bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inclusive Positivism and the Arguments from Authority
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the various tensions that might be thought to arise between the Incorporation Thesis and practical authority. The Incorporation Thesis states that there is a conceptually possible legal system with moral criteria of validity. In such a legal system, the properties that constitute a norm as legally valid include properties having to do with whether its content satisfies certain moral standards. This chapter begins with a general discussion of the differences between practical and epistemic authority. The chapter then articulates the various theses associated with the so-called service conception of authority and concludes with a summary of the arguments for the claim that this conception of authority is inconsistent with the Incorporation Thesis.
Scottish Alexanders and Stuart Empire
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how the Scottish Alexander Romance, Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour, raises issues that are important to the ambitions of James IV of Scotland: religious crusade and dynastic expansion through marriage. Composed in 1460 and attributed to Gilbert Hay, Buik features a crusading Alexander the Great fighting Muslim enemies. The novel’s representation of Alexander’s enemies as Muslims references European fears of the growing power of the Ottomans. James IV wanted both to unite England and Scotland through his marriage and to unite Christendom against the Turks. The chapter discusses Alexander’s transformation from crusader into a merchant in the East, suggesting that it points to the underlying economic basis of the revival of crusading rhetoric—Ottoman control of the spice trade. These two themes—union and crusade—were continuing preoccupations of later Stuarts, including James VI of Scotland.
Greco-Arabic Mirrors for Barbarian Princes
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on Alexander the Great as an exemplary figure in English and Malay mirrors for princes, deriving from medieval Arabic sources. In particular, it considers Kitāb Sirr al-asrār, known in Latin as Secretum secretorum (Secret of Secrets), believed to be Aristotle’s advice to Alexander. It is a major influence on the early modern Malay Nasihat al-Muluk (Advice for Kings). The chapter considers how the mirrors see foreign others as a source of wisdom by reading Naṣīḥat al-mulūk (“Advice for princes”), Taj us-Salatin (Crown of Kings) and Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers. It also examines Malay adaptation of two themes from Secretum—women’s authority and the art of physiognomy—and how they engaged with shared topoi, which it argues address similar concerns about interactions with foreigners.
English Alexanders and Empire from the Periphery
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on Alexander the Great as the monarchical archetype for the medieval heroes of Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine Parts I and II (1587–8) and William Shakespeare’s Henry V (1599). In both plays, Alexander is used to negotiate a place for England on a global stage dominated by the twin poles of the Hapsburg and the Ottoman Empires. Marlowe imagines another northern tribe, Tamburlaine and his Scythians, invading the Ottoman center to build an empire from the periphery. Shakespeare relies on complex pattern of Alexandrian allusions to counterbalance classical history with an English medieval genealogy accompanied by a native heroism imagined capable of defeating the Ottomans. The chapter also shows how Marlowe and Shakespeare utilize Alexander to explore the complexities, ambitions, and limits of England’s imperial identity, and how their protagonists’ campaigns of imperial expansion foregrounded questions of cultural identity and intercultural encounter.
Restraint of Trade and Freedom
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that on the republican view of contract law, freedom resides not in absence of interference per se (the liberal position), but rather in the absence of arbitrary interference or dominium by others. It claims that the restraint of trade doctrine protects this kind of republican freedom by preventing the promisee from using contract law to constitute a relationship of dominium over the promisor. Such contracts or contract clauses involve a subversion of the true purpose of contract law which is to structure intrinsically valuable relationships between the parties based on trust, equality, and cooperation. To explain the invalidity of clauses in restraint of trade, it is necessary to reach beyond promise to this constitutive purpose.
Migrant-Hostile Policing
Authors: Mutsaers Paul
Published: April 2019

This chapter opens with three arrest cases that shed light on the non-modular constitution of present-day policing. Modularity is here understood as the segmentation of social life into separate and relatively independent spheres. The three vignettes show what happens when policing becomes non-modular: private and public considerations are blurred in the operations that police officers undertake. The rest of the chapter adds ethnographic materials collected in various settings to argue that this organizational development turns racial profiling, and migrant-hostile policing more broadly, into an everyday affair. One conclusion is emphasized repeatedly: police discrimination is a public issue that concerns the entire organization rather than an outcome of the private troubles of the individuals it employs.
The Iberian peninsula in pre-Roman times
Authors: Lorrio A. , Sanmartí J.
Published: April 2019

This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the human geography of the Iberian peninsula during the Iron Age. It compares and contrasts different sources (Greek and Latin texts, coins minted by indigenous peoples, and archaeological evidence) to recreate the palaeoethnological panorama of the region and reconstruct the historical processes that led to its formation, including the impact of the Phoenicians and Greeks. This analysis indicates the existence of a linguistically non-Indo-European area, mainly the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions between the Pyrenees and the mouth of the Guadiana, and an Indo-European one in the centre of the peninsula and along the greater part of the Atlantic coast. Ethnic groups of varying size and political importance are attested in both areas. Population growth and iron metallurgy played a crucial role in the formation of this human reality, together with the development of urbanization, which started in the Mediterranean coastal areas and progressively spread.
Phoenician epigraphy in the Iberian peninsula
Authors: Zamora J. Á.
Published: April 2019

For a long time, Phoenician epigraphic finds in the Iberian peninsula were few in number, leading some scholars to assume that the practice of writing was limited amongst the Phoenicians in the far west of the Mediterranean (who had therefore played almost no part in the birth of Palaeohispanic scripts). However, the increase in the number of finds and, above all, new ways of studying and interpreting the body of evidence allow us to detect signs of regular written practices in the westernmost Phoenician colonial settlements. This chapter provides a brief summary of the history of these finds and an overview of the extant epigraphic evidence (including its distribution, both geographical and chronological, and its main characteristics and difficulties) in order to infer the uses of writing, and thus the degree of literacy and development of epigraphic practices, amongst the Phoenicians in the Iberian peninsula.
The Vasco-Iberian theory
Authors: Orduña E.
Published: April 2019

In this chapter a short history of the Vasco-Iberian theory and its significance in contemporary scholarship is presented. In the first part, the principal scholars who have defended a relationship between Basque and Iberian in one way or another are reviewed, and what could be labelled as ‘classical Vasco-Iberism’ is described. We subsequently focus on those aspects of the Vasco-Iberian theory that still have some influence in modern scholarship, and the new proposals that have been put forward following this theory in the fields of Iberian phonetics, morphology, syntax, and onomastics.
The parts of Hispania without epigraphy
Authors: Gorrochategui J. , Vallejo J. M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes the linguistic situation in those parts of the Iberian peninsula where there are no or very few inscriptions written in the indigenous languages. Our knowledge is based on the onomastic evidence (place names, deity names, and personal names) that has come down to us, mainly through the Latin epigraphy of late republican and imperial times. The characteristics of each category of names are discussed, pointing out their potential strengths and limitations as a source for knowledge of the linguistic situation, as well as the coincidences and differences that they sometimes reflect, in order to define onomastic areas. Finally, the different linguistic regions that can be observed in the peninsula are presented by means of analysing the geographical distribution, linguistic attribution, and other characteristics of the indigenous onomastic evidence.
Coin evidence for Palaeohispanic languages
Authors: Ripollès P. P. , Sinner A. G.
Published: April 2019

The considerable linguistic variety in the Iberian peninsula in the pre-Roman period was reflected in inscriptions on coinage. Greek and Punic scripts were used in the colonies and cities with settlers belonging to these cultural groups. The north-eastern Iberian signary was used in the Iberian area and was borrowed in order to write the Celtiberian language while south-eastern Iberian is recorded in the south-eastern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula, including parts of the provinces of both Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. The script known as Tartessian, south-western, or South Lusitanian, about which almost nothing is known, was used on the coinage issued by the mint of Salacia (Portugal). Roman control was the reason why Latin was adopted as the language used for coin legends by many cities in Turdetania from the early second century BCE. As from c.45 BCE, the native scripts disappeared from coin legends.
Writing, colonization, and Latinization in the Iberian peninsula
Authors: Ariño B. Díaz , Estarán M. J. , Simón I.
Published: April 2019

This chapter offers a comprehensive summary of the impact of the Roman conquest and subsequent colonization on the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula and their epigraphy. After analysing the evolution of the earliest Roman inscriptions from Hispania and the strategies adopted by local elites to integrate within the new order, this study reflects the twofold effect of Roman epigraphic culture on the Palaeohispanic tradition: the adoption and new forms of use of Roman epigraphic supports by local peoples, directly linked to an increase in writing on non-perishable supports, and the spread of the Latin language and alphabet in indigenous texts, which was merely the written manifestation of a far-reaching linguistic process, materialized in multiple epigraphic phenomena reflecting a multilingual society. This phase of contacts was followed by another that clearly illustrated the disappearance of Palaeohispanic languages and scripts at varying rates, depending on the intensity of the Roman presence in each region.
The Context of African Law
Authors: Kischel Uwe
Published: April 2019

This chapter assesses African law. The law of Africa displays one fundamental common attribute: plurality. In Africa, a great variety of legal orders and legal concepts coincide and must try either to cooperate or at least to tolerate one another. There is no one single traditional legal system; for example, there are an estimated 300 traditional legal systems in Nigeria alone. Africans constantly switch from one legal system to another in daily life. This coexistence of many systems, which applies not only to legal orders but also to jurisdiction, generates many potential conflicts. However, the essence of pluralism is not to highlight these conflicts and try to solve them, but rather to defuse them pragmatically, if and when they lead to genuine problems.
The Parody Exception in Copyright Law
Authors: Jacques Sabine
Published: April 2019

Parodies have been created throughout times and cultures. A glimpse at the judicial latitude generally afforded to parodies, satires, caricatures, and pastiches demonstrates the social and cultural value of this particular form of artistic expression. With the advent of technologies and the evolution of copyright legislation, creative endeavours in the form of parody were rejuvenated but became unlawful. While copyright law grants exclusive rights to right-holders, these rights are not absolute. Legislation includes specific exceptions, which preclude right-holders from exercising their prerogatives in particular cases which foster creativity and cultural diversity within that society. The parody exception pertains to this ultimate objective by permitting users to reproduce copyright-protected materials for the purpose of parody. To understand the meaning and scope of the parody exception, this book examines and compares five jurisdictions which differ in their protection of parodies: France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It is concerned with finding an appropriate balance between the protection awarded to right-holders and the public interest. This is achieved by analysing the parody exception to the economic rights of right-holders, the preservation of moral rights, and the interaction of the parody exception with contract law. As parodies constitute an artistic expression protected under the right to freedom of expression, this book also considers the influence of freedom of expression on the interpretation of this specific copyright exception. Furthermore, this book aims at providing guidance on how to resolve disputes where fundamental rights are in conflict.
Four Models of Clemency
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 provides the theoretical framework for a comparative study of clemency in death penalty cases. It begins by clarifying the terminology used throughout the book, including the local terms used in Southeast Asian legal systems for executive ‘clemency’. Then, drawing in particular from the work of Douglas Hay et al (1975), Leslie Sebba (1977a; 1977b); Kathleen Dean Moore (1989), Daniel Kobil (1991; 2003; 2007), Elizabeth Rapaport (1998–2000; 2001), and Austin Sarat (2005; 2008), Chapter 2 suggests four models of clemency in death penalty cases, based upon the previous academic literature: (1) ‘mercy from the sovereign’ granted solely for the ruler’s benefit; (2) retributivist clemency; (3) redemptive clemency; and (4) clemency for political benefit or utilitarian reasons. Finally, Chapter 2 also summarizes the results of the few multi-jurisdictional studies on capital clemency conducted in the past (e.g. Turrell 2000; Pascoe 2017b; Sebba 1977b; Baumgartner and Morris 2001; The Parliamentary Monitoring Group 2004; Dascalu 2012; Novak 2015; Strange 1996; Tait 2000–1), together with factors that the theoretical literature suggests may contribute to clemency frequency or scarcity. In summary, the theoretical and empirical literature points to the following potential determinants of death penalty clemency: political regime, separation of powers, clemency decision-making structure, structural opportunities for leniency at earlier phases, procedural idiosyncrasies in the criminal justice system, time spent on death row, and predominant religion.
Conclusion: Clemency’s Place
Authors: Pascoe Daniel
Published: April 2019

The Conclusion, after briefly summarizing the respective country positions and restating the three-part hypothesis outlined in Chapter 7, considers what Southeast Asia’s ‘natural experiment’ on clemency means for policymakers, NGO staff, and legal practitioners working on death penalty cases in the region. The four national case studies, together with Chapter 7’s comparative hypothesis, suggest various practical means of boosting each Southeast Asian jurisdiction’s clemency rate within finalized capital cases. The Conclusion also considers what implications the comparative findings outlined in Chapter 7 have for the broader criminal justice literature in other parts of the world (particularly concerning the relationship between discretion exercised at different stages of a criminal case, the relationship between extrajudicial and judicial sanctions, the impact of democratization on criminal justice policies, and the influence of delay on criminal justice decision-making). Finally, the Conclusion suggests a future research agenda, including quantitative studies to ‘test’ the accuracy of the book’s three-part hypothesis in other parts of the retentionist world. The chapter ends with several predictions regarding the future of capital clemency in the four Southeast Asian jurisdictions under analysis (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia).
Algebra
Authors: Rice Adrian
Published: April 2019

This chapter is concerned with a single textbook written by Dodgson in 1867—An Elementary Treatise on Determinants. His book concerned the study of determinants, an algebraic construct that had come to the fore during the 19th century, and presented a new method, called the method of condensation, for evaluating them; this method was due to Dodgson and was the subject of his only refereed journal paper. The book also applied his results to the solution of simultaneous linear equations, and included the proof of a theorem describing when a system of linear equations is consistent. The book’s impact and influence are discussed in the concluding section of this chapter.
Recreational mathematics
Authors: Wakeling Edward
Published: April 2019

Dodgson was interested in puzzles and games throughout his life. This chapter concerns a wide range of recreational games and puzzles that he used to inform and entertain his child-friends and his colleagues. Among the topics included are problems involving time, probability, geometry, algebra, and arithmetic, and there are sections on calculating the days of the week, memorizing numbers, testing for divisibility, and on a wide range of other topics. Dodgson compiled puzzles for some of his young friends, and some of these were published in his lifetime (including some that he included in letters to magazines). Others were found in his papers after his death and published subsequently.
Mathematical bibliography
Authors: Richards Mark R.
Published: April 2019

This is the most detailed list of Dodgson’s mathematical writings and publications that currently exists. Information is given of each work’s date, publisher, and other relevant details.
Tyres
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on modern tyre modelling. While classical two-dimensional nonholonomic- constraint models work reasonably well at very low speeds, these models are not acceptable in realistic applications. This chapter aims to explain the mechanisms and modelling issues related to the generation of tyre forces and moments. Physical models such as the brush and string models are used to clarify the basic concepts. Building upon these findings, the empirical models widespread in vehicle dynamics analyses are discussed. An overview of some of the advanced models currently used in the industry is also given.
Precursory Vehicle Modelling
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 considers a number of precursory car and bicycle models, as well as an important oscillatory phenomenon commonly referred to as shimmy. The chapter begins by considering a classical single-track car model that will be used to analyse such things as yaw stability, the effects of acceleration and braking, and some of the influences of cornering. After that, the Timoshenko–Young bicycle model that has steering and rolling freedoms is considered. Bicycle stability is then considered with the help of a point-mass bicycle model. Shimmy, including gyroscopic shimmy, is discussed in the concluding part of the chapter. The reader will also be introduced to the fundamental notions of oversteer and understeer.
Ride Dynamics
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 6 dealswith road surfacemodelling and vehicle suspension systems, and their ride dynamics. A wide variety of car and motorcycle suspension configurations are now available. While most of these systems appear ‘very different’ from each other, many of their important properties can be analysed within a common ride-dynamics framework.The chapter begins with an analysis of the simple two-degree-of-freedom single-wheel-station (quarter-car) model.The validity of this model is discussed, and several of its properties studied, including its mode shapes, its invariant equation and the associated interpolation constraints, its frequency response characteristics, its design compromises, and its suspension component-value optimization.The singletrack suspensionmodel that can be used formotorcycles, and single-track carmodels, is then discussed, while in the last part of the chapter a full-vehicle suspension model is considered. The chapter finishes with some introductory remarks relating to suspension synthesis from a passive circuit-theoretic perspective.
Advanced Vehicle Modelling
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

The aim of this chapter is to discuss some of themodelling techniques used to replicate the important features of bicycle, car, motorcycle, and driver dynamics. These more ‘advanced’ vehicle models will include a number of features that were neglected in models described in Chapters 4 and 5, including suspensions with anti-dive and/or anti-squat geometries, environmental influences such as aerodynamic effects, threedimensional road geometries, and tyre models of the type described in Chapter 3.
Moment Inequalities and Gaussian Approximation for Mixing Sequences
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey
Published: April 2019

Although the “mixing assumption” is nowadays considered as a rather restrictive condition, it is a powerful tool, which possesses strong properties such as preservation under functional transform, meaning that any measurable function of a mixing sequence is still mixing. Note that the mixing assumption is still often assumed in econometric literature, often to check the mixingale properties. Also, it is apparent that approximation by Markov chains, or m-dependent variables, has become a powerful tool in the analysis of dynamical systems. Moment inequalities whose upper bounds are expressed in terms of norms of conditional expectations lead to sharp moment inequalities in the case of alpha-dependent sequences or of strong mixing sequences. However, when we consider ρ-mixing and ϕ-mixing sequences, this way does not lead to the optimal moment inequalities and other techniques have to be implemented.
Maximal Moment Inequalities for Weakly Negatively Dependent Variables
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey
Published: April 2019

The aim of this chapter is to prove Khintchine–Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund or Rosenthal-type moment inequalities for the partial sums or for the maximum of partial sums, in terms of weak dependence coefficients. We start with general probability and moment inequalities for Lipschitz functions of weakly negatively dependent variables. Besides being of interest in themselves, they will be key tools for proving moment inequalities for the partial sums associated with weakly negatively dependent variables. Some parts of this chapter are devoted to the weak law of large numbers, useful to get the convergence of quadratic characteristics such as the quadratic variation and also to obtain an alternative characterization of the notion of weakly negatively dependent vectors.
Random Walk in Random Scenery
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey
Published: April 2019

In this chapter we investigate the question of central limit behavior and its functional form for the partial sums associated with a centered L2-stationary sequence of real-valued random variables (usually called the random scenery) sampled by a recurrent one-dimensional strongly aperiodic random walk. This question is handled under various conditions dependent on the random scenery. In particular, we assume that the random scenery either satisfies an asymptotic negative dependence condition, or is a function of a determinantal process and a Gaussian sequence, or satisfies a mild projective criterion. We first show that study of central limit behavior for such random walks in random scenery can be handled with results related to linear statistics developed in Chapter 12, provided the random walk has good properties. We then look extensively at the properties of a recurrent one-dimensional strongly aperiodic random walk. The functional form of the central limit theorem is also investigated.
More moduli and coefficients
Authors: Goebel Kazimierz , Prus Stanisław
Published: April 2019

The general construction of multi-dimensional Milman’s moduli is described. Two-dimensional moduli are related to uniform convexity and uniform smoothness. The James constant measuring nonsquareness of the ball is discussed. A universal modulus, called also the modulus of squareness, and related both to convexity and smoothness is studied.
Impact of Tax Factors on Chinese FDIs
Authors: Li Na
Published: April 2019

The chapter explains that investment treaties are not the only drivers of Chinese foreign direct investments (FDIs). Tax factors also play an important role in impacting foreign direct investment into China (FDIs into China) and Chinese investment to other countries (Chinese outbound investment). This chapter examines the following questions: what are the impacts of tax factors on FDIs? Is the Chinese experience on using tax instruments consistent with these empirical findings? Whether China’s implementation of anti-tax avoidance measures might drive FDIs away from China? What are the tax competition concerns for China? The last section contains a conclusion. This chapter demonstrates that, despite the fact that debates are still ongoing about the impact of tax factors on FDI, Chinese experience shows that tax factors are used extensively by the Chinese government in both attracting FDIs into China as well as relieving tax disadvantages of Chinese outbound investment. Although China’s experience still cannot solve the mystery of whether tax incentives are effective on impacting FDIs, its implementing anti-tax avoidance measures in recent years have disclosed that tax transparency and certainty are important tax factors impacting business decisions. Therefore, China should take further into account the impact of tax factors on business before FDIs are scared away when implementing aggressive anti-tax avoidance measures.
Innovation as a Catalyst in the China–Israel Investment Relationship
Authors: Peled Hadas , Harpaz Marcia Don
Published: April 2019

Scientific and technological innovation has played an instrumental role in shaping contemporary China–Israel relations since the reform era in China. Based on a cross-disciplinary approach integrating international political economy and law, the chapter studies how, and why, innovation has shaped the relationship, and in particular, it analyses the implications of an innovation-based relationship, for China–Israel bilateral investment diplomacy. More broadly, the findings, pointing to innovation as an important explanatory variable in the China–Israel investment and trade relationship, can contribute to a better understanding of China’s changing international investment approach. The chapter starts by considering the importance of innovation in the individual development strategies of China and Israel, and their respective innovative ranking, noting China’s achievements in developing its own innovative capacity. The chapter discusses the central role of innovation in the history of China–Israel investment and trade relations. When geopolitical constraints have hindered innovation transfer, bilateral relations have suffered. The 2008 global financial crisis had surprisingly positive repercussions for Chinese–Israeli economic and political relations since it brought innovation to the forefront. Finally, the chapter focuses on three key aspects of innovation as a catalyst in the China–Israel investment relationship: the China–Israel bilateral investment treaty, its shortcomings, and the implications for the free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations; intellectual property rights in the context of the FTA; and the limitations of innovation in the greater geopolitical context. Looking forward, given the above factors, the authors conclude that innovation as a catalyst in bilateral relations is likely to decline.
Towards an Asia-Pacific Regional Investment Regime
Authors: Kawharu Amokura , Nottage Luke
Published: April 2019

Many similarities and occasional differences are evident concerning the current approaches of Australia and New Zealand towards investment treaties, including the now politically sensitive issue of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). This chapter considers the potential of these two closely integrated countries to influence the future design of investment treaties in the Asia Pacific region, including for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP or ‘ASEAN+6’ agreement) – the negotiations for which include China. The chapter compares key areas of existing treaties already signed by Australia and New Zealand, as well as apparent positions set out by them in a leaked draft RCEP investment chapter. Given the concerns about US–style treaty drafting displayed recently by Indonesia and India, major economies still negotiating RCEP with Australia and New Zealand (as well as bilateral agreements with the former), the chapter also considers the scope for Australia and New Zealand to promote more pro-state provisions regarding both substantive commitments and procedures such as ISDS, which characterize contemporary preferences of the European Union. The chapter concludes that a transition to a new generation of treaties is likely not only given the evolving preferences of counterparties and local politics, but also because of various policy arguments for dialing back treaty commitments to foreign investors—albeit without eschewing them altogether.
Beware of Chinese Bearing Gifts
Authors: Meunier Sophie
Published: April 2019

The exponential growth of Chinese direct investment has been accompanied in some cases by controversy and even resistance, both in developing and in developed economies. Around the world, critics have expressed fears and denounced some of the potential dangers of this investment, such as lowering of local labour standards, hollowing out of industrial core through repatriation of assets, and acquisition of dual use technology. Alarmist media headlines have warned against a Chinese takeover of national economies one controversial investment deal at a time. The ensuing political backlash has often received considerable media attention and increased scrutiny over subsequent deals. What explains the political challenges posed by the spectacular explosion of Chinese direct investment over the past few years in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU)? How and why have attitudes and policies in the West changed over the past decade towards Chinese FDI? This chapter considers two alternative explanations for the political challenges triggered by Chinese investment in Western countries. The first is that Chinese FDI causes political unease because of its novelty. The second is the perception that there is something inherently different about the nature of Chinese FDI and therefore it should not be treated politically like any other foreign investment. These two explanations lead to a different set of predictions for the future of Chinese FDI in Europe and the US. The first section analyses how the novelty of Chinese FDI may pose political challenges to Western politicians and publics and compares the current phenomenon with past instances of political problematic sources of FDI. Section II examines the argument that there is something inherently different about Chinese FDI, notably as stemming from an emerging economy, a unique political system, and a non-ally in the security dimension. The third section explores the domestic political context in which these challenges are raised: in Europe, the euro crisis and the rise of populism; in the US, the focus on geopolitical competition and the rise of economic nationalism. The conclusion raises some implications of these political challenges on the future of Chinese outward investment.
China’s Role and Interest in Central Asia
Authors: Ahmad Manzoor
Published: April 2019

The chapter gives an overview of the Chinese investments in the Central Asian states and also provides an in-depth analysis of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (or CPEC). These investments constitute important components of China’s three-pronged investment strategy comprising bilateral, regional, and global tracks. The roads, rails and pipelines not only ensure supply of energy resources from and through these countries but also enable China and these countries to become connected to Europe, Middle East, and Africa through alternative routes. Moreover, linking of these countries through BRI also provides the landlocked Central Asian countries access to open seas. The chapter also discusses the challenges that will have to be addressed to make the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor a success that can be replicated in the other five main corridors.
The International Fraud and Corruption Sanctioning System
Authors: Finder Susan
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on an unexplored aspect of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) doing business overseas--the interaction of these companies with the integrity systems implemented by the multi-lateral development banks and development institutions (MDBs), aimed at preventing fraud, corruption, and other abuses in projects undertaken by those institutions. In recent years, many more Chinese companies have begun doing business overseas, encouraged by the ‘Going Out Policy’ and One Belt One Road and have been more actively bidding for MDB projects. For various reasons, some Chinese companies fall foul of the MDBs’ integrity systems. The chapter provides a brief overview of the integrity systems developed the MDBs, focusing on Chinese company interactions with that system, the efforts of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) to integrate with that system, as well as the view of the Chinese government towards this system. It looks at the status of and possible trends in the integration of the Chinese anticorruption regulatory system with the MDB system.
Use of Investor–state against China’s Enforcement of the Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Kang Sungjin
Published: April 2019

Since China introduced the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) in 2008, China achieved an impressive competition law enforcement field record. However, lawyers and scholars still argue that Chinese competition authorities applied AML disproportionately against foreign companies. Despite the possibility of judicial reviews, many foreign companies still have reservation on the independent of judiciary of China, and they are still reluctant to appeal the decisions before the Chinese courts. In addition, there are some incidents where Chinese competition authorities used the AML to promote its own industrial policy. In this regard, foreign companies are not 100 per cent sure to trust the decisions of the Chinese competition authorities that they apply the AML fairly to safeguard the fair competition between Chinese companies and foreign companies. In this regard, foreign investors are trying to find a system to make sure that they are subject to ‘fair and equitable’ treatment or at least to ‘national treatment’ under the trade agreements between China and its major trading partners. The author is of the view that it is time for the foreign investors in China to consider the ISDS as an option to challenge procedural aspects of the Chinese competition law enforcements. By bringing an AML cases before the ISDS, foreign investors may induce Chinese competition authorities to comply with the due process and fair application of the competition laws, thus safeguarding transparency and predictability of the competition law enforcement of China.
Status
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: April 2019

This chapter sketches an account of the basis of status, suggesting that individuals with higher status largely have this status by virtue of having more developed and sophisticated psychological capacities. This idea is illustrated by indicating some of the relevant capacities which people have in a more sophisticated form than that had by animals. There are, however, other properties that can also be relevant for fixing an individual’s status, including their sheer potential to have status-enhancing psychological capacities, or—a distinct property—the fact that the given individual could have had various status-enhancing properties (a feature called modal status). The author offers accounts of potential and modal status, and explains how the overall picture of status being offered remains individualistic.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This introductory chapter provides a background of Graeco-Roman grammar. The Roman Empire was different from that of the European Middle Ages, and from the way it came itself to be perceived in the Renaissance. Therefore, part of the history of grammar in the west is of its adaptation to new circumstances and new pressures. Any grammar is a partial description of a language, which identifies certain kinds of unit and relations of certain kinds between them. Those established in antiquity in analyses of Greek and Latin were later taken as a model for the description of languages whose structure was in one way or another different. However, other units and relations came in time to be identified, which have since been taken up by scholars generally. A central aim then of this book is to make clear what the ancient model was.
Judging Well
Authors: Gilby Emma
Published: April 2019

When Marin Mersenne reflects upon the 1637 Discours de la méthode, he is anxious about what Descartes teaches us on the subject of flexibility and changing our minds. His worry is that Descartes might be arrogantly suggesting that the human will can tend to the good without the assistance of divine grace. Descartes’s response revolves around the example of Medea, a touchstone for poetic theory in general and the subject of Corneille’s 1635 reworking of Seneca. Subsequent critical comparisons of Corneille and Descartes are re-evaluated in this context, and against the background of the explosion of poetic debate in the quarrel surrounding Corneille’s 1637 Le Cid. This quarrel places the major players in earlier debates about tragicomedy on a very public stage.
The Forests of Mt Ida
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the role which physical geography plays in promoting regional integration by examining how the forests of Mt Ida functioned within the Troad. Mt Ida has often been imagined as a place free from, even hostile to, human intervention and habitation. We encounter this characterization not just in the literature produced by urban elites who may not have had first-hand experience of the forests, but also in the religious practices of those who lived around Mt Ida in antiquity, and indeed in the folklore of the Turkmen who live there today. Yet the reality, as revealed in particular by the evidence of Theophrastos’ Historia plantarum, is that the forested uplands of Mt Ida were intensely cultivated by the lowland cities of the middle Scamander valley and the coastal Troad. Mt Ida has historically been an important source of resources, above all pitch and timber, which have been crucial to the lowland economy and which gained significant value through convenient access to water-borne transport via the Scamander and the Aegean. It is thus precisely the environmental differences between the forests of Mt Ida and the lowland Troad which bring them together. This is true not just economically, but also culturally: the idea of the forests as the antithesis of lowland urban society has played an important role in identity formation for precisely those communities which know these forests best.
Anxiety, Scepticism, and Rule Following
Authors: Egan David
Published: April 2019

Heidegger claims that average everyday Dasein is inauthentic: we have a tendency—which Heidegger characterizes as ‘falling’—to disown or fail to acknowledge our own role in constituting the significance of our existence. A pivotal moment in turning us toward our authentic potentiality-for-being-a-self is the mood of anxiety in which we encounter the world as evacuated of significance. In such a mood, we come face to face with the essential open-endedness of our existence, which Heidegger characterizes as uncanny. Heidegger’s dynamic of falling and anxiety finds striking echoes in Wittgenstein’s treatment of rule following and scepticism. The sceptical challenge Wittgenstein confronts with regard to rule following resembles the mood of anxiety in which we are suddenly confronted with the sense that we have no good reason for going on as we have done until now.
Authenticity and the Everyday
Authors: Egan David
Published: April 2019

This chapter develops two claims that are central to the argument of the book. First, it articulates a conception of authenticity in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy that echoes the conception we find in Division II of Being and Time. This account builds on the treatment of rule following from the previous chapter and contrasts an ‘authentic’ reading of Wittgenstein with Kripke’s sceptical reading. And second, it argues that, for both Wittgenstein and Heidegger, authenticity is not a liberation from the everyday but rather a clear-sighted embrace of the everyday. Our average everyday existence is inauthentic to the extent that we regard that existence as fixed independent of us. An authentic everydayness, by contrast, acknowledges the uncanniness of our everyday practices, which have no external support or justification beyond our own investment in them.
Revisiting the Origins: The Internet and its Early Governance
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

This chapter sets the stage for the long-term analysis of the evolution of the field. In the early days the Internet was a rather homogenous domain, closely linked to computer science and networking experiments. The rules designed for its management were function- and efficiency-driven. Starting in 1983, different forms of governance, combining public and private initiatives, begin to profile, largely around an active community of professionals in the ARPA network. Until the expansion and commercialization of the Internet in the mid-1990s, the predominant governance route was that of standards and protocols making networks interoperable. In a path-dependent trajectory, Internet services remained exempted from regulation.
Enacting Internet Governance: Power and Communities over Time
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

Chapter 6 locates authority and agency in Internet governance, disentangling the power dynamics in the field and in the community enacting them. Starting with a longitudinal, comparative perspective of the governance trends identified in previous chapters, it discusses the changing role of Internet companies and influential states in landmark developments post-2015, zooming in on market dynamics, cyber norm debates, and artificial intelligence strategies, including a discussion on developments in China and India. It further analyses community formation patterns in Internet governance, presenting the internal dynamics of decision-making and the perpetuation of core values among newcomers in established groupings. Against the continuous expansion and diversification of the field, this section traces the many continuities that structure a now mature field of power.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: April 2019

There is surely a connection between our deontic concepts, rightness and wrongness, and our responsibility related concepts, praise- and blameworthiness. However, it is not clear what the relationship is. The book aims to shed light on our concepts of rightness and wrongness, praise- and blameworthiness, and praise and blame. This introductory chapter describes the methodology: a sort of reflective equilibrium. Our responsibility practices serve to regulate and rationalize our interpersonal relationships, and we should aim for our concepts to work well in that framework. This is a project in normative responsibility theory: the primary aim is not to give an account of the conditions of agency, but to give an account of what sort of wrong action makes blame fitting.
Excuses
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the sorts of excuse that might apply to the various sorts of wrongdoing. An agent who acts subjectively wrongly could not have a simple excuse of ignorance or lack of control, but it is possible that mitigating factors apply. Mitigating circumstances, like excuses, show that what is really going on is that the agent is not acting as badly as it appears she is. Next, the chapter examines cases of mixed motivations, where an agent is trying hard enough to be acting subjectively rightly, but something goes wrong with her act, not through external bad luck, but through the agent’s own flawed motivations. In such cases the agent is praiseworthy in the ordinary way for trying, but we are bound to react with a species of detached blame to her bad motives. Finally, the chapter considers the role that unfortunate formative circumstances play in reducing blameworthiness.
Is the Citizen-Inclusive State an Agent?
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 asks whether the citizen-inclusive model described in Chapter 2 meets the conditions for collective agency. A range of theories of collective agency are presented, grouped according to strength: strong accounts, moderate accounts, and weak accounts. After presenting each account, the chapter determines whether the state is likely to count as a collective agent on any of these theories. It also considers the distinction between agency and moral agency, and whether the state can be said to have the latter. The chapter concludes with a more general discussion of whether the citizenry is the kind of group likely to meet strong or moderate conditions, and argues that it is not because it is fundamentally unorganized. The conclusion is that an understanding of the state as the citizenry taken together should be rejected.
Citizens’ Culpability and Responsibility for States’ Actions
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: April 2019

This chapter returns to the outstanding issue of whether citizens might have responsibility for what their states do in a weaker form than culpability. That is to say, even if they are not members of the collective agent that is the state, they might nonetheless come to have responsibilities for what it does. In the first part of the chapter, the focus is on whether weak collective agency can support collective culpability, and it is argued, through a thought experiment in three variations, that it cannot. In the second part of the chapter, the focus is on alternatives to culpability, including complicity, association, benefit, privilege, and assistance. Difficulties with some of these are noted, but it is argued that there may yet be responsibilities from several of these sources, particular when there are ‘culpability shortfalls’.
Conclusion
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: April 2019

The Conclusion summarizes the chapter content of the book and restates some of the major findings on culpability, blame, and punishment. It poses further questions for consideration, relating particularly to collective punishment and a shift from immoral to moral institutional cultures.