bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Expression of Bacterial Virulence and Plant Defense Genes During Infection of Tomato with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
Authors: Chalupowicz L. , Cohen-Kandli M. , Dror O. , Eichenlaub R. , Gartemann K.-H. , Sessa G. , Barash I. , Manulis-Sasson S.
Published: February 2010

The molecular interactions between Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and tomato plant were studied by following the expression of bacterial virulence and host-defense genes during early stages of infection. The C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis genes included the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA) and the serine protease (pat-1), and the serine proteases chpC and ppaA, residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (PAI). Gene expression was measured following tomato inoculation with Cmm382 (wild type), Cmm100 (lacking the plasmids pCM1 and pCM2), and Cmm27 (lacking the PAI). Transcriptional analysis revealed that celA and pat-1 were significantly induced in Cmm382 at initial 12 to 72 h, whereas chpC and ppaA were highly expressed only 96 h after inoculation. Interdependence between the expression of chromosomal and of plasmid-located genes was revealed: expression of celA and pat-1 was substantially reduced in the absence of the chp/tomA PAI, whereas chpC and ppaA expressions were reduced in the absence of the virulence plasmids. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA, and xysB), was also induced at early stages of infection. Expression of the host-defense genes, chitinase class II and pathogenesis-related protein-5 isoform was induced in the absence of the PAI at early stages of infection, suggesting that PAI-located genes are involved in suppression of tomato basal defenses.
Vegetative Compatibility Groups in Colletotrichum coccodes Subpopulations from Australia and Genetic Links with Subpopulations from Europe/Israel and North America
Authors: Ben-Daniel B. , Bar-Zvi D. , Johnson D. , Harding R. , Hazanovsky M. , Tsror (Lahkim) L.
Published: February 2010

Vegetative compatibility of 94 isolates of Colletotrichum coccodes from Australia originating from potato, soil, and a weed (Solanum esuriale) was tested using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Isolates distributed to six vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), five of them multimember (24.5, 23.4, 13.8, 12.8, and 7.5% distribution) and only one composed of two isolates (2.1%); 15.9% of them were not assigned to any of the VCGs. Aggressiveness of 51 isolates representing all six VCGs was tested by mature green tomato bioassay: isolates assigned to AUS-VCG-4 were the most aggressive and those in AUS-VCG-3 the least (P < 0.05). Isolates from warmer climates and lower latitudes were more aggressive (P < 0.05). In addition, we report for the first time complementations between isolates from Australia (AUS); North America (NA); and Israel, The Netherlands, Scotland, France, Germany (EU/I). Isolates assigned to AUS-VCG-4 anastomosed with isolates assigned to EU/I-VCG-7 and NA-VCG-5 (which also anastomosed with each other). Isolates assigned to EU/I-VCG-6 anastomosed with isolates assigned to NA-VCG-2 and isolates assigned to AUS-VCG-2 anastomosed with isolates assigned to EU/I-VCG-2. The linkage between subpopulations could result from the limited exchange of seed tubers among continents, or could be due to, for instance, gene flow, selection, or a limited number of polymorphic vegetative incompatibility genes.
Trichothecene Mycotoxins Associated with Potato Dry Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Delgado Javier A. , Schwarz Paul B. , Gillespie James , Rivera-Varas Viviana V. , Secor Gary A.
Published: February 2010

Fusarium graminearum, a known producer of trichothecene mycotoxins in cereal hosts, has been recently documented as a cause of dry rot of potato tubers in the United States. Due to the uncertainty of trichothecene production in these tubers, a study was conducted to determine the accumulation and diffusion of trichothecenes in potato tubers affected with dry rot caused by F. graminearum. Potato tubers of cv. Russet Burbank were inoculated with 14 F. graminearum isolates from potato, sugar beet, and wheat and incubated at 10 to 12°C for 5 weeks to determine accumulation of trichothecenes in potato tubers during storage. Twelve of the isolates were classified as deoxynivalenol (DON) genotype and two isolates were as nivalenol (NIV) genotype. Trichothecenes were detected only in rotted tissue. DON was detected in all F. graminearum DON genotype isolates up to 39.68 μg/ml in rotted potato tissue. Similarly, both NIV genotype isolates accumulated NIV in rotted potato tissue up to 18.28 μg/ml. Interestingly, isolates classified as genotype DON accumulated both DON and NIV in the dry rot lesion. Potato tubers were then inoculated with two isolates of F. graminearum chemotype DON and incubated up to 7 weeks at 10 to 12°C and assayed for DON diffusion. F. graminearum was recovered from >53% of the isolations from inoculated tubers at 3 cm distal to the rotted tissue after 7 weeks of incubation but DON was not detected in the surrounding tissue. Based in this data, the accumulation of trichothecenes in the asymptomatic tissue surrounding dry rot lesions caused by F. graminearum is minimal in cv. Russet Burbank potato tubers stored for 7 weeks at customary processing storage temperatures.
Light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in amphibians and insects: candidate receptors and candidate molecular mechanisms
Authors: Phillips John B. , Jorge Paulo E. , Muheim Rachel
Published: February 2010

Magnetic compass orientation by amphibians, and some insects, is mediated by a light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism. Cryptochrome photopigments, best known for their role in circadian rhythms, are proposed to mediate such responses. In this paper, we explore light-dependent properties of magnetic sensing at three levels: (i) behavioural (wavelength-dependent effects of light on magnetic compass orientation), (ii) physiological (photoreceptors/photopigment systems with properties suggesting a role in magnetoreception), and (iii) molecular (cryptochrome-based and non-cryptochrome-based signalling pathways that are compatible with behavioural responses). Our goal is to identify photoreceptors and signalling pathways that are likely to play a specialized role in magnetoreception in order to definitively answer the question of whether the effects of light on magnetic compass orientation are mediated by a light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism, or instead are due to input from a non-light-dependent (e.g. magnetite-based) magnetoreception mechanism that secondarily interacts with other light-dependent processes.
Analysis of DOK‐6 function in downstream signaling of RET in human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Kurotsuchi Ai , Murakumo Yoshiki , Jijiwa Mayumi , Kurokawa Kei , Itoh Yasutomo , Kodama Yoshinori , Kato Takuya , Enomoto Atsushi , Asai Naoya , Terasaki Hiroko , Takahashi Masahide
Published: February 2010

Point mutations and structural alterations of the RET tyrosine kinase gene cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and papillary thyroid carcinoma, respectively. RET activation by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is essential for the development of the enteric nervous system and the kidney. The signal through RET tyrosine kinase requires several adaptor proteins including the DOK (downstream of kinase) family of proteins. Of the seven members of the DOK protein family, DOK‐1, ‐4, ‐5, and ‐6 have been reported to play roles in the GDNF–RET signaling pathway. Although DOK‐6 has been shown to bind to RET and promote GDNF‐induced neurite outgrowth in mouse Neuro2A cells, DOK‐6 function in human cells remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of DOK‐6 in GDNF–RET signaling in human cells including neuroblastoma cells. DOK‐6 was constitutively localized to the plasma membrane via its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and was phosphorylated following RET activation via a MEN2A mutation or GDNF stimulation. However, DOK‐6 could not significantly affect downstream signaling and neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma cells. The binding affinity of the DOK‐6 phosphotyrosine‐binding (PTB) domain to RET was much lower than that of the DOK‐1, DOK‐4, and SHC PTB domains to RET. These findings indicate that DOK‐6 is involved in RET signaling with less influence when compared with DOK‐1, DOK‐4, and SHC.

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1047–1155)
Herbivore‐induced plant responses in Brassica oleracea prevail over effects of constitutive resistance and result in enhanced herbivore attack
Authors: POELMAN ERIK H. , VAN LOON JOOP J. A. , VAN DAM NICOLE M. , VET LOUISE E. M. , DICKE MARCEL
Published: February 2010

1. Plant responses to herbivore attack may have community‐wide effects on the composition of the plant‐associated insect community. Thereby, plant responses to an early‐season herbivore may have profound consequences for the amount and type of future attack.

2. Here we studied the effect of early‐season herbivory by caterpillars of Pieris rapae on the composition of the insect herbivore community on domesticated Brassica oleracea plants. We compared the effect of herbivory on two cultivars that differ in the degree of susceptibility to herbivores to analyse whether induced plant responses supersede differences caused by constitutive resistance.

3. Early‐season herbivory affected the herbivore community, having contrasting effects on different herbivore species, while these effects were similar on the two cultivars. Generalist insect herbivores avoided plants that had been induced, whereas these plants were colonised preferentially by specialist herbivores belonging to both leaf‐chewing and sap‐sucking guilds.

4. Our results show that community‐wide effects of early‐season herbivory may prevail over effects of constitutive plant resistance. Induced responses triggered by prior herbivory may lead to an increase in susceptibility to the dominant specialists in the herbivorous insect community. The outcome of the balance between contrasting responses of herbivorous community members to induced plants therefore determines whether induced plant responses result in enhanced plant resistance.
The permease genenagE2is the key toN‐acetylglucosamine sensing and utilization inStreptomyces coelicolorand is subject to multi‐level control
Authors: Nothaft Harald , Rigali Sébastien , Boomsma Bart , Swiatek Magdalena , McDowall Kenneth J. , Van Wezel Gilles P. , Titgemeyer Fritz
Published: February 2010

The availability of nutrients is a major determinant for the timing of morphogenesis and antibiotic production in the soil‐dwelling bacteriumStreptomyces coelicolor. Here we show thatN‐acetylglucosamine transport, the first step of an important nutrient signalling cascade, is mediated by the NagE2 permease of the phosphotransferase system, and that the activity of this permease is linked to nutritional control of development and antibiotic production. The permease serves as a high‐affinity transporter forN‐acetylglucosamine (Kmof 2.6 µM). The permease complex was reconstituted with individually purified components. This showed that uptake ofN‐acetylglucosamine requires a phosphoryl group transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate via the phosphotransferases EI, HPr and IIACrrto NagF, which in turn phosphorylatesN‐acetylglucosamine during transport. Transcription of thenagFandnagE2genes is induced byN‐acetylglucosamine. Nutrient signalling byN‐acetylglucosamine that triggers the onset of development was abolished in thenagE2andnagFmutants.nagE2is subject to multi‐level control by the global transcription factor DasR and the activator AtrA that also stimulates genes for antibiotic actinorhodin biosynthesis. Hence, it is apparent that streptomycetes tightly control the nutritional state in a complex manner to ensure the correct timing for the developmental programme.
Error‐prone initiation factor 2 mutations reduce the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Zorzet Anna , Pavlov Michael Y. , Nilsson Annika I. , Ehrenberg Måns , Andersson Dan I.
Published: February 2010

Mutations in the fmt gene (encoding formyl methionine transferase) that eliminate formylation of initiator tRNA (Met‐tRNAi) confer resistance to the novel antibiotic class of peptide deformylase inhibitors (PDFIs) while concomitantly reducing bacterial fitness. Here we show in Salmonella typhimurium that novel mutations in initiation factor 2 (IF2) located outside the initiator tRNA binding domain can partly restore fitness of fmt mutants without loss of antibiotic resistance. Analysis of initiation of protein synthesis in vitro showed that with non‐formylated Met‐tRNAi IF2 mutants initiated much faster than wild‐type IF2, whereas with formylated fMet‐tRNAi the initiation rates were similar. Moreover, the increase in initiation rates with Met‐tRNAi conferred by IF2 mutations in vitro correlated well with the increase in growth rate conferred by the same mutations in vivo, suggesting that the mutations in IF2 compensate formylation deficiency by increasing the rate of in vivo initiation with Met‐tRNAi. IF2 mutants had also a high propensity for erroneous initiation with elongator tRNAs in vitro, which could account for their reduced fitness in vivo in a formylation‐proficient strain. More generally, our results suggest that bacterial protein synthesis is mRNA‐limited and that compensatory mutations in IF2 could increase the persistence of PDFI‐resistant bacteria in clinical settings.
Pediatric orthotopic living‐donor liver transplantation cures pulmonary hypertension caused by Abernethy malformation type Ib
Authors: Hori Tomohide , Yonekawa Yukihide , Okamoto Shinya , Ogawa Kohei , Ogura Yasuhiro , Oike Fumitaka , Takada Yasutsugu , Egawa Hiroto , Nguyen Justin H. , Uemoto Shinji
Published: February 2010

Hori T, Yonekawa Y, Okamoto S, Ogawa K, Ogura Y, Oike F, Takada Y, Egawa H, Nguyen JH, Uemoto S. Pediatric orthotopic living‐donor liver transplantation cures pulmonary hypertension caused by Abernethy malformation type Ib. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:e47–e52. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  A 3.3‐yr‐old boy was diagnosed with PH caused by a PSS of Abernethy malformation type Ib. After control of PH, he underwent OLDLT at 4.9 yr. His PV flowed directly into the confluence of the CCLMHV and the IVC. To shorten the anhepatic phase, hepatic arterial flow was partially maintained. Removal of the native liver began simultaneously with the graft harvest. The proximal PV was cut at the optimal point for reconstruction. The distal PV was cut at the concrescence of the PV and the CCLMHV. After IVC‐plasty, the LHV of the graft was attached with an anterior patch by venous grafting and was then anastomosed to the IVC. Although the mPAP temporarily increased above the mean arterial pressure, mPAP was stable during OLDLT. FNH and steatosis were confirmed histopathologically. In summary, pediatric OLDLT was performed successfully in PH caused by PSS.
Genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase G1793A, hyperhomocysteinemia, and folate deficiency correlate with ulcerative colitis in central China
Authors: Jiang Yi , Zhao Jie , Jiang Ting , Ge Liuqing , Zhou Feng , Chen Zhitao , Lei Yuan , Huang Sha , Xia Bing
Published: February 2010

Background and Aims:  Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) encoding genes were associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese in our previous study. We further studied association of a new polymorphism of MTHFR G1793A with ulcerative colitis and assessed relationship of this polymorphism with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy, ≥ 15 mmol/L) and deficiency of folate (≤ 7 nmol/L) and vitamin B12 (≤ 150 pmol/L) in a cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis in central China.

Methods:  A total of 252 patients and 654 healthy controls were recruited. Polymorphism of MTHFR G1793A was examined using a polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate and vitamin B12 were determined by enzymatic cycling assay and corpuscle immune chemiluminescence assay, respectively.

Results:  Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in MTHFR G1793A gene differed significantly between ulcerative colitis patients and the healthy controls (20.83% vs 10.47%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.703–2.972, P = 0.0006; 40.48% vs 19.88%, 95% CI: 1.997–3.761, P = 0.0002, respectively). Plasma Hcy levels were higher and folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were lower in the patients than in the healthy controls (21.72 ± 6.59 vs 12.47 ± 5.02, 95% CI: −10.93–−7.58, P < 0.0001; 11.25 ± 6.19 vs 15.28 ± 7.72, 95% CI: 2.03–6.04; P < 0.001; 322.81 ± 128.47 vs 442.59 ± 129.36, 95% CI: 62.61–136.95, P < 0.0001, respectively). HHcy and folate deficiency were more prevalent in patients with ulcerative colitis (45.32% vs 26.17%, 95% CI: 1.285–4.378, P = 0.005; 30.68% vs 13.0%, 95% CI: 1.416–6.197, P = 0.003, respectively).

Conclusions:  MTHFR G1793A gene polymorphism, HHcy, folate deficiency and low vitamin B12 concentration were associated with ulcerative colitis in central China. Our findings demonstrate that the Hcy‐related gene and metabolites are involved in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.
Abnormal expression of early growth response 1 in gastric cancer: Association with tumor invasion, metastasis and heparanase transcription
Authors: Zheng Liduan , Pu Jiarui , Jiang Guosong , Weng Mixia , He June , Mei Hong , Hou Xiaohua , Tong Qiangsong
Published: February 2010

Given that previous studies indicated that early growth response 1 (EGR1) exerts pro‐tumorigenic effects through regulating heparanase (HPA) transcription, it was hypothesized that EGR1 may correlate with the progression of gastric cancer. One hundred and fifteen patients with gastric cancer were evaluated for the protein and transcript expression of EGR1 and HPA on immunohistochemistry and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In normal gastric mucosa, EGR1 protein expression was absent or weak, whereas gastric cancer was positive for EGR1. Seventy gastric cancer patients (60.9%) were positive for cytoplasmic EGR1 expression, and 26 (22.6%) had nuclear expression of EGR1. In the gastric cancer examined, the transcripts of EGR1 were enhanced compared to that of normal gastric mucosa, and positively correlated with EGR1 protein expression. The cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of EGR1 and its transcripts in gastric cancer was positively correlated with tumor infiltration (P < 0.05), lymph node and distant metastasis (P < 0.05), tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages (P < 0.05), but not with age, gender, tumor location and size, histological types or differentiation. Moreover, the protein and transcript expression of EGR1 was correlated with that of HPA in gastric cancer. These results indicate that aberrant expression of EGR1 in gastric cancer is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis, and HPA transcription.
Taspoglutide, a novel human once‐weekly analogue of glucagon‐like peptide‐1, improves glucose homeostasis and body weight in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat
Authors: Sebokova E. , Bénardeau A. , Sprecher U. , Sewing S. , Tobalina L. , Migliorini C.
Published: February 2010

Aim: Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists are a novel class of pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of a novel, long‐acting human GLP‐1 analogue, taspoglutide, in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an animal model of type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Blood glucose and plasma levels of insulin, peptide YY (PYY), glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and triglycerides were measured during oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTT) conducted in ZDF rats treated acutely or chronically with a single long‐acting dose of taspoglutide. Pioglitazone was used as a positive control in the chronic study. Postprandial glucose, body weight, glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity were assessed over 21 days in chronically treated animals.

Results: Acute treatment with taspoglutide reduced glucose excursion and increased insulin response during oGTT. In chronically treated rats, glucose excursion and levels of GIP, PYY and triglycerides during oGTT on day 21 were significantly reduced. Postprandial glucose levels were significantly lower than vehicle controls by day 15. A significant reduction in body weight gain was noticed by day 8, and continued until the end of the study when body weight was approximately 7% lower in rats treated with taspoglutide compared to vehicle. Glycaemic control (increased levels of 1,5‐anhydroglucitol) and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) were improved by taspoglutide treatment.

Conclusions: Taspoglutide showed typical effects of native GLP‐1, with improvement in glucose tolerance, postprandial glucose, body weight, glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity.
Adding insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin to metformin results in a more efficient postprandial β‐cell protection in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Forst T. , Larbig M. , Hohberg C. , Forst S. , Diessel S. , Borchert M. , Roth W. , Pfützner A.
Published: February 2010

Aim: Postprandial release of intact proinsulin (IP) is an independent marker for β‐cell dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This open‐label, parallel‐group, two‐arm, pilot study compared the β‐cell protective effect of adding insulin glargine (GLA) vs. NPH insulin to ongoing metformin.

Material and methods: Overall, 28 insulin‐naive type 2 diabetes subjects (mean ± SD age, 61.5 ± 6.7 years; diabetes duration, 9.8 ± 6.5 years; HbA1c, 7.1 ± 0.5%; BMI, 30.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2) treated with metformin and sulfonylurea were randomized to add once‐daily GLA or NPH at bedtime. At baseline and after 3 months, subjects received a standardized breakfast, lunch and dinner, with pre‐ and postprandial blood sampling to measure plasma IP, total insulin and blood glucose (BG).

Results: Insulin dose after 3 months was comparable in both groups (GLA vs. NPH: 23.6 ± 13.4 vs. 23.3 ± 12.7; p = NS ). Both treatments significantly reduced fasting BG levels (GLA: 158 ± 19 to 121 ± 23 mg/dl; NPH: 156 ± 34 to 119 ± 29 mg/dl; both p < 0.01 vs. baseline). Fasting and postprandial BG levels did not differ between groups. IP levels decreased in both groups (p < 0.05 at all timepoints). Although IP release after breakfast did not differ between treatments, GLA induced a greater reduction in IP release after lunch (p = 0.08) and dinner (p = 0.04). Total plasma insulin levels did not differ between groups.

Conclusions: Adding basal insulin to metformin reduces postprandial β‐cell load. While GLA and NPH had comparable effects at breakfast, GLA reduces β‐cell stress more effectively at dinner, and with a trend at lunch, most probably because of its longer lasting pharmacodynamic profile.
Expression and prognostic value of platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA and its receptor α in nephroblastoma
Authors: Ghanem Mazen , Nijman Rien , Safan Manal , Van Der Kwast Theodorus , Vansteenbrugge Gert
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the potential role of platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA (PDGF‐AA) and the PDGF‐α receptor as prognostic markers in Wilms’ tumour.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expression of PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis of 62 Wilms’ tumours. Patients were treated with chemotherapeutic agents before surgery and had a mean follow‐up of 6.4 years.

RESULTS

PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α were expressed by the mesenchymal tissue of the normal kidney and mainly detected in the epithelial component of Wilms’ tumour. Immunoreactive tumour epithelium cells were found in 50% and 55% for PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α, respectively. The epithelial expression of both PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α correlated with pathological stage. Univariate analysis showed that epithelial PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α receptor expression were indicative of clinical progression. In a multivariate analysis, PDGF‐α protein expression by epithelial cells was an independent prognostic marker of a favourable prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Expression of both PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α in the epithelial part of Wilms’ tumour correlated with tumour stage and clinical progression. Our data suggest that both PDGF‐AA and PDGF‐α receptor expression are related to prognosis.
Socially responsible investment fund performance: the impact of screening intensity
Authors: Lee Darren D. , Humphrey Jacquelyn E. , Benson Karen L. , Ahn Jason Y. K.
Published: February 2010

Perhaps the most common criticism of socially responsible investment funds is that imposing non‐financial screens restricts investment opportunities, reduces diversification efficiencies and thereby adversely impacts performance. In this study we investigate this proposition and test whether the number of screens employed has a linear or curvilinear relation with return. Moreover, we analyse the link between screening intensity and risk. Screening intensity has no effect on unadjusted (raw) returns or idiosyncratic risk. However, we find a significant reduction in α of 70 basis points per screen using the Carhart performance model. Increased screening results in lower systematic risk – in line with managers choosing lower β stocks to minimize overall risk.
The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Research
Authors: Grégoire Denis A. , Corbett Andrew C. , McMullen Jeffery S.
Published: February 2010

abstract

Despite its many achievements, scholarship at the intersection of entrepreneurship and cognition has focused primarily on the consequences of what happens when an entrepreneur benefits from various cognitive characteristics, resources, or other dispositions. As such, cognitive research in entrepreneurship continues to suffer from narrow theoretical articulations and weak conceptual foundations that lessen its contribution to the managerial sciences. To address these issues, we draw from extant work on the nature and practice of cognitive research to develop a systematic approach to study entrepreneurship cognition. To further articulate this agenda, we assess the state of the field by content‐analysing entrepreneurship cognition articles published between 1976 and 2008. We find that, although it has investigated many relevant variables, research on entrepreneurship cognition has failed to fully articulate key conceptual features of the cognitive perspective. Building on these observations, we propose concrete strategies and research questions to augment the contribution of entrepreneurship cognition research, and advance this research beyond its current focus on ‘cognitive consequences’. In particular, we illustrate the scholarly potential of disentangling the various antecedents of entrepreneurship cognition, of studying the process interactions between cognitive resources and mental representations, and of exploring the operation of entrepreneurship cognition across levels of analysis.
Production of antibodies in plants: status after twenty years
Authors: De Muynck Benoit , Navarre Catherine , Boutry Marc
Published: February 2010

Thanks to their potential to bind virtually all types of molecules; monoclonal antibodies are in increasing demand as therapeutics and diagnostics. To overcome the overloading of current production facilities, alternative expression systems have been developed, of which plants appear the most promising. In this review, we focus on the expression of monoclonal IgG or IgM in plant species. We analyse the data for 32 different antibodies expressed in various ways, differing in DNA construction, transformation method, signal peptide source, presence or absence of an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, host species and the organs tested, together resulting in 98 reported combinations. A large heterogeneity is found in the quantity and quality of the antibody produced. We discuss in more detail the strategy used to express both chains, the nature of the transcription promoters, subcellular localization and unintended proteolysis, when encountered.
ABORTION COUNSELLING AND THE INFORMED CONSENT DILEMMA
Authors: WOODCOCK SCOTT
Published: February 2010

An obstacle to abortion exists in the form of abortion ‘counselling’ that discourages women from terminating their pregnancies. This counselling involves providing information about the procedure that tends to create feelings of guilt, anxiety and strong emotional reactions to the recognizable form of a human fetus. Instances of such counselling that involve false or misleading information are clearly unethical and do not prompt much philosophical reflection, but the prospect of truthful abortion counselling draws attention to a delicate issue for healthcare professionals seeking to respect patient autonomy. This is the fact that even accurate information about abortion procedures can have intimidating effects on women seeking to terminate a pregnancy. Consequently, a dilemma arises regarding the information that one ought to provide to patients considering an abortion: on the one hand, the mere offering of certain types of information can lead to intimidation; on the other hand, withholding information that some patients would consider relevant to their decision‐making is objectionably paternalistic on any standard account of the physician‐patient relationship. This is an unsettling conclusion for the possibility of setting fixed professional guidelines regarding the counselling offered to women who are considering abortion. Thus, abortion ought to be viewed as an illuminating example of a procedure for which the process of securing informed consent ought to be highly context‐sensitive and responsive to the needs of each individual patient. This result underscores the need for health care professionals to cultivate trusting relationships with patients and to develop finely tuned powers of practical judgment.
Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blended community of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning
Authors: Akyol Zehra , Garrison D. Randy
Published: February 2010

This paper focuses on deep and meaningful learning approaches and outcomes associated with online and blended communities of inquiry. Applying mixed methodology for the research design, the study used transcript analysis, learning outcomes, perceived learning, satisfaction, and interviews to assess learning processes and outcomes. The findings for learning processes and outcomes indicated that students in both online and blended courses were able to reach high levels of cognitive presence and learning outcomes. The results suggest that cognitive presence in a community of inquiry is associated with perceived and actual learning outcomes. It is recommended that future research efforts focus on quantitative measures to establish links between cognitive presence and the quality of learning outcomes.
‘It's People's Whole Lives’: Gender, Class and the Emotion Work of User Involvement in Mental Health Services
Authors: Lewis Lydia
Published: February 2010

The concept of emotion work has been widely applied to the study of service work. Yet its use in understanding the social dynamics of user involvement in public services remains under explored. Drawing on a study of user involvement in mental health service development, I show its utility for understanding this social and political realm. The article discusses findings from a critical discursive and contextual emotional labour perspective, taking into account organizational and institutional factors as well as social structural dimensions of gender and social class. It shows how discourses on emotion, constructed through articulation of personal experiences of service usage both reflected and constructed the ideological and structural positionings of women service users, while emotional discourse — displays of anger in user involvement forums — worked to constitute traditionally male and ideologically masculine elements of the field, as well as the working‐class identities of some participants. These forms of emotion work, and the ways in which they elicited further emotion management from service users and workers alike, are located in relation to the rules of engagement of user involvement and the bureaucratic institutional forms within which this took place. The article concludes that the emotion work of user involvement ultimately helped to reproduce the dominant institutional and social order, including its gender and class dimensions. Implications for policies and practices of user involvement in mental health services are provided.
Definitions of antiretroviral treatment failure for measuring quality outcomes
Authors: Samaranayake A , Chen MY , McNeil J , Read TRH , Hocking JS , Bradshaw CS , Fairley CK
Published: February 2010

Objectives

Our aim was to compare three different definitions of treatment failure and discuss their use as quality outcome measures for a clinical service.

Methods

Data for treatment‐naïve patients who attended the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2008 were analysed. Definition 1 was the strict Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of treatment failure as determined using the time to loss of virological response (TLOVR) algorithm. Definition 2 defined treatment failure as occurring in those whose viral load never fell to <400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL or who developed two consecutive viral loads ≥400 copies/mL on any treatment (switching or stopping treatment with a viral load <400 copies/mL was permitted). Definition 3 was the same as definition 2 except that individuals were also deemed to have failed if they stopped treatment for 6 months or longer.

Results

There were 310 antiretroviral‐naïve patients who started treatment in the study period. Of these, 156 [50.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 42.1–53.3%] experienced treatment failure under definition 1, 10 (3.2%; 95% CI 1.5–5.8%) experienced treatment failure under definition 2, and 16 (4.5%; 95% CI 2.5–7.4%) experienced treatment failure under definition 3 over the 108 months of follow‐up. The probability of failing definition 1 was statistically different from the probability of failing definition 2 or 3 (P=0.01).

Conclusion

There were significant differences in treatment failure for the three definitions. If definition 1 were used, the outcomes would be sufficiently common to enable clinics to be compared but would be less meaningful. If definition 2 or 3 were used, the events would be too rare to enable clinics to be compared, but it would be possible to set a benchmark level of success that clinics could aim to reach.
Intravenous thrombolysis in patients with stroke attributable to small artery occlusion
Authors: Fluri F. , Hatz F. , Rutgers M. P. , Georgiadis D. , Sekoranja L. , Schwegler G. , Sarikaya H. , Weder B. , Müller F. , Lüthy R. , Arnold M. , Reichhart M. , Mattle H. P. , Tettenborn B. , Nedeltchev K. , Hungerbühler H. J. , Sztajzel R. , Baumgartner R. W. , Michel P. , Lyrer P. A. , Engelter S. T.
Published: February 2010

Background:  Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for stroke seems to be beneficial independent of the underlying etiology. Recent observations raised concern that IVT might cause harm in patients with strokes attributable to small artery occlusion (SAO).

Objective:  The safety of IVT in SAO‐patients is addressed in this study.

Methods:  We used the Swiss IVT databank to compare outcome and complications of IVT‐treated SAO‐patients with IVT‐treated patients with other etiologies (non‐SAO‐patients). Main outcome and complication measures were independence (modified Rankin scale ≤2) at 3 months, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and recurrent ischaemic stroke.

Results:  Sixty‐five (6.2%) of 1048 IVT‐treated patients had SAO. Amongst SAO‐patients, 1.5% (1/65) patients died, compared to 11.2% (110/983) in the non‐SAO‐group (P = 0.014). SAO‐patients reached independence more often than non‐SAO‐patients (75.4% versus 58.9%; OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.20–3.81; P = 0.001). This association became insignificant after adjustment for age, gender, and stroke severity (OR 1.41 95% CI 0.713–2.788; P = 0.32). Glucose level and (to some degree) stroke severity but not age predicted 3‐month‐independence in IVT‐treated SAO‐patients. ICHs (all/symptomatic) were similar in SAO‐ (12.3%/4.6%) and non‐SAO‐patients (13.4%/5.3%; P > 0.8). Fatal ICH occurred in 3.3% of the non‐SAO‐patients but none amongst SAO‐patients. Ischaemic stroke within 3 months after IVT reoccurred in 1.5% of SAO‐patients and in 2.3% of non‐SAO‐patients (P = 0.68).

Conclusion:  IVT‐treated SAO‐patients died less often and reached independence more often than IVT‐treated non‐SAO‐patients. However, the variable ‘SAO’ was a dependent rather than an independent outcome predictor. The absence of an excess in ICH indicates that IVT seems not to be harmful in SAO‐patients.
100 years ofEpilepsia: Landmark papers and their influence in neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry
Authors: Hermann Bruce
Published: February 2010

As part of the 2009 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Centenary Celebration, a special symposium was dedicated toEpilepsia(100 Years of Epilepsia: Landmark Papers and Their Influence). The Associate Editors were asked to identify a particularly salient and meaningful paper in their areas of expertise. From the content areas of neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry two very interesting papers were identified using quite different ascertainment techniques. One paper addressed the problem of psychosis in temporal lobe epilepsy, whereas the other represents the first paper to appear inEpilepsiapresenting quantitative assessment of cognitive status in epilepsy. These two papers are reviewed in detail and placed in historical context.
A ketogenic diet does not impair rat behavior or long‐term potentiation
Authors: Thio Liu Lin , Rensing Nicholas , Maloney Susan , Wozniak David F. , Xiong Chengjie , Yamada Kelvin A.
Published: February 2010

The effect of the ketogenic diet on behavior and cognition is unclear. We addressed this issue in rats behaviorally and electrophysiologically. We fed postnatal day 21 rats a standard diet (SD), ketogenic diet (KD), or calorie‐restricted diet (CR) for 2–3 weeks. CR controlled for the slower weight gain experienced by KD‐fed rats. We assessed behavioral performance with a locomotor activity and a conditioned fear test. To evaluate possible parallel effects of diet on synaptic function, we examined paired‐pulse modulation (PPM) and long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the medial perforant path in vivo. KD‐fed rats performed similarly to SD‐fed rats on the behavioral tests and electrophysiologic assays. These data suggest that the KD does not alter behavioral performance or synaptic plasticity.
Do Infants Show Distinct Negative Facial Expressions for Fear and Anger? Emotional Expression in 11‐Month‐Old European American, Chinese, and Japanese Infants
Authors: Camras Linda A. , Oster Harriet , Bakeman Roger , Meng Zhaolan , Ujiie Tatsuo , Campos Joseph J.
Published: February 2010

Do infants show distinct negative facial expressions for different negative emotions? To address this question, European American, Chinese, and Japanese 11‐month‐olds were videotaped during procedures designed to elicit mild anger or frustration and fear. Facial behavior was coded using Baby FACS, an anatomically based scoring system. Infants' nonfacial behavior differed across procedures, suggesting that the target emotions were successfully elicited. However evidence for distinct emotion‐specific facial configurations corresponding to fear versus anger was not obtained. Although facial responses were largely similar across cultures, some differences also were observed. Results are discussed in terms of functionalist and dynamical systems approaches to emotion and emotional expression.
The Development of Body Self‐Awareness
Authors: Moore Chris , Mealiea Jennifer , Garon Nancy , Povinelli Daniel J.
Published: February 2010

Two experiments examined toddlers' performance on a new task designed to examine the development of body self‐awareness. The new task was conceived from observations by Piaget (1953/1977) and theoretical work from Povinelli and Cant (1995) and involved a toy shopping cart to the back of which a small mat had been attached. Children were asked to push the cart to their mothers but in attempting to do so they had to step on the mat and in consequence, their body weight prevented the cart from moving. In the first experiment, performance on the shopping cart task was examined in children of 16 and 21 months both when the self was the obstacle and when a heavy weight was the obstacle. Results showed significant improvement with age in performance for the self‐version of the task that was not matched by similar age differences in the weight task. In the second experiment, children's performance on both the self‐version of the shopping cart and on a standard mirror self‐recognition task was assessed. Results showed a significant correlation independent of age for these 2 tasks. These findings provide further evidence for the notion that toddlers develop an objective awareness of the self during the 2nd year. They are also consistent with the idea that body self‐awareness is heightened in situations requiring self‐monitoring during movement.
Individual Differences in the Contribution of Maternal Soothing to Infant Distress Reduction
Authors: Jahromi Laudan B. , Stifter Cynthia A.
Published: February 2010

This study investigates individual differences in the contribution of specific maternal regulatory behaviors to the mother‐infant dyad's regulation of infant distress response. Additionally, we examined the stability of infants' stress responses and the stability of specific maternal soothing behaviors. The sample included 128 mother‐infant dyads that were observed during an inoculation at 2 and 6 months. The average intensity of infant cry response showed modest stability across age only before controlling for the infant's general state of irritability, and the duration of crying was not stable. Of the 8 specific maternal regulatory behaviors studied, affection, touching, and vocalizing showed the strongest stability across infant age. Finally, an index of the contingency between maternal soothing and infant cry reduction at 2 months predicted shorter cry duration but not cry intensity at 6 months. The results of this study indicate that infants whose mothers showed a greater contribution to reducing their distress at 2 months showed a shorter duration of crying 4 months later. This suggests a possible longitudinal influence of maternal regulation on infants' distress responses.
Helping and Cooperation at 14 Months of Age
Authors: Warneken Felix , Tomasello Michael
Published: February 2010

Two experiments investigated the proclivity of 14‐month‐old infants (a) to altruistically help others toward individual goals, and (b) to cooperate toward a shared goal. The infants helped another person by handing over objects the other person was unsuccessfully reaching for, but did not help reliably in situations involving more complex goals. When a programmed adult partner interrupted a joint cooperative activity at specific moments, infants sometimes tried to reengage the adult, perhaps indicating that they understood the interdependency of actions toward a shared goal. However, as compared to 18‐ and 24‐month‐olds, their skills in behaviorally coordinating their actions with a social partner remained rudimentary. Results are integrated into a model of cooperative activities as they develop over the 2nd year of life.
Receptive Grammatical Knowledge of Familiar Content Words and Inflection in 16‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Soderstrom Melanie , White Katherine S. , Conwell Erin , Morgan James L.
Published: February 2010

This study examines 16‐month‐olds' understanding of word order and inflectional properties of familiar nouns and verbs. Infants preferred grammatical sentences over ungrammatical sentences when the ungrammaticality was cued by both misplaced inflection and word order reversal of nouns and verbs. Infants were also sensitive to inflection alone as a cue to grammaticality, but not word order alone. The preference for grammatical sentence forms was also disrupted when adjacent function word cues were removed from the stimuli, and when familiar content words were replaced by nonce words. These results suggest that sensitivity to therelationshipbetween functional morphemes and content words, rather than sensitivity to either independently, drives the development of early grammatical knowledge. Furthermore, infants showed some ability to generalize from familiar to nonce content word contexts.
Functional Play at 2 Years of Age: Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress
Authors: Laplante David P. , Zelazo Philip R. , Brunei Alain , King Suzanne
Published: February 2010

Toddler toy play evolves in a predictable manner and provides a valid, nonverbal measure of cognitive function unbiased by social behaviors. Research on prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) indicates that exposure to stress in utero results in developmental deficits. We hypothesized that children exposed to high objective PNMS from a natural disaster early in pregnancy would exhibit higher rates of stereotypical play and lower rates of mature functional play than their low‐stress counterparts would. We examined the functional play abilities of 52 2‐year‐olds exposed to low or high objective PNMS from a natural disaster within a nonstructured play session. Toddlers exposed to high objective PNMS, subjective PNMS, or both exhibited less functional and more stereotypical toy play, with less diversity, compared to toddlers exposed to low PNMS. PNMS appears to affect functional play development in toddlers negatively. These results replicate delays in language and intellectual functioning observed in these toddlers using the Bayley Scales.
The Other‐Race Effect in Infancy: Evidence Using a Morphing Technique
Authors: Hayden Angela , Bhatt Ramesh S. , Joseph Jane E. , Tanaka James W.
Published: February 2010

Human adults are more accurate at discriminating faces from their own race than faces from another race. This other‐race effect (ORE) has been characterized as a reflection of face processing specialization arising from differential experience with own‐race faces. We examined whether 3.5‐month‐old infants exhibit ORE using morphed faces on which adults had displayed a crossover ORE (i.e., Caucasians performed better on Caucasian faces and Asians performed better on Asian faces). In this experiment, Caucasian infants who had grown up in a predominantly Caucasian environment discriminated 100% Caucasian faces from 70% Caucasian/30% Asian morphed faces but failed to discriminate between the corresponding 100% Asian and 70% Asian/30% Caucasian faces. Thus, 3.5‐month‐olds exhibited evidence of ORE. These results indicate that at least by 3.5 months of age, infants have attained enough face processing expertise to process familiar‐race faces in a different manner than unfamiliar‐race faces.
The Effect of Vocabulary Size on Toddlers' Receptiveness to Unexpected Testimony About Category Membership
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K.
Published: February 2010

Children must be willing to accept some of what they hear “on faith,” even when that testimony conflicts with their own expectations. The study reported here investigated the relation among vocabulary size, object recognition, and 24‐month‐olds' (N = 40) willingness to accept potentially surprising testimony about the category to which an object belongs. Results showed that children with larger vocabularies were better able to recognize atypical exemplars of familiar categories than children with smaller vocabularies. However, they were also most likely to accept unexpected testimony that an object that looked like a member of one familiar category was actually a member of another. These results indicate that 24‐month‐olds trust classifications provided by adult labeling patterns even when they conflict with the classifications children generate on their own.