bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KOMODITAS UNGGULAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI PULAU JAWA
Authors: Nugroho Agus Dwi
Published: September 2020

Existence of a region will depend heavily on the accuracy of decision-makers in determining the direction of regional development, especially relating to the development sector basis. Agricultural sector, particularly food crops is one of the key sectors in the island of Java. The purpose of this study was to determine pre-eminent food commodities each province on the Java. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis. Type of data used in Indonesiathan in 2006-2008. The analysis used in this study is the Location Quotient (LQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). Pre eminent crops in Bnaten province that have two of rice and peanuts. Pre eminent crops in the West Java rice and weet potatoes. DKI has one pre-eminent  crops that is rice. Central java has four pre eminent crops corn, green beans, peanuts and soybeans. Pre eminent crops in the DIY is peanuts and cassava. East java provincehas four pre eminent, crops corn, green neams, peanuts and soybeans.
PAJAK EKSPOR DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP CPO INDONESIA
Authors: Rachman Benny , Agustin Adang
Published: September 2020

This study aims to analyze the development of national CPO (Crude Palm Oil) export, the influence of the implementation of the export tax for the welfare of producers, and the competiveness of CPO. This study uses primary data and secondary data. The result of the study shows that (1) in tne period 2000-2007, the volume and value of exports of CPO increased were 18.07 and 37.63 % per year, respectively, (2) CPO export tax directly and proportionally reduce the local price of CPO, which in tye end reduce the price of TBS (Tandan Buah Segar). The higher export tax and the more disadvantages CPO producers and overall level of welfare to decrease with the high PE rate of CPO, and (3) Indonesia has a comparative and competitive advantages in the production od CPO, as indicated by the value DRCR < 1 and PCR < 1 (DRC = 0.66 and the PCR = 0.60).
ANALISIS PERTANIAN STROBERI DI KECAMATAN RANCABALI KABUPATEN BANDUNG
Authors: Ma'ruf Muhammad Imam , Suratiyah Ken
Published: September 2020

The obectives of this research were: (1) to analyse the business feasibility of strawberry farming and (2) to determine the contribution of strawberry farming to the farmer household income. This research used description basic method. Purposive sampling was use to determine the location (the village) and simple random sampling was use to choose the respondents. The primary data were collected from 30 farmer households. The location of this research was in Alamendah village, Rancabali subdistrict, Bandung district. The result of analysis show that strawberry farming feasible to be expanded. Business feasibility were figure by average revenue cost ratio was 2,25; average income was Rp 68.731.640,88; average capital productivity was 1,25; average labour productivity was Rp 77.548,00Iman days; average BEP based on yield was 718,94 kg; average BEP based on sales was Rp 9.928.947,69; and average BEP based on output price was 6. 132, 48/kg. Average income contribution of strawberry farm to household income was 66,24 %.
PERMINTAAN JAGUNG SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU INDUSTRI PAKAN TERNAK DI INDONESIA
Authors: Ariyanti Diah , Suryantini Any , Masyhuri Masyhuri
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this research are to know the factors influencingdomestic maize demand, import maize demand, and total maize demand asraw material for feed industry in Indonesia, also their trend at five yearslater. The research use time series data. during 1976-2004. Simultaneousequations used to analyze domestic and import maize demand as rawmaterial for feed industry in Indonesia, while ordinary least square (OLS)used to analyze total maize demand as raw material for feed industry inIndonesia. The results show that domestic maize demand influenced negatively by maize domestic price and influenced positively by soybean cake import price, and trend of time. Cowpopulation, maize import price, and soybean cake import price influence import maize demand negatively, while fowl population and trend of time influence import maize demand positively. Total maize demand for feed industry in Indonesia positively influenced by soybean cake import price and cow population, and negatively influenced by maize domestic price. Soybean cake iscomplementary good for domestic maize and total maize, but becomesubstitution good for import maize. The trend of maize demand, includingdomestic and import maize demand, as raw material for feed industry inIndonesia increasing in the future.
PERTUMBUHANDANPERUBAHANSTRUKTURSEKTOR PERT ANIAN PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH SEBELUM DAN SETELAH OTONOMI DAERAH
Authors: Maria Maria , Irham Irham , Djuwari Djuwari
Published: September 2020

The research objectives to know: (1) alteration structural of agricultural sector in Central Java compared to alteration of national agricultural sector chartered investment council structure before and after decentralization; (2) identification of pledge agricultural sector in improvement of economic growth rate regional in Central Java before and after decentralization; (3) velocity and growth typology of Central Java agricultural sector before and after decentralization. This research applies descriptive analytical method and data used are GRDP Central Java andGDP National during 1995-2005 based on constant price of 2000. Growthaverage speed offield crop, plantation and breeding, andforestry improvedafter the decentralization was implemented, while growth average speed offishery sector decreasing. LQ and DLQ analyses show that field crop andbreeding sectors are still expected to be basis sector before decentralization. After decentralization was implemented, field crop and breeding remain to be basis, while plantation crop andforestry experiences reposition from non basis towards basis. Klassen Typology analysis shows that field crop and breeding are fast growth before decentralization. After decentralization, plantation crop and forestry classified as fast growth sector. The speed growth of food crops, plantation, breeding, and forestry accelerated after decentralization, whilefishery sector is relatively lags.
ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN KEUNGGULAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN INDONESIA
Authors: Fitriana Nur , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Hartono Slamet
Published: September 2020

The study aims: (1) to measure the growth rate of economic sector based on Gross Domestic Product; (2) to determine contribution of economic sector to GDP; (3) to measure contribution trend of economic sector of GDP and to determine basic sectors inprovinces of Indonesia. The data used is secondary datafrom Badan Pusat Statistik, i.e. Gross Regional Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product according with 1993 constant price. Data included overall provinces in Indonesia among 19842003. Table analysis, Location Quotient, shift-share, and Klassen Typology were used to analyze. The results are: (1) growth rate o/GDP is positively fluctuated, except at 1998 due to economic crisis; (2) contribution ofagricultural sector; mining and quarrying sector; and services sector weredecreased Contribution of manufacturing industries sector; electricity, gasand water supply sector; trade, restaurant and hotel sector; and transportation and communication sector were increased. Contribution of construction sector and finance and rent of building and business sector werefluctuated; (3) overall sector follow quadratic pattern, exceptfinance, building rent, and business sector that follow linear pattern; (4) agricultural sector was the basic sector in ·26 provinces, except in East Kalimantan, Banten, WestJava and Jakarta.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SALAK NGLUMUT DI KABUPATEN MAGELANG
Authors: Ardiyanto Ardiyanto , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Sutrilah Sutrilah
Published: September 2020

This research aims: (1) to identify the income difference between Salak Pondoh and Salak Nglumut farmers; and (2) to analyze the external (opportunity and threat) and internal factor (weakness and strength) for developing Salak Nglumut in Magelang district. The sample was chosen by purposive sampling, i.e. Srumbung and Salam sub district. The data was collected by interviewing 60 respondents; that were policy makers in Magelang district, Salak Nglumut farmers, Salak Pondoh farmers, and salak consumers. The t-test shows that the income of Salak Pondoh farmers is lower than the income of Salak Nglumut farmers. The result of SWOT analysis is located in quadrant 1. This means that Salak Nglumut is a profitable farm as it has higher opportunity and strength. In this condition, Salak Nglumut farmers should apply aggressive Growth Oriented Strategy. The recommended growth strategy in developing Salak Nglumut is using it as appropriate location for agro-tourism, marketing salak in provincialroads, developing special market for salak which close to tourism. objects,increasing funding sources for salak farmers, developing infrastructure toSalak Nglumut agro-tourism location, or also developing salak homeindustry that more longer resistant and practically.
KECERDASAN KOLEKTIF PETANI DI LAHAN PERTANIAN PASIR PANTAI KECAMATAN PANJATAN KABUPATEN KULON PROGO
Authors: Dinarti Siwi Istiana , Wastutiningsih Sri Peni , Subejo Subejo , Supriyanto Supriyanto
Published: September 2020

This study aims to determine the process of collective intelligence of farmers to describe level of collective intelligence of farmers in coastal agriculture area farm management and factors of the collective intelligence of farmers. in coastal agriculture area. The basic method used here was namely analytical descriptive method. The sample was taken with purposive method. Analysis method was done by using chi-square and gamma tests. The results showed that the process as of collective intelligence of coastal agriculture area fanners in Panjatan Sub District were social learning and consensus process. Level of collective intelligence of farmers' on the coastal agriculture area tends to be high. Indicators of collective intelligence that have been done by all of the farmers were land clearing for agriculture, land consolidation, farm road construction, group planning arrangement, auction markets arrangement, and pantek well construction. There were two indicators which haven't been done by farmers i.e. using of plastic mulch a.nd using of power sprayer. The factors affecting collective intelligence are farmer's organization activities, farmer's experience and land size.
VALUASI EKONOMI LAHAN USAHATANI DI KAWASAN PERI URBAN YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Husodo Sapto
Published: September 2020

Even though under emulation situation of land uses in urban and peri urban area, farm sector in peri urban area still plays important role in giving various benefit such as social, enviromental and economic benefits to the society. this research aims to conduct economic valuation for farmland in peri urband area, analyze farmer readiness to leave the farm activity, analyze the attraction of non farm sector to the farmer that can influence farmer to leave or maintain their activity in farm sector in Yogyakarta peri urban area.The basic method used in this research was CVM method (Contingent Valuation Method). the research located in peri urban are of Yogyakarta and in Yogyakarta municipality region.The existence of total use value of farmland in peri urban area makes the farmers in Yogyakarta oer iurban area and Yogyakarta municipality resident are ready to pay for WTP. The WTP of farmers was related to the locatipn of the farmland.the improved situaation of farm activity will increase the amouunt of farmers who want to remain in farm activity or even they wnat to leave the farm activity under certain condition, which shows that farm activity still being attractive to the farmer. but under this hypothetical situation of improved condition, the tendency of the farmer to leave farm activity under certain condition will go up in lin ewith the increasing of land price and the experience length of the farmer in farm activity. therefore the land price and experience duration in farm activity are the important factor in determining farmer readiness to leave farm activity.whether in existing and improved situation most farmer wish to gain non farm earning as much more than 5 times as earnings of existing farm activity so that they were ready to leave farm activity. this amtter depicts that although there will be improved action in order to repair farm trouble-shooting faced by farmer, the farmer's interest to the non-farm activity did not change.
PERANAN SOCIAL CAPITAL DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI
Authors: Subejo Subejo
Published: September 2020

In the development process worldwide, researchers and scholars these days are paying more attention to the significant role of social capital. There is a growing understanding that social capital is one of the determinant factors in the economic development. The importance of social capital as a significant factor of growth has been widely and commonly acknowledged. Social capital refers to the institutions, relationship, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of society’s social intreactions. Social capital however, is not simply the sum of the institutions, which underpain a society; it is also the glue that holds them together. It includes the shared values and rules for social cinduct expressed in personal relationship, trust, and a common sense of “civic” responsibility, that makes society more than a collection of individuals.The formal study on social capital in Indonesia is still very rare. Eventhough the terminology of social capital has not been formally used, several studies on Indonesian villagers have tried to examine types and functions of human relations and cooperation. The Indonesian peasant households still attach great importance to good relations with neighbors and relatives in their community. These relations are expressed into various types of mutual and are commonly known as gotong royong tradition.It will be much more rewarding if the further studies are able to capture and cover each element of social capital dimension in rural Indonesia. Practices of local institutions in rural Indonesia such as social service groups, labor institutions for mutual help, rotational saving groups, traditional social safety net, equalized inheritance system, share tenancy forms, and service of government affairs should be included in the more advance studies.
KEUNTUNGAN MENYIMPAN PADI HASIL PANEN
Authors: Nuryanti Sri , Masyhuri Mas
Published: September 2020

Many decisions could be made by farmers after their paddy was getting mature and harvest time was coming. Some of them would sell their harvest directly to the ‘Tebasan’, and some another stored their harvest as dry paddy grain or rice and sold them one day if they thought price of paddy or rice is profitable.Farmers who sold their harvest directly have no probability of storage activity. Farmers who stored their harvest have two probabilities e.g. gain profit or loose at that time.Many farmers got loose after stored their harvest and sold as dry paddy grain or rice. Non financial incentive for farmers who stored their harvest.
Prospek Ushatani pada Lahan Pesisir di Desa Pleret Kecamatan Panjatan, Kulon Progo
Authors: Suratiyah Ken , Wirdianingsih Tuti
Published: September 2020

Farm on seaboard land is another alternative besides farm in wet fields.
On the Universal Top
Authors: Eid Salah
Published: September 2020

The circular motion is formed from two halves equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, every thing in our universe being alive or not alive moves according to circular motion, but when our human words are formed as to move the same circular motion with its two equal and opposite halves in original poetry(Eid, 2015), here we are before a very important event.
Lucha contra el narcotráfico vs. protección de derechos humanos: análisis desde el consumo de drogas en Colombia
Authors: Palacios Sanabria María Teresa , Torres Villareal María Lucía , Iregui Parra Paola Marcela
Published: September 2020

Introducción. Para los Estados y los organismos internacionales, una de las principales preocupaciones en materia de drogas es hallar un balance entre la lucha contra el narcotráfico y el respeto al Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Objetivo. Este artículo pretende analizar si existe un tratamiento internacional para la protección de los derechos de los consumidores de drogas en el Sistema Universal e Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y si los elementos abordados por estos se han implementado en la legislación y jurisprudencia colombiana, en desarrollo de los compromisos internacionales sobre derechos humanos adquiridos por Colombia. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en tres fases, siguiendo una metodología cualitativa, dogmática y prescriptiva, cuyo insumo principal fue la recolección de normas nacionales e instrumentos del marco internacional de los Derechos Humanos, relacionados con el consumo de drogas y su tratamiento, durante el periodo 2010-2019. Resultados. Los principales hallazgos evidenciaron que no existen estándares internacionales con enfoque especial para la protección y reconocimiento de los derechos de los consumidores de drogas. Así mismo, no se han observado avances representativos en las leyes nacionales e internacionales, y aunque la jurisprudencia colombiana propone algunas referencias a normas internacionales, no hay un desarrollo profundo del tema. Conclusiones. Se plantea como reto principal que el Estado colombiano aborde el tema desde una perspectiva distinta a la punitiva.
En La Salle "grandes cosas son posibles"
Authors: Muñoz Pérez José Eliecer
Published: September 2020

Apreciada comunidad de la Corporación Universitaria Lasallista y comunidad en general, para la obra de La Salle, el 2020 es un año para seguir fortaleciendo y creciendo en el servicio de formación integral, tal y como lo plantea el lema trazado a nivel mundial para 2019-2020: “grandes cosas son posibles”...
Influence of lance height and angle on the penetration depth of inclined coherent and conventional supersonic jets in electric arc furnace steelmaking
Authors: Wu X.-T. , Zhu R. , Wei G.-S. , Dong K.
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, coherent and conventional supersonic jets are widely used in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes. Generally, these jets are installed in the EAF oven wall with a tilt angle of 35?45?. However, limited studies have been conducted on the impact characteristics of these inclined supersonic jets. This study developed an optimized theoretical model to calculate the penetration depth of inclined coherent and conventional supersonic jets by combining theoretical modeling and numerical simulations. The computational fluid dynamics results are validated against water model experiments. A variable k is newly defined to reflect the velocity variation, which is related to the jet exit at the jet free distance. The results of the optimized theoretical model show that the lance height and lance angle influence the penetration depth of the inclined supersonic jet. At the same lance angle, the penetration depth decreases with the increase in the lance height. Similarly, it decreases with the decrease in lance angle at the same lance height. In addition, the penetration depth of an inclined coherent supersonic jet is larger than that of an inclined conventional supersonic jet under the same conditions. An optimized theoretical model can accurately predict the penetration depths of the inclined coherent and conventional supersonic jets.
Product Prices, Service Quality, Promotion Affect Decisions on Purchasing Motorcycle Parts
Authors: Purba Purnama Yanti , Andi Andi , Pratiwi Tania , Jensen Jhas , Irwansyah Ade
Published: September 2020

This research was motivated by the high number of customer complaints in 2019, higher prices compared to competitors, and the lack of sales targets in the last few months. This research aimed to analyze the effect of price, service quality, and promotion on motorcycle spare parts purchasing decisions. This type of research was a quantitative descriptive study. The population in this research were 1890 customers who purchased genuine Honda spare parts at PT Indako Trading Coy. Sampling using simple random sampling technique, in order to obtain a sample of 237 people. Data collection using a questionnaire method. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression tests. The results of the research and data analysis showed that partially the product price, service quality, and promotion have a significant influence on the decision to purchase motorcycle spare parts. Hypothesis testing shows that Fcount> Ftable (75.204> 2.64) with a significance of 0.000 <0.05. Based on this, it can be concluded that price, service quality and promotion have a positive and significant effect simultaneously on the decision to purchase motorcycle parts.
The Refugees outside Ukraine
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter identifies the two main directions of flight during the Khmelnytsky uprising. One was westward, across the Vistula River, to the large settled communities of Little Poland and Great Poland. The other was northward into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In both places, the sudden influx of large numbers of refugees, most of whom were destitute, posed a series of problems to those bodies that administered Jewish life. The challenges that had to be met were dealt with on the regional and local levels. The first can be seen most clearly in the responses of Lithuanian Jewry to the refugee issue, the second in those of the Kraków community.
Ransoming Captives
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the process of ransoming Jewish captives. Jewish captives had to be ransomed with money raised by the Jewish communities themselves and paid by them to the captors. Over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Jewish society succeeded in creating a broad transregional economic network whose goal was to ransom its members being held captive to be sold as slaves. Largely centered in Venice, from where much of the fundraising was organized, the Jewish ransoming network had other important hubs, particularly in Istanbul and Livorno. This network had grown and developed in the decades before 1648, but it was the flood of eastern European Jewish captives that really put it to the test and tightened the connections between its various components. The ransoming crisis also led to tensions with a second Jewish transregional economic network that was active in the Mediterranean: one tasked with raising funds to support Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. The chapter then assesses why ransoming captives was so important for the Jews of the early modern world, looking at Jewish law and Jewish culture.
On the Istanbul Slave Market
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the experience of Jewish captives in the slave market in Istanbul. Despite the best efforts of the Muslim guild merchants to exclude Jews from the slave trade, there were always plenty of opportunities for non-guild merchants, prominent among them Jews, to act as unofficial traders or to broker various deals. Jews thus remained prominent figures in the business. All this meant that when it came to ransoming the captives, there were people in the Istanbul Jewish community with a great deal of experience in buying and selling slaves. Nonetheless, it was not they who led the campaign. That role seems to have fallen to the rabbinic leadership, who took their responsibilities in the field of pidyon shevuyim very seriously. The chapter then considers the challenge of raising the money for ransoming Jewish captives.
Over the Border
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies refugee settlement in the Holy Roman Empire's eastern regions. The Swedish invasion of Poland began during the first week of July of 1655, sparking a flight of refugees across the Commonwealth's western border to the neighboring region of Silesia. Even before the Swedish army arrived, a group of Jews from Great Poland wrote to the Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburg Ferdinand III, asking permission to enter his territory. However, the Swedish army got to them before Ferdinand's response, so they were forced to cross into Silesia without permission. Once there, they wrote a second letter to the emperor in which they gave a moving description of their sufferings. The emperor gave them the permission they wanted on August 22. These two documents—the Jews' letter and the emperor's response—deepen one's understanding of the refugee experience in the mid-1650s in a number of ways. The Jews' letter suggests that even in cases where a central authority in the Commonwealth was willing to allow the Jewish refugees to return, there were still hostile local forces trying to prevent them from doing so. Meanwhile, the emperor's response indicates that the refugees' choice to make for Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia as safe havens was a function not only of those regions' geographical proximity to Poland but of the generous terms of travel and settlement that Jews were granted there.
Expanding Trade
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a look at how the expansion of foreign trade was the original impetus for the National Association of Manufacturers' (NAM) creation and would remain a critical focus of the organization's activities throughout the twentieth century. NAM's efforts in this area contributed significantly to the development of international capitalism, otherwise known as “globalization.” But it was not smooth sailing. Many NAM members relied on the protective tariff and opposed any kind of reform to it, which they regarded as a “slippery slope” to free trade. Nor was the Republican Party, with which NAM had the most influence, interested in tariff reform. NAM leadership fully supported tariffs, but it also advocated tariff reforms designed to encourage trade, and in this regard it was uncomfortably in alignment with the Democratic Party. So NAM's work in this area was significant less for its influence on government, and more for introducing and acclimating its members to the new norms and values of multinational, internationalist capitalism, thus bringing a largely conservative and parochial clientele into the modern political economy. A forgotten by-product of its efforts was the promotion of and appreciation for cultural diversity and international cooperation.
Managing Labor
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces industrial relations, which emphasizes reason over “emotion” in dealing with labor. Confronted with the failure of previous approaches, and facing a postwar strike wave and immigration restrictions, the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) leaders adopted this more moderate, professional-industrial-relations approach to labor management in the 1920s. Still committed to a union-free workplace, NAM reconceived the open shop as good industrial relations. This paved the way for the employment of “nontraditional” workers, such as women, the disabled, and, later, people of color. While unions remained focused on skilled workers, this more modern approach to management was necessarily inclusive of all employees. Indeed, one of its hallmark features was attention to the social demographics of workforces in order to understand how employees might work better together.
A Changing Workforce
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the overlap between African Americans' demands for jobs and conservatives' push for “right to work” laws. While compulsory union dues were very different from unions' exclusion of blacks, both movements targeted historically white unions and shared a language of workplace “rights.” Conservative “right to work” activists adopted the tactics of the civil rights movement and aligned themselves with blacks against exclusionary unions. Although this strategy failed to attract African Americans, it called attention to unions' historic and ongoing racism in a way that eventually divided the labor–liberal coalition. This dynamic is key to understanding the National Association of Manufacturers' complicated support for civil rights, equal opportunity, and affirmative action.
The Different Lives of Southeast Asia’s Opium Monopolies
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter surveys the opium monopolies of Southeast Asia from the 1890s to the 1940s. It lays out differences in regulatory reforms for restricting opium sales and popular consumption. The chapter also provides background on key events and developments that inform existing scholarship on colonial opium prohibition: the decline of the India–China trade, the US annexation of the Philippines, and imperial entry into Southeast Asia, as well as the emergence of medicalized drug control regimes in Britain, France, and internationally under the League of Nations. The chapter also aims to persuade those already familiar with this history to be more puzzled about the colonial institution of an opium monopoly. Looking across multiple empires, it shows how differently European powers implemented policies restricting opium that not only differ on a colony-by-colony basis in ways that challenge conventional understandings of opium monopolies as arrangements for maximizing revenue collection, but also do not map neatly onto major metropolitan and international developments.
Disastrous Abundance in French Indochina, 1920s–1940s
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks to Indochina in the 1920s, when the French colonial state was reporting comparably high shares of revenue from opium taxes to British Malaya. It identifies a very different set of concerns animating local administrators who misreported official revenue numbers while struggling to manage an opium monopoly that ran itself into bankruptcy. The chapter traces a process through which a minor accounting measure in 1925, originally designed to allow emergency liquidity for purchasing foreign opium, became an entrenched mechanism for artificially balancing the budget, which slowly accumulated into a crisis of overdrawn accounts and unpaid debts that threatened the financial viability of colonial government. These were known as the cessions fictives. While at first a minor accounting practice within the legal boundaries of colonial administration, these cessions fictives were repeated in following years and became an entrenched mechanism for balancing the colony's budget.
Colonial Legacies
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the lasting legacies of the opium monopolies. It links the infrastructures they established for restricting opium's commercial life to the region's post-World War II illicit opium economies and harshly punitive laws against drug trafficking. The chapter also utilizes a set of historical photographs to dwell on what alternative visions of state power and perspectives on vulnerability are rendered visible by better understanding the colonial history of opium prohibition. In addition, this chapter dwells on what has become invisible and taken for granted about the power of the state in the realm of opium and drug addiction. It concludes by addressing the analytical and normative implications to understanding the colonial administrative state in light of its fragilities and reinterpreting bureaucratic discretion as a creative act of problem solving.
The Disappearing Books
Authors: El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers how Arabo-Islamic scholarship operated in the centuries before the adoption of print in the early nineteenth century, when books still had to be written and copied by hand. It is tempting to divide the history of Arabo-Islamic book culture into two simple stages, manuscript and print, each stage marked by distinct, uniform characteristics. But the chapter asserts that a range of factors, including economic and institutional constraints, scholarly trends, and basic assumptions about the nature of knowledge, modulate book culture in decisive ways. To understand why printing caught on in the Arabic-speaking world precisely when it did, and why it took the forms and had the consequences that it did, the chapter takes a look at the unique features of Islamic intellectual culture before the printing revolution, in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. The first and most basic feature of this culture relates to the availability, or lack thereof, of books.
“They Do a Pretty Thorough Background Check”
Authors: Pedulla David S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter tackles issues related to the temporary help agency (THA) experience. Stratified stories also play a role here in shaping the ways that THA experiences influence how African American men are treated during the hiring process. Among the types of employment histories examined thus far, the chapter reveals that the THA employment experience was not meaningfully penalizing for any of the sociodemographic groups in the field experiment when compared to full-time, standard employment experience. In some cases, there was a dip in the callback rate for THA work, but none of these penalties reached statistical significance. The chapter considers why THA employment occupies this unique position. It points to a few key reasons that THA employment may be different from part-time work, skills underutilization, and long-term unemployment.
Grace and Beauty
Authors: Mac Carthy Ita
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers whether court ladies required the same qualities as male courtiers. Grace, it turns out, is as vital for women of the court as it is for men, but womanly grace is more closely linked to beauty and to what Italians today refer to as bella presenza than its manly counterpart. The chapter explores how two women authors, Vittoria Colonna and Tullia d'Aragona, sever the links that unite grace and beauty in male discourse. In Colonna's love poetry (ca. 1525–1535), grace resists semantic absorption into refined womanly appearances and rhetoric and turns, instead, towards spirituality that admits of no physical or corporeal manifestation. Tullia d'Aragona, by contrast, rejects the language of grace outright, identifying it as an impossible feminine standard, on the one hand, and perilously close to the language of sexual graces and favours, on the other. In her Rime (Poems) and Dialogo dell'infinità d'amore (Dialogue on the Infinity of Love) (both published in 1547), she identifies it as a word requiring sensitive handling, an instrument of control to flee from and a semantic trap set by men inclined in their treatment of women to the extremes of praise and blame.
The Last Pharmacopeia
Authors: Bian He
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the decentralization of prestige associated with the state-commissioned pharmacopeia up until the end of the sixteenth century. It argues that the decentralization of authority had already been well under way since the eleventh century, when the Northern Song court did commission multiple bencao pharmacopeias. Proceeding chronologically, three trends stand out in this examination of bencao as a field of inquiry. First, the Song state could not exert much control over these elaborate texts in transmission. A variety of authors, acting independently of the imperial court, made changes to the official edition and promoted their work through the manuscript or the newly available technology of printing. Second, major medical innovations during the Jin-Yuan period inspired physicians to explain pharmacological action in cosmic, systematic terms. Lastly, regional official publishing—a hallmark of Ming book culture—made the elaborate Song pharmacopeia widely available in print from the mid-fifteenth century. As a result, an unprecedented number of texts emerged that attempted to integrate cosmic pharmacology with the pharmacopeia, creating new discourses and textual genres.
Epilogue
Authors: Bian He
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter turns to developments in the bencao tradition after the fall of Qing China and considers the broader implications of this study on modern China. It asserts that while the making of the bencao pharmacopeia had long faded from the government-sponsored cultural stage, the power of pharmaceutical objecthood endured in less centralized expressions. The popularization of pharmaceutical culture mirrored the efforts of local communities’ efforts to reclaim moral agency in the wake of the traumatic Taiping Wars (1852–1864) and the Arrow War (1856–1860). Pharmacists joined forces with resident gentry, clergy, and a growing contingent of Confucian activists to rebuild local society and reshape national politics. The struggle for authority over the nature of drugs thus continues to shed light on the complex interplay among knowledge, power, and ethics in modern China; pharmacy remains a good vantage point from which to observe the perennial search for consensus over the political administration of human nature.
Introduction
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins with the wisdom literature of postexilic Judaism of the Second Temple, which belonged to both the canonical and noncanonical literature. It does not simply discuss Judaism as a matter of angelology, which is placed as a “buffer” between the ostensible “distance of a God becoming increasingly transcendent” and his earthly people, Israel. It is more about the return of at least two gods in the Jewish heaven. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the dialectic process of exchange and delimitation. It also covers Rabbinic Judaism and Early Jewish Mysticism, which analyzes different strands of classical rabbinic literature in a narrower sense and early Jewish mysticism in a combined context.
The Son of Man in the Vision of Daniel
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter is devoted to the continuation of the Son of Man tradition in rabbinic Judaism. It explains how the Son of Man is virtually irrelevant among the rabbis of Palestine, in contrast to the Second Temple period. The point of departure of all binitarian speculations in Judaism is the enigmatic “Son of Man” in the biblical Book of Daniel. This book consists of various parts that were written at different times. It is certain that its final editing took place during the Maccabean period, which is in the first half of the second century BCE. The chapter also discusses who exactly is the Ancient One, who is the “one like a human being,” and who are the holy ones of the Most High.
The Firstborn in the Prayer of Joseph
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the enigmatic text of the so-called Prayer of Joseph. Only fragments have survived and the most important of them is a quotation from Origen's Commentary on John. It is uncertain whether the original language was Aramaic or Greek, if it originated in Egypt or Palestine, and when it was written, although one possibility is the first century CE. The hero of the text is the patriarch Jacob, who is equated with Israel as an angel of God. The chapter also explains the conflict between the angel Jacob/Israel and Uriel, which brings to mind Enoch entering the celestial hierarchy as the highest angel Metatron, and the opposition to this from established angels in the Third Book of Enoch.
The Son of Man in the Midrash
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the rabbinic passage in which some scholars recognize the tradition of Daniel's Son of Man as the young God is in the Mekhilta, a relatively early Palestinian midrash dating from the second half of the third century. This is an exegesis of Exodus 20:2: “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt.” The chapter also highlights the subject of the midrash, which are the different manifestations of God, namely, once as a war hero and evidently young man, and once as an old man full of mercy. The young war hero reveals himself at the Sea of Reeds and the merciful old man reveals himself at Sinai. As the usual practice in the midrash, both manifestations are substantiated by bible verses.
From the Human Enoch to the Lesser God Metatron
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on Judaism that has a long tradition history of the antediluvian patriarch Enoch. It begins with an enigmatic passage in the Hebrew Bible and leads via the First and Second Books of Enoch and the rabbinic exegesis of Genesis 5:21–24 then ultimately to the Third Book of Enoch, where Enoch is transformed into the highest angel Metatron. The chapter points out Enoch's sole appearance in the Hebrew Bible that is limited to the two genealogies of the patriarchs in Genesis 4 and 5. In the second genealogy in Genesis 5, Enoch is the sixth patriarch after Adam. It explains the meaning of the odd phrasing that Enoch walked with God or took his path with God and the enigmatic sentence “he was no more because God took him.”
Teaching and Technology
Authors: DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton , DiYanni Robert , Borst Anton
Published: September 2020

This chapter talks about using technology in the classroom. The focus here is on principles and general tips and on proven tools and categories of technology rather than the latest technological development. The chapter explains that the teacher can consult the Internet or their institution's specialists for the latest in instructional technology. Here, the chapter argues that using technology in the classroom effectively begins with a question that on the surface has nothing to do with technology: What are your learning goals for your students? Once this question has been addressed, the teacher can move on to other concerns: what technology will most effectively help students reach their goals and what technology will allow the teacher to measure their progress.
The Death and Life of Classified Ads
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces a media history of craigslist by examining the development of classified and personal ads through the arrival of the digital age. Craigslist has played a key role in the struggle of legacy media like newspapers to stay afloat, disrupting what had previously been an easily overlooked but crucially reliable source of funding. Although it has been compared with a number of things and places over the years—job fair, flea market, local pub—craigslist has always thought of itself as a website for getting classified ads online. The chapter thus defines what classified ads are and why they matter in the context of newspapers, reading publics, and craigslist. Easily overlooked compared with their sexier marketing-ad counterparts, classifieds are actually crucial to the economics of local newspapers, and they also have an important history in allowing regular people to reach a wide audience while retaining their anonymity. Like craigslist, classified ads are simultaneously a tool for local businesses and important links for marginalized communities.
People Seeking People
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at what made craigslist personals distinctive from other online dating platforms, focusing on shifting norms around anonymity and a persistent social stigma. More than any other section, the personals demonstrate a Web 1.0 vision of social connection, where experimentation and risk were valued over trust infrastructure. Craigslist's politics of openness and inclusion were contested most fiercely when it came to sex and dating, demonstrated by legislation like Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) as well as the tendency to stigmatize craigslist personals and the people who use them. Like newspaper classified ads of the past, craigslist personals were often viewed suspiciously by the general public, sensationally by the media, and as a gateway to the margins by academics. By being so open and accessible, craigslist invited spectators and voyeurs, as well as critics. Stigma here emerges as a response to the gap between social expectations of sex and dating and the messy, shady, serendipitous reality of the web.
Introduction
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter argues for the continued relevance of religious freedom for Native claims. First, Native claims to religious freedom have often failed in court. Indeed, many Native peoples are understandably reluctant to speak of their traditions in the language of religion, given that their orientation to place does not conform to the conceptual shape of religion conventionally understood. Native peoples also have good reason to be reluctant because of frequent associations of the sacred with the secret. But the problem of Native American religious freedom goes far deeper. As a growing body of critical religious studies literature has shown, the reason that some religions do not fully count for religious freedom legal protection is because the particular characteristics of Protestant Christianity is naturalized and universalized at the expense of traditions characterized more by community obligations, law, and ritualized practice. A fourth criticism of engaging religious freedom is the legacy of the plain fact that religion has long been used against Native American peoples.
Religion as Cultural Resource
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores what results when Native peoples articulate religious claims in the language of culture and cultural resources under environmental and historic preservation law. It argues that cultural resource laws have become more fruitful in two respects. First, there is more emphatic insistence on government-to-government consultation between federal agencies and tribes. Second, in 1990, National Historic Preservation Act regulations were clarified by designating “Traditional Cultural Properties” as eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and in 1992, that law was amended to formally engage tribal governments in the review process. In light of these developments, protection under the categories of culture and cultural resource have proved more capacious for distinctive Native practices and beliefs about sacred lands, but it has come at the expense of the clearer edge of religious freedom protections, while still being haunted, and arguably bedraggled, by the category of religion from which these categories ostensibly have been formally disentangled.
Conclusion
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter gives a nod in the direction of successful negotiated settlements and other agreements that grab fewer headlines and leave fewer public traces because they can avoid the courts altogether and proceed in the context of the nation-to-nation relationship. For an example, it turns to the newly created and recently embattled Bears Ears National Monument, a collaboratively managed preserve of sacred lands, cultural landscapes, and traditional knowledge in southern Utah. Since the quiet goal for most Native people is to protect what is sacred to them without calling attention to themselves, the best outcomes for Native American religious freedom are so far beyond the First Amendment and its legal counterparts, they can remain entirely off line. Here, the story of Bears Ears is less the story of the Obama administration than it is the story of decades of activism and the concerted strategic efforts of a consortium of Native nations. When President Barack Obama designated 1.35 million acres of southeast Utah lands as Bears Ears National Monument, he authorized a new experiment in cooperation, even collaboration, between the United States and Native nations in safeguarding sacred lands.