bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended depth of focus ultraviolet imaging compared with laser scanning confocal microscopy for the study of micro‐Arthropoda surface texture, with the description of a new species of Brachypodopsis (Acari: Hydrachnidia)
Authors: Valdecasas Antonio G.
Published: September 2021

Visualization and representation are two processes at the core of basic biodiversity studies. Visualization involves the examination, sorting, and evaluation of similarities and differences among specimens by specialists who then assign them to the same or different species. It is a cognitive process. Representing involves transmitting the knowledge obtained in the first step to others, usually specialists of the group under study, generally through written descriptions aided by representative drawings and/or images. In this work, I describe a new species of water mite, Brachypodopsis guillermoi n. sp. (Acari, Hydrachnidia), from the island of Coiba off the Pacific coast of Panama, using both laser scanning confocal microscopy and extended depth of focus microscopy with visible (wavelength: 400–700 nm) and ultraviolet (wavelength: 365 nm) light. A comparison of the surface texture representation obtained from these imaging methods suggests that extended depth of focus ultraviolet microscopy can be a cost‐effective alternative to laser scanning confocal microscopy for the description of exoskeletal features of micro‐arthropods.
Role of extracellular vesicles in atherosclerosis: An update
Authors: Coly Pierre-Michaël , Boulanger Chantal M
Published: September 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles released by most cell types in response to different stimuli. They are composed of a lipid bilayer that encloses a wide range of bioactive material, including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs have garnered increasing attention over recent years, as their role in intercellular communication has been brought to light. As such, they have been found to regulate pathophysiologic pathways like inflammation, angiogenesis, or senescence, and are therefore implicated in key aspects atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Interestingly, EVs appear to have a multifaceted role; depending on their cargo, they can either facilitate or hamper the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we examine how EVs of varying origins may be implicated in the different phases of atherosclerotic lesion development. We also discuss the need to standardize isolation and analysis procedures to fully fulfil their potential as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
Projecting climate change in South America using variable‐resolution Community Earth System Model: An application to Chile
Authors: Bambach Nicolas E. , Rhoades Alan M. , Hatchett Benjamin J. , Jones Andrew D. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M.
Published: September 2021

We introduce variable‐resolution enabled Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) results simulating historical and future climate conditions at 28 km over South America and 14 km over the Andes. Three 30‐year simulations are performed: a historic (1985–2014), a near future (2030–2059), and an end‐century (2070–2099) simulation under the RCP8.5 scenario. Historic results compare favourably to several temperature and precipitation reanalysis products, though local biases are present, particularly during austral summer. Future simulations highlight broad warming patterns (+3–6°C by end‐century) and heterogeneous precipitation responses across South America that qualitatively agree with prior modelling efforts. Our results reveal that the interaction between temperature and precipitation changes produce shifts in several Köppen–Geiger climates. Notable changes include the near‐elimination of the Andean Tundra or Alpine climates, a 15% decrease in Tropical Rainforests and a Tropical Savannah expansion of 20%. To provide a regionally focused analysis of projected climate change and to illustrate the benefits of variable resolution modelling, we analyse changes in the magnitude and trend in seasonal and daily temperature and precipitation in Chile. We also examined several metrics [e.g., snow water equivalent (SWE), temperatures on wet days, and days below 0°C] to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on the Chilean cryosphere between the end‐of‐century and historic periods, finding wide‐ranging indications of cryospheric decline. These changes are interpreted through reductions in the timing (1–2.5 months earlier peak SWE) and magnitude (200–1,000 mm SWE decreases) of water stored as snow in the Andes, a 10–30% decrease in number of cool season wet days with temperatures below 1°C, and 50–200 fewer days (annually) with minimum temperatures below 0°C. Our aim in producing a high‐resolution dataset of climate projections from VR‐CESM is to support analyses of climate change throughout South America but especially in vulnerable montane regions and to provide additional results for comparison with previous, ongoing, and upcoming modelling efforts.
Variation in the Diet of Ducks During Spring Migration
Authors: Hitchcock Arthur N. , Schultheis Richard , Straub Jacob N. , Coluccy John M. , Yerkes Tina , Eichholz Michael W.
Published: September 2021

Because management practices that promote the production of plant foods may differ from management practices that promote the production of aquatic invertebrates, a thorough understanding of the diet is needed to develop management strategies for various stages of the annual cycle for dabbling and diving ducks. Diet of dabbling (tribe Anatini) and diving (tribe Aythyini) ducks during breeding, autumn migration, and winter has been documented. Our goal was to estimate and compare the diet of blue‐winged teal (Spatula discors), gadwall (Mareca strepera), mallard (Anas platyrhyncos), lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), and ring‐necked duck (Aythya collaris) during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway in the United States and evaluate variation among species. We collected 919 ducks for diet analysis from multiple wetlands at 6 sites across 4 states during the spring migration of 2006 and 2007. We collected ≥10 individuals of each species at each of the 6 study sites except we collected only 1 gadwall at the Scioto River site and 2 lesser scaup at the Cache River site. We detected that the proportion of plant and animal material in foods of each spring migrating duck species was in general intermediate of that found in wintering and breeding birds. Furthermore, the proportion of plant and animal material in the diet of species varied even among closely related species, indicating species are partitioning food sources along a protein‐carbohydrate gradient during spring migration. We recommend that resources for ducks be managed to provide diverse wetlands to support the varied diets of even closely related species. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Application and Efficiency of Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange in Laryngeal Microsurgery
Authors: Huh Gene , Min Seihee , Cho Sung‐Dong , Cho Youn Joung , Kwon Seong Keun
Published: September 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study aimed to analyze the feasibility of transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) during laryngeal microsurgery (LMS) and investigated its efficiency and application according to the location of the lesion.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Patients over 20 years of age who underwent LMS without underlying cardiac, pulmonary, or cerebrovascular disease were retrospectively reviewed. Overall, 54 patients with endotracheal intubation (ETI) and 44 patients with THRIVE were included. The operation and anesthesia time, induction and emergence time, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TcCO2) levels were analyzed and compared between the two ventilation methods according to disease subsite.

Results

Compared with ETI, patients with THRIVE presented reduced operation time (16.3 ± 9.69 min vs. 21.9 ± 12.0 min), anesthesia time (33.6 ± 11.4 min vs. 45.4 ± 13.9 min), emergence time (6.73 ± 2.49 min vs. 8.52 ± 3.17 min), without significant decreases in SpO2 but with increased TcCO2 (10.9 ± 6.12% vs. 7.33 ± 3.86%). Comparing THRIVE to ETI for lesions at the glottis yielded similar findings, which were particularly more significant. However, lesions above the glottis presented no significant difference for any parameters between THRIVE and ETI groups. Lesions involving multiple subsites and prolonged operation time were risk factors for the intraoperative conversion of ventilation method.

Conclusion

THRIVE is reliable for maintaining oxygenation during LMS and is efficient in reducing the operation and emergence times, leading to shorter anesthesia time, especially for lesions at the glottis. However, caution is required administering THRIVE, when lesion involves multiple subsites, and when operation time is prolonged.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:1061–1068, 2022
How to say? Voice analytics of debt collection strategies
Authors: Huang Ziyao , Yang Yutao , Liao Chengcheng , Du Peiyuan
Published: September 2021

Since limit attention has been paid on debt collection calls and collectors' voice metrics, this study explores how collectors' voice metrics influence borrowers' delinquent behavior in debt collection calls. Results of survival analysis show that collectors' voice with higher pitch, higher speed, lower loudness, and lower entropy of energy prolongs borrowers' delinquent time. Mediation analysis indicates that borrowers' voice energy and call duration mediate the effects of collectors' voice metrics on delinquent time. Additional analysis on heterogeneity suggests that short‐term and long‐term repayment borrowers respond to collectors' voice metrics differently.
Subcutaneous Levodopa Infusion for Parkinson's Disease: 1‐Year Data from the Open‐Label BeyoND Study
Authors: Poewe Werner , Stocchi Fabrizio , Arkadir David , Ebersbach Georg , Ellenbogen Aaron L. , Giladi Nir , Isaacson Stuart H. , Kieburtz Karl , LeWitt Peter , Olanow C. Warren , Simuni Tanya , Thomas Astrid , Zlotogorski Abraham , Adar Liat , Case Ryan , Oren Sheila , Fuchs Orenbach Shir , Rosenfeld Olivia , Sasson Nissim , Yardeni Tami , Espay Alberto J. ,   and for the BeyoND study group
Published: September 2021

Background

Continuous, subcutaneous (SC) levodopa/carbidopa infusion with ND0612 is under development as a treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor fluctuations.

Objective

Evaluate 1‐year safety data.

Methods

BeyoND is an open‐label study evaluating the long‐term safety of two ND0612 dosing regimens.

Results

Of the 214 enrolled patients (24‐hour SC infusion: n = 90; 16‐hour SC infusion: n = 124), 120 (56%) completed 12 months of treatment. Leading causes for study discontinuation were consent withdrawal (19.6%) and adverse events (17.3%). Rates of discontinuation were reduced from 49% to 29% after a protocol revision and retraining. Systemic safety was typical for PD patients treated with levodopa/carbidopa. Most patients experienced infusion site reactions, particularly nodules (30.8%) and hematoma (25.2%), which were judged mostly mild to moderate and led to discontinuation in only 10.3% of the participants.

Conclusions

Subcutaneous levodopa/carbidopa continuous infusion with ND0612 is generally safe, with typical infusion site reactions for SC delivery as the main adverse event. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
How well do atmospheric reanalyses reproduce observed winds in coastal regions of Mexico?
Authors: Thomas Simon R. , Nicolau Susie , Martínez‐Alvarado Oscar , Drew Daniel J. , Bloomfield Hannah C.
Published: September 2021

Atmospheric reanalyses are widely used for understanding the past and present climate. They have become increasingly used within the renewable energy sector for assessing wind and solar resources for different regions of the globe in conjunction with observations. Mexico is a country with considerable potential for wind energy production, especially around coastal sites and therefore the characterization of wind resource in these areas of the country is imperative for the most beneficial use of these resources. In this study, we assess how well three global reanalyses, namely ERA‐Interim, ERA5 and MERRA‐2, can reproduce wind observations at a number of key sites across the country. We find that the reanalyses' ability to reproduce these observations is highly variable between different regions in Mexico. Correlation coefficients are around 0.9 in the south of the country where the winds are strongest, but much lower (around 0.5) in Baja California Sur due to the complex coastal topography of the region. ERA5 outperforms ERA‐Interim and MERRA‐2 consistently across the vast majority of sites and so this reanalysis is recommended for local wind power studies. The consistently improved performance compared with ERA‐Interim shows the value of the increased spatial resolution of ERA5. However, in the south and east of Mexico, despite having the highest correlations, ERA5 also has the largest bias, meaning that it underestimates winds consistently across most of the country. Poor correlations between ERA5 and the observations in Veracruz are considered as a case study to understand potential drivers of low wind biases.
Energy equalities for the 2D reduced‐gravity two‐and‐a‐half layer system
Authors: Zuo Zhongbao , Wang Yinghui
Published: September 2021

In this work, we study the energy balance for the weak solutions of a reduced‐gravity two‐and‐a‐half model in oceanic fluid dynamics. Inspired by the work of Nguyen et al. (2020), based on some delicate commutator estimates, we prove the energy conservation in 2D bounded domains under certain regularity conditions.
Xanthohumol Requires the Intestinal Microbiota to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Diet‐Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Logan Isabelle E. , Shulzhenko Natalia , Sharpton Thomas J. , Bobe Gerd , Liu Kitty , Nuss Stephanie , Jones Megan L. , Miranda Cristobal L. , Vasquez‐Perez Stephany , Pennington Jamie M. , Leonard Scott W. , Choi Jaewoo , Wu Wenbin , Gurung Manoj , Kim Joyce P. , Lowry Malcolm B. , Morgun Andrey , Maier Claudia S. , Stevens Jan F. , Gombart Adrian F.
Published: September 2021

Scope

The polyphenol xanthohumol (XN) improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet‐induced obesity animal models. Because XN changes intestinal microbiota composition, the study hypothesizes that XN requires the microbiota to mediate its benefits.

Methods and Results

To test the hypothesis, the study feeds conventional and germ‐free male Swiss Webster mice either a low‐fat diet (LFD, 10% fat derived calories), a high‐fat diet (HFD, 60% fat derived calories), or a high‐fat diet supplemented with XN at 60 mg kg−1body weight per day (HXN) for 10 weeks, and measure parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism. In conventional mice, the study discovers XN supplementation decreases plasma insulin concentrations and improves Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR). In germ‐free mice, XN supplementation fails to improve these outcomes. Fecal sample 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggests XN supplementation changes microbial composition and dramatically alters the predicted functional capacity of the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota metabolizes XN into bioactive compounds, including dihydroxanthohumol (DXN), an anti‐obesogenic compound with improved bioavailability.

Conclusion

XN requires the intestinal microbiota to mediate its benefits, which involves complex diet‐host‐microbiota interactions with changes in both microbial composition and functional capacity. The study results warrant future metagenomic studies which will provide insight into complex microbe‐microbe interactions and diet‐host‐microbiota interactions.
Multiresolution Daubechies finite wavelet domain method for transient dynamic wave analysis in elastic solids
Authors: Nastos Christos V. , Saravanos Dimitris A.
Published: September 2021

The multiresolution capability provided by the family of Daubechies wavelets is exploited to develop a new computational approach, termed as multiresolution finite wavelet domain method for the fast and hierarchical prediction of transient dynamic problems with focus on wave propagation in one‐ and two‐dimensional structural configurations. In the developed method, both scaling and wavelet functions are employed as basis functions for the approximation of displacements in the governing dynamic equations. Because of the orthogonal and the multiresolution properties of Daubechies wavelets, a two‐scale system of mass uncoupled dynamic equations, representing the coarse and the fine spatial wave component solutions is derived. Numerical results concerning wave propagation in one‐ and two‐dimensional elastic structures demonstrate substantial computational gains of the method in comparison with other well‐established numerical methods. Moreover, additional benefits of the involved coarse and fine solutions enabling the analysis and characterization of the resultant wave response are revealed and discussed.
Impact of leadership development and facilitated peer coaching on women's individual, collective, and organizational behaviors in human services
Authors: Hopkins Karen , Meyer Megan , Afkinich Jenny , Bialobrzeski Eva , Perry Venessa
Published: September 2021

The future health of the human service nonprofit sector depends largely upon its ability to train a diverse generation of emerging and current leaders (Araque & Weiss, 2019, Oxford University Press). To successfully meet this challenge, leadership development programs must ensure equitable access to training and equip participants, especially women, to not just develop a leadership mindset, but apply the knowledge and skills they gain to change behaviors and organizational practices (Araque & Weiss, 2019, Oxford University Press). We examine the experiences of a sample of racially diverse (56% of color and 44% White) women human service professionals across the first 5 years of a leadership development program and highlight the impact of their leadership learning and coaching on changes in individual and organizational behaviors. Data were collected through a Qualtrics online survey of 76 of 96 (79% response rate) women participants and two interviews with women coaches who facilitated multiple peer coaching circles. Results show the value and benefits of leadership learning and coaching on women's mindset and work behaviors. As participants moved from learning to action, they applied a range of new ways of behaving and performing, which they perceived had an impact on their organizations' practices and members.
Evaluation of the SEBS copolymer in the compatibility of PP/ABS blends through mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical properties, and morphology
Authors: Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto , Siqueira Danilo Diniz , Araújo Edcleide Maria , do Nascimento Emanuel Pereira , da Costa Agra de Melo João Baptista
Published: September 2021

Polypropylene (PP) blends with acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) were prepared using the styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS) as a compatibilizing agent. The blends were prepared in a co‐rotational twin‐screw extruder and injection molded. Torque rheometry, Izod impact strength, tensile strength, heat deflection temperature (HDT), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy properties were investigated. The results showed that there was an increase in the torque of PA6/ABS blends with SEBS addition. The PP/ABS/SEBS (60/25/15%) blend showed significant improvement in impact strength, elongation at break, thermal stability, and HDT compared with neat PP. The elastic modulus and tensile strength have not been significantly reduced. The degree of crystallinity and the crystalline melting temperature increased, indicating a nucleating effect of ABS. The PP/ABS blends compatibilized with 12.5% and 15% SEBS presented morphology with well‐distributed fine ABS particles with good interfacial adhesion. As a result, thermal stability has been improved over pure PP and the mechanical properties have been increased, especially impact strength. In general, the addition of the SEBS copolymer as the PP/ABS blend compatibilizer has the advantage of refining the blend's morphology, increasing its toughness and thermal stability, without jeopardizing other PP properties.
Characterization ofSyzygium cuminiparticulatesfilled E‐glassfiber‐reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Ayyanar Chinnappan Balaji , Mohan S. K. Pradeep , Bharathiraj C. , Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay , Siengchin Suchart
Published: September 2021

The biodegradable and naturally available wasteSyzygium cuminiparticulates filled E‐glass fiber laminate‐reinforced composites were fabricated with different weight percentages. The present work is to develop a new composite from huge waste ofS. cuminiseeds. The two different combinations of composites with different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) of reinforcement were fabricated through open layup molding techniques. Functional groups, X‐ray diffraction, surface morphology, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS) elemental analysis, and mechanical characteristics (tensile, flexural strength, and hardness) of fabricated composites were evaluated. The maximum tensile strength, flexural strength, and maximum Shore D hardness of the composite were found to be 14.04 ± 0.5 MPa, 1603 ± 0.5 MPa, and 92 ± 0.5 SHN, respectively. By incorporating E‐glass fiber laminate on both sides of theS. cuminiparticulates filled epoxy composite enhanced mechanical properties compared withS. cuminiparticulates filled epoxy composites. The results showed that these composites can be utilized as panels for low strength applications.
Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors and major cardiovascular events and acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Sud Maneesh , Ko Dennis T. , Chong Alice , Koh Maria , Azizi Paymon M. , Austin Peter C. , Stukel Thérèse A. , Jackevicius Cynthia A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) are recommended for most patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there is debate across guidelines as to which patients with CAD benefit the most from these agents. This study investigated the association between RAASIs and cardiovascular outcomes and acute kidney injury in a contemporary cohort of patients with CAD.

Methods

Patients ≥65 years of age with CAD alive on April 1, 2012 in Ontario, Canada were included. Outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, stroke, or coronary revascularization), and acute kidney injury (AKI) hospitalizations at 4 years. Inverse probability of treatment‐weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models was used to compare the rates of each outcome in patients treated with and without RAASIs (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers).

Results

There were 165,058 patients with CAD identified (mean age 75 years, 65.5% male, 64.7% prescribed RAASIs). After inverse‐probability weighting, treatment with RAASIs was associated with a lower rate of MACE compared with treatment without RAASIs (17.6% vs 18.2%, hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99, respectively). However, treatment with RAASIs was associated with a higher rate of AKI compared with treatment without RAASIs (1.7% vs 1.5%, HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02–1.29, respectively). The reduction in MACE was greater in patients with prior MI (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.92) compared with patients without prior MI (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97–1.04, interaction p < 0.01). The increase in AKI was lower in patients with prior MI (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66–1.00) compared with patients without prior MI (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.19–1.57, interaction p < 0.01).

Conclusions

This study supports the continued use of RAASIs in patients with CAD, although the benefit appears smaller in magnitude than observed in prior trials. High‐risk patients, particularly those with prior MI, appear to benefit the most from RAASIs.
Registration of ‘AG18’ peanut
Authors: Baring Michael R. , Cason John M. , Burow Mark D. , Simpson Charles E. , Chagoya Jennifer , Bennett Brian D.
Published: September 2021

‘AG18’ (Reg. no. CV‐147, PI 698186) is a high‐yielding, high‐grading, high‐oleic fatty acid, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with good resistance to Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger). The cultivar was developed by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research peanut breeding program to provide growers with a higher‐yielding option when compared to the previously released ‘Tamrun OL11’ cultivar. AG18 was tested under the experimental designation of Tx121082 and was released in 2020. It maintains the high percentage of total sound mature kernels that Tamrun OL11 had, as well as the resistance to S. minor. However, it proved to have higher yield potential across environments and years than did Tamrun OL11. Additionally, the seed size of AG18 is smaller than that of Tamrun OL11 and closer to the past industry standard, ‘Florunner’, making it more attractive to manufacturers.
Registration of two Arkot 0912 sister cotton germplasm lines
Authors: Bourland Fred M. , Jones Don C.
Published: September 2021

Arkot 0912‐18 (Reg. no. GP‐1098, PI 697032) and Arkot 0912‐41 (Reg. no. GP‐1097, PI 697031) are conventional cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in December 2020. Both lines were derived from crossing ‘UA48’ and ‘UA222’. They produced higher lint yields than their parents over 5 yr and at four test sites in Arkansas. Both produced similar lint yields at each test site. Over test sites, the lines produced about 13 and 24% higher lint yields than UA222 and UA48, respectively. Arkot 0912‐18 produced the highest lint yield of all entries evaluated in the 2017 Regional Breeders Network Test. Over all locations of the 2017 Regional High Quality Test, lint yields of Arkot 0912‐41 ranked fourth out of 20 genotypes (second‐highest of 11 conventional genotypes) and equaled the lint yields of DP 1646 B2XF (U.S. patent no. 9,961,845) and PHY 444 WRF. Both lines produced higher lint percentage and lint index and were taller than either parent. Leaf pubescence, stem pubescence, and bract trichome density of each line exceeded both parents. Visual ratings of Verticillium wilt for Arkot 0912‐18 exceeded those of UA48. Both lines displayed high resistance to bacterial blight and were similar to UA222 and UA48 in their response to other diseases. The lines were more resistant to tarnished plant bug than UA48 but were more susceptible to tarnished plant bugs than UA222. Measurements of fiber quality for the two lines were intermediate between that of UA48 (excellent fiber quality) and UA222 (good fiber quality).
Shrinking thermokarst lakes and ponds on the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau over the past three decades
Authors: Șerban Raul‐David , Jin Huijun , Șerban Mihaela , Luo Dongliang
Published: September 2021

Identifying the changes in thermokarst lake dynamics has a significant contribution to landscape‐scale hydrology, ecology, and assessment of carbon budgets in permafrost regions. Changes in the number and areal extent of thermokarst lakes and ponds were quantified in a representative permafrost area (150 km2) in the south‐central Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR). Water‐body inventories were generated from Landsat satellite imageries using the supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification method for three periods: 1986, 2000, and 2015. From 1986 to 2015, the number of water bodies larger than 0.36 ha decreased by 40% (461–277), while the total surface area decreased by 25% (542–406 ha). The ponds category (smaller than 1 ha) recorded the most substantial change, as their number decreased by 44% and their water‐surface area by 41%. Many lakes disintegrated, partially drained, and formed several remnant ponds, while the majority of the ponds did not drain completely, but shrank below 0.36 ha. These shrinking patterns are consistent with the warming climate in the HAYR, which suggests intense permafrost degradation. Future research will be focused on a better understanding of water–heat dynamics of thermokarst lakes and ponds in association with permafrost degradation at a landscape scale.
Anticancer effects of root and beet leaf extracts (Beta vulgaris L.) in cervical cancer cells (HeLa)
Authors: Romero Stefhani Andrioli , Pavan Isadora Carolina Betim , Morelli Ana Paula , Mancini Mariana Camargo Silva , da Silva Luiz Guilherme Salvino , Fagundes Isabella , Silva Cayo Henrique Rocha , Ponte Luis Gustavo Saboia , Rostagno Mauricio Ariel , Bezerra Rosângela Maria Neves , Simabuco Fernando Moreira
Published: September 2021

Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) has bioactive compounds that can inhibit the progression of different types of cancer. To analyze the antiproliferative effects of beet leaf and root extracts, we performed MTT, clonogenic survival, cell cycle analysis, Annexin/PI labeling, and western blotting. Here, we report that 10 and 100 μg/ml of root and leaf extracts decreased cell viability and potentiated rapamycin and cisplatin effects while decreased the number of large colonies, especially at 10 μg/ml (293.6 of control vs. 200.0 of leaf extract, p = .0059; 138.6 of root extract, p = .0002). After 48 hr, 100 μg/ml of both extracts led to increased sub‐G1 and G0/G1 populations. In accordance, 100 μg/ml of root extract induced early apoptosis (mean = 0.64 control vs. 1.56 root; p = .048) and decreased cell size (p < .0001). Both extracts decreased phosphorylation and expression of mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, especially by inhibiting ribosomal protein S6 (S6) phosphorylation, increasing cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polysomerase 1 (PARP1) and Bcl‐2‐like protein 11 (BIM), and decreasing cyclin D1 expression, which regulates cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that beetroot and leaf extracts could be an efficient strategy against cervical cancer.
The effect of nanomicelle curcumin supplementation and Nigella sativa oil on the expression level of miRNA‐21, miRNA‐422a, and miRNA‐503 gene in postmenopausal women with low bone mass density: A randomized, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with factorial design
Authors: Farshbaf‐Khalili Azizeh , Farajnia Safar , Pourzeinali Samira , Shakouri Seyed Kazem , Salehi‐Pourmehr Hanieh
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nanomicelle curcumin (CUR), Nigella sativa oil (NS), and CUR and NS on the plasma levels of miR‐21, miR‐422a, and miR‐503 expression in postmenopausal women with low bone mass density (BMD). This randomized, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with a factorial design was conducted on 120 postmenopausal women from the integrated healthcare system, Tabriz‐Iran. The BMD was determined using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Women were randomly divided into four groups of 30 participants: (a) CUR (80 mg) and placebo of NS, (b) NS (1,000 mg) and placebo of CUR, (c) CUR (80 mg) and NS (1,000 mg), and (d) both placebos (containing microcrystalline cellulose). The plasma level of miRNA‐21, miRNA‐422a, and miRNA‐503 was determined by qRT‐PCR. The expression level of miRNAs at the baseline was similar. At the end of the intervention, only the expression level of miRNA‐21 changed statistically significantly between the four groups (p = .037) and between the NS and placebo groups (p = .005). Also, its expression in the two groups receiving NS (p = .037) and NS–CUR (p = .043) was significantly increased. NS and NS–CUR supplementation can increase the expression level of miRNA‐21 in postmenopausal women with low bone density, and bring perspective to further studies of the target.
Luteolin combined with low‐dose paclitaxel synergistically inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition and induces cell apoptosis on esophageal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Qin Tiantian , Zhao Jinzhu , Liu Xiaojie , Li Leilei , Zhang Xueyan , Shi Xiaoli , Ke Yu , Liu Weihua , Huo Junfeng , Dong Yalong , Shen Yiwei , Li Yanyu , He Mingjing , Han Shuhua , Li Linlin , Pan Chengxue , Wang Cong
Published: September 2021

Although paclitaxel is a promising frontline chemotherapy agent for various malignancies, the clinical applications have been restricted by side effects, drug resistance, and cancer metastasis. The combination of paclitaxel and other agents could be the promising strategies against malignant tumor, which enhances the antitumor effect through synergistic effects, reduces required drug concentrations, and also suppresses tumorigenesis in multiple ways. In this study, we found that luteolin, a natural flavonoid compound, combined with low‐dose paclitaxel synergistically regulated the proliferation, migration, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells in vitro, as well as synergistically inhibited tumor growth without obvious toxicity in vivo. The molecular mechanism of inhibiting cell migration and EMT processes may be related to the inhibition of SIRT1, and the mechanism of apoptosis induction is associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway–mediated activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Coherent Ising Machines with Optical Error Correction Circuits
Authors: Reifenstein Sam , Kako Satoshi , Khoyratee Farad , Leleu Timothée , Yamamoto Yoshihisa
Published: September 2021

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) comprising a network of open‐dissipative quantum oscillators with optical error correction circuits is proposed. In the proposed network, the squeezed/anti‐squeezed vacuum states of the constituent optical parametric oscillators establish quantum correlations below the threshold through optical mutual coupling and collective symmetry breaking is induced above the threshold as a decision‐making process. This initial search process is followed by a chaotic solution search step facilitated by optical error correction feedback. The particular algorithm used by the proposed network is derived from the truncated Wigner stochastic differential equation. As an optical hardware technology, the proposed CIM has several unique features, including programmable all‐to‐all Ising coupling in the optical domain, directional coupling ()‐induced chaotic behavior, and the ability to operate at low power at room temperature. The proposed CIM is evaluated in terms of its performance and how this scales at different problem sizes. It is shown that the various CIMs discussed in this paper are effective at solving many problem types, although the optimal algorithm depends on the problem case. It is further shown that the proposed optical implementations can be achieved with low energy consumption on thin‐film LiNbO3 platforms.
Discrete‐time decentralized linear quadratic control for linear time‐varying systems
Authors: Pedroso Leonardo , Batista Pedro
Published: September 2021

This article addresses the problem of designing a decentralized control solution for a network of agents modeled by linear time‐varying (LTV) dynamics, in a discrete‐time framework. A general scheme is proposed, in which the problem is formulated as a classical linear quadratic regulator problem, for the global system, subject to a given sparsity constraint on the gain, which reflects the decentralized nature of the network. A method able to compute a sequence of well‐performing stabilizing regulator gains is presented and validated resorting to simulations of two randomly generated LTV systems, one stable and the other unstable. Moreover, a tracking solution is developed, building on the solution to the regulator problem. Both methods rely on a closed‐form solution, thus they can be computed very rapidly. Similarly to the centralized solution, both the presented methods require that a window of the future system dynamics is known. Both methods are validated resorting to simulations of: (i) a nonlinear network of four interconnected tanks; and (ii) a large‐scale nonlinear network of interconnected tanks. When implemented to a nonlinear network, approximated by an LTV system, the proposed methods are able to compute well‐performing gains that track the desired output. Finally, both algorithms are scalable, being adequate for implementation in large‐scale networks.
Frailty modeling under a selective sampling protocol: an application to type 1 diabetes related autoantibodies
Authors: Nevalainen Jaakko , Datta Somnath , Toppari Jorma , Ilonen Jorma , Hyöty Heikki , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M.
Published: September 2021

In studies following selective sampling protocols for secondary outcomes, conventional analyses regarding their appearance could provide misguided information. In the large type 1 diabetes prevention and prediction (DIPP) cohort study monitoring type 1 diabetes‐associated autoantibodies, we propose to model their appearance via a multivariate frailty model, which incorporates a correlation component that is important for unbiased estimation of the baseline hazards under the selective sampling mechanism. As further advantages, the frailty model allows for systematic evaluation of the association and the differences in regression parameters among the autoantibodies. We demonstrate the properties of the model by a simulation study and the analysis of the autoantibodies and their association with background factors in the DIPP study, in which we found that high genetic risk is associated with the appearance of all the autoantibodies, whereas the association with sex and urban municipality was evident for IA‐2A and IAA autoantibodies.
Oxidative Nucleophilic Functionalization of Nitrobenzene and 3‐Nitroacetophenones with N−H Bonds
Authors: Chung Duy T. M. , Le Phuc Q. , Le Huy X. , Huynh Tien V. , Phan Anh N. Q. , Nguyen Tung T. , Phan Nam T. S.
Published: September 2021

Nitroarenes are versatile intermediate, thus found ubiquitous uses in synthesis of bio‐related molecules and functional materials. Herein we develop methods for synthesis of substituted nitroarenes benefited from oxidative nucleophilic amination of C−H bonds para to the nitro functionality. Simple base NaOH was used to mediate the coupling of N−H heterocycles and nitrobenzene. Meanwhile, 5‐nitro‐1‐aryl‐1H‐indazoles were isolated from copper‐mediated annulation of 3‐nitroaryl methyl ketones and arylhydrazines.
Electrode Architecture Design to Promote Charge‐Transport Kinetics in High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Ji Weixiao , Qu Huainan , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Zheng Dong , Qu Deyang
Published: September 2021

Rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries have built much of our modern society. Developing high‐loading and high‐energy batteries have become an inevitable trend to satisfy the ever‐growing demand of energy consumption. However, issues related to mechanical instability and electrochemical polarization have become more prominent accompanying the increase of electrode thickness. How to establish a robust and rapid charge transport network within the electrode architecture plays a vital role for the mechanical property and the reaction dynamics of thick electrodes. In this review, principles of charge transport mechanism and challenges of thick electrode development are elaborated. Next, recent progress on advanced electrode architecture design focused on structural engineering is summarized. Finally, a transmission line model is proposed as an effective tool to guide the engineering of thick electrodes.
Electronic Properties and Structure of Boron–Hydrogen Complexes in Crystalline Silicon
Authors: De Guzman Joyce Ann T. , Markevich Vladimir P. , Coutinho José , Abrosimov Nikolay V. , Halsall Matthew P. , Peaker Anthony R.
Published: September 2021

The subject of hydrogen–boron interactions in crystalline silicon is revisited with reference to light and elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) in boron‐doped solar silicon. Ab initio modeling of structure, binding energy, and electronic properties of complexes incorporating a substitutional boron and one or two hydrogen atoms is performed. From the calculations, it is confirmed that a BH pair is electrically inert. It is found that boron can bind two H atoms. The resulting BH2 complex is a donor with a transition level estimated at E
c–0.24 eV. Experimentally, the electrically active defects in n‐type Czochralski‐grown Si crystals co‐doped with phosphorus and boron, into which hydrogen is introduced by different methods, are investigated using junction capacitance techniques. In the deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) spectra of hydrogenated Si:P + B crystals subjected to heat‐treatments at 100 °C under reverse bias, an electron emission signal with an activation energy of ≈0.175 eV is detected. The trap is a donor with electronic properties close to those predicted for boron–dihydrogen. The donor character of BH2 suggests that it can be a very efficient recombination center of minority carriers in B‐doped p‐type Si crystals. A sequence of boron–hydrogen reactions, which can be related to the LeTID effect in Si:B is proposed.
Influence of Cr3C2 Additions to AISI H13 Tool Steel in the LPBF Process
Authors: Köhler Marie Luise , Ali Fawad , Herzog Simone , Suwanpinij Piyada , Kaletsch Anke , Broeckmann Christoph
Published: September 2021

Tool steels are known to be difficult to process by laser powder bed fusion as they were not designed to fit the welding or additive manufacturing (AM) process route. Hot cracks and cold cracks are known to occur in such alloys. To gain insights on limits of alloying contents regarding primary carbides in the melt, powder blends based on AISI H13 with additions of Cr3C2 carbides are processed by laser powder bed alloying (LPBA) herein. The LPBA process is evaluated based on demixing phenomena observed in the macroscopic chemical composition of the specimen. In‐depth microstructural analyses are carried out to understand the metallurgical behavior of the new alloy and are accompanied by Calphad modelling. Hardness tests characterize the alloy's suitability as a novel tool steel. The alloy's hot cracking tendency is reduced by systematic additions of Cr3C2 to AISI H13 which narrow the solidification interval. Hardness tests after martensitic hardening without annealing have shown the applicability of the new alloy as AM tool steel. Apparent chemical gradients over the build plate demonstrate that further research is needed to improve the technology of LPBA for processing these novel alloys.
The Role of Membership Viewpoints in Shaping Language Teacher Associations: A Q Methodology Analysis
Authors: Slaughter Yvette , Bonar Gary , Keary Anne
Published: September 2021

The complexity inherent in the TESOL field can present challenges for Language Teacher Associations (LTAs) in undertaking internal‐facing roles such as professional learning including networking, conferences and publications, as well as external‐facing roles such as advocacy work with stakeholders, and curriculum reform, among other issues (e.g., Elsheikh & Effiong, 2018b; Lamb, 2012; Paran, 2016). LTAs must be cognizant of and responsive to changing socio‐political, policy, funding factors influencing TESOL provision, as well as the changing pedagogical needs of educators working across sectors. This study investigates the factors which influence and shape English as an Additional Language (EAL) education across a local (state based) EAL context and considers how these findings can inform the activities and practices of LTAs. Q methodology, which combines the use of qualitative and quantitative data, is employed to provide insights into current, deeply held perspectives of educators in relation to EAL provision. Findings provide insights into contextual variables which impact on EAL provision in adult education and school‐based contexts, including intensive English education for refugee and migrant children. This in turn provides an opportunity to consider implications of these findings for LTA activities and practices, in particular, in relation to professional learning, leadership and advocacy.
Studying at university in later life slows cognitive decline: A long‐term prospective study
Authors: Bindoff Aidan D. , Summers Mathew J. , Hill Edward , Alty Jane , Vickers James C.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Declining cognition in later life is associated with loss of independence and quality of life. This decline in cognition may potentially be reduced or reversed through engaging in cognitively stimulating activities. This study examined the potential for university attendance in later life to enhance cognitive function in older adults.

Methods

Cognitively unimpaired adults (n = 485, 69% female, median age 60 years) were given the opportunity to undertake free university study. Repeated neurocognitive assessment was performed over 7 years.

Results

Participants in the university education group (n = 383) improved z = .02 SD (.01, .03) per year of the study compared to controls (P = .001; averaged across a battery of cognitive tests). The largest improvements were observed on tests of language and verbal learning, memory, and episodic memory.

Discussion

Later‐life university study was associated with improved cognitive trajectories. Later‐life education may preserve cognitive function, specifically for functions associated with communication, social interaction, and maintaining independence.
Plasticity in depth selection behavior and heat shock proteins in Daphnia
Authors: Bernatowicz Piotr , Dawidowicz Piotr , Pijanowska Joanna
Published: September 2021

Habitat selection behavior by aquatic and terrestrial animals is influenced by both abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic (e.g., threat from predators) environmental factors. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the variability in behavior of habitat selection of Daphnia under environmental stress were examined. Experiments were conducted using five Daphnia clones with different environmental preferences and, consequently, with a different width of the reaction norm. These clones also showed variation in their constitutive levels of stress-related heat shock proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90), but none of the tested stress factors had any direct effect on their expression. However, behavioral plasticity was significantly positively correlated with the constitutive level of HSP70. It is likely that animals with a high constitutive HSP70 level can cope better with sudden changes in environment conditions that they experience, e.g., during vertical migrations. In contrast, non-migrating animals with low HSP levels do not allocate energy to the synthesis of stress proteins and have a narrow range of behavioral plasticity.