bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affective ethnography: reflections on the application of “useful” research on workplace diversity
Authors: Holck Lotte
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the affective entanglement of both researcher and practitioners in a study of workplace diversity with a transformative agenda.

Design/methodology/approach

Events and experiences related to interventions in a municipal center are presented. The study is embedded in critical diversity research and applies engaged ethnographic methods.

Findings

The researcher reflects on how interventions designed to challenge the status quo faced difficulties while considering the impact of the research entry point, efforts to mobilize organizational members in favor of a diversity agenda and the micro-politics of doing intervention-based research.

Practical implications

The study reflects on how “useful” research with an allegedly emancipatory agenda might not be considered favorable to neither majority nor minority employees. The notion of affectivity is applied to deal with the organizational members’ multi-voiced response to the change efforts, as well as how the researcher’s position as researcher-change agent critically shaped the fieldwork experiences and their interpretation.

Originality/value

Few critical diversity scholars engage with practitioners to produce “useful” research with practical implications. In doing so, this paper contributes to critical diversity methods by exploring why presumably emancipatory initiatives apparently did not succeed, despite organizational goodwill. This involves questioning the implied assumption of the inherent “good” of emancipation, as well as notions of “useful research.”
High levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization on Medicago truncatula reduces plant suitability as a host for pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
Authors: Garzo Elisa , Rizzo Eric , Fereres Alberto , Gomez S. Karen
Published: July 2018

This study sheds light on a poorly understood area in insect–plant–microbe interactions, focusing on aphid probing and feeding behavior on plants with varying levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus root colonization. It investigates a commonly occurring interaction of three species: pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, barrel medic Medicago truncatula, and the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, examining whether aphid‐feeding behavior changes when insects feed on plants at different levels of AM fungus colonization (42% and 84% root length colonized). Aphid probing and feeding behavior was monitored throughout 8 h of recording using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, also, foliar nutrient content and plant growth were measured. Summarizing, aphids took longer to reach their 1st sustained phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants than on the 42% AM plants or on controls. Less aphids showed phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants relative to the 42% AM plants. Shoots of the 84% AM plants had higher percent carbon (43.7%) relative to controls (40.5%), and the 84% AM plants had reduced percent nitrogen (5.3%) relative to the 42% AM plants (6%). In conclusion, EPG and foliar nutrient data support the hypothesis that modifications in plant anatomy (e.g., thicker leaves), and poor food quality (reduced nitrogen) in the 84% AM plants contribute to reduced aphid success in locating phloem and ultimately to differences in phloem sap ingestion. This work suggests that M. truncatula plants benefit from AM symbiosis not only because of increased nutrient uptake but also because of reduced susceptibility to aphids.
A Concept Analysis of Disturbed Body Image in Bariatric Surgery Patients
Authors: Perdue Tamara O. , Schreier Ann , Neil Janice , Carels Robert , Swanson Melvin
Published: July 2018

PURPOSE

This article describes the concept of disturbed body image in bariatric surgery patients.

METHOD

Walker and Avant's (2011) method of concept analysis is used in this study.

FINDINGS

After bariatric surgery, the patient's body may change more rapidly than their allocentric (“inside, lived”) view of themselves, leading to physical and psychosocial sequelae.

CONCLUSION

If not prepared physically and psychologically for body image challenges after bariatric surgery, patients may experience disturbed body image in the postoperative phase.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Understanding the concept of disturbed body image in postoperative bariatric surgery patients may allow health providers to provide preoperative teaching and preparation, as well as postoperative interventions to create congruence between the patient's internal and external selves.
Moral Accounting as Field Foundation in an Early Modern Empire: The English East India Company in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Wilson Nicholas Hoover
Published: July 2018

Field analysis and the relational approach to historical social-scientific explanation of which it is an instance – helps illuminate the administrative dynamics of empires. While most studies of imperial dynamics emphasize the ‘high imperialism’ of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this article extends field analysis to a crucial case from the second half of the eighteenth century: the English East India Company's transition from a (largely) merchant trading company to a territorial power. In this disordered space of administration, officials struggling with one another for metropolitan recognition provided moral accounts of themselves which, on the one hand, explained their behaviour in terms drawn from abstract, purportedly universal social spaces, and, on the other hand, claimed credibility through a personal ‘interest in disinterest’. I argue that these moral accounts helped delimit the boundaries of and shape the dynamics within a distinctively imperial administrative field. To analyse this transformation, I suggest a synthesis of three varieties of relational analysis: Bourdieu's field theory, Fligstein and McAdam's analysis of strategic action fields, and Padgett and Powell's work on network folding and robust action.
Social Fields, Subfields and Social Spaces at the Scale of Empires: Explaining the Colonial State and Colonial Sociology
Authors: Steinmetz George
Published: July 2018

This article develops a series of arguments about social fields, subfields, and social spaces that can help us understand empires and colonies. First, we have to assume that the scale of fields is not always coextensive with the boundaries of the national state but is often much larger, or smaller. Imperial fields are among the most spatially extensive ones, though they may not be as territorially extensive as truly global fields. Second, we need to make a distinction between imperial fields and imperial social spaces (based on Bourdieu's distinction between social fields and social spaces). The third argument is that colonies in modern empires were characterized by two different kinds of fields: fields that were simply extended into the overseas territories, versus completely separate fields unique to one or more of the colonies. The colonial state is an example of a field that is specific to the colony. By contrast, scientific fields were often simply extended from the metropole into the colonies, encompassing both. The fourth argument concerns subfields. Transported into imperial realms, this distinction suggests that some colonial offshoots of fielded metropolitan practices do not constitute separate fields but are nonetheless differentiated from their main overarching field. These four points are illustrated with examples from British, French and German imperial policy, colonial statecraft and colonial sociology.
Taken in by the Numbers Game: The Globalization of a Religious ‘Illusio’ and ‘Doxa’ in Nineteenth-Century Evangelical Missions to India
Authors: Petzke Martin
Published: July 2018

While the Bourdieusian concepts of capital and relational configurations of positions and position-takings have recently been fruitfully employed to theorize global fields, this paper argues that the concepts of illusio and doxa are especially conducive to analyzing the globalization of a field as an expansion into and transformation of formerly independent national arenas. In deploying the concept of illusio as a (quasi-libidinous) investment in the game, globalization is here first and foremost framed as a process in which more and more actors in various contexts ‘succumb’ to specific field logics that orient them to transnational structures. By emphasizing the concept of doxa as the taken-for-granted fundamentals of a field, the paper furthermore calls attention to the mechanisms that help forge and globalize the tacit presuppositions and shared ontologies on which such logics build. Focusing on a field of global Christian missions that emerged during the nineteenth century, the paper illustrates how its competitive logic of proselytization was introduced into the religious arena of India. It highlights how Western notions of religion gained ground among local traditions and pulled them into a game in which numerical relations of adherents mattered.
The Lawyers' War: States and Human Rights in a Transnational Field
Authors: Stampnitzky Lisa
Published: July 2018

While torture and assassination have not infrequently been used by states, the post 9/11 ‘war on terror’ waged by the US has been distinguished by the open acknowledgement of, and political and legal justifications put forward in support of, these practices. This is surprising insofar as the primary theories that have been mobilized by sociologists and political scientists to understand the relation between the spread of human rights norms and state action presume that states will increasingly adhere to such norms in their rhetoric, if not always in practice. Thus, while it is not inconceivable that the US would engage in torture and assassination, we would expect these acts would be conducted under a cloak of deniability. Yet rather than pure hypocrisy, the US war on terror has been characterized by the development of a legal infrastructure to support the use of ‘forbidden’ practices such as torture and assassination, along with varying degrees of open defence of such tactics. Drawing on first-order accounts presented in published memoirs, this paper argues that the Bush administration developed such openness as a purposeful strategy, in response to the rise of a legal, technological, and institutional transnational human rights infrastructure which had turned deniability into a less sustainable option. It concludes by suggesting that a more robust theory of state action, drawing on sociological field theory, can help better explain the ways that transnational norms and institutions affect states.
New Bottles for New Wine: Julian Huxley, Biology and Sociology in Britain
Authors: Renwick Chris
Published: July 2018

Although sociologists in Britain have debated the nature of their field's relationship with biology since the late nineteenth century, interest in the full range of responses has only grown in recent years. This paper contributes to the spirit of historical revisionism by turning to the work of the biologist and first director of UNESCO, Julian Huxley (1887–1975). Paying particular attention to the doctrine he called ‘scientific humanism’ and his ideas about a biosocial agenda separate from the priorities of biology itself, the paper uses historical tools to address a concern that has frequently cast a shadow over debates about biosocial science: does it interfere with the progressive agenda sociologists have traditionally seen themselves as contributing to? The paper argues that Huxley's work is evidence that biosocial science is compatible with progressive goals and that recent developments in biology mean it may be the ideal time to reconsider long-standing attitudes.
The Challenges of New Biopsychosocialities: Hearing Voices, Trauma, Epigenetics and Mediated Perception
Authors: Blackman Lisa
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers the promise of epigenetics in the context of the phenomenon of voice hearing and the question of how to account for the links between voice hearing, trauma and abuse. The chapter explores the epistemic spaces and controversies, which surround the calls for a more psychosocial approach to be incorporated into the more molecular focus of epigenetics. This includes the vexed question of how to invent and work with models of psychological processes, which are processual, indeterminate and contiguous with the biological, social, technical, material and immaterial. These challenges are posed for sociologists, psychosocial researchers and molecular biologists, who when theorizing psychological processes, are often trapped by an individual/social dualism or bifurcation between nature and culture. The chapter explores evidence from the Hearing Voices Movement to draw out the issues at stake for addressing biosocial matters.
A crisis of opioids and the limits of prescription control: United States
Authors: Kertesz Stefan G. , Gordon Adam J.
Published: July 2018

A rise in addiction and overdose deaths involving opioids in the United States has spurred a series of initiatives focused on reducing opioid risks, including several related to prescription of opioids in care of pain. Policy analytical scholarship provides a conceptual framework to assist in understanding this response. Prior to 2011, a ‘policy monopoly’ of regulators and pharmaceutical manufacturers allowed and encouraged high levels of opioid prescribing. This permissive policy fell apart in the face of adverse outcomes brought to public attention by an ‘advocacy coalition’ consisting of officials, thought leaders, journalists and interest groups who shared common beliefs. This coalition has generated a more cautious prescribing regimen that has incentivized involuntary termination of opioids in otherwise stable patients, with resultant reports of harm. Its emphasis on dose reduction, regardless of outcomes, mirrors in some ways the prior focus on minimizing pain scores, regardless of outcomes. Central to the present analysis is that policies cannot be comprehensively rational; rather, they emerge from a range of actors and agencies constrained in their ability to assimilate complex data, evaluate the data objectively and to command necessary resources in an iterative, rapid response fashion. The imbalance between strong prescription control and weak pain and addiction treatment expansion exemplifies the policy scholar's notion of ‘bounded rationality’. Results have been suboptimum: opioid prescriptions have fallen, but harms to pain patients and overdose deaths have risen. US policymakers could revise the course through a more thoroughgoing engagement with patients, families and communities now coping with both pain and addiction.
Uncommon IFITM5 mutation associated with severe skeletal deformity in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Rodriguez Celin Mercedes , Moosa Shahida , Fano Virginia
Published: July 2018

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common skeletal dysplasia, which predisposes to recurrent fractures and bone deformity and presents with wide clinical variability. More than 80% of OI cases are related to dominantly inherited mutations in COL1A1 or COL1A2. The rest of the cases, however, involve many other noncollagen genes, all of which are autosomal‐recessively inherited, except for IFITM5 and WNT1, which are also associated with autosomal dominant OI. Since 2012, a single recurrent heterozygous mutation in IFITM5 (c.‐14C>T) has been shown to underlie OI type V. Although this is the most common OI‐causing mutation in IFITM5, a second, less common mutation in IFITM5, c.119C>T (p.Ser40Leu), has been identified, which is not associated with the OI type V phenotype. In this report, we describe the clinical and radiological features of a further patient with this uncommon mutation in IFITM5 (c.119C>T, p.Ser40Leu). The patient presented with prenatal signs of severe OI and developed extreme short stature with short and bowed limbs, relative macrocephaly, scoliosis, vertebral compression, and a hypoplastic thorax. He had global developmental delay, recurrent respiratory problems, and required special family care and multidisciplinary treatment. To date, all patients with the uncommon c.119C>T mutation have presented with severe OI, rather than OI type V. Thus, this report further strengthens the case for a genotype–phenotype correlation for IFITM5‐related OI.
SOME NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Douglas Robert , Lightfoot Paul
Published: July 2018

"Clara, trying not to reveal too much of the secret of her involvement, told him that she was working with prisoners who had been described to her as the bloodhounds of imperialism, but that on getting to know them better they had turned out to be quite different. And one question kept bothering her, and she let Lansky answer it: were there, after all, innocent men among them?

Lensky listened carefully and replied calmly, "Of course there are. That is inevitable in any penal system."

"But Alexei! That would mean that they can do whatever they want! That's terrible."…

"No," he said softly but convincingly," not 'whatever' they want. Who 'wants' anything? Who 'does' anything? History. To you and me that sometimes seems terrible, but Clara, it's time to get used to the fact that there is a law of big numbers. The bigger the scope of an historical event, the greater the probability of individual errors, be they judicial, tactical, ideological, economic. We grasp the process only in its basic, determining forms, and the essential thing is to be convinced that this process is inevitable and necessary. Yes, sometimes someone suffers. Not always deservedly. What about those killed at the front? And those who died meaninglessly in the Ashkhabad earthquake? And traffic fatalities? As traffic increases so will the number of traffic victims. Wisdom lies in accepting the process as it develops, with its inevitable increment of victims."

But Clara shook her head indignantly.

"Increment!" she exclaimed …. "The law of big numbers should be tried out on you!" (24)
Review article: systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Pinter Matthias , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus
Published: July 2018

Background

The approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in 2007 marked a milestone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, as sorafenib was the first systemic therapy to show a survival benefit in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Since then many drugs failed in the first‐ and second‐line setting and it took almost another decade until further tyrosine kinase inhibitors succeeded in phase III trials.

Aim

To summarise the evolving field of systemic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

We reviewed recently published studies identified from PubMed and data presented at recent meetings. Main search terms included hepatocellular carcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, and nivolumab.

Results

We discuss the evolution of targeted therapies since the approval of sorafenib including failures and recent advances. We also elaborate the unmet need of biomarkers to guide treatment decisions and discuss the emerging field of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions

The tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib (first line) and regorafenib (second line) have been approved for hepatocellular carcinoma, and the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab obtained conditional approval for sorafenib‐experienced patients in the United States. With lenvatinib in the first line, and cabozantinib and ramucirumab in sorafenib‐experienced patients, three more targeted therapies reached their primary endpoint in phase III trials and may soon be added to the treatment armamentarium.
Significant association between the use of different proton pump inhibitors and microscopic colitis: a nationwide Danish case‐control study
Authors: Bonderup Ole K. , Nielsen Gunnar L. , Dall Michael , Pottegård Anton , Hallas Jesper
Published: July 2018

Background

Microscopic colitis causes chronic watery diarrhoea and has previously been associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors.

Aim

To explore the association between proton pump inhibitor use and microscopic colitis, including its dependency on timing, dose and choice of proton pump inhibitor.

Methods

Within a 10‐year period, we identified 10 652 patients with a first‐time diagnosis of microscopic colitis, including 6254 (59%) with collagenous colitis and 4398 (41%) with lymphocytic colitis. All microscopic colitis cases were histologically confirmed in the Danish Pathology Register. Information on proton pump inhibitor use was obtained from the Danish Prescription Register. In this case‐control study, we estimated the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of microscopic colitis using conditional logistic regression while adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

We found strong associations between current proton pump inhibitor use and both collagenous colitis (aOR 6.98; 95% CI: 6.45‐7.55) and lymphocytic colitis (aOR 3.95; 95% CI: 3.60‐4.33). This association was observed with all PPIs. The strongest association was with the current use of lansoprazole for both collagenous colitis (aOR 15.74; 95% CI: 14.12‐17.55) and lymphocytic colitis (aOR 6.87; 95% CI: 6.00‐7.86). When considering timing, ORs were highest for current use of proton pump inhibitor and lower for recent or past exposure. No clear dose‐response pattern was observed.

Conclusions

We found a strong association between microscopic colitis and ongoing use of proton pump inhibitors, especially lansoprazole.
Personalized Schedules for Surveillance of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Tomer Anirudh , Nieboer Daan , Roobol Monique J. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: July 2018

Low-risk prostate cancer patients enrolled in active surveillance (AS) programs commonly undergo biopsies on a frequent basis for examination of cancer progression. AS programs employ a fixed schedule of biopsies for all patients. Such fixed and frequent schedules may schedule unnecessary biopsies. Since biopsies are burdensome, patients do not always comply with the schedule, which increases the risk of delayed detection of cancer progression. Motivated by the world's largest AS program, Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS), we present personalized schedules for biopsies to counter these problems. Using joint models for time-to-event and longitudinal data, our methods combine information from historical prostate-specific antigen levels and repeat biopsy results of a patient, to schedule the next biopsy. We also present methods to compare personalized schedules with existing biopsy schedules.
Stability of child temperament: Multiple moderation by child and mother characteristics
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun‐Shin , Putnick Diane L. , Pearson Rebecca
Published: July 2018

This 3‐wave longitudinal study focuses on stability of child temperament from 3 to 6 years and considers child age, gender, birth order, and term status as well as mother age, education, anxiety, and depression as moderators of stability. Mothers of approximately 10,000 children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children rated child temperament. Stability coefficients for child temperament scales were medium to large, and stability was generally robust across moderators except child gender and birth order and mother age and education, which had small moderating effects on reports of stability of child temperament.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Some is known about the stability of temperament in infancy in small samples, but much less is known about the stability of temperament in early childhood or its moderation.

What does this study add?

This study uses a large sample (˜10,000) to trace the stability of temperament from 3 to 6 years in three waves and considers child age, gender, birth order, and term status as well as mother age, education, anxiety, and depression as moderators of stability.
Number line estimation in highly math‐anxious individuals
Authors: Núñez‐Peña María Isabel , Colomé Àngels , Aguilar‐Lleyda David
Published: July 2018

In this study, we aimed to investigate the difficulties highly math‐anxious individuals (HMA) may face when having to estimate a number's position in a number line task. Twenty‐four HMA and 24 low math‐anxiety (LMA) individuals were presented with four lines with endpoints 0–100, 0–1,000, 0–100,000, and 267–367 on a computer monitor on which they had to mark the correct position of target numbers using the mouse. Although no differences were found between groups in the frequency of their best‐fit model, which was linear for all lines, the analysis of slopes and intercepts for the linear model showed that the two groups differed in performance on the less familiar lines (267–367 and 0–100,000). Lower values for the slope and higher values for the intercept were found in the HMA group, suggesting that they tended to overestimate small numbers and underestimate large numbers on these non‐familiar lines. Percentage absolute error analyses confirmed that HMA individuals were less accurate than their LMA counterparts on these lines, although no group differences were found in response time. These results indicate that math anxiety is related to worse performance only in the less familiar and more difficult number line tasks. Therefore, our data challenge the idea that HMA individuals might have less precise numerical representations and support the anxiety–complexity effect posited by Ashcraft and colleagues.
Simvastatin functions as a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor against triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Kou Xinhui , Jiang Xiaoxiao , Liu Huijuan , Wang Xuan , Sun Fanghui , Han Jiami , Fan Jiaxing , Feng Guize , Lin Zhaohu , Jiang Lan , Yang Yonghua
Published: July 2018

Acetylation plays an important role in regulating the chaperone activity of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) during malignant transformation through the stabilization and conformational maturation of oncogenic proteins. However, the functional acetylation sites, potential anticancer drug targets, are still emerging. We found that acetylation at K292 in Hsp90α is critical for the development and treatment of breast cancer. Acetylation at K292 not only augments the affinity of Hsp90 to ATP, cochaperones, and client proteins but it also promotes cancer cell colony formation, migration, and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, K292‐acetylated Hsp90 has been validated as an exciting anticancer drug target by interfering with the complex formation between K292‐acetylated Hsp90 and cochaperone Cdc37, leading to diminishment of kinase client maturation and proteasome‐dependent degradation of kinase substrates. Furthermore, we showed that simvastatin prevented, whereas LBH589 promoted, the progression of Hsp90 chaperone cycling and client maturation, resulting in an increment of cell apoptosis by the combination of simvastatin and LBH589 in a mouse xenograft model. These data suggest that simvastatin is a novel Hsp90 inhibitor to disrupt the formation of the K292‐acetylated Hsp90/Cdc37 complex in triple‐negative breast cancer cells. The combination of simvastatin with LBH589 could be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for triple‐negative breast cancer.
Dose‐finding study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor, prexasertib, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Iwasa Satoru , Yamamoto Noboru , Shitara Kohei , Tamura Kenji , Matsubara Nobuaki , Tajimi Masaomi , Lin Aimee B. , Asou Hiroya , Cai Zhihong , Inoue Koichi , Shibasaki Yuko , Saito Kanako , Takai Hiroki , Doi Toshihiko
Published: July 2018

Prexasertib is a novel inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate prexasertib tolerability in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. This nonrandomized single‐arm open‐label phase 1 study of prexasertib consisted of 2 dose levels, 80 mg/m2 and the global‐recommended dose based on a US study of 105 mg/m2, administered intravenously once every 14 days (n = 6 for each dose). Transition to the higher dose proceeded if the frequency of dose‐limiting toxicity observed in cycle 1 was <33% at the lower dose. Safety measures, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity were assessed. A total of 12 patients were treated. Two patients, one in each dose group, experienced dose‐limiting toxicities of febrile neutropenia, one grade 4 and the other grade 3; both patients recovered and continued the study treatment. The grade 4 treatment‐emergent adverse events related to study treatment were neutropenia (6 patients [50.0%]), leukopenia (4 patients [33.3%]), and 1 instance each (8.3%) of anemia, febrile neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Neutropenia was generally transient and reversible; 11 patients (91.7%) required granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor treatment during the study. There were no discontinuations due to adverse events or deaths. The prexasertib pharmacokinetics displayed dose‐independent and time‐independent behavior across both dose levels, similar to the profile observed in the US‐based phase 1 study. Eight patients had a best overall response of stable disease. These data are consistent with the known safety profile for prexasertib and confirm its tolerability in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.
Novel SBF1 splice‐site null mutation broadens the clinical spectrum of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 4B3 disease
Authors: Flusser H. , Halperin D. , Kadir R. , Shorer Z. , Shelef I. , Birk O.S.
Published: July 2018

Four siblings of consanguineous Bedouin kindred presented at infancy with an autosomal recessive syndrome of congenital microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, strabismus, developmental delay and ataxia with positive pyramidal signs. Toward the end of their first decade, they developed areflexia, multiple cranial neuropathies and severe polyneuropathy with progressive muscle weakness, affecting proximal and distal extremities. Physical assessment exhibited kyphoscoliosis, bilateral syndactyly and distal muscle wasting with drop‐foot and pes cavus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed profound cerebellar atrophy with highly unique findings at the pontine and mesencephalic levels, previously described as “fork and bracket” signs. Genome‐wide linkage analysis identified a single ~1.5 Mbp disease‐associated locus on chromosome 22q13.33. Whole exome sequencing identified a single novel homozygous deleterious splice‐site mutation within this locus in SET binding factor 1 (SBF1). SBF1 missense mutations were shown to underlie Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) type 4B3 disease, a rare autosomal recessive subtype of CMT4. The novel SBF1 null mutation highlights distinct severe phenotypic manifestations, broadening the clinical spectrum of SBF1‐related neuropathies: cerebellar and pyramidal signs evident in the first months of life with peripheral polyneuropathy emerging only toward the end of the first decade, together with unique MRI findings.
In vitro evaluation of barrier function against oral bacteria of dense and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Trobos Margarita , Juhlin Annika , Shah Furqan A. , Hoffman Maria , Sahlin Herman , Dahlin Christer
Published: July 2018

Aim

This study evaluates biofilm formation and barrier function against Streptococcus oralis of nonresorbable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) guided bone regeneration membranes having expanded (e‐PTFE) and dense (d‐PTFE) microstructure.

Materials and Methods

Three e‐PTFE membranes of varying openness, one d‐PTFE membrane, and commercially pure titanium discs were evaluated. All e‐PTFE membranes consisted of PTFE nodes interconnected by fibrils. The d‐PTFE membrane was fibril‐free, with large evenly spaced indentations. The surfaces were challenged with S. oralis and incubated statically for 2‐48h. Bacterial colonization, viability, and penetration were evaluated.

Results

S. oralis numbers increased over time on all surfaces, as observed using scanning electron microscopy, while cell viability decreased, as measured by colony forming unit (CFU) counting. At 24h and 48h, biofilms on d‐PTFE were more mature and thicker (tower formations) than on e‐PTFE, where fewer layers of cells were distributed mainly horizontally. Biofilms accumulated preferentially within d‐PTFE membrane indentations. At 48h, greater biofilm biomass and number of viable S. oralis were found on d‐PTFE compared to e‐PTFE membranes. All membranes were impermeable to S. oralis cells.

Conclusions

All PTFE membranes were effective barriers against bacterial passage in vitro. However, d‐PTFE favored S. oralis biofilm formation.
The micromechanical behavior of implant‐abutment connections under a dynamic load protocol
Authors: Zipprich Holger , Weigl Paul , Ratka Christoph , Lange Bodo , Lauer Hans‐Christoph
Published: July 2018

Background

The implant‐abutment connection (IAC) is known to be a key factor for the long‐term stability of peri‐implant tissue.

Purpose

The aim of the present in vitro study was to detect and measure the mechanical behavior of different IACs by X‐ray imaging.

Materials and Methods

A total of 20 different implant systems with various implant dimensions and IACs (13 conical‐, 6 flat‐, and 1 gable‐like IAC) have been tested using a chewing device simulating dynamic and static loading up to 200 N. Micromovements have been recorded with a high‐resolution, high‐speed X‐ray camera, and gap length and gap width between implant and abutment have been calculated. Furthermore, X‐ray video sequences have been recorded to investigate the sealing capacity of different IACs.

Results

Out of the 20 implant systems, eight implant systems with a conical IAC showed no measurable gaps under static and dynamic loading (200 N). By contrast, all investigated implant systems with a flat IAC showed measurable gaps under dynamic and static loading. X‐ray video sequences revealed that a representative conical IAC had sufficient sealing capacity.

Conclusion

Within the limits of the present in vitro study, X‐ray imaging showed reduced formation of microgaps and consecutive micromovements in implants with conical IAC compared to flat IACs.
Current behavioral assessments of movement disorders in children
Authors: Asakawa Tetsuya , Sugiyama Kenji , Nozaki Takao , Sameshima Tetsuro , Kobayashi Susumu , Wang Liang , Hong Zhen , Chen Shu‐Jiao , Li Can‐Dong , Ding Ding , Namba Hiroki
Published: July 2018

Pediatric movement disorders (PMDs) are common and have recently received increasing attention. As these disorders have special clinical features, the selection of appropriate behavioral assessment tools that can clearly distinguish movement disorders from other diseases (eg, epilepsy and neuromuscular disorders) is crucial for achieving an accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, few studies have focused on behavioral assessments in children. The present report attempts to provide a critical review of the available subjective and objective assessment tests for commonPMDs. We believe that the principles of objectification, multi‐purpose use, and simplification are also applicable to the selection and development of satisfactory pediatric behavioral assessment tools. We expect that the development of wearable sensors, virtual reality, and augmented reality will lead to the establishment of more reliable and simple tests. In addition, more rigorous randomized controlled trials that have been specifically designed to evaluate behavioral testing in children are also expected in the future.
Standardized reporting of the costs of management interventions for biodiversity conservation
Authors: Iacona Gwenllian D. , Sutherland William J. , Mappin Bonnie , Adams Vanessa M. , Armsworth Paul R. , Coleshaw Tim , Cook Carly , Craigie Ian , Dicks Lynn V. , Fitzsimons James A. , McGowan Jennifer , Plumptre Andrew J. , Polak Tal , Pullin Andrew S. , Ringma Jeremy , Rushworth Ian , Santangeli Andrea , Stewart Annette , Tulloch Ayesha , Walsh Jessica C. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: July 2018

Effective conservation management interventions must combat threats and deliver benefits at costs that can be achieved within limited budgets. Considerable effort has focused on measuring the potential benefits of conservation interventions, but explicit quantification of the financial costs of implementation is rare. Even when costs have been quantified, haphazard and inconsistent reporting means published values are difficult to interpret. This reporting deficiency hinders progress toward a collective understanding of the financial costs of management interventions across projects and thus limits the ability to identify efficient solutions to conservation problems or attract adequate funding. We devised a standardized approach to describing financial costs reported for conservation interventions. The standards call for researchers and practitioners to describe the objective and outcome, context and methods, and scale of costed interventions, and to state which categories of costs are included and the currency and date for reported costs. These standards aim to provide enough contextual information that readers and future users can interpret the cost data appropriately. We suggest these standards be adopted by major conservation organizations, conservation science institutions, and journals so that cost reporting is comparable among studies. This would support shared learning and enhance the ability to identify and perform cost‐effective conservation.
Semantic detail in the developing verb lexicon: An extension of Naigles and Kako (1993)
Authors: Arunachalam Sudha , Dennis Shaun
Published: July 2018

Verbs are often uttered before the events they describe. By 2 years of age, toddlers can learn from such an encounter. Hearing a novel verb in transitive sentences (e.g. The boy lorped the cat), even with no visual referent present, they later map it to a causative meaning (e.g. feed) (e.g. Yuan & Fisher, ). How much semantic detail does their verb representation include on this first, underinformative, encounter? Is the representation sparse, including only information for which they have evidence, or do toddlers make more specific guesses about the verb's meaning? In two experiments (N = 76, mean age 27 months), we address this using an event type studied by Naigles and Kako (); they found that when toddlers hear a novel transitive verb while simultaneously viewing a non‐causative referent—a contact event such as patting—they map the verb to the contact event. In Experiment 1 we replicated this basic result. Further, toddlers’ representations persisted over a 5‐minute delay, manifesting again during a retest. In Experiment 2, toddlers heard the verbs while watching two actors converse instead of while seeing contact events. At test, they showed no evidence of mapping the verbs to contact events, either initially or after a 5‐minute delay, despite that in prior work they mapped verbs to causative events under identical circumstances. We infer that on hearing a novel verb in a transitive frame, absent a relevant visual scene, toddlers posit a more specific representation than the evidence requires—one that incorporates causative semantics. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/aRCqSTbr6Bw
Dyslipidaemia and statin use in individuals aged 10 to <40 years in the T1D Exchange clinic registry
Authors: Lyons Sarah K. , Boyle Claire T. , DeSalvo Daniel J. , Rickels Michael R. , Wood Heickman Lauren K. , Miller Kellee M. , Foster Nicole C. , Clements Mark A. ,   for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network
Published: July 2018

For individuals aged 10 to <40 years with type 1 diabetes and dyslipidaemia, US national guidelines recommend consideration of statin therapy based on age, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) level and other cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated dyslipidaemia prevalence, statin therapy use, and associations between not meeting target LDL‐C [<100 mg/dL (<5.55 mmol/L)] and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in individuals aged 10 to <40 years in the T1D Exchange clinic registry. In 7223 participants, statin use was 2% in 10 to <18 year olds, 4% in 18 to <25 year olds, and 21% in 25 to <40 year olds. Individuals not on statin therapy with LDL‐C above target were more likely to have ≥1 additional CVD risk factor(s) than those with LDL‐C in the target range for all age groups (all P < 0.01). While most individuals not on statin therapy had LDL‐C in the target range, those who did not were more likely to have ≥1 additional CVD risk factor(s), and therefore longitudinal study of lipid levels and statin use is needed to see if treatment of dyslipidaemia to target LDL‐C levels may lower the risk of future CVD in individuals aged 10 to <40 years with type 1 diabetes.
Effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin‐based quadruple therapy compared with insulin glargine‐based therapy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: An observational study in clinical practice
Authors: Ku Eu Jeong , Lee Dong‐Hwa , Jeon Hyun Jeong , Oh Tae Keun
Published: July 2018

This open‐label, prospective study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin as add‐on therapy in inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], 7.5‐12%) who were already using three other types of orally active antidiabetic agents. A total of 268 T2D patients were enrolled and divided into two groups, empagliflozin (EMPA 25 mg/d, n = 142) or insulin glargine (INS, n = 126), respectively. After the treatment period of 24 weeks, HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were significantly reduced (HbA1c, P = 0.004; FPG, P = 0.008, respectively) in the EMPA group compared to the INS group. Also, EMPA treatment evoked a significant reduction in body weight (P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.017) compared to the INS group. Hypoglycaemic adverse events were significantly higher in the INS group compared to the EMPA group (P = 0.001). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a regimen comprising four different orally active antidiabetic agents, including EMPA, was effective and safe as a therapeutic strategy for treating T2D patients for glycaemic control and improvement of other cardiovascular and metabolic indices.
The intentionality and intelligibility of moods
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This article offers an account of moods as distinctive kinds of personal level affective–evaluative states, which are both intentional and rationally intelligible in specific ways. The account contrasts with those who claim moods are non‐intentional, and so also arational. Section 2 provides a conception of intentionality and distinguishes moods, as occurrent experiential states, from other states in the affective domain. Section 3 argues moods target the subject's total environment presented in a specific evaluative light through felt valenced attitudes (the Mood‐Intentionality thesis). Section 4 argues some moods are experienced as rationally intelligible responses, and so epistemically appropriate, to the way “the world” presents itself (the Mood‐Intelligibility thesis). Finally, Section 5 discusses the epistemology of moods.
Bunny Hill or Black Diamond: Differences in Advanced Course‐Taking in College as a Function of Cognitive Ability and High School GPA
Authors: Shewach Oren R. , McNeal Kyle D. , Kuncel Nathan R. , Sackett Paul R.
Published: July 2018

College students commonly have considerable course choice, and they can differ substantially in the proportion of their coursework taken at an advanced level. While advanced coursework is generally viewed as a desirable component of a student's education, research has rarely explored differences in student course‐taking patterns as a measure of academic success in college. We examined the relationship between the SAT, high school grade point average (HSGPA), and the amount of advanced coursework taken in a sample of 62 colleges and 188,985 students. We found that both the SAT and HSGPA predict enrollment in advanced courses, even after controlling for advanced placement (AP) credits and demographic variables. The SAT subtests of Critical Reading, Writing, and Math displayed differential relationships with advanced course‐taking dependent on student major. Gender and race/ethnicity were also related to advanced course‐taking, with women taking more advanced courses in all major categories except for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) where they took fewer, even after controlling for other variables. Socioeconomic status had a negligible relationship with advanced course‐taking. This research broadens our understanding of academic achievement in college and the goals of admissions in higher education.
Transgender Family Law
Authors: Minter Shannon Price
Published: July 2018

Transgender people face unique issues in parentage, custody, and divorce cases. Many transgender people are raising children or wish to do so. This article examines the main legal issues facing transgender people who become parents by giving birth or impregnating a partner, through assisted reproduction, through marriage, by raising a child, or through adoption. In the past, some courts viewed a parent's gender transition as a sufficient reason to terminate parental rights. Today, the law has shifted to provide much more security for transgender parents, though significant bias still remains, particularly in divorce and child custody cases. In addition, many states have not yet fully addressed how to determine the legal parentage of children born through assisted reproduction. I analyze the legal landscape for transgender parents and spouses and offer critical suggestions to ensure that transgender people are able to protect their families and their parental rights.
A Paradigm Shift in the Practice of Family Law: A Response to Mosten and Traum
Authors: Meller Paul J.
Published: July 2018

In their article, Interdisciplinary Teamwork in Family Law Practice, Mosten and Traum promote the use of an interdisciplinary, team‐based approach to family law practice. This commentary focuses on the two pronged shift in the current zeitgeist of family law practice. First, Mosten and Traum guide us away from an historically adversarial approach to family law practice, in which attorneys advocate for the legal rights of a single client, to a more holistic approach in which the focus is on the Family Global Case. Furthermore, the push toward Family Global Case shifts the focus away from discrete legal issues associated with reorganization to empowering families to self‐determine through their reorganization. This shift follows the movement in both medicine and mental health away from direct intervention for people with disorders to promoting wellness for at‐risk yet healthy individuals. The second prong of Mosten and Traum's approach is a movement toward more collaborative interdisciplinary functioning. However, the shift in the practice of family law from the sole practitioner working alone to being one member of a broader multidisciplinary team focusing on the future well‐being of the family brings with it not only issues of professional role definitions but also the development of a new combined set of ethics and models for training. These are discussed in detail.
Commentary on Interdisciplinary Teamwork in Family Law Practice
Authors: Retsinas Nancy , Zumpano Kathleen
Published: July 2018

This commentary discusses and expands upon Mosten and Traumm's extraordinary work on interdisciplinary teams. Focusing on the continuum between independence and interdependence in team formation, we explore the benefits of team members' shared responsibility and highlight potential challenges. We emphasize that regardless of where a team may fall on the continuum, establishing and adhering to a strong structure results in increased practitioner satisfaction and better client outcomes. This commentary identifies five best practices that promote highly functioning teams and urges family law practitioners to seek more advanced interdisciplinary team training opportunities.