bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LYGUS SPECIES ON OILSEED RAPE, MUSTARD, AND WEEDS: A SURVEY ACROSS THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES OF CANADA
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Foottit Robert G.
Published: April 2011

Lygus species were sampled from the flowering heads and developing racemes of three species of Brassica [B. campestris L., B. juncea (L.) Coss., and B. napus L.] and two species of Sinapis (S. alba L. and S. arvensis L.) from cultivated fields during a survey from Prawda, Manitoba, to Lethbridge, Alberta. Lygus elisus Van Duzee and L. borealis (Kelton) were the most prevalent and abundant in Alberta and Saskatchewan; L. lineolaris (Palisot) was the most prevalent and abundant in Manitoba. Lygus rubrosignatus Knight, L. solidaginis (Kelton), and L. shulli Knight, previously unreported on Brassica, occurred in low numbers at most sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan.
LONG LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS
Authors: Danks H.V.
Published: April 2011

Several insect species have life cycles that last more than 1 year, because of very slow growth, repeated or prolonged dormancies, or very long lived adults. These long life cycles are correlated with environmental adversities, such as cold or unpredictable temperatures, patchy, unreliable or low quality food supplies, and natural enemies, as well as with some other properties such as large size. Long life cycles are most prevalent when several of these factors are present simultaneously. Adversities tend to prolong the life cycle of all individuals in the population, whereas unpredictability tends to extend the life cycle of only some individuals. Extreme extensions, such as diapause for more than 10 years, usually affect only a very small fraction of the population. Modest extensions, such as development over 2 years, prolonged dormancy for one additional adverse season, cohort-splitting between 1- and 2-year life cycles, and oviposition over two seasons, are relatively common. Insects with long life cycles provide insights into the nature of adaptations to adverse and unpredictable conditions, and also provide useful material for the analysis of questions related to population and community structure.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MALE GENITALIA WITH PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE OF CHORISTONEURA LEDERER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Dang P.T.
Published: April 2011

Male genitalia of Choristoneura species from the Nearctic Region and Palaearctic Region are described and illustrated. The study revealed that the male genitalia are among the most important body parts that contain valuable morphological characters for species distinction or grouping in this genus. They are potentially useful in the clarification of the taxonomic status of species in closely related species groups, such as the spruce budworm species complex in North America.

On the basis of 17 interpretable male genital characters and their corresponding evolutionary states, the phylogeny of the genus Choristoneura is inferred and proposed. Nine species groups are recognized: (1) fumiferana, pinus, biennis, orae, occidentalis, lambertiana, carnana, retiniana, and spaldingiana; (2) diversana, murinana, metasequoiacola, and jezoensis; (3) longicellana; (4) lafauryana; (5) conflictana and fractivittana; (6) hebenstreitella, adumbratana, and luticostana; (7) albaniana and lapponana; (8) rosaceana and parallela; and (9) obsoletana and zapulata.

Morphological evidence obtained in the present study suggests that two conifer-feeding species groups of Choristoneura, species group 1 from the Nearctic Region and species group 2 from the Palaearctic Region, are related. They represent the least evolved species groups in the genus. Choristoneura rosaceana, C. parallela, C. obsoletana, and C. zapulata, representing some of the species feeding on deciduous trees, are among the most evolved Choristoneura species.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF DUNG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE DUNG IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA
Authors: Floate K.D. , Gill B.D.
Published: April 2011

Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) were pitfall trapped at two sites in southern Alberta from 1993 to 1995. A 3-year total of 156 500 specimens representing 17 species was collected. Local assemblages were dominated, in descending order, by the exotic species Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linné), Aphodius prodromus (Brahm), Aphodius distinctus (O.F. Müller), and Aphodius fimetarius (Linné). Aphodius vittatus Say was the most common native species. Although adults were collected from mid-March to mid-November, the activity of individual species either peaked in the spring and again in the fall, or peaked once in spring to midsummer. Maps showing the Canadian distributions for 15 of these species were compiled from examination of collections and published records and identify 10 new provincial records. Most distributions are transcontinental, with the distribution of O. nuchicornis likely expanding only in the last 20–30 years to include Alberta and Saskatchewan. Aphodius erraticus (Linné) and Aphodius ruricola Melsheimer have not been previously reported from British Columbia. Aphodius pinguellus W.J. Brown, Canthon praticola LeConte, and Aphodius coloradensis Horn are restricted to western Canada.
TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER AND ALLIED SPECIES: GENUSOSTRINIA(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene
Published: April 2011

The genusOstriniais revised and the species limits, phylogeny, host relationships, geographical distribution, and the economic implications of species limitation are briefly discussed. Twenty species and 24 additional subspecies are recognized, of which 5 species and 19 additional subspecies are described as new. One new name is proposed for a homonym and a number of changes of synonymy and status are made.
KEY TO GENERA OF SCELIONIDAE OF THE HOLARCTIC REGION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: April 2011

A key to the genera of Scelionidae of the Holarctic region is given. Sixty-seven genera are recognized in three subfamilies, viz. Telenominae, Teleasinae, and Scelioninae. Seven new genera and six new species are described from America north of Mexico, viz. Aradoctonus armatus n. gen. and n. sp. (Telenominae, Telenomini), Embioctonus setiger n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Embidobiini), Epigryon audax n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Gryonini), Exon californicum n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Gryonini), Harringtonia n. gen. for Baryconus cinctus Harrington (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini), Mecix texana n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini), and Spiniteleia campbelli n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini). The Nearctic and Palearctic faunas of Scelionidae are compared, analyzed, and tabulated on generic level. Twenty-eight plates with 207 scanning electron micrographs and line drawings are included.
THE POLYPHYLETIC NATURE OF APANTELES FOERSTER (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE): A PHYLOGENY AND RECLASSIFICATION OF MICROGASTRINAE
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: April 2011

The subfamily Microgastrinae is redefined; Cardiochilinae and Miracinae are placed as separate subfamilies. The Microgastrinae are divided into five tribes and 51 genera, 23 of which are new. The first two tribes, Apantelini and Microgastrini, have characteristically long ovipositor and are almost all solitary parasites of Microlepidoptera. The other three tribes, Forniciini, Cotesiini and Microplitini, have short ovipositor and are almost all parasites of Macrolepidoptera, usually gregarious. The genera Pseudapanteles, Parapanteles, Glyptapanteles and Protapanteles of Ashmead, Cotesia Cameron, Dolichogenidea and Diolcogaster Viereck are revived from synonymy, and the following new genera are described: Alphomelon, Choeras, Clarkinella, Deuterixys, Distatrix, Exix, Exoryza, Exulonyx, Iconella, Illidops, Nyereria, Papanteles, Paroplitis, Pelicope, Pholetesor, Rasivalva, Rhygoplitis, Sathon, Teremys, Venanides, Venanus, Wilkinsonellus, Xenogaster. Twenty new species are described and about 350 new combinations are given.
AQUATIC INSECTS OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA: SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS FOR RESEARCH
Authors: Danks H.V. , Rosenberg David M.
Published: April 2011

Available information on the insect fauna of freshwater bogs, fens, and marshes is reviewed. These habitats are extensive and important in Canada. The fauna of marshes is diverse, and appears to consist chiefly of generally distributed lentic species. The fauna of bogs has some specialized elements, but most bog species are generalists. The fauna of Canadian fens is little known, but from limited data for a few groups appears to be moderately rich. Features expected in generalist and specialist species from peatlands and marshes are summarized, and the possible roles of insects in these ecosystems are outlined. Particular needs for future research include the following: careful definition of different kinds of wetland habitats; meticulous sampling of defined habitats to distinguish residents from incidental visitors; and detailed study of the life histories and habits of individual species. Further sampling, and studies of larvae, undoubtedly will increase the numbers of insects known from Canadian peatlands and marshes. About 4000 aquatic insect species are known from Canada. So far only 22% of the species in groups for which detailed information is available have been reported to occur in marshes, and only half as many in peatlands, even though some of the recorded species probably do not breed in all of the habitats from which they have been collected.
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS
Authors: Noonan Gerald R.
Published: April 2011

The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by division of Euramerica rather than dispersal across Beringia.
OF GROUND-BEETLES AND MEN: INTRODUCED SPECIES AND THE SYNANTHROPIC FAUNA OF WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Spence John R. , Spence D. Hughes
Published: April 2011

Assemblages of carabid beetles occurring in anthropogenic habitats in western Canada include native and introduced species. In this study, about 70% of the native species encountered in anthropogenic habitats have their main centres of abundance in native grassland. Twenty species known from British Columbia are of recent European origin. These species were probably introduced in ballast carried by commercial sailing vessels or in shipments of nursery stock. The species that have successfully colonized western Canada cannot be distinguished from a random sample of the estimated source fauna with respect to either taxonomic distribution or body size. However, all introduced species are characteristic of disturbed and/or anthropogenic habitats in Great Britain and are strictly synanthropic in British Columbia. Where they occurred, introduced species were usually numerically dominant members of anthropogenic assemblages. Both flight and human-assisted transport must be invoked to explain the patterns of range expansion observed for introduced species. Although the presence of introduced species was correlated with reduced diversity of native species, the carabid fauna of western Canada has been generally enriched because only one native species is strictly synanthropic.
WEATHER, BEHAVIOUR AND INSECT DISPERSAL
Authors: McManus Michael L.
Published: April 2011

Individual meteorological factors, particularly temperature and wind, directly influence the dispersal of arthropods, as do weather systems — formation and movement of air masses, cold and warm fronts, and air flows associated with topographical features such as mountains, valleys, bodies of water. Models have been recently developed that simulate the effects of many of these systems on airborne dispersal of insects. Also, some attention has recently been directed toward the behaviour of arthropods during weather conducive to dispersal. Clearly, both winged and wingless forms of arthropods respond to certain stimuli for dispersal and behave specifically to enhance the potential for migration. Recent progress toward understanding the interplay between insect movement and mesoscale weather is particularly relevant to pest management.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CHROMATIN DISTRIBUTION FOR DETERMINING QUALITY DIFFERENCES AMONG BARK BEETLE (SCOLYTIDAE) POPULATIONS
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Peet F.G.
Published: April 2011

Digital image processing was used to analyse chromatin distribution patterns of fat body nuclei of five populations ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins taken from standing (UST) trees, stressed standing (SST) trees and downed (DT) trees. At the population level, chromatin distribution patterns of DT beetles were closely grouped, whereas those from the other beetles were not. Individual nuclei from the DT and UST populations could be correctly assigned to their groups with great accuracy (96% and 90%, respectively), but only 65% of the individual nuclei from the SST population could be accurately classified, the SST population was intermediate, and nuclei from many of its members resembled those from one or other of the two extreme groups. Digital image processing quickly revealed very minute differences in the distribution patterns that would be impossible to detect by conventional microscopy. This method of analysing chromatin distribution patterns, therefore, is a useful technique for identifying qualitative differences among populations long before more obvious external manifestations of the differences appear.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS HOPLANDRIA KRAATZ OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Génier François
Published: April 2011

A revision of the genus Hoplandria of America north of Mexico is presented. Four subgenera are recognized, of which two (Genosema Notman and Lophomucter Notman) previously were given generic status and one (Arrhenandria) is here newly described. Twelve species are defined, of which eight are described as new: H. alternans, H. isabellae, H. kisatchie, H. klimaszewskii, H. oconee, H. okaloosa, H. sanbornei, and H. smetanai. The species are arranged according to their relationships into species groups within the subgenus Lophomucter, where seven species are assigned. For the remaining subgenera species grouping was not possible due to the smaller number of species. The following synonymies are confirmed (the first specific name is valid): Subg. Hoplandria, H. lateralis (Melsheimer) = H. ochracea Kraatz = H. texana Casey = H. arizonica Casey = H. carinata Casey; Subg. Arrhenandria, H. laeviventris Casey = H. acudentata Dury. The species Genosema sexualis Notman is here synonymized with H. pulchra Kraatz. Hoplandria brittoni Casey was previously regarded as a synonym of H. lateralis (Melsheimer); it is now considered as a junior synonym of Platandria carolinae Casey. Lectotypes are designated for Gyrophaena lateralis Melsheimer, Hoplandria arizonica Casey, H. carinata Casey, H. laeviventris Casey, H. ochracea Kraatz, H. pulchra Kraatz, and H. texana Casey. Keys to subgenera and species are provided. All species are described, diagnostic characteristics of each are illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs, and all available bionomic and distributional data are given. The morphology, systematics, and phylogeny of the subgenera and certain species are discussed, and a checklist of Nearctic species is added.
THE INSECT FAUNA AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL SALT SPRINGS ON SALTSPRING ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ring Richard A.
Published: April 2011

The natural salt springs on Saltspring Island, southwestern British Columbia, originate from a source at least 1000 m deep and are distinct in chemical composition not only from the surrounding seawater but also from the groundwater-based salt springs on nearby Mayne Island. Spring water is approximately 2.2-fold more saline than average seawater and is characterized by having significantly higher levels of chloride, sodium, sulphate, silica, iron, alumina, and boron; similar levels of calcium, potassium, fluoride, and nitrogen; but less magnesium. The pH levels in different springs vary between 7.3 and 7.9, compared with pH 8.2 for average surface seawater. Near-surface water temperatures range from 7 °C in mid-winter to 16–21 °C in late summer.The flora and fauna that exploit this unique habitat are characterized by halophilic species known from other saline environments such as saline lakes, brackish water, beaches, and the intertidal zone. Organisms that have been isolated and identified include the following: seven species of bacteria, none of which depends exclusively on a saline environment; a blue-green alga that lives within the springs; an abundant filamentous green alga; and halophilic higher plants and grasses. Two species of spiders [Zelotessp. (Gnaphosidae) andPardosasp. (Lycosidae)] are active in the salt-impregnated areas surrounding the springs.Collembola are represented byAnuridasp. (Poduridae); and insects bySaldula comatula(Saldidae, Hemiptera), the chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera)Thalassosmittia marinaplus two unidentified species, brine flies (Ephydridae, Diptera), and two unidentified cyclorrhaphan dipterans. Among the Hymenoptera, there are two species ofEupteromalus(Pteromalidae),Cyrtogaster capitanea(Pteromalidae),Urolepis rufipes(Pteromalidae), andStigmussp. (Pemphredonidae). Ants (Formicaspp.) and yellowjackets (Vespulasp.) are frequent foragers in the immediate vicinity of the salt spring. There are three species of Coleoptera,Bembidion indistinctum(Carabidae),Ochthebius lecontei(Hydraenidae), andThicanus mimus(Anthicidae). These insects are discussed in terms of their distribution within, and preference for, saline environments.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PATTERNS IN CADDISFLY (TRICHOPTERA) ASSEMBLAGES FROM COLDWATER SPRINGS IN CANADA
Authors: Williams Nancy E.
Published: April 2011

Caddisfly collections from 25 springs across Canada reveal some general trends and some regional and habitat-related differences in spring faunas. In general the number of caddisfly species present in springs increases with habitat diversity. Limnocrenes and rheocrenes with low current and small-sized substrate particles support few caddisfly species, but may have large populations of individual species. Species categorized as grazers, shredders, and predators are common in springs, but filter-feeders are rare.Eastern and western springs have many genera but few species in common. About 35% of the species recorded in this study are from the family Limnephilidae, but the most frequently encountered genus was Parapsyche (Hydropsychidae), usually P. apicalis (Banks) in the east and P. elsis Milne in the west (British Columbia and Alberta). Other common genera in both east and west were Neophylax, Lepidostoma, and Rhyacophila. Common genera collected only in the west were Anagapetus, Homophylax, Psychoglypha, and Neothremma, and Frenesia and Pseudostenophylax were taken only in the east. Three analytical techniques — ordination by detrended correspondence analysis, constrained ordination by canonical correspondence analysis, and classification by two-way indicator species analysis — all confirmed an east/west geographical difference in caddisfly communities and pointed to elevation, extent of groundwater source, and summer temperature as environmental factors influencing, but not totally responsible for, east/west species distributions. Past and present barriers to migration both appear to be important. Riparian vegetation, current, substrate particle size, microhabitat diversity, and pH all have strong influences upon the composition of spring communities in both the east and the west. Springs in which caddisflies were primarily associated with detrital processing were dominated by Frenesia and Lepidostoma in the east but by Homophylax in the west. Scrapers and predators were abundant only in springs with relatively high microhabitat diversity, current speed, and PH.
ADAPTATIONS OF GALL WASPS OF THE GENUS DIPLOLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND THE ROLE OF GALL ANATOMY IN CYNIPID SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Shorthouse J.D.
Published: April 2011

Adaptations and attributes of gall-inducing cynipid wasps are reviewed to emphasize that differences in life cycles and anatomical features of their galls are just as useful for systematic purposes as are structural differences in the adult insects themselves. The extent to which cynipid wasps have specialized is illustrated by the genus Diplolepis, all species of which are restricted to native and introduced roses and induce structurally distinct galls. Various aspects of Diplolepis biology including life cycles, host specificity, and gall development and anatomy are reviewed. The biologies of two species of Diplolepis that commonly co-exist in the same habitat in central Ontario are then examined in detail. Diplolepis polita (Ashmead) induces a single-chambered gall on the leaves of Rosa acicularis Lindl. whereas Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead) induces a multi-chambered gall on the stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Differences in life cycles, distribution, host and organ specificity, oviposition, gall initiation and development, along with differences in the communities of parasitoids and inquilines attracted to the galls, confirm the existence of distinct species and allow some speculation on their ecological and phylogenetic relationships.
ORIBATIDA OF CANADIAN PEATLANDS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier V.M. , Bissett B.
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews and summarizes preliminary data on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of oribatid mites of Canadian peatlands, primarily those of eastern Canada. This fauna is a heterogenous assemblage comprising 71 species in 49 genera and 34 families, found in four main types of habitats: aquatic, mesic, xeric, and epigeal. About half of the oribatid fauna of peatlands, and most aquatic species, are restricted in distribution to the Nearctic. Oribatid taxa known or suspected to be parthenogenetic are much better represented in peatlands than in the general Canadian fauna. Data on the feeding habits of odonate larvae in Newfoundland bog pools, based on gut content analysis, show that oribatid mites, in particular species ofLimnozetesHull andHydrozetesBerlese, are common prey of species ofAeshnaFabricius,LeucorrhinaBrittinger, andLibellulaL. A synopsis of available data suggests that assemblages ofLimnozetesspecies may be useful in characterizing peatlands.
SAFETY AND REGISTRATION OF MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Goettel Mark S. , Jaronski Stefan T.
Published: April 2011

Microbial control agents offer a method of pest control using organisms that are a natural component of the environment and are usually much more selective than chemical pesticides. Furthermore, they can usually be integrated with other methods of control, and may provide prolonged control by establishment within the host population. However, microbial control agents also possess properties that can pose human and environmental risks depending on the nature of the pathogen and its pattern of use. We present an overview of issues concerning the safety and registration of microbial control agents with emphasis on pathogens of locusts and grasshoppers. The potential safety issues and other consequences of concern from the deployment of microorganisms for pest control are: (1) pathogenicity to non-target organisms, (2) toxigenicity to non-target organisms, (3) competitive displacement of microorganisms, and (4) allergenicity. Inundative control methods pose unique risks because the pathogens must be produced in large quantities, stored, transported, and applied, usually in concentrations much higher than would normally ever occur naturally. The overriding concern in introducing an exotic agent is the risk to non-target beneficial organisms, because once the agent becomes established, it will in most situations be impossible to eradicate. However, if indigenous organisms are used, there is relatively little risk of irreversible, long-term detrimental effects. A synopsis of safety testing results of some of the more promising microbial control agents for grasshoppers and locusts and an evaluation of their potential hazards are presented. Safety to vertebrates is evaluated by a tiered series of laboratory test requirements. Assessments on hazards to non-target invertebrates are based principally on results of laboratory bioassays. Safety tests should be chosen with regard to the biological characteristics of the agent and should not impose standards that are more stringent than those imposed on other forms of pest control. Regulatory oversight should assure the integrity of the environment and safety of the public, while at the same time not unduly hampering the development, registration, and use of more sustainable pest control methods.
Using agronomic traits and semiochemical production in winter wheat cultivars to identify suitable trap crops for the wheat stem sawfly
Authors: Buteler Micaela , Weaver David K. , Bruckner Phil L. , Carlson Gregg R. , Berg James E. , Lamb Peggy F.
Published: April 2011

Trap crops are a plausible control strategy for the wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), especially in alternate wheat−fallow cropping systems. Identifying the most suitable winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae) cultivars is necessary to further improve the effectiveness of winter wheat trap crops. We compared cultivars suitable for cultivation in Montana to identify those that exhibit the greatest potential as trap crops. To accomplish this we used nine winter wheat cultivars to analyze plant characteristics that influence the oviposition behavior of the WSS: stem height, stem diameter, rate of plant development, and emission of the WSS attractant (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Data on sawfly-induced stem cutting collected from these cultivars in field nurseries were analyzed to evaluate the potential of each cultivar to attract sawflies. Based on these criteria, five cultivars with good potential as trap crops are ‘Norstar’, ‘Neeley’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Rampart’, and ‘BigSky’. More data from laboratory preference tests and detailed measurement of semiochemical production from these cultivars are required for selecting optimal cultivars for trap-cropping.
Host-tree-related differences in trap captures and electroantennogram activity of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Leskey Tracy C. , Hancock Torri J. , Wright Starker E.
Published: April 2011

The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a serious pest of stone and pome fruits (Rosaceae) in eastern North America. We recorded captures of adult plum curculios in the field and measured electroantennogram (EAG) activity in the laboratory associated with cultivars of four hosts, ‘Formosa’ Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), ‘Stanley’ European plum (P. domestica L.), ‘Empire’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), and ‘Loring’ peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) (Rosaceae) to determine whether hosts that may be attractive to the plum curculio under field conditions also elicit positive EAG responses. Trap captures of adults on ‘Formosa’ plum were significantly greater than on any other host, and corresponding headspace extracts also produced strong EAG responses throughout the active season. ‘Stanley’ plum and ‘Loring’ peach, the other stone-fruit hosts included in the study, elicited strong EAG responses throughout the season, although trap captures associated with these hosts were generally not as high as for ‘Formosa’ plum. Throughout the season, trap captures of adults were significantly lower for ‘Empire’ apple than for ‘Formosa’ plum, and EAG responses were much lower than for all stone-fruit hosts. Our results indicate that volatiles from ‘Formosa’ plum likely contain uniquecompounds or are comprised of ratios of stimulating compounds that make it much more attractive to plum curculio in the field.
Collective foraging patterns of field colonies ofMalacosoma disstriacaterpillars
Authors: McClure Melanie , Despland Emma
Published: April 2011

We monitored 12 colonies of the nomadic social caterpillarMalacosoma disstriaHübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) on trembling aspen,Populus tremuloidesMichx. (Salicaceae), under field conditions in spring 2007. We examined cohesion and synchronization of colonies and spatiotemporal activity patterns to compare foraging in the field with the results of laboratory studies and with foraging by central-place foragers. All colonies were highly cohesive; fragmentation was observed only three times. Activity was highly synchronous within colonies, with clear alternation between periods of activity and quiescence. Colonies performed 4.25 ± 0.12 (mean ± SE) activity bouts per day, and foraging was more likely to occur in the early morning than at midday. Colony activity was weakly correlated with temperature. In contrast to that ofM. americanum(F.), the foraging schedule was flexible: foraging was observed at all recorded times and temperatures. Colonies searched for a new feeding site every 2.54 ± 0.37 days (mean ± SE) after a food source was depleted. Time spent at a food source decreased with colony size, and distance travelled between food sources increased with instar.Malacosoma disstriacaterpillars on trembling aspen are not very selective; rather, they minimize movement, thus decreasing potential contacts with predators.
Observations on the feeding behaviour of late-instar larvae ofChoristoneura fumiferana
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Espinasse Sylvain
Published: April 2011

Laboratory observations revealed that late-instar larvae of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens)) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) spend most of their time spinning, wandering, and resting; less than 10% is spent feeding. Larvae feed in a discontinuous pattern of short feeding bouts separated by much longer intervals of nonfeeding activity. Over a 2 h observation period, feeding bouts averaged 2.2 min and were separated by 17.4 min intervals for 4th-instar larvae as compared to 3.3 min bouts separated by 33.4 min intervals for 5th-instar larvae. The duration of a feeding bout was positively correlated with the duration of the subsequent interval, not with the duration of preceding intervals, suggesting that feeding-bout frequency is governed primarily by post-ingestion processes. It is postulated that short feeding bouts followed by long intervals limit the window for ingesting an efficacious dose of aerially applied insecticides such asBacillus thuringiensis.
Inhibition of nighttime melatonin secretion in cattle: threshold light intensity for dairy heifers
Authors: Lawson T. J. , Kennedy A. D.
Published: April 2011

Five pre-pubertal Holstein heifers were exposed for 16 h to a light intensity of 400 lx and thereafter to intensities of 0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 lx for an additional 8 h (5 x 5 Latin square design). Exposure to all intensities inhibited (P < 0.05) melatonin secretion for the initial few hours (of the 8-h exposure period); melatonin concentration subsequently increased, particularly with the lower light intensities. Only the highest light intensity (400 lx) suppressed (P < 0.05) plasma melatonin concentrations for the entire 8-h exposure period. Key words: Threshold, supplemental, light, intensity, inhibition, melatonin, heifer
Tenderness of beef round muscles containing injection site lesions or bruises
Authors: Dubeski P. L. , Aalhus J. L. , Van Donkersgoed J. , VanderKop M.
Published: April 2011

The effect of injection site lesions on shear force was studied in three experiments using beef calves injected at 2 to 6 mo with common vaccines and antimicrobials used in Canada. Lesions produced by clostridial bacterins (Blacklegol® 8, Covexin®-8, Ultrabac® 8), antimicrobials (Nuflor®, Trivetrin™), or a four-way respiratory vaccine (Bovishield™ 4) increased (P = 0.05) shear force values at the site of the lesion and at 2.5 cm from the lesion. The proportion of unacceptably tough meat cores (shear force > 4.6 kg) varied among injectables independent of lesion size. The proportion of unacceptably tough samples was significantly increased up to 7.5 and 12.5 cm from the lesion center for Trivetrin™ and Nuflor®, respectively, but only at 0 and 2.5 cm from the lesion center for the bacterins and Bovishield™ 4. Mean lesion volume varied from 8.6 ± 0.8 cm3 for Bovishield™ 4 to 90.2 ± 6.4 cm3 for one of the clostridial bacterins. The present results suggest that smaller lesions, which may not be identified during meat processing, may have a greater impact on meat tenderness and variability than larger lesions that are removed during processing. Antemortem bruises in two muscles of the round did not appear to affect shear force. Key words: Cattle, beef, tenderness, vaccine, antibiotic, lesion, bruise
Prediction of within-herd differences in total feed intake between growing pigs
Authors: Brisbane J. R.
Published: April 2011

Electronic feeders for measurement of individual feed intake in group-penned pigs have been available for many years, and have been used to measure and select breeding pigs for feed efficiency. The cost per feeder is usually too high to measure intake of all selection candidates in a nucleus herd over the whole grower-finisher period. If the feed intake of each candidate is measured over only part of the period, this would allow more pigs to be measured per feeder in a given time. This paper documents an analysis of test station data on Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc and crossbred pigs, estimating the accuracy of prediction of total feed intake based on intake measured over different parts of the grower-finisher period. Feed intake measured over only about 2 wk from 80 to 90 kg liveweight explained 50% of the variance in total feed intake from 30 to 100 kg liveweight, in a dataset independent from the one used to derive the parameters of the prediction. Of all possible periods spanning 10 kg of liveweight gain, this measurement period was the most accurate, and coincided with the period of maximum growth rate. It is concluded that total feed intake over the grower finisher period can be predicted with useful accuracy, using feed intake measured over a period of about 2 wk or 10 kg of liveweight gain from around 80 to 90 kg. The gain in accuracy achieved by measuring pigs over multiple periods (e.g., from 50 to 60 kg and from 80 to 90 kg) is much smaller than the initial benefit of recording over just 10 kg of gain. Key words: Swine, feed efficiency, feed conversion
Effects of intermittent cold exposure varying in intensity on core body temperature and resting heat production of beef cattle
Authors: Bergen R. D. , Kennedy A. D. , Christopherson R. J.
Published: April 2011

Crossbred beef heifers (n = 18) fed at 1.3× maintenance were exposed to summer daytime temperatures (20 ± 0.2°C) for 8 h (08:00 until 16:00) and to control (22°C), moderate (–6°C) or cold (–15°C) environments for 16 h daily (16:00 until 08:00) for a minimum 21-d adaptation period to investigate the effects of in tensity of intermittent cold exposure on vaginal temperature and resting heat production. Resting heat production was measured at the end of the adaptation period. Vaginal temperature was continuously monitored throughout the experiment using radiotelemetry. Vaginal temperature increased immediately after the onset of cold exposure in both moderate and cold treatments, peaked after 3 h, and returned to pre-exposure levels by the time the 16-h treatment ended. In contrast, vaginal temperatures of control heifers peaked only after feeding at 08:30. Treatment did not affect daily maximum (P= 0.60), mean (P = 0.72) or minimum (P = 0.34) vaginal temperatures, but heifers in both cold-exposed treatments spent more time (P = 0.03) with vaginal temperatures exceeding the daily mean vaginal temperature than control heifers. Compared to control heifers, the variability of vaginal temperature increased 1.8- and 2.2-fold in the moderate and cold treatments, respectively (P = 0.04), and did not change with time (P = 0.98 ). Resting heat production did not increase following 21 d of exposure to moderate and cold conditions. Results of this study indicate that intermittent cold exposure influenced circadian body temperature rhythms without increasing resting heat production. Key words: Beef cattle, thermoregulation, vaginal temperature, heat production.
Effect of supplementing glucose in drinking water on the energy and nitrogen status of the transition dairy cow
Authors: Osborne V. R. , Leslie K. E. , McBride B. W.
Published: April 2011

The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of supplementing the drinking water of transition dairy cattle with glucose on the energy and nitrogen status of the cow. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments for an experimental period that extended from -7 to 21 d of lactation. The treatments included a 0% (control), 1% (10 g L-1) and 2% (20 g L-1) glucose solution metered into the drinking water of dairy cows. Water and dry matter intake (DMI) were not affected by treatment. Glucose supplementation in the drinking water significantly reduced the rumen fluid ammonia and serum urea concentrations. No differences were seen in serum concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the energy corrected milk (ECM) yield. The calculated NE balance was not affected by glucose supplementation. The results of this trial demonstrate that glucose supplemented into the drinking water of transition cows improves the nitrogen status of the cow, but does not alter the NEL balance during the periparturient period. Key words: Water supplementation, glucose, transition cow, serum urea
Genetic diversity among Canadienne, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Jersey cattle based on mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation
Authors: Hansen C. , Shrestha J. N. B. , Parker R. J. , Crow G. H. , McAlpine P. J. , Derr J. N.
Published: April 2011

Polymorphisms creating 36 unique haplotypes were observed with in breeds at 55 sites in the displacement loop (D-loop) region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) consisting of 814 bp. The majority (56%) of the differences observed were the result of nucleotide substitution events with 19 transitions, 12 transversions, 11 deletions, 12 insertions and 1 inversion. In all cases, the insertions and deletions were of a single nucleotide. Canadienne cattle were found to have 60% unique haplotypes within the population compared to 89% in Brown Swiss, 90% in Holstein and 100% in Jersey cattle, possibly reflecting the narrow genetic base in the Canadienne breed. The degree of sequence divergence in the D-loop region of mtDNA was based on samples from 20 Canadienne, 9 Brown Swiss, 10 Holstein and 10 Jersey cattle and a phylogenetic analysis showed that these cattle (Bos taurus) were not evolutionarily distinct. All four breeds grouped together when a strict consensus tree was generated. Intra-breed variability proved to be high for the Canadienne, Holstein and Jersey breeds (57–73%) but not the Brown Swiss breed (29%). The Canadienne and Brown Swiss (45%), and Brown Swiss and Holstein (43%) showed the lowest degree of inter-breed variability. The greatest variability among the four breeds was between Canadienne and Jersey (80%) cattle. These findings question the validity of phenotypic assessment of genetic diversity, such as Canadienne cattle being described as “Black Jersey”. Key words: Genetic distance, phylogenetic analysis, D-loop sequence, cattle
Effect of available dietary carbohydrate on glycolytic potential and meat quality of swine muscles
Authors: Bee Giuseppe
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to determine whether glycolytic potential (GP) in pork muscle could be modified by the availability of carbohydrates in the diets and, if so, to what extent meat color and drip loss were affected. Biopsy samples of longissimus muscle (LM) from 48 Swiss Large White pigs (25 gilts, 23 barrows) weighing 70 kg were collected, and the GP was determined to vary from 111 to 187 μmol g-1 wet weight. At 90-kg body weight, pigs were moved into individual pens and assigned (blocked by GP and sex) to be fed 2.8 kg of a diet either high (H) or low (L) in available carbohydrate up to 104 kg. Pigs were fasted overnight (15 h) before slaughter. Glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate and lactic acid content were determined in samples of LM (predominantly glycolytic muscle) collected 30 min and 24 h post-mortem and in samples of the dark part of the semitendinosus (ST, oxidative part of the muscle) 24 h post-mortem. After slaughter, the decline in pH and temperature was recorded in the LM from 30 min to 24 h after bleeding. Regardless of the diet, content of glycolytic intermediates and lactic acid were higher in the LM compared to the ST. Diet did not alter the GP, and did not affect color or drip loss of the LM. However, in gilts fed the H diet muscle pH was lower by 0.2 units from 30 min until 6 h post-mortem than in gilts fed the L diet. These effects were not observed in barrows. ST of gilts fed the H diet had higher levels of glycolytic intermediates and lactic acid and, therefore, higher GP compared to gilts on the L diet, but no dietary effects occurred in barrows. Increased GP resulted in paler color and higher drip loss, whereas ultimate pH was not affected. The GP was positively correlated with L* (0.52), a* (0.49), b* (0.59) and drip loss (0.77) of the ST, whereas poor correlations were observed in the LM. In conclusion, dietary treatment only affected paleness and drip loss of the ST muscle and the effects were more pronounced in gilts than barrows. Increased GP resulted in paler meat with higher drip loss. Key words: Pig, glycolytic potential, meat quality, carbohydrate supply
A PCR-RFLP method to identify the RN– gene in retailed pork chops
Authors: Meadus W. J. , MacInnis R. , Dugan M. E. R. , Aalhus J. L.
Published: April 2011

The RN– phenotype in swine is associated with an increase in muscle glycogen. The increased glycogen leads to increased drip and cooking loss and inferior ham quality. RN– type pork was usually identified by a biochemical measure of glycolytic potential (GP), which is an estimated sum of 2(glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate) + lactate. Recently, a mutation in the PRKAG3 gene was reported to be the cause of the dominantly inherited RN– phenotype. This note describes a new BsrB1 PCR-RFLP technique used to rapidly identify the PRKAG3 mutation and its correlation with biochemical markers for RN– type pork. The PRKAG3 BsrB1 mutation was not found in 27% of retail pork chop samples that had high GP values. Key words: Pigs, RN–, PRKAG3, glycogen potential.
Glucose and hormonal profiles of Meishan-derived and Large White gilts in early and late gestation
Authors: Farmer C.
Published: April 2011

Jugular catheters were inserted non-surgically in eight Large White (LW) and nine Genex-Meishan (GM, with 50% Meishan genes) gilts on days 37 and 106 of gestation to obtain serial blood samples on days 38 and 107. Meal time was 0805. Three preprandial samples (baseline) were obtained at 0740, 0750 and 0800 as well as samples every 20 min thereafter until 1100. Glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in all samples and values for cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were determined on preprandial samples and hourly samples thereafter. All gilts were weighed and their backfat thickness measured at mating and on days 17, 34 and 109 of gestation. Gilts of the GM line were lighter (P = 0.03) and fatter (P = 0.004) than LW. Postprandial values for cortisol and IGF-I were greater in GM than LW gilts in early gestation only (P < 0.05). The same was true for baseline IGF-I (P < 0.001). Postprandial insulin was not affected by breed or stage of gestation (P > 0.1), yet glucose values were greater in LW than in GM gilts (P < 0.05) and postprandial glucose was greater in late compared to early gestation in both breeds (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both cortisol and IGF-I concentrations varied differently between genotypes depending on the stage of gestation. Furthermore, even though postprandial insulin was not affected by breed, concentrations of glucose were lower in GM gilts. A metabolic adaptation to gestation was observed in both breeds, with glucose values increasing in later gestation. Key words: Meishan, Gestation, Pigs, Hormones, Insulin, Glucose
Effects of dietary additions of modified tall oil, chromium nicotinate, and L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bacon characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Waylan A. T. , O’Quinn P. R. , Goodband R. D. , Unruh J. A. , Nelssen J. L. , Woodworth J. C. , Tokach M. D.
Published: April 2011

Eighty gilts were supplemented with modified tall oil (MTO), chromium nicotinate (CrNic), and L-carnitine to determine effects on growth and meat quality characteristics. Pigs were assigned to one of eight treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of MTO (0 or 0.5%), CrNic (0 or 50 μg kg-1), and L-carnitine (0 or 50 mg kg-1). Pigs fed MTO had increased (P = 0.03) average daily gain and pigs fed CrNic had improved (P = 0.02) gain:feed. Bellies from pigs supplemented with MTO with no CrNic were firmer (P < 0.05) than bellies from all other treatment combinations. No differences (P > 0.05) were detected for longissimus muscle (LM) visual or objective color values. Furthermore, no differences (P > 0.05) were detected for LM Warner-Bratzler shear force or sensory traits. Bacon from pigs fed MTO had firmer (P < 0.05) slices than bacon from pigs fed no MTO.These data suggest improvements in growth performance from addition of 0.50% MTO and(or) 50 μg kg-1 CrNic to diets of finishing gilts. Supplementing with MTO, CrNic, and L-carnitine had minimal effects on carcass, LM color and sensory, or bacon characteristics. Key words: Pork, modified tall oil, chromium nicotinate, L-carnitine, longissimus muscle, bacon