bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Clifford Tony
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book is to explain the basic physical principles underlying the use of supercritical fluids. The relevant areas of physical chemistry are adapted to the context of supercritical fluids and attention is drawn to the special behaviour obtained in the medium. Although the areas are discussed comprehensively, description of all the complexities possible is avoided, so that the basic principles are clear. Experimental examples are used only to illustrate the principles and there is no attempt to review all the work published. Some of the topics, and in particular the principles of supercritical fluid fractionation, are not presently covered in other books or published in the refereed literature. The first half of the book covers the very basic topics of phase behaviour, thermodynamic properties, transport properties, especially diffusion, the effect of intermolecular forces, structure and fluctuations. In the second half, some topics in which these principles have been widely applied in the literature are described, namely separation methods and chemical reactions.
Organoselenium chemistry: an overview
Authors: Back Thomas G
Published: November 2023

Organoselenium compounds have been known since the nineteenth century. Early examples included simple alkyl selenols, selenides, selenoxides and diselenides, which often proved to be highly malodorous, unstable, and generally unpleasant to handle. These properties did little to enhance interest in the fledgling field of organoselenium chemistry and progress was relatively slow for many decades. The recognition of the toxic properties of selenium compounds in the 1930s, and, on the other hand, the subsequent realization that selenium is an essential trace element in the diet, prompted more vigorous investigation of the biological properties of both organic and inorganic compounds of the element. Simultaneously, interest in the physical and analytical chemistry of organoselenium compounds grew, and a more systematic understanding of their structures and reactions began to emerge.
Selenoxide eliminations
Authors: Back Thomas G
Published: November 2023

The selenoxide syn-elimination has emerged as one of the synthetically most useful olefin-forming reactions (Equation 2.1), and numerous examples have appeared in the past 25 years. The reaction requires much milder conditions than other pyrolytic syn-eliminations such as ester pyrolyses, Chugaev, Cope, and sulfoxide eliminations, etc., often proceeding readily at or below room temperature. The strong polarization of the Se-0 bond and high basicity of the oxygen atom, as well as the cleavage of a relatively weak C-Se bond, contribute to the driving force of the reaction. Moreover, the selenide starting materials are easily prepared, most commonly by using either electrophilic (see Chapter 3) or nucleophilic (see Chapter 4) selenium reagents.
Synthesis and reactions of carbonyl selenide and isoselenocyanates
Authors: Fujiwara Shin-Ichi , Kambe Nobuaki , Sonoda Noboru
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with practical uses of carbonyl selenide (Se=C=O, 1) in organic synthesis and related synthetic reactions of isoselenocyanates (RN=C=Se, 2), the structures of which are isoelectronic with 1. Carbonyl selenide (1) is a selenium analogue of carbon dioxide (CO2). It is a colourless gas, b.p. -22.9°C and m.p. -122.2°C. Although carbonyl selenide (1) has potential synthetic utility, like carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide (SCO), especially for the introduction of selenium moieties into organic molecules, little attention had been paid to it until a few decades ago, mainly because of the lack of practical synthetic methods for obtaining 1
Species
Authors: Payne Robert B
Published: November 2023

In his book On the origin of species, Darwin (1859, 1875) recognized a species as a morphologically distinct class of individuals. He avoided a formal definition of the term, and he even referred to “the vain search for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species”. Earlier, when Linnaeus (1758) wrote Systema naturae and estab lished systematic biology, he described species as morphologically distinct kinds.A more current idea recognizes a biological species as a class of individuals that interbreed with each other, at least when they live in the same population (Mayr 1963, Klein and Takahata 2002). In most kinds of birds it is clear whether individuals are members of the same species, where sex for sex and age for age the birds look alike within a population and among geographic populations. However, some populations live in different regions and the birds can differ somewhat in plumage but otherwise appear to be the same kind of bird. This geographical separation of populations can be a challenge to the biological species concept (Cracraft 1983). However, most biologists find reasonable and rewarding the notion of species being composed of populations with restricted gene flow between these and other populations (Avise 1994).
Brood parasitism
Authors: Payne Robert B
Published: November 2023

Brood parasitism is the most fascinating feature of cuckoo biology. Cuckoo parasites use other species to rear their young, and how the behavior evolved as a reproductive strategy demands an explanation (Darwin 1859, Hamilton 1972). Brood-parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other species, their hosts, and the nesting pair that rears the cuckoos are the foster parents. These birds incubate the cuckoo eggs along with their own, and when the cuckoo egg hatches they feed the young cuckoo. The foster parents forfeit their own repro ductive success when the nestling cuckoo removes the hosts ‘ eggs or nestlings. Some cuckoo eggs mimic the background color and spot pattern of the eggs of their host, and the eggs of a single species of cuckoo may vary among females, each matching the eggs of a different species of host. Host egg mimicry in cuckoo eggs has been known for a long time. In Europe, the eggs of Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus often match the eggs of the host nest where they lay, as noted in 1850 (Kunz 1850), described in detail by Baldamus (1853, 1892), and explained as a result of selection by the host, which removes from the nest any eggs unlike its own, by A. Newton (1896). In fact, Newton cited naturalists ‘ knowledge of cuckoo egg mimicry as early as the second century CE.
Couinae
Authors: Payne Robert B
Published: November 2023

hair-like down on the top of head, also on back; skin black, gape bright red, edge of tongue black. Nestling pinfeathers break through the skin at 6 days when the pins are 2.5 mm long on the wing, at 11 days, feather brushes emerge from pins; the eyes open at 7 days (Frauca 1967, Pratt 1972, Hoppe 1988, Taplin and Beurteaux 1992). In New Guinea a short-tailed young was carried by the parent in flight as the adult held the body of the young in its claws (Bell 1969, 1970, 1984). Nestlings weigh 18.6 g at hatching and 123.5 g at fledging (male?), or 41% of adult male weight. Undisturbed nestlings fledge in 17 to 21 days (Cooper 1953).The natal down is gone within a week of fledging, and the young are independent at 40 days.A female may lay several clutches and rear three to four broods in a season (Mackness 1979). Breeding success, of 14 nestlings, 11 (79%) fledged, others were taken by a predator (Frauca 1967,Taplin and Beurteaux 1992).
The persistent radical effect: non-chain processes
Authors: Zard Samir Z
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters, we dealt mostly with chain reactions where the desired end product is elaborated in the propagation steps. The faster these were, the greater the efficiency: less initiator is needed; fewer unwanted side reactions can compete; and radical-radical interactions constituting the termination become negligible. Indeed, the whole approach was geared to reduce radical-radical interactions by keeping the steady-state concentration of the intermediate radical species as low as possible. Since these interactions are generally diffusion controlled and notoriously unselective, it might seem, at first sight, that domesticating inter-radical reactions for synthetic purposes is doomed from the outset.
The Flavor of Numerical Analysis
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

Teaching numerical analysis, or, more generally, the analysis of calculation procedures, often has the reputation of being pointless. Chapter 1 will, I hope, have convinced the reader that it is useful to think about numerical methods. The present chapter introduces some mathematical techniques which are extremely common in numerical analysis.
Iterations and recurrence
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

We know, from Chapter 9, that elimination can be used to solve linear systems in a finite number of machine operations. However, there are at least two non-elementary difficulties. The first one is that the LU decomposition is approximately as bulky as the original matrix, and the Cholesky is about half as bulky as the original decomposition. However, when discretizing partial differential equations, we do not even create the matrix as an object in the computer memory. We are content to describe it by its action on vectors, and for that we do not need the whole matrix in memory, we just need an algorithm.
Finite Fields
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

1.1 Definitions and existence (i) A field is a set K closed under two operations+, × such that (a) (K, +) is an abelian group with identity O; (b) (Ko, ×) is an abelian group with identity 1, where Ko= K\{O); (c) x(y + z) = xy + xz, (x + y)z = xz + yz, for all .r,y, z in K. (ii) A finite field is a field with only a finite number of elements. (iii) The characteristic of a finite field K is the smallest positive integer (and hence a prime) p such that px = 0 for all x in K.
Arithmetic of arcs of degree two
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

For a k-arc K, let ci be the number of points of Π\K of index exactly i, let ti be the number of points through which exactly i unisecants pass, and let ei be the number of points through which exactly i external lines of K pass.
Arcs of higher degree
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

A (k; n)-arc of a projective plane is the complement of a t-fold blocking set with n + t = q + 1. For this reason many of the results occurring in the next chapter in relation to multiple blocking sets may be relevant to (k; n)-arcs. In general, (k; n)-arcs are considered when n is small and t-fold blocking sets when t is small.
Introduction to Spectrum Management
Authors: Struzak Ryszard
Published: November 2023

A hundred years after its invention, radio has entered a new era. The development of communication and computer technologies and their convergence generate applications that were difficult to imagine a few years ago. Radio has become indispensable for society to function. Areas in which radio waves have become irreplaceable are numerous: national defence, disaster warning, public safety, air-traffic control and weather forecasting are only a few examples. The most spectacular illustration is, however, the conquest of space; the moon landing in 1969 would never have been possible without radio (Dooling 1994). Remote sensing satellites are invaluable in discovering natural resources and monitoring the climate. With resolutions of the order of a metre available they allow the identification, quantification, mapping, and monitoring of land cover, agriculture, and water resources (Bell 1995). The world has seen an absence of major war conflicts thanks to ‘spy satellites’ that have continuously monitored military activities from space. Radio astronomy has opened new windows to the Universe and has contributed to a better understanding of the laws of nature (Zorpette 1995). Radio and television broadcasting have become the main source of everyday information for most people in the world. The Olympic Games, for instance, are watched by approximately two billion people, and there are more radio receivers than telephones throughout the world. Radio and television play a principal role in meeting the information needs of illiterate people.
Meta-Heuristics and Channel Assignment
Authors: Hurley Stephen , Smith Derek
Published: November 2023

The channel (or frequency) assignment problem CAP (or FAP) arises in various forms and is a computationally hard problem to solve. In the 1960s and 1970s the effort was directed at developing simple greedy methods, heuristic methods (Zoellner and Beall 1977; Box 1978), and in very specialized cases, exact methods. During the 1980s general interest in so-called meta-heuristic methods dramatically increased. This was due to their apparent widespread success in solving a variety of difficult problems. This chapter will describe three such meta-heuristics: evolutionary algorithms (EA), simulated annealing (SA), and tabu search (TS). Their development for channel assignment will be discussed. Considerable interest has also been shown in using neural networks for channel assignment, but their performance has, at the time of writing, been relatively poor. They will, therefore, not be considered in detail here.
Cell and Frequency Planning
Authors: Allen Stuart , Hurley Stephen , Whitaker Roger
Published: November 2023

The engineering of radio networks for mobile communications consists of several tasks—the estimation of a traffic demand model, base station site selection, antenna configuration to achieve area coverage while minimizing the risk of interference and ultimately channel assignment (in FTDMA networks).
Introduction
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

The history of communications is a branch of the history of technology but, strictly speaking, it is in a category of its own. The goods produced by technology, whether a piece of machinery, a piece of clothing or a piece of furniture, are tangible; they perform some useful function. The goods produced by communications are messages. They are mostly useless but when they are useful they can be very, very useful. For that reason communications has always been regarded as a good thing by all peoples at all times. Even in prehistoric times a tribal chief of average intelligence would have easily appreciated both the military and economic implications. He would have dearly loved to receive reports like ‘Scores of heavily armed Mugurus sighted at edge of Dark Dense Forest’ or ‘Buffalo herd fording Little Creek at Mossy Green Meadow’.
The communications revolution
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

The Second World War gave an enormous push to all things technological but the main beneficiary was not communications: rather it was aircraft propulsion, rockets, radar and of course the not-quite-so-peaceful side of nuclear engineering. Gigantic advances gave rise to gigantic confidence, best characterized by the American maxim: the difficult we do right away, the impossible takes a little longer.
Microwaves
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Moving towards higher frequencies has two great advantages: more channels can be accommodated and it is easier to concentrate a beam in a narrow direction. A measure of the concentration achieved is the ‘gain’ which says how much more power is available at the receiver due to the directionality of the transmitting aerial.1 This gain depends on the area of the aerial and on the wavelength. In fact, it is proportional to the total area of the aerial divided by the area of a square each side of which is a wavelength (Fig. 9.1). For an aerial of 3 m diameter and a frequency of 1.7GHz (corresponding to a wavelength of 17.6cm) the gain turns out to be about 3000. Reducing the wavelength by a factor of 4, which would bring us near to some of the wavelengths used by satellite systems, the gain increases by a factor of 16. Thus the saving in power resulting from the use of shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) is really very large.
Mobile communications
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

The desire to communicate between any two points which may move relative to each other must be as old as civilization itself. I have already mentioned in the introduction a tribal chief of average intelligence who would have loved to receive reports from reconnaissance parties. And the same views must have been shared by all and sundry. Had mobile communications existed it would have been a great benefit to all. Take for example the young couple from Verona whose parents were rather antagonistic about the idea of their marriage. Had Friar Lawrence been able to phone the banished Romeo in Mantua, the impending tragedy would surely have been averted.
The fax machine
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Fax, as most people will know, is a contracted form of facsimile. It comes from two latin words facere = to do (the imperative form is ‘fac’) and simile = similar. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first use of the word appears in 1691. The sentence quoted in the dictionary is ‘a facsimile might easily be taken’ meaning by it an exact copy. In this sense taking a facsimile goes back a long time. The motivation to take an exact copy must be as old as writing itself. It seems fairly lilcely that as soon as Moses came down from the Mount of Sinai (and the little incident with the golden calf was over) several craftsmen must have been busy taking a facsimile of the stone tablets.
The communications-computing symbiosis
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Symbiosis means a mutually advantageous association of organisms or persons, the term coming originally from biology. It sounds a bit high-falutin’, but it is quite a good way of saying that communications and computing have been helping each other. All modern communications equipment has a computer in it, and most computers have means to communicate with other computers.
Mathematical Aspects of Heat Transfer in Rheology
Authors: Barnes H A , Edwards M F
Published: November 2023

In this paper we seek to bring an industrial perspective to the study of the mathematical aspects of heat transfer in non-Newtonian liquids. We suggest what kinds of duct geometries and what kinds of non-Newtonian liquids are really important for studies that are of immediate benefit to the process industries. In particular we are concerned about using rheological constitutive equations other than those traditionally used, i.e. simple power-law-type models, and also their application to complex geometries that provide enhanced heat transfer in order to shorten cycle times, thus increasing output and/or improving capital-asset utilisation in industrial operations. The complexity involved in mathematical studies using such models and geometries invariably means that solving actual problems entails the use of CFD-type analysis that is far beyond analytical solution. One practical difficulty then becomes the availability of good experimental data to produce the temperature-sensitive parameters necessary for the use of these complex models.
CFD Modelling of Radiative-Convective Heat Flux Sensor
Authors: Al-Far S , Qubian A , Daviesm G , Burns T
Published: November 2023

A heat flux sensor to determine the relative contribution of convective and radiative to the total heat transfer has been developed. A selection of sensor sizes has been investigated for a range of operational heat transfer modes (radiative-convective, radiative and convective). A CFD simulation has been used to assess their suitability for further modelling work, and the results from both experimental and CFD work have been compared.
Evolution of a 1D Plasma to Thermal Equilibrium
Authors: Bell G E , Walsh R W
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the nature of the evolution of a perturbed plasma as it relaxes back to its equilibrium state. The work arose as a result of a computational study of the response of the plasma within a Solar Coronal Loop to fluctuations in heat generation within the Solar atmosphere. Here the authors consider a much simplified model problem which includes all the salient features of the full coronal loop model in order to identify the source of oscillations observed in the numerical solution. It is shown that the simulation is merely mimicking a feature of the underlying fluid equations used in the model.
Stefan Problem in Blow Moulding Operations
Authors: Bradean R , Ingham D B , Heggs P J
Published: November 2023

The solidification of a polymer in a blow moulding operation is modelled as a one-dimensional Stefan problem, and an accurate finite-difference solution is obtained based upon a boundary-immobilization formulation. For small times after solidification starts at either end, convergent numerical results could only be obtained when using an appropriate transformation of the temperature distribution within the polymer, and were found to be in very good agreement with the small-time analytical results obtained by Boley (l]. For larger times, the numerical results were found to be in good agreement with those given by an enthalpy-based numerical solution (2). A detailed discussion of the numerical results for the temperature distribution within the polymer and for the moving boundaries is presented.
Modelling of Heat Transfer in the Curing of Insulated Cables
Authors: Bragg R , Pears T J , Rushton E
Published: November 2023

A mathematical model of the continuous vulcanization process has been developed to predict the temperature and degree of cure within cables. Finite differences have been used to model single-core cables, while the more complex geometry of multiple-core cables has been modelled using the finite element method. It has been found that for cables with thick insulation, particularly those with multiple cores, temperature changes and the degree of cure at the innermost parts of the insulation can lag behind those near the surface to a significant extent.
Heat Transfer in Film Inundation Flow over a Cylinder
Authors: Wilks G , Howell C J
Published: November 2023

The draining flow under gravity of condensate in a power condenser is considered, and the heat transfer characteristics of an individual coolant tube, inundated at moderate to high Reynolds numbers, are established.

A power condenser is made up of a large bank of horizontal coolant tubes. In the upper reaches of the condenser droplet condensation and drainage prevails. However, condensate accumulation ultimately leads to considerable flow of condensate over tubes at lower stations in the condenser. At moderate to high flow rates it is no longer appropriate to use thin film approximations of heat transfer based solely on a balance between gravity and viscous forces.
Maps, Game Theor . and Computer-Based Modeling
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

Think first of a simple map, such as a road map (see Figure 3.1). If it is fairly complete, as is true of most state road maps, then the cities, towns, and villages are represented by dots or squares of varying sizes, and the roads connecting these population centers are represented by lines of various colors representing road quality. Some lakes and rivers may be indicated, but in general the map concentrates on population centers and roads. Two kinds of relations are preserved:
Neural Nets
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

On first thought, modeling networks of neurons would seem to be an enterprise having little in common with modeling a checkersplayer. My own first reaction to Art Samuel’s checkersplayer, as I mentioned earlier, was to think the ideas fascinating but far removed from the study of neural networks. The previous chapter established Samuel’s insights as much deeper, and more far-ranging, than conveyed by the word “fascinating.” Now I must rescind the “far removed” as well. At the right level of comparison, the models of neural networks have much in common with Samuel’s checkersplayer, as we’ll soon see. We’ll also see that a close look at neural nets takes us further in our understanding of the phenomenon of emergence. We can preview the new perspective by retelling Hofstadter’s suggestive (1979) metaphor of the ant colony.
Illustration of the principles of voltammetry at solid-electrode-solvent (electrolyte) interfaces when redox active microparticles are adhered to an electrode surface
Authors: Bond A M
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, the basic theory describing the voltammetry associated with oxidation or reduction of an ideal thin layer was considered. Unfortunately, such ideally behaved thin films are rarely encountered in practice and cannot even be prepared for many redox active systems. Thus, concepts based on these principles have limited applicability. As an alternative to preparation of films modified electrodes, a general form of attachment of solids to electrode surfaces has arisen from the work of Scholz et al. [1–4].
Nuclear Overhauser effect
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

At the scientific meeting where Overhauser1 first proposed that NMR signals might be enhanced by a very large factor simply by saturating the conduction electrons in a metal, many of the physicists present could not believe it was possible. It was felt that this somehow violated the second law of thermodynamics by creating nuclear spin order some 103 times higher than it had any right to be. Overhauser’s suggestion was soon proved correct by experiments2 on lithium, and the concept of dynamic nuclear polarization was born.3 Later it became clear that an analogous cross-relaxation experiment could be performed between two different species of nuclear spins.
Fundamentals of modelling
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

Statistical modelling is the attempt to describe systematic features in observed data by mathematical means in the presence of variability. By a statistical model I mean a mathematical formulation of relationships in data that allows the probability of those observed data, and other similar data sets, to be calculated. Models that make the observed data more probable are considered to be superior, although this must be tempered by the need for simplicity.
Heterogeneous populations
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

In this part, I shall be dealing with responses that take the form of quantitative measurements, usually supposed to have any value on the real line. In addition, in this chapter and the next, I shall he assuming that the distribution of these observations has the symmetrical form of a normal distribution (or can be transformed to it, a,; in the log normal distribution). Classically, these have been the assumptions most often used for the analysis of repeated measurements data, so that a reasonable variety of models is available and their properties are well known.
Frailty
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, I studied events, but generally in aggregated form as counts. However, individual events must occur in time and this will often provide additional important information. Thus, a duration is the waiting time to some event. An event history is a series of successive events, with the accompanying durations between them. Studies of such processes have at least two aspects: a continuous variable measuring the time that has passed so far and a discrete variable indicating whether an event has occurred or not at each time point. A third (set oi) variable(s), called a mark, may indicate what kind of event it is, or other relevant information, yielding a marked point process.
Design issues
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

Some of the basic types of repeated measurements designs were outlined in Section 1.3. In this chapter, I shall discuss some of the problems that may arise in planning a study and some ways to avoid them. I shall first look at two of the most important issues in designing a study, the calculation of sample size and the procedures of randomization. Next, I shall consider situations in which one may be required to draw marginal conclusions; this can raise especially difficult problems of design and interpretation. Another area of ambiguity arises with random effects models. In this text, I have used them simply as a procedure for constructing multivariate models. However, they are widely employed, often with a view to justifying the extrapolation of con elusions. The validity of such a procedure will depend on the design used. Still another topic, event history analysis, poses its own specific problems because, theoretically, one should monitor the units continuously to determine when events occur, although this is rarely actually possible. Finally, missing data and dropouts create even more serious problems for repeated measurements than in other areas of statistics.
Microparasite transmission and persistence
Authors: Swinton J , Woolhouse M E J , Begon M E , Dobson A P , Ferroglio E , Grenfell B T , Guberti V , Hails R S , Heesterbeek J A P , Lavazza A , Roberts M G , White P J , Wilson K
Published: November 2023

Microparasites are those pathogens whose epidemiology can be usefully modelled with a classification of hosts into susceptible, immune, or recovered individuals. They generally include the viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. The epidemiology of micro- parasites of wildlife naturally has much in common with the better-established studies of microparasite dynamics in human and domestic animals. While much of the basic theory was established in the context of humans, there are a number of features of wildlife epidemiology that give it a particular flavour, including variability in host demography, such as seasonal variation in birth rates, and the significance of social structuring, such as territoriality versus group living.
Jacobi–Perron algorithm
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

Basic references are Perron 1907, Bernstein 1971 and Schweiger 1973b (unfortunately the latter contains misprints and some errors). Kn+l : ={a= (ao, a1, … , an) : ao ≥ ai ≥ 0, ≤ 1 ≤ i ≤ n}. Then we define further The bottom map T which makes the diagram
Convergence and rational dependence
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will prove some results for Jacobi-Perron algorithm. Similar results are true for Podsypanin’s modification (Podsypanin 1977) and may be true for other multidimensional continued fractions, but a lot of details await verification.(Perron 1907): The Jacobi-Perron algorithm is not strongly convergent for n≥ 2. The case n ≥ 3 is easy.
Exploiting observed associations: manifest-variable models
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

The presence of associations between the variables of a multivariate system implies the existence of relationships among the variables, and the logical follow-on from the measurement of the associations is an investigation of these relationships. Often there is an implied predictive aim in the investigation, and formulating appropriate and parsimonious relationships among the variables is necessary for prediction. Various examples were cited in Chapter 14 to illustrate the different techniques concerned with measurement of association, and each one could give rise to a possible exercise in prediction. Thus we can readily envisage wanting to predict either the rainfall in the Northern region of Israel from knowledge of the rainfall in the other regions, or a person’s response on some physiological variables given his/her responses on other such variables (Section 14.3); to predict a child’s intelligence from his/her age and weight (Section 14.4); and to predict the head measurements of the second son in a family given the first son’s measurements (Section 14.5). Such predictive studies are among the most common sources of statistical involvement in scientific work, and examples abound in the literature: prediction of yield variables for crops from weather variables (Agriculture); prediction of physiological or biochemical responses from simple medical signs or symptoms (Medicine); prediction of criminological variables from socio-economic ones (Sociology). Even if prediction is not a primary concern, an appropriate expression of the relationships among the variables will assist in gaining a deeper understanding of, or extra insight into, the mechanism of the system.
Amazing mazes
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

Unlike most other mathematical problems, the study of mazes and labyrinths takes us into the dark territory of murder, suicide, adultery, passion, intrigue, religion, and conquest. Readers of a nervous disposition should proceed rapidly to the next chapter. However we encourage you to stay on, as this study will take us from the dawning of mathematical thought to the modern technology of digital electronics with many interesting diversions along the way. Solving mazes has traditionally been a source of recreation for all ages, but the mathematical techniques developed to accomplish the solution have applications to many important problems.
Dancing with mathematics
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

In the popular imagination, the mention of folk dancing conjures up many images. Brownies shuffling round an old church hall, while Brown Owl plays the piano and Tawny Owl sings encouragement. Morris dancers, decked out in flowers and ribbons and only slightly drunk, hitting each other on the head with large sticks. Mad Scotsmen, hurtling across the mountains, jumping on swords, and doing strange things with a haggis. This all seems rather remote from mathematical equations like. So why should mathematicians be at all interested in folk dancing? One possible explanation is that to the general public, mathematicians and folk dancers have one thing in common: they are eccentric, mad, and generally detached from reality. (Indeed it was Bernard Shaw who said that you should try anything once, apart from folk dancing.) But there is a much more significant connection between mathematics and folk dancing: both are concerned with patterns. To be precise we can think of a folk dance as the performance of a series of simple motions according to a set of rules. The purpose of these motions may seem strange at first but when combined together they can produce some wonderfully complex dances involving every girl or boy in the room. Indeed some of the best dances involve very complex patterns which marvellously simplify at the end of the dance so that you always end up with the same partner as the one you started with. If you watched such a dance from a bird’s eye view, you would see each dancer trace out an intricate path carefully interwoven with those of the other dancers. There in a nutshell is the basis for nearly all of the well-known traditional English, Scottish, and American dances such as Lucky Seven, Dashing White Sergeant, Nottingham Swing, Dorset Four Hand Reel, most square dances and, of course, the Hokey-Cokey (always a good dance to end an evening with, even if the mathematics behind it is a little simplistic). We shall show in this chapter that the patterns formed by the men and women in such dances are closely related to shapes like triangles and squares. Furthermore, the basic mathematics behind the patterns in a folk dance can also be applied to generate patterns in quite different areas, such as making up the tunes in bell-ringing, or knitting jumpers. This demonstrates the real power of good mathematics, that is the ability to transfer ideas rapidly from one area to a quite different one.
Magical mathematics
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

Most of us, if asked, would say that we like to watch magic and magic shows. If you were to think why you like magic you might come up with the following answers: magic shows are full of surprises, magic shows are dramatic, magic shows are mysterious, magic shows make you disbelieve the evidence of your own eyes, magic shows leave you wondering - how does the magician do that? Another feature of magic that adds to its mystery is that it is really hard to do well, and to put on a good magic show takes a lot of time and practice. There is also no absolute guarantee that all will go well on the night.
Practical aspects
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

Nonlinear modelling is a complex area of statistics that requires a solid basis, especially for data manipulation, specifying models, and drawing conclusions. Some of these fundamental problems will be considered here.

Data collected in medical studies can have very complex structures. For nonlinear models, unbalanced series of repeated measurements are often recorded on each subject. For example, these may be unequally spaced in time with different numbers of observations for each subject. Before even contemplating fitting any models, we must be able to manipulate the data easily and surely to ensure that we shall indeed really be fitting the models that we want. Nonstandard data structures are required.
Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

Pharmacokinetics involves the study of the course of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of some substance in a living body over time, usually relating it to the dose given. Thus, it is not concerned with what a drug does to the body, but only with how the drug moves through the body.

In order to model the concentration of some substance in the body over time, information must be collected from the body. Most often the substance of interest cannot be measured directly at the site of action so that its concentration in the blood or plasma is usually recorded.
Signal transduction pathways through small monomeric G proteins
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

Having introduced Ras, the master switch of the MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascades, we are now ready to put the pieces of the puzzle together and sum up the essential features of a typical cellular signalling pathway, the Ras/MAP kinase phosphorylation cascade.
The causes of cancer
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

Whatever the cause of cancer, chemical, physical, viral, or spontaneous, all cancers have in common changes of genes controlling the programme that regulates growth and differentiation of cells. Probably, the first person to see clearly the causal relation between defects in the genetic information of a cell, dysregulation of cellular proliferation, and malignant transformation was the eminent biologist, Theodor Bovery, Professor at the University of Würzburg. He wrote 1914, ‘In those cases, where the unconstrained tendency of cells to grow is the only phenomenon characterizing the disease, probably only the chromosomes (genes) which regulate cell division are either absent or are overactive’.
Sedation in the Imminently Dying Patient
Authors: Foley Raymond Voltz Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

Sedation in the imminently dying patient is an aspect of aggressive palliative care. It is most commonly a treatment option for refractory symptoms in a dying patient. The indication for sedation is dependent on several factors including the intractable nature of the symptoms, the articulated goals of care for comfort only, and the options for care. Sedation does not hasten death but is a commonly observed aspect of impending death. The goals of treatment, the methods used, and the decision making must be transparent and openly discussed, with guidelines focused on providing comfort and reducing suffering, not hastening death.
Copper: extracytoplasmic oxidases and matrix formation
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

There are five distinctive characteristics of the biochemistry of copper, four of which are chemical: Cu(II) is the most effective available divalent ion for binding to organic molecules (Fig. 2.8). Since this is in fair measure due to its electron affinity, it is also the best attacking acid available at around pH= 7, but it rarely used as such in organisms.
The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

It might well be thought that any doctor familiar with the facts outlined in preceding chapters would have no difficulty in diagnosing MS correctly, but this is far from being so. In some instances, the diagnosis is certainly obvious enough but even here some caution is advisable. In series of published case histories the average interval between the first symptom and diagnosis is several years. Early symptoms, such as pins and needles, even if persistent, are often ignored or, if the doctor is consulted, are misinterpreted. No general practitioner has much opportunity to obtain extensive personal experience of the more difficult aspects of the disease. When confronted by someone complaining of tingling or numbness of strange distribution, in whom no weakness or change in the reflexes conventionally examined can be found, it is possible that the patient, usually a young woman, might be being ‘hysterical’. The numbness complained of may be hard to detect by the usual methods of testing with pinpricks and cotton wool.
Coping with Multiple Scerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

No one who reads this chapter should think for a moment that everyone with MS must inevitably develop the more unpleasant symptoms described in this chapter. The existence of mild or ‘benign’ MS has been emphasized in earlier chapters. Everyone knows, however, that MS can be far from benign and it is those severely affected who are most in need of help in managing their lives.
Savannah Lives
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan
Published: November 2023

In a lively, personal style, Savannah Lives offers an introduction to the African savannahs as home to a unique wildlife and as the context for the origin and evolution of the human species. After briefly explaining the geology of the African continent and the climatic changes that have shaped its vegetation, Staffan Ulfstr and describes how the savannah is constantly modified by fire, water, elephants - and people. Much of the book is taken up with describing the lives of some of the most charismatic savannah species and how they have evolved to cope with the environment they lived in. Ulfstrand goes on to explain how our knowledge of animals' behaviour and evolution can provide insights into much of our behaviour and modern life-style. The book is written for everyone who is interested in the natural history of savannahs, in their animal inhabitants, and in the human species. Most of all, it will appeal to anyone who has visited or hopes to visit the fabulous scenery and spectacular animal diversity of Africa´s savannahs.
Preliminaries
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book, X denotes a non-empty finite set. The sets of integers, rational numbers, real numbers, non-negative real numbers, and positive real numbers will be denoted by ℤ, ℚ, ℝ, ℝ≤0, and ℝ<0, respectively. The collection of subsets of X is denoted by 2X.
Subtrees and supertrees
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

A central task in phylogenetics is to combine phylogenetic trees that classify overlapping sets of species into a single phylogenetic tree classifying the union of the sets of species. If possible, one would like the resulting parent tree to preserve all of the relationships that are shown in each of the initial phylogenetic trees. In this chapter, we formulate and examine this task for both the rooted and unrooted settings. As we shall see. the underlying concepts in this chapter are closely related to notions introduced earlier.
Neurocognitive deficits and first-episode schizophrenia: characterization and course
Authors: Bratti Irene M , Bilder Robert M
Published: November 2023

It is now widely acknowledged that neurocognitive deficits are an important aspect of the schizophrenia syndrome. Clinicians increasingly recognize the pervasive impact these deficits may have on daily functioning, and there is a new optimism that neurocognitive deficits may be at least partially ameliorated by novel psychopharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This chapter aims to describe the overall pattern of neurocognitive
Rational Conformal Field Theory (RCFT) and Paragroups
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

Conformal quantum field theory has experienced much interaction with various fields of mathematics in the last ten years. We will explain here relations between the combinatorial aspects of (rational) conformal field theory (RCFT) and the combinatorial aspects of paragroup theory.
Automorphisms Of Subfactors and Central Sequences
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

As seen in Section 13.4, the orbifold construction gives new series of interesting subfactors as simultaneous fixed point algebras of finite group actions on the original subfactors. This construction suggests that automorphisms appearing in the orbifold construction have interesting operator algebraic properties. The aim of this chapter is to show that this is indeed the case. This chapter is mainly for operator algebraists.
A Perspective of Computational Fluid Dynamics Research at NASA
Authors: Thomas J L
Published: November 2023

The current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) algorithms and the future needs of industry are reviewed from the perspective of the NASA program in aeronautics. The role of NASA’s program in aeronautics is to pioneer the development of advanced, economically viable aircraft that have improved performance, have increased safety and reliability, and are environmentally compatible. CFD complements theory and experiment (i.e., both ground-based experiments and flight testing) in the design, development, and assessment of these aircraft. The CFD codes are used extensively as analysis and design tools in NASA programs focused on a particular class of vehicle, such as the High-Speed Research or Advanced Subsonic Technology Programs. The simulations from CFD codes provide pathfinder demonstrations of new technology and an improved understanding of flow phenomena for fundamental investigations in fluid mechanics. In many cases, CFD has been used to design new experimental facilities.
Computational Fluid Dynamics in Airplane Design – an Industrial Point of View
Authors: Rill S , Becker K
Published: November 2023

If one studies the literature on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), focussing on the role that CFD plays in the aerodynamic design cycle, one will find several investigations that review that topic in the last decade. What makes it interesting, is the tremendous pace of the introduction of this new technology into the industrial aerodynamic design procedure in this timeframe. Very often, even the most optimistic projections of future CFD applications have been too conservative.