bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of electrical interferences related to the current collection quality in pantograph–catenary interaction
Authors: Bucca G , Collina A , Manigrasso R , Mapelli F , Tarsitano D
Published: August 2011

The dynamic interaction between a pantograph and a catenary influences the quality of the current collection; in particular, when two pantographs are used to collect current, the second pantograph is subjected to the disturbances originated on the overhead line by the transit of the first pantograph, generally causing a deterioration of current collection quality. Under these conditions, the occurrence of continuous sparking, contact loss, and arcing cause an increase of wear for both contact wire and collector strips, but also cause variations of contact voltage and feed current that in turn produce interferences on the on-board electrical systems like drive motors and signalling system. In order to investigate the latter, a procedure for the correlation of the quality of current collection with the level of electrical interference is proposed in this article. The procedure is based on experimental and numerical models combining relationships obtained by means of laboratory tests with simulation tools. An application to a real case of double pantograph collection is presented.
Using standard adhesion tests to characterize performance of material system options for insulated rail joints
Authors: Nicoli E , Dillard D A , Dillard J G , Campbell J , Davis D D , Akhtar M
Published: August 2011

Insulated joints (IJs) are often required every few kilometres along railway tracks for signal blocks and rail break detection; practical experience has shown that their life is often a fraction of the life of other track elements on some rail lines subjected to high tonnage freight. This article reports findings from a project conducted to study different bond systems consisting of various combinations of adhesives, fibrous insulators, and rail surface treatments that were of potential interest for increasing the service life of IJs for rail applications. The study was performed in parallel with a finite-element analysis and did not focus on testing real IJs but rather on common adhesion test specimens such as the single lap joint and double cantilever beam configurations. The aim of using these specimens was to simulate potential load and environmental conditions on standard test specimens that were less expensive and easier to construct, test, and analyse. The main goal of the project was to compare a number of combinations of potential IJ components through an extensive test programme. The results highlighted several possible combinations that may warrant further study as actual IJ prototypes. In particular, several material combinations involving materials not currently used by IJ vendors had higher overall performances when compared to currently used combinations, although the extension of improved test specimen performance to actual IJ configurations and service conditions may not follow.
Dynamic behaviour of an in situ partially supported concrete railway sleeper
Authors: Rezaei E , Dahlberg T
Published: August 2011

Analytical and finite-element solutions to the problem of a vibrating beam, fully or partly supported by an elastic foundation, are presented. An application example is the vertical (transverse) vibration of a concrete railway sleeper embedded in an elastic medium (the ballast). The sleeper is also elastically connected to the rails. Eigenfrequencies are calculated and vibration modes are discussed. The beam (sleeper) is divided into sections where each section may or may not be supported by the elastic foundation. Outside the voids (the non-supported parts of the sleeper) the sleeper is assumed fully attached to the support. Some conclusions are that the foundation stiffness influences the (almost) rigid-body vibration modes of the sleeper the most, whereas the lowest bending-mode eigenfrequencies are just slightly influenced by the foundation stiffness; higher eigenfrequencies are affected very little by the foundation. The influence of railpad (and rail) stiffness on the sleeper bending-mode eigenfrequencies is negligible.
A design method for wheel profiles according to the rolling radius difference function
Authors: Shen G , Zhong X
Published: August 2011

This article describes a target-oriented method for the design of railway wheel profiles. The target chosen is the rolling radius difference function, which plays an important role in the dynamics of railway vehicles especially for high-speed performance, and also for curve steering ability. A computer program based on this method has also been developed and is validated by way of an example. This method also meets the requirements for low contact stress and even wear between the wheel and the rail.
A simulation-based optimal design and analysis method for designing a train overhaul maintenance facility
Authors: Um I S , Cheon H J , Lee H C
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a simulation-based optimal design and analysis method for designing a train overhaul maintenance facility. Because the train is composed of one or more cars, the authors design the simulation model after analysing the operation of the train according to the train's following parts: train, car, car body, and wheel. The authors consider the critical (dependent) factors and design (independent) parameters for the simulation analysis. Therefore, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is proposed for selecting alternatives, and simulation optimization is used for finding the optimal design parameters of the selected alternative. A case study for the above approach is applied to the electric locomotive overhaul maintenance facility. This paper provides a comprehensive framework for a train overhaul maintenance facility design using MCDM and the simulation optimization.
Characterizing the mixed volume
Authors: Milman Vitali D. , Schneider Rolf
Published: August 2011

We investigate functional properties of the mixed volume that are sufficient to characterize it, up to elementary modifications.
Blichfeldt-type inequalities and central symmetry
Authors: Henk Martin , Henze Matthias , Wills Jörg M.
Published: August 2011

A classical result of Blichfeldt, from 1921, gives a sharp lower bound on the volume of a convex body K, whose lattice points span the whole space, in terms of the lattice point enumerator . We are interested in a version of this inequality on the set of 0-symmetric convex bodies. Our motivation to study this problem comes from a lack of methods that exploit the symmetry assumption in problems of a similar kind and where 0-symmetry is a natural condition. We report upon sharp Blichfeldt-type inequalities for 0-symmetric lattice polygons, lattice crosspolytopes and lattice zonotopes.
WIT: how to visualise, analyse, and control hollow space formationa
Authors: Michaeli Walter , Gründler Moritz
Published: August 2011

This article deals with hollow space formation that occurs during water injection technique (WIT). The tests presented help improve part quality by providing an in-depth understanding of the influence of polymers and the processes on the propagation of fluid bubbles. Moreover, typical part defects such as double-channel formation or water inclusions in the residual wall are avoided. As their formation has not yet been researched sufficiently, it is not currently possible to design WIT components in relation to the choice of material and residual wall thickness.
Influence of contact time on the extraction of 233uranyl spike and contaminant uranium from Hanford Site sediment
Authors: Smith Steven C. , Szecsody James E.
Published: August 2011

The development of effective remediation strategies requires a comprehensive understanding of contaminant behavior in the environment. At the Hanford Site, located in southeastern Washington State (United States of America), seasonal fluctuations of the nearby Columbia River cause flushing of the 300 Area uranium (U) plume in the lower vadose zone. The variation of water chemistry alternately promotes adsorption and desorption of U from sediment. Therefore, the following question arises: what is the mobility of U in groundwater that has only recently became associated with sediment relative to U that has been associated with the sediment for decades? Geochemical transformations, including surface complexation, precipitation, and/or physical processes will impact U speciation as the contact time with sediment increases. To investigate this question, dissolved 233uranyl nitrate [UO2(NO3)2] was added to U-contaminated Hanford Site sediment and incubated for up to 1 year. Following 1-week, 1-month, and 1-year incubation periods, the extraction of U from the sediment was accomplished using either batch or continuous leach techniques, and multiple extractants. The elution of 233U during continuous leaching was influenced by the incubation period. The change in the 235U/233U ratio eluted was indicative of the extraction of different U phases, and was a function of the incubation period. Removal of 233U by batch extraction clearly showed the effects of the incubation period and extractant. The extractability of the 233U spike by some extractants is independent of incubation period (up to 1 year) suggesting it is present as either sorbed or surface precipitate phases. Model simulation of the data provides insight into the processes involved with the extraction of U from the sediment.
Luminescence study on the solvation of Cm(III) in binary aqueous solvent mixtures
Authors: Trumm S. , Lieser G. , Panak Petra J.
Published: August 2011

The preferential solvation of Cm(III) in binary aqueous mixtures of MeOH,tBuOH, DMSO, MeCN and acetone is studied at varied solvent composition. Solvation is investigated by time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy and emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime data are obtained. At high mole fractions of organic solvent, preferential solvation of Cm(III) increases in the order: Me2CO <tBuOH ≈ MeOH < MeCN < H2O < DMSO. Thermodynamic data are derived from the spectroscopic results showing small positive standard Gibbs energies for the transfer of Cm(III) into the various solvent mixtures except for DMSO mixtures where negative values are found. The spectroscopically obtained enthalpies of transfer are fitted to a solvation model using the model parameters Δ Δ Hº12and (αn+βN)º, rendering valuable information on the interaction of Cm(III) with the solvent molecules. Cm(III)-solvent interaction increases in the order:tBuOH < MeCN < MeOH < DMSO.
Update on 67Cu half-life
Authors: Kozempel Ján , Bulgheroni Antonio , Simonelli Federica , Holzwarth Uwe , Abbas Kamel , Gibson Neil
Published: August 2011

The half-life of 67Cu was newly determined by measurement of its 185 keV γ-ray (48.7%) over the period of 13 d (approx. 5 × T
1/2). 67Cu was prepared by deuteron irradiation of enriched 70Zn targets. The 67Cu half-life value which resulted from five independent measurements is estimated to be 61.81(22) h.
A ‘cold’ actinide partitioning run at 20 L scale with hollow fibre supported liquid membrane using diglycolamide extractants
Authors: Ansari S. A. , Gujar R. B. , Mohapatra P. K. , Kandwal Pankaj , Sengupta A. , Thulasidas S. K. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: August 2011

‘Actinide partitioning’ studies were attempted by hollow fibre supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) technique using pressurized heavy water reactor simulated high level waste (PHWR-SHLW) as the feed. Two diglycolamide extractants for actinide partitioning, viz. 0.1 M TODGA (N,N,N´,N´-tetraoctyl diglycolamide) + 0.5 M DHOA (N,N-dihexyl octanamide) and 0.2 M T2EHDGA (N,N,N´,N´-tetra-2-ethylhexyl diglycolamide) + 30% iso-decanol in n-dodecane were used as the carrier solvent. Quantitative recovery of all trivalent actinides and lanthanides from PHWR-SHLW was achieved with both the carriers within 30 min when the feed volume was 0.5 L. On the other hand, about 18 h were necessary for a similar study carried out using a feed volume of 20 L. None of the other elements present in the PHWR-SHLW were transported, except small quantities of Sr and Mo. The product could be concentrated to two and four times by maintaining the feed to receiver phase volume ratio of 2:1 and 4:1, respectively. The transport behaviour of trivalent actinides and lanthanides by the two diglycolamide extractants were remarkably similar. The present studies revealed that diglycolamide-HFSLM system offers a promising alternative approach for ‘actinide partitioning’, where the use of organic solvent inventory could be drastically reduced. A mathematical model was developed and there was good agreement between the predicted and experimentally obtained data.
Environmental behavior of ZrO2-MgO ceramics containing UO2
Authors: Holliday K. S. , Hartmann T. , Cerefice G.S. , Czerwinski K.
Published: August 2011

In this study a ZrO2-MgO inert matrix fuel containing UO2 (a PuO2 homolog) and Er2O3 (burnable poison) was evaluated under environmental conditions to assess its performance as a waste form should a direct disposal scheme be adopted. A Soxhlet degradation study was used to assess the durability of the ceramic in contact with water for 2000 h over a range of ZrO2 to MgO ratios. This quantified the amount of ZrO2 required to stabilize the material against degradation. A pulse flow dissolution study was used to investigate the stability of the material in aqueous environments relevant to a repository. Although the MgO phase was dissolved, the material was found to retain Zr, U, and Er oxides while immersed in brine, silicate-bicarbonate solution, or deionized water for 3700 h. Aqueous media with a high level of silicate formed a Mg2SiO4 phase at the surface, which retarded further degradation of the material. Brine was found to be the most aggressive solution in altering the material. The data provides an evaluation of the mixed inert matrix behavior under a range of potential repository conditions.
Activation cross-section measurements of some proton induced reactions on Ni, Co and Mo for proton activation analysis (PAA) purposes
Authors: Alharbi A. A. , Alzahrani J. , Azzam A.
Published: August 2011

The experimental proton induced reaction cross sections on some elements of the Havar alloy were measured using the activation method and the well established stacked-foil technique combined with high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. They included the reactions natNi(p,x)57Ni, natCo(p,x)58(m+g)Co and natMo(p,x)94g,95g,96(m+g)Tc, the aim being to obtain reliable data in the proton energy range up to 26 MeV for some important reactions to be used in the proton activation analysis of steel or other alloys. Irradiations were performed using the CS-30 Cyclotron at KFSH and RC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The activity measurements were carried out in PNU laboratories, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The experimental excitation functions for the investigated reactions were constructed and compared with the performed computed theoretical nuclear model calculations using two different codes: ALICE-IPPE and TALYS. A comparison between our measured cross-section values and the available published data is also presented, with a view to checking the consistency of the reported experimental work from various laboratories.
Neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the analysis of fresh, pasteurised and powder milk
Authors: Wasim Mohammad , Rehman S. , Arif Mohammad , Fatima I. , Zaidi Jamshed Hussain
Published: August 2011

This study shows the application of semi-absolute k
0 instrumental neutron activation analysis (k
0-INAA), epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for the determination of 21 elements (Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hf, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sc Sr, and Zn) in different types of milk samples. The ENAA was required for the determination of iodine, AAS for Cu, Ni and Pb and the rest of the elements were measured by k
0-INAA. Thirteen elements (Br, Ca, Cl, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Sr and Zn) were identified in all milk samples. Ni was detected in eleven and Pb in two samples. Concentrations of most of the elements were within the ranges of the world reported data. The data was further explored by principal component analysis to find relationships between samples and elements.
Relaxation Dynamics of Electronically Excited C60
− in o-Dichlorobenzene and Tetrahydrofuran Solution
Authors: Brands Helge , Ehrler Oli T. , Kappes Manfred , Unterreiner Andreas-Neil
Published: August 2011

The ultrafast response of singly negatively charged C60 fullerene in solution has been investigated by femtosecond pump-probe absorption spectroscopy and transient anisotropy in the visible and near-infrared region. Pump excitation within the near-infrared band demonstrates that this spectral feature can be described as a vibrational progression associated with a single electronic transition. Relaxation of the first electronically excited state occurs primarily by internal conversion with a time constant of 3 ps, slightly depending on the solvents, tetrahydrofuran or o-dichlorobenzene, and also on the excitation wavelength. An excitation of the second electronically excited state around 530 nm leads to an ultrafast internal conversion to the first excited state with a pulse-limited time constant of less than 100 fs. As a minor channel, stimulated emission in the spectral regime of 1150–1300 nm was observed from the first electronically excited state both after near-infrared and visible excitation. After internal conversion to the electronic ground state, C60
− dissipates its excess internal energy into the solvent on a longer timescale of 40–70 ps. The transient anisotropy associated with directly populating the first excited state reveals an ultrafast component decaying within 100 fs, which is attributed to ultrafast vibrational motions, conceivably arising from excited state pseudorotation.
Experimental and Modelling Study of the Unimolecular Thermal Decompostion of CHF3
Authors: Cobos Carlos J. , Croce A. E. , Luther K. , Troe Hans-Jürgen
Published: August 2011

The unimolecular thermal decomposition reaction CHF3 (+M)→CF2 + HF (+M) was studied in shock waves by monitoring the UV absorption of the forming CF2 radicals. The results of the present and previous experiments on the temperature and pressure dependence of the rate constants are analyzed in terms of unimolecular rate theory. Falloff curves (for 1500–1900 K) are represented in terms of fitted limiting low pressure rate constants k
0 = [Ar] 1.1 × 1016exp(−53.0 kcal mol−1/RT) cm3mol−1s−1, limiting high pressure rate constants k
∞ = 1.25 × 1015 exp(−75.8 kcal mol−1/RT) s−1 from quantum-chemical calculations, and center broadening factors F
cent = 0.170(± 0.04) including strong and weak collision contributions from unimolecular rate theory. With these results, approximate analytical expressions of the falloff curves well represent the measured and calculated rate constants over wide ranges of pressure and temperature.
Interleukin‐33 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, or Plasma Do Not Differentiate Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Buduneli Nurcan , Özçaka Özgün , Nalbantsoy Ayşe
Published: August 2011

Background: This study investigates whether gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and plasma levels of interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) can differentiate individuals with chronic periodontitis from individuals with healthy periodontium.

Methods: GCF, whole saliva, and plasma samples together with full‐mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from 32 otherwise healthy, non‐smoker chronic periodontitis individuals and 25 systemically and periodontally healthy, non‐smoker individuals. IL‐33 levels in the biofluid samples were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Data were tested statistically by Mann‐Whitney U test.

Results: The GCF concentrations of IL‐33 were significantly lower in chronic periodontitis individuals than in healthy individuals (P <0.0001), whereas the total amounts in GCF samples were similar (P >0.05). The salivary and plasma contrations of IL‐33 were indifferent in the two study groups (P >0.05).

Conclusions: According to the present findings, the GCF, saliva or plasma levels of IL‐33 could not differentiate chronic periodontitis individuals and periodontally healthy individuals. Larger‐scale intervention studies may better clarify this issue.
Validity of Partial Protocols to Assess the Prevalence of Periodontal Outcomes and Associated Sociodemographic and Behavior Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Peres Marco A. , Peres Karen G. , Cascaes Andreia M. , Correa Marcos B. , Demarco Flávio F. , Hallal Pedro C. , Horta Bernardo L. , Gigante Denise P. , Menezes Ana B.
Published: August 2011

Background: Most studies comparing prevalence of periodontal disease and risk factors by using partial protocols were performed in adult populations, with several studies being conducted in clinical settings. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of partial protocols in estimating the prevalence of periodontal outcomes in adolescents and young adults from two population‐based birth cohorts from Pelotas, Brazil, and to assess differences in the estimation and strength of the effect measures when partial protocols are adopted compared to full‐mouth examination.

Methods: Gingival bleeding at probing among adolescents (n = 339) and young adults (n = 720) and dental calculus and periodontal probing depth among young adults were assessed using full‐mouth examinations and four partial protocols: Ramfjord teeth (RT), community periodontal index (CPI), and two random diagonal quadrants (1 and 3, 2 and 4). Socioeconomic, demographic, and periodontal health–related variables were also collected. Sensitivity, absolute and relative bias, and inflation factors were calculated. Prevalence ratio for each periodontal outcome for the risk factors was estimated.

Results: Two diagonal quadrants showed better accuracy; RT had the worst, whereas CPI presented an intermediate pattern when compared to full‐mouth examination. For bleeding assessment in adolescence, RT and CPI underestimated by 18.4% and 16.2%, respectively, the true outcome prevalence, whereas among young adults, all partial protocols underestimated the prevalence. All partial protocols presented similar magnitude of association measures for all investigated periodontal potential risk factors.

Conclusion: Two diagonal quadrants protocol may be effective in identifying the risk factors for the most relevant periodontal outcomes in adolescence and in young adulthood.
Effects of Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment on Clinical Response, Serum Inflammatory Parameters, and Metabolic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Study
Authors: Chen Lei , Luo Gang , Xuan Dongying , Wei Bihong , Liu Fang , Li Jing , Zhang Jincai
Published: August 2011

Background: Scientific evidence on the effects of chronic periodontitis on diabetes mellitus remains inadequate and inconclusive. This intervention study is designed to evaluate the effects of periodontal treatment on clinical response, systemic inflammatory parameters, and metabolic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods: A total of 134 patients were randomly allocated into two treatment groups and one control group. Treatment group 1 underwent non‐surgical periodontal treatment at baseline and additional subgingival debridement at the 3‐month follow‐up. Patients in treatment group 2 received non‐surgical periodontal treatment and supragingival prophylaxis at the 3‐month follow‐up, and those in the control group received no intervention throughout the study. All participants were reexamined at 1.5, 3, and 6 months after initial treatment. At each visit, clinical periodontal examinations were conducted and blood samples were taken to evaluate high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profiles.

Results: Both treatment groups had a significantly lower hsCRP level after periodontal therapy (P <0.05). Although HbA1c declined significantly in treatment group 2 (P <0.05), the intergroup difference for HbA1c, FPG, TNF‐α, and lipid profiles was not statistically significant after therapy (P >0.05).

Conclusions: Non‐surgical periodontal treatment can effectively improve periodontal and circulating inflammatory status. Despite a lack of strong evidence, trends in some results support improved glycemic control after periodontal treatment in patients with diabetes.
Evidence‐Based Periodontal Plastic Surgery. II. An Individual Data Meta‐Analysis for Evaluating Factors in Achieving Complete Root Coverage
Authors: Chambrone Leandro , Pannuti Cláudio Mendes , Tu Yu‐Kang , Chambrone Luiz Armando
Published: August 2011

Background: The aim of this review is to conduct an individual patient data meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate whether baseline recession‐, patient‐, and procedure‐related factors can influence the achievement of complete root coverage (CRC).

Methods: A literature search with no restrictions regarding status or the language of publication was performed for MEDLINE (for Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), EMBASE (for Excerpta Medica Database), CENTRAL (for Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), and the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Specialized Register databases up to and including March 2011. Only RCTs, with a duration of ≥6 months evaluating recession areas (Miller Class I or II) that were treated by means of root coverage procedures were included. Mixed‐effects logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between five baseline variables and CRC.

Results: Of the 70 potentially eligible trials, 22 were included in the meta‐analyses. In total, the data from 320 patients and 16 procedures were evaluated. None of the RCTs were classified as low risk of bias. Of the 602 recessions treated, 310 (51.5%) achieved CRC. Subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTGs), matrix grafts, and enamel matrix derivative protein (EMD) procedures were superior in achieving CRC when compared to coronally advanced flap (CAF) alone. For the adjusted covariates, the greater the baseline recession depth, the smaller the chance of achieving CRC (individual procedure analysis [odds ratio (OR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.44, 0.70] and grouped procedure analysis [OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.71]), as well as studies with conflict of interest were more likely to achieve CRC than those without conflict of interest (individual procedure analysis [OR = 6.78; 95% CI = 1.78, 25.86]).

Conclusions: SCTGs, matrix grafts, and EMD were superior to CAF in achieving CRC, but SCTGs showed the best predictability. The impossibility of inclusion of all identified RCTs should be taken into consideration when interpreting the present findings.
The Wrong Tool for the Job: Diabetes Public Health Programs and Practice Guidelines
Authors: Sarkar Urmimala , López Andrea , Black Karen , Schillinger Dean
Published: August 2011

We surveyed state diabetes programs to determine whether they develop and disseminate diabetes guidelines. We found they largely disseminate clinical practice guidelines developed from subspecialty organizations, do not prioritize among the many recommendations contained in diabetes guidelines, and have not adapted guidelines to focus on population rather than individual health. An opportunity exists for state diabetes control programs to better align guidelines with public health goals.
The Association Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Body Size and Physical Activity in the California Teachers Study Cohort
Authors: Keegan Theresa H. M. , Hurley Susan , Goldberg Debbie , Nelson David O. , Reynolds Peggy , Bernstein Leslie , Horn-Ross Pam L. , Gomez Scarlett L.
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We considered interactions between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood factors.

Methods. We used recursive partitioning to identify predictors of low recreational physical activity (< 2.5 hours/week) and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) among 118 315 women in the California Teachers Study. Neighborhood characteristics were based on 2000 US Census data and Reference US business listings.

Results. Low physical activity and being overweight or obese were associated with individual sociodemographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity and age. Among White women aged 36 to 75 years, living in neighborhoods with more household crowding was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (54% vs 45% to 51%). In less crowded neighborhoods where more people worked outside the home, the existence of fewer neighborhood amenities was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (51% vs 46%). Among non–African American middle-aged women, living in neighborhoods with a lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher probability of being overweight or obese (46% to 59% vs 38% in high–socioeconomic status neighborhoods).

Conclusions. Associations between physical activity, overweight and obesity, and the built environment varied by sociodemographic characteristics in this educated population.
Reinforcement of Smoking and Drinking: Tobacco Marketing Strategies Linked With Alcohol in the United States
Authors: Jiang Nan , Ling Pamela M.
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We investigated tobacco companies’ knowledge about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies sought from these marketing activities.

Methods. We performed systematic searches on previously secret tobacco industry documents, and we summarized the themes and contexts of relevant search results.

Results. Tobacco company research confirmed the association between tobacco use and alcohol use. Tobacco companies explored promotional strategies linking cigarettes and alcohol, such as jointly sponsoring special events with alcohol companies to lower the cost of sponsorships, increase consumer appeal, reinforce brand identity, and generate increased cigarette sales. They also pursued promotions that tied cigarette sales to alcohol purchases, and cigarette promotional events frequently featured alcohol discounts or encouraged alcohol use.

Conclusions. Tobacco companies’ numerous marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol may have reinforced the use of both substances. Because using tobacco and alcohol together makes it harder to quit smoking, policies prohibiting tobacco sales and promotion in establishments where alcohol is served and sold might mitigate this effect. Smoking cessation programs should address the effect that alcohol consumption has on tobacco use.
Health Status, Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context, and Premature Mortality in the United States: The National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Doubeni Chyke A. , Schootman Mario , Major Jacqueline M. , Torres Stone Rosalie A. , Laiyemo Adeyinka O. , Park Yikyung , Lian Min , Messer Lynne , Graubard Barry I. , Sinha Rashmi , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We examined whether the risk of premature mortality associated with living in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods varies according to the health status of individuals.

Methods. Community-dwelling adults (n = 566 402; age = 50–71 years) in 6 US states and 2 metropolitan areas participated in the ongoing prospective National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study, which began in 1995. We used baseline data for 565 679 participants on health behaviors, self-rated health status, and medical history, collected by mailed questionnaires. Participants were linked to 2000 census data for an index of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. The main outcome was all-cause mortality ascertained through 2006.

Results. In adjusted survival analyses of persons in good-to-excellent health at baseline, risk of mortality increased with increasing levels of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. Neighborhood socioeconomic mortality disparities among persons in fair-to-poor health were not statistically significant after adjustment for demographic characteristics, educational achievement, lifestyle, and medical conditions.

Conclusions. Neighborhood socioeconomic inequalities lead to large disparities in risk of premature mortality among healthy US adults but not among those in poor health.
Estimates of Smoking-Related Property Costs in California Multiunit Housing
Authors: Ong Michael K. , Diamant Allison L. , Zhou Qiong , Park Hye-Youn , Kaplan Robert M.
Published: August 2011

We systematically evaluated smoking-related costs in multiunit housing. From 2008 to 2009, we surveyed California multiunit housing owners or managers on their past-year smoking-related costs and smoke-free policies. A total of 27.1% of respondents had incurred smoking-related costs (mean $4935), and 33.5% reported complete smoke-free policies, which lowered the likelihood of incurring smoking-related costs. Implementing statewide complete smoke-free policies may save multiunit housing property owners $18 094 254 annually.
Changes in Retail Tobacco Promotions in a Cohort of Stores Before, During, and After a Tobacco Product Display Ban
Authors: Cohen Joanna E. , Planinac Lynn , Lavack Anne , Robinson Daniel , O'Connor Shawn , DiNardo Joanne
Published: August 2011

We used a longitudinal design to investigate the impact of a government policy banning the display of tobacco products at the point of sale. The extent of tobacco promotions in 481 randomly selected stores was documented at 4 points in time (2005–2009). Tobacco promotions were greatly reduced after implementation of the display ban. A ban on the display of tobacco products and other signage and promotions at retail is a critical tobacco-control policy to reduce people's exposure to tobacco marketing.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality Risk Among US Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Egede Leonard E. , Dismuke Clara , Echols Carrae
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We examined the association of race/ethnicity with mortality risk in a national cohort of US veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury.

Methods. Between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006, we obtained data from a national cohort study of 7885 non-Hispanic White, 1748 Non-Hispanic Black, 314 Hispanic, and 4743 other or missing race/ethnicity veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury in Veterans Affairs medical centers and community-based outpatient clinics.

Results. Overall mortality at 48 months was 6.7% in Hispanic, 2.9% in non-Hispanic White, and 2.7% in non-Hispanic Black veterans. Compared with non-Hispanic White, Hispanic ethnicity was positively associated with a higher mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49, 3.64) in the race/ethnicity-only adjusted model. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, Hispanic ethnicity continued to be positively associated (HR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.58) with a higher mortality risk relative to non-Hispanic White ethnicity.

Conclusions. Hispanic ethnicity is positively associated with higher mortality risk among veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. More research is needed to understand the reasons for this disparity.
Effectiveness and Spillover of an After-School Health Promotion Program for Hispanic Elementary School Children
Authors: de Heer Hendrik D. , Koehly Laura , Pederson Rockie , Morera Osvaldo
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness and spillover of an after-school health education and physical activity program among Hispanic elementary school children.

Methods. In fall 2008, students in third through fifth grades in 6 schools in El Paso, Texas (n = 901), were randomized to intervention (n = 292 participants) or control (n = 354) classrooms (4 unknown). Intervention classrooms also contained a spillover group (n = 251) that did not join the after-school program but that completed measurements and surveys. The intervention was a 12-week culturally tailored after-school program meeting twice a week. Four-month outcomes were body mass index, aerobic capacity, and dietary intentions and knowledge. We calculated intervention exposure as the proportion of after-school participants per classroom.

Results. Intervention exposure predicted lower body mass index (P = .045), higher aerobic capacity (P = .012), and greater intentions to eat healthy (P = .046) for the classroom at follow-up. Intervention effectiveness increased with increasing proportions of intervention participants in a classroom. Nonparticipants who had classroom contact with program participants experienced health improvements that could reduce their risk of obesity.

Conclusions. Spillover of beneficial intervention effects to nonparticipants is a valuable public health benefit and should be part of program impact assessments.
Quid Pro Quo: Tobacco Companies and the Black Press
Authors: McCandless Phyra M. , Yerger Valerie B. , Malone Ruth E.
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We explored the relationship between tobacco companies and the Black press, which plays an important role in conveying information and opinions to Black communities.

Methods. In this archival case study, we analyzed data from internal tobacco industry documents and archives of the National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), the trade association of the Black press.

Results. In exchange for advertising dollars and other support, the tobacco industry expected and received support from Black newspapers for tobacco industry policy positions. Beginning in the 1990s, resistance from within the Black community and reduced advertising budgets created counterpressures. The tobacco industry, however, continued to sustain NNPA support.

Conclusions. The quid pro quo between tobacco companies and the Black press violated journalistic standards and represented an unequal trade. Although numerous factors explain today's tobacco-related health disparities, the Black press's service to tobacco companies is problematic because of the trust that the community placed in such media. Understanding the relationship between the tobacco industry and the NNPA provides insight into strategies that the tobacco industry may use in other communities and countries.
Increasing Hookah Use in California
Authors: Smith Joshua R. , Edland Steven D. , Novotny Thomas E. , Hofstetter C. Richard , White Martha M. , Lindsay Suzanne P. , Al-Delaimy Wael K.
Published: August 2011

Hookah use is gaining popularity nationwide. We determined the correlates and trends for hookah use from the California Tobacco Survey. Between 2005 and 2008 hookah use increased more than 40%, and in 2008, 24.5% of young men reported ever using a hookah. Hookah use was more common among the young (18–24 years), the educated, the non-Hispanic Whites, and the cigarette smokers. Hookah use is increasing in California, especially among young adults, and in 2008 reached the highest prevalence ever reported for both genders.
Another Look at the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Experience in Canada
Authors: Mah Catherine L. , Deber Raisa B. , Guttmann Astrid , McGeer Allison , Krahn Murray
Published: August 2011

Policy debates about immunization frequently focus on classic trade-offs between individual versus collective well-being. Publicly funded immunization programs are usually justified on the basis of widespread public benefit with minimal individual risk.

We discuss the example of the policy process surrounding the adoption of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in Canada to consider whether public good arguments continue to dominate immunization policymaking.

Specifically, we show how a range of stakeholders framed HPV vaccination as a personal—rather than a public—matter, despite the absence of a controversy over mandatory immunization as was the case in the United States. Our findings suggest an erosion of the persuasiveness of public good arguments around collective immunization programs in the policy discourse.
Informational Privacy, Public Health, and State Laws
Authors: O'Connor Jean , Matthews Gene
Published: August 2011

Developments in information technology that make it possible to rapidly transmit health information also raise questions about the possible inappropriate use and protection of identifiable (or potentially identifiable) personal health information.

Despite efforts to improve state laws, adoption of provisions has lagged. We found that half of states have no statutes addressing nondisclosure of personally identifiable health information generally held by public health agencies. Exceptional treatment of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, or tuberculosis-related information was common. Where other provisions were found, there was little consistency in the laws across states.

The variation in state laws supports the need to build consensus on the appropriate use and disclosure of public health information among public health practitioners.
Intergenerational Relationships Between the Smoking Patterns of a Population-Representative Sample of US Mothers and the Smoking Trajectories of Their Children
Authors: Weden Margaret M. , Miles Jeremy N. V.
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We assessed intergenerational transmission of smoking in mother-child dyads.

Methods. We identified classes of youth smoking trajectories using mixture latent trajectory analyses with data from the Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 6349). We regressed class membership on prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal smoking, including social and behavioral variables, to control for selection.

Results. Youth smoking trajectories entailed early-onset persistent smoking, early-onset experimental discontinued smoking, late-onset persistent smoking, and nonsmoking. The likelihood of early onset versus late onset and early onset versus nonsmoking were significantly higher among youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus either postnatally alone or unexposed. Controlling for selection, the increased likelihood of early onset versus nonsmoking remained significant for each exposure group versus unexposed, as did early onset versus late onset and late onset versus nonsmoking for youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus unexposed. Experimental smoking was notable among youths whose mothers smoked but quit before the child's birth.

Conclusions. Both physiological and social role-modeling mechanisms of intergenerational transmission are evident. Prioritization of tobacco control for pregnant women, mothers, and youths remains a critical, interrelated objective.
A Model for Dental Practice in the 21st Century
Authors: Lamster Ira B. , Eaves Kayleigh
Published: August 2011

The dental profession is responsible for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and disorders of the oral cavity and related structures. Although the majority of the US population receives excellent oral health care, a significant portion is unable to access regular care.

Along with proposals to develop midlevel providers, the scope of practice for dentists needs to be reconceptualized and expanded. A broad number of primary health care activities may be conducted in the dental office, such as screening for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dermatopathology; smoking prevention and cessation activities; and obesity interventions.

More than 70% of adults saw a dentist in the past year, which represents an unrealized opportunity to improve both oral health and general health.
Examining Whether Dental Therapists Constitute a Disruptive Innovation in US Dentistry
Authors: Edelstein Burton L.
Published: August 2011

Dental therapists—midlevel dental providers who are roughly analogous to nurse practitioners in medicine—might constitute a disruptive innovation within US dentistry.

Proponents tend to claim that dental therapists will provide more equitable access to dental care; opponents tend to view them from a perspective that focuses on retaining the current attributes of the dental profession. Therapists display traits similar to those of disruptive innovations: their attributes are different from dentists’, they may not initially be valued by current dental patients, they may appeal to current dental underutilizers, and they may transform the dental delivery system.

Whether dental therapists constitute a disruptive innovation will only be determined retrospectively.
Differences in the Social Networks of African American Men Who Have Sex With Men Only and Those Who Have Sex With Men and Women
Authors: Latkin Carl , Yang Cui , Tobin Karin , Penniman Typhanye , Patterson Jocelyn , Spikes Pilgrim
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We compared social network characteristics of African American men who have sex with men only (MSMO) with social network characteristics of African American men who have sex with men and women (MSMW).

Methods. Study participants were 234 African American men who have sex with men who completed a baseline social network assessment for a pilot behavioral HIV prevention intervention in Baltimore, Maryland, from 2006 through 2009. We surveyed the men to elicit the characteristics of their social networks, and we used logistic regression models to assess differences in network characteristics.

Results. MSMO were significantly more likely than were MSMW to be HIV-positive (52% vs 31%). We found no differences between MSMO and MSMW in the size of kin networks or emotional and material support networks. MSMW had denser sexual networks, reported more concurrent and exchange partners, used condoms with more sexual partners, and reported interaction with a larger number of sexual partners at least once a week.

Conclusions. Although there were many similarities in the social and sexual network characteristics of MSMO and MSMW, differences did exist. HIV prevention interventions should address the unique needs of African American MSMW.
US Health Care Reform and the Future of Dentistry
Authors: Sparer Michael
Published: August 2011

THE PATIENT PROTECTION and Affordable Care Act has grand ambitions: to provide insurance coverage to more than 30 million currently uninsured Americans, to slow increases in health care costs, to reorganize the health care delivery system, and to improve the quality of care provided to all.

Where does the oral health community fit in this initiative? Should dentists “scope up” to become a more active part of the primary care workforce? Or should dentists “scope down” and delegate parts of the traditional dental tool kit to midlevel practitioners?

Our nation's public health largely depends on whether we can create a more integrated and public health–oriented delivery system. The oral health, physical health, and public health communities should address this challenge together.
Effect of Ozone Application on the Resin-dentin Microtensile Bond Strength
Authors: Rodrigues PCF , Souza JB , Soares CJ , Lopes LG , Estrela C
Published: August 2011

When ozone is used during caries treatment, bond strength can be compromised by the release of oxygen. The use of antioxidant agents neutralizes the free oxygen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ozone and sodium ascorbate on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Forty human third molars were divided into four groups: Group 1, not treated with ozone; Group 2, ozone application followed by acid etching; Group 3, acid etching followed by ozone application; and Group 4, ozone and application of sodium ascorbate. Bonded beams (1.0 mm2) were tested under tension (0.5 mm min−1). The μTBS values were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test (p=0.05). All beams that fractured were analyzed under stereomicroscopy (40×). Group 1 had significantly higher μTBS values than Group 2 or 3. The μTBS values of Groups 1 and 4 were similar and higher than those of Group 2. The use of ozone in Group 2 resulted in lower values of μTBS in all conditions evaluated. The predominant failure mode was adhesive. The application of ozone decreased the μTBS of the dentin-composite resin interface. These values were reversed when compared with Groups 1 and 2 when sodium ascorbate was used.