bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination Scores and Verbal Memory Performance at a Memory Center
Authors: Lacy Maureen , Kaemmerer Tobias , Czipri Sheena
Published: July 2014

Memory decline is often among the first signs heralding the emergence of mild cognitive impairment or dementia regardless of etiology. Despite its limited inclusion of memory screening, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) continues to be the most ubiquitous, first-line screening tool for dementia and cognitive decline. In response to well documented problems with the sensitivity of this instrument and the growing importance of cognitive screening, we assessed the utility of the MMSE as a screening tool among older adults presenting for evaluation at a memory clinic. The Standardized MMSE and a standardized verbal memory test — the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) — were administered to 304 consecutive referrals at a university-based outpatient memory clinic. Among patients scoring above 25 on the MMSE (n = 169), over half exhibited at least moderate memory impairment (HVLT-R delayed recall z ≤ −2.0) and more than 25% showed severe impairment (delayed recall z ≤ −3.0). Perhaps even more striking was that among those who achieved perfect (30/30) or near perfect (29/30) scores on the MMSE (n = 70), 43% displayed moderate to severe memory impairment. Although newer screening measures have shown improved sensitivity, more in-depth memory testing appears to be a vital component of successful screening and early detection.
Coming Out to Dad
Authors: Jadwin-Cakmak Laura A. , Pingel Emily S. , Harper Gary W. , Bauermeister José A.
Published: July 2014

Few studies have examined the relationship between young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) and their fathers. Based on a phenomenological framework, this study investigated the role of fathers in YGBM’s coming-out experience, focusing on how fathers responded to disclosure of same-sex attraction, how fathers’ responses compared with sons’ expectations, and what sons perceived as having influenced their fathers’ responses. Semistructured in-depth interviews with 30 gay and bisexual men aged 18 to 24 years were conducted as part of a larger study; topics explored in the interview included experiences coming out to family and others. Nineteen participants’ narratives included discussion about their fathers and were included in the current analyses. The YGBM who were interviewed perceived a complex range of responses upon coming out to their fathers, ranging from enthusiastic acceptance to physical violence. Participants spoke of fathers who were accepting in different manners and who often held contradictory attitudes about same-sex attraction. Fathers’ responses commonly differed from sons’ expectations, which were informed by homophobic talk and gendered expectations. Sons spoke about what informed their expectations as well as what they perceived as influencing their fathers’ responses, including gender norms, beliefs regarding the cause of same-sex attraction, religious and sociopolitical views, and concerns about HIV/AIDS. Particularly striking was the pervasive influence of hegemonic masculinity throughout the YGBM’s stories. The implications of these findings for future research and intervention development are discussed, as well as study strengths and limitations.
Removal of Cu2+ ions with 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid–modified nanoscale zero-valent iron
Authors: Feng Jingwei , Liang Chenghua , Lan Xiping
Published: July 2014

Applications of nanoscale zero-valent iron (N-Fe0) and modified Fe0 with 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (P-Fe0) prepared by borohydride reduction for removal of Cu2+ in water are investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. Characterizations with X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that N-Fe0 and P-Fe0 have a core shell structure similarly. The uptake experiments investigated the effects of the dosages of N-Fe0 and P-Fe0, pH and the adsorption kinetics. The results showed that the ratio of removal efficiencies is more than 90% with the condition of initial concentrations of 10.0–70.0 mg/L, pH of 7 at 25 °C and the adsorbent of 0.4 g/L N-Fe0 and P-Fe0. Within the applied conditions, the order rate of Cu2+ adsorption kinetics equation on the N-Fe0 and P-Fe0 was the pseudo-second. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, Cu2+ ions were removed primarily via a redox mechanism that resulted in the formation of Cu0 and Cu2O. The contact of N-Fe0 and P-Fe0 with aqueous media caused extensive formation of iron oxide. The research reveals that Cu2+ can be efficiently removed by the means of N-Fe0 and P-Fe0 in solution, and the appropriate factors, involving pH value and the dosages of Fe0, were important keys in the process, and the modified Fe0 will be extensively utilized for the removal of Cu2+ from wastewater.
Penal reform discourse for women offenders: Campaigners, policy strategies and ‘issue reframing’
Authors: Birkett Gemma
Published: July 2014

Operating in the politically contentious and ideologically polarised domain of criminal justice presents substantial challenges for the penal reform network. Those pursuing ‘public conversations’ must develop strong rhetoric to make their causes salient and of interest to both the public and policymakers. The fact that penal reform is widely considered by journalists as having minimal readership appeal is indicative of the main issue campaigners face. Those seeking to influence policy reform for women are faced with a further barrier, in that social attitudes to male and female offenders differ. What language best, then, for campaigners seeking to influence government policy for women within this climate? Situated within the constructionist paradigm for social problems research, this article seeks to understand the different approaches and strategies – the ‘messaging structures’ or ‘frames’ – used by campaigners to influence politicians, the media and the public. Based on empirical data gathered from interviews with over thirty elite ‘network’ actors, it will also discuss journalists’ attitudes towards penal reform and their opinions on women in crime news.
Journalistic norms between universality and domestication: Journalists’ interpretations of press freedom in six new democracies
Authors: Voltmer Katrin , Wasserman Herman
Published: July 2014

The global spread of freedom of the press and expression is widely acclaimed as one of the main achievements of democratization over the past two decades. Yet, the meaning of press freedom, how it should be practised and where the boundaries of this new-found freedom lie are fiercely disputed in most new democracies. This article explores how journalists from six new democracies in Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Poland), East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan) and Southern Africa (Namibia, South Africa) interpret press freedom and how this might affect their professional practices. Based on a total of 58 semi-structured interviews, the findings imply that journalists in new democracies combine universal interpretations of press freedom with those that are rooted in particular cultural traditions and political experiences. The article concludes by calling for a fresh view on the rise of ‘domesticated’ forms of journalism as a way of ensuring the significance and viability of press freedom in different cultural and political contexts.
Current state of endothelin receptor antagonism in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Miyagawa Kazuya , Emoto Noriaki
Published: July 2014

Endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive substance, was discovered in 1988 by Yanagisawa and colleagues, and since then, a quarter of a century has passed. Understanding the biology of ET-1 has rapidly developed by characterizing the components of its receptors and processing enzymes. Numerous studies have revealed not only physiological but also various pathophysiological roles of the ET system. At first, ET-1 was the attractive and promising target for the treatment of hypertension owing to its potent vasoconstrictive nature and a variety of ET receptor antagonists (ERAs) were studied. However, the clinical application to treat hypertension was disappointing because of the side effects, including liver toxicity and fluid retention. On the other hand, ERAs have been established as orphan drugs for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and improved the prognosis of patients. Furthermore, multipotency of the ET system in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases has led to the development of translational research not only in the field of hypertension but in a variety of fields. Furthermore, a range of studies are ongoing to apply ERAs to clinical situations. In this article, we review the pathophysiological roles of the ET system in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension and the potential of ET receptor antagonism for the treatment of these diseases.
Self-determination, immigration restrictions, and the problem of compatriot deportation
Authors: Hidalgo Javier
Published: July 2014

Several political theorists argue that states have rights to self-determination and these rights justify immigration restrictions. Call this: the self-determination argument for immigration restrictions. In this article, I develop an objection to the self-determination argument. I argue that if it is morally permissible for states to restrict immigration because they have rights to self-determination, then it can also be morally permissible for states to deport and denationalize their own citizens. We can either accept that it is permissible for states to deport and denationalize their own citizens or reject the self-determination argument. To avoid this implication, we should reject the self-determination argument. That is, we should also reject the conclusion that rights to self-determination can justify any significant immigration restrictions.
Ennobling humanity: Nietzsche and the politics of tragedy
Authors: Drolet Jean-François
Published: July 2014

This article offers a critical engagement with Friedrich Nietzsche’s discourse on tragedy and explores its main political implications. The study first examines the ways in which the pessimistic interpretation of the world that the young Nietzsche derives from his study of Greek tragedy leads him to adopt a distinctive attitude towards politics that he later designates as a form of ‘realism’. We then consider how this discourse develops in his mature writings, and flesh out its normative fabric through a reconstruction of Nietzsche’s critique of Europe’s political culture of raison d’état. Through this layered exegesis, we gain a better appreciation of the politics of this important episode of intellectual history, as well as timely insights into the troubled relationship between security, secularisation and political agency under conditions of late modernity. The concluding analysis highlights the originality and continued relevance of Nietzsche’s tragic pathos as a vehicle for critical reflection and political education in the context of recent debates on tragedy in international political theory.
Common sports-related hand injuries
Authors: Jackson Thomas , Mahoney Melissa , Oliveira Miguel
Published: July 2014

Hand injuries caused by participation in sport are a common presentation to general practice. These injuries, which are seen in a wide age range of patients, are often isolated problems that may lead to significant morbidity. This article aims to outline the management of a broad spectrum of hand injuries to enable appropriate management in primary care or suitable referral to specialist services.
Driven to Win
Authors: Kilduff Gavin J.
Published: July 2014

This article investigates the phenomenon of interindividual rivalry and its consequences for motivation and task performance. Two studies of adults from the general population found that rivalry, as compared to nonrival competition, was associated with increased motivation and performance, controlling for tangible stakes, dislike, and other factors. Then, a large-scale archival study of long-distance running found that runners ran faster in races featuring their rivals, which were identified through empirical observation of demographics and prior race interactions. This research extends existing theory on competition and motivation and represents a first exploration into the consequences of rivalry between individuals.
Gait Changes Following Myofascial Structural Integration (Rolfing) Observed in 2 Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hansen Alexis B. , Price Karen S. , Loi Elizabeth C. , Buysse Christina A. , Jaramillo Theresa M. , Pico Elaine L. , Feldman Heidi M.
Published: July 2014

Children with spastic cerebral palsy experience difficulty with ambulation. Structural changes in muscle and fascia may play a role in abnormal gait. Myofascial structural integration (Rolfing) is a manual therapy that manipulates muscle and soft tissues to loosen fascia layers, reposition muscles, and facilitate alignment. This study aimed to document (1) gait characteristics of 2 children with cerebral palsy and (2) effects of myofascial structural integration on their gait. Children received 3 months of weekly therapy sessions by an experienced practitioner. Gait parameters were recorded at baseline and after treatment using an electronic walkway. Children with cerebral palsy demonstrated abnormal velocity and cadence, decreased step length and single support times, and increased double support time. After treatment, both children demonstrated improvement for 3 months in cadence and double support time. The objective gait analyses demonstrated temporary improvements after myofascial structural integration in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Effect of Brain Drain (Human Capital Flight) of Librarians on Service Delivery in Some Selected Nigerian Universities
Authors: Okoro Clara Chinyere , Omeluzor Saturday U. , Bamidele Itunu A.
Published: July 2014

This study seeks to describe and analyze the challenges occasioned by brain drain or human capital flight of librarians on service delivery in Nigerian Universities. The research adopted a descriptive survey design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select two geopolitical zones (South-South and South-West) from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Total enumeration was used because the population under study was considered appropriate for the research. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Sixty copies of the instrument were distributed to 60 librarians in the two selected geopolitical zones. Copies of all the questionnaires were completed, retrieved, and found usable, thus giving a response rate of 100%. Survey results indicated that 315 librarians emigrated to foreign lands for various reasons, including unstable academic calendar and prospects for further training among others. This loss of personnel in the university libraries has a negative impact on service delivery as qualified information professionals and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) experts are limited to mentor the younger professionals. Shift duties in academic libraries are also scaled down for lack of manpower. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend that the Federal Government of Nigeria should, as a matter of urgency, robustly fund tertiary education to enhance productivity. As they do this, the National Universities Commission (NUC) is to empower academic libraries by ensuring that the staff development policy is strictly adhered to. This will translate into self-enhancement for staff, positive job attitude, and retention of professionals in the system.
Ethnic Identities of University Students
Authors: Özdikmenli-Demir Gözde
Published: July 2014

The aim of this article is to understand the relationship between ethnic identity, victimization/witnessing community violence, ethnic discrimination, and aggression in a sample of university students living in the South East Region of Turkey. The participants were 263 university students of predominantly Kurdish ethnic origin. The results showed that males had higher levels of ethnic identity in the dimensions of exploration and commitment. Males also presented higher scores for witnessing community violence and lifetime exposure to ethnic discrimination. The most important predictor of participants’ ethnic identity was witnessing community violence. Participants who witnessed violent acts in their social environment had higher ethnic identity levels. Although the predictor variables could not explain an important part of the participants’ aggression levels, only perceived ethnic discrimination was positively related to aggressive behavior. The role of native language efficiency in ethnic identity is also discussed.
Analysis of Low-Field MRI Scanners for Evaluation of Shoulder Pathology Based on Arthroscopy
Authors: Lee Christopher S. , Davis Shane M. , McGroder Claire , Kouk Shalen , Sung Ryan M. , Stetson William B. , Powell Scott E.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Many studies have compared the diagnostic capabilities of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to high-field MRI scanners; however, few have evaluated the low-field MRI diagnoses compared with intraoperative findings.

Purpose:

To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of low-field MRI scanners in diagnosing lesions of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Over a 2-year period, MRI examinations without intra-articular contrast were performed on 79 patients for shoulder pathologies using an in-office 0.2-T extremity scanner. The MRI examinations were read by board-certified, musculoskeletal fellowship–trained radiologists. All patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy performed by a single sports fellowship–trained orthopaedic surgeon within a mean time of 56 days (range, 8-188 days) after the MRI examination. The mean patient age was 54 years (range, 18-81 years). Operative notes from the shoulder arthroscopies were then retrospectively reviewed by a single blinded observer, and the intraoperative findings were compared with the MRI reports.

Results:

For partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 85%, 89%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. For full-thickness rotator cuff tears, the respective values were 97%, 100%, 100%, and 98%. For anterior labral lesions, the values were 86%, 99%, 86%, and 99%, and for superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions, the values were 20%, 100%, 100%, and 79%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Low-field MRI is an accurate tool for evaluation of partial- and full-thickness rotator cuff tears; however, it is not effective in diagnosing SLAP lesions. More information is needed to properly assess its ability to diagnose anterior and posterior labral lesions.
Investigation of Simulated Pharmacist Decision Making Involving Prescriptions With a High Probability of Causing Patient Harm
Authors: Losey Colleen S. , Hoehns James D. , Schlobohm Cory , Witry Matthew
Published: July 2014

Background: Medication errors pose a significant risk to patients, resulting in morbidity, mortality, and unnecessary health care utilization. Pharmacists, using their professional judgment, have an important role as a final check for identifying and resolving these problems. Little is known, however, about pharmacist perspectives and experiences with dispensing or withholding potentially dangerous prescriptions. Objectives: To ( a) evaluate the extent to which pharmacists would not dispense a likely harmful prescription which has been confirmed by the prescriber and ( b) assess pharmacist attitudes and experiences with dispensing likely harmful prescriptions. Methods: An anonymous, self-administered, 25-item survey was emailed to members of a state pharmacy association and a pharmacy college alumni list. A series of static prescription vignettes (1 reasonable and 4 likely dangerous doses) were presented and asked if they would fill each prescriber-confirmed prescription. Pharmacists also were asked a series of Likert-type, open-ended, multiple choice, and demographic items regarding their professional experiences and role perceptions. Results: There were 497 usable responses. Three of the 4 dangerous prescriptions were withheld by the majority of pharmacists (sumatriptan as the exception). No demographic variable was universally associated with filling dangerous vignette prescriptions; rather, there were vignette-specific differences. The majority of pharmacists reported refusing to fill a potentially harmful prescription during their career. Conclusions: There appears to be meaningful variation in how pharmacists react when presented with likely harmful prescriptions. More research is needed to better understand this role, its determinants, and the potential effects on patient safety.
The Savant Syndrome
Authors: St. Denis Erika
Published: July 2014

Though music educators work with students who have a special learning need or a gifted ability on a daily basis, encountering a student who has both can be unexpected. The literature presented here can be used as a basis for information pertaining to terminology, studies and theories that attempt to explain the savant syndrome, how to identify it, and what factors are important in ensuring they are successful in the music classroom. Articles were obtained using scholarly databases. Factual information about the syndrome is readily agreed on, but why and how the syndrome happens is still a matter of debate. Some successful teaching methods have been replicated in multiple studies, yet the research in this area is still evolving. Nevertheless, these resources create a stepping-stone that the music educator can use to supplement his or her knowledge of working with savant students.
Reducing bubbles in friction lap welded joint of magnesium alloy and polyamide
Authors: Liu F. C. , Nakata K. , Liao J. , Hirota S. , Fukui H.
Published: July 2014

The direct joining between AZ31B Mg alloy and MC Nylon 6 using friction lap welding (FLW) was performed over a wide range of welding parameters to clarify the effect of welding parameters on bubble formation for the purpose of obtaining high strength hybrid joints without bubbles. The volume of bubbles in the FLW joints was influenced by the amount of gases generated due to the pyrolysis of Nylon 6 and the amount of gases squeezed out of the joints during welding. An appropriate increase in welding speed, tool rotation rate and plunge depth can reduce the volume of bubbles. Strong FLW joint with area fraction of bubbles <8% was obtained after welding process optimisation.
miR-142-3p acts as an essential modulator of neutrophil development in zebrafish
Authors: Fan Hong-Bo , Liu Yi-Jie , Wang Lei , Du Ting-Ting , Dong Mei , Gao Li , Meng Zhao-Zheng , Jin Yi , Chen Yi , Deng Min , Yang Huang-Tian , Jing Qing , Gu Ai-Hua , Liu Ting-Xi , Zhou Yong
Published: July 2014

Key Points

The miR-142-3p double mutant zebrafish displayed aberrant neutrophil hypermaturation and homeostasis in myelopoiesis. Abnormal activation of IFN-γ signaling mediated the impaired neutrophil development in miR-142-3p–deficient zebrafish.
Lenalidomide inhibits the proliferation of CLL cells via a cereblon/p21WAF1/Cip1-dependent mechanism independent of functional p53
Authors: Fecteau Jessie-F. , Corral Laura G. , Ghia Emanuela M. , Gaidarova Svetlana , Futalan Diahnn , Bharati Ila Sri , Cathers Brian , Schwaederlé Maria , Cui Bing , Lopez-Girona Antonia , Messmer Davorka , Kipps Thomas J.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

Lenalidomide inhibits CLL proliferation in a cereblon/p21-dependent manner. Treatment with lenalidomide induces p21 in CLL independent of p53.
A multidisciplinary materials characterization of a Joannes Marcus viol (16thcentury)
Authors: Bonizzoni Letizia , Canevari Claudio , Galli Anna , Gargano Marco , Ludwig Nicola , Malagodi Marco , Rovetta Tommaso
Published: July 2014

Background

Several musical instruments in the past centuries were decorated with engravings, inlays, or paintings. This paper focuses on an integrated approach to detect and characterize the kind of dyes when used for the decorations. The multi analytical campaign was performed on a viol made by Joannes Marcus in the second half of the 16th century. The instrument has been shattered during World War II, and the fragments are now held in Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi in Milan; they still conserve the original black and white purflings and the painted decorations. The study is of critical importance since Joannes Marcus worked in the sixteenth century and, in this very period, some executive features were introduced in musical instrument making, which are now veritable standards for this kind of instruments.

Results

At first, UV fluorescence examination and reflectographic analysis have been performed on the different fragments in order to characterize, respectively, the distribution of varnishes and glues on the surface and to select the areas treated with metal-gall inks that result transparent by long wave IR reflectographic technique. The materials were therefore characterized with X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) microanalyses and Micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (μFT-IR) techniques. In particular, the metallic elements present in the dyes where revealed through XRF and SEM-EDX, while μFT-IR gave details about organic binders. Elemental compositions obtained for the black decorations allowed to distinguish original parts of the fragments from those restored or remade.

Conclusions

The characterization of materials performed by our multi analytical approach, allowed us to get a deep knowledge of the technology of this ancient viol maker.

In particular, the varnishes are probably composed by a diterpenic and/or triterpenic resin. In the same way, in a few traces of glue the presence of proteinaceous substances have been individuated. As for the brush-decorated area, they present a preparation layer rich in feldspars on which a black layer of carbon black particles is applied. On the other hand the purfling areas are colored by an iron-gall dye. In particular the usage of a different ink allowed to identify restored areas.
Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L , Morstorf Travis , Zhong Kate
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing in frequency as the global population ages. Five drugs are approved for treatment of AD, including four cholinesterase inhibitors and an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. We have an urgent need to find new therapies for AD.

Methods

We examined Clinicaltrials.gov, a public website that records ongoing clinical trials. We examined the decade of 2002 to 2012, to better understand AD-drug development. We reviewed trials by sponsor, sites, drug mechanism of action, duration, number of patients required, and rate of success in terms of advancement from one phase to the next. We also reviewed the current AD therapy pipeline.

Results

During the 2002 to 2012 observation period, 413 AD trials were performed: 124 Phase 1 trials, 206 Phase 2 trials, and 83 Phase 3 trials. Seventy-eight percent were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. The United States of America (U.S.) remains the single world region with the greatest number of trials; cumulatively, more non-U.S. than U.S. trials are performed. The largest number of registered trials addressed symptomatic agents aimed at improving cognition (36.6%), followed by trials of disease-modifying small molecules (35.1%) and trials of disease-modifying immunotherapies (18%). The mean length of trials increases from Phase 2 to Phase 3, and the number of participants in trials increases between Phase 2 and Phase 3. Trials of disease-modifying agents are larger and longer than those for symptomatic agents. A very high attrition rate was found, with an overall success rate during the 2002 to 2012 period of 0.4% (99.6% failure).

Conclusions

The Clinicaltrials.gov database demonstrates that relatively few clinical trials are undertaken for AD therapeutics, considering the magnitude of the problem. The success rate for advancing from one phase to another is low, and the number of compounds progressing to regulatory review is among the lowest found in any therapeutic area. The AD drug-development ecosystem requires support.
Amphiphilic Organosilane-directed Synthesis of Mesoporous ZSM-5 Zeolite Crystals with a Chain-like Morphology
Authors: He Daoping , Liu Dongliang
Published: July 2014

Mesoporous zeolites with a chain-like morphology were synthesized by adding a rationally designed carbamate-linked organosilane to conventional alkaline zeolite synthesis mixtures. The structure was confirmed by a complementary combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The XRD patterns and SEM images of the samples acquired at different crystallization time clearly showed the change of crystallinity and the forming process of the morphology.
Switching between Solid and Liquid Phases of Spiropyran by Photochromic Reaction
Authors: Uchida Emi , Azumi Reiko , Norikane Yasuo
Published: July 2014

The colorless liquid spiropyran possessing long alkyl chains (SP1822) is transformed to the colored merocyanine state upon UV irradiation. Then, two different solids (J- and H-aggregates) are formed selectively depending on the temperature. These aggregates are converted independently to the initial liquid thermally and photochemically.
The Origins of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blepharitis Based on Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Elam Angela R. , Kowalski Tyler A. , Romanowski Eric G. , Kowalski Regis P.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Blepharitis is a common condition, sometimes associated with Staphylococcus aureus. Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) toxin is a Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor that can be associated with skin and soft tissue infections. Hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections are generally multi-resistant to antibiotics and PVL-negative. Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections tend to be broadly susceptible to antibiotics and PVL-positive. Though blepharitis is a common clinical diagnosis, the source of infection is not fully understood. Focus on the origin of disease could aid in better treatment and reduction of anti-infective resistance. The purpose of this study is to determine if Staphylococcus aureus blepharitis is predominantly a community-acquired or hospital-acquired infection based on antibiotic susceptibility and PVL testing. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine de-identified Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from patients with blepharitis were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion using multiple antibiotics from several different classes. The isolates were also tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus nuclear DNA and PVL toxin gene using PCR. Multi-resistance was defined as resistance to 3 or more classes of antibiotics. Results: Of the 59 isolates with PCR-identified Staphylococcus aureus DNA, 13 (22%) were multi-resistant; 12 (20%) were methicillin-resistant; and, 3(5%) were PVL-positive. Ten (17%) were multi-resistant and PVL-negative, consistent with hospital-acquired infection. None of the isolates were broadly susceptible to antibiotics and PVL-positive, which would be consistent with community-acquired infection. Forty-nine isolates (83%) (p=0.0001) could not be designated to either group. Conclusion: Based on PVL and antibiotic susceptibility testing, our results reject the hypothesis that Staphylococcus aureus blepharitis is a community-acquired infection. Staphylococcus aureus blepharitis appears not to be predominantly community- or hospital-acquired based on these parameters.
Dexamethasone 0.7 mg Implant for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Radiation Maculopathy after Proton Radiotherapy for Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Hellman Justin B. , Garcia-Gonzalez Jose M , Lewis Shawn , Hariprasad Seenu M.
Published: July 2014

Purpose: To report the efficacy of dexamethasone 0.7 mg intravitreal implant in recalcitrant radiation retinopathy. Method: Retrospective case report of a single case describing successful treatment of radiation retinopathy with dexamethasone 0.7 mg intravitreal implant following multiple failed attempts with both bevacizumab and focal laser. Results: After the first injection of 0.7 mg dexamethasone the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 20/400 to 20/250 and central macular thickness (CMT) decreased. BCVA continued to improve after a second injection to 20/125 and remained stable through the third and fourth injection at 20/150, respectively. The intraocular pressure remained within normal limits. Conclusion: 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant showed benefit in a recalcitrant case of radiation retinopathy.
A New Evisceration Technique using Ellman Radiofrequency
Authors: Lorenzo Rosset , Rinna Claudio , Enrica Stella , Mario Goisis
Published: July 2014

In this article we describe a new evisceration technique with the use of Ellman radiofrequency (RF) with the Goisis elevator [Patented 4-MHz dual radiosurgical unit, Ellman, NY], a new tool for orbital surgery with whom is possible to cut, coagulate, and dissect with greater precision, lower temperature, and reduced alteration of the tissue. With the Goisis RF Elevator we perform a conjunctiva peritomy, then, with the same device, is possible to get inside the chamber and excise the cornea and, after that, eliminate the globe content. The next step is to isolate and hook the superior and medial rectus muscles so that we can perform a full-thickness quadrant sclerotomy from the limbal incision to the optic nerve. The procedure is repeated in the superolateral, inferolateral, and inferomedial quadrants. In the end we can position a large implant between four scleral flaps previously shaped. This new technique makes the procedure to place a large orbital implant easier and faster. The advantages are both for the operator and the patient: enhanced speed, reduced pain, prompt healing, and lesser swelling.
La ingesta de sal y el consumo de pan. Una visión amplia de la situación en España
Authors: Quílez Joan , Salas-Salvadó Jordi
Published: July 2014

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido realizar una revisión de la ingesta de sal en España (9,6 g/día) y los problemas de salud que se derivan de su excesivo consumo. Por otra parte, valorar el papel del pan relacionado con dicha ingesta y su posible reducción y/o corrección desde diferentes enfoques. Finalmente, evidenciar las consecuencias favorables de dicha corrección por medio de un cálculo teórico en un pan tipo baguette.El pan es el alimento que aporta generalmente una mayor cantidad de sal en la dieta (19%), por lo que es uno de los objetivos clave en una política de reducción de su consumo. Se ha comprobado que es posible una disminución escalonada de sal en el pan, sobre todo cuando se parte de valores altos, aunque otra alternativa es su sustitución parcial por otras sales, principalmente potásicas, que tienen además un efecto que contrarresta al sodio (disminución de la relación Na/K). Esta sustitución debe hacerse con criterios de mantenimiento del perfil sensorial y se ve favorecida en panes con un sabor potenciado, ya sea por ingredientes o procesos, dado que ello facilita la reducción del contenido de sal. Por otra parte, la legislación europea en alegaciones nutricionales y de salud permite destacar los aspectos positivos de esta reducción y/o sustitución. La reducción de un 30% de sal en el pan, viable desde un punto de vista tecnológico, implicaría una reducción de la ingesta diaria de sal de 0,6 g.
Social patterning of obesity in Spain: A systematic review of the relationship between education and obesity
Authors: Cohen Alison K , Christine Paul J , El-Sayed Abdulrahman M
Published: July 2014

Introduction: In high-income countries around the world, there appears to be an inverse association between educational attainment and obesity. However, the literature about this association in Spain remains disorganized and disparate. Material and Methods: We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed English- or Spanish language studies of this association in Spain from 10 databases from all periods of time available. Results: Our search identified twenty-four studies. In both nationally representative and subnational studies, women with less education had higher odds of obesity than their more educated counterparts. Men, despite exhibiting greater variability in the education-body weight relationship, also demonstrated a similar social patterning of body weight in many studies, with those at lower levels of educational attainment having higher odds of obesity relative to their more-educated counterparts. These associations in men and women were fairly consistent across time and place, though some regional variations did exist. Discussion and conclusions: We encourage future researchers to move towards more meaningful, unbiased estimates of the association between educational attainment and obesity by measuring height and weight with physical exams, controlling for a more robust set of possible confounders, and exploring potential modifying factors of the association. Additionally, when possible, we encourage researchers to employ prospective study designs that facilitate causal inference with respect to this association.
Desarrollo de una pasta untable vegetal a base de harina de grano entero de sorgo y mijo
Authors: Aimaretti Nora , Llopart Emilce , Clementz Adriana , Codevilla Agustín , Biasoli Mariana
Published: July 2014

Introducción: las guías nutricionales recomiendan incrementar el consumo de productos a base de cereales de grano entero por su contenido en fibras y biocomponentes. Dado que las propiedades sensoriales y tecnológicas de estos productos constituyen aún un desafío se desarrolló una pasta untable tipo “paté”, apta para la creciente población celíaca.Material y Métodos: se obtuvieron harinas de grano entero de sorgo y mijo (100% de extracción), los ingredientes restantes se evaluaron y seleccionaron en función de las características deseadas. De la pasta se analizó la composición centesimal, propiedades sensoriales y vida útil.Resultados: los ingredientes seleccionados fueron (en %): margarina (16,7), proteína de soja (25,1), almidón pre-gelatinizado (2,7), ácido ascórbico (2,0), azúcar (1,1), sal (1,1), propionato de calcio (0,3) y goma xántica (0,5). La vida útil se siguió durante 28 días a través de (i) análisis de químicos de: humedad (varió entre 55,5 a 51,3%, p-value = 0,000741), índices de peróxidos (<0,1 meqO2/Kg) y de acidez (de 4,3 a 6,2 mg K(OH)/g); (ii) recuentos microbiológicos de: clostridios sulfito reductores, Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp (ausencia), mesófilos aerobios, coliformes totales, Staphylococcus  aureus y mohos y levaduras cuyos recuentos fueron siempre menores a 100; (iii) evaluación sensorial (aceptable).Conclusiones: se obtuvo una pasta untable 100% vegetal con características organolépticas similares a las de un paté, estable durante al menos 28 días. Tiempo durante el cual se mantuvieron los parámetros químicos y  microbiológicos dentro de los rangos aceptables por la legislación argentina y sin modificaciones negativas en la percepción sensorial.
Cabrera A, Mach N. Flavonoides como agentes quimiopreventivos y terapéuticos contra el cáncer de pulmón. Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet. 2012;16(4):143-153 [Erratum]
Authors: Baladia Eduard
Published: July 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.2.6
Evaluación del consumo de fibra alimentaria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 que concurren a un centro asistencial de la ciudad de Rosario
Authors: Zapata María Elisa , Hoet Ana María , Simonini Daniela
Published: July 2014

Introducción: una dieta rica en fibra se ha asociado con el mejor control glicémico en pacientes con diabetes 2, siendo la fracción soluble la más eficaz en el control de la glicemia. El presente estudio tiene el propósito de determinar la cantidad de fibra dietética total, soluble e insoluble consumida por los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 que concurrieron a un centro asistencial para diabéticos de la ciudad de Rosario.Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal. Se determinó una muestra de 60 adultos, con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 (>6 meses), de 18 a 70 años, sin enfermedades o afecciones intestinales. Se empleó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo semicuantitativo de alimentos fuente de fibra alimentaria, y un álbum fotográfico para identificar el tamaño de la porción. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, y para evaluar la asociación se utilizó el test X2 y ANOVA.Resultados: el consumo promedio de fibra total de los pacientes encuestados fue de 18,8±5,9 g/d, de los cuales 14,8±4,6 g/d correspondían a fibra insoluble y 4,0±1,5 g/d a fibra soluble. Las frutas y vegetales aportaron el 82% de la fibra soluble. La mayoría (62%) de los pacientes presentaron un consumo de fibra total menor a la recomendación de la ADA, y el 60% presentó una inadecuada relación entre la ingesta de fibra insoluble y soluble.Conclusiones: es necesario aumentar el aporte de fibra dietética total, especialmente la fracción soluble en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, porque hay evidencias que apoyan sus beneficios.
Aspectos nutricionales y sociales del consumo de la carne de avestruz: el caso de España
Authors: Aguilar Alicia , Medina Xavier
Published: July 2014

El consumo de carne de avestruz se introdujo en Europa hace relativamente poco tiempo y aun hoy es considerada como una carne exótica. No obstante, se ha valorado repetidamente su inclusión entre las fuentes habituales de proteínas de origen animal en nuestro contexto, pues en ella convergen algunas de las características nutricionales más interesantes de las carnes de aves y de las carnes rojas. Actualmente, más de diez años después del inicio del auge de su consumo, la carne de avestruz continúa recorriendo un camino que la sitúa cada vez más lejos de lo exótico para convertirse, muy lentamente, en habitual. Aunque la información sobre su composición nutricional es todavía limitada, disponemos de más datos que muestran valores de proteína bastante similares a los de otras carnes pero con una menor proporción de histidina y serina; valores de grasa próximos a los de carnes de aves bajas en grasa; valores de colesterol variables en función del corte pero similares a los de la ternera o el pollo; y un mejor perfil lipídico en comparación con los de las carnes de pavo, cordero o ternera. La información sobre su contenido en vitaminas y minerales arroja valores elevados de hierro y vitamina B12, mayores cantidades de vitamina E y Zn que otros tipos de carnes y una baja concentración de sodio.
Las harinas lacteadas en España (I): 1865-1965.
Authors: Boatella Josep
Published: July 2014

Revisión histórica sobre los orígenes de las harinas lacteadas y de su introducción en España. Se describen los productos comercializados y relacionan las principales empresas dedicadas a su elaboración y distribución hasta 1965. Por lo que a la composición de los productos se refiere, se observa un cierto grado de variabilidad en las fórmulas más antiguas y también la evolución de los ingredientes utilizados (aumento de hidratos de carbono solubles, mezclas de harinas, enriquecimiento de vitaminas y minerales, etc.) y de la calidad de los productos, gracias a la mejora de conocimientos sobre alimentación infantil y tecnología de alimentos. En relación con las empresas elaboradoras, destaca la existencia de un proceso de selección y concentración que se produjo hasta la década de los años 30, mientras que durante la siguiente, aparecieron nuevos elaboradores, algunos con una vida relativamente corta y otros que finalmente acabarían posicionándose en el mercado y son todavía activos en la actualidad.
Verkopplungsbasierte Methode zur Entkopplung nichtlinearer Deskriptorsysteme
Authors: Labisch Daniel , Konigorski Ulrich
Published: July 2014

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zur Entkopplung nichtlinearer Deskriptorsysteme. Dabei werden keine Einschränkungen bezüglich des Index, der Properheit oder spezielle Steuerbarkeitseigenschaften angenommen, da das neue Verfahren auf der Interpretation eines Deskriptorsystems als spezielles Verkopplungsproblem basiert. Zu Beginn werden neue invariante Größen des Deskriptorsystems, die maximalen Differenzordnungen, eingeführt, auf deren Basis erstmals notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die Entkoppelbarkeit nichtlinearer Deskriptorsysteme hergeleitet werden.
Das Verfahren wird am Ende an einem akademischen Beispielsystem demonstriert und am realen Prüfstand eines Parallelroboters angewandt.
Model Order Reduction for Systems with Moving Loads
Authors: Lang Norman , Saak Jens , Benner Peter
Published: July 2014

In this contribution we present
two approaches allowing to find a reduced order approximant of a full
order model featuring a moving load term. First, we apply the Balanced
Truncation (BT) method to a switched linear system (SLS) using the
special structure given in the spatially discretized model. The second
approach treats the variability as a continuous parameter dependence
and uses the iterative rational Krylov algorithm (IRKA) to compute
a parameter preserving reduced order model.
Control of Parameter-dependent High-order Systems using Parametric Model Reduction
Authors: Geuß Matthias , Choi Cholwoo , Lohmann Boris
Published: July 2014

In this paper controllers and observers are designed for high-dimensional parameter-dependent LTI systems. The application of parametric model order reduction by matrix interpolation is proposed in order to use common methods of control. In the offline phase, the parameter space is sampled and a set of locally reduced systems is obtained using projection-based model order reduction, which results in a database of system matrices. In the online phase, a reduced system can be calculated for a desired parameter vector by interpolating the system matrices from the database. Controllers and observers can be obtained for the interpolated system using common methods of control design. The approach is demonstrated through a practical example on a test rig for a gantry crane operating with different loads.
Marine fungi of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdel-Wahab Mohamed A. , Hodhod Mohamed S. , Bahkali Ali H.A. , Jones E.B. Gareth
Published: July 2014

This study extends our knowledge of the diversity of marine fungi from Saudi Arabia, which is virtually unknown. Thirty-seven fungi (28 ascomycetes, eight asexual fungi, and one basidiomycete) were recorded from 457 samples of driftwood and intertidal decayed wood of Avicennia marina collected from three sites along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The three sites include two mangrove sites, namely: Yanbu and Farasan Island, while the third site is a sandy shore nearby Yanbu city. Thirty-one fungi were new records for Saudi Arabia. Swampomyces triseptatus is the only species common to the three sites. The recorded marine fungi were latitudinally distributed with fungi recorded from Yanbu (subtropical site) largely different from those at Farasan Island mangrove (tropical site) with only six common fungi recorded. Amarenographium solium was the most common fungus at Yanbu mangrove, while Lineolata rhizophorae dominated the fungal community at Farasan Island mangrove. Swampomyces armeniacus was commonly recorded at the two mangrove sites. Torpedospora radiata was the most common species recorded from driftwood samples collected at Yanbu beach. A new collection of Diatrypasimilis australiensis enabled us to make a detailed morphological study of the fungus. Mycelia with chlamydospores were isolated from the samples and subsequently sequenced, and they grouped in the Corollospora clade with various degrees of confidence, but did not sporulate on natural material or in culture.