bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manganese Salts Mediated Free‐Radical Arylsulfonation‐Cyclization of 2‐(2‐Alkynylphenyl)aminomaleates
Authors: Chuang Tsung‐Han , Chen Ying‐Yu , Huang Yi‐Jie , Chuang Che‐Ping
Published: December 2016

A mild and convenient method for the synthesis of 4‐arylsulfonylmethyl substituted quinolines has been developed. The manganese(III) acetate mediated reaction of 2‐(2‐alkynylphenyl)aminomaleates, via free‐radical sulfonylation, 6‐endo‐trig cyclization and aromatization, produced 4‐arylsulfonylmethylquinolines with good functional group tolerance. This arylsulfonylation‐cyclization reaction could also proceed with a sequential one‐pot method. The use of inexpensive, readily available KMnO4 and p‐toluenesulfinic acid sodium salts makes this protocol very efficient and practical.
DNA‐Binding and Anticancer Activity of Pyrene‐Imidazolium Derivatives
Authors: Bonsignore Riccardo , Notaro Antonietta , Salvo Anna Maria Pia , Spinello Angelo , Fiasconaro Giuseppe , Terenzi Alessio , Giacalone Francesco , Keppler Bernhard K. , Giuliano Michela , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Barone Giampaolo
Published: December 2016

DNA‐binding investigations showed that two different derivatives endowed with pyrene and imidazolium moieties, 1 and 2, strongly bind both double‐stranded DNA and telomeric sequences in G‐quadruplex (G4) conformation. The values of the DNA‐binding constants indicate that 1 and 2 show preferential affinity for G4‐DNA, of about one and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Moreover, 1 and 2 inhibit short and long‐term proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion. Remarkably, senescence assays indicate that telomeric G4‐DNA is a possible biotarget for the cytotoxic activity of 2. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the stronger binding of 2 with G4‐DNA and the related senescence induction, are a consequence of additional edge‐to‐face interactions with a base in the TTA loop.
Syntheses, Structures and Phenoxazinone Synthase Activities of Two Cobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Mahato Mamata , Mondal Dipanjan , Nayek Hari Pada
Published: December 2016

A mononuclear complex, [LCo(L′)2]ClO4⋅MeOH⋅H2O (1) (L′=4‐aminopyridine) and a binuclear heterometallic complex, [LCo(L′′)2Na(ClO4)2]⋅0.5H2O (2) (L′′=1‐methylimidazole) have been prepared from a Schiff‐base ligand (H2L=N, N′‐bis(3‐methoxysalicylidehydene)cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine). The formation of both complexes were confirmed by employing several analytical techniques including single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The molecular structure of 1 consists of a [LCo(L′)2]+ cation associated with a [ClO4]− ion. Complex 2 contains a Co(III) ion and a Na(I) ion and thus it results a heterometallic Co(III)‐Na(I) compound. The Co(III) ion is in a distorted octahedral geometry in both complexes. Phenoxazinone synthase activity of 1 and 2 have been investigated. The oxidation of 2‐aminophenol (OAPH) to 2‐aminophenoxazine‐3‐one (APX) follows saturation rate kinetics with the formation of a catalyst‐substrate adduct. Mass analysis and electrochemical properties of both complexes have been investigated and they are in full support of the saturation rate kinetics.
The Use of Directing Groups Enables the Selective and Efficient Biocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Adamantyl C‐H Bonds
Authors: Sarkar Md. Raihan , Hall Emma A. , Dasgupta Samrat , Bell Stephen G.
Published: December 2016

Adamantane, 1‐ and 2‐adamantanol and 2‐adamantanone, were poor substrates for the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP101B1. The CYP101B1 catalysed oxidation of 1‐adamantyl methyl ketone, and methyl 2‐(1‐adamantyl acetate), were more active generating a majority of the 4‐hydroxy metabolite. Substrate engineering using acetate and isobutyrate ester directing groups significantly increased the affinity, activity and coupling efficiency of CYP101B1 for the esters compared to the parent adamantanols, resulting in enhanced product formation rates (720 to 1350 nmol.(nmol‐P450)−1.min−1). The majority of the turnovers were selective for C−H bond hydroxylation with 4‐hydroxy‐1‐adamantyl isobutyrate and the 5‐hydroxy‐2‐adamantyl esters being generated as the sole majority product, 97 %, with high total turnover numbers, ranging from 4130 to 16500. In addition N‐(1‐adamantyl)acetamide, was oxidised by CYP101B1 whereas 1‐adamantylamine, was not. Whole‐cell biocatalytic reactions were used to generate the products in good yield. Overall the use of ester protecting groups and the modification of the amine to an amide enabled the more efficient and selective biocatalytic oxidation of adamantane frameworks.
Azidoimidazolinium Salts: Safe and Efficient Diazo‐transfer Reagents and Unique Azido‐donors
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru
Published: December 2016

2‐Azido‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium chloride (ADMC) and its corresponding hexafluorophosphate (ADMP) were found to be efficient diazo‐transfer reagents to various organic compounds. ADMC was prepared by the reaction of 2‐chloro‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC) and sodium azide. ADMP was isolated as a crystal having good thermal stability and low explosibility. ADMC and ADMP reacted with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds under mild basic conditions to give 2‐diazo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds in high yields, which were easily isolated in virtue of the high water solubility of the by‐products. ADMP showed high diazo‐transfer ability to primary amines even in the absence of metal salt such as Cu(II). Using this diazotization approach, various alkyl/aryl azides were directly obtained from their corresponding primary amines in high yields. Furthermore, naphthols reacted with ADMC to give the corresponding diazonaphthoquinones in good to high yields. In addition, 2‐azido‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium salts were employed as azide‐transfer and migratory amidation reagents.
Why Do European Companies Have Innovation Hubs in Silicon Valley—Best Practice Examples and Key Takeaways
Authors: Berger Andreas , Brem Alexander
Published: December 2016

Innovation hubs are gaining high attention in recent years, especially from European companies. Silicon Valley has been deemed as one of the most attractive and successful environments for establishing innovation hubs. This article highlights examples of companies from Europe that made the step to California—namely, Volkswagen, Swisscom, BMW, Axel Springer, Munich Re, and Innogy SE (RWE Group). Based on these companies’ experiences, recommendations are given on how companies might approach a setup in Silicon Valley for long‐term success. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catch‐up through Collaborative Innovation: Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Yang , Ying Ying , Wu Xiaojie
Published: December 2016

Collaborative innovation has received the attention of management scholars for decades. The primary focus of our research is to explore the mechanisms that drive innovation catch‐up of latecomers in an emerging economy through research and development collaborations (i.e., academic and industrial collaborations). Using a sample of 1,066 firms in a high‐tech cluster in China, we find that collaborative innovation strategy has an inverse U–shaped effect on a firm's innovation performance. In addition, the relationship between collaborative innovation strategy and innovation performance is positively moderated by absorptive capacity © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies on pelvic floor three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound: a systematic review
Authors: Grob A. T. M. , van der Vaart L. R. , Withagen M. I. J. , van der Vaart C. H.
Published: December 2016

Objective

In recent years, a large number of studies have been published on the clinical relevance of pelvic floor three‐dimensional (3D) transperineal ultrasound. Several studies compare sonography with other imaging modalities or clinical examination. The quality of reporting in these studies is not known. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the compliance of diagnostic accuracy studies investigating pelvic floor 3D ultrasound with the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) guidelines.

Methods

Published articles on pelvic floor 3D ultrasound were identified by a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Prospective and retrospective studies that compared pelvic floor 3D ultrasound with other clinical and imaging diagnostics were included in the analysis. STARD compliance was assessed and quantified by two independent investigators, using 22 of the original 25 STARD checklist items. Items with the qualifier ‘if done’ (Items 13, 23 and 24) were excluded because they were not applicable to all papers. Each item was scored as reported (score = 1) or not reported (score = 0). Observer variability, the total number of reported STARD items per article and summary scores for each item were calculated. The difference in total score between STARD‐adopting and non‐adopting journals was tested statistically, as was the effect of year of publication.

Results

Forty studies published in 13 scientific journals were included in the analysis. Mean ± SD STARD checklist score of the included articles was 16.0 ± 2.5 out of a maximum of 22 points. The lowest scores (< 50%) were found for reporting of handling of indeterminate results or missing responses, adverse events and the time interval between tests. Interobserver agreement for rating the STARD items was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.77). An independent t‐test showed no significant mean difference ± SD in total STARD checklist score between STARD‐adopting and non‐adopting journals (16.4 ± 2.2 vs 15.9 ± 2.6, respectively). Mean ± SD STARD checklist score for articles published in 2003–2009 was lower, but not statistically different, compared with those published in 2010–2015 (15.2 ± 2.5 vs 16.6 ± 2.4, respectively).

Conclusion

The overall compliance with reporting guidelines of diagnostic accuracy studies on pelvic floor 3D transperineal ultrasound is relatively good compared with other fields of medicine. However, specific checklist items require more attention when reported. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Differentiating regions for adaptation financing: the role of global vulnerability and risk distributions
Authors: Muccione Veruska , Allen Simon K. , Huggel Christian , Birkmann Joern
Published: December 2016

In the Paris Agreement, it is stated that country's vulnerability to climate change is a key factor to decide where and how to allocate adaptation funds. However, the distribution of available funds continues to be a controversial point of discussion. To inform this discussion, we look at how policy makers could be differentiating regions for financing countries adaptation needs. We synthesize the results of global vulnerability assessments and conclude that in spite of some agreement between global vulnerability distribution and current funding allocation based on income groups, climate vulnerability remains a nuanced and problematic concept. In a search for increased transparency to inform adaptation financing, we analyze the new risk approach brought forward in recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. A main advantage of this new formulation is a clearer distinction between physical hazards and vulnerability, where vulnerability is solely driven by societal factors. Notwithstanding, the risk approach comes with some shortfalls, not least in terms of scale mismatches. This confirms that more efforts could be devoted in exploring appropriate scales (from both climatological and societal perspectives) and methodologies for embedding the vulnerability approach in a risk framework. However, a prevalent disconnect between science and policy on issues of adaptation financing has so far impeded the shift from earlier formulation of vulnerability to a risk concept in the policy arena. The IPCC has a pivotal role to play in filling this gap by leading a country‐level assessment that can serve as a basis for prioritizing adaptation financing. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e447. doi: 10.1002/wcc.447

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Auriferous Lode of Hira-Buddini Gold Mine, Hutti-Maski Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton: Mineralogy, Alteration, Types and Mechanism of Vein Emplacement
Authors: Sahoo Ajit Kumar , Krishnamurthi R. , Sangurmath Prabhakar
Published: December 2016

The auriferous lode in the Hira-Buddini deposit is confined to the sheared contact of amphibolite and felsic metavolcanic rock. Gold mineralization in the deposit is associated with sub-horizontal, sub–vertical, irregular and with few conjugate veins. These veins were emplaced during deformation in a ductile-brittle regime as inferred from the megascopic features and microstructures of the vein minerals. Fluid pressure was higher than the sum of the minimum principal stress and lithostatic load as well as the tensile strength of the shear zone. Crack-seal process appears to be the mechanism of vein formation. The microstructures of the vein minerals indicate a temperature of ~500ºC during the vein emplacement. In the auriferous lode, amphibolite and felsic metavolcanic rock have been subjected to intense alteration by the ore fluid with development of biotite-chlorite-tourmaline-calcite and muscovite (sericite)-chlorite-calcite-feldspar-biotite assemblages, respectively. Both the altered rocks contain significant amount of pyrite and chalcopyrite with native grains of gold and silver. Post-dating the fluid activity associated with gold mineralization, there is another stage of fluid activity manifested by the calcite veins and micro-veinlets.
Early Triassic Palynomorphs from Kuraloi Block, Belphar Area, Ib-River Coalfield, Mahanadi Basin, Odisha
Authors: Pillai S. Suresh Kumar , Meena K. L. , Tewari Rajni , Joshi Arun
Published: December 2016

Abstract: A rich assemblage of palynomorphs including miospores and megaspores has been recorded from the bore core no. IBKAN-2 drilled at a depth of 17.80m in Kuraloi Block-A, south-west part of the Ib-River Coalfield, Jharsuguda district, Odisha. The miofloral assemblage recovered shows prominence of cingulate, zonate, taeniate, non-striate and non saccate palynotaxa which indicate an early Triassic age and is comparable with the palynoassemblages of the same age known from the Damodar basin, India. The megaspore assemblage includes eight genera and fifteen species namely, Banksisporites karanpuraensis, B. indicus, B. utkalensis, Banksisporites sp., Barakarella pantii, Barakarella sp., Biharisporites spinosus, Biharisporites sp., Erlansonisporites triassicus, Erlansonisporites cf. erlansonii, Erlansonisporites sp. Jhariatriletes sp., Singhisporites sp., Ramispinatispora sp. and Talchirella trivedii. Records of megaspores are sparse in the early Triassic of Gondwana basins of India. The present study records the first occurrence of miospores and megaspores from the early Triassic of Mahanadi basin besides substantiating the earlier data.
Using Time-lapse 4D Seismic to Monitor Saturation Changes in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Efnik Mohamed Saleh , Taib Samsuddin H. , Islami Nur
Published: December 2016

In the past ten years, time-lapse (4D) seismic has evolved as a standard way of monitoring reservoir performance. The method is now being used as good reservoir management practice to provide evidence of saturation changes within the reservoir at field scale. 4D provides a new piece of data describing the dynamic behavior of the reservoir fluids between the wells, often limited to small scale monitoring at the borehole scale. Thus, it provides sophisticated techniques for reservoir monitoring and management relying on the integration of geological models, static and dynamic properties of the reservoir rock, and detailed production and pressure field data.

While 4D seismic data has been very successful in monitoring hydrocarbon production from clastic reservoirs, this work has focused on implementing 4D time lapse to monitor saturation changes in carbonate reservoirs and it’s capability to be used as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) tool that can help in enhancing the recovery factor for the filed and help to locate new drilling to sweep more oil out of the reservoir and locate the by-pass oil.

The principal goal of this research was to detect the maximum change in seismic attributes (amplitude, acoustic impedance, travel time) that could occur as a result of oil production, water and gas injection in carbonate reservoirs by using time-lapse 4D seismic.
Yield Characteristics of Fractured Aquifers and their Relation to Lineaments in Precambrian Crystalline Rocks of Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala
Authors: Nandakumaran P. , Balakrishnan K. , Kunhambu V.
Published: December 2016

Data collected from bore wells drilled by Central Ground Water Board in Bharathapuzha river basin in Kerala have been analyzed to understand the spatial distribution of yields in Precambrian crystalline rock aquifers and their possible relation to lineaments in the area. Bore wells show wide variation in yields in both charnockites and migmatites. Bore wells in the depth range of 50 to 100 m are most productive in the area and drilling of wells below 150 m may not be economical due to the dying out of fractures at depth. Bore well yields showed a decrease with increasing distances from lineaments in the area. Analysis of the yield data of bore wells with respect to the lineament orientations indicated that bore wells drilled along N-S and SE-NW lineaments are the most productive, whereas those located along NNE-SSW and ESE-WNW lineaments are the least productive. Yields of bore wells, in general, are found to be influenced by the ruptural deformations in the geologic past, with the high yielding wells lying mostly on the lineaments along the directions of compression.
Geotechnical Handicap of Travertine with Different Lithotype Levels as Foundation Material
Authors: Özvan Ali , Erdogan Onur
Published: December 2016

Two major earthquakes occurred on October 23rd, 2011 (M=7.1) and November 9th, 2011 (M=5.6) in Tabanli and Edremit districts of Van province in Turkey, respectively. New settlement areas for Van city were determined after these destructive earthquakes. One of the most important areas for new settlements to be built was Edremit region, consisting travertine where nearly 80% of new housing units (12.384) were built by TOKI (Housing Development Administration of Turkey). Travertines have different lithotypes depending on their depositional process such as crystalline crust, shrub, reed which can affect mechanical and engineering properties of travertine and each level has different handicaps. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between lithotype and physico-mechanical properties of travertines. According to the results, lithotype has an effect on physical, mechanical and rock mass properties of travertine. It is ascertained by several research methods that various handicaps may occur on such areas when the active tectonic structure of the area is evaluated along with the karstic cavities within the travertine and different lithotype qualities.
From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez
Authors: Hollander Paul
Published: December 2016

During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, political dictators were not only popular in their own countries, but were also admired by numerous highly educated and idealistic Western intellectuals. The objects of this political hero-worship included Benito Mussolini, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro and more recently Hugo Chavez, among others. This book seeks to understand the sources of these misjudgements and misperceptions, the specific appeals of particular dictators, and the part played by their charisma, or pseudo-charisma. It sheds new light not only on the political disposition of numerous Western intellectuals - such as Martin Heidegger, Eric Hobsbawm, Norman Mailer, Ezra Pound, Susan Sontag and George Bernard Shaw - but also on the personality of those political leaders who encouraged, and in some instances helped to design, the cult surrounding their rise to dictatorship.
Supersymmetry, Supergravity, and Unification
Authors: Nath Pran
Published: December 2016

This unique book gives a modern account of particle physics and gravity based on supersymmetry and supergravity, two of the most significant developments in theoretical physics since general relativity. The book begins with a brief overview of the history of unification and then goes into a detailed exposition of both fundamental and phenomenological topics. The topics in fundamental physics include Einstein gravity, Yang–Mills theory, anomalies, the standard model, supersymmetry and supergravity, and the construction of supergravity couplings with matter and gauge fields, as well as computational techniques for SO(10) couplings. The topics of phenomenological interest include implications of supergravity models at colliders, CP violation, and proton stability, as well as topics in cosmology such as inflation, leptogenesis, baryogenesis, and dark matter. The book is intended for graduate students and researchers seeking to master the techniques for building grand unified models.
Fractals in Probability and Analysis
Authors: Bishop Christopher J. , Peres Yuval
Published: December 2016

This is a mathematically rigorous introduction to fractals which emphasizes examples and fundamental ideas. Building up from basic techniques of geometric measure theory and probability, central topics such as Hausdorff dimension, self-similar sets and Brownian motion are introduced, as are more specialized topics, including Kakeya sets, capacity, percolation on trees and the traveling salesman theorem. The broad range of techniques presented enables key ideas to be highlighted, without the distraction of excessive technicalities. The authors incorporate some novel proofs which are simpler than those available elsewhere. Where possible, chapters are designed to be read independently so the book can be used to teach a variety of courses, with the clear structure offering students an accessible route into the topic.
The Annals of Tacitus
Authors: Tacitus
Published: December 2016

Books 5 and 6 of Tacitus' Annals cover the last years of the emperor Tiberius. Although most of Book 5 is lost, Book 6 survives complete and offers a vivid narrative of the increasingly tyrannical princeps, secluded on the island of Capri; the book ends with his death and obituary notice, one of the most celebrated passages of classical literature. The volume presents a new text of Books 5 and 6, restoring the division between them which was proposed by Lipsius, as well as a full commentary on the text, covering textual, literary, linguistic and historical matters. An Appendix discusses 'The Tacitean Tiberius'. The volume rounds off the sequence which began with commentary on Books 1 and 2 of Tacitus' Annals by F. R. D. Goodyear (1972, 1981) and was continued by commentary on Book 3 by A. J. Woodman and R. H. Martin (1996).
The ‘Europeanisation’ of Data Protection Law
Authors: LYNSKEY Orla
Published: December 2016

EU data protection law has, to date, been monitored and enforced in a decentralised way by independent supervisory authorities in each Member State. While the independence of these supervisory authorities is an essential element of EU data protection law, this decentralised governance structure has led to competing claims from supervisory authorities regarding the national law applicable to a data processing operation and the national authority responsible for enforcing the data protection rules. These competing claims – evident in investigations conducted into the data protection compliance of Google and Facebook – jeopardise the objectives of the EU data protection regime. The new General Data Protection Regulation will revolutionise data protection governance by providing for a centralised decision-making body, the European Data Protection Board. While this agency will ensure the ‘Europeanisation’ of data protection law, given the nature and the extent of this Board’s powers, it marks another significant shift in the EU’s agency-creating process and must, therefore, also be considered in its broader EU context.
International Federation for Emergency Medicine Consensus Statement:
Sonography in hypotension and cardiac arrest (SHoC): An international consensus on
the use of point of care ultrasound for undifferentiated hypotension and during
cardiac arrest
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Bowra Justin , Milne James , Lewis David , Lambert Mike , Jarman Bob , Noble Vicki E. , Lamprecht Hein , Harris Tim , Connolly Jim ,   and members of the
                  International Federation of Emergency Medicine Sonography in Hypotension and
                  Cardiac Arrest working group:
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM) Ultrasound
Special Interest Group (USIG) was tasked with development of a hierarchical
consensus approach to the use of point of care ultrasound (PoCUS) in patients
with hypotension and cardiac arrest.

Methods

The IFEM USIG invited 24 recognized international leaders in PoCUS from
emergency medicine and critical care to form an expert panel to develop the
sonography in hypotension and cardiac arrest (SHoC) protocol. The panel was
provided with reported disease incidence, along with a list of recommended
PoCUS views from previously published protocols and guidelines. Using a
modified Delphi methodology the panel was tasked with integrating the disease
incidence, their clinical experience and their knowledge of the medical
literature to evaluate what role each view should play in the proposed SHoC
protocol.

Results

Consensus on the SHoC protocols for hypotension and cardiac arrest was
reached after three rounds of the modified Delphi process. The final SHoC
protocol and operator checklist received over 80% consensus approval. The
IFEM-approved final protocol, recommend Core,
Supplementary, and Additional
PoCUS views. SHoC-hypotension core views consist of cardiac, lung, and inferior
vena vaca (IVC) views, with supplementary cardiac views, and additional views
when clinically indicated. Subxiphoid or parasternal cardiac views, minimizing
pauses in chest compressions, are recommended as core views for SHoC-cardiac
arrest; supplementary views are lung and IVC, with additional views when
clinically indicated. Both protocols recommend use of the “4 F” approach:
fluid, form,
function,
filling.

Conclusion

An international consensus on sonography in hypotension and cardiac arrest
is presented. Future prospective validation is required.
Yesterday’s Doctors: The Human Aspects of Medical Education in Britain, 1957–93
Authors: Bates Victoria
Published: December 2016

In the wake of the Second World War there was a movement to counterbalance the apparently increasingly technical nature of medical education. These reforms sought a more holistic model of care and to put people – rather than diseases – back at the centre of medical practice and medical education. This article shows that students often drove the early stages of education reform. Their innovations focused on relationships between doctors and their communities, and often took the form of informal discussions about medical ethics and the social dimensions of primary care. Medical schools began to pursue ‘humanistic’ education more formally from the 1980s onwards, particularly within the context of general practice curricula and with a focus on individual doctor–patient relationships. Overall from the 1950s to the 1990s there was a broad shift in discussions of the human aspects of medical education: from interest in patient communities to individuals; from social concerns to personal characteristics; and from the relatively abstract to the measurable and instrumental. There was no clear shift from ‘less’ to ‘more’ humanistic education, but rather a shift in the perceived goals of integrating human aspects of medical education. The human aspects of medicine show the importance of student activism in driving forward community and ethical medicine, and provide an important backdrop to the rise of competencies within general undergraduate education.
‘Apostles of Continence’: Doctors and the Doctrine of Sexual Necessity in Progressive-Era America
Authors: Verhoeven Timothy
Published: December 2016

In the first decades of the twentieth century, a group of doctors under the banner of the social hygiene movement set out on what seemed an improbable mission: to convince American men that they did not need sex. This was in part a response to venereal disease. Persuading young men to adopt the standard of sexual discipline demanded of women was the key to preserving the health of the nation from the ravages of syphilis and gonorrhoea. But their campaign ran up against the doctrine of male sexual necessity, a doctrine well established in medical thought and an article of faith for many patients. Initially, social hygienists succeeded in rallying much of the medical community. But this success was followed by a series of setbacks. Significant dissent remained within the profession. Even more alarmingly, behavioural studies proved that many men simply were not listening. The attempt to repudiate the doctrine of male sexual necessity showed the ambition of Progressive-era doctors, but also their powerlessness in the face of entrenched beliefs about the linkage in men between sex, health and success.
Medical Science Meets ‘Development Aid’ Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960–1980
Authors: Rensch Carola , Bruchhausen Walter
Published: December 2016

After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government ‘development aid’, which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German ‘model colony’ and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between ‘development aid’ and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained ‘capacity building’ and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German ‘development aid’ did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.
FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH A NOVEL FARMER CITIZEN SCIENCE APPROACH: CROWDSOURCING PARTICIPATORY VARIETY SELECTION THROUGH ON-FARM TRIADIC COMPARISONS OF TECHNOLOGIES (TRICOT)
Authors: VAN ETTEN JACOB , BEZA ESKENDER , CALDERER LLUÍS , VAN DUIJVENDIJK KEES , FADDA CARLO , FANTAHUN BASAZEN , KIDANE YOSEF GEBREHAWARYAT , VAN DE GEVEL JESKE , GUPTA ARNAB , MENGISTU DEJENE KASSAHUN , KIAMBI DAN , MATHUR PREM NARAIN , MERCADO LEIDA , MITTRA SARIKA , MOLLEL MARGARET J. , ROSAS JUAN CARLOS , STEINKE JONATHAN , SUCHINI JOSE GABRIEL , ZIMMERER KARL S.
Published: December 2016

Rapid climatic and socio-economic changes challenge current agricultural R&D capacity. The necessary quantum leap in knowledge generation should build on the innovation capacity of farmers themselves. A novel citizen science methodology, triadic comparisons of technologies or tricot, was implemented in pilot studies in India, East Africa, and Central America. The methodology involves distributing a pool of agricultural technologies in different combinations of three to individual farmers who observe these technologies under farm conditions and compare their performance. Since the combinations of three technologies overlap, statistical methods can piece together the overall performance ranking of the complete pool of technologies. The tricot approach affords wide scaling, as the distribution of trial packages and instruction sessions is relatively easy to execute, farmers do not need to be organized in collaborative groups, and feedback is easy to collect, even by phone. The tricot approach provides interpretable, meaningful results and was widely accepted by farmers. The methodology underwent improvement in data input formats. A number of methodological issues remain: integrating environmental analysis, capturing gender-specific differences, stimulating farmers' motivation, and supporting implementation with an integrated digital platform. Future studies should apply the tricot approach to a wider range of technologies, quantify its potential contribution to climate adaptation, and embed the approach in appropriate institutions and business models, empowering participants and democratizing science.
Demystifying the Program of Demythologizing: Rudolf Bultmann's Theological Hermeneutics
Authors: Congdon David W.
Published: December 2016

More than seventy years after Rudolf Bultmann delivered his famous lecture on the topic of “New Testament and Mythology” in 1941—initially on April 21 in Frankfurt am Main and again on June 4 in Alpirsbach—the program of demythologizing is still widely misunderstood, perhaps more so now than ever. Erroneous views have gradually accreted around Bultmann's original hermeneutic, so that now what is generally criticized under the name of “demythologizing” bears little resemblance to the intended program.
Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government
Authors: Koss Daniel
Published: December 2016

Ruling large expanses of terrain, imperial Chinese state-builders deployed bureaucratic resources sparingly, explicitly defining administrative priorities for county-level jurisdictions. Supported by primary evidence from the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), this article investigates where exactly the empire placed its priorities, what their effect was, and how rational the system was. The empire's priorities were the product of manmade spatial organization, defying macro-regional center-periphery divides, patterns debated in past issues of this journal. Moreover, even when priorities were biased, outdated, and manipulated, they had tangible effects on local state presence, creating distinct bureaucratic spheres: the many non-prioritized routine counties tended to have smaller governments with more first-time magistrates, whereas priority counties typically had bigger governments led by magistrates who were chosen in a deliberative yet corruptible process. The construction and uses of the empire's mental map demonstrates the merits and vicissitudes accompanying the still ongoing Chinese practice of differentiated local government.
The Case of Youth Exchanges and Interactions Between the PRC and
Italy in the 1950s
Authors: GRAZIANI SOFIA
Published: December 2016

Soon after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), youth
exchanges came to be a major part of the Chinese campaign to reach out and
influence the people of other nations. Despite the growing scholarly discussion
regarding the role of people-to-people diplomacy and external propaganda in
China's foreign policy, so far no direct attention has been paid to the
Chinese Communist Party's efforts to institutionalize youth exchanges and
use them as a tool to promote the new Chinese government's foreign
relations. This article locates the position of young people within the
PRC's people-to-people diplomacy. It attempts to explore youth exchanges
with the West in the early years of the Cold War by focusing on relations
between Italian and Chinese youth groups in the 1950s. Relying mainly on
unexplored archival material and memoirs, this article documents contacts and
exchanges between adult-led youth organizations and their members, and shows how
Italian left-wing party-affiliated youth groups and Soviet-dominated
transnational organizations provided important channels for Sino-Italian
encounters and for building long-lasting contacts among potential future leaders
of these countries.
Waiting for de Gaulle: France's ten-year warm-up to recognizing the People's Republic of China
Authors: ROMANO ANGELA
Published: December 2016

This article focuses on France's policy towards Socialist China in the decade preceding the spectacular and well-studied decision by President Charles de Gaulle to officially recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC). It argues that since the mid-1950s successive French governments discreetly orchestrated a process of rapprochement with the Communist authorities in Beijing. The article demonstrates that, at a time when the international situation discouraged steps towards official relations, the French government used commercial diplomacy as a means to open unofficial diplomatic channels with the Chinese and prepare the ground for future recognition. Relying mostly on French archival sources, this article brings to light evidence of the evolution of French diplomacy's thinking about Socialist China and assesses the rationales behind the French government's growing determination to normalize relations with it. It argues that the intensifying contest among European countries to reach out to Beijing, concerns about the PRC's appeal to developing countries, and an early appraisal of Sino-Soviet rivalry prompted French authorities to work for Sino-French rapprochement, while, at the same time, annoyance at the White House's obstinate refusal to revise its reading of Cold War dynamics weakened France's disposition to fall into line with American demands to maintain a harsh stance towards the PRC.
Rhipicephalus turanicus, a new vector of Hepatozoon canis
Authors: GIANNELLI ALESSIO , LIA RICCARDO PAOLO , ANNOSCIA GIADA , BUONAVOGLIA CANIO , LORUSSO ELEONORA , DANTAS-TORRES FILIPE , BANETH GAD , OTRANTO DOMENICO
Published: December 2016

The distribution of Hepatozoon canis mainly encompasses areas where its main tick vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, is present. However, the detection of this pathogen in dogs, foxes and golden jackals well outside the areas inhabited by this tick species reinforced the hypothesis that additional ixodids are involved in the life cycle and transmission of this protozoon. The present study provides, for the first time, data supporting the sporogonic development of H. canis in specimens of Rhipicephalus turanicus collected from a naturally infected fox from southern Italy. The epidemiological role of R. turanicus as a vector of H. canis is discussed, along with information on the potential use of cell cultures for the experimental infection with H. canis sporozoites. The in vitro infection of canine leucocytes by sporozoites from ticks is proposed as a potential tool for future in-depth studies on the biology of H. canis.
Leading indicators of community-based violent events among adults with mental illness
Authors: Van Dorn R. A. , Grimm K. J. , Desmarais S. L. , Tueller S. J. , Johnson K. L. , Swartz M. S.
Published: December 2016

Background

The public health, public safety and clinical implications of violent events among adults with mental illness are significant; however, the causes and consequences of violence and victimization among adults with mental illness are complex and not well understood, which limits the effectiveness of clinical interventions and risk management strategies. This study examined interrelationships between violence, victimization, psychiatric symptoms, substance use, homelessness and in-patient treatment over time.

Method

Available data were integrated from four longitudinal studies of adults with mental illness. Assessments took place at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months, depending on the parent studies’ protocol. Data were analysed with the autoregressive cross-lag model.

Results

Violence and victimization were leading indicators of each other and affective symptoms were a leading indicator of both. Drug and alcohol use were leading indicators of violence and victimization, respectively. All psychiatric symptom clusters – affective, positive, negative, disorganized cognitive processing – increased the likelihood of experiencing at least one subsequent symptom cluster. Sensitivity analyses identified few group-based differences in the magnitude of effects in this heterogeneous sample.

Conclusions

Violent events demonstrated unique and shared indicators and consequences over time. Findings indicate mechanisms for reducing violent events, including trauma-informed therapy, targeting internalizing and externalizing affective symptoms with cognitive–behavioral and psychopharmacological interventions, and integrating substance use and psychiatric care. Finally, mental illness and violence and victimization research should move beyond demonstrating concomitant relationships and instead focus on lagged effects with improved spatio-temporal contiguity.
Older men's perceptions of the need for and access to male-focused community programmes such as Men's Sheds
Authors: NURMI MARY ANNE , MACKENZIE COREY S. , ROGER KERSTIN , REYNOLDS KRISTIN , URQUHART JAMES
Published: December 2016

Although participating in community social programming is associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes for older adults, older men participate less often than women. Men's Sheds is a community programme used primarily by older men that originated in Australia and is well established there. The goal of the current study was to explore men's perceptions of the need for Men's Sheds and issues concerning access to them in Canada, a country with a small but growing Men's Sheds movement. We conducted focus groups with 64 men aged 55 years and older, including Men's Sheds members and men from the community who were unfamiliar with this programme, and analysed the data using the framework analytic approach. The data revealed two primary themes concerning: (a) the need for male-focused community programmes, including the sub-themes reducing isolation, forming friendships and engaging in continued learning; and (b) access to programmes, including the sub-themes points of contact, sustaining attendance and barriers. Findings suggest that in order to reduce the likelihood of isolation and increase opportunities for social engagement, exposure to the concept of male-focused programming should begin before retirement age. In addition, such programmes should be mindful of how they are branded and marketed in order to create spaces that are welcoming to new and diverse members.
Managers’ interview invitation decisions about older job applicants: human capital, economic conditions and job demands
Authors: OUDE MULDERS JAAP , HENKENS KÈNE , LIU YIHAO , SCHIPPERS JOOP , WANG MO
Published: December 2016

Older job applicants are vulnerable to stereotype-related bias in the recruitment process. In the current study, we examined how managers’ job interview invitation decisions regarding older job applicants are influenced by applicants’ human capital-related characteristics, general economic conditions and managers’ perceptions of changes in organisational job demands. Data were collected in two waves of a vignette experiment, three years apart, among a sample of 211 Dutch managers from various organisations. Multi-level analysis showed that managers were more likely to invite older job applicants who had matching qualifications, were employed at the time of application and came with recommendations. In addition, managers’ propensity to invite older job applicants was higher in better economic conditions. The effects of recommendations were moderated by the general economic conditions and changes in organisational job demands, such that a recommendation from another employer was especially influential in bad economic conditions, while a recommendation from an internal employee was especially influential when job demands had increased. The results emphasise the importance of considering the organisational and economic context in understanding the recruitment of older workers. The findings also suggest that older workers, employers and policy makers should invest in older workers’ human capital to protect their employability.
Making Telecare desirable rather than a last resort
Authors: BENTLEY CLAIRE L. , POWELL LAUREN A. , ORRELL ALISON , MOUNTAIN GAIL A.
Published: December 2016

Despite reported benefits of Telecare use for older adults, uptake of Telecare in the United Kingdom remains relatively low. Non-users of Telecare are an under-researched group in the Telecare field. We conducted 22 qualitative individual semi-structured interviews to explore the views and opinions of current non-users of Telecare regarding barriers and facilitators to its use, and explored considerations which may precede their decision to accept, or reject, Telecare. Framework analysis identified a number of themes which influence the outcome and timing of this decision, including peace of mind (for the individual and their family), the strength and composition of an individual's support network, the impact of changing personal and health circumstances, and lack of communication about Telecare (e.g.advertising). A cost–benefit decision process appears to take place for the potential user, whereby the benefit of peace of mind is weighed against perceived ‘costs’ of using Telecare. Telecare is often perceived as a last resort rather than a preventative measure. A number of barriers to Telecare use need to be addressed if individuals are to make fully informed decisions regarding their Telecare use, and to begin using Telecare at a time when it could provide them with optimal benefit. Although the study was set in England, the findings may be relevant for other countries where Telecare is used.
Political economy in applied linguistics research
Authors: Block David
Published: December 2016

This state-of-the-art review is based on the fundamental idea that political economy should be adopted as a frame for research and discussion in applied linguistics as part of a general social turn which has taken hold in the field over the past three decades. It starts with Susan Gal's (1989) early call for such a move in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, that is, for ‘investigations of the links among language structure, language use, and political economy’ (Gal 1989: 346), and moves from a consideration of theoretical bases to the discussion and critique of concrete examples of research. Thus, after a fairly detailed discussion of political economy and the key constructs neoliberalism and social class, the paper moves to a review of research in three broad areas. First, it focuses on how issues and constructs from political economy have been incorporated into discussions of education, work and leisure by a growing number of sociolinguists. This is followed by a review of research which has focused specifically on social class as a central organising construct and then a third section on political economy in language teaching and learning research. The review ends with a consideration of the future of political economy in applied linguistics research.