bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Millennium Development Goal 8: Indicators for International Human Rights Obligations?
Authors: Fukuda-Parr Sakiko
Published: January 2007

Millennium Development Goal 8 is arguably the most significant step since the Covenant on Economic Social Rights in taking the idea of global solidarity and international responsibilities for development from a statement of principle to international policy. It commits the international community to strengthen partnership for poverty reduction, and defines benchmark targets and indicators of progress. This article examines this goal as a human rights tool to measure progress and hold states accountable. It argues that the concept of international obligations concerns, at the core, state policies that address obstacles that developing countries cannot address on their own. It also presents a conceptual framework for human rights measures. The article then analyses Goal 8 indicators and targets against the commitments made in the 2000 Millennium Declaration and the 2002 Monterrey Consensus, as well as policy priorities identified in recent studies commissioned by the United Nations. The article concludes that Goal 8 is weak as a human rights framework because it lacks quantitative and time bound benchmarks. The targets are expressed as general objectives rather than concrete policy changes and it is narrow in the scope of policy issues addressed. For the human rights agenda, the most glaring gaps are the need for systemic reforms to enhance the needs of developing countries in international decision making. The article calls on the international community to review Goal 8, and shift international cooperation from charity to solidarity.
Promoting Reading Amidst Repeated Failure: Meeting the Challenges
Authors: Warrican S. Joel
Published: January 2007

This article reports a project undertaken in a Caribbean high school among 17 students in a low stream Year 3 class of reluctant readers (mostly boys) who had been experiencing repeated failure. The project, aimed at promoting leisure reading among the adolescents, ran for 16 weeks. During this period, reading materials – mostly those in which the students expressed an interest – were placed in the class, and 45 minutes were allotted once per week for activities that promote leisure reading. While there were no dramatic changes in the adolescents' reading habits, the project provided insights into factors that have an impact on students' leisure reading behaviour. Practical guidelines that can help in meeting these challenges faced by such students are offered.
Dialogism Between East and West: Halide Edib's Masks or Souls?
Authors: Andrea Bernadette Diane
Published: January 2007

Halide Edib's Masks or Souls?: A Play in Five Acts begins with an unlikely cast of characters: William Shakespeare, Ibn Khaldun, Tamarlane, and Nassir-eddin Hoja. Although Nassir-eddin Hoja may be less well known on the world stage than the others, his sage humor enables the synthesis of masks and souls that renders him the forebear of Shakespeare's wise fools and existential philosophers. By the end of the play, the transposition of Shakespeare into "Shake" (homonym for "Shaykh," meaning Sufi spiritual teacher) dialogically assimilates the English "Bard" into the Turkish Islamic idiom of Nassir-eddin Hoja. This essay endorses HÃ¼lya Adak's theorization of cross-cultural dialogue, particularly between the Islamic "East" and the Christian "West," as requiring "intersubjectivity" to circumvent orientalist dichotomies that have traditionally prevented understanding. Its use of this paradigm to assess Edib's Masks or Souls?, which Adak does not discuss, challenges the conclusion that Edib's engagement with the "West" in her creative works fails to exceed the boundaries set by orientalist and patriarchal discourses. The canonical and potentially colonizing Shakespeare instead reappears as an instance of the populist syncretism represented by Turkish Islam. Shake could become Shaykh in Edib's Masks or Souls?, moreover, because Shakespearean English resonated with the richly layered Turkish language Edib sought to reform but not abandon.
Entre science et politique. La conjonction du positivisme et du décisionnisme dans la sociologie du droit de Max Weber
Authors: Vandenberghe Frédéric
Published: January 2007

This article uncovers and investigates the vision of the world behind Max Weber's sociology of law. Taking a stand against Weber's epistemological nominalism, ethical relativism and political decisionism, the author critically analyses Weber's vision of science as a vocation and shows that his defense of axiological neutrality is not axiologically neutral. It represents rather a particular position within ethics, which affects his account of the disenchantment of the world, his vision of the rationalization of law and his decisionistic appeal for a strong political leader.
Some Conditions for Culturally Diverse Deliberation
Authors: Mohr Richard
Published: January 2007

Cet article analyse les façons dont le raisonnement s'attache aux contextes culturels et pondère les fondements de la prise de décision dans une sorte de terrain commun ou dans une reconnaissance de la diversité. Il considère la critique féministe de l'éthique du discours selon Habermas et les efforts de Benhabib de réviser cette approche pour répondre à la diversité culturelle. Alors que la bonne volonté et de bonnes procédures peuvent certes créer les conditions de lacommunicationtransculturelle, le défi est autre de créer les conditions pour arriver à desdécisionsconsensuelles ou qui lient les parties. L'auteur rejette la possibilité de standards universels de décisions raisonnées sur trois points. Les raisons conformes aux standards d'un public multiculturel ne peuvent s'appuyer sur une mesure unique. Le raisonnement ne peut être détaché, de manière cartésienne, de l'être incorporé qui raisonne. L'acte de raisonner n'est pas un exercice mental privé et privilégié qui se conforme à un ensemble unique de règles. S'appuyant particulièrement sur les traditions de la rhétorique, d'Aristote à Perelman, l'article conclut que les raisons doivent s'adresser à diverses audiences, que la spécificité affective et corporelle de ceux qui délibèrent est d'une importance cruciale (il importequisont les juges) et que nous devons tous poursuivre notre «éducation morale» en dialoguant avec divers groupes et manières de penser.
Certificates of Possession and First Nations Housing : A Case Study of the Six Nations Housing Program
Authors: Alcantara Christopher
Published: January 2007

Un des malentendus persistant au sujet des réserves autochtones canadiennes est que le territoire soit la propriété collective de la bande. En réalité, les membres des bandes autochtones peuvent individuellement avoir accès à quatre types de régimes de propriété privée. Cet article porte sur l'un de ces types, le Certificat de propriété (CP), pour déterminer les conséquences et les avantages des CP sur le développement économique des réserves autochtones au Canada. Nous examinerons comment des membres de la bande des Six Nations ont pu utiliser les CP pour contourner les restrictions de saisie inscrites dans la Loi sur les Indiens pour obtenir une hypothèque, construire et devenir propriétaire de leur propre maison. Cette analyse de cas démontre comment les CP, de concert avec une aide financière provenant de la bande et/ou du gouvernement, peuvent fournir une solution pratique aux problèmes de logement auxquels plusieurs réserves au Canada sont confrontés.
Office Politics (Again)!
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A. , Widell Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Cet article explore les dimensions variées du bureau (office) professoral comme espace ‘juridique’. Dans l'une de ses dimensions, l'office d'un professeur n'est qu'un endroit géométrique générique, sans objectif ou occupant, une potentialité formelle. Or, c'est également un site dans la mesure que sa localisation, taille et organisation reflètent une fonctionnalité—des valeurs, processus et institutions décisionnelles qui déterminent son occupation. En plus, l'office exprime un rôle et une scène sur laquelle les occupants interagissent avec des collègues, des étudiants, des étrangers de manière à confirmer ou infirmer des relations de pouvoir et de subordination. L'office professoral a aussi une dimension performative dans laquelle la normativité d'une communauté—de professeurs, employés et étudiants—est imaginée et agie. Par ailleurs, dans une autre dimension, il s'agit d'un espace rituel où des professeurs travaillent, se détendent, réfléchissent et contemplent réflexivement des modèles et formes de pensées. Un tel office existe où que ses occupants choisissent de le tenir. Finalement, l'office est un non-lieu de découverte personnelle—l'indication d'un espace qui n'est que dans les relations qu'il crée et qui le créent.
The Politics of Surrender: Canadian Soldiers and the Killing of Prisoners in the Great War
Authors: Cook Tim
Published: January 2007

This article explores the act of surrender on the Western Front during the Great War, focusing on the behavior of Canadian soldiers toward surrendering Germans. Informal rules and symbolic gestures governed actions on the battlefield, and those who successfully negotiated the politics of surrender often survived the murderous first contact between attacking forces. But during the grey area between combat and capitulation, prisoners were frequently executed. The article also examines the politics of memory surrounding the killing of prisoners and, using the soldiers' discourse, analyzes why soldiers freely admitted and accepted these acts on the battlefield.
The U.S. Naval Academy and Its Summer Cruises: Professionalization in the Antebellum U.S. Navy, 1845-1861
Authors: Hunter Mark C
Published: January 2007

The rise of professionalism in the U.S. armed forces has been a hotly debated topic. Some, like Samuel P. Huntington, believe that it emerged in the postbellum era. Others, like William B. Skelton, assert that the U.S. Army had the ingredients of a profession before the Civil War. This study contends that the U.S. Navy also exhibited professional qualities before the Civil War. Beginning in 1845, it had a centralized school for selecting and training officers at Annapolis, Maryland. Then, at sea, as students progressed from year to year, the navy assessed almost scientifically their abilities as officer-trainees.
Election Rigging and How to Fight It
Authors: Calingaert Daniel
Published: January 2007

Authoritarian regimes around the world hold elections, and manipulate them every step of the way. While electoral fraud and manipulation take a variety of forms, increasingly sophisticated methods are often employed before polling stations even open. Authoritarian regimes usually get away with rigging elections, but exposure of electoral fraud and manipulation erodes the legitimacy that authoritarian regimes seek to gain through the electoral process. In a few cases where attempts to rig elections were effectively documented, election observers dealt a heavy—if not decisive—blow to the legitimacy of authoritarian regimes.
Reforming Intelligence: South Africa After Apartheid
Authors: Dombroski Kenneth R.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: South Africa has made a remarkable transformation of its intelligence sector from what had been a militarized, and highly repressive, instrument of internal control during the apartheid regime into a more transparent and democratically accountable civilian-led intelligence community designed to inform policy. Lessons learned from the South African case show that reform of the intelligence sector is a key element of the democratization process and that intelligence reform should begin earlier rather than later in the overall progression of democratization. However, operationalizing the legislative mandates of this transformation has proven to be more difficult than anticipated.
The Future of South Africa's Party System
Authors: Lodge Tom
Published: January 2007

The ruling African National Congress has been an overwhelming presence in the politics of post-apartheid South Africa. To date, the ANC government has enjoyed considerable success in satisfying its supporters' material expectations. As long as it continues to do so, it is reasonable to expect policy continuity. This may be long enough for the constitutionalism that at the moment may still be a matter of expediency for ANC leaders to become entrenched as a public and popular political value. Paradoxically, dominant-party politics may provide a protected space to nurture a more competitive system.
Nigeria: Completing Obasanjo's Legacy
Authors: Sklar Richard L , Onwudiwe Ebere , Kew Darren
Published: January 2007

As president of Nigeria since 1999, former general Olusegun Obasanjo has burnished his legacy of engagement in two transitions from military dictatorship to constitutional government by affirming his resolute opposition to militarism as a form of government. In 2005, however, a shadow descended on the president's legacy of dedication to democracy. He evidently favored consideration of a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him to seek a third term despite widespread public disapproval of any such maneuver. By graciously accepting the defeat of the amendment, Obasanjo has solidified his contribution to Nigerian democracy, but much remains to be done.
Governance and Development
Authors: Dervis Kemal
Published: January 2007

The exact causal relationships between democracy and economic growth may be subject to debate. The empirical examination of causal links should not lead one to forget, however, that human empowerment and well-being, which should be the ultimate objective of political and economic institutions, requires both democratic institutions and economic prosperity. Embedding a vibrant market economy into strong democratic political institutions--institutions that promote fairness and equity--is the best way to ensure that political and economic empowerment play equal and complementary roles in improving the lives of citizens across the world.
A “Left Turn” in Latin America? Populism, Socialism, and Democratic Institutions
Authors: Schamis Hector E.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Progressive politics in Latin America inevitably draws from the legacies of socialism and populism, but these categories are not very useful today. We need to come to terms with the multiple types of left that are currently in office in Latin America, and to examine their differences in terms of stark contrasts among their respective countries' party systems as well as the uneven performance of their democratic institutions. The ultimate challenge for the left in Latin America is to reconcile the substantive goals of inclusion and equality with the equally substantive goals of robust procedures and institutions.
"The Guardian Angels of the Domestic Economy": Housewives' Responsible Consumption in Peronist Argentina
Authors: Milanesio Natalia
Published: January 2007

In the early 1950s, after a period of high wages and comfortable standards of living remembered by Argentines as the "golden years of Peronism," spiraling inflation seriously reduced their purchasing power. In this context, President Juan D. Perón fervently exhorted a new ally, the housewife, to revive the national economy through careful household consumption. This article demonstrates that new habits of domestic consumption significantly transformed women's housework and redefined the roles of the state, the Peronist party, food companies, and the popular press in helping housewives fulfill their tasks. In the process, married, full-time homemakers became synonymous with a form of responsible consumption that redefined female roles in relation to morality, patriotism, citizenship, caretaking, and politics.
The Politics of Consumption: The Housewives' Associations in South-eastern Australia Before 1950
Authors: Smart Judith
Published: January 2007

Seeking to redirect working-class women's discontent but also genuinely outraged by post–World War I profiteering, Australian Housewives' Associations engaged in boycotts, cooperative buying, concessional agreements with businesses, and, increasingly, lobbying for representation of women in parliament and on all boards, tribunals, and committees of inquiry concerned with the home and the cost of living. Liberal and progressive women in Melbourne formed the first Australian Housewives' Association in 1915, but by the 1920s politically conservative women had reinvigorated the movement. This article examines the models these groups drew on for organization and strategy, and the visions of the ideal society that evolved in their work up to 1950. It argues that the Housewives' Associations demonstrate the permeability of boundaries between radical and conservative ideas and strategies in many feminist—or "female collectivist"—organizations.
Gendered Invisibility, Respectable Cleanliness: The Impact of the Washing Machine on Daily Living in Post-1950 Santiago, Chile
Authors: French-Fuller Katharine
Published: January 2007

This article examines how domestic technology, in particular the washing machine, radically altered daily patterns of living in twentieth-century Santiago, Chile. While scholars of American and European history have analyzed the impact of domestic technology, Latin Americanists have not. This article links the gendered nature of citizenship, twentieth-century modernization drives, and the importance of consumption in economic development with how Chileans used and understood domestic technology in their daily lives. The impact of the washing machine is unrecognized and invisible in the minds of most Chileans despite the fact that the purchase of a washing machine released women from the backbreaking burden of hand washing, alternately reduced and enhanced class distinctions, and altered daily interactions between husbands, wives, and maids. Furthermore, these changes indicate how links between cleanliness and gender, and respectability and class underscore Chilean concepts of modernity and progress.
Nabobinas: Luxury, Gender, and the Sexual Politics of British Imperialism in India in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nechtman Tillman W
Published: January 2007

This article investigates a community of eighteenth-century British women known as nabobinas. These women were the wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters of East India Company employees, men better known as nabobs. It argues that nabobinas were disproportionately targets of anti-imperial criticism because they sat at the intersection of several contentious social, political, and economic debates. As women, they found themselves implicated in domestic conversations about luxury, consumerism, and material opulence. Because of their connections to nabobs, they were implicated in arguments regarding the proper relationship between Britain and its growing Indian empire, and they made those arguments materially visible in Britain by wearing fashions and jewels from India. They were material manifestations of an imperial presence in Britain, a presence that bound imperial difference to preexisting conversations about luxury, credit, and capital, complicating these issues with questions about the fundamental political and racial boundaries between nation and empire.
Diplomats and Poets: "Power and Perceptions" in American Encounters with Japan, 1860
Authors: Scott David
Published: January 2007

America's encounter with Japan took place not only in Japan from 1854 onward but also in the United States itself, as signaled by the visit of a Japanese embassy to the American east and west coasts during the summer of 1860Ña trip that Walt Whitman famously profiled in his poem "A Broadway Pageant." This article discusses the contexts for this encounter of civilizations on American soil by examining the events of the visit itself and Whitman's responses to it. In doing so, the article comments on American perceptions of Japan and also analyzes the power relationships at work in the encounter.
Depression, SSRIs, and the Supposed Obligation to Suffer Mentally
Authors: Olsen J. Mark
Published: January 2007

Within both popular and academic literature, concerns have been expressed about the implications of antidepressant use on character development. In this paper, I identify specific versions of these worries and argue that they are misguided. I begin by arguing that the obligation to suffer if it will bring about a noble character is imagined. Legitimate concerns about character enhancement remain, but they do not count against most antidepressant use. Thus there is no moral prohibition against antidepressant use. Furthermore, some of the calls for caution about antidepressant use, such as those expressed by the President's Council on Bioethics, are overstated.
Emergency Contraception for Women Who Have Been Raped: Must Catholics Test for Ovulation, or Is Testing for Pregnancy Morally Sufficient?
Authors: Sulmasy Daniel P.
Published: January 2007

On the grounds that rape is an act of violence, not a natural act of intercourse, Roman Catholic teaching traditionally has permitted women who have been raped to take steps to prevent pregnancy, while consistently prohibiting abortion even in the case of rape. Recent scientific evidence that emergency contraception (EC) works primarily by preventing ovulation, not by preventing implantation or by aborting implanted embryos, has led Church authorities to permit the use of EC drugs in the setting of rape. Doubts about whether an abortifacient effect of EC drugs has been completely disproven have led to controversy within the Church about whether it is sufficient to determine that a woman is not pregnant before using EC drugs or whether one must establish that she has not recently ovulated. This article presents clinical, epidemiological, and ethical arguments why testing for pregnancy should be morally sufficient for a faith community that is strongly opposed to abortion.
Sirhak in Late ChosÅn Korea and Ancient Learning in Early Modern Japan from the Perspective of the History of Interaction
Authors: Ha Woobong
Published: January 2007

Ancient Learning, an approach to overcoming Zhu Xi Neo-Confucian metaphysics,
emerged and developed as an intellectual track at about the same time in Korea, China,
and Japan. This school was introduced to Chosŏn via Korean elites who visited Japan
as members of diplomatic embassies. Upon returning, these Sirhak elites wrote commentaries
on the Japanese Ancient Learning school text. This article discusses the historical
interaction between Sirhak and the Japanese Ancient Learning school and examines
Sirhak commentaries on Japanese Ancient Learning writers.
Las bases prehispÃ¡nicas de la configuraciÃ³n territorial de la Provincia de PopayÃ¡n en el periodo colonial
Authors: Herrera Angel Martha
Published: January 2007

Este artículo analiza dos problemas vinculados con la configuración territorial de la provincia de Popayán en el período colonial. En primer lugar, considera la unidad provincial, teniendo en cuenta la gran diversidad de la provincia, que constituye una de sus características sobresalientes. Al respecto propone la hipótesis, basada en hallazgos arqueológicos, de que la unidad provincial sentó sus bases sobre estructuras prehispánicas de muy larga duración, que al tiempo que manifestaban una gran variedad, presentaban elementos cohesionadotes de carácter macro. En segundo lugar, estudia el proceso de la delimitación de la provincia y el establecimiento de la doble dependencia jurisdiccional que caracterizó su manejo político administrativo durante la colonia. Sobre este problema plantea que reflejó su mayor o menor articulación con el norte o con el sur, con el Nuevo Reino o con Quito y que no se trató de un proceso específico y aislado, sino que se articuló con los esfuerzos adelantados en Quito para situarse en una posición de autonomía frente al virreinato limeño.
This article analyzes two problems related to the configuration of the province of Popayán during the colonial period. First, it considers the great diversity of the province, one of its characteristic features, and argues, using archeological findings, that the unity of the colonial province was based on long–established pre–Hispanic macro structures. Second, it studies the process of the province's delimitation and the establishment of a colonial dual jurisdictional dependency. This is explained as the result of its relationships and articulations with both the Kingdom of New Granada to the north, and Quito to the south. This phenomenon is not an isolated process but is related to the attempts by Quito to maintain autonomy from the Viceroyalty of Peru.
GIS Collection Development within an Academic Library
Authors: Florance Patrick
Published: January 2007

Locating usable spatial data is essential for the application and use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS data collection development constitutes a core element of GIS services within academic libraries. Managers of geospatial resources require a fundamental understanding of the nature and use of GIS data. In the creation of a GIS collection development policy, library professionals should consider the established collection development policy, needs of the GIS user community, campus GIS services, and library infrastructure. Library professionals also need to employ a variety of online resource guides and spatial search engines and navigate a network of government agencies, academic institutions, commercial enterprises, and GIS professionals to locate, select, and acquire spatial datasets. When making decisions regarding GIS data acquisition, the selector should consider cost, availability, license agreements and distribution policies, documentation, data structures, and software and hardware.
Building a System to Disseminate Digital Map and Geospatial Data Online
Authors: Shawa Tsering Wangyal
Published: January 2007

The expectation of library patrons to get all of the information they need, including geographic information, accessible on their desktops has created challenges to map and Geographic Information System (GIS) libraries. This new expectation has forced libraries to think about how to design a system that will allow diverse geographical information to be available over the Internet. Some libraries have built a site to distribute localized data, others have developed a system to make only maps accessible online. Princeton University Library's Digital Map and Geospatial Information Center started a pilot map scanning project in early 2004 to build a system, to develop specifications for scanning maps and compressing TIFF images to JPEG2000 file format, and to establish workflows. The system was built using many off-the-shelf commercial software packages. This article discusses challenges of building a system and explains how Princeton developed a scanning process and standards, workflows, and what lessons were learned in building such a system.
Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability
Authors: Giroux Henry A
Published: January 2007

The tragedy and suffering in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina is symptomatic of a crisis in the United States that extends far beyond matters of governance and the incompetence of the Bush administration. Rather than simply represent a crisis of leadership, Katrina is analysed as part of a biopolitics of disposability—in which entire populations marginalized by race and class are now considered redundant, an unnecessary burden on state coffers and consigned to fend for themselves. This new biopolitics is marked by deeply existential and material questions regarding who is going to die and who is going to live, and represents an insidious set of forces that have given up on the sanctity of human life for those populations rendered "at risk" by global neoliberal economies, and as Katrina makes clear works in diverse ways to render some groups as disposable and privileges others. Giroux argues that to confront the biopolitics of disposability, of which the political disaster of Katrina offers an exemplary case, we need to recognize the new confluence of anti-democratic forces that are now shaping American society. But more is needed than understanding and critique, such dark times also demand a new understanding of a cultural politics in which pedagogy becomes central to a renewed struggle for a politics in which the crisis of meaning, agency, and resistance can be addressed through a language of critique and possibility in order to create the conditions for multiple collective and global struggles that refuse to use politics as an act of war and markets as the measure of democracy. Making human beings superfluous is the essence of slavery, colonialism, and totalitarianism, and the ongoing struggle for an inclusive and substantive global democracy is the antidote in urgent need of being reclaimed. Katrina should keep the hope of such a struggle alive for quite some time because for many of us the images of those floating bodies serve as an desperate reminder of what it means when justice and politics, as the lifeblood of democracy, become cold and indifferent in the face human suffering and death.
The Pardoner in Canterbury: Class, Gender, and Urban Space in the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn
Authors: Sturges Robert Stuart
Published: January 2007

Three urban spaces, the walls, cathedral, and tavern, define the representation of the medieval city, and serve in the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn as sites for the representation of fifteenth-century class tensions; these tensions are also embodied in the figure of the Pardoner. Specifically in the tavern, the character of Kit, a representative of the changing status of single working women, is a point of intersection between these class anxieties and related ones concerning gender. The Pardoner and Kit, both attempting to claim symbolic capital to which they are not entitled, may thus be understood as comic critiques of urban social transformations in class and gender as perceived in the fifteenth century.
The Value of Literature as a Public Institution
Authors: Marrouchi Mustapha
Published: January 2007

The essay centers on the politics of knowledge inside and outside of academia. It also answers back to the witch hunt that still dogs Orientalism a quarter of a century after its first publication. The conservative Right continues to be blinded by their own insight. In seeking the alternative, the essay hopes to engage in a dialogue that reflects both the classroom and the society at large.
The Pedagogy of Debt
Authors: Williams Jeffrey
Published: January 2007

Since about 1980, the university has been subject, like most institutions of the welfare state, to privatization, casualization of labor, and corporate management. It took some time for critics to understand what was going on, but the past decade has seen a great deal of analysis of the "corporate university," especially of labor and administration. One thing that has largely gone unanalyzed is the precipitous rise in student debt. This essay calls attention to the pernicious policy of student debt. It adduces a brief history of student debt, statistics of its dramatic rise in the past decade, and how it represents a shift in conception of higher education, from public to private service and youthful exemption to market conscription. It also speculates on the lessons that enforced debt—enforced if you need a higher degree—teaches about the public sphere, the market, and the possibilities of a welfare state.
The Gender of Diaspora in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby
Authors: Goyal Yogita
Published: January 2007

This essay looks at Toni Morrison's Tar Baby through the lens of black diaspora theory to uncover its gendered critique of black nationalism. Further, it suggests that Morrison uses two distinct modes - myth and realism – to construct two different representations of diaspora. While the conception of diaspora at the mythic level affirms unity, the representation of diaspora at the realist level makes apparent the fact of fracture. In this way, even as Morrison provides us with an injunction to revere tradition, she simultaneously deconstructs the basis for articulating a stable vision of what such tradition might look like.
Beloved's Claim
Authors: Peterson Christopher
Published: January 2007

While critics such as Orlando Patterson have defined slavery as anathema to kinship, this essay argues that kinship is often invested in violent claims of possession and ownership. Turning to Toni Morrison's Beloved, I contend that the novel's critical reception has tended to disavow this violence by framing Sethe's infanticidal act within an idealized conception of maternal love. Contrasting Sethe with the historical figure of Margaret Garner—the mulata fugitive slave upon whom Morrison loosely based her novel—I ask why racial mixture is both ubiquitous in Beloved yet absent from Sethe's family lineage, and conclude that this exclusion of miscegenation works to redouble the novel's already idealized conception of maternal love.
Dreams of Melanesia: Masculinity and the Exorcism of War in Pat Barker's The Ghost Road
Authors: Shaddock Jennifer
Published: January 2007

The culminating vision and transformative power of Pat Barker's The Ghost Road are produced by the cross-cultural insights embedded in the novel's critically neglected Melanesian material. It is through W. H. R. Rivers's repeated wartime memories and dreams about his 1908 expedition to Melanesia to study primitive kinship relationships as a medical anthropologist that he ironically comes to understand the barbaric elements of his own inculcated ideology of British manhood, war and civilization. Rivers's dreams of Melanesia enact and ultimately help him resolve his increasing ambivalence about his institutional role as military psychologist and state advocate for the war effort.
A Double Imagination: Memory and Education in Cyprus
Authors: Christou Miranda
Published: January 2007

A primary objective of the Greek Cypriot educational system since 1974 has been to educate the new generation of Greek Cypriots about the part of the island that is occupied by Turkey and instill the desire for a reunification of the island. The phrase "I don't forget and I struggle" on posters hanging in classrooms has been central in this pedagogical endeavor. Educational systems have always played key roles in nationalist struggles. However, the study of nationalism in Cyprus has mostly focused on the conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, paying attention to the negative expressions of nationalism, while ignoring the positive desires inherent in the imagination generated by nationalism. A critical discourse analysis of data collected from a high school ethnography shows that interpretations of the above quoted phrase reflect double imaginations: on the one hand, the desire for reunification and, on the other hand, a nostalgia for the "fighting spirit" that characterized previous nationalist struggles which are no longer compatible with the current efforts to solve the Cyprus problem.
Une Statue monumentale de la Republique
Authors: Best Janice
Published: January 2007

Since the Revolution of 1789, successive regimes in France have used public space to control the meaning given to historical events. Street names, monuments, statues surround citizens with symbols designed to remind them of the glorious past. The narrative structures generated by these symbols have some gaps: for although it is common to find monuments marking the sites where soldiers died defending France, and countless plaques indicating the houses of famous artists and statesmen, Paris bears almost no trace of the 30,000 victims of the Commune of 1871. In this article, I analyse the process by which the Third Republic reconstructed the public spaces of Paris in order to control the meaning given to the events of the Commune and eradicate the social ideas it represented. I will focus on one example in particular, the project to erect a monumental statue of the Republic. (In French) (jb)
George Eliot and the Sequel Question
Authors: Picker John M.
Published: January 2007

While from its first appearance in 1876, many Jewish and Christian readers alike have endorsed performing some kind of reductive surgery on George Eliot's Daniel Deronda (most famously, F. R. Leavis in The Great Tradition, who advocated excising the "Jewish part" and renaming the remainder Gwendolen Harleth), there is another related but largely forgotten line of response to the novel that cuts in somewhat different ways: the arrival, in the immediate wake of the publication of Deronda, of two sequels by other hands, a shorter English satire and a full-blown American novel. Gillian Beer has argued that Deronda is a novel "haunted by the future," one (or more than one) ultimately and deliberately left unwritten by Eliot. But the sequels manifest that future: more precisely, they attempt to impose closure on a novel that notoriously resists it. The ethos of the sequel as a genre typically is one of cooperation and integration with the earlier work. The sequel usually represents a means to honor the power of the original, and an attempt to recapture and further extend that power. But for Eliot, and especially for Deronda, the sequel is a reproach. In aesthetic and ideological ways the sequels and related "variations" on Deronda offer critical attacks on Eliot's plot, structure, and characters, but particularly her treatment of the Jewish Question. I suggest that these continuations are significant not only for their content, offering as they do reactionary responses to Eliot's controversial book, but also for their printed forms. Emerging alongside an analytical tradition of desires for "simple surgery" upon the object of scrutiny, these texts cut their literary forebear a glance that mocks Eliot's tolerance even as they underscore the status and identity of her novel and corpus as material objects. The sequels in turn provide a new opportunity to understand the unique position and implicit legacy of Deronda within modernity.
Argument-marking and the Distribution of wh -Phrases in Malagasy, Tagalog, and Tsou
Authors: Law Paul S
Published: January 2007

This paper argues that postverbal wh-phrases in Malagasy, Tagalog, and Tsou are subject to the same general constraint on marking of trigger arguments. It shows that the trigger is not necessarily definite or specific; the nonoccurrence of wh-phrase trigger in postverbal position therefore cannot be reduced to the definite/specific constraint on the trigger argument. There exists evidence, little noticed in the literature, that wh-phrase trigger is sometimes possible in postverbal position. I claim that postverbal wh-phrase trigger is possible just in case it can be marked independently in the same fashion as postverbal non-wh-phrase triggers.
Tutuba Apicolabials: Factors Influencing the Phonetic Transition from Apicolabials to Labials
Authors: Naito Maho
Published: January 2007

The Tutuba language, spoken in the Republic of Vanuatu, has speech sounds known as apicolabials, a sound-type found in very few languages worldwide. It is thought that the apicolabials found in various languages of Vanuatu shifted as follows: 1. from labials in the protolanguage (*labials) > apicolabials, and 2. *labials > apicolabials > dentals/alveolars. However, the shift 3. *labials > apicolabials > labials has also been hypothesized. A phonetic change from apicolabials to labials, equivalent to 3., is currently taking place in the Tutuba language. It is thought that the main factor behind this change is the influence of other languages, including Bislama, the lingua franca of the area. A geographical analysis of available information shows that while the languages in which phonetic change 1. occurred are spoken on isolated islands and on the coasts of islands, the majority of the languages that have undergone phonetic changes 2. and 3. are spoken inland. This suggests the possibility that hypothesized phonetic change 3., from apicolabials to labials, occurs spontaneously as the result of external factors—the exposure to other languages.
Heart Attacks, Heart Rate, and Gel Electrodes: the invention of ambulatory cardiology
Authors: Rowley Donald W , Glagov Seymour
Published: January 2007

Ambulatory cardiology began in 1959 in a department of pathology to answer a question raised at the autopsy table: are high heart rates in apparently healthy individuals a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease? This question led to the development of a miniature monitor and a new kind of electrode, which enabled clinicians to measure EKG signals during activity and over prolonged periods of time. These electrodes are now used universally for diagnosis and for monitoring the heart during a myriad of different activities and circumstances. The story of the development of the monitor and electrodes illustrates the ways in which ideas and discovery lead to applications and advances in medicine.
Why Psychiatric Conditions Are Special: An Evolutionary and Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Fabrega Horacio
Published: January 2007

In non-Western and premodern societies, approaches to sickness involved moral considerations laden with existential and spiritual implications. Healers and physicians had access to this aspect of their patient's lives, were expected to use it constructively, and often did so. The contemporary biomedical theory of disease no longer assigns to illness such metaphysical connotations. While general physicians are permitted—perhaps even advised—to avoid involvement in morally laden dialogues tied to illness and the self, such dilemmas are more prominent and qualitatively different in psychiatry, as psychiatric conditions often entail changes in self-conception, psychological disaffection, unacceptable behavior, and untoward personal reactions to social circumstances. Manifestations of psychiatric conditions can overwhelm an individual's control in areas of cognition, emotion, autonomy, social responsibility, behavior, and body functions—exactly those matters that "modern" individualistic minds are supposed to master. Consequently, psychiatric conditions challenge basic presuppositions of the modern, secular credo about personhood, disease, and behavior. They comprise a species of human problems ontologically distinct from the conditions handled by other medical disciplines.
Regarding Zygotes as Persons: Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Wall L. Lewis , Brown Douglas
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we examine the notion put forward by certain groups (largely as a consequence of their opposition to elective abortion) that the immediate post-fertilization cellular entity—the zygote—is a person and should be given full moral status. Because the zygote has none of the inherent characteristics necessary to be regarded as a person in the traditional philosophical sense (e.g., John Locke or Immanuel Kant), some advocates of this position attempt to advance their case with arguments based on the genetic potential of the human zygote to develop into a person. We argue that this position represents a flawed use of human genetics and ignores the extraordinarily inefficient and wasteful nature of human reproduction. We then explore the public policy consequences that would follow from granting the zygote full moral status. We conclude that the logical consequences of granting the zygote full moral status would require a revolutionary restructuring of many basic social institutions, especially the health care system. The social, political, and economic changes that would be required if the zygote is enshrined as a person in law constitute a convincing reductio ad absurdum that demonstrates the danger in taking this position seriously.
Two Russian Molokan Agricultural Villages in the Intermountain West
Authors: Bowen Marshall E.
Published: January 2007

Agricultural villages established in the second decade of the 20th century by Russian Molokans in Glendale, Arizona, and Park Valley, Utah, bore striking similarities, with long, narrow house lots, dwellings aligned along a single village street, and outlying lands allocated for crop production. With the passage of time, the Glendale village lost much of its Russian flavor as families responded to individual opportunities, personal tragedies, and economic disaster by moving away. In contrast, the Park Valley village was struck down by drought and crop failure. Today, the Glendale village is inhabited entirely by non-Molokans, and is on the verge of being consumed by suburban sprawl, while the Park Valley village, abandoned almost 90 years ago, lies nearly hidden in a vast expanse of rangeland. But at each site it is still possible to find traces of a traditional Old World settlement pattern that was unable to survive in the face of new cultural, economic, and physical conditions that the villages' immigrant residents encountered in the American West.
The Confucian Ideal of Harmony
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: January 2007

This is a study of the Confucian ideal of harmony and harmonization (he ).
First, through an investigation of the early development of he in ancient China,
the meaning of this concept is explored. Second, a philosophical analysis of he
and a discussion of the relation between harmony, sameness, and strife are
offered. Also offered are reasons why this notion is so important to Confucian
philosophy. Finally, on the basis of value pluralism, a case is made for the
Confucian approach of he to the politics of today's world culture.
A New Family Tree for Boethius
Authors: Martyn John R. C
Published: January 2007

Several references to the Boethius family appear in the little-known Chronicon of Victor of Tonnena and in the Registrum of Pope Gregory the Great, who refers to this Victor, I suggest, in three of his letters. From a discussion of these two sources, a new stemma appears which shows some interesting new members and some close and generally unknown links with Pope Gregory himself. The background of the heretical bishops and corrupt emperors covers the years 454 to 600, ending on a higher note with Pope Gregory and his close friend, the pious Emperor Maurice. As godfather to his eldest son and crowned heir, Theodosius, Gregory had become a member of that royal family.
Consider the Source: Predictors of Online Citation Permanence in Communication Journals
Authors: Dimitrova Daniela V , Bugeja Michael
Published: January 2007

This study focuses on six leading communication journals and their use of online citations in articles published between 2000 and 2003. The study uses content analysis to explore if there is a relationship between citation characteristics and their stability. The findings show that online citations in the .gov and .org domains are more likely to remain accessible over time. Year of publication and URL level also emerged as significant predictors of online citation permanence. More than 37 percent of the online citations have disappeared from the original source over a four-year period (2000–2003). The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of reliability and replicability of scholarship.
The Future Role of the Academic Librarians in Higher Education
Authors: Reyes Veronica
Published: January 2007

Higher education programs across the nation have recognized that transformation in pedagogical norms is critical. Often, decreased funding for education is cited as a primary driver for the need to transform the way higher education does its business. This article describes a series of factors that confirm that the decrease in funding is only one element that is forcing the changes that librarians have long predicted would be necessary. The convergence of external economic pressures and changing student expectations demands a need for altering how we deliver instruction. This provides a window of opportunity for academic librarians to take a leadership role in our institutions for leveraging opportunities to reach students during significant learning moments outside of the classroom.