bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Solitary Melanoma of the Lymphatic Nodes Or a Single Metastasis of Unknown Melanoma: Do We Need a New Staging System?
Authors: Tchernev Georgi , Chokoeva Anastasiya , Popova Lyubomira Victor
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND: Malignant melanoma is a disease which has a cutaneous origin in 90% of the patients, but in rare cases, it could be discovered as secondary deposits with unknown primary site. Metastatic Malignant Melanoma occurs without a primary site in about 3% of all melanoma patients, and it could be divided into two main groups: metastatic lymph nodes’ involvement or non-lymph nodes disease. The lack of unified classification and staging system, provided by AJCC (2009), as well as the lack for curtain diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, prompt us to raise the question what is the right way to precede in cases of metastasis of the lymph nodes, without evidence of a primary tumour?CASE REPORT: We report a case of 67-years- old woman who presented in the dermatology clinic after a surgical removal of an enlarged lymph node in her left femoral area, verified histologically as a metastasis of melanoma. After a diagnostic refinement in the clinic, the diagnosis of metastasis of malignant melanoma was confirmed by histology revision. We use the presented case to create for the first time in the world literature a novel stereotype of thinking, which is also followed by a stereotype of clinical behaviour – gentle to the patient, but providing a certain amount of security and satisfaction for the medical staff.CONCLUSION: The affection of a single lymph node in the absence of a primary tumour should not automatically lead to the conclusion that it is a single metastasis, but rather a primary melanoma of the lymph nodes, in cases of a negative PET scan, for example. In these cases, the measuring of the tumour thickness should guide the further therapeutic behaviour and determine the approach.
Von Özdamar zu Petrowskaja und weiter Interkulturelle Literatur und Literaturpreise im deutschsprachigen Raum, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ingeborg Bachmann-Preises
Authors: Weissmann Dirk
Published: December 2017

Cette contribution entend aborder l’œuvre d’E. S. Özdamar dans le cadre d’une analyse de la politique des prix littéraires dans les pays de langue allemande. Lauréate en 1991 du prestigieux Prix Bachmann, Özdamar est généralement considérée comme celle qui a ouvert la voie à une plus grande reconnaissance de la littérature interculturelle de langue allemande par les acteurs du système littéraire. Un examen succinct des prix attribués durant le dernier demi-siècle permet de confirmer le statut exceptionnel de l’œuvre d’Özdamar à cet égard, tout en relativisant le rôle joué par le Prix Bachmann de 1991. En effet, les jurys des prix littéraires avaient commencé dès les années 1960-1980 à tenir compte des auteurs nés à l’étranger ou dont l’allemand n’est pas la langue maternelle, alors que l’augmentation significative des lauréats appartenant à cette catégorie ne remonte qu’au milieu des années 2000. En somme, la politique des prix littéraire est un indicateur pertinent quoique biaisé pour retracer la montée de la littérature interculturelle en Allemagne, Autriche et au-delà.
Exotismus im postkolonialen Zeitalter am Beispiel Rafik Schamis
Authors: Ellerbach Benoît
Published: December 2017

En s’appuyant sur la définition que Graham Huggan donne de l’exotisme postcolonial, cet article s’attache à montrer comment l’auteur syro-allemand Rafik Schami s’inscrit on ne peut mieux dans ce contexte autant par son œuvre que par sa personne. Faisant déjà l’objet d’une exotisation par les institutions littéraires et ses lecteurs, Schami se met lui-même en scène comme auteur arabe. Schami critique les penchants exotiques des institutions tout en s’en servant pour mieux affirmer son propre anticolonialisme, dans des œuvres comme Sieben Doppelgänger (Sept Sosies).
Poetische Zeitgenossenschaft in Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde von Emine Sevgi Özdamar
Authors: Schubert Katja
Published: December 2017

L’article propose une étude de l’œuvre d’Emine Sevgi Özdamar sous l’angle de la question de la contemporanéité poétique. Cette thématique sera déclinée à travers quatre axes : l’inscription dans la culture judéo-allemande, la « Trümmerliteratur », naïveté et critique, et enfin accélération et ralentissement. Les analyses veulent montrer dans quelle mesure la temporalité spécifique de la contemporanéité poétique désigne, dans l’écriture, une singulière relation avec son propre temps, auquel on adhère tout en prenant ses distances par le déphasage et l’anachronisme.
« Der Zug ist ein schönes Zuhause. » Ruhelosigkeit und Wunsch nach Verankerung bei Emine Sevgi Özdamar
Authors: Dufresne Marion
Published: December 2017

Consacré au second et au troisième tome de la trilogie Sonne auf halbem Weg , cet article cherche à analyser la dynamique interne des deux romans d’Emine Sevgi Özdamar Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn et de Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde . Ces récits à la première personne mettent en scène une jeune femme turque passionnée de théâtre. Menant sa vie au pas de course entre Istanbul et Berlin comme entre Berlin-Ouest et Berlin-Est, elle reste insaisissable. Il s’agira d’examiner comment l’existence itinérante du personnage principal confère au texte son rythme et sa dynamique interne.
Karriere einer Putzfrau oder die Stimme der Subalternen – eine Relektüre Hamlets durch das Prisma von Heiner Müllers Hamletmaschine
Authors: Meyer Christine
Published: December 2017

La présente étude entend contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du processus de filiation littéraire tel qu’il s’élabore dans l’œuvre d’E. S. Özdamar, avec les maîtres de la grande tradition européenne d’une part et avec certains auteurs allemands du xx e  siècle d’autre part. L’exemple du bref récit Karriere einer Putzfrau (Carrière d’une femme de ménage) permet d’éclairer les modalités de cette double inscription dans le canon occidental représenté ici par Shakespeare et dans le champ littéraire allemand contemporain, en l’occurrence B. Brecht et H. Müller. Une lecture intertextuelle montre que ces références sont constitutives tant du texte lui-même que de sa « littérarité », au sens où seule leur prise en compte permet d’échapper à une interprétation étroitement référentielle, et donc ethnicisée, qui en occulterait la stratégie discursive et les enjeux éthico-philosophiques.
Kommerell, Agamben und die postmoderne Geste
Authors: Lehnen Ludwig
Published: December 2017

Cet article propose une analyse approfondie de l’essai « Kommerell ou du geste » du philosophe italien Giorgio Agamben en attachant une attention particulière à l’usage des citations, au style argumentatif et aux implications philosophiques de ce court texte. Il s’en dégage des différences significatives entre les conceptions du langage et du geste chez Agamben et chez Kommerell qui permettent d’ébaucher une opposition paradigmatique entre l’épistémè postmoderne et celle du cercle de George, notamment du point de vue politique et anthropologique.
Corrosion Mitigation Activities Performed After the Fukushima Daiichi Accident
Authors: Fukaya Yuichi , Hirasaki Toshifumi , Kumagai Katsuhiko , Tatsuoka Teruhisa , Takamori Kenro , Suzuki Shunichi
Published: December 2017

This synopsis describes corrosion issues and mitigation activities shortly after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident. An earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred on March 11, 2011; the subsequent tsunami removed the cooling capacity of fuels in both the reactors and spent fuel pools (SFPs). Seawater was temporarily used for emergency fuel cooling, which induced various corrosion issues. Just after the accident, the temperatures within the reactors of Units 1 to 3 increased to several hundred degrees Celsius and the water quality of the cooling water seems to have become similar to that of concentrated seawater. To stabilize the fuel cooling, corrosion mitigation actions were required for mainly carbon steel components. The following corrosion mitigation measures were applied to the reactors: (a) temperature decreases, (b) dissolved oxygen removal from feedwater via deaeration, (c) dissolved oxygen removal from cooling water in the reactors via nitrogen gas injection, (d) salt removal from cooling water, and (e) sterilization of feedwater by hydrazine addition. The temperatures of SFP water in Units 1 to 4 were between 47°C and 93°C just after the accident. The maximum chloride ion concentration was approximately 2,000 ppm and the pH was in the range from 7.5 to 11.2. The mitigation of localized corrosion of the stainless steel pool liners and alkaline corrosion of the aluminum fuel racks was the top priority. In addition to (a), (b), and (d) listed above, (f) dissolved oxygen removal and sterilization by hydrazine addition and (g) pH control were applied to the SFPs. In the six years since the accident, no major corrosion problems have yet arisen. However, continued efforts to increase plant stability are underway for the long-term goal of decommissioning.
Sensory Processing in the General Population: Adaptability, Resiliency, and Challenging Behavior
Authors: Dean Evan E. , Little Lauren , Tomchek Scott , Dunn Winnie
Published: December 2017

Sensory processing is a personal trait that can contribute to challenging behavior. Protective factors, such as resiliency, can support children in managing their behavior, yet little research has addressed the contribution of sensory processing to protective factors. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study we aimed to determine the contribution of sensory processing (using the Sensory Profile–2) to challenging behavior and protective factors (using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd ed., Parent Rating Scales) in a sample of 51 children ages 6–11 yr from the general U.S. population. The results indicated that sensory avoiding predicts externalizing behaviors, depression, resiliency, and adaptability. In addition, sensory seeking is related to depression and resiliency, whereas sensory sensitivity is related to externalizing behaviors. Implications for occupational therapy research and practice are discussed.
Relationship Between Sensory Processing and Sleep in Typically Developing Children
Authors: Foitzik Kristie , Brown Ted
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVE. The relationship between sensory processing factors and the sleep habits and patterns of typically developing children ages 8–12 yr was investigated.

METHOD. Forty-five typically developing children and their parents or caregivers took part. Parents completed the Sensory Processing Measure–Home Form, Children’s Sleep Hygiene Scale, and Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and the children completed the Children’s Report of Sleep Patterns. Spearman ρ correlation and linear regression analyses were completed with the children’s sleep habits and patterns as the dependent variables and the sensory processing factors as the independent variables.

RESULTS. Sensory processing factors were significantly associated with the children’s sleep habits and patterns, as reported by parents and children. Predictive relationships were established between the children’s sensory processing factors and sleep habits and patterns.

CONCLUSION. Occupational therapy practitioners should consider sensory processing factors when working with children who present with suspected sleep problems.
Occupational Therapy Interventions for People With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Piersol Catherine Verrier , Jensen Lou , Lieberman Deborah , Arbesman Marian
Published: December 2017

Evidence Connection articles provide a clinical application of systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association’s (AOTA’s) Evidence-Based Practice Project. In this Evidence Connection article, we describe a case report of a person with Alzheimer’s disease. The occupational therapy assessment and intervention process in the home setting is described. Findings from the systematic reviews on this topic were published in the November/December 2017 issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and in AOTA’s Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Major Neurocognitive Disorders. Each article in this series summarizes the evidence from the published reviews on a given topic and presents an application of the evidence to a related clinical case. Evidence Connection articles illustrate how the research evidence from the reviews can be used to inform and guide clinical reasoning.
Critical thresholds. Traversing architectural pedagogy, research, and practice
Authors: Fournier Colin
Published: December 2017

It is significant that the AASA – Association of Architecture Schools of Australasia (https://aasa.org.au) conference on “Applied Collaborations” took place in Christchurch in the Fall of 2015, not long after the earthquakes that tragically destroyed a major part of the city. Although the physical devastation was extensive and highly traumatic for the inhabitants, it was encouraging to observe that, after an initial phase of shock and paralysis, came an optimistic period of quasi euphoria, a revolutionary spirit, a sense that the city could be radically reinvented instead of being rebuilt merely as a faithful replication of the past.
Rather than aspiring to a reinstatement and perpetuation of the status quo, it was felt that it could emancipate itself from its colonial past, become a better city and, most importantly, that its rebirth could call upon the energy, enthusiasm, self-motivation and generosity of all its inhabitants and truly involve the participation of the community as a whole.
The city, while still licking its wounds and clearing up the debris, went through a vibrant period of recovery and utopian dreaming, a phase when it was felt that anything was possible, that not only could the urban fabric and its supporting infrastructure systems be radically changed but that its governing institutions could also be transformed, as well as the fabric of society as a whole. It was felt that this unique opportunity had to be seized before it was too late. The time had come for a major urban and social mutation.
Interdisciplinary and collaborative design at the core of inquiry and scholarly research
Authors: Brown Daniel K. , Southcombe Mark
Published: December 2017

In professional practice, design operates as both a research method and a final outcome. Academic researchers in design disciplines tend, however, to privilege process.The same conflict is evident in the academic arena, where students often struggle to differentiate design as process from design as the end result. Design in this sense is an iterative process with a contingent endpoint.

This article is an introduction to contents of Chapter I.

 
Conflux of interest. Revealing multiple value systems in socially motivated collaborative university based projects
Authors: Cerulli Cristina
Published: December 2017

This paper discusses how collaborative and interdisciplinary socially-motivated projects and academic project-based research within the disciplines of architecture and design occupy a special territory where professional and social norms might be challenged and new types of relationships might be forged that question prevailing practices. After an initial section setting the context of the political economy of such projects, the second part of the paper reflects on the practice of these types of projects through the lens of specific projects carried out with external organisations ranging from relatively large networks of practice and research to a small, emerging community land trust. These reflections call for a new vocabulary to help articulate the value systems underpinning such projects in a way that bypasses the normative focus on competition and its corollary conflict of interest.
Designing for culturally-diverse communities. The role of collaborative, interdisciplinary design-led research
Authors: McIntosh Jacqueline , Marques Bruno
Published: December 2017

Successful design for culturally-diverse communities hinges on a nuanced understanding of the cultural environment; building trusting relationships and fostering a respectful approach to community. This paper discusses the application of design-led research with a participatory mind-set and maintains that while a collaborative, interdisciplinary participatory design process is essential, a design-led research approach is particularly valuable. Blurring the boundaries between disciplines brings the users to the forefront of design as active co-creators, sharing ideas, tools and methods. It examines two projects – a Tokelau / Pasifika cultural museum exhibition involving museum curators, architects, interior designers, photographers and local community members; and a Māori landscape regeneration project in the Wairarapa region of Wellington – wherein the designers (in this case the students) took the role of facilitator rather than providing a hierarchical and potentially adversarial approach to community design decision-making. The research project was framed around three critical stages: design analysis (holistic context), design exploration and testing (exploring design scenarios), and design synthesis (agreed plan or direction). It finds that participatory design when performed correctly can increase the capacity for community engagement; provide substantial benefits to the design outcomes; and beneficially exploit the process of design-led research. In addition to the community benefits, this interdisciplinary and collaborative research process can create new opportunities for architectural design education as it educates students as world citizens. As such it has the potential to transform architectural practice.
Solar Decathlon. Interdisciplinary and collaborative research competing on a world stage
Authors: Marriage Guy
Published: December 2017

The Solar Decathlon is an international student competition requiring university-led interdisciplinary student teams to research, design, build and operate a solar-powered house. Projects like this are highly competitive but have significant learning benefits for those involved. The Decathlon requires a wide range of student skills and so is by nature highly interdisciplinary. To win requires a significant amount of collaboration between team members who must rapidly accumulate specialised knowledge of diverse fields including solar design. This paper looks at the Solar Decathlon 2011 project submitted by Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, examines the pedagogical methodologies used, and debates the usefulness of this type of interdisciplinary and collaborative project for students of a school of architecture. It notes the difficulties placed on integration of a single-project focus on the wider scope of a typical architectural education and proposes that the broader degree curriculum may benefit from evolving to better accommodate the flexibility needed for targeted design-led research competitions such as the Solar Decathlon.
A laboratory for design-directed research. Building design scholarship and academic possibility through designing
Authors: Abbott Mick , Bowring Jacky
Published: December 2017

Designing is an experimental practice. Eschewing traditional concepts of designing as simply solving problems, and ideas of research as a positivist pursuit of truth, Landscope DesignLab embraces an expansive perspective of design-directed research.  Using the tools of questioning, collaborating, designing, grounding and communicating, the DesignLab explores the terrains of possibility.  Working within an inter-disciplinary milieu fosters strong connections, and seizes the generative possibilities of problems, questions, absences, and data. 
Design dialogues. Ambiguity of “Design” within Architectural Studio
Authors: Pretty Annabel C. , McPherson Peter
Published: December 2017

The ambiguous nature of the word “design” offers up a complex dialectic dialogue for the architectural studio lecturers to impart to their students. Discussing the “design”, more commonly referred to as the programme or scheme, is quite a different beast to the process or design methodologies the students use to create an architectural proposition or “design”. Clarity around this notion of design as both the process, in being design-led, and also as the end result, becomes a necessary task for studio lecturers to inculcate into the student body.
This paper aims to navigate through the mire/path of the design methodologies as adopted within architecture studio teaching at second year level within the Bachelor of Architectural Studies, Unitec Department of Architecture – by way of using the tried and tested notions of First Insight / Empathy, Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification, with the anticipation that these are the essential tools with which to interface teaching and practice, within the context of a “live build project”.
Three years’ worth of case studies of large scale Interdisciplinary and collaborative “live build projects” in Christchurch in conjunction with the Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA) are used to demonstrate and investigate the heuristic design processes that are an integral part of a prospective architect’s arsenal of skills. These case studies offered a complex window of tasks, not least that the students were designing in Auckland 1000 km away from the Christchurch sites, and each year posed a different set of problems and clients-related issues. Luxcity 2012 / Canterbury Tales 2013 / CityUps 2014 were the students’ responses to FESTA’s call to rejuvenate the city centre after the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011, and all of which were assembled only for a 24-hour period over Labour Day Weekend.
Encountering the pedagogy of live and interactive architectural projects
Authors: Pretty Annabel C. , McPherson Peter
Published: December 2017

The use of the word “live” as a prefix for a project, is a thought-provoking, and perplexing concept; does one assume that all other projects are dead?
Or is it that "(a)live," in the studio build paradigm, is about the currency and value of the moment? Or is it that one is operating outside of normative architectural academia, and is therefore (a)live?
Untangling the meta meaning of the verb “live” and then juxtaposing it with the word “interactive” could draw the reader to the conclusion that we are talking about a non-momentary or continuous two-way transfer of information – often as not between the student, the lecturing staff and external agencies (in many cases real clients). It is this existence between the borderland of academia and practice that this chapter hopes to unpack and clarify.

This article is an introduction to contents of Chapter II.
Design thinking models for architectural education
Authors: Tepavčević Bojan
Published: December 2017

Technology advancements have profound impact on design thinking in architecture, professional practice and architectural education. New models of representation, along with computational design thinking and innovative approaches in digital fabrication bring new demands for the rethinking of educational pedagogy for the new generation of architects in the digital age. While learning by making has been deeply rooted in the process of architectural education, digital modes of design, representation and manufacturing reconcile the dual nature of design process that has traditionally oscillated between drawing and making, visual and material. In this paper, the relationship between making process in design-led research and other aspects that challenge architectural education are analyzed and described. Along with emerging trends in this topic, current design-led research position and strategies at some Australasia schools of architecture are presented.
Academy-profession-market. Problematising tensions in the live project
Authors: Davis Michael John
Published: December 2017

This paper examines a form of “live project” that casts the design studio topic in three distinct roles. In one guise it is a collaborative, “real world,” engagement with a range of stakeholders. In another it presses toward the production of buildings, while in a third, it acts as the vehicle for higher level academic design research. Within the design studio at the University of Auckland, School of Architecture and Planning these three imperatives are juxtaposed to define the contested territory from which the architectural project emerges as negotiated, speculative-yet-realisable outcome.
The aim of this discussion is to demonstrate the triple focus model of live project and the problem currently confronting it: a local instance of a complex, widespread problem between the architectural academy, the profession and the market.
Since 2007 a succession of community groups, businesses and developers have brought their projects to the design studio at the school. Typically they have come looking for speculation as to the potential of their projects, the kind of breadth of exploration that generally is not viable within commercial architectural organisations. Meanwhile, through these projects, students are asked to conduct research into the development of their own critical, architectural making practices.
The text begins with an account of one particular project – a speculation as to the development opportunities of heritage buildings on “earthquake prone” sites in Auckland for one of the country’s most progressive developers. It looks at the larger academic, professional and market conditions being responded to and thus situates this type of live project before concluding with an outline of potentials for its advancement. In so doing it signals work to come.
Dynamics of bamboo design and build collaborations
Authors: Norrie Helen , Elliott Harriet Georgina , Grainger Philippa , Long Nici , Long Jed , Woods Tracey
Published: December 2017

Design and construction of a temporary bamboo structure provided the vehicle to explore live and interactive design-led research, extending collaborative partnerships and forging new relationships. Designed for two events of contrasting scale as part of the Dark Mofo annual arts festival hosted by the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Hobart, Tasmania, the project drew on an extensive portfolio of research into traditional and contemporary bamboo structures complied by Sydney-based architecture practice, Cave Urban. It extended Cave Urban’s previous partnerships with Taiwanese artist, Wang Wen Chih, and involved collaboration between Cave Urban and students from the University of Tasmania (UTAS) School of Architecture & Design and Tasmanian College of the Arts (TCotA), and on-site assistance from the MONA events construction team.
Construction over a three-week process involved design research that provided new knowledge into bamboo structures and developed new process of Learning By Making as a form of collaborative research-based teaching.  Interaction between the team of 25 people shifted between modes of open/closed and flat/hierarchical collaboration, in a dynamic process that lent new definition to the idea of ‘live’ projects.  Design-led research provided the opportunity for an equal number of students and expert collaborators, facilitating an opportunity to explore a master/apprentice model, to expanded practical and theoretical knowledge and expertise through the design and construction of a temporary civic event space.
The Augmented Meta-Public Space. Interpreting emerging transductive territories in enhanced centres of consumption
Authors: Manfredini Manfredo
Published: December 2017

Recent socioeconomic and technological advancements are transforming the routines of consumption into post-consumerist practices. From a socio-spatial perspective, this is primarily driven by the augmentation of two main processes: prosumption and transduction. Addressing the condition of public space in rapidly developing cities in East Asia and Australasia, this paper discusses how these two forces have contributed to a novel spatial dimension: meta-publicness. The discussion is theoretically framed by two main streams of the research on public space: the one that approaches it as the irreducible realm of agonistic pluralism and the one which sees it as crucial to socio-spatial ontogenetic processes. The major recent concept adopted in the new civic mall planning and management, experientiality, is discussed considering two main aspects: the role of eventful spectacularised environments in these hyper-mediated depoliticised spaces, and the re-politicising agency of their hyper-mediated connectedness. This paper concludes that if a democratisation of the spectacle has introduced relevant antagonistic decommodification forces, there is an internal weakness of the system that exposes these places to an even higher hegemonic dominance.
The temporal and the temporary. Time, collaboration and architecture in post-quake Christchurch
Authors: Bennett Barnaby , Moore Timothy John
Published: December 2017

This paper will look at an apparent tension between master plans that envision cities as finished objects and temporary projects that form in response to more immediate issues and concerns. In the five years since the large earthquake that struck Christchurch on February 22, 2011, a huge array of interventions, planning decisions, and design proposals have been made -affecting the lives of thousands of people and costing many billions of dollars. These actions are almost always separated into temporal categories of the short-term and the long-term; temporary and the permanent. In this categorisation there is a strange paradox in which the more concrete short-term actions are characterised as ephemeral and the paper ideas of the long-term more real.
The relationship between two forms is complex. Temporary and permanent forms of city-making can be complementary or in conflict - and sometimes both at the same time. Temporary projects can act as stepping-stones to a “finished” city, they can subvert and undermine the long-term plans, and they can support some aspects while undermining others.
The creation of a master plan in Christchurch – 18 months after the earthquakes – will be compared and contrasted with the making of a large temporary project called the Pallet Pavilion. Notions of public engagement strategies, finishing, and risk management will be articulated and used to illustrate how different the modes of temporary and permanent design operate in relation to the construction of the contemporary city.
Concepts from actor network theory will be used to describe the temporary and permanent forms of city-making and different associate types of collaboration. It is argued that the conception and planning of a new city and the design and construction of temporary amenities produce different experiences of time, and different forms of temporality. The authors are PhD candidates researching the role of temporary architecture in contemporary urban settings - this paper reflects on research findings from post-quake Christchurch.
Architecture as a pathway to reconciliation in post-earthquake Christchurch
Authors: Prendergast Simon Te Ari , Brown Daniel K.
Published: December 2017

This community-based and culturally-situated design research project reflects on issues of community empowerment and activism through speculative design meant to provoke discourse within the wider New Zealand community. As design-led speculative architectural research, it reaches beyond the confines of professional practice. It challenges the norms of contemporary New Zealand architecture by investigating new architectural approaches to explicitly reflect the cultural identity of New Zealand Māori. The devastating earthquakes of September 4, 2010 and February 22, 2011 destroyed much of Christchurch. While a terrible tragedy, it also opened up the city for fundamental community based discussion. The idea of a post-colonial not just a post-earthquake city emerged, driven by Māori design and planning professionals following the leadership of local elders. The situated community for this design-led research investigation is the Ngāi Tahu iwi (Māori tribe) of Ōtautahi / Christchurch. Ngāi Tahu professionals in Ōtautahi / Christchurch developed key design aspirations pertaining to the future architecture and urban design of the new city. The city rebuild offered an opportunity to present a Ngāi Tahu vision that reflected its place identity in the new city. The site for this design research investigation is the Ngāi Tahu owned King Edward Barracks, within the Ōtautahi / Christchurch central business district. This traditional Māori settlement site had been covered with a disparate collection of urban colonial buildings, several of which were destroyed or damaged in the earthquakes. If this Ngāi Tahu owned site (and the city as a whole) is to be rebuilt, is there an opportunity for its architecture to reflect Ngāi Tahu, rather than Eurocentric models? And if so, how might such a design embody Māori and Ngāi Tahu identity, while enhancing New Zealanders’ awareness of traditional Māori design, values, and customs – all within the context of a contemporary urban fabric?
Back to the Source: Lionfish Imported into the United States via the Ornamental Aquarium Trade
Authors: Farquhar Samantha D.
Published: December 2017

Lionfish (Pterois miles and Pterois volitans) are known for their invasive success in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. With few marine fish invasions of similar magnitude being documented, the introduction of lionfish in this area has been deemed one of the fastest and most ecologically harmful introductions to date. Furthermore, this invasion is thought to be caused by negligent aquarists who released ornamental lionfish off the coast of Florida in 1985. Interestingly, lionfish are rare in abundance throughout their native waters of the Indo-Pacific and factors controlling lionfish’s native populations are little studied and not clearly defined. Through the analysis of the Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow database for the years 2008, 2009, and 2011, it was determined that approximately 137,723 lionfish were exported to the United States with Los Angeles, CA being the most popular point of entry. Of this total, 45.5% originated from the Philippines, 27.7% from Indonesia, and 14.5% from Kenya. Pterois volitans was exported from 15 different countries and on average 19 times more than Pterois miles which was exported only from three countries. This paper questions: 1) if the ornamental aquarium trade is affecting lionfish’s native populations and 2) if the lionfish imports could be leading to more introductions in non-native waters. Ultimately, this paper acts as a short communication identifying a need for further research and attention towards this
The Occupational Expectations of Undergraduate Students in the Conservatory Piano Majors
Authors: KILIC Deniz Beste CEVIK , BAYOGLU Talia Ozlem BALTACILAR , CANBEY Ebru GUNER
Published: December 2017

An expectation is the belief that a certain action will lead to a given outcome. It is noteworthy to reveal individuals’ expectations from their future occupations. The quality and success of education are undoubtedly related to meeting their occupational expectations in the future. In this regard, it is of critical importance to investigate the occupational expectations of undergraduate students in the conservatory piano majors. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the occupational expectations of these students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven students in the study. Based on the results, some suggestions were made for eliminating the elements negatively affecting the occupational expectations of undergraduate students in the conservatory piano majors at least in the education process.
A Technique for Real‐Time Ionospheric Ranging Error Correction Based On Radar Dual‐Frequency Detection
Authors: Lyu Jiang‐Tao , Zhou Chen
Published: December 2017

Ionospheric refraction is one of the principal error sources for limiting the accuracy of radar systems for space target detection. High‐accuracy measurement of the ionospheric electron density along the propagation path of radar wave is the most important procedure for the ionospheric refraction correction. Traditionally, the ionospheric model and the ionospheric detection instruments, like ionosonde or GPS receivers, are employed for obtaining the electron density. However, both methods are not capable of satisfying the requirements of correction accuracy for the advanced space target radar system. In this study, we propose a novel technique for ionospheric refraction correction based on radar dual‐frequency detection. Radar target range measurements at two adjacent frequencies are utilized for calculating the electron density integral exactly along the propagation path of the radar wave, which can generate accurate ionospheric range correction. The implementation of radar dual‐frequency detection is validated by a P band radar located in midlatitude China. The experimental results present that the accuracy of this novel technique is more accurate than the traditional ionospheric model correction. The technique proposed in this study is very promising for the high‐accuracy radar detection and tracking of objects in geospace.
Education
Authors: Jackson Keith
Published: December 2017

Education has attracted the attention of philosophers and sociologists, economists and politicians over thousands of years. Education manifests itself at the national and institutional levels of human activity. When linked to the formation and expression of social identities, education appears at once an intensely personal experience and an aspirational investment that transcends generations. Education can be interpreted as a public good and, when commercialized, as a business opportunity. It can offer a battleground for national and local politicians, a human right to be fought and even died for. By any definition, education is complex. This brief discussion draws on current, historical, and international traditions and examples of education in an attempt to shed light on its social relevance and essentially human vitality.
Achieving an Efficiency Exceeding 10% for Fullerene‐based Polymer Solar Cells Employing a Thick Active Layer via Tuning Molecular Weight
Authors: Li Zelin , Yang Dalei , Zhao Xiaoli , Zhang Tong , Zhang Jidong , Yang Xiaoniu
Published: December 2017

Recently, the influence of molecular weight (Mn) on the performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs) is widely investigated. However, the dependence of optimal thickness of active layer for PSCs on Mn is not reported yet, which is vital to the solution printing technology. In this work, the effect of Mn on the efficiency and especially optimal thickness of the active layer for PBTIBDTT‐S‐based PSCs is systematically studied. The device efficiency improves significantly as the Mn increases from 12 to 38 kDa, and a remarkable efficiency of 10.1% is achieved, which is among the top efficiencies of wide‐bandgap polymer:fullerene PSCs. Furthermore, the optimal thickness of the active layer is also greatly increased from 62 to 210 nm with increased Mn. Therefore, a device employing a thick (>200 nm) active layer with power conversion efficiency exceeding 10% is achieved by manipulating Mn. This exciting result is attributed to both the improved crystallinity, thus hole mobility, and preferable polymer orientation, thus morphology of active layer. These findings, for the first time, highlight the significant impact of Mn on the optimal thickness of active layer for PSCs and provide a facile way to further improve the performance of PSCs employing a thick active layer.
Effects of Nonradiative Losses at Charge Transfer States and Energetic Disorder on the Open‐Circuit Voltage in Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Shenkun , Xia Yuxin , Zheng Zhong , Zhang Xuning , Yuan Jianyu , Zhou Huiqiong , Zhang Yuan
Published: December 2017

The considerable improvement on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) for emerging nonfullerene polymer solar cells is still limited by considerable voltage losses that have become one of the most significant obstacles in further boosting desired photovoltaic performance. Here, a comprehensive study is reported to understand the impacts of charge transport, energetic disorder, and charge transfer states (CTS) on the losses in open‐circuit voltage (Voc) based on three high performing bulk heterojunction solar cells with the best PCE exceeding 11%. It is found that the champion poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene)‐co‐(1,3‐di(5‐thiophene‐2‐yl)‐5,7‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))] (PBDB‐T):IT‐M solar cell (PCE = 11.5%) is associated with the least disorder. The determined energetic disorder in part reconciles the difference in Voc between the solar cells. A reduction is observed in the nonradiative losses (ΔVnonrad) coupled with the increase of energy of CTS for the PBDB‐T:IT‐M device, which may be related to the improved balance in carrier mobilities, and partially can explain the gain in Voc. The determined radiative limit for Voc combined with the ΔVnonrad generates an excellent agreement for the Voc with the experimental values. The results suggest that minimizing the energetic disorder related to transport and CTS is critical for the mitigation of Voc losses and improvements on the device performance.
Surface Strain Redistribution on Structured Microfibers to Enhance Sensitivity of Fiber‐Shaped Stretchable Strain Sensors
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Qi Dianpeng , Hu Guoyu , Wang Han , Jiang Ying , Chen Geng , Luo Yifei , Loh Xian Jun , Liedberg Bo , Chen Xiaodong
Published: December 2017

Fiber‐shaped stretchable strain sensors with small testing areas can be directly woven into textiles. This paves the way for the design of integrated wearable devices capable of obtaining real‐time mechanical feedback for various applications. However, for a simple fiber that undergoes uniform strain distribution during deformation, it is still a big challenge to obtain high sensitivity. Herein, a new strategy, surface strain redistribution, is reported to significantly enhance the sensitivity of fiber‐shaped stretchable strain sensors. A new method of transient thermal curing is used to achieve the large‐scale fabrication of modified elastic microfibers with intrinsic microbeads. The proposed strategy is independent of the active materials utilized and can be universally applied for various active materials. The strategy used here will shift the vision of the sensitivity enhancement method from the active materials design to the mechanical design of the elastic substrate, and the proposed strategy can also be applied to nonfiber‐shaped stretchable strain sensors.
A New Member of Electrocatalysts Based on Nickel Metaphosphate Nanocrystals for Efficient Water Oxidation
Authors: Huang Jianwen , Sun Yinghui , Zhang Yadong , Zou Guifu , Yan Chaoyi , Cong Shan , Lei Tianyu , Dai Xiao , Guo Jun , Lu Ruifeng , Li Yanrong , Xiong Jie
Published: December 2017

High‐performance electrocatalysts are desired for electrochemical energy conversion, especially in the field of water splitting. Here, a new member of phosphate electrocatalysts, nickel metaphosphate (Ni2P4O12) nanocrystals, is reported, exhibiting low overpotential of 270 mV to generate the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a superior catalytic durability of 100 h. It is worth noting that Ni2P4O12 electrocatalyst has remarkable oxygen evolution performance operating in basic media. Further experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that N dopant boosts the catalytic performance of Ni2P4O12 due to optimizing the surface electronic structure for better charge transfer and decreasing the adsorption energy for the oxygenic intermediates.
Selective Coassembly of Aromatic Amino Acids to Fabricate Hydrogels with Light Irradiation‐Induced Emission for Fluorescent Imprint
Authors: Xing Pengyao , Chen Hongzhong , Xiang Huijing , Zhao Yanli
Published: December 2017

Controlling the structural parameters in coassembly is crucial for the fabrication of multicomponent functional materials. Here a proof‐of‐concept study is presented to reveal the α‐substituent effect of aromatic amino acids on their selective coassembly with bipyridine binders. With the assistance of X‐ray scattering technique, it is found that individual packing in the solid state as well as bulky effect brought by α‐substitution determines the occurrence of coassembly. A well‐performed hydrogels based on the complexation between certain aromatic amino acids and bipyridine units are successfully constructed, providing unprecedented smart materials with light irradiation‐triggered luminescence. Such hydrogels without the phase separation and photobleaching during light irradiation are able to behave fluorescent imprint materials. This study provides a suitable protocol in rationally designing amino acid residues of short peptides for fabricating self‐assembled multicomponent materials. In addition, this protocol is useful in screening potential functional materials on account of diverse self‐assembly behavior.
Highly Conductive and Fatigue‐Free Flexible Copper Film Electrode Fabricated by a Facile Dry Transfer Technique
Authors: Shen Shengfei , Zhu Wei , Peng Yuncheng , Hai Fengxun , Feng Jingjing , Deng Yuan
Published: December 2017

The flexible electrodes with excellent electrical and mechanical performance play critical and fundamental roles in the wearable electronics. In this work, highly conductive and fatigue‐free flexible copper thin‐film electrodes on polyethylene terephthalate substrate are successfully fabricated by a facile, nondestructive, and heat‐resistant dry transfer technique. Before the transfer process, the interface adhesive strength and electrical resistivity of Cu films on SiO2+Si substrates are weakened and optimized. The flexible copper film electrode exhibits extremely low electrical resistivity (ρ = 3.1 µΩ cm), which is much superior to the flexible film electrodes fabricated through using the paste agent. Additionally, the fatigue experimental results show that the film electrode possesses excellent flexibility with a bending radius of 10 mm over 500 cycles due to the formation of the special microwavy structure, and is competent for a service environment with alternating temperature (−40–110 °C). It presents that the outstanding performance of flexible Cu film electrode is competent for most wearable electronics. The preparation of the advanced film electrode accelerates progress of the flexible electronics.
High‐Intensity Triboelectrification‐Induced Electroluminescence by Microsized Contacts for Self‐Powered Display and Illumination
Authors: Wei Xiao Yan , Liu Leipeng , Wang Hai Lu , Kuang Shuang Yang , Zhu Xiaoxiao , Wang Zhong Lin , Zhang Yihe , Zhu Guang
Published: December 2017

The conversion of kinetic energy into light emission can produce real‐time self‐powered luminescence. In this work, high‐intensity triboelectrification‐induced electroluminescence (TIEL) is obtained from microsized contacts that have relative sliding motion. The microsized structure significantly promotes the changing rate of the electric field within a luminescent layer. As a result, the produced luminescence intensity is enhanced by two folds compared with a plain‐surface contact. Besides, each microsized contact unit acts as a luminescence pixel. A collection of the contacts can be either designed into patterns or arranged into an array. Therefore, the high‐intensity TIEL presented can be potentially used in self‐powered display and illumination.