bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Terrain Classification Based on Multilayer Bayesian Network and Conditional Random Field
Authors: He Chu , Liu Xinlong , Feng Di , Shi Bo , Luo Bin , Liao Mingsheng
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a hierarchical classification approach for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. The Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Bayesian Network (BN) are employed to incorporate prior knowledge into this approach for facilitating SAR image classification. (1) A multilayer region pyramid is constructed based on multiscale oversegmentation, and then, CRF is used to model the spatial relationships among those extracted regions within each layer of the region pyramid; the boundary prior knowledge is exploited and integrated into the CRF model as a strengthened constraint to improve classification performance near the boundaries. (2) Multilayer BN is applied to establish the causal connections between adjacent layers of the constructed region pyramid, where the classification probabilities of those sub-regions in the lower layer, conditioned on their parents’ regions in the upper layer, are used as adjacent links. More contextual information is taken into account in this framework, which is a benefit to the performance improvement. Several experiments are conducted on real ESAR and TerraSAR data, and the results show that the proposed method achieves better classification accuracy.
Gross Primary Production of a Wheat Canopy Relates Stronger to Far Red Than to Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Authors: Goulas Yves , Fournier Antoine , Daumard Fabrice , Champagne Sébastien , Ounis Abderrahmane , Marloie Olivier , Moya Ismael
Published: January 2017

Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a radiation flux emitted by chlorophyll molecules in the red (RSIF) and far red region (FRSIF), and is considered as a potential indicator of the functional state of photosynthesis in remote sensing applications. Recently, ground studies and space observations have demonstrated a strong empirical linear relationship between FRSIF and carbon uptake through photosynthesis (GPP, gross primary production). In this study, we investigated the potential of RSIF and FRSIF to represent the functional status of photosynthesis at canopy level on a wheat crop. RSIF and FRSIF were continuously measured in the O2-B (SIF687) and O2-A bands (SIF760) at a high frequency rate from a nadir view at a height of 21 m, simultaneously with carbon uptake using eddy covariance (EC) techniques. The relative fluorescence yield (Fyield) and the photochemical yield were acquired at leaf level using active fluorescence measurements. SIF was normalized with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to derive apparent spectral fluorescence yields (ASFY687, ASFY760). At the diurnal scale, we found limited variations of ASFY687 and ASFY760 during sunny days. We also did not find any link between Fyield and light use efficiency (LUE) derived from EC, which would prevent SIF from indicating LUE changes. The coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) of the linear regression between SIF and GPP is found to be highly variable, depending on the emission wavelength, the time scale of observation, sky conditions, and the phenological stage. Despite its photosystem II (PSII) origin, SIF687 correlates less than SIF760 with GPP in any cases. The strongest SIF–GPP relationship was found for SIF760 during canopy growth. When canopy is in a steady state, SIF687 and SIF760 are almost as effective as PAR in predicting GPP. Our results imply some constraints in the use of simple linear relationships to infer GPP from SIF, as they are expected to be better predictive with far red SIF for canopies with a high dynamic range of green biomass and a low LUE variation range.
Fusion of Ultrasonic and Spectral Sensor Data for Improving the Estimation of Biomass in Grasslands with Heterogeneous Sward Structure
Authors: Moeckel Thomas , Safari Hanieh , Reddersen Björn , Fricke Thomas , Wachendorf Michael
Published: January 2017

An accurate estimation of biomass is needed to understand the spatio-temporal changes of forage resources in pasture ecosystems and to support grazing management decisions. A timely evaluation of biomass is challenging, as it requires efficient means such as technical sensing methods to assess numerous data and create continuous maps. In order to calibrate ultrasonic and spectral sensors, a field experiment with heterogeneous pastures continuously stocked by cows at three grazing intensities was conducted. Sensor data fusion by combining ultrasonic sward height (USH) with narrow band normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) (R2CV = 0.52) or simulated WorldView2 (WV2) (R2CV = 0.48) satellite broad bands increased the prediction accuracy significantly, compared to the exclusive use of USH or spectral measurements. Some combinations were even better than the use of the full hyperspectral information (R2CV = 0.48). Spectral regions related to plant water content were found to be of particular importance (996–1225 nm). Fusion of ultrasonic and spectral sensors is a promising approach to assess biomass even in heterogeneous pastures. However, the suggested technique may have limited usefulness in the second half of the growing season, due to an increasing abundance of senesced material.
Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy
Authors: Aguilar Sergio , Vidal Rafael , Gomez Carles
Published: January 2017

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has gained very high momentum, as witnessed by its widespread presence in smartphones, wearables and other consumer electronics devices. This fact can be leveraged to carry out opportunistic sensor data collection (OSDC) in scenarios where a sensor node cannot communicate with infrastructure nodes. In such cases, a mobile entity (e.g., a pedestrian or a vehicle) equipped with a BLE-enabled device can collect the data obtained by the sensor node when both are within direct communication range. In this paper, we characterize, both analytically and experimentally, the performance and trade-offs of BLE as a technology for OSDC, for the two main identified approaches, and considering the impact of its most crucial configuration parameters. Results show that a BLE sensor node running on a coin cell battery can achieve a lifetime beyond one year while transferring around 10 Mbit/day, in realistic OSDC scenarios.
Vinobot and Vinoculer: Two Robotic Platforms for High-Throughput Field Phenotyping
Authors: Shafiekhani Ali , Kadam Suhas , Fritschi Felix , DeSouza Guilherme
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a new robotic architecture for plant phenotyping is being introduced. The architecture consists of two robotic platforms: an autonomous ground vehicle (Vinobot) and a mobile observation tower (Vinoculer). The ground vehicle collects data from individual plants, while the observation tower oversees an entire field, identifying specific plants for further inspection by the Vinobot. The advantage of this architecture is threefold: first, it allows the system to inspect large areas of a field at any time, during the day and night, while identifying specific regions affected by biotic and/or abiotic stresses; second, it provides high-throughput plant phenotyping in the field by either comprehensive or selective acquisition of accurate and detailed data from groups or individual plants; and third, it eliminates the need for expensive and cumbersome aerial vehicles or similarly expensive and confined field platforms. As the preliminary results from our algorithms for data collection and 3D image processing, as well as the data analysis and comparison with phenotype data collected by hand demonstrate, the proposed architecture is cost effective, reliable, versatile, and extendable.
Prediction of Climate Change Induced Temperature & Precipitation: The Case of Iran
Authors: Saymohammadi Samireh , Zarafshani Kiumars , Tavakoli Mohsen , Mahdizadeh Hossien , Amiri Farzad
Published: January 2017

Concern about the effects of climatic change on numerous aspects of human life in general and on agricultural production in particular is growing. The utility of HadCM3 as a tool in climate change predictions in cross cultural studies is scarce. Therefore, this study sought to investigate and predict climate change induced temperature and precipitation in Iran. The calibration and validation using the HadCM3 was performed during 1961–2001, using daily temperatures and precipitation. The data on temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 1990 were used for calibration, and, for model validation, data from 1991 to 2001 were used. Moreover, in order to downscale general circulation models to station scales, SDSM version 4.2 was utilized. The least difference between observed data and simulation data during calibration and validation showed that the parameter was precisely modeled for most of the year. Simulation under the A2 scenario was performed for three time periods (2020, 2050, and 2080). According to our simulated model, precipitation showed a decreasing trend whereas temperature showed an increasing trend. The result of this research paper makes a significant contribution to climate smart agriculture in Iran. For example, rural development practitioners can devise effective policies and programs in order to reduce the vulnerability of local communities to climate change impacts. Moreover, the result of this study can be used as an optimal model for land allocation in agriculture. Moreover, a shortage of rainfall and decreased temperatures also have implications for agricultural land allocation.
The Allocation of Carbon Intensity Reduction Target by 2020 among Industrial Sectors in China
Authors: Yang Baochen , Liu Chuanze , Su Yunpeng , Jing Xin
Published: January 2017

In order to realize the national carbon intensity reduction target, China has decided to establish a unified national carbon emissions trading market in 2017. At the initial stage, eight industrial sectors will be covered in the carbon market and the other industrial sectors will be included gradually. The aim of this paper is to study the issue of how to allocate the carbon emissions quotas among different industrial sectors fairly and effectively. We try to provide theoretical support for how to determine the coverage scope and access order of the carbon market. In this paper, we construct a comprehensive reduction index based on indicators of equity and efficiency principle. We adopt entropy method to get the objective weights of the three indicators. Then, an allocation model is developed to determine each sector’s reduction target for the year of 2020. The result shows that our allocation scheme based on entropy method is more reasonable, and our allocation method will promote the equity of carbon quotas allocation and the efficiency of carbon emissions. With consideration of China’s current economic situation and industrial background, we discuss some policy implications regarding the construction of carbon market.
Some Invariants of Jahangir Graphs
Authors: Munir Mobeen , Nazeer Waqas , Kang Shin , Qureshi Muhammad , Nizami Abdul , Kwun Youl
Published: January 2017

In this report, we compute closed forms of M-polynomial, first and second Zagreb polynomials and forgotten polynomial for Jahangir graphs Jn,m for all values of m and n. From the M-polynomial, we recover many degree-based topological indices such as first and second Zagreb indices, modified Zagreb index, Symmetric division index, etc. We also compute harmonic index, first and second multiple Zagreb indices and forgotten index of Jahangir graphs. Our results are extensions of many existing results.
Wireless Accelerometer for Neonatal MRI Motion Artifact Correction
Authors: Paley Martyn , Reynolds Steven , Ismail Nurul , Herigstad Mari , Jarvis Deborah , Griffiths Paul
Published: January 2017

A wireless accelerometer has been used in conjunction with a dedicated 3T neonatal MRI system installed on a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to measure in-plane rotation which is a common problem with neonatal MRI. Rotational data has been acquired in real-time from phantoms simultaneously with MR images which shows that the wireless accelerometer can be used in close proximity to the MR system. No artifacts were observed on the MR images from the accelerometer or from the MR system on the accelerometer output. Initial attempts to correct the raw data using the measured rotational angles have been performed, but further work will be required to make a robust correction algorithm.
Nuclear Import of Hepatitis B Virus Capsids and Genome
Authors: Gallucci Lara , Kann Michael
Published: January 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped pararetrovirus with a DNA genome, which is found in an up to 36 nm-measuring capsid. Replication of the genome occurs via an RNA intermediate, which is synthesized in the nucleus. The virus must have thus ways of transporting its DNA genome into this compartment. This review summarizes the data on hepatitis B virus genome transport and correlates the finding to those from other viruses.
Effect of Geogenic Factors on Water Quality and Its Relation to Human Health around Mount Ida, Turkey
Authors: Baba Alper , Gündüz Orhan
Published: January 2017

Water–rock interactions strongly influence water quality. Waters originating from highly altered zones affect human health. Mount Ida region in western Anatolia is an example for such geogenic interactions and additional anthropogenic impacts. A water quality monitoring study was held and a total of 189 samples were collected from 63 monitoring stations to characterize the quality of water resources and its relation with human health. The results indicated that waters originating from altered volcanic rocks that are mainly used for drinking purposes have low pH, high conductivity and elevated trace element levels. In addition, a number of acidic mining lakes were formed in the open pits of abandoned mine sites in the study area and pyrite oxidation in altered volcanic rocks resulted in extremely acidic, high mineral content and toxic waters that demonstrate an eminent threat for the environmental health in the area. Overall, the water quality constituents in Mount Ida region had a spatially variable pattern and were locally found to exceed the national and international standards, mainly due to geogenic alteration zones and anthropogenic intervention.
Herbivory of Omnivorous Fish Shapes the Food Web Structure of a Chinese Tropical Eutrophic Lake: Evidence from Stable Isotope and Fish Gut Content Analyses
Authors: Gao Jian , Zhong Ping , Ning Jiajia , Liu Zhengwen , Jeppesen Erik
Published: January 2017

Studies suggest that, unlike the situation in temperate lakes, high biomasses of omnivorous fish are maintained in subtropical and tropical lakes when they shift from a turbid phytoplankton-dominated state to a clear water macrophyte-dominated state, and the predation pressure on large-bodied zooplankton therefore remains high. Whether this reflects a higher degree of herbivory in warm lakes than in temperate lakes is debatable. We combined food web studies using stable isotopes with gut content analyses of the most dominant fish species to elucidate similarities and differences in food web structure between a clear water macrophyte-dominated basin (MDB) and a turbid phytoplankton-dominated basin (PDB) of Huizhou West Lake, a shallow tropical Chinese lake. The δ13C–δ15N biplot of fish and invertebrates revealed community-wide differences in isotope-based metrics of the food webs between MDB and PDB. The range of consumer δ15N (NR) was lower in MDB than in PDB, indicating shorter food web length in MDB. The mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) and standard deviation around MNND (SDNND) were higher in MDB than in PDB, showing a markedly low fish trophic overlap and a more uneven packing of species in niches in MDB than in PDB. The range of fish δ13C (CR) of consumers was more extensive in MDB than in PDB, indicating a wider feeding range for fish in MDB. Mixing model results showed that macrophytes and associated periphyton constituted a large fraction of basal production sources for the fish in MDB, while particulate organic matter (POM) contributed a large fraction in PDB. In MDB, the diet of the dominant fish species, crucian carp (Carassius carassius), consisted mainly of vegetal matter (macrophytes and periphyton) and zooplankton, while detritus was the most important food item in PDB. Our results suggest that carbon from macrophytes with associated periphyton may constitute an important food resource for omnivorous fish, and this may strongly affect the feeding niche and the strength of the top-down trophic cascade between fish and zooplankton in the restored, macrophyte-dominated basin of the lake. This dual effect (consumption of macrophytes and zooplankton) may reduce the chances of maintaining the clear water state at the prevailing nutrient levels in the lake, and regular removal of large crucian carp may therefore be needed to maintain a healthy ecosystem state.
GP views on strategies to cope with increasing workload: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Fisher Rebecca FR , Croxson Caroline HD , Ashdown Helen F , Hobbs FD Richard
Published: January 2017

Background

The existence of a crisis in primary care in the UK is in little doubt. GP morale and job satisfaction are low, and workload is increasing. In this challenging context, finding ways for GPs to manage that workload is imperative.

Aim

To explore what existing or potential strategies are described by GPs for dealing with their workload, and their views on the relative merits of each.

Design and setting

Semi-structured, qualitative interviews with GPs working within NHS England.

Method

All GPs working within NHS England were eligible. Of those who responded to advertisements, a maximum-variation sample was selected and interviewed until data saturation was reached. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Responses were received from 171 GPs, and, from these, 34 were included in the study. Four main themes emerged for workload management: patient-level, GP-level, practice-level, and systems-level strategies. A need for patients to take greater responsibility for self-management was clear, but many felt that GPs should not be responsible for this education. Increased delegation of tasks was felt to be key to managing workload, with innovative use of allied healthcare professionals and extended roles for non-clinical staff suggested. Telephone triage was a commonly used tool for managing workload, although not all participants found this helpful.

Conclusion

This in-depth qualitative study demonstrates an encouraging resilience among GPs. They are proactively trying to manage workload, often using innovative local strategies. GPs do not feel that they can do this alone, however, and called repeatedly for increased recruitment and more investment in primary care.
A FUZZY KNOWLEDGE-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS
Authors: RIBEIRO Mónica I. F. , FERREIRA Fernando A. F. , JALALI Marjan S. , MEIDUTĖ-KAVALIAUSKIENĖ Ieva
Published: January 2017

Risk analysis of residential real estate investments requires careful analysis of certain variables (or determinants). Because real estate is a key sector for economic and social development, this risk analysis is seen as critical in supporting decision processes relating to buying or selling residential properties, partly due to the pressures caused by the current economic environment. This study aims to develop a conceptual reference model for risk assessment of residential real estate using fuzzy cognitive mapping. This fuzzy model allows cause-and-effect relationships between determinants to be identified and better understood, which in turn allows for better informed investment decisions. The results show that the use of cognitive maps reduces the number of omitted criteria and favors learning with regard to how the criteria relate to each other, holding great potential and versatility in structuring complex decision problems. Practical implications, strengths and weaknesses of our proposal are discussed.
AN INTEGRATED TWO-STAGE METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMISING THE ACCURACY OF PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION MODELS
Authors: COSTEA Adrian , FERRARA Massimiliano , ŞERBAN Florentin
Published: January 2017

In this paper we propose a two-stage methodology to classify the non-banking financial institutions (NFIs) based on their financial performance. The first stage of the methodology consists of grouping the companies in similar financial performance classes (e.g.: “good”, “average”, “poor” performance classes). We optimise the allocation of the observations within the performance clusters by applying an enhanced version of an observation re-allocation procedure proposed in our previous work. Next, based on the result of the grouping phase, we construct a performance class variable by attaching a performance label to each data row. Then, in the second phase of our methodology, we propose a feed-forward neural-network classification model that maps the input space to the newly-constructed performance class variable. This model allows us to forecast the performance of new companies as data become available.
A Note on the Radiative and Collisional Branching Ratios in Polarized Radiation Transport with Coherent Scattering
Authors: Casini R. , Alemán T. del Pino , Sainz R. Manso
Published: January 2017

We discuss the implementation of physically meaningful branching ratios between the CRD and partial redistribution contributions to the emissivity of a polarized multi-term atom in the presence of both inelastic and elastic collisions. Our derivation is based on a recent theoretical formulation of partially coherent scattering, and it relies on a heuristic diagrammatic analysis of the various radiative and collisional processes to determine the proper form of the branching ratios. The expression we obtain for the emissivity is

ε

=

[

ε

(
1
)

−

ε

f
.
s
.

(
2
)

]

+

ε

(
2
)

,

 where

ε

(
1
)

and

ε

(
2
)

are the emissivity terms for the redistributed and partially coherent radiation, respectively, and where “f.s.” implies that the corresponding term must be evaluated assuming a flat-spectrum average of the incident radiation. This result is shown to be in agreement with prior literature on the subject in the limit of the unpolarized multi-level atom.
Detections of Planets in Binaries Through the Channel of Chang–Refsdal Gravitational Lensing Events
Authors: Han Cheongho , Shin In-Gu , Jung Youn Kil
Published: January 2017

Chang–Refsdal (C–R) lensing, which refers to the gravitational lensing of a point mass perturbed by a constant external shear, provides a good approximation in describing lensing behaviors of either a very wide or a very close binary lens. C–R lensing events, which are identified by short-term anomalies near the peak of high-magnification lensing light curves, are routinely detected from lensing surveys, but not much attention is paid to them. In this paper, we point out that C–R lensing events provide an important channel to detect planets in binaries, both in close and wide binary systems. Detecting planets through the C–R lensing event channel is possible because the planet-induced perturbation occurs in the same region of the C–R lensing-induced anomaly and thus the existence of the planet can be identified by the additional deviation in the central perturbation. By presenting the analysis of the actually observed C–R lensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-1319, we demonstrate that dense and high-precision coverage of a C–R lensing-induced perturbation can provide a strong constraint on the existence of a planet in a wide range of planet parameters. The sample of an increased number of microlensing planets in binary systems will provide important observational constraints in giving shape to the details of planet formation, which have been restricted to the case of single stars to date.
Predicting the Magnetic Field of Earth-impacting CMEs
Authors: Kay C. , Gopalswamy N. , Reinard A. , Opher M.
Published: January 2017

Predicting the impact of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the southward component of their magnetic field is one of the key goals of space weather forecasting. We present a new model, the ForeCAT In situ Data Observer (FIDO), for predicting the in situ magnetic field of CMEs. We first simulate a CME using ForeCAT, a model for CME deflection and rotation resulting from the background solar magnetic forces. Using the CME position and orientation from ForeCAT, we then determine the passage of the CME over a simulated spacecraft. We model the CME’s magnetic field using a force-free flux rope and we determine the in situ magnetic profile at the synthetic spacecraft. We show that FIDO can reproduce the general behavior of four observed CMEs. FIDO results are very sensitive to the CME’s position and orientation, and we show that the uncertainty in a CME’s position and orientation from coronagraph images corresponds to a wide range of in situ magnitudes and even polarities. This small range of positions and orientations also includes CMEs that entirely miss the satellite. We show that two derived parameters (the normalized angular distance between the CME nose and satellite position and the angular difference between the CME tilt and the position angle of the satellite with respect to the CME nose) can be used to reliably determine whether an impact or miss occurs. We find that the same criteria separate the impacts and misses for cases representing all four observed CMEs.
Evolution of Cosmic Molecular Gas Mass Density from z ∼ 0 to z = 1–1.5
Authors: Maeda Fumiya , Ohta Kouji , Seko Akifumi
Published: January 2017

We try to constrain the cosmic molecular gas mass density (CMGD) at

and that in the local universe by combining stellar mass functions of star-forming galaxies and their average molecular gas mass fractions against the stellar mass. The average molecular gas mass fractions are taken from recent CO observations of star-forming galaxies at the redshifts. The CMGD is obtained to be

at

and

at

by integrating down to

. Although the values have various uncertainties, the CMGD at

is about 10 times larger than that in the local universe. The cosmic star formation rate density (CSFRD) at

is also about 10 times larger than that in the local universe. Our result suggests that the large CMGD at

accounts for the large CSFRD at

.
Dynamical and Radiative Properties of X-Ray Pulsar Accretion Columns: Phase-averaged Spectra
Authors: West Brent F. , Wolfram Kenneth D. , Becker Peter A.
Published: January 2017

The availability of the unprecedented spectral resolution provided by modern X-ray observatories is opening up new areas for study involving the coupled formation of the continuum emission and the cyclotron absorption features in accretion-powered X-ray pulsar spectra. Previous research focusing on the dynamics and the associated formation of the observed spectra has largely been confined to the single-fluid model, in which the super-Eddington luminosity inside the column decelerates the flow to rest at the stellar surface, while the dynamical effect of gas pressure is ignored. In a companion paper, we have presented a detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic structure of the accretion column obtained using a new self-consistent model that includes the effects of both gas and radiation pressures. In this paper, we explore the formation of the associated X-ray spectra using a rigorous photon transport equation that is consistent with the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic structure of the column. We use the new model to obtain phase-averaged spectra and partially occulted spectra for Her X-1, Cen X-3, and LMC X-4. We also use the new model to constrain the emission geometry, and compare the resulting parameters with those obtained using previously published models. Our model sheds new light on the structure of the column, the relationship between the ionized gas and the photons, the competition between diffusive and advective transport, and the magnitude of the energy-averaged cyclotron scattering cross-section.
A Model for Dissipation of Solar Wind Magnetic Turbulence by Kinetic Alfvén Waves at Electron Scales: Comparison with Observations
Authors: Schreiner Anne , Saur Joachim
Published: January 2017

In hydrodynamic turbulence, it is well established that the length of the dissipation scale depends on the energy cascade rate, i.e., the larger the energy input rate per unit mass, the more the turbulent fluctuations need to be driven to increasingly smaller scales to dissipate the larger energy flux. Observations of magnetic spectral energy densities indicate that this intuitive picture is not valid in solar wind turbulence. Dissipation seems to set in at the same length scale for different solar wind conditions independently of the energy flux. To investigate this difference in more detail, we present an analytic dissipation model for solar wind turbulence at electron scales, which we compare with observed spectral densities. Our model combines the energy transport from large to small scales and collisionless damping, which removes energy from the magnetic fluctuations in the kinetic regime. We assume wave–particle interactions of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) to be the main damping process. Wave frequencies and damping rates of KAWs are obtained from the hot plasma dispersion relation. Our model assumes a critically balanced turbulence, where larger energy cascade rates excite larger parallel wavenumbers for a certain perpendicular wavenumber. If the dissipation is additionally wave driven such that the dissipation rate is proportional to the parallel wavenumber—as with KAWs—then an increase of the energy cascade rate is counterbalanced by an increased dissipation rate for the same perpendicular wavenumber, leading to a dissipation length independent of the energy cascade rate.
The Formation and Maintenance of the Dominant Southern Polar Crown Cavity of Cycle 24
Authors: Karna N. , Zhang J. , Pesnell W. D.
Published: January 2017

In this article, we report a study of the longest-lived polar crown cavity of Solar Cycle 24, using an observation from 2013, and propose a physical mechanism to explain its sustained existence. We used high temporal and spatial resolution observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) instruments on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to explore the structure and evolution of the cavity. Although it existed for more than a year, we examined the circumpolar cavity in great detail from 2013 March 21 to 2013 October 31. Our study reinforces the existing theory of formation of polar crown filaments that involves two basic processes to form any polar crown cavity as well as the long-lived cavity that we studied here. First, the underlying polarity inversion line (PIL) of the circumpolar cavity is formed between (1) the trailing part of dozens of decayed active regions distributed in different longitudes and (2) the unipolar magnetic field in the polar coronal hole. Second, the long life of the cavity is sustained by the continuing flux cancellation along the PIL. The flux is persistently transported toward the polar region through surface meridional flow and diffusion. The continuing flux cancellation leads to the shrinking of the polar coronal hole.
Metallic Winds in Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Robles-Valdez F. , Rodríguez-González A. , Hernández-Martínez L. , Esquivel A.
Published: January 2017

We present results from models of galactic winds driven by energy injected from nuclear (at the galactic center) and non-nuclear starbursts. The total energy of the starburst is provided by very massive young stellar clusters, which can push the galactic interstellar medium and produce an important outflow. Such outflow can be a well or partially mixed wind, or a highly metallic wind. We have performed adiabatic 3D N-Body/Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics simulations of galactic winds using the gadget-2 code. The numerical models cover a wide range of parameters, varying the galaxy concentration index, gas fraction of the galactic disk, and radial distance of the starburst. We show that an off-center starburst in dwarf galaxies is the most effective mechanism to produce a significant loss of metals (material from the starburst itself). At the same time, a non-nuclear starburst produces a high efficiency of metal loss, in spite of having a moderate to low mass loss rate.
GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. II. 3D Turbulent, Magnetized Simulations
Authors: Wu Benjamin , Tan Jonathan C. , Nakamura Fumitaka , Loo Sven Van , Christie Duncan , Collins David
Published: January 2017

We investigate giant molecular cloud collisions and their ability to induce gravitational instability and thus star formation. This mechanism may be a major driver of star formation activity in galactic disks. We carry out a series of 3D, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), adaptive mesh refinement simulations to study how cloud collisions trigger formation of dense filaments and clumps. Heating and cooling functions are implemented based on photo-dissociation region models that span the atomic-to-molecular transition and can return detailed diagnostic information. The clouds are initialized with supersonic turbulence and a range of magnetic field strengths and orientations. Collisions at various velocities and impact parameters are investigated. Comparing and contrasting colliding and non-colliding cases, we characterize morphologies of dense gas, magnetic field structure, cloud kinematic signatures, and cloud dynamics. We present key observational diagnostics of cloud collisions, especially: relative orientations between magnetic fields and density structures, like filaments; 13CO(J = 2-1), 13CO(J = 3-2), and 12CO(J = 8-7) integrated intensity maps and spectra; and cloud virial parameters. We compare these results to observed Galactic clouds.
Parsec-scale Variations in the 7Li i/6Li i Isotope Ratio Toward IC 348 and the Perseus OB 2 Association*

†
Authors: Knauth D. C. , Taylor C. J. , Ritchey A. M. , Federman S. R. , Lambert D. L.
Published: January 2017

Measurements of the lithium isotopic ratio in the diffuse interstellar medium from high-resolution spectra of the Li i
λ6708 resonance doublet have now been reported for a number of lines of sight. The majority of the results for the 7Li/6Li ratio are similar to the solar system ratio of 12.2, but the line of sight toward o Per, a star near the star-forming region IC 348, gave a ratio of about two, the expected value for gas exposed to spallation and fusion reactions driven by cosmic rays. To examine the association of IC 348 with cosmic rays more closely, we measured the lithium isotopic ratio for lines of sight to three stars within a few parsecs of o Per. One star, HD 281159, has 7Li/6Li ≃ 2 confirming production by cosmic rays. The lithium isotopic ratio toward o Per and HD 281159 together with published analyses of the chemistry of interstellar diatomic molecules suggest that the superbubble surrounding IC 348 is the source of the cosmic rays.
Desenvolvimento de um aplicativo de comunicação de metas entre cuidadores e profissionais de saúde no tratamento de pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo
Authors: Andrade Aline Abreu e , Teodoro Maycoln Leoni Martins
Published: January 2017

O tratamento de pessoas com transtorno do espectro do autismo demanda a participação de uma equipe multidisciplinar. Tal equipe conduz intervenções diversas, que devem ser potencializadas no dia a dia da criança, pelos seus cuidadores, o que demanda comunicação de alta frequência dos profissionais entre si e com as famílias. Portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo a construção de uma ferramenta de comunicação e lembrete de metas entre pais e profissionais. Para tal, foi realizada a identificação de fatores facilitadores e dificultadores do uso, a elaboração de uma versão de teste da ferramenta de comunicação e lembrete de metas e um estudo piloto sobre a sua utilização. O estudo teve como resultado a criação do Sistema de Transparência de Equipe entre Pais e Profissionais. Futuras pesquisas deverão ser conduzidas para a investigação da sua aplicação no contexto clínico e da viabilidade de seu uso com diferentes populações.
O campo da engenharia e desenvolvimento social no Brasil
Authors: Alvear Celso Alexandre Souza de , Cruz Cristiano Cordeiro , Miranda Pedro Barreto
Published: January 2017

No geral, a prática da engenharia está profundamente atrelada ao desenvolvimento do ordenamento sociotécnico capitalista hegemônico. Assumir tal atividade como caminho que, se quisermos, também pode produzir desenvolvimento (ou transformação) social – ou seja, a subversão desse ordenamento – é algo relativamente recente no mundo. No Brasil, trocas de experiências e adensamento da reflexão sobre o tema estão grandemente associadas ao Encontro Nacional de Engenharia e Desenvolvimento Social (ENEDS). Por conta disso, iniciou-se um trabalho de pesquisa que, tendo como base os 392 artigos apresentados nas doze primeiras edições anuais do encontro, busca, em um primeiro momento, descrever o campo de engenharia e desenvolvimento social no país. Neste artigo, apresentamos os primeiros dados que este trabalho nos propiciou, assim como algumas hipóteses iniciais para eles. Ao seu final, descrevemos preliminarmente os próximos passos pretendidos nessa empreitada e aquilo que se busca com eles.
Docência interdisciplinar nas licenciaturas por meio da integração às tecnologias digitais: o caso da tecnodocência
Authors: Lima Luciana De , Loureiro Robson Carlos
Published: January 2017

O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como licenciandos(as) compreendem a docência interdisciplinar no contexto das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDICs). Diante da fragmentação dos saberes e da subutilização das TDICs nas Licenciaturas, desenvolve-se uma pesquisa qualitativa caracterizada como Estudo de Caso. A unidade de análise é composta por grupo interdisciplinar de quatro licenciandos(as) da disciplina Tecnodocência ofertada em 2016.1 pela Universidade Federal do Ceará. Subdivide-se em três etapas: planejamento, coleta e análise de dados. São utilizados dois instrumentos: plano de aula e relatório de observação. Na análise de dados é utilizada triangulação metodológica com interpretação direta dos dados obtidos. A ação docente centrou-se principalmente no papel de professor(a) com apresentação de conteúdos por meio de vídeo, slides e interdisciplinaridade esporádica em situações pontuais. Pretende-se continuar a pesquisa com estudo de novos casos em 2017.
Avascular Necrosis Is Associated With Increased Transfusions and Readmission Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Lovecchio Francis C. , Manalo John Paul , Demzik Alysen , Sahota Shawn , Beal Matthew , Manning David
Published: January 2017

Avascular necrosis (AVN) may confer an increased risk of complications and readmission following total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, current risk-adjustment models do not account for AVN. A total of 1706 patients who underwent THA for AVN from 2011 to 2013 were selected from the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database and matched 1:1 to controls using a predetermined propensity score algorithm. Rates of 30-day medical and surgical complications, readmissions, and reoperations were compared between cohorts. Propensity-score logistic regression was used to determine independent associations between AVN and outcomes of interest. Patients with AVN had a higher rate of medical complications than those without AVN (20.3% vs 15.3%, respectively;
P
<.001). Bleeding transfusion was the most common medical complication, occurring at a significantly higher rate in patients with AVN than those without AVN (19.6% vs 13.9%, respectively;
P
<.001). Patients with AVN were also twice as likely to experience a readmission after THA (odds ratio, 2.093; 95% confidence interval, 1.385–3.164). Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is an independent risk factor for transfusion up to 72 hours postoperatively and readmission up to 30 days following total hip replacement. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(3):171–176.]
Analysis of Musculoskeletal Injuries Sustained in Falls From the United States–Mexico Border Fence
Authors: Burk David R. , Pah Adam R. , Ruth John T.
Published: January 2017

Injuries sustained by unauthorized individuals who jump or fall from the United States–Mexico border fence are frequently treated by trauma centers in border states. The authors investigated patterns of musculoskeletal injury occurring in these individuals to improve emergency department assessment and to identify strategies to prevent future injuries. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients presenting to an urban, level I trauma center with musculoskeletal injuries sustained in a jump or fall from the United States–Mexico border fence between February 2004 and February 2010. Frequency of fracture by site, frequency of open fracture, and associated patterns of injury were recorded. The population was stratified by age and sex to identify disparity in injury pattern. Average length of stay and number of surgical interventions were also recorded. During the study period, 174 individuals who had jumped or fallen from the United States–Mexico border fence were identified. The population contained 93 (53%) women and 81 (47%) men with an average age of 31.5 years (range, 11–56 years). On average (±standard error), men sustained slightly more fractures than women (1.77±0.12 vs 1.43±0.07;
P
=.015). There were no significant differences in the number of fractures sustained between age groups. Average length of stay for patients admitted to the hospital was 3.5 days. Patients underwent an average of 0.75 surgical interventions during admission. Falls from the United States–Mexico border fence are a significant cause of morbidity among unauthorized immigrants. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(3):e432–e435.]
New nanomaterials for applications in conservation and restoration of stony materials: A review
Authors: Sierra-Fernandez A. , Gomez-Villalba L. S. , Rabanal M. E. , Fort R.
Published: January 2017

In recent times, nanomaterials have been applied in the construction and maintenance of the worldÅLs cultural heritage with the aim of improving the consolidation and protection treatments of damaged stone. These nanomaterials include important advantages that could solve many problems found in the traditional interventions. The present paper aims to carry out a review of the state of art on the application of nanotechnology to the conservation and restoration of the stony cultural heritage. We highlight the different types of nanoparticles currently used to produce conservation treatments with enhanced material properties and novel functionalities.
PRÁTICAS DE CONTROLADORIA ADOTADAS POR INSTITUIÇÕES PRIVADAS DE ENSINO SUPERIOR (IPES) DA REGIÃO CENTRO-OESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Martins Manvailer Ramão Humberto , Diehl Carlos Alberto , Leite Edileia Gonçalves
Published: January 2017

Este estudo objetiva identificar a adoção de práticas de Controladoria por gestores de Instituições Privadas de Ensino Superior (IPES) da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Procurou-se também identificar as características das IPES e analisar a associação entre elas. As práticas de controladoria abordadas nesta pesquisa foram levantadas na literatura e submetidas à opinião de especialistas desta área de conhecimento para validação. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário, com escalas do tipo Likert, obtendo-se 25 respostas, que compõem a amostra da pesquisa. As práticas mais adotadas na gestão das IPES são: avaliação de desempenho, orçamento de capital e análise de retorno sobre o investimento. Para verificar a associação entre práticas de controladoria, conforme classificação dos quatro estágios do IFAC (1998), e características das IPES utilizou-se o Teste Exato de Fisher. Observou-se associação entre a adoção de práticas de controladoria dos diferentes estágios da Contabilidade Gerencial e variáveis como porte, classificação administrativa e desempenho econômico. Há associação entre controle interno na proteção de ativos e o porte das IPES. A prática análise custo-volume-lucro (CVL) é mais adotada por instituições com fins lucrativos. O controle interno na proteção de ativos é mais utilizado por IPES que indicaram desempenho econômico desfavorável. Quanto às práticas do terceiro e quarto estágios, somente o custeio-meta mostrou associação maior com IPES de pequeno porte.
Corrosion Behaviour of HVOF Sprayed Coatings on ASME SA213 T22 Boiler Steel in an Actual Boiler Environment
Authors: Singh Sidhu Varinder Pal , Goyal Khushdeep , Goyal Rakesh
Published: January 2017

In present study HVOF spraying process had been employed for depositing 93(WC-Cr3C2)-7Ni, 75Cr3C2-25NiCr, 83WC-17CO and 86WC-10CO-4Cr coatings on ASME SA213 T22. All the coatings were found dense and uniform having thickness between 200-250µm. All the coatings on ASME SA213 T22 used in present studies have provided resistance to corrosion in coal fired boiler environment in superheater zone when exposed for 10 cycles at 900°C. Each cycle consists of 100 hours heating followed by 1 hour cooling at ambient conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) techniques were used to analyse corrosion products. The results showed that among coated specimens 93(WC-Cr3C2)-7Ni and 75Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings has shown maximum and minimum resistance to corrosion respectively. The better corrosion resistance of 93(WC-Cr3C2)-7Ni coated steel alloys may be attributed to the formation of thin band of oxides of nickel, chromium; and carbides of tungsten.
Effect of Quasi-Static Loading on the Composite Laminates
Authors: Kumar M. Ashok , Prasad A.M.K. , Ravishankar D.V.
Published: January 2017

The low velocity impact is a common phenomenon which occurs in fiber reinforced polymer composite products like LPG cylinders, fighter aircraft fuel drop tanks, aircraft wing surfaces, sports goods etc. The consequences of low velocity impact will create a considerable damage and ultimately lead to a premature failure of the structure. Hence the polymer composites for engineering applications must be provided with a better design solution. From the literature survey it is observed that, the response of composite laminates subjected to quasi-static loading, exhibits similar results as that of low velocity impact. Polymer reinforced composites are poor in damage tolerance with better strength to weight ratio than conventional materials. However composite materials can be tailored to meet the design requirements by manipulating fiber orientations and laminae stacking sequence. In the present paper, principles of classical laminate theory are considered for analysis. FEM is implemented for thorough understanding of the failure mechanism of each laminate by layer wise. Simulated quasi-static loading tests and observed the layer wise distribution of transverse strain intensity. The experimental setup is designed and fabricated as per ASTM D 6264 standards. The E-glass/epoxy composite laminate is quasi-statically loaded at its center by a steel ball indenter of diameter 8.7mm and its response is measured by the degree of opacity or translucency in terms of interlaminar and intra-laminar damage area. The stacking sequence of composite laminates are chosen as [00/600]12, [00/750]12 and [00/900]12. The damage areas obtained from numerical analysis are in good agreement with experimental results.