bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TheMLscale in Norway
Authors: Alsaker A. , Kvamme L. B. , Hansen R. A. , Dahle A. , Bungum H.
Published: September 2021

A new local magnitude ML scale has been developed for Norway, based on a regression analysis of synthesized Wood-Anderson records. The scale is applicable for distances up to more than 1000 km, and the data used comprise 741 short-period recordings at 21 seismic stations from 195 earthquakes in the magnitude range 1 to 5 occurring in and around Norway over the last 20 years. Magnitude corrections for distance have been evaluated in terms of a geometrical spreading term a and an anelastic attenuation term b, and the significant regional crustal differences in the area under investigation made it desirable to develop these for several subsets of the data base. The results for a are generally found to be around the commonly found value of 1.0 (using the Lg phase), while the values of b are found to be around 0.0008, consistent with the weak, intraplate attenuation expected for Norway. Compared to interplate California, this difference in attenuation represents more than a factor of ten in amplitude at a distance of 1000 km.

New ML scales are commonly tied to Richter's original definition at the standard reference hypocentral distance of 100 km. The significantly weaker Lg wave attenuation in Norway, however, requires a smaller reference distance. We have chosen a value of 60 km, based on an overall assessment of regional coverage, focal depths, and quality of the data. The resulting ML formula for Norway reads M L = log A w a + a log ( R / 60 ) + b ( R - 60 ) + 2.68 + S , where Awa is synthesized Wood-Anderson amplitude (in mm), R is hypocentral distance (in km), and S is a station correction term that for all 21 stations is found to lie within the range ± 0.22. When using the entire data base, the spreading term a equals 1.02 (± 0.09), and the anelastic attenuation term b equals 0.00080 (± 0.00009). When only strictly continental ray paths are selected, the a value decreases to 0.91 (± 0.11) while the value of b increases to 0.00087 (± 0.00011), a difference which on the average accounts for less than 0.1 magnitude units. While all values used in the regressions have been derived for vertical amplitudes, a separate analysis has shown that these are not significantly different from the horizontal ones, and the new scale is therefore applicable to both. In order to facilitate the practical use of this new ML scale, a relation has also been established between observed seismogram amplitudes in nanometers (corrected for instrument response) and the synthesized Wood-Anderson amplitudes. This relation reads log Awa = 0.925 log Aobs − 2.32.

The new ML magnitudes for the events analyzed are in good agreement with those calculated from a previously used relation developed by Båth for Sweden. The ML values have also regressively been related to a data set of Ms magnitudes, yielding the relation Ms = 0.83 ML + 1.09.
A waveform correlation method for identifying quarry explosions
Authors: Harris D. B.
Published: September 2021

A waveform correlation method is presented for identifying quarry explosions by attributing them to known mines characterized by multiple master events. The objective is to provide a reliable automatic procedure for screening the large number of quarry explosions likely to be detected by networks of in-country stations monitoring compliance with test-ban treaties. The method generalizes existing correlation techniques to compare waveforms from an unlocated event recorded at an array of sensors with a linear combination of master event waveforms recorded at the same array. The use of a linear combination reduces the chance of a missed location caused by some variation in mechanism or spectral excitation between the events being compared. The weights in the linear combination are filters, offering some compensation for variations in source time functions and errors of waveform alignment. The use of array data reduces the likelihood of false attribution by reducing bias and variance in the correlation measurement.

In a test conducted with P-wave data segments recorded at a 13-element array, the method successfully resolves two source regions separated by 4 km at a range of 150 km. Resolution with single-station waveform correlations is marginal due to the limited amount of data. The statistics of the sample waveform correlation coefficient are developed and demonstrate that single-station waveform correlations are unreliable unless estimated with large signal durations T or bandwidths B. A time-bandwidth TB product exceeding 100 (or smaller TB with more stations) is necessary for reliable event attribution.

The related problem of separating superimposed waveforms from two events in different source regions may be solved by cancellation. The waveforms of one event are again approximated by a linear combination of waveforms from master events in the same mine. The residual signals, obtained by subtracting the approximation from the superimposed waveforms, estimate the waveforms from the second event. This method achieves significant separation of waveforms from events 6 km apart at a range of 150 km, using data from the 13-element array. Its resolution exceeds that of conventional beam-forming methods.
Implementación y evaluación de un sistema multi-GNSS en un vehículo terrestre no tripulado
Authors: Velasco Edison P. , Muñoz-Bañón Miguel Á , Candelas Francisco A. , Puente Santiago T.
Published: September 2021

En este trabajo se presenta un sistema Multi-GNSS de bajo coste conformado por 3 módulos UbloxNeo-m8n que ha sido implementado sobre un vehículo terrestre no tripulado, y se compara con un sistema GNSS-RTK (u-blox C94-M8P). La redundancia de datos del sistema multi-GNSS permite un mayor número de muestras y un mejor filtrado de datos. Mediante experimentos en distintos circuitos, se han obtenido resultados donde el sistema puede llegar a una frecuencia de muestreo de 3 Hz. Además, el sistema Multi-GNSS presenta un menor error que en un sistema GNSS-RTK (ublox C94-M8P) cuando este último no tiene línea de vista directa hacia su antena base RTK.
Sistema heterogéneo para la monitorización de la actividad diaria en el hogar y el bienestar de personas mayores
Authors: Calatrava Nicolás Francisco Miguel , Ortiz Zaragoza Francisco José , Vera Repullo José Alfonso , Roca González Joaquín , Jiménez Buendía Manuel , Martínez Mozos Óscar
Published: September 2021

En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un sistema heterogéneo cuya finalidad es la de cuidar la salud y el bienestar de las personas mayores que viven solas en su hogar. Se intenta seguir la iniciativa del programa europeo AAL (Ambient Assisted Living) Dicho sistema se encuentra formado por un dispositivo robótico móvil, un conjunto de sensores domóticos de bajo coste, un dispositivo médico tipo pulsera de actividad y una aplicación de Android para el estudio del estado anímico. El sistema ha sido integrado haciendo uso de ROS (Robot Operating System), de tecnologías IoT (Internet of Things) tales como Node-RED y la plataforma domótica Home-Assistant. Este sistema heterogéneo se desarrolla en la actualidad en un proyecto nacional Retos de la Sociedad.
Diseño basado en modelos de aplicaciones FOG como workflow de microservicios
Authors: Hurtado Ekaitz , López Alejandro , Sarachaga Mª Isabel , Armentia Aintzane , Estévez Estévez Elisabet , Marcos Marga
Published: September 2021

La irrupción de la Industria 4.0 ha dado lugar a integraciones con tecnologías innovadoras, las cuales permiten el desarrollo de aplicaciones que utilizan datos recogidos desde la planta para optimizar los procesos industriales. En un principio, estas aplicaciones se desplegaron en la nube. Sin embargo, por problemas de latencia y seguridad, la niebla ha surgido como un nuevo paradigma, con capacidades similares a la nube, pero más cerca de los activos de planta. El despliegue de aplicaciones en la niebla ha sido un tema de discusión creciente. No obstante, a pesar de que diferentes autores conciben las aplicaciones según la misma lógica (como un flujo dirigido de componentes), no se ha presentado una solución global. Así, los autores proponen un enfoque genérico basado en modelos para la definición de aplicaciones de computación en la niebla.
Trazabilidad de la producción basada en agentes industriales
Authors: López Alejandro , Estévez Estévez Elisabet , Marcos Marga
Published: September 2021

Uno de los principios fundamentales de la Industria 4.0 consiste en poner en valor los datos que se generan en una fábrica para extraer rendimiento de ellos. Estos datos pueden servir a diferentes finalidades, siendo la trazabilidad una de las más relevantes porque se demanda a todos los niveles, desde el cliente hasta el nivel de gestión de la empresa. Los agentes industriales suponen una buena alternativa para implementar la trazabilidad en planta por su capacidad de colaborar intercambiando información para cumplir sus objetivos. En este artículo, los autores proponen una solución basada en agentes industriales para realizar la trazabilidad en tiempo real de la producción a diferentes niveles (lote de fabricación, pedido de cliente, y fábrica) de forma desacoplada, para optimizar la gestión de la información y los servicios derivados de la trazabilidad a cada uno de los niveles.
Private ICT-Activities and Emotions at Work – A Swedish Diary Study
Authors: Palm Kristina , Bergman Ann , Rosengren Calle
Published: September 2021

The boundaries between the work and non-work spheres have been challenged through the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT). Individuals may easily engage in non-work (family and private) matters at work and during working hours. Prior research on emotions at work tends to understand all emotions at work as work related. By studying non-work matters managed through ICT in a diary study, we suggest that emotions at work are triggered both by work and non-work matters. Our research shows that these emotions can be both positive and negative and may come from actual engagement in private matters, or as a response to a need or a demand to address a private matter. Since emotions affect work performance, for example, we suggest that HR and managers take the causes of workplace emotions into consideration when addressing issues related to emotions at work.
New Approaches to the Design of a Lunar Station for Servicing Automatic and Manned Spacecraft
Authors: Saprykin O.A.
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the study was to tackle the problem of creating an orbiting lunar station in a circular low orbit with an altitude of 100 ... 150 km. The study shows that this task should be considered not as the advantage-disadvantage ratio but as the development of a specific design solution - in a methodological design approach. Meanwhile, it is necessary to take into account the strategic importance of the orbiting lunar station for the entire process of the exploration of the Moon. The station should be created not only for manned expeditions but also for automatic spacecraft. The paper describes the methodological approaches to the design of space stations, namely the design methods which imply opportunities and tasks identification, gives examples of applying these methods, points out their shortcomings, including the lack of accounting for changes in design problems. As a result of studying the problem, we propose a design method that takes into account the dynamics of changing the tasks of the designed object, i.e. the tasks that arise during the Moon exploration. The study gives an enlarged description of the method, where the starting point is many different scenarios for the design of an object, i.e. the orbiting lunar station. Relying on the proposed method, we preliminarily designed the station and found that its design determines the design of its modules. The study substantiates the development of several standard (serial) space modules designed to perform basic functions in space flight. The combination of such modules within the framework of an open architecture allows the station to quickly adapt to new tasks and operate for an unlimited time - theoretically, without a time limit.
Efficiency of SpCas9 and AsCpf1 (Cas12a) programmable nucleases at genomic safe harbor loci in HEK293 cells
Authors: Pavlova S. V. , Elisaphenko E. A. , Shayakhmetova L. Sh. , Medvedev S. P.
Published: September 2021

Rationale: The development of eukaryote genome engineering tools based on CRISPR-Cas programmable bacterial nucleases systems opens wide horizons for gene therapies, human disease cell modeling, as well as investigation into manifestation of disease phenotypes and visualization of cellular processes. The safety and approximation of experiments both at the cellular and organismal levels depend on the accuracy of introducing double-stranded breaks into the target DNA regions. The search for new variants of more accurate CRISPR-Cas nucleases and evaluation of their ability to hydrolyze nucleosome DNA in vivo is considered a critical task for the development of the genome engineering technologies.

Aim: To analyze the activity of the programmable nuclease AsCpf1 (Cas12a), with low level of off-target activity, in the human genome loci that are safe for the introduction of transgenic constructs (“safe harbor”) and to compare its efficiency with that of the widely used SpCas9 nuclease in HEK293 cells.

Materials and methods: We performed the bioinformatics analysis of the association between target regions with nucleosomes and other proteins in the safe harbor loci AAVS1 and GSH-Ch1 and the transcriptionally inactive gene MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein 3) based on ATAC-seq data for the HEK293FT cells obtained from the NCBI SRA database. Plasmids encoding SpCas9 and AsCpf1 nucleases and guide RNA to the target regions were constructed and transfected into the HEK293FT cells. Events in the target regions of the HEK293FT cell genome were studied in the sequenograms with the TIDE algorithm.

Results: The results of the ATAC-seq experiments for HEK293FT cells have shown that the AAVS1 locus can be referred as open chromatin with a low nucleosome density, while the GSH-Ch1 locus can be attributed to closed chromatin. In HEK293FT cells, the cardiac MYBPC3 gene has intermediate chromatin density. Assessment of the efficiency of introducing breaks into the studied HEK293FT cell chromatin loci by nucleases has shown that SpCas9 is able to cope with chromatin of any nucleosome density, while AsCpf1 can effectively introduce DNA breaks only at loci with open chromatin, such as AAVS1 and MYBPC3. Editing events occur at a very low rate at the GSH-Ch1 locus with a high nucleosome density.

Conclusion: We have found low efficiency of the AsCpf1 nuclease in the genomic safe harbor locus GSH-Ch1, which is characterized by a high nucleosome density. When planning an experiment on AsCpf1 nuclease genome editing, the epigenetic chromatin landscape and the nucleosome density should be considered, as well as chromatin opening substances should be used.
SEIMR/R-S/OPT. Epidemic Management Optimization Model, Control Policies, Vital Health Resources and Vaccination. Theory
Authors: Velasquez-Bermudez Jesus
Published: September 2021

Make decision during an epidemic process implies enter in the dialectic of duality of goals: lives saved in the short term versus loss of quality of life of the population in the long term. The optimization models may be used to support epidemic management without entering the duality of goals do not try to compare economic impact with avoided deaths, concentrating the mathematical effort into avoid additional deaths over the minimum natural death due to the biological aspects of the epidemics, considering the real restrictions about economic budgets and logistics constraints. The pandemic is a natural process that follows known mathematical rules, which involve great uncertainty for being unknown, but humanity has developed great scientific (analytical) capacity to face complex natural processes, managing a pandemic like COVID-19 is perhaps the biggest challenge it must overcome. Tackling the pandemic by ignoring humanity's ability to model processes and find the "best" decision means that, despite acting with goodwill, policies that do not produce the greatest social well-being and that possibly generate more dead than the minimum possible and cause an economic impact that negatively affects quality of life by returning to levels 20 or more years ago, it affects strongly to countries in development way. SEIMR/R-S simulation epidemic model is the core of SEIMR/R-S/OPT, it considers the impact of modeling the population divided into sociodemographic segments based on age and economic stratum (other dimensions, for example: ethnics, gender, …). The added value by mathematical programming approach is to convert simulation models into optimization models enabling decision makers to determine optimal policies for public health management. SEIMR/R-S/OPT may determine optimal policies considering the socio-spatial distribution of the population. SEIMR/R-S/OPT was implemented in GAMS using OPTEX Expert Optimization System.
SEIMR/R-S. General Epidemic Simulation Model Multi-Infected States - Multi Sociodemographic Segments - Multi-Region Mobility. Theory
Authors: Velasquez-Bermudez Jesus
Published: September 2021

SEIMR/R-S corresponds to a generalized mathematical model of pandemics that enhances traditional, aggregated simulation models when considering inter-regional impacts in a macro region (conurbed); SEIMR/R-S also considers the impact of modeling the population divided into sociodemographic segments based on age and economic stratum (it is possible to include other dimensions, for example: ethnics, gender, … ). SEIMR/R-S is the core of the SEIMR/R-S/OPT epidemic management optimization model that determines optimal policies (mitigation and confinement) considering the spatial distribution of the population, segmented sociodemographically and multiple type of vaccines. The formulation of SEIMR/R-S/OPT is presented by Velasquez-Bermudez (2021a) that includes the modeling of the vaccination process. SEIMR/R-S can be understood and used by any epidemiologist, and/or physician, working with SIR, SEIR or similar simulation models, and by professionals working on the issue of public policies for epidemic control. Following the theory presented in this document, ITCM (Instituto Tecnologico de Ciudad Madero, México) implemented the SEIMR/R-S epidemic model in a JAVA program (Velasquez-Bermudez et. al, 2021). This program may be used by the organizations that considers the SEIMR/R-S will be useful for management the COVID-19 pandemic, it is presented by VelasquezBermudez et al. (2021).
Strategie społeczne Unii Europejskiej — wyzwania i perspektywy
Authors: Godek Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

Europejskie działania w polityce społecznej obejmują cztery główne obszary: 1. zatrudnienia i warunków pracy, 2. zwalczania ubóstwa i społecznego wykluczenia, 3. szeroko rozumianej edukacji, będącej także wyrazem inwestycji społecznych, i 4. wyrównywania szans grup defaworyzowanych i przeciwdziałania ich dyskryminacji. Działania te są z jednej strony odpowiedzią na współczesne wyzwania społeczne w krajach europejskich, z drugiej zaś służą realizacji europejskich wartości w dziedzinie równego traktowania i przeciwdziałania dyskryminacji ze względu na płeć, pochodzenie, religię, wiek i status zdrowotny itp. W rozszerzającej się Unii Europejskiej zaczęto realizować strategie dotyczące przede wszystkim rynku pracy, ale też zabezpieczenia społecznego czy zwalczania ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego. Polityka społeczna pozostaje jednak domeną państw członkowskich, a Unia wpływa na jej kierunki „miękkimi” metodami, formułując zalecenia promujące wspólne wartości i wspierając ich wdrażanie środkami z funduszy europejskich.Artykuł ma na celu wskazanie najistotniejszych strategii społecznych realizowanych w Unii Europejskiej w aspekcie stojących przed nią wyzwań.
Procedura lokalizacyjna barierą rozwoju morskiej energetyki wiatrowej na przykładzie polskich i chińskich rozwiązań prawnych
Authors: Pinkas Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

Morska energetyka wiatrowa umożliwia realizację dwóch najważniejszych celów państwa — zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego oraz ograniczenia negatywnego oddziaływania sektora paliwowo-energetycznego na środowisko. Pozyskiwanie energii z morskich farm wiatrowych jest konsekwencją obowiązku osiągania celów klimatycznych podlegających globalnemu konsensusowi. Jednocześnie nadal istnieje wiele negatywnych czynników spowalniających jej rozwój. Brak kompleksowej regulacji prawnej w tym zakresie lub zbyt złożone procedury lokalizacyjne to problemy prawne, bez których rozwiązania te inwestycje nie będą możliwe. Celem artykułu jest porównanie chińskich i polskich rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie procedury lokalizacyjnej morskich farm wiatrowych ze wskazaniem głównych barier oraz postulatów zmian, uznanych za niezbędne, by zrealizować światowy cel neutralności klimatycznej.
Charity auctions from an economic perspective — literature review
Authors: Szyszka Adrianna
Published: September 2021

One of the most common means of raising funds is the charity auction. At charity auctions, money is collected for a good cause, and the products are purchased for private consumption — the bidders may achieve both public and private gains. The charitable nature of this type of auction makes them different from standard auctions. The paper aims to present the main characteristics of this fundraising strategy as well as make a comparison with other formats of raising money for a good cause, i.a. lotteries. Furthermore, the main differences between charity and non-charity auctions will be explained. The studies do not clearly demonstrate whether the charity auction is a more effective mechanism of raising funds than the lottery. However, there is evidence that both formats outperform voluntary contributions. From the perspective of charity organizations, the most effective charity auction format seems to be the all-pay auction. The studies have also revealed that revenues at charity auctions are higher than at standard auctions.
Asymmetric information in IPO underpricing — literature review
Authors: Żyła Martyna
Published: September 2021

Market anomalies after initial public offerings are a subject of extensive scientific research. One of such anomalies is underpricing, which refers to an increase of stock price in relation to the offering price shortly after stock issue. The occurrence of underpricing has been verified in many markets; however, the reasons for this phenomenon have not been yet conclusively established. The existence of information asymmetry in the capital market is one of the most popular assumptions applied in the studies in an attempt to explain the reasons why issuers discount the price of their offers. The purpose of this paper is to present the explanatory underpricing theories which are based on the asymmetry of information present between market participants, and to summarize the explanatory variables of underpricing that stem from the theory.
Od groźnych po zagrożone Alpy — procesy zawłaszczania i tożsamość alpejskich obrońców środowiska w Tyrolu
Authors: Buck Maria
Published: September 2021

While in the early days of the European history of culture the Alps were seen as forbidding, since the 1970s environmental activists have used this description, turning it the other way round — now it is the Alps that are increasingly threatened by today’s environmental problems. Noise, air pollution, deforestation and problems relating to ozone depletion threaten the ecologically sensitive Alpine range. The problems affect not just the Alps, but owing to geographical and topographic conditions their consequences are particularly strong here. Thus the Alps constitute a reference framework as well as a point of origin for the thematisation of ecological problems. Defenders of the Alps were especially critical of the claims — or, more openly, designs — of the European Union in the area of transport, tourism and energy. The relations between the Alps and the European Union constituted a unique moment in the discussion of environmental activists. On the one hand they styled the Alps as a model ecological region in contrast to the economy-focused European Union, and on the other the European Union served as a common enemy, which turned the Alps into a political argument in declaring unity of this space. This unity was, according to the defenders of the Alps, important in the context of securing and forcing through the region’s internal needs. To sum up, the Alps were presented as a place where various, partly opposing, economic, ecological and political interest met, and a place appropriated, depending on the context, as a living, cultural and economic space, as Europe’s roof and water tower, or as a holiday idyll and sports arena. Given the collaboration of Alpine environmentalists crossing state borders south and north of the Brenner Pass, and within the extraordinarily politically and socially heterogenous resistance movement in North Tirol, a question arises: to what extent have the Alps generated unique forms of identification for these figures? The author of the article argues that for Alpine environmentalists the Alps are both a discursive and a physical space, used as an identity-building element and space of activity.
Czyje góry: Boga czy Śmierci? O dwóch romantycznych modelach interpretacji krajobrazu
Authors: Kolbuszewska Ewa , Lesiak Milan
Published: September 2021

In the article the author seeks to answer the question — suggested by Romantic accounts — about whether the most colourful feature of mountain landscape is its religious nature or whether its most evident characteristics are those that turn it into a land of death. Drawing on biblical arguments, Romantic culture assigned to the mountains attributes of sacred a space inspiring strong religious experiences verging on mystical experiences (Ludwik Zejszner). Thus in the Romantic way of thinking the mountains became witnesses to the creation of the world (Antoni Czajkowski), while the natural landscape began to be viewed as hypostasis of divinity. That is why a homage paid to nature became a religious experience and a tribute to the greatness of God. Hierophanies turning the mountains into a sacred space generated strong religious responses in Romantic subjects; they encouraged prayer and prayerful ritualisation of behaviour. A Romantic wanderer felt a sense of unity with God both on top of a mountain and by the Morskie Oko lake. However, the mountains were also presented many times as a space of death, a fact stemming from the terror of their landscape. Romantic tourists were made aware of this omnipresence of death in the mountains by crosses placed in the mountains as well as graves scattered across them. Victims of the mountains included highlanders, tourists, treasure hunters and poachers. That is why in some literary visions various places in the mountains appeared as a big graveyard (“Czarny Staw as the capital of death”, Łucja Rautenstrauchowa). In the article the author points to various causes of death and characteristic ways of dying in the mountains.
Aniela Walewska’s Carpathian trail
Authors: Król Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article is to bring back from obscurity a travel account, Wycieczka z Szczawnicy do Szmeks (A Trip from Szczawnica to Szmeksy) by a forgotten writer of the Romantic period, Aniela Walewska (1826–1873). During her Carpathian trip in the summer 1854 she admired mountain landscapes and visited historically attractive localities. The traveller began her several-day-long trip in Szczawnica, subsequently visiting, among others, Lubowla, Podoliniec, Kieżmark, Szmeks and Nowa Wieś. As she traversed the Carpathians, she got to know the local architecture, paint-ings and sculptures, saw buildings in fashionable resorts, enthused over the picturesque sight of the Pieniny range and the forbidding beauty of the Tatras, fully sensing the unique aura of the mountain scenery. The extraordinary landscapes were a source of many unforgettable emotional and aesthetic experiences for the writer. She was absorbed particularly by the Tatra waterfalls, which moved her heart and soul. In addition, Aniela Walewska made observations concerning the methods and condition of travel, noted down historical and tourist information, and revealed sensations and impressions accompanying her during the excursion. Thus her account can be regarded not only as a culturally and socially interesting document of the period, but also as a record of a personal, female experience of a newly explored space. In addition, it is also a document of the life of an individual — a nineteenth-century woman of letters — which should be classified as a valuable source for the study of her biography and work.
„Wspólnota kosmologiczna”. Natura i sacrum w liryce Jerzego Harasymowicza
Authors: Friedrich Michał
Published: September 2021

The paper is dedicated to the issues of nature, religion and sacral architecture of Polish–Ukrainian borderland, as well as the metaphysical understanding of nature in Jerzy Harasymowicz’s poetry. In addition to that, the article refers to the question of the unique cosmological communion between humans and other parts of God’s creation according to Christian perception of the world. The first chapter contains some general theses, which deal with the subject of nature in Harasymowicz’s poetry, but the issue of sacrum is also mentioned. The second part of the essay brings a reflection dedicated to pantheism and hylozoism present in the large collection of poems written by the poet from Puławy. Metaphysics, which is a crucial part of his achievements, is also mentioned here. The last part of the article discusses the relations between nature and culture located in the wider context of Eastern Christianity as well as Slavic paganism. The text, written in the year of the twentieth anniversary of Harasymowicz’s death, includes some crucial issues of the poet’s achievements from his whole life.
The bolt
Authors: Piotrowicz Zbigniew
Published: September 2021

The first bolts in Poland were fixed in Góry Sokole (Falcon Mountains). This was a climbing technique which became a turning point in rock climbing and changed the ethical framework of mountaineering. The first device for fixing bolts was developed by Tadeusz Zipser, a young mountaineer and graduate of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology. He and Stefan Ścięgosz carried out practical tests in Góry Sokole in 1955 and the novel technique was used in the same year by Jan Długosz to traverse two new routes in the Tatras considered until that moment to be inaccessible. In the following years the new technique made it possible to achieve results similar to those of leading Alpine climbers.
Czy Alpy są dla turystyki? 150 lat krytyki ruchu turystycznego
Authors: Mathieu Jon
Published: September 2021

The term “tourist” appeared in English in the late eighteenth century and spread to other European languages in the first half of the nineteenth century. The corresponding sector first appeared in German as Fremdenverkehr. Since the 1970s, the neutral, internationally used term “tourism” has become the standard for the mobility industry. The industry is unique and in some aspects unlike any other industry. Foreign buyers of tourist services are not only customers of specific tourism companies, but also guests of tourist regions. They move within an environment created by others and sometimes appropriate the public space of this area, especially by participating in the expansive mass tourism. This has recently led to the emergence of the term “overtourism”. It is associated with a need to reduce the burden of some fashionable tourist regions caused by an excessive influx of tourists. The Alps are one of those regions in which tourism developed as an industry already in the nineteenth century. The number of tourists in this European mountain range — initially especially in Switzerland — grew considerably particularly after 1850. The period was marked by a rapid development of infrastructure in the form of modern forms of transport, accommodation and other services. Tourism became an indicator and factor in civic “progress”. Yet at the same time there appeared voices questioning this development. The author of the present article discusses three examples from various spheres, periods and regions illustrating the history of the growth of tourism in the Alps. The first part is devoted to literature, specifically to a satirical journal of a journey to Switzerland, published for the first time in 1880. The second part deals with science, drawing mainly on the work of a French geographer and her writings from 1956–1971. The third part concerns tourism policy in recent years in a fashionable Austrian village in the Alps.
„Hier ward der Sieg errungen über einen mächtigen, compacten Alpenzug“. Der Semmering in Reiseführern zwischen 1852 und 1873
Authors: Tusch Roland
Published: September 2021

With the Railway Age, the perception of the landscape has changed. In Austria, the world’s first high mountain railway was built in the middle of the 19th century. It crosses the Alps at one of their eastern foothills, the Semmering. The central subject of this study is the landscape that was completely transformed by the construction of the Semmering Railway between 1852 and 1873. How was the Semmering perceived before it was discovered by the Viennese society as a region of summer resort? How were the massive changes in the Alpine landscape caused by the construction of the railway portrayed in the medium of contemporary travel guides?The sources investigated cover the period from the construction of the Semmering Railway to the discovery of the region as a summer resort. Starting with the first travel guides to the construction site and ending with the travel guides to the completed railway, seven main sources were analysed. As a starting point for the qualitative content analysis, a system of categories was developed as a search grid to filter the relevant aspects for answering the research question. The analysis follows the process of coding, paraphrasing and generalizing, and clearly reveals different levels of perception. The landscape in which the railway was built was described in extremely positive, poetic formulations. The negatively judging descriptions are particularly remarkable in the context of the travel guides, as they can be read as a critical reflection of the changed situation. Instead of regretting the destruction of nature, the victory of man or technology over nature was celebrated. From the comparison of the travel guides to the construction site and those to the completed railway, the progress of the construction work is clearly readable. The magnificence of the construction project was beyond question from the very beginning. The travel guides allow one to comprehend this, at the time rather young, transformation of the landscape; they open up a differentiated view of the landscape.
Diagnostic value of abdominal CT scan in ovarian tumors in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2017 to December 2018
Authors: Ramayuda Ida Bagus Gede , Mardiyana Lies , Erawati Dyah , Yuliati Indra
Published: September 2021

HIGHLIGHTS1. Ovarian tumors diagnostic value has been determined using the tools on contrast-enhanced abdominal CT Scan2. The tools including primary finding like mass size, septation, solid component, and additional finding such as ascites, peritoneal implants, lymph node enlargement3. Most tumors were ovarian malignant tumors according to their histopathological results 4. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT Scan of ovarian tumors evaluated by the tools gave better and more reliable diagnostic value than without using the toolsABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan in ovarian tumors in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, to provide scientific and clinical benefits.Materials and Methods: Samples were taken retrospectively by contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan raw data in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2017 to December 2018. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 88 samples were obtained and reviewed blindly by Female Organ Division of Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, and by using "tools" (primary and additional findings of modified ovarian tumors malignancy). The data were correlated with histopathological findings and analyzed by statistical tests and the results with and without "tools" were compared.Results: Samples were grouped by age, distributed with a range of 20 years and the group of 41-60 years had the highest age of ovarian tumor samples (46.6%) with 84.1% being ovarian malignant tumors according to their histopathological results. It was dominated by serous, mucinous and endometroid types with sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity of 64.3%, positive predictive value of 93.3% negative predictive value of 69.2%, and accuracy value of 89.8%. More reliable results were obtained by using “tools”.Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan of ovarian tumors in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, evaluated by “tools” still had a better and more reliable diagnostic value than without tools in determining policy steps in handling ovarian tumors with a note that more in-depth research on pitfalls is needed so it may enrich the characteristic findings in imaging.
Is it time to start COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women?
Authors: Aldika Akbar Muhammad Ilham
Published: September 2021

HIGHLIGHTS1. Pregnant women infected with COVID 19 have a higher risk of maternal fetal mortality and morbidity.2. The available evidences show a safety profile in all type of COVID vaccines in pregnancy.3. Vaccination in pregnant women will decrease pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and maternal death risk.4. The benefit of COVID vaccination exceeds the potential risk in pregnant women.5. Pregnant women are strongly recommended to receive COVID vaccine. ABSTRACTCOVID-19 pandemic has been lasting for years, and pregnant women encounter an increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Until now, vaccine COVID-19 has been developed and shows a promising result. Unfortunately, pregnant women are consistently excluded from receiving a new vaccine. Because pregnant women are excluded from participating in a clinical trial of vaccines related to safety issues, this exclusion cycle prevents pregnant women from receiving the vaccine that may benefit them. In this review article, the author provides evidence, data, and the reason why vaccination of pregnant women should be started in Indonesia, at least in a clinical trial, especially for health workers and women with comorbidities.
A numerical study on influence of strain gradients on lattice rotation in micro-machining of a single crystal
Authors: Demiral Murat , Roy Anish , Silberschmidt Vadim V.
Published: September 2021

In latest years small scale machining has been widely used in advanced engineering applications such as medical and optical devices, micro- and nano-electro-mechanical systems. In micromachining of metals, a depth of cut becomes usually smaller than an average crystal size of a polycrystalline structure; thus, the cutting process zone can be localized fully indoors of a single grain. Due to the crystallographic anisotropy, development of small scale machining models accounting for crystal plasticity are essential for a precise calculation of material removal under such circumstances. For this purpose, a 3D finite-element model of micro-cutting of a single grain was developed. A crystal-plasticity theory accounting for gradients of strain, implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit via a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT, was used in the computations. The deformation-induced lattice rotations in micro-cutting of a single crystal were analyzed extensively.
Analysis of Tug of War Competition. A Narrative Complete Review
Authors: Cayero Ruth , Rocandio Valentin , Zubillaga Asier , Calleja Julio , Martinez de Aldama Inmaculada
Published: September 2021

Tug-of-war (TOW) is an internationally played activity including professional and amateur athletes and defined as early (4000 years ago as a rope less version) in the artwork on Egyptian tomb engravings and is played as per the rules laid out by TWIF, which has 73 member countries and administrative headquarters in the USA. Typically, two teams of “pullers” participate and apply enormous contra directional forces on the pulling rope. Originally, two types of competition are used: knockout and points. This narrative review describes the scientific state of the art about of TOW. For the best of the author’s knowledge no previous information has been published. Anthropometric parameters are near 83.6, lean body mass 69.4, and body fat 16. The VO2MAX is 55.8 ml/kg/min. Relative strength, the dynamic leg power was 4659.8 N. Endurance TOW elicits minimal muscle damage. The injured strains and sprains comprised over half of all injuries: back (42%), shoulder–upper limb (23%) and knee (17%). Pulling movement in TOW contests can be divided into three phases: namely "Drop", "Hold" and "Drive" phase. The maximal pulling forces was 1041.6 ± 123.9 N. The percentage of dynamic pulling force in static maximal pulling force was 75.5 ± 14.4% and the dynamic ranged from 106.4 to 182.5%. There are two gripping styles, indoor and outdoor. The friction characteristics between surface and shoe in TOW is important to determine a suitable shoe for indoor TOW. Waist Belt might be a useful piece of equipment for TOW sport. The EMG technique in Tow described a high activity of dorsal muscle during the pulling. The factor of force vanishing was the coordination among athletes. The force vanishing percentage goes from 8.82±5.59 for 2 contenders to 19.74±2.22 for 8 athletes, 6.4 % in the sum of 2 pullers. However, in the drop phase, for female elite TOW team, only the 0.5 % of them pulling force was wasted. Future studies are need in order to understand better this historical sport activity.
Rapid Intraoperative Detection of Residual Glioma Cell in Resection Cavity Walls Using a Compact Fluorescence Microscope
Authors: Akimoto Jiro , Fukami shinjiro , Ichikawa Megumi , nagai Kenta , Kohno Michihiro
Published: September 2021

Objective: Surgical eradication of malignant glioma cells is theoretically impossible. Therefore, reducing the number of remaining tumor cells around the brain-tumor interface (BTI) is crucial for achieving satisfactory clinical results. The usefulness of fluorescence-guided resection for the treatment of malignant glioma was recently reported, but the detection of infiltrating tumor cells in the BTI using a surgical microscope is not realistic. Therefore, we developed an intraoperative rapid fluorescence cytology system, and evaluated its clinical feasibility for the management of malignant glioma. Materials and methods: Twenty-five selected patients with malignant glioma (newly diagnosed: 17; recurrent: 8) underwent surgical resection under photodiagnosis using photosensitizer Talaporfin sodium and a semiconductor laser. Intraoperatively, a crush smear preparation was made from a tiny amount of tumor tissue, and the fluorescence emitted upon 620/660 nm excitation was evaluated rapidly using a compact fluorescence microscope in the operating theater. Results: Fluorescence intensities of tumor tissues measured using a surgical microscope correlated with the tumor cell densities of tissues evaluated by measuring the red fluorescence emitted from the cytoplasm of tumor cells using a fluorescence microscope. A “weak fluorescence” indicated a reduction in the tumor cell density, whereas “no fluorescence” did not indicate the complete eradication of the tumor cells, but indicated that few tumor cells were emitting fluorescence.Conclusion: The rapid intraoperative detection of fluorescence from glioma cells using a compact fluorescence microscope was a useful to evaluate the presence of tumor cells in the resection cavity walls, and provides surgical implications for the more complete resection of malignant gliomas.
Coarsened Exact Matching of Excisional to Plasma-Ablative Ab Interno Trabeculectomy
Authors: Dakroub Mohamad , Verma-Fuehring Raoul , Strzalkowska Alicja , Hillenkamp Jost , Al Yousef Yousef , Loewen Nils A.
Published: September 2021

Purpose: To compare ab interno trabeculectomy by trabecular meshwork excision to plasma-mediated ablation in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: Retrospectively collected data of TrabEx+ (TEx, n=56) and Trabectome (T, n=99) were compared by coarsened exact matching to reduce confounding and matched based on baseline IOP and age. Primary outcomes were IOP and number of glaucoma medications. Complications and need for additional glaucoma surgery were assessed. Patients were followed for up to one year. Results: 53 TEx could be matched to T. Baseline IOP was 16.5±4.6 mmHg in both; age was 73.7±8.8 and 71.5±9.9 years in TEx and T, respectively. TEx were taking more medications than T (p<0.001). IOP was reduced to 14.8±4.3 in TEx and to 13.4±3.4 in T at 6 months, and to 14.9±6.0 (p=0.13) in TEx and to 14.1±3.8 mmHg (all p<0.05) in T at 12 months. Medications were reduced at both 6 and 12 months (p< 0.05). No differences were seen between TEx and T at 6 and 12 months. In TEx, only one serious complication occurred, and two patients required further glaucoma surgery. Conclusion: Although both groups had a baseline IOP considered low for ab-interno trabeculectomy, IOP and medications were reduced further at 6 and 12 months. IOP reduction did not reach significance in TEx at 12 months. The inter-group comparison did not reveal any significant differences. Both had a low complication rate.
A Literature Review on Intelligent Services Applied to Distance Learning
Authors: Silva Lidia Martins da , Dias Lucas P. S. , Rigo Sandro , Barbosa Jorge L. V. , Leithardt Daiana R. F. , Leithardt Valderi Reis Quietinho
Published: September 2021

Distance learning has assumed a relevant role in the Educational scenario. The use of Virtual Learning Environments contributes to obtain a substantial amount of educational data. In this sense, the analyzed data generate knowledge used by institutions to assist managers and professors in strategic planning and teaching. The discovery of students’ behaviors enables a wide variety of intelligent services for assisting in the learning process. This article presents a literature review in order to identify the intelligent services applied in distance learning. The research covers the period from January 2010 to May 2021. The initial search found 1,316 articles, among which 51 were selected for further studies. Considering the selected articles, 33% (17/51) focus on learning systems, 35% (18/51) propose recommendation systems, 26% (13/51) approach predictive systems or models, and 6% (3/51) use assessment tools. This review allowed to observe that the principal services offered are recommendation systems and learning systems. In these services, the analysis of student profiles stands out to identify patterns of behavior, detect low performance and identify probabilities of dropouts from courses.