bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: OS DESAFIOS DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE LONDRINA
Authors: Justino Brandão Jessica , Campos Margarida de Cássia
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo visa a apresentar alguns dos resultados da pesquisa de iniciação científica (PIBIC-CNPq) intitulada “Políticas de Ação Afirmativa no Ensino Superior: O Desempenho no Espaço Geográfico, em especial mercado de trabalho dos/as estudantes de cotas raciais formados na Universidade Estadual de Londrina de 2010 a 2016”, ainda em desenvolvimento. Assim, nesta primeira etapa da pesquisa, buscou-se realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as políticas de ação afirmativas em relação ao ensino superior em um contexto mundial, nacional e o da própria Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Para tanto, foram utilizadas obras de Diwan (2007), Silvério e Moehelecke (2009), Paiva (2013), Silva (2014), Feres Junior e Daflon (2015) e Souza (2018), entre outros autores, para se chegar a considerações relacionadas às ações afirmativas no mundo e ao sistema de cotas implantado na Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Destacou-se, durante o estudo, que pesquisas aprofundadas sobre a eficácia das políticas de ação afirmativas raciais nas universidades são fundamentais para que os devidos ajustes sejam realizados e possam gerar efetivamente o ingresso dos estudantes negros nas instituições de ensino superior. O passo seguinte da pesquisa será compreender quais as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos estudantes cotistas desta Universidade para que consigam inserir-se no mercado de trabalho após se formarem.
Implementasi Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Pendidikan Karakter di SMP Al Azhar Kediri
Authors: Kusairi  , Musthofa Bustomi , Alwy Susiati
Published: August 2020

The curriculum of Islamic education development is an activity that produces a PAI curriculum or process that links a component to another to produce a better PAI curriculum and activities to compile, implement, evaluate and refine the PAI curriculum. This type of research is a description of the field and uses the cauliflower method, in collecting data using methods of observation, interviews and documents. While the data analysis technique uses editing, verifying and analyzing analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of PAI curriculum development based on character education in Al Azhar Islamic Middle School Kediri is done through three stages, including First, the planning stage is done by determining the background, principles and objectives of curriculum development. Second, the implementation phase is carried out through Intracurricular activities and self-development. Third, the evaluation phase at this stage is carried out in the implementation of intracurricular activities and self-development, evaluation of methods, media and learning resources and evaluation of learning outcomes.
Pembentukan Karakter Religius Siswa Melalui Kegiatan Dewan Jama’ah Mushola (DJM) Di SMK PGRI 2 Kota Kediri
Authors: Sulistiyorini Defi , Nurfalah Yasin
Published: August 2020

This study aims to determine the formation of the religious character of students through the activities of the Jamaah Mushola Council (DJM) at SMK PGRI 2 Kota Kediri. This study departs from three questions, "How is the formation of the religious character of students on the Aqidah dimension through the activities of the Jamaah Mushola Council (SMK) at SMK PGRI 2 in Kediri City? PGRI 2 City of Kediri ?, How is the formation of the religious character of students in the Moral dimension through the activities of the Council of Jamaah Mushola (DJM) at SMK PGRI 2 Kota Kediri? ". With these three questions, the results of the study found that: (1) The formation of religious character in the Aqeedah dimension through Islamic study activities whose material discusses Islamic law, and the recitation of the book Mabadi 'Al-fiqhiyyah. (2) The activity of forming religious characters in the dimension of worship is through the activities of the habituation of the dhuhur prayer in congregation, diba'iyyah, the art of reading the Koran, and the khotmil of the Quran. (3) The formation of religious character in the moral dimension, namely by using the habitual method with good character, which is done by familiarizing students to be polite to anyone and wherever they are.
Presupuesto limitante en la producción científica de cuatro universidades ubicadas en las zonas 3, 5 y 8 del Ecuador
Authors: Pacheco-Mendoza Silvia , Pincay-Sancán David , Astudillo-Quinonez Miguel , Pacheco-Olea Leonidas
Published: August 2020

La Secretaría Planifica Ecuador distribuye sus regiones en 9 zonas de planificación administrativas, permitiendo la desconcentración y descentralización de beneficios, responsabilidades y recursos económicos del gobierno central a todas las entidades públicas; las Instituciones de Educación Superior IES reciben recursos económicos por parte del estado y financian sus gastos permanentes incluido los gastos de investigación científica que se limitan al 6% del presupuesto asignado a cada IES, el objetivo es analizar las limitantes del presupuesto de cuatro universidades estatales ubicadas en la Zona 3, 5 y 8 de planificación del Ecuador, mediante una metodología empírica cualitativa se determinó el impacto de los últimos tres años, 2015, 2016 y 2017 tanto a nivel de ejecución y de la producción científica
Karakterisasi Bioplastik dari Pektin Kulit Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata Durch)
Authors: Listyarini Risnita Vicky , Susilawati Puspita Ratna , Cahyaningrum Rosalia , Tonapa Nely
Published: August 2020

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Durch) is one of the vegetable plants that are generally consumed as food. Pumpkin skin is a waste that has potential as a raw material for making bioplastics because it has pectin content. The characteristics of pectin that are gel become a reference in making bioplastics. Bioplastic synthesis consists of four steps, namely the making of pumpkin peel flour, pectin extraction, bioplastic synthesis, and bioplastic characterization. The experimental results show that pumpkin skin waste can be extracted with HCl solution and produce pectin in a ratio of0.1:10 grams (w/w). The results of FTIR spectra characterization showed that bioplastics included pectin which produced absorption of C = O carbonyl groups in 1645 - 1625 cm-1 and C-O stretch groups at 1101 - 1104 cm-1. Bioplastics produced have yellow characteristic. Pumpkin skin waste bioplastics are expected to be an alternative solution to the utilization of waste into products.
KUVÂYI MİLLİYE KAHRAMANLARINDAN BİRİ “MUSTAFA NECATİ”
Authors: EDİ Ahmet , TÜRK Ceylan
Published: August 2020

Osmanlı Devleti, Almanya’nın müttefiki olarak Birinci Cihan Harbi’ne katılmıştır. Beş cephede İngiltere, Rusya ve Fransa’ya karşı savaşan Osmanlı Devleti, Almanya’nın mağlup olması ile politik yalnızlığa ve işgale itilmiştir. Savaş sonrası imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi ile İtilaf Devletleri, Osmanlı topraklarını birer birer işgal etmiştir. İngiltere’nin desteklediği Yunanistan da parçalanan Osmanlı topraklarından pay almak için kıyasıya mücadeleye girmiştir. Mondros Mütarekesi’nin ağır şartlarından dolayı Osmanlı Devleti’nin, bu işgallere karşı koyacak gücü bulunmamıştır. Bu durum sonucunda bünyesinde her kesimden nüfusun yer aldığı bir halk hareketi olan “Kuvayı Milliye” örgütü ortaya çıkmıştır. Kuvayı Milliye, Türk halkının işgale, zulme ve yapılan haksızlıklara karşı isyanını temsil etmektedir. Yunan güçlerinin ilerlemesini yavaşlatmak ve ordunun toparlanması için birçok bölgede zaman kazandırmak gibi önemli görevlerde bulunmuşlardır. Mustafa Necati de Balıkesir’e gitmiş orada hem gazete yazılarıyla hem de Balıkesir Kuvayı Milliye’ye katılarak önemli faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur.
Current Knowledge of Small Flukes (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from South America
Authors: Santos Cláudia Portes , Borges Juliana Novo
Published: August 2020

Fish-borne heterophyid trematodes are known to have a zoonotic potential, since at least 30 species are able to infect humans worldwide, with a global infection of around 7 million people. In this paper, a ‘state-of-the-art’ review of the South American heterophyid species is provided, including classical and molecular taxonomy, parasite ecology, host-parasite interaction studies and a list of species and their hosts. There is still a lack of information on human infections in South America with undetected or unreported infections probably due to the information shortage and little attention by physicians to these small intestinal flukes. Molecular tools for specific diagnoses of South American heterophyid species are still to be defined. Additional new sequences of Pygidiopsis macrostomum, Ascocotyle pindoramensis and Ascocotyle longa from Brazil are also provided.
Adenosine A3 Receptor Mediates ERK1/2- and JNK-Dependent TNF-α Production in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected HTR8/SVneo Human Extravillous Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Ye Wei , Sun Jinhui , Li Chunchao , Fan Xuanyan , Gong Fan , Huang Xinqia , Deng Mingzhu , Chu Jia-Qi
Published: August 2020

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes severe disease when the infection occurs during pregnancy. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside involved in numerous physiological processes; however, the role of adenosine receptors in T. gondii-induced trophoblast cell function has not been investigated until now. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the intracellular signaling pathways regulated by adenosine receptors using a HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cell model of T. gondii infection. HTR8/SVneo human extravillous trophoblast cells were infected with or without T. gondii and then evaluated for cell morphology, intracellular proliferation of the parasite, adenosine receptor expression, TNF-α production and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways triggered by adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). HTR8/SVneo cells infected with T. gondii exhibited an altered cytoskeletal changes, an increased infection rate and reduced viability in an infection time-dependent manner. T. gondii significantly promoted increased TNF-α production, A3AR protein levels and p38, ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation compared to those observed in uninfected control cells. Moreover, the inhibition of A3AR by A3AR siRNA transfection apparently suppressed the T. gondii infection-mediated upregulation of TNF-α, A3AR production and MAPK activation. In addition, T. gondii-promoted TNF-α secretion was dramatically attenuated by pretreatment with PD098059 or SP600125. These results indicate that A3AR-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and JNK positively regulates TNF-α secretion in T. gondii-infected HTR8/SVneo cells.
FILSAFAT MENGAJARI MANUSIA BERPIKIR KRITIS
Authors: Mansur Rosichin
Published: August 2020

Humans as thinking, of course in thinking can not be separated from the activities of thinking. Critical thinking or critical thinking is something that everyone must have. With critical thinking a person will not slip into the abyss of negativity, and falsehood because critical thinking is positive thinking to achieve the product of truth and clarity. Critical thinking is essentially not the monopoly of adults, madrasa or school children also have room for critical thinking even though the level of criticality is different from adults. Philosophy teaches humans to think critically and even deeply. Cogito Descartes is one method used to teach someone to think critically, starting from a doubt to a certainty.
STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN KELAS DALAM MENCIPTAKAN SUASANA BELAJAR YANG KONDUSIF DI SD/MI
Authors: Gafur Abd
Published: August 2020

Pengelolaan kelas merupakan aspek pendidikan yang sering dijadikan perhatian utama oleh kebanyakan orang, terutama di lingkungan akademik. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan hasil penelitian  Arends, bahwa manajemen kelas adalah salah satu tantangan terpenting yang dihadapi para guru pemula berdasarkan banyaknya data guru baru yang mengeluhkan kesulitan mereka dalam mengelola kelas. Dalam pandangan psikologi pendidikan, suasana kelas yang nyaman dan kondusif dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan siswa untuk berfokus dalam menyerap informasi, sehingga guru dapat mengajar lebih banyak dengan usaha yang sedikit. Kelas juga merupakan suatu kelompok sosial yang dinamis. Dinamika kelas pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah kondisi yang alami di dalamnya diliputi dorongan untuk aktif dan terarah yang dikembangkan melalui inisiatif guru untuk mengaktifkan dan mengembangkan potensi siswa sebagai pebelajar. Oleh karena itu, guru memiliki peran sentral untuk mengembangkan seluruh potensi yang dimiliki siswa dengan memfasilitasi dan mengakomodasi berbagai pendapat, gagasan, keterampilan, potensi dan energi yang dimiliki peserta didik sehingga menjadi aktivitas yang berguna
Refining projections of future temperature change in West Africa
Authors: Macadam I , Rowell DP , Steptoe H
Published: August 2020

Future warming in West Africa will have a detrimental effect on the communities living there. To support assessments of climate change impacts, we propose a method for refining regional temperature projections and demonstrate its application to West Africa for the mid-21st century. Our focus is on characterising uncertainty more comprehensively by considering projections of global warming. We calculate a transformation between a frequency distribution of global warming values derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models and a broader published probability distribution of global warming developed by the Met Office. The latter draws on perturbed parameter ensembles of simpler climate models to account for uncertainties related to the atmosphere, ocean, carbon cycle and aerosol processes that are not well characterised by the CMIP5 ensemble. Noting that West African warming is highly correlated with global warming in the CMIP5 ensemble, and that a significant portion of the uncertainty in projected West African warming arises from the uncertainty in global warming, we then apply the same transformation to CMIP5-derived distributions for warming in different regions of West Africa. The resultant regional warming distributions have longer tails than distributions estimated directly from the CMIP5 ensemble. Our results imply that CMIP5-based assessments of temperature-sensitive applications may underestimate the probability of large (and small) impacts. Our method could be used to refine temperature projections for other regions of the world in which regional temperature changes are highly correlated with global mean temperature changes.
Only a few key prey species fuel a temperate coastal fish food web
Authors: Poiesz SSH , Witte JIJ , van der Veer HW
Published: August 2020

The food web structure of a coastal fish community (western Dutch Wadden Sea) was studied based on stomach content data from samples collected between 2010 and 2018. In total, 54 fish species were caught and 72 different prey items were identified. Fish species consumed from only a few up to >30 different prey species, suggesting the presence of both opportunistic and more specialized feeders. We found no significant differences between years or switches in food source with fish size. The trophic positions of the Wadden Sea fish community ranged from 2.0 to 4.7, with most trophic positions above 3.0. In the past, (near)-resident species were the most abundant guild in spring, and juvenile marine migrants in autumn. At present, all guilds are present in similar but low abundances. The (near)-resident community consisted of about 20 species that fed primarily on amphipod crustaceans, brown shrimps and juvenile herring. There was only a slight overlap in diet with the group of juvenile marine migrants (5 species of juvenile flatfishes and clupeids), whose preferred prey were copepods, polychaetes and brown shrimps. About 15 species of marine seasonal visitors showed an overlap in diet with both the (near)-resident and the juvenile marine migrants, especially for brown shrimps and to a lesser extent herring and gobies. Our results illustrate (1) the pivotal position of a few key prey species (amphipod crustaceans, brown shrimps, juvenile herring and gobies) for the coastal Wadden Sea fishes and (2) that the substantial prey overlap in the diet of some predators cannot exclude intra- and inter-specific competition among these predators.
Recent Progress in the Genetics of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: PRAVENEC M. , KŘEN V. , LANDA V. , MLEJNEK P. , MUSILOVÁ A. , ŠILHAVÝ J. , ŠIMÁKOVÁ M. , ZÍDEK V.
Published: August 2020

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most widely used animal model of essential hypertension and accompanying metabolic disturbances. Recent advances in sequencing of genomes of BN-Lx and SHR progenitors of the BXH/HXB recombinant inbred (RI) strains as well as accumulation of multiple data sets of intermediary phenotypes in the RI strains, including mRNA and microRNA abundance, quantitative metabolomics, proteomics, methylomics or histone modifications, will make it possible to systematically search for genetic variants involved in regulation of gene expression and in the etiology of complex pathophysiological traits. New advances in manipulation of the rat genome, including efficient transgenesis and gene targeting, will enable in vivo functional analyses of selected candidate genes to identify QTL at the molecular level or to provide insight into mechanisms whereby targeted genes affect pathophysiological traits in the SHR.
Effects of Long-Term Thyroid Hormone Level Alterations, n-3 Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation and Statin Administration in Rats
Authors: SOUKUP T.
Published: August 2020

Thyroid hormones (THs) play multiple roles in the organism and alterations of their levels can result in many pathological changes. Currently, we use hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats as “models of a diseased organism” and analyze whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) administration can ameliorate TH-induced pathophysiological changes. We investigate myosin heavy chain composition, calsequestrin levels, changes in cardiac tissue remodeling and cell-to-cell communication, expression of protein kinases, mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress markers and cell death, changes in serum lipid levels, activities of key enzymes of thyroid hormone metabolism, activity of acetylcholine esterase and membrane anisotropy, as well as mobile behavior and thermal sensitivity. Additionally we also mention our pilot experiments dealing with the effect of statin administration on skeletal muscles and sensory functions. As THs and n-3 PUFA possess multiple sites of potential action, we hope that our complex research will contribute to a better understanding of their actions, which can be useful in the treatment of different pathophysiological events including cardiac insufficiency in humans.
Antioxidant and Regulatory Role of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein UCP2 in Pancreatic β-cells
Authors: JEŽEK P. , OLEJÁR T. , SMOLKOVÁ K. , JEŽEK J. , DLASKOVÁ A. , PLECITÁ-HLAVATÁ L. , ZELENKA J. , ŠPAČEK T. , ENGSTOVÁ H. , PAJUELO REGUERA D. , JABŮREK M.
Published: August 2020

Research on brown adipose tissue and its hallmark protein, mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1, has been conducted for half a century and has been traditionally studied in the Institute of Physiology (AS CR, Prague), likewise UCP2 residing in multiple tissues for the last two decades. Our group has significantly contributed to the elucidation of UCP uncoupling mechanism, fully dependent on free fatty acids (FFAs) within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Now we review UCP2 physiological roles emphasizing its roles in pancreatic β-cells, such as antioxidant role, possible tuning of redox homeostasis (consequently UCP2 participation in redox regulations), and fine regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). For example, NADPH has been firmly established as being a modulator of GSIS and since UCP2 may influence redox homeostasis, it likely affects NADPH levels. We also point out the role of phospholipase iPLA2 isoform  in providing FFAs for the UCP2 antioxidant function. Such initiation of mild uncoupling hypothetically precedes lipotoxicity in pancreatic β-cells until it reaches the pathological threshold, after which the antioxidant role of UCP2 can be no more cell-protective, for example due to oxidative stress-accumulated mutations in mtDNA. These mechanisms, together with impaired autocrine insulin function belong to important causes of Type 2 diabetes etiology.
Opioid-Receptor (OR) Signaling Cascades in Rat Cerebral Cortex and Model Cell Lines: the Role of Plasma Membrane Structure
Authors: UJČÍKOVÁ H. , BREJCHOVÁ J. , VOŠAHLÍKOVÁ M. , KAGAN D. , DLOUHÁ K. , SÝKORA J. , MERTA L. , DRASTICHOVÁ Z. , NOVOTNÝ J. , OSTAŠOV P. , ROUBALOVÁ L. , PARENTI M. , HOF M. , SVOBODA P.
Published: August 2020

Large number of extracellular signals is received by plasma membrane receptors which, upon activation, transduce information into the target cell interior via trimeric G-proteins (GPCRs) and induce activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity (AC). Receptors for opioid drugs such as morphine (μ-OR, δ-OR and κ-OR) belong to rhodopsin family of GPCRs. Our recent results indicated a specific up-regulation of AC I (8-fold) and AC II (2.5-fold) in plasma membranes (PM) isolated from rat brain cortex exposed to increasing doses of morphine (10-50 mg/kg) for 10 days. Increase of ACI and ACII represented the specific effect as the amount of ACIII-ACIX, prototypical PM marker Na, K-ATPase and trimeric G-protein α and β subunits was unchanged. The up-regulation of ACI and ACII faded away after 20 days since the last dose of morphine. Proteomic analysis of these PM indicated that the brain cortex of morphine-treated animals cannot be regarded as being adapted to this drug because significant up-regulation of proteins functionally related to oxidative stress and alteration of brain energy metabolism occurred. The number of δ-OR was increased 2-fold and their sensitivity to monovalent cations was altered. Characterization of δ-OR-G-protein coupling in model HEK293 cell line indicated high ability of lithium to support affinity of δ-OR response to agonist stimulation. Our studies of PM structure and function in context with desensitization of GPCRs action were extended by data indicating participation of cholesterol-enriched membrane domains in agonist-specific internalization of δ-OR. In HEK293 cells stably expressing δ-OR-Gi1α fusion protein, depletion of PM cholesterol was associated with the decrease in affinity of G-protein response to agonist stimulation, whereas maximum response was unchanged. Hydrophobic interior of isolated PM became more “fluid”, chaotically organized and accessible to water molecules. Validity of this conclusion was supported by the analysis of an immediate PM environment of cholesterol molecules in living δ-OR-Gi1α-HEK293 cells by fluorescent probes 22- and 25-NBD-cholesterol. The alteration of plasma membrane structure by cholesterol depletion made the membrane more hydrated. Understanding of the positive and negative feedback regulatory loops among different OR-initiated signaling cascades (µ-, δ-, and κ-OR) is crucial for understanding of the long-term mechanisms of drug addiction as the decrease in functional activity of µ-OR may be compensated by increase of δ-OR and/or κ-OR signaling.
Nuclear Genetic Defects of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase
Authors: HEJZLAROVÁ K. , MRÁČEK T. , VRBACKÝ M. , KAPLANOVÁ V. , KARBANOVÁ V. , NŮSKOVÁ H. , PECINA P. , HOUŠTĚK J.
Published: August 2020

Disorders of ATP synthase, the key enzyme of mitochondrial energy provision belong to the most severe metabolic diseases presenting as early-onset mitochondrial encephalo-cardiomyopathies. Up to now, mutations in four nuclear genes were associated with isolated deficiency of ATP synthase. Two of them, ATP5A1 and ATP5E encode enzyme’s structural subunits α and ε, respectively, while the other two ATPAF2 and TMEM70 encode specific ancillary factors that facilitate the biogenesis of ATP synthase. All these defects share a similar biochemical phenotype with pronounced decrease in the content of fully assembled and functional ATP synthase complex. However, substantial differences can be found in their frequency, molecular mechanism of pathogenesis, clinical manifestation as well as the course of the disease progression. While for TMEM70 the number of reported patients as well as spectrum of the mutations is steadily increasing, mutations in ATP5A1, ATP5E and ATPAF2 genes are very rare. Apparently, TMEM70 gene is highly prone to mutagenesis and this type of a rare mitochondrial disease has a rather frequent incidence. Here we present overview of individual reported cases of nuclear mutations in ATP synthase and discuss, how their analysis can improve our understanding of the enzyme biogenesis.
Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Transient Receptor Potential Channels TRPV1 and TRPA1: How Painful?
Authors: BOUKALOVA S. , TOUSKA F. , MARSAKOVA L. , HYNKOVA A. , SURA L. , CHVOJKA S. , DITTERT I. , VLACHOVA V.
Published: August 2020

Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in ion channels are rare events, which lead to increased agonist sensitivity or altered gating properties, and may render the channel constitutively active. Uncovering and following characterization of such mutants contribute substantially to the understanding of the molecular basis of ion channel functioning. Here we give an overview of some GOF mutants in polymodal ion channels specifically involved in transduction of painful stimuli – TRPV1 and TRPA1, which are scrutinized by scientists due to their important role in development of some pathological pain states. Remarkably, a substitution of single amino acid in the S4-S5 region of TRPA1 (N855S) has been recently associated with familial episodic pain syndrome. This mutation increases chemical sensitivity of TRPA1, but leaves the voltage sensitivity unchanged. On the other hand, mutations in the analogous region of TRPV1 (R557K and G563S) severely affect all aspects of channel activation and lead to spontaneous activity. Comparison of the effects induced by mutations in homologous positions in different TRP receptors (or more generally in other distantly related ion channels) may elucidate the gating mechanisms conserved during evolution.
Ragam Langgam Aksara Jawa dari Manuskrip hingga Buku Cetak
Authors: Perdana Aditya Bayu
Published: August 2020

Abstract: In its contemporary usage, the Javanese script is often introduced through a few serviceable yet unvaried typefaces which give an impression of monotony and lack of style capable of carrying various design expressions. This current state of style deficiency is unfortunate because a cursory survey on the history of the Javanese script up to the 20th century reveals a rich tradition of calligraphic and typographic styles. Throughout the island, many scribes used regional stylistic variations, sometimes with striking differences and unique quirks no longer seen in today’s writing. The introduction of printing and metal typefaced also brought western typographic practice into the design of the Javanese script, creating a unique design environment where Javanese and European traditions mingled. This paper would introduce the varied styles of the Javanese script in manuscripts and printed books from the 16th ce to the mid 20th ce in the hopes that it will enrich the contemporary use of the Javanese script.

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Abstrak: Dalam penggunaan terkini, aksara Jawa kerap diperkenalkan melalui sejumlah typefaces yang memadai namun sayangnya tidak bervariasi, sehingga contoh-contoh kontempora seringkali memberi kesan monoton dan kekurangan gaya yang mampu menyampaikan berbagai ekspresi desain. Hal ini sangat disayangkan karena napak tilas sejarah aksara Jawa hingga abad ke 20 menunjukkan tradisi kaligrafis dan tipografis yang sangat kaya. Di seantero pulau, juru tulis di berbagai daerah menggunakan variasi gayanya masing-masing. Terkadang dengan berbedaan yang sangat mencolok atau kekhasan tulis tidak lagi terlihat dalam penulisan masa kini. Kedatangan teknologi cetak dan metal typeface juga turut memperkenalkan aspek tipografis barat ke dalam desain aksara Jawa, hingga terciptalah suatu ranah desain yang unik dari persilangan tradisi tulis Jawa dan tipograf barat. Tulisan ini akan memberikan uraian singkat mengenai ragam langgam aksara Jawa pada naskah tulisan tangan dan cetak antar abad 16 M hingga 20 M awal sebagai perkenalan awal yang dapat memperkaya penerapan aksara Jawa di abad 21 M.
Democracy in Hard Times: Economic Shocks, Social Capital and Voting Patterns
Authors: Amat Francesc
Published: August 2020

In this paper, I study the economic and social network determinants of anti-establishment voting patterns in advanced democracies. More specifically, I investigate how economic shocks and social capital jointly affect voting for non-mainstream parties. I expect that economic downturns should favor the electoral success of anti-establishment parties. In order to test the effect of economic shocks I employ a novel dataset on layoffs at the regional level (the European Restructuring Dataset). On the other hand, I also expect that social capital should reduce the vote for anti-establishment parties. Especially so when a higher density of local social networks is associated with greater provision of local public goods. In addition, I expect an interaction between these two factors by which regional social capital should moderate the effect of economic shocks on anti-establishment parties. I exploit individual-survey data aggregated at the European-region level matched with the layoffs regional data.
Leo Lowenthal’s Critical Theory of Populism and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Rensmann Lars
Published: August 2020

This paper focuses on the Frankfurt School’s critical theorist Leo Lowenthal (1900-1993) and the contemporary relevance of his theory-guided social research on authoritarian politics. Grounded in a close reading of his work, the essay reconstructs Lowenthal’s theoretical interpretations empirical studies. Illuminating three critical paths paved by Lowenthal for studying the rise of authoritarian-populist demagoguery within modern democracies—political-psychological, economic, and socio-theoretical— the paper discusses in how far his critical-theoretical research can serve as a resource for theorizing current populist agitators’ appeal in America and Europe today. In so doing, the paper brings classical findings of the Frankfurt School into dialogue with recent political science studies and political theory on resurgent authoritarian populism and related crises of liberal capitalist democracy. Lowenthal’s critical theorizing may complement current explanations for the populist surge in context of a new age of post-factual politics in a profoundly transformed public sphere.
Benjamin Harrison, Ideas, and the Seeds of Economic Crisis: 1889-1893
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: August 2020

What role does the US president, and their political ideology, play in fostering destabilizing political-economic crises? This paper examines the little-studied presidency of Benjamin Harrison for answers. During the 1890s, the US suffered its worst financial crisis and economic depression to date. Surprisingly, the seeds of this crisis were planted by the strangely inconsistent policies of the Harrison administration. Benjamin Harrison was, by most measures, supremely equipped to deliver a booming economy. However, instead of prosperity, Harrison created the conditions for a devastating financial crisis and a deep recession. Harrison’s ideology and beliefs drove his actions as president, and were the sin qua non of this political-economic disaster. This case therefore has important implications for theories of presidential power, American political development, partisanship, democratic governance, and the role of ideas in politics.
Censorship Can be Counterproductive: Sensitivity and Media Credibility
Authors: Wu Ziyi
Published: August 2020

Censorship constitutes an important pillar of effective governance in China. By drawing a connection between government censorship and media credibility, this paper tries to answer the following question: could government censorship be counter-productive by increasing the credibility of political rumors in China? Using a combination of statistical regression and qualitative interviews, I find mixed evidence on censorship effectiveness in China. On one hand, the results suggest that government censorship can unexpectedly increase the credibility of politically sensitive information because people are more likely to believe in the rumor when they think it is more likely to be censored. On the other hand, the results also hint on censorship effectiveness by increasing people's trust in state media over foreign news when it comes to a public crisis in China, even though citizens understand that the official media is being censored and controlled by the government.
MIGRANT MOBILIZATION: HOMELAND ADVOCACY OR MIGRANT RIGHTS?
Authors: Money Jeannette , Skoll Amy , Banki Susan
Published: August 2020

Because migrant political participation can take on many forms and is affected by structural factors in both the country of residence and the country of origin, it is difficult to pin down a generic picture of migrant political participation. Our primary focus is on migrants’ motivation to mobilize and the comparative advantage in their available resources to predict the level of migrant political association as well as the target of mobilization. These activities are moderated by the density and accessibility of the host country’s civil society. Thus, we model migrant associational mobilization and focus on three specific components: precarity as a primary determinant of the motivation to mobilize; relative precarity and the comparative advantage of migrant resources that determine the primary target of mobilization; and the permeability of civil society organizations in the host country to understand the level of mobilization. We employ two case studies as a plausibility probe.
Actions Speak Louder Than Words: TFD, EADF, and the Future of Democratic Defense in East Asia
Authors: Lu Yeh-Chung
Published: August 2020

While witnessing regression of democracy around the world in the past decade, many people from policy circles and academia proposed to build a coalition to prevent further backsliding in democracies. Nevertheless, these efforts have continued to be challenged by the fact that leading democracies are reluctant to leading the coalition, and that authoritarian regimes are investing more resources to sharpen their influence. This paper plans to take Taiwan’s efforts as an example to explain how a young and full-fledged democracy engages in the defense of democracy in the Indo-Pacific region. Details in this paper include: (1) a brief discussion of factors and actors in Taiwan’s process of democratization; (2) explanation of the mechanism through which the East Asia Democracy Forum (EADF) aims to incorporate and influence actors for democratic defense in this region. This is a qualitative research, with a process-tracing method.
Syndemics of COVID-19 and Human Relationship in Dilemma: A Case of Nepal
Authors: Phuyal Moti Ram
Published: August 2020

Since its origin Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early December 2019 it reached Nepal after about one month. Though the death rate is comparatively analyzed as low regarding European and American countries but it has become a cause of the evolution of other health problems like psychological disorder among large number of people, suicidal cases, declining condition of chronic patients, and not yet studied but rise in the cases of diabetics and so on with remarkable symptom on those who are in the access of medical services. Nepalese society, commonly known as warm and harmonious with cooperative nature has been slowly turning its steps towards individualistic behaviour. Complexities in health sectors are in the rise causing human relationship in the condition of dilemma.
Population Density, Size Structure, and Reproductive Cycle of the Comestible Sea Urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Pagasitikos Gulf (Aegean Sea)
Authors: Vafidis Dimitrios , Antoniadou Chryssanthi , Ioannidi Vassiliki
Published: August 2020

Sphaerechinus granularis is a common grazer that lives in various sublittoral habitats, displaying typical covering behavior; i.e., putts shell-fragments, pebbles, and algae on its test. It is an edible species of increasing commercial importance due to the depletion of the common urchin’s, Paracentrotus lividus, stocks. Its biology, however, is not adequately studied over its distributional range. The present study examines population density, size structure, and reproductive biology of S. granularis in the Aegean Sea. Samplings were made with SCUBA-diving (8–10 m) and included: (i) visual census along transects to estimate density, and (ii) random collection of specimens at monthly intervals to assess biometry and gametogenesis. Population density had moderate values that almost doubled when inputted to Distance software. S. granularis had larger dimensions in the sheltered site; size-structures were unimodal (65–70 mm and 70–75 mm, in exposed and sheltered site, respectively). An annual reproductive cycle was evident, according to GSI and gonads’ histology, with a clear spawning peak in early spring. This pattern conforms to previous reports from the Atlantic, but precedes those from the Mediterranean (reproduction in summer). The provided baseline knowledge on the biology of S. granularis is important for the viable management of its developing fishery.
Possible Mechanisms of Action of Two Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates as Probiotics on Saprolegniosis Control in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)
Authors: González-Palacios Concepción , Fregeneda-Grandes Juan-Miguel , Aller-Gancedo José-Miguel
Published: August 2020

Probiotics have been proposed as one of the alternatives to the chemical treatments currently used in aquaculture. Recently, the possible usefulness of certain microorganisms, mainly bacteria, has been highlighted as a potential biocontrol for saprolegniosis. In the present work we investigated the possible mechanisms of action of two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens (LE89 and LE141) with proven ability to reduce Saprolegnia parasitica infection in rainbow trout under experimental conditions when they are added to the tank water. The stimulation of the innate immune response and the production of siderophores and bioactive substances inhibiting S. parasitica present in cells and supernatants of LE89 and LE141 were studied. Regarding the immune response the only noteworthy points were the increase in the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the concentration of serum proteins when LE141 was administered. Both bacteria produced siderophores. When analyzing the protein substances present in supernatants, it was observed that in both isolates the proteins with inhibitory activity present might be siderophores. In LE141, besides siderophores, a protein of 66 kDa was identified in the fraction responsible for inhibition. To sum up, the two P. fluorescens isolates might be usable for biocontrol of saprolegniosis and that the mode of action of these bacteria is likely to be related to the production of siderophores.
The Liquid Biopsy in the Management of Colorectal Cancer: An Overview
Authors: Vacante Marco , Ciuni Roberto , Basile Francesco , Biondi Antonio
Published: August 2020

Currently, there is a crucial need for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancer. A “liquid biopsy” is characterized by the isolation of cancer-derived components, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and proteins, from peripheral blood or other body fluids and their genomic or proteomic assessment. The liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive and repeatable technique that could play a significant role in screening and diagnosis, and predict relapse and metastasis, as well as monitoring minimal residual disease and chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer patients. However, there are still some practical issues that need to be addressed before liquid biopsy can be widely used in clinical practice. Potential challenges may include low amounts of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA in samples, lack of pre-analytical and analytical consensus, clinical validation, and regulatory endorsement. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of the role of liquid biopsy in the management of colorectal cancer.
Associations between Learning and Behavioral Difficulties in Second-Grade Children
Authors: Castro Emanuela , Cotov Maria , Brovedani Paola , Coppola Gabrielle , Meoni Tania , Papini Marina , Terlizzi Tania , Vernucci Chiara , Pecini Chiara , Muratori Pietro
Published: August 2020

Learning and behavioral difficulties often emerge during the first years of primary school and are one of the most important issues of concern for families and schools. The study was aimed at investigating the co-occurrence of difficulties between academic learning and emotional-behavioral control in typically developing school children and the moderating role of sex. A sample of 640 second-grade school children participated in the study. This study used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to measure the emotional and behavioral difficulties and a battery of objective and standardized tests to evaluate the learning skills in children. In this sample 7% to 16% of children performed below the normal range in reading and/or arithmetic tests. Mixed models showed that children’s hyperactive behaviors were positively related to both reading and math difficulties, and emotional problems correlated negatively with reading accuracy. The more children displayed behavioral difficulties, the more they were exposed to the risk of worsening reading and math performance, especially for girls. The result that among different emotional-behavioral problems within the school setting, hyperactivity behaviors and emotional difficulties are related to learning difficulties with a moderate effect of sex, needs to be taken into account in screening and prevention programs for learning difficulties in order to not disregard the complexity of the associated profiles.
Optical and Microstructural Characterization of Thin Layers
Authors: Skowroński Łukasz
Published: August 2020

The microstructure and optical properties of layers strongly depend on the method of synthesis. This Special Issue on “Optical and Microstructural Characterization of Thin Layers” is a collection of papers on the relationships between the growth conditions and specific properties of thin films.
Diagnostics of Melanocytic Skin Tumours by a Combination of Ultrasonic, Dermatoscopic and Spectrophotometric Image Parameters
Authors: Tiwari Kumar Anubhav , Raišutis Renaldas , Liutkus Jokūbas , Valiukevičienė Skaidra
Published: August 2020

Dermatoscopy, high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) and spectrophotometry are promising quantitative imaging techniques for the investigation and diagnostics of cutaneous melanocytic tumors. In this paper, we propose the hybrid technique and automatic prognostic models by combining the quantitative image parameters of ultrasonic B-scan images, dermatoscopic and spectrophotometric images (melanin, blood and collagen) to increase accuracy in the diagnostics of cutaneous melanoma. The extracted sets of various quantitative parameters and features of dermatoscopic, ultrasonic and spectrometric images were used to develop the four different classification models: logistic regression (LR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and Naive Bayes. The results were compared to the combination of only two techniques out of three. The reliable differentiation between melanocytic naevus and melanoma were achieved by the proposed technique. The accuracy of more than 90% was estimated in the case of LR, LDA and SVM by the proposed method.
Analytical Determination of the Nucleation-Prone, Low-Density Fraction of Subcooled Water
Authors: Hellmuth Olaf , Feistel Rainer
Published: August 2020

Subcooled water is the primordial matrix for ice embryo formation by homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. The knowledge of the specific Gibbs free energy and other thermodynamic quantities of subcooled water is one of the basic prerequisites of the theoretical analysis of ice crystallization in terms of classical nucleation theory. The most advanced equation of state of subcooled water is the IAPWS G12-15 formulation. The determination of the thermodynamic quantities of subcooled water on the basis of this equation of state requires the iterative determination of the fraction of low-density water in the two-state mixture of low-density and high-density subcooled water from a transcendental equation. For applications such as microscopic nucleation simulation models requiring highly frequent calls of the IAPWS G12-15 calculus, a new two-step predictor-corrector method for the approximative determination of the low-density water fraction has been developed. The new solution method allows a sufficiently accurate determination of the specific Gibbs energy and of all other thermodynamic quantities of subcooled water at given pressure and temperature, such as specific volume and mass density, specific entropy, isothermal compressibility, thermal expansion coefficient, specific isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, and speed of sound. The misfit of this new approximate analytical solution against the exact numerical solution was demonstrated to be smaller than or equal to the misprediction of the original IAPWS G12-15 formulation with respect to experimental values.
State and Space Vectors of the 5-Phase 2-Level VSI
Authors: Iwaszkiewicz Jan , Muc Adam
Published: August 2020

The paper proposes a general description system of the five-phase two-level inverter. The two base methods are presented and discussed. The first one is based on the standard space vector transformation, while the other uses state vectors which enable the definition of the basic physical quantities of the inverter: current and voltage. The proposed notation system offers a general simplification of vector identification. It comprises a standardized proposal of notation and vector marking, which may be extremely useful for the specification of inverter states. The described notation system makes it possible to reach correlation between state and space vectors. It presents space and state vectors using the same digits. These properties suggest that the proposed notation system is a useful mathematical tool and may be really suitable in designing control algorithms. This mathematical tool was verified during simulation tests performed with the use of the Simulation Platform for Power Electronics Systems—PLECS.
Mixed-Integer Programming Model for Transmission Network Expansion Planning with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
Authors: Mora Camilo Andres , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Trujillo Edwin Rivas
Published: August 2020

This article assesses the costs and benefits of incorporating battery energy storage systems (BESS) in transmission network expansion planning (TEP) over multiple time periods. We propose a mixed-integer programming model (MIP) for joint planning of the installation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and construction of new transmission lines in multiple periods of time. The mathematical formulation of the presented model is based on the strategies of the agents of a transmission network to maximize their benefit, and on the operational restrictions of the power flows in transmission networks. This analysis is performed for the Garver 6 node test system takes into account the power losses in the lines and the restrictions for the energy stored in BESS. The power flows obtained with the MIP model are compared with AC power flows generated with specialized software for flows in power systems. This allows us to demonstrate the potential of models based on DC power flows to achieve approximate results applicable to the behavior and characteristics of real transmission networks. The results show that the BESS increase the net profit in the transmission networks and reduce their power losses.