bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health issues in children and adolescents with chronic illness
Authors: Delamater Alan M. , Guzman Adriana , Aparicio Katherine
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider mental health issues in children and adolescents with chronic illness or health conditions, including their treatment, and issues related to delivery of services.

Design/methodology/approach

A selective review of the literature was conducted to highlight significant mental health issues and their treatment in youth with various types of chronic illness.

Findings

A significant portion of youth experience mental health problems related to their chronic health conditions. While evidence-based treatments are available to address these problems, significant barriers exist that impede the delivery of psychological and behavioral interventions for many youth.

Research limitations/implications

More controlled studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness and cost offset of delivering psychological and behavioral interventions for the population of youth with various types of chronic health conditions, particularly in clinical and community settings.

Social implications

Policy reform can ensure that mental health issues are effectively addressed for children with chronic illness. Policy is needed that promotes integrated health care, whereby psychological and behavioral interventions are delivered in health care settings along with medical interventions to reduce barriers to care.

Originality/value

Significant numbers of children and adolescents have chronic health conditions and many experience mental health problems related to their conditions. While evidence-based treatments are available to address these problems, significant barriers impede the delivery of psychological and behavioral interventions for many youth. Health care policy promoting integrated health care to deliver psychological and behavioral interventions in health care settings along with medical interventions should reduce barriers to care and improve both physical and mental health outcomes for youth.
Politics and policy of mental health
Authors: Lamb Norman
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the issues for mental health in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

It is a personal view of the political issues facing the UK in recent years.

Findings

The fight for true parity of esteem for mental health is one where some progress has been made, but it is also a fight that we are still too far from winning. The battle for equality continues, but it must not detract from the need to innovate and to use scarce resources more effectively to improve people’s lives.

Originality/value

It is an attempt by the author to tackle mental health problems in children and young people at the individual, and larger population, and policy level.
Mixed methods study on the use of and attitudes towards safety checklists in interventional radiology
Authors: Munn Zachary , Giles Kristy , Aromataris Edoardo , Deakin Anita , Schultz Timothy , Mandel Catherine , Peters Micah DJ , Maddern Guy , Pearson Alan , Runciman William
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The use of safety checklists in interventional radiology is an intervention aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity. Currently there is little known about their practical use in Australian radiology departments. The primary aim of this mixed methods study was to evaluate how safety checklists (SC) are used and completed in radiology departments within Australian hospitals, and attitudes towards their use as described by Australian radiologists.

Methods

A mixed methods approach employing both quantitative and qualitative techniques was used for this study. Direct observations of checklist use during radiological procedures were performed to determine compliance. Medical records were also audited to investigate whether there was any discrepancy between practice (actual care measured by direct observation) and documentation (documented care measured by an audit of records). A focus group with Australian radiologists was conducted to determine attitudes towards the use of checklists.

Results

Among the four participating radiology departments, overall observed mean completion of the components of the checklist was 38%. The checklist items most commonly observed to be addressed by the operating theatre staff as noted during observations were correct patient (80%) and procedure (60%). Findings from the direct observations conflicted with the medical record audit, where there was a higher percentage of completion (64% completion) in comparison to the 38% observed. The focus group participants spoke of barriers to the use of checklists, including the culture of radiology departments.

Conclusion

This is the first study of safety checklist use in radiology within Australia. Overall completion was low across the sites included in this study. Compliance data collected from observations differed markedly from reported compliance in medical records. There remain significant barriers to the proper use of safety checklists in Australian radiology departments.
Development of the Sumdo Suture in the Lhasa Block, Tibet, China
Authors: CHEN Songyong , YANG Jingsui , ZHANG Cong , XU Xiangzhen , LI Zhaoli
Published: June 2017

The Qinghai–Tibet plateau is a composite continental fragment formed by collision of multiple terranes and island arcs. The Lhasa terrane, which is located in the central part of the plateau, is bounded by the Yarlung–Zangbo suture to the south and Bangong‐Nujiang suture to the north. An E–W–trending belt of (ultra)‐high pressure eclogite was discovered in the Sumdo region of the Lhasa terrane. Careful field studies combined with petrological, geochemical and isotopic analyses show that the Sumdo eclogites mark a Carboniferous–Permian suture zone, at least 100 km long, containing ophiolite fragments, eclogites and Indosinian post–orogenic granitoids. This suture divides the Lhasa block into a northern and southern segment.

Sumdo eclogite occurs about 200 km east of Lhasa city, and extends over 100km in an E–W direction. Sumdo eclogites were accompanied by garnet amphibolite and plagioclase amphibolite formed by retrograde metamorphism of the eclogites. The eclogites were derived from oceanic basalts. LA–ICPMS U–Pb dating of zircon from the Sumdo eclogites indicates a Permian metamorphic age (260–270 Ma) and a Carboniferous protolith age of 303 ±4.8 Ma

The ophiolite fragments in the Sumdo suture zone are composed of the ultramafic rocks, MORB–type basalt, OIB–type basalt and island arc basaltic andesite, some of which are intruded by post‐collisional granites. The ultramafic body, a typical tectonic block in the suture zone, is completely serpentinized. Its geochemical features suggest that it is composed of harzburgite, typical of depleted mantle peridotite. The MORB and OIB–type basalts crop out in the Chasagang Formation, and the basaltic andesite crops out in the Leilongku Formation, both of which make up the Sumdo Group.

Zircons from the OIB–type basalt with typical magmatic characteristics yield an average U–Pb age of 306 (95%) Ma, suggesting formation in a Paleo–Tethyan basin in the Carboniferous. U–Pb dating of zircon from the basaltic andesites yielded a concordant age of 265±3.1 Ma, similar to the metamorphic age (266–270 Ma) of the eclogites, suggesting formation during subduction of the oceanic crust. Indosinian granodiorite with an age of 194±4.3 Ma crops out north of the Sumdo suture. These granodiorites are similar to the late Indochina granites in the Lhasa block, and most likely formed during continent‐arc collision or during closure of the Paleo‐Tethyan Ocean.

A four–stage model for the evolution of the Sumdo Paleo–Tethyan suture is proposed: 1) From the Ordovician to the Devonian Gondwanaland was part of an epicontinental sea; 2) In the Carboniferous, continental rifting produced a local basin, which then evolved into a Paleo‐Tethyan ocean basin, dividing the Lhasa block into two segments; 3) From the Permian to the early Triassic, Paleo‐Tethyan oceanic crust was subducted northward and; 4) In the middle Triassic and early Jurassic, the two fragments collided to form the modern Lhasa block.
Petrological and Re‐Os Isotopic Constraints on the Origin and Tectonic Setting of the Cuobuzha Peridotite, Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, SW Tibet, China
Authors: FENG Guangying , YANG Jingsui , DILEK Yildirim , LIU Fei , XIONG Fahui
Published: June 2017

The Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in southern Tibet includes the remnants of Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere and marks a major suture between the Indian Plate to the south and the Lhasa Terrane of Tibet to the north (Dupuis et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2011). In the western part of the YZSZ, the Northern and the Southern sub‐belts form two sub‐parallel zones of mafic – ultramafic rock assemblages with overlapping crystallization ages (Xiong et al., 2011; Hebért et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2015). The upper mantle section of the Cuobuzha ophiolite in the northern sub‐belt of the Yarlung–Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in SW Tibet comprises mainly clinopyroxene (cpx)–rich and depleted harzburgites. Spinels in the cpx‐harzburgites show lower Cr# values (12.6–15.1) than the spinels in the harzburgites (26.1–34.5), and the cpx‐harzburgites display higher heavy rare earth element concentrations than the depleted harzburgites. The harzburgites have subchondritic Os isotopic compositions (0.11624–0.11699), whereas the cpx‐harzburgites have suprachondritic 187Os/188Os ratios (0.12831–0.13125) with higher Re concentrations (0.380–0.575 ppb). The cpx‐harzburgites plot in a Re vs. Al2O3 diagram as a result of subsequent addition of Re following the last partial melting event that occurred during mid‐ocean ridge melt evolution processes (Uysal et al., 2015).

Although these geochemical and isotopic signatures suggest that both peridotite types in the ophiolite represent mid‐ocean ridge type upper mantle units, their melt evolution trends reflect different mantle processes. The cpx‐harzburgites formed from low‐degree partial melting (∼5%) of a primitive mantle source, and they were subsequently modified by melt–rock interactions in a mid‐ocean ridge environment. The depleted harzburgites, on the other hand, were produced by re‐melting of the cpx‐harzburgites, which later interacted with MORB‐ or island arc tholeiite (IAT)‐like melts (Fig. 1) possibly in a trench‐distal backarc spreading center. Our new isotopic and geochemical data from the Cuobuzha peridotites confirm that the Neotethyan upper mantle had highly heterogeneous Os isotopic compositions as a result of multiple melt production and melt extraction events during its seafloor spreading evolution.
The Fate of Chromium in Weathered Ultramafic Rocks and Their Derivitative Soils in Cuba: Clues from Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: FOSTER Andrea L.
Published: June 2017

In its cationic, trivalent form, Chromium (Cr) it is a micronutrient, and exhibits low environmental mobility. In hexavalent form, however, it is a human carcinogen and also highly mobile. Climate is a key environmental factor controlling weathering rates and stability of primary and secondary Cr‐bearing minerals. Knowledge of Cr oxidation state and mineral residence is therefore essential to estimating the risk posed by Cr in serpentinites, chromite mine wastes, and soils developed on these parent materials. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is currently the best available technique for determination of the relative abundance of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in situ (that is, without digestion of solid phases). A brief review of relevant XAS studies of is presented below, focusing on studies in tropical climates1, as they will be most relevant to eastern Cuba's extensively serpentinized ophiolite belt.

Cr(III)‐bearing spinels are usually the dominant and most refractory Cr host in ultramafic rocks. Previous XAS studies2 indicate that in tropical climates, Cr‐spinels weather rapidly to form Cr(III)‐bearing secondary Fe(III) (hydr)oxides (goethite, hematite). Manganese (Mn) is also enriched in ultramafic rocks2; as Mn(IV), it can also co‐precipitate with Fe(III) (hydr)oxides, or form its own secondary (hydr)oxides. A previous study found up to 20% Cr(VI) in in a tropical, serpentine soil that contained substantial Mn, and a strong correlation between the amounts of Cr(VI) and Mn(IV) in the soil profile2. The results of several XAS studies suggest that a close association of Mn(IV) and Cr(III) in secondary Fe (hydr)oxides is necessary for oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) via electron transfer reactions with Mn(IV); however, additional XAS studies have shown that organic matter3 and Cr‐bearing aluminosilicates4 may also be important sources of Cr(III) to the environment under specific conditions. The stability and fate of Cr has not been studied in detail for these two host phase types, to the best of our knowledge.

Access to XAS facilities to perform Cr geochemical experiments is limited and will only become more so in the future. We are working to develop and apply (micro)Raman spectroscopy to evaluate Cr oxidation state and mineral residence (in crystalline and amorphous materials). In addition to standard Raman scattering, we are employing resonance Raman (785 nm laser) to enhance signal from Cr(VI)‐bearing phases and laser‐stimulated photoluminescence to identify Cr(III) associated with Al‐rich alteration products
Ocean‐continent Transition to Suprasubduction Zone Origin of the Western Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolites in SW Tibet, China: Multi‐stage, Transient Evolution of the Neotethyan Oceanic Lithosphere
Authors: LIU Fei , YANG Jingsui , DILEK Yildirim , LIAN Dongyang , XIE Yanxue , NIU Xiaolu , FENG Guangying , ZHAO Hui , HUANG Jian , LI Guanlong
Published: June 2017

The ophiolites that crop out discontinuously along the ∼2000 km Yarlung Zangbo Suture zone (YZSZ) between the Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa syntaxes in southern Tibet represent the remnants of Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere (Fig. 1a). We have investigated the internal structure and the geochemical makeup of mafic‐ultramafic rock assemblages that are exposed in the westernmost segment of the YZSZ where the suture zone architecture displays two distinct sub‐belts of ophiolitic and mélange units separated by a continental Zhongba terrane (Fig. 1b). These two sub‐belts include the Daba – Xiugugabu in the south (Southern sub‐belt, SSB) and the Dajiweng – Saga in the north (Northern sub‐belt, NSB). We present new structural, geochemical, geochronological data from upper mantle peridotites and mafic dike intrusions occurring in these two sub‐belts and discuss their tectonomagmatic origin.

In‐situ analysis of zircon grains obtained from mafic dikes within the Baer, Cuobuzha and Jianabeng massifs in the NSB, and within the Dongbo, Purang, Xiugugabu, Zhaga and Zhongba in the SSB have yielded crystallization ages ranging between130 and 122 Ma. Dike rocks in both sub‐belts show N‐MORB REE patterns and negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, reminiscent of those documented from SSZ ophiolites. Harzburgitic host rocks of the mafic dike intrusions mainly display geochemical compositions of abyssal peridotites (Fig. 2), with the exception of the Dajiweng harzburgites, which show the geochemical signatures of forearc peridotites (Lian et al., 2016). Extrusive rocks that are spatially associated with these peridotite massifs in both sub‐belts also have varying compositional and geochemical features. Tithonian to Valanginian (150 – 135 Ma) basaltic rocks in the Dongbo massif have OIB‐like geochemistry and 138 Ma basaltic lavas in the Purang massif have EMORB‐like geochemistry (Liu et al., 2015). Tuffaceous rocks in the Dajiweng massif are 140 Ma in age and show OIB‐like geochemistry. We interpret these age and geochemical data to reflect a rifted continental margin origin of the extrusive rock units in both sub‐belts.

These data and structural observations show that the western Yarluang Zangbo ophiolites represent fragments of an Ocean‐Continent Transition (OCT) peridotites altered by fluids in an initial supersubduction setting. We infer that mafic‐ultramafic rock assemblages exposed in the SSB and NSB initially formed in an ocean – continent transition zone (OCTZ) during the late Jurassic, and that they were subsequently emplaced in the forearc setting of an intraoceanic subduction zone within a Neotethyan seaway during 130 to 122 Ma. The NSB and SSB are hence part of a single, S‐directed nappe sheet derived from a Neotethyan seaway located north of the Zhongba terrane.
Geochemical Features of a Subduction Initiation Ophiolite Type in Habana‐Matanzas Region (Western Cuba)
Authors: LLANES CASTRO Angélica Isabel , PROENZA FERNÁNDEZ Joaquín Antonio , CRUZ GÁMEZ Esther María
Published: June 2017

We present new geochemical data for the upper mantle and crustal sections (whole‐rock major and trace element compositions) as well as mineral chemical data, from the Northern Carbibbean ophiolites in the Habana‐Matanzas region in Western Cuba. These ophiolites are part of the Northern Cuban Ophiolitic Belt (NCOB), extending for more than 1000 km along the island. The upper mantle peridotites are composed mainly of refractory harzburgite with tectonite textures, and show convex‐downward patterns depleted in MREE normalized to chondrite values (McDonough and Sun, 1995). These geochemical trends are characteristic for depleted mantle wedge peridotites metasomatized by slab‐derived, LREE enriched melts. The NCOB also includes abyssal peridotites having lower LREE/HREE ratios and displaying relatively homogeneous and flat patterns from MREE to HREE. These peridotites represent fragments accreted into the continental margin from a subducted oceanic lithosphere. Gabbro and dolerite units in the NCOB are systematically depleted in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE: Nb, Ta, Hf, Ti) and REE with respect to N‐MORB (<1 X N‐MORB). Their melt evolution was affected by subduction input. Spatially associated granitic rocks have a volcanic arc geochemical affinity. Some mafic extrusive rocks within the NCOB exhibit boninitic signatures, and may represent the products of subduction initiation magmatism, whereas other extrusive rock occurrences display N‐MORB to E‐MORB geochemical fingerprints, slightly modified by subduction derived fluids. Using these geochemical data and constraints, we present a tectonomagmatic model for the evolution of the NCOB within the framework of the Caribbean geology.
International Collaborations In Geodesy Advance Geoscience Research
Authors: MILLER M. Meghan
Published: June 2017

UNAVCO supports geoscience research at 113 US academic Member institutions, and another 104 Associate Member institutions include international universities, laboratories, observatories, academies of science, and a museum. This diverse membership shares UNAVCO's purpose at home and abroad, giving UNAVCO global reach in advancing geodesy.

Since the mid‐1980s, modern geodesy has evolved into a cutting‐edge, multi‐faceted toolbox with remarkably diverse research and real‐world applications, including studies and observation or forecasting of solid‐Earth hazards, the dynamics of the atmosphere, climate, near‐Earth space environment, and of key environmental parameters such as water storage, soil moisture, and sea‐and lake‐level changes. UNAVCO operates facilities on behalf of the U.S. National Science Foundation to support investigators who use geodetic tools across all of these Earth and atmospheric domains.

UNAVCO has built a number of large dense regional networks of GPS stations, including the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory in North America, the COCONet Caribbean network, TLALOCNet in Mexico, GNET in Greenland, and ANET in Antarctica. Going forward, UNAVCO plans to federate the Plate Boundary Observatory (USA), TLALOCNet (Mexico), and COCONet (Caribbean) GPS networks as the Network of the Americas, with upgrades to state‐of‐the‐art, multi‐sensor, multi‐GNSS observations.

While UNAVCO community scientists actively engage in using space and terrestrial geodetic techniques to study geodynamics at all scales, this proliferation of continuous networks is the basis for a suite of recent contributions that focus on improved daily positioning to sense Earth's elastic response and other perturbations to loading by atmospheric and surface water, oceans, and ice. Day‐to‐day and sub‐daily variations in the GPS vertical and horizontal correlate to increasingly well‐understood short‐term mass variability, such as monsoonal flooding in Bangladesh, sub‐daily changes in tidal loading at continent scales, day‐to‐day surface water and ice storage in the western U.S., variations in the rate of GIA in Greenland across a variety of scales, and improved understanding of the inter‐annual variation in sea level rise due to changes in terrestrial water storage.
Kalaymyo Peridotite Massif in the Indo‐Myanmar Ranges (Western Myanmar): Its Mineralogy and Petrology
Authors: NIU Xiaolu , LIU Fei , YANG Jingsui , DILEK Yildirim , XU Zhiqin , FENG Guangying , XIONG Fahui , SEIN Kyaing
Published: June 2017

Mesozoic ophiolites crop out discontinuously in the Indo‐Myanmar Ranges in NE India and Myanmar, and represent the remnants of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere (Sengupta et al., 1990; Mitchell, 1993). These ophiolites in the Indo‐Myanmar Ranges are the southern continuation of the Neotethyan ophiolites occurring along the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in southern Tibet farther northwest (Mitchell, 1993; Fareeduddin and Dilek, 2015), as indicated by their coeval crystallization ages and geochemical compositions (Yang et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2016). The Kalaymyo ophiolite is located in the central part of the eastern Indo‐Myanmar Ranges (Fig. 1).

composition of these ophiolites from the central Tibetan Plateau (CTP) is dominated by MORBs and minor OIBs and a distinct lack of IATs and BONs, which is inconsistent with most ophiolites worldwide (Robinson and Zhou, 2008; Zhang et al., 2008). But the generation and tectonic nature of these ophiolites are still controversial.

The Kalaymyo peridotites consist mainly of harzburgites, which show typical porphyroclastic or coarse‐grained equigranular textures. They are composed of olivine (Fo = 89.8–90.5), orthopyroxene (En86‐91Wo1‐4Fs8‐10; Mg# = 89.6–91.9), clinopyroxene (En46‐49Wo47‐50Fs3‐5; Mg# = 90.9–93.6) and spinel (Mg# = 67.1–78.9; Cr# = 13.5–31.5), and have relatively homogeneous whole‐rock compositions with Mg#s of 90.1–90.8 and SiO2 (41.5–43.65 wt.%), Al2O3 (1.66–2.66 wt.%) and CaO (1.45–2.67 wt.%) contents.

They display Light Rare Earth Element (LREE)‐depleted chondrite‐normalized REE patterns with (La/Yb)CN = 0.04–0.21 and (Gd/Yb)CN = 0.40–0.84, and show a slight enrichment from Pr to La with (La/Pr)CN in the range of 0.98–2.36. The Kalaymyo peridotites are characterized by Pd‐enriched chondrite‐normalized PGE patterns with superchondritic (Pd/Ir)CN ratios (1.15–2.36). Their calculated oxygen fugacities range between QFM–0.57 and QFM+0.90.

These mineralogical and geochemical features collectively suggest that the Kalaymyo peridotites represent residual upper mantle rocks after low to moderate degrees (5–15%) of partial melting at a mid‐ocean‐ridge (MOR) environment. The observed enrichment in LREE and Pd was a result of their reactions with enriched MORB‐like melts, percolating through these already depleted, residual peridotites. The Kalaymyo and other ophiolites in the Indo‐Myanmar Ranges hence represent mid‐ocean ridge (MOR)–type Tethyan oceanic lithosphere derived from a downgoing plate and accreted into a westward migrating subduction–accretion system along the eastern margin of India.
KT Boundary Chromites Determined to be Terrestrial: Cr Isotopic Evidence for Excavation and Ejection of Mafic/Ultramafic Rocks by the KT Boundary Impact
Authors: OLDS Peter , SANBORN Mathew E. , TEAGUE Tim , YIN Qingzhu
Published: June 2017

Evidence for a mantle and/or basaltic component in KT boundary distal ejecta is apparently inconsistent with ejection from Chicxulub Crater since it is located on ∼35 km thick continental crust (DePaolo et al., 1983; Montanari et al., 1983; Hildebrand and Boynton, 1988, 1990). Evidence for mafic/ultramafic target rocks was reinforced by discovery of chromites, some with shock planar deformation features (PDF), in impact layer samples from sites in southern Colorado and eastern Wyoming (Bohor et al., 1990). However, until now it was unclear whether the chromites originated with an impactor or with terrestrial target rocks. To this end, high‐precision 54Cr/52Cr isotope ratios were measured on KT boundary chromites along with known terrestrial chromites. We find a terrestrial 54Cr/52Cr ratio in KT boundary chromites from impact layer samples collected at the above sites over the last several years (Fig. 1). Ejected terrestrial chromites suggest the impact sampled terrestrial mafic and/or ultramafic target rocks not known to exist in the Chicxulub target area.
Regarding an Oceanic Crust/Upper Mantle Geochemical Signature at the KT Boundary: If not from Chicxulub Crater, then Where Did it Come from?
Authors: OLDS Peter , SLEEP Norm
Published: June 2017

Evidence for a mantle and/or basaltic component in KT boundary distal ejecta is apparently inconsistent with ejection from Chicxulub Crater since it is located on ∼35 km thick continental crust (DePaolo et al., 1983; Montanari et al., 1983; Hildebrand and Boynton, 1988, 1990). This evidence, along with ejected terrestrial chromites (Olds et al., 2016) suggest the impact sampled terrestrial mafic and/or ultramafic target rocks which are not known to exist in the Chicxulub target area.

Possible resolutions to the paradox are: 1) the existence of an unmapped/unknown suture in Yucatan Platform basement, 2) an additional small unmapped/unknown impact site on oceanic lithosphere, or 3) an additional large impact on oceanic lithosphere or continental margin transitional to oceanic lithosphere.

The third hypothesis is elaborated here since: 1) Ophiolites nearest to Chicxulub crater are found in Cuba and apparently were obducted in latest Cretaceous/earliest Danian times (García‐Casco, 2008), inconsistent with the documented Eocene collision of Cuba with the Bahamas platform; and 2) Cuba hosts the world's thickest known KT boundary deposits (Iturralde‐Vinent, 1992; Kiyokawa et al., 2002; Tada et al., 2003). These and geometric considerations suggest oceanic crust and upper mantle rock, exposed as ophiolite in the Greater Antilles island chain, marks the rim of a roughly 700 km diameter impact basin deformed and dismembered from an originally circular form by at least 50 million years of left‐lateral shear displacement along the North American‐Caribbean transform plate boundary.
The Metamorphic Evolution and Tectonic Significance of the Sumdo High and Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Terrane, Central‐South Lhasa Block, Tibet
Authors: ZHANG Cong , BADER Thomas , van ROERMUND Herman , YANG Jingsui , SHEN Tingting , QIU Tian , LI Peng
Published: June 2017

As the main tectonic component of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, the Lhasa terrane has received much attention as it records the entire history of the orogeny. The occurrence of high pressure eclogite in the Sumdo complex in central Lhasa terrane has a significant importance on the understanding of the Paleo‐Tethys subduction and plate itineration processes in this area. The petrological, geochemical and geochronological data of eclogite and associated blueschist and garnet‐bearing mica schist from Sumdo, Jilang and Bailang area have been briefly reviewed to explore the origin and metamorphic evolution of this suture. Eclogites from the Sumdo complex have experienced low temperature, high pressure to ultrahigh pressure metamorphism, revealing a fast subduction and exhumation process in a typical oceanic subduction zone. The large P‐T range between different eclogites in the literature may be affected by the big error of unappropriated using geothermobarometry and may also because of slices of subducted blocks derived from different depths juxtapose together during exhumation. By summarizing the U‐Pb, Lu‐Hf and Sm‐Nd ages of eclogites, the eclogite facies metamorphism is likely to occur in early Triassic during 245–225 Ma, but not the previously accepted late Permian at ca. 260 Ma by the reinterpretation of the former geochronological data from literature. The opening of Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between the Lhasa terrane initiate prior to ca. 280 Ma and ultimate closure to integrate the Lhasa terrane was no earlier than 225 Ma and may triggered by the initial subduction of Bangong‐Nujiang Tethys Ocean in the north.
Iron Isotopic Fractionation and Origin of Chromitites in the Paleo‐Moho Transition Zone of the Kop Ophiolite, NE Turkey
Authors: ZHAGN Pengfei , ZHOU Meifu , SU Benxun , UYSAL Ibrahim , ROBINSON Paul T. , AVCI Erdi , HE Yongsheng
Published: June 2017

The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey is a fragment of Neo‐Tethyan forearc. It can be mainly divided into a paleo‐Moho transition zone (MTZ) in the North and a harzburgitic mantle sequence in the South. Dunites are predominant in the MTZ of the Kop ophiolite, and they are locally interlayered with chromitites and enclose minor bodies of harzburgites near the petrological Moho boundary. Large Fe isotopic variations were observed for magnesiochromite (−0.14‰ to 0.06‰) and olivine (−0.12‰ to 0.14‰) from the MTZ chromitites, dunites and harzburgites. In individual dunite samples, magnesiochromite usually has lighter Fe isotopic compositions than olivine, which was probably caused by subsolidus Mg‐Fe exchange between the two mineral phases. Both magnesiochromite and olivine display an increasing trend of δ56Fe along a profile from chromitite to dunite. This trend reflects continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber, which resulted in heavier Fe isotopes concentrated in the evolved magmas. In each cumulative cycle of chromitite and dunite, dunite was formed from relatively evolved melts after massive precipitation of magnesiochromite. Mixing of more primitive and evolved melts in the magma chamber was a potential mechanism for triggering the crystallization of magnesiochromite, generating chromitite layers in the cumulate pile. Before mixing happened, the primitive melts had reacted with mantle harzburgites during their ascendance; whereas the evolved melts may lie on the olivine‐chromite cotectic near the liquidus field of pyroxene. Variable degrees of magma mixing and differentiation are expected to generate melts with different δ56Fe values, accounting for the Fe isotopic variations of the Kop MTZ.
Inducible knockdown of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A gene expression in adult female mice extends life span
Authors: Bale Laurie K. , West Sally A. , Conover Cheryl A.
Published: June 2017

Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) knockout (KO) mice, generated through homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, have a significantly increased lifespan compared to wild‐type littermates. However, it is unknown whether this longevity advantage would pertain to PAPP‐A gene deletion in adult animals. In the present study, we used tamoxifen (Tam)‐inducible Cre recombinase‐mediated excision of the floxed PAPP‐A (fPAPP‐A) gene in mice at 5 months of age. fPAPP‐A mice, which were either positive (pos) or negative (neg) for Tam‐Cre, received Tam treatment with quarterly boosters. Only female mice could be used with this experimental design. fPAPP‐A/neg and fPAPP‐A/pos mice had similar weights at the start of the experiment and showed equivalent weight gain. We found that fPAPP‐A/pos mice had a significant extension of life span (P = 0.005). The median life span was increased by 21% for fPAPP‐A/pos compared to fPAPP‐A/neg mice. Analysis of mortality in life span quartiles indicated that the proportion of deaths of fPAPP‐A/pos mice were lower than fPAPP‐A/neg mice at young adult ages (P = 0.002 for 601–800 days) and higher than fPAPP‐A/neg mice at older ages (P = 0.004 for >1000 days). Thus, survival curves and age‐specific mortality indicate that female mice with knockdown of PAPP‐A gene expression as adults have an extended healthy life span.
Assessing the impact of a temporary class drug order on ethylphenidate‐related infections among people who inject drugs in Lothian, Scotland: an interrupted time–series analysis
Authors: Yeung Alan , Weir Amanda , Austin Hannah , Morrison Kirsty , Inverarity Donald , Sherval Jim , Henderson Naomi , Joshi Shruti , Ure Roisin , McAuley Andrew
Published: June 2017

Background and Aims

In April 2015, the UK government enacted a temporary class drug order (TCDO) on ethylphenidate in response to reported harms associated with its use, in particular an outbreak of infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Lothian, Scotland. This study assesses the effect that the TCDO had on reducing the most common infections identified during the outbreak: Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.

Design

The outbreak was split into a pre‐intervention period (35 weeks) and a post‐intervention period (26 weeks) based around the date of the TCDO. Segmented negative binomial regression models were used to compare trends in weekly counts of infections between the pre‐ and post‐intervention periods.

Setting and participants

PWID in the Lothian region of Scotland.

Measurements

Cases of S. pyogenes and S. aureus infections reported within the National Health Service, Lothian.

Findings

There were 251 S. pyogenes and/or S. aureus infections recorded among 211 PWID between February 2014 and December 2015: 171 infections in the pre‐intervention period and 51 in the post‐intervention period. Significant trend changes in weekly S. pyogenes and/or S. aureus infections following the TCDO were found [relative risk (RR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82–0.94]. PWID who self‐reported using novel psychoactive substances (NPS) were at higher risk of acquiring these infections (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.12–2.93), particularly when comparing the risk of infection with NPS use for a specific strain, S. pyogenes emm76.0, against the risk of infection with NPS use for S. pyogenes (emm types other than emm76.0) (RR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.32–9.21).

Conclusions

The UK government's 2015 temporary class drug order on ethylphenidate was effective in reducing infections among people who inject drugs during an outbreak situation in Lothian, Scotland.
Progress in implementation of WHO FCTC Article 14 and its guidelines: a survey of tobacco dependence treatment provision in 142 countries
Authors: Nilan Kapka , Raw Martin , McKeever Tricia M. , Murray Rachael L. , McNeill Ann
Published: June 2017

Aims

To (1) estimate the number of Parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) providing tobacco dependence treatment in accordance with the recommendations of Article 14 and its guidelines; (2) assess association between provision and countries’ income level; and (3) assess progress over time.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Online survey from December 2014 to July 2015.

Participants

Contacts in 172 countries were surveyed, representing 169 of the 180 FCTC Parties at the time of the survey.

Measurements

A 26‐item questionnaire based on the Article 14 recommendations including tobacco treatment infrastructure and cessation support systems. Progress over time was assessed for those countries that also participated in our 2012 survey and did not change country income level classification.

Findings

We received responses from contacts in 142 countries, an 83% response rate. Overall, 54% of respondents reported that their country had an officially identified person responsible for tobacco dependence treatment, 32% an official national treatment strategy, 40% official national treatment guidelines, 25% a clearly identified budget for treatment, 17% text messaging, 23% free national quitlines and 26% specialized treatment services. Most measures were associated positively and significantly with countries’ income level (P < 0.001). Measures not associated significantly with income level included mandatory recording of tobacco use (30% of countries), offering help to health‐care workers (HCW) to stop using tobacco (44%), brief advice integrated into existing services (44%), and training HCW to give brief advice (81%). Reporting having an officially identified person responsible for tobacco cessation was the only measure with a statistically significant improvement over time (P = 0.0351).

Conclusion

Fewer than half of countries that are Parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have implemented the recommendations of Article 14 and its guidelines, and for most measures, provision was greater the higher the country's income. There was little improvement in treatment provision between 2012 and 2015 in all countries.
Association between elementary school personality and high school smoking and drinking
Authors: Peterson Sarah J. , Smith Gregory T.
Published: June 2017

Background and aims

Among US high school students, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are associated with numerous concurrent and future harms. We tested whether multiple elementary school personality dispositions to behave impulsively can predict these addictive behaviors invariably across gender and race.

Design and Setting

This longitudinal design involved testing whether individual differences on impulsigenic traits in elementary school predicted drinking and smoking 4 years later in high school in 23 public schools in Kentucky, USA.

Participants

A total of 1897 youth, mean age 10.33 at wave 1, drawn from urban, rural and suburban backgrounds.

Measurements

Drinking and smoking frequency were assessed by single‐item questions. The key predictors were impulsigenic traits measured with the UPPS‐P Child Version impulsive behavior scale. Important covariates included were pubertal status, depression, negative affect and positive affect; each was assessed by self‐report.

Findings

Three personality traits measured in 5th grade, each representing different dispositions to engage in impulsive behavior, predicted drinking and smoking in 9th grade above and beyond other risk factors and 5th grade drinking and smoking. Specifically, urgency (b = 0.10, 0.13), sensation‐seeking (b = 0.13, 0.07) and low conscientiousness (b = 0.14, 0.11) each uniquely predicted both high school drinking and smoking, respectively. There was no evidence that any trait predicted either outcome more strongly than the other traits, nor was there evidence that predictive results varied by gender or race.

Conclusions

Three personality traits (urgency, sensation‐seeking and low conscientiousness), when measured in 11‐year‐old children, predict those children's drinking and smoking behavior individually at age 15. The effects are invariant across gender and race.
Antennal morphology and micro‐sensory architecture of the New Zealand magpie moth, Nyctemera annulata (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): diversity, distribution and dimorphism
Authors: Mark Cassandra J , Parsons Stuart , Holwell Gregory I
Published: June 2017

Insects rely on chemical information obtained from their surroundings when locating biologically important resources. Detection of these chemicals is mediated by the antennae, which are endowed with various sensory structures called sensilla. Sensilla type, distribution and density vary among species, between sexes and at different life stages, and may provide important information regarding the ability of individuals to detect and process such external stimuli. The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the sensory architecture of larval and adult antennae in the New Zealand magpie moth, Nyctemera annulata (Arctiinae). Using scanning electron microscopy the sensilla were identified and classified into 8 types: trichoid, basiconic, chaetic, auricillic, squamiform, styloconic, coeloconic and Böhm's bristles, with multiple subtypes. Larval antennae were found to possess morphology and sensory structures which are essentially ubiquitous across the Lepidoptera. Sexual dimorphism was apparent in the overall antennal morphology as well as in the distribution, density and morphology of particular types of sensilla in adult N. annulata, which likely represents a divergence in sensory functions based on the different resource cues responded to by males (sex pheromones) and females (host plant odours). This is a rare example of a study which quantifies variation in the numbers and dimensions of all antennal sensilla types for males and females to allow a thorough statistical assessment of sexual dimorphism in antennal sensory architecture.
Spontaneous food allergy in Was−/− mice occurs independent of FcεRI‐mediated mast cell activation
Authors: Lexmond W. S. , Goettel J. A. , Sallis B. F. , McCann K. , Rings E. H. H. M. , Jensen‐Jarolim E. , Nurko S. , Snapper S. B. , Fiebiger E.
Published: June 2017

Background

Food allergies are a growing health problem, and the development of therapies that prevent disease onset is limited by the lack of adjuvant‐free experimental animal models. We compared allergic sensitization in patients with food allergy or Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) and defined whether spontaneous disease in Was−/− mice recapitulates the pathology of a conventional disease model and/or human food allergy.

Methods

Comparative ImmunoCAP ISAC microarray was performed in patients with food allergy or WAS. Spontaneous food allergy in Was−/− mice was compared to an adjuvant‐based model in wild‐type mice (WT‐OVA/alum). Intestinal and systemic anaphylaxis was assessed, and the role of the high‐affinity IgE Fc receptor (FcεRI) in allergic sensitization was evaluated using Was−/−Fcer1a−/− mice.

Results

Polysensitization to food was detected in both WAS and food‐allergic patients which was recapitulated in the Was−/− model. Oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA) in Was−/− mice induced low titers of OVA‐specific IgE compared to the WT‐OVA/alum model. Irrespectively, 79% of Was−/− mice developed allergic diarrhea following oral OVA challenge. Systemic anaphylaxis occurred in Was−/− mice (95%) with a mortality rate >50%. Spontaneous sensitization and intestinal allergy occurred independent of FcεRI expression on mast cells (MCs) and basophils.

Conclusions

Was−/− mice provide a model of food allergy with the advantage of mimicking polysensitization and low food‐antigen IgE titers as observed in humans with clinical food allergy. This model will facilitate studies on aberrant immune responses during spontaneous disease development. Our results imply that therapeutic targeting of the IgE/FcεRI activation cascade will not affect sensitization to food.
Influences of environmental bacteria and their metabolites on allergies, asthma, and host microbiota
Authors: Jatzlauk G. , Bartel S. , Heine H. , Schloter M. , Krauss‐Etschmann S.
Published: June 2017

The prevalence of allergic diseases and asthma has dramatically increased over the last decades, resulting in a high burden for patients and healthcare systems. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop preventative strategies for these diseases. Epidemiological studies show that reduced exposure to environmental bacteria in early life (eg, birth by cesarean section, being formula‐fed, growing up in an urban environment or with less contact to various persons) is associated with an increased risk to develop allergies and asthma later in life. Conversely, a reduced risk for asthma is consistently found in children growing up on traditional farms, thereby being exposed to a wide spectrum of microbes. However, clinical studies with bacteria to prevent allergic diseases are still rare and to some extent contradicting. A detailed mechanistic understanding of how environmental microbes influence the development of the human microbiome and the immune system is important to enable the development of novel preventative approaches that are based on the early modulation of the host microbiota and immunity. In this mini‐review, we summarize current knowledge and experimental evidence for the potential of bacteria and their metabolites to be used for the prevention of asthma and allergic diseases.
Revisiting the effectiveness of the employment‐oriented welfare state: Considering the quality of employment achievement
Authors: Ko Hyejin , Cho Hyojin
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an employment‐oriented welfare state. While previous studies have focused on employment growth, this study considers the quality of employment, especially its mediating impact between public social expenditure and fiscal soundness. Three‐step mediated regression analysis was conducted on a data sample from 19 developed countries from 1991 to 2013. The results show that while public social expenditure negatively affects fiscal soundness, if it promotes total and part‐time employment, it can positively affect fiscal soundness. However, when the incidence of involuntary part‐time employment is high, public social expenditure and its impact on employment performance no longer guarantee fiscal soundness. This study addresses the importance of promoting not only employment growth but also employment quality to secure fiscal soundness.
A pilot, open‐label, 8‐week study evaluating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of adjunctive minocycline for the treatment of bipolar I/II depression
Authors: Soczynska Joanna K , Kennedy Sidney H , Alsuwaidan Mohammad , Mansur Rodrigo B , Li Madeline , McAndrews Mary Pat , Brietzke Elisa , Woldeyohannes Hanna O , Taylor Valerie H , McIntyre Roger S
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The objectives of the study were to determine if adjunctive minocycline mitigates depressive symptom severity and improves cognitive function in individuals with bipolar I/II disorder (BD). The study also aimed to determine if changes in depressive and/or cognitive symptoms over the course of treatment were associated with changes in circulating inflammatory cytokine levels.

Methods

A total of 29 (intention‐to‐treat: n=27) adults meeting DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for a major depressive episode as part of bipolar I or II disorder (i.e. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17‐item [HAMD‐17] ≥20) were enrolled in an 8‐week, open‐label study with adjunctive minocycline (100 mg bid). The primary outcome measure was the Montgomery−Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The HAMD‐17, Clinical Global Impression‐Severity (CGI‐S), cognitive test composite scores and plasma cytokines were secondary outcome measures. Plasma cytokines were measured with the 30 V‐Plex Immunoassay from Meso Scale Discovery.

Results

Adjunctive minocycline was associated with a reduction in depressive symptom severity from baseline to week 8 on the MADRS (P<.001, d=0.835), HAMD‐17 (P<.001, d=0.949) and CGI‐S (P<.001, d=1.09). Improvement in psychomotor speed, but not verbal memory or executive function, was observed only amongst individuals exhibiting a reduction in depression severity (P=.007, d=0.826). Levels of interleukin (IL)‐12/23p40 (P=.002) were increased, while levels of IL‐12p70 (P=.001) and C‐C motif chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26) (P<.001) were reduced from baseline to week 8. A reduction in CCL26 levels was associated with a less favourable treatment response (P<.001).

Conclusions

Results from the pilot study suggest that adjunctive minocycline may exert antidepressant effects in individuals with bipolar depression, possibly by targeting inflammatory cytokines.
Immune deficiency and autoimmunity in patients with CTLA-4 (CD152) mutations
Authors: Verma N , Burns S O , Walker L S K , Sansom D M
Published: June 2017

Immune deficiency disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases of variable genetic aetiology. While the hallmark of immunodeficiency is susceptibility to infection, it is increasingly clear that autoimmunity is prevalent, suggestive of a more general immune dysregulation in some cases. With the increasing use of genetic technologies, the underlying causes of immune dysregulation are beginning to emerge. Here we provide a review of the heterozygous mutations found in the immune checkpoint protein CTLA-4, identified in cases of common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) with accompanying autoimmunity. Study of these mutations provides insights into the biology of CTLA-4 as well as suggesting approaches for rational treatment of these patients.