bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“WTO Law”: Interconnection with International Law
Authors: Romanova E. E.
Published: April 2022

Regulation of trade relations is a complex process that is getting more complicated year by year. The evolution of such relations led to the idea of creating a specialized institution, namely the World Trade Organization. The Marrakesh Agreement created a truly international organization, that is, as defined by the International Law Commission in its draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and having its own international legal personality. Specialists in the field of international law continue to discuss the law governing the activities of the World Trade Organization (WTO). WTO law is a set of agreements and annexes to them, protocols of accession, decisions of WTO bodies, which allows us to consider it a special treaty regime within the framework of international law. WTO law is not isolated, as it is implemented in accordance with the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This paper attempts to determine the place of WTO law in international law.
Apoiar a Aprendizagem e a Carreira de Estudantes Universitários em Contexto Pandémico
Authors: Pereira Soraia , Taveira Maria do Ceu , Silva Ana Daniela , Soares Joana
Published: April 2022

A Pandemia Covid-19 é um evento inesperado, imprevisível e gerador de múltiplos desafios e dificuldades aos indivíduos, nos mais variados contextos da sua vida, incluindo a vida académica e a carreira mais geral. Com este estudo pretendeu-se identificar e priorizar as necessidades de apoio psicoeducacional de estudantes universitários, em tempos de pandemia COVID-19. Participaram 261 estudantes portugueses, de ambos os sexos (n = 209, 80,1% mulheres), com idades entre os 18 e os 50 anos (M = 22,17, DP = 4,36), a frequentar cursos de licenciatura (n = 138, 52,9%) e de pós-graduação (123, 47,1%), em diferentes domínios e instituições de ensino superior, com saliência da região norte do país (n = 187, 71,6%). Registou-se maior necessidade de apoio em questões relacionadas com o estudo individual, a avaliação do desempenho, gestão do tempo, a compreensão de interesses e competências, e as escolhas de carreira. Os resultados de uma ANOVA bifatorial indicam um efeito principal do nível académico e um efeito de interação do nível académico e do ciclo de estudos, nas preocupações de aprendizagem. Nos estudantes com média académica superior, são os estudantes de licenciatura quem apresenta mais necessidades de apoio à aprendizagem, quando comparados com os de pós-graduação. Nos estudantes universitários com média académica inferior, registou-se o padrão de resultados inverso. No que toca às modalidades de apoio preferidas, os estudantes registaram maior interesse pelo aconselhamento individual e pelas oficinas. Os resultados deste estudo podem orientar a investigação e intervenções de carreira com estudantes universitários, em contexto pandémico e pós-pandémico.
Ciberabuso no namoro em estudantes do ensino superior: autoestima e tempo de duração da relação
Authors: Monteiro Ana Paula , Correia Elisete , Guedes Sara
Published: April 2022

O aumento da popularidade, quer das novas tecnologias, quer da Internet, tem dado oportunidade ao surgimento de novas formas de violência. O ciberabuso no namoro representa uma nova forma de violência no namoro, tendo o mesmo vindo a ganhar dimensões preocupantes. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivos caraterizar a prevalência do ciberabuso no namoro, estudar a relação entre o ciberabuso no namoro e a autoestima, e averiguar se existem diferenças no ciberabuso no namoro consoante o tempo de duração da relação. Participaram 894 estudantes do ensino superior com idades compreendidas entre os 17 e os 56 anos (M = 21.27, DP = 3.69). Foram aplicados um Questionário Sociodemográfico, o Questionário sobre Ciberabuso no Namoro e a Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que mais de 50% dos participantes sofreram e/ou perpetraram ciberabuso no namoro, verificando-se uma prevalência superior de ciberabuso no namoro por controlo. A autoestima relacionou-se significativamente com alguns fatores desta tipologia de violência, verificando-se ainda que indivíduos que nunca tinham sido vítimas de ciberabuso no namoro, bem como aqueles que nunca tinham perpetrado ciberabuso no namoro, apresentaram uma autoestima mais baixa. Por fim, observou-se que os participantes que estavam há mais tempo numa relação praticaram mais atos de agressão por controlo. Assim, parece pertinente adotar medidas de consciencialização acerca deste fenómeno.
AMI Data for Decision Makers and the Use of Data Analytics Approach
Authors: Pasupuleti Mahesh Babu
Published: April 2022

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) analytics provide a source of real-time information not only about energy usage, but also as an indicator of various social, demographic, and economic phenomena inside a city, according to the National Electricity Information Administration. As a tool for leveraging the potential of AMI data within the applications in a Smart City, this article proposes a Data Analytics/Big Data framework applied to AMI data as presented in this study. The framework is comprised of three main components. First and foremost, the architectural perspective sets AMI within the context of the Smart Grids Architecture Model-SGAM. Second, the methodological view describes the translation of raw data into knowledge, which is represented by the DIKW hierarchy and the NIST Big Data interoperability model, among other things. The final factor that connects the two perspectives is human expertise and talents, which enable us to gain a better comprehension of the results and translate knowledge into wisdom. Our novel perspective responds to the issues that are emerging in the energy markets by including a binding element that provides assistance for the most optimal and efficient decision-making possible. We created a case study to demonstrate the functionality of our framework. It illustrates how each component of the framework for a load forecasting application at a retail electricity provider is implemented in the instance described here (REP). According to the company, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for certain of the REP's markets was less than 5 percent. Aside from that, the instance illustrates what happens when the binding element is introduced, since it generates fresh development possibilities and serves as a feedback mechanism for more forceful decision-making.
El plebiscito por la paz en Colombia y el papel de la Corte Constitucional
Authors: Bernal Carlos
Published: April 2022

El 2 de octubre de 2016, en el así denominado «Plebiscito por la Paz», la mayoría de los votantes rechazó el acuerdo de paz que el Gobierno colombiano había negociado con las guerrillas de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. A pesar de este resultado, el Gobierno implementó el acuerdo. De esta forma, se activó la competencia de la Corte Constitucional para controlar la constitucionalidad de las normas de implementación. Este artículo responde a dos preguntas que surgen en dicho escenario. Primero, ¿pueden los plebiscitos —o referéndums— conferir legitimidad a la implementación de los acuerdos de paz? Segundo, ¿puede conferir legitimidad a un proceso de justicia transicional atribuir a un Tribunal Constitucional competencia para controlar la constitucionalidad de la implementación de un acuerdo de paz?
MILITARY SCHOOL CADETS SKILLS AND ABILITIES OF WORKING WITH ENGLISH AUDIO TEXT DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Иванова О.В. , Сбитнева Н.Н.
Published: April 2022

Изучено формирование умений и навыков курсантов военного вуза, обучающихся по специальности «Перевод и переводоведение», при работе с иноязычным аудиотекстом на занятиях по английскому языку. Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты аудирования как вида речевой деятельности, представлен анализ системы предтекстовых, текстовых и послетекстовых упражнений при работе с иноязычным аудиотекстом военной направленности, осуществлена диагностика уровня сформированности умений и навыков работы с аудиотекстом у курсантов (на материалах боевых действий в Сирии). Приведены результаты эксперимента и выделены группы трудностей, возникших в ходе обучения аудированию.

The article studies skills and abilities of a military school cadets (the specialty “Translation and Translation Studies”) when working with a foreign language audio text in English classes. Th e authors focus on theoretical aspects of listening as a kind of communication, analyze the system of pre-text, text and post-text exercises when working with foreign-language military audio text and diagnose cadets skills of working with audio text (based on materials of military operations in the Syrian). Drawing conclusions in the research, the authors cite the results of the experiment and identify groups of diffi culties encountered during listening.
Effect of processing route on grain refinement and mechanical properties in equal channel angular pressing of aluminium alloy AA7068
Authors: Shivashankara B. S. , Gopi K. R. , Pradeep S. , Raghavendra Rao R. , Venkatesha B. K.
Published: April 2022

Influence of different processing routes on microstructure of aluminum alloy AA7068 during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to four passes is investigated. Equalchannel angular pressing is one of the best severe plastic deformation methods to achieve ultra-fine grain structure by subjecting metal to an intense plastic strain through a simple shear. A significant amount of grain refinement as occurred by passing aluminium alloy samples through ECAP split die at 200°C temperature from first pass up to four passes with two different processing routes such as route A and route Bc. The experimental results revealed that out of two different processing routes, route Bc where the samples are rotated by an angle of 90° in the same direction after each pass, is able to achieve rapid microstructure evolution with a better grain refinement and an equiaxed microstructure as compared to that of route A. Mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strengths of the ECAP processed samples via route A and route Bc are also revealed that route Bc is the optimum process parameter which induces better mechanical properties into the metal.
Effect of cenosphere on moisture absorption performance of woven hybrid bamboo-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Venkatesha B. K. , Deepak Kumar T. , Prashanth K. P, , Shivashankara B. S. , Yuvaraj L. , Sanman S. , Venkatesh N.
Published: April 2022

This paper presents the moisture absorption behaviour and its influence on mechanical properties of cenosphere filled hybrid bamboo-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites (BGFRECs). The hand lay-up technique has been adopted with various weight percentages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) of cenosphere as a filler content. The moisture absorption tests conducted in distilled-water, and saline-water for 10 days at room temperature. With the help of ASTM standards, the moisture absorption and mechanical properties of these composites have been estimated. The tensile and flexural strengths found to increase when filler percentage increases in different environmental treatments. The obtained results revealed that the cenosphere filler loading has a great impact on the moisture absorption and mechanical properties of the hybrid BGFRECs. However, the influence of moisture absorption presented a substantial drop in the mechanical properties of all the hybrid composites.
Vibration and buckling behaviour of delaminated composite plates subjected to localised edge loads
Authors: H S Rakshith , Kumar L Ravi , Prabhakara D L , Rajanna T
Published: April 2022

Laminated composite plates are usually a part of complicated structures. Most of the cases these components may undergo delamination due to the transferring of various complicated loads. In this investigation the effect of extent of delamination on the vibration and buckling characteristics of laminated composite plate is studied by using FE method. Towards this, an eight-noded plate element has been used, by incorporating the effect of shear deformation. In this work two types of boundary conditions are used for calculating pre buckling in-plane stresses and buckling loads respectively. Matlab code has been developed to carry out various parameters like extent of delamination, ply orientation, plate thickness, width and position of load and boundary conditions.
Study of solid particle erosion of thermal spray coated and uncoated cobalt based superalloy
Authors: Vinod kumar M. S. , Suresh R. , Jegadeeswaran N.
Published: April 2022

Erosion resistance of turbine components can be improved using various thermal spray coatings techniques, in the present work HVOF spray coating technique is used to deposit tungsten carbide alloy powder composition (30%WC-CO+70% NiCrBSi) on cobalt based seperalloy Superco-605. The coating is characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Solid particle erosion behaviour of coating is evaluated at 30o, 60o and 90o angle of impact at room temperature, silica sand of size 150?m is used as erodent, particle feed rate maintained is 4.8gm/min, rate of erosion and steady state volumetric erosion rate is determined and results are plotted, from the plots it is indicating that the rate of erosion for coated samples are higher compared to uncoated samples, and there is higher erosion rate at 90o angle of impact and tends to be low for impact angle of 30o indicating brittle mode of erosion.
Synthesis and testing for mechanical integrity of nano cellulose composites
Authors: Kumar R. , Jyothilakshmi R. , Nandeesha H. L.
Published: April 2022

This scientific research focused on extraction of the polymer from an appropriate source and preparation of films with mechanical integrity and desirable chemical properties. Reinforcement of said films with nano-fillers like Nano silica and clay were administered to reinforce their mechanical properties. Further development on these films would contribute to eliminating plastics and replacing them with better and sustainable materials. Cellulose may be a biopolymer found in plant cell walls which will be derived from biomass sources like sugarcane. It is one among the main constituents of plant cell walls alongside hemicellulose and lignin. “Cellulose consists of long unbranched fibers of glucose held together by hydrogen bonds”. It is widely utilized in paper, plastics, coatings and casings.
Effect of injection timing on the performance of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with fish oil biodiesel and its blends doped with pyrogallol antioxidants
Authors: Vinod R. , Banapurmath N. R. , Basavarajappa Y. H. , Harari P. A. , Yaliwal V. S. , Varunkumar Reddy N. , Arun Kumar H.
Published: April 2022

In the present study an experimental work has been conducted to characterize the fish oil biodiesel and their blends with diesel and Pyrogallol antioxidant respectively. Fish oil biodiesel (FHOBD) is blended with diesel to produce FHOBD B20. Further to study the effect of antioxidant addition to FHOBD B20, three blends with varied dosage of pyrogallol are prepared. Accordingly, FHOBD B20 is infused with 1, 2, and 3 grams of pyrogallol antioxidant per liter to produce FHOBD B20PG1, FHOBD B20PG2 and FHOBD B20PG3 respectively. Beyond 3 gm deterioration in the blend homogeneity is observed. For the CRDI engine performance evaluation only FHOBD B20PG3 is considered. Advancing the injection timing to 17o BTDC resulted into improved CRDI engine performance powered with fish oil biodiesel. Further adding Pyrogallol antioxidant into FHOBD B20 blends higher BTE, lower emissions of smoke, HC and CO emissions were obtained for the CRDI engine respectively.
Effect of graphene nanoparticles on engine operated using simarouba
Authors: Keerthi Kumar N. , Telgane Veerbhadrappa , Kiran M. D. , Pavan Kumar B. K.
Published: April 2022

In the present study, simarouba biodiesel suspended with graphene nano particles was prepared. Prepared combination is mixed with diesel to form test samples. Ultraviolet–visible (UV-V) spectrometry was used for characterizing the dispersion. Tests were carried out on a single-cylinder, water-cooled and computerized 4-stroke diesel engine. Graphene nanoparticles are dosed with three different levels 20-60ppm in the step of 20ppm. Use of nano particles results in increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 9.1% with noticeable reduction in various emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) by 42.9%, hydrocarbons (HC) by 15.4% and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by 12.7%. A better result was obtained for 20% blended fuel with 40ppm of nano particle. Further increase in suspension rate of graphene nanoparticles resulted in reduction in combustion characters by increasing ignition delay. Similar trends were observed at all operating loads.
Buckling analysis of thick plates using a single variable simple plate theory
Authors: Deepak S. A. , Shetty Rajesh A. , Sudheer Kini K. , Dushyanthkumar G. L.
Published: April 2022

Buckling analysis of thick plates has been carried out herein by using a single variable simple plate theory. Theory used herein is a third order shear deformation plate theory which uses a single displacement function for the complete formulation of plates. Plate formulation is governed by only one governing differential equation. Governing equation of the theory has close resemblance to that of Classical Plate Theory. Thus, plate problems can be solved in the similar lines as in case of classical plate theory. Plate theory used herein does not require a shear correction coefficient. To check the efficacy of the theory buckling analysis of simply supported thick rectangular plates is carried out. Critical buckling loads for simply supported plates are evaluated and the results obtained are compared to other shear deformation plate theories. Buckling load results are found to be in good agreement with other plate theory results.
Microstructural characterisation of microwave cladding on stainless steel
Authors: Tahir Abbas Syed , Shreyas D. Y. , . Thejas , Shashank Lingappa M. , Durgaprasad C.
Published: April 2022

Partial dilution of clad powder and the substrate to form a new protective layer is called cladding. The present article focuses on the development of a novel surface modification technique for better resistance to wear/erosion using microwaves as a source of heat. Clads of MoCoCrSi/flyash were produced on austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) using microwave irradiation. Composite clads were established by irradiating microwaves at 2.45 GHz frequency and power of 900W using a domestic microwave applicator for 42 minutes. Characterization of the developed clads was performed in the form of metallographic (microstructure) and mechanical (hardness) tests. Careful observation of the microstructures revealed uniform grain structures, free from defects on the surface of the cladded substrate. Further, no significant cracks were found on the transverse section of the clad, characterizing good bonding between clad particles and substrate. The developed clad demonstrates significantly higher hardness than the substrate.
Investigation of wear behaviour of magnesium reinforced with boron nitride nanocomposite using ANN
Authors: Kaviti R Vara Prasad , Jeyasimman D. , Kumar S C Ramesh , Babu BM Mohan
Published: April 2022

The present study aims to study the wear behaviour of Mg reinforced with boron nitride nanocomposite. The dry sliding wear behaviour of Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) is reviewed by following ASTM standards G99, i.e., dry sliding on pin-on-disk wear test apparatus. Three wear parameters, namely load, sliding speed, and sliding distance, were considered in this study. The experiments for wear rate have been conducted as per ASTM standards G99. The wear rate obtained for Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) is predicted by the ANN toolbox of Matlab R2021a using the Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) algorithm, which trains the feed-forward neural network having 3-5-1 (three input neurons, five hidden neurons in the single hidden layer and one output neuron). Experimental data sets obtained from the pin-on-disk wear test have been utilized to develop ANN. The results concluded that the error for wear loss of Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) lies within 20%, with an average percentage error of 2.6% between experimental values and ANN predicted values.
Production and characterization of titanium based metal matrix composites: a review
Authors: Shaikh Kadir A Ajij , Boppana Satish Babu , Kumar Vijee , Dayanand Samuel
Published: April 2022

Titanium alloys are regarded as high strength and lowdensity alloys. It has wide range of applications such as in biomedical and automobile because of its high strength, low density, biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance. Titanium alloys can be produced by adding elements like aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, zirconium etc. The powder metallurgy method is widely used method for production of titanium alloys because of its low cost of production. In this study, Ti6Al4V based composites synthesized by adding various reinforcements through powder metallurgy method are considered and the results from these studies are reported.
Influence of micro graphite particles on the microstructure and wear behaviour of aluminium 6061 alloy composites developed by two step casting process
Authors: Nagaral Madeva , Auradi V , Patil Shanawaz , V Bharath , N Nagaraj
Published: April 2022

In the present research, the effect of micron sized graphite addition on the microstructure and wear behaviour of Al6061 alloy has been studied. The Al6061 alloy metal matrix composites reinforced with 6, 9 and 12 varying wt.% of graphite particles were fabricated by novel two step stir cast route which helps in improving the wettability of Al6061 alloy matrix with graphite particles. The created composites were exposed to microstructural studies and wear properties evaluation. Microstructural characterizations of achieved samples were carried out by SEM microscopy, EDS and XRD patterns. The occurrence of graphite particles were confirmed by the XRD patterns. The wear behaviour of Al6061 alloy with 6, 9 and 12 weight percentages of graphite composites were evaluated using pin on disc wear apparatus. All the experiments were conducted by varying applied loads of 1, 3 and 5 kg at 400 rpm sliding speed and varying sliding speeds of 100, 200, 400 and 600 rpm at 5 kg constant load. Wear mechanisms were studied by using SEM micrographs of worn surfaces and wear debris.
Oxidation performance of CNT-reinforced Cr3C2-NiCr coatings sprayed by HVOF method
Authors: K Manjunatha , G Giridhara , N Jegadeeswaran
Published: April 2022

The high-temperature oxidation performance of thermal sprayed nanocomposite coatings is discussed in the present study. The three combinations 3, 5, and 7% wt. of CNT reinforced Cr3C2-25% NiC coatings sprayed by HVOF on SAE-213 T12 boiler tube alloy steel working at 6000C in silicon tubular furnace following 1hour heating and 20 minutes cooling in atmospheric temperature for 50 cycles. Thermally developed oxidized layer formation influences in structural variations on surface morphology, phases of elements of uncoated and CNT coated sample were analysed using SEM/EDS and XRD techniques. The thermogravimetric approach was used to estimate the kinetics of oxidation on all samples the weight gain measurement has been studied. The weight accumulation of bare substrate has a higher rate of oxidation than the CNT coated samples. The weight gain of the samples oxidation mechanism generally represents parabolic in nature. The oxidation growth rate minimizes when CNT reinforced in coatings and oxidizing scale deposited on CNT coated surface significantly lower than uncoated samples. The developed Cr2O3, NiO, and Fe2O3 oxidized layers were provided intensifying oxidation resistance.
Impacts of Al2O3 nano additive and waste cooking biodiesel on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine
Authors: N Lakshminarayana , Ramesha D K , . Manjunatha
Published: April 2022

The running down of fossil fuel resources and strict regulation on emission parameters, it is essential to search for improved diesel engine performance and cleaner combustion. Elective energizes are the up-and-comer powers of the present and what is to come. An ever increasing number of vehicles are exchanging over to elective energizes around the world, demonstrates a definite indication of their need. It is clear that without alternative fuels, mankind will not have sustained eco-mobility in the future. Using additives will play a very good role in improving the performance and emissions. The effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel and Al2O3 nano additives on the performance and emission of diesel engines are clearly discussed in this article. In this article mainly focused on waste cooking oil and effect of nano additives. The different properties of this fuel are evaluated using ASTM test standard and compared in relation to that of conventional diesel oil. All experimentation carried out on TV2, Kirloskar, single acting, 4-stroke, water cooled diesel motor having an evaluated yield of 16HP at 1800 rpm and a pressure proportion of 17.5:1, with varied load 0% to 100% of full load with increment of 20%. Waste cooking oil biodiesel and Al2O3 nano additives shows marginal variation in performance, combustion and emission characteristic like (UBHC, CO, NOx) have been evaluated and compared to diesel
Design and numerical analysis on supersonic rocket nozzle
Authors: Gandge Amar , . Basawaraj , Hampali Chennabasappa
Published: April 2022

Rocket nozzle is part of a rocket in which the burnt propellant from the combustion chamber can exhaust through the nozzle to get the desire amount of thrust and required Mach number. The nozzle turns the static high pressure high temperature gas to low pressure, low temperature, and high velocity gases. To analyse this we have used CFD. Where CFD is the fluid mechanics which is integral part of the design, this is based on numerical methods and algorithm method. To analyse the fluid flow in supersonic rocket nozzle the CFD analysis software is used. Mainly in this work had focused on the pressure, temperature, velocity and Mach number of the mass flow in nozzle by changing the divergent angle. The oblique shock is a main conception and the presence of oblique shock which will create the instabilities. And it is visualized that the shock wave is creating in the nozzle at the 5° of divergent angle and it slowly started eliminating from the nozzle after 5° of divergent angle. To overcome this problem some of the trials are made for different divergent angle such as 5°, 10° 11°, 12°, 15°, and 20°. After 12o of divergent angle the flow parameters will start get reducing. At 20o the sudden drop of flow parameter will occur. By considering all the results at different divergent angle, the 11° angle is more efficient and found all the flow parameters such as velocity, temperature, pressure and Mach number of the mass flow are at required condition.
Effect of percentage of reinforcement particulates on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium boron carbide composites
Authors: S Sanman , K P Prashanth , K C Anil , B K Venkatesha , U B Gopal Krishna , L Yuvaraj
Published: April 2022

Aluminum based composites are generally used to build marine structures and liquid cargo containers because of its high strength and low weight. In the present investigation, the corrosion behaviour of B4C particle reinforced Al-6061 alloy has been studied. The aluminumboron carbide composite were prepared using stir casting method by varying percentage of reinforcement from 6 to 12% in steps of 2%. Salt spray method was adopted to investigate the corrosion behaviour of the composite. The test was conducted for a period of 240 hours and for every 48 hours the weight loss of the specimens was measured. The extent of corrosion was measured by using weight loss method. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the composite decreases with the increase in the percentage of boron carbide particulates. The optical microscope was used to analyze the corroded surfaces and corrosion mechanism. The pit initiation side tends to the possibility of the accuracy corrosion on the interface between the hard reinforced particles and matrix alloy.
Feasibility study on MoCoCrSi/WC-Co cladding developed on austenitic stainless steel using microwave hybrid heating
Authors: Dinesh Rayirth , S Rohan Raykar , T. L Rakesh , M. G Prajwal , Lingappa M Shashank , C Durgaprasad
Published: April 2022

Partial dilution of clad powder and the substrate to form a new protective layer is called as cladding. The present article focuses on development of a novel surface modification technique for better resistance to wear/erosion using microwaves as the source of heat. Clads of MoCoCrSi/ WC-Co were produced on austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) using microwave irradiation techniques. Composite clads were established by irradiating microwaves at 2.45 GHz frequency and power of 900W using a domestic microwave applicator for a duration of 30 minutes. Characterization of the developed clads were performed in the form of metallographic(microstructure) and mechanical(hardness) tests. Careful observation of the microstructures revealed uniform grain structures, free from defects on the surface of the cladded substrate. Further, no significant cracks were to be found on the transverse section of the clad characterizing good bonding between clad particles and substrate. The developed clad demonstrates significantly higher hardness than the substrate.
A study on performance of surface modified NACA 2412 airfoil at various Reynolds number and angle of attacks
Authors: C M Rakesh , R P Yogesh Shankar , Hiremath Niranjan , J N Harshith , Thalekar Tejas , D R Dhanush
Published: April 2022

In the present investigation, aerodynamic performance study of NACA 2412 airfoil with surface modifications for the enhanced optimized aerodynamic characteristics is carried out. Three airfoils were built by introducing the cut at different locations. The present work is a computational analysis of the effect of inward cut on the lower surface of airfoil at 25%, 50%, and 75% chord length. The study parameters include flow separation (or stall), lift, drag, and angle of attack. The model is developed in Ansys design modeler and meshed in ICEMCFD. All three meshed models are simulated at 0o, 40o, 80o, 120o and 16o angle of attacks (AoA) at 60000 and 100000 (1 lakh) Reynolds number. The post processing revealed that, the increase in AoA resulted in increase in lift co-efficient (CL) for all three airfoils at both Reynolds number. The lift coefficient started increasing as the position of cut moved towards the trailing edge. The flow started separating after 12o AoA. It was found that, the airfoil with inward cut at 75% of chord length resulted in attaining highest lift co-efficient when compared to other two airfoils.
Optimization of processing conditions in equal channel angular pressing for superior structure and properties
Authors: Manjunath G. K.
Published: April 2022

In the past 25 years, much interest has been paid to the production of ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials due to their superior structure and properties. Equal channel angular extrusion or pressing (ECAE or ECAP) is one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique used to produce UFG materials. Compared to other SPD process, higher strain per pass and higher total productive strain after ‘n’ number of passes is possible in this technique. ECAP process is affected by various processing conditions or parameters. These processing conditions mainly affects the structure and properties produced through this technique. In this article, an effort has been made to provide the effect of each processing parameter on the structure and properties developed through this technique. Various processing conditions like- processing route, channel angle, outer arc of curvature, pressing speed, load and friction, processing temperature and application of back-pressure are critically discussed and effect of these parameters are summarized.
Static structural and linear buckling analysis of diesel generator connecting rod
Authors: Govindraj N , Suresha S.
Published: April 2022

Connecting rod is one of the major components in an internal combustion (IC) engine which provides reciprocating motion from the rotary motion to the piston. In an IC engine the high combustion gas will produce, due to which high loads will developed in the connecting rod. It is very important to study the behaviour of connecting rod in an IC engine for diesel generator due to high pressures on connecting rod. It is also important to study the buckling load of the connecting rod which may reduce the failure of connecting rod. Hence in the project the static structural and linear buckling analyses have been conducted on a connecting rod for a diesel generator, resembling an exact diesel generator connecting rod. Estimation like the maximum stresses, maximum deformation, buckling load factor and critical buckling load are determined for different materials like aluminum alloy 6061, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy and aluminum boron carbide and new modified design. CAD model of connecting rod has been generated by using industrial CAD tool solid works and analysis has been done by using industrial CAE tool Ansys Workbench. In this project the results of static and buckling analysis has been compared and presented the suitable design of connecting rod for better performance. Finally, the results are justified by suggesting why Al alloy holds better replacement that other mentioned alloys
Effect of venture design on the performance of CNG and biogas operated dual fuel engine with jamun seed oil methyl ester blends
Authors: H. Arunkumar , V. Shamanth , Reddy N Varun Kumar , R Vinod , Banapurmath N.R. , S. H. Manjunath , Harari P.A.
Published: April 2022

In the present work, effect of mixing gas venture (GV) on the performance of modified dual fuel (DF) engine with effective utilization of biodiesel and gaseous fuel combinations is reported. Biodiesel prepared jamun seed oil called jamun seed oil methyl ester (JAMUNME B100) and its B20 blend (JAMUNME B20) are used as pilot injected fuels while the biogas and compressed natural gas (CNG) are used as the inducted fuels in the modified DF engine. Hence, the present research focus on the enhancing of engine performance of DF engine fuelled with liquid and gaseous fuel combinations. Meanwhile, the effect of GV on modified DF engine performance is investigated. Higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions besides higher NOx emissions are observed with higher methane content gas. Combustion parameters such as ignition delay (ID), and peak pressure (PP) are analysed. The DF engine operated on renewable fuel combinations in DF mode can cover the way for partial substitution of fossil fuel along with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing the number of orifices in GV will improve the gas-air mixing ratio.
Evaluation of mechanical properties for AL6061 based hybrid nano composites reinforced with Al2O3 and ZrO2 particles
Authors: Shreyas P. S , Mahesh B. P. , Rajanna S. , Ragavendra B. S.
Published: April 2022

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are being progressively more known nowadays. The key point in this paper is to study the mechanical properties of aluminium 6061 alloy strengthened with Al2O3 and ZrO2 and process is completed with the aid of stir casting system. The tensile and compressive test of the MMCs carried with the help of computerized UTM. The experimental results showing that the compressive and tensile strength increased with addition of Al2O3 as invariable of 2.5% along with a boost of 1, 2, 3 and 4% of ZrO2.
Effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of unidirectional basalt fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites
Authors: Raghavendra Rao R. , Pradeep S. , Shivashankara B. S. , Avinash S. , Pradeep N. B.
Published: April 2022

Polymer matrix composite materials have attracted the researchers over a period due to its superior specific strength, compared to conventional materials. Bio-based fibers have started to emerge rapidly for industrial components, encompassing the technological/scientific aspects and the economic, environmental and social issues. Amongst the variety of bio-based fibers, basalt fiber occupies a prominent position, due to its overall production and unique chemistry-related features. It is chemically inert and non-reactive. In the present investigation, unidirectional basalt fiber of 240GSM at different orientations is added as reinforcement with a fixed weight percentage of 55% to LY556-HY951 epoxy-hardener combination as matrix. Fabrication is carried out by conventional hand lay-up technique. Mechanical characterization such as, tensile, flexural, hardness and inter laminar shear strength tests are conducted for the fabricated material. Morphological studies are conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to visualize the fiber pull out, presence of voids and matrix-fiber adhesion characteristics. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the highest strengths are obtained for laminates with zero-degree fiber orientation, which makes it suitable to be used for engineering, structural and biomedical applications
Role of different fermentation methods in the enhancement of bioethanol production – a review
Authors: Renuka P. H. , Shashikala A. R.
Published: April 2022

Waste management and manufacture of hygienic affordable energy are two main challenges that our societies face. With the aims of protecting the environment and reducing dependence on petroleum and other conventional energy sources, the development of renewable energy sources has become increasingly important. Ethanol can be produced chemically from petroleum and from biomass or sugar substrates by fermentation. Food waste (FW) can be used as a feedstock to produce ethanol as it is rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses, and starch. However, the price of the essential enzymes used to convert FW to ethanol remains a complication. The on-site production of the necessary enzymes could be a possible solution. The yield of bioethanol depends on the nature of biomass and the fermentation method used. The yield can be improved by slight modifications in fermentation methods. This present study involves the discussion of conversion of organic wastes into bio-ethanol using different fermentation methods. Also, includes the comparative study between organic wastes and fermentation method.
Mixed-mode fracture (KI and KII) evaluation in epoxy resin using ASENB configuration
Authors: Shashidhara L. C. , Srinivas H. K. , Anil Kumar C. , Narayanaswamy K. S. , Vitala H. R.
Published: April 2022

Asymmetric Single Edge Notched Bend (ASENB) specimen which is exposed to asymmetric 3-point bending is used to estimate the mixed-mode fracture (I/II) in epoxy. The mode I and mode II combination stress intensity factors (SIF) were calculated for various locations of loading points and different crack lengths using the finite element analysis tool ANSYS. By selecting suitable points for the support positions with the loading point mode I to mode II mixities can be achieved. Then, several fracture tests on epoxy resin were conducted using the suggested ASENB specimen. The crack path follows a straight line for mode I fracture and a curved path from the crack initiation angle for mode II fracture and mode II dominant loading. The broken specimen surfaces under various conditions of loading were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fractured specimen surfaces of the tested specimens showed reasonably smooth patterns indicating cleavage fracture.
Study on the three body abrasive wear behaviour of EN8-steel before and after coating of wear resistance material
Authors: Manjunatha . , Adarsh B. M. , Rakshith B. S. , Rakesh B. S. , Venkatesha B. K.
Published: April 2022

The effects of aluminum, zirconium, and fly-ash mixture additions on three-body abrasive wear behaviour of EN8- steel have been systematically investigated using a threebody abrasive machine and SiO2 as abrasive.The coating material is preferred by using 49% aluminum and 49% zirconium is mixed by using 2% fly-ash, the fly ash works as a binder between aluminum and zirconium. Investigate the worn surface of EN8-steel specimen before and after coating of Al2O3, ZrSiO4 and fly-ash mixture. The Al2O3, ZrSiO4 and fly-ash coated working specimen will give less wear rate in grams compared to working specimen without coating. It clearly shows that using Al2O3 and ZrSiO4 will reduce the wear rate and increase life of EN8 steel.
Experimental study of polymer matrix composites using polyester, hemp and calcium silicate
Authors: Prabha Sachin , Dattatray G. B.
Published: April 2022

The present study deals with the preparation of polymer matrix composites with polyester resin as matrix and hemp as reinforced material and calcium silicate as filler particles. The calcium silicate is available in powder form, and it is known that, filler particle increases the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites. In this project work the different percentage of calcium silicate is added in polyester resin to improve its hardness, strength, and also mechanical properties of polyester resin. The objective of this project is to prepare PMCs using calcium silicate, hemp fibre and polyester resin using hand lay-up technique as per ASTM standards. In this project work, PMCs are prepared by varying three compositions i.e. 2% CaSiO3 + 5% hemp, and 93% polyester resin, 4% CaSiO3, 10% hemp and 86% polyester resin and 6% CaSiO3, 15% hemp and 79% polyester resin. The experimental test will be carried on prepared PMCs and find out the different mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, compression strength, flexural strength and to study the dynamic behaviour of PMCs by using damping test with experimental set up.
Performance and emissions analysis of diesel engine fuelled with exhaust gas energy preheated ROME biodiesel
Authors: Varadaraj K. , Varun Kumar Reddy N. , Arun Kumar H. , Vinod R. , Sangashetty S. G. , Banapurmath N. R.
Published: April 2022

The crude oil resources are depleting as the days progress and biodiesel is an emerging substitute. But the usage of biodiesel is associated with fuel atomization problems. The prime cause is the high viscous nature of oils obtained from green matter. As we know that with increase in temperature of oil viscosity decreases. Current work deliberates the influence of preheating of biofuel on the engine output parameters. DI diesel engine fuelled with preheated biofuel blends result in increase in thermal efficiency and drop in HC, CO emissions, but the rise in peak cylinder temperature resulted in increase in NOx emissions.
Relationship Between Educational Factors and Academic Achievement of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Saudi Universities: The Mediating Role of Teaching Expertise
Authors: Alkharji Manal , Cheong Loh Sau
Published: April 2022

Issues related to academic achievement of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students in higher education has led to the need of deep understanding about factors that are related to academic achievement among DHH students. However, studies related to the relationship between educational factors, teaching expertise, and academic achievement among DHH students in Saudi universities are still scarce. To fill the gap, this study aimed to examine the relationship between educational factors and the academic achievement of DHH students in Saudi universities along with the mediating effect of teaching expertise on this relationship. The simple random sampling technique was employed to identify the target participants for this study. Using a quantitative survey approach, data were collected from 298 DHH students from Saudi universities. All questionnaires were analyzed by using structural equation modelling (SEM) via AMOS. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between educational factors, teaching expertise and the academic achievement. Results revealed a statistically significant relationship between educational factors and teaching expertise. Moreover, a mediating role was found for teaching expertise in the relationship between educational factors and the academic achievement. These findings would offer perception for policy-makers in future planning for such programs, which can positively reflect on the performance of educational institutions, thus improving the academic achievement of DHH students. The study suggests that the teaching expertise and educational factors should be employed to improve academic achievements of DHH students in Saudi universities.
Ewolucja podejścia ziemian do instytucji małżeństwa w XIX stuleciu w świetle egodokumentów i literatury poradnikowej
Authors: Staniszewska Aleksandra
Published: April 2022

Dynamika zmian dokonujących się w XIX stuleciu wpłynęła na postrzeganie instytucji małżeństwa, a także roli kobiety i mężczyzny w związku. Panujące ówcześnie normy i konwenanse ograniczały decyzyjność młodych, aczkolwiek warte podkreślenia jest to, że nie wszystkie pary dopasowywały się do tego modelu. Przejawy transformacji dokonujących się w podejściu do instytucji małżeństwa w tym stuleciu można zaobserwować na kartach poradników, jak również w różnego rodzaju prywatnych dokumentach.
„Niech nam żyje 3 Maj…”. Obchody rocznic narodowych w Lublinie w latach 1915–1918 w świetle prasy lokalnej
Authors: Jakimowicz Anna
Published: April 2022

W okresie panowania rosyjskiego na terenie Królestwa Polskiego wszelkie działania ludności polskiej o charakterze patriotycznym, takie jak obchody upamiętniające wydarzenia i postacie historyczne, były zakazane. Mimo chwilowej odwilży w latach 1905–1907, znaczące przeobrażenia w tej kwestii nastąpiły dopiero wraz z ewakuacją Rosjan latem 1915 r., a następnie przejęciem władzy przez wojska państw centralnych. Austriacy z racji podejmowanych prób poprawienia stosunków z okupowaną ludnością wprowadzili wiele swobód w sferze kulturalnej i oświatowej, m.in. zezwalając na organizowanie publicznych obchodów o charakterze narodowym. W Lublinie będącej stolicą okupacji austro-węgierskiej odbyło się szereg uroczystości, których charakter ewoluował wraz z uwarunkowaniami politycznymi, zmieniając swoją formę i rozmiar.
Beckett’s Dystopian Trilogy, Part I: The Irrelevance of Godot
Authors: Gontarski Stanley
Published: April 2022

The article concentrates on a variety of textual alterations introduced to Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot either in the process of translation by the author or by the third parties. In a close reading of these changes the article follows the philosophy of human degradation and connects it both with Beckett’s own ideas on the matter and with a broad cultural context of the epoch. Apart from this philological and cultural analysis, the article advances a thesis that the main theme of Beckett play is not necessarily the absence of Godot/God, or a figure of authority, but the fact of humanity slowly descending into stagnation, depletion of energy and hope as well as physical deprivation. Therefore the article offers an interesting study of Beckett from textual and cultural perspectives, but it also makes a contribution to the genetic criticism of his oeuvre.