bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical systematics of the viviparous fish family Goodeidae
Authors: Grudzien T. A. , White M. M. , Turner B. J.
Published: January 2006

The systematic relationships of the freshwater teleost family Goodeidae inferred from a distance Wagner analysis of allozyme data are mainly consistent with previous systematic hypotheses, including some of those based on karyology. However, a recently proposed hypothesis based on bony anatomy of the mouth is not supported. Branching patterns of species within genera were 100% supported based on a jack knife consensus test except for Xenotoca, which is apparently a polyphyletic lineage. A fossil goodeid of Miocene age was used to calibrate the molecular clock for goodeids at Nei D= 1.0 = 11.3 million years.
The relationship between specific dynamic action and growth in grass carp, Ctenophavyngodon idella (Val.)
Authors: Carter C. G. , Brafield A. E.
Published: January 2006

Individual grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellu, were maintained in a respirometer for a month and fed pelleted diets containing various proportions of carbohydrate, fat and protein at different ration levels. Oxygen consumption was measured continuously, allowing the effects of consecutive daily feeding on respiration to be studied. The relationships established between daily food intake and oxygen consumption showed that, on average, 23.3% (high protein diet), 15.3% (high carbohydrate diet), 20.7% (high lipid diet) and 7.0% (Lemnu diet) of the absorbed energy was partitioned into specific dynamic action (SDA). (Here the term SDA is used to describe the oxygen consumption of a feeding fish in excess of the routine metabolic rate.) In terms of the overall energy budgets of growing fish, SDA represented between 12 and 58% of the total heat lost over the experimental period and was equivalent to between 14 and 33% of the consumed energy. Ration was positively correlated with heat loss due to total respiration (r= 0.881) and with heat loss due to SDA (r= 0.762). As ration increased, the size of SDA relative to total respiration increased. Significant positive correlations were found between oxygen consumption (total or due to SDA) and specific growth rate, and between oxygen consumption and the deposition of protein and energy. However, growth rate had a minimal influence on daily oxygen consumption when compared with food intake.
Movements of ultrasonically tagged brown trout (Sulmo trutta L.) in Lake Constance
Authors: Schulz U. , Berg R.
Published: January 2006

In Lake Constance from September 1986 to May 1988 13 adult lake dwelling brown trout (Sulmo trutta L.) were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters and tracked almost continuously for up to 13 days. Two behaviour types were observed: (a) random movement in locally restricted areas and (b) excursions of up to 40 km distance. Swimming activity during the day was significantly higher than at night in most experiments. In summer swimming depth ranged between 8 and 16 m, and in winter between 0 and 3m. The preferred water temperature was about 14°C in the thermally stratified waterbody. During the experiments mean swimming speed ranged between 0.3 km h−1 (0.1 bodylengths s−1) and 0.9 km h−1 (0.6 bodylengths s−1).
A simplified protocol for routine total DNA isolation from salmonid fishes
Authors: Taggart J. B. , Hynes R. A. , Prodöuhl P. A. , Ferguson A.
Published: January 2006

An efficient total DNA isolation protocol, suitable for routine population genetic screening purposes is described. This phenol based extraction can utilize fresh, frozen or ethanol preserved tissues.
Effect of stripping on the length, condition and gonadal state of mature male Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr during autumn and winter
Authors: Greenstreet S. P. R. , Morgan R. I. G. , Thorpe J. E.
Published: January 2006

Hatchery‐reared mature male Atlantic salmon parr were shorter than immature parr of the same age through the winter period and this difference increased prior to smolting in spring. Stripping had no effect on growth. In autumn mature male parr had a higher condition factor (CF) than immature parr, but from early January no difference was observed between unstripped mature males and immature parr. Stripping reduced the CF of male parr but the difference had disappeared by the time of smolting when the CFs of both mature groups were lower than that of immature fish. The quantity of expressible milt in stripped males decreased from c. 3% body weight in November and December to <0.05% by 2 March, after which no further milt expression was recorded. Milt expression in previously unstripped males was about 1% of body weight on 2 March, similar to that of stripped males 1 month earlier.
Fluctuating recruitment and variable life history of migratory brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in a small, unstable stream
Authors: Titus R. G. , Mosegaard H.
Published: January 2006

The recruitment dynamics and life history of migratory brown trout, Sulmo trutta L., were investigated in a small Baltic coast stream subject to recurring drought. Spawning males consisted of both mature male parr (101–206 mm t.l.) and migrant males (205–780 mm t.l.). Spawning females were all migrants which delayed maturity until reaching a significantly greater size on average (424–805 mm t.l.) than migrant males. Male: female ratios were very high in spawning aggregations (9–12 males: 1 female) with males representing up to five year‐classes or more. Gametes from several generations of males per spawning event may be important for maintaining the genetic viability of this population with few female spawners per year. The amount of spawning was dependent on precipitation just prior to and during the spawning period since migrants could not enter the stream under drought conditions. Migrants did not overwinter in the stream.

Drought also caused variable fry mortality following emergence in early summer. Recruitment of 0+ parr in autumn varied from c. 175 to 3000 during 3 years. Smolts were relatively young (ages 1–2) and small (≥8 cm), and were significantly longer on average than sibling parr. Yet emigration of 1‐year‐olds was not related to 0+ parr size the previous autumn because of overlapping growth rates.

Persistence of the migratory brown trout in this unstable environment may be the consequence of (i) life history adaptation (e.g. short freshwater residence of both juveniles and spawners), and (ii) a complementary set of individual life histories where variation in age of migrant spawners and the occurrence of mature male parr result in a stable spawner population despite inconsistent recruitment of migrants to the sea.
The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Mccarthy I. D. , Carter C. G. , Houlihan D. F.
Published: January 2006

Three groups of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, (initial weight 40 g) were fed one of three rations (low, medium or high) for 73 days. Consumption by individual fish within the three ration groups was measured on four occasions (days 27, 55, 64 and 72) using radiography. Food intake by individual fish varied between days and this variability was expressed using the coefficient of variation (CV). Dominant fish within each ration group were defined as individuals with the greater share of the group meal and these fish had low CVs for food intake indicating relatively little variation in daily consumption. By contrast, the fish which had consumed a low mean proportion of the group meal displayed high CVs for food intake, indicating considerable variability in the sizes of individual meals consumed by these fish. As group ration increased, the range of meal sizes and individual CVs in daily feeding decreased, suggesting that the strength of the feeding hierarchy and the variability in individual consumption decreased as food availability increased. It is suggested that radiography can be used to assess social relationships within groups of fish allowing the assessment of feeding hierarchies in larger groups of fish than would be possible by observational techniques.
The digestive tract of the amberjack Seriola dumerili, Risso: a light and scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Grau A. , Crespo S. , Sarasquete M. C. , de Canales M. L. González
Published: January 2006

The histology of the digestive tract of the amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso) was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The anterior oesophagus mucosa displays primary and secondary folds lined with a stratified squamous epithelium with fingerprint‐like microridges which is substituted, on the top of the oesogaster folds, by a simple columnar epithelium with short microvilli. Only primary folds are present in the stomach. The anterior portion is rich in simple tubular glands, whereas the oesogaster and the pyloric region are devoid of them. Pyloric caeca and anterior and middle intestine mucosa display the same pattern of folding. The dominant cell type is the enterocyte, which exhibits larger and thinner microvilli in the caeca than in the intestine. The columnar epithelium of the rectum is replaced, in the anal sphincter, by a stratified flattened epithelium. Goblet cells are numerous throughout the whole length of the tract with the exception of the initial part of the oesophagus, the oesogaster, the stomach and the anal sphincter. Mucosubstances have been shown to vary in the different regions of the gut: acid mucines are found in the oesophagus, pyloric stomach, caeca, intestine and rectum, whereas neutral mucosubstances dominate in the anterior portion of the stomach. The muscularis is well developed throughout the length of the tract: two layers of striated muscle at the oesophageal level; two layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall and three at the intestinal level.
Meiotic chromosome behaviour in male triploid transparent coloured crucian carp,Carassius auratusL.
Authors: Gui J. F. , Jia J. , Liang S. C. , Jiang Y. G.
Published: January 2006

Meiotic chromosome behaviour was investigated by surface‐spreading, air‐drying and thin sectioning testes for light and electron microscope examination in artificial triploid transparent coloured crucian carp (Carassius auratusL.) produced by hydrostatic pressure shock. Unsynapsed univalents, synapsed bivalents and partially synapsed trivalents could be observed and distinguished from each other in the surface‐spread spermatocytes. The pairing of the partially paired trivalents mainly occurred in the telomeric regions. Similarly, lateral elements of unsynapsed univalents, typical synapsed bivalents and triple pairing configurations having three lateral elements and two central elements in the trivalents were also observed in the thin sectioned pachytene spermatocytes. The metaphase I cells were mainly composed of univalents, bivalents and trivalents, but a few tetravalents, pentavalents and hexavalents were also found. The relationship between disturbed chromosome pairing and abnormal spermatogenesis is briefly discussed.
A multivariate morphometric investigation of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829 (Teleostei: Atherinidae): morphometric evidence in support of the two species
Authors: Creech S.
Published: January 2006

Two recently developed morphometric methodologies, multiple group principal components analysis (MGPCA) and the box truss method of body form transformation are used to re‐address whether Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829 are morphometrically distinct. The results revealed that morphometric differences are present between A. boyeri and A. presbyter, consistent with expectations of the existence of two species.

Females of the two species were clearly discriminated into two separate groups because the within‐group covariances of several characters within populations of each species were different between species i.e., the covariances were heteroscedastic. The occurrence of heteroscedasticity within the data, although statistically invalidating the results of canonical variates anslysis, indicated there to be a large amount of morphological variation between females of the two species. Males were differentiated as a result of differences in body ‘shape’, particularly the relationship between head ‘shape’ and body ‘shape’.

Several probable reasons are given for the failure of a previous study to differentiate the two species. The data rejects the synonymy of the two species in support of the continued use of the taxa A. boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829.
Feeding dynamics of sturgeon fingerlings (Acipenseridae) depending on food concentration and stocking density
Authors: Gershanovich A. D. , Taufik L. R.
Published: January 2006

Sturgeon fingerlings of 20.0 g at a water temperature of 18.20° C, fed for 130 min and consumed 6.5% of their body weight when the food concentration was 2 g m−2. At 38 g m−2 the fingerlings stopped feeding after 45 min but consumed 9.0% of their body weight. As satiation approached the intervals between successive food intakes increased and feeding rate decreased. The rate of feeding was inversely proportional to the amount of food already consumed, and an equation describing this relationship is given. During the first minutes of feeding the ration size was directly proportional to food concentration but with further feeding the relationship changed. The equations of Ivlev and Rashevsky were close approximations to the relationship between ration size and food concentration. At a density of 12 individuals/m2 the feeding duration and ration size was low in comparison to single fingerlings and to fish fed at higher densitites.
Testicular and some hormonal changes during the first four years of life in the mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Billard R. , Weil C. , Bieniarz K. , Mikolajczyk T. , Breton B. , Epler P. , Bougoussa M.
Published: January 2006

Male carp bred in outside ponds in Poland were sampled monthly from 5 to 46 months old, to analyse changes in gonadosomatic index (GSI) and pituitary gonadotropin hormone (GTH) in blood serum and in pituitary, 17α20β8P and 11KT in blood and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in pituitary and hypothalamus. First signs of puberty with significant testis development (a high GSI of 12% and strong mitotic activity of the type‐B spermatogonia) were seen at 13 months and 4548° days. By 16 months the GSI had declined to 6%. At 25 months the GSI remained at 6%, active spermatogenesis was observed, with some accumulation of spermatozoa but no spermiation. During the years 4 and 5 the GSI increased regularly from 6 to 12% and spermiation was observed nearly all the time. Some GTH was found in the blood before gonad development occurred. Thereafter there was no major change in GTH (10–20 ng ml−1 serum) except a peak of 200–130 ng ml−1 at 38. 39 months: this peak was not related to any major biological event, except that all fish reached spermiation at that time. A progressive increase of the amount of GTH in the pituitary was observed during the sampling period. Opposite fluctuations in the GnRH content were observed in brain and pituitary. Circulating 11‐ketotesterone (11‐KT) increased to 20 30 ng ml−1 serum in spring 22–25 months and at 36–37 months in parallel with the progressive rise of the water temperature, but independently of stage of testes development. These peaks of 11‐KT were followed immediately (1984) or two months later (1983) by temporary major rises of 17αa‐hydroxy‐20β‐dihydroprogesterone reaching 2–3 ng ml1 serum; this was not related to the temperature nor to the spermatogenetic stage.
The susceptibility of Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) to Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg (Platyhelminthes; Monogenea) under experimental conditions
Authors: Bakke T. A. , Harris P. D. , Jansen P. A.
Published: January 2006

The host specificity of Gyrodaclylus Solaris is examined experimentally with respect to its ability to infect the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. The parasite readily attached to and reproduced on parr of this host and infections grew for c. 20 days from first monitoring (c. 30 days from first infection) before declining. Parasites could persist on this host for up to 70 days before finally disappearing. The pattern of infection resembled that seen in many other gyrodactylid species on their normal hosts, and suggested the action of a host response, In this respect infections of G. salaris on parr of S. fontinalis, anadromous Salvelinus alpinus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Thymallus thymallus and Baltic Salmo salar follow a normal pattern, while infections of Norwegian S. salar are unusual in a continued unchecked growth, until the host dies, under pooled laboratory conditions.
Populations of Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze) (Cestoda) in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in three localities in southwest England
Authors: Nie P. , Kennedy C. R.
Published: January 2006

The population biology of Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze) has been investigated in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in three localities in southwest England. Monthly changes in prevalence and abundance show no statistically significant seasonality, in contrast to growth and reproduction of the cestode. The cestode reaches maximum size and becomes gravid mainly in summer. Gravid cestodes die and are lost soon after reproduction. This overlaps with recruitment of the new generation into eels, and may result in a rapid increase in infection levels and in a more over‐dispersed distribution of the parasite in some localities, or in a more gradual change in infection levels and over‐dispersion in others. Development and growth of the new generation may cease until the following spring, or continue at a slow rate over winter. Parasite numbers in each host decrease well before they actually reach maturity, since the majority of gravid individuals are present in those eels which harbour only one parasite. This suggests that few cestodes develop to maturity and most are lost from hosts as development proceeds.
The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary composition on nitrogenous excretion
Authors: Carter C. G. , Brafield A. E.
Published: January 2006

Nitrogenous excretion by grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), was measured in the form of ammonia and urea. Endogenous nitrogen excretion (ENE) was estimated as the daily rate of excretion by grass carp which had been starved for 2 days. ENE was scaled allometrically with body weight with weight exponents of 0.75 for ammonia, 0.63 for total nitrogen and 0.63 for the energy lost. The proportion of nitrogen attributable to urea was smaller than that attributable to ammonia and decreased from 25 to 12% as fish weight increased from 2 to over 10 g.

Linear relationships were found between daily rates of ammonia, total nitrogen and energy loss and daily rates of food intake. High carbohydrate and high lipid diets were not shown to have a protein‐sparing action compared to a high protein diet. Differences in the amount of nitrogen excreted were explained by the differing nitrogen contents of the diets. Nitrogen budgets were erected and their implications discussed.
Buoyancy variations in eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in relation to chorion thickness and egg size: theory and observations
Authors: Kjesbu O. S. , Kryvi H. , Sundby S. , Solemdal P.
Published: January 2006

Egg specific gravity is a function of egg volume, chorion volume, perivitelline space (PVS) and the specific gravity of chorion and ovoplasm. Experimental studies on cod (Gadus morhua L.), a marine multiple batch spawner, showed that approx. forty per cent of the chorion volume is incorporated between batches and that the chorionic material has a mean specific gravity of 1·20 (range: 1·14–1·35). The chorion volume and specific gravity are low at the end of the spawning period in extremely fecund fish. Specific gravity of ovoplasm was observed to be 1·017 in marine eggs and calculated to be about 1·008 in brackish water eggs. Inherent variation in PVS is found to have little influence on egg specific gravity. With the other variables constant, egg specific gravity is inversely related to egg volume supported by studies on single batches of eggs. Measurements on every batch of eggs reveal that the production of large eggs (>1·3 mm) gives low density eggs initially and high density eggs towards the end of spawning, while the production of small eggs (<1·3mm) gives moderate specific gravity. These observations are discussed in relation to vertical distribution of the eggs and reproductive success of recruit and repeat spawners. There are indications that repeat spawners produce larger eggs.
Rod visual pigment changes in the elver of the eel Anguilla anguilla L. measured by microspectrophotometry
Authors: Wood P. , Partridge J. C. , De Grip W. J.
Published: January 2006

The visual pigments in the retinal rods of elvers (Anguilla anguilla L.) were examined by microspectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The glass elver stage had a mixture of rhodopsin P5011 and porphyropsin P5232 with the former predominating (P5011:P5232= c. 60:40). More mature pigmented elvers had a predominance of the porphyropsin P5232 (P5011:P5232= c. 10:90). The shift between the proportions of each pigment was monitored over a 7‐month period and was shown to occur in individual retinal rods. This shift is a reverse of the pigment shift that occurs in adult eels during their downstream migration.
Population structure and food habits of white crappie Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque in a turbid Oklahoma reservoir
Authors: Muoneke M. I. , Henry C. C. , Maughan O. E.
Published: January 2006

We assessed population structure and food habits of white crappie Pomoxis annuluris Rafinesque in Lake Carl Blackwell, a turbid reservoir in north‐central Oklahoma, U.S.A. White crappie [n= 8549; total length (t.l.) mean = 147 mm, s.d.= 28 mm, range = 73–445 mm] were collected with gillnets, frame nets, and hoop nets. Proportional stock density was 2, as 97% of the fish were under 200 mm t.l. Relative stock density was 96, 2, 1, and 1 for ‘stock‐quality’, ‘quality‐preferred’, ‘preferred‐memorable’, and ‘memorable‐trophy’ lengths. Total annual mortality rate was 54% for fish older than 2 years. Growth was poor and lower than the Oklahoma‐Arkansas regional averages (P<0.01). Relative weights were 79, 86, 106, 109, and 123 for fish in the stock‐quality, quality‐preferred, preferred‐memorable, memorable‐trophy, and trophy size categories. Ephemeroptera nymphs were an important dietary component for fish 150 mm t.l. or smaller. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) was a major forage item, especially for fish greater than 150 mm t.l. (P<0.01). Empirical information on prey availability indicates that the white crappie population is forage limited and that gizzard shad are not available in appropriate sizes or sufficient numbers to sustain the predator population. Poor fish condition, slow growth, and high mortality are probably the result of inadequate forage.
Inheritance of trunk coloration in the three‐spot gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas
Authors: Frankel J. S.
Published: January 2006

Trunk coloration in Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas is controlled by two autosomal loci acting in a complementary fashion with dominance at both loci required for the expression of the blue sumatranus phenotype.
Seasonal variations in the prevalence and infestation intensity of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L., in the River Batnfjordselva, Norway
Authors: Mo T. A.
Published: January 2006

The prevalence of Gyrodactylus suluris Malmberg. 1957 on both yearlings and older parr of Atlantic salmon (Sulmo sulur L.) in the River Batnfjordselva was 100% through most of the year. With one exception, uninfested fish were only found in the winter and spring after the water temperature had fallen to almost 0° C for 2–3 months. In general, the abundance (i.e. the mean number of parasites per investigated fish) of G. salaris increased during the warm period of the year (summer and early autumn). Abundanceas high as 1153 and 4418 in early autumn was found on yearlings and older parr, respectively. The abundance decreased during the cold period of the year (winter and early spring), in some cases to as low as two and four G. salaris on yearlings and older parr, respectively. About 86% of the G. salaris specimens were found on the fins of the salmon parr: mainly on the dorsal fin (34.4%) and the pectoral fins (27.0%). The remainder of the parasites were distributed on the body (7.8%), the head (3.5%), and the gills (2.6%).
Metabolic responses of fish larvae [Rutilus vutilus (L.)] to forced activity (Cyprinidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Krumschnabel G. , Lackner R.
Published: January 2006

Larvae of Rutilus rutilus (L.) weighing approx. 40 mg were exercised for 5 min by mechanical stimulation. Individual larvae were taken before and immediately after stimulation, and during 2 h of recovery. The concentrations of glucose, glucose‐6‐phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, 2‐oxoglutarate, and ascorbic acid were determined in individual larvae. The larvae recovered faster from forced activity than juvenile roach, recovery being complete after 1 h. Larvae also differed from juveniles in that metabolite levels increased less during activity. It is suggested that the combination of low glycolytic, and high oxidative capacity was responsible for the specific metabolic responses of the larvae.
The effect of salty diets and gradual transfer to sea water on osmotic adaptation, gill Na+, K+‐ATPase activation, and survival of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill
Authors: Pellertier D. , Besner M.
Published: January 2006

The intensity and duration of the period of osmotic disturbance during introduction of brook charr into sea water were decreased by introducing the fish according to a gradient of salinity over a period of 6 days. Survival in summer increased from 25 to 90% with the use of a salinity gradient. However, kinetics and levels of activation of the gill Na+, K+‐ATPase were not affected by the mode used for introducing brook charr into sea water. Neither was its level of activity modified by the use of a salted diet when the fish were in fresh water. The addition of 8 and 12% of salt to the diet prevented the plasma electrolyte surge of concentrations during the first days in sea water. In very cold water, survival rate was also drastically improved by giving an 8% salted diet during the 6 weeks preceding the introduction into sea water. These results show that both salty diets and exposure to brackish water during 6 days help brook charr face osmotic stress and improve their survival rate when introduced into full‐strength sea water. The combined use of these preconditioning strategies might facilitate rearing this species in sea cages or silos.
On the food of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the upper zone of the Tagus estuary, Portugal
Authors: Costa J. L. , Assis C. A. , Almeida P. R. , Moreira F. M. , Costa M. J.
Published: January 2006

The estuarine food habits of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the upper zone of the Tagus estuary have been studied through the analysis of 210 specimens collected during 1988. Eels, measuring from 136 to 627 mm in total length, fed on prey organisms ranging from 2.0 to 76.0 mm in length. Amphipods and the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), were the most important food items found. In more saline muddy bottom areas polychaetes, bivalves and shrimp increased their importance as prey, replacing the amphipods as preferential food. Fish were always a secondary, although significant, prey item. The occurrence of seasonal variations in eels' diet could be attributed to fluctuations in prey densities. There was evidence of a close relationship between the quantity of prey organisms in the benthos and the composition of eels' stomach contents, but a certain degree of food selection based on size, concealment capacity and motility of prey, was found.
Effect of water level fluctuation on shore spawning of Mirogrex terraesanctae (Steinitz), (Cyprinidae) in Lake Kinneret, Israel
Authors: Gafny S. , Gasith A. , Goren M.
Published: January 2006

Mirogrex terraesanctae (Steinitz), is an endemic, open water, zooplanktivorous fish. It spawns in the shallow littoral (0–50 cm) of Lake Kinneret, from November to May with a peak in mid winter (January‐February). Spawning begins shortly after nightfall, when schools of the fish move along the shoreline in rocky regions, and release their milt and eggs. The adhesive eggs are attached to the surface of recently inundated, algae‐free stones. A negative relationship exists between epilithic growth and egg density and survival. Algal growth may play a key role in the determination of the spawning depth. Breeding success of M. terraesanctae depends on the rate and extent of rise in lake level which, in turn, determines the availability of a suitable spawning substratum.
Length and weight changes in 0+ perch, Perca fluviatilis L., following fixation in formalin
Authors: Treasurer J. W.
Published: January 2006

Significant shrinkage and increase in weight followed fixation of 0+ freshwater Perca fluviatilis in formalin. Conversion values to obtain live values should take account of formalin concentration, fish size and holding time of preserved fish prior to measurement.
Dietary vitamin E and the response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), to infection with Yersinia ruckeri
Authors: Furones M. D. , Alderman D. J. , Bucke D. , Fletcher T. C. , Knox D. , White A.
Published: January 2006

Rainbow trout fed diets containing 7, 86 or 806 mg vitamin E kg−1 for 22 weeks were exposed to virulent Yersinia ruckeri by bath or injection. Mortalities were always least among those fed the highest concentration of vitamin E but serum antibody production was not affected by vitamin E levels.
Histomorphology of the early yolk‐sac larvae of the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)—an indication of the timing of functionality
Authors: Kjorsvik E. , Reiersen A. L.
Published: January 2006

Halibut larvae hatch at a very immature stage, and the duration of the yolk‐sac period is very long (up to 50 days). This paper describes the histomorphological development of organs of the yolk‐sac larvae (6° C) by use of light and electron microscopy. Rudimentary branchial cavities were open from 2 days after hatching. Kidneys seemed functional 16 days after hatching and onwards, and primitive lamellae on the gill arches were beginning to form at this age. Pancreatic zymogen granules were first observed 20daysafter hatching. The liver was segmented into lobes between 20 and 23 days after hatching, and the gall bladder seemed functional from day 23. The hindgut became extensively folded from day 26, and branchial capillaries were first observed at this stage. The larvae were able to catch food particles 24 days after hatching. Judging from ultrastructural observations, it seemed that halibut larvae were able to digest food particles between day 24 and 26 after hatching (around 150 daydegrees and 50% yolk absorption).
Early development of the cephalic skeleton of Barbus barbus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)
Authors: Vandewalle P. , Focant B. , Huriaux F. , Chardon M.
Published: January 2006

The inception, and development of the cephalic skeleton of Barbus barbus from hatching to 24 days passes through periods of fast and slow growth; these rates are not the same in different parts of the skull. Trabeculae, parachordal plates, Meckelian cartilages and hyposymplectics are present at hatching. Then the cartilaginous floor of the neurocranium develops, the pars quadrata, the hyoid bars and branchial arches elements appear shortly before the first movable dermal bones, the dentaries, maxillae and opercles. The first bone of the braincase to appear is the parasphenoid; other bones develop subsequently and at the same time: the angular, quadrate, interopercle and fifth ceratobranchial. Later the splanchnocranium continues to develop at a relatively fast rate while the neurocranium shows little growth. The braincase does not begin to close before the 24th day, nor do the first bones of the skull roof appear, while the bucco‐pharyngeal apparatus is complete, having the adult shape. The early constitution of the latter structures seems to be linked with the mechanical demands of biological functions such as breathing and feeding.
Piscivory by brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Norwegian lakes
Authors: L'Abée‐Lund J. H. , Langeland A. , Sægrov H.
Published: January 2006

Size and frequency of occurrence of prey of brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) were recorded in 13 Norwegian lakes during 1973–1990. Piscivores usually comprised less than 5% of the total population. Arctic charr were less piscivorous than brown trout. Trout and charr became piscivorous at 13 and 16 cm length, respectively. These size thresholds were similar to those of other facultative piscivorous freshwater fish species. When present, three‐spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), were preferred by all length groups of piscivorous brown trout and Arctic charr. Length of prey increased with increasing predator length, and the mean body length of prey was about 33 and 25% of predator length for trout and charr, respectively. Yearlings of charr were not recorded as prey.
Residual biparental oral‐brooding in the blackchin fish, Sarotherodon melanotheron Rüppell
Authors: Eyeson K. N.
Published: January 2006

Sarotherodon melanotheron generally shows a paternal brooding habit, but females of one of the strains in Ghana also exhibit the potential for oral‐brooding.
Functional morphology of the anchorage system and food scrapers of a hillstream fish, Garra lamta (Ham.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes)
Authors: Ojha J. , Singh S. K.
Published: January 2006

The functional morphology of the anchorage system and food scrapers of a hillstream fish, Garra lamta (Ham.) is described in relation to their role in the swift water current of the hillstreams (Ranchi, Bihar, India).
Implications of life‐history strategies for a new wrasse fishery
Authors: Darwall W. R. T. , Costello M. J. , Donnelly R. , Lysaght S.
Published: January 2006

The variety of life‐history patterns exhibited by the five species of wrasse common in Northern Europe are reviewed. The two larger wrasse species, the ballan, Labrus bergylta Ascanius, and cuckoo, Labrus mixtus (L.), are exploited through sport angling. The three smaller species, the corkwing, Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melops (L.), rock cook, Centrolabrus exoletus (L.) and goldsinny, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.), are being exploited by a new fishery for use as parasite cleaners of farmed salmon.

The nature of salmon farming limits the wrasse fishery to a minimum size, restricted areas and the warmer months of the year. The fishery may be expected to alter population structure through selective removal of larger fish. Removal of dominant territorial males may affect social structures and removal of nest‐guarding males would reduce egg survival. Quantitative models incorporating stock size and fishery requirements are now required.
The Management of Heroin Addiction at a General Hospital Drug Addiction Treatment Centre
Authors: HICKS ROBERT CAREY
Published: January 2006

Résumé On décrit l'organisation, le personnel et le fonctionnement d'un centre de traitment de l'intoxication avec des drogues, dans un hôpital général.

On décrit les caactéres cliniques et sociaux de premiers 57 patients fréquentant le centre. On rapporte les résultats d'un programme de traitement par élimination gradée de l'héroine. On discute les résultats cliniques et sociaux et on examine les idées générales du tratitement dans les services de consultatios de ces centres et le programme d'élimination des drougues.
Personality Factors and Barbiturate Dependence*
Authors: ANUMONYE AMECHI
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Ceci est le compte rendu d'une étude portant sur 20 sujets écossais adonnés aux barbituriques et 20 malades “non adonnés” subissant des effets névritiques.

Les évaluations subjectives cliniques et objectives psychométriques toutes deux indiquèrent que les “adonnés” aux barbituriques étaient psychiatriquement malades d'une façon semblable au groupe de contrôle.

Il ne se trouvait ni un type de personnalité commun s'appliquant à tous les adonnés aux barbituriques, ni des caractéristiques psychologiques définissables se rapportant spécifiquement à la dépendance par rapport aux barbituriques qui permettent de reconnaître les adonnés par rapport aux névritiques non adonnés.

Les adonnés aux barbituriques firent apparaître qu'ils ressemblaient aux adonnés alcooliques du point de vue psychologique de certaines façons mais d'être différents d'autres façons.
Brain Damage due to Alcohol Consumption: An Air‐encephalographic, Psychometric and Electroencephalographic Study
Authors: BREWER COLIN , PERRETT LANCE
Published: January 2006

Thirty‐three male “alcoholics” and other heavy drinkers were examined by air‐encephalography, psychometry and the EEG to determine the incidence of brain‐damage.

Seventy per cent had radiologically significant atrophy and in 65 per cent of these, psychometry supported a diagnosis of brain‐damage, although this was clinically apparent hi only one case.

Cortical atrophy seemed more closely related to intellectual damage than ventricular atrophy, and the EEG was relatively unhelpful.

The term “omega‐alcoholic” is proposed for a type of drinker not previously described. Alcoholic brain damage is not uncommon and may be a factor in heavy drinkers with diagnoses other than “alcoholism”.

For both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, combined radiological and psychometric assessment is suggested as a routine measure in the management of patients who drink heavily.
Drinking Patterns and Alcoholism in the Chinese
Authors: Singer K.
Published: January 2006

Studies of alcoholism have beta carried out moody in western countries where its problems are not necessarily the same as those in other countries. There is need for international study of the concept and problems of alcoholism to identify universal features and to view the subject in better perspective.

As regards the Chinese there is a scarcity of studies of drinking patterns and these are confined to the Chinese overseas. Apart from a report on 2 cases of alcoholism in a Chinatown11 there is, so far as I can trace, no clinical study on alcoholism and no study on alcoholic psychosis. Most of the literature is impressionistic and anecdotal. The assumption is that although the Chinese drink a fair amount alcoholism is rare, an assumption which with its implications for etiology would apply only to expatriate Chinese and needs to be examined for the Chinese as a whole.

It is therefore thought worthwhile to delineate certain aspects of the uses and problems of alcohol in the Chinese people of Hong Kong.
Acute Alcoholic Psychoses and Related Syndromes: Psychosocial and Clinical Characteristics and their Implications*
Authors: Gross Milton M. , Rosenblatt Sidney M. , Lewis Eastlyn , Chartoff Susan , Malenowski Beverly
Published: January 2006

An intensive study was undertaken based upon the chart review of a large number of consecutive male admissions for acute alcohol withdrawal syndromes to a university psychiatric service. Basic psychosocial characteristics were examined along with the characteristics of the presenting picture and the clinical coarse. The patients had been treated with paraldehyde along principles described elsewhere3

The analysis of this data would document an extensive experience gained in a circumscribed zone of time and space. It was expected that it would contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of this group of related withdrawal syndromes by yielding, information about etiologic and prognostic factors. It would also summarize and make possible the evaluation of the treatment program. It would also serve to make a large body of data available for subsequent cross‐cultural, cross‐temporal and cross‐therapeutic comparisons.
A Follow‐Up Study of 200 Narcotic Addicts Committed for Treatment Under the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA)
Authors: Stephens Richard , Cottrell Emily
Published: January 2006

The results of a follow‐up study of 200 males committed wader the MARA Act have been compared with general findings of other such studies. It was found that, if relapse is defined as any re‐use of narcotics, the observed relapse rate of 87 per cent is equivalent to the 80–90 per cent relapse rates reported in other studies. Variables which have been related to relapse in other studies were also examined in this project. Some support was found for Wirdek's “maturation hypothesis”. Although no relationship was found between length of addiction and relapse, age was found to be related to relapse. Specifically, it was found that patients under 30 years of age used narcotics regularly or became readdicted at much higher rates than those over 30. Similarly, the rates of total abstinence or occasional use of narcotics were higher for those over 30. These findings indicate that Winick's hypothesis cannot be completely rejected. Employment was also found to be related to relapse in that those who found jobs relapsed less often than those unable to obtain employment. Most of the problems patients encountered in seeking a job seemed to be related more to their own personality problems than to other factors. Two other variables, ethnicity and education, were generally unrelated to relapse. Both the counselors and patients cited three general factors which led to relapse. One factor was use of narcotics to alleviate interpersonal stress. The second factor was the patient's craving or enjoyment of the euphoric effects and the “magnetic” pull of the addict subculture. Inability to cope with his own problems and frustration constituted the third general factor which helped to explain the relapse phenomenon. In citing reasons for abstinence, counselors and patients agreed that the patient's desire to stay clean, effectiveness of therapy, emotional support of the family and fear of the consequences of continued involvement in the drag subculture were the mast important factors in a patient remaining drug free. Further analysis of the stated reasons for abstinence indicated that little support was found for Winick's hypothesis that addicts “burn out”.
Attitudes Towards Drug and Alcohol Addiction: Patients and Staff
Authors: Soverow G. , Rosenberg C. M. , Ferneau E.
Published: January 2006

This study was undertaken mainly to examine the attitudes heroin addicts hold towards themselves in their addiction; and to compare the addicts' responses with those of the professional and paraprofessional staff who work with them. We consider that the attitudes of the staff play a significant role in treatment, and that treatment becomes more effective when patients and staff agree closely about the cause and nature of the illness. Conversely, a marked divergence in views could seriously impede treatment.

The second aim of this study was to compare the way addicts viewed themselves and their illness and the way they viewed alcoholics and alcoholism. We feel that there are many similarities between these major addictive stales even though in most centers they art treated separately.
Methadone Maintenance in Auckland. The Failure of a Programme
Authors: McLeod W. R. , Priest P. N.
Published: January 2006

The progress of a methadone‐maintenance programme set up to deal with users of opiate drugs in Auckland is described. The failure of the programme is recorded and possible reasons for this are discussed. In addition demographic data given by each user is presented.
The Role of Alcohol in Fatal Accidents among Seamen*
Authors: Arner Oddvar
Published: January 2006

Norwegian merchant seamen have a higher mortality rate from accidents than comparable groups ashore. It is shown that this is not as much due to the traditional hazards of sea life as to the more human factors. Alcohol is involved in at least one third of the accidents. A conclusion is suggested that there may be a selection of accident prone persons to the seafaring occupation.
Initial Contact and Admission of Persons Requesting Treatment for Alcohol Problems
Authors: Wanberg Kenneth W. , Jones Evelyn
Published: January 2006

A sample of 267 initial contacts made by persons requesting treatment for alcohol problems was studied with the use of 55 variables measuring socio‐economic status, initial contact circumstances., and follow through results. Socio‐economic status and sociological classifications have little effect as to whether a person shows for treatments. As well, these variables seem to have only random relationship to the circumstances of the initial contact, such as the time of day the first contact was made, whether a family member accompanied the patient, or whether first contact was made in person or by phone. Self‐referrals and those from major Protestant backgrounds tend not to show for treatment, and those having a family physician are more apt to follow through with treatment. If a person must watt more than eight days before he can come for hospital admission, chances of his coming are reduced greatly.
Induction of Severe Depression by Physostigmine in Marijuana Intoxicated Individuals*
Authors: El‐Yousef M. Khaled , Janowsky David S. , Davis John M. , Rosenblatt Jack E.
Published: January 2006

Marijuana intoxication and the effects of centrally acting anticholinergic agents show a number of common behavioral properties in man. We have recently administered physostigmine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to two marijuana intoxicated patients. In both cases physostigmine antagonized the marijuana “high” and induced a profound clinical depressive reaction. This depressive reaction was antagonized by administration of 1.0 mg atropine.
Alcohol as a Factor Precipitating Aggression and Conflict Behaviour Leading to Homicide
Authors: Virkkunen Matti
Published: January 2006

The study was concerned with the cases of criminal homicide recorded by the police in Helsinki in the years 1963–1968, totalling 116. In 92 cases (79–3%) the presence of alcohol either in the victim or in the perpetrator was ascertainable, and in most cases both had been under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol had played a part in murders less often than in other types of criminal homicide.

When aggressive behaviour and altercation had preceded the homicidal act, it had beat initiated by the victim as frequently as by the perpetrator. Alcohol was often associated with such modes of aggressive and conflict behaviour. Where alcohol was associated with such behaviours, usually a situation involving two males was in question. At least in some of these cases, homosexual and jealousy problems had played a part.

In those alcohol‐positive cases where the homicide had been preceded by aggressive behaviour and altercation initiated by the victim, the average blood alcohol value for the victims was 0–248%; the corresponding figure for the cases where such behaviour initiated by the victim had not occurred was 0–213% or almost the same; and thus the average severity of the states of intoxication had also apparently been approximately the same in both groups of cases. From this it seemed legitimate to infer that aggressive tendencies in the victims belonging to the former group mere stronger or more easily actualized, so that alcohol was enough to precipitate their manifestation. As a rule, chemico‐legal blood alcohol determinations had not been possible with the perpetrators, but everything suggested that the same applied, to them as to victims.