bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIII.—The Palace of Westminster in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Lethaby W. R.
Published: November 2011

We do not know when the English kings took up their residence at Westminster. Some slight indications suggest that Canute may have first established himself here. It is clear from the name Westminster that the Abbey was first in place, and this is confirmed by the position of the Palace, built along a narrow marshy strip between the better ground of the Abbey precinct and the river. Holyrood seems to be a parallel case of a famous religious house drawing the king's palace to its side. There is no certain evidence for the existence of the Abbey itself until the opening of the last third of the tenth century. The points in favour of Canute's residence at Westminster are as follows. His son Harold was buried in the Abbey, and according to the traditions of the house he was a great benefactor to it, presenting it with many relics, and being much attached to the Abbot Wulnoth. Gaimar, a twelfth-century writer, says that the dispute as to the tide happened at Westminster. “He was in London on the Thames, the tide was flowing near the church called Westminster, and the king stood at the strand on the sand.” The first positive evidence as to the Saxon palace is contained in William of Malmesbury's Chronicle, which tells how King Edward the Confessor was wearing his crown at Westminster, and while sitting at table one Easter Day, surrounded by nobles, he saw a vision.
VIII.—The Castle of Ludlow
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

Of all the numerous castles on the Marches of “Wales none can compare with the Castle of Ludlow in importance of position, the extent of its remains, or the part which it has played in history.

For a long series of years it was one of the chief strongholds of the Earl of the March, and at a later period became the place where the courts of the Lords Marchers were held, and the Lords President had their seat.
I.—Medieval Seals of the Bishops of Durham
Authors: Blair C. H. Hunter
Published: November 2011

At the dissolution of the Benedictine house of Durham its last prior, Hugh Whitehead, became the first dean of the cathedral church, and its large estates passed almost undiminished to the new dean and chapter, who thus also succeeded to its title-deeds and muniments. These remained in their old home in the treasury of the monks, and afterwards in the cathedral library, until, by the exertions of our late Fellow the Rev. Dr. Greenwell, they were provided with a new resting-place in the rebuilt and refitted chapel of St. Helen, above the great gateway of the monastery. When arranging these documents in their new home Dr. Greenwell made a slip catalogue of the seals attached. This catalogue, collated, annotated, and illustrated by the present writer, has been printed by the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In it is a long series of the seals of the bishops of Durham from Ranulf Flambard (A.D. 1099-1128) to Cuthbert Tunstall (A.D. 1530-1559).
VI.—Notes on a Vellum Album containing some original sketches of public buildings and monuments, drawn by a German artist who visited Constantinople in 1574
Authors: Freshfield E. H.
Published: November 2011

The interest in the unpublished document now submitted to the Society lies, mainly, in three large sepia drawings of a triumphal column, erected by the Emperor Arcadius in honour of his father the Emperor Theodosius the Great. My purpose is to draw attention to the historical importance attaching to these drawings, for, excepting some fragmentary sketches to be referred to presently, they are the only evidence we now possess to corroborate the narratives of contemporary historians who describe an important episode in later Roman history, when Theodosius the Great was engaged in a war on the Danube with a ‘new Scythian people who had not been seen before by any one’. We shall have no difficulty in identifying these new-comers, thus described by Zosimus, with the Tartar Huns, the forerunners of Attila and his host, who now, and for the first time, faced the Roman army in battle and were utterly defeated. The victory thus won for Theodosius and his imperial colleague, the second Valentinian, was considered, and not without reason, to be important enough to merit record in this triumphal column, for the westward invasion of the Huns, though not stopped, received a check from which it did not recover for another half-century.
XI.—On a Silver Bowl and Cover of the Ninth or Tenth Century
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

The silver vessel here illustrated (Plate XLVII. bwas acquired many years ago by Sir A. W. Franks, and at his death passed by bequest to the British Museum. It is a deep bowl, with a cover made to be lifted by a projecting handle in the form of a quatrefoil upon a vertical stem, the height, without the cover, being 3½ inches. The whole of the exterior both of bowl and cover is richly decorated with designs in relief. Four equidistant panels each containing a large quatrefoil are enclosed by vine stems, with occasional bunches of grapes at which birds are pecking; in the interspaces between the panels the stems unite to form a lozenge containing a quatrefoil of smaller dimensions. Wherever two stems meet they are bound by collar-like bands, which are doubtless conventionalized representations of closely-twining tendrils. The design thus forms a continuous pattern well adapted to the sides of a vessel; it is repeated on a smaller scale upon the cover. The grapes, the leaves, and the bodies of the birds are all inlaid with niello. The ground throughout is gilded, as is the interior of the bowl. The bottom has been rasped or filed on the exterior, though the interior remains in its original condition. It has heen suggested that the bowl may once have had a foot.
XIV.—The Ancient Topography of the town of Ludlow, in the county of Salop
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

In April of last year I had the honour of laying before the Society a paper on Ludlow Castle.

While writing that paper my attention was drawn to certain points about the topography of the town of Ludlow, which do not seem to have been noticed before; and as these form part of an interesting chapter in the development of our town plans, I venture to submit them for the Society's consideration.
XIX.—Wooden Monumental Effigies in England and Wales
Authors: Fryer Alfred C.
Published: November 2011

The forty-sixth volume of Archaeologia contains a paper on Little Horkesley church, Essex, by Sir Clements R. Markham, with some account of the three wooden monumental effigies in that church. A carefully prepared list of the wooden monumental effigies in England and Wales is appended to that paper. This list is arranged as a topographical index, and records the existence of seventy-eight wooden effigies. Four, however, are given in error, so that this number is reduced to seventy-four. Recent research now permits nineteen more to be added to this list. Sir Clements R. Markham only refers to six wooden effigies which were destroyed; records of sixteen more, however, are now appended, and it is quite probable that this unfortunate list may have to be extended as further knowledge of our lost effigies comes to light.
XX.—On the Excavation of the Site of Basing House, Hampshire
Authors: Peers C. R.
Published: November 2011

The village of Basing lies in the upper Loddon Valley a mile and a half east of Basingstoke on the south bank of the river, which rises some four miles to the east, near Worting, and here runs in a flat and marshy channel. At either end of the village is a mill, the Lower Mill at the west end and Old Basing Mill at the east, near the church. A third mill mentioned in Domesday does not now exist. The ground rises gently southwards, the road running through the village along the base of the slope, and at the east end of the village is higher ground on which the church stands. At the south-west, about 500 yards from the church, are the earthworks marking the site of Basing House, and commanding at the same time the road and the approach to the bridge over the Loddon. In early days, when the river probably ran through a wider belt of marshy ground than at present, the position must have been one of great strategic importance, and in fact it continued to be so down to the time of the destruction of the house in the Civil Wars. Its strength is also witnessed to by the fact that it resisted attack after attack by the soldiers of the Parliament, and was only taken at length when the Royalist power was broken, and Cromwell himself could give all his energies to its reduction.
I.—A New Decipherment of the Hittite Hieroglyphs
Authors: Thompson R. Campbell
Published: November 2011

I have ventured to lay before scholars a new system of decipherment of the Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions, based on a study of those already published, and those which were found during the season of 1911, when I was employed by the Trustees of the British Museum on the excavations at Carchemish. The Trustees have most kindly given me permission to quote from these new texts of 1911 as far as is necessary to prove my system of decipherment and grammar, even to the names of the petty chiefs which occur in them, and they have asked only that I shall refrain from discussing the historical side of their inscriptions, so that their own priority of publication at a later date be not anticipated. I wish therefore to thank them for a concession which I fully appreciate.
VIII.—Further Excavations at the Late-Celtic and Romano-British Cave-dwelling at Wookey Hole, Somerset
Authors: Balch H. E.
Published: November 2011

Since last I had the honour to report upon the work of excavation, which for several years past has been carried on in the cavern at Wookey Hole, considerable progress has been made, the excavation being completed as far as the door of the cave. In doing this, a great quantity of floor débris has been minutely examined, and some very interesting finds have been made.
II.—Westminster Abbey: the Old Lady Chapel and its relation to the Romanesque and Gothic Churches
Authors: Westlake H. F.
Published: November 2011

At first sight it would seem somewhat profitless to select as the subject of a paper a building not one stone of which can ordinarily be seen, but the great Benedictine church of St. Peter, Westminster, stands so high in the affection of the English-speaking races that even the smallest contribution to its story may be assured beforehand of a welcome. Moreover, there is a certain appropriateness in the fact that by an undesigned coincidence that contribution should be offered on March 21st, the feast of St. Benedict himself.
I.—On an Illuminated and Emblazoned Copy of the Statutes from Edward III. to Henry VI., illustrating the Genealogy of the Family of Fitzwilliam of Mablethorpe, co. Lincoln
Authors: Higgins Alfred
Published: November 2011

The volume I exhibit to-night is a folio copy on vellum of the Statutes 1st Edward III. to 23rd Henry VI., the text written in single column of thirty-eight lines and preceded by an elaborate index covering fifty-two folios. The legislation of each regnal year opens with a large initial letter painted in ultramarine upon a floriated vermilion background of penwork, which extends, in the form of flourishes, far into the margin of the page. The initial letter of the king's name in the first Act of each reign is of still larger dimensions, usually from 2½ to 3 inches square. It is, in each instance, elaborately illuminated in gold and colours, and encloses a shield of arms relieved upon a background of lake covered with delicate scrollwork in white body-colour. From the initial letter proceeds illuminated foliage completely enclosing three sides of the text.
V.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1899
Authors: Hope W.H. St. John , Fox George E.
Published: November 2011

We have the honour of laying before the Society, on behalf of the Executive-Committee of the Excavation Fund, a report of the work carried out at Silchester in 1899, being the tenth year in succession of the systematic investigation of the site.
AGAINST CIVIC SCHOOLING
Authors: Murphy James Bernard
Published: November 2011

A fierce debate about civic education in American public schools
has erupted in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11,
2001. Many liberals and conservatives, though they disagree strongly
about which civic virtues to teach, share the assumption that such
education is an appropriate responsibility for public schools. They
are wrong. Civic education aimed at civic virtue is at best ineffective;
worse, it is often subversive of the moral purpose of schooling. Moreover,
the attempt to impose these partisan conceptions of civic virtue on
America's students violates the civic trust that underpins vibrant
public schools.
SECOND LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Spinner Patti
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study is to begin work toward a grammatical assessment measure that could bridge the gap between theoretical work on grammatical development, on the one hand, and tools such as the Michigan Test (which uses multiple-choice questions on vocabulary and grammar) or the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages scale (which uses holistic descriptions of grammar use), on the other hand. Such a measure would need to be practical to administer with large groups. Two proposals of grammatical development (processability theory, Pienemann, 1998, 2005; and organic grammar, Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 2006) were applied to short samples of spontaneous production data from 48 adult second-language learners of English from mixed first-language backgrounds. The rapid profile scale successfully accounted for the learners’ development but is of somewhat limited use with short samples of data. The organic grammar placement scale may need to be further refined, but it includes important indicators of grammatical development. A preliminary proposal for using a combined measure with a rubric is presented.
Algebraic K-theory of virtually free groups
Authors: Juan-Pineda D. , Lafont J.-F. , Millan-Vossler S. , Pallekonda S.
Published: November 2011

We provide a general procedure for computing the algebraic K-theory of finitely generated virtually free groups. The procedure describes these groups in terms of the algebraic K-theory of various finite subgroups and various Farrell Nil groups. We illustrate this process by carrying out the computation for several interesting classes of examples. The first two classes serve as a check on the method and show that our algorithm recovers results that already exist in the literature. The last two classes of examples yield new computations.
Toward a Dark Nature Recording
Authors: Michael David
Published: November 2011

Nature sound recording has long been criticised for the artifice of the documents it produces. Joining this easy target is the implication that the form's aesthetic frame, which often intends to promote our connection to nature, actually serves to disconnect us. This paper reviews critiques of nature sound recording and suggests that by confronting what it excludes from ‘nature’, the form might yet come to terms with ecology.
The role of Shabansky orbits in compression‐related electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave growth
Authors: McCollough J. P. , Elkington S. R. , Baker D. N.
Published: November 2011

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves at high L values near local noon are often found to be related to magnetospheric compression events. These waves arise from temperature anisotropies in trapped warm plasma populations. There are several possible mechanisms that can generate these temperature anisotropies, including both energizing and nonenergizing processes. In this work we investigate a nonenergizing process arising from dayside bifurcated magnetic field minima. There are two kinds of behavior particles undergo in the presence of bifurcated minima: particles with high initial equatorial pitch angles (EPAs) are forced to execute so‐called Shabansky orbits and mirror at high latitudes without passing through the equator, while those with lower initial EPAs will pass through the equator with higher EPAs than before; as a result, perpendicular energies near the equator increase at the cost of parallel energies. By using a 3‐D particle tracing code in a tunable analytic compressed‐dipole field, we explore the effects of Shabansky orbits on the anisotropy of the warm plasma and contrast with the anisotropy resulting from drift shell splitting. We show that Shabansky orbits are an independent source of temperature anisotropy for warm dayside ions.
Statistical characteristics of plasma flows associated with magnetic dipolarizations in the near‐tail region of r < 12 RE
Authors: Lee D.‐Y. , Kim H.‐S. , Ohtani S. , Park M. Y.
Published: November 2011

The magnetic dipolarization in the tail close to Earth is often associated with plasma flows of some magnitude, and the flow direction can be critically related to the substorm triggering issue. In this work we identified 167 events of dipolarizations in the near‐Earth tail (r ≈ 7–12 RE) using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) tail observations and examined plasma flow patterns associated with the dipolarizations. We first find that ∼50% of the dipolarizations in this near‐tail region initiate with plasma flows of a significant magnitude (>100 km/s). Out of such fast flow events, ∼78% are earthward flows and ∼22% are tailward flows, which we interpret as rebound of the earthward flows. The overall occurrence rate of the fast flows (including both earthward and tailward flows) noticeably decreases earthward: It drops from ∼47% at r ≈ 8–9 RE to ∼27% at r ≈ 7–8 RE. This implies that the earthward flows can seldom penetrate inside of 7–8 RE, consistent with previous reports. Incidentally, we find that the flow directions often change during the course of the entire dipolarization process whether dipolarization begins with an earthward or tailward flow. Nevertheless, the net magnetic transport is earthward during the main duration of most of the dipolarizations, even if they initiate with dominantly tailward flows at the onset.
Midlatitude North Atlantic heat transport: A time series based on satellite and drifter data
Authors: Hobbs Will R. , Willis Joshua K.
Published: November 2011

Using temperature, salinity, and displacement data from Argo floats combined with satellite sea surface height, a time series of the Atlantic meridional heat transport from January 2002 to August 2010 has been estimated for 41°N. The calculation method is validated against hydrographic climatologies and output from the ECCO2 ocean data assimilation model, and the assumptions are shown to be reasonable; the greatest source of error is from the sparse distribution of Argo floats. The mean heat transport is 0.50 ± 0.1 PW, which is consistent with previous estimates made using surface flux data but is low compared estimates from hydrographic cruise data. Consistent with results from the RAPID array, the heat transport has a significant annual cycle and high degree of subannual variability, indicating that statistical uncertainty in previous calculations may have been underestimated. There is little evidence of a trend over the short period of available data. Correlations with sea surface temperature suggest clear physical relationships between heat transport and SST, even on the short time scales of available data.
A study of flow‐wetted surface area in a single fracture as a function of its hydraulic conductivity distribution
Authors: Larsson Martin , Niemi Auli , Tsang Chin‐Fu
Published: November 2011

The contact area between flowing water and rock—the flow‐wetted surface (FWS)—is a main factor controlling the rock‐matrix diffusion and sorption of flowing solute in a rock fracture. Flow channeling, therefore, has a strong effect on the retardation of mass transport due to the resulting lower contact area. This work presents a systematic study of the dependency between fracture aperture statistics and FWS in strongly heterogeneous fractures. Particle tracking is used to determine the transversal width of the particle flow lines, FWS, and β factor, where β is a variable that has been proposed as controlling tracer retention. The conductivity distribution over the fracture is assumed to be lognormal with standard deviation (σln K) ranging from 0.23 to 4.61, with correlation lengths from 2% to 18% of the width of the flow domain. Results show a clear dependency between the specific flow‐wetted surface (sFWS), defined as FWS divided by the total fracture area, and the standard deviation of the logarithm of fracture conductivity. The behavior is independent of the correlation length for the range of correlation lengths tested. The results are presented in the form of type curves and an empirical equation that provide a simple way to determine the sFWS as a function of σln K. This information can then be used to adjust the results of large‐scale fracture network simulations by taking into account the effect of single fracture heterogeneity, an effect that is in practice infeasible to directly take into account in large‐scale fracture network simulations.
The intermediate scattering function for lipid bilayer membranes: From nanometers to microns
Authors: Watson Max C. , Peng Yonggang , Zheng Yujun , Brown Frank L. H.
Published: November 2011

A numerical scheme based upon established hydrodynamic and elastic considerations is introduced and used to predict the intermediate scattering function for lipid bilayer membranes. The predictions span multiple wavelength regimes, including those studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS; microns) and neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy (10–100 nm). The results validate a recent theory specific to the NSE regime and expose slight inaccuracies associated with the theoretical results available in the DLS regime. The assumptions that underlie both our numerical methods and the related theoretical predictions are reviewed in detail to explain when certain results can be applied to experiment and where caution must be exercised.
High-resolution Thomson parabola for ion analysis
Authors: Cobble J. A. , Flippo K. A. , Offermann D. T. , Lopez F. E. , Oertel J. A. , Mastrosimone D. , Letzring S. A. , Sinenian N.
Published: November 2011

A new, versatile Thomson parabola ion energy (TPIE) analyzer has been designed, constructed, and used at the OMEGA-EP facility. Laser-accelerated multi-MeV ions from hemispherical C targets are transmitted through a W pinhole into a multi-kG magnetic field and subsequently through a parallel electric field of up to 25 kV/cm. The ion drift region has a user-selected length of 10, 50, or 80 cm. With the highest fields, 400-MeV C6+ and C5+ may be resolved. TPIE is ten-inch manipulator (TIM)-mounted at OMEGA-EP and can be used opposite either of the EP ps beams. The instrument runs on pressure-interlocked 15-Vdc power available in EP TIM carts. Flux control derives from the insertion depth into the target chamber and the user-selected pinhole dimensions. The detector consists of CR39 backed by an image plate. A fully relativistic simulation code for calculating ion trajectories was employed for design optimization. Excellent agreement of code predictions with the actual ion positions on the detectors is observed. Through pit counting of carbon-ion tracks in CR39, it is shown that conversion efficiency of laser light to energetic carbon ions exceeds ∼5% for these targets.
H2 generation from two-step thermochemical water-splitting reaction using sol-gel derived SnxFeyOz
Authors: Bhosale Rahul , Khadka Rajesh , Puszynski Jan , Shende Rajesh
Published: November 2011

H2 has a great potential to replace fossil fuels and contribute to clean energy by reducing the environmental carbon foot-print. This study reports H2 generation from a thermochemical water-splitting reaction using sol-gel derived SnxFeyOz powders. The sol-gel synthesis involved the addition of SnCl2 · 2H2O and FeCl2 · 4H2O in ethanol followed by gelation using propylene oxide. As-synthesized gels were aged, dried, and heated rapidly upto different temperatures and quenched in air or N2 environment. The calcined powders were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, BET surface area analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Calcination temperature and environment were found to have a significant effect on phase composition and specific surface area (SSA). The calcined SnxFeyOz powders were placed in a tubular Inconel reactor and four consecutive thermochemical cycles were performed. Water-splitting and regeneration steps were carried out at 900 °C and 1100 °C, respectively. The powder calcined in N2 environment showed a mixed phase composition containing Sn0.4Fe2.6O4 and SnO2 and it generated an average of 1.88 ml of H2 g−1 cycle−1.
Current-controlled negative differential resistance due to Joule heating in TiO2
Authors: Alexandrov A. S. , Bratkovsky A. M. , Bridle B. , Savel’ev S. E. , Strukov D. B. , Stanley Williams R.
Published: November 2011

We show that Joule heating causes current-controlled negative differential resistance (CC-NDR) in TiO2 by constructing an analytical model of the voltage-current V(I) characteristic based on polaronic transport for Ohm’s Law and Newton’s Law of Cooling and fitting this model to experimental data. This threshold switching is the “soft breakdown” observed during electroforming of TiO2 and other transition-metal-oxide based memristors, as well as a precursor to “ON” or “SET” switching of unipolar memristors from their high to their low resistance states. The shape of the V(I) curve is a sensitive indicator of the nature of the polaronic conduction.
Determination of secondary ion mass spectrometry relative sensitivity factors for polar and non-polar ZnO
Authors: Laufer Andreas , Volbers Niklas , Eisermann Sebastian , Potzger Kay , Geburt Sebastian , Ronning Carsten , Meyer Bruno K.
Published: November 2011

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is regarded as a promising material for optoelectronic devices, due to its electronic properties. Solely, the difficulty in obtaining p-type ZnO impedes further progress. In this connection, the identification and quantification of impurities is a major demand. For quantitative information using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), so-called relative sensitivity factors (RSF) are mandatory. Such conversion factors did not yet exist for ZnO. In this work, we present the determined RSF values for ZnO using primary (ion implanted) as well as secondary (bulk doped) standards. These RSFs have been applied to commercially available ZnO substrates of different surface termination (a-plane, Zn-face, and O-face) to quantify the contained impurities. Although these ZnO substrates originate from the same single-crystal, we observe discrepancies in the impurity concentrations. These results cannot be attributed to surface termination dependent RSF values for ZnO.
A simple model for nanofiber formation by rotary jet-spinning
Authors: Mellado Paula , McIlwee Holly A. , Badrossamay Mohammad R. , Goss Josue A. , Mahadevan L. , Kit Parker Kevin
Published: November 2011

Nanofibers are microstructured materials that span a broad range of applications from tissue engineering scaffolds to polymer transistors. An efficient method of nanofiber production is rotary jet-spinning (RJS), consisting of a perforated reservoir rotating at high speeds along its axis of symmetry, which propels a liquid, polymeric jet out of the reservoir orifice that stretches, dries, and eventually solidifies to form nanoscale fibers. We report a minimal scaling framework complemented by a semi-analytic and numerical approach to characterize the regimes of nanofiber production, leading to a theoretical model for the fiber radius consistent with experimental observations. In addition to providing a mechanism for the formation of nanofibers, our study yields a phase diagram for the design of continuous nanofibers as a function of process parameters with implications for the morphological quality of fibers.
A microsecond-response polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal
Authors: Chen Yuan , Yan Jin , Sun Jie , Wu Shin-Tson , Liang Xiao , Liu Shih-Hsien , Hsieh Pao-Ju , Cheng Kung-Lung , Shiu Jyh-Wen
Published: November 2011

A polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) with microsecond response time is demonstrated using a vertical field switching cell. The measured decay time is 39 μs at room temperature (21 °C) and then decreases to 9.6 μs at 44.3 °C. Such a response time is 1-2 orders of magnitude faster than that of a typical BPLC device. The responsible physical mechanisms are the collective effects of short pitch length, strong polymer network, and low viscosity through temperature effect. The on-state voltage of our BPLC device is 44.2 V, hysteresis is below 0.7%, and contrast ratio is over 1300:1.
Spatial control of spin-wave modes in Ni80Fe20 antidot lattices by embedded Co nanodisks
Authors: Duerr G. , Madami M. , Neusser S. , Tacchi S. , Gubbiotti G. , Carlotti G. , Grundler D.
Published: November 2011

Combined all-electrical spin-wave and micro-focused Brillouin light scattering spectroscopies have been used to study spin-wave eigenmodes in bicomponent lattices formed by periodic Co nanodisks introduced in nanotroughs etched into a thin Ni80Fe20 film. We find two characteristic spin-wave modes extending through the lattice perpendicular to the applied field. Their spatial positions depend crucially on the Co nanodisks as they reverse locally the polarity of the internal field. Embedded nanodisks are found to offer control of spin waves at nearly the same eigenfrequency in periodically patterned magnetic devices and magnonic crystals.
Quantification of kinetic changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in boar spermatozoa during cryopreservation
Authors: Kumaresan A. , Siqueira A. P. , Hossain M. S. , Johannisson A. , Eriksson I. , Wallgren M. , Bergqvist A. S.
Published: November 2011

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in sperm is associated with capacitation in several mammalian species. Although tyrosine phosphorylated proteins have been demonstrated in cryopreserved sperm, indicating capacitation-like changes during cryopreservation, these changes have not yet been quantified objectively. We monitored tyrosine phosphorylation, intracellular calcium and sperm kinematics throughout the cryopreservation process, and studied the relationships among them in boar spermatozoa. Sperm kinetics changed significantly during cryopreservation: curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and straight line velocity all decreased significantly (P < 0.05). While the percentage of sperm with high intracellular calcium declined (P < 0.05), global phosphorylation increased significantly (P < 0.01). Specifically, cooling to 5°C induced phosphorylation in the spermatozoa. After cooling, a 32-kDa protein not observed in fresh semen appeared and was consistently present throughout the cryopreservation process. While the level of expression of this phosphoprotein decreased after addition of the second extender, frozen–thawed spermatozoa showed an increased expression. The proportion of sperm cells with phosphorylation in the acrosomal area also increased significantly (P < 0.05) during cryopreservation, indicating that phosphorylation might be associated with capacitation-like changes. These results provide the first quantitative evidence of dynamic changes in the subpopulation of boar spermatozoa undergoing tyrosine phosphorylation during cryopreservation.
Brassinosteroids inhibit pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immune signaling independent of the receptor kinase BAK1
Authors: Albrecht Catherine , Boutrot Freddy , Segonzac Cécile , Schwessinger Benjamin , Gimenez-Ibanez Selena , Chinchilla Delphine , Rathjen John P. , de Vries Sacco C. , Zipfel Cyril
Published: November 2011

Plants and animals use innate immunity as a first defense against pathogens, a costly yet necessary tradeoff between growth and immunity. In
Arabidopsis
, the regulatory leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) BAK1 combines with the LRR-RLKs FLS2 and EFR in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and the LRR-RLK BRI1 in brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated growth. Therefore, a potential tradeoff between these pathways mediated by BAK1 is often postulated. Here, we show a unidirectional inhibition of FLS2-mediated immune signaling by BR perception. Unexpectedly, this effect occurred downstream or independently of complex formation with BAK1 and associated downstream phosphorylation. Thus, BAK1 is not rate-limiting in these pathways. BRs also inhibited signaling triggered by the BAK1-independent recognition of the fungal PAMP chitin. Our results suggest a general mechanism operative in plants in which BR-mediated growth directly antagonizes innate immune signaling.
Quantitative shadowgraphy on a laminar argon plasma jet at atmospheric pressure
Authors: de Izarra Grégoire , Cerqueira Nuno , de Izarra Charles
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the diagnostics of a dc laminar argon plasma jet operating at atmospheric pressure in ambient air using three techniques. Through the pumping effect of ambient air by the laminar jet, it is possible to observe the UV OH spectrum at 306.357 nm (transition A 2Σ, ν = 0 → X 2Π, ν′ = 0) and to perform emission spectroscopy in order to find the OH rotational temperature close to the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. In addition, measurements of the refractive index are made by considering two different methods: optical interferometry and quantitative shadowgraphy. It is shown that the temperatures obtained by the three diagnostics techniques are very close.
Tribology of ethylene–air diffusion flame soot under dry and lubricated contact conditions
Authors: Bhowmick Hiralal , Biswas S K
Published: November 2011

Soot particles are generated in a flame caused by burning ethylene gas. The particles are collected thermophoretically at different locations of the flame. The particles are used to lubricate a steel/steel ball on flat reciprocating sliding contact, as a dry solid lubricant and also as suspended in hexadecane. Reciprocating contact is shown to establish a protective and low friction tribo-film. The friction correlates with the level of graphitic order of the soot, which is highest in the soot extracted from the mid-flame region and is low in the soot extracted from the flame root and flame tip regions. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of the tribo-film shows that the a priori graphitic order, the molecular carbon content of the soot and the graphitization of the film as brought about by tribology distinguish between the frictions of soot extracted from different regions of the flame, and differentiate the friction associated with dry tribology from that recorded under lubricated tribology.
LarvalBradysia impatiens(Diptera: Sciaridae) Potential for Vectoring Pythium Root Rot Pathogens
Authors: Braun S. E. , Sanderson J. P. , Wraight S. P.
Published: November 2011

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the capacity of Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) larvae to ingest propagules from two strains each of Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. and P. ultimum Trow and transmit the pathogens to healthy geranium seedlings on a filter-paper substrate in petri dishes. The capacity of fungus gnat larvae to transmit P. aphanidermatum to seedlings rooted in a commercial peat-based potting mix and germination of Pythium oospores and hyphal swellings before and after passage through the guts of larval fungus gnats were also examined. Assays revealed that Pythium spp. transmission by larval fungus gnats varied greatly with the assay substrate and also with the number and nature of ingested propagules. Transmission was highest (65%) in the petri dish assays testing larvae fed P. aphanidermatum K-13, a strain that produced abundant oospores. Transmission of strain K-13 was much lower (<6%) in plug cells with potting mix. Larvae were less efficient at vectoring P. ultimum strain PSN-1, which produced few oospores, and no transmission was observed with two non-oospore-producing strains: P. aphanidermatum Pa58 and P. ultimum P4. Passage of P. aphanidermatum K-13 through larval guts significantly increased oospore germination. However, decreased germination of hyphal swellings was observed following larval gut passage for strains of P. ultimum. These results expand previous studies suggesting that larval fungus gnats may vector Pythium spp.
An ARL3–UNC119–RP2 GTPase cycle targets myristoylated NPHP3 to the primary cilium
Authors: Wright Kevin J. , Baye Lisa M. , Olivier-Mason Anique , Mukhopadhyay Saikat , Sang Liyun , Kwong Mandy , Wang Weiru , Pretorius Pamela R. , Sheffield Val C. , Sengupta Piali , Slusarski Diane C. , Jackson Peter K.
Published: November 2011

The membrane of the primary cilium is a highly specialized compartment that organizes proteins to achieve spatially ordered signaling. Disrupting ciliary organization leads to diseases called ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from retinal degeneration and cystic kidneys to neural tube defects. How proteins are selectively transported to and organized in the primary cilium remains unclear. Using a proteomic approach, we identified the ARL3 effector UNC119 as a binding partner of the myristoylated ciliopathy protein nephrocystin-3 (NPHP3). We mapped UNC119 binding to the N-terminal 200 residues of NPHP3 and found the interaction requires myristoylation. Creating directed mutants predicted from a structural model of the UNC119–myristate complex, we identified highly conserved phenylalanines within a hydrophobic β sandwich to be essential for myristate binding. Furthermore, we found that binding of ARL3-GTP serves to release myristoylated cargo from UNC119. Finally, we showed that ARL3, UNC119b (but not UNC119a), and the ARL3 GAP Retinitis Pigmentosa 2 (RP2) are required for NPHP3 ciliary targeting and that targeting requires UNC119b myristoyl-binding activity. Our results uncover a selective, membrane targeting GTPase cycle that delivers myristoylated proteins to the ciliary membrane and suggest that other myristoylated proteins may be similarly targeted to specialized membrane domains.
Drosophila CLOCK target gene characterization: implications for circadian tissue-specific gene expression
Authors: Abruzzi Katharine Compton , Rodriguez Joseph , Menet Jerome S. , Desrochers Jennifer , Zadina Abigail , Luo Weifei , Tkachev Sasha , Rosbash Michael
Published: November 2011

CLOCK (CLK) is a master transcriptional regulator of the circadian clock in Drosophila. To identify CLK direct target genes and address circadian transcriptional regulation in Drosophila, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) tiling array assays (ChIP–chip) with a number of circadian proteins. CLK binding cycles on at least 800 sites with maximal binding in the early night. The CLK partner protein CYCLE (CYC) is on most of these sites. The CLK/CYC heterodimer is joined 4–6 h later by the transcriptional repressor PERIOD (PER), indicating that the majority of CLK targets are regulated similarly to core circadian genes. About 30% of target genes also show cycling RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding. Many of these generate cycling RNAs despite not being documented in prior RNA cycling studies. This is due in part to different RNA isoforms and to fly head tissue heterogeneity. CLK has specific targets in different tissues, implying that important CLK partner proteins and/or mechanisms contribute to gene-specific and tissue-specific regulation.
Tumor-specific retargeting of an oncogenic transcription factor chimera results in dysregulation of chromatin and transcription
Authors: Patel Mukund , Simon Jeremy M. , Iglesia Michael D. , Wu Sam B. , McFadden Andrew W. , Lieb Jason D. , Davis Ian J.
Published: November 2011

Chromosomal translocations involving transcription factor genes have been identified in an increasingly wide range of cancers. Some translocations can create a protein “chimera” that is composed of parts from different proteins. How such chimeras cause cancer, and why they cause cancer in some cell types but not others, is not understood. One such chimera is EWS–FLI, the most frequently occurring translocation in Ewing Sarcoma, a malignant bone and soft tissue tumor of children and young adults. Using EWS–FLI and its parental transcription factor, FLI1, we created a unique experimental system to address questions regarding the genomic mechanisms by which chimeric transcription factors cause cancer. We found that in tumor cells, EWS–FLI targets regions of the genome distinct from FLI1, despite identical DNA-binding domains. In primary endothelial cells, however, EWS–FLI and FLI1 demonstrate similar targeting. To understand this mistargeting, we examined chromatin organization. Regions targeted by EWS–FLI are normally repressed and nucleosomal in primary endothelial cells. In tumor cells, however, bound regions are nucleosome depleted and harbor the chromatin signature of enhancers. We next demonstrated that through chimerism, EWS–FLI acquired the ability to alter chromatin. Expression of EWS–FLI results in nucleosome depletion at targeted sites, whereas silencing of EWS–FLI in tumor cells restored nucleosome occupancy. Thus, the EWS–FLI chimera acquired chromatin-altering activity, leading to mistargeting, chromatin disruption, and ultimately, transcriptional dysregulation.
Generation of dyspeptic symptoms by direct acid and water infusion into the stomachs of functional dyspepsia patients and healthy subjects
Authors: Oshima T. , Okugawa T. , Tomita T. , Sakurai J. , Toyoshima F. , Watari J. , Yamaguchi K. , Fujimoto K. , Adachi K. , Kinoshita Y. , Kusunoki H. , Haruma K. , Miwa H.
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 175–182

Background  The mechanisms of the development of symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients have not been fully elucidated. We previously reported that acid directly infused into the stomach causes dyspeptic symptoms in asymptomatic healthy controls (HCs); however, the response to acid infusion of FD patients was not determined.

Aim  To investigate the severity of dyspeptic symptoms induced by direct acid infusion in FD subjects and HCs.

Methods  This was a multi‐centre, cross‐over, randomised, double‐blind study in 23 FD subjects and 32 HCs. FD was defined using the Rome III criteria. All subjects were Helicobacter pylori negative. Each subject received two tests; 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and water infused into the stomach. The presence and severity of 12 dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using a visual analogue scale.

Results  The proportion of subjects developing symptoms by acid or water infusion was significantly greater in FD subjects than HCs. All of the FD subjects experienced at least one symptom by water or acid infusion. In the FD subjects, the severity of symptoms was significantly greater with acid infusion than water infusion. The severity of symptoms in total and the scores for eight of the 12 symptoms induced by acid infusion was significantly greater in FD subjects than in HCs.

Conclusions  The severity of dyspeptic symptom generation induced by direct acid infusion into the stomach was significantly greater in functional dyspepsia subjects than in healthy controls, suggesting that hypersensitivity to acid is one of the important mechanisms of the development of symptoms in functional dyspepsia patients.
Attribution of climate change: a methodology to estimate the potential contribution to increases in potato yield in Scotland since 1960
Authors: Gregory Peter J. , Marshall Bruce
Published: November 2011

Maincrop potato yields in Scotland have increased by 30–35 t ha−1 since 1960 as a result of many changes, but has changing climate contributed anything to this? The purpose of this work was to answer this question. Daily weather data for the period 1960–2006 were analysed for five locations covering the zones of potato growing on the east coast of Scotland (between 55.213 and 57.646 N) to determine trends in temperature, rainfall and solar radiation. A physiologically based potato yield model was validated using data obtained from a long‐term field trial in eastern Scotland and then employed to simulate crop development and potential yield at each of the five sites. Over the 47 years, there were significant increases in annual air and 30 cm soil temperatures (0.27 and 0.30 K decade−1, respectively), but no significant changes in annual precipitation or in the timing of the last frost in spring and the first frost of autumn. There was no evidence of any north to south gradient of warming. Simulated emergence and canopy closure became earlier at all five sites over the period with the advance being greater in the north (3.7 and 3.6 days decade−1, respectively) than the south (0.5 and 0.8 days decade−1, respectively). Potential yield increased with time, generally reflecting the increased duration of the green canopy, at average rates of 2.8 t ha−1 decade−1 for chitted seed (sprouted prior to planting) and 2.5 t ha−1 decade−1 for unchitted seed. The measured warming could contribute potential yield increases of up to 13.2 t ha−1 for chitted potato (range 7.1–19.3 t ha−1) and 11.5 t ha−1 for unchitted potato (range 7.1–15.5 t ha−1) equivalent to 34–39% of the increased potential yield over the period or 23–26% of the increase in actual measured yields.
Do symptoms of bipolar disorder exhibit seasonal variation? A multisite prospective investigation
Authors: Murray Greg , Lam Raymond W , Beaulieu Serge , Sharma Verinder , Cervantes Pablo , Parikh Sagar V , Yatham Lakshmi N
Published: November 2011

Murray G, Lam RW, Beaulieu S, Sharma V, Cervantes P, Parikh SV, Yatham LN. Do symptoms of bipolar disorder exhibit seasonal variation? A multisite prospective investigation. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 687–695. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  Evidence that symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) vary seasonally is inconclusive. Here, a multisite prospective investigation of patients with BD was used to test the hypothesis that, on average, depressive symptoms peak in autumn/winter and hypo/manic symptoms peak in spring/summer. Secondary analyses explored gender and diagnosis [bipolar I disorder (BD‐I) versus bipolar II disorder (BD‐II)] effects on seasonality.

Methods:  A sample of 429 patients with BD (61.6% female; 56.2% BD‐I) were recruited from 12 sites across Canada. Clinician‐rated measures of manic [Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), n = 4,753 total observations] and depression symptoms [Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), n = 4,691 observations] were taken at scheduled three‐month visits as well as any unscheduled visits. At scheduled visits only, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham‐D) assessments (n = 3,153 observations) were also made. Multi‐level modeling (MLM) analyses were conducted separately for the three dependent variables and three definitions of Time: calendar month, nominal season, and harmonic analysis.

Results:  Primary analyses of the whole sample found that for manic symptoms (YMRS), neither calendar month nor nominal season were significant, and harmonic analyses found an unpredicted frequency two sinusoid, with peaks at 4th December and 4th June (p < 0.018). Secondary analyses found that this sinusoid approximately fit the YMRS data for females and those diagnosed with BD‐II. For depression symptoms measured on the MADRS and Ham‐D, no significant seasonal patterns were found in primary analyses of the whole sample. Secondary analyses found a significant increase in MADRS scores in November/December among females, but this pattern was not corroborated in nominal season or harmonic analyses.

Conclusions:  No evidence of systematic seasonal variation in symptoms was found in the sample as a whole. Primary analyses found no evidence that hypo/manic symptoms peaked in the lighter months and depressive symptoms peaked in the darker months. The present findings align with broadly negative conclusions from three earlier prospective investigations, and provide the strongest evidence to date that seasonal changes do not in fact cause coordinated variation in BD symptoms.