bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Low-Load vs. High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Grgic Jozo
Published: April 2021

The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophy. Searches for studies were performed through ten databases. Studies were included if they: (a) compared the effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training (performed to momentary muscular failure); and, (b) assessed muscle fiber hypertrophy. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to analyze the data. Ten study groups were included in the analysis. In the meta-analysis for the effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on type I muscle fiber hypertrophy, there was no significant difference between the training conditions (standardized mean difference: 0.28; 95% confidence interval: –0.27, 0.82; p = 0.316; I2 = 18%; 95% prediction interval: –0.71, 1.28). In the meta-analysis for the effects of low-load vs. high-load resistance training on type II muscle fiber hypertrophy, there was no significant difference between the training conditions (standardized mean difference: 0.30; 95% confidence interval: –0.05, 0.66; p = 0.089; I2 = 0%; 95% prediction interval: –0.28, 0.88). In this meta-analysis, there were no significant differences between low-load and high-load resistance training on hypertrophy of type I or type II muscle fibers. The 95% confidence and prediction intervals were very wide, suggesting that the true effect in the population and the effect reported in a future study conducted on this topic could be in different directions and anywhere from trivial to very large. Therefore, there is a clear need for future research on this topic.
The Effects of Plyometric Conditioning on Post-Activation Bench Press Performance
Authors: Krzysztofik Michal , Wilk Michal
Published: April 2021

The present study aimed to determine the effects of plyometric push-ups as a conditioning activity (CA) on high-loaded bench press performance. Two groups of resistance-trained males age (24.5 ± 2.6 years, body mass 84.8 ± 8 kg) performed one of two CA protocols: 3 sets of 5 repetitions of plyometric push-ups with a 1 min rest interval between sets (PAPE; n=12) or equal time aerobic warm-up (CONT; n=12). Four minutes after completion of the CA protocols the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM and 4 min rest interval between sets to assess post-activation differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between conditions. The two-way ANOVA revealed significant condition × set interaction effect for PP (p<0.01), MP (p<0.05), PV (p<0.01), and MV (p=0.02). The post hoc for condition × set interaction showed that PAPE caused a significant decrease in PP and PV for P-Set2 and P-Set3 when compared to baseline (BA). The MP and MV for the PAPE condition decreased significantly during the P-Set3 compared to BA and to P-Set1. The t-test comparisons for delta values showed significant differences between PAPE and CONT in PP for P-Set1 – BA (p<0.01), in MP for P-Set2 – P-Set1 (p<0.03) and for P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p=0.04). Furthermore, there were significant differences in PV for P-Set3 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1; P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). Finally, there were significant differences in MV for P-Set1 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1 and P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). This study demonstrated that plyometric push-ups lead to performance enhancement of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM. The increases in performance were observed only in the first set following the CA, while a significant decrease of these variables was registered in P-Set2 and P-Set3.
Learning by outward and inward internationalization and the outward/inward innovativeness of firms in Poland
Authors: Szymura-Tyc Maja
Published: April 2021

Many studies raise the issue of relationships between internationalization and innovativeness, linking them with firms’ international competitiveness. However, very few of these studies focus on the influence of internationalization on innovativeness and regard the multifaceted nature of these two concepts. The study presented in this paper is based on a holistic approach to internationalization and innovativeness. It explores the influence of the outward (e.g. exporting, outward FDI) and inward (e.g. importing, inward FDI) internationalization on the outward (product and marketing) and inward (process and organizational) innovativeness of 274 firms in Poland, adopting formative variables and a correlations analysis. The key contribution of the research is that the outward internationalization is conducive to both the outward and inward innovativeness, while the inward internationalization supports only the inward innovativeness. It shows that learning by outward and inward internationalization supports innovativeness of firms, responsible for their international competitiveness. The findings might be unique for transition and emerging economies characterized with a low degree of internationalization and innovativeness, while the holistic approach is more universal, and might bring interesting results when applied to the research of highly advanced economies.
Trend Analysis of Temperature and Humidity in Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Adedapo Adeniyi
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the trend analysis of temperature and relative humidity in Kwara State. Climatic data on annual mean temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity for 40 years (1978-2017) were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) Ilorin. Semi-Average method, Mann- Kendull statistics and regression method were used to analyse the trend in temperature and relative humidity. The Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) was also used to examine the changes in temperature and humidity over the period of 1978-2017. The result of the analysis indicates that temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity exhibit an upward trend. This implies that temperature and relative humidity increase over the period of 1978-2017. The Mann-Kendull statistics values show that there is no significant difference in the values of temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity. The result of the Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) also revealed that the values of temperature and humidity fluctuated around the long –term mean. About 50% of the annual average relative humidity falls above the long term average while 40% of the annual mean maximum temperature falls above the long term average. It can therefore, be deduced that there is the possibility of increment in the values of temperature and relative humidity which could cause a serious challenge to human health and climate change. The study therefore, suggests that increase and fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity should be a critical factor in designing strategies to mitigate the effect of climate change on the environment and human health.
Understanding reservoir heterogeneity using variography and data analysis: an example from coastal swamp deposits, Niger Delta Basin (Nigeria)
Authors: Obi Ifeanyichukwu S. , Onuoha K. Mosto , Obilaja Olusegun T. , Princeton Dim C. I.
Published: April 2021

For efficient reservoir management and long-term field development strategies, most geologists and asset managers pay special attention to reservoir chance of success. To minimise this uncertainty, a good understanding of reservoir presence and adequacy is required for better ranking of infill opportunities and optimal well placement. This can be quite challenging due to insufficient data and complexities that are typically associated with areas with compounded tectonostratigraphic framework. For the present paper, data analysis and variography were used firstly to examine possible geological factors that determine directions in which reservoirs show minimum heterogeneity for both discrete and continuous properties; secondly, to determine the maximum range and degree of variability of key reservoir petro-physical properties from the variogram, and thirdly, to highlight possible geological controls on reservoir distribution trends as well as areas with optimal reservoir quality. Discrete properties evaluated were lithology and genetic units, while continuous properties examined were porosity and net-to-gross (NtG). From the variogram analysis, the sandy lithology shows minimum heterogeneity in east-west (E–W) and north-south (N–S) directions, for Upper Shoreface Sands (USF) and Fluvial/Tidal Channel Sands (FCX/TCS), respectively. Porosity and NtG both show the least heterogeneity in the E–W axis for reservoirs belonging to both Upper Shoreface and Fluvial Channel environments with porosity showing a slightly higher range than NtG. The vertical ranges for both continuous properties did not show a clear trend. The Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) and Object modelling algorithm were used for modelling the discrete properties, while Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) was used for modelling of the continuous properties. Results from this exercise show that depositional environment, sediment provenance, topographical slope, sub-regional structural trends, shoreline orientation and longshore currents, could have significant impacts on reservoir spatial distribution and property trends. This understanding could be applied in reservoir prediction and for generating stochastic estimates of petrophysical properties for nearby exploration assets of similar depositional environments.
Interaction Effect of Country of Manufacture and Brand Awareness on Malaysian Young Adults Purchase Intention of Low Involvement Product
Authors: Lim Chui Seong , Hong Kay Tze , Wong Siew Chin , Yee Louisa Hew Wei
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine the interaction effect of country of manufacture and brand awareness, packaging and price impact on the purchase intention of toothpaste among young adults in Malaysia. As previous studies show, the country of origin should not be taken as a single clue, as it exaggerates the country of origin effect. This study evaluates the effect of the country of origin effect on the low-involvement good (toothpaste). The Cue Utilization Theory was used to explain how the consumer uses product cues to rate a product before making a purchase decision. Study data are analysed using SmartPLS. The results of this study showed that all variables influence consumer purchase intention for toothpaste. IPMA analysis showed that the interaction effect of the country of manufacture and brand awareness are important factors.
József Engel de Szepeslőcse – Linguist and Physician
Authors: György Gaal
Published: April 2021

József Engel (1807–1870) originates from an intellectual family from the Northern part of Hungary, he got to Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureş) due to family relations. There he was assistant in the Golden Deer Pharmacy. Later he graduated the theoretical course of Chemistry at the Pest University. His thesis was printed. Then he studied medicine at the same university between 1830 and 1836. He wrote his thesis about the measles (De Morbilis). Meanwhile studying at Pest he got interested in Hungarian linguistics. He elaborated a study on the stem words of the Hungarian language which won a competition of the Hungarian Academy of Science. Engel was a much appreciated general practitioner at Marosvásárhely. The famous mathematician, János Bolyai was also his patient. He subscribed to German medical journals, collected plants and minerals. But his major interest was linguistics. In the middle of the 1850-s there was a movement at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) to establish a Museum Society. Then Engel’s linguistic research work was rediscovered. Some articles were published about him and even a fragment of his work in progress got printed. In 1857 Engel moves to Kolozsvár to help the founding of the Transylvanian Museum Society and to finish his treatise. As a general practitioner he could hardly make his living. In 1859 the Hungarian Academy of Science elected him corresponding member. He finished his thesis in linguistics and sent it to the Academy as an inaugural address. It was presented, but not published. His conception was considered obsolete. He died quite forgotten at Kolozsvár. At the Academy Henrik Finály held a memorial speech upon his life and activity. His two sons and two grandsons continued the medical traditions.
Non-surgical therapy of diabetic foot infections based on recent guidelines and published data
Authors: Edit Urbán , Márió Gajdács
Published: April 2021

Chronic, non-communicable diseases are affecting the lives of more and more people worldwide; due to obesity and inadequate eating habits, the proportion of diabetics is on an increasing trend globally. The development of a number of macro- and microangiopathic pathologies associated with the onset of diabetes affects the life expectancy of patients. Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is one of the most serious long-term complications of diabetes and may be considered an intersection of infectious and non-infectious diseases; these infections can significantly reduce the quality of life of affected patients. The purpose of this review was to summarize the latest recommendations for conservative (non-surgical) therapy for DFIs and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO).
Digital applications for nutrition counselling (Lavinia) and cardiovascular risk assessment (WIWE) – intelligent devices of prevention
Authors: György Kozmann , Gergely Tuboly , István Vassányi
Published: April 2021

Significant state-sponsored efforts have recently successfully elaborated general purpose information systems for the global Hungarian health sector management. However, there is still a significant need for easy-to-use smartphone-based equipment and applications to help citizens directly in achieving healthy nutrition habits and/or monitor people living with elevated health risk. This paper outlines a new generation of intelligent mHealth systems developed in the past few years to improve nutritional habits and quantitatively monitoring risk factors of stroke and the development of the necessary substrate of sudden cardiac arrest. According to the expectations, these solutions may achieve a significant share in the growing world market of smart health instruments.
Hydrodinamic Processes Control System for Wastewater Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Nițu Anamaria-Cătălina
Published: April 2021

In this study, it is presented a multicriterial approach of the automatic management techniques of industrial installations using wastewater. This has an extremely positive effect on the economical results of the entire irrigation and wastewater equipment. Choosing the automatic management by a neural networks system is the result of several stages of analysis, modelling and simulation of hydrodynamic processes that take place within the wastewater installation on each equipment and in its integrity. The study exposes an analysis and offers a solution of automatic management of the installation of irrigation using wastewater.
Lifestyle and eating habits of the high school students
Authors: Kos Marek , Parfin Agnieszka , Drop Bartłomiej , Herda Jolanta , Wdowiak Krystian , Witas Aleksandr , Drogoń Justyna , Wojdan Witold , Kuszneruk Marta
Published: April 2021

Introduction.The youth is a group particularly prone to follow trends concerning nutrition and lifestyle. When studying the habits of this age group, it is possible to evaluate its members’ knowledge concerning health behaviours, determine possible deficiencies and suggest appropriate educational programmes resulting in improvement of eating habits and physical activity, and consequently, in longer life in good health.

Aim.Lifestyle and eating habits of the high school students identification and analysis of those results in terms of future health condition and health education of the youth.

Material and methods.Anonymous survey study was conducted in electronic form among the students attending high schools and technical high schools all over Poland. The study was conducted with an authors’ survey questionnaire (Google form) filled in via the Internet. The questionnaire mainly included closed questions verifying habits connected with eating, physical activity, using stimulants, and metrics (age, sex, voivodeship, size of the place of living, type of school). Statistical analysis was made with the use of Statistica software.

Conclusions.The majority of youth has good habits concerning physical activity and beverages consumption, moreover, smoking is not a frequent habit in this group. What needs to be done, is to raise the youth’s awareness about appropriate carbohydrates consumption as well as about regularity and diversity of meals.
Coping strategies as predictors of professional burnout in Polish nurses
Authors: Goś Anna , Szczekala Katarzyna , Humeniuk Ewa
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Professional burnout, as a defensive, psycho-physical reaction to chronic occupational stress resulting from the imbalance between the demands of the environment and resources of an individual, is the phenomenon which considerably affects the nursing profession. Coping strategies reflect typical ways of reacting to stressful events. The following dissertation is an attempt to provide information on which coping strategies predispose nurses to burnout.

Aim. The aim of the study is determination of coping strategies that are predictors of professional burnout in Polish nurses.

Material and methods. The research group comprised 29 nurses employed in hospitals located in Eastern Poland. The authors’ own socio-demographic questionnaire and standardised psychometric tools were utilised in the course of the research. Brief COPE by S.CH. Carver, adapted into Polish by Z. Juczyński and N. Ogińska-Bulik was applied to determine coping strategies. Link Burnout Questionnaire by M. Santinello, adapted into Polish by A. Jaworowska, was used to measure burnout.

Results. Psychophysical exhaustion is to a great extent connected with such coping strategies as self-blame and planning. Relationship deterioration affects individuals who tend to react to a stressful event by venting emotions. The greater the tendency to self-blame and venting when faced with a stress-related situation, the greater the risk of experiencing the sense of professional ineffectiveness. Disillusion with work is conditioned by denial whereas self-distraction protects from disillusion.

Conclusions. Polish nurses present a moderate and high level of burnout. Some coping strategies (self-blame, venting, self-distraction, planning and denial) are predictors of professional burnout in nurses. It can be assumed that interventions aimed at training certain coping strategies based on the research results may enhance resistance to burnout in nursing professionals.
The air quality health index and emergency department visits for injury
Authors: Szyszkowicz Mieczysław
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of ambient air quality with emergency department (ED) visits for injury.

Aim. To explore correlations between ED visits for injury and ambient air pollution.

Materials and methods. Considered health outcomes are ED visits for injury (ICD-9 codes: 800-999) in Edmonton, Canada, for the period from April 1998 to March 2002 (1,444 days). Air pollution concentration in the ambient air is represented as a daily maximum of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI). The AQHI value encapsulates levels of three urban ambient air pollutants (ozone, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter), weighted by constant risk coefficients. A time-stratified casecrossover design, using conditional logistic regression and conditional Poisson regression, was realized to assess the associations. The risk, reported as odds ratio and relative risk, was estimated using log-linear models and parametric non-linear concentrationresponse functions.

Results. The strongest effects were observed for young male patients in the cold season (October-March). Lagged exposures were found to have positive statistically significant associations.

Discussion. The study results indicate that air quality was associated with increased risk of daily ED visits for injury. This study determined concentration-response functions which allow one to assess the effects for various levels of the AQHI.
The pH of soaps, skin care products and cosmetics used in the period of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara , Dąbrowska Kornelia , Chodun Wiktoria
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Human skin is the outer cover of the body. It performs important functions for the entire organism, such as protection of internal organs. The skin also protects the body against the effects of the external environment, ensures the balance between the environment and the inside of organism. Due to the pandemic, all members of the public are encouraged to frequently wash or disinfect hands, which may lead to skin irritation.

Aim. The aim of the study was to check the pH of soaps, skin care products and selected cosmetics used in the period of COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods. For pH determination the CP-105 pH meter manufactured by ELMETRON® (Poland) was used. A total of 111 products available on the Polish market were collected for testing. The results were compared with the pH of tap water samples.

Results. The soaps had mean pH of 5.04±1.04, shampoos 6.04±1.57, creams 6.87±0.1, products for depilation 9.8±3.06. All the values were within legal ranges.

Conclusion. The majority of skin and hair cosmetics have pH close to the pH of tap water. Chemical hair removal products have the most alkaline pH and therefore, require extreme caution as they can cause irritation.
The influence of selected factors on the level of stress among patients qualified for the operation
Authors: Gesek Monika , Morawik Iwona
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The surgery and its circumstances are difficult situation for patient and his/her relatives. Patient is afraid of operation, itss consequences, hospitalization regardless of the type of surgery and course of anaesthesia. Obtaining reliable information by patient from the staff helps to understand the desirability of procedure and principles for preoperative preparation.

Aim. The assessment of the influence selected factors on the level of stress perceived by patients qualified for the anaesthesia before the operation.

Material and methods. A survey performed amongst 100 adult patients (women and men), qualified for anaesthesia prior to surgery in Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin (SPSK-4). Research tools – an authorial questionnaire composed of 19 questions and the scale of perceived stress PSS-10.

Discussion. Research has shown that level of stress before anaesthesia and surgery was significantly higher in group of women than men. Furthermore, respondents who work occupationally more frequently had high and very high level of stress compared to the surveyed with pension, retirement or unemployed. Age, place of living, education, marital status, material status, presence of intercurrent illness, type of operation/anaesthesia as well as number of procedures found no relationship regarding the level of perceived stress.

Conclusion. 1. The level of stress before anaesthesia for surgery is high. 2. Gender and professional activity affect the level of experienced stress. 3. The patient’s mental preparation may have an influence on perioperative stress reduction.
Transport in times of an epidemic: public transport measures in the Czech Republic and its regions
Authors: Vrána Martin , Surmařová Simona , Hlisnikovský Petr , Dujka Jiří
Published: April 2021

In the first half of 2020, the global pandemic of the COVID-19 virus became a phenomenon affecting all spheres of human life. Measures against the spread of the virus have led to restrictions in life in public spaces and have also affected the transport sector. These impacts consisted of two types - firstly, the number of connections was reduced due to a drop in transport demand, and secondly, it was necessary to comply with hygiene measures on the part of carriers and passengers. The impacts of these measures could be monitored at all spatial levels, from global to local. This paper deals with the course of the so-called first wave of the pandemic in the Czech Republic in relation to public transport and its organization. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of these measures in relation to general government regulations and their subsequent implementation at the national, regional (county) and local (selected large cities) level. Furthermore, the paper uses three case studies to show what changes long-distance domestic transport has undergone on selected routes. There was a significant reduction in the number of long-distance connections, some lines were not operated at all, and of course, all cross-border connections were canceled. The paper covers the period from the turn of February and March 2020, when the measures began to take effect, to the end of May 2020, when almost all the adopted measures were gradually relaxed. The paper concludes with a summary of the basic features of the organization of transport during the validity of the special measures, as well as areas where significant changes took place and whose consequences may persist after the pandemic subsides.
Experimental Investigation of Wearing Grinding Wheels After Machining Sintered Carbide
Authors: Peterka Jozef , Hrbál Jakub , Buranský Ivan , Martinovič Jozef
Published: April 2021

Solid cutting tools are widely applied in the machining of shape parts and mainly fabricated using the grinding operations. Solid cutting tools are of specific geometry and shape. The tool geometry is created by mutual movement grinding wheels and stock. In the grinding of its manufacturing, grinding wheels are worn out gradually with the grinding number increasing. The wearing grinding wheel has a significant influence on the accuracy geometry of the tool produced. The paper focuses on the wear of the grinding wheels based on diamonds, and the grinding wheels based on cubic boron nitride. The wear rate of the grinding wheels is affected by the properties of a grinding wheel, grinding conditions, and type of cutting material. A measure of the ability of a grinding wheel to remove material is given by the Grinding ratio. The grinding ratio (G ratio) is defined as the volume of material removed (Vw) divided by the volume of wheel wear (Vs). Periphery grinding wheels were used in the experiments. Cylindrical face grinding was used for the machining of sintered carbide stock with a diameter of 20 mm. The results of the experiment show that the diamond-based grinding wheels are more suitable for grinding sintered carbide.
Co-Pyrolysis and Co-Gasification of Biomass and Oil Shale
Authors: Jarvik Oliver , Sulg Mari , Cascante Cirici Pau , Eldermann Meelis , Konist Alar , Gusca Julija , Siirde Andres
Published: April 2021

The European Union has set an ambitious goal to transform to a carbon neutral economy. The present paper focuses on thermal treatment of oil shale and biomass blends that could be considered as an important pathway for achieving the carbon neutral goal locally in Estonia. The concept of co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of biomass and oil shale offers various advantages such as higher liquid product yield and higher char conversion than if the oil shale and biomass particles were processed individually. In the paper, an overview of the planned actions for merging oil shale industry carbon neutral economy is given. The selected approaches are justified with information found in scientific literature and initial experimental results. Further, the possible future developments for gasification and pyrolysis in Estonia are also highlighted.
’Civilising’ the Transitional Generation: The Politics of Civic Education in Post-Communist Romania
Authors: Rusu Mihai Stelian
Published: April 2021

The paper examines the introduction of civic education in post-communist Romania as an educational means of civilising in a democratic ethos the children of the transition. Particularly close analytical attention is paid to a) the political context that shaped the decision to introduce civic education, b) the radical changes in both content and end purpose of civics brought about by educational policies adopted for accelerating the country’s efforts of integrating into the Euro-Atlantic structures (NATO and the European Union), and c) the actual consequences that these educational policies betting on civics have had on the civic values expressed by Romanian teenagers. The analysis rests on an extensive sample of schoolbooks and curricula of civic education, civic culture, and national history used in primary and secondary education between 1992 (when civics was first introduced) and 2007 (when Romania joined the EU). Drawing on critical discourse analysis, the paper argues that a major discursive shift had taken place between 1999 and 2006, propelled by Romania’s accelerated efforts to join the EU. Set in motion by the new National Curriculum of 1998, the content of civics textbooks went through a dramatic change from a nationalist ethos towards a Europeanist orientation. The paper identifies and explores the consequences of a substantial shift from a heroic paradigm of celebrating the nation’s identity and monumentalised past towards a reflexive post-heroic model of celebrating the country’s European vocation.
Bitter Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) Modulates Nitrobenzene-Induced Renal Damage in Rats Via Suppression of Oxido-Inflammatory Activities
Authors: Oladele Johnson Olaleye , Oyeleke Oyedotun Moses , Olowookere Boyede Dele , Babatope Oluwafeyisayo Doyinsola , Olaniyan Monisola Dorcas , Akindolie Blessing Oluwadunsin , Oladele Oluwaseun Titilope
Published: April 2021

Renal diseases have been documented as one of the massive health challenges, ranked as the 12th most common cause of death globally. This study was carried out to assess the chemopreventive effects of Vernonia amydalina on nitrobenzene mediated renal damage in rats. Rats were exposed to 100 mg/kg body weight of nitrobenzene via oral administration and treated with 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 400 mg/kg BW of methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amydalina (MLVA) and Vitamin E for 14 consecutive days. Nitrobenzene significantly induced a renal injury with a significant increase in the serum levels of urea and creatinine with the concomitant altered serum electrolyte profile. Also, nitrobenzene mediated the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation with a significant increase in the renal level of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with a concomitant decrease in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, an inflammation was observed in the nitrobenzene-treated rats with the elevated level of nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). However, the treatment with methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amydalina reversed all the nitrobenzene-associated renal damage, electrolyte imbalance, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation and altered antioxidant defence system. Taken together, methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amydalina offers protection which may be beneficial for the treatment and management of kidney diseases or other related disorders via enhancing the serum electrolyte homeostasis, protecting the structural integrity of the kidney, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Dialetheism and Metaphor
Authors: Rybarkiewicz Dorota
Published: April 2021

In the paper two seemingly distinct areas of philosophical investigations are brought together: metaphor and dialetheism. They both turn out to be deeply related, which becomes visible against a background, i.e. the hybrid structure of metaphor delineated in the first part. This network elicits three variations of dissonance subsequently called: (1) phantom-contradiction, which is combined with unconventionality of metaphors; (2) indexed-bound contradiction, bearing some cognitive tension but no real truth value gluts and; (3) logical contradiction “spread” between the two layers of metaphorical structure. Finally, the analysis allows for approaching a theoretically pending question concerning the influence of dialetheic aspects of metaphor upon human cognition and thinking in general.
Linguistic Challenges to International Commercial Arbitration in Poland
Authors: Cudowska Maria
Published: April 2021

In the realm of Polish law, arbitration is anything but a new concept. In an ever-developing economy, arbitration has become a useful tool in resolving disputes that are commercial in nature. The issue pertinent to the choice of language in an arbitral proceeding has been thoroughly investigated in the doctrine of international arbitration, yet the conclusions are not set in stone and are likely to change and evolve over time. As evidenced by the technological revolution, introduction of mechanical translations, and artificial intelligence (“AI”) it may seem that the challenges will be difficult to predict. Alternatively, the status quo of the English language as the number one language in the arbitral proceedings will remain. The parties can easily dismiss the linguistic and interpretative problems surrounding arbitration agreements. Thus, this article endeavors to consider the possible implications of a case scenario, wherein a party would attempt to arbitrate an international dispute with a Polish party on the basis of a contract that would be in a language that differs from Polish. Additionally, attention is drawn to the role of witnesses in an arbitration proceeding as such witnesses may speak languages that are the same, similar, or entirely different to the language spoken by the parties involved in the arbitration, as well as differ from the primary language of the arbiters. This article examines the aforementioned hypothetical case-scenario with the emphasis on relevant Polish acts of law. The research presented in this article is also focused on the examination of regulations vested in the statute of the most prominent Arbitration Court in Poland, and its provisions pertinent to language.
Narrative as a Radial Category
Authors: Badio Janusz
Published: April 2021

Narrative is a complex and elusive category of cognition, culture, communication and language. An attempt has been made in this article with a large enough theoretical scope to consider the possibility of treating narrative as a radial category. To this end, the definition and characterisation of radiality is provided together with explanation of what it might mean to apply this term to the complex language-discourse unit of narrative. The prototype of this category involves features, functions, and ICMs. It has multiple representations with only family resemblance, involves more obvious exemplars and variable abstract knowledge structures. In particular, section one looks at the radiality question and what it might mean to think of the meaning of narrative in general. Section two focuses on centrality. Sections three to five deal with schematic representations of narrative and provide examples of extending the most subsuming schema of the Action Chain Model from cognitive linguistics and Labov’s Narrative Schema to various other types of conversational narrative, children’s dramatic plays, tactical narratives, story rounds, jokes, poems, current news articles on the Internet, images, and advertisements.
Future of Oil and Gas Trade of Kazakhstan in the European Union Context – Application of Time Series Analysis
Authors: Kabylda Alisher , Turčeková Natália , Čeryová Dominika , Belinska Stefaniia , Valentíni Filip
Published: April 2021

Energy is a fundamental factor in cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union; both sides strive for energy security but understand it differently. For Kazakhstan, the European Union is the primary export market for energy resources, a source of investment and technology. For the European Union, Kazakhstani oil and gas are the most valuable energy resources of the Central Asian region. The relevance of the chosen topic is that oil and gas are of crucial importance for the economy of Kazakhstan. In the future, Kazakhstan is going to increase production with the European Union. Kazakhstan’s oil and gas industry can be attributed to one of the leading sectors of the country’s economy. The purpose of the scientific paper is to analyse the oil and gas trade between Kazakhstan and the European Union using a time series model to examine Kazakhstan’s oil and gas trade flow, in order to describe its top 5 trade partners in the European Union, also providing objective information on the results and prospects of development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union in the field of oil and gas trade.
Geçici Verginin Hesaplanması Ve Muhasebeleştirilmesinde Yaşanan Sorunlar
Authors: KATKAT ÖZÇELİK Münevver
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışma, geçici verginin hesaplanması ve muhasebeleştirilmesi işlemlerini irdelemek ve muhasebe uygulamalarında yaşanan sorunlar ile çelişkilere dikkat çekmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma, geçici vergi ile ilgili literatür, vergi mevzuatı ve muhasebe sitelerinin taranması suretiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada vergi mevzuatı ve tek düzen hesap planında yapılan açıklamalar ile muhasebenin temel ilkeleri arasında çelişki olduğu ve bu durumun geçici vergi ile ilgili muhasebe uygulamalarına yansıdığı, muhasebe kayıtlarında uygulama birliği olmadığı, geçici verginin hesaplama yönteminin de muhasebe meslek mensuplarının iş yoğunluğunun artmasına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İş yoğunluğunun azalmasının sağlanması amacıyla geçici vergi hesaplama yöntemi olarak dünyada en çok uygulanan önceki yıl matrahını esas alma yönteminin ülkemizde de uygulanması, uygulama birliğinin sağlanması amacıyla vergi mevzuatı ve tek düzen hesap planının geçici vergiye ilişkin düzenlemelerinin gözden geçirilerek muhasebenin temel ilkeleri çerçevesinde yeniden düzenlenmesi önerilmiştir.
МІЖКУЛЬТУРНА КОМПЕТЕНТНІСТЬ ФАХІВЦІВ ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ У КОНТЕКСТІ СУЧАСНИХ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ КОНЦЕПЦІЙ
Authors: ROKITSKA NATALIYA , TSEPENIUK TETIANA
Published: April 2021

The article identifies the prerequisites for the emergence of intercultural communication as a subject of research, points to the priority objectives of studies in the field of intercultural communication in the European community. It considers the issue of formation of intercultural competence as a necessary factor for the process of communication between representatives of different cultures while training professionals of a new generation. The content of the concept of “intercultural communication” is revealed, the problematic issues of its formation in the process of mastering a foreign language are analyzed in the article. Knowledge of foreign languages helps to relieve psychological barriers, to be more confident while communicating with foreign partners, and be more compatible in modern world. It has been found that certain problems associated with involvement in different cultures are likely to occur when communicating with representatives of different cultures. Communication between people of different cultures is complicated not only by different languages, but also by the fact that this process is influenced by different cultural standards.

The relevance of the concept of “intercultural competence” is substantiated, various views of Western scholars on the essence and structure of the concept of “intercultural competence” are presented in the article. The authors suggest models of intercultural competence which show that intercultural competence of future professionals is an integral part of their professional activity. Different views on the formation of a personality of a mediator between cultures are considered. The definitions of “mediator of cultures”, “bilingual personality”, “secondary linguistic personality” are given. Within the concept of “secondary linguistic personality” attention is paid to its special model, which is formed in the process of mastering a second foreign language. The article focuses on the analysis of characteristic features of a mediator of cultures.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF A HISTORY TEACHER IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL
Authors: IGNATENKO NATALIIA
Published: April 2021

Socio-political, economic and cultural changes in recent decades, multiplied by the deep social crisis that has engulfed the modern world, have affected not only production and political processes but also education. These new external and internal factors cause the need to adjust the existing conceptual foundations of training teachers to work in the New Ukrainian school, which determines the topicality of our study. The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological aspects of the professional development of a history teacher and their reflection in the semantic, operational and contextual components of the qualification component of the pedagogical skills of the New Ukrainian School teacher. The concept of “New Ukrainian School” is described as a key reform of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the state educational policy of Ukraine on quality assurance of education is analyzed.

It was found that according to the State Standard basic platform for the formation of the integral image of the pedagogical skills NUS teacher is formed by fourteen core competence. It creates a perfect image of the teacher. It is established that in the theory the teacher professionalism is defined as a specific psychological and personal production, characterized by professional competence and the ability to perform creatively professional tasks. The specification of cognitive-technological qualities are necessary for mastering the historical sciences is given, which in its content and form is based on the dual mechanism of mastering historical material in the direction from the knowledge of the historical fact to awareness of it as a part of one's own life. It is substantiated that the leading role in the teacher’s professional development is in his ability to innovate, components of which are a clear motivation and meaningful innovative position, the ability not only to join innovation processes but also to be the initiator. According to the results of the study, the updated functional component of the professional activity of the New Ukrainian School teacher directs his professional evolution towards the modernization of the established general education model and causes reinterpretation of its place and role in the native education environment.
CONTENTS OF METHODICAL TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS-MUSICIANS FOR THE USE OF BELL RINGING MEANS IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
Authors: ILCHUK LINA
Published: April 2021

The urgency of improving the professional training of future music teachers in connection with the growing public demand for the professional qualities of teachers is substantiated. It is established that the teacher’s search for a new content of education, in particular among ethnopedagogical bell ringing means, the use of non-traditional methods and forms of teaching will promote creative development of an individual, the formation of value attitude to the traditions and customs of his/her nation. The necessity of formation of methodical readiness of future teachers-musicians for the use of bell-ringing means in professional activity is defined. The development of students’ motives for studying bell ringing will be more effective by directing the educational process of art and pedagogical faculties to the development of future music teachers’ bell ringing competencies. The purpose of the article is to highlight the author’s contribution to the content of academic disciplines included in the cycle of professional training of future music teachers, information about bell ringing, as well as to present the methodological content of lectures and practical classes. Among the vectors of innovative adjustments, making changes to the work programs of educational components, the organization of independent extracurricular activities of music students have been defined. The author’s system of semantic additions to the disciplines of the professional cycle of training future teachers of music has been presented. Instructional and methodical materials for lectures, seminars and practical classes, organization of independent work have been developed. The practical value of the paper lies in the presentation of creative, didactic tasks that will contribute to the formation of students’ skills and abilities to use the bell-ringing means in professional activities. Cognitive and research work, excursions, expedition and on field collection of materials about bell-ringing of the region, production of photomontages, slide compositions, video materials, presentations of the developed creative projects have been suggested as extracurricular forms of work. Thus, the introduction of bell-ringing material in the normative and practical component of higher education will make it possible to eliminate contradictions between students’ acquisition of theoretical knowledge and their practical application.
Spontaneous regression of herniated cervical disc: A case report and literature review
Authors: Sharma Anil Kumar , Gandhoke Charandeep Singh , Syal Simran Kaur
Published: April 2021

Background:

We have reviewed 75 cases plus our own single instance of spontaneous regression of herniated cervical discs.

Methods:

We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases (until September 2020) utilizing the following keywords; “spontaneous regression,” “herniated cervical disc,” and “Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies.”

Results:

In the literature, we found 75 cases of herniated cervical discs which spontaneously regressed; to this, we added our case. Patients averaged 40.95 years of age. Discs were paracentral or foraminal in 84% of the cases, with most occurring at the C5-C6 (51%) and C6-C7 (36%) levels. Symptoms included neck pain/radiculopathy (91%) or myelopathy (9%). The average interval between initial presentation and spontaneous regression of herniated discs on MRI was 9.15 months. Interestingly, on MRI, extruded/sequestrated discs were more likely to undergo spontaneous regression versus protruding discs.

Conclusion:

Successive MRI studies documented the spontaneous regression of herniated cervical discs over an average of 9.15 months. Although this may prompt greater consideration for conservative treatment in younger patients without neurologic deficits, those with deficits should be considered for surgery.
Iatrogenic postoperative spondylodiscitis attributed to Burkholderia cepacia infection in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Miryala Rakesh , Marathe Nandan , Mallepally Abhinandan Reddy , Das Kalidutta , Mohapatra Bibhudendu
Published: April 2021

Background:

Pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) is a rare infection involving the intervertebral disk space, adjacent vertebral endplates, and vertebral bodies. PS occurs in the elderly and immunocompromised patients, and is an uncommon cause of initial and/or postoperative PS. There are only seven cases involving this organism reported in literature.

Case Description:

Here, we present a 35-year-old male who following a lumbar discectomy developed a postoperative iatrogenic PS uniquely attributed to Burkholderia cepacia. The patient was successfully managed with postoperative surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion:

Rarely, B. cepacia may be the offending organism resulting in a postoperative lumbar PS.