bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An AR Map Virtual–Real Fusion Method Based on Element Recognition
Authors: Wang Zhangang
Published: March 2023

The application of AR to explore augmented map representation has become a research hotspot due to the growing application of AR in maps and geographic information in addition to the rising demand for automated map interpretation. Taking the AR map as the research object, this paper focuses on AR map tracking and registration and the virtual–real fusion method based on element recognition. It strives to establish a new geographic information visualization interface and application model. AR technology is applied to the augmented representation of 2D planar maps. A step-by-step identification and extraction method of unmarked map elements are designed and proposed based on the analysis of the characteristics of planar map elements. This method combines the spatial and attribute characteristics of point-like elements and line-like elements, extracts the color, geometric features, and spatial distribution of map elements through computer vision methods, and completes the identification and automatic extraction of map elements. The multi-target image recognition and extraction method based on template and contour matching, and the line element recognition and extraction method based on color space and area growth are introduced in detail. Then, 3D tracking and registration is used to realize the unmarked tracking and registration of planar map element images, and the AR map virtual–real fusion algorithm is proposed. The experimental results and results of an analysis of stepwise identification and extraction of unmarked map elements and map virtual–real fusion reveal that the stepwise identification of unmarked map elements and map model virtual–real fusion studied in this paper is effective. Through the analysis of map element step-by-step recognition efficiency and recognition rate, it is proved that the element step-by-step method in this paper is fast, its recognition efficiency meets the AR real-time requirements, and its recognition accuracy is high.
Approaches for Modes of Action Study of Long Non-Coding RNAs: From Single Verification to Genome-Wide Determination
Authors: Tao Xiaoyuan , Li Sujuan , Chen Guang , Wang Jian , Xu Shengchun
Published: March 2023

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) that are not translated into known functional proteins. This broad definition covers a large collection of transcripts with diverse genomic origins, biogenesis, and modes of action. Thus, it is very important to choose appropriate research methodologies when investigating lncRNAs with biological significance. Multiple reviews to date have summarized the mechanisms of lncRNA biogenesis, their localization, their functions in gene regulation at multiple levels, and also their potential applications. However, little has been reviewed on the leading strategies for lncRNA research. Here, we generalize a basic and systemic mind map for lncRNA research and discuss the mechanisms and the application scenarios of ‘up-to-date’ techniques as applied to molecular function studies of lncRNAs. Taking advantage of documented lncRNA research paradigms as examples, we aim to provide an overview of the developing techniques for elucidating lncRNA interactions with genomic DNA, proteins, and other RNAs. In the end, we propose the future direction and potential technological challenges of lncRNA studies, focusing on techniques and applications.
Biocatalysis and Bioactive Molecules: Future and Development
Authors: Remonatto Daniela , Lerin Lindomar Alberto
Published: March 2023

Due to the increasing interest in molecules obtained by bioprocesses over the past decade, biocatalysis has gained momentum in a variety of industrial sectors [...]
Molecular Advances in Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome/Veno-Occlusive Disease
Authors: Mavrikou Ioulia , Chatzidimitriou Dimitrios , Skoura Lemonia , Nikolousis Emmanouil , Sakellari Ioanna , Gavriilaki Eleni
Published: March 2023

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) detected in the liver has been considered a severe complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). SOS/VOD is characterized by hepatomegaly, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, and ascites. The severe forms of the disease may result in multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) with a high mortality rate (>80%). The development of SOS/VOD can be rapid and unpredictable. Therefore, early identification and severity assessment is crucial in facilitating prompt diagnosis and timely treatment. Effective treatment and potential prophylaxis with defibrotide highlight the need for characterizing a sub-group of patients at high risk for SOS/VOD. Moreover, antibodies that are conjugated with calicheamicin, gemtuzumab, and inotuzumab ozogamicin, have led to renewed interest in this syndrome. Evaluation and management of serious adverse events associated with gemtuzumab and inotuzumab ozogamicin are recommended. We review hepatic-, transplant- and patient-related risk factors, criteria for diagnosis and grading classification, and SOS/VOD potential biomarkers. Furthermore, we examine pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment of SOS/VOD occurring post HSCT. Moreover, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular advances in the diagnosis and management of SOS/VOD. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and examined the recently available data, mostly using the PubMed and Medline search engines for original articles published over the last decade. In the era of precision medicine, our review provides up-to-date knowledge of genetic or sera markers for SOS/VOD with the goal of identifying a subset of high-risk patients.
Synthesis of Acrylate Dual-Tone Resists and the Effect of Their Molecular Weight on Lithography Performance and Mechanism: An Investigation
Authors: Liu Lifei , Li Jintong , Song Ting , Wu Rong , Zhao Weizhen , Huo Feng
Published: March 2023

Acrylate photoresists have gained considerable attention in recent years owing to their high resolution, high sensitivity, and versality. In this work, a series of thermally stable copolymers are synthesized by introducing an isobornyl group, and well characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H-NMR). The effects of polymerization conditions on the molecular weight and their further influence on lithography are explored. By analyzing the thermal properties, film-forming capabilities, and the patterning behavior of these copolymers, a direct correlation between lithography performance and polymerization conditions is established via the molecular weight. In addition, the baking temperature of lithography is also optimized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), after which a line resolution of 0.1 μm is observed under the exposure of a 248 nm UV light and electron beam. Notably, our synthesized photoresist displays dual-tone resist characteristics when different developers are applied, and the reaction mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is finally proposed by comparing the structural changes before and after exposure.
Study on Staged Damage Behaviors of Rock-like Materials with Different Brittleness Degrees Based on Multiple Parameters
Authors: Jiang Tong , Wan Li , Wang Wenxue , Xu Chao , Liu Chen , Meng Fanke , Cui Yuan , Li Longfei
Published: March 2023

Understanding the brittle fracture behavior of rock is crucial for engineering and Earth science. In this paper, based on acoustic emission (AE) and laser Doppler vibration (LDV) monitoring technology, the staged damage behaviors of rock-like materials with different brittleness degrees under uniaxial compression are studied via multiple parameters. The results show that the brittleness degree determines the fracture mode. As the specimen’s brittleness degree increases, the tensile failure increases and shear failure decreases. AE activity is enhanced at the crack damage point. With an increasing specimen brittleness degree, different instability precursor information is shown during the unstable crack growth stage: the AE b value changes from the fluctuating to continuously decreasing state, and the natural frequency changes from the stable fluctuation to upward fluctuation state. The AE b value near the stress drop is the smallest, and it decreases with an increasing brittleness degree. The natural frequency reduction indicates the rock-like fracture. The natural frequency is a symbolic index that reflects staged damage characteristics and predicts the amount of energy released by brittle failure. These findings provide guidelines for rock stability monitoring and provide support for better responses to stability evaluations of rock slopes, rock collapses, and tunnel surrounding rock in engineering.
Lithium-Ion Glass Gating of HgTe Nanocrystal Film with Designed Light-Matter Coupling
Authors: Pierini Stefano , Abadie Claire , Dang Tung Huu , Khalili Adrien , Zhang Huichen , Cavallo Mariarosa , Prado Yoann , Gallas Bruno , Ithurria Sandrine , Sauvage Sébastien , Dayen Jean Francois , Vincent Grégory , Lhuillier Emmanuel
Published: March 2023

Nanocrystals’ (NCs) band gap can be easily tuned over the infrared range, making them appealing for the design of cost-effective sensors. Though their growth has reached a high level of maturity, their doping remains a poorly controlled parameter, raising the need for post-synthesis tuning strategies. As a result, phototransistor device geometry offers an interesting alternative to photoconductors, allowing carrier density control. Phototransistors based on NCs that target integrated infrared sensing have to (i) be compatible with low-temperature operation, (ii) avoid liquid handling, and (iii) enable large carrier density tuning. These constraints drive the search for innovative gate technologies beyond traditional dielectric or conventional liquid and ion gel electrolytes. Here, we explore lithium-ion glass gating and apply it to channels made of HgTe narrow band gap NCs. We demonstrate that this all-solid gate strategy is compatible with large capacitance up to 2 µF·cm−2 and can be operated over a broad range of temperatures (130–300 K). Finally, we tackle an issue often faced by NC-based phototransistors:their low absorption; from a metallic grating structure, we combined two resonances and achieved high responsivity (10 A·W−1 or an external quantum efficiency of 500%) over a broadband spectral range.
Influence of Trabecular Geometry on Scaffold Mechanical Behavior and MG-63 Cell Viability
Authors: Gatto Maria Laura , Cerqueni Giorgia , Furlani Michele , Riberti Nicole , Tognoli Emanuele , Denti Lucia , Leonardi Francesco , Giuliani Alessandra , Mattioli-Belmonte Monica , Mengucci Paolo
Published: March 2023

In a scaffold-based approach for bone tissue regeneration, the control over morphometry allows for balancing scaffold biomechanical performances. In this experimental work, trabecular geometry was obtained by a generative design process, and scaffolds were manufactured by vat photopolymerization with 60% (P60), 70% (P70) and 80% (P80) total porosity. The mechanical and biological performances of the produced scaffolds were investigated, and the results were correlated with morphometric parameters, aiming to investigate the influence of trabecular geometry on the elastic modulus, the ultimate compressive strength of scaffolds and MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell viability. The results showed that P60 trabecular geometry allows for matching the mechanical requirements of human mandibular trabecular bone. From the statistical analysis, a general trend can be inferred, suggesting strut thickness, the degree of anisotropy, connectivity density and specific surface as the main morphometric parameters influencing the biomechanical behavior of trabecular scaffolds, in the perspective of tissue engineering applications.
Magnetic, Optical and Phonon Properties of Ion-Doped MgO Nanoparticles. Application for Magnetic Hyperthermia
Authors: Apostolova Iliana , Apostolov Angel , Wesselinowa Julia
Published: March 2023

The influence of size and doping effects on the magnetization M, phonon ω and band gap energy Eg of MgO nanoparticles is studied using a microscopic model. The room-temperature ferromagnetism is due to surface or/and doping effects in MgO nanoparticles (NPs). The influence of the spin–phonon interaction is discussed. M increases with decreasing NP size. M and Eg can increase or decrease by different ion doping (Co, Al, La, Fe) due to the different strain that appears. It changes the lattice parameters and the exchange interaction constants. We found that MgO NP with size of 20 nm and Fe- or Co-doping concentration x = 0.1 and x = 0.2, respectively, have a Curie temperature TC = 315 K, i.e., they are appropriate for application in magnetic hyperthermia, they satisfy the conditions for that. The energy of the phonon mode ω = 448 cm−1 increases with decreasing NP size. It increases with increasing Co and Fe, or decreases with Sr ion doping.
Effect of Different Decontamination Methods on Fracture Resistance, Microstructure, and Surface Roughness of Zirconia Restorations—In Vitro Study
Authors: Darwich Rama A. , Awad Manal , Abou Neel Ensanya A.
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seven different decontamination methods (water, ZirCleanTM, 37% phosphoric acid, 9.5% hydrofluoric acid, Al2O3 sandblasting, low-speed dental stone, and high-speed dental stone) on the fracture resistance, microstructure, and surface roughness of monolithic and multilayered zirconia. The as-received and sandblasted zirconia was used as a control. One-way ANOVA and t-test were performed. As-received monolithic zirconia was stronger (856 ± 94 MPa) than multilayered zirconia (348.4 ± 63 MPa). Only phosphoric acid (865 ± 141 MPa) and low-speed dental stone (959 ± 116 MPa) significantly increased the flexural strength of sandblasted monolithic zirconia (854 ± 99 MPa), but all tested decontamination methods except phosphoric acid (307 ± 57 MPa) and Al2O3 (322 ± 69 MPa) significantly increased the flexural strength of sandblasted multilayered zirconia (325 ± 74 MPa). Different decontamination methods did not significantly affect the flexural modulus, but introduced irregularities in the crystal as well as deep surface flaws in both types of zirconia. The surface of sandblasted monolithic zirconia is more resistant to change than multilayered zirconia. Among different decontamination methods, a low-speed dental stone could be beneficial as it significantly increased the surface roughness and fracture resistance of both types of zirconia.
Auxiliary-Cavity-Assisted Slow and Fast Light in a Photonic Molecule Spinning Optomechanical System
Authors: Chen Hua-Jun , Liu Yun-He , Xie Bao-Hao
Published: March 2023

We investigate the coherent optical propagation in a photonic molecule spinning optomechanical system consisting of two whispering gallery microcavities in which one of the optical cavities is a spinning optomechanical cavity and the other one is an ordinary auxiliary optical cavity. As the optomechanical cavity is spinning along the clockwise or counterclockwise direction, the cavity field can undergo different Sagnac effects, which accompanies the auxiliary optical cavity, together influencing the process of the evolution of optomechanically induced transparency and its related propagation properties, such as fast and slow light effects. The numerical results indicate that the enhanced slow and fast light and the conversion from fast to slow light (or slow to fast light) are determined by the spinning direction of the optomechanical cavity and the coupling of the two optical cavities. The study affords further insight into the photonic molecule spinning optomechanical systems and also indicates promising applications in quantum information processing.
Fabrication of MoS2/C60 Nanolayer Field-Effect Transistor for Ultrasensitive Detection of miRNA-155
Authors: Xing Youqiang , Wang Yun , Liu Lei , Wu Ze
Published: March 2023

As a major public health issue, early cancer detection is of great significance. A field-effect transistor (FET) based on an MoS2/C60 composite nanolayer as the channel material enhances device performance by adding a light source, allowing the ultrasensitive detection of cancer-related miRNA. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit MoS2 layer by layer, and C60 was deposited by an evaporation coater to obtain a composite nanolayer with good surface morphology as the channel material of the FET. Based on the good absorption of C60 by blue-violet light, a 405 nm laser was selected to irradiate the channel material, improving the function of FET biosensors. A linear detection window from 10 pM to 1 fM with an ultralow detection limit of 5.16 aM for miRNA-155 was achieved.
MYB24 Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Lignin and Capsaicin by Affecting the Expression of Key Genes in the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism Pathway in Capsicum chinense
Authors: Yu Shuang , Zhang Wei , Zhang Liping , Wu Dan , Sun Peixia , Huang Chuang , Fu Genying , Deng Qin , Wang Zhiwei , Cheng Shanhan
Published: March 2023

The wide application of pepper is mostly related to the content of capsaicin, and phenylpropanoid metabolism and its branch pathways may play an important role in the biosynthesis of capsaicin. The expression level of MYB24, a transcription factor screened from the transcriptome data of the pepper fruit development stage, was closely related to the spicy taste. In this experiment, CcMYB24 was cloned from Hainan Huangdenglong pepper, a hot aromatic pepper variety popular in the world for processing, and its function was confirmed by tissue expression characteristics, heterologous transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana, and VIGS technology. The results showed that the relative expression level of CcMYB24 was stable in the early stage of pepper fruit development, and increased significantly from 30 to 50 days after flowering. Heterologous expression led to a significant increase in the expression of CcMYB24 and decrease in lignin content in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. CcMYB24 silencing led to a significant increase in the expression of phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway genes PAL, 4CL, and pAMT; lignin branch CCR1 and CAD; and capsaicin pathway CS, AT3, and COMT genes in the placenta of pepper, with capsaicin content increased by more than 31.72% and lignin content increased by 20.78%. However, the expression of PAL, pAMT, AT3, COMT, etc., in the corresponding pericarps did not change significantly. Although CS, CCR1, and CAD increased significantly, the relative expression amount was smaller than that in placental tissue, and the lignin content did not change significantly. As indicated above, CcMYB24 may negatively regulate the formation of capsaicin and lignin by regulating the expression of genes from phenylpropanoid metabolism and its branch pathways.
Thermodynamics Investigation and Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Energy, Exergy, and Hydrogen Production from a Solar Thermochemical Plant Using a Polymer Membrane Electrolyzer
Authors: El Jery Atef , Salman Hayder Mahmood , Al-Khafaji Rusul Mohammed , Nassar Maadh Fawzi , Sillanpää Mika
Published: March 2023

Hydrogen production using polymer membrane electrolyzers is an effective and valuable way of generating an environmentally friendly energy source. Hydrogen and oxygen generated by electrolyzers can power drone fuel cells. The thermodynamic analysis of polymer membrane electrolyzers to identify key losses and optimize their performance is fundamental and necessary. In this article, the process of the electrolysis of water by a polymer membrane electrolyzer in combination with a concentrated solar system in order to generate power and hydrogen was studied, and the effect of radiation intensity, current density, and other functional variables on the hydrogen production was investigated. It was shown that with an increasing current density, the voltage generation of the electrolyzer increased, and the energy efficiency and exergy of the electrolyzer decreased. Additionally, as the temperature rose, the pressure dropped, the thickness of the Nafion membrane increased, the voltage decreased, and the electrolyzer performed better. By increasing the intensity of the incoming radiation from 125 W/m2 to 320 W/m2, the hydrogen production increased by 111%, and the energy efficiency and exergy of the electrolyzer both decreased by 14% due to the higher ratio of input electric current to output hydrogen. Finally, machine-learning-based predictions were conducted to forecast the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, voltage, and hydrogen production rate in different scenarios. The results proved to be very accurate compared to the analytical results. Hyperparameter tuning was utilized to adjust the model parameters, and the models’ results showed an MAE lower than 1.98% and an R2 higher than 0.98.
Matrix Effects in GC–MS Profiling of Common Metabolites after Trimethylsilyl Derivatization
Authors: Tarakhovskaya Elena , Marcillo Andrea , Davis Caroline , Milkovska-Stamenova Sanja , Hutschenreuther Antje , Birkemeyer Claudia
Published: March 2023

Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is one of the most frequently applied and standardized methods in research projects using metabolomics to analyze complex samples. However, more than 20 years after the introduction of non-targeted approaches using GC–MS, there are still unsolved challenges to accurate quantification in such investigations. One particularly difficult aspect in this respect is the occurrence of sample-dependent matrix effects. In this project, we used model compound mixtures of different compositions to simplify the study of the complex interactions between common constituents of biological samples in more detail and subjected those to a frequently applied derivatization protocol for GC–MS analysis, namely trimethylsilylation. We found matrix effects as signal suppression and enhancement of carbohydrates and organic acids not to exceed a factor of ~2, while amino acids can be more affected. Our results suggest that the main reason for our observations may be an incomplete transfer of carbohydrate and organic acid derivatives during the injection process and compound interaction at the start of the separation process. The observed effects were reduced at higher target compound concentrations and by using a more suitable injection-liner geometry.
Early Probiotic Supplementation of Healthy Term Infants with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 Is Safe and Leads to the Development of Bifidobacterium-Predominant Gut Microbiota: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Hiraku Akari , Nakata Setsuko , Murata Mai , Xu Chendong , Mutoh Natsumi , Arai Satoshi , Odamaki Toshitaka , Iwabuchi Noriyuki , Tanaka Miyuki , Tsuno Takahisa , Nakamura Masahiko
Published: March 2023

Bifidobacteria are important intestinal bacteria that provide a variety of health benefits in infants. We investigated the efficacy and safety of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) M-63 in healthy infants in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Healthy term infants were given B. infantis M-63 (n = 56; 1 × 109 CFU/day) or placebo (n = 54) from postnatal age ≤ 7 days to 3 months. Fecal samples were collected, and fecal microbiota, stool pH, short-chain fatty acids, and immune substances were analyzed. Supplementation with B. infantis M-63 significantly increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium compared with the placebo group, with a positive correlation with the frequency of breastfeeding. Supplementation with B. infantis M-63 led to decreased stool pH and increased levels of acetic acid and IgA in the stool at 1 month of age compared with the placebo group. There was a decreased frequency of defecation and watery stools in the probiotic group. No adverse events related to test foods were observed. These results indicate that early supplementation with B. infantis M-63 is well tolerated and contributes to the development of Bifidobacterium-predominant gut microbiota during a critical developmental phase in term infants.
Effects of 4′-Demethylnobiletin and 4′-Demethyltangeretin on Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Estrogen-Deficient Bone Resorption
Authors: Hirata Michiko , Tominari Tsukasa , Ichimaru Ryota , Takiguchi Naruhiko , Tanaka Yuki , Takatoya Masaru , Arai Daichi , Yoshinouchi Shosei , Miyaura Chisato , Matsumoto Chiho , Ma Sihui , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Grundler Florian M. W. , Inada Masaki
Published: March 2023

Citrus nobiletin (NOB) and tangeretin (TAN) show protective effects against disease-related bone destruction. We achieved demethylation of NOB and TAN into 4′-demethylnobiletin (4′-DN) and 4′-demethyltangeretin (4′-DT) using enzyme-manufacturing methods. In this study, we examined the effects of 4′-DN and 4′-DT on in vitro osteoclast differentiation, and on in vivo osteoporotic bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. 4′-DN and 4′-DT clearly suppressed the osteoclast differentiation induced by interleukin IL-1 or RANKL treatment. 4′-DN and 4′-DT treatments resulted in higher inhibitory activity in osteoclasts in comparison to NOB or TAN treatments. RANKL induced the increased expression of its marker genes and the degradation of IκBα in osteoclasts, while these were perfectly attenuated by the treatment with 4′-MIX: a mixture of 4′-DN and 4′-DT. In an in silico docking analysis, 4′-DN and 4′-DT directly bound to the ATP-binding pocket of IKKβ for functional inhibition. Finally, the intraperitoneal administration of 4′-MIX significantly protected against bone loss in OVX mice. In conclusion, 4′-DN, 4′-DT and 4′-MIX inhibited the differentiation and function of bone-resorbing osteoclasts via suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Novel 4′-DN, 4′-DT and 4′-MIX are candidates for maintaining bone health, which may be applied in the prevention of metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
The Emerging Role of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) in Ferroptosis
Authors: Aolymat Iman , Hatmal Ma’mon M. , Olaimat Amin N.
Published: March 2023

Cells employ a well-preserved physiological stress response mechanism, termed the heat shock response, to activate a certain type of molecular chaperone called heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are activated by transcriptional activators of heat shock genes known as heat shock factors (HSFs). These molecular chaperones are categorized as the HSP70 superfamily, which includes HSPA (HSP70) and HSPH (HSP110) families; the DNAJ (HSP40) family; the HSPB family (small heat shock proteins (sHSPs)); chaperonins and chaperonin-like proteins; and other heat-inducible protein families. HSPs play a critical role in sustaining proteostasis and protecting cells against stressful stimuli. HSPs participate in folding newly synthesized proteins, holding folded proteins in their native conformation, preventing protein misfolding and accumulation, and degrading denatured proteins. Ferroptosis is a recently identified type of oxidative iron-dependent cell demise. It was coined recently in 2012 by Stockwell Lab members, who described a special kind of cell death induced by erastin or RSL3. Ferroptosis is characterized by alterations in oxidative status resulting from iron accumulation, increased oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation, which are mediated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. The process of ferroptotic cell death is regulated at multiple, and it is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. Much research has emerged in recent years demonstrating the involvement of HSPs and their regulator heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in ferroptosis regulation. Understanding the machinery controlling HSF1 and HSPs in ferroptosis can be employed in developing therapeutic interventions for ferroptosis occurrence in a number of pathological conditions. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarized the basic characteristics of ferroptosis and the regulatory functions of HSF1 and HSPs in ferroptosis.
Application of DNA Replicons in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development
Authors: Lundstrom Kenneth
Published: March 2023

DNA-based gene therapy and vaccine development has received plenty of attention lately. DNA replicons based on self-replicating RNA viruses such as alphaviruses and flaviviruses have been of particular interest due to the amplification of RNA transcripts leading to enhanced transgene expression in transfected host cells. Moreover, significantly reduced doses of DNA replicons compared to conventional DNA plasmids can elicit equivalent immune responses. DNA replicons have been evaluated in preclinical animal models for cancer immunotherapy and for vaccines against infectious diseases and various cancers. Strong immune responses and tumor regression have been obtained in rodent tumor models. Immunization with DNA replicons has provided robust immune responses and protection against challenges with pathogens and tumor cells. DNA replicon-based COVID-19 vaccines have shown positive results in preclinical animal models.
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Aimed to the Ocular Delivery of Mangiferin: In Vitro Evidence
Authors: Santonocito Debora , Barbagallo Ignazio , Distefano Alfio , Sferrazzo Giuseppe , Vivero-Lopez Maria , Sarpietro Maria Grazia , Puglia Carmelo
Published: March 2023

Although mangiferin (MGN) is a natural antioxidant that could be a good candidate for the treatment of ocular diseases, its use in ophthalmology is strongly compromised due to its high lipophilicity. Its encapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) seems to be an interesting strategy for improving its ocular bioavailability. As reported in our previous work, MGN–NLC showed high ocular compatibility and fulfilled the nanotechnological requirements needed for ocular delivery. The aim of the present work was to investigate, in vitro and ex vivo, the capability of MGN–NLC to act as a potential drug delivery system for MGN ocular administration. The data obtained in vitro on arising retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) did not show cytotoxic effects for blank NLC and MGN–NLC; likewise, MGN–NLC showed the maintenance of the antioxidant role of MGN by mitigating ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation and GSH (glutathione) depletion induced by H2O2. In addition, the capacity of MGN-released to permeate through and accumulate into the ocular tissues was confirmed ex vivo using bovine corneas. Finally, the NLC suspension has been formulated as a freeze-dried powder using mannitol at a concentration of 3% (w/v) in order to optimize its storage for long periods of time. All this evidence suggests a potential application of MGN–NLC in the treatment of oxidative stress-related ocular diseases.
The Development of Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Efficient and Selective In Vivo Expression of mRNA in Spleen Tissue
Authors: Porosk Ly , Härk Heleri Heike , Arukuusk Piret , Haljasorg Uku , Peterson Pärt , Kurrikoff Kaido
Published: March 2023

mRNA-based therapeutics are presently one of the nucleic acid-based therapeutics with a high potential for extraordinary success as preventive vaccines. Current applications with mRNA therapeutics rely on lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mediated delivery of nucleic acids. In order to achieve the transition from preventive to therapeutic vaccines, there is a challenge of delivering the mRNA into non-hepatic tissues, especially into lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes. In this work, we characterize new cell-penetrating peptides NF424 and NF436 that exhibit preferential delivery of mRNA into the spleen after a single i.v. injection, without the use of any active targeting mechanisms. We show that between the spleen, liver, and the lungs, >95% of mRNA expression arises in the spleen tissue and the majority of expression occurs in the dendritic cells. The cell-penetrating peptides NF424 and NF436 represent promising candidates for cancer immunotherapeutic applications with tumor antigens.
Translucency of CAD/CAM and 3D Printable Composite Materials for Permanent Dental Restorations
Authors: Vichi Alessandro , Balestra Dario , Scotti Nicola , Louca Chris , Paolone Gaetano
Published: March 2023

The aim of the study was to compare the translucency of CAD/CAM and printable composite materials for fixed dental prostheses (FDP). Eight A3 composite materials (7 CAD/CAM and 1 printable) for FPD were used to prepare a total of 150 specimens. CAD/CAM materials, all characterized by two different opacity levels, were: Tetric CAD (TEC) HT/MT; Shofu Block HC (SB) HT/LT; Cerasmart (CS) HT/LT; Brilliant Crios (BC) HT/LT; Grandio Bloc (GB) HT/LT; Lava Ultimate (LU) HT/LT, Katana Avencia (KAT) LT/OP. The printable system was Permanent Crown Resin. 1.0 mm-thick specimens were cut from commercial CAD/CAM blocks using a water-cooled diamond saw, or 3D printed. Measurements were performed using a benchtop spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Contrast Ratio (CR), Translucency Parameter (TP), and Translucency Parameter 00 (TP00) were calculated. One Way ANOVA followed by Tukey test for post hoc were performed for each of the translucency system. The tested materials exhibited a wide range of translucency values. CR ranged from 59 to 84, TP from 15.75 to 8.96, TP00 from 12.47 to 6.31. KAT(OP) and CS(HT) showed, respectively, the lowest and highest translucency for CR, TP and TP00. Due to the significant range of reported translucency values, clinicians should exercise caution when choosing the most appropriate material, especially considering factors such as substrate masking, and the necessary clinical thickness.
Study and Characterization of Regenerated Hard Foam Prepared by Polyol Hydrolysis of Waste Polyurethane
Authors: Gu Xiaohua , Wang Xiaoyao , Guo Xinyu , Liu Siwen , Li Qi , Liu Yan
Published: March 2023

In this paper, four different kinds of diols were used for the alcoholysis of waste thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. The recycled polyether polyols were used to prepare regenerated thermosetting polyurethane rigid foam through one-step foaming. We used four different kinds of alcoholysis agents, according to different proportions of the complex, and we combined them with an alkali metal catalyst (KOH) to trigger the catalytic cleavage of the carbamate bonds in the waste polyurethane elastomers. The effects of the different types and different chain lengths of the alcoholysis agents on the degradation of the waste polyurethane elastomers and the preparation of regenerated polyurethane rigid foam were studied. Based on the viscosity, GPC, FT-IR, foaming time and compression strength, water absorption, TG, apparent density, and thermal conductivity of the recycled polyurethane foam, eight groups of optimal components were selected and discussed. The results showed that the viscosity of the recovered biodegradable materials was between 485 and 1200 mPa·s. The hard foam of the regenerated polyurethane was prepared using biodegradable materials instead of commercially available polyether polyols, and its compressive strength was between 0.131 and 0.176 MPa. The water absorption rate ranged from 0.7265 to 1.9923%. The apparent density of the foam was between 0.0303 and 0.0403 kg/m3. The thermal conductivity ranged from 0.0151 to 0.0202 W/(m·K). A large number of experimental results showed that the degradation of the waste polyurethane elastomers by the alcoholysis agents was successful. The thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers can not only be reconstructed, but they can also be degraded by alcoholysis to produce regenerated polyurethane rigid foam.
Recent Application Prospects of Chitosan Based Composites for the Metal Contaminated Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Gamage Ashoka , Jayasinghe Nepali , Thiviya Punniamoorthy , Wasana M. L. Dilini , Merah Othmane , Madhujith Terrence , Koduru Janardhan Reddy
Published: March 2023

Heavy metals, known for their toxic nature and ability to accumulate and magnify in the food chain, are a major environmental concern. The use of environmentally friendly adsorbents, such as chitosan (CS)—a biodegradable cationic polysaccharide, has gained attention for removing heavy metals from water. This review discusses the physicochemical properties of CS and its composites and nanocomposites and their potential application in wastewater treatment.
Fabrication of Laminated Micro/Nano Filter and Its Application for Inhalable PM Removal
Authors: Ma Wenhua , Qi Huan , Zhang Yongmeng , Lin Minggang , Qiu Yiping , Zhang Chuyang
Published: March 2023

Particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 0.3 µm is inhalable and brings great threats to human health. Traditional meltblown nonwovens used for air filtration need to be treated by high voltage corona charging, which has the problem of electrostatic dissipation and thus reduces the filtration efficiency. In this work, a kind of composite air-filter with high efficiency and low resistance was fabricated by alternating lamination of ultrathin electronspun nano-layer and melt-blown layer without corona charging treatment. The effects of fiber diameter, pore size, porosity, layer number, and weight on filtration performance were investigated. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity, loading capacity, and storage stability of the composite filter were studied. The results indicate that the filters (18.5 gsm) laminated by 10 layers fiber-webs present excellent filtration efficiency (97.94%), low pressure drop (53.2 Pa), high quality factor (QF 0.073 Pa−1), and high dust holding capacity (9.72 g/m2) for NaCl aerosol particles. Increasing the layers and reducing individual layer weight can significantly improve filtration efficiency and reduce pressure drop of the filter. The filtration efficiency decayed slightly from 97.94% to 96.48% after 80 days storage. The alternate arrangement of ultra-thin nano and melt-blown layers constructed a layer-by-layer interception and collaborative filtering effect in the composite filter, realizing the high filtration efficiency and low resistance without high voltage corona charging. These results provided new insights for the application of nonwoven fabrics in air filtration.
Orthogonal Design and Microstructure Mechanism Analysis of Novel Bentonite Polymer Slurry in Pipe Jacking
Authors: Liu Jimin , Wang Xiangzhi , Cheng Hua , Fan Haixu
Published: March 2023

The selection of an appropriate slurry ingredient and its percentage ratio is a vital and necessary task for engineers in slurry pipe jacking operations. However, traditional bentonite grouting materials are difficult to degrade because of their single and non-biodegradable composition. Nowadays crosslinked polymers have been widely considered due to their excellent performance and application in engineering practices, which enlighten novel polymer slurry in pipe jacking. This study innovatively proposed using boric acid crosslinked polymers added into polyacrylamide bentonite slurry, which not only solves the shortcomings of traditional grouting materials but also meets the general working performance requirements. The new slurry’s funnel viscosity, filter loss, water dissociation ratio and dynamic shear were tested according to an orthogonal experiment. Single factor range analysis was conducted to identify the optimal mix proportion based on an orthogonal design, and the formation behavior of mineral crystals and microstructure characteristics were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively. According to the results, guar gum and borax form a dense boric acid crosslinked polymer through cross-linking reaction. The internal structure grew tighter and more continuous as the crosslinked polymer concentration grew. It improved the anti-permeability plugging action and viscosity of slurries by 36.1~94.3%. The optimal proportions of sodium bentonite, guar gum, polyacrylamide, borax, and water were 10%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.1%, and 89.45% respectively. All these works indicated that the improvement of slurry composition by using boric acid crosslinked polymers was feasible.
Mapping Environmental Impacts on Coastal Tourist Areas of Oceanic Islands (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands): A Current and Future Scenarios Assessment
Authors: García-Romero Leví , Carreira-Galbán Teresa , Rodríguez-Báez José Ángel , Máyer-Suárez Pablo , Hernández-Calvento Luis , Yánes-Luque Amalia
Published: March 2023

The combination of the current sea level rise (SLR) and an increase in the frequency and severity of sea storm events and surges, will have important environmental impacts on coastal tourist areas located in oceanic islands that are often heavily dependent economically on tourism. Importantly, coastal tourist resorts and their associated beaches are commonly located in the S-SW of these islands where they are protected from the effects of the NE trade winds but exposed to these storms. This study analyses the current and future conditions of SW sea storm events. Then, through mapping using orthophotos, LiDAR data, and bathymetry with high spatial resolution, it studies the environmental effects that these events are having now and will have in the future on tourist zones of oceanic islands. This is of particular importance, as in the case of the Macaronesia islands, SW sea storm events are occurring with ever greater frequency. The case study considers the SW sector of the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Regarding the analysis of SW storms, the results obtained show an increase in the frequency of events, especially since the 1990s, with 104 events detected (67.5% between 1958 and 2018). The most affected areas during these storms are usually beaches (severe erosive processes). Breakwaters and seafronts usually resist the impact of waves well, however, as is discussed that in the future scenario, their implementation will mean a high economic cost for local administrations.
Sources and Risk Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Plateau Soils Predicted by Geo-Detectors
Authors: Wen Qiqian , Yang Linsheng , Yu Jiangping , Wei Binggan , Yin Shuhui
Published: March 2023

The ecological environment of the remote plateaus has been a challenge plaguing many countries due to global warming, increased human activities, and frequent occurrence of various heavy metal (HM) pollutants. This paper analyzes the primary factors and potential susceptible regions’ characteristics related to soil HMs (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Zn) in the southern Tibet Plateau (TP) using Geo-detectors and a set of multi-source data from remote sensing and geographic and geological information. The geoaccumulation index showed that the As pollution was the most serious. The precipitation, pH, geological age (GA), and rock type (RT) were the most critical factors affecting HMs. Additionally, soil HMs were relatively unaffected by land use and clay. Based on the risk detector, the most key impact types (range) of the predominant factors of HM’s sources were identified. For example, precipitation (100–200 mm), pH (7–7.5), DEM (>5500 m), RT (ophiolite), and GA (Ordovician) had the highest average concentration of As in each type (ranges) of the predominant factors. This work provides new data on the extent of soil HM contamination in the southern TP and predicts vulnerable areas of HM contamination, providing an important scientific basis for monitoring and managing HM in remote areas at high altitudes.
A Lightweight and High-Accuracy Deep Learning Method for Grassland Grazing Livestock Detection Using UAV Imagery
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Ma Lingling , Wang Qi , Wang Ning , Wang Dongliang , Wang Xinhong , Zheng Qingchuan , Hou Xiaoxin , Ouyang Guangzhou
Published: March 2023

Unregulated livestock breeding and grazing can degrade grasslands and damage the ecological environment. The combination of remote sensing and artificial intelligence techniques is a more convenient and powerful means to acquire livestock information in a large area than traditional manual ground investigation. As a mainstream remote sensing platform, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can obtain high-resolution optical images to detect grazing livestock in grassland. However, grazing livestock objects in UAV images usually occupy very few pixels and tend to gather together, which makes them difficult to detect and count automatically. This paper proposes the GLDM (grazing livestock detection model), a lightweight and high-accuracy deep-learning model, for detecting grazing livestock in UAV images. The enhanced CSPDarknet (ECSP) and weighted aggregate feature re-extraction pyramid modules (WAFR) are constructed to improve the performance based on the YOLOX-nano network scheme. The dataset of different grazing livestock (12,901 instances) for deep learning was made from UAV images in the Hadatu Pasture of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. The results show that the proposed method achieves a higher comprehensive detection precision than mainstream object detection models and has an advantage in model size. The mAP of the proposed method is 86.47%, with the model parameter 5.7 M. The average recall and average precision can be above 85% at the same time. The counting accuracy of grazing livestock in the testing dataset, when converted to a unified sheep unit, reached 99%. The scale applicability of the model is also discussed, and the GLDM could perform well with the image resolution varying from 2.5 to 10 cm. The proposed method, the GLDM, was better for detecting grassland grazing livestock in UAV images, combining remote sensing, AI, and grassland ecological applications with broad application prospects.
Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas—Application of the Prism of Sustainability Model
Authors: Trišić Igor , Nechita Florin , Milojković Danka , Štetić Snežana
Published: March 2023

Research on the impact of protected areas on sustainable tourism development is undeniable. It means that protected areas should be significant tourism destinations for the success of sustainable tourism. The improvement of natural values, reduction of negative tourism effects on the area, strengthening of the residents’ role in tourism planning, development of the nature-based form of tourism, adoption of legal regulations, and the provision of economic benefits for both managers and residents are the main activities of sustainable tourism development. The areas of Kopački Rit Nature Park in Croatia and Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia) are parts of the European river protected area called “The European Amazon”, and are protected as the Mura-Drava-Danube Transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The aim of the research is to obtain significant results regarding the attitudes and satisfaction of 1225 residents with sustainable tourism development using a quantitative methodology (PoS model), and SPSS analysis of the carried-out questionnaire. The respondents’ attitudes are related to the ecological, economic, sociocultural, and institutional sustainability of the protected area as a tourism destination. In addition, interviews were conducted with the managers of natural assets and experts in their tourist development. Answers from the interviews were used to confirm the obtained results.
Assessing the Anti-Corruption Disclosure Practices in the UK FTSE 100 Extractive Firms
Authors: Ghazwani Musa , Whittington Mark , Helfaya Akrum
Published: March 2023

This paper considers the anti-corruption disclosure reporting of the large UK-quoted extractive companies from 2003 to 2019. This period includes the introduction of the 2010 UK Bribery Act, which might be expected to influence corporate disclosure. It takes content analysis metrics from the environmental reporting literature, which is a more developed area of research, and considers an area with a higher volume of corporate disclosures. It applies these metrics to investigate the trends in corruption reporting over time and the impact of the introduction of the Act on reporting breadth and depth. We find that some of the metrics would appear to add more insight than others in this new context. We conclude that the volume of reporting has grown over time, but this would seem to be in breadth, more questions addressed rather than more depth to the answers given. There has been a step-change in reporting since the introduction of the Act, though concluding whether this has increased quality may depend on your perspective and interest as a user of the information.