cell lines (DM6, DM93, and 501mel). These were resistant to the antimelanoma effect of IFN-α, and only DM6 cells exhibited growth inhibition and apoptosis with IFN-γ. Through DNA microarray analysis, we found that the antimelanoma effect of IFN-γ in DM6 was associated with the down-regulation of multiple genes involved in G-protein signaling and phospholipase C activation (including Rap2B and calpain 3) as well as the down-regulation of genes involved in melanocyte/melanoma survival (MITF and SLUG), apoptosis inhibition (Bcl2A1 and galectin-3), and cell cycling (CDK2). The antimelanoma effect of IFN-γ was also associated with the up-regulation of the proapoptotic dependence receptor UNC5H2 and the Wnt inhibitor Dkk-1. Whereas both IFNs were able to activate Stat1 in all cell lines, the delayed activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases occurred only in DM6 with IFN-γ, and the effect of IFN-γ on cell growth and survival as well as gene expression in DM6 was dependent on the coordinate activation of MEK1 and p38. These findings provide new insights into the signaling events and gene expression changes associated with growth inhibition and apoptosis in melanoma and may thereby assist in identifying new targets for the treatment of melanoma.
Epimorphin Overexpression in the Mouse Mammary Gland Promotes Alveolar Hyperplasia and Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bascom Jamie L. , Fata Jimmie E. , Hirai Yohei , Sternlicht Mark D. , Bissell Mina J.
Published: October 2005

Epimorphin/syntaxin-2 (EPM) is a plasma membrane–anchored protein that has at least two distinct functions depending on its membrane topology: vesicle fusion when localized to the cytoplasmic surface and morphogenic signaling when localized to the extracellular surface. Transgenic mice that express full-length extracellular EPM fused to the NH2-terminal signal sequence of interleukin-2, under the control of the whey acidic protein (WAP) gene promoter, exhibit aberrant mammary gland morphogenesis associated with increased expression of CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Here we report that aged nulliparous and uniparous female WAP-EPM transgenic mice develop alveolar hyperplasias and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas that express high levels of C/EBPβ, keratin-14, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and β-catenin. This study reveals another pathway in which overexpression and alteration of a normal morphogenic process promote the development of cancer in the mammary gland.
The Threshold Level of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein for Mouse Intestinal Tumorigenesis
Authors: Li Qin , Ishikawa Tomo-o , Oshima Masanobu , Taketo Makoto M.
Published: October 2005

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, whose mutations are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis, is a major negative controller of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. To investigate the dose-dependent effects of APC protein in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis, we constructed mutant mice carrying hypomorphic Apc alleles ApcneoR and ApcneoF whose expression levels were reduced to 20% and 10% of the wild type, respectively. Although both hypomorphic heterozygotes developed intestinal polyps, tumor multiplicities were much lower than that in ApcΔ716 mice, heterozygotes of an Apc null allele. Like in ApcΔ716 mice, loss of the wild-type Apc allele was confirmed for all polyps examined in the ApcneoR and ApcneoF mice. In the embryonic stem cells homozygous for these hypomorphic Apc alleles, the level of the APC protein was inversely correlated with both the β-catenin accumulation and β-catenin/T-cell factor transcriptional activity. These results suggest that the reduced APC protein level increases intestinal polyp multiplicity through quantitative stimulation of the β-catenin/T-cell factor transcription. We further estimated the threshold of APC protein level that forms one polyp per mouse as ∼15% of the wild type. These results also suggest therapeutic implications concerning Wnt signaling inhibitors.
Oncogenomics 2005 Meeting Report: Dissecting Cancer through Genome Research
Authors: Feigal Ellen G. , Dracopoli Nicholas C. , Trent Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2005

The Oncogenomics Conference was held on February 2 to 5, 2005 at the Omni San Diego Hotel, San Diego, CA. The meeting chairpersons were Dr. Jeffrey Trent (Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ) and Dr. Nicholas Dracopoli (Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ). This fourth conference sponsored by the AACR brought together a diverse group of scientists working in the fields of genome research, cancer biology, and epidemiology, and explored how genomic research can be used most effectively to impact the clinical response to cancer. Advances in the clinical application of pharmacogenomics to predict response to oncology therapeutic modalities led to a dramatic increase in the number of presentations and posters with a clinical focus at this year's meeting. The keynote address was given by Dr. William Evans (St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN) who discussed the pharmacogenomics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a cancer paradigm.
Experiential learning in teams
Authors: Kayes Anna B. , Kayes D. Christopher , Kolb David A.
Published: October 2005

Teamwork is prevalent in organizations, yet it has pitfalls such as social loafing, groupthink, overdependence on a dominant leader, overcommitment to goals, and diffusion of responsibility. Such negative factors can be overcome and team effectiveness improved when teams intentionally focus on learning. This article draws on nearly four decades of research and theory on experiential learning theory in teams. We identify learning as the key component of six aspects of team development: purpose, membership, role leadership, context, process, and action. Teams learn differently in early versus later stages of development. The Kolb Team Learning Experience addresses all six aspects through a structured written simulation. Upon completion of the simulation, the team has knowledge about the functions of teams in general, experience about the functions of its team specifically, and awareness of learning and progress through the learning cycle modes.
Oxovanadium(IV)-sulfite compounds: Synthesis and structural and physical studies
Authors: Chilas George I. , Miras Haralampos N. , Manos Manolis J. , Woollins J. Derek , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Stylianou Marios , Keramidas Anastasios D. , Kabanos Themistoklis A.
Published: October 2005

Reaction of VIVOCl2 in strongly acidic aqueous solution with either (NH4)2SO3 or Na2SO3 and Bu4NBr at ~70°C in the pH range 2.5-4.5 gives the clusters (NH4)2{[V4
IV(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2](VIVO)2(μ
3-SO3)4O4(H2O)2} and (n-Bu4N)2{[V4
IV(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2](VIVO)2(μ
3-SO3)4O4(H2O)2}, respectively. Reaction of NH4VVO3 with (NH4)2SO3 resulted in the isolation of the first compound. When the latter reaction is carried out in the presence of MgO, compound (NH4)[VIVO(SO3)1.5H2O]∞.2.5H2O was isolated instead. Compound (n-Bu4N)2{[V4
IV(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2](VIVO)2(μ
3-SO3)4O4(H2O)2} and (NH4)[VIVO(SO3)1.5H2O]∞.2.5H2O were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The crystal structure of species (n-Bu4N)2{[V4
IV(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2](VIVO)2(μ
3-SO3)4O4(H2O)2} revealed a unprecedented hexanuclear cluster consisting of a cubane core [M4(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2] connected to two other metal atoms through the core oxo-groups and four μ
3-SO3 bridges. Compound (NH4)[VIVO(SO3)1.5H2O]∞.2.5H2O represents a rare example of an open-framework species prepared under mild conditions. Cyclic voltammetric examination of compound (n-Bu4N)2{[V4
IV(μ
4-O)2(μ
3-OH)2](VIVO)2(μ
3-SO3)4O4(H2O)2} revealed a redox process which was assigned to the oxidation of one core of vanadium(IV) to vanadium(V).
Selective synthetic methods using vanadium-mediated redox reactions
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu
Published: October 2005

Oxovanadium(V) compounds serve as Lewis acids with oxidation capability and induce one-electron oxidative transformations of organosilicons, organotins, organoaluminums, organoborons, organozincs, and/or their ate complexes. Low-valent vanadium-catalyzed stereoselective reductive transformations, including dehalogenation, pinacol coupling, and the related radical reaction, have been developed by constructing a multicomponent redox system in combination with a coreductant and an additive.
Oral therapy of L-glutamic acid γ-monohydroxamate-vanadium (2:1) complex: Improvement of blood glucose profile in different types of diabetic rodents
Authors: Shechter Y. , Goldwaser I. , Mironchik M. , Tsubery H. , Fridkin M.
Published: October 2005

We report that oral administration of vanadium (+5) combined with L-glutamic acid γ-monohydroxamate at 1:2 stoichiometry [L-Glu(γ)HXM.VO3
-] is highly effective in reducing blood glucose levels (BGLs) in a wide variety of diabetic rodents. In streptozocin-treated rats, a single administration (0.28 mmol/kg body wt) decreased BGL from 490 to 360 mg/dl within 1 h of administration, keeping this reduced level for additional 22 h, and a daily dose of 0.14 mmol/kg was found optimal. In Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a single dose of 0.14 mmol/kg normalized BGL within 8 h of administration, and maintained normal value for additional two days. In db/db mice, a single L-Glu(γ)HXM.VO3
- administration of 0.2 mmol/kg decreased BGL from 500 ± 50 to 240 ± 20 mg/dl at 2 h, but was less effective afterwards. In high-carbohydrate (CHO)-fed Psammomis obesus, a single oral dose (0.14 mmol/kg) normalized BGL over a period of two days, and a daily dose of 0.07 mmol/kg/d, at the time P. obesus was transferred from low- to high-CHO diet, fully arrested the development of hyperglycemia characterizing this diabetic rodent. Finally, we found that the index of toxicity of orally administered L-GLU(γ)HXM-vanadate in rodents is 5-7 times lower than that of free sodium vanadate.
General Alloy Analysis with a Gas Sheathed Tubular Electrode Arc
Authors: Muntz James H.
Published: October 2005

The gas sheathed tubular electrode arc has been investigated and applied to general alloy analysis. One set of six solution standards containing 18 different elements was used. Matrix effects have been mostly controlled by using a 1 mg/ml sample or standard in a solution containing 6 mg/ml of sodium as the chloride. Fourteen different standard alloys (NBS and Alcoa) were tested, representing seven different base metals. The over-all accuracy was only about ±8% deviation from the certified value. This would permit identification of alloy type, but for greater accuracy standards more closely approximating the sample should be used. Precision for the technique is normally ±3%–4% relative standard deviation with photographic detection.
Polymer Characterization by ir Spectroscopy
Authors: Luongo J. P.
Published: October 2005

The highly advanced polymerization techniques developed in the natural and synthetic resin industries have created a strong demand, not only for general identification of polymeric substances, but for the characterization of the newer stereoregular polymers. Although the gross ir spectral features of a particular polymer are mostly attributable to its functional groups, there are often many small but significant spectral differences which are associated with different structural arrangements that can exist within the polymer. Thus, in a number of cases the subtle spectral differences can be correlated with molecular configurations and used as evidence for various structures.
A Windowless Cell for Laser—Raman Spectroscopy of Molten Fluorides
Authors: Quist Arvin S.
Published: October 2005

A captive liquid, or windowless cell has been developed for laser–Raman spectroscopy of molten fluorides. This all-metal cell, [Formula: see text] in. o.d. and [Formula: see text] in. long, is contained in a 6 mm i.d., 8 mm o.d. quartz tube which has an optical flat fused to one end. There is no direct contact between the fused salt and the quartz container. Cells of this design, constructed either from nickel or copper, have been used for Raman studies of molten fluorides to 800°C.
Rapid X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Phosphorus in Geologic Samples
Authors: Fabbi Brent P.
Published: October 2005

Calcium and Kβ1 and Kβ5 both have second order (II) lines that interfere spectrally with the phosphorus Kα1 first order (I) analytical line in the x-ray fluorescence determination. By combining maximum pulse height discrimination with a mathematical correction for peak overlap, phosphorus can be accurately determined in a wide variety of geologic samples.
Oxygen-18 Sulfate Isotopomers Monitored by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Reedy Brian J. , Beattie James K. , Lowson Richard T.
Published: October 2005

Infrared spectroscopy has been used with oxygen-18 isotopic tracer experiments to provide insight into the mechanism of formation of sulfate by the air oxidation of sulfite, thiosulfate, or tetrathionate ions. The relative amounts of each of the different isotope isomers, or isotopomers, can be observed qualitatively by their characteristic totally symmetric vibrational mode frequencies. The source of the 18O can be either dioxygen or the solvent water. By reversing the source of the isotope, one can check the results for isotopic exchange and/or impurities.
Nanosecond Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy with a Dispersive Scanning Spectrometer
Authors: Yuzawa Tetsuro , Kato Chihiro , George Michael W. , Hamaguchi Hiro-O
Published: October 2005

A nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopic system based on a dispersive scanning spectrometer has been constructed. This is an advanced version of a similar system reported in a previous paper; the time resolution has been improved from 1 μs to 50 ns and the sensitivity from 10−4 in intensity changes to 10−6. These have been achieved by the use of a high-temperature ceramic infrared light source, a photovoltaic MCT detector, and a low-noise, wide-band preamplifier developed specifically for the present purpose. Time-resolved infrared spectra of a few samples of photochemical and photobiological interests are presented to show the capability of the system. The origin of the thermal artifacts, which have been found to hamper the time-resolved infrared measurements seriously, is shown to be due to the transient reflectance change induced by a small temperature jump. The future prospect of time-resolved infrared spectroscopy is discussed with reference to other methods including infrared laser spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Spectroscopic Properties of WO3 Thin Films: Polarized FT-IR/ATR, X-Ray Diffraction, and Electronic Absorption
Authors: Taylor Todd A. , Patterson Howard H.
Published: October 2005

The Fourier transform infrared/micro-attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/mATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electronic absorption properties of thin tungsten oxide films are characterized. Thin films of tungsten oxide (100–500 Å) deposited on SiO2 exhibit a different orientation or structure than thicker films. A p-polarized longitudinal optical (LO) mode at 970 cm−1 occurs in all ATR spectra of WO3 thin films and is one of the strongest IR bands in the spectra. The spectroscopic properties of tungsten oxide films are characterized as a function of substrate and heat treatment.
FT-IR Studies of Weathering Effects in Western Redcedar and Southern Pine
Authors: Horn Brent A. , Qiu Jinjin , Owen Noel L. , Feist William C.
Published: October 2005

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy has been used to monitor the changes in functional groups on the surface of two woods (western redcedar and southern pine) when they are subjected to a range of artificial weathering conditions. The effects of light only, water only, and light plus water have been studied for a variety of exposure times. The changes in the chemical composition of the wood caused by light plus water is considerably greater than that caused by light only, whereas water alone causes no permanent chemical changes. The effects of some of these weathering conditions have been investigated for wood protected by varnish, for earlywood and latewood and for tangentially, radially, and cross-sectionally cut wood samples. The application of two coats of varnish was found to considerably reduce the weathering effects caused by UV radiation; earlywood undergoes light-only degradation faster than late wood; and the effect of weathering was found to be greatest for cross-sectional cut samples and least for radially cut samples. The weathering profile with depth of penetration has been studied in some detail for western redcedar, and our results show that, after 300 h of continual artificial weathering, the chemical changes are confined to the first 200 μm.
Macehuales and the Corporate Solution: Colonial Secessions in Nahua Central Mexico
Authors: Perkins Stephen M.
Published: October 2005

This investigation of the legal separation, or 'secession,'of indigenous subject villages from municipal governments in the Tepeaca district of Puebla, Mexico finds that early colonial (1521–1650) and late colonial (1651–1821) cases differed in their litigation and consequences. Early Spanish officials decided cases based predominantly on pre-Hispanic tradition, only permitting separations that preserved older indigenous social units. Bourbon officials of the late era, in contrast, enabled an entirely new type of pueblo to develop. Indigenous commoners (macehuales) used secessions to rupture relations with indigenous nobles (caciques) and local Spanish agriculturalists. The corporate organization of new pueblos in Puebla was without pre-Hispanic precedent.

En este artículo, investigo la separación legal, o "secesión", de sujetos indígenas de sus municipios en el distrito de Tepeaca, Puebla, en México. Ahí, los trámites coloniales tempranos (1521–1650) contrastaban con los trámites coloniales tardíos (1651–1821) tanto en su litigio como en sus consecuencias. Los funcionarios españoles del primer período resolvían los casos basándose sobre todo en la tradición prehispánica, y permitiendo tan sólo separaciones que preservaban las entidades sociales indígenas previamente existentes. En contraste, los funcionarios borbones permitían el desarollo de un nuevo tipo de pueblo. Los macehuales hacían uso del proceso de secesión para romper sus relaciones con caciques y agricultores españoles locales. La organización corporativa de los pueblos nuevos en Puebla no tuvo precedente en la era prehispánica.
Sensitivity of an indigenous amphipod (Corophium colo) to chemical contaminants in laboratory toxicity tests conducted with sediments from Sydney Harbor, Australia, and vicinity
Authors: McCready Stephanie , Greely Christopher R. , Hyne Ross V. , Birch Gavin F. , Long Edward R.
Published: October 2005

Laboratory survival tests were conducted with an indigenous infaunal amphipod, Corophium colo, on 103 sediment samples from Sydney Harbor (NSW, Australia) and vicinity, containing a wide range of chemicals and concentrations. The present study describes the sensitivity of C. colo to the sediments and compares the results to data for North American amphipods (Rhepoxynius abronius and Ampelisca abdita) previously used to establish and validate sediment-quality guidelines (SQGs). The incidence of toxicity increased with increasing contam ination, as indicated by increasing numbers of SQGs exceeded and increasing mean SQG quotients. The incidence of highly toxic results (p < 0.05 and mean amphipod survival of <80% that of controls) for highly contaminated samples was approximately half (28–40%) that of a large U.S. database (74%). The incidence of highly toxic responses for samples with intermediate levels of contamination also was lower in the present study (5–13%) compared to the results in large U.S. studies (∼30–50%). Corophium colo reburial tests showed greater sensitivity compared to survival tests, with a maximum incidence of statistically significant responses in moderately contaminated sediments of 70%. The present study showed that adult Corophium organisms are suitable for testing lethal responses in highly contaminated sediments (i.e., with mean effects range-median quotients of >1.5). Reburial results provide additional sensitivity.