bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mature cystic teratomas arise from meiotic oocytes, but not from pre‐meiotic oogonia
Authors: Kaku Hiroshi , Usui Hirokazu , Qu Jia , Shozu Makio
Published: January 2016

Mature cystic teratomas (MCTs) in the ovaries have been thought to originate from germ cells from all developmental stages, i.e., from pre‐meiotic oogonia through meiotic oocytes to mature post‐meiotic ova. This view was based on research on MCTs by classical methods, including those involving centromeric heteromorphisms in karyotypes, enzyme polymorphisms, and DNA polymorphisms. However, insufficient genomic information was obtained in those studies. The current study aimed to confirm the cytogenetic origin of ovarian MCTs by using short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism analysis to obtain sufficient genomic information, especially in connection with centromeric loci. Tissue samples of MCTs (57 ovaries from 51 patients, 91 MCTs, 156 specimens in total) obtained from cystectomies or oophorectomies were used. We categorized the specimens into two groups: i) solid components of MCTs and ii) cyst walls. The numbers of solid components of MCTs from pre‐meiotic oogonia, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, and ova were 0, 33, 16, and 15, respectively. There were no pre‐meiotic oogonia in this series of solid‐component specimens. We propose a hypothesis for the tumorigenesis of ovarian MCTs: the precursors of ovarian MCTs are not functional oocytes or ova, but are primary oocytes that have escaped from meiotic arrest. This hypothesis could satisfactorily explain the lack of pre‐meiotic teratomas observed in this study and the nearly equal distribution of teratomas originating from primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, and ova in previous studies. Furthermore, this hypothesis could provide a starting point for determining the mechanism underlying tumorigenesis of ovarian MCTs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determining Seasonal Canal Seepage Using Stage–Seepage Relationship
Authors: Luo Yufeng , Bai Kaihua , Traore Seydou , Gu Hong , Sun Yong , Xiong Yujiang , Jiao Xiyun , Fipps Guy
Published: January 2016

Seasonal time‐dependent seepage data are very useful for irrigation system managers to reduce canal conveyance seepage losses. Determination of canal seepage is complex due to the transient fluctuations in canal stages and other factors. Here we propose an indirect method for estimating seasonal canal seepage using a calibrated stage–seepage relationship and a monitored canal stage. The method was applied to the Nanguan Main Canal (NMC) in Gaoyou Irrigation District, China. The stage–seepage relationship was calibrated using the least squares method and the observed data from a ponding test. We estimated the time‐dependent canal seepage for two irrigation seasons through the canal stage monitored by water‐level loggers installed along the canal. The estimated average seepage rates were consistent with the results from acoustic doppler current profiler tests; and the seasonal seepage losses from the NMC were estimated to be 3.08 million m3 in 2013 and 2.81 million m3 in 2014, accounting for 4.5 and 5.1% of the water diverted to the canal respectively. With the dominant time‐dependent factor influencing canal seepage taken into consideration, the proposed indirect method provides a rapid and timely monitoring of seasonal canal seepage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting the emergence of advanced knowledge: A review of peak relational training system: Direct training module by Mark R. Dixon
Authors: Reed Derek D. , Luiselli James K.
Published: January 2016

Mark Dixon's (2014) manual, PEAK Relational Training System: Direct Training Module, proposes a novel approach to manualized evaluation and curriculum development. Dixon's PEAK system, introduced in the book as the first of four modules, translates derived relational responding methodology into a new verbal‐behavior approach. The PEAK system is firmly rooted in the basic, conceptual, and applied behavior‐analytic tradition; however, it differs substantially from the competition in its unique application of relational frame theory to produce efficient learning. The manual's accessible nature renders it a viable product for many users and readers. The growing empirical support for PEAK’s efficacy, usability, and psychometrics is impressive and provides a robust empirical basis for the system that is not described within the pages of the manual. Behavior analysts may shy away from a manualized system that explicitly omits discussion of scholarship and empirical bases but would be remiss in doing so, given the potential of PEAK to revolutionize the way clinicians and parents apply the verbal behavior approach.
Ubiquitin‐Related Roles of β‐Arrestins in Endocytic Trafficking and Signal Transduction
Authors: Jean‐Charles Pierre‐Yves , Rajiv Vishwaesh , Shenoy Sudha K.
Published: January 2016

The non‐visual arrestins, β‐arrestin1, and β‐arrestin2 were originally identified as proteins that bind to seven‐transmembrane receptors (7TMRs, also called G protein‐coupled receptors, GPCRs) and block heterotrimeric G protein activation, thus leading to desensitization of transmembrane signaling. However, as subsequent discoveries have continually demonstrated, their functionality is not constrained to desensitization. They are now recognized for their critical roles in mediating intracellular trafficking of 7TMRs, growth factor receptors, ion transporters, ion channels, nuclear receptors, and non‐receptor proteins. Additionally, they function as crucial mediators of ubiquitination of 7TMRs as well as other receptors and non‐receptor proteins. Recently, emerging studies suggest that a class of proteins with predicted structural features of β‐arrestins regulate substrate ubiquitination in yeast and higher mammals, lending support to the idea that the adaptor role of β‐arrestins in protein ubiquitination is evolutionarily conserved. β‐arrestins also function as scaffolds for kinases and transduce signals from 7TMRs through pathways that do not require G protein activation. Remarkably, the endocytic and scaffolding functions of β‐arrestin are intertwined with its ubiquitination status; the dynamic and site specific ubiquitination on β‐arrestin plays a critical role in stabilizing β‐arrestin‐7TMR association and the formation of signalosomes. This review summarizes the current findings on ubiquitin‐dependent regulation of 7TMRs as well as β‐arrestins and the potential role of reversible ubiquitination as a “biological switch” in signal transduction. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2071–2080, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tuning FRET efficiency as a novel approach for improved detection of naphthalene: application to environmental samples
Authors: Nandi Sandip , Adhikari Sangita , Mandal Sandip , Banerjee Arnab , Das Debasis
Published: January 2016

Naphthalene has emission in the ultraviolet (UV) region, limiting its trace level determination in biological and environmental samples due to detrimental effect of UV light on the living cell and interference from other substances having emission in the UV region. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer strategy is adopted for determination of traces naphthalene in the visible region. Significant improvement of lowest detection limit of naphthalene has been achieved through tuning of fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency. Anthranilic acid pyrene (ANP) conjugate provides lowest detection limit for naphthalene among three probes studied, viz. ANB, aniline‐ pyrene conjugate (APA) and ANP. ANP efficiently measures naphthalene content in river water. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolving roles and controversies of radiotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma
Authors: Hau Eric , Shen Han , Clark Catherine , Graham Peter H. , Koh Eng‐Siew , L. McDonald Kerrie
Published: January 2016

Numerous randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefit of radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and it has been the cornerstone of treatment for decades. The aims of this review are to (1) Briefly outline the historical studies which resulted in radiation being the current standard of care as used in the Stupp et al. trial (2) Discuss the evolving role of radiation therapy in the management of elderly patients (3) Review the current evidence and ongoing studies of radiation use in the recurrent/salvage setting and (4) Discuss the continuing controversies of volume delineation in the planning of radiation delivery.
Radiostereometric analysis using clinical radiographic views: Validation measuring total hip replacement wear
Authors: Yuan Xunhua , Lam Tin Cheung Kimberley , Howard James L. , Lanting Brent A. , Teeter Matthew G.
Published: January 2016

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is a stereo X‐ray technique used in clinical research studies to evaluate micro‐motion and wear of orthopaedic implants within bone. While highly accurate and precise, its adoption has been limited due to technical requirements such as the need for implanted marker beads and radiograph view angles determined by a calibration cage. We propose a new technique that separates the calibration procedure from the patient examination, enabling clinical radiograph views to be used for RSA measurements. The concept of a reference plate was adapted to establish the link between calibration procedure and patient examination procedure for cassette radiography, which may not be necessary for digital radiography. A hip wear phantom was used to validate this technique by comparing the error and repeatability of the novel procedure with that of conventional RSA. Femoral head penetration was measured versus the acetabular cup (head/cup) and marker beads in the acetabular liner (head/liner). Conventional RSA had lower inferior–superior average error (p = 0.03 for head/cup) while the modified RSA had lower anterior–posterior average error (p = 0.01). Average error was greater but not significantly so for the medial–lateral (p = 0.06) and 3D (p = 0.97) measurements. The head/liner method had lower average errors (p < 0.0001) for both procedures, but did not affect repeatability, which was similar between techniques. The novel procedure's average error and repeatability was therefore, similar to conventional RSA. This new technique could be applied to any joint with two clinical radiograph view angles pending further validation in subjects. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1521–1528, 2016.
Multimodality treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review
Authors: Simo Kerri A. , Halpin Laura E. , McBrier Nicole M. , Hessey Jacob A. , Baker Erin , Ross Samuel , Swan Ryan Z. , Iannitti David A. , Martinie John B.
Published: January 2016

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common primary hepatic cancer in the United States. Currently, curative treatment involves aggressive surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments have been used for unresectable tumors with some success. Optimizing the use of current and developing novel multimodality treatment for iCCA is essential to improving outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:62–83. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical application of decellularized and lyophilized human amnion/chorion membrane grafts for closing post‐laryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistulas
Authors: Kakabadze Zurab , Mardaleishvili Konstantine , Loladze George , Javakhishvili Ivane , Chakhunasvili Konstantine , Karalashvili Lika , Sukhitashvili Natia , Chutkerashvili Gocha , Kakabadze Ann , Chakhunasvili David
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common pathological type among the cancers of the larynx. Standard treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is the combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and laryngectomy. Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a common complication of laryngectomy. We hypothesized that decellularized and lyophilized human amnion/chorion membrane can be an effective, non‐invasive method of treating pharyngocutaneous fistula.

Methods

A total of 67 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed after treatment in a prospective trial. After preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and total or extended laryngectomy, primary wound healing occurred in 42 (62.7%) patients. Pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in 8 (11.9%) patients. Decellularized and lyophilized human amnion/chorion membrane grafts were used to reconstruct the fistulas.

Results

The average time for the full healing of the wound in all patients after transplantation of these grafts was 18 days.

Conclusion

The advantages of using these grafts over other existing methods of pharyngocutaneous fistula treatment are that they are non‐invasive, prevent donor morbidity, and enable management of the wound without using classical wound gauze. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:538–543. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Surgical Oncology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of microscopic extra‐nodal extension (ENE) on locoregional recurrence following curative surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lang Brian H.‐H. , Shek Tony W.H. , Wan Koon Yat
Published: January 2016

Background

The presence of microscopic extra‐nodal extension (ENE) may increase locoregional recurrence (LRR) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We aimed to evaluate the association between microscopic ENE, response to initial therapy and LRR risk following total thyroidectomy, therapeutic neck dissection, and radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation in PTC.

Methods

Of the 369 eligible PTC patients, 264 (71.5%) did not have microscopic ENE (group I) while 105 (28.5%) did (group II). All presented with clinical nodal metastasis (cN1) and underwent therapeutic neck dissection and RAI ablation. Biochemical incompleteness meant post‐ablation stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) >10 ng/ml. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify independent factors for LRR.

Results

Biochemical incompleteness was significantly more common group II (43.8% vs. 17.4%, P < 0.05). The 10‐year locoregional free‐survival was significantly worse in group II than I (52.0% vs. 86.2%, P = 0.005). After adjusting for other significant factors, age <45 (P < 0.05), multifocality (P < 0.05), presence of ENE (P = 0.027) were independent risk factors of LRR. The number and size of positive lymph nodes were not independent factors.

Conclusions

Patients with microscopic ENE were significantly more likely to have biochemical incompleteness after initial therapy. After adjusting for other significant primary and nodal characteristics, microscopic ENE was an independent factor for LRR in patients with cN1. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:526–531. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene oxide assisted electromembrane extraction with gas chromatography for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in hair and urine samples
Authors: Bagheri Hasan , Zavareh Alireza Fakhari , Koruni Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2016

In the present study, graphene oxide reinforced two‐phase electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with gas chromatography was applied for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in biological samples. The presence of graphene oxide in the hollow fiber wall can increase the effective surface area, interactions with analyte and polarity of support liquid membrane that leads to an enhancement in the analyte migration. To investigate the influence of the presence of graphene oxide in the support liquid membrane on the extraction efficiency, a comparative study was performed between graphene oxide and graphene oxide/EME methods. The extraction parameters such as type of organic solvent, pH of the donor phase, stirring speed, time, voltage, salt addition and the concentration of graphene oxide were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed microextraction technique provided low limit of detection (2.4 ng/mL), high preconcentration factor (195–198) and high relative recovery (95–98.5%). Finally, the method was successfully employed for the determination of methamphetamine in urine and hair samples.
Ultrashort‐pulse Laser Structuring of Thin‐film Solar Modules
Authors: Ametowobla Mawuli , Matthäus Gabor
Published: January 2016

With support from the German “Innovationsallianz Photovoltaik”, the joint research project T4nPV demonstrated ultrashort‐pulse all‐laser scribed CIGS solar modules with a 5.9 % (relative) higher electrical conversion efficiency compared to conventional, mechanically scribed reference modules. This remarkable efficiency gain was achieved by a reduction of the interconnection width down to approximately 100 μm, made possible by high performance optics, sensor technology, control and actuation components, which were designed and built up in the course of the project. Further, exceptionally high output power levels up to 1400 W in an ultrashort‐pulse thin‐disk high power amplifier were achieved.
Finding the Right Joining Technique
Authors: Wenzlau Carsten
Published: January 2016

To join membranes tightly, different joining techniques are available. Which of them is best suited for a specific application depends on production requirements like quantity, cycle time, production range, total cost, and process monitoring. With its non‐contact energy input, small thermal and mechanical load, short joining times and high process stability, laser joining proved to be a practical method for joining sensitive membranes.
Synaptic failure and α‐synuclein
Authors: Calo Laura , Wegrzynowicz Michal , Santivañez‐Perez Jessica , Grazia Spillantini Maria
Published: January 2016

Although the physiological function of α‐synuclein is not fully understood, it has been suggested to primarily localize to the presynaptic terminals of mature neurons, where it fulfills roles in synaptic function and plasticity. Based on current knowledge, α‐synuclein (αSYN) is thought to be involved in maintaining neurotransmitter homeostasis by regulating synaptic vesicle fusion, clustering, and trafficking between the reserve and ready‐releasable pools, as well as interacting with neurotransmitter membrane transporters. In this review, we focus on evidence proposing synapses as the main site of αSYN pathology and its propagation in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, which belong to a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as α‐synucleinopathies. We provide an overview of the evidence supporting presynaptic dysfunction as the primary event in the pathogenesis of these conditions. © 2016 Movement Disorder Society
A new total hemiface allotransplantation model in rats
Authors: Kulahci Yalcin , Altuntas Selman H. , Karagoz Huseyin , Cwykiel Joanna M. , Zor Fatih , Siemionow Maria
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), a new reconstructive option for patients suffering from extensive facial defects leads to superior functional and aesthetic outcomes compared to the standard autologous reconstruction. Among VCA recipients, each case involves different facial structures and tissues depending on the patient's injury, thus drawing conclusions on the mechanism of immune interactions between the donor and recipient is challenging. This study introduces a new total hemiface VCA model, including scalp, external ear, mystacial pad, premaxilla, upper/lower lids, nose, and upper/lower lips to evaluate the effect of transplantation of multitissue VCA on the recipient's immune response.

Material and Methods

Ten hemiface allotransplantations were performed in two groups between Lewis–Lewis (isograft) and LBN‐Lewis (allograft) rats. Cyclosporine A (CsA) monotherapy was applied in the allograft group to prevent rejection.

Results

All flaps survived up to 100 days post‐transplant. The mean warm ischemia time was 45 minutes. Histological analysis revealed normal bone, cartilage (ear and nose), conjunctiva, palpebra, and eyelashes. Flow cytometry confirmed donor‐specific chimerism for T cells (CD4/RT1n and CD8/RT1n) and B cells (CD45RA/RT1n) in the peripheral blood of all rats in the allotransplantation group. At post‐transplant day 7, chimerism levels were at 1.68% for CD4/RT1n, 0.46% for CD8/RT1n and 0.64% for CD45RA/RT1n. However, chimerism levels for CD4/RT1n, CD8/RT1n, and CD45RA/RT1n populations decreased at long‐term follow‐up (at post‐transplant day 100) to 0.08%, 0.04%, and 0.23%, respectively.

Conclusion

The feasibility and long‐term survival of the new hemiface VCA transplantation model was confirmed, donor‐specific chimerism and post‐transplant tissue changes were evaluated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:230–238, 2016.
Technique and outcomes of laparoscopic bulge repair after abdominal free flap reconstruction
Authors: Lee Johnson C. , Whipple Lauren A. , Binetti Brian , Singh T. Paul , Agag Richard
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Bulges and hernias after abdominal free flap surgery are uncommon with rates ranging from as low as 0–36%. In the free flap breast reconstruction population, there are no clear guidelines or optimal strategies to treating postoperative bulges. We describe our minimally invasive technique and outcomes in managing bulge complications in abdominal free flap breast reconstruction patients.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed on all abdominal free flap breast reconstruction patients at Albany Medical Center from 2011 to 2014. All patients with bulges on clinical exam underwent abdominal CT imaging prior to consultation with a minimally invasive surgeon. Confirmed symptomatic bulges were repaired laparoscopically and patients were monitored regularly in the outpatient setting.

Results

Sixty‐two patients received a total of 80 abdominal free flap breast reconstructions. Flap types included 41 deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), 36 muscle‐sparing transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (msTRAM), 2 superficial inferior epigastric artery, and 1 transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap. There were a total of 9 (14.5%) bulge complications, with the majority of patients having undergone msTRAM or DIEP reconstruction. There were no complications, revisions, or recurrences from laparoscopic bulge repair after an average follow‐up of 181 days.

Conclusion

Although uncommon, bulge formation after abdominal free flap reconstruction can create significant morbidity to patients. Laproscopic hernia repair using composite mesh underlay offers an alternative to traditional open hernia repair and can be successfully used to minimize scarring, infection, and pain to free flap patients who have already undergone significant reconstructive procedures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:367–371, 2016.
Analysis of membrane–protein complexes of the marine sulfate reducer Desulfobacula toluolica Tol2 by 1D blue native‐PAGE complexome profiling and 2D blue native‐/SDS‐PAGE
Authors: Wöhlbrand Lars , Ruppersberg Hanna S. , Feenders Christoph , Blasius Bernd , Braun Hans‐Peter , Rabus Ralf
Published: January 2016

Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) obtain energy from cytoplasmic reduction of sulfate to sulfide involving APS‐reductase (AprAB) and dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DsrAB). These enzymes are predicted to obtain electrons from membrane redox complexes, i.e. the quinone‐interacting membrane‐bound oxidoreductase (QmoABC) and DsrMKJOP complexes. In addition to these conserved complexes, the genomes of SRB encode a large number of other (predicted) membrane redox complexes, the function and actual formation of which is unknown. This study reports the establishment of 1D Blue Native‐PAGE complexome profiling and 2D BN‐/SDS‐PAGE for analysis of the membrane protein complexome of the marine sulfate reducer Desulfobacula toluolica Tol2. Analysis of normalized score profiles of >800 proteins in combination with hierarchical clustering and identification of 2D BN‐/SDS‐PAGE separated spots demonstrated separation of membrane complexes in their native form, e.g. ATP synthase. In addition to the QmoABC and DsrMKJOP complexes, other complexes were detected that constitute the basic membrane complexome of D. toluolica Tol2, e.g. transport proteins (e.g. sodium/sulfate symporters) or redox complexes involved in Na+‐based bioenergetics (RnfABCDEG). Notably, size estimation indicates dimer and quadruple formation of the DsrMKJOP complex in vivo. Furthermore, cluster analysis suggests interaction of this complex with a rhodanese‐like protein (Tol2_C05230) possibly representing a periplasmic electron transfer partner for DsrMKJOP.
Optimizing Humic Acid Removal by Modifying the Surface Chemistry of Plasma Polymerized Allylamine Coated Particles
Authors: Jarvis Karyn L. , Majewski Peter
Published: January 2016

Plasma polymerized allylamine films were deposited onto quartz particles at low pressure to optimize humic acid removal by varying the plasma power, flow rate, and polymerization times. Increasing the plasma power increased the number of positively charged groups and humic acid removal. Increasing the allylamine flow rate increased the number of positively charged groups but maximum humic acid removal was observed at 6.48 sccm due to humic acid removal by positively charged and uncharged crosslinked species. Longer polymerization times increased the number of positively charged groups while similar humic acid removal resulted as the larger humic acid molecule cannot penetrate as readily into the film as the acid orange 7 used to determine the number of positively charged groups. Manipulation of the plasma parameters has shown to provide significant control over humic acid removal.
Molecular dynamics simulations of thermal transport in isotopically modulated semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Frieling Rafael , Eon Soizic , Wolf Dietrich , Bracht Hartmut
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we investigate the effect of isotopic modulation on the thermal conductivity of semiconductor nanostructures. The isotope doping is of particular interest for the application of semiconductors as thermoelectric materials as it leaves the electronic properties practically unaffected while the phononic transport is retarded. This approach could increase the figure of merit of thermoelectric generators by decreasing the thermal conductivity of semiconductors. We use non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to examine thermal transport in isotopically engineered semiconductors. The temperature profiles along the sample region deduced from the simulations allow the extraction of thermal conductivities. The reliability of the MD‐predicted thermal conductivities is studied by analyzing the influence of the input parameters on the results. The first set of samples are isotopically modified silicon samples. The influence of temperature, isotopic composition, and ordering of isotopic defects on the thermal conductivity of silicon is studied. The second material system under investigation is silicon germanium alloys. The influence of isotopic modulation on the thermal conductivity of Si–Ge alloys is examined for varying chemical composition. The thermal conductivities predicted by MD are compared to results derived from the solution of the Boltzmann transport equation in the relaxation time approach.
Efficiency droop suppression of InGaN‐based blue light‐emitting diodes using dip‐shaped quantum wells
Authors: Lu Huimin , Yu Tongjun , Tao Yuebin , Li Xingbin , Chen Zhizhong , Yang Zhijian , Wang Jianping , Zhang Guoyi
Published: January 2016

The InGaN‐based blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with dip‐shaped quantum wells (QWs) and conventional QWs were fabricated by MOVPE. The performances of fabricated InGaN‐based LEDs were investigated experimentally and analyzed theoretically. The results reveal that the efficiency droop of InGaN‐based LED is suppressed by using dip‐shaped QWs structure. Firstly, the dip‐shaped QWs LED has higher emission intensity compared with the conventional QWs LED due to the stronger quantum confinement and weaker polarization effect. Furthermore, the effective combination region in dip‐shaped QWs does not reduce obviously which decrease will lead to efficiency droop aggravation. As a result, the efficiency droop at 50 A cm−2 injection current for dip‐shaped QWs LED reduce from 59% for conventional QWs LED to 48%. So, the dip‐shaped QWs can be used to suppress the efficiency droop of InGaN‐based LEDs.
Effect of glide path and apical preparation size on the incidence of apical crack during the canal preparation using Reciproc, WaveOne, and ProTaper Next systems in curved root canals: A stereomicroscope study
Authors: Topçuoğlu Hüseyin Sinan , Düzgün Salih , Akpek Firdevs , Topçuoğlu Gamze
Published: January 2016

This study evaluated the effect of creating a glide path and apical preparation size on the incidence of apical cracks during canal preparation in mandibular molar teeth with curved canals. One hundred and forty extracted teeth were used. The teeth were randomly assigned to one control group or six experimental groups (n = 20 per group) for canal preparation. No preparation was performed on teeth in the control group. In three of the six experimental groups, a glide path was not created; a glide path was created on the curved mesial canals of all teeth in the remaining three experimental groups. All teeth in experimental groups were then instrumented with the following systems: Reciproc, WaveOne (WO), and ProTaper Next (PTN). Digital images of the apical root surfaces of these teeth were recorded before preparation, after instrumentation with size 25 files, and after instrumentation with size 40 files. The images were then inspected for the presence of any new apical cracks and propagation. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups during canal preparation using size 25 files (p > 0.05). Reciproc and WO caused more new apical cracks than did PTN during canal preparation using size 40 files (p < 0.05). However, canal preparation using size 40 files did not cause propagation of existing cracks (p > 0.05). Performing a glide path prior to canal preparation did not change the incidence of apical crack during preparation. Additionally, increasing apical preparation size may increase the incidence of apical crack during canal preparation. SCANNING 38:585–590, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Easy and accurate variance estimation of the nonparametric estimator of the partial area under the ROC curve and its application
Authors: Yu Jihnhee , Yang Luge , Vexler Albert , Hutson Alan D.
Published: January 2016

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a popular technique with applications, for example, investigating an accuracy of a biomarker to delineate between disease and non‐disease groups. A common measure of accuracy of a given diagnostic marker is the area under the ROC curve (AUC).

In contrast with the AUC, the partial area under the ROC curve (pAUC) looks into the area with certain specificities (i.e., true negative rate) only, and it can be often clinically more relevant than examining the entire ROC curve. The pAUC is commonly estimated based on a U‐statistic with the plug‐in sample quantile, making the estimator a non‐traditional U‐statistic. In this article, we propose an accurate and easy method to obtain the variance of the nonparametric pAUC estimator. The proposed method is easy to implement for both one biomarker test and the comparison of two correlated biomarkers because it simply adapts the existing variance estimator of U‐statistics. In this article, we show accuracy and other advantages of the proposed variance estimation method by broadly comparing it with previously existing methods. Further, we develop an empirical likelihood inference method based on the proposed variance estimator through a simple implementation. In an application, we demonstrate that, depending on the inferences by either the AUC or pAUC, we can make a different decision on a prognostic ability of a same set of biomarkers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties and characterization of ([Mengkuang leaf fiber]‐filled ethylene vinyl acetate)/(natural rubber) blend: Effects of blending sequences and mengkuang leaf fiber loading
Authors: Hashim Faiezah , Ismail Hanafi , Rusli Arjulizan
Published: January 2016

(Ethylene vinyl acetate [EVA])/(natural rubber [NR])/(Mengkuang leaf fiber) (MLF) thermoplastic elastomer composites were prepared by using three different blending sequences in an internal mixer. The blending sequences studied were (i) B1: NR was added followed by MLF into the molten EVA; (ii) B2: MLF was added followed by NR into the molten EVA; (iii) B3: MLF was added followed by EVA into the molten NR. The effect of different blending sequences and fiber loadings from 10 to 40 parts by weight per hundred parts of resin on the torque development, tensile properties, thermal degradation, and morphology of EVA/NR/MLF composites was studied. Of the blending sequences investigated, the B1 system is considered the best method for the preparation of EVA/NR/MLF composites. The B1 system produces composites with lower stabilization torque, higher tensile strength, and better thermal stability compared with other systems. At 40 parts by weight per hundred parts of resin of MLF loading, the tensile strength of the composite prepared by using the B1 system was 15% higher than that of B2 system composites, and 8% higher than that of the B3 system. Scanning electron micrographs of the tensile fracture surfaces indicated this system also had good fiber dispersion in the EVA/NR matrix. An increase in MLF loading resulted in an increase of the values of the stabilization torque and the Young's modulus, but a decrease in values of the tensile strength, the elongation at break, and the thermal stability of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased fiber pullout in the composites as the loading increased. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:109–115, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Impact of an elastic sphere with an elastic half space with a constant coefficient of friction: Numerical analysis based on the method of dimensionality reduction
Authors: Willert E. , Popov V. L.
Published: January 2016

An impact of an elastic sphere with an elastic half space with a constant coefficient of friction is studied numerically using the method of dimensionality reduction. It is shown that the rebound velocity, angular velocity and hence the loss of kinetic energy during the impact, if written as proper dimensionless variables, are determined by a function depending only on the ratio of tangential and normal stiffness and a second parameter describing the friction properties of the contact.
Cholecystectomy Causes Ultrasound Evidence of Increased Hepatic Steatosis
Authors: Yun Sangchul , Choi Dongho , Lee Kyeong Geun , Kim Han Joon , Kang Bo‐Kyeong , Kim Hyunsung , Paik Seung Sam
Published: January 2016

Background

Cholecystectomy might contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis through metabolic changes. The biologic alteration of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and the alteration of the metabolic activity of bile acid that follows cholecystectomy may contribute to hepatic steatosis. This prospective study was conducted to clarify the possibility of steatosis development after cholecystectomy.

Methods

From October 2013 to July 2014, 82 consecutive patients with a presumptive diagnosis of gallbladder disease were cholecystectomized. Liver parenchymal steatosis was measured using ultrasound and the hepatic steatosis index.

Results

In all 82 patients, the hepatic steatosis index was found to be significantly correlated with the US fatty liver grade (Spearman’s correlation r2 = 0.331, P < 0.001). A total of 62 patients were followed up for 3 months. Comparison with the initial grade showed that 12 (18.5 %) patients had worsened from normal to mild (n = 10), from mild to moderate (n = 1), and from mild to severe (n = 1). The other patients stayed at their initial grade except one patient who improved (from moderated to mild). Analysis of laboratory findings showed that white blood cell count, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase level, and total bilirubin level were decreased. However, serum albumin and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased.

Conclusions

Hepatic steatosis significantly developed 3 months after cholecystectomy. Therefore, cholecystectomy might be considered a risk factor for hepatic steatosis, but the relationship should be confirmed with long‐term follow‐up from a large group of patients.
Epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of seasonal affective disorder in Austria
Authors: Pjrek E. , Baldinger-Melich P. , Spies M. , Papageorgiou K. , Kasper S. , Winkler D.
Published: January 2016

Background

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a subtype of recurrent depressive or bipolar disorder that is characterized by regular onset and remission of affective episodes at the same time of the year. The aim of the present study was to provide epidemiological data and data on the socioeconomic impact of SAD in the general population of Austria.

Methods

We conducted a computer-assisted telephone interview in 910 randomly selected subjects (577 females and 333 males) using the Seasonal Health Questionnaire (SHQ), the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Telephone numbers were randomly drawn from all Austrian telephone books and transformed using the random last digits method. The last birthday method was employed to choose the target person for the interviews.

Results

Out of our subjects, 2.5% fulfilled criteria for the seasonal pattern specifier according to DSM-5 and 2.4% (95% CI = 1.4–3.5%) were diagnosed with SAD. When applying the ICD-10 criteria 1.9% (95% CI = 0.9–2.8%) fulfilled SAD diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of fall-winter depression according to the Kasper-Rosenthal criteria was determined to be 3.5%. The criteria was fulfilled by 15.1% for subsyndromal SAD (s-SAD). We did not find any statistically significant gender differences in prevalence rates. When using the DSM-5 as a gold standard for the diagnosis of SAD, diagnosis derived from the SPAQ yielded a sensitivity of 31.8% and a specificity of 97.2%. Subjects with SAD had significantly higher scores on the SDS and higher rates of sick leave and days with reduced productivity than healthy subjects.

Conclusions

Prevalence estimates for SAD with the SHQ are lower than with the SPAQ. Our data are indicative of the substantial burden of disease and the socioeconomic impact of SAD. This epidemiological data shows a lack of gender differences in SAD prevalence. The higher rates of females in clinical SAD samples might, at least in part, be explained by lower help seeking behaviour in males.
The Impact of Sacrospinous Hysteropexy and Vaginal Hysterectomy with Suspension of the Uterosacral Ligaments on Sexual Function in Women with Uterine Prolapse: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Comparative Study
Authors: Detollenaere Renée J. , Kreuwel Ilse A.M. , Dijkstra Jeroen R. , Kluivers Kirsten B. , van Eijndhoven Hugo W.F.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Studies on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery show conflicting evidence regarding the impact of uterus preservation and hysterectomy on sexual function and no large randomized trials with long-term follow-up have been published on this topic.

Aims

The aim of this secondary analysis was to evaluate and compare sexual function after sacrospinous hysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments in women with uterine prolapse.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of the SAVE U trial data, a multicenter trial in 4 nonuniversity hospitals in the Netherlands comparing sacrospinous hysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments in primary surgery of uterine prolapse stage II or higher. Primary outcome of the original study was recurrent prolapse stage II or higher of the uterus or vaginal vault (apical compartment) evaluated by POP-Q examination in combination with bothersome bulge symptoms or repeat surgery for recurrent apical prolapse at 12 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were overall anatomical recurrences, functional outcome, complications, hospital stay, postoperative recovery, and sexual functioning. Data from patients who had completed the POP/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire (PISQ-12) at baseline and 24 months after surgery were used in the present trial. Total, subscale, and individual question analyses were performed. The SAVE U trial is registered in the Dutch trial registry, number NTR1866.

Main Outcome Measures

Differences and changes in sexual function 24 months after surgery, measured by the PISQ-12 questionnaire.

Results

Between November 2009 and March 2012, 208 women were randomized between sacrospinous hysteropexy (n = 103) and vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments (n = 105). Of these, 99 women completed questionnaires at baseline and after 24 months follow-up and were included in the present study. During a follow-up period of 24 months, no significant differences in total PISQ-12 scores were observed between the groups. After both interventions the item “avoidance of intercourse due to prolapse” significantly improved, as did the physical subscale of the PISQ-12 questionnaire.

Conclusion

There was no statistically significant difference in overall sexual functioning (total PISQ-12 scores) between uterus-preserving sacrospinous hysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with suspension of the uterosacral ligaments after a follow-up period of 24 months.
Melatonin Improves Erectile Function in Rats with Chronic Lower Body Ischemia
Authors: Sawada Norifumi , Nomiya Masanori , Zarifpour Mona , Mitsui Takahiko , Takeda Masayuki , Andersson Karl-Erik
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Arterial occlusive disease is the leading cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Using an established rat model we wanted to characterize the changes caused by atherosclerosis-induced chronic ischemia on penile structures and erectile function.

Aim

To investigate the effect of melatonin on these parameters.

Methods

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, arterial injury (AI) and AI with melatonin treatment groups. AI and AI-melatonin groups underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet following AI surgery for 8 weeks. AI-melatonin group rats received melatonin (20 mg/kg/day) orally for 8 weeks after AI. The control group received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, erectile function was tested. Corpus cavernosum (CC) tissues were processed for pharmacological and immunohistochemical studies, histological examination, and Western blotting.

Main Outcome Measures

Apomorphine test was performed to evaluate erectile function. Organ bath study was performed to measure the CC-contraction induced by KCl and phenylephrine, and relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).

Results

The number of erectile responses was significantly lower in the AI group (2.5 ± 0.5/hour) than in the control (5.0 ± 0.7/hour) and in the melatonin-treated groups (5.0 ± 0.3/hour). The responses to phenylephrine were lower in the AI-groups than in the controls, but there were no differences between control and AI-melatonin groups. SNP-induced relaxation in the AI-melatonin group was higher than in the AI, but lower than in control group. The EFS-elicited relaxation responses in the AI group were significantly lower than in the control and AI-melatonin groups. Compared to controls, CC tissues from the AI group showed significantly higher collagen content, and lower protein expression of eNOS and nNOS, and increased expression of iNOS. These changes were reduced or prevented by melatonin treatment.

Conclusion

Treatment with melatonin reduced/prevented functional and morphological changes induced by chronic ischemia on penile structure and function.
Divided in Diversity: Reforming The EU’s GMO Regime
Authors: GEELHOED Miranda
Published: January 2016

This article analyses the recent reform to the EU’s genetically modified organisms (GMO) regime which allows Member States to restrict the cultivation of GMO on their territory for reasons that do not relate to issues of health and safety or the environment. By allowing for national differentiation – although on legally questionable grounds – new Article 26b of Directive 2001/18/EC has been presented as a solution to overcome the impasse in GMO decision-making. However, this article finds that the reform fails to provide a solution for the EU regime’s most pressing problem, namely its disregard for scientific uncertainty and disagreement.
The creation and evolution of coherent structures in plant canopy flows and their role in turbulent transport
Authors: Bailey Brian N. , Stoll R.
Published: January 2016

In this paper we used simulation tools to study turbulent boundary-layer structures in the roughness sublayer. Of particular interest is the case of a neutrally-stratified atmospheric boundary layer in which the lower boundary is covered by a homogeneous plant canopy. The goal of this study was to formulate a consistent conceptual model for the creation and evolution of the dominant coherent structures associated with canopy roughness and how they link with features observed in the overlying inertial sublayer. First, coherent structures were examined using temporally developing flow where the full range of turbulent scales had not yet developed, which allowed for instantaneous visualizations. These visualizations were used to formulate a conceptual model, which was then further tested using composite-averaged structure realizations from fully-developed flow with a very large Reynolds number. This study concluded that quasi two-dimensional mixing-layer-like roller structures exist in the developed flow and give the largest contributions to mean Reynolds stresses near the canopy. This work fully acknowledges the presence of highly three-dimensional and localized vortex pairing processes. The primary argument is that, as in a mixing layer, the smaller three-dimensional vortex interactions do not destroy the larger two-dimensional structure. Because the flow has a very large Reynolds number, the roller-like structures are not well-defined vortices but rather are a conglomerate of a large range of smaller-scale vortex structures that create irregularities. Because of this, the larger-scale structure is more difficult to detect in correlation or conditional sampling analyses. The frequently reported ‘scalar microfronts’ and associated spikes in pressure occur in the slip-like region between adjacent rollers. As smaller vortices within roller structures stretch, they evolve to form arch- and hairpin-shaped structures. Blocking by the low-flux canopy creates vertical asymmetry, and tends to impede the vertical progression of head-down structures. Head-up hairpins are allowed to continually stretch upward into the overlying inertial sublayer, where they evolve into the hairpin structures commonly reported to populate wall-bounded flows. This process is thought to be modulated by boundary-layer-scale secondary instability, which enhances head-up hairpin formation along quasi-streamwise transects.