bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition and sources of sedimentary organic matter in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Pedrosa-Pàmies R. , Parinos C. , Sanchez-Vidal A. , Gogou A. , Calafat A. , Canals M. , Bouloubassi I. , Lampadariou N.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Surface sediments collected from deep slopes and basins (1018–4087 m depth) of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea have been analysed for bulk elemental and isotopic composition of organic carbon, total nitrogen and selected lipid biomarkers, jointly with grain size distribution and other geochemical proxies. The distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter (OM) have been subsequently assessed and general environmental variables, such as water column depth and physical circulation patterns, have been examined as causative factors of deep-sea sediment characteristics. Lithogenic and biogenic carbonates are the dominant sedimentary fractions, accounting for up to 85.4 and 66.5 % of the total weight respectively. The low OC and TN contents in the surface sediments of the study area, which ranged from 0.15 to 1.15 % and 0.06 to 0.11 % respectively, reflect the oligotrophic character of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Both bulk and molecular organic tracers reflect a mixed contribution from autochthonous and allochthonous sources for the sedimentary OM, as indicated by relatively degraded marine OM, terrestrial plant waxes and anthropogenic OM (e.g. degraded petroleum by-products) respectively. Wide regional variations have been observed amongst the studied proxies, which reflect the multiple factors controlling sedimentation in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea. Our findings highlight the role of deep eastern Mediterranean basins as depocentres of organic-rich fine-grained sediments (mean 5.4 ± 2.4 μm), with OM accumulation and burial being attributed to aggregation mechanisms and hydrodynamic sorting. A multi-proxy approach is applied aiming to investigate the biogeochemical composition of sediment samples, which sheds new light on the sources and transport mechanisms along with the impact of preservation vs. diagenetic processes on the composition of sedimentary OM in the deep basins of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Continental-scale temperature variability in PMIP3 simulations and PAGES 2k regional temperature reconstructions over the past millennium
Authors:   PAGES 2k-PMIP3 group
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Estimated external radiative forcings, model results, and proxy-based climate reconstructions have been used over the past several decades to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying observed climate variability and change over the past millennium. Here, the recent set of temperature reconstructions at the continental-scale generated by the PAGES 2k project and a collection of state-of-the-art model simulations driven by realistic external forcings are jointly analysed. The first aim is to estimate the consistency between model results and reconstructions for each continental-scale region over the time and frequency domains. Secondly, the links between regions are investigated to determine whether reconstructed global-scale covariability patterns are similar to those identified in model simulations. The third aim is to assess the role of external forcings in the observed temperature variations. From a large set of analyses, we conclude that models are in relatively good agreement with temperature reconstructions for Northern Hemisphere regions, particularly in the Arctic. This is likely due to the relatively large amplitude of the externally forced response across northern and high-latitude regions, which results in a clearly detectable signature in both reconstructions and simulations. Conversely, models disagree strongly with the reconstructions in the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, the simulations are more regionally coherent than the reconstructions, perhaps due to an underestimation of the magnitude of internal variability in models or to an overestimation of the response to the external forcing in the Southern Hemisphere. Part of the disagreement might also reflect large uncertainties in the reconstructions, specifically in some Southern Hemisphere regions, which are based on fewer palaeoclimate records than in the Northern Hemisphere.
Climate-vegetation modelling and fossil plant data suggest low atmospheric CO2 in the late Miocene
Authors: Forrest M. , Eronen J. T. , Utescher T. , Knorr G. , Stepanek C. , Lohmann G. , Hickler T.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. There is an increasing need to understand the pre-Quaternary warm climates, how climate–vegetation interactions functioned in the past, and how we can use this information to understand the present. Here we report vegetation modelling results for the Late Miocene (11–7 Ma) to study the mechanisms of vegetation dynamics and the role of different forcing factors that influence the spatial patterns of vegetation coverage. One of the key uncertainties is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 during past climates. Estimates for the last 20 million years range from 280 to 500 ppm. We simulated Late Miocene vegetation using two plausible CO2 concentrations, 280 ppm CO2 and 450 ppm CO2, with a dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) driven by climate input from a coupled AOGCM (Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model). The simulated vegetation was compared to existing plant fossil data for the whole Northern Hemisphere. For the comparison we developed a novel approach that uses information of the relative dominance of different plant functional types (PFTs) in the palaeobotanical data to provide a quantitative estimate of the agreement between the simulated and reconstructed vegetation. Based on this quantitative assessment we find that pre-industrial CO2 levels are largely consistent with the presence of seasonal temperate forests in Europe (suggested by fossil data) and open vegetation in North America (suggested by multiple lines of evidence). This suggests that during the Late Miocene the CO2 levels have been relatively low, or that other factors that are not included in the models maintained the seasonal temperate forests and open vegetation.
Perspective – synthetic DEMs: A vital underpinning for the quantitative future of landform analysis?
Authors: Hillier J. K. , Sofia G. , Conway S. J.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Physical processes, including anthropogenic feedbacks, sculpt planetary surfaces (e.g. Earth's). A fundamental tenet of geomorphology is that the shapes created, when combined with other measurements, can be used to understand those processes. Artificial or synthetic digital elevation models (DEMs) might be vital in progressing further with this endeavour in two ways. First, synthetic DEMs can be built (e.g. by directly using governing equations) to encapsulate the processes, making predictions from theory. A second, arguably underutilised, role is to perform checks on accuracy and robustness that we dub "synthetic tests". Specifically, synthetic DEMs can contain a priori known, idealised morphologies that numerical landscape evolution models, DEM-analysis algorithms, and even manual mapping can be assessed against. Some such tests, for instance examining inaccuracies caused by noise, are moderately commonly employed, whilst others are much less so. Derived morphological properties, including metrics and mapping (manual and automated), are required to establish whether or not conceptual models represent reality well, but at present their quality is typically weakly constrained (e.g. by mapper inter-comparison). Relatively rare examples illustrate how synthetic tests can make strong "absolute" statements about landform detection and quantification; for example, 84 % of valley heads in the real landscape are identified correctly. From our perspective, it is vital to verify such statistics quantifying the properties of landscapes as ultimately this is the link between physics-driven models of processes and morphological observations that allows quantitative hypotheses to be tested. As such the additional rigour possible with this second usage of synthetic DEMs feeds directly into a problem central to the validity of much of geomorphology. Thus, this note introduces synthetic tests and DEMs and then outlines a typology of synthetic DEMs along with their benefits, challenges, and future potential to provide constraints and insights. The aim is to discuss how we best proceed with uncertainty-aware landscape analysis to examine physical processes.
Performance and results of the high-resolution biogeochemical model PELAGOS025 within NEMO
Authors: Epicoco I. , Mocavero S. , Macchia F. , Vichi M. , Lovato T. , Masina S. , Aloisio G.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The present work aims at evaluating the scalability performance of a high-resolution global ocean biogeochemistry model (PELAGOS025) on massive parallel architectures and the benefits in terms of the time-to-solution reduction. PELAGOS025 is an on-line coupling between the physical ocean model NEMO and the BFM biogeochemical model. Both the models use a parallel domain decomposition along the horizontal dimension. The parallelisation is based on the message passing paradigm. The performance analysis has been done on two parallel architectures, an IBM BlueGene/Q at ALCF (Argonne Leadership Computing Facilities) and an IBM iDataPlex with Sandy Bridge processors at CMCC (Euro Mediterranean Center on Climate Change). The outcome of the analysis demonstrated that the lack of scalability is due to several factors such as the I/O operations, the memory contention, the load unbalancing due to the memory structure of the BFM component and, for the BlueGene/Q, the absence of a hybrid parallelisation approach.
Comparing the ensemble and extended Kalman filters for in situ soil moisture assimilation with contrasting conditions
Authors: Fairbairn D. , Barbu A. L. , Mahfouf J.-F. , Calvet J.-C. , Gelati E.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Two data assimilation (DA) methods are compared for their ability to produce an accurate soil moisture analysis using the Météo-France land surface model: (i) SEKF, a simplified extended Kalman filter, which uses a climatological background-error covariance, and (ii) EnSRF, the ensemble square root filter, which uses an ensemble background-error covariance and approximates random rainfall errors stochastically. In situ soil moisture observations at 5 cm depth are assimilated into the surface layer and 30 cm deep observations are used to evaluate the root-zone analysis on 12 sites in south-western France (SMOSMANIA network). These sites differ in terms of climate and soil texture. The two methods perform similarly and improve on the open loop. Both methods suffer from incorrect linear assumptions which are particularly degrading to the analysis during water-stressed conditions: the EnSRF by a dry bias and the SEKF by an over-sensitivity of the model Jacobian between the surface and the root-zone layers. These problems are less severe for the sites with wetter climates. A simple bias correction technique is tested on the EnSRF. Although this reduces the bias, it modifies the soil moisture fluxes and suppresses the ensemble spread, which degrades the analysis performance. However, the EnSRF flow-dependent background-error covariance evidently captures seasonal variability in the soil moisture errors and should exploit planned improvements in the model physics. Synthetic twin experiments demonstrate that when there is only a random component in the precipitation forcing errors, the correct stochastic representation of these errors enables the EnSRF to perform better than the SEKF. It might therefore be possible for the EnSRF to perform better than the SEKF with real data, if the rainfall uncertainty was accurately captured. However, the simple rainfall error model is not advantageous in our real experiments. More realistic rainfall error models are suggested.
Stream restoration and sanitary infrastructure alter sources and fluxes of water, carbon, and nutrients in urban watersheds
Authors: Pennino M. J. , Kaushal S. S. , Mayer P. M. , Utz R. M. , Cooper C. A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. An improved understanding of sources and timing of water and nutrient fluxes associated with urban stream restoration is critical for guiding effective watershed management. We investigated how sources, fluxes, and flowpaths of water, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) shift in response to differences in stream restoration and sanitary infrastructure. We compared a restored stream with 3 unrestored streams draining urban development and stormwater management over a 3 year period. We found that there was significantly decreased peak discharge in response to precipitation events following stream restoration. Similarly, we found that the restored stream showed significantly lower monthly peak runoff (9.4 ± 1.0 mm d−1) compared with two urban unrestored streams (ranging from 44.9 ± 4.5 to 55.4 ± 5.8 mm d−1) draining higher impervious surface cover. Peak runoff in the restored stream was more similar to a less developed stream draining extensive stormwater management (13.2 ± 1.9 mm d−1). Interestingly, the restored stream exported most carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads at relatively lower streamflow than the 2 more urban streams, which exported most of their loads at higher and less frequent streamflow. Annual exports of total carbon (6.6 ± 0.5 kg ha−1 yr−1), total nitrogen (4.5 ± 0.3 kg ha−1 yr−1), and total phosphorus (161 ± 15 g ha−1 yr−1) were significantly lower in the restored stream compared to both urban unrestored streams (p < 0.05) and similar to the stream draining stormwater management. Although stream restoration appeared to potentially influence hydrology to some degree, nitrate isotope data suggested that 55 ± 1 % of the nitrate in the restored stream was derived from leaky sanitary sewers (during baseflow), similar to the unrestored streams. Longitudinal synoptic surveys of water and nitrate isotopes along all 4 watersheds suggested the importance of urban groundwater contamination from leaky piped infrastructure. Urban groundwater contamination was also suggested by additional tracer measurements including fluoride (added to drinking water) and iodide (contained in dietary salt). Our results suggest that integrating stream restoration with restoration of aging sanitary infrastructure can be critical to more effectively minimize watershed nutrient export. Given that both stream restoration and sanitary pipe repairs both involve extensive channel manipulation, they can be considered simultaneously in management strategies. In addition, ground water can be a major source of nutrient fluxes in urban watersheds, which has been less considered compared with upland sources and storm drains. Goundwater sources, fluxes, and flowpath should also be targeted in efforts to improve stream restoration strategies and prioritize hydrologic "hot spots" along watersheds where stream restoration is most likely to succeed.
Climate change increases the probability of heavy rains like those of storm Desmond in the UK – an event attribution study in near-real time
Authors: van Oldenborgh G. J. , Otto F. E. L. , Haustein K. , Cullen H.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. On 4–6 December 2015, the storm "Desmond" caused very heavy rainfall in northern England and Scotland, which led to widespread flooding. Here we provide an initial assessment of the influence of anthropogenic climate change on the likelihood of one-day precipitation events averaged over an area encompassing northern England and southern Scotland using data and methods available immediately after the event occurred. The analysis is based on three independent methods of extreme event attribution: historical observed trends, coupled climate model simulations and a large ensemble of regional model simulations. All three methods agree that the effect of climate change is positive, making precipitation events like this about 40 % more likely, with a provisional 2.5–97.5 % confidence interval of 5–80 %.
Evaluating performances of simplified physically based models for landslide susceptibility
Authors: Formetta G. , Capparelli G. , Versace P.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Rainfall induced shallow landslides cause loss of life and significant damages involving private and public properties, transportation system, etc. Prediction of shallow landslides susceptible locations is a complex task that involves many disciplines: hydrology, geotechnical science, geomorphology, and statistics. Usually to accomplish this task two main approaches are used: statistical or physically based model. Reliable models' applications involve: automatic parameters calibration, objective quantification of the quality of susceptibility maps, model sensitivity analysis. This paper presents a methodology to systemically and objectively calibrate, verify and compare different models and different models performances indicators in order to individuate and eventually select the models whose behaviors are more reliable for a certain case study. The procedure was implemented in package of models for landslide susceptibility analysis and integrated in the NewAge-JGrass hydrological model. The package includes three simplified physically based models for landslides susceptibility analysis (M1, M2, and M3) and a component for models verifications. It computes eight goodness of fit indices by comparing pixel-by-pixel model results and measurements data. Moreover, the package integration in NewAge-JGrass allows the use of other components such as geographic information system tools to manage inputs-output processes, and automatic calibration algorithms to estimate model parameters. The system was applied for a case study in Calabria (Italy) along the Salerno-Reggio Calabria highway, between Cosenza and Altilia municipality. The analysis provided that among all the optimized indices and all the three models, the optimization of the index distance to perfect classification in the receiver operating characteristic plane (D2PC) coupled with model M3 is the best modeling solution for our test case.
La exploración del litoral atlántico norteafricano según el periplo de Hannón de Cartago
Authors: Mederos Martín Alfredo
Published: December 2015

El periplo de Hannón, frente a las propuestas que lo interpretan como una obra literaria, creemos que recoge un periplo auténtico, que sólo alcanzó cabo Juby y algunas de las Islas Canarias. Las refundaciones cartaginesas fueron todas en la Mauretania fértil, en los 7 primeros días de la expedición. Desde el islote de Kérne, en la expedición primó una primera exploración de evaluación, indicativo de que se trataba de apenas 2 o 3 barcos, con una tripulación limitada, que evitaban enfrentamientos con la población local. Los intérpretes Lixítai parecen conocer todos los puntos explorados, el río Chrétes, los etíopes del Alto Atlas costero, el gran golfo caluroso que finalizaba en el Hespérou Kéras, el volcán Theôn Óchema, o las gentes salvajes que denominaban Goríllai. Probablemente la mayor sorpresa fuese encontrar un volcán activo, emitiendo lava, que pudo ser la razón última para redactar este periplo. La falta de agua, alimentos y caza como razón para finalizar la expedición exploratoria sólo es comprensible en un trayecto corto que alcanzó hasta el inicio del desierto del Sahara. Otro tanto sucede con la ausencia de ríos importantes al Sur del río Chrétes, una clara prueba de que no se alcanzaron latitudes ecuatoriales y que los barcos se fueron alejando de la costa norteafricana.
Tifones y gigantes en el mundo macedonio: el rey como símbolo del orden cósmico
Authors: Molina Marín Antonio Ignacio
Published: December 2015

Este artículo analiza la existencia de un posible ritual en la antigua Macedonia que fuese similar al Akîtu babilonio. Pensamos que la victoria de Zeus sobre sus enemigos en la gigantomaquia y tifonomaquia fue celebrada por los reyes macedonios para fortalecer su posición en el poder. Aunque no hay evidencias directas de ello, tenemos una serie de diferentes fuentes en las cuales los macedonios están relacionados directa o indirectamente con Tifón y los gigantes. Además, la estratégica importancia del monte Olimpo para los macedonios nos hace pensar que la victoria de Zeus sobre las fuerzas del mal fue conmemorada de alguna forma por ellos.
La valeur du serment militaire dans les guerres civiles à Rome: l’exemple du conflit de 49-45 av. J.-C.
Authors: Gueye Mariama
Published: December 2015

Pendant la guerre civile opposant César à Pompée le serment militaire qui lie le soldat à son armée est souvent ouvertement violé. En dépit de cette infraction, les commandants des armées en lutte exigent de manière récurrente la prestation du serment de leurs hommes. Certes cet acte rituel semble inopérant, étant donné les nombreux cas de désertion et de mutinerie relevés, mais les chefs militaires utilisent sa charge symbolique et sacrée afin de légitimer d’une part leurs agissements “antirépublicains”, d’autre part leurs armées qui combattent dans un contexte impius.
Entre "uxor", "mater" y "concubina". Semblanza e identidad del emperador Constantino en la legislación tardoimperial
Authors: Cañizar Palacios José Luis
Published: December 2015

Pretendemos perfilar la personalidad del emperador Constantino en especial mediante el análisis de su relación amorosa primero con Minervina y luego con Fausta y sin olvidar el vínculo afectivo con su madre Helena, de ahí la referencia a uxor, mater y concubina de nuestro título. Para ello analizaremos si ejercieron algún tipo de influencia en la composición de su producción normativa y si fue así en qué medida pudieron determinar el devenir histórico de las siguientes décadas. Considérese al respecto que en general Constantino tuvo que conjugar sus pretensiones políticas y de gobierno con estas relaciones, mostrando gran destreza en el manejo de los tiempos y las formas, eso sí, anteponiendo siempre lo primero a lo segundo.
Civic Freedom out of the Sources of Judaism: Mendelssohn, Maimonides, and Law's Promise
Authors: Sacks Elias
Published: December 2015

This conversation brings together contributors from the fields of Jewish and Christian thought to explore ways of understanding law as a blessing rather than a burden—as an expression of a community's own commitments, for instance, rather than a coercive imposition by an external authority. I recover a legal theory that addresses such concerns, focusing on a neglected text by a figure who is frequently cited yet too little understood: Moses Mendelssohn. Exploring a little-known essay on Jewish property law, I argue that Mendelssohn emphasizes the role of human communities in authorizing divine norms and the role of such norms in promoting freedom, and I suggest that his position continues to possess relevance for twenty-first century readers. Covertly appropriating Maimonides, Mendelssohn casts Jewish law as capable of producing a certain type of civic subject—as a communally authorized means of forming adherents into individuals who contribute to the preservation of freedom.
School Counseling Professional Development: Assessing the use of Data to Inform School Counseling Services
Authors: Anita Young , Carol Kaffenberger
Published: December 2015

The need to train and engage all school counselors in use of data drives professional development at the district and state level. This study examined previous training in the use of data and the degree to which that training influenced current school counseling practices. Data were collected from 512 school counselors across a Midwestern state. Findings revealed that participation in professional development can influence the perceived data and accountability practices of school counselors. This article shares implications for school counselors.
The Relationship between Capital Structure and Performance in Gulf Countries Banks: A Comparative Study between Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks
Authors: Meero Abdelrhman Ahmad
Published: December 2015

This paper mainly has two objectives: the first one is to identify the similarity of capital structure between Islamic and Conventional banks; Second objective is to detect the relationship between capital structure variables and performance of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Gulf Countries (GC). This investigation has been performed on a sample of 16 GC Banks (8 Islamic Banks and 8 Conventional Banks) for the period 2005-2014. ROE (return on equity) and ROA (return of asset) have been used as performance measures. Total debt to total assets, Equity to total assets, Debt to equity ratios have been used as capital structure measures. Size of the bank has been considered as dependent variable to identify its relationship with bank performance. Data collected were analyzed by using SPSS software. The results of the research indicate a similarity of capital structure of Islamic banks and Conventional banks in Gulf Countries. ROA as performance measurement has a significant negative relationship with financial leverage and a positive relationship with equity to assets ratio. This relationship is identified at Islamic banks, Conventional banks and all the banks of the sample. Bank size has a positive relationship with ROA and ROE as performance measures in Islamic and Conventional banks. modifications on the market of 122 equity indices and 39 commodities in the eight approaches, depending on the investment time horizon (October-15th May, November-15th May, October-1st May, November-1stMay) and types of computed rates of return (accrued rates of return and average daily geometric rates of return). Calculations presented in this paper indicate the presence of the sell-in-May-and-go-away effect on the analyzed markets in the classic time frame, as well as in the different time frames. ation in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.

 
Realized Volatility Analysis from Various Perspectives Based on Hilbert Huang Transform
Authors: Hou Sizhe , Chen Jiangrui , Yin Lianqian , Zhang Wei , Liu Xiaojie , Li Haoting
Published: December 2015

In this paper, based on results of the volatility of stock returns after the Hilbert Huang Transform, to research the influential factors of volatility composition, the influential factor model of yield volatility is established. This model studies the volatility from three angles respectively: the hysteresis of impact, the influence degree and the affect correlation. For the hysteresis of impact, this paper uses the  model to determine lag phases of different IMF of volatility. For the influence degree, after using principal component analysis to eliminate the multicollinearity between different IMF, we calculate direct contribution, correlation coefficient and variable coefficient to quantify the influence degree of IMF on RV, BV and JV, the independence degree and the information abundance. For affect correlation, this paper adopts four different distance calculating methods and grey correlation method to depict the connection degree between RV and IMFin different dimensions. Finally, this paper uses the data of China's financial markets to carry on the empirical analysis, and explores various characteristics of realized volatility through comprehensive influence degree, in order to provide new perspectives and ideas for financial analysis and forecast. provide new perspectives and ideas for financial analysis and forecast.

 
Activity Based Costing (ABC): Is It a Tool for Company to Achieve Competitive Advantage?
Authors: Kannaiah Desti
Published: December 2015

Most of the companies today have no idea what their products cost them to make. Usually companies think they do know but unfortunately they are not correct. This misunderstanding has led many business organizations to make decisions that are bad to the business. They might abandon profitable products in favor of products that are losing money. However, the companies’ cost information just does not help! Generally managers receive cost information that is misleading and harmful, and make them do the wrong things in their work place.

This damaging information comes from full absorption costing (both fixed and variable costs) of calculating total product costs. The costing system calculates product costs by allocating a portion of the overhead or indirect costs to each products being manufactured. The amount of the overhead cost allocated is based on the amount of direct hours or direct labor costs required to make the product. This method of allocating is a good approach of allocating overheads many years ago when direct labor was the largest portion of cost required to make a product and when overheads were small.

The problems associated with this allocation methods were highlighted in the late 1980s with the publication of the influential book “Relevance Lost; the Rise and Fall of Management Accounting” by Tom Johnson and Bob Kaplan. Johnson and Kaplan showed that the historical development of cost and management accounting has given rise to inappropriate methods of allocating overhead costs. These methods of allocation lead to cost distortion. This resulted in managers making the wrong strategic decision. The overall objective of this study is to investigate and assess how ABC provides the company with additional competitive edge to compete in the globalization environment.
The principle of activity-based costing has been a much talked about tools in the 1980s and 1990s. But is ABC really the strategic tool to achieve competitive advantage as expected? How the companies should approach the implementation of ABC in order to achieve the required results. What the companies should expect from the ABC? What is the future of ABC?
DESENVOLVIMENTO TERRITORIAL DESEQUILIBRADO E SUBPOLOS EMERGENTES EM MATO GROSSO
Authors: De Melo Faria Alexandre Magno , Azevedo Junior Wladimir Colman de , Dassow Charline
Published: December 2015

Busca-se identificar subpolos econômicos de Mato Grosso, que possam reduzir o desequilíbrio econômico territorial. O Modelo de Gravitação Potencial (MGP) foi utilizado para estimar os campos de força que surgem da interação entre as massas econômicas do sistema selecionado. Os resultados indicam um processo de desenvolvimento desequilibrado, onde 10% das economias locais possuem mais de 94% dos scores potenciais de polarização nos anos avaliados, com apenas dois polos se destacando: Cuiabá e Rondonópolis. Contudo, há um processo de desconcentração que revela a emergência de 17 subpolos que expandem seus scores potenciais, com redução da importância de Cuiabá e Rondonópolis. O desenvolvimento territorial equilibrado depende da consolidação dos subpolos emergentes, permitindo a elevação da dinâmica econômica em regiões alhures aos polos econômicos
Monopolização e R-existências: educação do campo como fortalecimento da territorialidade camponesa no Noroeste do Espírito Santo.
Authors: Zanoni Angelo de Sousa
Published: December 2015

Trata dos diferentes usos do território Noroeste do Espírito Santo, trazendo um recorte espaço-temporal a partir da década de 1920 até os dias atuais. Em um primeiro momento, expõe a gênese da atual estrutura fundiária desse território, destacando uma porção caracterizada pela predominância da pequena propriedade. Em seguida, investiga as transformações ocorridas na década de 1960, destacando a industrialização e modernização agrícola, bem como as posteriores mudanças oriunda do modelo urbano-industrial estendido para o campo. Por fim, aponta para os movimentos campesinos de r-existências, indicando a educação do campo como um elemento estratégico para a recriação e reprodução camponesa no Noroeste do Espírito Santo.
Fysioterapeuters erfaringer med bruk av fysisk aktivitet til eldre deprimerte
Authors: Ulleberg Anne Margrethe , Johannesen Berit
Published: December 2015

This article is based upon a study of the experiences of physiotherapists working with elderly depressed patients and the use of physical activity. Depression in the elderly is a common condition, and it is estimated to be the second most common cause of failing health towards 2020. Physical activity has a positive effect on depression in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of physiotherapist`s in the treatment of elderly depressed patients over 65 years of age. Data was collected by qualitative reasearch interviews of 5 physiotherapists. Important findings of this study were that the physiotherapists experienced that they did not get any referrals to treatment solely due to depression, and that they needed a different approach to physical activity compared to other patient groups.
Overvekt hos gravide – en utfordring i svangerskapsomsorgen
Authors: Moldjord Wenke , Høye Sevald , Kvigne Kari
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about the challenges midwives and public nurses are experiencing in health prevention and health promotion to obese pregnant women, and their reflections regarding the need for change in practice.
Method: The study has a qualitative exploratory design. Data was created by multistage focus group interviews and analyzed inspired by Lundman and Granheim’s content analysis. The focus groups consisted of midwives and public health nurses.
Results: The informants were aware that obesity in pregnancy may cause complications for both mother and child, but they experienced obesity and lifestyle changes as challenging in antenatal care. Weight and body were perceived as something vulnerable. Informants found it hard to talk about weight because they were afraid of reactions from the pregnant women. They also expressed insecurity regarding their own expertise when it comes to communication and nutrition. Informants expressed the need for more interdisciplinary cooperation between different health workers in community health. They experienced such cooperation difficult to achieve.
Modulation characteristics of graphene-based thermal emitters
Authors: Mahlmeister Nathan Howard , Lawton Lorreta Maria , Luxmoore Isaac John , Nash Geoffrey Richard
Published: December 2015

We have investigated the modulation characteristics of the emission from a graphene-based thermal emitter both experimentally and through simulations using finite element method modelling. Measurements were performed on devices containing square multilayer graphene emitting areas, with the devices driven by a pulsed DC drive current over a range of frequencies. Simulations show that the dominant heat path is from the emitter to the underlying substrate, and that the thermal resistance between the graphene and the substrate determines the modulation characteristics. This is confirmed by measurements made on devices in which the emitting area is encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride.
Phononic bandgaps peculiar to solid–fluid superlattices
Authors: Mizuno Seiji
Published: December 2015

We theoretically study the phonons propagating through a superlattice consisting of alternating layers of an elastic solid and a fluid. In this structure, there exist phononic bandgaps not originating from Bragg reflections. We examine the origin of these non-Bragg gaps and show that they are peculiar to the solid–fluid superlattices, where the number of allowed modes varies periodically. Even a single solid layer immersed in fluid contains discrete frequencies at which incident waves are perfectly reflected. We demonstrate the resonant reflection process at these frequencies. In the multilayered structure, these transmission zeros are gathered and form a bandgap. This is similar to the relation between atomic levels and an electronic energy band, though the allowed and forbidden states are interchanged. This non-Bragg gap introduces novel degrees of freedom to the design of phononic bandgap structures.
Muhlenbergia myanmarensis a new name for M. fasciculata T.P.I. Phan. (Poaceae)
Authors: Arumugam S , Murthy GVS , Nair VJ
Published: December 2015

A new name Muhlenbergia myanmarensis is proposed for M. fasciculata T.P.I.Phan as the second name is a later homonym.
Silicon Photonics
Authors: Thomson David J. , Littlejohns Callum G. , Stanković Stevan , Nedeljkovic Milos , Reynolds Scott A.
Published: December 2015

Silicon photonics is a vibrant technology area in which photonic integrated circuits and components are made of silicon. The main driving force behind its development is the prospect of low‐cost manufacture. This is possible due to its compatibility with CMOS processing techniques, which lead to high volumes and high yield. In recent years, there has been a vast and growing amount of research into the technology from both academia and industry, and this has coincided with a period of rapid performance enhancements of the different building block elements that make up a photonic integrated circuit as well as integration and fabrication techniques. In this article an overview of silicon photonics is provided, with the progress in each of the building block areas described, from passive wave guiding components to light sources, optical modulators, and photodetectors. We also give a short overview of the different integration techniques used in the field and the rapidly growing area of mid‐infrared silicon photonic technology.
The utility of polarized heliospheric imaging for space weather monitoring
Authors: DeForest C. E. , Howard T. A. , Webb D. F. , Davies J. A.
Published: December 2015

A polarizing heliospheric imager is a critical next generation tool for space weather monitoring and prediction. Heliospheric imagers can track coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as they cross the solar system, using sunlight scattered by electrons in the CME. This tracking has been demonstrated to improve the forecasting of impact probability and arrival time for Earth‐directed CMEs. Polarized imaging allows locating CMEs in three dimensions from a single vantage point. Recent advances in heliospheric imaging have demonstrated that a polarized imager is feasible with current component technology.Developing this technology to a high technology readiness level is critical for space weather relevant imaging from either a near‐Earth or deep‐space mission. In this primarily technical review, we developpreliminary hardware requirements for a space weather polarizing heliospheric imager system and outline possible ways to flight qualify and ultimately deploy the technology operationally on upcoming specific missions. We consider deployment as an instrument on NOAA's Deep Space Climate Observatory follow‐on near the Sun‐Earth L1 Lagrange point, as a stand‐alone constellation of smallsats in low Earth orbit, or as an instrument located at the Sun‐Earth L5 Lagrange point. The critical first step is the demonstration of the technology, in either a science or prototype operational mission context.
Evaluation of theoretical and empirical water vapor sorption isotherm models for soils
Authors: Arthur Emmanuel , Tuller Markus , Moldrup Per , de Jonge Lis W.
Published: December 2015

The mathematical characterization of water vapor sorption isotherms of soils is crucial for modeling processes such as volatilization of pesticides and diffusive and convective water vapor transport. Although numerous physically based and empirical models were previously proposed to describe sorption isotherms of building materials, food, and other industrial products, knowledge about the applicability of these functions for soils is noticeably lacking. We present an evaluation of nine models for characterizing adsorption/desorption isotherms for a water activity range from 0.03 to 0.93 based on measured data of 207 soils with widely varying textures, organic carbon contents, and clay mineralogy. In addition, the potential applicability of the models for prediction of sorption isotherms from known clay content was investigated. While in general, all investigated models described measured adsorption and desorption isotherms reasonably well, distinct differences were observed between physical and empirical models and due to the different degrees of freedom of the model equations. There were also considerable differences in model performance for adsorption and desorption data. While regression analysis relating model parameters and clay content and subsequent model application for prediction of measured isotherms showed promise for the majority of investigated soils, for soils with distinct kaolinitic and smectitic clay mineralogy predicted isotherms did not closely match the measurements.
Grammar and Evaluation
Authors: Hidalgo‐Downing Laura
Published: December 2015

The grammar of a language like English provides language users with linguistic (lexicogrammatical, specifically morphosyntactic) resources to express meaning, construct sentences and texts, and to communicate with other speakers. Prosodic, phraseological, and discourse‐pragmatic features are also included in numerous grammars. These grammatical resources are used by speakers to express evaluation.
Highly Connected Silicon–Copper Alloy Mixture Nanotubes as High‐Rate and Durable Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Song Hucheng , Wang Hong Xiang , Lin Zixia , Jiang Xiaofan , Yu Linwei , Xu Jun , Yu Zhongwei , Zhang Xiaowei , Liu Yijie , He Ping , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi , Zhou Haoshen , Chen Kunji
Published: December 2015

Seeking high‐capacity, high‐rate, and durable anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has been a crucial aspect to promote the use of electric vehicles and other portable electronics. Here, a novel alloy‐forming approach to convert amorphous Si (a‐Si)‐coated copper oxide (CuO) core–shell nanowires (NWs) into hollow and highly interconnected Si–Cu alloy (mixture) nanotubes is reported. Upon a simple H2 annealing, the CuO cores are reduced and diffused out to alloy with the a‐Si shell, producing highly interconnected hollow Si–Cu alloy nanotubes, which can serve as high‐capacity and self‐conductive anode structures with robust mechanical support. A high specific capacity of 1010 mAh g−1 (or 780 mAh g−1) has been achieved after 1000 cycles at 3.4 A g−1 (or 20 A g−1), with a capacity retention rate of ≈84% (≈88%), without the use of any binder or conductive agent. Remarkably, they can survive an extremely fast charging rate at 70 A g−1 for 35 runs (corresponding to one full cycle in 30 s) and recover 88% capacity. This novel alloy‐nanotube structure could represent an ideal candidate to fulfill the true potential of Si‐loaded LIB applications.
Inkjet‐Printable Amphiphilic Polydiacetylene Precursor for Hydrochromic Imaging on Paper
Authors: Park Dong‐Hoon , Jeong Woomin , Seo Minjeong , Park Bum Jun , Kim Jong‐Man
Published: December 2015

Hydrochromic materials find great utility in a wide range of applications including humidity sensing and measuring the water contents of organic solvents, as well as substrates for rewritable paper and human sweat pore mapping. Herein, an inkjet printable diacetylene (DA) is described that can be transformed by UV irradiation to a hydrochromic‐conjugated polymer on conventional paper. Specifically, an amphiphilic DA that contains an ­imidazolium ion head‐group is found to be compatible with a common office inkjet printer. Various computer‐designed images are printed on paper using this substance. UV irradiation of the printed images results in the generation of blue‐colored images associated with formation of a polydiacetylene (PDA). The resolutions of the images are almost identical to those generated using a conventional black ink. Importantly, the printed images undergo a blue‐to‐red color change upon exposure to water and the hydrochromism is found to be temperature dependent. The facile color change that occurs near body ­temperatures enables use of the hydrochromic PDA‐coated paper for rapid and precise mapping of human sweat pores from fingers, palms, and feet.
Heterogeneous Solid Carbon Source‐Assisted Growth of High‐Quality Graphene via CVD at Low Temperatures
Authors: Lee Eunho , Lee Hyo Chan , Jo Sae Byeok , Lee Hansol , Lee Nam‐Suk , Park Chan Gyung , Lee Seong Kyu , Kim Hyun Ho , Bong Hyojin , Cho Kilwon
Published: December 2015

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been widely used as solid carbon sources for the synthesis of graphene at low temperatures. The inevitable formation of structural defects, however, has significantly limited the quality of the synthesized graphene. This article describes a low‐temperature chemical vapor deposition method that effectively mitigates defect formation in graphene by heterogeneous solid carbon sources containing a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic carbon on a Cu substrate. The addition of small amount of aliphatic carbon sources to the PAH significantly decreases the defect density of graphene synthesized at 400 ≤ T ≤ 600 °C by incorporating small aliphatic carbon fragments into defect sites. The carrier mobility of graphene grown using this heterogeneous solid carbon source is more than five times that of graphene synthesized using only PAH. Two mechanisms are also proposed by which vacancies can be generated during graphene growth using PAH sources on Cu, defect generation due to the disordered packing and the geometric limitation of PAH molecules. This low‐temperature method of synthesizing graphene reduces the degree of defect density using heterogeneous solid carbon sources promises to provide wide utility in electronics applications.
Topological Structures in Multiferroics – Domain Walls, Skyrmions and Vortices
Authors: Seidel Jan , Vasudevan Rama K. , Valanoor Nagarajan
Published: December 2015

Topological structures in multiferroic materials have recently received considerable attention because of their potential use as nanoscale functional elements. Their reduced size in conjunction with exotic arrangement of the ferroic order parameter and potential order parameter coupling allows for emergent and unexplored phenomena in condensed matter and functional materials systems. This will lead to exciting new fundamental discoveries as well as application concepts that exploit their response to external stimuli such as mechanical strain, electric and magnetic fields. In this review we capture the current development of this rapidly moving field with specific emphasis on key achievements that have cast light on how such topological structures in multiferroic materials systems can be exploited for use in complex oxide nanoelectronics and spintronics.