bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Maternal Cortisol during Pregnancy on Children's Blood Pressure Responses
Authors: Fan Fenling , Zou Yuliang , Zhang Yushun , Zhang Junbo , Ma Xiancang , Liu Ya , Geng Jie , Li Jie , Liu Kai , Dart Anthony M.
Published: July 2015

Background: It is well established that birth weight has an effect on subsequent blood pressure. Predominantly experimental studies have also reported effects of altered corticosteroid levels on subsequent cardiovascular responses. In the current study, we have examined the effects of both birth weight and maternal cortisol levels in a cohort of mothers and their pre-adolescent children. Procedure: A total of 216 women and their 7- to 9-year-old children comprised the cohort. The women had been assessed for plasma cortisol during the first (n = 71), second (n = 72) and third (n = 73) trimester. Maternal cortisol had been measured on a fasting sample taken between 9 and 11 a.m. The children's blood pressure and heart rate were recorded in the resting state, in response to a 10-min video game stress challenge and during recovery. Resting values, incremental responses to stress and recovery were evaluated. Observation: Maternal cortisol levels increased with duration of pregnancy. There were inverse correlations between birth weight and all haemodynamic measures. The positive associations between maternal cortisol and children's haemodynamic measures were most evident in the first and second trimesters. Birth weight was inversely related to maternal cortisol. In multiple regression analyses, the effects of maternal cortisol were more consistent than those of birth weight. Conclusion: Both birth weight and maternal cortisol are predictive of children's resting and stress-modulated haemodynamic measures. The effects of birth weight may partly mediate the effects of maternal cortisol.
Unbiased Black-Box Complexities of Jump Functions
Authors: Doerr Benjamin , Doerr Carola , Kötzing Timo
Published: July 2015

We analyze the unbiased black-box complexities of jump functions with small, medium, and large sizes of the fitness plateau surrounding the optimal solution. Among other results, we show that when the jump size is [Formula: see text], that is, when only a small constant fraction of the fitness values is visible, then the unbiased black-box complexities for arities 3 and higher are of the same order as those for the simple OneMax function. Even for the extreme jump function, in which all but the two fitness values [Formula: see text] and n are blanked out, polynomial time mutation-based (i.e., unary unbiased) black-box optimization algorithms exist. This is quite surprising given that for the extreme jump function almost the whole search space (all but a [Formula: see text] fraction) is a plateau of constant fitness. To prove these results, we introduce new tools for the analysis of unbiased black-box complexities, for example, selecting the new parent individual not only by comparing the fitnesses of the competing search points but also by taking into account the (empirical) expected fitnesses of their offspring.
Glabrella leiophylla (Gesneriaceae), a new combination for a former Briggsia species from Guizhou, China
Authors: Wen Fang , Wei Yi-Gang , Möller Michael
Published: July 2015

The recently published species, Briggsia leiophylla, is transferred here to the new genus, Glabrella. A key to the three species of Glabrella is also provided.
The phylogenetic position of Coniarthonia and the transfer of Cryptothecia miniata to Myriostigma (Arthoniaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)
Authors: Aptroot André , Ertz Damien , Silva Jeanne Dos Reis , Grube Martin , Cáceres Marcela Eugenia da Silva
Published: July 2015

Two lichen species with bright orange and pink colours are described. Coniarthonia megaspora from NE Brazil, with relative large, hyaline ascospores that are becoming violet in tap water after release. The phylogenetic position of Coniarthonia is for the first time assessed, based on Brazilian specimens, and Arthonia eos and A. kermesina are combined into this genus. Fertile material of Cryptothecia miniata is for the first time described from Brazil and Costa Rica. A phylogenetic analysis including the epitype places it close to Myriostigma candidum in the recently resurrected genus Myriostigma. The genera Stirtonia and Cryptothecia in their current sense are shown to be both polyphyletic.
A revision of Chuniophoenix (Arecaceae)
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: July 2015

A revision of the Asian palm genus Chuniophoenix is given based on study of 22 herbarium specimens of wild origin from A, BH, FIPI, HN, IBSC, K, LE, MO, NY, and P. Three species are recognized, including a new one, Chuniophoenix suoitienensis.
Lectotypification of the fountain grass Cenchrus setaceus (Poaceae: Paniceae)
Authors: FERRER-GALLEGO PEDRO PABLO , BOISSET FERNANDO
Published: July 2015

The typification of the name Cenchrus setaceus (Forsskål) Morrone (Poaceae) is discussed, and a lectotype is designated. Cenchrus setaceus is native to northeastern Africa, and cultivated as an ornamental plant in some parts of the world. It is an invasive species in a wide range of natural habitats worldwide, competing strongly with the native flora.
New species and records of cunaxid mites (Acari: Cunaxidae) from soil in Southern Brazil
Authors: ROCHA MATHEUS DOS SANTOS , RODRIGUES EVERTON NEI LOPES , FERLA NOELI JUAREZ
Published: July 2015

Neocunaxoides promatae sp. nov., Bonzia flechtmanni sp. nov. and Dactyloscirus multiscutus sp. nov. are described from soil and leaf litter in Atlantic rainforest and Atlantic Araucaria forest in natural environments in São Francisco de Paula municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In addition, the species Pulaeus quadrisolenidius Castro & Den Heyer 2009 and Lupaeus lectus Castro & Den Heyer (2009) are registered for the first time in this State.
Tersilochinae of Western Amazonia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Genus Stethantyx Townes, part 2
Authors: KHALAIM ANDREY I. , SÄÄKSJÄRVI ILARI E. , BORDERA SANTIAGO
Published: July 2015

In this paper we describe four new species of Stethantyx Townes (Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae) from Ecuador and Peru characterized by the fore wing with first and second abscissae of radius meeting at right angle: S. erwini Khalaim & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., S. radiata Khalaim & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., S. rufispa Khalaim & Bordera, sp. nov. and S. undulata Khalaim & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov. Second part of the key to species of Stethantyx occurring in Western Amazonia is given. Additionally, S. altamira Khalaim & Broad and S. aprica Khalaim & Broad are recorded from South America for the first time, and new data on distribution of S. alajuela Khalaim & Broad, S. amazonica Khalaim & Sääksjärvi, S. heredia Kha-laim & Broad, S. orellana Khalaim & Sääksjärvi, S. sinuata Khalaim & Sääksjärvi and S. trepida Khalaim & Sääksjärvi in South America are provided. Male of S. orellana is recorded for the first time.
Review of the genus Sekaliporus Watts, 1997 with description of a new species from northern Australia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae)
Authors: HENDRICH LARS , BALKE MICHAEL
Published: July 2015

Sekaliporus davidi sp. n. is described from northern Australia. It is the second species in the genus. It occurs from the Kimberley region in the northwest of Western Australia to north-eastern Queensland. The new species is morphologically similar to S. kriegi Watts, 1997 described from the Kakadu area in the Northern Territory but well characterized by its constantly larger size, six yellowish markings on elytra, the different form of the apical triangular spine of elytra, and the form of the median lobe. Sekaliporus davidi sp. n. is a lotic species from intermittent creeks and slow flowing rivers and their residual pools. Important species characters (median lobes, parameres and colour patterns) of the two species are figured, and notes on their habitats and distribution are given. Both species are capable of flight and were also collected at light.
A new contribution to the knowledge of Neotropical Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)
Authors: Ferreira Wellington D. , Grandinete Yuri C. , Lopes Rogério B. , Hermes Marcel G.
Published: July 2015

A new species, Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira & Hermes, sp. nov. is described from the Brazilian Amazon; the male of Pararhaphidoglossa gibbiventris Giordani Soika, 1978 is described for the first time. Pseudodynerus carpenteri Hermes & Melo, 2008 is newly recorded from Brazil. New collecting data are reported for Pseudodynerus griseus (Fox, 1902) and P. subapicalis (Fox, 1902).
Note on Rondibilis similis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)
Authors: HUANG GUI-QIANG , VITALI FRANCESCO
Published: July 2015

Eryssamena was erected by Bates (1884) based on three species E. saperdina, E. acuta and E. spinidorsis, which Breuning (1977) recognised to be the same species: Eryssamena saperdina Bates, 1884. Although Eryssamena had been accepted as an independent genus for a long time, Kusama & Takakuwa (1984) and Hashimoto (2008) considered it as a subgenus of Rondibilis Thomson, 1857. Holzschuh (2003) treated Eryssamena as a synonym of the nominotypical subgenus. Ohbayashi & Niisato (2007) and Löbl & Smetana (2010) considered Eryssamena as a synonym of Rondibilis.We have found that the Laotian Eryssamena similis Breuning, 1965 is a secondary homonym of Rondibilis similis Gahan, 1907. According to the Art 57.3.1 of ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), we hereby propose the replacement name Rondibilis subquadrinotata nom. n. for Eryssamena similis Breuning, 1965. The lectotype and a paralectotype are designated for Rondibilis similis Gahan, 1907.
A Comparison of Airborne In Situ Cloud Microphysical Measurement with Ground-Based C-Band Radar Observations in Deep Stratiform Regions of African Squall Lines
Authors: Drigeard E. , Fontaine E. , Wobrock W. , Schwarzenböck A. , Duroure C. , Williams E. R. , Russell B. , Protat A. , Delanoë J. , Cazenave F. , Gosset M.
Published: July 2015

This study addresses clouds with significant ice water content (IWC) in the stratiform regions downwind of the convective cores of African squall lines in the framework of the French–Indian satellite Megha-Tropiques project, observed in August 2010 next to Niamey (13.5°N, 2°E) in the southwestern part of Niger. The objectives included comparing the IWC–Z reflectivity relationship for precipitation radars in deep stratiform anvils, collocating reflectivity observed from ground radar with the calculated reflectivity from in situ microphysics for all aircraft locations inside the radar range, and interpreting the role of large ice crystals in the reflectivity of centimeter radars through analysis of their microphysical characteristics as ice crystals larger than 5 mm frequently occurred. It was found that, in the range of 20–30 dBZ, IWC and C-band reflectivity are not really correlated. Cloud regions with high IWC caused by important crystal number concentrations can lead to the same reflectivity factor as cloud regions with low IWC formed by a few millimeter-sized ice crystals.
Automated Detection of Polarimetric Tornadic Debris Signatures Using a Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey C. , Ryzhkov Alexander V.
Published: July 2015

Although radial velocity data from Doppler radars can partially resolve some tornadoes, particularly large tornadoes near the radar, most tornadoes are not explicitly resolved by radar owing to inadequate spatiotemporal resolution. In addition, it can be difficult to determine which mesocyclones typically observed on radar are associated with tornadoes. Since debris lofted by tornadoes has scattering characteristics that are distinct from those of hydrometeors, the additional information provided by polarimetric weather radars can aid in identifying debris from tornadoes; the polarimetric tornadic debris signature (TDS) provides what is nearly “ground truth” that a tornado is ongoing (or has recently occurred). This paper outlines a modification to the hydrometeor classification algorithm used with the operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network in the United States to include a TDS category. Examples of automated TDS classification are provided for several recent cases that were observed in the United States.
A Real-Time Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction System Initialized by Mesoscale Ensemble Kalman Filter Analyses
Authors: Schwartz Craig S. , Romine Glen S. , Weisman Morris L. , Sobash Ryan A. , Fossell Kathryn R. , Manning Kevin W. , Trier Stanley B.
Published: July 2015

In May and June 2013, the National Center for Atmospheric Research produced real-time 48-h convection-allowing ensemble forecasts at 3-km horizontal grid spacing using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model in support of the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment field program. The ensemble forecasts were initialized twice daily at 0000 and 1200 UTC from analysis members of a continuously cycling, limited-area, mesoscale (15 km) ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation system and evaluated with a focus on precipitation and severe weather guidance. Deterministic WRF Model forecasts initialized from GFS analyses were also examined. Subjectively, the ensemble forecasts often produced areas of intense convection over regions where severe weather was observed. Objective statistics confirmed these subjective impressions and indicated that the ensemble was skillful at predicting precipitation and severe weather events. Forecasts initialized at 1200 UTC were more skillful regarding precipitation and severe weather placement than forecasts initialized 12 h earlier at 0000 UTC, and the ensemble forecasts were typically more skillful than GFS-initialized forecasts. At times, 0000 UTC GFS-initialized forecasts had temporal distributions of domain-average rainfall closer to observations than EnKF-initialized forecasts. However, particularly when GFS analyses initialized WRF Model forecasts, 1200 UTC forecasts produced more rainfall during the first diurnal maximum than 0000 UTC forecasts. This behavior was mostly attributed to WRF Model initialization of clouds and moist physical processes. The success of these real-time ensemble forecasts demonstrates the feasibility of using limited-area continuously cycling EnKFs as a method to initialize convection-allowing ensemble forecasts, and future real-time high-resolution ensemble development leveraging EnKFs seems justified.
Oxidation behaviour of plasma surface alloying on Ti6Al4V alloy
Authors: Wei D.-B. , Zhang P.-Z. , Yao Z.-J. , Wei X.-F. , Zhou J.-T. , Chen X.-H.
Published: July 2015

Ti–CrNi alloy coatings with 20, 40, 60 and 80 at-%Ni were prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy surface by double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The cyclic oxidation behaviour of the coatings was investigated at 750, 850 and 950°C. The results show that each coating has a complete structure of settled layer, mutual diffusion layer and sputtering affected zone. When the Ni content was 40 at-%, the Ti–CrNi alloy coating showed the best cyclic oxidation resistance. The oxide scale with ‘Cr2O3 film+NiO film’ structure showed the best resistance to peeling.
Green Approach for the Effective Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Salvadora persica L. Root (Miswak) Extract
Authors: Khan Mujeeb , Al-Marri Abdulhadi H , Khan Merajuddin , Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Mohri Nils , Adil Syed Farooq , Kuniyil Mufsir , Alkhathlan Hamad Z , Al-Warthan Abdulrahman , Tremel Wolfgang , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Siddiqui Mohammed Rafiq H
Published: July 2015

Recently, green reduction of graphene oxide (GRO) using various natural materials, including plant extracts, has drawn significant attention among the scientific community. These methods are sustainable, low cost, and are more environmentally friendly than other standard methods of reduction. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly method for the bioreduction of GRO usingSalvadora persicaL. (S. persicaL.) roots (miswak) extract as a bioreductant. The as-prepared highly reduced graphene oxide (SP-HRG) was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various results have confirmed that the biomolecules present in the root extract of miswak not only act as a bioreductant but also functionalize the surface of SP-HRG by acting as a capping ligand to stabilize it in water and other solvents. The dispersion quality of SP-HRG in deionized water was investigated in detail by preparing different samples of SP-HRG with increasing concentration of root extract. Furthermore, the dispersibility of SP-HRG was also compared with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRG). The developed eco-friendly method for the reduction of GRO could provide a better substitute for a large-scale production of dispersant-free graphene and graphene-based materials for various applications in both technological and biological fields such as electronics, nanomedicine, and bionic materials.
Let me Google that for you: a time series analysis of seasonality in internet search trends for terms related to foot and ankle pain
Authors: Telfer Scott , Woodburn James
Published: July 2015

Background

The analysis of internet search traffic may present the opportunity to gain insights into general trends and patterns in information seeking behaviour related to medical conditions at a population level. For prevalent and widespread problems such as foot and ankle pain, this information has the potential to improve our understanding of seasonality and trends within these conditions and their treatments, and may act as a useful proxy for their true incidence/prevalence characteristics. This study aimed to explore seasonal effects, general trends and relative popularity of internet search terms related to foot and ankle pain over the past decade.

Methods

We used the Google Trends tool to obtain relative search engine traffic for terms relating to foot and ankle pain and common treatments from Google search and affiliated pages for major northern and southern hemisphere English speaking nations. Analysis of overall trends and seasonality including summer/winter differences was carried out on these terms.

Results

Searches relating to general foot pain were on average 3.4 times more common than those relating to ankle pain, and twice as common as searches relating to heel pain. Distinct seasonal effects were seen in the northern hemisphere, with large increases in search volumes in the summer months compared to winter for foot (p = 0.004, 95 % CI [22.2–32.1]), ankle (p = 0.0078, 95 % CI [20.9–35.5]), and heel pain (p = 0.004, 95 % CI [29.1–45.6]). These seasonal effects were reflected by data from Australia, with the exception of ankle pain. Annual seasonal effects for treatment options were limited to terms related to foot surgery and ankle orthoses (p = 0.031, 95 % CI [3.5–20.9]; p = 0.004, 95 % CI [7.6–25.2] respectively), again increasing in the summer months.

Conclusions

A number of general trends and annual seasonal effects were found in time series internet search data for terms relating to foot and ankle pain. This data may provide insights into these conditions at population levels.
Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma (NCMH): A systematic review of the literature with a new case report
Authors: Mason Katrina Anna , Navaratnam Annakan , Theodorakopoulou Evgenia , Chokkalingam Perumal Gounder
Published: July 2015

Background

Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) is a very rare, benign tumour of the sinonasal tract usually presenting in infants. We present a systematic review of NCMH cases alongside a case report of an adult with asymptomatic NCMH.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A PubMed, EMBASE and manual search through references of relevant publications was used to identify all published case-reports of NCMH. Data was collected from each case-report on: patient demographics, laterality, size and location of NCMH, presentation, co-morbidities, investigations, treatment and follow-up.

Results

The systematic review identified 48 patients (including ours): 33 male, 15 female. Mean age was 9.6 years (range: 1 day–69 years) with the majority aged 1 year or younger at presentation ( n = 18). Presentations included: nasal congestion ( n = 17), nasal mass ( n = 15) and eye signs ( n = 12). NCMH also involved the paranasal sinuses ( n = 26), orbit ( n = 16) and skull-base ( n = 14). All patients underwent operative resection of NCMH. A small 2014 case-series found DICER1 mutations in 6 NCMH patients, establishing a link to the DICER1 tumour spectrum.

Conclusions

NCMH is a rare cause of nasal masses in young children and adults. In light of the newly established link between NCMH and DICER1 mutations surgeons should be vigilant for associated DICER1 tumours, as NCMH may be the ‘herald tumour’ of this disease spectrum.
Production of porous Calcium Phosphate (CaP) ceramics with aligned pores using ceramic/camphene-based co-extrusion
Authors: Choi Won-Young , Kim Hyoun-Ee , Moon Young-Wook , Shin Kwan-Ha , Koh Young-Hag
Published: July 2015

Background

Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are one of the most valuable biomaterials for uses as the bone scaffold owing to their outstanding biocompatability, bioactivity, and biodegradation nature. In particular, these materials with an open porous structure can stimulate bone ingrowth into their 3-dimensionally interconnected pores. However, the creation of pores in bulk materials would inevitably cause a severe reduction in mechanical properties. Thus, it is a challenge to explore new ways of improving the mechanical properties of porous CaP scaffolds without scarifying their high porosity.

Results

Porous CaP ceramic scaffolds with aligned pores were successfully produced using ceramic/camphene-based co-extrusion. This aligned porous structure allowed for the achievement of high compressive strength when tested parallel to the direction of aligned pores. In addition, the overall porosity and mechanical properties of the aligned porous CaP ceramic scaffolds could be tailored simply by adjusting the initial CaP content in the CaP/camphene slurry. The porous CaP scaffolds showed excellent
in vitro
biocompatibility, suggesting their potential as the bone scaffold.

Conclusions

Aligned porous CaP ceramic scaffolds with considerably enhanced mechanical properties and tailorable porosity would find very useful applications as the bone scaffold.
Distinct functional roles of amphibian (Xenopus laevis) colony-stimulating factor-1- and interleukin-34-derived macrophages
Authors: Grayfer Leon , Robert Jacques
Published: July 2015

Although Mϕ represent the most primordial immune cell subsets, the mechanisms governing their functional heterogeneity remain poorly defined. However, it is well established that the CSF-1 cytokine contributes to monopoiesis and to this heterogeneity, whereas the unrelated IL-34 also binds the CSF-1R toward poorly understood immunologic roles. To delineate the molecular and evolutionary basis behind vertebrate Mϕ functional heterogeneity, we performed comprehensive transcriptional and functional studies of amphibian (Xenopus laevis) BM (in vitro) and PER (in vivo) Mϕ derived by rXlCSF-1 and rXlIL-34. Our findings indicate that these amphibian cytokines promote morphologically and functionally distinct Mϕ populations. Mϕ induced by rXlCSF-1 possess more robust iNOS gene expression, are substantially more phagocytic, display greater NO responses, and exhibit enhanced bactericidal capacities. By contrast, rXlIL-34-derived Mϕ express greater levels of Arg-1 and NADPH oxidase components and possess greater respiratory burst responses. Most notably, whereas CSF-1 Mϕ are highly susceptible to the emerging FV3 ranavirus, rXlIL-34 Mϕ exhibit potent antiviral activity against this pathogen, which is dependent on reactive oxygen production. This work marks an advance in our understanding of the possible mechanisms governing vertebrate Mϕ functional heterogeneity.
President's Page
Authors: Nessim Maurice
Published: July 2015

Fourteen years after the acclaimed International Space Station (ISS) was placed in low earth orbit, the vice president of one of the five space agencies that collaborated on the gargantuan undertaking said, “Collaboration could be an increasingly attractive option for governments facing tighter budgets for large space missions.”
Changing lives with your philanthropy
Authors: Allison Paul
Published: July 2015

Whether you are “giving back or paying it forward,” your philanthropic investment changes lives. As a fund-raising professional, it is always inspiring to meet our donors. Life experiences are often full of incredible personal challenges which seem unsurmountable until life puts you in a circumstance which changes your course. Meeting recently with the Permian Basin Geophysical Society (PBGS), I had the opportunity to meet several of our members. After I made a pitch for supporting the SEG Foundation and recognized the PBGS members for their contributions, two members approached me independently to share that SEG scholarships allowed them to follow their dream(s) of becoming professional geophysicists.
From removing to using multiples in closed-loop imaging
Authors: Verschuur D. J. , Berkhout A. J.
Published: July 2015

In seismic exploration, multiple reflections traditionally have been labeled as unwanted signal, and a huge effort has been made to remove them. Despite great advancements, proper removal of multiple reflections is still not fully achievable. Especially in the last decade, the industry has started to realize that the large part of reflection energy that is “lost” in multiple reflections might not be wasted after all. Traditional multiple removal must be replaced by a closed-loop imaging process that uses all surface and internal multiple scattering in the data to illuminate our reflectors from both above and below.
Separated-wavefield imaging using primary and multiple energy
Authors: Lu Shaoping , Whitmore Dan N. , Valenciano Alejandro A. , Chemingui Nizar
Published: July 2015

Imaging with separated wavefields (SWIM) is an innovative depth-imaging technology that uses upgoing and downgoing wavefields at the surface to deliver high-resolution images of the subsurface. It takes advantage of the extended illumination provided by surface-multiple energy, and thus, it exploits data that the seismic industry historically has treated as unwanted noise. The fundamental concept behind SWIM is based on using each receiver as a “virtual” source, effectively expanding the surface coverage of the seismic experiment and enhancing the subsurface illumination, particularly for shallow reflectors. By effectively turning the streamer spread into a source (and receiver) array, the resulting equivalent survey has spatial sampling that is much improved and a richer distribution of offsets and azimuths. The improved spatial sampling enhances the angular illumination greatly at every image point. Therefore, SWIM produces densely sampled angle gathers that provide greater opportunities for velocity-model building and for improved interpretation of complex structures. Several issues need to be considered for proper imaging with SWIM: migration-imaging conditions, attenuation of cross talk, and acquisition design. The latter must be addressed to support proper sampling of both upgoing and downgoing wavefields used for imaging. A broad overview and examples of these subjects are presented. Applications to a deepwater wide-azimuth (WAZ) survey from the Gulf of Mexico and a shallow-water narrow-azimuth (NAZ) data set from offshore Malaysia demonstrate the enhanced areal illumination and improved imaging resolution from imaging using multiple-reflection energy.
Benefits and limitations of imaging multiples: Interferometric and resonant migration
Authors: Guo Bowen , Yu Jianhua , Huang Yunsong , Hanafy Sherif M. , Schuster Gerard T.
Published: July 2015

The benefits and limitations of imaging multiples are reviewed for interferometric migration and resonant migration. Synthetic and field data examples are used to characterize the effectiveness of the methods.
Primaries — The only events that can be migrated and for which migration has meaning
Authors: Weglein Arthur B.
Published: July 2015

Without exception, primaries are the only events that are ever migrated. Arranging for a more complete set of primaries will enhance imaging. The approximate image of an unrecorded primary can be realized by isolating and migrating a subevent primary of a multiple. A more complete set of images of primaries, consisting of recorded primaries and (approximated) unrecorded primaries, can enhance imaging. Multiples are not and cannot be migrated, and care must be taken for creating inevitably false events in this method, called cross talk.
Student Zone
Authors: Vanic Marko
Published: July 2015

A journey of thousand miles begins with the first step. When I made my first step in organizing a student field camp in Serbia in 2012, I did not know where this journey would take me. What I knew at that time was that we had a lack of practical work at University of Belgrade and that the best way to address that would be to organize a field camp that would give me and my peers a hands-on learning experience. We discovered that our field camp led to much more than practical experience.
Loss of Bone and Wnt10b Expression in Male Type 1 Diabetic Mice Is Blocked by the Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri
Authors: Zhang Jing , Motyl Katherine J. , Irwin Regina , MacDougald Ormond A. , Britton Robert A. , McCabe Laura R.
Published: July 2015

Type 1 diabetes (T1D)–induced osteoporosis is characterized by a predominant suppression of osteoblast number and activity, as well as increased bone marrow adiposity but no change in osteoclast activity. The fundamental mechanisms and alternative anabolic treatments (with few side effects) for T1D bone loss remain undetermined. Recent studies by our laboratory and others indicate that probiotics can benefit bone health. Here, we demonstrate that Lactobacillus reuteri, a probiotic with anti-inflammatory and bone health properties, prevents T1D-induced bone loss and marrow adiposity in mice. We further found that L. reuteri treatment prevented the suppression of Wnt10b in T1D bone. Consistent with a role for attenuated bone Wnt10b expression in T1D osteoporosis, we observed that bone-specific Wnt10b transgenic mice are protected from T1D bone loss. To examine the mechanisms of this protection, we focused on TNF-α, a cytokine up-regulated in T1D that causes suppression of osteoblast Wnt10b expression in vitro. Addition of L. reuteri prevented TNF-α–mediated suppression of Wnt10b and osteoblast maturation markers. Taken together, our findings reveal a mechanism by which T1D causes bone loss and open new avenues for use of probiotics to benefit the bone.
A novel role for Rab23 in the trafficking of Kif17 to the primary cilium
Authors: Lim Yi Shan , Tang Bor Luen
Published: July 2015

The small GTPase Rab23 is an antagonist of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling during mouse development. Since modulation of Shh signaling depends on the normal functioning of the primary cilium, and overexpression of Rab23's putative RabGAP, Evi5L, led to reduced ciliogenesis, Rab23 could have a role at the primary cilium. Rab23 wild-type and constitutively active Rab23 Q68L mutant were found enriched at the primary cilium. In testing Rab23's role in the ciliary targeting of known cargoes, ciliary localization of a kinesin-2 motor protein Kif17 was disrupted in Rab23 silenced cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and affinity binding studies revealed that Rab23 exists in a complex with Kif17 and Importin β2 (Kif17's putative ciliary import carrier), implying that Kif17 requires binding to regulatory proteins like Rab23 for its ciliary transport. Although a ciliary-cytoplasmic gradient of nuclear Ran is necessary in regulating Kif17's ciliary transport, Rab23 and Ran appear to have differing roles in ciliary entry of Kif17. Our findings have uncovered a hitherto unknown effector of Rab23 and demonstrated how Rab23 could mediate Kif17's transport to the primary cilium.
RhoC maintains vascular homeostasis by regulating VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: Hoeppner Luke H. , Sinha Sutapa , Wang Ying , Bhattacharya Resham , Dutta Shamit , Gong Xun , Bedell Victoria M. , Suresh Sandip , Chun Chang zoon , Ramchandran Ramani , Ekker Stephen C. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: July 2015

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are controlled by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF). Dysregulation of these physiological processes contributes to the pathologies of heart disease, cancer and stroke. Rho GTPase proteins play an integral role in VEGF-mediated formation and maintenance of blood vessels. The regulatory functions of RhoA and RhoB in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are well defined, whereas the purpose of RhoC remains poorly understood. Here, we describe how RhoC promotes vascular homeostasis by modulating endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and permeability. RhoC stimulates proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by stabilizing nuclear β-catenin, which promotes transcription of cyclin D1 and subsequently drives cell cycle progression. RhoC negatively regulates endothelial cell migration through MAPK and downstream MLC-2 signaling and decreases vascular permeability through downregulation of the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ)/Ca2+/eNOS cascade in HUVEC. Using a VEGF-inducible zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, we observed significantly less vascular permeability in RhoC morpholino (MO)-injected zebrafish than control MO-injected zebrafish. Taken together, our findings suggest RhoC is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis in endothelial cells.
Transport of cholera toxin B-subunit from recycling endosomes to the Golgi requires clathrin and AP-1
Authors: Matsudaira Tatsuyuki , Niki Takahiro , Taguchi Tomohiko , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: July 2015

The retrograde pathway is defined by the transport of proteins and lipids from the plasma membrane (PM) through endosomes to the Golgi, and is essential for a variety of cellular activities. Recycling endosomes (REs) are important sorting stations for some retrograde cargo. SMAP2, an Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf1, with a putative clathrin-binding domain was previously shown to participate in the retrograde transport of CTxB from REs. Here we found that clathrin, a vesicle coat protein, and clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) were present at REs and were needed for the retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit (CTxB) from REs to the Golgi, but not from the PM to REs. SMAP2 immunoprecipitated clathrin/AP-1 through a putative clathrin-binding domain and a CALM-binding domain, and SMAP2 mutants that did not interact with clathrin/AP-1 could not localize to REs. Moreover, knockdown of Arf1 suppressed the retrograde transport of CTxB from REs to the Golgi. These findings suggest a clathrin-coated-vesicles-mediated retrograde transport from REs and the role of the coat proteins in the recruitment of Arf GAP to transport vesicles.
Leadership and Management in Elite Sport: Factors Perceived to Influence Performance
Authors: Arnold Rachel , Fletcher David , Anderson Robbie
Published: July 2015

Extant sport psychology and sport management research has examined the factors influencing Olympic performance at the athletic and coaching, and governmental and policy levels respectively. In contrast to this abundance of literature, far less is known about the factors perceived to influence performance at the leadership and managerial level. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the factors that national performance directors (NPDs) operating at this level perceive to influence their role delivery and performance. Fourteen NPDs of Olympic sports were interviewed and data analysis revealed two general dimensions suggested to influence outcomes. The two dimensions were: self-related factors (i.e., personality, health, skills, experience) and environment-related factors (i.e., development opportunities, operations, personnel). Recommendations are provided for applied practitioners to help them raise awareness of and address the identified factors to not only enhance a NPD's performance, but also, ultimately, that of Olympic athletes and sport organizations.
Health Promotion in Sport Coaching: Coaches and Young Male Athletes' Evaluations on the Health Promotion Activity of Coaches
Authors: Kokko Sami , Villberg Jari , Kannas Lasse
Published: July 2015

Sport coaches have paradoxical attitudes towards addressing health promotion as a part of their coaching practice: health is recognized as an important factor, but not greatly invested in. Overall, the extent to which youth sport coaches take health promotion into account has been unclear. Therefore, it is the intention of this study to clarify this situation. The results show that coaches evaluate their own activity on health promotion as being relatively active, whereas young male athletes' evaluations reveal a wide gap in how they perceived the coaches' activity. Young male athletes perceived their coaches as being substantially more passive in comparison to coaches' self-evaluations. This difference may indicate either that coaches' health promotion activity is generally infrequent or that what is done is broadly ineffective. Either way, as the global health-related problems of decreasing physical activity, increasing sedentary lifestyles, and obesity are all issues affecting youths attending sports clubs, arguably there is a need for youth sport coaches to invest more in health promotion activities. However, the coaches need more support from the sports clubs.
Resilience in Youth Sport: A Qualitative Investigation of Gymnastics Coach and Athlete Perceptions
Authors: White Rhiannon L. , Bennie Andrew
Published: July 2015

Sport presents an opportunity for young people to experience the joys of success and cope with setbacks to develop resilient behaviours. However, there is a lack of clarity about how sport can cultivate resilience, particularly within a female youth gymnastics context. The purpose of this study was to investigate gymnast and coach perceptions about the development of resilience through gymnastics participation. Underpinned by a qualitative framework, 22 female gymnasts and seven gymnastics coaches participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis revealed that aspects of the gymnastics environment created stress and exposed gymnasts to many challenges in training and competition. Features of the sport environment, such as interpersonal relationships and positive coach behaviours, supported gymnasts through these challenges and encouraged them to overcome failure. Gymnastics participation was perceived to develop resilience, as well as life skills, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The findings support the notion that youth sport may be an appropriate avenue for the development of resilience and have implications for future coaching practice.
Playing by the Rules: A Developmentally Appropriate Introduction to Rugby Union
Authors: Thomas Gethin L. , Wilson Mark R.
Published: July 2015

The current study examined the effect of rules changes on game behaviours and opinions of under-nine rugby union players. Eighty-nine games were filmed in five counties in England; two governed by the then current rules and three governed by new pilot rules. The pilot rules were designed to create a less structured game; reducing numbers on the pitch and limiting set pieces and specialised skills. Games played under the pilot rules had 25% more ball-in-play time; 55% more runs with the ball; more than twice as many successful passes; and nearly twice as many tries scored ( ps < .001). 272 players participated in a survey. Irrespective of the rules, players identified that passing, running and tackling were key activities, while having fun and playing with friends were their main reasons for playing rugby. The results suggest that the pilot rules create a competitive game that closely matches child-led informal activities.
Winning Factors: How Players' Positional Offensive and Defensive Skills Affect Probability of Victory in the Korea Basketball League
Authors: Choi Dai-Hyuk , Kim Su-Mi , Lee Jang-Won , Suh Sang-Hoon , So Wi-Young
Published: July 2015

This study investigated how the various offensive and defensive skills of Korea Basketball League (KBL) players in different court positions affected the outcome of basketball games. The records of 540 games played by 10 KBL teams over a five-month period were analyzed. In a multiple logistic regression, six offensive and six defensive factors served as independent variables, while the victory or defeat for each game served as the dependent variable. Centers contributed positively to victory with higher assists on offense and higher blocked shots on defense. Forwards positively contributed to victory on offense with a higher two-point shot percentage, free throw shot percentage, and number of assists, as well as a lower number of turnovers. Forwards also positively contributed to victory on defense with more defensive rebounds and fewer fouls with free throws. Guards positively contributed to victory with higher two-point and three-point shot percentages, more assists, and fewer turnovers on offense, as well as more defensive rebounds, more steals, and fewer fouls with free throws on defense. This study found that the particular offensive and defensive skills of KBL players in different positions affected whether or not games ended in victory.
A Method to Measure Choking in Cricket
Authors: Lemmer Hermanus H.
Published: July 2015

Choking in cricket occurs when a team that had been strongly favoured to win loses or a team squanders a large lead late in the match. The objective of this study is to develop a measure that can be used to quantify the phenomenon of choking. By using the required run rate and the resources used (according to the Duckworth/Lewis system) at the end of each over, a measure is defined as the product of these two quantities. This product is plotted against the number of overs bowled. When choking starts, the curve bends upward with slope according to the severity of choking. A measure of choking is then based on the ratio of the slope of the right hand part of the curve to that of its initial part. It is shown that the measure serves its purpose very well. This type of choking is described as ‘typical’ choking. If the slope of the curve remains more or less constant or if the curve bends downwards and the team loses, other terms like ‘panic’ choking and ‘strangling’ are used.
A Time-Motion Analysis of Lightweight Women's Judo in the 2010 World Championships
Authors: Challis Darren , Scruton Adrian , Cole Michael , Callan Michael
Published: July 2015

The Olympic sport of judo has a growing base of performance analysis research considering the technical aspects, the tactical aspects and time motion analysis. This study aimed to further analyse this sport by specifically considering the time motion aspects of work, rest, kumi-kata and ne-waza in lightweight women's judo to establish if there are differences in this specific population of judo athletes. Pre-recorded footage of the women's u48kg, u52kg and u57kg weight divisions (143 contests) from the 2010 world judo championships were coded into temporal sequences. The coding of five KPIs across the three weight groups produced a total of 1756 hajime to matte blocks (work), 1422 matte to hajime blocks (rest), 1786 kumi-kata sequences (gripping sequences), and 516 ne-waza sequences (ground work). The results suggest the time spent in hajime to matte (work) and in matte to hajime (rest) are similar to those seen in other studies. This suggests there is little difference in the work to rest segments for lightweight women's judo compared to heavier weights and males.
Reliability and Validity of the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test in Adolescent Males: Implications for Talent Identification
Authors: McDermott Gavin , Burnett Angus F. , Robertson Sam J.
Published: July 2015

This study examined measurement properties of the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) in two groups of Under 13 players (a competitive group and a recreational group; n=26 in each) and a group of competitive Under 19 players (n=25). Participants completed the LSPT twice on a single day then repeated the protocol one week later. Significant differences between the three groups were evident for execution time and total time, with better players achieving superior scores. Hence, the test showed discriminant validity. A significant familiarisation effect for penalty time was also shown from Day 1 – Trial 1 to Day 2 – Trial 2 in the Under 13–Recreational group. The Under 19 – Competitive group showed the greatest number of acceptable (>0.70) ICC values for within-day and between-day reliability of the LSPT while the Under 13 – Recreational group showed less than acceptable reliability values. These findings have implications for talent identification and development programs.
Validity of the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale: Training Monitoring of the German Junior National Field Hockey Team
Authors: Kölling Sarah , Hitzschke Brit , Holst Theresa , Ferrauti Alexander , Meyer Tim , Pfeiffer Mark , Kellmann Michael
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS). This new psychometric questionnaire was developed to assess the physical, mental, emotional, and overall recovery and stress states of athletes. During a five-day field hockey training camp of the German Junior National Field Hockey Team ( n = 25) the ARSS was administered every morning and evening. The study indicated swift reactions of the scores of the physical and general factors as well as stability of scores for the emotional factors in accordance with the training schedule. The straining effect of the camp was best reflected by the adaptations of the scales Physical Performance Capability( F2.9, 60.3 = 10.0, p< 0.001) and Muscular Stress( F4, 84 = 16.7, p < 0.001). The results support the ability of the ARSS to monitor recovery-stress (im-)balances in this sample. Thus, the questionnaire has shown to be a sensitive and practical tool that might be suitable for elite sport settings.
A Comparison of Physical and Technical Match Performance of a Team Competing in the English Championship League and Then the English Premier League following Promotion
Authors: Morgans Ryland , Adams David , Mullen Richard , Sacramento Joao , McLellan Chris , Williams Morgan
Published: July 2015

The changes in match demands when a team is promoted from the English Championship League (ECL) to the English Premier League (EPL) remain unknown. To date, estimates of between-league differences are made using different teams. This study explores differences in physical and technical performance of players who competed in the ECL and then the EPL following promotion. Although total distance covered over the season was the only measure to significantly differ ( p= 0.0001) between the ECL and EPL, the 3% increase in total distance in the EPL was deemed practically non-significant. In the EPL, players had an extra 57 ± 6 hours ( p = 0.0002) between matches, yet this had little affect on total, sprint and high intensity distances. In summary, higher league standard may not require greater physical capacity and developing a tactical strategy to suit the ability of players that is sustainable across leagues is important.