bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical explosion in confined space: From warm dense matter to fragmentation
Authors: Han Ruoyu , Li Chen , Yao Weibo , Yuan Wei , Cao Yuchen , Zhang Yongmin
Published: July 2022

The physical image of the confined electrical explosion in the source region is depicted. Metallic plasma/vapor dynamics and its fragmentation effect (on a confining structure) under μs-timescale are diagnosed via high-speed photography, electrophysical, and spectral measurements. When adding a 1-mm-thick Teflon tube outside the exploding wire, the growth of spatial heterogeneity via electro-thermal instability is largely compressed, and the deposited energy almost doubled from about 85 to 150 J. During the short period after breakdown, considerable energy depositing into the confined space, e.g., 100 J for 0.1 cm3, drives the fast inflation and burst of the 0.5 g confining tube to ∼500 m/s (kinetic energy of ∼62.5 J). Intense plasma jet eruption with a supersonic speed >1.5 km/s and induced shock waves of 2–3 km/s are observed from cracks of the inflated tube. In addition, the erupted plasma jets gradually evolve Rayleigh–Taylor instability and finally cause turbulent mixing with the ambient medium. This mechanism is very likely to explain the plasma cavity evolution in underwater explosion. Interestingly, although the confining effect of water is stronger than a Teflon tube, the latter has a better response to the high-rate impulse loading and absorbs more deposited energy by deformation, phase transition, and acceleration.
Gaussian product rule for two-electron wave functions
Authors: Kovačević Goran
Published: July 2022

The Gaussian product rule for two-electron wave functions is introduced. The two-electron Gaussian product rule enables a new way for solving two-electron integrals. The solution is demonstrated with an example of the two-center two-electron integral in solid harmonic Gaussian basis. The solution is obtained by expanding inverse inter-electron separation and integrating in spherical coordinates. The resulting integral separates into four integrals, three of which are straightforward to solve. The remaining integral can be solved with Boys-like functions. It is demonstrated that the solution can deliver results with accuracy comparable with that of the McMurchie–Davidson scheme.
First detection and analysis of an electronic spectrum of vanadium hydride: The D5Π–X5Δ (0,0) band
Authors: Varberg Thomas D.
Published: July 2022

The D5Π–X5Δ (0,0) band of vanadium hydride at 654 nm has been recorded by laser excitation spectroscopy and represents the first analyzed spectrum of VH in the gas phase. The molecules were generated using a hollow cathode discharge source, with laser-induced fluorescence detected via the D5Π–A5Π (0,0) transition. All five main (ΔΩ = ΔΛ) subbands were observed as well as several satellite ones, which together create a rather complex and overlapped spectrum covering the region 15 180–15 500 cm−1. The D5Π state displays the effects of three strong local perturbations, which are likely caused by interactions with high vibrational levels of the B5Σ− and c3Σ− states, identified in a previous multiconfigurational self-consistent field study by Koseki et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 4707 (2004)]. Molecular constants describing the X5Δ, A5Π, and D5Π states were determined in three separate least-squares fits using effective Hamiltonians written in a Hund’s case (a) basis. The fine structure of the ground state is found to be consistent with its assignment as a σπ2δ, 5Δ electronic state. The fitted values of its first-order spin–orbit and rotational constants in the ground state are A=36.537815cm−1 and B = 5.7579(13) cm−1, the latter of which yields a bond length of R0=1.72122 Å. This experimental value is in good agreement with previous computational studies of the molecule and fits well within the overall trend of decreasing bond length across the series of 3d transition metal monohydrides.
Partially polaron-transformed quantum master equation for exciton and charge transport dynamics
Authors: Jang Seogjoo J.
Published: July 2022

Polaron-transformed quantum master equation (PQME) offers a unified framework to describe the dynamics of quantum systems in both limits of weak and strong couplings to environmental degrees of freedom. Thus, the PQME serves as an efficient method to describe charge and exciton transfer/transport dynamics for a broad range of parameters in condensed or complex environments. However, in some cases, the polaron transformation (PT) being employed in the formulation invokes an over-relaxation of slow modes and results in premature suppression of important coherence terms. A formal framework to address this issue is developed in the present work by employing a partial PT that has smaller weights for low frequency bath modes. It is shown here that a closed form expression of a second order time-local PQME including all the inhomogeneous terms can be derived for a general form of partial PT, although more complicated than that for the full PT. All the expressions needed for numerical calculation are derived in detail. Applications to a model of a two-level system coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators, with test calculations focused on those due to homogeneous relaxation terms, demonstrate the feasibility and the utility of the present approach.
Sex and flowers: testing the resource-dependent selection hypothesis for flower sex allocation
Authors: Finch Jonathan T. D. , Watson-Lazowski Alexander , Cook James M.
Published: July 2022

Context Monoecious plants can adjust their proportional investment in male and female flowers to maximise reproductive fitness. The female reproductive function (seeds) often has greater resource costs than the male (pollen). Larger plants are generally thought to have greater resource availability and should have a female biased sex ratio, referred to as the size-dependent selection hypothesis. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have found mixed support. This may be because size alone is not always a reliable proximate value for resource availability, which can be influenced by other abiotic factors. Aims Breynia oblongifolia (Phyllanthaceae) is a perennial monoecious plant with unisexual moth-pollinated flowers from eastern Australia. Fruit production in Breynia is heavily influenced by rainfall, which is highly variable. We hypothesised that where soil moisture limits female function, Breynia would produce more male flowers (i.e. resource-dependent selection). Methods We used a multi-year observational dataset to look for evidence of resource-dependent flower sex ratios in a wild population and conducted a manipulative glasshouse experiment to test alternative hypotheses for flower sex selection. Key results In both our manipulative glasshouse experiment and observed wild population, decreasing soil water content resulted in higher proportions of male flowers, supporting the resource-dependent sex selection hypothesis. Conclusions Soil moisture influences flower sex ratios but plant size does not. Implications Future studies should not assume that height equates to resource wealth, as this is often overly simplistic and ignores the potential for key resources, like soil moisture or light, to fluctuate.
Evidence of mitochondrial capture in Australian glass shrimp (
Authors: Rahman Sharmeen , Schmidt Daniel J. , Hughes Jane M.
Published: July 2022

Context The Australian glass shrimp (Paratya australiensis) has been identified as a cryptic species complex and several lineages occur sympatrically in eastern Australia. In south-eastern Queensland, the predominant lineages are ‘4’ and ‘6’, although the only known area of sympatry in the Conondale Range is the result of a translocation. Aim Our aim was to determine any evidence of natural sympatry between the two lineages in the Mary River catchment area using polymerase chain reatction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Methods Of six sites sampled, only one site showed sympatry between Lineage 4 and 6, so 39 individuals from this site were sequenced using fragment of the mtDNA COI gene and a neighbour joining tree revealed the existence of two lineages. Results On the basis of two sets of nuclear markers (allozymes and microsatellites), there was no evidence of two species, because all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations and only Lineage 4 alleles were identified. Conclusion These results led to the inference that the existence of two mtDNA lineages could be due to mitochondrial capture. Implication The current situation in the Broken Bridge High site could be due to historical interbreeding between the two lineages reflected in the mtDNA data but not evident in the nuclear data.
Disparities in sleep duration among American children: effects of race and ethnicity, income, age, and sex
Authors: Giddens Natasha T. , Juneau Paul , Manza Peter , Wiers Corinde E. , Volkow Nora D.
Published: July 2022

Children in the United States sleep less than the recommended amount and sleep deficiencies may be worse among disadvantaged children. Prior studies that compared sleep time in children of different race/ethnic groups mostly relied on questionnaires or were limited to small sample sizes. Our study takes advantage of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to compare total sleep time using a week of actigraphy data among American children (n = 4,207, 9 to 13 y old) of different racial/ethnic and income groups. We also assessed the effects of neighborhood deprivation, experience of discrimination, parent’s age at child’s birth, body mass index (BMI), and time the child fell asleep on sleep times. Daily total sleep time for the sample was 7.45 h and race/ethnicity, income, sex, age, BMI, were all significant predictors of total sleep time. Black children slept less than White children (∼34 min; Cohen’s d = 0.95), children from lower income families slept less than those from higher incomes (∼16 min; Cohen’s d = 0.44), boys slept less than girls (∼7 min; Cohen’s d = 0.18), and older children slept less than younger ones (∼32 min; Cohen’s d = 0.91); mostly due to later sleep times. Children with higher BMI also had shorter sleep times. Neither area deprivation index, experience of discrimination, or parent’s age at child’s birth significantly contributed to sleep time. Our findings indicate that children in the United States sleep significantly less than the recommended amount for healthy development and identifies significant racial and income disparities. Interventions to improve sleep hygiene in children will help improve health and ameliorate racial disparities in health outcomes.
Gregor Johann Mendel: From peasant to priest, pedagogue, and prelate
Authors: Hartl Daniel L.
Published: July 2022

Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian priest in the Monastery of St. Thomas in Brünn (Brno, Czech Republic) as well as a civilian employee who taught natural history and physics in the Brünn Modern School. The monastery’s secular function was to provide teachers for the public schools across Moravia. It was a cultural, educational, and artistic center with an elite core of friar-teachers with a well-stocked library and other amenities including a gourmet kitchen. It was wealthy, with far-flung holdings yielding income from agricultural productions. Mendel had failed his tryout as a parish priest and did not complete his examination for teaching certification despite 2 y of study at the University of Vienna. In addition to his teaching and religious obligations, Mendel carried out daily meteorological and astronomical observations, cared for the monastery's fruit orchard and beehives, and tended plants in the greenhouse and small outdoor gardens. In the years 1856 to 1863, he carried out experiments on heredity of traits in garden peas regarded as revolutionary today but not widely recognized during his lifetime and until 16 y after his death. In 1868 he was elected abbot of the monastery, a significantly elevated position in the ecclesiastical and civil hierarchy. While he had hoped to be elected, and was honored to accept, he severely underestimated its administrative responsibilities and gradually had to abandon his scientific interests. The last decade of his life was marred by an ugly dispute with civil authorities over monastery taxation.
The “New Synthesis”
Authors: Barton Nicholas H.
Published: July 2022

When Mendel’s work was rediscovered in 1900, and extended to establish classical genetics, it was initially seen in opposition to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection on continuous variation, as represented by the biometric research program that was the foundation of quantitative genetics. As Fisher, Haldane, and Wright established a century ago, Mendelian inheritance is exactly what is needed for natural selection to work efficiently. Yet, the synthesis remains unfinished. We do not understand why sexual reproduction and a fair meiosis predominate in eukaryotes, or how far these are responsible for their diversity and complexity. Moreover, although quantitative geneticists have long known that adaptive variation is highly polygenic, and that this is essential for efficient selection, this is only now becoming appreciated by molecular biologists—and we still do not have a good framework for understanding polygenic variation or diffuse function.
Behavioral genetics and genomics: Mendel’s peas, mice, and bees
Authors: Hoekstra Hopi E. , Robinson Gene E.
Published: July 2022

The question of the heritability of behavior has been of long fascination to scientists and the broader public. It is now widely accepted that most behavioral variation has a genetic component, although the degree of genetic influence differs widely across behaviors. Starting with Mendel’s remarkable discovery of “inheritance factors,” it has become increasingly clear that specific genetic variants that influence behavior can be identified. This goal is not without its challenges: Unlike pea morphology, most natural behavioral variation has a complex genetic architecture. However, we can now apply powerful genome-wide approaches to connect variation in DNA to variation in behavior as well as analyses of behaviorally related variation in brain gene expression, which together have provided insights into both the genetic mechanisms underlying behavior and the dynamic relationship between genes and behavior, respectively, in a wide range of species and for a diversity of behaviors. Here, we focus on two systems to illustrate both of these approaches: the genetic basis of burrowing in deer mice and transcriptomic analyses of division of labor in honey bees. Finally, we discuss the troubled relationship between the field of behavioral genetics and eugenics, which reminds us that we must be cautious about how we discuss and contextualize the connections between genes and behavior, especially in humans.
Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk
Authors: Schulz Andrew K. , Boyle Madeline , Boyle Colin , Sordilla Sophia , Rincon Catalina , Hooper Scott , Aubuchon Catie , Reidenberg Joy S. , Higgins Claire , Hu David L.
Published: July 2022

The elephant’s trunk is multifunctional: It must be flexible to wrap around vegetation, but tough to knock down trees and resist attack. How can one appendage satisfy both constraints? In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we challenged African elephants to reach far-away objects with only horizontal extensions of their trunk. Surprisingly, the trunk does not extend uniformly, but instead exhibits a dorsal “joint” that stretches 15% more than the corresponding ventral section. Using material testing with the skin of a deceased elephant, we show that the asymmetry is due in part to patterns of the skin. The dorsal skin is folded and 15% more pliable than the wrinkled ventral skin. Skin folds protect the dorsal section and stretch to facilitate downward wrapping, the most common gripping style when picking up items. The elephant’s skin is also sufficiently stiff to influence its mechanics: At the joint, the skin requires 13 times more energy to stretch than the corresponding length of muscle. The use of wrinkles and folds to modulate stiffness may provide a valuable concept for both biology and soft robotics.
A long-acting C-natriuretic peptide for achondroplasia
Authors: Schneider Eric L. , Carreras Christopher W. , Reid Ralph , Ashley Gary W. , Santi Daniel V.
Published: July 2022

The C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog vosoritide has recently been approved for treatment of achondroplasia in children. However, the regimen requires daily subcutaneous injections in pediatric patients over multiple years. The present work sought to develop a long-acting CNP that would provide efficacy equal to or greater than that of vosoritide but require less frequent injections. We used a technology for half-life extension, whereby a drug is attached to tetra-polyethylene glycol hydrogels (tetra-PEG) by β-eliminative linkers that cleave at predetermined rates. These hydrogels—fabricated as uniform ∼60-μm microspheres—are injected subcutaneously, where they serve as a stationary depot to slowly release the drug into the systemic circulation. We prepared a highly active, stable CNP analog—[Gln6,14]CNP-38—composed of the 38 C-terminal amino acids of human CNP-53 containing Asn to Gln substitutions to preclude degradative deamidation. Two microsphere [Gln6,14]CNP-38 conjugates were prepared, with release rates designed to allow once-weekly and once-monthly administration. After subcutaneous injection of the conjugates in mice, [Gln6,14]CNP-38 was slowly released into the systemic circulation and showed biphasic elimination pharmacokinetics with terminal half-lives of ∼200 and ∼600 h. Both preparations increased growth of mice comparable to or exceeding that produced by daily vosoritide. Simulations of the pharmacokinetics in humans indicated that plasma [Gln6,14]CNP-38 levels should be maintained within a therapeutic window over weekly, biweekly, and likely, monthly dosing intervals. Compared with vosoritide, which requires ∼30 injections per month, microsphere [Gln6,14]CNP-38 conjugates—especially the biweekly and monthly dosing—could provide an alternative that would be well accepted by physicians, patients, and patient caregivers.
Autophagic membranes participate in hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid assembly, precore and core protein trafficking, and viral release
Authors: Chu Ja Yeon Kim , Chuang Yu-Chen , Tsai Kuen-Nan , Pantuso Jessica , Ishida Yuji , Saito Takeshi , Ou Jing-hsiung James
Published: July 2022

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication takes place inside the viral core particle and is dependent on autophagy. Here we show that HBV core particles are associated with autophagosomes and phagophores in cells that productively replicate HBV. These autophagic membrane-associated core particles contain almost entirely the hypophosphorylated core protein and are DNA replication competent. As the hyperphosphorylated core protein can be localized to phagophores and the dephosphorylation of the core protein is associated with the packaging of viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), these results are in support of the model that phagophores can serve as the sites for the packaging of pgRNA. In contrast, in cells that replicate HBV, the precore protein derivatives, which are related to the core protein, are associated with autophagosomes but not with phagophores via a pathway that is independent of its signal peptide. Interestingly, when the core protein is expressed by itself, it is associated with phagophores but not with autophagosomes. These observations indicate that autophagic membranes are differentially involved in the trafficking of precore and core proteins. HBV induces the fusion of autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies and the silencing of Rab11, a regulator of this fusion, is associated with the reduction of release of mature HBV particles. Our studies thus indicate that autophagic membranes participate in the assembly of HBV nucleocapsids, the trafficking of HBV precore and core proteins, and likely also the egress of HBV particles.
Wolf attacks predict far-right voting
Authors: Clemm von Hohenberg Bernhard , Hager Anselm
Published: July 2022

Does the return of large carnivores affect voting behavior? We study this question through the lens of wolf attacks on livestock. Sustained environmental conservation has allowed the wolf (
Canis lupus)
to make an impressive and unforeseen comeback across Central Europe in recent years. While lauded by conservationists, local residents often see the wolf as a threat to economic livelihoods, particularly those of farmers. As populists appear to exploit such sentiments, the wolf’s reemergence is a plausible source for far-right voting behavior. To test this hypothesis, we collect fine-grained spatial data on wolf attacks and construct a municipality-level panel in Germany. Using difference-in-differences models, we find that wolf attacks are accompanied by a significant rise in far-right voting behavior, while the Green party, if anything, suffers electoral losses. We buttress this finding using local-level survey data, which confirms a link between wolf attacks and negative sentiment toward environmental protection. To explore potential mechanisms, we analyze Twitter posts, election manifestos, and Facebook ads to show that far-right politicians frame the wolf as a threat to economic livelihoods.
Chirality enhances oxygen reduction
Authors: Sang Yutao , Tassinari Francesco , Santra Kakali , Zhang Wenyan , Fontanesi Claudio , Bloom Brian P. , Waldeck David H. , Fransson Jonas , Naaman Ron
Published: July 2022

Controlled reduction of oxygen is important for developing clean energy technologies, such as fuel cells, and is vital to the existence of aerobic organisms. The process starts with oxygen in a triplet ground state and ends with products that are all in singlet states. Hence, spin constraints in the oxygen reduction must be considered. Here, we show that the electron transfer efficiency from chiral electrodes to oxygen (oxygen reduction reaction) is enhanced over that from achiral electrodes. We demonstrate lower overpotentials and higher current densities for chiral catalysts versus achiral ones. This finding holds even for electrodes composed of heavy metals with large spin–orbit coupling. The effect results from the spin selectivity conferred on the electron current by the chiral assemblies, the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect.
Taking the Long view
Authors: Gass Susan M. , Plonsky Luke , Huntley Lizz
Published: July 2022

By any definition, Michael Long was a giant in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). He was one of the very few who could truly wed language learning and language teaching which he did in a seamless fashion. His impact is far-reaching and envelops a number of different areas as we will show in this chapter. He was remarkable in his encyclopedic knowledge of the field (and beyond), including access to what had come before and what was current. It was common to hear him say “As so and so showed in 2003…” with his listeners often thinking “How did he remember that?” The first author of this paper was always in awe of his numerous contributions to the fields of language learning and language teaching and his ability to see the big picture. We started our careers at about the same time (Gass received her PhD in 1979 and Mike received his in 1980) and our interests in those early years paralleled each other’s. His work influenced the work of Gass and one would hope that there was bidirectionality in this influence. Our paths crossed personally and professionally and so his death is both a personal loss as well as a tremendous loss to the field (see Ortega’s, 2021 tribute). In this paper we will have the easy task of demonstrating his impact. We include an objective consideration of his areas of influence as well as an analysis of citations of Mike’s work. Finally, we discuss how his research areas have been an influential force in the development of the field of SLA.
Age of acquisition in second language thinking*
Authors: Bylund Emanuel , Athanasopoulos Panos
Published: July 2022

Debates around age effects in L2 learning have mostly centred around the domains of phonology, morphosyntax, and lexis. In this chapter, we expand the scope to conceptual and cognitive restructuring, much in line with Long’s (1990, 2013) discussion of the limits of age effects. Drawing on an extensive review of the extant literature, the current chapter examines the role that age of L2 acquisition plays for phenomena of thinking-for-speaking and linguistic relativity. The chapter closes with methodological suggestions for future research.
Age effects in naturalistic and instructed second language acquisition
Authors: DeKeyser Robert M.
Published: July 2022

For more than half a century now the idea has been that children are better language learners than adults and that therefore second language learning in school should start early. Ironically, until fairly recently, the SLA literature on age effects, which was used to advocate foreign language in the elementary school, comprised hardly a single classroom study. The more recent literature does include a number of interesting classroom studies that show that children are not necessarily better language learners in the classroom, and actually worse learners for the most part; this literature has now been used to argue against the concept of the critical period. In this article I argue that these two bodies of literature are not contradictory and that age effects cannot be fully understood without reconciling them, showing that children are better at one particular kind of learning. This has profound implications for theories of cognitive development, theories of second language learning, and second language curriculum design.
Can focus on form have an effect on language development?
Authors: Benati Alessandro G.
Published: July 2022

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the term/concept focus on form. We are grateful to Mike Long for providing the original definition of this construct, setting up the debate and actively stimulating more theoretical and empirical research on the role and nature of focus on form. The chapter highlights some of the shortcomings of the current research on the effects of focus on form on language development and provides suggestions for future research in this field of enquiry.
Question illocutionary force indicating devices in academic writing
Authors: Curry Niall
Published: July 2022

Corpus research on questions as reader engagement markers in academic writing typically focuses on direct questions. Such questions are signalled by question marks and are relatively easily searchable in a corpus. However, indirect questions can be more challenging to identify, as they can be introduced by a range of forms. Based on a contrastive analysis of a corpus of English, French, and Spanish economics research articles, this paper provides pertinent evidence on direct and indirect questions as reader engagement markers. Firstly, it shows that direct and indirect questions as reader engagement markers are a rhetorical and generic feature of academic writing in the economics research article and, secondly, it presents a comprehensive list of indirect question illocutionary force indicating devices, valuable for future studies of indirect questions. Methodologically, this paper illustrates a replicable process for functional analysis and discusses the value of theoretically merging corpus and contrastive linguistic approaches.
Microstructure, thermodynamics and compressive properties of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi-X (X=V,Si,VSi) high-entropy alloys
Authors: Wang Zhao-Qin , Shi Yu , Wang Xiao-Rong
Published: July 2022

The article investigated the effect of V and Si on the microstructure, thermodynamics and compressive properties of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA). Four Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi-X(X = V, Si, VSi) HEAs were prepared by vacuum arc melting. With the addition of V and Si, the microstructure of the Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi HEA changes from FCC to FCC + BCC. The (Ω, δ)-values of the four HEAs meet the formation condition of solid solution. Their VEC-values in the range of [6.87–8] explain the reason for FCC and FCC + BCC formation in the four HEAs. The V and Si elements greatly improve the hardness of the three HEAs. The fracture mechanisms of X = V, Si, VSi HEAs are the composite fracture, quasi-cleavage fracture and purely brittle cleavage fracture, respectively.
Ischaemic preconditioning improves upper‐body endurance performance without altering V̇O2 kinetics
Authors: Bellini D. , Chapman C. , Peden D. , Hoekstra S. P. , Ferguson R. A. , Leicht C. A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose: Whilst pre‐exercise ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve lower‐body exercise performance, its impact on upper‐limb performance has received little attention. This study examines the influence of IPC on upper‐body exercise performance and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics. Methods: Eleven recreationally‐active males (24 ± 2 years) completed an arm‐crank graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine the power outputs at the ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and V̇O2peak (40.0 ± 7.4 ml·kg−1·min−1). Four main trials were conducted, two following IPC (4 × 5‐min, 220 mmHg contralateral upper‐limb occlusion), the other two following SHAM (4 × 5‐min, 20 mmHg). The first two trials consisted of a 15‐minute constant work rate and the last two time‐to‐exhaustion (TTE) arm‐crank tests at the power equivalents of 95% VT1 (LOW) and VT2 (HIGH), respectively. Pulmonary V̇O2 kinetics, heart rate, blood‐lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise. Results: TTE during HIGH was longer following IPC than SHAM (459 ± 115 vs 395 ± 102 s, p = .004). Mean response time and change in V̇O2 between 2‐min and end exercise (ΔV̇O2) were not different between IPC and SHAM for arm‐cranking at both LOW (80.3 ± 19.0 vs 90.3 ± 23.5 s [p = .06], 457 ± 184 vs 443 ± 245 ml [p = .83]) and HIGH (96.6 ± 31.2 vs 92.1 ± 24.4 s [p = .65], 617 ± 321 vs 649 ± 230 ml [p = .74]). Heart rate, blood‐lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion did not differ between conditions (all p ≥. 05). Conclusion: TTE was longer following IPC during upper‐body exercise despite unchanged V̇O2 kinetics.
Minimal length phenomenology and the black body radiation
Authors: Bosso Pasquale , López Vega Juan Manuel
Published: July 2022

The generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) modifies the uncertainty relation between momentum and position giving room for a minimal length, as predicted by candidates theories of quantum gravity. Inspired by GUP, Planck’s distribution is derived by considering a new quantization of the electromagnetic field. We elaborate on the thermodynamics of the black body radiation obtaining Wien’s law and the Stefan–Boltzmann law. We show that such thermodynamics laws are modified at Planck-scale.
Crosstalk analysis and optimization in a compact microwave-microfluidic device towards simultaneous sensing and heating of individual droplets
Authors: Cui Weijia , Abbasi Zahra , Ren Carolyn L
Published: July 2022

Non-invasive contactless simultaneous sensing and heating of individual droplets would allow droplet microfluidics to empower a wide range of applications. However, it is challenging to realize simultaneous sensing and heating of individual droplets as the resonance frequency of the droplet fluid, which is decided by its permittivity, must be known so that energy is only supplied at this frequency for droplet heating with one resonator. To tailor the energy transfer in real-life heating applications, the droplet has to be sensed first to identify its corresponding resonance frequency, which is used to dynamically tune the frequency for supplying the required energy for heating this particular droplet. To achieve this goal, two resonators are needed, with one for sensing and one for heating. Integrating multiple resonators into one typical microfluidic device limits placement of the resonators to be as close as possible, which would raise the concern of crosstalk between them. The crosstalk would result in inaccurate sensing and heating. This study focuses on numerically and experimentally investigating the effect of influencing parameters on the crosstalk between two adjacent resonators with the ultimate goal of providing guidance for multiplexing the resonators in a typical microfluidic device. ANSYS HFSS is used to perform the electromagnetic analysis based on the finite element method. Experimental studies are conducted on a microfluidic chip integrated with two resonators to validate the numerical results. An optimal distance between two resonators is suggested, with the recommendation for the resonator size and heating power towards simultaneous sensing and heating of individual droplets.
A comprehensive study of the radiative properties of NO—a first step toward a complete air opacity
Authors: Zammit Mark C , Leiding Jeffery A , Colgan James , Even Wesley , Fontes Christopher J , Timmermans Eddy
Published: July 2022

In this paper we propose a methodology to calculate the radiative properties of the diatomic molecular constituents of air, and utilize the present approach to model the radiative properties of nitrogen monoxide, NO. We also investigate the important physics involved in calculating accurate radiative quantities for air, such as the Planck and Rosseland mean opacities, and emission and absorption coefficients, as well as the couplings accounted for in rovibrational calculations. Complete active space self-consistent field multi-reference configuration interaction (CAS-MRCI) calculations were performed in order to model the NO X
2Π, a
4Π, b
4Σ−, 12Σ+, 22Σ+, 32Σ+, G
2Σ−, B′2Δ, (C, B) 22Π, (H′, L) 32Π, and 12Φ adiabatic states, and calculate the respective molecular data. The γ X
2Π − A
2Σ+, ɛ X
2Π − D
2Σ+, β′ X
2Π − B′2Δ, ‘11 000 Å’ A
2Σ+ − D
2Σ+, ‘infrared’ X
2Π − X
2Π and X
2Π − (C, B) 22Π (δ and β) band systems are investigated in monochromatic spectra calculations, as well as the Ogawa a
4Π − b
4Σ− band and several other band systems. Several conclusions are drawn, such as the importance of including the Ogawa band, which has not been included in previous air radiative models or comprehensive line-list calculations, as well as the importance of performing coupled rovibrational line-list calculations in order to accurately calculate the Rosseland means. We also found that the additional band systems modeled here contribute significantly to the total Planck and Rosseland means.
A comparative study of the ZnO Fibers-based photodetectors on n-Si and p-Si
Authors: Yildirim Fatma , Orhan Zeynep , Khalili Saba , Chenari Hossein Mahmoudi , Aydoğan Ş
Published: July 2022

The ZnO fibers (Fs)/p-Si (labeled D1) and ZnO Fs/n-Si (labeled D2) photodetector heterojunctions were fabricated and both devices gave a clear rectifying I–V characteristic with a high rectifying ratio, in the dark. At zero bias, D1 showed self-driven characteristics, while D2 had not and D1 was found to be more stable than D2 in time-dependent measurements. Optoelectronics results revealed that D1 had high sensitivity to both visible and excellent stability after 20 days. At zero bias, the ON/OFF ratio of the D1 photodetector was as high as 33 650 and in the dark, a rectification ratio of 67 400 within ±2 V was obtained for the D1 device. The maximum responsivities of the devices was ∼0.8 mA W−1, and their detectivity was ∼109 Jones. Furthermore, the ZnO Fs/p-Si (labeled D3) and ZnO Fs/n-Si (labeled D3) photodetectors yielded excellent response to 365 nm and 395 nm UV light (10 mW cm−2). Responsivity, detectivity (D), and external quantum efficiency values reached as high as 5.28 A W−1, 1.02 × 1013 Jones, and %16.6, respectively under 365 nm UV light. The excellent responses of the photodetectors to visible and UV light were attributed to the oxygen vacancies in ZnO and the formation of electron–hole pairs by the light effect and their separation by the electric field in the device formed between ZnO and Si.
Homogenization and short-range chemical ordering of Co–Pt alloys driven by the grain boundary migration mechanism
Authors: Pedan Roman , Makushko Pavlo , Dubikovskyi Oleksandr , Bodnaruk Andrii , Burmak Andrii , Sidorenko Sergiy , Voloshko Svitlana , Kalita Viktor , Hübner René , Makarov Denys , Vladymyrskyi Igor
Published: July 2022

Binary magnetic alloys like Co–Pt are relevant for applications as components of magnetic exchange coupled composites. Numerous approaches exist to tune the coercive field of Co–Pt alloys primarily relying on high-temperature processing aiming to realize chemically long-range ordered phases. The peculiarity of Co–Pt is that large coercive field and magnetic anisotropy can be achieved even in chemically disordered alloys relying on short-range order. Here, we study alloying of Co–Pt from bilayers of Pt(14 nm)/Co(13 nm) at temperatures up to 550 °С, where bulk diffusion processes are suppressed and the dominant diffusion mechanism is grain boundary migration. We demonstrate that grain boundary diffusion mechanism can lead to the realization of a homogeneous yet chemically disordered Co56Pt44 alloy at temperatures of 500 °С and higher. A pronounced increase of the coercive field for samples processed at temperatures higher than 400 °С is attributed to short-range ordering. With this work, we pinpoint the grain boundary diffusion as the mechanism responsible not only for the homogenization of binary alloy films but also as a driving force for the realization of short-range order in Co–Pt. Our results motivate further research on grain boundary diffusion as a mechanism to realize chemically long-range ordered phases in Co–Pt alloys.
Bandpass filters using grounded stub-loaded microstrip periodic structure for suppression of modes
Authors: Liu Yiqun , Xu Kai-Da
Published: July 2022

In this paper, a grounded stub-loaded microstrip periodic structure (SL-MPS) is presented and its transmission characteristics are investigated. A new method of suppression of modes is proposed through adding grounded via holes on the grounded SL-MPS for the design of bandpass filters (BPFs). In order to validate the feasibility of suppression of modes of grounded SL-MPS, two cases of BPFs with different dimensions are designed. For the case of BPF with suppression of adjacent modes, the simulated and measured results of BPFs demonstrate that the fundamental and 2nd high-order modes can be effectively suppressed. For the other case of BPF with suppression of multiple modes, the fundamental, 1st, 3rd and 4th high-order modes can be successfully suppressed. The measurements of these BPFs are reasonably in agreement with their simulations. Observed from the theoretical analysis and experimental results, the proposed method can effectively widen the stopband of BPF by suppressing unwanted modes.
Absorption-transmission-type multifunctional coding metasurface
Authors: Chen Jiayu , Li Weihan , Zhang Yunfeng , Ma Wenyu , Tang Wenxuan , Cui Tiejun
Published: July 2022

Reflection- and transmission-type metasurfaces have great potentials in wireless communications. In this letter, we propose an absorption-transmission-type multifunctional coding metasurface composed of an absorptive layer and a transmissive layer. For incident waves at different frequencies with different polarizations, the proposed coding metasurface can perform three different functions independently: wave absorption at low frequencies, vortex-wave generation for the x-polarized wave and beam deflection for the y-polarized wave at high frequencies. Both numerical and experimental results verify the excellent performance of low-frequency absorptions and high-frequency dual-polarization transmissions. This work provides a method for developing multifunctional and reconfigurable components for the wireless communications in the future.
Reading the lattice QCD form factors of the Λ
b
→ Λ
c
transition using a C-code
Authors: Smith Bradley , Rashed Ahmed , Huo Chen
Published: July 2022

The

Λ

b

→

Λ

c

ℓ

−

ν

¯

ℓ

process has been discussed in the literatures as a probe for new physics. This process receives contributions in new physics models from scalar, vector, and tensor hadronic currents. The form factors of these currents can be obtained from the quark model or the lattice QCD. In this work, we present a c-code to read the scalar, vector, and tensor lattice QCD form factors. The code is published on github (https://github.com/darkfiresmith96/Lattice_QCD). A Mathematica code was used in reference Datta et al (2017 J. High Energy Phys.
8 131) to read the form factors. Our c-code is much faster than the Mathematica code where the ratio of the wall clock time for the c-code compared to the Mathematica code is 1:64.2 per data point. A web interface for user inputs is introduced.
The skyrmion bags in an anisotropy gradient
Authors: Zeng Zhaozhuo , Mehmood Nasir , Ma Yunxu , Wang Jianing , Wang Jianbo , Liu Qingfang
Published: July 2022

Skyrmion bags as spin textures with arbitrary topological charge are expected to be the carriers in racetrack memory. Here, we theoretically and numerically investigated the dynamics of skyrmion bags in an anisotropy gradient. It is found that, without the boundary potential, the dynamics of skyrmion bags are dependent on the spin textures, and the velocity of skyrmionium with Q = 0 is faster than other skyrmion bags. However, when the skyrmion bags move along the boundary, the velocities of all skyrmion bags with different Q are same. In addition, we theoretically derived the dynamics of skyrmion bags in the two cases using the Thiele approach and discussed the scope of Thiele equation. Within a certain range, the simulation results are in good agreement with the analytically calculated results. Our findings provide an alternative way to manipulate the racetrack memory based on the skyrmion bags.
Assessment of occupational dose reduction with the use of a floor mounted mobile lead radiation protection shield
Authors: Scott Hannah , Gallagher Sean , Abbott William , Talboys Matthew
Published: July 2022

With the increasing number and complexity of interventional cardiology procedures, there is the potential for higher occupational radiation doses to the interventionists. In order to reduce the radiation exposure to interventionists, a number of different radiation protection measures can be implemented; the most common of which being personal protective equipment in the form of a lead-equivalent apron. However, significant development has been achieved with mobile lead equivalent radiation protection devices, which provide enhanced radiation protection without the requirement of being directly worn by staff. The RAMPART M1128 radiation protection shield is one of these devices. The dose reduction provided to staff within a Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratory was assessed via the use of electronic personal dosimeters with the Philips live dosimetry system DoseAware (Philips DoseAware). A 60% dose reduction to the primary operator can be achieved with the Rampart device. Further dose reductions are possible for other individuals in the range of 65%–84%. Additionally, dose rate measurements were taken in a simulated clinical set-up using a phantom, which showed that the device provided a 65% dose reduction at eye level and a 90% dose reduction at chest level for the primary operator position. This significant dose reduction means that there is the potential for at least the primary operator to wear a lead apron of reduced lead equivalence specification when the Rampart device is in use, without increasing their occupational exposure and potentially reducing musculoskeletal pain due to the reduced weight.
Weak fault diagnosis of machinery using Laplacian eigenmaps and parallel sparse filtering
Authors: Ji Shanshan , Wang Jinrui , Han Baokun , Zhang Zongzhen , Bao Huaiqian , An Yuxi , Zhang Ming , Wang Hualong
Published: July 2022

Machinery fault diagnosis is crucial for maintenance cost reduction and accident prevention. Vibration signal monitoring is an effective and feasible method for machinery fault diagnosis. However, extraction of the fault-related periodic impulses from weakly monitoring signals is basic but difficul . In this paper, a new weak feature extraction model using Laplacian eigenmaps and parallel sparse filtering (LE-PSF) is presented for mechanical weak fault diagnosis. Specifically, the weak vibration signal is measured from the machinery pedestal. Then, LE is used to extract principal components of the overlapped signal segments, and PSF is employed for weak feature extraction from the principal components. Finally, the extracted features are inputted to softmax regression for fault classification. A simulation study and two experimental cases are employed to testify the effect of the LE-PSF model. Experimental performances show that the LE-PSF can not only achieve accurate fault classification but also is superior to other traditional methods.
Image reconstruction using Z-axis spatio-temporal sampling in 3D electrical capacitance tomography
Authors: Wanta Damian , Smolik Waldemar T , Kryszyn Jacek , Midura Mateusz , Wróblewski Przemysław
Published: July 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization has provoked interest in electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) due to recent progress in the development of capacitance measurement circuits and data-acquisition systems. This paper proposes image reconstruction using spatio-temporal sampling in the Z-axis for 3D ECT to improve spatial image resolution. In a typical application of ECT, multi-phase flow imaging is performed through two-dimensional (2D) data acquisition and 2D reconstruction of image frames over time. In the presented method, a volume of interest (VOI) is reconstructed from several time samples obtained using a 3D sensor. The procedure of Jacobian matrix extension for the spatio-temporal data is described. The experiments were carried out using the EVT4 system and a 32-electrode sensor. The reconstruction results of a VOI from a single 3D measurement and spatio-temporal sampling are compared. A phantom for 3D imaging to assess spatial image resolution using a modulation transfer function is proposed.
Heavy Mn-doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystals synthesized by high energy ball milling with high stability
Authors: Wang Lei , Mao Hengbin , Li Junhui , Li Yi , Li Mingliang , Zhu Jinpeng , Fan Bingbing , Liu Wen , Shao Gang , Xu Hongliang , Wang Hailong , Zhang Rui , Lu Hongxia
Published: July 2022

CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have excellent optical and photoelectric properties, and are potential core materials for various photoelectric devices. However, the toxicity of Pb and instability have been the key limitations to application of NCs. Herein, using MnBr2 and MnBr2·4H2O as manganese sources, heavy Mn-doped CsPbBr3 (Mn:CsPbBr3) NCs are synthesized by high-energy ball grinding, which avoids high temperature, a large number of polar solvents and atmosphere protection required in traditional liquid phase methods. However, when MnBr2·4H2O is used as the raw material, infinite solid solution doping can be achieved, and the synthesized Mn:CsPbBr3 NCs show smaller particle size, stronger PL intensity and stability. The reason is that presence of crystal water plays a similar role to wet milling in the ball milling process, and can promote the passivation effect of oleylamine (OAm) on nanocrystal defects and the connection between them. In addition, a simple, easy-operating and beneficial to commercial production method for the preparation of Mn:CsPbBr3 NCs/EVA flexible films is proposed, which can effectively improve the stability of Mn:CsPbBr3 NCs. This study is expected to provide an effective way for the synthesis and stability improvement of CsPbX3 NCs doped with different ions.