bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative study on potentiodynamic and potentiostatic critical pitting temperature of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: Sun Y. T. , Wang J. M. , Jiang Y. M. , Li J.
Published: August 2017

Temperature and potential effect on pitting occurrence of four austenitic stainless steels in 1 M sodium chloride solution are plotted, then the influence of scan rate and chloride concentration on potentiodynamic critical pitting temperature (CPT) are investigated. Basing on the independence and reliability analysis, the potentiodynamic CPT and potentiostatic CPT are compared. To improve the reproducibility of potentiostatic CPT, an elevated potential should be applied. On the other hand, crevice corrosion induced by transpassive etching is clarified, indicating the upper limit of applied potential in potentiostatic test. Consequently, a potential of 800 or 850 mV(SCE) is recommended for austenitic stainless steels. Additionally, regression analysis is carried out to confirm the linear relationship between potentiodynamic CPT and pitting resistance equivalent.
Tribocorrosion behavior of nickel aluminum bronze in seawater: Identification of corrosion‐wear components and effect of pH
Authors: Zhang B.‐B. , Wang J.‐Z. , Yuan J.‐Y. , Yan F.‐Y.
Published: August 2017

This work is focused on the influence of solution pH on the tribocorrosion behavior of a tribosystem between nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) and Al2O3. To explore the interaction mechanism between wear and corrosion, a pin‐on‐disc tribometer equipped with a potentiostat was used and the frictional, electrochemical responses were reported in situ during tribocorrosion processes as a function of the solution pH. Results revealed that a high pH solution would aggravate corrosion and give rise to accelerated material loss. In addition, the corrosion mechanism of NAB was dependent on solution pH, that is, the NAB oxidation was driven by the dissolution of ΚII phase at pH below 4.2, whereas its anodic behavior was dominated by the preferential corrosion attack of copper‐rich α‐phase within the α + ΚIII eutectoid when pH was higher than 4.2. Combined with quantitative calculation at various pHs, it was found that the pure mechanical and corrosion‐accelerated wear, presented delamination and abrasion, were the main reasons for material degradation.
Oil–Water Separation Using Superhydrophobic PET Membranes Fabricated Via Simple Dip‐Coating Of PDMS–SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Han Sang Wook , Kim Kwang‐Dae , Seo Hyun Ook , Kim Il Hee , Jeon Chan Seok , An Jung Eun , Kim Ju Hwan , Uhm Sunghyun , Kim Young Dok
Published: August 2017

The surfaces of commercially available polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP) are superhydrophobically modified via the deposition of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐coated SiO2 nanoparticles (P‐SiO2) and PDMS binder. The adhesion of P‐SiO2 is stronger on PET than on PP due to a stronger chemical interaction between PET and PDMS, which is attributed to the higher surface energy of PET than PP. The waterproof ability and oil separation rate of the P‐SiO2‐coated PET (dip‐PET) membranes are studied as a function of membrane thickness, and the influence of oil viscosity on the oil separation efficiency is investigated. Optimal membrane thickness should be selected in a given environment for the facile oil–water separation and the dip‐PET membrane is chemically stable and can be used repetitively for oil–water separation. Finally, an automated prototype instrument is introduced for the dip‐coating process. It is suggested that our dip‐PET is a promising solution for oil–water separation in real‐world oil‐spill applications.
Chitosan Cross‐Linked Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Films with Antimicrobial Activity for Application in Food Industry
Authors: Grande Carlos David , Mangadlao Joey , Fan Jingjing , De Leon Al , Delgado‐Ospina Johannes , Rojas Juan Gabriel , Rodrigues Debora F. , Advincula Rigoberto
Published: August 2017

The present study investigates the synthesis of graphene oxide‐chitosan (CS‐GO) nanocomposite films and their potential application in food packaging. Nanocomposite films were synthesized by cross‐linking graphene oxide with chitosan at high temperatures (120°C). The gel content assay showed an increasing in the % Gel of the nanocomposite film with the introduction of GO, from 64% to almost 89%, which could be related to the cross‐linking reaction between GO epoxy groups and chitosan amine and hydroxyl groups. Mechanical strength, thermal stability, infrared analysis and antimicrobial properties were also investigated. The tensile strength at break increased from 22.7 ± 1.2 to 6471.6 ± 1775.5 MPa when 0.1 wt% of GO was added. Thermal studies showed an increasing in the endothermal peak values with the increasing in GO content, which is also related to the increasing in the cross‐linking degree of the films and water interaction. Finally, the nanocomposites films were evaluated for antimicrobial properties, using E. coli K‐12 MG 1655 (Gram‐negative) and B. subtillis 102 (Gram‐positive). CS‐GO 0.6 wt% films presented the best microbial inactivation against E. coli and B. subtillis, with 22.83% and 54.93% inactivation, respectively. On the other hand, chitosan film (CS) control did not show any antimicrobial property. Therefore, cross‐linking of GO with chitosan improved significantly mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the films. These enhancements in the properties of the films made them suitable for application in food packaging.
Estimation of Surface Free Energy of Poly(lactic acid) During UV‐Grafting with N‐Vinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Gutierrez‐Villarreal Mario H. , Rodríguez‐Gonzalez Francisco J. , Perera‐Mercado Yibran
Published: August 2017

The surface free energy (SFE) of polylactic acid (PLA) during grafting with N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) was determined from contact angle measurements using the vOCG, Fowkes’, and Owens‐Wendt methods (Harmonic and Geometric mean approximation equations). A good correlation between the results of the three methods was found. Polymer film was obtained by melt extrusion and grafted with NVP using UV light and benzophenone (BP) as photoinitiator. Comparison of SFE results with those from the literature for pristine PLA showed that the correlation depends on the method used for contact angle determination and the properties of the liquids used for this measurement. This finding might promote the rational design of surface modification of biocompatible films.
Dual temperature sensors with different emissivities in radiosondes for the compensation of solar irradiation effects with varying air pressure
Authors: Lee Sang‐Wook , Park Eun Uk , Choi Byung Il , Kim Jong Chul , Woo Sang‐Bong , Park Seongchong , Yang Seung Gu , Kim Yong‐Gyoo
Published: August 2017

One of the challenges in temperature measurements in the upper air using a radiosonde is the correction of solar radiation effects. A prerequisite for the correction is in situ measurements of solar radiation. In this study, a new technique for the measurement of solar irradiation followed by the temperature correction was developed using dual temperature sensors with different emissivities. The principle is that the radiation intensity is calculated by using the temperature difference between two thermistors coated with different materials (one with graphite and the other with aluminium) and then the irradiance obtained is used for the correction. As a first stage, the effect of air pressure on the temperature correction process using dual thermistors was examined. The temperature difference between the two sensors was found to be linearly proportional only to the irradiance up to 360 W m−2, regardless of air pressure from 10 to 1000 hPa at room temperature. This provides a way to calculate the irradiance by simply measuring the temperature difference between the two sensors. The calculated irradiance showed a difference of less than 45 W m−2 (13% of the maximum irradiance) compared to the irradiance measured with a calibrated pyranometer. The extended uncertainty of the calculated irradiance was 53.5 W m−2 (coverage factor k = 2). A reference temperature sensor in the shade was used to obtain a correction formula as a function of air pressure and calculated irradiance. When the temperature was corrected using the calculated irradiance, the extended uncertainty of the corrected temperature was 0.98 K (k = 2).
Impact Response Comparison Between Parametric Human Models and Postmortem Human Subjects with a Wide Range of Obesity Levels
Authors: Zhang Kai , Cao Libo , Wang Yulong , Hwang Eunjoo , Reed Matthew P. , Forman Jason , Hu Jingwen
Published: August 2017

Objective

Field data analyses have shown that obesity significantly increases the occupant injury risks in motor vehicle crashes, but the injury assessment tools for people with obesity are largely lacking. The objectives of this study were to use a mesh morphing method to rapidly generate parametric finite element models with a wide range of obesity levels and to evaluate their biofidelity against impact tests using postmortem human subjects (PMHS).

Methods

Frontal crash tests using three PMHS seated in a vehicle rear seat compartment with body mass index (BMI) from 24 to 40 kg/m2 were selected. To develop the human models matching the PMHS geometry, statistical models of external body shape, rib cage, pelvis, and femur were applied to predict the target geometry using age, sex, stature, and BMI. A mesh morphing method based on radial basis functions was used to rapidly morph a baseline human model into the target geometry. The model‐predicted body excursions and injury measures were compared to the PMHS tests.

Results

Comparisons of occupant kinematics and injury measures between the tests and simulations showed reasonable correlations across the wide range of BMI levels.

Conclusions

The parametric human models have the capability to account for the obesity effects on the occupant impact responses and injury risks.
High conductivity electrospun carbon/graphene composite nanofiber yarns
Authors: Yan Tao , Pan Zhijuan
Published: August 2017

Polyacrylonitrile/graphene (PAN/GP) composite nanofiber filaments were spun continuously by a homemade eight‐needle electrospinning device with an auxiliary electrode, and then, yarns were obtained by plying and successive twisting. Subsequently, the composite yarns were stabilized at 250–280°C for 1–2 h and then carbonized at 800–1100°C for 1–3 h. The diameter of yarns significantly decreased by over 60% after carbonization and the structure became more compact. The optimum stabilization conditions were at 270°C with holding for 1.5 h. The addition of GP at a low mass fraction (<1%) promoted the formation of ladder‐like structures and ordered graphitic structures during stabilization and carbonization. It seems there were defects in the pristine CNF, and the addition of GP reduced the defects. The conductivity of the composite CNF yarn sharply increased with the increase of GP content to 1%, and then decreased. The maximum value was 66.44 ± 13.16 S/cm at 1100°C held for 3 h. The mechanical properties for composite CNF yarns were performed. The maximum stress and modulus were 59.49 MPa and 14.63 GPa, respectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:903–912, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molstack—Interactive visualization tool for presentation, interpretation, and validation of macromolecules and electron density maps
Authors: Porebski Przemyslaw J. , Sroka Piotr , Zheng Heping , Cooper David R. , Minor Wladek
Published: August 2017

Our understanding of the world of biomolecular structures is based upon the interpretation of macromolecular models, of which ∼90% are an interpretation of electron density maps. This structural information guides scientific progress and exploration in many biomedical disciplines. The Protein Data Bank's web portals have made these structures available for mass scientific consumption and greatly broaden the scope of information presented in scientific publications. The portals provide numerous quality metrics; however, the portion of the structure that is most vital for interpretation of the function may have the most difficult to interpret electron density and this ambiguity is not reflected by any single metric. The possible consequences of basing research on suboptimal models make it imperative to inspect the agreement of a model with its experimental evidence. Molstack, a web‐based interactive publishing platform for structural data, allows users to present density maps and structural models by displaying a collection of maps and models, including different interpretation of one's own data, re‐refinements, and corrections of existing structures. Molstack organizes the sharing and dissemination of these structural models along with their experimental evidence as an interactive session. Molstack was designed with three groups of users in mind; researchers can present the evidence of their interpretation, reviewers and readers can independently judge the experimental evidence of the authors' conclusions, and other researchers can present or even publish their new hypotheses in the context of prior results. The server is available at http://molstack.bioreproducibility.org.
A direct visual servoing‐based framework for the 2016 IROS Autonomous Drone Racing Challenge
Authors: Jung Sunggoo , Cho Sungwook , Lee Dasol , Lee Hanseob , Shim David Hyunchul
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a framework for navigating in obstacle‐dense environments as posed in the 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Autonomous Drone Racing Challenge. Our framework is based on direct visual servoing and leg‐by‐leg planning to navigate in a complex environment filled with many similar frame‐shaped obstacles to fly through. Our indoor navigation method relies on the velocity measurement by an optical flow sensor since the position measurements from GPS or external cameras are not available. For precision navigation through a sequence of obstacles, a center point–matching method is used with the depth information from the onboard stereo camera. The guidance points is directly generated in three‐dimensional space using the two‐dimensional image data to avoid accumulating the error from the sensor drift. The proposed framework is implemented on a quadrotor‐based aerial vehicle, which carries an onboard vision‐processing computer for self‐contained operation. Using the proposed method, our drone was able to finished in first place in the world‐premier IROS Autonomous Drone Racing Challenge.
Insights into the Adsorption of Resveratrol on Graphene Oxide: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Zhao Meilian , Lai Qiao , Guo Jinlin , Guo Yong
Published: August 2017

Trans‐resveratrol (TRA) has been extensively used in medicine and health products because of its strong biological activity. The solid‐phase extraction sorbent for separation of TRA by graphene oxide (GO) is designed. In this study, the interactions between TRA and GO are analysed by first‐principles calculations with M06‐2X functional at the 6‐311++G(d,p) level. The adsorption of TRA on GO is stronger than that on graphene, which is attributed to epoxide, hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups in GO. Interaction analysis shows that hydrogen bonds and π‐π interactions exist between TRA and GO surface. The adsorption of TRA depends on the type of oxygen‐containing group in GO. Epoxide group in GO is much more attractive for TRA than hydroxyl and carboxyl group. In addition, solvent effects have also been studied, the result shows that the adsorption weakens with the increase of dielectric constant of solvent. The result is significant in the development of solid‐phase extraction sorbent for TRA.
Facile Synthesis of Nitrovanillin‐ Appended Porphyrin and Its Utilization as Potent, Recyclable, Naked‐Eye CN− and F− Ion Sensor
Authors: Dar Tawseef Ahmad , Sankar Muniappan
Published: August 2017

Nitrovanillin porphyrin (1) was synthesized in good yield and successfully utilized as colorimetric, naked‐eye sensor for toxic CN− and F− ions. The synthesized probe detects CN− and F− ions via anion induced deprotonation, which brings about drastic spectral and colorimetric changes, among the commonly known anions such as OAc−, H2PO4−, Cl−, Br−, I−, ClO4−, HSO4− and PF6−. The toxic CN− and F− ions interact selectively with the –OH protons of 1 as established via 1H NMR, UV‐Visible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The sensor could detect F− ions ∼1.1 ppm and CN− ions ∼ 1.34 ppm which is very appreciable and promising.
Erectile Function Predicts Sexual Satisfaction in Men With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Gomes Cristiano M. , Miranda Eduardo P. , de Bessa José , Bellucci Carlos Henrique Suzuki , Battistella Linamara Rizzo , Abdo Carmita Helena Najjar , Bruschini Homero , Srougi Miguel , Mulhall John P.
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is usually a sudden traumatic event and has a negative effect on sexual function.

Aim

To evaluate the characteristics of sexual activity in men with SCI and identify predictors of being sexually active and having a satisfactory sex life.

Methods

We assessed sexual activity profiles of men with SCI from a Brazilian tertiary rehabilitation center from February to August 2012. All patients older than 18 years with SCI for longer than 1 year were invited to participate. We analyzed age, time since SCI, patient age at SCI, employment status, partner status, completeness of lesion, functional independence, urinary continence, and Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) score.

Main Outcome Measures

The SHIM was used to assess erectile function (EF). Satisfaction with sex life was analyzed as a dichotomous variable. Predictors of an active and satisfactory sex life were identified using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results

We evaluated 295 men with mean age of 40.7 ± 14.5 years. Most patients had a complete SCI (65.1%) and 159 (53.9%) were incontinent. The median SHIM score was 5 (interquartile range = 0–16) and only 71 men (24.1%) had a SHIM score of at least 17. Of these men, 159 (53.9%) were sexually active. Only 63 men (39.6%) were satisfied with their sex life after SCI. In univariable analysis, all variables were associated with an active sex life. Those with a SHIM score of at least 17 had a greater likelihood of being sexually active (odds ratio = 116, 95% confidence interval = 14–432). EF was the only parameter associated with a satisfactory sex life (odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2–1.4).

Conclusions

Most men with SCI were sexually inactive and/or dissatisfied with their sex life. Age, duration of SCI, completeness of SCI, continence, having a partner, and good EF were identified as predictors of an active sex life. However, only EF was a predictor of a satisfactory sex life.

Gomes CM, Miranda EP, de Bessa J, et al. Erectile Function Predicts Sexual Satisfaction in Men With Spinal Cord Injury. Sex Med 2017;5:e148–e155.
The Anaesthesia Science Viva Book
Authors: Bricker Simon
Published: August 2017

This third edition of the highly successful The Anaesthesia Science Viva Book contains detailed, accessible summaries of the core questions in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and clinical measurement that may be asked in the oral section of the Final FRCA exam. In addition to comprehensive updating of all the topics, this edition includes new subject material in each of the four basic sciences, with almost 200 detailed summaries of the most relevant topics in the examination. This volume once again gives candidates an insight into the way the viva works; offering general guidance on exam technique, and providing readily accessible information relating to a wide range of potential questions. Written by a former senior examiner for the diploma of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and listed as recommended reading by AnaesthesiaUK, the prime educational resource for trainee anaesthetists, it remains an essential purchase for every Final FRCA candidate.
Hegel on Second Nature in Ethical Life
Authors: Novakovic Andreja
Published: August 2017

What does it take to be subjectively free in an objectively rational social order? In this book Andreja Novakovic offers a fresh interpretation of Hegel's account of ethical life by focusing on his concept of habit or 'second nature'. Novakovic addresses two central and difficult issues facing any interpretation of his Philosophy of Right: why Hegel thinks that it is is better to relate unreflectively to the laws of ethical life, and which forms of reflection, especially critical reflection, remain available within ethical life. Her interpretation draws on numerous parts of Hegel's system, particularly on his 'Anthropology' and his Phenomenology of Spirit, and also explores connections between his account and those of other philosophers. Her aim is to argue that Hegel has a compelling conception of the ordinary ethical standpoint which takes seriously both the virtues and the perils of reflection.
Recovery of Surgical Equipment Sterile Processing During a Floodwater Boil Advisory
Authors: Shelton Stephen , Hamm Jay , Olatosi Bankole , Johnson R. Ory
Published: August 2017

Excessive rainfall and dam failures resulted in floodwater contaminating our public water supply. The endotoxin risk in the contaminated water created challenges in recovery of sterile processing for our surgical equipment. Recovery plans should include a potable water source and a method to connect it to the required location. We share our solution of plumbing our sterile processing equipment to tanker-transported potable water sources. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 415–418)
Simple groups of dynamical origin
Authors: NEKRASHEVYCH V.
Published: August 2017

We associate with every étale groupoid$\mathfrak{G}$two normal subgroups$\mathsf{S}(\mathfrak{G})$and$\mathsf{A}(\mathfrak{G})$of the topological full group of$\mathfrak{G}$, which are analogs of the symmetric and alternating groups. We prove that if$\mathfrak{G}$is a minimal groupoid of germs (e.g., of a group action), then$\mathsf{A}(\mathfrak{G})$is simple and is contained in every non-trivial normal subgroup of the full group. We show that if$\mathfrak{G}$is expansive (e.g., is the groupoid of germs of an expansive action of a group), then$\mathsf{A}(\mathfrak{G})$is finitely generated. We also show that$\mathsf{S}(\mathfrak{G})/\mathsf{A}(\mathfrak{G})$is a quotient of$H_{0}(\mathfrak{G},\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})$.
Norm variation of ergodic averages with respect to two commuting transformations
Authors: DURCIK POLONA , KOVAČ VJEKOSLAV , ŠKREB KRISTINA ANA , THIELE CHRISTOPH
Published: August 2017

We study double ergodic averages with respect to two general commuting transformations and establish a sharp quantitative result on their convergence in the norm. We approach the problem via real harmonic analysis, using recently developed methods for bounding multilinear singular integrals with certain entangled structure. A byproduct of our proof is a bound for a two-dimensional bilinear square function related to the so-called triangular Hilbert transform.
AN INFINITE FAMILY OF NINTH DEGREE DIHEDRAL POLYNOMIALS
Authors: JONES LENNY , PHILLIPS TRISTAN
Published: August 2017

For any integer $m\neq 0$, we prove that $f(x)=x^{9}+9mx^{6}+192m^{3}$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$ and that the Galois group of $f(x)$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ is the dihedral group of order 18. Moreover, we show that for infinitely many values of $m$, the splitting fields for $f(x)$ are distinct.
A national register-based study of paediatric varicella hospitalizations in Denmark 2010–2016
Authors: HELMUTH I. G. , POULSEN A. , MØLBAK K.
Published: August 2017

Varicella, usually a mild disease of childhood, can also cause complications and hospitalization. Universal varicella immunization is implemented in several countries worldwide, but not in Denmark. Taking advantage of unique national registers, we aimed to estimate the incidence of paediatric varicella hospitalizations and assess determinants for hospitalization. For this purpose, we designed a nationwide, retrospective register study of paediatric varicella hospitalizations and applied a case–cohort design and logistic regression analysis comparing hospitalized varicella patients to a sample of the entire paediatric population in Denmark. Varicella patients were identified in The Danish National Patient Register and referents were randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registration System. The incidence of paediatric varicella admissions was 11/100 000 children 0–18 years of age/year. Of admitted children 67·1% had complications and 30·0% had underlying disease. All categories of underlying disease significantly increased the odds of hospitalization as well as male gender and not having been born in Denmark. In conclusion, we found a considerable burden of paediatric varicella disease in Danish hospitals, of similar magnitude as in other European countries comparable to Denmark. With this study we have provided epidemiological data needed for considering implementation of varicella vaccine in Denmark.
Immigrant-Conscious Congregations: Race, Ethnicity, and the Rejection of Anti-Immigrant Frames
Authors: Brown R. Khari , Kaiser Angela , Rusch Lara , Brown Ronald E.
Published: August 2017

Using data collected between 2004 and 2008 from the National Politics Studies, this study explores the impact of race on the likelihood of attending worship settings that provide supportive services for and preach sermons about immigrants. It also considers the degree to which attending such worship settings associate with the perceptions that Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics hold of immigrants. We find that while Hispanics are more likely than Whites and Blacks to attend such “immigrant-conscious” congregations, attending such congregations more strongly correlates with Whites rejecting anti-immigrant frames and accepting positive frames than is the case for Blacks and Hispanics.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Correlations Between Hearing and Cognitive Functions in Middle and Older Chinese Twins
Authors: Xu Chunsheng , Zhang Dongfeng , Tian Xiaocao , Duan Haiping , Wu Yili , Pang Zengchang , Li Shuxia , Tan Qihua
Published: August 2017

The genetic and environmental impacts on correlations between hearing and cognitive functions have not been well studied. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Hearing function was assessed by audiometric pure-tone hearing thresholds at different frequencies, including 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 8 kHz, and 12.5 kHz, with the lower hearing thresholds indicating better hearing function. Cognitive and hearing functions were measured on 379 complete twin pairs (240 monozygotic and 139 dizygotic pairs) with a median age of 50 years (range: 40–80 years). Bivariate twin models were fitted to quantify the genetic and environmental components of the correlations between hearing and cognitive functions. The analysis showed significantly high genetic correlation between 2 kHz of hearing and cognition (rG = −1.00, 95% CI [−1.00, −0.46]) and moderate genetic correlation between 4 kHz of hearing and cognition (rG = −0.62, 95% CI [−1.00, −0.14]). We found no significant genetic correlations between low as well as high frequencies of hearing and cognition. Low to moderate common and unique environmental correlations were shown between low frequencies of hearing and cognition (−0.13 to −0.39) and the common environmental correlation between 8 kHz, one of the high frequencies of hearing, and cognition (−0.22). The middle frequencies of hearing and cognitive functions may have a shared genetic basis. Low frequencies of hearing and cognition may share similar common and unique environmental factors. At 8 kHz, the high frequency of hearing and cognition may share similar common environment. This twin study detected a significant genetic and environmental basis in the phenotype correlation between cognition and hearing, which differed across frequencies.
Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) as Affected by Non–Target-Site Herbicide Resistance
Authors: Keshtkar Eshagh , Mathiassen Solvejg K. , Beffa Roland , Kudsk Per
Published: August 2017

Seedling emergence traits of susceptible (S) and resistant (R) blackgrass subpopulations isolated from a single non–target-site resistant (NTSR) population were studied in controlled conditions. The seedling emergence of the R subpopulation was lower and slower than that of the S subpopulation, especially at low temperature and deep burial. The burial depth inhibiting final emergence by 50% for the R subpopulation was significantly lower than that of the S subpopulation at low temperature. The present study revealed that under suboptimal conditions the NTSR loci conferring herbicide resistance were correlated with a fitness cost in relation to seedling emergence traits. The results suggest that deep soil cultivation and delayed sowing of autumn-sown crops can hamper germination of the R more than of the S subpopulation and thus potentially reduce the prevalence of the R subpopulation in the blackgrass population.
Total tanshinones exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through blocking TLR4 dimerization via the MyD88 pathway
Authors: Gao Hongwei , Liu Xin , Sun Wen , Kang Naixin , Liu Yanli , Yang Shilin , Xu Qiong-ming , Wang Chunming , Chen Xiuping
Published: August 2017

Tanshinones belong to a group of lipophilic constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. A deluge of studies demonstrated that tanshinones exert anti-inflammatory effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear to date. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of total tanshinones (TTN). TTN suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and THP-1 cells. TTN attenuated the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB and decreased IκB-α and IKK phosphorylation and NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, TTN inhibited the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of AP-1, which was induced by the reduction of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38MAPK phosphorylation. TTN blocked LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dimerization, which consequently decreased MyD88 recruitment and TAK1 phosphorylation. In addition, TTN pretreatment effectively inhibited xylene-induced ear edema and LPS-induced septic death and improved LPS-induced acute kidney injury in mice. TTN exerts anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo by blocking TLR4 dimerization to activate MyD88–TAK1–NF-κB/MAPK signaling cascades, which provide the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effect of Danshen and suggest that TTN is a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
In vivo cation exchange in quantum dots for tumor-specific imaging
Authors: Liu Xiangyou , Braun Gary B. , Qin Mingde , Ruoslahti Erkki , Sugahara Kazuki N.
Published: August 2017

In vivo tumor imaging with nanoprobes suffers from poor tumor specificity. Here, we introduce a nanosystem, which allows selective background quenching to gain exceptionally tumor-specific signals. The system uses near-infrared quantum dots and a membrane-impermeable etchant, which serves as a cation donor. The etchant rapidly quenches the quantum dots through cation exchange (ionic etching), and facilitates renal clearance of metal ions released from the quantum dots. The quantum dots are intravenously delivered into orthotopic breast and pancreas tumors in mice by using the tumor-penetrating iRGD peptide. Subsequent etching quenches excess quantum dots, leaving a highly tumor-specific signal provided by the intact quantum dots remaining in the extravascular tumor cells and fibroblasts. No toxicity is noted. The system also facilitates the detection of peritoneal tumors with high specificity upon intraperitoneal tumor targeting and selective etching of excess untargeted quantum dots. In vivo cation exchange may be a promising strategy to enhance specificity of tumor imaging.
Cellular and molecular synergy in AS01-adjuvanted vaccines results in an early IFNγ response promoting vaccine immunogenicity
Authors: Coccia Margherita , Collignon Catherine , Hervé Caroline , Chalon Aurélie , Welsby Iain , Detienne Sophie , van Helden Mary J. , Dutta Sheetij , Genito Christopher J. , Waters Norman C. , Van Deun Katrijn , Smilde Age K. , van den Berg Robert A. , Franco David , Bourguignon Patricia , Morel Sandra , Garçon Nathalie , Lambrecht Bart N. , Goriely Stanislas , van der Most Robbert , Didierlaurent Arnaud M.
Published: August 2017

Combining immunostimulants in adjuvants can improve the quality of the immune response to vaccines. Here, we report a unique mechanism of molecular and cellular synergy between a TLR4 ligand, 3-O-desacyl-4’-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), and a saponin, QS-21, the constituents of the Adjuvant System AS01. AS01 is part of the malaria and herpes zoster vaccine candidates that have demonstrated efficacy in phase III studies. Hours after injection of AS01-adjuvanted vaccine, resident cells, such as NK cells and CD8+ T cells, release IFNγ in the lymph node draining the injection site. This effect results from MPL and QS-21 synergy and is controlled by macrophages, IL-12 and IL-18. Depletion strategies showed that this early IFNγ production was essential for the activation of dendritic cells and the development of Th1 immunity by AS01-adjuvanted vaccine. A similar activation was observed in the lymph node of AS01-injected macaques as well as in the blood of individuals receiving the malaria RTS,S vaccine. This mechanism, previously described for infections, illustrates how adjuvants trigger naturally occurring pathways to improve the efficacy of vaccines.
A Genome-Wide Identification of the WRKY Family Genes and a Survey of Potential WRKY Target Genes in Dendrobium officinale
Authors: He Chunmei , Teixeira da Silva Jaime A. , Tan Jianwen , Zhang Jianxia , Pan Xiaoping , Li Mingzhi , Luo Jianping , Duan Jun
Published: August 2017

The WRKY family, one of the largest families of transcription factors, plays important roles in the regulation of various biological processes, including growth, development and stress responses in plants. In the present study, 63 DoWRKY genes were identified from the Dendrobium officinale genome. These were classified into groups I, II, III and a non-group, each with 14, 28, 10 and 11 members, respectively. ABA-responsive, sulfur-responsive and low temperature-responsive elements were identified in the 1-k upstream regulatory region of DoWRKY genes. Subsequently, the expression of the 63 DoWRKY genes under cold stress was assessed, and the expression profiles of a large number of these genes were regulated by low temperature in roots and stems. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of DoWRKY genes in biological processes, potential WRKY target genes were investigated. Among them, most stress-related genes contained multiple W-box elements in their promoters. In addition, the genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis and hydrolysis contained W-box elements in their 1-k upstream regulatory regions, suggesting that DoWRKY genes may play a role in polysaccharide metabolism. These results provide a basis for investigating the function of WRKY genes and help to understand the downstream regulation network in plants within the Orchidaceae.
The Arabidopsis defensin gene, AtPDF1.1, mediates defence against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum via an iron-withholding defence system
Authors: Hsiao Pao-Yuan , Cheng Chiu-Ping , Koh Kah Wee , Chan Ming-Tsair
Published: August 2017

Plant defensins (PDFs) are cysteine-rich peptides that have a range of biological functions, including defence against fungal pathogens. However, little is known about their role in defence against bacteria. In this study, we showed that the protein encoded by ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PLANT DEFENSIN TYPE 1.1 (AtPDF1.1) is a secreted protein that can chelate apoplastic iron. Transcripts of AtPDF1.1 were induced in both systemic non-infected leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants and those infected with the necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc). The expression levels of AtPDF1.1 with correct subcellular localization in transgenic A. thaliana plants were positively correlated with tolerance to Pcc, suggesting its involvement in the defence against this bacterium. Expression analysis of genes associated with iron homeostasis/deficiency and hormone signalling indicated that the increased sequestration of iron by apoplastic AtPDF1.1 overexpression perturbs iron homeostasis in leaves and consequently activates an iron-deficiency-mediated response in roots via the ethylene signalling pathway. This in turn triggers ethylene-mediated signalling in systemic leaves, which is involved in suppressing the infection of necrotrophic pathogens. These findings provide new insight into the key functions of plant defensins in limiting the infection by the necrotrophic bacterium Pcc via an iron-deficiency-mediated defence response.
Ranking of Nodal Infection Probability in Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic
Authors: Qu Bo , Li Cong , Van Mieghem Piet , Wang Huijuan
Published: August 2017

The prevalence, which is the average fraction of infected nodes, has been studied to evaluate the robustness of a network subject to the spread of epidemics. We explore the vulnerability (infection probability) of each node in the metastable state with a given effective infection rate τ. Specifically, we investigate the ranking of the nodal vulnerability subject to a susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic, motivated by the fact that the ranking can be crucial for a network operator to assess which nodes are more vulnerable. Via both theoretical and numerical approaches, we unveil that the ranking of nodal vulnerability tends to change more significantly as τ varies when τ is smaller or in Barabási-Albert than Erdős-Rényi random graphs.
Clinical evaluation of whole blood prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) using a Laser Speckle Rheology sensor
Authors: Tripathi Markandey M. , Egawa Satoru , Wirth Alexandra G. , Tshikudi Diane M. , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Nadkarni Seemantini K.
Published: August 2017

Prothrombin time (PT) and the associated international normalized ratio (INR) are routinely tested to assess the risk of bleeding or thrombosis and to monitor response to anticoagulant therapy in patients. To measure PT/INR, conventional coagulation testing (CCT) is performed, which is time-consuming and requires the separation of cellular components from whole blood. Here, we report on a portable and battery-operated optical sensor that can rapidly quantify PT/INR within seconds by measuring alterations in the viscoelastic properties of a drop of whole blood following activation of coagulation with thromboplastin. In this study, PT/INR values were measured in 60 patients using the optical sensor and compared with the corresponding CCT values. Our results report a close correlation and high concordance between PT/INR measured using the two approaches. These findings confirm the accuracy of our optical sensing approach for rapid PT/INR testing in whole blood and highlight the potential for use at the point-of-care or for patient self-testing.
Mitigation of sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and organ injury through targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Sharma Archna , Yang Weng-Lang , Ochani Mahendar , Wang Ping
Published: August 2017

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been involved in regulating inflammation in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by dysregulated inflammatory response to infection with no effective therapy available. Recently elevated Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been detected in sepsis. However, its contribution to sepsis-associated inflammatory response remains to be explored. In this study, we show that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduces inflammation and mitigates sepsis-induced organ injury. Usingin vitroLPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, we demonstrate that a small-molecule inhibitor of β-catenin responsive transcription, iCRT3, significantly reduces the LPS-induced Wnt/β-catenin activity and also inhibits TNF-α production and IκB degradation in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of iCRT3 to C57BL/6 mice, subjected to cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis, decreases the plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and organ injury markers in a dose-dependent manner. The histological integrity of the lungs is improved with iCRT3 treatment, along with reduced lung collagen deposition and apoptosis. In addition, iCRT3 treatment also decreases the expression of the cytokines, neutrophil chemoattractants, as well as the MPO activity in the lungs of septic mice. Based on these findings we conclude that targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway may provide a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of sepsis.
Preprocessing of emotional visual information in the human piriform cortex
Authors: Schulze Patrick , Bestgen Anne-Kathrin , Lech Robert K. , Kuchinke Lars , Suchan Boris
Published: August 2017

This study examines the processing of visual information by the olfactory system in humans. Recent data point to the processing of visual stimuli by the piriform cortex, a region mainly known as part of the primary olfactory cortex. Moreover, the piriform cortex generates predictive templates of olfactory stimuli to facilitate olfactory processing. This study fills the gap relating to the question whether this region is also capable of preprocessing emotional visual information. To gain insight into the preprocessing and transfer of emotional visual information into olfactory processing, we recorded hemodynamic responses during affective priming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Odors of different valence (pleasant, neutral and unpleasant) were primed by images of emotional facial expressions (happy, neutral and disgust). Our findings are the first to demonstrate that the piriform cortex preprocesses emotional visual information prior to any olfactory stimulation and that the emotional connotation of this preprocessing is subsequently transferred and integrated into an extended olfactory network for olfactory processing.
Reorganization of mammalian body wall patterning with cloacal septation
Authors: Hall Margaret I. , Rodriguez-Sosa José R. , Plochocki Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2017

Septation of the cloaca is a unique mammalian adaptation that required a novel reorganization of the perineum–the caudal portion of the trunk body wall not associated with the hindlimb. Fish, the basal vertebrates, separate ventrolateral body wall musculature of the trunk into two discrete layers, while most tetrapods expand this pattern in the thorax and abdomen into four. Mammals, the only vertebrate group to divide the cloaca into urogenital and anorectal portions, exhibit complex muscle morphology in the perineum. Here we describe how perineal morphology in a broad sample of mammals fits into patterning of trunk musculature as an extension of the four-layer ventrolateral muscular patterning of the thorax and abdomen. We show that each perineal muscle layer has a specific function related to structures formed by cloacal septation. From superficial to deep, there is the subcutaneous layer, which regulates orifice closure, the external layer, which supplements both erectile and micturition function, the internal layer, which provides primary micturition and defecation regulation, and the transversus layer, which provides structural support for pelvic organs. We elucidate how the four-layer body wall pattern, restricted to the non-mammal tetrapod thorax and abdomen, is observed in the mammalian perineum to regulate function of unique perineal structures derived from cloacal septation.
Crab Spider Lures Prey In Flowerless Neighborhoods
Authors: Vieira Camila , Ramires Eduardo N. , Vasconcellos-Neto João , Poppi Ronei J. , Romero Gustavo Q.
Published: August 2017

One fundamental question in prey luring systems is to understand how visual signals are interpreted by the receiver. Predators lure prey by falsely imitating the signal of a model, or may exploit sensory preferences of the receivers, which search for rewarding signals. Crab spiders reflect ultraviolet (UV) light, ambush pollinators on flowers, and manipulate flower UV signals altering the behavior and response of prey. Whereas crab spiders typically depend on flowers to forage, adult Epicadus heterogaster departs from this standard behavior by preying on pollinators upon green leaves, even in the absence of flowers nearby. This species has a conspicuous abdomen resembling the shape of a flower, which may reflect UV signals similar to that of flowers, and thus attract pollinators. Nevertheless, no empirical evidence is available that E. heterogaster foraging on leaves mimics flowers, nor how this crab spider interacts with its prey. Field and laboratory experiments demonstrated that UV reflection of adult E. heterogaster is the main signal responsible for the attraction of pollinators. This is the first study to demonstrate that a crab spider attracts pollinators regardless of flower UV signal, which may represent an evolutionary pathway beyond the dependence of flowers.
Synthesis of a monodisperse well-defined core–shell magnetic molecularly-imprinted polymer prior to LC-MS/MS for fast and sensitive determination of mycotoxin residues in rice
Authors: Pan Sheng-Dong , Ye Mei-Jun , Gao Guo-Sheng , He Qian , Wang Li , Chen Xiao-Hong , Qiu Qiao-Li , Jin Mi-Cong
Published: August 2017

This study reports the preparation of a monodisperse well-defined core–shell magnetic molecularly-imprinted polymer (MD-CS-MMIP) for application in simultaneous determination of six mycotoxin residues in rice samples.
Boosting selective oxidation of cyclohexane over a metal–organic framework by hydrophobicity engineering of pore walls
Authors: Li Luyan , Yang Qihao , Chen Si , Hou Xudong , Liu Bo , Lu Junling , Jiang Hai-Long
Published: August 2017

Hydrophobicity engineering for an iron-porphyrinic metal–organic framework has been developed to greatly improve the catalytic performance toward cyclohexane oxidation.
Why do zeolites induce an unprecedented electronic state on exchanged metal ions?
Authors: Oda Akira , Ohkubo Takahiro , Yumura Takashi , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Kuroda Yasushige
Published: August 2017

Understanding the exact position and the detailed role of the Al array in zeolites is essential for elucidating the origin of unique properties and for designing zeolite materials with high efficiency in catalytic and adsorption processes. In this work, we advanced pivotal roles of Lewis base–metal ion bifunctionality caused by Al atoms arrayed circumferentially in the MFI-zeolite pores.
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in biomedical spectroscopy
Authors: Schwaighofer Andreas , Brandstetter Markus , Lendl Bernhard
Published: August 2017

This review focuses on the recent applications of QCLs in mid-IR spectroscopy of clinically relevant samples.
Noncovalent immobilization and surface characterization of lanthanide complexes on carbon electrodes
Authors: Lionetti Davide , Day Victor W. , Blakemore James D.
Published: August 2017

Surface immobilization and spectroscopic characterization of redox-active molecular lanthanide complexes is demonstrated on carbon electrodes.
Low content nano-polyrhodanine modified polysulfone membranes with superior properties and their performance for wastewater treatment
Authors: Aktij Sadegh Aghapour , Rahimpour Ahmad , Figoli Alberto
Published: August 2017

In this study, PSf ultrafiltration membranes were modified with a low content of polyrhodanine (PRh) nanoparticles to improve the membrane performance for wastewater treatment.
MicroRNAs regulate the main events in rice drought stress response by manipulating the water supply to shoots
Authors: Fard Ehsan Mohseni , Bakhshi Behnam , Farsi Mohammad , Kakhki Amin Mirshamsi , Nikpay Nava , Ebrahimi Mohammad Ali , Mardi Mohsen , Salekdeh Ghasem Hosseini
Published: August 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous regulatory RNAs that are involved in a variety of biological processes related to proliferation, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses.