bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the refractory period of the human migrating motor complex through induction of premature Phase III
Authors: MARZIO L. , PIERAMICO O. , GROSSI L. , di FELICE F. , NELSON D. K. , LAPENNA D. , CUCCURULLO F.
Published: August 2010

We examined the refractory period of the migrating motor complex and the ability of somatostatin to increase the oscillation frequency of the complex through the initiation of premature phase HI activity. Fifteen normal human subjects were studied by means of a naso‐intestinal motility probe and divided in three groups of five subjects each. After recording three spontaneous migrating motor complexes, somatostatin was infused at a time interval from the last spontaneous Phase III that corresponded to 10% (Group A), 20% (Group B) and 30% (Group C) of the previous mean cycle length. Eleven successive somatostatin infusions were given with the interval between each infusion being altered in a fashion designed to identify the refractory period of the MMC. The results show a spontaneous cycle length of 121.3 ± 15.8 min (mean ± SD). When given at 10% (12 min) of the previous cycle somatostatin did not elicit any response, when given at 20% (24 min) of the cycle somatostatin induced a premature Phase III activity in three of five subjects; when given at 30% (36 min) of the cycle somatostatin induced a premature Phase III in all five subjects examined. Each somatostatin infusion was associated with the onset of a premature Phase III activity in 50% of the trials when the time interval was 20% of the ideal cycle (24 ± 4 min). When the time interval was increased to 30% of the ideal cycle a premature Phase III could be recorded after each somatostatin infusion in all trials. Motilin and pancreatic polypeptide plasma levels were significantly lowered by somatostatin. It is concluded that the migrating motor complex of the human gastrointestinal tract shows an absolute and a relative refractory state. Repetitive infusions of somatostatin for short periods may increase the occurrence of Phase III activity up to four‐fold.
Biomechanical wall properties in the isolated perfused porcine duodenum: an experimental study using impedance planimetry
Authors: GREGERSEN H. , JØRGENSEN C. S. , DALL F. H.
Published: August 2010

The aims were to investigate duodenal biomechanical wall properties and properties of the ascending peristaltic reflex using impedance planimetry in the isolated perfused porcine duodenum. Stepwise inflation from 0.5 to 3.0 kPa of an intraluminal duodenal balloon, in which the pressure and balloon cross‐sectional area (Bcsa) were measured simultaneously, provided the distension stimulus. The biomechanical wall parameters were calculated from these measurements.

In‐vitro test of the measurement system demonstrated that it was sufficient for biomechanical studies. Balloon inflation induced a phase of rapid distension followed approximately after 2–6 s by a phase of slow Bcsa increase. In non‐relaxed segments, contractile activity was recorded both proximal to and at the site of distension. This activity started immediately after inflation and it usually disappeared within 20 s. Bcsa always reached equilibrium within the 2‐min inflation period. The circumferential wall tension and the pressure elastic modulus increased from 4.4 (3.9–4.7) kPa mm and 3.0 (2.4–3.6) kPa at low balloon pressures to 36.5 (33.3–39.3) kPa mm and 26.1 (20.7–32.8) kPa at a balloon pressure of 3 kPa. During muscle relaxation, the duodenum showed a viscoelastic behaviour with an immediate quick phase of Bcsa increase followed by a slow viscous phase. The latter fitted best with the mono‐exponential function f(x) =αx (1–eβt).

The model provides the opportunity for studying duodenal biomechanical wall properties in an intact organ model. The behaviour of the present duodenal model is compatible with a Maxwell model.
Oesophageal motor function and outcome of treatment with H2‐blockers in erosive oesophagitis
Authors: BALDI F. , LONGANESI A. , FERRARINI F. , MICHIELETTI G. , MORSELLI‐LABATE A. M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract We studied the oesophageal motor function in 19 patients with reflux oesophagitis before and after 3–6 months of treatment with high‐dose H2‐receptor antagonists to compare the results in healed vs unhealed patients. At the end of treatment, the frequency of transient lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations unassociated with a peristaltic sequence was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the healed group in fed conditions compared both with its baseline and with the unhealed one. The frequency of primary peristalsis was significantly increased (P < 0.01) particularly in the healed group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, failed peristalsis decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment in the healed patients in fasting conditions.

Our data suggest that oesophageal dysmotility observed in those patients who do not heal with high‐dose H2‐receptor antagonists, may be due to either the persistence of the mucosal lesions or to the presence of a primary motor disorder, whereas in those who heal, these abnormalities may represent a consequence of the oesophageal mucosal lesions.
Distinctive motor responses to human acute salmonellosis in the jejunum and ileum
Authors: ACCARINO A.M. , AZPIROZ F. , MALAGELADA J.‐R.
Published: August 2010

Given the differences that normally exist in jejunal and Heal motility patterns, we wished to determine whether these regions respond differently to acute enteric infections. In 10 patients with acute gastroenteritis induced by Salmonella infection and 12 healthy individuals jejunal and Heal motility was recorded at eight equidistant sites by a manometric system for 6 h during fasting. All were healthy individuals, but only three of 10 patients exhibited the cyclic inter digestive motor complex; 82 ± 9 min duration in healthy individuals (mean ± SE). In the jejenum, patients exhibited short bursts of intense activity (6.3 ± 1.6 bursts/subject in patients vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 in controls; P < 0.05); burst activity was scarce in the ileum. In contrast to healthy subjects, patients exhibited prolonged periods (64 ± 3 min duration) of Heal motor quiescence, that accounted for 32 ± 11% of recording time; such silent periods were not observed in the jejunum. Prolonged propagated ileal contractions were observed only in two healthy subjects, but in seven out of 10 patients. These data indicate that acute Salmonella infection magnifies the motor differences between the jejunum and the ileum; both regions generate aberrant and markedly different dysmotility patterns.
Gastric myoelectrical activity in premature and term infants
Authors: KOCH K. L. , TRAN T. N. , STERN R. M. , BINGAMAN S. , SPERRY N.
Published: August 2010

Electrogastrography is a non‐invasive method for recording gastric myoelectrical activity. The aims of this study were to record gastric myoelectrical activity in newborn infants using electrogastrographic methods and to compare frequency distributions of postprandial electrogastrograms (EGGs) recorded after gavage feedings. Nineteen infants with gestational ages ranging from 28 weeks to term were studied. Group I subjects were studied only after formula feedings (n = 15) and were divided by age into subgroups A, B and C: A (term, n = 4), B (33–36 weeks, n = 4), and C (28–32 weeks, n = 7). Group II infants (32–34 weeks, n = 4) were studied before and after gavage feeding. The percentage of total EGG power was calculated for four frequency ranges: 1–2.4 cpm (bradygastria); 2.5–3.6 cpm (normal range); 3.7–9.9 cpm (tachygastria); and 10–15 cpm (duodenal/respiratory). Results showed no significant differences in postprandial EGG power in these frequency ranges among the Group I infants of different gestational ages. The power in these EGG frequency ranges did not change significantly after gavage feedings in the Group II infants. In conclusion: (a) EGGs may be recorded successfully from preterm and term infants, (b) postprandial gastric myoelectrical activity in all frequency bands is similar among groups of premature and term infants, and (c) gavage feedings in premature infants did not increase 3 cpm EGG activity.
5‐HT receptor subtypes involved in the stimulatory effect of 5‐HT on the peristaltic reflex in vitro
Authors: BUCHHEIT K. H. , BUHL T.
Published: August 2010

The effect of serotonin (5‐HT) and of more selective 5‐HT agonists on the peristaltic reflex evoked in the isolated guinea‐pig ileum was investigated. Using the Trendelenburg technique, peristaltic contractions were elicited by increasing intraluminal pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscle were measured after serosal administration of the drugs. 5‐HT potently stimulated contractions of the longitudinal muscle. The effect of 5‐HT was partly antagonized by the 5‐HT4receptor antagonist SDZ 205–557. Of the potent 5‐HT1Areceptor agonists, 8‐OH‐DPAT, 5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT) and dipropyl‐5‐CT (DP‐5‐CT), only 5‐CT caused a substantial stimulation. Of the 5‐HT1C‐/5‐HT2receptor agonists DOI and 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT), DOI was inactive, whereas 5‐MeOT potently stimulated contractions. 5‐HT1Dreceptor agonists (5‐CT1sumatriptan) had a stimulatory effect. The effect of sumatriptan was antagonized by the 5‐HT1Dreceptor antagonist metitepine but not by the 5‐HT4receptor antagonist SDZ 205–557. The 5‐HT3receptor agonist 2‐methyl‐5‐HT and the antagonists ICS 205–930 and granisetron did not influence the peristaltic reflex. 6‐OH‐indalpine, a 5‐HT1Pagonist, was inactive. This data suggest that 5‐HT stimulates the peristaltic reflex in the isolated guinea‐pig ileum by activation of 5‐HT4‐ and 5‐HT1Dreceptors; other 5‐HT receptor subtypes appear not to play a significant role in the modulation of this reflex.
Verification of the intraluminal multiple electrical impedance measurement for the recording of gastrointestinal motility
Authors: SILNY J. , KNIGGE K. P. , FASS J. , RAU G. , MATERN S. , SCHUMPELICK V.
Published: August 2010

A new intraluminal electrical impedance procedure for high‐resolution measurements and the quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal motility is examined in healthy volunteers by cineradiography and manometry. The peristalsis in the oesophagus, stomach and small bowel is recorded with a combined impedance‐pressure catheter. Additionally, investigations with a flexible 16‐channel impedance catheter with a closed surface and a diameter of 3 mm are carried out in the oesophagus and small intestine. The 16 measuring segments with a length of 2 cm each record the contractile patterns from a 32‐cm‐long organ section without a gap. The correctness of the physical approach is validated by concurrent impedance and cineradiography recordings of the oesophageal peristalsis. The comparative studies confirm a close relation between the pressure and the impedance changes in the oesophagus and small intestine. The time analysis of the impedance tracings offers information about the bolus transit and the change of the wall compliance along the organ. Regions of high or low compliance of the muscular wall can be recognized. From the impedance tracings the direction of the contraction waves as well as their velocities, lengths, beginnings and ends can be determined. Moreover, the beginning and end of the bolus, and from them the momentary bolus length, can be characterized for any instant during the bolus transit.
Influence of caloric labyrinthine stimulation on oesophageal motor function
Authors: COOK I. J. , DENT J. , COLLINS S.M.
Published: August 2010

There is incomplete understanding of the factors regulating smooth muscle primary peristalsis and of the reflux‐associated transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations which are under postural control and which occur independently of swallowing. We examined the effects of labyrinthine stimulation on basal lower oesophageal sphincter tone, the frequency of non‐swallow associated lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation and on the amplitude of primary peristalsis in the distal oesophagus. In 13 healthy volunteers, labyrinthine stimulation was produced by infusion of water at 10°C into the external auditory canal for 5 minutes, or until nausea ensued. A manometric sleeve catheter assembly monitored lower oesophageal sphincter pressure while side holes recorded pharyngeal, mid and lower oesophageal, and gastric pressures. Recordings were made during labyrinthine stimulation and during matched control periods. Caloric stimulation caused a minor but significant fall in mean basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure of 14% (P = 0.04) and had no detectable effect on oesophageal peristalsis. In association with vomiting induced by labyrinthine stimulation in 3 subjects, lower oesophageal sphincter pressure fell rapidly by 61% (P = 0.03) from control levels and this inhibition persisted for up to 20 minutes after vomiting. For 10 minutes post‐emesis, primary peristaltic amplitude was reduced by 50% (P < 0.001). Swallowing triggered a completely propagated peristaltic wave significantly less often during the post‐emetic period. The rate of occurrence of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations was not influenced significantly by labyrinthine stimulation. These findings are consistent with a functionally important role for the brainstem in the control of motor function of the smooth muscle oesophagus but do not permit distinction of a direct effect from a secondary humoral effect as part of the vomiting reflex.
Regulation of the frequency of myoelectric complexes in the isolated mouse colon
Authors: LYSTER D. J. K. , BYWATER R. A. R. , TAYLOR G. S.
Published: August 2010

Intracellular recordings were made from the circular muscle layer of the isolated mouse colon in the presence or absence of 2 μM nifedipine at 37°C. Slow waves were recorded in about 35% of preparations and were up to 20 mV in amplitude when recorded from cells close to the submucous plexus. Myoelectric complexes were also recorded and consisted of cholinergic (hyoscine sensitive) rapid oscillations (∼2 Hz) superimposed on slow depolarizations (∼17 mV) in membrane potential (resting membrane potential ‐51 mV) occurring every 80 to 410 seconds. In recordings made simultaneously using 2 microelectrodes, aborally migrating complexes were observed in all preparations whilst, in approximately half of these preparations, some complexes migrated orally or were stationary. The intervals between complexes were increased by reducing the size of the preparation and by the addition of 1 μM hyoscine. Pirenzipine (50 nM) also increased the interval between complexes without affecting the cholinergic rapid oscillations. The addition of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (10μM) initiated a premature complex and decreased the intervals between complexes in the presence or absence of hyoscine. These studies have shown that the intervals between myoelectric complexes recorded in vitro can be increased or decreased by pharmacologically active substances, probably by modifying neural control processes in the enteric nervous system.
Divergent effect of saline and glucose solutions on myoelectric and motor activity of canine small bowel
Authors: DEFILIPPI C. , GOMEZ E.
Published: August 2010

Previous work has shown that stimulation of osmotic receptors in the duodenal mucosa is followed by an increase in small intestinal motility. This effect was consistently observed with saline solutions, while stimulation or inhibition is observed when glucose is the solute. To gain further insight into the mechanisms of these apparent contradictory effects, we have perfused the intestine with saline and glucose solutions while simultaneously recording small bowel electrical and motor activity. Also to elucidate the influence of the spontaneous fasting activity, infusions were done on two different phases of the migrating motor complex infusion of 10 ml of both NaCl and glucose (1250 and 2500 mOsm/kg) in Phase I of the migrating motor complex, elicited the appearance of spike potentials and contractions. When infused during Phase II, NaCl caused an increase in the frequency of the irregular motor activity characteristics of this phase, due to a greater coupling of electrical and motor events. Also a greater amplitude of contractions was seen. In contrast, glucose infusion in Phase II was associated with a decrease of both electrical events and contractions. We conclude that the effect of hyperosmolar solutions is influenced by the solute and the phase of the migrating motor complex in which they are infused.
Motilin, erythromycin, and the gastric migrating motor complex: site of action
Authors: NEMANICH M. , BEHRNS K. E. , SARR M. G.
Published: August 2010

Motilin is a putative hormone which induces a premature migrating motor complex when administered exogenously, but the target organ for this hormonal effect is undetermined. Our aim was to determine whether motilin and the motilin agonist, erythromycin, induce a premature migrating motor complex via an effect directly on the stomach. Six dogs underwent splenectomy and ligation of all branches of the splenic artery except the left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries to the proximal stomach. An intra‐arterial catheter was placed in the proximal splenic artery for close intra‐arterial injection of motilin and erythromycin directly to the gastric corpus/proximal antrum. After recovery, the minimum effective dose required to induce a premature migrating motor complex was determined for motilin and for erythromycin given close intra‐arterially or intravenously (systemically) by monitoring upper gut myoelectric activity. Minimum effective doses of motilin and erythromycin were the same whether given intra‐arterially or intravenously. The latency interval or the time to onset of a premature Phase III was less than 2 minutes for intra‐arterial or intravenous administration (P > 0.05). The characteristics of induced‐Phase HI activity (appearance, duration, velocity) did not differ from spontaneous Phase HI activity (P > 0.05). Although plasma motilin concentrations increased after threshold doses of both motilin and erythromycin, increases in plasma motilin occurred later after erythromycin (lOmin) than after exogenous motilin (3 min). Our findings suggest that motilin initiation of the migrating motor complex does not occur by independent stimulation of putative receptors in the gastric corpus or proximal antrum.
Altered recto‐anal motility in irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical physiological study of 80 Mexican patients
Authors: AWAD R.
Published: August 2010

Between 1989 and 1991, 347 out‐patients suffering from functional bowel disease were studied. Eighty (mean age 33.4 ± 1, range 17–53 years: 75 females) met the established criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. After noting their clinical history, they underwent standard laboratory tests, air contrast barium enema, recto‐sigmoidoscopy; rectal sensitivity studies, and recordings of both electrical and mechanical activities of the distal rectum and the internal anal sphincter during 2 h inter digestive and 2 h post‐prandial periods. Twenty‐one normal subjects served as a control group. In the irritable bowel syndrome, both basal (P = 0.01) as well as post‐prandial (P = 0.003) rectal spike amplitudes were higher compared with controls. While there was no significant difference in the induced recto‐anal inhibitory reflex, the frequency (P = 0.001), duration (P = 0.007) and amplitude (P = 0.03) of spontaneous anal relaxations were all greater in the patients compared with the control. Patients perceived the rectal sensation and discomfort at significantly lower values than normal subjects (P < 0.01). In summary, irritable bowel syndrome patients showed increased electrical activity of the rectum in response to food and increased frequency, duration, and amplitude of the naturally occurring recto‐anal inhibitory reflex, and a sensitive rectum.
Central CCK‐8s receptors trigger the sigma ligand‐ and 5‐HT1Aagonists‐induced acceleration of post‐prandial colonic transit in rats
Authors: GuÉ M. , RIO‐LACHEZE C. DEL , JUNIEN J.‐L. , BUÉNO L.
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects ofigmesine (JO 1784) and 5‐HT1Aagonists (8‐OH‐DPAT, buspirone) on post‐prandial colonic transit were evaluated in conscious rats chronically fitted with an intracolonic catheter inserted into the proximal colon. Colonic transit time was evaluated by intracolonic administration of a radiolabelled marker ([51Cr]sodium chromate) and collection of the faeces, per hour, on a conveyor belt. In control studies, the colonic mean retention time was 7.8 ± 1.9 h and faecal dry matter was 50.1 ± 8.4%. Intraperitoneal treatment with igmesine (1 mg kg‐1) reduced the colonic mean retention time by 61.1 %, but was inactive at 0.1 and 0.25 mg kg‐1. Buspirone (10 mg kg‐1IP) and 8‐OH‐DPAT (0.1 mg kg‐1) injected i.p. reduced the mean retention time. The stimulatory effect of buspirone on colonic transit was dose‐related (0.1–10 mg kg‐1). Neither igmesine, buspirone nor 8‐OH‐DPAT affected the faecal dry matter. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of igmesine (0.025 and 0.1 mg kg‐1) also reduced the post‐prandial mean retention time by 41.6 and 41.7%, respectively, without any effect on faecal dry matter. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of 8‐OH‐DPAT or buspirone had no effect on colonic mean retention time. Subcutaneous injection with BMY 14802 (1 mg kg‐1) completely prevented the igmesine‐ (0.1 mg kg‐1i.c.v.) induced reduction of mean retention time; furthermore, spiroxatrine (0.5 mg kg‐1s.c.) blocked both buspirone‐ (10mgkg‐1i.p.) and 8‐OH‐DPAT‐ (0.1 mg kg‐1i.p.) induced stimulation of postpandial colonic transit. Intracerebroventricular but not i.p. injection of devazepide (10 μg kg‐1) inhibited the stimulating effect of igmesine, 8‐OH‐DPAT or buspirone on colonic transit, while L365,260 was inactive. In rats igmesine and 5‐HT1Aagonists stimulate colonic transit by a mechanism involving the central release of CCK‐8s and/or the activation of supraspinal CCKergic pathways and these effects are mediated through CCKA‐type receptors.
An immunohistochemical study of neuropeptides and neuron‐specific proteins present in the small intestine of the black‐capped capuchin (Cebus appela)
Authors: POMPOLO S.
Published: August 2010

AbstractAntisera against neuron specific enolase (NSE), calbindin and the neuropeptides substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), enkephalin (ENK) and somntostatin (SOM) were used to demonstrate the presence of nerve fibres and cell bodies in the small intestine of the black‐capped capuchin, Cebus appela. NSE‐immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres werefoundin all layers of the intestinal wall, except the longitudinal muscle, and immuno‐reactive nerve cell bodies were found in both myenteric and submucous plexuses. The submucous plexus was composed of external and internal ganglionated plexuses. Endocrine cells in the epithelium were reactive for NSE. In ganglia of the myenteric plexus, SP‐, VIP‐, ENK‐, SOM‐, NPY‐ and calbindin‐IR varicose and non‐varicose fibres were found around reactive and unreactive cell bodies. Calbindin, ENK‐, SP‐, SOM‐ and VIP‐IR, but not NPY‐IR, nerve cell bodies were observed. The primary and secondary plexuses contained fibres of each type examined. The tertiary plexus was rich in SP‐IR fibres, although ENK‐, NPY‐, SOM‐ and VIP‐IR fibres were also observed. The deep muscular plexus had mainly ENK‐ and SP‐IR fibres and few VIP‐IR fibres, while in the remainder of the circular muscle VIP‐IR fibres predominated. There were few SP‐IR and no ENK‐IR fibres in this layer. The two ganglionated plexuses of the submucosa contained ENK‐, NPY‐, SOM‐, SP‐ and VIP‐IR fibres, but calbindin‐IR fibres were not found. SP‐ and VIP‐IR cell bodies were found in both plexuses. Blood vessels had SP‐, VIP‐ and NPY‐IR fibres around them. SP‐, VIP‐ and a few SOM‐IR pbres innervated the mucosa, while endocrine cells were found with SP‐, SOM‐ and NPY‐IR. The present study demonstrated that the distribution of the neuropeptides SP‐ and VIP‐IR is similar in the small intestine of the black‐capped capuchin to that in the dog, guinea pig, human and rat. SP‐ and VIP‐IR possibly mark neurons of the same function in each species. Distributions of ENK‐, NPY‐, SOM‐ and calbindin‐IR differ substantially between species.
Regional differences in passive elastic wall properties of the oesophagus: an impedance planimetric study in pigs
Authors: VINTER‐JENSEN L. , JUHL C. O. , GREGERSEN H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Regional differences in biomechanical properties of the oesophagus were studied in seven healthy Goettingen minipigs by means of impedance planimetry. The investigation was done during anaesthesia by stepwise pressure‐induced balloon distensions with concomitant measurement of pressure and luminal cross‐sectional area (CSA) in the oesophagus 5, 10 and 15 em above the gastro‐oesophageal junction (GEJ). The compliance and wall tension were computed from measurements of the pressure and steady‐state CSA. Probably due to the anaesthesia, only scant peristalsis was recorded and the CSA always reached steady state during balloon distension. The CSAs were highest in the distal oesophagus (P < 0.01). At the highest induced pressure, the figures were 665 ± 57, 529 ± 50 and 452 ± 47 mm2 for the locations 5, 10 and 15 cm from the GEJ, respectively. Hysteresis did not differ between the measuring points. The oesophagus was significantly more compliant at low pressures (1–3 kPa) 5 cm above the GEJ compared to the more proximally located measuring points (P < 0.05).

In conclusion, regional variations occurred in passive biomechanical properties of the oesophagus with the highest distensibility occurring 5 cm above the GEJ.
Adaptive cancellation of ECG artifacts in the diaphragm electromyographic signals obtained through intraoesophageal electrodes during swallowing and inspiration
Authors: CHEN J. D. Z. , LIN Z. Y. , RAMAHI M. , MITTAL R. K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper presents a new and effective adaptive filtering method for the cancellation of electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts in the electromyographic (EMG) signals obtained through intraoesophageal electrodes. This technique requires adjustable filter weights and two input signals. The primary input signal was the EMG signal containing the ECG artifact and the reference or the second input was the ECG signal measured simultaneously by two chest electrodes. The adaptive filter weights were initially set at zero and iteratively adjusted according to a least mean square algorithm proposed in this paper. The filter weights were adjusted in such a way that the output of the adaptive filter was a replica of the contaminating ECG signal, which was then subtracted from the EMG signal, yielding an ECG‐free EMG signal. The performance of the proposed method was investigated using computer simulations. It was found that ECG artifacts could be effectively cancelled while the EMG signal was not affected by adaptive filtering. Its applications showed that the proposed new algorithm had better performance than the conventional least mean square algorithm. The EMG signals were obtained in six healthy subjects, during swallows (oesophageal muscle EMG) and deep inspiration (crural diaphragm EMG). Our results demonstrated the effective cancellation of the ECG artifact in both swallow‐induced and inspiration‐related EMG signals. Spectral analysis of the EMG was performed on the ECG‐free EMG signal. The inspiration‐related EMG signal was found to have higher frequency components than the swallow‐related EMG.
Viewpoint: High susceptibility to Chikungunya virus of Aedes aegypti from the French West Indies and French Guiana
Authors: Girod Romain , Gaborit Pascal , Marrama Laurence , Etienne Manuel , Ramdini Cédric , Rakotoarivony Ignace , Dollin Christelle , Carinci Romuald , Issaly Jean , Dusfour Isabelle , Gustave Joël , Yp‐Tcha Marie‐Michelle , Yébakima Andre , Failloux Anna‐Bella , Vazeille Marie
Published: August 2010

Objectives  To estimate the vector competence of Aedes aegypti populations sampled from distinct anthropogenic environments in French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Martinique for the strain CHIKV 06.21.

Methods  F1/F2 females were orally infected at titres of 106 and 107.5 pfu/ml in blood‐meals. Disseminated infection rates (DIR) of mosquitoes were estimated using indirect fluorescent antibody assay on heads’ squashes, 7 or 14 days post‐infection (pi).

Results  At a titre of 107.5 pfu/ml, DIR ranged from 88.9% to 100.0% and were not significantly different whether assessed at day 7 or 14 pi. At a titre of 106 pfu/ml, DIR observed 7 days pi ranged from 37.6 to 62.0%.

Conclusions  Ae. aegypti from French Guiana and French West Indies are highly competent to transmit CHIKV. An evaluation of DIR 7 days rather than 14 days pi is adequate to estimate vector competence. The titre of 106 pfu/ml allows us to distinguish Ae. aegypti populations originating from distinct environments (dense or diffuse housing) by their vector competence. This assessment is a prerequisite to better evaluate the potential risk of Chikungunya outbreaks once the virus is introduced from endemic regions.
Adverse Reactions to Practolol: Some Observations on the Possible Relevance to Immune Mechanisms
Authors: Dick Heather M. , Wright P. , Chapman Cindy M. , Zacharias F. J. , Nicholls J. T.
Published: August 2010

HLA antigen frequencies were determined in patients who had suffered adverse reactions to the β‐adrenergic blocking agent, practolol. No statistically significant differences were observed between these patients and control groups. The latter were selected to include two separate groups, normal random healthy population controls, and controls who had taken practolol with no apparent adverse effects. Patients suffering from the very severe form of reaction, sclerosing peritonitis, were analysed separately from those with other lesions e.g. ocular symptoms, but did not show any significant differences Altered HLA antigen frequencies were observed for those control patients whose primary diagnosis was hypertension but this was considered to be due to selection bias.
Demonstration, Isolation and Identification of Culturable Microfungi and Bacteria in Horse Hair and Dandruff Immunochemical Comparison with Allergenic Components
Authors: Gravesen S. , Løwenstein H. , Weeke B.
Published: August 2010

Horse hair and dandruff have been investigated for their content of microfungi and bacteria. Inoculation and incubation on V‐8 agar containing penicillin and streptomycin, with subsequent colony counting and identification, revealed more than nine and five different genera of microfungi and bacteria respectively, in horse hair and dandruff. Isolation and cultivation of the quantitatively dominating species, and preparation of an extract of these were performed, followed by immunochemical comparison with extract of horse hair and dandruff using crossed‐line immunoelectrophoresis. As no immunochemical identity was demonstrated it was concluded that the identified microorganisms might serve as a guideline to suspected sensitizing substances when patients with a typical case history of horse allergy do not react to extracts of horse hair and dandruff.
The Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on In Vitro Mast Cell Degranulation in Human Jejunal Mucosa
Authors: Selbekk B. H.
Published: August 2010

The in vitro effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on IgE antigen‐induced mast cell degranulation is described. Serum from an egg white allergic patient was used to sensitize jejunal mucosa from nine individuals. Egg white was used to challenge the IgE sensitized mast cells. DSCG in concentrations 3 × 10−7 M to 3 × 10−4 M was added to the mucosal specimens before antigen challenge. Mast cell degranulation in the sensitized specimens challenged with egg white was 38%. Mast cell degranulation in sensitized specimens treated with DSCG before and during antigen challenge was reduced to 2% at a concentration of 3 × 10−5 M of DSCG (P= 0.006) and to 28% at a concentration of 3 × 10−6 M (p=0.027). No significant reduction of mast cell degranulation was seen at concentrations of 3 × 10−7 M and 3 × 10−4 M.

The results support a role for DSCG in the treatment of gastrointestinal allergy.
Inhibition Experiments with Solid Phase Mite or Epithelia in House Dust Hypersensitivity
Authors: Pauli G. , Bessot J. C. , Thierry R.
Published: August 2010

The present study was undertaken to verify that mites are not the only allergens in house dust extracts and that other allergens such as cat epithelia can also be responsible for house dust hypersensitivities detected both by house dust skin tests and house dust RAST studies. In order to determine whether mite or epithelia fixed on a solid phase could remove not only the IgE antibodies reactive with the homologous allergens, but also the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust allergens, the authors have absorbed 10 sera of house dust allergic patients with solid phase mite or epithelia. The absorption procedure removed a large part of the IgE antibodies reactive with specific immunosorbent (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or cat epithelia) and in the same way the IgE antibodies reactive with house dust immunosorbent.

The percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 65% to 92% for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and from 65% to 94% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and mite; the percentage of RAST inhibition varied from 67% to 92% for cat epithelia and from 73% to 90% for house dust in patients allergic to house dust and cat epithelia. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that house dust is not an allergen per se, but rather a complex mosaic of several allergens including mite, animal epithelia, etc.
Nasal Smear as a Screening Test for Immediate‐Type Nasal Allergy
Authors: Malmberg H. , Holopainen E.
Published: August 2010

From a previous sample of 634 students and school children, 115 subjects were selected for a thorough rhinological examination and allergy work‐up in order to assess the value of nasal secretion eosinophilia in screening for immediate‐type nasal allergy. Part of the subjects had, in the previous study, been found to have secretion eosinophilia and a history of chronic/allergic rhinitis, part of the subjects had either a secretion eosinophilia or a rhinitis history, and part of them had neither a secretion eosinophilia nor a rhinitis history. A significant correlation was obtained between secretion eosinophilia and allergy. Nasal provocation tests correlated with skin tests in 87%, whereas the correlation between nasal provocation tests and IgE determinations in the serum was poorer. Thickening of the maxillary sinus was, when present, usually attributable to infection and not to allergy. Reasons for “false positive or false negative” smears for eosinophils are discussed.
Allergen nomenclature*
Authors: Marsh D. G. , Goodfriend L. , King T. P. , Løwenstein H. , Platts‐Mills T. A. E.
Published: August 2010

This article presents a nomenclature system for allergens which has been officially recommended by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The nomenclature is based on proposals of the IUIS Sub‐Committee for Allergen Nomenclature and is applicable to highly purified well‐characterized allergens and to non‐purified or partially purified allergenic extracts.
Enhancing effect of dipyridamole inhalation on adenosine‐induced bronchospasm in asthmatic patients
Authors: Crimi N. , Palermo F. , Oliveri R. , Maccarrone C. , Palermo B. , Vancheri C. , Polosa R. , Mistretta A.
Published: August 2010

The study was performed on 13 asthmatic patients to determine whether inhaled dipyridamole would act directly by inducing bronchoconstriction or indirectly by potentiating the adenosine‐induced bronchoconstriction. The study was performed in 3 consecutive days. On the first day adenosine challenge was performed and the PD20 value calculated. On the other days the adenosine challenge was done 5 min after randomized inhalations of dipyridamole or a control solution. The mean percent change in FEV1 after dipyridamole (Δ%= 2.0) and control solution (Δ%= 1.0) was not significant. Inhaled adenosine caused bronchoconstriction with a geometric mean PD20 of 1.09 mg. After control solution inhalation, a mean PD20 value of 1.31 mg was observed. Dipyridamole inhalation increased adenosine hyperresponsiveness and in all subjects shifted the dose‐response curves of adenosine challenge to the left with a mean PD20 value of 0.40 mg. This enhancing effect of dipyridamole was significant when compared with the baseline value (P < 0.01) and control solution (P < 0.O1). The study demonstrated that dipyridamole inhalation increased airway responsiveness to adenosine in all subjects. This effect is due to indirect activity of dipyridamole on airways without changes in baseline airway caliber.
Relationship of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to nasopharyngeal and intestinal growth of Candida albicans in allergic subjects
Authors: Koivikko A. , Kalimo K. , Nieminen E. , Viander M.
Published: August 2010

The growth of C. albicans yeast in the nasopharynx and in the anus as well as allergy symptoms were followed up for 8 months in 67 patients with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and/or atopic eczema. 38 of the patients were skin prick test positive and 29 negative to C. albicans allergen extract. 32 of the patients had positive and 19 negative delayed skin reactions. The nasal, bronchial and skin symptoms of the yeast‐sensitive allergic patients were not associated with the nasopharyngeal nor anal occurrence of C. albicans or other yeasts. The use of nasal or inhaled steroids had no effect on the occurrence of Candida in the nasopharynx. It was observed that immediate skin sensitivity had a positive correlation and the delayed sensitivity a negative correlation with the occurrence of C. albicans growth in nasopharynx and anus. These findings are in agreement with the concept that impaired cell‐mediated immunity to C. albicans lead to increased IgE response. This may explain the increased liability towards C. albicans nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal “saprophytic” growth.
Sensitivity to tomato and peanut allergens in children monosensitized to grass pollen
Authors: De Martino M. , Novembre E. , Cozza G. , De Marco A. , Bonazza P. , Vierucci A.
Published: August 2010

Possible associations between allergy to grass pollen and positive skin tests to food allergens were studied in 102 children monosensitized (as to inhalant allergens) to grass pollen, and in 117 children monosensitized (as to inhalant allergens) to Dermatophagoides. Thirty‐two foods were tested by an epicutaneous method. Positive skin tests to food allergens were more frequent in children with allergy to grass pollen (59.8%) than in children with allergy to Dermatophagoides (9.4%). A considerably high frequency of positive reactions to tomato (39.2%), peanut (22,5%), green pea (13.7%), and wheat (11.7%) was observed in children with allergy to grass pollen. Positive skin tests to peanut closely correlated with positive RAST results and nasal provocation tests, whereas in children with skin test positivity to tomato a close correlation with nasal provocation tests but a 45 % correlation with a positive RAST result were observed. RAST inhibition experiments were carried out, and the results may suggest the presence of cross‐reacting IgE to grass pollen, tomato, and peanut antigens. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the light of histories of food hypersensitivity, urticaria‐angioedema, and atopic dermatitis in children with allergy to grass pollen.
The Mouth and Pharynx
Authors: Pastorello Elide A. , Incorvaia Cristoforo , Ortolani Claudio
Published: August 2010

•Symptoms appear immediately at the site of contact with the food when a susceptible allergic patients eats the offending food.

•Allergy to fresh fruits and vegetables, associated with all kinds of pollinosis, is the more frequent cause of Oral Allergy Syndrome.
The Sinuses
Authors: Høst Ante
Published: August 2010

•Food allergy is an extremely rare cause of chronic sinusitis.

•Mucosal inflammation in chronic sinusitis is rarely caused by allergic reactions to foods but rather viral infections in the upper respiratory tract.
The Eye
Authors: Bonini Sergio , Bonini Stefano
Published: August 2010

•Direct action of triggers on the target organ may cause vasodilation, exudation, hypersecretion and nerve endings stimulation without participation of mast cells and basophils.

•Non IgE‐mediated release of mediators from mast cells and basophils may explain how triggers other than allergens can induce pseudo‐allergic reactions.

•IgE‐mediated triggering of mast cells and basophils is not confined ‐ in the eye too ‐ to an immediate reaction, but represents the starting point for a progression to a late‐phase reaction with the participation of a network of several cells and mediators.

•Inflammatory changes associated with late‐phase reaction in the eye represent the pathophysiological basis for a non‐specific hyperreactivity to various triggers.
The Brain
Authors: Anderson John A.
Published: August 2010

•Specific chemical mediator release such as histamine and the prostaglandins (PG2a or PGD2) associated with headaches has been found in a few patients who were repeatedly challenged with specific foods, using DBPCFC techniques.
Tree‐pollen allergy is efficiently treated by short‐term immunotherapy (STI) with seven preseasonal injections of molecular standardized allergens
Authors: Balda B. R. , Wolf H. , Baumgarten C. , Klimek L. , Rasp G. , Kunkel G. , Müller S. , Mann W. , Hauswald B. , Heppt W. , Przybilla B. , Amon U. , Bischoff R. , Becher G. , Hummel S. , Frosch P. J. , Rustemeyer T. , Jäger L. , Brehler R. , Schnitker J.
Published: August 2010

The efficacy and tolerance of short‐term immunotherapy (STI) by seven preseasonal injections of tree‐pollen allergens (ALK7 FrUhbltihermischung®) was investigated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study with 111 rhinoconjunctivitis patients. Nasal and bronchial symptoms simultaneously analyzed, and nasal symptoms as a single end point, but not the overall score of nasal, bronchial, and conjunctival symptoms, showed a significantly lower increase with STI during birch‐pollen exposure (both P= 0.033, n= 105, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). However, a selective analysis with patients from centers with high recruitment figures (nS10 patients, n=29 STI, n=32 placebo) showed a significantly lower increase of nasal, bronchial, and overall symptom score (STI 11.0 vs placebo 18.0, P=0.001, U‐test). STI had equidirected effects on conjunctival, nasal, and bronchial symptoms analyzed as multiple end points, although conjunctival symptoms were not significantly different as a single end point. The seasonal increase in drug use was reduced by 62% in the STI group compared with placebo (P=0.032, Mest), Specific IgG4 increased only after STI (P<0,001); IgE was not significantly different. Eosinophil cationic protein remained unchanged with STI, but significantly increased with placebo in the pollen season (P=Qm3). STI was well tolerated. In conclusion, STI was shown to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of patients with tree‐pollen rhinoconjunctivitis.
A pilot study of the effect of mechanical ventilation and heat exchange on house‐dust mites and Der p 1 in New Zealand homes
Authors: Crane J. , Ellis I. , Siebers R. , Grimmet D. , Lewis S. , Fitzharris P.
Published: August 2010

We have examined the effect of reducing relative humidity (RH), with inbuilt mechanical ventilation and heat‐exchange (MVHE) units, on house‐dust‐ mite (HDM) counts and allergen levels, in a pilot study of 10 Wellington dwellings. Recent international prevalence studies in adults and children have confirmed a high prevalence of asthma in New Zealand, Sensitivity to HDM is common among the general population, and HDM is the major allergen associated with asthma. Recent studies of allergen levels have confirmed high concentrations of Der p 1 in the domestic environment. While humidity was significantly reduced in those dwellings fitted with ventilation units, no systematic effect on mites or Der p 1 was observed during the study period. When the reductions in humidity were examined in the context of the time spent below the critical equilibrium humidity (CEH), the intervention led to RH values below the CEH for only 39% of the total of 24‐h periods for which measurements were made. Reducing RH by means of MVHE in New Zealand domestic dwellings does not lower humidity sufficiently, or long enough, to have any measurable effect on HDM populations.
A novel dipstick developed for rapid Bet V 1‐specific IgE detection: recombinant allergen immobilized via a monoclonal antibody to crystalline bacterial cell‐surface layers
Authors: Breitwieser A. , Mader C. , Schocher I. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , Aberer W. , Scheiner O. , Sleytr U. B. , Sára M.
Published: August 2010

The incidence of allergy to airborne proteins derived from tree and grass pollen, feces of mites, spores of molds, and pet dander has been increasing over the last decades. Since precise diagnosis is a prerequisite for successful immunotherapy, there is a rising demand for rapid, reliable, and inexpensive screening methods such as dipstick assays. With the purified recombinant major birch‐pollen allergen rBet v la as model protein, crystalline bacterial cell‐surface layers (S‐layers) were tested for their applicability as an immobilization matrix for dipstick development. For this purpose, S‐layers were deposited on a mechanically stable microporous support, eross‐linked with glutaraldehyde, and free carboxylic acid groups of the S‐layer protein were activated with carbodiimide. In the present test system, rBet v la was immobilized via the monoclonal mouse antibody BIP 1, which, unlike the allergen, is too large to enter the pores of the S‐layer lattice, and which therefore formed a closed monolayer on the outermost surface of the crystal lattice. Moreover, BIP 1 is known to modulate IgE binding to the allergen. After incubation of the dipsticks in serum, washing of the reaction zone under tap water, and binding of an anti‐IgE alkaline phosphatase conjugate, 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium was used as substrate, forming an IgE concentration‐dependent colored precipitate on the S‐layer surface. The investigation of patient sera previously tested with the CAP™ system confirmed the specificity of the S‐layer‐based dipstick assay. Since the dipstick is easy to handle and the whole test procedure takes only 90 min, this test system should be applicable for rapid determination of specific IgE and for first screening in the doctor's practice.