bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated assessment of climate change impact on surface runoff contamination by pesticides
Authors: Gagnon Patrick , Sheedy Claudia , Rousseau Alain N , Bourgeois Gaétan , Chouinard Gérald
Published: September 2015

Pesticide transport by surface runoff depends on climate, agricultural practices, topography, soil characteristics, crop type, and pest phenology. To accurately assess the impact of climate change, these factors must be accounted for in a single framework by integrating their interaction and uncertainty. This article presents the development and application of a framework to assess the impact of climate change on pesticide transport by surface runoff in southern Québec (Canada) for the 1981–2040 period. The crop enemies investigated were: weeds for corn (Zea mays); and for apple orchard (Malus pumila), 3 insect pests (codling moth [Cydia pomonella], plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar], and apple maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella]), 2 diseases (apple scab [Venturia inaequalis], and fire blight [Erwinia amylovora]). A total of 23 climate simulations, 19 sites, and 11 active ingredients were considered. The relationship between climate and phenology was accounted for by bioclimatic models of the Computer Centre for Agricultural Pest Forecasting (CIPRA) software. Exported loads of pesticides were evaluated at the edge-of-field scale using the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), simulating both hydrology and chemical transport. A stochastic model was developed to account for PRZM parameter uncertainty. Results of this study indicate that for the 2011–2040 period, application dates would be advanced from 3 to 7 days on average with respect to the 1981–2010 period. However, the impact of climate change on maximum daily rainfall during the application window is not statistically significant, mainly due to the high variability of extreme rainfall events. Hence, for the studied sites and crop enemies considered, climate change impact on pesticide transported in surface runoff is not statistically significant throughout the 2011-2040 period. Integr Environ Assess Managem 2016;12:559–571. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2015; Published 2015 SETAC

Key Points

Integration of climate model data, bioclimatic model data, agricultural management scenarios, a pesticide transport model, and a stochastic model in a single framework to assess the climate change impact on exported pesticide loads in surface runoff. Assessment of climate change impacts on both pesticide applications and losses by surface runoff. Assessment of climate change impacts of major crop enemies in Québec (Canada) in a relatively near horizon (1981–2040). For the studied sites and crop enemies considered, climate change impact on pesticide transported in surface runoff is not statistically significant, mainly due to the high variability of intense rainfall events.
Control of Biogenic Nanocrystal Formation in Biomineralization
Authors: Addadi Lia , Gal Assaf , Faivre Damien , Scheffel André , Weiner Steve
Published: September 2015

Many organisms build crystals with almost complete control over all aspects of crystal formation, from nucleation to growth, from composition to polymorphic structure, and from morphology to size. In biomineralization, the control is fundamentally always exerted at the level of nanometers, because the building blocks themselves are at the nanoscale. We have chosen to describe in some detail four biological systems that produce nanoscale crystals using different mineralization pathways, different levels of control, and have different functions. These four cases are: bone crystal composites; guanine nanocrystal reflectors; magnetotactic bacteria with single domain magnets; and coccoliths, whose functions have yet to be identified. This is followed by a discussion aimed at identifying possible specific and/or common underlying principles involved in nanocrystal formation in biology.
Paul Rothemund and S. Ferguson MacDonald, and their Namesake Reactions – The Influence of the Fischer School on my Life in Porphyrin Chemistry
Authors: Chang Chi K.
Published: September 2015

The Rothemund reaction and the MacDonald 2+2 condensation are two named reactions widely recognized in porphyrin syntheses. Yet not much has been written about the persons whose work paved the way to various porphyrins and porphyrinoids now realized. Paul Rothemund and S. Ferguson MacDonald both obtained their doctorate under Hans Fischer at Munich. Here I attempt to piece together the life stories of the two chemists, tracing back to the connections with the Fischer School, and giving the historical context to their namesake reactions. The pioneering discoveries of Fischer and his students, with later modifications, have become standard methods in the modern era for the synthesis of sizable quantities of porphyrins and porphyrinoids employed for enzyme models, catalysts, drugs, sensors, and building blocks of materials and biomedical research. This essay highlights the pioneers’ achievements, renders history relevant, and recounts the influence they had on my research.
The effects of video self‐evaluation on skill acquisition with yoga postures
Authors: Downs Holly E. , Miltenberger Raymond , Biedronski Jessica , Witherspoon Lisa
Published: September 2015

This study evaluated the use of video self‐evaluation and video feedback to increase the accuracy of yoga poses. The interventions were assessed in a multiple baseline design across behaviors with 2 adults. Results showed that video self‐evaluation increased the accuracy of all poses, and video feedback further increased the accuracy of 1 pose for 1 participant.
Peri‐implant bone response to retrieved human zirconia oral implants after a 4‐year loading period: A histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of 22 cases
Authors: Kohal Ralf‐Joachim , Schwindling Franz Sebastian , Bächle Maria , Spies Benedikt Christopher
Published: September 2015

Aim

To evaluate the bone tissue response to surface modified zirconia oral implants retrieved from humans.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐nine one‐piece zirconia implants showed increased marginal bone loss and did not response to the applied peri‐implantitis therapy. After their removal using a trephine bur, 22 of the implant‐bone biopsies were suitable for an evaluation and immediately immersed in formalin for two weeks. Subsequent, the retrieved specimens were histologically prepared and the regions still showing osseointegration computer‐assisted analyzed regarding the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone density using a transmitted‐light microscope.

Results

The removed implants were in situ for a mean time period of 47.7 months. After their removal, compact bone could be depicted at the apical regions. The remaining bone that was attached to the implants contained a regular lamellar structure with osteons and osteocytes. The BIC ranged from 58.1% to 93.7% (mean: 76.5%) and the bone area/density within the implant threads ranged from 57% to 97.2% (mean: 84.8%).

Conclusions

The porous zirconia implants showed a sufficient BIC in the areas where bone still was attached. Although the implants had to be removed due to increased bone loss, it seems that the presented zirconia implant surface per se elicited appropriate osseointegration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1622–1631, 2016.
Effect of Two-Year Caloric Restriction on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Non-Obese Younger Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Villareal Dennis T , Fontana Luigi , Das Sai Krupa , Redman Leanne , Smith Steven R , Saltzman Edward , Bales Connie , Rochon James , Pieper Carl , Huang Megan , Lewis Michael , Schwartz Ann V ,   for the CALERIE Study Group
Published: September 2015

Although caloric restriction (CR) could delay biologic aging in humans, it is unclear if this would occur at the cost of significant bone loss. We evaluated the effect of prolonged CR on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy younger adults. Two-hundred eighteen non-obese (body mass index [BMI] 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2), younger (age 37.9 ± 7.2 years) adults were randomly assigned to 25% CR (CR group, n = 143) or ad libitum (AL group, n = 75) for 2 years. Main outcomes were BMD and markers of bone turnover. Other outcomes included body composition, bone-active hormones, nutrient intake, and physical activity. Body weight (–7.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.1 ± 0.5 kg), fat mass (–5.3 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.4 kg), and fat-free mass (–2.2 ± 0.2 versus –0.2 ± 0.2 kg) decreased in the CR group compared with AL (all between group p < 0.001). Compared with AL, the CR group had greater changes in BMD at 24 months: lumbar spine (–0.013 ± 0.003 versus 0.007 ± 0.004 g/cm2; p < 0.001), total hip (–0.017 ± 0.002 versus 0.001 ± 0.003 g/cm2; p < 0.001), and femoral neck (–0.015 ± 0.003 versus –0.005 ± 0.004 g/cm2; p = 0.03). Changes in bone markers were greater at 12 months for C-telopeptide (0.098 ± 0.012 versus 0.025 ± 0.015 μg/L; p < 0.001), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (0.4 ± 0.1 versus 0.2 ± 0.1 U/L; p = 0.004), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) (–1.4 ± 0.4 versus –0.3 ± 0.5 U/L; p = 0.047) but not procollagen type 1 N-propeptide; at 24 months, only BSAP differed between groups (–1.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.9 ± 0.6 U/L; p = 0.001). The CR group had larger increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D, cortisol, and adiponectin and decreases in leptin and insulin compared with AL. However, parathyroid hormone and IGF-1 levels did not differ between groups. The CR group also had lower levels of physical activity. Multiple regression analyses revealed that body composition, hormones, nutrients, and physical activity changes explained ∼31% of the variance in BMD and bone marker changes in the CR group. Therefore, bone loss at clinically important sites of osteoporotic fractures represents a potential limitation of prolonged CR for extending life span. Further long-term studies are needed to determine if CR-induced bone loss in healthy adults contributes to fracture risk and if bone loss can be prevented with exercise. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adynamic Bone Decreases Bone Toughness During Aging by Affecting Mineral and Matrix
Authors: Ng Adeline H , Omelon Sidney , Variola Fabio , Allo Bedilu , Willett Thomas L , Alman Benjamin A , Grynpas Marc D
Published: September 2015

Adynamic bone is the most frequent type of bone lesion in patients with chronic kidney disease; long-term use of antiresorptive therapy may also lead to the adynamic bone condition. The hallmark of adynamic bone is a loss of bone turnover, and a major clinical concern of adynamic bone is diminished bone quality and an increase in fracture risk. Our current study aims to investigate how bone quality changes with age in our previously established mouse model of adynamic bone. Young and old mice (4 months old and 16 months old, respectively) were used in this study. Col2.3Δtk (DTK) mice were treated with ganciclovir and pamidronate to create the adynamic bone condition. Bone quality was evaluated using established techniques including bone histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and biomechanical testing. Changes in mineral and matrix properties were examined by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Aging controls had a natural decline in bone formation and resorption with a corresponding deterioration in trabecular bone structure. Bone turnover was severely blunted at all ages in adynamic animals, which preserved trabecular bone loss normally associated with aging. However, the preservation of trabecular bone mass and structure in old adynamic mice did not rescue deterioration of bone mechanical properties. There was also a decrease in cortical bone toughness in old adynamic mice that was accompanied by a more mature collagen matrix and longer bone crystals. Little is known about the effects of metabolic bone disease on bone fracture resistance. We observed an age-related decrease in bone toughness that was worsened by the adynamic condition, and this decrease may be due to material level changes at the tissue level. Our mouse model may be useful in the investigation of the mechanisms involved in fractures occurring in elderly patients on antiresorptive therapy who have very low bone turnover. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Using Single‐Case Research Designs to Demonstrate Evidence for Counseling Practices
Authors: Lenz A. Stephen
Published: September 2015

Single‐case research designs (SCRDs) offer a promising alternative to counselors who are increasingly being required to provide measurable outcomes for the services they provide. Limitations for applying traditional between‐groups methodologies within counseling appraisals are given, and the strengths of SCRDs are presented as a rationale for increased use across counseling settings.
Integrating Narrative Therapy Within Rehabilitative Programming for Incarcerated Adolescents
Authors: Ikonomopoulos James , Smith Robert L. , Schmidt Claudia
Published: September 2015

The authors implemented a small‐series (N = 8), single‐case research design to assess the effectiveness of a 10‐session narrative therapy intervention with adolescents enrolled in a juvenile boot camp facility. Analysis of participants’ scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory using the percentage of data points exceeding the median procedure (Ma, ) yielded treatment effects indicating that a narrative therapy intervention may be effective for reducing mental health symptoms. It is recommended that this body of research continue for other educational, work, and health settings.
Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides: New Players in the Control of Islet of Langerhans' Cell Mass and Function
Authors: Di Cairano Eliana S. , Moretti Stefania , Marciani Paola , Sacchi Vellea Franca , Castagna Michela , Davalli Alberto , Folli Franco , Perego Carla
Published: September 2015

Islets of Langerhans control whole body glucose homeostasis, as they respond, releasing hormones, to changes in nutrient concentrations in the blood stream. The regulation of hormone secretion has been the focus of attention for a long time because it is related to many metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Endocrine cells of the islet use a sophisticate system of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals to synchronize their activities. These signals provide a fast and accurate control not only for hormone release but also for cell differentiation and survival, key aspects in islet physiology and pathology. Among the different categories of paracrine/autocrine signals, this review highlights the role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In a manner similar to neurons, endocrine cells synthesize, accumulate, release neurotransmitters in the islet milieu, and possess receptors able to decode these signals. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of neurotransmitter/neuropetide signaling pathways present within the islet. Then, we focus on evidence supporting the concept that neurotransmitters/neuropeptides and their receptors are interesting new targets to preserve β‐cell function and mass. A greater understanding of how this network of signals works in physiological and pathological conditions would advance our knowledge of islet biology and physiology and uncover potentially new areas of pharmacological intervention. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 756–767, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Differentiating to Adipocytes Accumulate Autophagic Vesicles Instead of Functional Lipid Droplets
Authors: Gruia Alexandra T. , Suciu Maria , Barbu‐Tudoran Lucian , Azghadi Seyed Mohammad Reza , Cristea Mirabela I. , Nica Dragos V. , Vaduva Adrian , Muntean Danina , Mic Ani Aurora , Mic Felix A.
Published: September 2015

Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) can easily be differentiated into a variety of cells. In vivo transplantation of BMSCs‐differentiated cells has had limited success, suggesting that these cells may not be fully compatible with the cells they are intended to replace in vivo. We investigated the structural and functional features of BMSCs‐derived adipocytes as compared with adipocytes from adipose tissue, and the structure and functionality of lipid vesicles formed during BMSCs differentiation to adipocytes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed fatty acid composition of BMSCs‐derived adipocytes and adipocytes from the adipose tissue to be very different, as is the lipid rafts composition, caveolin‐1 expression, caveolae distribution in their membranes, and the pattern of expression of fatty acid elongases. Confocal microscopy confirmed the absence from BMSCs‐derived adipocytes of markers of lipid droplets. BMSCs‐derived adipocytes cannot convert deuterated glucose into deuterated species of fatty acids and cannot uptake the deuterated fatty acid–bovine serum albumin complexes from the culture medium, suggesting that intra‐cellular accumulation of lipids does not occur by lipogenesis. We noted that BMSCs differentiation to adipocytes is accompanied by an increase in autophagy. Autophagic vesicles accumulate in the cytoplasm of BMSCs‐derived adipocytes and their size and distribution resembles that of Nile Red‐stained lipid vesicles. Stimulation of autophagy in BMSCs triggers the intra‐cellular accumulation of lipids, while inhibition of autophagy prevents this accumulation. In conclusion, differentiation of BMSCs‐derived adipocytes leads to intra‐cellular accumulation of autophagic vesicles rather than functional lipid droplets, suggesting that these cells are not authentic adipocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 863–875, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteosarcoma Stem Cells Have Active Wnt/β‐catenin and Overexpress SOX2 and KLF4
Authors: Martins‐Neves Sara R. , Corver Willem E. , Paiva‐Oliveira Daniela I. , van den Akker Brendy E. W. M. , Briaire‐de‐Bruijn Inge H. , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Gomes Célia M. F. , Cleton‐Jansen Anne‐Marie
Published: September 2015

Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor, displaying significant cellular and histological heterogeneity and a complex genetic phenotype. Although multiple studies strongly suggest the presence of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma, a consensus on their characterization is still missing. We used a combination of functional assays (sphere‐forming, Aldefluor, and side‐population) for identification of cancer stem cell populations in osteosarcoma cell lines. Expression of stemness‐related transcription factors, quiescent nature, in vivo tumorigenicity, and Wnt/β‐catenin activation were evaluated. We show that different cancer stem cell populations may co‐exist in osteosarcoma cell lines exhibiting distinct functional properties. Osteosarcoma spheres are slowly‐proliferating populations, overexpress SOX2, and KLF4 stemness‐related genes and have enhanced tumorigenic potential. Additionally, spheres show specific activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling as evidenced by increased nuclear β‐catenin, TCF/LEF activity, and AXIN2 expression, in a subset of the cell lines. Aldefluor‐positive populations were detected in all osteosarcoma cell lines and overexpress SOX2, but not KLF4. The side‐population phenotype is correlated with ABCG2 drug‐efflux transporter expression. Distinct functional methods seem to identify cancer stem cells with dissimilar characteristics. Intrinsic heterogeneity may exist within osteosarcoma cancer stem cells and can have implications on the design of targeted therapies aiming to eradicate these cells within tumors. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 876–886, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in subjects with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Tirucherai Giridhar , Marbury Thomas C. , Wang Jessie , Chang Ming , Zhang Donglu , Song Yan , Pursley Janice , Boyd Rebecca A. , Frost Charles
Published: September 2015

An open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5‐mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4‐hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti‐factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti‐FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5‐mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax, and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance.
Pain experience during saline‐contrast sonohysterography differs between premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Authors: Opolskiene Gina , Radzvilaite Simona , Bartkeviciene Daiva , Ramasauskaite Diana , Zakareviciene Jolita , Drasutiene Grazina
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate whether the pain experienced during and after Saline‐contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) differs between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Methods

Sonohysterography was performed on 133 consecutive women because of suspected endometrial pathology. Of these, 34 women were excluded for the following reasons: they had cervical stenosis; they did not complete or return a questionnaire; or tenaculum or cervical dilatators were used during the procedure. All women were asked to fill out a questionnaire to characterize their pain and mark their pain experience on a 100‐mm pain visual analog scale.

Results

Data from the 99 patients included were used for statistical analysis. It showed that sonohysterography was well tolerated overall: 41% of the women did not feel any pain. Postmenopausal women experienced pain during SCSH more often than premenopausal women did: 71% (17/24) compared with 32% (24/75) experienced pain; p < 0.002; the median tolerance on the 100‐mm visual analog scale was 43. The character of the pain differed between the two groups of women: postmenopausal women more often felt sharp pain (42%; 10/24), whereas premenopausal women more often felt gnawing and/or crampy pain (21%; 16/75) (p < 0.13).

Conclusions

Postmenopausal women were twice as likely to experience pain during SCSH as premenopausal women were. Therefore, postmenopausal women might benefit from analgesia induced prior to the procedure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:267–271, 2016
Effects of select and reject control on equivalence class formation and transfer of function
Authors: Perez William F. , Tomanari Gerson Y. , Vaidya Manish
Published: September 2015

The present study used a single‐subject design to evaluate the effects of select or reject control on equivalence class formation and transfer of function. Adults were exposed to a matching‐to‐sample task with observing requirements (MTS‐OR) in order to bias the establishment of sample/S+ (select) or sample/S‐ (reject) relations. In Experiment 1, four sets of baseline conditional relations were taught—two under reject control (A1B2C1, A2B1C2) and two under select control (D1E1F1, D2E2F2). Participants were tested for transitivity, symmetry, equivalence and reflexivity. They also learned a simple discrimination involving one of the stimuli from the equivalence classes and were tested for the transfer of the discriminative function. In general, participants performed with high accuracy on all equivalence‐related probes as well as the transfer of function probes under select control. Under reject control, participants had high scores only on the symmetry test; transfer of function was attributed to stimuli programmed as S‐. In Experiment 2, the equivalence class under reject control was expanded to four members (A1B2C1D2; A2B1C2D1). Participants had high scores only on symmetry and on transitivity and equivalence tests involving two nodes. Transfer of function was extended to the programmed S‐ added to each class. Results from both experiments suggest that select and reject controls might differently affect the formation of equivalence classes and the transfer of stimulus functions.
On Small Separations in Cayley and Vertex Transitive Graphs
Authors: Giannoudovardi Martha
Published: September 2015

DeVos and Mohar proved a rough structure theorem about small separations in vertex‐transitive graphs [5, 6]. By using a new version of Varopolous isoperimetric inequality, we give an improvement of their lower bound on the expansion in the case of infinite vertex‐transitive graphs. Specifically, let be a locally finite connected graph such that there is a group G acting discretely and transitively on X. If is nonempty and finite such that is connected and , then X has a ring‐like structure. Moreover, we give a similar asymptotic result under the assumption that X is an infinite vertex transitive graph. In the setting of finite groups, we use local expansion to show the existence of a nontrivial cyclic subgroup with an effectively bounded index. Finally, we prove that for any there is a graph T and a subgraph A of T, such that .
Impact of end‐diastolic and end‐systolic phase selection in the volumetric evaluation of cardiac MRI
Authors: Contijoch Francisco , Witschey Walter R.T. , Rogers Kelly , Gorman Joseph , Gorman Robert C. , Ferrari Victor , Han Yuchi
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of end‐diastolic (ED) and end‐systolic (ES) cardiac phase selection methods, since task force recommendations have neither provided quantitative evidence nor explored errors introduced by clinical shortcuts.

Materials and Methods

Multislice, short‐axis cine images were collected in 60 clinical patients on a 1.5T scanner. User‐initialized active contour segmentation software quantified global left ventricular (LV) volume across all cardiac phases. Different approaches for selection of ED and ES phase were evaluated by quantification of temporal and volumetric errors.

Results

For diastole, the mid‐ventricular maximum slice volume coincided with maximum global volume in 82.1% of patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≥55% (P = 0.66) and 71.9% of patients with EF <55% (P = 0.28) and is an accurate approximation of maximum global volume while the first and last phases in a retrospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated acquisition introduced differences in cardiac phase selection (P < 0.001) which led to large errors in measured volume in some patients (12.7 and 10.1 mL, respectively). For systole, post‐systolic shortening occurred in a significantly higher number of patients with EF <55% (18.9%) compared to 3.6% of patients with EF ≥55% (P = 0.001), which differentially impacted end‐systolic volume estimation.

Conclusion

For end‐diastolic phase selection, our results indicated that the use of the mid‐ventricular slice volume maximum provided accurate volume estimates, while selection of the first or last cardiac phase introduced differences in measured volume. For end‐systolic phase, patients with EF <55% had a higher prevalence of post‐systolic shortening, which suggests aortic valve closure should be used to estimate end‐systolic volume. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:585–593.
Sodium selenite suppresses hepatitis B virus transcription and replication in human hepatoma cell lines
Authors: Cheng Zhikui , Zhi Xiaoguang , Sun Ge , Guo Wei , Huang Yayun , Sun Weihua , Tian Xiaohui , Zhao Fei , Hu Kanghong
Published: September 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most serious and prevalent health problems worldwide. Current anti‐HBV medications have a number of drawbacks, such as adverse effects and drug resistance; thus, novel potential anti‐HBV reagents are needed. Selenium (Se) has been shown to be involved in both human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections, but its role in HBV infection remains unclear. To address this, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) was applied to three HBV cell models: HepG2.2.15 cells, and HuH‐7 cells transfected with either 1.1 or 1.3× HBV plasmids. Cytotoxicity of Na2SeO3 was examined by Cell Counting Kit‐8. Levels of viral antigen expression, transcripts, and encapsidated viral DNA were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, northern blot, and Southern blot, respectively. There was no obvious cytotoxicity in either HepG2.2.15 or HuH‐7 cells with <2.5 µM Na2SeO3. Below this concentration, Na2SeO3 suppressed HBsAg and HBeAg production, HBV transcript level, and amount of genomic DNA in all three tested models, and suppression level was enhanced in line with increases in Na2SeO3 concentration or treatment time. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Na2SeO3 on HBV replication can be further enhanced by combined treatment with lamivudine, entecavir, or adefovir. Thus, the present study clearly proves that Na2SeO3 suppresses HBV protein expression, transcription, and genome replication in hepatoma cell models in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. J. Med. Virol. 88:653–663, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The possible impact of sortilin in reducing HBsAg expression in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Besharat Sima , Katoonizadeh Aezam , Moossavi Shirin , Darvishi Zahra , Roshandel Gholamreza , Poustchi Hossein , Mohamadkhani Ashraf
Published: September 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. Chronically infected people are at risk for progressive hepatic fibrosis and consequent cirrhosis. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level in serum is a complementary marker for intrahepatic HBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Sortilin‐1 (SORT1) has been reported to be involved in the post‐Golgi vesicle trafficking of Apo lipoproteins degradation pathways. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatic and serum expression of HBsAg and its association with hepatic SORT1 gene expression in patients with chronic HBV. Thirty chronic hepatitis B patients with histological examination results were enrolled in this study. Liver biopsies were analyzed for hepatic HBsAg and SORT1 gene expression by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time PCR (qRT‐PCR), respectively. Twenty seven out of 30 (90%) liver biopsies had positive staining for HBsAg and showed a significant inverse association with hepatic SORT1 fold change gene expression (β = −0.5, P = 0.042). There was significant association between HBV DNA levels and HBsAg expression in hepatocyte or serum titer of HBsAg (r = 0.39, P = 0.029; r = 0.39, P = 0.032 respectively). Serum ALT was also correlated with hepatic activity index (HAI) score (β = 0.6, P = 0.001). Inverse association between hepatic SORT1 gene expression and hepatic HBsAg expression indicates the possible role of sortilin in HBsAg particle formation. J. Med. Virol. 88:647–652, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A molecular epidemiological study of the hepatitis B virus in Thailand after 22 years of universal immunization
Authors: Yimnoi Parichat , Posuwan Nawarat , Wanlapakorn Nasamon , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Vongpunsawad Sompong , Poovorawan Yong
Published: September 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects an estimated two billion people worldwide. Since 1992, Thailand implemented universal HBV vaccination as part of the expanded program on immunization (EPI) for newborns. This study aims to compare genotypes and characterize HBV by assessing pre‐S/S and basic core promoter (BCP)/precore (PC) mutations in populations born before and after EPI implementation. A nationwide serosurvey conducted in 2014 assessed the impact of universal HBV vaccination in Thailand. Two cohort groups were established based on whether they were born before or after 1992. HBV DNA was amplified from HBsAg positive samples by PCR and sequenced. HBV genotypes, pre‐S/S regions, and BCP/PC mutations were characterized. From a total of 5,964 subjects, there were 2,805 (47.0%) and 3,159 (53.0%) individuals who were born before and after EPI implementation, respectively. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 2.2%. The prevalence of HBsAg was significantly higher in the before EPI group (4.3%) than in the after EPI group (0.3%) (P < 0.001). HBV DNA was detected in 119 samples; 111 HBV‐positive samples (93%) were genotype C (subgenotype C1). The “a” determinant mutation was only detected in the “before EPI” group. Twenty‐two years after implementation of the EPI program, the HBV carrier rate is significantly reduced. The most prevalent genotype for the remaining HBV was C1. The “vaccine escape” mutant, especially the “a” determinant, was not detected after the launch of the EPI program, and the current HBV vaccine remains highly effective. J. Med. Virol. 88:664–673, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absence of back to school peaks in human rhinovirus detections and respiratory symptoms in a cohort of children with asthma
Authors: Stelzer‐Braid Sacha , Tovey Euan R. , Willenborg Christiana M. , Toelle Brett G. , Ampon Rose , Garden Frances L. , Oliver Brian G. , Strachan Roxanne , Belessis Yvonne , Jaffe Adam , Reddel Helen K. , Crisafulli Daniel , Marks Guy B. , Rawlinson William D.
Published: September 2015

Much of what is known about the seasonality of human rhinovirus (hRV) infections has been learned from the study of acute asthma exacerbations presenting to emergency care, including those among children at the start of the school term. Much less is known about the patterns of hRVs in the community. In this study, viruses and day‐to‐day symptoms of asthma and colds were monitored twice weekly in 67 children with asthma aged 5–12 years, over a 15 month period in Sydney, Australia. Overall hRV was detected in 314/1232 (25.5%) of nasal wash samples and 142/1231 (11.5%) of exhaled breath samples; of these, 231 and 24 respectively were genotyped. HRVs were detected with similar prevalence rate throughout the year, including no peak in hRV prevalence following return to school. No peaks were seen in asthma and cold symptoms using twice‐weekly diary records. However, over the same period in the community, there were peaks in asthma emergency visits both at a large local hospital and in state‐wide hospitalizations, following both return to school (February) and in late autumn (May) in children of the same age. This study suggests that hRV infections are common throughout the year among children, and differences in virus prevalence alone may not account for peaks in asthma symptoms. J. Med. Virol. 88:578–587, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Executive function deficits and glutamatergic protein alterations in a progressive 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pflibsen Lacey , Stang Katherine A. , Sconce Michelle D. , Wilson Vanessa B. , Hood Rebecca L. , Meshul Charles K. , Mitchell Suzanne H.
Published: September 2015

Changes in executive function are at the root of most cognitive problems associated with Parkinson's disease. Because dopaminergic treatment does not necessarily alleviate deficits in executive function, it has been hypothesized that dysfunction of neurotransmitters/systems other than dopamine (DA) may be associated with this decrease in cognitive function. We have reported decreases in motor function and dopaminergic/glutamatergic biomarkers in a progressive 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Parkinson's mouse model. Assessment of executive function and dopaminergic/glutamatergic biomarkers within the limbic circuit has not previously been explored in our model. Our results show progressive behavioral decline in a cued response task (a rodent model for frontal cortex cognitive function) with increasing weekly doses of MPTP. Although within the dorsolateral (DL) striatum mice that had been given MPTP showed a 63% and 83% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression, respectively, there were no changes in the nucleus accumbens or medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, dopamine‐1 receptor and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)−1 expression increased in the mPFC following DA loss. There were significant MPTP‐induced decreases and increases in VGLUT‐1 and VGLUT‐2 expression, respectively, within the DL striatum. We propose that the behavioral decline following MPTP treatment may be associated with a change not only in cortical–cortical (VGLUT‐1) glutamate function but also in striatal DA and glutamate (VGLUT‐1/VGLUT‐2) input. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Being trusted: How team generational age diversity promotes and undermines trust in cross‐boundary relationships
Authors: Williams Michele
Published: September 2015

We examine how demographic context influences the trust that boundary spanners experience in their dyadic relationships with clients. Because of the salience of age as a demographic characteristic as well as the increasing prevalence of age diversity and intergenerational conflict in the workplace, we focus on team age diversity as a demographic social context that affects trust between boundary spanners and their clients. Using social categorization theory and theories of social capital, we develop and test our contextual argument that a boundary spanner's experience of being trusted is influenced by the social categorization processes that occur in dyadic interactions with a specific client and, simultaneously, by similar social categorization processes that influence the degree to which the client team as a whole serves as a cooperative resource for demographically similar versus dissimilar boundary spanner–client dyads. Using a sample of 168 senior boundary spanners from the consulting industry, we find that generational diversity among client team members from a client organization undermines the perception of being trusted within homogeneous boundary spanner–client dyads while it enhances the perception of being trusted within heterogeneous dyads. The perception of being trusted is an important aspect of cross‐boundary relationships because it influences coordination and the costs associated with coordination. © 2015 The Author Journal of Organizational Behavior Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Computational analysis of factors contributing to patellar dislocation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Clare K. , Steensen Robert N. , Tumuluri Aruna , Trinh Thai , Bentley Jared , Rullkoetter Paul J.
Published: September 2015

Treatment for an initial incidence of patellar dislocation is usually conservative management; however, almost half of patients experience a subsequent, or multiple, dislocation(s). Patients often undergo multiple procedures which fail to treat the underlying anatomic abnormalities. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between key predisposing anatomic factors to patellar dislocation and identify combinations of abnormal factors which increase the risk of recurrent lateral dislocation. Four factors associated with lateral patellar dislocation were identified (sulcus angle, Insall‐Salvati ratio, tibial tubercle‐trochlear groove distance, and femoral anteversion). A finite element model of the patellofemoral joint was developed and parameterized so that a value for each factor could be applied and the model geometry/alignment would be modified accordingly. 100 combinations of the four factors were generated in separate computational simulations and resulting kinematics and forces of the patellofemoral joint were recorded. Sulcus angle was the most impactful factor on constraint. Multiple abnormal factors were generally required to produce the extremes of patellar alignment observed in this analysis. Understanding the underlying anatomic factors, and their effect on joint mechanics, for patients with recurrent lateral patellar dislocation will aid in determining optimal treatment pathways on a patient‐specific basis. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:444–453, 2016.
Narrative review of the in vivo mechanics of the cervical spine after anterior arthrodesis as revealed by dynamic biplane radiography
Authors: Anderst William
Published: September 2015

Arthrodesis is the standard of care for numerous pathologic conditions of the cervical spine and is performed over 150,000 times annually in the United States. The primary long‐term concern after this surgery is adjacent segment disease (ASD), defined as new clinical symptoms adjacent to a previous fusion. The incidence of adjacent segment disease is approximately 3% per year, meaning that within 10 years of the initial surgery, approximately 25% of cervical arthrodesis patients require a second procedure to address symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration. Despite the high incidence of ASD, until recently, there was little data available to characterize in vivo adjacent segment mechanics during dynamic motion. This manuscript reviews recent advances in our knowledge of adjacent segment mechanics after cervical arthrodesis that have been facilitated by the use of dynamic biplane radiography. The primary observations from these studies are that current in vitro test paradigms often fail to replicate in vivo spine mechanics before and after arthrodesis, that intervertebral mechanics vary among cervical motion segments, and that joint arthrokinematics (i.e., the interactions between adjacent vertebrae) are superior to traditional kinematics measurements for identifying altered adjacent segment mechanics after arthrodesis. Future research challenges are identified, including improving the biofidelity of in vitro tests, determining the natural history of in vivo spine mechanics, conducting prospective longitudinal studies on adjacent segment kinematics and arthrokinematics after single and multiple‐level arthrodesis, and creating subject‐specific computational models to accurately estimate muscle forces and tissue loading in the spine during dynamic activities. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:22–30, 2016.
Methods to estimate the between‐study variance and its uncertainty in meta‐analysis
Authors: Veroniki Areti Angeliki , Jackson Dan , Viechtbauer Wolfgang , Bender Ralf , Bowden Jack , Knapp Guido , Kuss Oliver , Higgins Julian PT , Langan Dean , Salanti Georgia
Published: September 2015

Meta‐analyses are typically used to estimate the overall/mean of an outcome of interest. However, inference about between‐study variability, which is typically modelled using a between‐study variance parameter, is usually an additional aim. The DerSimonian and Laird method, currently widely used by default to estimate the between‐study variance, has been long challenged. Our aim is to identify known methods for estimation of the between‐study variance and its corresponding uncertainty, and to summarise the simulation and empirical evidence that compares them. We identified 16 estimators for the between‐study variance, seven methods to calculate confidence intervals, and several comparative studies. Simulation studies suggest that for both dichotomous and continuous data the estimator proposed by Paule and Mandel and for continuous data the restricted maximum likelihood estimator are better alternatives to estimate the between‐study variance. Based on the scenarios and results presented in the published studies, we recommend the Q‐profile method and the alternative approach based on a ‘generalised Cochran between‐study variance statistic’ to compute corresponding confidence intervals around the resulting estimates. Our recommendations are based on a qualitative evaluation of the existing literature and expert consensus. Evidence‐based recommendations require an extensive simulation study where all methods would be compared under the same scenarios. © 2015 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Current and potential uses of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste
Authors: Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul , Masci Paul , Gobe Glenda , Osborne Simone
Published: September 2015

Food industries produce huge amounts of processing waste that are often disposed of incurring expenses and impacting upon the environment. For these and other reasons, food processing waste streams, in particular marine processing waste streams, are gaining popularity amongst pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules. In the last 30 years, there has been a gradual increase in processed marine products with a concomitant increase in waste streams that include viscera, heads, skins, fins, bones, trimmings and shellfish waste. In 2010, these waste streams equated to approximately 24 million tonnes of mostly unused resources. Marine processing waste streams not only represent an abundant resource, they are also enriched with structurally diverse molecules that possess a broad panel of bioactivities including anti‐oxidant, anti‐coagulant, anti‐thrombotic, anti‐cancer and immune‐stimulatory activities. Retrieval and characterisation of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste also contributes valuable information to the vast field of marine natural product discovery. This review summarises the current use of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste in different products and industries. Moreover, this review summarises new research into processing waste streams and the potential for adoption by industries in the creation of new products containing marine processing waste bioactives. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐constituent determination and fingerprint analysis of Scutellaria indica L. using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liang Xianrui , Zhao Cui , Su Weike
Published: September 2015

An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method integrating multi‐constituent determination and fingerprint analysis has been established for quality assessment and control of Scutellaria indica L. The optimized method possesses the advantages of speediness, efficiency, and allows multi‐constituents determination and fingerprint analysis in one chromatographic run within 11 min. 36 compounds were detected, and 23 of them were unequivocally identified or tentatively assigned. The established fingerprint method was applied to the analysis of ten S. indica samples from different geographic locations. The quality assessment was achieved by using principal component analysis. The proposed method is useful and reliable for the characterization of multi‐constituents in a complex chemical system and the overall quality assessment of S. indica.