bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The imitation game: building cultural intelligence as a social learning capability to boost SMEs' international performance
Authors: Pauluzzo Rubens
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Drawing on the upper echelons theory and resource-based view, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how SMEs' decision-makers can develop cultural intelligence to improve firms' adaptive capability and performance in foreign markets. The study addresses this need by using social cognitive theory as an appropriate tool to measure cultural intelligence development.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of 244 Italian SMEs, data were collected through an online survey and analyzed with structural equation modeling techniques.

Findings

The results show that decision-makers of resource-constrained SMEs can rely on modeled behaviors to inform their decisions when dealing with diverse cultural contexts. The findings also reveal that the development of cultural intelligence can foster adaptive strategies and support SMEs in achieving superior performance outcomes in international markets.

Research limitations/implications

Other variables can be taken into account to expand the model and recognize new determinants able to affect the link between the constructs. Other learning theories could provide additional interpretations of cultural intelligence development.

Practical implications

Social cognitive processes nurture cultural intelligence in helping SMEs' owner-managers become more flexible and adaptive in responding to the requests of local settings. When facing the uncertainties of foreign markets, decision-makers can effectively make inferences from the observation of successful modeled behaviors. This helps owner-managers better coordinate, recombine and allocate resources to address the needs of diverse cultural markets.

Originality/value

This study demonstrates that social cognitive theory is a relevant tool to measure cultural intelligence development in small business settings.
Self-organised structures in the field of ICT: challenges for employees’ workplace learning
Authors: Collin Kaija Marjukka , Keronen Sara , Lemmetty Soila , Auvinen Tommi , Riivari Elina
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the challenges of low hierarchy and self-organised structures for employees’ learning and competency development at work. In the past decade, interest in employees’ and organisations’ self-directedness has increased. Self-organised structures are perceived as better able to answer to the quickly changing requirements of clients and business environments. Within these structures, employees are expected to take on more responsibility and maintain more control over their workplace learning, which means they must be self-directed and autonomous. An important question for this approach is how can workplace learning and employee competence development be enhanced.

Design/methodology/approach

Two self-organised Finnish information and communication technology-companies participated in the study. With the help of data-driven content analysis, 36 interviews were analysed.

Findings

Unclear roles, structures and areas of responsibility caused challenges during the guidance and support of learning, for long-term and sustainable professional development possibilities and in organising and prioritizing work tasks related to learning.

Practical implications

In self-organised structures, there should be a means of the better supporting individual- and team-based learning. This will allow learning to have as much value as possible in the future and, therefore, be more sustainable. The findings are also important to be taken into account in managers’ and HR professionals’ education and training.

Originality/value

The findings of this study can offer insights into employees’ well-being emerging from the possibility to learn and be supported in that learning especially in self-organised structures, which so far has been scarcely studied.
The coronavirus pandemic in the Caribbean academic library: Jamaica's initial interpretation of strengths, biggest impact, lessons and plans
Authors: Harris Sasekea Yoneka
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This paper examined the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic (known as COVID-19) on Jamaican academic libraries, during the first six months, with an emphasis on revealed library strengths, biggest impact, lessons learned and plans for library business continuity.

Design/methodology/approach

The local academic libraries in higher education in Jamaica (also referred to in this paper as university libraries) were surveyed.

Findings

The coronavirus pandemic revealed strengths in the areas of staffing and library modality and had the biggest impact on the latter. Lessons were learned in preparedness, communication, documentation, collaboration, staffing, library modality, and infrastructure/systems, which together shaped plans for library business re-opening/continuity.

Research limitations/implications

This paper captures the initial response of Jamaican Academic Libraries (JAL) to the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Information on COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, and the preliminary initial response of Jamaica is neither the final nor complete response to the pandemic. As such, a follow-up survey of months 7–12 would be useful. Also, a survey of all English-speaking Caribbean academic libraries would be of value to library evidence and practice.

Practical implications

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a gap in the literature on library disaster management in general but also specifically on pandemic preparedness and management, and library business continuity during a pandemic. Using JAL' response, this paper proposes: “A Pandemic Preparedness Business Continuity Planning Checklist for Jamaican Academic Libraries”, which can be adopted/adapted in other Caribbean/developing country academic libraries, as well as other library types in Jamaica, which currently look to the understudied university libraries for leadership.

Originality/value

This paper is the first scholarly paper on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university libraries in the Jamaican / English-speaking Caribbean, with a focus on revealed strengths, biggest impact, lessons learned, plans for library business re-opening/continuity. As the scholarly literature on pandemic management in Caribbean academic libraries is non-existent, this paper seeks to fill this gap, albeit incrementally. Additionally, the findings can inform the Latin America and Caribbean section of international library papers on COVID-19 impact on academic libraries globally.
CEO dominance and firm innovation effort
Authors: Prugsamatz Nicolette Chatelier
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether innovation effort is lower for firms exhibiting signs of higher chief executive officer (CEO) dominance and whether such CEOs can be incentivized to pursue risky ventures such as innovation projects in line with shareholder's interests that are geared toward the long-term growth of the firm.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper utilizes panel data of US publicly listed companies (2007–2016) to address the influence of CEO dominance on firm innovation effort and the moderating effects of incentives in this relationship through ordinary least squares (OLS) estimations. A two-stage least squares (2SLS) technique is also employed to address possible endogeneity. As a robustness check, further analysis is conducted utilizing an alternative proxy for CEO incentive as well as Tobit analysis (with panel-level random effects).

Findings

Results from both OLS and Tobit estimations offer two key findings. First, there is a significantly negative relationship between CEO pay slice and firm research and development (R&D) intensity. Second, the interaction effect of CEO incentives and CEO dominance is significant and positive.

Research limitations/implications

When provided with the right incentives, such as those that reward long-term performance, dominant CEOs can be incentivized to go after risky ventures like innovation projects that are crucial to promoting the long-term growth of the firm.

Originality/value

This paper utilizes R&D instead of patent outputs as proxies for innovation where the former enables studying R&D efforts for more recent periods compared to prior studies that utilize patent data.
Influence of marketing channel conflicts on channel innovation capability: the mediating role of channel cohesion and the moderating role of channel network structure
Authors: Deng Guangkuan , Zhang Jianyu , Fan Zhiwen
Published: February 2021

Purpose

In this paper, extending the research on the positive effects of marketing channel conflicts, this paper aims to examine how functional and dysfunctional conflicts influence channel innovation capability by triggering channel cohesion and investigate the moderating role of a distributor’s network structure.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on social network theory and Coser’s conflict theory, this paper develops a framework, tested using Chinese manufacturers’ data, which incorporated six key variables, namely, functional conflict, dysfunctional conflict, channel cohesion, channel innovation capability, network density and network centrality.

Findings

The empirical results revealed that functional conflict can arouse channel cohesion and that distributor network density and centrality positively moderates this relationship; dysfunctional conflict negatively affects channel cohesion, but distributor network density negatively moderates this relationship; channel cohesion had a mediating effect on the relationship between channel conflict and channel innovation capability.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the research on channel conflict by incorporating the entire channel system’s innovation capability as a positive consequence of channel conflict and expands the channel conflict literature that adopts a network structure perspective.
An updated survey of factors influencing property valuation accuracy in Australia
Authors: Abidoye Rotimi Boluwatife , Huang Wei , Amidu Abdul-Rasheed , Javad Ashad Ali
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This study updates and extends the current work on the issue of accuracy of property valuation. The paper investigates the factors that contribute to property valuation inaccuracy and examines different strategies to achieve greater accuracy in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

An online questionnaire was designed and administered on the Australian Property Institute (API) registered valuers, attempting to examine their perceptions on the current state of valuation accuracy in Australia. The variables/statements from responses are ranked overall and compared for differences by the characteristics of respondents.

Findings

Using mean rating point, the survey ranked three factors; inexperience valuers, the selection, interpretation and use of comparable evidence in property valuation exercise and the complexity of the subject property in terms of design, age, material specification and state of repairs as the most significant factors currently affecting valuation inaccuracy. The results of a Chi-square test did not, however, show a significant statistical relationship between respondents' profile and the perception on the comparative importance of the factors identified. Except for valuers' age and inexperience valuers and valuers' educational qualification and inexperience valuers and the selection, interpretation and use of comparable evidence in property valuation exercise. Also, the three highly ranked strategies for reducing the level of inaccuracy are: developing a global mindset, use of advanced methodology and training valuers on market forecasting skills.

Practical implications

In order for valuers to provide state-of-the-art service to the public and to remain relevant, there is a need to accurately and reliably estimate valuation figures. Hence, the strategies highlighted in this study could be considered in a bid to reduce property valuation inaccuracy in practice.

Originality/value

This study provides an updated overview of the issue of property valuation inaccuracy in the Australia valuation practice and examines the strategies to reduce it.
Student accommodation, environmental behaviour and lessons for property managers
Authors: Wilkinson Sara , Zalejska Jonsson Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Despite awareness of climate change for over 3 decades, per capita energy and water consumption increase and environmental impacts grow. The built environment contributes around 40% of total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; action is vital. Whilst building code standards have increased, rating tools and technology to reduce energy and water consumption are developed; environmental impact grows because of human behaviour. In the tertiary education sector, student accommodation constitutes a large part of the property portfolio, contributing significant amounts of GHG emissions and environmental impact. Property Managers can educate and install systems and technologies to improve behaviour if they understand it.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory study used a questionnaire survey to explore how student's worldviews vary and the possible limitations to behaviour in respect of climate change. In total, 71 responses from international university students living in residential accommodation on campuses in Stockholm were analysed.

Findings

The results show different perceptions about the environment and actions that are needed, and this leads to different behaviours. Limited knowledge and inability to relate environmental consequences to one's own actions, effective communication and risk averse behaviour, are critical in mitigating climate change. A deeper understanding of participants worldviews and the different resulting behaviours was achieved.

Research limitations/implications

This pilot study involved a small number of participants and future studies should expand participant numbers, including those with more varied backgrounds, education levels and age groups.

Practical implications

If property managers gain a deeper understanding the different behaviours of their residents, they can develop effective strategies to facilitate action that will lower the environment impact and GHG emissions of student accommodation.

Originality/value

The knowledge gained about environmental attitudes and human behaviour can help property and facility managers, policy makers and regulators to develop more effective strategies to deliver improved sustainability outcomes.
Adaptive clothing features to support daily exercising needs of muscular dystrophy victimized women in Sri Lanka
Authors: Seram Niromi , Mataraarachchi Rivini , Jayaneththi Thanuri
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Exercising is a key approach adopted by muscular dystrophy patients to halt the weakening of muscles as it can eventually lead to serious immobility issues. Though it is essential to exercise on a daily basis for healthy living, there is no mention of any research effort in the current literature regarding the development of an apparel product for these mobility-affected patients that might assist them both in meeting their exercising needs and providing them some comfort in their daily living. Thus, this paper aims to focus on identifying the specific needs of muscular dystrophy victims and proposing special adaptive clothing solutions to support their daily exercise and mobility needs.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the objectives of this study, attention was focused on the muscular dystrophy afflicted women in Sri Lanka. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the female victims of muscular dystrophy and their lifestyles were observed carefully; additional data were gathered by holding semi-structured interviews with their physiotherapists. Further, interviews were conducted with both garment technologists and fabric technologists too. Data gathered through these methods were analyzed qualitatively using the principles of thematic analysis and then aggregate conclusions were drawn.

Findings

It was observed that the patients were engaged in special activities such as exercising three times a day besides following their normal day-to-day activities to maintain and develop muscle strength. It soon became evident that these women found it difficult to perform their daily exercise routines with their regular clothing and were looking for custom made clothing they could wear all day long in comfort and avoid the problems that arose while exercising. The study specifies the requirements that must be met to satisfy both generic and specific needs. Considering all these aspects some adaptive clothing solutions were proposed to support daily exercising activity with respect to comfort, convenience, health and safety, as well as socio-cultural and psychological needs.

Originality/value

The area of fusing generic and specific features to support the daily exercising needs of muscular dystrophy victims is an untouched field of experimentation and being a need of the disabled, the present study marks a milestone on the way to a novel area of apparel design, besides exploring a new field of research.
Design and behavior science in government-to-citizens cognitive-communication: a study towards an inclusive framework
Authors: Chohan Sohail Raza , Hu Guangwei , Khan Asad Ullah , Pasha Ahmad Tisman , Sheikh Muhammad Atif
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of design and behavior science collectively in refining the government to citizens’ (G2C) cognitive-communication by using artificial intelligence (AI) artifacts. It investigates the citizens’ behavior intention to use AI cognitive-communication channels in e-government services.

Design/methodology/approach

This study reveals the potential of unification in design and behavior science paradigms when integrated into AI artifacts in measuring the constructive outcome of proposed architecture that embraces the perceived risk and trust in citizens’ usage behavior intentions. To evaluate the practical relevance of design science paradigm, action research was incorporated by developing an app as an exemplified scenario.

Findings

The weaknesses of traditional G2C channel communication obliterated by AI virtual agents. This study proposes a five-layer architecture model created with citizens-centered design highlighting the improved relevance for G2C cognitive-communication. The behavior model supports citizens’ usage behavior intentions through trust as a positive attribute and negative attribute as a perceived risk.

Research limitations/implications

This study contributes to the knowledge of design science paradigm particularly to AI-based cognitive G2C communication. The architecture serves for deploying virtual agents to automate the public officials for decision-making processes. The authors have constructed a cognitive-communication model and have examined the relationships among the extents of cognitive-communication model. This channel has the potential to significantly transform G2C cognitive and intelligent communication.

Practical implications

This cognitive-communication channel has the potential to significantly transform the communication between government and citizens. Such a model can be an interest of developers, researchers and government policymakers in a holistic approach drawn from theory and methods of both design and behavior science to create a successful communication scenario.

Social implications

Advances in technology are not without social implications. The study results can dramatically improve the efficiencies of government workplaces and can augment the human working. It will help to reduce the government services discriminations among the citizens and contribute to society through social inclusion.

Originality/value

This study addresses the duality in information system research by first defining the theoretical framework for G2C cognitive-communication architecture and then developing a research model drawn upon a citizens’ service usage behavioral theory. It will also contribute to providing important perceptions of AI practices in the public sector.
Anaerobic microbial methanol conversion in marine sediments
Authors: Fischer Peter Q. , Sánchez‐Andrea Irene , Stams Alfons J. M. , Villanueva Laura , Sousa Diana Z.
Published: February 2021

Methanol is an ubiquitous compound that plays a role in microbial processes as a carbon and energy source, intermediate in metabolic processes or as end product in fermentation. In anoxic environments, methanol can act as the sole carbon and energy source for several guilds of microorganisms: sulfate‐reducing microorganisms, nitrate‐reducing microorganisms, acetogens and methanogens. In marine sediments, these guilds compete for methanol as their common substrate, employing different biochemical pathways. In this review, we will give an overview of current knowledge of the various ways in which methanol reaches marine sediments, the ecology of microorganisms capable of utilizing methanol and their metabolism. Furthermore, through a metagenomic analysis, we shed light on the unknown diversity of methanol utilizers in marine sediments which is yet to be explored.
Shifting microbiomes complement life stage transitions and diet of the bird parasite Philornis downsi from the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Jose Polpass Arul , Ben‐Yosef Michael , Lahuatte Paola , Causton Charlotte E. , Heimpel George E. , Jurkevitch Edouard , Yuval Boaz
Published: February 2021

Domestication disconnects an animal from its natural environment and diet, imposing changes in the attendant microbial community. We examine these changes in Philornis downsi (Muscidae), an invasive parasitic fly of land birds in the Galapagos Islands. Using a 16S rDNA profiling approach we studied the microbiome of larvae and adults of wild and laboratory‐reared populations. These populations diverged in their microbiomes, significantly more so in larval than in adult flies. In field‐collected second‐instar larvae, Klebsiella (70.3%) was the most abundant taxon, while in the laboratory Ignatzschineria and Providencia made up 89.2% of the community. In adults, Gilliamella and Dysgonomonas were key members of the core microbiome of field‐derived females and males but had no or very low representation in the laboratory. Adult flies harbour sex‐specific microbial consortia in their gut, as male core microbiomes were significantly dominated by Klebsiella. Thus, P. downsi microbiomes are dynamic and shift correspondingly with life cycle and diet. Sex‐specific foraging behaviour of adult flies and nest conditions, which are absent in the laboratory, may contribute to shaping distinct larval, and adult male and female microbiomes. We discuss these findings in the context of microbe–host co‐evolution and the implications for control measures.
Emergency department presentations in the Southern District of New Zealand during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown
Authors: Allen Manurereau T , Thompson Brianna C , Atkinson Brad , Fyfe Christie E , Scanlan Meghan J , Stephen Rachel E , Thomas Sophie I , Welsh Grace N , Wrigley Rebekah , McLeay Adam , Beck Sierra , Dockerty John D
Published: February 2021

Objective

To assess changes in presentations to EDs during the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown in the Southern Region of New Zealand.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective audit of patients attending EDs in the Southern District Health Board (SDHB), from 1 March to 13 May 2020. We made comparisons with attendances during the same period in 2019. The 2020 study period included ‘pre‐lockdown’ (1 March–25 March), ‘level 4 (strict) lockdown’ (26 March–27 April) and ‘level 3 (eased) lockdown’ (28 April–13 May).

Results

Patient volumes reduced in all SDHB EDs during levels 4 and 3, mostly representing a loss of low acuity patients (Australasian Triage Scale 3, 4 and 5), although high‐acuity presentations also declined. Average patient age increased by 5 years; however, the proportions of sexes and ethnicities did not change. Presentations of cerebrovascular accidents and appendicitis did not change significantly. Trauma, mental health, acute coronary syndrome and infectious respiratory presentations decreased significantly during level 4, and infectious respiratory presentations decreased further in level 3.

Conclusions

Within the SDHB, patient volumes reduced during levels 4 and 3 of our lockdown, with reduced low‐acuity presentations. High‐acuity patient numbers also declined. Trauma, mental health, alcohol‐related, infectious respiratory and acute coronary syndrome presentations declined while cerebrovascular accident and appendicitis numbers showed little to no change.
Speed of electroconvulsive therapy for depression: Effects of electrode placement
Authors: Fox Celine A. , McLoughlin Declan M.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a rapidly effective treatment for severe depression. Treatment with right unilateral (RUL) or bitemporal (BT) ECT may explain individual differences in speed of ECT effectiveness. There is limited evidence for demographic and clinical factors that predict speed of response and remission with ECT. We aimed to investigate differences in speed of improvement as well as achieving response and remission between twice‐weekly brief‐pulse high‐dose (6 × seizure threshold) RUL ECT and moderate‐dose (1.5 × seizure threshold) BT ECT. We also explored demographic and clinical characteristics that predict speed of response and remission.

Methods

Weekly 24‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were assessed among patients with severe depression who participated in the EFFECT‐Dep trial (ISRCTN23577151). Speed of improvement in patients randomised to RUL ECT (n = 69) or BT ECT (n = 69) was compared using independent sample t tests. Pearson's chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests compared proportions of responders and remitters at each weekly assessment. Predictors of speed of response and remission were explored using Cox regression analyses.

Results

There were no significant differences between RUL and BT ECT in speed of improvement, response or remission. Exploratory analyses indicated that speed of response and remission were not predicted by a wide variety of demographic and clinical characteristics.

Conclusion

ECT electrode placement did not have predictive value when determining speed of improvement, response and remission with ECT. Other clinical factors, such as cognitive side‐effects, may be more relevant when making the clinical choice between RUL and BT ECT.
Trends in anticholinergic and opioid dispensing in older adults from 2004 to 2015: Results from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Study
Authors: Neelamegam Malinee , Zgibor Janice , Chen Henian , O'Rourke Kathleen , Bakour Chighaf , Rajaram Lakshminarayan , Anstey Kaarin J.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Due to potential adverse effects, guidelines recommend that anticholinergics and opioids be avoided in older adults unless necessary. This study examines the dispensing trends of these medications among older Australians.

Methods

Data of 2222 PATH study (60+ cohort) participants were analysed. Medication dispensing data were obtained from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme from April 2004 to March 2015. Temporal trends of prescriptions dispensed were assessed using joinpoint regression analysis.

Results

Of all dispensed prescriptions, 5.5% were for anticholinergics and opioids, and 46.2% of anticholinergics dispensed were anti‐depressants. Anticholinergic dispensing trend increased in 2004‐2015 (annual per cent change, APC = 3.4%), particularly for moderately anticholinergic medications (APC = 6.8%). Dispensing trend for opioids increased in 2004‐2011 (APC = 11.3%) and declined in 2011‐2015 (APC = −4.4%).

Conclusion

While guidelines urge caution in prescribing these medications to older adults, dispensing increased over time in this study population.
Population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation of tafamidis in healthy subjects and patients with transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Huh Yeamin , Riley Steve , Harnisch Lutz , Nicholas Timothy
Published: February 2021

Aims

Since the first approval for transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy patients, new formulations and different strength of tafamidis have been developed and tested in a different population (transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy). The objective of this analysis was to develop a unified population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of tafamidis, which can describe the PK of various different formulations in healthy subjects as well as patients with TTR amyloidosis, and to understand effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the PK variability.

Methods

Pooled data from 23 clinical studies (17 Phase 1 and 6 Phase 2/3 studies) were used for the analysis. The plasma concentration–time data were analysed using a nonlinear mixed effects modelling methodology. Covariate analysis was performed using a stepwise covariate model building procedure.

Results

The final model was a 2‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and elimination coupled with an absorption lag time for nonsolution formations. Body weight, food and tafamidis formulations were incorporated as structural covariates on PK parameters. Covariate analysis further identified age ≥65 years (14.5% decrease) and moderate hepatic impairment effects (57.6% increase) on apparent clearance and transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy effect (17.3% decrease) on F. However, model‐based clinical trial simulation results indicated that tafamidis steady‐state exposure changes were not clinically meaningful under the tested conditions.

Conclusions

The unified population PK model of tafamidis was developed based on 23 studies. Subsequent clinical trial simulations indicated that no significant changes in tafamidis exposure necessitating a dose modification are expected due to either extrinsic or intrinsic factors. The model was used to support labelling statements for dose recommendations in special populations.
High‐resolution sedimentary budget quantification – Example from the Cenozoic deposits in the Pelotas Basin, South Atlantic
Authors: Rohais S. , Lovecchio J. P. , Abreu V. , Miguez M. , Paulin S.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we propose a high‐resolution (HR) sedimentary budget quantification at basin‐scale for the Cenozoic deposits of the Pelotas Basin (South Atlantic). A new workflow is implemented including five main steps: (1) basin‐scale analysis and characterization, (2) quality control and selection of reference 2D dip‐sections, (3) HR seismic stratigraphy analysis, (4) sediment supply estimation taking into account lithology and porosity corrections and then (5) the estimation of the sedimentary budget curve including 41 time‐intervals for the last 65 Myr. Variance ranges were determined considering the parameters of the method on the case study. The main uncertainties are related to the seismic velocities for the time‐to‐depth conversion (5%–22%), the method for lithological parameters quantification and associated porosity correction (4.4%–14.3%), the absolute ages of stratigraphic markers (1%–25%), and the proportion of in‐situ sediment production (0.3%–0.5%). For the very first time, this method allows the identification of several cycles from an entire sedimentary basin fill characterized by pulses of sediment supply (Qs) whose growth phase lasts less than 1 Myr, followed by a constant phase lasting 1–2 Myr, and finally an exponentially decreasing phase lasting 2–5 Myr. These pulses alternate with phases where the sediment supply was very low for intervals of ca. 1–5 Myr. Ten major pulses were recognized during the Cenozoic. We propose that the sediment supply dynamic in the Pelotas basin records the orogenic phases of the Andes located more than 2,000 km upstream. The recorded Qs pulses in the basin are out of phase with respect to the active tectonic phases of the Central Andes. Finally, by comparing the volume of preserved sediment and the production capacity of the catchment, we suggest that a source of sediment in addition to the Brazilian craton and the Andes should be envisaged, potentially associated with deep‐water oceanic circulation.
Checkpoint inhibitor–induced autoimmune central nervous system disorder in patients with metastatic melanoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Möhn Nora , Sühs Kurt‐Wolfram , Angela Yenny , Stangel Martin , Ivanyi Philipp , Beutel Gernot , Gutzmer Ralf , Skripuletz Thomas , Grimmelmann Imke
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the management of multiple cancers with previously poor prognosis. Despite its efficacy the therapy is associated with a wide spectrum of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) including neurological deficits ranging from peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and myasthenic syndromes to encephalopathy or meningitis. Up to now, neurological irAEs, especially those with central nervous system (CNS) involvement, have been reported rather sporadically. Symptoms can be unspecific, which results in a diagnostic challenge.

Methods

In the study at hand, we report 5 patients who presented with symptoms of the CNS during ICI therapy indicating autoimmune encephalitis.

Results

Symptoms ranged from headache and hallucinations to symptoms of the brainstem to cerebellar syndrome. Radiological findings according to brain magnetic resonance imaging were unspecific, and analysis of autoantibodies remained negative in all cases. All patients underwent lumbar puncture, and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed an elevated cell count, and thus an indication of inflammation, in 4 cases (80%). Consequently, all patients received high‐dose steroid treatment, and symptoms of all patients with elevated cerebrospinal fluid cell count significantly improved.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that symptoms of immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced encephalitis can be unspecific, and radiological findings are often inconspicuous. Thus, cerebrospinal fluid analysis is the most important examination to achieve a correct diagnosis, which in turn is decisive for a rapid start of therapy.
Corporate governance dynamics of political tie formation in emerging economies: Business group affiliation, family ownership, and institutional transition
Authors: Chung Chi‐Nien , Zhu Hongjin
Published: February 2021

Research Question/Issue

Despite the importance of political ties to firm strategy and performance, little is known about why and how firms form political ties. This study examines how firm‐specific governance structures function as important determinants of the formation of political ties and how the impact of governance structures evolves during institutional transition of emerging economies.

Research Findings/Insights

Our empirical analysis is based on a longitudinal data set involving manually coded political ties of listed firms in Taiwan between 1996 and 2005. We find that business group affiliation and family ownership facilitate the formation of political ties but that such effects diminish as market infrastructures and regulatory institutions develop.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study systematically examines how corporate governance structures affect the formation of political ties. It identifies an overlooked explanation for the dynamics of political ties that resides in the internal governance structures of firms. It contributes to the corporate governance research by demonstrating how governance structures other than the board of directors can provide resources to facilitate strategic actions such as political tie establishment. It also enriches research on corporate governance bundles by showing the interdependence among multilevel governance mechanisms in the context of political tie formation.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study offers insights for business executives interested in managing interdependence with government. While business group affiliates and family firms are better able to link to politicians, such advantages diminish during institutional transition. Hence, group leaders and family owners should consider other political activities to effectively manage political risks as institutions develop.
Carbon Budget and Molecular Structure of Natural Organic Matter in Bank Infiltrated Groundwater
Authors: Jylhä‐Ollila Maija , Laine‐Kaulio Hanne , Schilder Jos , Niinikoski‐Fuβwinkel Paula , Kekäläinen Timo , Jänis Janne , Koivusalo Harri
Published: February 2021

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) provides means to remove natural organic matter (NOM) from surface waters. Recent studies have explored the degree of NOM removal in groundwater. In this study, we further elaborate the NOM removal at a lakeside natural bank infiltration site that functions as a surrogate for MAR. Our objective was to quantify the carbon budget in the aquifer based on concentration measurements of dissolved (in)organic carbon, and the molecular changes in NOM using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS). According to the carbon budget, only 25% of the dissolved carbon entering the aquifer was organic, and it predominantly originated from lake water. Of the inorganic majority, on average 40% was produced in the vadose zone above the groundwater table, 31% in the lake bank, 22% in the aquifer as a result of degrading organic matter of lake water, and 7% in the lake. Seasonal concentration variations suggested that the lake bank was the main carbon source in the summer, increasing the carbon concentration of infiltrating lake water, that is, 3.0 mg/L to 7.9 mg/L. FT‐ICR MS results showed 4960 to 5330 individual compounds in lake and groundwater. NOM removal in the aquifer was selective: the relative abundance of oxygen‐containing species decreased from 75 to 31%, while the relative abundance of sulfur‐containing species increased from 15 to 57%. The average molecular weights of both species remained unchanged. The study highlighted the role of lake bank processes and sulfur‐containing species in groundwater quality.
The magnitude of airway remodeling is not altered by distinct allergic inflammatory responses in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice but matrix composition differs
Authors: Parkinson James E , Pearson Stella , Rückerl Dominik , Allen Judith E , Sutherland Tara E
Published: February 2021

Allergic airway inflammation is heterogeneous with variability in immune phenotypes observed across asthmatic patients. Inflammation has been thought to directly contribute to airway remodeling in asthma, but clinical data suggest that neutralizing type 2 cytokines does not necessarily alter disease pathogenesis. Here, we utilized C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to investigate the development of allergic airway inflammation and remodeling. Exposure to an allergen cocktail for up to 8 weeks led to type 2 and type 17 inflammation, characterized by airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia and increased expression of chitinase‐like proteins in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. However, BALB/c mice developed much greater inflammatory responses than C57BL/6 mice, effects possibly explained by a failure to induce pathways that regulate and maintain T‐cell activation in C57BL/6 mice, as shown by whole lung RNA transcript analysis. Allergen administration resulted in a similar degree of airway remodeling between mouse strains but with differences in collagen subtype composition. Increased collagen III was observed around the airways of C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice while allergen‐induced loss of basement membrane collagen IV was only observed in BALB/c mice. This study highlights a model of type 2/type 17 airway inflammation in mice whereby development of airway remodeling can occur in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice despite differences in immune response dynamics between strains. Importantly, compositional changes in the extracellular matrix between genetic strains of mice may help us better understand the relationships between lung function, remodeling and airway inflammation.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrB2‐SiC/Nb joints brazed with CoFeNiCrCuTix high‐entropy alloy filler
Authors: Yang Yunlong , Wang Gang , He Rujie , Shu Da , Tan Caiwang , Cao Wei
Published: February 2021

ZrB2‐SiC ceramics and Nb alloy were brazed at 1160°C for 60 min with CoFeNiCrCuTix high‐entropy alloy filler. The influence of Ti content on the interface structure and mechanical properties of ZrB2‐SiC/Nb joint was systematically studied. It is found that the rich‐Ti Laves phase was formed due to the addition of large atomic size Ti fill into the filler alloy or brazing joint, and its content increases with Ti content. The joint brazed by high‐entropy alloys filler without Ti can be divided into a tooth‐shaped Cr2B reaction layer and a central area composed of a eutectic mixed structure of FCC phase and rich‐Nb lamellar Laves phase. Ti and Nb are mutual solid solution elements. The increase of Ti content in the joint makes the FCC phase and the rich‐Nb lamellar Laves phase to transform into a big bulk Ti‐rich Laves phase and the quadrilateral (Ti, Nb)B phase. The tooth‐shaped Cr2B was disappeared. The residual stress generated in the joint during the brazing process tends to cause defects such as holes and microcracks in the bulk Ti‐rich brittle Laves phase. Therefore, with the addition of Ti, the normal temperature performance of the joint decreases from 216 MPa to 52 MPa. However, with the increase of Ti, the high‐temperature mechanical properties of the joint first decrease, and then increase. It was mainly due to the formation of rich‐Ti Laves phase and quadrilateral (Ti, Nb)B with excellent high‐temperature mechanical properties. When brazing with CoFeNiCrCuTi1.5 filler, the high‐temperature performance of the joint reached 92% of its room temperature performance.
Innate immunity, oxidative stress and body indices of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis after two weeks of exposure to artificial light at night
Authors: Kupprat Franziska , Hölker Franz , Knopf Klaus , Preuer Torsten , Kloas Werner
Published: February 2021

Artificial light at night (ALAN) can disrupt biological rhythms of fish and other vertebrates by changing the light information of the nocturnal environment. Disrupted biorhythms can impair the immune system of vertebrates as it has been shown for conditions with continuous illumination or long‐day photoperiod in many vertebrates, including fish. Nonetheless, this has not been shown so far for typical ALAN scenarios with high light intensities during day and low light intensities at night. Therefore, in this study, proxies for the innate immune system and oxidative stress as well as body indices of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis were measured under a wide range of intensities of nocturnal illumination. The authors found no changes in parameters of the innate immune system and no significant changes in proxies for oxidative stress after 2‐week exposures to nocturnal illuminance ranging from 0.01 lx to 1 lx in one experiment or from 1 lx to 100 lx in a second experiment. A decrease in the hepato‐somatic index at the highest tested light intensity of 100 lx compared to the dark control was the only significant difference in all parameters among treatments. After 2 weeks of exposure, ALAN does not seem to seriously challenge the innate immune system and seems to cause less oxidative stress than expected. The results of this study contradict the findings from other studies applying continuous illumination or long‐day photoperiod and highlight the importance of further research in this field. Because ALAN represents a sustained modulation of the environment that may have cumulative effects over time, long‐term studies are required for a better understanding of how ALAN modulates the health of fish.
Syncope presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Sutton R.
Published: February 2021

Click here to view the Original Article by J. du Fay de Lavallaz et al
Comprehensive genome and transcriptome analysis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton schoenleinii reveals the candidate pathogenic genes
Authors: Ge Li‐Yu , Liu Jia , Zheng Hai‐Lin , Mei Huan , Liang Guan‐Zhao , Liu Wei‐Da
Published: February 2021

Background

Trichophyton schoenleinii is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes tinea favosa. Nowadays, it remains an important pathogen in some regions of the world, mainly epidemic in Africa and West Asia. Despite the medical importance of T. schoenleinii infections, a high‐quality reference genome for T. schoenleinii is still unavailable, neither its transcriptomic profile.

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to improve understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanism of T. schoenleinii, and to define the candidate pathogenic genes of T. schoenleinii.

Methods

Comprehensive genomic analysis of T. schoenleinii was carried out by Illumina and PacBio sequencing platforms. Transcriptome profiles of T. schoenleinii cultured in vitro in two media containing either keratin or soy protein were determined using RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) technology.

Results

Here, we present the first draft genome sequence of T. schoenleinii strain T2s, which consists of 11 scaffolds containing 7474 predicted genes. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in keratin hydrolysis have higher expression in T. schoenleinii grown in keratin medium, including genes encoding proteases, cysteine dioxygenase and acetamidase. Other genes with higher expression include genes encoding the components of the pH‐responsive signal transduction pathways and transcription factors, many of which may play a role in pathogenicity.

Conclusion

In summary, this study provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanism of T. schoenleinii and highlights candidate genes for further development of novel targets in disease diagnosis and treatment of tinea favosa.
Genetic architecture underlying light and temperature mediated flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals
Authors: Cao Shuanghe , Luo Xumei , Xu Dengan , Tian Xiuling , Song Jie , Xia Xianchun , Chu Chengcai , He Zhonghu
Published: February 2021

Timely flowering is essential for optimum crop reproduction and yield. To determine the best flowering‐time genes (FTGs) relevant to local adaptation and breeding, it is essential to compare the interspecific genetic architecture of flowering in response to light and temperature, the two most important environmental cues in crop breeding. However, the conservation and variations of FTGs across species lack systematic dissection. This review summarizes current knowledge on the genetic architectures underlying light and temperature‐mediated flowering initiation in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. Extensive comparative analyses show that most FTGs are conserved, whereas functional variations in FTGs may be species specific and confer local adaptation in different species. To explore evolutionary dynamics underpinning the conservation and variations in FTGs, domestication and selection of some key FTGs are further dissected. Based on our analyses of genetic control of flowering time, a number of key issues are highlighted. Strategies for modulation of flowering behavior in crop breeding are also discussed. The resultant resources provide a wealth of reference information to uncover molecular mechanisms of flowering in plants and achieve genetic improvement in crops.