bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multispectral four-dimensional imaging reveals that evoked activity modulates peripheral arborization and the selection of plane-polarized targets by sensory neurons
Authors: Faucherre Adèle , Baudoin Jean-Pierre , Pujol-Martí Jesús , López-Schier Hernán
Published: April 2010

The polarity of apical stereocilia endows hair cells with directional excitability, which in turn enables animals to determine the vectorial component of a sound. Neuromasts of the lateral line of aquatic vertebrates harbor two populations of hair cells that are oriented at 180° relative to each other. The resulting sensory-vectorial ambiguity is solved by lateralis afferent neurons that discriminate between hair cells of opposite polarities to innervate only those with the same orientation. How neurons select identically oriented hair cells remains unknown. To gain insight into the mechanism that underlies this selection, we devised a simple method to gather dynamic morphometric information about axonal terminals in toto by four-dimensional imaging. Applying this strategy to the zebrafish allowed us to correlate hair cell orientation to single afferent neurons at subcellular resolution. Here we show that in zebrafish with absent hair cell mechanoreception, lateralis afferents arborize profusely in the periphery, display less stability, and make improper target selections. Central axons, however, show no dynamic changes and establish normal contacts with the Mauthner cell, a characteristic second-order target in the hindbrain. We propose that the hardwired developmental mechanisms that underlie peripheral arborization and target recognition are modulated by evoked hair cell activity. This interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic cues is essential for plane-polarized target selection by lateralis afferent neurons.
Examining the Factor Structure and Hierarchical Nature of the Quality of Life Construct
Authors: Wang Mian , Schalock Robert L. , Verdugo Miguel A. , Jenaro Christina
Published: April 2010

There is considerable debate in the area of individual quality of life research regarding the factor structure and hierarchical nature of the quality of life construct. Our purpose in this study was to test via structural equation modeling an a priori quality of life model consisting of eight first-order factors and one second-order factor. Data were collected from 769 individuals with mild or moderate intellectual disability from 15 countries in four geographic regions. They all completed a multidimensional quality of life questionnaire. The presence of a single second-order factor in quality of life was empirically demonstrated through confirmatory factor analysis. Comparison of two alternative second-order quality of life factor models was further evaluated. Implications for future research, practice, and public policy regarding services to individuals with intellectual disability are also discussed.
Autism Symptom Topography and Maternal Socioemotional Functioning
Authors: Ekas Naomi , Whitman Thomas L.
Published: April 2010

Researchers examining the relationship of autism symptomatology and maternal stress have defined symptomatology in terms of level of severity, frequency of occurrence, or symptom type. In the present study, the relationship of maternal perceptions of these dimensions, along with a fourth, symptom diversity, and negative and positive indices of maternal socioemotional functioning was evaluated. Results indicate that each of these symptom dimensions was correlated with most of the measures of negative socioemotional status, together accounting for a substantial portion of the variance in these outcomes. The dimensions were especially robust predictors of negative but not positive maternal outcomes. The need for a systematic multidimensional assessment to evaluate autism symptomatology and its social impact was discussed.
A mellhártya elsődleges daganatainak sebészi kezelése osztályunk anyagában
Authors: Németh Tibor , Furák József , Wolfárd Antal , Géczi Tibor , Tiszlavicz László , Lázár György
Published: April 2010

Absztrakt

Célkitűzés:A szerzők 11 év beteganyagában vizsgálták az elsődleges mellhártyadaganatok sebészi kezelésének eredményeit.Módszerek:25 betegnél (17 férfi, 8 nő) összesen 31 műtét történt elsődleges mellhártyadaganat miatt, melyeket jóindulatú lokalizált fibrosus tumor (benignus LFTP;n= 15), recidív rosszindulatú lokalizált fibrosus tumor (recidív malignus LFTP;n= 2) és malignus pleura mesothelioma (MPM;n= 10) csoportba soroltak. A MPM-vel kezelt betegek 40%-ánál találtak azbesztexpozíciót. Benignus LFTP miatt a tumor épben történő eltávolítását végeztük, 1–1 esetben kiegészítve mellkasfali resectióval és lobectomiával. Recidív malignus LFTP miatt 1–1 komplettizáló pneumonectomiát és lobectomiát végeztünk. MPM miatt 5 biopszia és pleurodesis, 1 nyitott decorticatio, további 4 esetben műtéti mintavétel után második ülésben 2 pleurectomia/decorticatio (P/D) és 2 pleuropneumonectomia (PPN) – extrapleuralis pneumonectomia (EPP) történt.Eredmények:Műtéti mortalitás nem volt. 7 epitheloid, 2 sarcomatoid, 1 bifázisos malignus mesothelioma igazolódott. Malignizálódott recidív LFTP túlélése 1 hónap (él) és 49 hónap volt. MPM esetében az átlagos túlélés 9,7 hónap (3–17 hónap), ha resectio nem történt, míg a P/D vagy PPN (EPP) esetekben ez 17,3 hónap (5 hónap (él) − 29 hónap).Következtetések:A PPN (EPP) és a P/D biztonsággal elvégezhető, jó túlélést eredményező beavatkozás, ami komplett onkológiai kezelés részeként végezhető. Recidív LFTP esetén a tüdő anatómiai egységének eltávolítása javasolt, komplettizáló lobectomiával vagy pneumonectomiával.
Fracture-induced formation of parallel silicone strips
Authors: Cai Yangjun , Newby Bi-min Zhang
Published: April 2010

This study reports the generation of periodic parallel silicone strips by simply peeling a silicone sheet, oxidized by UV/ozone, from its bonded substrate. This spontaneous formation of strips is initiated by a mixed mode of separation along the peeling direction and subsequent channeling of initiated cracks. The periodicity of the strips is tuned by the bending strain acting on the silicone sheet during peeling, and the regularity and the locus of failure are determined by the extent of oxidization.
A facile green approach for synthesizing monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Li Ling , Ding Jun , Xue Junmin
Published: April 2010

The synthesis of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) has been widely investigated over the last decade. Among the various synthetic methods, thermal decomposition of iron acetylacetonate, Fe(acac)3, or the premade iron-surfactant complex, was demonstrated to be promising to obtain monodisperse Fe3O4 NPs with controllable size and morphology. However, toxic and expensive precursors or tedious experimental procedures are normally required in these approaches. In this communication, we report a facile chemical top-down method to synthesize monodisperse magnetite NPs by using rust, which is mainly composed of γ-Fe2O3, as the iron source and oleic acid as the capping agent. The particle size, and hence the magnetization, of NPs can be readily controlled by adjusting the rust/oleic acid ratio and reaction temperature. This process is a green chemical approach and is easy to be reproduced and scaled up, which could be developed as an effective way to convert waste materials into high quality nanocrystals.
Role of cohesive energy on the interparticle coalescence behavior of dispersed nanoparticles subjected to energetic ion irradiation
Authors: Bayan Sayan , Mohanta Dambarudhar
Published: April 2010

The present work reports on the conditions of nanoparticle growth and splitting under energetic ion irradiation. Cohesive energy that determines the thermal stability of a given nanoparticle system was calculated by extending surface area difference (SAD) and liquid drop model (LDM). Based on the size-dependent cohesive energy calculations, the interparticle coalescence mechanism is discussed for a ZnS-based nanoparticle system with special reference to a variety of matrices. The interparticle separation is found to play key role in particle–particle coalescence leading to nanoparticle growth or partial evaporation that results in splitting.
Investigations on interfacial reactions at reentrant corners
Authors: Wang Chao-Hong , Chiu Chen-Nan , Chen Sinn-Wen
Published: April 2010

Interfacial reactions in Bi/Ni, Sn/Co, and Sn/Te systems that exhibit unique cruciform pattern formation are investigated. Different from the couples examined in the past, the solid substrates, Ni, Co, and Te, are placed outside the couples while constituents of low melting temperature, Bi and Sn, are placed in the center. With interfacial reactions proceeding in these couples, the reaction products grow inwardly at reentrant corners, and shrinking of the reaction layer at the corner is observed. As a result of the volumetric changes caused by interfacial reactions, stresses are built up in the couples, and stress-intensified locations are found at reentrant corners. The built-up stresses alter the diffusion rates and thus retard the reaction at the corners. Instead of forming cruciform patterns, the inner reactant is of flat shuriken shape after reactions.
Review of the Clinical Studies Using the 21-Gene Assay
Authors: Kelly Catherine M. , Warner Ellen , Tsoi Daphne T. , Verma Sunil , Pritchard Kathleen I.
Published: April 2010

Purpose.

A major challenge in treating early-stage hormone receptor (HR)+ breast cancer is selecting women who, after initial surgery, do not require chemotherapy. Better prognostic and predictive tests are needed. The 21-gene assay is the only widely commercially available gene signature that can be performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

Methods.

We conducted a review of the literature supporting the prognostic and predictive ability of the 21-gene assay in HR+ node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients in chemotherapy-/endocrine-treated and untreated populations.

We considered: (a) How accurate is the recurrence score (RS) as a prognostic factor for distant recurrence? (b) How accurate is the RS as a predictive factor for benefit from systemic therapy? (c) How does the RS compare with other prognostic/predictive factors such as tumor size, tumor grade, patient age, and integrated decision aids such as Adjuvant! Online? (d) How do patients and physicians view the 21-gene assay? (e) What are the cost implications of the 21-gene assay?

Results.

The 21-gene assay: (a) provided accurate risk information; (b) predicted response to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil and to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy; (c) added additional information to traditional biomarkers; (d) was viewed positively by both physicians and patients; and (e) fell within the cost-effectiveness values in North America.

Conclusion.

This assay may be offered to patients with node-negative HR+ breast cancer to assist in adjuvant treatment decisions. Data are accumulating to support the use of the 21-gene assay in HR+ node-positive patients.
Spatially Restricted Integrals in Gradiometric Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Eshagh M.
Published: April 2010

Spatially Restricted Integrals in Gradiometric Boundary Value Problems

The spherical Slepian functions can be used to localize the solutions of the gradiometric boundary value problems on a sphere. These functions involve spatially restricted integral products of scalar, vector and tensor spherical harmonics. This paper formulates these integrals in terms of combinations of the Gaunt coefficients and integrals of associated Legendre functions. The presented formulas for these integrals are useful in recovering the Earth's gravity field locally from the satellite gravity gradiometry data.
The Slug Mite Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) Oudemansi (Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) from Ukraine
Authors: Zabludovskaya S. , Badanin I.
Published: April 2010

The Slug MiteRiccardoella (Proriccardoella) Oudemansi(Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) from Ukraine

The mite Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) oudemansi (Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) parasitizing the lung mollusks, is redescribed based on numerous specimens from Ukraine. These mites were first found in the fauna of Ukraine in the early 1990th.
Spectrometric analyses in comparison to the physiological condition of heavy metal stressed floodplain vegetation in a standardised experiment
Authors: Götze Christian , Jung András , Merbach Ines , Wennrich Rainer , Gläßer Cornelia
Published: April 2010

Floodplain ecosystems are affected by flood dynamics, nutrient supply as well as anthropogenic activities. Heavy metal pollution poses a serious environmental challenge. Pollution transfer from the soil to vegetation is still present at the central location of Elbe River, Germany. The goal of this study was to assess and separate the current heavy metal contamination of the floodplain ecosystem, using spectrometric field and laboratory measurements. A standardized pot experiment with floodplain vegetation in differently contaminated soils provided the basis for the measurements. The dominant plant types of the floodplains are: Urtica dioica, Phalaris arundinacea and Alopecurus pratensis, these were also chemically analysed. Various vegetation indices and methods were used to estimate the red edge position, to normalise the spectral curve of the vegetation and to investigate the potential of different methods for separating plant stress in floodplain vegetation. The main task was to compare spectral bands during phenological phases to find a method to detect heavy metal stress in plants. A multi-level algorithm for the curve parameterisation was developed. Chemo-analytical and ecophysiological parameters of plants were considered in the results and correlated with spectral data. The results of this study show the influence of heavy metals on the spectral characteristics of the focal plants. The developed method (depth CR1730) showed significant relationship between the plants and the contamination.
Teaching Cartography in Academia: A Historical Reflection and Discussion of a 2007 Survey of Canadian Universities
Authors: Hermansen Sally
Published: April 2010

Courses in cartography that thrived in university departments of geography in the 1970s and 1980s declined in number in the early 1990s, mostly to accommodate GIS but also partly in response to the cultural turn in geography away from quantitative methods. Today, we are witnessing a revival of mapping and cartography as a result of enhanced software tools for the creation of maps, the Internet and public mapping sites for the creation and dissemination of maps, community cartography projects, and a shift from traditional cartography to representation and geovisualization. As described in this article, a 2007 survey of cartography course offerings at Canadian universities sought to explore whether, and how, this revival has been reflected in the academic teaching of cartography necessary to support aesthetics of map design and tools for geovisualization. The results demonstrate that cartography courses are offered at almost all Canadian universities. At the introductory level, course content does not vary significantly from fundamental principles of cartography. At the advanced level, however, course content is highly varied, embracing the wide range of topics relevant to the new cartography and visualization epistemology of today.
Muscle Length and Joint Range of Motion in Children with Cystic Fibrosis Compared to Children Developing Typically
Authors: Mandrusiak Allison , Giraud Donnae , MacDonald Julie , Wilson Christine , Watter Pauline
Published: April 2010

Purpose: To explore range of motion in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to children developing typically. With the increasing longevity of people with CF, musculoskeletal concerns are becoming more prevalent and should be identified and considered in management plans. Reduced range of motion (ROM) in older people with CF has been demonstrated, and the age at which these changes begin to occur must be explored.

Methods: Participants were 38 children with CF (aged 7–14 years) and 38 children developing typically, matched for age and gender. Muscle length and joint ROM measurements were compared, using analysis of variance, in the thoracolumbar region (extension, flexion, lateral flexion), upper limb (pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, shoulder horizontal abduction), and lower limb (hip internal and external rotation, hamstrings, gastrocnemius-soleus).

Results: Children with CF had significantly shorter pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, and gastrocnemius-soleus muscles and significantly greater range of shoulder horizontal abduction than matched controls.

Conclusion: Altered ROM was identified in children with CF, strengthening the rationale to support proactive physiotherapy management of the musculoskeletal system, aiming to optimize function across the increasing lifespan. Evaluation and management of ROM and its impact on activity and participation are important areas for future research and clinical practice.
A Description of Weekend Physiotherapy Services in Three Tertiary Hospitals in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: Hill Kylie , Brooks Dina
Published: April 2010

Purpose: The aims of this study were (1) to describe the cardiorespiratory physiotherapy weekend service (PWS) at three tertiary hospitals in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and (2) to compare measures of staff burden among the clinical service areas in one of the hospitals that had a programme-based management structure.

Method: Two focus-group meetings were held with physiotherapists from hospitals within the GTA. Thereafter, variables characterizing the PWS were collected over 8 months, using a standardized data-collection form.

Results: A total of 632 data-collection forms were received. Response rates exceeded 75% at each hospital. Workload variables, including the number of patient visits, new referrals per hour, and the proportion of staff completing unpaid overtime, differed between the hospitals (p<0.002). There was no difference in any variable when data were compared between Saturday, Sunday, and statutory holidays (p>0.13). Workload measures varied between clinical service areas at the hospital that provided PWS using a programme-based approach.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the important shortcomings of a programme-based management approach to providing PWS and may constitute a catalyst for change.
"The Hero of This Little History"
Authors: Cooper Hyson
Published: April 2010

Using Anthony Trollope’s character Tom Tringle ofAyala’s Angel, I argue that in his portrayal of the hobbledehoy, Trollope is imposing on Victorian boys and young men a code of behavior every bit as restrictive and every bit as unnatural as the “suffer and be still” doctrine imposed on girls and young women. Using critical tools from the fields of Masculinity Studies and studies of literary character, I discuss Trollope’s portrayal of Tom Tringle as emblematic of the restrictions Victorian gender ideology placed on women. What emerges is a new dimension to Victorian gender studies. The admonition addressed to Victorian women of all ages and classes that they should “suffer and be still” in the face of any adversity is well known, and is often accompanied by the assumption that no similar restriction is placed on boys and men. In the world of Anthony Trollope’s novels, however, unlike that of many other Victorian novelists, women seldom need much taming, as obedience is a strong character trait in the majority of his heroines. His young men, on the other hand, tend to be far less morally evolved, and in Trollope’s love plots, if anyone has to undergo profound changes of character before being fit for marriage, it is usually the man. I argue that Trollope’s stern but gentle treatment of the misfit Tom provides further answers to the often debated question of Trollopes relative conservatism.
The rule of soft law
Authors: Zerilli Filippo M.
Published: April 2010

This introductory article aims to clarify why soft law is an interesting field to explore from a legal anthropological perspective and to point out a number of issues this theme section suggests taking into consideration. The article provides the context for the theme section, inserting soft law within global legal concerns and processes. It outlines the emergence of the notion of soft law, and summarizes the controversies it has raised among legal scholars and law practitioners. Then it explains why, despite the elusive character of the notion and its uncertain normative status, as soon as we move beyond a number of emblematic concerns for law practitioners, soft law mechanisms and practices appear to be a vantage point to explore the emerging transnational legal order, and particularly the relations among state, supra-state, and non-state (private) forms of regulation. Finally, the article introduces the articles in the special section of this issue by highlighting the ways in which they empirically deal with soft law practices and global legal pluralism in a variety of social fields and contexts, using ethnographic sensitivity and imagination.
Softening culture, opening Europe
Authors: Katcherian Jeff
Published: April 2010

This article examines the development of cultural policy recommendations, in the form of “soft law,” by the Civil Society Platform for Intercultural Dialogue, a nascent European civil society collaboration aiming to make culture a separate political endeavor within the context of European integration. Drawing on fieldwork among European bureaucrats and members of European civil society in Brussels, Belgium, the article offers an alternative discussion from common understandings of soft law, paying close attention to law as an aesthetic form that challenges dominant modes of policy-making. An investigation of soft forms of law provides a useful perspective to those who attempt to define, locate, and create European identity.
From soft to hard law?
Authors: Craig Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

This article explores the use of soft law by those involved in the drafting of a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland, drawing in particular on the author's experiences as legal adviser to the Culture, Identity, and Language Working Group of the Northern Ireland Bill of Rights Forum. The article reflects on the extent to which the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995 and other relevant international instruments can be considered as forms of international soft law. It then highlights controversies that have arisen in debates over the content and scope of provisions addressing culture, identity, and language issues in any future Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland.
Emergent anthropologies
Authors: Holmes Douglas R.
Published: April 2010

In my work with George Marcus we have
sought to develop a particular design of and for
anthropological projects that allows ethnography
to operate as a means to engage analytical
perspectives in the making, perspectives that
take form prospectively, perspectives that seek
to shape contingencies in, of, and about the future.
What this demands is that we build our
ethnographic project within pre-existing and/or
emerging experiments pursued by our subjects.
It further requires that we draw on a range of
intellectual modalities that intersect, overlap, or
are entirely indistinguishable from “ethnographic”
method operating within technocratic
and scientific settings. In other words, we seek
to enter settings in which the “subjects” themselves
experiment creatively with the intellectual
exigencies of ethnography.
Coincidences as connections
Authors: Cowan Jane K.
Published: April 2010

What makes our projects “anthropological”?
What is that anthropological twist that we bring
and what does it add to any given empirical or
substantive field? These are the key questions
that the editors of Focaal asked me to consider;
intrinsically compelling, they hooked me into
adding my own contribution to this Forum
topic. The questions intrigue me because I see
myself both as a keen advocate of certain ways of
doing interdisciplinarity, and as deeply grounded
in the history, practice, and thinking of my own
discipline of anthropology. I start my reflection
from the interdisciplinary end, via the theme of
serendipity; somehow, these are linked.
Meltwater flux and runoff modeling in the ablation area of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Steffen Konrad , Chylek Petr
Published: April 2010

The temporal variability of surface snow and glacier melt flux and runoff are investigated for the ablation area of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland. High-resolution meteorological observations both on and outside the Greenland ice sheet were used as model input. SnowModel, a physically based spatially distributed meteorological and snow evolution modeling system, is used to simulate the temporal variability of Jakobshavn Isbræ accumulation and ablation processes for 2000/01–2006/07. Winter snow depth observations and MODIS satellite-derived summer melt observations are used for model validation of accumulation and ablation. The modeled interannual runoff variability varied from 1.81 × 109m3(2001/02) to 5.21 × 109m3(2004/05), yielding a cumulative runoff at the Jakobshavn Glacier terminus of ∼2.25 to ∼4.5 m w.e. The average modeled Jakobshavn runoff of ∼3.4 km3a−1was merged with previous estimates of Jakobshavn ice discharge to quantify the freshwater flux to Illulissat Icefjord. For both runoff and ice discharge the average trends are similar, indicating increasing (insignificant) influx of fresh water to Ilulissat Icefjord for the period 2000/01–2006/07. This study suggests that surface runoff forms a minor part of the overall Jakobshavn freshwater flux to the fjord: about 7% (∼3.4 km3a−1) of the average annual freshwater flux of ∼51.0 km3a−1originates from the surface runoff.
Ice-sheet bed 3-D tomography
Authors: Paden John , Akins Torry , Dunson David , Allen Chris , Gogineni Prasad
Published: April 2010

Information on bed topography and basal conditions is essential to developing the next-generation ice-sheet models needed to generate a more accurate estimate of ice-sheet contribution to sea-level rise. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the ice–bed can be analyzed to obtain information on bed topography and basal conditions. We developed a wideband SAR, which was used during July 2005 to perform measurements over a series of tracks between the GISP2 and GRIP cores near Summit Camp, Greenland. The wideband SAR included an eight-element receive-antenna array with multiple-phase centers. We applied the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm, which estimates direction of arrival signals, to single-pass multichannel data collected as part of this experiment to obtain fine-resolution bed topography. This information is used for producing fine-resolution estimates of bed topography over a large swath of 1600 m, with a 25 m posting and a relative accuracy of approximately 10 m. The algorithm-derived estimate of ice thickness is within 10 m of the GRIP ice-core length. Data collected on two parallel tracks separated by 500 m and a perpendicular track are compared and found to have difference standard deviations of 9.1 and 10.3 m for the parallel and perpendicular tracks, respectively.
Sub-ice topography in Patriot Hills, West Antarctica: first results of a newly developed high-resolution FM-CW radar system
Authors: Cárdenas Mansilla Carlos A. , Jenett Martin , Schünemann Klaus , Winkelmann Jürgen
Published: April 2010

We present a newly developed high-resolution frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system for sounding the sub-ice topography. The system, working in the frequency range from 200 to 400 MHz, was developed to measure thickness and internal layers in cold ice with a resolution better than 1 m. This system has the potential to measure accumulation rates, an important input for improved knowledge of the mass balance of polar ice sheets. First measurements for the test, calibration and optimization of the new ice sounder were made in December 2005 near the Ellsworth Mountains, specifically in Patriot Hills, West Antarctica, at 80°18′ S, 81°22′ W. The complete radar system was installed on a ski-mounted support frame, and towed by hand across the ice surface. The measurement results show the capability of this system to measure ice thickness up to 1000 m and to define internal layers within the ice body.
Non-linear responses of Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica, to semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal forcing
Authors: King Matt A. , Murray Tavi , Smith Andy M.
Published: April 2010

Modulation of the flow of Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica, has been reported previously at semi-diurnal, diurnal, fortnightly and semi-annual periods. A model that includes non-linear response to tidal forcing has been shown to fit closely observations at fortnightly frequencies. Here we examine that model further and test its fit at a larger set of observed frequencies, including the large semi-annual displacement. We show analytically that, when forced by major tidal terms, the model (using a basal shear stress exponent m = 3) predicts several discrete response periods from 4 hours to 0.5 years. We examine a 1.5 year GPS record from Rutford Ice Stream and find that the model, when forced by a numerical tide model, is able to reproduce the reported semi-annual signal. We confirm that about 5% of the mean flow is due solely to the (m = 3) non-linear response to tidally varying basal shear stress. Our best-fitting set of model parameters is similar to those originally reported using a much shorter data record, although with noticeably improved fit, suggesting these parameters are robust. We find that m ≈ 3 fits the data well, but that m ≈ 2 does not. Furthermore, we find that a small variation in flow over the 18.6 year lunar node tide cycle is expected. Fits to semi-diurnal and diurnal terms remain relatively poor, possibly due to viscoelastic effects that are not included in the model and reduced GPS data quality at some discrete periods. For comparison, we predict the response of Bindschadler Ice Stream and Lambert Glacier and show, given identical model parameters, a similar response pattern but with ∼1–2 orders of magnitude smaller variability; these may still be measurable and hence useful in testing the applicability of this model to other locations.
Seismic and GPR surveys of Mullins Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: ice thickness, internal structure and implications for surface ridge formation
Authors: Shean David E. , Marchant David R.
Published: April 2010

We present results from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic surveys for the Mullins Valley debris-covered glacier (Mullins Glacier), Antarctica, that yield local ice-thickness estimates of 80–110 m in upper Mullins Valley and 150 m in upper Beacon Valley. Englacial debris in upper Mullins Glacier occurs as scattered cobbles and as discrete layers. One extensive englacial debris layer, which appears as a coherent reflector dipping 40–45° up-valley, intersects the ground surface within an ∼8 m high ice-cored ridge, the largest of several ridges that mark the glacier surface. Field excavations reveal that this englacial interface consists of multiple debris bands that can be directly correlated with ridge microtopography. Englacial debris layers most probably originate as concentrated rockfall in ice accumulation zones and/or as surface lags that form as dirty ice sublimes during periods of negative mass balance. A similar pattern of surface ridges on Friedman Glacier (∼2.5 km west of Mullins Glacier) suggests regional environmental changes are involved in ridge formation. These observations carry implications for evaluating debris entrainment and surface ridge formation mechanisms in cold-based, debris-covered glaciers and provide a glaciological framework for evaluating and interpreting paleoclimate records from Mullins Glacier.
Artificial Self-Sufficient P450 in Reversed Micelles
Authors: Hirakawa Hidehiko , Kamiya Noriho , Kawarabayasi Yutaka , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: April 2010

Cytochrome P450s are heme-containing monooxygenases that require electron transfer proteins for their catalytic activities. They prefer hydrophobic compounds as substrates and it is, therefore, desirable to perform their reactions in non-aqueous media. Reversed micelles can stably encapsulate proteins in nano-scaled water pools in organic solvents. However, in the reversed micellar system, when multiple proteins are involved in a reaction they can be separated into different micelles and it is then difficult to transfer electrons between proteins. We show here that an artificial self-sufficient cytochrome P450, which is an enzymatically crosslinked fusion protein composed of P450 and electron transfer proteins, showed micelle-size dependent catalytic activity in a reversed micellar system. Furthermore, the presence of thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase promoted the P450-catalyzed reaction due to cofactor regeneration.
Assay Format as a Critical Success Factor for Identification of Novel Inhibitor Chemotypes of Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase from High-Throughput Screening
Authors: Chung Thomas D.Y. , Sergienko Eduard , Millán José Luis
Published: April 2010

The tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) isozyme is centrally involved in the control of normal skeletal mineralization and pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to disease states such as hypophosphatasia, osteoarthritis, ankylosis and vascular calcification. TNAP acts in concert with the nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase-1 (NPP1) and the Ankylosis protein to regulate the extracellular concentrations of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of mineralization. In this review we describe the serial development of two miniaturized high-throughput screens (HTS) for TNAP inhibitors that differ in both signal generation and detection formats, but more critically in the concentrations of a terminal alcohol acceptor used. These assay improvements allowed the rescue of the initially unsuccessful screening campaign against a large small molecule chemical library, but moreover enabled the discovery of several unique classes of molecules with distinct mechanisms of action and selectivity against the related placental (PLAP) and intestinal (IAP) alkaline phosphatase isozymes. This illustrates the underappreciated impact of the underlying fundamental assay configuration on screening success, beyond mere signal generation and detection formats.
Automatic Detection of Buildings and Changes in Buildings for Updating of Maps
Authors: Matikainen Leena , Hyyppä Juha , Ahokas Eero , Markelin Lauri , Kaartinen Harri
Published: April 2010

There is currently high interest in developing automated methods to assist the updating of map databases. This study presents methods for automatic detection of buildings and changes in buildings from airborne laser scanner and digital aerial image data and shows the potential usefulness of the methods with thorough experiments in a 5 km2 suburban study area. 96% of buildings larger than 60 m2 were correctly detected in the building detection. The completeness and correctness of the change detection for buildings larger than 60 m2 were about 85% (including five classes). Most of the errors occurred in small or otherwise problematic buildings.
Pratiques de lecture : quelles voies pour favoriser l'expression du sujet lecteur ?
Authors: Rouxel Annie
Published: April 2010

L’observation critique des pratiques de lecture scolaire et privée des lycéens permet de dresser un bilan quant à l’investissement effectif du sujet lecteur dans ces différentes formes de lecture. Tandis que la lecture analytique se présente avant tout comme un lieu d’apprentissage de savoirs et de compétences qui tend à évincer l’expression de la subjectivité, la lecture cursive peut, selon son mode de réalisation, favoriser un rapport personnel à l’œuvre lue, proche de celui qui existe dans la lecture privée. Pour former des lecteurs de littérature, il importe en classe de rétablir le sujet au cœur de la lecture et d’accueillir les « textes des lecteurs », fruit de leur implication dans le texte. C’est à partir de ces élaborations singulières que peuvent se construire les démarches interprétatives. L’avènement du lecteur en tant que sujet peut survenir d’autant mieux que la classe est pensée comme lieu d’émergence et de confrontation de lectures subjectives.
Valorisation des langues vivantes en France : le cas de l'arabe maghrébin
Authors: Barontini Alexandrine
Published: April 2010

On estime aujourd’hui, faute de chiffres officiels, les locuteurs de l’arabe maghrébin à au moins 3 millions de personnes, en France. Pourtant, l’arabe maghrébin ne bénéficie pas d’une place à la hauteur de ce constat dans le système scolaire français. Il pâtit notamment d’une concurrence avec l’arabe standard. Cet article est donc l’occasion de faire le point sur l’enseignement de l’arabe maghrébin en France et sur son rapport avec les institutions à travers sa reconnaissance en demi-teinte comme langue de France depuis 1999, dans le cadre de la signature par la France de la Charte européenne des langues régionales et minoritaires (non ratifiée à ce jour) ; tandis que dans la société française, à travers certaines pratiques langagières et sur la scène culturelle, sa forte présence et son succès ne sont plus à démontrer.
Des genres médiatiques aux genres didactiques : quelles transmutations ?
Authors: Laborde-Milaa Isabelle
Published: April 2010

Cette contribution propose des pistes sur l’articulation entre les définitions des genres médiatiques et leur didactisation, i.e. leur appropriation en situation d’enseignement-apprentissage à l’université, et particulièrement dans l’optique de la professionnalisation, qui se concrétise notamment par la collaboration avec des journalistes. Quelle utilité et quelles difficultés présente la notion de genre dans ce cadre ? Il s’agit d’observer comment les genres médiatiques passent d’un type de discours à un autre, d’une institution à une autre (université et organes de presse), avec les modifications et les décalages que ces croisements peuvent entrainer quant aux normes de référence, aux types d’activités, à l’évaluation des produits.
La critique littéraire dans les manuels de lycée : 1980-2005
Authors: Cauchi-Bianchi Frédérique , Le Fustec Annie , Sivan Pierre
Published: April 2010

L’observation de la place de la critique dans quelques manuels de littérature pour le lycée, publiés entre 1980 et 2000, montre une nette évolution. D’une présence visible des discours critiques, on passe à leur absence manifeste, absence qui s’accompagne toutefois d’une indéniable influence sur les démarches de lecture. Des pistes d’interprétation sont suggérées, en lien avec le statut de la critique, les demandes institutionnelles et les finalités de l’enseignement de la littérature.
Du sujet lecteur au sujet critique
Authors: Huynh Jeanne-Antide
Published: April 2010

L’article fait l’hypothèse que le choix institutionnel de donner, dans les années 1980, la priorité au sujet lecteur, transposé didactiquement des théories de la réception et de la lecture a modifié le rôle et la place de la critique littéraire dans l’étude des textes en classe. Paradoxalement, les outils des théories du texte s’imposent alors que les approches de la critique subjective sont écartées et que les implications et les instruments d’une lecture subjective sont éludés. L’article propose également quelques pistes pour que les pratiques de lecture assument et construisent l’élève comme sujet tout en le constituant comme lecteur critique prenant en compte la lecture de l’Autre.
Promenade pédagogique au Louvre : d'un récit à l'autre passer par la peinture pour travailler la notion de récit
Authors: Claude Marie-Sylvie
Published: April 2010

Un texte narratif est constitué d’actions se déployant dans le temps et il faut du temps pour le lire. Au contraire, une peinture est une image fixe qui peut être saisie par le regard en un instant. Et pourtant elle peut être narrative ; mais il faut souvent du temps pour bien la voir. L’écart d’une façon de raconter à l’autre permet de trouver dans la confrontation d’un texte et d’un tableau de même contenu narratif une riche ressource pédagogique. L’article présente une courte promenade au musée du Louvre, conçue de telle sorte qu’elle permette aux élèves de découvrir différentes transpositions du temps narratif en espace pictural : les solutions que trouve la peinture pour raconter sont diverses et jouent diversement sur la culture du spectateur qui, par son imagination, comble les vides plus ou moins amples laissés par ce qui n’est pas représenté. Par ailleurs, toute appropriation d’un mythe par un artiste, peintre comme écrivain, en est simultanément une interprétation : les choix plastiques du peintre influencent de façon particulière ce que le récepteur peut y trouver à penser – comme ce serait le cas des choix littéraires d’un auteur.
Un atelier d'écriture à l'espace Dali en formation d'enseignants écrire à partir des œuvres d'art
Authors: Boutevin Christine
Published: April 2010

L’espace muséographique est un lieu possible de formation des enseignants stagiaires, dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, maitrise de la langue, littérature, arts visuels. L’observation des œuvres d’art du Musée Dali à Paris donne lieu à un atelier d’écriture poétique individuelle et collective. Ce travail in situ rythmé par des phases de production et d’analyse a pour objectifs de sensibiliser au processus complexe de l’activité créatrice et d’ouvrir la réflexion sur la didactique de l’écriture littéraire.
Langue(s) / systèmes / didactiques, diversité, identités...
Authors: de Robillard Didier
Published: April 2010

L’auteur tente une approche critique de la notion de « langue » en l’historicisant. Il essaie ensuite de montrer les conséquences du fait que la définition notionnelle de « langue » ne soit pas critiquée dans le cas de deux approches didactiques des langues différentes : l’approche classique du français en France, celles dites de l’Éveil aux langues. Il en conclut que la « langue » est fondée sur un impensé d’homogénéité qui mine les tentatives de construire des didactiques pluralistes des langues.
Autour des compléments : grammaire scolaire et recherches linguistiques
Authors: Lavieu Belinda
Published: April 2010

La recherche aboutit à des résultats provisoires auxquels manque une vérification empirique systématique. Or l’enseignement consiste au contraire à présenter comme des « savoirs », des « règles », les résultats issus de l’investigation linguistique. Dans la mesure où cette dernière n’aboutit justement pas à des certitudes, l’enseignement risque de transmettre en fait des « pseudo-connaissances » qui faussent la vision du fonctionnement de la langue chez les élèves. Le didacticien se trouve donc devant un double problème à résoudre : d’une part, une analyse nouvelle repose généralement sur la démonstration que la précédente est inappropriée, que par conséquent elle ne doit plus être enseignée aux élèves ; d’autre part, l’analyse nouvelle n’a pas encore elle-même fait la démonstration de son caractère incontestable. A-t-on dès lors le droit de la substituer à la précédente ? L’exemple pris pour illustrer ce que nous venons d’avancer concerne le problème des compléments.
Représentations de la femme dans le Rideau cramoisi de Barbey d'Aurevilly
Authors: Riera Brigitte
Published: April 2010

Proposée en début d’année dans une classe de Seconde, l’étude de la nouvelle Le Rideau cramoisi de Barbey D’Aurevilly permet d’entrer en littérature et d’aborder des questions importantes de l’adolescence, parmi lesquelles la représentation de la femme. Les nouvelles Les Diaboliques provoquèrent un scandale lors de leur parution en 1874, une image sulfureuse du diabolisme des femmes, mise en avant dès la préface par l’auteur. Les deux protagonistes du récit central, un jeune officier de 17 ans et la jeune fille de la maison qui l’accueille, échangent les caractéristiques du masculin et du féminin alors que c’est la femme dans sa folie qui amène la chute de la nouvelle. Le texte émaillé de considérations générales sur les femmes visant à les instrumentaliser permet un travail critique utile au repérage de l’identité en classe de seconde et à la « fabrique d’une image de soi » tout au long de l’année.
Mettre au féminin les noms de métier : résistances culturelles et sociolinguistiques
Authors: Lenoble-Pinson Michèle
Published: April 2010

Parce qu’elle modifie le contenu langagier et rend les femmes visibles dans les textes, la féminisation des noms de métier et de profession touche, par delà la seule identité des femmes, à la question de leur place dans la société, les formes féminisées les plus fréquentes dans l’usage désignant essentiellement des emplois subalternes. Logiquement, ce choix linguistique suscite des réactions favorables et défavorables. Ainsi, alors qu’au sein de la francophonie, le besoin de reconnaissance de l’identité féminine entre petit à petit dans les mentalités et dans l’usage, la féminisation continue de rencontrer des résistances et plus particulièrement en France. Le non-vouloir de principe des opposants et les reproches non fondés linguistiquement des détracteurs montrent que les obstacles à la féminisation ne sont pas d’ordre linguistique mais symbolique.
Les dispositifs d'accueil pour les ENAF dans les écoles publiques
Authors: DAT Marie-Ange , Spanghero-Gaillard Nathalie
Published: April 2010

L’intégration socioprofessionnelle en France d’adultes d’origine étrangère dépend pour une part de leur intégration vécue enfants lors de leur parcours au sein de l’école française. Nous savons empiriquement aujourd’hui, depar les retours des enseignants impliqués dans la formation des nouveaux arrivants, que de leur accueil et de celui de leur famille, des conditions de prise en charge pédagogique et didactique, dépend la qualité des apprentissages scolaires réalisés. Contre toutes attentes, les dispositifs d’accueil des enfants nouvellement arrivés sur le sol français ne sont pas pensés selon une cohésion d’ensemble. Nous nous proposons ici de présenter les scénariosde prise en charge des ENA les plus couramment mis en place dans les écoles primaires françaises à ce jour. Notre travail se fonde sur une enquête de terrain réalisée dans quatre académies (Bordeaux, Grenoble, Nantes et Toulouse) sur la base d’entretiens avec les principaux acteurs impliqués dans les dispositifs prévus par l’école publique. Notre objectif final sera de montrer les incidences des différentes politiques menées par l’institution sur les apprentissages des nouveaux arrivants. Cette étude fera l’objet de publications ultérieures.
La médiaculture : une place à prendre dans l'enseignement du français ?
Authors: Bertucci Marie-Madeleine , Chemblette Emma
Published: April 2010

La médiaculture, illustrée ici par les séries télévisées, est souvent dénoncée dans le discours scolaire ordinaire, qui la perçoit comme illégitime. On avance l’hypothèse que la médiaculture peut être un moyen d’amener les élèves,ayant une faible connivence avec la littérature, à apprivoiser la culture savante, sans qu’elle vienne se substituer à la culture patrimoniale pour autant. Cette proposition se défend d’autant plus que la médiaculture est nourrie de références culturelles dont la légitimité est souvent incontestable, comme en témoigne la référence aux mythes antiques et au théâtre grec, dans la série carcérale américaine Oz étudiée dans l’article. Pour ce faire, il convient d’ouvrir les catégories génériques et d’admettre la notion plus large de fiction,qui intègre, au-delà du texte, l’étude de l’image, du cinéma et de la télévision.
Lignes de temps : l'analyse filmique en classe de français
Authors: Grizon Xavier
Published: April 2010

L’article rend compte d’un travail conduit avec des élèves de collège initiésau logiciel Lignes de temps , support interactif d’analyse filmique, dans le but d’analyser le film d’Abbas Kiarostami : Où est la maison de mon ami ? (1987).Le logiciel, initié et développé par l’Institut de recherche et d’innovation du Centre Georges Pompidou, permet aux élèves des approches individuelles et personnalisées, intitulées, Regards signés .