bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Singlet Oxygen Quenching Abilities of Carotenoids
Authors: Baltschun Dietmar , Beutner Stefan , Briviba Karlis , Martin Hans‐Dieter , Paust Joachim , Peters Manfred , Röver Stephan , Sies Helmut , Stahl Wilhelm , Steigel Alois , Stenhorst Frank
Published: July 2007

The bimolecular rate constantskqfor quenching of singlet oxygen (1Δgstate) by 26 different natural and novel synthetic carotenoids were determined at 37 °C in a mixture of chloroform and ethanol. The steady‐state technique used involves the generation of1O2by thermal decomposition of disodium 3,3′‐naphtalene‐1,4‐diyl‐dipropionate endoperoxide (NDPO2) and the detection of its luminescence intensity at 1270 nm. Excitation energies (π,π*, 11Ag → 11Bu) and absorption maxima (430–590 nm) vary in the broadest range. Deeply coloured blue carotenoids are also included in the studies for the first time. An empirical correlation between the π,π* (11Ag→ 11Bu) excitation energy and carotenoid structure (effective chain lengthNeff) was found:E(S) = 12642 cm−1+ 92027 cm−1× 1/Neff. The quenching ability of the investigated carotenoids depends on the excitation energy of their transition at long wavelengths in a characteristic way showing as limiting factors either the thermal Arrhenius activation or the diffusion‐controlled rate. This dependence and the suspected relationship between singletE(S) and tripletE(T) energies, respectively, are discussed.
Supramolecular Adducts of Ferrocene and Five Bile Acid Derived Triolides
Authors: Lappalainen Kari , Kolehmainen Erkki
Published: July 2007

Formation of supramolecular adducts of ferrocene (guest) and cyclic head‐to‐tail trimers (hosts) derived from bile acid: 3α‐hydroxy‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid triolide (1), 3α‐hydroxy‐7‐oxo‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid triolide (2), 3α‐hydroxy‐12‐oxo‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid triolide (3), 3α‐hydroxy‐7α‐trifluoroacetoxy‐6β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid triolide (4) and 3α‐hydroxy‐12α‐TFA‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oic acid triolide (5) (TFA = trifluoroacetoxy) have been studied by 1H NMR. The best computer‐assisted data fitting on the 1H‐NMR chemical shift data was given by a 1:2 (guest/host) association model. The association constants vary in the range 170–990 M−1, 7‐oxo‐substituted triolide 2 and 12α‐TFA triolide 5 showing the largest and smallest values respectively. Generally, triolides bearing substituents at the position C‐7 (2 and 4), when compared with the 12‐substituted derivatives 3 and 5, seem to favour adduct formation, while a TFA group at the position C‐7 or C‐12 seems to hinder the adduct formation in comparison with the oxo‐substituted congeneers. This finding may be accounted for by the bulky character of the TFA group when compared to the oxo group.
Rearrangement Reactions, 6. New Functionalized Allenes: Synthesis Using Sigmatropic Rearrangements and Unusual Reactivity
Authors: Banert Klaus
Published: July 2007

The present article summarizes the synthesis of allenes, which bear a functional group with at least two heteroatoms, by [2,3] or [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements of appropriate propargyl precursors. Recently, this method has been extended to prepare new types of functionalized allenes such as isocyanates, isothiocyanates, isoselenocyanates, azides, thiocarbonates, and azo compounds. The title compounds are very reactive as shown by rapid intra‐ and intermolecular consecutive reactions. This reactivity can be used to synthesize heterocycles and doubly functionalized 1,3‐butadienes.
Rearrangements of Carbocation Sulfinate Ion Pairs
Authors: Herpers Ekkehard , Kirmse Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

The chirality of alkyl p‐toluenesulfinates and of 18O‐labeled p‐toluenesulfinate ions was utilized to study the stereoselectivity of ion‐pair recombinations. The diastereomers of 2‐norpinyl (13), 2‐norbornyl (16), 2‐methyl‐2‐norbornyl (25), and exo‐4‐protoadamantyl (34) p‐toluenesulfinates were rearranged in formamide or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Solvolysis competed to a minor extent. Predominant return of the carbocations to the oxygen atoms of ArSO2− was observed if the isomeric p‐toluenesulfinates persisted (kinetic control). On repeated ionization (thermodynamic control), sulfones were eventually formed. With the exception of 25, 1,2 shifts of the p‐toluenesulfinate anion proceed faster than oxygen exchange. The migration origin of the carbocation returns preferentially to the oxygen atom of ArSO2− from which the migration terminus departed. Conversely, the sulfinate anion discriminates between positions 1 and 2 of the symmetrical, bridged 2‐norbornyl cation in favor of the carbon atom from which it departed. The selectivity of ion‐pair recombination decreases in the order 2‐norpinyl ≈ 4‐protoadamantyl > 2‐norbornyl > 2‐methyl‐2‐norbornyl, i.e., with increasing stability of the carbocation. The rearrangements of 13 and 34 proved to be more selective in TFA at 0°C than in formamide at 120–130°C. The p‐toluenesulfinates 13 and 34 were compared with the analogous tosylates and 3,5‐dinitrobenzoates. More oxygen scrambling was observed with less nucleophilic anions (tosylate ≫ p‐toluenesulfinate > 3,5‐dinitrobenzoate). Oxygen scrambling is also enhanced if the anion migrates over a longer distance (2‐norpinyl → exo‐2‐norbornyl vs. 2‐norpinyl → endo‐2‐norbornyl).
From Pagodanes to Homologous, Non‐Pentagonal Dodecahedranes
Authors: Pinkos Rolf , Weiler Andreas , Voss Torsten , Weber Klaus , Wahl Fabian , Melder Johann‐Peter , Fritz Hans , Hunkler Dieter , Prinzbach Horst
Published: July 2007

Homo‐ and bishomododecahedral cage molecules with one and two OCO (OCH2) linkers installed into the parent pentagonal framework and featuring diverse functionalization patterns have been made available from pagodane precursors via highly expeditious synthetic sequences. The enforced geometrical changes with respect to molecular curvature, olefinic pyramidalization, transannular π,π‐distance as well as to the chemical reactivity particularly of the unsaturated homododecahedranes are generally in good agreement with expectations based on calculations (MM2). In the appreciably pyramidalized monohomododecahedradiene skeleton 40 the non‐parallel π‐bonds are ca. 2.9 (3.1) Å [Φ = ca. 20 (32)°, MM2], in the bishomododecahedradiene skeleton 55 the perfectly syn‐periplanar π‐bonds 2.81 Å apart (Φ = 18.2°, X‐ray crystal structure).
Synthesis and Application of Iso(thio)cyanate‐Functionalized Calix[4]arenes
Authors: van Wageningen André M. A. , Snip Erwin , Verboom Willem , Reinhoudt David N. , Boerrigter Harold
Published: July 2007

Aminocalix[4]arenes 7–12 react with triphosgene and thiophosgene to the corresponding iso(thio)cyanate‐functionalized calix[4]arenes 13–20. Carbamate‐ (21–25) and ureasubstituted calix[4]arenes (26,27) can be obtained via isocyanatocalix[4]arenes using a one‐pot synthesis starting from the corresponding aminocalix[4]arenes in moderate to good yields. Isothiocyanate‐functionalized calix[4]arenes 16, 18 react selectively with amines to the corresponding thioureas 28–31 in 59–83% yield. Reaction of isothiocyanate‐functionalized calix[4]arenes 16, 19, 20 with cavitands 34, 38 gives 2:2 products 42–45 in 35–42% yield.
Ligands for EuIII, FeIII, SrII, and UO Based on CMPO‐Functionalized Resorcinarene Cavitands; Synthesis and Extraction
Authors: Boerrigter Harold , Verboom Willem , Reinhoudt David N.
Published: July 2007

Partially functionalized cavitands (7a–d) have been synthesized starting from the tetrakis(bromomethyl)cavitand 6. New cavitand‐based cation ligands, with one to three carbamoylmethylphosphane oxide (CMPO) moieties (11a–d), were prepared in good (66–90%) yields. The ligands 11a–d extract EuIII, but do so less effectively than the tetra‐CMPO cavitand 1. The decreasing number of CMPO groups which result in decreasing extraction percentages for EuIII, also decrease the selectivity of EuIII over that of FeIII, SrII, and UO. There is a difference in extraction behavior, determined by radio‐tracer experiments, between the distal and proximal disubstituted ligands, 11b and 11c, respectively. The extraction constants for the 1:1 complex of 11b and 11c with Eu(picrate)3 are Kex = 6.7 · 108 M−4 and 3.7 · 109 M−4, respectively.
Synthesis and Polymerization of Liquid Crystals Containing Vinyl and Mercapto Groups
Authors: Lub Johan , Broer Dirk Jan , van den Broek Nel
Published: July 2007

Liquid‐crystalline monomers containing two vinyl groups, two mercapto groups, or a 1:1 combination of the two have been synthesized and characterized in terms of their mesomorphic properties. These monomers can be photopolymerized in situ in an appropriate ratio of vinyl and mercapto groups to form highly ordered liquid‐crystalline main‐chain polymers. During polymerization in the nematic phase the appearance changes from clear in the highly aligned birefringent state to opaque. This effect is probably due to scattering which is caused by the disturbance of the macro alignment as a result of the polymerization shrinkage and/or phase separation. In some cases, the reaction mixtures pass from the nematic to the crystalline state which results in a reduction in the degree of conversion and also in a change in the microcrystalline state. Crystallization can be suppressed by promoting asymmetry of the molecular structure which leads to a higher degree of conversion.
Photochemical and Thermal Cycloaddition Reactions of 3‐Thioxoandrosta‐1,4‐dien‐17‐one with Electron‐Deficient Alkynes
Authors: Möller Stephanie , Weiß Dieter , Beckert Rainer
Published: July 2007

3‐Thioxoandrosta‐1,4‐dien‐17‐one (4) reacts with acetylene dicarboxylic acid esters to form novel spiro compounds of the thiine type (6a, 6b), whereas with free acids, such as acetylene dicarboxylic acid and propiolic acid, the spirocyclic O,S‐acetals 7a and 7b are obtained. This study demonstrates that the cycloaddition reaction is promoted by photochemical and also thermal activation.
Multi‐Arm 1,2,3‐Thiadiazole Systems
Authors: Al‐Smadi Mousa , Meier Herbert
Published: July 2007

Benzene derivatives 2a–c with 6, 4, and 3 side chains bearing terminal 1,2,3‐thiadiazole rings, respectively, have been prepared. Alkaline cleavage of 2a–c led to the corresponding alkynethiolates 6a–c, which were trapped by electrophiles such as benzyl bromide or iodomethane. The method provides an alternative to the thermal or photochemical cleavage of 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles to thioketenes, which react further with nucleophiles.
Direct Iodination of Sydnones and Their Cycloadditions to Form 5‐Iodopyrazoles
Authors: Dumitraşcu Florea , Drâghici Constantin , Dumitrescu Denisa , Tarko Laszlo , Râileanu Dan
Published: July 2007

Direct iodination of sydnones has been achieved using iodine monochloride, leading to yields in excess of 80%. The products were subjected to 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions affording novel 5‐iodopyrazoles.
Estimation of fusiform intracranial aneurysm growth by serial magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Dispensa Bradley P. , Saloner David A. , Acevedo‐Bolton Gabriel , Achrol Achal S. , Jou Lianger‐der , McCulloch Charles E. , Johnston S. Claiborne , Higashida Randall T. , Dowd Christopher F. , Halbach Van V. , Ko Nerissa U. , Lawton Michael T. , Martin Alastair J. , Quinnine Nancy , Young William L.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) growth is associated with increased morbidity. We sought to establish a quantitative computational method based on contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (CE‐MRA) for estimating aneurysmal volume changes over time.

Materials and Methods

Computational volume calculations were tested against a distensible phantom. Untreated patients with IA were followed longitudinally with annual MRI. Maximal linear dimensions along the longitudinal axis and two transverse axes were determined by visual review of maximum intensity projection (MIP) data, and aneurysm volume was approximated as (length × width × height)/2. Averages of the visual approximations were compared to the lumenal volume as determined with a computational algorithm using the MRI data.

Results

MRI‐based measurements accurately represented volume changes in the phantom (R2 = 0.97, Y = 1.06x + 271 CM3). In the clinical study there were a total of 11 intervals of one‐year follow‐up in six patients (mean ± SD, age = 53 ± 20 years). The raw one‐year growth using the computational volume was 9% ± 17%. The corresponding value for the averaged measurement of the reviewers was 8% ± 14%. Neither the mean values nor the SDs were different (P = .51).

Conclusion

MRI‐based measurement of aneurysm volume appears feasible for longitudinal studies of aneurysm natural history. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:177–183. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion corrected free‐breathing delayed‐enhancement imaging of myocardial infarction using nonrigid registration
Authors: Ledesma‐Carbayo Maria J. , Kellman Peter , Arai Andrew E. , McVeigh Elliot R.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To develop and test an automatic free‐breathing, delayed enhancement imaging method with improved image signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR).

Materials and Methods

The proposed approach uses free‐breathing, inversion‐recovery single‐shot fast imaging with steady precession (FISP) delayed‐enhancement with respiratory motion compensation based on nonrigid image registration. Motion‐corrected averaging is used to enhance SNR.

Results

Fully automatic, nonrigid registration was compared to previously validated rigid body registration that required user interaction. The performance was measured using the variance of edge positions in intensity profiles through the myocardial infarction (MI) enhanced region and through the right ventricular (RV) wall. Measured variation of the MI edge was 1.16 ± 0.71 mm (N = 6 patients; mean ± SD) for rigid body and 1.08 ± 0.76 mm for nonrigid registration (no significant difference). On the other hand, significant improvement (P< 0.005) was found in the measurements at the RV edge where the SD was 2.06 ± 0.56 mm for rigid body and 0.59 ± 0.22 mm for nonrigid registration.

Conclusion

The proposed approach achieves delayed enhancement images with high resolution and SNR without requiring a breathhold. Motion correction of free‐breathing delayed‐enhancement imaging using nonrigid image registration may be implemented in a fully automatic fashion and performs uniformly well across the full field of view (FOV). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:184–190. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of multislice acquisition on T1 and T2 measurements of articular cartilage at 3T
Authors: Watanabe Atsuya , Boesch Chris , Obata Takayuki , Anderson Suzanne E.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetization transfer on multislice T1 and T2 measurements of articular cartilage.

Materials and Methods

A set of phantoms with different concentrations of collagen and contrast agent (Gd‐DTPA2−) were used for the in vitro study. A total of 20 healthy knees were used for the in vivo study. T1 and T2 measurements were performed using fast‐spin‐echo inversion‐recovery (FSE‐IR) sequence and multi‐spin‐echo (MSE) sequence, respectively, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We investigated the difference in T1 and T2 values between that measured by single‐slice acquisition and that measured by multislice acquisition.

Results

Regarding T1 measurement, a large drop of T1 in all slices and also a large interslice variation in T1 were observed when multislice acquisition was used. Regarding T2 measurement, a substantial drop of T2 in all slices was observed; however, there was no apparent interslice variation when multislice acquisition was used.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the adaptation of multislice acquisition technique for T1 measurement using FSE‐IR methodology is difficult and its use for clinical evaluation is problematic. In contrast, multislice acquisition for T2 measurement using MSE was clinically applicable if inaccuracies caused by multislice acquisition were taken into account. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:109–117. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum associated with fatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium: A case report
Authors: Pérez Arroyuelos Irune , Berástegui Imaz María , Canteli Padilla Begoña , Urresola Olabarrieta Arantza
Published: July 2007

Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is a rare benign entity characterized by the excessive fat deposition in the interatrial septum with typical sparing of the fossa ovalis. We report a case of a 61‐year‐old woman with an incidentally found LHIS associated with fatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium and epicardial mediastinal lipomatosis diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:152–154. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of MRI in investigating the effects of elastic compression stockings on the deformation of the superficial and deep veins in the lower leg
Authors: Downie Steven P. , Firmin David N. , Wood Nigel B. , Thom Simon A. , Hughes Alun D. , Wolfe John N.H. , Xu X. Yun
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the potential of MRI to investigate the mechanical effects of compression stockings on the veins of the lower limb.

Materials and Methods

The right calves of eight healthy volunteers were imaged in the prone position, with and without the presence of a compression stocking. Cross‐sectional areas of all peroneal and posterior tibial veins, both saphenous veins, and any sufficiently large superficial veins were segmented in all subjects at mid‐calf level in both cases. Variation in cross‐sectional area along the axis of the great saphenous vein and a peroneal vein was also examined in three subjects.

Results

The mean cross‐sectional area reduction was found to be greater in the deep veins (64%) than in the superficial veins (39%). Deep‐vein cross‐sections were generally elliptical, while superficial veins were approximately circular. Significant axial fluctuations were found in the cross‐sectional areas.

Conclusion

MRI offers a precise source of data on the mechanical effects of lower‐limb compression. Ultrasound (US) may be more cost‐effective, but the data acquired are less comprehensive. Future biomechanical studies of lower‐limb compression should make use of MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:80–85. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic imaging of swallowing in a seated position using open‐configuration MRI
Authors: Honda Yasutoshi , Hata Nobuhiko
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of dynamic MRI of swallowing in a seated position using an open‐configuration MRI scanner, and to compare its capacity for motion analysis around the pharyngeal wall with that of videofluorography.

Materials and Methods

Six healthy individuals (four women and two men, mean age = 31.4 ± 7.5 years) were examined with an open‐configuration MRI system using a fast spoiled gradient‐recalled echo (SPGR) sequence. Dynamic imaging was performed while the subjects were in a seated position after they swallowed oral contrast medium from a cup. An oral and maxillofacial radiologist measured the motion of six structures: the hyoid bone (HB), larynx (LX), upper oropharynx (UOP), lower oropharynx (LOP), pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) behind the vocal folds, and upper esophagus (ESO). The measured motions were compared with reported values from videofluorography‐based observations.

Results

Open‐configuration MRI depicted the anatomic structures related to swallowing (lip, tongue, soft palate, mandible, pharynx, HB, LX, and PES), and the course of the mylohyoid muscle (MM). The vertical and anteroposterior displacements of these structures did not differ significantly from those measured by videofluorography.

Conclusion

Dynamic imaging of swallowing using open‐configuration MRI provides image information comparable to that obtained from videofluorography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:172–176. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from other pancreatic cystic masses: Comparison of multirow‐detector CT and MR imaging using ROC analysis
Authors: Song Su Jin , Lee Jeong Min , Kim Young Jun , Kim Se Hyung , Lee Jae Young , Han Joon Koo , Choi Byung Ihn
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To compare the diagnostic performance of multirow‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the differentiation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) from other pancreatic cystic masses.

Materials and Methods

A total of 53 patients with pathologically proven pancreatic cystic lesions who had undergone MDCT and MRI were included in this study. Two radiologists analyzed the morphologic features of the lesions and graded the lesion conspicuity on each examination. The readers assigned their confidence level regarding the differentiation of IPMN from other lesions and predicting ductal communication of the lesion. The radiologists' diagnostic confidence was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

The Az values for each observer for predicting ductal communication of the lesion and differentiating IPMN from other lesions were as follows: For MRI they were respectively 0.949 and 0.995 for reader 1, and 0.916 and 0.932 for reader 2. For MDCT they were respectively 0.790 and 0.875 for reader 1, and 0.774 and 0.850 for reader 2. In addition, for differentiating IPMNs from other lesions, MRI was significantly more accurate than MDCT (P < 0.05) for one observer, but for the other observer there was no significant difference between the two examinations (P = 0.059). For predicting ductal communication of the cystic lesions for both observers, MRI was significantly more accurate than MDCT (P < 0.05). The weighted κ values indicate good agreement (κ = 0.61) between observers for MDCT, and excellent agreement (κ = 0.82) for MRI.

Conclusion

Pancreatic MRI shows better diagnostic performance than MDCT for differentiating IPMNs from other cystic lesions of the pancreas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:86–93. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iron‐oxide labeling of hematogenous macrophages in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the contribution to signal loss in fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) images
Authors: Oweida Ayman J. , Dunn Elizabeth A. , Karlik Stephen J. , Dekaban Gregory A. , Foster Paula J.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To determine the contribution of blood‐derived macrophages to the signal loss observed in MR images of inflammatory lesions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Materials and Methods

A relapsing‐remitting form of EAE was induced in transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) specifically in hematopoietic cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. Animals were injected with Feridex, a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle, 24 hours prior to in vivo MRI. MRI was performed using a 1.5T whole‐body scanner; a high‐performance, custom‐built gradient coil insert; and a 3D steady‐state free precession (SSFP) imaging pulse sequence. Comparisons were made between MR images and corresponding anti‐GFP and Perl's Prussian blue (PPB)‐stained brain sections.

Results

MR images revealed the presence of discrete regions of signal loss throughout the brains of EAE animals that were administered Feridex. Histological staining showed that regions of signal loss on MR images corresponded anatomically with regions of PPB‐ and GFP‐positive cells.

Conclusion

This experiment provides the first direct evidence that macrophages of hematogenous origin are labeled with SPIO after intravenous administration of Feridex, and contribute to the regions of signal loss detected in MR images of EAE brain. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:144–151. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactive effects of salinity and potassium availability on growth, water status, and ionic composition of Hordeum maritimum
Authors: Hafsi Chokri , Lakhdhar Abdelbasset , Rabhi Mokded , Debez Ahmed , Abdelly Chedly , Ouerghi Zeineb
Published: July 2007

The interactive effects of salinity and potassium (K+) availability on biomass production, water status, and ionic composition were investigated in Hordeum maritimum, an annual grass growing natively on saline soils. Plants were grown for 7 weeks on Hewitt nutrient solution supplied with NaCl (0, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mM) combined with low (0.232 mM) or high (5.8 mM) K+ levels. Independent of potassium availability, dry matter of both roots and shoots decreased consistently with increasing NaCl levels in the culture medium, in association with a significant reduction of the shoot water content. This salt‐induced growth reduction did not result from a restriction of K+ nutrition, since H. maritimum expressed similar growth under both low and high K+ supply. NaCl decreased shoot K+ concentrations. This effect was more pronounced in plants grown at high K+ supply than in plants grown at low K+ supply. This result suggests that the absorption systems were strongly selective for K+, and that this selectivity was enhanced by salt.
Mercury accumulation and resistance to mercury stress in Rumex induratus and Marrubium vulgare grown in perlite
Authors: Moreno‐Jiménez Eduardo , Peñalosa Jesús M. , Esteban Elvira , Carpena‐Ruiz Ramón O.
Published: July 2007

Plants of Rumex induratus and Marrubium vulgare, collected in the mining area of Almadén, were transferred to pots and grown for 2 months using perlite as substrate and treated with soluble mercury (Hg) in the applied nutrient solution. Mercury resistance, Hg bioaccumulation, and some stress biomarkers were investigated in both plant species. Mercury concentration increased in both plant species in response to Hg supply, but R. induratus was more effective in Hg accumulation. Rumex induratus and M. vulgare showed higher [Hg]shoot‐to‐[Hg]root ratios than other plant species. Mercury in the growth medium perlite was also investigated, distinguishing soluble, available, and total amounts of Hg in the medium. At the lower doses, one half of the applied Hg was retained by perlite. Rumex induratus decreased the available Hg fraction in perlite more than M. vulgare. The bioaccumulation factor ([Hg]plant/[Hg]available) was similar in both species and similar as found in previous field studies. Plant growth, water content, and chlorophyll concentration, and nutrient translocation were reduced in both plant species by the Hg. Rumex induratus showed higher resistance and Hg‐accumulation capacity than M. vulgare, due to the accumulation of thiols in roots and the absence of a lipid oxidative response.
Effects of nitrogen application on flavor compounds of cherry tomato fruits
Authors: Wang Yu‐Tao , Huang Shao‐Wen , Liu Rong‐Le , Jin Ji‐Yun
Published: July 2007

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six nitrogen (N)‐application rates with 0, 2.25, 4.50, 9.00, 18.00, and 36.00 mmol N L–1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that increasing N application increased the concentrations of 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, cis‐3‐hexenal, 2‐methyl‐4‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. By contrast, increasing N supply decreased the concentration of phenylacetaldehyde and first increased and then decreased the concentrations of 2E–4E‐hexadienal and the firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Close relationships between the concentration of various volatile compounds, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids were found. However, concentrations of these flavor compounds were very poorly correlated with fruit firmness. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate high N supply improves tomato flavor, whereas excessive N supply can deteriorate it.
Sunflower proteins: overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties
Authors: González‐Pérez Sergio , Vereijken Johan M
Published: July 2007

There is increasing worldwide demand for proteins of both animal and plant origin. However, animal proteins are expensive in terms of both market price and environmental impact. Among alternative plant proteins, sunflower seeds are particularly interesting in view of their widespread availability in areas where soy is not or only sparsely produced. Compared with other sources of vegetable proteins, sunflower seeds have been reported to have a low content of antinutritional factors. Although the absence of these factors is important, the functionality of the protein preparations will mainly determine their applicability. This review provides detailed information about sunflower seed composition and processing, including processes to remove phenolic compounds from meals. The main part of the review concerns the structure and functionality of the two major protein fractions, helianthinin and 2S albumins. Regarding functionality, emphasis is on solubility, thermal behaviour and surface activity. Protein structure and functionality are discussed as a function of extrinsic factors such as pH, ionic strength, temperature and the presence of other seed components, particularly chlorogenic acid. In addition, sunflower proteins are compared from a structural and functional point of view with other plant proteins, particularly soy proteins. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency for skin tightening in asians
Authors: Yu Carol S. , Yeung Chi K. , Shek Samantha Y. , Tse Raymond K. , Kono Taro , Chan Henry H.
Published: July 2007

Background and Objective

As the demand for non‐invasive procedures for skin tightening is increasing, combined optical and radiofrequency (RF) devices have recently emerged. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a device that combined broadband infrared (IR) light (700–2000 nm) and bipolar RF (electro‐optical synergy [ELOS]) for non‐ablative treatment of facial laxity.

Design/Materials and Methods

Nineteen Chinese volunteers of skin types III–V, with facial laxity and periorbital rhytides, received three treatments at 3‐week intervals with combined IR (700–2000 nm, 10 W/cm2) and RF energies (70–120 J/cm3). Standardized photographs were taken by the Canfield Visia CR system at baseline and serially for 3 months after the last treatment. Two masked assessors evaluated the photographs to assess the improvement in skin laxity. Patient satisfaction scores were also obtained.

Results

At 3 months after the last treatment, 89.5% of the subjects reported moderate to significant subjective improvement in skin laxity of cheek, jowl, periorbital area and upper neck, with a high overall satisfaction rating. Masked observers' assessments were less remarkable. Mild improvement in skin laxity was observed over mid and lower face. There was no serious complication.

Conclusion

The combination of broadband infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency produces mild improvement of facial laxity in Asians with no serious adverse sequelae. A high patients' satisfaction is achieved. However, further studies are necessary to demonstrate the long‐term effects of the procedure and to optimize treatment parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:471–475, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐level laser therapy for zymosan‐induced arthritis in rats: Importance of illumination time
Authors: Castano Ana P. , Dai Tianhong , Yaroslavsky Ilya , Cohen Richard , Apruzzese William A. , Smotrich Michael H. , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: July 2007

Background

It has been proposed for many years that low‐level laser (or light) therapy (LLLT) can ameliorate the pain, swelling, and inflammation associated with various forms of arthritis. Light is thought to be absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores leading to an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species and/or cyclic AMP production and consequent gene transcription via activation of transcription factors. However, despite many reports about the positive effects of LLLT in arthritis and in medicine in general, its use remains controversial. For all indications (including arthritis) the optimum optical parameters have been difficult to establish and so far are unknown.

Methods

We tested LLLT on rats that had zymosan injected into their knee joints to induce inflammatory arthritis. We compared illumination regimens consisting of a high and low fluence (3 and 30 J/cm2), delivered at high and low irradiance (5 and 50 mW/cm2) using 810‐nm laser light daily for 5 days, with the positive control of conventional corticosteroid (dexamethasone) therapy.

Results

Illumination with 810‐nm laser was highly effective (almost as good as dexamethasone) at reducing swelling and a longer illumination time (10 or 100 minutes compared to 1 minute) was more important in determining effectiveness than either the total fluence delivered or the irradiance. LLLT induced reduction of joint swelling correlated with reduction in the inflammatory marker serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Conclusion

LLLT with 810‐nm laser is highly effective in treating inflammatory arthritis in this model. Longer illumination times were more effective than short times regardless of total fluence or irradiance. These data will be of value in designing clinical trials of LLLT for various arthritides. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:543–550, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reciprocity of exposure time and irradiance on energy density during photoradiation on wound healing in a murine pressure ulcer model
Authors: Lanzafame Raymond J. , Stadler Istvan , Kurtz Andrew F. , Connelly Roger , A. Timothy , Brondon Philip , Olson Donald
Published: July 2007

Background

Energy density and exposure time reciprocity is assumed and routinely used in low‐level light therapy (LLLT) regimens. This study examined dose reciprocity effects on wound healing.

Methods

Pressure ulcers were created on seven groups of C57/BL mice (n = 18). Photoradiation was administered (18 days; 5 J/cm2/day @ 670 nm) using a custom LED apparatus and treatment matrix varying both intensity and exposure. Control animals were treated similarly, without photoradiation. Ulcer staging was performed using a standardized scale. Changes in stage, wound area and wound closure rates were measured. Histology was performed.

Results

Photostimulatory effects at day 7 occurred with parameters of 125 seconds @ 40 mW × 1/day; 625 seconds @ 8 mW×1/day; 62.5 seconds @ 40 mW×2/day; and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day; and at day 18 using 625 seconds @ 8 mW and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day. Statistically significant increases in wound closure rates occurred using 625 seconds @ 8 mW; 62.5 seconds @ 40 mW×2/day; and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day treatments. Mean ulcer grade scores were similar to controls.

Conclusions

Varying irradiance and exposure time to achieve a specified energy density affects phototherapy outcomes in this model. Variation of exposure time and irradiance may account for conflicting results in the literature. Further studies of these effects are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:534–542, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions using multiple‐intermittent cryogen spurts and two‐wavelength laser pulses: Numerical and animal studies
Authors: Jia Wangcun , Choi Bernard , Franco Walfre , Majaron Boris , Lotfi Justin , Aguilar Guillermo , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: July 2007

Background and Objectives

Presently, cutaneous vascular lesions are treated using a single cryogen spurt and single laser pulse (SCS‐SLP), which do not necessarily produce complete lesion removal in the majority of patients. In this study, the feasibility of applying multiple cryogen spurts intermittently with multiple two‐wavelength laser pulses (MCS‐MTWLP) was studied using numerical and animal models.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Two treatment procedures were simulated: (1) SCS+532 nm SLP; and (2) MCS+532/1064 nm MTWLP. Light transport and heat diffusion in human skin were simulated with the Monte Carlo method and finite element model, respectively. Possible epidermal damage and blood vessel photocoagulation were evaluated with an Arrhenius‐type kinetic model. Blood vessels in the rodent window chamber model (RWCM) were irradiated with either SLP or MTWLP. Laser‐induced structural and functional changes in the vessels were documented by digital photography and laser speckle imaging (LSI).

Results

The numerical results show that the MCS‐MTWLP approach can provide sufficient epidermal protection while simultaneously achieving photocoagulation of larger blood vessels as compared to SCS‐SLP. Animal studies show that MTWLP has significant advantages over SLP by inducing irreversible damage to larger blood vessels without adverse effects.

Conclusions

MCS‐MTWLP may be a promising approach to improve therapeutic outcome for patients with cutaneous vascular lesions featuring large blood vessels. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:494–503, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermo‐Responsive Highly Branched Polyethers by Proton‐Transfer Polymerization of 1,2,7,8‐Diepoxyoctane and Multiols
Authors: Chen Hao , Jia Zhifeng , Yan Deyue , Zhu Xinyuan
Published: July 2007

Thermo‐responsive highly branched polyethers were prepared via one‐step proton‐transfer polymerization of 1,2,7,8‐diepoxyoctane (DEO) and multiols including ethylene glycol, di(ethylene glycol), tri(ethylene glycol), 1,2‐propanediol, and glycerol. The degree of branching of the products obtained from DEO and oligo(ethylene glycol) is estimated to be 0.16–0.22. All highly branched polyethers exhibit a thermally induced phase transition in aqueous solution. The LCSTs of these polyethers can be tuned in the range of 23.6–67.2 °C. It is found that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the DEO and diols, the feed ratio of DEO to glycerol, and the molecular weights play important role in controlling the LCST.

magnified image
Novel Multifunctional Polymeric Photoinitiators and Photo‐Coinitiators Derived from Hyperbranched Polyglycerol
Authors: Chen Yu , Loccufier Johan , Vanmaele Luc , Barriau Emilie , Frey Holger
Published: July 2007

A new class of hyperbranched PPIs and PPCs have been prepared. The introduction of compatibilizing groups such as MEEA or trimethylacetate enhanced their solubility in radiation‐curable formulations and led to an improved photoactivity compared with the corresponding MPI and MPC. Although the molecular weights of the subject PPIs and PPCs exceeded 800 g · mol−1, the viscosities of the radiation‐curable formulations were still suitable for inkjet application. The combination of high photoactivity, low viscosity, and low extractability after curing rendered the resulting hyperbranched PPIs and PPCs attractive as components in the inkjet ink for inkjet printing, e.g., in food packaging.

magnified image
Multi‐Arm Star Poly(L‐lactide) with Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Core
Authors: Gottschalk Carsten , Wolf Florian , Frey Holger
Published: July 2007

Biocompatible multi‐arm star block copolymers based on poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) have been prepared by a core‐first approach, using hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG), a polyether polyol, as a polyfunctional initiator. The molecular weight of the hyperbranched initiator‐core was varied from 2 200 to 5 200 g · mol−1, molecular weights of the resulting multi‐arm stars were in the range of 6 700–107 000 g · mol−1 (NMR), depending on the amount of dilactide (LA) added. Various monomer/initiator ratios have been employed in the Sn‐catalyzed LA polymerization in order to vary the length of the lactide arms from $\overline {DP} _{\rm n}$(arm) = 2 to 20 units. Detailed NMR analysis using conventional and 2D‐NMR techniques (e.g., HSQC NMR) revealed that the monomer/initiator‐core ratio indeed permits control of the arm length. SEC measurements showed that the narrow polydispersities of the core molecules ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.5 and 1.6) became even lower after grafting of PLLA for the multi‐arm star polymers. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) also demonstrated that the competing homopolymerization of LA could be avoided using suitable reaction conditions. The resulting PG–PLLA star polymers exhibited low polydispersities ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$) between 1.15 and 1.7, depending on the length of the PLLA arms. Attachment of the hydrophobic PLLA chains to the hydrophilic polyether structure leads to amphiphilic, core‐shell type structures suitable for guest encapsulation.

magnified image
Photopolymerization of Epoxy Coatings Containing Iron‐Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Priola Aldo , Kortaberria Galder , Jimeno Amaia , Garcia Ignacio , Mondragon Inaki , Rizza Giancarlo
Published: July 2007

Iron‐oxide nanoparticles were functionalized with epoxy groups and were dispersed into a dicyclo‐aliphatic epoxy resin to obtain organic‐inorganic hybrid coatings via cationic ring‐opening photopolymerization. TEM investigations confirmed that the filler has a size‐distribution range between 5 to 20 nm, without the formation of aggregates. The influence of the presence of Fe2O3 on the rate of polymerization was investigated by real time FT‐IR spectroscopy. Increasing the iron‐oxide nanofiller in the photocurable resin induced an increase in the Tg values. By controlling the phase separation it was possible to obtain transparent iron‐oxide nanostructured coatings, characterized by improved hardness.

magnified image
Aminosilane SAM‐Assisted Patterning of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanofilm Robustly Adhered to SiO2 Substrate
Authors: Kim Sungsoo , Pang Ilsun , Lee Jaegab
Published: July 2007

To improve the patternability and adhesion of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilm to an SiO2 surface, an oxidized silicon wafer substrate was microcontact printed with an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer, and subsequently its negative pattern was self‐assembled with (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS) molecules. Then, a PEDOT nanofilm was selectively grown on the APS monolayer‐patterned area via the vapor phase polymerization (VPP) method. To evaluate the adhesion and patterning, the PEDOT nanofilm and mixed monolayer were investigated with a Scotch® tape peel test, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) microspectrometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, and optical and atomic force microscopes. The evaluation revealed that the newly developed bottom‐up process can offer a robustly adhered, and selectively patterned PEDOT nanofilm on an oxidized Si wafer surface, most likely through extensive but intermittent chemical bonds between the polymer and the APS monolayer.

magnified image
Globus pallidus stimulation improves both motor and nonmotor aspects of quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rodrigues Julian P. , Walters Susan E. , Watson Peter , Stell Rick , Mastaglia Frank L.
Published: July 2007

Our purpose was to measure the change in quality of life (QoL) following deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna (GPi‐DBS) in advanced Parkinson 's disease (PD), and identifies any associations with changes in motor features of the disease. Eleven patients (age range 54–69 years, 2 women) underwent GPi‐DBS (4 unilateral, 7 bilateral). Outcome measures included assessment of PD‐specific QoL (mean 8 months postsurgery) using the PDQ‐39 questionnaire, and standard motor assessments. Off‐period UPDRS III motor scores fell by (43 ± 8)% (mean ± SEM). Dyskinesia severity was reduced on the abnormal involuntary movement scale by (80 ± 3)% and UPDRS IVa by (58 ± 8)%. QoL as assessed by the PDQ39SI improved by (30 ± 5)%, with significant improvements in mobility, activities of daily living, bodily discomfort, emotional wellbeing, communication, and cognitions subscales. Bilateral and unilateral groups demonstrated equivalent PDQ39SI improvement. QoL improvement was highly correlated with dyskinesia reduction but not reduction in UPDRS score or age at surgery. GPi‐DBS markedly improves QoL in advanced PD. The impacts are broad and improve QoL domains not directly affected by the motor symptoms of the disease. Reduced dyskinesia plays a major role in the improvement of QoL in GPi‐DBS treated patients. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Levodopa for idiopathic restless legs syndrome: Evidence‐based review
Authors: Conti Cristiane Fiquene , de Oliveira Márcio Moysés , Andriolo Regis Bruni , Saconato Humberto , Atallah Alvaro Nagib , Valbuza Juliana Spelta , Coin de Carvalho Luciane Bizari , do Prado Gilmar Fernandes
Published: July 2007

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory motor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes also other parts of the body usually accompanied by a marked sense of discomfort or pain in the leg or other affected body part. The prevalence of RLS is estimated at 2.7 to 5% of adults and it is more common in women. The treatment of RLS with levodopa has been reported thus a systematic synthesis of evidence is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of levodopa for RLS. Systematic review of randomized or quasi‐randomized, double blind trials on levodopa. Relief of restless legs symptoms marked on a validated scale, subjective sleep quality, sleep quality measured by night polysomnography and actigraphy, quality of life measured by subjective measures, adverse events associated with the treatments. Nine eligible clinical trials were included. The subjective analyses of these studies showed contradictory results, although the objective analyses showed that treatment group had a statistically significant improvement of periodic leg movement (PLM) index, favoring the treatment group. The most commonly adverse event seen was gastrointestinal symptoms. The short‐term treatment with levodopa was demonstrated effective and safety for PLM, but there was only few trials assessing long‐term treatment and the augmentation phenomenon in RLS. Further long‐term randomized controlled trials using standard follow‐up measurements as the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale are necessary. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Modeling pulsed magnetization transfer
Authors: Portnoy Sharon , Stanisz Greg J.
Published: July 2007

Modeling the effects of clinical magnetization transfer (MT) scans, which generate contrast using short, shaped radiofrequency (RF) pulses (pulsed MT), is complex and time‐consuming. As a result, several studies have proposed approximate methods for a simplified analysis of the experimental data. However, potential differences in the MT parameters estimated by each method may complicate the comparison of reported results. In this study we evaluated three approximate methods currently used in quantitative MT (qMT) studies. In the first part of the investigation, an MT modeling technique that makes minimal approximations, other than the use of a two‐pool tissue representation, was developed and validated. Subsequently, this technique served as a standard against which to evaluate the other, more approximate models. Each model was used to fit experimental data from samples of wild‐type (WT) and shiverer mouse spinal cord, as well as simulated data generated by our minimal approximation modeling technique. The results of this study demonstrate that the approximations used in pulsed MT modeling are quite robust. In particular, it was shown that the semisolid pool fraction, M0B, which is known to correlate strongly with myelin content, and the transverse relaxation time of macromolecular protons, T2B, could be evaluated with reasonable accuracy regardless of the model used. Magn Reson Med 58:144–155, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.