bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLEET PERFORMANCE OF AN IMPROVED, NONCORROSIVE HYDRAULIC FLUID
Authors: BROWN CHARLES L. , REHN ALVIN F.
Published: March 2009

The evaluation is described of a seawater emulsifying, non‐corrosive, hydraulic and lubricating fluid in the external hydraulic systems of four ships for periods ranging from 33 to 71 weeks. Monthly fluid samples, valves, and corrosion coupons from the ships were analyzed during the evaluation period. No fluid‐related difficulty was experienced and no significant corrosion of any system component was detected, even though seawater contamination occurred in the system of two ships. The results indicate that the concept of using a seawater emulsifying, noncorrosive, hydraulic and lubricating fluid in external hydraulic systems is feasible. The particular fluid used in this study is considered satisfactory for use on an interim basis until fluids are available which conform to the newly issued specification Military Specification MIL‐H‐24430 (SHIPS). The new fluids will provide a significantly superior degree of corrosion protection to seawater contaminated hydraulic systems to that provided by the current service fluids.
PHASEOUT OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM TRAPS
Authors: GUZICK LAWRENCE L.
Published: March 2009

Utilizing constant flow drain orifices in place of high pressure steam traps has solved the problem of excessive leakage and slow response of high pressure steam traps. During comparison tests, these orifices displayed superior operation and maintainability. Large cost savings in installation and in operation result from the use of constant flow drain orifices.
INTEGRATION OF MODERN MACHINERY SYSTEMS
Authors: ABBOTT JACK W.
Published: March 2009

With the advent of gas turbine prime movers for both propulsion and electric power generation, new methods of optimizing thermal efficiency are needed if weight and cost limits are to be achieved by new ship designs without sacrificing operational capability. The balance of primary power generation from fuel and secondary power generation utilizing other energy media must be reviewed. Where once the basic shipboard energy conversion was Bunker C fuel into steam within a large boiler, using steam as the energy medium for all power and heating use, we now have machinery systems that convert fuel into energy at several subsystem levels, i.e. propulsion, electric power, auxiliary steam and so forth. The design challenge for today's machinery system engineer is to optimize thermal recovery from fuel much the same as economizers, etc. that were used in previous steam plant designs. This can be done by making one system dependent upon another for its source of energy. However the design constraint demanded by NAVY combatant ships is that operational flexibility, vulnerability protection and reliability/maintainability/availability goals for each dependent system must be maintained should the primary energy source system fail.

This paper presents an engineering approach to generating and evaluating alternative machinery designs within the structure of a set of ship design criteria categories. These categories are defined and examples of machinery system design objectives given. A design process is then proposed which includes determination of energy requirements, identification of alternate energy generation/conversion hardware and verification of adequate energy supply under all operating modes. Discussion is given to the importance of selecting the proper energy medium (fuel, electricity, steam, etc.) for each functional service if energy generation and energy absorption are to be efficiently matched. An evaluation approach is then presented which compares total performance of candidate designs on a system‐level basis.

Finally, the paper describes two recent ship designs where integration of machinery systems has taken place: the Canadian DDH‐280 Class Destroyer and the U.S. Navy DD‐963 Class Destroyer. Elements in the “trade‐off” studies for these ships are reviewed and design advantages discussed.
COLD REGION MARINE TECHNOLOGY: CURRENT CONTRIBUTIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: Edwards Roderick Y.
Published: March 2009

In the last few years the state‐of‐the‐art of cold region marine technology has advanced rapidly. This paper presents a definition of cold regions marine technology and delineates some of the important problems which fall within the scope of the definition. The motivation for the trend of increasing interest in this exciting field is discussed. Noteworthy current developments are elaborated upon, and future challenges in cold region marine technology are presented.
REMOTE SENSORS–NOT MANPOWER
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID P.
Published: March 2009

During the Vietnam war, a new technique for target detection and surveillance was developed. This technique is often referred to as “remote sensors” or “the electronic battlefield”.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss in general terms the General Purpose Remote Sensor System (GPRSS) presently in use by Naval Forces to remotely detect enemy troop and vehicular movement. The complete system is comprised of the remote sensor, data link, and monitoring equipment. This paper describes the various types of detectors and how they are used. It also describes how the information is coded and transmitted to a remotely located monitoring site. Some of the equipments used to monitor the various sensors are also discussed.
Development of Environmental Data Buoys
Authors: WINCHESTER JAMES W.
Published: March 2009

The NOAA Data Buoy Office (NDBO) is engaged in the development of highly reliable environmental data buoys, initially to meet the needs of the meterological community, but with growth potential to meet those of oceanographic and water quality data users.

Current major program efforts are discussed which build upon the technology and experience to date. This covers the acquisition of an Environmental Prototype Buoy as part of NOAA's long‐term operational need in the marine and weather areas; the completion of development of a small Drifting Research Buoy in support of the scientific community; and the development and demonstration of buoy terminals for UHF/Satellite communications to replace the currently used HF communication system.
“BUILD and CHARTER” OF THE SEALIFT TANKERS
Authors: JACKSON L. L. , CLAPP DUDLEY J.
Published: March 2009

The construction of nine 25,000 DWT clean product tankers to the technical requirements of the Military Sealift Command (MSC) for bareboat charter by MSC has focussed attention on this method of acquisition of the shipping services required for national defense purposes.

This paper briefly describes the “build and charter” process as applied to the nine tankers, the tankers themselves, and the potential of the “build and charter” technique for acquisition of other shipping services.
SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS—ELECTRIC POWER FROM THE OCEAN THERMAL DIFFERENCE
Authors: LAVI ABRAHIM , ZENER CLARENCE
Published: March 2009

The industrial nations of the free world have been jolted by the reality that their civilization is heavily dependent upon fossil fuel available only outside their national boundaries. Not only has the price of oil and natural gas skyrocketed, but the supply is being sharply curtailed or manipulated as a tool of the national policies of the producing nations. It is recognized further that the earth's supply of these fuels is finite while the consumption has been growing exponentially.

A possible substitute for fossil fuels is the sun energy that is absorbed by the oceans in large daily doses. This paper explains the technology of extracting this solar energy from the ocean waters. The scheme is not new, but the present economic realities make the concept not only practical but essential. Solar sea power, in the immediate future, can supply vast quantities of power to the industrial nations of the world at a cost competitive with fossil fuels.

This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, RANN Division, under Grant No. 39114.
DESIGN FOR CHANGE—THE IMPACT OF CHANGING THREATS AND MISSIONS ON SYSTEM DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Authors: SIMMONSM JAMES L.
Published: March 2009

Our highly formalized acquisition process has caused the ship design community to evolve to a 14‐year development cycle. In this cycle, the combat system is proved in the first seven years, prior to the last seven years of platform definition and construction. Unfortunately, inflation and the accelerating rates of change of both threat and technology, force the Navy to alter platform characteristics during these final years. These alterations cause a complex and costly integration problem in every new combatant. The development of modularity and and of standard interfaces offers the Naval architect the opportunity to redefine the distinction between the payload and the platform.

Naval ship development is primarily an integration problem, and the development of a ship combat system is the integration of various technical developments. The wide disparity in obsolescence rates of platform and payload results in very costly re‐integrating of the ship and its weapon system whenever modifications are made. The accelerating rate of technological advance will worsen the problem. SEAMOD offers a philosophy of design that permits the uncoupling of platform and payload development, thus minimizing integration problems.
FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS IN THE NAVY
Authors: WILLIAMS DON
Published: March 2009

Fiber optics technology has become a promising candidate to replace metallic wire conductors in many Navy applications. The stimulus behind this is the technical achievements in the reduction of signal attenuation of fiber optics from over 1000 db/km to the recently achieved attenuation factor of under 4 db/km. The Naval Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, is pursuing a technology effort aimed at developing a general set of fiber optics components. These would be the cables in various loss factors; light sources in electro‐optic modules for bulkhead mounting to interface with several logic and linear circuit standards; and photo detector modules. The state‐of‐the‐art in the technology and design considerations of interest to naval engineers when dealing in fiber optics will be described along with the rationale and justification for using fiber optics in place of metallic wires.
PROCUREMENT OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Authors: DOLLHOFF TERRY L.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a technique for acquisition of standard equipment components for use in overall system design. The technique was proven during acquisition of the Navy's standard tactical mini‐computer (AN/UYK‐20(V)), and involves the militarization of off‐the‐shelf commercial equipments. Both the technical and contractual approach are unique and may serve as a model for similar acquisitions.
MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL: PART II—SHIP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; SYNOPSIS OF THE PROBLEM AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: ABBOTT JACK W.
Published: March 2009

With the advent of new pollution control laws both national and international, the designer of commercial vessels is faced with an ever increasing problem—how to meet these requirements at minimum cost to the customer. The ship designer must consider three sets of information to properly solve the problem. First, he must have a clear understanding of the various design standards and operating regulations. Next, he must understand the current state‐of‐the‐art and its potential to meet the various pollution prevention regulations. Finally, the designer must select the best combination of equipment and/or structural design to provide the least cost solution for meeting the anti‐pollution regulations.

The following paper is the second in a three article series to furnish data. It provides an overview of the problem along with a discussion of alternative solutions available to the designer (and operator) of commercial ships. This information adds to the discussion of regulations presented in the February 1975 Journal by Captain William E. Lehr, USCG in Part I and forms the basis for establishing a design approach to be presented by Mr. Alex Constant, NAVSEC, in Part III.
WHAT PRICE DEPTH?
Authors: HELLER S.R.
Published: March 2009

A methodology is presented for determining the effect of increasing the operating depth of a submarine on other performance parameters while simultaneously maintaining all other physical aspects constant. Use of this methodology to demonstrated through an illustrative example.
Translating Mtbf into Dollars—A user's Perspective
Authors: WALCZAK M. W. , CALLISON F. D. , BAUR W. H.
Published: March 2009

Reliability “trade‐offs” for a conceptual airborne tactical radar system are described in terms of MTBF versus Costs (materials, procurement, and life‐cycle), ambient temperature, and physical weight and size. This “trade‐off” methodology lends itself to computerized solution and was developed to allow definition of a system in a hardware sense. Characteristics for a baseline radar system were defined and various reliability enhancement techniques were applied in a manner that provides a basis for decision in the selection of a suitable design approach. Since the criteria for system selection will vary with mission requirements, this “trade‐off” methodology can be used to estimate the cost, weight, and size penalties associated with a specific reliability value and make possible comparison of the various design approaches using life‐cycle logistic support cost.
MARINE GAS TURBINE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Authors: WEINERT EUGENE P. , ROGUS BERNARD J.
Published: March 2009

Although rig testing is widely used in advanced research, testing of complete marine gas turbine engines (under controlled environmental conditions) is the economical method for determining specific suitability and weak areas. The damaging effects of salt water introduced by working fluids combined with long periods of high power operation predominate in the marine field. Naval gas turbines also endure frequent starts and thermal cycling. Although the hot section (high temperature nozzles, turbine blades and combustors) is most vulnerable and justifiably the focus of testing attention, deterioration of moderate temperature parts (power turbine, compressor, casing, support structure) must be alertly evaluated. The test agenda is designed to explore the engine's ability to meet expected service commitments. Inspections – visual, dimensional, photographic, chemical and metallurgical – provide facts needed for engine evaluation and improvement. The importance of diagnostic testing is defined, discussed and illustrated.
NAVY SHIPBOARD ENERGY CONSERVATION R&D PROGRAM
Authors: SACK BRIAN P.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the Navy Shipboard Energy Conservation R&D Program as it applies to the Fleet. The undependability of foreign petroleum supply and rising costs require the Navy to conserve petroleum fuels. However, this presently is being accomplished largely through an undesirable decrease in Fleet operations. The R&D effort required to provide near‐term alternatives to this curtailment of operations is addressed including control of hull fouling by cleaning afloat, long‐life anti‐fouling hull coatings, shipboard machinery optimization, and energy conservation through operator training. The objective, approach, and status of each area are discussed. The fuel penalty imposed by hull fouling represents the single greatest potential for fuel savings in the existing Fleet. In this area a diver‐operated polypropylene rotary brush cleaning method has been selected for this study, and ships have been selectively cleaned afloat and subsequently inspected in drydock. Organometallic polymer (OMP) resins have been synthesized and demonstrated to be completely anti‐fouling for a period of four years. Commercial formulation of the OMP resins into Military Specification (MILSPEC) paints is underway. Machinery systems optimization addresses energy conservation within the ship engineering plant using thermodynamic heat balance studies to calculate fuel penalties for inefficient machinery and procedures. The conservation through operator training task involves the construction of an energy pocket manual which addresses the personal and collective individual contribution to energy conservation within the shipboard environment.
A DESIGN CONCEPT TO PROVIDE AUXILIARY PROPULSION FOR SINGLE SCREW SHIPS
Authors: KENYON C. W.
Published: March 2009

This paper outlines a concept to provide a means of auxiliary propulsion for single screw ships with special emphasis on the FF 1052 Class. It highlights some of the design problems encountered and the innovation required to overcome them.

The advantages of having auxiliary propulsion available to single screw ships are discussed and include: 1) emergency propulsion to maintain headway until repairs can be made to the ship's main propulsion system, 2) emergency “take home” capability if repairs cannot be made at sea, and 3) maneuvering capability to assist the ship in mooring to a pier.

Details of the development of the auxiliary propulsion unit design are given. All aspects of the impact of the installation on the ship are reviewed and selection criteria for the resulting design are provided.
PRE‐SEA TRIAL AUDIT— A USEFUL TOOL?
Authors: SNYDER ROBERT E.
Published: March 2009

A Project Manager must be able to assess the status of his program to maintain control of it. Numerous methods have been used by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). The latest is the concept of Pre‐Sea Trial Audit (PSTA). This paper describes the first application of this audit process to a major, new construction combatant ship, the USS Nimitz (CVN‐68), a nuclear aircraft carrier; outlines the major problems encountered in its implementation; and offers the Author's conclusions on the usefulness of the concept.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY CRITERIA FOR NEW HULL MATERIALS
Authors: PALERMO PETER M.
Published: March 2009

Application of new advanced structural hull materials and/or novel ship hull configurations can have serious disruptive effects on the building ways and in service if proper attention to details is not applied in the early stages of development and design. This brief paper addresses rudimentary considerations to ensure structural integrity of the finished product. Application of structural integrity in the areas of material selection, flaw growth, design requirements, fabrication and maintenance, and the supporting technology development work is briefly discussed.
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE RESERVE FLEET—AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
Authors: BRYAN ROBERT A. , SPARKS CHARLES J.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the problems associated with establishing a pool of selected National Defense Reserve Fleet ships required to provide immediate Merchant Marine support to the Department of Defense during limited conflicts or military assistance operations.

Ships from the National Defense Reserve Fleet have been called upon to respond to national shipping crises arising from actions concerning Korea and Southeast Asia. Each time the National Defense Reserve Fleet was called upon to supplement the Merchant Marine tonnage required to support a particular crisis, the Reserve Fleet ships were able to meet the need.

Recent moves by U.S. Flag Operators toward intermodal ships have highlighted the value of Break—Bulk Ships in the National Defense Reserve Fleet. To meet specific emergency military requirements of the Department of Defense, the Maritime Administration working with the Navy is developing a program of Rapid Response Reactivation for Victory Ships from the National Defense Reserve Fleets. These self—sustaining ships are capable of carrying a wide variety of essential military cargoes required by current Department of Defense contingency plans.
MERCHANT SHIPS FOR WARTIME MOBILIZATION PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR READINESS
Authors: LANDSBURG ALEXANDER C.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the need for modem austere mobilization ship designs carried through prototype construction and operational stages. Such ships would need to be produced quickly during a wartime mobilization effort. Some historical background is presented along with an outline of general ship design requirements. A Maritime Administration conceptual study of three general cargo ship designs is used to illustrate the type of ships, features, and design choices involved. Producibility is the principal requirement with every effort made to decrease lead times and increase production rates. Working plans, needed to make significant reductions in production lead time, and the construction and operation of a prototype are considered necessary for wartime readiness. Alteration of certain design features could make the designs attractive for normal commercial construction and operation although a government sponsored ship building program similar to that for the MARINER design may be most desirable.
MICROCOMPUTERS IN MONITORING APPLICATIONS
Authors: DEJKA WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2009

A variety of systems monitoring applications for programmable microcomputer circuits are evolving in the areas of performance monitoring, test and evaluation, fault diagnosis and repair, and condition (status) monitoring. This paper surveys these four broad monitoring classes and points out their associated problems, pitfalls, design considerations, and potentials.
COMBAT SYSTEMS FOR THE ADVANCED NAVAL VEHICLES CONCEPTS EVALUATION
Authors: MEEKS THOMAS L. , GRAHAM CLARK , HU RICHARD C.
Published: March 2009

The Advanced Naval Vehicles Concepts Evaluation (ANVCE) Project is an on–going effort to examine the potential military worth, technical feasibility, and affordability of nine generic classes of “advanced” vehicles for the Navy of the 1980–2000 era. This paper discusses the lessons learned relative to selecting and integrating combat systems with high performance ships as a result of the ANVCE Project. The methodology utilized in selecting and integrating the combat suite in the ANVCE “point designs” along with a description of the selected combat suites are provided. The unique feature of high performance ships which will have an important impact on the design of combat systems is discussed. One of the principal conclusions of the paper is that greater understanding and communication are required among naval operators, high performance ship designers, and combat systems engineers.
HULL GIRDER STRUCTURAL DESIGN – THE CASE FOR NEW LOADING CONDITIONS FOR EXTREME WAVES
Authors: BUCKLEY WILLIAM H.
Published: March 2009

Hall girder failures and major damage of commercial shipping, which have resulted from operating in storm wave conditions daring the past several years, have been examined to determine if design for conventional, statically balanced “hogging” and “sagging” conditions Is entirely adequate. A synopsis of the buildup of wind and wave conditions has been presented for five casualties in American waters so as to characterize the seaway conditions in which critical bending moments have been encountered. The characteristics of storm waves have been investigated initially by reviewing wave data obtained in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane CAMTLLE. These wave data, superimposed on MARINER Model Slamming Data, illustrate the likelihood of severe “slamming” loads occurring under extreme storm conditions. From these studies it is concluded that wave steepness is a critical parameter from a dynamic loading point of view, and that large waves of extreme steepness can exist in major storms. Based upon these findings, as well as observed storm damage to hull girders, It is recommended that two additional loading cases be considered which provide for 1) impulsive bottom or bow flare slamming loads acting in combination with ordinary wave loadings, and 2) impulsive weatherdeck loads in breaking waves acting in combination with ordinary wave loadings.
DESIGN BUDGETING—A NEW DIMENSION IN ACQUISITION STRATEGY
Authors: MAURELLI JOSEPH , SCOTT ROBERT J.
Published: March 2009

Design Budgeting is a new Navy lead ship acquisition strategy which permits the continuation of selected ship system engineering development well into detail design and construction without impacting overall ship schedule. This is accomplished by deleting those portions of the contract drawings and specifications in which further development is desired. Design Budgets are substituted for this data in a format which permits bid preparation yet allows design change within the overall envelope of the budgets up to the point where total detail design must proceed in the budgeted areas. This paper describes the development of the Design Budget concept, its initial application to the DDG—47, and the advantages afforded to the Navy and shipbuilder by avoiding premature freezing of developmental systems and Inadequate Government—Furnished Information. The method of converging the Design Budgets into firm engineering data suitable for detail design is described with emphasis on the schedules for convergence, tracking of margins, and negotiating changes which exceed the budgets.
THE USE OF MAINTENANCE DATA TO IMPROVE FLEET MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Authors: REINES J. , MCCORMICK J.P.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the value of using historical Navy maintenance data in analyses for developing improved Fleet maintenance practices.

The Navy produces great volumes of maintenance and maintenance—related data on its ships, ship systems, and equipments. Analyses of these data by persons familiar with the intricacies of the data and the systems involved can provide the information and insight needed to evaluate present practices and develop improved Fleet maintenance. This paper identifies specific data elements, together with their sources, that have proven to be most useful. Capabilities of the data are highlighted, and the general analysis approach is described.

A number of case studies are presented to trace the use of various data elements from their source, through analysis, to the requirements for improved maintenance practices.
INVESTIGATION OF BABBITT METAL BONDING FOR SHIPBOARD APPLICATION
Authors: VASSILAROS MIKE G.
Published: March 2009

Several methods of casting babbitt metal to steel were evaluated for bond strength by use of tensile—type specimens. The methods investigated were the use of a tin bath, torch/tin stick, and electroplated nickel to insure proper babbitt—to—steel bond, as well as no tinning. Of the methods performed, only the tin—bath method consistently produced a bond stronger than the babbitt metal itself. The bond strengths developed in the other methods tested were erratic and always less than that obtained with the tin—bath method. The torch/tin stick method gave an adequate compromise between bond strength and convenient application. It was found that the oxide formed on the tinned surface which precludes good bonding could be effectively removed by the use of flux during babbitt casting.
ACOUSTICAL VALVE LEAK DETECTOR FOR FLUID SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
Authors: DIMMICK JOSEPH G. , NICHOLAS JACK R. , DICKEY JOSEPH W. , MOORE PAUL M.
Published: March 2009

A portable, passive, non‐destructive, non‐intrusive instrument is currently in use by the U.S. Navy to detect fluid leakage through shipboard steam, water, hydraulic, and high‐pressure air valves. The Acoustic Valve Leak Detector (AVLD) was developed by the David W. Taylor Naval Ship RID Center (DTNSRDC) under the financial sponsorship and technical direction of the Nuclear Powered Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) Ship Systems Maintenance Monitoring and Support Office (SMMSO) of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. The instrument is used to identify more precisely internal leakage points which may require opening and visual inspection of Submarine piping system. “Open‐and‐inspect” routines generate both risk of system damage and high man‐hour expenditure. The degree to which such procedures are necessary to achieve confidence in the material condition of systems is dependent on the availability and performance of non‐intrusive test equipment which can detect and assess the nature and degree of malfunctions. The development, design, operations, limitations, and successful applications of the existing AVLD are described.

The AVLD is currently being used for troubleshooting, for overhaul planning, and in a systematic preventive maintenance program for seawater valves. Plans for future development and progress achieved in current work are described.

The AVLD listens for the ultrasonic acoustic emissions characteristic of internal valve leakage and uses transducers attached temporarily to the valve or adjacent piping. The background spectra of structureborne noise can be subtracted automatically by the AVLD when a second transducer is attached to the piping system at a point far enough away from the valve in question that it picks up no leakage noise. Since the transducers are attached to the outside of the valves, the time and expense of dismantling the valves or of removing them from the systems are avoided.
SALVAGE AND THE FUTURE
Authors: MACLIN CHARLES S. , KUNSTMANN CLARENCE M.
Published: March 2009

While afloat salvage and stranded ship salvage problems have plagued mariners for many years, other salvage situations are emerging due in part to advances being made in technical capability and to a growing awareness of environmental concerns. Salvage of objects and ships, and the rescue of personnel from deeper depths, likewise, places new demands upon the adaptation of advanced technology and the use of innovative methods in conducting salvage operations. A study is underway to identify the Navy's future requirements for salvage and rescue as well as to formulate recommendations for ship alternatives development. This paper summarizes the views of the Authors concerning those future requirements.
PODDED DESTROYER PROPULSION
Authors: RAINS DEAN A. , VANLANDINGHAM DAVID J. , DOYLE TIMOTHY J.
Published: March 2009

The Navy is developing the technology base for high power electric ship drive machinery which will be reduced in size compared to current units. The location and operating flexibility of such systems can significantly reduce both machinery space and fuel tankage requirements with a consequent reduction in ship size. The availability of small diameter, high torque motors can make propulsion pods a feasible alternative to open shaft propeller arrangements further reducing ship size by reducing appendage drag and main hull volume requirements and improving propeller efficiency. Propulsion pods may additionally permit quieter propeller configurations and improve construction and machinery replacement by external mounting. This study compares podded electric propulsion to conventional mechanical and electrical drive arrangements. Comparison parameters am ship size and displacement, energy consumption, performance, arrangement, damage stability and maneuverability.
AN APPROACH TO EMP HARDENING FOR NAVAL SHIPS
Authors: CARSTENSEN RUSSELL V.
Published: March 2009

Under the proper conditions a portion of the energy released during detonation of a nuclear device can appear as an Electro‐Magnetic Pulse (EMP) of sufficient field intensity to disrupt or destroy sensitive components in electronic equipments. Nuclear Weapon detonation outside the atmosphere will generate an EMP capable of disabling electrical and electronic system as far as 2,000 miles or more from the detonation site. The effects of EMP from such detonations can be felt when other nuclear effects such as thermal radiation, air blast overpressure, and nuclear radiation are absent. Solid‐state semiconductor and microminiature devices and components are particularly Susceptible to damage or upset from EMP.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe the phenomenon of EMP and to outline methods of protection for susceptible electronic equipment. The scope of the papers is limited to approaches for hardening existing ships during the normal overhaul process. The paper begins with a discussion of the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse that may he created through detonation of a nuclear device. This is followed by a discussion of materials and methods available to protect equipment from the effects of EMP and a discussion of how these hardening techniques may be implemented during the regular ship overhaul process.

While the accent of this paper is toward regular ship overhauls, It is felt that the practices discussed will apply equally as well to new construction.
USING MERCHANT SHIPS TO AUGMENT UNDER WAY REPLENISHMENT
Authors: MILLER MARVIN O. , HAMMETT JOHN W.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy has a sophisticated, high performance underway replenishment system intended to provide worldwide logistics support for naval operations. However, sustaining high tempo combat operations may be limited to relatively short distances from U.S. controlled bases because of the small number of U.S. Underway Replenishment Ships. As an alternative to building more Underway Replenishment Ships to meet this shortfall, this paper proposes outfitting small Merchant Tankers with “MECCANO” decks to carry commercial containers topside. These Tankers can then carry the needed fuel, ammunition and stores out to Task Groups. Navy Underway Replenishment Ships operating with the Task Group would use their own gear and personnel to transfer cargo underway from the Tankers.
ANTI‐COLLISION AT SEA
Authors: PATTON JAMES H.
Published: March 2009

Increasing numbers of deep draft vessels and fixed and semifixed subsurface structures represent a growing hazard towards the world's Fleets of military and commercial submersibles. In this paper, the hazard is defined, and the Submarine's ability to avoid is investigated. The Submarine is found to be lacking. A proposed solution of “acoustic sidelights” is proposed.
SOLID‐STATE FREQUENCY CHANGER FAMILY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: ORTGIES HOWARD S. , WONG “SAM”
Published: March 2009

Modern Navy shipboard 400 Hz electrical power systems are becoming increasingly more complex as they are affected by the growing demands of weapon systems, computers, and automatic ship and machinery control systems. Motor‐generators are presently used to provide the majority of the closely regulated 400 Hz power found aboard ship, converting the power from the ship service 60 Hz system. Due to the many different motor‐generator designs in the Fleet today, logistic support is a major problem. NAVSEC and DTNSRDC are working on a program sponsored by NAVSEA to develop a family of solid state frequency changers, ranging in she from 10 kW to 250 kW. Commonality of drawers within units and between different size units as well as commonality of parts within the drawers will minimize the logistic support. The frequency changers are designed for a Mean‐Time‐Between‐Failure of 4,000 hours. In addition the use of modular construction and automatic test equipment will reduce the Mean‐Time‐To‐Repair to less than 30 minutes. The Navy owns the design and data rights of the frequency changer family which will minimize the number of designs in the Fleet and reduce the logistic support problem.
A TECHNOLOGY BASE FOR ALUMINUM SHIP STRUCTURES
Authors: POHLER C.H. , STAVOVY A.B. , BEACH J.E. , BORRIELLO F.F.
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive U.S. Navy Development Program is underway to establish a sound and reliable technology base for aluminum ship structures. Central to this effort is an 85‐foot long, 17‐ton Aluminum Ship Evaluation Model (ASEM) which represents approximately a one‐third scale structure model of a conceptual all‐aluminum Destroyer Escort designed by the Naval Ship Engineering Center. The overall approach taken to develop this technology base for aluminum ships is basically similar to that employed in the aircraft structures field over the last two decades, i.e., systematic testing of large‐scale structural components under simulated service loading.

Underlying considerations for the design and test of the large‐scale Structural Ship Model (the ASEM) me presented with details both for the static testing and the simulated life‐cycle fatigue testing of this Model. Rational design loads applied to the ASEM were based upon 80% of the highest significant wave for the static tests and on wave spectra expected in 20 years of operation in the North Atlantic for the fatigue tests. Results expected from this overall effort include vurious Mannuals for design, fabrication, inspection, and surveillance and repair of aluminum ship structures. These results are intended to provide a mechanism for technology transfer to industry so that a sound and efficient industrial base will be established for the construction and operation of aluminum ships.
IGNITION OF FLAMMABLE GASSES IN OF METAL FRACTURE CRUDE‐OIL TANKERS AS A RESULT
Authors: AFFENS W.A. , LANGE E.A.
Published: March 2009

A literature search and an energy analysis show that the energiea generated and the temperaturn developed by metal fracture are not sufficient to ignite a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon vapor and air directly. It was concluded from this study that If metal fracture were to be a cause of ignition, it would be by an indirect proce%s. The most likely c a w of ignition resulting from metal fracture would be due to frictional impact or Mction of fractured metal structural membere with each other or with other objects. It was flea concluded that normal impact (without friction) or single rubbings would not generate sufficient energy for idtion unlesa friction sparks also resulted.
MACHINERY VIBRATIONANALYSISASA PLANNING TOOL FOR SHIPS IN A FIVE‐YEAR MAINTENANCE LIFE‐CYCLE
Authors: SCHWAEBE MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2009

Machinery Vibration Analysis as a preoverhaul test is described. Vibration acceptance criteria are discussed, and test results with different criteria are examined. Vibration analysis predictions are compared with material condition findings. Finally, maintenance planning practices with Machinery Vibration Analysis are reviewed.
HOW TO OBTAZN COURT ENFORCEABLE PA TENT RZGHTS
Authors: COLE THOMAS W.
Published: March 2009

The Federal Courts are ruling that six out of every ten of the patents brought before them in infringement suits are invalid, and hence unenforceable. This high mortality rate of patents in the courtroom poses a major problem for inventors and innovative corporations who wish to protect their inventions against theft by others.

This paper provides some general guidelines for inventors and innovative corporations to follow in order to obtain court enforceable patents. In it the Author develops these guidelines in two stagers First, he illustrates how the procedures and limitations of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office often met the stage for the issuance of invalid patents. Specifically, he explains why the Patent Office often fails to consider the beat “prior art” when deciding whether or not to grant a patent and how this can invalidate a patent. Second, he points out what step the inventor can take to secure stronger patent protection while his patent application is being prosecuted before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
JTIDS AIRBORNE ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA
Authors: COLEMAN ERNEST W. , HEFFNER W. HERBERT
Published: March 2009

The Navy is developing an airborne adaptive array antenna for the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS). JTIDS is a Tri‐Service multi‐channel, multi‐function system to provide an advanced communication, navigation, and identification (CNI) capability for a wide variety of uses. JTIDS terminals perform multiple digital voice/data functions and relative navigation as well as the standard TACAN and IFF transponder functions. The system uses a low‐duty cycle, spread‐spectrum waveform and advanced coding techniques to provide secure, jam‐resistant, and low probability of exploitation CNI functions. Among the important factors which determine the ultimate utility of a JTIDS terminal is the performance of the antenna system. Inadequate antenna performance could seriously degrade and possibly even negate the primary platform mission. Recent advances in antenna and data processing techndogiea promise to provide JTIDS with adequate gain and pattern coverage as well as substantial AJ (Anti‐Jam) margin to complement JTIDS signal processing. The desired improvement in AJ protection can be achieved by capitalizing on the spatial filtering properties of adaptive array antennas. This paper presents the “trade‐offs” which must be addressed in the design of an adaptive array antenna for airborne JTIDS terminals and the design philosophy currently in development by the Navy.
SEVERAL UNUSUAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Authors: ZOVKO CARL T.
Published: March 2009

The paper describes several unusual propulsion systems that can be used in underwater vehicles such as torpedoes, propelled mines, anti‐torpedo weapons, underwater launched missiles, submarine signals, decoys, et cetera. One of the devices also has a potential for ship propulsion. The unifying theme in this report is the principle that, at short ranges, the size of the propulsion hardware is much more important than the fuel consumption rate. This principle applies even more strongly at high vehicle speeds. An application of this idea to short‐range torpedo‐like vehicles led to active consideration of rockets for underwater propulsion. At short ranges, the rocket fuel and hardware are significantly smaller and lighter (considered together) than the fuel and hardware for a conventional system. A program is now being completed to develop an engineering data base for the use of rockets under water.

The somewhat surprising weight and volume advantages of using rocket motors for short‐range missions, despite their high fuel consumption, leads one to speculate whether or not an intermediate system can be devised that would have a small hardware weight and volume (not so small as a rocket). Such an intermediate system could have an advantage over both rockets and conventional systems at most ranges of interest.

The first and most straightforward of the intermediate systems is the “Jet Tip Propeller.” It integrates a single‐stage reaction turbine of the HERO type with a propeller. This integration achieves small hardware size and weight, but because of the resulting inefficiencies the fuel consumption rate is about one‐hall to one‐fourth as great as that for a rocket or about ten times greater than that for a conventional propulsion system.

It can be shown that the fuel consumption of a rocket could be reduced dramatically if a modest flow of the ambient seawater could be added to the rocket exhaust in the “right way.” Many attempts have been made to exploit this possibility, but most have failed because their inventors ignored some implicit assumptions made in analyzing the problem.

The water piston propulsor, a complete propulsion system which successfully meets all of the assumptions and is a variation of the water piston concept, is only a prime mover. It is a high efficiency, low speed, single‐stage turbine while the other propulsors discussed previously can be used only on vehicles the size of a large missile or smaller. The water piston turbine, however, can be used on ship as well.

This report discusses three such systems that have been investigated at the Naval Surface Weapons Center.
THE CHANGING NATURE OF THE U.S. NAVY SHIP DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT S.
Published: March 2009

The history of the U.S. Naval Ship Design Process is traced over the last 50 years. Descriptions of the products of design are presented for several points in time. Associated organizational changes are traced. Some explanation of the various changes is offered and recommendations for the future are made.
LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESS ANALYSES FOR THE PROPULSION SHAFTING SYSTEMS OF THE POLAR CLASS ICEBREAKERS
Authors: VASSILOPOULOS LYSSIMACHOS , HAMILTON FRED M.
Published: March 2009

During the first and second seasons of its deployment in the Antarctic region, the new United States Coast Guard Icebreaker, POLAR STAR, experienced longitudinal vibration problems in the center and wing shaft systems while breaking ice. To minimize and hopefully eliminate the vibratory responses, the USCG initiated several investigations, some of which will be treated In this paper.

One of the items under study concerned the axial stiffness of the shafting systems that is contributed by the thrust bearings, their housings and the foundations on which they rest. Aside from model test studies, numerical assessments were made of these stiffnesses using finite element methods and other techniques.

In all, three sets of thrust bearing foundations were analyzed in great detail. These include the original (as‐built) foundations, a modifiedconfiguration that was subsequently adopted for the wing shafts of the POLAR STAR and POLAR SEA, and a reinforced configuration that represents an upper bound on the foundation stiffness that can be achieved without drastic changes in shafting system architecture.

The balk of the paper duals with the development of the there finite element models that were exercised with the NASTRAN Computer program to predict the stiffness of the three foundation designs. Various considerations that arise in model formulation are treated in some detail, especially the influence of chosen boundary conditions on the final answers. A simplified procedure is next outlined and need for estimating the stiffness of the thrust bearing itself. The estimate is based upon the use of simple structural models whose flexibilities are summed to get the net system flexibility.

The results of all the calculations are reviewed in light of the broader objectives of the overall program and recommendations are given for further investigations that will aid in the understanding of the Icebreaker vibration problems.
Ship Characteristics
Authors: KEHOE CAPT. J.W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , MEIER HERBERT A.
Published: March 2009

This is the seventh report in the series that presents SHIP CHARACTERISTICS for various type ships being introduced, now or in the future, into the Fleet of Navies throughout the world. In this seventh report, the Authors discuss the major design concepts and basic characteristic of the Federal Republic of Germany's F122 BREMEN Class Frigate destined primarily for operations in the North Sea where a ship would frequently be in shallow coastal waters and faced with a threat of mines, low‐level aircraft and sea‐skimmer missiles, and a difficult Anti‐Submarine Warfare environment.
SONAR AND THE SHIP
Authors: LOESER HARRISON T.
Published: March 2009

Sonar systems are the chief means of detecting submerged submarines. These systems are becoming larger as greater detection and tracking ranges are desired. The usefulness of these large systems is dependent upon the ship design and their installation in the ship. This paper mentions the various types of sonar systems used aboard naval ships; discusses the objectives of the sonar system engineer; and points out many of the areas in which the sonar system and ship design influence one another. The need for Interfacing between the ship designers and the sonar system engineers is stressed.
U.S. SEAPOWER NEW UNDERPINNING NEEDED
Authors: ECKHART MYRON
Published: March 2009

Redesign and revitalization of the industrial base for warship acquisition are essential if the United States is to remain a first rank seapower. Navy corporate practices are predicated upon an industrial base form that no longer exists and is not recoverable. Resultant problems and limitations are at the heart of longstanding warship acquisition difficulties. Formulation of a new warship industrial base strategy is an immediate prerequisite of turning rising expectations of substantially increased building rates into reality in the late ′80s and early ′90s.