bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Role of Phytoplankton and the Drivers of Harmful Algal Blooms: Responses to Climate-Induced Stressors in Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Sezgin Rabia , Atakli Ugur , Balci Muharrem
Published: October 2024

Phytoplankton, a group of single-celled organisms capable of photosynthesis, are vital to marine ecosystems due to their primary production and role in biogeochemical cycles. They adapt to diverse environments and utilize complex nutritional strategies. Phytoplankton contribute to the global carbon cycle through carbon fixation and sequestration, particularly by diatoms and coccolithophores. However, climate change and anthropogenic impacts are altering their dynamics, with rising temperatures, acidification, and pollution affecting growth, productivity, and community structure. Harmful algal blooms (HABs), driven by eutrophication and increased nutrient loads, pose significant threats to marine ecosystems, causing toxic effects and disrupting food webs. Effective management of these issues requires extensive research, international cooperation, and informed policy measures. Understanding phytoplankton’s responses to environmental changes is crucial for predicting marine ecosystem futures and developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and pollution.
Non-Indigenous Species Gaining Advantage with Climate Change in the Aegean Sea
Authors: Gonulal Onur , Dalyan Cem , Kesici Nur Bikem , Tuney Inci
Published: October 2024

Over recent decades, climate change has led to an increase in the number of species introduced to areas outside their natural ranges. This inevitable increase in the Mediterranean Sea is facilitated through various vectors such as shipping, aquaculture, and escapes/releases from the aquarium trade and most importantly, opening of the Suez Canal. Despite the significant threats posed by non-indigenous species, current research efforts in the Aegean Sea remain fragmented, limiting our understanding of the overall impact of these species and other ecological threats. This study is crucial in providing a comprehensive assessment of the Aegean Sea’s marine ecosystems and offering an up-to-date evaluation of their current state. The non-indigenous species list was compiled based on the existing literature, covering the whole Aegean basin lying between the southern limits being roughly delimited by Kythira, Crete, Karpathos, Rhodes, Datça Peninsula, and the Straits of Çanakkale, and focusing on the vectors of introduction, origins, and observation years of species. A total of 393 non-indigenous species have been listed, with the highest number of species belonging to Mollusca. Since the year 2000, a significant increase in the introduction of non-indigenous species into the Aegean Sea has been observed. By synthesizing scientific literature on the presence of marine non-indigenous species along the Greek and Turkish Aegean coasts, this study establishes a comprehensive baseline for comparative purposes and to contribute to future monitoring efforts.
Emotional Abuse
Authors: Gurgezoglu Esra , Saddiki Hatice
Published: October 2024

Child abuse encompasses all behaviors that negatively affect the child’s health and development. The fact that anyone or an adult responsible for caring for the child neglects enough children to endanger the child’s health or development, physical violence against the child, using the child as a sexual object, it is considered child abuse to exploit the child economically and harms the child emotionally.

Among all these abuse behaviours, the most common one in daily life is emotional abuse of the child. However, the most difficult type of abuse to be noticed and detected is emotional abuse. Because emotional abuse does not cause a concrete physical injury to the child. Therefore, since there is no physical trace, it is difficult to detect and often goes unnoticed. However, the child’s emotional abuse causes psychological trauma in the child, although it does not cause a physical injury. Detection of this psychological trauma is often difficult, but it requires special expertise. Therefore, emotional abuse appears as an important phenomenon that threatens the child’s health.In this context; under this section, the definition of emotional abuse and the behaviours it covers, studies of emotional abuse in Türkiye and the world, the importance of detection of psychological trauma and the actors of the subject are discussed.
Cyber Abuse and Bullying at Children
Authors: Uysal Cem , Haspolat Yusuf Kenan
Published: October 2024

Cyberbullying, a form of cyber violence carried out through digital technologies, poses significant threats to psychological and emotional well-being, especially among children and adolescents. This chapter explores the various types of cyber violence, including harassment, doxxing, cyberstalking, defamation, online blackmail, trolling, flaming, and grooming, highlighting their pervasive nature and the difficulty in addressing them. The rapid digitalization of society and the increased use of social media and online communication platforms have exacerbated the prevalence of cyberbullying, creating complex challenges for prevention and intervention. The chapter also examines the psychological and social impacts on victims, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, social isolation, and in severe cases, suicidal tendencies. Furthermore, it discusses the role of digital literacy, legal frameworks, and educational strategies in combating cyberbullying, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and adaptive approaches to protect individuals in the digital age. The chapter concludes by calling for continued research, policy development, and collaborative efforts to create safer online environments.
Bullying
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz , Aslan Mahi
Published: October 2024

Peer bullying has become a critical public health issue worldwide. It is defined as causing emotional or physical harm to someone. There are important criteria for defining it; it must persist systematically, involve an imbalance of power, and be intentional. Experiencing bullying is a destructive relational issue with serious health effects. The effects of bullying on both the bully and the victim can be extensive. Those who experience bullying, both the victim and the perpetrator, suffer negative impacts on their academic achievement, social relationships, psychological well-being, and physical health. Beyond childhood and adolescence, the effects of bullying can persist into adulthood.
Working and Street Children
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz , Cansiz Alim
Published: October 2024

Child labor is one of the oldest issues in our society and remains an ongoing problem. Over time, child labor has evolved from working in agriculture or small craft workshops to being forcibly employed in factories as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Children have become highly profitable assets due to their low wages, less tendency to strike, and ease of manipulation. Socio-economic inequalities and lack of access to education are other factors contributing to child labor. Religious and cultural beliefs can be misleading and obscure the boundaries of child labor. Child labor inhibits the physical, intellectual, and emotional development of children. To date, there is no international agreement to completely eradicate child labor. This public health issue requires a multidisciplinary approach, from the education of children and their families to the development of comprehensive child labor laws and regulations.
Natural Disasters and Children
Authors: Baran Durmaz Gulbeyaz , Suicmez Metin
Published: October 2024

Every year, millions of children are affected by natural disasters, resulting in physical injuries and severe psychological issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examines the extensive impacts of natural disasters on children and the critical roles of pediatric nurses in this context. The study provides a detailed analysis of the specific effects of geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological, and extraterrestrial impact disasters on children. It emphasizes how natural disasters adversely affect children’s physical, emotional, and social development. The knowledge and skills required for pediatric nurses to provide emergency care, psychological support, and ensure safety for children after disasters are discussed. The contributions of nurses to the recovery processes of children following trauma are elaborated. The study offers recommendations for protecting and supporting children in the face of natural disasters, providing essential information on strategies to minimize the devastating impacts of these events.
Communication in Childhood Education
Authors: Baran Medine
Published: October 2024

The communication process, which begins at a very early age, improves children’s language skills, increases their self-confidence and supports their emotional intelligence. Quality communication in learning environments plays a very important role in the student’s success and development in cognitive, affective and psychomotor areas. Effective communication ensures active participation of students in the learning process in learning environments. With students’ active participation in the process, both their academic and social performance increases. Teachers need to be aware and equipped about what to pay attention to when communicating with children during this period. Teachers enable children to express themselves by encouraging them to participate in activities in the learning environment. In addition, important support is provided for them to become harmonious individuals in social areas with the communication skills gained in childhood education. Visual and audio materials used in learning environments help concretize abstract concepts and make learning fun. Additionally, interacting with children through games and group work in learning environments strengthens their social skills. As a result, effective communication in childhood education supports the development of the child as a whole and creates a solid foundation for them to become successful individuals in their future lives.
Effect of Genotype-Environment Interaction on Grain Protein Content of Wheat
Authors: Kilic Hasan
Published: October 2024

Proteins form the structure of the smallest part of the body, the cell, and the enzymes that catalyse metabolic processes. Approximately 21% of the protein obtained from various sources comes from wheat, which is of strategic importance and created to be suitable for human nature. Wheat, especially durum wheat kernels, contains an average of 8-14% protein, but this ratio is significantly affected by environmental conditions. In particularly, soil nitrogen levels and weather conditions during the grain filling period, in interaction with the genotype, are closely related to the protein content of wheat. The quality of gluten, an important protein component used in bread making, is largely influenced by the genotype. The effect of genotype-environment interaction on gluten quality varies among different genotypes. Correctly interpreting the genotype-environment interaction that affects protein content and quality can enable the development of stable varieties with suitable protein quality and content.
Alternative Protein Sources and the Importance of Animal Proteins in Human Nutrition
Authors: Bulut Esma Nur , Ertas Nilgun
Published: October 2024

Increasing world population and changing climatic conditions are making human nutrition more and more problematic. Greenhouse gas emissions, overuse of water resources and misuse of land are the disadvantages of animal-based nutrition. Therefore, the search for alternative sources for protein, which has an important share in human nutrition, continues. Major alternative protein sources include legumes, cereals, grains, seeds, nuts, microalgae, duckweed, artificial meat, edible insects and single cell proteins. These alternative protein sources offer health, sustainability and economic advantages. The halal status of artificial meat and edible insects is a matter of debate. While there are clear opinions that grasshoppers are halal among insects, a more detailed examination is needed on the halalness of artificial meat. In order to consume the products produced from these sources, people will need to be convinced of their halalness.
Existence of Bee Breeds and Ecotypes in Turkey and the Importance of Bee Breeding Studies
Authors: Sengul Guluzar , Sengul Ahmet Yusuf
Published: October 2024

The immune system is the sum of the processes that protect a living thing against diseases, recognize viruses and destroy them. The system scans the foreign proteins that viruses come into contact with in the living body and distinguishes them from the living body’s healthy body cells and tissues. The immune system can distinguish even substances with very similar properties from each other, for example; It has the ability to distinguish even proteins that differ in one amino acid from each other. This distinction is complex enough to cause viruses to find new ways and make some adaptations to infect despite the host’s defense system. In order to survive in this struggle, some mechanisms have developed that recognize viruses and neutralize them. All living things in nature have defense systems against tissues, cells and molecules that are not their own.

Many strategies are used by viruses to evade in vivo response and host immunity. It is particularly associated with the host being exposed to attacks by the inflammatory system and immune response.
Problems Detected in Pleurotus Ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Mushroom Cultivation in Türkiye
Authors: Turkekul Ibrahim
Published: October 2024

Turkey, which has a wide ecological diversity due to its geographical location, is rich in honey bee and its ecotypes. A number of researches have been carried out on the identification and breeding of honey bee genotypes in our country. Our Anatolia, which includes various habitats, is the genetic centre of the subspecies of Apis mellifera L. bee. Honey bee races in this region include Apis mellifera anatoliaca (Anatolian bee), Apis mellifera Caucasica (Caucasian bee), Apis mellifera Meda (Iranian bee), Apis mellifera Syriaca (Syrian bee) and Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolan bee). Apart from these, there are also local ecotypes (Efe, Muğla, Thrace and Yığılca). Molecular techniques such as morphological, enzyme polymorphisms, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), PCR-KPUP and DNA sequence analysis and microsatellite are used to determine the variation in honey bees. In Turkey, national beekeeping breeding studies are carried out by some institutes. In this context, breeding projects were carried out in Erzurum, Ordu and İzmir provinces. Thus, ‘Efe Bee’ was obtained as a result of ‘West Aegean Honey Bee Breeding Project’ and ‘Muğla Bee’ was obtained with the development of resistance against diseases. In addition, breeding projects are carried out by the Central Union of Beekeepers in Hatay, Çorum, Kırklareli provinces and Gökçeada, and breeding studies of genotypes of native honey bees in Turkey are carried out within the scope of the ‘National Beekeeping Project’. Controlled mating and artificial insemination, queen rearing and correct use of colony method techniques are important for successful genetic breeding programmes of honey bees. In conclusion, Anatolian bee and its ecotypes are a biological value for our country that should be evaluated. In this context, it is important for the economy of our country to identify the bee races in our country and to carry out breeding programmes and studies related to the increase of their productivity and their resistance to diseases and pests.
Xenobiotics: Effects of Unnatural Chemicals on the Environment
Authors: Kirici Muammer , Sokmen Teoman Ozgur
Published: October 2024

In recent years, Pleurotus ostreatus is the most cultivated mushroom in our country after Agaricus bisporus. In this study, the problems observed in small-scale businesses in Oyster mushrooms, which is a new investment area for our country, will be discussed and solution suggestions will be emphasized.
Development of Aquaculture in Karkamiş Dam Lake
Authors: Kuzucu Oguzhan , Ozcan Mikail
Published: October 2024

Organic aquaculture involves the production of fish, shellfish and other aquatic creatures in aquatic ecosystems using natural methods, without the use of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. This cultivation method is of great importance in terms of protecting environmental sustainability and human health. Organic aquaculture contributes positively to ecosystem health. Compared to conventional methods, it preserves biodiversity, improves water quality and prevents the destruction of natural habitats. Avoiding the use of synthetic chemicals allows organisms and microorganisms to survive in the aquatic environment in a healthy manner, which helps preserve biodiversity and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Maintaining water quality is critical for the health of both farmed aquaculture and other aquatic creatures in the environment. Organic farming also creates positive effects on human health by reducing water pollution. Consequently, organic aquaculture is a strategic tool for the protection and sustainability of ecosystem health. Dissemination of this method is an important step towards the future in terms of environmental protection and human health.
Moisture, Electrical Conductivity, Water-Insoluble Solid Matter, Free Acidity and Ph Analysis Methods in Honey
Authors: Turhan Munire
Published: October 2024

Honey is a very important natural food consumed as a source of healing. However, it can become harmful due to different chemicals mixed into the content of honey. Naphthalene is a carcinogenic hydrocarbon compound that forms residues in honey. Naphthalene, which beekeepers use to prevent honeycombs from mothballing but are prohibited from using, has many harmful effects on health. The Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué states that naphthalene in honey can be at a maximum concentration of 10 µm/kg. Many international organizations and states have set this limit. Therefore, naphthalene analysis is an important parameter required in honey analysis. In this chapter, the importance of naphthalene analysis in honey and current practices are explained.
Antimicrobial Analysis Methods of Bee Products
Authors: Bilen Serra
Published: October 2024

Bee products are complex substances known for centuries for their healing power. Based on information from old and new medical literature, its wound healing potential, high osmotic pressure and antimicrobial effect against both infectious disease agents and drug-resistant microorganisms due to the interaction of its multiple components have been proven.
Grape Seeds Using As Natural Antioxidant Sources
Authors: Karagecili Hasan
Published: October 2024

Grape seeds (GS) are waste products from the manufacturing of wine, molasses, and fruit juice. They are the portion of grapes that have the highest concentration of phenolic and antioxidant chemicals, second only to the fruits. In addition to highly polymerized procyanidins, the GS contains catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and gallic acid. GS may be a good substitute for being used in the creation of new goods with a high added value, such as antioxidant-rich smart foods that are extremely concentrated. Because of its strong antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-aging, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, grape seed extracts (GSE) is frequently used as a dietary supplement and is generally considered safe. Analysis of grape cultivars’ seeds, pulp, and peel revealed that the seeds’ capacity to scavenge DPPH was noticeably greater than that of the peels and pulps. Grape seed is effective against common metabolic diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, hypertension, and microbial pathogens, as proven by in vitro and in vivo experiments, due to the antioxidant molecules it contains. It is responding to a growing consumer demand to replace other synthetic antioxidants in fortifying and extending the shelf life of many foods, such as cheese, milk, and meat. Grape seeds are a natural antioxidant source of functional foods, food additives and pharmacological compounds with their rich bioactive molecule content.
Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Yapici Ismail
Published: October 2024

Antioxidants are substances that provide protection against oxidants. They prevent the formation of oxidants and the damage they can cause to biomolecules. They extend the shelf life of foods. Antioxidants can be natural or synthetic. Some enzymes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and some vitamins found in plants, fruits and vegetables are effective natural antioxidant compounds. There are also effective synthetic antioxidants such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ. However, it has been stated that synthetic antioxidants added to foods are harmful and their inclusion in foods is limited. Therefore, recent studies have focused on natural antioxidants.
Natural Antioxidant Inhibitors: in Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Epileptic, Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease and Anti-Diabetic Agents (2015-Present)
Authors: Sahin Arslan Recep , Sadeghian Nastaran , Taslimi Parham
Published: October 2024

Natural antioxidant inhibitors act as precursors in the treatment of many metabolic diseases. Natural antioxidant inhibitors are especially important in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as Epilepsy, Diabetes and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, in this chapter, natural antioxidant inhibitors and their effects on metabolic diseases are explained with current scientific studies. It is anticipated that this study will be a reference for many scientific studies.
Cinnamomum Verum J. S. Presl.
Authors: Haznedaroglu Mehmet Zeki
Published: October 2024

Cinnamomum verum is also known as the cinnamon tree and grows primarily in the tropical climates of Southeast Asia. This tree has thick, glossy leaves and fragrant flowers that stay green throughout the year. But the most striking part is its bark. Its bark is the main source of the cinnamon spice. Once harvested, the bark is dried and used in a variety of ways; It can be powdered or used fresh. Cinnamon is frequently used in a variety of foods and beverages for its sweetening and aromatic properties, and is also used in traditional medicine to support digestive health, balance blood sugar levels, and provide health benefits due to its antioxidant properties.
Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.
Authors: Senkardes Ismail
Published: October 2024

Foeniculum vulgare, widely recognized as Fennel, possesses a rich, past steeped in traditional applications for both medicinal and culinary uses. The herb was widely known and utilized by ancient civilizations such as the Indians, Romans, Egyptians and Chinese. Fennel has a rich history of use, encompassing its leaves, fruits, bulb, essential oil and juice, prepared in diverse forms such as teas, extracts and tinctures, have a number of functional properties and are therefore widely used in traditional medicine. In addition to medicinal use, fennel is an important plant that has a place in world cuisine due to its unique aroma and taste. F. vulgare has been used for many ethnobotanical purposes in the past and today it has become a significant resource in the management of various diseases through its phytochemical and medicinal properties, as well as its chemical activity and effects.
Crocus Sativus L.
Authors: Pacin Ismail Can , Kocyigit Mine
Published: October 2024

Saffron spice, mostly obtained from its flowers called "saffron", is one of the most valuable and eye-catching products of the Crocus sativus plant. Saffron has traditionally been used to add flavor and color to dishes, but it is also valued for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. The active compounds in bile have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it potentially beneficial for many health benefits. These include supporting digestive health, regulating mood, anti-cancer effects, and even benefits for skin health. However, it is important to use it with caution, as excessive consumption may cause unwanted side effects.
The “Golden Spice” Curcuma Longa L. and Curcuminoids
Authors: Guzelmeric Etil
Published: October 2024

The vibrant, yellow to orange-colored dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) have been used for centuries as a spice, especially in Chinese and Indian cuisines. This powder is regarded as “Golden spice” due to its wide range of health benefits. Experimental and clinical studies have revealed that the compounds found in rhizomes of turmeric, especially curcuminoids, are mainly responsible for its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer.
Piper Nigrum L.
Authors: Feizollahi Sepideh
Published: October 2024

Piper nigrum L., commonly known as black pepper, is a species of tropical plant and belongs to the family Piperaceae. Black pepper is a very common spice around the world and is often used to add flavor to dishes. The active ingredients found in black pepper have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties indicate that black pepper may have effects such as supporting digestive health, speeding up metabolism and strengthening the immune system. Additionally, some studies suggest that black pepper may have pain-relieving properties.
Myristica Fragrans Houtt.
Authors: Nomer Naciye Zeynep
Published: October 2024

Myristica fragrans Houtt. is an evergreen tree that grows in humid areas. The tree is native to the Indonesian Maluku Islands, and over time, it began to be grown in different parts of the world. It has dark green leaves, yellow and bell-shaped flowers, and drupe fruit with a dark brown seed and red aril. The seed and aril are called nutmeg and mace separately. They are generally used as spices for their aromatic flavor. Nutmeg has been used in various countries for its stimulant, carminative, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, antidiarrheal, analgesic, and hallucinogenic effects. Various studies showed their anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antithrombotic effects. Even though their usage for beneficial effects, sometimes people abuse them for hallucinogenic effects. Thus it is important to know the side effects of overconsumption, such as agitation, tachycardia, anxiety, nausea, xerostomia, dizziness, and even death.
Laurus Nobilis L.
Authors: Emre Gizem , Arslan Kadriye
Published: October 2024

Laurus nobilis, which has an important place in Greek and Roman mythologies as well as having an economic value and a wide usage rate in Turkey, is an important medicinal aromatic plant. L. nobilis, commonly known as laurel (daphne) or sweet laurel, is an evergreen and edible medicinal aromatic plant that has positive effects on human health, has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, and is also considered a symbol of peace and a sign of victory in military and sports events. Leaves, fruits, essential oil and seeds are among the parts of the plant used in treatment. When the ethnobotanical studies conducted in different settlements of Turkey are examined, L. nobilis has been observed that it is used in skin diseases, eczema treatment, against boils, fungal diseases, in the treatment of yeast and stretch marks, in the treatment of scabies, against acne, against bruises, against hair loss, against dandruff, in hair, skin and body care, in stomach diseases and many other dieases and complaints. In addition to its therapeutic use, L. nobilis is also used to give shine and vitality to hair, as a spice in meat dishes and pickles, as a fragrance and flavoring in food, as a food preservative and as soap, perfume and body lotion.
The Genus Mentha L.
Authors: Olcay Bulent
Published: October 2024

Mentha, a genus of plants known throughout history for its use as a spice by humans, has been documented since ancient times. This famous plant has been used both as a spice and for its medicinal properties in the treatment of many ailments. Mentha spp have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Pharmacological evidence supports the biological activities of these species, which are widely used in traditional medicine.
Nigella Sativa and Brain
Authors: Kucuk Nihan , Baskin Veysel
Published: October 2024

Throughout history, humanity has used plants to meet their basic needs and find solutions to health problems. It is known that approximately 500 plant species are preferred for medicinal use in Turkey. Nigella sativa is an annual herbaceous plant that belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. The seeds and oil of this plant are rich in bioactive chemicals such as thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, and dithymoquinone. Research on the effects of nigella sativa on the brain shows that the plant may exert positive effects in the treatment of various central nervous system disorders such as depression, anxiety, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy. For this reason, there have been many studies conducted to determine the effects of Nigella sativa and its components, especially its main component, thymoquinone, on neurotoxicity. These studies show that the plant can be a potential alternative in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system. Therefore, more research should be conducted and human clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the effects of clinical use of Nigella sativa on the nervous system.
Role of Some Enzymes in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Izol Ebubekir
Published: October 2024

Neurological diseases have a very serious impact on humanity. Major diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy, Brain tumors, stroke, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis change the lives of many people significantly. Some of these diseases still do not have a complete treatment method. Enzymes take part in many biological reactions as biological catalysts and are effective in the treatment and occurrence of diseases. Important enzymes are used in the treatment of neurological diseases. In this chapter, some important neurological diseases and the enzymes used in the treatment of these diseases are described.
Highly Bioactive Triterpenoids, Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids: Focus on Their Neuroprotective Potentials
Authors: Cakir Oguz , Yilmaz Mustafa Abdullah
Published: October 2024

Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases are growing globally due to societal pressure and longer lifespans. Plants contain phytochemicals like ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), which have therapeutic potential in treating and preventing brain diseases. OA and UA are classified as class IV drugs due to their limited intestinal permeability and poor water solubility. However, they can be dispersed throughout the brain and pass across the blood brain barrier. Studies have shown their neuroprotective benefits on various models of brain illnesses, but clinical studies on their neuropharmacological effects are currently lacking. This study aims to review the functions of UA and OA in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the molecular and cellular signaling pathways they may control. OA has shown promising results in treating various brain disorders, including depression and anxiety. Future research on UA and OA’s effects on neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders is limited, but they have shown promising results in treating various brain disorders. Further clinical trials are needed to corroborate these findings and develop innovative dosage forms and methods for drug administration.
Radiology in Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Goya Cemil
Published: October 2024

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the leading causes of mortality due to malignancy in the West. The most common type of EC worldwide is Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). According to the 2012 data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), esophageal cancer ranks ninth among the most common types of cancer globally. This section will discuss the radiological diagnosis of esophageal cancer.
Imaging Findings in Benign and Malignant Gastric Tumors
Authors: Batur Abdussamet
Published: October 2024

Gastric tumors encompass a wide spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions that can be classified into benign or malignant categories. Benign gastric tumors are relatively common and include entities such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), leiomyoma, lipoma, neuroendocrine tumor (NET), and adenomatous polyps. Malignant gastric tumors include adenocarcinoma and lymphoma most commonly. Early and accurate differentiation between benign and malignant gastric tumors is crucial for appropriate patient management, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies. Imaging methods are at the forefront in the diagnosis, staging and post-treatment follow-up of gastric tumors. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging should be used as complementary radiological methods depending on the patient and/or disease status.
Imaging in Bladder Tumors
Authors: Dundar Ilyas
Published: October 2024

The bladder is a flexible, hollow pyramidal-shaped organ surrounded by pelvic fat located in the extraperitoneal space. The layers of the bladder wall, from the inside out, include the uroepithelium (mucosa), lamina propria (submucosa), muscularis propria, and adventitia. Mucosa consists of flexible transitional cell layers and changes shape when the bladder is stretched. Within the bladder, the uroepithelium is composed of layers of transitional cells, which have the potential to undergo benign or malignant tumor formation. Primary tumors most commonly (90%-95%) originate from the uroepithelium. Although these tumors are clinically and radiologically similar, the definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy. However, many of these tumors have various radiological features that can guide the clinical approach.Bladder cancer presents a multifaceted challenge, exhibiting diverse tumor behaviors and unpredictable clinical outcomes. Imaging holds significance in both staging and monitoring bladder cancer. Continuous advancements in MR imaging technology have notably enhanced bladder cancer evaluation. The adoption and implementation of vesical imaging reporting and data system are poised to enhance communication throughout the diagnostic, staging, and surveillance processes for patients with BCa. This section will cover the general clinical characteristics and more detailed radiologic findings of bladder tumors.
F-18 FDG PET/CT- 1: Basic Principles of Imaging
Authors: Guzel Fatih
Published: October 2024

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive diagnostic method that provides tomographic images by measuring the three-dimensional distribution of pharmaceuticals labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides and provides some quantitative parameters about the metabolic activity or receptor expressions of target tissues. In this way, PET allows the evaluation of biochemical and functional processes. As it is known, in malignant cells, glucose metabolism increases and as a result, an increase in FDG uptake is observed.
F-18 FDG PET/CT- 2: Common Oncological Applications
Authors: Guzel Fatih
Published: October 2024

The aims for which PET/CT is frequently used in oncology can be listed as follows.

 Benign/malignant distinction of lesions

 Primary focus investigation in patients with metastasis or paraneoplastic syndrome

 Staging and evaluation of treatment response in c

 During post-treatment follow-ups, discrimination of lesions observed in other imaging modalities in terms of residual tumor or fibrosis

 Investigation of recurrence in patients with elevated tumor markers

 Determining the area to be biopsied in tumors

 Guidance on radiotherapy (RT) planning

It is known that PET provides significant benefits in oncological patient management, especially with treatment response evaluation. Indications for the use of F-18 FDG PET / CT (Positron emission tomography / Computed Tomography) in oncology are increasing day by day. In this section, the most common oncological F-18 FDG PET applications in nuclear medicine clinics will be discussed.
Interventional Radiology in Hepatobiliary Cancers
Authors: Turko Ensar
Published: October 2024

Hepatobiliary cancers, including liver and bile duct malignancies, present significant global health challenges. Imaging modalities such as MRI and CT are pivotal for diagnosis, while percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) aids in both diagnosis and treatment guidance under fluoroscopic control. Interventional radiology (IR) plays a crucial role in hepatobiliary cancers across diagnostic, palliative, and therapeutic domains.

Diagnostic Interventional Radiology: In IR diagnostics, imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and ultrasound are employed to characterize liver lesions and guide biopsies. Fine needle biopsy, utilizing a 21-25 gauge needle, offers rapid, cost-effective sampling with low complication rates. Core biopsy, using a 16-18 gauge tru-cut system, provides more detailed pathological information despite slightly higher risks. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) assists in visualizing bile duct involvement and obtaining biopsies when endoscopic access is inadequate.

Palliative Interventional Radiology: For palliation in obstructive jaundice from biliary obstructions (often due to malignancies), procedures aim to restore bile flow using endoscopic or percutaneous drainage. Biliary stenting may follow drainage, with self-expanding metallic stents preferred for durability and efficacy. These interventions improve quality of life by alleviating symptoms and preparing patients for further treatment.

Therapeutic Interventional Radiology: Thermal ablation techniques like radiofrequency (RFA), microwave (MWA), and cryoablation (CrA) offer curative options for liver tumors ≤5 cm, sparing healthy tissue and minimizing complications. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) target tumors via hepatic artery access, delivering chemotherapy or radiation internally to enhance efficacy and reduce systemic side effects.

Conclusion: Interventional radiology serves as an essential adjunct to traditional oncological approaches in hepatobiliary cancers, offering diagnostic clarity, palliative relief, and curative treatment options. Advancements in IR techniques continue to expand therapeutic possibilities, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients worldwide.
Embolization Procedures in Oncological Patients
Authors: Turmak Mehmet
Published: October 2024

Embolization is a vascular interventional procedure that employs various materials to obstruct the blood flow of a vessel or tumor. Embolization in oncologic patients serves a multitude of purposes, including the cessation of tumor or tissue blood flow by means of catheterization with various materials, the reduction of tumor size by creating ischemia through the coverage of the most distal region, and the mitigation of bleeding risk during surgery by the administration of preoperatively in hypervascular tumors. It is of great importance that the embolization targets the distal bed, as proximal embolization may cause neovascularization at a later stage, which may ultimately lead to failure of the technically correct procedure. Therefore, the choice of embolizing particles is a crucial step. The use of too large particles may result in proximal occlusion, whereas the use of too small particles may lead to mucosal necrosis, chronic pain, or unwanted tissue and/or organ embolization via microcollaterals. In this chapter, our objective is to provide a concise overview of embolizing agents and subsequently discuss embolization procedures in head and neck, renal, pelvic-gynecological, and bone tumors, respectively.
Radiological Evaluation of Lung Cancer
Authors: Durmaz Fatma
Published: October 2024

Lung cancer stands as a prominent malignancy globally, ranking high in both incidence and mortality rates. It ranks as the second most frequent cancer diagnosis, regardless of gender. Although smoking is the main culprit behind lung cancer, radon and asbestos exposure can also play a role in its pathogenesis. Common symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, and notably, hemoptysis, with manifestations stemming from local tumors, intrathoracic spread, distant metastases, or paraneoplastic syndromes. The majority of lung cancer diagnoses occur symptomatically, typically at advanced stages, indicative of poor prognosis. Imaging modalities, such as, Computed Tomography (CT), Ultrasonography (US), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), chest Radiographs, Positron Emission Tomography combined with CT (PET-CT), and bone scintigraphy, play crucial roles in diagnosis and disease staging. Despite the prevalence of advanced-stage presentations, early detection of lung cancer remains paramount, as it offers patients the potential for curative treatment through the implementation of appropriate radiological techniques. Radiologists act as crucial members of the multidisciplinary team dedicated to lung cancer, contributing expertise throughout the patient journey - from initial screening and definitive diagnosis to treatment planning and evaluation of treatment response.
Brain Anatomy
Authors: Kavak Vatan
Published: October 2024

The human brain is one of the important organs in the human body. It is the most complex of all organs. The brain is an organ composed of billions of nerve cells. It has parts of the brain that have important functions1. It is important for researchers to have details about brain anatomy and function that contribute to brain diseases and brain damage. The brain receives information about the body surface and its changes inside the body through sensory nerve receptors.After the interpretation of this information, it sends messages for the functioning of the muscles and glands via motoric. The brain is the center of all conscious action. It has lobes with different functions. The brain manages all the functions of the body. It interprets the information coming to the brain from the inner body of the human and also from the environment in which he lives. As a result of the brain’s control and interpretation of information; the individual realizes himself/herself and perceives the world. The brain receives information about both the changes in the body surface and the events occurring in the body through sensory nerve receptors. The brain receives information through the senses. The brain processes and interprets the information it receives. The brain, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord are parts of the central nervous system. 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, neural networks and ganglia are the components of the peripheral. Whole brain; consists of the brain, cerebellum, and brain stem. The whole brain is called the Encephalon. The largest and most recognizable part of the entire brain is the cerebrum. On the outside of the brain is the cortex cerebri, which is the gray matter formed by nerve cells. On the inside, it consists of white matter formed by axons, which are nerve cell extensions. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, left and right. Brain through some grooves and slits; It is divided into the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Brain; It assumes roles that process thinking, learning, memory, language, emotion, movement and perception 2-4. As a result, in the most important organ, the brain; In order to achieve improvement, it is important to stay away from both the substance and the information and visuals that remind the use of the substance.
Brain and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: Cavusoglu Mehmet
Published: October 2024

The brain is one of the active organs of the body in terms of energy consumption. The areas where energy is used in the brain can be listed as events such as regulating the ion concentration of nerve cells during information transfer, electrical conduction, active uptake, and synthesis of excitatory neurotransmitters. The brain uses glucose as its primary energy source. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen widely found in nature. Carbohydrates are used as primary energy-giving molecules in many living things. It also serves as the structural element of many living things. This study examined the relationship between the brain and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, the connection between the brain and glucose, the brain’s main energy source, is explained. It has been stated how the carbohydrates taken into the body after nutrition are broken down into glucose, mixed into the blood and transported to the brain. Then, the conversion of glucose to ATP, which crosses the blood-brain barrier by brain cells through aerobic respiration, Glycolysis, TCA cycle and Electron Transfer chain, is explained. This study was prepared as a compilation of scientific studies on the subject using various internet-based search engines.
Degenerative Brain Diseases and Acetylcholine and Gamma–Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism
Authors: Coskunsu Sedat
Published: October 2024

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers that enable communication between neurons. Neurotransmitters play a fundamental role in brain function. Changes in neurotransmitter levels can affect normal brain function. Neurotransmitter deficiency can result from damage or dysfunction of nerve cells in brain regions, which can lead to degenerative brain diseases. Altered levels of acetylcholine are associated with degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Dysfunction of the GABA system is associated with different degenerative brain diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
Antioxidants and the Brain
Authors: Bati Bedia
Published: October 2024

The brain is an organ with high metabolic activity and constantly combats oxidative stress. This stress arises from the excessive production of harmful molecules known as free radicals, which can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. Antioxidants are defense systems that play a crucial role in protecting the body from the damage caused by oxidative stress. Their effects on brain health involve neutralizing the harmful effects of these free radicals and aiding in cell preservation. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, flavonoids, and other nutrients, can protect brain cells and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
Immunotherapy and Immunotherapeutic Drugs
Authors: Akkoc Hasan
Published: October 2024

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment of a group of diseases, including cancer, that is based on the specific parts of the patient’s own immune system. Cancer immunotherapy aims to enable our immune system cells to target cancer cells and destroy them. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has become one of the most preferred drugs in cancer treatment. In cancer immunotherapy monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, cytokine therapy and methods such as adoptive cell transfer come to the fore. Although these treatments are very promising for some types of cancer, they also have their own side effects.
Immunotherapy in Benign Hematological Diseases
Authors: Ural Cihan
Published: October 2024

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. Immunotherapy, also called biological therapy, treats diseases by activating or suppressing the immune system. Immunotherapy uses substances to stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer, autoimmune disorder and other diseases. Immunotherapeutics have transformed the treatment of malignant diseases and also afford major opportunities for treating diseases beyond cancer. Apart from cancer treatment, immunotherapy reduces an abnormal immune response in autoimmune diseases; in organ transplants, a normal immune response is reduced to prevent rejection of transplanted organs or cells; In diseases caused by complement activation, the complement system is inhibited; and in allergic diseases, tolerance to the allergen develops. Immunotherapy in benign hematological diseases is reviewed here.