bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in Colombia: systematic review
Authors: Rache-Arce Diana Carolina , Machacado-Salas Maryuris , Rosero-García Doris
Published: March 2022

Petroleum industry activities worldwide have caused pollution and resulted in environmental degradation. Microorganisms with the potential to reduce pollutant levels by degradation processes have been reported, and bacteria are among such organisms. The first study on bacterial degradation in Colombia was published in 1996. The study isolated bacteria belonging to thePseudomonasgenus from hydrocarbon-polluted sediments. Since then, different reports on degrading bacteria have been published. The objective of this systematic review is to identify and analyze all the studies on hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria performed in Colombia. To accomplish this goal, a literature search was conducted. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 37 relevant articles were obtained. We found that 2018 was the year with the largest number of publications in Colombia, and most frequently identified bacterial genera werePseudomonasandBacillus. Some studies showed that the degradation of hydrocarbons is more efficient when bacterial consortia are used rather than pure cultures. This study provides information about bacteria with the potential to degrade hydrocarbons in Colombia, which in turn will be a source of information for future studies in this field.
Explaining multiple patches of aquatic vegetation through linear stability analysis
Authors: Carbonari Costanza , Calvani Giulio , Solari Luca
Published: March 2022

Aquatic vegetation is ubiquitous in lowland rivers, and it is typically present in the shape of spatial self-organized patches of biomass. In this work, we mathematically define the threshold conditions for the incipient formation of self-organized vegetated patterns in the shape of central or multiple row patches. The analysis is carried out through a linear stability analysis whereby the 2D eco-hydrodynamic model is linearized and the growth rate of small-scale perturbations is evaluated considering a basic state represented by an initially uniformly vegetated and straight channel having a certain aspect ratio and Froude number. Results illustrate that, for given vegetation properties, instability arises when both the Froude number and the aspect ratio are higher than a given threshold; in this case, self-organization occurs, and spatial patterns of patches will develop according to the wavelength associated to the maximum growth rate. Moreover, instability and self-organization take place when the undisturbed vegetation density is lower than upper bound; this suggests that densely vegetated channels, as in the case of rivers populated by invasive species, will not experience the formation of any spatial patterns.
Providing quality of service in omni-path networks
Authors: Cano-Cano Javier , Andújar Francisco J. , Alfaro-Cortés Francisco J. , Sánchez José L. , Mora Gaspar
Published: March 2022

New hierarchical crossbar switch architectures, such as Omni-Path (OPA) and Cray X2, have appeared to improve packet latency, reduce overall cost and increase fault tolerance of the high-performance interconnection networks in supercomputing and data center systems. These and other interconnect technologies (Infiniband or 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet) include support to provide quality of service (QoS) to the applications. In this paper, we show how this QoS support can be enabled to achieve bandwidth and/or latency differentiation in Omni-Path interconnection networks, as a representative case of hierarchical switches. To do that, three different table-based schedulers are used. We include the description of these schedulers and a comparative study by using the results obtained when we evaluate them with Hiperion, a simulation tool that implements an OPA model.
Creep Behavior and Phase Equilibria in Model Precipitate Strengthened Alumina-Forming Austenitic Alloys
Authors: Yamamoto Yukinori , Brady Michael P. , Ren Qing-Qiang , Poplawsky Jonathan D. , Hoelzer David T. , Lance Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Creep-rupture behavior and microstructural response in alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys with two different precipitation strengthening mechanisms, “Laves-phase + M23C6 carbide” and “coherent L12 γ′-Ni3(Al,Ti),” were explored as “model” cases of multi-phase, multi-scale heat-resistant AFA alloys for 650–750°C use. These alloys will be used to guide and verify computational alloy design and life-prediction modeling under an on-going eXtremeMAT project through the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, US Department of Energy. Computational thermodynamics were used to design and predict the amounts of strengthening and deteriorating secondary phases at 750°C. Creep-rupture lives of the alloys tested at 750°C and 100 MPa were in a range of 4000–9000 h, and the microstructure at the gage/grip after creep-rupture testing was compared with isothermally aged alloys for 1500 h, as well as the calculated phases. Detailed microstructure characterization includes phase identification, volume fraction measurement, and compositional analysis, which were correlated with the creep-rupture properties. High-temperature oxidation resistance was also screened and compared with commercial, chromia-forming heat-resistant steels. These model alloys also provide the basis for further design and optimization of next generation AFA alloys with improved creep resistance.
COVID-Krise und Kinderrechte
Authors: Klundt Michael
Published: March 2022

COVID-19 und die Maßnahmen dagegen stellen auch die Soziale Arbeit besonders in punkto Kinderrechte vor neue und alte Herausforderungen. Massive Verletzungen der UN-Kinderrechtskonvention und ein Anstieg von Armut in kindlichen und jugendlichen Lebenslagen sind zu verzeichnen. Die Art und Weise der Pandemiebekämpfung war und ist nicht alternativlos (gewesen). Der Beitrag hebt hervor, dass die Kinderpolitik der Regierung über weite Strecken von Instrumentalisierung und Kapital-Konformismus, statt von Kinder-Gerechtigkeit gekennzeichnet war und ist. Das muss sich völkerrechts- und grundgesetzgemäß dringend ändern, indem der Kindeswohlvorrang sowie die Kinderrechte auf Schutz, Förderung und Beteiligung (endlich wieder) umgesetzt werden.
Tensions and coalitions: A new trade agreement affects the policy space for nutrition in Vietnam
Authors: Harris Jody , Hrynick Tabitha , Thien Mai Thi My , Huynh Tuyen , Huynh Phuong , Nguyen Phuong , Thow Anne-Marie
Published: March 2022

Global trade has shaped food systems over centuries, but modern trade agreements are hastening these changes and making them more complex, with implications for public health and nutrition transition. This study aimed to understand the impact of the 2018 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) on the policy space for public health nutrition in Vietnam. We conducted comparative document review and key informant interviews, and our analysis drew on a framework of policy space and the theory of advocacy coalitions. We identified 10 CPTPP sections with potential public health nutrition implications; and 50 Vietnamese policies relevant to nutrition having one or more tensions with one or more CPTPP sections. A majority of policy tensions were in sections of the CPTPP relating to technical barriers to trade and government procurement; most tensions related to protecting policy-making from vested interests. Different groups of policy actors hold different beliefs and interests on these issues, and therefore promote different framings and policy approaches. We identified two advocacy coalitions working very separately on issues affecting nutrition policy space: a trade coalition holding the policy position that free trade improves nutrition by default; and a nutrition coalition holding the policy position that nutrition should be explicitly considered in trade policy. The policy space for nutrition in Vietnam has important potential constraints through written policy, and the trade and nutrition coalitions will need to interact more regularly and constructively in order to foresee where these tensions will arise in practice, and create plans for their mitigation. This study adds to global evidence of free trade agreement impacts on nutrition policy space, and we extend previous work by explaining these actor groupings in the policy space through the theory of advocacy coalitions.
Evaluation of Industry 4.0 Applications in Production
Authors: Joppen Robert , Kühn Arno , Förster Magdalena , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: March 2022

Industry 4.0 promises many potentials in production. Examples are a data-driven optimization of production processes of individual machines, driverless transport systems, and assistance systems. Nevertheless, companies are still hesitant to invest in Industry 4.0 applications. Studies show that one of the main reasons for that is the unclear economic benefit. In this work, we present a systematic approach for the evaluation of Industry 4.0 applications in production. The main goal of the systematic is to create transparency over the evaluation process of an investment in an Industry 4.0 application in production. The evaluation of a concrete technical solution in an existing production system is supported. As a theoretical foundation, a characterization of investments in Industry 4.0 applications is given. From that, a procedure model is derived. It puts the activities to be carried out, the tools to be used and results in a temporal context. The application of the systematic is shown on the basis of an application example.
Determinants of renewable energy consumption in agrarian Sub-Sahara African economies
Authors: Bekun Festus Victor , Alola Andrew Adewale
Published: March 2022

The effect of ecological distortions and climate change issues have been at the forefront of the minds of policymakers and energy practitioners in recent decades. This concern is associated with the vision of the seventh and thirteenth Sustainable Development Goals that are centered on access to clean energy sources and mitigating climate change issues, as detailed in Vision 2030. To this end, the present study uses Pesaran’s Pooled Mean Group Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model to investigate the determinants of clean/non-conventional energy in the case of Sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical results show that a 1% increase in economic activity increases the level of renewable energy consumption by 0.128% in the short run. In the long-run, economic growth dampens the consumption of renewable energy by 0.402% over the investigated period. The reason for this peculiar result for the Sub-Saharan African economies could be attributed to the prevalent demand for conventional energy sources and the cost-related factor associated with clean energy technologies even when the economy (herein measured by Gross Domestic Product) is improving. Furthermore, the effect of energy (electricity from fossil fuel) also shows a statistically significant impact when trying to reduce the clean energy consumption. This arises from an expected trade-off effect. Regarding the causality analysis using the heterogeneous panel, the causality results present a one-way causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. We also found there to be a feedback causality relationship between urbanization and renewable energy as well as agricultural value added and economic growth. Based on these findings, several policy decisions were prescribed for Sub-Saharan African economies such as the diversification of Sub-Saharan African economies energy to more renewable energy sources and the adoption of clean energy technologies that are reputed to be cleaner and environmentally friendly.
Oriented pro-$$\ell $$ groups with the Bogomolov–Positselski property
Authors: Quadrelli Claudio , Weigel Thomas S.
Published: March 2022

For a prime number$$\ell $$ℓwe say that an oriented pro-$$\ell $$ℓgroup$$(G,\theta )$$(G,θ)has the Bogomolov–Positselski property if the kernel of the canonical projection on its maximal$$\theta $$θ-abelian quotient$$\pi ^{\mathrm {ab}}_{G,\theta }:G\rightarrow G(\theta )$$πG,θab:G→G(θ)is a free pro-$$\ell $$ℓgroup contained in the Frattini subgroup ofG. We show that oriented pro-$$\ell $$ℓgroups of elementary type have the Bogomolov–Positselski property (cf. Theorem 1.2). This shows that Efrat’s Elementary Type Conjecture implies a positive answer to Positselski’s version of Bogomolov’s Conjecture on maximal pro-$$\ell $$ℓGalois groups of a field$$\mathbb {K}$$Kin case that$$\mathbb {K}^\times /(\mathbb {K}^\times )^\ell $$K×/(K×)ℓis finite. Secondly, it is shown that for an$$H^\bullet $$H∙-quadratic oriented pro-$$\ell $$ℓgroup$$(G,\theta )$$(G,θ)the Bogomolov–Positselski property can be expressed by the injectivity of the transgression map$$d_2^{2,1}$$d22,1in the Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence (cf. Theorem 1.4).
Researching religion and migration 20 years after ‘9/11’: Taking stock and looking ahead
Authors: Fleischmann Fenella
Published: March 2022

This contribution to the special issue on religion and migration reviews two decades of large-scale survey research on changes in immigrant religion and the relationship between immigrants’ level of religiosity and their integration into European societies. The body of work reveals that Muslims in European societies stand out due to their comparatively high levels of religiosity and greater stability in religiosity over time and across immigrant generations. While the comparative picture is rather clear, findings regarding the long-term trend in Muslims’ religiosity and its association with immigrant integration are instead inconclusive. A systematic review of empirical studies of the association of (various indicators of) individual religiosity with immigrant integration reveals positive, negative and non-significant results for all outcomes and domains. Thus, based on the current state of art it is hard to assess whether and why religion forms a bridge or barrier to immigrant integration in Europe. To move the field forward, the contribution ends with a twofold proposal for a research agenda that includes a broadened empirical scope, moving beyond the focus on Sunni Muslims, and a conceptual extension that focuses on differences in reasoning about religion and religious meaning-making as additional, potentially more consistent and more powerful explanation for immigrants’ social relations and positions in their new societies
Cutting of Graphite at Atomic and Close-to-Atomic Scale Using Flexible Enhanced Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Wang Jinshi , Fang Fengzhou , Li Luan
Published: March 2022

Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing is the key technology for the production of next-generation devices with atomic precision. As an important approach of mechanical processing, cutting has evolved as a potential candidate to generate an atomically smooth surface; thus, exploring its ultimate capability is significant. In this paper, single-crystal graphite, whose lattice structure and chemical bond property are of representation for demonstration, is selected to study the mechanism of atomic layer removal using molecular dynamics. A localized workpiece, which is dynamically updated on the basis of the tool position, is used to improve the computation efficiency. The principle and bullet points of this modeling method are first introduced, followed by a series of simulations under various undeformed chip thicknesses and tool edge radii. In addition, different potentials for the tool–workpiece interaction are tested, and the effect on the material response is presented. Based on the analysis of deformation, the number of carbon layers removed, and cutting forces, the chip formation mechanism and further understanding of the controllability of cutting at atomic and close-to-atomic scale can be achieved.
MILP performance improvement strategies for short-term batch production scheduling: a chemical industry use case
Authors: Kunath Sascha , Kühn Mathias , Völker Michael , Schmidt Thorsten , Rühl Phillip , Heidel Gennadij
Published: March 2022

This paper presents the development and mathematical implementation of a production scheduling model utilizing mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). A simplified model of a real-world multi-product batch plant constitutes the basis. The paper shows practical extensions to the model, resulting in a digital twin of the plant. Apart from sequential arrangement, the final model contains maintenance periods, campaign planning and storage constraints to a limited extend. To tackle weak computational performance and missing model features, a condensed mathematical formulation is introduced at first. After stating that these measures do not suffice for applicability in a restrained time period, a novel solution strategy is proposed. The overall non-iterative algorithm comprises a multi-step decomposition approach, which starts with a reduced scope and incrementally complements the schedule in multiple subproblem stages. Each of those optimizations holds less decision variables and makes use of warmstart information obtained from the predecessor model. That way, a first feasible solution accelerates the subsequent improvement process. Furthermore, the optimization focus can be shifted beneficially leveraging the Gurobi solver parameters. Findings suggest that correlation may exist between certain characteristics of the scheduling scope and ideal parameter settings, which yield potential for further investigation. Another promising area for future research addresses the concurrent multi-processing of independent MILPs on a single machine. First observations indicate that significant performance gains can be achieved in some cases, though sound dependencies were not discovered yet.
Analysis of the extension behavior of reflective cracks in asphalt pavements based on dry shrinkage property
Authors: Xiao Min Min , Fan Lin
Published: March 2022

In order to study the extension behavior of dry shrinkage type reflective cracks in asphalt pavements, this paper uses the differential equation theory to derive the calculation formula for the inhomogeneous gradient distribution of dry shrinkage stress in the subgrade. Meanwhile, based on the traction separation rule and damage behavior equation, the extended finite element method is applied to simulate the extension path and tip stress response of dry shrinkage type reflection crack, and then analyze the influence of Semi-rigid subgrade structure and material parameters on the extension behavior of dry shrinkage type cracks. The results show that the dry shrinkage stress of Semi-rigid type base is related to the elastic modulus of base course material, dry shrinkage coefficient, uniform variation of moisture content, horizontal deformation resistance coefficient, and structural dimensions of Semi-rigid type base. Micro cracks in the Semi-rigid type base under the action of dry shrinkage stress will occur two-way extension behavior, one is to continue cracking below the base course, and the other one is the reflection extension into into the surface layer, in addition, the extension speed of the reflected cracks in the surface layer is much larger than the crack cracking speed in the base course. Reducing the modulus of the base course, increasing the thickness of the base course and controlling the variation of the moisture content of the base course within the limit value can effectively retard the emergence and extension rate of reflection cracks.
Plate lines to enhance wake vortex decay for reduced separations between landing aircraft
Authors: Holzäpfel Frank , Vechtel Dennis , Rotshteyn Grigory , Stephan Anton
Published: March 2022

To mitigate the risk of wake vortex encounters during final approach, so-called plate lines have been developed. Data collected during a six-month measurement campaign at Vienna International Airport are used to assess the potential for reducing minimum aircraft separations facilitated by plate lines during approach and landing following the re-categorisation (RECAT-EU) methodology for revised wake turbulence categorisation. To ensure that no other parameters controlling wake vortex decay bias the analysis, it is verified that wind speed, atmospheric turbulence, thermal stratification and flight altitude reside in similar ranges with and without the plates. The analysis follows the steps of the RECAT-EU method to generate non-dimensional so-called reasonable worst-case circulation decay curves; one as a reference for nominal operations without plates and one representing the accelerated wake vortex decay brought about by the plate lines. The difference between the two circulation decay curves corresponds to the non-dimensional time-based aircraft separation reduction potential that can be translated into distance-based separation gains. Depending on the particular RECAT-EU category combination, the attained aircraft separation reduction potential ranges between 12% and 15%. Constricting the analysis to wake vortices generated by one aircraft type representing the Upper Heavy RECAT-EU category, the separation reduction potential amounts up to 24%.
Predictive models for near-wall velocity and temperature fluctuations in supersonic wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Yu Ming , Xu Chunxiao
Published: March 2022

Predictive models for near-wall velocity and temperature fluctuations in compressible wall-bounded turbulence are developed in the present study based on the model proposed by Marusic et al. (Science, vol. 329 (5988), 2010, pp. 193–196), which incorporates the superposition and amplitude modulation effects of the large-scale motions in the outer region on near-wall turbulence. The density variation is involved in the predictive model for velocity fluctuations to achieve Mach number independence. The predictive model for temperature fluctuations is derived to keep its consistency with the strong Reynolds analogy, in which the modulation effect is supposed to be cast as the quadratic function of the large-scale velocity fluctuations. An algebraic method is proposed to directly determine the modulation coefficients and extract the universal signals. A direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow at the friction Reynolds number of

$1170$

and bulk Mach number of

$2.88$

is carried out for parameter calibration and validations. The variances and joint probability density functions of the predicted velocity and temperature fluctuations agree well with the DNS results.
Properties of the inertial sublayer in adverse pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Romero Sylvia , Zimmerman Spencer , Philip Jimmy , White Christopher , Klewicki Joseph
Published: March 2022

The inertial sublayer of adverse pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers is investigated using new experimental measurements (

$7000 \lesssim \delta ^+ \lesssim 7800$

), existing lower Reynolds number experimental (

$\delta ^+ \approx 1000$

) and computational (

$\delta ^+<800$

) data sets, where

$\delta ^+$

is the friction Reynolds number. In the present experimental set-up the boundary layer is under modest APG conditions, where the Clauser PG parameter

$\beta$

is

${\leq }1.8$

. Well-resolved hot-wire measurements are obtained at the Flow Physics Facility at the University of New Hampshire in the region of an APG ramp. Comparisons are made with zero pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer (ZPG TBL) experimental data at similar Reynolds number and numerical simulation data at lower Reynolds number. The main aims of the present study centre on the inertial sublayer of the APG TBL and the degree to which its characteristics are similar to those of the ZPG TBL. This investigation utilizes equation-based analyses and empirical approaches. Among other results, the data suggest that even though the APG TBL streamwise variance does not exhibit a logarithmic profile (unlike the ZPG TBL) both ZPG and APG TBLs exhibit distance-from-the-wall scaling on the inertial sublayer. Theoretical arguments suggest that wall-distance scaling resulting from a self-similar dynamics is consistent with both a single velocity scale leading to a log-law in mean velocity profile as well as multiple velocity scales leading to a power-law mean velocity profile.
Possibility for survival of macroscopic turbulence in porous media with high porosity
Authors: Rao Feixiong , Jin Yan
Published: March 2022

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) study by Jin et al. (J. Fluid Mech, vol. 766, 2015, pp. 76–103) shows that the turbulent structures are generally restricted in size to the pore scale, leading to the pore-scale prevalence hypothesis (PSPH). Although the PSPH has been validated under most conditions, it might become invalid as the porosity approaches unity. In order to investigate the valid domain of the PSPH, we have studied the turbulent flows in porous matrices which have one or two length scales using DNS and macroscopic simulation methods. The large porous elements are made of staggered arrays of square cylinders, which might stimulate strong macroscopic (large-scale) turbulence. The small porous elements are made of aligned arrays of spheres or cubes, which suppress the macroscopic turbulence. The analyses are performed for various values of the Reynolds number, Darcy number, pore-scale ratio and porosity. Turbulent two-point correlations, integral length scales and premultiplied energy spectra are calculated from the DNS and macroscopic simulation results to determine the length scale of the turbulent structures. Our numerical results show that the flow becomes turbulent when the Reynolds number is sufficiently large. However, the length scale of turbulence is not considerably affected by the Reynolds number, Darcy number and pore-scale geometry. The PSPH is valid when the porosity has small or medium values. At a sufficiently large Reynolds number, large-scale turbulence survives if the porosity is larger than a critical value. Our DNS and macroscopic simulation results show that this critical value is in the range 0.93–0.98 for porous matrices with large Darcy numbers (0.3–1.26 using the definition in this study). The dependence of the critical porosity on the pore-scale geometry still needs to be further investigated.
The Encircled Kingdom: The Saudi Anti-Communist Stance, 1958–67
Authors: Al Tuwayjiri Mohammad A.
Published: March 2022

This article evaluates Saudi Arabia's anti-Communist stance between 1958 and 1967, in the midst of the Cold War. It presents an alternative interpretation of how anti-Communism was framed as a struggle against Arab Nationalism and Zionism in the Middle East. Furthermore, it highlights the different perspectives on anti-Communist agitation provided in primary sources and Saudi historiography and offers fresh insight into the Saudis’ anti-Communist stance. The analysis shows that Saudi attitudes in the Cold War were dominated by a fear of the Soviet Communists that subsequently extended to all other secular ideologies. The article concludes that the Saudi strategy of anti-Communism was a crucial building block to curb the spread of Communism in the twentieth century.
How do you Shape a Market? Explaining Local State Practices in Adult Social Care
Authors: NEEDHAM CATHERINE , ALLEN KERRY , BURN EMILY , HALL KELLY , MANGAN CATHERINE , AL-JANABI HARETH , TAHIR WARDA , CARR SARAH , GLASBY JON , HENWOOD MELANIE , MCKAY STEVE
Published: March 2022

The Care Act 2014 gave English local authorities a duty to ‘shape’ social care markets and encouraged them to work co-productively with stakeholders. Grid-group cultural theory is used here to explain how local authorities have undertaken market shaping, based on a four-part typology of rules and relationships. The four types are: procurement (strong rules, weak relationships); managed market (strong rules, strong relationships); open market (weak rules, weak relationships); and partnership (weak rules, strong relationships). Qualitative data from English local authorities show that they are using different types of market shaping in different parts of the care market (e.g. residential vs home care), and shifting types over time. Challenges to the sustainability of the care system (rising demand, funding cuts, workforce shortages) are pulling local authorities towards the two ‘strong rules’ approaches which run against the co-productive thrust of the Care Act. Some local authorities are experimenting with hybrids of the two ‘weak rules’ approaches but the rival cultural biases of different types mean that hybrid approaches risk antagonising providers and further unsettling an unstable market.
“It's like they don't see us at all”: A Critical Race Theory critique of dual language bilingual education for Black children
Authors: Frieson Brittany L.
Published: March 2022

This article highlights the institutional harm that many dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs can impose upon Black American children. By uncovering the ways that bilingual education is often complicit in educational injustice for Black children, this article argues for a closer interrogation of unquestioned DLBE policies and practices through an analysis that gives centrality to race and intersectionality. In this piece, a composite counterstory is crafted using African American Language to powerfully facilitate a Critical Race Theory-informed critique of DLBE's institutional structures and practices that detail the experiences of many Black children in DLBE programs. A recommendation for intersectional approaches to DLBE that center, support, and advocate for intersectional consciousness across all Black identities is offered.
Determinants of the acceptance and adoption of a digital contact tracing tool during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
Authors: Huang Zhilian , Guo Huiling , Lim Hannah Yee-Fen , Chow Angela
Published: March 2022

The motivations that govern the adoption of digital contact tracing (DCT) tools are complex and not well understood. Hence, we assessed the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of Singapore's national DCT tool – TraceTogether – during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 3943 visitors of Tan Tock Seng Hospital from July 2020 to February 2021 and stratified the analyses into three cohorts. Each cohort was stratified based on the time when significant policy interventions were introduced to increase the adoption of TraceTogether. Binary logistic regression was preceded by principal components analysis to reduce the Likert items. Respondents who ‘perceived TraceTogether as useful and necessary’ had higher likelihood of accepting it but those with ‘Concerns about personal data collected by TraceTogether’ had lower likelihood of accepting and adopting the tool. The injunctive and descriptive social norms were also positively associated with both the acceptance and adoption of the tool. Liberal individualism was mixed in the population and negatively associated with the acceptance and adoption of TraceTogether. Policy measures to increase the uptake of a national DCT bridged the digital divide and accelerated its adoption. However, good public communications are crucial to address the barriers of acceptance to improve voluntary uptake widespread adoption.
Reproducible Spectrum and Hyperspectrum Data Analysis Using NeXL
Authors: Ritchie Nicholas W. M.
Published: March 2022

NeXLis a collection of Julia language packages (libraries) for X-ray microanalysis data processing.NeXLCoreprovides basic atomic and X-ray physics data and models including support for microanalysis-related data types for materials andk-ratios.NeXLMatrixCorrectionprovides algorithms for matrix correction and iteration.NeXLSpectrumprovides utilities and tools for energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum and hyperspectrum analysis including display, manipulation, and fitting.NeXLis integrated with the Julia language infrastructure.NeXLbuilds on theGadflyplotting library and theDataFramestabular data library. When combined with theDrWatsonpackage,NeXLcan provide a highly reproducible environment in which to process microanalysis data. Data availability and reproducible data analysis are two keys to scientific reproducibility. Not only should readers of journal articles have access to the data, they should also be able to reproduce the analysis steps that take the data to final results. This paper will both discuss theNeXLframework and provide examples of how it can used for reproducible data analysis.
Bishop Broughton and his Colonial Visitation in 1845
Authors: Willson Robert
Published: March 2022

This article examines an account by William Grant Broughton, describing a journey made in 1845 to the south of his Diocese of Australia. It was published by English supporters, describing the impossibly large area of his responsibility and pleading for a subdivision of his diocese. Broughton wanted to overcome ignorance of Australia, to thank his supporters for money and manpower, and to demonstrate that his work as a bishop was not just a state appointed official, but as a spiritual Father-in-God in apostolic succession from Christ. Broughton was inspired by the Oxford Movement. Broughton met influential colonists and inspired support in his vision of church buildings where the Gospel might be preached and the sacraments of the Church of England celebrated with a dignity to inspire and attract the flock. Broughton knew the 1836 decision of the Government to give state aid to all major Christian denominations undermined the claim of the Church of England to have inherited established legal status the church enjoyed in England. Broughton’s heroic efforts form an inspiring Anglican heritage. The article concludes that by the time of his death in 1853 his church was but one denomination in a spiritually plural, and secular, society.
Productivity improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through crop rotation and organic matter application in degraded crop farms of Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Alemayehu Getachew , Shibabaw Agegnehu , Adgo Enyew , Asch Folkard , Freyer Bernhard
Published: March 2022

Bread wheat is one of the most important staple crops in Ethiopia and it is largely produced by smallholder farmers in the highlands of the country. Its productivity is, however, very low below the world average mainly due to the dwindling of soil productivity and depletion of soil fertility as the result of complete removal of crop residues as well as abandoning of crop rotation and organic matter application. Hence, a 3 years experiment was conducted to study the productivity improvement of bread wheat through crop rotation and organic manure application in degraded crop fields of Ethiopian highlands. Both at station and on-farm sites, factorial combinations of five crop rotations (R1+ = bread wheat–clover–potato, R2+ = clover–bread wheat undersowing lupine–potato, R3+ = potato–clover–bread wheat, R4+ = bread wheat undersowing lupine–potato undersowing lupine–bread wheat and R5+ = lupine–potato undersowing lupine–bread wheat) and four manure application rates [M1 = control/without manure, M2 = 2.5 t ha−1 Sesbania green manure (SGM), M3 = 5 t ha−1 fresh cattle manure (FCM) and M4 = 2.5 t ha−1 SGM + 5 t ha−1 FCM] were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Crop rotation treatments with plus sign (+) indicated that crop residues and/or green manure of preceding crops were incorporated into the soil. Sole bread wheat crop (R1) without manure application (M1) in the first year (2013) was considered as the control and baseline of the study. Results of the study clearly showed that the interaction of R3+ and M4 in 3 years period (2013–2015) enabled to recover the highest grain productivity of bread wheat from 0.95 and 0.69 to 4.83 and 4.14 t ha−1 with the percentile increments of 408.42 and 500.00% at station and on-farm sites, respectively. Thus, long-term application of organic manure with moderate quantity and incorporation of crop residues in pragmatic crop rotation of a vigorous legume before wheat have great potentials for recovering the productivity of bread wheat in degraded crop fields.
Das kleine Einmaleins der Urteilsfähigkeit: Die Top-10-Grundsätze für die klinische Praxis
Authors: Trachsel Manuel , Biller-Andorno Nikola
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Urteilsfähigkeit als Fähigkeit, vernunftgemäss zu handeln, ist eine Voraussetzung für die Selbstbestimmung und wird bei erwachsenen Personen vermutet. Bei begründeten Zweifeln ist eine orientierende Abklärung und gegebenenfalls eine vertiefte Evaluation vorzunehmen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Konzept der Urteilsfähigkeit für die klinische Praxis anhand der zehn wichtigsten rechtlichen, ethischen und klinischen Grundsätze dargestellt. Die Beurteilungskriterien der Urteilsfähigkeit, die Relativität der Urteilsfähigkeit in zeitlicher und sachlicher Hinsicht sowie die Möglichkeit der Fluktuation von Urteilsfähigkeit werden aufgezeigt. Im Beitrag wird klar, dass Urteilsunfähigkeit eine Zuschreibung ist, die auf ethisch-normativen Überlegungen beruht. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass die Entscheidung einer urteilsfähigen Person nicht vernünftig sein muss. Abschliessend wird das Beurteilungsinstrument U-Doc zur Unterstützung bei der Evaluation der Urteilsfähigkeit vorgestellt.
CME-Sonografie 103: Subakromiales (SAI) und subkorakoidales Impingement (SCI)
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio , Müller Andreas Marc
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Schulterschmerzen können ihren Ursprung in verschiedenen Strukturen des Schultergelenks oder in betroffenen periartikulären Strukturen haben. Daher ist es wichtig, eine spezifische Diagnose stellen zu können und die genaue Pathologie, die dahintersteckt, zu identifizieren, um die am besten geeignete, individuell präzise Behandlung einleiten zu können. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit besprechen wir mögliche Ursachen eines Impingements der Schulter.
Evaluation des besoins bio-psycho-sociaux en médecine de famille: acceptabilité de l’INTERMED Self-Assessment
Authors: Leckwyck Lara van , Gallay Emilie , Bourquin Céline , Stiefel Friedrich , Cohidon Christine , Senn Nicolas
Published: March 2022

Résumé. Face à l’augmentation du nombre de patients présentant des comorbidités somato-psychiques, un outil d’identification des patients complexes tel que L’INTERMED self-assessment (IMSA) s’avèrerait utile en médecine de famille. Afin d’évaluer l’acceptabilité des patients de remplir ce questionnaire dans la salle d’attente de leur médecin, une étude observationnelle a été menée durant neuf semaines dans un cabinet regroupant sept généralistes. L’IMSA, rapide à remplir, est bien accepté par les patients qui jugent les questions faciles à comprendre et pertinentes pour leur santé. L’environnement de la salle d’attente ne semble pas être un obstacle. La majorité des participants estime utile que leur médecin reçoive les informations du questionnaire. L’IMSA pourrait être implémenté au cabinet pour détecter certaines fragilités psycho-sociales précocement.
CME-Sonografie 104: Angiomyolipome
Authors: Tuma Jan , Dudeck Oliver
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Angiomyolipome sind die häufigsten benignen Nierentumoren. Die meisten sind spontan aufgetretene Tumoren, mehrheitlich <1,0 cm (ca. 54 %). Diese Tumoren wachsen nicht und sind harmlos. Auch Tumoren zwischen 1,0 und 2,5 cm (ca. 44 %) wachsen ganz selten und bleiben harmlos. Nur selten findet man grössere Tumoren (ca. 2 %). Diese müssen sorgfältig überwacht werden, da Tumoren >4,0 cm spontan gefährlich bluten können. Neben spontanem Auftreten gibt es auch Angiomyolipome in Rahmen des tuberösen Sklerosekomplexes (TCS), hier sind die Tumoren öfters grösser, kombiniert mit Nierenzysten und Nierenzellkarzinomen. Die Messung der Echointensität ist für die Diagnose wichtig.
Steady‐State Parallel Retreat Migration in River Bends With Noncohesive (Composite) Banks
Authors: Waterman David M. , García Marcelo H.
Published: March 2022

A substantial body of research has addressed the equilibrium cross‐sectional geometry of straight noncohesive channels, along with bends having fixed outer banks. However, development of a characteristic cross‐section during active migration has been confounded by inaccurate treatment of noncohesive bank erosion processes. This analysis characterizes a steady‐state migrating cross‐section and the associated migration rate for the highly conceptualized case of an infinite bend of constant centerline radius with noncohesive lower banks consisting of uniform‐sized grains mobilized as bedload. Analytical, numerical, and field analyses are presented to rationally constrain the geometry and obtain a physically based migration rate equation dependent on the following dimensionless groupings: excess Shields stress, flow depth to radius of curvature ratio, and noncohesive bank thickness to grain size ratio. Migration rate is shown to be dictated by transverse sediment flux at the thalweg due to secondary flow, not bank slope as in previous formulations developed from similar principles. Simple outward translation of the noncohesive portion of the cross section is achieved with concurrent mass failure in the upper cohesive layer. Such translation cannot be achieved using a linear excess shear formulation applied to noncohesive fluvial erosion. A numerical model of cross‐sectional evolution to steady‐state migration is developed; when applied to the lower Mackinaw River in Illinois, it reveals that the river behaves as if the critical shear stress is considerably larger than that indicated by the grain size distribution. This conceptualized treatment is intended to provide a canonical basis of comparison for actual meander bend geometries.
Unprecedented High Northern Australian Streamflow Linked to an Intensification of the Indo‐Australian Monsoon
Authors: Higgins P. A. , Palmer J. G. , Rao M. P. , Andersen M. S. , Turney C. S. M. , Johnson F.
Published: March 2022

Streamflow in Australia’s northern rivers has been steadily increasing since the 1970s, most likely due to increased intensity in the Indo‐Australian monsoon. However, because of limited data availability, it is hard to assess this recent trend and therefore contextualize potential future climatic changes. In this study, we used a network of 63 precipitation‐sensitive tree‐ring chronologies from the Indo‐Australian and Asian monsoon regions to reconstruct streamflow in the Daly catchment in the Northern Territory of Australia from 1413 to 2005 CE. We used a novel wavelet‐based method to transform the variance structure of the tree‐ring chronologies to better match the hydroclimate prior to reconstruction with a hierarchical Bayesian regression model. Our streamflow reconstruction accounts for 72%–78% of the variance in the instrumental period and closely matches both historical flood events and independent proxy records, increasing confidence in its validity. We find that while streamflow has been increasing since the 1800s, the most recent 40‐year period is unprecedented in the last ∼600 years. Comparison to an independent coral‐based streamflow record shows regional coherency in this trend. Extreme high flows were found to be linked to La Niña events, but we found no significant relationship between streamflow and El Niño events, or streamflow and other regional climatic drivers. More work is therefore needed to understand the drivers of the recent streamflow increase, but, regardless of the cause, water managers should be aware of the paleoclimatic context before making decisions on water allocations.
ICON Principles Underused as a Natural Hazards Research Tool
Authors: Fritts Rachel
Published: March 2022

Scientists identify barriers to and opportunities for applying integrated, connected, open, and networked research strategies to natural hazards studies.
Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases
Authors: Peng Xian , Cheng Lei , You Yong , Tang Chengwei , Ren Biao , Li Yuqing , Xu Xin , Zhou Xuedong
Published: March 2022

Oral bacteria directly affect the disease status of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The dynamic oral microbiota cooperates with the host to reflect the information and status of immunity and metabolism through two-way communication along the oral cavity and the systemic organs. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment. The microenvironment at different sites in the oral cavity has different microbial compositions and is regulated by complex signaling, hosts, and external environmental factors. These processes may affect or reflect human health because certain health states seem to be related to the composition of oral bacteria, and the destruction of the microbial community is related to systemic diseases. In this review, we discussed emerging and exciting evidence of complex and important connections between the oral microbes and multiple human systemic diseases, and the possible contribution of the oral microorganisms to systemic diseases. This review aims to enhance the interest to oral microbes on the whole human body, and also improve clinician’s understanding of the role of oral microbes in systemic diseases. Microbial research in dentistry potentially enhances our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of oral diseases, and at the same time, continuous advances in this frontier field may lead to a tangible impact on human health.
Crosstalk between CRISPR-Cas9 and the human transcriptome
Authors: Smargon Aaron A. , Madrigal Assael A. , Yee Brian A. , Dong Kevin D. , Mueller Jasmine R. , Yeo Gene W.
Published: March 2022

CRISPR-Cas9 expression independent of its cognate synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) causes widespread genomic DNA damage in human cells. To investigate whether Cas9 can interact with endogenous human RNA transcripts independent of its guide, we perform eCLIP (enhanced CLIP) of Cas9 in human cells and find that Cas9 reproducibly interacts with hundreds of endogenous human RNA transcripts. This association can be partially explained by a model built on gRNA secondary structure and sequence. Critically, transcriptome-wide Cas9 binding sites do not appear to correlate with published genome-wide Cas9 DNA binding or cut-site loci under gRNA co-expression. However, even under gRNA co-expression low-affinity Cas9-human RNA interactions (which we term CRISPR crosstalk) do correlate with published elevated transcriptome-wide RNA editing. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that human RNAs can broadly guide Cas9 to bind and cleave human genomic DNA, but they illustrate a cellular and RNA impact likely inherent to CRISPR-Cas systems.
Splicing the active phases of copper/cobalt-based catalysts achieves high-rate tandem electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia
Authors: He Wenhui , Zhang Jian , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Varhade Swapnil , Brix Ann Cathrin , Lielpetere Anna , Seisel Sabine , Junqueira João R. C. , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

Electrocatalytic recycling of waste nitrate (NO3−) to valuable ammonia (NH3) at ambient conditions is a green and appealing alternative to the Haber−Bosch process. However, the reaction requires multi-step electron and proton transfer, making it a grand challenge to drive high-rate NH3 synthesis in an energy-efficient way. Herein, we present a design concept of tandem catalysts, which involves coupling intermediate phases of different transition metals, existing at low applied overpotentials, as cooperative active sites that enable cascade NO3−-to-NH3 conversion, in turn avoiding the generally encountered scaling relations. We implement the concept by electrochemical transformation of Cu−Co binary sulfides into potential-dependent core−shell Cu/CuOx and Co/CoO phases. Electrochemical evaluation, kinetic studies, and in−situ Raman spectra reveal that the inner Cu/CuOx phases preferentially catalyze NO3− reduction to NO2−, which is rapidly reduced to NH3 at the nearby Co/CoO shell. This unique tandem catalyst system leads to a NO3−-to-NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 93.3 ± 2.1% in a wide range of NO3− concentrations at pH 13, a high NH3 yield rate of 1.17 mmol cm−2 h−1 in 0.1 M NO3− at −0.175 V vs. RHE, and a half-cell energy efficiency of ~36%, surpassing most previous reports.