bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spaces of Occupation in the Postwar Fiction of Hotta Yoshie
Authors: Lippit Seiji M.
Published: July 2010

This essay examines the postwar fiction of Hotta Yoshie (1918–98), a relatively neglected member of the postwar generation, whose work was shaped by his experience in Shanghai at the end of World War II and his subsequent return to occupied Tokyo. The essay argues that the topos of occupation forms an underlying thematic thread in Hotta's early postwar fiction, one that delineates a historical trajectory moving from the space of Japanese empire to the postwar reconstruction of the nation-state. Through the juxtaposition of wartime and postwar spaces of occupation, Hotta maps the ruptures and repetitions existing between the two periods, providing a key illustration of ways in which memories of empire continued to haunt the postwar literary imagination.
Rivers and Rice: What Lawyers and Legal Historians Should Know about Medieval Japan
Authors: Haley John O.
Published: July 2010

A story of rivers in Europe and rice in Japan, the combination of the need of warrior rulers for political legitimacy (authority) coupled with a diffusion of their capacity to coerce (power) is argued here to explain the use of adjudication as a primary means for enforcing legal rules and maintaining order in both early medieval Europe and Japan. Explained in the process is the tendency in western Europe for the regulation of otherwise private relationships and behavior particularly within local communities to be absorbed into formal legal regulation in contrast to the Japanese experience of extralegal internal community controls that arguably produced a pervasive duality of legal and extralegal ordering.
Election Observers and Their Biases
Authors: Kelley Judith
Published: July 2010

Why do election monitors sometimes issue contradictory statements or endorse flawed elections? The answers are not always straightforward; in some cases, the monitors’ good intentions may undermine their credibility.
Ukraine: The Uses of Divided Power
Authors: Hale Henry E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
The 2010 presidential election shows that Ukraine is both a surprisingly stable electoral democracy and a disturbingly corrupt one. The corruption, moreover, may have a lot to do with the stability.
The Democratic Instinct in the 21 st Century
Authors: Yudhoyono Susilo Bambang
Published: July 2010

Democratization is never easy, smooth, or linear, but as Indonesia’s experience in building a multiparty and multiethnic democracy shows, it can succeed even under difficult and initially unpromising conditions.
Ukraine: The Role of Regionalism
Authors: Sasse Gwendolyn
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
Although Ukraine’s regional divisions are often thought to be detrimental to state-building and democratization, they have in fact been a source of strength and helped to prevent tilts to the political extremes.
Afghanistan & Iraq: Afghanistan - An Election Gone Awry
Authors: Worden Scott
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
The 2009 vote for the presidency and local councils was marred by fraud, provoking a political crisis and casting a deep shadow over upcoming parliamentary elections. The Afghan experience calls into question whether voting should occur before other essential reforms are in place.
Chile: Are the Parties Over?
Authors: Luna Juan Pablo , Mardones Rodrigo
Published: July 2010

For the first time since the fall of Pinochet, the Chilean right has come to power via free elections. The long-ruling center-left coalition leaves behind many achievements, but also disturbing signs of a weakened party system.
Afghanistan & Iraq: Iraq - A Vote Against Sectarianism
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
Although many Iraqi parties continue to be organized along religious or ethnic lines, both the tone and the results of the 2010 parliamentary election campaign show that most Iraqi voters prefer a broader national agenda over narrow sectarian appeals.
Political Attitudes in the Muslim World
Authors: Yuchtman-Ya’ar Ephraim , Alkalay Yasmin
Published: July 2010

A new look at the World Values Survey data reveals how the Muslim world’s religious context affects individual Muslims’ attitudes toward democracy.
Afghanistan & Iraq: Lessons from Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: Khalilzad Zalmay
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
After almost ten years of complex and costly efforts to build democracy in these two countries, where do things stand? What lay behind the critical choices that shaped events in these places, and what are their current prospects for success?
In Praise of Václav Havel
Authors: Rupnik Jacques
Published: July 2010

A tribute to Václav Havel, Czech playwright and former dissident, who became not only president but the symbol of the “velvet revolutions.”
The Rise of “State-Nations”
Authors: Stepan Alfred , Linz Juan J. , Yadav Yogendra
Published: July 2010

Must every state be a nation and every nation a state? Or should we look instead to the example of countries such as India, where one state holds together a congeries of “national” groups and cultures in a single and wisely conceived federal republic?
The Mirage of Democracy in the DRC
Authors: Dizolele Mvemba Phezo
Published: July 2010

Despite its historic 2006 elections, the Democratic Republic of Congo still lacks competent governance, leaving its democratic promise unfulfilled.
Liberation Technology
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: July 2010

The Internet, mobile phones, and other forms of “liberation technology” enable citizens to express opinions, mobilize protests, and expand the horizons of freedom. Autocratic governments are also learning to master these technologies, however. Ultimately, the contest between democrats and autocrats will depend not just on technology, but on political organization and strategy.
"All this seed pearl": John Donne and Bodily Presence
Authors: Greteman Blaine
Published: July 2010

This article argues that John Donne's engagement with and privileging of the body lies at the creative core of his work. Donne's poetry and prose courts heresy and generates drama as he elevates the body to a status equal with or even superior to the soul, a crucial component of selfhood that is ultimately key not only to earthly but heavenly life. It is in the bodily self, with its sexuality, its illness, and its promise of resurrection, that this consummate "metaphysical" poet locates the soul and the treasures of its existence.
"Blue Under-Shirts Upon a Line": Orrick Johns and the Genesis of William Carlos Williams's "The Red Wheelbarrow"
Authors: Hama Mark
Published: July 2010

Using William Carlos Williams's and Orrick Johns's early working association as members of the "Others" group as a starting point, the essay examines how Johns's now largely forgotten poem, "Blue Under-Shirts," possibly influenced the composition of Williams's iconic "The Red Wheelbarrow." The similarities between these two poems are striking, and I argue that Williams may very well have had the shortcomings of Johns's poem in mind when he composed "The Red Wheelbarrow." The essay proposes that what Williams likely recognized in his friend Johns' poem was the framework for a new modern American poetic line, demonstrated by his own one-sentence poem, that moves beyond the imagist principle of austere, objective description to a new focus on the distinctive linguistic features of the American idiom, an approach that draws the reader in as an active participant in the creation of the poetic experience.
Godey's Lady's Book : Sarah Hale and the Construction of Sentimental Nationalism
Authors: Sommers Joseph Michael
Published: July 2010

The article, " Godey's Lady Book : Sarah Hale and the Construction of Sentimental Nationalism," investigates the intercession of Hale's political life with her work as Louis Godey's editor for the Book as America neared the Civil War. Godey, who barred any content he deemed might adversely affect his subscription rates across the North and South, forced Hale to promote her political beliefs through the inclusion of otherwise-perceived innocuous literary content that might become the vehicle for her fight against national division. The article makes its argument through a tethered-use of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities and Mary Louise Kete's Sentimental Collaborations arguing that Hale sought to play upon the feelings of grief and mourning of Godey's transnational readership. As such, Hale chose literary work that exacerbated the reader's emotions, such as poetry, to invoke feelings of the possible loss of loved ones in battle such as might occur in the Secession War.
The Ethics of Reading the Short Story: Literary Humanitarianism in "The Gold Vanity Set"
Authors: Houlihan Erin
Published: July 2010

When trying to empathize with suffering textual characters, the reader should not only be conscious of his or her relationship to the sufferer, but also of his or her relationship to the text that tells the sufferer's story. In evaluating the latter relationship, I look to the short story genre to show how when one breaks down assumptions about form a greater reflective space, fewer representational characters, and a resistance to textual "mastery" can develop. I locate my exploration in an early twentieth-century work by Mexican-American writer, Maria Cristina Mena, entitled "The Gold Vanity Set." I explore the various ways that one might achieve a more ethical relationship to the text through the deconstruction of literary assumptions that can impede the realization of human rights and social justice for subaltern groups.
Wars of Representation: Metonymy and Nuruddin Farah's Links
Authors: Mzali Ines
Published: July 2010

This paper shows how Nuruddin Farah's Links counters the sensationalist media representation of the UN and US intervention in the civil war in Somalia in the 1990s. The novel contributes an alternative anti-sensationalist representation of the events, by which I mean a representation in which the direct spectacle of violence is often mediated and deferred rather than exposed. I want to argue that sensationalism at the heart of reportage, and specifically photography, is fuelled by a metonymic production and reproduction of images. In contrast, deploying metonymy as a strategy for representation and reading in Links reveals the anti-sensationalism of the novel and enables it to undermine the media's construction of the Somali war. The different political implications of sensationalism in the media and anti-sensationalism in Links , both entailed by the same trope, forms my basis for identifying metonymy as an important strategy in war representation and postcolonial literary criticism.
Teaching the Monster: Frankenstein and Critical Thinking
Authors: Bissonette Melissa Bloom
Published: July 2010

Student readers often switch, with a taste for the unambiguous, from presuming Mary Shelley's monster to be wholly bad, to exonerating him completely, and sometimes swinging back to "evil." Both sympathy and condemnation—the "whose fault is it" debate—curtail the kind of critical thinking and application that is the goal of most of the courses in which Frankenstein is taught. The students' imagination of the heart and the professor's conceptual framework, sympathy and analysis, run parallel to and often counteract or resist each other. This essay proposes the importance of emphasizing the monster himself, returning to the monster as a monster, refusing to allow him to melt into a symbol in the classroom; it further suggests a practice of "teaching the monster" as a pedagogy of alienation that can be applied beyond Frankenstein .
The Memoir as Provocation: A Case for "Me Studies" in Undergraduate Clases
Authors: Brown Megan
Published: July 2010

This essay argues that undergraduate courses in memoir and autobiography can improve students' writing, reading, and critical thinking abilities, in part because such courses allow students and instructors to explore contemporary American culture's complex fascination with individuality and self expression. Also, these classes can encourage students to be critics of the commodification of "life stories" and the desire of autobiography readers/consumers for total authenticity—a desire that seems to have been strengthened by recent scandals about fabricated or exaggerated memoirs. First, the essay explores why creative nonfiction courses focused on memoir may be charged with fostering self-indulgence, and why those charges are sometimes justified. Then, the essay builds a case for the unique benefits of teaching, reading, and writing memoir, emphasizing the important issues that memoirs encourage students to contemplate, including the "authenticity" and appeal of narrative voice, the social construction of subjectivities, and the ethics of writers and readers.
The Fractal Nature of Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End
Authors: Romesburg Rod
Published: July 2010

This article employs the fractal as a template to uncover the complexity of Gary Snyder's poem cycle Mountains and Rivers Without End . Blending chaos and order, fractals are complex shapes emerging from simple sources. Unlike Euclidean geometric forms, like triangles or cubes, the bumpy, bulbous character of fractals reflects forms found in nature. Tuning his work to the chords of nature, Snyder incorporates a fractal pattern into the structure and thematic content of Mountains and Rivers Without End . The two components of "mountains" and "rivers" become a whirling whole—two seemingly opposing forces that twist and join, reverberating across broad scales, embodying patterns we recognize, and demonstrating nature's rhythms rising from language.
Toward a Prison Poetics
Authors: Larson Doran
Published: July 2010

The essay argues that prison writing bears not only a common subject but recurrent, formal traits, and that these generic traits emerge directly from prison writing's material links to the strategies of power exercised within prisons in general and to the particular conditions of each writer's incarceration. By analyzing tropic veins common to all prison texts, we discover a generically coherent body of literature as germane to discussions of justice generally as the body of law or penology. The essay offers close readings of passages from Martin Luther King, Jr's "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Wole Soyinka's The Man Died , Eldridge Cleaver's Soul on Ice , and George Jackson's Soledad Brother . Situating these texts relative to one another, the essay demonstrates how a prison poetics can excavate the material conditions of incarceration specific to each writer even at it reads the prison testament as part of a genre of resistance literature.
Literary Modernism in the Age of Celebrity
Authors: Galow Timothy W.
Published: July 2010

Using the careers of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gertrude Stein as examples, this article examines the creation of literary celebrity in the early twentieth century as a complex recursive process that involves authorial actions, the production of specific works, the promotion of texts and their authors, and audience reception. It ultimately contends that a more thorough exploration of this process can help scholars gain a better understanding of both the vocational sphere of authorship at the turn of the twentieth century and the texts produced at that time.
“An invincible force meets an immovable object”: Gertrude Stein comes to Chicago
Authors: Olson Liesl
Published: July 2010

This article draws on unpublished archival material to illuminate Gertrude Stein’s visits to Chicago during the 1930s. Stein caused a sensation all over the city--especially among the city’s literary ladies--but also met with resistance at the University of Chicago. Stein’s time in Chicago reveals the complex relationship among gender, literary celebrity, and the reception of literary modernism, as well as the ways in which an avant-garde lesbian writer becomes a “great” writer in a tradition that is dominated by men. Most importantly, Stein’s reception in Chicago is central to understanding new arguments not only about Stein’s identity but also about Stein’s aesthetic, which was significantly impacted by her experiences in a city characterized by its “middle”-ness and mobility.
Forms of Havoc: The Malatesta Cantos and The Battler
Authors: Rhodes Evan
Published: July 2010

“Forms of Havoc: The Malatesta Cantos and The Battler” demonstrates Ezra Pound’s exploration of boxing as an aesthetic practice through the use of boxing terminology and images in The Malatesta Cantos (1925), reframing the text as a meditation on the constituent properties of aestheticized violence, and suggesting boxing’s impact on the formal features of the text itself. The article recovers Pound’s circulation in Parisian boxing subculture during the early 1920’s, and argues that the hectic style of boxing Pound practiced, known as battling, provided a contemporary vocabulary to make legible Malatesta’s life as a condotierro , as well as the conceptual terminology for aesthetic violence in The Malatesta Cantos.
The Siamese Demon: Wyndham Lewis and America
Authors: Wood Jamie
Published: July 2010

“A Soldier of Humour,” the opening story of Wyndham Lewis’s 1927 collection of short stories entitled The Wild Body , is a neglected but important document in the history of modernism. Initially completed on the front line at the Battle of Messines Ridge, provocatively published in 1917–18 in The Little Review , and then extensively reworked during the 1920s, the story is central to Lewis’s thinking throughout the middle period of his career. Although The Wild Body is usually seen as a document of early modernism, marked by a savagely satiric anti-humanism, we can instead read “A Soldier of Humour” as an expression of the social and cultural anxiety in England which results from the political and economic rise of America during the 1920s. Taken together with Lewis’s theoretical statements in “The Meaning of the Wild Body,’” this story points towards a distinctively late modern poetics in Lewis’s work.
An Older Future: Gabriel Alomar’s El Futurisme (1904)
Authors: Merjian Ara H.
Published: July 2010

2010 marks the anniversary of a slightly older, and less strident, Futurism than that made (in)famous by the Italian impresario, F. T. Marinetti. On June 18, 1904, the Mallorcan poet and journalist Gabriel Alomar delivered his lengthy lecture, El Futurisme , which subsequently achieved a certain prominence in European literary circles. Various scholars have squared off as to the extent of Marinetti’s indebtedness to the Catalan’s precedent. Yet El Futurisme need not be held hostage--whether nominally or notionally, politically or poetically--to its disparities from

any

other iteration of “futurism.” Aside from its importance to the fitful developments of twentieth-century Catalan and Spanish culture, and its unclassifiable resistance to various categorical imperatives (whether modernisme , noucentisme , or unreconstructed catalanisme ), the text merits further consideration as a tract on its own terms. It is hoped that the present rendering--the first substantial translation in English--will at the very least afford Alomar’s writing more scholarly attention in the Anglo-American world.
Screening the Modern Girl: Intermediality in the Adaptation of Flaming Youth
Authors: Ross Sara
Published: July 2010

In the early 1920s, the film industry seized on the furor over the modern girls’ demands for sexual liberty and fulfillment inside and outside of marriage to introduce not only new subject matter, but new modes of addressing its diverse audience. Social upheaval in this period coincided with the media industries’ movement toward unprecedented speed of adaptation and cooperation, making possible a powerful new intermediality. The film industry used this to generate layered meanings beyond the confines of the film text, encouraging bold viewers to see through the camouflage with which it sought to appease more traditionalist audience members. With Flaming Youth , through a smokescreen of melodramatic conventions and moral lessons, it delivered a strikingly modern conception of sexuality and marriage to the big screen.
Blondes Have More Fun : Anita Loos and the Language of Silent Cinema
Authors: Frost Laura
Published: July 2010

Alongside the well-known controversy about the coming of sound, the history of early cinema also includes a debate about titling: words printed on the silent screen. Anita Loos, a screenwriter and author of the best-selling 1925 novel, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , developed a mode of writing in which literature and cinema unmoored the conventional relationship of the image to the word. Taken together, Loos’s titles and her novel show a cross-genre relationship of exchange that has the effect of reconceiving language and image. At a transitional moment when literary institutions were changing and the cinema was being born, Loos invents new forms of vernacular pleasure: the literary cinema, and the cinematic novel.
Sciences from Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialities, and Modernities (review)
Authors: Weaver Harlan
Published: July 2010

Sandra Harding’s newest book, Sciences from Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialities, and Modernities , continues her work in feminist standpoint theory and science and technologies studies, asking how we might judge “good” science. Attentive to race, class, gender, and imperialism, Harding critically examines Northern and Southern sciences and technologies by adopting the perspective of those who see from below. This vision from the peripheries lets Harding question stories of modern scientific progress, revealing a multiplicity of “ethnosciences” and critiquing modernity itself. However, while Harding aims to produce knowledge for the North’s others by emphasizing woman’s experience, she fails to question the category “woman,” ignoring contemporary transgender and queer scholarship. Further, it is Harding’s care for the North’s subjugated others that motivates her writing, revealing that the struggle to achieve the standpoint “from below” so critical to her project is fueled by what her ally Maria Puig de la Bellacasa would term not thinking from, but thinking with, or, more precisely, “thinking with care.”
Dr. Alexander Garden, a Linnaean in Colonial America, and the Saga of Five “Electric Eels”
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: July 2010

Alexander Garden (1730–1791) was born in Scotland, where he trained in medicine before settling in South Carolina in 1752. With a passion for collecting and a love of nature, he sent specimens to Linnaeus and his associates in Europe. In 1774, Garden observed and conducted electrical experiments on some “eels” that had survived the trip from Surinam to Charleston. His detailed observations and reasons for believing they emit electricity were read before the Royal Society of London and subsequently published. He also advised the sea captain who owned the eels on how to preserve them and where to deliver their bodies if they died en route to London. Although they did die en route, John Hunter of the Royal Society was able to provide excellent descriptions of their electric organs because they were so well preserved. The sequence of events that followed led to other live eels surviving the voyage to London, where they were observed to spark in darkness in 1776. This was a critical piece of evidence in favor of fish electricity and eventually for the more revolutionary idea that even human nerves and muscles might function electrically.
Making Longevity in an Aging Society: Linking Medicare Policy and the New Ethical Field
Authors: Kaufman Sharon R.
Published: July 2010

Life-extending interventions for older persons are changing medical knowledge and societal expectations about longevity. Today’s consciousness about growing older is partly shaped by a new form of ethics, constituted by and enabled through the routines and institutions that comprise ordinary clinical care. Unlike bioethics, whose emphasis is on clinical decision-making in individual situations, this new form of ethics is exceptionally diffuse and can be characterized as an ethical field . It is located in and shaped by health-care policies, standard technologies, and clinical evidence, and it emerges in what patients and families come to need and want. Three developments illustrate this ethical field at work: the changing nature of disease, especially the ascent of risk awareness and risk-based strategies for life extension; the role of technology in reshaping the ends of medicine; and the role of Medicare policy in creating need and ethical necessity. Medicare’s expanding criteria for payment coverage of liver transplantation and implantable cardiac devices illustrate the pervasive logic of this new form of ethics. The powerful connection between the technological imperative and its ethical necessity is rarely mentioned in Medicare reform debates.
Cognitive Brain Mapping for Better or Worse
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: July 2010

Cognitive brain mapping is a neuroscience fad, with hundreds of reports published each month. Such popularity requires careful attention to experimental design and data analysis in order to minimize false findings. In my view, cognitive brain mapping consists of procedures that allow such troublesome items as data-dredging and confirmation bias to affect study outcomes. This article discusses these issues and makes suggestions for enhancing the validity and reliability of the findings.
Job and the Stigmatization of Chronic Pain
Authors: Goldberg Daniel S.
Published: July 2010

Many ethical and policy analyses of the devastating undertreatment of chronic pain leave unaddressed the role played by stigma, even though the notion that such stigma exists is well documented. This article examines the social and cultural roots of the stigma of chronic pain in American society. I document the long history of illness stigma in Western societies as a way of illustrating the power of this meaning-making construct, and I use the Book of Job as a framework for understanding the deep link between sin and suffering in the context of illness and chronic pain in the United States. Unfortunately, while illness stigma can be ameliorated, there is little evidence of such progress in the undertreatment and stigmatization of chronic pain sufferers, and I explain some of the reasons why the best evidence does not demonstrate much improvement. I conclude by sketching some recommendations for diminishing the stigmatization of the chronic pain sufferer, and warn that the focus on altering the opioid regulatory regime is unlikely to have the desired impact in reducing the suffering of millions of Americans.
Towards a Definition of Life
Authors: Macklem Peter T. , Seely Andrew
Published: July 2010

This article offers a new definition of life as a “self-contained, self-regulating, self-organizing, self-reproducing, interconnected, open thermodynamic network of component parts which performs work, existing in a complex regime which combines stability and adaptability in the phase transition between order and chaos, as a plant, animal, fungus, or microbe.” Open thermodynamic networks, which create and maintain order and are used by all organisms to perform work, import energy from and export entropy into the environment. Intra- and extracellular interconnected networks also confer order. Although life obeys the laws of physics and chemistry, the design of living organisms is not determined by these laws, but by Darwinian selection of the fittest designs. Over a short range of normalized energy consumption, open thermodynamic systems change from deeply ordered to chaotic, and life is found in this phase transition, where a dynamic balance between stability and adaptability allows for homeokinesis. Organisms and cells move within the phase transition with changes in metabolic rate. Seeds, spores and cryo-preserved tissue are well within the ordered regime, while health probably cannot be maintained with displacements into the chaotic regime. Understanding life in these terms may provide new insights into what constitutes health and lead to new theories of disease.
The Living Dead: Fiction, Horror, and Bioethics
Authors: Belling Catherine
Published: July 2010

Popular fiction responds to, and may exacerbate, public anxieties in ways that more highbrow literary texts may not. Robin Cook’s 1977 novel Coma exemplifies the ways in which medical thrillers participate in the public discourse about health care. Written shortly after the medical establishment promoted “irreversible coma,” or brain death, as a new definition of dying, and at a time when the debate over the removal of Karen Ann Quinlan from life support was the subject of popular attention, Coma crystallized public fears over the uses of medical technology. While Cook hoped that Coma would encourage public participation in health-care decision-making, the book may have fueled public concerns about medicine in ways that he did not anticipate. The public engagement that accompanied the rise of bioethics and that led to increased transparency and patient autonomy in medical decision-making had its birth, in part, in the distrust and paranoia reflected in the medical thriller. Because fiction can shape public perceptions of health-care dilemmas and may affect decision-making on bioethical issues, bioethicists need to pay attention to popular fictional accounts of medicine.
Health at the Center of Health Systems Reform: How Philosophy Can Inform Policy
Authors: Sturmberg Joachim P. , Martin Carmel M. , Moes Mark M.
Published: July 2010

Contemporary views hold that health and disease can be defined as objective states and thus should determine the design and delivery of health services. Yet health concepts are elusive and contestable. Health is neither an individual construction, a reflection of societal expectations, nor only the absence of pathologies. Based on philosophical and sociological theory, empirical evidence, and clinical experience, we argue that health has simultaneously objective and subjective features that converge into a dynamic complex-adaptive health model. Health (or its dysfunction, illness) is a dynamic state representing complex patterns of adaptation to body, mind, social, and environmental challenges, resulting in bodily homeostasis and personal internal coherence. The “balance of health” model—emergent, self-organizing, dynamic, and adaptive—underpins the very essence of medicine. This model should be the foundation for health systems design and also should inform therapeutic approaches, policy decision-making, and the development of emerging health service models. A complex adaptive health system focused on achieving the best possible “personal” health outcomes must provide the broad policy frameworks and resources required to implement people-centered health care. People-centered health systems are emergent in nature, resulting in locally different but mutually compatible solutions across the whole health system.
Forty Years Later: The Scope of Bioethics Revisited
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: July 2010

Two discrete conceptions of bioethics emerged in the 1970s: a holistic model that would “embrace within its scope long-range environmental concerns” versus a notion of bioethics that “would deal with concrete medical dilemmas.” Although the latter has been the dominant perspective, Irina Pollard’s new book Bioscience Ethics reintroduces a more global perspective of bioethics. This essay provides a cursory review of the different conceptions of bioethics and where Pollard’s book fits in the controversy. It concludes by considering how some progress has been made to find a middle path that interprets bioethics more broadly as “the ethics of the life sciences and health care.”
Genomics and the Conundrum of Race: Some Epistemic and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Maglo Koffi N.
Published: July 2010

This article addresses the question of whether race is a biological category and whether it is permissible to use it in biomedicine. I suggest that instrumentalism, a view that race is a problem-solving tool rather than a concept with an objective referent in nature, may be more consistent with the available scientific evidence. I argue that, to be morally permissible, the instrumentalist use of race in research and medicine requires stringent guidelines. I then provide four normative rules to guide race research in the biomedical sciences. The paper gathers evidence from philosophy of science, genomics, legal history, and normative ethics in order to ground the biomedical use of race in a converging ethical and epistemic framework.
Animal Suffering Should not Trump Environmental Stewardship
Authors: Vantassel Stephen M.
Published: July 2010

Andrew Linzey contends that our treatment of children should act as a model for our treatment of animals: just as we use our power to prevent the suffering of children, so should we restrict our behavior to protect animals from human-originated suffering. While not ignoring the role theology and emotion play in his ethical view, Linzey endeavors to provide a rational argument for the moral consideration of animals. In addition, Linzey explains how humans have created institutions to help them justify the continuance of animal suffering, followed by a plan to replace those institutions with animal-friendly ones. Linzey then applies his thinking to three contemporary institutions he believes cause animal suffering in an unjustifiable manner, namely hunting with dogs, fur farming, and commercial sealing. This review offers a detailed account of several significant weaknesses of Linzey’s argument, ranging from the theological to the scientific, that should be considered before adopting his views.
The Research Imperative Revisited: Considerations for Advancing the Debate Surrounding Medical Research as Moral Imperative
Authors: Wayne Katherine , Glass Kathleen Cranley
Published: July 2010

Medical research is frequently regarded as not only laudable, but even obligatory. However, the moral foundation for such an obligation is far from clear. Lively debate concerning the viability of an obligation to conduct and support medical research is transpiring among a small number of scholars speaking from a variety of backgrounds, yet the current discussion is predominantly situated within several discrete academic and professional circles, allowing only sporadic engagement within and between scholarly disciplines and the medical realm. We aim to lay the groundwork for a focused critique of the “research imperative” by examining (1) its commitments within ideologies of science, medicine, and progress: and (2) its normative theoretical underpinnings. Our analysis finds no solid grounding for the research imperative and exposes problems in the attitudes and arguments supporting it. We believe these concerns present compelling reasons for devoting greater critical attention to the research imperative and to the morality of the medical research enterprise as a whole.
Anaphors or Cataphors? A Discussion of the Two Qi 其 Graphs in the First Chapter of the Daodejing
Authors: Ariel Yoav , Raz Gil
Published: July 2010

Since the third century b.c.e ., interpreters of the Daodejing have taken the two qi 其 graphs (conventionally translated as "its") in the first chapter as anaphoric, that is, as denoting an entity previously mentioned in the discourse/text. Almost unanimously, commentators have assumed that this anaphor refers to Dao 道, the most salient discourse entity to that point. Referential expressions (such as this, it, its, 之, 此, and 其), however, do not function solely as anaphors. They can also function as cataphors, in which case the entity they denote follows rather than precedes the referential expression. Cataphoric expressions are often used to highlight the entity they refer to. We suggest that the two instances of qi in the first chapter of the Daodejing were meant also to be cataphoric, and that they refer to the "gateway of all marvels" (眾眇之門). We further suggest that this "gateway" is a metaphor not only for the Dao but also for inviting the reader to enter the book and to penetrate the mystery of the Dao by reading it. In sum, we argue that the author/redactor of the first chapter of the Daodejing composed it as an introduction to the entire text, where he points out the problems inherent in writing and reading a text such as the Daodejing —which he perceived to be an image of the Dao itself. The text is the message.
Diṅnāga and Mental Models: A Reconstruction
Authors: Chatterjee Amita , Sirker Smita
Published: July 2010

In the fifth century c.e. , Diṇnāga introduced a distinction between inferencefor-oneself (svarthānumāna) and inference-for-others (parārthānumāna) , which was adopted by all later pramāṇa theorists. A reevaluation of this well-known distinction has led us to some philosophically significant theses, which we propose to discuss here. Many scholars have already pointed out that (a) the aim of the Buddhists in developing a theory of inference was different from that of a formal logician; (b) svarthānumāna falls in the domain of psychology of reasoning, while parārthānumāna falls in the domain of logic proper; and (c) parārthānumāna should be considered a model-theoretic as opposed to a prooftheoretic enterprise. In consonance with these views, it is aimed to show that (1) Diṇnāga's account of good inferential process leading to sound inference as laid down in the Hetucakaraḍamaru is very similar to the Mental Model Theory proposed by P. N. Johnson-Laird and others, and (2) although Jonardon Ganeri's reinterpretation of the early Nyāya inference as a type of case-based reasoning may be extended to the Buddhist parārthānumāna , the most plausible reinterpretation of svārthānumāna can be given in terms of mental models.
Taking Conventional Truth Seriously: Authority Regarding Deceptive Reality
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: July 2010

Mādhyamika philosophers in India and Tibet distinguish between two truths: the conventional and the ultimate. It is difficult, however, to say in what sense conventional truth is indeed a truth, as opposed to falsehood. Indeed, many passages in prominent texts suggest that it is entirely false. It is explained here in the sense in which, for Candrakīrti and Tsong khapa, conventional truth is truth.
Engagement, Withdrawal, and Social Reform: Confucian and Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Hourdequin Marion
Published: July 2010

Concern with social and moral reform plays an important thematic role in the Analects , and the text discusses a number of possible responses to a morally failing society. This essay offers an account of engagement, withdrawal, and social reform in the Analects , then places the issue of social reform in a contemporary context through a comparative and critical discussion of the Analects and the book Habits of the Heart , by Robert Bellah et al. It is argued that Confucius rejects the option of complete withdrawal from society, even where such withdrawal aims to preserve personal moral integrity. However, Confucius also cautions against deep involvement with corrupt regimes and suggests that reformers must withdraw from particular institutions when moral engagement is impossible within them. The recommendations found in Habits of the Heart strikingly parallel many of those in the Analects , particularly in emphasizing individual engagement and reinvigoration of tradition as sources of social renewal. Although traditions require critical examination in contemporary contexts, the idea—found in both texts—that engagement in social reform can benefit the reformer as well as society more broadly remains important and relevant today.
Hildegard of Bingen: Entry into Disibodenberg
Authors: Sutherland Emily
Published: July 2010

For many years it was accepted that Hildegard of Bingen was enclosed at Disibodenberg in her eighth year. This was reassessed after the publication of Vita Juttae in 1992. According to this new text it appeared that Jutta and Hildegard were enclosed at the monastery in 1112 on 1 November, a date that coincides with information in the Annals of Disibodenberg. Examination of both texts is important to ascertain to what degree they corroborate each other, and whether this corroboration is reliable. There is a suggestion that the writer of Vita Juttae borrowed from the Annals which means the texts are not independent of each other. On the other hand they may have been written by the same monk. Examination of the significance of November 1, which is the feast of All Saints, offers further support to 1112 as the year of Jutta and Hildegard's enclosure at Disibodenberg, this being the feast day specifically chosen by Jutta.
At Play in the Fields and Playing the Field: The débat amoureux in the Pastourelle and the Heptaméron
Authors: Llewellyn Kathleen M.
Published: July 2010

At the centre of the traditional medieval pastourelle is a débat amoureux , a spirited and sometimes contentious conversation between a shepherdess and her would-be suitor. The débat amoureux , in an expanded and more complex form, features prominently in Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron , both in the novellas themselves and in the frame story that surrounds them. Although the pastourelle 's influence on the Heptaméron has never been described, it is clear that the collection of novellas by the Queen of Navarre inherited substantially from these narrative medieval poems.
Anne Clifford: Writing for Oneself, Writing for Others
Authors: Salzman Paul
Published: July 2010

Both Anne Clifford's early diaries and her later summary diaries involve an elaborate process of re-annotating and contextualizing. The audience Clifford had in mind when she wrote extends from herself to her immediate family and then to a posterity that would bear witness to her rightful inheritance of her estates. In order to understand this process it is necessary to pay careful attention to examples of Clifford's writing practice and to her intended audience. The subtle differences between the three sets of Great Books lodged at the Cumbria records office in Kendal need to be examined in detail; here a few instances are explored.
Pacific Exploration as Religious Critique
Authors: Gascoigne John
Published: July 2010

Contact with the Pacific provided Europeans with a distant laboratory in which to test some of their assumptions about the nature of humanity and, in particular, the forms of religion with which they were familiar. In the era before Cook, the scantily explored Pacific provided a colourful backdrop for those contrasting a universal simple religion with European clericalism. Elements of such an approach continued to colour Hawkesworth's edition of Cook's first voyage. The tendency to idealize Pacific societies and their religious practices diminished, however, in the late eighteenth century with a growing emphasis on the superiority of Christianity and the need for missionary action.
Cognitive Studies of Anglo-Saxon Mentalities
Authors: Harbus Antonina
Published: July 2010

The new ways of thinking about literature offered by Cognitive Literary Studies and Cognitive Poetics offer detailed means of understanding pre-modern mentalities and fresh perspectives on the literary products of remote cultures. When applied to Anglo-Saxon literature, these methodologies, which bring cognitive science and linguistics to bear on literary studies, focus on the psychology of interpretation and seek to discover the mental causes of the rhetorical effects in literature. They base literary study on an understanding of mental processing, and inform analyses of literary structures with knowledge of mental schemas. A better understanding of the landscape and significance of literary mentalities can only enhance our grasp on both the artistry and logistics of literary meaning.
Love and Reason from Hugh of Fouilloy to the Abbaye du Saint Esprit : Changes at the Top in the Medieval Cloister Allegory
Authors: Pinder Janice
Published: July 2010

Medieval classifications of the virtues attempted to establish hierarchies, frequently placing one virtue at the top. An important group of medieval texts used the architectural and social framework of a monastery, in which virtues were embodied in parts of the structure and also in the obedientaries. In this framework, the notion of a governing virtue was expressed through its personification as the abbot or abbess, and while the early Latin allegories, beginning with the De claustro animae of Hugh of Fouilloy, made Reason the abbot, in a widely copied anonymous French adaptation, the Abbaye du saint Esprit , where the abbey becomes a community of nuns, the abbess is Charity. The reasons for the shift from Reason to Love as governing virtue lie in theological and spiritual developments, as well as in the change of audience from religious and male to lay and female and the new functions for the allegory brought by this shift.
Approaches to Medievalism: A Consideration of Taxonomy and Methodology through Fantasy Fiction
Authors: Young Helen
Published: July 2010

Methodologies for examining medievalism commonly rely on considerations of a text's relationship with medieval sources, but such approaches are limited because they do not take into account the ways intervening years have influenced modern concepts of the Middle Ages. An approach which includes both the historical and imaginative 'medieval' and examines the purpose and effects of medievalism offers scope for more comprehensive interrogations. Investigation of modern fantasy writing such as the genre fiction of Katharine Kerr and the more literary works of Neil Gaiman demonstrates the usefulness of such a methodology.
The Just King and De Duodecim Abusiuis Saeculi
Authors: Grigg Julianna
Published: July 2010

Locating the development of speculum principum literature within the political landscape of early medieval Britain and Ireland allows a glimpse into the constitution of regal authority. As a discourse on kingly prerogative, insular advice literature reveals the unfolding relationship between ruler and cleric as the texts progress from admonition to encouragement. The ninth abuse of De Duodecim Abusiuis Saeculi is a pivotal text in understanding the influence and evolution of this literature. A detailed manifest of contemporary Western political concepts of Christian theocratic kingship, this mid-seventh-century text is implicitly concerned with the 'just' exercise of a king's authority. Its rulership terminology presents a cohesive clerical vision of the model king, and can be assessed against contemporary Irish texts that attempt to circumscribe the geo-political reach of a king within a Christian social framework.
Forests, Animals, and Ambushes in the Alliterative Morte Arthure
Authors: Withers Jeremy
Published: July 2010

In the Alliterative Morte Arthure , the forest is often depicted as an ideal place for ambushing one's enemy. Such persistent attacks lead many warriors in the poem to encounter densely wooded areas with trepidation and even at times with explicit violence towards these places. However, through its use of several arresting locus amoenus passages, the Morte demonstrates alternative ways for soldiers to experience natural landscapes. Rather than suggest that forests are inherently malicious and forbidding places (as many medieval romances have done), the poem suggests that when cleared of an immediate threat of ambush, natural landscapes can be restorative and intoxicating spaces for soldiers.