bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased word‐of‐mouth via strategic cause‐related marketing
Authors: Lee Thomas Michael , Mullen Linda Greef , Fraedrich John
Published: June 2010

This research examines word‐of‐mouth (WOM) promotions as an additional consequence of a successful cause‐related marketing (CRM) partnership. Firms properly aligned in CRM partnerships should increase positive feelings that can translate into positive WOM from the public. WOM efforts should be considered in marketing campaigns to develop successful long‐term CRM strategies. Additionally, carefully planned CRM campaigns with positive WOM give firms a competitive advantage without the backlash of consumer skepticism often reported when firms attempt to manipulate WOM campaigns. This study is grounded in associative learning theory which provides support for the strengthened associative links between firm and charity when the relationship is properly aligned. This empirical study suggests that strategically aligned CRM relationships can improve positive WOM recommendations. Results of ANOVA and factor analysis indicate that consumers are more receptive to CRM partnerships that consist of compatibility between firm and charity that persist over time. Results suggest that consumers are more likely to recommend the more properly aligned partnerships to others.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A possible massacre at Early Bronze Age Titriş Höyük, Anatolia
Authors: Erdal Ö.D.
Published: June 2010

Trauma is among the most important sources of data providing information related to systematic violence, battles and massacres among ancient populations. In this study, a mass grave from Titriş Höyük in the Southeast Anatolia was examined in terms of cranial traumas. Skeletal remains of minimum 19 individuals were placed on a plaster basin as a secondary interment. The frequency of cranial trauma was 81.3% among 16 available adult crania. The fact that the perimortem traumas were observed on both sex groups and the presence of two children and an infant on the basin suggest the possibility of these individuals being subjected to an attack or a massacre. It has been determined that the frequency of traumas in the common burials increased more than twofold from Early‐Mid EBA (6.7%) to Late EBA (14.3%). While all of the injuries observed in Early‐Mid EBA were in the form of healed depressed trauma, penetrated traumas were also encountered in Late EBA. The increased frequency of cranial trauma with unusual interment on a plaster basin indicated that a social stress might have taken place in Titriş Höyük. It is concluded that the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, the deterioration of the trade‐based economy and resource stress might have been possible factors that played a role in the excessive violence, or a massacre in Titriş Höyük. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of electron beam irradiation on dynamic shear rheological behavior of a poly (propylene‐co‐ethylene) heterophasic copolymer
Authors: Koosha Mojtaba , Jahani Yousef , Mirzadeh Hamid
Published: June 2010

In this study the effect of electron beam irradiation on rheological properties of a poly (propylene‐co‐ethylene) heterophasic copolymer is evaluated. Using dynamic viscoelastic measurement in the linear viscoelastic range of deformation, it is observed that the complex viscosity and dynamic modulus of polypropylenes were decreased by increasing the irradiation dose. Polypropylene heterophasic copolymers consist of ethylene propylene rubber phase dispersed in polypropylene homopolymer matrix. The high energy electron beams simultaneously affect both isotactic polypropylene (iPP) matrix and ethylene propylene dispersed phase. The molecular chains of polypropylene homopolymer phase breakdown to smaller species, those are prone to degradation and branching as well. Increase in the melt flow rate behavior and shifting the cross‐over point to higher frequencies and increase in melt strength are due to this phenomenon. At the same time, the ethylene propylene phase of the polypropylene copolymer cross‐links due to irradiation, and a significant effect on the rheological behavior of samples are observed. The mathematical modeling of complex viscosity behavior revealed the conformity of experimental data with modified Carreau equation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity parameters for rationalizing iminium‐catalyzed reactions
Authors: Lakhdar Sami , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert
Published: June 2010

The correlation equation (1), lg k(20 °C) = s(E + N), where electrophiles are characterized by one (E) and nucleophiles are characterized by two parameters (N, s) was used to rationalize the scope of iminium‐catalyzed reactions. Kinetics of the reactions of iminium triflates, pregenerated from cinnamaldehyde and secondary amines, with cyclic ketene acetals were studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy. From the second‐order rate constants, electrophilicity parameters −10 < E < −7 have been derived for these iminium ions. Eqn (1) was found to correctly predict the rate constants for the reactions of the cinnamaldehyde‐derived iminium ions with pyrroles, indoles, and sulfur ylides. The zwitterion obtained from cinnamaldehyde and indoline‐2‐carboxylic acid reacts more than 105 times faster with a sulfur ylide than predicted by Eqn (1), which is explained by MacMillan's ‘electrostatic activation’. The failure of imidazolidinones to catalyze cyclopropanations of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by sulfur ylides is not due to the low nucleophilic reactivity of sulfur ylides but due to their high Brønsted basicity which inhibits the formation of the iminium ions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatial assessment of riverine ecosystems and water supply in a semi‐arid environment
Authors: Smith‐Adao L. B. , Nel J. L. , le Maitre D. , Maherry A. , Swartz E. R.
Published: June 2010

A spatial assessment was conducted in the semi‐arid area of South Africa, to: (1) identify priority areas for the conservation of river and groundwater ecosystems; (2) examine surface and groundwater quality for human consumption and (3) investigate the rehabilitation of degraded areas to highlight ‘win‐win’ situations for both environmental and human use. A systematic conservation plan was produced, highlighting river conservation areas (river types, fish species and connectivity areas), moderate‐impact management areas (groundwater‐surface water interaction and recharge areas) and river rehabilitation areas. The proposed river selections would achieve the biodiversity targets of 33 (66%) of the 50 river types; feasible rehabilitation would increase this to 92%. The greatest groundwater‐surface water interaction and recharge (30 to > 50 mm−1) values are concentrated around the mountainous regions of the Little Karoo. This is because the main aquifers in the mountains, table mountain group (TMG) quartzites, yield naturally good quality water for human consumption. River reaches of unacceptable surface water quality were classified as degraded water resource delivery areas where the poor water quality was primarily due to saline return flows from irrigation and the impacts of other anthropogenic activities including abstraction of freshwater which otherwise would have diluted the return flows. Only the middle reaches of the Gouritz and Groot Rivers represent a possible win–win situation for both the environment and human use. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal reference ranges for umbilical vein blood flow at a free loop of the umbilical cord
Authors: Flo K. , Wilsgaard T. , Acharya G.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To establish longitudinal reference ranges for the umbilical vein (UV) diameter, velocities and volume blood flow (Quv) at a free loop of the umbilical cord and estimate the UV spatial velocity profile at this site.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 53 low‐risk pregnancies. The UV diameter and blood flow velocities were measured at 4‐weekly intervals from 22 + 0 to 39 + 6 weeks of gestation (232 observations) using B‐mode ultrasonography and pulsed‐wave Doppler. Multilevel regression modeling was used to estimate the reference percentiles.

Results

The mean UV diameter, velocities and Quv increased with advancing gestation, whereas the Quv normalized for estimated fetal weight decreased. The UV spatial velocity profile coefficient was 0.62.

Conclusion

We have established reference ranges for serial measurements of Quv at a free loop of the umbilical cord during the second half of pregnancy. The spatial velocity profile of the UV is not completely parabolic at this site. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the relationship between preterm placental calcification and adverse maternal and fetal outcome
Authors: Chen K. H. , Chen L. R. , Lee Y. H.
Published: June 2010

Objectives

To explore the relationship between preterm placental calcification and adverse pregnancy outcome, including maternal and fetal outcomes.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, monthly ultrasonography was performed starting at 28 weeks' gestation to establish the diagnosis of Grade III placental calcification. Women were classified into three groups: Group 1, the early preterm group, with placental calcification found prior to 32 weeks (n = 63); Group 2, the late preterm group, with placental calcification found between 32 and 36 weeks (n = 192); and Group 3, the control group, without placental calcification noted between 28 and 36 weeks (n = 521). Women who smoked cigarettes or drank alcohol during pregnancy, or who had hypertension, diabetes, significant antenatal anemia or placenta previa were all excluded. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risks of adverse pregnancy outcome in Groups 1 and 2 by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs, adjusted by maternal age, body mass index, economic status, marital status, type of delivery and parity.

Results

Risks for adverse maternal outcome including postpartum hemorrhage (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.251–9.388), placental abruption (OR, 6.52; 95% CI, 1.356–31.382) and maternal transfer to the intensive care unit (OR, 9.76; 95% CI, 1.826–52.195) and for adverse fetal outcomes including preterm birth (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.775–9.940), low birth weight (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.201–9.522), low Apgar score (OR, 6.53; 95% CI, 2.116–20.142) and neonatal death (OR, 9.04; 95% CI, 1.722–47.411) were much higher in Group 1 than in Group 3. In contrast, there were no significant differences in adverse pregnancy outcome between Groups 2 and 3.

Conclusions

Early preterm placental calcification is associated with a higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome, and may serve as an indicator of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes when noted on ultrasonography. Conversely, women with late preterm placental calcification are not at greater risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital toxoplasmosis—a report on the Danish neonatal screening programme 1999–2007
Authors: Röser Dennis , Nielsen Henrik Vedel , Petersen Eskild , Saugmann‐Jensen Peter , Nørgaard‐Pedersen Peter Bent
Published: June 2010

Objectives

This paper reports on the national neonatal screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) in Denmark conducted from 1999 to 2007, including background, basis for initiation of screening, methods, results, and finally reasons for the discontinuation of the screening.

Methods

A nationwide screening was conducted at Statens Serum Institut, including >98% newborns, and using filter paper eluates (Guthrie card, PKU card) obtained from newborns 5–10 days old. These were analysed for Toxoplasma gondii‐specific antibodies (IgM), and if positive, then IgM (ISAGA). Confirmatory serology was performed on children and their mothers (IgM, IgG, IgA, dye test) where infection was suspected, and children with suspected or confirmed CT initiated a 3‐month treatment regimen with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid supplements. Selective cohorts were followed with regard to developmental and clinical outcome.

Results

A total of 100 children were diagnosed with CT in the screening period, and only 2 cases were detected outside of the screening programme. CT prevalence was 1.6 per 10,000 live‐born infants. Follow‐up studies showed new retinochoroidal lesions in affected children despite treatment.

Conclusion

Screening was terminated August 2007, after it became apparent that no benefit of treatment could be shown. CT was evaluated using a Danish adaptation of the Uniform Screening Panel (ACMG), showing CT as an unlikely candidate for screening today. Whereas results might be comparable with other low‐endemic countries with similar strains of T. gondii, neonatal screening and treatment might offer different results in regions with either high prevalence or different strains of T. gondii.
Anti‐scratching Behavioral Effects of N‐Stearoyl‐phytosphingosine and 4‐Hydroxysphinganine in Mice
Authors: Ryu Kwon‐Ryeol , Lee Bomi , Lee In‐Ah , Oh Sekwan , Kim Dong‐Hyun
Published: June 2010

N‐Stearoyl‐phytosphingosine (SPS) and 4‐hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine, PS), which are sphingolipids frequently found in mammalian skin, plants, and yeast, have been used as ingredients in cosmetics. In mice, treatment with SPS and PS inhibited histamine‐induced scratching behavior and vascular permeability. These agents inhibited the expression of the allergic cytokines, IL‐4 and TNF‐α, and the activation of the transcription factors, NF‐κB and c‐jun, in histamine‐stimulated skin tissues. These agents also showed potent anti‐histamine effects in the Magnus test using guinea pig ileum. Based on these results, SPS and PS may improve scratching behavioral reactions in skin by regulating the action of histamine and the activation of the transcription factors NF‐κB and c‐jun.
Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue after pretreatment with a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist
Authors: Igarashi Suguru , Suzuki Nao , Osada Marie , Takae Seido , Tarumi Wataru , Ishizuka Bunpei
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether slow‐rate freezing or vitrification is better for cryopreservation of ovary tissues pretreated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist.

Methods

In this nonclinical study performed in rats, leuprorelin acetate was administered to female Wistar rats, aged 6–8 weeks. After confirming arrest of the estrous cycle by examination of vaginal smears, ovarian tissue was cryopreserved by vitrification and slow‐rate freezing prior to thawing and autotransplantation. The time required for estrous cycle recovery was assessed from vaginal smears in each group starting from day 1 of transplantation. Estradiol levels were also monitored after transplantation.

Results

The estrous cycle recovered after transplantation of ovarian tissue frozen by either method, but recovery was significantly faster after transplantation of vitrified tissue. The estradiol level also recovered by 10 days after transplantation.

Conclusions

Ovarian function was restored after transplantation of tissue preserved by either vitrification or slow‐rate freezing after pretreatment with leuprorelin acetate. This method may be applicable for patients scheduled to undergo cryopreservation of ovarian tissue before chemotherapy.
Fermented wheat aleurone induces enzymes involved in detoxification of carcinogens and in antioxidative defence in human colon cells
Authors: Stein Katrin , Borowicki Anke , Scharlau Daniel , Glei Michael
Published: June 2010

Dietary fibre is fermented by the human gut flora resulting mainly in the formation of SCFA, for example, acetate, propionate and butyrate. SCFA, in particular butyrate, may be important for secondary cancer prevention by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth of cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the promotion and/or progression of cancer. Furthermore, SCFA could also act on primary cancer prevention by activation of detoxifying and antioxidative enzymes. We investigated the effects of fermented wheat aleurone on the expression of genes involved in stress response and toxicity, activity of drug-metabolising enzymes and anti-genotoxic potential. Aleurone was digested and fermentedin vitroto obtain samples that reflect the content of the colon. HT29 cells and colon epithelial stripes were incubated with the resulting fermentation supernatant fractions (fs) and effects on mRNA expression ofCAT,GSTP1andSULT2B1and enzyme activity of glutathioneS-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Fermented aleurone was also used to study the protection against H2O2-induced DNA damage in HT29 cells. The fs of aleurone significantly induced the mRNA expression ofCAT,GSTP1andSULT2B1(HT29) andGSTP1(epithelial stripes), respectively. The enzyme activities of GST (HT29) and CAT (HT29, epithelial stripes) were also unambiguously increased (1·4- to 3·7-fold) by the fs of aleurone. DNA damage induced by H2O2was significantly reduced by the fs of aleurone after 48 h, whereupon no difference was observed compared with the faeces control. In conclusion, fermented aleurone is able to act on primary prevention by inducing mRNA expression and the activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of carcinogens and antioxidative defence.
Genistein reduced the neural apoptosis in the brain of ovariectomised rats by modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress
Authors: Huang Yan-Hong , Zhang Qing-Hong
Published: June 2010

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant effect of chronic ingestion of genistein (Gen) against neural death in the brain of ovariectomised (Ovx) rats. The rats were randomly divided into five groups, i.e. sham-operated (sham), Ovx-only, Ovx with 17β-oestradiol, Ovx with low (15 mg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) doses of Gen (Gen-L and Gen-H), and were orally administered daily with drugs or vehicle for 6 weeks. The learning and memory abilities were measured by Morris water maze test. Oxidative damages in the brain were evaluated by the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities. Neural apoptosis was shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activity. In the visual learning and memory test, there were no significant differences among the population means of the five groups. While in the probe trial test, the Gen-L group instead of the Gen-H group exhibited reduced escape latency and increased memory frequency than the Ovx group. Although both doses of Gen could reduce acetylcholinesterase activity, only a low dose of Gen could diminish MDA activity significantly in frontal cortex and enhance SOD content in the hippocampus. In contrast, MAO content was decreased in the cortex by either dose of Gen, while in the hippocampus, only a high dose of Gen appeared to be effective. Interestingly, Gen at both the doses could attenuate the increased number of TUNEL-positive neurons and caspase-3 activity in Ovx rats. These results suggest that Gen confers protection against Ovx-induced neurodegeneration by attenuating oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway in a region- and dose-dependent manner.
Ability of a high-total antioxidant capacity diet to increase stool weight and bowel antioxidant status in human subjects
Authors: Bianchi Marta A. , Scazzina Francesca , Del Rio Daniele , Valtueña Silvia , Pellegrini Nicoletta , Franzini Laura , Luisa Callegari Maria , Pellacani Claudia , Buschini Annamaria , Zavaroni Ivana , Brighenti Furio
Published: June 2010

There is limited knowledge about the possible effect of unabsorbed dietary antioxidants that reach the large intestine on bowel habits. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a dietary recommendation directed to increase diet total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is able to affect gut function in human subjects. In this cross-over intervention, nineteen subjects followed a high-TAC (HT) and a low-TAC (LT) diet for 2 weeks, which were comparable for energy, macronutrient, total dietary fibre and alcohol contents. At the end of each intervention period, the 48 h stool output was recorded. In the faecal samples obtained from a subset of nine subjects, moisture, pH, ammonia content,LactobacillusandBifidobacteriumcounts, faecal water antioxidants and genotoxicity were measured. A 3 d weighed food record was used to assess the diet composition during HT and LT diet intake. Significant increases in the intake of TAC, vitamins E and C and phenolic compounds were observed during the HT diet intake. The higher intake of antioxidants led to increased 48 h stool output (324 (sd38) g in HTv. 218 (sd22) g in LT), and to higher TAC and total phenolic concentrations in faecal water. No significant variation in the other measured parameters was observed between the diets. In conclusion, a diet selected to raise the intake of dietary antioxidants is able to increase stool bulk and antioxidant content of faeces.
Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer in a Japanese population: The Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Budhathoki Sanjeev , Man Joshi Amit , Yin Guang , Toyomura Kengo , Kono Suminori , Mibu Ryuichi , Tanaka Masao , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko , Okamura Takeshi , Ikejiri Koji , Futami Kitaroh , Maekawa Takafumi , Yasunami Yohichi , Takenaka Kenji , Ichimiya Hitoshi , Terasaka Reiji
Published: June 2010

Few studies have addressed the relation between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer in Japan. We investigated dietary patterns in relation to colorectal cancer risk in a community-based case–control study. The association with dietary patterns was also examined for different sites of colorectal cancer. Data were derived from the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, including 800 cases and 775 controls interviewed from September 2000 to December 2003. The cases were admitted to one of the participating hospitals for the first surgical treatment during this period. We identified dietary patterns using principal component analysis of intakes of twenty-nine items of food groups and specific foods. Quartile categories of each dietary pattern were used, and non-dietary lifestyle factors and total energy intake were adjusted for in the analysis. We identified three dietary patterns: prudent, high-fat and light-meal patterns. The prudent dietary pattern characterised by high intakes of vegetables, fruits, seafoods and soya foods showed a nearly significant protective association with the overall risk of colorectal cancer (trend P = 0·054), and it was statistically significantly related to a decreased risk of distal colon cancer (trend P = 0·002), but not to that of either proximal colon or rectal cancer. The high-fat and light-meal dietary patterns were not materially related to the overall or site-specific risk of colorectal cancer. In summary, a prudent dietary pattern was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer, especially with that of distal colon cancer, in a fairly large case–control study in Japan.
Salt finger fluxes in a laminar shear flow
Authors: FERNANDES ALEXANDRE M. , KRISHNAMURTI R.
Published: June 2010

Subtropical ocean waters are susceptible to the occurrence of salt finger instability. The effect of salt fingers in modifying water mass properties may depend upon the ubiquitous presence of oceanic shear produced by internal wave motion. We present an experimental study of the buoyancy fluxes produced by sugar–salt fingers in the presence of a laminar shear flow. As is commonly done in the laboratory, sugar (the slower diffuser) was used as a proxy for salt, and salt (the faster diffuser compared to sugar) was used as a proxy for cold. Sugar–salt fingers, initially aligned vertically, were observed to tilt when a shear flow was imposed. A consistent decrease in the salt fluxes was measured as the Reynolds number (Re) was increased by increasing the shear velocity magnitude. Through regression analysis, the salt fluxes were found to depend upon the Reynolds number as Re−0.025, Re−0.1 and Re−0.34, for density ratio values (Rρ) equal to 1.2, 1.54 and 2.1 respectively. The salt fluxes produced by the sheared fingers were also found to decrease by one order of magnitude when Rρ increased from 1.2 to 2.1. A computation of the salt Nusselt number revealed that the finger fluxes approach molecular flux values when Rρ = 2.1 and Re ≃ 140.
A deformable liquid drop falling through a quiescent gas at terminal velocity
Authors: FENG JAMES Q.
Published: June 2010

The steady axisymmetric flow internal and external to a deformable viscous liquid drop falling through a quiescent gas under the action of gravity is computed by solving the nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations using a Galerkin finite-element method with a boundary-fitted quadrilateral mesh. Considering typical values of the density and viscosity for common liquids and gases, numerical solutions are first computed for the liquid-to-gas density ratio ρ = 1000 and viscosity ratio μ from 50 to 1000. Visually noticeable drop deformation is shown to occur when the Weber number We ~ 5. For μ ≥ 100, drops of Reynolds number Re < 200 tend to have a rounded front and flattened or even dimpled rear, whereas those at Re > 200 a flattened front and somewhat rounded rear, with that at Re = 200 exhibiting an almost fore–aft symmetric shape. As an indicator of drop deformation, the axis ratio (defined as drop width versus height) increases with increasing We and μ, but decreases with increasing Re. By tracking the solution branches around turning points using an arclength continuation algorithm, critical values of We for the ‘shape instability’ are determined typically within the range of 10 to 20, depending on the value of Re (for Re ≥ 100). The drop shape can change drastically from prolate- to oblate-like when μ < 80 (for 100 ≤ Re ≤ 500). For example, for μ = 50 a drop at Re ≥ 200 exhibits a prolate shape when We < 10 and an upside-down button mushroom shape when We > 10. The various solutions computed at ρ = 1000 with the associated values of drag coefficient and drop shapes are found to be almost invariant at other values of ρ (e.g. from 500 to 1500) as long as the value of ρ/μ2 is fixed, despite the fact that the internal circulation intensity changes according to the value of μ. The computed values of drag coefficient are shown to agree quite well with an empirical formula for rigid spheres with the radius of the sphere replaced by the radius of the cross-sectional area.
Dietary strategies of immunomodulation in infants at risk for celiac disease
Authors: Nova Esther , Pozo Tamara , Sanz Yolanda , Marcos Ascensión
Published: June 2010

Celiac disease is an inflammatory disorder of the small intestine, triggered by the ingestion of gluten proteins contained in wheat, barley or rye, in genetically susceptible individuals. This disorder is considered to be mainly mediated by cellular immunity and restricted to the human leucocyte antigen-DQ presentation of gluten-derived toxic peptides to T-cells. Moreover, the involvement of innate immunity has been recently demonstrated to be necessary also for the development of intestinal tissue damage. Genetic susceptibility accounts for an uncertain proportion of the disease risk and gluten introduction works as the precipitating factor. However, currently, the research interest is also focused on environmental factors and gene–environment interactions, especially during the first months of life, which might help explain the onset of the disease. Infectious and dietary factors that could modulate the immune response orientating it either towards tolerance or intolerance/autoimmunity are the focus of primary attention. A significant number of studies have looked into the protective effect of breast-feeding against the disease. It is generally accepted that breast-feeding during the introduction of dietary gluten and increasing the duration of breast-feeding are associated with reduced risk of developing celiac disease. However, it is still not fully established whether breast-feeding truly protects with permanent tolerance acquisition or only reduces the symptoms and delays the diagnosis. Moreover, the timing and dose of gluten introduction also seem to be relevant and long-term prospective cohort studies are being carried out in order to elucidate its role in celiac disease development.
Palladas and the Foundation of Constantinople
Authors: Wilkinson Kevin W.
Published: June 2010

The recent adjustment to Palladas’ dates necessitates a fresh look at an old question: Should Constantinople be considered the proper setting for some of his epigrams? Allusions in a few poems to statuary and to buildings, and one ekphrasis of a coin, suggest not only that he was in Constantinople at some point during his life (as many others have thought), but also that he was there quite close to the time of the city's foundation. These epigrams yield precious (if also enigmatic) clues to a murky period in the history of the Eastern capital.
Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji)
Authors: CLARKE PEPE , JUPITER STACY D.
Published: June 2010

National laws and institutions interact with local governance systems to encourage CBNRM in some cases while creating conflict in others. A case study of Kubulau District (Bua Province, Fiji) illustrates the challenges and successes of implementing traditional community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) within a pluralist legal and institutional context. In 2005, the communities of Kubulau established a network of protected areas, including 17 traditional closures (tabu), three no-take district marine reserves, a legally–declared forest reserve and a proposed forest reserve, managed under an integrated ‘ridge-to-reef’ plan. Marine and terrestrial areas in Kubulau illustrate synergies and discord between national laws and community management rules, and provide examples of management success and conflict. Key components influencing diverse management outcomes in Kubulau include (1) the legal status of customary resource tenure, (2) incorporation of local knowledge, traditions and priorities, (3) clearly articulated relationships between local decision-making processes and government regulation, and (4) perceived equity in distribution of management benefits. Legal and institutional reforms are proposed to improve management of natural resources in Fiji.
Insomnia in older people
Authors: Montgomery Paul , Shepard Lindsay D
Published: June 2010

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep complaint amongst older people, affecting physical and mental health as well as many aspects of life quality and well-being. For the lack of explicit guidelines for the assessment and treatment of insomnia in older people, this summary of available information represents the best evidence to inform current practice. Clinicians need to be more aware of their patients’ sleep and conduct formal assessments as appropriate. Despite past practice trends, non-pharmacological treatments should be considered first for chronic insomnia as a means to reduce dependency, adverse effects, and polypharmacy. Behavioural treatment methods such as stimulus control and sleep restriction are especially beneficial for older insomniacs as they target maladaptive sleep habits. Pharmacological treatment should be employed only if insomnia persists, involving the careful patient-specific consideration of the lowest effective dose, best intermittence of dosing, shortest effective duration, best gradual discontinuation scheme, and most effective elimination half-life.
Thermospheric heating by high‐speed streams in the solar wind
Authors: Burke W. J. , Gentile L. C. , Hagan M. P.
Published: June 2010

We compare thermospheric density (ρ) and exospheric temperature (T∞) responses measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites with systematic characteristics of recurring high‐speed streams (HSSs) in the solar wind observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at L1 during the last four solar rotations of 2005. HSSs show remarkably similar features from one solar rotation to the next. Within corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at the leading edges of the HSSs plasma densities and magnetic fields steepen to excite low levels of geomagnetic and thermospheric activity. Consistent with origins in northern hemispheric coronal holes containing open, monopolar flux, interplanetary magnetic fields observed near L1 had average BX and BZ with the same polarities and opposite to that of BY. We show that a model used to estimate T∞ changes during large magnetic storms overpredicts CIR‐driven thermospheric heating. However, large‐amplitude Alfvén waves in the interiors of HSSs generate regularly observed increases in T∞ as well as the auroral electrojet index. The regularity of interplanetary driving and thermospheric responses suggests the possibility of developing reliable 27‐day alerts about impending increases in thermospheric drag exerted on objects in low Earth orbits during solar minimum.
Harmonics of langmuir waves in the Earth's foreshock
Authors: Kellogg Paul J. , Goetz K. , Monson S. J.
Published: June 2010

Accurate measurements of the harmonics of foreshock Langmuir waves have been made with the S/WAVES experiment on STEREO. The amplitude of the harmonics relative to the fundamental is quite small, on the order of 1%. This ratio varies widely, showing that it cannot be due to nonlinearities either in the circuit or in the antenna sheath, as these effects would be expected to produce amplitudes which are definite functions of the fundamental amplitude. Neither are the observed harmonics due to an intrinsic nonlinearity of Langmuir waves. Trapping of electrons in the Langmuir wave potentials seems to be what is happening. The waveforms are shown to be consistent with this interpretation. As there is no reason to expect that a propagating Langmuir wave would trap electrons, it appears that they are probably trapped as the Langmuir wave grows. The harmonics may give some indication of the age of the Langmuir waves, therefore.
Gravity waves propagating into an ice‐covered ocean: A viscoelastic model
Authors: Wang Ruixue , Shen Hayley H.
Published: June 2010

A viscoelastic model is proposed to describe the propagation of gravity waves into various types of ice cover. The ice‐ocean system is modeled as a homogeneous viscoelastic fluid overlying an inviscid layer. Both layers have finite thickness. The viscosity is imagined to originate from the frazil ice or ice floes much smaller than the wavelength, and the elasticity from ice floes which are relatively large compared to the wavelength. A compact form of the dispersion relation is obtained. Under proper limiting conditions this dispersion relation can be reduced to several previously established models including the mass loading model, the viscous layer model and the thin elastic plate model. The full dispersion relation contains several propagating wave modes under the ice cover. The following two criteria are used to select the dominant wave mode: (1) wave number is the closest to the open water value and (2) attenuation rate is the least among all modes. The modes selected from those criteria coincide with the ones discussed in previous studies, which are shown to be limiting cases in small or large elasticity regimes of the present model. In the intermediate elasticity regime, however, it appears that there are three wave modes with similar wavelengths and attenuation rates. Implications of this intermediate elasticity range remain to be seen. The general viscoelastic model bridges the gap among existing models. It also provides a unified tool for wave‐ice modelers to parameterize the polar regions populated with various types of ice cover.
Nonlinear vorticity balance of the Subantarctic Front in the southeast Pacific
Authors: Chereskin T. K. , Talley L. D. , Sloyan B. M.
Published: June 2010

Direct velocity observations from shipboard and lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers are used to examine the velocity and vorticity structure of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) between the East Pacific Rise and Drake Passage from surveys made in 2005 and 2006. The SAF is characterized by meanders of horizontal wavelength approximately 250–300 km in this region of relatively smooth topography. The depth‐averaged SAF jet is observed to be closely aligned with the flow at 150 m, as in an equivalent barotropic flow. The barotropic or depth‐averaged vorticity exhibits a balance between advection of planetary vorticity and relative vorticity, as would be seen in a Doppler‐shifted short barotropic Rossby wave in a mean flow. The implied wave speed is consistent with the observed range of current speeds. An exponential fit to the vertical structure of the current consistent with the vorticity balance suggests a vertical decay scale of about 1900 m. The vorticity balance at 150 m implies a surface divergence which must be balanced at depth by a divergence of the opposite sign. The calculation confirms the tentative conclusions of Hughes (2005) for this region, which were based on a surface climatology but indicates a larger vertical decay scale and wave speed.
Meridional distribution of molecular hydrogen and its deuterium content in the atmosphere
Authors: Rice Andrew , Quay Paul , Stutsman Johnny , Gammon Richard , Price Heather , Jaeglé Lyatt
Published: June 2010

The atmospheric molecular hydrogen concentration and its deuterium abundance were measured in remote air samples collected onboard six Pacific Ocean ship transects between 37°N and 77°S during years 2001 through 2005. The data reveal a year‐round interhemispheric gradient in H2 concentration and isotopic composition with the extratropical Northern Hemisphere lower in H2 concentration by 17 ± 11 ppb and δD of H2 by 16 ± 12‰ than the Southern Hemisphere (95% confidence). On the basis of these snapshots, the interhemispheric gradient in δD was observed to be smallest in September through November, a time that experiences the largest gradient in concentration, and the largest in April, a time that has a small gradient in concentration. A simple hemispheric box model of the atmosphere indicates that, while the hemispheric asymmetry in soil sink of H2 is primarily responsible for the observed interhemispheric gradient in H2 concentration, the hemispheric difference in the δD of the H2 sources and sinks are equally responsible for the observed interhemispheric gradient in δD. Both the inverse correlation between interhemispheric H2 and δD gradients and their seasonal changes point to the importance of the H2 produced by photochemical sources. Comparisons with a three‐dimensional chemical transport model shows reasonable agreement with mean behavior in both variables and provides an accounting for H2 sources and sinks within ±15% without a dramatic change in the H2 budget. Anomalous H2 concentrations and δD in tropics and low‐latitude regions observed during the November–December 2001 meridional H2 and δD snapshot is thought to be a result of H2 emissions from biomass burning, possibly from continental Africa.
Continental underthrusting and obduction during the Cretaceous closure of the Rocas Verdes rift basin, Cordillera Darwin, Patagonian Andes
Authors: Klepeis Keith , Betka Paul , Clarke Geoffrey , Fanning Mark , Hervé Francisco , Rojas Lisandro , Mpodozis Constantino , Thomson Stuart
Published: June 2010

The Patagonian Andes record a period of Cretaceous‐Neogene orogenesis that began with the compressional inversion of a Late Jurassic rift called the Rocas Verdes basin. Detrital zircon ages from sediment that filled the southern part of the basin provide a maximum depositional age of ∼148 Ma, suggesting that the basin opened approximately simultaneously along its length during the Late Jurassic. Structural data and U‐Pb isotopic ages on zircon from granite plutons near the Beagle Channel (55°S) show that basin inversion involved two stages of shortening separated by tens of millions of years. An initial stage created a small (∼60 km wide) thrust wedge that placed the basaltic floor of the Rocas Verdes basin on top of adjacent continental crust prior to ∼86 Ma. Structures and metamorphic mineral assemblages preserved in an exhumed middle to lower crustal shear zone in Cordillera Darwin suggest that this obduction was accompanied by south directed subduction of the basaltic crust and underthrusting of continental crust to depths of ∼35 km beneath a coeval volcanic arc. A subsequent stage of out‐of‐sequence thrusting, culminating in the Paleogene, shortened basement and Upper Jurassic igneous rock in the internal part of the belt by at least ∼50 km, forming a bivergent thrust wedge. This latter period coincided with the exhumation of rocks in Cordillera Darwin and expansion of the fold‐thrust belt into the Magallanes foreland basin. This orogen provides an important example of how orogenesis initiated and led to continental underthrusting and obduction of basaltic crust during closure of a quasi‐oceanic rift basin.
Evaluation of effective groundwater recharge of freshwater lens in small islands by the combined modeling of geoelectrical data and water heads
Authors: Comte Jean‐Christophe , Banton Olivier , Join Jean‐Lambert , Cabioch Guy
Published: June 2010

In small islands, a freshwater lens can develop due to the recharge induced by rain. Magnitude and spatial distribution of this recharge control the elevation of freshwater and the depth of its interface with salt water. Therefore, the study of lens morphology gives useful information on both the recharge and water uptake due to evapotranspiration by vegetation. Electrical resistivity tomography was applied on a small coral reef island, giving relevant information on the lens structure. Variable density groundwater flow models were then applied to simulate freshwater behavior. Cross validation of the geoelectrical model and the groundwater model showed that recharge exceeds water uptake in dunes with little vegetation, allowing the lens to develop. Conversely, in the low‐lying and densely vegetated sectors, where water uptake exceeds recharge, the lens cannot develop and seawater intrusion occurs. This combined modeling method constitutes an original approach to evaluate effective groundwater recharge in such environments.
Scaling frequency of channel‐forming flows in snowmelt‐dominated streams
Authors: Segura Catalina , Pitlick John
Published: June 2010

The scaling properties of channel‐forming flows are investigated using a regional flow frequency model developed for snowmelt‐dominated streams in Colorado. The model is derived from analyses of daily flow records at 32 gauging stations where we have independent measurements of the bankfull discharge. The study sites are located in alpine/subalpine basins with drainage areas ranging from 4 to 3700 km2. The frequency distribution of daily flows at these locations can be reproduced with a broken power law (BPL) function described by two free parameters. Both parameters are strongly correlated with drainage area, and based on these correlations, a regional model capable of predicting the frequency of daily flows above the mean annual flow was formulated. The applicability of the model was tested using daily flow records from 32 similar‐size basins in Idaho. The frequency distributions of daily flows in snowmelt‐dominated streams in Colorado and Idaho with highly predictable hydrographs (i.e., 1 year autocorrelation above 0.7) are well fitted by the BPL function. According to the model, the frequency of flows greater than bankfull decreases downstream from about 15 d/yr in headwater reaches to about 6 d/yr in downstream reaches. These results imply that the basin response to precipitation and runoff is nonlinear. This multiscaling behavior can be physically interpreted as the result of scale‐dependent variations in runoff and sediment supply, which influence downstream trends in the bankfull channel geometry and intensity of sediment transport.
Valuing reductions in water extractions from groundwater basins with benefit transfer: The Great Artesian Basin in Australia
Authors: Rolfe J.
Published: June 2010

The management of groundwater to generate net community benefits is challenging because of the complexity of impacts that can be involved, the varying interests of different stakeholder groups, time lags between changes in extraction rates and aquifer levels, and the level of technical and scientific uncertainty. In an economic framework, decisions about conserving groundwater reserves by limiting extraction rates should be made by comparing the benefits of conservation activities with the associated costs. However, limited information about benefits and costs makes it difficult to apply a benefit‐cost framework to issues of groundwater management. This can be addressed to some extent by sourcing nonmarket values from other studies in a benefit transfer process. In this paper, benefit transfer techniques are applied to an evaluation case study about limiting extractions from the Great Artesian Basin in Australia. The results demonstrate some of the issues with the benefit transfer approach and confirm that the publicly funded bore capping program in Australia has been delivering net benefits to the community.
Role of material properties in the cratering record of young platy‐ridged lava on Mars
Authors: Dundas Colin M. , Keszthelyi Laszlo P. , Bray Veronica J. , McEwen Alfred S.
Published: June 2010

Platy‐ridged surfaces in the Elysium Planitia region of Mars exhibit different crater densities on rafted plates and polygonally patterned areas between them. Rather than being indicative of different ages, these differences provide insight into the variable strength of different types of lava surface. The sizes of small craters, and the resulting size‐frequency distribution (SFD), depend on the material strength of target surfaces. Brecciated lava surfaces are likely to have higher crater densities than coherent lava.
Attenuation of the hypoxia-induced protein kinase Cδ interaction with the ‘d’ subunit of F1Fo-ATP synthase in neonatal cardiac myocytes: implications for energy preservation and survival
Authors: Nguyen Tiffany T. , Ogbi Mourad , Yu Qilin , Johnson John A.
Published: June 2010

The F1Fo-ATP synthase provides most of the heart's energy, yet events that alter its function during injury are poorly understood. Recently, we described a potent inhibitory effect on F1Fo-ATP synthase function mediated by the interaction of PKCδ (protein kinase Cδ) with dF1Fo (‘d’ subunit of the F1Fo-ATPase/ATP synthase). We have now developed novel peptide modulators which facilitate or inhibit the PKCδ–dF1Fo interaction. These peptides include HIV-Tat (transactivator of transcription) protein transduction and mammalian mitochondrial-targeting sequences. Pre-incubation of NCMs (neonatal cardiac myocyte) with 10 nM extracellular concentrations of the mitochondrial-targeted PKCδ–dF1Fo interaction inhibitor decreased Hx (hypoxia)-induced co-IP (co-immunoprecipitation) of PKCδ with dF1Fo by 40±9%, abolished Hx-induced inhibition of F1Fo-ATPase activity, attenuated Hx-induced losses in F1Fo-derived ATP and protected against Hx- and reperfusion-induced cell death. A scrambled-sequence (inactive) peptide, which contained HIV-Tat and mitochondrial-targeting sequences, was without effect. In contrast, the cell-permeant mitochondrial-targeted PKCδ–dF1Fo facilitator peptide, which we have shown previously to induce the PKCδ–dF1Fo co-IP, was found to inhibit F1Fo-ATPase activity to an extent similar to that caused by Hx alone. The PKCδ–dF1Fo facilitator peptide also decreased ATP levels by 72±18% under hypoxic conditions in the presence of glycolytic inhibition. None of the PKCδ–dF1Fo modulatory peptides altered the inner mitochondrial membrane potential. Our studies provide the first evidence that disruption of the PKCδ–dF1Fo interaction using cell-permeant mitochondrial-targeted peptides attenuates cardiac injury resulting from prolonged oxygen deprivation.