bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coefficient factor for graft weight estimation from preoperative computed tomography volumetry in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Yoneyama Tetsuji , Asonuma Katsuhiro , Okajima Hideaki , Lee Kwang-Jong , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Takeichi Takayuki , Nakayama Yoshiharu , Inomata Yukihiro
Published: December 2010

In the clinical setting of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), it is common to find a discrepancy between the graft volume estimated by preoperative computed tomography volumetry and the actual graft weight (AGW) measured on the back-table. In this study, we attempt to find the coefficient factor that correlates the estimated graft volume to the AGW. Whole livers explanted in 25 LDLT recipients (17 cirrhotic and 8 morphologically normal with familial amyloid polyneuropathy) were evaluated to compare cirrhotic livers and noncirrhotic normal livers. In addition, right lobe grafts (n = 39) and left lobe grafts (n = 35) used in LDLTs were also evaluated to further determine the correlation between estimated graft volume and AGW. The correlation coefficient between estimated liver volume and actual liver weight was 1.01 in whole cirrhotic livers, whereas it was 0.85 in whole livers with familial amyloid polyneuropathy. In the partial liver grafts, it was 0.84 in right lobe grafts and 0.85 in left lobe grafts. In conclusion, we suggest that a correlation coefficient of 0.85 should be applied for the accurate calculation of the graft weight from the volume estimated by preoperative computed tomography in LDLT.
Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Targeting dopa‐sensitive and dopa‐resistant gait dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Selective responses to internal and external cues
Authors: Rochester Lynn , Baker Katherine , Nieuwboer Alice , Burn David
Published: December 2010

Background:

Independence of certain gait characteristics from dopamine replacement therapies highlights its complex pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease (PD). We explored the effect of two different cue strategies on gait characteristics in relation to their response to dopaminergic medications.

Patients and Methods:

Fifty people with PD (age 69.22 ± 6.6 years) were studied. Participants walked with and without cues presented in a randomized order. Cue strategies were: (1) internal cue (attention to increase step length) and (2) external cue (auditory cue with instruction to take large step to the beat). Testing was carried out two times at home (on and off medication). Gait was measured using a Stride Analyzer (B&L Engineering). Gait outcomes were walking speed, stride length, step frequency, and coefficient of variation (CV) of stride time and double limb support duration (DLS).

Results:

Walking speed, stride length, and stride time CV improved on dopaminergic medications, whereas step frequency and DLS CV did not. Internal and external cues increased stride time and walking speed (on and off dopaminergic medications). Only the external cue significantly improved stride time CV and DLS CV, whereas the internal cue had no effect (on and off dopaminergic medications).

Conclusions:

Internal and external cues selectively modify gait characteristics in relation to the type of gait disturbance and its dopa‐responsiveness. Although internal (attention) and external cues target dopaminergic gait dysfunction (stride length), only external cues target stride to stride fluctuations in gait. Despite an overlap with dopaminergic pathways, external cues may effectively address nondopaminergic gait dysfunction and potentially increase mobility and reduce gait instability and falls. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Computational Methods in Chemical Design
Authors: Mikulcik Patrizia
Published: December 2010

Ein multidisziplinäres Treffen führte aus verschiedenen Gebieten Experimentalisten und Theoretiker, die Rechnermethoden besonders intensiv nutzen, zusammen. Schwerpunkt der chemischen Themen waren eindeutig Biomoleküle, vor allem Proteine.
K wie Abfall
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: December 2010

In der Euphorie über das Material Kunststoff, das sich einfach und preisgünstig aus dem Rohstoff produzieren läßt, war zunächst kaum jemand gewillt, an das entstehende Abfallproblem zu denken. Auch die Kunststofferzeuger haben diesem Thema in der Vergangenheit zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.
Intermolekulare thermische Reaktionen unter überkritischen Bedingungen
Authors: Metzger Jürgen O.
Published: December 2010

Bei Temperaturen, die für die Organische Chemie relativ hoch erscheinen, können bei hohen Drücken unter überkritischen Bedingungen neue intermolekulare Reaktionen mit hoher Selektivität beobachtet werden. So reagieren Alkane in einer Radikalkettenreaktion mit Alkenen, gelingt die „Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley‐Reduktion”︁ von Carbonylverbindungen durch Alkohole ohne Katalysator und werden überraschende Solvolysereaktionen beobachtet. In einem flexiblen, leicht aufbaubaren Hochdruck‐Hochtemperatur‐Strömungsreaktor sind die notwendigen Reaktionsbedingungen leicht zu realisieren.
Der Fall des Nobelpreisträgers David Baltimore
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: December 2010

Good news – no news: Von der Wissenschaft wird in der Öffentlichkeit hauptsächlich dann Kenntnis genommen, wenn es „knallt”︁ – buchstäblich oder im übertragenen Sinne. Ein besonders ergiebiger Fall war die Fälschungsaffaire, in deren Konsequenz Nobelpreisträger D. Baltimore von seinem Präsidentenamt zurücktreten mußte. Eine Dokumentation des Falles wirft Fragen auf, auch für das eigene Land und für das eigene Fach.
Empirische Regeln für die Vorbereitung wissenschaftlicher Vorträge und Poster
Authors: Brickmann Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Ein erfahrener Vortragspraktiker faßt in neun Thesen zusammen, wie man Information verbal und visuell optimal „rüberbringt”︁ und wie man die Aufmerksamkeit des Zuhörers weckt und erhält – oder?
Röntgenmikroskopie zur Untersuchung von wäßrigen biologischen und kolloidchemischen Systemen
Authors: Thieme J. , Guttmann P. , Niemeyer J. , Schneider G. , David C. , Niemann B. , Rudolph D. , Schmahl G.
Published: December 2010

Mit einem Röntgenmikroskop hat man wegen der kurzen Wellenlänge der Röntgenstrahlung die Möglichkeit, eine erheblich höhere Auflösung als mit dem Lichtmikroskop zu erreichen.
From a Handful of Scientists to the Greatest Science Show
Authors: Fischer Gerd , Golloch Alfred
Published: December 2010

Im Georgia World Congress Center von Atlanta, der größten Stadt des Südostens der USA, fand im März 1993 die größte Ausstellung für Analysengeräte und Meßsysteme aus aller Welt ‐ die Pittcon '93 ‐ statt. Daneben wurden Trends bei der Entwicklung weiterer Gerätegenerationen aufgezeigt.
Isolierte Cluster in der Gasphase
Authors: Baumgärtel Helmut
Published: December 2010

Molekulare Aggregate in der Gasphase lassen sich mit Hilfe der Molekularstrahltechnik herstellen und durch anschließende resonante 2‐Photonen‐Laserphotoionisation selektieren. Von besonderem Interesse sind chemische Reaktionen in solchen Clustern. Dabei hängt der Reaktionsablauf in besonderem Maße von der Größe und Zusammensetzung der Cluster ab.
Nach Polen der Terpene wegen?
Authors: Kreiser Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Isolierung, Strukturaufklärung und Synthese von Naturstoffen mit bis zu 16 Chiralitätszentren sowie verschiedene Wirkmechanismen waren Themen der XV. Conference on Isoprenoids. Die Zukunft des bisher im Wechsel in Polen und der Tschechischen Republik organisierten internationalen „Terpen‐Treffens”︁ ist ungewiß.
Verfahrensentwicklung heute
Authors: Blumenberg Bernd
Published: December 2010

Die Herstellung von Grund‐ und Zwischenprodukten der chemischen Industrie erfolgt im Maßstab von mehr als zehntausend bis hin zu mehreren Millionen Jahrestonnen. Die Innovation liegt auf diesem Arbeitsgebiet in der Entwicklung neuer, leistungsfähigerer Verfahren. Am Beispiel der Acrylsäure werden die auslösenden Faktoren für die Verfahrensentwicklung und das Vorgehen im interdisziplinären Team im Spannungsfeld zwischen Chemie und Technik dargelegt.
Weniger Pflanzenschutz‐ und Düngemittel
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

Die Europäische Agrarreform hat mit ihren Extensivierungs‐ und Flächenstillegungsprogrammen einen erheblichen Anteil am weiteren Rückgang des Pflanzenschutz‐ und Düngemittel‐Absatzes in Westeuropa. Natürlich machen sich auch neue Düngeverfahren und Produktivitätsfortschritte bemerkbar.
Bayer Bitterfeld produziert
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

Die neuen Anlagen der Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH verkörpern die neuen Strukturen der ostdeutschen Chemie. Nach der im Mai in Betrieb genommenen Methylcellulose‐Anlage folgen im Herbst die Lackharzproduktion und Anfang 1995 der Tablettierbetrieb für Medikamente zur Selbstmedikation.
Hochsubstituierte Diene ‐ Orthogonalität und chemische Reaktivität
Authors: Hopf Henning , Hänel Ralf
Published: December 2010

tert‐Butylreste werden in der Chemie als „beschützende”︁ und als „störende”︁ Gruppen verwendet — im ersten Fall, um hochreaktive Moleküle isolierbar zu machen, im zweiten, um Standardbindungssituationen auf gezielte Weise zu deformieren. Hiervon verspricht man sich nicht nur neuartiges reaktives Verhalten, sondern auch besseres Verständnis der „Normalsituation”︁. tert‐Butylierte Diene erfüllen diese Erwartungen durch orthogonale Geometrien, die wiederum ein chemisches Verhalten bedingen, das von demjenigen des 1,3‐Butadiens drastisch abweicht.
Chemieindustrie im Aufwärtstrend
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

In den ersten neun Monaten 1994 haben die deutschen Chemieunternehmen bei Umsatz und Vorsteuerergebnis kräftig zugelegt. Gleichzeitig gehen die Großunternehmen nicht nur international, sondern auch untereinander neue Allianzen ein. Jüngste Beispiele sind Textilfarbstoffe und AIDS‐Medikamente.
Mikrostrukturen und Fließverhalten viskoelastischer Tensidlösungen
Authors: Hoffmann Heinz , Ulbricht Werner
Published: December 2010

Die viskoelastischen Eigenschaften von Tensidlösungen sind durch unterschiedliche Netzwerke bedingt, die verschiedene Mikrostrukturen aufweisen können. Hier werden Systeme vorgestellt, die aus vernetzten Kugelmizellen, aus verschlauften Stäbchenmizellen und aus verschiedenen lamellaren Strukturen (L3‐Phase, Vesikelphase bzw. Lα‐Phase aus ebenen Tensidlamellen) aufgebaut sind. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften werden mit den Strukturen korreliert.
Organische Chemie 1994
Authors: Kutscher Bernhard
Published: December 2010

Neues zu reaktiven Zwischenstufen, “expandierte” Verbindungen, verblüffende Erkenntnisse und neue Ideen zu “klassischen” metallorganischen Reaktionen, Nanostrukturen und selbstreplizierende Moleküle sind einige der Schwerpunkte dieses Trendberichts. Moderne Organische Chemie ‐ das sind auch die für molekularbiologische Fragestellungen immer wichtigere Kohlenhydratchemie, “analytische” Naturstoffchemie und das neue Selbstverständnis der Medizinischen Chemie.
Theoretische Chemie 1994
Authors: Reinhold Joachim
Published: December 2010

“Anything goes” in Theorie und Praxis: Ab initio‐Methoden sind jetzt auch auf die schwersten Elemente des Periodensystems anwendbar, so daß z.B. katalytische Prozesse theoretisch zuverlässig untersucht werden können. Moleküldynamik und ‐spektroskopie erlauben die Verwirklichung eines Traums, die Verfolgung chemischer Reaktionen auf der Femtosekundenskala in Echtzeit.
Optoden und Fluorophore
Authors: Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: December 2010

Was hat die Chemie funktionalisierter (Fluoreszenz‐)Farbstoffe mit faseroptischen Lichtleitern zu tun? Und was die Si/C‐Halbleitertechnik mit immobilisierten Enzymen? Nun, normalerweise nicht viel, es sei denn, man spricht von “Optoden” (englisch oft “Optroden”), also optischen chemischen Sensoren und optischen Biosensoren.
13. International Conference on Chemical Education
Authors: Grunwald Peter
Published: December 2010

In zweijährigem Rhythmus findet die International Conference on Chemical Education (ICCE) statt. Ende 1994 trafen sich über 600 Schul‐ und Hochschullehrer sowie am naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht interessierte Wissenschaftler aus über 60 Ländern auf dem Metropolitan Campus der Interamerican University of Puerto Rico in San Juan unter dem Motto “Chemistry: The Key to The Future”.
Zinkphosphatierung: Technischer Korrosionsschutz und mehr
Authors: Kuhm P. , Mayer B.
Published: December 2010

Auf den ersten Blick scheint das Abscheiden einer kristallinen Zinkphosphatschicht auf Metalloberflächen nichts zu sein, was man mit dem Begriff “high‐tech‐Chemie” verbinden würde. In der Tat steht hinter diesem Prozeß jedoch eine Vielzahl von Festkörperreaktionen in Verbindung mit Grenzflächenvorgängen.
AchemAsia in Beijing
Authors: Grunwald Peter
Published: December 2010

Mit 453 Ausstellern aus 24 Ländern und etwa 30000 Besuchern konnte die zum dritten Mal in Peking durchgeführte AchemAsia neue Rekorde verzeichnen.
Wirkstoff‐Forschung
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

Paradigmenwechsel in der Wirkstoff‐Forschung: War früher der biologische Test neu synthetisierter Stoffe der Engpaß, so können heute mit den gentechnisch verfügbaren effizienten molekularen Testsystemen mehrere 10000 Substanzen pro Jahr geprüft werden. Die traditionelle Synthesechemie kann diesen hohen Bedarf nicht mehr decken. Eine Antwort: die kombinatorische Chemie.
Makrocyclen durch 1,x‐Eliminierungen
Authors: Hopf Henning , Werner Christian
Published: December 2010

Das Vinylogie‐ und von ihm abgeleitete Prinzipien sind Musterbeispiele für die Leistungsfähigkeit des in der Organischen Chemie so geschätzten Analogiedenkens. Die systematische Anwendung auf 1,x‐Eliminierungen liefert eine Fülle von neuen Macrocyclen.
Das Computer‐Chemie‐Centrum an der Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg
Authors: Schleyer Paul Von Ragué , Gasteiger Johann , Clark Tim
Published: December 2010

Seit Anfang 1994 besteht an der Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg mit dem Computer‐Chemie‐Centrum eine in Europa einzigartige Forschungseinrichtung, die gleichermaßen Forschung, Lehre und Wissenstransfer dient. Drei Arbeitsgruppen erschließen die Synergien von Theorie, Lernverfahren und Datenbanknutzung.
Endnutzerförderung Chemiedatenbanken
Authors: Schütz Rainer , Anwand Dirk
Published: December 2010

Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker setzt seit dem 1. Juli 1994 mit finanzieller Unterstützung des BMBF das Projekt “Endnutzerförderung Chemiedatenbanken” um. Auf dem letzten Workshop der Projektleiter wurde über Anforderungen der Großindustrie und der kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen an den Chemieabsolventen informiert und diskutiert.
International stark, im Inland schwach
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

Trotz der in Deutschland noch unbefriedigenden Chemiekonjunktur haben die Unternehmen Zuversicht für das zweite Halbjahr 1996. Die in den ersten sechs Monaten erreichten Umsatz‐ und Gewinnsteigerungen gehen neben einem guten Auslandsgeschäft vor allem auf Akquisitionen und Verkäufe zurück.
Polyasparaginsäuren
Authors: Schwamborn Michael
Published: December 2010

Polyasparaginsäuren stellen eine biologisch abbaubare Alternative zu den z.Z. eingesetzten polymeren Polycarboxylaten dar, die unter anderem als Sequestrier‐ und Dispergiermittel Verwendung finden. Polyasparaginsäuren werden auf unterschiedlichen Wegen erhalten und stehen in technischen Mengen zur Verfügung.
Bioorganische Chemie
Authors: Kalesse Markus , Wirth Thomas
Published: December 2010

Das Nachwuchswissenschaftlertreffen zur Bioorganischen Chemie hat sich fest etabliert. Etwa 80 Teilnehmer aus Hochschulen und Industrie trafen sich diesmal in Paderborn, wobei die Themen von Enzymatik und Nucleinsäuren über Kohlenhydrate, Analytik und Signalstoffe bis bin zur Biosynthese und organischen Synthese einen vielfältigen Bogen spannten.
Viren gegen Krebs
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Etwa 50% aller Krebsarten sind durch das Fehlen bzw. Defekte im zellulären Tumorsuppressorprotein P53 gekennzeichnet. Möglicherweise eignen sich menschliche Adenoviren, denen das E1B‐Gen fehlt, als Therapeutikum gegen diese Krebse, da sich derart mutierte Viren bevorzugt in p53‐defizienten Tumorzellen vermehren und diese schließlich zerstören können. Die Therapie könnte sich besonders für lokale, leicht zugängliche Tumoren eignen.
UV‐Laser‐Ablation‐Kopplung mit ICP‐Massenspektrometrie
Authors: Günther D.
Published: December 2010

Laser Ablation‐lnductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) ist eine leistungsstarke und sehr empfindliche Analysentechnik mit hohem räumlichen Auflösungsvermögen. Durch verbesserte Wechselwirkungen zwischen Laser und Probe im UV‐Bereich läßt sich das Spektrum der Anwendungen erweitern.
Moderne Wirkstoffentwicklung
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Paradigmenwechsel in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hieß der 3. Transfer‐Workshop des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, der im Rahmen des Kooperationsbereichs „Supramolekulare Zellchemie”︁ mit dem BMBF am 8. Oktober 1997 bei der Bayer AG in Leverkusen stattfand. Die im Bericht erwähnte Ansprache von E. Warmuth, Bonn, ist im Anschluß wiedergegeben.
Postdoc‐Stipendien: Mit der BASF den Horizont erweitern
Authors: Kerk Andrea
Published: December 2010

Der „Postdoc”︁ gehört nach der Promotion fast schon zum guten Ton. Ins Ausland führen sicher viele Wege, besonders vorbildlich ist aber ein Programm, das die BASF aufgelegt hat.
Grüne Bioraffinerie
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Kamm Michael
Published: December 2010

Zur stofflichen /Konversion von regional verfügbaren, nachwachsenden Rohstoffen wie Grasbiomassen wurden auf dem 1. Symposium „Grüne Bioraffinerie Brandenburg”︁ Forschungsergebnisse organischer Synthesechemiker, Proteinchemiker, Biotechnologen und Ökotechnologen vorgestellt und mit Biologen, Ökologen, Agraringenieuren und Betriebswirtschaftlern diskutiert. Um größtmögliche Effizienz in der weiteren Bearbeitung zu sichern, wird unter internationaler Beteiligung ein Netzwerk gebildet.
Auswege aus der beruflichen Sackgasse
Authors: Staudt Erich , Kottmann Marcus
Published: December 2010

Ein “bißchen BWL” macht Chemiker nicht automatisch kompetenter. Den Schlüssel für einen guten Start in den Beruf bilden vielmehr praktische Erfahrungen mit Anwendungsbezug. Zwei Autoren vom Bochumer Institut für Angewandte Innovationsforschung, IAI, sagen, wie man sich für den Arbeitsmarkt fit macht und die Nachwuchskrise in der Chemie überwunden werden kann.
Analytik vor der Jahrtausendwende
Authors: Albus Stefan , Mädefessel‐Herrmann Kristin
Published: December 2010

Vom 21. bis 23. April 1998 blickte die gesamte “Analytische Welt” auf München, genauer: auf die Neue Messe München, auf der die Analytica stattfand ‐ als erste High‐Tech‐Messe auf dem neuen Messegelände. 34 000 Besucher aus aller Herren Länder ‐83 an der Zahl ‐ fanden in die sechs Messehallen, darunter die Redakteure und Mitarbeiter der Nachrichten. Hier ist unser Überblick.
Intimität auf Chromosomenniveau
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Bei der sexuellen Fortpflanzung kommt es während der Meiose zu einer Paarung der männlichen und weiblichen Chromosomen, die dann durch Rekombination genetische Informationen austauschen. Die perfekte Paarung wird mit Hilfe der Telomere erreicht, die eine Schleuderbewegung des Spindelpolkörperchens erlauben.
Altlastenregelungen im neuen Bundes‐Bodenschutzgesetz
Authors: Knopp Lothar
Published: December 2010

Altlast bedeutet in erster Linie Kostenlast. Mit dem neuen Bundes‐Bodenschutzgesetz vom 17. März diesen Jahres erhebt der Gesetzgeber bei Bodenbelastungen und Altlasten einen hohen Anspruch: Erstmals werden bundeseinheitliche Maßstäbe für Detailuntersuchungen und ihre Bewertung festgelegt.
Von biogenen Toxinen und der Elementspeziesanalyse
Authors: Seubert Andreas
Published: December 2010

Kaum ein Teilgebiet der Analytischen Chemie ist so vielseitig und interdisziplinär ausgelegt wie die Umweltanalytik. Der oft als Schlagwort gebrauchte Begriff “Umweltanalytik” birgt eine enorme Themen‐ und Methodenvielfalt in sich.
Organic/inorganic support for immobilizing (n‐BuCp)2ZrCl2/TiCl3 hybrid catalyst for use in the preparation of polymer blends
Authors: Li Wei , Jiang Binbo , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: December 2010

Reactor blends of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (LMWPE) were synthesized by two‐step polymerization using a hybrid catalyst. To prepare the hybrid catalyst, styrene acrylic copolymer (PSA) was first coated onto SiO2/MgCl2‐supported TiCl3; then, (n‐BuCp)2ZrCl2 was immobilized onto the exterior PSA. UHMWPE was produced in the first polymerization stage with the presence of 1‐hexene and modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), and the LMWPE was prepared with the presence of hydrogen and triethylaluminium in the second polymerization stage. The activity of the hybrid catalyst was considerable (6.5 × 106 g PE (mol Zr)−1 h−1), and was maintained for longer than 8 h during the two‐step polymerization. The barrier property of PSA to the co‐catalyst was verified using ethylene polymerization experiments. The appearance of a lag phase in the kinetic curve during the first‐stage polymerization implied that the exterior catalyst ((n‐BuCp)2ZrCl2) could be activated prior to the interior catalyst (M‐1). Furthermore, the melting temperature, crystallinity, degree of branching, molecular weight and molecular‐weight distribution of polyethylene obtained at various polymerization times showed that the M‐1 catalyst began to be activated by MMAO after 40 min of the reaction. The activation of M‐1 catalyst led to a decrease in the molecular weight of UHMWPE. Finally, the thermal behaviors of polyethylene blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of octahedral zirconium complex bearing [NHCO] ligands, and its behavior as catalyst in the polymerization of olefins
Authors: Bocchino Carmen , Napoli Mariagrazia , Costabile Chiara , Longo Pasquale
Published: December 2010

The synthesis and characterization of a zirconium complex, having two alkoxide functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands, and its behavior as catalyst in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene, have been reported. NMR analysis showed that more than one species was obtained during synthesis. These data were confirmed by ethylene polymerization that gave rise to a linear polyethylene having a high Molecular weight and a polydispersity index (MDI) > 2 and often bimodal. The same catalytic system was able to produce highly isotactic polypropylene together with an atactic fraction. DFT studies on the complex stereoisomer stability gave indications on the species possibly involved in the polymerizations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Insecticide resistance of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in mainland China
Authors: Jin Tao , Zeng Ling , Lin Yuying , Lu Yongyue , Liang Guangwen
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: In order to investigate the extent of resistance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a widespread pest throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops, 25 populations of this insect were collected from 13 sites in mainland China in 2007 and 2008. In addition, resistant strains were established that showed increasing development of resistance.

RESULTS: Compared with the susceptible strain, one population of B. dorsalis expressed high resistance (RR = 70.4‐fold), 16 populations expressed medium resistance (11.5‐fold < RR < 25.8‐fold) and eight populations had low resistance or remained susceptible (1.4‐fold < RR < 8.9‐fold) to trichlorphon. As regards β‐cypermethrin, one population showed high resistance (RR = 44.0‐fold), nine populations expressed medium resistance (12.2‐fold < RR < 28.4‐fold), 14 populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.0‐fold < RR < 9.7‐fold) and one population remained susceptible (RR = 1.1‐fold). As regards avermectin, five populations had developed high resistance (44.3‐fold < RR < 104‐fold), seven populations expressed medium resistance (11.4‐fold < RR < 38.6‐fold) and three populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.5‐fold < RR < 5.6‐fold). A continuous resistance selection in the laboratory strain showed that the resistance ratios to trichlorphon, β‐cypermethrin and avermectin were 71.6‐fold, 333‐fold and 70.4‐fold respectively.

CONCLUSION: The data provided a comprehensive survey of insecticide resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis in mainland China. All results suggested that early resistance management programmes should be established for restoring the efficacy of pesticide‐based control measures. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural characterization of crystallized Si thin film material by HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Mchedlidze Teimuraz , Beigmohamadi Maryam , Berghoff Birger , Sohal Rakesh , Suckow Stephan , Arguirov Tzanimir , Wilck Noël , Mayer Joachim , Spangenberg Bernd , Kittler Martin
Published: December 2010

Comparative structural analyses of a crystallized, 60 nm thick silicon film deposited on quartz substrate were performed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Both methods suggest high degree of crystallization of the film. The material of the film consists of crystalline grains with sizes up to 20 nm (HRTEM) and the mean size of the grains is ∼4 nm (RS). HRTEM results suggest large scatter of the crystal orientations of the grains. The existence of boundary defects between grains grouped in large agglomerates was also detected by HRTEM. RS analyses indicate large compressive strain in the system and the existence of high pressure Si phases in the material of the film.
Epitaxy‐free monocrystalline silicon thin films: Identifying the mechanisms behind lifetime degradation upon multiple high‐temperature annealings
Authors: Depauw Valérie , Simoen Eddy , Gordon Ivan , Poortmans Jef
Published: December 2010

This work initiates an investigation of the impact of high‐temperature annealings on the material quality of reusable substrates for an “Epifree” solar‐cell process, where the substrate itself provides the active layer of the cell. The minority‐carrier lifetime of simple bulk wafers is monitored by photoconductance decay and the mechanisms affecting it are explored by deep‐level transient spectroscopy. The lifetime is found to drop from the first annealing and then to stabilize to values sufficient for solar‐cell application, at a minimum of 10 µs. The amplitude of this drop is strongly related to the wafer type (MCz or Cz) and no major recombination center could be identified as possible cause.
Universal cervical‐length screening to prevent preterm birth: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Werner E. F. , Han C. S. , Pettker C. M. , Buhimschi C. S. , Copel J. A. , Funai E. F. , Thung S. F.
Published: December 2010

Objective

To determine whether routine measurement of second‐trimester transvaginal cervical length by ultrasound in low‐risk singleton pregnancies is a cost‐effective strategy.

Methods

We developed a decision analysis model to compare the cost‐effectiveness of two strategies for identifying pregnancies at risk for preterm birth: (1) no routine cervical length screening and (2) a single routine transvaginal cervical length measurement at 18–24 weeks' gestation. In our model, women identified as being at increased risk (cervical length < 1.5 cm) for preterm birth would be offered daily vaginal progesterone supplementation. We assumed that vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth at < 34 weeks' gestation by 45%. We also assumed that a decreased cervical length could result in additional costs (ultrasound scans, inpatient admission) without significantly improved neonatal outcomes. The main outcome measure was incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio.

Results

Our model predicts that routine cervical‐length screening is a dominant strategy when compared to routine care. For every 100 000 women screened, $ 12 119 947 can be potentially saved (in 2010 US dollars) and 423.9 quality‐adjusted life‐years could be gained. Additionally, we estimate that 22 cases of neonatal death or long‐term neurologic deficits could be prevented per 100 000 women screened. Screening remained cost‐effective but was no longer the dominant strategy when cervical‐length ultrasound measurement costs exceeded $ 187 or when vaginal progesterone reduced delivery risk at < 34 weeks by less than 20%.

Conclusion

In low‐risk pregnancies, universal transvaginal cervical length ultrasound screening appears to be a cost‐effective strategy under a wide range of clinical circumstances (varied preterm birth rates, predictive values of a shortened cervix and costs). Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meteorological wind energy potential in the Alps using ERA40 and wind measurement sites in the Tyrolean Alps
Authors: Draxl Caroline , Mayr Georg J.
Published: December 2010

The peculiarities of meteorological wind potential in alpine settings compared to flatland and offshore sites are studied. Four data sources are used: Global reanalysis ERA40 from ECMWF, long‐term stations in the Tyrolean Alps, spatially dense measurements near the best site and Doppler sodar wind profiles. Due to the decrease of density with height, alpine sites suffer from a nearly linear decrease of harvestable power with altitude, which is more than offset by the increase of wind speed at altitudes above 1.5 km MSL. ERA40 data show higher potential on the northern than on the southern side of the Alps. The best locations are not isolated peaks but ridges within wide orographic channels. The best potential sites in the Tyrolean part of the Alps have median wind speeds of up to 7.1 m s−1 and extractable potentials between 2900 and 1600 kWh per year and per square meter of rotor area. The profile of horizontal wind speed at ridge sites is often not logarithmic but approximately constant within the height of a wind turbine due to a (nearly) complete absence of upwind fetch. Also, the turbulence intensity is independent of height. Icing can cause considerable downtimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conflict in the Sea of Trafalgar: offshore wind energy and its context
Authors: Todt O. , González M. I. , Estévez B.
Published: December 2010

This paper analyses a participatory process related to the plan to construct an offshore wind farm in the Sea of Trafalgar, off the coast of Cádiz, in Andalucía (southern Spain). This case study shows the complexities of public participation in energy development, indicating the vital importance of context. The stakeholders' values and attitudes in the controversy are highly dependent on the specific situation, including the concrete characteristics of the project proposal. In fact, they may diverge sharply from the stakeholders' core beliefs. It is important for decision making to take account of this contextual and dynamic element in stakeholder behavior, contrary to suppositions of static and predetermined behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress symptoms among adolescents: The role of subjective psychosocial conditions, lifestyle, and self‐esteem
Authors: Schraml Karin , Perski Aleksander , Grossi Giorgio , Simonsson‐Sarnecki Margareta
Published: December 2010

Stress‐related problems are increasing among Swedish adolescents, especially among females. The aims of this study were to survey the incidence of stress symptoms among 16‐year‐olds, to investigate the related gender differences, and to understand the factors that may contribute to stress symptoms. The study is questionnaire based, and the sample included 304 first‐year high school students from two comparable schools. More than 30% of the high school students reported serious stress symptoms. Almost every second girl and every fifth boy reported that they felt stressed to a high degree. 8.2% were found to have severe stress symptoms, which would be considered a sign of chronic stress in adults. Besides the perception of high demands, low levels of global self‐esteem, sleep disturbances, and poor social support played a crucial role in the prediction of stress symptoms. The findings highlight the need to develop and implement adequate stress prevention measures for adolescents.
Why falling information costs may increase demand for index funds
Authors: Sirnes Espen
Published: December 2010

Falling information costs may give the perverse incentive to buy less information in equilibrium. Using a model similar to Admati and Pfleiderer (1988) but with a market that clears via an equilibrium condition, it is shown that passive investment may actually rise with lower information costs. This is consistent with the empirical observation that index investing has increased along with a decline in information costs. Also, in absence of such costs, no investor will hold index portfolios if at least some uninformed investors can condition on current prices. The existence of passive index investors may therefore be inconsistent with unrestricted observation of current prices.
Estimating the correlation of non-allele descents along chromosomes
Authors: HU XIN-SHENG , WANG ZHIQUAN
Published: December 2010

The pattern of the correlation of non-allele descents among linked sites is an important aspect for an insight into the genomic evolution at the population level. Here, we present a new statistical method for estimating two types of non-allele descent correlations. One is the standardized parental descent disequilibrium termed by Cockerham & Weir (1973), the other is the standardized disequilibrium between non-allele descent segments from the same chromosome. Essential to this analysis is the partitioning of the joint identity-by-state probability for a random pair of non-allele gametes into the different components of identity by descents at the two or three sites. We consider the samples of phased haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the weighted least square method for fast parameter estimation. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that robustly unbiased estimates with appropriate precisions can be obtained with certain sample sizes, ~100 diploids, under the impacts of allele frequency distributions and linkage disequilibrium. This method can be used to construct the maps of non-allele descent correlation blocks for the population whose genetic pedigree is not required on a prior basis.
Improved Lasso for genomic selection
Authors: LEGARRA ANDRÉS , ROBERT-GRANIÉ CHRISTÈLE , CROISEAU PASCAL , GUILLAUME FRANÇOIS , FRITZ SÉBASTIEN
Published: December 2010

Empirical experience with genomic selection in dairy cattle suggests that the distribution of the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might be far from normality for some traits. An alternative, avoiding the use of arbitrary prior information, is the Bayesian Lasso (BL). Regular BL uses a common variance parameter for residual and SNP effects (BL1Var). We propose here a BL with different residual and SNP effect variances (BL2Var), equivalent to the original Lasso formulation. The λ parameter in Lasso is related to genetic variation in the population. We also suggest precomputing individual variances of SNP effects by BL2Var, to be later used in a linear mixed model (HetVar-GBLUP). Models were tested in a cross-validation design including 1756 Holstein and 678 Montbéliarde French bulls, with 1216 and 451 bulls used as training data; 51 325 and 49 625 polymorphic SNP were used. Milk production traits were tested. Other methods tested included linear mixed models using variances inferred from pedigree estimates or integrated out from the data. Estimates of genetic variation in the population were close to pedigree estimates in BL2Var but not in BL1Var. BL1Var shrank breeding values too little because of the common variance. BL2Var was the most accurate method for prediction and accommodated well major genes, in particular for fat percentage. BL1Var was the least accurate. HetVar-GBLUP was almost as accurate as BL2Var and allows for simple computations and extensions.
Peter Abelard, Heloise and Jewish Biblical Exegesis in the Twelfth Century
Authors: MEWS CONSTANT J. , PERRY MICHA J.
Published: December 2010

This paper revisits the question of the influence of Jewish biblical exegesis on Christian scholars in twelfth-century France, by focusing in particular on Abelard's response to a question of Heloise in herProblemataabout questions raised by1 Samuel ii.35–6 (=1 Regum ii.35–6)concerning ‘the faithful priest’ prophesied as Eli's successor, the meaning of ‘will walk before my anointed’ and the nature of the offering his household should make. Abelard's discussion of the views of an unnamed Jewish scholar illustrates a consistent movement evident in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries for certain Christian exegetes to approach Jewish scholars to resolve problems posed by the text of the Old Testament. While the passage in1 Samuelwas traditionally interpreted in a Christocentric fashion, Heloise implicitly supports a more historical reading of the text in the question she puts to Abelard. The Jewish scholar's interpretation reported by Abelard is very close to that of Rashi's twelfth-century disciples.
Economist-kings? A Critical Notice on Caplan, The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies
Authors: Read Rupert
Published: December 2010

Caplan’s The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies1 has been received by rave reviews. These reviews appear to have failed to note that Caplan’s book celebrates the market and denigrates democracy at the very time when markets worldwide have failed and democracies have ridden to the rescue. It thus appears to have been undermined fatally by events that occurred as it was published (and which Caplan artfully omits to mention in the more recent paperback edition). Caplan’s book in fact stands in the long tradition of anti-democratic writings that argue that an elite must rule. An elite of free-market economists. An elite no longer in good odour, since the financial crisis (and the climate crisis) occurred and became starkly evident to all. This Critical Notice also points out that numerous of Caplan’s key claims, such as that individual voters have zero effect on election results, are empirically false.
Seismic anisotropy beneath the Indian continent from splitting of direct S waves
Authors: Saikia Dipankar , Ravi Kumar M. , Singh Arun , Mohan G. , Dattatrayam R. S.
Published: December 2010

In this study, we investigate the shear wave splitting beneath 39 broadband seismic stations located over various tectonic units of the Indian shield using direct S waves from deep to intermediate depth earthquakes. The delay times between fast and slow axes of anisotropy do not reveal anomalous values that reflect contributions from midmantle or the mantle transition zone. The fast polarization azimuths are generally consistent with the results from SKS splitting that indicate a predominance of plate motion related strain in the Indian continent. Splitting results at station HYB, which was hitherto considered isotropic, indicate significant anisotropy, with a NE oriented fast axis. Although a general trend of SH leading SV is indicated by most of the measurements, invoking radial anisotropy to explain this phenomenon appears farfetched since the near vertical incidence of the S waves in the usable distance range of 40°–80° makes them more sensitive to azimuthal anisotropy underneath the station. Forward modeling of the dependence of the splitting parameters on incoming polarization assuming horizontal axis of symmetry brings out two layers of anisotropy beneath the Indian shield with fast axis azimuths oriented N15°E in the bottom layer and N60°E in the top layer. While stronger anisotropy (δt ≈ 1 s) in the bottom layer is related to asthenospheric flow, a weaker one (δt ≈ 0.4 s) in the upper layer could represent anisotropy frozen in the lithosphere.
Thermal regime of the Costa Rican convergent margin: 2. Thermal models of the shallow Middle America subduction zone offshore Costa Rica
Authors: Harris Robert N. , Spinelli Glenn , Ranero César R. , Grevemeyer Ingo , Villinger Heinrich , Barckhausen Udo
Published: December 2010

At the Costa Rica margin along the Middle America Trench along‐strike variations in heat flow are well mapped. These variations can be understood in terms of either ventilated fluid flow, where exposed basement allows fluids to freely advect heat between the crustal aquifer and ocean, or insulated fluid flow where continuous sediment cover restricts heat advection to within the crustal aquifer. We model fluid flow within the subducting aquifer using Nusselt number approximations coupled with finite element models of subduction and explore its effect on temperatures along the subduction thrust. The sensitivity of these models to the initial thermal state of the plate and styles of fluid flow, either ventilated or insulated, is explored. Heat flow measurements on cool crust accreted at the East Pacific Rise are consistent with ventilated hydrothermal cooling that continues with subduction. These models yield much cooler temperatures than predicted from simulations initialized with conductive predictions and without hydrothermal circulation. Heat flow transects on warm crust accreted at the Cocos‐Nazca spreading center are consistent with models of insulated hydrothermal circulation that advects heat updip within the subducting crustal aquifer. Near the trench these models are warmer than conductive predictions and cooler than conductive predictions downdip of the trench. Comparisons between microseismicity and modeled isotherms suggest that the updip limit of microseismicity occurs at temperatures warmer than 100°C and that the downdip extent of microseismicity is bounded by the intersection of the subduction thrust with the base of the overriding crust.
Major changes in glacial and Holocene terrestrial temperatures and sources of organic carbon recorded in the Amazon fan by tetraether lipids
Authors: Bendle James A. , Weijers Johan W. H. , Maslin Mark A. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan , Hopmans Ellen C. , Boot Christopher S. , Pancost Richard D.
Published: December 2010

The Amazon basin is a major component of the global carbon and hydrological cycles, a significant natural source of methane, and home to remarkable biodiversity and endemism. Reconstructing past climate changes in the Amazon basin is important for a better understanding of the effect of such changes on these critical functions of the basin. Using a novel biomarker proxy, based on the membrane lipids of soil bacteria with a new regional calibration, we present a reconstruction of changes in mean annual air temperatures for the Amazon catchment during the last 37 kyr B.P. Biomarkers were extracted from Ocean Drilling Program sediment core ODP942 recovered from the Amazon fan. The Amazon fan is a major depository for terrestrial sediments, with the advantage that the terrestrial material captured reflects a regional integration of the whole river catchment. The reconstructed tropical Amazonian temperatures were ∼5°C cooler at the Last Glacial Maximum (∼21°C) compared to modern values (∼26°C). This is in agreement with previous estimates of tropical continental temperatures in the tropical Amazon basin and tropical Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum. Moreover, we also illustrate how the soil bacterial membrane lipid record reveals major changes in basin dynamics and sediment provenance during the glacial‐Holocene transition, impacting the biomarker reconstructions from ∼11 kyr onward.
Analysis of a rapid sea ice retreat event in the Bellingshausen Sea
Authors: King J. C. , Doble M. J. , Holland P. R.
Published: December 2010

The winter advance of the sea ice edge in the Bellingshausen Sea is frequently interrupted by periods of rapid retreat lasting a few days. The frequency and duration of such events strongly controls the location of the late winter sea ice edge in this sector of the Antarctic. We examine the dynamics and thermodynamics of a retreat event that occurred in May 2001 using data from a drifting buoy array together with diagnostics from a kinematic/thermodynamic ice growth model and a high‐resolution (11 km) regional coupled ocean‐ice model. During the retreat event, the ice edge retreated by 250 km over 13 days in response to strong and persistent northerly winds associated with a quasi‐stationary low‐pressure system. Ice motion in the outer part of the pack was convergent and correlated strongly with local wind forcing. By contrast, in the region closer to the coast, ice motion was less well correlated with wind forcing. Model diagnostics indicate that ice thickening resulting from convergence in the outer pack was largely balanced by basal melting. In the outer pack, ice was in a state close to free drift while, closer to the coast, internal ice stresses became significant. The ocean‐ice model simulated the characteristics of the retreat event realistically, giving us confidence in the ability of such models to reproduce ice conditions in this sector.
CD40L co‐stimulation from CD8+ to CD4+ effector memory T cells supports CD4+ expansion
Authors: Xydia Maria , Ge Yingzi , Quitsch Ulrike , Beckhove Philipp
Published: December 2010

Effector memory T cells (TEM) have an important role in immunity against infection. However, little is known about the factors regulating TEM maintenance and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of direct interactions between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (TC) for human TEM expansion. Proliferation of separated or mixed CD4+ and CD8+TEM populations was analyzed after polyclonal stimulation in vitro. Compared to each isolated subset mixed TEM populations showed increased proliferation and expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+TEM subpopulations. Combined activation of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells (Tmem) induced an increased expression of CD40L and CD40 on both populations. Subsequently, CD40/CD40L caused a bi‐directional stimulation of CD40+CD4+TEM by CD40L+CD8+TEM and of CD40+CD8+TEM by CD40L+CD4+TEM. Blocking of CD40L on activated CD8+TEM selectively inhibited proliferation of CD4+TEM, while blocking of CD40L on CD4+TEM abrogated proliferation of CD8+TEM. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that the expression of CD40L is exploited on the one hand by CD8+TEM to increase the proliferation of activated CD4+TEM and on the other hand by CD4+TEM to support the expansion of activated CD8+TEM. Thus, efficient TEM expansion requires bi‐directional interactions between CD4+ and CD8+TEM cells.
Myelopoiesis related to perinatal spleen
Authors: Hinton Rebecca , Petvises Sawang , O'Neill Helen
Published: December 2010

Adult murine spleen is known to have a major role in the development of dendritic cell (DC) subsets, including conventional DC and plasmacytoid DC. In this lab, long‐term cultures (LTCs) established from murine spleen support continuous production of novel dendritic‐like cells, termed LTC‐DC. An in vivo equivalent subset also exists in spleen, namely L‐DC. As co‐cultures using LTC‐derived splenic stroma support the outgrowth of L‐DC from spleen and bone marrow sources, it is likely that spleen represents an important niche for DC development. To investigate the appearance of L‐DC during ontogeny, spleen was isolated from embryonic and neonatal mice of different ages for analysis of myeloid and DC subsets. Perinatal spleen was also used to establish co‐cultures for identification of progenitors, and LTCs were established from spleens for assessment of stromal competence. Although spleen from 16‐day embryos (E16.5) contained myeloid cells, DC subsets did not appear until day 4 after birth (D4). However, murine spleen at D0 contained progenitors, which could seed co‐cultures for L‐DC production. LTC could not be established from spleen until D4. The appearance of L‐DC after D4 in spleen is dependent on the formation of the appropriate stromal microenvironment which occurs in the early postnatal period.