bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Obstetric Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit at PNS Shifa
Authors: Noor Nusrat , Anwar Rabiah , Yaqub Khan Muhammad , Saeed Mobashir Ahmad , Javed Sidra
Published: March 2020

Objectives: To investigate the indications, interventions and clinical outcomes of pregnant and newly delivered women admitted to the multidisciplinary intensive care unit.
Study Design: Retrospective review / observational study.
Setting and Duration: Critical care unit of Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa hospital Karachi from 1st August 2017 to 31st July 2018.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 13 bedded Intensive care units of PNS Shifa hospital Karachi, over a period of one year. All obstetrics admissions to ICU up to 42 days postpartum were included in the study, while those patients admitted after 42 days of delivery were excluded.
Results: During the study period, 2688 women delivered and 66 obstetric patients were admitted to ICU, which was 7.5% of all ICU admission and it accounted for 2.4% of all deliveries. The most common indication for admission to ICU was hypertension disorders of pregnancy 45.4% followed by obstetric haemorrhage in 42.4% cases. 75% of the cases belonged to the age group of 21-35 years. The parity of 60% of patients was in the range of P2-P4. During the stay in ICU, 9% of patients were put on ventilator support, 40.9% had blood product transfusion, while 45% received antihypertensive and anticonvulsant therapy. Maternal mortality was 4.5%.
Conclusion: Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and obstetric hemorrhage were the main indications for admission to ICU. A multidisciplinary team approach and timely recognition of complications development can lead to a better maternal outcome. Universal availability of antenatal care can help in reducing serious complications and admissions to ICU.
Keywords: Intensive care unit, maternal mortality, obstetric haemorrhage.
Comparison of Blood Loss in Manual and Spontaneous Removal of Placenta in Caesarean Section
Authors: Ashraf Sabeen , Awan Azra Saeed , Tabassum Hina , Ashraf Omair , Fatima Touseef , Shadab Wajeeha
Published: March 2020

Background: Efforts should be made to minimize the blood loss at the time of cesarean section. The techniques used to reduce the blood loss include finger splitting versus scissor cutting of incision, in situ stitching versus exteriorization and stitching of uterus and finally spontaneous or manual removal of the placenta.
Objective: The main objective of this study is to correlate the frequency of loss of blood between the placenta removed manually and spontaneously during cesarean section.
Methods: Randomized controlled trial in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. The sample is collected through Consecutive (non- probability) sampling. The study was conducted after approval from the hospital ethical and research committee. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients. The patients were divided into two groups, group A and group B randomly by using random table numbers. Group A had spontaneous placental delivery. Group B had manual placental delivery. Each patient was examined thoroughly and detailed history was taken.
Data Analysis: Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 for windows. The frequency and percentage of blood loss were measured. A chi-square test was applied to correlate the blood loss between the two groups. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Effect modifiers like age, gestational age, parity were controlled by stratification.
Results: The blood loss was compared between both groups using the chi-square test not assuming null-hypothesis. The blood loss was comparatively high in-group in which the placenta was removed manually (p=0.007).
Keywords: Caesarean Section, Placenta removal, Spontaneous, Manual, Blood loss.
Tinjauan Etis atas Fenomena Relativisme Hukum dalam Kasus Pabrik Semen di Rembang
Authors: Sembiring Raynaldo
Published: March 2020

Kebijakan hukum yang berubah-ubah tentunya menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Dalam tingkat tertentu, pertanyaan mengenai keadilan akan menjadi relevan ketika perubahan tersebut bertentangan dengan aturan yang seharusnya menjadi pedoman menjalankan pemerintahan. Apalagi jika hukum digunakan hanya untuk melegitimasi kebijakan yang dibentuk. Situasi ini disebut sebagai relativisme moral yang berimplikasi terhadap munculnya relativisme hukum. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, relativisme hukum dalam kebijakan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sangat sering terjadi. Salah satunya dalam kasus pembangunan pabrik Semen di Rembang. Dari kasus tersebut dapat terlihat, relativisme hokum yang menimbulkan masalah setidaknya dalam perspektif etika lingkungan dalam pelaksanaan tugas perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan memaparkan kondisi relativisme hukum dalam kebijakan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dipilih, dengan ditinjau dari pendekatan etika lingkungan.
Tentang Ekor Yang Tak Lagi Beracun: Kritik Konseptual Atas Sanksi Administratif dalam Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia
Authors: Wibisana Andri Gunawan
Published: March 2020

Sanksi administratif merupakan sanksi yang sangat penting, dan dalam banyak kasus merupakan sanksi yang harus pertama kali diterapkan, dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan. UUPPLH memiliki beberapa ketentuan mengenai jenis dan urutan penjatuhan sanksi administratif. Ketentuan ini kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan Peraturan Menteri LH Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penerapan Sanksi Administratif di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Tulisan ini bermaksud membahas jenis sanksi administratif dalam hukum lingkungan Indonesia, serta mengevaluasi dan mengidentifikasi beberapa kekeliruan dalam memahami sanksi administratif, yang pada akhirnya dapat dan telah berkontribusi pada tidak efektifnya penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia. Tulisan ini menemukan dua kekeliruan dalam konsep sanksi administratif di Indonesia. Pertama, UUPPLH dan Peraturan Menteri LH keliru dalam memahami paksaan pemerintah. Kedua, UUPPLH dan Peraturan Menteri LH secara keliru memahami dan mencampuradukkan antara uang paksa dengan denda. Kedua kekeliruan ini berkontribusi pada melemahnya sanksi administratif sebagai sanksi yang seharusnya paling utama dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan.
Cancer of the Transverse Colon: Comparison of Extended Right or Left Hemicolectomy versus Transverse Colectomy
Authors: Coco Danilo , Leanza Silvana
Published: March 2020

The transverse colon is the part of colon between right and left colon from right flexure to splenic flexure. Standard surgical treatment involves either extended colectomy (EC) or transverse colectomy (TC), depending on the location of the tumor. The aim of the present study was to compare anastomotic leakage, hospital stay, operative time, overall complications rate, harvested nodes overall survival, and disease-free survival comparing EC versus TC.
An “overlooked” habitat for thermophilic bacteria: the phyllosphere
Authors: Godon Jean Jacques , Galès Amandine , Latrille Eric , Ouichanpagdee Pornpimol , Seyer Jean-Philippe
Published: March 2020

Thermophilic microbes are present everywhere around us and their only known natural biotope is far away and most usually associated with geothermal energy. To answer this paradox, we explore the hypothesis that the phyllosphere (surface of leaves), due to its exposition to the sun, could well be a thermophilic habitat for microbes and thus a source of thermophilic microbes growing around 50°C – 60°C. To support this hypothesis, we reviewed the heat sources on earth and associated microbial habitats, as well as the difficult identification of thermophilic microbes. We further present an experiment to show the presence and activity of thermophilic bacteria in the phyllosphere. Leaves were collected from eleven tree species from five locations on three continents belonging to three different biomes. On fresh leaves, 16S rDNA sequencing reveals the presence of 0.2 to 7% of clearly identified thermophilic bacteria. Moreover, after incubation at 55°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, 16S rDNA sequencing reveals the presence of 4 to 99% of clearly identified thermophilic bacteria. The accumulation of observations provides coherence to our hypothesis and allows the emergence of a new vision of leaves as a thermophilic biotope. We then propose a life cycle of microbes belonging to the thermophilic biotope associated with leaf surfaces.
Laser Modification of Metal Cutting Tool: Assessment of the Influence on Wear Resistance and Quality of the Processed Surface
Authors: Kargapol’tsev S.K. , Shastin V.I. , Gozbenko V.E.
Published: March 2020

The paper reflects the relevance of hardening the working surfaces of the tool, where the surface layer plays a fundamental role. The main factors determining the wear resistance of the tool and their influence on the quality of the processed surface are analyzed. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of laser modification of tool alloys on wear resistance and on the roughness parameters of the machined surface. A small-sized drill bit (steel P6M5) and carbide inserts T15K6 are used as objects of research. The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the impact of laser radiation on the microstructure of materials, indices of wear resistance and quality parameters of the treated surface. It is established that there is a certain relationship between these indices. The modes of laser modification of the tool most acceptable for practical use are determined. Along with an increase in the wear resistance of a metal-cutting tool, a manifestation of the effect of an increase in surface roughness indices is found and experimentally confirmed. It is established that hardening of the surface layer is caused by structural and phase transformations with enhanced physical and mechanical properties, and the roughness indices depend on the degree of dispersion (amorphization) of the modified layer.
Repair Ability of Low-Alloyed Steel Strength of K70 (X90) Class
Authors: Pryakhin E.I. , Sharapova D.M.
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of studies of steel strength of K70 (X90) class. The investigated semi-finished products were graded by their repair ability (by the number of allowed repeated local heating of the material during repair). The gradation is made from the condition of the reduction of metal viscosity in the overheating zone, determined by the magnitude of the impact of Sharpy samples at the temperature of 40 °C below zero.
Theoretical Analysis of Chroming Electrolytes and Properties of Chrome Coatings
Authors: Stekolnikov Yu.A. , Polischuk S.D. , Churilov D.G. , Byshov N.V. , Borychev S.N. , Uspeunskiy I.A. , Yukhin I.A. , Arapov I.S.
Published: March 2020

According to the dynamic characteristics of the electrochemical system, according to V.F. Molchanov, it is possible to optimize the composition of chroming electrolyte and predict the properties of chromium deposits depending on the mode of deposition and the transition time. The possibility of using the transition time for the formation of the cathode surface colloid-dispersion film to study the chemical composition of the chroming solution is considered. The chemical composition can be optimized by the position of the maxima and minima on the polarization curves. An electrochemical cell can be described as a system by a differential equation, the form of which is determined by its internal structure, which varies with electrolysis conditions. The properties of the system are evaluated by a number of factors: the time of the transition process, forcing, attenuation, and the quality factor. This approach is used to develop a low-concentration chroming electrolyte with organic additives. Analytical dependences of chromium yield on current, micro hardness, roughness and deposition rate on deposition conditions are obtained. Chroming on non-stationary modes allows the most effective influence on the structure and physical-mechanical properties of coatings. When changing electrolysis parameters, it is possible to influence the structure and physical-mechanical properties of coatings, to obtain various functional chromium coatings with specified characteristics (adjustable micro hardness in thickness, porosity, internal stresses, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, roughness) from a single electrolyte. The use of a low-concentration electrolyte together with non-stationary deposition modes makes possible to increase the chromium current yield, covering and dissipative ability of the electrolyte, deposition rate, producibility and environmental friendliness of the process, and to reduce hydrogenation. The electrolyte with crystal violet additives has an increased current output (up to 28 %), an extended range of obtaining wear-resistant coatings up to 240 A / dm2, a high deposition rate of up to 2.5 μm / min, an increased micro hardness by 100-300 kg / mm2, reduced toxicity, a decreased absorbed hydrogen level at 500-700 cm3 per 100 grams of chrome coating and internal stresses at 600-950 kg / mm2.
Corrective Maintenance and Hardening of Agricultural Machinery Parts
Authors: Polischuk S.D. , Stekolnikov Yu.A. , Churilov D.G. , Byshov N.V. , Borychev S.N. , Stekolnikova N Yu , Astanin V K
Published: March 2020

The article presents information on the technological characteristics and industrial use of chroming electrolytes. The modern electrochemical technologies of repairing worn-out parts of agricultural machinery are considered. Particular attention is paid to the use of chrome plating methods making possible to increase the durability and reliability of the parts recovered in electrolytes of different composition, allowing to obtain coatings with high physical-mechanical properties that determine their suitability for the operation in the process of use for their intended purpose. The use of self-regulating dilute chroming electrolytes makes possible to increase the productivity of the deposition process of chromium coatings significantly, to obtain high-quality coatings of chromium and iron, and high adhesion to the base material - carbon, alloyed steels, and cast iron. The deposition of metals using reverse, pulsed currents with adjustable anodic-cathodic ratio of amplitude values and its duration allows to influence electro crystallization, control the structure, texture and roughness of the formed precipitate, which makes possible to get with predetermined functional physical and mechanical properties for specific repair conditions and subsequent operation in agricultural machinery. The following modes are recommended for brilliant coatings: when reverse current τ (cat) / τ (an) = 50-70, τ (cat) = 4-7 min, D(cat) = 40-100 А / dm2, D(cat) / D(an) = 3-4, Т = 60-65 ° С; when impulse current D(cat) = 40-100 А / dm2, Т = 60-65 ° С, τ (imp) = 1.5-2.5 min, τ (pauses) = 5-10 sec., impulse ratio 1.07-1.15.
Effective Parameters of Tail Processing of Gold-Bearing Ore Hydrotransport for Verninskaya Processing Factory
Authors: Alexandrov Victor I. , Kopteva Alexandra V. , Serzan Sergey L.
Published: March 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the composition and properties of the materials and liquids during transportation using pipeline and shows that in order to increase the efficiency of hydraulic transport systems in mining a transition to the transportation of slurries with a high concentration of solids in the slurry flow is necessary. Experimental studies have shown that slurry tailings of gold-containing ore with mass concentrations of more than 55 % are viscoplastic fluids. Experiments on a rotational viscometer allowed us to establish the main rheological characteristics of the studied slurries – shear stress and the dynamic effective viscosity. It has been established that over the entire range of concentrations from 55 to 65 %, the flow of slurries is described by the Bingham rheological equation. Experimental studies of hydraulic transport performed on a laboratory setup with a pipeline diameter of 50 mm confirmed the results obtained on a rotational viscometer. The curved of mixture stream is inclined straight lines that are cut off on the axis of the head in the sections, which determine the initial hydraulic slope corresponding to the yield shear stress on the rheological curves. According to the results of the experiments, a method has been developed for calculating the hydraulic transport of high concentrated slurries of tailings of gold-bearing ore. Calculations showed that in a given range the performance of the hydrotransport system and the mass concentration of the solid phase pressure losses vary from 11 to 84 m of water column/m. Head loss values increase with the increasing concentration. A sharp increase in the head loss occurs in the concentration range from 60 to 65 % and higher.
Carbon Materials for Immobilization of Biologically Active Substances
Authors: Denisova O.V. , Rastvorova I.I.
Published: March 2020

The paper considers applications of carbon materials as carriers of biologically active substances. The atomic layer deposition method allowed chemically synthesizing surface-modified composite materials based on graphite and carbon fibers, which maximally preserved the activity of enzymes and biologically active substances. It is shown that the activity of a biologically active substance depends on the chemical composition and state of the surface of carbon-based carriers.
The Relationship between Fractal Properties and Active Porosity of Peat Compositions
Authors: Mikhailov A.V. , Garmaev Oyun Z. , Fedorov Aleksander S.
Published: March 2020

The article presents the fractal approach to the study of the five peat structure samples. Digital images from natural porous raw peat, intended for fractal studies of the porosity, are proposed. Peat active porosity is used in this study. In this study, the peat active porosity, fractal dimension (D), and their relationship with different peat samples were investigated in an experiment. The results of this study demonstrate that a fractal dimension analysis of peat compositions texture is a useful method for the quantitative description of the active porosity. The received results should be considered in the theoretical and pilot studies connected with physicomechanical processes occurring on the porous surfaces of peat raw materials during its mechanical processing.
Thermoplastic Polymer Composites Production by Automated Fiber Placement Method
Authors: Iuvshin A.M. , Tretyakov S.D. , Andreev Y.S. , Gibadullin I.N.
Published: March 2020

This article deals with comparative analysis between thermoplastics and thermosets polymer materials. The problems of the choice of the polymer matrix and reinforcement filler in the manufacture products are made of polymer composite materials (PCM) for the oil industry are considered. Based on the analysis of existing types of polymer matrix and reinforcement fillers to maximize the requirements for PCM products for the oil and gas industry, a polyphenylene sulfide feed was proposed as a polymer matrix, and a unidirectional carbon fiber was used as a reinforcement filler. The results of laboratory tests of samples made with the help of melt impregnation and automated fiber placement technologies are presented.
Kinematic bidimensional analysis of the propulsion technique in wheelchair rugby athletes
Authors: Franchin Sara Maria , Giordani Federico , Tonellato Michele , Benazzato Michael , Marcolin Giuseppe , Sacerdoti Paolo , Bettella Francesco , Musumeci Alfredo , Petrone Nicola , Masiero Stefano
Published: March 2020

Wheelchair rugby is a sport ideated for individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) which is extremely important for maintaining their neuromuscular abilities and improving their social and psychological wellbeing. However, due to the frequent changes in direction and speed it considerably stresses the players’ upper limbs. 13 athletes have undergone two sports-related tests on an inertial drum bench and several kinematic parameters have been registered. Most athletes use a semi-circular pattern which is considered protective for the upper limb. With increasing speed, range of motion (ROM) increases. Release angles increment and contact angles reduce, displacing the push angle forward to increase speed. Instead, the more anterior late push angle used to increase velocity is a factor which further loads the shoulder joint. However, other factors affecting propulsion technique, such as posture and wheelchair set up should be studied to further reduce loading on the upper limb.
Comprehensive isoprene and terpene gas-phase chemistry improves simulated surface ozone in the southeastern US
Authors: Schwantes Rebecca H. , Emmons Louisa K. , Orlando John J. , Barth Mary C. , Tyndall Geoffrey S. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , St. Clair Jason M. , Blake Donald R. , Wisthaler Armin , Bui Thao Paul V.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Ozone is a greenhouse gas and air pollutant that is harmful to human health and plants. During the summer in the southeastern US, many regional and global models are biased high for surface ozone compared to observations. Past studies have suggested different solutions including the need for updates to model representation of clouds, chemistry, ozone deposition, and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) or biogenic hydrocarbons. Here, due to the high biogenic emissions in the southeastern US, more comprehensive and updated isoprene and terpene chemistry is added into CESM/CAM-chem (Community Earth System Model/Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry) to evaluate the impact of chemistry on simulated ozone. Comparisons of the model results with data collected during the Studies of Emissions Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) field campaign and from the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) CASTNET (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) monitoring stations confirm the updated chemistry improves simulated surface ozone, ozone precursors, and NOx reservoir compounds. The isoprene and terpene chemistry updates reduce the bias in the daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) surface ozone by up to 7 ppb. In the past, terpene oxidation in particular has been ignored or heavily reduced in chemical schemes used in many regional and global models, and this study demonstrates that comprehensive isoprene and terpene chemistry is needed to reduce surface ozone model biases. Sensitivity tests were performed in order to evaluate the impact of lingering uncertainties in isoprene and terpene oxidation on ozone. Results suggest that even though isoprene emissions are higher than terpene emissions in the southeastern US, remaining uncertainties in isoprene and terpene oxidation have similar impacts on ozone due to lower uncertainties in isoprene oxidation. Additionally, this study identifies the need for further constraints on the aerosol uptake of organic nitrates derived from isoprene and terpenes in order to reduce uncertainty in simulated ozone. Although the updates to isoprene and terpene chemistry greatly reduce the ozone bias in CAM-chem, a large bias remains. Evaluation against SEAC4RS field campaign results suggests future improvements to horizontal resolution and cloud parameterizations in CAM-chem may be particularly important for further reducing this bias.
Measurements of higher alkanes using NO+PTR-ToF-MS: significant contributions of higher alkanes to secondary organic aerosols in China
Authors: Wang Chaomin , Wu Caihong , Wang Sihang , Qi Jipeng , Wang Baolin , Wang Zelong , Hu Weiwei , Chen Wei , Ye Chenshuo , Wang Wenjie , Sun Yele , Wang Chen , Huang Shan , Song Wei , Wang Xinming , Yang Suxia , Zhang Shenyang , Xu Wanyun , Ma Nan , Zhang Zhanyi , Jiang Bin , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Wang Xuemei , Shao Min , Yuan Bin
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Higher alkanes are a major class of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), which have been proposed to be important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of SOA from higher alkanes and their oxidation processes in the atmosphere are limited, partially due to difficulty in their measurements. High-time resolution (10 s) measurements of higher alkanes were performed using a novel online mass spectrometry method at an urban site of Guangzhou in Pearl River Delta (PRD) and at a rural site in North China Plain (NCP), respectively. High concentrations were observed in both environments, with significant diurnal variations. At both sites, SOA production from higher alkanes is estimated from their photochemical losses and SOA yields. Higher alkanes account for significant fractions of SOA formation at the two sites, with average contributions of 7.0 ± 8.0 % in Guangzhou and 7.1 ± 9.5 % in NCP, which are comparable or even higher than both single-ring aromatics and naphthalenes. The significant contributions of higher alkanes in SOA formation suggests that they should be explicitly included in current models for SOA formation. Our work also highlights the importance of NO+PTR-ToF-MS in measuring higher alkanes and quantifying their contributions to SOA formation.
Impact of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on the chemical composition of the stratosphere
Authors: Kilian Markus , Brinkop Sabine , Jöckel Patrick
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This article describes the volcanic effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 on the ozone (O3) and methane (CH4) distribution in the stratosphere, as simulated with the chemistry-climate model EMAC (ECHAM5 version 5.3.02, MESSy version 2.51). For the first time, the effects of volcanic heating and heterogeneous chemistry on the chemical composition, caused by the volcanic aerosol, are separated. Global model simulations over the relevant period of the eruption from 1989 to 1997 with EMAC in T42L90MA resolution with specified dynamics and interactive chemistry were performed. The first simulation (VOL) contains the volcanic perturbation as additional aerosol load and thus simulates the interaction of the aerosol with the chemistry and the radiation. The second simulation (NOVOL) neglects the eruption and represents the undisturbed atmosphere. In the third simulation (CVOL) the volcanic aerosol only interacts with the heterogeneous chemistry, such that volcanic heating is omitted. The differences between the simulation results VOL-NOVOL describe the total effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption on the chemical composition, VOL-CVOL the stratospheric heating effect and CVOL-NOVOL the chemical effect of the aerosol on the heterogeneous chemistry. The post volcanic stratosphere shows a decrease of the O3 column in the tropics, and an increase in the mid-latitudes and polar regions, lasting roughly one year. This change in the ozone column is solely a result of the heating effect. The subsequent decrease of the ozone column is related to the chemical effect. The contribution of the catalytic loss cycles (NOx, HOx, ClOx and BrOx on the depletion of O3 is analysed in detail. In the tropics, CH4 increases in the upper stratosphere because of stronger vertical transport.
Using a coupled LES-aerosol radiation model to investigate urban haze: Sensitivity to aerosol loading and meteorological conditions
Authors: Slater Jessica , Tonttila Juha , McFiggans Gordon , Romakkaniemi Sami , Kühn Thomas , Coe Hugh
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The aerosol-radiation-meteorological feedback loop is the process by which aerosols interact with solar radiation to influence boundary layer meteorology. Through this feedback, aerosols cause cooling of the surface, resulting in reduced buoyant turbulence, enhanced atmospheric stratification and suppressed boundary layer growth. These changes in meteorology result in the accumulation of aerosols in a shallow boundary layer, which can enhance the extent of aerosol-radiation interactions. The feedback effect is thought to be important during periods of high aerosol concentrations, for example during urban haze. However, direct quantification and isolation of the factors and processes affecting the feedback loop has thus far been limited to observations and low resolution modelling studies. The coupled LES-aerosol model, UCLALES-SALSA, allows for direct interpretation on the sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics to aerosol perturbations. In this work, UCLALES-SALSA has for the first time been explicitly set up to model the urban environment, including addition of an anthropogenic heat flux and treatment of heat storage terms, to examine the sensitivity of meteorology to the newly coupled aerosol-radiation scheme. We find that: a) Sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics in the model to initial meteorological conditions is extremely high, b) Simulations with high aerosol loading (220 μg/m3) compared to low aerosol loading (55 μg/m3) cause overall surface cooling and a reduction in sensible heat flux, turbulent kinetic energy and planetary boundary layer height for all three days examined and c) Initial meteorological conditions impact the vertical distribution of aerosols throughout the day.
ElectroMagnetic Music: a new tool for attracting people interest in Geosciences, while sensitizing them to planet sustainability
Authors: Menghini Antonio , Pontani Stefano , Sapia Vincenzo , Lanza Tiziana
Published: March 2020

Abstract. EMusic stands for ElectroMagnetic Music and it is a scientific-musical project born in Italy. The idea is to transform the voltage response collected by Transient ElectroMagnetic Method (TEM), a well-known geophysical tool for exploring the subsurface, into musical pitches. This novel approach enables to extract musical pieces, reflecting the effective geological setting, so that we can claim that any site can be represented by its own soundtrack (i.e. the soundscape, the audio component of a landscape). As a consequence, it is possible to compose musical tracks describing faithfully the risk and many other geological issues related to different environmental scenarios. Since the beginning, a band of musicians experimented the EMusic giving concerts all over the world covering different geological locations. The sound representing each scenario was recovered in situ with the above-mentioned methodology. Some excerpts of the concerts have been also reproduced in a couple of occasions during the EGU General Assembly. Other experiments involved EMusic as a soundscape for enhancement of archaeological (Ancient Roman Theater of Ferento) and geo-touristic sites (Viterbo Underground and Vesuvius Volcano). The events were the occasion for sensitizing people about Volcanism, Volcanic risk, Paleontology, Climatic changes, Earthquakes and so on. During the concerts geoscientists introduce every track, by preparing the audience about what they are going to listen. The audience can experience a journey into the Earth by riding the eddy currents produced by the EM field. Not only it is a travel in space, but also in time, as we explore through EMusic older and older geological formations. The various musical-scientific performances – based on the sonification of EM data collected in different parts of the World including Italy – obtained positive feedbacks from the audience that enjoyed the shows. We are also implementing a project, named Georisonanze, to bring the EMusic in secondary schools to introduce students to the investigation of Earth with modern techniques while sensitizing them to planet sustainability. For the first time, we preview to pass to an evaluation phase, to better understand its intrinsic potential, through targeted tools.
Coupling aerosols to (cirrus) clouds in the global EMAC-MADE3 aerosol–climate model
Authors: Righi Mattia , Hendricks Johannes , Lohmann Ulrike , Beer Christof Gerhard , Hahn Valerian , Heinold Bernd , Heller Romy , Krämer Martina , Ponater Michael , Rolf Christian , Tegen Ina , Voigt Christiane
Published: March 2020

Abstract. A new cloud microphysical scheme including a detailed parameterization for
aerosol-driven ice formation in cirrus clouds is implemented in the global
ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) chemistry–climate model and
coupled to the third generation of the Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe adapted for global applications (MADE3) aerosol submodel. The new
scheme is able to consistently simulate three regimes of stratiform clouds –
liquid, mixed-, and ice-phase (cirrus) clouds – considering the activation of
aerosol particles to form cloud droplets and the nucleation of ice
crystals. In the cirrus regime, it allows for the competition between
homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing for the available supersaturated water
vapor, taking into account different types of ice-nucleating particles, whose
specific ice-nucleating properties can be flexibly varied in the model
setup. The new model configuration is tuned to find the optimal set of
parameters that minimizes the model deviations with respect to
observations. A detailed evaluation is also performed comparing the model
results for standard cloud and radiation variables with a comprehensive set of
observations from satellite retrievals and in situ measurements. The
performance of EMAC-MADE3 in this new coupled configuration is in line with
similar global coupled models and with other global aerosol models featuring
ice cloud parameterizations. Some remaining discrepancies, namely a high
positive bias in liquid water path in the Northern Hemisphere and
overestimated (underestimated) cloud droplet number concentrations over the
tropical oceans (in the extratropical regions), which are both
a common problem in these kinds of models, need to be taken into account in
future applications of the model. To further demonstrate the readiness of the
new model system for application studies, an estimate of the anthropogenic
aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) is provided, showing that EMAC-MADE3
simulates a relatively strong aerosol-induced cooling but within the range
reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments.
Do surface lateral flows matter for data assimilation of soil moisture observations into hyperresolution land models?
Authors: Sawada Yohei
Published: March 2020

Abstract. It is expected that hyperresolution land modeling substantially innovates the simulation of terrestrial water, energy, and carbon cycles. The major advantage of hyperresolution land models against conventional one-dimensional land surface models is that hyperresolution land models can explicitly simulate lateral water flows. Despite many efforts on data assimilation of hydrological observations into those hyperresolution land models, how surface water flows driven by local topography matter for data assimilation of soil moisture observations has not been fully clarified. Here I perform two minimalist synthetic experiments where soil moisture observations are assimilated into an integrated surface-groundwater land model by an ensemble Kalman filter. I discuss how differently the ensemble Kalman filter works when surface lateral flows are switched on and off. A horizontal background error covariance provided by overland flows is important to adjust the unobserved state variables (pressure head and soil moisture) and parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity). However, the non-Gaussianity of the background error provided by the nonlinearity of a topography-driven surface flow harms the performance of data assimilation. It is difficult to efficiently constrain model states at the edge of the area where the topography-driven surface flow reaches by linear-Gaussian filters. It brings the new challenge in land data assimilation for hyperresolution land models. This study highlights the importance of surface lateral flows in hydrological data assimilation.
Climate change impacts on the Water Highway project in Morocco
Authors: El Moçayd Nabil , Kang Suchul , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The hydrology of Morocco is characterized by significant spatial variability. Precipitation follows a sharp gradient, decreasing from the north to the south. In order to redistribute the available water, a project has been proposed to transfer 860×106 m3 yr−1 from the
wet north to the arid southern regions, namely the “Water Highway” project. The present study aims to address the viability of the project after accounting for the impacts of climate change in the watersheds located in the north. We perform regional climate model (RCM) simulations over the study region using boundary conditions from five different global circulation models (GCMs) and assuming two different emissions scenarios – RCP4.5 (with mitigation) and RCP8.5 (business as usual). The impact on precipitation and temperature are assessed, and the decrease in the available water quantity is estimated. Under RCP8.5, the project is likely not feasible. However, under the RCP4.5, a rescaled version of this project may be feasible depending on how much water is allocated to satisfy the local water demand in the north.
Predictive skill for atmospheric rivers in the western Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ramos Alexandre M. , Sousa Pedro M. , Dutra Emanuel , Trigo Ricardo M.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. A large fraction of extreme precipitation and flood events across western Europe are triggered by atmospheric rivers (ARs). The association between ARs and extreme precipitation days over the Iberian Peninsula has been well documented for western river basins. Since ARs are often associated with high impact weather, it is important to
study their medium-range predictability. Here we perform such an assessment
using the ECMWF ensemble forecasts up to 15 d for events where ARs made
landfall in the western Iberian Peninsula during the winters spanning between 2012–2013 and 2015–2016. Vertically integrated horizontal water vapor transport (IVT) and precipitation from the 51 ensemble members of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) ensemble (ENS) were processed over a domain including western Europe and the contiguous North Atlantic Ocean. Metrics concerning AR location, intensity, and orientation were computed, in order to compare the predictive skill (for different prediction lead times) of IVT and precipitation. We considered several regional boxes over western Iberia, where the presence of ARs is detected in analysis/forecasts, enabling the construction of contingency tables and
probabilistic evaluation for further objective verification of forecast
accuracy. Our results indicate that the ensemble forecasts have skill in
detecting upcoming AR events, which can be particularly useful to better
predict potential hydrometeorological extremes. We also characterized how
the ENS dispersion and confidence curves change with increasing forecast
lead times for each sub-domain. The probabilistic evaluation, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
analysis, shows that for short lead times precipitation forecasts are more
accurate than IVT forecasts, while for longer lead times this reverses
(∼10 d). Furthermore, we show that this reversal occurs for shorter lead times in areas where the AR contribution is more relevant for winter precipitation totals (e.g., northwestern Iberia).
Linking drought indices to impacts to support drought risk assessment in Liaoning province, China
Authors: Wang Yaxu , Lv Juan , Hannaford Jamie , Wang Yicheng , Sun Hongquan , Barker Lucy J. , Ma Miaomiao , Su Zhicheng , Eastman Michael
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Drought is a ubiquitous and recurring hazard that has wide-ranging impacts on society, agriculture and the environment. Drought indices are vital for characterising the nature and severity of drought hazards, and there have been extensive efforts to identify the most suitable drought indices for drought monitoring and risk assessment. However, to date, little effort has been made to explore which index (or indices) best represents drought impacts for various sectors in China. This is a critical knowledge gap, as impacts provide important ground truth information for indices used in monitoring activities. The aim of this study is to explore the link between drought indices and drought impacts, using Liaoning province (northeast China) as a case study due to its history of drought occurrence. To achieve this we use independent, but complementary, methods (correlation and random forest analysis) to identify which indices link best to drought impacts for prefectural-level cities in Liaoning province, using a comprehensive database of reported drought impacts in which impacts are classified into a range of categories. The results show that the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index with a 6-month accumulation (SPEI6) had a strong correlation with all categories of drought impacts, while the standardised precipitation index with a 12-month accumulation (SPI12) had a weak correlation with drought impacts. Of the impact datasets, “drought-suffering area” and “drought impact area” had a strong relationship with all drought indices in Liaoning province, while “population and number of
livestock with difficulty in accessing drinking water” had weak correlations with the indices. The results of this study can support drought planning efforts in the region and provide context for the indices used in drought-monitoring applications, so enabling improved preparedness for drought impacts. The study also demonstrates the potential benefits of routine collection of drought impact information on a local scale.
High-Resolution Analysis of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Sandstone Media at the Lithofacies Scale
Authors: Linsel Adrian , Wiesler Sebastian , Hornung Jens , Hinderer Matthias
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The prediction of physicochemical rock properties in subsurface models regularly suffers from uncertainty observed at the sub-meter scale. Although at this scale – which is commonly termed the lithofacies scale – the physicochemical variability plays a critical role for various types of subsurface utilization, its dependence on syn- and post-depositional processes is still subject to investigation. The impact of syn- and post-depositional geological processes, including depositional dynamics, diagenetical compaction and chemical mass transfer, onto the spatial distribution of physicochemical properties in siliciclastic media at the lithofacies scale is investigated in this study. We propose a new workflow using two cubic rock samples where eight representative geochemical, thermophysical, elastic and hydraulic properties are measured on the cubes' faces and on samples taken from the inside. The scalar fields of the properties are then constructed by means of spatial interpolation. The rock cubes represent the structurally most homogeneous and most heterogeneous lithofacies types observed in a Permian lacustrine delta formation that deposited in an intermontane basin. The spatio-temporal controlling factors are identified by exploratory data analysis and geostatistical modeling in combination with thin section and environmental scanning electron microscopy analyses. Sedimentary structures are well preserved in the spatial patterns of the negatively correlated permeability and mass fraction of Fe2O3. The Fe-rich mud fraction, which builds large amounts of the intergranular rock matrix and of the pseudomatrix, has a degrading effect onto the hydraulic properties. This relationship is underlined by a zonal anisotropy that is connected to the observed stratification. Feldspar alteration produced secondary pore space that is filled with authigenic products including illite, kaolinite and opaque phases. The local enrichment of clay minerals implies a non-pervasive alteration process that is expressed by network-like spatial patterns of the positively correlated mass fractions of Al2O3 and K2O. Those patterns are spatially decoupled from primary sedimentary structures. The elastic properties, namely p- and s-wave velocity, indicate a weak anisotropy that is not inevitably oriented perpendicularly to the sedimentary structures. The multifarious patterns observed in this study emphasize the importance of high-resolution sampling in order to properly model the variability present in a lithofacies-scale system. In fact, the physicochemical variability observed at the lithofacies scale might nearly cover the global variability in a formation. Hence, if the local variability is not considered in full-field projects – where the sampling density is usually low – statistical correlations and thus conclusions about causal relationships among physicochemical properties might be feigned inadvertently.
On the scaling of wind turbine rotors
Authors: Canet Helena , Bortolotti Pietro , Bottasso Carlo L.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This article formulates laws for scaling wind turbine rotors. Although the analysis is general, the article primarily focuses on subscaling, i.e. on the design of a smaller size model mimicking a full-scale machine. The present study considers both the steady-state and transient response cases, including the effects of aerodynamic, elastic, inertial and gravitational forces. The analysis reveals the changes to physical characteristics induced by a generic change of scale, indicates which characteristics can be matched faithfully by a sub-scaled model, and states the conditions that must be fulfilled for desired matchings to hold. Based on the scaling laws formulated here, two different strategies to design scaled rotors are considered: in the first strategy the scaled model is simply geometrically zoomed from the reference full-scale one, while in the second strategy the scaled rotor is completely redesigned in order to match desired characteristics of the full-scale machine. The two strategies are discussed and compared, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. The comparison considers the scaling of a reference 10-MW wind turbine of about 180 m of diameter down to three different sizes of 54, 27 and 2.8 m. Simulation results indicate that, with the proper choices, several key performance indicators can be accurately matched even by models characterized by significant scaling factors.
Microbial Population Inhibition Method Through Spectrophotometry Absorption of Visible Light Applied to Ecotoxicological Analyses
Authors: Mainardi Pedro Henrique , Bidoia Ederio Dino
Published: March 2020

Ecotoxicology is a science that studies the effects of pollutants and forecast their transformations on the environment. Ecotoxicological studies have been used in soil and water quality assessment, development and implementation of new techniques of water and effluent treatment, tools for better industrial management, bioremediation techniques and sustainable agriculture approaches. Microorganisms, which were seen to detain a fundamental importance in nutrient cycling and energy flow, have been increasingly used as bioindicators in ecotoxicological analyses. The populational inhibition of microbiological strains may be measured through the absorbance of visible light, an efficient, fast, low-cost and reliable method that has been widely used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this manuscript, a real textile effluent sample was analyzed regarding its electric conductivity, pH, turbidity, solids, alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and a spectrophotometry microbial population inhibition (MPI) method using the Bacillus subtilis bacteria and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The EC20, EC50 and acute toxicity indexes were satisfactory in relation to the widely used method of light reduction of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence bacteria. The MPI was shown to be a feasible method to determine the hazardous effects caused by the textile effluent sample towards the microbial populations.