bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyacrylamide structural instability and degradation induced by nanobubbles: A molecular simulation study
Authors: Zhang Xuesong , Fan Zhenzhong , Cai Li , Fu Yuanfeng , Liu Jingang , Liu Qingwang , Tong Qilei , Qiao Sanyuan , Sun Ao
Published: February 2025

Nanobubble cavitation presents an effective method for the degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) wastewater. However, the efficiency of bubble energy utilization remains suboptimal, and the underlying degradation mechanisms require further elucidation. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the degradation mechanisms of PAM by modeling various nanobubble configurations and spatial arrangements. The results indicate that the collapse of nanobubbles generates high-velocity jets in the central region, causing deformation of PAM molecular chains that is proportional to both the impact velocity and bubble size. The collapse mechanism induces turbulent vortices due to strong shear forces, while discontinuities in local density, velocity, and pressure lead to the formation of secondary shock waves. Higher impact velocities and larger bubble sizes were found to enhance PAM degradation efficiency. Specifically, local shear effects following bubble collapse induce stretching of C–C single bonds and expansion of C–C–C bond angles in the PAM main chain, resulting in the fragmentation of long-chain structures into shorter segments. Notably, PAM undergoes mechanical degradation during this process, with its chemical structure largely maintained and breakage points primarily concentrated in the central region of the bubble. Additionally, increasing the number of bubbles does not necessarily improve degradation efficiency. Different multi-bubble arrangements significantly influence the distribution of kinetic energy post-collapse. Horizontal bubble arrangements, in particular, demonstrate enhanced efficiency through the superposition effects of secondary shock waves on PAM molecular chains, thereby maximizing nanobubble energy utilization.
Mechanical behavior and fracture mechanism of high-temperature granite cooled with liquid nitrogen for geothermal reservoir applications
Authors: Wang Linchao , Xue Yi , Liu Jia , Cao Xiaoshan , Liu Yong , Ranjith P. G. , Xiong Fei , Ma Zongyuan
Published: February 2025

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing technology is an innovative method for enhancing geothermal energy extraction from hot dry rock reservoirs. This study investigates the impact of LN2 cooling on the mechanical properties of granite subjected to varying pre-heating temperatures. Experiments including ultrasonic testing, Brazilian splitting tests, and 3D contour scanning were conducted to examine the effects of LN2-induced low-temperature fracturing. Results show that LN2 cooling significantly reduces the physical and mechanical properties of high-temperature granite, including wave velocity, tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Notably, the P-wave velocity decreases, with a reduction in the peak amplitude from 102.42 dB to 20.98 dB. The damage effect of LN2 is minimal at room temperature (25 °C) but becomes pronounced when the granite is heated above 200 °C. Additionally, an increase in initial temperature leads to a greater increase in fracture surface roughness, scanning height, and box dimension. At 400 °C, the average scanning height increases to 2.82 mm, reflecting a 125.63% increase, which highlights the enhanced fracture behavior induced by LN2 cooling. These findings demonstrate the potential of LN2 cooling to improve fracture formation and could have important implications for geothermal resource extraction.
Fracture development and permeability evolution of overburden rocks containing faults
Authors: Gao Lu , Zhao Hongbao , Ji Dongliang , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2025

The morphology, spatial distribution, and development of mining-induced overburden fractures within fault-affected areas are extremely complicated. These fractures play a dominant role in governing gas migration between rock strata. Understanding the overburden fractures evolution is essential for improving gas extraction efficiency. As a result, a systematic analysis of the mining activities in East 301 mining face of Dashuitou Coal Mine was performed. Numerical model of mining-induced coal seam containing faults with varying inclination angles was developed by Universal Distinct Element Code. As a result, the mining-induced fractures were statistically analyzed, and the evolution of fracture frequency (f), angle (θ), opening (b), and fractal dimension (D) of overlying rock within the fault-affected areas was obtained. The results show that significant reconstruction and propagation of the fracture network occurred in the fault-influenced region due to its tectonic features and localized stress concentration effects. The mining activity across faults leads to increased fracture frequency (f), angle (θ), and length (L), thereby enhancing the gas migration. A methodology for assessing fracture permeability based on overburden fracture characteristics including f, θ, b, and L is proposed and combined with field observations by in situ peeping technique to determine the optimal fracture network area. The optimal drilling layout is considered to be the fracture area with the opening (b) of >2 mm, penetration degree (T) of 0–0.6, and angles ranging from 35°–60° or 115°–140°. The aim of our research is to realize safe and efficient mining and gas extraction in the fault-affected area.
Influence of water quality on noise characteristics of sheet and tip-leakage vortex cavitating flow
Authors: Qin Xinzhen , Zhang Ben , Shao Xueming , Deng Jian
Published: February 2025

Freestream nuclei, also referred to as water quality, are known to significantly affect cavitation inception. However, their effects on fully developed cavitation and the corresponding noise characteristics remain inadequately understood. In this study, a multiscale hydroacoustic model based on the Euler–Lagrangian framework is used to investigate the impact of water quality on monopole noise characteristics of sheet and tip-leakage vortex (TLV) cavitating flow. Cavitating flows over the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 0009 hydrofoil under varying water qualities are simulated, and the results are compared with those from the conventional Eulerian cavitation model and experimental observations. The findings indicate that the sound pressure radiated by sheet cavitation exhibits the same baseline signature across different water qualities, but more intense peaks are observed in nuclei-depleted flow. For TLV cavitation, a higher baseline acoustic signature is predicted in “weak” water, while a lower baseline signature with more extreme loud events is predicted in “strong” water, consistent with experimental observations. The corresponding cavity evolution shows that strong acoustic pressure pulses generated by sheet cavitation in strong water result from the more intense collapse and rebound of the sheet cavity. Additionally, the smaller baseline acoustic signature of TLV cavitation in strong water arises from the absence of tip-separation cavitation and the intermittency of TLV cavitation, while the stronger acoustic pressure pulse originates from the complete collapse of the TLV cavity, a phenomenon not observed in weak water. For both cavitation types, frequency-domain analysis reveals that monopole noise is amplified in the high-frequency range as water is degassed, likely linked to the dynamic behavior of the local cavities.
Electronic and optical properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) mono layer using density functional theory (DFT) calculations
Authors: Gerbi Zeleke Deressa
Published: February 2025

This work presents a detailed computational study of the electronic and optical properties of monolayer MoS2, focusing on its potential for optoelectronic and quantum applications. This study employs first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and time-dependent density functional perturbation theory (TDDFPT) to investigate the material’s band structure, projected density of states (PDOS), absorption spectrum, dielectric function, and joint density of states (JDOS). The direct bandgap at the K-point, as revealed by the band structure, highlights MoS2’s suitability for high-efficiency photodetectors and light-emitting devices. The PDOS and absorption spectrum confirm the dominant role of Mo-d and S-p orbitals in shaping the conduction and valence bands, respectively, with the absorption peak at 0.94 eV aligning with experimental observations. The dielectric function reveals a smooth transition from transparency to refractivity at higher photon energies, supporting its potential in photonic and integrated circuit applications. In addition, the JDOS shows selective optical transitions, suggesting MoS2’s promise for UV detection and high-energy light emitters. These findings establish monolayer MoS2 as a versatile material with significant promise for future optoelectronic systems and quantum computing applications.
Can men unburden women from unpaid care work? Evidence from Burundi
Authors: Musyoka Philliph Michael , Ochilo Willis Ndeda , Ntirampeba Léonidas , Mutuku Benson , Mugambi Idah , Matata Joseph , Niyongere Celestin , Habindavyi Espérance , Ndayihanzamaso Privat , Ndishimiyimana Emmerence , Bundi Mary , Vos Janny , Terefe Bethel
Published: February 2025

Background
: Understanding gender inequalities in agriculture is essential for women’s economic empowerment, especially in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa where agriculture is the mainstay of countries’ economies. Despite women’s significant contributions to agricultural production, gender disparities persist, particularly when it comes to access to resources. Women also undertake unpaid care work, which remains unrecognized in public policies. This article explores the factors that encourage men to participate in unpaid care work, thereby supporting women and reducing the opportunity cost of their engagement in economic activities.
Methods
: Data collected from a random sample of 946 farm families across eight provinces in Burundi is analyzed. Additionally, insights from a Rapid Care Analysis are integrated with this dataset. Using a logit model, we analyze the factors that influence the likelihood of men engaging in unpaid care work.
Results
: Our findings reveal that, on average, women in Burundi work 13 h per day, with 7 h allocated to productive/market work and 6 h to unpaid care work. In contrast, men spend 7 h on productive/market work without dedicating time to care work. The results of the logit regression underscore factors such as education level, participation in plant clinics, income level, joint decision making at the household level, and household size positively influence the likelihood of men engaging in unpaid care work.
Conclusions
: Based on these findings, we advocate for improved access to education and the expansion of programs that integrate components aimed at addressing gender disparities. These initiatives hold the potential to foster greater male involvement in unpaid care work, thereby alleviating the burden on women and facilitating their increased participation in economic activities.
The Cypress Canker Disease Pandemic
Authors: Scali E. , Garbelotto M. , Danti R. , Della Rocca G.
Published: February 2025

Cypress Canker Disease (CCD) is an infectious disease affecting plants in the family
Cupressaceae
. It is globally caused by various fungal species in the genus
Seiridium
. The causal agents have become invasive in many areas of the world where plants of the cypress family grow under a Mediterranean climate. In this case study, we will focus on how to recognize symptoms of CCD in
Cupressaceae
, and on the management strategies applicable for the control of
Seiridium
fungi with special attention to the epidemiology, disease cycle, and control of
S. cardinale
, the most aggressive among the various CCD agents. We will also provide instructions for best practices for isolating the pathogen from symptomatic cypress tissues. The case study will conclude by explaining the future research framework and experiments that are currently taking place in order to better understand this pathosystem.

Information

© The Authors 2025
Management of
Plasmopara viticola
: From the Tradition to the Innovation
Authors: Cesarini Marco , Giovannini Oscar , Sarrocco Sabrina , Puopolo Gerardo
Published: February 2025

This case explores grapevine downy mildew caused by
Plasmopara viticola
by examining its life cycle and impact on viticulture. It also briefly discusses the challenges and importance of breeding resistant grapevine varieties. Particular attention has been given to the use of chemical plant protection products and their limitations. Finally, this work illustrates the potential of the development of plant protection bioproducts as an alternative to chemical input for the management of grapevine downy mildew.

Information

© The Authors 2025
Magnon band modulations in monolayer and bilayer honeycomb ferromagnets with the Kekulé coupling texture
Authors: Shi Hongchao , Tang Bing , Liu Chaofei
Published: February 2025

We study the combined effect exerted by the Kekulé coupling (KC) texture and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interactions in both monolayer and bilayer Heisenberg models. With the help of an analysis of the energy band gap and Chern number, we characterize the corresponding topological property, which is inherent to the ferromagnetic system. By measuring the magnon spectra of two types of honeycomb ferromagnets and comparing the differences between them, we prove that different topological phases can exist in both monolayer and bilayer honeycomb ferromagnets by varying the KC parameter or the DM interaction strength. However, properties of the magnetic topological phase transition in monolayer and bilayer honeycomb ferromagnets are quite different. We also identify the parameter domains where the system undergoes transitions between trivial and nontrivial topological magnon insulator phases. Our results suggest a potential for inducing novel topological phases through the KC texture and the DM interaction in layered magnetic materials.
Influences of the out-of-plane streaming flows on the nonlinear evolution of double tearing mode in magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Wu Liangneng
Published: February 2025

Influences of the out-of-plane streaming flows on the nonlinear evolution of double tearing mode in resistive magnetohydrodynamics have been studied. The results show that the streaming flow has an enhancing effect on the double tearing instabilities. It is found that the streaming flow facilitates the merging process of upper (lower) magnetic islands formed by reconnection starting at the upper (lower) current sheets. The nonlinear abrupt progression stage of double tearing mode is advanced as the streaming flow velocity increases. It is also found that the nonlinear amplification phase of double tearing mode is delayed/advanced with the increase/decrease of the flow width, depending on the flow shear strength. Meanwhile, the magnetic reconnection process is markedly intensified as the streaming flow shear strength increases. These findings provide significant contributions to the study of tearing mode instability development under the influence of outflows.
Optimizing electrochemical and ferroelectric synaptic devices: from material selection to performance tuning
Authors: Kim Eunjin , Jeon Seonuk , Park Hyoungjin , Jeong Jiae , Choi Hyeonsik , Kim Yunsur , Kim Jihyun , Lim Seokjae , Moon Kibong , Woo Jiyong
Published: February 2025

Neuromorphic hardware systems emulate the parallel neural networks of the human brain, and synaptic weight storage elements are crucial for enabling energy-efficient information processing. They must represent multiple data states and be able to be updated analogously. In order to realize highly controllable synaptic devices, replacing the high-k gate dielectric in conventional transistor structures with either solid-electrolytes that facilitate bulk ionic motion or ferroelectric oxide allows for steady adjustment of channel currents in response to gate-voltage signals. This approach, in turn, accelerates backpropagation algorithms used for training neural networks. Furthermore, because the channel current in electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) is influenced by the number of mobile ions (e.g. Li+, O2−, H+ or Cu+) passing through the electrolytes, these synaptic device candidates have demonstrated an excellent linear and symmetrical channel current response when updated using an identical pulse scheme. In the latter case, which is known as the ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET), the number of electrons accumulated near the channel rapidly varies with the degree of the alignment of internal dipoles in thin doped ferroelectric HfO2. This leads to a multilevel state. Based on the working principles of these two promising candidates, enabling gate-controlled ion-transport primarily in electrolytes for ECRAM and understanding the relationship between polarization and the ferroelectric layer in FeFETs are crucial to improve their properties. Therefore, this paper aims to present our recent advances, highlighting the engineering approaches and experimental findings related to ECRAM and FeFET for three-terminal synaptic devices.
A negative feedback loop between small GTPase Rap1 and mammalian tumor suppressor homolog KrsB regulates cell-substrate adhesion in Dictyostelium
Authors: Artemenko Yulia , Niu Gengle , Arnold Megan E. , Roberts Kelsey E. , Fernandez Bianca N. , Flores Tiffany , McClave Harper D. , Paestella Michael , Borleis Jane , Devreotes Peter N.
Published: February 2025

Cell adhesion to the substrate influences a variety of cell behaviors and its proper regulation is essential for migration, although details of the molecular pathways regulating cell adhesion during migration are lacking. Rap1 is a small GTPase that regulates adhesion in mammalian cells, as well as in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoeba, which is an established model for studying directed cell migration. In Dictyostelium, Rap1 controls adhesion via its effects on adhesion mediator talin and Ser/Thr kinase Phg2, which inhibits myosin II function. Kinase responsive to stress B (KrsB), a homolog of mammalian tumor suppressor MST1/2 and Drosophila Hippo, also regulates cell adhesion and migration, although the molecular mechanism of KrsB action is not understood. Since KrsB has been shown to interact with active Rap1 by mass spectroscopy, we investigated the genetic interaction between Rap1 and KrsB. Cells lacking KrsB have increased adhesion to the substrate, which leads to reduced movement. Expression of constitutively active Rap1 G12V increased cell spreading and adhesion even in the absence of KrsB, suggesting that Rap1 does not require KrsB to mediate cell adhesion. In contrast, KrsB activation requires Rap1 since dominant negative Rap1 S17N impaired KrsB phosphorylation, which has been previously shown to be necessary for KrsB activity and its function in adhesion. Even though Rap1 did not require KrsB for its function in adhesion, KrsB negatively regulates Rap1 function as seen by increased cortical localization of active Rap1 in KrsB-null cells. Consistently, Rap1 S17N completely reversed the over-adhesive phenotype of KrsB-null cells. Furthermore, chemoattractant-induced activation of downstream effectors of Rap1, TalB and Phg2, was increased in the absence of KrsB. Taken together, these findings suggest that Rap1 leads to activation of KrsB, which inhibits Rap1 and its downstream targets, shutting off adhesion. The existence of a negative feedback loop between Rap1 and KrsB may contribute to the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion that is necessary for rapid amoeboid-type migration.
The potential effects of hypothetical PM2.5 interventions on childhood autism in different neighborhood socioeconomic contexts
Authors: Yu Xin , Rahman Md Mostafijur , Lin Jane C , Chow Ting , Lurmann Frederick W , Chen Jiu-Chiuan , Martinez Mayra P , Schwartz Joel , Eckel Sandrah P , Chen Zhanghua , McConnell Rob , Hackman Daniel A , Xiang Anny H , Garcia Erika
Published: February 2025

Particulate air pollution is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with disadvantaged neighborhoods potentially increasing vulnerability due to stress or other social determinants of health. Understanding the impact of air pollution interventions on ASD incidence across neighborhood disadvantage levels can guide policies to protect vulnerable populations. We examined two sets of hypothetical PM2.5 interventions: percentage reduction and regulatory standards as thresholds, to assess their potential effects on ASD cumulative incidence. Using G-computation under a counterfactual framework, we estimated changes in the cumulative incidence of ASD by age 5 under hypothetical interventions compared to observed exposures. Our study involved a birth cohort of 318,298 children born between 2001-2014 in Southern California, with 4,548 diagnosed with ASD by age 5. Pregnancy average PM2.5 and neighborhood disadvantage were assigned to residential addresses. Adjusted Cox regression models were applied to estimate ASD cumulative incidence. Reducing pregnancy average PM2.5 by 30% or below 9 μg/m3 would have prevented 10.6 (95% CI, 3.6-19.2) and 12.5 (2.7-23.6) ASD cases per 10,000 children, respectively. The decreases in ASD cumulative incidence under hypothetical interventions were similar across neighborhood disadvantage levels. These findings suggest that reducing ambient PM2.5 levels to meet or surpass current standards could help prevent ASD.
Digital physical activity intervention via the Kidney BEAM platform in patients with polycystic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Briggs Juliet , Ralston Elizabeth , Wilkinson Thomas J , Walklin Christy , Mangahis Emmanuel , Young Hannah M L , Castle Ellen M , Billany Roseanne E , Asgari Elham , Bhandari Sunil , Bramham Kate , Burton James O , Campbell Jackie , Chilcot Joseph , Deelchand Vashist , Hamilton Alexander , Jesky Mark , Kalra Philip A , McCafferty Kieran , Nixon Andrew C , Saynor Zoe L , Taal Maarten W , Tollitt James , Wheeler David C , Macdonald Jamie , Greenwood Sharlene A
Published: February 2025

Background

In people living with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), physical inactivity may contribute to poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To date, no research has elucidated the impact of a PKD-specific physical activity programme on HRQoL and physical health. This sub-study of the Kidney BEAM Trial evaluated the impact of a PKD-specific 12-week educational and physical activity digital health intervention for people living with PKD.

Methods

This study was a mixed-methods, single-blind, randomised waitlist-controlled trial. Sixty adults with a diagnosis of PKD, were randomised 1:1 to the intervention or a wait-list control group. Primary outcome was difference in the Kidney Disease QoL Short Form 1.3 Mental Component Summary (KDQoL MCS) between baseline and 12 weeks. Six participants completed individualised semi-structured interviews.

Results

All 60 individuals (mean 53 years, 37% male) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 weeks, there was a significant difference in mean adjusted change in KDQoL MCS score between the intervention group and waitlist control (4.2 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.0–7.4] arbitrary units [AU], p = 0.012). Significant between-group differences in KDQoL sub-scales; burden of kidney disease (p = 0.034), emotional wellbeing (p = 0.001), and energy/fatigue (p = 0.001) were also achieved. There was no significant between-group difference in KDQoL PCS scores (p = 0.505). Per protocol analyses revealed significant between group differences in the PAM-13 patient activation score (p = 0.010) and body mass (p = 0.027). Mixed-methods analyses revealed key influences of the programme, including opportunities for peer support and to build on new skills and knowledge, as well as the empowerment and self-management.

Conclusion

A PKD-specific digital health educational and physical activity intervention is acceptable and has the potential to improve HRQoL. Further research is needed to better understand how specific education and lifestyle management may help to support self-management behaviour.
May Measurement Month 2022: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from India
Authors: Maheshwari Anuj , Verma Narsingh , Tewari Ajoy , Gupta Amit , Lalwani Dinesh , Maheshwari Shivangi , Verma Abhinav , Kaur Amrit , Patil Subhashree , Kanchan Shweta , Patni Bijay , Jagadeesha Aravinda , Dantu Raghunath , More Arun , Gade Ajay , Beaney Thomas , Kerr Gabriele , Poulter Neil R
Published: February 2025

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases, contributing significantly to global morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is becoming a major public health challenge in India, fuelled by urbanization, changing dietary habits, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. The May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign was carried out in India in 2022 to raise awareness of raised blood pressure (BP). Here, we report on the campaign findings.

Adults aged ≥ 18 years were recruited opportunistically at screening sites (hospitals, camps, villages, etc.). Three seated BP readings were taken for each participant, along with completing a questionnaire on demographics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP BP ≥ 90 mmHg or being on antihypertensive medication. Controlled BP was defined as being on antihypertensive medication with a BP <140/90 mmHg. Multiple imputation was used to estimate any missing BP readings. In total, 61 811 adults were screened, with a mean age of 43.1 years and 43.2% were female. Of all participants, 17 119 (27.7%) had hypertension, of whom 5835 (34.1%) were aware, and 4364 (25.5%) were on antihypertensive medication. Of those on antihypertensive medication, 2914 (66.8%) had controlled BP, and of all participants with hypertension, 17.0% had controlled BP. In total, 14 205 (23.0%) participants had either untreated or inadequately treated hypertension.

The MMM22 campaign in India again identified significant numbers of participants with either untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive public health initiatives to improve BP detection and management in the population.
May Measurement Month 2022: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Brazil
Authors: Eibel Bruna , Barroso Weimar Kunz Sebba , Beaney Thomas , Kerr Gabriele , Poulter Neil R , Guimarães Lucélia Batista Neves Cunha , Cestario Elizabeth E S , Epelman Abraham B , Bortolotto Luis Aparecido , Barbosa Eduardo Costa Duarte
Published: February 2025

The May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign was carried out in Brazil in 2022 with the aim of raising awareness of raised blood pressure (BP). Here, we report on the findings of the campaign.

Adults aged ≥ 18 years were recruited opportunistically, including a population with representation from all Brazilian states and reflects some of the characteristics of hypertension in Brazil. Three seated BP readings were taken for each participant, along with completion of a questionnaire on demographics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication use. Controlled BP was defined as being on antihypertensive medication with a BP <140/90 mmHg. Multiple imputation was used to estimate any missing BP readings. In total, 11 544 were screened, with a mean age of 53.4 years and 55.3% of whom were female. Of all participants, 6858 (59.4%) had hypertension, of whom 5548 (80.9%) were aware, and 5072 (74.0%) were on antihypertensive medication. Of those on antihypertensive medication, 2732 (53.9%) had controlled BP, and of all participants with hypertension, 39.8% had controlled BP. In total, 4126 (35.7%) were found to have either untreated or inadequately treated hypertension.

The MMM campaign in Brazil identified high rates of hypertension among participants and about 60% of hypertensives were either untreated or inadequately treated, which are likely to be contributors to the major causes of death in the country.
May Measurement Month 2022: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Nepal
Authors: Kumar Payal Rajender , Paudel Kiran , Koirala Sweta , Inagaki Yoko , Soti Pabitra Babu , Magar Sonam , Sapkota Abhishek , Subedi Gaurav , Oliya Sandesh , Bhandari Buna , Bhattarai Harikrishna , McLachlan Craig S , Beaney Thomas , Kerr Gabriele , Poulter Neil R , Neupane Dinesh
Published: February 2025

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributing risk factor to the global burden and mortality in Nepal. May Measurement Month (MMM) is an annual global screening campaign which aims to screen BP and improve awareness of high BP at the individual and population level.

This study presents the results of the MMM22 in Nepal. Adults aged ≥ 18 years were recruited opportunistically from 32 out of the 77 districts in Nepal. Three seated BP readings were taken for each participant, along with completion of a questionnaire on demographics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. Multiple imputation was used to estimate missing BP readings. A total of 13 120 adults were screened, with a mean age of 38.8 years and 52.1% being female. Of all participants, 2653 (20.2%) had hypertension, of whom 1115 (42.0%) were aware, and 948 (35.7%) were on antihypertensive medication. Of those on antihypertensive medication, 539 (56.9%) had controlled BP. Of all participants with hypertension,20.3% had controlled BP.

The MMM22 in Nepal identified that a large proportion of participants had undiagnosed, untreated, or uncontrolled hypertension. MMM is a community-based BP screening program to lessen the burden of hypertension by raising awareness and identifying those who should seek care at health facilities.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Prevalence and Disparities Among U.S. Adults: The Roles Played by Job Loss, Food Insecurity, and Vaccinations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ma Chenyi , Smith Tony E , Culhane Dennis P
Published: February 2025

Objectives

The purposes of this study are to examine (i) to what extent job loss and food insecurity accounted for racial disparities in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) risk among adults in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; and (ii) to what extent the COVID-19 vaccination mitigated such risk, especially among older adults.

Methods

First, we analyzed data from the U.S. Household Pulse Survey to report on the relative prevalence of GAD with respect to demographic characteristics, economic hardships, and COVID-19 vaccine status. We then adopted a series of logistic regression models to estimate the probabilities of having GAD by sequentially adding these possible explanatory factors.

Results

Findings demonstrated higher prevalence rates of GAD among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black Americans than non-Hispanic White Americans, which can primarily be attributed to the fact that non-Hispanic White Americans were less vulnerable to job loss and food insecurity. Older adults were less susceptible to GAD than their middle-aged and young adult counterparts. Compared to unvaccinated older adults, the odds of having GAD were substantially reduced for older adults who were partially vaccinated, and even more significantly declined for fully vaccinated older adults.

Discussion

Racial and ethnic disparities in GAD were largely due to disproportionate experiences of job loss and food insecurity across different racial and ethnic groups during the pandemic. Social distancing measures partially explain the different prevalence of GAD between older adults and their counterparts. Rapid deployment of the COVID-19 vaccines played an effective role in suppressing GAD, especially among older adults.
Invasive Aspergillosis Caused by Cryptic Species in Transplant Recipients: A Review
Authors: Kimura Muneyoshi , Husain Shahid
Published: February 2025

The clinical and microbiological characteristics of invasive aspergillosis (IA) caused by cryptic Aspergillus species have not been well-defined in transplant settings. However, IA is among the most common mold infections in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Among 55 causative isolates in the 53 reported cases, A. calidoustus, A. lentulus, A. tubingensis, and A. udagawae were the four most common causative cryptic Aspergillus species. Newer diagnostic modalities, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, may help diagnose these cryptic species. Of the 24 cases with detailed clinical information, 13 had antifungal breakthrough infections. The 12-week mortality rates of all 24 cases, 7 cases of A. calidoustus and 7 cases of A. lentulus were 46%, 43% and 43%, respectively. Based on antifungal susceptibility profiles obtained from previous studies, an empiric antifungal regimen such as liposomal amphotericin B with or without echinocandin is recommended for A. calidoustus. A combination of an anti-mold azole and liposomal amphotericin B with or without an echinocandin is suggested for A. lentulus and A. udagawae. Additionally, any one of voriconazole, isavuconazole or posaconazole with or without liposomal amphotericin B with or without an echinocandin is indicated for A. tubingensis. Newer antifungal agents may have more significant activity against Aspergillus cryptic species.
Impact of adding urine alkalization therapy to xanthine oxidase inhibitor in gout management: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Can , Guo Kai , Dalbeth Nicola , Sun Mingshu , Lu Jie , Chen Ying , Zhang Hui , Wang Xuefeng , Ji Xiaopeng , Li Xinde , Sun Wenyan , Han Lin , Cui Lingling , Liu Zhen , Ji Aichang , He Yuwei , Terkeltaub Robert , Li Changgui
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Gout patients frequently have decreased urine pH, related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the addition of urine alkalization to urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is associated with improvements in albuminuria, gout flares or MetS outcomes in men with gout and low urinary pH (pH < 6.2).

Methods

A prospective cohort study enrolled 385 participants starting ULT with febuxostat (initially 20 mg daily, escalated to 40 mg daily if serum urate ≥360 µmol/l), with or without alkalization based on patient preference using a 3.5 g bid citrate mixture. Participants were followed every 4 weeks to week 12. The primary outcome was urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) at week 12.

Results

In total, 343 participants completed the week 12 visit (137 alkalization, 206 controls). At week 12, compared with controls, participants receiving alkalization required a significantly lower febuxostat dose (by ∼20%) but had no significant difference in serum urate at target <360 µmol/l. Urine pH increased significantly in the alkalization group from week 4 (P < 0.001). At week 12, the alkalization group had a significantly lower UACR compared with control (P < 0.001), without significantly different eGFR. Participants in the alkalization group experienced fewer gout flares and had lower pain visual analogue scale scores (P < 0.001). There were lower serum triglyceride levels (P < 0.01) and higher HDL-C levels (P < 0.001) in the alkalization group. No other differences in metabolic outcomes were observed.

Conclusion

Urine alkalization was associated with lower UACR, fewer gout flares, and improved serum lipid profile in febuxostat-treated men with gout and low urine pH.

Trial registration

ChiCTR, http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2100043573.
Scale-up influences and definitions of scale-up ‘success’: evidence from globally scaled interventions
Authors: Koorts Harriet , Ma Jiani , Cassar Samuel , Bauman Adrian , Lawrence Mark , Rutter Harry , Salmon Jo
Published: February 2025

The World Health Organization ExpandNet framework for scaling up contains key recommendations to support the scaling of health interventions globally. Despite being widely used, it is not known how the framework informs intervention scale-up nor how ‘successful’ scale-up is defined. Using data from the Scaling Up InTErventions’ study, this paper assessed adoption of framework components using an international sample of scaled-up physical activity and nutrition interventions, and explored individuals’ definitions of scale-up ‘success’. An online survey with academic, community, and government representatives involved in scaling physical activity and nutrition interventions globally. Survey questions (n = 27) corresponded to 32 components of the ExpandNet framework, reflecting four core areas: (i) intervention; (ii) user organization; (iii) resource team; and (iv) scale-up strategy. Data were analysed descriptively and qualitative free-text survey responses coded thematically. In total, 62 survey responses were obtained [academia (n = 32), community (n = 20), and government (n = 10)], corresponding to 35 scaled-up interventions. Only 8% of participants reported all 32 framework components during scale-up. Four core elements (containing eight themes) underpinned successful scale-up: (i) scaling inputs (e.g., sustained partner buy-in); (ii) scaling outputs (e.g., sustained, quality implementation); (iii) scaling outcomes (e.g., increased and equitable reach, improved organization and system capacity) and; (iv) scaling context (e.g., partner mental models, and a context-specific construct). There is no universal definition of successful scale-up. We propose core elements of ‘successful scale-up’ that could be used as criteria for scale-up planning and evaluation, and are applicable to other areas of public health.
Field evaluation of peanut cultivars to early leaf spot, late leaf spot, and southern blight at Beaumont, MS, 2023
Authors: Tripathi Subina , Wilkerson Tessie , Solomon Walter , Jimenez Madrid Alejandra Maria , Burgess Brad
Published: February 2025

Early and late leaf spot and southern blight, caused by the fungal pathogens Passalora arachidicola, Nothopassalora personata and Athelia rolfsii, respectively, are among the important diseases in peanut production regions of the United States. Leaf spot symptoms include lesions on leaves, petioles and stems often with a yellow halo in the case of early leaf spot, while southern blight symptoms include wilting and plant death. This report evaluates disease susceptibility within the Mississippi State Official Peanut Variety Trial located in Beaumont, MS during 2023. Results from these trials will assist U.S. peanut producers in selecting management options for these diseases.
How to Conduct Phylogenetic Endoglucanase (egl) Inference Using the Reference Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex Curated Database?
Authors: Cellier Gilles , Gauche Miharisoa Mirana , Cheron Jean Jacques , Pecrix Yann
Published: February 2025

The phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) was recently divided into three distinct species, after long-standing researches. About twenty years ago, phylotype-based classification was introduced to mark the beginning of DNA-based taxonomy within RSSC. Within each phylotype, the "sequevar" classification further refines subspecies designations, based on variations in the endoglucanase (egl) gene sequence, and these sequevars are unique to each phylotype. While a single-gene approach like egl is less comprehensive than multi-gene or whole-genome analysis, egl phylogenetic inferences provides a robust and cost-effective RSSC strain typing assessment. Curated and public egl reference sequences are essential for accurate sequevar assignment of unknown RSSC strains and help prevent issues related to incorrect sequevar assignment or trimming errors that could compromise the quality of RSSC diversity research. Our research proposed to fill the gap by providing such database to the RSSC community ( https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/CUWA5P or https://tinyurl.com/sequevar ), along with a proper methodology to perform reproducible and reliable phylogenetic inferences for publishing sequevar assignation.
Culture of Family-Centered Care in the NICU
Authors: Strine Sophia , Karuri Stella , Fry Jessica T. , Bean Katherine , Horner Susan , Machut Kerri Z.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Family centered-care (FCC) has documented benefits for infants, parents, and staff, but is variably practiced.

Purpose:

To describe parental and staff perspectives on the quality of FCC culture in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods:

Parents of hospitalized infants and staff at a referral NICU completed validated survey instruments to measure NICU FCC quality on topics including trust, communication, and shared decision-making at multiple time points. We compared parent and staff responses using a cumulative log-odds model with a single predictor to model the odds of a score lower than a prespecified value.

Results:

A total of 92 parents of 80 NICU infants and 96 NICU providers participated. Most rated items highly, indicating a positive experience with FCC. The items with the highest scores for parents were receiving guidance and being trusted in their infant’s care (both 97.1% positive); for staff, listening to parents (95%). Receiving/providing emotional support received the lowest scores from parents (19.1% negative or neutral) and staff (24.5%). Parent and staff answers differed significantly for 6 of 8 questions, with lower scores reported by staff relative to parents.

Implications for practice and research:

Parents and staff have variable perspectives on different aspects of FCC. Understanding these nuances of centers’ FCC culture can help target interventions and may strengthen FCC delivery for NICU infants and families and career satisfaction for staff. Future directions include assessing FCC quality over time and among specific infant, family, and staff cohorts, especially diverse populations to determine if FCC is equitably delivered.
Area Deprivation, Fragmented Care, and Colectomy Case Acuity in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Tessler Robert A. , Vaughan Sarrazin Mary , Gao Yubo , Jacobs Michael A. , Jacobs Carly A , Hausmann Leslie R. M. , Hall Daniel E.
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND:

Colectomy for benign or malignant disease may be elective, urgent, or emergent. Data suggest successively worse outcomes for non-elective colectomy. Few data exist on the contribution of high area deprivation index and care fragmentation to non-elective colectomy.

OBJECTIVE:

Determine the association between area deprivation and non-elective colectomy in the Veterans Health Administration and assess whether accounting for differences in care fragmentation alters the association across indications and for benign and malignant conditions separately.

DESIGN:

Retrospective cohort with multivariable multinomial logit models to evaluate associations between high deprivation care fragmentation, and the adjusted odds of non-elective colectomy. We calculated total, direct, and indirect effects to assess whether the association varied by levels of care fragmentation

SETTING:

Veterans receiving care in the private sector and Veterans Health Administration.

PATIENTS:

Veterans ≥ 65 years undergoing colectomy between 2013 and 2019.

MAIN OUTCOME/MEASURES:

Colectomy case acuity.

RESULTS:

We identified 6538 colectomy patients, of which 3006 (46.0%) were for malignancy. The odds of emergent colectomy were higher for patients in high deprivation areas when the indication was for benign pathology (aOR 1.51 95% CI: 1.15, 2.00). For malignant indications, there was no association between high deprivation and non-elective colectomy. More fragmented care was associated with a higher odds of urgent and emergent colectomy for both benign and malignant indications but the association between deprivation and non-elective colectomy did not vary by care fragmentation.

LIMITATIONS:

Inherent to large administrative retrospective databases.

CONCLUSIONS:

Veterans living in high deprivation areas are at higher risk for emergent colectomy for benign conditions. Care fragmentation is also associated with a higher risk of emergent colectomy across indications. Efforts to reduce care fragmentation and promote early detection of inflammatory bowel disease and diverticular disease in high deprivation neighborhoods may lower the risk for non-elective colectomy in Veterans. See Video Abstract.
Not All Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flaps Are Created Equal: A Review of Donor-site Morbidity in Abdominally Based Autologous Breast Reconstruction
Authors: DeVito Robert G. , Chou Jesse , Ke Benjamin G. , Wen Eileen , Campbell Chris A.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy is one of the most common procedures performed in plastic surgery. Autologous reconstruction is associated with better long-term patient satisfaction than implant-based reconstruction but with the requisite donor site and potential for associated morbidity.

Methods:

The authors review the literature regarding the technical evolution of abdominally based autologous breast reconstruction and the effect of these changes as well as patient morbidities on bulge, hernia, and all-cause donor-site morbidity.

Results:

The impact of patient risk factors on surgical outcomes is evaluated in the context of constantly improving technical surgical innovation. Patients’ premorbid abdominal condition and prior abdominal procedures along with traditional complicating factors such as age, obesity, and smoking are associated with increased rates of donor-site complications. Conversely, shorter fascial incisions with or without robotic and laparoscopic assistance are associated with lower rates of abdominal weakness and healing complications than traditional abdominal free flap harvest. Perforator selection and abdominal closure techniques also play a key role.

Conclusions:

There are contributions of both patient factors and technical aspects that when optimized can help minimize the risk of donor-site morbidity in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstruction.
Image Quality and Safety of 300 mg versus 100 mg Fluorescein in Ultra-widefield Fluorescein Angiography: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Song Seok Hyeon , Joo Kwangsic , Woo Se Joon , Kim Min Seok
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

To compare the image quality and safety of ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) using 3 ml (300 mg) versus 1 ml (100 mg) of 10% fluorescein.

Methods:

In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, a total of 144 patients who required UWFA examination for various retinal diseases were randomized 1:1 to 300 mg or 100 mg of fluorescein. Images were qualitatively graded by three retinal specialists and quantitatively analyzed. The primary outcome measure was the assessment of image quality (scored in a five-point scale). Quantitative sub-analysis among normal UWFA images through pixel intensity in posterior and mid-peripheral zone was also performed.

Results:

A total of 67 participants in each group were included in the analysis. The mean difference of image quality between two dose groups was within the predefined non-inferiority margin of 0.5 (0.005; 95% confidence interval, -0.145 to 0.154). The mean pixel intensity showed no significant differences in both posterior and mid-peripheral zone (P = 0.988 and 0.726, respectively). In the safety analysis, significantly fewer adverse events were observed with the lower dose (300 mg, 10 of 67 [14.9%] vs. 100 mg, 3 of 67 [4.5%], P = 0.041).

Conclusion:

We demonstrated the non-inferiority of image quality of low-dose fluorescein (100 mg) compared to a 300 mg dose with a reduction in the rate of adverse events associated with fluorescein angiography.