bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the use and consumption of brown rice in Chinese restaurants (1019.10)
Authors: Liu Ting , Wang Xiaochun , Marquart Len
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing the current use of whole grains and the acceptability of brown and white rice in Chinese restaurants. Thirty Chinese restaurants in the Twin Cities metro area participated in the study. Fifteen restaurants used brown rice, while fifteen only served white rice. Based on a questionnaire, face‐to‐face or phone interviews were conducted with a manager/owner of each restaurant. Plate waste data were collected by trained observers for brown rice consumers (n=200) and white rice consumers (n=153). Data were analyzed using a t‐test and analysis of variance. Brown rice was a motivator to attract health conscious consumers, while low customer request was the major constraint for non‐use. Authentic (family‐owned) Chinese restaurants are less likely to use brown rice than chain restaurants. The mean percentage of brown rice waste was significantly lower than white rice (p=0.02), based on an 8.7 oz. serving. The age range did not markedly affect the consumption of brown rice (p=0.425). Based on plate waste data, the availability of brown rice in certain restaurants increased consumption. Additional efforts throughout the food system are necessary to deliver more affordable whole grains to restaurants that are highly acceptable by restaurant clientele.
The association between dietary intakes and food environment factors (1019.4)
Authors: Paik Hee‐Young , Lee Sangeun , Jung Hyunju , Song Yoon‐Ju
Published: June 2021

Food environments (FE) have become important factors to evaluate dietary intake at the levels of individual and household as well as community. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between dietary intakes and FE surrounding an individual and his/her family. The study was designed as a cross‐sectional household study. We recruited 66 households in a mixed region of urban and rural areas. We collected data related with FE including food stores from a family member in charge of food purchases per household. Two days 24hr recall dietary data were collected by trained interviewers from total of 215 family members. Total and distribution of energy from three macronutrients, and percentages of recommended daily servings consumed for each of the six food groups; 1) grain, 2) meat·fish·eggs·beans, 3) vegetables, 4) fruits, 5) milk & dairy products, and 6) oils & sugars were calculated. GLM and Spearman’s correlation were performed to estimate the effect of food environment factors on dietary intakes. People who spent more eating‐out expenses showed higher intakes of energy from fat. The percentage energy from macronutrients and the intake of meat·fish·eggs·beans were different by food store used primarily. The consumption of vegetables was significantly different according to FE factors; living area, type of generation, owning a car, education level, and household income. Home food insecurity was inversely related with the intakes of total energy and meat·fish·eggs·beans group. Evidence from our study suggested that the effect of FE factors on dietary intakes should be measured by multi‐level approaches.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by National Academy of Agricultural Science, Republic of Korea (project No.PJ008244)
The use of technology in eating disorder treatment programs (1020.4)
Authors: Popelka Jessie , Quick Virginia , Murray Pamela , Olfert Melissa
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the usage, usefulness, effectiveness and convenience of technologies utilized by health care professionals in their eating disorder (ED) treatment programs. This study intensively recruited health care professionals currently working with ED patients to complete a brief online survey with questions on technology usage, usefulness, effectiveness, and convenience in ED treatment programs. Participants (N=54) represented various disciplines (e.g., 40% RD, 35% school counselors, 10% MD), and mostly worked in private practice (38%) or a college setting (33%). The technologies reportedly used were email (62%), text messaging (36%), smartphone apps (34%), CD‐ROM /DVD (18%), internet‐based programs (16%), and virtual reality (7%). Compared to all technologies reported, email was found to be the most useful and effective to use in ED treatment programs. Additionally, both email and text messaging were reported as the most convenient technologies to use in ED treatment programs. Findings suggest health care professionals are using various technologies in their ED treatment programs and are finding them to be useful, effective, and convenient.

Grant Funding Source: WVU Experimental Station Hatch Funding
Barriers to physical activity experienced by low‐income mothers of young children: a pilot study (1021.1)
Authors: Desai Het
Published: June 2021

Barriers to Physical Activity Experienced by Low‐Income Mothers of Young Children: A Pilot Study Het Desai, Debra Palmer‐Keenan: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.

It has been reported that mothers of young children engage in less physical activity than those without dependent children. This issue is likely exaggerated in low‐income communities, due to the increased impact of physical activity barriers. This pilot study sought to examine barriers that mothers, aged 18‐44 with children aged 15 or less, report as well as to identify specific activity barriers, they report affect them to a greater degree than they affect their counterparts without dependent children. The mothers (N=59) were predominantly Black (61%), Hispanic (12%) or White (25%) and approximately 70% had no post‐secondary education. More than 50% of the mothers reported that six out of seven child‐related barriers mothers have previously reported kept them from exercising sometimes, nearly always, or always. These barriers and the percent of mothers who reported their effect to this degree were: needing to pay attention to their child(ren) (75.0%); not having anyone to watch their child(ren) (51.2%); not trusting others to watch their child(ren) (71.2%); interruptions like the phone ringing or the baby crying (63.5%); their child(ren) hanging on them (57.7%); and believing that they get enough exercise caring for their child(ren) (57.7%). In comparison with a demographically similar cohort of women without dependent children, i.e., under high‐school age, four other barriers impacted mothers significantly more. These were: not liking to do it (F=4.45; p<0.05); not motivated to do it (F=11.4; p<0.01); not having time (F=9.33; p<0.01); and (more specifically) chores leaving too little time (F=6.98; p<0.01). Clearly low‐income mothers are a particularly challenged group of individuals who would benefit from targeted assistance and education to achieve adequate levels of activity.
Diet quality among women participating in the Pregnancy, Exercise, and Nutrition Feasibility Study (1021.8)
Authors: Graziano Cassandra , Hansen Joyanna , McLain Maggie , Horgan Angela , Moe Esther , Goldberg Linn , Stadler Diane
Published: June 2021

Background: A nutrient‐rich diet during pregnancy is critical to optimize gestation and birth outcomes. The PEN program, a team‐based, peer‐led, 20‐session curriculum was used to promote healthy dietary choices and activity during pregnancy to reduce gestational diabetes risk.

Methods: The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy (DQI‐P) were used to assess diet quality of 14 control (CG) and 12 intervention (IG) participants based on food intake measured by the Automated Self‐Administered‐24 Hour Dietary Recall. Mean changes in HEI and DQI‐P scores from baseline (BL) to the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (T) were calculated and differences within and between groups were determined using t‐tests.

Results: Although no significant differences or changes in mean total HEI or DQI‐P scores were observed between groups at BL, T2, or T3, added sugar consumption was 47.9% lower in the IG (8.7 ± 8.2 tsp‐equivalent) than the CG (16.7 ± 10.6 tsp‐equivalent) at T3 (P=0.045). Mean DQI‐P fruit score, was higher in the IG, but not significantly, at T2 (6.1 ± 3.7, P=0.16) and T3 (6.3 ± 3.0, P=0.08) than BL (4.9 ± 3.3).

Conclusions: These preliminary analyses provide information on variation and effect size of diet quality indices to support a large‐scale, adequately powered, hypothesis‐driven effectiveness trial of the PEN program.

Diet Quality Indices
BL
BL ‐ T2 Change
BL ‐ T3 Change

HEI(max 100)
CG
64 ± 16
‐0.7 ± 26
‐0.5 ± 18

IG
60 ± 11
4.3 ± 18
0.8 ± 9

DQI‐P(max 80)
CG
56 ± 10
1.0 ± 13
‐1.7 ± 13

IG
52 ± 7
6.9 ± 9
4.1 ± 12

Mean ± SD
Development of mercury database for commonly consumed food among Koreans and assessment of mercury exposure from diet among the Korean population (1023.2)
Authors: Kim Seong‐Ah , Lee Jung Won , Jang MiJin , Lee EunJi , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

This study was aimed to develop mercury database for commonly consumed food by Koreans and assess dietary exposure to mercury among the Korean population linking mercury database with the dietary survey data from Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Target foods for mercury database were selected from KNHANES dietary survey data based on 2007‐2009. The mercury contents of foods were collected through the literature review. The developed mercury database covered 50.7% of all kind of foods and 95.1% of food intake as reported by 2007‐2009 KNHANES. The estimated average daily intake of mercury of Korean people was 3.3μg, 0.057µg/kg․bw/day (10% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI)), 0.54% of subjects had mercury intake more than PTWI, and 92% of subjects consumed less than 25% of PTWI. Among food groups, fishes and shellfishes was the most dominant source of dietary mercury exposure whose contribution rate was 73.4%. The more people eat fishes and shellfishes, the more mercury exposures per body weight are.

The developed mercury database can be used to estimate the dietary exposure to mercury of Korean people, and the method for developing mercury database would help researcher to develop database of other hazardous substances exposed to food.
Overweight and obesity of children in Guam (1024.3)
Authors: Paulino Yvette , Leon Guerrero Rachael , Rosario Jesse
Published: June 2021

In response to the U.S. federal mandate (P.L. 108‐265) the Government of Guam passed P.L. 28‐87, which established The Healthy Wellness Policy within the Guam Department of Education. The local law allowed for the uniformed collection of BMI from school children in Guam. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity of children (Head Start to 12th grade) enrolled in the Guam Department of Education in 2010‐2011. Trained school health counselors collected height and weight measures of students from all public school districts on Guam. The SAS Program for the CDC Growth Charts was used to calculate BMI percentiles for each child. A total of 25,501 children (12,309 boys; 12,147 girls) were measured. The overall prevalence of overweight (Confidence Interval) was 15.5% (15.0‐15.9); 16.2% (15.6‐16.9) in males and 14.8% (14.2‐15.4) in females. The overall prevalence of obesity was 23% (22.5‐23.5); 19.6% (18.9‐20.3) in males and 26.2% (25.4‐26.9) in females. This is the first official report of the overweight and obesity status of the public school children in Guam. Continued collection and surveillance of child overweight and obesity in the Guam Department of Education is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of activities pursuant to the Healthy Wellness Policy, and to inform future plans to address childhood obesity in Guam.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Guam DOE Federal Programs & Student Support Services Divisions; University of Guam CES
Effect of tree nuts on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled dietary trials (1025.16)
Authors: Viguiliouk Effie , Kendall Cyril , Mejia Sonia , Cozma Adrian , Ha Vanessa , Mirrahimi Arash , Jayalath Viranda , Augustin Livia , Chiavaroli Laura , Leiter Lawrence , de Souza Russell , Jenkins David , Sievenpiper John
Published: June 2021

Background: Tree nut consumption is associated with reduced diabetes risk, however, results from randomized trials on glycemic control have been inconsistent.

Aim: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effect of tree nuts on glycemic control in individuals with diabetes.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases through 14 May 2013 for relevant randomized trials 蠅3‐weeks reporting HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and/or HOMA‐IR. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran’s Q and quantified by I2.

Results: 10 trials (n=374) met the eligibility criteria. Diets emphasizing tree nuts significantly lowered HbA1c (MD=‐0.11 %, 95% CI:‐0.18, ‐0.04 %; P=0.001) and fasting glucose (MD=‐0.20 mmol/L, 95% CI:‐0.38, ‐0.03 mmol/L; P=0.02) compared with isocaloric control diets. No significant treatment effects were observed for fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR.

Limitations: Majority of trials were of poor quality and short duration.

Conclusion: Pooled analyses show diets high in tree nuts improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Longer, higher quality trials are needed. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01630980

Grant Funding Source: International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research & Education Foundation
Dietary and caloric restriction and age‐related spinal osteoarthritis: a longitudinal study of primates (1025.7)
Authors: Bailey Jeannie , Duncan Andrea , Colman Ricki , Mattison Julie , Kramer Patricia
Published: June 2021

Dietary and/or caloric restriction have been shown to decrease the rate of senescence and increase maximum life span in several species, but how it impacts age‐related degenerative processes, such as osteoarthritis, is unclear. Like humans, Rhesus macaques develop spontaneous osteoarthritis with age and have been studied under dietary/caloric restriction protocols for almost two decades. We hypothesized that restricted macaques would develop less spinal osteoarthritis with age than monkeys fed a normal diet.

We assessed osteoarthritis in the thoracolumbar spine of macaques from dietary/caloric restriction studies at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and the National Institute on Aging. We assessed osteophytosis (OST) and disc space narrowing (DSN) from annual radiographs of 68 macaques from the WNPRC (males, n=41 (20 restricted); females, n=27 (13 restricted)) and 104 macaques from NIA (males, n=52 (26 restricted); females, n=52 (22 restricted)) studies. A positive association between age and both OST (p<0.001) and DSN (p<0.001) was found in macaques from both sites, but no difference was found between normally fed and restricted animals (WNPRC: OST p=0.222, DSN p=0.574; NIA: OST p=0.238, DSN p=0.386) when adjusted for sex and body mass.

Dietary/caloric restriction does not affect spinal osteoarthritis, which perhaps implicates loading as a contributor to the etiology of osteoarthritis.
Factors related to improvement and decline in high and low nutritional risk community‐dwelling Canadian older men: The Manitoba Follow‐up Study (MFUS) (1026.8)
Authors: Lengyel Christina , Harms Elisabeth , Tate Robert
Published: June 2021

Nutritional risk screening is used to identify older adults who may be at increased risk for poor nutritional intake or impaired status. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if nutritional risk can change over time in community‐dwelling Canadian older men; 2) examine the components of SCREEN II (Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition) that improve among men at high nutritional risk; and 3) examine the components of SCREEN II that decline among men at low nutritional risk. In 2007, 690 MFUS (www.mfus.ca) members were mailed the SCREEN II survey (80% completion rate; mean age = 86.7 years). The survey has been sent annually with up to 5 surveys received from each 2007 respondent, enabling a longitudinal assessment of change in factors among high and low nutritional risk men. Across one year transition periods, 19% of men at high nutritional risk improved their status, 20% of men at low nutritional risk declined, while 61% had no change. Decreased appetite and dietary intake (milk products, meat & alternatives, fluid, fruits and vegetables) were the most common changes for men at low nutritional risk showing decline compared to intentional weight change in men at high risk showing improvement. As factors related to improvement and decline of nutritional risk for community‐dwelling older men are different, targeted screening, follow‐up and strategic interventions are critical.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CIHR, MHRC, Dr. Paul H.T Thorlakson Foundation & University of Manitoba Centre on Aging
Infant formula increases bone turnover favoring bone formation (1027.8)
Authors: Chen Jin‐Ran , Andres Aline , Lazarenko Oxana , Ronis Martin , Badger Thomas
Published: June 2021

In the first year of life, the major infant food choices have traditionally been breast milk (BM), cow’s milk formula (MF) or soy formula (SF). Studies examining the effects of infant formula on early life skeletal development are extremely limited. We have enrolled 120 healthy 6‐month‐old infants who were fed BM (n=40), MF (n=40) or SF (n=40), and studied bone turnover markers in urine. Bone formation marker osteocalcin which is only secreted by osteoblasts was measured by a urine ELISA kit generated in our laboratory. Bone resorption marker, collagen crosslink N‐terminal telopeptide (NTx), was measured using a commercial kit. While there were no significant differences between MF and SF groups in bone formation and resorption markers, osteocalcin was substantially increased in both MF and SF groups compared to those from BM group (p < 0.01). NTx was also increased (p < 0.05) but to a lesser degree. We reproduced these results in a piglet animal model where male and female neonatal piglets (n=6 per group) were fed BM, MF or SF for 20 days. There were no gender differences in increased osteocalcin in MF and SF groups in urine compared to those from BM group. Increased bone mass was associated with urinary osteocalcin in MF and SF piglet groups. These results suggest increased bone turnover favoring more bone formation occurs in formula‐fed compared to breast‐fed infants. Supported in part by ARS CRIS #6251‐51000‐005‐03S.

Grant Funding Source: ARS CRIS #6251‐51000‐005‐03S
Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise training in the management of genetic predisposition to obesity (1028.6)
Authors: Sartori Michelle , Santos Fernando , De Angelis Katia , Irigoyen Maria
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to compare aerobic and resistance exercise training effects on, metabolic and autonomic parameters in youth obese mice. Female ob/ob mice (4 weeks) were randomized into: sedentary (OS, n=11), aerobic trained (OA, n=8) (treadmill,5 days/w, 60 min/d, during 8 wks) and resistance trained (OR, n=8) (ladder climb, 5 days/w, during 8 wks) groups. Blood glucose Glucose tolerance test and glycemia were evaluated. Blood pressure (BP) signals were directly recorded using a data acquisition system. The OA and OR groups had higher treadmill exercise capacity (TT) and maximum strength test (ladder) (ST) than the OS group. However, the OA showed increase in TT in relation to the OR animals, as well as the OR showed greater strength compared OA group. OA and OR groups had reduced body weight and blood glucose (OA:45±2g and 133±3mg/dL, OR: 46±1g and 155±9mg/dL) compared to OS group (50±2g and 169±8mg/dL). Mean BP and heart rate were similar between groups. The trained groups showed an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation (pulse interval variance and RMSSD) compared with sedentary mice. The BP variability and the low frequency band of BP were higher in the OS (30±2 and 9±1mmHg2) compared to the OA (14±2 and 5±1mmHg2) and OR (15±2 and 5±1mmHg2) groups. Moreover, the spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, represented by alpha index, was lower in the sedentary group (1.2±0.3 ms/mmHg) compared to the trained groups (OA:1.9±0.2, OR:2.2±0.6ms/mmHg). Thus, our results suggest that physical training during lifespan, regardless of resistance or aerobic exercise, can be effective in attenuating the metabolic and autonomic dysfunctions associated with obesity in mice.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by FAPESP 2011/20859‐0
Supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C inversely alters mitochondrial copy number and mitochondrial protein in obese, exercising rats (1030.5)
Authors: Picklo Matthew
Published: June 2021

Controversy exists as to whether supplementation with the antioxidants vitamin E (VE) and vitamin C (VC) blocks adaptation to exercise. Exercise is a first‐line means to treat obesity and its complications. While obesity alters mitochondrial (MT) function and induces insulin resistance (IR), no data exist as to whether supplementation with VE and VC modify responses to exercise in pre‐existing obesity. We tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with VE (0.4 g alpha‐tocopherol acetate/kg) and VC (0.5g/kg) blocks exercise‐induced effects on IR and MT content in obese rats maintained on a high‐fat diet. Obese, sedentary rats had a 2‐fold higher HOMA‐IR and insulin area under the curve following glucose tolerances test than rats fed a low‐fat (10% fat en), eucaloric diet. Exercising (12 wks) of obese rats normalized IR indices, an effect not modified by VE and VC. VE and VC supplementation with exercise elevated MT DNA content in adipose and skeletal muscle to a greater extent (20%) than exercise alone in a depot specific manner. On the other hand, VC and VE decreased MT protein content vs exercise for complex I (40%) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (35%) in a muscle‐dependent manner. These data indicate that VE and VC supplementation does not modify exercise‐induced insulin sensitivity but that MT biogenesis and MT protein expression may be separate events modified by antioxidant supplementation.
The role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of anemia in Zimbabwean infants (1034.1)
Authors: Mupfudze Tatenda , Stoltzfus Rebecca , Rukobo Sandra , Moulton Lawrence , Humprey Jean , Prendergast Andrew
Published: June 2021

Anemia is common in sub‐Saharan African infants, particularly in the context of HIV infection. Hepcidin is the major hormone regulating iron metabolism but its role in the pathogenesis of anemia during infancy is unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize hepcidin concentrations in anemic and non‐anemic infants and in HIV‐infected and HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) infants. Archived plasma samples from HIV‐unexposed (n=289), HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU; n=354) and HIV‐infected (n=264) anemic and non‐anemic Zimbabwean infants at 3, 6 and 12mo of age were used to measure hepcidin, ferritin, transferrin receptor, AGP and CRP by ELISA. We undertook multivariate analysis of hepcidin, HIV and anemia status, adjusting for sex and age. Hepcidin concentrations were higher in HIV‐infected compared to HEU and HIV‐unexposed groups throughout infancy and higher in HEU compared to HIV‐unexposed infants. Hepcidin concentrations were correlated with levels of ferritin and CRP. Overall, anemia was not associated with hepcidin concentrations during infancy, except in HIV‐unexposed infants. Hepcidin declined with age in all groups; girls had higher hepcidin concentrations than boys. Plasma hepcidin concentrations are positively associated with inflammation in infants, as has been shown in adults. Future studies should explore whether elevated hepcidin contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV infection.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542); Department for International Develo
Inflammation, vitamin D, and depression symptoms among reproductive‐aged women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005‐2006 (1034.20)
Authors: Faraj Joycelyn , Ronnenberg Alayne
Published: June 2021

Women in their childbearing years are 2‐3 times more likely than men to experience depression. Little is known about the role of inflammation and vitamin D in depression. We conducted a secondary data analysis to evaluate the association between c‐reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D, and depression in non‐pregnant females ages 15 to 49 from the cross‐sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005‐2006. Depression scores were calculated based on the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9). A score of 5 or higher denoted depression. To account for NHANES’ complex survey sample, weighted measures were used for analysis of the 3,176 observations included in this study. Twenty‐six percent of women reported experiencing some symptoms of depression. Those experiencing depression had increased inflammation (CRP 0.02 vs 0.08 mg/dL, p‐value: 0.002) and higher body mass index (BMI) (30.8 vs 27.3 kg/m2; p‐value 0.005). In multivariate linear regression, CRP was significantly associated with a higher depression score (β: 1.45, 95%CI 0.53, 2.37) compared to the lowest quartile of inflammation after adjusting for vitamin D levels, season and BMI. Vitamin D deficiency was also associated with higher depression score when adjusting for season, CRP, and BMI (β: 0.71, 95%CI 0.18,1.23). In addition, a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher was significantly associated with increased depression score after adjusting for vitamin D, season and CRP (β: 1.26, 95%CI 0.18, 2.33). In multivariate logistic regression, those in the highest quartile of CRP were 2 times more likely to have higher depression symptoms compared to those in the lowest quartile, after adjusting for vitamin D, season, and BMI (OR: 2.13, 95%CI 1.22, 3.73). Shedding light on the etiology of inflammation‐associated depression and the potential role of vitamin D in this association may help develop adequate prevention and treatment strategies for depression.
Novel aerobic bacteria: isoflvones‐biotransformation of Pueraria radix extract (1034.8)
Authors: Kim Inhye , Kwon Jung‐Eun , Koo Hyun Jung , Park Tae‐Ho , Sohn Eun‐Hwa , Jang Seon‐A , Kim Haeng‐Ran , Kang Se Chan
Published: June 2021

Background: Daidzen and puerarin are the most common dietary isoflavones in Pueraria radix. Equol is an isoflavandiol metabolized from daidzin and puerarin by bacterial flora in the intestines. The metabolites of isoflavones play a key role in the availability of these compounds in the intestine. Aim: This study was therefore to screen human intestinally derived bacteria for the ability to produce equol or its derivatives from daidzein in the root of P. lobata (Wild.) Ohwi. Methods: To compare the conversion abilities of selected bacteria by different concentrations of P. lobata, we cultured the bacteria for 24 h in the GAM supplemented to 2.0% P. lobata. Results: We selected a strictly aerobic bacterium from candidate which converted daidzin to equol as well as puerarin to equol. The isolate was able to convert the isoflavones, daidzein to equol, equol precursors and derivates. Conclusions: This study was conducted with producing equol using P. lobata, good sources that an abundant precursor of equol, fermented by the newly selected microbes. This study was carried out with the support of cooperative research program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ008398022013), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Grant Funding Source: This study was supported by cooperative research program for RDA (PJ008398022013)
Enrolling the care‐givers to improve chronic stroke patients' social activity and nutrition ő a randomized controlled trial (1035.5)
Authors: Wang Tzu Chi , Tsai Alan C , Wang Jiun‐Yi , Lin Bei Yi , Chen Jiun Jiang , Lin Ko‐Long
Published: June 2021

Background and purpose: Most stroke patients have incomplete recovery when return home. We evaluated the possibility of helping the stroke patients return to normal life through improving caregiver’s care capabilities. Methods: We conducted a 12‐week single‐blind randomized controlled trial in 51 chronic stroke patients (>6 months and Brunnstrom Scale III‐V) recruited from the neurology or rehabilitation unit of hospitals in southern Taiwan. Patients and caregivers in the intervention arm (N25) were given private weekly 2‐hour home‐training on care and rehabilitation skills by an independent physical therapist. Subjects (N26) in the control arm received comparable contact without training. All patients were measured with Fugl‐Meyer Motor scale, Return‐to‐Normal Life scale, CES‐D, and Mini Nutritional Assessment at baseline and endpoint. Caregivers were assessed with the Caregiver Burden scale. Results: The intervention improved the Fugl‐Meyer balance score, Return‐to Normal Life index, leisure activity, and nutritional status, but slightly increased caregivers’ burden of isolation. Conclusions: The intervention is effective in improving stroke patients' life participation, nutritional status and return‐to‐normal life score. Application of this program should probably save healthcare costs.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by National Science Council of Taiwan
Hepcidin plays a key role in 6‐OHDA induced iron overload and apoptotic cell death in a cell culture model of Parkinson’s disease (1038.2)
Authors: Xu Qi , Kanthasamy Anumantha , Jin HuaJun , Reddy Manju
Published: June 2021

Elevated brain iron levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), however the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Hepcidin, a hormone primarily produced by hepatocytes, acts as a key regulator of cellular iron homeostasis. To investigate hepcidin’s role in 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) induced neurodegeneration, we down regulated hepcidin (32.3% P<0.0001) using siRNA interference technique in N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells and compared with a negative control. Our results show that hepcidin knockdown upregulated ferroportin expression and decreased intracellular free iron as measured with calcein fluorescence quenching method, by 35% and 24% in control and 6‐OHDA treatments. In addition, hepcidin knockdown protected 6‐OHDA induced apoptosis by attenuating oxidative damage. 6‐OHDA increased protein carbonyls by 146.4% (p<0.05), caspase‐3 activity by 154.6% (p<0.001) and DNA fragmentation by 54.3% (p<0.01), whereas hepcidin knockdown almost completely blocked the 6‐OHDA induced protein carbonyls, caspase‐3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Collectively, our results show that hepcidin plays a key role in reducing cellular iron burden and oxidative damage by possibly regulating iron export mediated by ferroprotin. This hepcidin dependent iron regulation in dopaminergic degeneration may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for slowing down the progression of PD.
Food perception and neurocorrelates of evoked brain activity (1040.3)
Authors: Thaw Andrew , Graves Emily
Published: June 2021

Implicit association tests (IAT’s) have been used in a variety of paradigms to assess processing of information, typically by pairing images or words with compatible or incompatible matching words. IAT’s have been used to reveal biases, or at the very least, conflicting decision making, when it comes to categorizing stimuli.

Here, we examined the results of IAT’s that contained images of specific foods and accompanying words that were either positive or negative. The aim was to determine if bias for/against certain foods existed and if such biases could be correlated with gender, self‐perception, dieting status, etc. Initial analysis reveals patterns of response bias, especially to foods considered tasty but unhealthy.

Additionally, subjects who participated in the IAT’s were re‐tested at a later date using different food images. During this re‐test, participants were fitted with an Emotiv EEG Headset to track neural activity during the IAT. Specific regional brain activity was assessed to determine the pattern of general evoked potentials. Correlations between brain activity and IAT results were calculated to determine the involvement of working memory. Differences in the IAT results of participants paired with unique patterns of EEG activity point to a possible difference in neural activity dependent upon the participant’s specific biometric profile.

Grant Funding Source: Millsaps College Ford Fellowship Program
Molecular and metabolomic effects of voluntary running wheel activity on skeletal muscle in late middle‐aged rats (1040.7)
Authors: Garvey Sean , Russ David , Skelding Mary , Reaves Lisa , Boyd Iva , Edens Neile
Published: June 2021

We examined the molecular and metabolomic effects of low‐intensity exercise in late middle‐aged male Sprague Dawley rats (16‐17 months). Animals were assigned either continuous running wheel access for 8 weeks (RW+) or cage‐matched without running wheels (RW‐). The 9 RW+ rats averaged just 83 m/day (range: 8‐163 m), yet exhibited 6% reduced individual average weekly food intake (145 g vs 154 g, p<0.01) and 84% reduced individual body weight gain (4.3 g vs 26.3 g, p=0.02) over the 8 weeks. Muscle weights and myofiber area showed no difference between groups. Western blots of gastrocnemius lysates with a panel of antibodies suggest that running wheel access improved oxidative metabolism (53% increase in PGC1‐α, p=0.02), increased autophagy (36% increase in LC3B‐II:‐I ratio; p=0.03), and modulated growth signaling (26% increase in myostatin, p=0.04). RW+ gastrocnemius lysates also showed 45% increased glycogen content (p=0.04) and 43% increased glycogen phosphorylase expression (p=0.04). Metabolomic profiling of plantaris and soleus muscles indicated that even low‐volume voluntary wheel running is associated with decreases in many long chain fatty acids (e.g., palmitoleate, myristoleate) relative to RW‐ rats. Increases in acylcarnitines and glycerophosphocholines were more specific to plantaris. These data further establish extensive metabolic and behavioral remodeling due to small amounts of exercise.
Low serum levels of trace elements (iron, zinc and copper) is associated with increasing number of pregnancies among Omani women: a case‐control study (1042.10)
Authors: Waly Mostafa
Published: June 2021

Background: A repeated pregnancy along with inadequate dietary intake might contribute to different nutrients depletion, including trace elements (iron, zinc and copper). These trace elements have a vital role in fetal growth and are cofactors in numerous enzymatic reactions. Objective: This case‐control study was planned to evaluate dietary intake and serum levels of iron, zinc and copper of postpartum Omani women as compared to age and weight matched non‐pregnant control subjects. Methods: This study involved 100 Omani women [(post partum group, (n=70) and control group, females with no history of pregnancy, (n=30)]. Dietary intake was evaluated using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire, mean while iron, zinc and copper were measured in the sera of the study subjects by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: There was no statistical significant difference between postpartum women and control group with regard consumption of foods containing iron, zinc and copper. The mean serum levels of iron, zinc and copper in the control subjects were the highest as compared to postpartum women group who had 4‐8 pregnancies, and postpartum women group who had 1‐3 pregnancies. Conclusion: Among the studied Omani women; low serum levels of trace elements were prevalent. This sheds light on the importance of increasing the intake of trace elements supplements among Omani women during reproductive age.
Dietary zinc deficiency affects blood linoleic acid:dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid ratio: a sensitive physiological marker of zinc status in vivo (Gallus gallus) (1043.2)
Authors: Reed Spenser , Qin Xia , Ran‐Ressler Rinat , Brenna J , Glahn Raymond , Tako Elad
Published: June 2021

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient for over 300 enzymatic reactions and multiple biochemical and structural processes. Sensitive biological markers of Zn status are needed, especially in delineating varying stages of Zn deficiency. Our objective was to evaluate the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) as a model to test dietary Zn deficiency and to assess the sensitivity of a potential Zn biomarker, erythrocyte linoleic acid: dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio. Diets identical in composition except for Zn concentration were formulated and birds (n=12) were randomly separated upon hatching into two dietary groups, Zn(+) and Zn(‐) (42 and 2.5µg/g Zn, respectively). Zn intake, BW, and serum Zn were measured weekly. Blood was collected weekly for erythrocyte fatty acid analysis. After 4 wks, tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. BW, Zn intake, and serum Zn were higher in the Zn(+) vs. Zn(‐) group (P<.05). Hepatic Δ6‐desaturase, TNFα, IL1β, and IL6 gene expression were higher in the Zn(+) group (P<.05). The LA:DGLA ratio was significantly elevated in the Zn(‐) group compared to the Zn(+) group (22.6±0.5 and 18.5±0.5, % w/w, respectively, P<.001). This study suggests erythrocyte LA:DGLA ratio is able to differentiate Zn status between subjects with varying levels of Zn deficiency, and may be a novel biomarker to assess dietary Zn manipulation in vivo.
Effect of wheat germ zinc on growth in rats and mice: application for estimating relative availability of dietary zinc (1043.7)
Authors: Yokoi Katsuhiko , Konomi Aki
Published: June 2021

Zinc deficiency is one of the most important health problems in the world. Wheat germ contains relatively high amount of zinc and is a potential source of zinc. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative availability of wheat germ zinc based on the half‐maximum dose for the growth of animals. Experimental diets containing the graded levels of zinc from 0 to 18 mg/kg were prepared using zinc sulfate, untreated wheat germ and phytase‐treated wheat germ. The relationship between dietary zinc level and body weight gain was analyzed using the Hill equation to determine the half‐maximum dose of dietary zinc. Experimental diets were fed for 19 days to three‐week‐old male Wistar rats and for 7 days to three‐week‐old male ICR mice. Body weight gains were recorded. When the data of the rats were analyzed, the relative availability of untreated wheat germ zinc was 1.0 and that of phytase‐treated wheat germ zinc was 0.98 using zinc sulfate as a norm. When the mice data were analyzed, the relative availability of untreated wheat germ zinc was 1.0 and that of phytase‐treated wheat germ zinc was 1.1 using zinc sulfate as a norm. Availability of wheat germ zinc was similar to that of zinc sulfate. Wheat germ zinc may be available as zinc source. Partly supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research (C) (25350137).
Neusilin® influences curcumin bioavailability and anti‐depressant efficacy in rats (1044.17)
Authors: Xie Liyang , Yohn Samantha , Salamone John , Bogner Robin , Bolling Bradley
Published: June 2021

Curcumin has been used to treat depression‐related disorders, but its low bioavailability may limit its efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine if Neusilin increases the acute bioavailability and anti‐depressant activity of curcumin. Fisher F344 rats were fed with either 80 or 160 mg curcumin/kg with or without co‐ground Neusilin 2 h before sacrifice. Curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin were extracted from small intestine and brain tissues and analyzed by UHPLC‐MS. Rats fed with 160 mg curcumin/kg weight with Neusilin had 51 ± 23 µg curcumin/g SI, which was at least 6‐fold higher than the other 3 treatments (P <0.001). In the brain, curcumin content ranged from 29 to 64 ng/g brain and was not significantly different between treatments despite differences in bioactivity (P = 0.6477). Curcumin, but not Neusilin‐formulated curcumin inhibited tetrabenazine‐induced depressive behavior (i.e., effort‐related motivational impairments) at 160 mg/kg. Thus, Neusilin formulation enhanced small intestine, but not brain curcumin bioavailability, and did not acutely improve treatment efficacy. This suggests mechanisms beyond intestinal solubility and absorption limit curcumin’s anti‐depressant efficacy.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by University of Connecticut Diet and Health Initiative
Peptide from α’ chain of 7S soy globulin lowers plasma lipids through SREBP‐2 and PCSK9 pathways in cholesterol‐fed rats (1045.17)
Authors: Lovati Maria , Parolari Anna , Castiglioni Silvia , Manzoni Cristina
Published: June 2021

Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of NPDNDE, a synthetic peptide (position 314‐319) of α’ chain 7S soy globulin, on cholesterol homeostasis both in HepG2 cells and in casein‐cholesterol (HC diet) fed rats. In vitro experiment: Hep G2 cells were incubated (24 h) in MEM + 5% LPDS w/wo whole α’ subunit (3.5 μM), or synthetic peptide (0.1 µM), or simvastatin (1 μM). At the end of incubation, cells were processed for SREBP2, LDL‐R and PCSK9 mRNAs by RT‐PCR. Increased mRNA expression of SREBP2 (+1.5; 1.2 fold), LDL‐R (+2.5; 2.5 fold) and PCSK9 (+3.5; +1.5 fold) were detected in cells exposed to NPDNDE and simvastatin, respectively vs control cells. In vivo experiment: HC diet fed rats were daily treated by gavage with synthetic peptide NPDNDE (5 mg/Kg b.w.) for 21 days; the results were compared with that obtained in rats treated either with whole α’ (20 mg/Kg b.w.) or clofibrate (200 mg/kg b.w.), as reference drug. The oral administration of peptide resulted in lower plasma lipid levels (C, cholesterol, ‐25%; TG, triglycerides, ‐28%) vs values recorded in rats fed casein‐cholesterol diet alone. Four‐fold amounts of α’ chain reduced C and TG by 27 and 32%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in clofibrate‐treated rats. Moreover, synthetic peptide increased expression of mRNA LDL‐R (+ 53%), thus restoring receptor activity suppressed by HC diet. This is the first in vivo evidence of potential activity of the NPDNDE synthetic peptide from α’chain 7S soy globulin on lipid homeostasis through SREBP‐2 and PCSK9 pathways.

Grant Funding Source: MIUR of Italy
Inhibition of individual subunits of maltase‐glucoamylase and sucrase‐isomaltase by polyphenols (1045.26)
Authors: Simsek Meric , Quezada‐Calvillo Roberto , Nichols Buford , Hamaker Bruce
Published: June 2021

Some polyphenols inhibit the activities of the four subunits of intestinal α‐glucosidases, maltase‐glucoamylase (Mgam) and sucrase‐isomaltase (Si). The use of polyphenols as modulators of the rate of glucose release from starchy foods has been proposed for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The inhibitory properties of polyphenols on individual C‐terminal (Ct) and N‐terminal (Nt) subunits of each Mgam and Si have not been studied, limiting their use in a rational way. Our objective was to determine the inhibitory properties of caffeic acid, gallic acid, (+)‐catechin hydrate (CH), chlorogenic acid (CA) and (‐) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on maltase activity of the recombinant individual subunits. Activities were measured by Tris glucose‐oxidase method, and the inhibition reactions were performed in presence of 2.1‐16.67 mM maltose and 0‐667 µM of each individual polyphenol. All studied polyphenols showed mixed type inhibition. EGCG and CA showed the lowest inhibition constants (Ki1 and Ki2) for Ct‐Mgam and Ct‐Si, with values in the range of 3‐28 µM. The highest inhibition capacity for Nt‐Mgam and Nt‐Si was shown by CH in the range of 20.4‐97.2 µM. EGCG and CA can be effective in controlling glucose release by inhibiting the highly active Ct‐Mgam and Ct‐Si α‐glucosidic activities. The selective inhibition of Ct and Nt subunits opens the possibility for using specific polyphenols or their combinations to modulate the functions of Mgam and Si for the digestion of starches.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CONACyT Mexico
The okra skin extract and its cholesterol‐lowering activities ő in vitro study (1045.28)
Authors: Mäkynen Kittana , Ngamukote Sathaporn , Adisakwattana Sirichai , Saligupta Kamala , Rattanakusumanon Rattanaporn , Puttaraksa Chudaporn , Kaewsuwan Chidchanok
Published: June 2021

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], also known as lady’s finger or gumbo, is an edible green vegetable that is widely used in cuisines around the world. It is rich in nutritive components such as dietary fibers, proteins, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and polyphenolic compounds. Several studies showed the health benefits of the okra in the prevention of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. This in‐vitro study was aimed to investigate the effect of the okra skin extract on cholesterol‐lowering activities. The inhibitory effects of the extract on pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity and on the cholesterol micellization, also its effect on the binding ability to bile acids, were determined. The results showed that the okra skin extract inhibited pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity in the concentration‐dependent manner (R2=0.817, p <0.05, IC50 = 3.17 mg/mL). Moreover, the extract (ranging from 0.25‐2 mg/mL) also inhibited the cholesterol micellization in the concentration‐dependent manner (R2=0.827, p <0.05). In addition, the okra skin extract showed the ability to bind to bile acids (glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid). We found that the binding efficacy of the extract (2 mg/mL) to glycodeoxycholic acid was significantly higher than binding to taurodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid (mean±SEM: 16.16±1.26% vs. 10.04±1.02% and 8.76±0.70%, p <0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the okra skin extract exhibited cholesterol‐lowering activities by inhibiting pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity, reducing the efficacy of cholesterol micellization, and binding to bile acids, which may result in delayed cholesterol absorption and increase cholesterol excretion. These findings may be useful for further studies in proposed mechanism on hypolipidemic acitivity of the okra.

Grant Funding Source: Grants for Development of New Faculty Staff, Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund, CU