bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A revolution in British archaeology?
Authors: Jarrett Michael G.
Published: January 2016

It is by now an open secret that the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments (IAM) of the Department of the Environment (DoE) is proposing dramatic changes in the organization of rescue excavations. A corner of the veil was lifted on 22 February 1973; at the time of writing, at the end of May, the shape of the structure is tolerably clear; and sometime in June we may expect a grand unveiling ceremony. Meanwhile steps are already being taken to implement the proposals, although no paper on the new scheme has been seen by any archaeologist outside DoE. Despite the uncertainties which arise from this secrecy, it seems reasonable that readers of ANTIQUITY should receive a critical account of the scheme as it appears at the end of May. Doubtless the official announcement will appear elsewhere in these pages at the earliest possible date, and statements of fact in that must be taken as superseding similar statements here.
Post-post-medieval archaeology
Authors: Riden Philip
Published: January 2016

Since the last war three new branches of archaeology have grown up in Great Britain. Two of these are now established and accepted divisions of the subject, with national societies devoted to their study and reputable journals for the more important work in their fields. The third has failed to establish itself and for many archaeologists remains no more than a curious oddity. Why has 'industrial archaeology' not received the scholarly recognition accorded medieval and post-medieval archaeology? Why has Industrial Archaeology not joined Medieval Archaeology and Post-Medieval Archaeology as an important outlet for archaeological research ? That these are questions in need of answer has now been recognized by at least some of those engaged in 'industrial archaeology' and it seems generally agreed that the subject is at a turning point, a 'teenage' stage, from which it can either advance or regress (e.g. Buchanan, 1970; Symonds, 1972; Harris, 1970; Hudson, 1971-73). In what direction it should advance is a problem that has yet to be solved.
The Bampur Sequence in the 3rd Millennium B.C.
Authors: de Cardi Beatrice
Published: January 2016

Bampur is today a dusty, straggling village in Persian Baluchistan (FIG. I). Bounded by a variety of desert landscape, blackened gravel on one side, rolling dunes on the other, the Bampur river is its lifeline, providing perennial water and a narrow strip of fertile soil along its course. Hydrants, as yet uncoupled to pipes, stand in the main road as tangible evidence that the village is included in the regional development plans. Bampur has in fact passed through many vicissitudes and it has grown considerably since 1 9 3 2 when Sir Aurel Stein described it as a cluster of some 50 mat huts [I]. In Islamic and later times it was a political centre of some importance and its ascendance almost certainly had an earlier origin.
Manching reviewed
Authors: Collis John
Published: January 2016

Even before Manching first graced the pages of ANTIQUITY it had achieved the status of a key-site in the prehistory of Europe. The small La Téne B-C cemeteries of Steinbichel and Hundsrücken, the latter within the area enclosed by the ramparts of the later oppidum, have become the type-sites for their period in Southern Germany, but more important they could be seen to overlap chronologically in La Téne C with the beginning of the Late La Téne settlement that has been the subject of the recent excavations. With this continuity of occupation Manching offers a unique opportunity to study the origin and development of one of those settlements whose size, trade and industry justify their claim to be the earliest truly urban settlements in Temperate Europe.
Old Burrow and Martinhoe
Authors: Fox Aileen , Ravenhill William
Published: January 2016

Old Burrow and Martinhoe are situated on the rocky North Devon coast, 1100 and 800 ft. high respectively above the seas of the Bristol Channel (PL. LIIa) , on either side of the small seaside town of Lynmouth. Both sites command an extensive view of the South Wales coast, 17 to 20 miles away (FIG. 4), but owing to an intervening hill, the Foreland, they are not intervisible. Inland the outlook is limited to the northern slopes of Exmoor, which rises to 1600 ft. some 6 to 7 miles away. The coastal tract in which they are situated was sparsely inhabited by friendly Iron Age peoples, the Dumnonii, living in small hillforts and isolated from the main body of the tribe in South Devon and Cornwall.

The Roman earthworks are practically identical (FIGS. I and 3); they consist of an inner rectilinear enclosure, 90 ft. square defended by a rampart and two ditches, set within a rounded outer enclosure, some 300 ft. in diameter and with a single rampart and ditch. At Martinhoe the outer enclosure ends on the cliffs, which form its northern side.

The entrance to the inner fartlet in both cases is on the seaward side; to the outer on the opposite landward side, so that all comers would be obliged to make a half-circuit between the two lines of defences under fire. In effect the device resembles that at the Claudian fort at Hod Hill in Dorset, where the defences were also designed to trap attackers within the range of missiles—spears or ballista bolts.
Are These the Walls of Camelot?
Authors: Thomas Charles
Published: January 2016

The latest despatch from the South Cadbury (Somerset) campaign takes the form of a symposium volume of essays, edited by Geoffrey Ashe. It is a handsome book with a well-chosen range of illustrations, some in colour, and will win popular acclaim as a landmark in British post-Roman studies. Two opening chapters by Mr Ashe ('The Visionary Kingdom' and 'The Arthurian Fact') provide historical summaries of Arthur's background, times, and supposed career, We then have five archaeological contributions. Dr C. A. Ralegh Radford writes on Tintagel and Castle Dore, in Cornwall (Ch. 3), and on his Glastonbury Abbey excavations (Ch. 5). Philip Rahtz deals with his work on Glastonbury Tor (Ch. 6), and Leslie Alcock examines post-Roman Wales (Ch. 4) and the South Cadbury excavations up to the end of 1967 (Ch. 7). This last chapter, the crux of the book, was (rather oddly) edited and arranged by Mr Ashe, who explains (p. ix) that Mr. Alcock 'owing to the pressure of professional duties . . . regrettably had no time to put his material in a form that harmonized with the rest of the book'. There are then four more chapters by Mr Ashe. 'Extending the Map' is concerned with the distribution of Arthurian attributions in folklore and recent times;
The Purpose of the Sutton Hoo Coins
Authors: Grierson Philip
Published: January 2016

The purse found at Sutton Hoo contained forty-two gold objects. Thirty-seven of them were Merovingian coins of the last decades of the 6th and the first half of the 7th century, three were unstruck circular blanks, and two were small rectangular ingots (Bruce-Mitford, 1968, 47-51; Lafaurie, 1968, 258-60, correcting Marseilles to Arles as the mint of no. 3). The coins weigh from 1.221 grams to 1.388 grams—Bruce-Mitford's text by a slip reads grains—and average 1.27 g. (= 19.6 grains), the theoretical weight of the Merovingian gold coin at this period being 1.3 grams, i.e. 20 grains. They are generally termed tremisses or trientes, this being the name of the third of the Roman solidus from which they were derived, but they were in fact somewhat lighter—1.3 g. as against 1-5 g.—and no longer represented the Roman tremissis of eight carats but the Germanic shilling of twenty grains (Grierson, 1961, 351-2). The three blanks, which are about the same diameter as the coins, are of much the same weight (1.09 g., 1.38 g., and 1.46 g.: average, 1.31 g.). The ingots are heavier, weighing respectively 5.21 g. and 4.97 g., i.e. 80 grains and 76-7 grains, and are also of slightly inferior gold. It is probable that they were each intended to represent four shillings.
The Beginnings of Agriculture in the Far East
Authors: Chang Kwang-Chih
Published: January 2016

Recent archaeological and botanical studies of a number of major food plants throughout the world have clearly shown that thle initial domestication of each of them was a slow and laborious process, carried out by generations of experimentalists familiar with the total ecosystem of which the plant was a part (Darlington, 1963; Harris, 1967, 1969; Ucko and Dimbleby 1969b). Therefore, any pronouncement about the who, where, how, and when of the domestication of a food plant must be based not on general preconceptions but on local facts.
Trucial Oman in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Authors: De Cardi Beatrice
Published: January 2016

The Trucial Oman States in Eastern Arabia have been intermittently in the news since withdrawal from the area was announced in 1968. At that time, Mr D. B. Doe and I were engaged in a brief survey of archaeological sites in the Sheikhdom of Ras al-Khaimah subsequently extended to a stretch of the eastern coast from Kalba to Khawr Fakkan (FIG. I). An awareness of political boundaries is essential in the Oman peninsula because the extreme north and a large part of the southeastern sector south of Kalba lie in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, a territory which is virtually closed to foreigners.
Moving the stones to Stonehenge
Authors: Garfitt J. E.
Published: January 2016

Mr Garfitt is a Consultant Forester. He has been forestry adviser to large landed estates all over England and Wales from 1946 when he left the Royal Indian Navy. Before that he followed a degree in Forestry at Oxford by six years in the Colonial Forest Service (Malaya). Mr Garfitt says that his work involves intensive inspection of woodland and provides opportunities for the discovery of earthworks and artifacts. He is interested primarily in the prehistoric periods because of the opportunities they provide for imaginative reconstruction, as those who read on will discover. Mr Garfitt lives at The Swedish House, Spring Hill, Nailsworth, Stroud, Glos. GL6 0LX.
Sheep – Hilzheimer 45 years on
Authors: Ryder M. L.
Published: January 2016

When I became interested in the history of sheep 25 years ago, the paper by Hilzheimer (1936) was my chief source of inspiration, and in fact there had been few advances on his conclusions. Since then, however, there have been major advances, and the present account attempts to assess the extent to which these have added to the knowledge so ably summarized by Hilzheimer.

His conclusions were based mainly on ancient representations (an approach which reached its peak with the work of Zeuner, 1963) and the comparison of bone remains with those of a few primitive breeds that happened to be within the experience of the investigator.
Coaxial field systems: some questions of time and space
Authors: Fleming Andrew
Published: January 2016

Curwen, writing in ANTIQUITY60 years ago about prehistoric agriculture in Britain (Curwen 1927), found his best evidence for the fields of earliest times came from the hut-circles and enclosures of Dartmoor. Andrew Fleming has done the same in studying the large-scale land divisions made by the Dartmoor reaves. Until his work these prehistoric boundaries were thought to be of medieval date – understandably as they demonstrate not the piecemeal and local enclosing of little fields but planned land division on a medieval scale. In this paper Fleming extends his view out from Dartmoor to the wider pattern of land division on the grand scale at early dates, and to its social implications.
Tin in the Turkish Taurus mountains: the Bolkardağ mining district
Authors: Yener K. Aslihan , Özbal Hadi
Published: January 2016

The sources of tin in the ancient Near East have been a long-standing puzzle. Anatolia is a key area, for it has copper in vast quantities, and silver. Since no substantial or workable deposits of tin seemed to exist in Turkey, an external source for tin bronzes in Anatolia has seemed necessary. The new finds reported here change that picture, as they reveal a major source of the metal in the Taurus mountains, on the south coast of Anatolia.
Excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields 1984–6
Authors: Adams Max , Reeve Jez
Published: January 2016

The Spitalfields project, now moving from the field to laboratory analysis, takes the archaeological study of human burial into new areas. The preliminary results, reported here, have importance for the archaeology of Christian death and – beyond that – for wider questions in mortuary study and inference from skeletal remains and their disposition.
Chinese archaeology abstracted
Authors: Glover Ian
Published: January 2016

The physical size of China – with a land area 20 times the size of France and a third larger than the continental United States – is matched by an archaeological record that is longer than most and as intricate as any. This review article discusses four massive volumes of abstracts, which provide a summary guide to Chinese archaeology.
Excavations at Cadbury-Camelot, 1966–70
Authors: Alcock Leslie
Published: January 2016

‘Cadbury Castle or Camelot’ is the name given by the Ordnance Survey to the 18-acre (c. 7-ha) multi-ramparted hillfort which stands above the villages of Sutton Montis and South Cadbury in the county of Somerset (NGR ST 6225). Abbreviated to Cadbury-Camelot, it serves conveniently to distinguish this fortthe scene of intensive excavations in 1966-70 from Cadbury Castle by Cadbury, Devon (NGR SS 9105), Cadbury Camp by Congresbury (NGR ST 4464), or various other Cadbury Camps and Castles.
Physical science and archaeology
Authors: Charles J. A.
Published: January 2016

In recent years the important role that scientific research techniques can play in archaeological investigations has become increasingly recognized. An early major review on the whole subject of both physical and biological science in archaeology by D. Brothwell and E. S. Higgs was revised in 1967 and represents the major work in this field. More recently, much of the effort in physical sciences has also been admirably reviewed by Tite (1970). This present paper also seeks to outline the ways in which physical science has contributed to archaeological discovery, with particular emphasis on recent developments known to the author.
Archaeology at sea
Authors: Marsden Peter
Published: January 2016

In April and June 1972 Sotheby’s auctioned part of the most valuable antique treasure yet recovered from an historic shipwreck around the British Isles, and yet despite extensive publicity in the months before, in which the value of that part of the treasure was estimated at £ 1OO,OOO, not one museum approached the divers to discover what they had found. Had this been done the museum would have discovered, amongst many other things, fragments of the oldest known octant, predecessor of the sextant, and the first accurate navigation instrument, as well as one or two previously unrecorded silver coins.
Gordon Childe: man or myth?
Authors: Gathercole Peter
Published: January 2016

In 1957 John Mulvaney remarked that Childe was probably the most prolific and the most translated Australian author. Now, post mortem, he must be the one currently attracting the most intense discussion. These three books, taken together, enable us to see Childe rather more completely, both as an individual scholar and as an academic in the general context of his time. To some extent it is possible to 'round him off', and to answer certain questions about him and his work. But this process opens up other more profound questions, mostly concerning his philosophy, which bear on the history of British archaeology, and are not really answered from the large amount of information, interpretation and comment now available on one of the greatest prehistorians of the first half of this century.
Treasure trove: a lawyer's view
Authors: Sparrow Charles
Published: January 2016

Mr Hammond's recent note on treasure trove examined the decision of Mr Justice Dillon in the case of Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster v. G. E. Overton (Farms) Ltd [1981] Ch. 333 (hereafter Overton). That decision has been affirmed by the Court of Appeal [1982] 2 WLR 397. It is therefore now settled, first, that the law of treasure trove does not apply to any metal other than gold and silver and, secondly, that a treasure trove object must contain a 'substantial' amount of gold or silver.
The development of Belizean archaeology
Authors: Hammond Norman
Published: January 2016

The history of Maya archaeology generally can be divided into five successive periods (Hammond, 1982, 33–66): during the first two of these, the periods of theSpanish travellers(1524–1759) and theSpanish explorers(1759–1840), Belize remained unnoted, even during the visit of Stephens and Catherwood in October 1839 on their first expedition to Central America, and even though that visit stimulated an expedition from Belize City, led by Patrick Walker, ‘secretary of the government and holding besides such a list of offices as would make the greatest pluralist among us feel insignificant’ (Stephens, 1841, I, 14), in an attempt to beat Stephens to the ruins of Palenque on the far side of the Yucatan Peninsula (Pendergast, 1967).
The chalcolithic cemetery at Manerba del Garda
Authors: Barfield L. H.
Published: January 2016

The south-western shoreline of Lake Garda is for the most part low and shelving, but at Manerba an outcrop of triassic limestone forms a dramatic, high promontory projecting into the lake (FIG. 1 ). This geological formation is stepped in two levels : the higher, inland part, called the ‘Rocca’, occupied during the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman periods, as well as being the site of a medieval castle (Borrello, 1973 ; Brogiolo, 1973), and the lower level, the Sasso, comprising a sheer cliff dropping some 90 m down to the lake edge, with, at its foot, a chalcolithic cemetery, as well as traces of both earlier and later use by man.
Hembury (Devon): Roman troops in a hillfort
Authors: Todd Malcolm
Published: January 2016

Hembury is chiefly noted as the site of a neolithic settlement and one of the finest hillforts of the Iron Age in the South-West (PL. XXIV & FIG. I ) . These prehistoric works lie at the southern tip of a long, narrow promontory extending southwards from the Greensand mass of the Blackdown Hills and overlooking the broad valleys of the Otter and the Culm. Beyond these to the west lies the Exe valley and further west still (and visible in clear weather) the Haldon ridge and the eastern tors of Dartmoor. Excavations by Miss D. M. Liddell (Liddell, 1930; 1931; 1932; 1935) between 1930 and 1935 revealed the significance of Hembury for the south-western Neolithic in particular, the material culture of the early neolithic settlement being plainly related to that of Windmill Hill. Miss Liddell's examination of the iron age fort was centred upon the two fine gates, on the western side and at the north-west angle. Little work was devoted to the interior except to trace the ditch of the neolithic causewayed enclosure and to explore the extreme southern tip of the promontory.
Metal-detecting in archaeological excavation
Authors: Gregory T. , Rogerson A. J. G.
Published: January 2016

The metal-detector is an electronic instrument; it is incapable of any independent act of free will. It is outside the reference of a system of good and evil : it is neither benign nor malign, ethical nor unethical, as neutral in such matters as a stone. It is capable merely of indicating the presence of certain objects on or below the soil. It bears no responsibility for human action consequent upon such indications. If this appears to be superfluous comment, it must be borne in mind that the very mention of the words ‘metal-detector’, with no reference at all to the machine's user, is guaranteed to raise the hackles of many archaeologists. Readers of this journal are surely aware of the wide range of archaeological opinion on metaldetecting; the issue of the relationship between orthodox archaeology and nietal-detecting has been aired at considerable length over the last few years and does not directly concern us here. Rather we intend to examine the practical application of the instrument to archaeological procedures.
Lascaux II: a faithful copy
Authors: Brigitte  , Delluc Gilles
Published: January 2016

On 12 September 1940 Lascaux was discovered accidentally by four youths. They kept the secret for a few days, then decided to inform their former schoolmaster. Crowds of visitors came quickly: 1,500 during the first week. The abbC Breuil, who had moved to Brive because of the war, came on 21 September and drew up a report which was read to the AcadCmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres on 10 October. From that point on, Lascaux received official recognition. It is quite a large cave, and the decoration starts about 25 m beyond the entrance. All of the chambers and the main galleries are decorated with figures of animals and symbols: over I 50 paintings and about 1,500 engravings are more or less well preserved, but the cave is particularly famous for the remarkable quality of the painted figures in the Hall of the Bulls and in the Painted Gallery (Diverticule Axial). Unlike most palaeolithic decorated caves, the sanctuary of Lascaux has been dated with precision. In fact, the cave was frequented in only one period, about 17,000 years ago. Its porch collapsed some time afterwards, thus sealing in the parietal figures and protecting the traces which the magdalenian artists and visitors had left behind.
Phytolithic analysis of geological sediments from Panama
Authors: Piperno Dolores
Published: January 2016

The analysis of phytoliths, microscopic pieces of silica formed within the cells of living plants, is a recent addition to archaeobotanical studies in the New World (Carbone, 1977; Pearsall, 1978; Lewis, 1981; Robinson, 1983; Piperno, 1983, 1984, in press, a; Piperno & Clary, 1984). Because these mineralized bodies are very resistant to destruction in soils over long periods of time, they have enormous, and for the most part, untapped potential in ecological reconstruction. However, phytoliths are at the stage in their development as an analytical technique where much of the Easic research into the taxonomy of their bodies, their distribution in soils, and their application to various research problems remains to be resolved. Hence, as various authors have indicated (Pearsall, 1982 ; Rovner, 1983; Piperno, 1983), a considerable amount of baseline research remains to be carried out in order to properly delineate the strengths and limitations of phytolith analysis in paleo-ecological reconstruction
Lindow Man
Authors: Stead Ian , Turner R. C.
Published: January 2016

The first prehistoric 'bog body' to be found in Britain in recent times has created so much interest that a brief preliminary account is warranted-even though the serious scientific investigation is only just beginning. It was discovered at Lindow Moss (SJ 820805) on the outskirtsof Wilmslow, Cheshire, in the parish of Mobberley. Formerly a very extensive bog covering about 600 hectares, Lindow Moss, has now been reduced to a tenth of that size and some 32 hectares are being excavated commercially for horticultural peat. The operators have divided the site into 'rooms' 6 m wide and up to zoo m long, and peat is excavated in spits about I m deep from alternate rooms by a large Hy-Mac, and stacked alongside to dry for about six months. It is then transported by a narrow gauge railway to the depot where it is milled and dispatched from the site.
Social change in the Later Neolithic of Central Europe
Authors: Starling N. J.
Published: January 2016

Profound changes occurred in central and northern Europe towards the end of the 3rd millennium bcX, when a uniform pattern of settlement, burial and material culture-the Corded Ware complexreplaced the diversity of the middle neolithic groups of the TRB (or Funnel Beaker Culture). Collective graves and large settlement sites gave way to individual burials in a largely dispersed pattern of settlement based on small sites. This was accompanied by a spread of sites into hitherto uncolonized areas, and a greater variety of locations used for settlement. This major change might at first seem to indicate a complete collapse of the earlier system, with an undifferentiated pattern replacing the apparent beginnings of hierarchies indicated by the Middle Neolithic. Kristiansen ( I 982) has recently suggested for Denmark that the middle neolithic system disintegrated, fitting a model of cyclical tribal development. It is suggested here, however, that the transformation of the middle neolithic pattern is better seen as a changed structure, which does not involve concepts such as disintegration or collapse, but marks an important shift in the organization of neolithic societies.
The Early Palaeolithic of Japan
Authors: Reynolds T. E. G.
Published: January 2016

The Early Palaeolithic of Japan may be defined as comprised of any assemblage which occurs before 30,000 years BP, i.e., prior to the formation of Tachikawa loam formation of the Kanto region (Serizawa, 1970, Ikawa Smith, 1978, 247-86). It has been the subject of controversy since the Palaeolithic period was recognized in Japan following discoveries at Iwajuku in 1949 (Sugihara, 1956). Early in the history of subsequent research, debate arose as to the date of man's arrival in the archipelago. This debate is of importance to a wider audience for a number of reasons. First, Japan is located in a region which has traditionally been associated as a source area for the peopling of the New World—early dates claimed for occupation in America should then, perhaps, be relatable to similar finds and dates in Japan. Secondly, there is now increasing evidence for relative early dates of occupation in Siberia. (Boriskovskij, 1978, 27; Yi and Clark, 1983; Okladnikov and Pospelova, 1982). These may find supportive evidence from neighbouring lands. Thirdly, it is interesting from the point of view of hominid evolution to know how far populations ofHomo erectusand archaicHomo sapienshad spread in East Asia and what form their adaptations took. Additionally, Japan is a relatively well-explored and published source of data in a poorly known region of the World and may be useful as a source for deriving analogies and ideas in interpreting lithic material, particularly in countries such as Korea where palaeolithic research is still in its infancy (Hwang, 1979; Kim, 1983).
Plant and animal domestication: direct versus indirect evidence
Authors: Mendoza Ruben
Published: January 2016

The domestication of plants and animals was the byproduct of an evolutionary process in which particular elements in the constellation of potential domesticates were subject to human manipulation as a response to adaptive strategies within diverse ecological habitats (Braidwood, 1971, 238). During the course of this development, patterns of exploitation apparently exerted an external stimulus which eventually resulted in the selective modification of the adaptive attributes of particular species of plants and animals. Such morphological change has been taken as a key criterion in delineating the diagnostic characteristics distinguishing wild from domestic plants and animals (Jarman, 1972, 16). The problem then becomes one of identifying the most reliable indicators in the resultant effects upon the domestication of plants and animals, as well as the inherent limitations stemming from the interpretive potential of such attributes (be they biological or cultural).
Preclassic to Postclassic in northern Belize
Authors: Hammond Norman
Published: January 2016

Northern Belize lies in the northeastern quadrant of the central rainforest zone of the area formerly occupied by Classic Maya civilization, adjacent to the ecological frontier with the northern zone, the arid karstic plain of northern Yucatan. It is bounded on the east by the Caribbean, and is traversed by two of the major rivers of the Maya lowlands, the Rio Hondo and Rio Nuevo, the upper tributaries of which drain the Maya heartland of south Campeche and northeastern Peten.
Early neolithic skeletons from Bolkilde bog, Denmark
Authors: Bennike Pia , Ebbesen Klaus , Jørgensen Lise Bender
Published: January 2016

In 1946 two skeletons were found during peat-digging in Bolkilde bog in the north of the Danish island of Als. They have now been dated to the middle of the fourth millennium BC and are interpreted as ritual offerings of a fertility cult which went through from the early Neolithic to the time of Frej and Freja. All three authors are in the University of Copenhagen: Pia Bennike is a research fellow in the Anthropological Laboratory, Klaus Ebbesen a senior lecturer, and Lise Bender Jørgensen Carlsberg research fellow, in the Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology.
The first British navy
Authors: Dove C. E.
Published: January 2016

Among the commoner, and certainly among the most distinctive, Roman coins found in Britain are the quinarius ship-issues of Allectus—found in Britain and of course minted here. They seem to merit more comment than they have roused so far.

The linear shape of a galley does not accommodate itself to the circular shape of a coin, and Roman galley coins rate high marks for ineptitude. Prows or sterns by themselves, shown not for their own interest but as items in some larger symbolic concept, are tolerably well done. But with complete vessels we find stem-posts and stern-posts as high as the keel is long, boats shaped like bananas or like staples, and galleys fringed with so many indeterminate oars that they looklike centipedes. Some of the Allectus reverses are of this slovenly class (Mattingly and Sydenham, 1933, pl. xix, no. 16), but the better ones—and they are numerous—show a recognizable and seaworthy vessel.
Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries
Authors: De Cardi Beatrice
Published: January 2016

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.
The Auld Wives' Lifts
Authors: Alcock Leslie
Published: January 2016

This is an account of the severed heads on the Auld Wives' Lifts, Craigmaddie Muir, Scotland, by the Professor of Archaeology, University of Glasgow. The Auld Wives' Lifts is an object of interest and debate for geology, antiquarianism, folklore, vernacular art and, perhaps, Celtic iconography, and we are glad to give it publicity.
No longer from another planet
Authors: Trigger Bruce
Published: January 2016

Over half of Leo Klejn's monograph-length article constitutes what might be described as an ethnography of Western archaeology; more particularly an armchair ethnography written from the perspective of Leningrad. Western archaeologists will inevitably react to it in much the same manner as native peoples react to ethnographic studies of their cultures. They may admire the industriousness and intelligence of the ethnographer and grudgingly admit that he perceived things about them of which they were unaware. Yet they remain convinced that in some significant way he failed to comprehend the inner spirit of their culture or to appreciate sufficiently its merits. At its healthiest, this feeling constitutes a challenge to understand one's own culture better. Klejn's monograph surveys developments in theory and method in archaeology between 1960 and 1973 in the Soviet Union, Central and Western Europe, and the United States. No attempt is made to consider trends in China, Latin America, or elsewhere in the Third World. Klejn's aims are three-fold : bibliographical, historical, and critical. Although he denies that his presentation is sufficiently detailed to constitute genuine scientific criticism, his evaluations of recent trends in the development of archaeological theory influence his historical interpretations and enhance the interest and value of the entire study.
Varna and the social context of early metallurgy
Authors: Renfrew Colin
Published: January 2016

The discovery of what is demonstrably, on the basis of present knowledge, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be unearthed anywhere in the world is an event of some note, comparable in significance with Schliemann's find of the Great Treasure at Troy more than a century ago. The finds at Varna must be at least 1,500 years older than those of Troy 11, yet apart from the original announcement by their excavator (Ivanov, 1975), and useful, although brief, descriptions by Gimbutas (1977 a and b), the Varna cemetery has so far excited little archaeological comment. The publication by Ivanov (1978) of the first well-illustrated account of the cemetery allows an assessment of its importance. Its status as the oldest substantial find of gold emphasizes the position of south-east Europe as an early and independent centre of metallurgical innovation. But the gold is only one of several materials indicative of high status in the cemetery: what had hitherto seemed a moderately egalitarian society now displays clear evidence of salient ranking. This in turn has major implications for our understanding of the social context in which early metalworking in Europe developed and prospered.
On the public appeal of archaeology
Authors: Prince David R. , Schadla-Hall R.T.
Published: January 2016

Although ‘archaeology and the public’ is very much a matter of current concern, there is still very little actual information about what – if anything – the ‘public’ out there actually thinks of archaeology. The public of Kingston on Hull have been asked.
The need for archaeological inventories: Co. Louth, Eire, and beyond
Authors: Taylor Christopher
Published: January 2016

The first of a new series of archaeological inventories for Ireland has been published. Christopher Taylor – himself a senior officer of the English commission with the equivalent role – goes beyond Louth to give a personal view of the whole business of published monument inventories.
METRU.MENECE: an Etruscan painted inscription on a mid-5th-century BC red-figure cup from Populonia
Authors: Gill David W.J.
Published: January 2016

Pottery is so ubiquitous among the material we have surviving from later periods that it is easy to think that ancient people occupied a world which was as stuffed with broken sherds as the layers we excavate; and ceramics seem especially important when they are as handsome and archaeologically informative as classical vases. Starting with a single sherd from Populonia, David Gill takes a different view of pottery, and its commercial transport, in the classical Mediterranean.
Authenticity in the replica Athenian trieres
Authors: Coates John , Morrison John
Published: January 2016

The building of a replica classical warship, the Athenian trieres, is the most ambitious project of experimental archaeology so far. The ship is building in a Piraeus yard to a design worked out from original sources and using the experience of the partial replica illustrated in ANTIQUITY in 1985 (Morrison & Coates 1985; and for the full story Morrison & Coates 1986, reviewed in this number). But how authentic is the replica? The project leaders set out here how their trireme will differ from the real thing. The result, they believe, is a craft which will faithfully copy a new and well-built ship. But it does use some modern materials; it should last much better than did the classical ships; and it will carry some wholly modern gear. It is no part of their experiment to see how fast an ancient ship rotted or how nastily an Athenian crew drowned when the rotting was complete.
Pre-stressed wheels in ancient Egypt
Authors: Sleeswyk André Wegener
Published: January 2016

The wooden vehicles of ancient Egypt provide valuable opportunities to see directly the ancient methods of wooden engineering, rather than inferring them from the metal elements alone. Here, one critical element in wooden-vehicle design – the pre-stressing of the wheels – is explored.
Radiocarbon dates from the chambered tomb at Hazleton (Glos.): a chronology for neolithic collective burial
Authors: Saville Alan , Gowlett John A.J. , Hedges Robert E.M.
Published: January 2016

The social organization of prehistoric British societies has been a busy interest recently, with the hypothesis that the Neolithic was characterized by lineage societies, very likely egalitarian in character, whose dead were placed into communal ‘tombs for the ancestors’. But how secure is the evidence for burial in chambered or unchambered long barrows over many generations? Hazleton provides the key example, for it is the first neolithic burial-site to benefit from the full resources of AMS dating and the new calibration.
Radiocarbon: where we are and where we need to be
Authors: Ottaway B.S.
Published: January 2016

Preceding papers in this section have underlined how much more there is to effective use of radiocarbon dating than the taking of some samples, their running in a laboratory, and the calibration of the individual dates that result. Here is a summary of where we are and where we may, with calibration, be going.
A question of national importance: approaches to the evaluation of ancient monuments for the Monuments Protection Programme in England
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Saunders Andrew , Startin Bill
Published: January 2016

When General Pitt-Rivers was appointed as first Inspector under the 1882 Act, which first protected British Ancient Monuments, the Act's Schedule named just 50 sites nationally. Although many monuments have been added to the Schedule since then, the growth in knowledge of the long and intensive occupation of England has been such that the current total of nearly 13,000 scheduled monuments amounts to only 1 in 50 of the sites thought to exist.

In matters of monument protection, Britain lies somewhere in the middle: well short of the promised land, as we see it, of Denmark where effective protection goes out from the spot site to include its environs; but well ahead of, for example, the USA where respect for a landowner's formal rights of property is so strong that there is still no Federal protection for monuments in private ownership.

English Heritage feels that now is the time to put the Schedule of protected monuments, as it has grown over the years, into rational shape. The present Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments, Andrew Saunders, and his colleagues explain why and how.
The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Neolithic of Britain
Authors: Jones Glynis , Legge Anthony
Published: January 2016

Southern England, especially after yet another miserably wet summer, seems a surprising place to find neolithic grape-pips – at least by comparison with the sunnier places like southern France and Greece where early records of both wild and domesticated grapes have been reported. But here is a find of a grape-pip from neolithic Dorset.

Since seeds and grains have in the past proved intrusive even into deposits that seemed stratigraphically secure, an uncomfortable choice had to be made after the identification: to preserve the pip, leaving its date unproven; or to make a radiocarbon determination on the pip and so to destroy it in securing evidence of its date. The second option was taken, which is why this report is on a pip which no longer exists.
The British sea trials of the reconstructed trireme, 1–15 August 1987
Authors: Morrison John
Published: January 2016

The reconstructed trireme (Coates & Morrison 1987; March issue, 87–90) was launched in the Aegean this summer. Here is the first first-hand report for many centuries as to how a great classical Greek warship actually rows and sails.
Industrial archaeology: the reality
Authors: Palmer M. , Neaverson P. A.
Published: January 2016

The editors of the Industrial Archaeology Review reply to Clark's remarks about their subject in the last number.
Contextual archaeology
Authors: Barrett John C.
Published: January 2016

Ian Hodder's book, Reading the past (1986), was reviewed in the last number (Gardin 1987). Here a further comment is offered on Hodder's proposal for a ‘contextual archaeology’.
Bush Barrow gold
Authors: Kinnes I.A. , Longworth I.H. , McIntyre I.M. , Needham S.P. , Oddy W.A.
Published: January 2016

The group of gold objects excavated in 1808 from Bush Barrow, a little to the south of Stonehenge, are among the best-known and best-regarded artefacts from British prehistory. Here they are fully published, with an account of the recent restoration of the larger lozenge from the group.
A medieval workshop for producing ‘Greek fire’ grenades
Authors: Pentz Peter
Published: January 2016

Re-examination of medieval finds from the Syrian town of Hama provides new evidence about the making of ‘Greek fire’, the famed and feared incendiary weapon of the crusader wars.
Video recording on excavations
Authors: Hanson W.S. , Rahtz P.A.
Published: January 2016

Excavators have been starting to use video as a recording tool. Here is a report on some experiences so far.
Homeless hieroglyphs
Authors: Graham Ian
Published: January 2016

Recently, more than ever, Mesoamericanists have had reason to share in the regret felt by Egyptologists at one aspect of the history of antiquities-looting in Egypt - one clearly tinged with tragic irony. For, as Brian Fagan (1975: 11, 261) and others have pointed out, attempts to remove sculpture from ancient Egyptian sites on a large scale began only in the 1820s, and that was just the period when Champollion was achieving his basic decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. Since the coveted basrelief sculptures usually had to be prised from their settings by using chisels and crowbars, any associated hieroglyphic inscriptions tended to end up in smithereens. Champollion himself, as he travelled through Egypt seeking and transcribing texts, became appalled at the destruction, yet more than half a century would pass before collectors and museums came to recognize the damage they were causing through their purchases.
The historical archaeology of the impact of colonialism in 17th-century South Africa
Authors: Schrire Carmel
Published: January 2016

The written sources are overwhelming for that great historical event, the conquest of the world by Europeans between the 15th and the 19th centuries. Historical archaeology, especially in north America, now provides an important source of evidence of a different character. But what was it like to receive Europeans on your shore, what was it like to be dispossesed? Here is a report specifically concerned with relations between native and newcomer at the Cape, one of those African regions which first felt the European impact.
The recent reconstruction of the Bush Barrow lozenge plate
Authors: Shell Colin A. , Robinson Paul
Published: January 2016

The paper by Ian Kinnes et al. in the March number published the gold objects from Bush Barrow, Wiltshire, examined the evidence for the original form of the large lozenge, and described its recent restoration into a domed profile. In this paper a different view is taken of evidence for the original form of the lozenge and of the wisdom of its recent transformation.
The reshaping of archaeological metal objects: some ethical considerations
Authors: Corfield Michael
Published: January 2016

In view of the issues raised by the preceding paper, ANTIQUITY invited the Chairman of the United Kingdom Institute for Conservation to comment.
Pictures of the Neolithic: discoveries from the Flagstones House excavations, Dorchester, Dorset
Authors: Woodward Peter J.
Published: January 2016

The new Dorchester by-pass is being constructed (scheduled completion in autumn 1988 through a busy landscape of later prehistoric England – and one where fieldworkers have been very active recently, especially at the Maiden Castle hillfort, and in the county town itself. Survey and excavations along the by-pass route were undertaken by the author for the Trust for Wessex Archaeology. The excavation at Flagstones House, directed together with Martin Trott, identified a late Neolithic causewayed enclosure. This note concentrates on the chalk engravings from that site, which lies to the west of Max Gate, the house of Thomas Hardy. It is perhaps apposite that the Wessex novelist built his home so close to the heart of a sacred Wessex site.
Irish archaeological legislation
Authors: Ryan Michael
Published: January 2016

Apparent deficiencies in Irish legislation for the protection of archaeology have been much commented on (e.g. ANTIQUITY 62: 4–5); here, the Keeper of Irish Antiquities at the National Museum points also to some of its strengths – for example, in protecting artefacts and non-artefactual material as well as sites and monuments – and explains the vigorous measures now taken to bring the law and the penalties up to date.
Surgical instruments from a Roman shipwreck off Sicily
Authors: Gibbins David
Published: January 2016

Excavation of a new Classical shipwreck, off the east coast of Siciliy, has provided the first find of a Roman surgeon's kit from a marine context.
Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument
Authors: Willcox Temple
Published: January 2016

The Cerne Abbas Giant, most graphic of English hill-figures, is of uncertain date - arguably Roman or pre-Roman, but absent from all documentary records of its Dorset region before the mid 18th century. Previous ANTIQUITY contributors (Grinsell 1980: Bettey 1981) have set out its known early history anti lack of history. Here the story is told ofthe survival through this century of the Giant's remarkable genitals.
The oldest highway: between the regions of Van and Elazığ in eastern Anatolia
Authors: Sevin Veli
Published: January 2016

The oldest road, in the narrow sense of a built way across difficult ground, seems to be the Neolithic Sweet Track in the English Somerset Levels. But what about the oldest road, in the larger sense ofa long-distance highway with staging posts, its essential purpose in the need to administer a large empire? Here seems to be that oldest highway, astonishingly visible on the ground, as Dr Sevin's illustrations show.
The rape of the Anglo-Saxon women
Authors: Reynolds Nicholas
Published: January 2016

Issue is here taken about inference from skeletal evidence to the darker side of Dark Age life and death.
Archaeology and the Etruscan countryside
Authors: Barker Graeme
Published: January 2016

The Etruscan city states flourished in westcentral Italy from the late 8th century BC until their conquest and absorption by the emergent state ofRome in the 4th century BC. In 1985 Italy celebrated the century or so of work on its oldest civilization with a series of major exhibitions under the slogan, ‘Buongiorno Etruschi’ (‘Good morning, Etruscansi!’). There were eight major exhibitions in Tuscany displaying over 5000 objects from all the major collections in the region, designed to cover most aspects of Etruscan culture – settlement systems, domestic and religious architecture, religion, everyday life, crafts, and artistic achievement. As the sponsors FIAT wrote in their preface to the splendid catalogues produced for the project (e.g. Camporeale 1985; Carandini 1985; Cristofani 1985; Stopponi 1985), the intention of this massive undertaking was to convey to the Italian public that the Etruscans were not just a dead civilization known above all for the way of death of its élite, but ‘a lively culture of ordinary people, merchants, and craftsmen’.