bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Chemical Structure of Compatibilizers on the Thermal, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Immiscible PLA/PCL Blends
Authors: Finotti Pablo F. M. , Costa Lidiane C. , Chinelatto Marcelo A.
Published: October 2016

This manuscript addresses the effect of the chemical structure of two block copolymers of low molecular weight employed as compatibilizers on the immiscible blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL). Binary and ternary blends were prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder and the effect of the block copolymers on the morphological, mechanical and thermal behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The addition of 5 wt% of block copolymers derived from ϵ‐caprolactone and 1,4 butanediol (C1) or ϵ‐caprolactone and an aliphatic polycarbonate (C2) maintained the size of the dispersed PCL domains practically constant, regardless of the PCL concentration. The compatibilized PLA/PCL blends containing 5 wt% of PCL exhibited a significant enhancement in elongation at break, in comparison to those of the neat PLA or uncompatibilized PLA/PCL blends. The DSC results show the melting temperatures of the PLA were not influenced by the chemical structure of the compatibilizers or PCL concentration. However, such variables changed the melting enthalpy of the PLA and PCL and melting temperature of the PCL.
Smooth trajectory generation for rotating extensible manipulators
Authors: Dupac Mihai
Published: October 2016

In this study, the generation of smooth trajectories of the end effector of a rotating extensible manipulator arm is considered. Possible trajectories are modelled using Cartesian and polar piecewise cubic interpolants expressed as polynomial Hermite‐type functions. The use of polar piecewise cubic interpolants devises continuous first‐order and – in some cases – second‐order derivatives and allows easy calculation of kinematics variables such as velocity and acceleration. Moreover, the manipulator equations of motion can be easily handled, and the constrained trajectory of the non‐active end of the manipulator derived directly from the position of the end‐effector. To verify the proposed approach, numerical simulations are conducted for two different configurations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐at‐onset subsets of bipolar I disorders: A critical insight into admixture analyses
Authors: Montlahuc Claire , Curis Emmanuel , Jonas Sarah Flora , Bellivier Frank , Chevret Sylvie
Published: October 2016

Gaussian mixture analysis is frequently used to model the age‐at‐onset (AAO) in bipolar I disorder and identify homogeneous subsets of patients. This study aimed to examine whether, using admixture analysis of AAO, cross‐sectional designs (which cause right truncation), unreliable diagnosis for individuals younger than 10 years old (which causes left truncation) and the selection criterion used for admixture analysis impact the number of identified subsets. A simulation study was performed. Different criteria – the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) – were compared using no, left and/or right truncation simulated data. The error rate of each criterion (percentage of erroneous number of detected subsets) was estimated. An application to two real databases, including 2,876 and 1,393 patients, is provided. Without data truncation and regardless of the distribution of AAO, the LRT and the AIC had much higher error rates (12% and 33%, respectively) than the BIC (1%). For a homogeneous population, the error rate increased with the introduction of left truncation. This study shows that the number of subsets identified using admixture analysis may depend on the sample size, the selection criterion, and the study design.
The obesity associated FTO gene variant and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: Evidence from the SCOPE study
Authors: Andraweera Prabha H. , Dekker Gustaaf A. , Leemaqz Shalem , McCowan Lesley , Roberts Claire T. ,   on behalf of the SCOPE consortium
Published: October 2016

Objective

To investigate whether the FTO rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which is a risk factor for obesity and vascular diseases, is also associated with pregnancy complications including pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension, small for gestational age pregnancy (SGA), and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB).

Methods

A case‐control study of 1,741 nulliparous Caucasian women, their partners, and infants was conducted. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood or saliva from parents and cord blood from infants and genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY system.

Results

The prevalence of maternal and infant AA genotype of FTO rs9939609 was increased in the SGA group compared with the uncomplicated pregnancy group (19.2% vs. 13.4%, OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1‐2.6, P = 0.02 and 24.6% vs. 12.5%, OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6‐4.6, P = 0.0002). The prevalence of maternal and infant AA genotype of FTO rs9939609 was also increased in the sPTB group compared with the uncomplicated pregnancy group (20.8% vs. 13.4%, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2‐3.8, P = 0.009 and 20.0% vs. 12.5%, OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0‐5.3, P = 0.03).

Conclusions

The maternal and infant AA genotype of the obesity associated FTO rs9939609 SNP associates with increased risk for SGA and sPTB. This SNP may be important in predicting the risk of these pregnancy complications and subsequent vascular diseases.
Green coupling agent for agro‐waste based thermoplastic composites
Authors: Chun Koay Seong , Yeng Chan Ming , Hussiensyah Salmah
Published: October 2016

The present work describes the use of agricultural by‐product of the cocoa pod husk (CPH) as filler in the polypropylene composites. Besides, a green coupling agent (GCA) was developed from the coconut oil for filler modification. The primary objective of using GCA on CPH is to enhance the interfacial adhesion as improved stress transferability in the composites. The overall tensile properties, water absorption, thermal stability, and crystallinity of the composites are significantly improved by the occurrence of GCA. The fracture micrographs via the scanning electron microscopy shows homogeneous distribution of modified CPH particles and better interfacial bonding with matrix which leads to considerable improvement in the properties of the composites. The performance of GCA was comparable with the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and silane coupling agent. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2441–2450, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of sodium ligninsulfonate‐layered double hydroxide and its effects on wood flour/polypropylene composites during accelerated UV weathering
Authors: Peng Yao , Wang Wen , Cao Jinzhen
Published: October 2016

In this study, Mg3Al‐NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) and sodium ligninsulfonate‐layered double hydroxide (LDH‐SL) complex were successfully synthesized. Then, 1wt% of LDH, sodium ligninsulfonate (SL), and LDH‐SL were mixed directly with wood flour and polypropylene to make wood flour/polypropylene (WF/PP) composites, respectively. Four groups of samples were made and exposed in a QUV accelerated weathering tester for a total of 960 h. The changes in their surface color and mechanical properties were tested, accompanied by characterizations using UV–Vis, SEM, and ATR‐FTIR. The results showed that (1) composites containing LDH‐SL exhibited less color change, fewer surface cracks, better thermal stability, and less losses of mechanical properties than other groups during weathering; (2) LDH‐SL was proved to be an effective organic/inorganic UV‐blocking material, with both physical shielding effect and chemical absorption of UV light; (3) ATR‐FTIR results showed that LDH‐SL alleviated the photodegradation of WPCs during weathering, confirming its antioxidant activity. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2451–2460, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
PARENT‐TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: AN EXAMINATION OF PARENT‐TEACHER TRUST
Authors: Santiago Rachel T. , Garbacz S. Andrew , Beattie Tiffany , Moore Christabelle L.
Published: October 2016

Trust is an important dimension of parent educational involvement and parent‐teacher relationships. Preliminary research suggests that parent trust in teachers and schools is associated with student learning and behavior. However, examinations of parent trust in children's education are limited. The present study investigated the influence of demographic variables on parent trust and relations among parent trust, student behavior, and parent involvement. Findings suggested that student eligibility for a free or reduced‐price lunch predicted parent trust of teachers and schools, parent trust was correlated with dimensions of student behavior, and parent trust of teachers predicted parent involvement. Implications for parent involvement and parent‐teacher relationships are discussed.
Individual differences in positive and negative emotion regulation: Which strategies explain variability in loneliness?
Authors: Kearns Sinead M. , Creaven Ann‐Marie
Published: October 2016

Loneliness is the distressing feeling accompanying the perception that one's social needs are not being met by one's social relationships. Conceptual models point to a role for cognitive factors in this experience. Because research on determinants of loneliness is sparse, this study investigates associations between individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) and loneliness. Participants (N = 116) completed measures of loneliness, and a vignette‐based measure of adaptive and maladaptive ER in response to positive and negative scenarios. Regression analyses indicated that the regulation of positive and negative emotions explained comparable variance in loneliness, and associations were only partially reduced by the inclusion of social support. The specific strategies positive reappraisal, being present and negative mental time travel explained the most variance in loneliness. The findings are consistent with both the cognitive and the social needs models of loneliness and suggest that variability in ER strategies should be considered relevant to loneliness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perylene and naphthalene diimide copolymers for all‐polymer solar cells: Effect of perylene/naphthalene ratio
Authors: Dai Shuixing , Huang Shuai , Yu Haifeng , Ling Qidan , Zhan Xiaowei
Published: October 2016

We report the synthesis of a series of copolymers, having 2,2′‐bithiophene as electron‐donating moiety, and perylene diimide (PDI) and/or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as electron‐accepting moiety, and employed as non‐fullerene acceptors in polymer solar cells (PSCs). All the copolymers show wide absorption varying from 300 to 850 nm in the visible and NIR spectrum. When changing the PDI/NDI ratio in the polymer backbone, The LUMO energy levels vary in the range of −3.90 to −3.80 eV and the HOMO energy levels vary in the range of −6.10 to −5.85 eV. Among PSCs based on PTB7‐Th donor and these polymer acceptors, the devices based on PTB7‐Th/NDI100 yield the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.67%, while the PTB7‐Th/PDI100‐based devices yield a PCE of 1.03%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 682–689
First‐principles identification of defect levels in Er‐doped GaN
Authors: Hoang Khang
Published: October 2016

Erbium (Er) doped GaN has been studied extensively for optoelectronic applications, yet its defect physics is still not well understood. In this work, we report a first‐principles hybrid density functional study of the structure, energetics, and thermodynamic transition levels of Er‐related defect complexes in GaN. We discover for the first time that ErGa–CN–VN, a defect complex of Er, a C impurity, and an N vacancy, and ErGa–ON–VN, a complex of Er, an O impurity, and an N vacancy, form defect levels at 0.18 eV and 0.46 eV below the conduction band, respectively. Together with ErGa–VN, a complex of Er and an N vacancy which has recently been found to produce a donor level at 0.61 eV, these defect complexes provide explanation for the Er‐related defect levels observed in experiments. The role of these defects in optical excitation of the luminescent Er center is also discussed.
Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome with long‐acting paliperidone
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: October 2016

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but serious and potentially fatal adverse effect caused by dopamine receptor blockade associated with the use of antipsychotic agents. The incidence of NMS has been estimated to range from 0.01% to 2.4%, and the syndrome can occur in any age group, including the elderly. Classical features include mental status changes, muscular rigidity, hyperthermia, and symptoms suggestive of autonomic instability (e.g., presyncope, tachycardia, diaphoresis), with elevated creatine kinase and white blood cell count as common laboratory findings.
A simple and reliable anion‐exchange resin method for sulfate extraction and purification suitable for multiple O‐ and S‐isotope measurements
Authors: Le Gendre Erwann , Martin Erwan , Villemant Benoit , Cartigny Pierre , Assayag Nelly
Published: October 2016

Rationale

The O‐ and S‐isotope compositions of sulfates can be used as key tracers of the fate and sink of sulfate in both terrestrial and extra‐terrestrial environments. However, their application remains limited in those geological systems where sulfate occurs in low concentrations. Here we present a simple and reliable method to extract, purify and concentrate sulfate from natural samples. The method allows us to take into account the separation of nitrate, which is known to be an issue in O‐isotope analysis.

Methods

The separation and concentration of sulfate from other anions in any aqueous solution are performed within a few hours via anion‐exchange resin. The possible O‐ (δ18O and Δ17O) and S‐ (δ34S, Δ33S and Δ36S) isotope exchanges, fractionations and/or contaminations are for the first time monitored during the whole procedure using initial O‐ and S‐mass‐dependent and mass‐independent sulfate solutions.

Results

After elution in HCl, pure sulfate is fully retrieved and precipitated into BaSO4, which is suitable for O‐ and S‐isotopic measurements using established techniques. The analysis of retrieved barite presents no variation within 2σ uncertainties: ±0.5‰ and ±0.1‰ in O‐ (δ18O, Δ17O) and ±0.2‰, ±0.02‰ and ±0.09‰ in S‐ (δ34S, Δ33S and Δ36S) isotope ratios, respectively.

Conclusions

This study shows that the resin method for sulfate extraction and purification, in addition to being cheap, simple and quick, is applicable for the measurements of all O‐ and S‐isotopic ratios in sulfates (including the Δ17O, Δ33S and Δ36S values). Therefore, this method can be easily used for a high range of natural samples in which sulfate occurs in low concentration including aerosols, ice cores, sediments, volcanic deposits, (paleo)soils and rainwater, and thus it can be a key to our understanding of the sulfur cycle on Earth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy: a case‐matched comparison from the ACS‐NSQIP
Authors: Benlice Cigdem , Aytac Erman , Costedio Meagan , Kessler Hermann , Abbas Maher A. , Remzi Feza H. , Gorgun Emre
Published: October 2016

Background

This study aimed to compare perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy using a procedure‐targeted database.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients undergoing elective colectomy in 2013 was conducted using the procedure‐targeted database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP). Robotic, laparoscopic, and open groups were matched (1:1:1) based on age, gender, body mass index, surgical procedure, diagnosis and ASA classification. Demographics, comorbidities, and short‐term (30 day) outcomes were compared.

Results

Out of 12 790 patients, 387 fulfilled criteria per group after matching. Univariate comparison showed operating time was longer (P < 0.001) and hospital stay was shorter (P < 0.001) in the robotic group. Morbidity (P < 0.001), superficial SSI (P < 0.001), bleeding requiring transfusion (P < 0.001), ventilator dependency (P = 0.003), and ileus (P < 0.001) rates were lower in the robotic group. After adjusting for confounders, outcomes were comparable between the groups except hospital stay which was shorter in the robotic group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

ACS‐NSQIP data demonstrated several short‐term advantages of robotic surgery compared with laparoscopic and open surgery.
Auditing the Physical Activity and Parkinson Disease Literature Using the Behavioral Epidemiologic Framework
Authors: Swank Chad , Shearin Staci , Cleveland Samantha , Driver Simon
Published: October 2016

Motor and nonmotor symptoms associated with Parkinson disease place individuals at greater risk of sedentary behaviors and comorbidities. Physical activity is one modifiable means of improving health and reducing the risk of morbidity. We applied a behavioral framework to classify existing research on physical activity and Parkinson disease to describe the current evolution and inform knowledge gaps in this area. Research placed in phase 1 establishes links between physical activity and health‐related outcomes; phase 2 develops approaches to quantify physical activity behavior; phase 3 identifies factors associated with implementation of physical activity behaviors; phase 4 assesses the effectiveness of interventions to promote activity; and phase 5 disseminates evidence‐based recommendations. Peer‐reviewed literature was identified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO‐host. We initially identified 287 potential articles. After further review, we excluded 109 articles, leaving 178 included articles. Of these, 75.84% were categorized into phase 1 (n = 135), 10.11% in phase 2 (n = 18), 9.55% into phase 3 (n = 17), 3.37% into phase 4 (n = 6), and 1.12% into phase 5 (n = 2). By applying the behavioral framework to the physical activity literature for people with Parkinson disease, we suggest this area of research is nascent with more than 75% of the literature in phase 1.

Level of Evidence

III
Design rules for more resilient banking systems
Authors: Selmier W Travis
Published: October 2016

Effective financial policy design should incorporate design principles encouraging financial activity and innovation while discouraging excessive risk-taking, into an inclusive, environmental approach to financial system governance. Examining banking systems in Australia, Brazil, Canada and China — whose financial systems proved more resilient than those in the US and much of Europe in the recent global financial crisis — helps us to uncover design rules which strengthen the financial environment and enhance financial resilience. In effect, policy-makers in these four countries struck an oligopolistic bargain with their domestic top banks. This bargain established national banking boundaries behind which indigenous national banks developed, protected banks from foreign competition and threat of acquisition, and enabled banks to pursue lower risk banking business. In return, banks acted as stewards of their financial environments. This bargain recognized the interlinked, network nature of financial risk and integrated governmental regulation with private actor governance structures.
Monitoring and evaluating capacity building activities in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Schneider M. , van de Water T. , Araya R. , Bonini B. B. , Pilowsky D. J. , Pratt C. , Price L. , Rojas G. , Seedat S. , Sharma M. , Susser E.
Published: October 2016

Background

Lower and middle income countries (LMICs) are home to >80% of the global population, but mental health researchers and LMIC investigator led publications are concentrated in 10% of LMICs. Increasing research and research outputs, such as in the form of peer reviewed publications, require increased capacity building (CB) opportunities in LMICs. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiative, Collaborative Hubs for International Research on Mental Health reaches across five regional ‘hubs’ established in LMICs, to provide training and support for emerging researchers through hub-specific CB activities. This paper describes the range of CB activities, the process of monitoring, and the early outcomes of CB activities conducted by the five research hubs.

Methods

The indicators used to describe the nature, the monitoring, and the early outcomes of CB activities were developed collectively by the members of an inter-hub CB workgroup representing all five hubs. These indicators included but were not limited to courses, publications, and grants.

Results

Results for all indicators demonstrate a wide range of feasible CB activities. The five hubs were successful in providing at least one and the majority several courses; 13 CB recipient-led articles were accepted for publication; and nine grant applications were successful.

Conclusions

The hubs were successful in providing CB recipients with a wide range of CB activities. The challenge remains to ensure ongoing CB of mental health researchers in LMICs, and in particular, to sustain the CB efforts of the five hubs after the termination of NIMH funding.
Grand Challenges in Protoplanetary Disc Modelling
Authors: Haworth Thomas J. , Ilee John D. , Forgan Duncan H. , Facchini Stefano , Price Daniel J. ,   Community authors, Boneberg Dominika M. , Booth Richard A. , Clarke Cathie J. , Gonzalez Jean-François , Hutchison Mark A. , Kamp Inga , Laibe Guillaume , Lyra Wladimir , Meru Farzana , Mohanty Subhanjoy , Panić Olja , Rice Ken , Suzuki Takeru , Teague Richard , Walsh Catherine , Woitke Peter
Published: October 2016

The Protoplanetary Discussions conference—held in Edinburgh, UK, from 2016 March 7th–11th—included several open sessions led by participants. This paper reports on the discussions collectively concerned with the multi-physics modelling of protoplanetary discs, including the self-consistent calculation of gas and dust dynamics, radiative transfer, and chemistry. After a short introduction to each of these disciplines in isolation, we identify a series of burning questions and grand challenges associated with their continuing development and integration. We then discuss potential pathways towards solving these challenges, grouped by strategical, technical, and collaborative developments. This paper is not intended to be a review, but rather to motivate and direct future research and collaboration across typically distinct fields based on community-driven input, to encourage further progress in our understanding of circumstellar and protoplanetary discs.
Giorgio Agamben, J. G. Farrell’sThe Singapore Grip, and the ColonialDispositif
Authors: Li Victor
Published: October 2016

In his Afterword toThe Singapore Grip, J. G. Farrell thanks Giorgio and Ginevra Agamben for suggesting the phrase that became the title of his novel. What can we make of this surprising and unexpected connection between an Anglo-Irish author’s novel about colonial Singapore on the eve of its fall to the Japanese army during World War II and Agamben’s writings on biopolitics? Despite the serendipitous nature of the encounter between the two writers and the lack of any causal relation between their works, my paper argues that there is an unacknowledged affinity that allows us to open them up to what Agamben calls theirEntwicklungsfähigkeit, “the locus and the moment wherein they are susceptible to development,” thereby bringing out the biopolitical elements in Farrell’s novel and turning Agamben’s insights intodispositifsor biopolitical apparatuses in the direction of the analysis of colonial rule.
African Literature in the Post-Global Age: Provocations on Field Commonsense
Authors: Olaniyan Tejumola
Published: October 2016

An exploration of African literary studies and what might be its most salient and informed tools of self-constitution and self-understanding in the contemporary moment. More than half a century after formal literary studies emerged in Africa, much of the field is still fixated with a deep suspicion of the true provenance of its own production. The paper theoretically distills some of the expressed or implied evaluative canons of belonging, explores their methods of application, and critically assesses their contemporary relevance—or even resonance. The goal is to arrive at what might be a most enabling conception of African letters for an age I conceive as “post-global.”
“Liberal Arts are an Islamic Idea”: Subjectivity Formation at Islamic Universities in The West
Authors: Sinclair Kirstine
Published: October 2016

The aim of this project is to discuss how Islamic universities in the West facilitate and condition the formation of modern Muslim subjectivities. The central question of the study is: How is the formation of modern forms of subjectivities tied together with the reinterpretation of Islamic traditions? The paper provides analysis of the curricula, and institution background, values and aims of two universities—Zaytuna College in Berkeley, California, the first Muslim liberal arts college in the U.S.; and Cambridge Muslim College, the first to offer a Diploma in Muslim community leadership in Britain. Alongside the textually founded analysis, interviews conducted with leadership, faculty and students, and participatory observation inform the discussion. Analysis demonstrates that both institutions see themselves as mediators between Islamic traditions and modern Muslims in the West, and as having a responsibility to engage in the development of both Muslim minorities and the wider societies within which they operate.
The influence of energy standardisation on the alternate Mediterranean diet score and its association with mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Shvetsov Yurii B. , Harmon Brook E. , Ettienne Reynolette , Wilkens Lynne R. , Le Marchand Loic , Kolonel Laurence N. , Boushey Carol J.
Published: October 2016

The alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) score is an adaptation of the original Mediterranean diet score. Raw (aMED) and energy-standardised (aMED-e) versions have been used. How the diet scores and their association with health outcomes differ between the two versions is unclear. We examined differences in participants’ total and component scores and compared the association of aMED and aMED-e with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. As part of the Multiethnic Cohort, 193 527 men and women aged 45–75 years from Hawaii and Los Angeles completed a baseline FFQ and were followed up for 13–18 years. The association of aMED and aMED-e with mortality was examined using Cox’s regression, with adjustment for total energy intake. The correlation between aMED and aMED-e total scores was lower among people with higher BMI. Participants who were older, leaner, more educated and consumed less energy scored higher on aMED-e components compared with aMED, except for the red and processed meat and alcohol components. Men reporting more physical activity scored lower on most aMED-e components compared with aMED, whereas the opposite was observed for the meat component. Higher scores of both aMED and aMED-e were associated with lower risk of all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. Although individuals may score differently with aMED and aMED-e, both scores show similar reductions in mortality risk for persons scoring high on the index scale. Either version can be used in studies of diet and mortality. Comparisons can be performed across studies using different versions of the score.
Watsonella crosbyifrom the lower Cambrian (Terreneuvian, Stage 2) Normanville Group in South Australia
Authors: JACQUET SARAH M. , BROUGHAM THOMAS , SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN B. , JAGO JAMES B. , LAURIE JOHN R. , BETTS MARISSA J. , TOPPER TIMOTHY P. , BROCK GLENN A.
Published: October 2016

Correlation of lower Cambrian strata is often confounded by provincialism of key fauna. The widespread occurrence of the micromolluscWatsonella crosbyiGrabau, 1900 is therefore an important biostratigraphic signpost with potential for international correlation of lower Cambrian successions. Previous correlations ofW. crosbyifrom Australia (Normanville Group) suggested an Atdabanian- to Botoman-equivalent age. However, in the upper part of the Mount Terrible Formation, stratigraphic ranges ofW. crosbyiandAldanellasp. cf.golubevioverlap prior to the incoming of vertically burrowed ‘piperock’, which is indicative of an age no earlier than Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range ofW. crosbyiin the Normanville Group, South Australia correlates with the ranges of the taxon in China, France, Mongolia and Siberia (though not Newfoundland). The new Australian data add further support for considering the first occurrence ofW. crosbyia good potential candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range ofW. crosbyithrough the lower Cambrian Normanville Group has been determined based on collections from measured sections. Although rare,W. crosbyiis part of an assemblage of micromolluscs includingBemellasp.,Parailsanellasp. cf.murenicaand a sinistral form ofAldanella(A.sp. cf.A. golubevi). Other fauna present includeAustralohalkieriasp.,Eremactis mawsoni, chancelloriids andCupithecasp.
The Unique Character of the Mandate for Palestine
Authors: de Blois Matthijs
Published: October 2016

The Mandate for Palestine has a unique character regarding both its beneficiaries, the Jewish people, wherever they live, and the obligations of the Mandatory power. At the same time it has been a burdensome stone right from the beginning. Representatives of Palestinian Arabs have rejected it as being incompatible with their right to self-determination. The policies of Great Britain, the Mandatory power, show a gradual departure from its obligations. The establishment of the Jewish national home became, instead of the primary obligation, just one of the duties of equal weight and content as others under the Mandate. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, the relevance of the mandatory system in the light of Article 80 of the UN Charter has been recognised, inter alia, by the International Court of Justice. The unique character of the Palestine Mandate, however, has been kept under wraps. Some academic writings and legal actions by the Palestinians now offer a radical revisionism, which uses the Mandate as the legal basis for a Palestinian state. This trend is not without consequences for the recognition of Israel as a Jewish state and for the right of the Palestinians to self-determination.
State Civil Disobedience and international society
Authors: Hjorth Ronnie
Published: October 2016

This article examines the concept of State Civil Disobedience (SCD) in the context of international society. It is argued that SCD is problematic for several reasons. First, that SCD is extremely difficult to practice in an association such as international society, relying, as it does, a great deal on the policies and powers of a few dominating actors; second, that the unequal status of states makes SCD mainly an instrument of the strong, hence undermining not only the idea of civil disobedience as the strategy of the weak but also questioning the role of SCD within an international society based on the formal equality of states. It is concluded that the practice of SCD in international society requires an invigoration of international society as a moral association. A more practical alternative, it is argued, is to conceive of a limited concept of SCD confined largely to non-violent means and preferably practiced in order to resist legal anomalies.
NEOADJUVANT TRANSCATHETER ARTERIAL CHEMOEMBOLIZATION FOR BILIARY TUMOR THROMBOSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Li Pang , Cui Kai , Wang Zhendan , Yu Fachang , Tian He , Li Sheng
Published: October 2016

Objectives: Curative hepatectomy and tumor thrombectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with complicating biliary tumor thrombosis (HCC/BTT) is associated with high surgical morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC/BTT patients scheduled for curative resection.

Methods: Thirty consecutive patients with diagnosed HCC/BTT were hospitalized for neoadjuvant TACE and elective curative liver resection (group A; n=20) or curative liver resection alone (group B; n=10). The primary outcome measure was median survival.

Results: Group A had a significantly shorter overall operative time (160±25 versus 190±35 min; p < .01) and duration of inflow control (14.3±3.6 versus 25.1±5.1 min; p < .01) and significantly less intraoperative blood loss (150±35 versus 520±75 ml; p < .01) and transfusion (100±40 versus 375±55 ml; p < .01) as compared to group B. Among patients undergoing both thrombectomy and curative resection, the median survival of group A was significantly longer than that of group B (28.5 [9–54] versus 21.5 [6–39] months; p < .01); among those who received thrombectomy alone, the median survival of group A was also significantly longer than that of group B (12.8 [6–25] versus 4.5 [2–7] months; p < .01).

Conclusions: Neoadjuvant TACE significantly reduced the surgical risk of curative liver resection and significantly prolonged median survival in HCC patients with complicating BTT.
Still not adult-like: lexical stress contrastivity in word productions of eight- to eleven-year-olds
Authors: ARCIULI JOANNE , BALLARD KIRRIE J.
Published: October 2016

Lexical stress is the contrast between strong and weak syllables within words. Ballardet al.(2012) examined the amount of stress contrastivity across adjacent syllables in word productions of typically developing three- to seven-year-olds and adults. Here, eight- to eleven-year-olds are compared with the adults from Ballardet al.using acoustic measurements of relative contrast in duration, peak intensity, and peak fundamental frequency of the vowels within the initial two syllables of each word. While eight- to eleven-year-olds are closer to adult-like stress contrastivity than three- to seven-year-olds, they are not yet adult-like in terms of the intensity contrast for words beginning with a weak syllable.
An Online Smoothing Method Based on Reverse Navigation for ZUPT-Aided INSs
Authors: Cai Qingzhong , Yang Gongliu , Song Ningfang , Pan Jianye , Liu Yiliang
Published: October 2016

Zero velocity update (ZUPT) is widely discussed for error restriction in land vehicle Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) and wearable pedestrian INSs to overcome the problems of Global Positioning System (GPS) unavailability in urban canyons or indoor scenarios. In this paper, an online smoothing method for ZUPT-aided INSs is presented. By introducing the Rauch–Tung–Striebel (RTS) smoothing method into the ZUPT-aided INS, position errors can be effectively restrained not only at stop points but during the whole trajectory. By integrating reverse navigation with a ZUPT smoother, the method realises forward and real-time processing. Compared with existing approaches, it can improve the position accuracy in real time without any other sensors, which is well suited for applications on high-accuracy navigation in GPS-challenging environments. Accuracy test results with different Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) show that the developed method can significantly decrease position errors from hundreds or thousands of metres to below ten metres. During the whole trajectory, the online smoothing method ensures the maximum position errors at non-stop points can reach the same level of accuracy at stop points. A delay test result proves that the delay of the reverse online smoothing method proposed in this paper is much shorter than existing online smoothing methods.
Delivering 21st century Antarctic and Southern Ocean science
Authors: Kennicutt M.C. , Kim Y.D. , Rogan-Finnemore M. , Anandakrishnan S. , Chown S.L. , Colwell S. , Cowan D. , Escutia C. , Frenot Y. , Hall J. , Liggett D. , Mcdonald A.J. , Nixdorf U. , Siegert M.J. , Storey J. , Wåhlin A. , Weatherwax A. , Wilson G.S. , Wilson T. , Wooding R. , Ackley S. , Biebow N. , Blankenship D. , Bo S. , Baeseman J. , Cárdenas C.A. , Cassano J. , Danhong C. , Dañobeitia J. , Francis J. , Guldahl J. , Hashida G. , Corbalán L. Jiménez , Klepikov A. , Lee J. , Leppe M. , Lijun F. , López-Martinez J. , Memolli M. , Motoyoshi Y. , Bueno R. Mousalle , Negrete J. , Cárdenes M.A. Ojeda , Silva M. Proaño , Ramos-Garcia S. , Sala H. , Shin H. , Shijie X. , Shiraishi K. , Stockings T. , Trotter S. , Vaughan D.G. , De Menezes J. Viera Da Unha , Vlasich V. , Weijia Q. , Winther J.-G. , Miller H. , Rintoul S. , Yang H.
Published: October 2016

The Antarctic Roadmap Challenges (ARC) project identified critical requirements to deliver high priority Antarctic research in the 21st century. The ARC project addressed the challenges of enabling technologies, facilitating access, providing logistics and infrastructure, and capitalizing on international co-operation. Technological requirements include: i) innovative automated in situ observing systems, sensors and interoperable platforms (including power demands), ii) realistic and holistic numerical models, iii) enhanced remote sensing and sensors, iv) expanded sample collection and retrieval technologies, and v) greater cyber-infrastructure to process ‘big data’ collection, transmission and analyses while promoting data accessibility. These technologies must be widely available, performance and reliability must be improved and technologies used elsewhere must be applied to the Antarctic. Considerable Antarctic research is field-based, making access to vital geographical targets essential. Future research will require continent- and ocean-wide environmentally responsible access to coastal and interior Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Year-round access is indispensable. The cost of future Antarctic science is great but there are opportunities for all to participate commensurate with national resources, expertise and interests. The scope of future Antarctic research will necessitate enhanced and inventive interdisciplinary and international collaborations. The full promise of Antarctic science will only be realized if nations act together.
Non-fluoroscopic cardiac ablation of neonates with CHD
Authors: Bigelow Amee M. , Arnold Brandon S. , Padrutt Gregory C. , Clark John M.
Published: October 2016

In current practice, children with anatomically normal hearts routinely undergo fluoroscopy-free ablations. Infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) represent the most difficult population to perform catheter ablation without fluoroscopy. We report two neonatal patients with CHD in whom cardiac ablations were performed without fluoroscopy. The first infant had pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum with refractory supraventricular tachycardia, and the second infant presented with Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve along with persistent supraventricular tachycardia. Both patients underwent uncomplicated, successful ablation without recurrence of arrhythmias. These cases suggest that current approaches to minimising fluoroscopy may be useful even in challenging patients such as neonates with CHD.
Sentiment analysis in Turkish at different granularity levels
Authors: DEHKHARGHANI RAHIM , YANIKOGLU BERRIN , SAYGIN YUCEL , OFLAZER KEMAL
Published: October 2016

Sentiment analysis has attracted a lot of research interest in recent years, especially in the context of social media. While most of this research has focused on English, there is ample data and interest in the topic for many other languages, as well. In this article, we propose a comprehensive sentiment analysis system for Turkish. We cover different levels of sentiment analysis such as aspect, sentence, and document levels as well as some linguistic issues such as conjunction and intensification in Turkish sentiment analysis. Our system is evaluated on Turkish movie reviews and the obtained accuracies range from sixty per cent to seventy-nine per cent in ternary and binary classification tasks at different levels of analysis.
Sexuelle Funktionsstörungen bei Substitution mit Methadon und Levomethadon
Authors: Gutwinski Stefan , Häbel Timm H. , Bermpohl Felix , Riemer Thomas G. , Schoofs Nikola
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Sexuelle Funktionsstörungen sind bei der Substitutionsbehandlung der chronischen Opioidabhängigkeit häufig. Neben Methadon ist Levomethadon derzeit die in Deutschland am häufigsten eingesetzte Substanz zur Substitution. Bisher gibt es unserer Kenntnis nach keine Studie, die sexuelle Funktionsstörungen bei Methadon im Vergleich zu Levomethadon untersucht hat. Zielsetzung: Erfragung von sexuellen Funktionsstörungen. Material und Methoden: Wir führten eine Befragung von männlichen opioidabhängigen Patienten unter Substitutionsbehandlung mit Methadon oder Levomethadon in Berlin durch. Sexuelle Funktionsstörungen wurden mit dem International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) sowie in der Selbsteinschätzung erhoben. Ergebnisse: Es nahmen 66 Patienten an der Erhebung teil. 30 (45.5 %) erhielten Methadon, 36 (54.5 %) Levomethadon. Erektile Dysfunktion trat signifikant häufiger unter Methadon auf (p = .029). Bezüglich der Selbsteinschätzung sexueller Funktionsstörungen wiesen die Patienten, die über solche berichteten (N = 40, 71.4 %), eine signifikant höhere Dosierung der substituierten Substanz auf (p = .014; Dosierung 125 mg ± 45.3 mg vs. 93.3 mg ± 24.7 mg). Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Studie weist auf eine Überlegenheit von Levomethadon bzgl. der durch die Patienten selbst berichteten erektilen Funktion hin. Bei Auftreten von sexuellen Funktionsstörungen könnten ein Substanzwechsel oder eine Dosisreduktion hilfreich sein.
Kamer Receives 2016 Donald L. Turcotte Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: October 2016

Yavor Kamer will receive the 2016 Donald L. Turcotte Award, given annually to recent Ph.D. recipients for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to the field of nonlinear geophysics.
Upscaling Peatland Science Through Collaborative Big Data
Authors: Young Dylan , Morris Paul , Holden Joseph
Published: October 2016

PeatDataHub launch meeting; Leeds, United Kingdom, 23–24 May 2016
Climate Change Omitted from Presidential Debate Questions
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2016

Climate advocates and scientists express dismay that none of the moderators of the three debates brought up the issue of climate change.
The role of maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Lipe B , Vukas R , Mikhael J
Published: October 2016

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of blood cancer and remains incurable despite advances in therapy. Current therapy for multiple myeloma includes a phased-approach, often consisting of initial induction therapy, consolidation and maintenance therapy. With an ever-growing landscape of treatment options, the approach to optimal therapy has become increasingly complex. Specifically, controversy surrounds the optimal use and duration of maintenance therapy. We conducted a comprehensive literature search to analyze the most current literature and to provide recommendations for maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma.
Protective immunity to liver‐stage malaria
Authors: Holz Lauren E , Fernandez‐Ruiz Daniel , Heath William R
Published: October 2016

Despite decades of research and recent clinical trials, an efficacious long‐lasting preventative vaccine for malaria remains elusive. This parasite infects mammals via mosquito bites, progressing through several stages including the relatively short asymptomatic liver stage followed by the more persistent cyclic blood stage, the latter of which is responsible for all disease symptoms. As the liver acts as a bottleneck to blood‐stage infection, it represents a potential site for parasite and disease control. In this review, we discuss immunity to liver‐stage malaria. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from animal models of malaria immunity will translate into a more powerful and effective vaccine to reduce this global health problem.
High-dimensional entanglement between distant atomic-ensemble memories
Authors: Ding Dong-Sheng , Zhang Wei , Shi Shuai , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Li Yan , Shi Bao-Sen , Guo Guang-Can
Published: October 2016

Entangled quantum states in high-dimensional space show many advantages compared with entangled states in two-dimensional space. The former enable quantum communication with higher channel capacity, enable more efficient quantum-information processing and are more feasible for closing the detection loophole in Bell test experiments. Establishing high-dimensional entangled memories is essential for long-distance communication, but its experimental realization is lacking. We experimentally established high-dimensional entanglement in orbital angular momentum space between two atomic ensembles separated by 1 m. We reconstructed the density matrix for a three-dimensional entanglement and obtained an entanglement fidelity of (83.9±2.9)%. More importantly, we confirmed the successful preparation of a state entangled in more than three-dimensional space (up to seven-dimensional) using entanglement witnesses. Achieving high-dimensional entanglement represents a significant step toward a high-capacity quantum network.
Molecular characterization of Thy1 expressing fear-inhibiting neurons within the basolateral amygdala
Authors: McCullough Kenneth M. , Choi Dennis , Guo Jidong , Zimmerman Kelsey , Walton Jordan , Rainnie Donald G. , Ressler Kerry J.
Published: October 2016

Molecular characterization of neuron populations, particularly those controlling threat responses, is essential for understanding the cellular basis of behaviour and identifying pharmacological agents acting selectively on fear-controlling circuitry. Here we demonstrate a comprehensive workflow for identification of pharmacologically tractable markers of behaviourally characterized cell populations. Thy1-eNpHR-, Thy1-Cre- and Thy1-eYFP-labelled neurons of the BLA consistently act as fear inhibiting or ‘Fear-Off’ neurons during behaviour. We use cell-type-specific optogenetics and chemogenetics (DREADDs) to modulate activity in this population during behaviour to block or enhance fear extinction. Dissociated Thy1-eYFP neurons are isolated using FACS. RNA sequencing identifies genes strongly upregulated in RNA of this population, including Ntsr2, Dkk3, Rspo2 and Wnt7a. Pharmacological manipulation of neurotensin receptor 2 confirms behavioural effects observed in optogenetic and chemogenetic experiments. These experiments identify and validate Ntsr2-expressing neurons within the BLA, as a putative ‘Fear-Off’ population.
Accelerated oral nanomedicine discovery from miniaturized screening to clinical production exemplified by paediatric HIV nanotherapies
Authors: Giardiello Marco , Liptrott Neill J. , McDonald Tom O. , Moss Darren , Siccardi Marco , Martin Phil , Smith Darren , Gurjar Rohan , Rannard Steve P. , Owen Andrew
Published: October 2016

Considerable scope exists to vary the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles, with subsequent impact on biological interactions; however, no accelerated process to access large nanoparticle material space is currently available, hampering the development of new nanomedicines. In particular, no clinically available nanotherapies exist for HIV populations and conventional paediatric HIV medicines are poorly available; one current paediatric formulation utilizes high ethanol concentrations to solubilize lopinavir, a poorly soluble antiretroviral. Here we apply accelerated nanomedicine discovery to generate a potential aqueous paediatric HIV nanotherapy, with clinical translation and regulatory approval for human evaluation. Our rapid small-scale screening approach yields large libraries of solid drug nanoparticles (160 individual components) targeting oral dose. Screening uses 1 mg of drug compound per library member and iterative pharmacological and chemical evaluation establishes potential candidates for progression through to clinical manufacture. The wide applicability of our strategy has implications for multiple therapy development programmes.