bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escalation Therapy of Steroid Refractory Multiple Sclerosis Relapse with Tryptophan Immunoadsorption - Observational Multicenter Study with 147 Patients
Authors: Schimrigk Sebastian , Faiss Jürgen , Köhler Wolfgang , Günther Albrecht , Harms Lutz , Kraft Andrea , Ehrlich Sven , Eberl Axel , Fassbender Cordula , Klingel Reinhard , Galle Jan , Riedlinger Arne , Hoffmann Frank
Published: June 2016

Background: A marked proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses is followed by incomplete recovery. Our aim was to considerably increase the evidence of the clinical use of immunoadsorption (IA) as escalation therapy for patients with MS relapse. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was performed in MS patients with steroid refractory relapse who were treated with tryptophan IA. The main outcome parameter was change of acute relapse-related disability assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and visual acuity (VA) measurements for patients with optic neuritis (ON). IA treatments were performed using single-use tryptophan adsorbers. Results: Data of 147 MS patients and 786 single IA treatments were analyzed. Treatment with IA was commenced in mean 32 ± 35 days after the onset of relapse. One hundred and five out of 147 patients (71.4%) improved functionally after mean 5.4 IA treatments within 7-10 days. EDSS improved from median 5 (interquartile range, IQR 3.5) to 4 (IQR 2.5) (p < 0.001). In patients with ON (n = 32), VA improved after the IA series in 84% of cases from median 0.2 (IQR 0.6) to 0.6 (IQR 0.66) (p < 0.001). In 98.9% of IA treatments, no clinically relevant side effect was reported. Conclusion: Tryptophan IA was found to be effective and well tolerated as escalation therapy for MS relapse.
A Física a serviço da sociedade
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Oliveira Jr Osvaldo Novais de , Sintra Rui Jorge ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física de São Carlos
Published: June 2016

Devido à diversidade das pesquisas e crescente necessidade de comunicação com a sociedade, o IFSC decidiu há alguns anos divulgar suas atividades de pesquisa e extensão. O Capítulo II traz opiniões de docentes do IFSC sobre os desafios da física para o século XXI, enquanto o Capítulo III aborda a integração de diferentes áreas de pesquisa que propiciou a formação de redes de pesquisa, centros de pesquisa e inovação, institutos nacionais de tecnologia e núcleos de apoio à pesquisa, liderados por docentes do IFSC. Nos capítulos IV a X aparecem as matérias e reportagens divididas em grandes áreas, iniciando-se com pesquisas em física fundamental, de cunho teórico ou experimental, no capítulo IV. Os temas de materiais e nanotecnologia, e energia e meio ambiente são tratados nos Capítulos V e VI, respectivamente. As pesquisas e contribuições relacionadas a outras duas grandes áreas para as quais o IFSC oferece cursos de graduação e programas de pós-graduação são comentadas nos Capítulos VII e VIII. Estes capítulos são dedicados, respectivamente, à física computacional e às ciências físicas e biomoleculares. O Capítulo IX traz matérias sobre aplicações de metodologias da física em saúde, e as contribuições do IFSC em inovação tecnológica aparecem no Capítulo X. O livro é encerrado com comentários finais no Capítulo XI, em que se faz uma reflexão sucinta sobre a cobertura das pesquisas no IFSC pelo setor de comunicação.
Variation in Patient Profiles and Outcomes in US and Non-US Subgroups of the Cangrelor Versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition (CHAMPION) PHOENIX Trial
Authors: Vaduganathan Muthiah , Harrington Robert A. , Stone Gregg W. , Steg Ph. Gabriel , Gibson C. Michael , Hamm Christian W. , Price Matthew J. , Prats Jayne , Deliargyris Efthymios N. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , White Harvey D. , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: June 2016

Background—

The Cangrelor Versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition (CHAMPION) PHOENIX trial demonstrated superiority of cangrelor in reducing ischemic events at 48 hours in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention compared with clopidogrel.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed all patients included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis in US (n=4097; 37.4%) and non-US subgroups (n=6845; 62.6%). The US cohort was older, had a higher burden of cardiovascular risk factors, and had more frequently undergone prior cardiovascular procedures. US patients more frequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for stable angina (77.9% versus 46.2%). Almost all US patients (99.1%) received clopidogrel loading doses of 600 mg, whereas 40.5% of non-US patients received 300 mg. Bivalirudin was more frequently used in US patients (56.7% versus 2.9%). At 48 hours, rates of the primary composite end point were comparable in the US and non-US cohorts (5.5% versus 5.2%;
P
=0.53). Cangrelor reduced rates of the primary composite end point compared with clopidogrel in US (4.5% versus 6.4%; odds ratio 0.70 [95% confidence interval 0.53–0.92]) and in non-US patients (4.8% versus 5.6%; odds ratio 0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.69–1.05]; interaction
P
=0.26). Similarly, rates of the key secondary end point, stent thrombosis, were reduced by cangrelor in both regions. Rates of Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries (GUSTO)–defined severe bleeding were low and not significantly increased by cangrelor in either region.

Conclusions—

Despite broad differences in clinical profiles and indications for percutaneous coronary intervention by region in a large global cardiovascular clinical trial, cangrelor consistently reduced rates of ischemic end points compared with clopidogrel without an excess in severe bleeding in both the US and non-US subgroups.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01156571.
Fetal Atrial Flutter: Electrophysiology and Associations With Rhythms Involving an Accessory Pathway
Authors: Wacker‐Gussmann Annette , Strasburger Janette F. , Srinivasan Sharda , Cuneo Bettina F. , Lutter William , Wakai Ronald T.
Published: June 2016

Background

Atrial flutter (
AF
l) accounts for up to one third of all fetal tachyarrhythmias and can result in premature delivery, hydrops, and fetal death in 10% of cases; however, the electrophysiology of
AF
l in utero is virtually unstudied.

Methods and Results

In this observational study, we reviewed 19 fetal magnetocardiography studies from 16 fetuses: 15 fetuses (21–38 weeks’ gestation) referred with an echocardiographic diagnosis of
AF
l and 1 fetus (20 weeks’ gestation) referred with a diagnosis of tachycardia that was shown by fetal magnetocardiography to have transient
AF
l in addition to atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Thirteen fetuses showed
AF
l during the fetal magnetocardiography session, including 4 that presented prior to the third trimester. Five fetuses had incessant
AF
l; all but 1 of the others with
AF
l showed additional significant rhythms. Specifically,
AF
l showed a strong association with rhythms involving an accessory pathway: atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, blocked reentrant premature atrial contractions, and ventricular preexcitation. The observed initiations and terminations of
AF
l most often involved reentrant premature atrial contractions. Spontaneous termination of
AF
l showed
AF
l cycle length oscillations. Nine fetuses with 2:1
AF
l also showed periods of 4:1 conduction or variable conduction that oscillated between 2:1 and 4:1; however, 3:1
AF
l was relatively rare.

Conclusions

Fetal
AF
l can occur as early as midgestation and is often accompanied by atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia and other rhythms associated with an accessory pathway. The findings depict critical differences in the electrophysiology of
AF
l in the fetus versus the neonate.
Sampling over Nonuniform Distributions: A Neural Efficiency Account of the Primacy Effect in Statistical Learning
Authors: Karuza Elisabeth A. , Li Ping , Weiss Daniel J. , Bulgarelli Federica , Zinszer Benjamin D. , Aslin Richard N.
Published: June 2016

Successful knowledge acquisition requires a cognitive system that is both sensitive to statistical information and able to distinguish among multiple structures (i.e., to detect pattern shifts and form distinct representations). Extensive behavioral evidence has highlighted the importance of cues to structural change, demonstrating how, without them, learners fail to detect pattern shifts and are biased in favor of early experience. Here, we seek a neural account of the mechanism underpinning this primacy effect in learning. During fMRI scanning, adult participants were presented with two artificial languages: a familiar language (L1) on which they had been pretrained followed by a novel language (L2). The languages were composed of the same syllable inventory organized according to unique statistical structures. In the absence of cues to the transition between languages, posttest familiarity judgments revealed that learners on average more accurately segmented words from the familiar language compared with the novel one. Univariate activation and functional connectivity analyses showed that participants with the strongest learning of L1 had decreased recruitment of fronto-subcortical and posterior parietal regions, in addition to a dissociation between downstream regions and early auditory cortex. Participants with a strong new language learning capacity (i.e., higher L2 scores) showed the opposite trend. Thus, we suggest that a bias toward neural efficiency, particularly as manifested by decreased sampling from the environment, accounts for the primacy effect in learning. Potential implications of this hypothesis are discussed, including the possibility that “inefficient” learning systems may be more sensitive to structural changes in a dynamic environment.
What Is Shaping RT and Accuracy Distributions? Active and Selective Response Inhibition Causes the Negative Compatibility Effect
Authors: Panis Sven , Schmidt Thomas
Published: June 2016

Inhibitory control such as active selective response inhibition is currently a major topic in cognitive neuroscience. Here we analyze the shape of behavioral RT and accuracy distributions in a visual masked priming paradigm. We employ discrete time hazard functions of response occurrence and conditional accuracy functions to study what causes the negative compatibility effect (NCE)—faster responses and less errors in inconsistent than in consistent prime target conditions—during the time course of a trial. Experiment 1 compares different mask types to find out whether response-relevant mask features are necessary for the NCE. After ruling out this explanation, Experiment 2 manipulates prime mask and mask target intervals to find out whether the NCE is time-locked to the prime or to the mask. We find that (a) response conflicts in inconsistent prime target conditions are locked to target onset, (b) positive priming effects are locked to prime onset whereas the NCE is locked to mask onset, (c) active response inhibition is selective for the primed response, and (d) the type of mask has only modulating effects. We conclude that the NCE is neither caused by automatic self-inhibition of the primed response due to backward masking nor by updating response-relevant features of the mask, but by active mask-triggered selective inhibition of the primed response. We discuss our results in light of a recent computational model of the role of the BG in response gating and executive control.
Decoration behaviour in a spider crab, Acanthonyx scutiformis (Dana, 1851) in relation to life stage, sex and algal species
Authors: de Carvalho F. R. P. , Rodrigues R. de O. , Barreto R. E. , Costa Tânia Marcia
Published: June 2016

In this study we evaluated the types of algae chosen for decorating by the spider crabAcanthonyx scutiformis(Dana, 1851) and determined whether decorating is more common in juvenile or adult crabs and in females or males (adult). In field observations we found that spider crabs in each age group or sex have an equal probability of being decorated. There were no differences in this behaviour between sexes in the laboratory. However, juvenile spider crabs engaged more in decoration behaviour than adult crabs in laboratory observations and decorated with the same algae that they used for decorating in nature. Thus, in conditions that represent an increased risk of predation, juvenile crabs have an increased need to attach algal fragments onto their carapaces, whereas the body size of adult spider crabs renders them less vulnerable to predators, thus reducing their need for decoration.
The Suspect’s Right to Silence in Viet Nam
Authors: Lam Tien Dung
Published: June 2016

Viet Nam is attempting to develop a judicial reform strategy to uphold the rule of law and to protect the rights and interests of its people. However, the protection of the rights for criminal suspects in Viet Nam is still limited. In practice, there are still many legal constraints that limit the protection of a suspect’s rights in police custody.

First, torture and other forms of ill treatment exist in the investigative phase and the court often condones these practices, regardless of whether the person charged has the constitutional right to both presumption of innocence and freedom from torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Second, the rules on police questioning of suspects and the taking of statements are vague and not respected carefully in reality. The absence of respect for these rights has several negative consequences for the suspect as it opens the way for torture and other forms of inhuman treatment to be used to extort confessions.

So far, however, there has been little discussion about the right to silence for suspects in Viet Nam. Most studies on the rights of suspects have only been carried out in a small number of areas and limited to analysing the legal regulations protecting the general rights of the accused. No reliable study has been conducted on whether Viet Nam should guarantee the right to silence. Therefore, this article will explore the requirements needed to guarantee the right of the individual to protect himself or herself from self-incrimination in Viet Nam.
The Rights of Victims in Viet Nam
Authors: Dinh Thi Mai
Published: June 2016

This article examines the rights of victims of crime in the Vietnamese criminal justice system. It aims to evaluate how crime victims are treated by looking at both legal regulations on crime victims’ rights protection and victims’ personal experiences of rights. This article will answer two questions: (i) what rights do crime victims have under Vietnamese Law; and (ii) how do they exercise their rights in practice? Data related to victims’ rights experiences is collected from 312 court judgments, three court observations, three victim interviews and three other interviews from 2008 to 2013. The research found that the Vietnamese criminal justice system provides weak legal protection of crime victims’ rights and victims’ rights that have tended to be neglected in criminal proceedings. The author proposes some suggestions to better amend the system of criminal procedure law and promote victims’ rights in practice.
Minorities and Foreigners in a Provincial Iranian City: Bahāʾis in the Russian Consulate of Isfahan in 1903
Authors: Sadeghian Saghar
Published: June 2016

This article is about the struggles of a persecuted confessional minority in Qajar Iran. It shows that the massacre of the Bahāʾis in Isfahan in 1903 was representative of the ongoing power struggles in the city. Previous scholarship that has briefly explored these events has relied primarily on a handful of British diplomatic sources. Drawing on unexplored documents in British and Iranian archives, this article provides crucial details about the social dynamics on the ground and stresses the role of key actors involved in this episode in Iranian history. In the process, the article puts together the socio-economic contexts of the events in Isfahan, explains why the Bahāʾis sought foreign protection, and analyzes the attitudes of powerful local actors such as Zell al-Soltān and Āqā Najafi.
Correction to Phytotaxa 226: Neotypification of Urostachys vorwerkii (Lycopodiaceae)
Authors: MAZUMDAR JAIDEEP
Published: June 2016

In a previous correspondence (Mazumdar 2015) I reported that Urostachys vorwerkii Nessel (1934: 178), Lycopodiaceae, was the earliest legitimate name for plants currently known as Huperzia arunachalensis (D.D.Pant & P.S.Pandey) Fraser-Jenkins in Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2015: 45). Due to unavailability of original specimens of Urostachys vorwerkii I selected a neotype. However, I mistakenly overlooked the photograph associated with the protologue (Nessel 1934, t. 170), which should be treated as original material. I hereby select this photograph as the lectotype and the specimen previously selected as neotype is changed into an epitype.
Lessingianthus concepcionis (Asteraceae, Vernonieae), a new octoploid species endemic to northern Paraguay
Authors: ANGULO MARIA BETIANA , DEMATTEIS MASSIMILIANO
Published: June 2016

Lessingianthus concepcionis, a new species from northern Paraguay is described and illustrated. The new species has a certain resemblance to L. niederleinii but can be easily separated by the combination of leaves with denticulate and revolute margins, tomentose beneath, involucre with 6–7 series of phyllaries, glandular trichomes on the corolla lobes, and the chromosome number 2n=8x=128.
Helminth parasites of Australasian monotremes and marsupials
Authors: SPRATT DAVID M. , BEVERIDGE IAN
Published: June 2016

This work includes all published records, to April 2015, of the helminths occurring in Australasian monotremes and marsupials, with due regard for synonymy and an attempt to include life history studies, pathological observations and epidemiology. It also contains all unpublished records known to us and referrable, by accession numbers, to curated collections in Australia and overseas. Information is presented by host family, genus, species, sub-species or chromosome race and includes the names of all host species from which no parasites have been recorded. Most records pertain to free-living and wild animals; where they do not, they have been annotated appropriately. Unpublished information known to the authors has been included in annotations to entries, where appropriate. Parasites are arranged as follows: Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, and their systematic position is indicated by abbreviations placed before the name. The authority for each parasite record is given after the author’s name, as a number in parentheses, and this refers to the numbered (1-664) list of references.        A parasite-host list is presented alphabetically, irrespective of taxonomic affiliation together with the host species in which they are known to occur. Hosts are arranged initially by family and alphabetically within each family.
MiKlip: A National Research Project on Decadal Climate Prediction
Authors: Marotzke Jochem , Müller Wolfgang A. , Vamborg Freja S. E. , Becker Paul , Cubasch Ulrich , Feldmann Hendrik , Kaspar Frank , Kottmeier Christoph , Marini Camille , Polkova Iuliia , Prömmel Kerstin , Rust Henning W. , Stammer Detlef , Ulbrich Uwe , Kadow Christopher , Köhl Armin , Kröger Jürgen , Kruschke Tim , Pinto Joaquim G. , Pohlmann Holger , Reyers Mark , Schröder Marc , Sienz Frank , Timmreck Claudia , Ziese Markus
Published: June 2016

Mittelfristige Klimaprognose (MiKlip), an 8-yr German national research project on decadal climate prediction, is organized around a global prediction system comprising the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) together with an initialization procedure and a model evaluation system. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from MiKlip so far; some are purely scientific, others concern strategies and structures of research that target future operational use.

Three prediction system generations have been constructed, characterized by alternative initialization strategies; the later generations show a marked improvement in hindcast skill for surface temperature. Hindcast skill is also identified for multiyear-mean European summer surface temperatures, extratropical cyclone tracks, the quasi-biennial oscillation, and ocean carbon uptake, among others. Regionalization maintains or slightly enhances the skill in European surface temperature inherited from the global model and also displays hindcast skill for wind energy output. A new volcano code package permits rapid modification of the predictions in response to a future eruption.

MiKlip has demonstrated the efficacy of subjecting a single global prediction system to a major research effort. The benefits of this strategy include the rapid cycling through the prediction system generations, the development of a sophisticated evaluation package usable by all MiKlip researchers, and regional applications of the global predictions. Open research questions include the optimal balance between model resolution and ensemble size, the appropriate method for constructing a prediction ensemble, and the decision between full-field and anomaly initialization.

Operational use of the MiKlip system is targeted for the end of the current decade, with a recommended generational cycle of 2–3 years.
The Time Scales of Variability of Marine Low Clouds
Authors: de Szoeke Simon P. , Verlinden Kathryn L. , Yuter Sandra E. , Mechem David B.
Published: June 2016

Multidecade global regressions of inversion strength, vertical velocity, and sea surface temperature (SST) on low cloud amount, from subdaily to multiyear time scales, refute the dominance of seasonal inversion strength on marine low cloud variability. Multiday low cloud variance averaged over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic stratocumulus regions [5 × 10−2 (cloud amount)2] is twice the subdaily variance and 5 times larger than the multimonth variance. The broad multiday band contains most (60%) of the variance, despite strong seasonal (annual) and diurnal spectral peaks. Multiday low cloud amount over the eastern tropical and midlatitude oceans is positively correlated to inversion strength, with a slope of 2%–5% K−1. Anecdotes show multiday low cloud and inversion strength anomalies propagate equatorward from midlatitudes. Previously shown correlations of low clouds to strong inversions and cool SST on monthly and longer time scales in the stratocumulus regions imply positive cloud-radiative feedbacks, with e-folding time scales of 300 days for SST and 14 days for atmospheric boundary layer temperature. On multimonth time scales, removing the effect of SST on low clouds reduces the low cloud amount explained by inversion strength by a factor of 3, but SST has a small effect at other time scales. Contrary to their positive correlation in the stratocumulus cloud decks, low clouds are anticorrelated to inversion strength over most of the tropics on daily and subdaily time scales.
Patterns of Sea Ice Retreat in the Transition to a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic
Authors: DeRepentigny Patricia , Tremblay L. Bruno , Newton Robert , Pfirman Stephanie
Published: June 2016

The patterns of sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean are investigated using two global climate models (GCMs) that have profound differences in their large-scale mean winter atmospheric circulation and sea ice drift patterns. The Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) presents a mean sea level pressure pattern that is in general agreement with observations for the late twentieth century. The Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), exhibits a low bias in its mean sea level pressure over the Arctic region with a deeper Icelandic low. A dynamical mechanism is presented in which large-scale mean winter atmospheric circulation has significant effect on the following September sea ice extent anomaly by influencing ice divergence in specific areas. A Lagrangian model is used to backtrack the 80°N line from the approximate time of the melt onset to its prior positions throughout the previous winter and quantify the divergence across the Pacific and Eurasian sectors of the Arctic. It is found that CCSM4 simulates more sea ice divergence in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and less divergence in the Eurasian seas when compared to CESM-LE, leading to a Pacific-centric sea ice retreat. On the other hand, CESM-LE shows a more symmetrical retreat between the Pacific, Eurasian, and Atlantic sectors of the Arctic. Given that a positive trend in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index, associated with low sea level pressure anomalies in the Arctic, is a robust feature of GCMs participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), these results suggest that the sea ice retreat in the Pacific sector could be amplified during the transition to a seasonal ice cover.
An Investigation of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornadic Supercell of 5 June 2009 Using EnKF Assimilation of Mobile Mesonet and Radar Observations Collected during VORTEX2. Part II: Mesocyclone-Scale Processes Affecting Tornado Formation, Maintenance, and Decay
Authors: Marquis James , Richardson Yvette , Markowski Paul , Wurman Joshua , Kosiba Karen , Robinson Paul
Published: June 2016

Storm-scale and mesocyclone-scale processes occurring contemporaneously with a tornado in the Goshen County, Wyoming, supercell observed on 5 June 2009 during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) are examined using ensemble analyses produced by assimilating mobile radar and in situ observations into a high-resolution convection-resolving model. This paper focuses on understanding the evolution of the vertical structure of the storm, the outflow buoyancy, and processes affecting the vertical vorticity and circulation within the mesocyclone that correspond to changes in observed tornado intensity.

Tornadogenesis occurs when the low-level mesocyclone is least negatively buoyant relative to the environment, possesses its largest circulation, and is collocated with the largest azimuthally averaged convergence during the analysis period. The average buoyancy, circulation, and convergence within the near-surface mesocyclone (on spatial scales resolved by the model) all decrease as the tornado intensifies and matures. The tornado and its parent low-level mesocyclone both dissipate surrounded by a weakening rear-flank downdraft. The decreasing buoyancy of parcels within the low-level mesocyclone may partly be responsible for the weakening of the updraft surrounding the tornado and decoupling of the mid- and low-level circulation. Although the supply of horizontal vorticity generated in the forward flank of the storm increases throughout the life cycle of the tornado, it is presumably less easily tilted and stretched on the mesocyclone-scale during tornado maturity owing to the disruption of the low-level updraft/downdraft structure. Changes in radar-measured tornado intensity lag those of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) mesocyclone vorticity and circulation.
Colombia’s Gallery of Memory
Authors: Márquez Erika
Published: June 2016

The Gallery of Memory, a street exhibit organized by Colombian activists affiliated with the Victims of State Crimes Movement to memorialize human rights violations, connects individual cases of human rights abuse with a larger critique of state violence. Through this exercise, activists bring together earlier and current violations of human rights and provide a framework that situates present undemocratic currents within the trajectory of the state’s politics of exception and its correlates, national security and the internal enemy. Critical reflection on the potential for place-based, coproduced resignification of security measures in a context of systemic violence suggests that the Gallery has become part of the movement-based human rights repertoire for democratizing citizenship in Colombia.

La Galería de la Memoria, una exhibición callejera organizada por un grupo de activistas colombianos afiliado al Movimiento de Víctimas de Crímenes de Estado para conmemorar violaciones a los derechos humanos, conecta casos individuales de abusos a derechos humanos con una crítica más amplia de la violencia del Estado. Por medio de esta práctica, los activistas sitúan las corrientes antidemocráticas actuales dentro de la trayectoria de las políticas de excepción del estado y sus correlatos de la seguridad nacional y el enemigo interno. Al promover una reflexión crítica sobre el potencial para una resignificación específica y coproducida de las medidas de seguridad en un contexto de violencia sistémica, la Galería se ha convertido en parte de un repertorio de derechos humanos para la democratización ciudadana en Colombia con base en los movimientos sociales.
Eustachian Tube Dilation via a Transtympanic Approach in 6 Cadaver Heads
Authors: Dean Marc , Chao Wei‐Chieh , Poe Dennis
Published: June 2016

The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic transtympanic balloon dilation of the cartilaginous eustachian tube. To accomplish this, transtympanic balloon dilation of the cartilaginous eustachian tube was performed on 11 eustachian tubes (6 cadaver heads). The balloon catheter was introduced and passed through the protympanic orifice of the eustachian tube transtympanically under endoscopic view and cannulated without incident in all cadavers. Computed tomography was then performed postprocedure to evaluate for inadvertent dilation of the bony eustachian tube, adverse placement of the balloon, or any bony fractures. The balloon was seen to be successfully inflated in the cartilaginous portion without damage to surrounding structures in all cases. This demonstrates that under endoscopic guidance, the protympanic orifice of the eustachian tube can be feasibly cannulated and reliably traversed, allowing for targeted dilation of the cartilaginous eustachian tube from a transtympanic approach.
Heart Rate Variability Moderates the Association Between Separation-Related Psychological Distress and Blood Pressure Reactivity Over Time
Authors: Bourassa Kyle J. , Hasselmo Karen , Sbarra David A.
Published: June 2016

Divorce is a stressor associated with long-term health risk, though the mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. Cardiovascular reactivity is one biological pathway implicated as a predictor of poor long-term health after divorce. A sample of recently separated and divorced adults ( N = 138) was assessed over an average of 7.5 months to explore whether individual differences in heart rate variability—assessed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia—operate in combination with subjective reports of separation-related distress to predict prospective changes in cardiovascular reactivity, as indexed by blood pressure reactivity. Participants with low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia at baseline showed no association between divorce-related distress and later blood pressure reactivity, whereas participants with high respiratory sinus arrhythmia showed a positive association. In addition, within-person variation in respiratory sinus arrhythmia and between-persons variation in separation-related distress interacted to predict blood pressure reactivity at each laboratory visit. Individual differences in heart rate variability and subjective distress operate together to predict cardiovascular reactivity and may explain some of the long-term health risk associated with divorce.
Academic Faculty Practices: Issues for Viability in Competitive Managed Care Markets
Authors: Culbertson Richard A.
Published: June 2016

This study compares the perspectives of eighteen managed care executives and twenty-four faculty practice executives on critical policy issues related to the managed care marketplace. Market sites studied in 1994 included four major metropolitan areas: Minneapolis–St. Paul, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. These markets were selected as being representative of communities with descending degrees of managed care involvement, but with significant market activity. Study participants from both managed care systems and faculty practices examined five policy issues: (1) the importance of including academic medical centers in current and future health care plans for marketing purposes; (2) the provision of clinical services that are unique to the academic medical center, that is, unavailable elsewhere in the community; (3) the degree of financial supplement that employers might pay for including an academic medical center; (4) future restructuring of organizations to sustain the educational mission of academic faculty within a viable delivery system; (5) satisfaction of managed care providers with graduates of academic medical centers, as measured by the clinical skills of graduate physicians. The study findings showed little support among managed care plans for paying supplements to include faculty practices in a health care network. Most study participants from managed care systems and academic faculty practices identified limited competencies that are unique to academic centers. Moreover, managed care organizations were only willing to undertake limited restructuring at best to include faculty practices within their networks. General concern about the preparation of resident physicians (especially those in primary care disciplines) for practice within contemporary managed care organizations existed among managed care informants. The results of the study indicate that as traditional funding sources for medical education are reduced, schools require greater integration with managed care plans to enable academic medical centers and their faculties to continue promoting clinical enterprise.
Senate Voting and Social Construction of Target Populations: A Study of AIDS Policy Making, 1987–1992
Authors: Schroedel Jean Reith , Jordan Daniel R.
Published: June 2016

Scholars have devoted considerable attention to analyzing the social construction of AIDS. To explore the politics of AIDS policymaking, this research uses Schneider and Ingram’s (1993) theory of the social construction of target populations to evaluate the U.S. Senate’s response to AIDS between 1987 and 1992. Our study found that Schneider and Ingram’s model provides important insights into how political processes affect AIDS policy design. While our data did not strictly conform to all of the model’s theoretical expectations, the data provided evidence confirming its predictions about broad patterns in the allocation of both substantive and symbolic policy benefits and burdens to different target populations.
Economists, Public Provision, and the Market: Changing Values in Policy Debate
Authors: Melhado Evan M.
Published: June 2016

Among health services researchers, an “economizing model” of health care has eclipsed two traditional models, “social conflict” and “collective welfare.” The older models emphasized social solidarity and distributive justice, but the newer one focuses on improving efficiency, minimizing risks borne by third-party payers, constraining cost increases, and improving the functioning of markets. This article examines one source of the economizing model, the work of several early and persistently prominent economists of health care, especially Mark Pauly, Martin Feldstein, and Joseph Newhouse and his colleagues at the Rand Corporation. In particular, it explores their role in transforming perceptions of health care from a set of special services into an ordinary commodity, in giving currency to apparently dispassionate as opposed to overtly value-laden analysis, and in according priority, among health services researchers and policy makers, to economists’ traditional interest in fostering smoothly functioning markets. It exhibits their principal policy recommendation—income-graduated cost sharing—the sources and character of their modes of analysis, and the character of their influence on policy makers. The article concludes that the supposedly value-free economic analysis of health care rests on a cluster of values that inhibit the expression of social solidarity and the formulation of policies intended to foster distributive justice.
Back to the Future: Community Involvement in the Healthy Start Program
Authors: Howell Embry M. , Devaney Barbara , McCormick Marie , Raykovich Karen Thiel
Published: June 2016

This article discusses how community involvement is incorporated into Healthy Start, a major initiative to reduce infant mortality in selected communities with disproportionately high levels of infant mortality. Based on site visits to each of the fifteen original Healthy Start project areas, we discovered that two main community involvement strategies were used: a service consortium model and a community empowerment model. In the service consortium model, the community is involved primarily through a consortium of local providers, other professionals, and some governmental representatives who help to plan services. The community empowerment model involves the community by engaging neighborhood-based groups, contracting with community-based organizations, employing community residents as lay workers in the Healthy Start program, and creating other economic development initiatives. Important lessons drawn from this study are that the purpose and commitment to community involvement is not always clear; that it is difficult to involve community residents; that efforts to involve the community are extremely labor intensive; that given monetary incentives, it is easier to involve community providers than residents; that community involvement may conflict with efficient program operations; that increased community involvement may create program goals that differ from the program’s original goals; and that community involvement may slow program development.
German Health Care Reform: The Next Steps
Authors: Jost Timothy
Published: June 2016

From the U.S. perspective, the German health care system offers much to be desired: universal access, moderate costs, and freedom of choice. The Germans consider their health care system to be in crisis, however, because the mechanisms on which they currently rely for financing and paying for health care, as well as the structures through which medical care is delivered, seem increasingly less viable. Germany has recently adopted modest reforms to partially address these problems. For longer term solutions, however, some in Germany are looking to U.S. managed care models, for better or for worse.
Proposal for a Mutual Insurance Pool for Transplant Organs
Authors: Schwindt Richard , Vining Aidan
Published: June 2016

Over the past decade there have been numerous proposals to use market system incentives to attenuate the persistent shortage of transplantable human organs. While shortages have grown, opposition to market-based solutions has remained adamant. Much of the opposition has focused on monetary incentives. This article explores an alternative—a mutual insurance pool to increase the supply of organs. In the process, criticisms of earlier proposals (specifically the future delivery scheme) are addressed, the operation of an insurance pool is described, and problems associated with insurance markets are identified and addressed. The article concludes that an insurance pool could overcome public and political resistance to more explicit market-based solutions.
Προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς στην τάξη και παρέμβαση του δασκάλου
Authors: Πουρσανίδου Ευρώπη Ιωάννη
Published: June 2016

Τα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς των μαθητών που αντιμετωπίζουν οι εκπαιδευτικοί στην τάξη είναι πολλά και διαφορετικής μορφής και έντασης. Η πρόληψη, η αντιμετώπιση και η επίλυση των προβλημάτων αυτών εντάσσεται στο πλαίσιο  της  δουλειάς τους. Το έργο αυτό είναι δύσκολο και έχει αυξημένες απαιτήσεις, οι οποίες έχουν ποικίλες μορφές και συνδέονται με τη σχολική τάξη και το άμεσο κοινωνικό περιβάλλον της.

Το παρόν άρθρο καταγράφει τις αιτίες των ανεπιθύμητων συμπεριφορών στην τάξη,  εξετάζει τα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς στην τάξη, τις στάσεις των εκπαιδευτικών απέναντι στους μαθητές με προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς και τέλος διατυπώνει προτάσεις για την αντιμετώπισή τους. Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά των παιδιών με προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς και ο τρόπος που αυτά τα παιδιά λειτουργούν μέσα στην τάξη. Τέλος, γίνεται αναφορά στις βασικές αρχές  της διαχείρισης της σχολικής τάξης και προτείνονται τρόποι διαχείρισης των προβλημάτων. 
Διδασκαλία των Μαθηματικών: χθες και σήμερα
Authors: Κωστίνος Δημήτρης
Published: June 2016

Η επιστήμη των μαθηματικών δεν παύει να αντιμετωπίζεται με δέος από όσους ανακαλύπτουν τη λογική και τις εφαρμογές της. Το σχολείο παίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην ανακάλυψη αυτή, καθώς οδηγεί το μαθητή στα μονοπάτια της μαθηματικής σκέψης που, με την κατάλληλη καθοδήγηση, μπορεί να επηρεάσει την οικοδόμηση της δικής του προσωπικότητας και ζωής.
Προβλήματα δυναμικού σε μη κυρτά χωρία
Authors: Μπαγάνης Γεώργιος
Published: June 2016

Ο μετασχηματισμός Kelvin, γνωστός και ως αντιστροφή του Kelvin, είναι μία από τις παλαιότερες και πολύ γνωστές μαθηματικές μεθόδους, ο οποίος επιλύει ποικίλα προβλήματα δυναμικού.
Έρπουσα ροή σε αξονοσυμμετρικά συστήματα συντεταγμένων
Authors: Πρωτοπαπάς Ελευθέριος
Published: June 2016

Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται στην επίλυση της έρπουσας ροής (ροή Stokes) σε αξονοσυμμετρικά συστήματα συντεταγμένων με έμφαση στο σφαιρικό και τα σφαιροειδή συστήματα συντεταγμένων.
Teleconference in support of distance learning: Views of educators
Authors: Panagiotakopoulos C. , Tsiatsos T. , Lionarakis A. , Tzanakos N.
Published: June 2016

In this study we recorded the views of the educators that use teleconference as an educational medium to support distance learning. The data were collected using the semi-structured interview and the results showed that teleconferencing could be a strong complementary tool to support flexible learning as well as distance education, by enhancing the interaction among learners. All the interviewees consider teleconference as a "helpful assistant" in the educational process and suggested that the educators should be well prepared before the tele-lecture, as well as prepare and guide the learners in order to conduct a smooth teleconferencing session. From the interviews, several advantages and disadvantages of the teleconference’s use as an educational tool emerged. The main advantages consist of the independence of space and time while conducting learning sessions, the easy access to and sharing of educational content, the interaction between educator and learners as well as among the learners and the reduced transportations along with time saving. On the other hand, some important disadvantages refer to the participants being unfamiliar with technology, lack of technological support, limited network resources causing disconnections and adding stress to participants, the uncertainty of the participants regarding the effectiveness of teleconference in education and the lack of face-to-face communication.
Διερεύνηση επιμορφωτικών αναγκών των Ελλήνων εκπαιδευτικών που υπηρετούν σε σχολικές μονάδες ελληνόγλωσσης εκπαίδευσης στο εξωτερικό
Authors: Τζοβλά Ειρήνη , Κούκης Νικόλαος
Published: June 2016

Τα εκπαιδευτικά συστήματα των δυτικών χωρών καλούνται εδώ και μερικές δεκαετίες να διαχειριστούν έναν, διαρκώς αυξανόμενο, ανομοιογενή πληθυσμό, ως προς τη γλώσσα, τη θρησκεία και την εθνότητα. Οι νέες αυτές συνθήκες μεταβάλλουν ριζικά το ρόλο των εκπαιδευτικών, οι οποίοι για να αντεπεξέλθουν στις αυξημένες απαιτήσεις πρέπει να επιμορφωθούν. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, ανάγκη επιμόρφωσης έχουν και οι Έλληνες εκπαιδευτικοί που αποσπώνται στο εξωτερικό για να υπηρετήσουν την ελληνόγλωσση εκπαίδευση. Το παρόν άρθρο αποτυπώνει μέρος έρευνας που πραγματοποιήθηκε σε εκπαιδευτικούς της ελληνόγλωσσης εκπαίδευσης στην Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας με σκοπό να διερευνήσει τις ιδιαίτερες επιμορφωτικές ανάγκες της συγκεκριμένης ομάδας εκπαιδευτικών. Τα αποτελέσματα της εν λόγω έρευνας κατέδειξαν ότι οι συγκεκριμένοι εκπαιδευτικοί επιζητούν την επιμόρφωσή τους και μάλιστα με τη συνδρομή της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης.
Τα εκπαιδευτικά περιοδικά στην Ελλάδα
Authors: Νιάρη Μαρία , Λιοναράκης Αντώνης , Μανούσου Ευαγγελία , Παπαδημητρίου Σοφία
Published: June 2016

Στο πλαίσιο του 8ου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου για την Ανοικτή και εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση με θέμα «Καινοτομία & Έρευνα στην Ανοικτή & εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση & στις Τεχνολογίες Πληροφορίας & Επικοινωνίας», που συνδιοργάνωσαν το Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο (ΕΑΠ), το Ελληνικό Δίκτυο Ανοικτής & εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευσης (ΕΔΑΕ), η Ελληνογερμανική Αγωγή και το Εργαστήριο Εκπαιδευτικού Υλικού & Εκπαιδευτικής Μεθοδολογίας του ΕΑΠ, πραγματοποιήθηκε στις 8 Νοεμβρίου 2015 στην Αθήνα, πάνελ με θέμα «Τα εκπαιδευτικά περιοδικά στην Ελλάδα».Στο πάνελ συμμετείχαν εκπρόσωποι από 7 περιοδικά, 6 ηλεκτρονικά και 1 έντυπο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, έλαβαν μέρος οι: Αντώνης Λιοναράκης, Μαρία Νιάρη, Γκέλη Μανούσου, Σοφία Παπαδημητρίου – περιοδικό OpenEducation, Άννα Αποστολίδου - ΕΑΠ, Χριστίνα Κάλφογλου –περιοδικό ResearchPapersinLanguageTeachingandLearning, Μιχαήλ Καλογιαννάκης – περιοδικό Προσχολική και Σχολική Εκπαίδευση, Σπύρος Κιουλάνης – περιοδικό Εκπ@ιδευτικός Κύκλος, Αναστασία Παπαϊωάννου – περιοδικό Παράθυρο στην εκπαίδευση του παιδιού, Αλιβίζος Σοφός – περιοδικό Παιδαγωγικά Ρεύματα στο Αιγαίο & Κώστας Καραδημητρίου – περιοδικό Έρευνα στην Εκπαίδευση (γραπτή τοποθέτηση επί των αξόνων λόγω αδυναμίας φυσικής παρουσίας).
Συστημική ισορροπία και κοινωνική αλλαγή στη θεωρία του Talcott Parsons
Authors: Μαγκλάρας Βασίλης
Published: June 2016

Στο άρθρο αυτό εξετάζεται η θεωρία της συστημικής ισορροπίας και της κοινωνικής αλλαγής του Talcott Parsons, με αναφορά στα κυριότερα έργα της ώριμης φάσης του. Στο

πλαίσιο αυτό, διερευνάται κριτικά η κατασκευή και η ανάπτυξη του κοινωνικού συστήματος και τα λειτουργικά προαπαιτούμενα της εν λόγω κατασκευής, καθώς και ο τρόπος που η παρσονική θεωρία διαχειρίζεται μεθοδολογικά το ζήτημα των αξιών. Διαπιστώνεται πως η συστημική ανάλυση υποτονίζει την ατομική δράση, η οποία οριοθετείται αυστηρά στα πλαίσια του συστήματος, καθώς και ότι η συστημική θεώρηση του κοινωνικού οδηγείται σε ατέρμονες ερμηνευτικές αναγωγές και τελεολογικές κρίσεις. Στη συνέχεια, εξετάζεται το ζήτημα της κοινωνικής αλλαγής αλλά και οι διαφοροποιήσεις που παρατηρούνται μεταξύ των κυριοτέρων έργων της ώριμης φάσης του Parsons. Η παρσονική θεωρία, εγκλωβισμένη στο μεθοδολογικό μοντέλο της λειτουργιοτικής ανάγνωσης της κοινωνίας, κατανοεί την κοινωνική αλλαγή υπό τη μορφή σταδίων, αδυνατώντας να ερμηνεύσει ουσιολογικά το εν λόγω φαινόμενο. Τέλος, υποστηρίζεται πως τα προβλήματα της συστημικής θεωρίας είναι προβλήματα συνολικής θεωρίας και πως η παρσονική θεωρία δεν καταφέρνει να ερμηνεύσει με επάρκεια τα σύγχρονα κοινωνικά φαινόμενα.
Frequency of refluxive tributaries of the junction region in the groin in patients with recurrent varicose veins of the thigh
Authors: Mendoza E. , Dörler M. , Stücker M. , Reich-Schupke S.
Published: June 2016

Background A long stump and neovascularisation are commonly discussed reasons for recurrence of varicosis in the groin after “disconnection” of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV). A third possible reason for recurrence with non femoral reflux emerging from tributaries of the junction region, is often underrated. The aim of the study was to report on the source of reflux for recurrent varicose veins of the thigh in patients who already had a history of disconnection of the SFJ and stripping of the GSV.

Methods In this two-centre study, consecutive patients with a history of disconnection of the SFJ, stripping of the GSV and visible or palpable varicose veins of the thigh region were included. Their data and venous diagnostics (DPPG, duplex scan) were recorded and evaluated by a standardised protocol.

Results 101 legs were included. In 58.4 % there was a long stump of the GSV as a source for variose veins of the thigh. In the other legs (42,6 %) the source for the reflux was not a long stump with contact to the femoral vein but residual tributaries of the SFJ, e.g. the superficial epigastric vein or the superficial circumflex iliac vein.

Conclusions Residual refluxive tributaries of the SFJ seem to be an important source for recurrent varicose veins of the thigh. Further prospective studies should focus on suitable therapeutic options.