bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory and Application: A Cottage Connected
Authors: Birdsong Craig
Published: June 2008

Issue

Integrative learning is a valuable experience for design students. Connecting theory from lecture courses with application in interior design studio courses enhances the learning process and provides multiple benefits.

Goal

This report identifies the process used and the results of such integrative learning.

Description

A small Victorian-era cottage, listed on the National Register and belonging to Colorado State University, was used as a learning experience in a junior-level design studio. Students were concurrently enrolled in a lecture course on the history of American interiors.

Conclusion

The results of the integration were highly successful in terms of student learning. Additional benefits to the students, the Interior Design program, and Colorado State University are discussed
Distance and the Use of Social Space by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Pinet Celine
Published: June 2008

Objective

This study focuses on how far and under what circumstances nursing home residents walk to access social spaces within the home. Its findings provide information on nursing home design to be used by design researchers and practitioners.

Research Design

A sample of 960 residents served as a pool for 30 days of behavior observations in five nursing homes. Data were collected on how many and in what context residents were observed in social spaces. Fifty residents were interviewed and kept diaries to provide data on (a) when they went out of their bedroom, (b) where they went, (c) what prompted their travel.

Analysis

A log–linear analysis and Hests (N=378) served to assess whether the use of social spaces was correlated with the distance between bedrooms and social spaces and to uncover factors influencing this dynamic. Qualitative data were classified through a content analysis. Interjudge agreements, means, and percentages served to summarize results.

Key Findings

The study identified factors influencing the decisions of nursing home residents about their travel through nursing homes to access social spaces. Such factors included whether residents go to social spaces to take a walk and exercise, to see a new bronze sculpture, or to participate in an activity.

Conclusion

The study highlights an array of positive behaviors among the residents, benefiting design theory and practice. By providing the right settings, features, and context, designers can encourage walking and the use of social spaces among residents.
Three–Dimensional CAD Use in Interior Design Education and Practice
Authors: McConnell Michelle , Waxman Lisa
Published: June 2008

Objective

The primary objective of the project was to compare the current use of three–dimensional (3D) computer–aided design (CAD) by practicing interior designers with what is being taught in interior design programs in colleges and universities. Information on the current state of computer use by both groups also was gathered.

Research Design

A survey of interior design educators and practitioners was completed using two questionnaires. The first was mailed to 300 Interior Design Educators Council (DEC) corporate members. The second was mailed to 300 International Interior Design Association (IIDA) members. A response rate of 34% and 40% respectively was achieved.

Analysis

Frequencies of responses were compared to determine similarities between the two groups.

Key Findings

Educators responded that 96% of their students used two–dimensional (2D) CAD software to complete all or part of their assigned projects, while 70% of practitioners responded that they regularly used 2D software. Sixty–five percent of educators taught students how to produce 3D objects and wireframe perspectives using CAD software while 49% of practitioners created 3D wireframes. Forty percent of educators and 35% of practitioners created computer–rendered scenes that included the addition of materials and lights. Eighty–three percent of educators and 78% of practitioners believed that computer–rendered perspectives were an important communication tool between interior designers and clients. Eighty–nine percent of educators and 74% of practitioners felt that experience with 3D CAD made students more marketable within the profession.

Conclusion

The majority of students appear to be adequately prepared in 2D CAD. Educators should continue educating in 3D CAD software as it appears to be a design tool valued by practitioners as well as educators.
Design as Narrative: A Theory of Inhabiting Interior Space
Authors: Ganoe Cathy J.
Published: June 2008

Objective

This paper examines a common method by which people interpret and integrate their experience of environment and make their specific responses known to self and others—the method of personal narrative. The characteristics of narrative structure that help to organize the complex world of people, entities, and events through the language of stories provide a flexible framework for understanding and expanding the meanings of design.

Research Design

Three theories that examine use of language, experience, and constructed meaning relevant to human environments are reviewed. Narrative theory is the most comprehensive. This paper analyzes the 10 components of narrative and considers how interiors can be evaluated for meaning using similar criteria.

Analysis

A theoretical structure that utilizes the language of shared cultural meaning and diverse personal interpretation provides a comprehensive method for analyzing the human experience of environment. Interpreting interior space as a narrative adds depth and breadth to the understanding of how environment is psychologically inhabited by the individual.

Key Findings

A new theoretical framework is derived from narrative structure. It establishes specific design criteria applicable to understanding the human experience of interior space. Using narrative criteria to predict or interpret possible human response to interior design can assist designers in making wise concrete decisions about complex and abstract phenomena.

Conclusion

Design appears to be very similar to personal narrative as both integrate a complex variety of human and environmental phenomena. Design narrative theory provides a practical and dynamic system for acknowledging the importance of human meaning in interior space.
Litigation in Interior Design: Examining United States Appellate Court Cases in Professional Practice
Authors: Peaslee John E. , James Dennis , Simmons Ramona
Published: June 2008

Objective

To increase knowledge of litigation in interior design professional practice, this study examined the relationship among four time periods occurring between 1969–96 and five variables: (a) occurrence of appellate–level lawsuits; (b) number of designer–defendants and designer–plaintiffs; (c) legal bases of lawsuits; (d) dollar value of amounts sought by litigants; and (e) dollar value of amounts awarded to litigants. A profile of allegations in the appellate–level lawsuits also was completed.

Research Design

A content analysis of litigation abstracts was completed for 137 appellate–level lawsuits using Westlawr̀, a proprietary on–line database for legal research of court abstracts in the United States. An interdisciplinary team composed of interior designers and an attorney undertook the research.

Analysis

Analysis of variance, including the Kruskal–Wallis test of medians, and chi–square were calculated to determine levels of probability for five hypotheses. Statistical analyses of the data included rankings of allegations in the lawsuits.

Key Findings

Appellate–level lawsuits were significantly different among the four time periods for (a) number of lawsuits and (b) legal bases. The time periods were nearing significant difference for dollar amounts awarded to litigants. No significant differences were shown for frequencies of designer–plaintiffs and designer–defendants or for dollar amounts sought by the appellate courts. The majority of allegations focused on disputes regarding payments for merchandise and design services.

Conclusion

The results suggest that over the length of a professional career, a designer is more likely to be a plaintiff in a lawsuit than a defendant and that the great majority of litigated disputes will focus on contractual issues rather than allegations of tortuous acts, such as professional negligence. The dollar amounts involved in litigation are near minimums for appellate court cases.
Beneath the Surface: A Story of Leadership, Recruitment, and the Hidden Dimensions of Strategic Workplace Design
Authors: Danko Sheila
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this article is to explore issues related to workplace design and corporate leadership in the 21st century, specifically the strategic leadership initiatives needed to recruit, retain, and motivate talented employees.

The research design uses a qualitative research method called narrative or life stories in combination with a traditional case study approach. Cases selected had to be strategic, inspiring/aspiring, authentic, and multivocal. Both design process and design product were examined as well as the impact of design on the individual and the organization. Interview data were collected on site, audio taped, and transcribed verbatim to ensure accuracy. Focused narratives were then generated from the case study interview data.

The transcripts were reviewed to identify major issues, recurring themes, and categories of analysis. The raw interview data were then sifted through Labov's six–part framework for organizing and interpreting narratives. The process of evolving the raw interview transcripts into a meaningful story followed Lieblich, Tuval–Mashiach, and Zilber's (1998) holistic–content approach.

A story entitled “Beneath the Surface” forms the basis of the results and discussion section, and presents a true account of how workplace design impacted the interview process through the eyes of a young executive recruit. The story revealed that the design of space factored heavily into the new recruit's decision–making process and ultimate acceptance of the position, and that the impacts of the workplace design extended beyond the initial recruitment to have longer–term implications for corporate competitiveness. The narrative also revealed that the chief administrative officer (CAO) and new director of organizational development viewed design as a strategic tool, and that the managing partner used design elements strategically to communicate her divisions’ values and social mission.

The story reveals strategic implications of both design process and product for six strategic leadership initiatives thought to impact overall quality of work life, and to enhance recruitment and retention: differentiating quality of life as a competitive edge, aligning individual values with corporate values, building a sense of community, nurturing professional growth and knowledge transfer, communicating social mission, and leaving a legacy of social change. Design was shown to play a supportive role for each of the above leadership initiatives.
Creativity and Narrative in Eva Maddox Associates Design beyond Space
Authors: Portillo Margaret , Dohr Joy H.
Published: June 2008

This study examined aspects of creativity by interviewing a designer and a client group as they reflected on an award–winning design project and their relationship of nearly two decades. The narrative was constructed from semistructured interviews with key informants and an on–site project analysis. The case selection criteria included (1) a professionally recognized design firm and project, (2) access to multiple sources of evidence, (3) authenticity in the reporting of events, and (4) access to the project site. The interview data were transcribed and the narrative structure was constructed and analyzed.

Findings showed that the delivery of traditional design services developed into a pioneering of innovative design initiatives that advanced corporate strategy. The case revealed creativity as developmental, showing a mature and concept–driven foundation. Creativity was characterized as complex, a synthesis of apparently dichotomous traits and processes. Finally, creativity also emerged as strategic, enhancing the identity and memorability of the client's product and services. Thus, a narrative approach to design research more fully captures the complexity of real–world creativity that previous methods helped establish and points toward a progressive model of interior design practice.
Narrative Research in Design Practice: Capturing Mental Models of Work Environments
Authors: Budd Christopher
Published: June 2008

Within practice, designers are increasingly pressured to establish proofs and utilize quantitative data to guide solutions. Analyzing the human component within an organization, however, may require adopting qualitative research tools that redefine performance beyond the limitations of quantitative tools. This report examines STUDIOS Architecture's use of narrative research in practice.

Narrative research is utilized in situations when STUDIOS examines mental models of work environments held by clients and end–users. STUDIOS’ definition of a mental model of work is the set of work–related beliefs, motives, and behaviors from which an organization or individuals operate. Narratives gleaned from a wide range of individuals define the organization within a collective voice.

STUDIOS’ approach to narrative is related to holistic–content methodologies (Liebich, Tuval–Mashiach, & Zilber, 1998) and incorporates traditional content analysis (Weber, 1990) to deconstruct and analyze narrative content. A predetermined research scope determines the initial parameters of analysis to be most meaningful to the client. Domains, or categories of meaning, are established to fit the project objectives while patterns within and between these domains are then identified within the narratives to capture mental models of work environments.

Narrative research allows the designer and client to discover these tacit models and make inferences as to the connection of beliefs, motives, and behaviors to the physical environment. Future exploration in adapting narrative research methods for design, within both education and practice, will increase the body of knowledge that informs design, allowing the designer to better understand the relationship between people and the workplace.
Home as an Alternative Workplace: Negotiating the Spatial and Behavioral Boundaries between Home and Work
Authors: Magee Jennifer L.
Published: June 2008

Objective

As society moves toward flexible work patterns and integrated lifestyles, people working at home are changing their residential environments to support their work activities and meet their psychological needs. This study was conducted to understand how full–time homeworkers define their office space and maintain a functioning family environment through applying the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and control.

Research Design

Both a quantitative and a qualitative method of investigation were employed. Surveys determined how homeworkers set up their offices, and in–depth interviews explored behavioral issues within the physical context of the home.

Analysis

The theoretical basis for the study originated from Barker's (1968) behavior setting theory and Taylor's (1988) territorial functioning theory. The survey information was analyzed to calculate percentage quantities and test relationships. The qualitative information was gathered through field research and presented as a series of case studies.

Key Findings

A mismatch was found between the residential environment and the patterns of work. Behavioral issues were given more significance than aesthetic and functional conditions of the physical space. Spatial boundaries were used more often than temporal boundaries to distinguish work from home. A conflict between sociability and individuality also emerged; the delineation of the office space affected people's perception of being pulled into family life or isolated to work.

Conclusion

The findings illuminate the need for new housing where the office is an integral part of the residence. The integration of home and work can only occur through a careful negotiation of space and provisions for desired levels of interaction and privacy.
The Citation Gap: Documenting Creative Scholarship
Authors: Kotsiopulos Antigone , Birdsong Craig
Published: June 2008

Issue

While creative scholarship is increasingly recognized in the evaluation of interior design faculty, there is currently no standardized criteria for the documentation of juried shows and exhibitions’ important methods in evaluating creative scholarship.

Application

Administrators in institutions of higher education could better support interior design educators if creative scholarship were cited in a consistent format and parallel to more traditional research citations.

Goal

The goal is to develop a citation format for juried shows and exhibitions.

Description

The authors reviewed various style manuals and peer institutions to identify various methods of documenting creative and artistic works in order to determine a common method for documenting and citing juried shows and exhibitions.

Conclusion

Use of a consistent and comprehensive format for documenting and citing creative scholarship will help establish its importance to interior design as well as other professions.
Learning Styles of Interior Design Students as Assessed by the Gregorc Style Delineator
Authors: Watson Stephanie A. , Thompson Cecelia
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the preferred learning style of undergraduate students majoring in interior design. The Gregorc Style Delineator, a self–report instrument to determine learning style, was administered to 147 undergraduate interior design students enrolled in Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) accredited programs located within the Southwest Region of the United States. To determine the dominant learning style of undergraduate interior design students, frequency distributions were compiled.

Overall, the most important finding in this study was the diversity of learning styles among interior design students. Not only were all learning styles represented in the sample, but 49% of students exhibited dominance in more than one style—unlike the results of previous studies with non interior design students. The most common learning styles found among interior design students are a logical and hands–on learning style, known as Concrete Sequential, and a combination of experimental, imaginative, and people–oriented learning styles, known as Concrete Random/Abstract Random. Diversity in student learning styles supports the argument for the need for instructors to have a repertoire of teaching methods. Instructors should be knowledgeable in learning style theory, should know their own learning style, and should be able to teach using a variety of styles.
Perceptions of Professionalism: Interior Design Practitioners Working for the Top 100 Firms
Authors: Birdsong Craig , Lawlor Patti J.
Published: June 2008

A necessary gauge of a profession is its members’ commitment to the components of a profession. This study examined interior design practitioners’ perceptions of selected components. Interior designers employed by the top 100 firms identified in Interior Design magazine were surveyed about their perceptions of accreditation of undergraduate programs, state licensing, the NCIDQ examination, research and graduate education. Ninety–four (94) responses representing 34 firms were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. Spearman rho correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships and Horowitz's categorizations and descriptions of coefficient values were used for summarizing the Spearman correlation coefficients. In general, practitioners perceived an advantage of most components of a profession for interior design. Graduate education was the one professional component they did not view as important or advantageous as the other four. Practitioners might consider increased involvement in the various components interior design has developed to meet the requirements of a profession and acquire additional credentials for themselves. Educators and the professional organizations must work more diligently to help practitioners understand the importance of graduate education and its relevance to the continuing and successful growth of the profession.
An Empirical Analysis of the Journal of Interior Design
Authors: Eckman Molly , Demons Stephanie , Oliver Barbara
Published: June 2008

The objective of this study was to conduct a content analysis of indices and articles in the Journal of Interior Design Education and Research (JIDER) and Journal of Interior Design (JID) from 1975 to 1997. The purpose was to study characteristics of articles, including authorship and subject matter, to identify areas of scholarship in the academic discipline of interior design. Guided by previous studies in other disciplines, data were collected from two sources: examination of topical indices and content analysis of journal articles. Content analysis was performed on 23 volumes of JIDER and JID. The researchers jointly analyzed each index and article according to specific criteria. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and summarized in tables to categorize and classify data. Findings indicated that the most–often published subjects in JIDER and JID pertained to pedagogy/program development, professional practice, and history. This research identified opportunities for future studies in areas including color, technology, design process, barrier free design and international design. Research on these topics may affect interior design education and practice and therefore further investigation is warranted. Findings will be useful to three groups: researchers/graduate students, JID Publication Board Members, and practitioners. JID, an academic journal dedicated solely to the interior design discipline for 25 years, has operated as a communication vehicle in recording research conducted by educators and practitioners.
Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels: Sacred Structures Designed by Fay Jones
Authors: Watson Stephanie A. , Kucko Jane K.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze how structures designed by Fay Jones become invested with sacredness. The spaces being reviewed include Thorncrown Chapel and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapel. The framework for this criticism was based upon the symbolic principles expressed through architecture. Other strategies performed in this investigation included interviews with Maurice Jennings, on–site studies, and photographic examinations. Analysis of Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels was based upon the relationship of architecture and the cosmos, number symbolism, natural rhythms, patterns, and materials. Jones's craftsmanlike structures examine humankind's relation to nature and its place in the larger cosmic order. The “principles” Fay Jones espouses evoke a universal harmony present in the physical universe. Harmony resonates through the work. Jones's work is inclusive, incorporating and repeating congruent themes at small and large scale into a total statement of universal order. Both chapels represent a quiet celebration of the American belief in the sacredness and ultimate worth of each individual.
Collaborative Links with K–12: Proposed Model Integrating Interior Design with National Education Standards
Authors: Clemons Stephanie A.
Published: June 2008

The future of our profession may be dependent upon our interest today in tomorrows adults. Many youth are entering college without an awareness of the interior design profession and its contributions to quality of life. If interior design professionals become involved in elementary and secondary education (K–l2), youths may be attracted and knowledgeable about the profession's contributions, assuring its continued vitality and growth. Although case studies of professional involvement have been reported, a plan has yet to be proposed outlining a cohesive approach integrating interior design into K–l2 educational curriculum.

This study develops an integrative model of interior design involvement in elementary and secondary education addressing two national movements: school–to–work (a work–based model) and national education reform (an educational model) offering three levels of participation for interior design professionals.

The strength of the model lies in linking the use of experiential, learning–based activities including internships, field trips, simulations, and exercises typically incorporated in post–secondary programs of interior design and the collaborative efforts inclusive of teaming required by interior design professionals. Involvement through collaborations with interior design professionals and industry partners with youth in K–l2 curricula presents an opportunity for accurate representation of the profession, its facets and significant contributions in shaping the built environment contributing to the health, safely and well–being of the population. Such partnerships create multiple benefits for the future of the profession and the community at large.
Life Cycle Costing of Interior Materials for Florida's Schools
Authors: Moussatche Helena , Languel Jennifer
Published: June 2008

This paper describes a collaborative research project that expands an otherwise limited Service Life Cycle Cost (SLCC) evaluation of interior materials for Florida's educational facilities. The participatory research strategy involved a wide range of community representatives and academic scholars with different expertise: architecture, interior design, building construction, and civil engineering plus a variety of facilities users. The resulting SLCC evaluation produced a decision making tool that school officials could use to make informed decisions about building construction and renovation. The SLCC method differs from the AIA life cycle assessment [LCA] guidelines by utilizing input from the community of stakeholders to create an accurate and in–depth understanding of the LCA “product use phase.” By combining data from observation of users’ behavior with published information regarding interior materials, the research suggests that a majority of building costs are incurred after the initial capital expenditure for construction. The selection of interior materials, based solely on low initial cost, often results in service life costs that exceed the cost benefit of the initial purchase. The research provides evidence that interior materials have a more significant impact on the life cycle costs of educational facilities than other building materials.
The Role of the Physical Environment in Supporting Organizational Creativity
Authors: Vithayathawornwong Supaporn , Danko Sheila , Tolbert Pamela
Published: June 2008

Creativity has been underscored as a key factor to organizational adaptability and competitiveness in today's rapidly changing business environment. Designing as well as managing work environments that facilitate creativity have therefore received growing attention, resulting in a multitude of research examining the social–psychological work environment. Few studies, however, have focused on the contribution of the physical work environment to supporting creativity in the workplace. This study focuses on the role of the physical environment in supporting creativity in organizations by identifying specific physical features and attributes of the work environment perceived to promote or inhibit creativity. The research design compares four organizations publicly acclaimed for their innovative social–psychological work environments, but which are distinctly different in terms of the physical work environment. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by means of survey questionnaires (N = 130).

Results indicate that the physical work environment exerts indirect influence on creativity by contributing to two significant social–psychological conditions that are conducive to creativity, namely dynamism and freedom. The study specifies attributes of the physical work environment perceived to be positively and negatively associated with both of these conditions.
Sustainability and Historic Preservation in Retail Design: Integrating Design into a Model of the REI Denver Decision–Making Process
Authors: Hyllegard Karen H. , Ogle Jennifer Faff , Dunbar Brian
Published: June 2008

Recreational Equipment Inc.'s (REI) leadership in sustainable retail design is exemplified in the redesign of the historic Tramway Power Company Building for its new Denver flagship store. Although REI provided leadership, the design team's experience and knowledge were instrumental to the implementation of sustainable design and historic preservation principles. This study (a) describes and models REI's decision–making related to the location and redesign of their store, (b) defines the integral role of designers in the collaborative process undertaken to incorporate sustainability and historic preservation into the design solution, and (c) provides a holistic evaluation of the outcome. The study was guided by the Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel (2001) model of decision–making and other design process models.

Data were collected via interviews with primary stakeholders involved in the project. The outcome of the analyses was a modified version of the Blackwell et al. model (2001) that integrates the design process and illustrates the juxtaposition of three orienting philosophies— retailing, sustainable design, and historic preservation. These three philosophies were used to evaluate the project outcome—an amenable design solution that serves the needs of an environmentally conscious retailer and contributes to the enrichment of the Denver community.

Findings from the analyses provide an example of corporate stewardship for retailers and design professionals who wish to make environmentally–sound practices part of their business philosophy and activities. The REI model also can serve as a useful teaching tool and provides directions for future research in this area.
Exploring the Role of Home Design in Fostering Family Interaction: The Use of Programming Methods in Research
Authors: Miller Allison S. , Workplace Kinetic , Maxwell Lorraine E.
Published: June 2008

Given the increasing time pressure on parents and children, in contrast to the decreasing amount of time that families spend together at home, it is imperative that homes be designed to maximize the opportunity for family members to interact during the limited time they have together each day. This exploratory study was conducted to understand how homes can be designed to best support interaction. This issue was investigated through the use of design programming: a systematic process of creating guidelines for a building's optimal performance based on the analysis of information about the building and its users. Four requirements had to be met by the home to facilitate family interaction; the home had to (a) accommodate specific family activities, (b) accommodate multiple activities in the same location within the home, (c) facilitate household tasks, and (d) maximize the aesthetic appeal of family spaces. Activity logs, parental interviews, and a card sort method were used with 24 single parent and dual–earner families with elementary school–aged children. The findings from the activity logs indicated that families interact primarily around mealtime {dinner} and when viewing television. The primary place for interaction is the kitchen or kitchen/dining area or the living/family room. Analysis of the interviews indicated that families today value having a large kitchen area because family interaction often occurs while parents are cooking or cleaning in the kitchen area and children are doing homework or other activities immediately in the area. When asked to create their ideal place for family interaction parents most often created family/living areas. The study concluded that areas that support concurrent activities best facilitate family interaction.f
Nurturing Whole Person Development and Leadership through Narrative
Authors: Danko Sheila
Published: June 2008

The role of higher education is expanding. Increasing evidence points to the need to teach the whole person, both cognitively and affectively, in order to cultivate responsible individuals who are able to contribute to society in productive and ethical ways. To do this successfully, methods and curricula must be designed to develop students intellectually (information, skills, and analytic abilities), and emotionally (values consciousness, self–awareness, and social–awareness). Emotional intelligence, in particular, has become strongly identified as a core competency for effective leadership (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2002). If education endeavors to produce leading professionals, then what is the role of design education in developing the person behind the professional? This paper explores how narratives (stories) might be used in design education to nurture whole person development and, in so doing, deliver a professional better equipped emotionally and intellectually to handle change and assume leadership within the profession. This paper presents a specific application of narrative (storytelling) to a senior design studio as a way of cultivating a more reflective practitioner. Senior interior design students (from two consecutive studio years) were asked to read the strategic story entitled, “Beneath the Surface” (Danko, 2000) and reflect on it through a formal, written assignment. The learning objective was to deepen the students’ understanding of the role of design in daily life and enhance their competencies as practitioners particularly with respect to design process and interpersonal communication. An analysis of the student responses suggests that the narrative nurtured not only an intellectual understanding of design and design process, but also emotional development. Student responses were not only rational and analytical, but personal and reflective. More importantly, the emotional development evidenced focused on issues of self–awareness and social–awareness, two critical leadership competencies associated with Goleman's (1995) theory of emotionally intelligent leadership.
Educators and Practice: How to Stay Current
Authors: Watson Stephanie A. , Guerin Denise A. , Ginthner Delores A.
Published: June 2008

Interior design educators must stay informed about new developments in design practice. Although informal visits to design firms are important, the quality of information gained could be improved through more formal and structured visits. The goal of this project was to develop a method for interior design educators to systematically collect information about current design practice while observing activities, processes, and service outcomes in design firms to inform their knowledge of entry–level practice. Based on observation and interviews with a representative group of Minnesota interior design firms, the Design Practice Update Manual was written to provide educators with a link to practice that uses their research skills and knowledge, updates their information about practice, and integrates practice information into their design curriculums. The Manual provides a systematic observation method and data collection instrument to enable interior design educators to observe practitioners in their daily activities, documenting the tasks and knowledge used in current entry–level practice. Using the Manual can provide evidence for decisions concerning curriculum revisions so that educators can continue to address the profession's future needs by preparing today's interior design practitioners for current practice tasks.
A Cross–Cultural Comparison of Preference for Visual Attributes in Interior Environments: America and China
Authors: Ham Tao Yao , Guerin Denise A. , Scott Suzanne C.
Published: June 2008

The visual attribute preferences of Chinese subjects in interior environments were compared to those of American subjects to identify the similarities and differences between two cultures. The comparison utilized a theoretical framework of environmental preference. Findings showed that preference for complexity, coherence, vertical scenes, scenes with darkness at the focal point, and functional settings vary between American and Chinese subjects. These findings are useful to practitioners designing for diverse cultures.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS): The Controversy and Relation to Interior Design
Authors: Nussbaumer Linda L.
Published: June 2008

It is important for designers to become knowledgeable on multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) as it relates to indoor air quality (IAQ). It is also important to design spaces and specify materials for the built environment that promotes good IAQ.

MCS is a condition in which a person reports sensitivity or intolerance to a number of chemicals and other irritants at very low concentrations (EPA, 2003). Within the medical community, MCS has been controversial, and still is today, regarding its name, definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Some physicians consider MCS a psychological illness or phenomenon, while other physicians and clinical ecologists treat patients with MCS. However, research indicates that many individuals have become ill from chemicals emitted from materials within interior spaces.

A consensus on MCS within the medical community is essential. The relevance of MCS for the design community is that many materials used in building construction, interior finishes and furnishings, and products for installations contain chemicals that may trigger MCS. Therefore, it is essential that designers specify safe, healthy materials.

Since many designers (architects and interior designers) are working to improve IAQ, they could take the initiative for change by working collaboratively on research with the medical community and individuals with MCS; by educating other designers about appropriate product specifications; and by becoming a legislative advocate.
Interior Design Education in the 21st Century: An Educational Transformation
Authors: Guerin Denise A. , Thompson Jo Ann Asher
Published: June 2008

We propose that the time is right to consider a transformation of Interior Design education. As Interior Design educators, administrators, practitioners, and leaders, we have been active participants in the progress made by the profession and the evolution of Interior Design education. With this in mind, and ever conscious of our continued commitment to the future of Interior Design, we present this treatise for consideration.
Toward a Common Language: Proposed Index Categories to Enhance Dissemination and Retrieval of Interior Design Scholarship
Authors: Clemons Stephanie A. , Eckman Molly
Published: June 2008

Dissemination and retrieval of scholarship within any given discipline and profession are necessary when defining the body of knowledge. Effective dissemination and retrieval of scholarly work is dependent upon selecting appropriate index categories to describe a publication. Therefore, an accurate categorization system is critical in guiding that dissemination/retrieval process necessary when building a comprehensive body of knowledge for a discipline and profession. The goal of this research was to develop a proposed categorization for systematizing dissemination and retrieval of scholarly work for the discipline and profession of interior design. As a first step in achieving this goal, this study intended to develop a revised categorization for systematizing the dissemination and retrieval of scholarship for the Journal of lnterior Design. The proposed categories would contribute to the interior design discipline and profession by providing: 1) consistency in subject matter categorization for interior design scholarship; 2) a common language within the shared body of knowledge of interior design that includes such disciplines as art, architecture, and social sciences; and 3) clearer identification of topics for future scholarship within the knowledge base for interior design and related areas.

For this study, a framework developed by Marshall–Baker (2000) was used in the development of criteria and analysis. Her framework depicted overlapping and unique knowledge within and among fields related to interior design: art, architecture, and social science. Findings supported Marshall–Baker's research and further identified a common language among elated disciplines. This common language enhances communication among publishers, educators, researchers, practitioners, students, and employers.

The body of knowledge in interior design will continue to require definition as new knowledge emerges and refinement takes place. Consistent index categorization of scholarship will enable scholars and reviewers of scholarly work to trace the evolution of research on particular topics, thereby assessing the contribution of scholarly work to the expansion and application of the body of knowledge in interior design.

The findings offer a proposal for key words and categories identiking interior design scholarship for the purpose of dissemination and retrieval, as well as, providing a platform for common language across related disciplines.
Aesthetic Composition and the Language of Light, a Subject of Academic Inquiry
Authors: Brown Nancy Clark
Published: June 2008

This study explores light as a design element in the composition of interior spaces. An analysis of two graduate–student projects demonstrates the potential in considering light from an aesthetic perspective. Further, the projects demonstrate the gap between the language used in the composition of interior space and the language of light.
Some Preparation Required: The Journey to Successful Studio Collaboration
Authors: Webb Jennifer D. , Miller Nancy G.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between team training perceptions and training effectiveness among students and faculty. The three objectives for this project were: 1) compare student and faculty perceptions concerning the provision of team training in design studios; 2) investigate the relationship between students’ reported team training levels and students’ reported team attitudes; and 3) investigate the relationship between students’ reported team training levels and students’ reported team behaviors. IDEC members and their interior design students were selected to participate in the study. Questionnaires were mailed to the faculty and the instruments were administered in a manner similar to course evaluations. Chi Square analysis suggests that instructors were more likely than students to indicate that they had provided training on effective communication, task division, conflict resolution, and characteristics of a good team. The findings suggest that teamwork training is positively related to positive perceptions and attitudes about teamwork, and to proactive behaviors in team settings. Most importantly, findings indicate that participation in multiple team projects is not related to improved attitudes or behaviors. This result emphasizes the role of preparation in successful studio collaboration.
Humanizing Design through Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Danko Sheila , Meneely Jason , Portillo Margaret
Published: June 2008

An increasing number of practice–based disciplines are embracing narrative inquiry as a powerful means of teaching the more intangible, human–centered issues of professional practice. While the field of design has a long history of using narrative metaphorically—that is, creating designs that tell a story—less emphasis has been placed on examining the potential of narrative as design method—as a tool for exploring ideas and guiding decisions throughout the various stages of the design process. This article examines the potential benefits of a narrative inquiry in a studio setting on design process and product.

The authors present findings from an exploratory study in which twenty–eight senior level interior design students formally integrated narrative (storytelling) into three different phases of their creative design process: Programming, Conceptualization, and Presentation. The studio setting became a laboratory for exploring the unique qualities of narrative method in relation to more traditional 2–D and 3–D design methods. Personal insights and self–reported changes in thinking were collected, indicating how the students perceived the impact of the narrative intervention upon their design inquiry, design decisions, and quality of work. A content analysis of the written reflections of the students revealed that designing with stories resulted in a transformative learning experience that encouraged a deeply humanized design process by nurturing empathy, enhancing multi–sensory conceptualization and visualization, and facilitating holistic designing.
American Abstract Art and the Interior Design of Ray and Charles Eames
Authors: Havenhand Lucinda Kaukas
Published: June 2008

During the postwar period, the husband–and–wife team of Charles and Ray Eames emerged as leaders in the development of modern design in America. Although the Eameses are now primarily remembered for their innovations in product design and visual communications, their contribution to interior design was also significant, particularly In the design of their own home, built in 1949.

For architectural historians, the design of the Eames House, which combines an orthodox modernist structure with what has been labeled as “Victorian clutter” and an excess of objects in its interior design, has been difficult to reconcile. This character of the interior has been generally characterized as reflective of a feminized, decorative, non–modern impulse that is usually ascribed to Ray Eames.

This analysis puts forward the argument that Ray Eames's training and practice as an artist played an important, if not essential, role in all the work done by the Eames Office, but particularly In the design of the Eames House. It posits that viewing the design of the Eames House through the lens of art provides a more integrated explanation of its interior and exterior and demonstrates that the house, in its entirety, is an interdisciplinary effort that integrates ideas about modernism from both art and design into an “everyday” environment.
The Sustainability Gap
Authors: Stieg Cathy
Published: June 2008

Cathy Stieg is Director of Interior Design at Bassetti Architects in Seattle, an architectural fim established in 1947, specializing in institutional, public and historic preservation projects. Previously, Cathy was the owner of Stieg Design Associates, designing corporate and public space projects. For the past ten years, Cathy has focused on sustainable design, and she was the first interior designer in Washington State to become a LEEDTM Accredited Professional. She is also an experienced educator, having held faculty positions at Radford University in Virginia and Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle. At present, she teaches sustainable design and design studios at The Art Institute of Seattle. Cathy is active in the Northern Pacific Chapter of IIDA, currently serving as Vice President of Professional Development.