bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of attractants and traps for monitoring small banded pine weevil Pissodes castaneus
Authors: Skrzecz Iwona , Wolski Robert , Sowinska Alicja , Raczko Jerzy , Janiszewski Wojciech , Kuzminski Robert
Published: February 2019

This study aimed to develop a semiochemical‐baited trapping system to monitor the populations of small banded pine weevil, Pissodes castaneus, a serious pest in Pinus sylvestris young stands that are weakened by biotic and abiotic factors. The scope of the work included the development of a dispenser for compounds (ethanol and α‐pinene) emitted by P. sylvestris and the pheromones of P. castaneus: grandisol and grandisal. Additionally, the effectiveness of beetle catches in different types of traps (unitrap, cross‐unitrap and long and short pipe traps) baited with a dispenser was assessed. The olfactometric studies showed that most of the newly hatched beetles that had not fed were attracted by a mixture of grandisol and grandisal. However, in the group of feeding beetles, half were attracted by a mixture of ethanol and α‐pinene. These results indicated that both pheromones and α‐pinene plus ethanol should be useful for capturing P. castaneus beetles. In the field trials, the highest efficiency was found in baited unitraps that caught up to several hundred P. castaneus beetles, while the baited cross‐unitraps caught up to a few dozen beetles. No insects were found in either type of baited pipe trap or in any of the unbaited control traps. The baited unitraps and cross‐unitraps also collected, with varied intensity, Hylobius abietis beetles, a serious pest of reforestations. These results indicate the possibility of using a unitrap baited with a 4‐component attractant for monitoring P. castaneus in integrated pest management for the protection of young forests.
Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in vivo
Authors: Dunkley Peter R. , Dickson Phillip W.
Published: February 2019

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. One of the major mechanisms for controlling the activity of TH is protein phosphorylation. TH is phosphorylated at serine residues 8, 19, 31 and 40. There have been a number of previous reviews focused on TH phosphorylation in vitro and in situ. This review on TH phosphorylation in vivo has three main sections focusing on: (1) the methods used to investigate TH phosphorylation in vivo, including the animals used, the sacrifice procedures, the tissue preparation, the measurement of TH protein levels and TH phosphorylation and the measurement of TH activation. (2) The regulation of TH phosphorylation and its consequences in vivo, including the kinases and phosphatases acting on TH, the stoichiometry of TH phosphorylation, the proteins that bind TH and TH subcellular location. (3) The acute and prolonged TH phosphorylation changes in specific catecholaminergic tissues, including the adrenal medulla, the nigrostriatal pathway and the mesolimbic pathway.

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Stress and obesity: The ghrelin connection
Authors: Abizaid Alfonso
Published: February 2019

Ghrelin is a hormone associated with feeding and energy balance. Not surprisingly, this hormone is secreted in response to acute stressors and it is chronically elevated after exposure to chronic stress in tandem with a number of metabolic changes aimed at attaining homeostatic balance. In the present review, we propose that ghrelin plays a key role in these stress‐induced homeostatic processes. Ghrelin targets the hypothalamus and brain stem nuclei that are part of the sympathetic nervous system to increase appetite and energy expenditure and promote the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel at the same time as sparing fat. Ghrelin also targets mesolimbic brain regions such as the ventral segmental area and the hippocampus to modulate reward processes, to protect against damage associated with chronic stress, as well as to potentially increase resilience to stress. In all, these data support the notion that ghrelin, similar to corticosterone, is a critical metabolic hormone that is essential for the stress response.
Fear‐specific enhancement of tactile perception is disrupted after amygdala lesion
Authors: Bertini Caterina , Starita Francesca , Passamonti Claudia , Santoro Francesca , Zamponi Nelia , Michelucci Roberto , Scarpazza Cristina
Published: February 2019

Tactile perception on one's own face is enhanced when viewing a fearful face being touched – as opposed to just approached – by fingers, compared to viewing other expressions, a phenomenon known as the emotional modulation of Visual Remapping of Touch (eVRT). This effect seems to be related to a preferential activation of the somatosensory system in response to threat. To test the contribution of the amygdala to this mechanism, a group of patients with unilateral lesions to the amygdala, a control group of patients with lesions in the extra‐temporal regions, and a group of healthy participants completed an eVRT paradigm. They were required to detect bilateral tactile stimulation on their own cheeks, while viewing fearful, happy, or neutral faces being touched or just approached by fingers. Healthy participants and control patients confirmed that viewing a neutral face being touched – as opposed to just approached – by fingers increases tactile detection on one's own face (i.e., the typical VRT effect) and that this effect is enhanced for fearful faces, compared to neutral and happy faces. However, in patients with amygdala lesion, although the standard VRT effect was preserved for neutral faces, this was disrupted for fearful faces. This result indicates that the preferential activation of the somatosensory cortices in response to threat relies on structural integrity of the amygdala.
Trade Network Centrality and Currency Risk Premia
Authors: RICHMOND ROBERT J.
Published: February 2019

I uncover an economic source of exposure to global risk that drives international asset prices. Countries that are more central in the global trade network have lower interest rates and currency risk premia. To explain these findings, I present a general equilibrium model in which central countries' consumption growth is more exposed to global consumption growth shocks. This causes the currencies of central countries to appreciate in bad times, resulting in lower interest rates and currency risk premia. Empirically, central countries' consumption growth covaries more with world consumption growth, further validating the proposed mechanism.
Ultrasonography Monitoring of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and Retinal Vessels in Patients with Cerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Naldi Andrea , Pivetta Emanuele , Coppo Lorenzo , Cantello Roberto , Comi Cristoforo , Stecco Alessandro , Cerrato Paolo , Lesmeister Martin , Lochner Piergiorgio
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and Doppler indices of central retinal arteries and veins for the detection of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and of the usefulness of a second assessment of these variables in the monitoring of ICH.

METHODS

A total of 46 acute ICH patients with (group 1, n = 25) and without (group 2, n = 21) clinical and radiological computed tomography signs of raised ICP and 40 healthy controls were recruited. The median binocular ONSD and Doppler indices of retinal vessels including resistive index (RI) and retinal venous pulsation (RVP) were compared among groups, both at admission and later during ICH monitoring.

RESULTS

Median binocular ONSD showed higher accuracy for the detection of increased ICP (sensitivity and specificity 100%), while Doppler indices were less accurate (sensitivity 48% and specificity 95% for RI; 80% and 62% for RVP). In ICH patients, ONSD was significantly elevated in group 1 both at admission (6.40 mm [interquartile range [IQR] = .70] vs. 4.70 [.40]) and at control time (6.00 [.55] vs. 4.55 [.40]; P < .01), as well as RI (.79 [.11] vs. .77 [.03] and .80 [.06] vs. .75 [.35]; P = .01). RVP was significantly increased in group 1 only at admission (3.20 cm/s [1.05] vs. 2.00 [1.55], P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

Median binocular ONSD evaluation showed higher accuracy for the estimation of elevated ICP compared with Doppler indices of retinal vessels. The ONSD enlargement detected in the early phase of ICH persists at control time.
Eculizumab in paediatric atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: Lessons learned from a single‐centre experience in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Kumar Gurinder , Al‐Masri Omar , Alismaili Zubaida , Tawfik Eslam , Al‐Ghabra Mohammed K , Ilyas Sadia H , Al‐Khasawneh Eihab
Published: February 2019

Aim

Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a debilitating condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in children if not adequately and promptly treated. This report shares real‐world data on the use of eculizumab in children with aHUS.

Methods

We report our experience with the use of eculizumab in 14 children with aHUS.

Results

The median age at aHUS diagnosis was 12 months (range: 2–108 months), with six (42.9%) patients presenting in infancy and six (42.9%) being males. Eculizumab therapy was associated with haematological and thrombotic microangiopathy responses in 14 (100%) and 13 (92.9%) patients after a median of 9 days (range: 7–12 days) and 9.5 days (range: 7–14 days), respectively. None of the six patients who were previously treated with plasma therapy required any further infusions. Of the six patients who previously required dialysis, only one patient continued to do so and eventually received a renal transplant. The median time to ≥25% decrease in serum creatinine level in the remaining patients was 16 days (range: 14–21 days), and estimated glomerular filtration rate increased from a median of 17–101 mL/min/1.73 m2. The safety profile was similar to that reported in the literature, and 10 patients continue to receive therapy, with 3 being on the drug for 4 or more years.

Conclusion

Our study adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting the efficacy and safety of eculizumab for the management of children with aHUS.
The instrumental texture profile analysis revisited
Authors: Peleg Micha
Published: February 2019

Although innovative at the time of their inception, all the historic and extant instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) versions have serious methodological flaws. Their measured and calculated parameters, for example, “hardness,” “brittleness,” and “cohesiveness,” bear only a remote relationship to the same properties as understood in material science and other disciplines. The TPA parameters are supposedly objective measures of the tested food's textural attributes. But because they are all specimen size‐dependent, they cannot be considered intensive material properties. Also, because the arbitrary test conditions, notably the specimen and probe's geometries and the set deformation level significantly affect the TPA parameters' magnitudes, assigning them textural term leads to logical inconsistencies, making their relationship to the food's actual properties even more difficult to establish. It is doubtful that the instrumental TPA parameters indeed describe the same properties in different foods and sometimes even within the same food, as in ripening juicy fruits and certain soft cheeses. It is proposed that the TPA parameters currently in use be replaced by a list of mechanical and other physical properties determined by testing methods recognized by material scientists, such as “yield stress,” “strain at failure,” “stiffness,” and “toughness,” perhaps supplemented by a quantitative measure of “juiciness” and/or the acoustic signature's features, especially developed for the particular food. It is also proposed that instead of correlating such intensive material properties with sensory evaluations described by a predetermined sensory vocabulary, they should be used to study the distribution or spectrum of humans' verbal responses, expressed in their own chosen terms.
The Adverse Effects of Short‐term Contracts on Young Workers: Evidence From Italy
Authors: Tealdi Cristina
Published: February 2019

Short‐term employment contracts have been deployed rapidly across European countries in the past decades. In this paper we suitably modify a known search and matching theoretical framework to quantify the effects of temporary contracts reforms on the present discounted value of the utility of junior and senior workers. We calibrate the model using data from Italy and find that while senior workers may benefit or not from the diffusion of temporary contracts depending on the productivity of the match, the utility of junior workers is always lower in the presence of temporary employment. This result is ascribable to the high rates of turnover associated with temporary contracts which offset the benefits of the increased labour market flexibility.
Correlation and causation between the microbiome, Wolbachia and host functional traits in natural populations of drosophilid flies
Authors: Fromont Caroline , Adair Karen L. , Douglas Angela E.
Published: February 2019

Resident microorganisms are known to influence the fitness and traits of animals under controlled laboratory conditions, but the relevance of these findings to wild animals is uncertain. This study investigated the host functional correlates of microbiota composition in a wild community of three sympatric species of mycophagous drosophilid flies, Drosophila falleni, Drosophila neotestacea and Drosophila putrida. Specifically, we quantified bacterial communities and host transcriptomes by parallel 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and RNA‐Seq of individual flies. Among‐fly variation in microbiota composition did not partition strongly by sex or species, and included multiple modules, that is, sets of bacterial taxa whose abundance varied in concert across different flies. The abundance of bacteria in several modules varied significantly with multiple host transcripts, especially in females, but the identity of the correlated host transcriptional functions differed with host species, including epithelial barrier function in D. falleni, muscle function in D. putrida, and insect growth and development in D. neotestacea. In D. neotestacea, which harbours the endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, Wolbachia promotes the abundance of Spiroplasma, and is positively correlated with abundance of Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales. Furthermore, most correlations between host gene expression and relative abundance of bacterial modules were co‐correlated with abundance of Wolbachia (but not Spiroplasma), indicative of an interdependence between host functional traits, microbiota composition and Wolbachia abundance in this species. These data suggest that, in these natural populations of drosophilid flies, different host species interact with microbial communities in functionally different ways that can vary with the abundance of endosymbionts.
The role of experience in demonstrative thought
Authors: Barkasi Michael
Published: February 2019

Attention plays a role in demonstrative thought: It sets the targets. Visual experience also plays a role. I argue here that it makes visual information available for use in the voluntary control of focal attention. To do so I use both introspection and neurophysiological evidence from projections between areas of attentional control and neural correlates of consciousness. Campbell and Smithies also identify roles for experience, but they further argue that only experience can play those roles. In contrast, I argue that experience is not the only way in which visual information could be accessed for the voluntary control of attention.
Mobilising vitamin D from adipose tissue: The potential impact of exercise
Authors: Hengist A. , Perkin O. , Gonzalez J. T. , Betts J. A. , Hewison M. , Manolopoulos K. N. , Jones K. S. , Koulman A. , Thompson D.
Published: February 2019

Vitamin D is lipophilic and accumulates substantially in adipose tissue. Even without supplementation, the amount of vitamin D in the adipose of a typical adult is equivalent to several months of the daily reference nutrient intake (RNI). Paradoxically, despite the large amounts of vitamin D located in adipose tissue, individuals with obesity are often vitamin D deficient according to consensus measures of vitamin D status (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations). Thus, it appears that vitamin D can become ‘trapped’ in adipose tissue, potentially due to insufficient lipolytic stimulation and/or due to tissue dysfunction/adaptation resulting from adipose expansion. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise may mobilise vitamin D from adipose (even in the absence of weight loss). If exercise helps to mobilise vitamin D from adipose tissue, then this could have important ramifications for practitioners and policymakers regarding the management of low circulating levels of vitamin D, as well as chronically low levels of physical activity, obesity and associated health conditions. This perspective led us to design a study to examine the impact of exercise on vitamin D status, vitamin D turnover and adipose tissue vitamin D content (the VitaDEx project). The VitaDEx project will determine whether increasing physical activity (via exercise) represents a potentially useful strategy to mobilise vitamin D from adipose tissue.
Fecal urgency is common in constipated patients and is associated with anxiety
Authors: Singh Prashant , Takazawa Eve , Rangan Vikram , Ballou Sarah , Katon Jesse , McMahon Courtney , Lee Ha‐Neul , Iturrino Johanna , Nee Judy , Lembo Anthony
Published: February 2019

Background

Fecal urgency is a symptom generally associated with diarrhea but is also reported by patients with constipation. Our aim was to (a) assess the prevalence and burden of fecal urgency in constipated patients (b) evaluate gastrointestinal and psychiatric predictors of moderate to severe fecal urgency in these patients.

Methods

Patients presenting consecutively to a tertiary outpatient gastroenterology clinic with constipation were included. Patients were considered to have moderate to severe fecal urgency if ≥50% of bowel movements (BMs) in the past 3 months were associated with fecal urgency. Anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance were diagnosed using a Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) t‐score of ≥60. Abdominal pain and constipation severity were also assessed using PROMIS questionnaires. Univariable and stepwise logistic regression were used to identify predictors of moderate to severe fecal urgency.

Key results

Of 139 constipated patients, 70.8% reported experiencing fecal urgency in the past 3 months and 25.8% reported being significantly bothered by it. Moderate to severe fecal urgency was reported by 27% of 139 patients. Frequency of loose stools (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 2.0) and presence of anxiety (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1, 5.0) were independent predictors of moderate to severe fecal urgency.

Conclusions and inferences

Fecal urgency is common in patients with constipation and is frequently bothersome to many patients. We identified clinical and psychiatric factors associated with moderate to severe fecal urgency in constipated patients with potential therapeutic implications if validated in future studies.
Plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum and Magnaporthe share a common G1 phase monitoring strategy for proper appressorium development
Authors: Fukada Fumi , Kodama Sayo , Nishiuchi Takumi , Kajikawa Naoki , Kubo Yasuyuki
Published: February 2019

To breach the plant cuticle, many plant pathogenic fungi differentiate specialized infection structures (appressoria). In Colletotrichum orbiculare (cucumber anthracnose fungus), this differentiation requires unique proper G1/S phase progression, regulated by two‐component GTPase activating protein CoBub2/CoBfa1 and GTPase CoTem1. Since their homologues regulate mitotic exit, cytokinesis, or septum formation from yeasts to mammals, we asked whether the BUB2 function in G1/S progression is specific to plant pathogenic fungi.

Colletotrichum higginsianum and Magnaporthe oryzae were genetically analyzed to investigate conservation of BUB2 roles in cell cycle regulation, septum formation, and virulence. Expression profile of cobub2Δ was analyzed using a custom microarray.

In bub2 mutants of both fungi, S phase initiation was earlier, and septum formation coordinated with a septation initiation network protein and contractile actin ring was impaired. Earlier G1/S transition in cobub2Δ results in especially high expression of DNA replication genes and differing regulation of virulence‐associated genes that encode proteins such as carbohydrate‐active enzymes and small secreted proteins. The virulence of chbub2Δ and mobub2Δ was significantly reduced.

Our evidence shows that BUB2 regulation of G1/S transition and septum formation supports its specific requirement for appressorium development in plant pathogenic fungi.
Environmental gradients determine the potential for ecosystem engineering effects
Authors: Grinath Joshua B. , Larios Loralee , Prugh Laura R. , Brashares Justin S. , Suding Katharine N.
Published: February 2019

Understanding processes that determine biodiversity is a fundamental challenge in ecology. At the landscape scale, physical alteration of ecosystems by organisms, called ecosystem engineering, enhances biodiversity worldwide by increasing heterogeneity in resource conditions and enhancing species coexistence across engineered and non‐engineered habitats. Engineering–diversity relationships can vary along environmental gradients due to changes in the amount of physical structuring created by ecosystem engineering, but it is unclear how this variation is influenced by the responsiveness of non‐structural abiotic properties to engineering. Here we show that environmental gradients determine the capacity for engineering to alter resource availability and species diversity, independent of the magnitude of structural change produced by engineering. We created an experimental rainfall gradient in an arid grassland where rodents restructure soils by constructing large, long‐lasting burrows. We found that greater rainfall increased water availability and productivity in both burrow and inter‐burrow habitats, causing a decline in local (alpha) plant diversity within both of these habitats. However, increased rainfall also resulted in greater differences in soil resources between burrow and inter‐burrow habitats, which increased species turnover (beta diversity) across habitats and stabilized landscape‐level (gamma) diversity. These responses occurred regardless of rodent presence and without changes in the extent of physical alteration of soils by rodents. Our results suggest that environmental gradients can influence the effects of ecosystem engineering in maintaining biodiversity via resource heterogeneity and species turnover. In an era of rapid environmental change, accounting for this interaction may be critical to conservation and management.
Allee effects under climate change
Authors: Berec Luděk
Published: February 2019

Understanding how climate change affects population dynamics is crucial for assessing future of biodiversity. Here I ask how can Allee effects, occurring when mean individual fitness is reduced in rare populations, respond to increasing temperature. Despite the role Allee effects play in ecology of invasive, threatened and harvested populations, impacts of climate change on Allee effects are practically unknown. Analysis of two population models reveals that whereas the Allee effect driven by predation generally weakens as temperature increases, the Allee effect due to need of finding mates is predicted to become stronger when warming occurs. For the former model, the metabolic theory suggests that with increasing temperature prey growth rate should increase faster than predator attack rate. Increasing temperature thus weakens the Allee effect. In the latter, gypsy moth population model, mating rate increases with warming due to enhanced female−male encounter rate and temperature‐induced modifications in female and male adult emergence distributions. However, male and female mortality rates increase, too and the net effect is strengthening of the Allee effect. These results have repercussions also for pest control, indicating that augmentation of biocontrol agents may perhaps be not as effective as using pesticides or disrupting mating.
Cryptic diversity of small‐sized species of Phalacroma (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae) from Denmark Strait (Eastern Arctic Greenland)
Authors: Daugbjerg Niels , Hansen Stefan A. , Richardson Katherine
Published: February 2019

Phalacroma currently comprises 69 species of mostly marine heterotrophic dinophysoids. With a round cell body and short sulcal and cingular lists, Phalacroma spp. have a simple morphology compared to other dinophysoid genera. Therefore, species identification is not always a trivial matter. A few Arctic species have been described and, with the exception of Ph. rotundatum, they are not only infrequently recorded but also occur in low cell abundances. Here, we studied a Lugol fixed sample from Denmark Strait. From this sample 13 cells with a Phalacroma‐like morphology were isolated under a stereo microscope, photo documented, and used for single‐cell PCR determination of nuclear‐encoded LSU rDNA sequences. The sequences fell in three groups defined by their ribotype. A single ribotype sequence representing each group was added to an alignment containing a diverse assemblage of dinophysoids and analyzed using Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood. Based on comparative light microscopy one of the ribotypes (ribotype 1) was similar but not identical to Ph. ruudi and ribotype 2 could not be matched to a known species of Phalacroma. In the phylogeny both clustered with other species of Phalacroma including the type species. The morphology of ribotype 3 was similar but not identical to Ph. braarudii. In the phylogeny ribotype 3 clustered outside the core group of Phalacroma species. Hence, ribotype 3 was designated ‘Phalacroma’ sp. 3 and has to be described as a new genus pending additional data. This study has revealed the existence of cryptic species diversity within the Phalacroma morphotype boundary. Two additional Phalacroma species (Ph. apicatum and Ph. cf. argus) also clustered outside Phalacroma sensu stricto further emphasizing the presence of cryptic species within the genus. Future studies with a polyphasic approach are needed to better address the taxonomy of Phalacroma and Phalacroma‐like dinophysoids.
Trait‐based approach confirms the importance of propagule limitation and assembly rules in old‐field restoration
Authors: Halassy Melinda , Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Csecserits Anikó , Szitár Katalin , Török Katalin
Published: February 2019

Community assembly theory is suggested as a guiding principle for ecological restoration to help understand the mechanisms that structure biological communities and identify where restoration interventions are needed. We studied three hypotheses related to propagule limitation, stress‐dominance, and limiting similarity concepts in community assembly in a restoration field experiment with a trait‐based null model approach. The experiment aimed to assist the recovery of sand grassland on former arable land in the Kiskunság, Pannonian biogeographic region, Europe. Treatments included initial seeding of five grassland species, carbon amendment, low‐intensity mowing, and combinations in 1 m by 1 m plots in three old fields from 2003 to 2008. The distribution of 10 individual plant traits was compared to the null model and the effect of time and treatments were tested with linear mixed effect models. Initial seeding had the most visible impact on species and trait composition confirming propagule limitation in grassland recovery. Reducing nutrient availability through carbon amendment strengthened trait convergence for length of flowering as expected based on the stress‐dominance hypothesis. Mowing changed trait divergence to convergence for plant height with a strengthening impact with time, supporting our hypothesis of increasing dominance of limiting similarity with time. Our results support the idea that community assembly is simultaneously influenced by propagule limitation and multiple trait‐based processes that act through different traits. The limited impact of manipulating environmental filtering and limiting similarity compared to seeding, however, supports the view that only targeting the dispersal and environmental filters in parallel would improve restoration outcome.
A larger country sets a lower optimal tariff
Authors: Naito Takumi
Published: February 2019

We develop a new optimal tariff theory that is consistent with the fact that a larger country sets a lower tariff. In our dynamic Dornbusch–Fischer–Samuelson Ricardian model, the long‐run welfare effects of a rise in a country’s tariff consist of the direct revenue, indirect revenue, and growth effects. Based on this welfare decomposition, we obtain two main results. First, the optimal tariff of a country is positive. Second, the optimal tariff of a country is likely to be decreasing in its absolute advantage parameter, implying that a larger (i.e., more technologically advanced) country sets a lower optimal tariff.
Evolution of a carbonate delta generated by gateway‐funnelling of episodic currents
Authors: Slootman Arnoud , De Boer Poppe L. , Cartigny Matthieu J. B. , Samankassou Elias , Moscariello Andrea
Published: February 2019

Cool‐water carbonate sedimentation has dominated Mediterranean shelves since the Early Pliocene. Skeletal sand and gravel herein consist of remains of heterozoan organisms, which are susceptible to reworking due to weak early cementation in non‐tropical waters. This study documents the Lower Pleistocene carbonate wedge of Favignana Island (Italy), which prograded from a 5 km wide passage between two palaeo‐islands into a perpendicular, 10 to 15 km wide strait between the palaeo‐islands at one side and Sicily at the other during the Emilian highstand (1·6 Ma to 1·1 Ma). The clinoformed carbonate wedge, which is 50 m thick and 6 km long, formed by east/south‐east progradation of a platform on the submarine sill by currents that were funnelled between the two palaeo‐islands. Platform‐slope clinoforms evolved from initial aggradation (thin and low‐angle) into a progradation phase (thick and high‐angle). Both clinoform types are characterized by a bimodal facies stacking pattern defined by sedimentary structures created by: (i) subaqueous dunes associated with dilute subcritical currents; and (ii) upper‐flow‐regime bedforms associated with sediment‐laden supercritical turbidity currents. Focusing of episodic currents on the platform by funnelling between the islands controlled the downstream formation of a sediment body, here named carbonate delta. The carbonate delta interfingers with subaqueous dune deposits formed in the perpendicular strait. This study uses a reconstruction of bedform dynamics to unravel the evolution of this gateway‐related carbonate accumulation.
The Kids Are All White: Examining Race and Representation in News Media Coverage of Opioid Overdose Deaths in Canada
Authors: Johnston Genevieve
Published: February 2019

Problematic opioid use in Canada is on the rise, and opioid overdose deaths now number in the thousands each year. While opioids have long been responsible for overdoses among certain demographics of Canadians, such as drug users on Vancouver's notoriously impoverished downtown Eastside, it is only recently that fatal overdoses have also claimed the lives of White, middle‐class young people. This critical discourse analysis of Canadian news media examines the differences in racial representation in recent coverage of opioid deaths. I pay particular attention to the ways in which White opioid users are portrayed as innocent victims while other users, such as those from Indigenous communities, are often ignored or stigmatized as “addicts.” I draw on the work of Hall (1978; 2000) and Reinarman and Levine (1989; 2004) on the role of media in representing race and constructing drug scares, to frame the media narratives. I then discuss the Canadian government's current harm‐reduction approach to the opioid crisis, as well as calls from Indigenous leaders for “culture as treatment.”
Effects of Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Improving Depression Among Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Comparative Study
Authors: Tanaka Mika , Kusaga Mari , Nyamathi Adey M , Tanaka Katsutoshi
Published: February 2019

Background

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) has been shown to improve depressive symptoms in older adults with comorbid insomnia and depression. However, it remains unclear whether brief CBT‐I is effective for improving depressive symptoms in community‐dwelling older adults with insomnia symptoms of varying severity.

Aim

This study sought to examine the effectiveness of a brief CBT‐I intervention delivered by public health nurses to improve depressive symptoms among older adults recruited from a community setting.

Methods

This randomized controlled study compared sleep status and depression at baseline and a 3‐month follow‐up using a wait‐list control design. Depression was evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale short form (GDS‐SF).

Results

The GDS‐SF scores in the CBT‐I group improved over time (p < .01), with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.34 (95% CI [0.16, 0.58]). The results demonstrated the effectiveness of a brief CBT‐I intervention for depression, although the effect size was small.

Linking Evidence to Action

A brief CBT‐I intervention consisting of sleep hygiene education, stimulus control, sleep restriction, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation is effective for improving depressive symptoms among older adults in the community.
Reseña del libro Narrativas de profesores: reflexiones en torno al desarrollo personal y profesional
Authors: Hernández-Prados María Ángeles
Published: February 2019

Reseña basada en el libro de Pedro Reis & Nuria Climent (2012). Narrativas de profesores: reflexiones en torno al desarrollo personal y profesional. Sevilla, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, UNIA. 208 páginas. ISBN: 978-84-7993-235-0
sFEA: A Secure Finite Element Analysis Technique
Authors: Chaduvula Siva C. , Atallah Mikhail J. , Panchal Jitesh H.
Published: February 2019

Designers need a way to overcome information-related risks, including information leakage and misuse by their own collaborators during collaborative product realization. Existing cryptographic techniques aimed at overcoming these information-related risks are computationally expensive and impractical even for moderate problem sizes, and legal approaches such as nondisclosure agreements are not effective. The computational practicality problem is particularly pronounced for computational techniques, such as the finite element analysis (FEA). In this paper, we propose a technique that enables designers to perform simulations, such as FEA computations, without the need for revealing their information to anyone, including their design collaborators. We present a new approach, the secure finite element analysis approach, which enables designers to perform FEA without having to reveal structural/material information to their counterparts even though the computed answer depends on all the collaborators' confidential information. We build secure finite element analysis (sFEA) using computationally efficient protocols implementing a secure codesign (SCD) framework. One of our findings is that the direct implementation of using SCD framework (termed as naïve sFEA) suffers from lack of scalability. To overcome these limitations, we propose hybrid sFEA that implements performance improvement strategies. We document and discuss the experiments we conducted to determine the computational overhead imposed by both naïve and hybrid sFEA. The results indicate that the computational burden imposed by hybrid sFEA makes it challenging for large-scale FEA—our scheme significantly increases the problem sizes that can be handled when compared to implementations using previous algorithms and protocols, but large enough problem sizes will swamp our scheme as well (in some sense this is unavoidable because of the cubic nature of the FEA time complexity).
Pseudoplasticity and Dynamic Interfacial Tension Relaxation Effects on Nucleate Pool Boiling in Aqueous Polymeric Liquids
Authors: Manglik R. M. , Athavale A. D.
Published: February 2019

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer and its ebullient dynamics in polymeric solutions at atmospheric pressure saturated conditions are experimentally investigated. Three grades of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are used, which have intrinsic viscosity in the range 5.29 ≤ [η] ≤ 10.31 [dl/g]. Their aqueous solutions in different concentrations, with zero-shear viscosity in the range 0.0021 ≤ η0 ≤ 0.0118 [N⋅s/m2], exhibit shear-thinning rheology in varying degrees, as well as gas–liquid interfacial tension relaxation and wetting. Boiling heat transfer in solutions with constant molar concentrations of each additive, which are greater than their respective critical polymer concentration C*, is seen to have anomalous characteristics. There is degradation in the heat transfer at low heat fluxes, relative to that in the solvent, where the postnucleation bubble dynamics in the partial boiling regime is dominated by viscous resistance of the polymeric solutions. At higher heat fluxes, however, there is enhancement of boiling heat transfer due to a complex interplay of pseudoplasticity and dynamic surface tension effects. The higher frequency vapor bubbling train with high interfacial shear rates in this fully developed boiling regime tends to be influenced by increasing shear-thinning and time-dependent differential interfacial tension relaxation at the dynamic gas–liquid interfaces.
Computational Modeling of Adiabatic Bubble Growth Dynamics From Submerged Capillary-Tube Orifices in Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants
Authors: Manoharan Sanjivan , Deodhar Anirudh M. , Manglik Raj M. , Jog Milind A.
Published: February 2019

The growth dynamics of isolated gas bubbles from a submerged capillary-tube orifice in a pool of an aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS) solution is computationally investigated. The governing equations for surfactant mass transport in the bulk liquid and interfacial adsorption–desorption are solved simultaneously with the Navier–Stokes equations, employing the volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique to track the deforming liquid–air interface. The VOF method tends to spread the liquid–air interface over two to three computational cells, creating an interface region with finite thickness. A new numerical treatment is developed to determine the surfactant transport and adsorption/desorption in the interface region. From the variation of the surfactant interfacial concentration, the spatio-temporal variation in interfacial tension is determined and the shape of the growing bubble is predicted. To validate the numerical model, experimental measurements of bubble shape and size are carried out using high speed videography. Because of the decrease in surface tension with surface age, bubble departure diameters in SDS–water solutions are smaller than those obtained in pure water, and they are a function of bubble frequency. At higher air-flow rates (smaller surface age), the bubble departure diameters tend toward those in pure water, whereas at low flow rates (larger surface age), they are significantly smaller than those in water and are closer in size to those in a pure liquid having surface tension equal to the equilibrium value in SDS solution. Furthermore, the nonuniform surfactant adsorption–desorption at the evolving interface results in variation in interfacial tension around the bubbles, and thus their shapes in surfactant solution are different from those in a pure liquid.
A New Perspective on Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Sonic Limit in Pool Boiling
Authors: Kandlikar Satish G.
Published: February 2019

Pool boiling is postulated as a single-phase heat transfer process with nucleating bubbles providing a liquid pumping mechanism over the heater surface. This results in three fluid streams at the heater surface—outgoing vapor and liquid streams, and an incoming liquid stream. Heat transfer during periodic replacement of the liquid in the influence region around a nucleating bubble is well described by transient conduction (TC) and microconvection (MiC) mechanisms. Beyond this region, free convection (FC) or macroconvection (MaC) contributes to heating of the liquid. A bubble growing on the heater surface derives its latent heat from the surrounding superheated liquid and from the microlayer providing a direct heat conduction path. Secondary evaporation occurs in the bubbles rising in the bulk after departure, and at the free surface. This secondary evaporation does not directly contribute to the heat transfer at the heater surface but provides a means of dissipating liquid superheat. A sonic limit-based model is then presented for estimating the theoretical upper limit for pool boiling heat transfer by considering the three fluid streams to approach their respective sonic velocities. Maximum heat transfer rates are also estimated using this model with two realistic velocities of 1 and 5 m/s for the individual streams and are found to be in general agreement with available experimental results. It is postulated that small bubbles departing at high velocity along with high liquid stream velocities are beneficial for heat transfer. Based on these concepts, future research directions for enhancing pool boiling heat transfer are presented.
Stable and Accurate Computation of Dispersion Relations for Layered Waveguides, Semi-Infinite Spaces and Infinite Spaces
Authors: Gao Q. , Zhang Y. H.
Published: February 2019

This paper studies the dispersion characteristics of guided waves in layered finite media, surface waves in layered semi-infinite spaces, and Stoneley waves in layered infinite spaces. Using the precise integration method (PIM) and the Wittrick–Williams (W-W) algorithm, three methods that are based on the dynamic stiffness matrix, symplectic transfer matrix, and mixed energy matrix are developed to compute the dispersion relations. The dispersion relations in layered media can be reduced to a standard eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in the frequency-wavenumber domain. The PIM is used to accurately solve the ODEs with two-point boundary conditions, and all of the eigenvalues are determined by using the eigenvalue counting method. The proposed methods overcome the difficulty of seeking roots from nonlinear transcendental equations. In theory, the three proposed methods are interconnected and can be transformed into each other, but a numerical example indicates that the three methods have different levels of numerical stability and that the method based on the mixed energy matrix is more stable than the other two methods. Numerical examples show that the method based on the mixed energy matrix is accurate and effective for cases of waves in layered finite media, layered semi-infinite spaces, and layered infinite spaces.
Predictions of ICHAZ Cyclic Thermomechanical Response in GTAW Process for 9Cr Steels
Authors: Mac Ardghail Padraig , Barrett Richard A. , Harrison Noel , Leen Sean B.
Published: February 2019

This work is concerned with the development of a modeling framework to predict the effects of tempered–untempered martensite heterogeneity on the thermomechanical performance of welded material. A physically based viscoplasticity model for the intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ) for 9Cr steels (e.g., P91, P92) is presented in this work, with the ICHAZ represented as a mixture of tempered and untempered martensite. The constitutive model includes dislocation-based Taylor hardening and damage for different material phases. A sequentially coupled thermal–mechanical welding simulation is conducted to predict the volume fraction compositions for the various weld-affected material zones in a cross-weld (CW) specimen. The out-of-phase cyclic thermomechanical (25 °C to 600 °C) performance of notched and plain samples is comparatively assessed for a range of different tempered–untempered martensitic material heterogeneities. It is shown that the heterogeneity in a simulated CW material is highly detrimental to thermal cyclic performance.
Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method
Authors: Tabatabaei Narges , Gantasala Sudhakar , Cervantes Michel J.
Published: February 2019

Icing limits the performance of wind turbines in cold climates. The prediction of the aerodynamic performance losses and their distribution due to ice accretion is essential. Blade element momentum (BEM) is the basis of blade structural studies. The accuracy and limitations of this method in icing condition are assessed in the present study. To this purpose, a computational study on the aerodynamic performance of the full-scale NREL 5 MW rotor is performed. Three-dimensional (3D) steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are performed for both clean and iced blade, as well as BEM calculations using two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) sectional airfoil data. The total power calculated by the BEM method is in close agreement with the 3D CFD results for the clean blade. There is a 4% deviation, while it is underestimated by 28% for the iced one. The load distribution along the clean blade span differs between both methods. Load loss due to the ice, predicted by 3D CFD, is 32% in extracted power and the main loss occurs at the regions where the ice horn height exceeds 8% of the chord length.
Hydrocarbon Recovery From Oil Sands by Cyclic Surfactant Solubilization in Single-Phase Microemulsions
Authors: Sharma Pushpesh , Kostarelos Konstantinos , Palayangoda Sujeewa S.
Published: February 2019

Extra heavy crude oil (bitumen) reserves represent a significant part of the energy resources found all over the world. In Canada, the “oil sands” deposits are typically unconsolidated, water-wet media where current methods of recovery, such as open pit mining, steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), vapor extraction, cold heavy oil production with sand, etc., are controversial due to adverse effect on environment. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) techniques have been applied as alternatives but have limited success and contradictory results. An alternative method is described in this paper, which relies on the application of single-phase microemulsion to achieve extremely high solubilization. The produced microemulsion will be less viscous than oil, eliminating the need for solvent addition. Produced microemulsion can be separated to recover surfactant for re-injection. The work in this paper discusses phase behavior experiments and a flow experiment to prove the concept that single-phase microemulsions could be used to recover extra-heavy oils. Phase behavior experiments showed that the mixture of alcohol propoxysulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium carbonate, and tri-ethylene glycol monobutyl ether results in single-phase microemulsion with extra-heavy crude. A flow experiment conducted with the same composition produced only single-phase microemulsion leading to 74% recovery of the original oil in place from a synthetic oil sand. Future experiments will be focused on optimizing the formulation and testing with actual oil sands samples.