bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental and economic development issues in the Polish motorway programme: a review and an analysis of the public debate
Authors: Judge E. J.
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the development of the Polish motorway programme, though the lessons apply generally throughout the central and east European (CEE) region. This has particular significance for European transport policy as three major corridors of the Polish motorway network also form crucial links of the Trans European Network (TEN). Thus, until recently, motorways have been presented on the one hand (by the Polish government and its supporters) as a boost to national and regional development, and on the other (by its detractors, principally the environmental lobby) as a threat that will suck development out of the country, while saddling it with substantial environmental costs. Environmental pressure groups have sought to refute economic development arguments using Western research, and have seen such research as influential in public debate and decision making.

Based on evidence drawn from official reports and documents and a content analysis of the public debate on motorway development using the media archive of the Polish Motorways Agency, this paper suggests that these arguments have so far in fact been overshadowed by environmental considerations, and even more by financing issues. However, the future direction of policy is uncertain because of political changes after the September 2001 election. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The problem of testing the goodness‐of‐fit of stochastic resource apportionment models
Authors: Cassey Phillip , King Robert A. R.
Published: August 2002

We present a Monte Carlo test to distinguish among a general class of stochastic resource apportionment models using replicated species abundance data. In this test, the stochastic nature of resource apportionment models is used to carry out a large number of simulations and thus calculate a p‐value describing how well the model fits the data. We clarify an existing method and present a necessary modification to reduce the computing time required without affecting the reliability of the test. The use of the method is demonstrated with regional data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). The example we present shows that the method provides a good level of discrimination between models that match the data and those that don't. An algorithm to implement our test, written for the application SAS, is freely available from the authors upon request. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site gas chromatographic determination of explosives in soils
Authors: Hewitt Alan D. , Jenkins Thomas F. , Ranney Thomas A.
Published: August 2002

On‐site determination of nitroaromatic and nitramine residues in soils was performed using a field‐portable gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a thermionic ionization detector selective for compounds with nitro functional groups. Soil samples were extracted with acetone. A 1‐μl volume of the filtered extract was manually injected into the GC, allowing for the rapid determination of the suite of explosives that often coexist in explosives‐contaminated soils at military training facilities and other defense‐related sites. Good agreement was established for the concentrations of several explosives when results obtained using this method of analysis were compared with those from either high‐performance liquid chromatography (Method 8330) or GC electron capture (Method 8095) analysis. Comparisons were performed for sample extracts and for soil subsample replicates distributed for on‐site analysis during a field verification test performed under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Technology Verification Program. This on‐site GC method for the determination of explosives residues in soils is well suited for dynamic site characterization activities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 228–238, 2001
Finite volume scheme for the solution of fluid flow problems on unstructured non‐staggered grids
Authors: Barton I. E. , Markham‐Smith D. , Bressloff N.
Published: August 2002

A recently developed non‐staggered methodology which uses the principle of applying fourth‐order dissipation to the governing pressure‐correction equation is developed so it can be applied to unstructured grids. A finite volume methodology is used for discretization. The fourth‐order dissipation term is found using second‐order gradient operators. This makes it straightforward to incorporate the dissipation term on unstructured grids. The new methodology is compared with solutions from a standard finite volume second‐order flow solver and is also tested for a standard laminar driven‐lid flow problem with grids systems that do not have a uniform structure. Finally, we demonstrate how the new methodology can be used to predict flow over a wavy boundary. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromorphological studies of Greek prehistoric sites: New insights in the interpretation of the archaeological record
Authors: Karkanas Panagiotis
Published: August 2002

Ongoing micromorphological studies in several prehistoric sites of Greece (Theopetra cave, Boila rockshelter, Alonnisos, Drakaina cave, Kouveleiki cave, Lakonis cave complex, and Dispilio lake dwelling) provide new information on the relationship between environmental changes and the cultural history of the sites. The frequent climatic oscillations during the last glacial directly influenced the occupational mode of Theopetra cave and Boila rockshelter in northern Greece. Soil micromorphology may be a promising tool in unraveling differences in the occupational history due to climatic changes among diverse areas of Greece. Some preliminary observations from the Lakonis cave complex, in southern coastal Greece, support the existence of such differences. Evidence brought forward with the micromorphological study of Dispilio lake dwelling and Theopetra cave suggests that during the Holocene, aridification phases evident in the Mediterranean region might have also played a role in the Greek prehistoric settlement pattern. So far, evidence for aridification phases is present for the end of the Mesolithic and probably for part of the Final Neolithic. In several cases, micromorphology has revealed details of the cultural nature of the sites. Questions related to occupational intensity (Theopetra, Lakonis, Kouveleiki, and Drakaina caves), post‐depositional changes and cultural modification of the sediments (Alonnisos, Theopetra, and Drakaina caves), constructions (Theopetra and Drakaina caves), and stratigraphic correlation (Boila) have been satisfactorily addressed along with the analysis of the microstructure of the sediments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taphonomic analysis, associational integrity, and depositional history of the Fetterman Mammoth, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A.
Authors: Byers David A.
Published: August 2002

The Fetterman Mammoth locality, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A., produced the remains of a single subadult mammoth and a small lithic assemblage. This paper employs a fine‐grained taphonomic approach to investigate the events responsible for the deposit's creation. No cultural modifications were noted on any of the specimens. Long axis orientations plotted against a reconstruction of the depositional surface suggest limited postdepositional movement of individual disarticulated elements. Weathering patterns based on in situ upside and downside positioning document two discrete episodes of sedimentation. These results suggest that the mammoth remains and the cultural assemblage may be separated by at least one depositional event and, as such, their association is considered equivocal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uses of 2‐diazo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives in the synthesis of azoles, azines, and their fused derivatives
Authors: Wardakhan Wagnat W. , Fleita Daisy H.
Published: August 2002

The reactions of 2‐diazo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives with dimeric adducts 2a and 2b gave the hydrazone derivatives 3a and 3b, respectively. The reactivity of the latter products towards various chemical reagents was studied in order to provide azole and azine derivatives incorporating the thiophene ring, and most of them showed high antimicrobial activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:108–115, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10003
NMR studies of the bishydroxy bisphosphonate synthesis from o‐phthalic aldehyde and diethyl phosphite
Authors: Deron Agnieszka , Milewska Małgorzata , Barycki Józef , Sawka‐Dobrowolska Wanda , Gancarz Roman
Published: August 2002

The reaction of the o‐phthalic aldehyde with diethyl phosphite leading to the bishydroxy bisphosphonate has been studied. It was found that the reaction is complex and a cyclic acetal formed from the monohydroxyphosphonate is the first relatively stable product. It slowly transforms to the bishydroxy bisphosphonate. The latter compound undergoes intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of the phosphorus atom by the hydroxy group which results in a cyclic structure, a phosphonate‐hydroxyphosphate compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:157–164, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10014
Improving performance with clinical standards: the impact of feedback on compliance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness algorithm in Niger, West Africa
Authors: Kelley Edward , Geslin Colette , Djibrina Sabou , Boucar Maina
Published: August 2002

The joint BASICS/Quality Assurance Project tested several research‐based interventions in three districts in Niger, West Africa to improve case management of sick children. The research design was a non‐concurrent, prospective case control design. Quality of care was determined as the degree of compliance of health care workers with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) standards of assessment, treatment and counselling of sick children and their caretakers. The interventions tested were (1) structured feedback of health worker performance data and (2) formal IMCI training and (3) team‐based quality improvement. Performance feedback had a significant effect on compliance. Performance feedback alone created a significant short‐term impact on health care worker compliance, which improved between 34% and 85% in areas of assessment of sick children (p < 0.05). In addition, performance feedback was significantly cheaper than formal training ($108 per health worker versus $430 per worker for IMCI training). However, this impact was not universal over all areas of compliance following each feedback. Instead, performance feedback had the greatest effect in areas in which health care workers performed poorly, while areas in which compliance was high eventually saw declines. In settings such as Niger, which has the highest child mortality in the world according to UNICEF figures, low‐cost techniques for supporting health workers once they have been trained in clinical standards are sorely needed. Performance feedback shows promise as a technique for improving quality of care with clinical algorithms such as IMCI. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melting on glaciers: environmental controls examined with orbiting radar
Authors: Cogley J. Graham , Ecclestone M. A. , Andersen D. T.
Published: August 2002

Direct, in situ measurements of glacier mass balance are expensive. Remote sensing would be an attractive alternative if remotely observable quantities could be interpreted in terms of mass gain or loss. A system developed recently for the analysis of Radarsat browse images is used here to explore temporal and environmental controls of melting on glaciers on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. The browse images have an effective spatial resolution of 2 km, are georeferenced to single‐pixel accuracy, and number about 200 over the two study years, 1998 and 1999. Surface melting in the accumulation zone is readily recognized by the contrast between bright frozen firn, which exhibits a microwave signal dominated by volume scattering from ice lenses and pipes, and dark wet firn, the signal from which is muted by either absorption or near‐specular reflection at the surface. In the ablation zone, radar images, apart from showing the brief spring period of snowmelt, contain little information about the intensity or even the fact of melting. However, in the accumulation zone there is a definite dependence of brightness on temperature: at temperatures above freezing, the hotter it is the darker is the appearance of the glacier. This is most naturally (and encouragingly) interpreted as a relation between brightness and melting rate. Analysis of same‐day image pairs shows that, as expected, the terrain slope and the aspect influence the radar brightness strongly and must therefore be allowed for in future modelling of the hydrology of ablation on glaciers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional analytical solution for groundwater flow in a leaky confined aquifer system near open tidal water
Authors: Tang Zhonghua , Jiao Jiu J.
Published: August 2002

Groundwater in coastal areas is commonly disturbed by tidal fluctuations. A two‐dimensional analytical solution is derived to describe the groundwater fluctuation in a leaky confined aquifer system near open tidal water under the assumption that the groundwater head in the confined aquifer fluctuates in response to sea tide whereas that of the overlying unconfined aquifer remains constant. The analytical solution presented here is an extension of the solution by Sun for two‐dimensional groundwater flow in a confined aquifer and the solution by Jiao and Tang for one‐dimensional groundwater flow in a leaky confined aquifer. The analytical solution is compared with a two‐dimensional finite difference solution. On the basis of the analytical solution, the groundwater head distribution in a leaky confined aquifer in response to tidal boundaries is examined and the influence of leakage on groundwater fluctuation is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model identification by space–time disaggregation: a case study from eastern Australia
Authors: Wooldridge S. A. , Kalma J. D. , Franks S. W. , Kuczera G.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a disaggregation approach is suggested for the task of modelling hydrological responses within a spatially and temporally variable environment. With such an approach, large‐scale environmental characteristics are tested for their ability to provide insight into the dominant physical mechanisms responsible for observed catchment responses. Using a regional‐scale catchment in eastern Australia as a case study, the approach is firstly used to determine the utility of physical catchment data, and its organization in space, to provide insight into the compartmentalization of soil water storage within the catchment. In a second application, temporal disaggregation of the rainfall‐runoff record into the cold‐wet and warm‐dry phases of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is utilized to provide an objective comparison between alternative model structures, based on the ‘consistency’ of model parameters in describing the effect of ENSO phase on water yield. Finally, combining the improved spatial representation of hydrological response with the model structure identified by temporal analysis is shown to result in a predictive framework whose level of uncertainty is lower than either of the individual strategies, and whose responses are consistent with the available evidence. It is noted that such modelling insight is unlikely to have been gained with traditional modelling strategies that seek to force a predetermined model structure to ‘fit’ the observed data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrin expression in colon cancer cells is regulated by the cytoplasmic domain of the β6 integrin subunit
Authors: Niu Jun , Dorahy Douglas J. , Gu Xinhua , Scott R.J. , Draganic Brian , Ahmed Nuzhat , Agrez Michael V.
Published: August 2002

We have previously reported that the αvβ6 integrin upregulates its own expression in a protein kinase C‐dependent manner with increasing cell density. The wild‐type β6 integrin subunit has also been shown to promote tumour growth in vivo and its growth‐enhancing effect is regulated by both a MAP kinase binding motif on β6 and the 11 amino acid C‐terminal cytoplasmic extension unique to the β6 subunit. Herein, we show that the 11 amino acid cytoplasmic extension is essential for the cell density‐dependent increase in β6 expression and that the 11 amino acid tail exerts a dominant negative effect on cell density‐ and PKC‐mediated β5 expression in αvβ6‐expressing colon cancer cells. Cells that express β6 lacking the 11 amino acid tail respond to PKC simulation with increased expression of only the β5 subunit as seen for cells that lack constitutive αvβ6 expression. In contrast, loss of the ERK binding site on β6 markedly impairs cell density‐ and PKC‐dependent expression of either β6 or β5 in the presence or absence of the 11 amino acid tail, respectively. Our findings suggest that in αvβ6‐expressing cells, a hierarchy of kinase signalling cascades exists and that the β6‐ERK2 interaction dominates over PKC‐mediated signalling pathways responsible for integrin upregulation with cell confluence. Given the dominance of the β6‐ERK2 interaction over PKC‐mediated expression of both β5 and β6 integrin subunits, targeting the β6‐ERK2 interaction may prove useful as an anticancer strategy in colon cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of HLA‐B27–restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from carcinoembryonic antigen
Authors: Huarte Eduardo , Sarobe Pablo , Lasarte Juan José , Brem Gottfried , Weiss Elisabeth H. , Prieto Jesús , Borrás‐Cuesta Francisco
Published: August 2002

Characterization of epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the sequence of tumor antigens is an important step in the development of tumor therapies. Because carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein expressed in a high number of epithelial tumors, it is an interesting target to study. We screened for the presence of HLA‐B27–restricted CTL epitopes from CEA by studying the binding to HLA‐B27 of 31 synthetic peptides predicted to bind to this molecule. This afforded 16 peptides with moderate or high binding affinity. Immunization of HLA‐B27 transgenic mice with the best binder peptides yielded 4 immunogenic peptides: CEA(9–17), CEA(9–18), CEA(138–146) and CEA(360–369). However, splenocytes from mice immunized with a vaccinia virus–expressing CEA recognized only CEA(9–18). These CTLs were of the CD8+ phenotype, which upon stimulation with peptide specifically produced IFN‐γ. Moreover, they did not cross‐react against peptides of region 9–18 from proteins of the CEA family. Our results show that CEA(9–18) may induce specific CTL responses against CEA. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwave imaging of parallel perfectly conducting cylinders
Authors: Qing Anyong
Published: August 2002

This paper considers microwave imaging of parallel perfectly conducting cylinders using a solution of the scattering problem by the point‐matching method. A cubic B‐spline, real‐coded genetic algorithm and an adaptive hybrid algorithm are proposed to solve the inverse problem. Previous shape functions in trigonometric series with arbitrary coefficients are nondefinite, which intensify the ill‐posedness and slow the early time convergence of the algorithm. A novel shape function based on cubic B‐splines is developed and the real‐coded genetic algorithm is modified accordingly. Numerical simulation examples show that the early time convergence of the real‐coded genetic algorithm is improved significantly. Next, the adaptive hybrid algorithm is developed to improve the late time convergence of the cubic B‐spline real‐coded genetic algorithm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 365–371, 2000
Caring for the caregiver: Early Head Start/family child care partnerships
Authors: Buell Martha J. , Pfister Ilka , Gamel‐McCormick Michael
Published: August 2002

This study explores the results of partnering with an Early Head Start program for four family child care providers. Providers reported on their perceptions of caregiving, the types of support they found useful from the program, and ways the Early Head Start program could better serve the community. Results indicate that providers feel that they benefited from their partnership with the Early Head Start program in both emotional and instrumental ways, that through the partnership they were able to enhance both the quality of their program and increase their sense of support and professionalism. These results are discussed in terms of supporting infant and toddler development by supporting providers. Policy recommendations are also given. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Building Portals for Higher Education
Authors: Pickett Richard A. , Hamre William B.
Published: August 2002

Personalized profiles and information for each customer or group of customers have been already put in practice by many businesses. The key premise underlying this concept is that customers want on‐demand access to information that is tailored to their needs and preferences. The chapter discusses the concept of portals and its application in higher education for building personalized, Web‐deployed Intranet and decision support systems.
Off‐site monitoring systems for predicting bank underperformance: a comparison of neural networks, discriminant analysis, and professional human judgment
Authors: Swicegood Philip , Clark Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2002

This study compares the ability of discriminant analysis, neural networks, and professional human judgment methodologies in predicting commercial bank underperformance. Experience from the banking crisis of the 1980s and early 1990s suggest that improved prediction models are needed for helping prevent bank failures and promoting economic stability. Our research seeks to address this issue by exploring new prediction model techniques and comparing them to existing approaches. When comparing the predictive ability of all three models, the neural network model shows slightly better predictive ability than that of the regulators. Both the neural network model and regulators significantly outperform the benchmark discriminant analysis model's accuracy. These findings suggest that neural networks show promise as an off‐site surveillance methodology. Factoring in the relative costs of the different types of misclassifications from each model also indicates that neural network models are better predictors, particularly when weighting Type I errors more heavily. Further research with neural networks in this field should yield workable models that greatly enhance the ability of regulators and bankers to identify and address weaknesses in banks before they approach failure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A composite graft material containing bone particles and collagen in osteoinduction in mouse
Authors: Tsai Chung‐Hung , Chou Ming‐Yung , Jonas Mecrehild , Tien Yung‐Tico , Chi Emily Y.
Published: August 2002

Demineralized allogenic bone matrices (DABM) and demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) have been successfully used as bone‐graft materials in the treatment of acquired and congenital cranio–maxillofacial defects and in some orthopedic surgery. However, these bone‐graft “powders” have many shortcomings. For example, placement of particulate graft material in a hemorrhaging site can result in inadequacies or inaccurate attachment as well as loss of the graft materials. To minimize the inadequacies of powderlike graft materials, xenogenic collagen isolated from human tendon, skin, or bone was added to the bone‐graft particles to form a composite spongelike implant. This material is commercially available and consists of 60% collagen and 40% DFDBA (DynaGraft™, GenSci Co., Irvine, CA). The goal of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of composite graft implants in the mineralization process in an animal model in comparison with DFDBA powder and pure collagen. Seventy‐two Swiss Webster mice were divided into three groups: an experimental group implanted with DynaGraft,™ two comparison groups implanted with either DFDBA or collagen only. All the graft materials were surgically implanted and inserted into the left thigh muscle. Mice were humanely killed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks. Then the muscle tissues in the vicinity of the implants were excised and processed for histology. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the Von Kossa method, and Masson's trichrome. Some selected specimens were processed for transmission electron microscopic observation. After 1 week of implantation, the DynaGraft™ group showed calcium deposition on the collagen material and on the periphery of the DFDBA particles. Increased calcification and bone‐forming cells were observed at 4–6 weeks. After 8 weeks, the implant formed a calcified nodule and only heavily mineralized connective tissue was observed at the implanted site. The group implanted with DFDBA powder showed calcification around the particulates. The collagen‐sponge control group revealed no calcification or bone formation during the period of implantation. The light microscopic findings were confirmed by electron microscopy. Quantitative radiographic density DynaGraft™ and DFDBA graft followed sequentially over a period 120 days. It was concluded that a higher rate of calcification and bone formation was produced in the composite graft implant compared to the DFDBA implant. The composite graft material (DynaGraft™), which contains both collagen and DFDBA, proved to be more effective for bone formation than particle components alone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 65–70, 2002
Histological characterization of the early stages of bone morphogenetic protein‐induced osteogenesis
Authors: Vehof J. W. M. , Takita H. , Kuboki Y. , Spauwen P. H. M. , Jansen J. A.
Published: August 2002

On the basis of currently available knowledge, we hypothesize that the initial bone formation, as induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), is influenced by the chemical composition and three‐dimensional spatial configuration of the used carrier material. Therefore, in the current study, the osteoinductive properties of porous titanium (Ti) fiber mesh with a calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) coating (Ti‐CaP), insoluble bone matrix (IBM), fibrous glass membrane (FGM), and porous particles of hydroxy apatite (PPHAP) loaded with rhBMP‐2 were compared in a rat ectopic assay model at short implantation periods. Twelve Ti‐CaP, 12 IBM, 12 FGM, and 12 PPHAP implants, loaded with rhBMP‐2, were subcutaneously placed in 16 Wistar King rats. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days post‐operative, and the implants were retrieved. Histological analysis demonstrated that IBM and Ti‐CaP had induced ectopic cartilage and bone formation by 5 and 7 days, respectively. However, in PPHAP, bone formation and cartilage formation were seen together at 7 days. At 9 days, in Ti‐CaP, IBM, and PPHAP, cartilage was seen together with trabecular bone. At 9 days, in FGM, only cartilage was observed. Quantitative rating of the tissue response, using a scoring system, demonstrated that the observed differences were statistically significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.05). We conclude that IBM, CaP‐coated Ti mesh, FGM, and PPHAP provided with rhBMP‐2 can indeed induce ectopic bone formation with a cartilaginous phase in a rat model at short implantation periods. Considering the different chemical composition and three‐dimensional spatial configuration of the carrier materials used, these findings even suggest that endochondral ossification is present in rhBMP‐2‐induced osteogenesis, even though the amount of cartilage may differ. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 440–449, 2002
Structural alteration of erythrocyte cell membrane in presence of artificial prostheses: A radiowave dielectric spectroscopy study
Authors: Basoli A. , Bordi F. , Cametti C. , Gili T.
Published: August 2002

The exposure of a biomaterial to blood gives rise to complex reactions playing an important role in many biological phenomena, such as the problem of biocompatibility and the mechanism of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases. In the present work, we use a frequency‐domain dielectric spectroscopy approach to evaluate possible changes in the passive electrical parameters of the erythrocyte membrane, i.e., the membrane conductivity σs and the membrane permittivity ϵs, after the insertion of a prosthesis (mean implantation time 8 days) in the circulatory system of patients treated for aortic aneurysm and the consequent interactions of erythrocyte cells with the biomaterial surface. We observe an increase of both the membrane conductivity and membrane permittivity, indicating changes at molecular level in the structural organization of the membrane. These membrane alterations can be viewed as precursory events for the initiation of the complex sequence of enzymatic reactions that take place on the material surface. Our results, although preliminary imply that a direct interaction between erythrocyte cell membrane and vascular prostheses may occur, causing a marked alteration in the electrical properties of the cell membrane. These findings might have relevant clinical implications and might offer possibilities to predict biocompatibility of biomaterials and give some further suggestions to resolve the problem of biomaterial‐associated thrombogenicity. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 100–109, 2002
Shopping for Bargain‐Priced Companies? Avoid Asset Impairment Traps
Authors: Martinson Otto B.
Published: August 2002

With the shaky economy, many companies may be available at bargain prices. But new accounting rules can trip
you up, warns the author. He explains how to avoid problems and gives solid advice on strategy for today's
conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signalling pathways involved in the direct effects of IGFBP‐5 on breast epithelial cell attachment and survival
Authors: McCaig Catherine , Perks Claire M. , Holly Jeff M.P.
Published: August 2002

We have demonstrated previously that IGFBP‐5 can confer survival against apoptosis induced by ceramide, C2, or a small synthetic arginine–glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD)‐containing peptide in a direct manner. The endogenous ceramide‐induced pathway is normally counter‐balanced by survival signals mediated by sphingosine kinase (SK) and protein kinase C (PKC). In order to investigate whether these pathways are involved in the IGFBP‐5 survival effect, we have used inhibitors of SK (N, N‐di‐methyl sphingosine, DMS) and PKC (chelerythrine chloride, CC). The effect of pre‐incubating Hs578T breast cancer cells with IGFBP‐5 on cell adhesion or on subsequent cell death induced by C2 or RGD was investigated with and without the presence of DMS or CC. Cell death was determined by trypan blue cell counts and apoptosis confirmed by morphological assessment and flow cytometry. Cell attachment was determined by a cell adhesion assay. The presence of IGFBP‐5 significantly inhibited cell death induced by C2 or RGD, compared to the triggers of apoptosis alone (P < 0.01 in both cases). In the presence of either IGFBP‐5, CC or DMS, there was no significant effect on cell death compared to the control. IGFBP‐5 in the presence of either inhibitor resulted in a significant increase in cell death; IGFBP‐5 also lost its ability to confer survival on C2 and RGD‐induced apoptosis and in contrast significantly increased cell death. In the cell adhesion assay, IGFBP‐5 significantly increased cell attachment over basal levels. In the presence of either inhibitor the IGFBP‐5 effect on cell adhesion was reversed and cell attachment was reduced to below basal levels. These data suggest that IGFBP‐5 promotes the attachment and survival of Hs578T cells by modulating the balance between ceramide and opposing survival signals. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 784–794, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CDP and AP‐2 mediated repression mechanism of the replication‐dependent hamster histone H3.2 promoter
Authors: Wu Frank , Lee Amy S.
Published: August 2002

The replication‐dependent hamster histone H3.2 promoter contains two tandem CCAAT repeats located upstream of the TATA element. It has been shown that the NF‐Y/CBF complex binds to a single CCAAT motif with high affinity, whereas the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) binds to at least two CCAAT motifs in close proximity. Here, we report that the two CCAAT motifs within the H3.2 promoter confer transcriptional repression of the promoter during the cell cycle. While we cannot detect direct association of CDP with Rb in vitro, we discover that CDP can bind AP‐2, a ubiquitous factor that interacts with Rb. The interaction domains between CDP and AP‐2 are mapped to the highly conserved cut repeats of CDP as well as the basic and dimerization region of AP‐2. Further, in transfection assays, CDP and AP‐2 act synergistically to suppress the H3.2 promoter. Together, these data support a repression mechanism mediated by CDP and AP‐2 that regulates H3.2 gene expression during the mammalian cell cycle. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 699–707, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global chimeric exchanges within the intracellular face of the bradykinin B2 receptor with corresponding angiotensin II type Ia receptor regions: Generation of fully functional hybrids showing characteristic signaling of the AT1a receptor
Authors: Yu Jun , Prado Gregory N. , Taylor Linda , Piserchio Andrea , Gupta Abhas , Mierke Dale F. , Polgar Peter
Published: August 2002

The intracellular (IC) face of the G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCR), bradykinin (BK) B2 and angiotensin (AT) 1a, is similar in sequence homology and in size. Both receptors are known to link to Gαi and Gαq but differ markedly in a number of physiologic actions, particularly with respect to their hemodynamic action. We made single as well as multiple, global replacements within the IC of BKB2R with the corresponding regions of the AT1aR. When stably transfected into Rat‐1 cells, these hybrid receptors all bound BK with high affinity. Single replacement of the intracellular loop 2 (IC2) or the distal 34 residues of the C‐terminus (dCt) with the corresponding regions of AT1aR resulted in chimera, which turned over phosphotidylinositol (PI) and released arachidonic acid (ARA) as WT BKB2R. In contrast, incorporation of the AT1aR IC3 in a single replacement abolished signal transduction. However, the simultaneous exchange of IC2 and IC3 of BKB2R with AT1aR resulted in a receptor responding to BK with PI turnover and ARA release approximately 4‐fold greater than WT BKB2R. Likewise, the simultaneous replacement of IC2 and dCt resulted in a 2.8‐ and 1.6‐fold increase in PI turnover and ARA release, respectively. In contrast, the dual replacement of IC3 and dCt could not overcome the deleterious effects of the IC3 replacement, resulting in very low PI activation and ARA release. Replacement of all three IC domains (IC2, IC3, and dCt) resulted in PI closer to that of AT1aR than BKB2R. The uptake of the receptor chimeras was similar to that of WT BKB2R with the exception of the IC3/dCt dual mutant, which exhibited very poor internalization (18% at 60′). When transfected into Rat‐1 cells, the AT1aR markedly increased the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA, while BK slightly decreased it. The dual IC2/dCt and triple IC2/IC3/dCt hybrids both upregulated CTGF mRNA in response to BK. These results show that the IC face of the BKB2R can be exchanged with that of AT1aR, producing hybrid receptors, which take on the functional characteristics of AT1aR. The characterization of the chimera with stepwise replacement of the IC domains should allow for assignment of specific roles to the individual loops and C‐terminus in the signaling and internalization of the BKB2R and facilitate the generation of a receptor with BKB2R binding and AT1aR function. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 809–819, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of p38MAP kinase potentiates the JNK/SAPK pathway and AP‐1 activity in monocytic but not in macrophage or granulocytic differentiation of HL60 cells
Authors: Wang Xuening , Studzinski George P.
Published: August 2002

Monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells induced by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25 D3) has been recently shown (Exp Cell Res 258, 425,2000) to be enhanced by an exposure to SB203580 or to SB202190, specific inhibitors of p38MAP kinase, with concomitant up‐regulation of the c‐jun N terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. In the present study we inquired if this enhancement and the JNK up‐regulation are limited to 1,25 D3‐induced differentiation, or if they occur more generally in HL60 cell differentiation. We found that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)‐induced differentiation, and to a lesser extent tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)‐induced macrophage differentiation were also potentiated by the p38MAPK inhibitors, but that granulocytic differentiation in response to all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) was not. The enhancement of differentiation by p38MAPK inhibitors was accompanied by an activation of the JNK MAPK pathway, as shown by the phosphorylation levels of these kinases and by AP‐1 binding, but only in 1,25 D3‐treated cells. This shows that an up‐regulation of the JNK stress pathway during 1,25 D3‐induced monocytic differentiation occurs selectively in this lineage of differentiation and is not necessary for the expression of the differentiated phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 68–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracting hydration sites around proteins from explicit water simulations
Authors: Henchman Richard H. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: August 2002

Two new methods are assessed for determining the location of hydration sites around proteins from computer simulation. Current methods extract hydration sites from peaks in the water density constructed in the protein frame. However, the dynamic nature of the water molecules, the nearby protein residues, and the protein reference frame as a whole tend to smear out the water density, making it more difficult to resolve sites. Two techniques are introduced to better resolve the water density. The first is to construct the water density from the time‐averaged position of each water molecule in the protein frame while the water remains within a given distance of this averaged position. The second technique is to construct the water density from the time‐averaged position of each water in the reference frame only of the nearby residues. Criteria for determining hydration sites from the water density are examined. Both techniques are found to significantly improve the detail in the water density and the number of hydration sites detected. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 861–869, 2002
Can the calculation of ligand binding free energies be improved with continuum solvent electrostatics and an ideal‐gas entropy correction?
Authors: Schwarzl Sonja M. , Tschopp Thomas B. , Smith Jeremy C. , Fischer Stefan
Published: August 2002

The prediction of a ligand binding constant requires generating three‐dimensional structures of the complex concerned and reliably scoring these structures. Here, the scoring problem is investigated by examining benzamidine‐like inhibitors of trypsin, a system for which errors in the structures are small. Precise and consistent binding free energies for the inhibitors are determined experimentally for this test system. To examine possible improvement of scoring methods, we test the suitability of continuum electrostatics to account for solvation effects and use an ideal‐gas entropy correction to account for the changes in the degrees of freedom of the ligand. The small observed root‐mean‐square deviation of 0.55 kcal/mol of the calculated relative to the experimental values indicates that the essentials of the binding process have been captured. Even though all six ligands make the same salt bridge and H‐bonds to the protein, the electrostatic contribution varies among the ligands by as much as 2 kcal/mol. Moreover, although the ligands are rigid and similar in size, the entropic terms also significantly affect the relative binding affinities (by up to 2.7 kcal/mol). The present approach to solvation and entropy may allow the ranking of the ligands to be considerably improved at a cost that makes the method applicable to the optimization of lead compounds or to the screening of small collections of ligands. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1143–1149, 2002
The development of a scoring system for the Gerontological Apperception Test
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Francis Jacqueline , Radika Lisa M. , Lambert Paul , Panek Paul E. , Bosmajian Linda
Published: August 2002

To explore the viability of a revised and more differentiated scoring system for use with the Gerontological Apperception Test (GAT; Wolk & Wolk, 1971), 102 older adults (mean age = 68.3 years) were administered the GAT. Scoring criteria were developed to reflect a variety of constructs speaking to the interpersonal, health‐related, and intrapsychic dimensions of the experience of later life. For each of these 20 GAT variables, indices of interscorer agreement exceeded 80%. Bivariate correlations suggested that 12 of 20 GAT dimension scores were related to chronological age as well as to scores derived from measures of crystallized and fluid ability. This also was true for 2 of 5 GAT factor scores. Not only do these data suggest that newly developed GAT variables can be reliably scored, but they also indicate that these more carefully differentiated variables relate to measures of intellectual functioning in theoretically meaningful ways. These findings therefore speak to the utility of the GAT using more carefully defined scoring criteria. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 471–478, 2002.
p38 MAP kinase mediates platelet‐derived growth factor‐stimulated migration of hepatic myofibroblasts
Authors: Tangkijvanich Pisit , Santiskulvong Chintda , Melton Andrew C. , Rozengurt Enrique , Yee, Hal F.
Published: August 2002

Although the migration of hepatic myofibroblasts (HMFs) contributes to the development of fibrosis, the signals regulating migration of these cells are poorly understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HMF migration is stimulated by platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) through p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. This hypothesis was addressed by directly visualizing the migration of cultured human HMFs into a wound. PDGF‐BB stimulated membrane ruffling, migration, and proliferation. PDGF‐BB also induced activation of p38 MAP kinase, its downstream effector, heat shock protein (HSP) 27, ERK 1 and ERK 2, and p125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Selective antagonism of p38 MAP kinase blocked PDGF‐BB‐stimulated HSP 27 phosphorylation, membrane ruffling, and migration, but did not alter PDGF‐BB‐induced proliferation. Selective antagonism of ERK kinase inhibited PDGF‐BB‐induced ERK phosphorylation and proliferation, but did not affect PDGF‐BB‐stimulated migration. Concentrations of PDGF‐BB that stimulated migration and proliferation did not influence myosin‐dependent contractility. Neither selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase nor ERKs altered PDGF‐BB‐induced activation of FAK. In conclusion, these results provide novel evidence indicating that (1) HMF migration is stimulated by PDGF‐BB through the regulation of membrane ruffling by a p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway, (2) whereas p38 MAP kinase mediates PDGF‐BB‐stimulated migration, but not proliferation, ERKs mediate PDGF‐induced proliferation, but not migration, and (3) increases in myosin‐dependent contractility are not required for PDGF‐BB‐stimulated migration. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of protein kinase Cδ in transmitting hypoxia signal to HSF and HIF‐1
Authors: Baek Sun‐Hee , Lee U‐Youn , Park Eun‐Mi , Han Mi‐Young , Lee Yun‐Sil , Park Young‐Mee
Published: August 2002

An hypoxic microenvironment is an important modulator of gene expression in many pathophysiological conditions. In this study, we show a coordinate activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) in RIF tumor cells by hypoxia. Since heat shock protein (hsp) and angiogenic factor genes that are regulated by HSF and HIF‐1 are thought to contribute to the malignant progression of hypoxic tumor cells, it was of our major interest to identify the components that are responsible for the activation of both HSF and HIF‐1. Our finding that a bioflavonoid quercetin (QCT), a well known inhibitor of hsp gene expression, significantly inhibited the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 strongly suggests that QCT‐sensitive molecule(s) is involved in the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. Our results revealed that PCKα, δ and ϵ isoforms are expressed in RIF cells, but only PKCδ was specifically translocated to the membrane by hypoxia. Our results also revealed that the translocation of PKCδ was completely abrogated by QCT. Moreover, inhibiting the PKCδ activation, either pharmacologically with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate or with bisindolymaleimide II or genetically by transient transfection of a dominant negative PKCδ, significantly inhibited the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. These results strongly substantiate a view that the PKCδ isozyme is the QCT‐sensitive molecule that plays an important role in transmitting hypoxia signals to both HSF and HIF‐1. Here we show that the membrane translocation of PKCδ is dependent on the activation of phosphoinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K). Treatment with PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin or LY294002, abrogated not only PKCδ translocation but the subsequent transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. Together, our study shows that the PKCδ isozyme acts as a shared component in transmitting hypoxia‐induced signals to both HSF and HIF‐1, and that the upstream regulator of PKCδ is PI3K. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia in HIV‐associated neurological diseases
Authors: Glass Jonathan D. , Wesselingh Steve L.
Published: August 2002

Human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) is a neurotropic virus linked to a variety of progressive neurologic disorders. This review describes our current understanding of how HIV‐1 enters the nervous system and interacts with neuronal and non‐neuronal cells to initiate and sustain neurologic dysfunction. The overwhelming majority of cells infected with HIV‐1 in the nervous system are microglia/macrophages. Microglial/macrophage infection leads to immune dysregulation as well as production and release of cytotoxic molecules. Interaction of these infected cells with astrocytes may accelerate neurotoxic mechanisms. A hypothetical scenario for how HIV‐1 infection leads to neurologic disease is presented. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:95–105, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.