bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends of Open Innovation in Developing Nations
Authors: Rahman Hakikur , Ramos Isabel
Published: April 2013

Evidently, innovation is a genuine reality within the entrepreneurships, given the circumstances of economic crisis, global competition, and novelties of technologies. Perplexing further to face the reality and overcome crises, enterprises are day by day adopting newly developed ideas, concepts, and perceptions to fit into the scenery of business dimension from within and outside the boundaries of their entities, thus channeling the entrepreneurships through the paradigm of open innovation. By far, the majority of the corporate businesses and multi-national enterprises are competing or collaborating with a consensus to promote value-added products, processes, or services. Notwithstanding, they are transforming the entire entrepreneurship infrastructure to face the reality and move ahead. A major portion of the business community, despite their justified contribution to economic growth and generation of employment, the sector belonging to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs), however, are not always in advantageous situations in the arena of open innovation due to many factors, seen, unseen, attended, un-attended, researched, and deserving of further research. To move further into the context of this research, it has been observed that countries ranking as developed economies are ahead in the race, adopting open innovation in their business development, while countries within the developing and transitional economies are struggling to fit into the race of the champions. This study, though not a specific case of one country, has tried to illustrate a few discrete scenarios from five developing countries through horizontal literature review. The chapter has tried to profile within the format of the casebook, providing generic context of innovation (and open innovation) in those randomly selected countries, presented challenges they are facing, including some recommendations, before concluding for further extensive research.
Virtual Community of Practice Ontocop
Authors: Sawsaa Ahlam , Lu Zhongyu (Joan)
Published: April 2013

Information Science (IS) is an ambiguous field as its boundaries overlap with other domains such as Archive Science, Library Science and Computing Science which requires defined clear definition. This study creates a systematic and comprehensive ontology targeted to explore IS boundaries and foundations. This paper uses Mereotopolgy theory to describe classes, instances and their relations. The classes are created based on taxonomy of IS to create an asserted model of Information Science Ontology (ISO) that can be as a skeletal foundation for knowledge base. The main classes are Actors, Method, Practice, Studies, Mediate, Kinds, Domains, Resources, Legislation, Philosophy & Theories, Societal, Time, and Space. The design is based on Methontology to create ISO from scratch. Its framework facilitates the construction of ontology at the knowledge levels. It is found that identifying the IS boundaries through implementation ontology workflow is encoded using Protégé and Web Ontology Language (OWL) for formalizing and representation of the ISO. ISO is an effective way to represent knowledge and overcome semantic heterogeneity, ISO is a fundamental integration between semantic that realizes the interoperability information of the domain.
Model of E-Reading Process for E-School Book in Libya
Authors: Abubaker Azza , Lu Joan
Published: April 2013

Defining the stages which the reader follows when reading e-resources is one of several factors which can provide significant insights into actual reading behaviours and cognitive processes of readers. Two different samples of students who study in Libyan primary schools, aged 9 to 12, were selected to investigate how students use and interact with both print and digital school books, identify the e-reading process, outline the aims of using the internet and technology, and define what students like and dislike in both versions. Furthermore, students found using the e-textbook to be more difficult than paper book and a significant difference is found in the reading process between paper books and electronic books. In addition, two reading strategies were used to read school book in both versions (electronic and paper): (1) view the text then answer the questions, or (2) view the questions than search for the correct answers.
Identity, Credibility, and Trust in Social Networking Sites
Authors: Manca Stefania , Ranieri Maria
Published: April 2013

Over recent years, the notions of identity, credibility and trust in digital contexts have been gaining renewed interest from scholars in different fields (from social studies to engineering and computer science), especially for their consequences for privacy and security. Emerging and urgent questions are: What does the management of online personal data entail? How much personal information are we entitled to share with others? What measures do people usually adopt to protect their identity and privacy? Are they always aware of the risks they may run? What consequences may emerge in the long term if cautions are ignored? These are some of the questions that should be addressed by users, experts and scholars engaged with digital environments, especially social networking sites. This chapter focuses on these issues trying to provide a wide overview of the current literature on identity, credibility and trust, and their implications for privacy and security, from the perspective of social and behavioral sciences. Some measures provided by experts on how to protect against the most common security and privacy threats are also outlined.
Access Control Models for Online Social Networks
Authors: Sayaf Rula , Clarke Dave
Published: April 2013

Access control is one of the crucial aspects in information systems security. Authorizing access to resources is a fundamental process to limit potential privacy violations and protect users. The nature of personal data in online social networks (OSNs) requires a high-level of security and privacy protection. Recently, OSN-specific access control models (ACMs) have been proposed to address the particular structure, functionality and the underlying privacy issues of OSNs. In this survey chapter, the essential aspects of access control and review the fundamental classical ACMs are introduced. The specific OSNs features and review the main categories of OSN-specific ACMs are highlighted. Within each category, the most prominent ACMs and their underlying mechanisms that contribute enhancing privacy of OSNs are surveyed. Toward the end, more advanced issues of access control in OSNs are discussed. Throughout the discussion, different models and highlight open problems are contrasted. Based on these problems, the chapter is concluded by proposing requirements for future ACMs.
Social Networks and Collective Intelligence
Authors: Mazzara Manuel , Biselli Luca , Greco Pier Paolo , Dragoni Nicola , Marraffa Antonio , Qamar Nafees , de Nicola Simona
Published: April 2013

Nowadays, acquisition of trustable information is increasingly important in both professional and private contexts. However, establishing what information is trustable and what is not, is a very challenging task. For example, how can information quality be reliably assessed? How can sources’ credibility be fairly assessed? How can gatekeeping processes be found trustworthy when filtering out news and deciding ranking and priorities of traditional media? An Internet-based solution to a human-based ancient issue is being studied, and it is called Polidoxa, from Greek “poly” (p???), meaning “many” or “several” and “doxa” (d??a), meaning “common belief” or “popular opinion.” This old problem will be solved by means of ancient philosophies and processes with truly modern tools and technologies. This is why this work required a collaborative and interdisciplinary joint effort from researchers with very different backgrounds and institutes with significantly different agendas. Polidoxa aims at offering: 1) a trust-based search engine algorithm, which exploits stigmergic behaviours of users’ network, 2) a trust-based social network, where the notion of trust derives from network activity and 3) a holonic system for bottom-up self-protection and social privacy. By presenting the Polidoxa solution, this work also describes the current state of traditional media as well as newer ones, providing an accurate analysis of major search engines such as Google and social network (e.g., Facebook). The advantages that Polidoxa offers, compared to these, are also clearly detailed and motivated. Finally, a Twitter application (Polidoxa@twitter) which enables experimentation of basic Polidoxa principles is presented.
Metabolic and Nutritional Needs to Normalize Body Mass Index by Doubling the Admission Body Weight in Severe Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gentile Maria Gabriella , Lessa Chiara , Cattaneo Marina
Published: April 2013

Anorexia nervosa exhibits one of the highest death rates among psychiatric patients and a relevant fraction of it is derived from undernutrition. Nutritional and medical treatment of extreme undernutrition present two very complex and conflicting tasks: (1) to avoid “refeeding syndrome” caused by a too fast correction of malnutrition; and (2) to avoid “underfeeding” caused by a too cautious refeeding. To obtain optimal treatment results, the caloric intake should be planned starting with indirect calorimetry measurements and electrolyte abnormalities accurately controlled and treated. This article reports the case of an anorexia nervosa young female affected by extreme undernutrition (BMI 9.6 kg/m2) who doubled her admission body weight (from 22.5 kg to 44 kg) in a reasonable time with the use of enteral tube feeding for gradual correction of undernutrition. Refeeding syndrome was avoided through a specialized and flexible program according to clinical, laboratory, and physiological findings.
Multidimensional Vinogradov-type Estimates in Function Fields
Authors: Kuo Wentang , Liu Yu-Ru , Zhao Xiaomei
Published: April 2013

Let 𝔽q[t] denote the polynomial ring over the finite field 𝔽q. We employ Wooley's new efficient congruencing method to prove certain multidimensional Vinogradov-type estimates in 𝔽q[t]. These results allow us to apply a variant of the circle method to obtain asymptotic formulas for a system connected to the problem about linear spaces lying on hypersurfaces defined over 𝔽q[t].
A Critical Review of the Approved Mental Health Professional Role and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Knott Gill , Bannigan Katrina
Published: March 2013

Introduction:

A major amendment to the Mental Health Act 2007 was to broaden the professional groups eligible to undertake specific roles under the Act. One such role was the approved mental health professional (AMHP), whose responsibility is to conduct assessments of people deemed mentally disordered to determine whether they meet the criteria for detention, known as ‘sectioning’. Traditionally, this role was undertaken by social workers. Although occupational therapists are now eligible to undertake the role, uptake has been low.

Method:

A critical literature review was conducted to explore the AMHP role and occupational therapy in order to develop an understanding of the fit between the two. A wide-ranging search identified 282 articles, 30 of which were relevant to the review question.

Findings:

Coding identified four overarching interrelated themes: values, social (work) perspective, independence of the AMHP role and impact on therapeutic relationship. Coherence exists between social work values and occupational therapy values so it is more likely that structural issues, rather than incongruent values, are impeding occupational therapists' uptake of the AMHP role.

Conclusion:

A register of occupational therapists employed as AMHPs, and further research exploring reasons for low uptake, is recommended.
Code Sets for Everyday Life Situations of Children Aged 0–6: Sleeping, Mealtimes and Play — A Study Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth
Authors: Adolfsson Margareta , Björck-Åkesson Eva , Lim Chih-Ing
Published: March 2013

Introduction:

The complexity of the Child and Youth version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, the ICF-CY, is a challenge for occupational therapists and other professionals in clinical work. Code sets including only essential categories help to make it more user-friendly. Thus far, code sets have been developed to reflect functioning for children in different developmental periods. However, there are no code sets that support screening of participation in everyday life situations and can be used across diagnoses. This exploratory study is the first attempt to develop code sets for preschoolers' (age 0–6 years) everyday life situations.

Method:

Using sequential Delphi processes with expert panels consisting of 35 professionals in five interdisciplinary early intervention teams and six parents of children, the study identified content in three code sets: Sleeping, Mealtimes and Play.

Results:

A limited number of relevant categories were identified for three code sets: Sleeping (12), Mealtimes (21) and Play (30). Findings suggested a professional focus on Environmental factors compared with a parental focus on Body functions.

Conclusion:

It is important to consider the opinions of all involved when developing code sets to provide a common framework for screening of children's everyday functioning.
The Large Allen Cognitive Level Screen as an Indicator for Medication Adherence among Adults Accessing Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Cairns Alice , Hill Cathy , Dark Frances , McPhail Steven , Gray Marion
Published: March 2013

Background:

Medication remains the cornerstone treatment for mental illness. Cognition is one of the strongest predictors of non-adherence. The aim of this preliminary investigation was to examine the association between the Large Allen Cognitive Level Screen (LACLS) and medication adherence among a small sample of mental health service users to determine whether the LACLS has potential as a screening tool for capacity to manage medication regimens.

Method:

Demographic and clinical information was collected from a small sample of people who had recently accessed community mental health services. Participants then completed the LACLS and the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) at a single time point. The strength of association between the LACLS and MARS was examined using Spearman rank-order correlation.

Results:

A strong positive correlation between the LACLS and medication adherence (r = 0.71, p = 0.01) was evident. No participants reported the use of medication aids despite evidence of impaired cognitive functioning.

Conclusion:

This investigation has provided the first empirical evidence indicating that the LACLS may have utility as a screening instrument for capacity to manage medication adherence among this population. While promising, this finding should be interpreted with caveats given its preliminary nature.
Participation in Day Centres for People with Psychiatric Disabilities — A Focus on Occupational Engagement
Authors: Tjörnstrand Carina , Bejerholm Ulrika , Eklund Mona
Published: March 2013

Background:

Day centres are central for community participation among people with mental health problems. Understanding day centre attendees' occupational engagement is therefore important.

Method:

A total of 88 people from six day centres in four municipalities in southern Sweden completed a time-use diary, recording their occupational engagement during the most recent day at the day centre. The transcribed data were analysed using thematic content analysis.

Findings:

The main theme was being part of the spirit of togetherness and getting empowered, from which the participants' reflections could be understood.

Conclusion:

The day centres provided opportunities to be occupationally engaged and to create routines, and challenged the attendees to be more active in their daily life. Day centres have the potential to provide empowering occupations and rehabilitation for people with mental health problems and to help them towards a more participatory life.
A relação entre trabalho, cooperação e educação nas pesquisas sobre o movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra
Authors: Vendramini Célia Regina
Published: April 2013

O presente artigo é fruto de análise sobre a produção acadêmica (dissertações e teses disponíveis no Banco de Teses da CAPES) a respeito do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), em especial sobre as pesquisas que abordam a relação entre trabalho, cooperação e educação. Destacamos as pesquisas que avaliam a experiência cooperativista no interior do Movimento, com base em diferentes concepções: os que compreendem que os problemas da cooperativa dizem respeito aos limites dos próprios cooperados e/ou do MST; os que estabelecem uma relação entre o sucesso ou insucesso da cooperativa e a formação política e técnica dos cooperados; os que criticam a ênfase na dimensão econômica das atividades coletivas nos assentamentos, inspirada na visão empresarial de gestão e racionalidade econômica do mundo da mercadoria; os que criticam a redução da cooperação à cooperativa; e, por fim, os que analisam os limites e as possibilidades das cooperativas no modo de produção capitalista, identificando as tensões entre o velho e o novo.
Cursos pré-vestibulares populares: limites e perspectivas
Authors: Zago Nadir
Published: April 2013

O artigo está voltado para os cursos pré-vestibulares também chamados comunitários ou populares que se consolidam no Brasil na década de noventa e têm como principal objetivo a democratização do ensino. Nos últimos anos é notória a intensificação da demanda pelo ensino superior em decorrência da expansão do ensino básico, da urbanização e das transformações do mercado de trabalho, com profundas repercussões no desemprego, sobretudo entre os jovens. As políticas de expansão mediante a privatização do ensino superior brasileiro não favoreceram o acesso dos egressos do ensino médio que dependem essencialmente do ensino público para prolongar sua escolarização. Considerando a reduzida produção sobre o tema, procuramos levantar um breve histórico sobre a existência desses cursos no país. Faz parte também dos objetivos deste artigo, apresentar parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa com inscritos no processo de seleção e estudantes de um curso pré-vestibular popular existente na cidade de Florianópolis, destacando a composição social de seu público e seu projeto voltado para uma política de redução das desigualdades educacionais, seus limites e possibilidades.
Educação de jovens e adultos trabalhadores no Brasil atual: do simulacro à emancipação
Authors: Rummert Sonia Maria
Published: April 2013

A educação dos trabalhadores jovens e adultos, no Brasil atual, vem recebendo especial destaque no âmbito das políticas do governo federal. Para além da aparente "democratização" das oportunidades de elevação de escolaridade e, sobretudo, de acesso às bases do conhecimento científico e tecnológico, tal processo é dotado de funcionalidades que requerem ser desveladas. Com esse objetivo, serão apresentados alguns dos principais condicionantes socio econômicos das atuais ações governamentais voltadas para a elevação de escolaridade da classe trabalhadora, tomando como referência a atual divisão social do trabalho na sociedade brasileira. Serão abordadas, ainda, as relações que os movimentos sociais estabelecem com essas políticas, que tanto podem se voltar para a busca da emancipação, que se constrói explorando o caráter contraditório do real, quanto estar marcadas pela adesão mítica e conformadora. Compreender tais processos, em sua complexidade, exige que sejam estabelecidas distinções entre os chamados movimentos sociais "tradicionais" e os "novos movimentos sociais", o que constitui, também, objetivo deste trabalho.
O movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra (MST) na atualidade: luta, organização e educação
Authors: Vendramini Célia Regina , Rummert Sonia Maria
Published: April 2013

O movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra (MST) na atualidade: luta, organização e educação
O trabalhador no centro de propostas de pesquisa-formação para o trabalho associado
Authors: Fischer Maria Clara Bueno
Published: April 2013

As reflexões apresentadas neste artigo têm como objetivo contribuir com a análise e a elaboração de pressupostos teórico-metodológicos de projetos de formação direcionados à afirmação e autonomia de sujeitos envolvidos em experiências de trabalho associado, tendo como horizonte politico a luta por um trabalho e uma sociedade em que seja afirmado o princípio da autogestão como um de seus pilares fundamentais. Para tal, a autora analisa o potencial da abordagem ergológica do trabalho e da perspectiva teórica conhecida como abordagem biográfica temática ("histórias de vida" a serviço do desenvolvimento de projetos).
Políticas Educativas y modos de trabajo docente en Argentina: un recorrido por las imposiciones y resistencias entre la reproducción y la emancipación
Authors: Imen Pablo
Published: April 2013

El artículo se propone analizar algunas de las posibles elaciones entre la política educativa y el trabajo docente en Argentina, a partir de una reconstrucción histórica de las relaciones entre la normativa que sucesivamente reguló al sistema educativo y su mutua imbricación con la labor de los enseñantes. El análisis de las relaciones entre políticas y prácticas intentó incorporar tanto las imposiciones gubernamentales como las respuestas de los docentes, especialmente de aquellos que asumiendo posiciones de rebeldía desplegaron prácticas pedagógicas contrahegemónicas. El punto de partida es el período fundacional del Sistema Educativo Formal en Argentina y se continúa con la recomposición operada fundamentalmente en la década del noventa. El análisis se propone recuperar las relaciones entre la macro y la micropolítica así como relevar algunas de las disputas que se operan entre las imposiciones y las resistencias en el plano de la tarea pedagógica.
Los maestros de Educación básica en México (D.F.) ante la reestructuración del sector educativo
Authors: Dieguez José David Alarid
Published: April 2013

En el presente trabajo se abordan las formas en las que la reestructuración en el sector educativo en México que, se ha traducido en la implementación de políticas educativas “modernizadoras”, ha incidido en la reconfiguración de las condiciones laborales de los maestros de educación básica en México y con ello se ha afectado la manera en que acometen su labor. La reestructuración en curso ha seguido las pautas marcadas por organismos internacionales como el BM y el FMI, destacadamente, entre otras, nuevas políticas de retribución diferencial del trabajo docente. Asimismo, se analizan las estrategias con las que los profesores de educación básica de la Ciudad de México han afrontado las consecuencias que ellos viven como negativas de la reforma educativa para su trabajo y la educación pública.
O processo de gestão da marca “Vinho do Porto”: relevância da marca-país e dos aglomerados produtivos
Authors: Araújo Caio Miralles de , Moretto Netto Luis , Schmitt Valentina Gomes Haensel
Published: April 2013

No mundo dos negócios é incontestável o valor das marcas, relacionando-se muito estreitamente com os objetivos organizacionais e implementação de estratégias de negócio. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar características inerentes à gestão da marca “Vinho do Porto”, destacando a perspectiva da “marca-país” e relevância da gestão desta como vantagem competitiva, para o produto e país de modo geral. A coleta de dados baseou-se na observação - durante período de vivência em Portugal por um dos autores -, informações levantadas em institutos relacionados ao Vinho do Porto, empresas comerciantes, e obras publicadas sobre o Vinho. A análise baseou-se em referencial relacionado à gestão de marcas, publicidade, posicionamento e clusters. Destacam-se os esforços das empresas na divulgação da marca no mercado global, institutos envolvidos e até mesmo do governo, por se tratar de um produto não só gerador de muitos empregos diretos e indiretos, mas um embaixador português mundialmente.
Conceitos sobre o modelo de campos e armas da competição
Authors: Contador Jose Celso
Published: April 2013

O modelo de Campos e Armas da Competição (CAC) vem sendo publicado como referencial teórico de muitos estudos, porém, de forma fragmentada. Devido ao grau de consolidação que atingiu, é o momento de publicá-lo na íntegra, a fim de lançá-lo à discussão na comunidade científica da área de Estratégia. É um modelo da Teoria da Competitividade validado cientificamente, que, por ser qualitativo e quantitativo, tem vantagens em relação ao modelo de Porter, RBV e Balanced Scorecard. Ele nasceu de uma idéia simples: separar, de acordo com o interesse do cliente, as chamadas vantagens competitivas, distinguindo as que lhe interessam das que não lhe interessam. As primeiras referem-se aos campos da competição, e, as segundas, às armas da competição. Os campos da competição estão relacionados à estratégia competitiva de negócio, e as armas da competição às estratégias competitivas operacionais. Este é o primeiro artigo de uma série de três.
Estresse no trabalho: estudo de caso com gerentes que atuam em uma instituição financeira nacional de grande porte
Authors: Pereira Luciano Zille , Braga Clarissa Daguer , Marques Antônio Luiz
Published: April 2013

Com o objetivo de identificar os principais fatores causadores e diagnosticar o nível de estresse ocupacional na função gerencial em uma instituição financeira privada de âmbito nacional, com atuação na cidade de Belo Horizonte/MG, esta pesquisa, de natureza descritiva e explicativa, utilizando o MTEG (ZILLE, 2005), apontou a insegurança nas relações de trabalho, as metas super dimensionadas, o nível de cobrança excessiva, o quadro de funcionários aquém das necessidades da instituição e dificuldades nas relações pessoais, bem como algumas das principais causas de tensão excessiva no ambiente de trabalho, capazes de explicar níveis importantes de estresse para esta categoria funcional. Os resultados revelaram que cerca de 150 dos 168 gerentes pesquisados, ou seja, 89,10% foram diagnosticados com um quadro de estresse. Dentro desse diagnóstico, 59 gerentes (35,21%) apresentaram estresse de leve a moderado; 69 (40,97%) estresse intenso; e 22 (12,92%) estresse muito intenso.
A relação entre a intangibilidade, o risco percebido e o conhecimento
Authors: Brasil Vinicius Sittoni , Sampaio Claudio Hoffmann , Perin Marcelo Gattermann
Published: April 2013

Ao longo das últimas décadas, a intangibilidade tem sido apontada como o aspecto fundamental na distinção e delimitação de bens e serviços. Recentemente, observaram-se fortes indícios de que a amplitude do hiato tangível-intangível como classificador de bens e serviços vem diminuindo significativamente. Ademais, a intangibilidade tem sido tratada como um construto formado por dimensões múltiplas, com diferentes implicações sobre o risco percebido, e moderada pelo conhecimento. Neste sentido, o presente estudo avaliou a relação entre as dimensões de intangibilidade e o risco percebido e o impacto moderador do conhecimento dessa relação. Os resultados apontam que a intangibilidade mental emerge como o determinante central do nível de intangibilidade de um produto, impactando de modo significativo no risco percebido por parte do consumidor. Na análise do papel moderador do conhecimento na relação intangibilidade-risco percebido, evidenciou-se que junto a consumidores com maior grau de conhecimento a intangibilidade gera menores efeitos sobre o risco.
A six-country comparison of the internet shopper profile
Authors: Brashear Thomas G. , Kashyap Vishal , Musante Michael D. , Donthu Naveen
Published: April 2013

As the Internet continues to evolve across the globe, the importance of understanding the similarities and dissimilarities among consumers in different regions is crucial for bothe marketing theory and practice. The authors report the characteristics of Internet shoppers in six countries (United States, England, New Zealand, China, Brazil, and Bulgaria). Internet shoppers and non-shoppers in these countries are profiled and compared on attitudes, motivations, and demographics. The work extends the research of Donthu and Garcia (1999) into an international realm and seeks to build on our current knowledge in this area. Findings show that online shoppers share many similar traits around the world. Internet shoppers in all the countries examined are similar with regard to their desire for convenience, are more impulsive, have more favorable attitudes towards direct marketing and advertising, are wealthier and are heavier users of both email and the Internet.
Competitividade baseada no marketing ecológico
Authors: Motta Sérgio Luís Stirbolov
Published: April 2013

A dependência de energia, o desperdício de água, o mau uso e manejo de florestas, obras irresponsáveis ambientalmente, poluição de mananciais, mares, oceanos, terra, ar, e inúmeras outras ações que prejudicam o meio ambiente vêm causando dificuldades à própria sociedade que ainda as admitem, embora havendo crescentes restrições. Os impactos negativos tomaram tamanha dimensão que grupos organizados como o Greenpeace e o SOS Mata Atlântica vêm ganhando cada vez mais projeção e cumprindo um papel fundamental na conscientização da população, contribuindo, também, para que ações empresariais irresponsáveis ambientalmente sejam pressionadas pela sociedade. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a incorporação da responsabilidade ambiental às empresas como um diferencial capaz de, por um lado, contribuir para a efetiva melhoria da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e, por outro, constituir-se em vantagem competitiva. Para tanto, é apresentada uma breve discussão acerca da vantagem competitiva e do marketing ecológico, e os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada em 1999 pelo autor, que teve por objetivo conhecer a importância do “fator meio ambiente” nas decisões de compra de consumidoras de determinadas categorias de produtos, com o intuito de se averiguar a predisposição em relação a produtos ecologicamente corretos.
Indicadores de Responsabilidade Social: estudo comparativo entre empresas públicas e privadas, baseado no Balanço Social IBASE
Authors: Reis Alexandre , Giacomini Filho Gino
Published: April 2013

O presente artigo procura discutir as diferenças e similaridades existentes entre as práticas e as ações de Responsabilidade Social desenvolvidas pelas empresas privadas e públicas. Este estudo comparativo de caráter exploratório foi realizado com base nas empresas detentoras do Selo Social IBASE, que publicaram seus Balanços Sociais no modelo proposto pelo instituto no ano de 2004. Para tal, além da pesquisa documental envolvendo os balanços publicados, uma revisão conceitual sobre os principais temas se fez necessária e também constitui parte do estudo. Os resultados encontrados fornecem dados mensuráveis e representativos sobre as principais características de ação social das empresas, propiciando uma análise comparativa e a emissão de considerações críticas, que por si só não findam, mas estabelecem uma possibilidade de diferentes leituras quanto aos modelos de gestão socialmente responsável empreendidos pelas empresas dos segmentos público e privado.
Empresa familiar e as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos membros da terceira geração
Authors: Martins Alessandra , Maccari Emerson Antônio , Campanario Milton de Abreu , Almeida Martinho Isnard Ribeiro de
Published: April 2013

São poucas as empresas familiares que sobrevivem à geração seguinte. Em termos gerais, cerca de 30% sobrevivem à segunda geração e menos de 15% à terceira geração. Na literatura há poucas pesquisas que tratam das especificidades das empresas familiares que passam a ser administradas pela terceira geração. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais dificuldades enfrentadas na gestão familiar na transição aos membros da terceira geração. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso de um grupo empresarial familiar brasileiro composto por 12 empresas. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados entrevistas individuais por pautas, gravadas com os membros gestores da família (primeira, segunda e terceira gerações). Aplicou-se a técnica sugerida por Miles e Huberman (1994), para agrupar os dados em categorias analíticas e assim facilitar a análise do discurso contida nos blocos de respostas. Como resultado, verificou-se que a transição para a terceira geração está fortemente associada à relação família-empresa no que diz respeito aos seguintes fatores: a) processo sucessório influenciado por valores familiares e emocionais b) conflitos, rivalidades e divergências de visão estratégica e de objetivos empresariais entre as gerações; c) ausência de critérios profissionais para a contratação de parentes nas empresas; e d) fragilidade de comunicação e conseqüente assimetria de informações entre os membros da família.
Advocate Generals’ Opinions or Separate Opinions? Judicial Engagement in the CJEU
Authors: Turenne Sophie
Published: March 2013

In this article, we challenge that assumption that the Court of Justice of the European Union does not need to accommodate dissenting opinions because the necessary arguments and policy perspectives can be outlined in the AG’s Opinion. We examine the greater legitimacy that may be gained from permitting dissenting and concurring opinions in cases which involve the determination of fundamental rights before the Court. We ultimately argue that our discussion on the quality of judgments is closely related to a discussion on the selection process and criteria for membership of the Court. In the current context, however, the AG’s Opinions continue to provide a more robust field for articulating national and European norms and a larger space for interpretive innovation than the Court’s ordinary forum.
‘Posting’ and ‘Posted Workers’: The Need for Clear Definitions of Two Key Concepts of the Posting of Workers Directive
Authors: van Hoek Aukje , Houwerzijl Mijke
Published: March 2013

In this chapter the authors discuss the personal scope of the Directive on the Posting of Workers (Dir 96/71/EC) and the implementation thereof in the Member States. The comparative findings are based on two studies conducted by the authors on behalf of the European Commission in 2010/2011. The authors argue that the concepts of ‘posting’ and ‘posted worker’ are crucial for a proper understanding of the scope of application of the Directive and its interaction with the Rome I Regulation on the applicable law to contractual obligations (Reg 593/2008). A clear and enforceable demarcation of the personal scope will help the Member States to combat abuse of the freedom to provide services and to distinguish more clearly between posting and other types of labour mobility. The proposal submitted by the European Commission to that effect (COM (2012) 131) is judged to be an important step in the right direction.
The Advocate General: Assisting the CJEU of Article 13 TEU to Secure Trust and Democracy
Authors: Solanke Iyiola
Published: March 2013

The Advocate General (AG) has been a permanent feature of the European Union judicial order since 1957. From two Advocates General (AGs) in a Community of six Member States and Court of seven judges, their number has risen to eight in a Union of 27 Member States, three courts and 61 judges. Their task under the Treaty has remained the same, as has their mode of recruitment. The Lisbon Treaty has, however, assigned a new task to the collective judiciary of the Union—under Article 13 TEU, it is to ‘serve’ the citizens of the EU. What does this mean, and in particular what does it mean for the AG—has the task of these non-decision making officers also changed? This chapter suggests that the objective of this new duty is to manufacture trust in the Court of Justice and argues that this requires more transparency at the CJEU and thus a new role for the Advocate General.
Up in the Air: Aviation, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the Question of Jurisdiction
Authors: Voigt Christina
Published: March 2013

From 1 January 2012, all flights departing from or arriving at the European Union are covered by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Amendments were made to Directive 2003/87/EC by Directive 2008/101/EC with the objective of reducing climate change impacts attributable to aviation, but also in order to avoid distortions of competition. The scheme now includes all airlines, including those from third countries, and accounts for emissions that occur partly outside the airspace of EU Member States. A large number of third countries claim that the extension of the Emissions Trading Scheme to legs of flights outside EU territory violates the principle of state sovereignty and deny the jurisdiction of the EU to regulate emissions that occur beyond its borders. So far, the validity of the EU regulation has been challenged by a claim brought by US and Canadian air carriers. They contended that, in adopting the Directive, the EU infringed principles of customary international law—in particular the principle of state sovereignty and the prohibition of extraterritorial application—as well as various international agreements. On 21 December 2011, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the inclusion of emissions from aviation in the EU ETS is valid. In response, Chinese and Indian carriers threatened not to pay the charge, while US airlines pledged to consider other options. This chapter analyses the judgment of the Court and the opinion of Advocate General Kokott in this case. Particular attention is given to the question of extraterritorial jurisdiction and the understanding of state sovereignty in the context of global climate change mitigation. The chapter argues that the Court missed an opportunity to contribute to the clarification of the law on jurisdiction and to the development of climate law.
The Court of Justice as a Labour Court
Authors: Davies ACL
Published: March 2013

Many legal systems have specialist labour courts with jurisdiction over individual employment disputes or collective labour disputes or both. The literature identifies a number of possible justifications for the use of specialist labour courts. This chapter will engage in a critical examination of this literature in order to develop a framework for analysing the performance of courts (whether specialist or otherwise) in deciding labour law cases. We shall then apply that framework to some of the recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
A ‘Minefield of Misreckonings’: Europe’s Constitutional Pluralism
Authors: Christodoulidis Emilios
Published: March 2013

The paper is a critique of ‘constitutional pluralism’, as increasingly called upon to compensate for the social and democratic deficits of the European project, and of ‘constitutionalisation’ as compensating for the absence of any semblance of ‘constituent power’ at the European level. The substitution has been largely successful in redefining the terms of the debate. My interest in this paper, more specifically, is with constitutionalisation as a process of ‘becoming-constitutional’, the conditions of that process, and the criteria of ascription of constitutionality. My argument is that it involves a constitutive coupling with constitutional pluralism, such that allows even the current crisis to be portrayed as an ‘opportunity’ for Europe’s alleged ‘social market economy for the 21st century’ to ‘come out stronger’, its progress at no point obstructed or derailed by the peoples’ of Europe resistance to it.
An Illusion of Protection and an Assumption of Responsibility: The Possibility of Swedish State Liability afterLaval
Authors: van Leeuwen Barend
Published: March 2013

This chapter will look deeper into the question of horizontal direct effect in the Viking and Laval cases by focusing on the effects of the Laval judgment. It will be submitted that the Laval case was an example of the horizontal enforcement of the vertical right to be protected by the State against interference with one’s free movement rights under EU law. The trade union acted within a legislative framework which had been established by the State and which provided protection to the trade union. The CJEU’s judgment established that this protection had been illusory, and the Swedish State assumed responsibility by amending two pieces of legislation. However, the reasoning of the CJEU did not sufficiently recognise the vertical nature of the proceedings. As a result, the Swedish Labour Court granted Francovich damages against the trade union, but these damages did not adequately compensate Laval for its losses. Therefore, the extension of horizontal direct effect to trade unions has resulted in inadequate judicial protection in this case. In future cases which present themselves as cases between two private parties the CJEU should more carefully investigate the responsibility of the State. A more careful investigation would open up the possibility of a Francovich claim against the State, if the State bore responsibility for breaches of EU law committed by private parties.
The Purpose of the EU Procurement Directives: Ends, Means and the Implications for National Regulatory Space for Commercial and Horizontal Procurement Policies
Authors: Arrowsmith Sue
Published: March 2013

There currently appears to be considerable confusion amongst regulators and stakeholders over the purpose of the EU’s directives on public procurement and lack of a clear vision of what the directives seek to achieve. Against this background this article has two objectives. First, it seeks to provide a framework for understanding the directives’ functions and their relationship with national policy. In this respect it identifies the ends and means that the directives do, or could, adopt and/or which have been ascribed to them, and considers the implications of each for national regulatory space. Secondly, for each of the ends and means it suggests a specific legal interpretation of its actual and potential role in the EU’s legal framework.

It is argued that the directives seek to promote the internal market and that they seek to do so solely by three means—prohibiting discrimination, implementing transparency, and removing barriers to access. It rejects, on the other hand, certain broader conceptions of the directives, including that they promote a single market by standardising procedures; that they replicate in the public market the competitive process of the private market; and that they seek value for taxpayers’ money. It is argued that rejection of these broader functions has important implications for the scope of national regulatory space, both as regards the ‘commercial’ aspects of public procurement—notably ensuring value for money and an efficient procurement process—and as regards ‘horizontal’ policies in the sense of policies that promote social and environmental objectives through public procurement.
European Fundamental Rights and the Member States: From ‘Selective’ to ‘Total’ Incorporation?
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: March 2013

In parallel with American constitutional thought, there exists a doctrine of incorporation in the European legal order. European fundamental rights will thus not exclusively limit the European institutions. They may—in certain situations—equally apply to the public authorities of the Member States. This chapter looks at the incorporation doctrine across the three sources of European fundamental rights. With three distinct sources of fundamental rights, the constitutional principles governing the European incorporation doctrine are unsurprisingly more complex than the American incorporation doctrine. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the European and the American incorporation doctrine? The Union presently favours selective over total incorporation. In this respect, it emulates the American constitutional order. Yet the European doctrine nonetheless differs strikingly from the classic American doctrine. For unlike the latter, the European legal order has not made incorporation dependent on the type of fundamental right at issue. The European doctrine has, by contrast, made the incorporation of Union fundamental rights into national legal orders dependent on the type of Member State action.
Protection Against Acts Harmful to Human Health and the Environment Adopted by the EU Institutions
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas , Poncelet Charles
Published: March 2013

This chapter examines whether the EU has duly implemented its obligations regarding access to justice in environmental matters. On the one hand, EU courts remain hardly accessible to individuals seeking to challenge acts harmful to human health and the environment adopted by the EU institutions. In this regard, the Lisbon amendment of the standing requirements for non-privileged applicants has not radically changed the situation. In the light of recent decisions of the General Court, it appears that the latter has as yet resorted to a restrictive interpretation of the new prerequisites laid down in Article 263(4) TFEU. On the other hand, the internal review mechanism of EU environmental measures as provided for under secondary law does not live up to its objective of enhancing legal protection. In addition to the limited scope thereof, the EU institutions have shown much reluctance to be challenged. Therefore, it may be concluded that EU citizens are not provided with effective remedies. This represents a significant issue given the essential enforcement deficit of environment law. Arguably the EU legal system scarcely complies with the letter and the spirit of the Århus Convention with respect to access to justice.
Securing Trust in the Court of Justice of the EU: The Influence of the Advocates General
Authors: Albors-Llorens Albertina
Published: March 2013

This chapter examines the influence of the Advocates General in promoting trust in the work of the Court of Justice of the European Union. While it accepts that it may be difficult to quantify this influence—given the non-binding nature of the Opinions—it argues that the work of the Advocates General has an impact in securing confidence in the Court. This conclusion is supported by an examination of three possible levels of the influence exerted by the Advocates General, which are considered in the chapter in descending order of abstraction. The first and most abstract dimension of this influence is that provided by the institutional characteristics of the office of Advocate General and the role associated to it. The second dimension is the general contribution of the Opinions to the development of the case law. Finally, the chapter looks at the contribution of the Advocates General in the specific context of cases involving conflicting rights and interests and particularly in cases where fundamental human rights collide with essential Treaty objectives and freedoms—like the free movement of goods or persons—an area where trust in the work of the Court is crucial to ensure the legitimacy of the Union.
The Advocate General: A Key Actor of the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Clément-Wilz Laure
Published: March 2013

It is argued that the Advocate Generals have helped to create a distinct and identifiable body of EU law. In the context of increasingly complex legislation and legal structures, the Advocate Generals have also contributed to improving the coherence of legislation and case law. It is also argued that the legal texts and practice firmly place the Advocate General at the same time within the CJEU and yet outside the Court. The institutional and functional rules governing the role of the Advocate General do have an impact on the judicial decision-making process. Some suggestions for reforming the role of the Advocate General in order to integrate the Advocate General more fully within the Court and to strengthen the role are also made.