bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary electron yield suppression using millimeter-scale pillar array and explanation of the abnormal yield–energy curve*
Authors: Ye Ming , Feng Peng , Wang Dan , Song Bai-Peng , He Yong-Ning , Cui Wan-Zhao
Published: July 2019

The phenomenon of secondary electron emission is of considerable interest in areas such as particle accelerators and on-board radio frequency (RF) components. Total secondary electron yield (TSEY) is a parameter that is frequently used to describe the secondary electron emission capability of a material. It has been widely recognized that the TSEY vs. primary electron energy curve has a single-hump shape. However, the TSEY–energy curve with a double-hump shape was also observed experimentally—this anomaly still lacks explanation. In this work, we explain this anomaly with the help of a millimetre-scale (mm-scale) silver pillar array fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The TSEY–energy curve of this pillar array as well as its flat counterpart is obtained using sample current method. The measurement results show that for the considered primary electron energy (40–1500 eV), the pillar array can obviously suppress TSEY, and its TSEY–energy curve has an obvious double-hump shape. Through Monte Carlo simulations and electron beam spot size measurements, we successfully attribute the double-hump effect to the dependence of electron beam spot size on the primary electron energy. The observations of this work may be of help in determining the TSEY of roughened surface with characteristic surface structures comparable to electron beam spot size. It also experimentally confirms the TSEY suppression effect of pillar arrays.
Growth of high quality Sr2IrO4 epitaxial thin films on conductive substrates*
Authors: Xu Hui , Cui Zhangzhang , Zhai Xiaofang , Lu Yalin
Published: July 2019

Ruddlesden–Popper iridium oxides have attracted considerable interest because of the many proposed novel quantum states that arise from the large spin–orbit coupling of the heavy iridium atoms in them. A prominent example is the single layer Sr2IrO4, in which superconductivity has been proposed under electron doping. However, the synthesis of Sr2IrO4 high quality thin films has been a huge challenge due to the easy formation of impurities associated with different numbers of SrO layers. Thus techniques to optimize the growth of pure phase Sr2IrO4 are urgently required. Here we report the deposition of high quality Sr2IrO4 thin films on both insulating SrTiO3 and conducting SrTiO3:Nb substrates using pulsed laser deposition assisted with reflective high-energy electron diffraction. The optimal deposition temperature of Sr2IrO4 epitaxial films on SrTiO3:Nb substrates is about 90 °C lower than that on SrTiO3 substrates. The electrical transports of high quality Sr2IrO4 films are measured, which follow the three-dimensional Mott variable-range hopping model. The film magnetizations are measured, which show weak ferromagnetism below ∼240 K with a saturation magnetization of

∼
0.2

μ

B

/Ir at 5 K. This study provides applicable methods to prepare high quality 5d Sr2IrO4 epitaxial films, which could be extended to other Ruddlesden–Popper phases and potentially help the future study of exotic quantum phenomena in them.
Fabrication of large-scale graphene/2D-germanium heterostructure by intercalation*
Authors: Guo Hui , Wang Xueyan , Bao De-Liang , Lu Hong-Liang , Zhang Yu-Yang , Li Geng , Wang Ye-Liang , Du Shi-Xuan , Gao Hong-Jun
Published: July 2019

We report a large-scale, high-quality heterostructure composed of vertically-stacked graphene and two-dimensional (2D) germanium. The heterostructure is constructed by the intercalation-assisted technique. We first synthesize large-scale, single-crystalline graphene on Ir(111) surface and then intercalate germanium at the interface of graphene and Ir(111). The intercalated germanium forms a well-defined 2D layer with a 2 × 2 superstructure with respect to Ir(111). Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the 2D germanium has a double-layer structure. Raman characterizations show that the 2D germanium effectively weakens the interaction between graphene and Ir substrate, making graphene more like the intrinsic one. Further experiments of low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the formation of large-scale and high-quality graphene/2D-germanium vertical heterostructure. The integration of graphene with a traditional 2D semiconductor provides a platform to explore new physical phenomena in the future.
Effects of CeO2 and nano-ZrO2 agents on the crystallization behavior and mechanism of CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2-based glass ceramics*
Authors: Zhang Yan , Shi Yu , Zhang Xuefeng , Hu Fengxia , Sun Jirong , Zhao Tongyun , Shen Baogen
Published: July 2019

The crystallization behavior and mechanism of CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 (CAMS)-based diopside glass ceramics with nano-ZrO2 nucleators and CeO2 agents have been investigated. The use of nanoscale ZrO2 as nucleators is favorable to the crystallization of glass ceramic at a relatively lower temperature due to the reduction of the activation energy, while the activation energy is increased after adding the CeO2 agent. The microstructure and orientation have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. Two discernible layers are observed, featured in glass and crystalline phases, respectively. Remarkably textured polycrystalline diopsides are verified for the samples (A and B) free of CeO2 agents, with c-axes perpendicular to the interface of the two layers. Comparatively, the c-axes of diopside grains of the sample (C) with CeO2 agents are proved to be parallel to the interface. Nanocrystals are detected in the vicinity of the interface for sample C.
First-principles insight into Li and Na ion storage in graphene oxide*
Authors: Zhong Shu-Ying , Shi Jing , Luo Wen-Wei , Lei Xue-Ling
Published: July 2019

The structural, electronic, and adsorption properties of Li/Na ions on graphene decorated by epoxy groups are investigated by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Our results show that the concentration of epoxy groups remarkably affects the structural and electronic properties of graphene. The bandgaps change monotonically from 0.16 eV to 3.35 eV when the O coverage increases from 12.5% to 50% (O/C ratio). Furthermore, the highest lithiation potential of 2.714 V is obtained for the case of graphene oxide (GO) with 37.5 % O coverage, while the highest sodiation potential is 1.503 V for GO with 12.5% O coverage. This clearly demonstrates that the concentration of epoxy groups has different effects on Li and Na storage in GO. Our results provide a new insight into enhancing the Li and Na storage by tuning the concentration of epoxy groups on GO.
Effects of Mg2+ on the binding of the CREB/CRE complex: Full-atom molecular dynamics simulations*
Authors: Mao Song , Wang Shuai , Deng Haiyou , Yi Ming
Published: July 2019

Metal ions play critical roles in the interaction between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. The experimental research has demonstrated that the Mg2+ ion can affect the binding between transcription factor and DNA. In our work, by full-atom molecular dynamic simulation, the effects of the Mg2+ ion on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB)/cAMP response elements (CRE) complex are investigated. It is illustrated that the number of hydrogen bonds formed at the interface between protein and DNA is significantly increased when the Mg2+ ion is added. Hence, an obvious change in the structure of the DNA is observed. Then the DNA base groove and base pair parameters are analyzed. We find that, due to the introduction of the Mg2+ ion, the DNA base major groove becomes narrower. A potential mechanism for this observation is proposed. It is confirmed that the Mg2+ ion can enhance the stability of the DNA–protein complex.
Applying Model of Emergency Referral Information System (ERIS) by using DeLone and McLean Framework
Authors: Wang Gunawan , Purwanto Hadi , Kurnia Sari Rini
Published: July 2019

Indonesian health regulation addresses all health providers, midwives and physicians that conducting medical practices should conduct patient Emergency Referral Information (ERI) exchange before referring the patient to other hospital facility. The ERI project was initiated in EMAS project that funded by USAID during 2012-2016. The EMAS project encouraged the patient of ERI systems to be adopted by all districts, cities, hospitals and health centers. Due to its wide adoption efforts, the ERI system implementation has gone quite slow, and exacerbated in some area. Only few district and/or facility are effectively to be utilized and supported. For this reason, the article applies DeLone and McLean model to analyse the ERI system implementation with the objective to provide valuable inputs for top decision makers.
Samawa Language Part of Speech Tagging with Probabilistic Approach: Comparison of Unigram, HMM and TnT Models
Authors: Hariyanti Trienani , Aida Saori , Kameda Hiroyuki
Published: July 2019

Samawa language is one of living languages with more than 500K native speakers in Sumbawa island, Indonesia. There are, however, extremely small amounts of available resources and efforts to develop tools in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) discipline area. In this paper, we observe and evaluate three models of probabilistic approach which are Unigram, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Trigram’n’Tags (TnT) models for part of speech tagging problem, which is a process to label either word or punctuation in a sentence. We used k-fold cross-validation (with k = 5 and 10) and tagged corpus around 20K tokens with 24 tags. TnT model gives the best performance reached 96.18% compared with the other models. This result shows that TnT model could be considered and used to extend Samawa corpora and help some NLP tasks in the future.
Mitigation & Identification for Local Aridity, Based of Vegetation Indices Combined with Spatial Statistics & Clustering K Means
Authors: Yulianto Joko Praetyo Sri , Dwi Hartomo Kristoko , Hasiholan Simanjuntak Bistok , Widiyanto Candra Dian
Published: July 2019

This research aims to develop new methods of mapping aridity risk zones and their potential impacts on land fires using a combination of indices to identify land fires such as the CSI and NBR and the indices for NDVI and SAVI. The research location is in Gunung Merapi National Park (TNGM) and Gunung Merbabu National Park (TNGMb), in Central Java Province and Yogyakarta. The data used in this research is Landsat 8 OLI image year 2010-2018, DEM data from ASTER image in TNGM and TNGMb area using landsat 8 OLI image specification. The research was conducted in 3 stages such as pre-processing, image data extraction and post-processing. Global and Local Moran’s Analysis on NDVI, SAVI, CSI and NBR vegetation indices data can be used as an indicator of aridity and potential land fires. The experiments show that the average is in class 4 including the moderate greenish classification. Moderate greenish is interpreted that the study area is overgrown with meadows, shrubs, barren, sandy, rocky areas and a low population of vegetation canopy that shows that the area is on the surrounding mountain peaks. The results of the analysis shows Positive Spatial Autocorrelation, the phenomenon of aridity has spatial connectivity between observed regions. Analysis of K Means on the high vegetation density conditions shows that the weight of the distance between the vegetation data to the centroid is shorter, therefore the data is concentrated on a region. In low vegetation density conditions, the weight of the distance between the data to the centroid is increasingly wide, therefore the data looks more widely distributed.
Initialization of the Nguyen-widrow and Kohonen Algorithm on the Backpropagation Method in the Classifying Process of Temperature Data in Medan
Authors: Wayahdi M R , Zarlis M , Putra P H
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we propose the initialization of the Nguyen-widrow and Kohonen algorithm on the Backpropagation Neural Network in the classification of temperature in Medan. Initialization of Nguyen-widrow and Kohonen weight in Backpropagation could accelerate the training process of temperature data compared to Backpropagation with random weight. The experiment reaches target error 0.007 at 30 epoch. The result of testing show that the initialization of Nguyen-widrow and Kohonen weight in Backpropagation could recognize the test data reaches 96.52% accuracy.
Optimization of Production Scheduling and Actual Stock Using Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Utari C T , Zarlis M , Sutarman
Published: July 2019

In this case, fuzzy is applied as a determination optimization of actual stock. Based on the research that has been done, solving the problem of scheduling and actual stock optimization with Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm method has better performance than non-fuzzy Genetic Algorithm method. Production scheduling with Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm shows faster process result. Seen from the iteration that occurs is 1 (one) for scheduling with Fuzzy while on non fuzzy production scheduling, the process is completed in the iteration to 34. Scheduling with Fuzzy also shows better optimum percentage that is with 100% average while in non fuzzy production scheduling is 97%.
Comparation Between Linear and Polynomial Kernel Function For Ovarium Cancer Classification
Authors: Samosir R S , Gaol F L , Abbas B S , Sabarguna B S , Heryadi Y
Published: July 2019

Ovarium cancer is a kind of cancer disease which often attacks a woman. Ovarium cancer consists of benign and malignant type. Based on the data set obtained, this research try to classify the data set with support vector machine algorithm. The principle of SVM is how to identify a hyperplanes with maximal margin. Hyperplanes is a border line between the data. Here, we will used two kernel function in SVM, linear and polynomial kernel function. Next We will compare both of them algorithm to reach the hyperplanes with maximal margin. The hyperplanes then used to predict the class of data testing given. Finally, comparation result will be obtained from confussion matrix and accuration calculation for each kernel function while used to classify the ovarium cancer data set. Accuration result with Linear kernel function is 68.98% for first schema and 66.67% for second schema. Then accuration result with Polynomial Kernel Function is 83.79% for both of schema.
The Heart Attack Detection by ESP8266 Data Communication at a Real Time to Avoid Sudden Death
Authors: Sihombing Poltak , Manullang Mangasa , Sitompul Dahlan , Sri Dumayanti Imelda
Published: July 2019

The problem Heart attack is one of the causes of death at this time. A person may not realize that he suddenly experiences an improper heartbeat so that a sudden heart attack can result in sudden death. Usually a traditional heart rate calculation has been done using hardware such as oximeters or electrocardiogram devices. Although this device has a reliable method for normal users, the use of this device takes a long time to carry out the inspection process. In this paper, we propose a method that can detect heartbeats that are detect directly and can be shared to several telephone numbers of family users, hospitals, paramedics, or private doctors. We developed an internet of thing method that integrates a pulse sensor, microcontrollers and Wi-Fi series data communication device modules ESP8266. The detection of pulse sensors attached of the patient’s body (users) and the microcontroller will be sent in a real time by the ESP8266 circuit module to the several smartphone numbers that have been set it before. The result and benefit of this method is that the patient (user) can be helped immediately if there is a heart rate abnormality, because of the heart rate detection results will spread to the several other people so that the patient (user) can be helped immediately before the condition becomes more fatal.
Bioinformatics approach of polyprenol reductase in Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Basyuni M , Hayati R , Pratomo B , Lisnawita  , Sagami H
Published: July 2019

Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. (rubber plant) is now used utterly for the commercial production of natural rubber, mainly of cis-1, 4-polyisoprenoid. The current study assesses the bioinformatics approaches to assay four probably polyprenol reductase genes from Hevea brasileinsis on NCBI database as well as expected the physicochemical, subcellular localisation, and phylogenetic of polyprenol reductase. Several parameters of physicochemical polyprenol reductase in H. brasiliensis were varied among the genes observed. The predictable half-life of polyprenol reductase in this study was similar to polyprenols reductase from other majorities of plant species. Based on stability coefficients, there were no stable proteins; all polyprenol reductase genes were non-stable proteins. It is notable that mitochondria target peptide value diverse from 0.053 to 0.101, signifying that is expected to be a presence. To clarify the homology in the midst of the polyprenol reductase gene in Euphorbiaceae family, a dendrogram tree was constructed. The close relationship among polyprenol reductase genes: environs may interpret Kandelia obovata, Ricinus communis, Manihot esculenta with rubber plant in the polyprenol reductase environs in the tropical rain forests. The present results indicated the prominence of understanding the variation and role of physical and chemical characteristics of the distinct amino acids in plant polyprenol reductase genes in H. brasiliensis.
Comparison of the Approach in the Zakat Management System
Authors: Lubis Muharman , Ridho Lubis Arif , Almaarif Ahmad
Published: July 2019

Zakat institution have been essential entity in the collection and distribution process of zakat management effectively and efficiently. Although, it is clear that there are some difficulties, which require great attention such as transparency, accessibility, fairness and compatibility due to cultural, geographical and political context. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the common approaches used in various countries through comparison in the best practice of managing zakat fund. It is expected to provide more understanding on the business process and visualization for the purpose of improvement. The contribution of this paper is twofold, firstly, the zakat institution, regardless the limitation or boundary should identify the primary requirement in zakat management system with focusing on the alignment between the model used and the proper application system. Secondly, the findings may provide insight on how the zakat institutions can further improve their use of technology and handle their human capital to deliver more effective and efficient process.
Implementation of Microservices Architecture for Application of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Identifier
Authors: Adi P. S. , Istyastono E. P.
Published: July 2019

The identification of drug compounds that react to the body’s cells is known as structure screening. This process can be assisted by a computer known as Structure-Based Virtual Screening (SBVS). This virtual screening process has been carried out by Istyastono for Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The screening process that has been carried out needs to be documented so that researchers can utilize for further research. Web-based applications with microservices architecture were chosen to develop a means of compound documentation because this application will be developed by bringing together two platforms, web and Linux shell script. An urgent need for this application to be built with the microservices architecture is the speed of application development for other enzymes based on this application. Application consist of web user interface, web service, data access and compound table. These components are mutually independent. Based on the results of implementation and discussion, the microservices architecture has provided guidance in developing applications so that applications are quickly built and easy to maintain and develop. It can be done because application is developed independently of each other.
Modification of chipertext Elgamal algorithm using split merge
Authors: Asri Rahmadi , Nasution Mahyuddin K.M , Suherman Suherman
Published: July 2019

The development of increasingly sophisticated technology with more intensive use of computers facilitates human work activities, so that security problems arise that misuse information that can endanger users. The third parties who commit crimes against users are called cryptanalyst. Cryptanalyst interferes with computer networks in many forms such as data theft. Cryptography is a security solution for cryptanalysts; one of them is by using the El-Gamal algorithm. Researchers have proposed El-Gamal modification with good results, but not all security problems can be solved. The algorithm cannot guarantee protection against the adaptive attack. This article proposes the application of split merge method on the El-Gamal algorithm to improve security. The study describes the system analysis and design. Since the combination uses large prime number calculations, it is expected to be effective to make cryptanalyst more difficult to break the plaintext.
Combination of myszkowski transposition algorithm and modified least significant bit (mlsb) green channel on png image security
Authors: Hardi S M , Rachmawati D , Chairinnisa F , Jaya I , Tarigan J T
Published: July 2019

On sending images via the internet, such as email, social media, and other are very vulnerable to technological crimes such as tapping, or modification. Without security guarantees, others can easily get messages sent over the internet. In this research, combined cryptographic algorithms and steganography. Cryptographic methods can ensure the security of data information by convering it into random codes, however making the data can’t be read and understood by others. One of the cryptographic methods used by the author is the Myszkowski Transposition Algorithm. But the use of such encryption method does not always guarantee data security because the data is messy with other words can be regarded as unusual and suspicious. This algorithm also has the disadvantage that as complicated as any we do transposition or permutation on the characters in plaintext, we just do a randomization of the order of plaintext but we don’t change it. So it must be combined with steganography technique that is using Modified Least Significant Bit (MLSB), so the message is not visible inserted visible. Therefore, if the information is on the wrong side will cause losses. The result of this study indicate that the Myszkowski Transposition algorithm and Green Channel Modified Least Significant Bit (MLSB) on PNG image coverage, can restore the image as before. So it can be concluded that the Myszkowski Transposition algorithm and Modified Least Significant Bit (MLSB) is capable of securing the message. Therefore, it can be concluded that the bigger the image size will be the longer the process.
Designing Open Server for Educational Question Resource
Authors: Zamzami Elvyawati M , Timanta Tarigan Jos , Jaya Ivan , Melvani Hardi Sri , Fadly Syah Putra Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Information technology has become a vital component in modern teaching. Today’s educators have significantly depended on the internet to increase the quality of the education especially in accessing new content for teaching material. Hence, it is important to aid the teacher by providing a well-structured and high-quality content. The Open Educational Resource movement, initiated by UNESCO in 2002, is aimed to perform the aid for teachers. In this paper, we propose an architecture of an open server for educational questions. The purpose of the system is to provide freely-accessible high-quality questions that can be used by educators to evaluate the study result. By providing enough information regarding the content, teachers can develop a well-structured test to be used in their classes.
A Visualisation of 3D Lung Anatomy with Augmented Reality as Interactive Medical Learning
Authors: Andayani U , Siregar B , Hernina Pulungan Sapri , Syahputra M F , Muchtar M A , Arisandi D
Published: July 2019

Breathing is the process of breathing air or the movement of oxygenated (O2) external air into the body or lungs and exhaling air containing carbon dioxide (CO2) as residual oxidation out of the body. There are several organs that act as the respiratory system organs such as the nose, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lungs. Augmented reality can be utilized as a learning medium for the recognition of anatomy of the respiratory system organs presented in 3D with animation. In this research, to build the object to be used, researchers use blender software for object modelling process. To be able to display 3D objects, researchers apply target image techniques, namely by using a marker obtained from the book Sobotta Human Atlas Anatomy is adapted to the needs of preclinical medical students. When AR Camera captures the marker, the camera detects the pattern contained in the marker, and then matches the data stored in the database. When the pattern is found and there is conformity to that stored in the database, the application will display the 3D objects of the organ of the respiratory system with Augmented Reality technology. The optimal distance of marker detection is 15 - 35 cm, with a 30° – 90° inclination angles.
Optimization of tilt angle of a solar collector in Medan city using genetic algorithm
Authors: Corinthia C. , Ambarita H.
Published: July 2019

Solar energy is one of the renewable energy resources that is not limited in its use and it does not cause pollution. One form of solar energy utilization that is often found is to produce electricity with the using of photovoltaics or solar panels. The main problem with solar energy is the instability of power which generated by the solar panels because it depends on the sunlight intensity which accepted by the solar panels. The intensity of sunlight received by the solar panels can be maximized by installing solar panels with a right angle so it will be obtained the maximum output power. In this study, the optimization of the slope angle of solar panels will be analysed using the Genetic Algorithm method. The results obtained are the optimal optimum slope of the panel from January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December are 53.839 55, 55.121°, 53.938°, 53.442°, 54.398°, 53.441°, 53.009°, 52.933°, 54.709°, 57.055°, 57.169°, 54, 632°.
Automated Bahasa Indonesia essay evaluation with latent semantic analysis
Authors: Amalia A , Gunawan D , Fithri Y , Aulia I
Published: July 2019

Essay Examination is one of many ways to evaluate the learning process of students. The Essay test can measure a student’s capability of memory and to develop an idea. With the vast development of Information Technology, an essay test is done in a more sophisticated way with a platform called e-learning. This research implemented an e-learning interface to conduct an essay test, starting with giving out questions, answering it and marking it. The system will generate an automatic mark, using the Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) method by measuring the relevance of the key answer and the student’s answer. Before entering the LSA phase, the answer will go through pre-processing step which is cleansing, case folding, tokenization, stop word, convert negation and stemming. The result of the accuracy of this system compared to teacher’s manual assessment is 83.3%. Expectedly, this research will help teachers in making their assessment process more efficient.
Social Network Mining: A discussion
Authors: Nasution M K M
Published: July 2019

Social network is model in order to structuring social. In knowledge management, social structures need to be revealed to see social behavior and social change based on the interactions that have taken place. In knowledge technology, the semantic social structure is extracted from information sources to interpret social behavior and its changes, and the meaning is supported by social network analysis. However, social networks do not only reveal social structures and manage them, but social recognition by exploring the potential of social members (social actors) and the community so as to present competitiveness. Competence is defined by the existence of social actors, while the existence of social actors is expressed from the relationship between them whereby the relationship also proves the meaning the competence. By involving artificial intelligence (AI), the meaning can be affirmed in a variety of different ways depending on the treatment given to the source of information so that it is possible to predict and express on the characteristics and behavior of the data. It based on forensic data and information retrieval, for trusty information is generated. Moreover, social network mining is present by considering social network data and the resultant of extraction method so that social networks not only contain information but become knowledge. This serves to bridge the social network analysis gap based on primary and secondary data, so social engineering is possible by exploring all the potential presented by social network extraction.
Optimization of Temperature on The Concentration of a Mixture of Substances in Liquid Waste Treatment Process Palm Oil
Authors: Tulus  , Marpaung T.J.
Published: July 2019

One process of mixing two types of chemicals (reactants) or more to produce a product can be seen in the processing of palm oil waste. In the processing of palm oil waste two reactants or more mixed in a reactor produce a chemical process. Where the chemical process, conducted to produce a product in this case is a fertilizer. When in the chemical process the reactant concentration is enlarged, the reaction rate in the chemical reaction will be faster. So it will produce a more optimal product. As is known if if the temperature is raised then the reaction rate will run faster. When the temperature is raised, the reactant particles will move faster so that the kinetic energy is greater. Therefore, in the completion of this study use Newton’s law and Fourier’s law. From these two laws will be obtained partial differential equations associated with temperature and concentration of substances. From the equation we will get the optimum temperature in raising the right temperature of 334 K. The settlement is obtained from finite element method applied in simulation with COMSOL Multiphysic program.
Optimized uptake time of 18F-THK5351 PET/CT in normal Thai brain
Authors: Thonglim Pachara , Chotipanich Chanisa , Buranasiri Prathan
Published: July 2019

This study investigated 18F-THK5351 positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) images to determine the optimized imaging time of radiopharmaceutical PET/CT in normal Thai population. Seventeen volunteers without any neurological or psychiatric illnesses, who showed no abnormalities upon neurological examination and the standardized uptake value ratio, were included. All subjects were diagnosed using 18F-THK5351 PET/CT and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). THK5351 PET/CT was operated on the co-registered MRI to draw a region of interest (ROI). A digital imaging and communications in a medical file were converted to a .img file. Next, the image file was rendered from discrete time to continuous time for plotting graphs. The ROI positions and rendered file were then used to plot a graph showing the relationship between the radiopharmaceutical uptake quantity and the interval time to determine the optimized uptake time of THK5351 PET/CT for the brains of normal Thai population, which was consequently 40–60 min.
Asymptotic dynamics for the small data weakly dispersive one-dimensional Hamiltonian ABCD system
Authors: Kwak Chulkwang , Muñoz Claudio
Published: July 2019

Consider the Hamiltonian

a
b
c
d

abcd

system in one dimension, with data posed in the energy space

H
1

×

H
1

H^1\times H^1

. This model, introduced by Bona, Chen, and Saut, is a well-known physical generalization of the classical Boussinesq equations. The Hamiltonian case corresponds to the regime where

a
,
c
>
0

a,c>0

and

b
=
d
>
0

b=d>0

. Under this regime, small solutions in the energy space are globally defined. A first proof of decay for this

2
×
2

2\times 2

system was given in [J. Math. Pure Appl. (9) 127 (2019), 121–159] in a strongly dispersive regime, i.e., under essentially the conditions
\[

b
=
d
>

2
9

,

a
,
c
>
−

1
18

.

b=d > \frac 29, \quad a,c>-\frac 1{18}.

\]
Additionally, decay was obtained inside a proper subset of the light cone

(
−

|

t

|

,

|

t

|

)

(-|t|,|t|)

. In this paper, we improve [J. Math. Pure Appl. (9) 127 (2019), 121–159] in three directions. First, we enlarge the set of parameters

(
a
,
b
,
c
,
d
)

(a,b,c,d)

for which decay to zero is the only available option, considering now the so-called weakly dispersive regime

a
,
c
∼
0

a,c\sim 0

: we prove decay if now
\[

b
=
d
>

3
16

,

a
,
c
>
−

1
48

.

b=d > \frac 3{16}, \quad a,c>-\frac 1{48}.

\]
This result is sharp in the case where

a
=
c

a=c

, since for

a
,
c

a,c

bigger, some

a
b
c
d

abcd

linear waves of nonzero frequency do have zero group velocity. Second, we sharply enlarge the interval of decay to consider the whole light cone, that is to say, any interval of the form

|

x

|

∼

|

v

|

t

|x|\sim |v|t

for any

|

v

|

>
1

|v|>1

. This result rules out, among other things, the existence of nonzero speed solitary waves in the regime where decay is present. Finally, we prove decay to zero of small

a
b
c
d

abcd

solutions in exterior regions

|

x

|

≫

|

t

|

|x|\gg |t|

, also discarding super-luminical small solitary waves. These three results are obtained by performing new improved virial estimates for which better decay properties are deduced.
Bimodal habitat use in brood parasitic Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) revealed by GPS telemetry
Authors: Moskát Csaba , Bán Miklós , Fülöp Attila , Bereczki Judit , Hauber Márk E
Published: July 2019

Obligate brood parasitic birds have evolved a rare avian strategy for reproduction by laying eggs in the nests of other species. In doing so, their breeding ranges, but not necessarily their foraging habitats, have become intimately related to the nesting territories of their hosts. We studied home range sizes and distribution patterns in Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) on their breeding grounds in central Hungary, where cuckoos parasitize only Great Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) in channel-side reed-beds at a high frequency (>50%). The geographic coordinates of tagged cuckoos were monitored by high-precision, remotely downloadable non-Platform Terminal Transmitter global positioning system (GPS) loggers, attached to 9 females and 6 males. Our results revealed bimodal use of habitat patches: (1) the home ranges of male and female cuckoos were packed densely along the channels where the hosts breed, and their distribution maps had high overlaps between sexes; (2) ~71% of cuckoos also visited nearby woodland patches, presumably for foraging, where the host species was not present. The size of cuckoo home ranges varied to an unusually great extent: 0.3–185 km2 as calculated by the minimum convex polygon method (85%), or 1–17 km2 when calculated by the more suitable kernel density estimation (KDE) method (Utilization Distribution 85%) for patchy habitats. Male and female cuckoos had similar home range sizes as estimated by the KDE method, consisting of 1–4 areas within the 2 habitat types of channel reed-beds and woodlands. No preference was revealed for night roosting locations between the 2 habitats or sexes. Female cuckoos were more likely to use reed-beds in the afternoons, when females parasitize host nests. Remote downloadable GPS methods offer an effective way of tracking cuckoos across large areas, but the estimation of home range sizes requires caution due to this species’ patchy and disconnected habitat use.
Long-term winter-site fidelity in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
Authors: Kelly Tosha R , Hobson Keith A , Casbourn Garth W , MacDougall-Shackleton Elizabeth A , MacDougall-Shackleton Scott A
Published: July 2019

In migratory animals, the degree to which individuals return to the same wintering sites across multiple years can affect fitness and population dynamics, and thus has important implications for conservation. Despite this, long-term evaluations of wintering-site fidelity are rare for migratory birds: many populations are intensively studied on their breeding grounds but tracking the migratory movements of small birds once they leave the breeding grounds is challenging. To evaluate patterns of overwintering location and fidelity, we collected winter-grown claw tissue from 301 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia; 449 samples) captured in spring at their breeding grounds over 6 consecutive yr and assessed stable hydrogen isotope (δ2Hc) values to determine within-individual repeatability and between-year variation in wintering latitudes. We also retrieved useable data from 8 geolocators over 2 consecutive winters. Geolocator-derived wintering positions correlated with origins based on δ2Hc values. Consistent with previous findings, male δ2Hc values reflected more northerly wintering areas than those of females, indicating shorter latitudinal migration distances for males, but the magnitude of the sex difference varied across years. The distribution of wintering latitudes was generally consistent among years, except for the 2015 舑2016 winter, which had unusually negative δ2Hc values. Values of δ2Hc were repeatable for males but not for females, suggesting that winter-site fidelity could differ between sexes. The data presented here emphasize the importance of tracking migratory populations across multiple years to uncover factors affecting population dynamics.
Speciation despite gene flow in two owls (Aegolius ssp.): Evidence from 2,517 ultraconserved element loci
Authors: Winker Kevin , Glenn Travis C , Withrow Jack , Sealy Spencer G , Faircloth Brant C
Published: July 2019

New study systems and tools are needed to understand how divergence and speciation occur between lineages with gene flow. Migratory birds often exhibit divergence despite seasonal migration, which brings populations into contact with one another. We studied divergence between 2 subspecies of Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus), in which a sedentary population on the islands of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (A. a. brooksi), exists in the presence of the other form (A. a. acadicus) during migration but not during the breeding season. Prior research showed fixed mtDNA divergence but left open the question of nuclear gene flow. We used 2,517 ultraconserved element loci to examine the demographic history of this young taxon pair. Although we did not observe fixed single nucleotide polymorphism differences between populations among our genotyped individuals, 100% of the birds were diagnosable and δaδI analyses suggested the demographic model best fitting the data was one of split-bidirectional-migration (i.e. speciation with gene flow). We dated the split between brooksi and acadicus to ~278 Kya, and our analyses suggested gene flow between groups was skewed, with ~0.7 individuals per generation coming from acadicus into brooksi and ~4.4 going the opposite direction. Coupled with an absence of evidence of phenotypic hybrids and the birds’ natural history, these data suggest brooksi may be a young biological species arising despite historic gene flow.
Ecological and social correlates of natal dispersal in female and male Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) in a naturally isolated and fragmented habitat
Authors: Botero-Delgadillo Esteban , Quirici Verónica , Poblete Yanina , Cuevas Élfego , Kuhn Sylvia , Girg Alexander , Poulin Elie , Kempenaers Bart , Vásquez Rodrigo A
Published: July 2019

Sex-biased natal dispersal is predicted to be a consequence of differences in the costs and benefits of dispersal perceived by each sex. Although female-biased dispersal has been described for numerous birds in heterogeneous landscapes, studies documenting sex-related differences in the causes and consequences of natal dispersal in fragmented habitats are comparatively scarce. We used capture-mark-recapture data and genetic analyses in a population of Thorntailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) from north-central Chile in order to investigate how the possible causes and consequences of dispersal are linked to sex-specific dispersal behavior in a naturally isolated and fragmented forest habitat. We analyzed 36 recaptured post-fledging birds to test whether female-biased dispersal reflected differential responses between sexes to potentially long-term acting selective pressures related to habitat fragmentation and high population densities. In this population, females disperse long distances (median distance: 780 m), whereas males are mostly philopatric (median distance: 85 m). Results suggest that female dispersal is possibly a response to the local density of breeding birds and mate availability, and comes without apparent reproductive costs. Inbreeding avoidance was not evident, but females may already be decreasing the probability of mating with relatives by moving away from their natal neighborhood where male kin usually remain. Our findings also indicate that male dispersal, while reduced in relation to females, can result from a tradeoff between the social benefits of settling near the natal territory and the associated costs of high breeding densities and kin competition. An increase of paternity loss was evident for males moving long distances. Follow-up studies should assess the differences in the costs and benefits of within- and between-fragment dispersal in this population.
Landscape context matters when American Woodcock select singing grounds: Results from a reciprocal transplant experiment
Authors: Brenner Stephen J , Buffum Bill , Tefft Brian C , McWilliams Scott R
Published: July 2019

The multiscale nature of habitat selection during the breeding season for migratory birds means that core-use areas (e.g., breeding territories) are selected based on their local habitat features, but these may also be influenced in some way by features within a larger-scale landscape. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to test the hypothesis that habitat selection and movements of male American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) in core-use areas during the breeding season depend on the perceived quality of the surrounding landscape. We captured second-year male woodcocks (n = 19) at high- or low-likelihood of use landscapes in Rhode Island, USA, affixed each with a radio transmitter, relocated them to the opposite type of landscape, and then determined if they returned to their original site of capture or remained in the landscape to which they were relocated. Birds captured in high-likelihood landscapes and moved to low-likelihood landscapes generally returned to their original high-likelihood landscape (5/7, 71%), but birds captured in low-likelihood landscapes and moved to high-likelihood landscapes rarely returned to their original low-likelihood landscape (1/12, 8%). These results support the hypothesis that woodcock assess their surroundings relatively rapidly and subsequently make critical settlement decisions based on landscape composition. Given that woodcock choice is predicted by the woodcock-specific resource selection function, these results also provide support for the use of this tool to guide forest management for woodcock.
Phantom interactions: Use odds ratios or risk misinterpreting occupancy models
Authors: Jones Gavin M , Peery M Zachariah
Published: July 2019

Occupancy models rely on logistic regression approaches that use the logit link function for model fitting. Parameter estimates fitted on the logit scale are frequently back-transformed to the probability scale for interpretation. However, caution is necessary, because back-transformation from the linear logit scale to the bounded probability scale can yield statistical artifacts that could lead to spurious inferences. We discuss one such artifact that we term “phantom interactions”—that is, apparent but false interactions—where the effect size of an additive model parameter, when interpreted on the probability scale, appears to vary depending on the value of other model covariates. A recent paper published in The Condor: Ornithological Applications provides an example of this issue (Lee and Bond 2015). The paper’s title and central conclusion state that estimated negative effects of fire and salvage logging on Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) site occupancy were large at sites where reproduction did not occur the previous year, but small (or “negligible”) at sites where reproduction did occur the previous year, suggesting breeding owls were resistant to disturbances. This implies the explicit modeling of a breeding state × disturbance interaction, but no interactive effects were present in the model used by the authors. A simple calculation of odds ratios (ORs) using data from the paper shows the modeled effects of fire and salvage logging on owls were, in fact, equivalent regardless of the previous year’s reproductive state. Lee and Bond (2015) incorrectly concluded differential effects of fire and salvage logging on breeding versus nonbreeding owls because the effect for breeding owls occurred near a boundary on the probability scale, where a change on the logit corresponded to very small changes in probability. To avoid problematic inference, researchers should use ORs to interpret logistic regression and occupancy models.
Nesting near road edges improves nest success and post-fledging survival of White-rumped Shamas (Copsychus malabaricus) in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Angkaew Rongrong , Sankamethawee Wangworn , Pierce Andrew J , Savini Tommaso , Gale George A
Published: July 2019

Road edges in the temperate zone often negatively affect reproductive success, post-fledging survival, and dispersal of forest birds through processes associated with edge habitats. This pattern is less clear in the tropics due to a lack of studies using natural nests and radio-tagged fledglings as well as an almost complete absence of information on nest and fledgling predators. We investigated the influence of road edge on nest success, post-fledging survival, and dispersal of White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) in a dry evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand. One hundred nest boxes were placed in forest interior (≥1,000 m from edge of a 5-lane highway) and 100 near forest edge (≤200 m) to assess nesting success. We radio-tracked 50 fledglings from these boxes, 25 each for edge and interior, for 7 weeks after fledging. Nest success and post-fledging survival were 11.6% and 23.6% higher at the edge versus the interior. Predation had the strongest influence on survival, accounting for 100% of nest and 94% of fledgling mortality. Fledglings used locations with denser understory vegetation cover relative to the available habitat, probably to reduce predation risk. Green cat snake (Boiga cyanea) and northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina), which likely prefer forest interiors over edges, were the primary predators of nests and fledglings in this landscape. There were no significant differences in timing of dispersal and dispersal distance or dispersal direction in relation to proximity to edge. Our results suggest that the impacts of edge effects on the reproductive success of birds appear to be strongly dependent on the habitat preferences of locally dominant predators. Further research will be needed to identify key predators and broadly assess their foraging behaviors in individual landscapes.